cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of EEG and daytime sleep patterns in low risk premature infants during the first year of life: longitudinal observations.

Long daytime EEG-polygraph recordings were obtained at 36, 38, and 40 weeks conceptional age, weekly thereafter for 12 weeks, and at 26 and 52 weeks post term in 5 infants born at 30–33 weeks gestation. The babies have developed normally for 18–38 months. All 74 EEGs were normal for age. Derived data were compared with similar data from 17 normal full-term infants. The trace alternant pattern disappeared earlier in the premature than in the control group (mean ages 21.4 vs. 33.4 days post term; P < 0.01). Rolandic sleep spindles appeared earlier in the premature group (mean ages 35.4 vs. 43.8 days; P < 0.05). There were no age differences between the groups with respect to (1) the shift from active sleep onset to quiet sleep onset, (2) active sleep and quiet sleep as percentages of total sleep time, or (3) disappearance of frontal sharp waves. Overall attainment of ‘infantile’ EEG sleep patterns occurred at 35–60 days post term (mean 43.8) for the premature group and at 27–66 days (mean 46.4) for the full-term group (difference not significant). These findings indicate that no significant errors will be made in clinical practice by applying the same maturational criteria to the post-term EEGs of prematures as to the EEGs of full-term infants.
Marketing paradise, making nation

Abstract An analysis of themes and images used to market the British Virgin Islands to tourists focuses on assumptions about sexual desire, nature, and sexual difference underlying references to its untouched and natural beauty. A comparison with themes and images used by British Virgin Islands residents in conceptualizing their connections to the islands reveals important differences and similarities. While the themes and images of the British Virgin Islands draw upon notions of difference, and difference is stabilized by positing it to be a fact of nature, what tourism marketing campaigns represent as the exotic object of sexual desire is constituted by the British Virgin Islanders as motherland and nation.
An experiment in superficial indexing

Abstract An experiment in superficial indexing was carried out to elaborate the contrast between indexing with a controlled vocabulary and using automated methods as described by salton [1, 2]. Superficial indexing refers to a set of procedures for selecting, organizing and using indexing terms modelled after automatic techniques but requiring neither the full text of articles, abstracts or machine readable text. It represents a minimal effort in manual indexing designed, in part, to allow the development of an automated version. Retrieval comparisons were made with a manual system using controlled techniques, and though they were not as favorable as the results reported by Salton, still favor development of such techniques over manual systems.
Loss to Analysis in Randomized Controlled Trials in CKD

Background Nephrology has a limited number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The quality of randomized trials is compromised further when not all participants randomly assigned are accounted for transparently. Objectives Systematically evaluate RCTs in individuals with chronic kidney disease regarding reporting and accounting of data missing in outcome analysis. Study Design De novo empirical evaluation. Setting & Population English-language parallel-group design RCTs in adults with chronic kidney disease on dialysis therapy or with a kidney transplant published in MEDLINE in 2007 and 2008. Outcomes & Measurements (1) How often was there loss to analysis, defined as not all randomly assigned participants included in primary outcome analysis? (2) How often was intention-to-treat analysis complete; in other words, included all randomly assigned participants in their originally allocated group? (3) How often were methods of data imputation reported? Results Of 196 eligible RCTs, 27% did not clearly describe a primary outcome, 5% did not provide numbers of patients randomly assigned and analyzed, and 12% used time-to-event analysis. Of the remaining 110 studies, 58% had some loss to analysis, with a median loss to analysis of 10%. Fifty-four percent of trials claimed to have performed an intention-to-treat analysis, but only 44% of those included all participants randomly assigned. Only 5 of 110 (5%) studies mentioned imputation of missing data. Limitations Evaluation is restricted to analysis of primary study outcome. Only English-language publications were included. Exclusion of time-to-event analyses. Conclusions In variance to the reporting standards of CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials), we found primary outcome designation missing in one-fourth of trials and poor quality in reporting and accounting of primary outcome data lost to analysis. Greater attention to transparency in handling and reporting loss to analysis will enhance the quality of trials in individuals with chronic kidney disease.
Distal ureteral replacement with tubularized porcine small intestine submucosa

Extensive ureteral injury can result from renal stone disease, iatrogenic injury, or penetrating trauma. A significant ureteral stricture can be repaired using various techniques, including the psoas hitch, Boari flap, transureteroureterostomy, ileal ureter, or renal autotransplantation. We describe a woman with a 5-cm, ischemic uretero-Indiana pouch stricture that developed after cystectomy and urinary diversion. Severe pelvic fibrosis prevented adequate mobilization of the ureter and Indiana pouch and would not permit any of the above-mentioned procedures. We report the first human use of tubularized small intestine submucosa to successfully replace a 5-cm strictured segment of distal ureter.
The Diversionary Thesis and the Dialectic of Imperialism: Charles A. Beard's Theory of American Foreign Policy Revisited

In 1916, Charles A. Beard was denouncing Germany as “a danger to civilization” and calling for American participation in World War I on the side of the Entente Allies. Like John Dewey and other social-democrats, Beard saw the Great War as an opportunity to advance the interests of the European working class by breaking “the union of the Hohenzollern military caste and the German masses whose radical leaders are Social Democrats”. Even after the Versailles Treaty, Beard continued to embrace the Wilsonian theme that the Great War had been fought to make the world safe for democracy. However, by the mid–1980s, he was staunchly opposed to war with Germany and Japan, had come to embrace the revisionist history of World War I, and even testified before Congress against the Lend-Lease Act. Thus, intellectual historians agree that somewhere between the end of World War I and the 1930s, Beard shifted from internationalism to isolationism and, indeed, a few critics have referred to him as a pacifist in his later years. Within the umbrella of this consensus, debates among biographers, intellectual and diplomatic historians, have come to center largely on identifying the timing and the reasons for Beard's “conversion” to isolationism. Not coincidentally, during the 1960s and 1970s, Beard's writings on foreign policy and diplomatic history enjoyed a resurgence among many on the New Left who were constructing their own revisionist history critical of America's political and military involvement in various Third World countries. Today, Beard's views are still cited in international relations and history textbooks as an example of isolationist theory in American foreign policy.
Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 signaling regulates the switch between autophagy and apoptosis to determine breast cancer cell fate

Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF1) is a tumor suppressor that regulates cell fate in several cell types. Here we report an inverse correlation in expression of nuclear IRF1 and the autophagy regulator ATG7 in human breast cancer cells that directly impacts their cell fate. In mice harboring mutant Atg7, nuclear IRF1 was increased in mammary tumors, spleen, and kidney. Mechanistic investigations identified ATG7 and the cell death modulator Beclin-1 (BECN1) as negative regulators of IRF1. Silencing ATG7 or BECN1 caused estrogen receptor-α (ERα) to exit the nucleus at the time when IRF1 nuclear localization occurred. Conversely, silencing IRF1 promoted autophagy by increasing BECN1 and blunting IGF-1 receptor and mTOR survival signaling. Loss of IRF1 promoted resistance to anti-estrogens, whereas combined silencing of ATG7 and IRF1 restored sensitivity to these agents. Using a mathematical model to prompt signaling hypotheses, we developed evidence that ATG7 silencing could resensitize IRF1-attenuated cells to apoptosis through mechanisms that involve other estrogen-regulated genes. Overall, our work shows how inhibiting the autophagy proteins ATG7 and BECN1 can regulate IRF1 dependent and independent signaling pathways in ways that engender a new therapeutic strategy to attack breast cancer.
SURFACE INTERACTIONS OF CF2 RADICALS IN FLUOROCARBON PLASMAS WITH A VARIETY OF SUBSTRATE MATERIALS

The surface reactivity of CF2 radicals during plasma processing of Si and 304 stainless steel substrates measured using the imaging of radicals interacting with surfaces (IRIS) technique are reported. The molecular beam source is a 100% CHF3 plasma. Under IRIS conditions, an amorphous fluorocarbon film is deposited on each substrate. Simulation of crosssectional data shows CF2 surface reactivities of -0.65 ± 0.03 on silicon and -0.63 ± 0.03 on stainless steel. The effect of reduced ion bombardment during plasma processing on the surface generation of CF2 radicals is also examined.
Functional Electrical Stimulation Enhancement of Upper Extremity Functional Recovery During Stroke Rehabilitation: A Pilot Study

Objective. To test if functional electrical stimulation (FES) can enhance the recovery of upper extremity function during early stroke rehabilitation. Methods. Open-label block-randomized trial, be...
The Healing Web: An Expansion of Consciousness

The search for community manifest in society today reflects the apparent alienation, unconnectedness, and superficiality of modern life. A group of nurses in education and service created a community filled with caring and trust that designed the Healing Web, a transformative model for nursing. The web was established to create partnerships that will transform the health care paradigm of society. By establishing and maintaining a healing community within nursing and the larger universe, wholistic and integrative life will be restored.
Effects of flow regime on growth rate in freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens

Understanding the influence of flow regime hydrology on fish life history is essential for conserva- tion and management of lotic ecosystems. The objec- tives of this study were to investigate growth patterns of Wabash River freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens relativetoage,sex,and longtermflowregimevariation. Growth was estimated using back-calculated lengths from otolith measurements. Flow regime was described using Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration flow metrics calculated from long-term stream flow data at USGS stations. A generalized linear mixed model was used to modelgrowthasafunctionofage,sex,andflowregime. Freshwater drum growth was explained by variation in age, sex, and flow magnitude. Freshwater drum exhib- ited indeterminate growth relative to age. Mean growth rates and mean length at age were lower in males than females. High magnitude flow events were positively correlated with increased growth rates in both males and females. However, the effect of flow magnitude variation on growth was stronger in males. The primary flow regime metrics related to growth were magnitude- based and were not related to timing offlow events. The study provides evidence that long term variation in flow regime is a catalyst for alterations in freshwater drum growth rates.
Localized delivery of nitric oxide from hydrogels inhibits neointima formation in a rat carotid balloon injury model

Abstract Using novel nitric oxide (NO)-generating polymeric hydrogels that can be rapidly photopolymerized in situ, we can deliver NO locally at the site of vascular injury. Depending on material design, these poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogels can generate NO for up to 50 d. This study demonstrates the ability of nitric oxide-generating hydrogels (PEG-Cys-NO) to influence key components of the restenosis cascade both in vitro and in vivo. PEG-Cys-NO hydrogels inhibited smooth muscle cell proliferation, increased endothelial cell proliferation, and inhibited platelet adhesion in vitro. Moreover, in vivo, PEG-Cys-NO hydrogels inhibited intimal thickening in a rat carotid balloon injury model. The perivascular application of NO-generating polymers post-injury reduced neointima formation at 14 d by approximately 80% compared to controls (intimal area/medial area (I/M): PEG-Cys-NO = 0.20 ± 0.17, control = 0.84 ± 0.19, p
Who I Am, Who We Are, and Why: Links Between Emotions and Causal Attributions for Self- and Group Discrepancies

Discrepancies between people's ought selves and their actual selves and their ideal selves and actual selves predict the emotions that individuals experience. The authors predicted that internal versus external causal attributions for self-discrepancies should moderate the relationship between self-discrepancies and emotions, resulting in more refined predictions for both agitation- and dejection-related emotions and for two additional types of emotion, namely, anger-related and discontent-related emotions. Results of two studies generally supported the predictions that agitation-related emotions and dejection-related emotions were positively associated with actual-ought discrepancies and actual-ideal discrepancies, respectively, only when causal attributions for the discrepancies were internally based. Anger-related emotions and emotions of discontent were positively associated with actual-ought and actual-ideal discrepancies, respectively, primarily when causal attributions were externally based. Study 2, which addressed group discrepancies and group-based emotions, generally replicated the findings when group identification was high, yielding a more complex model of the link between discrepancies and emotions.
High Performance Thermoelectricity in Earth-Abundant Compounds Based on Natural Mineral Tetrahedrites

Thermoelectric materials can convert waste heat into electricity, potentially improving the effi ciency of energy usage in both industry and everyday life. Unfortunately, known good thermoelectric materials often are comprised of elements that are in low abundance and require careful doping and complex synthesis procedures. Here, we report dimensionless thermoelectric fi gure of merit near unity in compounds of the form Cu 12 − x M x Sb 4 S 13 , where M is a transition metal such as Zn or Fe, for wide ranges of x . The compounds investigated here span the range of compositions of the natural mineral family of tetrahedrites, the most widespread sulfosalts on Earth, and we further show that the natural mineral itself can be used directly as an inexpensive source thermoelectric material. Thermoelectrics comprised of earth-abundant elements will pave the way to many new, low cost thermoelectric energy generation opportunities.
Metabolic responses of chicks during adaptation to a high protein, "carbohydrate-free" diet.

The capacity of chicks to utilize a high protein, "carbohydrate- free" diet (HP-diet) was assessed by the time-course response of several liver and kidney gluconeogenic enzyme activities, growth, and levels of various blood, liver and kidney constituents. These parameters were studied also in chicks sub jected to prolonged starvation. Peak activities for liver and kidney glucose-6- phosphatase, glycerol kinase, and fructose-l,6-diphosphatase were observed after chicks had been fed the HP-diet for 24, 48, and 96 hours. Chicks fed the HP-diet exhibited increased liver size, marked kidney hypertrophy, elevated plasma uric acid levels, and essentially unchanged hematocrit and plasma glucose levels as compared with chicks fed the control diet. Plasma glycerol was depressed sig nificantly in chicks fed the HP-diet for 3 days and was preceded by the peak response observed for liver and kidney glycerol kinase activity. These data, in addition to data showing high rates of growth, indicate a marked capacity of chicks to undergo gluconeogenesis from protein and to adapt successfully in short-term studies to high protein diets severely limiting in carbohydrate. J. Nutr. 101: 1127-1136, 1971.
Diagnostic characteristics of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a progressive disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) of adult cattle, ultimately resulting in death of the animal. Since 1986 when the disease was first characterized, >25,000 cattle in Great Britain have been diagnosed as having BSE. The disease has also been found in the Republic of Ireland, Oman, Switzerland, and France. The occurrence of BSE in Great Britain has had an adverse impact on the cattle industry in that country from the loss of export markets and public health concerns regarding the safety of beef for consumption. The best evidence from epidemiologic studies indicates that BSE originated from exposure of cattle to a scrapie-like agent in ruminant-derived protein by-products from rendered animal carcasses. Because of this finding, the rendering industries in Great Britain have also been affected adversely because of lack of product marketability. Similar effects could be expected for the US cattle and rendering industries should the disease be found in this country. There has been speculation that BSE or a scrapielike disease may already be present but undetected in the US cattle population. Because of this possibility, a BSE survey was implemented through a cooperative effort between the US Department of Agriculture and the Iowa State University. 19 This survey involves histologic examination of brains from adult cattle showing signs of CNS disease. Samples are submitted from a variety of sources, including state veterinary diagnostic laboratories, federally inspected meat packing plants, and public health laboratories. No evidence of BSE has yet been found in cattle brains submitted for the survey. Prompt detection of BSE, should it occur in the United States, is important because it would allow control and eradication measures to be implemented imme-
Redirection in treatment goals: withdrawal of mechanical ventilation outside of the intensive care unit

Despite extensive technological advances and improved survival in paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients, many families are faced with a redirection in the aims of treatment to a journey of palliation. This transition in care from cure to palliation is difficult (and sometimes unimaginable) for the families involved, and it is also challenging for professionals, technically and emotionally. There are no ‘second chances’ in end-of-life care. The experience and memories of that journey will remain with the relatives forever. There is increasing objective evidence of the importance of parental choice during the end-of-life care of their child, and this is no less so in the choices surrounding place of death.1 Laddie et al 2 describe their experience of withdrawal of mechanical ventilation outside the PICU, with a view to providing guidance for professionals who may be involved in such terminal care. In the report, dividing the process into five phases provides a practical framework, and the importance of experience and training is highlighted at all stages. ### Preparation End of life is unpredictable, and withdrawal of mechanical ventilation outside the PIC means that the team embarking on this redirection-in-care will be working in an unfamiliar environment. Although the local palliative care team is familiar with the surroundings, it may be less familiar with the process of endotracheal tube extubation. Early liaison with the local team should be undertaken. Families must never be promised an option at the end of life that is not guaranteed to be available. Many other teams are often involved, including the team transporting the child from the PICU. Preplanning and thorough briefing for teams as well as the families …
Heterologous Expression of a Thermostable Manganese Peroxidase from Dichomitus squalens in Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Dichomitus squalens belongs to a group of white-rot fungi which express manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase but do not express lignin peroxidase (LiP). To facilitate structure/function studies of MnP from D. squalens, we heterologously expressed the enzyme in the well-studied basidiomycete, Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (gpd) promoter of P. chrysosporium was fused to the coding region of the mnp2 gene of D. squalens, 5 bp upstream of the translation start site, and placed in a vector containing the ura1 gene as a selectable marker. Purified recombinant protein (rDsMnP) was similar in kinetic and spectral characteristics to both the wild-type MnPs from D. squalens and P. chrysosporium (PcMnP). The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the rDsMnP was determined and was identical to the predicted sequence. Cleavage of the propeptide followed a conserved amino acid motif (A-A-P-S/T) in both rDsMnP and PcMnP. However, the protein from D. squalens was considerably more thermostable than its P. chrysosporium homolog with half-lives 15- to 40-fold longer at 55°C. As previously demonstrated for PcMnP, addition of exogenous MnII and CdII conferred additional thermal stability to rDsMnP. However, unlike PcMnP, ZnII also confers some additional thermal stability to rDsMnP at 55°C. Some differences in the metal-specific effects on thermal stability of rDsMnP at 65°C were noted.
Vibrational spectroscopic study of minerals in the Martian meteorite ALH 84001

Micro-Raman spectra of carbonates, silica and amorphous plagioclase, and both micro-Raman and IR reflectance spectra of phosphates in ALH84001 are reported. Data from these vibrational techniques combined with electron microprobe analyses show that (1) the carbonates exhibit complex compositional heterogeneity on a sub-micrometer scale, (2) the phosphates, chlorapatite and merrillite, are largely anhydrous, (3) amorphous silica and plagioclase experienced peak shock pressures >32 GPa and >50 GPa, respectively, and (4) vitreous plagioclase was quenched from a shockinduced melt after relaxation of the peak shock pressure. The observed general Raman band broadening of lattice and internal modes of carbonates in ALH84001 indicates complex sub-microscopic compositional heterogeneity and possibly structural disorder. Any search for biogenic markers in ALH84001 must recognize the complex shock and thermal history of these minerals.
BUILDING A MULTIDISCIPLINARY, COLLABORATIVE CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEM.: The Challenge to Law Schools

The process of preparing lawyers and other professionals to work for the benefit of troubled children requires an understanding of concepts that extend far beyond the traditional course structure currently employed in American law schools. It is clear that mental health problems of children and families, compounded by substance abuse, influence behavior, resulting in children entering family and juvenile courts as victims of abuse or neglect and committing criminal acts. It is incumbent on law schools to incorporate training in fields far different from the traditional didactic experience in legal curricula if they are to address the current needs of children and familes who are ensnared in the nation's juvenile justice system. The beginning point of this process is within the legal training apparatus of America. Law schools must expand their curriculum to incorporate other disciplines to produce an advocate capable of serving the interest of children and society.
MoO3 Films Spin-Coated from a Nanoparticle Suspension for Efficient Hole-Injection in Organic Electronics

MoO3 films spin-coated from a suspension of nanoparticles, which offers energetic properties nearly identical to those of thermally evaporated MoO3 films, are reported. It is demonstrated that our solution-based MoO3 acts as a very efficient hole-injection layer for organic devices.
Optimization of Finned Tubes for Heat Transfer in Laminar Flow

The heat transfer of fully developed laminar flow in internally finned tubes is investigated analytically. If there is no heat generation in the fluid, the highest Nusselt number is obtained for the tube with 22 fins extended to about 80 percent of the tube radius. Its value is almost 20 times that for the finless tube. When there is heat generation at sufficiently large rate, the number of fins is reduced from 22 to 16 in order to obtain the highest Nusselt number.
Pathway-based analysis for genome-wide association studies using supervised principal components.

Many complex diseases are influenced by genetic variations in multiple genes, each with only a small marginal effect on disease susceptibility. Pathway analysis, which identifies biological pathways associated with disease outcome, has become increasingly popular for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In addition to combining weak signals from a number of SNPs in the same pathway, results from pathway analysis also shed light on the biological processes underlying disease. We propose a new pathway-based analysis method for GWAS, the supervised principal component analysis (SPCA) model. In the proposed SPCA model, a selected subset of SNPs most associated with disease outcome is used to estimate the latent variable for a pathway. The estimated latent variable for each pathway is an optimal linear combination of a selected subset of SNPs; therefore, the proposed SPCA model provides the ability to borrow strength across the SNPs in a pathway. In addition to identifying pathways associated with disease outcome, SPCA also carries out additional within-category selection to identify the most important SNPs within each gene set. The proposed model operates in a well-established statistical framework and can handle design information such as covariate adjustment and matching information in GWAS. We compare the proposed method with currently available methods using data with realistic linkage disequilibrium structures, and we illustrate the SPCA method using the Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium Crohn Disease (CD) data set. Genet. Epidemiol. 34:716–724, 2010. r 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of Vaccine Use in the Evolution of Mexican Lineage H5N2 Avian Influenza Virus

An outbreak of avian influenza (AI) caused by a low-pathogenic H5N2 type A influenza virus began in Mexico in 1993 and several highly pathogenic strains of the virus emerged in 1994-1995. The highly pathogenic virus has not been reported since 1996, but the low-pathogenic virus remains endemic in Mexico and has spread to two adjacent countries, Guatemala and El Salvador. Measures implemented to control the outbreak and eradicate the virus in Mexico have included a widespread vaccination program in effect since 1995. Because this is the first case of long-term use of AI vaccines in poultry, the Mexican lineage virus presented us with a unique opportunity to examine the evolution of type A influenza virus circulating in poultry populations where there was elevated herd immunity due to maternal and active immunity. We analyzed the coding sequence of the HA1 subunit and the NS gene of 52 Mexican lineage viruses that were isolated between 1993 and 2002. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of multiple sublineages of Mexican lineage isolates at the time vaccine was introduced. Further, most of the viruses isolated after the introduction of vaccine belonged to sublineages separate from the vaccine's sublineage. Serologic analysis using hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization tests showed major antigenic differences among isolates belonging to the different sublineages. Vaccine protection studies further confirmed the in vitro serologic results indicating that commercial vaccine was not able to prevent virus shedding when chickens were challenged with antigenically different isolates. These findings indicate that multilineage antigenic drift, which has not been observed in AI virus, is occurring in the Mexican lineage AI viruses and the persistence of the virus in the field is likely aided by its large antigenic difference from the vaccine strain.
Taxon-dependent scaling: beetles, birds, and vegetation at four North American grassland sites

Because organisms respond to the environment at different scales, it is important to develop ways of determining the appropriate scales for a specific ecological process and organism. We consider whether the relative importance of different scales is associated with organism mobility, and whether this relationship is independent of landscape characteristics. We observed abundances of particular species for vascular plants, ground-dwelling beetles and breeding birds along eight 2-km transects of 40 sampling stations each, distributed over four sites along the regional gradient from shortgrass steppe in central Colorado to tallgrass prairie in central Kansas. For each transect and taxonomic group, the relative importance of factors measured at the trap scale (1 m; soil texture and hardness, vegetation height, bare ground), at the local scale (10 m; density of shrubs and cacti) and at the landscape scale (30 m; Landsat 7 TM spectral bands, slope and elevation) was assessed using hierarchical canonical variance partitioning with forward selection of explanatory variables. Plant, beetle and bird community composition was explained by environmental factors measured at all three scales. Factor influence was more consistent between transects and between plants and beetles for the more homogeneous landscapes of the shortgrass steppe than for the more heterogeneous landscapes of the tallgrass prairie. We conclude that, independent of the mobility of a taxonomic group, factors at several scales are important in explaining community composition. The importance of different scales shifts along a regional gradient, and the variability between sites is high even for nearby sites.
Fe3O4/carbon quantum dots hybrid nanoflowers for highly active and recyclable visible-light driven photocatalyst

Water dispersible Fe3O4@carbon quantum dots (CQDs) hybrid nanoflowers show highly efficient photocatalytic activities because of their strong absorption in the visible light range and upconversion photoluminescence. The magnetic Fe3O4 nanocrystals not only allow efficient magnetic separation and recycling of the photocatalyst, but also promote the photocatalytic activities of the CQDs.
Competitiveness In A Post Sarbanes-Oxley Economy And Its Impact On Small And Mid-Size Companies

With the increase in the number of people who had a stake in the Stock market coupled with 9/11 and Enron (which created a climate of uncertainty); a need was created for more assurance in the Stock market. Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) was created to answer the need for accuracy and reliability of financial reporting. SOX imposed unprecedented close government oversight of publicly traded companies through rigid internal control of corporate processes.
Anisotropic EUV flare measured in the engineering test stand (ETS)

We demonstrate direct flare measurements of the 4-mirror projection optics in the Engineering Test Strand (ETS). By using a conventional resist clearing method, also called the Kirk method, flare was directly measured in the ETS. Although flare has been verified to be constant across the field in our study, different flare values have been observed in different directions. The flare anisotropic variation makes flare compensation more complicated, and it may even result in non-uniform CD changes in different directions. In order to fully identify the directional flare variations of the projection optics in the ETS, a special flare measurement feature, a spoke pattern, has been created. The spoke pattern has been used to measure flare in azimuthal directions (every 15 degrees), and rigorously measured flare in all directions is presented in this study. Measured flare is highest in horizontal direction and lowest in vertical direction. The azimuthal flare variation is believed to be due to anisotropic mirror polishing. Measured flare in all directions qualitatively agrees with the polishing signatures of individual mirrors in the measured optics.
Characterization of micro- and mesoporous materials using accelerated dynamics adsorption.

Porosimetry is a fundamental characterization technique used in development of new porous materials for catalysis, membrane separation, and adsorptive gas storage. Conventional methods like nitroge...
Simulations of molecular beam epitaxy growth of GaAs

Numerical simulations have been performed for generic III-V MBE growth. The key aspects of the simulation include two deposited species one volatile and the second with high surface mobility. Simulations reproduce the experimentally observed adatom concentrations for GaAs and show that smooth surfaces are produced for films deposited with a substrate temperature in a crossover regime between kinetically limited and entropically roughened growth.
An Immunological Study of the Antigens of Anthonomus grandis grandis and Anthonomus grandis thurberiae

There has been a question in the minds of entomologists whether the insect known as the thurberia weevil, Anthonomus grandis thurberiae Pierce, is either a different species or variety from the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman. This question is of some importance because of the economic damage done by the boll weevil: many millions of dollars yearly. Generally, differentiation is made on ecological as well as morphological characteristics. The thurberia weevil generally diapauses within the boll of the Arizona wild cotton plant, Gossypium thurberi. It is usually not found in ground trash.
Protection by Orotic Acid Against the Renal Necrosis and Fatty Liver of Choline Deficiency

SummaryAddition of 1% orotic acid to a choline-deficient diet lowered the incidence of hemorrhagic renal necrosis in young rats from 86% to 41%, and within 24 hr prevented the accumulation of hepatic triglycerides by almost 50%. Simultaneous supplementation of the diet with 0.25% adenine sulfate did not influence these protective effects of orotic acid in choline deficiency.
Deformations of W A,D,E SCFTs

We discuss aspects of theories with superpotentials given by Arnold’s A, D, E singularities, particularly the novelties that arise when the fields are matrices. We focus on 4d $$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$ variants of susy QCD, with U(N c ) or SU(N c ) gauge group, N f fundamental flavors, and adjoint matter fields X and Y appearing in W A,D,E (X, Y) superpotentials. Many of our considerations also apply in other possible contexts for matrix-variable W A,D,E . The 4d W A,D,E SQCD-type theories RG flow to superconformal field theories, and there are proposed duals in the literature for the $$ {W}_{A_k} $$ , $$ {W}_{D_k} $$ , and $$ {W}_{E_7} $$ cases. As we review, the $$ {W}_{D_{\mathrm{even}}} $$ and $$ {W}_{E_7} $$ duals rely on a conjectural, quantum truncation of the chiral ring. We explore these issues by considering various deformations of the W A,D,E superpotentials, and the resulting RG flows and IR theories. Rather than finding supporting evidence for the quantum truncation and $$ {W}_{D_{\mathrm{even}}} $$ and $$ {W}_{E_7} $$ duals, we note some challenging evidence to the contrary.
The Silent Scream: How Soon Can Students Let Us Know They Are Struggling?

This article argues that legal educators should use routinely collected data as a way to identify students who may struggle in the first year of law school. Students who created marking errors on OCR forms were twice as likely to fail an assessment of grammar, punctuation, and legal style as those whose OCR forms contained no errors.
Inhibition of thymidylate synthetase by some analogs of tetrahydrofolic acid.

A series of derivatives of tetrahydrofolate and dihydrofolate were investigated as substrates or inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase. N 10-Methyltetrahydrofolate is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, K I = 6.3 x 10-5 M. All other analogs tested inhibited in either a noncompetitive or uncompetitive manner. The relationship between the structure and the activities of the analogs as substrates or inhibitors is discussed. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The work reported in this paper was undertaken during the tenure of an Eleanor Roosevelt Cancer Fellowship awarded to Dr. Karl Slavik by the International Union Contra Cancer and supported by the U.S.P.H.S. grant CA-02906. The authors are indebted to Dr. Charles A. Nichol and Dr. Alexander Bloch for many helpful suggestions in the course of this study.
Innovations in three-dimensional treatment planning and quality assurance

Radiation therapy treatment planning and treatment delivery are in the process of changing dramatically over the next several years. This change has been driven in large part by continued advances in computer hardware and software and in medical imaging. Three-dimensional radiation treatment planning systems are rapidly being implemented in clinics around the world. These developments in turn have prompted manufacturers to employ advanced microcircuitry and computer technology to produce treatment delivery systems capable of precise shaping of dose distributions via computer-controlled multileaf collimators which cause the beam intensity to be varied across the beam. Image-based 3D planning and beam intensity modulated delivery systems show significant potential for improving the quality of radiotherapy and improving the efficiency with which radiation therapy can be planned and delivered. However, significant research and development work on these systems and their clinical use remains to be performed. The techniques used for the treatment planning and the methods used for quality assurance procedures and testing must all be revised and/or redesigned to allow efficient clinical use of these technological advances. Although much of the current 3D radiation therapy process requires interactive tasks (and some still very laborious) the path is clear toward solving the technological obstacles so that a nearly automated planning, delivery, and verification system will become a reality over the next decade. Such systems will allow radiation oncologists to significantly increase dose to many tumor sites while concomitantly lowering doses to critical organs-at-risk. Most of the tasks will be automated, thus lowering the overall costs currently needed to provide high-quality external beam radiation therapy.
The Hero Comes Home from the War: The Institutionalization of Modern Heroism

The Great War was a watershed for society, politics, and the military, and in many ways set the pattern for the rest of the twentieth century. And the modern concept of heroism in its institutional form was created during the war. As the final battles played out, the powers-that-were recognized the need to bring the official parameters of ultimate heroism in line with the new reality of industrial-scale warfare. Accordingly, a panel was convened to examine the existing Victoria Cross warrants in the fall of 1918. From that commission came the new paradigm embodied in the current VC warrant. Haig’s vision of the aggressive hero, forged on the Somme, tempered at Arras, and burnished during the 1918 campaigns, became the new standard of British heroism and has carried on through the Second World War and to the far islands of the South Atlantic.
Biocompatibility Pathways: Biomaterials-Induced Sterile Inflammation, Mechanotransduction, and Principles of Biocompatibility Control

This paper addresses a significant paradox in biomaterials science; biocompatibility phenomena have been experienced and described for over 50 years but without an agreed understanding of the framework of mechanisms that control the events that occur when a biomaterial is exposed to the tissues of the human body. The need for such an understanding has become more urgent as biomaterials are now used in wide-ranging applications such as tissue engineering, drug and gene delivery, and imaging contrast agents. A detailed analysis of these phenomena, especially in terms of clinical outcomes rather than in vitro experiments, determines that two overarching mechanisms, mechanotransduction and sterile inflammation associated with damage-associated molecular patterns, are responsible for the vast majority of phenomena. In contrast, interfacial interactions, for so long being assumed to play pivotal roles in biocompatibility, especially relating to protein adsorption, are actually relatively unimportant unless, thr...
Fade Duration Based Neighbor Cell List Optimization for Handover in Femtocell Networks

In a dense femtocell network, beyond co-tier and cross-tier interference mitigation, handover femtocell-femtocell and macrocell-femtocell is a major challenge. In order to perform successful handover, avoiding the scanning of a large neighbor list and shortening the handover period is required to identify the optimal neighbor. In this paper, a neighbor cell list optimization method based on fade duration along with an algorithm for open and hybrid femtocell networks is proposed. The proposed method considers fade duration outage probability FDOP, distance between femtocell access points, and the operating frequency as benchmarks for optimization of the neighbor list selection process. FDOP determines a duration beyond which a connection is considered in an outage state. The simulation results based on this proposed method also show an improvement over previously proposed methods that create neighboring lists based on received signal and signal-to-noise ratio. Fade duration based optimization provides a much better prediction of traffic performance.
PREDICTORS OF POOR QUALITY OF LIFE AFTER TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Background: Poor quality of life (QOL) after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) has been shown to have adverse outcomes in several studies. However, identifying patients likely to have poor QOL outcomes after TAVR remains challenging. Methods: We included 335 consecutive patients who
On-Line Control of Discrete Event Systems: Some Extensions of Perturbation Analysis

Abstract Standard optimization problems for stochastic Discrete Event Dynamic Systems (DEDS) are limited by the unavailability of closed-form expressions for sensitivity information (gradients or finite differences). We address the problem of estimating on line gradients to be used in conjunction with parameterized control policies and standard optimization schemes. By exploiting the flexibility provided by different sample path representations of the same underlying DEDS, we show that Perturbation Analysis techniques can be extended to more complicated queueing models than those analyzed thus far.
Retrospective chart evaluation of hypercalcemia management in oncology patients at the University of Chicago Medical Center.

IntroductionDue to the lack of formal guideline recommendations, available primary literature was used to develop a proposed protocol for management of hypercalcemia of malignancy at the University...
Noninvasive EEG in the definition of the seizure-onset zone

Publisher Summary The seizure-onset zone is the area of cortex from which clinical seizures are generated. The seizure-onset zone is closely related to the epileptogenic zone, the area of cortex capable of producing seizures, the complete removal of which is necessary to produce a seizure-free state. Seizures arising from the parietal lobe usually present with lateralized somatosensory auras or nonspecific sensations evolving to asymmetrical tonic posturing, unilateral clonic activity, and contralateral version when the ictal discharge activates the frontal region. Noninvasive electroencephalography (EEG) remains extremely useful in the localization of focal seizures, but ictal recordings cannot precisely delineate the seizure-onset zone. As neuroimaging continues to improve, and the need for cost-containment increases the role of noninvasive ictal recordings may need to be redefined.
Kainate Receptors Inhibit Glutamate Release Via Mobilization of Endocannabinoids in Striatal Direct Pathway Spiny Projection Neurons

Kainate receptors are members of the glutamate receptor family that function by both generating ionotropic currents through an integral ion channel pore and coupling to downstream metabotropic signaling pathways. They are highly expressed in the striatum, yet their roles in regulating striatal synapses are not known. Using mice of both sexes, we demonstrate that GluK2-containing kainate receptors expressed in direct pathway spiny projection neurons (dSPNs) inhibit glutamate release at corticostriatal synapses in the dorsolateral striatum. This inhibition requires postsynaptic kainate-receptor-mediated mobilization of a retrograde endocannabinoid (eCB) signal and activation of presynaptic CB1 receptors. This pathway can be activated during repetitive 25 Hz trains of synaptic stimulation, causing short-term depression of corticostriatal synapses. This is the first study to demonstrate a role for kainate receptors in regulating eCB-mediated plasticity at the corticostriatal synapse and demonstrates an important role for these receptors in regulating basal ganglia circuits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The GRIK2 gene, encoding the GluK2 subunit of the kainate receptor, has been linked to several neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Perseverative behaviors associated with OCD are known to result from pathophysiological changes in the striatum and kainate receptor knock-out mice have striatal-dependent phenotypes. However, the role of kainate receptors in striatal synapses is not known. We demonstrate that GluK2-containing kainate receptors regulate corticostriatal synapses by mobilizing endocannabinoids from direct pathway spiny projection neurons. Synaptic activation of GluK2 receptors during trains of synaptic input causes short-term synaptic depression, demonstrating a novel role for these receptors in regulating striatal circuits.
Assessing Potato Cultivar Sensitivity to Tuber Necrosis Caused by Tobacco rattle virus

Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) causes the economically important corky ring spot disease in potato. Chemical control is difficult due to the soilborne nature of the TRV-transmitting nematode vector, and identifying natural host resistance against TRV is considered to be the optimal control measure. The present study investigated the sensitivity of 63 cultivars representing all market types (evaluated at North Dakota and Washington over 2 years) for the incidence of TRV-induced tuber necrosis and severity. This article also investigates the cultivar-location interaction (using a mixed-effects model) for TRV-induced necrosis. TRV-induced tuber necrosis (P < 0.0001) and severity (P < 0.0001) were significantly different among cultivars evaluated separately in North Dakota and Washington trials. Mixed-effects model results of pooled data (North Dakota and Washington) demonstrated that the interaction of cultivar and location had a significant effect (P = 0.03) on TRV-induced necrosis. Based on the virus-induced tuber necrosis data from both years and locations, cultivars were categorized into sensitive, moderately sensitive, insensitive, and moderately insensitive groups. Based on data from North Dakota, 10 cultivars, including Bintje, Centennial Russet, Ciklamen, Gala, Lelah, Oneida Gold, POR06V12-3, Rio Colorado, Russian Banana, and Superior, were rated as insensitive to TRV-induced tuber necrosis. Similar trials assessing TRV sensitivity among cultivars conducted in Washington resulted in a number of differences in sensitivity rankings compared with North Dakota trials. A substantial shift in sensitivity of some potato cultivars to TRV-induced tuber necrosis was observed between the two locations. Four cultivars (Centennial Russet, Oneida Gold, Russian Banana, and Superior) ranked as insensitive for North Dakota trials were ranked as sensitive for Washington trials. These results can assist the potato industry in making cultivar choices to reduce the economic impact of TRV-induced tuber necrosis.