cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of the Lateral Mandibular Defect: A Review and Treatment Algorithm

Reconstruction of the lateral mandibular defect presents a complex challenge to the reconstructive surgeon, often involving interconnected soft-tissue and bone requirements. This review examines the current literature on functional outcomes of lateral mandibular reconstruction and presents an algorithm on selecting an optimal reconstructive choice for patients with lateral mandibular defects resulting from oncologic ablative surgery or trauma. PubMed and Medline searches on reconstructing lateral mandibular defect were performed of the English literature. Search terms includedlateral mandibular defect, outcomes of mandibular reconstruction,andfree flap reconstruction of mandible. Although most of the articles presented are retrospective reviews, priority was given to the articles with high-quality level of evidence. Restoration of function, including speech and swallow, and acceptable cosmetic result are the primary objectives of lateral mandibular reconstruction. When reconstructing the mandible in a patient following tumor extirpation, the patient’s overall prognosis, medical comorbidities, and need for adjuvant therapy should be considered. In the patient with aggressive malignant disease and a poor prognosis, a less complex reconstruction, such as soft-tissue flap with or without a reconstruction plate, may be adequate. In a dentate patient with favorable prognosis, a durable reconstruction, such as osseocutaneous microvascular free flap, is often preferred. Various reconstructive options are available for patients with lateral mandibular defects. Depending on the predominance of the soft-tissue or bony components of the defect, with consideration of the patient’s characteristics and functional and aesthetic goals, the surgeon can wisely select from these reconstructive possibilities.
A Dual Modality Dynamic Imaging System

Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a recently emerging technique that uses arrays of sources and detectors to obtain spatially dependent optical parameters of tissue. DOT techniques have been applied for a wide range of applications, especially for breast and head as well as animal imaging. We have developed an integrated dynamic MR/DOT imaging system. This combined system can acquire MR and optical data simultaneously with a high temporal resolution. Hence, the enhancement kinetics of multiple MR and optical contrast agents can be monitored independently.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Feasibility of using urban planning models to support intermediate traffic forecasts

This paper focuses on analyzing traffic facilities for an intermediate time frame. There are two methodologies examined in this work, the first uses extrapolated, historical traffic count data and the second uses an urban transportation model. Using several intersections within Huntsville, Ala., as case study intersection locations, this paper applies both methodologies to forecast near-future traffic and compares the forecasted results with the actual traffic counts to determine which methodology better replicated actual volumes. The results of this work indicate that a properly validated and applied urban transportation planning model has the ability to provide more accurate traffic forecasts to support the traffic engineering analysis decision than the commonly used extrapolated traffic trends.
Experience of Corporate Medical Assistance Clinics during the Centennial Olympic Games, Atlanta, 1996

The health of travelers returning home from developing countries has received increased attention in recent years. Much of this attention has centered on immunizations, malaria chemoprophylaxis and treatment of traveler's diarrhea. In contrast, there are very few data on the health problems of international travelers to developed countries such as the United States. We studied the experience of two corporate medical assistance clinics established for both national and international travelers to Atlanta, Georgia during the Centennial Summer Olympic Games in 1996.
Autoxidation of substituted phenols catalyzed by cobalt Schiff base complexes in supercritical carbon dioxide

This first study of O(2) oxidation (autoxidation) of substituted phenols catalyzed by a dioxygen carrier in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) provides additional insights into the established mechanism of reactions that have been much studied in conventional solvents. As has been long believed, the cobalt(II) dioxygen carriers of the class represented by [[N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediaminato(2-)]cobalt(II)], Co(salen), show both oxidase and oxygenase activities during oxygenation of substituted phenols in scCO(2). The catalytic autoxidation of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (DTBP) and 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol (35-DTBP) in scCO(2) was studied by analysis of products in batch reactions with carefully controlled variables, in the presence of a large excess of O(2), at 207 bar of total pressure and a reaction temperature of 70 degrees C. The oxidation of 35-DTBP yielded only traces of products under the same experimental conditions that converted DTBP totally to a mixture of the oxygenation product 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DTBQ) and the related product of radical coupling 3,5,3',5'-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'-diphenoquinone (TTDBQ). The effects on conversion of DTBP to products and on selectivity between the two products were studied for variations in temperature and the concentrations of catalyst, oxygen, and methylimidazole. Selectivity in favor of the O-transfer product DTBQ over the self-coupling of the phenoxy radical was observed upon changing the oxygen concentration. In contrast, selectivity remained unaffected over a wide range of temperatures and catalyst concentrations. The oxygen dependence of both the conversion and selectivity showed saturation effects identifying the dioxygen complex as the effective oxidant in both the initial radical formation step and the oxygenation of that radical. No direct reaction is observed between the electrophilic phenoxy radical and O(2).
Relationships between administration of GnRH, body condition score and fertility in Holstein dairy cattle.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of GnRH treatment in dairy cows differing in body condition score. A total of 2437 primiparous and multiparous cows was allocated randomly to receive either GnRH (100 μg) or placebo at the post partum exam (25 to 35 d) and at the first breeding. Complete records were available from 1906 cows: Group 1 (n = 535) placebo and placebo; Group 2 (n = 489) GnRH and placebo; Group 3 (n = 438) placebo and GnRH; and Group 4 (n = 444) GnRH and GnRH. The change of body condition score during early lactation was determined on a 1 to 5 scale (1 = emaciated to 5 = obese). Cows with a high body condition score (≥3.0) at the first breeding had 8.8 fewer days to first service and 6.4 fewer days open but more services per conception (0.16) than cows with low body condition score (
Some problems in Michaelis-Menten kinetic analysis of benzpyrene hydroxylase in hepatic microsomes from polycyclic hydrocarbon-pretreated animals.

Abstract Several difficulties which severely compromised the interpretation of hepatic microsomal benzpyrene hydroxylase activity according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics were encountered. With hepatic microsomes from control, benzpyrene-treated or 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats or mice, the apparent K m of benzpyrene hydroxylase was dependent upon the microsomal protein concentration in the incubation mixture. When hepatic microsomes from benzpyrene- or 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats were used, accurate estimations of initial reaction velocities were difficult to make due to rapid metabolic depletion of substrate and subsequent disappearance of fluorescent product(s) during even short incubation periods. The extremely low solubility of benzpyrene in aqueous solutions, together with the propensity of this polycyclic hydrocarbon to bind to non-hydroxylating sites on proteins, suggested that the kinetics of substrate availability might significantly contribute to the observed non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics of hepatic microsomal benzpyrene hydroxylase from benzpyrene-treated rats.
Cryoprecipitates as a Source of Fibrinogen in Treatment of Disseminated Introvascular Coagulation (DIC)

Cryoprecipitates, in addition to containing factor VIII, contain about one third of the fibrinogen in the plasma from which they were derived. This fibrinogen is functional, as established by successfully preparing two congenital hypofibrinogenemics for major surgery by infusing cryoprecipitates. Cryoprecipitates and platelet concentrates are also used for patients with low levels caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). We feel that these patients benefit not only from the factor VIII in the cryoprecipitates, but from the fibrinogen, which adds its support to the fibrinogen in platelet infusions, plasma, and whole blood. Such support makes it possible to heparinize such patients more heavily than would be safe without such preparation. The authors report three patients with severe and life-endangering DIC who were heavily heparinized, and supported with cryoprecipitates, as well as other blood fractions. Response to this therapy was excellent.
Two types of recollection-based monitoring in younger and older adults: Recall-to-reject and the distinctiveness heuristic

People often use recollection to avoid false memories. At least two types of recollection-based monitoring processes can be identified in the literature. Recall-to-reject is based on the recall of logically inconsistent information (which disqualifies the false event from having occurred), whereas the distinctiveness heuristic is based on the failure to recall to-be-expected information (which is diagnostic of non-occurrence). We attempted to investigate these hypothetical monitoring processes in a single task, as a first step at delineating the functional relationship between them. By design, participants could reject familiar lures by (1) recalling them from a to-be-excluded list (recall-to-reject) or (2) realising the absence of expected picture recollections (the distinctiveness heuristic). Both manipulations reduced false recognition in young adults, suggesting that these two types of monitoring were deployed on the same test. In contrast, older adults had limited success in reducing false recognition with either manipulation, indicating deficits in recollection-based monitoring processes. Depending on how a retrieval task is structured, attempts to use one monitoring process might interfere with another, especially in older adults.
The adsorption of benzene and naphthalene on the Rh(111) surface: A LEED, AES and TDS study

The adsorption of benzene and naphthalene on the Rh(111) single-crystal surface has been studied by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). Both benzene and naphthalene form two different ordered surface structures separated by temperature-induced phase transitions: benzene transforms from a (3113) structure, which can also be labelled c(23 × 4)rect, to a (3 × 3) structure in the range of 363–395 K, while naphthalene transforms from a (33 × 33)R30° structure to a (3 × 3) structure in the range 398–423 K. Increasing the temperature further, these structures are found to disorder at about 393 K for benzene and about 448 K for naphthalene. Then, a first H2 desorption peak appears at about 413 K for benzene and 578 K for naphthalene and is interpreted as due to the occurrence of molecular dissociation. All these phase transitions are irreversible. The ordered structures are interpreted as due to flat-lying or nearly flat-lying intact molecules on the rhodium surface, and they are compared with similar structures found on other metal surfaces. Structural models and phase transition mechanisms are proposed.
The Role of Personality and Social Factors in Intellectual Aging.

In this introduction to a set of five papers, a rationale for examining personality and social factors in relation to intellectual aging is presented. It is argued that identification of links between personality, social, and cognitive factors may be useful for explaining and predicting variations in the course of intellectual aging. In addition, such work may provide clues for designing effective intervention programs. A plea is made for more collaboration among personality/social and cognitive/experimental researchers to facilitate integration of theoretical perspectives and empirical findings.
Assessment of vascular contrast and wall motion of the aortic root and ascending aorta on MDCT angiography: dual-source high-pitch vs non-gated single-source acquisition schemes.

This retrospective study assessed whether dual-source high-pitch computed tomographic angiography (CTA) offered advantages over single-source standard-pitch techniques in the evaluation of the ascending aorta. Twenty patients who received both thoracic dual-source high-pitch and single-source standard-pitch CTAs within 1 year were assessed. Dual-source CTAs were performed; standard-pitch imaging used dose-modulated 120 kVp/150 mAs and 0.8 pitch compared with high-pitch protocols employing dose-modulated 120 kVp/250 mAs and 2.4 target pitch. Radiation dose was documented. Contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) at sinuses of the Valsalva (CNRValsalva) and ascending aorta (CNRAorta) were calculated. Dose/CNR for each technique was compared with paired t-tests. Motion at aortic valve, aortic root and ascending aorta were assessed with four-point scales and Mann–Whitney U tests; longitudinal extension of motion was compared with paired t-tests. Significantly lower motion scores for high-pitch, compared with standard-pitch acquisitions for aortic annulus, 0 vs. 2, aortic root, 0 vs. 3, and ascending aorta, 0 vs. 2, were achieved. Significantly reduced longitudinal extension of motion at aortic root, 4.9 mm vs 15.7 mm, and ascending aorta, 4.9 mm vs 21.6 mm, was observed. Contrast was not impacted: CNRValsalva, 45.6 vs 46.3, and CNRAorta, 45.3 vs 47.1. CTDIvol was significantly decreased for high-pitch acquisitions, 13.9 mGy vs 15.8 mGy. Dual-source high-pitch CTAs significantly decreased motion artefact without negatively impacting vascular contrast and radiation dose. • Dual-source high-pitch CTA significantly decreased motion artefact of the ascending aorta. • Dual-source high-pitch CTA did not negatively impact on vascular contrast. • Dual-source high-pitch CTA significantly decreased radiation dose compared with single-source standard-pitch acquisitions.
Tunneling states in amorphous solids

A linear temperature dependence of the specific heat in amorphous solids at very low temperatures is shown to follow from an ionic tunneling model. Moreover, this model predicts both the observed temperature dependence and the magnitude of the thermal conductivity and also explains the anomalous results obtained for the phonon free path by means of stimulated Brillouin scattering.
Processing MPI Derived Datatypes on Noncontiguous GPU-Resident Data

Driven by the goals of efficient and generic communication of noncontiguous data layouts in GPU memory, for which solutions do not currently exist, we present a parallel, noncontiguous data-processing methodology through the MPI datatypes specification. Our processing algorithm utilizes a kernel on the GPU to pack arbitrary noncontiguous GPU data by enriching the datatypes encoding to expose a fine-grained, data-point level of parallelism. Additionally, the typically tree-based datatype encoding is preprocessed to enable efficient, cached access across GPU threads. Using CUDA, we show that the computational method outperforms DMA-based alternatives for several common data layouts as well as more complex data layouts for which reasonable DMA-based processing does not exist. Our method incurs low overhead for data layouts that closely match best-case DMA usage or that can be processed by layout-specific implementations. We additionally investigate usage scenarios for data packing that incur resource contention, identifying potential pitfalls for various packing strategies. We also demonstrate the efficacy of kernel-based packing in various communication scenarios, showing multifold improvement in point-to-point communication and evaluating packing within the context of the SHOC stencil benchmark and HACC mesh analysis.
Explaining Vote Switching Across First- and Second-Order Elections Evidence From Europe

Across Western democracies, individuals frequently vote for different parties in different elections. A variety of explanations have been proposed for this behavior. In the European context, scholars have focused on the idea that individuals may vote for different parties because some elections are less important than others (i.e., are “second-order” elections). In the U.S. context, scholars have focused on the possibility that individuals might vote for different parties because they care about how the two chambers will affect policy outcomes. In this article, the authors test among four alternative motivations for vote switching, two predicated on the notion that individuals treat one of the elections as second-order and two predicated on the notion that individuals care about policy outcomes from both chambers. The tests are performed by analyzing Euro-barometer survey data on individual voting behavior in European national and European Parliament elections. The authors find support for all four motiva...
Kinematics of damage zone accompanying curved crack

This paper presents a methodology of a quantitative characterization of the kinematics of evolution of a damage zone surrounding the tip of a slowly propagating crack. On the basis of the Crack Layer Theory, the evolution of the damage zone is modelled as a combination of a few elementary motions: translation, rotation, isotropic expansion and distortion. A procedure for evaluating the rates of the elementary motions on the basis of direct measurements is developed. The procedure is illustrated for curved crack layer growth in the vicinity of a hole in commercial polystyrene. The important role of the damage zone in determining the main crack trajectory and speed is clearly demonstrated.
Cascade overlap and amorphization in 3C-SiC: Defect accumulation, topological features, and disordering

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with a modified Tersoff potential have been used to investigate cascade overlap, damage accumulation, and amorphization processes in 3C-SiC over dose levels comparable to experimental conditions. A large number of 10 keV displacement cascades were randomly generated in a model crystal to produce damage and cause amorphization. At low dose, the damage state is dominated by point defects and small clusters, where their concentration increases sigmoidally with increasing dose. The coalescence and growth of clusters at intermediate and higher doses is an important mechanism leading to amorphization in SiC. The homogeneous nucleation of small clusters at low dose underpins the homogeneouslike amorphization observed in SiC. A large increase in the number of antisite defects at higher dose indicates that both interstitials and antisite defects play an important role in producing high-energy states that lead to amorphization in SiC. The topologies (such as total pair correlation function, bond-angle, and bond-length distributions) of damage accumulation in the crystal suggest that a crystalline-to-amorphous (c-a) transition occurs at about 0.28 dpa. This value is in qualitative agreement with the experimental value of 0.27 dpa under similar irradiation conditions. After the model crystal transforms to the fully amorphous state, the long-range order is completely lost, while the short-range order parameter saturates at a value of about 0.49.
Emergency Medicine Procedures Manual

This handy guide is designed for quick and ready reference in all emergency departments. The first of the book's four sections presents a useful atlas of commonly performed emergency procedures such as subclavian vein cannulation, pulmonary artery (Swan-Ganz) catheterization, peritoneal lavage, and endotracheal intubation. In the second section, the Emergency Drug Index, drugs are grouped by classification and listed by generic name (trade names are also included), with information on dosage form, adult and pediatric dosages, contraindications, precautions, adverse reactions, and drug interactions. The third section provides a listing of pharmacologic/therapeutic drugs and agents recommended for emergency facilities. The final section is a handy temperature conversion table. The chapters in this book are reprinted from Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Review, Third Edition, edited by Kravis, Warner, and Jacobs.
Delay-oriented technology mapping for heterogeneous FPGAs with bounded resources

In order to maximize performance and device utilization, recent generation of FPGAs take advantage of speed and density benefits resulted from heterogeneous FPGAs, which provide either an array of homogeneous programmable logic blocks (PLBs), each configured to implement circuits with LUTs of different sizes, or an array of physically heterogeneous LUTs. Some heterogeneous FPGAs do not have limitations on the availability of LUTs of specific sizes within chip capacity due to the configuration flexibility of their PLBs, while others, such as Altera FLEX10K devices and Vantis VF1 FPGAs, have limited number of LUTs of certain types (such as embedded memory blocks), which we call heterogeneous FPGAs with bounded resources. LUTs of different sizes usually have different delays. In this paper, we study the technology mapping problem for delay minimization for heterogeneous FPGAs with bounded resources. We show that it is NP-Hard for general networks, but can be solved optimally in pseudo-polynomial time for trees. We then present two heuristic algorithms, named BinaryHM and CN-HM, for delay minimization of general networks for heterogeneous FPGA designs with bounded resources. We have tested BinaryHM and CN-HM on MONO benchmarks on Altera FLEX10K device family, which can be taken as the heterogeneous FPGAs with 4-LUTs and a limited number of 11-LUTs. The experimental results show that compared with FlowMap using only 4-LUTs, both BinaryHM and CN-HM can reduce more than 20% of the circuit mapping delays, 27% of the 4-LUT area and 10% of the circuit layout delays by making efficient use of the available heterogeneous LUTs.
Two-stage hydrothermal processing of wheat (Triticum aestivum) bran for the production of feruloylated Arabinoxylooligosaccharides

Two-stage hydrothermal processing was employed to obtain feruloylated arabinoxylooligosaccharides (AXOS) from wheat bran. First, wheat bran in water (10% w/w solids) was heated to 130 degrees C, releasing 36.3% of total solids, 70.3% of starch, and 6.06% of pentose sugars. Wheat bran was then heated to 170-220 degrees C. Heating to 200 and 210 degrees C released the most AXOS (70% of the insoluble arabinoxylan) and esterified ferulate (30% of the initial ferulic acid). Treatment of 200 degrees C retained a higher proportion of high molecular weight (>1,338) compounds than 210 degrees C and was the preferred treatment temperature because autohydrolysate liquors contained lower concentrations of many contaminants. Purification of this autohydrolysate liquor with ethyl acetate extraction, vacuum concentration, and ion exchange resulted in a product containing 32.0% AXOS and 4.77% esterified ferulate, accompanied by 36.0% other oligosaccharides and free sugars, with an antioxidant activity of 29.7 micromol Trolox equivalents/g dry matter.
Evaluative Aspects of Creative Thought: Effects of Appraisal and Revision Standards

Recent research has begun to stress the influence of evaluation on creative thought. The authors begin this article by arguing that the evaluation of new ideas is a complex process involving forecasting, appraisal, and revision, where different standards might be applied to different ideas during appraisal and revision. The influence of appraisal and revision standards on creative problem solving was examined by asking 148 undergraduates to appraise and revise highly original, original, and nonoriginal ideas generated for an advertising campaign under conditions in which the standards to be applied stressed the generation of new ideas or under conditions in which the standards to be applied stressed efficiency of current operations. It was found that better plans for these advertising campaigns were obtained when generative, or innovative, criteria were applied to less original ideas and when implementation efficiency, or operating, criteria were applied to more original ideas. It was concluded that evalu...
Lattice random walks for sets of random walkers. First passage times

We have studied the mean first passage time for the first of aset of random walkers to reach a given lattice point on infinite lattices ofD dimensions. In contrast to the well-known result ofinfinite mean first passage times for one random walker in all dimensionsD, we findfinite mean first passage times for certain well-specified sets of random walkers in all dimensions, exceptD = 2. The number of walkers required to achieve a finite mean time for the first walker to reach the given lattice point is a function of the lattice dimensionD. ForD > 4, we find that only one random walker is required to yield a finite first passage time, provided that this random walker reaches the given lattice point with unit probability. We have thus found a simple random walk property which “sticks” atD > 4.
Ellipsometric study of ambient-produced overlayer growth rate on YBa2Cu3O7-x films

An ellipsometric study of ambient‐reaction‐produced BaCO3 overlayer growth on laser‐ablated YBa2Cu3O7−x is presented as a function of time. The effects of the anisotropy of YBa2Cu3O7−x on the ellipsometric data inversion process are discussed, and it is concluded that with certain restrictions on the data acquisition method, the anisotropic substrate can be adequately modeled by its isotropic pseudodielectric function for the purpose of overlayer thickness estimation. It is found that after an initial period of rapid growth attributed to the chemical reaction of the exposed surface bonds, the BaCO3 overlayer growth is linear at 1–2 A per day. This slow growth rate is attributed to the complexity of the BaCO3 forming reaction, together with the need for ambient reactants to diffuse through the overlayer.
A reexamination of the principal-agent relationship in politics

Abstract That senators from the same state often have a large difference in their ideological voting records has proven inconvenient for a literature that has largely relied on a median voter model of elections. One exception is Palfrey ( Review of Economic Studies , 1984, 51, 139–156), whose analysis implies the hypothesis that the expected difference in such voting records varies directly with the variance of that state's density function of constituent ideological preferences. This paper provides empirical testing consistent with this hypothesis. The paper then argues that currently accepted methodology for measuring senatorial shirking is systematically biased towards indicating shirking and provides empirical analysis consistent with this argument.
Differential impact of partial cortical blindness on gaze strategies when sitting and walking – An immersive virtual reality study

The present experiments aimed to characterize the visual performance of subjects with long-standing, unilateral cortical blindness when walking in a naturalistic, virtual environment. Under static, seated testing conditions, cortically blind subjects are known to exhibit compensatory eye movement strategies. However, they still complain of significant impairment in visual detection during navigation. To assess whether this is due to a change in compensatory eye movement strategy between sitting and walking, we measured eye and head movements in subjects asked to detect peripherally-presented, moving basketballs. When seated, cortically blind subjects detected ~80% of balls, while controls detected almost all balls. Seated blind subjects did not make larger head movements than controls, but they consistently biased their fixation distribution towards their blind hemifield. When walking, head movements were similar in the two groups, but the fixation bias decreased to the point that fixation distribution in cortically blind subjects became similar to that in controls - with one major exception: at the time of basketball appearance, walking controls looked primarily at the far ground, in upper quadrants of the virtual field of view; cortically blind subjects looked significantly more at the near ground, in lower quadrants of the virtual field. Cortically blind subjects detected only 58% of the balls when walking while controls detected ~90%. Thus, the adaptive gaze strategies adopted by cortically blind individuals as a compensation for their visual loss are strongest and most effective when seated and stationary. Walking significantly alters these gaze strategies in a way that seems to favor walking performance, but impairs peripheral target detection. It is possible that this impairment underlies the experienced difficulty of those with cortical blindness when navigating in real life.
Mechanistic study on the bis(p-sulfonatophenyl)phenylphosphine synthesis of monometallic Pt hollow nanoboxes using Ag*-Pt core-shell nanocubes as sacrificial templates

We report herewith a simple and effective method for the preparation of anisotropic Ag*−Pt core−shell nanocubes and Pt nanoboxes. The core−shell nanocubes were first synthesized by the coreduction ...
Specific Factors Underlying Reemployment Self-Efficacy Comparing Control Belief and Motivational Reason Methods for the Recently Unemployed

This study compared two methods for assessing the specific factors underlying people’s reemployment self-efficacy (RSE). The first method used control belief measures, which assessed the specific f...
Spermatic granulomas of epididymis

This report is of a patient with spontaneous spermatic granuloma of the epididymis, an uncommon condition to occur without antecedent surgery, trauma, or clinical infection.
Review of ESPS-2: prevention of secondary stroke and transient ischemic attack using aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole. Commentary.

Practice PearlThe ESPS-2 showed that the combination of lowdose ASA (25 mg bid) and ER-DP (200 mg bid) provided an additive benefit for the prevention of recurrent stroke and TIA over monotherapy with either ASA or ER-DP.
Specific heat of UPd 2 Au 3 : Evidence for an unusual heavy-fermion state

Low-temperature specific heat and magnetic susceptibility are reported for ${\mathrm{UPd}}_{5\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Au}}_{\mathit{x}}$ alloys, for 2.5x3.2 and x=1. These low-temperature properties reflect a competition between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions between U moments. ${\mathrm{UPd}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Au}}_{3}$ orders antiferromagnetically at 3 K. Between 5 and at least 14 K, its C/T is proportional to ${\mathit{T}}^{2}$ with a large value of the C/T intercept ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathit{H}}$ of about 670 mJ/${\mathrm{K}}^{2}$ and a slope 3 mJ/${\mathrm{K}}^{4}$ mol. Below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$, its specific heat has a magnon-derived ${\mathit{T}}^{3}$ term and a linear term (${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathit{LT}}$), ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathit{L}}$=500 mJ/${\mathrm{K}}^{2}$ mol. Both values of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathit{L}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathit{H}}$ place this alloy into a heavy-fermion category. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Detection likelihood maps for wilderness search and rescue

Every year there are numerous cases of individuals becoming lost in remote wilderness environments. Principles of search theory have become a foundation for developing more efficient and successful search and rescue methods. Measurements can be taken that describe how easily a search object is to detect. These estimates allow the calculation of the probability of detection—the probability that an object would have been detected if in the area. This value only provides information about the search area as a whole; it does not provide details about which portions were searched more thoroughly than others. Ground searchers often carry portable GPS devices and their resulting GPS track logs have recently been used to fill in part of this knowledge gap. We created a system that provides a detection likelihood map that estimates the probability that each point in a search area was seen well enough to detect the search object if it was there. This map will be used to aid ground searchers as they search an assigned area, providing real time feedback of what has been “seen.” The maps will also assist incident commanders as they assess previous searches and plan future ones by providing more detail than is available by viewing GPS track logs.
A Parallel Approach to the Discovery of Carrier Delivery Vehicles To Enhance Antigen Immunogenicity

As part of an ongoing effort to generate human and murine monoclonal antibodies against poorly immunogenic tumor-associated antigens we have merged the rapidly expanding disciplines of parallel polymer synthesis and controlled-release technology with immunology to produce a rapid and generic approach to improve the immunogenicity of carrier-bound antigens. The process involves three stages: An array of cross-linked hydrogel materials containing a carrier protein (at various concentrations) is prepared in parallel in one step. The array is then screened in mice to determine the most effective hydrogel at enhancing the immunogenicity of the encapsulated versus nonencapsulated carrier. Finally, the most efficient hydrogel is prepared containing the critical carrier-antigen conjugate and is used for immunization protocols. The strategy was successful for the BSA-glycoconjugate of the tumor-associated antigen GM3 analogue 4. When encapsulated within the hydrogel array member most efficient at elevating BSA immunogenicity, the BSA-4 glycoconjugate was significantly more immunogenic that when administered as a free antigen.
The effects of O6-benzylguanine and hypoxia on the cytotoxicity of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea in nitrosourea-resistant SF-763 cells

O 6-Alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) activity is associated with resistance of brain tumor cell lines to the cytotoxic effects of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). SF-763 cells exhibit high AGT activity and are resistant to BCNU. In this study, we compared the effects of the AGT inhibitorO 6-benzylguanine (BG) on the cytotoxicity of BCNU in oxic and hypoxic SF-763 cells; we also measured AGT activity, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, and polyamine levels to determine if there was any correlation with cell survival as determined by colony-forming efficiency assay. Exponentially growing monolayer cells were pretreated with 10 μM BG for 2 h under oxic or hypoxic (95% nitrogen/5% CO2) conditions and then exposed to graded concentrations of BCNU for 1 h. BG significantly lowered AGT activity but had no cytotoxic effect in oxic or hypoxic cells; hypoxia alone was not cytotoxic. The cytotoxicity of BCNU was 4 times higher in BG-treated hypoxic cells than in oxic cells treated with BCNU alone; the BCNU doses required for a 1-log cell kill were 75 and 300 μM, respectively. ODC activity was lowered by hypoxia alone but was not significantly affected by BG in either hypoxic or oxic cells. Polyamine levels were not significantly affected by hypoxia or BG. These results indicate that pretreatment with BG dramatically lowers AGT activity and increases the cytotoxicity of BCNU in both oxic and hypoxic SF-763 cells. The mechanism of this enhanced cytotoxicity is apparently unrelated to ODC activity or polyamine levels.
Functionalized polymer foams as metal ion chelating agents with rapid complexation kinetics

Foams prepared from vinylbenzyl chloride and crosslinked with divinylbenzene were functionalized with trialkylphosphite and tetralkylvinylidene diphosphonate. It was determined that the foams could be uniformly functionalized. Batch studies with the functionalized foams show that high levels of metal ion complexation can be achieved. Foams may therefore offer an important alternative to beads for rapid complexation reactions due to their highly porous structure. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68: 1911–1916, 1998
Tasimelteon treatment entrains the circadian clock and demonstrates significant benefit on sleep and wake parameters in totally blind individuals with non-24 hour circadian rhythms

Introduction The majority of totally blind individuals exhibit non-24-h circadian rhythms due to light signals not reaching the suprachiasmatic nucleus, resulting in Non-24-h Sleep–Wake Disorder (Non-24), a serious circadian rhythm disorder with no approved treatment. Tasimelteon is a novel circadian regulator in development for Non-24 with selective agonist activity for melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors. Materials and methods Two phase III placebo-controlled studies in blind Non-24 patients assessed safety, efficacy and maintenance of effect of tasimelteon treatment (20 mg/day). Circadian period was assessed from urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) and cortisol. Clinical assessments included a Non-24 Clinical Response Scale (N24CRS), nighttime sleep, daytime naps and Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC). Results Entrainment Study (SET) ( n = 84): Tasimelteon entrained the circadian clock (aMT6s: 20.0% vs. 2.6%; cortisol: 17.5% vs. 2.6%), had more clinical responders on the N24CRS (23.7 vs. 0%), improved CGIC (2.6% vs. 3.4), increased sleep in the worst quartile of nights (LQ-nTST) (57% vs. 17 min), and decreased nap duration in the worst quartile of days (UQ-dTSD) (46% vs. 18 min), compared to placebo ( p n = 20): Tasimelteon-entrained patients were randomized to continued treatment or placebo. Tasimelteon maintained entrainment compared to placebo (aMT6s: 90% vs. 20%; cortisol: 80% vs. 20%). In treated patients, nighttime sleep (LQ-nTST) increased, and daytime sleep (UQ-dTSD) decreased, by 67 and 59 min/day, respectively ( p Conclusion Tasimelteon entrained the circadian pacemaker in blind patients with Non-24, and caused significant clinical improvement in multiple measures of sleep, wake and global functioning. Discontinuation of tasimelteon abolished circadian entrainment, resulting in an hour less sleep each night and an hour more sleep each day. These studies demonstrate that tasimelteon is an effective circadian regulator, and that continued treatment is required to maintain entrainment and the resulting clinical benefits. Acknowledgements Support for the study was provided by Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01163032 and NCT01430754). Statistical and Analytical Support was provided by Dennis Fisher at ”P Less Than” company.
Transformed cell lines susceptible or resistant to in vivo surveillance against tumorigenesis

THE transformation of a normal cell to one which grows as a cancer requires several steps, one of which may involve the escape from tumour surveillance1. We describe here an experiment designed to define these steps more clearly. The principle is to transform normal continuous cell lines in vitro and then select for transformants by their growth in agarose2,3. These procedures avoid any host selection. By testing the tumorigenicity of these cloned, transformed cell lines in normal and immunodeficient mice, it would be possible to estimate the frequency of transformation resulting in tumorigenic clones and the proportion of these clones that is rejected by normal mice. Based on their tumorigenic potential, we have divided these cells into three classes (Table 1), 0, I, and C. 0 cells, although able to grow in agarose, do not form tumours in either test animal. I cells form tumours only in immunodeficient mice and C cells form tumours in both types of mice. The existence of 0 and I cells indicates that at least one additional mutation is required for these cells to grow as a cancer (C).
Sevoflurane Depresses Myocardial Contractility Less than Halothane during Induction of Anesthesia in Children

Background : Cardiovascular stability is an important prerequisite for any new volatile anesthetic. We compared echocardiographically derived indices of myocardial contractility during inhalation induction with sevoflurane and halothane in children. Methods : Twenty children were randomized to receive either halothane or sevoflurane for inhalation induction of anesthesia. No preoperative medications were given. Myocardial contractility was evaluated at baseline and at sevoflurane and halothane end-tidal concentrations of 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) and 1.5 MAC. Results : There were no differences between groups in patient age, sex, physical status, weight, or height. Equilibration times and MAC multiples of sevoflurane and halothane were comparable. Vital signs remained stable throughout the study. Left ventricular end-systolic meridional wall stress increased with halothane but remained unchanged with sevoflurane. Systemic vascular resistance decreased from baseline to 1 MAC and 1.5 MAC with sevoflurane. Halothane depressed contractility as assessed by the stress-velocity index and stress-shortening index, whereas contractility remained within normal limits with sevoflurane. Total minute stress and normalized total mechanical energy expenditure, measures of myocardial oxygen consumption, did not change with either agent. Conclusions : Myocardial contractility was decreased less during inhalation induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane compared with halothane in children. Although the induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane or halothane was equally well tolerated, the preservation of myocardial contractility with sevoflurane makes it an attractive alternative for inducing anesthesia in children.
Landscape-level effects of forest management on faunal diversity in bottomland hardwoods

Abstract Forest management activities potentially influence ecosystems at many spatial scales. For most forest systems, influences at the stand level have been most intensively studied and are best understood. Management impacts at the larger, landscape scale are poorly understood and many hypotheses regarding landscape-level effects remain untested. This lack of knowledge is particularly acute in bottomland hardwood forest (BLH) ecosystems. Most hypotheses regarding landscape-level impacts were derived from theories about island biogeography and metapopulations. Thus, species presence and productivity sometimes are viewed as functions of patch characteristics such as size, shape, amount of edge, degree of isolation from larger, similar habitats, time since isolation, and dispersal, immigration, and extinction rates. Recommendations for mitigating fragmentation effects often include maintenance of reserves, increasing patch size, reducing edges, and enhancing connectivity through the use of corridors. While many of these theories are intuitively sound, there are few data to demonstrate their effectiveness in landscapes dominated by managed forests, including BLH forests. We suggest that high priority be given to using adaptive management to simultaneously test hypotheses about how biotic communities function in managed, BLH landscapes. Such information would help managers understand the consequences of their activities, provide them with more flexibility, and improve their ability to protect biological diversity while also meeting society's needs for forest resources.
Identification and validation of vesicant therapeutic targets using a high-throughput siRNA screening approach

Sulfur mustard [SM, bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide] is a highly reactive bifunctional alkylating agent that has been used as a vesicating agent in warfare scenarios to induce severe lung, skin, and eye injury. SM cutaneous lesions are characterized by both vesication and severe inflammation, but the molecular mechanisms that lead to these signs and symptoms are not well understood. There is a pressing need for effective therapeutics to treat this injury. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms of injury and identification of potential therapeutic targets is necessary for rational therapeutic development. We have applied a high-throughput small interfering RNA (siRNA) screening approach to the problem of SM cutaneous injury in an effort to meet these needs. Our siRNA screening efforts have initially focused on SM-induced inflammation in cutaneous injury since chronic inflammation after exposure appears to play a role in progressive clinical pathology, and intervention may improve clinical outcome. Also, targets that mitigate cellular injury should reduce the inflammatory response. Historical microarray data on this injury were mined for targets and pathways implicated in inflammation, and a siRNA library of 2,017 targets was assembled for screening. Primary screening and library deconvolution were performed using human HaCaT keratinocytes and focused on cell death and inflammatory markers as end points. Using this in vitro approach, we have identified and validated novel targets for the potential treatment of SM-induced cutaneous injury.
Vortex dynamics in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation

The dynamics of a two-dimensional vortex are analyzed within the framework of the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. Both a bare vortex and a vortex with an external mass trapped in a finite-sized core are considered. The bare vortex motion is found to be damped at all frequencies, while the finite core has a single resonant frequency. The force exerted by the fluid on the finite core can be expressed as a sum of dissipative and Magnus forces for sufficiently low frequencies, even when the core is small.
Quantitative analysis of myelin protein gene expression during development in the rat sciatic nerve

We determined the temporal profile of expression of the genes encoding the P0 glycoprotein, the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), the myelin basic protein (MBP), the proteolipid protein (PLP), and 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNP) in the sciatic nerve of rats. The level of expression of the MAG gene occurred maximally in animals 13 days of age, approximately one week earlier than the peak expression of the MBP and P0 genes. The genes encoding PLP and CNP were not expressed developmentally in a manner that correlated with the myelination of the sciatic nerve. Furthermore, using RNA synthesized in vitro, specific for each of the myelin protein genes, we have determined the absolute amounts of messenger RNA for the various myelin proteins in total RNA from sciatic nerves. P0 and MBP RNA were present at very high levels, whereas the amount of MAG, PLP and CNP RNA were much less.
Vaccines for Proteus mirabilis in urinary tract infection

Proteus mirabilis is a documented cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) in the complicated urinary tract. Urease-mediated urea hydrolysis is responsible for both virulence of the organism and the ability to cause urolithiasis. A urease-negative mutant of P. mirabilis is unable to initiate stone formation and colonizes the kidney at a significantly lower rate. The considerable pathology caused by P. mirabilis warrants the development of a vaccine. We have initiated the advancement of vaccine studies and have determined that the MR/P fimbria, a surface adhesin of P. mirabilis, is a promising vaccine candidate. Successful vaccination would be expected both to prevent colonization by P. mirabilis and urolithiasis.