cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundary management and work-nonwork balance while working from home

Within the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, we investigate work-nonwork boundary management among workers who transitioned to remote work Based on five waves of data and a sample of 155 remote workers, we find that the preference for segmentation was associated with greater work-nonwork balance We also found that having a dedicated office space within the home and fewer household members was associated with greater work-nonwork balance However, these variables did not moderate the relationship between segmentation preferences and work-nonwork balance as expected We discuss implications for future research on boundary management processes and practices (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Association Between Different Forms of Elder Mistreatment and Cognitive Change.

Objectives: Elder mistreatment (EM) is associated with worse physical health and psychological well-being, but little is known regarding its cognitive consequences. Methods: Data were derived from ...
Federal Prohibition of Medical Marijuana in Pain Management: Undue, Unimportant, and Irrational

This paper provides a review of the historical right of the people of the United States to seek, and use, alternative medicinal treatment options in the realm of managing both the pain and symptoms associated with a variety of illnesses. The focus then turns to the right involved: a patient’s ability to employ medical marijuana instead of a commonly prescribed narcotic or mass-market non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic (NSAIA) drug to manage pain and increase quality of life under the advice and consent of a treating physician. No one article has argued that there is a fundamental, important, or at least recognizable right associated with a patient and doctor’s ability to seek the best course of symptomatic drug therapy. Thus, the legal analysis in this piece explores jurisprudence relating to fundamental rights, focusing on those cases in which the Supreme Court has affirmed the right of an individual to personally control their own medical treatment. That right, based in the uniqueness of the individual patient, is then put to the constitutional test at every tier of analysis to show why the prohibition of cannabis in medical treatment and pain management is undue, unimportant, and irrational.
Populism, Democracy, and Party System Change in Europe

How has populism transformed party systems in Europe? I survey the varieties of populism, the sources of their support and the different ways that they appeal to voters. I use data from the Chapel ...
van der Waals corrected density functionals for cylindrical surfaces: Ammonia and nitrogen dioxide adsorbed on a single-walled carbon nanotube

We extend the damped Zaremba-Kohn model (dZK) for long-range dispersion interaction between a molecule and a planar surface [J. Tao, H. Tang, A. Patra, P. Bhattarai, and J. P. Perdew, Phys. Rev. B 97, 165403 (2018)] to molecules adsorbed on a curved cylindrical surface, and employ this extended model as an additive correction to the semilocal density functionals PBE (Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof) and SCAN (strongly constrained and appropriately normed). The resulting PBE+vdW (van der Waals)-dZK and SCAN+vdW-dZK are applied to two systems, $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ molecules adsorbed on a single-wall carbon nanotube (CNT), for calculations of binding energies and equilibrium distances. For comparison, the results from vdW nonlocal functionals, such as SCAN+rVV10 and PBE+rVV10, are also presented. The binding energies from PBE+rVV10 (Vydrov and Van Voorhis), SCAN+rVV10, PBE+vdW-dZK, and SCAN+vdW-dZK are about 70--115 meV for the system of $\mathrm{CNT}+\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ and 300--500 meV for the system of $\mathrm{CNT}+\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. The results from PBE+vdW-dZK and SCAN+vdW-dZK are closer to each other than those from PBE+rVV10 and SCAN+rVV10 are. The relatively closer results from PBE+vdW-dZK and SCAN+vdW-dZK indicate the consistency of our developed vdW\ensuremath{-}dZK model for cylindrical surfaces. All methods, including PBE, SCAN, PBE+rVV10, SCAN+rVV10, PBE+vdW-dZK, and SCAN+vdW-dZK, give approximately the same binding energy differences between two adsorption configurations (types I and II) for the two systems. This implies that the two adsorption sites have approximately the same adsorption stability. The exponent of the vdW interaction power law from our vdW-dZK model for the two systems is about 0 at short distance, largely due to the damping factor, and tends slowly to \ensuremath{-}4 to \ensuremath{-}4.5 at distances $D$ about 20--50 \AA{}. At even larger distances, the vdW power-law exponent approaches \ensuremath{-}5. This feature is very similar to the one calculated with random-phase approximation and renormalization group approaches, supporting the applicability of our methods. Our developed vdW-dZK method provides a highly efficient and reliable method for large systems with cylindrical surfaces, such as vdW interactions with nanotubes.
Controlling What We Can Control

While there is sometimes a feeling of hopelessness when we are asked to solve a herd problem involving "occult" loss of pregnancies, there are a few things we as veterinarians can do to reduce the risk of embryonic and fetal losses. For many infectious causes of pregnancy attrition, there are vaccines of various safety and efficacy. Some of them are effective because elegant research on host-pathogen interactions has pointed the way to exquisitely specific and effective antigens and adjuvants; some are effective in spite of a lack of such information; and a few are not particularly effective. But not all pregnancy losses are the direct result of fetal infections. This paper will attempt to address the increasingly long list of causes of pregnancy disruption in cattle, and to point out some preventive measures reported to be effective, or in the case of some as yet unproven interventions, at least make pathophysiologic sense. Topics will include measures to diminish the impact of non-infectious causes of pregnancy disruption (trauma, heat stress, twinning, plant and other ingested toxins); a few infectious causes where preventive intervention is likely to pay off (e.g. infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) venereal campylobacteriosis, leptospirosis); some "iffy"areas where the payoff is not as certain; and a discussion of the expectations of a vaccine against any reproductive pathogen. A brief mention will be made of some current thinking on efforts to reduce early pregnancy loss through nutritional management of dairy cows.
Generalizations of Self-Adjointness to Banach Spaces

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the generalizations of self-adjointness to Banach spaces. The theory of self-adjoint operators in Hilbert spaces is the best-developed and most important in the spectral theory of linear operators. Because of the elegance and importance of this theory, there have been many attempts to extend some of these results to classes of linear operators in complex Banach spaces. The operators discussed in the chapter are seen to have a resolution of the identity in a suitably generalized sense with at most a mild spectral singularity at zero. The chapter presents an overview of Dunford's spectral operators, Lumer's Hermitian operators, and Stampfli's adjoint abelian operators. Because a projection operator need not be Hermitian in the original norm of a Banach space, a positive scalar operator need not be Hermitian with respect to the given norm.
Infrared Heterodyne Spectroscopy - a Tool for Helioseismology

Heterodyne spectroscopy at infrared (IR) wavelengths is a technique well suited for measuring small velocities in the solar atmosphere. An IR heterodyne spectrometer for solar oscillation measurements has been located at the McMath Solar Telescope of the Kitt Peak National Solar Observatory. It is now being used for single point Doppler shift measurements of 11 micron OH absorption features formed in the upper photosphere, with sampling rates as high as 33 mHz. The instrument employs a stabilized CO2 laser permitting absolute velocity measurements with an uncertainty of < 10 ms-1.
Indolealkylamine and phenalkylamine hallucinogens: Effect of α-methyl and N-methyl substituents on behavioral activity

Abstract Animals (rats), trained to discriminate the hallucinogenic agent 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM) from saline in a two-lever operant procedure, were challenged with various doses of several indolealkylamine and phenalkylamine derivatives. In both series, the α-methyl analogs were found to be more active than either their N -methyl or α-demethyl counterparts. Furthermore, when the activities of the optical isomers of DOM were compared with the activities of S -(+) and R -(−)-α-methyltryptamine (α-MeT), it was found that the more potent isomer of α-MeT (i.e. S ) possessed the opposite absolute configuration of the more potent isomer of DOM (i.e. R ). With respect to the mechanism of action of these agents, these findings are not inconsistent with a common site hypothesis.
Observation of Bistability in a Josephson Device

We have been testing a certain type of double Josephson junction Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) for use as a very low noise amplifier. We have found that this device is capable of displaying quasi-bistable behavior that appears to be similar to certain types of optical bistability. We have good evidence that the cause of the observed bistability is the interaction of an electromagnetic resonator (a length of transmission line) with nonlinear elements (the Josephson junctions).
Progress in cognitive neuroscience research on dysgraphia: Introduction

(2004). Progress in Cognitive Neuroscience Research on Dysgraphia: Introduction. Neurocase: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 89-90.
Hot-Electron Microcalorimeters for X-Ray and Phonon Detection

We propose a novel hot-electron microcalorimeter for measurements of x-rays or phonons produced by the interaction of a high energy particle with the underlying substrate. This type of detector uses a normal metal film to absorb the incoming excitation which subsequently heats the electrons above the lattice temperature. The temperature of the electrons is measured from the current — voltage characteristics of a superconductor-insulator-normal metal tunnel junction, where part of the absorber forms the normal electrode. We present simple calculations of the energy sensitivity of the junction and of the ultimate performance of x-ray and phonon detectors. We also present preliminary measurements of prototype devices which were used to test the basic detector physics.
Thermal vibration and melting from a local perspective.

X-ray-absorption fine-structure (XAFS) measurements of lead from 10 K through and above the melting transition at 600 K have been carried out. A cumulant expansion analysis provides data on the first four moments of the radial distribution of the first shell, which are used to construct a consistent temperature-dependent radial distribution function for the solid. The distribution is one given by a simple one-dimensional anharmonic oscillator. The results also demonstrate that XAFS, a local probe, can clearly distinguish between the liquid and solid state. In the liquid, the apparent coordination number is decreased by the fraction of the time the atom is diffusing. An improved method for determining the background at low {ital k} is discussed that gives a reliable determination of the background much closer to the threshold than allowed by standard methods.
Pigmentation genes link Parkinson's disease to melanoma, opening a window on both etiologies

Melanomas occur more frequently among subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) and a biological explanation for this epidemiological observation is lacking. It is also well-known that pigmentation genes play an important role in the development of melanomas. It is therefore suggested that the link between both diseases resides in genes that regulate pigmentation. Among these, those involved in the synthesis of dopamine and related compounds as melanin appear to be the most plausible candidates. Whilst it is known that individuals with fair phototypes have an increased risk for melanoma, this hypothesis suggests that the same applies to Parkinson's disease. It is therefore postulated that the accurate analysis of the phototype could be used to identify subjects at higher risk for both diseases, possibly allowing preventative interventions (photoprotective, nutritional, occupational) and prediction of risk in childhood. Another possible implication of this hypothesis is that therapeutic strategies targeting melanogenesis could maintain or perhaps restore the physiological concentrations of neuromelanin in the substantia nigra and achieve protection against neuronal loss in subjects at risk of developing PD.
Bureaucratic Discourse and the Goddess: Towards an Ecofeminist Critique and Rearticulation

Describes and positions ecofeminism as a critical voice in postmodern organizational theory. Ecofeminism, because of its connections with spirituality, feminism, and ecology, provides an alternative critique of modernist organizational discourse. Specifically, positions ecofeminism as an antagonistic discourse which should help to define and display limits of bureaucratic discourse. Provides some ecofeminist change strategies.
A Moving-Trace Design for Video Systems

During the past decade, closed-circuit television has become an important means of displaying images in medicine. Important concurrent physiological signals in analog form are not readily displayed simultaneously with images using standard television systems. This communication describes a moving-trace design which superimposes analog traces on video images. Investigators can thereby directly visualize and evaluate relationships between images and dynamic physiologic variables.
Some observations on the mechanics of drops in liquid-liquid systems

Data on the rate of rise and distortion of drops in several liquid-liquid systems have been collected. These are compared with correlations developed by other investigators, and in some cases discrepancies between observed and predicted values are noted which do not seem to be related to any easily measured physical property. However evidence is given showing that they are most likely due to the presence of surface-active materials. Photographs and shadowgraphs showing the nature of the flow around and behind moving drops are also included. The point of boundary-layer separation on the drop surface as indicated by these photographs has been related to the internal drop circulation. It is the shift in this point of separation which is the primary cause for the reduction in drag of liquid drops as compared with solid spheres. A previous theory for the breakup of rain drops explains the existing data for drop breakup in liquid-liquid systems.
African American Marital Satisfaction as a Function of Work-Family Balance and Work-Family Conflict and Implications for Social Workers

African Americans are more likely than any other race/ethnic group to report lower levels of marital satisfaction. Due to numerous benefits of marriage such as better physical and mental health, it is important to identify factors that impact African American marital satisfaction. This study examines the impact of work-family conflict and work-family balance on African American marital satisfaction. The results reveal a negative relationship between work-family conflict and marital satisfaction as well as differences in work-family factors that predict husbands' verses wives' marital satisfaction. The article offers implications for social work.
Why the current operation of the National Board of Dental Examiners and tripartite control should be maintained

Two complete papers and excerpts from others presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Conference of Dental Deans and Examiners discuss various aspects of the theme of the meeting—National Board examinations. National Board examinations has been a much debated issue recently. At its meeting in January, the Southern Conference of Dental Deans and Examiners made this topic its theme. Educators, examiners, representatives of the Council of National Board of Dental Examiners, practitioners, and students met to discuss the issues. Two papers presented at the meeting are published here in their entirety. And excerpts from the other papers give some of the varied opinions expressed at the conference.
Effects of early adolescent drug use on cognitive efficacy in early-late adolescence: A developmental structural model ☆

Despite an accumulated body of research evidence that documents the negative physical consequences of chronic alcohol and drug use, it is less clear whether the use of these same substances produces impaired cognitive abilities during the early stages of use. Early drug use may impede acquisition of critical thinking skills and hinder the learning of important cognitive strategies required for successful transition to adulthood. To better understand these relations, longitudinal latent-variable analyses were used to examine the effects of early adolescent drug use on early-late adolescent cognitive efficacy. Latent factors of polydrug use, behavioral control, and cognitive efficacy were hypothesized in early adolescence, the latter two controlling for potential spurious relations. At outcome, six constructs were hypothesized tapping polydrug use, cognitive mastery, self-reinforcement, problem-solving confidence, decision-making skills, and cognitive and affective self-management strategies. Models were psychometrically sound and accounted for large portions of variance. Early adolescent drug use had a small but significant negative effect on cognitive and affective self-management strategies. By the 12th grade, linkages between drug use and cognitive functioning were of larger magnitude than long-term influences, perhaps reinforcing the argument that deficits in cognitive skills are developmentally delayed and surface only with exacerbated or persistent drug use. Overall, specific effects of drug use adversely influenced important cognitive skills that may be critically related to functioning in both interpersonal and intrapersonal domains.
Complex Haptic Hallucinations and Palinaptia

Abstract A patient with biparietal lesions demonstrated complex stereognostic hallucinations and recurrent haptic sensations. Although there was complete astereognosis and palpatory apraxia, she palpated the hallucinated objects appropriately. A second patient with ictal haptic hallucinations is described, the one case previously reported in the literature. Some observations and speculations are made concerning these rare phenomena.
Purinergic P2Y receptors on astrocytes are directly coupled to phospholipase A2

ATP stimulates arachidonic acid mobilization and eicosanoid production in cultured astrocytes via P2Y-purinergic receptors. To assist in determining the mechanism of phospholipase A2 activation and the role of calcium in eicosanoid production, cultures were pretreated with pertussis toxin (PTx). ATP-evoked eicosanoid release was inhibited by PTx in a concentration-dependent fashion. Inositol phospholipid hydrolysis was partially attenuated by PTx, but the concentrations required were approximately 50 times greater than those for inhibition of eicosanoid production, suggesting that phospholipase C activation is not necessary for eicosanoid synthesis. Stimulation of eicosanoid release by other P2Y-purinergic receptor agonists was also inhibited by PTx; however, PTx had no effect on eicosanoid release evoked by ionomycin or thapsigargin, nor did it affect ATP-stimulated calcium influx or mobilization from intracellular stores. Increases in intracellular free calcium concentration alone were insufficient to stimulate eicosanoid production, but maximal production was dependent upon the concentration of extracellular calcium. These results suggest that the P2Y-purinergic receptor is coupled to phospholipase A2 via a guanine nucleotide-binding protein, and that extracellular calcium may also be involved in the synthesis of eicosanoids by astrocytes.
Phencyclidine-induced alterations of rat electrophysiology

Phencyclidine (PCP) at high doses causes both excitation and depression in the rat. The visual evoked potential (VEP) was measured in rats following PCP administration in doses ranging from 1 mg/kg to 56 mg/kg. Consistent lengthening of VEP latencies suggests that PCP has an unusual inhibitory effect on visual function in the presence of the excitatory signs of bilaterally synchronous cortical spiking. The epileptogenic properties of PCP are quite evident in rats.
Aggresome-like structure induced by isothiocyanates is novel proteasome-dependent degradation machinery

Unwanted or misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperones or degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). When UPS is impaired, misfolded proteins form aggregates, which are transported along microtubules by motor protein dynein towards the juxta-nuclear microtubule-organizing center to form aggresome, a single cellular garbage disposal complex. Because aggresome formation results from proteasome failure, aggresome components are degraded through the autophagy/lysosome pathway. Here we report that small molecule isothiocyanates (ITCs) can induce formation of aggresome-like structure (ALS) through covalent modification of cytoplasmic alpha- and beta-tubulin. The formation of ALS is related to neither proteasome inhibition nor oxidative stress. ITC-induced ALS is a proteasome-dependent assembly for emergent removal of misfolded proteins, suggesting that the cell may have a previously unknown strategy to cope with misfolded proteins.
Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies to Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 Act as Antagonists of Multiple Modes of Channel Activation

The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel has been implicated in different pathophysiologies that include asthma, cough, itch, and inflammatory pain. Agonists of TRPA1 such as mustard oil and its key component allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) cause pain and neurogenic inflammation in humans and pain behaviors in rodents. Hence, TRPA1 antagonists are being pursued as potential therapeutics. With the goal of generating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to human TRPA1 that could act as selective antagonists, we immunized mice with a variety of antigens expressing TRPA1 channels. After generation of hybridomas, the hybridoma conditioned media were screened to identify the mAbs that bind TRPA1 channels by a flow cytometry assay utilizing U2OS or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing TRPA1. The purified IgGs from the hybridomas that showed selective binding to TRPA1 were evaluated for antagonism in agonist-induced 45Ca2+ uptake assays using CHO-TRPA1 cells. Several of the mAbs showed concentration-dependent inhibition of AITC and cold (4°C) activation of TRPA1. The most potent mAb, 2B10, had IC50 values of approximately 260 and 90 nM in the two assays, respectively. These antagonist mAbs also blocked osmotically activated TRPA1 as well as activation by an endogenous agonist (4-oxo-2-nonenal). In summary, we generated mouse mAbs against TRPA1 that act as antagonists of multiple modes of TRPA1 activation.
Desmosomal Adhesion in Development

cer. On many regions of their surfaces cells cooperate in the construction of symmet? rical plasma membrane specializations known as intercellular junctions. In ver? tebrates these are grouped into four cat? egories: 1) tight junctions, 2) gap junctions, 3) adhaerens junctions and 4) desmosomes. Of these the adhaerens junctions, which are associated with actin filaments, and the des? mosomes, which are associated with inter? mediate filaments, appear most dedicated to intercellular adhesion. It has become
Preliminary investigation of the behavior of lysozyme in urea solutions.

Abstract The intrinsic viscosity, optical rotation, and lytic activity of lysozyme have been investigated in urea solutions, within the concentration range of from 0 to 10 M urea. Viscosity data show that the protein molecule is a compact and fairly symmetrical unit in its native state, but that it undergoes swelling at urea concentrations higher than 5–6 M. Optical rotation data point to the presence of a very stable folded configuration in the peptide chain of lysozyme. Unfolding occurs only above 7 M urea, and the extent of unfolding in 10 M urea is less than the corresponding increase in swelling of the molecule. Lytic activity was measured by means of two sensitive microorganisms, B. megatherium and M. lysodeikticus. Lysis by lysozyme is somewhat obscured by the marked effect of urea upon killed cells. It is clear, however, that concentrated urea inhibits the enzymic properties of the molecule; this inhibition is fully reversible. It is concluded that at least part of the tertiary structure of the molecule is necessary for some step in the course of the lytic process.
A Protein Roadmap to Pluripotency and Faithful Reprogramming

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are of great interest because of their capability of unlimited self-renewal and multilineage differentiation, thus serving as a potentially unlimited source for tissue replacement in regenerative medicine. ES cells possess factors that maintain and induce pluripotency, as demonstrated by successful reprogramming of somatic cells by fusion with ES cells. Understanding the complex molecular mechanisms underlying ES cell pluripotency should illuminate fundamental properties of stem cells and the process of reprogramming. Proteomics has proven to be a powerful approach to gain insight into key intracellular signals governing ES cell self-renewal and differentiation. We have recently employed a proteomics approach to explore the regulatory protein networks in which Nanog, a fundamental ES cell transcription factor, operates and have constructed the first protein interaction network in mouse ES cells. The network is highly enriched for factors known to be critical in ES cell biology and appears to function as a module for pluripotency. Here we will review current ES cell proteomic studies and provide insights into how a pluripotency protein network will advance recent efforts in cellular reprogramming.
A relationship between emissivity and thermal conductivity of metals

A semi-theoretical equation relating the emissivity in a direction normal to the surface of polished metals, n, and their thermal conductivity k is derived: n = 1·0 × 10-4 T k-1/2 where T is in °K and k in w cm-1 degK-1. Literature data are in agreement with this equation.
Semiconductive properties of lipids and their possible relationship to lipid bilayer conductivity

Abstract The de semiconductive behavior of lipid films (cholesterol palmitate, egg lecithin and synthetic lecithin) has been studied. Although these lipids are insulators in the dry state, they exhibit conductivities greater than 108 times larger in the fully hydrated condition. The semiconduction activation energies for the “dry” and fully hydrated states of these films have been measured: for synthetic lecithin, the “dry” activation energy has values of 4.8 to 6.3 eV depending upon the sample, while for cholesterol palmitate the values range from 2.9 to 3.5 eV. The fully hydrated values for the lecithins range from 1.7 to 2.8 eV, whereas those for the cholesterol palmitate are 1.2 to 1.9 eV. For egg lecithin, an effect paralleling that for hydration is found upon exposure of the film to iodine vapor. Lipid bilayers, formed from egg lecithin, exhibit resistance values of 108Ω·cm2 when formed in distilled water. Addition of iodine to the water drops the resistance to less than 104Ω·cm2. Spectroscopic evidence indicates that iodine forms a donor-acceptor complex both with egg lecithin films and egg lecithin bilayers. The increase in electrical conductivity in both the lipid films and lipid bilayers is taken to be due to the formation of this donor—acceptor complex. Since all presently known donor—acceptor complexes are electronic conductors this is taken as suggestive of an electronic conduction mechanism in the bilayer.
Measurable extension theorems

Abstract This paper concerns the use of measurable selection techniques to obtain some measurable extension theorems.
Plasma Source Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Biological and Environmental Samples: Dealing with Potential Interferences

Introduction Effectiveness of a plasma to dissociate the sample into ions has been the basis of the development of plasma source optical emission spectrometer (OES) and mass spectrometer (MS) for elemental and isotope analysis. Among the available ways of inducing and sustaining a plasma, only inductively coupled plasma (ICP) has gained commercial application. The ICP is an electrodeless discharge in a gas at atmospheric pressure, maintained by energy coupled to it from a radio frequency generator. This is done by a coupling coil, which functions as the primary of radio frequency transformer, the secondary of which is created by the discharge itself (Jarvis et al., 1992). An ICP-MS system consists of a plasma source (ICP) interfaced with a quadrupole MS. The plasma ionizes the elements of the sample and the MS serves as a detector that measures the mass to charge (m/z) ratio of the element(s) or isotope(s) of interest. Generally an argon (Ar) plasma is used, but other plasma sources have also been propose...
What observer models best reflect low-contrast detectability in CT?

The purpose of this work was to compare CT low-contrast detectability as measured via human perception experiments with observer model surrogates of image quality measured directly from the images. A phantom was designed with a range of low-contrast circular inserts representing 5 contrast levels and 3 sizes. The phantom was imaged repeatedly (20 times) on a third-generation dual-source CT scanner (SOMATOM Definition Force, Siemens Healthcare). Images were reconstructed at 0.6 mm slice thickness using filtered back projection (FBP) and advanced modeled iterative reconstruction (ADMIRE) and were assessed by eleven blinded and independent readers using a two alternative forced choice (2AFC) detection experiment. The human scores were taken as the accuracy, averaged across observers. The predicted performance was computed directly from the images for several traditional image quality metrics and model observers including contrast to noise ratio (CNR), area weighted CNR (CNRa), non-prewhitening matched filter (NPW), non-prewhitening matched filter with an eye filter (NPWE), channelized Hotelling observer (CHO), and channelized Hotelling observer with internal noise (CHOi). The correlation between model observer predictions and human performance was assessed using linear regression analysis. The coefficient of determination (R2) was used as goodness-of-fit metric to determine how well each model observer predicts human performance. R2 was 0.11, 0.71, 0.73, 0.77, 0.60, and 0.72 for CNR, CNRa, NPW, NPWE, CHO, and CHOi, respectively. The findings demonstrate NPW, NPWE, and CHOi all to have strong correlation with human performance and could be used to optimize scan and reconstruction settings.
Measurements of temperature and hydroxyl radical generation/decay in lean fuel–air mixtures excited by a repetitively pulsed nanosecond discharge

Abstract OH Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and picosecond (ps), broadband Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) are used for time-resolved temperature and time-resolved, absolute OH number density measurements in lean H 2 -air, CH 4 -air, C 2 H 4 -air, and C 3 H 8 -air mixtures in a nanosecond (ns) pulse discharge cell/plasma flow reactor. The premixed fuel–air flow in the reactor, initially at T 0 = 500 K and P = 100 torr, is excited by a repetitive ns pulse discharge in a plane-to-plane geometry (peak voltage 28 kV, discharge gap 10 mm, estimated pulse energy 1.25 mJ/pulse), operated in burst mode at 10 kHz pulse repetition rate. In most measurements, burst duration is limited to 50 pulses, to preclude plasma-assisted ignition. The discharge uniformity in air and fuel–air flows is verified using sub-ns-gated images (employing an intensified charge-coupled device camera). Temperatures measured at the end of the discharge burst are in the range of T = 550–600 K, using both OH LIF and CARS, and remain essentially unchanged for up to 10 ms after the burst. Time-resolved temperature measured by CARS during plasma-assisted ignition of H 2 -air is in good agreement with kinetic model predictions. Based on CARS measurement, vibrational nonequilibrium is not a significant factor at the present conditions. Time-resolved, absolute OH number density, measured after the discharge burst, demonstrates that OH concentration in C 2 H 4 -air, C 3 H 8 -air, and CH 4 is highest in lean mixtures. In H 2 -air, OH concentration is nearly independent of the equivalence ratio. In C 2 H 4 -air and C 3 H 8 -air, unlike in CH 4 -air and in H 2 -air, transient OH-concentration overshoot after the discharge is detected. In C 2 H 4 -air and C 3 H 8 -air, OH decays after the discharge on the time scale of ∼0.02–0.1 ms, suggesting little accumulation during the burst of pulses repeated at 10 kHz. In CH 4 -air and H 2 -air, OH concentration decays within ∼0.1–1.0 ms and 0.5–1.0 ms, respectively, showing that it may accumulate during the burst. The experimental results are compared with kinetic modeling calculations using plasma/fuel chemistry model employing several H 2 -air and hydrocarbon-air chemistry mechanisms. Kinetic mechanisms for H 2 -air, CH 4 -air, and C 2 H 4 -air developed by A. Konnov provide the best overall agreement with OH measurements. In C 3 H 8 -air, none of the hydrocarbon chemistry mechanisms agrees well with the data. The results show the need for development of an accurate, predictive low-temperature plasma chemistry/fuel chemistry kinetic model applicable to fuels C 3 and higher.
CENTRALIZERS AND INDUCTION

Given a ring homomorphism B → A, consider its centralizer R = AB, bimodule endomorphism ring S = EndBAB and sub-tensor-square ring T = (A ⊗ BA)B. Nonassociative tensoring by the cyclic modules RT or SR leads to an equivalence of categories inverse to the functors of induction of restricted A-modules or restricted coinduction of B-modules in case A | B is separable, H-separable, split or left depth two (D2). If RT or SR are projective, this property characterizes separability or splitness for a ring extension. Only in the case of H-separability is RT a progenerator, which takes the place of the key module AAe for an Azumaya algebra A. In addition, we characterize left D2 extensions in terms of the module TR, and show that the centralizer of a depth two extension is a normal subring in the sense of Rieffel as well as pre-braided commutative. For example, the notion of normality yields a version for Hopf subalgebras of the fact that normal subgroups have normal centralizers, and yields a special case of a conjecture that D2 Hopf subalgebras are normal.
Commentary on Frank Summers's “Kohut's Vision and the Nuclear Program of the Self”

In this response, the author agrees with Frank Summers's view that the goal of any analysis is the flowering of the nuclear self, and that Kohut's term, “nuclear self,” has not been sufficiently emphasized or understood by either self or relational self psychologists. The author also suggests that Summers's emphasis on the action program of the nuclear self is deeply attuned with Kohut's views and is crucial for us to hold in mind. However, the author takes exception to Summers's claim that the search for the nuclear self in an analysis occurs only after the transmuting internalizations of the selfobject transferences are completed. The author suggests, rather, that Summers's analytic stance is completely explicable within the context of Kohut's and E. S. Wolf's definitions of the mature selfobject transferences, and that Kohut and others focused on the hope and possibility of the analysand's emerging agency throughout the analysis.
An LMI approach to discrete-time observer design with stochastic resilience

Much of the recent work on robust control or observer design has focused on preservation of stability of the controlled system or the convergence of the observer in the presence of parameter perturbations in the plant or the measurement model. The present work addresses the important problem of stochastic resilience or non-fragility of a discrete-time Luenberger observer which is the maintenance of convergence and/or performance when the observer is erroneously implemented possibly due to computational errors i.e. round off errors in digital implementation or sensor errors, etc. A common linear matrix inequality framework is presented to address the stochastic resilient design problem for various performance criteria in the implementation based on the knowledge of an upper bound on the variance of the random error in the observer gain. Present results are compared to earlier designs for stochastic robustness. Illustrative examples are given to complement the theoretical results.
A nonlinear viscoelastic–viscoplastic constitutive model for ionomer membranes in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Abstract This paper describes a phenomenological constitutive model for ionomer membranes in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Unlike the existing approaches of elasto-plastic, viscoelastic, and viscoplastic model, the proposed model was inspired by micromechanisms of polymer deformation. The constitutive model is a combination of the nonlinear visco-elastic Bergstrom–Boyce model and hydration–temperature-dependent empirical equations for elastic modulus of ionomer membranes. Experiment results obtained from an uniaxial tension test for Nafion NR-111 membrane under well controlled environments were compared with simulated results by the finite element method (FEM) and the proposed model showed fairly good predictive capabilities for the large deformation behavior of the Nafion membrane subjected to the uniaxial loading condition in a wide range of relative humidity and temperature levels including liquid water.
Hot‐Pressing Alumina—Mechanisms of Material Transport

The effect of load on initial neck growth between alumina single-crystal spheres has been measured at 1530°C. The neck areas are larger than those observed in pressureless sintering and constant for all times between 10 and 480 minutes. The neck areas are proportional to the loads; i.e. they equilibrate at equal stresses (50,000 psi). It is shown quantitatively that the initial enhanced neck growth observed cannot be attributed to enhanced sintering by diffusion under the influence of stress. The plastic flow contribution to densification during hot-pressing is calculated from the stress inferred from the foregoing measurements, from the applied load in hot-pressing, and from geometric relations between particles. It is shown that for aluminum oxide the contribution of plastic flow to densification at the pressures normally used in hot-pressing is small. It is concluded that the final stage of densification of alumina during hot-pressing occurs by enhanced diffusion under the influence of stress.
Hepatic protein kinase-C and protein phosphatase type-2A in the fetal rat.

ABSTRACT: The Ca2+- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase-C (PK-C), was studied in fetal rat liver between d 17 and 21 of gestation. Initial studies showed that rat liver, membrane-associated PK-C could be detected as a protein of Mr=80 000 using a polyclonal rat brain PK-C antiserum. Fetal hepatic membrane-bound PK-C activity rose as gestation progressed with adult levels (21 ± 3 pmol/min/mg protein) being attained by term. Although fasting for 48 h led to PK-C activation in adult livers, fetal hepatic PK-C was not activated by 48 h of maternal fasting. Membrane-associated protein phosphatase activity that might reverse PK-C action was also studied. PK-C sites in casein (an artificial PK-C substrate) were selectively dephosphorylated by a membrane-associated, poly-cation-stimulated protein phosphatase. This activity, thus classified as protein phosphatase type-2A, was constitutively expressed in fetal liver membranes from 17- 21 d gestation. We have previously reported that the other major hepatic protein phosphatase, protein phosphatase type-1, also is constitutively expressed during the later stage of gestation. Taken together with the results of our present study, our data indicate that PK-C-dependent phosphorylation in fetal liver probably increases with advancing gestation.
Can alien plants support generalist insect herbivores

Simple rearing experiments were con- ducted to address two questions relevant to under- standing how generalist lepidopteran herbivores interact with alien plants. Yellow-striped armyworm (Spodoptera ornithogalli), luna moth (Actias luna), bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis) and white-marked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) were reared from egg to 5th instar on excised foliage in the laboratory to determine the degree to which highly polyphagous lepidopteran herbivores are physiologically capable of surviving and developing on the suite of alien plants naturalized in the mid- Atlantic. Actias luna larvae from a single population were similarly reared on a representative of each of the 25 native plant genera recorded as hosts for this species to compare the diet breadth of a local population with that listed over the entire geographic range of the species. With few exceptions, all four generalists either quickly starved or grew at an unsustainably low rate on alien foliage. Actias luna larvae survived for 18 days on only 44% of the native plants recorded as hosts over the entire range of this insect and thrived on only 7%. The data suggest that (1) alien plants are unlikely to produce as much generalist insect biomass as the native plants they replace and (2) Lepidoptera that qualify as generalists when host breadth is considered over their entire geographic range may express a far more specialized diet within local populations. Both of these conclu- sions support the hypothesis that alien plant invasions may seriously disrupt terrestrial food webs by reducing the insect biomass required by insectivores in higher trophic levels.
When “I” becomes “We”: ethical implications of emerging brain-to-brain interfacing technologies

The idea of creating a direct connection between a human brain and a computer has a long history in science fiction. The development of brain computer interfaces (BCI), technologies permitting direct communication between a user's brain and an external device, began to become a reality in the 1970s (Vidal, 1973), and have since captured the attention of scientists and the public alike. Initially conceptualized for military use—the initial work was funded by the National Science Foundation and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)—more recently BCIs have shown promise for therapeutic uses, providing hope for restorative and even enhanced human capacities. Utilizing both invasive and non-invasive technologies, scientists are now capable of recording and translating activity from populations of neurons to operate external devices (e.g., O'Doherty et al., 2011). In early 2013, the technology took a leap forward as researchers replaced the external computer connection with a second embodied brain, dubbing the approach “brain-to-brain” interfacing (BTBI). The direct transfer of information between two brains raises new and important ethical issues. Below, we summarize the first two landmark studies in BTBI research, and then discuss ethical concerns relevant to BTBI as they are applied in clinical, research, and non-therapeutic domains.
An investigation of compliant micro-half-pantographs using the pseudorigid body model

Many microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) require a mechanism that amplifies motion. This article investigates the use of the pseudorigid body model (PRBM) to design fully compliant micro-half-pantographs for this purpose. The results demonstrate the ability to amplify motion with a compliant mechanism with no assembly or pin joints. The PRBM was used to develop equations for input-output displacement, force-deflection, and maximum nominal stress-deflection predictions. Predictions compared favorably to finite-element and experimental results. This work emphasizes further that the traditional method of trial-and-error design can be substituted by the pseudorigid body model approach. *Communicated by B. Gilmore.
The problem of finding and inference rule for set theory

This article is the ninth of a series of articles discussing various open research problems in automated reasoning. Here we focus on finding an inference rule for set theory. The problem proposed for research asks one to find a means for building in set-theoretic reasoning in a manner similar to the way paramodulation builds in equality-oriented reasoning. For evaluating a proposed solution to this research problem, we include suggestions concerning possible test problems.
Explaining County Government Fiscal Transparency in an Age of e-Government

This research seeks to explain the fiscal transparency practices of individual U.S. counties by examining the extent of information shared with constituents via county government Web sites. This st...
Projection and Simple Methods for Single-Fluid and Multiple-Fluid Incompressible Unsteady Flows—General Formula

A general second-order fractional-step method is presented for simulation of unsteady single-fluid and multiple-fluid flows. It includes four-step and three-step projection methods. Several existing projection methods can be acquired through this general formula. The SIMPLE method is also a special case of this general fractional-step method. The relationship between the SIMPLE method and the projection method is discussed based on this formula.
Serum Albumin Levels May Not Correlate With Weight Status in Severe Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is a difficult disease to treat effectively. Inpatient treatment in facilities with specialized expertise heightens the chance for success. Patients with the most severe degrees of anorexia nervosa are especially in need of hospitalization. Authorization from insurers can be a barrier to admitting these patients to reputable treatment facilities. Therefore, familiarity with accurate markers of disease severity is important to understand in order to effectively advocate for these patients. Albumin, a commonly used marker for nutritional status is surprisingly normal even in patients with severe anorexia nervosa. Understanding that albumin levels do not correlate with the severity of anorexia nervosa is an important lesson to understand in the process of facilitating the most effective care settings for patients with severe anorexia nervosa.
Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the folding/unfolding of a tryptophan-containing mutant of ribonuclease A

Tryptophan was substituted for Tyr92 to create a sensitive and unique optical probe in order to study the unfolding and refolding kinetics of disulfide-intact bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A by fluorescence-detected stopped-flow techniques. The stability of the Trp mutant was found to be similar to that of wild-type RNase A when denatured by heat or GdnHCl, and the mutant was found to have 85% of the activity of the wild-type protein. Single-jump unfolding experiments showed that the unfolding pathway of the Trp mutant contains a fast and a slow phase similar to those seen previously for the wild-type protein, indicating that the mutation did not alter the unfolding pathway significantly. The activation energy of the slow-unfolding phase suggested that proline isomerization is involved, with the Trp residue presumably reporting on changes in its local environment. Single-jump refolding experiments revealed the presence of a GdnHCl-independent burst phase and a native-like intermediate, most likely IN, on...