cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-Alpha Reduces Infarction and Attenuates Progression of Cardiac Dysfunction After Myocardial Infarction in the Mouse

Objectives The aim of this research was to test whether constitutive expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) influences infarction size and cardiac performance after myocardial infarction. Background A major question in clinical medicine is whether infarction size and border zone remodeling of the heart can be influenced by the overexpression of specific genes in the peri-infarction region. Methods We investigated the role of constitutive HIF-1α expression in acute myocardial infarction using a transgenic model. Transgenic mice containing the HIF-1α gene under the control of the α-myosin heavy chain promoter were constructed. Myocardial infarction was produced by coronary ligation in HIF-1α transgenic mice and control animals. Extent of infarction was then quantitated by two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography as well as by molecular and pathologic analysis of heart samples in infarct, peri-infarct, and remote heart regions at serial time points. Results Constitutive overexpression of HIF-1α in the murine heart resulted in attenuated infarct size and improved cardiac function 4 weeks after myocardial infarction. Significantly, we found an increase in both capillary density as well as vascular endothelial growth factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in peri-infarct and infarct regions in the hearts of constitutive HIF-1α–expressing animals compared to control animals. Conclusions These observations suggest the involvement of HIF-1α in myocardial remodeling and peri-infarct vascularization. Our results show that supranormal amounts of this peptide protect against extension of infarction and improve border zone survival in myocardial infarction.
Postural adjustment errors reveal deficits in inhibition during lateral step initiation in older adults

Postural dual-task studies have demonstrated effects of various executive function components on gait and postural control in older adults. The purpose of the study was to explore the role of inhib...
Optimal coordinates for a simple shear flow over a flat plate

In eine ebene inkompressible Stromung mit konstantem Geschwindigkeitsgradienten quer zur Stromung sei eine ebene Platte parallel gelegt. Als gunstiges Koordinatensystem werden parabolische Koordinaten betrachtet und damit ahnliche Losungen gefunden. Der Ubergang von der Grenzschicht zur ausseren Stromung vollzieht sich glatt, und es konnen Wandschubspannungen und Verdrangungseffekte bestimmt werden. Vergleiche mit anderen Losungen, die mit kartesischen Koordinaten gefunden wurden, werden angestellt.
Influence of gravity on cat vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex

The vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was recorded in cats using electro-oculography during sinusoidal angular pitch. Peak stimulus velocity was 50 deg/s over a frequency range from 0.01 to 4.0 Hz. To test the effect of gravity on the vertical VOR, the animal was pitched while sitting upright or lying on its side. Upright pitch changed the cat's orientation relative to gravity, while on-side pitch did not. The cumulative slow component position of the eye during on-side pitch was less symmetric than during upright pitch. Over the mid-frequency range (0.1 to 1.0 Hz), the average gain of the vertical VOR was 14.5 percent higher during upright pitch than during on-side pitch. At low frequencies (less than 0.05 Hz) changing head position relative to gravity raised the vertical VOR gain and kept the reflex in phase with stimulus velocity. These results indicate that gravity-sensitive mechanisms make the vertical VOR more compensatory.
LPS fever in old rats depends on the ambient temperature.

In earlier work, we found that following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 23 °C, old rats developed blunted fevers compared with those of young rats. However, the old rats did become febrile if placed in a thermally graded alleyway: they spent more time in the warm end of the gradient and developed a significantly higher body temperature (Tb) than they did following saline injections. In the present experiments, we maintained old and young rats for 3 days at 20 or 31 °C (the Ta preferred by the old rats given LPS). After LPS (50 μg/kg ip), the young rats developed equivalent fevers at both Ta's. The old rats developed fevers that were equivalent to those of the young rats at 31 °C. At 20 °C, their fever was significantly lower. These results suggest that Ta plays a decisive role in the ability of old rats to mount febrile responses.
THE GROBIN DAVIS SITE: ARCHAEOGEOPHYSICS AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AT CADDO MOUND CENTERS IN SOUTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA

The Grobin Davis site (34MC253) is the best-preserved known prehistoric Caddo mound site in southeastern Oklahoma. The site, located along the Little River, consists of seven mounds arranged in a horseshoe configuration. Archaeological excavations at the site have been limited to a series of posthole tests and three 1-x-1-m units. Between November 2011 and February 2012, the Oklahoma Archeological Survey conducted geophysical survey of the bulk of the site, covering approximately 32,000 m2 with a fluxgate gradiometer. This study provides important information about Caddo mound construction, settlement, and ceremonialism in southeastern Oklahoma and add to a growing body of literature on prehistoric Caddo community patterns.
Rate of Return on Education and Sample Selection Bias

The Mincerian method is extensively used to estimate rates of return on education investment, using survey data of household earnings and OLS. However, the estimated coefficients suffer from sample selection bias [Heckman, Econometrica, 1979]. The question is: Is there any difference in assessing returns on investment in education by paying attention to the sample selection bias or by ignoring it? See, for example, Psacharopoulos and Patrinos [Education Economics, 2004], Glewwe [JEL, 2002], Chase [Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 1998] and Lassibille [Economics of Education Review, 1998]. In this study, we use Household Expenditure Income Survey of Turkey (26,734 males and 7218 females) to assess sample selection bias in the estimates of investment return on education. Our data carry some bias because we only observe data on market wages when an individual chooses to enter the workforce. Dividing the workforce into wage earners and nonworkers is certainly not random; as a result the selected sample is biased. We compare two sets of estimated rates of return to education in Turkey from the Mincerian augmented earnings function for each gender: one with Fsample selection correction_ using Heckman’s two-step method and one Fwithout correction._ The independent variables are various levels of education, ranging from no education to college graduates, experience, its square, and other variables. The estimated coefficients of education in all four models are statistically significant at 1 percent. The coefficient of the inverse Mills ratio in the corrected models is also statistically significant at 1 percent, lending support for the sample selection bias. However, the differences between the estimates of the coefficients with and without corrections are not dramatic. For females, the coefficients for the seven levels of education without correction are: j0.065, 0.360, 0.682, 0.879, 1.27, 1.35, and 1.62, and with correction: j0.061, 0.404, 0.694, 0.844, 1.12, 1.38, and 1.72 respectively. For males, the coefficients for the seven education levels without correction are: 0.25, 0.314, 0.531, 0.541, 0.888, 1.06, and 1.29, and with correction: 0.28, 0.347, 0.516, 0.0.537, 0.872, 1.08, and 1.25, respectively. These coefficients for Turkey are in line with the results reported for other similar countries. The females’ rates of returns are consistently higher than those of men. The extent of the selection bias for females (4.23 percent) is higher than that of males (3.26 percent). The direction of the bias varies for some levels of education. Having a significant inverse Mills ratio with small biases may seem a paradoxical result that can be explained as follows. (1.) Since the inverse Mills ratio in an OLS relation is omitted, then the schooling coefficient bias depends on (a) the omitted variable being an important determinant of Atlantic Economic Journal (2005)33:359–360 * IAES 2005 DOI: 10.1007/s11293-005-8190-8
Bile acid absorption after near-total proctocolectomy in dogs: ileal pouch vs. jejunal pouch-distal rectal anastomosis.

Bile acid malabsorption is often present in patients after near-total proctocolectomy and ileal pouchanal canal anastomosis, suggesting ileal dysfunction. Experiments were performed in dogs to compare bile acid absorption after a modified procedure, in which a jejunal pouch was interposed between the terminal ileum and the distal rectum, with that after a conventional ileal pouch operation. Fecal bile acid output (equivalent to hepatic bile acid biosynthesis) and composition were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in five jejunal pouch dogs and in five ileal pouch dogs more than 6 months after operation. Fecal bile acid output in the jejunal pouch dogs (mean +standard deviation) was 215 ±59 mg/day(10.1 ±2.7 mg/kg-day), a value similar to that obtained in the ileal pouch dogs (261 ±46mg/day [12.8 ±3.1 mg/kg-day]; P >0.05). These values were also similar to those reported by others for healthy unoperated dogs, indicating that increased bile acid biosynthesis occurring in response to bile acid malabsorption was not present. Fecal bile acids in pouch dogs were completely deconjugated and extensively 7-dehydroxylated (jejunal pouch = 90.4% ±3.9% dehydroxylated; ileal pouch = 88.6% ±6.6% dehydroxylated) and consisted predominantly of deoxycholic acid derivatives. We conclude that when either a jejunal pouch or an ileal pouch is used as a rectal substitute in dogs, an anaerobic pouch flora develops that efficiently deconjugates and dehydroxylates bile acids, rendering them membrane permeable. The resultant passive absorption of unconjugated bile acids appears to compensate for any loss of active ileal absorption of conjugated bile acids, and bile acid malabsorption does not occur.
Haploid selection in animals

Selection in the haploid phase is well known in plants, but it is often ignored in animals. Recent studies show that haploid selection acts on diploid loci in animals in several ways; for example, via gametic gene expression, genomic imprinting, X inactivation and selection on non-transcribed genomic regions in sperm. Although haploid selection probably affects only a small fraction of the genome, the number of loci involved might be several hundred or more. Haploid selection is expected to have important consequences at these loci for diverse phenomena, including antagonism between adaptation to either the diploid or the haploid phases, conflict between levels of selection and the evolution of sexually dimorphic recombination rates. The topic is ripe for development: refined data about which loci experience haploid selection would open the door to a variety of comparative approaches that could illuminate how diverse forms of selection mold patterns of genetic variation.
Influence of Design Features on Underwater Towed System Stability

Development of faired cables lias increased the feasible speed arid deptli of underwater towed systems, but a much more refined approach is now needed to obtain good dynamic stability with passively stabilized systems. Parametric analytical stability studies have demonstrated some fundamental effects of cable and body designs and their interactions on body behavior. These studies were based on a relatively simple mathematical model, which included approximate cable configuration parameters and body virtual masses and inertias. Results demonstate the existence of a mode dominated by cable configuration, a mode dependent on cablebody coupling effects, a mode primarily affected by body design and three modes unlikely to be of practical importance. Relative effects of primary cable and body design features are shown in root-locus form, and conclusions are drawn concerning their significance to the over-all system.
Establishing a common metric for self-reported pain: linking BPI Pain Interference and SF-36 Bodily Pain Subscale scores to the PROMIS Pain Interference metric

The study purposes were to mathematically link scores of the Brief Pain Inventory Pain Interference Subscale and the Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Subscale (legacy pain interference measures) to the NIH Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) Pain Interference (PROMIS-PI) metric and evaluate results. Linking was accomplished using both equipercentile and item response theory (IRT) methods. Item parameters for legacy items were estimated on the PROMIS-PI metric to allow for pattern scoring. Crosswalk tables also were developed that associated raw scores (summed or average) on legacy measures to PROMIS-PI scores. For each linking strategy, participants’ actual PROMIS-PI scores were compared to those predicted based on their legacy scores. To assess the impact of different sample sizes, we conducted random resampling with replacement across 10,000 replications with sample sizes of n = 25, 50, and 75. Analyses supported the assumption that all three scales were measuring similar constructs. IRT methods produced marginally better results than equipercentile linking. Accuracy of the links was substantially affected by sample size. The linking tools (crosswalks and item parameter estimates) developed in this study are robust methods for estimating the PROMIS-PI scores of samples based on legacy measures. We recommend using pattern scoring for users who have the necessary software and score crosswalks for those who do not.
Living conditions among the poor in four rich countries

The share of income going to the poorest 10% of Americans is much smaller than the share of income going to the poorest 10% of Canadians, Swedes, or Germans (before unification). However, comparisons across countries of the distribution of housing conditions, consumer durables, health, and visits to the doctor and dentist suggest that compared to the average person in their country, low-income Americans are no worse off than low-income residents of other countries. But these conclusions partly depend on how income is adjusted for family size. Americans whose incomes are low for a long time may suffer more material deprivation than Canadians whose incomes are low for a long time. Conclusions about economic well-being based on current income may not rank nations the same as comparisons based on deprivation in living conditions.
Emotion-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxious youth: A multiple-baseline evaluation

Examined the efficacy of an Emotion-focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (ECBT) for six anxious youths ages 7–13 years. All participants had a principal anxiety disorder (generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, or social phobia) based on the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule for Children—Child and Parent versions. Children and parents reported on anxious symptomatology using the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC). To assess emotion-related competencies, children were administered the Kusche Affective Interview—Revised and children and parents completed the Emotion Expression Scale for Children (EESC) and Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC), respectively. Cases began treatment after baselines of 0, 2, or 3 weeks. At posttreatment, the majority of children demonstrated improvements in anxious symptomatology, emotion understanding and regulation skills, and overall functioning. Such improvements in emotion-related skills, in addition to anxiety, are significant given that emotional competence is a crucial component in children's adaptive social functioning and psychological adjustment. These findings provide initial support for ECBT.
Petrology and trace element geochemistry of Tissint, the newest shergottite fall

The fall and recovery of the Tissint meteorite in 2011 created a rare opportunity to examine a Martian sample with a known, short residence time on Earth. Tissint is an olivine-phyric shergottite that accumulated olivine antecrysts within a single magmatic system. Coarse olivine grains with nearly homogeneous cores of Mg# >80 suggest slow re-equilibration. Many macroscopic features of this sample resemble those of LAR 06319, including the olivine crystal size distribution and the presence of evolved oxide and olivine compositions. Unlike LAR 06319, however, no magmatic hydrous phases were found in the analyzed samples of Tissint. Minor and trace element compositions indicate that the meteorite is the product of closed-system crystallization from a parent melt derived from a depleted source, with no obvious addition of a LREE-rich (crustal?) component prior to or during crystallization. The whole-rock REE pattern is similar to that of intermediate olivine-phyric shergottite EETA 79001 lithology A, and could also be approximated by a more olivine-rich version of depleted basaltic shergottite QUE 94201. Magmatic oxygen fugacities are at the low end of the shergottite range, with log fO2 of QFM-3.5 to -4.0 estimated based on early-crystallized minerals and QFM-2.4 estimated based on the Eu in pyroxene oxybarometer. These values are similarly comparable to other depleted shergottites, including SaU 005 and QUE 94201. Tissint occupies a previously unsampled niche in shergottite chemistry: containing olivines with Mg# >80, resembling the enriched olivine-phyric shergottite LAR 06319 in its crystallization path, and comparable to intermediate olivine-phyric shergottite EETA 79001A, depleted olivine-phyric shergottite DaG 476, and depleted basaltic shergottite QUE 94201 in its trace element abundances and oxygen fugacity. The apparent absence of evidence for terrestrial alteration in Tissint (particularly in trace element abundances in the whole-rock and individual minerals) confirms that exposure to the arid desert environment results in only minimal weathering of samples, provided the exposure times are brief.
Effect of Dry-Bulb Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Eggshell Conductance During the First Three Days of Incubation on Egg Weight Loss and Chick Weight

Abstract Broiler hatching eggs of similar weight were randomly divided into three groups. The first group of eggs served as the control, the second group was washed in sodium hypochlorite to disrupt the cuticle, the third group was dipped partially in a colloid solution to seal the pores in the pointed region of the eggshell. These treatments altered eggshell conductance, measured as milligrams of water loss per day per torr, from Day 2 to Day 3 of incubation. Eggs from all three groups were randomly placed in incubators operating at a dry-bulb (DB) temperature of 36.7, 37.2, or 37.8 C and at a relative humidity (RH) of 59% (Experiment 1), or at an RH of 51, 59, or 67% at a DB temperature of 37.2 C (Experiment 2) for the first 3 days of incubation. At the end of Day 3 of incubation, all eggs were transferred into an incubator operating at a DB temperature of 37.2 C and at 59% RH for the remainder of the incubation period. Individual egg weights were recorded on Days 1, 2, 3, and 18, and at external pipping. Chick weight at hatch and eggshell weight were also recorded. The incubating DB temperature had no effect on egg weight loss from Day 0 of incubation to external pipping. However, a DB temperature of 37.8 C produced significantly heavier chicks at hatch, when the chick weight at hatch was expressed as a percentage of initial egg weight. A relative humidity of 51% resulted in the greatest weight loss from Day 0 to Day 1 and from Day 2 to Day 3 of incubation, and the least weight loss from Day 1 to Day 2 of incubation. Eggs treated with colloid and chlorine lost significantly more weight from Day 0 to Day 1 of incubation; however, the colloid-treated eggs lost significantly less weight from Day 2 of incubation to external pipping. The colloid-treated eggs produced heavier chicks at hatch.
Mechanisms by which calcium modulates diastolic depolarization in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers.

Abstract The mechanisms by which calcium modulates diastolic depolarization (DD) in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers were studied in vitro . Increasing [Ca] o from 2.7 mM to 10.8 mM increased both the slope and amplitude of DD, induced oscillatory potentials (V os ), and prolonged depolarization (V ex ). The steepening of DD occurred even in the absence of an obvious V os . The increase in DD amplitude was due both to an increase in the maximum diastolic potential and to a less negative steady-state level. At constant [Ca] o , increasing the driving rate had effects similar to those induced by increasing [Ca] o . The increase in DD slope and amplitude was least at the slowest rates and leveled off at the fastest rates in high [Ca] o . Lowering [Ca] o decreased DD slope and amplitude, but spontaneous activity could be present during interruption of the drive. In slowly driven fibers, increasing [Ca] o to 10.8 mM initially shifted the maximum diastolic potential and steady state DD to more negative values, and subsequently shifted the latter (but not the former) to less negative values. On recovery, a transient depolarization occurred. Quiescent fibers exposed to high [Ca] o also underwent a transient hyperpolarization and a subsequent depolarization, whereas reciprocal effects occurred when [Ca] o was lowered. It is concluded that [Ca] o modulates DD through several different mechanisms and that most (but not all) modifications induced are brought about by changes in [Ca] i .
Classroom behavior inventory: Factor verification

Abstract Sixty-nine second grade suburban children were rated by three teachers using a classroom behavior inventory. Factor analysis was performed to test the a priori structure of the instrument. The 18-item inventory was analyzed on three factors: Task-Oriented vs Distractibility, Extroversion vs Introversion, and Considerateness vs Hostility. The three factors loaded perfectly according to the a priori design. The need for further investigations concerning the reliability and a comparison of the rating scale with objective observations is indicated.
A Non-Linear Electromagnetic Theory

By adding one term to the Lagrangian density that governs classical electromagnetic theoryvia Maxwell's equations, a parameter-free non-linear generalization can be formulated. Some properties of plane waves, wavepackets and self-focussed beams in the resulting non-linear vector field theory are discussed here.
N-versus O-silylation in cis-[(tBuHN)OP(μ-NtBu)2PO(NHtBu)] and [Me2Si(μ-NtBu)2PO(NHPh)]. Solid-state structures of their silylation products, of co-crystalline cis-[(tBuHN)OP(μ-NtBu)2PO(NHtBu)], and of {[Me2Si(μ-NtBu)2PO(N(SiMe3)Ph)]VCl3}

Abstract The solid-state structure of cis-[(tBuHN)O P(μ-NtBu)2P O(NHtBu)] (A), isolated as a 2-phenyl-2-propanol/2-phenyl-2-propanehydroperoxide co-crystal (1), is reported. Treatment of pure A with two equivalents of n-butyllithium, followed by addition of Me3SiCl, afforded the bis-O,O′-silylated cis-[(Me3SiO)tBuN P(μ-NtBu)2P NtBu(OSiMe3)] (2), whose solid-state structure was determined. When the cyclic N,N,N-phosphoramidate [Me2Si(μ-NtBu)2P O(NHPh)] (B) was subjected to the same treatment as A, however, the N-silylated [(Me2Si(μ-NtBu)2P O(N(SiMe3)Ph)] (3), was obtained. Its solid-state structure was determined. The reaction of 3 with VCl3(THF)3 did not produce the intended N,O-chelated V(II) complex, but furnished instead the adduct {[Me2Si(μ-NtBu)2P O(N(SiMe3)Ph)] VCl3(THF)}, in which 3 binds the trigonal-bipyramidally coordinated vanadium center through its oxygen atom only.
Spectrographic Chemical Analysis

METHODS devised for the spectrographic analysis of mineral substances were described and results given by the late Prof. Sir W. N. Hartley and myself in a series of papers published in the period 1897–1901 (Trans. Chem. Soc., 71, 583; 1897, and elsewhere). Those methods, however, do not appear to have been utilised by any other workers except one, the late M. A. de Gramont.
Time‐Tested Survival Skills for a Publish or Perish Environment

There are several time-tested survival skills to consider when plotting a course to tenure in a “publish or perish” environment. These are: choosing an institution that matches your expectations, abilities, and goals; knowing what to expect (and avoid) once a position is accepted; and using best practices when preparing grant proposals and publishing research results.
BIRN-M: a semantic mediator for solving real-world neuroscience problems

A goal of the Biomedical Informatics Research Network (birn) project is to develop a multi-institution information management system for Neurosciences to gain a deeper understanding of several neurological disorders. Each institution specializes in a different subdiscipline and produces a database of its experimental or computationally derived data; a mediator module performs semantic integration over the databases to enable neuroscientists to perform analyses that could not be done from any single institution’s data. The overall system architecture of the birn system is that of a wrapper-mediator system. The information sources are various relational sources including Oracle 9i having userdefined packages, Oracle 8i with the Spatial Data Cartridge, and databases made available over the web. Sources also include computational resources that need to be “run” to produce data. A source can be either accessed directly by the mediator, or through a middleware called the Storage Resource Broker (SRB) to shield the mediator from keeping low-level information like data location and user authentication information, and from large object handling. Wrappers handle source registration, schema mapping, and translation from the mediator’s logic queries to the corresponding sql or web request. birn-m also admits knowledge sources, which host ontologies and domain-specific general knowledge in the form of logic rules. birn-m maintains a registry with semantic schemas from all sources, integrated views defined in a GAV fashion, and source query capabilities as binding patterns and special predicates or functions admissible by it. The registry also records the types of data a client can handle, and has an API for interactive custom-built clients.
Psychology: A Selective Interdisciplinary Guide

Psychology, the scientific study of the mind and of behavior, has experienced a rapid professional growth during the past 30 years. The number of research articles published each year continues to multiply, attendance at professional meetings and conferences increases at an almost exponential rate, and students continue to enroll in psychology courses in large numbers.
Measurements of NH 3 absorption coefficients with a C 13 O 2 16 laser

Measurements of NH3 absorption coefficients are presented for several transitions of a C-13(O-16)2 laser for small concentrations of NH3(p less than 1 torr) for absorption lines broadened to 1 atm with N2. NH3 absorption coefficients were determined for laser transitions R(8)(920.2194 wavelengths/cm) to R(28)(933.8808 wavelengths/cm) of the 00 1 - (10 0,02 0)I band. The strongest absorption coefficient K = 36.09 + or - 1.43 per (atm-cm) was measured for the R(18) transition for the NH3 line, aQ(6,6), and is larger than has been found in any previous measurements with a CO2 laser. The dependence of K on total pressure was also obtained for select transitions, and the frequency separation between the R(18) laser transition and the neighboring NH3 line aQ(6,6) was determined to be 550 + or - 50 MHz. These results are significant for long path absorption monitoring of NH3 with CO2 lasers since the path length can be reduced by approximately 40% and for heterodyne detection of NH3 since the relative position of the laser transition to the NH3 absorption line is well within the bandpass of Hg-Cd-Te photomixers.
Factors affecting the extreme acid resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7.

When stationary phase Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells were subjected to extreme acid shock (pH 2·0, 6 h, 37°C) cell survival was as great as 10%, but culture conditions greatly affected the acid resistance. Anaerobic cultures were more resistant to extreme acid shock if the glucose concentration of the growth medium was high, acids accumulated, and pH declined. By varying pH and acetate concentration, it was possible to demonstrate a high correlation (R2=0·86) between undissociated acetate and extreme acid resistance. Because dissociated acetate and extreme acid resistance were poorly correlated (R2<0·01), it appeared that the pH effects were being mediated via acetate dissociation. Propionate and butyrate were as effective as acetate, but formate, lactate, benzoate and the uncoupler, carbonylcyanide m -chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), were much less effective in promoting extreme acid-resistance. Acetate, propionate, butyrate, benzoate and CCCP all decreased the intracellular pH of E. coli O157:H7, but the correlation between intracellular pH and extreme acid resistance was low (R2<0·01). Cultures grown aerobically only needed half as much acetate to induce extreme acid resistance as those grown anaerobically, and the addition of the reducing agent, cysteine, to anaerobic media made the stationary phase cells less responsive to acetate. An rpoS mutant of E. coli O157:H7 was at least 100-fold more sensitive to acid shock than the wild-type, and large amounts of acetate were needed to promote even a small increase in viability.
Effects of iron-containing substances on nervous tissue in vitro.

The effects of different iron-containing substances (ferric and ferrous chloride, hemolyzed blood, iron-dextran) on explants of embryonic mouse spinal cord-ganglion were studied. The main observations were as follows:
Development of simplified models for design and optimization of automotive structures for crashworthiness

Simplified models can be useful for up-front design of automotive structures for passenger safety during crash. Formulations based on the system identification approach are presented for development of simplified models for simulation and design for automotive crash environment. Numerical crash data available from experiments or simulations are used in the development of such models. Parametric as well as nonparametric formulations of the problem are investigated. Standard nonlinear programming optimality conditions and methods are used to solve the resulting nonlinear identification problem. Simple numerical examples are solved to illustrate the proposed formulations and methodologies. As a practical example, the front horn of an automotive structure is replaced by a single degree of freedom system (SDOF). Two basis functions that identify the given target data are studied: Hat functions (piecewise linear) and Chebyshev polynomials. Effects of the number of design variables on the final solution to the problem are investigated. In addition, using the identified SDOF model, redesign of the front horn to improve its performance is discussed.
Near infrared spectroscopy: a new tool for studying physical and chemical properties of polysaccharide gels

This study explored the use of short-wavelength near infrared spectroscopy (SW-NIR, 600– 1100 nm) to characterize gellan gel, a polysaccharide gel. SW-NIR can classify commercial low acyl (LA) and high acyl (HA) gellan gel mixtures and predict the ratio of LA and HA gellan in a gel mixture (R 2 ¼ 0:93; standard error of prediction ¼ 9.19%). In addition, SW-NIR methods can classify LA gellan gels based upon storage temperature (4 and 22 8C) and can determine gelling temperature of LA gellan gel. SW-NIR methods demonstrated that the structure of LA gellan gel (4 mM Ca þþ ) remained stable under room temperature following gelation (5– 72 h).
PHOTOACCLIMATION AND GROWTH RATE RESPONSES OF ULVA ROTUNDATA (CHLOROPHYTA) TO INTRADAY VARIATIONS IN GROWTH IRRADIANCE1

A vegetative clone of the chlorophyte macroalga Ulva rotundata was maintained in an outdoor continuous flow system under nutrient sufficient conditions and various light regimes. Step changes between 9 and 100% incident irradiance (Io) were employed to simulate cloud passage. Temporary (1–4 h) midday (Io)perturbations evoked net changes in growth rate (μ) and chlorophyll (chl) content. Under Io alternating at various periodicities from 15 min to 7 h, net μ was the average of the μ under steady state 9 and 100% Io, regardless of periodicity. However, the μ in alternating light was considerably less than μ under steady state 55% Io(≃ 9%+ 100%/2), as expected based on the nonlinear shape of the μ-I relationship. Unlike μ, chl content depended primarily on the total daily irradiance, probably clue to the slower response of chl compared to photosynthetic rate. On time scales ≥ one day, chl was linearly correlated with light-regulated daily μ under both steady state and intraday fluctuating irradiance, consistent with photosynthetic feedback regulation of chl concentration.
Roles of nuclear factor‐κB in postischemic liver

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) results in a chain of events that culminate in liver dysfunction and injury. I/R injury is characterized by early oxidant stress followed by an intense acute inflammatory response that involves the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. In addition to being a primary regulator of pro-inflammatory gene expression, NF-kappaB may play other roles in the hepatic response to I/R, such as mediating the expression of anti-apoptotic genes, preventing the accumulation of damaging reactive oxygen species, facilitating liver regeneration, and mediating the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning. In the present study, we review the diverse functions of NF-kappaB during hepatic I/R injury.
Discovering options from example trajectories

We present a novel technique for automated problem decomposition to address the problem of scalability in reinforcement learning. Our technique makes use of a set of near-optimal trajectories to discover options and incorporates them into the learning process, dramatically reducing the time it takes to solve the underlying problem. We run a series of experiments in two different domains and show that our method offers up to 30 fold speedup over the baseline.
Definitive Reirradiation for Locoregionally Recurrent Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Proton Beam Therapy or Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy: Predictors of High-Grade Toxicity and Survival Outcomes

Purpose Intrathoracic recurrence of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after initial treatment remains a dominant cause of death. We report our experience using proton beam therapy and intensity modulated radiation therapy for reirradiation in such cases, focusing on patterns of failure, criteria for patient selection, and predictors of toxicity. Methods and Materials A total of 102 patients underwent reirradiation for intrathoracic recurrent NSCLC at a single institution. All doses were recalculated to an equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions (EQD2). All patients had received radiation therapy for NSCLC (median initial dose of 70 EQD2 Gy), with median interval to reirradiation of 17 months and median reirradiation dose of 60.48 EQD2 Gy. Median follow-up time was 6.5 months (range, 0-72 months). Results Ninety-nine patients (97%) completed reirradiation. Median local failure-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and overall survival times were 11.43 months (range, 8.6-22.66 months), 11.43 months (range, 6.83-23.84 months), and 14.71 (range, 10.34-20.56 months), respectively. Toxicity was acceptable, with rates of grade ≥3 esophageal toxicity of 7% and grade ≥3 pulmonary toxicity of 10%. Of the patients who developed local failure after reirradiation, 88% had failure in either the original or the reirradiation field. Poor local control was associated with T4 disease, squamous histology, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score >1. Concurrent chemotherapy improved DMFS, but T4 disease was associated with poor DMFS. Higher T status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥1, squamous histology, and larger reirradiation target volumes led to worse overall survival; receipt of concurrent chemotherapy and higher EQD2 were associated with improved OS. Conclusions Intensity modulated radiation therapy and proton beam therapy are options for treating recurrent non-small cell lung cancer. However, rates of locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis are high, and patients should be selected carefully to maximize the benefit of additional aggressive local therapy while minimizing the risk of adverse side effects.
The Psychological Structure of Patient Autonomy

The patient's right to informed consent is grudgingly acknowledged by medical professionals, firmly established in law, and brandished as a shibboleth by most bioethicists. But questions remain concerning genuine patient autonomy, and the doctrine of informed consent offers inadequate answers. In addition to the continuing controversy over what counts as “informed,” the passive acquiescence implied by “consent” seems a pale shadow of genuine autonomy.
Integrin αvβ3 antagonist Cilengitide enhances efficacy of radiotherapy in endothelial cell and non–small-cell lung cancer models

Purpose: Integrins α v β 3 and α v β 5 are important in tumor growth and angiogenesis and have been recently explored as targets for cancer therapy. Radiotherapy also inhibits tumor growth and affects vasculature. We explored the combination of integrin antagonist Cilengitide (EMD 121974) and ionizing radiation. Methods and Materials: Levels of α v β 3 were determined for human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), as well as H157 and H460 human non–small-cell lung cancer cells, using FACS analysis and immunofluorescence imaging. Clonogenic assays, Western immunoblots probed for cleaved caspase 3, and Annexin-V probing were used to evaluate cell survival and apoptosis. A cell detachment assay and matrigel assay were used to further examine the effects of treatment. Results: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells had the highest α v β 3 level, followed by H157, and H460. Interestingly, we found that 5 Gy irradiation induced expression of α v β 3 in all cell lines. Clonogenic assays showed a radiosensitizing effect with Cilengitide, and calculation of the dose enhancement ratio showed that the effect was highest in HUVECs (1.38), followed by H157 (1.19), and H460 (1.10), corresponding to the levels of target expression. There was an increase in apoptotic cells after combination treatment with Cilengitide and radiation, and there was an increase in detached cells after treatment with Cilengitide. Additionally, there was decreased endothelial tubule formation after combination treatment. Conclusions: We conclude that radiation induces expression of α v β 3 integrin in endothelial and non–small-cell lung cancer models, and that integrin antagonist Cilengitide is a radiosensitizer in proportion to the levels of target integrin expression.
Behavioral Health Services “Don’t Work for Us”: Cultural Incongruities in Human Service Systems for Alaska Native Communities

Community psychology emphasizes the importance of context in the study of people’s lives, and culture influences this in profound ways. To develop programs that effectively address diverse communities’ problems, it is essential to recognize how Euro-American human service systems are understood and responded to by the many different people being served by them. The article describes how some broadly defined social services—conceptualized and implemented within a Euro-American framework—are ill suited for the everyday realities of Alaska Native villages. The cultural discontinuities are illustrated through ethnographic vignettes. The article concludes with suggestions for developing more culturally-responsive ways to conceive of and do programming for Alaska Native and possibly other Indigenous and minority communities.
A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Class Relationships and Economic Growth with Applications to Spain and Sweden*

In this paper, I try to answer two important and unsettled questions in contemporary political economy: (1) Is economic growth through cooperation between capital and labor possible without third party enforcement?; and (2) What are the effects of strong labor power on obtaining cooperation and thus economic growth? I adopt a game-theoretic framework to address these questions in this paper. The theoretical findings suggest the following: (1) Under certain political, economic, and social conditions, capitalists will find it in their interest to invest at a maximum possible level and the labor will find it in their interest to claim as small a proportion of national output as possible. Under these circumstances, high level of investment, coupled with low worker claim over the national output, will create conditions favorable to economic growth; (2) In countries where political and economic conditions are such that workers feel pretty certain about their future, the strong labor can actually initiate econom...
Community Violence and Racial Socialization: Their Influence on the Psychosocial Well-Being of African American College Students

The present study investigated the links between community violence exposure (witnessing and direct victimization) and racial socialization and psychological well-being in a sample of 281African American college students (76% female). We predicted that community violence exposure would be negatively related to psychosocial well-being. Additionally, it was hypothesized that the dimensions of racial socialization, cultural socialization and preparation for bias, would mitigate the effects of community violence exposure on psychosocial well-being. Consistent with the research hypotheses, the results from this study show that racial socialization buffers the effects of community violence exposure on mental health outcomes. Implications for assessing exposure to community violence and how racial socialization may mitigate psychosocial well-being are discussed.
Using the theory of reasoned action to model retention in rural primary care physicians.

: Context: Much research attention has focused on medical students', residents', and physicians' decisions to join a rural practice, but far fewer studies have examined retention of rural primary care physicians Purpose: The current review uses Fishbein and Ajzen's Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to organize the literature on the predictors and correlates of retention of rural practicing physicians. TRA suggests turnover behavior is directly predicted by one's turnover intentions, which are, in turn, predicted by one's attitudes about rural practice and perceptions of salient others' (eg, spouse's) attitudes about rural practice and rural living. Methods:Narrative literature review of scholarship in predicting and understanding predictors and correlates of rural physician retention. Findings: The TRA model provides a useful conceptual model to organize the literature on rural physician retention. Physicians' subjective norms regarding rural practice are an important source of influence in the decision to remain or leave one's position, and this relation should be more fully examined in future research
Origin and Configuration of Alaminos Canyon, Northwestern Gulf of Mexico: ABSTRACT

A submarine canyonlike feature, called "Alaminos Canyon," is located at the change in trend of the Sigsbee scarp between 94° 15^prime and 94° 30^prime W long. The approximately N-S-trending system terminates just south of 26° N. Bathymetric and seismic-profiling records reveal the existence of a complex area in which many single and multiple canyon sections can be observed in a single tract across the area. The sides of the depressions are steep in some places, and a few terracelike features are found. Subbottom profiles show that some depressions are half or completely filled with sediments. Diapiric structures and faults also are observed. Sediment cores collected in the deepest parts of the canyon present a lithologic character which is a combination of a Globigerina ooze and a clayey pelite. No sand layers have been found. The interpretation of this complex area ranges from that involving a complex submarine canyon system and one involving a complex submarine canyon system and one involving a hummocky area underlain by salt diapirs. It seems likely that an interpretation utilizing both hypotheses is required. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1830------------
Adaptation and the Evolution of Physiological Characters

The sections in this article are: 1 The Many Meanings of “Adaptation” 2 Criticisms of Adaptive Interpretations 3 Alternatives to Adaptive Explanations 3.1 Historical Inheritance 3.2 Developmental Pattern and Constraint 3.3 Physical and Biomechanical Correlation 3.4 Phenotypic Size Correlation 3.5 Genetic Correlation 3.6 Chance Fixation 4 Studying The Evolution of Physiological Characters 4.1 Macroevolutionary Studies 4.2 Microevolutionary Studies 5 Incorporating an Evolutionary Perspective into Physiological Studies
Reactions to a Study of Bureaucracy and Alienation

This is a critique of the article "Bureaucracy and Alienation: A Dimensional Approach," which appeared in the March 1970 issue of Social Forces. An attempt is made to show that the nonsignificant findings of the study are largely due to inadequacies of research design, instrumentation, theoretical direction, and methods of statistical analysis. An alternate mode of data analysis is suggested for the Bonjean-Grimes data as a guide to other researchers seeking more powerful means of investigating the effects of organizational structures on individuals. The Bonjean-Grimes (1970) "Bureaucracy and Alienation: A Dimensional Approach" article raises some important issues for students of bureaucracy and alienation, and more generally for sociologists interested in the problem of contextual effects. These issues revolve about four themes: selection of appropriate units of analysis, conceptualization and measurement of the context and its effects, suitability and application of dimensional models, and selection of research designs which permit investigation of causal relationships between the context and its effect(s). These are thorny problems, and this critique is not intended as a definitive solution. Rather, it is intended to probe weaknesses in the procedures selected by Bonjean and Grimes and to suggest an alternative means of handling their problem in the hope that the contrast will prove useful to sociologists facing similar prob-
Controls on the variability of net infiltration to desert sandstone

[1] As populations grow in arid climates and desert bedrock aquifers are increasingly targeted for future development, understanding and quantifying the spatial variability of net infiltration becomes critically important for accurately inventorying water resources and mapping contamination vulnerability. This paper presents a conceptual model of net infiltration to desert sandstone and then develops an empirical equation for its spatial quantification at the watershed scale using linear least squares inversion methods for evaluating controlling parameters (independent variables) based on estimated net infiltration rates (dependent variables). Net infiltration rates used for this regression analysis were calculated from environmental tracers in boreholes and more than 3000 linear meters of vadose zone excavations in an upland basin in southwestern Utah underlain by Navajo sandstone. Soil coarseness, distance to upgradient outcrop, and topographic slope were shown to be the primary physical parameters controlling the spatial variability of net infiltration. Although the method should be transferable to other desert sandstone settings for determining the relative spatial distribution of net infiltration, further study is needed to evaluate the effects of other potential parameters such as slope aspect, outcrop parameters, and climate on absolute net infiltration rates.