cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Fcγ Receptors and Immunoglobulin G-Mediated Phagocytosis in Mouse Microglia

As resident macrophages in the CNS, microglia can transform from a surveillance state to an activated phenotype in response to brain injury. During this transition microglia become highly capable phagocytic cells. Invading pathogens undergo opsonization with immunoglobulins and microglia recognize these opsonized pathogens through interaction with their cognate F(c) receptors. In mice, both FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIIb receptors are involved in IgG-mediated phagocytosis of opsonzied pathogens. At sites of inflammation, microglial activity is regulated by T-cell derived cytokines. Here we first investigated the effects of IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-13 and GM-CSF on expression of FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIIb mRNA levels in both primary microglia and microglial cell line N9. Using quantitative real-time PCR we show that IFN-gamma induced a 4-fold increase in the mRNA level of FcgammaRI but did not induce changes in FcgammaRIIb expression. IL-4 and IL-13 induced approximately 2-fold increases in expression of FcgammaRIIb mRNA, but had no effect on FcgammaRI expression. GM-CSF increased both FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIIb mRNA expression. We then characterized the ability of these same cytokines to regulate phagocytosis of immune complexes composed of IgG and the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. IFN-gamma and GM-CSF both induced approximately 2-fold increases in IgG-mediated phagocytosis whereas IL-4 and IL-13 both decreased IgG-mediated phagocytosis by about one-third. None of the cytokines influenced basal levels of phagocytosis. These findings demonstrate a highly selective cytokine-induced regulation of both phagocytosis-related Fcgamma receptor subtypes and IgG-mediated phagocytosis itself in microglia. This selective regulation has implications for our understanding of the pathophysiology of CNS infection and autoimmune disease.
Optimizing indirect branches in a system-level dynamic binary translator

A dynamic binary translator (DBT) is a runtime system that translates binary code on the fly, for example to emulate the execution of the binary code on a processor with a different instruction set. One of the major sources of the overhead is the resolution of the branch target addresses for indirect branch instructions. Previous work has addressed this problem for a single virtual address space, but none has addressed it for multiple virtual address spaces in the context of the system-level DBT. This is challenging for compiler optimizations because the compiler cannot compute the virtual addresses of the branch targets for indirect branches at compile-time since they are affected by the runtime states of the emulated TLB. In this paper, we propose a new compiler optimization technique to address the problem for a system-level DBT. Our key idea is to use an offset from the virtual address of each page that contains a branch instruction, since this offset is not affected by the emulated TLB. We found that the compiler can often compute the offset using compile-time constants and that this approach significantly simplifies the guard code necessary for an indirect branch. We implemented this technique in a compiler of a system-level DBT for the z/Architecture. Our experimental results showed our technique can reduce the execution times of the CBW2 benchmarks, part of the standard LSPR benchmark, by up to 5.9% and 2.5% on average. Our analysis indicated that our technique was able to optimize 3.8% of the total dynamic instructions in the original binary code, while completely removing the guard code for 98.9% of these indirect branches.
Reported prevalence of attentional difficulties in a general sample of college students

The present study investigated the self-reported prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)symptoms in 770 college students using the Adult Rating Scale and the Wender Utah Rating Scale. Psychometric properties of these scales were explored. The study also investigated the performance of students with ADHD symptoms, relative to students without ADHD symptoms, on a battery of neuropsychological tasks. Results revealed that 7 and 8% of the students reported significant symptoms (i.e., 1.5 SD above the mean) on the Adult Rating Scale and the Wender Utah Rating scale, respectively, and 2.5% reported significant symptoms on both the Adult Rating Scale and the Wender Utah Rating Scale. Using more stringent criteria (two standard deviations), fewer (i.e, 4, 3.8%, and 0.5%) subjects reported significant symptoms associated with ADHD. Between-group differences were found on one of the neuropsychological tasks. The construct validity of the rating scales was supported. Limitations and implications for future research are advanced.
Transforming large-scale industrially produced carbon nanotubes to high-performance electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Large-scale industrial production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has recently become available, but there are relatively few reports of the investigation of these industrially produced bulk CNTs as potential electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, we report our evaluation of the electrochemical performance of the industrially produced CNTs from one manufacturer and our utilization of a kinetically controlled, vapor diffusion synthesis method combined with in-situ carbothermal reduction to homogeneously grow nanocrystalline tin (Sn) particles (~200 nm) in the matrix of the CNTs, yielding a Sn@CNTs composite. After surface coating with a layer of carbon coating (3–4 nm), this composite was transformed to a surface-modified Sn@CNTs composite that exhibited much higher reversible capacity, initial Coulombic efficiency, and rate capacity than the pristine CNTs as anode materials for LIB.
Do others really know us better? Predicting migraine activity from self- and other-ratings of negative emotion.

Abstract Objective The validity of self-reported negative emotion to predict health status is limited by response biases, introspection limitations, and methodological confounds. The reports of significant others about the patients' negative emotion may circumvent these limitations. This study sought to compare the validity of self- versus other-reported negative emotion as a correlate of migraine headache activity. Methods On 89 patients with migraine headache (74 women and 15 men), we correlated self-ratings and significant-other-ratings of patients' negative emotion with patients' report of migraine frequency and severity, which were assessed both cross-sectionally and prospectively, 3 months later. Results Other-reported negative emotion correlated with migraine activity better than did self-reported negative emotion, both cross-sectionally and prospectively. Patterns were different for women and men, however. Among women, other-reported negative emotion was positively associated with migraine activity. Among men, other-reported negative emotion was inversely associated with migraine frequency and severity. Conclusion The results suggest that it may be valuable to obtain significant-other-ratings when assessing negative emotion in patients and that the genders may differ in how others' ratings are related to the patients' health.
"It's a White thing": An exploration of beliefs about suicide in the African-American community.

Although there has been an increase in black suicides in the past decades the white suicide rate is still nearly double the black suicide rate for men and women. The question asked is, Why is there relatively little black suicide? One persuasive answer proposed in the literature is that major social institutions, particularly religion and family, in the African‐American community provide amelioration or buffering of social forces that would otherwise promote suicide. We report on a qualitative investigation designed to identify the content of beliefs and perceptions of suicide that may act as a buffer against suicide in the African‐American community. From interviews with black pastors in a southern community we identify an intermingling of religious condemnatory beliefs and secular attitudes about suicide that view suicide as unthinkable sin and define it as a “white thing” alien to the black culture.
Increased Myocyte Content and Mechanical Function Within a Tissue-Engineered Myocardial Patch Following Implantation

During the past few years, studies involving the implantation of stem cells, chemical factors, and scaffolds have demonstrated the ability to augment the mammalian heart's native regenerative capacity. Scaffolds comprised of extracellular matrix (ECM) have been used to repair myocardial defects. These scaffolds become populated with myocytes and provide regional contractile function, but quantification of the myocyte population has not yet been conducted. The purpose of this study was to quantitate the myocyte content within the ECM bioscaffold and to correlate this cell population with the regional mechanical function over time. Xenogenic ECM scaffolds derived from porcine urinary bladder were implanted into a full-thickness, surgically induced, right ventricular-free wall defect in a dog model. Zero, 2, and 8 weeks following implantation, regional function and myocyte content were determined in each patch region. Regional function did not significantly increase from 0 to 2 weeks. At 8 weeks, however, regional stroke work increased to 3.7 +/- 0.7% and systolic contraction increased to 4.4 +/- 1.2%. The myocyte content also significantly increased during that period generating a linear relationship between regional function and myocyte content. In conclusion, ECM used as a myocardial patch increases both the regional function and the myocyte content over time. The mechanical function generated in the patch region is correlated with the quantity of local tissue myocytes.
A new approach to bioanalysis: aqueous normal-phase chromatography with silica hydride stationary phases

Stationary phases based on silica hydride have demonstrated a number of unique properties that are especially advantageous for bioanalyses. They have excellent retention capabilities for hydrophilic compounds, which have been the most difficult to analyze by standard reversed-phase methods and, in many cases, can outperform newer approaches for the analysis of polar molecules, such as hydrophilic liquid interaction chromatography. In addition, all columns utilizing silica-hydride materials can be used in either the normal-phase or reversed-phase modes, sometimes retaining both polar and nonpolar compounds simultaneously. These stationary phases have a high degree of reproducibility and long-term stability.
Socioeconomic and other predictors of colonoscopy preparation quality.

Background Suboptimal bowel preparation prior to colonoscopy is a common occurrence, with a deleterious impact on colonoscopy effectiveness. Established risk factors for suboptimal bowel preparation have been proposed, but social factors, such as socioeconomic status and marital status, have not been investigated.
O-Linked GlcNAc Transferase Is a Conserved Nucleocytoplasmic Protein Containing Tetratricopeptide Repeats *

O-Linked GlcNAc addition and phosphorylation may compete for sites on nuclear pore proteins and transcription factors. We sequenced O-linked GlcNAc transferase from rabbit blood and identified the homologous Caenorhabditis elegans transferase gene on chromosome III. We then isolated C. elegans and human cDNAs encoding the transferase. The enzymes from the two species appear to be highly conserved; both contain multiple tetratricopeptide repeats and nuclear localization sequences. The C. elegans transferase accumulated in the nucleus and in perinuclear aggregates in overexpressing transgenic lines. O-Linked GlcNAc transferase activity was also elevated in HeLa cells transfected with the human cDNA. At least four human transcripts were observed in the tissues examined ranging in size from 4.4 to 9.3 kilobase pairs. The two largest transcripts (7.9 and 9.3 kilobase pairs) were enriched at least 12-fold in the pancreas. Based on its substrate specificity and molecular features, we propose that O-linked GlcNAc transferase is part of a glucose-responsive pathway previously implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.
Intuitive decision-making using hyper similarity matching

We present the use of hyper similarity matching for modeling the situational matching central to intuitive decision making with importance weights for situations with different weight vectors. Extreme values are used to characterize intuitive situational matching by introducing the concept of amplification of the importances for such extreme values and characterizing similarity matching based on amplification.
An overview of the Trilinos project

The Trilinos Project is an effort to facilitate the design, development, integration, and ongoing support of mathematical software libraries within an object-oriented framework for the solution of large-scale, complex multiphysics engineering and scientific problems. Trilinos addresses two fundamental issues of developing software for these problems: (i) providing a streamlined process and set of tools for development of new algorithmic implementations and (ii) promoting interoperability of independently developed software.Trilinos uses a two-level software structure designed around collections of packages. A Trilinos package is an integral unit usually developed by a small team of experts in a particular algorithms area such as algebraic preconditioners, nonlinear solvers, etc. Packages exist underneath the Trilinos top level, which provides a common look-and-feel, including configuration, documentation, licensing, and bug-tracking.Here we present the overall Trilinos design, describing our use of abstract interfaces and default concrete implementations. We discuss the services that Trilinos provides to a prospective package and how these services are used by various packages. We also illustrate how packages can be combined to rapidly develop new algorithms. Finally, we discuss how Trilinos facilitates high-quality software engineering practices that are increasingly required from simulation software.
Compartmentalization, Resource Allocation, and Wood Quality

The concept of a trade-off of tree resources between growth and defense is readily grasped. The most detailed development of the concept is for the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis that predicts that resources for normal growth and primary metabolism are diverted to support plant defense and secondary or stress metabolism. This hypothesis has been applied to the biosynthetic cost of stress metabolites that protect wood and foliage from herbivory. This review suggests that the trade-offs of primary to stress metabolism is an ongoing theme throughout the evolution of land plants. This review extends the concept of the growth/defense trade-off to processes of apoptosis in the constitutive development of tracheary elements and heartwood as well as to the induced boundary-setting processes of compartmentalization of decay in living trees. For wood utilization, the confusion of heartwood with wound-initiated discoloration continues to obscure the sources of value loss, particularly for high-value hardwood lumber. Examples are drawn from the anatomical effects of tree injury from fire, storms, and vascular wilt disease.
Synthesis and characterization of square planar and pseudo-tetrahedral M(II)N2S2

Abstract Copper(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) complexes of methyl-2-amino-1-cyclopentenedithiocarboxylate and N,N′ -pentamethylene-bis(methyl-2-amino-1-cyclopentenedithiocarboxylate) have been prepared and characterized in order to provide a basis for comparison of neutral molecules involved in planar and pseudo-tetrahedral coordination geometries with similar N 2 S 2 ligand donor sets. Methyl-2-amino-1- cyclopentenedithiocarboxylate chelates as a bidentate ligand through a thioketonate sulfur and an imine nitrogen, forming planar complexes with the divalent ions of copper(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II). The Cu(II) complex exhibits EPR spin Hamiltonian parameters typical of an axial system with g ∥=2.139 and A ∥=175x10 −4 . N,N′ -pentamethylene-bis(methyl-2-amino-1-cyclopentenedithiocarboxylate) coordinates as a tetradentate ligand, where the pentamethylene bridge between the nitrogens introduces steric strain forcing distortion of the inner coordination sphere. Spectral data support pseudo-tetrahedral coordination geometries for both Cu(II) and Ni(II). The EPR spectrum of this Cu(II) complex is characteristic of a large tetrahedral distortion with g ∥=2.146 and A ∥=133x10 −4 cm −1 , while 1 H NMR studies on the Ni(II) analogue indicate paramagnetic contact shifts of resonances, also indicative of tetrahedral distortion. The complexes are examined as possible spectral models of N 2 S 2 coordination environments at the active sites of metalloproteins such as in the type I blue copper(II) and nickel hydrogenase proteins.
Gender differences in interaction style and influence.

Observed 128 Ss in mixed- and same-sex dyads to examine effect of interaction on sex differences in influence. Ss discussed 2 topics on which they disagreed. During the 2nd discussion, t S in each pair was told to influence the other. Ss showed more agreement and positive social behavior when paired with a woman and more disagreement and task behavior when paired with a man. Although women were more easily influenced, this effect was mediated by the partners' behavior. Ss were influenced more by a partner who agreed with them and less by one who disagreed. Path analyses and ANCOVAS revealed that Ss' sex predicted the partners' behavior toward them, which in turn predicted the sex difference in influence. When instructed to be influential, Ss increased disagreements, but only with male partners. Results indicate that the masculine interaction style used when interacting with men is less effective than the feminine style used when interacting with women. Researchers investigating gender differences in social influence have often reported that women are more easily influenced and less influential than men (Eagly, 1978). Although there is little evidence to support the notion that men are more influential (Eagly, 1978), a meta-analytic review has shown that women are more easily influenced (Eagly & Carli, 1981). What remains to be investigated is the process by which this difference may occur. Specifically, what types of behavior do people use when trying to influence men or women and what types of behavior lead to influence? The purpose of this article is to examine how the sex composition of dyads may affect gender differences in interaction style and, in turn, how these differences in interaction may lead to gender differences in influence. A second objective is to determine what happens to gender differences in interaction style and influence when subjects are specifically attempting to induce persuasion.
Analysis Of Plasma Spectroscopic Data At Livermore

emissivity, and equation of state, are derived from interpretations of the plasma spectra: line shapes, positions, slopesand intensities. Time histories of the spectra reveal how the plasma evolves; time -integrated spectra can give clues asto how the laser energy couples to the plasma. Here, we will briefly describe the computational tools available to theplasma spectroscopist at LLNL as well as some of the experiments presently being analyzed. We will also describe someof the new developments made necessary by the complexity of the analysis.
BRITAIN'S CHRISTMAS CRUSADE AGAINST DRINKING AND DRIVING

Great Britain's 1983 "Christmas Crusade" against drunken drivers, during which the police of England and Wales administered an average of 1350 breath tests daily, is discussed. Although not deliberately planned and organized, the campaign, fueled by press reports, was perceived by many observes to be a national organized deterrent effort. To test the hypothesis that the crusade reduced drunken driving, the index of total automobile crash-related fatalities was used in the analysis. Results showed that the index declined significantly during the month of the crusade, providing support for the hypothesis of deterrent effect. The experience of the Christmas Crusade reinforces the expectation that deterrent interventions involving highly publicized campaigns increasing the certainty of punishment for illegal behavior can be successful over a limited period of time.
Differential effects of dietary fibers on rat intestinal circular muscle cell size.

The relationship between dietary fiber and intestinal circular muscle cell size was investigated in rats by feeding defined diets supplemented with four different sources of fiber. In the first study, a 20% wheat bran supplement was fed to 10 rats for nine weeks. This resulted in larger muscle cell size, with a 22.5% increase in the proximal (P<0.02) and 77.9% increase in the distal colon (P<0.001) when compared with a control group of 10 rats fed a fiber-free diet. In the second study, which lasted four weeks, a control group of 10 rats was fed a fiber-free diet, while similar sized experimental groups were fed the same basal diet plus either 20% oat bran, 10% pectin, or 10% guar. Muscle cell size was decreased by 20.6% in the proximal jejunum of the oat bran-and pectin-fed groups (P<0.05) and by 43% in the proximal colon of the oat bran-fed group, when compared with the controls (P<0.05). These results show that the effects of high fiber diets on intestinal muscle cell size depend on the type of fiber consumed.
Intracoronary thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: Clinical course following successful myocardial reperfusion

Abstract We reviewed the clinical course of 73 patients who had attempted intracoronary thrombolysis, with emphasis on follow-up. Fifty-nine patients (81%) had coronary reflow sufficient to control pain and injury current: 52 received thrombolysis alone and seven had thrombolysis combined with acute coronary angioplasty. Recurrent ischemic events in hospital were frequent and occurred in 17 patients (29%). These included silent reocclusion (four patients), recurrent angina (eight patients), and recurrent infarction in the same myocardial zone (five patients). Late ischemic events occurred in 11 patients (19%) and included silent reocclusion (two patients) and angina (nine patients). Although acute coronary angioplasty resulted in a high rate of successful myocardial reperfusion, long-term vessel patency was infrequent. The results of coronary bypass surgery, performed in hospital for severe residual coronary stenosis and angina and later for recurrent angina, were uniformly good. At follow-up of 6 to 36 months (mean 18.5 ± 8.1), total mortality was five patients (8%). Only 16 reperfused patients (27%) were alive and well without recurrent ischemia or interventions. We conclude that reopening an acutely occluded coronary artery by thrombolysis and/or angioplasty can be performed in the majority of patients but must be regarded as initial therapy in view of the high incidence of recurrent ischemic events. Reperfused patients with stable myocardial blood supply post infarction have low long-term mortality.
The Role of Protease Inhibitor Therapy in Children with HIV Infection

In comparison with HIV infection in adults, higher HIV RNA levels in children with perinatal HIV infection, differences in the natural history of HIV disease progression, and the presence of a relatively immature immune system contribute to the more complex and problematic nature of pediatric antiretroviral therapy. Current US treatment guidelines for pediatric HIV infection advocate aggressive therapy with potent combination antiretroviral regimens, to achieve profound and durable suppression of viral replication and preservation of immune function. The combination of a protease inhibitor (PI) and dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) is the most commonly recommended form of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). However, use of PI therapy in pediatrics has been constrained by the lack of suitable drug formulations, a paucity of pharmacokinetic and safety data, and drug intolerance. Pharmacokinetic studies of PIs demonstrate frequent differences between children and adults, and greater variability among children, which has led to subtherapeutic dosage regimens and the development of viral resistance. The optimal dosage of many PIs in younger children is not yet known. A therapeutically important drug interaction associated with PIs is that occurring between the various PIs themselves, which allows lower doses of PI at less frequent intervals. Dual PI regimens will probably become more common, as they permit a simpler antiretroviral regimen, lower pill/medication burden, fewer adverse effects and improved adherence. Poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy remains the greatest barrier to overall success in the treatment of HIV-infected children. The key to improving adherence in HIV-infected children is to find treatment regimens that are better suited to their normal life. With improvements in existing PIs and the development of newer ones, simplification of current antiretroviral therapy to once-daily regimens without loss of potency should be achievable. PI-containing HAART has transformed HIV infection into a chronic illness, and HIV-infected children now live longer.
DRYINC RATES DURING HIGH TEMPERATURE DRYING OF YELLOW POPLAR

ABSTRACT Experimental drying rates during high temperature drying of Yellow Poplar is analyzed to determine types of drying mechanism. Drying rate during the constant rate period and effective diffusivity during the falling rate periods were obtained at dryer temperatures ranging from 100°C to 150°C. The drying curve shows three drying regimes: a constant-rate period, and two falling rate periods. The constant rate period, where the drying rate is a linear function of time, is controlled by the rate of heat transfer to the wood surface. Both falling rate periods show a drying rate which is a linear function of the square root of time. Floisture migration during the first falling rate is by simultaneous capillary action and liquid diffusion. while moisture'migration takes place by vapor diffusion during the second falling rate period. This occurs when the moisture content of the wood falls below the fiber saturation point. The effective diffusion coefficient during both periods is found to be constant.
Medical Foods for Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition associated with cognitive loss, behavioural changes, functional ability decline and caregiver burden. Given the worldwide public health impact of AD, novel interventions to reduce suffering experienced by AD patients need to be developed. Foods may offer a mechanism for intervention complementary to drugs, devices, biologicals and vaccines. Apart from foods with health claims (including dietary supplements), medical foods are also being explored as an intervention option. The purpose of this article is to describe how medical foods may complement other interventions for AD patients by: (i) defining what a medical food is; (ii) discussing whether AD is a condition amenable to medical food intervention; (iii) reviewing current clinical trial data on medical foods used in participants with AD; and (iv) highlighting steps needed to establish a more comprehensive framework for developing medical foods for AD. While medical foods may be defined differently in other countries, the US Orphan Drug Act of 1998 defined a medical food as a food formulated for enteral intake, taken under physician supervision, and intended to meet the distinctive nutritional requirements identified for a disease or condition. For AD to be amenable to medical food intervention, it must: (i) result in limited or impaired capacity to ingest, digest, absorb or metabolize ordinary foodstuff or certain nutrients; or (ii) have unique, medically determined nutrient requirements; and (iii) require dietary management that cannot be achieved by modification of the normal diet alone. While these criteria are most likely met in advanced AD, identifying unique nutritional requirements in early AD that cannot be met by normal diet modification requires a better understanding of AD pathophysiology. A PubMed search using the terms ‘medical food’ and ‘Alzheimer’, limited to clinical trials published in English with human participants with AD aged >65 years and supplemented by other articles known to meet the inclusion criteria, revealed that only two medical foods, AC-1202 and Souvenaid® with Fortasyn Connect™, have clinical trial results available for discussion. As medical food development for AD is a relatively new endeavour, a window of opportunity exists for all stakeholders to develop a comprehensive framework for assuring that medical food interventions for AD achieve the highest possible scientific and ethical standards to warrant commercialization.
Metabolism of cesium-137 in rats and farm animals.

Summary 1. The uptake, distribution, excretion, and placental transfer of tracer amounts of cesium-137 in rats, cattle, sheep, swine, and chickens were studied. 2. High absorption of ingested Cs 137 , appreciable long-term retention, nonlogarithmic excretion, and species differences in excretory route and quantity were observed. 3. Tissue concentration patterns were remarkably constant between species and between tissues. Muscles had the highest concentrations and bone and plasma the lowest. Very young animals and fetuses had a lowered tissue-concentrating ability. Cesium-137 was accumulated in tissues against a concentration gradient, resembling potassium in this respect. 4. Ingested radioactive cesium may render the animal unfit as a source of meat, milk, and eggs.
Relationship between feed withdrawal and viscera condition of broilers

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feed withdrawal on the viscera of commercial broilers. Birds were withdrawn from feed 0, 3, 9, 12, 14, 16, or 18 h before slaughter. Crop and gizzard contents were determined after dissection, and intestinal shape and villi were subjectively scored. Raw liver color was measured colorimetrically. Length of feed withdrawal (time) and its interaction with grower (time by grower) and replication (time by replication) had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on gizzard contents, intestinal shape, and villi; however, time by grower and time by replication did not affect the crop contents or the incidence of bile contamination in the digestive tract. Results also suggested that the integrity of the intestines declined after 12 to 14 h feed withdrawal, as indicated by heavy intestinal sloughing. Color analyses of livers showed that length of feed withdrawal did not affect lightness (L* values), but livers became less red (lower positive a*) as feed withdrawal time increased. It was concluded that length of feed withdrawal significantly affected the gastrointestinal tract; however, variation in the appearance of the liver could not be attributed solely to broiler feed withdrawal time.
Treatment of raised intracranial pressure following traumatic brain injury.

Appropriate treatment of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a controversial topic in ne-urotraumatology. Several techniques are employed clinically, which include vasopressors, osmotically active substances, hyperventilation, and decompressive surgery. This article reviews six recent papers that have examined alternative methods of treating elevated ICP. The first two papers consider a new and controversial alternative to cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) management, which involves mild hypotension coupled with pre-capil-lary vasoconstriction using dihydro-ergotamine. The authors claim success with this treatment, and although the patient numbers are small, there is no evidence that they fare any less well than patients treated with conventional techniques. The third and fourth papers consider hypertonic saline (FITS) as a possible osmotic treatment for raised ICP. The third examines FITS given as a 23.4% bolus and found beneficial effects. The fourth examines FITS as a 1.6% constant infusion for fluid replacement and found that patients fared less well. The reason for this difference between the results for the two administration methods is unknown, although it may relate to the triggering of meostatic mechanisms in the case of constant infusion. The fifth paper compares glycerol and mannitol as osmotic ICP agents and found no significant differences between them. The final study reports for the first time a series of patients treated for refractory elevations in ICP with bifrontal craniectomy. They report good results, and suggest that this therapy should be formalized as a treatment option for severely elevated ICP. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the generation of a raised ICP belie the use of one therapy to treat all cases. Analysis of these studies demonstrates how problematic heterogeneity in the injury population can be for the assessment of possible treatments. It is clear, therefore, that effective analysis of treatments for raised ICP requires appropriate subdivision of the injured population into common pathophysiological processes and, furthermore, that the future of clinical TBI management may well require a similar stratification in order to tailor treatments for the individual patient.
Localization and changes in superoxide dismutase immunoreactivity in rat pulp after tooth preparation.

Abstract Objective. To examine the distribution of superoxide in the uninflamed and inflamed dental pulp by characterizing the immunoreactivity of the detoxifying antioxidant enzymes, manganese and copper-zinc superoxide dismutases (MnSOD and CuZnSOD, respectively). Study design. In 12 rats, mesial cavity preparations were made on the maxillary right first molar; left molars were unoperated controls. After 5 days, the rats were killed, and histologic sections were processed by using MnSOD and CuZnSOD immunoreactivity, and the extent of inflammation was evaluated on alternate sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results. In the hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, inflammation was consistent with round-cells: macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells that coalesced into a distinct leukocytic “lesion,” which obliterated portions of the underlying pulp. Both MnSOD and CuZnSOD immunoreactivity increased dramatically in inflammatory cells within the leukocytic lesion and in the tissue surrounding the lesion. Conclusions. The findings suggest that the protective role of SOD increases within pulp cells that are undergoing inflammatory stimulation. SOD immunoreactivity may be an early indicator of stress in pulp. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88:488-95)
Polysemy And Cognition

Abstract Polysemy - the existence of multiple but related meanings for a single form - has always been problematic for purely structural accounts of meaning. When it is viewed from a cognitive perspective, however, it emerges as a natural, indeed necessary consequence of the human ability to think flexibility. If we synthesize three approaches: John Anderson's theory of cognitive architecture, Sperber and Wilson's concept of relevance, and Lakoff and Johnson's theory of image schemas, it is possible to account for many of the properties of polysemy. Essentially, polysemy is an effect of relevance: of the human ability to select the interpretation which maximizes useful information while minimizing processing cost. An account in these terms helps to address a number of unresolved problems. Polysemy has been problematic because it seemed to fall on the border between category identity and category distinctness. This gradient can be treated in terms of relevance: two items belong to distinct categories only to the extent that shared information is relevant and contrasting information is irrelevant. Polysemy also displays clear asymmetries both in its distribution and in its interaction with anaphoric phenomena. These can be explained by asymmetries of activation spread through image schematic structure; where activation spread is facilitated, processing costs are lowered, increasing relevance, and hence facilitating both polysemy and the recovery of anaphoric reference.
Quasi-Static and Dynamic Buckling of Thin Cylindrical Shape-Memory Shells

To investigate the buckling behavior of thin and relatively thick cylindrical shape-memory shells, uniaxial compression tests are performed at a 295 K initial temperature, using the CEAM/UCSD's modified split Hopkinson bar systems and an Instron hydraulic testing machine. The quasi-static buckling response of the shells is directly observed and recorded using a digital camera with a close-up lens and two back mirrors. To document the dynamic buckling modes, a high-speed Imacon 200 framing camera is used. The shape-memory shells with an austenite-finish temperature of A f =281 K, buckle gradually and gracefully in quasi-static loading, and fully recover upon unloading, showing a superelastic property, whereas when suitably annealed, the shells do not recover spontaneously upon unloading, but they do so once heated, showing a shape-memory effect. The thin shells had a common thickness of 0.125 mm a common outer radius of 2.25 mm (i.e., a common radius, R, to thickness, t, ratio, R/t, of 18). A shell with the ratio of length, L, to diameter, D (LID) of 1.5 buckled under a quasi-static load by forming a nonsymmetric chessboard pattern, while with a LID of 1.95 the buckling started with the formation of symmetrical rings which then changed into a nonsymmetric chessboard pattern. A similar buckling mode is also observed under a dynamic loading condition for a shell with LID of 2. However, thicker shells, with 0.5 mm thickness and radius 4 mm (R/t=8), buckled under a dynamic loading condition by the formation of a symmetrical ring pattern. For comparison, we have also tested shells of similar geometry but made of steel and aluminum. In the case of the steel shells with constrained end conditions, the buckling, which consists of nonsymmetric (no rings) folds (chessboard patterns), is sudden and catastrophic, and involves no recovery upon unloading. The gradual buckling of the shape-memory shells is associated with the stress-induced martensite formation and seems to have a profound effect on the unstable deformations of thin structures made from shape-memory alloys.
Experimental Measurement of Nusselt Number Correlations on Flat Plate and NACA 0010 Section Surfaces

This paper presents forced convection studies on a flat plate and NACA 0010 section airfoil surfaces. The surface temperatures of the models at given stations are measured with K-type thermocouples and used to assess the heat transfer characteristics of the models. The model surfaces are subjected to constant heat fluxes of 1.45kW/m2 (for the flat plate) and 0.60kW/m2 (for the airfoil) using KH Kapton flexible heaters. The temperature readings are then utilized to determine the heat transfer coefficients on the surfaces over a range of Reynolds numbers, from which Nusselt number correlations are deduced. The experiments were conducted in an open circuit wind tunnel, powered by a 37 kW motor, capable of generating air velocities of up to about 41 m/s in the 24 square-inch test section. For the flat plate, the Nusselt number correlations obtained agree well with what is reported in literature. The plate length (0.25m) used for the experiment was just enough for the initiation of turbulent thermal boundary layer at 35.60 m/s air speed. The flow phenomena and Nusselt number correlations on the NACA 0010 airfoil surface are also evaluated and found to fit correlations similar to that of a cylinder in cross flow for laminar case. However, turbulence on the airfoil surface has a significant influence on the average Nusselt number relation. Correlations for the laminar and turbulent flow regimes have been presented using a modified Hilpert and Churchill correlation for a cylinder in crossflow.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Electric injury, Part II: Specific injuries

Electric injury can cause disruption of cardiac rhythm and breathing, burns, fractures, dislocations, rhabdomyolysis, eye and ear injury, oral and gastrointestinal injury, vascular damage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, peripheral and spinal cord injury, and Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy. Secondary trauma from falls, fires, flying debris, and inhalation injury can complicate the clinical picture. Diagnostic and treatment considerations for electric injuries are described in this article, which is the second part of a three-part series on electric injuries.
Beyond cultural competency: Bourdieu, patients and clinical encounters

In response to widely documented racial and ethnic disparities in health, clinicians and public health advocates have taken great strides to implement 'culturally competent' care. While laudable, this important policy and intellectual endeavour has suffered from a lack of conceptual clarity and rigour. This paper develops a more careful conceptual model for understanding the role of culture in the clinical encounter, paying particular attention to the relationship between culture, contexts and social structures. Linking Bourdieu's (1977) notion of 'habitus' and William Sewell's (1992) axioms of multiple and intersecting structures, we theorise patient culture in terms of 'hybrid habitus'. This conceptualisation of patient culture highlights three analytical dimensions: the multiplicity of schemas and resources available to patients, their specific patterns of integration and application in specific contexts, and the constitutive role of clinical encounters. The paper concludes with a discussion of directions for future research as well as reforms of cultural competency training courses.
Cropping History, Tillage, and Herbicide Effects on Weed Flora Composition in Irrigated Corn

A change from conventional tillage to a conservation tillage system can lead to shifts in weed species composition. A weed species shift can result in the emergence of weeds tolerant of existing weed management practices. An understanding of crop production effects on weed species shifts can lead to development of improved weed management strategies. Research evaluated the effects of primary tillage (moldboard and chisel plowing), row cultivation, and herbicide input level on weed species changes over a 5-yr period in three irrigated cropping sequences. The cropping sequences consisted of continuous corn (Zea mays L.) for 5 yr (CN), pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for 3 yr followed by corn for 2 yr (PB), and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) for 2 yr followed by corn for 3 yr (SB). Over the course of the 5-yr study, total weed density increased from 1 to 245 weeds m⁻² in PB, from 100 to 209 in SB, and from 2 to 190 in CN cropping sequences in chisel-plowed treatments, while weed density increases in moldboard-plowed treatments were negligible. General observation of each cropping sequence indicated that during the final year, green foxtail [Setaria viridus (L.) P. Beauv.] was most prevalent in the CN sequence, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides Sendtner) in the PB sequence, and redroot pigweed and green foxtail in the SB sequence. However, weed species differences due to cropping sequences were evident only in treatments receiving chisel plow primary tillage. Further, the increase in redroot pigweed density due to cropping sequence and chisel plowing was diminished by high herbicide input levels. Row cultivation also had an influence on the weed species composition when compared to uncultivated plots. Wyoming Agric. Exp. Stn. JA 1691.
Inversion of magnetotelluric data for 2D structure with sharp resistivity contrasts

We have developed a linearized algorithm to invert noisy 2-D magnetotelluric data for subsurface conductivity structures represented by smooth boundaries defining sharp resistivity contrasts. We solve for both a fixed number of subsurface resistivities and for the boundary locations between adjacent units. The boundary depths are forced to be discrete values defined by the mesh used in the forward modeling code. The algorithm employs a Lagrange multiplier approach in a manner similar to the widely used Occam method. The main difference is that we penalize variations in the boundary depths, rather than in resistivity contrasts between a large number of adjacent blocks. To reduce instabilities resulting from the breakdown of the linear approximation, we allow an option to penalize contrasts in the resistivities of adjacent units. We compare this boundary inversion method to the smooth Occam inversion for two synthetic models, one that includes a conductive wedge between two resistors and another that includes a resistive wedge between two conductors. The two methods give good agreement for the conductive wedge, but the solutions differ for the more poorly resolved resistive wedge, with the boundary inversion method giving a more geologically realistic result. Application of the boundary inversion method to the resistive Gemini subsalt petroleum prospect in the Gulf of Mexico indicates that the shape of this salt feature is accurately imaged by this method, and that the method remains stable when applied to real data.
CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE: SUNLIGHT PHOTOLYSIS OF THE AMINO ACIDS GLUTAMATE AND ASPARTATE

Sunlight photolysis of the amino acids glutamate and aspartate were carried out on 0.1 M aqueous solutions at pH=7.0. The non-volatile products were identified by GC-MS analysis of derived methyl esters. The major product from glutamic acid was succinic acid, and, analogously, aspartic acid photolyzed to malonic acid. The photochemical oxidative decarboxylation of glutamate parallels its metabolism in modern cells and may provide an evolutionary link between simple amino acids and reactions of the citric acid cycle.
The Responses of Children to Musical Tasks Embodying Piaget's Principle of Conservation:

ONE OF THE OBJECTIVES of the elementary music program is to foster the musical understanding of each individual child by helping him to organize the musical experiences comprising the music curriculum which he undergoes. In view of this objective the writer has long questioned the paradoxical dearth of research studies designed to determine how a child organizes his musical experiences. Some research studies concerning the musical abilities of children have been conducted by psychologists, but these are rarely cited in the elementary music literature as a basis for existing practices in elementary music education. About two years ago the writer became involved with the research of Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, in the areas of concept formation and the development of thought processes in children. If a child's musical learning is inseparable from other learnings and follows the same general patterns of development, it seemed obvious that music education might benefit from an application of Piaget's theory to musical development. From a consideration of several approaches to the problem evolved plans for a pilot study to investigate the relevance of Piaget's principle of conservation to musical learning.
All Optical Stabilization of a Monolithic Quantum Dot Based CPM Laser Via Four-Wave Mixing

We investigate and confirm a four-wave mixing (FWM) process as the primary mechanism responsible for locking and stabilization of a previously reported novel quantum dot based monolithically coupled colliding pulse mode-locked (CPM) laser. In the previous letter, a high-Q passively mode-locked ring laser is used to injection lock an orthogonally coupled passively mode-locked CPM slave laser via FWM in the common saturable absorber. In this letter, we setup an experiment to verify the FWM process, whereby the external ring laser is operated unidirectionally while simultaneously analyzing the amplified spontaneous emission from the other facet of the ring laser. The emission is found to contain CPM light only in the presence of injection locking proving the FWM process. Other linear scattering effects are also investigated and shown to be negligible in the orthogonal waveguide configuration.