cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital terrain model elevation corrections using space-based imagery and ICESat-2 laser altimetry

Abstract The most prevalent global surface models are derived from space-based technologies. The spatial and temporal coverage of radar and imaging systems have significant advantage over other sensors and platforms. However, these systems are often are challenged in certain environmental conditions to produce accurate elevations as compared to what might achieved with laser altimetry. Radar derived DEM (Digital Elevation Model) elevation accuracy is often less in vegetated regions, as the wavelengths associated with radar mapping missions do not fully penetrate the canopy. Elevation errors are also substantial over dynamic topography. Correction models using airborne lidar reference datasets can be effective for localized studies to improve the DEM but often the data is not readily available or seasonally/temporally irrelevant. This work presents an automated method for correcting digital terrain models derived from the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) elevation products using NASA's newest Earth observing laser altimeter, the Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2). ICESat-2 elevations, in concert with Landsat 8 (global imagery), create a model based correction strategy for the SRTM derived elevations using geographically correlated canopy cover and surface slope information. The results are validated at the study site using high-resolution, high fidelity airborne lidar datasets as a reference surface. The application of the correction model on the radar measurements results in nearly 50% improvement in elevation accuracy for this region. Additionally this established proof of concept provides a starting point for further research in how this method, with ICESat-2 data, can be extended to other environmental regions, other radar or image derived elevation products and inform future techniques for similar application at the global scale.
Legitimacy at the United Nations

The United Nations is centrally concerned with the politics of legitimacy and legitimation in international affairs. Its authority relies on perceptions of its legitimacy, but many of its structures and decisions are criticized as being illegitimate. The diverse audience and diverse activities of the organization ensure that disagreements about the UN's legitimacy will never be resolved.Drawing on legal theory and sociology, this essay examines the concept of legitimacy and argues for its relevance to the United Nations and international organizations more generally.
Student Speech: Whose Speech Is It Anyway and Why Does the First Amendment Care?

A key feature of First Amendment speech analysis in the public schools focuses on speaker identity. Speaker identity can play a crucial role in designing the First Amendment landscape on a variety of issues including the right of speakers to gain access to public school forums for expression, the right of student editors to control the content of school-sponsored publications, and the right of school administrators to permit religious speech in the public school setting. Courts faced with decisions about whether speech in the public school setting is private or government speech must consider the context in which the speech occurs to make this crucial characterization. This fact specific inquiry often turns on subtle distinctions in who initiates the speech and the relationship of the speech to school-approved content or school-sponsored activities.
Executive function and coping in stroke survivors.

Background Stroke is a leading cause of disability and sequelae may include physical, emotional, and cognitive impairments. The methods employed to cope with distress, both emotional and cognitive, have not been evaluated in individuals post-stroke. However, research in traumatic brain injury (TBI) suggests that executive function is positively correlated with adaptive coping and negatively correlated with maladaptive coping strategies (Krpan et al., 2007). Examination of these constructs post-stroke may assist with enriching our understanding of cognitive and emotional symptomatology and optimize rehabilitation strategies. Objective The present study aimed to assess the association between executive function and coping strategies in a sample of chronic stroke survivors. The researchers hypothesized that executive function would be positively correlated with adaptive coping strategies and negatively correlated with maladaptive coping strategies. Methods Fifteen stroke survivors were administered a battery of cognitive tests assessing executive function and also completed the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WAYS), a self-report coping measure. Results Analyses indicated that executive function deficits were related to increased avoidant coping. Contrary to expectations, executive function was not significantly related to active coping. In addition, post hoc analyses revealed that executive function was a significant predictor of avoidant coping after controlling for demographics. Conclusions Our data, in accordance with prior work in TBI, suggests that executive function and aspects of coping are associated. Rehabilitation strategies that improve executive function may also lead to utilization of adaptive coping strategies. Research has shown that aerobic exercise increases activation in the frontal lobe and improves executive function (Colcombe & Kramer, 2003; Colcombe et al., 2004). Future studies should examine whether aerobic exercise positively affects executive function and coping in stroke survivors.
Physiological studies of differentiation in Mytilus edulis. II. Accumulation of phosphate in isolated blastomeres and polar lobes.

Accumulation rates of radioactive phosphate were determined for eggs, isolated blastomeres, and polar lobes of Mytilus edulis. A fractionation of the labeled phosphate in eggs indicates that 96 per cent enters the labile compounds and the remaining enters nonlabile compounds. No regional differences in uptake rates of phosphate into either labile or nonlabile compounds could be demonstrated in the fertilized egg prior to cleavage. After cleavage the uptake of phosphate into the AB and CD blastomeres correlates with surface area. Isolated polar lobes and D blastomeres, however, exhibit a significantly lower accumulation rate of phosphate than AB and C blastomeres. Limiting factors in phosphate uptake are considered and it is possible that the differences in accumulation rates may reflect changes at the cell surface.
Telepractice Versus In-Person Delivery of Voice Therapy for Primary Muscle Tension Dysphonia

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of telepractice for delivering flow phonation exercises to persons with primary muscle tension dysphonia (MTD). Method Fourteen part...
Gamma Knife surgery targeting the resection cavity of brain metastasis that has progressed after whole-brain radiotherapy.

Object. Salvage treatment of large, symptomatic brain metastases after failure of whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) remains challenging. When these lesions require resection, there are few options to lower expected rates of local recurrence at the resection cavity margin. The authors describe their experience in using Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) to target the resection cavity in patients whose tumors had progressed after WBRT. Methods. The authors retrospectively identified 143 patients in whom GKS had been used to target a brain metastasis resection cavity between 2000 and 2005. Seventy-nine of these patients had undergone WBRT prior to resection and GKS. The median patient age was 53 years, and the median prescribed dose was 18 Gy (range 8-24 Gy), with resection cavities of relatively larger volume (> 15 cm 3 ). The GKS dose was prescribed at the 40 to 95% isodose contour (mode 50%). Local recurrence within 1 cm of the treatment volume occurred in four (5.1%) of 79 cases. The median duration of time to local recurrence was 6.1 months (range 2-13 months). The median duration of time to occurrence of distant metastases following GKS of the resection cavity was 10.8 months (range 2-86 months). Carcinomatous meningitis developed in four (5.1%) of 79 cases. Symptomatic radionecrosis requiring surgical treatment occurred in three (3.8%) of 79 cases. The median duration of survival following GKS of the resection cavity was 69.6 weeks. The median 2-and 5-year survival rates were 20.2 and 6.3%, respectively. Conclusions. When metastases progress after WBRT and require resection, GKS targeting the resection cavity is a viable strategy. In 75 (94.9%) of 79 cases, GKS of the resection cavity in patients in whom WBRT had failed appears to have achieved its goal of local disease control.
Manifesting a Future for Comparative Rhetoric

In early June 2013, a group of rhetoric and composition scholars gathered in Lawrence, Kansas, to take part in a comparative rhetoric seminar, part of the 2013 Rhetoric Society of America Summer In...
Partitioning of Lysolipids, Fatty Acids and Their Mixtures in Aqueous Lipid Bilayers: Solute Concentration / Composition Effects

Distributions of lysopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (LPPC), palmitic acid (PA) and their 1:1 mixtures between water and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer were determined using a fluorescence probe that selectively detects only the solutes in water. Water solute concentrations were obtained at each of several lipid concentrations. Dynamic Light Scattering experiments confirmed that the lipid/solute aggregates were vesicles in the concentration range investigated. Lipid concentration dependence of the solute component in water was fit to a thermodynamic model of solute distribution between two coexisting solvents. Water/bilayer partition coefficient and the free energy of transfer, for each of these solutes were determined from the fit. Main findings are: (1) Water/bilayer partition coefficient of solute is greater for 2 to 10% solute mole fraction than for 0 to 2%, signaling solute induced bilayer perturbation that increases bilayer solubility, beginning at 2% solute mole fraction. (2) Partition coefficients are in the order LPPC<PA<LPPC+PA at 37°C and LPPC+PA≤LPPC<PA at 50°C. This signifies synergism toward increased solute solubility in the bilayer-gel phase and lack of it in the bilayer-liquid phase when LPPC and PA are present together. Implications of the solute concentration/composition and bilayer phase dependences of the partition coefficients to the reported solute induced enhancements in transmembrane permeability are discussed.
Simple visual versus lexical decision vocal reaction times of stuttering and normal subjects

Abstract Simple visual and lexical decision vocal reaction times were obtained for a group of stutterers and were compared with data gathered from normal subjects. Subjects were required to phonate the vowel /a/ when tachistoscopically presented a flash of light (simple task) and a series of concrete nouns (lexical task). The second value minus the first was taken as the lexical decision or processing time. The stutterers' responses were significantly more latent under the lexical decision condition, but not for the simple vocal reaction time experiment. Taken in concert with past results, such findings suggest that stutterers manifest generalized increases in sensory-linguistic processing that may not be bound necessarily to generalized slowing of psychomotor latency.
Impact of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on gastrointestinal cancers: Current state-of-the science

Abstract Growing evidence from epidemiologic and preclinical studies suggests that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, colorectal cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, there is also evidence indicating the absence of this benefit. The exact mechanism of NSAIDs’ action on GI tumors is not known. Although some studies have suggested inhibition of carcinogenesis by NSAIDs through suppression effect on inflammation-associated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, other studies have suggested COX-2-independent mechanisms. Herein, we summarize the current state of-the-science regarding NSAID benefit for patients with GI cancers.
A quantization-based semi-fragile watermarking scheme for image content authentication

This paper presents a novel semi-fragile watermarking scheme for image content authentication with tampering localization. The proposed scheme uses a non-traditional quantization method to modify one chosen approximation coefficient of each non-overlapping block to ensure its robustness against incidental attacks and fragileness against malicious attacks. The image content authentication starts with extracting watermark using the parity of quantization results from the probe image, where the round operation is used to ensure the semi-fragile property. It then constructs a binary error map and computes two authentication measures with M"1 measuring the overall similarity between extracted and embedded watermarks and M"2 measuring the overall clustering level of tampered error pixels. These two measures are further integrated to confirm the image content and localize the possible tampered areas. Our experimental results show that our scheme outperforms four peer schemes and is capable of identifying intentional tampering and incidental modification, and localizing tampered regions.
Seasonal activity patterns of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus, in relation to onset of human Lyme disease in northwestern California

Seasonal activity patterns of questing western black-legged ticks, Ixodes pacificus were investigated in northwestern California. Adult I. pacificus became active in the fall (late October/early November) and their appearance was associated with the first rain of the season. Following a peak in January, the abundance of adult ticks declined such that they were rare or absent by June/July. The nymphal tick activity season occurred from January through October, and larval activity occurred from April to June, but sometimes extended into October. Thus, potentially infectious ticks (nymphs and adults) present a year-round risk of Lyme disease transmission in northwestern California. The seasonality of Lyme disease cases in humans, based on the onset of erythema migrans, mirrored tick activity patterns and was year-round in cases infected in California. Peak incidence in humans occurs from May through July, and indicates that most disease transmission is from nymphal ticks. This study demonstrates that tick activity patterns are more extended than previously recognized in northwestern California.
Hippocampal Leptin Signaling Reduces Food Intake and Modulates Food-Related Memory Processing

The increase in obesity prevalence highlights the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the neural systems controlling food intake; one that extends beyond food intake driven by metabolic need and considers that driven by higher-order cognitive factors. The hippocampus, a brain structure involved in learning and memory function, has recently been linked with food intake control. Here we examine whether administration of the adiposity hormone leptin to the dorsal and ventral sub-regions of the hippocampus influences food intake and memory for food. Leptin (0.1 μg) delivered bilaterally to the ventral hippocampus suppressed food intake and body weight measured 24 h after administration; a higher dose (0.4 μg) was needed to suppress intake following dorsal hippocampal delivery. Leptin administration to the ventral but not dorsal hippocampus blocked the expression of a conditioned place preference for food and increased the latency to run for food in an operant runway paradigm. Additionally, ventral but not dorsal hippocampal leptin delivery suppressed memory consolidation for the spatial location of food, whereas hippocampal leptin delivery had no effect on memory consolidation in a non-spatial appetitive response paradigm. Collectively these findings indicate that ventral hippocampal leptin signaling contributes to the inhibition of food-related memories elicited by contextual stimuli. To conclude, the results support a role for hippocampal leptin signaling in the control of food intake and food-related memory processing.
Histochemical studies of wound healing in the hair-loss mouse

Adult female hair-loss (hl) mice (Mus musculus) were given incised wounds through the full thickness of the dorsal skin. At specified intervals there after (i. e., 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 20 hours), the animals were sacrificed and the wound sites were excised, processed, and sectioned. Enzyme and carbohydrate histochemical procedures were carried out on frozen and paraffin sections respectively. Nonspecific esterase was demonstrated in one hour wounds and a slight increase was observed through six hours. No other enzyme histochemical procedure gave a satisfactory reaction in the wound site. The Periodic Acid-Schiff reaction for carbohydrates revealed a steadily increasing reaction from one to six hours and a decrease in intensity by twelve hours. The causative agent for the PAS reaction may be serum glycoproteins transported to the wound site as part of the inflammatory process.
Modulation of the behavioral effects of 8-OH-DPAT by estrogen and DOI.

Abstract MASWOOD N., AND L. UPHOUSE. Modulation of the behavioral effects of 8-OH-DPAT by estrogen and DOI. PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BEHAV 58 (4) 859–866, 1997.—The effects of female gonadal hormones on 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT)-induced flat body posture, hypothermia, and eating behavior were examined. Ovariectomized rats were injected with estradiol benzoate, estradiol benzoate, and progesterone, progesterone or vehicle on each of 2 consecutive weeks. On each week, the behavioral effects of the 5-HT 1A receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, or the combination of both 8-OH-DPAT and 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI), a 5-HT 2 receptor agonist, were examined. 8-OH-DPAT produced flat body posture, hypothermia, and eating behavior on each week of the experiment. Female gonadal hormones modulated eating behavior (e.g., rats treated with estradiol benzoate showed less eating after 8-OH-DPAT), but had no effect on either flat body posture or hypothermia. The 5-HT 2 receptor agonist, DOI, attenuated 8-OH-DPAT’s effect on flat body posture and on hypothermia, but not on eating behavior. 8-OH-DPAT’s effect on all behaviors declined during the second week of the experiment.
On the Six-Way Word Order Typology, Again

This paper responds to in Newmeyer (2004, 2005), who gives argument defending the traditional six-way word order typology that classifies languages as SOV, SVO, etc. against arguments in Dryer (1997) in favour of an alternative typology which classifies languages according to two more basic typological parameters, VO vs. OV and VS vs. SV. The paper provides both updated and new data that is relevant to the issues. Although some of the new data actually supports some of the empirical claims made by Newmeyer, I argue that these do not provide any argument in favour of the six-way typology and that Newmeyer misconstrues the issues distinguishing the two typologies.
Patterns of locoregional recurrence after surgery and radiotherapy or chemoradiation for rectal cancer.

Purpose To identify patterns of locoregional recurrence in patients treated with surgery and preoperative or postoperative radiotherapy or chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Methods and Materials Between November 1989 and October 2001, 554 patients with rectal cancer were treated with surgery and preoperative (85%) or postoperative (15%) radiotherapy, with 95% receiving concurrent chemotherapy. Among these patients, 46 had locoregional recurrence as the first site of failure. Computed tomography images showing the site of recurrence and radiotherapy simulation films were available for 36 of the 46 patients. Computed tomography images were used to identify the sites of recurrence and correlate the sites to radiotherapy fields in these 36 patients. Results The estimated 5-year locoregional control rate was 91%. The 36 patients in the study had locoregional recurrences at 43 sites. There were 28 (65%) in-field, 7 (16%) marginal, and 8 (19%) out-of-field recurrences. Among the in-field recurrences, 15 (56%) occurred in the low pelvis, 6 (22%) in the presacral region, 4 (15%) in the mid-pelvis, and 2 (7%) in the high pelvis. Clinical T stage, pathologic T stage, and pathologic N stage were significantly associated with the risk of in-field locoregional recurrence. The median survival after locoregional recurrence was 24.6 months. Conclusions Patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy or chemoradiation for rectal cancer had a low risk of locoregional recurrence, with the majority of recurrences occurring within the radiation field. Because 78% of in-field recurrences occur in the low pelvic and presacral regions, consideration should be given to including the low pelvic and presacral regions in the radiotherapy boost field, especially in patients at high risk of recurrence.
Controlling Overfitting in Classification-Tree Models ofSoftware Quality

Predicting which modules are likely to have faults during operations is important to software developers, so that software enhancement efforts can be focused on those modules that need improvement the most. Modeling software quality with classification trees is attractive because they readily model nonmonotonic relationships. In this paper, we apply the TREEDISC algorithm which is a refinement of the CHAID algorithm to build classification-tree models. Chaid-based algorithms differ from other classification-tree algorithms in their reliance on chi-squared tests when building the tree. Classification-tree models are vulnerable to overfitting, where the model reflects the structure of the training data set too closely. Even though a model appears to be accurate on training data, if overfitted, it may be much less accurate when applied to a current data set. To account for the severe consequences of misclassifying fault-prone modules, our measure of overfitting is based on expected costs of misclassification, rather than the total number of misclassifications. We conducted a case study of a very large telecommunications system. A two-way analysis of variance with repetitions found that TREEDISC's significance level was highly related to overfitting, and can be used to control it. Moreover, the minimum number of modules in a leaf also influenced the degree of overfitting.
Apparent height in tapping mode of electrostatic force microscopy

Abstract We investigate a source of error in electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) measurements. During EFM, the probe performs two scans: the first to obtain the topography in tapping mode and the second at a chosen lift height to measure the electrostatic force. However, during the first scan, the electrostatic force between the probe and sample can cause error in the height measurement. In this work, micron-sized wires are fabricated, and test voltages applied. Experiments demonstrate that attractive electrostatic forces result in erroneous height measurements. A tip–sample interaction model is provided.
Ceramic coatings by anodic spark deposition

ABSTRACT A wide range of ceramic coatings has been deposited on metal substrates by a reaction occurring during dielectric breakdown at the anode surface in an electrochemical cell, which is accompanied by visible sparking at the anode/electrolyte interface. While the majority of work reported has been on oxide coatings deposited from aqueous electrolytes, non-oxide coatings have been deposited and non-aqueous electrolytes have been utilized to deposit both oxide and non-oxide coatings. Under normal circumstances the dielectric breakdown occurs across an anodized barrier film formed on a valve metal anode, but the process is not limited to this description. The coating is usually composed of compounds containing elements from both the anode and the electrolyte. Interest in such coatings ranges from prosthetic implants to corrosion protection, from bearing surfaces incorporating solid lubricants to catalyst carriers. The present state of understanding of the process and its applications is presented.
Entity query feature expansion using knowledge base links

Recent advances in automatic entity linking and knowledge base construction have resulted in entity annotations for document and query collections. For example, annotations of entities from large general purpose knowledge bases, such as Freebase and the Google Knowledge Graph. Understanding how to leverage these entity annotations of text to improve ad hoc document retrieval is an open research area. Query expansion is a commonly used technique to improve retrieval effectiveness. Most previous query expansion approaches focus on text, mainly using unigram concepts. In this paper, we propose a new technique, called entity query feature expansion (EQFE) which enriches the query with features from entities and their links to knowledge bases, including structured attributes and text. We experiment using both explicit query entity annotations and latent entities. We evaluate our technique on TREC text collections automatically annotated with knowledge base entity links, including the Google Freebase Annotations (FACC1) data. We find that entity-based feature expansion results in significant improvements in retrieval effectiveness over state-of-the-art text expansion approaches.
Predicting the Size of UN Peacekeeping Operations

We present a statistical model that predicts the force size of United Nations peacekeeping operations, relying on experiences from thirty-nine peacekeeping operations over the period 1945-1994. As we expected, the type of mission performed by the peacekeeping operation was a major factor in determining force size. Although the second-generation mission category includes a panoply of different mission types, these new peacekeeping operations still on average require almost 12,000 more personnel than observer operations. Our results indicate, however, that the size of a peacekeeping operation is not solely a function of mission type; the context of the conflict situation matters as well. Specifically, the severity of the violence in the crisis precipitating UN intervention has a significant effect, as does the addition of more actors to the conflict. In general, the geographic characteristics of the area (except the size of the deployment area), the type of conflict (civil or interstate), and superpower inv...
A simplified reconstitution of mRNA-directed peptide synthesis: activity of the epsilon enhancer and an unnatural amino acid.

The study of the early events in translation would be greatly facilitated by reconstitution with easily purified components. Here, Escherichia coli oligopeptide synthesis has been reconstituted using five purified recombinant His-tagged E. coli initiation and elongation factors. Highly purified ribosomes are required to yield products with strong dependencies on the translation factors. Based on HPLC separation of radiolabeled translation products from an mRNA encoding a tetrapeptide, approximately 80% of peptide products are full length, and the remaining 20% are the dipeptide and tripeptide products resulting from pausing or premature termination. Oligopeptide synthesis is enhanced when a commonly used epsilon (enhancer of protein synthesis initiation) sequence is included in the mRNA. The system incorporates a selectable, large, unnatural amino acid and may ultimately form the basis of a pure translation display technology for the directed evolution of peptidomimetic ligands and drug candidates. The recombinant clones can be exploited to prepare initiation factors and initiation complexes for structural studies, to study initiation and elongation in ribosomal peptide synthesis, and to screen for eubacterial-specific drugs.
Induction of Abnormal Immunoglobulin Maturation and Antibody Production by Persistent Embryonic Mumps Virus Infection

Intramuscular inoculation of 19-day old chickens with heterologous erythrocytes elicited significantly lower levels of agglutinins in embryonically infected birds when compared with control birds (reciprocal ha titer 10 vs. 100, respectively, P less than 0.01). The IgG component of this antibody was substantially less in experimental chickens, 25% vs. 70% in controls. Subsequent anamnestic antibody response in experimental birds was also significantly less than control chickens (reciprocal ha titers 25 vs. 512, respectively, P less than 0.02), with continued predominance of IgM antibody in experimental chickens (70% IgM-ha) vs. controls (60% IgG-ha). Induction of cell-mediated immunity by footpad inoculation of 46-day-old birds with diphtheria-tetanus toxoid in complete Freund's adjuvant failed to discern suppression of T cell function in previously infected chicks. Before hatch, the bursae of experimental and control embryos possessed a few IgM-producing lymphoid cells in equivalent numbers. There was also no difference in the relative population of IgM-producing cells in the medullary area of bursal follicles of 7-day-old hatchling chickens, approximately 70%. However, the mean density of IgG-producing cells in the bursae of experimental chickens was less than that of control chickens, 10% vs. 19%, respectively. Consistent with persistent embryonic viral infection and altered bursal function, only IgM-producing cells were detected in the spleens of 7-day-old experimental birds. These observations suggest that persistent embryonic viral infection disturbs the function of bursal-dependent immunopoiesis in the avian host.
Ozone reaction with n-aldehydes (n=4–10), benzaldehyde, ethanol, isopropanol, and n-propanol adsorbed on a dual-bed graphitized carbon–carbon molecular sieve adsorbent cartridge

Ozone reacts with n-aldehydes (n=4-10), benzaldehyde, ethanol, isopropanol and n-propanol adsorbed on a dual-bed graphitized carbon-carbon molecular sieve adsorbent cartridge. Destruction of n-aldehydes increases with n number and with ozone concentration. In some sampling experiments both generation and destruction of n-aldehydes by ozone are observed. In field experiments the results of sample analysis for n-aldehydes and benzaldehyde are frequently not proportional to sample volume whereas results for toluene and isoprene, and sometimes for total carbon, are. A simple theory is developed to simulate the net result of three processes: the adsorption of compounds from an air stream onto a solid adsorbent, the generation of compounds by reaction of ozone with materials upstream of or on the adsorbent, and the destruction by ozone of pre-existing compounds and compounds adsorbed from the sample stream. The use of distributed volume pairs is recommended as a way to identify loss of sample integrity during air monitoring experiments.
Weed Management Systems for Conventional and Glyphosate‐Resistant Soybean with and without Irrigation

Management inputs that maximize economic return from the early soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production system have not been evaluated fully. The objective was to determine the effect of weed management on yield and net return from early planted maturity group (MG) IV and MG V glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine]-resistant (GR) and conventional (CONV) soybean cultivars grown in the early soybean production system with (IRR) and without (NI) irrigation. Field studies were conducted from 1996 through 1999 on Sharkey clay (very-fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Epiaquert) at Stoneville, MS (33°26' N lat). Weed management systems were (i) pre-emergent (PRE) broadleaf followed by postemergent (POST) broadleaf and grass weed management (PRE + POST) and (ii) POST broadleaf and grass weed management (POST). Use of POST-only weed management was cheaper, yielded more, and resulted in greater net returns than did use of PRE + POST weed management with both CONV and GR cultivars. Under the conditions of this study, use of GR vs. CONV cultivars in an NI or low-yield environment resulted in greater profit ($52 vs. -$17 ha -1 3-yr average, respectively). Use of CONV vs. GR cultivars resulted in greater profit in an IRR or high yield environment ($382 vs. $266 ha -1 3-yr average, respectively). These results indicate that use of GR cultivars with POST-only weed management will result in greater profit in an NI environment while use of CONV cultivars with POST-only weed management will result in greater profit in an IRR environment.
Altered half-life of specific antibody activity in mice due to exposure to environmental temperature extremes.

Abstract The half-life of I125 labeled 7S mouse antibody with activity towards sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was determined in normal mice and in mice exposed to hot and cold environments. In comparison to mice housed at room temperature, the half-life of specific antibody activity was of shorter duration in cold-exposed animals and longer in heat-exposed animals. It is postulated that the alterations in half-life reflect the overall metabolic state of the environmentally stressed animals. A comparison between the half-life of antibody as reported here and by other authors suggests possible differences with respect to mouse strain and antibody class.
Superelectrophilic heterocycles: facile SNAr–SEAr couplings involving very weak carbon nucleophiles

Superelectrophilic halonitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazoles under-go remarkably facile carbon–carbon couplings with some electron-rich aromatics and heteroaromatics, affording quantitatively products exhibiting an intense visible absorption due to strong intramolecular charge transfer.
Three-dimensional analysis of transient slosh within a partly-filled tank equipped with baffles

The directional dynamic analyses of partly-filled tank vehicles have been limited to quasi-static fluid motion due to computational complexities associated with dynamic fluid slosh analyses. The dynamic fluid slosh causes significantly higher magnitudes of slosh forces and moments in the transient state that cannot be characterized through quasi-static approach, which provides reasonably good estimates of the mean responses. In this study, a three-dimensional nonlinear model of a partly-filled cylindrical tank with and without baffles is developed to investigate the significance of resulting destabilizing forces and moments caused by the transient fluid slosh, and the effects of baffles. The baffles and the end caps are modeled with curved shapes. The analyses are performed under varying magnitudes of steady lateral, longitudinal and combinations of lateral and longitudinal accelerations of the tank, and two different fill volumes using the FLUENT software. The results of the study are presented in terms ...
Thermal neutron flux measurements in the STAR experimental hall

Abstract We report measurements of thermal neutron fluxes at different locations in the STAR experimental hall during RHIC Run 13 with proton–proton collisions at s = 510 GeV . We compare these measurements to calculations based on PYTHIA as a minimum bias event generator, detailed GEANT3 simulation of the STAR detector and experimental hall, and with GCALOR as the neutron transport code. A fairly good agreement was found between simulation and measurements.
From bench to bedside with advanced dual-axes confocal microendoscope

This paper describes the design, and implementation of novel dual-axes confocal microscopes that use separate optical axes for illumination and collection of light. This configuration can achieve subcellular resolution (≪5 µm) with deep tissue penetration (≫300 µm), high dynamic range, and large field of view. Moreover, scalability down to millimeter dimensions with a diffraction limited focal volume is achieved with use of post-objective scanning, a MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) micro-mirror, and fiber optic coupling. The miniature DAC microscope operating at 785-nm-wavelength achieves full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) transverse and axial resolutions of 5 µm and 6 µm, respectively. This instrument can be used to perform real time histopathology in the epithelium of hollow organs for longitudinal studies in small animals.
Direct enthalpimetric microdetermination of allylic and vinylic unsaturation

This paper described an extension of the authors' method for direct enthalpimetric determination of olefins to six compounds containing allylic or vinylic unsaturation. Solutions of allylbenzene, allylcyclohexane, allylcyclopentane, methallylbenzene, vinylcyclohexane and vinylcyclopentane in concentrations of 26.4–184μmol have been analyzed with a standard deviation of 1 to 3 %. Under the conditions described, allylic and vinylic unsaturation in these compounds can be determined in the presence of aromatic unsaturation with no interference. Preliminary results for two compounds for which the enthalpimetric method is unsuccessful or at least suspect, allyl acetate and styrene, are also reported.
Computer simulation of fatigue crack initiation

Abstract Results of a Monte Carlo simulation of the initiation stage of fatigue failure of aluminum alloys are described. Initiation processes simulated are: (1) nucleation of cracks at particles at or near the alloy surface; (2) early growth of microcracks with lengths on the order of the grain size; and (3) microcrack coalescence. Analytic models which describe nucleation and microcrack growth form the basis of the simulation, and relate the fatigue failure processes to the alloy microstructure. Two types of simulation outputs are obtained: (1) predictions of microscopic cracking parameters such as crack density, length and closure stress; (2) predictions of the mean and scatter in alloy fatigue lifetimes. Examples of both types of predictions are shown for selected aluminum alloys, and are compared to experimentally determined values.
A new stable isotope tracer technique to assess human neonatal amino acid synthesis

Abstract The amino acid (AA) synthetic ability and requirements of human infants are undefined. A stable isotope tracer technique was employed in neonates to assess conversion of uniformly labeled 13 C glucose into biochemically nonessential AA (NEAA). Ten neonates (5 males, 5 females) were studied at a mean age of 7 ± 2.0 (SEM) days. The mean gestational age was 35.5 ± 1.1 weeks, and the mean weight at time of study was 2,191 ± 181 g. Six infants were fed enterally, and four received only intravenous 10% dextrose (D10W). Blood samples were obtained before, and 30, 60, and 120 minutes after an orogastric bolus of D-[U- 13 C]glucose (100 mg/kg). The conversion of glucose carbon into seven NEAA was assessed by measuring their isotopic enrichments in plasma, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS), and was expressed as mole percent excess (MPE), with detectable MPE defined as ≥0.2. The isotopic enrichment of plasma glucose also was measured using GCMS. Free plasma AA concentrations were assayed using an automated AA analyzer and expressed in micromoles per liter. The mean glucose enrichment was 9.33 ± 1.8 MPE (range, 5.82 to 13.48). Detectable 13 C-labeling of the NEAA was observed as follows: Glu in 100% of infants; Gly, 100%; Ala, 90%; Ser, 80%; Asp, 70%; Cys, 60%; and Pro, 60%. Detectable Pro enrichment was observed in none of three premature infants on D10W. Free plasma Cys concentration was markedly lower than normal (19.8 v 86 μmol/L). The number of isotopically enriched NEAA in the plasma of premature infants was 5.1 ± 0.5, compared with 6.7 ± 0.3 in that of full-term infants ( t = 2.69, p r = .68), gestational age ( r = .30), study age ( r = .24), enteral feeding ( r = .24), and gender ( r = 0). By stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, only study weight independently predicted NEAA enrichment ( F = 5.72, P
Wide Angle IR detection Through a Conical Mirror: Some Preliminary Results

360° planar viewing is achieved by placing a polished aluminum cone in front of a long-wave IR camera. Objects are extracted from the circular reflected image for means of detection and classification.
Chemopreventive Potential of Natural Compounds in Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most fatal cancers worldwide. Despite advances in the management of HNSCC, the overall survival for patients has not improved significantly due to advanced stages at diagnosis, high recurrence rate after surgical removal, and second primary tumor development, which underscore the importance of novel strategies for cancer prevention. Cancer chemoprevention, the use of natural or synthetic compounds to prevent, arrest, or reverse the process of carcinogenesis at its earliest stages, aims to reverse premalignancies and prevent second primary tumors. Genomics and proteomics information including initial mutation, cancer promotion, progression, and susceptibility has brought molecularly targeted therapies for drug development. The development of preventive approaches using specific natural or synthetic compounds, or both, requires a depth of understanding of the cross-talk between cancer signaling pathways and networks to retain or enhance chemopreventive activity while reducing known toxic effects. Many natural dietary compounds have been identified with multiple molecular targets, effective in the prevention and treatment of cancer. This review describes recent advances in the understanding of the complex signaling networks driving cancer progression and of molecularly targeted natural compounds under preclinical and clinical investigation.
Computerized analysis of abnormal asymmetry in digital chest radiographs: Evaluation of potential utility

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a computerized method for the fully automated analysis of abnormal asymmetry in digital posteroanterior (PA) chest radiographs. An automated lung segmentation method was used to identify the aerated lung regions in 600 chest radiographs. Minimal apriori lung morphology information was required for this gray-level thresholding-based segmentation. Consequently, segmentation was applicable to grossly abnormal cases. The relative areas of segmented right and left lung regions in each image were compared with the corresponding area distributions of normal images to determine the presence of abnormal assymetry. Computerized diagnoses were compared with image ratings assigned by a radiologist. The ability of the automated method to distinguish normal from asymmetrically abnormal cases was evaluated by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, which yielded an area under the ROC curve of 0.84. This automated method demonstrated promising performance in its ability to detect abnormal asymmetry in PA chest images. We believe this method could play a role in a picture archiving and communications (PACS) environment to immediately identify abnormal cases and to function as one component of a multifaceted computeraided diagnostic scheme.
Backgrounds of squeezed relic photons and their spatial correlations

We discuss the production of multiphoton squeezed states induced by the time variation of the (Abelian) gauge coupling constant in a string cosmological context. Within a fully quantum mechanical approach we solve the time evolution of the mean number of produced photons in terms of the squeezing parameters and in terms of the gauge coupling. We compute the first (amplitude interference) and second order (intensity interference) correlation functions of the magnetic part of the photon background. The photons produced thanks to the variation of the dilaton coupling are strongly bunched for the realistic case where the growth of the dilaton coupling is required to explain the presence of large scale magnetic fields and possibly of a Faraday rotation of cosmic microwave background.
COOPERATIVES: PARTICULARLY THEIR RELEVANCE TO WOMEN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

‘Cooperatives give us the opportunity to demonstrate with our own lives that giving ourselves away in service to others is a way of creating ourselves anew.’1 The purpose of this article is to give an over-all picture of cooperatives and their relevance in developing countries especially with regard to women.
1H NMR Spectral Simplification with Achiral and Chiral Lanthanide Shift Reagents. Clenbuterol. Method for Direct Optical Purity Determination

Abstract The 60 MHz 1H NMR spectra of clenbuterol, 1, have been studied in CDCl3 solution with the achiral shift reagent, tris (6,6,7,7,8,8,8-hepta-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedionato)europium (III), 2, and the chiral reagent tris[3-(heptafluoropropylhydroxyn1ethyl-ene)-(+)-canphorato]europiunr(III), 3. Use of 3 resulted in observable enantiomeric shift differences, ΔΔσ, for the t-butyl, NH2 benzylic CH and the aryl proton signals. Values of ΔΔσ as high as 135.1 Hz (2.25 ppm) and 86.5 Hz (1.44 ppn) were seen for the methine and aryl protons, respectively, with a solution 0.1035 molal in 1 and a 1:3 molar ratio of 0.551. The aryl resonance is especially well suited for direct optical purity determinations of 1.
Accelerated immunopathological response of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis disrupted in the mce1 operon negative transcriptional regulator.

Summary Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes a variety of clinical outcomes determined by host as well as bac- terial factors. M. tuberculosis disrupted in the mce1 operon causes increased mortality in immunocom- petent mice. This operon is negatively regulated by mce1R (Rv0165c). We studied the role of mce1R in infection outcome in mice. At 5 ¥ 10 4 tail vein infec- tious dose, the median survival time (MST) of mice infected with the mce1R mutant M. tuberculosis H37Rv was 293 days, while mice infected with the wild-type H37Rv survived more than 350 days (P < 0.0001). At a higher dose (5 ¥ 10 6 ), the MST of mutant-infected mice was 32 days, compared with 127 days for wild type-infected mice (P < 0.0001). With either tail vein or aerosol infection, mutant- infected mice developed larger granulomatous lesions in their lungs than mice infected with the wild type. Mutant-infected mice were unable to control the bacterial burden in the first 4 weeks of infection, but even after achieving control later, these mice succumbed to granulomatous pneumonia. These observations suggest that the early deregulated expression of the mce1 operon products determines later granulomatous tissue response. mce1 operon may homeostatically regulate the cell wall architec- ture in vivo that elicits a steady-state granuloma
The determination of optical constants from reflection data by application of the Newton-Raphson method to the Fresnel equations

Abstract Specular reflection has been shown to be broadly applicable for the determination of the optical constants. Two-angle total reflection techniques are often the most desirable due to enhanced sensitivity. The use of these techniques has been hindered due to the lack of a general solution to the Fresnel equations under these conditions. The Newton-Raphson method for the solution of simultaneous equations has been applied to the Fresnel equations. This approach permits the determination of the optical constante from specular reflection data using two-angle techniques as well as the one-angle, two polarization technique. The solution is applicable to internal or external reflection data and is not restricted by the magnitude of the attenuation index, k . A FORTRAN computer program which performs the necessary calculations is presented.