cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic study of thorium using continuous-wave resonance ionization mass spectrometry with ultraviolet ionization

Abstract This paper presents recent results on an improved method of ionization for the cw-RIMS process for thorium (Th). This method involves the application of a high power ultraviolet (UV) argon ion laser for the second step in a two-step (1+1) (photon-to-resonance plus photon-to-ionization) ionization scheme. Over 90 thorium transitions are identified for use in a (1+1) continuous-wave resonance ionization mass spectrometry (cw-RIMS) ionization scheme. The excitation cross-section of several strong transitions was determined to be 10 −13 cm 2 . The optimum cw excitation scheme was with the resonant laser tuned to the 384.08 nm (26 036 cm −1 ) transition when using the multi-line UV argon ion laser for signal enhancement. For thorium, the increase in ionization efficiency was documented to be a minimum of one order-of-magnitude improvement over that achieved by conventional thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). The measured total ionization efficiency (detected ion signal/sample atoms loaded) was as high as 0.41%, which easily provided signal levels for efficiency measurements on sample sizes down to 25 ng, and should provide sufficient signal for isotopic analysis of volcanic-like samples as small as 1–5 ng of thorium. Based on geometric overlap considerations, the cw-RIMS ionization efficiency within the laser focal volume approaches ~100%. This cw-RIMS ionization efficiency promises to provide ample signal for the 230 Th/ 232 Th isotope ratio analysis of nanogram volcanic-like samples. The ability to determine accurately and precisely the 230 Th/ 232 Th isotopic ratios for nanogram samples represents an improvement over the TIMS technique, and is anticipated to have a significant effect on uranium-series disequilibrium measurements important in geochemistry and geochronology.
Technical considerations in the gas chromatographic analysis of desipramine

Abstract Procedures are presented for minimizing variability in and interferences with the gas chromatographic determination of desipramine in plasma. Careful consideration of procedures for sample collection and storage, drug separation from matrix components, and chromatography appears to be a prerequisite for avoiding inaccurate and imprecise determinations of this antidepressant, especially at levels below 20 μg/l. Numerous pitfalls are examined and optimal conditions for obviating them are presented.
Germination arrest factor (GAF): Part 2. Physical and chemical properties of a novel, naturally occurring herbicide produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain WH6

Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate WH6 and several related isolates have been shown previously to produce and secrete a novel, naturally occurring herbicide that arrests germination of the seeds of a large number of grassy weed species. The physical and chemical characteristics of this Germination Arrest Factor (GAF) have been investigated in the present study. GAF was insoluble in all organic solvents tested with the exception of methanol, in which it was moderately soluble. However, appropriate concentrations of aqueous ethanol solutions could be used to extract GAF from dried WH6 culture filtrates. GAF activity was destroyed by heating at temperatures in excess of 65 C, but no obvious loss of activity was observed after exposure for several hours at room temperature to either acid or alkaline conditions within the pH range 2-12. GAF activity in the culture filtrate gradually declined during prolonged storage at 4 C. Ultra- filtration and gel filtration studies indicated that GAF activity was associated with a compound or com- pounds having a molecular weight less than 1000. As expected from its solubility properties, GAF activity did not bind to reverse-phase materials (e.g., silica-C18 cartridges). The very hydrophilic character of the GAF molecule suggests that it does not contain an aromatic ring structure. GAF was retained on an anion exchange column, indicating that the active molecule must contain an acid group.
Solutions to the Reissner-Nordström, Kerr, and Kerr-Newman problems in fourth-order conformal Weyl gravity.

We continue our study of the general structure of fourth-order conformal Weyl gravity which we are exploring as a possible theory of gravity, and in this paper we present three new exact solutions to the theory which we have found. First we present the complete and exact solution to the Reissner-Nordstr\"om problem associated with a static, spherically symmetric point electric and/or magnetic charge coupled to fourth-order conformal Weyl gravity. We find that, unlike the familiar second-order Einstein case where the modification to the Schwarzschild metric is in the form of a term which behaves like $\frac{1}{{r}^{2}}$, in the fourth-order case the modification is found to behave like $\frac{1}{r}$, i.e., just like the Newtonian potential term itself. Additionally, we present two further exact solutions to the theory which we have found, namely, those associated with the fourth-order Kerr and Kerr-Newman problems in which a stationary, axially symmetric rotating system with or without electric and/or magnetic charge is coupled to gravity.
Left ventricular function after valve repair for chronic mitral regurgitation: Predictive value of preoperative assessment of contractile reserve by exercise echocardiography

Objectives. We evaluated the value of preoperative assessment of left ventricular contractile reserve in predicting ventricular function after valve repair for minimally symptomatic mitral regurgitation. Background. The optimal timing for operation in minimally symptomatic patients with significant mitral regurgitation is controversial. Accurate preoperative assessment of left ventricular function is difficult, and the ability to predict postoperative function is limited. Previous studies in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement may not be applicable in the present era of valve repair. Methods. We performed exercise echocardiography in 139 patients with isolated mitral regurgitation and no coronary disease, 74 of whom subsequently underwent uncomplicated valve repair. We measured rest left ventricular end-systolic dimension, end-systolic wall stress and positive first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt). End-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and ejection fraction were measured preoperatively at rest, immediately after exercise and postoperatively. Results. Ejection fraction decreased postoperatively to 55 ± 10% from a rest preoperative value of 64 ± 9% (p 25 cm3/m2 was the best predictor of postoperative dysfunction, with a sensitivity and specificity of 83%. Conclusions. In minimally symptomatic patients with mitral regurgitation, latent ventricular dysfunction may be indicated by a limited contractile reserve, manifest at exercise as an inadequate increase in ejection fraction and a larger end-systolic volume. These variables may also be used to predict left ventricular function after repair.
Effect of ragweed hyperimmune human gamma globulin on in vivo and in vitro parameters of ragweed sensitivity

Abstract The effect of ragweed hyperimmune human gamma globulin upon in vitro and in vivo parameters of ragweed sensitivity was examined. In a double-blind study, 40 ragweed-sensitive patients were divided into 2 groups and received either ragweed hyperimmune human gamma globulin (treated) or normal pooled globulin (control). Parameters of ragweed sensitivity studied before and following injections of the gamma globulin included skin test and nasal provocation end point titration, specific IgE antibody as measured by the RAST, leukocyte histamine release, total serum ragweed antibody level, and total serum IgE. Changes in measured parameters varied in both groups of patients. In the "treated" patient group, 1 wk later nasal sensitivity decreased significantly, and there was a trend toward decreased histamine release from leukocytes. No discernable effect was noted upon the other parameters. Thus, with the dosage used, the parenterally administered hyperimmune gamma globulin did not influence most measurements of ragweed hypersensitivity. The concept of this therapeutic approach might warrant further investigation.
The Response to Intervention of English Language Learners at Risk for Reading Problems

The response to intervention (RTI) of English language learners identified as at risk for reading difficulties in the fall of first grade was examined at the end of first grade and at the end of second grade. Students at risk for reading problems were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups. Intervention students received supplemental reading intervention daily for 50 minutes in small groups from October to April. Students in the comparison condition received the school's existing instructional program for struggling readers. Criteria were established to determine adequate RTI at the end of first grade and at the end of second grade. The results indicated that more students who participated in the first-grade intervention in either Spanish or English met the established RTI standards than students who did not, and this finding was maintained through the end of second grade.
Advanced reverse osmosis membrane modules for novel ultrapure water production process

Abstract In this presentation, we will mention new reverse osmosis membrane modules developed recently for novel ultrapure water production processes, “SU-900S” and “SU-700P”. “SU-900S” is the second stage membrane module in two stage RO process, and has high rejection of cations at low concentrations and high pH. Consequently in the two stage RO process using SU-700 for the first stage and SU-900S for the second one, high resistivity of product water, which is equal to the primary ion exchange process (5–10 MΩcm), can be obtained. “SU-700P” is the RO membrane module for posttreatment of ion exchange process, and has high rejection of TOC and special cleanliness without self-elution. Consequently an induction period to attain an original TOC level of feed water can be shortened to less than several hours, and the TOC level finally reached can be 8–10 ppb lower than the original level of feed water TOC concentration (10–20 ppb) by using this module.
Entrepreneurs and branding in an environment of mass customisation and open innovation

Recently, Mass Customisation and open innovation have emerged as new and attractive business concepts. They reinforced a trend of business models (and cultures) being shaped by new technologies while redefining the relationship between businesses and consumers in the process. Both concepts suggest a new paradigm that has a strong impact on the traditional product development cycle. But the implications go beyond that, as they reposition consumers in the development process of brands. The result is an equally strong impact on marketing principles that is worth further exploration. As a result, this new framework of 'open sourced branding', offers entrepreneurs and small business owners, as well as brand managers and marketers, a lot of new opportunities and challenges as they strive to compete. This paper aims at looking into the 'brand' concept under mass customisation and explores some of these new challenges and opportunities.
Esterification of free fatty acids to fatty acid alkyl esters in a bubble column reactor for use as biodiesel

Abstract Biodiesel is readily produced from refined vegetable oils; however, many low-value degraded and waste oils contain a high concentration of free fatty acids, which are difficult to convert to fatty acid alkyl esters for use as biodiesel. This paper evaluates the performance of an acid-catalyzed bubble column reactor that is highly robust for the esterification of free fatty acids to fatty acid alkyl esters. The bubble column reactor typically operated at 120 °C and ambient pressure; methanol bubbling through the reactor reacts with free fatty acids and strips by-product water, which enables high conversions and makes the reactor more robust to water than other reactor designs. This paper shows the effects alcohol, feedstock type and quality, alcohol flow rate, and oil feedstock on the reactor performance. Most reaction conditions produce greater than 98% conversion in less than 2 h, including reactions with alcohols containing 10% water by volume and lipids extracted from trap grease.
Performance and heat transfer characteristics of the laser-heated rocket - A future space transportation system

The application of advanced liquid-bipropellant rocket engine analysis techniques has been utilized for prediction of the potential delivered performance and the design of thruster wall cooling schemes for laser-heated rocket thrusters. Delivered specific impulse values greater than 1000 lbf-sec/lbm are potentially achievable based on calculations for thrusters designed for 10-kW and 5000-kW laser beam power levels. A thruster wall-cooling technique utilizing a combination of regenerative cooling and a carbon-seeded hydrogen boundary layer is presented. The flowing carbon-seeded hydrogen boundary layer provides radiation absorption of the heat radiated from the high-temperature plasma. Also described is a forced convection thruster wall cooling design for an experimental test thruster.
Risk factors for disseminated candidiasis in children with candidemia.

Objective:To determine the risk factors for disseminated infection in hospitalized children with candidemia.Methods:We performed a nested case-control study within a cohort of hospitalized children with candidemia. The cohort was defined by all patients with positive blood cultures for Candida speci
Re(bipy-tBu)(CO)3Cl−improved Catalytic Activity for Reduction of Carbon Dioxide: IR-Spectroelectrochemical and Mechanistic Studies

Five Re(bipy)(CO)(3)Cl complexes were prepared and studied where bipy was 4,4'-dicarboxyl-2,2'-bipyridine (1), 2,2'-bipyridine (2), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (3), 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4), and 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine (5). From this group, a significantly improved catalyst, Re(bipy-tBu)(CO)(3)Cl (4), for the reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide was found. The complex shows two one-electron reductions under argon, one reversible at -1445 mV (vs SCE), and one irreversible at -1830 mV. Under CO(2) the second irreversible wave displays a large catalytic enhancement in current. Diffusion coefficients were determined using the Levich-Koutecky method (1.1 × 10(-5) cm(2)/s for the neutral complex and 8.1 × 10(-6) cm(2)/s for the singly reduced species), and a second order rate constant for the electrochemical reduction with CO(2) of 1000 M(-1) s(-1) was measured. Bulk electrolysis studies were performed to measure Faradaic efficiencies for the primary gaseous products, η(CO) = 99 ± 2% in acetonitrile.
Remotely sensed characterization of forest fuel types by using satellite ASTER data

Abstract The characterization of fuel types is very important for computing spatial fire hazard and risk and simulating fire growth and intensity across a landscape. However, due to the complex nature of fuel characteristic a fuel map is considered one of the most difficult thematic layers to build up. The advent of sensors with increased spatial resolution may improve the accuracy and reduce the cost of fuels mapping. The objective of this research is to evaluate the accuracy and utility of imagery from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite imagery. In order to ascertain how well ASTER data can provide an exhaustive classification of fuel properties a sample area characterized by mixed vegetation covers was analysed. The selected sample areas has an extension at around 60 km2 and is located inside the Sila plateau in the Calabria Region (South of Italy). Fieldwork fuel type recognitions, performed before, after and during the acquisition of remote sensing ASTER data, were used as ground-truth dataset to assess the results obtained for the considered test area. The method comprised the following three steps: (I) adaptation of Prometheus fuel types for obtaining a standardization system useful for remotely sensed classification of fuel types and properties in the considered Mediterranean ecosystems; (II) model construction for the spectral characterization and mapping of fuel types based on a maximum likelihood (ML) classification algorithm; (III) accuracy assessment for the performance evaluation based on the comparison of ASTER-based results with ground-truth. Results from our analysis showed that the use ASTER data provided a valuable characterization and mapping of fuel types being that the achieved classification accuracy was higher than 90%.
Cognitive Transmit Beamforming From Binary CSIT

Transmit beamforming is used to steer radiated power towards a receiver of interest and to limit interference to unintended receivers, thereby facilitating coexistence. Transmit beamforming requires accurate channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter, which is often difficult to acquire, particularly in cognitive underlay settings, where the primary receiver cannot be expected to cooperate with the secondary system to enable it to learn the secondary to primary crosstalk channel. This paper considers cases where it is not realistic to assume channel reciprocity, or that the receivers are capable of accurate CSI estimation and feedback—because they are legacy systems, or have limited computation/energy resources. Transmit beamforming from binary and infrequent CSI is first considered for an isolated link. An online beamforming and learning algorithm is developed using the analytic center cutting plane method and is shown to asymptotically attain optimal performance. A robust maximum-likelihood formulation is next developed to handle feedback errors and correlation drift. The setup is then generalized to a cognitive underlay setting, also exploiting the standard acknowledgement/negative-acknowledgement feedback on the reverse primary link. This is the first solution to jointly tackle secondary signal-to-noise ratio maximization and primary interference mitigation from only rudimentary CSI, without assuming channel reciprocity.
An overview of positive pressure ventilation

Objective: The purpose of this article is to give the reader a brief overview of the indications for positive pressure ventilation (PPV). Data sources: Current human and veterinary literature. Summary: There are numerous indications for PPV in veterinary medicine. These include both pulmonary parenchymal disease and diseases that affect ventilation. When choosing PPV, a clinician must have a comprehensive understanding of the different ventilation mode options available and the physiologic effects of ventilation on the patient. Conclusions: PPV is becoming more widely used in veterinary medicine and is improving the survival of animals with hypoxemic and hypercapnic respiratory failure.
The graph model of behavior simulator

This paper describes an interactive simulator developed at UCLA as part of the SARA system. This simulator, in conjunction with other design tools of the SARA system, allows the user to model the behavior of the system being designed at various levels of detail. The models which drive the simulator are control graphs and associated data graphs. The simulator uses the control graph to express synchronization of sequences of events. Initiation of any control node triggers the simulator to call on the data graph model to provide interpretation of a process at a desired level of abstraction. The simulator gives the user the capability to examine, or modify, the state of the control and data graphs during a simulation.
Statistical aspects of measurement and calibration

Abstract Values for product characteristics are determined by processes of measurement. Different measurement processes may yield different values for the same characteristic for the same unit of product. If an accepted, or standard process of measurement gives a value t for a product characteristic, and another process of measurement gives a value x , then the difference e = x − t is referred to as measurement error. This paper considers measurement error and its effect on the probability of making correct decisions regarding acceptance of product, and consequently, on the costs associated with the inspection process. Taking repeat measurements of a single unit of product and using the average value to accept or reject the unit would reduce the chances of misclassification. A method to approximate the optimal number of repeat measurements is discussed. The concepts of precision, accuracy, and reproducibility are discussed in the context of measurement error, along with the use of control charts to monitor these measurement process characteristics.
Acute phase responses after acute liver injury by parital hepatectomy in rats as indicators of cytokine release

The purpose of this study was to support the hypothesis that cytokines such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 are released by macrophages or monocytes within 1 to 2 hr of phagocytosis of circulating, gut-derived backterial lipopolysaccharide translocated by acute liver injury. Time courses of fever, neutrophilia and low blood-zinc levels generally attributed to cytokines were quantified after partial (37%) hepatectomy of rats under ether anesthesia. These acute phase responses in hepatectomized rats were compared with those after intravenous injection of exogenous endotoxin and human natural interleukin-1. Fever commenced 30 min after interleukin-1 injection, 4 hr after exogenous lipopolysaccharide injection and 6 hr after 67% liver resection. Similarly, rectal temperatures were significantly elevated in recipient rats 30 min after intravenous administration of donor plasma from hepatectomized animals, indicating that cytokines, not lipopolysaccharide, elicited the febrile response. Neutrophilia was present 1, 2, and 4 hr after interleukin-1 injection, lipopolysaccharide injection and hepatectomy, respectively. Furthermore, the reduction in plasma zinc, which depends on cellular metallothionein synthesis, occurred 4 hr after interleukin-1 administration and 6 hr after lipopolysaccharide injection or partial hepatectomy. Donor plasma from hepatectomized rats also elicited neutrophilia at 1 hr and low blood-zinc levels 4 hr after injection in recipient animals. The timing of these responses, just as for the fever, implies that cytokines and not lipopolysaccharide in the donated plasma elicited the neutrophilia and hypozincemia. Evidence was reviewed that interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 function as hepatotrophic factors and have been identified in the circulation of humans with liver damage. This complements the conclusion of this study that unspecified cytokines are released after partial hepatectomy of rats.(HEPATOLOGY 1990;11:923-931.).
Reducing adsorption of anionic surfactant for enhanced oil recovery: Part I. Competitive adsorption mechanism

Abstract Although injection of surfactants in oil reservoirs often can lead to production of more oil, loss of surfactant due to adsorption on porous media can make this process economically unfeasible. In this work, we examine the adsorption of an anionic surfactant blend and sodium polyacrylate on dolomite and demonstrate that, under certain conditions, the sodium polyacrylate adsorbs preferentially and inhibits the adsorption of surfactant. The addition of sodium polyacrylate significantly reduces the amount of surfactant adsorption above a critical polyacrylate molecular weight. On the other hand, presence of anionic surfactant has no significant effect on the adsorption of polyacrylate. We also demonstrate high concentrations of anhydrite acts against preferential adsorption of sodium polyacrylate. This study demonstrates that polyacrylate molecular weight and concentration as well as polyacrylate-to-anhydrite molar ratio are key variables governing the competitive adsorption of anionic surfactant and polyacrylate, which are interpreted by negligible desorption and high surface coverage of polyacrylate.
The evolution of hospital infection control policies concerning AIDS: the current United States debate.

followed by a calming Period of Consolidation which recently has been transformed into a Period of Renewed Concern. These episodes have reflected the degree of confidence health care workers have expressed in the quality of available epidemiological knowledge concerning the modes of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). During the early days of the epidemic, AIDS was a new, mysterious disease of unknown etiology. It was characterized by unusual tumours and opportunistic infections which were unfamiliar to many nurses and physicians, and it occurred primarily among men who were drug abusers or homosexual, and whose behaviour therefore evoked the disapproval of society at large. As the number of reported cases rapidly increased, the epidemic appeared to be that of a communicable disease, but one whose cause and mode of transmission were cryptic. The almost universally fatal outcome of the disease was, however, only too evident. Together, these characteristics produced a second epidemic, that of ‘AFRAIDS’ (Acute Fear Regarding AIDS).
Role of a Parameterized Ice-Phase Microphysics in an Axisymmetric, Nonhydrostatic Tropical Cyclone Model

Abstract Results of an axisymmetric, nonhydrostatic hurricane model are analyzed with emphasis on the role of a parameterized ice-phase microphysics Inclusion of ice processes produces dramatic differences in the structure and evolution of the simulated hurricane vortex. Mesoscale convective features are wore plentiful with ice, and the simulated vortex grows more slowly. Time and space-averaged budgets of key model varibles show that cooling due to melting ice particles can initiate and maintain model downdrafts on a horizontal scale of tens of kilometers. This scale depends critically on both the horizontal advection of the parameterized snow particles detrained from the tops of convective updrafts and the mean fall speed of the particles toward the melting level. In situ0 production of snow particles results from a wide variety of parameterized microphysical processes and is significant factor in maintaining upper-level snow concentration These processes are strongly height-dependent.
Single-dose oral omeprazole for reduction of gastric residual acidity in adults for outpatient surgery.

Omeprazole is a substituted benzimidazole that causes dose-dependent intracellular inhibition of gastric acid secretion in humans. This double-blind study examined the effect of omeprazole in decreasing gastric acidity and gastric residual volume in outpatient adults. Unpremedicated outpatients, ASA I-III, 18 years or older (n = 17), were randomly assigned to receive omeprazole 80 mg, or placebo by mouth the night before scheduled elective outpatient surgery. The patients were fasted for 8 h prior to surgery. After the patient was anesthetized, an orogastric tube was inserted with proper placement verified by auscultation for gastric sounds. Gastric residual contents were withdrawn into a Luken's trap, and pH was then determined and gastric volume indexed to weight (ml.kg-1). Data were analyzed by a t-test, with P less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. Patient characteristics of both groups were similar. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups for pH (P = 0.02), but not between the two groups for gastric volume indexed to weight (P = 0.07).
Technique for the purification of the hyphae of Filobasidiella neoformans

A technique for the purification of the hyphae of Filobasidiella neoformans is described. Cultural conditions and strains for maximal hyphal production were determined. Blastospores were separated from hyphae by sonification of mycelial suspensions. Following this, the initial density ranges of all cell types were determined by isopycnic centrifugation, using Renografin-60 as a supporting medium. Based on these data, rate centrifugation with different density ranges was used to obtain cell separation. The final percentage of non-hyphal cells to total population was 0.007%. These were determined to be still viable at the end of separation.
The Contrast of Faculae Near the Solar Limb

The contrast of solar faculae near the limb is measured on direct video images made with the 65 cm vacuum reflector at the Big Bear Solar Observatory. Six broad band filters with different wavelengths from red to violet are used. About 300 images were measured from observations made during the summers of 1983 and 1985. Over 20,000 faculae were measured. By averaging the contrast of faculae and plotting them vs heliocentric angle, it is found that contrast increases monotonically toward the limb for the shorter wavelengths; for longer wavelengths, contrast has a tendency to peak around mu = 0.15, and then decrease toward the extreme limb. The contrast increases as wavelength decreases.
Transitioning Roles of Post-Secondary Education and Community Colleges Worldwide

This special issue of Research in Comparative and International Education investigates the spread and development of two-year and community college institutions worldwide. While not all post-secondary education falls within the scope or definition of community colleges, both post-secondary and community college education tend to serve the needs of their local communities by bridging the gap between largely academic education and technical training. These institutions may be called by different names and may not be structured the same in all international contexts, but their core missions remain surprisingly consistent. The balance in emphasis between more academic versus more technical curricula and coursework in post-secondary education and community colleges often depends on the community context and student needs. In the case of community colleges there is also the added emphasis on providing all members of a particular community with learning that is open and accessible. The students that post-seconda...
Coexistence of tuberous sclerosis and Friedreich ataxia

Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is caused by point mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes on chromosomes 9q33-34 or 16p13, respectively. Clinical manifestations can be quite variable but are primarily limited to cutaneous, neurologic, and cardiovascular abnormalities. Phenotypes range from neurologically devastated to those with silent lesions. A 34-year-old patient with genetically documented TSC1 developed progressive ataxia over a decade, without TS lesions to correlate with this finding. After evaluation of common causes including long-term antiepileptic regimens, DNA testing for hereditary ataxias was performed and revealed the presence of an additional mutation on chromosome 9. The patient was homozygous for the Friedreich ataxia (FA) mutation, with 500 and 700 GAA repeats in the FRDA gene on chromosome 9q13. There is no established relationship between these two disorders and the occurrence of two mutations on the same chromosome is probably coincidental but emphasizes the importance of searching for additional genetic causes when the phenotype does not fit with an established genetic diagnosis.
Alcohol and dilated cardiomyopathy: Incidence and correlation with clinical outcome

Among a group of 28 elderly veterans with dilated cardiomyopathy regularly attending an outpatient heart failure clinic, half had a history of habitual heavy drinking. It was concluded that chronic heavy drinking was the only identifiable factor responsible for the heart failure in three of these patients. Eleven other patients also had chronic heavy drinking as a possible etiological factor of their heart failure in addition to Coronary Artery Disease and/or hypertension. Less than 50% of the heavy drinkers totally abstained from alcohol after seeking medical treatment although they reduced their drinking significantly. All three patients with clear alcoholic cardiomyopathy discontinued drinking and showed marked improvement in cardiac status. The discontinuation of drinking did not appear to be associated with improvement in the remaining heavy drinkers and those patients who reported a history of moderate drinking.
Microscopic theory of photonic one-way edge mode

We consider a system consisting of a honeycomb lattice of magneto-optical resonators. We show that this system can be very well described by a tight-binding model. Moreover, when truncated, this system supports a one-way edge mode. We discuss the microscopic physics, linking the properties of the one-way edge modes to the corresponding bulk modes.
Magnetic susceptibility of pure plutonium metal above 300 K

Abstract The magnetic susceptibility of two samples of plutonium, one highly oriented and the other randomly oriented, were measured on heating between 300 and 850 K. The susceptibilities of the alpha, beta, gamma, delta, delta-prime, and epsilon phases were determined as a function of temperature. Principal magnetic axes and the magnetic anisotropy with respect to these axes were determined for the alpha, beta, gamma, and the delta phases.
Compressibility of distilled water and seawater

Abstract The compressions of distilled water and of seawater of approximately 31, 35, and 39% salinity were measured at 10°C for pressures up to 1000 bars. The data were summarized by a ‘best’ least-square fit polynomial in pressure and salinity. The summary formula was combined with Bryden's ( Deep-Sea Research , 20 , 401–408, 1973) similar type fit to our earlier thermal expansion data ( Bradshaw and Schleicher , Deep-Sea Research , 17 , 691–706, 1970) and Fofonoff and Bryden's ( Journal of Marine Research , in press) recent empirical formula for sigma-0 of seawater to give an expression for the specific volume of seawater as a function of temperature, pressure and salinity in the salinity range 31 to 39%. At 35% specific volumes from this expression in the oceanographic range of temperature and pressure agree within 15 × 10 −6 cm 3 g −1 with those computed using sound velocities ( Wang and Millero , Journal of Geophysical and Research , 78 , 7122–7128, 1973). Our mean compressibilities for distilled water at 10°C also agree with those from sound velocities (to within 0·05%) but disagree with those of Kell and Whalley ( Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , A, 258 , 565–614, 1965) by about 0·3%.
Developmental Expression of Morphoregulatory Genes in the Mouse Embryo: An Analytical Approach Using a Novel Technology

The molecular techniques of in situ transcription and antisense RNA amplification (IST/aRNA) have allowed for the monitoring of coordinate changes in the expression of multiple genes simultaneously. However, the analysis of their concurrent behavior during murine embryogenesis has been problematic. Studies involving the investigation of temporal and spatial gene expression during embryogenesis have focused solely on the analysis of isolated, single gene events. Such an approach has failed to provide an integrative picture of genetic control over the varied and complicated cellular processes governing embryogenesis. In order to interpret the enormous amount of gene expression data generated by these procedures, we have attempted to develop an analytical framework by employing the statistical concepts of principal components analysis (PCA). For the current study, we performed IST/aRNA on neural tubes dissected from the highly inbred LM/Bc murine strain collected during four gestational time periods. A subset of these genes, representing a partial signaling pathway in the developing neuroepithelium, was then subjected to PCA. Here, we report that PCA highlighted the transcriptional interplay among the genes p53, wee-1, Tgf beta-2, and bcl-2 such that the combined reciprocal regulation of their gene products is suggestive of a predominant proliferative state for the developing neuroepithelium. The application of PCA to the gene expression data has elucidated previously unknown interrelationships among cell cycle genes, growth, and transcription factors on a transcriptional level during critical stages of neurulation. The information gleaned from this analysis, while not definitive, suggests distinct hypotheses to guide future research.
Spatial dependence of a differential shading artifact in images from coil arrays with reactive cross-talk at 1.5 T.

Abstract Reactive cross-talk causes leakage of the reception signal between neighboring coils of a receiver array. We present here experimental and computer-simulated NMR images (based upon a simple theory) to show, for an array of two coils, that the leakage (or secondary) signal is combined phase sensitively with the primary signal in each coil, to produce (in certain geometries) a differential shading artifact, manifest as a divot of missing intensity in the image derived from one (and only one) of the two coils. The asymmetry of this effect arises from the sense of the nuclear precession, and the afflicted coil may be swapped with its mate by reversing the direction of the static magnetic field. The artifact appears most clearly in transaxial images and is shown to be forbidden in certain types of saggital images. In a simplified theory for an array of two meshes (i.e., with only two degrees of freedom) the severity of the artifact depends upon the normalized coefficient of coupling (denoted η and related to the cross-talk in decibels, ψ, by ψ=−20 log η.) While the presence of input trap circuits in a typical array doubles the degrees of freedom and complicates both the circuit theory and the circuit measurements, the cross-talk is nonetheless shown to be given by an expression of the form ψ=−20 log η′, where the new primed parameter η′ embodies the impedance-matching capacitance and the resistance of the scanner's preamplifiers, as well as the mutual reactance responsible for the cross-talk. The values of cross-talk inferred from the computer simulations of the image artifact are somewhat higher (by an estimated 3 to 6 dB) than those obtained by bench top measurements; but, given that the simulations unmistakably reproduce the unique and highly characteristic visual appearance of the artifact, the proposed model for its formation is claimed to be essentially correct. Finally, it is suggested that the artifact could be corrected by means of the filtered, edge-completed, reception profile described by Wald and co-workers (Wald et al. , Magn. Reson. Med. 34 , 433 (1995)).
241 Association Between Lower Graft Survival and Kidneys from Donors Aged 40-49 Years with Co-Morbidities

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LOWER GRAFT SURVIVAL AND KIDNEYS FROM DONORS AGED 40-49 YEARS WITH CO-MORBIDITIES Anita Patel, Mohamad Al-Abed, Mariella Goggins, Lauren Malinzak, Vanji Karthikeyan, Department of Internal Medicine and Transplant Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States Several recipient (R) and donor (D) risk factors are associated with inferior graft survival (GS). Outcomes of recipients (R) receiving kidneys from standard criteria donors (SCD) aged 40-49 years with risk factors of ECD criteria coined compromised SCD donors (CSCD) were compared with SCDR using UNOS data from1995 to 2010. Patient survival (PS) and GS were studied. Median follow up was 4 years. On Kaplan Meier survival analysis, both PS and GS appeared to be significantly superior for SCDR compared to CSCDR. However, on Cox regression analysis, there appeared to be a marginally significant decrease in PS (Hazard ratio [HR] 1.089 [95% confidence interval 1.010-1.174]); p=0.02) in CSCDR. In this group, GS was significantly lower (HR:1.109 [CI 1.031-1.192]; p=0.0053). However, patient survival was not significantly different. In conclusion, GS appears to be strongly influenced by donor risk factors in age group 40-49 years. It is possible that duration and severity of co-morbidities and effective renal reserve influence graft outcomes in this age group of standard criteria donors. Whether the same influence exists in donors less than 40 years of age or healthy donors over age 50 years is being invested. Influence of other risk factors including components of the metabolic syndrome is also being studied.
Numerical Analysis of a Rotating Detonation Engine in the Relative Reference Frame

A two-dimensional, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation of a semi-idealized rotating detonation engine (RDE) is described. The simulation operates in the detonation frame of reference and utilizes a relatively coarse grid such that only the essential primary flow field structure is captured. This construction yields rapidly converging, steady solutions. Results from the simulation are compared to those from a more complex and refined code, and found to be in reasonable agreement. The performance impacts of several RDE design parameters are then examined. Finally, for a particular RDE configuration, it is found that direct performance comparison can be made with a straight-tube pulse detonation engine (PDE). Results show that they are essentially equivalent.
Lack of ferromagnetism in n-type cobalt-doped ZnO epitaxial thin films

Epitaxial thin films of cobalt-doped ZnO (Co : ZnO) were deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on both c-plane and r-plane sapphire (Al2 O3). The films exhibited high structural quality with narrow x-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curve peak widths. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES and EXAFS) confirmed well-ordered Co substitution for Zn in ZnO without the formation of secondary phases. A wide range of n-type conductivities (10−4–105 Ω cm) was achieved by controlling the deposition conditions, post-annealing in vacuum, and/or addition of Al during deposition. Despite the high structural quality of the Co : ZnO thin films, no significant room temperature ferromagnetism was observed under any processing or treatment conditions. The lack of ferromagnetism indicates that itinerant conduction band electrons alone are not sufficient to induce ferromagnetism in Co : ZnO, even when the carrier concentration is a significant fraction of the magnetic dopant concentration. The implications of this observation are discussed.
Domesticating Democracy: Culture, Civil Society, and Constitutionalism in Africa

L'A. analyse les conceptions de la democratie en Afrique. Il etudie plus particulierement le rapport entre culture, societe civile et constitutionnalisme dans ce cadre, et examine le fonctionnement et la nature des democraties africaines. Il souligne que le nombre de pays democratiques ne cesse de croitre en Afrique et s'efforce de comprendre les mecanismes des processus de democratisation en Afrique. Il montre comment l'Afrique a du faire face a certain nombre de contradictions au cours de la phase de transition de decolonisation. Il etudie les principes d'organisation politique en Afrique dans la periode precoloniale. Il affirme qu'une certaine «sur-centralisation» a mis en peril la democratie sur ce continent apres la decolonisation et se demande comment la societe civile et l'Etat pourraient se restructurer dans ce cadre. Il envisage un certain nombre de perspectives politiques africaines notamment le «pluralisme pragmatique» et le «gouvernement mixte»
Quantitative serum free light chain assay in the diagnostic evaluation of AL amyloidosis.

We compared a new serum immunoassay for quantitation of serum free light chains (FLC) with the conventional tests for clonal immunoglobulin production: bone marrow immunohistochemistry, serum immunofixation electrophoresis, and urine immunofixation electrophoresis. Serum samples from 169 patients with AL amyloidosis and 20 controls were examined. Elevated levels of k-FLC and l-FLC were found in 94% and 93% of patients with the respective clonal disease. However, false positive elevations of k-FLC and l-FLC were found in 30% and 44% of patients with clonal disease of the other light chain subtype. We found that the FLC level was a reliable test for the diagnosis of clonal disease when the FLC k:l ratio was abnormal and was comparable to the conventional tests in patients with AL amyloidosis. After a histologic tissue diagnosis of amyloidosis, determining the type as AL amyloidosis relies on a panel of hematologic tests to determine light chain clonality and the exclusion other forms of amyloidosis.
Design of 2.45GHz Rectifier Antenna and Frequency Tunable Antenna Design

In this paper, the 2.45 GHz rectifier antenna design is presented and the frequency tunable antenna design is proposed by integrating varactor shunt switch technology. The DC output can be 1.8 V when the input RF power is 20 dBm. The antenna is tunable by 500 MHz by integration of a ferroelectric varactor.
The Trouble with ‘Organic Lite’ in California: a Rejoinder to the ‘Conventionalisation’ Debate

Based on a comprehensive study of the California organic sector, this article responds to the conventionalization debate on organic farming that surfaced after the publication of Buck et al. in 1997 in this journal. First, it addresses the place of California within the international organic sector, justifying its importance as a case study. As an empirical point, it documents the form and extent of agribusiness involvement in California's organic sector and provides place-specific explanations as to how it articulated with the previously existing organic sector. It also considers how agribusiness has influenced organic production, in rule-setting, inter-sectoral dynamics, and agronomic practices. The argument is that agribusiness involvement does more than create a soft path of sustainability - or ‘organic lite’; the conditions set by processes of agro-industrialization undermine the ability of even the most committed producers to practice a truly alternative form of organic farming. This trajectory is not inevitable, however, and largely turns on the sort of state support given to organic farming.
Direct and mediated associations between religious coping, spirituality, and youth violence in El Salvador

OBJECTIVE: To examine the direct and mediated relationships between religious coping, spirituality, social developmental factors, and violence among high-risk and gang-involved youth in a high-crime, Latin American country. METHODS: Using a community sample of 290 high-risk and gang-involved youth in San Salvador, El Salvador, structural equation modeling was employed to examine the relationships between religious coping, spirituality, social developmental factors (e.g., antisocial bond and antisocial beliefs), and violence. RESULTS: Religious coping (β = - 0.14, P < 0.05) and spirituality (β = - 0.20, P < 0.01) were both significantly associated with antisocial bond. Antisocial bond, in turn, was directly associated with violence (β = 0.70, P < 0.001) and was associated with antisocial beliefs (β = 0.54, P < 0.001); however, the path from antisocial beliefs to violence was not statistically significant. No direct paths were identified from religiosity and spirituality to violence. The goodness-of-fit statistics (root mean square error of approximation, 0.034; comparative fit index, 0.974; and Tucker-Lewis index, 0.966) suggest that the final model had acceptable fit. CONCLUSIONS: This study is among the first to shed light on the relationship between religiosity, spirituality, and youth violence in the Latin American context. Elevated levels of religious coping and spirituality are associated with less antisocial bonding, which, in turn, is associated with lower levels of violent behavior among high-risk and gang-involved Salvadoran youth. Study findings suggest that religious coping and spirituality are indirectly protective for youth violence among this high-risk population.
Coating of Levitated Glass Microballoons

Abstract The coating of microspheres used as laser fusion targets has resulted in the development of a wide range of new technologies [1–4]. Numerous target designs require depositing various materials such as plastics and high and low atomic number metals on glass microballoons (GMB's) which are 100 to 500 pm in diameter and weigh only micrograms. In addition to the handling problems associated with high static charge, small size, and light weight, the uniformity and surface quality requirements of these films are becoming increasingly demanding.