cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Affiliation with substance‐using peers: Examining gene‐environment correlations among parent monitoring, polygenic risk, and children's impulsivity

Parental monitoring can buffer the effect of deviant peers on adolescents’ substance use by reducing affiliation with substance-using peers. However, children's genetic predispositions may evoke poorer monitoring, contributing to negative child outcomes. We examined evocative genotype-environment correlations underlying children's genetic predisposition for behavioral undercontrol and parental monitoring in early adolescence via children's impulsivity in middle childhood, and the influence of parental monitoring on affiliation with substance-using peers a year and a half later (n = 359). Genetic predisposition for behavioral undercontrol was captured using a polygenic risk score, and a portion of passive rGE was controlled by including parents’ polygenic risk scores. Children's polygenic risk predicted poorer parental monitoring via greater children's impulsivity, indicating evocative rGE, controlling for a portion of passive rGE. Poorer parental monitoring predicted greater children's affiliation with substance-using peers a year and a half later. Results are discussed with respect to gene-environment correlations within developmental cascades.
Experimental Investigation of Magnetic Nanoparticle-Enhanced Microwave Hyperthermia

The objective of this study was to evaluate microwave heating enhancements offered by iron/iron oxide nanoparticles dispersed within tissue-mimicking media for improving efficacy of microwave thermal therapy. The following dopamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were considered: 10 and 20 nm diameter spherical core/shell Fe/Fe₃O₄, 20 nm edge-length cubic Fe₃O₄, and 45 nm edge-length/10 nm height hexagonal Fe₃O₄. Microwave heating enhancements were experimentally measured with MNPs dissolved in an agar phantom, placed within a rectangular waveguide. Effects of MNP concentration (2.5-20 mg/mL) and microwave frequency (2.0, 2.45 and 2.6 GHz) were evaluated. Further tests with 10 and 20 nm diameter spherical MNPs dispersed within a two-compartment tissue-mimicking phantom were performed with an interstitial dipole antenna radiating 15 W power at 2.45 GHz. Microwave heating of 5 mg/mL MNP-agar phantom mixtures with 10 and 20 nm spherical, and hexagonal MNPs in a waveguide yielded heating rates of 0.78 ± 0.02 °C/s, 0.72 ± 0.01 °C/s and 0.51 ± 0.03 °C/s, respectively, compared to 0.5 ± 0.1 °C/s for control. Greater heating enhancements were observed at 2.0 GHz compared to 2.45 and 2.6 GHz. Heating experiments in two-compartment phantoms with an interstitial dipole antenna demonstrated potential for extending the radial extent of therapeutic heating with 10 and 20 nm diameter spherical MNPs, compared to homogeneous phantoms (i.e., without MNPs). Of the MNPs considered in this study, spherical Fe/Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles offer the greatest heating enhancement when exposed to microwave radiation. These nanoparticles show strong potential for enhancing the rate of heating and radial extent of heating during microwave hyperthermia and ablation procedures.
Chapter 10 – Electronic Safety-Related Systems

Safety aspects of any vehicle can be classified into two major areas. The first to be discussed in this chapter involves occupant protection in the event of an accident, for example, collision with another vehicle or a large object. The second area involves techniques to avoid such accidents including blind spot object detection, collision avoidance, and enhanced vehicle stability (EVS).
Membrane-tethered metalloproteinase expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells limits the progression of proliferative atherosclerotic lesions

Background The MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) family plays diverse and critical roles in directing vascular wall remodeling in atherosclerosis. Unlike secreted‐type MMPs, a member of the membrane‐type MMP family, MT1‐MMP (membrane‐type 1 MMP; MMP14), mediates pericellular extracellular matrix degradation that is indispensable for maintaining physiological extracellular matrix homeostasis. However, given the premature mortality exhibited by MT1‐MMP–null mice, the potential role of the proteinase in atherogenesis remains elusive. We sought to determine the effects of both MT1‐MMP heterozygosity and tissue‐specific gene targeting on atherogenesis in APOE (apolipoprotein E)–null mice. Methods and Results MT1‐MMP heterozygosity in the APOE‐null background ( Mmp14 +/− Apoe −/− ) significantly promoted atherogenesis relative to Mmp14 +/+ Apoe −/− mice. Furthermore, the tissue‐specific deletion of MT1‐MMP from vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in SM22α‐Cre(+) Mmp14 F/F Apoe −/− (VSMC‐knockout) mice likewise increased the severity of atherosclerotic lesions. Although VSMC‐knockout mice also developed progressive atherosclerotic aneurysms in their iliac arteries, macrophage‐ and adipose‐specific MT1‐MMP–knockout mice did not display this sensitized phenotype. In VSMC‐knockout mice, atherosclerotic lesions were populated by hyperproliferating VSMCs (smooth muscle actin– and Ki67–double‐positive cells) that were characterized by a proinflammatory gene expression profile. Finally, MT1‐MMP–null VSMCs cultured in a 3‐dimensional spheroid model system designed to mimic in vivo–like cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions, likewise displayed markedly increased proliferative potential. Conclusions MT1‐MMP expressed by VSMCs plays a key role in limiting the progression of atherosclerosis in APOE‐null mice by regulating proliferative responses and inhibiting the deterioration of VSMC function in atherogenic vascular walls.
A Free Woman of Color from New York and a Rural Southern Woman from Louisiana: A Comparison of Mid-Nineteenth Century Burial Dress

Burial dress of two women recovered from cast iron coffin burials in cemeteries in New York and South Louisiana were analyzed and compared. Many similarities were found between a northern free woman of color living in Queens, and a rural southern woman living in Thibodaux. One might expect very different burial practices between women from such different cultural and geographic circumstances, but this was not seen in the archaeological remains. Both women were buried with a carved hair comb and dressed in night clothes that had been worn and repaired during life. All garments were made of undyed cotton and were hand sewn. Both were wearing knit stockings and a chemise under their gowns. Research has indicated that mid-nineteenth century American burial dress often fell into two categories related to common metaphors of death from the same time period: those dressed for "sleep" and those dressed for "travel."
Saving for a dry day: investigating well ownership and watering practices during droughts

ABSTRACTGrowing demands for irrigation water are tapping groundwater supplies beyond their natural rates of replenishment, which has profound implications for sustaining communities in semiarid regions. This paper investigates the drought-time watering practices of Kansas well owners, a key social group whose water consumption is pivotal to prolonging groundwater formations. I address two questions: Do well owners and non-well owners have different responses to droughts? Is the relationship between water supply awareness and water conservation during droughts moderated by water supply infrastructure? To answer these questions, I constructed one of the only datasets of well owners used in the social sciences by surveying well owners and non-well owners throughout Kansas (n = 864). My findings reveal that well ownership is significantly correlated to increased watering during droughts and water conservation varies among those who own different types of wells. Furthermore, increased levels of water literacy ...
Global health neurology: HIV/AIDS.

With the advent of combination antiretroviral therapies, the mortality rate from HIV has declined, while the prevalence of long-term HIV-related neurologic complications continues to rise. Thirty-six million individuals are living with HIV around the world, many of whom reside in resource-limited settings. The majority of studies have focused on individuals residing in the developed world, while the impact of HIV disproportionately affects people living in developing countries. This review focuses on recent domestic and international studies regarding neurologic complications related to HIV, including opportunistic infections, peripheral neuropathy, cerebrovascular disease, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, in light of the growing population affected by these conditions.
A First Record of Anatrachyntis badia (Hodges 1962) (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) on Zamia integrifolia (Zamiaceae)

This paper describes the first record of the cosmopolitan moth Anatrachyntis badia on the native Florida cycad Zamia integrifolia , and discusses its possible pollination benefit for this threatened plant. This new record is interesting due to the highly toxic nature of these endangered plants as well as their strict reliance on insect pollination for reproduction. It suggests that associations between species of Anatrachyntis and members of the Cycadales may be more widespread than currently known. Sumario Este articulo se informa del primer registro de la polilla cosmopolita, Anatrachyntis badia, sobre la cica nativa de la Florida, Zamia integrifolia , y se discute su posible beneficio en polinizar esta planta amenazada. Este nuevo registro es interesante debido a la naturaleza altamente toxica de estas plantas en peligro de extincion, asi como su estricta dependencia de la polinizacion de insectos para su reproduccion. Sugiere que las asociaciones entre las especies de Anatrachyntis y los miembros de Cycadales pueden estar mas extendidas de lo que se sabe actualmente. View this article in BioOne
Relaxin in the hamster

Following domestication of the hamster its primary usefulness in human society was not that of a childhood pet, but as a laboratory research animal. In recent years rats and mice have become the laboratory animal of choice to the near exclusion of other viable rodent species. The physiology of rats and mice is tacitly considered the norm for rodent species thus overlooking valuable information that is to be gained by considering the diversity of mechanisms utilized in achieving the same physiological goal. Nowhere is this diversity more evident than in the process of eutherian reproduction. More diverse still, and with special relevance to this gathering, are the cellular, molecular, and physiological details of relaxin. The purpose of this presentation is to present a contemporary overview of relaxin expression in the hamster and to highlight areas that are in need of additional investigation. An exhaustive comparison of the many aspects of hamster relaxin with that from other species is not possible in this brief presentation. The author apologizes for omission of data pertinent to this presentation.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Studies of Reorientational Motions in Liquids at High Pressure

Several recent NMR relaxation studies in liquids at high pressure are discussed to illustrate the advantages of using pressure as an experimental variable in investigations of the dynamic structure of liquids. The first study deals with the reorientation and angular momentum correlation times in fluorobenzene-d 5. The second study follows the effects of pressure on molecular reorientation in liquid chloroform using analysis of both Raman lineshapes in terms of reorientational correlation functions and corresponding NMR relaxation data. The third study is devoted to the problem of pressure effects on the internal motion of groups within a molecule in the liquid state.
Flow does not alter eNOS phosphoryation at Ser1179 or Thr495 in preconstricted mouse mesenteric arteries.

In arteries, endothelium-dependent vasodilatory agonists and flow-induced shear stress cause vasodilation largely by activation of the endothelial enzyme eNOS, which generates nitric oxide that relaxes vascular smooth muscle. Agonists activate eNOS in part through increased phosphorylation at Ser1179 and decreased phosphorylation at Thr495. We previously found that preconstriction of intact, isolated mouse mesenteric arteries with phenylephrine also caused increased Ser1179 and decreased Thr495 eNOS phosphorylation, and sequential treatment with the vasodilatory agonist acetylcholine did not cause any further change in phosphorylation at these sites, despite producing vasodilation. The present study tests the hypothesis that luminal flow in these arteries preconstricted with phenylephrine also produces vasodilation without phosphorylation changes at these sites. First-order mesenteric arteries, isolated from male C57/BL6 mice (7-20 weeks of age) anesthetized with pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, i.p.), were cannulated, pressurized, and treated with stepped increases in luminal flow (15-120 μL/min). Flow resulted in dilation that plateaued at ~60 μL/min (31.3 ± 3.0% dilation) and was significantly (P < 0.001) NOS-dependent at all flow rates (determined by 10-4 mol/L L-NAME treatment). In separate arteries, preconstriction with phenylephrine (10-5 mol/L) resulted in increased eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1179 (P < 0.05) and decreased phosphorylation at Thr495, but subsequent flow at 60 μL/min for 5 or 15 min did not cause further changes in phosphorylation, despite causing dilation. Thus, flow-induced dilation does not require changes in these eNOS phosphorylation sites beyond those induced by alpha1-adrenergic stimulation with phenylephrine, indicating that eNOS is activated by other mechanisms during acute flow-induced dilation of preconstricted arteries.
Low-Level Cumulative Lead and Resistant Hypertension: A Prospective Study of Men Participating in the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study.

Background Bone lead offers a better method over blood lead measurement to discern long‐term lead exposure and accumulation. We examined the risk of resistant hypertension based on bone lead levels...
Evaluating Study-Abroad Outcomes: A Case of Middlebury College, USA

This chapter presents preliminary data from an ongoing research project at Middlebury College that attempts to identify effective evaluation tools to measure the acquisition of intercultural competence by participants of one-term and 1-year study-abroad programs in Japan.
Longwave Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging: Principles, Progress, and Challenges

Longwave infrared (LWIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) sensors provide valuable information for numerous military, scientific, and commercial applications. The hyperspectral signal exploitation principles are the same in the reflective and emissive regions of the spectrum. However, the underlying phenomenology and interaction with the environment are different in the two regimes of the spectrum. These differences affect all aspects of thermal IR HSI, from sensor design to data exploitation. The main objective of this article is to explain the unique aspects of thermal IR HSI, review the progress that has been made, and highlight existing challenges and areas for future research.
Risk Metric Allocation Methodology in Financial Markets

The methodology of Value-at-Risk (VaR), a measure of risk of loss that has been predominantly used by banks and investment companies since the 1987 stock market crash, has been used for 20 years and is now a widely accepted risk metric for investments. However, this methodology has been taken at face value for too long by many institutions that focus on the ‘normal’ manageable risks near the center of the distribution and tend to accept the extreme tail values as unmanageable risk. With recent events that have occurred in the stock market, there has been the need to introduce a compelling need for market participants to measure their portfolio’s risk with consideration to market conditions that surround them. It is important to understand the true nature of the "beasts" that may exist in portfolios by understanding what tools are available to help better describe the true risks associated with the current market conditions. Studies [Black, F. and M. Scholes, Ellis, Fama, Markowitz] suggest that conducting statistical analysis on historical data allows the development of estimators of risk which are conditional on economic conditions. Using simulation with the combinations of the most relevant market distributions, it is possible to compare the performance of three different VaR computations: 1) the standard VaR calculation which assumes a normal distribution, 2) Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) , which is the average loss subject to the condition that the loss exceeds VaR and 3) a method using extreme value copulas (Copulas formulate a multivariate distribution using various general types of dependence). A best practice for VaR methodology can then be identified by comparing the theoretical VaR of a original data set with the three estimated VaRs from a sample data set. In summary, this project’s methodology consists of the following steps. First, a study is conducted of the accuracy of three VaR computations based on different assumptions. Then, the best method is selected for a variety of dependence structures market conditions, providing investors a more realistic view of the overall risks to assets being held in the marketplace.
Treatment Complications of Atrial Fibrillation and Their Management

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a rhythm disturbance defined by irregular, rapid electrical, and mechanical activation of the atria, which causes unsynchronized atrial contraction and promotes thromboembolism. AF is the most common sustained arrhythmia. Its prevalence and incidence are increasing due to aging and improved survival from acute heart diseases. This article is a review on AF management from both a surgical and catheter-based perspective. While both treatment approaches to AF have been shown to be successful in the management of AF, they are not without their own inherent complications. This article seeks to review some of these complications and help to guide treatment.
Variable particle size distributions reduce the sensitivity of global export flux to climate change

Abstract. Earth System Models predict a 10–20 % decrease in ocean carbon export production by the end of the 21st century due to global climate change. This decline is caused by increased stratification of the upper ocean, resulting in reduced shallow subsurface nutrient concentrations and a slower supply of nutrients to the surface euphotic zone. These predictions, however, do not account for associated changes in sinking particle size and remineralization depth. Here we combine satellite-derived export and particle size maps with a simple 3-D global biogeochemical model to investigate how shifts in sinking particle size may buffer predicted changes in surface nutrient supply and therefore export production. We show that higher export rates are correlated with larger phytoplankton and sinking particles, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Incorporation of these empirical relationships into a global model shows that as circulation slows, a decrease in export and associated shift toward smaller phytoplankton yields particles that sink more slowly and are thus remineralized shallower; this in turn leads to greater recycling of nutrients in the upper water column and faster nutrient recirculation into the euphotic zone, boosting productivity and export to counteract the initial circulation-driven decreases. This negative feedback mechanism (termed the particle size-remineralization feedback) slows export decline over the next century by ~14 % globally and by ~20 % in the tropical and subtropical oceans, where export decreases are currently predicted to be greatest. Thus, incorporating dynamic particle size-dependent remineralization depths into Earth System Models will result in more robust predictions of changes in biological pump strength in a warming climate.
Timing Corn Forage Harvest for Bunker Silos

Dairy producers with large operations have switched from upright to bunker silos so they begin corn (Zea mays L.) forage harvest at 300 g kg -1 instead of 350 g kg -1 dry matter (DM) content. Three hybrids were harvested at average DM contents of 295, 310, and 350 g kg -1 to compare DM yield and forage quality of corn forage typical of bunker and upright silos. Hybrid and DM content did not have interactions for DM yield and forage quality characteristics. The DM content at harvest did not affect DM yield (14.6, 15.0, and 15.1 Mg ha -1 at 295, 310, and 350 g kg -1 , respectively). As DM content increased, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) declined (469, 447, and 417 g kg -1 , respectively), but NDF digestibility (657, 632, and 631 g kg -1 ) and crude protein (78, 73, and 72 g kg -1 ) declined only from 295 to 310 g kg -1 . As DM content increased, milk per megagram, a forage quality index, increased (1622, 1699, and 1764 kg Mg -1 respectively), but in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) increased (839, 835, and 847 g kg -1 ), only from 310 to 350 g kg -1 . Calculated milk yields differed at DM contents of 295 (24 380 kg ha -1 ) vs. 350 g kg -1 (26 947 kg ha -1 ) but not at 310 g kg -1 (25 727 kg ha -1 ). Results from this study indicate that dairy producers with bunker silos do not compromise DM and calculated milk yields, despite somewhat lower forage quality, if they begin harvest at 310 g kg -1 DM content.
Factors associated with nurse well-being in relation to electronic health record use: A systematic review.

Objective Although nurses comprise the largest group of health professionals and electronic health record (EHR) user base, it is unclear how EHR use has affected nurse well-being. This systematic review assesses the multivariable (ie, organizational, nurse, and health information technology [IT]) factors associated with EHR-related nurse well-being and identifies potential improvements recommended by frontline nurses. Materials and methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ProQuest, and Web of Science for literature reporting on EHR use, nurses, and well-being. A quality appraisal was conducted using a previously developed tool. Results Of 4583 articles, 12 met inclusion criteria. Two-thirds of the studies were deemed to have a moderate or low risk of bias. Overall, the studies primarily focused on nurse- and IT-level factors, with 1 study examining organizational characteristics. That study found worse nurse well-being was associated with EHRs compared with paper charts. Studies on nurse-level factors suggest that personal digital literacy is one modifiable factor to improving well-being. Additionally, EHRs with integrated displays were associated with improved well-being. Recommendations for improving EHRs suggested IT-, organization-, and policy-level solutions to address the complex nature of EHR-related nurse well-being. Conclusions The overarching finding from this synthesis reveals a critical need for multifaceted interventions that better organize, manage, and display information for clinicians to facilitate decision making. Our study also suggests that nurses have valuable insight into ways to reduce EHR-related burden. Future research is needed to test multicomponent interventions that address these complex factors and use participatory approaches to engage nurses in intervention development.
Sticking coefficients of selenium and tellurium

The sticking coefficients of selenium and tellurium were measured as a function of temperature. Molecular beams of the chalcogen elements supplied from thermal effusion cells were directed onto a heated quartz crystal microbalance, and the mass gain rate was detected as a function of temperature. Both sticking coefficients were found to sharply drop within a narrow temperature range of 20 and 30 °C from above 0.8 down to about 0.2 at film surface temperatures around 35 and 115 °C for selenium and tellurium, respectively. While the sticking coefficient of tellurium reached zero at temperatures above 150 °C, the sticking coefficient of selenium remained about 0.2 up to a film surface temperature of 60 °C, suggesting that selenium was supplied in different chemical forms. The direct and quantitative determination of the sticking coefficients provides important insights into the kinetics of chalcogenide-based film growth and points toward the need of a precise sample temperature control.
O46 Social Media Use of West Virginia Community Programs Participants to Inform Online Health Educational Programming

Background Internet usage has increased dramatically over the past 15 years, with many health and nutrition education programming transitioning online or using social media, including Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programs (SNAP). This creates potential barriers for rural and low-income populations who have limited access to internet coverage when compared to urban areas. Therefore, it is important to understand how low-income, rural SNAP participants use the internet, including social media, to best determine methods in delivering virtual health-education materials. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the social media usage of low-income, rural SNAP participants to determine best methods to deliver health-education materials. Study Design, Setting, Participants Participants of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Program in serval counties of West Virginia completed a cross-sectional survey that collected data on their internet access and social media use. Measurable Outcomes/Analysis Frequency of responses and contingency analyses were conducted to determine social media use by various subgroups. Results Respondents (n = 158) were primarily female (68.1%), aged 25-34 (28.1%), did not receive SNAP, WIC, or TANF benefits (56.4%), and were not pregnant or with children in the home (60.6%). The majority had a smartphone (87.5%), reliable cell service at home (85.5%), reliable internet at home (80.9%), and used their smartphone to access the internet (78.1%). The most commonly used Facebook (82.5%) and YouTube (61.3%), in which participants sought videos for musical or educational purposes. Those who received SNAP benefits used Facebook (P = 0.013) and YouTube (P = 0.044) more often and Twitter (P = 0.0459) less often than those who did not receive SNAP benefits. Conclusion The use of social media platforms varied depending on age, gender, SNAP participation and having dependents. These results show the need to gear online health educational programs for SNAP recipients to certain media platforms such as Facebook and YouTube as modes of delivery.
Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation Indirectly Predict Support for New York City’s Stop-&-Frisk Policy Through Prejudice

Until very recently, the New York City Police Department’s Stop, Question, and Frisk policy (i.e., Stop-&-Frisk) allowed NYPD officers to legally stop and detain New Yorkers under the suspicion that they may be involved in criminal activity. Previous research found that New Yorkers’ attitudes toward Stop-&-Frisk were generally mixed, and the current study tested whether authoritarianism, preferences for inequality, and prejudice predicted support for Stop-&-Frisk. One hundred forty-eight New York City college students reported their levels of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO), prejudice, and support for the NYPD’s Stop-&-Frisk policy. Both RWA and SDO had indirect effects through prejudice on support for Stop-&-Frisk. Limits and possible future developments of this research are discussed.
Turnover Rates of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor and PCSK9: Added Dimension to the Cholesterol Homeostasis Model

Objective: We measured the turnover rates of the LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor) and PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) in mice by metabolic labeling with heavy water and...
Lessons Learned: The AHP Can Help Achieve Peace

The approach will help create a solution to the conflict and provide negotiators with a unique pathway to consider the thorny issues and corresponding concessions underlying the deliberations, together with their implementation.
Response: Putting Principles Before Process: Why Education Ballot Initiatives Should Really Bother Us

Michele Moses’s important essay addresses a pressing problem in education policy, given recent ballot initiatives that have undone civil rights measures in some states. This policy problem also invokes one of the most enduring debates in democratic theory, which centers on the foundational question: Why do we value democratic decision making, anyway? In response to this question, democratic theorists roughly divide into two camps — proceduralists and constitutionalists. By briefly sketching out each side’s response to this question, I aim to draw out what I understand to be Moses’s position in this debate when it comes to education policy making. I then suggest that her position leads to a stronger stance against ballot initiatives than she acknowledges, owing to a choice between democracy and justice that she implicitly (and I think rightly) makes. My aim in this response, then, is not to disagree with the spirit of Moses’s conclusion, but rather to suggest firmer ground on which she might defend it.
Maturation of the tail spike endorhamnosidase of Salmonella phage P22

As part of a genetic analysis of the in vivo folding and subunit assembly of the P22 tail spike endorhamnosidase, we have studied the maturation of the newly synthesized 76,000-dalton polypeptide chains into thermostable tail spike oligomers. Four of 15 temperature-sensitive mutations in the structural gene for this protein result in electrophoretically distinct tail spikes. Cells mixedly infected with wild type and an electrophoretic variant produce two hybrid species, with mobilities intermediate between the parental species, indicating that the native tail spike is a trimer. Mature trimers are resistant to denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS): at room temperature the trimer migrates in an SDS gel as if it were not binding significant amounts of SDS, whereas the heat-denatured chain migrates as expected of an SDS-polypeptide complex. The mature trimer is also resistant to trypsin digestion. Lysates of infected cells contain SDS and trypsin-sensitive forms of the newly synthesized tail spike polypeptide chains. These are probably incompletely or incorrectly folded chains. SDS and trypsin resistance were used to measure the efficiency of in vivo folding and subunit assembly of the mature trimer from its polypeptide chains. This decreased from 90% at 27 degrees C to only 15% at 42 degrees C. These results are consistent with the existence or a labile intermediate or step in the folding or subunit assembly of the thermostable tail spike protein. We discuss the possibility that the achievement of certain structural features of mature proteins may entail difficulties in their folding pathways.
Classroom Assessment and Social Welfare Policy: Addressing Challenges to Teaching and Learning

Drawing on multidisciplinary research that focuses on the different ways novices and experts learn, this article shows how Classroom Assessment Techniques (CATs) can minimize some of the major barriers to student learning in the curricular area of social welfare policy. The author describes three major challenges to the teaching of social welfare policy, relevance, content—and prior knowledge and misconceptions—and suggests how the judicious use of specific CATs can mitigate them.
The New "Fetal Protection": The Wrong Answer to the Crisis of Inadequate Health Care for Women and Children

This article examines recent "fetal protection" efforts, which demonize, disenfranchise, and punish pregnant women. These actions erase the bright line of birth which has historically distinguished children from fetuses, and include criminal prosecutions of pregnant women, civil commitments of pregnant women who use alcohol and other drugs, and fetal "guardianship" proceedings. The article critiques the ostensible rationale of fetal protection - that by treating the "unborn" as children, the government will support the birth and life of healthier children - and suggests that the real goal of fetal protection is to limit abortion rights and the ability of women to participate equally in the workplace. But even if the goal of fetal protection was actually to ensure the birth of healthy children, the means chosen are insufficient, discriminatory, and counter-productive. Fetal protection initiatives are insufficient because they focus only on one narrow aspect of risk to fetal and child health, ignoring exposures in the environment and workplace which place many fetuses and children at risk. The new fetal protection is discriminatory. Fetal protection proponents overlook the risks created by the use of assisted reproductive technology, used primarily by wealthier women, and largely ignore the risks posed by alcohol and tobacco use, which is much more widespread than the use of illicit drugs. Instead, fetal protection efforts fall disproportionately at poor women and women of color. Fetal protection efforts are counter-productive, discouraging pregnant women who are using alcohol and other drugs from speaking candidly to their physicians. Most importantly, fetal protection initiatives fail to address the systemic problems of domestic violence, poverty, and lack of access to health care which make it difficult for pregnant women with substance abuse problems to overcome their drug addiction. The article shows how government could achieve the goal of bringing healthy children into the world, by implementing a comprehensive public health strategy to promote women's and children's health across the lifespan, not just during the few months when women are pregnant.
Steps in integrin beta1-chain glycosylation mediated by TGFbeta1 signaling through Ras.

Ras is activated by transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) in several cell types, but the biological consequences of this activation are largely unknown. We now show that ras mediates two stages in integrin beta1-chain maturation: 1) glycosylation of the 86-kD core peptide, which is a TGFbeta1-independent process, and 2) TGFbeta1-mediated conversion of the 115-kD beta1 integrin precursor into the mature 130-kD form. HD3 colon epithelial cells maintain elevated levels of integrin alpha2beta1 heterodimers, strong binding to collagen I, and autocrine regulation by TGFbeta1, which converts beta1 integrin into the mature cell surface form. Each of three HD3 cell clones that stably express dominant negative ras (N17ras) exhibited abnormal glycosylation of the integrin beta1-chain, decreased cell surface expression of the mature integrin beta1, and impaired binding to collagen and laminin. Autocrine levels of TGFbeta were not altered by expression of N17ras. The aberrant glycosylation of the integrin beta1-chain was reversed by antisense oligonucleotides specific to the DNA sequence encoding the rasS17N mutation. Glycosylation of the 86-kD core peptide was delayed in the N17ras transfectants, but was not altered by either the addition of TGFbeta1 or inhibition of autocrine TGFbeta1. In contrast, conversion of the partially glycosylated beta1 integrin precursor into the mature 130-kD isoform was accelerated by exogenous TGFbeta1 and blocked by neutralizing antibody to autocrine TGFbeta1 in control cell lines. Neither effect was seen in the N17ras transfectants, indicating that TGFbeta1 modulates integrin beta1-chain maturation by activating ras proteins. Cell fractionation studies demonstrated that this conversion takes place within the Golgi.
Stress Echocardiography: A Historical Perspective (or, How I Ate My Father)

As happens with any scientific innovation, stress echocardiography completed its life cycle by moving from the status of “promising innovation”, used by a few enthusiastic supporters amid general skepticism, up to the rank of “established technology” accepted by virtually the whole cardiological community (Fig. i) — sometimes even overused, with an embarassing lack of common sense tending to transform the technique into a totem — whose responses, taken out of the overall clinical context, may produce more problems than solutions in patient management. The impressive increase in the amount of editorial space devoted to stress echo in major journals and meetings testifies to its increased acceptance by cardiologists (Fig. 2). Ten years ago, stress echo was a scientific fact without clinical substance: an academic somersault in front of empty seats. At present, the real risk for stress echo is to become a clinical fact without scientific substance: all laboratories do stress echo, but often in the wrong way and/or with inappropriately selected patients.
Genealogy, Virtuality, War (1651/1976)

This article recounts Foucault’s critical reevaluation of Thomas Hobbes in his 1975-76 lecture course, published as Society Must Be Defended (2003). In probing Hobbes’ pivotal role in the foundation of the modern nation-state, Foucault delineates the ”philosophico-juridical” discourse of Leviathan from the ”historico-political” discourses of the English insurrectionists whose uncompromising demands were ultimately paved over by the more conventional seventeenth century debate between royalists and parliamentarians. In his most sustained engagement with political philosophy proper, Foucault effectively severs the two co-constitutive terms, enumerating the damning consequences of thinking politics apart from history and philosophy apart from the laws and codes that had been “born in the mud and blood of battles.” Displacing himself in the archive, Foucault doubles the Levellers and Diggers’ efforts to restage the violent conquests that undergird our seemingly calm governmental regimes. This doubling, I argue, evinces the profound influence of Deleuze’s innovative ontology of time on Foucault’s genealogical method. Foucault’s research strategy takes a fundamental turn towards specific techniques of cultural memory in the wake of his colleague’s radical reconceptualization of virtuality, difference, and repetition. To this end, I take up Foucault’s review essay ”Theatrum Philosophicum” and his comments on method in ”Nietzsche, Genealogy, History” in order to draw an analogy between what he does in 1976 and what the Levellers and Diggers were doing in 1651. In the final analysis, genealogy means war, and, in this war, it is the very being of the virtual itself that is at stake.
Transferring theory into practice: A model for professional development for science education reform

Instituting reform in science education requires teachers who are knowledgeable in science content, process, and inquiry pedagogy. Most elementary and middle-grades teachers are not teaching reform-based science and need training to be able to do so. Project LIFE, a state systemic initiatives professional development program for middle-grades life science teachers, has been successful in improving the science content knowledge, process skills, and attitudes toward teaching science of 90 teachers during the first 3 years of the project. Data collected through classroom observations, surveys, and tests given to students of project teachers and students of matched nonproject teachers revealed a significant positive impact of the project in classrooms. The essential characteristics of the project are described as a guide for individuals planning or delivering reform-based science education professional development. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 73-88, 1998.
Environmental process tomography in the United States

Abstract As one consequence of economic growth over the past several decades, the citizens of the United States have inherited an unfortunate legacy of contaminated soil and groundwater. Both the private and public sectors have contributed. From the private sector, has come the waste stream of the industrial revolution. A ubiquitous example is the corner gasoline station: we now acknowledge gasoline leaks from many of these underground storage tanks in the country. A major contribution from the public sector comes from the military establishment. Probably the most serious example here is ‘mixed waste’ resulting from nuclear weapon production: a mixture of toxic and radioactive wastes such as a hydrocarbon based solvent and uranium which contaminates soil at many government sites. The clean-up has begun but the early optimism has faded to the reality of a two-fold concern: the cost will be enormous using present techniques and, just as disturbing, some of the problems have no known solutions. Clearly, new approaches are needed. In response, the US Government is supporting development of new technology and transfer of existing technology from other disciplines to apply to the problem. Part of this effort is the development of geophysical tools used for underground imaging. These tools are closely related to many of those used in industrial process tomography. Examples of both seismic and electromagnetic process tomography are discussed in relation to environmental remediation of soils and groundwaters in the United States.
MO-D-BRD-04: Innovations in Hadron Beam Generation with Plasmas

Protonradiotherapy for cancer is growing in the US and around the world. This growth is due to the physical advantages of the improved ability to deposit most of the radiationdose in the tumor, as opposed to x‐rays where most of the dose is deposited in normal tissues. In the US there are currently five proton therapy centers treating patients and over 2,300 x‐ray based linear accelerator facilities. Limiting the widespread application of protonradiotherapy to the general cancer patient community is the capital, building and operating costs associated with protonradiotherapy that exceed $ 100 million per site, a substantial cost differential with x‐ray based facilities. A compelling approach is to combine the physical advantages of proton therapy into a smaller, cheaper, gantry mountable system that can be widely disseminated. This requires a radical breakthrough in accelerator technology, however, as the size and mass of such an accelerator would have to be at least an order of magnitude less than those of conventional cyclotrons and synchrotrons. The Plasma Physics Laboratory at Stanford has developed a novel particle accelerator that is based on a newly‐understood second mode of operation in co‐axial plasma accelerators. By processing a plasma instead of a pure ion gas, the proposed accelerator is fundamentally different from electrostatic accelerators, resulting in two important advantages. First, a plasma gas contains electrons and positive ions, making it macroscopically neutral. As a result, it can tolerate high ion densities in a very compact device. Second, a plasma can conduct very high currents and self‐induce strong magnetic fields. This can be used to accelerate the plasma electromagnetically via the Lorentz force. The particle energy then becomes a function of the current to mass flow ratio rather than of the applied voltage. Eliminating the need for applying high voltages enables the generation of bursts of extremely energetic particles from a comparatively simple and inexpensive device. The recent identification and stabilization of a second mode of operation in coaxial plasma accelerators makes the advantages of plasma‐based approaches accessible to protonradiotherapy. The distinct features of the proposed plasma‐based accelerator may also result in attractive advantages when compared to alternative compact accelerator concepts that are currently under development. This lecture will provide an overview of the differences between plasma and pure ion acceleration, as well as some of the limitations that have historically limited plasma accelerators to low beam energy applications. It will then summarize the advantages of operating in the second mode and describe the challenges that have to be overcome to scale and develop the existing proof of concept prototype into a viable therapy machine.
Purpura due to vitamin K deficiency in anorexia nervosa

A case is presented of purpura due to hypoprothrombinemia in a patient suffering from anorexia nervosa. The abnormal bleeding state was cured by the administration of Vitamin K.
The Power of Leading Subtly: Alan Greenspan, Rhetorical Leadership, and Monetary Policy

Abstract Alan Greenspan's tenure as Federal Reserve Board Chairman has been highlighted by his highly publicized leadership. One important and readily visible manifestation of his leadership has been his communication style. While research concerning the communication component of leadership has primarily analyzed CEO and presidential communications, this paper utilizes content analysis to provide a descriptive analysis of Chairman Greenspan's communications and his responsiveness to changes in the economic environment. We find that during down periods in the economy, the Chairman communicates that the situation is less certain with reduced amount of activity and an emphasis on present tense language that indicates that current concerns are paramount. In contrast, during buoyant periods of economic activity, the Chairman's language indicates a stronger sense of certainty. Such language patterns help the public place their economic circumstances in context, and may contribute to perceptions of Greenspan's effectiveness as a leader.
Domain structure and quaternary organization of the bacteriophage P22 Erf protein.

Abstract The structure and activities of the recombination-promoting P22 Erf protein were examined in vitro . Treatment of the protein with elastase produces a stable aminoterminal fragment, consisting of amino acid residues 1 to (approximately) 136. We have purified this fragment, designated fragment B, to apparent homogeneity by gel filtration chromatography. Fragment B retains the oligomeric structure and single-stranded DNA binding specificity of intact Erf. It differs, however, in lacking the ability of intact Erf to bind single-stranded DNA into large aggregates following mild heat treatment of the protein. In addition, its binding to DNA may be weaker than that of intact Erf. Intact Erf sediments through a sucrose gradient as a discrete species with an apparent s 20,w of approximately 11.7 S. Its sedimentation behavior is affected little, if at all, by concentration. Fragment B also sediments as a discrete species at approximately 10.4 S. In the electron microscope, intact Erf appears as rings, with 10 to 14 small projecting structures resembling the teeth of a gear. Fragment B is similar, except that it appears to lack the peripheral structures. From these observations, we conclude that Erf consists of at least two structurally and functionally distinct domains, and that it has a discrete ring-like oligomeric structure.