cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Characterization of Microstructure Evolution in Austenitic Stainless Steel With Phase Transformation

The phase transformation in cold-rolled stainless steel 301LN sheets is investigated experimentally. A series of uniaxial experiments is performed to investigate the effect of initial anisotropy on the martensitic transformation kinetics. Three methods are employed to measure the martensite content: (1) X-ray diffraction, (2) micrography and (3) magnetic induction. The first two methods require interrupted tests while the third method allows for the in-situ detection of changes of the martensite volume ratio. All three methods show that the rate of austenite-to-martensite transformation is loading direction dependent. In particular, the magnetic induction technique appears to be sufficiently sensitive to detect these relative differences. However, the results also show that the determination of the absolute martensite volume content can only be quantified with poor accuracy due to the limited accuracy of X-ray diffraction and micrography.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Effects of vitamin E on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Vitamin E at 200 μg/ml significantly extended the mean lifespan and extended maximum lifespan of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans when supplied early in the prereproductive stage. At this concentration, vitamin E increased growth, but did not affect fecundity or the length of the reproductive period. The vitamin E effect was not passed from the parents to the progeny. Evaluations of the effects of vitamin E on lipofuscin accumulation were inconclusive. The results are compared to previous studies on C. briggsae and Turbatrix aceti.
Isomorphic factorizations X: Unsolved problems

An isomorphic factorization of a graph is a decomposition into isomorphic edge-disjoint subgraphs. A number of new and old open problems on isomorphic factorizations are presented along with some existing related results.
Working with Schools: The Story of a Mathematics Education Collaboration

of the Diversity in Mathematics Education (DiME) seminar, a five-year middle grades professional development collaboration between the NSF-funded DiME project at Berkeley and the Berkeley Unified School District (BUSD). There had been, as BUSD's Superintendent said that day, some bumps in the road during our collaboration. But there was also real progress. There is a sense of community and a set of developing competencies that were not present among the middle school teachers when the project was started. Equally important, the District has now taken on the full costs of the professional development effort, including partial release time for a district-wide mathematics coach and for mathematics coaches at each of Berkeley's middle schools. In addition, it is expanding the effort into the elementary schools. As people involved with schools will tell you, the odds of something like this happening are somewhere between epsilon and epsilon squared, where epsilon is very small. This article describes the essence of our collaboration, including some of the bumps in the road, with the goal of abstracting some of the lessons learned for mathematicians and others who want to lend their knowledge and talents to help in the schools. I begin in historical mode, describing the origins of the DiME project and our relationship with BUSD. I then characterize the context within which we work and my philosophical approach to professional development. This sets the stage for a portrayal of the first year of the DiME seminar, which conveys the give-and-take of a developing university-schools partnership. Having described one year in some detail, I pull back to abstract over the next few years of the seminar, focusing on two main themes: first, a description of the complexities of working with a "loosely coupled" school system, in which decision-making is strongly decentralized, and second, a description of some of the mathematical and pedagogical needs of middle school teachers and some of the progress it was possible to make in the seminar. I conclude with some suggestions derived from my experiences.
Studies of the influence of deep subwavelength surface roughness on fields of plasmonic thin film based on Lippmann–Schwinger equation in the spectral domain

In this paper, we consider a line source over a plasmonic thin film with surface roughness. Using layered medium Green’s functions, we derive the Lippmann–Schwinger equation in the spectral domain with scattering potentials for the case of surface roughness over a layered medium. Because of deep subwavelength surface roughness, the scattering potentials are next approximated by the small potential approximation, so that the solutions of fields in the spectral domain can be readily computed. Numerical results are illustrated for the surface fields on the rough surface and the fields in the image plane. For periodic roughness, small periods, on the order of 0.1λ, and small heights, on the order of 0.01λ, are used. For the case of random roughness, we choose the correlation length to be much smaller than a wavelength, on the order of 0.1λ, and height on the order of 0.01λ. The results of the fields on the rough surface in the spectral domain show that subwavelength roughness creates fields with wave vector components that are many times larger than the free-space wavenumber (∼10k0 or larger). In the spatial domain, the imaging is enhanced by the deep subwavelength roughness. Results of the small roughness approximation are in good agreement with that of exact potential and that of the method of moments.
Stability constrained incentive design for distributed frequency control of power grid

In this paper, we consider the problem of stability constrained incentive design for distributed frequency control of multi-machine power systems. We aim to design incentive mechanisms under which control authorities are incentivized to implement distributed controllers which can ensure frequency stability. To solve the problem, we propose a reward based mechanism and determine a lower bound on the rewards such that the induced Nash equilibrium realizes the above objective on dynamic behavior of power grid.
Abstract 1069: The role of mammalian Ecdysoneless in cell cycle regulation and cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Our long term research goal is to understand biochemical mechanisms of immortalization of human mammary epithelial cells (hMECs) that represents an early step in breast cancer progression. We have generated several hMEC immortalization models using viral oncogenes, mutated cancer genes as well as radiation treatment of cells. In one of such immortalization model, we identified Ecdysoneless (Ecd) protein as the human papilloma virus (HPV) E6 interacting protein. We have reported earlier that HPV16 E6 protein is highly efficient for hMEC immortalization. Here, we present evidence that Ecd, an evolutionarily conserved protein, is a novel regulator of the Rb/E2F pathway. We generated a conditional Ecd knockout mouse model and observed that complete deletion of Ecd leads to early embryonic lethality in mice. The experiments using conditional Ecd-null MEFs created from Ecdlox/lox revealed that lack of Ecd inhibits cellular proliferation by delaying G1-S cell cycle progression and down-regulates E2F target gene expression. Furthermore, Ecd directly binds to Rb at the pocket domain and disrupts the interaction of Rb with E2F, leading to impairment of repressive effect of Rb on E2F target promoters. Thus, we demonstrate that Ecd is an essential protein in embryonic development and a novel regulator of G1-S cell cycle transition by modulating Rb/E2F pathway. Consistent with these observations, overexpression of Ecd in hMECs hastens the exit of cells from G1 phase of the cell cycle. Significantly, immunohistochemical analyses showed Ecd is overexessed in ductal carcinoma in situ as well as in infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast. In conclusion, Ecd plays an important role in cell cycle progression and its deregulation can lead to abnormal cell proliferation leading to breast cancer progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1069.
Electrolyte Intake and Nonpharmacologic Blood Pressure Control

Abstract PURPOSE: To characterize relationships between sodium and potassium intakes and blood pressure control. METHODS: We analyzed repeated 24-hour diet recalls and 24-hour urine assays from 873 elderly participants with established hypertension in a 3-year clinical trial of lifestyle interventions. Pooled estimates of electrolyte intakes were developed using hierarchical measurement error models and related to nonpharmacologic blood pressure control. RESULTS: Relative decreases in sodium and increases in potassium intakes each had graded relationships with better blood pressure control. After adjustment for measurement error, a 100 mmol/24-hour decrease in sodium intake was associated with an odds ratio of 2.93 [95% confidence interval: 1.83, 4.64] for maintaining nonpharmacologic blood pressure control throughout follow-up. A 50 mmol/24-hour increase in potassium intake was associated with an odds ratio of 2.00 [1.12, 3.55]. These relationships were independent of each other and of baseline levels of intakes. Blood pressure control was most strongly associated with sodium intake for participants with lower systolic blood pressures and longer duration of hypertension, and with potassium for those with elevated diastolic blood pressures. CONCLUSIONS: Sodium and potassium intakes exert independent graded influences on nonpharmacologic blood pressure control. Correlated measurement error may spuriously introduce a dependency among these relationships.
Tightly bound adenine nucleotide in bacterial membrane ATPase.

Summary Earlier studies have shown that Streptococcus faecalis organisms incorporate [32p]-orthophosphate into membrane ATPase ( Abrams and Nolan, BBRC (1972) 48 , 982 ). We have now found that [14C]adenine as well as 32Pi is incorporated into the enzyme in vivo . The in vivo labelled ATPase, solubilized and then purified by zonal sedimentation, contained labelled ATP, ADP and Pi. Binding experiments in vitro showed that labelled ATP, ADP and Pi bind to the isolated solubilized ATPase at concentrations of 5 × 10−5M. The ATPase-ligand complexes formed in vitro like those formed in vivo were sufficiently stable to be isolated by zonal sedimentation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The stoichiometry of in vitro binding of the labelled compounds was about 1 mol ATP, 1 mol ADP and 0.1 mol Pi per mol of enzyme.
Evaluation of several Dupont portal film systems.

Abstract The sensitometric curves (also known as the characteristic curves, or more commonly as the HD curves after Hurler and Driffield who first used such curves in 1890 to describe the response of photographic film to light) of three DuPont® portal films (CRONEX 10T, 10TL and Ultra-Vision C) in combination with two DuPont® cassettes (CRONEX Radiation Therapy and Radiation Therapy Verification) were produced utilizing a 60Co beam and a 18 MV beam. The results are compared with that of a Kodak® portal film system (T-Mat G RA film and X-Omatic V cassette). The sensitometric curves of the DuPont® films in the Kodak® cassette were also measured. The results show that the Kodak® system is superior to the DuPont® systems with respect to the imaging quality and the feasibility of film techniques, and that if the DuPont® films are used, significant improvements can be made by combining the DuPont® films with the Kodak® cassette.
Varieties of Parenting Failure in Anorexia Nervosa: Protection and Parentectomy, Revisited

This paper discusses family treatment in anorexia nervosa from the perspective of parenting failure and the child's need for protection. Data are presented from a series of 150 hospitalized patients and a chart review of 25 cases. The data illustrate the frequency with which patients lose weight on contact with parents and the varieties of parenting failure observed: provision of harmful unprescribed medication, maliganant denial, breakdown of householding, ***etc. A hierarchy of parenting stabilizing interventions leading from the educational to the legal-administrative is presented and examples given. Advantages and dangers in this approach and the ways it contrast with the family therapy appraoch are spelled out.
Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Receptor-Driven Heterologous Desensitization of the Major HIV-1 Co-receptor CXCR4

Cross-desensitization between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can play an important role in the regulation of the immune response. Recent research shows that the receptor for nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), designated the orphan opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1) exerts a significant effect on adaptive immunity. We carried out experiments to determine the capacity of ORL1 to desensitize the major HIV co-receptor CXCR4. Our results show that ORL1 induced significant desensitization of CXCR4 in both CD4-positive T cells and CD14-positive monocytes, as well as the CD4-positive Jurkat T cell, and U937 monocyte-like cell lines. In addition, the cross-desensitization of CXCR4 by ORL1 did not result in detectable internalization of CXCR4 in either primary cells or the hematopoietic cell lines. Finally, results show that the heterologous-desensitization of CXCR4 was associated with reduced susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Given the relative resistance of CXCR4 to cross-desensitization, our studies suggest that ORL1 possesses a high level of regulatory activity.
A Modified BISK Algorithm for 3D Dual-TreeWavelet Transform Coding

In this paper presents a video-coding system that does not perform explicit ME/MC but instead relies on the DDWT to isolate moving signal features. To counteract the redundancy of the DDWT, a noise-shaping process increases the sparsity of the transform coefficients, resulting in a high degree of spatiotemporally coherent regions of insignificant coefficients. The transform coefficients are coded with binary set-partitioning using k-d trees (BISK) in an algorithm (DDWT-BISK) that exploits both the within-subband spatiotemporal coherency as well as cross-subband correlation to achieve efficient coding. Whereas a prior DDWT-based coder (DDWTVC2) exploits correlation as it exists across subbands in the DDWT, our DDWT-BISK coder additionally exploits coherent regions of insignificant coefficients that occur within subbands, a coherence that must necessarily be substantial due to the sparsity imposed by the noise-shaping process.
Sorting out what's in a word from what's not: evaluating Clark's Semantic Features Acquisition Theory.

Abstract The Semantic Features Acquisition theory of semantic development which is due to E. Clark (e.g., 1973b) is reviewed and evaluated against the recent experimental literature, with special reference to the acquisition of English antonyms. The review critically examines the three major ontogenetic principles of Clark's theory in light of numerous recent findings, many of which are at variance in some major way with predictions from the theory. In many instances, new data are available which call into question previous findings. A recurrent problem has been that children's comprehension task performance is confounded with their response biases which are specific to the linguistic and nonlinguistic contexts in which the lexical terms are presented. Methodological implications are discussed, with recommendations for employing the logic of converging operations.
Using a Psychosocial Registry as a Data Source for Nurses

Nurses at the bedside strive to base their practice on the best available information derived from evidence. However, issues related to patient care often arise for which evidence is either difficult to attain or not available. This can be particularly true for nurses who care for patients with diverse diagnoses because most studies focus on patients with a single cancer diagnosis. For example, evidence about quality of life (QOL) as perceived by the patient is a concern for clinicians but is of particular importance to nurses at the bedside. A great deal of study has been performed on the QOL of patients with cancer; however, most of these reports focus on narrow or limited samples, typically one specific cancer type. Having access to a registry that enrolls patients with diverse types of cancer and collects QOL data could be very useful to practicing bedside nurses.
Analysis of Atmospheric Particulates for Trace Elements by Optical Emission Spectrometry

One thousand composited particulate samples collected by the National Air Surveillance Network in 1970 on glass fiber filters were analyzed for 24 trace elements by spark-excited direct reading emission spectrometry. After acid extraction, the lithium chloride stabilized extracts were analyzed in duplicate using a rotrode with indium as an internal standard. Interference corrections and calibration data were frequently updated during analyses by special minicomputer programs. Iron, calcium, aluminum, magnesium, zinc, and manganese were found in unused filters. Precision data on samples had a median relative standard deviation of 14% for all elements. The median spike recovery was 97%, excluding tin with 11 to 28%. Analysis of different portions of the same filters gave average concentration differences with a median of 14%. Detection limits for all elements and lead analysis by both atomic absorption and optical emission are reported. Zinc and tin data were unacceptable due to poor precision or accuracy.
Insulin Response to Glucose Is Lower in Individuals Homozygous for the Arg 64 Variant of the β-3-Adrenergic Receptor

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) is a polygenic disorder with a variable phenotype that includes both insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction. The Arg 64 β-3-adrenergic receptor variant allele is associated with an earlier age of onset of type 2 DM. The purpose of this study was to examine the in vivo pathophysiology of this variant allele to determine its contribution to the components of glucose metabolism. We used the frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance tests, minimal model analysis, and analysis of covariance to examine age- and fat-mass-adjusted differences among genotypes. The results demonstrate that individuals homozygous for the Arg 64 allele secrete significantly less insulin in response to a glucose infusion (562 ± 116 vs. 962 ± 94 pmol/μL), have the highest fasting glucose levels (100.4 ± 1.9 vs. 92.48 ± 1.60 mg/dL), and have lower glucose effectiveness (0.014 ± 0.003 vs. 0.019 ± 0.002 min−1), compared with those homozygous for the Trp 64 allele. This first report of decre...
Synapsis, recombination, and meiotic segregation in the mesquite lizard, Sceloporus grammicus, complex. I: Pericentric inversion heteromorphism of the F5 cytotype

Chromosomal pairing and recombination were analyzed in male specimens of Sceloporus grammicus heterozygous for a large pericentric inversion of macrochromosome 4. Analysis of silver-stained synaptonemal complexes (SCs) in surface-spread nuclei revealed that homologously paired inversion loops were not formed. Synapsis of the inverted segments proceeded directly to nonhomologous straight pairing. In some nuclei, this resulted in a configuration that could not be distinguished from homozygous bivalents of similar size. Examination of Giemsa- and silver-stained diakinetic nuclei indicated that crossing-over was limited to the noninverted (homologous) portion of the heteromorphic bivalent. Analysis of secondary spermatocytes (metaphase II configurations) revealed normal disjunction and balanced segregation of the elements of the heteromorphic bivalent. These observations indicate that the inversion heteromorphism does not lead to the production of unbalanced gametes.
How factors of land use/land cover, building configuration, and adjacent heat sources and sinks explain Urban Heat Islands in Chicago

Abstract Urban Heat Islands (UHI) are urban and suburban areas with elevated surface and air temperatures relative to surrounding rural areas. This study combines variables from the remote sensing and urban climatology publications to explain UHI intensity in eight Chicago neighborhoods. During the summer of 2010, we collected air temperature measurements within an urban block in each neighborhood. Consistent with remote sensing research that measures surface temperature, the predictors of elevated nighttime air temperatures were land cover variables. At 2 a.m., the urban block's percentages of impervious surface and tree canopy explained 68% of the variation in air temperature. At 2 a.m., the other physical measures of urban canyon and street orientation were not significant. At 2 a.m. during extreme heat events, the urban block's percentages of impervious surface and tree canopy explained 91% of the variation in air temperature. At 4 p.m., the only significant explanatory variable was distance to industrial sites and this explained 26% of the variation in air temperature. At 4 p.m. during extreme heat events, there were no significant predictors. We believe this research illustrates the importance of differentiating time of day for residential and non-residential areas in UHI mitigation efforts and the need to include waste heat in future UHI investigations.
Innate Immunity in Pluripotent Human Cells: ATTENUATED RESPONSE TO INTERFERON-β*

Type I interferon (IFN-α/β) binds to cell surface receptors IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 and triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the transcription of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes. This response is a crucial component in innate immunity in that it establishes an “antiviral state” in cells and protects them against further damage. Previous work demonstrated that, compared with their differentiated counterparts, pluripotent human cells have a much weaker response to cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and are only able to produce a minimal amount of IFN-β. We show here that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) also exhibit an attenuated response to IFN-β. Even though all known type I IFN signaling components are expressed in these cells, STAT1 phosphorylation is greatly diminished upon IFN-β treatment. This attenuated response correlates with a high expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1). Upon differentiation of hESCs into trophoblasts, cells acquire the ability to respond to IFN-β, and this is accompanied by a significant induction of STAT1 phosphorylation as well as a decrease in SOCS1 expression. Furthermore, SOCS1 knockdown in hiPSCs enhances their ability to respond to IFN-β. Taken together, our results suggest that an attenuated cellular response to type I IFNs may be a general feature of pluripotent human cells and that this is associated with high expression of SOCS1.
Electrothermal modeling of PIN diode protection circuits in MRI surface coils

A study of the temperature rise in MRI coil PIN diode protection circuits is presented. The study is based on a previously defined electrothermal model for the PIN diode that is applied to MR surface coils. The model shows a rapid rise in the PIN diode temperature with application of the MR transmit pulse and for low duty cycle MR pulse sequences, the diode cools significantly during the off-phase of the MR transmit pulse. For commercial surface coil protection diodes, a continuous temperature above approximately 125 °C will result in diode destruction, and this new electrothermal model allows MR coil designers the ability to predict temperature effects as part of the full design of the coil.
Effects of Electronic Stability Control: An Update

Objective. An earlier study reported that electronic stability control (ESC) in passenger vehicles reduced single-vehicle crash involvement risk by 41% and single-vehicle fatal crash involvement risk by 56%. The purpose of the present study was to update these effectiveness estimates using an additional year of crash data and a larger set of vehicle models. Methods. The amount of data increased by half, allowing for separate effectiveness estimates for cars and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and a more detailed examination of multiple-vehicle crash types. Crash involvement rates per registered vehicle were compared for otherwise identical vehicle models with and without ESC. Results. Based on all police-reported crashes in 10 states during three years, ESC reduced single-vehicle crash involvement risk by approximately 41%. Effects were significantly higher for SUVs than for cars. ESC reduced single-vehicle crash involvement risk by 49% for SUVs and 33% for cars. Based on all fatal crashes in the United Sta...
High points and hurdles in the translation of genomics

W hen the sequencing of the human genome was completed 8 years ago, it was the result of nearly 13 years of work by multiple groups using techniques that sequenced DNA base pairs at a rate of 115,000 (115 kbp) per day. As detailed by Marian in this issue of Translational Research, the technologic advances in DNA sequencing since then have been stunning. With next-generation, massively parallel methods, the rate of sequencing has increased 10fold and the time required to sequence the 3.2 billion base pairs of a whole human genome has decreased from 3–4 months using 100 machines to 1 week with 1 machine. With the accompanying decrease in cost, the ‘‘$1000 genome’’ is now in sight. In the intervening years, the era of the genome-wide association study (GWAS)—use of 1–2.5 million ‘‘common’’ (ie, occurring in .1% of the population) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to flag areas across the genome associated with traits and diseases—has nearly come and gone. Beginning in 2005, more than 1000 GWAS have been published documenting genetic associations with 576 conditions; 6 years later, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is channeling resources into the ‘‘post-GWAS’’ era of discovery.
Synthesis of cyclic oligoesters and their rapid polymerization to high molecular weight

We report advances for both synthesizing cyclic oligoesters and tailoring their physical properties to make ring-opening polymerization more practical for polyester manufacturing. Solution and suspension methods provide cyclic oligoesters rapidly with high yield and purity. Both methods can be adapted to continuous process operation using simple, inexpensive raw materials. Synthesis methodology influences the distribution of cyclic ring sizes. Nonequilibrium cyclic oligomer distributions produce variant crystal morphologies. Some kinetic cyclic oligoester mixtures have melting points remarkably reduced from those previously reported for the pure components. New mixed solvent syntheses, cyclic cooligomers, and ring-opening copolymerizations are demonstrated. The kinetics and efficiencies of cyclic oligoester polymerization to high molecular weight for homopolymer and copolymers are characterized. A new approach for a continuous, melt-phase ring-opening polymerization is demonstrated which avoids the high t...
Roles of endosomal trafficking in neurite outgrowth and guidance.

Membrane trafficking and cargo delivery are essential for axonal and dendritic growth and guidance. Neurons have numerous diverse post-Golgi vesicles and recent advances have clarified their identity and regulation. Combinatorial approaches using in vivo imaging of ‘intracellular cargo address labels' and functional perturbation have provided insight into these processes. In particular, the UNC-51 kinase regulates the trafficking of early endosomes and their axon guidance molecular cargos in several types of neurons in multiple organisms. Vesicular compartments bearing features of recycling endosomes, late endosomes or lysosomes also contribute to membrane addition and protein trafficking during neurite outgrowth and extension. New work shows that ubiquitylation of cargos and Rab effectors further specifies the trafficking routes of post-Golgi vesicles. These findings have begun to provide a more detailed view of the molecular mechanisms involved in neurite outgrowth and guidance. Additionally, high-resolution light microscopy imaging promises greater temporal and spatial understanding of vesicular exchange and maturation in neurons in the near future.
Nitrate sequestration by corticolous macrolichens during winter precipitation events.

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient in the biogeochemistry of forested ecosystems. The influence of canopy lichens on the winter biogeochemistry of nitrate in broadleaved deciduous forests is examined and it is hypothesized that nitrate sequestration will not differ between winter precipitation events. Rejection of this hypothesis would mean that meteorological conditions of winter precipitation events have a detectable influence on nitrate sequestration by canopy lichens and nitrate input to the forest floor. Canopy lichens of the genus Parmelia were found to influence winter nitrate stemflow inputs to forest soils differentially. Epiphytic lichens on an individual Carya glabra Mill. (pignut hickory) canopy tree, centrally located within the stand of an open deciduous forest, actively sequestered nitrate leached from the tree's woody frame, lowering aqueous stemflow inputs at the tree base. The quantities of nitrate sequestered by corticolous lichens during the 2 February 1999 mixed-precipitation event were significantly greater than those during all other precipitation events examined. Greater rates of nitrate uptake during the 2 February 1999 event may be attributed to (1) its intermediate rain intensity, which would have soaked the lichen thalli in a nutrient-rich bath, and (2) an air temperature range between –2 °C and 8 °C that would have increased viscosity and surface tension of stemflow drainage, thereby decreasing stemflow velocity and increasing the contact time of stemflow water on the lichen thalli. Other precipitation events were either too cold to promote metabolic activity by canopy lichens or too warm and intense for an optimal contact time of stemflow with lichen thalli, resulting in lower quantities of nitrate sequestered. Meteorological conditions of winter precipitation events have been documented to influence sequestration of nitrate by corticolous lichens and decrease aqueous stemflow inputs to the forest floor of broadleaved deciduous forests.
Long-Term Sociopolitical Effects of 9=11 Television Viewing, Emotions, and Parental Conversation in U.S. Young Adults Who Were Children in 2001

This research used a survey to examine how 9/11 television viewing, emotions, and parental conversation influenced current sociopolitical attitudes of young adults who were children in 2001. Young adults who watched more television coverage of the 9/11 attacks as children were found to exhibit lower levels of social trust and support for immigration now, whereas young adults who had more frequent conversations about 9/11 with their parents as children were found to have more confidence in U.S. political institutions and to exhibit more support for immigration. These results illustrate that, although the psychological distress from an event like 9/11 may fade for children not directly affected by the event, the influence of that event on how young people think about the world may remain, and that media coverage of and parental conversation about the event play significant roles in influencing these long-term effects.
A RECALIBRATION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS TRITIATED WATER STANDARDS BY GAS COUNTING

Abstract The National Bureau of Standards H 3 standards were prepared in the winter of 1954–1955 using microcalorimetric measurements. They have now been re-calibrated by means of the National Bureau of Standards length-compensated internal gas counters. The new value for their activity is 1.96 per cent lower than that previously measured, but this difference also involves uncertainties in the half-life and the average beta energy for H 3 . A value for the ratio of the combined evaporation and reaction rates with zinc, for HTO and H 2 O, equal to 0.92 has been obtained.
Skp2 and its emerging role in the pathogenesis of systemic malignancies besides breast carcinomas.

The recent article by Wang et al. (2012a) was highly interesting. Interestingly, recent data suggests that Skp2 expression may play a significant role in the etio-pathogenesis of a number of systemic malignancies besides breast carcinomas. For instance, the expression of Skp2 in prostate cancers is decreased by androgens and is mediated via pathways that are dependent on p107 as well as pathways that are independent of p107 (Jiang et al., 2012). Similarly, accentuated Skp2 expression in prostate carcinomas may result in the loss of the tumor suppressor gene BRCA2 (Arbini et al., 2011). Thus Skp2 may be a potential therapeutic target for the management of prostate malignancies (Wang et al., 2012b). Similarly, the prognosis on ovarian cancers is influenced by Skp2. In fact, Skp2 expression by ovarian carcinomas is significantly associated with not only tumor stage but also lymph node metastasis (Lu et al., 2012). Skp2 also is as a receptor for dihydro-testosterone. As a result dihydro-testosterone regulates p27 degradation in ovarian carcinomas (Shi et al., 2011). Similarly, resistance toward tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) induced apoptosis in gastrointestinal malignancies especially pancreatic carcinomas is mediated by Skp2 (Schuler et al., 2011). This makes Skp2 a potential onco-target in the management of pancreatic malignancies. A similar association is seen in salivary carcinomas. Accentuated Skp2 expression is associated with decreased survival probability rates and a worse clinical outcome (Ben-Izhak et al., 2009). Similarly, Skp2 has a role to play in the etio-pathogenesis of lung carcinomas. Non-small cell lung cancers typically demonstrated increased Skp2 expression. It promotes cellular invasion in pulmonary malignancies by up regulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as well as matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2; Hung et al., 2010). Not surprisingly, agents such as tubocapsanolide A attenuate the expression of Skp2 and thereby have a negative effect on cellular proliferation in pulmonary malignancies (Chang et al., 2007). Interestingly, WIF1 causes inhibition of proliferation in tumors such as bladder carcinomas by modulating Skp2 function besides regulating the expression of c-myc (Tang et al., 2009). Clearly, Skp2 is involved in the pathogenesis of a number of systemic malignancies. It is a potential onco-target and further studies are needed to further identify compounds that can target Skp2 expression.
Elevator and Escalator Safety Education for Older Adults.

Elevators, escalators, and moving walks make up the short‐range vertical transportation (SRVT) industry. It is estimated that 83 billion rides are taken on these transportation systems each year. Although adults aged 55 and over represent less than 15% of the riders, they are involved in approximately 30% of the injuries that occur on elevators, escalators, and moving walks. The Elevator Escalator Safety Foundation (EESF), an industry‐wide organization that develops and distributes safety education materials to the public, has recognized the need to reduce injuries among older riders. The EESF has implemented the Safe‐T‐Rider program through the public schools in an effort to educate young riders. The research reported in this article was supported by EESF as a pilot study toward development of a similar program to educate older riders. Eight focus groups were conducted in five cities to ascertain concerns of older adults about elevator and escalator safety as well as their preferences for delivery system...
Metaphysical Semantics Meets Multiple Realizability

Sider�s Writing the Book of the World is an outstanding work. In an earlier review (Schaffer forthcoming) I called it �masterful� and �required reading�, while worrying about Sider�s notion(s) of structure. Here I offer the further praise of further discussion, centred on a separate worry concerning whether Sider�s metaphysical semantics can handle multiple realizability. Metaphysical semantics is supposed to connect the non-fundamental to the fundamental in a distinctively linguistic way, explaining how non-fundamental truths can be grounded in fundamental facts, and so inducing a radically eliminative vision of the non-fundamental as mere talk. I wonder how the story goes when a single non-fundamental truth can be grounded in many different fundamental facts. For instance, the truth that Moore has hands can presumably be grounded in many different distributions of fields, arrangements of particles, vibrations of strings, or whatnot. I am asking how metaphysical semantics can accommodate this sort of multiple realizability. Multiple realizability came to prominence in philosophy of mind in the 1970s, raising problems for reductive versions of physicalism. I think that it raises analogous problems for Sider�s eliminative view of the non-fundamental. Just as one cannot identify the mental state type pain with a specific brain state, so one cannot equate the non-fundamental truth that Moore has hands with a specific fundamental fact. And just as multiple realizability ultimately favours non-reductive treatments of mental state types, so I think it ultimately favours non-eliminative treatments of the non-fundamental truths. Overview: In Section 1 I describe metaphysical semantics, and identify three conditions of adequacy. In Section 2 I propose three ways for metaphysical semantics to treat multiple realizability, and in Sections 3�5 I argue that none of these three ways can satisfy more than one adequacy condition. I conclude in Section 6 that the underlying problem lies with Sider�s �
Fluoroalkyl)phosphine complexes of nickel(0) and cobalt(I)

Abstract The synthesis of a series of (fluoroalkyl)phosphine complexes of nickel is reported. Treatment of (cod)2Ni with dfepe (dfepe=(C2F5)2PCH2CH2P(C2F5)2) yields (dfepe)Ni(cod) (1), which has been structurally characterized. Treatment of 1 with CO or bipy results in the formation of (dfepe)Ni(CO)2 (2) and (dfepe)Ni(bipy) (3), respectively. Addition of excess dfepe to 1 results in incomplete cod displacement to form (dfepe)2Ni (4). The homoleptic complex 4 may be independently prepared in high yield by reduction of (acac)2Ni with (iBu)3Al in the presence of butadiene and excess dfepe. Solvation of (dfepe)Ni(cod) in acetonitrile gives a new complex tentatively identified as (dfepe)Ni(MeCN)2 (6), whereas dissolution of (dfepe)2Ni in acetonitrile leads to a mixture of 6 and the partial displacement product (dfepe)(η1-dfepe)Ni(MeCN) (5). In contrast to (R3P)4Ni(0) phosphine and phosphite complexes, which undergo protonation by strong anhydrous acids such as HCl, H2SO4 and CF3CO2H to give (R3P)4Ni(H)+ products, Treatment of (dfepe)2Ni with neat CF3CO2H or excess HOTf in dichloromethane gave no spectroscopic evidence for (dfepe)2Ni(H)+. Exposure for extended periods leads to dfepe loss and decomposition to Ni(II) products. The synthesis of the first cobalt complex of dfepe, (dfepe)Co(CO)2H, is also reported.
Educational differences in self-rated physical fitness among Finns

The high educated live longer and healthier lives when compared to the low educated. Physical fitness as a health indicator reflects the level of physical activity along with other health-influencing factors such as obesity, smoking, chronic diseases and individual training effects. Studies support that self-rated physical fitness correlates with objectively measured physical fitness well. However, the educational differences in self-rated physical fitness are not known. Our aim was to study educational differences in self-rated physical fitness in Finnish population. The data were collected in 2007 for a cross-sectional population based National FINRISK Study. The analyzed data included 2722 men and 3108 women aged 25 to 74 years. Statistical method was ordinal logistic regression. Longer educational career was associated with better self-rated physical fitness. The educational differences in self-rated physical fitness were largely explained by health behavior. Leisure-time physical activity explained fully and body mass index partly the educational differences in self-rated physical fitness among men. The combination of body mass index, history of chronic diseases and smoking explained the differences fully among men and partly among women. Leisure-time, occupational and commuting physical activities, body mass index, history of chronic diseases and smoking together explained all educational differences in self-rated physical fitness among both genders. Although educational differences in self-rated physical fitness were found, they were explained by health behavior related factors. Leisure-time physical activity offered the strongest single explanation for the educational differences in self-rated physical fitness. Thus, possibilities for leisure-time physical activity should be increased especially among the low educated.
High power VLF/LF transmitting antennas - Wheeler's circuit approximations applied to power limitations

This paper discusses Harold Wheeler's circuit approximations for electrically small antennas and how they can be applied to transmitting antenna design, particularly to determine the power limitations. The paper includes a discussion of Wheeler's contributions to the design of the Very Low Frequency (VLF) transmitting system constructed at Cutler Maine, that was the first to achieve 1 MW radiated power in 1961. Wheeler suggested using a cell approach that could be repeated to expand the antenna size as required. The cells chosen for Cutler are diamond shaped flattop panels, a variation of the Triatic antenna. The a single cell of the type used at Cutler was adopted for use as two individual antennas at Fort Collins, Colorado for the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 60 kHz time signal, WWVB. NIST is considering an upgrade to these antennas. The paper presents a brief description of the VLF antenna at Cutler and the application of updated versions of Wheeler's methods to the analysis of the WWVB antennas to determine their present and upgraded power radiating capability.
Interfacial Area Concentration and Void Fraction of Two-Phase Flow in Narrow Rectangular Vertical Channels

Adiabatic concurrent vertical two-phase flow of air and water through narrow rectangular channels, gap widths 1 mm and 2 mm, was investigated. This study involved the observation of flow using a charge coupled device (CCD) camera. These images were then digitized and examined by applying an image processing technique to determine local average void fraction and local average interfacial area concentration. The void fraction data were then plotted using a drift flux plot to determine the distribution parameter and vapor drift velocity for each separate flow regime
Ab initio effective potentials for use in molecular quantum mechanics

We have investigated the method of effective potentials for replacing the core electrons in molecular calculations. The effective potential has been formulated in a way which simplifies computations while producing wave functions of ab initio quality. The effective potential is expressed in an analytic form which (i) represents the actual ab initio nonlocal potential (as defined by the matrix elements for a given basis set) and (ii) permits efficient computations of the effective-potential integrals (by incorporating the properties of Gaussian basis functions). To minimize the number of basis functions required in the molecular calculations, we define a new ab initio effective potential derived from modified Hartree-Fock valence orbitals whose core character has been removed. The effective-potential method as formulated becomes a very strong and reliable tool in attempting calculations on very large molecules. Applications to Li, Na, and K are presented.
Chemicals which promote cell hybridization

In order to identify new compounds with cell hybridization properties similar to poly(ethylene glycol), the standard method for PEG-induced cell hybridization has been employed as a screening procedure. Of 118 membrane-active agents studied, over 20 compounds were identified which promoted cell hybridization with nearly the same efficiency as PEG. PEG derivatives which retained cell hybridization activity included polymers with branched and charged structures as well as polymers with chemical alterations of the PEG monomer itself. PEG derivatives with hydrophobic moieties were generally inactive. Several chemically modified derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol), which are commercially important in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, were found to be highly efficient cell hybridization agents. The biohazard of such compounds is discussed. A simplified method is presented for the preparation and use of PEG in cell hybridization procedures.
Direction-finding measurements of heliospheric 2–3 kHz radio emissions

Using data from the Voyager 1 plasma wave instrument, a series of direction-finding measurements is presented for the intense 1992-93 heliospheric 2- to 3-kHz radio emission event, and several weaker events extending into 1994. Direction-finding measurements can only be obtained during roll maneuvers, which are performed about once every three months. Two parameters can be determined from the roll-induced intensity modulation, the azimuthal direction of arrival (measured around the roll axis), and the modulation index (the peak-to-peak amplitude divided by the peak amplitude). Measurements were made at two frequencies, 1.78 and 3.11 kHz. No roll modulation was observed at 1.78 kHz, which is consistent with an isotropic source at this frequency. In most cases an easily measurable roll modulation was detectable at 3.11 kHz. Although the azimuth angles have considerable scatter, the directions of arrival at 3.11 kHz can be organized into three groups, each of which appears to be associated with a separate upward drifting feature in the radio emission spectrum. The first group, which is associated with the main 1992-93 event, is consistent with a source located near the nose of the heliosphere. The remaining two groups, which occur after the main 1992-93 event, have azimuth angles well away from the nose of the heliosphere. The modulation indexes vary over a large range, from 0.06 to 0.61, with no obvious trend. Although the variations in the directions of arrival and modulation indicies appear to reflect changes in the position and angular size of the source, it is also possible that they could be caused by refraction or scattering due to density structures in the solar wind.
Axillary reverse lymphatic mapping reduces patient perceived incidence of lymphedema after axillary dissection in breast cancer.

Abstract Background Lymphedema is a feared complication of many patients following axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer. Axillary reverse lymphatic mapping (ARM) was adopted to decrease the incidence of lymphedema. Methods A retrospective review was conducted on 139 patients with breast cancer who had greater than 10 lymph nodes removed. A survey was sent to patients to identify those with lymphedema. Results One hundred nine women were contacted via mail survey to determine the presence of lymphedema. Of the 46 surveys returned, the incidence of lymphedema was 39%. Twenty-seven percent of the ARM group identified themselves as having lymphedema compared with 50% in non-ARM group. Eighteen percent of women in the ARM group needed an arm sleeve for treatment compared with 45.8% in the non-ARM group. Conclusions The incidence of perceived lymphedema and the need for arm compression sleeve devices were lower in the ARM cohort. ARM should be adopted to decrease patient perception of lymphedema.