cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VipariNama: RNA vectors to rapidly reprogram plant morphology and metabolism

Synthetic transcription factors have great promise as tools to explore biological processes. By allowing precise alterations in gene expression, they can help elucidate relationships between gene expression and plant morphology or metabolism. However, the years-long timescales, high cost, and technical skill associated with plant transformation have dramatically slowed their use. In this work, we developed a new platform technology called VipariNama (ViN) in which RNA vectors are used to rapidly deploy synthetic transcription factors and reprogram gene expression in planta. We demonstrate how ViN vectors can direct activation or repression of multiple genes, systemically and persistently over several weeks, and in multiple plant species. We also show how this transcriptional reprogramming can create predictable changes to metabolic and morphological phenotypes in the model plants Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana in a matter of weeks. Finally, we show how a model of gibberellin signaling can guide ViN vector-based reprogramming to rapidly engineer plant size in both model species as well as the crop Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). In summary, using VipariNama accelerates the timeline for generating phenotypes from over a year to just a few weeks, providing an attractive alternative to transgenesis for synthetic transcription factor-enabled hypothesis testing and crop engineering.
True-False Testing on Trial: Guilty as Charged or Falsely Accused?

Although widely used, the true-false test is often regarded as a superficial or even harmful test, one that lacks the pedagogical efficacy of more substantive tests (e.g., cued-recall or short-answer tests). Such charges, however, lack conclusive evidence and may, in some cases, be false. Across four experiments, we investigated how true-false testing of studied passages (e.g., on Yellowstone National Park) might enhance—or be optimized to enhance—performance on subsequent cued-recall tests. In Experiments 1–2, relative to control performance that did not benefit from any additional exposure, we found that (a) the evaluation of true statements enhanced the recall of tested (but not related) content and that (b) the evaluation of false statements enhanced the recall of related (but not tested) content, a differential pattern of benefits that did not depend on the syntactic structure of the test items. Moreover, when competitive clauses were embedded within the true-false items of Experiment 3 (e.g., True or false? Castle Geyser (not Steamboat Geyser) is the tallest geyser), we found that the evaluation of both types of statements enhanced the recall of both types of content. Finally, in Experiment 4, these holistic benefits proved robust to a retention interval of 48 h and were comparable with the benefits of a restudy condition in which learners restudied all of the propositions that could have been retrieved in the evaluation of the true-false items. Accordingly, although it was not uncommon for participants to misremember information as a consequence of true-false practice, our findings broadly indicate that, especially when carefully constructed, true-false tests can elicit beneficial, not superficial, processes that belie their poor reputation.
Acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among adults in the United States: How many people would get vaccinated?

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic in March 2020. Several prophylactic vaccines against COVID-19 are currently in development, yet little is known about people’s acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine. Methods We conducted an online survey of adults ages 18 and older in the United States (n = 2,006) in May 2020. Multivariable relative risk regression identified correlates of participants’ willingness to get a COVID-19 vaccine (i.e., vaccine acceptability). Results Overall, 69% of participants were willing to get a COVID-19 vaccine. Participants were more likely to be willing to get vaccinated if they thought their healthcare provider would recommend vaccination (RR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.49–2.02) or if they were moderate (RR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02–1.16) or liberal (RR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.07–1.22) in their political leaning. Participants were also more likely to be willing to get vaccinated if they reported higher levels of perceived likelihood getting a COVID-19 infection in the future (RR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.09), perceived severity of COVID-19 infection (RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04–1.11), or perceived effectiveness of a COVID-19 vaccine (RR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.40–1.52). Participants were less likely to be willing to get vaccinated if they were non-Latinx black (RR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.74–0.90) or reported a higher level of perceived potential vaccine harms (RR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.98). Conclusions Many adults are willing to get a COVID-19 vaccine, though acceptability should be monitored as vaccine development continues. Our findings can help guide future efforts to increase COVID-19 vaccine acceptability (and uptake if a vaccine becomes available).
On Grid-Interactive Smart Inverters: Features and Advancements

Traditionally, a grid-interactive inverter providing ancillary services is called a smart inverter. However, broader features will be required for the next generation of inverters that can be categorized as self-governing, self-adapting, self-security, and self-healing. For grid-interactive inverters, the self-governing feature can be identified as the capability of inverters to operate in grid-following and grid-forming control modes, where the self-adapting is referred to as more flexibility realized by adaptive controllers for stable dynamics of inverters under various grid conditions. Moreover, for supervisory control and economic dispatch in a grid with high-penetration of inverter-based power generators, a minimum communication might be necessary, but it can place grid-interactive inverters in danger of being hacked when self-security becomes essential to identify malicious setpoints. Furthermore, the self-healing is defined as fault-tolerance and stress reduction under abnormal conditions. It suggests that after realizing these features, an inverter is called a smart inverter. In this paper, the advancements toward achieving these features for grid-interactive inverters are reviewed.
Infamous Daughters: A Capsule Collection Inspired by Wide Sargasso Sea

Alexa Roccanova holds degrees from Eugene Lang College and Parsons School of Design at The New School, and she is now a clothing designer. In 2017, she completed a capsule collection of clothing inspired by Wide Sargasso Sea and its protagonist, Antoinette Cosway. Roccanova’s collection began as a visual interpretation of the novel, and evolved into a response to the perception of mental illness in women. With five multipiece looks that incorporate both classic female tailoring and impulsive drapery, Roccanova sought to capture the deadly allure of Antoinette and her homeland in the West Indies. This chapter follows the yearlong progression of Roccanova’s collection from the initial concept pulled from Wide Sargasso Sea to the finalization of the finished garments.
Variable Response Duration Promotes Self-organization in Decentralized Swarms

In self-organizing multi-agent systems, inter-agent variation is known to improve swarm performance significantly. Response duration, the amount of time that an agent spends on a task, has been proposed as a form of inter-agent variation that may be beneficial. In the biological literature, variability in agent response duration in natural swarms for desynchronizing agent actions has been discussed for some time. This form of variation, however, is not well understood in artificial swarms. In this work, we explore inter-agent variation in response duration as a desynchronization technique. We find that variation in response duration does desynchronize agent behaviors and does improve swarm performance on a two-dimensional tracking problem in which the swarm must push a tracker, staying as close as possible to a moving target. By preventing agents from reacting identically to task stimuli and keeping some agents on task longer, response duration helps smooth the swarm’s path and allows it to better track the target into path features such as corners.
Single center results of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Studies have found similar outcomes of Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney transplantation (SPKT) in patients with Type 2 (T2D) and Type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, there are scarce data evaluating the association of recipient factors such as age, BMI, or pretransplant insulin requirements with outcomes, thus the criteria for the optimal recipient selection remains unclear. In this study, 284 T1D and 39 T2D patients, who underwent SPKT between 2006 and 2017 with 1 year of follow-up at minimum, were assessed for potential relationship of pretransplant BMI and insulin requirements with posttransplant diabetes and pancreatic graft failure. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed similar rates of freedom from posttransplant diabetes (94.7% T2D vs. 92.3% T1D at 1 yr, and 88.1% T2D vs. 81.1% T1D at 5 yrs) and graft survival (89.7% T2D vs. 90.4% T1D at 1 yr, and 89.7% T2D vs. 81.2% T1D at 5 yrs). There was no significant association between BMI or pretransplant insulin requirements with posttransplant diabetes occurrence in either T1D (p = .10, .43, respectively) or T2D (p = .12, .63) patients in the cohort; or with graft failure (T1D: p = .40, .09; T2D: p = .71, .28). These observations suggest a less restricted approach to selective use of SPKT in patients with T2D.
BERM: a Belowground Ecosystem Resiliency Model for estimating Spartina alterniflora belowground biomass.

Spatiotemporal patterns of Spartina alterniflora belowground biomass (BGB) are important for evaluating salt marsh resiliency. To solve this, we created the BERM (Belowground Ecosystem Resiliency Model), which estimates monthly BGB (30-m spatial resolution) from freely available data such as Landsat-8 and Daymet climate summaries. Our modeling framework relied on extreme gradient boosting, and used field observations from four Georgia salt marshes as ground-truth data. Model predictors included estimated tidal inundation, elevation, leaf area index, foliar nitrogen, chlorophyll, surface temperature, phenology, and climate data. The final model included 33 variables, and the most important variables were elevation, vapor pressure from the previous four months, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the previous five months, and inundation. Root mean squared error for BGB from testing data was 313 g m-2 (11% of the field data range), explained variance (R2 ) was 0.62-0.77. Testing data results were unbiased across BGB values and were positively correlated with ground-truth data across all sites and years (r = 0.56-0.82 and 0.45-0.95, respectively). BERM can estimate BGB within Spartina alterniflora salt marshes where environmental parameters are within the training data range, and can be readily extended through a reproducible workflow. This provides a powerful approach for evaluating spatiotemporal BGB and associated ecosystem function.
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Pregnancy Treatment: A Promising Widely Used Therapy with Unintended Adverse Consequences.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) was widely used in the 1940s to 1960s to prevent pregnancy loss but was later found to be associated with adverse health effects in exposed offspring, underscoring the need for careful evaluation of new therapies.
Influence of composition and thermal treatment on the properties of Cu2+xTa4O12+δ

Abstract Polycrystalline samples of Cu2+xTa4O12+δ were prepared by solid-state reactions. Copper tantalate shows a remarkable compositional flexibility with respect to both the copper and oxygen stoichiometry. Single phase compounds could be synthesised for 0.125 ≤ x ≤ 0.5. Slowly cooled samples are green and possess a pseudo-tetragonal unit cell, which changes to a pseudo-cubic symmetry for x ≥ 0.45. Rapidly cooled aliquots are brown and have a (pseudo-) cubic structure. For both the slow-cooled and quenched samples a linear increase of the oxygen content with x was observed, the values of δ for the latter being significantly smaller. Magnetic measurements reveal a ferrimagnetic transition at 12.5 K, the strength of which is strongly reduced both by increasing the copper content and by quenching.
Spherical geometry, electromechanical modeling of cathode liquid prebreakdown

A computer simulation is performed on the expansion of a low-density region (LDR) at the cathode in stressed hexane, and on the subsequent production of current pulses. Parameters are chosen to give good agreement with several experimental observations. Combining the Watson and Alexeff models in spherical geometry gives reasonably good results as judged by five criteria: the LDR growth at various pressures, the charge per pulse, the time duration of a set of pulses, the damping of LDR growth, and perhaps the LDR-electrode potential. Simulation revealed that the discharges affect growth (and act as a monitor of it); the discharge model of Alexeff thus complements the growth model of Watson. >
An Analysis of the Aerodynamics of Pitched Baseballs

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the trajectories of pitched baseballs and to determine the causes of particular types of trajectories. More than 200 pitches, made by 14 pitchers of baseball teams in the Western (Big Ten) Conference, were photographed by means of two high-speed cameras. The films upon which were recorded the complete trajectories of pitches were analyzed in terms of velocity and rate of rotation of the ball. From each category of pitch, six selected pitches were further analyzed in terms of direction of rotation, axis of rotation, vertical deviation, horizontal deviation, vertical forces, and horizontal forces.
Asymptotics of Weighted Lattice Point Counts Inside Dilating Polygons

We study the family of normalized discrete measures induced on the unit circle by radially projecting onto the circle the integral lattice points contained in dilations of a fixed polygon satisfying certain algebraic properties. We examine the asymptotic effect of such measures on a function f on S 1 by weighting the lattice points and their projections by a homogeneous extension of f to R 2. We then derive an almost everywhere result for almost all rotations of the polygon.
The concept of incivility: A case study

Abstract It is clear that a culture laden with incivility creates a difficult work environment. Incivility has not excluded nursing academe. Uncivil interactions in the academic workplace may deter qualified nurses from entering academia and encourage current faculty to leave. The concept of incivility was examined using Walker and Avant's method of concept analysis and clarified with a case study. The discussion illuminates ways to diminish uncivil behaviors between and among nursing faculty.
Tetrasomy 16 in the mouse: a more severe condition than the corresponding trisomy.

Although an understanding of the phenotypic similarities and differences between individuals trisomic and tetrasomic for the same chromosome or chromosome segment is of considerable theoretical interest with regard to the relationship of the phenotypic features of aneuploid states to changes in the dosage of specific genes, the data obtainable from human cases of tetrasomy do not permit firm conclusions to be drawn. However, a mouse model system based on the intercrossing of animals doubly heterozygous for two Robertsonian translocation (metacentric) chromosomes with monobrachial homology can be used to generate both tetrasomic and trisomic embryos simultaneously. With mice carrying the two metacentric chromosomes, Rb(11.16)2H and Rb(16.17)32Lub , which share chromosome 16 in common, embryos with tetrasomy 16 and trisomy 16 have been generated. The rate of non-disjunction in both males and females was 34 to 36 %, and the observed overall frequency of tetrasomics in embryos up to 10 days of age was 3·3 %, very close to the expected 3·1 %. Although trisomy 16 and tetrasomy 16 embryos could not be distinguished by size from one another or from diploid embryos at the sixth day of gestation, the tetrasomy 16 embryos were very small and delayed in development at day 10 and clearly distinguishable from the trisomics. Fusion of the anterior neuropore had not occurred, rotation of the embryo was incomplete, and somite formation was retarded. By day 12, all of the tetrasomy 16 embryos were either dead or dying. By contrast, virtually all trisomy 16 embryos were alive at day 10, although about 60 % were retarded in development. The same was also the case on day 12 for trisomy 16 embryos obtained from mothers that were naturally mated. However, superovulation of the mothers, which caused a doubling of the number of implants, resulted in a significant decrease in the frequency of trisomy 16 embryos and possibly of tetrasomy 16 embryos as well. This finding is consistent with the suggestion that the viability of aneuploid embryos, which may be at a proliferative disadvantage, is highly dependent upon intrauterine conditions. These exogenous factors notwithstanding, it is clear that tetrasomy 16 has much more deleterious effects on embryonic development than does trisomy 16 and that four doses of the genes on chromosome 16 result in developmental derangements greater than are produced by three doses of the same genes.
Vile Sovereigns in Bioethical Debate

In this paper, I critically assess transhumanist philosophy and its influence in bioethics by turning to resources in the work of Michel Foucault. I begin by outlining transhumanism and drawing out some of the primary goals of transhumanist philosophy. In order to do so, I focus on the work of Nick Bostrom and Julian Savulescu, two prominent contributors to this thinking. I then move to explicate Foucault’s work, in the early iterations of the Abnormal lecture series, on the concept of vile sovereignty. Foucault used the concept of vile sovereignty to critique psychiatric witnesses that had been utilized in mid twentieth-century French courts of law. Turning back to transhumanism, I analyze transhumanist discourse on the basis of Foucault’s vile sovereignty. Transhumanists promote human enhancement in a way that rejects the body—especially the disabled body—and pose the question of what lives are worth living, as well as attempt to answer it. I conclude that because of the undeserved influence and ableism of transhumanism, it is important for feminist philosophers, philosophers of disability, and other disability scholars, who collide at the nexus of bioethical debate (especially with regard to reproductive technology and the body), to work together to intervene upon transhumanist discourse. Keywords: bioethics; enhancement; Foucault; transhumanism; ableism
Medical-care systems for long-duration space missions

As in the opening of frontiers on Earth, human physiological maladaptation, illness, and injury--rather than defective transportation systems--are likely to be the pace-limiting variables in efforts to expand the presence of humans into the solar system. Because of the inability of individuals to return to Earth rapidly and conveniently, the capability of delivering medical care on site will be key to the success of a manned space station, lunar base, and Mars mission. Spaceflight medical care equipment must meet stringent constraints of size, weight, and power requirements, and then must function accurately in remote, self-contained, microgravity settings after extended intervals of storage, with neither expert operators nor repair technicians on site. Satisfying these unusually rigorous requirements will require sustained direct involvement of clinically up-to-date health-care providers, medical scientists, and biomedical engineers, as well as astronauts and aerospace engineers and managers. Solutions will require validation in clinical settings with real patients, as well as in simulated operational settings.
THE EFFECTS OF VIDEOTAPE MODELING AND DAILY FEEDBACK ON RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION, HOME TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY, PERCEIVED COMFORT, AND CLOTHING WORN: WINTER AND SUMMER

Two studies were conducted in all-electric townhouses and apartments in the winter (N = 83) and summer (N = 54) to ascertain how energy conservation strategies focusing on thermostat change and set-backs and other low-cost/no-cost approaches would affect overall electricity use and electricity used for heating and cooling, the home thermal environment, the perceived comfort of participants, and clothing that was worn. The studies assessed the effectiveness of videotape modeling programs that demonstrated these conservation strategies when used alone or combined with daily feedback on electricity use. In the winter, the results indicated that videotape modeling and/or feedback were effective relative to baseline and to a control group in reducing overall electricity use by about 15% and electricity used for heating by about 25%. Hygrothermographs, which accurately and continuously recorded temperature and humidity in the homes, indicated that participants were able to live with no reported loss in comfort and no change in attire at a mean temperature of about 62°F when home and about 59°F when asleep. The results were highly discrepant with prior laboratory studies indicating comfort at 75°F with the insulation value of the clothing worn by participants in this study. In the summer, a combination of strategies designed to keep a home cool with minimal or no air conditioning, in conjunction with videotape modeling and/or daily feedback, resulted in overall electricity reductions of about 15% with reductions on electricity for cooling of about 34%, but with feedback, and feedback and modeling more effective than modeling alone. Despite these electricity savings, hygrothermograph recordings indicated minimal temperature change in the homes, with no change in perceived comfort or clothing worn. The results are discussed in terms of discrepancies with laboratory studies, optimal combinations of video-media and personal contact to promote behavior change, and energy policies that may be mislabeled as sacrificial and underestimate the effectiveness of conservation strategies such as those investigated in these studies.
OBSIDIAN PROCUREMENT AMONG THE JUMANOS PUEBLOS, NEW MEXICO, A. D. 1300–1670S

In this article, I present (1) the results of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) sourcing analyses and (2) the relative frequencies of archaeological obsidian artifacts from three Late Prehispanic and Early Colonial period (A. D. 1300 to 1670s) Jumanos pueblos in central New Mexico: Gran Quivira, Pueblo Blanco, and Pueblo Colorado. The XRF data suggest that the villages were relatively independent from one another in terms of the nonlocal social and economic relationships through which obsidian was acquired. At the same time, the analysis of the relative frequencies of obsidian suggests that at first the residents of Gran Quivira, and then those of Pueblo Blanco, had greater access to obsidian than the inhabitants of the other two villages. Taken together, the results of these two analyses suggest that seemingly opposing relations of autonomy and differentiation may have characterized the long-distance social and economic activities of the residents of these pueblos and their relationships to each other.
The Internet and Japanese education: the effect of globalisation on education policies and government initiatives

Examines the effect of Internet growth on education within Japan, where English and the alphabet are not the first forms of communication. In 1997 the Internet Society carried out research to find what language people were using on the Internet. English accounted for 82% of all web sites, German was second with 4% and then Japanese at under 2%. However, with policy changes at the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, and better translation software, the Japanese use of the Internet exploded. By the end of 1997 the number of servers using Japanese overtook those using German. This article examines the policies, initiatives and developments of the Japanese Government that created this growth and looks at the effect of these changes on educational policies.
Arab American Women, Mental Health, and Feminism

Research on the mental health needs of and services for Arab American women from a feminist lens has been limited. Through a review of the literature, this article briefly describes Arab American women, their mental health needs, and the mental health services available to them from a feminist viewpoint. The literature cited in this article covers a 20-year period and, in addition to feminism, draws on such disciplines as anthropology, ethnic studies, medicine, psychiatry, and religious studies. On the basis of the literature review, it is recommended that culturally competent mental health practice integrate a feminist lens with Arab American women clients.
Resident Selection Protocols in Plastic Surgery: A National Survey of Plastic Surgery Program Directors

Background: With the transition of many plastic surgery training programs from the traditional to the integrated/coordinated model, critical evaluation of the process by which medical students are selected for residency is needed. To increase the understanding of this process and to improve the manner in which candidates are vetted, a survey study was designed. Methods: A 29-question online survey was designed to discern desired qualities regarding resident selection, interview processes, resident participation, and program director satisfaction with the current process. This survey was sent to all 49 integrated/coordinated program directors in the United States. Results: Forty-three of 49 program directors (87.8 percent) responded. High-quality letters of recommendation (author and substance) and performance on subinternship rotations and interviews were considered the most important qualities in selecting residents. Candidates' interview performance and rank order list position were considered by many to be indicative of resident quality, but responses varied. Forty-two of 43 program directors reported that their own residents participate in the interview and/or selection process. Overall, only 43.2 percent of respondents found the current process adequate for identifying potential problems. Furthermore, 39.5 percent of programs have dismissed a resident for academic or ethical reasons within the last 10 years. Conclusions: Residency selection is a relatively subjective, unstandardized process. Because medical school performance is not always indicative of ultimate resident quality, it is imperative that integrated/coordinated plastic surgery training programs improve selection protocols to discern who will most likely become a successful resident. A number of program directors are dissatisfied with the process, and better systems for selection would be beneficial.
Imperfection-Sensitivity of Integral and Debonded Sandwich Beams Under Compression

The compressive behavior of sandwich columns with relatively thin facing sheets is investigated. Nonlinear analyses are performed on columns with and without delaminations incorporating a variety of imperfections. The characteristic buckling mode of the columns investigated is one of face-sheet wrinkling. With the onset of wrinkling, the column loses much of its stiffness and buckles in the overall mode. As a result, the column is found to be considerably sensitive to both wrinkling mode imperfections and overall bending introduced by the application of small lateral loads. The sense of imperfection plays a significant role in delaminated specimens. If the imperfection tends to keep the delamination open, it results in a more significant reduction of the load carrying capacity. A comparison of the responses of the beams with and without delamination indicates that the presence of the delamination of relatively short length (1/15 of span) can reduce the maximum load carrying capacity by about 30%.
Re and Os isotopes of the central Oregon Cascades and along the arc indicate variable homogenization and mafic growth in the deep crust

The rhenium–osmium isotopic system has the potential to track the maturation of arc crust at lower crustal levels because the 187 Os/ 188 Os in magmas is sensitive to the age and composition of crust with which they interact. We here present Re and Os isotopic data for a suite of samples from the extensional central Oregon Cascade arc that includes diverse, primitive (high Mg) basalts and low- and medium-K basaltic andesites from North Sister and Little Brother volcanoes. The basaltic andesites contain higher 187 Os/ 188 Os than the two most common basalt types, calc-alkaline basalt and low-K tholeiites (0.17–0.19 vs. 0.14– 0.15), indicating interaction with mafic crust. The evolution of 187 Os/ 188 Os in the deep crust depends on Re partitioning that in turn depends on sulfide and magnetite stability and oxygen fugacity. We estimate bulk mineral-melt partition coefficients for Re to be � 4a tfO2 � QFM and � 10 at fO2 � +1 to +3 DQFM in keeping with near liquidus phase equilibria at deep crustal conditions (Mercer and Johnston, 2008) and on fO2 of central Oregon primitive magmas (Rowe et al., 2009). Modeling fractional crystallization of the central Oregon primitive basalts indicates that the deep arc crust is likely to have 187 Re/ 188 Os similar to the range measured in North Sister basaltic andesites (� 55–260). The age of the mafic crustal contaminant in the central Oregon Cascades is then estimated to be 9–29 Ma and is younger than the start of Cascade arc volcanism at � 45 Ma in central Oregon. The range in 187 Os/ 188 Os at the Cascade volcanic centers Mt. Lassen and Mt. Adams is greater than is observed for central Oregon arc magmas. We estimate a range in mafic crustal contaminant ages of 8–340 Ma for Mt. Lassen and 0–70 Ma for Mt. Adams and are older than suggested by previous studies (Hart et al., 2002, 2003). Mafic contaminant age ranges reflect the degree to which the crust is homogenized, or the extent to which the composition of the crust is a product of recent arc magmatism vs. pre-existing protoliths. Intra-arc extension in central Oregon facilitates homogenization and leads to assimilation of relatively young arc crust. Where extension is less narrowly focused, the range in Re and Os isotopes is greater and reflects isotopic heterogeneities, including variably aged crust at Mt. Lassen or variable enrichment of Re and Os in the lithosphere beneath Mt. Adams. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Role of NP Animacy and Expletives in Verb Learning

I describe the results of an experiment that bears on how children learn the lexical and syntactic properties of abstract verbs (seem, try) in order to distinguish the subclasses of raising (seem) and control verbs (try). Previous research suggested that an inanimate subject in certain contexts leads children to suppose that the subject and main verb are not thematically related, and thus that the verb is a raising verb. Here I address two alternative possibilities. One possibility is that children lack the adult-like restriction that subject and verb must match in animacy, which I counter with evidence from the developmental literature. The other possibility, addressed by the experiment, is that children's control verbs are thematically related to their subject but do not require the subject to be animate. I will argue, instead, that the presence of an expletive/inanimate subject coerces a raising analysis of the verb, and concomitant “bleached” semantics of the verb in that context.
So, how long have you been in the market? The effect of the timing of observation on purchase

Concentrating on the duration of the purchase deliberation process, we set out to address the following two questions: (1) Given that an individual is at a certain point in the deliberation process, what factors affect the likelihood of purchase? (2) Do the factors affecting purchase vary with the duration of the deliberation process? An empirical analysis of new car purchase survey data suggests that there are in fact significant differences at different stages of the deliberation process. Considerable differences are also found between those individuals who trade in a vehicle and those who do not.
Repair of hypospadias using new mouth-controlled microscope.

Abstract The use of optical magnification (loupes) to repair hypospadiac anomalies in children is well known. A mouth-controlled operating room microscope (Zeiss OPMI 6CH Contraves Stand) became available that has been utilized in 34 cases of hypospadias repair which included 13 flip flap, 4 MAGPI, 14 Hodgson XX (modified Asopa), and 3 other procedures. Other results show that in 2 patients fistula developed and in 1 meatal stenosis. Based on our experience, we believe this new microscope compares favorably with previous results and allows the surgeon to use small sutures with great accuracy.
Development of ohmic contact materials for GaAs integrated circuits

GaAs is a very attractive material for special devices such as high-frequency microwave and optoelectronic devices which perform functions unattainable by Si devices. GaAs digital integrated circuits can operate at speeds beyond the capability of Si devices. In addition, compared with Si devices, the GaAs devices operate at lower power, are more radiation tolerant, and the device fabrication process is simpler. Two distinct types of contacts are fundamental components for GaAs devices: Ohmic (low-resistance) and Schottky (rectifying) type contacts. Performance of GaAs devices is strongly influenced by the electrical properties of these contacts. A variety of metallization systems for these contacts has been developed which provide promising device performance. With increase of the integration level of devices, thermal stability during device fabrication process and operation, control of the diffusion depth of the contact metals into the GaAs, and smooth surface morphology have become important issues as well as the electrical properties. The purpose of the present article is to review the development of Ohmic contact materials for GaAs devices prepared by conventional evaporation and annealing techniques and to discuss compatibility of these contact materials with highly integrated circuits.
Evaluation and optimization of urban public transportation networks

Abstract So far, not much attention has been given to the problem of improving public transportation networks. In many cities these networks have been built sequentially and do not fit to the needs of the users any more. The results are long travel times and an unnecessarily high number of people who have to transfer. Compared to other investments for improving the service level of public transportation systems, the costs of rerouting the public vehicles are low and can, yet, highly improve the performance of the system. To evaluate a public transportation network, the shortest distance and the shortest route from node x to node y , taking the waiting times for a vehicle into account, must be known. It is shown in this paper, how to compute distances and routes efficiently for large networks. Using this algorithm it is described how to evaluate the average transportation cost of the passengers in a public transportation network. In the second part of the paper a heuristic algorithm is stated that improves a public transportation network using the average transportation cost as the objective. Finally, some experiences with real world problems are reported.
Light induces expression of fos-related proteins within gastrin-releasing peptide neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus

The present study was conducted to determine whether the photic induction of c-fos expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) occurs within neurons containing gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and/or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) because these peptidergic cells are closely associated with retinal projections to the ventrolateral subfield. Using dual immunostaining and thin sectioning techniques, the ventrolateral SCN of light-exposed rats was examined for evidence of individual neurons coexpressing nuclear immunostaining for c-fos proteins (Fos) with cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for GRP or VIP. In all animals, the photic induction of Fos expression in the SCN was mainly confined to cells segregated within the ventrolateral subfield and was evident in approximately 40% of the SCN neurons with cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for GRP. However, neurons coexpressing Fos and GRP comprised only a small fraction of the total number of cells within the ventrolateral SCN exhibiting light-induced Fos immunoreactivity. No sign of Fos expression was detected within VIP-immunoreactive perikarya in the ventrolateral SCN of light-treated rats. These results demonstrate that light induces Fos expression in a number of GRP-containing neurons within the SCN, suggesting that these peptidergic cells may process photic information mediating circadian entrainment.
Static Output Feedback Controllers for Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Systems with Input Non-Linearities

In this paper we develop a static output feedback controller synthesis framework for continuous-time and discrete-time multivariable linear time-invariant systems subject to input time-varying non-linearities. The proposed framework directly accounts for robust stability and robust performance over the class of input non-linearities. Specifically, using a Riccati equation approach we develop a controller synthesis framework for constructing feedback controllers with a guaranteed domain of attraction for systems with input saturation non-linearities. The proposed design approach provides a systematic procedure for loop shaping and hence can account for classical design objectives within a modern multivariable control-system design framework. Several illustrative numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
The v3 bands of 12C32S2 and 13C32S2 at high resolution

Abstract The V 3 fundamental of CS 2 at about 1535 cm −1 in the gas-phase infrared spectrum has been measured with a resolution better than 0.03 cm −1 . The transitions 00 0 1-00 0 0 and 01 1 1-01 1 0 of 12 C 32 S 2 and 13 C 32 S 2 have been assigned and analysed and the vibrational frequencies and rotational constants determined, l -type doubling was observed in the two hot bands.
Friedrich Stampfer and the Fall of the Weimar Republic

(2002). Friedrich Stampfer and the Fall of the Weimar Republic. The Historian: Vol. 64, No. 3-4, pp. 687-703.
A commentary on the method of successive starts

A number of comments are made on the method of successive starts. These include a derivation of the method, a discussion of it in its most general setting, remarks on its use, suggestions to improve its accuracy, and some open questions about the method. Several numerical examples are discussed illustrating both success and failure with the method.
The Role of Voice in the (Re)Construction of a Battered Woman's Identity: An Autoethnography of One Woman's Experiences of Abuse

Grounded in social constructionism, this autoethnography explores how one woman's identity was (re)constructed during her abusive relationship—first, how a subjugated identity was created during the entrapment phase, and, second, how an autonomous, self-confident sense of self emerged from the shackles of an enmeshed identity. Finally, assuming the dualistic stance of researcher and participant, the author integrates her “personal expertise” with “presentational expertise” (Foss & Foss, 1994) and offers new ways of conceptualizing and studying violent romantic relationships.
Investigation of intra/inter-band cross-modulation in multi-band radio-over-fiber systems

Intra/inter-band cross-modulations due to Mach-Zehnder modulator nonlinearity in multi-band radio-over-fiber systems is investigated. Signal quality degradation induced by cross-modulation for single-/multi-band scalar and vector signals is analyzed theoretically and validated by experiments.
Doppler line profile analysis for a multichannel Fabry-Perot interferometer

A new method of instrument calibration and data analysis is presented for single-etalon interferometric measurements of winds, temperatures, and emission line intensities. The technique has been developed for the multichannel Fabry-Perot interferometer on the Dynamics Explorer spacecraft. A numerical representation of the instrumental transfer function is used based on a truncated Fourier series with empirically determined coefficients. The numerical form is compared with the conventional analytic form. The Fourier coefficients describing the instrument function are generated at the wavelength of a stable He–Ne laser and are translated to other wavelengths using an interpolation technique for both phase and power. A quasi-linear least-squares fitting process involving matrices provides for a rapid and accurate data reduction.
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and autoimmunity

Abstract TGF-β1 deficient mice develop multifocal inflammatory autoimmune disease and serve as a valuable animal model of autoimmunity. Transgenic expression of a dominant negative form of TGF-β receptor type II in T cells have enabled the study of cell lineage specific effects of TGF-β providing clues to the potential etiology of autoimmunity. These studies suggest that TGF-β deficiency may induce autoimmune disease by influencing a number of immunological phenomena including lymphocyte activation and differentiation, cell adhesion molecule expression, regulatory T cell function, the expression of MHC molecules and cytokines, and cell apoptosis. The spectrum of effects appears to be significant in mucosal immunity and may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.
Synthesis of Sugar-Containing Amphiphiles for Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Liquid and/or supercritical carbon dioxide as a useful processing fluid is limited by its inability to solubilize highly polar compounds. This problem can be alleviated by the addition of CO2-philic amphiphiles. Our primary objective herein is to design and synthesize novel materials that have both strong polar moieties and highly CO2-philic segments. Sugar-containing hydrophobic/hydrophilic fluorinated copolymers were synthesized by free-radical polymerization. The degree of solubility of the amphiphiles in CO2 was found to be heavily influenced by the amphiphilic structure, including the polarity of the sugar head (acetal protected and deprotected), and the fraction of CO2-philic groups. We also found that the presence of water in the CO2 phase could decrease the solubility of the hydrophilic copolymer. The dispersion polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate in CO2 was tested by using the hydrophilic amphiphile as a stabilizer. Spherical particles in the submicron size range were obtained.
Two ILLiad Clients, One Desktop, Purchase on Demand: Sharing a University's Collection, Staff, and Expertise

The University at Buffalo (UB) and Empire State College (ESC) designed a project that demonstrates the viability of shipping materials directly to the patron, the cost-effectiveness of using UPS for delivering and returning materials, the value of expanded library service to ESC patrons, and the practicality of purchasing-on-demand as a service and collection development model. UB staff provide the service and have access to both institutions’ ILLiad clients. Articles are sent via Odyssey. Books not owned by UB are purchased and shipped directly to the patron. The purchased books are added to the UB collection upon return.
Effect of phase‐volume ratio and phase‐inversion on viscosity of microemulsions and liquid crystals

Microemulsions, which are optically transparent oil-water dispersions, were spontaneously produced upon mixing hexadecane, hexanol, potassium oleate, and water in specific proportions. The viscosity of the microemulsions was measured for several water/oil ratios including the phase-inversion region. The striking optical and viscosity changes observed at specific water/oil ratios were in agreement with the proposed mechanism of phase-inversion, namely, water spheres → water cylinders → water lammellae → continuous water phase, for this system. In the phase-inversion region, the dispersion exhibited birefringence and rheopectic properties. An extremely high viscosity (> 100,000 cps) exhibited by the dispersions between water/oil ratios of 2.0 and 3.5 were explained in terms of ion-dipole association between oleate and hexanol molecules on adjacent droplets.
Effects of Radiation on the Noise Performance of Transistors

The predominant transistor noise sources are surveyed and related to both surface and bulk permanent damage radiation effects. The medium and high frequency noise performance of FET and bipolar transistors is not strongly affected by radiation until the devices themselves begin to fail. Low frequency 1/f noise is affected by relatively light radiation doses, but only with the junction FET can one make quantitative predictions of post-radiation noise performance. An additional noise source of very large amplitude is present while radiation induced photocurrent is being generated in transistors.
Biological consequences of ancient gene acquisition and duplication in the large genome of Candidatus Solibacter usitatus Ellin6076.

Members of the bacterial phylum Acidobacteria are widespread in soils and sediments worldwide, and are abundant in many soils. Acidobacteria are challenging to culture in vitro, and many basic features of their biology and functional roles in the soil have not been determined. Candidatus Solibacter usitatus strain Ellin6076 has a 9.9 Mb genome that is approximately 2–5 times as large as the other sequenced Acidobacteria genomes. Bacterial genome sizes typically range from 0.5 to 10 Mb and are influenced by gene duplication, horizontal gene transfer, gene loss and other evolutionary processes. Our comparative genome analyses indicate that the Ellin6076 large genome has arisen by horizontal gene transfer via ancient bacteriophage and/or plasmid-mediated transduction, and widespread small-scale gene duplications, resulting in an increased number of paralogs. Low amino acid sequence identities among functional group members, and lack of conserved gene order and orientation in regions containing similar groups of paralogs, suggest that most of the paralogs are not the result of recent duplication events. The genome sizes of additional cultured Acidobacteria strains were estimated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to determine the prevalence of the large genome trait within the phylum. Members of subdivision 3 had larger genomes than those of subdivision 1, but none were as large as the Ellin6076 genome. The large genome of Ellin6076 may not be typical of the phylum, and encodes traits that could provide a selective metabolic, defensive and regulatory advantage in the soil environment.
Interactions between a minimal protein serine/threonine phosphatase and its phosphopeptide substrate sequence

The protein phosphatase encoded by coliphage lambda (PPλ) was found to be the equivalent of the minimal catalytic core of serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PP) by biochemical and mutational criteria. Bacterially expressed truncated versions of PP1 and PP5 phosphatases, representing the catalytic cores homologous to PPλ, exhibited potent phosphatase activity. Unlike full-length PP1, but like PPλ, the recombinant cores could use casein, p-nitrophenyl phosphate, and a wide variety of peptides as substrates and were resistant to okadaic acid, microcystin-LR, and trypsin. Mutations of His173, Asp208, or Arg221 had little effect on the activity of the PP1 core protein, indicating its closer identity with PPλ than with full-length PP1. Terminal deletions of a few amino acids of the cores destroyed their activity, supporting their minimal nature. Analysis of PPλ mutants suggested an influence of the substrate on metal ion binding. The minimal length of a phosphopeptide substrate of PPλ appeared to be a phosphorylated serine/threonine flanked by 1 or 2 amino acid residues on either side, the N-terminal ones being more effective.