cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a Motorized Device for Quantitative Investigation of Articulated AFO Misalignment

The objective of the study is to develop a motorized device to quantitatively investigate the AFO alignment and mechanical properties. The motorized device consists of a servo motor and an inline gear box with a 25:1 gear ratio. A thermoplastic articulated AFO with TamarackTM dorsiflexion assist flexure joint was investigated in the study. The motor shaft was used to mimic the anatomical ankle joint. The joint of the AFO was aligned in such a way that the offset could be systematically manipulated (aligned exactly with the center of motor shaft, 10mm superior, inferior, anterior or posterior with respect to the center of motor shaft). The AFO was passively moved in the range from 30 degrees plantar flexion to 20 degrees dorsiflexion at a prescribed speed of 3 deg/s. 11 complete cycles were run lasting about 400 s. Index of hysteresis was calculated as the ratio of area within the loop to the area below the ascending limb and presented in percentage (%). In addition, passive resistance torque and quasi-static stiffness were quantified at prescribed positions. Based on the preliminary results the perfect alignment will result in the lowest resistance torque, quasi-static stiffness and moderate hysteresis index. However, the alignment of 10 mm inferior showed the largest hysteresis index indicating an excessive energy loss during unloading phase and higher resistance torques during the loading phase. It suggested that alignment excessively below the anatomical joint should be avoided in clinical practice. The alignment of 10 mm superior showed comparable quantities to the perfect alignment and could be recommended in practice if perfect alignment is hard or not possible to implement. In summary, we have demonstrated that the device could be a powerful quantitative tool for practitioners and researchers. It is expected that the information obtained will be valuable to clinicians and provide recommendation on decision-making. In addition, the quantitative results will be useful in simulation and modeling studies.
The utility of multiple-section sampling in the histopathological evaluation of the kidney for carcinogenicity studies.

In a recent review of 379 carcinogenicity studies in rodents conducted under the auspices of the National Cancer Institute and, later, the National Toxicology Program (NTP), the kidneys were the th...
A crown‐group galliform bird from the Middle Eocene Bridger Formation of Wyoming

Despite an extensive described fossil record of Galliformes (Aves: ‘landfowl’), very few specimens have been considered within a phylogenetic context. Here we present a cladistic analysis and description of a new, well-preserved and well-dated fossil specimen from the Middle Eocene Bridger Formation of Wyoming (c. 50 Ma). Amitabha urbsinterdictensis gen. et. sp. nov. is assigned to Galliformes on the basis of the presence of derived characters including double, and open, incisurae laterales on the sternum and an incisura capitis of the proximal humerus that is enclosed from the crus dorsale fossa by a distinct ridge. Amitabha is considered to be a member of the large and diverse ‘phasianoid’ clade of Galliformes (including, for example, the pheasants, peafowl and turkeys) owing to a lack of extensive pneumaticity in the sternal plate. The age of this avian taxon and degree of preservation allow for a discussion of the use of fossil birds for the calibration of ‘molecular clock’ hypotheses and dating divergences within Neornithes in general, and Galliformes in particular.
Role of cDNA-Expressed Human Cytochromes P450 in the Metabolism of Diazepam

Abstract The metabolic conversion of diazepam (DZ) to temazepam (TMZ, a C3-hydroxylation product of DZ) and N-desmethyldiazepam (NDZ, an N1-demethylation product of DZ) was studied using cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C9R144C, 2E1, 3A4, and 3A5 and human liver microsomes from five organ donors. Of the CYPs examined, 3A5, 3A4, and 2B6 exhibited the highest enzymatic activities with turnovers ranging from 7.5 to 12.5 nmol of product formed/min/nmol for the total metabolism of DZ, while 2C8, 2C9, and 2C9R144C showed lesser and moderate activities. 1A2 and 2E1 produced insignificant amounts of metabolites of DZ. The regioselectivity of CYPs was determined, and 2B6 was found to catalyze exclusively and 2C8, 2C9, and 2C9R144C preferentially the N1-demethylation of DZ to form NDZ. 3A4 and 3A5 catalyzed primarily the C3-hydroxylation of DZ, which was more extensive than the N1-demethylation. The ratios of TMZ to NDZ formed in the metabolism of DZ by 3A4 and 3A5 were approximately 4:1. Enzyme kinetic studies indicated that 2B6- and 2C9-catalyzed DZ metabolism followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics, whereas 3A4 and 3A5 displayed atypical and non-linear curves in Lineweaver–Burk plots. Human liver microsomes converted DZ to both TMZ and NDZ at a ratio of 2:1. Our results suggest that hepatic CYP3A, 2C, and 2B6 enzymes have an important role in the metabolism of DZ by human liver.
Smokeless Tobacco Marketing and Sales Practices in Appalachian Ohio Following Federal Regulations

Introduction: Smokeless tobacco (ST) use is increasingly prevalent among poor and vulnerable groups, especially rural males. Access to tobacco products, as well as marketing messages, is associated with tobacco usage. In June 2010, the Tobacco Control Act (TCA) marked the beginning of federal regulation of the sale and marketing of tobacco products — including ST. The goal of this study was to describe marketing practices over time and to provide early assessment of the federal regulation in rural tobacco-licensed retail outlets. Methods: Observational data were collected from a sample of retail outlets within three Ohio Appalachian counties. From an estimated 300 retail establishments, a stratifi ed random sample was drawn ( n = 86). Trained observers surveyed the sales and marketing of tobacco products. Baseline surveys were conducted between November 2009 and May 2010 before the TCA; follow-up surveys were repeated in August 2010. Results: Follow-up surveys were completed for 79 tobaccolicensed retail outlets. The majority of retail outlets were gas stations or convenience stores. Compared with baseline, there was a signifi cant reduction in the frequency of exterior and interior advertisements observed after the TCA ( p < .01). Despite the lack of change in the proportion of stores advertising ST, the number of ST brands being advertised doubled between baseline and follow-up. Conclusion: Initial compliance with certain elements of the federal restrictions appears to be high in Appalachian Ohio. The signifi cant increase in ST brands advertised suggests that advertising remains a clear presence in retail outlets in Appalachian Ohio.
The oxidation of cat, human, and the cat-human hybrid hemoglobins α2Humanβ2Cat and α2Catβ2Human by copper(II)

The heme iron of the beta chains of mammalian hemoglobins are rapidly and selectively oxidized in the presence of excess Cu(II) ions in a reaction that requires the presence of a free -SH groups on the beta globin chain. The presence of freely reactive -SH groups on the alpha chains of cat and sheep hemoglobins does not alter the course of this reaction; only the beta hemes are oxidized rapidly by Cu(II) in these hemoglobins. Two equivalents of copper are required for the rapid oxidation of the two beta chain hemes per mole of cat hemoglobin, in contrast with the four equivalents that are required for reaction with human hemoglobin. The human-cat hybrid hemoglobins, alpha 2 Human beta 2 Cat and alpha 2 Cat beta 2 Human, required two and four equivalents of copper/mol, respectively, for the reaction. Thus, the kinetics and stoichimetry of the reaction are determined by the nature of the beta subunit. Analysis of the esr spectra of the products of the reaction of Cu(II) with these hemoglobins indicate that human hemoglobin and the hybrid alpha 2 Cat beta 2 Human contain tight binding sites for two equivalents of Cu(II) that are not involved in the oxidation reaction and are not present in cat hemoglobin or alpha 2 Human beta 2 Cat. Cat beta globin like others (sheep, bovine) that lack the tight binding site, has no histidine residue at 2 beta. It has phenylalanine in this position. These results support the suggestion of Rifkind et al. (Biochemistry 15,5337[1976]) that the tight binding site is near the amino terminal region of the beta chain and is associated with histidine 2 beta.
Determination of the critical residence time for the stability of uniform down-flow in a packed-bed reactor

A common configuration of a catalytic packed-bed reactor is that of vertical down-flow in which the fluid is distributed uniformly at the top of the reactor and reacts on the catalyst particles as it moves down. When an exothermic reaction occurs in this type of reactor, the physical properties of the fluid such as density and viscosity can vary significantly and induce natural convection which can destabilize the uniform down-flow. This leads to maldistributed flows and the formation of localized hot spots. In this work, we present a method for determining the critical residence time at which the one-dimensional down-flow in a packed-bed reactor becomes unstable.
Selective synthesis of dimethylamine over small-pore zeolites: IV. Effects of SiO2 and Al2O3 coatings

Abstract Al2O3 and SiO2 coatings are effective in increasing dimethylamine (DMA) and decreasing trimethylamine (TMA) selectivities of small-pore zeolites HRHO and HZK-5 used as methylamine catalysts. The HRHO catalysts typically contain chabazite or chabazite and pollucite impurities. SiO2 is more effective than Al2O3 for improving DMA selectivity. SiO2 coatings from monosilicic acid (MSA) reduce dimethyl ether (DME) yields over shallow-bed nitrogen (SBN)-calcined HRHO, whereas Al2O3 coatings and SiO2 coatings [from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)]do not. Correlations between thickness of SiO2 (TEOS or MSA) coatings and DMA selectivity as well as a decrease in the n-hexane rate of sorption suggest a physical hindrance to egress of TMA from RHO channels and cages to the product stream. Coating deep-bed calcined H-pollucite with either Al2O3 or SiO2 from TEOS reduces activity and increases DMA selectivity through deactivation of nonselective surface sites. Improvement of DMA selectivity by coating DB-calcined HRHO catalysts occurs primarily from (i) HRHO port constriction and (ii) deactivation of external acid sites of HRHO and H-pollucite and secondarily from deactivation of H-chabazite. Improvement of DMA selectivity by coating SBN-calcined HRHO catalysts occurs primarily from (i) HRHO port constriction and (ii) further deactivation of external acid sites of HRHO and amorphous H-chabazite and secondarily from the deactivation of H-pollucite. SiO2 coatings on HZK-5 increased DMA selectivity and decreased DME yields, but reduced activity.
Technical considerations for angioscopic imaging

An angioscopic imaging system involves several interfaces among its optical and mechanical components. For best results, the system should be optimized at least to the level of its weakest link. As with any multi-component system, the process of optimizing an angioscope system begins with careful analysis of the functional properties of each component followed by a design study to determine how the components work together. The component technology has evolved to provide sufficient image quality so that the physician-user can use the information for diagnostic applications.
Total quality management in liner shipping

become an issue of concern in service industries. Traditionally, quality was interpreted to be a characteristic of physical products or processes which affected their effective use or operation. It was only recently recognized that the same issues are of concern in services where quality affects demand and price and, as a result, revenues and costs. This article is an attempt to define total quality management (TQM) in liner shipping and to present guidelines for the development of a TQM system in liner shipping.
Hydrogeological and geotechnical aspects of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway

The Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway is in the East Gulf Coastal Plain physiographic province The River and Canal sections were constructed on the floodplain of the Tombigbee River Locks and dams in this section are founded on sediments of Upper Cretaceous age, composed predominantly of sands, clays, and silts of the Eutaw and Gordo formations The 39-mile long Divide Cut was excavated through higher topography which is underlain by these same formations, along with the McShan formation of similar character Bay Springs Lock and Dam, at the south end of the Divide Cut, is founded on shale of the Hartselle formation, which is Mississippian in age
Adaptive clustering for hyperspectral sounder data compression

ABSTRACT In this paper, which is part of an ongoing sequence of papers devoted to the subject of efÞcient noise-tolerant losslesscompression of satellite data for transmission, we describe an algorithm for this purpose which effectively addresses theabovecriteria. Ouralgorithmexhibitthepotentialtoachievenoise-tolerantcompressionratiosaveraging3.2: 1. Anearlierapproach, which we presented at Third GOES-R User Conference 6 in May of 2004, was the Þrst such method to break the3 to 1 compression barrier for this class of data.Keywords: compression, subspaces, clustering. 1. INTRODUCTION The compression technique described in this paper arose from requirements imposed by several considerations which aredesirable in the processing of data from NASA/NOAAOs environmental satellites. The most important of these are speed,efÞcient memory utilization, and lossless compression. The motivation for a need for good compression algorithms isobvious. One example: data sow from the current NASA Aqua satellite can reach 89 GB/day.Any algorithm which exhibits good performance in the above sense is a good candidate for on board processing of dataprior to transmission. In addition to the above characteristics, such an algorithm should tolerate acceptably the inevitablepresence of noise introduced during transmission.Withthesecriteriainmid,ouralgorithmsarecurrentlyintheprocessofbeingtestedassuitableinterfaceswithNOAAOsexisting data retrieval packages. When this testing is completed, we will report on the results.This paper should be regarded as one of a sequence of papers, some in current development or preparation, devoted tothe development and description of algorithms for the efÞcient transmission of satellite data.A central principle of our work in this area is the attempt to cluster the data-points along or close to low-dimensionalhyperplanes, since the actual satellite data we have been working with supports the hypothesis that such clustering in factis present.A key problem in such an approach is the identiÞcation of such hyperplanes, which turns out to be an interesting andchallenging problem. A key requirement of any practical treatment of this problem is speed, because of current on boardprocessing limitations.
Static potential for smooth strings in the large-D limit.

The static potential V(R) in Polyakov's model of smooth strings is studied in the large-D limit. The physical string tension is calculated analytically as a function of the bare string tension and the extrinsic curvature coupling. A systematic saddle-point method for computing the loop expansion of V(R) is developed and carried out explicitly to two loops. There are no corrections to the 1/R Luscher term to this order. The leading short-distance behavior of V(R) is also proportional to 1/R with twice the coefficient of the Luscher term.
Brief paper: State feedback stabilization of linear impulsive systems

We address the fundamental problem of state feedback stabilization for a class of linear impulsive systems featuring arbitrarily-spaced impulse times and possibly singular state transition matrices. Specifically, we show that a strong reachability property enables a state feedback law to be constructed that yields a uniformly exponentially stable closed-loop system. The approach adopts a receding horizon strategy involving a weighted reachability gramian in a manner reminiscent of well-known results for time-varying linear systems for both continuous and discrete-time cases.
In vivo metabolic activity of the suprachiasmatic nuclei: non-uniform intranuclear distribution of 14C-labeled deoxyglucose uptake

Abstract Anatomical techniques have shown that the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) are organized into distinct dorsomedial and ventrolateral subdivisions. As a functional correlate to this morphological organization, the intranuclear distribution of SCN glucose utilization was mapped using the autoradiographic14C-labeled deoxyglucose method. In nocturnal rats and diurnal squirrel monkeys injected with the tracer during the light portion of the light-dark cycle, the middle of the SCN was metabolicaly more active than its rostral or caudal ends. No obvious dorsomedial/ventrolateral parcellation of SCN functional activity was disclosed. The rostrocaudal metabolic contour persisted unchanged activity was generally found at the largest cross-sectional area). This result is discussed with respect to its implications for the generation of circadian rhythmicity by the endogenous pacemaker in the SCN.
The training of paraprofessionals as behavior modifiers: A review

Paraprofessionals are increasingly being employed in the mental health field. While much interest has focused on their roles and functioning, little systematic attention has been devoted to an examination of training practices. Because a particularly compatible relationship may exist between paraprofessionals and the behavioral model of intervention, this review focuses on the training and use of paraprofessionals as behavior modifiers. Paraprofessional populations reviewed include psychiatric aides and nurses, college students, inpatients, and community and indigenous workers. The review concludes that a strong case can be made for the administrative feasibility of training and utilizing diverse groups of paraprofessionals as behavior modifiers. The lack of consistent, solid outcome evidence prohibits a conclusion relative to the effectiveness of these paraprofessionals at this point in time. Numerous researchable questions concerning the effectiveness of various forms of training with paraprofessionals, optimal length of training for various purposes, training resistances, etc., are unanswered. Beyond this, a serious lack of communication of the basic process of training is revealed, and the perhpas questionable roles paraprofessionals are being trained for is discussed.
Perspectives on the geoarchaeology of the Lower Mississippi Valley

Abstract The impact of Harold N. Fisk's work on the archaeology and geoarchaeology of the Lower Mississippi Valley (LMV) has been monumental. As a result of his landmark publications on the geology of the alluvial valley of the Mississippi River our comprehension of the interplay between geological, geomorphic, and human actions is relatively well developed. However, geologists and archaeologists still need to work together more closely to appreciate and understand the contributions each field has to offer. Examination of the interplay between geologists and archaeologists in the realm of dating and landscape evolution provides the basis for an investigation of the state of geoarchaeology in the LMV today. Integration of research demands an appreciation of scale which must be approached from an historical perspective. Humans have, both in the past and the present, impacted the natural environment of the Mississippi River and its floodplain. Only when this fact is fully appreciated by archaeologists and geologists alike will it be possible to forge a new synthesis of the relationship between the dynamic alluvial valley and its human occupants.
Elemental modes of occurrence in an Illinois #6 coal and fractions prepared by physical separation techniques at a coal preparation plant

Abstract In order to gain better insight into elemental partitioning between clean coal and tailings, modes of occurrence have been determined for a number of major and trace elements (S, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, As, Se, Pb) in an Illinois #6 coal and fractions prepared by physical separation methods at a commercial coal preparation plant. Elemental modes of occurrence were largely determined directly by XAFS or Mossbauer spectroscopic methods because the concentrations of major minerals and wt.% ash were found to be highly correlated for this coal and derived fractions, rendering correlations between individual elements and minerals ambiguous for inferring elemental modes of occurrence. Of the major elements investigated, iron and potassium are shown to be entirely inorganic in occurrence. Most (90%) of the iron is present as pyrite, with minor fractions in the form of clays and sulfates. All potassium is present in illitic clays. Calcium in the original coal is 80–90% inorganic and is divided between calcite, gypsum, and illite, with the remainder of the calcium present as carboxyl-bound calcium. In the clean coal fraction, organically associated Ca exceeds 50% of the total calcium. This organically-associated form of Ca explains the poorer separation of Ca relative to both K and ash. Among the trace elements, V and Cr are predominantly inorganically associated with illite, but minor amounts (5–15% Cr, 20–30% V) of these elements are also organically associated. Estimates of the V and Cr contents of illite are 420 ppm and 630 ppm, respectively, whereas these elements average 20 and 8 ppm in the macerals. Arsenic in the coal is almost entirely associated with pyrite, with an average As content of about 150 ppm, but some As (~ 10%) is present as arsenate due to minor oxidation of the pyrite. The mode of occurrence of Zn, although entirely inorganic, is more complex than normally noted for Illinois basin coals; about 2/3 is present in sphalerite, with lesser amounts associated with illite and a third form yet to be conclusively identified. The non-sulfide zinc forms are removed predominantly by the first stage of separation (rotary breaker), whereas the sphalerite is removed by the second stage (heavy media). Germanium is the only trace element determined to have a predominantly organic association.
302 PROVOCATIVE AND INTEGRATED CONCENTRATIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE (GH) IN DIVERSE GROWTH DISORDERS

Since provocative tests for GH release may not reflect normal GH secretory patterns, we studied 18 children with diverse growth disorders, age 7-18 yrs, by two standard stimuli (L-Dopa, arginine,insulin-induced hypoglycemia) and by continuous blood withdrawal (collected hourly) for 12 and 24 hr integrated GH concentrations (ICGH). Tests were started at 0800 hr; 12 hr ICGH was calculated for 1800-0600 hrs. Six patients with normal stimulation tests (peak > 10 ng/ml) had 12 hr ICGH = 5.2 ± 2.6 ng/ml (mean ± S.D.; range 2.5-9.1); two boys with delayed adolescence had no hourly peak > 10 ng/ml. Five patients with borderline stimulation tests (peak GH 7-10 ng/ml) had 12 hr ICGH 4.0 ± 2.3 (range 1.5-6.7); in 3/5, the peak integrated hourly levels were low: 4.5, 4.7, 8.7. Seven patients with low stimulation tests (peak < 7 ng/ml) had 12 hr ICGH 0.75 ± 0.6 ng/ml (range 0.18-1.96); all had hourly peak ICGH < 3.5 ng/ml and 6/7 had clinical evidence of GH deficiency. Patients with delayed puberty had borderline or normal provocative GH; however, 4/5 had low 12 hr ICGH and hourly peaks. There were highly significant correlations between ICGH peak, 12 hr ICGH and peak provocative GH (p < 0.001). In all groups, 12 hr ICGH correlated with 24 hr ICGH (p < 0.001). With the exception of one child with obesity, growth velocities correlated more closely with ICGH than with provocative GH. Constant withdrawal may be helpful particularly in patients with borderline provocative tests and/or sexual immaturity.
Confronting the American Dream: Nicaragua Under U.S. Imperial Rule – By Michel Gobat

The author of this book discusses U.S. relations with Nicaragua from the mid‐nineteenth century to the end of U.S. occupation in 1933. This study is divided into four major parts.In the first part,...
Economic analysis of two models of low-risk maternity care: a freestanding birth center compared to traditional care.

Costs were compared for two models of maternity care for low-risk pregnant women: a freestanding birth center (FSBC) and a medical model of care (MC). Sixty-nine subjects were enrolled in the FSBC group and 77 in the MC. In the FSBC group, prenatal costs were higher (mean difference $751, p </=.001) and childbirth care was less expensive ($1472, p </=.01). When costs for the entire maternity care episode were summed, there were no differences between groups ($6087 vs. $6803). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the FSBC could be more cost-effective than MC if it increased its volume.
A finite element method enriched for wave propagation problems

An enriched finite element method is presented to solve various wave propagation problems. The proposed method is an extension of the procedure introduced by Kohno, Bathe, and Wright for one-dimensional problems [1]. Specifically, the novelties are: two-dimensional problems are solved (and three-dimensional problems would be tackled similarly), a scheme is given to overcome ill-conditioning, the method is presented for time-dependent problems, and focus is on the solution of problems in solids and structures using real arithmetic only. The method combines advantages of finite element and spectral techniques, but an important point is that it preserves the fundamental properties of the finite element method. The general formulation of the procedure is given and various examples are solved to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed scheme.
Canonical distribution from kinetic theory

Abstract Solution to the Liouville equation for N interacting particles of differing mass is sought in terms of a product of functions of particle momenta and particle coordinates, respectively. Further assuming a product separability of the momentum part of the solution is shown to yield the canonical distribution. The inverse-temperature β parameter emerges in the analysis as a separation-of-variables constant.
IUE spectroscopy of the degenerate components in the Hyades close binaries V471 Tauri and HZ9

Effective temperatures and gravities have been determined for the degenerate components in the Hyades close binaries V471 Tauri and HZ9 from model atmosphere analysis of IUE ultraviolet spectra. For V471 Tauri, T(e) = 35,000 K and log g is about 8. For HZ9, T(e) = 20,000 K and log g = 8. Both systems contain DA2 white dwarfs. No photospheric metal lines were detected at low IUE resolution in either DA2 star. The 1400 A and 1600 A features are absent in the HZ9 degenerate, despsite being within the temperature range of some other DA stars with the 1400 A absorption feature.
Magnetographic assessment of fetal hiccups and their effect on fetal heart rhythm

Fetal hiccups emerge as early as nine weeks post-conception, being the predominant diaphragmatic movement before 26 weeks of gestation. They are considered as a programmed isometric inspiratory muscle exercise of the fetus in preparation for the post-natal respiratory function, or a manifestation of a reflex circuitry underlying the development of suckling and gasping patterns. The present paper provides the first evidence of non-invasive biomagnetic measurements of the diaphragm spasmodic contractions associated with fetal hiccups. The magnetic field patterns generated by fetal hiccups exhibit well-defined morphological features, consisting of an initial high frequency transient waveform followed by a more prolonged low frequency component. This pattern is consistent across recordings obtained from two fetal subjects, and it is confirmed by signals recorded in a neonatal subject. These results demonstrate that fetal biomagnetometry can provide insights into the electrophysiological mechanisms of diaphragm motor function in the fetus. Additionally, we study the correlation between hiccup events and fetal cardiac rhythm and provide evidence that hiccups may modulate the fetal heart rate during the last trimester of pregnancy.
The effect of attitude on the development of adolescent cigarette use

The purpose of this study is to examine the relation of attitude toward smoking among never smokers to the growth or development of cigarette use during the adolescent years. Using Latent Growth Modeling, attitude toward smoking of 250 adolescents (48% male, 94% Caucasian), 11 to 15 years of age, who had not previously tried a cigarette, was related to the frequency of use at the next assessment, one year later, and growth in cigarette use across four subsequent years. The results indicated that attitude toward cigarettes significantly predicted both frequency of subsequent cigarette use and growth in use. These results suggest a need to focus prevention efforts on attitude change at an early age, prior to experimentation with cigarette use.
DPen2-[DPen5]enkephalin, a delta opioid receptor-selective analog of [Leu]enkephalin, impairs avoidance learning in an automated shelf-jump task in rats.

Abstract Both [Leu]enkephalin and d Pen 2 -[ d Pen 5 ]enkephalin, a delta opioid receptor selective analog of [Leu]enkephalin, impaired acquisition of an automated shelf-jump response in rats. A similar level of impairment was produced by equimolar doses of the two enkephalins. As is seen for [Leu]enkephalin when tested in a one-way active avoidance task, the dose-response function for the impairment produced by d Pen 2 -[ d Pen 5 ]enkephalin in the automated shelf-jump task is U-shaped. These results, together with our previous findings that d Pen 2 -[ d Pen 5 ]enkephalin and [Leu]-enkephalin both impair acquisition of a one-way active avoidance response in mice, and that [Leu]enkephalin impairs acquisition of that same response in rats, support our suggestion that delta opioid receptors are implicated in the effects of [Leu]enkephalin on conditioning. In addition, these results indicate that the involvement of delta opioid receptors in acquisition impairment extends to two species of rodents and to two different avoidance conditioning tasks.
Electron transport in disordered systems: A nonequilibrium quantum-molecular-dynamics approach

For mixed systems of quantum and classical particles, a simulation approach is developed to calculate the transport coefficients of quantum particles. Simulating the real-time evolution by quantum molecular dynamics, the response is obtained by applying a subtraction technique to the motion of quantum particles at zero and finite fields. This approach is efficient and yields a good signal-to-noise ratio. Using an excess-electron-in-helium gas as a test system, the mobility of the electron is calculated at a finite temperature and the results are found to be in good agreement with experiments.
THE ADAPTIVE RESPONSE OF MAMMALIAN CELLS TO ALKYLATING AGENTS

Mutation, cell death and chromosome damage are the ultimate products of the response of mammalian cells to DNA-damaging agents. It is important to determine how cells respond to a continuous exposure to DNA damage (much like we experience in our environment) and to learn about the genetic and molecular events that lie between the incurrence of DNA damage and the final appearance of damaged chromosomes and dead or mutated cells. We now know that bacteria induce specific sets of genes in response to certain types of genetic damage;1 evidence that eukaryotes employ similar strategies is rapidly accumulating. Among other things a detailed understanding of these mechanisms will provide a more sound scientific basis upon which to assess the risk to man from DNA-damaging agents in our environment.
Atmospheric Effects on Terrestrial Millimeter-Wave Communications

Proper design of reliable millimeter-wave communications links that operate on paths through the atmosphere requires an understanding of atmospheric transmission losses, especially losses due to rainfall attenuation. This paper combines information on transmission properties of millimeter waves with meteorological data to derive a methodology useful to the design engineer. Emphasis is on high-reliability communications in which outages are 0.1 percent or less.
Advanced Site Monitoring and Characterization of Site Dynamic Properties

This paper reports on an ongoing research program to develop a capability to: (1) measure cyclic and permanent displacements of field sites, and (2) characterize and estimate the three-dimensional in situ dynamic properties (at low and large strains) of sites for strata ranging from ground surface to a depth of about 30 m. A number of shape-acceleration arrays (SSA) have been installed at the NEES Wildlife Refuge area to monitor the site low-strain response as well as earthquake induced liquefaction, permanent deformation and lateral spreading. This array provides accurate dense measurements of permanent three-dimensional displacements along with three-dimensional accelerations. The installed array recorded moderate site accelerations during the ML=7.2 Baja California earthquake of April 04, 2010. This paper presents: (1) preliminary one-dimensional analyses of the recorded Wildlife Refuge site response during this earthquake, and (2) an overview of a new multidimensional data reduction and identification technique for a systematic advanced site characterization.
Effect of a perspective-taking intervention on the consideration of pain assessment and treatment decisions

OBJECTIVES Pain is often poorly managed, highlighting the need to better understand and treat patients' pain. Research suggests that pain is assessed and treated differently depending on patient sex, race, and/or age. Perspective-taking, whereby one envisions the perspective of another, has been found to reduce racial disparities in pain management. This study used virtual human (VH) technology to examine whether a perspective-taking intervention impacts pain management decisions. METHODS Ninety-six participants were randomized to an online treatment or control group and viewed 16 video clips of VHs with standardized levels of pain. Participants provided ratings on the VHs' pain intensity and their willingness to administer opioids to them. The intervention group received a brief perspective-taking intervention that consisted of having participants imagine how the patient's suffering could affect his/her life, whereas the control group was asked to wait for the next VH videos to load. A LENS model analysis was used to investigate both group level (nomothetic) and individual level (idiographic) decision policies. A LENS model of analysis is typically used as an analog method for capturing how groups of people and individuals use information in their environment to form judgments. RESULTS Nomothetic results found that participants rated pain higher and were more likely to prescribe opioids to VHs postintervention, irrespective of group. Idiographic results, however, found that the use of cues to make pain management decisions was mitigated by the perspective-taking group. The participants in the perspective-taking group were more likely to think about pain and the patients' perspective during the intervention, while control participants were more likely to reflect on the VHs' sex, race, or age. CONCLUSION A brief intervention may alter participants' pain management decisions. These results indicate that a brief intervention might be an initial step toward aligning observers' pain management ratings with those of the patient. Future research is needed to replicate findings in a health care population.
Correlations between components of the water balance and burned area reveal new insights for predicting forest fire area in the southwest United States

We related measurements of annual burned area in the southwest United States during 1984-2013 to records of climate variability. Within forests, annual burned area correlated at least as strongly with spring-summer vapour pressure deficit (VPD) as with 14 other drought-related metrics, including more complex metrics that explicitly represent fuel moisture. Particularly strong correlations with VPD arise partly because this term dictates the atmospheric moisture demand. Additionally, VPD responds to moisture supply, which is difficult to measure and model regionally due to complex micrometeorology, land cover and terrain. Thus, VPD appears to be a simple and holistic indicator of regional water balance. Coupled with the well-known positive influence of prior-year cold season precipitation on fuel availability and connectivity, VPD may be utilised for burned area forecasts and also to infer future trends, though these are subject to othercomplicatingfactorssuchaslandcoverchangeandmanagement.Assuminganaggressivegreenhousegasemissions scenario, climate models predict mean spring-summer VPD will exceed the highest recorded values in the southwest in nearly40%ofyearsbythemiddleofthiscentury.Theseresultsforewarnofcontinuedincreasesinburnedforestareainthe southwest United States, and likely elsewhere, when fuels are not limiting. Additional keywords: fire danger, tree mortality, warming.
rv you're dumb: identifying discarded work in Wiki article history

Wiki systems typically display article history as a linear sequence of revisions in chronological order. This representation hides deeper relationships among the revisions, such as which earlier revision provided most of the content for a later revision, or when a revision effectively reverses the changes made by a prior revision. These relationships are valuable in understanding what happened between editors in conflict over article content. We present methods for detecting when a revision discards the work of one or more other revisions, a means of visualizing these relationships in-line with existing history views, and a computational method for detecting discarded work. We show through a series of examples that these tools can aid mediators of wiki content disputes by making salient the structure of the ongoing conflict. Further, the computational tools provide a means of determining whether or not a revision has been accepted by the community of editors surrounding the article.
Axial variations in the magnetic field of superconducting dipoles and quadrupoles

A periodic variation in the magnetic field along the axis has been observed in both quadrupole and dipole magnets made from superconducting cable. This oscillation is present in all components of the field and has a wavelength equal to the transposition length of the cable. In general the amplitude of these variations increases with magnet current and is not reversible. The residual field pattern at zero current depends on the energizing cycle and increases with time spent at high field. The decay of the oscillations has a complex time dependence which contains some extremely long time constants. Unbalanced currents in the individual strands of the cable appear to cause these effects and the field variations can only be completely erased by raising the magnet above its critical temperature. >
Character of the UG2 Chromitite and Host Rocks and Petrogenesis of Its Pegmatoidal Footwall, Northeastern Bushveld Complex

The UG2 chromitite and its immediate footwall have been mapped at the centimeter scale in a characteristic section exposed in a wall in the Middelpunt mine, northeast Bushveld Complex. In this region the UG2 chromitite and its coarse-grained footwall rocks are underlain and overlain by plagioclase pyroxenite. The UG2 chromitite itself is a massive, 70-cm-thick layer composed of 75 to 90 percent chromite with plagioclase as the dominant interstitial mineral. Immediately beneath the chromitite is the so-called mixed layer, a previously undescribed but distinct, mappable layer, 50 to 70 cm thick, consisting of chromite-bearing pegmatoidal pyroxenite and chromitite intimately mixed at scales of centimeters to decimeters. The mixture is chaotic with no megascopic fabric and contains in bulk about 15 percent chromite. The contact between the mixed layer and overlying chromitite is well defined but sinuous at scales of centimeters to decimeters. Based on observations of drill core and outcrop, the mixed layer appears to exist throughout the central sector of the eastern Bushveld and may be ubiquitous throughout the entire Complex. The mixed layer usually rests directly on the UG2 pegmatoid, which is a well known and widespread pegmatoidal plagioclase pyroxenite. The pegmatoid is much coarser grained than the underlying pyroxenite, but the two lithologic units are similar in terms of mineral modes and compositions. The contact between them is irregular at scales of decimeters to meters, with vertical fingers of pegmatoid extending into the pyroxenite. The mixed layer and UG2 pegmatoid contain rare lenses of massive anorthosite encased by continuous, centimeter-thick rims of chromitite. A model is proposed to account for the footwall sequence of the UG2 chromitite. In this model, the UG2 pegmatoid formed when hydrous, interstitial melt percolated up through the partially molten crystal pile, accumulated beneath the preexisting, compacted, massive chromitite, and metasomatized and partially melted the pyroxenite protolith, which upon cooling recrystallized to a coarse-grained rock. On the basis of published experiments illustrating the effect of water on melting in mafic systems, it is shown how the hydrous melt was able to penetrate the pyroxene-bearing assemblages below the chromitite but unable to partially melt the chromitite itself, which in consequence remained relatively impermeable. The anorthosite lenses in the pegmatoid mark local areas of relatively high degrees of hydration partial melting, with the anorthosite representing the crystalline residue. The mixed layer formed by gradual collapse of the base of the UG2 chromitite into the less dense, relatively fluid footwall. The mixed layer and UG2 pegmatoid are diagnostic of the UG2 chromitite, and the three lithologic units should be considered a single petrologic unit.
Just a Temp: Experience and Structure of Alienation in Temporary Clerical Employment

Temporary employment has grown at three times the rate of overall employment in the United States since 1982. The temporary-help industry and many management consultants praise temporary employment as a way to improve an ailing economy and to meet workers' increased demands for flexibility. However, there are costs to temporary employment. This study starts by asking the question, “What are the costs of temporary employment, and who must bear those costs?” Using intensive interviews, this research finds that temporary workers, who are disproportionately women and African Americans, are the ones who bear many of the costs in the form of alienation from work, alienation from others, and alienation from self.
The measure of heterosocial competence: Development and psychometric investigation

Guided by the Goldfried and D’Zurilla behavioral-analytic model, we developed and psychometrically evaluated a measure of heterosocial competence and, in doing so, learned more about the construct in young adults. The Measure of Heterosocial Competence (MHC) is a social problem-solving questionnaire assessing competence in challenging other-sex social interactions. Internal consistency was acceptable and component analyses yielded one hierarchical factor and two group factors suggesting that heterosocial competence is comprised of the ability to initiate interactions, resolve conflict, and manage sexual situations. The MHC was significantly related to measures of general social competence, anxiety in heterosexual situations, and relationship quality and conflict. The MHC appears to be a promising and unique measure with potential in both research and applied settings.
Using Systematic Instruction and Graphic Organizers to Teach Science Concepts to Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intellectual Disability.

Literacy in science is important for all students and is one component of access and progress in the general education curriculum. One barrier to science literacy for students with autism spectrum ...
A multitude of kinases--which are the best targets in treating rheumatoid arthritis?

The advent of biologic therapeutics, most notably anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents, has dramatically improved the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Nevertheless, the available biologics rarely result in disease remission and provide clinical benefit only in subsets of RA patients. In addition, biologics can be administered only by injection and are expensive. Alternative therapies for RA are needed, and small-molecule kinase inhibitors may fit the bill. Small molecules have several features that give them the edge over other therapeutics: they are orally bioavailable, cell permeable, and inexpensive to manufacture. Insight into intracellular signaling pathways involved in inflammation and immunity has allowed the rational design of small molecules that can counteract aberrant immune responses. Small molecules can exert potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting kinases, many of which lie at the nexus of multiple proinflammatory pathways. The therapeutic potential of kinase inhibitors is showcased by their success in the treatment of cancer. Adaptive and innate immune responses are involved in the pathogenesis of RA, a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by destruction of the synovial joints. Initiation of the disease involves systemic dysregulation of T- and B-cell responses, which leads to a breach in self-tolerance and eventually to the mounting of an immune response against the synovial joints. During the chronic inflammatory stage of the
Friends don't let friends miss out on echo CME

Have you earned credits for continuing medical education (CME) by reading the Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography (JASE)? If you have not, then you have been missing out on a great opportunity to ‘‘stay current’’ in a user-friendly and affordable manner, and you might even be short-changing your patients. Do you have friends who work as cardiac sonographers or as non-invasive cardiologists? Do they know that they too can earn CME credits by reading JASE? If they don’t, let them know about this terrific opportunity; otherwise, you are not being a good friend. Let’s consider some details. In an Editor’s Page published in JASE about one year ago, I described the rationale for and the purpose of JASE’s CME program. I also noted our intent to publish at least 10 CME articles per year. Today, I am proud to state that our 9 CME article of the year appears in this issue of the Journal, and to let you know that we will publish one more CME article in the November 2010 issue. By the end of this year, JASE readers will have had the opportunity to study the following articles and (by answering a series of questions correctly) to earn 1 CME credit for each of them:
The paclitaxel site in tubulin probed by site-directed mutagenesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-tubulin

Previously, we created a paclitaxel-sensitive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by mutating five amino acid residues in β-tubulin in a strain that has a decreased level of the ABC multidrug transporters. We have used site-directed mutagenesis to examine the relative importance of the five residues in determining sensitivity of this strain to paclitaxel. We found that the change at position 19 from K (brain β-tubulin) to A (yeast β-tubulin) and at position 227 from H (brain β-tubulin) to N (yeast β-tubulin) had no effect on the activity of paclitaxel. On the other hand, the changes V23T, D26G and F270Y, drastically reduced sensitivity of AD1-8-tax to paclitaxel. Molecular modeling and computational studies were used to explain the results.