cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A highly user-centered design approach for developing a mobile health app for pain management (PainApp)

The paper presents the design of a mobile application targeting people suffering from chronic or acute pain. The final solution supports the management, reporting and treatment effectiveness monitoring. The proposed PainApp solution runs on Android Smartphones. The paper presents a concrete methodological plan in order to build mobile health applications. The methodology followed was highly interdisciplinary. A participatory design with a team of seventeen stakeholders drove the design and development phases. An interdisciplinary team of experts (physicians, psychologists, IT experts) collaborated with ten patients in order to develop the PainApp solution. The paper focuses on the methodological approach giving insights on the actual plan and the steps followed for having a patient-centric solution. Key success factors and obstacles faced on mobile health applications support the need for such an approach. The several features implemented are presented in details.
Usefulness of Collegiate Aviation Publications: What Aviation Educators Say

Evaluations of refereed research journals typically target their quality. Because of the hybrid nature of aviation education as a discipline and its orientation toward applied research, this research expands the scope of the evaluation process to encompass professional publications that address practitioner interests and focuses on three educational areas: 1) quality, 2) contribution to the discipline, and 3) relevance to ongoing research. Thirty-one out of 205 aviation educators queried responded to the survey by selecting and assessing periodicals pertinent to the discipline. One trade journal, Aviation Week and Space Technology, and four peer-refereed journals, the Collegiate Aviation Review, the Journal of Air Transportation, International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies, and the Journal of Aviation and Aerospace Education and Research achieved the highest composite scores based on analysis of the survey responses.
Gelatinase A and TIMP-2 expression in the fibrous sclera of myopic and recovering chick eyes.

Purpose Myopia, or nearsightedness, is characterized by excessive lengthening of the ocular globe and is associated with extracellular matrix remodeling in the posterior sclera. The activity of gelatinase A, a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family, has been shown to increase in the posterior sclera during the development of induced myopia in several species. In the present study, the distribution and relative expression of gelatinase A and its associated inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2, were measured within the fibrous scleras of experimentally myopic (form-deprived) eyes, control eyes, and eyes recovering from form deprivation to better understand the mechanisms that regulate scleral remodeling and the rate of ocular elongation. Methods Total RNA was extracted from the posterior scleras of form-deprived chick eyes, eyes recovering from deprivation myopia, and paired contralateral control eyes, and subjected to northern blot analysis analyses using cDNA probes to chicken gelatinase A and TIMP-2. The distribution of gelatinase A and TIMP-2 mRNAs was evaluated by in situ hybridization on frozen sections of chick scleras using 33P-labeled RNA probes. Gelatinase A activity within the fibrous scleras of form-deprived eyes and paired contralateral recovering eyes was evaluated by gelatin zymography. Results Northern blot analysis indicated that the relative expression of gelatinase A was increased by 128% in deprived eyes (P = 0.009), whereas after 1 day of recovery, levels were decreased by 80% in scleras from recovering eyes (P = 0.005). In contrast, TIMP-2 expression was significantly decreased (-53%, P = 0.027) in the posterior scleras of form-deprived eyes. No significant differences were detected in levels of TIMP-2 expression between recovering eyes and paired control eyes. In situ hybridization indicated that most of the gelatinase A transcripts were present in the fibrous layer of the posterior scleras from form-deprived and recovering eyes. Conclusions Changes in the steady state levels of gelatinase A and TIMP-2 mRNA lead to changes in gelatinase activity within the fibrous sclera and mediate, at least in part, the process of visually regulated ocular growth and scleral remodeling.
Comparative Study of Isoenzyme Formation of Bacterial β-Galactosidase

Abstract The enzyme β-galactosidase was studied in crude extracts of Escherichia coli 3300, E. coli grown on a selenium and sulfur medium, Salmonella typhimurium F-lac, Serratia marcescens F-lac, S. marcescens P-lac, Proteus mirabilis F-lac, P. mirabilis P-lac, Aeromonas formicans, and Streptococcus lactis. The isoenzymes could be demonstrated by an alternative histochemical technique. Different isoenzyme patterns were found to be determined by the β-galactosidase structural gene and not by the cytoplasm within which the β-galactosidase was formed. In addition, the β-galactosidases from strains which form isoenzymes were more stable to heat and urea treatments than the enzyme formed by those organisms which produce reduced amounts of, or no, isoenzyme.
In-situ monitoring and control for the growth of highly reproducible VCSEL structures

Summary form only given. This paper reviews the pyrometric interferometry technique, and compares it with other in-situ and ex-situ methods for epitaxial growth monitoring and control. Highly reproducible vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) structures are used as an example to demonstrate the effectiveness of the in-situ monitoring and control technique. The authors use the pyrometric interferometry technique for in-situ monitoring and feedback control of layer thickness to obtain highly reproducible distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) for 980- and 780-nm vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL). >
Ligand-induced isomerizations of Escherichia coli ornithine transcarbamoylase : an ultraviolet difference analysis

Ligand-induced ultraviolet difference spectra have been determined for Escherichia coli ornithine transcarbamoylase. The most prominent feature of the spectra is an absorbance difference which resembles a single period of a sine wave spanning the 245-320 nm region with a maximum at approximately 270 nm and a minimum at around 295-300 nm. This broad absorbance difference is typical of a blue-shift 1La band of tryptophan. Superimposed on the broad band in the 275-310 nm region is a series of smaller, narrow peaks resulted from red-shifted 1Lb bands of tryptophan and tyrosine residues. At pH 8.5, only carbamoyl phosphate and its analog phosphonacetamide yield a large ultraviolet difference absorbance (approximately 1800 M-1 cm-1) when bound to the enzyme. The spectra obtained are essentially the same in lineshape to and 80% in intensity of that produced by the bisubstrate analogy, N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-ornithine. In contrast, inorganic phosphate, a product of the reaction, induces small protein absorbance changes (approximately 300 M-1 cm-1) mainly in the 275-310 nm range. When complexed to the free enzyme, L-ornithine yields a marginally discernible ultraviolet difference spectrum in the 275-310 nm region, and its analogs L-norvaline and L-citrulline provide no absorbance change. However, inorganic phosphate in combination with any of the L-amino acids produces a difference spectrum similar to that given by carbamoyl phosphate alone. Collectively, these spectra suggest that carbamoyl phosphate elicits an isomerization required for the formation of the ternary complex and are consistent with the compulsory ordered mechanism of the enzyme at pH 8.5 with carbamoyl phosphate being the first substrate bound. Below pH 8, there is a kinetically discernible amount of random binding, but ordered addition is still the preferred pathway (Wargnies B., Legrain, C., and Stalon, V. (1978) Eur J. Biochem. 89, 203-212). Reflecting this change, the difference absorbance of the enzyme bound with carbamoyl phosphate is also pH dependent. The 1La band in the carbamoyl phosphate difference spectrum diminishes by approximately 20% at low pH. The PALO-induced changes, however, are pH invariant suggesting that full extent of the induced-fit isomerization is always reached in the ternary complex.
VISCOELASTIC LAYERED SYSTEM SUBJECTED TO MOVING LOADS

A LAYERED SYSTEM COMPOSED OF A LINEAR VISCOELASTIC LAYER AND LINEAR ELASTIC SUPPORTING FOUNDATION IS CONSIDERED--THE LAYER BEING DESCRIBED BY A CLASSICAL THIN PLATE AND THE FOUNDATION AS A HOMOGENEOUS HALF SPACE. DISREGARDING INERTIAL EFFECTS, A FORMAL SOLUTION IS OBTAINED FOR ARBITRARY TIME-DEPENDENT SURFACE TRACTIONS. AS AN EXAMPLE, THE SPECIAL CASE OF A CONCENTRATED LOAD MOVING WITH CONSTANT VELOCITY IS EXAMINED. THE SOLUTION IS EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF KNOWN ELASTIC RESULTS PLUS TIME-DEPENDENT CORRECTION TERMS. BOUNDS OBTAINED FOR THESE CORRECTION TERMS INDICATE THEY ARE NEGLIGIBLE FOR LARGE VALUES OF THE DIMENSIONLESS VELOCITY, AS DEFINED BY THE WRITER. /ASCE/
Imaginal Discs: The Genetic and Cellular Logic of Pattern Formation

Preface 1. Cell lineage versus intercellular signaling 2. The bristle 3. Bristle patterns 4. Origin and growth of discs 5. The leg disc 6. The wing disc 7. The eye disc 8. Homeosis Epilogue Appendices References Index.
Developing Your Career in an Age of Team Science

Academic institutions and researchers are becoming increasingly involved in translational research to spur innovation in addressing many complex biomedical and societal problems and in response to the focus of the National Institutes of Health and other funders. One approach to translational research is to develop interdisciplinary research teams. By bringing together collaborators with diverse research backgrounds and perspectives, these teams seek to blend their science and the workings of the scientists to push beyond the limits of current research.While team science promises individual and team benefits in creating and implementing innovations, its increased complexity poses challenges. In particular, because academic career advancement commonly focuses on individual achievement, team science might differentially impact early stage researchers. The need to be recognized for individual accomplishments to move forward in an academic career may give rise to research team conflicts. Raising awareness to career-related aspects of team science will help individuals (particularly trainees and junior faculty) take steps to align their excitement and participation with the success of both the team and their personal career advancement.
Neutrinos from AGN

The great penetrating power of neutrinos makes them ideal probe of astrophysical sites and conditions inaccessible to other forms of radiation. These are the centers of stars (collapsing or not) and the centers of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). It has been suggested that AGN presented a very promising source of high energy neutrinos, possibly detectable by underwater neutrino detectors. This paper reviews the evolution of ideas concerning the emission of neutrinos from AGN in view of the more recent developments in gamma-ray astronomy and their implications for the neutrino emission from these class of objects.
Heterogeneity of Hippocampal GABAA Receptors: Regulation by Corticosterone

Chronic stressors produce changes in hippocampal neurochemistry, neuronal morphology, and hippocampal-dependent learning and memory processes. In rats, stress-induced changes in CA3 apical dendritic structure are mediated by corticosterone (CORT) acting, in part, on excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. CORT also alters GABA-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission, so the GABA(A) receptor system may also contribute to dendritic remodeling and other stress-related changes in hippocampal function. A previous study indicated that chronic CORT treatment produces complex changes in GABA(A) receptor subunit mRNA levels, so we hypothesized that CORT alters the pharmacological properties of hippocampal GABA(A) receptors. To test this, adult male rats were treated with CORT or vehicle pellets for 10 d, after which we quantified [(35)S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([(35)S]TBPS) and [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding to GABA(A) receptors using in vitro receptor autoradiography. Pharmacological properties of receptors were assessed by examining the allosteric regulation of binding at both sites by GABA and 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha,21-diol-20-one (THDOC), an endogenous anxiolytic steroid. We found striking regional differences in the modulation of [(35)S]TBPS binding, particularly between strata radiatum and strata oriens, suggesting a functional heterogeneity among hippocampal GABA(A) receptors even within the apical versus basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons. Furthermore, we found that CORT treatment decreased the negative modulation of hippocampal [(35)S]TBPS binding by both GABA and THDOC and increased the enhancement of [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding by GABA and THDOC in the dentate gyrus. Together, these data suggest that prolonged exposure to stress levels of corticosteroids may alter hippocampal inhibitory tone by regulating the pharmacological properties of GABA(A) receptors in discrete dendritic subfields.
Are lampreys homebodies? Studying ammocoetes with open population models

Larval lampreys (ammocoetes) are assumed to be sedentary and have restricted movements, but their movement is still poorly understood. Using elastomer implants, ammocoetes of two different species of lampreys (Lethenteron appendix and Petromyzon marinus) in two streams were tagged with permanent, unique marks (N = 1035) and resampled once a month from June 2014 until October 2014. Some individuals were recaptured during every sampling event (N = 3, 0.3%). However, most animals were never recaptured after being tagged (N = 700, 67%) or were captured only once (N = 213, 21%). The apparent survival (ϕ) varied in response to time and grouping variables at both sites (0.25–0.86), but the probability of capture (P) did not vary as much (0.41–0.85). Differences were detected between sites, with ϕ being higher for L. appendix at Dyke Creek, a Genesee River tributary. Whether differences were caused by site-specific details or species differences is unclear. At Dyke Creek, where age could be partially established from length-frequency histograms, ϕ was higher for 1 year old than for older animals. At Oquaga Creek (where P. marinus were captured), ϕ was highly variable (0.11–0.72) and was lowest in the fall sampling (September–October). The P was similar at both sites (0.5–0.6) and across times and groups, even when it was significant to the model. Understanding the movement of ammocoetes will help conserve and control lampreys.
Sexual functioning in military personnel: preliminary estimates and predictors.

Abstract Introduction Although the military is a young and vigorous force, service members and veterans may experience sexual functioning problems (SFPs) as a result of military service. Sexual functioning can be impaired by physical, psychological, and social factors and can impact quality of life (QOL) and happiness. Aims This study aims to estimate rates and correlates of SFPs in male military personnel across demographic and psychosocial characteristics, to examine the QOL concomitants, and to evaluate barriers for treatment seeking. Methods This exploratory cross‐sectional study was conducted using data from a larger nationwide study conducted between October 2013 and November 2013. This sample consists of 367 male active duty service members and recent veterans (military personnel) age 40 or younger. Main Outcome Measures Erectile dysfunction (ED) was determined using the five‐item International Index of Erectile Function, sexual dysfunction (SD) was determined using the Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale, Male, and QOL was determined using the World Health Organization Quality of Life, Brief. Results SFPs were associated with various demographic, physical, and psychosocial risk factors. The rates of SD and ED were 8.45% and 33.24%, respectively, for male military personnel aged 21–40. Those who were 36–40, nonmarried, nonwhite, and of lower educational attainment reported the highest rates of SFPs. Male military personnel with poor physical and psychosocial health presented the greatest risk for ED and SD. SFPs were associated with reduced QOL and lower happiness, and barriers for treatment were generally related to social barriers. Conclusions SFPs in young male military personnel are an important public health concern that can severely impact QOL and happiness. Wilcox SL, Redmond S, and Hassan AM. Sexual functioning in military personnel: Preliminary estimates and predictors. J Sex Med 2014;11:2537–2545.
Are the axillary lymph nodes treated by standard tangent breast fields

Background and Objectives With the increasing use of sentinel lymph node biopsy, a growing proportion of women with early-stage invasive breast cancer are undergoing breast conserving surgery without a formal axillary lymph node dissection. A frequent question raised is whether the level I-II axillary lymph nodes are treated with standard breast tangent fields. In an attempt to answer this question, surgical clips placed at the time of the level I-II axillary lymph node dissection were used as a surrogate for the location of the nodes and the simulator films for tangent fields of 45 patients were analyzed. Methods Study criteria were as follows: five or more clips placed in the axilla, and all clips and the humeral head visualized on the medial tangent film. Clips were scored as “in” or “out” of the tangent field, as defined by the delineator wires. All technical parameters were analyzed to determine whether any reproducible techniques would consistently include all of the clips and, hypothetically, the axillary nodes at levels I and II. Results All clips were included in the medial tangent breast radiation field in only 38% (17 of 45) of cases. Conclusions The standard, two-field tangent breast fields do not reliably encompass the all level I-II axillary lymph nodes as defined by this study, but some of the nodes were treated in all 45 cases. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;81:12–16. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Autobiographical narratives of spiritual experiences: Solitude, tragedy, and the absence of materialism

What are the differences between experiences that people consider spiritual and experiences that they consider enjoyable? Participants were asked to provide autobiographical narratives of either spiritual or enjoyable experiences, and the two types of narratives were compared. In Study 1 (n = 142), the differences between the narratives was established via judge-based thematic content analysis. In Study 2 (n = 174), differences were established by the use of linguistic analysis software. Across both studies, spiritual experiences were more likely to involve tragedy and less likely to mention social relationships or materialistic pursuits. Hence, spiritual experiences are described as triggered by tragedy, reflect greater social isolation, and less materialistic than enjoyable experiences.
Anti-IL-17 phase II data for psoriasis: A review.

AbstractBackground: Studies investigating the molecular basis of psoriasis have established the central roles of TNFα, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-22 and IL-23 and there is increasing evidence that IL-17 plays a critical role in the complex pathophysiology. Preclinical studies suggest that IL-17 is a desirable therapeutic target for psoriasis treatment.Methods: We reviewed the results of the phase II clinical trials for the anti-IL-17 agents secukinumab, ixekizumab and brodalumab in order to assess the efficacy and safety profile of each agent.Results: By week 12, the proportion of patients reaching Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 75) was comparable among the most efficacious dosage between the different agents (secukinumab 82%, ixekizumab 83% and brodalumab 82%; p < 0.001 compared to placebo for all agents). The safety profiles of the agents were similar with the most frequently reported adverse events of nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory infections and injection site reaction. A small percentage of...
Availability Modeling of FSO/RF Mesh Networks through Turbulence-Induced Fading Channels

Even if a line-of-sight condition of Free Space Optics (FSO) is satisfied, atmospheric-induced fading, scattering, and attenuation may severely deteriorate the availability of the communication link. This argument is true except in reconfigurable FSO ad hoc networks, a path reconfiguration scheme replaces a severed FSO link with an operational one. Reconfigurability, as a property of our hybrid FSO/RF (Radio Frequency) work in progress, provides connection reliability and network throughput. The traffic can be directed to a different FSO link or even an RF link as backup. Hence, node failure and outage probabilities due to link failure will be reduced, thus resulting in a higher availability of nodes. Mathematical investigation and statistical consideration of availability and capacity of FSO/RF ad hoc mesh network is the focus of this paper. We assume normalized scintillation fading channels in our analysis. We apply different availability cases of channel state information to derive closed-form expressions for system capacity.
The Effect of NaCl on growth, N2 fixation (acetylene reduction), and percentage total nitrogen in Leucaena leucocephala (Leguminosae) var. K-8.

Leucaena leucocephala var. K-8 is a fast-growing, tropical leguminous tree that has multiple economic uses. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect(s) of varying NaCl concentrations on growth, N, fixation, and percentage of total tissue nitrogen in different organs in L. leucocephala. Seeds were germinated and grown for 10 wk with a nitrogen-free fertilizer applied every 2 wk. At 10 wk, plants were treated for either 0. 7, 14, 21, or 28 wk with either deionized water (control), 0.00625 mol/L, 0.0125 mol/L, 0.025 mol/L, 0.05 mol/L, or 0.1 mol/L NaCI in addition to the fertilizer every 2 wk. Growth was measured as plant height, nodule number and mass, and dry tissue mass. N, fixation was measured by the acetylene reduction assay. Percentage of tissue nitrogen was determined using Kjeldahl analysis. In younger plants (7-wk treatment), major fluctuations in NaCl tolerance were observed in the different plant organs. As plants matured (14- and 21-wk treatment) NaCl concentrations of 0.025 mol/L and higher caused the greatest reduction in growth and tissue nitrogen. We conclude that NaCl concentrations of 0.025 mol/L and greater caused a major decrease in growth, N, fixation, and percentage of tissue nitrogen in L. leucocephala plants that were less than 1 yr old.
Optimized Protocol for Simple Extraction of High-Quality Genomic DNA from Clostridium difficile for Whole-Genome Sequencing

Successful sequencing of the Clostridium difficile genome requires high-quality genomic DNA (gDNA) as the starting material. gDNA extraction using conventional methods is laborious. We describe here an optimized method for the simple extraction of C. difficile gDNA using the QIAamp DNA minikit, which yielded high-quality sequence reads on the Illumina MiSeq platform.
Effects of castration on neural afferent responses from the penis of the domestic cat.

Abstract To determine the effects of androgen on penile mechanoreceptor activity and sensitivity, first-order afferent responses, evoked by quantified tactile stimulation of the penis, were measured in sexually experienced intact and castrated cats. The results indicate that, in adult animals, testicular androgen has no role in maintaining genital sensory fields, sensory thresholds, initiation of neural responses, conduction velocity, or amount of neural activity evoked by a particular stimulus; therefore, peripheral sensory effects of castration seem not to be the cause of the decline of sexual behavior following gonadectomy. Under some stimulus conditions, mean neural responses and intragroup variability were greater in the castrate group. A possible interpretation is that decreases in androgen level affect the physical properties of the penile integument, making it more flaccid. The function of the cat's penile spines, which are androgen dependent, was investigated also, and the results lend some support to the idea that these spines act as accessory sensory structures. The possible role of androgen on central nervous mechanisms is also discussed.
Generating highly realistic 3D animation video with depth-of-field and motion blur effects

A computationally efficient algorithm is described for generating shift-variant defocus and motion blur effects for animation video. This algorithm precisely models rigid body motion of 3-D objects which includes arbitrary translational and rotational motion. Camera parameters such as aperture diameter, focal length, and the location of image detector are used to calculate the blur circle radius of point spread functions (PSFs) modeled by Gaussian and Cylindrical functions. In addition, a novel and simple method similar to image inpainting is described for filling missing pixels that arise due to object motion, round-off errors, interpolation or changes in magnification. Performance of the algorithms are demonstrated on a set of 3D shapes such as sphere, cylinder, cone, etc. The software tool developed in this research is also useful in computer vision and image processing research. It can be used for simulating test data with known ground truth in the testing and evaluation of depth-from-defocus and image/video de-blurring algorithms.
The Vitamin B12 Requirement of White Leghorn Hens

ABSTRACT LINDSTROM et al. (1949) and Olcese, Couch and Lyman (1950) showed that the addition of vitamin B12 supplements produced by fermentation to all-vegetable protein diets improved the hatchability of eggs of hens fed these diets. Lillie, Olsen and Bird (1949), and Olcese and Couch (1950) improved hatchability by injecting crystalline vitamin B12 into eggs laid by hens fed diets deficient in this vitamin. Petersen et al. (1950), and Peeler et al. (1951) found that the hatchability of eggs laid by hens depleted of their vitamin B12 reserves was markedly increased when the hens received intramuscular injections of vitamin B12. Yacowitz and associates (1952) observed that White Leghorn pullets were depleted of their vitamin B12 reserves more rapidly when fed a diet containing 25 percent protein than when the diet contained 16 percent protein. The vitamin B12 requirement for normal hatchability of White Leghorn hens fed the high protein diet was . . .
THE EFFECT OF REMOVAL OF ARTHROPOD PREDATORS ON AN INFESTATION OF BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE (HEMIPTERA, APHIDIDAE) ON BRUSSELS SPROUTS

An experiment on the effect of predator removal and exclusion on Brevicoryne brassicae on Brussels sprouts is described. Five treatments were used to evaluate the effect of different parts of the predator fauna. Two syrphid species were responsible for a rapid decline in aphid numbers at the beginning of the experimental period. In two treatments where syrphids were removed a cecidomyid predator responded to the larger numbers of aphids and, in the treatment in which they were not removed, completely eliminated the aphids. In the treatment in which all predators were removed aphid numbers remained relatively high until the end of the season. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DIE WIRKUNG DER AUSSCHALTUNG RAUBERISCHER ARTHROPODEN AUF EINEN BEFALL MIT BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE (HEMIPTERA, APHIDIDAE) AN ROSENKOHL Es wird ein Versuch uber die Wirkung der Entfernung und des Ausschlusses rauberischer Arthropoden von Brevicoryne brassicae an Rosenkohl beschrieben. Es kamen funf Verfahren zur Bewertung des Wirkungsgrades der verschiedenen Glieder der Rauberfauna zur Anwendung. Entfernung der allgemeinen Rauber und Ausschlus der Bodenfauna mit Hilfe von Klebstreifen rings um die Pflanzenstengel hatten nachweislich keinen Einflus auf die Blattlauszahl. Zwei Syrphiden-Arten, Syrphus balteatus und Sphaerophoria scripta, waren fur einen raschen Ruckgang der Blattlauszahlen zu Beginn des Untersuchungszeitraumes verantwortlich. In zwei Verfahren, bei denen die Schwebfliegen entfernt worden waren, reagierte eine Aphidoletes-Art (Cecidomyiidae) auf die groseren Zahlen der Blattlause und in einem Versuch, in dem Aphidoletes nicht entfernt wurde, rottete sie die Aphiden vollig aus. In Versuchen, bei denen alle Rauber ausgeschaltet wurden, blieben die Blattlauszahlen bis zum Ende der Saison relativ hoch.
Precision size-frequency distributions of craters for 12 selected areas of the lunar surface

Total crater populations in Lunar Orbiter photographs have been counted and measured for 12 selected areas of the lunar surface using precision techniques. Details of the counting procedure are described. Incremental and cumulative frequencies per km2 (and their logarithms) are presented in graphical as well as tabular form for general use by other investigators. The data include 333,404 craters in areas totaling 10,833.3 km2.
Nonlinear particle trajectories for intense ordinary-mode propagation near electron cyclotron resonance

Abstract The nonlinear orbit equations are investigated analytically for a constant-amplitude electromagnetic wave (ωs, ks) with ordinary-mode polarization propagating perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B0ez. Coupled nonlinear equations are obtained for the slow evolution of the amplitude A(τ) and phase π(τ) of the perpendicular orbit when the incident wave frequency ωs, is near the nth harmonic of theelectron cyclotron frequency Ωc. The dynamical equations are reduced to quandrature and simplified analytically. Relativistic electron dynamics are essential in determining the maximum orbital excursion. As an illustrative example, for n = 1 and moderate wave amplitude, weak relativistic effects limit the maximum perpendicular kinetic energy achieved to k max = ( 2 ϵ s ) 2 3 mc 2 , where ϵ s =n s Ω s (V z /c)(V q /c) ⪡ 1 , and Vq is the axial quiver velocity in the applied oscillatory field.
Specificity of PPD skin tests in childhood tuberculin converters: comparison with mycobacterial species from tissues and secretions.

Skin testing for hypersensitivity to tuberculin antigens PPD-S, Y, B, F, and in some cases PPD-219; history of age, race, and tuberculous contact; physical signs of mycobacterial disease; radiographs of the chest; and studies of mycobacterial flora of tissues and secretions were obtained from 118 children referred because of recent tuberculin conversion. Skin testing results were consistent with the species of mycobacteria recovered from gastric secretions and lymph nodes. The PPD antigens used discriminated between infection due to M. tuberculosis and those due to atypical mycobacteria. Mycobacteria were isolated from a large proportion of childhood tuberculin converters, thereby confirming the diagnosis and making organisms available for drug sensitivity testing.
Evolution of EF-hand calcium-modulated proteins. I. Relationships based on amino acid sequences

The relationships among 153 EF-hand (calcium-modulated) proteins of known amino acid sequence were determined using the method of maximum parsimony. These proteins can be ordered into 12 distinct subfamilies--calmodulin, troponin C, essential light chain of myosin, regulatory light chain, sarcoplasmic calcium binding protein, calpain, aequorin, Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus ectodermal protein, calbindin 28 kd, parvalbumin, alpha-actinin, and S100/intestinal calcium-binding protein. Eight individual proteins--calcineurin B from Bos, troponin C from Astacus, calcium vector protein from Branchiostoma, caltractin from Chlamydomonas, cell-division-cycle 31 gene product from Saccharomyces, 10-kd calcium-binding protein from Tetrahymena, LPS1 eight-domain protein from Lytechinus, and calcium-binding protein from Streptomyces--are tentatively identified as unique; that is, each may be the sole representative of another subfamily. We present dendrograms showing the relationships among the subfamilies and uniques as well as dendrograms showing relationships within each subfamily. The EF-hand proteins have been characterized from a broad range of organismal sources, and they have an enormous range of function. This is reflected in the complexity of the dendrograms. At this time we urge caution in assigning a simple scheme of gene duplications to account for the evolution of the 600 EF-hand domains of known sequence.
Recruitment and retention of managers

Once you've recruited management trainees, it's cheaper to keep them than to replace them. Here's a low-cost, effective way to make them happy they chose the lodging business.
Amplification of a circular segment of SV40 DNA.

DURING serial undiluted passage of simian virus 40 (SV40) in monkey kidney cells, the viral genome undergoes genetic rearrangements involving the incorporation of cellular DNA sequences1–5 as well as deletions and reiterations of specific viral DNA sequences3,6–8. In previous work7, a mutant of an SV40 variant (DAR; refs 9–11) was identified after serial passage of DAR virus in primary green monkey kidney cells. This mutant DNA was physically mapped by hybridising it to specific DNA segments produced by restriction endonuclease cleavage of SV40 DNA8. The mutant DNA was found to contain only one-third of the SV40 genome which was reiterated three times to produce a DNA molecule the size of wild-type SV40 (3.2×106 daltons). Most of the early gene sequences and a portion of the late gene region12 were deleted from the triplicated segment, but it retained the normal site for initiation of viral DNA replication8.
Disrupting Dominant Discourses: #HERESPROOF of Interest in Women's Sports

Feminist sport scholars have observed the underrepresentation and misrepresentation of women athletes and women's sports in media with great concern (Cheryl Cooky, Michael A. Messner, and Robin Hex...
De Moivre's formula for quaternions

Abstract Euler's formula and De Moivre's formula for complex numbers are generalized for quaternions. De Moivre's formula implies that there are uncountably many unit quaternions satisfying x n = 1 for n ≥ 3.
PEG Ratios: What Makes Sense?

High price-earnings ratios are often justified by high growth rates in corporate earnings. In recent years, many analysts have turned to the ratio of the PE ratio to the growth rate (the PEG ratio) in an effort to control for this relationship. In fact, the PEG ratio is not a constant that can be used to decide whether a stock is cheap or not. Rather, a plot of the relationship of the justifiable PEG to the growth rate is u-shaped for a wide range of parameter values. The level of the justifiable PEG for a given growth rate also depends on the length of the rapid growth period, the sustainable growth rate in the long run, and the discount rate. The PEG levels of 1.0 or 1.5 sometimes cited by analysts are more difficult to justify than some might suppose.
Genotype-Environment Interactions in Broiler Stocks of Chickens: 2. Stock by Location, Stock by Floor Space and Stock by Trial Interactions

Abstract PREVIOUS studies with broilers have indicated that interactions of stock with rearing location are of minor practical importance for body weight and other broiler traits (Gutteridge and O’Neil, 1942; Merritt and Gowe, 1956; Lewis and Blow, 1965). Significant (P
Preparation and piezoresistive properties of reactively sputtered indium tin oxide thin films

Oxygen deficient thin films of indium tin oxide (ITO) were prepared by r.f. reactive sputtering from a high-density ITO target (90 wt.% In2O3 and 10 wt.% SnO2 in various Ar:O2 mixtures for the purpose of investigating their use in a variety of strain gage applications. The resulting thin films were transparent in the visible spectrum (optical bandgap of 3.3-3.4 eV), tested n-type by hot probe and exhibited room-temperature resistivities in the range 0.01 to 0.10 ω cm after annealing. Room-temperature gage factors (G = ΔR/Ro1/e) as large as −77.71 were measured on patterned ITO films. These gage factors are considerably larger than those reported for refractory metal alloys (G = 2). A large, negative piezoresistive response (negative gage factor) was observed for all ITO films similar to the responses observed for n-type silicon. The piezoresistive response was reproducible and linear, with little or no hysteresis observed with strains up to 700μm m− . Additionally, optical gage factors based on changes in the ITO bandgap due to strain were established for these films using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Temperature coefficients of resistance (TCRs) of ITO films as low as +230 ppm °C−1 were realized in nitrogen ambients at temperatures up to 500 °C. In oxygen-bearing ambients, two distinct regions were observed; one having a TCR as low as −429 ppm °C− and another, at temperatures up to 1100 °C, having a TCR of −1560 ppm °C−1. Large gage factors combined with relatively low TCRs make these ITO films excellent candidates for use as high-temperature strain sensors. The relationship between processing parameteers and piezoresistive properties of these ITO films is reviewed and prospects using these films as high-temperature strain sensors is discussed.
Motivation analysis, abductive unification, and nonmonotonic equality

Abstract Motivation analysis in story comprehension requires matching an action mentioned in the story against actions which might be predicted by possible explanatory motivations. This requires matching constants from the story against Skolem functions in the possible motivations (assuming a normal first-order representation of stories, plans, etc.). We will show that extending unification to allow for unifying two things if they are nonmonotonically equal does exactly what is needed in such cases. We also show that such a procedure allows for a clean method of noun-phrase reference determination. The work described here has all been implemented.
Direct catalytic conversion of methane to acetic acid in an aqueous medium

ALTHOUGH methane is the most-abundant of alkanes, hazards of handling and distribution prevent known methane reserves1,2 from being fully exploited. Moreover, it is the least reactive alkane, so whereas selective conversion to more useful chemical products would be of great value, it is difficult to achieve. A useful target molecule for methane conversion is acetic acid, but existing approaches to this conversion on an industrial scale involve many steps under extreme reaction conditions3–5. Previous reports of the direct catalytic conversion of methane to acetic acid have involved peroxydisulphate as the oxidant6,7, but any such process that could be adapted to large-scale applications would have to use O2 as the oxidant. Here we describe such a process, which uses rhodium trichloride as the catalyst, proceeds in an aqueous medium at a temperature of around 100 °C, and gives high yields of acetic acid. This reaction provides a potentially useful means to convert methane directly to an industrially useful organic compound and greatly expands the scope of catalytic functionalization of alkanes.
Obama and the Federal Judiciary: Great Expectations but Will He Have a Dickens of a Time Living up to Them?

This essay speculates on what an Obama judiciary might look like and how the selection process is likely to play out. This is presented against the backdrop of past experience. First, the essay traces the demographic diversification of the federal bench from the presidencies of Franklin Roosevelt through George W. Bush. Second, this essay considers ideological diversity and presents voting data from the first three completed terms of the Roberts Court. Third, the essay considers the selection process, including confirmation of lower-court judges by the Senate. It concludes that President Obama can be expected to promote further gender, race, and ethnic diversification as well as to seek to moderate the current ideological imbalance on the courts. He will likely keep the existing institutional apparatus of judicial selection and will restore the American Bar Association to the role it had prior to George W. Bush’s presidency. Confirmation may well prove to be a challenge in a Senate that is not filibuster-proof.
Leaf stomatal responses to vapour pressure deficit under current and CO2‐enriched atmosphere explained by the economics of gas exchange

Using the economics of gas exchange, early studies derived an expression of stomatal conductance (g) assuming that water cost per unit carbon is constant as the daily loss of water in transpiration (f(e)) is minimized for a given gain in photosynthesis (f(c)). Other studies reached identical results, yet assumed different forms for the underlying functions and defined the daily cost parameter as carbon cost per unit water. We demonstrated that the solution can be recovered when optimization is formulated at time scales commensurate with the response time of g to environmental stimuli. The optimization theory produced three emergent gas exchange responses that are consistent with observed behaviour: (1) the sensitivity of g to vapour pressure deficit (D) is similar to that obtained from a previous synthesis of more than 40 species showing g to scale as 1 - m log(D), where m is in [0.5,0.6], (2) the theory is consistent with the onset of an apparent 'feed-forward' mechanism in g, and (3) the emergent non-linear relationship between the ratio of intercellular to atmospheric [CO(2)] (c(i)/c(a)) and D agrees with the results available on this response. We extended the theory to diagnosing experimental results on the sensitivity of g to D under varying c(a).
The Politics of Financial Services Liberalization: The Case of the Canadian Investment Dealer Industry

The purpose of this paper is to explain the factors and processes which, in 1986–87, gave rise to the decisions by the Canadian federal and provincial (Ontario and Quebec) regulatory authorities to liberalize entry into, and ownership of, the investment dealer industry in Canada. These decisions, rather narrowly based as they were, nonetheless would be a watershed with respect to the subsequent deregulation of the traditional four-pillar structure of the Canadian financial services industry. The traditional four pillars-which were legally and functionally separated-comprised the chartered banks, the trust and mortgage loan companies, the life insurance industry, and the investment dealers. lhe liberalization decisions by the governments permitted the other elements of the four pillars, and nonresidents as well, to have equity participations in member firms of the securities industry. This represented a fundamental reversal of the beliefs, values, and ideas surrounding the low-pillars doctrine. The period of history examined extends from 1969 to 1987.
Aspects of covariance matrix heterogeneity in morphometrics

Morphometricians have never managed to agree upon issues such as the relation between size and shape, the greater importance and taxonomic interpretability of shape than size, the insufficiency of covariance matrix inversion to negate size, the effect of logarithmic transformation, and the virtues of simple ratios. Four morphometric data sets (human occlusofacial dimensions, primate zygo-temporal craniometrics, hominoid mandibular molar odontometrics, and human anthropometrics) cover a considerable range of size and taxonomic diversity in primates, enabling examination of the descriptive nature and interpretive uses of covariance matrix variations in relation to these issues. Mahalonobis distances and aspects of covariance disparity are compared using (1) raw measurements, (2) logarithmized measurements, and (3) shape vectors (dimensionless ratios) of the measurements. The aspects examined are heterogeneity of covariance matrix (1) inflation, (2) shape, and (3) orientation. Results are diverse. Covariance matrix heterogeneity is an unpredictable and variable phenomenon which reflects biodiversity at least as much as the multivariate distances (for which the covariance is but an influencing factor). The disparity in covariance ellipsoid orientation for raw measurements often predicts, in the individual measurements most contributing to different axis directions, the particulars of shape and morphology that distinguish the samples once shape is actually calculated out of the data. Logarithmization and conversion to shape vectors both consistently reduce inflation heterogeneity. They may, however, magnify the other types of heterogeneity. There is no indication from pattern recognition that such heterogeneities are in any way counterproductive. They may very well affect only the probability (confidence limits) aspects of the multivariate distances.
EnCache: A DYNAMIC PROFILING-BASED RECONFIGURATION TECHNIQUE FOR IMPROVING CACHE ENERGY EFFICIENCY

With each CMOS technology generation, leakage energy consumption has been dramatically increasing and hence, managing leakage power consumption of large last-level caches (LLCs) has become a critical issue in modern processor design. In this paper, we present EnCache, a novel software-based technique which uses dynamic profiling-based cache reconfiguration for saving cache leakage energy. EnCache uses a simple hardware component called profiling cache, which dynamically predicts energy efficiency of an application for 32 possible cache configurations. Using these estimates, system software reconfigures the cache to the most energy efficient configuration. EnCache uses dynamic cache reconfiguration and hence, it does not require offline profiling or tuning the parameter for each application. Furthermore, EnCache optimizes directly for the overall memory subsystem (LLC and main memory) energy efficiency instead of the LLC energy efficiency alone. The experiments performed with an ×86-64 simulator and workloads from SPEC2006 suite confirm that EnCache provides larger energy saving than a conventional energy saving scheme. For single core and dual-core system configurations, the average savings in memory subsystem energy over a shared baseline configuration are 30.0% and 27.3%, respectively.
Overuse could leave Southwest high and dry.

In their Perspective “Dry Times Ahead” (25 June, p. [1642][1]), J. Overpeck and B. Udall highlight serious water availability issues the western region of the United States may soon face in the form of less precipitation, longer drought patterns, and decreased snow pack. There is another risk as
In vitro corrosion resistance of high-palladium dental casting alloys.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the in vitro corrosion behavior of five high-palladium dental alloys in two media using a potentiodynamic polarization technique. Methods: Potentiodynamic cyclic polarization between −1000 and +1000 mV (SCE), 12 h open-circuit potential measurement, and linear polarization were performed on cast specimens of three Pd–Cu–Ga alloys and two Pd–Ga alloys in deaerated 0.09% NaCl solution and Fusayama artificial saliva at 37°C. Zero-current potential, corrosion current density, open-circuit potential, and polarization resistance were determined. The Kruskal–Wallis test and the Mann–Whitney U -test were used to analyze the numeric findings. Results: The Pd–Cu–Ga and Pd–Ga alloys in both the as-cast and heat-treated conditions showed spontaneous passive behavior under electrochemical conditions similar to those in the oral environment. The Pd–Cu–Ga alloys Liberty and Spartan Plus exhibited increased activity in the Fusayama artificial saliva after the porcelain-firing heat treatment, which may have arisen from internal oxidation of casting defects. Heat-treated Freedom Plus had an unstable oxide film to form on the surface during anodic polarization and may have a limited tendency for pitting corrosion in the Fusayama artificial saliva. The two heat-treated Pd–Ga alloys remained passive in the test media. As a group, the high-palladium alloys exhibited satisfactory corrosion resistance. Significance: Corrosion of high-palladium alloys in the oral environment involves a release of ions that is related to their biocompatibility. Knowledge of the in vitro corrosion behavior of these alloys may lead to better understanding of any biologically adverse effects in vivo.