cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mission Statement Analysis of CCCU Member Institutions

Assessed were the mission statements of 107 member institutions of the Coalition of Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU). The analysis was conducted on a microlevel via appraising the frequency of words used in the statements as well as the general constructs expressed. The respective mission statements were coded for content and common themes were analyzed and compared for similarities among the institutions. Results showed the following themes: education (70%), Christian (68%), service (61%), society (55%), life (45%), and academics (44%). Overall, surprisingly little relative attention was given to the distinctive nature of Christianity relative to constructs such as Christ (43%), faith (31%), church-related concepts such as kingdom (27%), God (26%), Bible (23%), Christ-centered (16%), or truth (10%). The results are discussed in light of higher education's overall objectives and how mission statements set the tone for institutional milieu.
Design characteristics that influence attrition in geriatric antidepressant trials: meta-analysis.

Objective To identify study-level and treatment group-level characteristics that are associated with attrition in antidepressant trials for the depressed elderly. Methods This meta-analysis used 68 published antidepressant randomized trials for the elderly depressed. Study-level and treatment group-level variables were extracted. The former consisted of: use of placebo arm, number of arms, unbalanced treatment allocation, year conducted, study duration, study location, number of centers, and patient pool. The latter consisted of: assigned treatments, baseline mean Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), baseline mean age, gender ratio, attrition size, and sample size. Univariate logistic regressions with attrition as the dependent variable were applied, followed by application of a forward stepwise selection method for identification of independent attrition correlates. Results The 68 studies had a total of 153 treatment groups and 8,385 subjects. Among them, 2,287 subjects were terminated early, resulting in an overall 27.3% attrition rate. The stepwise results showed that higher attrition was significantly associated with active antidepressant groups as opposed to placebo groups, higher baseline HDRS, smaller sample size, unbalanced allocation of treatments, longer duration, and studies conducted in USA. Conclusions The attrition in geriatric antidepressant trials can be affected by study and group-level design characteristics that include severity of depression symptoms and active treatments among others. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperative learning and case study: does the combination improve students' perception of problem-solving and decision making skills?

Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cooperative learning techniques combined with case study on nursing students' self-perception of problem-solving and decision making skills in comparison with other teaching-learning methods. A quasi-experimental pre-test to post-test static group comparison design was used to determine the influence of the different teaching methodologies. Three associate degree colleges provided a convenience sample of nursing students ( N =123). An experimental group ( n =31) was taught through cooperative learning and case study. One comparison group, was taught through lecture and large group case study ( n =46) and another comparison group was taught through lecture only ( n =24). A third comparison group taught through lecture and occasional use of non-cooperative learning groups using continuing case study ( n =22) was used as a post-test only control group. No two groups were significantly different at the 0.5 level. The results, however, showed that the experimental group obtained scores indicating somewhat better self-perception of both problem-solving and decision making skills.
Naltrexone blockade of nicotine effects in cigarette smokers.

Rationale: The role of endogenous opiate systems in cigarette smoking remains unclear. In laboratory animals, opiate antagonists block many of the effects of nicotine, but in humans they do not consistently alter smoking behavior. Objective: This study explored the effects of naltrexone, alone and in combination with nicotine, on smoking behavior. Methods: In a double-blind, double-dummy, within-subjects design, 19 regular smokers received four treatments of 1 week duration: naltrexone tablet (50 mg) plus placebo skin patch, placebo tablet plus nicotine skin patch (21 mg/24 h), naltrexone tablet plus nicotine skin patch, and placebo tablet plus placebo skin patch. During each treatment, subjects rated their responses to nicotine-containing and denicotinized cigarettes in the laboratory, and to their own brand of cigarette smoked ad libitum outside the laboratory. Results: Pretreatment with the nicotine patch attenuated smoking-induced decreases in craving, negative affect, and rates of ad lib smoking, and potentiated the aversiveness of a cigarette. Naltrexone reversed these effects of the nicotine patch, and produced negative effects on mood. Conclusions: The blockade of nicotine’s effects by naltrexone supports a role for opioid mechanisms in cigarette smoking.
The recent evolutionary origin of the phenylalanine-sensitive isozyme of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase in the enteric lineage of bacteria.

Evolutionary events that generated the three regulatory isozymes of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase present in contemporary strains ofEscherichia coli have been proposed recently [Ahmad et al. (1986) J Bacteriol 165:146–154]. The phylogenetic subdivision of gram-negative prokaryotes studied (Superfamily B) includes enteric bacteria, anOceanospirillum cluster, pseudomonad Group I (e.g.,Pseudomonas aeruginosa), pseudomonad Group V (e.g.,Xanthomonas), and theAcinetobacter grouping. DAHP synthase-phe, a regulatory isozyme subject to allosteric control byl-phenylalanine, was the last member of the isozyme family to evolve. Thus, DAHP synthase-phe is absent throughout Superfamily B except within the enteric lineage. Bacteria that make up the enteric lineage (Escherichia, Klebsiella, Erwinia, Serratia, Proteus, Aeromonas, andAlteromonas) were examined in detail; DAHP synthasephe was present in each of these organisms. Therefore, the isozyme originated between the separation of the enteric andOceanospirillum lineages, prior to the divergence ofAlteromonas putrefaciens (44% homology withE. coli by DNA:rRNA hybridization) from the rest of the enteric lineage. DAHP synthase-tyr and DAHP synthase-trp were uniformly present within the enteric lineage, although it was often necessary to derepress DAHP synthase-trp by physiological manipulation in order to demonstrate its presence.
Estrogen treatment during development alters adult partner preference and reproductive behavior in female laboratory rats

There is broad acceptance for the idea that during development estradiol 'organizes' many aspects of reproductive behavior including partner preferences in the laboratory rat. With respect to partner preference, this idea is drawn from studies where estrogen action was in someway blocked, either through aromatase or estrogen receptor inhibition, during development in male rats. The lack of estrogens neonatally results in a decrease in the male rat's preference for females. In this study, the effect of early postnatal estradiol treatment on the partner preferences of female rats was examined as a further test of the hypothesis that male-typical partner preference is dependent upon early exposure to estrogens. Our principal finding was that increased postnatal estradiol exposure during development affected partner preference in the expected direction, and this effect was seen under several adult hormonal and behavioral testing conditions. Female rats that received exogenous estradiol during development spent more time with an estrous female and less time with a sexually active male than did cholesterol treated females. The estradiol treatment also disrupted normal female sexual behavior, receptivity, and proceptivity.
Monitoring ionic adducts to elucidate reaction mechanisms: reduction of tetracyanoquinodimethane and oxidation of triphenylamine investigated using on-line electrochemistry/electrospray mass spectrometry

The products of the electrochemical reduction of 7,7′,8,8′-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ) and the electrochemical oxidation of triphenylamine (TPA) were studied using a thin-layer flow cell coupled upstream on-line with electrospray mass spectrometry. Linear sweep voltammetry was used to generate intermediates and products of reduction/oxidation that were monitored by mass spectrometry in negative/positive ion mode, respectively. During reduction of TCNQ the potential dependence of the radical anion, the single-charge and the double-charge charge-transfer complexes and the double-charge anion were determined. The data provided direct evidence that following the first electron transfer practically all radical anions turn into the [TCNQ22−+Li+]− adduct. The adduct formation could be observed also in case of the double-charge anion, forming [TCNQ2−+Li+]− during/after the second electron transfer. Similarly, in the case of TPA the potential dependence of the radical cations of the monomer/dimer and the double-charge dimer were evaluated. Results on TPA oxidation suggested the formation of [TPA–H]+ that can originate from TPA•+ by consecutive proton and electron loss. The existence of [TPA–H]+ was confirmed by close inspection of the mass spectrometric peak shapes around m/z 244 and by simulation and mathematical evaluation of the measured data. However, monitoring the adducts of doubly (multiply) charged ions with oppositely charged ion(s) resulting in single-charge ions has proven to be a useful method to get relevant information about the doubly (multiply) charged ions when mass signal interference occurs between double-charge dimer and single-charge monomer molecules that have very close or equal m/z values. Moreover, in each case (reduction and oxidation) the results proved again that the electrochemistry/electrospray mass spectrometry technique is capable of monitoring reactions with complex reaction paths.
Military Sexual Trauma in Men Exploring Treatment Principles

Military sexual trauma (MST) is reported in approximately 20%-43% of female service members and veterans, and 1%-3% of male service members and veterans. These rates reflect thousands of individual cases. However, there is limited research on treatment interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) associated with men's MST. The authors illustrate a model for integrating empirically based treatment protocols into an outpatient treatment program for PTSD related to men's MST. This model is based on Herman's trauma recovery model of safety, mourning, and reconnection. This proposed series of interventions integrates components of several empirically supported treatments into this model, including dialectical behavior therapy, seeking safety, and cognitive processing therapy. The aim of this approach is to first increase trust and knowledge about PTSD and MST, then increase distress tolerance and emotional regulation skills. This lays the groundwork for further trauma-focused treatment. The authors discuss lessons learned for facilitating treatment. Language: en
Perspective: Deconstructing a disease.

A slew of new data suggests that it is time to rethink and reclassify autoimmune disease, says David A. Hafler.
Effects of parametric variations of complex targets on damage from projectile impact

The effects of a hypervelocity projectile striking complex targets have been investigated. The targets consisted of metallic and low-density shock attenuating layers and void regions. The major features of the targets were systematically varied to correlate changes in the targets with the projectile's effectiveness in damaging the targets. Two-dimensional numerical simulations were done with the Eulerian computational fluid dynamics program PINON. Projectile effectiveness against the various targets was measured by determining the maximum pressure, pressure integral, P2τ value, and hole size at several locations in the targets.
Purification of an enzyme responsible for acetate formation from acetyl coenzyme A in Selenomonas ruminatium

Abstract An enzyme, capable of catalyzing the ADP-dependent conversion of acetyl coenzyme A, propionyl coenzyme A and succinyl coenzyme A into the corresponding free acids, has been purified from the strict rumen anaerobe Selenomonas ruminantium . All three activities cochromatographed and have been purified 60-fold. As determined by gel filtration, the molecular weight of this enzyme was 230 000. Gel electrophoresis in native gels resolved the purified protein fraction into a major and three minor protein bands. The relative mobility of the major band coincided with the relative mobility of single bands that were obtained when gels were stained for activity with each of the three substrates. The physiological role of this new enzyme is discussed.
Chemical transport to the seafloor of the equatorial Pacific Ocean across a latitudinal transect at 135°W: Tracking sedimentary major, trace, and rare earth element fluxes at the Equator and the Intertropical Convergence Zone

We have analyzed the major, trace, and rare earth element composition of surface sediments collected from a transect across the Equator at 135°W longitude in the Pacific Ocean. Comparing the behavior of this suite of elements to the CaCO3, opal, and Corg fluxes (which record sharp maxima at the Equator, previously documented at the same sampling stations) enables us to assess the relative significance of the various pathways by which trace elements are transported to the equatorial Pacific seafloor. The 1. (1) high biogenic source at the Equator, associated with equatorial divergence of surface water and upwelling of nutrient-rich water, and 2. (2) high aluminosilicate flux at 4°N, associated with increased terrigenous input from elevated rainfall at the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) of the tradewinds, are the two most important fluxes with which elemental transport is affiliated. The biogenic flux at the Equator transports Ca and Sr structurally bound to carbonate tests and Mn primarily as an adsorbed component. Trace elements such as Cr, As, Pb, and the REEs are also influenced by the biogenic flux at the Equator, although this affiliation is not regionally dominant. Normative calculations suggest that extremely large fluxes of Ba and P at the Equator are carried by only small proportions of barite and apatite phases. The high terrigenous flux at the ITCZ has a profound effect on chemical transport to the seafloor, with elemental fluxes increasing tremendously and in parallel with Ti. Normative calculations, however, indicate that these fluxes are far in excess of what can be supplied by lattice-bound terrigenous phases. The accumulation of Ba is greater than is affiliated with biogenic transport at the Equator, while the P flux at the ITCZ is only 10% less than at the Equator. This challenges the common view that Ba and P are essentially exclusively associated with biogenic fluxes. Many other elements (including Mn, Pb, As, and REEs) also record greater accumulation beneath the ITCZ than at the Equator. Thus, adsorptive scavenging by terrigenous paniculate matter, or phases intimately associated with them, appears to be an extremely important process regulating elemental transport to the equatorial Pacific seafloor. These findings emphasize the role of vertical transport to the sediment, and provide additional constraints on the paleochemical use of trace elements to track biogenic and terrigenous fluxes.
Humiliation: And Other Essays on Honor, Social Discomfort, and Violence

How do we feel when our friend turns up with a holiday present and we have nothing ready to give in exchange? What lies behind our small social panics and the maneuvers we use, to avoid losing face? Recognizing how much we care about how others see us, this wise and witty book tackles the complex subject of humiliation and the emotions that keep us going as self-respecting social actors. William Ian Miller writes astutely about a host of homely and seemingly banal social occasions and shows us what is buried behind them. In his view, our lives are permeated with sometimes merely uncomfortable, sometimes hair-raising rituals of shame and humiliation. Take the unwanted dinner invitation, the exchange of valentines in grade school, or the "diabolically ingenious invention of the bridal registry." Readers will have no trouble recognizing the social situations he finds indicative of our often perilous dealings with each other. Educated as a literary critic and philologist, by profession a historian of medieval Iceland, by employment a law professor, Miller ranges comfortably beyond his areas of formal expertise to talk about emotions across time and culture. His scenarios are based on incidents from his own college town and from the Iceland of the sagas. He also makes incursions into the emotional worlds represented in the Middle English poem, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and in some of the works of Shakespeare, Dostoyevsky, and others. Indeed, one theme that gradually becomes specific is how meaning travels from one culture to another. Ancient codes of honor, he insists, still function in contemporary American life. Some of Miller's narratives are unsettling, and he acknowledges that a certain ironical misanthropy may run through his discussions. But he succeeds in cutting through a mountain of pretensions to entertain and enlighten us.
Geochronological constraints on the evolution of high-pressure felsic granulites from an integrated electron microprobe and ID-TIMS geochemical study

Abstract A combined geochronological, geochemical, and Nd isotopic study of felsic high-pressure granulites from the Snowbird Tectonic Zone, northern Saskatchewan, Canada, has been carried out through the application of integrated electron microprobe and isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) techniques. The terrane investigated is a 400 km 2 domain of garnet–kyanite–K–feldspar-bearing quartzofeldspathic gneisses. Monazite in these granulites preserves a complex growth history from 2.6 to 1.9 Ga, with well-armored, high Y and Th grains included in garnet yielding the oldest U–Pb dates at 2.62 to 2.59 Ga. In contrast, matrix grains and inclusions in garnet rims that are not well-armored are depleted in Y and Th, and display more complicated U–Pb systematics with multiple age domains ranging from 2.5 to 2.0 Ga. 1.9 Ga monazite occurs exclusively as matrix grains. Zircon is typically younger (2.58 to 2.55 Ga) than the oldest monazite. Sm–Nd isotope analysis of single monazite grains and whole rock samples indicate that inclusions of Archean monazite in garnet are similar in isotopic composition to the whole rock signature with a limited range of slightly negative initial ɛ Nd . In contrast, grains that contain a Paleoproterozoic component show more positive initial ɛ Nd , most simply interpreted as reflecting derivation from a source involving consumption of garnet and general depletion of HREE's. Our preferred interpretation is that the oldest monazite dates record igneous crystallization of the protolith. The ca. 2.55 Ga dates in zircon and monazite record an extensive melting event during which garnet and ternary feldspar formed. Very high-pressure (> 1.5 GPa) metamorphism during the Paleoproterozoic at 1.9 Ga produced kyanite from garnet breakdown, and resulted in limited growth of new monazite and zircon. In the case of monazite, this is likely due to the armoring and sequestration of early-formed monazite such that it could not participate in metamorphic reactions during the high-pressure event, as well as the depletion of the REE's due to melt loss following the early melting event.
Disease Problems in the Third World

The mean annual rate of decline of the probability of dying 2500 gm. In Bangladesh 50% of infants weight 9-month old infants would eradicate measles. Children and young adults are at the highest risk of injuries. Lung cancer is on the rise in developing countries due to the increase of tobacco smoking. Various means of controlling malaria are use of mosquito nets antimalarial drugs reduction of mosquito breeding places and pesticides. The new infectious disease AIDS has emerged as a considerable health problem in developing countries. High priority research areas are vaccines for Streptococcus pneumonia Plasmodium app. rotavirus Salmonella typhi (Ty21a) and Shigella spp.
Regional differences in the economic feasibility of advanced biorefineries: Fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing

Abstract This analysis identifies the sensitivity of the fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing pathway to facility location. The economic feasibility of a 2000 metric ton per day fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing biorefinery is quantified based on 30 different state-specific facility locations within the United States. We calculate the 20-year internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV) for each location scenario as a function of state- and region-specific factors. This analysis demonstrates that biorefinery IRR and NPV are very sensitive to bio-oil yield, feedstock cost, location capital cost factor, and transportation fuel market value. The IRRs and NPVs generated for each scenario vary widely as a result, ranging from a low of 7.4% and −$79.5 million in Illinois to a high of 17.2% and $165.5 million in Georgia. The results indicate that the economic feasibility of the fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing pathway is strongly influenced by facility location within the United States. This result could have important implications for cellulosic biofuel commercialization under the revised Renewable Fuel Standard.
Integrating Sustainability in Management and Business Education: A Matrix Approach

This paper presents a matrix of options for integrating sustainability in management and business education, and illustrates how the matrix can be used with the example of a business school in the ...
Human Exposures to Pesticides in the United States

Pesticides are used in most homes, businesses, and farms to control a variety of pests, including insects, weeds, fungi, rodents, and even microbial organisms. Inappropriate use of pesticides can lead to adverse effects to humans and the environment. This study provides updated information on the magnitude of adverse pesticide exposures in the United States. Data on pesticide exposure were obtained from calls to poison control centers (PCCs) reported by the American Association of Poison Control Centers. Estimates of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and health care costs were reported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and deaths from pesticide poisonings reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) WONDER (Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research). An average of 23 deaths occur each year with pesticides as the underlying cause of death, most due to suicidal ingestions. An average of 130,136 calls to poison control centers were reported from 2006 to 2010, with an average of 20,116 cases (17.8%) treated in health care facilities annually. AHQR reported an annual average of 7385 emergency room visits during 2006 to 2008, and 1419 annual hospitalizations during 2005 to 2009. Excluding cost from lost work time, hospital physician fees, and pesticide-induced cancers, the annual national cost associated with pesticide exposures was estimated as nearly $200 million USD based on data from emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and for deaths. Pesticide exposures remain a significant public health issue. Health care providers, cooperative extension agents, and pesticide manufactures can help prevent exposures by increasing education of parents and workers, encourage use of less toxic agents, and encourage the practice of integrated pest management.
The Occurrence and Effect of a Protozoan Parasite, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (Neogregarinida: Ophryocystidae) on Overwintering Monarch Butterflies, Danaus Plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) from Two California Winter Sites

. 1 Monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus, from two overwintering populations, were found to have Ophryocystis elektroscirrha spores on their scales at rates between 53% and 68%. The frequency of butterflies with O.elektroscirrha spores remained about the same between sites and throughout the winter. 2 The spores, recovered from all parts of the body of the butterfly, were most numerous on the abdomen, particularly near the posterior third. 3 Butterflies with spores survived as long as those without detectable spores at 10.1°C ±0.4 SE and 78.3% r.h. ±0.6SE. Insects with spores held at 19.4°C ±0.4SE and 44.9% r.h. ±1.5SE showed a significantly higher rate of moisture loss and survived a shorter period than monarch butterflies without detectable spores.
An LTI/LTV decomposition of adaptive feedforward systems with sinusoidal regressors

It is shown that a large class of adaptive feedforward controllers having a sinusoidal regressor (i.e. a regressor comprised exclusively of sinusoidal signals), can be written as the parallel connection of a purely linear time-invariant (LTI) subsystem and a linear time-varying subsystem is important because it can be readily analyzed and designed using modern robust control tools applicable to LTI systems with norm-bounded perturbations.
CnP: Towards an environment for the proactive management of copy-and-paste programming

Programmers copy and paste code for many reasons. Regardless of the specific reasons, similar code fragments (clones) are introduced into software systems. Like other software artifacts, clones may require attention and effort from programmers so that they can be understood, and correctly adapted and evolved. More specifically, when understanding and maintaining clones, programmers need to know where the clones are. Programmers also need to compare and contrast code clones in order to figure out how they correspond and differ. Finally, they also need to edit or remove clones. In addition to what clone detection-based tools can offer, more automated support is needed to better assist programmers in these activities. In this paper, we introduce a toolkit CnP that is aimed to support and manage clones proactively as they are created and evolved. We describe the initial features and the design decisions taken in CnP. We also discuss possible future design extensions.
High-affinity uptake system for cysteine in crude synaptosomal fractions of rat cerebral cortex.

The in vitro uptake of [35S] cysteine was studied in crude synaptosomal preparation of the cerebral cortex of rat. The accumulation of cysteine was found to be temperature- and time-dependent. It was linear at least for four minutes at 37 C with characteristics of saturable kinetics. Uptake of cysteine was Na+- and K+-dependent. Increasing the Na+ ion concentration increased the accumulation of cysteine in synaptosomal preparations; unlike the Na+ ion, an increase in the K+ ion, an increase in the K+ ion inhibited cysteine uptake. Cysteine was accumulated against concentration gradients by a saturable mechanism. Double reciprocal plot of the cysteine uptake suggests two types of affinity systems, with Km values for the high-affinity uptake of about 12.2 μM and for the low-affinity uptake of about 4 mM. The high-affinity uptake was also significantly inhibited by ouabain, a potent inhibitor of the Na+-K+-dependent ATPase, and other metabolic inhibitors. The results of the effects of cysteine analogues on uptake also suggested that it is a substrate-specific high-affinity uptake system for cysteine.
3D surface recognition and shape estimation from textured images

The authors present a novel and unifying decision-theoretic model-based approach for solving the problem of 3-D surface recognition and orientation estimation given an surface image patch. They concentrate on the subclass of quadric surfaces, mainly planes, cylinders, and spheres. The underlying assumption is that the different surfaces are textured. The authors adopt a model-based approach, wherein in the sensed image data that emanate from a 3-D surface patch are locally approximated by a homogeneous Markov random field (MRF) texture model which is parameterized by a few (known or unknown) parameters. To classify a surface image patch successfully, allowance is made for a direct link between the image data and the surface from which they emanate. This is achieved by explicitly making the 3-D surface shape parameters, the camera geometry, and the scene lighting part of the MRF model structure. Because of this link, optimum surface parameters are obtained, and minimum error bounds can be derived. >
Combinatorial Synthesis and Reactivity Screening of Electro-Oxidation Catalyst Gradients

Combinatorial methods represent an appealing experimental method for the discovery of heterogeneous catalysts. One can efficiently identify candidate materials or sample vast regions of composition space using a combination of dense catalyst libraries and high-throughput reactivity screening techniques. This is particularly appealing for the discovery of novel catalysts for low temperature fuel cells where multi-component systems have shown improved performance. For example, the poison tolerance of typical anode catalysts can be improved by the addition of oxophilic components such as ruthenium, molybdenum, tin or osmium. Consequently, a vast composition space must be sampled in order to identify catalyst compositions or regions of composition space with greater activity. Combinatorial methods represent a practical means to speed-up the catalyst discovery process. In this manuscript, we demonstrate a novel method for combinatorial catalyst discovery based upon the synthesis and reactivity mapping of catalyst composition gradients. Samples consisting of uniform variations in surface composition of metals catalysts (Pt-M1 and Pt-M1-M2, where M1 M2 = Ru, Mo, Sn or Os) are fabricated using a gel-transfer technique. A concentration gradient of source metal ions is produced in a swollen polymer gel and then transferred onto a surface by electrodeposition to create a continuous composition gradient. An in situ reactivity-mapping tool based on the scanning electrochemical microscope is used to interrogate these catalyst gradients for the hydrogen oxidation reaction in the presence of adsorbed carbon monoxide.
Affective Incoherence Reduces Reliance on Activated Stereotypes

The present research asked if experiences of affective coherence and incoherence regulate tendencies to respond based on activated stereotypes. Affective coherence occurs when affective feelings and activated affective concepts are in harmony, and affective incoherence occurs when such feelings and concepts are in conflict. This experiment shows that when the valence of accessible thoughts and participants' mood were affectively coherent, this promoted tendencies to respond based on activated stereotypes. When the valence of accessible thoughts and participants' mood were affectively incoherent, this inhibited tendencies to respond based on activated stereotypes. Further, results indicated that the influence of affective coherence and incoherence on stereotyping was driven by variation in feelings of positive affect. These results extend past research on affective coherence and incoherence by showing that such experiences not only influence the acquisition and organization of knowledge, but also the relia...
The Sahel: A Malthusian Challenge?

The population of the least developed countries of the Sahel will more than triple from 100 million to 340 million by 2050, and new research projects that today’s extreme temperatures will become the norm by mid-century. The region is characterized by poverty, illiteracy, weak infrastructure, failed states, widespread conflict, and an abysmal status of women. Scenarios beyond 2050 demonstrate that, without urgent and significant action today, the Sahel could become the first part of planet earth that suffers large-scale starvation and escalating conflict as a growing human population outruns diminishing natural resources. National governments and the international community can do a great deal to ameliorate this unfolding disaster if they put in place immediate policies and investments to help communities adapt to climate change, make family planning realistically available, and improve the status of girls and women. Implementing evidence-based action now will be an order of magnitude more humane and cost-effective than confronting disaster later. However, action will challenge some long held development paradigms of economists, demographers, and humanitarian organizations. If the crisis unfolding in the Sahel can help bridge the current intellectual chasm between the economic commitment to seemingly endless growth and the threat seen by some biologists and ecologists that human activity is bringing about irreversible damage to the biosphere, then it may be possible also to begin to solve this same formidable problem at a global level.
Orbital inflammatory disease.

Objectives To familiarize rheumatologists and internists with the signs, symptoms, and management of orbital inflammatory disease (OID). Methods A comprehensive literature review related to OID was performed and reported from the perspectives of rheumatology, ophthalmology, and radiology. Results OID is a general term encompassing inflammatory diseases that affect some or all of the structures contained within the orbit external to the globe. Orbital involvement as a part of the initial symptom complex is not uncommon for systemic diseases such as Graves’ disease, Wegener’s granulomatosis, and sarcoidosis. The management of these and other causes of OID, such as idiopathic orbital inflammation (formerly known as “orbital pseudotumor”), orbital myositis, and Tolosa–Hunt syndrome frequently involves systemic immunosuppression. Before immunosuppression is considered, however, infectious and malignant causes of inflammation must be ruled out. Discussion Rheumatologists should be familiar with the differential diagnosis of OID and often need to assist colleagues in ophthalmology and internal medicine with the management of this group of diseases.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

OBJECTIVE The history, diagnosis, and therapy of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) (pseudotumor cerebri) are reviewed. Theories of pathogenesis are considered, the clinical presentation is described, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic challenges are explored. METHODS An extensive literature review of IIH and related conditions (secondary pseudotumor syndromes) was performed. The history of and rationale for the diagnosis and medical and surgical approaches to treatment are reviewed. Available outcome studies are presented. RESULTS Diagnosis of IIH requires that the modified Dandy criteria be satisfied. Multiple potential contributing causes of intracranial hypertension must be identified or excluded. The clinical presentation most often includes headaches and papilledema, but many other findings have been described. The most important goal of therapy is to prevent or arrest progressive visual loss. Medical therapies include alleviation of associated systemic diseases, discontinuation of contributing medications, provision of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and weight loss. Surgical therapies include lumboperitoneal shunting, ventriculoperitoneal shunting, and optic nerve sheath fenestration. On the basis of the advantages and disadvantages of these treatment modalities, a suggested treatment paradigm is presented. CONCLUSION Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is the term to be adopted instead of pseudotumor cerebri. IIH remains an enigmatic diagnosis of exclusion. However, prompt diagnosis and thorough evaluation and treatment are crucial for preventing visual loss and improving associated symptoms.
Case 76: An Intermittently Worrisome Capnography Trace

A routine general anesthetic is in progress. The child is 10 years old (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I [ASA1], 33 kg) undergoing an orthopedic procedure. He is being ventilated through an endotracheal tube (ETT) with N2O 70 % in oxygen and sevoflurane using the circle system attached to an Apollo machine (Drager Medical Inc., Telford, PA). The soda lime in the canister has just been replaced prior to the start of this anesthetic. The fresh gas flow (FGF) is 2 L/min.
The myriad of challenges with correctional change: From goals to culture

Presently, many correctional organizations seek to change both policy and practice to improve offender outcomes. The occupational roles played by both staff and management represent an imperative p...
Effects of resistance exercise on glucose tolerance in normal and glucose-intolerant subjects

This study was conducted to determine whether improvements in glucose tolerance could be observed after a single bout of resistance exercise in young (27.1 +/- 1.24 yr) control subjects, older (53.3 +/- 1.7 yr) patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and older (50.7 +/- 1.9 yr) age-matched control subjects. Each subject was screened for fitness level and any contraindications to exercise before inclusion in the study. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was administered 2 wk after the subjects were screened, and the subjects were familiarized with the exercise equipment. The maximum weight that could be lifted with one repetition was determined on seven Nautilus machines that utilized the upper and lower body. After a 48-h rest period, a 3-set x 10-repetition protocol based on the subject's one repetition maximum was completed by each participant on each machine. Eighteen hours after the lifting protocol, a second oral glucose tolerance test was administered. There was no change in the pre- to post-exercise glucose levels in any of the treatment groups, but the total insulin responses (area under the curve) of the young control and NIDDM groups were significantly lower after exercise: from 6.93 +/- 0.8 x 10(3) to 5.38 +/- 0.65 x 10(3) pM in the young control group and from 9.83 +/- 1.95 x 10(3) to 7.77 +/- 1.50 x 10(3) pM in the NIDDM group. The postexercise C-peptide levels were unchanged in all groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
In search of Monk Hall: A publishing history of George Lippard's the Quaker City

Michael Winship, “In Search of Monk Hall: A Publishing History of George Lippard’s The Quaker City ” (pp. 132–149) A reconstruction of the complicated publication history of George Lippard’s The Quaker City, or the Monks of Monk Hall (1844-45), based on an examination of the available evidence, including the few surviving manuscript sources, newspaper notices and advertisements, scarce surviving early copies of the work itself, and contemporaneous accounts. Among the issues addressed are: the chronology of publication of the original ten numbers of the work; the evolving relationship between Lippard and his publisher, George B. Zieber; and the methods of distribution and number of copies produced and sold. This account suggests that a better understanding of how The Quaker City was produced and circulated in its own time will enrich scholars’ understanding of the novel and the cultural work that it performed.
Syneresis in Silica Gel

The driving force for syneresis is generally attributed to the same chemical reactions that produce gelation, but it has also been proposed that shrinkage could be driven by interracial energy. The latter possibility is explored and discounted. The kinetics of syneresis depend on the driving force, the mobility of the gel network, and the rate of fluid flow through the contracting gel. A model that allows for viscoelastic behavior of the gel and fluid flow according to Darcy's law is shown to provide a quantitatively accurate representation of the shape of the shrinkage curves and the dependence of the shrinkage rate on sample size.
Induction of Tryptophane Pyrrolase and Tyrosine-α-Ketogluarate-Transaminase in Regenerating Liver of Hypophysectomized Rats.

SummaryThe induction of tryptophane pyrrolase and of tyrosine-α-ketoglutarate-transaminase with cortisol is altered in regenerating liver of hypophysectomized rats as compared to normal liver. While there is a decrease in induction of tryptophane pyrrolase 24 hours after hepatectomy a marked increase in the response of tyrosine transaminase activities of cortisol is found during the entire period of regeneration. The onset of mitotic activity during liver regeneration is delayed in hypophysectomized animals. By application of growth hormone it can be brought back to normal. This variation of the mitotic activity, however, has no influence on the time course of the changes in the induction of the two enzymes.
Blacks in Research How Shall We Be Portrayed

A version of this article, “Blacks in Research? How Shall We Be Portrayed?”, was delivered by the author as the 2013 W. E. B. Du Bois Distinguished Lecture to the annual conference of the American Educational Research Association (AERA) Blacks in Education Special Interest Group (Black SIG). This article examines the portrayal of Blacks in research and urges a renaissance among Black intellectuals, specifically calling for Black and progressive other scholars to lead a national movement to present rarely highlighted positive data and research findings about the Black condition—especially those which challenge persistent negative reports and racist notions about Black people.
Kidney function and disease in the elderly.

The major cause of age-related decline In renal function appears to be a reduction in the number of functioning nephron units, with a consequent decrease in GFR and renal blood flow. Other contributing factors may include primary tubular cell aging, reduced cardiac output with consequent renal hypoperfusion, and impaired fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis.
The Five Phases of Economic Development and Institutional Evolution in China, Japan, and Korea

In 2010, aggregate real gross domestic product (GDP) in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP) of China, Japan, South Korea (henceforth Korea), Hong Kong, China, and Taiwan surpassed that of both North America and the European Union.1 According to Maddison’s frequently cited estimate, these economies together also constituted the largest economic zone in 1820, producing more than one-third of the world’s total GDP.2 However, their share dropped by more than three quarters toward the middle of the 20th century, which was then followed by the successive miracles of Japan, the Asian Tigers and now China. What accounts for such a dramatic fall from historical heights and then the resurgence of the region as a whole? Is there anything unique about the East Asian development pattern? What implications does this experience have for future development?
Satisfaction and Condomless Anal Sex at Sexual Debut and Sexual Risk Among Young Black Same-Sex Attracted Men

First sex may be a sentinel event crucial to understanding sexual health trajectories of young Black same-sex attracted men (YBSSAM). We sought to understand whether satisfaction, condomless anal sex, and contextual factors during first sex were associated with sexual risk and recent condom use in YBSSAM. A total of 201 YBSSAM aged 15–24 years completed an Internet survey exploring first sex, current condom use, and sexual risk. High risk was defined as ≥3 of the following: new/concurrent sex partners, STI history, and no/inconsistent condom use. Multivariate logistic regression assessed the association between predictor (satisfaction and first condomless anal sex) and outcome (sexual risk and condomless sex in the past 3 months) variables. Mean age at first sex was 15.2 (SD = 2.9) years, and emotional satisfaction (51.7 %), physical satisfaction (63.7 %), and condomless first anal sex (55.2 %) were common. YBSSAM describing high levels of satisfaction were no more likely to be at high risk or engage in recent condomless sex. Condomless first sex (AOR = 4.57, p = .001), younger age (AOR = 3.43, p = .02), and having a partner >5 years older (AOR = 2.78, p = .03) at first sex were significantly associated with increased risk. Only condomless first sex (AOR = 4.28, p < .001) was associated with condomless recent sex. Satisfaction at first sex may not influence later sexual risk in YBSSAM. However, context of first sex, including condom use at first sex, may play an important role in subsequent risk. Prevention strategies on condom negotiation prior to first sex may help to mitigate HIV burden in YBSSAM.
Relationship between age and erectile dysfunction diagnosis or treatment using real-world observational data in the USA.

SummaryAims With self-reporting of erectile dysfunction (ED) in population-based surveys, men with ED may not represent men who are bothered sufficiently to seek an ED diagnosis and treatment. We used real-world observational data to assess: 1) the prevalence of ED diagnosis or treatment by age subgroups; and 2) the relationship of age with ED diagnosis or treatment after controlling for ED-related comorbidities in the USA. Methods This cross-sectional study used de-identified claims data (MarketScan® databases; primary analysis). Sensitivity analysis was conducted using electronic health records (Humedica® database). Inclusion criteria were men aged ≥18 years with a 360-day continuous enrollment before the index date. We assessed the prevalence of ED diagnosis or phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5I) prescription by age and the risk for ED diagnosis or treatment by age after controlling for comorbidities (hypertension, other cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, depression and benign prostatic hyperplasia). Results Of 19,833,939 men meeting inclusion criteria in the primary analysis, only 1 108 842 (5.6%) had an ED diagnosis or PDE5I prescription (mean [SD] age: 55.2 [11.2] years). Prevalence of ED diagnosis or treatment increased from age 18–29 years (0.4%) to 60–69 years (11.5%), then decreased in the seventh (11.0%), eighth (4.6%), and ninth (0.9%) decades. Men with ED diagnosis or treatment had a higher prevalence of any comorbidity (63.1% vs 29.3% for men without ED) and of each comorbid condition. In multivariate analyses, age was an independent risk factor for ED diagnosis or treatment. Sensitivity analysis provided consistent results. Conclusions In a real-world setting in the USA, the prevalence of ED diagnosis or PDE5I treatment is generally low, increases with age, decreases in very old men, and is associated with increased prevalence of comorbidities. Age is an independent risk factor for ED diagnosis or treatment after controlling for comorbidities.
Polarization coupling transition in BaTi O 3 /PbZ r 0.2 T i 0.8 O 3 ferroelectric bilayers

Electrostatic interactions between thin films of two different ferroelectric materials lead to a layer of free charges localized at the interface between ferroelectrics according to a computational analysis presented in this work. The free charges at the interface between $\mathrm{BaTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{PbZ}{\mathrm{r}}_{0.2}\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{i}}_{0.8}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ reduce polarization coupling strength significantly. This helps the layers to retain most of their single-layer polarizations and enables a layer-by-layer polarization switching, which has been observed in recent experimental studies. The sheet carrier density at the interface decreases by at least eight orders of magnitude when the film thickness is reduced from 30 to 10 nm. This drop in the carrier density is accompanied by a strong increase of polarization coupling between ferroelectric layers. This polarization coupling transition can explain the difference between strong coupling in thin ferroelectric superlattices and weak coupling in thicker multilayer films.