cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in critical duration during dark-adaptation.

Abstract Critical duration was measured using a 10 min test spot, located 5° from the fovea, in the nasal visual field. Subjects ( N = 2 ) were pre-adapted to a luminance of 2.3 L (23,000 td) for 10 min. Data were then collected at 250 and 500msec, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 10 sec of dark-adaptation. For each of these times, stimulus duration ranged from 9.5 to 152 msec and temporal summation capability was calculated from resulting threshold determinations. Within the first 10 sec of dark-adaptation, critical duration increased from 30 to 80 msec, with approx 75% of the change occurring within the first 2 sec for both observers. These results show that increases in temporal summation capability contribute to lowering of threshold primarily during the very early stages of dark-adaptation.
Spontaneous shunt siderosis

In recent years, increasing attention has been directed to the development of hemosiderosis in patients who had undergone portasystemic shunt oprations. A patient is described who developed the clinical features of hemochromatosis concomitant with severe hepatic encephalopathy. The subsequent demonstration of a generalized siderosis as well as esophageal varices at postmortem examination, prompted drawing an analogy between this patient and those patients with shunt siderosis. A possible mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed.
967-21 Long Term Results of Balloon Expandable Slotted-Tube Nitinol Stents in Canine Coronary Arteries

This study evaluated delivery performance, quantitative angiographic parameters, intravascular ultrasound appearance. long term patency and vascular histology of radio-opaque, slotted-tube nickel titanium (nitinoll stents permanently implanted in canine coronary arteries. Dogs were treated with aspirin for 1 month. Follow-up angiography and histology were performed at 0.5, 1, 3, and 6 months (number of vessels = 2, 4, 6, and 26, respectively). Results Thirty-eight of 39 (97%) stents were successfully implanted in the mid LAD and LCX of 20 dogs. One stent, which was undersized, was successfully removed by thermal recovery. Tandem stents were placed in 2 dogs without difficulty. Intravascular ultrasound of 6 stents showed symmetrical expansion with good wall contact. Acute angiographic parameters: nominal stent size (mm) ANOVA p 3.0 3.5 4.0 number 4 22 12 – inflation pressure (atm) 5.5 ± 05 6.1 ± 1.4 5.9 ± 1.6 0.47 minimal diameter (mm) 2.93 ± 0.07 3.24 ± 0.14 3.48 ± 0.16 0.0003 balloon to artery ratio 1.23 ± 0.03 1.25 ± 0.10 1.25 ± 0.08 0.65 stent to artery ratio 1.09 ± 0.03 1.14 ± 0.09 1.13 ± 0.07 0.30 percent recoil 11.0 ± 1.8 8.4 ± 1.8 9.9 ± 1.8 0.05 At follow-up, all vessels and 9 of 9 stented sidebranches were patent. The mean percent stenosis at 3 to 6 months was –1.6 ± 5.2 and the late loss was 0.2 ± 0.3 mm. All struts were covered with neointima at 2 weeks. At 6 months the maximal neointimal thickness was 260 ± 50 μm and was located adjacent to the struts. No thrombi and only occasional areas of granulation tissue with rare inflammatory cells were seen. Conclusions A slotted tube nitinol stent has delivery performance characteristics and recoil similar to stainless steel slotted-tube stents. Nitinol stents endothelialize rapidly and intimal proliferation is insufficient to create a stenosis in this animal model. These data suggest that a slotted-tube, balloon expandable nitinol stent is sufficiently reliable and biocompatible to warrant clinical trials.
Core excitons for the (110) surface of zinc blende III V semiconductors

Abstract We present a theory of the binding energy and relative oscillator strengths of surface core excitons on the (110) surface of GaAs, GaP, GaSb, and InP based on a short range potential governing the interaction between the conduction band electron and core hole. We find that the binding energy for p- and d-core excitations on the cation is quite large, a sizeable fraction of an eV. For the anion p- and d-core excitations we find no binding in our model. The oscillator strengths for the cation p-core excitations are found to be a few percent of those for the d-core excitations.
Spontaneous mobility of subgroup a avian leukosis virus pro viruses in the genome of the chicken

Earlier studies showed that recombinant and naturally occurring subgroup A avian leukosis viruses (ALV) could be introduced into the chicken genome by injection of the virus into the yolk of unincubated fertile eggs and could re‐insert into the germline spontaneously (Crittenden & Salter, 1988; Crittenden et ah, 1989). The proportion of proviruses that were complete and produced infectious virus was considerably higher than found for the naturally occurring ALVE (ev) family of endogenous viral genes found in domestic chickens. These studies extend earlier observations on spontaneous insertion and show that congenital infection of inherited‐provirus‐free males can result in germline insertion at a high frequency in the progeny of about 50% of them, and that a small proportion of birds carrying artificially introduced proviruses produced progeny carrying new germline inserts at a high rate by migration of the provirus to new genomic locations. The evidence suggests that the most likely mechanism is the infe...
Quantifying the effect of interconnections on the steady states of biomolecular networks

Interconnections of biomolecular networks result in new steady states, compared to isolated subsystems, due to the context-dependent effect of perturbations of subsystem “local” parameters like total enzyme availabilities. This paper presents a new theoretical approach, and an algorithm derived from the approach, which allows the determination of the signs of global changes in steady states upon perturbation of parameters in individual subsystems.
Physical Characterization of Heparin by Light Scattering

Dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering were used to measure the size and charge heterogeneity of a commercial preparation of heparin. For this preparation of porcine mucosal heparin (Mr = 10–20 kDa), the diffusion coefficient was 1.2 ± 0.5×10− 8 cm2/s and the mobility was 4.4 ± 0.9×10− 4 cm2/V s for an unfiltered solution at 22 °C in distilled water. This diffusion constant is 2 orders of magnitude smaller than expected for a molecule the size of heparin. A fast diffusion component of 5.8 ± 1.0×10− 7 cm2/s, corresponding to the individual molecule, was observed in the presence of 2 M NaCl, where single molecule motion is better observed. This indicates that a portion of the heparin population is in an aggregated state, which produces a higher scattering intensity than individual heparin molecules. The weight percentage of the aggregates was 5–10 as measured by high performance exclusion chromatography. These aggregates were stable up to a temperature of 75 °C as measured by light scattering. This suggests that the aggregates are made up of tightly bound heparin molecules. From the diffusion coefficients we estimate the average aggregate to be made up of about 50 heparin monomers, and from the mobility, we estimate the electrophoretic charge on the aggregate to be about 1000 or about 20 electrophoretic charges for each heparin monomer. The electrophoretic light‐scattering measurements also indicate that the aggregate scattering species have very similar surface charge densities resulting from the aggregates being formed from heparin molecules. These results can provide a framework to interpret future light‐scattering data for various preparations of heparin.
Relative Returns to Human and Physical Capital in the U.S. and Efficient Investment Strategies.

Abstract This paper presents new estimates of the social rates of return to a high school and to a 4-year college education for males and females in the U.S. for each year from 1967 to 1988 based on microeconomic data from U.S. Census Bureau surveys. These are compared with the real rates of return to investment in plant and equipment and in housing since 1947. Results reveal drastic declines in returns to a junior high school education for those who leave (from 21 to 7%), steady rates of return to a high school education averaging 12%, and real rates of return to the college level rising gently to 12–14% levels in the late 80s, with a dip in the mid 70s. Rates of return to housing, including capital gains, were only 5% in this period, compared with 15% for plant and equipment investment.
The new managerialism in education management: corporatization or organizational learning?

During the 1990s, many schools and universities had begun to phase out traditional forms of educational governance and adopted forms and practices used in private and corporate management. Yet, the meaning (and implementation) of these changes is contested. Proponents of the new managerialism in education argue that managerial methods are necessary to respond to the demands of a changed environment with dramatically increased degrees of uncertainty in a knowledge‐dependent society. Opponents view the new managerialism in the context of capitalist corporatism penetrating heretofore sacrosanct boundaries of non‐market institutions. In this paper, I argue that the ongoing changes in education management are better understood as instances of organizational learning in response to the limits of bureaucratic organization in turbulent environments.
A new astronomy with radioactivity: Radiogenic carbon chemistry

Abstract Historically it has been assumed that the necessary condition for carbon solids to grow in a cooling gas is higher bulk C abundance than O abundance. That condition is observed to be necessary and valid in AGB red-giant stars, inducing more general acceptance of that requirement. But for hydrogen-free supernova interiors that bulk-abundance condition is too restrictive. Within their expanding and cooling interiors, radioactivity maintains a prolific source for new free C. Very abundant CO molecules cannot retain oxidized carbon owing to their dissociation by energetic free electrons, which are created continuously by Compton scattering of gamma rays from newly created radioactive 56Co nuclei. As the local gas temperature cools below 2000 K the free C atoms condense as carbonaceous grains, even in the presence of more abundant O atoms. The necessary conditions within supernovae must instead be expressed by three new rules: 1. Free C atoms must exist abundantly. An abundance ratio C/O > 1 would indeed suffice for that end, but it is not necessary. Maintenance of abundant free C atoms occurs by radioactivity dissociating abundant CO molecules and also by lack of sufficient expansion time for complete oxidation of free C. 2. Chemical reaction networks associating C atoms into C solids must be kinetically faster than their oxidation. That is, free C must be able to grow C solids faster than those solids can be oxidized. 3. Insufficient time for oxidation of the new carbon solids must exist after the eventual depletion of free carbon prior to ejection into the interstellar medium. Those C solids could be termed metastable because they would be absent but for the chemical consequences of the radioactivity. I present some calculations for these expectations elaborating on figures from published works. The chemical dynamics provide a new discipline of astronomy with radioactivity in young supernova remnants. Carbonaceous supernova condensates (graphite and silicon carbide) extracted from meteorites provide abundant isotopic evidence of dynamic details of young supernova remnants. But expertise from molecular and chemical dynamics is needed to bring the theory to fruition.
The effect of financial incentives on adherence with outpatient human immunodeficiency virus testing referrals from the emergency department.

Objectives: Undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is not uncommon among patients who seek care in urban inner-city emergency departments (EDs). The optimal method for providing appropriate HIV counseling, testing, and referral in this setting is unclear. A previous evaluation of an outpatient referral system for HIV testing among patients seen in the ED demonstrated that only 11% returned to be tested; of those tested, 7% were seropositive. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a financial incentive on the proportion of referred ED patients who completed outpatient HIV counseling and testing. Methods: This was a quasi-experiment performed at an urban county teaching hospital. ED patients identified using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines as being at risk for HIV infection were referred for outpatient HIV counseling and testing at our institution within one week. This study was divided into three study periods. During the first and third periods, no financial incentive was offered for completing HIV counseling and testing. During the second period, a $25 incentive was offered for completing HIV counseling and testing. Results: During the study, 372 patients were referred for HIV counseling and testing. During the control periods, 20 (8%) of 252 patients completed HIV counseling and testing; during the intervention period, 27 (23%) of 120 patients completed HIV counseling and testing (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval = 1.8 to 6.3). Of the 47 patients who completed HIV counseling and testing, none (0%; 95% confidence interval = 0% to 8%) tested positive for HIV infection. Conclusions: The use of a modest financial incentive increased the proportion of patients who completed HIV counseling and testing after being referred from the ED. It is unclear whether the use of a financial incentive increases the identification of HIV-infected patients unaware of their status or if it is cost-effective.
Photochromism in Glasses Containing Silver Halides

(1980). Photochromism in glasses containing silver halides. Contemporary Physics: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 77-84.
Functional Analysis of Troponin I Regulatory Domains in the Intact Myofilament of Adult Single Cardiac Myocytes

Troponin I is the putative molecular switch for Ca2+-activated contraction within the myofilament of striated muscles. To gain insight into functional troponin I domain(s) in the context of the intact myofilament, adenovirus-mediated gene transfer was used to replace endogenous cardiac troponin I within the myofilaments of adult cardiac myocytes with the slow skeletal isoform or a chimera of the slow skeletal and cardiac isoforms. Efficient expression and myofilament incorporation were observed in myocytes with each exogenous troponin I protein without detected changes in the stoichiometry of other contractile proteins and/or sarcomere architecture. Contractile function studies in single, permeabilized myocytes expressing exogenous troponin I provided support for the presence of a Ca2+-sensitive regulatory domain in the carboxyl terminus of troponin I and a second, newly defined Ca2+-sensitive domain residing in the amino terminus of troponin I. Additional experiments demonstrated that the isoform-specific, acidic pH-induced contractile dysfunction in myocytes appears to lie in the carboxyl terminus of troponin I. Functional results obtained from adult cardiac myocytes expressing the chimera or isoforms of troponin I now define multiple troponin I regulatory domains operating in the intact myofilament and provide new insight into the Ca2+-sensitive properties of troponin I during contraction.
Review of the state of the art in experimental studies and mathematical modeling of tire performance on ice

Abstract The evolution of vehicle safety systems, from the earliest brakes to today’s accident avoidance systems, has led vehicles to have very high passenger safety. Driving on ice, though, still happens to be one of the driving conditions of low safety. A multitude of factors were identified by various studies to contribute to the complex frictional mechanism at the tire–ice interface. It is the goal of this article to synthesize and to present in a coherent and structured manner the major findings from experimental and modeling studies on the behavior of tires on ice from the last half century. The principal topics of this article are, factors contributing to the friction mechanism at the tire–ice contact; experimental studies of pneumatic tires on ice and indoor and outdoor test facilities for testing tires on ice; and tire–ice models that predict the tractive and braking performance on ice. Finally, after a thorough study of the published work, the key issues of both experimental and modeling studies of tire–ice behavior were identified. The conclusions will serve future investigations as a concise knowledge source to develop improved test facilities and tire–ice models, aiding to the development of better tire designs, and improved vehicle safety systems.
Neutrophilic Respiratory Tract Inflammation and Peripheral Blood Neutrophilia After Grain Sorghum Dust Extract Challenge

Study objective To determine if inhalation of grain sorghum dust in the laboratory would cause neutrophilic upper and lower respiratory tract inflammation in human volunteers, as well as systemic signs of illness. Design Prospective. Setting University of Nebraska Medical Center. Participants Thirty normal volunteers. Interventions Inhalation challenge with 20 mL of a nebulized solution of filter-sterilized grain sorghum dust extract (GSDE). One group received prednisone, 20 mg for 2 days, prior to the challenge. Measurements and results Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 24 h after challenge, with samples collected as bronchial and alveolar fractions. Findings included visible signs of airways inflammation, quantified as the bronchitis index. The percentage of bronchial neutrophils was significantly increased in those challenged with GSDE vs the control solution, Hanks' balanced salt solution (40.3±4.5% vs 14.3±5.1%, p≤.01). Similar findings were seen in the alveolar fraction. Pretreatment with corticosteroids did not prevent the rise in neutrophils recovered by BAL. Peripheral blood neutrophils were also increased in volunteers challenged with the grain dust extract. To explain the increase in peripheral blood neutrophil counts, the capacity of the peripheral blood neutrophils to migrate in chemotaxis experiments was examined. The results demonstrate an increase in peripheral blood neutrophils and an increase in chemotactic responsiveness. Conclusions Inhalation challenge with a grain dust extract causes respiratory tract inflammation and a 'peripheral blood neutrophilia. One reason for this may be an increase in activated peripheral blood neutrophils.
Robotic vs open radical cystectomy: prospective comparison of perioperative outcomes and pathological measures of early oncological efficacy.

OBJECTIVE To prospectively compare perioperative and pathological outcomes in a consecutive series of patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) and urinary diversion by the open or the robotic approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS From February 2006 to April 2007, 54 consecutive patients underwent RC by one surgeon at our institution. Twenty-one were open, while 33 utilized the da Vinci robotic system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Data was collected prospectively, including patient demographics, operative and postoperative variables, and pathological outcomes. RESULTS The robotic cohort had decreased blood loss (400 vs 750 mL, P = 0.002) and transfusion requirement (2.0 vs 0.5 units, P = 0.007), but increased operative duration (390 vs 300 min, P = 0.03). The time to resumption of a regular diet (4 vs 5 days, P = 0.002) and the hospital stay (5 vs 8 days, P = 0.007) were decreased in the robotic group. Overall the complication rates were similar (24% open, 21% robotic, P = 0.3). The open cohort had more patients with extravesical disease (57 vs 28%, P = 0.03) and nodal metastasis (34 vs 19%, P = 0.04). There were three patients in the open group and two in the robotic with positive margins (P = 0.2). The median number of lymph nodes removed was similar in the open and robotic cohorts (20 vs 17, P = 0.6). CONCLUSION Robotic-assisted RC appears to offer some operative and perioperative benefits compared with the open approach without compromising pathological measures of early oncological efficacy, such as lymph node yield and margin status. Larger, randomized studies with long-term follow-up are required to confirm these findings and establish oncological equivalence.
Dye terminator chemistry: effects of substrate structure on sequencing analysis

Dye-labeled dideoxy terminators are the preferred reporter groups for DNA sequencing. This labeling technique can result in uneven peak heights in the electropherograms due to sequence context effects on the biochemical distribution of extension vs termination events. Large variations in peak heights can result in difficulty in identifying very small peaks adjacent to big peaks. Using substrate structure to minimize the sequence context effects on dye-terminator incorporation, we have studied the effects of combinations of base, dye, and dye linkage on terminator incorporation during sequencing. We have identified a propargyl ethoxyamino linker that proved useful in improving peak height evenness and enhancing the terminator activity. New dye-linker-base combinations were optimized for overall peak evenness and relative electrophoretic mobility shifts. The more even peak patterns improve base calling and heterozygote analysis using dye terminator chemistry.
Identification of isomeric hydrocarbons by Rydberg photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract Many saturated and unsaturated organic hydrocarbons can assume multiple isomeric forms. At high temperatures, the identification of such isomers is difficult with conventional spectroscopic techniques, posing a challenge to the exploration of important processes such as the combustion of hydrocarbons. A recently developed technology using resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization via Rydberg states shows promise as an analytical technique, because the resultant photoelectron spectra provide well-resolved peaks that are sensitive to the molecular structure even at high temperatures. We tested this new method on isomeric hydrocarbon systems with the chemical formulas C 5 H 8 , C 6 H 8 , C 7 H 8 , and C 11 H 10 . Three-photon ionization with femtosecond pulses near 400 nm shows that in all systems the observation of distinct Rydberg features can serve to identify the isomers. In the C 5 H 8 system, the photoelectron spectra of the isomers show Rydberg peaks from different quantum states, making the spectral identification of those isomers especially facile. Thus it appears that photoionization from Rydberg states could be developed into an analytical tool that is capable of distinguishing isomeric hydrocarbons even under adverse conditions such as flames and other combustion phenomena.
Wheat flour proteins: the selectivity of solvents and the stability of gliadin and glutenin fractions of stored flours.

A gel-filtration study of extraction of wheat proteins by eight separate solvent systems is presented and the nature of the protein classes extracted by each solvent has been quantified. As judged by carboxymethylcellulose ion-exchange chromatography, gel-filtration and starch-gel electrophoresis, no storage changes have occurred in wheat flour gliadin and glutenin proteins extracted from flours kept at 25, 12 and -20 °C for 18 months. SDS-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis shows minimal change in the gluten molecular weight distribution on storage. Six and twenty-year-old flours were also tested.
Anatomy of the Normal Left Atrial Appendage A Quantitative Study of Age-Related Changes in 500 Autopsy Hearts: Implications for Echocardiographic Examination

Background Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the diagnostic modality of choice for visualizing the left atrial appendage (LAA). This study defined the morphology of the LAA in normal autopsy specimen hearts and considered the implications of these findings for TEE studies. Methods and Results Five hundred normal autopsy hearts were reviewed (25 male and 25 female subjects from each decade for 10 decades). LAA length, width, orifice size, and number of lobes were recorded. Number of lobes was compared between sexes with the rank sum test and regressed against age. Mean length, width, and orifice size increased with age, up to age 20 years, in both sexes. Rates were significantly different between sexes for LAA size (P=.011) and width (P=.006). After age 20, statistically significant but clinically insignificant age-related changes were observed. Fifty-four percent of LAAs had two lobes (range, 1 to 4), with no age or sex differences. Lobes exist in different planes of the heart. Most pectinate musc...
Hysteroscopic cervical canal shaving : a new therapy for cervical stenosis before embryo transfer in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization

Abstract Objective: To report a case of cervical stenosis repaired by hysteroscopic cervical shaving that created a smooth passage for ET in a patient undergoing IVF. Design: Case report. Setting: University-based IVF program. Patient(s): A woman with a history of multiple failed IVF attempts in whom ET was extremely difficult. Intervention(s): Operative hysteroscopy with creation of a cervical tract. Main Outcome Measure(s): Ease of postoperative ET and outcome of IVF treatment after the hysteroscopic procedure. Result(s): Easy performance of ET and a resulting triplet pregnancy. Conclusion(s): This novel hysteroscopic repair of cervical stenosis resulted in a markedly easier ET and a viable pregnancy.
Evaluation of the VERB™ Campaign: Challenges and Solutions

The VERB™ It's what you do campaign promoted physical activity to children ages 9–13 through paid advertising, school and community promotions, national partnerships, and community coalitions. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) implemented the campaign from June 2002 to September 2006. Formative, process, and outcome evaluations were integrated into the campaign from the beginning because evidence of how the campaign was working was essential for campaign planners and stakeholders. This article focuses on the outcome evaluation component describing techniques VERB used to address some of the typical challenges in evaluating media campaigns. The rationale and methods of the longitudinal design, the analytic approach, sampling methods, and tools to measure campaign outcomes are presented.
Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates proliferation, migration, and plasminogen activator release by human retinal pigment epithelial cells.

The migration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from their normal anatomic position to a new position in the vitreous cavity is a critical feature of proliferative vitreous retinopathy. To determine if insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I), which is present in the vitreous fluid of diabetics, stimulates RPE cells, we examined the effects of IGF I on the proliferation, chemotaxis, and release of plasminoqen activator by these cells.At the concentrations of IGF I tested, significant proliferation of RPE cells is seen. Significant chemotaxis of the RPE cells also is seen at all the concentrations of IGF I tested. The mean number of migrating cells per high-powered field in control studies was 43 ± 13 (x ± SEM), and for IGF I at 2.5 ng and 50 ng/ml the mean numbers of migrating cells were 96 ± 17 and 483 ± 62, respectively (P <0.001 for each comparison). The IGF I response was noted to be dose-dependent. The chemotactic response noted at 50 ng/ml of IGF I was greater than the positive chemotactic contr...
Viral hepatitis in African Americans

Chronic liver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the United States and a significant cause of productivity loss and morbidity. Viral hepatitis is an important public health concern with a disproportionate impact on the African American community. As a result, African Americans have the greatest incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma, the most devastating consequence of chronic liver disease. Data suggest that African Americans are less likely than other ethnic/racial groups to receive vaccinations for hepatitis A and hepatitis B, to receive antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C, and to respond to antiviral treatment for hepatitis C. This report reviews the current literature regarding acute and chronic viral infections among African Americans and makes recommendations for future public health and research initiatives to improve outcomes in this population.
Five Essential Properties of Disease Maps

We argue that as the disease map user group grows, disease maps must prioritize several essential properties that support public health uses of disease maps. We identify and describe five important...
Comment on “MORB—A Mohole misbegotten?” by M.J. O'Hara

One can only applaud O'Hara's call for further research into magmatic processes that take place at and near oceanic spreading centers (EOS, June 15, 1982). In particular, the desirability of having deep drill holes close to active spreading centers is indisputable and needs no elaboration. One of the major reasons for encouraging further research on midocean ridge basalt (MORB) petrogenesis is the need to resolve a controversy now being debated in the literature over the composition and depth of origin of primary MORB magmas [Rhodes, 1982]. O'Hara [1968a] and, recently, several others [Green et al., 1979; Stolper, 1980; Elthon and Scarfe, 1980] have argued that primary MORB magmas are picritic in composition and generated at various pressures from 15 to 30 kbar, depending on the author. Others contend that primary MORB magmas are close in composition to the least-fractionated MORB glasses (which are not picritic but have mg numbers as high as 73) and are generated at more moderate pressures of about 8–10 kbar [Green and Ringwood, 1967; Kushiro, 1973; Presnall et al., 1979]. O'Hara did not mention any of the recent papers that disagreed with his concept of picritic primary magmas at spreading centers. In order to restore some balance, the following brief discussion is offered.
Further studies on thermal aspects of inclusion-dominated processes in laser-induced thin film damage

The inclusion dominated model of laser-induced damage is reexamined in order to explore the consequences of recent measured low values of thin film thermal conductivities. In the model absorption of radiation is assumed to only occur in the inclusion via Mie scattering. From the analysis two different values of the imaginary part of the index of refraction are predicted for a given damage threshold. Physical mechanisms are proposed for each value. Interestingly, varying the thermal conductivity of the both the host and inclusion over several orders of magnitude seem to have a less than expected influence on the damage threshold. However there is also proposed an effect of the index of refraction associated with a given damage threshold which is based upon two distinct absorption mechanisms. The results of this modified model are then compared with experimental data for damage thresholds of different thickness films.
The Correlations Between Physical and Electrical Properties of PECVD SiN with Their Composition Ratios

The correlations of physical and electrical properties of PECVD films with their composition ratios (Si/N and Si‐H/N‐H) are explored and compared. The four physical properties considered include refractive index, absorption edge, mechanical stress, and density. Both refractive index and absorption edge show very similar behavior in their correlations with Si/N and Si‐H/N‐H. Their correlations with Si/N show a distinct deposition condition dependence while those with Si‐H/N‐H indicate, to within experimental error, deposition condition independence. The other two physical properties exhibit similar behavior: a parabolic dependence on Si/N with a minimum at and no correlation with Si‐H/N‐H. The two electrical properties considered are dielectric and d‐c conductivity. In the frequency range 103–106 Hz, two distinct absorption peaks are observed for films with the respective combinations of high Si‐H and low N‐H and high N‐H and low Si‐H concentrations. In d‐c conductivity, only one of the three parameters (, , ) that characterize the Frenkel Poole conduction mechanism shows an apparent correlation with conductivity (σ). However, σ is quantitatively demonstrated to correlate better with Si‐H/N‐H than with Si/N.
Multispectral image analysis for algal biomass quantification

This article reports a novel multispectral image processing technique for rapid, noninvasive quantification of biomass concentration in attached and suspended algae cultures. Monitoring the biomass concentration is critical for efficient production of biofuel feedstocks, food supplements, and bioactive chemicals. Particularly, noninvasive and rapid detection techniques can significantly aid in providing delay-free process control feedback in large-scale cultivation platforms. In this technique, three-band spectral images of Anabaena variabilis cultures were acquired and separated into their red, green, and blue components. A correlation between the magnitude of the green component and the areal biomass concentration was generated. The correlation predicted the biomass concentrations of independently prepared attached and suspended cultures with errors of 7 and 15%, respectively, and the effect of varying lighting conditions and background color were investigated. This method can provide necessary feedback for dilution and harvesting strategies to maximize photosynthetic conversion efficiency in large-scale operation.
General System of A -Monotone Nonlinear Variational Inclusion Problems with Applications

Based on the notion of A–monotonicity, the solvability of a system of nonlinear variational inclusions using the resolvent operator technique is presented. The results obtained are new and general in nature.
Titania Nanotube Supported Gold Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Cells

A major challenge to the use of photoelectrochemical cells for the production of hydrogen from water and solar energy is the low photoanode efficiency. These low efficiencies are largely due to losses associated with the recombination of the charge carriers and low photocatalytic activities. In this work, two strategies were investigated for improving the photoanode performance: producing the semiconducting oxide (TiO 2 ) in the form of long nanotube arrays and incorporating gold nanoparticles onto the surface. Highly ordered TiO 2 nanotube (TiNT) arrays were fabricated using an anodization process. By varying the conditions, TiNTs with different dimensions were fabricated. Gold nanoparticles with sizes that ranged from 3 to 12 nm were deposited onto selected TiNTs using a modified deposition precipitation method. Increasing the nanotube length resulted in increased photocurrents up to lengths that exceeded the diffusion length of electrons in TiO 2 (~20 μm). The deposition of gold (Au) nanoparticles resulted in significantly improved electrocatalytic properties. The nonlinear correlation between photocurrent and particle size suggested that sites on the Au nanoparticles were not the most active sites for water oxidation.
Evaluation of Nanosized Iron in Slurry-Phase Fischer−Tropsch Synthesis

The Fischer−Tropsch (F−T) activity of three α-Fe2O3-based materials, two unsupported nanosized, NANOCAT (3 nm) and BASF (20−80 nm), and a supported micrometer-sized (32.5 μm) UCI, were measured wit...
XXXII.—Report on Fossil Fishes collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland in the Silurian Rocks of the South of Scotland

In the autumn of last year (1897), Sir A. Geikie, F.R.S., Director-General of the Geological Survey, kindly placed in my hands for description an important collection of fossil fish-remains from the Silurian rocks of the Lesmahagow district, which had been made by Messrs Macconochie and Tait, collectors to the Survey. I accordingly prepared a brief report on these fishes, which was included by the Director-General in his Summary of Progress for that year.The collection was, however, considerably increased by additional work on the part of Mr Tait in the spring of the present year (1898). Many better and more complete specimens were procured, and I was able to define one new genus and species, which had previously been represented only by undeterminable fragments. The results gained by the examination of the entire collection I now propose, with Sir Archibald Geikie's sanction, to lay before this Society in detailed form.
A universal programmable fiber architecture for the representation of a general incompressible linearly elastic material as a fiber-reinforced fluid

Biological materials typically consist of elastic fibers immersed in an incompressible aqueous milieu. We consider the generality of an elastic material expressed as a fiber-reinforced incompressible fluid. We show that, in the linear regime, any (possibly inhomogeneous and/or anisotropic) incompressible elastic material can be represented as a collection of fifteen families of straight, parallel elastic fibers embedded in an incompressible medium. We can choose these fiber directions to correspond to the fifteen diagonals of an icosahedron that connect the midpoints of its antipodal edges. This fiber architecture, together with the incompressible medium in which it is immersed, is universal and programmable in the sense that its elastic constants can be chosen to model any linear incompressible elastic material, without having to adapt the fiber architecture to the actual microstructure of the material. An explicit algorithm is given to compute the local elastic constants for each fiber direction in terms of the local components of the elasticity tensor. Optimality properties of the icosahedral fiber architecture are conjectured, and numerical evidence in support of these conjectures is presented.
Design and Feasibility of a Hatha Yoga Intervention for Smoking Cessation

Introduction: Effective interventions for smoking cessation are critically needed. Yoga has only begun to be evaluated for smoking cessation. Aims: The primary aim was to assess participant satisfaction and perceived benefit of Hatha yoga. Secondary aims were to test evaluation tools, recruitment and retention techniques, and to generate preliminary effect size for a randomized trial. Methods: This was a non-randomized, single-group, pilot study. Thirty-one participants entered the study and received group behavioural therapy followed by 30 minutes of Hatha yoga instruction. Participant satisfaction was assessed at the conclusion of eight sessions. Point prevalence smoking abstinence was assessed at the end of the intervention period. Results: Participants were 36% male with an average age of 47 years (range 22–72) and a mean of 12.7 ± 5.6 cigarettes per day. Mean duration of smoking was 26.1 ± 15 years. Participant satisfaction was very high (88% very satisfied). Smoking abstinence at the end of the intervention was 29%. Conclusions: Hatha yoga is acceptable and feasible to aid in smoking cessation. A regimen that includes breathing, postures, and meditation has been developed for testing in a randomized trial.
INDUCTION OF PATERNAL SEX CHROMOSOME LOSSES BY IRRADIATION OF MOUSE SPERMATOZOA

Paternal sex-chromosome loss, both partial and complete, was induced by irradiation of mouse spermatozoa, 600 r giving an induced frequency of at least 1.2% of daughters hemizygous for a marker on the maternal X. Comparison with dominant lethal frequency indicated that sensitivity of the sex chromosomes is probably not too unlike that of autosomes. Comparison between the induction of paternal sex-chroraosome loss in spermatozoa, on the one hand, and in the male pronucleus shortly after sperm entry into the oocyte, on the other, indicated the latter stage to be more sensitive by approximately one order of magnitude. (auth)
Arm lymphedema in patients treated conservatively for breast cancer: relationship to patient age and axillary node dissection technique

Arm lymphedema (ALE) was evaluated in 74 patients treated conservatively for breast cancer. ALE was defined based upon measurements performed upon 35 volunteer subjects who did not have and were never treated for breast cancer. Multiple variable statistical analysis of 74 breast cancer patients revealed that age at diagnosis was the most important factor related to the subsequent development of ALE. ALE appeared in 7 of 28 patients (25%) 60 years of age or older but in only 3 of 46 (7%) younger patients (p less than 0.02). Axillary node dissection (AND) was the only other statistically significant factor. For the younger patients, obesity and post-operative wound complications appeared to be contributing factors. For the older patients, AND technique was the only significant factor. ALE developed in only 1 of 10 (10%) of the older patients who underwent AND without splitting the pectoralis minor muscle (PMM), but in 6 of 11 (55%) who underwent AND with PMM split (p less than 0.03). Splitting the PMM during AND did not yield more lymph nodes for pathological analysis nor did it yield a higher incidence of patients with nodal metastases. Neither the use of lymph node radiation therapy fields, radiation to the full axilla, nor systemic chemotherapy was associated with ALE. We conclude that older patients are at higher risk of ALE and that this complication can possibly be reduced by not splitting the PMM during axillary node dissection.
Disparity between refractive error and visual acuity after photorefractive keratectomy: multifocal corneal effects.

Abstract Purpose: To determine the relationship between postoperative refractive error and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and compare the results to those in unoperated control eyes with different degrees of myopic refractive error. Setting: Academic cornea and refractive surgery subspecialty practice. Methods: Uncorrected visual acuity and manifest refraction were recorded for 52 consecutive patients who had PRK for myopia. Eight control eyes that did not have PRK and in which artificial myopia was induced were also studied to ascertain the association of UCVA with myopia in untreated eyes. Uncorrected visual acuity in postoperative eyes was compared with that in control eyes. Results: Of the 46 eyes with a myopic spherical equivalent postoperative refraction, 44 (96%) had better UCVA than control eyes with equivalent myopic refractions. Twelve of 13 (92%) eyes with refractions of −1.00 diopter or more had a UCVA of 20/40 or better. Conclusion: After excimer laser PRK, patients achieved better Snellen visual acuity than might be expected from their residual refractive error, perhaps as a result of a multifocal postoperative corneal topography. Nonuniformity of the corneal surface following PRK may create "focal areas of emmetropia" that allow patients to achieve better visual acuity than the refraction may predict.
Chalcogen-rich lanthanide clusters: Compounds with Te2-, (TeTe)2-, TePh, TeTePh, (TeTeTe(Ph)TeTe)5-, and [(TeTe)4TePh]9- ligands; single source precursors to solid-state lanthanide tellurides

Lanthanide metals react with PhTeTePh and elemental Te in pyridine to give (py)yLn4(Te)(TeTe)2(TeTeTe(Ph)TeTe)(TexTePh) (Ln = Sm (y = 9; x = 0); Tb, Ho (y = 8, x = 0.1)), and (py)7Tm4(Te)[(TeTe)4TePh](Te0.6TePh) clusters. The Sm, Tb, and Ho compounds contain a square array of Ln(III) ions all connected to a central Te2- ligand. Two adjacent edges of the square are bridged by ditelluride ligands, with the Ln ion that is η2 bound to both of these TeTe ligands also coordinating to a terminal TePh ligand. The other two edges of the square are spanned by ditellurides that both coordinate a TePh ligand that has been displaced from the Ln ion by pyridine, to give the pentaanion (μ-η2-η2-Te2Te(Ph)Te2).5- In the Tm compound, the displaced TePh interacts with all four TeTe units. The compounds are air-, light-, and temperature-sensitive. Upon thermolysis, they decompose to give solid-state TbTe2-x, HoTe, or TmTe, with elimination of Te and TePh2.
Reexamining fiat, bona fide and force dynamic boundaries for geopolitical entities and their placement in DOLCE

The purpose of this article is to reexamine the ontology of geopolitical boundaries so that they can be better represented in ontologies designed for the semantic web. Previous work on this subject has divided geopolitical boundaries into fiat, bona fide, and force dynamic categories. This article challenges the existence of bona fide geopolitical boundaries on the basis that many of them lie skew to physical discontinuities on the earth, maritime territorial claims do not follow physical discontinuities, and geopolitical boundaries are three-dimensional, not two-dimensional objects. This also allows for a necessary ontological distinction to be made between the geopolitical boundaries and their physical markers. This analysis is used to determine the placement of geopolitical boundaries, territory, states, and nations in the Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering (DOLCE). DOLCE has a cognitive bias making it particularly suitable for formulating an ontology of mind-dependent geopolitical entities. However, rather than distinguishing between the physical and nonphysical based on whether or not the entity in question has direct spatial qualities, this article puts forward that a distinction needs to be made based on whether or not an entity in question is made of matter. A material/immaterial distinction may be more intuitive for an ontology of “common sense”.
Changing images of violence in Rap music lyrics: 1979–1997

Rap music has been at the center of concern about the potential harmful effects of violent media on youth social behavior. This article explores the role of changing images of violence in rap music lyrics from the 1970s to the 1990s. The results indicate that there has been a dramatic and sustained increase in the level of violence in rap music. The percentage of songs mentioning violence increased from 27 per cent during 1979-1984 to 60 per cent during 1994-1997. In addition, portrayals of violence in later songs are viewed in a more positive light as shown by their increased association with glamor, wealth, masculinity, and personal prowess. Additional analyses revealed that genre, specifically gangster rap, is the most powerful predictor of the increased number of violent references in songs. The discussion suggests that violence in rap music has increased in response to the complex interplay of changing social conditions such as the elevated levels of youth violence in the 1980s and changing commercial practices within the music industry.