cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions and Experiences of International Trainees in Counseling and Related Programs

International counseling trainees (ICTs) can play a critical role in multicultural training and enrich the lives of domestic trainers and trainees. However, they face unique barriers. This inquiry examined 14 areas related to their training and stay in the US. Findings largely correspond with those already in the literature (e.g., Ng, International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 28:1–19 2006a). Results indicate significantly higher mean scores for ICTs (n = 56) in 10 areas (e.g., English proficiency problems, experiencing discrimination in their learning environment) compared to domestic trainees (DTs) (n = 82). ICTs further reported a high level of confidence in their contribution to their programs and a strong belief in their performance, although these levels did not differ significantly from DTs. Findings also revealed there were no program-level differences among the ICTs in all the study areas. Compared to the master’s trainees as a whole, however, the doctoral trainees combined reported higher degrees of experiencing cultural adjustment problems and conflicts with Western understanding and approaches to treating mental health. Implications and recommendations are outlined.
Electrocardiographic ST-segment Elevation The Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction by Morphologic Analysis of the ST Segment

UNLABELLED Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of many causes of ST-segment elevation (STE) in emergency department (ED) chest pain (CP) patients. The morphology of STE may assist in the correct determination of its cause, with concave patterns in non-AMI syndromes and non-concave waveforms in AMI. OBJECTIVES To determine the impact of STE morphologic analysis on AMI diagnosis and the ability of this technique to separate AMI from non-infarction causes of STE. METHODS The electrocardiograms (ECGs) of consecutive ED adult CP patients (with three serial troponin I determinations) were interpreted in two-step fashion by six attending emergency physicians (EPs): 1) the determination of STE by three EPs followed by 2) STE morphologic analysis (either concave or non-concave) in those patients with STE. The impact of STE morphology analysis was investigated in the identification of AMI and non-AMI causes of STE. Acute myocardial infarction was diagnosed by abnormal serum troponin I values (>0.1 mg/dL) followed by a rise and fall of the serum marker; STE diagnoses of non-AMI causes were determined by medical record review. Interobserver reliability concerning STE morphology was determined. Study inclusion criteria included at least three troponin values performed in serial fashion no more frequently than every three hours, initial ED ECG, ED diagnosis, and final hospital diagnosis. RESULTS Five hundred ninety-nine CP patients were entered in the study, with 171 (29%) individuals having STE on their ECGs. Of the 171 patients who had STE, 56 had AMI, 50 had unstable angina pectoris (USAP), and 65 had non-coronary final diagnoses. Forty-nine patients had non-concave STE, 46 with AMI and three with USAP; no patient with a non-coronary diagnosis had a non-concave STE morphology. The sensitivity and specificity of the non-concave STE morphology for AMI diagnoses were 77% and 97%, respectively; the positive and negative predictive values for non-concave morphology in AMI diagnoses were 94% and 88%, respectively. Interobserver reliability in the STE morphology determination revealed a kappa coefficient of 0.87. CONCLUSIONS A non-concave STE morphology is frequently encountered in AMI patients. While the sensitivity of this pattern for AMI diagnosis is not particularly helpful, the presence of this finding in adult ED chest pain patients with STE strongly suggests AMI. This technique produces consistent results among these EPs.
Clindamycin-Resistant Group B Streptococcus and Failure of Intrapartum Prophylaxis to Prevent Early-Onset Disease

Guidelines recommend intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) for parturient women who have a screen positive for group B Streptococcus (GBS). Clindamycin should be used for IAP only if the maternal GBS isolate is susceptible. We report a case of clindamycin-resistant GBS disease in a newborn infant whose mother received clindamycin IAP, and we review clindamycin susceptibility testing.
The DEAH-box splicing factor Prp16 unwinds RNA duplexes in vitro

Abstract Background: During pre-mRNA splicing, dynamic rearrangement of RNA secondary structure within the spliceosome is crucial for intron recognition and formation of the catalytic core. Splicing factors belonging to the DExD/DExH-box family of RNA-dependent ATPases are thought to have a central role in directing these rearrangements by unwinding RNA helices. Proof of this hypothesis has, however, been conspicuously lacking. Results: Prp16 is a DEAH-box protein that functions in the second step of splicing in vitro . Using various RNA duplexes as substrate, we have shown that Prp16 has an ATP-dependent RNA unwinding activity. This activity is independent of sequence in either the single-stranded or duplexed regions of the RNA substrate. A mutation ( prp16-1 ) near the ATP-binding motif of Prp16 inhibits both the RNA-dependent ATPase activity and the ATP-dependent RNA unwinding activity. Conclusions: Our findings provide strong biochemical evidence that Prp16 can disrupt a duplexed RNA structure on the spliceosome. Because the purified protein lacks sequence specificity in unwinding RNA duplexes, targeting of the unwinding activity of Prp16 in the spliceosome is likely to be determined by other interacting protein factors. The demonstration of unwinding activity will also help our understanding of how the fidelity of branchpoint recognition is controlled by Prp16.
5-hydroxytryptophan and soluble pigment formation in Claviceps sp. PRL 1980

Abstract 5-Hydroxytryptophan (156 mg/l) was identified in 15-day-old cultures of Claviceps sp. PRL 1980. [side-chain 3- 14 C] dl -Tryptophan and [side-chain 3- 14 C] 5-hydroxytryptophan were incorporated into the brown pigment in cultures of the same fungus, 6% and 24%, respectively.
Informal Institutions and Horizontal Accountability: Protocols in the Chilean Budgetary Process

Studies of executive-legislative relations are usually based only on the analysis of formal institutions, although informal institutions also shape interbranch behavior. This omission leads to questionable results when scholars examine the capacity of state institutions to audit other public agencies and branches of government. This article explores how the protocols, an informal institution that shapes the Chilean budgetary negotiations, have increasingly allowed the congress to have a more relevant budgetary role than what the constitution permits. It argues that protocols accommodate some of the undesired consequences of a charter that is strongly biased toward the central government, and describes how this institution has departed from its stringent budgetary focus to encompass broader executive-legislative agreements that enhance the legislature's capacity to oversee the executive.
Trapping to Determine the Sympatry and Seasonal Abundance of Various Yellowjackets

The occurrence of various presumably sympatric species of Nearctic yellowjackets was determined in widely separated areas. Long-term trapping with n -heptyl butyrate in California, Maryland, and Minnesota disclosed the presence of up to 6 sympatric species of Vespula in some localities. The most responsive included Vespula pensylvanica (Saussure), Vespula sulphurea (Saussure), and Vespula atropilosa (Sladen). Male yellowjackets, Vespula germanica (F.), Vespula maculifrons (Buysson), and Dolichovespula species were nearly unresponsive to synthetic attractants but trapping combined with net collection indicated additional sympatry in some localities. Traps revealed the presence of various species of Vespula in specific localities and traps were used to determine the relative seasonal abundance only of responsive species. The detection sensitivity of trapping may be enhanced by the simultaneous use of protein, carbohydrate or various synthetic attractants.
Charge-coupled device imaging spectroscopy of Mars: 2. Results and implications for Martian Ferric mineralogy

Imaging spectroscopic observations of Mars in the visible to near-IR (0.4–1.0 μm) were conducted during the 1988 opposition from Mauna Kea Observatory. Data at high spectral resolution (λ/Δλ = 350) and at the best possible spatial resolution from Earth (80–150 km) reveal distinct absorption features and spectral slope changes that are characteristic of Fe3+-bearing minerals. Poorly crystalline materials, similar perhaps to nanophase ferric oxides or palagonite-like weathering products of basaltic glass, dominate the spectral behavior of the Martian surface in the visible to near-IR. Analysis of spectral shape and absorption band positions provides evidence for the detection of minor amounts (perhaps 4–8%) of crystalline hematite (αFe2O3) on Mars. While there is no unique evidence in the 0.40- to 1.0-μm region of other ferric oxides/ oxyhydroxides, Fe-rich clay silicates, or ferric sulfates in these new data or in previous spacecraft and telescopic data, the existence of these phases cannot be unequivocally ruled out, partly because of the spectral masking effects of hematite. Models for the formation of hematite and other ferric minerals in various terresterial environments and in the current and possibly past warmer, wetter Martian climate are discussed. Telescopic and laboratory data analysis techniques are used to show that (1) the 2–5% deep 0.6- to 0.7-μm ferric absorption band varies across the surface at the 1–2% level, with bright regions typically having a deeper band; (2) many dark regions and a few isolated bright regions are perhaps more spectrally heterogeneous than once thought; (3) 95% of the variance in Mars spectra can be modeled using two linear spectral endmembers (classical bright and dark regions), but there are distinct spatially coherent units within the remaining 5% of the variance that correlate with ices, condensates, and/or dark, ferricrich materials; and (4) numerous ferric minerals have absorption features in the 0.9- to 1.0-μm-region, and the weak bands observed in previous Mars spectra at these wavelengths that have been ascribed entirely to Fe2+ minerals may, within the limits of the available data, also be consistent with variations in Fe3+ mineralogy. The advantages of imaging spectroscopy over traditional point spectroscopy or broadband filter imaging make it an ideal tool for high spatial resolution spacecraft and telescopic studies of the Martian surface.
Relation between a fibers effective area and the capture fraction of spontaneous Raman scattering

The spontaneous Raman capture fraction in a single-mode fiber is inversely related to effective area. This relation ties together classical and quantum approaches to stimulated Raman scattering in fibers and has implications for gain and noise in fiber Raman amplifiers.
The changing roles of radiologists, cardiologists, and vascular surgeons in percutaneous peripheral arterial interventions during a recent five-year interval.

Purpose This study aimed to determine the relative roles of radiologists, cardiologists, vascular surgeons, and other physicians in performing percutaneous peripheral arterial interventions and how these roles have changed over a recent 5-year period. Methods and materials The authors reviewed the Medicare Part B fee-for-service databases between 1997 and 2002 for the Current Procedural Terminology (4th ed.) (CPT-4) surgical procedure codes for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of noncardiac peripheral arteries (six codes), the transcatheter placement of noncardiac intravascular stents (two codes), and endovascular aortic stent graft placement (six codes). Using the Medicare physician specialty codes, procedure volume in each CPT-4 code was determined for radiologists, cardiologists, vascular surgeons, and other physicians. Percentage changes from 1997 to 2002 were calculated for PTA and intravascular stent placement procedures. Results Between 1997 and 2002, the total Medicare procedure volume in the eight procedure codes relating to PTA and stent placement increased by 95%. In 2002, radiologists performed 72,657 of these procedures, cardiologists 62,901, vascular surgeons 17,895, and other physicians 19,666. Over the 5-year interval, procedure volume among radiologists increased 29%, among cardiologists by 181%, among vascular surgeons by 398%, and among other physicians by 195%. Radiologists’ share in the total pool of procedures in 2002 was 42.0% (down from 63.3% in 1997), cardiologists’ 36.3% (up from 25.2% in 1997), vascular surgeons’ 10.3% (up from 4.0% in 1997), and other physicians’ 11.4% (up from 7.5% in 1997). Trend data were not available for endovascular aortic stent graft procedures. Conclusion Between 1997 and 2002, procedure volume in percutaneous peripheral arterial interventions grew at faster rates among cardiologists, vascular surgeons, and other physicians than it did among radiologists. As a result, radiologists’ share of this market declined during the interval. However, procedure volume among radiologists continued to grow over the 5 years, and in 2002, they still had the largest share among the four physician specialty groups. Thus, despite the erosion, interventional radiologists still maintain a strong position in this rapidly growing field.
Quantitative Assessment of the SR Ca2+ Leak-Load Relationship

Increased diastolic SR Ca2+ leak (J(leak)) could depress contractility in heart failure, but there are conflicting reports regarding the J(leak) magnitude even in normal, intact myocytes. We have developed a novel approach to measure SR Ca2+ leak in intact, isolated ventricular myocytes. After stimulation, myocytes were exposed to 0 Na+, 0 Ca2+ solution +/-1 mmol/L tetracaine (to block resting leak). Total cell [Ca2+] does not change under these conditions with Na+-Ca2+ exchange inhibited. Resting [Ca2+]i declined 25% after tetracaine addition (126+/-6 versus 94+/-6 nmol/L; P<0.05). At the same time, SR [Ca2+] ([Ca2+](SRT)) increased 20% (93+/-8 versus 108+/-6 micromol/L). From this Ca2+ shift, we calculate J(leak) to be 12 micromol/L per second or 30% of the SR diastolic efflux. The remaining 70% is SR pump unidirectional reverse flux (backflux). The sum of these Ca2+ effluxes is counterbalanced by unidirectional forward Ca2+ pump flux. J(leak) also increased nonlinearly with [Ca2+](SRT) with a steeper increase at higher load. We conclude that J(leak) is 4 to 15 micromol/L cytosol per second at physiological [Ca2+](SRT). The data suggest that the leak is steeply [Ca2+](SRT)-dependent, perhaps because of increased [Ca2+]i sensitivity of the ryanodine receptor at higher [Ca2+](SRT). Key factors that determine [Ca2+](SRT) in intact ventricular myocytes include (1) the thermodynamically limited Ca2+ gradient that the SR can develop (which depends on forward flux and backflux through the SR Ca2+ ATPase) and (2) diastolic SR Ca2+ leak (ryanodine receptor mediated).
Evolution of the lunar orbit with temperature- and frequency-dependent dissipation

The importance of the thermal evolution of the earth and the moon for the dynamical history of the earth-moon system is investigated using a model of coupled thermal-dynamical evolution of this system, in which the sun's gravity is ignored and only the gravitational interaction of the earth-moon system is included, along with oceanic dissipation. Results suggest that most of the lunar angular momentum was received from the earth via solid tides within the first few 100 million years after the formation of the earth and the moon, indicating that oceanic dissipation plays a minor role. It is suggested that solid tides, rather than ocean tides, might be most important to the lunar-orbit evolution.
Youth Violence and Hegemonic Masculinity among Pacific Islander and Asian American Adolescents

As scholars and community stakeholders continue to understand hegemonic masculinity and its influences on youth violence, it is important that marginalized ethnic groups are not excluded from the discourse. This qualitative exploratory study investigates the ways that hegemonic masculinity impacts adolescent boys and girls from Pacific Islander and Asian American backgrounds. Research findings reveal how peers, family members, and romantic partners impact youths’ propensity to engage in youth violence. Findings further divulge the similar and different ways that boys and girls from these ethnic backgrounds conceptualize youth violence, with males frequently using violence to enhance their social status and females relying on violence for protection and/or to bolster their relationship with boyfriends. The study calls for improved structural relationships between schools and marginalized ethnic communities, specifically calling for enhanced programs that address healthy dating practices, homophobia, and violence associated with the body.
The Effect of Shear on the Generation of Gravity Waves

Previous research regarding the solutions of Long's equation always presumed that the flow far upstream is without shear. In this paper we derive the proper form of this equation when shear is present. We then apply a sequence of transformations to this equation which make it possible to linearize it while preserving its physical contents. We then derive conditions under which the solutions of this linear equation admit the existence (or creation) of gravity waves. We present also a solution of this model equation when the presence of shear in the overall flow is "small". Long's equation also provides the theoretical framework for the analysis of experimental data (Shutts, 1988, 1994; Vernin, 2007) under the assumption of shearless base flow. (An assumption which, in general, is not supported by the data; Humi, 2004b). An analytic approach to the study of the solutions of this nonlinear equation was initiated recently by the current au- thor (Humi, 2004a, 2006, 2007). We showed that for a base flow without shear and under rather mild restrictions the nonlinear terms in the equation can be simplified. Us- ing phase averaging approximation we derived for self sim- ilar solutions of this equation a formula for the attenuation of the stream function perturbation with height. This result is generically related to the presence of the nonlinear terms in Long's equation. New representations of this equation in terms of the atmospheric density and terrain following coor- dinates were derived in (Humi, 2007, 2009). Partial results on the impact that shear can have on the generation and am- plitude of gravity waves when the base flow consists of "pure shear" were investigated by us in (Humi, 2006). The objective of this paper is to study the nature of the solutions to Long's equation when some shear is present in the base flow. Using conditions which depend solely on the base flow and Brunt-V ¨
Determination of blood loss during full-mouth extraction and alveoloplasty by plasma volume studies with I131-tagged human albumin

Abstract A study of blood loss measurements for the determination of blood loss during full-mouth extraction and alveoloplasty under general anesthesia in a group of twenty-one patients has been presented. A control group of seven patients was also studied. I 131 serum albumin was utilized in carrying out the procedure. The blood loss ranged from 148 c.c. to 912 c.c., with a mean of 536.5 c.c. Classification of these operations by the results places them among the major surgical procedures. The average difference in the control group was within ±2 per cent.
Similar rates of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis following activation of wild-type and truncated rat neurokinin-1 receptors

The substance P (neurokinin-1) receptor belongs to the family of seven putative transmembrane domain receptors that are coupled via G proteins to phospholipase C activation. Homologous desensitization of substance P-stimulated responses has been described in various systems. The rat neurokinin-1 receptor and a truncated mutant lacking the carboxyl-terminal region were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells to examine the mechanisms of substance P-induced desensitization. Wild-type and truncated receptor-bearing cells were indistinguishable in agonist binding affinity and EC 50 of substance P-induced accumulation of 3 H-inositol phosphates. Substance P-induced responses continued for 30-45 min in cells expressing wild-type and truncated receptors as well as in rat LRM-55 and human U373 cells, which express endogenous neurokinin-1 receptors. In transfected cells expressing the wild-type receptor, CP-96,345 added 15 min after substance P blocked further responses, demonstrating the continuing presence of responsive receptors. The rates of accumulation of 3 H-inositol phosphates were four times greater in the initial 15 s of stimulation than for the next 20 min for both wildtype and truncated receptor types. This decrease in rate of substance P-stimulated phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis is therefore not dependent on the carboxyl-terminal region of the rat neurokinin-1 receptor, which contains 26 serine and threonine residues. These results are discussed in relation to current ideas regarding neurokinin-1 receptor desensitization
Comments on "A Computer Algorithm for Transposing Nonsquare Matrices"

In the above correspondence1 a three-step algorithm is presented for transposing large nonsquare matrices stored externally or in main memory. The first step can be generalized, and the last two steps can be replaced with a single step.
Identification of phosphorylation sites in mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal protein DAP3

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes synthesize 13 proteins that are essential for oxidative phosphorylation. In addition to their role in protein synthesis, some of the mitochondrial ribosomal proteins have acquired functions in other cellular processes such as apoptosis. Death-associated protein 3 (DAP3), also referred to as mitochondrial ribosomal protein S29 (MRP-S29), is a GTP-binding pro-apoptotic protein located in the small subunit of the ribosome. Previous studies have shown that phosphorylation is one of the most likely regulatory mechanisms for DAP3 function in apoptosis and may be in protein synthesis; however, no phosphorylation sites were identified. In this study, we have investigated the phosphorylation status of ribosomal DAP3 and mapped the phosphorylation sites by tandem mass spectrometry. Mitochondrial ribosomal DAP3 is phosphorylated at Ser215 or Thr216, Ser220, Ser251 or Ser252, and Ser280. In addition, phosphorylation of recombinant DAP3 by Protein kinase A and Protein kinase Cδ at residues that are endogenously phosphorylated in ribosomal DAP3 suggests both of these kinases as potential candidates responsible for the in vivo phosphorylation of DAP3 in mammalian mitochondria. Interestingly, the majority of the phosphorylation sites detected in our study are clustered around the highly conserved GTP-binding motifs, speculating on the significance of these residues on protein conformation and activity. Site-directed mutagenesis studies on selected phosphorylation sites were performed to determine the effect of phosphorylation on cell proliferation and PARP cleavage as indication of caspase activation. Overall, our findings suggest DAP3, a mitochondrial ribosomal small subunit protein, is a novel phosphorylated target.
Differentiation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using electron capture negative chemical ionization

A number of isomeric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be distinguished using electron capture negative chemical ionization when methane is used as a buffer gas, including benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[e]pyrene. The ionization behavior of these compounds may be predicted, on the basis of their electron afinities, allowing compounds to be distinguished without the use of standards.
Automatic liver contour segmentation using GVF snake

Liver segmentation is critical for the development of algorithms to detect and define focal lesions. It is also helpful in presurgical planning for hepatic resection and to gauge the results of therapies. The purpose of this study was to develop a computerized method for extraction of liver contours on contrast-enhanced hepatic CT. The method is based on a snake algorithm with Gradient Vector Flow (GVF) field as its external force, which uses an edge map and an initial contour as its starting point. A Canny edge algorithm is thus applied to obtain the initial edge map. To suppress edges inside liver parenchyma, a liver template determined by analyzing the histogram of the liver image is employed. Based on the modified edge map, the GVF field is then computed in an iterative manner. Due to the finite iteration step, an area uncovered by the GVF field in the liver can be extracted and serves as an initial contour for the snake algorithm. Preliminary results have shown the potential of separating the liver from its adjacent structures (e.g., kidney and stomach) of similar densities.
Exploring Physician Adoption of EMRs: A Multi-Case Analysis

The adoption of new technology within healthcare has been promoted as a way to reduce costs and increase efficiencies as well as improve quality. The literature has documented a significant number of implementation failures by large groups and hospitals with access to IT skills and resources. Given the low adoption rate among physicians, the challenges facing small practices can be daunting. While financial and technical barriers have been explored at the physician level, the actual implementation challenges facing small groups have not been explored. This paper presents a qualitative three case analysis of physician groups that have employed EMRs and the pre and post adoption insights. Results show that planning was a key common variable missing; the anticipated downtime was longer than expected and the workflow disruption and maintenance costs were underestimated.
Comparison of hypothermia and normothermia after severe traumatic brain injury in children (Cool Kids): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial

Summary Background On the basis of mixed results from previous trials, we assessed whether therapeutic hypothermia for 48–72 h with slow rewarming improved mortality in children after brain injury. Methods In this phase 3, multicenter, multinational, randomised controlled trial, we included patients with severe traumatic brain injury who were younger than 18 years and could be enrolled within 6 h of injury. We used a computer-generated randomisation sequence to randomly allocate patients (1:1; stratified by site and age [ Findings The study was terminated early for futility after an interim data analysis on data for 77 patients (enrolled between Nov 1, 2007, and Feb 28, 2011): 39 in the hypothermia group and 38 in the normothermia group. We detected no between-group difference in mortality 3 months after injury (6 [15%] of 39 patients in the hypothermia group vs two [5%] of 38 patients in the normothermia group; p=0·15). Poor outcomes did not differ between groups (in the hypothermia group, 16 [42%] patients had a poor outcome by GOS and 18 [47%] had a poor outcome by GOS-extended paediatrics; in the normothermia group, 16 [42%] patients had a poor outcome by GOS and 19 [51%] of 37 patients had a poor outcome by GOS-extended paediatrics). We recorded no between-group differences in the occurrence of adverse events or serious adverse events. Interpretation Hypothermia for 48 h with slow rewarming does not reduce mortality of improve global functional outcome after paediatric severe traumatic brain injury. Funding National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Institutes of Health.
Digital stochastic control of distributed-parameter systems

This paper presents a method for discrete-time control and estimation of flexible structures in the presence of actuator and sensor noise. The approach consists of complete decoupling of the modal equations and estimator dynamics based on the independent modal-space control technique and modal spatial filtering of the system output. The solution for the Kalman filter gains reduces to that of independent second-order modal estimators, thus permitting real-time digital control of distributed-parameter systems in a noisy environment. The method can be used to control and estimate any number of modes without computational restraints and is theoretically free of observation spillover. Two examples, the first using nonlinear, quantized control and the second using linear, state feedback control are presented.
A nonlinear programming procedure and a necessary condition for the simultaneous stabilization of 3 or more linear systems

We frame the problem of finding a fixed controller to simultaneously stabilize, or co-stabilize, multiple systems as a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem. In the NLP problem, we can include the constraint that the controller be strong (stable) or bistable (stable and inverstable). We also present a necessary condition for the co-stabilization of 3 or more systems.
Who Takes the Floor and Why Gender, Power, and Volubility in Organizations

Although past research has noted the importance of both power and gender for understanding volubility—the total amount of time spent talking—in organizations, to date, identifying the unique contri...
A Series of Studies Examining Internet Treatment of Obesity to Inform Internet Interventions for Substance Use and Misuse

The feasibility and efficacy of Internet treatment programs for overweight and obese people have been demonstrated in a series of randomized trials. Initial studies examined various approaches to Internet behavioral treatment. Other studies have examined delivery of group behavioral counseling using Internet chat rooms, using the Internet for long-term maintenance of weight loss, and enhancing motivation in Internet programs. These interventions have produced weight losses of 4–7 kg over 6 months to 1 year when support via e-mail, automated messages, or chat rooms is provided. Outcomes and lessons learned with application to the treatment of substance use and misuse are provided.
Integrase-mediated spacer acquisition during CRISPR–Cas adaptive immunity

Bacteria and archaea insert spacer sequences acquired from foreign DNAs into CRISPR loci to generate immunological memory. The Escherichia coli Cas1-Cas2 complex mediates spacer acquisition in vivo, but the molecular mechanism of this process is unknown. Here we show that the purified Cas1-Cas2 complex integrates oligonucleotide DNA substrates into acceptor DNA to yield products similar to those generated by retroviral integrases and transposases. Cas1 is the catalytic subunit and Cas2 substantially increases integration activity. Protospacer DNA with free 3'-OH ends and supercoiled target DNA are required, and integration occurs preferentially at the ends of CRISPR repeats and at sequences adjacent to cruciform structures abutting AT-rich regions, similar to the CRISPR leader sequence. Our results demonstrate the Cas1-Cas2 complex to be the minimal machinery that catalyses spacer DNA acquisition and explain the significance of CRISPR repeats in providing sequence and structural specificity for Cas1-Cas2-mediated adaptive immunity.
Roles for the type III TGF-β receptor in human cancer

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily ligands have important roles in regulating cellular homeostasis, embryonic development, differentiation, proliferation, immune surveillance, angiogenesis, motility, and apoptosis in a cell type and context specific manner. TGF-β superfamily signaling pathways also have diverse roles in human cancer, functioning to either suppress or promote cancer progression. The TGF-β superfamily co-receptor, the type III TGF-β receptor (TβRIII, also known as betaglycan) mediates TGF-β superfamily ligand dependent as well as ligand independent signaling to both Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways. Loss of TβRIII expression during cancer progression and direct effects of TβRIII on regulating cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and angiogenesis support a role for TβRIII as a suppressor of cancer progression and/or as a metastasis suppressor. Defining the physiological function and mechanism of TβRIII action and alterations in TβRIII function during cancer progression should enable more effective targeting of TβRIII and TβRIII mediated functions for the diagnosis and treatment of human cancer.
EOQ and EPQ with linear and fixed backorder costs: Two cases identified and models analyzed without calculus

Abstract The EOQ and EPQ models with linear and fixed backorder costs are newly analyzed and all formulae are proven using only algebra. Two cases are identified, where backorders should and should not be allowed. The results are shown to include several known special cases.
Gaps in evidence: Management of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea without tonsillar hypertrophy.

Objectives/Hypothesis Persistent obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is demonstrated in 40% of children after adenotonsillectomy. We previously evaluated the basis of management decisions in children with OSA without tonsillar hypertrophy and found that 61% of decisions were non–evidence based. The aim of this study was to identify gaps in evidence for the management of children with OSA without tonsillar hypertrophy. Study Design Case series. Methods We recorded all real-time decisions made by pediatric subspecialists from eight disciplines that participated in an upper airway clinic and management conferences. Practitioners were immediately queried regarding the basis of their decisions, and non–evidence-based decisions were categorized. Results During 10 case conferences and five clinics, 507 decisions were made for 63 children (43% with Down syndrome, 20% with Pierre Robin sequence). The 309 non–evidence-based decisions most commonly pertained to follow-up timing and appropriate subspecialty clinic location (116/309, 38%) as well as timing for repeat polysomnography (35/309, 11%), especially in children at high risk for persistent OSA after treatment. Additional gaps identified included the likelihood of OSA improvement from weight loss, and effectiveness of sleep surgical procedures (i.e., lingual tonsillectomy, posterior midline glossectomy, and craniofacial surgery) alone or in combination. Conclusions Identified gaps in evidence included timing and location of follow-up, appropriate use of polysomnography for surveillance, effectiveness of specific surgical procedures performed alone and in combination, and the use of oral appliances and continuous positive airway pressure therapy in children with Down syndrome. We also found a need for studies to compare the effectiveness of these treatment options in diverse patient populations. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 126:758–762, 2016
Benchmarking Bluff Body Aerodynamics

Flow around aerodynamic decelerators systems can be canonically represented by unsteady bluff body aerodynamics where the incident flow quickly detaches from contact with the body and a complex system of temporally evolving vortical structures establishes itself in the wake of the body. By focusing consideration on the flow around simplified bluff body shapes and carefully examining the details of the flow dynamics around these shapes several intrinsic metrics for this type of flows can be identified and evaluated. Although aerodynamic decelerator systems incorporate flexible elements that adapt to, change, and are changed by the incident flow, the first order response of the incident flow around rigid models can be assumed to be similar to that around comparable flexible components. With this basis, the flow around several rigid bluff body shapes was examined using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. For the models, the computationally-derived flow metrics are compared between the models and between the CFD simulations and data experimentally obtained for each model. Simulation results are also related to historically published data for similar shapes and compared to and contrasted with known data for analogous flexible systems. The effect of the method of mounting the models within the test chamber is also examined by simulating the model anchored by several different support sting configurations.
The Influence of a Night-Float Call System on the Incidence of Unintentional Dural Puncture: A Retrospective Impact Study.

Background Resident night-float systems have been associated with adverse outcomes. We hypothesized that an obstetric anesthesia night float would increase the incidence of unintentional dural punctures. Methods The July to December incidence of unintentional dural puncture before (control group) and with night float (night-float group) was compared retrospectively. The incidence of unintentional dural puncture by day of week and trainee level was evaluated. Results The unintentional dural puncture rate of control group was 0.73% (20 of 2758) vs 1.49% (39 of 2612) in the night-float group (P = 0.008; relative risk = 2.06; 95% confidence interval = 1.23-3.74). The proportion of unintentional dural punctures attributed to clinical anesthesia-1 residents in the night-float and control groups was 28.2% (11 of 39) and 5.0% (1 of 20), respectively (relative risk = 5.64; 95% confidence interval = 1.07-152; P = 0.044). Conclusions Implementation of night float increased the incidence of unintentional dural puncture.
Core–Shell Ti@Si Coaxial Nanorod Arrays Formed Directly on Current Collectors for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Silicon is a promising candidate to replace the dominantly used carbon as the anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Si has the highest theoretical capacity (4200 mA·h/g) and is one of the most abundant elements. Unfortunately, Si has the issues of huge volume variation upon dis/charge cycling and low conductivity, leading to poor cycling and rate performances. Designing special nanostructures and improving conductivity and integration of Si electrodes could dramatically enhance their performance. Here, we introduce a novel strategy to integrate the core–shell nanorod arrays of Ti@Si on Ti foil with good conductivity as an additive-free electrode. The Ti core functions as a stable metallic support for the Si shell and dramatically reduces the diffusion length. The as-prepared core–shell nanorod arrays of Ti@Si on Ti foil, without any postsynthesis treatment, as electrodes demonstrated reversible capacity of 1125 mA·h/g over at least 30 cycles with highly improved Coulombic efficiency.
Design and Calibration of the AEDC H3 Mach 3.0 High Heat Flux Nozzle

Design, fabrication, and testing of a new Mach 3.0 high heat flux nozzle was performed at the Arnold Engineering Development Complex’s (AEDC) High-Temperature Lab (HTL) for the H3 arc jet facility at Arnold Air Force Base, TN. Per customer request, the HTL investigated the possibility of higher heat flux nozzles with larger flow field areas for the H3 facility. After design and fabrication, testing was performed to characterize the flow field of the 7.1-cm-diam contoured nozzle.
Estrogen receptor alpha allows the adipokine, leptin, to function as a growth factor for breast cancer cells.

Fifth AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research, Nov 12-15, 2006 A126 Obesity is a risk factor for postmenopausal estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Recently, our laboratory reported that obesity-prone MMTV-TGF-α transgenic mice that develop ER positive mammary tumors (MT) had shorter MT latency, were younger at death and had higher serum leptin levels compared to controls. In additional studies MMTV-TGF-α mice were crossbred with obese leptin deficient or leptin receptor deficient mice but no MTs developed. The leptin receptor has been identified in breast tumors and in ER positive human breast cancer cell lines. Also addition of leptin to these cells increased proliferation and activated leptin signaling pathways. In contrast, the ER alpha (ERα) negative MDA-MB-231 (MDA-wt) cell line was not reported to respond to leptin. Integration of these findings led us to hypothesize that the adipokine, leptin, is a growth factor for ERα positive breast cancer. To further define the role of leptin and ERα in breast cancer progression, the ERα negative MDA-wt cell line was modified to stably express ERα (line MDA-ERα5) so that only a single gene difference could be compared. Both cell lines expressed similar amounts of the signaling (long) isoform of the leptin receptor (Ob-Rb). Importantly, leptin (100 ng/ml) reduced cell number of the parental ERα negative MDA-wt cells by 11% compared to untreated cells but increased the growth rate of the ERα positive, MDA-ERα5, cells by 21% even in the absence of estradiol. Estradiol alone (10 ng/ml) or in combination with leptin (100 ng/ml) also increased MDA-ERα5 cell growth by 41% and 57% respectively whereas the growth of the MDA-wt cells was decreased by 10% and 8% respectively. Previously, ERα positive MCF-7 cells were reported to increase aromatase P450 levels in response to leptin, however, leptin concentrations between 25 and 100 ng/ml did not increase aromatase P450 in either the parental MDA-wt or MDA-ERα5 cells. A second adipokine, adiponectin, is inversely correlated with body mass index in humans and has been proposed to act as a brake on breast cancer cell growth. Both receptors for adiponectin, AdipoR1/R2, were expressed by MDA-wt and MDA-ERα5 cells. In addition, the expression of AdipoR1 was down regulated by 40% in MDA-ERα5 cells after 24 hours at 100 ng/ml leptin but not in MDA-wt cells. In contrast, the level of AdipoR2 was down regulated in both cell lines. In an in vivo experiment, MDA-ERα5 cells grew equally well in the presence or absence of exogenous estradiol when implanted into intact female Rag1 athymic mice. We are currently evaluating leptin signaling pathways in vitro . In general, these results indicate that the effect of leptin on breast cancer cell growth is mediated by the presence or absence of the estrogen receptor. (Support: Breast Cancer Research Foundation and Hormel Foundation)
Facilitators and Barriers to the Integration of Mind-Body Medicine into Primary Care

Abstract Purpose: To improve understanding of the facilitators and barriers affecting the integration of mind–body medicine (MBM) into primary care and describe the experiences of mind–body primary care providers. Methods: The authors conducted a qualitative analysis of semi-structured telephone interviews with mind–body primary care providers selected via a maximum variation sampling strategy. Results: Four main themes emerged: (1) MBM is an approach to patient care as well as a set of modalities, (2) time and reimbursement pose significant challenges to MBM, (3) support for MBM in one's practice setting is a key facilitator, and (4) commitment to MBM comes from personal experience. “Insufficient time” was the most highly ranked barrier among survey respondents. Interviewees described innovative strategies to overcome barriers, including customized intake forms, MBM training for staff, MBM group visits, and discounted referrals for low-income patients. Conclusions: While increased MBM and self-care train...
Metabolism of arachidonic acid in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium: biological effects of oxygenated metabolites of arachidonic acid.

Most of the research on AA metabolites in the eye has been concerned with the role of prostaglandins in ocular inflammations. For example, it has been postulated that cystoid macular edema (CME) is due to accumulation of prostaglandins produced after cataract surgery and that indomethacin prevents the development of CME (Tennant, 1976; Milch and Yannuzzi, 1987). It is not known if the retina is the source of these prostaglandins. Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities have been demonstrated in the retina. In this chapter, evidence is presented indicating that eicosanoids can also be involved in retinal neurotransmission and cell to cell interaction. The mammalian retina contains a relatively large amount of AA esterified to membrane phospholipids. A release of AA takes place in the retina under various experimental conditions, e.g., anoxia, K+ polarization, and light exposure. This release of AA, a prerequisite for eicosanoid syntheses, is produced by phospholipases and lipases, some of which are regulated by receptor-mediated G-proteins. Prostaglandins can act as modulators of postsynaptic responses; some can also alter the electroretinographic response, for example PGD2 selectively increases during light stimulation. An increase in LTC4 occurs in the neural retina after Ca+ ionophore stimulation and an increase in LTC4 released from retinal pigment epithelium occurs after light onset before massive shedding, suggesting an involvement of 5-lipoxygenase metabolites in the initial steps of ROS phagocytosis. Although great advances have been made regarding the function of eicosanoids in the central nervous system (of which the retina is a constitutive part), it is yet a very difficult task to determine to what extent eicosanoids are involved in the action of neurotransmitters and whether they may act as neuromodulators. This is due to the complexity of the synaptic circuitry of the retina, which makes it difficult to define their sources and physiological significance.
Credit where due

The history of medicine is filled with stories of tireless researchers who failed to get credit for their hard work. Examples of this include Rosalind Franklin, who helped to elucidate the structure of DNA; Frederick Banting, who helped to discover insulin; and Jay McLean, who discovered heparin. The founding of the field of vascular surgery provides one of the most vivid examples of uncredited work. Even though Alexis Carrel was an unpaid, untitled assistant in Charles Guthrie's laboratory, it was Carrel alone who received a Nobel Prize for their work. In an attempt to give credit where due, the reasons for this injustice are described.
Three Early Illuminated Works

The complications — and the rewards — involved with reading individual poems whose textual relationships to one another shift from copy to copy are in many ways unique to the Songs. Only there does Blake engage in such wholesale manipulation of linear order, although even in the later poems he occasionally varies the order and placement of his plates, as he does for instance with the full-page illuminations in The Book of Wizen and Milton, and the plates of Jerusalem. The particular kind of flexible linearity Blake achieved through the deliberately varied placement of successive illuminated pages in the Songs is not possible — nor is it generally necessary — in narrative poems, whether short ones like The Book of Thel or very extensive ones like ]erusalem. For the apparent linearity of those poems devolves at least in part from their narrative structures, each of which implies a sense of chronology, even when the events detailed in the work are presented to us in asynchronous fashion. That is, like all narratives, Blake’s narrative poems suggest by their very nature “story lines” whose unfolding usually both requires and represents a semblance of chronological and spatial sequence.
Recombination hot spots within the I region of the mouse H-2 complex map to the E beta and E alpha genes.

Recombinant mouse strains with crossovers in the I region of the H-2 major histocompatibility complex were examined by restriction fragment analysis for the presence of polymorphic restriction sites within the E β and Eα genes. Nine recombinant mouse strains were shown to have crossed over within a 5 kb DNA segment that contains the large intron between the second and third exons of the Eβ gene. These results are in accord with previous studies mapping a recombination hot spot within this gene. Seven recombinant mouse strains between the p and k haplotypes were shown to have crossed over in a 6 kb segment within the Eα gene. These results show the existence of a recombination hot spot within the Eα gene. Comparison of the H-2 haplotypes involved in these two recombination hot spots suggests that a specific DNA sequence in b, s, f, and q haplotypes may act to promote recombination in the Eβ gene and a specific DNA sequence in the p haplotype may act to promote recombination in the Eα gene.