cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leakage Flow Analysis for a MEMS Rotary Engine

An internal leakage flow analysis is presented for a MEMS fabricated rotary engine in order to establish design parameters for micro engine sealing systems. This research is part of the MEMS Rotary Engine Power System (REPS) group effort to develop a portable power system based on an integrated generator and Wankel rotary internal combustion engine. In order to have acceptable system efficiency, it is necessary to suppress internal leakage and thereby maintain a critical level of compression ratio. There are two inherent leakage paths in rotary engines, which result in blowby and reduced compression ratio: leakage around the apexes of the rotor and leakage across the rotor faces. These sealing issues arise due to the large pressure gradients, which occur along these leakage paths in the combustion chamber. It is the aim of this work to examine the effects of reduced scale on both traditional and novel rotary engine apex sealing mechanisms. In contrast to the macro scale, viscous forces have an increased importance in micro scale engines since Re~.01. A simplified Poiseuille-Couette flow model has been developed to analyze the leakage flows of rotary type engines. Since the Reynolds number for the MEMS REPS is extremely small, the model assumes that the flow is laminar, viscous, incompressible, and steady with air as the working fluid. The model indicates that if a 1 μm gap can be maintained between the housing and moving parts (rotor apexes and faces), leakage flows at expected engine operation speeds will only reduce the compression ratio from 8.3:1 to 6.1:1 so long as the rotation speed is greater than 10,000 rpm. It is doubtful that a traditional or simple micromachine design will yield such a gap and therefore several novel, integrated sealing approaches are under investigation. The model will determine design specification for one of these approaches, an integrated cantilever flexure apex. In conjunction with the theoretical model, a scaled engine experiment at the macro scale is used to verify the modeling effort. The scaling of the experiment complies with Reynolds scaling and ensures that Hele-Shaw flow within the leakage paths is maintained. The experiment does not operate as a functional engine, rather the experiment is designed to maintain a precise clearance between the rotor and housing. In order to preclude additional pressure driven flow effects, an electric motor is used to spin the rotor and simulate the rotation expected due to the combustion pressure acting on the rotor face.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
1H‐NMR studies on d(GCTTAAGC)2 and its complex with berenil

Two-dimensional (2D) 1H-NMR spectroscopy has been used to analyze the structure of d(GCTTAAGC)2 and its interaction with berenil in solution. Nuclear Overhauser enhancement connectivities enabled sequential assignments of nearly all proton resonances in the self-complementary octamer duplex and demonstrated that the oligonucleotide is primarily in a B-type conformation. No major conformational changes were observed by the addition of berenil, but proton resonances of the two adenosine nucleotides shifted substantially. Intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects between berenil and the DNA duplex revealed that the drug binds via the minor groove of d(GCTTAAGC)2 in the A.T-base-pair region. At 18 degrees C the twofold symmetry of the duplex is preserved on berenil binding. However, strongly shifted proton resonances broadened significantly. A model is proposed for the berenil-d(GCTTAAGC)2 complex involving fast exchange of berenil between two equivalent symmetry-related binding sites, which span the 5'-TAA-3' region and are asymmetrically disposed with respect to the dyad axis of the duplex. These results are compared with previous studies on the berenil-d(GCAATTGC)2 complex.
Obnoxious-facility location and data-envelopment analysis: A combined distance-based formulation

Abstract We have broadened the classic anti-center models to include generalized-distance measures. It includes in the inherent proximity measures other cost/benefit metrics. Unlike classic data envelopment analysis (DEA), the combined location/DEA model proposed here assumes disposability of input/output's only. It represents a more flexible formulation. The locations of multiple sites are analyzed using a binary integer program, while evaluation is performed by the full strength of a DEA model. Through a case study, we show how location and DEA models can be used together to more realistically characterize a siting decision.
Development of a body image assessment procedure for children and preadolescents.

Objective: Researchers have identified eating disorders among prepubertal children; therefore, there is a need for the development of reliable and valid measures of body image in children. Method: In this investigation, a sample of 257 children ages 8 to 13 in Grades 3 through 7 were administered the Body Image Assessment Procedure for Children (BIA-C) or the Body Image Assessment Procedure for Preadolescents (BIA-P) and the Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT). Results: Support for the reliability and validity of the BIA-C and BIA-P was found. The study also found that separate norms were needed for the male and female BIA-C and BIA-P procedures. Discussion: Examination of dieting behaviors and eating attitudes of these subjects highlights the fact that children at very young ages have acquired a clear preference for a thin body size; thus, there is a need for continued development of assessment measures for this population.
Modeling and removing spatially-varying optical blur

Photo deblurring has been a major research topic in the past few years. So far, existing methods have focused on removing the blur due to camera shake and object motion. In this paper, we show that the optical system of the camera also generates significant blur, even with professional lenses. We introduce a method to estimate the blur kernel densely over the image and across multiple aperture and zoom settings. Our measures show that the blur kernel can have a non-negligible spread, even with top-of-the-line equipment, and that it varies nontrivially over this domain. In particular, the spatial variations are not radially symmetric and not even left-right symmetric. We develop and compare two models of the optical blur, each of them having its own advantages. We show that our models predict accurate blur kernels that can be used to restore photos. We demonstrate that we can produce images that are more uniformly sharp unlike those produced with spatially-invariant deblurring techniques.
Adaptive application-driven WLAN power management

In this paper we present an adaptive application-driven power management (AADPM) strategy with online idle period length distribution learning capability for the IEEE 802.11b WLAN. We discuss its design and evaluate the performance in comparison with other power management strategies using the network simulator NS2. We simulated both the single user and multiple user scenarios. Experimental results have shown that, compared with other power management methods examined in this paper, AADPM achieved the highest energy saving in all cases and it demonstrated strong adaptability to network congestion.
Reactions to the Iea's World Energy Outlook

The assumption that Gulf OPEC countries will expand their oil production capacities to meet any projected call on OPEC has been a weakness of long term forecasts (and not only those published by the IEA) for as long as I can remember. Dr. AlHajji’s criticisms* here are pertinent but some are not new. My own reaction to the IEA World Energy Outlook 2006 is slightly different. I find the recent World Energy Outlook useful and, indeed, a refreshing and overdue departure from past editions. Firstly, I do not generally interpret published forecasts as predictions of what will actually occur in the future. Such forecasts have the more limited purpose of demonstrating the logical consequences over time of a set of clearly-identified assumptions, ceteris paribus. Secondly, I generally assume that a published forecast reflects some sort of agenda or bias on the part of the author(s). In the case of the IEA, its advocacy of the interests of energy-importing countries is clear and unabashed. There is nothing wrong with this, but consumers of IEA publications must always bear this in mind. Subject to these two caveats, there is much to praise about the recent World Energy Outlook. The most notable innovation is reflected in the first two sentences of the Forward (by Claude Mandil): “The energy future we are creating is unsustainable. If we continue as before, the energy supply to meet the needs of the world economy over the next twenty-five years is too vulnerable to failure arising from underinvestment, environmental catastrophe or sudden supply interruption.” This key conclusion is repeated and reinforced throughout the Outlook. For example, this Outlook reverses the role of the “Reference Scenario” and the “Alternative Policy Scenario”. In effect, the Outlook rejects the “Reference Scenario” (essentially, business-as-usual) as unsustainable, and places its greater emphasis instead on the “Alternative Policy Scenario”, which assumes the implementation of all energy conservation and fuel switching policies currently under consideration by governments. Admittedly, the “Alternative Policy Scenario” may itself prove inadequate to meet the three challenges cited in the Forward, or the additional possible limit, namely the uncertain ability of Gulf OPEC countries to meet the projected Call on OPEC even if they invest in new capacity, as emphasized by Dr. AlHajji. Which of the various limiting factors will play the greatest role in provoking a change of course remains a matter of opinion. For myself, I am not yet convinced we will reach 431
Interorganizational Collaboration Explored Through the Bona Fide Network Perspective

This research proposes a bona fide network perspective for examining interorganizational collaboration. This perspective emphasizes that (a) network boundaries are fuzzy and membership is dynamic, ...
Changes in transcription patterns during early development of the sea urchin.

Abstract Complementary DNA (cDNA) probes complementary to polyadenylated mRNA and HnRNA from sea urchin blastulas were synthesized by reverse transcriptase to analyze changes in prevalent class RNA during early development. About 17% of A+HnRNA and 62% of A+mRNA is transcribed into the cDNA probes. As measured by RNA-excess hybridization, the complexity of cDNA transcribed from HnRNA was 4.1 ± 1 × 107 nucleotides, and the complexity of cDNA from mRNA was 6.0 ± 1.2 × 105 nucleotides. These values correspond to 12 to 20% and 2 to 3% of the total blastula HnRNA and mRNA complexity, respectively. The cDNA thus represents a limited subset of the total mRNA sequences but a substantial fraction of the HnRNA sequences. The cDNA probes were hybridized with a large excess of the corresponding polyadenylated RNA populations from gastrula and pluteus embryos. Plateau values appeared to be substantially lower for the heterologous reactions. The kinetics of the reactions indicate a two- to threefold reduction in abundance of HnRNA species that persist to gastrula and a further small reduction at pluteus. The abundance of the persistent mRNA transcripts decreases 20-fold at gastrula but remains constant thereafter.
Topical Formulation Studies with DEET (N,N‐Diethyl‐3‐methylbenzamide) and Cyclodextrins

The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of cyclodextrins as a safer alternative to the commonly used cosolvent ethanol in topical N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) formulations. Ethanol is a known penetration enhancer and would ideally not be used in a formulation containing DEET, a compound known for its potential toxicity. DEET formulations were prepared containing up to 20% w/w gamma-cyclodextrin (GCD) or 30% w/w hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD). These formulations were evaluated by determining the release rate of DEET from its vehicle through a synthetic membrane into a receiver medium with a high affinity for DEET using a fully automated Franz-diffusion cell system. DEET release was measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry at 260 nm. Both the traditional Higuchi release model and an alternate repeated measures analysis of variance with nested factors were used to analyze the data. The influence of the cyclodextrins on the volatility of DEET was determined by solid-phase microextraction. Morphological characterization of the formulations was performed by light microscopy. Physical stability of the formulations was evaluated by rheology in an accelerated study performed at 50 degrees C for 28 days. The cyclodextrins caused a decrease in the release of DEET from its vehicle compared with an ethanol-containing formulation. This effect became more pronounced as the amount of cyclodextrin in the formulation was increased. The addition of the cyclodextrins resulted in a cream-like product compared with the ethanol formulation, which was a lotion. The DEET formulations had the following rank order of volatility: ethanol < DEET = GCD < HPBCD. Examination of the formulations by light microscopy indicated that the CD-based formulations produced a smaller and more homogeneous droplet size distribution than the ethanol-based formulations. The accelerated physical stability study indicated that cyclodextrin-based formulations are both technically and commercially feasible. Cyclodextrins are a promising alternative to ethanol in DEET-containing formulations. The reduced release rate of DEET from these formulations suggests that the toxic potential of DEET may be decreased in these products, while its repellency and stability are maintained.
Interannual variability in atmospheric mineral aerosols from a 22-year model simulation and observational data

[1] Mineral aerosols are important atmospheric constituents owing to their interactions with climate and biogeochemistry. The interannual variability in atmospheric mineral aerosols is evaluated using a model simulation of 1979–2000 and mineral aerosol observations. Overall, the variability in monthly means between different years is not as large as the variability within a month for column amount, surface concentration, and deposition fluxes. The magnitude of the variability predicted in the model varies spatially and appears similar to that seen in the available observations, although the model is not always able to simulate observed high- and low-dust years. The area over which the interannual variability in the observing station data should be representative is estimated in the model simulation and is shown to be regional in extent. However, correlations between modeled surface concentrations at the stations and modeled deposition in the surrounding region is often low, suggesting that the observations of the variability of surface concentrations are difficult to extrapolate to variability in regional deposition fluxes. The correlations between modeled monthly mean optical depth and modeled deposition or mobilization are low to moderate (0.2–0.6) over much of the globe, indicating the difficulty of estimating mobilization or deposition fluxes from satellite retrievals of optical depth. In both the model and observations there are relationships between climate indices (e.g., North Atlantic Oscillation, El Nino, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation) and dust, although a 22-year simulation is not long enough to well characterize this relationship. In this model, simulation of 1979–2000, dust concentration variability appears to be dominated by transport variability and/or transport and source covariance rather than source strength variability.
Studies in Neotropical paleobotany. XIV. A palynoflora from the Middle Eocene Saramaguacan Formation of Cuba.

An assemblage of 46 fossil pollen and spore types is described from a core drilled through the middle Eocene Saramaguacan Formation, Camaguey Province, eastern Cuba. Many of the specimens represent unidentified or extinct taxa but several can be identified to family (Palmae, Bombacaceae, Gramineae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae) and some to genus (Pteris, Crudia, Lymingtonia?). The paleo- climate was warm-temperate to subtropical which is consistent with other floras in the region of comparable age and with the global paleotemperature curve. Older plate tectonic models show a variety of locations for proto-Cuba during Late Cretaceous and later times, including along the norther coast of South America. More recent models depict western and central Cuba as two separate parts until the Eocene, and eastern Cuba (joined to northern Hispaniola) docking to central Cuba also in the Eocene. All fragments are part of the North American Plate and none were directly connected with northern South America in late Mesozoic or Cenozoic time. The Saramaguacan flora supports this model because the assemblage is distinctly North American in affinities, with only one type ( monocolpites type 1) found elsewhere only in South America.
Partial left ventriculectomy for idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: early results and six-month follow-up

Abstract Background . Recent reports show that partial left ventriculectomy improves hemodynamic and functional status in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. This study sought to determine the effects of partial left ventriculectomy on clinical outcome and left ventricular function during 6-month follow-up. Methods . Twenty-two patients underwent partial left ventriculectomy. Mitral valve repair was performed whenever possible, otherwise the valve was replaced. Hemodynamic and functional data were obtained at baseline, as well as 2 weeks and 6 months postoperatively. Results . Overall, 7 of 22 patients died; there were three early and four late deaths. One-year survival was 68% ± 10%. Ejection fraction increased from 23.9% ± 6.8% before the operation to 40.7% ± 12.5% at 2 weeks and to 36.8% ± 7.7% at 6 months ( p 2 per minute, respectively ( p = 0.035, and p = 0.009, compared with baseline). The increase in ejection fraction 2 weeks postoperatively was less in patients with left circumflex artery dominance (10.9% ± 3.2% compared with 19.9% ± 10.7%, respectively, p = 0.017). At 6-month follow up, all surviving patients except one improved New York Heart Association functional class when compared with preoperative status (from 3.8 ± 0.4 to 1.4 ± 0.6, p = 0.0002). Conclusions . Early hemodynamic improvement after partial left ventriculectomy was maintained during midterm follow-up.
COMPULSIVE GAMBLING AND THE MEDICALIZATION OF DEVIANCE

This paper describes the process whereby excessive gambling is being defined as both a disease and a serious social problem. Gamblers whose repeated losses lead to serious financial and psychological difficulties are increasingly being labeled "compulsive or "pathological." I use a model advanced by Conrad and Schneider (1980) to delineate this process. Clinicians developed the prevailing illness model from accounts of those seeking treatment to stop gambling. Although researchers working in natural gambling settings have found little empirical evidence of compulsive behavior, various clinicians and non-medical help groups staunchly advocate a medical model. The latter groups, aided by an increased middle-class awareness, have gained public support and currently control the maintenance of therapeutic programs. Since this control Is based more on political dominance than on scientific achievement, the efficacy of prevailing treatment programs can be questioned. Sociologists are showing renewed interest in the historical development of social problems (Blumer, 1971; Kitsuse and Spector, 1975; Lopata, 1984; Spector and Kitsuse, 1977; Wiener, 1981). This work follows Fuller and Myers' (1941) recommendation of the "natural history approach" as a valuable technique for studying social problems. An historical perspective emphasizes the dynamic role of claims-making groups in defining deviance and other social problems (Kitsuse and Spector, 1973). This perspective is well suited to an analysis of the factors involved in the medicalization of deviant behavior (Gusfield, 1981). The term medicalization refers to the process whereby certain behavior becomes defined as a disease-a condition that warrants therapeutic intervention (Pfohl, 1977; Pitts, 1968; Schneider, 1978; Szasz, 1970; Zola, 1972). Working within an historical framework, Conrad and Schneider (1980) traced the sociohistorical factors involved in the medicalization of such categories of deviance as homosexuality, alcoholism, mental illness, child abuse, and child hyperactivity. After analyzing the empirical data from their individual studies, they advanced a five-stage sequential model of the medicalization of deviance:
Evaluating patterns of biodiversity in managed grasslands using spatial turnover metrics.

Market and policy incentives that encourage agricultural intensification, such as incentives for bioenergy, may contribute to biodiversity decline when they encourage a large-scale conversion of native and seminatural ecosystems to production fields. In order to appreciate the impact of these incentives on biodiversity, it is imperative to better understand how native and semi-natural ecosystems contribute to plant diversity and composition. We studied the five most common types of managed grasslands in Northeastern Kansas, a region undergoing agricultural intensification. We analyzed plant community data recorded at three spatial scales in 98 managed grassland sites, and examined patterns of diversity and composition of plant species and functional groups; and spatial turnover of species and functional groups measured at different spatial scales. We found reduced soil quality and plant diversity as well as a lack of scale-dependent community patterns on sites that were historically cultivated. Forage management practices (haying or grazing) altered plant diversity and composition in native grassland remnants but not in non-native grasslands. We identified several opportunities where changes to existing management practices could benefit both conservation and bioenergy production objectives. Recommendations to conserve biodiversity include increasing the use of hay management or other biomass collection on native grassland remnants and improving the Conservation Reserve Program by increasing enrollment, adding more native species to seed mixes, and incorporating a periodic biomass collection. We also found that using measures of spatial turnover in community composition added important insights in understanding the effects of management decisions on biodiversity. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Differential mRNA expression of prostaglandin receptor subtypes in macrophage activation

Assessing the regulation of macrophage receptors for prostaglandin (PGE2) is essential to understanding the control which that potent lipid mediator has in modulating macrophage activities. The purpose of this study was to assess the differential mRNA expression of PGE2 receptor subtypes (EP) during macrophage exposure to activating and transducing agents. RAW 264.7 macrophages constitutively expressed mRNA for EP2,EP3 and EP4 receptor subtypes. Messenger RNA for EP4 was expressed at a much higher level when compared to EP2 in unstimulated macrophages as assessed by kinetic quantitative RT-PCR. When macrophages were stimulated with LPS, EP2 m RNA levels were 12-fold higher when compared to unstimulated macrophages, while EP4 m RNA remained unchanged. Conversely, mRNA levels of both EP2 and EP4 receptors were lower after macrophages were treated with IFN-gamma. Messenger RNA levels of both receptors were lower in macrophages after treatment with PGE2 or dibutyryl (db) cAMP Addition of the PKA inhibitor H89 reversed the effects of PGE2 and dbcAMP to varying degrees. Proteosome and p38 MAP kinase inhibitors blocked the LPS-stimulated increase in EP2 mRNA levels. Those inhibitors had no effect on EP4 mRNA.Thus, activating agents such as LPS and IFN-gamma may differentially regulate mRNAfor PGE2 receptor types in macrophages but the ligand and its associated signal transducing factors probably have similar regulatory effects.
Noise Radiation from Single and Multiple Rod Configurations

Acoustic measurements were performed on single and multiple rod configurations to study the effect of Reynolds number, surface roughness, freestream turbulence, proximity and wake interference on the radiated noise. The Reynolds number ranged from 3.8 × 103 to 105. Directivity measurements were performed to determine how well the dipole assumption for the radiation of vortex shedding noise holds for the different model configurations tested. The dependence of the peak Sound Pressure Level on velocity was also examined. Several concepts for the reduction of the noise radiating from cylindrical rods were tested. It was shown that wire wraps and collar distributions could be used to significantly reduce the noise radiating from rods in tandem configurations.
Codominance of the Individual Posterior Cruciate Ligament Bundles: An Analysis of Bundle Lengths and Orientation:

Background:It is unclear how each bundle of the posterior cruciate ligament contributes to posterior knee stability.Hypothesis:Changes in bundle orientation and length occur such that neither bundle dominates in restraining posterior tibial motion throughout knee flexion and extension.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Six fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were studied in a joint-testing rig with individual quadriceps and hamstring muscle loading. Kinematic data for the tibia and femur were obtained at knee flexion angles from 0° to 120°. The joint was then disarticulated, and the insertions of the two bundles on the tibia and femur were digitized.Results:Length of the anterolateral bundle increased with increasing knee flexion angle from 10° to 120°. Length of the posteromedial bundle decreased with increasing knee flexion angle from 0° to 45° and increased slightly from 60° to 120°. Length of the anteromedial bundle was significantly less than that of the posteromedial at 0°, 10°, and 20° of kn...
Cone calorimeter evaluation of two flame retardant cotton fabrics

SUMMARY Unbleached (gray) cotton needle-punched nonwoven (NW) fabrics with 12.5% polypropylene scrim were treated with two phosphate–nitrogen-based flame retardant (FR) formulations, Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC)-1 and SRRC-2. The SRRC-1 formulation contains diammonium phosphate as the FR chemical along with urea and dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea. Because a trace amount of formaldehyde was still expected to be released from SRRC-1-treated FR cotton under high heat, it was preferable to eliminate the dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea, leading to the revised formulation SRRC-2. It has a higher content of diammonium phosphate and did not use the polyethylene emulsion that was in SRRC-1. Both formulations were of low cost as they were developed at SRRC using industrial grade chemicals. The fabrics were evaluated with a cone calorimeter using three heat flux levels, 20, 30, and 50 kW/m2. On the basis of the overall cone calorimeter results for heat released and ignition times, FR NW fabrics that were treated with SRRC-2 were found to be slightly superior in flammability properties to those treated with the earlier SRRC-1 formulation, but the differences were statistically insignificant. Both preparations were much less flammable than the untreated control cotton NW fabrics. Compared with the untreated NW fabrics, the FR fabrics had higher visible smoke production. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FDA's pediatric device consortia: national program fosters pediatric medical device development.

OBJECTIVES: This article reports on the progress made in addressing pediatric medical device needs through the establishment of the Pediatric Device Consortia Grant Program. Pediatric practitioners should be aware of both the imperative for well-studied devices for children and the existence of recently created resources to help foster the development of such products. METHODS: This article discusses some of the challenges associated with pediatric device development and describes the implementation of section 305 of the Pediatric Medical Device Safety and Improvement Act of 2007. This statute called for the creation of nonprofit consortia to facilitate the development, production, and distribution of pediatric medical devices. RESULTS: A summary of the accomplishments of the pediatric device consortia is presented. Eleven million dollars have been awarded to 5 consortia since 2009. As of July 2012, they have collectively assisted in the development of 219 pediatric device ideas. The consortia provide innovators with both mentorship and services to help advance proposed pediatric device projects, including assistance with prototyping, identification of potential funding sources, preclinical and clinical trial design, and introductions to potential manufacturers. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, 5 federally funded pediatric device consortia exist to help advance the development of potential pediatric devices. These consortia serve as a national resource for those with ideas for medical devices that may advance the health and well-being of children.
Digital Imaging with Extreme Zoom: System Design and Image Restoration

Applications of digital imaging with extreme zoom are traditionally found in astronomy and wild life monitoring. More recently, the need for such capabilities has extended to wide area monitoring such as forest fires, harbors, and waterways. This paper presents a number of sensor arrangements for the acquisition of high magnification images. It also describes user interfaces developed for the systems remote control and data acquisition and processing. Hardware and software considerations are addressed, focusing on optical setups and image de-blurring techniques. An image restoration algorithm tailored to such systems is developed, where an adaptive sharpness measure is employed as a cost function to guide the search for an optimal point spread function (PSF) for image de-blur. Experimental results demonstrate a considerably enhanced robustness to noise and ability to select the optimum PSF, producing much superior restored images.
Comparative Risk of Liver-Related Mortality From Chronic Hepatitis B Versus Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Background. It is not known whether chronic hepatitis B (CH-B) or chronic hepatitis C (CH-C) carries a greater risk of liver-related mortality. This study compared rates of liver-related mortality between these 2 groups in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Methods. Six hundred eighty men with CH-B (n = 337) or CH-C (n = 343) at study entry into the MACS were prospectively followed to death, last follow-up visit, or 30 March 2010, whichever came first. Four hundred seventy-two (69.4%) of these men were infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Causes of death were obtained from death registry matching and death certificates. Liver-related and all-cause mortality rates (MRs) were compared between groups using Poisson regression and adjusted for potential confounders and competing risks. Results. In 6728 person-years (PYs) of follow-up, there were 293 deaths from all causes (43.5 per 1000 PYs), of which 51 were liver-related (7.6 per 1000 PYs). The all-cause MR was similar between those with CH-B and CH-C; however, the liver-related MR was significantly higher in those with CH-B (9.6 per 1000 PYs; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.9–13.2) than those with CH-C (5.0 per 1000 PYs; 95% CI, 3.0–8.4). In the HIV-infected subgroup, which had 46 (90.2%) of the liver-related deaths, the liver-related MR remained higher from CH-B after adjusting for potential confounders (incidence rate ratio, 2.2; P = .03) and competing risks (subhazard rate ratio, 2.4; P = .02). Furthermore, among HIV-infected subjects, CD4 cell counts 350 cell/mm3. Conclusions. Chronic hepatitis B carries a higher risk of death from liver disease than does CH-C, especially in HIV-infected men with greater immunosuppression.
Total body fat does not influence maximal aerobic capacity.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the influence of body weight and body composition on aspects of aerobic fitness. Our hypothesis was that increased body weight, specifically increased fat mass (FM), would not limit VO2max relative to fat-free mass (FFM), but would reduce maximal and sub-maximal VO2max relative to body weight. DESIGN: We used data from two ongoing studies. In Study 1 a cross-sectional analysis of 129 children across a wide spectrum of body composition was performed. In Study 2 we examined data from 31 overweight women before and after weight loss. METHODS: VO2max was measured using a treadmill test. Sub-maximal aerobic capacity was evaluated with respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart-rate (HR), and oxygen uptake relative to VO2max at a given workload (%VO2max). Body composition was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Study 1) and a four-compartment model (Study 2). RESULTS: In Study 1, FFM was the strongest determinant of VO2max (r=0.87; P<0.0001). After adjusting for FFM, there was no significant influence of FM on VO2max. After separating children into lean and obese sub-groups, absolute VO2max was significantly higher in the obese (1.24±0.27 vs 1.56±0.40) and VO2max relative to body weight was significantly lower (44.2±3.2 vs 32.0±4.1 ml/(kg-min)), whereas there was no significant difference when expressed relative to FFM (57.9±5.8 vs 59.2±4.9 ml/(kgFFM-min)). Sub-maximal aerobic capacity was significantly lower in the obese children, as indicated by a higher HR and %VO2max; time to exhaustion was significantly lower in the obese children (15.3±2.9 vs 11.1±2.1 min). In Study 2, FFM was also the strongest determinant of VO2max before and after weight loss. The relationship between VO2max and FFM was identical before and after weight loss so that VO2max relative to FFM was identical before and after weight loss (43.8±4.9 vs 45.5±6.4 ml/(kgFFM-min)). However, sub-maximal aerobic capacity was lower in the obese state, as indicated by a significantly higher RER (0.85±0.06 vs 0.79±0.05), HR (124±14 vs 102±11 bpm), and %VO2max (44% vs 36%). CONCLUSION: The major influence of body weight on VO2max is explained by FFM; FM does not have any effect on VO2max. Fatness and excess body weight do not necessarily imply a reduced ability to maximally consume oxygen, but excess fatness does have a detrimental effect on submaximal aerobic capacity. Thus, fatness and VO2max should be considered independent entities.
PERSONALITY SUBGROUPS IN AN INPATIENT VIETNAM VETERAN TREATMENT PROGRAM

Summary.-Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory personality prol~les of 250 male inpatient Vietnam veterans were examined to locate subgroups withn that population. Using a hierarchical cluster analysis to form relatively homogeneous groups, four clusters were identified whch accounted for 98% of the population. Three clusters had Millon profiles suggestive of a stress reaction and one cluster had a profile indicative of an antisocial adjustment. As measured by a PTSD subscale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory two clusters are high stress groups and two clusters are lower stress groups. The two Millon personality profiles in the high stress category were an 8-2-116 group and a 2-8-1-3 group. The lower stress groups had profiles of 18-2 and 618-5. The high scress groups are considered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder groups and the lower scress groups are considered nonPosttraumatic Stress Disorder groups.
CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSION, NOT A PARTICULAR PRIMARY SEQUENCE, IS THE IMPORTANT FEATURE OF THE H3 REPLACEMENT VARIANT HV2 IN TETRAHYMENA THERMOPHILA

Although quantitatively minor replication-independent (replacement) histone variants have been found in a wide variety of organisms, their functions remain unknown. Like the H3.3 replacement variants of vertebrates, hv2, an H3 variant in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila, is synthesized and deposited in nuclei of nongrowing cells. Although hv2 is clearly an H3.3-like replacement variant by its expression, sequence analysis indicates that it evolved independently of the H3.3 variants of multicellular eukaryotes. This suggested that it is the constitutive synthesis, not the particular protein sequence, of these variants that is important in the function of H3 replacement variants. Here, we demonstrate that the gene (HHT3) encoding hv2 or either gene (HHT1 or HHT2) encoding the abundant major H3 can be completely knocked out in Tetrahymena. Surprisingly, when cells lacking hv2 are starved, a major histone H3 mRNA transcribed by the HHT2 gene, which is synthesized little, if at all, in wild-type nongrowing cells, is easily detectable. Both HHT2 and HHT3 knockout strains show no obvious defect during vegetative growth. In addition, a mutant with the double knockout of HHT1 and HHT3 is viable while the HHT2 HHT3 double-knockout mutant is not. These results argue strongly that cells require a constitutively expressed H3 gene but that the particular sequence being expressed is not critical.
Primer on Key Issues in Seniors Housing

This chapter presents ten interesting observations about fundamentals shaping seniors housing, based on an extensive review of the seniors housing literature and on discussions with leading seniors housing developers and managers. Literature reviewed includes items from recent academic research, the American Seniors Housing Association (ASHA) files, and from LEXIS/NEXIS. Utilizing the ten-point format of Goodman and Grupe (1995), we present the following observations: 1. Demographic analysis must further document the subcohorts of persons over age 65. 2. Ethnic and location preferences will have prominent impact on seniors housing. 3. Many baby boomers—now entering their 50s—will retire or are planning to retire before age 65. 4. Seniors prefer remaining in their homes, but often move either resulting from desire for independence or a change in life circumstance. 5. Seventy percent of seniors’ households own their own homes, but studies disagree on whether the majority will have saved enough to maintain its preretirement lifestyle during retirement. 6. Seniors housing options are varied and will likely evolve to meet the desires of future generations. Home health care shows major growth. 7. Assisted living facilities will continue to fill a unique niche in the spectrum of seniors housing. 8. Seniors housing regulation varies significantly by state and impacts market segmentation of products. 9. Seniors housing involves relatively few large companies as compared to the conventional multifamily business. Consolidation and expansion provide opportunities for institutional investment. 10. Seniors housing has a surprisingly long history of meeting the needs of the elderly.
Does Differential Access to Protein Influence Differences in Timing of Breeding of Florida Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) in Suburban and Wildland Habitats?

Abstract Timing of breeding in Florida Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) varies both within and between years. Social status and breeding experience may explain much of the within-year variation, but the availability of certain foods may partially explain between-year patterns. Scrub-jays in suburban habitats with access to unlimited human-provided foods breed earlier and with less between-year variation in timing of breeding than jays in wildland habitats. We hypothesized that those differences in timing of breeding result from access to human-provided foods in the suburban site. Human-provided food may influence timing of breeding by improving the overall body condition of females, or it may influence breeding by providing nutrients essential for breeding. If condition mediated, breeding females in the two habitats should differ in certain physiological parameters relative to time before egg laying and calendar date. If the effect is not related to body condition, we expect differences in prebreeding...
Herpes Simplex Virus

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a member of the herpesvirus group that also includes varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, and human herpesviruses types 6 and 8 (see also Chapters 20, 22, and 26). HSV infection may occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but is most common in the esophagus and anorectum. HSV infections are often seen in immunocompromised patients, but they are not limited to this group. In immunocompetent patients, infection is often self-limited; immunocompromised persons may be at risk for dissemination and life-threatening illness. Herpes simplex virus remains one of the most common infections in persons with HIV.
Reply to Melillo: Woranso-Mille is consistent with an australopithecine shoulder intermediate between African apes and Homo.

In reference to our recent paper (1), Melillo (2) makes three claims: ( i ) the adult Woranso-Mille (KSD-VP-1/1) scapula, which we did not consider in our analyses, suggests Australopithecus afarensis shoulders may be more derived than we report; ( ii ) our reconstructions indicate homoplasy, consistent with an “ape convergence” model; and ( iii ) Australopithecus shoulder shape is best explained by “committed terrestriality” and tool use and not a trade-off with arboreal efficiency. None of these claims alter the findings of our paper (1), that the australopithecine shoulder is intermediate between African apes and Homo , and that the hominin shoulder underwent a … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: nathan.m.young{at}gmail.com. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Coelom und Mesenterien

Coelomhohlen sind Raume, in denen das Herz, die Lungen, das Verdauungssystem und bestimmte Urogenitalorgane liegen. Das Coelom tritt im Gegensatz zu Hohlraumen des Nervensystems und des Atmungssystems in Geweben mesodermalen Ursprungs auf. Die Funktion des Coeloms besteht darin, den inneren Organen Bewegungsfreiraum und die Moglichkeit zu verschaffen, ihre relative Grose und Position zu verandern, wie es z. B. notig ist, wenn das Herz schlagt, die Lungen sich fullen und leeren, der Verdauungstrakt Nahrung transportiert und der schwangere Uterus sich vergrosert. Die Unterteilungen des Coeloms konnen zu Verbindungen beisteuern, welche die Atmung mit der Fortbewegung koppeln (s. S. 267). (Bei vielen Invertebraten fungiert das Coelom als hydrostatisches Organ, das den Korper fur die Fortbewegung versteift.) Die Auskleidung des Coeloms, welche die Korperwand bedeckt und die Eingeweide umgibt, ist eine serose Membran aus flachen Zellen, die eine Flussigkeit absondert, welche die Organe schlupfrig macht, so dass sie leicht gegeneinander verschiebbar sind.
A rare case of pediatric Nontraumatic Myositis Ossificans in the posterior triangle.

Abstract Background Myositis Ossificans Cicumscripta is a rare condition characterized by aberrant bone formation in paramuscular soft tissue of the extremities usually associated with trauma or a genetic mutation. Very few cases involve the head or neck and it is rarely found in the pediatric population. Objectives We present a case of a 5-month old with a rapidly growing posterior neck mass suspicious for neoplasia, which was treated with surgical resection and found to be a non-traumatic, non-genetic form of Myositis Ossificans. The workup, treatment, and findings of the patient are outlined and a review of the literature on this disease is discussed. Conclusion Myositis Ossificans is characterized by aberrant bone formation typically occurring after trauma but may be secondary to an underlying genetic abnormality. The case presented in the absence of trauma or an underlying genetic abnormality and is therefore an exceedingly rare instance of the sporadic form that presented spontaneously in the head and neck of a pediatric patient.
The Role of Sex and Gender in Comparative Political Analysis: Individuals, Institutions, and Regimes.

Engendering Democracy in Brazil: Women's Movements in Transition Politics. By Sonia E. Alvarez. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. 304p. $45.00 cloth, $14.95 paper. Women in Taiwan Politics: Overcoming Barriers to Women's Participation in a Modernizing Society. By Chou Bih-er, Cal Clark, and Janet Clark. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1990. 207p. $30.00. Bringing Women In: Women's Issues in International Development Programs. By Nfket Kardam. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1991. 137p. $26.50. Persistent Inequalities: Women and World Development. Edited by Irene Tinker. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. 302p. $32.50 cloth, $15.95 paper. Playing the State: Australian Feminist Interventions. Edited by Sophie Watson. New York: Verso, 1990. 243p. $59.95 cloth, $17.95 paper. Women and Social Protest. Edited by Guida West and Rhoda Lois Blumberg. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. 406p. $49.95 cloth, $18.95 paper.
Solving Coplanar Orbit Rendezvous Problem by Primer Vector Approximation Method

This paper proposes a new approximation method called primer vector approximation method to solve trajectory optimization problems. This method makes no simplification on the dynamics, but instead approximates the optimal primer-vector function. This paper introduces this new method through the derivation of approximate solutions for power-limited, free-time, satellite rendezvous problems. Numerical tests show the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method. Besides the introduction of the new method, this paper also discusses the applications of free-time rendezvous problems on space mission designs.
Metabolism of Gr51 by Animals as Influenced by Chemical State.

SummaryThe physiological behavior of trivalent and hexavalent Cr51 has been observed over a 4 5-day period in rats as affected by chemical form and route of administration. When intravenously administered as sodium chromite, practically 100% of the dose was picked up by the organs of the reticuloendothelial system. Chromic chloride resulted in a pickup by the liver of about 55% of the dose. When Cr51Cl3 was added to isotonic acetate and citrate buffers; less than 5% of the dose reached the liver and most of the activity was excreted in the urine. The use of sodium chromate solutions resulted in about 25% of the dose reaching the liver. However, the activity left this organ rapidly in contradistinction to the other forms studied. Oral, intraperitoneal and intratracheal administration of Cr51Cl3 were also studied. None of the forms of Cr51 used were found to cross the placenta of rats ranging from 15 to 20 days in gestation. In addition, data are presented from 2 sheep intravenously dosed with Cr51Cl3. The ...
Parabrachial CGRP Neurons Control Meal Termination

The lateral parabrachial nucleus is a conduit for visceral signals that cause anorexia. We previously identified a subset of neurons located in the external lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBel) that express calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and inhibit feeding when activated by illness mimetics. We report here that in otherwise normal mice, functional inactivation of CGRP neurons markedly increases meal size, with meal frequency being reduced in a compensatory manner, and renders mice insensitive to the anorexic effects of meal-related satiety peptides. Furthermore, CGRP neurons are directly innervated by orexigenic hypothalamic AgRP neurons, and photostimulation of AgRP fibers supplying the PBel delays satiation by inhibiting CGRP neurons, thereby contributing to AgRP-driven hyperphagia. By establishing a role for CGRP neurons in the control of meal termination and as a downstream mediator of feeding elicited by AgRP neurons, these findings identify a node in which hunger and satiety circuits interact to control feeding behavior.