cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Interferon-induced Double-stranded RNA-activated Protein Kinase PKR Will Phosphorylate Serine, Threonine, or Tyrosine at Residue 51 in Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α

The family of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) protein kinases plays an important role in regulating cellular protein synthesis under stress conditions. The mammalian kinases PKR and HRI and the yeast kinase GCN2 specifically phosphorylate Ser-51 on the α subunit of the translation initiation factor eIF2. By using an in vivo assay in yeast, the substrate specificity of these three eIF2α kinases was examined by substituting Ser-51 in eIF2α with Thr or Tyr. In yeast, phosphorylation of eIF2 inhibits general translation but derepresses translation of the GCN4 mRNA. All three kinases phosphorylated Thr in place of Ser-51 and were able to regulate general and GCN4-specific translation. In addition, both PKR and HRI were found to phosphorylate eIF2α-S51Y and stimulateGCN4 expression. Isoelectric focusing analysis of eIF2α followed by detection using anti-eIF2α and anti-phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies demonstrated that PKR and HRI phosphorylated eIF2α-S51Y on Tyr in vivo. These results provide new insights into the substrate recognition properties of the eIF2α kinases, and they are intriguing considering the potential for alternate substrates for PKR in cellular signaling and growth control pathways.
Temperature Effects on Maturity Periods in Tetrahymena pyriformis Syngen 1

SYNOPSIS Cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis syngen 1 grown at 30 C after conjugation achieve sexual maturity more quickly than do cells grown at 19 C, whether time is measured in numbers of cell divisions or in terms of absolute time. This result is achieved regardless of the temperature at which conjugation and nuclear reorganization occur. These observations differ from those of other workers investigating Paramecium, and suggest that the long term “chronometer” is more tightly coupled to cell division in Paramecium multimicronucleatum and Paramecium caudatum than in Tetrahymena pyriformis.
The inhibition of rat liver chromatin protease by congeners of the phenylboronic acids.

Abstract A group of arylalkylboronic acids were synthesized in order to investigate the inhibitory potential of these compounds for rat liver chromatin protease (EC 3.4.-.-). The effect of side chain length, side chain substitution and aromatic substitution on proteolytic activity in chromatin dissociation in salt and urea was assayed. It was determined that a side chain length two carbons long provided the greatest inhibitory effect with complete inhibition attainable at 20 mM concentration of phenylethylboronic acid. Aryl substitution in the ortho position proved to be the most potent structural change with complete inhibition attained by 1 mM concentration of o -methylphenylethylboronic acid. The binding of these two inhibitors proved to be reversible.
Design and Analysis of Copper and Aluminum Interconnects for All-Spin Logic

In this paper, a conventional spin-valve configuration combined with spin-torque-driven switching is used as an energy efficient interconnect structure for all-spin logic. Both Cu and Al interconnect materials are analyzed based on physical models for spin injection, spin transport, and magnetization dynamics. The results indicate proposed metallic interconnects dissipate less energy as compared with all-spin logic interconnects based on the nonlocal spin-valve configuration. Compared with a similar spin interconnect with an Si channel, the spin currents and injection efficiencies are predicted to be higher when a metal like Cu or Al is used due to no Schottky barrier at the interface. Because of the longer spin relaxation length (SRL) in Al as compared with Cu, the delay and energy dissipation are lower when Al is used especially at longer lengths where signal loss becomes important. While metallic spin interconnects are faster and more energy efficient in short lengths because of their smaller resistances and higher spin injection efficiencies, they are outperformed by spin interconnects with Si channels at long lengths because the SRLs in Si can be as long as many micrometers, whereas in metals they are limited to a few hundred nanometers.
Rates and Correlates of Alcohol/Other Drug Treatment Denials for People With Disabilities in the United Kingdom

Previous research with U.S. samples has demonstrated that barriers to physical access directly result in service denials to persons with disabilities (PWDs) seeking substance abuse treatment. To date, however, such findings are limited to samples from the United States and only with regard to persons with physical disabilities. The present research sought to examine such issues in Great Britain and to further the scope of study by assessing the impact of programmatic barriers on the ability of individuals with developmental and sensory disabilities to access care. Results indicate that service denials to PWDs with physical disabilities are common, with 60% to 75% of respondents indicating that they had declined services to PWDs. Programmatic barriers resulted in service declines to persons with developmental disabilities (33%) but not to individuals with sensory disabilities. This research further indicates that physical access barriers result in treatment denials to persons with physical disabilities and...
Lessons learned: Optimization of a murine small bowel resection model

Abstract Purpose Central to the use of murine models of disease is the ability to derive reproducible data. The purpose of this study was to determine factors contributing to variability in our murine model of small bowel resection (SBR). Methods Male C57Bl/6 mice were randomized to sham or 50% SBR. The effect of housing type (pathogen-free vs standard housing), nutrition (reconstituted powder vs tube feeding formulation), and correlates of intestinal morphology with gene expression changes were investigated. Multiple linear regression modeling or 1-way analysis of variance was used for data analysis. Results Pathogen-free mice had significantly shorter ileal villi at baseline and demonstrated greater villus growth after SBR compared to mice housed in standard rooms. Food type did not affect adaptation. Gene expression changes were more consistent and significant in isolated crypt cells that demonstrated adaptive growth when compared with crypts that did not deepen after SBR. Conclusion Maintenance of mice in pathogen-free conditions and restricting gene expression analysis to individual animals exhibiting morphologic adaptation enhances sensitivity and specificity of data derived from this model. These refinements will minimize experimental variability and lead to improved understanding of the complex process of intestinal adaptation.
Acoustic-tracking and radio-tracking of horseshoe crabs to assess spawning behavior and subtidal habitat use in delaware bay

Abstract This study used telemetry to determine spawning behavior and subtidal habitat use of horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus. We attached combined acoustic and radio transmitters to 12 gravid female horseshoe crabs at Ted Harvey Beach and 12 at North Bowers Beach (both on the western shore of Delaware Bay) over a 5-d period before peak spawning on the new moon. Horseshoe crabs were acoustically tracked and radio-tracked daily for 8 d during both high tides and during the incoming dominant (higher) high tide. All horseshoe crabs were relocated at least once, and 83% of females spawned from two to six times (x = 3.35, SE = 0.18). Of these females, 85% spawned on two to five consecutive nights (x = 3.31, SE = 0.59). Most (95%) females spawned on the beaches where they were initially tagged. Typically, the shoreline used by an individual for spawning ranged from 70 to 1,160 m (x = 351 m, SE = 38 m). Between spawning events, horseshoe crabs remained 50–715 m offshore (x = 299 m, SE = 57 m) from their estab...
Developing and Managing Individualized Studies Programs: Some Guidelines.

This paper presents eight guidelines that educators should follow in developing and managing undergraduate individualized studies (contract learning-type) programs. The guidelines fall under the headings (1) supplying rationales, (2) focusing on the faculty, (3) assessing faculty performance, (4) assessing student readiness, (5) assessing the costs, (6) students as researchers, (7) how much academic credit, and (8) agents of change. A main theme presented is that the student-centered focus in individualized studies programs needs to be matched by an equal regard for the faculty member.
Solvent Extraction, Membranes, and Ion Exchange in Hydrometallurgical Dilute Metals Separation

Abstract The separation methods which are used in the hydro-metallurgical field are reviewed and compared. Some processes in solvent extraction in use for recovery of crucial metals which are important to the U.S. defense and economy are presented. Various commercial extractants are reviewed and categorized. Other methods such as liquid membranes and ion exchange resins used for dilute metal ions separation are summarized. These methods are compared with solvent extraction. Problems to overcome in the further development of these separation methods are also identified and discussed in this paper.
Heat-shock protein 90 inhibitors in antineoplastic therapy: is it all wrapped up?

Heat-shock protein (Hsp)-90 belongs to the class of molecular chaperone proteins that are capable of sensing cellular stress. Although Hsp90 is essential for viability, the pharmacological inhibition of this chaperone has emerged as an attractive means to inhibit tumorigenesis. This phenomenon is due to a unique property of Hsp90; its ‘client proteins’ are universally involved in signal transduction pathways commonly dysregulated in, and contributing to, cancer. The natural product geldanamycin, a potent ansamycin Hsp90 inhibitor, has served as a lead compound for the development of several derivatives that are currently undergoing clinical trials. Inhibition of Hsp90 with geldanamycin simultaneously depletes Hsp90-associated clients and impairs numerous signalling cascades that depend on chaperone function. Importantly, tumour cells are exquisitely sensitive to Hsp90 inhibition, lending credence to the feasibility of selectively targeting cancer tissue via the pharmacological modulation of Hsp90 function...
Inheritance of malathion resistance in the German cockroach.

Malathion resistance in the German cockroach has been examined with respect to its inheritance pattern and linkage relationship. A resistant strain was crossed reciprocally with an unmarked and two marked susceptible strains. The progeny from F1, F2 and backcrosses were tested for resistance to malathion by exposure to toxicant-impregnated filter paper, and were classified according to marker traits where appropriate. Malathion resistance (R-Mal) is inherited as a simple autosomal dominant trait. Linkage studies showed R-Mal to be independent of or in group IV, pld in group VI, and T(9, 10) Pw marking both groups III and VIII. A possible malathion-resistance mechanism for this insect is discussed. Resume HEREDITE DE LA RESISTANCE AU MALATHION CHEZ LA BLATTE GERMANIQUE La resistance de la Blatte germanique au malathion est repuTEe se manifester a la fois dans les conditions naturelles et dans les lignees elevees en laboratoire. Dans le present travail cette resistance est etudiee en vue de determiner le mecanisme de sa transmission hereditaire et de commencer a etablir la carte chromosomique de ce caracTEre. Une lignee presentant un haut niveau de resistance au malathion est croisee avec une lignee sensible non marquee et avec deux autres lignees sensibles possedant un gegne marqueur. Les descendants de F1, de F2 et des croisements de retour sont tesTEs pour leur resistance au malathion en soumettant les larves a un contact avec du papier filtre impregne de malathion; ils sont classes en se rapportant aux caracTEres marqueurs. Les genes marqueurs utilises sont or sur le groupe IV, pld sur le groupe VI, et T(9, 10) Pw, marquant a la fois les groupes III et VIII. Les resultats montrent que les descendants F1 provenant de croisements reciproques sont identiques et ressemblent au parent resistant. Cette donnee ajouTEe aux resultats concernant F2 et les croisements de retour avec les parents R et S, indique que la resistance au malathion est transmise comme un caracTEre dominant, monofactoriel et porTE sur un autosome, caracTEre designe R-Mal. Les etudes relatives au linkage du caracTEre R-Mal aves les genes marqueurs, ont montre l'independance de R-Mal. Il est suggere que le mecanisme le plus probable de la resistance au malathion resulte d'une activiTE accrue de la carboxyesterase.
A GREATER WEIGHT LOSS IS AEEN IN SEVERELY OBESE PATIENTS THAN IN OTHERS UNDERGOING CARDIAC REHABILITATION

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) improves functional capacity and reduces mortality in coronary heart disease patients. Moderately obese individuals improve functional capacity with CR although whether severely obese individuals (body mass index, BMI ≥40) do so is unknown. We hypothesized that
Intelligent Energy Field Manufacturing (EFM)

The nature of manufacturing is using information to control energy field in order to convert material into useful configurations, products, and systems. One way to view manufacturing differently is to explore it from the perspective of energy fields. In this paper, the origination and the evolution of Energy Field Manufacturing (EFM) and the concept of a dynamic M-PIE (Material-Process-Information-Energy) model of manufacturing are reviewed. The generality of energy fields and the importance of re-thinking of traditional and non-traditional manufacturing are discussed. Giving a general definition to intelligence, this paper further broadens the methodology of EFM to Intelligent EFM, which incorporates the ability to gather, interpret and use the information in energy fields, materials and systems in a systematic way. This paper further discusses the meaning and tasks of Intelligent EFM research. A systematic approach of energy field integration and optimization is proposed. Finally, representative processes are reviewed to highlight some principles of Intelligent EFM.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
SU‐FF‐I‐18: Quantifying the Geometric Accuracy of the On Board Imager Over a One‐Year Period

Purpose: To quantify the geometric accuracy of the On Board Imager in both the kV radiographic and cone beam imaging modes. Method and Materials: The Winston‐Lutz test was performed to localize a 5mm tungsten sphere placed within +/− 0.25 mm of the radiation isocenter. The sphere was imaged with half fan cone beam scans, and kV radiographs at the 4 principal gantry angles. The displacement of the sphere from the ‘imaging isocenter’ (the actual position of a point object that the imaging system would find to be at isocenter) was determined for each imaging mode. This test has been repeated 18 times over a period of one year. Results: The average displacement of the sphere from the imaging isocenter using a half fan technique was found to be 0.9 mm Right, 0.9 mm Anterior, and 1.1 mm Inferior, assuming a head first supine orientation. These offsets are incorporated in image‐guided patient setup procedures. Small systematic errors as a function of gantry angle were also measured for the radiographs. A point at the radiation isocenter will appear about 1mm higher in a right lateral image than in a left lateral image. A similar left / right discrepancy exits for anterior and posterior images.Conclusion: The systematic geometric errors of the kV imaging equipment and associated techniques need to be measured and incorporated into the procedure of on‐line image‐guidedpatient treatment. For the On Board Imager, a geometric accuracy of better than 1mm can be achieved.
BRICOLEURS AND PLANNERS ENGAGING IN SCIENTIFIC REASONING: A TALE OF TWO GROUPS IN ONE LEARNING COMMUNITY

Many learners think of scientific reasoning as something that is done only in the classroom. We aim to develop long-term scientific programs outside of school, helping learners to see and do science in their everyday lives, where the science is not simple and fixed (or pre-packaged). Our challenge is to facilitate the development of a learning community for learners with a variety of interests and learning styles, allowing each to find their own "hook" into science. Our approach is to help learners form a learning community where they participate in science together, taking ownership of their learning and learning science as they pursue their own goals of preparing tasty dishes. In this paper, we present data from our informal learning environment, Kitchen Science Investigators, where middle-school-aged children learn science and scientific reasoning skills through cooking. We are specifically focused on how participants reason scientifically. We look at two groups, who are at opposite ends of two dimensions (interest and planning style) to see how they responded to the scaffolding provided in the environment, how their scientific reasoning skills developed, and the community issues that arose (i.e. group dynamics) among and within the groups. We do this in efforts to draw out issues that arise when designing for a heterogeneous set of learners (along the dimensions of interest and planning style), and to begin thinking about ways to address these issues.
DNA Sequences Shaped by Selection for Stability

The sequence of a stretch of nucleotides affects its propensity for errors during replication and expression. Are proteins encoded by stable or unstable nucleotide sequences? If selection for variability is prevalent, one could expect an excess of unstable sequences. Alternatively, if selection against targets for errors were substantial, an excess of stable sequences would be expected. We screened the genome sequences of different organisms for an important determinant of stability, the presence of mononucleotide repeats. We find that codons are used to encode proteins in a way that avoids the emergence of mononucleotide repeats, and we can attribute this bias to selection rather than a neutral process. This indicates that selection for stability, rather than for the generation of variation, substantially influences how information is encoded in the genome.
Sequence complexity and abundance classes of nuclear and polysomal polyadenylated RNA in Neurospora crassa.

The sequence complexity of nuclear and polysomal polyadenylated RNA in Neurospora crassa has been investigated by an analysis of the kinetics of RNA : cDNA hybridizations. There are about 2000 different messenger RNAs organized into three abundance classes of low, medium and high complexity, which contain approx. 10, 150 and 1800 sequences, respectively. Taking 1300 nucleotides as the average length of mRNA, the total sequence complexity of polyadenylated polysomal RNA was calculated to represent 2.4 · 106 nucleotide pairs, which is 9% of the genome. Hybridization of polysomal polyadenylated RNA with nuclear DNA yielded results in good agreement and revealed that about 12% of the genome was transcribed into mRNA. Analysis of RNA : cDNA hybridizations with nuclear polyadenylated RNA gave results similar to that observed with polysomal RNA, and indicated that nuclear RNAs were also present in discrete abundance classes. Cross-hybridization experiments showed that all mRNA sequences are present in nuclear RNA, and that the sequence complexity detected in polysomal and nuclear polyadenylated RNA is identical or very similar. In total, approx. 15 to 20% of the Neurospora genome is transcribed into various RNA species, including messenger and ribosomal RNAs, in cells growing vegetatively on minimal medium.
Consensus weak hierarchies

An axiomatic characterization is presented for consensus functions defined on weak hierarchies. These functions are generalizations of the majority rule consensus.
Sources of sex education as a function of sex coital activity and type of information.

Abstract Previous studies of the sources of sex education are reviewed and critically analyzed. Most previous studies have examined the limited issue of which source of sex education is most important, examined the sources of only a few sexual topics, or used inadequate methodology. In the present study, more adequate data regarding the relative contributions of parents, schools, reading, and peers to information about each of 35 different sexual topics were obtained from a sample of 232 male and female, coitally experienced or inexperienced, midwestern college students. Individual reading and peers were the highest rated sources overall and on most of the subcategories of items. Schools were highly rated sources for topics related to the anatomy and physiology of sex and venereal disease. Coitally experienced (CE) individuals reported receiving more information overall than coitally inexperienced (CIE) individuals. However, contrary to previous speculations, CE and CIE individuals did not differ in the amount of information received from parents. Instead, CE individuals received more information through reading and from peers than did CIE individuals. Consistent with previous findings, amount of information received from parents correlated negatively with performance on a sexual knowledge test. Comparison of the present results with previous research suggested a developmental hypothesis, namely that as individuals develop from early adolescence to young adulthood and become more sexually active, individual reading becomes a more important source of sexual information.
Optimization of surgical clip placement for breast-conservation therapy

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if seroma cavity visualization could be further improved with placement of gold fiducial markers in each anatomic wall of the seroma cavity compared with placement of surgical titanium clips at the surgeon's discretion. Methods and materials We identified patients with breast cancer who received breast-conservation surgery. Patients were grouped into 3 categories: patients without clips, patients with titanium clips placed at the discretion of the treating surgeon, and patients with gold fiducial markers directly sutured to each wall of the seroma cavity. Cavity visualization was determined using the cavity visualization score criteria. Results A total of 262 patients met the criteria for the study; 119 patients did not have surgical clips placed during breast-conservation surgery, 109 patients received surgical titanium clip placement at the surgeon's discretion, and 34 patients received directed placement of gold fiducial markers in each anatomic wall of the seroma cavity. There was improvement in the visualization of the seroma cavity in patients who received directed gold fiducial marker placement in each wall of the seroma cavity compared with titanium clip placement at the surgeon's discretion ( P Conclusions The placement of a gold fiducial marker in each of the seroma cavity walls improved visualization of the seroma cavity compared with the placement of titanium clips at the surgeon's discretion. This technique may be utilized in order to assist in planning a seroma boost following whole breast irradiation or in accelerated partial breast irradiation.
Interactions Between Self and Parametrically Excited Motions in Articulated Tubes

Etude de la dynamique non lineaire d'un systeme compose de deux segments de tubes articules siege d'un ecoulement de fluide harmoniquement perturbe
Bleed-boundary conditions for numerically simulated mixed-compression supersonic inlet flow

A numerical study was performed to investigate boundary conditions for bleed openings that are needed in the numerical simulation of critical flow through turbojet inlets with bleed. Nine different boundary conditions (BCs) were devised and examined. Of the BCs examined, three were able to stabilize the terminal shock near the inlet's throat. This numerical study was based on the ensemble-averaged, unsteady, three-dimensional, compressible Navier-Stokes equations closed by the Baldwin-Lomax algebraic turbulence model. Solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations were obtained by using a hybrid implicit-explicit method (Beam and Warming/MacCormack). The multiblock grid system used in the solution procedure was generated by solving a set of elliptic partial differential equations. Solutions obtained were compared with available experimental data.
Optimal weed control under static and dynamic decision rules

Dynamic and static weed control decision rules are derived analytically and compared. The dynamic rule leads to increased farm profits and greater control of weeds and weed seeds than the static rule, while total herbicide use is unchanged. The magnitude of the differences is estimated for atrazine control of foxtail and cocklebur in corn production. Incorporating weed dynamics into weed control strategies increases farm profits between 1.0 and 1.4%.
Low-power organic electronics based on gate-tunable injection barrier in vertical graphene-organic semiconductor heterostructures

The vertical integration of graphene with inorganic semiconductors, oxide semiconductors, and newly emerging layered materials has recently been demonstrated as a promising route toward novel electronic and optoelectronic devices. Here, we report organic thin film transistors based on vertical heterojunctions of graphene and organic semiconductors. In these thin heterostructure devices, current modulation is accomplished by tuning of the injection barriers at the semiconductor/graphene interface with the application of a gate voltage. N-channel devices fabricated with a thin layer of C60 show a room temperature on/off ratio >104 and current density of up to 44 mAcm–2. Because of the ultrashort channel intrinsic to the vertical structure, the device is fully operational at a driving voltage of 200 mV. A complementary p-channel device is also investigated, and a logic inverter based on two complementary transistors is demonstrated. The vertical integration of graphene with organic semiconductors via simple,...
Correlation of Injury Occurrence Data with Estimated Maximal Aerobic Capacity and Body Composition in a High-Frequency Manual Materials Handling Task

This article evaluates the correlation between injury occurrence, step test estimated maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), and body composition in a high-frequency manual materials handling task. The study used 212 highly trained male manual material handlers working for a major materials handling company. Three locations across the United States (western, midwestern, and southeastern) were chosen based on similarity of size and function. An estimated maximal aerobic capacity was obtained for each participant using a submaximal bench step protocol. Also, a percentage body fat estimation was randomly obtained for approximately 25% of the participants. The correlation between injury occurrences, absolute VO2max, relative VO2max, and percentage body fat were analyzed. Also, the relationship between both VO2max estimations and percentage body fat was analyzed. Finally, the correlation between location VO2max and percentage body fat was studied. Results indicated no significant difference between absolute VO2max, injury, or percentage body fat. Relative VO2max suggested a significant relationship with injury occurrences and body composition. Body composition also indicated a significant correlation with injury occurrences. Finally, location played a significant factor in injury occurrence, step test estimated VO2max, and estimated body composition. This investigation demonstrates significant evidence of the predictability of employee injury occurrence and the fitness estimation methods used. In a high-frequency manual materials handling task, high occurrences of injury were significantly correlated with low estimated relative maximal aerobic capacity and high estimated percentage body fat.
Adding Cocoa to Sucrose: The Effect on Cold Pain Tolerance

The sweet taste of sucrose acts as an analgesic, whereas the taste of a bitter substance decreases pain tolerance. The present experiment explores the analgesic effect of a complex taste and asks how adding cocoa, a substance often associated with sweet foods but that has a bitter taste, to a sucrose solution affects cold pain tolerance. The 24 male participants were exposed to Cold Pressor Tests (CPTs) while holding 1 of 3 tastants in their mouths: water, sucrose, or sucrose with cocoa added. After each CPT, participants rated pain intensity and tastant qualities. Intraoral sucrose increased the amount of time that men were able to leave their hands in cold water, whereas the cocoa solution did not. Solutions did not differ in pleasantness or sweetness, but the cocoa solution was rated as more bitter. Bitterness ratings of cocoa exceeded the ratings of sucrose (corrected for water) by an average of 16.9% (P = 0.02), which, in turn, produced a 30% reduction in the duration of pain tolerance (P = 0.002). These results suggest that the addition of a bitter substance reduces cues to the nutritive value of sucrose that may drive its analgesic effect.
Spectral-domain optical coherence reflectometric sensor for highly sensitive molecular detection

We describe what we believe to be a novel use of spectral-domain optical coherence reflectometry (SD-OCR) for highly sensitive molecular detection in real time. The SD-OCR sensor allows identification of a sensor surface of interest in an OCR depth scan and monitoring the phase alteration due to molecular interaction at that surface with subnanometer optical thickness sensitivity. We present subfemtomole detection sensitivity for etching of SiO2 molecules and demonstrate its application as a biosensor by measuring biotin-streptavidin binding in a microfluidic device.
Dimensionality Reduction and Clustering on Statistical Manifolds

Dimensionality reduction and clustering on statistical manifolds is presented. Statistical manifold [16] is a 2D Riemannian manifold which is statistically defined by maps that transform a parameter domain onto a set of probability density functions. Principal component analysis (PCA) based dimensionality reduction is performed on the manifold, and therefore, estimation of a mean and a variance of the set of probability distributions are needed. First, the probability distributions are transformed by an isometric transform that maps the distributions onto a surface of hyper-sphere. The sphere constructs a Riemannian manifold with a simple geodesic distance measure. Then, a Frechet mean is estimated on the Riemannian manifold to perform the PCA on a tangent plane to the mean. Experimental results show that clustering on the Riemannian space produce more accurate and stable classification than the one on Euclidean space.
L166P mutant DJ-1, causative for recessive Parkinson's disease, is degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

Mutations in a gene on chromosome 1, DJ-1, have been reported recently to be associated with recessive, earlyonset Parkinson's disease. While one mutation is a large deletion that is predicted to produce an effective knockout of the gene, the second is a point mutation, L166P, whose precise effects on protein function are unclear. In the present study, we show that L166P destabilizes DJ-1 protein and promotes its degradation through the ubiq-uitin-proteasome system. A double mutant (K130R, L166P) was more stable than L166P, suggesting that this lysine residue contributes to stability of the protein. Subcellular localization was broadly similar for both wild type and L166P forms of the protein, indicating that the effect of the mutation is predominantly on protein stability. These observations are reminiscent of other recessive gene mutations that produce an effective loss of function. The L166P mutation has the simple effect of promoting DJ-1 degradation, thereby reducing net DJ-1 protein within the cell.
Long-Lasting Increases in Intrinsic Excitability Triggered by Inhibition

Although experience-dependent changes in neural circuits are commonly assumed to be mediated by synaptic plasticity, modifications of intrinsic excitability may serve as a complementary mechanism. In whole-cell recordings from spontaneously firing vestibular nucleus neurons, brief periods of inhibitory synaptic stimulation or direct membrane hyperpolarization triggered long-lasting increases in spontaneous firing rates and firing responses to intracellular depolarization. These increases in excitability, termed firing rate potentiation, were induced by decreases in intracellular calcium and expressed as reductions in the sensitivity to the BK-type calcium-activated potassium channel blocker iberiotoxin. Firing rate potentiation is a novel form of cellular plasticity that could contribute to motor learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex.
Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Vascular Changes, Apolipoprotein E Genotype, and Development of Dementia in the Neurocognitive Outcomes of Depression in the Elderly Study

Objective: Several studies suggest that depression is a risk factor for development of dementia in the elderly. In a study of older depressed individuals, the authors examined both neuroimaging and genetic factors in development of dementia. The authors hypothesized that change in subcortical gray matter and white matter hyperintensity volumes would be associated with development of dementia, as would presence of an apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon 4 allele. Methods: The sample consisted of 161 older depressed subjects without dementia who had magnetic resonance imaging scans at baseline and at two years. Blood samples were also taken to determine APOE genotype. All participants were treated with antidepressants using a guidelinebased treatment algorithm. Their cognitive status was evaluated annually. A consensus panel of experts evaluated each case to determine cognitive status and assign a diagnosis. Results: Twenty subjects became demented over the follow-up period (5.4 years on average). Change in white matter hyperintensity volume was significantly associated with development of dementia, especially among non-Alzheimer dementias. There was a trend for change in subcortical gray matter hyperintensity volume to be associated with incident dementia. APOE genotype was not associated with onset of dementia. Conclusion: Worsening cerebrovascular disease in older depressed adults is associated with cognitive decline and dementia, particularly of the non-Alzheimer disease type. The association of change in white matter lesion volume and incident dementia among depressed elders extends the vascular depression hypothesis of geriatric depression to include cognitive outcomes of depression in the elderly. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15:
Dynamics of soil fungal and bacterial biomass in a temperate climate alley cropping system

Soil bacterial and fungal dynamics were measured in an alley cropping system using direct microscopy techniques. The alley cropping system involved hedgerows of alder trees (Alnus rubra) and sweet corn (Zea mays) grown in the alleys. Trees were periodically coppiced and prunings were incorporated into the soil as green manure. Active fungal and bacterial biomass were greatest in tree rows and declined with distance from the trees. Active fungal biomass was greatest at the first year July sampling, ranging from 44 mg g dry soil ˇ1 in the tree row to 22 mg g dry soil ˇ1 in the middle of the alley. Bacterial biomass in all sampling locations peaked during May before coppicing of trees and cultivation of the alley. Bacterial and fungal biomass in the middle of the alley were similar to sweet corn monocropping plots throughout the growing season. The results suggested that the relatively low pruning biomass that can be produced and incorporated into the soil of temperate climate alley cropping systems compared to tropical alley cropping systems has little effect on microbial biomass. However, additional green manure in the form of leaf fall, additional below ground substrate from tree roots, and favorable conditions in untilled tree rows contribute to higher soil fungal and bacterial counts in and near the tree rows. # 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Semiconductor optical amplifiers in data networking and optical access

SOAs nowadays are used in many ways in applications that use fiber optics technology. If we look just at networking applications, there are two clear winners: data networks and fiber to the home. We will discuss the emerging use of the SOA in extended range 100Gb Ethernet, and their use in next generation passive optical networks, both as amplifiers and as colourless signal sources.
Reconciling Theory with Method: From Conversation Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis to Positioning Analysis

Es ist nicht nur recht beschwerlich, sich durch die vielen unterschiedlichen diskursanalytischen Ansatze zur Untersuchung von Gesprachsinteraktionen hindurchzukampfen. Eine zusatzliche Herausforderung besteht darin zu verstehen, ob und auf welche Art und Weise die je spezifische Methodik der hinter ihr liegenden theoretischen Komplexitat gerecht wird. Hier scheinen Methoden notwendig, die hinreichend sensibel sind, um an der durch sie vermittelten Empirie uberhaupt die Komplexitat der dahinterliegenden Theorien zu demonstrieren, aus denen heraus erst der Wert und die Bedeutsamkeit einer Analyse entstehen kann. Um diese nicht einfache Aufgabe zu verdeutlichen, sollen zunachst einige aktuell diskutierte Spannungen zwischen zwei besonders prominenten Ansatzen – der Kritischen Diskursanalyse (CDA) und der Konversationsanalyse (CA) – beleuchtet werden. Im besonderen gilt die Aufmerksamkeit einigen neueren methodologischen Bemuhungen um eine Verbindung zwischen CDA and CA. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird zu zeigen versucht, dass die "Positioning Analysis" einen gangbaren Weg bereithalt, um die diskrepanten methodologischen Orientierungen mit den geteilten theoretischen Uberzeugungen von CDA und CA zu vereinbaren. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0103119
Mechanisms of pH preservation during global ischemia in preconditioned rat heart: roles for PKC and NHE

Ischemic preconditioning (PC) attenuates cardiac acidosis during global ischemia. This adaptation to ischemia is detectable before other better known indexes of PC are manifested. Clarification of ...
The 2010 Leona Tyler Address: From the Homogeneous Hills of North Dakota to My Kaleidoscopic World Today Worldview, Happenstance, Choice, and Defining Moments in My Career

This article focuses on life career perspectives within the field of counseling psychology. The first goal is to promote reflection and discussion of counseling psychologists’ planning and decision making as it pertains to their career journey; the second goal is to promote additional discussion around implicit and explicit cultural perspectives in scholars’ research paradigms in counseling psychology. To address both goals, the author centers this article around four interrelated stories in his own career path: (a) finding passion and meaning in his research, (b) broadening his worldview, (c) the power of relationships in his adult life, and (d) growing and stretching into new professional roles. In addition, the author discusses two parallel streams: (a) the evolution of his career as well as (b) defining moments, early life experiences, serendipitous events, worldviews, decisions, and people who greatly affected the course of his career. One’s career journey is typically affected by a wide range of fac...
Goal-oriented dynamic buffer pool management for data base systems

The paper presents a technique for performing dynamic goal-oriented buffer pool management for database management systems. To dynamically adjust the buffer pool sizes for the multiple buffer pools provided by database management systems is a complex constrained optimization problem. In the goal-oriented approach, the user specifies each buffer pool's random access response time goal and the total available number of buffers for all buffer pools. The problem is to dynamically expand or contract the buffer pool sizes based on the database workload to achieve these pre-defined response time goals for each buffer pool while maintaining the same total number of buffers in the database system. Our goal satisfaction algorithm monitors goal satisfaction of each buffer pool and periodically changes buffer pool sizes to improve goal satisfaction. The expansion and contraction process does not allocate new or free up existing virtual storage. We demonstrate that dynamic tuning can greatly improve buffer pool goal satisfaction through trace driven simulations.
Scale Dependence of Species Richness Maps

Mapping patterns of species richness is a longstanding tradition in biogeography and more recently in conservation planning. This paper describes the effects of sampling unit size on patterns of vertebrate richness across landscapes in the Intermountain Sagebrush and Rocky Mountain Forest ecoregions in Idaho. Variability of richness decreased with increasing size of the spatial sampling units at both sites, with greater overall variability in the forested site. Richness in the sagebrush region was best explained by alpha diversity, whereas beta diversity accounted for more of the variability in richness in the forested site.
Electric generating prospects for nuclear power

Most of the nuclear power plants in the U.S. today are of the light-water variety. In many parts of the U.S. these plants are competitive with plants burning coal, but the electricity that they generate will be more costly in the future as uranium supplies deplete. A promising possible answer to the cost problem is the fast-neutron reactor, which produces more fuel than it consumes. Such a plant should also be a more efficient generator of electricity and this should produce less thermal pollution than a water-reactor plant. However, it takes time to breed the fuel to make these fast reactors possible, and until more is known about the performance of such reactors, final judgment about their economic feasibility must continue to be held in abeyance.
A Mechanistic Model for Quasistatic Pulmonary Pressure-Volume Curves for Inflation

A mechanistic model of the respiratory system is proposed to understand differences in quasistatic pressure-volume (p-V) curves of the inflation process in terms of the alveolar recruitment and the elastic distension of the wall tissues. In the model, a total respiratory system consists of a large number of elements, each of which is a subsystem of a cylindrical chamber fitted with a piston attached to a spring. The alveolar recruitment is simulated by allowing a distribution of the critical pressure at which an element opens; while the wall distension is represented by the piston displacement. Relations are derived between parameters in the error-function p-V model equation and properties of the mechanistic model. The parameters of the model-based p-V equation are determined for clinical data sets of patients with acute respirators distress syndrome.
Directed incremental symbolic execution

The last few years have seen a resurgence of interest in the use of symbolic execution -- a program analysis technique developed more than three decades ago to analyze program execution paths. Scaling symbolic execution and other path-sensitive analysis techniques to large systems remains challenging despite recent algorithmic and technological advances. An alternative to solving the problem of scalability is to reduce the scope of the analysis. One approach that is widely studied in the context of regression analysis is to analyze the differences between two related program versions. While such an approach is intuitive in theory, finding efficient and precise ways to identify program differences, and characterize their effects on how the program executes has proved challenging in practice.In this paper, we present Directed Incremental Symbolic Execution (DiSE), a novel technique for detecting and characterizing the effects of program changes. The novelty of DiSE is to combine the efficiencies of static analysis techniques to compute program difference information with the precision of symbolic execution to explore program execution paths and generate path conditions affected by the differences. DiSE is a complementary technique to other reduction or bounding techniques developed to improve symbolic execution. Furthermore, DiSE does not require analysis results to be carried forward as the software evolves -- only the source code for two related program versions is required. A case-study of our implementation of DiSE illustrates its effectiveness at detecting and characterizing the effects of program changes.
Prosthesis of antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement (PROSTALAC) use for the treatment of infection after shoulder arthroplasty.

Background There are limited data on Prosthesis of Antibiotic-Loaded Acrylic Cement (PROSTALAC) use for the treatment of infection following shoulder arthroplasty. We performed a retrospective review of our experience with the PROSTALAC in terms of infection eradication, complications, and outcomes. Methods Twenty-eight patients with an infection at the site of a shoulder arthroplasty who were managed with the PROSTALAC were followed until eradication of the infection and maximum functional improvement. The average duration of follow-up was 27.6 months (range, twelve to sixty-nine months). In twenty-five of the twenty-eight patients, the PROSTALAC was created with antibiotic-impregnated cement, a standard humeral head mold, and a scaffold with either a one-third tubular plate or a 3.5-mm reconstruction plate. Three PROSTALAC implants had no scaffold. Results Although all patients benefited from the use of the PROSTALAC, there were nine complications in eight patients (29%), with six additional unplanned surgical procedures being performed in this group. One patient had a dislocation, three had a fracture of the PROSTALAC, and five had recurrent infections requiring debridement and revision PROSTALAC placement. All fractures were associated with use of the semitubular plate. Twelve patients (43%), including two with revision PROSTALAC implants, were satisfied with pain relief and function and declined a second-stage procedure. With the exclusion of two patients who had a revision PROSTALAC implant, sixteen patients (57%) had a second-stage procedure; the procedures included ten reverse shoulder arthroplasties, three hemiarthroplasties, two total shoulder arthroplasties, and one resection arthroplasty. At the time of the latest follow-up, the average forward elevation of the shoulder was 77° (range, 30° to 130°). Fifteen patients had no or mild pain, eight patients had moderate pain, and five had severe pain. Patients with reverse total shoulder arthroplasties did not have improved function compared with the other cohorts. Conclusions The use of the PROSTALAC for the treatment of infection following shoulder arthroplasty is beneficial. Infection was initially eradicated in twenty-three (82%) of twenty-eight patients, more than half of our patients had mild or no pain, and 43% of patients declined a second-stage procedure because of acceptable function and pain relief. Conversely, five of twenty-eight patients had severe pain and five patients had persistent infection requiring additional surgery. The use of the reverse total shoulder arthroplasty did not appear to improve outcomes.
Physical limitations on delay and energy dissipation of interconnects for post-CMOS devices

In order to maintain the historical scaling of computational power in information processing beyond the 2020 technology node, switches that are based on state variables other than electron charge are currently being investigated. Examples of alternate state variables include the electron spin, pseudo-spin in graphene, and excitons. This paper discusses different communication mechanisms for on-chip local interconnects for post-CMOS devices. Models for delay and energy dissipation for novel interconnects are obtained, and a comparison is provided with their CMOS counterpart. It is shown that novel interconnects can potentially consume less energy per bit as compared to the CMOS interconnects. However, they pose significant delay penalty. The paper highlights some of the major implications of the novel interconnects on the post-CMOS circuits.