cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Getting technical: parole officers' continued use of technical violations under California's parole reform agenda

How do parole officers manage technical violations in an organizational environment where technical violations are not supported by management? Using ethnographic data collected during three years (1300 hours) of fieldwork with California parole officers (POs) from 2003 to 2006, this paper considers how POs manage technical violators after the initiation of a rehabilitation-focused reform that encouraged POs to avoid violating parolees for technical/administrative violations except in the most egregious or troublesome cases. Data analysis suggests that POs often viewed this reform negatively and responded with various resistance strategies to continue violating parolees. Resistance tactics included: (1) partnering with police; (2) piling charges, and (3) using paperwork enhancement strategies. Officers felt these strategies better met community safety goals by assuring lengthy revocation sentences or increasing the likelihood of new crime prosecution. These findings have implications for the effectiveness...
Hexagonal, hollow, aluminium-containing ZSM-5 tubes prepared from mesoporous silica templates

Hexagonal hollow ZSM-5 tubes were synthesized using mesoporous silica with a worm-like morphology as the template. A new method for aluminium incorporation during the hydrothermal synthesis step was developed.
Initiation of ballooning instability in the near-Earth plasma sheet prior to the 23 March 2007 THEMIS substorm expansion onset

Abstract. In this work, we analyze the ballooning stability of the near-Earth plasma sheet prior to the initial expansion onset of the 23 March 2007 THEMIS substorm event. Using solar wind data from WIND satellite observation for the substorm event as an input at dayside, we reconstructed a sequence of global magnetospheric configurations around the expansion onset by means of OpenGGCM simulation. These simulations have reproduced most of the salient features, including the onset timing, observed in the THEMIS substorm event (Raeder et al., 2008). The ballooning instability criterion is evaluated using eigenvalue analyses for the near-Earth plasma sheet region when the configuration attains a quasi-static equilibrium condition prior to the onset. Our analysis of the evolution of the near-Earth magnetotail region during the substorm growth phase (10:10 UT to 10:43 UT) reveals a correlation between the breaching of the ballooning stability condition and the initial expansion onset in the temporal domain. The analysis indicates that the ballooning instability is at first initiated by the stretching of closed field lines near the region with a local nonzero minimum in normal component of magnetic field (Bz>0) associated with the formation of a bipolar-flow pattern in the near-Earth plasma sheet around 10 RE. The subsequent initiation of ballooning instability with enhanced growth rate occurs (about 28 min later) on those most stretched closed field lines Earthward of the neutral line following the formation and the tailward recession of a plasmoid.
Bisulfite suppression of fish aromas.

ADDITION of sodium bisulfite (100–500 ppm) to water extracts of slime from fresh and oxidized whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) caused immediate and nearly complete suppression of fishy aromas. Chromatograms of headspace volatiles revealed the selective removal of influential carbonyl compounds through the formation of bisulfite addition products. Poaching whitefish fillets in bisulfite solutions (200 ppm) also yielded significantly suppressed oxidized and fishy flavors compared to similar untreated samples when evaluated by sensory analysis. Odor assessments of pH-adjusted (3—12) water extracts of fish slime showed that bisulfite was active over the entire pH range, but was most effective in suppressing aromas over the mid-ranges (5.5–8.5).
Facial and ocular deposition of nebulized budesonide: effects of face mask design.

Background: In vivo case reports and in vitro studies have indicated that aerosol therapy using face masks can result in drug deposition on the face and in the eyes, and that face mask design may affect drug delivery. Objective: To test different mask/nebulizer combinations for budesonide, a nebulized steroid used to treat pediatric patients with asthma. Methods: Using high-performance liquid chromatography, drug delivery (inhaled mass), facial, and ocular deposition of budesonide aerosols were studied in vitro using a ventilated face facsimile (tidal volume, 50 mL; rate, 25 breaths/min, duty cycle 0.4), a tight-fitting test mask, a standard commercial mask, and a prototype mask designed to optimize delivery by reducing particle inertia. Nebulizer insertion into the mask (front loaded vs bottom loaded) was also tested. Particle size was measured by cascade impaction. Pari LC Plus (PARI Respiratory Equipment; Midlothian, VA) and MistyNeb (Allegiance; McGaw Park, IL) nebulizers were tested. Results: Inhaled mass for tight-fitting and prototype masks was similar (13.2 1.85% vs 14.4 0.67% [percentage of nebulizer charge], p 0.58) and significantly greater than for the commercial mask (3.03 0.26%, p 0.005). Mask insertion of nebulizer was a key factor (inhaled mass: front loaded vs bottom loaded, 8.23 0.18% vs 3.03 0.26%; p 0.005). Ocular deposition varied by an order of magnitude and was a strong function of mask design (4.77 0.24% vs 0.35 0.05%, p 0.002, tight fitting vs prototype). Particle sizes (7.3 to 9 m) were larger than previously reported for budesonide. Conclusions: For pediatric breathing patterns, mask design is a key factor defining budesonide delivery to the lungs, face, and eyes. Front-loaded nebulizer mask combinations are more efficient than bottom-loaded systems. (CHEST 2008; 133:482–488)
CONDITIONAL HETEROSCEDASTICITY IN THE MARKET MODEL AND EFFICIENT ESTIMATES OF BETAS

Previous studies have investigated only unconditional heteroscedasticity in the market model. This paper tests for both conditional and unconditional heteroscedasticities as well as normality. Using the monthly stock rate of return data secured from the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) tape for 1976 through 1983, this paper shows that conditional heteroscedasticity is more widespread than unconditional heteroscedasticity, suggesting the necessity of model refinements that take conditional heteroscedasticity into account. This paper provides an alternative estimation of betas of individual securities and portfolios based on the autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (ARCH) model introduced by Engle. The efficiency of the market model coefficients is markedly improved across all firms in the sample through the ARCH technique.
Democratic rhetoric and emergent media: The marketing of participatory community on radio and the Internet

This article offers a comparative analysis of the promotional rhetorics that surround the emergent media of radio and the Internet in the USA. It details the development of each rhetoric, provides an analysis of their ideological underpinnings and suggests that - given the emphasis on the 'virtual' in Internet theory and promotion - our current communication utopia will come to resemble its predecessor: a literal 'no place' in which the word 'democracy' becomes a consumption-based parody of what might have been the medium's actual democratic potential. The analysis of radio's promotional rhetoric studies the writing and speeches of the National Broadcasting Company/Radio Corporation of America leader David Sarnoff, the newspaper editor Martin Codel, the educator Joy Elmer Morgan and the psychologist and media analyst Rudolf Arnheim. The examination of the Internet takes up the work of former Speaker of the US House of Representatives Newt Gingrich, Vice President Al Gore and Internet theorist Howard Rheingold
Relative truth, speaker commitment, and control of implicit arguments

Recent arguments for relativist semantic theories have centered on the phenomenon of “faultless disagreement.” This paper offers independent motivation for such theories, based on the interpretation of predicates of personal taste in certain attitude contexts and presuppositional constructions. It is argued that the correct interpretation falls out naturally from a relativist theory, but requires special stipulation in a theory which appeals instead to the use of hidden indexicals; and that a hidden indexical analysis presents problems for contemporary syntactic theory.
Comparing the Dictyostelium and Entamoeba Genomes Reveals an Ancient Split in the Conosa Lineage

The Amoebozoa are a sister clade to the fungi and the animals, but are poorly sampled for completely sequenced genomes. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum and amitochondriate pathogen Entamoeba histolytica are the first Amoebozoa with genomes completely sequenced. Both organisms are classified under the Conosa subphylum. To identify Amoebozoa-specific genomic elements, we compared these two genomes to each other and to other eukaryotic genomes. An expanded phylogenetic tree built from the complete predicted proteomes of 23 eukaryotes places the two amoebae in the same lineage, although the divergence is estimated to be greater than that between animals and fungi, and probably happened shortly after the Amoebozoa split from the opisthokont lineage. Most of the 1,500 orthologous gene families shared between the two amoebae are also shared with plant, animal, and fungal genomes. We found that only 42 gene families are distinct to the amoeba lineage; among these are a large number of proteins that contain repeats of the FNIP domain, and a putative transcription factor essential for proper cell type differentiation in D. discoideum. These Amoebozoa-specific genes may be useful in the design of novel diagnostics and therapies for amoebal pathologies.
Applying IN to mobile communications services beyond telephony

Many different communications systems exhibit surprising commonalities, and wireless communications systems are no different in this aspect. The author discusses how a reference architecture for communications systems, the intelligent network, can be applied to non-telephony wireless communications systems such as integrated cellular and dispatch, two-way paging and cellular digital packet data. The net result is that the IN reference architecture substantially applies to the wireless systems, however significant changes are required to better support the needs of wireless systems.
Comorbidity of anxiety disorders with anorexia and bulimia nervosa

OBJECTIVE: A large and well-characterized sample of individuals with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa from the Price Foundation collaborative genetics study was used to determine the frequency of anxiety disorders and to understand how anxiety disorders are related to state of eating disorder illness and age at onset. METHOD: Ninety-seven individuals with anorexia nervosa, 282 with bulimia nervosa, and 293 with anorexia nervosa and bulimia were given the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders and standardized measures of anxiety, perfectionism, and obsessionality. Their ratings on these measures were compared with those of a nonclinical group of women in the community. RESULTS: The rates of most anxiety disorders were similar in all three subtypes of eating disorders. About two-thirds of the individuals with eating disorders had one or more lifetime anxiety disorder; the most common were obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (N=277 [41%]) and social phobia (N=134 [20%]). A majority of...
An evaluation of thread migration for exploiting distributed array locality

Thread migration is one approach to remote memory accesses on distributed memory parallel computers. In thread migration, threads of control migrate between processors to access data local to those processors, while conventional approaches tend to move data to the threads that need them. Migration approaches enhance spatial locality by making large address spaces local, but are less adept at exploiting temporal locality. Data-moving approaches, such as cached remote memory fetches or distributed shared memory, can use both types of locality. We present experimental evaluation of thread migration's ability to reduce the impact of remote array accesses across distributed-memory computers. Nomadic Threads uses compiler-generated fine-grain threads which either migrate to make data local or fetch cache lines, tolerating latency with multithreading. We compare these alternatives using various array access patterns.
Study of Atrioventricular Conduction in Man Using Electrode Catheter Recordings of His Bundle Activity

The technique of recording electrograms of the His bundle, using a tripolar electrode catheter positioned across the tricuspid valve, was applied in a physiological study of atrioventricular conduction in man. Increasing the heart rate to 160 beats/min by right atrial pacing produced progressive prolongation of the P-H interval while the H-Q interval remained constant. At any given paced heart rate, digitalis caused a prolongation of the P-H interval. Isoproterenol and atropine markedly shortened the P-H interval at any given heart rate. Neither drug had any significant effect on the H-Q interval. Coupled premature atrial stimulation produced prolongation of the P-H interval alone when the resultant ventricular depolarization was normal, and prolongation of both the P-H and H-Q intervals when the resultant ventricular depolarization was aberrant.
Construction of power efficient routing tree for ad hoc wireless networks using directional antenna

In ad hoc wireless networks, nodes are typically powered by batteries. Therefore saving energy has become a very important objective, and different algorithms were proposed to achieve power efficiency during the routing process. Directional antenna was suggested to further decrease transmission energy as well as to reduce interference. We discuss three algorithms for routing tree construction that take advantage of directional antenna, i.e, Simple-Linear (SL), Linear-Insertion (LI), and Reverse-Cone-Pairwise (RCP). Their performances are compared through a simulation study.
Persistent signaling by thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors correlates with G-protein and receptor levels

G-protein-coupled receptors with dissociable agonists for thyrotropin, parathyroid hormone, and sphingosine-1-phosphate were found to signal persistently hours after agonist withdrawal. Here we show that mouse thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors, subtypes 2 and 1(TRH-R2 and TRH-R1), can signal persistently in HEK-EM293 cells under appropriate conditions, but TRH-R2 exhibits higher persistent signaling activity. Both receptors couple primarily to Gα(q/11). To gain insight into the mechanism of persistent signaling, we compared proximal steps of inositolmonophosphate (IP1) signaling by TRH-Rs. Persistent signaling was not caused by slower dissociation of TRH from TRH-R2 (t(1/2)=77 ± 8.1 min) compared with TRH-R1 (t(1/2)=82 ± 12 min) and was independent of internalization, as inhibition of internalization did not affect persistent signaling (115% of control), but required continuously activated receptors, as an inverse agonist decreased persistent signaling by 60%. Gα(q/11) knockdown decreased persistent signaling by TRH-R2 by 82%, and overexpression of Gα(q/11) induced persistent signaling in cells expressing TRH-R1. Lastly, persistent signaling was induced in cells expressing high levels of TRH-R1. We suggest that persistent signaling by TRHRs is exhibited when sufficient levels of agonist/receptor/G-protein complexes are established and maintained and that TRH-R2 forms and maintains these complexes more efficiently than TRH-R1.
Deterring Delinquents: A Rational Choice Model of Theft and Violence

This article examines criminal behavior from a rational choice perspective, the set of behavioral principles underlying our legal institution. The authors use a subjective utility approach and specify experiential learning models of the formation of risk perceptions and rational choice models of theft and violence. They estimate the models using panel data on high risk youth from the Denver Youth Survey. Using random effects Tobit models of perceived risk and negative binomial models of counts of criminal acts, the authors find support for a rational choice model. Perceived risk follows a Bayesian updating model in which current risk perceptions are a function of prior risk perceptions plus new information based on experience with crime and arrest and observations of peers. Theft and violence are a function of the perceived risk of arrest, subjective psychic rewards (including excitement and social status), and perceived opportunities.
Estimating the availability of nutrients from processed swine lagoon solids through incubation studies

Potential environmental hazards from the excess accumulation of swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) manure in eastern North Carolina and new state guidelines on treatment alternatives have necessitated the reevaluation of best management practices for disposal of swine waste (manure and eCuent) as a fertilizer source on local crop land. Creation of a value-added product is one viable means of utilizing and economically redistributing the nutrients in swine manure. Incubation studies using four agricultural soils from eastern North Carolina were conducted with pelletized processed swine lagoon solids (PSLS) (1.7% N, 2.5% P, 0.12% Cu and 0.18% Zn) composed of dewatered swine lagoon sludge plus rock flour. The PSLS was added at three application rates (0, 200, 400 mg N kg ˇ1 soil) and incubated for 16 weeks at 25∞C. The soil was sampled at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks and analyzed for NO3‐N, NH4‐ N and Mehlich III-extractable P, Zn, and Cu. High concentrations of NH4‐N and low concentrations of NO3‐N were present in the soils shortly after addition of PSLS. After the second week, extractable NH4‐N dropped to< 4m g kg ˇ 1 , while the soil concentration of NO3‐N increased rapidly. The amount of NO3‐N generated reached 90% of its final value after the fourth week. Across the four soils, 24‐35% of the added N, 15‐50% of the added P, 20‐50% of the added Zn and 15‐20% of the added Cu was extractable after 8 weeks. The PSLS is an excellent source of P, but may require additional N if used as a fertilizer source for most row crops. ” 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A combined order selection and parameter estimation algorithm for undamped exponentials

We propose an approximate maximum likelihood parameter estimation algorithm, combined with a model order estimator for superimposed undamped exponentials in noise. The algorithm combines the robustness of Fourier-based estimators and the high-resolution capabilities of parametric methods. We use a combination of a Wald (1945) statistic and a MAP test for order selection and initialize an iterative maximum likelihood descent algorithm recursively based on estimates at higher candidate model orders. Experiments using simulated data and synthetic radar data demonstrate improved performance over MDL, MAP, and AIC in places of practical interest.
Combined effects of Aceria malherbae and herbicides on field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) growth

Abstract The effects of a gall mite (Aceria malherbae) and sublethal doses of either 2,4-DB or glyphosate on field bindweed growth were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Mite feeding reduced field bindweed shoot biomass 37 to 48% and root biomass 46 to 50%. 2,4-DB at 0.07 to 0.14 kg ae ha−1 or glyphosate at 0.14 to 0.28 kg ai ha−1 reduced field bindweed root biomass 25 to 52%. Combining A. malherbae feeding with either 2,4-DB or glyphosate application reduced root biomass of field bindweed plants more than mites or either herbicide alone. Live A. malherbae were present on field bindweed 3 wk after treatment with either herbicide. Combination of A. malherbae with sublethal herbicide doses may allow for field bindweed suppression while reducing potential herbicide injury to crops and maintaining A. malherbae populations. Nomenclature: 2,4-DB; glyphosate; field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. CONAR.
Oxytocin Enhancement of Fear Extinction: A New Target for Facilitating Exposure-Based Treatments?

It has been more than a decade since Ressler et al. published the first demonstration of facilitation of exposure-based therapy with the N-methyl-D-aspartate co-agonist D-cycloserine (1). Since that pivotal study, there has been a surge of research to identify additional targets that enhance fear extinction for adjunctive treatment strategies. Potential pathways include catecholamines, endocannabinoids, and various neuropeptide systems and epigenetic pathways (1). Among the neuropeptide candidates, oxytocin (OT) has gained attention as a modulator of conditioned fear processes including fear extinction. OT receptors are located on neural circuits mediating fear learning and extinction, and there is substantial preclinical literature supporting modulatory effects of OT receptor signaling on conditioned fear learning, recall, and extinction (2). Furthermore, the putative prosocial effects of OT make it attractive as an adjunctive treatment for behavioral therapies, as it may facilitate patient-therapist alliance and acceptability of treatment. Initial support for the hypothesis that OT may enhance fear extinction in humans came from a study from our laboratory, which found that OT administration before extinction training significantly increased 24-hour extinction recall. However, the mechanism by which OT affects extinction in humans is unknown. In this issue of Biological Psychiatry, Eckstein et al. (3) address the question of neural mechanisms of OT effects on extinction in important ways. They studied 62 healthy men who were randomly assigned to receive either intranasal OT or placebo spray after a fear conditioning procedure. Participants then received fear extinction training 30 min after OT treatment. Compared with men given placebo, participants given OT exhibited increased conditioned fear responses in the early phase of extinction, but by the last training phase they showed significantly lower conditioned fear responses than the placebo group. Despite initial increases in fear responding, the OT-treated group had significantly enhanced extinction learning by the end of training. The authors showed that OT affected activity in neural circuits associated with fear processing, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the amygdala. The findings of Eckstein et al. are intriguing in that they did not implicate OT engagement of the well-known PFC region implicated in extinction, the ventromedial PFC, but instead a dorsal region of the mid-medial PFC. The mid-medial PFC was activated only during initial fear extinction training, when fear responding was significantly higher than in the placebo group, but not during the second phase corresponding to lower fear responses. The dorsolateral PFC is associated with deliberate regulation of responses to conditioned cues, whereas the dorsomedial PFC is more commonly associated with fear
Machine Learning and the Profession of Medicine

This Viewpoint discusses the opportunities and ethical implications of using machine learning technologies, which can rapidly collect and learn from large amounts of personal data, to provide individalized patient care.
POLARITY, THE OFFENSE- DEFENSE BALANCE, AND WAR

Bipolar systems are inherently more stable than multipolar configurations of power, Kenneth Waltz argues. His empirical justification for this conclusion relies on the multipolar systems that preceded the two world wars and the bipolar Cold War. The weakness of Waltz's argument is the small number of cases and the failure to consider alternative explanations for different levels of war in the three periods. In another historical period of both multi- and bipolarity—Europe from 1495 to 1559—I have found that polarity cannot account for the constant level of instability across a change in polarity in the system. Instead, the offense-defense balance, which includes the technical military balance, the cumulativity of power resources, and strategic beliefs, explains instability in the period. Drawing on this alternative theory, I reassess the high level of stability associated with the Cold War and speculate on the level of stability we can expect in the post-Cold War period.
Cardiac output is decreased and hypoxic vasoconstriction is intact in chronically hypoxic sheep.

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that although sheep have a pulmonary pressor response to acute hypoxia, they fail to develop pulmonary hypertension during chronic exposure to high altitude. We wondered if this failure was due to decreased cardiac output or to blunted hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. After 12 days at a simulated altitude of 4573 m, six sheep developed mild pulmonary hypertension with increased pulmonary arterial pressure (17 ± 1 before to 25 ± 2 mm Hg after), decreased cardiac output (6.0 ± 0.4 before to 5.1 ± 0.6 liter/min after), and increased pulmonary vascular resistance (1.6 ± 0.2 before to 3.4 ± 0.5 mm Hg/liter/min after). The pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to acute hypoxia was studied before and after 12 days of exposure to 4573 m by exposing the sheep to increasing altitudes in a dose-response manner. During acute hypoxia, pulmonary arterial pressures were the same before and after chronic hypoxia, but cardiac outputs were decreased after chronic high altitude exposure. ...
A Simple Fluorescence Method for pKa Determination in RNA and DNA Reveals Highly Shifted pKa’s

Charged nucleobases exist in RNA and DNA at neutral pH owing to pKa shifting. These bases can affect polymerase fidelity and participate in ribozyme general acid–base catalysis. Protonated RNA bases further influence miRNA processing and viral frameshifting. It is therefore important to have a simple and rapid method for determining the pKa of nucleobases in RNA and DNA. Here we describe the application of 2-aminopurine (2AP), a fluorescent isomer of adenine, to report on the pKa of a nearby ionizing base both in DNA secondary structure and RNA tertiary structure. We observe large, up to 5-fold quenching in fluorescence upon protonation of a nearby base. Using this method, we identify highly shifted pKa’s of 7.6 for adenine in a DNA oligonucleotide and 8.15 for cytidine in a tertiary structure element from beet western yellows virus (BWYV) RNA. These pKa values, which were corroborated by 31P NMR measurements and comparison to literature, are shifted over 4 units from their standard values. This fluoresce...
Pupal Mortality of the Orange-Striped Oakworm

Less than half of the overwintering pupae of the orangestriped oakworm ( Anisota senatoria (T. E. Smith)) produced adults in each of 2 years. The rate and causes of overwintering mortality varied from place to place within the study areas. Survival of overwintering pupae varied from 9% to 100%. Cratichneumon w-album (Cress.), reported from this host for the first time, parasitized about 10% of the pupae each year. Disease ( Cordyceps militaris (Fr.) Link and an apparent virus) killed about 14% of the pupae each year. The remaining mortality was caused principally by Winthemia datanae (Twnsnd.). The effectiveness of W. datanae declined the second year of the study from a probable 42% to 16%.
Endoscopic mucosal resection: learning curve for large nonpolypoid colorectal neoplasia

Background and Aims Colorectal EMR for nonpolypoid neoplasia achieves better outcomes when performed by expert endoscopists. The time point at which the endoscopist achieves expert level remains to be defined. The objective of this study was to establish a learning curve of colorectal EMR for nonpolypoid neoplasia based on residual tissue on surveillance colonoscopy and adverse event rate. Methods Five hundred seventy-eight consecutive patients underwent EMR of colorectal neoplasia by 1 of 3 primary endoscopists between December 2004 and September 2013 in a tertiary academic center. Primary analyses focused on the largest lesion for patients with more than 1 lesion (median age, 69 years; median polyp size, 30 mm; 51% en bloc resection). Data on surveillance colonoscopy were available for 74%. Learning curves were calculated for each of the 3 main outcome measurements: the presence of residual neoplasia on surveillance colonoscopy, endoscopic assessment of incomplete EMR, and the occurrence of an immediate bleeding adverse event. Results Residual neoplasia on surveillance colonoscopy was present for 23.2% of patients, the rate of endoscopist-assessed incomplete EMR was 27.6%, and immediate bleeding adverse events occurred in 6.9% of patients. Although there was between-endoscopist variability, the overall rates of residual neoplasia and incomplete EMR decreased to below 20% to 25% after 100 EMRs; initial decreases in both rates were observed for earlier EMRs. Immediate bleeding adverse events occurred at a low frequency for each endoscopist across all EMRs. Perforation requiring surgical intervention occurred in 1 patient (0.2%). Conclusions This study demonstrated that an unexpectedly high number of 100 colorectal EMR procedures for large nonpolypoid colorectal neoplasia are required to achieve a plateau phase for crucial outcomes.
Low-frequency combination light scattering in chalcogenide vitreous semiconductor Se 95 Te 5 doped with samarium

The low-frequency spectra of the combination light scattering (CLS) (Raman scattering) for thermally deposited selenium films, as well as pure and samarium doped chalcogenide vitreous semiconductor (CVS) Se95Te5, are studied. It is shown that in the spectral region of ν < 100 cm −1 a clearly pronounced broad boson peak is revealed, whose characteristics depend on the chemical composition and doping. The observed features are accounted for by a change in the degree of disorder in the material at a level of a medium-range order and its dimensions are estimated.
48 Assessing safety in urban environments: a pilot randomised controlled study

Statement of purpose Crime is distributed in patterns of time and space, it is not random. Moreover, an individuals’ risk of victimisation varies with individual characteristics. Perceptions of safety are often misaligned with risk yet these perceptions guide our everyday behaviour. The purpose of this study was to determine whether it is feasible to explore individuals’ perception of safety in urban neighbourhoods using 360 degree photographs of urban environments. Furthermore, to determine if these perceptions were accurate based on actual crime for each location Methods/approach Using a randomised controlled experimental design, participants were assigned to view 360 degree photos of urban spaces where an adolescent fatal injury had occurred or a matched space where an adolescent spent time but no injury occurred. Results Of those who agreed to participate (n = 21), 73% were female, 76% white and 57% grew up in a very large city or suburbs of a very large city. Cases and controls were not significantly different on any demographic indicator measured at baseline. There was a nearly significant difference in mean safety scores for cases compared to controls (0.81, p = 0.09) but not in the expected direction. A significant difference in mean safety scores between cases and controls that grew up in a large city or suburb (1.39, p = 0.04) yet again, not in the expected direction. Spearman’s correlations for safety ratings and actual crimes show significant but very weak associations, except robbery, theft and vandalism. Conclusions Consistent with existing literature, individual’s perception of safety in urban environments is not congruent with risk based on objective measures. No significant difference was found between safety measures for cases and controls suggesting environmental markers, such as disorder, are not sufficient indicators of safety. Significance and contributions This study demonstrates unique Methods for further exploration of perceptions of disorder, physical environment and safety.
Drivers of and Speculation over the Future of Higher Education Internationalization

This chapter speculates on the future directions of higher education internationalization. It is driven by data related to the development of global higher education capacity in teaching/learning and research/scholarship as well as considering changes being imposed on higher education generally. Speculation centers on the futures of: mobility patterns and flows; cross border institutional competition and collaboration; patterns of multi-mission and comprehensive internationalization; rising expectations of accountability not only for higher education generally, but in outcomes and impacts from internationalization; and changing mixes of decision makers and priorities driving cross-border engagements.
Transcriptome analysis of aging mouse meibomian glands.

Purpose Dry eye disease is a common condition associated with age-related meibomian gland dysfunction (ARMGD). We have previously shown that ARMGD occurs in old mice, similar to that observed in human patients with MGD. To begin to understand the mechanism underlying ARMGD, we generated transcriptome profiles of eyelids excised from young and old mice of both sexes.
The role of chatrooms in facilitating learning behaviors in small group discussions

Primary and secondary school students (Setzer, Lewis, & Greene, 2005), college students (I. E. Allen & Seaman, 2003, 2004), and corporate employees (Galvin, 2002) are all engaging more and more in some form of online or blended online/face-to-face education. Given the large number of pedagogical and design choices that we must make, however, where do we begin when designing new environments? I argue that it's important for us to consider how technological design choices interact with pedagogical choices and cognitive states to affect learning behaviors. To illustrate this, I examine the impact of synchronous chat media on educational discussions. Specifically, I ask two questions: (1) Since research has often reported that chat environments promote conversational equity (e.g., Warschauer, 1997), which features of synchronous text-based chat seem to help create conversational equity? and (2) how does this change impact the content of small group discussions? Using ethnographic-style observations and quasi-experimental studies, I show how changing conversational media influences (or doesn't) the resulting discussion among students. I present three results: (1) Certain properties of the chat medium seem to discourage conversational dominance by any one individual through (a) denying that individual mechanisms to control the conversational floor and (b) reducing the inhibition felt by shy or otherwise disempowered students. (2) The choice of medium does not seem to affect the quality of discussion content nearly as much as other variables. (3) Efficiency is diminished in chatrooms; achieving quality discussions online requires significantly more time because (a) typing is slower than speaking and (b) students are able to do other, parallel activities while engaging in a chat discussion. In the conclusion, I examine the broader implications of these findings for the design of conversational environments, whether for educational or business use.
Identification of Genetic and Expression Markers in DLBCL Cell Lines That Influence the In Vivo Response of DLBCL to Doxorubicin.

Abstract Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the largest aggressive group of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (~40%) and exhibits great clinical and pathological heterogeneity. While DLBCL represents a chemosensitive disease, ultimately, only approximately 50% of patients are cured with current treatment options. Standard front-line therapy comprises CHOP and more recently Rituximab-CHOP. CHOP commonly contains doxorubicin as the curative anthracycline. Controversy currently exists in the use of genetic and expression markers in predicting response to treatment and outcome of DLBCL, thus, we examined the cellular responses of a panel of eight DLBCL cell lines to doxorubicin in order to define molecular markers that influence the response. Expression profiling and subsequent classification of the cell lines revealed that six of the lines were of a germinal center B-cell-like (GCBL) subtype and two (Ly3 and Ly10) were of a non-GCBL subtype. Ly3 and Ly10 exhibited a rapid apoptotic response within 24 hours after exposure to doxorubicin as evaluated by Hoescht staining. Expression profiling of the response of Ly10 cells (in triplicate) revealed the up-regulation of transcripts consistent with mediation of the cellular response via a p53-dependent pathway. Mutation analysis and Western blotting revealed wild type TP53 in Ly3 and Ly10 with an induction of p53 levels after doxorubicin. The remaining cell lines exhibited mutated TP53 sequences and no induction of p53 by doxorubicin. Therefore, in DLBCL cell lines, wild type p53 effects an early rapid apoptotic response to doxorubicin. In the six non-GCBL cell lines, a decrease in viability after doxorubicin was observed at much later times (up to 48 hours after treatment) by both apoptotic (exemplified by Ly2 and Ly8) and non-apoptotic mechanisms (exemplified by Ly1). Expression profiling of these three cell lines revealed alterations in expression of transcripts consistent with a G2/M cell cycle delay induced by doxorubicin, which was confirmed by follow-up flow cytometric analysis. An induction of transcripts consistent with NF-κB and AP-1 activation was observed in Ly1, but not in Ly2 and Ly8, which was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In order to determine if this cellular response plays a role in determining the response of DLBCL to doxorubicin in vivo, the expression profiles of untreated Ly1 and Ly2 were compared, and the resulting 160 differentially expressed transcripts were used to cluster 41 newly-diagnosed DLBCL specimens which had previously been profiled and had a known response to doxorubicin-containing therapy. This analysis revealed a marked correlation between capacity to induce NF-κB and AP-1 with in vivo treatment failure. Overall, these experimental studies have begun to outline genetic and biologic features that together contribute to the response of DLBCL to doxorubicin in vivo.
Large Area Projection Microstereolithography: Characterization and Optimization of 3D Printing Parameters

Large Area Projection Microstereolithography (LAPμSL) is a new technology that allows the additive manufacture of parts that have feature sizes spanning from centimeters to tens of microns. Knowing the accuracy of builds from a system like this is a crucial step in development. This project explored the capabilities of the second and newest LAPμSL system that was built by comparing the features of actual builds to the desired structures. The system was then characterized in order to achieve the best results. The photo polymeric resins that were used were Autodesk PR48 and HDDA. Build parameters for Autodesk PR48 were found that allowed the prints to progress while using the full capacity of the system to print quality parts in a relatively short amount of time. One of the larger prints in particular had a print time that was nearly eighteen times faster than it would have been had printed in the first LAPμSL system. The characterization of HDDA resin helped the understanding that the flux of the light projected into the resin also affected the quality of the builds, rather than just the dose of light given. Future work for this project includes exploring the use of other resins inmore » the LAPμSL systems, exploring the use of Raman Spectroscopy to analyze builds, and completing the characterization of the LAPμSL system.« less
98. Evaluation of Proteasome Inhibitors on AAV-Mediated Transduction Efficiency in Retinal Bipolar Cells

Purpose: Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors have been a powerful gene delivery vehicle to the retina for basic research and gene therapy. For many of these applications, achieving cell-type specific targeting and high transduction efficiency is desired. Recently, there has been increasing interest in targeted gene expression in retinal bipolar cells, especially for optogenetic gene therapy for vision restoration. However, rAAV-mediated transduction efficiency in retinal bipolar cells is relatively low. The transduction efficiency could be affected by a number of factors, one of which is the proteasome-dependent virus degradation. In this study, we are examining the effect of proteasome inhibitors on the transduction efficiency of rAAV vectors in retinal bipolar cells. Methods: The expression of the transgene, mCherry, was used to evaluate the AAV transduction efficiency. Targeted expression of mCherry in retinal bipolar cells was achieved by rAAV2 vectors carrying an mGluR6 promoter. rAAV vectors at the concentration of 5 × 1012 vg/ml with or without containing proteasome inhibitors were intravitreally injected into the eyes of C57BL/6J mice at about one month of age. Animals were euthanized about one month after virus injection for assessing the expression of mCherry. Results: We tested the effects of three proteasome inhibitors, MG132, doxorubicin, and aclarubicin, on rAAV-mediated transduction efficiency in retinal bipolar cells. Retinas treated with doxorubicin from 200 µM to 800 µM exhibited a concentration-dependent increase in the transduction efficiency. Doxorubicin at the concentration of 2000 µM produced cytotoxicity as evidenced by the thinning of the retinas and decreased the number of mCherry-expressing bipolar cells. The optimal concentration of doxorubicin to enhance the AAV transduction efficiency was 500 µM. MG132 (100 µM, 200 µM, 500 µM) and aclarubicin (50 µM, 100 µM) were not found to enhance the transduction efficiency. Conclusions: Doxorubicin, a proteasome inhibitor, is effective in enhancing rAAV transduction in retinal bipolar cells in mice. Investigation of the mechanism of doxorubicin action may help to further improve the rAAV transduction efficiency in retinal bipolar cells in particular and rAAV-mediated gene delivery in general.
Immune System Activation and Depression: Roles of Serotonin in the Central Nervous System and Periphery.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has long been recognized as a key contributor to the regulation of mood and anxiety and is strongly associated with the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Although more known for its roles within the central nervous system (CNS), 5-HT is recognized to modulate several key aspects of immune system function that may contribute to the development of MDD. Copious amounts of research have outlined a connection between alterations in immune system function, inflammation status, and MDD. Supporting this connection, peripheral immune activation results in changes in the function and/or expression of many components of 5-HT signaling that are associated with depressive-like phenotypes. How 5-HT is utilized by the immune system to effect CNS function and ultimately behaviors related to depression is still not well understood. This Review summarizes the evidence that immune system alterations related to depression affect CNS 5-HT signaling that can alter MDD-relevant b...
Treatment of advanced basal cell carcinoma with sonidegib: perspective from the 30-month update of the BOLT trial

Sonidegib, a hedgehog pathway inhibitor, was approved by the US FDA for the treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma which cannot be readily treated with surgery or radiotherapy. The pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of sonidegib will be discussed in this review. Additionally, an in-depth analysis of the BOLT trial and data from the 30-month update will be included. This will serve as an update to a previously published article which reported the 12-month update of the BOLT trial.
Employees’ Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations in Innovation Implementation: The Moderation Role of Managers’ Persuasive and Assertive Strategies

Successful innovation implementation is key for organizations to benefit from the adopted innovation. In this study, we examine the impact of employees’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on their...
Correction to: Development and Cross-Cultural Validity of a Brief Measure of Separation-Individuation

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The title was incorrect. The correct title is “Development and Cross-Cultural Validity of a Brief Measure of Separation-Individuation”. The original article has been corrected.
Modeling Niemann-Pick disease type C1 in zebrafish: a robust platform for in vivo screening of candidate therapeutic compounds

Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease primarily caused by mutations in NPC1 NPC1 is characterized by abnormal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and glycolipids in late endosomes and lysosomes. Common signs include neonatal jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, cerebellar ataxia, seizures and cognitive decline. Both mouse and feline models of NPC1 mimic the disease progression in humans and have been used in preclinical studies of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HPβCD; VTS-270), a drug that appeared to slow neurological progression in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial. However, there remains a need to identify additional therapeutic agents. High-throughput drug screens have been useful in identifying potential therapeutic compounds; however, current preclinical testing is time and labor intensive. Thus, development of a high-capacity in vivo platform suitable for screening candidate drugs/compounds would be valuable for compound optimization and prioritizing subsequent in vivo testing. Here, we generated and characterize two zebrafish npc1-null mutants using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene targeting. The npc1 mutants model both the early liver and later neurological disease phenotypes of NPC1. LysoTracker staining of npc1 mutant larvae was notable for intense staining of lateral line neuromasts, thus providing a robust in vivo screen for lysosomal storage. As a proof of principle, we were able to show that treatment of the npc1 mutant larvae with 2HPβCD significantly reduced neuromast LysoTracker staining. These data demonstrate the potential value of using this zebrafish NPC1 model for efficient and rapid in vivo optimization and screening of potential therapeutic compounds.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.