cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solar Variability and the Relation of Facular to Sunspot Areas during Solar Cycle 22

The total irradiance of the Sun has been found to vary mostly because of changes in the areas of dark sunspots and bright faculae. Improved observations, such as those discussed in this paper, are needed to understand better the interplay between these two competing features. In this paper, faculae are determined by observations using a filter centered at the Ca II K line (393.4 nm) with a bandpass of 0.9 nm. This filter allows the detection of faculae across the entire solar disk rather than just at the limb, as is the case for white-light faculae. Sunspots are detected with a filter at 672.3 nm with a bandpass of 9.7 nm. The mean ratio of facular to sunspot area was found to be 16.7 ± 0.51 for a 7½ year period during solar cycle 22 but showed a significant increase as the solar cycle progressed. This ratio suggests that the irradiance excess associated with faculae outweighs the irradiance deficit associated with sunspots by about 50%. The facular area also exhibited a quadratic dependence on sunspot area, as suggested by Foukal, but there is no clear evidence of a turnover in facular area at large sunspot areas. Lagged cross-correlations between facular and sunspot areas showed a clear rotational modulation extending to lags of five to six rotations when spots led faculae. Lags in the opposite direction, however, showed the rotational modulation falling abruptly after about two rotations.
Effect of Serum Protein Binding on Sulfisoxazole Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion in Rats

This investigation determined the effect of serum protein binding on the kinetics of sulfisoxazole distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Adult rats, whose serum free fraction of sulfisoxazole (at a total concentration of 81 ± 6 μg/ml) was 0.05-0.24, received a rapid intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg. Sulfisoxazole concentrations in plasma declined biexponentially with time. There were pronounced and reproducible interindividual differences in the total, metabolic, and renal sulfisoxazole clearances, each positively correlated with the serum free fraction of sulfisoxazole. The renal sulfisoxazole clearance had a component unaffected by serum protein binding. The apparent central compartment volume increased with an increasing serum free sulfisoxazole fraction, but the latter had no apparent effect on the first exponential term of the biexponential equation describing sulfisoxazole elimination kinetics in rats. Serum protein binding was a major determinant of intersubject differences in sulfisoxazole excretion and biotransformation kinetics.
A comparative analysis of institutional development in the Romanian and Moldovan legislatures

In this paper, we compare the process of legislative institutionalisation in Romania and Moldova. We examine three broad factors which influence this process: the political culture and the institut...
In vivo high-frequency contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of choroidal melanoma in rabbits: imaging features and histopathologic correlations.

Purpose To evaluate the use of in vivo imaging of rabbit model of choroidal melanoma using high-frequency contrast-enhanced ultrasound (HF-CE-US) with two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) modes and to correlate the sonographic findings with histopathologic characteristics. Methods Five New Zealand white rabbits, which were immunosuppressed with daily cyclosporin A (CsA), were inoculated into their right eyes with aliquots of 1.5×10 6 /50 μl of 92.1 human uveal melanoma cells cultured in RPMI. At week 4, the tumour-bearing eyes were imaged using high-frequency ultrasound (HF-US) with microbubble contrast agent to determine the 2D tumour size and relative blood volume and by 3D mode to determine tumour volume. Histologic tumour burden was quantified in enucleated eyes by ImageJ software, and mean vascular density (MVD) was determined by counting vascular channels in periodic acid Schiff (PAS) without haematoxylin sections. Results Using HF-CE-US, melanomas were visualised as relatively hyperechoic regions in the images. The correlation coefficients of sonographic size and volume compared with histologic area were 0.72 and 0.70, respectively. The sonographic tumour relative blood volume correlated with the histologic tumour vascularity (r 2 =0.92, p=0.04). Conclusions There is a positive correlation between in vivo sonographic tumour volume/size and histologic tumour size in our rabbit choroidal melanoma model. HF-CE-US corresponds to MVD and blood volume.
Dielectronic-recombination rate coefficients for ions of the fluorine isoelectronic sequence.

The rate coefficients for the dielectronic recombination of Ar/sup 9+/, Fe/sup 17+/, Kr/sup 27+/, and Mo/sup 33+/, all members of the fluorine isoelectronic sequence, are computed in the single-configuration, LS-coupled, frozen-core, corona model approximation. Comparison is made with other calculations. Analytic formulas which can be used for interpolating the rate coefficients for other members of the fluorine isoelectronic sequence are given.
Recovering Antibody Secretion Using a Hapten Ligand as a Chemical Chaperone

Abstract Engineered antibodies have come to the forefront as research reagents and clinical therapeutics. However, reduced stability or expression levels pose a major problem with many engineered antibodies. As a model for understanding functional consequences of variable region mutation, we have studied the assembly and trafficking of anti-phenylphosphocholine antibodies. Previously, we identified severe secretion defects because of mutations in the heavy chain second complementarity determining region, which is involved in antigen binding. Here we demonstrate that immunoglobulin secretion is increased up to 27-fold by incubating stably transfected PCG1–1 cells with cognate hapten p-nitrophenylphosphocholine. Secretion was unaffected by nonbinding analogs. Radiotracer and metabolic labeling experiments demonstrated specific cellular uptake ofp-nitrophenylphosphocholine and increased intracellular heavy and light chain assembly. Brefeldin A inhibited hapten-mediated immunoglobulin secretion but not assembly, indicating that assembly occurs early within the biosynthetic pathway. Recovery of secretion correlated with antigen binding capacity, suggesting that the rescue mechanism involves stabilization of heavy and light chain variable domains. This model system provides the first demonstration that cognate ligands can increase intracellular assembly of functional anti-hapten antibody within mammalian cells and suggests that small molecules of appropriate specificity and affinity acting as chemical chaperones may find application for increasing or regulating immunoglobulin expression.
Fine structure of neuromuscular junctions after nerve section and implantation of nerve in denervated muscle.

Abstract The first evidence of spontaneous reinnervation of neuromuscular junctions occurred 4 weeks after nerve section. In these experiments, the regenerating axons returned to old subneural apparatuses. There was little tendency to form new junctions as judged by light and electron microscopic studies. When the peroneal nerve was cut and reimplanted in the m. tibialis anterior at a new site distant from the original innervation band, a new innervation band developed near the point of entry of the transplanted nerve 6–8 weeks after operation. Electron microscopic study revealed atrophic subneural apparatuses with characteristic features of previous denervation and other junctions with fine structure resembling that observed in the embryonic morphogenesis of neuromuscular junctions. Similar patterns of neuromuscular junction reinnervation were observed in experiments in which after denervation, a foreign nerve was implanted into the muscle. Under these circumstances, an additional observation was the formation of abnormal tubular structures probably related to the regeneration of the transverse tubular system in atrophic muscle.
Biosynthesis of the Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor of Nitrogenase *

The iron-molybdenum cofactor (the M-cluster) serves as the active site of molybdenum nitrogenase. Arguably one of the most complex metal cofactors in biological systems, the M-cluster is assembled through the formation of an 8Fe core prior to the insertion of molybdenum and homocitrate into this core. Here, we review the recent progress in the research area of M-cluster assembly, with an emphasis on our work that provides useful insights into the mechanistic details of this process.
ALMA high performance nutating subreflector

For the international ALMA project’s prototype antennas, we have developed a high performance, reactionless nutating subreflector (chopping secondary mirror). This single axis mechanism can switch the antenna’s optical axis by ±1.5’ within 10 ms or ±5’ within 20 ms and maintains pointing stability within the antenna’s 0.6” error budget. The light weight 75 cm diameter subreflector is made of carbon fiber composite to achieve a low moment of inertia, <0.25 kg m2. Its reflecting surface was formed in a compression mold. Carbon fiber is also used together with Invar in the supporting structure for thermal stability. Both the subreflector and the moving coil motors are mounted on flex pivots and the motor magnets counter rotate to absorb the nutation reaction force. Auxiliary motors provide active damping of external disturbances, such as wind gusts. Non contacting optical sensors measure the positions of the subreflector and the motor rocker. The principle mechanical resonance around 20 Hz is compensated with a digital PID servo loop that provides a closed loop bandwidth near 100 Hz. Shaped transitions are used to avoid overstressing mechanical links.
Genes that control the formation of the liver

The proto-oncogene c-jun is the cellular homologue of v-jun, the transforming oncogene of the avian sarcoma virus 17. c-jun encodes one major component of the AP-1 transcription factor complex and is expressed in many organs during mouse development and in the adult. Because of its rapid induction in cells following growth stimulation and the presence of AP-1 binding sites in the promoter regions of many genes, the c-Jun protein is thought to have important functions in cell proliferation and differentiation. But embryonic stem (ES) cells lacking c-Jun are viable and have a normal in vitro differentiation capacity, although c-Jun appears to be important for growth of teratocarcinomas in vivo. To define the function of c-jun better, targeted ES cells were used to generate mice lacking c-Jun. Here we report that heterozygous mutant mice appear normal, but embryos lacking c-Jun die at mid- to late-gestation and exhibit impaired hepatogenesis, altered fetal liver erythropoiesis and generalized oedema. Interestingly, c-jun−/– ES cells can participate efficiently in the development of all somatic cells in chimaeric mice except liver cells, further suggesting an essential function of c-Jun in hepatogenesis.
Expression of the choline acetyltransferase gene depends on protein kinase A activity

Choline acetyltransferase activity is barely detectable in a mutant pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line, A123.7, which is deficient in protein kinase A activity. Northern blot and polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that this mutant cell line has dramatically reduced levels of choline acetyltransferase mRNA, which correlates with the low level of enzyme activity. Transient transfection analysis was used to assess the functionality, in these cells, of an enhancer element and a cholinergic-specific repressor element derived from the human choline acetyltransferase gene. The results show that the enhancer element is inactive in the protein kinase A-deficient cell line. Cotransfection experiments with plasmids expressing the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A support this conclusion. These data indicate that protein kinase A regulates expression of the choline acetyltransferase gene at the transcriptional level by controlling the activity of an enhancer element.
Organics at the air-water interface of Lake Pontchartrain.

The organics at the air-water interface of Lake Pontchartrain, La., included chlorinated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and phthalic acid esters. The various origins of the compounds found are discussed. 39 references.
Precision alignment of the advanced light source U5.0 and U8.0 undulators

The U5.0 and U8.0 undulators for the Advanced Light Source (ALS) incorporate 4.6-m-long, hybrid-configuration magnetic structures. The structures consist of modules with half-period pole assemblies mounted on 0.8-m-long aluminum mounts, which are in turn attached to continuous steel backing beams. The vertical and longitudinal alignment tolerances for the poles of these structures are 25 microns and 50 microns, respectively, over the entire 4.6-m length of the devices. To meet these tolerances, the modules were first aligned individually using an automated coordinate measurement machine and shimming techniques. Several adjustment iterations were required for each module. Averaging and three-dimensional linear least-squares fitting techniques were employed to establish statistically based error reference planes. Graphical spread sheets were used to create representations of vertical and longitudinal pole position errors for alignment. The adjusted modules were installed on the backing beams and aligned relative to each other using laser interferometer techniques. The longitudinal positions of all poles of each module were measured using a simple linear interferometer and associated optics. Because of the differential expansion coefficient between the aluminum modules and steel backing beam, a bilinear temperature-compensation function was applied to the position data to predict periodicity errors at a predetermined operating temperature, which ismore » generally higher than temperatures in assembly and measurement areas. Vertical alignment of the periodic modules was performed by generating vertical pole position error profiles of the full 4.6-m structures. Least-squares-fit planes for each module were calculated and used in making differential vertical and angular adjustments. Repeatability error for these measurements was typically less than 3 microns. In addition, by using difference techniques, systematic profile variations of 1 micron have been resolved.« less
The extracellular matrix can regulate the hepatocellular response to cytokines1

Abstract Purpose: Cirrhosis is characterized by chronicinflammation, the accumulation of collagen within the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the liver, and progressive hepatocellular failure. Since recent studies have shown that the ECM can modulate cellular function, we postulated that hepatocytes cultured on collagen would demonstrate a depressed activity profile as compared with cells cultured on a more normal basement membrane (Matrigel). Methods: Primary rat hepatocytes were cultured on collagen versus Matrigel-coated dishes in vitro and assayed for viability and their response to proinflammatory cytokines, as measured by nitric oxide production and apoptosis.
Antipyrine Pharmacokinetics in Women Receiving Conjugated Estrogens

The pharmacokinetics of a single 1.0 to 1.2-g intravenous dose of antipyrine was studied in 22 healthy female volunteers aged 28 to 70 years (mean, 45 years). Eleven subjects had been taking a conjugated estrogen preparation for at least 3 months; the other 11 subjects who were not taking conjugated estrogens and who were matched for age, weight, and smoking patterns, served as a control group. Plasma antipyrine concentrations were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in multiple plasma samples drawn 24 to 48 hours after dosage. Mean +/- SE pharmacokinetic variables in control and conjugated-estrogen groups were volume of distribution, 0.57 +/- 0.02 versus 0.56 +/- 0.02 L/kg; elimination half-life, 11.0 +/- 0.82 versus 12.6 +/- 0.89 hours; and clearance, 0.63 +/- 0.06 versus 0.54 +/- 0.03 mL/min/kg. None of the differences was significant. Although antipyrine clearance is significantly impaired by oral contraceptives, there is no evidence of altered antipyrine pharmacokinetics from treatment with conjugated estrogens.
Using Form 20-F reconciliations to internationalize an accounting course

Abstract Accounting courses and textbooks in the United States focus on US generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). As a result, US accounting students have little exposure to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and to differences between these standards and US GAAP. To familiarize students with the differences between IFRS and US GAAP, accounting instructors can develop assignments based upon the reconciliation of IFRS to US GAAP net income included in Form 20-F, the annual document submitted to the SEC by non-US firms. The course assignment described in this paper provides students with a “road map” of the differences underlying specific company financial reporting, and helps instructors identify where these differences occur. The assignment represents an innovative way of integrating international financial reporting standards and SEC reporting requirements into a higher level undergraduate or graduate accounting course.
Administration of cefazolin prior to skin incision is superior to cefazolin at cord clamping in preventing postcesarean infectious morbidity: a randomized, controlled trial.

Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether the administration of cefazolin prior to skin incision was superior to administration at the time of umbilical cord clamping for the prevention of postcesarean infectious morbidity. Study Design This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Study subjects received cefazolin 15-60 minutes prior to incision and controls received cefazolin at the time of cord clamping. The occurrence of endomyometritis, wound infection, total infectious morbidity, and neonatal complications were compared. Results There were 357 subjects enrolled. No demographic differences were observed between groups. There were decreased total infectious morbidity in the study group (relative risk [RR] = 0.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.18 to 0.87), decreased endometritis (RR = 0.2, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.94). No increase in neonatal sepsis ( P = .99), sepsis workups ( P = .96), or length of stay ( P = .17) was observed. Conclusion Administration of prophylactic cefazolin prior to skin incision resulted in a decrease in both endomyometritis and total postcesarean infectious morbidity, compared with administration at the time of cord clamping. This dosing did not result in increased neonatal septic workups or complications.
Syllabic vs segmental perception: On the inability to ignore “irrelevant” stimulus parameters

C. C. Wood and R S. Day have shown that reaction times (RT) to target segments within a syllable are significantly longer when the unattended segment in the syllable (either stop consonant or vowel) is varied randomly than when it is held constant. This has been taken as evidence for the perceptual unity of a stop con sonant-vowel syllable. However, this conclusion could be accepted with much more confidence if it could be shown that random variation in unattended segments does not cause an increase in RT if the unattended segments are not in the same syllable as the target segment. The present study, using bisyllabic natural speech stimuli, (1) reconfirms Wood and Day’s results, but (2) finds that random variation in unattended nontautosyllabic segments also results in significantly longer RTs than without nontautosyllabic variation. Segmental vs syllabic speech perception thus remains an open question.
Young adults' coping style as a predictor of their alcohol use and response to daily events

Limited resources for coping with stress have been associated with psychological disturbance and alcohol abuse among adults. In the current investigation, both retrospective questionnaires and prospective monitoring measures were used to test young adults' trait coping styles as predictors of their weekly alcohol consumption. Individuals who reported deficits in emotion focused and avoidant coping strategies drank more often than subjects with all other styles of coping. These subjects also exhibited greater overall alcohol consumption that subjects who employed high levels of emotion focused coping but low levels of avoidant coping. Results therefore support the idea that young adults' coping styles are related to their use of alcohol Analyses also showed strong positive correlations between questionnaire and monitored measures of drinking, but only moderate associations between the two measures of coping. Measurement methodologies of the current investigation are discussed in terms of their clinical and research applications.
The industrial utilization of Yeasts

Yeasts are of immense importance industrially to mankind. Their activities are the bases of several primary industries and contribute to the support of many others. Revenues obtained from the sale of alcoholic beverages produced by yeasts in the United States amount to over four billion dollars annually.
TRANSIT FUNDING: IMPLICATIONS OF FEDERAL AID STRATEGIES

Federal funding strategies greatly affect investment in urban transportation facilities in the United States. This analysis concentrates on the implications of varying federal aid matching requirements, structuring aid programs as categorical or block grants, and allo cating funds on a discretionary basis or according to formula. Toward this end the effects of recent federal transit aid arrangements are assessed.
Teratogenesis and carcinogenesis in rat offspring after transplacental and transmammary exposure to diethylstilbestrol.

Abstract Transplacental and transmammary exposure of tat offspring to diethylstilbestrol (DES) was studied in regard to potential teratogenesis and carcinogenesis. Pregnant and/or lactating rats received DES in oil subcutaneously. In females so exposed, abnormal development of the urogenital sinus (hypospadias and urethrovaginal cloaca formation) occurred. In exposed male offspring, hypospadias, phallic hypoplasia, inhibition of growth and descent of testes, as well as abnormalities of Wolffian derivatives, were observed. In 20–40 per cent of DES-exposed female offspring, vaginal adenosis, endometrial squamous metaplasia, and genital malignancy were encountered. Two DES-exposed offspring had a vaginal squamous carcinoma, one had an endometrial adenocarcinoma, and one had an ovarian adenocarcinoma. Vaginal squamous carcinomas may have originated in foci of squamous metaplastic epithelium of vaginal adenosis. None of the control rats developed genital malignancy.
WE‐C‐L100J‐04: The Solid State X‐Ray Image Intensifier (SSXII): A Next‐Generation High‐Resolution Fluoroscopic Detector System

Purpose: Present the design for the new SSXII high‐resolution fluoroscope capable of overcoming lag, noise, and resolution limitations of current flat‐panel devices(FPDs).Method and Materials: The SSXII consists of an array of modules each featuring an electron multiplying (EM) CCD which views a structured phosphor through a fiber‐optic taper (FOT). The EMCCD operates like a standard frame‐transfer CCD; however, an additional row of multiplication elements enables on‐chip signal gains up to 2000X to overcome subsequent instrumentation‐noise degradation. The SSXII therefore has quantum‐limited performance at both fluoroscopic exposures with moderate gain, and radiographic exposures with low gain. The SSXII array design, through pixel binning and module selection, will enable rapid sequence and fluoroscopic imaging for either the full field‐of‐view (FOV) or high‐resolution regions‐of‐interest (ROIs). Results: A SSXII module was assembled with direct fiber‐optic coupling of the 350 micron thick CsI(Tl) phosphor and the EMCCD (Texas Instruments TC285SPD chip with 1004×1002 pixels). Operation at fluoroscopic and angiographic exposure levels was verified experimentally for gains of ∼80X and 1X, respectively, demonstrating sequences of a moving stent with no lag and bar‐pattern resolution up to 20 1p/mm with a 1:1 FOT. An array of four modules each with 6:1 FOTs will have an effective pixel size of 48 microns covering a FOV of 10×10 cm, sufficient for region‐of‐interest and neurovascular imaging. Larger arrays may be constructed to satisfy both cardiac imaging and general fluoroscopic applications. Module alignment, digital stitching, and distortion correction issues are being addressed. Conclusion: When assembled in an array of sufficient size, the new SSXII can be used in the same applications as current FPD's with advantages of high frame rates with no lag, high resolution due to the smaller pixels possible, and low‐effective‐noise, quantum‐limited fluoroscopic performance due to the on‐chip gain. (Support: UB Foundation, NIH grants R01‐EB002873, R01‐NS43924).
A Single Phase ([Nzp]) Ceramic Radioactive Waste Form

It has been shown that between 10 and 20% of a simulated PW–4b radwaste composition can be incorporated into a single nhase with the NZP (= ‘MaZr2 P3 o12’) structure. By changing the P/Na and Zr/Na molar ratios (i.e., adjusting the crystal chemical model of where each ion is located in the structure) it has been possible to outline a very ‘forgiving’ compositional regime both at the 10% and the 20% waste loading level within which one obtains one ([NZP]) or two ([NZP] and [monazite]) phases. We have also succeeded in substituting Tio2 for Zro2 in making a TiO2-rich [NTP] waste form analogous to the [NZ]] materials. Thus we have succeeded in creating monophasic and diphasic ceramic waste forms which can be sintered below 1000° C. Only preliminary leach data have been obtained at 25° and 300°C, and they place this material with good ceramic forms.
Decentralized estimation of topology changes in wireless robotic networks

In this paper we present a novel decentralized technique to detect changes in the topology of a mobile robotic network. The network topology evolves due to the relative motion of the robots and the presence of obstacles in the environment. We consider that each robot is equipped with a chaotic oscillator whose state is propagated to the other robots through wireless communication. Under certain conditions, the states of the oscillators may synchronize, i.e., they converge on the same dynamical time evolution. The key idea of our approach is that by receiving and conveniently using an aggregate signal from the surrounding neighbors, each node may become able to detect changes in the local network topology. We introduce an adaptive strategy that each robot independently implements to: (i) estimate the net coupling from all the oscillators in its neighborhood, and (ii) synchronize the state of its oscillator with the others. We show that by using this strategy, synchronization can be attained and changes of the network topology can be detected. Numerical simulations validate the proposed methodology.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) stimulant medications as cognitive enhancers

Recent increases in ADHD diagnoses, and the escalation of stimulant prescriptions, have raised concern about diversion and abuse of stimulants, as well as the ethics of using these drugs as ‘cognitive enhancers.’ Such concern appears misplaced in the face of substantial evidence that stimulant drugs do not improve the academic performance of ADHD-diagnosed students. Moreover, numerous studies have found little or no benefit of stimulants on neuropsychological tests of ADHD-diagnosed as well as normal, individuals. This paper examines the apparent paradox: why don’t drugs that improve ‘attention,’ produce better academic outcomes in ADHD-diagnosed students? We found that stimulant drugs significantly improved impairment of episodic memory in ADHD-diagnosed undergraduate students. Nevertheless, we also found consistent academic deficits between ADHD students and their nonADHD counterparts, regardless of whether or not they used stimulant medications. We reviewed the current literature on the behavioral effects of stimulants, to try to find an explanation for these conflicting phenomena. Across a variety of behavioral tasks, stimulants have been shown to reduce emotional reactions to frustration, improve the ability to detect errors, and increase effortful behavior. However, all of these effects would presumably enhance academic performance. On the other hand, the drugs were also found to promote ‘risky behavior’ and to increase susceptibility to environmental distraction. Such negative effects, including the use of drugs to promote wakefulness for last minute study, might explain the lack of academic benefit in the ‘real world,’ despite their cognitive potential. Like many drugs, stimulants influence behavior in multiple ways, depending on the environmental contingencies. Depending on the circumstances, stimulants may, or may not, enhance cognition.
Non-Markovian dynamics in a dense atomic vapor

Two- and three-pulse photon echo spectroscopy in a dense potassium vapor reveals a non-Markovian correlation function of frequency fluctuations. Through comparison with calculations using an exciton picture a slowly-decaying component of the correlation function is attributed to long-range resonant interactions. A time-resolved photon echo experiment shows the photon-echo-like behavior at short timescales.
Shunt resistors for reactors-II

The object of this paper is to present the results of an investigation to determine the effect of resistors shunting current limiting reactors, on the impulse behavior of the typical system employing them. The typical system is reduced, without loss of essential generality, to a comparatively simple analytic network; and the impulse behavior of this network is then calculated mathematically. These calculations are adequately supported by test results with impulse generator and cathode ray oscillograph, both in the field and in the laboratory, and accurate agreement established. Methods are developed and illustrated for taking into account incident waves, such as those due to lightning, of arbitrary shape. Under the most unfavorable condition of wave shape and circuit conditions, voltages approaching four times that of the incident wave may be built up at the bus by reflections and oscillations. In general, through the use of a shunting resistor, of proper value, three beneficial results are obtained: (a) Oscillations are completely eliminated, thereby limiting the maximum voltage which can occur on the bus to never more than twice that of the incident wave. (b) The initial rise in voltage on the line side of the reactor, due to positive reflections, is reduced and can be held down to the final value corresponding to the tail of an infinite rectangular incident wave. (c) The internal oscillations in the reactor itself can be eliminated, and the voltage distribution improved.
Looking to NSF as an NIH model.

M. Rosbash's editorial “A threat to medical innovation” (8 July, p. [136][1]) discusses the financial challenges faced by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH must figure out how to fund a higher percentage of meritorious proposals and how to ensure that the funded proposals
Focal hematopoietic hyperplasia of the rib--a form of pseudotumor.

Two patients are presented who had a resection of a solitary expansile rib lesion. The radiologic features were nonspecific and the lesions were thought to represent either fibrous dysplasia, myeloma, or metastatic disease. Histologically, the lesion consisted of focal hyperplasia of the bone marrow involving all hematopoietic elements. The marrow expanded the rib, eroded the cortex, and extended into the adjacent soft tissue. Neither patient had any underlying hematologic abnormality. A search of the English language literature failed to discover a description of a similar lesion. From the clinical course and follow-up information, the process appears to be benign. The authors believe the lesion is a form of pseudotumor, and propose that it be designated as “focal hematopoietic hyperplasia of rib” or “hematopoietic pseudotumor.”
Structure of oxide overlayer studied by energy dispersive X-ray diffraction

Abstract The atomic structure of CeO2 overlayers on the (001) surface of cubic Yttrium stabilized zirconia was studied by energy-dispersive surface X-ray diffraction. It is shown that the CeO2 layers form epitaxial islands with 5–15 monolayers in thickness with a nearly relaxed lattice constant. The results demonstrate that the energy-dispersive surface X-ray scattering is a powerful tool in certain cases of surface structural studies.
The National Severe Storms Laboratory Mesocyclone Detection Algorithm for the WSR-88D*

Abstract The National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) has developed a mesocyclone detection algorithm (NSSL MDA) for the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) system designed to automatically detect and diagnose the Doppler radar radial velocity patterns associated with storm-scale (1–10-km diameter) vortices in thunderstorms. The NSSL MDA is an enhancement to the current WSR-88D Build 9.0 Mesocyclone Algorithm (88D B9MA). The recent abundance of WSR-88D observations indicates that a variety of storm-scale vortices are associated with severe weather and tornadoes, and not just those vortices meeting previously established criteria for mesocyclones observed during early Doppler radar studies in the 1970s and 1980s in the Great Plains region of the United States. The NSSL MDA’s automated vortex detection techniques differ from the 88D B9MA, such that instead of immediately thresholding one-dimensional shear segments for strengths comparable to predefined mesocyclone parameters, the initial stren...
Comparison of Monthly and Intramonthly. Indices for the Pacific/North American Teleconnection Pattern

Abstract Many applied climatological studies use teleconnection indices to characterize atmospheric flow. Although these indices are often associated with temperature and precipitation patterns, surprisingly little attention has been paid to changes in the flow patterns within the monthly period. This study analyzes the differences between the monthly and intramonthly indices (based on 5-day mean data) for the most important source of winter season low-frequency variability in the midtropospheric geopotential height field over North America, the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern. Results suggest that the monthly index adequately represents flow patterns at shorter temporal scales. Months with PNA indices suggesting a typical configuration (moderate 700-mb ridging over western North America with moderate troughing in eastern North America) tend to be comprised of days with the same flow, rather than an offsetting of days with amplified ridge-trough and a reversed trough-ridge pattern across North Americ...
The Feedback Sandwich

Abstract In too many physical education classes and athletic practices, specific performance feedback is not often given. Put together the ingredients for a feedback sandwich and achievement gains will soar!
Choosing Between Direct Investment and Licensing: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Tests

This paper focuses on the conditions under which an international firm would expand overseas via the transfer of technology and rights to its own controlled equity affiliates, as opposed to resorting to the “market” by selling its technology to independent foreign licensees. The relative propensity of U.S. firms to use licensing versus equity investment is then examined statistically in regression models using data of the Department of Commerce. A second paper in this series (forthcoming in the Summer 1985 issue) will examine strategic and negotiation issues involved in combining equity investment, licensing and intra-firm trade into one agreement.
Activation of protein kinase C isozymes in primary mouse myotubes by carbachol

Abstract The activation of muscle PKC isozymes following treatment with carbachol, an acetylcholine receptor agonist, has been investigated. Primary mouse myotubes were treated with carbachol, and protein extracts from the cytosol and membrane fractions of the myotubes were subjected to Western blot analyses. Carbachol treatment resulted in a rapid translocation of PKC-θ to the membrane. This effect was dependent on both carbachol concentration and incubation time. The treatment also resulted in a drastic increase of PKC-α in the cytosol followed by an increase of PKC-α in the membrane. The regulation of PKC-α in response to carbachol was quite distinct from that produced by the PKC activator, PMA, which rapidly translocated PKC-α from the cytosol to the membrane without any increases in PKC-α in the cytosol. Confocal microscopy demonstrated an enhanced membrane localization of PKC-θ and overall increased intensity of PKC-α staining in the cytosol accompanied by a characteristic membrane staining of PKC-α in the myotubes treated with carbachol. Taken together, the results suggested that the activation of PKC isozymes in response to the receptor agonist is quite distinct, which indicates their diverse role in the muscle upon the release of neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction.
From The Devil in Miss Jones to DMJ6 — power, inequality, and consistency in the content of US adult films

I conducted a thematic content analysis of key adult films in order to explore patterns and trends occurring in US adult film industry production and development between 1972 and 2005. Insights from grounded theory informed my consideration of a systematic sampling of 26 films. Emergent patterns and trends include: (1) content consistency across eras; (2) shifts in the form of sex depiction presentation; (3) continuous industry mainstreaming; and (4) changes in women talents’ (actors’) aesthetics. These patterns and trends reveal some tensions existing between the adult film industry and wider society, highlight symbiotic developments in what has been and what is currently considered ‘pornographic’, and illustrate the continued presence of dualistic power-based relationships in shaping persons’ social-sexual interactions.
Sedimentation of fine particles in nonaqueous media: Part I — experimental Part II — modeling

Abstract Sedimentation is a convenient and inexpensive method of separating solids from liquids. Electrokinetic effects play a large role in such separations. The sedimentation of fine particles suspended in nonaqueous media, such as toluene, containing various quantities of asphaltenes was studied. Settling rates and solid concentrations in a sedimentation column were measured by an X-ray densitometer. Sedimentation was rapid at low concentrations of asphaltenes due to flocculation. At asphaltene concentrations of greater than about 0.1 %, adsorption of asphaltenes on the particles caused a marked retardation of settling. On the application of an electric field settling rates increased. In Part II of this paper, a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model for the sedimentation of fine particles was developed. The basic model and its modified form, a diffusion-type equation, were both solved by the method of characteristics. The predicted settling rates and the solids concentrations in the settling column agreed with our experimental observations. The effect of the electrical field on settling rates was also included in the hydrodynamic sedimentation model.
A Case for Better Graphics: The Unclassed Choropleth Map

Abstract In recent years a number of researchers have shown a strong interest in statistical graphics. One widely used graphical method is the “statistical map,” or what is better known in cartography as the choropleth map. A factor in the use of these maps has been the need to group data into classes, raising the obvious question of defining optimum class intervals. Computer technology now makes it possible to produce unclassed choropleth maps, minimizing quantization error. An example of the two methods is given using criminal justice statistics. The unclassed maps are more accurate with regard to quantization error and appear to be of superior visual quality
Lessons learned: Achieving institutional change in support of students in transition

Attention to the origins, history, and evolution of the First-Year Experience (FYE) movement in American higher education can inform institutional practices aimed at enhancing transition experiences of students.
Sleep and Its Disorders

Sleep disorders are very prevalent in the general population and are associated with significant medical, psychological, and social disturbances. Insomnia is the most common. When chronic, it usually reflects psychological/behavioral disturbances. Most insomniacs can be evaluated in an office setting, and a multidimensional approach is recommended, including sleep hygiene measures, psychotherapy, and medication. The parasomnias, including sleepwalking, night terrors, and nightmares, have benign implications in childhood but often reflect psychopathology or significant stress in adolescents and adults and organicity in the elderly. Excessive daytime sleepiness is typically the most frequent complaint and often reflects organic dysfunction. Narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia are chronic brain disorders with an onset at a young age, whereas sleep apnea is more common in middle age and is associated with obesity and cardiovascular problems. Therapeutic naps, medications, and supportive therapy are recommended for narcolepsy and hypersomnia; continuous positive airway pressure, weight loss, surgery, and oral devices are the common treatments for sleep apnea.
Residential Compound Organization and the Evolution of the Teotihuacan State

Changes in the nature of social stratification and economic organization during the history of the urban center of Teotihuacan are charted using information from the residential compound of Tlajinga 33. This lower-class, artesanal compound yielded evidence of craft specialization and mortuary patterns that allow investigation of changes in economic specialization and differentiation of internal status through time. From the mortuary evidence it appears that Tlajinga 33 became poorer and reduced its internal status divisions from Early Tlamimilolpa to Late Xolalpan-Metepec times. The craft specialization of the residents changed from one of probable autonomy to one where the compound contributed to a neighborhood specialization. These changes support evidence from other researchers that Teotihuacan became more rigid in organization and socially stratified through time. The urban society was thus characterized by social and economic change during its apogee.
Corticosteroid use in the treatment of neuromuscular disorders: Empirical and evidence‐based data

Corticosteroids have been used to treat neuromuscular disorders for many years. With few randomized, controlled trials, efficacy has been established primarily from empirical data. This has led to a range of treatment regimens varying in terms of initial dosing, dosing schedules, and taper rates. The goals of this review were to examine the literature for data concerning corticosteroid pharmacokinetics and for evidence-based treatment regimens in several prototypic neuromuscular disorders. The results provide a number of sound principles for corticosteroid use, but also indicate that corticosteroid regimens and patient management are largely based on empirical clinical experiences.
Adaptive compensation of phase and magnitude aberrations

A new method for aberration correction is presented. Using multiple receive beams reconstructed at each transmit direction, image artifacts due to imperfect beam forming can be identified and greatly reduced. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of such a compensation algorithm for blocked elements. In this study, the algorithm is extended for magnitude and phase aberrations. Experimental results show that substantial improvements are possible for small amplitude and phase errors. The compensation method is less effective for large errors, however. Based on this, a two-step procedure is proposed for general aberration correction. First, cross-correlation processing is used to reduce significant phase errors. Then, the adaptive compensation method is applied to remove remaining artifacts due to blocked elements, amplitude aberrations, and residual phase errors. This two-step procedure is shown to be effective in significantly reducing image artifacts due to amplitude and phase errors.
Binding by Phase: (Non-)Complementarity in German

This paper explores areas of reflexive and pronominal noncomplementarity in German Accusativus cum Infinitivo (AcI)-constructions and other configurations that involve embedding of a subclausal (smaller than IP) constituent. The main empirical finding is that there are several non-complementarity-inducing contexts that have not been noticed before. In examples with embedded AcIs or complex DPs, a reflexive may be bound across an intervening subject, and a pronominal may be free even if its antecedent is only a vP-, DP-, or PPboundary away. The proposed account of these facts is based on the claim that vP, DP, and PP are all potentially phase-defining categories (Chomsky 2000). The expected “regular” cases of complementarity are accounted for by postulating as the relevant binding domain for both reflexive and pronominal the minimal phase containing the anaphoric element. Newly discovered cases of non-complementarity that exist at least for some speakers stem from the ability of reflexives, but not pronominals, to covertly raise to the edge of their phase (Safir 2004). Finally, well known cases of non-complementarity in AcIs where the anaphoric element is embedded in a PP can be explained if θ-independent (that is, internally saturated) PPs are adjoined high, to the AcI (vP)-phase-edge. This then achieves a unified account of both the well established binding facts documented in the literature and the surprising long-distance binding of reflexives reported as acceptable for some speakers.My thanks to Judith Aissen, Jorge Hankamer, and especially Jim McCloskey, who have helped me with and greatly contributed to the various drafts of this paper. Thanks also to my JGL reviewers for their helpful feedback. (Any remaining errors are my own.) Finally, I am indebted to all my native speaker consultants.