cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Results on Polarization and Depolarization in pp Elastic Scattering

This paper presents the results of two experiments conducted recently at the Argonne ZGS. One experiment measured the Wolfenstein D parameter at 3 and 6 GeV/c. The other determined the polarization at large |t| at 12 GeV/c. Both experiments used the same apparatus except that a carbon scattering polarimeter was added for the experiment to measure D. The apparatus consisted of two moveable spectrometer arms each with proportional chambers and a magnet to measured the angle and momentum of the two final state protons. The momentum was measured to ±6%, the opening angle between the two outgoing protons was measured to ±4 mrad., and in addition the relative time of flight of protons traveling along each arm was measured to ±.7 nsec. A beam of unpolarized protons was incident on an 80% polarized target which was placed above the pivot of the two moveable arms. The beam intensity was between 1 and 7 × 109 protons per pulse and was monitored in 3 independent ways. The position of the beam was monitored and carefully maintained at the same location in the target for all runs at a given data point.
An SRAM Design in 65-nm Technology Node Featuring Read and Write-Assist Circuits to Expand Operating Voltage

This paper describes a 32-Mb SRAM that has been designed and fabricated in a 65-nm low-power CMOS Technology. The 62-mm2 die features read-assist and write-assist circuit techniques that expand the operating voltage range and improve manufacturability across technology platforms. Hardware measurements demonstrate the fail-count improvements achieved by integrating these techniques. The decrease in fail-count provides a 100-mV improvement of VDDMIN during the read operation. Write operations are also improved, especially with weak NFET cell transistors. The circuit techniques have been replicated on a 72-Mb stand-alone standard SRAM product where the area overhead from the additional circuits is approximately 4%. The 32-Mb SRAM has also been successfully migrated to other yield-learning SRAMs in 45-nm bulk and SOI technologies with minimum circuit changes
Respiratory Emergencies in Geriatric Patients

Acute dyspnea in older patients is a common presentation to the emergency department. Acute dyspnea in older adults is often the consequence of multiple overlapping disorders, such as pneumonia precipitating acute heart failure. Emergency physicians must be comfortable managing patients with acute dyspnea of uncertain cause and varying goals of care. In addition to the important role noninvasive ventilation (NIV) plays in full resuscitation, NIV can be useful as a method of providing supportive or nearly fully supportive care while more information is gathered from the patients and their loved ones.
Signal processing based on broadband parametric optical combs

Detecting and analyzing the spectral content of intercepted microwave and millimeter-wave signals over a very wide bandwidth in real-time and with high resolution is an essential capability in many applications, ranging from commercial and surveillance, to defense. This is typically implemented by dividing the RF spectrum to be analyzed into narrower frequency slices, known as channelizing, which effectively sub-rates the input bandwidth and allows for signal processing in parallel with increased resolution [1].
A System for Converting Real-Time Color B-Scans from Asynchronous Write-In to TV Format Readout

For the past three years work has been in progress at Southampton Hospital to improve resolution and dynamic range of the Bronson-Turner Ophthalmic B-scan. This work has established the advantages of a color display to indicate relative echo amplitudes. Improvements in pulsing circuits, transducers and RF amplifiers have increased image resolution and useable gain. All of this work resulted in high-quality real-time color pictures on a specially-modified monitor. Problems arose, however, when it was desired to record these images, either as still frames or in real-time motion.
Photoresponse linearity of a-Si: H imaging pixels

Amorphous silicon imaging arrays with ~3×105 pixels have recently been developed and x-ray images of low contrast anatomical phantoms have been demonstrated. This paper reports on the linearity of response of these a-Si:H imaging pixels as a function of reverse bias voltage. The fraction of the imaging pixel’s full signal range that maintains a linear response has been found to increase with increasing voltage.
Genetic control of ventilation: what are we learning from murine models?

Advances in human and mouse genomes are revolutionizing research in lung biology and pulmonary medicine. Genomic strategies are available that link functional variation to molecular structure, and these approaches are currently being applied to the study of ventilatory control mechanisms. In this re
Gliomas "Dope Up" for Growth.

An emerging body of data highlights trophic functions of neurotransmitters on proliferation and differentiation of normal neural progenitors. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Dolma et al. document pro-survival functions of a neurotransmitter receptor in glioma progenitor cells, with practical overtones for therapy.
Increased Intracranial Pressure

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a discussion on increased intracranial pressure (ICP). ICP is maintained within strict parameters by means of multiple compensatory mechanisms. Alterations in the level of ICP may occur in pathological states as diverse as traumatic head injury and fulminant hepatic failure. If untreated the endpoint can be compression of brain tissue, ischemic neuronal damage, and herniation of brain contents. Treatment of increased ICP requires both general and specific measures, and invasive monitoring of ICP may be used to guide therapy. The chapter discusses the pathophysiology of, and conditions associated with elevated ICP, the indications for ICP monitoring, and the monitoring devices themselves. Traditional and new methods of treating increased ICP are described in detail, with evidence to support their use. The pros and cons of novel therapies are discussed, and recommendations for treatments to be avoided are discussed. . The discussion also includes herniation syndromes.
Health Maintenance in Liver Disease and Cirrhosis

Patients with liver disease are at an increased risk of worsening of their underlying liver disease by contracting viral hepatitis and should be vaccinated for hepatitis A and B. Patients with cirrhosis in particular have an increased risk of worsening liver function from influenza or pneumococcal infection and thus should be vaccinated. Cirrhotics should avoid live vaccines if feasible due to the potential risk of developing infection.
Videoscopic parathyroidectomy: Rationales, techniques, indications, and contraindications

Background: Surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism is changing. There are many new developments both in the extent of exploration (from bilateral exploration to unilateral exploration to focused exploration) and in the technique of exploration (standard cervical incision, limited incision, radioguidance and videoscopically assisted). Methods: The rationales, techniques, indications and contraindications for videoscopic parathyroidectomy in our institution and others are reviewed. Results: Videoscopic parathyroidectomy is an innovative procedure. Various approaches have been shown to be technically feasible. It may have an advantage over open parathyroidectomy in cosmetic results. Conclusions: The technical challenge, the cost of the procedure, and the lingering doubt about the adequacy of a limited neck exploration are concerns that remain, and further studies are needed.
Wild-type TTR neuropathy with cardiomyopathy presenting with burning feet.

A 79-year-old man presented with a 15-year history of burning feet. His neurologic examination showed absent ankle reflexes and reduced light touch, vibration, and heat pain at the feet. Nerve conductions showed absent sural and reduced peroneal (0.6 mV) and tibial (0.3 mV) motor responses, with normal needle EMG. Diabetes and monoclonal gammopathy were absent. At age 74, he had heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Cardiac SPECT-CT nuclear imaging utilizing (99m)Tc-pyrophosphate radiotracer1 supported cardiac transthyretin (TTR) amyloid infiltration (figure 1). Epidermal skin biopsy identified amyloid deposition (figure 2). TTR gene sequencing was normal and he was diagnosed with wild-type TTR neuropathy and cardiomyopathy.2
Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty in Patients With Amputation or Paralysis of the Contralateral Upper Extremity (One-Arm Patients)

Abstract Background Theoretically, patients with only one functional arm secondary to contralateral amputation or paralysis will subject their only functional upper extremity to increased loads. This could become an issue after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). However, there are no reported data on the implant survival or function for patients with a nonfunctional contralateral upper extremity. Objective To report the outcomes of RSA in patients with contralateral upper extremity amputation or paralysis. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Tertiary university hospital. Patients All patients who underwent RSA between January 2004 and December 2013. Methods Of 1335 RSA procedures performed, 5 patients had a minimum 2-year follow-up and nonfunctional contralateral upper extremity. There were 3 men and 2 women, with a mean (standard deviation) age and length of follow-up of 72.4 (7.5) years and 56.4 (24-132) months. Two of the patients had a contralateral upper extremity amputation, and the other 3 had contralateral upper extremity paralysis as a result of stroke, traumatic brain injury, and traumatic brachial plexus injury at birth. Main Outcomes Pain, range of motion, functional scores (Simple Shoulder Test, American Shoulder and Elbow Society and Quick-Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand), satisfaction, complications/reoperations, and radiographic loosening. Results RSA resulted in substantial improvement in pain ( P = .008), forward flexion ( P = .02), and external range of motion ( P = .01). The mean (standard deviation) Simple Shoulder Test, American Shoulder and Elbow Society, and Quick-Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores were 9.8 (1.3), 82 (13), and 17.8 (13.4), respectively. The results were excellent in 3, satisfactory in 1, and unsatisfactory in 1 patient (due only to external rotation limited to 10°). Subjectively, all 5 patients felt greatly improved and stated they would undergo RSA again. There were no complications or reoperations. There were no shoulders with component loosening. Conclusions RSA seems to be a safe, effective, and successful surgical procedure for patients with a nonfunctional contralateral upper extremity. Studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up will hopefully validate the present findings. Level of Evidence IV
Abstract 920: COP1 E3 ligase regulates response to oncogenic MAPK pathway inhibition

Oncogenically activated RAS-MAPK pathway is the driver of several cancers including the majority of non-small cell lung adenocarcinomas (NSCLC). RAS-MAPK pathway is activated in NSCLC tumors via diverse genetic alterations in upstream receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGFR and ALK as well as in RAS, BRAF, MEK and RAS GTPase activating protein (GAP) and tumor suppressor, NF1. Molecular targeting of players of RAS-MAPK pathway can elicit an initial tumor response in many patients. However, most patients show an incomplete response and some fail to respond despite the presence of RAS-MAPK pathway activating genetic lesion in the tumor. Hence, it is important to understand the molecular basis of response and resistance to targeted therapies inhibiting the RAS-MAPK pathway in lung adenocarcinomas in order to improve patient survival. We conducted a genetic screen to identify regulators of response to MAPK pathway inhibition in lung adenocarcinomas. Our genetic screen uncovered the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1/RFWD2 as a novel modulator of response to inhibition of RAS-MAPK pathway. We found that depletion of COP1 and members of its complex, as well as proteasomal subunits, confers resistance to RAS-MAPK pathway inhibition in human lung adenocarcinoma cells with oncogenically activated RAS-MAPK pathway. Interestingly, oncogenic targets of COP1 include MAPK pathway effectors, presence of which has been shown to support the survival of cancer cells with oncogenically activated MAPK upon inhibition of the RAS-MAPK pathway. Hence, we tested if depletion of COP1 alters the levels of those oncogenic substrates. Excitingly, we observed a substantial impact of COP1 depletion on the levels of certain effectors in the presence of RAS-MAPK inhibitors in genetically diverse NSCLC cells and also in oncogenic-BRAF driven melanoma cells. Our studies suggests that depletion of COP1 confers resistance to MAPK pathway inhibition in RAS-MAPK pathway driven cancers through accumulation of specific MAPK pathway effectors. This work has improved our understanding of the molecular basis of tumor cell resilience during initial treatment as well as of primary treatment resistance. Additionally, we are examining if levels of COP1 could be a biomarker for predicting response to RAS-MAPK pathway inhibitor therapy. We will also determine if the resistance-conferring COP1 substrate could be cotargeted along with RAS-MAPK pathway to improve the patient response in RAS-MAPK pathway driven lung adenocarcinomas and other cancers with low levels of COP1. Citation Format: Manasi K. Mayekar, Luping Lin, Trever G. Bivona. COP1 E3 ligase regulates response to oncogenic MAPK pathway inhibition [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 920.
HPV Vaccination: Increase Uptake Now to Reduce Cancer.

An editorial is presented which addresses the author's views about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccinations and cancer prevention, and it mentions another article which appears in the same issue of the journal and deals with epidemiological evidence of a decline in anogenital warts in young males and females who have private health insurance in the U.S. The World Health Organization, medical care cost control, and national health care vaccination programs are examined.
Isolated Greater Trochanteric Fracture and the Direct Anterior Approach Using a Fracture Table.

Abstract Background To identify the incidence, contributing factors, and outcomes of perioperative greater trochanter fractures associated with the direct anterior approach. Methods This is a retrospective analyses of 1401 primary THAs. Age, side, height, weight, body mass index, preoperative ambulatory status, discharge status, and hospital length of stay were identified. Radiographs were evaluated for femoral neck angle, femoral neck cut ratio (FNCR), and DORR ratio. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results Thirty-one hips sustained isolated greater trochanter fractures (2.2%). Multivariate analyses identified worse preoperative ambulatory status, diagnosis of slipped capital femoral epiphysis or rheumatoid arthritis, lower FNCR and greater DORR ratio as statistically significant predictors for fracture. Four intraoperative fractures underwent fixation. All postoperative fractures were treated nonoperatively. Thirty fractures healed with 1 nonunion. Conclusion Worse preoperative ambulatory status, diagnosis of slipped capital femoral epiphysis or rheumatoid arthritis, greater DORR ratio, and lower FNCR were associated with increased risk of fracture. Hips with fractures had longer length of stay. Nonoperative treatment was uniformly successful.
The Role of Psychological Barriers in Women’s Resistance to Sexual Assault by Acquaintances

Abstract Women face complex cognitive challenges when faced with sexual aggression by male acquaintances. This chapter reviews the empirical and theoretical literature related to these psychological barriers to forcefully resisting sexual assault. We discuss how the psychological barriers are related to forceful and nonforceful resistance and to immobility. We also examine their relationship to contextual variables, especially alcohol consumption, and to emotional responses at the time of a sexual assault. We also consider how three individual difference variables—sexual victimization history, relationship-related factors, and sexual assertiveness—may predispose some women to experiencing psychological barriers. Finally, we discuss the implications of research findings for risk reduction programs and suggest directions for future research.
Bio-mimetic oxygen separation via a hollow fiber membrane contactor with O2 carrier solutions.

A low-cost poly(ethyleneimine)–cobalt (PEI–Co) complex solution with high O2 absorption capacity (as high as 1.5 L O2 (STP)/L solution) was developed and used in a bio-mimetic system to produce high-purity O2 from air. An oxygen concentration greater than 99.6% was demonstrated.
Substance use disorders and PTSD: Examining substance use, PTSD symptoms, and dropout following imaginal exposure.

Abstract Integrated exposure-based interventions to treat substance use disorders (SUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may not be widely utilized, in part, because of clinician concerns that such interventions will worsen symptomatology and lead to treatment dropout. In order to address this question, the current pilot study examined whether participants' ratings of craving and distress following imaginal exposure predicted increased substance use, PTSD severity, and treatment dropout. Participants (N = 46) were U.S. military Veterans who met criteria for current SUD and PTSD. Subjective ratings of craving and distress, and past-week substance use and PTSD symptom severity were assessed at each treatment session. Multilevel modeling tested whether lagged ratings of craving and distress predicted the following week's frequency of substance use and PTSD severity. Discrete time survival analysis, using proportional odds Cox ratio, examined whether craving and distress ratings predicted treatment dropout. The findings revealed that neither craving nor distress following imaginal exposure were associated with the following week's substance use or PTSD severity. However, participants with higher craving and distress were more likely to drop out before completing treatment. Future research is needed to develop strategies to increase treatment retention for individuals at-risk for treatment dropout and identify mechanisms that account for the association between in-session ratings of craving and distress and dropout.
Regulation of Hepatic Inflammation via Macrophage Cell Death

Macrophages are innate immune cells with diverse functions including clearing infectious agents, inducing inflammation and fibrosis, resolving fibrosis, and restoring tissue integrity. Liver macrophages consist of both resident Kupffer cells and infiltrating macrophages. They have heterogeneous highly plastic phenotypes, and they change their phenotypes rapidly in response to a diverse array of signals present in the injured or recovering liver. Cell death by apoptosis, necroptosis, or pyroptosis is a common response of liver macrophages to infectious and toxic insults. At the same time, the uptake of apoptotic and other dead cells, efferocytosis, is mediated by a series of dead cell receptors including MerTK, TIM4, and Stablin-1. These generate a critical signal that determines macrophage phenotype evolution. This review discusses the processes that lead to macrophage apoptosis and efferocytosis, and how these alter the course of liver diseases.
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A Venous Disease?

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition characterized by a constellation of symptoms including headache, visual disturbance, tinnitus, and papilledema that affect primarily obese/young female. The pathophysiologic hallmark of the disease is a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure (opening pressure on lumbar puncture >250 cm H2O). Despite the significant morbidity associated with this condition (vision loss and debilitating headaches), the exact mechanisms leading high intracranial pressure is not known. It has been purported that cerebral venous stenosis (CVS) may play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. In this chapter, we examine the evidence linking cerebral venous stenosis to IIH. From an epidemiological perspective, CVS is up to 9 times more prevalent among patients with IIH compared to their counterparts, and the cerebral venous pressure gradient across the stenotic segment by venographic manometry is higher among patients with IIH. Pathophysiological evidence for an association between CVS and IIH suggest that at least in some cases, variations in the caliber of the cerebral vein is associated with a change in cerebrospinal fluid pressure; an observation that is supported by mathematical models. In the absence of randomized clinical trials, the best evidence supporting CVS stenting are primarily provided by meta-analyses of individual studies that report a clinical benefit of the procedure albeit several shortfalls. In light of the suggested association between cerebral transverse sinus stenosis/hypoplasia and certain IIH cases, future research would need to focus on defining the clinical and radiological profile of individuals who will best benefit from CVS stenting. It is also expected that ongoing clinical trials shed more light on the association between CVS and IIH and refine the therapeutic potentials of stenting.
Premature ventricular contraction response-induced new-onset atrial fibrillation

New-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) is commonly detected in patients with an implantable cardiac device. Appropriate evaluation of these patients includes a search for “reversible” causes that eventually might preclude the need for rate or rhythm control and, importantly, oral anticoagulation. We present the case of a patient with new-onset AF attributed to a premature ventricular complex (PVC) response algorithm that resulted in atrial pacing-induced long–short sequences. In this case, disabling the PVC response algorithm successfully prevented further AF.
Cytotoxicity of Heterocyclic Compounds against Various Cancer Cells: A Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Study

Cancer is an important area of interest in the life sciences because it has been a major killer disease throughout human history. Heterocyclic molecules are well known to play a critical role in health care and pharmaceutical drug design. A number of heterocyclic compounds are available commercially as anticancer drugs. Interest in the application of structure–activity relationships has steadily increased in recent decades. Thus, development of the quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model on the cytotoxicity data of heterocyclic compound series against various cancer cell lines should be of great importance. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to collect the cytotoxicity data on different series of heterocyclic compounds against various cancer cell lines. The data is discussed in terms of QSAR to understand the chemical–biological interactions.
Final Conclusions and Predictions for the Future

We are nearing the end of our journey. This book has tried to view disruptive innovation in the space sector as one in a continuing series of such innovative processes and activities that have occurred over a very long period of time. More will follow in space and in other areas of technology. Disruptive innovations and their impacts upon our world are subjects of much scholarship and analysis, and these studies have produced several very useful insights that are relevant to the current status and future of space. Space and commercial space businesses are clearly different from most traditional businesses, in that they are not mass-market goods like boxes of cereal, at least not yet. But the entire space domain is undergoing a radical period of change, driven by the new, entrepreneurial Silicon Valley explosion in NewSpace ideas, money, and energy.
Thermanator: Thermal Residue-Based Post Factum Attacks on Keyboard Data Entry

Being warm-blooded mammals, we humans routinely leave thermal residues on various objects with which we come in contact. This includes common input devices, such as keyboards, that are used for entering (among other things) secret information, such as passwords and PINs. Although thermal residue dissipates over time, there is always a certain time window during which thermal energy readings can be harvested from input devices to recover recently entered, and potentially sensitive, information. To-date, there has been no systematic investigation of thermal profiles of keyboards, and thus no efforts have been made to secure them. This serves as our main motivation for constructing a means for password harvesting from keyboard thermal emanations. Specifically, we introduce Thermanator, a new post factum insider attack based on heat transfer caused by a user typing a password on a typical external keyboard. We conduct and describe a user study that collected thermal residues from 30 users entering 10 unique passwords (both weak and strong) on 4 popular commodity keyboards. Results show that entire sets of key-presses can be recovered by non-expert users as late as 30 seconds after initial password entry, while partial sets can be recovered as late as 1 minute after entry. Furthermore, we find that Hunt-and-Peck typists are particularly vulnerable. The take-away of our work is three-fold: (1) using keyboards to enter passwords is even less secure than previously recognized, (2) post factum (either planned or impromptu) thermal imaging attacks are realistic, and (3) we should either stop using keyboards for password entry, or abandon passwords altogether.
Transformed Follicular Lymphoma

Follicular lymphoma has a typically indolent course, but there is a lifelong risk of transformation to an aggressive disease. While the overall risk of transformation appears to be declining in the modern era, transformed follicular lymphoma (TFL) remains a clinical challenge with an abrupt clinical presentation and urgent need for intervention and treatment. The biology of transformation is complex, but there is an emerging picture supporting the critical role of early epigenetic aberrations followed by oncogenic mutations with clonal evolution from a marrow-residing common progenitor cell. The gold standard for diagnosis is with a sufficient biopsy specimen showing transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or even a higher-grade process. However, a clinical diagnosis of transformation based on imaging and laboratory assessments is often required if lymph nodes are not accessible or in the case of sampling bias, whereby the biopsied site may not capture the more aggressive histologic component. Treatment depends on whether or not the transformation occurs as part of initial presentation or following prior therapy for follicular lymphoma. Historically, consolidative hematopoietic stem cell transplant has been advocated, but there is controversy regarding its role and timing. Targeted and biologic approaches are promising, with emerging prospective data. This chapter will review the key features, biology, and treatment options for transformed follicular lymphoma.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Deep Brain Stimulation

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common anxiety disorder that affects 2–3% of the population. In severe, treatment-refractory forms, it is extremely debilitating, preventing affected individuals from engaging in the most basic social and professional functions in life. Such patients are potential candidates for neurosurgical intervention, an example of which is deep brain stimulation (DBS). DBS for OCD first emerged in the late 1990s, informed by the experience with stereotactic lesion procedures, in particular anterior capsulotomy. Since then, there have been a number of open-label series and a few randomized, blinded, sham-controlled trials. DBS for OCD is approved by the US FDA under a Humanitarian Device Exemption and in Europe with the CE mark. In this chapter, we detail the development of DBS for OCD, discuss current procedural strategies and existing outcome data, and provide a glimpse of the future of this therapy.
Optimizing Advanced Care Planning in Hospitalized Patients With Advanced Cancers: A Quality Improvement Initiative.

Background Advance care planning (ACP) that generates an advanced directive (AD) can ensure patient autonomy at end of life. ACP is challenging for healthcare providers. Delaying patient ACP may lead to poor quality end-of-life care. Facilitation of early ACP by bedside RNs and social workers (SWs) may improve end-of-life care. Objective To determine whether improved ACP by RNs and SWs impacts care transition times for patients with advanced cancers. Methods A pre-/post-educational intervention designed to reinforce the roles of RNs and SWs in facilitating early ACP and timely documentation of an AD on an inpatient oncology unit. Results AD documentation increased by 12% between pre- and post-intervention period. There was a nonsignificant trend toward longer lengths of stay for patients transitioning care without an AD compared to those patients with and AD. Discussion Bedside RNs and SWs are in a key position to facilitate early ACP which can positively impact care quality at end of life. However, ACP is a collaborative team effort, best initiated early by the primary oncology providers. Conclusion Early ACP may improve quality end-of-life care. Implications for nursing Continuing education for RNs and SWs to enhance coordination with primary oncology teams to facilitate earlier ACP is recommended.
Decision-Making Process Associated with Adding NCAA Division I Sports Programs

Recent college sport headlines highlight the decision to cut teams during the COVID-19 pandemic. Citing the expected budgetary impact, Old Dominion announced it was cutting its wrestling program. St. Edward’s University is cutting the men and women’s tennis, men and women’s golf, and men’s soccer. The University of Cincinnati eliminated its men’s soccer program with more programs to follow. Yet, a number of institutions are charging forward and have announced the addition of a team(s) to their athletic offerings. Plymouth State will add men’s swimming, Indiana Tech is adding women’s ice hockey, and Augustana College just added men and women’s water polo. Such additions are somewhat surprising given the difficult economic climate currently facing higher education and intercollegiate athletics. This study sought to identify a structure that NCAA Division I decision-makers took part in when adding a team in previous years. Accordingly, the authors conducted expert-based, in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 15 Division I athletic administrators representing 23 sport teams. The following decision-making phases were identified: Identification, Justification, Evaluation, Acceptance (or Interruptions), and Authorization. Theoretical and practical implications for institutions seeking to grow their sport offerings are provided.
The neurocognitive basis of skilled reading in prelingually and profoundly deaf adults

Deaf individuals have unique sensory and linguistic experiences that influence how they read and become skilled readers. This review presents our current understanding of the neurocognitive underpinnings of reading skill in deaf adults. Key behavioural and neuroimaging studies are integrated to build a profile of skilled adult deaf readers and to examine how changes in visual attention and reduced access to auditory input and phonology shape how they read both words and sentences. Crucially, the behaviours, processes, and neural circuity of deaf readers are compared to those of hearing readers with similar reading ability to help identify alternative pathways to reading success. Overall, sensitivity to orthographic and semantic information is comparable for skilled deaf and hearing readers, but deaf readers rely less on phonology and show greater engagement of the right hemisphere in visual word processing. During sentence reading, deaf readers process visual word forms more efficiently and may have a greater reliance on and altered connectivity to semantic information compared to their hearing peers. These findings highlight the plasticity of the reading system and point to alternative pathways to reading success.
Approximation of random diffusion by nonlocal diffusion in age-structured models

In this paper we study the approximation of random diffusion by nonlocal diffusion with properly rescaled kernels in age-structured models. First we show that solutions of age-structured models with nonlocal diffusion under Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions converge to solutions of the corresponding age-structured models with random diffusion under Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions, respectively. Then we prove that the principal eigenvalues of the nonlocal operators in age-structured models under Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions converge to the principal eigenvalues of the corresponding Laplace operators in age-structured models under Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions, respectively.
Why Are Women Less Represented in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Trials

Background and Purpose: Fewer women than men tend to be enrolled in clinical trials of intracerebral hemorrhage. It is unclear whether this reflects lower prevalence of intracerebral hemorrhage in ...
Symbolic Representation, Cooperation, and Undocumented Immigrants: The Role of Representation in Improving Assessments of Cooperative Behaviors in Education:

This article explores how symbolic representation can increase behaviors associated with cooperation among immigrants in an educational setting. It posits that, due to a lack of trust and efficacy ...
Management and Evaluation of Head Trauma

Various specialists who deal with the prevention, treatment, care, and rehabilitation of head injuries have recognized for years the magnitude of the problem. However, it was under the leadership of Dr. Murray Goldstein, Director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health, that an organized effort on a national basis was begun to give widespread attention to the head injury “epidemic” problem. Dr. Goldstein’s efforts resulted in the formation of the Intra-agency Head Injury Task Force, with its first formal report published in June of 1989 (Goldstein, 1990). This report gives startling figures: “someone receives a head injury every fifteen seconds in the United States. A conservative estimate puts the total of head injuries at over two million per year, with 500,000 severe enough to require hospital admission. Seventy-five thousand to 100,000 persons die each year as a result of brain injury. It is the leading cause of disability in children and young adults and is also the principal cause of brain damage in young adults. Five thousand new cases of epilepsy caused by head trauma are reported each year. Related medical and legal bills often leave families with near or total financial ruin. The economic cost alone approaches 25 billion dollars per year.”
HISPANICS IN TEXAS HIGHER EDUCATION: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE “CLOSING THE GAPS” INITIATIVE

Demographic changes associated with growth of the Hispanic and black population in the U.S. state of Texas have led politicians and policymakers to recognize that academic success in their ethnic and racial minority populations is a key to future statewide economic success. These demographic transitions require proactive state intervention to assure the earning power and intellectual prowess of the next generation. This study assesses the degree to which the Texas “Closing the Gaps” initiative has addressed the disparities in higher education among the state’s diverse populations.
Female Reproductive System

The ectocervix of the adult female is lined by a nonkeratizing squamous epithelium which shows cyclical changes in response to local steroid hormonal levels [1]. ER and PR are present in the epithelium and stromal fibroblasts. The endocervix is covered by a mucinous columnar epithelium which also invaginates to line the cleft-like structures in the stroma (endocervical glands). The glandular clefts are arranged in a collateral tunnellike pattern and usually penetrate less than 5 mm from the surface (but can be as deep as 1 cm). In contrast to the marked cyclic morphological changes in the ectocervical squamous cells, the columnar cells manifest minimal cytological changes. Instead, it shows dramatic variations in the production of secretion during the menstrual cycle. Importantly, mitotic activity is extremely rare in benign nongravid columnar epithelium. The subepithelial microvessel network of the endocervix is better developed than that of the ectocervix and the glandular structures largely shun from larger vessels and nerve bundles [2]. Furthermore, the endocervical stroma has twice as many stromal cells as does the ectocervical counterpart. The stromal cell from the two regions has different immunohistochemical features with the former showing reactivity for SMA and the latter for desmin. Moreover, the normal stroma also contains a dense network of CD34+ fibrocytes which are more predominantly located in the subepithelial and perivascular areas. In deep locations of the stroma, smooth muscle fibers are present and they are usually surrounded by CD34+ stromal cells [3].
Dye-Enhanced Multimodal Confocal Imaging as a Novel Approach to Intraoperative Diagnosis of Brain Tumors

Intraoperative diagnosis plays an important role in accurate sampling of brain tumors, limiting the number of biopsies required and improving the distinction between brain and tumor. The goal of this study was to evaluate dye-enhanced multimodal confocal imaging for discriminating gliomas from nonglial brain tumors and from normal brain tissue for diagnostic use. We investigated a total of 37 samples including glioma (13), meningioma (7), metastatic tumors (9) and normal brain removed for nontumoral indications (8). Tissue was stained in 0.05 mg/mL aqueous solution of methylene blue (MB) for 2-5 minutes and multimodal confocal images were acquired using a custom-built microscope. After imaging, tissue was formalin fixed and paraffin embedded for standard neuropathologic evaluation. Thirteen pathologists provided diagnoses based on the multimodal confocal images. The investigated tumor types exhibited distinctive and complimentary characteristics in both the reflectance and fluorescence responses. Images showed distinct morphological features similar to standard histology. Pathologists were able to distinguish gliomas from normal brain tissue and nonglial brain tumors, and to render diagnoses from the images in a manner comparable to haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides. These results confirm the feasibility of multimodal confocal imaging for intravital intraoperative diagnosis.
A systems analysis and model of driver licensing in the state of Florida

The structure of the system that licenses drivers in the State of Florida is addressed. A SLAM simulation model of the system is employed to study various working patterns in the multiple-station multiple-queue service centers that provide licenses. The theory of such systems is addressed and alternate, efficient working patterns suggested. (Simulation, Queuing, Work Planning, Scheduling )
Characteristics of the pectoralis superficialis and semimembranosus of broiler strain chickens, bantam chickens, and the reciprocal crosses

Abstract At hatch, chicks from bantam sire x broiler dam (BaBr) matings were as heavy as those from broiler sire x broiler dam (BrBr) matings. Both were heavier than pure bantam chicks (BaBa) or chicks from broiler strain sires and bantam dams (BrBa), but weights of the latter two genotypes were identical. The Pectoralis superficialis and Semimembranosus of pure bantam chicks weighed less than those of pure broiler chicks throughout the studies. Muscle weights in the BaBr chicks were markedly heavier than those of genetically similar BrBa chicks at hatch. Genetic influences were quickly expressed and weights of muscles in these two groups had converged by 14 d of age. Myofiber cross-sectional areas at 1 d of age were not clearly associated with genotype or maternal environment, but clear patterns had begun to develop by 4 d of age. Myofiber area of both muscles was greater in BrBr than BaBa chicks by this age and after. Myofiber areas in the reciprocal crosses converged toward each other and away from the pure line chicks. By 11 d, the area of Pectoralis myofibers of BrBr chicks was greatest, those of the reciprocal crosses was intermediate and equal to each other, and that of BaBa chicks was least. A similar trend was apparent in Semimembranosus fibers by 11 d but the differences did not become significant until 21 d of age. Significant differences in myofiber number of the Semimembranosus were present (BrBr > BaBr > BrBa > BaBa). Thus, differences in muscle mass were the result of differences in both fiber number and fiber size.
Diagnosis and therapy of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults: An international survey

Abstract In an attempt to identify the range of opinions influencing the diagnosis and therapy of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a postal survey was mailed to 3,164 physician members of the American Thoracic Society Critical Care Assembly. The questionnaire asked opinions regarding the factors important in the diagnosis of ARDS and its treatment. Thirty-one percent of physicians surveyed responded within 4 weeks, the vast majority of which were board certified or eligible in Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Disease, and/or Critical Care Medicine. A known predisposing cause, measure of oxygenation efficiency, and a chest radiograph depicting pulmonary edema were reported to be the most important criteria for a clinical and research diagnosis of ARDS. Lung compliance and bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophil or protein content were reportedly less important. The initial treatment of patients with ARDS was reported to be most commonly accomplished using volume-cycled ventilation in the assist/control mode. Nearly half the responders reported using lower tidal volumes (5 to 9 mL/kg) than the traditionally recommended 10 to 15 mL/kg. Most respondents indicated they have intentionally allowed C02 retention. On average, oxygen toxicity was thought to begin at an F102 between 0.5 and 0.6. It was reported that modest levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were used in incremental fashion as FiO 2 requirements increased. Perceived indications for insertion of pulmonary artery catheters and compensation of the effects of PEEP on the pulmonary artery occlusion pressure varied widely among the responders. We conclude that reported practice patterns regarding the care of ARDS patients vary widely even within a relatively homogenous group of critical care practitioners.
Scaling properties of the dielectronic recombination rate for the Ne-sequence

Abstract The dielectronic recombination ( DR ) rate coefficient α DR is given in the resonance approximation by a sum of products of the radiationless capture probability V α to resonant intermediate states and the branching ratio θ for the subsequent radiative decay. We have explicitly calculated the V α , θ, and α DR for the Mo, Fe, and Ar ions of the Ne-sequence. The scaling property and its breakdown in the quantities V a , θ, and α DR are useful in treating other ions of given isoelectronic sequences, and thus their dependence on the nuclear core charge Z C is examined in detail. As a result, an improved form of the phenomenological formula for α DR is suggested.
A Measure of Psychological Maturity

Traditional scale construction procedures were used to develop an 11-item scale to measure psychological maturity. Preliminary results from two independent samples suggest an internally consistent ...
Simultaneous motion contrast: velocity, sensitivity and depth response.

Abstract A center and surround of spatially random dots were used to study the effect of surround motion on the center's (1) perceived velocity, (2) perceived depth and (3) visibility. The velocity of the surround influenced the center's velocity and depth in similar, complex ways. But surround speed had no effect on the luminance detection threshold of the center dots. Results with these dependent measures bear on theories of motion perception and on processing in other sensory domains.
Normative monocular visual acuity for early treatment diabetic retinopathy study charts in emmetropic children 5 to 12 years of age.

Objective To provide normative data for children tested with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants A total of 252 Native American (Tohono O'odham) children aged 5 to 12 years. On the basis of cycloplegic refraction conducted on the day of testing, all were emmetropic (myopia ≤0.25 diopter [D] spherical equivalent, hyperopia ≤1.00 D spherical equivalent, and astigmatism ≤0.50 D in both eyes). Methods Monocular visual acuity was tested at 4 m, using 1 ETDRS chart for the right eye (RE) and another for the left eye (LE). Main Outcome Measures Visual acuity was scored as the total number of letters correctly identified, by naming or matching to letters on a lap card, and as the smallest letter size for which the child identified 3 of 5 letters correctly. Results Visual acuity results did not differ for the RE versus the LE, so data are reported for the RE only. Mean visual acuity for 5-year-olds (0.16 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] [20/29]) was significantly worse than for 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, and 12-year-olds (0.05 logMAR [20/22] or better at each age). The lower 95% prediction limit for determining whether a child has visual acuity within the normal range was 0.38 (20/48) for 5-year-olds and 0.30 (20/40) for 6- to 12-year-olds, which was reduced to 0.32 (20/42) for 5-year-olds and 0.21 (20/32) for 6- to 12-year-olds when recalculated with outlying data points removed. Mean interocular acuity difference did not vary by age, averaging less than 1 logMAR line at each age, with a lower 95% prediction limit of 0.17 log unit (1.7 logMAR lines) across all ages. Conclusions For monocular visual acuity based on ETDRS charts to be in the normal range, it must be better than 20/50 for 5-year-olds and better than 20/40 for 6- to 12-year-olds. Normal interocular acuity difference includes values of less than 2 logMAR lines. Normative ETDRS visual acuity values are not as good as norms reported for adults, suggesting that a child's visual acuity results should be compared with norms based on data from children, not with adult norms. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Characterization of Seasonally Frozen Soils for Seismic Design of Foundations

AbstractAn experimental investigation was performed on five widespread soil types common in the United States to characterize the effects of freezing temperatures on the unconfined compressive strength (qu), the modulus of elasticity (E), and strain at the unconfined compressive strength (equ). Soil specimens were subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading with varying strain rates at temperatures ranging from 20 to −23°C (68 to −9.4°F). When compared with test results at 20°C (68°F), testing at −20°C (−4°F) showed an increase in qu by a factor of 100, an average increase in E by a factor of 300, and an average decrease in equ by 5% strain. Increase in the soil compaction, moisture content, and applied strain rate amplified the cold temperature effects on qu. Additional testing at −20°C (−4°F) resulted in an increase in equ with no change in E when the applied strain rate was increased. Cyclic experimentation produced data trends comparable to the monotonic experimentation for the mechanical properties but...