cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
KEYNES, KEYNESIANS AND THE EVIDENCE ON U.K. TRADE CYCLES

Many scholars have noted that, since at least 1790, U.K. economic fluctuations have seemed to reach major peaks every 7–10 years. Keynes (1936, ch.18) used the elements of his theory to explain non‐periodic economic fluctuations. His explanation of periodic fluctuations, i.e. cycles, appears in Chapter 22 of the General Theory. As is well known, he believed that fluctuations in “animal spirits” (that were often only loosely connected with the cost and the real rate of return on capital) led to oscillations in investment which, combined with the durability of capital goods, caused the duration of modern major cycles; fluctuations in liquidity preference and the propensity to consume played lesser roles. Bowing to Jevons (1964), Keynes also noted that unstable agricultural inventories could have been a source of waves in the early 19th Century when agriculture was relatively more important in the U.K. But Keynes did not demonstrate just how his investment theory implied a definite cycle period, because he did not merge his multiplier with the accelerator principle to provide an endogenous explanation of periodic turning points in output. Consequently, as Hicks (1950, p. l) notes, Keynes did not demonstrate how investment and income could peak every 7–10 years; his was really a theory of nonperiodic waves.
Tip growth in xylogenic suspension cultures ofZinnia elegans L.: Implications for the relationship between cell shape and secondary-cell-wall pattern in tracheary elements

The relationship between cell expansion, cortical microtubule orientation, and patterned secondary-cell-wall deposition was investigated in xylogenic cell suspension cultures ofZinnia elegans L. The direction of cell expansion in these cultures is pH dependent; cells elongate at pH 5.5–6.0, but expand isodiametrically at pH 6.5–7.0. Contrary to our expectations, indirect immunofluorescence revealed that cortical microtubules are oriented parallel to the long axis in elongating cells. Pulse labeling of the walls of isolated cells with the fluorochrome Tinopal LPW demonstrated that xylogenic Zinnia mesophyll cells elongate by tip growth in culture. These results confirm that cortical microtubules in developing tracheary elements reorient before bundling to form transverse cortical microtubule bands. This rearrangement may allow the secondary cell wall pattern to conform to cell shape, independent of the direction in which the cell was expanding prior to reorientation.
Energetic Differences at The Subunit Interfaces of Normal Human Hemoglobins Correlate with Their Developmental Profile

A previously unrecognized function of normal human hemoglobins occurring during protein assembly is described - - self-regulation of subunit pairings and their durations arising from the variable strengths of their subunit interactions. Although it is known that many mutant human hemoglobins have altered subunit interface strengths, those of the normal embryonic, fetal, and adult human hemoglobins have not been considered to differ significantly. However, in a comprehensive study of both types of subunit interfaces of seven of the eight normal oxy human hemoglobins, we found that the strength, i.e. the free energies of the tetramer-dimer interfaces, contrary to previous reports, differ by 3-orders of magnitude and display an undulating profile similar to the transitions (“switches”) of various globin subunit types over time. The dimer interface strengths are also variable and correlate linearly with their developmental profile; embryonic hemoglobins are the weakest, fetal hemoglobin is of intermediate strength, and adult hemoglobins are the strongest. The pattern also correlates generally with their different O2 affinities and responses to allosteric regulatory molecules. Acetylation of fetal hemoglobin weakens its unusually strong subunit interactions and occurs progressively as its expression diminishes and adult hemoglobin A formations begins; a causal relationship is suggested. The relative contributions of globin gene order and competition among subunits due to differences in their interface strengths were found to be complementary and establish a connection between genetics, thermodynamics, and development.
Political terrorism and the size of government: A positive institutional analysis of violent political activity

Political terrorism has been described as violent political behavior primarily designed to generate fear in the community, or a substantial part of it, for political purposes.' Political terrorism is distinguished from revolution in that the immediate objective of terrorist acts is intimidation rather than the overthrow of the existing government. Terrorism is a form of political extortion. Positive theories of crime 2 and extortion 3 assume that individuals will act to maximize some objective function subject to existing social or legal constraints. However, there is no parallel to these positive approaches aimed directly at the subject of political terrorism. Existing literature (hereafter referred to collectively as traditional literature) is dominated by the writings of psychologists, sociologists, and historians. Within these works, political purposes are typically defined as ideological in nature. As a result, political terrorists are assumed to be ideological zealots, willing to kill and be killed in order to further 'the cause'. Within this context positive analysis becomes difficult. Few analysts can rationalize such extreme behavior. As a result, traditional studies are forced to search for typically unobservable psychological and socio-economic characteristics as explanations for violent behavior. Frequently cited causes of political terrorism are lack of self-esteem (Kaplan, 1978: 245), emancipation afforded women (Dobson and Payne, 1979: 51), economic and political alienation and relative depravation (Bassouini, 1975; Gurr, 1969 and 1970; Dollard et al., 1939; and Wilkinson, 1977). Terrorists are characterized as irrational (Wilkinson, 1977: 49) or insane (National Advisory Committee..., p. 20). The dominant theme in the existing literature is a call for expansion of
Dollarization of Liabilities: Beyond the Usual Suspects

Dollarization of liabilities (DL) has emerged as a key factor in explaining the vulnerability of emerging markets to financial and currency crises. The "usual suspects" of causing DL include fatalistic determinants such as a long history of unsound macroeconomic policies, financial development and institutional factors, aided by moral hazard opportunities arising from the existence of government guarantees. This paper assesses empirically the relevance of these factors, as well as that of alternative explanations for DL. Based on a sample of Latin American countries, we find that ongoing central bank intervention in the foreign exchange market, relative market power of borrowers, and financial penetration are at least as important as the usual suspects in explaining DL.
Automatic particle detection through efficient Hough transforms

Manual selection of single particles in images acquired using cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) will become a significant bottleneck when a very large number of images are required to achieve three-dimensional reconstructions at near atomic resolution. Investigation of fast, accurate approaches for automatic particle detection has become one of the current challenges in the cryoEM community. At the same time, the investigation is hampered by the fact that few benchmark particles or image datasets exist in the community. The unavailability of such data makes it difficult to evaluate newly developed algorithms and to leverage expertise from other disciplines. The paper presents our recent contribution to this effort. It also describes our newly developed computational framework for particle detection, through the application of edge detection and a sequence of ordered Hough transforms. Experimental results using keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as a model particle are very promising. In addition, it introduces a newly established web site, designed to support the investigation of automatic particle detection by providing an annotated image dataset of KLH available to the general scientific community.
Colorless molecular dopants for low-voltage operation of nematic liquid crystals

Molecules designed to possess large dipole moments have been synthesized and doped into liquid crystals for the purpose of reducing the threshold voltage associated with the Freedericksz transition in nematics. These molecules were tested in the commercial nematic mixture E7 at varying concentrations and the resultant mixtures were evaluated to determine their nematic-isotropic transition temperature, threshold voltage, dielectric anisotropy, and visco-elastic constant as a function of dopant concentration. We have shown that these materials reduce the threshold voltage by up to 25 % at the 10 wt.% doping level but do so via a reduction of the splay elastic constant, not by the increase of the dielectric anisotropy as was expected. As a consequence of this result these dopants have also shown to increase the response time of the dopant/liquid crystal mixture.
Field-induced transient periodic structures in nematic liquid crystals : the splay Frederiks transition

A beautiful striped texture is often observed as the initial response of a uniformly aligned nematic liquid crystal to a suddenly applied reorienting field The structure of the instability depends on the elastic and viscous anisotropy of the liquid crystal, the field strength, and in an important way on the boundary conditions imposed by the sample cell. We have studied the geometry in which a magnetic field is applied normal to a parallel-plate cell containing a planar-aligned liquid crystal composed of suspended tobacco mosaic virus particles. In this geometry, parallel striped domains develop in two directions with a field-dependent wavelength and angle relative to the initial director. The initial distortion appears as a cross-hatched pattern of intersecting sets of parallel lines. We have analysed the pattern by a linear hydrodynamic stability analysis in two ways : First, a general analysis of the equations of motion is presented which describes the angle and wavelength with reasonable values for the material parameters and assuming free boundary conditions. Second, a simple theory based on energetics for the limit of very long molecules is given, which reproduces the essential features of the tobacco mosaic virus samples. Finally the effects of rigid boundaries are investigated for a simplified case and are found not to alter the conclusions drawn for free boundaries.
Inhibition of Adaptive Immunity by IL9 Can Be Disrupted to Achieve Rapid T-cell Sensitization and Rejection of Progressive Tumor Challenges

The tolerogenic cytokine IL-9 promotes T regulatory cell function and allergic airway inflammation, but it has not been extensively studied in cancer. In this report, we employed IL-9 deficient mice to investigate the effects of IL-9 in multiple models of breast and colon cancer development. Eliminating endogenous IL-9 enabled sensitization of host T cells to tumors, leading to their early rejection without the requirement of vaccines or immunomodulatory therapies. Notably, IL-9-deficient mice acquired immunologic memory, which actively protected from residual disease and tumor rechallenge, an effect linked to activation of CD8+ T cells. Depletion of either CD8+ or CD4+ T cells abolished the benefits of IL-9 loss to tumor control. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that T cells from tumor-rejecting IL-9-deficient mice retained their effector competency in wild-type animals. Moreover, neutralizing IL-9 antibody phenocopied the effects of IL-9 gene deletion by slowing tumor progression in wild-type animals. Our results show the ability of IL-9 to function as an inhibitor of adaptive immunity that prevents the formation of immunologic memory to a growing tumor, highlighting the potential for IL-9 neutralization as a unique tool for cancer immunotherapy.
Antidiuretic Hormone in End-Stage Renal Disease

Quantative data on plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in renal failure are limited. We measured predialysis plasma ADH levels using a double antibody radioimmunoassay in 14 patients with end-stage renal failure. Plasma ADH was inappropriately elevated in the majority of tested patients despite normal plasma osmolality, moderately elevated blood pressure, and hypervolemia. The etiology of increased plasma ADH in our population is unclear.
Schizophrenic dementia. Clinical and computed axial tomography correlates

Twenty-seven chronic schizophrenic patients and nine other psychiatric patients closely matched in education were compared on the Halstead-Reitan Battery and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). The schizophrenic patients as a group showed significantly poorer performance on the WAIS (full scale: X +/- SD, 92.9 +/- 2.9 vs. 110.8 +/- 2.1, p less than .002) and the Halstead-Reitan Battery (HRB; Average Impairment Range = 2.1 +/- .2 vs. 1.12 +/- .06, p less than .003). In addition the schizophrenic patients did significantly worse than did nonschizophrenic patients on all WAIS subtests and scored in the impaired range on most HRB subtests. Computed axial tomography scans revealed large ventricles on nine schizophrenic patients and cortical atrophy on three others. Among schizophrenics, the enlarged ventricle group consistently scored the worst. No relationship was seen between neuropsychological test performance and degree of ongoing psychopathology as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. These findings are consistent with previous reports of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and are discussed in terms of regional localization. They provide additional evidence that the impairment is related to the disease process and that structural abnormalities are associated with the more severe condition.
The Development of the Bow in Western Europe: A Technological and Functional Perspective

The development and use of archery equipment in prehistoric Europe has always stimulated archaeological interest. Much of the focus of research has been concerned with the temporal origins of the bow. Surviving examples of prehistoric bows and arrows make it possible to evaluate the functional capabilities of these weapons. Experimental replication of prehistoric European archery equipment shows that early bow and arrow designs were well engineered and adapted to maximize hunting efficiency.
Family Interaction Patterns as Predictors of Vocational Identity and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy

Abstract The present study explored the relations of perceived family-of-origin interaction patterns (e.g., quality of family relationships, family-supported goal orientations, and degree of control and organization in the family) to vocational identity and career decision-making self-efficacy. A sample of 210 college students completed family-of-origin and vocational self-report measures. Using standard multiple regression analyses, significant variance was accounted for in vocational identity scores by achievement orientation in the family. Significant variance in career decision-making self-efficacy scores was accounted for by a number of family variables including achievement, intellectual–cultural, and moral–religious emphasis orientations and degree of family conflict and expressiveness. The findings suggest that family-of-origin interaction patterns may play small, yet significant roles in the formulation of clear and stable career goals and the promotion of self-confidence in regard to completing career planning activities. These findings warrant further empirical examination of the family systems approach to young adult career development.
Interaction of thrombospondin1 and CD36 contributes to obesity-associated podocytopathy

Obesity is associated with podocyte injury and the development of proteinuria. Elevated plasma free fatty acid is one of the characteristics of obesity and has been linked to podocyte dysfunction. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. In the current study, we examined the effect of saturated free fatty acid (FFA) on human podocyte apoptosis and function in vitro. The mechanism and its in vivo relevance were also determined. We found that FFA treatment induced human podocyte apoptosis and dysfunction, which was associated with increased expression of a matricellular protein-thrombospondin1 (TSP1). FFA stimulated TSP1 expression in podocytes at the transcriptional levels through activation of MAPK pathway. Addition of purified TSP1 to cell culture media induced podocyte apoptosis and dysfunction. Tis effect is though a TGF-β independent mechanism. Moreover, peptide treatment to block TSP1 binding to its receptor-CD36 attenuated FFA induced podocyte apoptosis, suggesting that TSP1/CD36 interaction mediates FFA-induced podocyte apoptosis. Importantly, using a diet-induced obese mouse model, in vivo data demonstrated that obesity-associated podocyte apoptosis and dysfunction were attenuated in TSP1 deficient mice as well as in CD36 deficient mice. Taken together, these studies provide novel evidence that the interaction of TSP1 with its receptor CD36 contributes to obesity--associated podocytopathy.
Intrauterine device use among women with ovarian cancer: a systematic review

Abstract Background Fertility-sparing treatment may be an option for women with early stage ovarian cancer and certain tumor types. This systematic review evaluated the evidence on the safety of intrauterine device (IUD) use by women with ovarian cancer. Study Design We searched the PubMed database for peer-reviewed articles relevant to IUD (copper or levonorgestrel-releasing) use and ovarian cancer published in any language from database inception through August 2009. We sought studies that examined outcomes among women using an IUD at or after ovarian cancer diagnosis. Results Of the 250 articles identified by our search strategy, none provided evidence (direct or indirect) regarding the safety of IUD use among women with ovarian cancer. Conclusions No evidence on the safety of IUD use among women with ovarian cancer was identified. While there are some theoretical concerns that IUD use might affect monitoring of disease progression of sex cord-stromal tumors, or increase risk of pelvic infection or vaginal bleeding among women undergoing chemotherapy, we did not find any data to suggest that IUD use would lead to worsening of primary ovarian cancer.
Cost-effectiveness of programs to eliminate disparities in elderly vaccination rates in the United States

There are disparities in influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates among elderly minority groups and little guidance as to which intervention or combination of interventions to eliminate these disparities is likely to be most cost-effective. Here, we evaluate the cost-effectiveness of four hypothetical vaccination programs designed to eliminate disparities in elderly vaccination rates and differing in the number of interventions. We developed a Markov model in which we assumed a healthcare system perspective, 10-year vaccination program and lifetime time horizon. The cohort was the combined African-American and Hispanic 65 year-old birth cohort in the United States in 2009. We evaluated five different vaccination strategies: no vaccination program and four vaccination programs that varied from “low intensity” to “very high intensity” based on the number of interventions deployed in each program, their cumulative cost and their cumulative impact on elderly minority influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates. The very high intensity vaccination program ($24,479/quality-adjusted life year; QALY) was preferred at willingness-to-pay-thresholds of $50,000 and $100,000/QALY and prevented 37,178 influenza cases, 342 influenza deaths, 1,158 invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) cases and 174 IPD deaths over the birth cohort’s lifetime. In one-way sensitivity analyses, the very high intensity program only became cost-prohibitive (>$100,000/QALY) at less likely values for the influenza vaccination rates achieved in year 10 of the high intensity (>73.5%) or very high intensity (<76.8%) vaccination programs. A practice-based vaccination program designed to eliminate disparities in elderly minority vaccination rates and including four interventions would be cost-effective.
Fisher information in censored samples from folded and unfolded populations

Fisher information (FI) forms the backbone for many parametric inferential procedures and provides a useful metric for the design of experiments. The purpose of this paper is to suggest an easy way to compute the FI in censored samples from an unfolded symmetric distribution and its folded version with minimal computation that involves only the expectations of functions of order statistics from the folded distribution. In particular we obtain expressions for the FI in a single order statistic and in Type-II censored samples from an unfolded distribution and the associated folded distribution. We illustrate our results by computing the FI on the scale parameter in censored samples from a Laplace (double exponential) distribution in terms of the expectations of special functions of order statistics from exponential samples. We discuss the limiting forms and illustrate applications of our results.
Immunolocalization of beta 1 integrins in human gingival epithelium and cultured keratinocytes.

Beta 1 integrins are cell surface receptors for extracellular matrix binding. We have recently shown that these receptors may also play a role in cell-cell binding of human epidermal keratinocytes. In this study we used immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy to localize beta 1 integrins in frozen sections of human gingiva and cultures of human gingival keratinocytes. The results show that beta 1 integrin polypeptides, localized by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, were detected mainly in the basal layer of the keratinized epithelium. There was also scattered staining in connective tissue fibroblasts, nerves, and blood vessel walls. In the basal layer, the integrins were found around the entire periphery of the basal keratinocytes. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that most of the staining was in fact localized in dot-like structures at the lateral cell membranes of neighboring basal cells. In cultured human gingival keratinocytes maintained in low calcium (0.15 mM) conditions β1 integrins were localized in several different structures: trails which were left behind when the cells moved in culture, dots underneath the cells, around the nucleus, and in cell-cell contacts. The trails were also found to contain fibronectin and type IV collagen but not laminin. Switching the keratinocytes to high calcium (1.2 mM) conditions induced the formation of cell-cell contacts which were strongly positive for β1 integrins. No fibronectin or type IV collagen was found in cell-cell contact sites. The results indicate that β1 integrins are localized to cell-cell junctions of human gingival keratinocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Cultured cells also express these receptors in cell-matrix contacts indicating a dual role for β1 integrins in cell-matrix and cell-cell contacts of human gingival keratinocytes.
Efficiency of black markets in foreign currencies in Southeast Asia

Abstract This paper examines the weak-form efficiency of currency black markets in Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines for the period 1951–1993. Efficiency is examined for individual markets as well as in bivariate and multivariate settings using cointegration techniques. Efficiency findings are sensitive to model specification, time period examined, and choice of the cointegration technique. Overall, the results are not supportive of efficiency in bivariate and multivariate systems of the four black-market exchange rates during 1973–1993. The results have implications for managing exchange-rate risk and for possible arbitrage opportunities in these markets.
New design arguments: old Millian objections

An increasing number of natural scientists are doubling as natural theologians. I critically examine two recent defences of the design argument by biologists: Darwin's Black Box by Michael Behe and Nature's Destiny by Michael Denton. Each claims that recent findings in biology provide new evidence for belief in a supernatural designer. For the sake of argument, I grant both the validity and soundness of their arguments. What I then try to show is that even if we grant that the new biology supports a supernatural designer, J. S. Mill's objections, based on ordinary observation, still make it reasonable to doubt that the designer is the God of traditional theism - a being infinite in power, knowledge, and goodness.
Effect of sodium pentobarbital on behavioral thermoregulation in rats and mice

Abstract In this study on behavioral thermoregulation, male Sprague-Dawley rats were given intraperitoneal (IP) injections of sodium pentobarbital in doses of 0, 1, 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg and male CBA/J mice were given doses of 0, 5, 10, 15 or 30 mg/kg. The animals were immediately placed in a temperature gradient which allowed them to select their preferred ambient temperature (Ta). The preferred Ta of rats increased following an injection of 10 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital, whereas, the barbiturate had no effect on the preferred Ta of mice. In another study, male rats and mice were given sodium pentobarbital in doses of 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg and then placed into a temperature-controlled environmental chamber set at 30°C for mice and 25°C for rats (i.e., their approximate preferred Ta when dosed with sodium pentobarbital). Colonic temperatures were taken one hour after injection. Sodium pentobarbital induced dose dependent hypothermia in rats at 25°C and hyperthermia in mice at 30°C. These data suggest a direct or indirect block of heat gain/conserving effectors in rats treated with sodium pentobarbital which results in hypothermia and an appropriate compensatory selection of a warmer Ta.
Busulfan therapy of central nervous system xenografts in athymic mice

We evaluated the antitumor activity of busulfan against a panel of tumor cell lines and xenografts in athymic nude mice derived from childhood high-grade glioma, adult high-grade glioma, ependymoma, and medulloblastoma. Busulfan displayed similar activity against a panel of four medulloblastoma cell lines (D283 Med, Daoy, D341 Med, and D425 Med) and four corresponding sublines with laboratory-generated or clinically acquired resistance to 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide [D283 Med (4-HCR), Daoy (4-HCR), D341 Med (4-HCR), and D458 Med] and cross-resistance to melphalan. This is consistent with a nearly total lack of cross-resistance of busulfan to 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide. Busulfan was active in the therapy of all but one of the subcutaneous xenografts tested, with growth delays ranging from 14.3 days in D612 EP to 58.4 days in D528 EP. Busulfan produced statistically significant increases in the median survival of mice bearing intracranial D456 MG (66%-90%), D612 EP (18%-33%), and D528 EP (89%) xenografts. These studies suggest that busulfan may be active against medulloblastomas, high-grade gliomas, and ependymomas as well as against cyclophosphamide-resistant neoplasms.
Entrepreneurial processes in social contexts: how are they different, if at all?

Scholars have compared and contrasted commercial and social entrepreneurship along a variety of dimensions, suggesting that entrepreneurial antecedents and outcomes differ within a social context. However, little is known about whether entrepreneurial processes differ within social contexts. In this paper, we ask to what extent the antecedents and outcomes that make social entrepreneurship unique influence entrepreneurial processes. Using an inputs–throughputs–outputs framework, we assess the relationship between four antecedents (social mission/motivation, opportunity identification, access to resources/funding, and multiple stakeholders) and three outcomes (social value creation, sustainable solutions, and satisfying multiple stakeholders) to the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy) (Lumpkin and Dess, Acad Manag Rev 21(1):135–172, 1996). Our analysis suggests that many entrepreneurial processes remain essentially the same or are affected only slightly. However, autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, and risk-taking are influenced to some extent by the presence of multiple stakeholders and access to resources/funding. Entrepreneurial processes may also differ when applied to efforts to satisfy multiple stakeholders and achieve sustainable solutions. We subsequently discuss the implications of our analysis for future social entrepreneurship research and practice.
Detection and Identification of Nuclear Explosions Underground (Project VELA UNIFORM)

Project VELA UNIFORM is part of a broad research program designed as the first full-fledged national effort for developing a specific type of arms control technology. Based on earth science research, the VELA UNIFORM effort is directed towards obtaining a suitable system for the detection, identification and location of nuclear explosions underground in support of a possible nuclear test ban. The principal work areas are classical and explosion seismology, the development of suitable field equipment and prototype observatories and data centers, and the conduct of an extensive monitoring program of seismic and other unique signatures from the present U. S. series of subsurface nuclear detonations.
ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM USING THE EVT DEVICE : LIMITED INCREASED UTILIZATION WITH AVAILABILITY OF A BIFURCATED GRAFT

Purpose:To determine if the availability of a bifurcated graft would increase the percentage of patients eligible for endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs).Methods:One hundred eighty-five consecutive patients were evaluated prospectively for endovascular AAA repair at a university referral center. Data were collected on eligibility for tube or bifurcated endovascular grafts, reasons for exclusion, aneurysm morphology, and the interventions performed.Results:Forty-six (25%) patients were eligible for endovascular treatment using the first-generation Endovascular Technologies (EVT) system: 19 (10%) for a tube graft and 27 (15%) for a bifurcated device. An unsuitable proximal neck was the reason for exclusion in 48% of patients (excess diameter in 27%, inadequate length in 21%). Unsuitable iliac configuration was present in 41% of those excluded; 29% of the common iliac arteries were enlarged or aneurysmal, while 12% were small or tortuous.Conclusions:Although a bifurcated graft more than ...
Explaining migration intentions and destination selection

Both short-term and long-term migration intentions are measured for a sample of 167 individuals. Migration intentions are explained in terms of life cycle factors, degree of attachment to the current community, and social psychological factors underlying the migration decision process, including perceived constraints to moving. Ties to specific places developed through a variety of life experiences are instrumental in shaping potential destinations for perspective migrants. Short-term migration intentions are an excellent predictor of subsequent behavior, including destination selection for those who migrate.
The Implications of Terrestrial Heat Flow Observations on Current Tectonic and Geochemical Models of the Crust and Upper Mantle of the Earth

Summary The average heat flow through continental orogenic belts decreases with the age of the orogeny to an approximately constant value for the Precambrian shields and platforms. The average heat flow for provinces of the North Pacific decreases with the age of the province. The mean heat flow through the province younger than 10 million years is 2.82 p cal cm-2 -1 whereas the mean heat flow through provinces older than the middle Cretaceous is 1.15~ cal cm-2 s-'. The contrast in the chemical composition of continental and oceanic crustal rocks and the disparity in time scale for the decay of heat flow suggest a different explanation for the heat flow through oceans and continents. The observed equality of the mean oceanic and continental heat flows may not be relevant to evaluating the thermal contribution of the upper mantle. Two geophysical and geochemical models of the oceanic and continental crust and upper mantle are presented. Both can explain the near equality of heat flow through the Precambrian shields and the old ocean basins when plates of continental and oceanic lithosphere are allowed to move. The oceanic lithosphere is approximately 100 km thick and the mantle is assumed to be the same under both the continents and oceans. The models differ principally in the condition assigned to their lower boundary. These conditions result in two different geochemical compositions for the oceanic lithosphere. Both oceanic models can explain the flow of heat through the North Pacific and the topography of the East Pacific Rise. If the effects of water in the mantle and subsolidus phase changes are considered, the lithosphere could be as thin as 75 km and still consistent with the heat flow and topographic anomalies. The models also account for the elevation of the mid-Atlantic ridge and the gross structure of the heat flow through the South Atlantic. The loss of heat in creating oceanic lithosphere may be as much as 45 per cent of the total average heat flow of the Earth. Heat lost by this process can no longer be ignored in models of the thermal history of the Earth. s
Young women's misperceptions about sexually transmissible infection testing: a 'clean and clear' misunderstanding

Background: This exploratory study investigated young women’s perceptions of sexually transmissible infection (STI) testing received during gynaecological care. Correlates of the incorrect perception that STI testing occurred were assessed. Methods: Cross-sectional study of sexually active young women, age 18–24 years, attending a university healthcare setting for gynaecological care (n = 109). Two hundred and four women were approached and 87 were ineligible; of the remaining 117, 93.2% chose to enrol. Results: Of the women enrolled, 25.7% falsely perceived that they were STI tested (labelled ‘clean and clear’). Only approximately one in seven (14.7%) accurately understood the STI for which they were tested. In multivariate analyses, controlling for race, STI symptoms, depression, number of lifetime visits to the gynaecologist, and suspicion of current STI, three variables were significant: minority race (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.84, confidence interval (CI) = 1.38–16.96, P = 0.01), earlier age at sexual debut (AOR = 4.67, CI = 1.73–12.57, P = 0.002), and previous STI diagnosis (AOR = 3.38, CI = 1.07–10.66, P = 0.04). Comment: The findings suggest that many young women may have an inaccurate understanding of the STI testing they undergo during gynaecological care and may operate under the misperception they are ‘clean and clear’ of STI. Women with said misperception were more likely to be of minority race and report relatively earlier age of sexual debut and previous STI diagnosis. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether the ‘clean and clear’ misperception influences young women’s sexual risk behaviour.
Treatment of high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia with etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine chemotherapy.

Abstract Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine (EMA-CO) chemotherapy for the treatment of high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Methods Forty-five patients with high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumors received 257 EMA-CO treatment cycles between 1986 and 2001. Twenty-five were treated primarily with EMA-CO because of the presence of one or more high-risk factors and 20 were treated with EMA-CO secondarily after failure of single-agent chemotherapy. Patients who had incomplete responses or developed resistance to EMA-CO were treated with drug combinations employing cisplatin and etoposide with or without bleomycin or ifosfamide. Adjuvant surgery and radiotherapy were used in selected patients. Survival, clinical response, and toxicity were analyzed retrospectively. Results The overall survival rates was 91% (41/45); survival rates were 92% (23/25) for primary treatment and 90% (18/20) for secondary treatment with EMA-CO. Of the 45 patients treated with EMA-CO, 32 (71%) had a complete clinical response, 9 (20%) developed resistance but were subsequently placed into remission with cisplatin-based chemotherapy, and 4 (9%) died of widespread metastatic disease. Clinical complete response to EMA-CO was significantly influenced by duration of disease from antecedent pregnancy to treatment ( 6 months, 43%), metastatic site (lung and pelvis, 73%, vs other, 40%), and WHO score (≤7, 96%, vs >7, 36%). The EMA-CO chemotherapy regimen produced no life-threatening toxicity, caused grade 3–4 hematologic toxicity in 1.6% of cycles, and was associated with neutropenia necessitating a 1-week delay in treatment in only 13.5% of cycles. Conclusions EMA-CO chemotherapy is a well-tolerated and highly effective treatment for high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, yielding a 71% complete response rate and a 91% survival rate in this series.
COLOR DOPPLER DETECTION OF AORTOPULMONARY COLLATERALS IN PREMATURE INFANTS: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY. 1447

We have previously described the detection of aortopulmonary collaterals(APCs) by color flow Doppler in 7 premature infants with chronic lung disease. Ninety-six premature infants with birth weight <1500 gm were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from 8/95 to 8/96, 64 of them received serial echocardiographic evaluations at 1 to 2 days, 2 weeks, and at 1, 2 and 3 months of life. Fifty-one patients (78%) had evidence of APCs at 1 to 90 days of life (mean 27 days), only 1 had APCs detected in the first study. There was no significant difference in gestational age, birth weight, surfactant therapy, time on assisted ventilation, time on oxygen therapy, diagnosis of chronic lung disease between the patients with evidence of collaterals and those with no collaterals. Six/47 patients had signs of significant left to right shunt evidenced by cardiomegaly on chest x-ray and left atrial dilatation on echocardiogram and were started on digoxin and diuretics with clinical improvement. The collaterals tend to become smaller with time, and by the time of the last echocardiogram they could not be visualized in 18 (35%) subjects.
DESKTOP METHOD FOR ESTIMATING VESSEL-INDUCED SEDIMENT SUSPENSION

Riverbank erosion involves engineering and environmental concerns. Among several dominant mechanisms of riverbank erosion, navigation effects caused by the passage of vessels are quite important. Field data indicate that large vessels generate large drawdown and small wave heights, whereas small vessels such as pleasure craft generate small drawdown and large wave heights. Passage of both types of vessels may result in bank erosion and a substantial increase in suspended-sediment concentration. Since comprehensive numerical modeling is time-consuming, a desktop computational approach has been offered that helps in providing preliminary answers to several questions related to vessel-induced sediment resuspension. Due to the uncertainties inherent in sediment calculations, order-of-magnitude values are often adequate for decision making. A preliminary assessment of possible impact on vegetation or benthic organisms can then be made based on this information. PC-based FORTRAN programs were developed for (1) computation of time series of vessel-induced waves; (2) erosion and deposition of cohesive sediment under waves and nearshore currents; and (3) computation of noncohesive suspended-sediment concentration caused by river current alone. An application to the Upper Mississippi River Navigation Study is presented. The riverbank sediments were labeled as soft, medium, and hard using their erodibility characteristics. Three water depths (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m) were considered. Vessel-induced wave heights ranged from 10 to 60 cm. The maximum concentrations were obtained in 0.5 m water depth with a wave height of 30 cm and in 1.0 m depth with a wave height of 60 cm. The estimated maximum concentrations were 1,463, 56, and 4 mg/L for soft, medium, and hard beds, respectively. Such results will be useful for preliminary assessment of relative impact of increased barge traffic in the river and identification of potential areas along the riverbanks that are likely to be sensitive from the point of view of environmental considerations.
Fishing for Northern Pike in Minnesota: Comparing Anglers and Dark House Spearers

AbstractIn order to project fishing effort and demand of individuals targeting Northern Pike Esox lucius in Minnesota, it is important to understand the catch orientations, management preferences, and site choice preferences of those individuals. Northern Pike are specifically targeted by about 35% of the approximately 1.5 million licensed anglers in Minnesota and by approximately 14,000–15,000 dark house spearers. Dark house spearing is a traditional method of harvesting fish through the ice in winter. Mail surveys were distributed to three research strata: anglers targeting Northern Pike, dark house spearing license holders spearing Northern Pike, and dark house spearing license holders angling for Northern Pike. Dark house spearers, whether spearing or angling, reported a stronger orientation toward keeping Northern Pike than did anglers. Anglers reported a stronger orientation toward catching large Northern Pike than did dark house spearers when spearing or angling. Northern Pike regulations were the ...
Base-Free Phosphine−Sulfonate Nickel Benzyl Complexes

Base-free [2-PR2-4-Me-benzenesulfonate)]Ni(η3-benzyl) complexes (R = 2-OMe-Ph (4a), Cy (4b)) were prepared and tested for ethylene polymerization. 4a produces low-molecular-weight polyethylene (Mn = 1300) that contains 10 Me branches/103 C and terminal and internal olefin units. The polymer yield and structure are unaffected by the ethylene pressure (60−300 psi). 4b is less active than 4a and produces a polymer with higher Mn, fewer branches, and a higher fraction of terminal olefin units.
Selenium toxicity: effect of fluoride.

Wenn junge Ratten gleichzeitig Selen und Fluor erhalten, sind die toxischen Eigenschaften von Selen nicht grosser, als in den Kontrollen, die nur Selenium erhielten. Dieses Resultat steht im Widerspruch zu fruheren Feststellungen.
Magnetic ordering in CeMnCuSi2

Abstract Temperature and field-dependent magnetization measurements on polycrystalline CeMnCuSi2 reveal that the Mn moments in this compound exhibit ordering with a ferromagnetic (FM) component ordered instead of the previously reported purely antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering. The FM ordering temperature, Tc, is about 120 K and almost unchanged with external fields up to 50 kOe. Furthermore, an AFM component (such as in a canted spin structure) is observed to be present in this phase, and its orientation is modified rapidly by the external magnetic field. The Ce L3-edge X-ray absorption result shows that the Ce ions in this compound are nearly trivalent, very similar to that in the heavy fermion system CeCu2Si2. Large thermomagnetic irreversibility is observed between the zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) M(T) curves below Tc indicating strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy in the ordered phase. At 5 K, a metamagnetic-type transition is observed to occur at a critical field of about 8 kOe, and this critical field decreases with increasing temperature. The FM ordering of the Mn moments in CeMnCuSi2 is consistent with the value of the intralayer Mn–Mn distance RaMn–Mn=2.890 A, which is greater than the critical value 2.865 A for FM ordering. Finally, a magnetic phase diagram is constructed for CeMnCuSi2.
A Robust Species Tree for the Alphaproteobacteria

The branching order and coherence of the alphaproteobacterial orders have not been well established, and not all studies have agreed that mitochondria arose from within the Rickettsiales. A species tree for 72 alphaproteobacteria was produced from a concatenation of alignments for 104 well-behaved protein families. Coherence was upheld for four of the five orders with current standing that were represented here by more than one species. However, the family Hyphomonadaceae was split from the other Rhodobacterales, forming an expanded group with Caulobacterales that also included Parvularcula. The three earliest-branching alphaproteobacterial orders were the Rickettsiales, followed by the Rhodospirillales and then the Sphingomonadales. The principal uncertainty is whether the expanded Caulobacterales group is more closely associated with the Rhodobacterales or the Rhizobiales. The mitochondrial branch was placed within the Rickettsiales as a sister to the combined Anaplasmataceae and Rickettsiaceae, all subtended by the Pelagibacter branch. Pelagibacter genes will serve as useful additions to the bacterial outgroup in future evolutionary studies of mitochondrial genes, including those that have transferred to the eukaryotic nucleus.
Cache-conscious frequent pattern mining on modern and emerging processors

Algorithms are typically designed to exploit the current state of the art in processor technology. However, as processor technology evolves, said algorithms are often unable to derive the maximum achievable performance on these modern architectures. In this paper, we examine the performance of frequent pattern mining algorithms on a modern processor. A detailed performance study reveals that even the best frequent pattern mining implementations, with highly efficient memory managers, still grossly under-utilize a modern processor. The primary performance bottlenecks are poor data locality and low instruction level parallelism (ILP). We propose a cache-conscious prefix tree to address this problem. The resulting tree improves spatial locality and also enhances the benefits from hardware cache line prefetching. Furthermore, the design of this data structure allows the use of path tiling, a novel tiling strategy, to improve temporal locality. The result is an overall speedup of up to 3.2 when compared with state of the art implementations. We then show how these algorithms can be improved further by realizing a non-naive thread-based decomposition that targets simultaneously multi-threaded processors (SMT). A key aspect of this decomposition is to ensure cache re-use between threads that are co-scheduled at a fine granularity. This optimization affords an additional speedup of 50%, resulting in an overall speedup of up to 4.8. The proposed optimizations also provide performance improvements on SMPs, and will most likely be beneficial on emerging processors.
A reflection principle for the hyperbolic metric and applications to geometric function theory

We establish a reflection principle for the hyperbolic metric which has applications to geometric function theory. For instance, the reflection principle yields a number of monotonicity properties of the hyperbolic metric. The sharp form of Landau's Theorem is an immediate consequence of one of these monotonicity properties. The second main application is an interpretation of the reflection principle in terms of convexity relative to hyperbolic geometry.