cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
John Claudius Loudon (1783-1843) and the field's identity

The career of John Claudius Loudon (1783–1843) is worth exploring as a sequel to John Dixon Hunt’s review of early landscape architects who were not ‘landscape architects’. Loudon is a pivotal figu...
Future Selves and Self-Control Motivation

Self-control is well established as a predictor of crime and deviance. Little is known, however, about the motivation to exert self-control, or the degree to which individuals perceive self-control to be relevant or necessary. This is because the “self” in self-control theory is under-theorized. We argue that self-control over criminal and deviant behavior is influenced by the desired and feared conceptions people have of themselves in the future. We argue that people's projections of their future selves engender commitments to lines of action, which mobilize the motivation to exercise self-control. By developing a more detailed conception of the “self” in self-control theory, we hope to orient criminology more fully to the importance of individuals' projected future selves and intended lines of action for understanding the relationship between self-control and criminal behavior.
Radiation dose for routine clinical adult brain CT: Variability on different scanners at one institution.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine, using an anthropomorphic phantom, whether patients are subject to variable radiation doses based on scanner assignment for routine CT of the brain.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Twenty metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor dosimeters were placed in the brain of a male anthropomorphic phantom scanned three times with a routine clinical brain CT protocol on four scanners from one manufacturer in four configurations and on one 64-MDCT scanner from another manufacturer. Absorbed organ doses were measured for skin, cranium, brain, lens of the eye, mandible, and thyroid. Effective dose was calculated on the basis of the dose–length product recorded on each scanner.RESULTS. Organ dose ranges were as follows: cranium, 2.57–3.47 cGy; brain, 2.34–3.78 cGy; lens, 2.51–5.03 cGy; mandible 0.17–0.48 cGy; and thyroid, 0.03–0.28 cGy. Statistically significant differences between scanners with respect to dose were recorded for brain and lens (p < 0.05). Absorbed d...
Clinical validation of fiberoptic immunobiosensor for point-of-care analysis of plasma nerve growth factor

Background Upregulation of plasma nerve growth factor (NGF) is indicative of cardiac nerve sprouting that is underlying the mechanisms for cardiac arrhythmias. A conventional assay method (e.g., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) is usually time consuming and technically complicated for NGF analysis for potential arrhythmia prognosis. Objective This study is to develop a rapid and and reliable assay method for point-of-care (POC) testing of plasma NGF. Methods We recently developed a fiberoptic immunobiosensor for point-of-care testing of human plasma NGF. Physiological concentrations of NGF (1 to 200 ng/ml) could be quantified in both buffer and human blood plasma samples (100 μl) within 5 min. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 5%, and the interassay coefficient of variation was 8%. The clinical utility of the NGF biosensor was evaluated using clinical blood samples from atrial fibrillation patients (n = 21). Peripheral venous blood was sampled before and immediately after radiofrequency ablation and again at postoperative day 1. Results The NGF level did not change significantly between before (15.73 ± 16.67 ng/ml) and immediately after radiofrequency ablation (13.58 ± 11.45 ng/ml, P = NS); however, there was a significant elevation to 28.41 ± 19.52 ng/ml in postoperative day 1 ( P P Conclusion Because of the comparable data accuracy and much faster assay time as compared with ELISA, the fiberoptic biosensor is promising as a clinical POC assay method for plasma NGF analysis at patient bedsides for potential cardiac disease diagnosis and prognosis.
Reflections on a Job-Shadowing Experience

Various studies from the past 30 years indicate that the number of new, qualified catalogers is dwindling. This article explores the reasons why library students are being deterred from specializing in cataloging and suggests methods to improve the situation. One highly recommended solution is for library schools to promote job shadowing. Shadowing is a career exploration tool that can be beneficial for both students and practitioners. Both authors have experienced the benefits of shadowing and offer their perspectives on being a shadow and a host.
Code tracking architecture influence on GPS carrier multipath

It is well known that carrier-phase multipath is one of the limiting error sources in high-precision differential GPS (Global Positioning System) applications. A thorough understanding of carrier-phase multipath is the first step in the course of mitigating its impact in high precision applications. Complete characterization of carrier-phase multipath error requires a fundamental theoretical description and mathematical modeling. However, the theory and models must be validated with real data. This paper documents the results of a study of the influence of GPS receiver code tracking architecture (coherent and noncoherent) on the carrier-phase multipath error, and provides a thorough validation of carrier-phase multipath theory. Validation is carried out for wide and narrow correlator spacing within coherent and noncoherent code tracking architectures by comparing bench test data to theoretical predictions. Prior to this effort, scant attention had been given to validating carrier-phase multipath theory against GPS data (Townsend et al., 1995). In addition, data collected for non-zero multipath phase rates is presented. The impact of GPS receiver architecture on the mitigation of phase-rate multipath was discussed.
Human and Murine Hepatic Sterol-12-α-Hydroxylase and Other Xenobiotic Metabolism mRNA Are Upregulated by Soy Isoflavones

The transport and metabolism of xenobiotics is controlled by the drug transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver and small intestine. Expression of these genes is 1 factor affecting the half-life of drugs and xenobiotics. Isoflavone-containing soyfood products and supplements are promoted to treat several different health conditions, including improvement of blood lipid profiles. Because relatively high isoflavone intake may be possible via use of supplements, we tested the hypothesis that isoflavones regulate the expression of genes critical to drug transport and metabolism. Using a gene array screening method, 2 drug transporters, Multidrug restistant-1 and Multidrug-related protein-2; 3 phase I enzymes, cytochrome 1A1, 3A4, and 8B1; and 2 phase II enzymes, carbohydrate sulfotransferase-5 and glutathione-sulfotransferase-2, were upregulated 3-fold or more of the initial expression levels in primary human hepatocytes exposed to soy isoflavones for 48 h. Isoflavone-related induction of 12-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) was further studied in other in vitro and murine in vivo models. Transfection studies suggest that isoflavones may act as a weak activating ligand for hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha, which in turn may activate the transcription of CYP8B1. The action of soy isoflavones on CYP8B1 may increase the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids and enhance synthesis of cholic acid. These isoflavone-induced changes in gene expression may help explain how isoflavones modulate cholesterol metabolism.
Menthol cigarettes and smoking cessation behaviour: a review of tobacco industry documents

Objective To determine what the tobacco industry knew about menthol9s relation to smoking cessation behaviour. Methods A snowball sampling design was used to systematically search the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (LTDL) (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu) between 15 May to 1 August 2010. Of the approximately 11 million documents available in the LTDL, the iterative searches returned tens of thousands of results. A final collection of 509 documents relevant to 1 or more of the research questions were qualitatively analysed, as follows: (1) perceived sensory and taste rewards of menthol and potential relation to quitting; and (2) motivation to quit among menthol users. Results Menthol9s cooling and anaesthetic effects mask the short-term negative physiological effects of smoking such as throat pain, burning and cough. This provides superficial physical relief as well as psychological assurance against concerns about the health dangers of smoking that would otherwise motivate smokers to quit. Menthol smokers, particularly women, perceive the minty aroma of menthol cigarettes to be more socially acceptable than non-menthol cigarettes. Discussion Consumers believe menthol9s sensory effects equate to health protections and that menthol cigarettes are more socially acceptable than non-menthol cigarettes. Menthol in cigarettes may encourage experimenters who find non-mentholated cigarettes too harsh, including young or inexperienced users, to progress to regular smoking rather than quitting, and may lessen the motivation to quit among established menthol smokers. The perception of menthol cigarettes as more socially acceptable lessens the impact of smoking denormalisation on quitting motivation. Menthol makes cigarettes easier and more palatable to smoke and less desirable to quit among established smokers. Fewer smokers quitting contributes to the incidence of tobacco-related diseases.
Shooting Felons: Law, Practice, Official Culture, and Perceptions of Morality

Until a change in the law in 1967 felons might be shot in order to prevent escape from lawful custody; their death counted as justifiable homicide. Shooting escaping felons came to be particularly associated with Dartmoor Prison, where outside working parties were accompanied by armed guards until the 1950s. But many years before this, administrative action had been directed towards ensuring that fatal shootings should not occur; the last such incident took place in the nineteenth century. This article traces the history of the relationship between formal law and administrative practice.
Absence of P450 effect with a novel phospholipid emulsion (GR270773)

GR270773 (773) is a novel phospholipid emulsion with endotoxin binding activity. Alterations in dietary lipids have been shown to alter P450 activity. We therefore examined 773′s effects on protein content and activity of selected hepatic P450 enzymes in male rats. 773 was given intravenously by continuous infusion to three male rats/group at doses of 0, 800, and 1600 mg/kg/day for 3 days. Two hours after the infusion, liver samples were removed, frozen, and stored at -60C. Microsomal fractions were prepared for each animal by differential centrifugation. Protein yield, total P450 content, and activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (CYP1A), testosterone 6β- and 16β-hydroxylase (CYP3A and CYP2B, respectively), and lauric acid 11- and 12-hydroxylase (CYP2E and CYP4A, respectively) were examined. Treatment with 773 at doses of 800 and 1600 mg/kg/day for 3 days caused no notable changes in the mean hepatic microsomal protein yields (p>0.8) and total cytochrome P450 content (p>0.3). Treatment of male rats with 773 caused no notable change in the mean activity of CYP1A, CYP3A or CYP4A (p>0.4). Treatment with 773 caused a slight non-significant (p>0.2) increase in the mean activities of CYP2B and CYP2E in the 1600-mg/kg/day dose group (1.6 and 1.4-times control, respectively). Intravenous infusion of 773 at 800 and 1600 mg/kg/day for 3 days to male rats had no notable effect on hepatic microsomal protein, total cytochrome P450 levels or the activities of 5 P450 subfamilies. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P87–P87; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.333
A decision-theoretic formalism for belief-optimal reasoning

Intelligent systems must often reason with partial or corrupted information, due to noisy sensors, limited representation capabilities, and inherent problem complexity. Gathering new information and reasoning with existing information comes at a computational or physical cost. This paper presents a formalism to model systems that solve logical reasoning problems in the presence of uncertainty and priced information. The system is modeled a decision-making agent that moves in a probabilistic belief space, where each information-gathering or computation step changes the belief state. This forms a Markov decision process (MDP), and the belief-optimal system operates according to the belief-space policy that optimizes the MDP. This formalism makes the strong assertion that belief-optimal systems solve the reasoning problem at minimal expected cost, given the background knowledge, sensing capabilities, and computational resources available to the system. Furthermore, this paper argues that belief-optimal systems are more likely to avoid overfitting to benchmarks than benchmark-optimized systems. These concepts are illustrated on a variety of toy problems as well as a path optimization problem encountered in motion planning.
Angiotropic malignant melanoma and extravascular migratory metastasis: description of 36 cases with emphasis on a new mechanism of tumour spread.

Summary Aims We have identified in malignant melanoma an angio-tumoural complex in which tumour cells occupy a pericytic location along the endothelium of microvessels without evidence of intravasation. This pericytic angiotropism of melanoma cells, without any sign of intravasation, suggests that melanoma cells may migrate along the external surface of vessels, a mechanism we have termed 'extravascular migratory metastasis' (EVMM), as distinct from intravascular dissemination. Methods The present study describes, for the first time, a series of 36 invasive melanoma cases ascertained for the presence of the histopathological characteristic of angiotropism. Results All cutaneous melanomas (31/35) were level IV with the exception that two melanomas were level II and two level V. In all cases, angiotropism was easily observed at the advancing front of the tumour or in nearby tissue. Conclusions The study demonstrates that angiotropism of melanoma cells can be easily detected microscopically in routine tissue sections, i.e., in close proximity to microvessels (in a pericytic location). This phenomenon may prove to be important both biologically and prognostically in the routine histopathological assessment of melanoma, since we have recently shown that angiotropism could be a prognostic factor predicting risk for metastasis of melanoma. Our continued investigations to elucidate the significance of angiotropism in melanoma may help in understanding the molecular basis of metastasis and EVMM.
THE ANTINOMIES OF RACIAL CHANGE

Discussions of complexity and change in matters of ethnoracial relations often obscure as much as they describe and illuminate. In part, this is so because such distinctions, racial ones in particular, are not now nor have they ever been fixed, static, and natural categories. They are instead malleable social constructions. In part, it is so because expressly ideological projects are typically embedded within the claims scholars make about ethnoracial patterns. Consider the assertion that hybridity and mixture are ending the relevance of race, or that global population flows, massive immigration, and “super-diversity” will, likewise, render notions of race passe. The trouble here is that the crossing of socially imposed lines of race and ethnicity, as well as contact among diverse peoples, has long characterized the human experience.
Airborne infection control in health care facilities

Documented correlations between building occupant health effects and exposure to indoor airborne contaminants are very limited because of low indoor concentrations and confounding exposure elswhere. However, an important exception has been found in hospitals where immune compromised patient mortality has been directly linked to increased indoor airborne fungal contamination caused by construction activity. Inhalation of viable Aspergillus spores often results in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, a disease with a high fatality rate. A review of the literature is given and recommendations and needs are outlined for barriers, filtration, air pressure control and bioaerosol sensors.
VOICE, CONTROL, AND BELONGING: The Double-Edged Sword of Procedural Fairness

The procedural justice literature has grown enormously since the early work of Thibaut and Walker in the 1970s. Since then, the finding that citizens care enormously about the process by which outcomes are reached - even unfavorable outcomes - has been replicated using a wide range of methodologies (including panel surveys, psychometric work, and experimentation), cultures (throughout North America, Europe, and Asia), and settings (including tort litigation, policing, taxpayer compliance, support for public policies, and organizational citizenship). We have learned a great deal about the antecedents and consequences of these judgments. In particular, the work of Tom Tyler and Allan Lind and their colleagues suggests that people care about voice, dignity, and respect for relational and symbolic rather than (or in addition to) instrumental reasons. This has benevolent implications for governance and social cooperation, but also some troubling implications, leaving people susceptible to manipulation and exploitation.
Uniting couples (in the treatment of) anorexia nervosa (UCAN)

Objective To describe the development of a novel couple-based cognitive-behavioral intervention for adult anorexia nervosa (AN) called Uniting Couples (in the treatment of) Anorexia Nervosa (UCAN).
Vulnerability of neonatal respiratory neural control to sustained hypoxia during a uniquely sensitive window of development

The first postnatal weeks represent a period of development in the rat during which the respiratory neural control system may be vulnerable to aberrant environmental stressors. In the present study, we investigated whether sustained hypoxia (SH; 11% O2) exposure starting at different postnatal ages differentially modifies the acute hypoxic (HVR) and hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR). Three different groups of rat pups were exposed to 5 days of SH, starting at either postnatal age 1 (SH1-5), 11 (SH11-15), or 21 (SH21-25) days. Whole body plethysmography was used to assess the HVR and HCVR the day after SH exposure ended. The primary results indicated that 1) the HVR and HCVR of SH11-15 rats were absent or attenuated (respectively) compared with age-matched rats raised in normoxia; 2) there was a profoundly high (∼84% of pups) incidence of unexplained mortality in the SH11-15 rats; and 3) these phenomena were unique to the SH11-15 group with no comparable effect of the SH exposure on the HVR, HCVR, or mortality in the younger (SH1-5) or older (SH21-25) rats. These results share several commonalities with the risk factors thought to underlie the etiology of sudden infant death syndrome, including 1) a vulnerable neonate; 2) a critical period of development; and 3) an environmental stressor.
What Does It Take to Deter? Regional Power Nuclear Postures and International Conflict

Existing nuclear deterrence scholarship evinces a pervasive ''existential bias,'' assuming that once a state merely possesses nuclear weapons, it should be able to deter armed conflict. The empirical literature expresses this bias by simply dichot- omously coding a state based on whether it has nuclear weapons, thereby treating all nuclear states as equivalent. Thus, whether nuclear weapons deter conflict, and how much is required to do so, is unclear. This article shifts the unit of analysis away from nuclear weapons to postures, hypothesizing that different nuclear postures are distinct and generate differential deterrent power, particularly amongst the non- superpower states which comprise the lion's share of nuclear powers. I find that an asymmetric escalation nuclear posture uniquely deters conflict initiation and esca- lation. Not only do small arsenals have little deterrence success, but I find that even assured retaliation postures fail to deter intense conventional conflict. This suggests that the deterrence dividend is distributed unequally across nuclear powers, and that states may need to do more than simply acquire nuclear weapons to successfully deter conventional attacks.
A Robust Distributed Adaptive Finite Element Program for Coupled Fluid-Structure Problems

This paper describes an implementation of an adaptive finite element program for coupled fluid-structure problems using a network of workstations. A pool of task programming paradigm suitable for a heterogeneous distributed workstation environment is presented. The issues of load balancing and fault recovery are explored. Numerical results for this distributed programming paradigm are presented and compared with sequential and parallel programming models.
Exposure to Pro-Tobacco Messages: Results from the National Youth Tobacco Survey

Objective: To test whether race/ethnicity, gender, and grade influence self-reported exposure to pro-tobacco messages among youth.Design: Multinomial logistic regression analyses of archival survey data (1999, 2000, and 2002 National Youth Tobacco Surveys). In separate analyses, demographic characteristics of the sample (race/ethnicity, gender, and grade) were regressed on responses to two questions regarding frequency of exposure to pro-tobacco messages. Analyses controlled for respondents' smoking status.Main outcome measures: Reported frequency of seeing tobacco point of sales (POS) advertisements in stores and self-reported frequency of seeing actors smoking.Results: Respondents reported generally high frequencies of seeing pro-tobacco messages either in the movies or as POS ads in stores. In comparison to Caucasian youth, African-American and Hispanic youth reported higher frequencies of seeing actors smoking. Surprisingly, non-Caucasian youth reported lower frequencies of seeing POS ads. Results by ...
James C. Hurst Reflections of a Leader in Counseling Psychology

This article is composed of a very pleasant reminiscence between Weston H. Morrill and James C. Hurst, two long-time friends and colleagues who worked together for several years during a very exciting and productive time at Colorado State University. They wrote of those experiences and described the powerful zeitgeist in a previous article. The current article is based on a transcript of a 2½-hour interview that took place in Washington, D.C., on November 18, 1997, with additional discussions in San Francisco on August 15, 1998, as well as e-mail consultations at various times. To meet space requirements and to enhance the flow of the written article, the interview has been edited and many parts have been omitted out of necessity.
On the assignment and sequencing of operations on a crew‐served project

This paper is concerned with assigning and sequencing a set of activities for some or all members of a crew of operators so that the completion time of all such operations is minimized. It is assumed that each of the operators in the crew possesses, initially, certain tasks that only he can perform. A branch-and-bound scheme is proposed to treat the problem, and suitable computational experience is provided.
Linear feature enhancement by false color

This paper presents a technique of enhancing linear features in ultrasonic imagery by use of a false color. Color is used to indicate the direction of the most prominent line segment at each point, as determined by a detection algorithm. The resulting enhanced images contain additional information which is not directly available in the unprocessed image. Because the direction and original gray scale intensity are presented in orthogonal color components-hue and intensity, respectively, in (H, S, I) color space-the color information can be quickly removed to restore the original image for conventional diagnosis.
The tree tenure factor in agroforestry with particular reference to Africa

Rights over trees are often distinct from rights over land. Tree tenure consists of a bundle of rights over trees and their produce which may be held by different people at different times. These rights include the right to own or inherit trees, the right to plant trees, the right to use trees and tree products, the right to dispose of trees and the right to exclude others from the use of trees and tree products. Factors affecting who had rights include the nature of the tree, the nature of the use and the nature of the person or group. Landowners and tree plants tend to be relatively advantaged in terms of their rights to trees. Those with temporary claims to the land and, in some case, women, tend to be disadvantaged. The implications of tree tenure issues for the design of agroforestry projects are discussed.
Are spouses of chronically ill partners burdened by exerting health-related social control?

Spouses often seek to influence the health behaviors of chronically ill partners, but little research has examined whether spouses find such involvement to be burdensome. The current study examined this question in a sample of 191 nondiabetic spouses whose partners had type 2 diabetes. Results revealed that spouses who attempted to exert more control over their partners’ dietary behavior experienced greater burden, particularly when their partners exhibited poor dietary adherence and reacted negatively to spouses’ involvement. The findings contribute to a sparse body of knowledge on how spouses are affected by efforts to influence their chronically ill partners’ disease management.
A Modern View of Atherogenesis

Two key events in the atherogenic cascade are the focal influx and accumulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol at arterial sites having a predilection for atherosclerotic lesion development and the recruitment of blood monocytes to these lesion-prone sites. Both processes are enhanced in the setting of hyperlipidemia and dyslipoproteinemia. The monocytes recruited to the endothelial surface subsequently migrate to the subendothelial space under the directed guidance of chemoattractants, such as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and oxidatively modified LDL. These cells then undergo activation-differentiation to become macrophages. At the same time, LDL, and probably other lipoproteins such as the small dense LDL particles and lipoprotein (a), traverse the endothelium and undergo oxidative modification by reactive oxygen species. These oxidatively modified lipoproteins are recognizable by the non-down-regulating macrophage scavenger receptor. Their uptake by these receptors results in the formation of the foam cell characteristic of early-stage atherosclerosis. As monocyte recruitment and lipoprotein influx continue, the lesion grows and develops into the fatty streak. Subsequent foam cell necrosis due to the influence of cytotoxic oxidatively modified LDL and increased collagen synthesis by intimal smooth muscle cells lead to the established atherosclerotic lesion referred to as the fibrous plaque. As our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has evolved over the past few years, novel strategies for intervention in the atherogenic process have emerged.
Men in the Middle of the Third Culture: The Roles of American and Non-Western People in Cross-Cultural Administration

Cross-cultural research among the various social sciences can be grouped into three basic types: the comparative study of phenomena in a series of different societies; the exploration of a society, or some aspect of it, by a foreign scientist; and the study of patterns generic to the intersections of societies. Each type involves a distinctive set of variables and methodological problems and all three are in need of further development of appropriate theoretical models.
Sustainable Case Study: Chevron Corporation

The Chevron Corporation is considered to be one of the five largest energy-producing companies in the world and they are trying to become a more sustainable company. To improve sustainability they are investing in local communities through health, education, and small business funds. They are researching and learning how they affect biodiversity, in ecosystems that they are drilling in. They are also finding ways to be more energy efficient and lower their emissions. Although there are many examples of these sustainable activities there are few concrete numbers that can be shown in order to show exactly how sustainable Chevron is.
Min And Max Triangular Extreme Interval Values And Statistics

This paper concerns the triangular distribution and shows how to find the min and max extreme interval values and related statistics (mean, standard deviation, mode, and median) for a range of observation sizes, n. The extreme interval value, denoted as , represents a bound where the probability of any value less than is α. Tables and an application are provided.
Risk-guided use of the direct thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin

Mortality and bleeding risks after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can be predicted with bedside models. Bivalirudin reduces access and non-access bleeding by almost half compared to heparin monotherapy and heparin with IIb/IIIa use. In high (>10%) baseline one-year mortality risk PCI patients, bivalirudin reduces mortality by 4% compared to heparin with IIb/IIIa therapy. Increased acute stent thrombosis may be resolved with a 4-hr post-procedure bivalirudin infusion, eliminating bivalirudin's only major drawback except cost.
Immunologic Studies on Patients Suffering from Bacterial Endocarditis

ConclusionsPatients in the active bacteremic stage of bacterial endocarditis exhibit no significant serologic evidence of immunity by the methods used in this study. Immune antibodies developed coincidentally with the disappearance of bacteremia.
High temperature polymer nanofoams.

A means of generating high temperature polymer foams which leads to pore sizes in the nanometer regime has been developed. Foams were prepared by casting block copolymers comprised of a thermally stable block and a thermally labile material, such that the morphology provides a matrix of the thermally stable material with the thermally labile material as the dispersed phase. Upon a thermal treatment, the thermally unstable block undergoes thermolysis leaving pores where the size and shape of the pores are dictated by the initial copolymer morphology. Nanopore foam formation is shown for triblock copolymers comprised of a poly(phenylquinoxaline) matrix with poly(propylene oxide) as the thermally labile block. Upon decomposition of this block, a 10–20% reduction in density was observed, consistent with the initial PO composition, and the resulting PPQ foam showed a dielectric constant of ~ 2.4, substantially lower than PPQ (2.8). Small angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy show pore sizes of approximately 100A
Carboxylesterase 2 prevents liver steatosis by modulating lipolysis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and lipogenesis and is regulated by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha in mice.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease that ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). So far, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we show that hepatic carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) is markedly reduced in NASH patients, diabetic db/db mice, and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Restoration of hepatic CES2 expression in db/db or HFD-fed mice markedly ameliorates liver steatosis and insulin resistance. In contrast, knockdown of hepatic CES2 causes liver steatosis and damage in chow- or Western diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that CES2 has triglyceride hydrolase activity. As a result, gain of hepatic CES2 function increases fatty acid oxidation and inhibits lipogenesis, whereas loss of hepatic CES2 stimulates lipogenesis by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. We further show that loss of hepatic CES2 stimulates lipogenesis in a sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1)-dependent manner. Finally, we show that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF-4α) plays a key role in controlling hepatic CES2 expression in diabetes, obesity, or NASH. Conclusion: CES2 plays a protective role in development of NAFLD. Targeting the HNF-4α/CES2 pathway may be useful for treatment of NAFLD. (Hepatology 2016;63:1860-1874)
A multiple-choice, group screening format for the quick test

A valid, easily used test of intelligence was desired to identify inmates with intellectual deficits. It was noted the Quick Test ( 1 ) has been identified in many articles as having a high correlation with the WAIS scores and can provide an accurate and rapid screening estimate of intellectual functioning in a prison setting (3) . The correlations range generally from .75 to .88 when comparing the Quick Test with the WAIS (2, 4, 5 ) and WAIS-R ( 3 ) . Modifying the procedure for this individually administered test was of interest so small groups could be tested. The subjects were given Form I of the Quick Test and a sheet marked with choices 1, 2, 3, and 4 for each word. The subjects were tested 2 to 8 at a time, sharing the four cards but each person having an answer sheet. An inmate paraprofessional explained the procedure of matching each word to one of the four pictures on a card that best fit the word according to the standard instructions. The subjects were then instructed to circle 1, 2, 3, or 4 as the best picture. The examiner started with word 16 on the list of 50 as this seemed an appropriate level of difficulty and gave all subsequent words. Each subject was also administered the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) by an inmate paraprofessional or under the supervision of a representative of the U.S. Department of Labor. Scores on this test also correlate with the WAIS scores. The test is capable of group administration. One hundred fifty-eight subjects were examined; these were all of the inmates without selection who were admitted over a 13-mo, period. The IQs for the Quick Test ( 1 ) were taken directly from the adult norms published on the back of the answer form. Pearson correlations of the Quick Test IQs and the GATB General ( G ) and Verbal ( V ) scores were significant, although not as high for this sample of inmates as in other studies of validity. Table 1 summarizes means and SDs on all scores for the total
Biphasic fusion of the murine posterior frontal suture.

BACKGROUND Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of cranial sutures early in development. Mice are commonly used to study the mechanisms driving both normal and pathologic cranial suture development. Despite their frequency of use as a model, the time course of bone formation and mineralization during fusion of mouse posterior frontal suture is not well defined. METHODS To address this, C57Bl/6J mice were euthanized at ages ranging from 6 to 107 days, and the posterior frontal sutures were imaged using micro-computed tomography. Scans were analyzed with an image-processing algorithm that was previously validated with serial histology to quantify both suture fusion and mineral content. The expression profile of genes associated with key developmental time points was examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction in both the bone and the dura. RESULTS Results demonstrate that the bones of the posterior frontal suture come together during days 10 to 20 and then increase in mineral content and volume between days 21 and 45. The onset of posterior frontal suture fusion was associated with an increase in cartilage-associated genes on day 12. Later mineralization of the suture was associated with an increase in mRNAs for osteoblast differentiation markers, bone morphogenetic proteins, and bone morphogenetic protein inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Complete analysis fusion posterior frontal suture shows that it occurs in a discontinuous biphasic manner. The first phase is from days 10 to 20 and involves production of cartilage. A second mineralization phase from days 21 to 45 was seen with both the imaging algorithm and changes in gene expression.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Sporadic Optic Gliomas

The natural history of sporadic optic gliomas was compared with that of optic gliomas associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) in a study using a Children’s Tumor Registry (CTR) and an NF1 Database (NF1DB) at St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, UK.
Structural Characterization of Polysilicate Intermediates Formed During Sol-Gel Polymerization

Identification of polysilicate intermediates formed during sol-gel processing of silica gels and glasses is an important step toward understanding the nature of this process on a molecular level. Although capillary gas chromatography using mass spectrometric detection gives the molecular formulas for low molecular weight intermediates [1], this approach is only semi-quantitative and provides no structural information. An improved protocol has been developed that allows structural assignment and quantitative determination of the principal mono- through hexasilicate structural isamers formed by hydrolysis of methanolic tetramethylorthosilicate in the presence of HC1. This protocol combines quenching by diazomethane, fractionation using spinning band column distillation, identification by capillary gas chromatography, and structural characterization using 29 Si{ 1 H} NMR techniques (l-pulse, ID-INADEQUATE, and 2D-INADEQUATE) to provide structural assignments and response factors for the components separated by gas chromatography.
Variability in atmospheric circulation and moisture flux over the Arctic

Mean characteristics and variability in the spatio-temporal distribution of Arctic water vapour and vapour fluxes are examined using several different rawinsondederived databases. Precipitable water averaged over the polar cap, 70-90° N, peaks in July at 14.0 mm. Large poleward fluxes near the prime meridian reflect transport associated with north Atlantic cyclones and, for most months, a local maximum in available water vapour. The mean vapour flux convergence averaged for the polar cap peaks in September. There is a mean annual excess of precipitation minus evaporation ( P — E ) of 163 mm, with a 78 mm range between extreme years. High P — E is favoured by a meridional circulation accompanied by a more dominant North Atlantic cyclone track. No trend in annual P — E is apparent over the 1974-1991 period.
Cytoplasmic Cyclin E and Phospho–Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Are Biomarkers of Aggressive Breast Cancer

Cyclin E and its co-activator, phospho–cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (p-CDK2), regulate G 1 to S phase transition and their deregulation induces oncogenesis. Immunohistochemical assessments of these proteins in cancer have been reported but were based only on their nuclear expression. However, the oncogenic forms of cyclin E (low molecular weight cyclin E or LMW-E) in complex with CDK2 are preferentially mislocalized to the cytoplasm. Here, we used separate nuclear and cytoplasmic scoring systems for both cyclin E and p-CDK2 expression to demonstrate altered cellular accumulation of these proteins using immunohistochemical analysis. We examined the specificity of different cyclin E antibodies and evaluated their concordance between immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses in a panel of 14 breast cell lines. Nuclear versus cytoplasmic staining of cyclin E readily differentiated full-length from LMW-E, respectively. We also evaluated the expression of cyclin E and p-CDK2 in 1676 breast carcinoma patients by immunohistochemistry. Cytoplasmic cyclin E correlated strongly with cytoplasmic p-CDK2 ( P P
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: A growing surgical problem

The incidence of prior percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in surgical cases is nearly doubling yearly. In 1985, 11.4% of our bypass patients had one or more prior angioplasties. One hundred thirty-five patients with prior angioplasty are compared to 2,205 patients without angioplasty undergoing surgical revascularization. The mortality is 3.2 times higher in the angioplasty patients than in the control patients and the perioperative infarction rate is 2.5 times higher. Forty-four patients were taken directly to the operating room from the catheterization laboratory, 50 were operated on within 10 days, and 41 underwent operation more than 10 days after angioplasty. All of these late failures were of the lesion previously dilated. The infarction rate was less in patients taken immediately to the operating room on an emergency basis than in those whose operation was delayed up to 10 days (30% versus 70%). All patients who died had angioplasty of the anterior descending coronary artery. Angioplasty of this artery increases operative mortality should surgical treatment become necessary acutely. Patients should be informed before angioplasty of the increased surgical risks after a failed angioplasty procedure.
The Use of Sodium 2-Mercaptoethane Sulfonate to Prevent Cyclophosphamide Cystitis

In 2 patients receiving bone marrow transplantation sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate has proved efficacious in preventing the serious problem of cyclophosphamide cystitis by regional detoxification of acrolein. We detail the first use of sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate in the United States. We are cautiously enthusiastic and optimistic that the simultaneous administration of sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate and cyclophosphamide will decrease if not eliminate cyclophosphamide-induced carcinoma.
Players and company commerce

True men can differ vigorously and be friends. Henry Morley According to Charles W. Wallace in The First London Theatre (1913), John Alleyn and the Admiral's Men left the Theatre for the Rose in November 1590 because of a quarrel over money owed to Alleyn and his company by James Burbage. Wallace's evidence was Alleyn's depositions in the lawsuit, in which Alleyn testified to an angry exchange between himself and Burbage about the playhouse receipts. Wallace implied that this quarrel became a commercial rivalry between the Admiral's Men and the Chamberlain's Men. The alleged Alleyn-Burbage feud was soon regarded as fact. W. W. Greg in Dramatic Documents from the Elizabethan Playhouses (1931) explained the provenance of playhouse documents by way of it, and R. B. Sharpe in The Real War of the Theaters (1935) based a theory of commerce on it. Current narratives of company histories continue to show residual effects of the belief that a players' feud became company rivalry. In The Shakespearian Playing Companies (1996) Andrew Gurr, who elsewhere argues for the cooperation of the Lord Admiral and the Lord Chamberlain in the establishment of their respective companies in 1594, depicts the Admiral's Men as losing “no time in moving” to the Fortune when the Chamberlain's Men moved into the Globe, across the street from the Rose; he adds that Philip Henslowe brought the company of Worcester's Men into the Rose “as a reprisal of sorts, putting it in direct competition with its new rivals and neighbours at the Globe.”
Level-1 Data From the REDUCE Study and the PCPT Data

Given the high incidence of prostate cancer in men undergoing prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening, two large prospective randomized double-blinded studies have been conducted for the purpose of evaluating the ability of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors to reduce the risk of prostate cancer in these men. The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial was conducted in men with low baseline PSA levels to evaluate the efficacy of finasteride versus placebo. Results demonstrated an overall significant risk reduction of the detection of prostate cancer, but there was an increased diagnosis of higher-grade disease in the treatment group. Subsequently, the Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events trial (REDUCE) assessed the effect of dutasteride, a dual 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, on the risk of detecting prostate cancer in men with elevated baseline PSA levels. Results demonstrated significant risk reduction for the development of prostate cancer with dutasteride use. There was no statistical difference in the development of higher-risk disease between men taking dutasteride and placebo.
Abstract 1589: Cardiac-Specific Overexpression of Catalase Attenuates Pathological Remodeling in Mice with Chronic Pressure Overload

Although reactive oxygen species are increased in failing myocardium, their role in mediating pathological myocardial remodeling in vivo remains to be elucidated. We assessed the hypothesis that hydrogen peroxide mediates pressure overload-induced myocardial failure. 10-week old male mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of catalase (CAT) and age-matched male wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to ascending aortic constriction (AAC) or sham operation. Left ventricular (LV) dimensions and function were examined by serial echocardiography. At 12 weeks after AAC, we performed exercise testing on a motorized treadmill and assessed myocardial oxidative stress by immunohistochemistry for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal expression, myocyte cross-sectional area by hematoxyline and eosin staining, myocyte apoptosis by triple staining with TUNEL, Hoechst 33258 and α-sarcomeric actin antibody, and myocardial fibrosis by Masson trichrome staining. WT AAC mice exhibited a progressive increase in LV end-diastolic dimension accompanied by a decrease in LV fractional shortening, an increase in posterior wall thickness and a 12-wk mortality of 55%. Exercise capacity was 347±19 meters in WT sham mice and reduced to 139±33 meters in WT AAC mice (P
Neutrophils in Deep Venous Thrombosis

Abstract Neutrophils are involved in venous thrombogenesis, through P-selectin and neutrophil endothelial traps (NETS). In order to determine the importance of neutrophils to thrombogenesis, neutrophil depletion was performed in our rat model of stasis-induced deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Animals were treated with control serum or rabbit anti-rat PMN serum administered perioperatively and sacrificed at two and seven days. At two days, neutropenic rats had 1.6-fold larger thrombi (P = 0.04) and 1.4-fold higher femoral venous pressures by manometry (P = 0.008) without a difference in thrombus neovascularization. By seven days, DVT sizes were similar, but vein wall injury persisted in neutropenic rats with a two-fold increase in vein wall stiffness by microtensiometry (P References: 1. Varma MR, Varga AJ, Knipp BS, Sukheepod P, Upchurch GR, Kunkel SL, Wakefield TW, Henke PK. Neutropenia impairs venous thrombosis resolution in the rat. J Vasc Surg. 2003;38:1090-1098 2. Myers DD, Hawley AE, Farris DM, Wrobleski SK, Thanaporn P, Schaub RG, Wagner DD, Kumar A, Wakefield TW. P-selectin and leukocyte microparticles are associated with venous thrombogenesis. J Vasc Surg.2003;38:1075-1089 3. Fuchs TA, Brill A, Duerschmied D, Schatzberg D, Monestier M, Myers DD, Wrobleski SK, Wakefield TW, Hartwig JH, Wagner DD. Extracellular DNA traps promote thrombosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010;107:15880-15885 4. von Bruhl M-L, Stark K, Steinhart A, Chandraratne S, Konrad I, Lorenz M, Khandoga A, Tirniceriu A, Coletti R, Kollnberger M. Monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets cooperate to initiate and propagate venous thrombosis in mice in vivo. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2012;209:819-835 5. Massberg S, Grahl L, von Bruehl M-L, Manukyan D, Pfeiler S, Goosmann C, Brinkmann V, Lorenz M, Bidzhekov K, Khandagale AB. Reciprocal coupling of coagulation and innate immunity via neutrophil serine proteases. Nature Medicine. 2010;16:887-896 6. Diaz JA, Fuchs TA, Jackson TO, Kremer Hovinga JA, Lammle B, Henke PK, Myers Jr DD, Wagner DD, Wakefield TW. Plasma DNA is elevated in patients with deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg. 2013;1:341-348 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.