cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of hemicellulose extraction on water absorption and mold susceptibility of wood–plastic composites

Abstract The hygroscopicity of woody materials results in moisture absorption into wood-based composites, including wood–plastic composites (WPC). The objective of this research was to improve the water resistance and mold resistance of WPC by extraction of hemicelluloses from the wood raw material. The treatment may also eliminate extractives such as free sugars, starches, and lipids that can serve as food for fungi. Liquid hot water extraction was performed on southern yellow pine flakes under different temperatures (140, 155, and 170 °C) and over a period of 60 min. Wood flour from extracted or control flakes was compounded with isotactic polypropylene in an extruder, both with and without a coupling agent. Injection molding was used to make tensile test samples. Wood–plastic composite samples were immersed for 5, 10, and 15 wk in water and the water absorption and tensile properties of the samples were measured. The susceptibility of the WPCs to mold was evaluated also. The water absorption of samples decreased after extraction; this resulted in higher mechanical properties of WPCs from extracted wood flour after different periods of soaking in water. Extraction also resulted in improvement in mold resistance of the WPC.
Surface temperature calculations in radiant surroundings of arbitrary complexity—for gray, diffuse radiation

Abstract The question of calculating the temperatures of opaque and non-opaque surfaces subject to assigned net rates of radiant flux is considered. It is shown that, for gray surfaces, any opaque surface in radiant balance in an enclosure of arbitrary complexity achieves a steady state temperature which is independent of the emissivity (or absorptivity) of the surface. Relations are developed for the temperature of opaque and non-opaque surfaces subjected to an assigned net radiant flux.
Analysis Of Microbending Losses On A Single-Mode, Step-Index Fiber At Higher-Order Harmonics Of Deformation Spectrum

A new analytical technique for analyzing microbending losses of step-index, single-mode fibers is reported. The technique is applicable to fibers with arbitrary N.A., large deformation periods and radiation escaping at arbitrary angles to fiber axis. Two dimensional fiber deformations can be studied and information on radiation loss, propagation directions and polarization content of scattered radiation can be obtained. The effect of fiber radius on radiation loss and the distribution of radiation power between different space harmonics is investigated. It is found that radiation loss depends strongly on fiber radius and that the maximum loss for different space harmonics occurs at the same radius. At the fiber radius resulting in maximum loss, the radiated power is sharply peaked around optimum period lengths for both fundamental and higher-order space harmonics. It is shown that the fraction of radiated power in a higher-order space harmonic can be larger than that in the fundamental space harmonic at large deformation periods. The results indicate that microbending sensors do not necessarily have to operate at the fundamental harmonic of deformation spectrum.© (1986) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Theoretical Splice Loss Study Of Single-Mode Fibers

A thorough understanding of single-mode splice loss mechanisms is necessary to accurately predict the resultant splice loss of selected fiber pairs. Given a fusion splicing technique, which yields low variations of extrinsic splice losses, the intrinsic loss factors may be examined. In this paper, the method of calculating intrinsic losses due to fiber mode field radius mismatch and core lateral offset will be reviewed, and the theoretical losses of 10,000 randomly selected fiber pairs are presented. Splice loss data for arc fusion spliced pairs are correlated with the theoretical loss predictions.
Effects of a High Fat, High Carbohydrate, and High Protein Diet on Endurance Performance in Trained Cyclists and Untrained Controls

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe the effects of a high fat, high carbohydrate, and high protein diet on submaximal endurance times to fatigue in male endurance athletes and controls. A low fat, high carbohydrate (CHO) diet is currently recommended for endurance athletes. But recent studies indicate that a moderate fat diet may be more advantageous. To test this, six trained male cyclists (mean ± SD age 23±3.5, VO 2 max 66±5ml/kg/min, body mass index (BMI) 23±1.7) and five male controls (age 25±1.5, VO 2 max 44±5ml/kg/min, BMI 27±4.3) were fed the following diets, in random order, for one week: a high CHO (15% fat, 15% protein, 70% CHO by calories), high fat (35% fat, 15% protein, 50% CHO), high protein (30% fat, 30% protein, 40% CHO), and normal diet (subjects usual diet; 21% fat, 15% protein, 63% CHO). Each diet week was followed by a one week period where subjects consumed their usual diets. Exercise time to fatigue was measured at the completion of each diet following a light liquid meal (20% of total caloric intake) of equal composition as the proceeding diet week. Tests were completed at a consistent power output corresponding to 70 and 75% of the control and trained subjects' VO 2 max, respectively. Mean ± SD exercise times to fatigue (in minutes) were as follows:Control Subjects (n=5)Trained Subjects (n=6)Normal diet24±1637±9High fat diet30±2848±15High CHO diet22±1145±16High protein diet22±1551±18One-way ANOVAp=0.88p=0.39 The main limitation of this study was its small sample size, which likely contributed to the lack of significance found in these data. While not statistically significant, trained subjects had increased endurance times by six minutes after the high protein diet, and three minutes after the high fat diet compared to the high CHO diet. Thus, a diet with less emphasis on carbohydrates than traditionally recommended may enhance performance in the endurance athlete and deserves further study.
Colorectal cancer in Hispanics: a population at risk for earlier onset, advanced disease, and decreased survival.

Background:While colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality rates have declined slightly over the past decade, there remain marked differences by ethnicity. Our aim was to investigate ethnic differences in occurrence, clinical presentation and outcome of CRC at a tertiary university center that
Serum neutralization of nucleopolyhedrosis viruses (Baculovirus subgroup A) pathogenic for Orgyia pseudotsugata

The preparation of antisera to intracellular nonoccluded virions and an in vivo neutralization test procedure (constant serum and virus in dilutions) are described. Results of homologous neutralization tests showed that rabbit antisera to two multicapsid viruses pathogenic for Orgyia pseudotsugata had higher neutralization indices than antiserum to a unicapsid Baculovrus from O. pseudotsugata. Based on reciprocal tests, the three viruses are antigenically distinguishable. Blood serum of rats which had been exposed by inhalation to 25 projected acre doses of a technical-grade Baculovirus preparation demonstrated no viral neutralizing activity. Since the neutralization test used in this study does not require availability of susceptible cell lines and is sensitive and accurate, it could find application in quality control programs and in field monitoring of Baculovirus strains.
The role of fatty acids in the regulation of brush-border Ca2+ transport.

The role of the fatty-acid composition of the intestinal brush-border membrane in the control of transmembrane Ca2+ transport was examined by in vitro acylation of endogenous phospholipids. The initial rate of Ca2+ uptake into brush-border membrane vesicles was stimulated 1.6-fold by incubation with 50 μM linoleoyl CoA, which was the most effective CoA ester examined. Oleoyl CoA was also active, but stearoyl CoA, palmitoyl CoA and arachidonyl CoA displayed no activity. The effect of linoleoyl CoA was specific for Ca2+ transport; sodium-dependent phosphate uptake was slightly inhibited and the activity of alkaline phosphatase, a brush-border enzyme, was unaffected. Incubation of brush-border vesicles with either stimulatory (oleate) or nonstimulatory (stearate) CoA esters resulted in the incorporation of fatty acid into the four major phospholipid classes, suggesting a fatty-acid specificity of the Ca2+ transport phenomenon. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that fatty acids are important elements in the control of brush-border Ca2+ transport.
Monterey Rocks in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California: ABSTRACT

Recent field work in the Santa Cruz Mountains of California demonstrates that siliceous mudstone beds of Miocene age, previously mapped as "Monterey shale," are the products of two separate marine cycles of sedimentation. The older cycle was a middle Miocene (late Relizian--early Luisian) event; the younger was initiated in late Miocene (late Delmontian) time and lasted into Pliocene time. Each cycle consists of a basal, transgressive sandstone unit followed by a thicker mudstone sequence. The more widespread, middle Miocene mudstone sequence is siltier and contains abundant calcareous Foraminifera, whereas the thicker, late Miocene mudstone sequence is more siliceous, locally diatomaceous, and contains abundant volcanic debris. Field relationships together with paleontologic data suggest that the basal sandstone unit of each sequence was deposited in a near-shore, shallow-water environment, while the overlying mudstone unit was deposited in an outer neritic to upper bathyal environment. The Purisima formation of Pliocene age represents a later, near-shore and partially regressive phase of the second cycle. A landmass that separated the early Miocene ("Vaqueros") sea from the Pacific basin to the southwest disappeared prior to middle Miocene time, and the later Miocene basins were probably directly connected to the Pacific basin. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1769------------
Interaction between the hippocampus and posterior hypothalamus during the orienting reflex.

1. During high-frequency electrical stimulation of the supramammillary and mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus an orienting reaction, characterized by a gradual increase in motor manifestations and shortening of the latent period with an increase in voltage of the stimulating current, develops. 2. Hypothalamic stimulation, accompanied by the appearance of orienting behavior, modifies the spike discharge of many hippocampal cells. The predominant types of response are tonic activation and inhibitory responses with a long after-effect. 3. The nonspecific character of responses of hippocampal cells to electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus and the particualr features of hypothalamic influences on sensorily evoked activity of hippocampal neurons are regarded as functional manifestations of hypothalamic afferentation ascending to the dorsal hippocampus during the development of orienting behavior.
Affinity Extraction into Carbon Dioxide. 1. Extraction of Avidin Using a Biotin-Functional Fluoroether Surfactant

Carbon dioxide is a naturally abundant, environmentally benign solvent whose use, like water, in a process is not regulated by either EPA or FDA. As such, CO2 would be an ideal medium to use in a liquid-liquid extraction process involving cell culture broth, in that contamination of the aqueous phase with residual organic would not be an issue. Unfortunately, amino acids and proteins are essentially insoluble in carbon dioxide. Further, alkyl-functional surfactants, which have been shown to allow extraction of proteins into conventional organic solvents, exhibit very poor or negligible solubility in CO2 at pressures below 50 MPa. Fortunately, recent work has shown that replacement of the alkyl hydrophobic portion of a surfactant with either fluorinated or siloxane-functional oligomers allows for high solubility in carbon dioxide and micelle formation. Consequently, biotinyl-fluoroether-functional surfactants have been generated and used to extract avidin into carbon dioxide. We extracted avidin into carbon dioxide via inverse and three-phase emulsions. We observed that the amount of avidin extracted via three-phase emulsion is twice as great as the protein extracted using an inverse emulsion.
Alienation and Fertility in the Marital Dyad

Following Seemans conceptualization multiple measures of alienation were employed to investigate differential fertility behavior among 328 couples in their childbearing years. With the effects of demographic and socioeconomic variables partialled out significant remaining variance in a series of dependent fertility measures was explained by various combinations of family and societal alienations. The alienations obtained from husbands were equal in importance to those from the wives and combining the alienations of wives and husbands increased the amount of remaining variance explained. (authors)
Livestock Exclusion Increases the Spatial Heterogeneity of Vegetation in Colorado Shortgrass Steppe

. Spatial heterogeneity, an important characteristic in semi-arid grassland vegetation, may be altered through grazing by large herbivores. We used Moran's I, a measure of autocorrelation, to test the effect of livestock grazing on the fine scale spatial heterogeneity of dominant plant species in the shortgrass steppe of northeastern Colorado. Autocorrelation in ungrazed plots was significantly higher than in grazed plots for the cover of the dominant species Bouteloua gracilis, litter cover and density of other bunchgrasses. No species had higher autocorrelation in grazed compared to ungrazed sites. B. gracilis cover was significantly auto-correlated in seven of eight 60-yr ungrazed exclosures, four of six 8-yr exclosures, and only three of eight grazed sites. Autocorrelograms showed that B. gracilis cover in ungrazed sites was frequently and positively spatially correlated at lag distances less than 5 m. B. gracilis cover was rarely autocorrelated at any sampled lag distance in grazed sites. The greater spatial heterogeneity in ungrazed sites appeared linked to patches characterized by uniformly low cover of B. gracilis and high cover of C3 grasses. This interpretation was supported by simple simulations that modified data from grazed sites by reducing the cover of B. gracilis in patches of ca. 8 m diameter and produced patterns quite similar to those observed in ungrazed sites. In the one exclosure where we intensively sampled soil texture, autocorrelation coefficients for sand content and B. gracilis cover were similar at lag distances up to 12 m. We suggest that the negative effect of sand content on B. gracilis generates spatial heterogeneity, but only in the absence of grazing. An additional source of heterogeneity in ungrazed sites may be the negative interaction between livestock exclusion and B. gracilis recovery following patchy disturbance.
Paracentesis in the management of neonatal urinary ascites.

Abstract A case of urinary ascites is presented, and the diagnostic criteria and literature are reviewed. Posterior urethral valves are the most common cause. The infants usually suffer with abdominal distention and respiratory distress. In this case, due to the extreme distress of the infant, paracentesis was used to relieve the abdominal distention and at the same time to relieve the pressure on the ureters. Extravasation from the bladder and kidneys is found in a significant number of cases and is the likely cause of the ascites. The exact site of extravasation is not well documented, but several sources are suggested including the relationship of the short fetal tubules.
Transcriptional regulation of the hamster Muc1 gene: identification of a putative negative regulatory element

The mucin gene Muc1 is expressed in glandular epithelial cells and is involved in lubricative and protective functions. It is also overexpressed in many carcinomas including breast and lung cancer cells. To study the transcriptional regulation of Muc1, we cloned a 2.4-kb fragment containing the promoter region of the hamster Muc1 gene and analyzed it for its ability to mediate transcription. Transcriptional initiation was localized to 22 base pairs downstream of the TATA box. We performed functional analysis of the Muc1 promoter in hamster (HP-1 and Chinese hamster ovary) and human cells (MCF-7, A549, and BEAS-2B) using deletion/reporter constructs. A positive regulatory region between bases -555 and -252 and a putative negative regulatory element (P-NRE) between nucleotides -1,652 and -1,614 were found to be active in transfected cells. The P-NRE contains a yin yang 1 (YY1) transcription factor binding site, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays with HP-1 cell nuclear extract revealed the binding of YY1 to this site. Our data suggest that YY1 may play an inhibitory role in the transcription of the Muc1 gene.
Competition and instructional set effects on the speed and accuracy of a throwing task.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of competition and instructional sets on the speed and accuracy of a dart-throwing task. In both experiments individuals competed against another subject on one day, and performed under noncompetitive conditions on a second day. The five distinct instructional sets varied from extreme emphasis on speed to extreme emphasis on accuracy. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed main effects for instructional sets on speed and accuracy in both experiments. Strong tradeoffs occurred with speed slowing and accuracy improving as the instructional emphasis changed from speed to accuracy. A competition by instructional sets interaction in Experiment 2 indicated that competition facilitated speed when speed was important, but when instructions emphasized accuracy, speed was slower in competition than in noncompetition. Accuracy was not affected by competition.
Simulating soil stiffness degradation in transient site response predictions

Abstract A series of nonlinear seismic ground response analyses are conducted to investigate the effect of soil degradation on the seismic response of typical sedimentary deposits in Southern California. For this purpose, three downhole array station sites at the Los Angeles basin are subjected to broadband synthetic ground motion excitations. A characteristic strain measure, defined as the averaged maximum shear strain in the top 30 m of the soil profile ( γ 30 ), is proposed to enable the correlation between the ground shaking intensity level (here measured by means of the peak ground acceleration on the surface of rock-outcrop, PGA RO ) and the average deviation in ground motion response spectral predictions (denoted as e SA ) attributed to the effect of modulus degradation due to cyclic loading. It is shown that strong linear correlations exist among log ( PGA RO ) , log ( γ 30 ) and log ( e SA ) for the sites investigated. On the other hand, the number of loading cycles typically employed to indicate the importance of soil degradation is shown to play a much less important role. This becomes more apparent for near-field large amplitude ground motions characterized by a dominant pulse and overall low number of cycles, which nonetheless impose strains large enough to trigger modulus degradation effects. Based on this observation, it is suggested that the soil degradation effect in seismic ground motion is primarily controlled by the ground shaking intensity. The level of PGA RO beyond which soil degradation should be accounted for and incorporated in seismic ground response analysis is also depicted for the sites investigated.
Variable NMR Spin−Lattice Relaxation Times in Secondary Amides: Effect of Ramachandran Angles on Librational Dynamics†

Deuterium NMR spin−lattice relaxation times (T1Z) of N-deuterated microcrystalline secondary amides vary from less than 1 s to more than 500 s at room temperature. The main motion effecting relaxation is an out-of-plane libration of the amide, as indicated by temperature-dependent line shapes and anisotropic relaxation spectra. Over 25 amides were measured; they vary with respect to side chain sterics, hydrogen bond lengths, hydrogen bond geometry, and crystal packing. The temperature-dependent deuterium line shape and anisotropic relaxation rates indicate an out-of-plane angular deflection of approximately 10°; the angle is probably similar for the rapidly and slowly relaxing amides, while the apparent time constant for the motion probably varies dramatically. Deuterons in methylene groups on both sides of the amide group for caprylolactam and caprolactam also indicate an out-of-plane libration with relaxation rates faster than that of the amide deuteron, probably because the angular extent of the distor...
Child Rearing and Child Care in Ethiopia

(1971). Child Rearing and Child Care in Ethiopia. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 3-5.
A comparison of supervised machine learning algorithms and feature vectors for MS lesion segmentation using multimodal structural MRI

Machine learning is a popular method for mining and analyzing large collections of medical data. We focus on a particular problem from medical research, supervised multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion segmentation in structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We examine the extent to which the choice of machine learning or classification algorithm and feature extraction function impacts the performance of lesion segmentation methods. As quantitative measures derived from structural MRI are important clinical tools for research into the pathophysiology and natural history of MS, the development of automated lesion segmentation methods is an active research field. Yet, little is known about what drives performance of these methods. We evaluate the performance of automated MS lesion segmentation methods, which consist of a supervised classification algorithm composed with a feature extraction function. These feature extraction functions act on the observed T1-weighted (T1-w), T2-weighted (T2-w) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI voxel intensities. Each MRI study has a manual lesion segmentation that we use to train and validate the supervised classification algorithms. Our main finding is that the differences in predictive performance are due more to differences in the feature vectors, rather than the machine learning or classification algorithms. Features that incorporate information from neighboring voxels in the brain were found to increase performance substantially. For lesion segmentation, we conclude that it is better to use simple, interpretable, and fast algorithms, such as logistic regression, linear discriminant analysis, and quadratic discriminant analysis, and to develop the features to improve performance.
A new approach to the prevention of hemorrhages from esophageal varices as occur in cirrhosis and banti’s disease

A form of treatment is suggested for use in patients who have hemorrhage from esophageal varices. The treatment consists of lowering the blood viscosity by venesection when the patient’s blood count nears the predetermined hemorrhage threshold for that individual case. Lowering the blood viscosity increases the circulation through the liver and thus diminishes the burden on the collateral circulation. It is recommended that this form of treatment be used only in those cases where hemorrhages continue to occur after accepted surgical operations have been performed or on those cases where the risk of operation is too great.
Designing a social-broadcasting-based business intelligence system

The rise of social media has fundamentally changed the way information is produced, disseminated, and consumed in the digital age, which has profound economic and business effects. Among many different types of social media, social broadcasting networks such as Twitter in the U.S. and “Weibo” in China are particularly interesting from a business perspective. In the case of Twitter, the huge amounts of real-time data with extremely rich text, along with valuable structural information, makes Twitter a great platform to build Business Intelligence (BI) systems. We propose a framework of social-broadcasting-based BI systems that utilizes real-time information extracted from these data with text mining techniques. To demonstrate this framework, we designed and implemented a Twitter-based BI system that forecasts movie box office revenues during the opening weekend and forecasts daily revenue after 4 weeks. We found that incorporating information from Twitter could reduce the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) by 44p for the opening weekend and by 36p for total revenue. For daily revenue forecasting, including Twitter information into a baseline model could reduce forecasting errors by 17.5p on average. On the basis of these results, we conclude that social-broadcasting-based BI systems have great potential and should be explored by both researchers and practitioners.
Suing health care providers for saving lives. Liability for providing unwanted life-sustaining treatment.

(1999). Suing health care providers for saving lives. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 1-66.
Pilomatrix carcinoma: 13 new cases and review of the literature with emphasis on predictors of metastasis.

Background Pilomatrix carcinoma is a rare cutaneous tumor derived from follicular matrix cells with few cases documented in the literature. Objective We sought to better characterize this tumor by analyzing its epidemiologic, clinical, and histopathologic features in 13 new cases and by reviewing the literature. Methods All cases of pilomatrix carcinoma from a large regional dermatopathology practice were identified and analyzed by chart review for clinical and histopathologic characteristics. Similar characteristics were compiled from an additional 123 cases in the English-language literature. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to determine risk factors associated with the development of metastasis for all identified metastatic tumors. Results Our 13 tumors were most common in middle-aged to older white men and presented mostly on the head/neck. Histopathologically, tumors were asymmetric, were poorly circumscribed, were composed of basaloid and "ghost" cells, had frequent atypical mitoses, and had infrequent lymphovascular invasion. Wide excision was considered the most definitive treatment modality, but local recurrence was common. When analyzing all reported cases of metastasis using statistics, metastasis was significantly associated (hazard ratio 3.45, P Limitations The retrospective, single-center design and the reliance on electronic medical records are limitations. Conclusions This study helps better characterize pilomatrix carcinoma and identifies potential predictors of metastasis.
Middlemen and Oligopolistic Market Makers

This paper studies the endogenous structure of intermediation when heterogeneous intermediaries choose between becoming a middleman or a market maker, and the relation between the equilibrium market structure and price dispersion. We obtain three main results: First, middlemen and oligopolistic market makers can coexist in the market equilibrium. All market makers publicly post unique ask and bid prices. These prices serve as the high and low bounds, respectively, for the ask and bid prices of middlemen, when capacity cost is sufficiently large. Second, more efficient intermediaries choose to become market makers, whereas less efficient intermediaries choose to become middlemen. Third, if the fixed cost of capacity installation for market makers increases, the number of market makers declines, whereas the number of middlemen increases. As a result, both ask prices and bid prices become more dispersed.
Transmitted Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in New York State, 2006-2008: Results from a New Surveillance System

Background HIV transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is a public health concern because it has the potential to compromise antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the population level. In New York State, high prevalence of TDR in a local cohort and a multiclass resistant case cluster led to the development and implementation of a statewide resistance surveillance system.
Market structure and quality uncertainty: a theoretical framework for online auction research

Given large numbers of buyers and sellers, with access to a wide variety of information, economic theory suggests that online auction markets should provide an efficient mechanism for establishing equilibrium prices. Previous research on online auction prices, however, is far from conclusive, having produced mixed findings. The seemingly inconsistent and sometimes contradictory results make it very difficult to integrate empirical findings into a coherent body of knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to present a framework that can reconcile previous findings and provide direction for future research. Accordingly, we propose a simple theoretical framework with two dimensions—market structure (thick vs. thin) and quality uncertainty (high vs. low). By examining the literature in the context of market structure and quality uncertainty we find that previous studies are not necessarily at odds, but that there is actually a fairly consistent pattern of results.
Growth of Bacillus cereus in media containing plant seed materials and ingredients used in Chinese cookery.

Growth and sporulation of enterotoxigenic strains of Bacillus cereus in media containing 20 different plant seed flours and meals, with and without added infusions of beef, pork, chicken and shrimp, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and soy sauce, were studied. Suspensions (2%; pH 7–1) of seed flours and meals from diverse botanical origins were found to be excellent sources of nutrients for growth. No correlations could be made between composition of seed materials and rate of cell division. Mean generation times of B. cereus cultured in soy, peanut and rice flour media supplemented with animal flesh infusions were significantly faster (P≤ 0.05) than those of respective controls. Monosodium glutamate (1–2%) and soy sauce (5–10%) stimulated the rate of growth of B. cereus in rice flour medium. Test flours supporting slower growth rates appeared generally to support higher rates of sporulation.
A social neuroscience approach to self and social categorisation: A new look at an old issue

We take a social neuroscience approach to self and social categorisation in which the current self-categorisation(s) is constructed from relatively stable identity representations stored in memory (such as the significance of one's social identity) through iterative and interactive perceptual and evaluative processing. This approach describes these processes across multiple levels of analysis, linking the effects of self-categorisation and social identity on perception and evaluation to brain function. We review several studies showing that self-categorisation with an arbitrary group can override the effects of more visually salient, cross-cutting social categories on social perception and evaluation. The top-down influence of self-categorisation represents a powerful antecedent-focused strategy for suppressing racial bias without many of the limitations of a more response-focused strategy. Finally we discuss the implications of this approach for our understanding of social perception and evaluation and t...
Construction of a chromosome-enriched Hpall library from flow-sorted wheat chromosomes

Abstract We report here the first successful generation of a chromosome-enriched library from flow sorted plant chromosomes. Chromosomes with a characteristic DNA content (a peak) were sorted from a synchronized cell culture (TaKB1, derived from Triticum aestivum). A HpaII library was constructed from the sorted chromosomes and half of the cloned DNA sequences analysed are unique or low copy. Approximately half of these sequences when used as probes detect sequences on wheat chromosome 4A. The generation and analysis of the chromosome library is described in detail and the prospects of using flow-sorted plant chromosomes discussed.
Monogamy and Independent Families A Research Note Concerning Two Propositions from Macrosociology

This research note is concerned with a statistical evaluation of two propositions from macrosociological theory: that the relationship of monog amy and independent families to societal complexity is best described by a curvilinear mathematical model. Data from 483 societies in the World Sample were used to test these propositions. The results show that while the curvilinear model does explain more of the total variance than do similar tests based on the linear model the total amount of variance ex plained is relatively low. It was also found that the curvilinear model explained more variance when the dependent variables are scored as pres ent-absent rather than when degrees of extension or proportions of monog amy are substituted for the dichotomized versions. Finally, it is suggested that poor discriminatory power in the complexity scale may be contributing to the unexplained variance.
Climate and regional beta-diversity gradients in spiders: dispersal capacity has nothing to say?

The importance of dispersal capacity in structuring beta-diversity gradients has been pointed out in a number of recent studies, making geographical distance (GD) an important predictor of the composition of assemblages apart from environment. In this study, we analyse the relative importance of climate, habitat complexity and GD in four spider families with different dispersal tendencies in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. 2. Regional beta-diversity was calculated for the four families and values were bootstrapped to test for significant difference between groups. Mantel tests assessed the explanatory capacity of four potential predictors - climatic similarity, similarity of vegetation complexity, GD and cost dis- tance (CD) considering topography - on faunistic similarity. Simple regressions were used to com- pare decay rates, and bootstrapping tested for significant differences in coefficients. 3. Regional beta-diversity values were higher in less vagile families. Climatic distance was strongly correlated with faunistic dissimilarity in the four families, whereas GD had no explanatory power. Except in one family, CD was correlated with faunistic dissimilarity but its independent association was negligible when controlling for climate. 4. Both the pattern of regional beta-diversity among families and the pattern of variation in spe- cies composition explained by climate are consistent with the hypothesis that dispersion capacity influences the composition of the assemblages. However, climate distance was the main factor determining species sorting in space while GD had a weak effect. Differences in the degree of spe- cialisation or nonlinear relationships between species composition and space may obscure the sig- nal of GD at the scale of work.
Rapid axonal transport in focally demyelinated sciatic nerve.

Focal demyelination was produced in rat sciatic nerve by unilateral intraneural injection of anti-galactocerebroside serum. A functional lesion was confirmed by the presence of nerve conduction block. Histologically, this corresponded to demyelination of 50–70% of the fibers in nerve cross sections; axonal structures appeared intact. At the time of maximal demyelination (7 d), 35S-methionine or 3H-fucose was injected bilaterally into the spinal cord ventral horn. At later times (5 hr-7 d), the sciatic nerve was removed and radioactivity in successive nerve segments was quantitated. The transport rates (approximately 260 mm/d) and the composition of transported proteins and glycoproteins (separated on 7–15% polyacrylamide gradient gels) were not altered in lesioned nerves relative to contralateral control nerves. Light microscopic autoradiographic analysis revealed a similar localization of axonally transported and deposited glycoproteins in demyelinated and control fibers. Initially (8 hr), the majority of label was over axons. Labeled glycoproteins remaining in the nerve after 1 week were retained mainly in axolemmal regions. We conclude that acute focal primary demyelination does not lead to major alterations in the transport or deposition of newly synthesized macromolecules.
Increased Expression of the Drosophila Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Leads to Excess Glutamate Release and a Compensatory Decrease in Quantal Content

Quantal size is a fundamental parameter controlling the strength of synaptic transmission. The transmitter content of synaptic vesicles is one mechanism that can affect the physiological response to the release of a single vesicle. At glutamatergic synapses, vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) are responsible for filling synaptic vesicles with glutamate. To investigate how VGLUT expression can regulate synaptic strength in vivo, we have identified the Drosophila vesicular glutamate transporter, which we name DVGLUT. DVGLUT mRNA is expressed in glutamatergic motoneurons and a large number of interneurons in the Drosophila CNS. DVGLUT protein resides on synaptic vesicles and localizes to the presynaptic terminals of all known glutamatergic neuromuscular junctions as well as to synapses throughout the CNS neuropil. Increasing the expression of DVGLUT in motoneurons leads to an increase in quantal size that is accompanied by an increase in synaptic vesicle volume. At synapses confronted with increased glutamate release from each vesicle, there is a compensatory decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles released that maintains normal levels of synaptic excitation. These results demonstrate that (1) expression of DVGLUT determines the size and glutamate content of synaptic vesicles and (2) homeostatic mechanisms exist to attenuate the excitatory effects of excess glutamate release.
Fast Induction of Multiple Decision Trees in Text Categorization from Large Scale, Imbalanced, and Multi-label Data

The paper focuses on automated categorization of text documents, each labeled with one or more classes and described by tens of thousands of features. The computational costs of induction in such domains are so high as almost to disqualify the use of decision trees; the reduction of these costs is thus an important research issue. Our own solution, FDT ("fast decision-tree induction"), uses a two-pronged strategy: (1) feature-set pre-selection, and (2) induction of several trees, each from a different data subset, with the combination of the results from multiple trees with a data-fusion technique tailored to domains with imbalanced classes.
Privacy Protection Against Malicious Adversaries in Distributed Information Sharing Systems

We address issues related to sharing information in a distributed system consisting of autonomous entities, each of which holds a private database. We consider threats from malicious adversaries that can deviate from the designated protocol and change their input databases. We classify malicious adversaries into two widely existing subclasses, namely weakly and strongly malicious adversaries, and propose protocols that can effectively and efficiently protect privacy against malicious adversaries.
Polyesters from α,α′‐dicarbomethoxy‐α,α′‐diphenyl‐p‐xylylene and the synthesis and properties of a new quinodimethane

A film forming polyester was obtained from the title compound and 1,4-butanediol. In addition oxidation of the title compound gave rise to 7,8-dicarbomethoxy-7,8-diphenylquinodimethane as a mixture of Z and E isomers. The 1H-NMR and the electronic characterization of this polymer are discussed. The quinodimethane will undergo 1,6-nucleophilic addition to form an aromatic compound.
Private forest investment and long-run sustainable harvest volumes

Private timberlands in the United States have the biological potential to provide larger quantities of timber on a sustainable basis than they do today. Most opportunities for increasing growth and harvest lie on nonindustrial private lands in the South. Past studies, based on fixed scenarios of future prices, also suggest that many of these opportunities for intensified management can be undertaken with positive economic returns. Translation of these physical and apparent economic potentials into projections of future management and harvest requires a model of private timber management investment behavior. This study examines the dynamics of investment in private forest management according to a model of timber markets and timber supply in which intertemporal levels of private investment, harvest, and timber prices are all endogenous. The results of this model are used to examine the extent and types of possible future private management investments and how these will affect timber supply. In addition, the sensitivity of these projections to variations in key market and behavioral determinants is examined through simulation of alternative scenarios involving reduced public timber harvest and constraints on planting investment of nonindustrial private owners.
Fertility ratio: its relationship to mental ability, school achievement, and race.

Summary This study related four 1970 U.S. Census variables—population, percent increase in population since 1960, percent nonwhite, and fertility ratio—to reading and arithmetic achievement and IQ for all 159 Georgia counties involving over 250,000 public school children in grades four, eight, and 12 in the Fall of 1971. Since the study used fertility ratio as defined by the U. S. Census (i.e., “number of children under five per 1000 women age 15 to 49”), the marital status of the parents, the legitimacy of children, and the number of childless marriages do not affect the actual fertility ratio of a county. The correlation between fertility ratio and mean IQ is negative for all three grades. Correlations range from —.43 to —.54; all are significant. This dysgenic trend is also seen in the rs between fertility ratio and reading and arithmetic achievement.
Prompt neutrino fluxes from atmospheric charm

We calculate the prompt neutrino flux from atmospheric charm production by cosmic rays, using the dipole picture in a perturbative QCD framework, which incorporates the parton saturation effects present at high energies. We compare our results with the next-to-leading order perturbative QCD result and find that saturation effects are large for neutrino energies above 10^6 GeV, leading to a substantial suppression of the prompt neutrino flux. We comment on the range of prompt neutrino fluxes due to theoretical uncertainties.
Dipole tensor-based atomic-resolution structure determination of a nanocrystalline protein by solid-state NMR.

Magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) techniques have emerged in recent years for solving complete structures of uniformly labeled proteins lacking macroscopic order. Strategies used thus far have relied primarily on semiquantitative distance restraints, analogous to the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) routinely used in solution NMR. Here, we present a complementary approach for using relative orientations of molecular fragments, determined from dipolar line shapes. Whereas SSNMR distance restraints typically have an uncertainty of ≈1 A, the tensor-based experiments report on relative vector (pseudobond) angles with precision of a few degrees. By using 3D techniques of this type, vector angle (VEAN) restraints were determined for the majority of the 56-residue B1 immunoglobulin binding domain of protein G [protein GB1 (a total of 47 HN-HN, 49 HN-HC, and 12 HA-HB restraints)]. By using distance restraints alone in the structure calculations, the overall backbone root-mean-square deviation (bbRMSD) was 1.01 ± 0.13 A (1.52 ± 0.12 A for all heavy atoms), which improved to 0.49 ± 0.05 A (1.19 ± 0.07 A) on the addition of empirical chemical shift [torsion angle likelihood obtained from shift and sequence similarity (TALOS)] restraints. VEAN restraints further improved the ensemble to 0.31 ± 0.06 A bbRMSD (1.06 ± 0.07 A); relative to the structure with distances alone, most of the improvement remained (bbRMSD 0.64 ± 0.09 A; 1.29 ± 0.07 A) when TALOS restraints were removed before refinement. These results represent significant progress toward atomic-resolution protein structure determination by SSNMR, capabilities that can be applied to a large range of membrane proteins and fibrils, which are often not amenable to solution NMR or x-ray crystallography.
Resilience following traumatic brain injury: a traumatic brain injury model systems study

Abstract Objective To examine resilience at 3 months after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design Cross-sectional analysis of an ongoing observational cohort. Setting Five inpatient rehabilitation centers, with 3-month follow-up conducted primarily by telephone. Participants Persons with TBI (N=160) enrolled in the resilience module of the TBI Model System study with 3-month follow-up completed. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Results Resilience scores were lower than those of the general population. A multivariable regression model, adjusting for other predictors, showed that higher education, absence of preinjury substance abuse, and less anxiety at follow-up were significantly related to greater resilience. Conclusions Analysis suggests that lack of resilience may be an issue for some individuals after moderate to severe TBI. Identifying persons most likely at risk for low resilience may be useful in planning clinical interventions.
External current application in a bidomain model of active neural tissue

The formal treatment of tissue as two coupled continua is referred to as a bidomain model. Bidomain models have recently been used to describe the properties of neural tissue and nerve fiber bundles [1, 2]. By adapting the Hodgkin Huxley equations in COMSOL Multiphysics, we have investigated the propagation of an action potential through neural tissue by external current stimulation.
Content Analysis Approach to Visual Scanning Theory in Dreams

No relationship between dream content and density of REMs preceding dream reports obtained for data based on 15 night sessions for 1 S.
Diverse Cation-Promoted Reactivity of Iridium Carbonyl Pincer-Crown Ether Complexes

Several new iridium(I) and iridium(III) carbonyl complexes supported by aminophosphinite pincer ligands have been prepared and characterized. A surprising diversity of reaction pathways was encountered upon treatment of Ir carbonyl complexes with Li+, Na+, Ca2+, and La3+ salts. Iridium(III) hydridocarbonyl chloride complexes underwent either halide abstraction or halide substitution reactions, whereas iridium(I) carbonyl complexes underwent protonative oxidative addition reactions. When the nitrogen donor of the pincer ligand is an aza-crown ether macrocycle, cation–macrocycle interactions could be supported, leading to divergent reactivity in some cases.
A Note on the Spread of Poliomyelitis Virus in Monkeys

Jungeblut and Spring1 transected the spinal cords of 2 monkeys at the level of the first lumbar vertebra and then injected them intracerebrally with poliomyelitis virus. One animal developed a condition which might have been poliomyelitis, but when separate emulsions, made from the upper and lower parts of the cord, were injected into other monkeys, the disease was not reproduced. Postmortem autolysis prevented a positive histological diagnosis. The second animal developed poliomyelitis. Histologically, there was an absence of lesions considered typical for poliomyelitis in sections taken from the lumbar cord, while those obtained from the cervical area were positive. Injections of an emulsion made from the upper or cervical section of the cord of this monkey reproduced the disease, while an emulsion made from the lower or lumbar section did not do so when injected into another animal.Previously2 I reported that when the virus of poliomyelitis was injected into the sciatic nerves of Macacus rhesus monkeys...