cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Authority and Preschool Disputes: Learning to Behave in the Classroom

Conflict is commonplace in teacher-centered preschool classroom activities. It is negotiated both verbally and nonverbally, often fading rather than resolving in the interactive moment. The teacher or aide steps in to define what is right and wrong, thus acting to mediate conflict and taking up the position of moral authority. When she does not step in, children may invoke her authority in this regard. Children have a variety of responses to teachers' judgments. When children disagree with teacher/aide's assessments of the conflict, they tend to continue the conflict nonverbally until their attention is diverted and they are reabsorbed into classroom activities. They may also directly refute the authority as long as they use humor to suspend classroom rules. Ultimately in this study of preschool children's conflict, the highly structured teacher-directed preschool context directs notions of “right” and “wrong,” of morality, as a core function of classroom conflict talk for American preschool children. [preschool, disputes, classroom, authority, conflict]
Effect of phosphorus, potassium, and chloride nutrition on cold tolerance of winter canola (Brassica napus L.)

ABSTRACTWinter varieties of canola (Brassica napus L.) are susceptible to winterkill. Measurements of photosynthetic efficiency and survival of field-grown canola were used to evaluate the effect of chloride (Cl), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) nutrition on winter field survival in northwestern USA. In a growth chamber experiment, effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2), potassium chloride (KCl), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), or sodium chloride (NaCl) on the ability to tolerate subfreezing temperatures were evaluated. In the field, overwinter survival was higher, and greater photosynthetic activity continued later into the autumn in plants with increased sap Cl concentrations. In the greenhouse experiment, significantly greater survival occurred in plants with higher sap Cl concentrations, but only in plants that had not been cold acclimated. These results suggested that a greater concentration of chloride ion in the sap of canola plants is related to an increased ability to tolerate subfreezing temperatures,...
A typical behavior of some data compression schemes

Wyner and Ziv (IEEE Trans. vol.IT-35, p.1250-8 of 1989) have proved that the typical length of a repeated subword found within the first n positions of a stationary sequence is (1/h) log n in probability where h is the entropy of the alphabet. They used this finding to obtain insights into certain universal data compression schemes, most notably the Lempel-Ziv algorithm. They have also conjectured that their result can be extended to a stronger almost sure convergence. This paper settles this conjecture in the negative. It proves, under some additional assumption regarding mixing conditions, that the length of a repeated subword oscillates with probability one between (1/h/sub 1/) log n and (1/h/sub 2/) log n where h/sub 2/ >
Extruding foams from corn starch acetate and native corn starch.

Because of the hydrophilic characteristics of native starch foams and the cost of modifying starch, the uses of starch and modified starch foams are hindered. To decrease hydrophilicity and cost of starch foams, native corn starch was blended with starch acetate and extruded. A twin-screw mixing extruder was used to produce the foams. Native starch content, screw speed, and barrel temperature had significant effects on molecular degradation of starches during extrusion. The melting temperature of extruded starch acetate/native starch foam was higher (216 °C) than that for starch acetate (193.4 °C). Strong peaks in the X-ray diffractograms of extruded starch acetate/native starch foam suggested new crystalline regions were formed. Optimum conditions for high radial expansion ratio, high compressibility, low specific mechanical energy requirement, and low water absorption index were 46.0% native starch content, 163 rpm screw speed, and 148 °C barrel temperature.
Carbon dioxide/ethane mixed-gas sorption and dilation in a cross-linked poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer

Abstract Mixed-gas CO2/C2H6 sorption and dilation in a cross-linked poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer were studied at temperatures ranging from −20 to 35 °C. The polymer was prepared by photopolymerization of a solution containing 70 wt.% poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGMEA) and 30 wt.% poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). Four different gas mixtures (10, 25, 50 and 70 mol% CO2) were considered at operating pressures up to 21 atm. At a given temperature, polymer dilation increased with pressure and CO2 content. Compared to pure-gas values, CO2 solubility was higher in the presence of ethane, an effect whose extent increased with decreasing temperature. Ethane solubility in the polymer also increased in the presence of CO2 compared to the pure-gas value at T ≥ 25 °C. However, at T ≤ 0 °C, the presence of carbon dioxide initially reduced ethane solubility. As the fugacity of CO2 in the mixture increased and the polymer dilated, ethane solubility progressively increased, eventually surpassing the pure-gas value. The multicomponent Flory–Huggins model could describe the pure- and mixed-gas data simultaneously, provided that an empirical composition dependence was included in the interaction parameters for T
Electron‐cyclotron maser instability in relativistic plasmas

The electron-cyclotron maser instability is studied for the case of an anisotropic electron velocity distribution in the regime where the relativistic corrections to the wave dispersion are significant. Solution of the linear dispersion relation reveals that when the plasma frequency-gyrofrequency ratio is less than v(te)/c, the instability is localized just below k(perpendicular)c/Omega(e) = 1. The growth rate is then strongly peaked for emission at 90 deg to the magnetic field and is considerably larger than would be the case if the cold-plasma dispersion theory were valid. These features are confirmed by EM particle simulations.
Current incidence and outcomes of gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors including gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have been recognized as the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. The most effective treatment for unresectable tumors is imatinib mesylate, based on two phase II trials. Because no phase III clinical trial has been undertaken, we sought to determine both current population-based incidence and whether improved outcomes noted in both individual centers and clinical trials have also been observed in a large prospective cancer registry earlier and after the introduction of imatinib. Study design The 13-center cumulative tumor registry (April 2005 release) from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried from 1992 to 2002 to determine incidence and associated outcomes for patients diagnosed with GIST. Confirmations of incidence trends using the incident Florida Cancer Data System (FCDS, 2005 release) were also determined. Results A 25-fold age-adjusted increase in incidence of GIST, from 0.028 per 100,000 in 1992 to 0.688 per 100,000 in 2002, was observed. This increase is mostly because smooth-muscle tumors have been reclassified as GISTs, but it also represents a 50% increase in population- and age-adjusted gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumor diagnosis since 1992. Despite rising GIST incidence rates, there has been a marked improvement in survival since 2000, coinciding with the introduction of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib into clinical practice. Conclusions The diagnosis of GIST has dramatically increased since 1992. Survivals have greatly improved since 2000, when imatinib mesylate was FDA approved.
Context as an occasion setter following either CS acquisition and extinction or CS acquisition alone

Abstract Three experiments used conditioned lick suppression with rats in order to investigate the necessary conditions for obtaining occasion setting by context. Experiment 1 sought occasion setting by context as a product of conditioned-stimulus (CS) excitatory training only. Associative summation of the CS and context was observed, but no difference in responding inside versus outside the CS training context was found after devaluing direct context-unconditioned stimulus (US) associations and controlling for both familiarization and generalization decrement between training and nontraining contexts. In Experiment 2, two stimuli were conditioned in separate contexts, and subsequently each CS was or was not extinguished either in the same context in which it had been trained or in the training context of the other CS. This procedure equated the associative values of the two contexts during acquisition, extinction, and testing. No occasion setting by context was seen either with or without extinction of the CSs. In Experiment 3, a renewal paradigm was used in which a single CS was trained in context A and extinguished in Context B. Testing showed renewed responding to the CS in Context A. A context-CS summation test using an unambiguous CS trained in a third context found Contexts A and B to be equally excitatory. We hypothesize that the lack of occasion setting in Experiment 2, in contrast to that of Experiment 3, resulted either from extinction of the positive occasion-setting properties of the two contexts as a consequence of their both being sites of CS extinction or a failure of a contextual occasion setter to carry information about the particular stimulus qualities of a given CS with which it was conditioned (i.e., occasion setters act on US representations, not particular CS-US associations).
Deficits in Passive Avoidance and Fear Conditioning in Mice with Septal Lesions

By means of a simple activity measure, mice with lesions of the septal forebrain were tested for passive avoidance (response inhibition) and fear conditioning. In two separate experiments animals with septal lesions showed little or no conditioning, as evidenced by lack of suppression of activity during and following activitycontingent foot shock. Results support and extend thehypothesis that these deficits in passive avoidance derive from the removal of normal inhibitory influences mediated by the septal area.
Synchrony of enzyme accumulation in a population of differentiating slime mold cells.

Abstract 1. 1. Studies of the cellular slime molds have previously revealed the accumulation of a number of enzymes at different stages during the development of multicellular fruiting structures. 2. 2. A study of the spatial distribution of one of the enenzymes (UDPGlc pyrophosphorylase) during the period of its accumulation revealed a uniform rise in specific activity throughout the developing fruiting body. This suggests that all cells accumulate the enzyme simultaneously rather than as a wave of accumulation starting at a particular region. 3. 3. The distribution of the enzyme UDPGal: polysaccharide transferase served as a control for the techniques employed. The mucopolysaccharide product is known to be restricted to spores, and the enzyme was found to be accumulated only in regions containing incipient spore cells.
Involuntary rehearsal of second languages in beginning and advanced performers

Abstract Barber (1980) described a “Din in the Head”, an involuntary rehearsal of second language words and phrases, that occurs along with exposure to a second language in natural situations (for a full description, see Appendix). Krashen (1983) hypothesized that this involuntary rehearsal was the result of the Language Acquisition Device at work. It is caused, he hypothesized, by comprehensible input, messages in the second language that the acquirer understands. If this suggestion is correct, it predicts that the “Din in the Head” is a widespread phenomenon, and that it will mainly occur in those second language performers who are still in the process of acquiring, but will be less prevalent in highly competent second language users. In this short report, we present two studies that test these predictions.
Application and Characterization of an Artificial Grime for Photovoltaic Soiling Studies

Effective evaluation and prediction of photovoltaic performance loss due to soiling require consistent test methods. Natural soil accumulation is time-consuming and location specific, and thus does not provide reproducible results across different geographic regions. Therefore, we have demonstrated a laboratory technique to artificially apply soil to a specimen and quantify the resulting effects of the film on the transmission of incident light. An artificial soil analogue was formulated with NIST-traceable components and applied to the specimen using an aerosol spray gun. This approach produced consistent soil coatings, which were directly correlated to electrical performance loss of multicrystalline Si cells in a laboratory setting. Two independent measurement techniques were used to quantify the influence of the layer of artificial soil on the spectral transmission of light. It was found that the performance loss due to deposited soil could be effectively predicted over a range of mass loadings. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the composition of the blend, termed “standard grime,” had a significant and repeatable influence on performance loss. The methods presented here provide the basis for further study of the influence of specific soil types on the performance loss of PV systems. It is envisioned that these laboratory studies could be coupled with field studies to better understand these effects.
Transcription Factor AP-2 Controls Transcription of the Human Transforming Growth Factor-α Gene

The epidermal growth factor receptor is vital for normal development and plays a role in oncogenesis. The level of activation of this receptor by transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) is controlled, in part, by the rate of transcription of the TGF-alpha gene. In the characterization of the proximal TGF-alpha promoter by DNase I footprinting, a 43-base pair element (-88 to -130 relative to the transcription start site), designated TalphaRE I, was found that was specifically protected by nuclear proteins from human mammary carcinoma MDA468 cells. TalphaRE I was essential for the maximal expression of the TGF-alpha gene as indicated by deletion and mutagenesis analyses. TalphaRE I consists of two cis-acting elements, a proximal regulatory element (PRE, -89 to -103) and a distal regulatory element (DRE, -121 to -128). Both elements were able to form specific complexes with protein from MDA468 cell nuclear extracts and are necessary for the full activity of the entire 1.1-kilobase pair TGF-alpha promoter. Competition and antibody studies determined that the DRE contains a binding site for the transcription factor AP-2, while the protein that binds to the PRE has yet to be identified. When linked upstream to the heterologous herpes simplex thymidine kinase promoter, the TalphaRE I enhanced transcription up to 11-fold in MDA468 cells. Cotransfection of an AP-2 expression vector was able to activate transcription from the TalphaREI-TK construct in a DRE-dependent manner. These results further our understanding of how TGF-alpha transcription is regulated.
Syringe Filtration Methods for Examining Dissolved and Colloidal Trace Element Distributions In Remote Field Locations

It is well-established that sampling and sample processing can easily introduce contamination into dissolved trace element samples if precautions are not taken. However, work in remote locations sometimes precludes bringing bulky clean lab equipment into the field and likewise may make timely transport of samples to the lab for processing impossible. Straightforward syringe filtration methods are described here for collecting small quantities (15 mL) of 0.45- and 0.02-microm filtered river water in an uncontaminated manner. These filtration methods take advantage of recent advances in analytical capabilities that require only small amounts of waterfor analysis of a suite of dissolved trace elements. Filter clogging and solute rejection artifacts appear to be minimal, although some adsorption of metals and organics does affect the first approximately 10 mL of water passing through the filters. Overall the methods are clean, easy to use, and provide reproducible representations of the dissolved and colloidal fractions of trace elements in river waters. Furthermore, sample processing materials can be prepared well in advance in a clean lab and transported cleanly and compactly to the field. Application of these methods is illustrated with data from remote locations in the Rocky Mountains and along the Yukon River. Evidence from field flow fractionation suggests that the 0.02-microm filters may provide a practical cutoff to distinguish metals associated with small inorganic and organic complexes from those associated with silicate and oxide colloids.
Opposing effects of redundancy in retention of a verbal discrimination

In a verbal learning and memory experiment designed as an analog of standard two-choice visual discrimination procedures, it was found that the addition of redundant word stimuli facilitated performance only if the words were highly associated (“chunked”). The addition of nonassociated redundant words (“unchunked”) had a decremental influence. These effects were inferred to be more on retention than learning.
Evolution's challenge to genetics

Do conjoined twins and two-legged goats suggest a minor role for genetics in evolution? The evidence is not strong enough to upset the orthodox view, argues Jerry A. Coyne.
Operating Molecular Elevators

Inspired by the concept of multivalency in living systems, two mechanically interlocked molecules have been conceived that incorporate not once or twice but thrice the features of a pH-switchable [...
The kingdom of God and modern society

The kingdom of God implies God’s rule in the regenerated heart. Consideration of the kingdom and modern society should be understood ecclesiologically. Herman Ridderbos’ notion of the relation of church and kingdom (sign, first-fruits, and instrument) is helpful, but must be applied in the context of nine realities of modern society. Corporate, modern discipleship is created when the church institute attends to all the features of its calling. This includes imparting biblical principles and giving general direction for modern social programmes and practices, but refraining from expressing itself on the specifics of complex programmes.
Corticosteroid resistance in a subpopulation of multiple sclerosis patients as measured by ex vivo dexamethasone inhibition of LPS induced IL-6 production

Abstract We assessed corticosteroid sensitivity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients compared to control subjects, using an in vitro assay of dexamethasone (Dex) inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated-blood interleukin-6 production. Significantly higher concentrations of dexamethasone were needed to obtain 50%-inhibition (ID50) of in vitro LPS stimulated interleukin (IL)-6 production (28.4×10−7 M) in relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients compared to chronic progressive MS (CPMS) patients (6.2×10−7 M) or compared to controls (3.0×10−7 M). We also found a trend towards worsening of clinical status over time with increasing corticosteroid resistance. These data suggest that corticosteroid sensitivity may be a factor in the pathogenesis and could be used for prognosis of MS.
Amine neurochemistry and aggression in crayfish

A primary goal of our research is to explore proximate mechanisms important in recruiting adaptive social behaviors. For instance, if one of three different behaviors may be expressed in a particular set of circumstances, how do neurochemical mechanisms bias behavior towards the expression of one act in lieu of the other possibilities? In this article, we review recent results suggesting that serotonin may play such a role in the control of aggression in crayfish. First, we summarize techniques that have been optimized for sensitive characterization of neurochemical profiles in crayfish. Then, borrowing concepts from behavioral ecology, we review a framework for quantitative investigation, which regards behavior as a set of individual decisions, each with a particular probability for occurrence, a motivational context, and controlled by its own distinct neurochemical mechanisms.
The Collection of Bryophytes by Scientific Expeditions

MAY I ask the publicity of your columns for a matter concerning a rather limited branch of natural science, but one which we desire to ventilate as widely as possible in scientific circles?
A Reexamination of Masculine and Feminine Sex-Role Ideals and Conflicts Among Ideals for the Man, Woman, and Person.

Subjects described themselves and described the ideal man, woman, and person on unidimensional scales of masculinity and femininity derived from the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Men were influenced more than were women by the “target” of the ideal. Contrary to Broverman and colleagues' review, all subjects other than traditional men characterized the ideal person as significantly more feminine than masculine; women, other than traditional ones, did not manifest significant discrepancies between the ideal woman versus person; men manifested significant discrepancies between the ideal man versus ideal person, as well as the ideal woman versus ideal person. Implications for understanding previous findings concerning sex-typing and self-esteem, as well as implications for Bem's argument that traditional and androgynous persons differ in “gender polarity,” are discussed.
Attitudinal effects of “mere exposure”: A reevaluation

Zajonc has proposed that repeated “mere exposure” of a stimulus is a sufficient condition for enhancing the attractiveness of this stimulus. And Harrison has suggested a theory to explain the relationship between repeated “mere exposure” and attractiveness. However, while this area appears complex, a simple and parsimonious explanation based on classical conditioning can apparently account for the obtained data. This explanation assumes only that the contexts within which “mere exposure” occurs are not affectively neutral, but rather positively evaluated. Thus, the data gathered in “mere exposure” studies may indicate only that the positive affect which characterizes the exposure context is increasingly transferred to the exposed stimulus as the number of trials (exposures) increases. Two experiments are presented in support of this general argument. In the first, the relationship between exposure frequency and attraction is shown to be stronger for Ss who find the experimental context relatively attractive; in the second, intentionally created positive contexts are shown to provide positive relationships between familiarity and affect, while intentionally created negative contexts are shown to provide negative relationships between these variables.
Screened Coulomb Solutions of the Schrödinger Equation

Numerical solutions of the Schr\"odinger equation with the complete screened Coulomb potential (CSCP) are given for $1s$, $2s$, $2p$, $3s$, $3p$, and $3d$ states. The CSCP used is given by ${V(r)=,{V}_{i}(r)\ensuremath{\equiv}\ensuremath{-}Z{e}^{2}[{r}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{-}{(D+A)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}], 0\ensuremath{\le}r\ensuremath{\le}A}{={V}_{0}(r)\ensuremath{\equiv}\ensuremath{-}Z{e}^{2}[\frac{D}{(D+A)]}{\mathrm{exp}\frac{[\frac{(A\ensuremath{-}r)}{D}]}{r}}, r\ensuremath{\ge}A}$ where $D$ is the screening radius and $A$ is the mean minimum radius of the ion atmosphere. The standard transformations $x=\frac{2Zr}{\ensuremath{\lambda}{a}_{0}}$ and ${E}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{{Z}^{2}\ensuremath{\mu}{e}^{4}}{2{\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{2}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}}$, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is the CSCP quantum number, yield the well-known form of the Schr\"odinger equation with $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ in place of $n$. The numerical solutions are obtained with a nonlinear method that is both accurate and stable. The resulting quantum numbers can be accurately described by simple analytic fits for a wide range of interesting values of $D$. The problem of the number of screened Coulomb states is resolved: the CSCP yields as many states as the Coulomb potential. However, with the CSCP, for states with $(\frac{3{a}_{0}{n}^{2}}{2Z})gD$, the separations of the levels are less than the corresponding Coulomb levels, i.e., the density of states near the continuum increases. Removal of $l$-degeneracy, the question of a maximum-bound principal quantum number, and integer quantization of the ground-state quantum numbers are also discussed.
Evaluating spectral indices and spectral mixture analysis for assessing fire severity, combustion completeness and carbon emissions

We used a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image from the 2011 Wallow fire in Arizona, USA, in combination with field data to assess different methods for determining fire severity. These include the normalised burn ratio (NBR), the differenced NBR (dNBR), the relative dNBR (RdNBR) and the burned fraction (BF) estimated by spectral mixture analysis (SMA). The Geo Composite Burn Index (GeoCBI) and vegetation mortality data were used as ground truth. Of all the remotely sensed measures evaluated the dNBR had the best performance (GeoCBI-dNBR R2 = 0.84), which supports the operational use of the dNBR for post-fire management. Of the other remotely sensed measures, the SMA-derived BF also had moderately high correlations with the GeoCBI (R2 = 0.66). Both approaches demonstrated their usefulness for refining modelled CC values, however, the SMA approach has the advantage of providing transferable quantitative estimates without the need for calibration with field data. The carbon emission estimates that included fire severity were more than 50% lower than the estimate derived from modelling alone. These results suggest that for certain fire types, especially mixed-severity fires, current emission estimates are significantly overestimated, which will affect global carbon emission estimates from wildfires. Language: en
PERSONAL ICONS AND AMULETS: REFLECTIONS OF CULTURE‐VALUES AND HUMAN/LAND RELATIONSHIPS

(1982). PERSONAL ICONS AND AMULETS: REFLECTIONS OF CULTURE-VALUES AND HUMAN/LAND RELATIONSHIPS. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 447-450.
Dominance status and molt order in lobsters (Hornarus americanus)

When juvenile lobsters (Homarus americanus) were held in pairs from one molt to the next, the dominant animal always molted first. Activity levels, size, and the availability of shelter and food are related to dominance rank. Immediately after molting the dominance status reversed; the previously dominant lobster usually regained its status several days later.
N-Dimensional Nonuniform Rational B-Splines for Metamodeling

Nonuniform rational B-splines (NURBs) have unique properties that make them attractive for engineering metamodeling applications. NURBs are known to accurately model many different continuous curve and surface topologies in one- and two-variate spaces. However, engineering metamodels of the design space often require hypervariate representations of multidimensional outputs. In essence, design space metamodels are hyper-dimensional constructs with a dimensionality determined by their input and output variables. To use NURBs as the basis for a metamodel in a hyperdimensional space, traditional geometric fitting techniques must be adapted to hypervariate and hyperdimensional spaces composed of both continuous and discontinuous variable types. In this paper, we describe the necessary adaptations for the development of a NURBs-based metamodel called a hyperdimensional performance model or HyPerModel. HyPerModels are capable of accurately and reliably modeling nonlinear hyperdimensional objects defined by both continuous and discontinuous variables of a wide variety of topologies, such as those that define typical engineering design spaces. We demonstrate this ability by successfully generating accurate HyPerModels of ten trial functions laying the foundation for future work with N-dimensional NURBs in design space applications.
Serial position and clustering effects in a chimpanzee’s “flee recall”

Lana, a chimpanzee sophisticated in the language Yerkish, was tested for free recall on lists consisting of from one to eight words randomly drawn from one of three taxonomic categories or on lists consisting of nine words with every third word from a different category. Serial position effects were observed for the four- to eight-item lists, with statistically significant first-item primacy effects on the seven- and eight-word lists and last~position recency effects on the six-, seven-, and eight-word lists. Also, above-chance clustering was observed in the recall of the nine-item categorized lists. These results were compared and contrasted with the serial position and clustering effects obtained in free recall with humans. Several alternative theoretical accounts of the results were considered.
Platinum(II) hydrazido complexes.

Reaction of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine with the platinum hydroxo complex [(dppp)Pt(mu-OH)](2)(BF(4))(2) gives the bridging 1,2-dimethylhydrazido(-2) product [(dppp)(2)Pt(2)(mu-eta(2):eta(2)-MeNNMe)](BF(4))(2) 1. Crystals of 1.CH(2)Cl(2) from CH(2)Cl(2)/Et(2)O are monoclinic (C/2) with a = 19.690(1), b = 18.886(1), c = 17.170 (1) A, and beta = 92.111(1) degrees. Treatment of [(dppp)Pt(mu-OH)](2)(OTf)(2) with 1,1-dimethylhydrazine gives [(dppp)(2)Pt(2)(mu-OH)(mu-NHNMe(2))](OTf)(2) 2. Crystals of 2.CH(2)Cl(2) from CH(2)Cl(2)/Et(2)O are triclinic (P-1) with a = 12.910 (3), b = 13.927(3), c = 17.5872 (3) A, alpha = 87.121(3), beta = 89.997(4), and gamma = 84.728(3) degrees. Reaction of [(dppp)Pt(mu-OH)](2)(OTf)(2) with 1 equiv of phenylhydrazine in CH(2)Cl(2) gives [(dppp)(2)Pt(2)(mu-OH)(mu-NHNHPh)](OTf)(2) 3. Two equivalents of phenylhydrazine with [(dppp)Pt(mu-OH)](2)(X)(2) gives [(dppp)Pt(mu-NHNHPh)](2)(X)(2) 4 (X = BF(4), OTf). Crystals of 3.ClCH(2)CH(2)Cl from ClCH(2)CH(2)Cl/(i)()Pr(2)O are monoclinic (P2(1)/n) with a = 20.990(2), b = 13.098(1), c = 25.773 (2) A, and beta = 112.944(2) degrees. Crystals of 4(X = BF(4)).ClCH(2)CH(2)Cl(.)()2((t)()BuOMe) from ClCH(2)CH(2)Cl/(t)()BuOMe are monoclinic (C2/m) with a = 30.508(1), b = 15.203(1), c = 19.049 (1) A, and beta = 118.505(2) degrees.
Simple Techniques for Applying Systems Engineering Principles When You're New to the Game

Many SE practitioners, particularly those who are new to the discipline, can become overwhelmed by the high-end tools and techniques often viewed as necessary for conducting “real” systems engineering. Even though such tools and techniques are common in our applications of systems engineering, INL systems engineers have a long history of using simple, tailored methods to achieve significant success on complex projects. This half-day (4-hour) tutorial is designed to introduce new-comers and seasoned practitioners alike to the overall systems engineering process as it relates to typical project life-cycle phases and to present a few of the “simple” tools (with practical examples) that we have found useful in conducting systems engineering work. Ultimately, attendees will learn how to use items as simple as a white board, pad of engineering paper, and standard desktop software to help a project get from concept to system design without the need for high-end tools and technologies.
Dimensions of the Simple Restricted Modules for the Restricted Contact Lie Algebra

According to [2], the finite-dimensional restricted simple Lie algebras over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p > 7 are either classical or of Cartan type. Lusztig has a conjecture (see [8, p. 294]) which provides a formula for the dimensions of the simple modules for the classical algebras. (In this paper, modules are assumed to be left, finitedimensional and restricted.) Anderson, Jantzen, and Soergel [1] have recently shown that for p A 0 the Lusztig conjecture follows from an analogous conjecture (also due to Lusztig) for certain quantum groups. They have also pointed out that this latter conjecture is implied by recent work of Kazhdan and Lusztig and a paper by Casian, although Casian’s paper has not yet convinced all of its readers. The simple modules for the Cartan-type algebras fall into two classes. There is a large class (see [11] and [5]) consisting of modules that are induced from simple modules for the homogeneous component of degree zero extended trivially to positive components (constructed as “mixed products” in [11]). The degree-zero homogeneous components of Cartan-type algebras are either classical or nearly so. Therefore, the Lusztig conjecture can be used to get a formula for the dimensions of the modules in this class. The small class consists of modules corresponding to “exceptional” weights. In [11] the dimensions of these modules were determined for three of the four Cartan-type algebras, namely, the Witt, special and hamiltonian algebras. (There the exceptional weights turned out to be fundamental dominant weights.) In this paper, we obtain the dimensions (assuming p is not too small) in the remaining case of the contact algebra. In the process, we determine the contragredients of the simple modules.
A New Nonlinear Guidance Logic for Trajectory Tracking

A new nonlinear guidance logic, that has demonstrated superior performance in guiding unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) on curved trajectories, is presented. The logic approximates a proportional-derivative controller when following a straight line path, but the logic also contains an element of anticipatory control enabling tight tracking when following curved paths. The method uses inertial speed in the computation of commanded lateral acceleration and adds adaptive capability to the change of vehicle speed due to external disturbances, such as wind. Flight tests using two small UAVs showed that each aircraft was controlled to within 1.6 meters RMS when following circular paths. The logic was ultimately used for air rendezvous of the two aircraft, bringing them in close proximity to within 12 meters of separation, with 1.4 meters RMS relative position errors.
Some thoughts on quality

A view of quality is given from inside an independent contract research organization (CRO) that undertakes regulated studies as well as unregulated studies and has as its primary focus on ‘the project’. Focusing on the project brings into play dependency, which means that the success of the project is dependent on the company's Board, its management, and its technical and support staffs. Dependency is a factor that needs to be considered when talking quality. Some project, company, and client dependencies are given. Quality assurance and quality control play important roles in quality operations, but there is more. Quality needs to be a built-in aspect, which here is termed ‘quality inherency’, and not an add-on. Quality should be seen as a quality permeation system powered from the top management position; and as a quality operational system that comprises all technical and business processes, their sub-processes and interfaces, or linkages. Quality needs to be functional and regularly improved and maintained. Eight major activities are discussed that are needed to achieve quality inherency. Ten processes, their sub-processes and linkages are presented in a systems diagram as well as summarized in words. The article describes what success means to the client, the research organization's management, the project team member, and the project leader and ends with conclusions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catheter‐directed Thrombolysis in Acute Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Caused by Central Venous Catheters

Indwelling central venous catheters have been reported to increase the risk of superior venous cava (SVC) syndrome. This case report describes the development of acute SVC syndrome in a 28-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease implanted with a left-side hemodialysis reliable outflow graft and a right-side double lumen hemodialysis catheter via internal jugular veins. Her symptoms were not alleviated after catheter removal and systemic anticoagulation therapy. She was eventually treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis and a predischarge computer tomographic venogram on postthrombolytic procedure day 7 showed patent central veins and patient remained asymptomatic. This case demonstrates that catheter-directed thrombolysis can be safely employed to treat refractory catheter-induced acute SVC syndrome in end-stage renal disease patients.
Structure of the Essential MTERF4:NSUN4 Protein Complex Reveals How an MTERF Protein Collaborates to Facilitate rRNA Modification

MTERF4 is the first MTERF family member shown to bind RNA and plays an essential role as a regulator of ribosomal biogenesis in mammalian mitochondria. It forms a complex with the rRNA methyltransferase NSUN4 and recruits it to the large ribosomal subunit. In this article, we characterize the interaction between both proteins, demonstrate that MTERF4 strongly stimulates the specificity of NSUN4 during in vitro methylation experiments, and present the 2.0 A resolution crystal structure of the MTERF4:NSUN4 protein complex, lacking 48 residues of the MTERF4 C-terminal acidic tail, bound to S-adenosyl-L-methionine, thus revealing the nature of the interaction between both proteins and the structural conservation of the most divergent of the human MTERF family members. Moreover, the structure suggests a model for RNA binding by the MTERF4:NSUN4 complex, providing insight into the mechanism by which an MTERF family member facilitates rRNA methylation.
New aspects of the intercalation of graphite by fluorine and fluorides

Abstract The intercalation of graphite, by fluorine and by Lewis acid fluorides both in the absence and presence of fluorine, has been studied. A thermodynamic threshold has been established for the oxidative intercalation by hexafluoro-anionic species. When −ΔG°298 for processes such as (a) 3/2MF5(g) + e− → MF6− + 1 2 MF3 or (b) MF5(g) + 1 2 F2(g) + e− → MF6−(g), or (c) MF6(g) + e− → MF6−(g) exceed 120 kcal mole−1, spontaneous intercalation of the graphite usually occurs. Thus graphite is not intercalated by PF5, but is, by a mixture of PF5 and F2. The −ΔG°298 for (a) = 86 and for (b) 140 kcal mole−1. PF3, at ∼ 20°, reduces second and higher stage salts: 2C+xPF6−(c) + PF3(g) → 2x C(c) + 3PF5(g). At ∼ 20°, AsF5(g), with graphite, in 1:8 molecular stoichiometry, yield ∼ C8AsF5, which loses AsF3 and AsF5 under vacuum to C22AsF6. The last is a mixture of first and second stage salts, for which the occupied gallery height, Ic, = 7.6 A. Repeated treatment with AsF5 yields CnAsF6, which approaches a pure first stage of composition C14AsF6, Ic = 7.6 A. The latter can be made in one step from interaction of graphite with the stronger oxidizers: Solid O2AsF6 (no solvent), or AsF5(g) with F2. In C14AsF6 X-ray diffraction data have established that the F ligands of the AsF6− with threefold F atom sets nestled in contiguous hexagons of the graphite. The Oh symmetry of the AsF6− constrains the enclosing carbon-atom layers to be in AB or AC relationship (as in graphite). Addition of AsF3 or AsF5 to the Ic = 7.6 phases, increases Ic to ∼ 8A and the graphite sheets are then eclipsed. This arrangement provides for greater disorder in placement of the guests. Removal of volatiles restores the AB or AC stacking and Ic = 7.6 A. C14AsF6 is the anticipated limiting composition for a nestled first-stage salt. For kinetic reasons graphite is not intercalated by F2 alone, but molecules or ions which form readily reversible complexes with F− (such as HF) bring about spontaneous intercalation of F. In the presence of HF(l), graphite intercalates F2 as hydrofluoride salts to a second stage limit. As intercalation of F2 proceeds and a first stage product is formed, the fluorine becomes bound to the carbon. The fluorination can be carried out electrochemically and is reversible to a composition approximating C2·5F. With F2 gas as oxidant the limiting composition is close to C2F. The last is an insulator. At all compositions to C2F, the carbon-atom sheets remain flat, and the CC distances close to those in graphite. 19F n.m.r. and ESCA data show the CF bonds to be semi-ionic and that carbon, not bound to F, to be closely akin to graphite carbon. Bonding models will be discussed.
Superpositions for nonlinear operators. I. Strong superpositions and linearizability

Abstract A notion of superposition for nonlinear operators is defined and strong and weak superpositions are distinguished. The classification and representation of operators having a strong superposition is treated. The algebra induced by the superposition on the domain of operators with strong superpositions, as well as their relation to linearizable operators is delimited. The foundations presented here are intended as a model in the development of more general classes of nonlinear operators, to be treated in two subsequent papers.
Emerging voices in a university pen‐pal project: Layers of discovery in action research

Abstract Describes how a semester‐long pen‐pal project enabled the 18 participating university language arts students, a class of first graders and their teacher, and the university instructors to become co‐learners in meaningful, action research. The weekly letters the university students exchanged with a class of first‐graders became the springboard for discussion, discovery and genuine research questions. Insights about writing as derived by all participants are discussed and are accompanied with exemplary samples of children's emergent literacy. An assessment rubric created to chart children's growth in voice as well as the technical aspects of their writing is presented. Excerpts from the university students’ journal reflections showing their growing awareness of the effects of their mediation on emergent writers’ voice are shown. Finally, the impact of the project as university students and area teachers came to value systematic data collection as a viable and relevant tool for instructional decisio...
Regulation of cytochrome P450 gene expression in the olfactory mucosa

The mammalian olfactory mucosa (OM) is unique among extrahepatic tissues in having high levels, and tissue-selective forms, of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. These enzymes may have important toxicological implications, as well as biological functions, in this chemosensory organ. In addition to a tissue-selective, abundant expression of CYP1A2, CYP2A, and CYP2G1, some of the OM CYPs are also known to have an early developmental expression, a resistance to xenobiotic inducers, and a lack of responsiveness to circadian rhythm. Efforts to fully characterize the regulation of CYP expression in the OM, and to identify the underlying mechanisms, are important for our understanding of the physiological functions and toxicological significance of these biotransformation enzymes, and may also shed unique light on the general mechanisms of CYP regulation. The aim of this mini-review is to provide a summary of current knowledge of the various modes of regulation of CYPs expressed in the OM, an update on our mechanistic studies on tissue-selective CYP expression, and a review of the literature on xenobiotic inducibility of OM CYPs. Our goal is to stimulate further studies in this exciting research area, which is of considerable importance, in view of the constant exposure of the human nasal tissues to inhaled, as well as systemically derived, chemicals, the prevalence of olfactory system damage in individuals with neurodegenerative diseases, and the current uncertainty in risk assessments for potential olfactory toxicants.
Early metabolic abnormalities in adolescent girls with polycystic ovarian syndrome

Objective: To investigate insulin sensitivity and secretion in young adolescent girls with childhood onset polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and to identify the early metabolic derangement(s). Study design: Twelve obese girls with PCOS (age 12.0 ± 0.7 years) were compared with 10 obese nonhyperandrogenic girls (control group). The groups were matched for age, percent body fat, and abdominal fat. All subjects underwent a 3-hour hyperinsulinemic (80 mu/m2/min)-euglycemic clamp to determine in vivo insulin sensitivity and a 2-hour hyperglycemic clamp (225 mg/dL) to determine insulin secretion. Fasting hepatic glucose production was determined with the use of [6,6-2H2]glucose. Results: Fasting glucose and hepatic glucose production were comparable between the 2 groups, but fasting insulin was 2-fold higher in the PCOS group. The fasting glucose to insulin ratio was lower in the PCOS group versus the control group (1.9 ± 0.3 vs 3.1 ± 0.3, P =.02). During the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, insulin sensitivity was lower in the PCOS group (1.4 ± 0.2 vs 2.7 ± 0.3 mg/kg/min per μu/mL, P =.002). During the hyperglycemic clamp, insulin secretion was significantly higher in the PCOS group. Insulin sensitivity correlated negatively with fasting insulin (r = –0.71, P =.0002) and positively with the fasting glucose to insulin ratio (r = 0.79, P <.0001). Conclusion: Adolescent girls with PCOS have profound metabolic derangements detected early in the course of the syndrome, including (1) ~50% reduction in peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity, (2) evidence of hepatic insulin resistance, and (3) compensatory hyperinsulinemia. These observations may predict an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents with PCOS. (J Pediatr 2001;138:38-44)
Global mentoring programs: business relationships beyond traditional borders

Mentoring programs are enjoying a renewed interest as corporations grapple with how to collect and disseminate their collective knowledge across functions and regions in an effort to rapidly innovate and maintain competitive advantage. Global mentoring programs can help support training and development programs by matching mentors and proteges from different cultures, encouraging information exchange and connection with employees from other regions. Issues discussed here include time dimensions, languages, cultural biases, program perceptions, training costs and administration.
Origin of the methylenedioxy carbon in phlebiarubrone: Formate and methionine as precursors

Abstract The relative efficiency of methionine and formate as precursors of the methylenedioxy carbon of phlebiarubrone has been investigated using methionine-Me- 14 C and formate- 13 C. When the substrates are added separately, incorporation is similar for both. When methionine and formate are added together, the incorporation of formate is markedly reduced.
E. coli SSB Activates N4 Virion RNA Polymerase Promoters by Stabilizing a DNA Hairpin Required for Promoter Recognition

Bacteriophage N4 virion RNA polymerase transcription of double-stranded promoter-containing DNAs requires supercoiled template and E. coli single-stranded DNA-binding protein (EcoSSB); other single-stranded DNA-binding proteins cannot substitute. The DNA determinants of virion RNA polymerase binding at the promoter comprise a small template-strand hairpin. The requirement for EcoSSB is surprising, since single-stranded DNA-binding proteins destabilize hairpin structures. DNA footprinting of EcoSSB on wild-type and mutant promoters indicates that EcoSSB stabilizes the template-strand hairpin owing to the hairpin-loop sequences. Other single-stranded DNA-binding proteins destabilize the promoter hairpin, explaining the specificity of EcoSSB activation. We conclude that EcoSSB activates transcription by providing the appropriate DNA structure for polymerase binding. The existence of small hairpins stable to single-stranded protein binding suggests a novel mechanism that provides structural determinants for specific recognition in single-stranded DNA transactions by an otherwise nonspecific DNA-binding protein.