cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct observations of the current structure east of the Bahamas

Quasisynoptic absolute velocity sections were obtained in the western North Atlantic to the east of the Bahamas on five cruises from 1992 to 1994, showing complex spatial and temporal variability of the currents throughout the water column. Lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers were used on all cruises; for comparison, an acoustically-tracked free-fall profiler was used on the August 1992 and June 1993 cruises. Where simultaneous profiles from both methods are available, depth-averaged differences are less than 0.01 m s−1 in the ensemble mean and standard deviation. Though small, the mean difference appears to be statistically non-zero for one of the two Doppler profilers used; no cause has been found. The individual velocity sections show a banded structure of currents in the offshore direction with strong baroclinic and depth-averaged components extending over the full sampling domain. Two sections show a picture of the southward-flowing Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) differing from previous observations. During August 1992 and June 1993 the mean DWBC core was located more than 100 km offshore; in observations prior to 1990 it was usually near 50 km offshore. Net southward transport below 800 m integrated from the coast to 400 km offshore varied from 15 to 50 Sv with a mean of about 40 Sv (1 Sv = 1×106 m³ s−1). Our mean is consistent with previous estimates; our sections add new evidence that the transport is highly variable to at least 400 km offshore.
Electromyography of pectineus muscle.

Using bipolar fine-wire electrodes, we investigated the function of the pectineus muscle. Electromyography revealed that the main function of pectineus muscle is flexion, adduction and medial (not lateral) rotation of the hip joint. These functions suggest that the spasm of this muscle may be important in the cause of deformities in cerebral palsy.
'A Storm on the Horizon': Discomforting Democracy and the Feeling of Fairness

This essay examines an ‘anti-Shariah’ law passed by voters in the US state of Oklahoma in 2010, alongside contemporaneous controversies over the so-called ‘Ground Zero Mosque’ in New York City. In both these cases, the terms of debate framed American Muslims as outsiders and, even, threats to the nation. Together, these two case studies reveal the religious traces that mark even ostensibly secular debates over democratic belonging. They also reveal the failures of liberal ‘tolerance’ and ideals of ‘reasonableness’ to make room for wider forms of social difference.
Role of tumor suppressor genes in transplacental lung carcinogenesis.

Most human cancers involve multiple genetic changes, including activation of oncogenes such as Ki-ras-2 (Kras2) and inactivation of any one of a number of tumor suppressor genes such as p53 and members of the retinoblastoma (Rb) regulatory axis. As part of an ongoing project to determine how in utero exposure to chemical carcinogens affects the molecular pathogenesis of murine lung tumors, the p53 and p16Cdkn2a genes were analyzed by using paraffin-embedded lung tissues from mice treated transplacentally with 3-methylcholanthrene. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of exons 5–8 of the p53 gene, as well as their flanking introns, demonstrated an absence of mutations at this gene locus. However, a genetic polymorphism was identified at nt 708 in intron 4 of the DBA/2 strain of mice 5 bp downstream of a 3′ branching-point splice signal. Analysis of exons 1 and 2 of the Cdkn2a gene by single-strand conformation polymorphism and sequence analyses revealed mutations in exon 2 in 7% of the tumors examined. Tumor 23-1 exhibited a CACTAC transition at nt 301 (His74Tyr74), and tumor 36-1 exhibited a GGGGAG transition at nucleotide 350 (Gly90Glu 90). Northern blot analysis of 14 of the larger tumors showed a marked decrease in the levels of Rb RNA expression. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a spectrum of pRb expression, with the smaller adenomas showing moderate numbers of nuclei with heterogeneous staining for pRb in contrast with a highly reduced or near-complete absence of expression in the nuclei of larger tumors with features of adenocarcinomas. The low incidence of mutations at tumor suppressor loci suggested that inactivation of tumor suppressor genes was a late event in murine lung tumor pathogenesis. The identification of both mutations at the Cdkn2a gene locus and reduced levels of Rb expression combined with previous studies demonstrating a high incidence of mutated Kras2 alleles in these tumors implies that alterations of the Rb regulatory axis, in combination with mutation of Kras2, may be the preferred pathway for the pathogenesis of pulmonary tumors in transplacentally exposed mice. Mol. Carcinog. 21:177–184, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Eusebius's Christian Library and the Construction of "Hebrews," "Jews," and "Hellenistic Judaism"

This article approaches the idea of "Judeo-Christianity" at an oblique angle. For scholars of late antiquity, the idea of "Hellenistic Judaism" shares some of the problems that scholars of modernity have identified in "Judeo-Christianity." Each of these terms makes explicit and implicit claims about history; each also uses Judaism to reify a particular understanding of Christianity. This article examines the role of the fourth-century bishop and polymath Eusebius of Caesarea, and his famed library, in the creation of “Hellenistic Judaism.” Eusebius drew a distinction between an ancient "Hebrew" theological tradition and a wider "Judaism." Echoing certain modern constructions of "Judeo-Christianity," Eusebius contended that the "Hebrew-Christian" tradition represented the most universal, civilized, and transcendent form of religion.
The many meanings of collaboration: Fieldwork with the Elem Pomo

Abstract Traditional fieldwork methodology frequently focuses on documentation of the grammar of a language as spoken by an “authentic” speaker. Many linguists, however, find that their fieldwork experiences do not match their training, both in terms of the degree of linguistic knowledge of the speakers with whom they work, and in terms of the clear division of labor between speaker and analyst. This paper examines these tensions and uses the case of fieldwork done with members of the Elem (Southeastern) Pomo Tribe to offer solutions and to call for a reconsideration of fieldwork training in linguistics.
Wave Equation Simulation Using a Compressed Modeler

Repeated simulations of large scale wave propagation problems are prevalent in many fields. In oil exploration earth imaging problems, the use of full wave simulations is becoming routine and it is only hampered by the extreme computational resources required. In this contribution, we explore the feasibility of employing reduced-order modeling techniques in an attempt to significantly decrease the cost of these calculations. We consider the acoustic wave equation in two-dimensions for simplicity, but the extension to three-dimensions and to elastic or even anysotropic problems is clear. We use the proper orthogonal decomposition approach to model order reduction and describe two algorithms: the traditional one using the SVD of the matrix of snapshots and a more economical and flexible one using a progressive QR decomposition. We include also two a posteriori error estimation procedures and extensive testing and validation is presented that indicates the promise of the approach.
Magnetophotoconductivity of semi-insulating GaAs as a function of etching time

Abstract The magnetophotoconductivity of semi-insulating GaAs has been investigated for various etching times. We observed that the carrier lifetime of the illuminated region increases as a function of etching time approaching the bulk lifetime of the non-illuminated region. This was explained on the suggestion that the surface recombination centers gradually disappear as the etching time increases.
Childbearing and Women's Survival: New Evidence from Rural Bangladesh

Women in developing countries experience well-documented increased health risks related to childbearing. According to estimates by Murray and Lopez (1997) maternal disorders account for 2.4 percent of Disability Adjusted Life Years lost in developing countries compared to only 0.6 percent in developed countries. The maternal mortality ratio (deaths within 42 days after a pregnancy ends per 100000 live births) in the mid-1980s was only 10 to 15 in the United States (Rosenfield 1989) but about 500 in Matlab Bangladesh (Fauveau et al. 1988; Koenig et al. 1988). According to the National Research Council (1997) women in the developing world have a lifetime risk of maternal mortality of 1/48 compared to 1/1800 for women in the developed world. This higher risk for women in developing countries is due not only to their higher risk per pregnancy but also to their higher fertility: the more pregnancies the greater the lifetime risk of maternal mortality. High maternal mortality is accompanied by high morbidity. About 180 million women become pregnant each year worldwide. An estimated 30 to 40 percent of them report some kind of pregnancy-related morbidity and about 15 million have complications that lead to long-term disabilities (Menken and Rahman 2001). It is therefore possible that the risk associated with each pregnancy may last longer than the conventional postpartum period used to define maternal mortality and that risks may cumulate with each additional birth. Two unusual sets of data from Bangladesh provide information on the survival of adult women over a 20-year period. They offer the opportunity to test hypotheses about longer-lasting effects of childbearing on mortality. (authors)
Capturing Electrochemically Evolved Nanobubbles by Electroless Deposition. A Facile Route to the Synthesis of Hollow Nanoparticles

Gas evolution during electrochemical deposition has long been regarded as undesired and deliberately suppressed. Here, we show a new role of electrochemically evolved hydrogen bubbles, serving as both templates and reducing agent to form hollow Au nanoparticles via electroless deposition. Hollow gold nanoparticles with a complete nanocrystalline shell and a 50 nm hollow core were fabricated. By controlling the shell thickness, particle size can be varied from 100 to 150 nm. The process is very simple, scalable, and with a high throughput. Using this method, more complicated hollow nanostructures such as double nanoshells (“nanomatryoshka”) can also be synthesized. These hollow nanoparticles possess desirable plasmonic properties and can potentially be used as nanocontainers to store and deliver gaseous materials. In addition, the process can be used for fundamental studies of nanobubble formation mechanism.
Neutron Diffraction Studies of NaH and NaD

Neutron diffraction patterns for NaH and NaD are given from which it is established that the crystal structure is analogous to that of NaCl with the hydrogen centers replacing chlorine. It is shown that both sodium and deuterium scatter neutrons with a positive scattering amplitude whereas hydrogen scattering is characterized by a negative scattering amplitude. The coherent scattering cross sections for hydrogen and deuterium are determined as 2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 and 4.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.2 barns, respectively. Using this value of the coherent scattering cross section for hydrogen and Melkonian's value of 20 barns for the total scattering cross section by a free proton, the scattering amplitudes characteristic of the two proton spin states have been evaluated, and these are in good agreement with the latest data on the scattering of neutrons by $o$- and $p$-hydrogen. The range of nuclear forces present in the neutron-proton triplet interaction is evaluated as 1.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 \ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm.
Some Experiments on Geiger Ion Counters

With the purpose of extending the usefulness and reliability of the Geiger ion counter an investigation of its behavior under widely varying conditions was undertaken, including the effect of size of point and chamber, position of point in chamber, effect of voltage on sensitivity, effect of nature and pressure of gas used, sensitivity to ultraviolet light, sensitivity to ions of small energy, effect of various properties of the electrical circuits, and an investigation of the time lag in its action.It is concluded that the counter is a very sensitive instrument for detecting single ions; that it is only a moderately sensitive detector of ultraviolet light because of low efficiency; that it is primarily a qualitative instrument, though of possible quantitative use subject to the difficulty of keeping the sensitivity constant over the long periods necessary to take statistical averages. Some surmises are made as to the manner of its action.
Histologic demonstration of intradermal spirochetes in a patient with Lyme disease.

Abstract Spirochetal organisms were demonstrated histologically in skin biopsy specimens from a patient with Lyme disease and erythema chronicum migrans. The patient responded rapidly to penicillin G benzathine administration. Convalescent serum contained a high titer of antibody to an Ixodes dammini spirochete antigen. The finding of spirochetes in an erythema chronicum migrans lesion in a patient with clinical Lyme disease supports further recent evidence that this illness is an infectious disease caused by a tick-borne bacterium. The skin biopsy may be a useful diagnostic tool in this disease.
Impact of intestinal PepT1 on the kinetics and dynamics of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, a bacterially-produced chemotactic peptide

The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the intestinal permeability (P(eff)) of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe), a bacterially derived chemotactic tripeptide, in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of wild-type and PepT1 knockout mice. A secondary purpose was to determine if the presence of intestinal PepT1 translated into fMet-Leu-Phe directed neutrophil migration in these animals. Using an in situ single pass perfusion technique, the P(eff) of [(3)H]fMet-Leu-Phe was substantially reduced in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of PepT1 knockout mice as compared to wild-type animals. In contrast, the P(eff) of [(3)H]fMet-Leu-Phe in colon was unchanged between genotypes and about 5% of that in small intestine. Jejunal uptake of [(3)H]fMet-Leu-Phe was specific for PepT1 and saturable with an intrinsic K(0.5) of 1.6 mM. The peptide/histidine transporters PhT1 and PhT2 were not involved in [(3)H]fMet-Leu-Phe uptake. Myeloperoxidase activity (a measure of neutrophil migration) was significantly increased following 4 h perfusions of 10 μM fMet-Leu-Phe in the jejunum of wild-type mice and was abolished by 50 mM glycylglycine; no change was observed in the jejunum of PepT1 knockout mice. Likewise, fMet-Leu-Phe perfusions had no effect on myeloperoxidase activity in the colon of either genotype. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that PepT1 had a major influence on the permeability of fMet-Leu-Phe in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in wild-type mice and on inflammatory response in intestinal regions that expressed PepT1.
Gametogenesis and Spawning of Solenastrea bournoni and Stephanocoenia intersepta in Southeast Florida, USA

This study constitutes the first report of the gametogenic cycle of the scleractinian corals Solenastrea bournoni and Stephanocoenia intersepta. Tissue samples were collected near Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA between July 2008 and November 2009 and processed for histological examination in an effort to determine reproductive mode and potential spawning times. Both S. bournoni and S. intersepta are gonochoric, broadcast spawning species. Gametogenesis of S. bournoni began in April or May while S. intersepta had a much longer oogenic cycle that began in December with spermatogenesis beginning in July. Though spawning was not observed in situ, spawning was inferred from the decrease of late stage gametes in histological samples. In addition, histological observations of oocyte resorption and released spermatozoa were used to corroborate spawning times. Data indicate that S. bournoni spawns in September while S. intersepta spawns after the full moon in late August or early September.
A Second Life Within Second Life: Are Virtual World Users Creating New Selves and New Lives?

Virtual worlds such as Second Life (SL) are online computer-based world-like spaces, where users assume virtual selves or avatars to interact with others, create objects, and engage in a variety of transactions. This paper examines SL residentsâ€™ avatars, activities, and the relation between residentsâ€™ offline characteristics and online avatars and activities. The authors examined whether there was a relationship between residentsâ€™ identity style and online beliefs and activities, specifically those related to self-presentation and identity exploration via avatars and relationship formation as they are related to oneâ€™s sense of self. An online survey of 378 SL residents was conducted, who ranged in age from 18 to 69 years. Respondents were asked to complete an SL survey (containing questions about their avatars, use, and activities within SL) and the Identity style inventory sixth grade reading level (ISI-6G). Results suggested that SL avatars were mostly human, and were of the same gender as the residentsâ€™ offline self; SL activities were similar to every day offline ones. The study suggests SL residents may not be creating second lives within this virtual world, but are instead bringing elements of their first or offline lives into this online context.
Cholesterol management: a review of literature and national cholesterol education program guidelines

Abstract Coronary heart disease is the number one killer of postmenopausal women. Hypercholesteremia is a firmly established risk factor for coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis. The last two decades have provided substantial evidence on the role of lipid-lowering therapies in the primary and secondary prevention of heart disease. Recent polls and studies indicate that these modifications are largely underimplemented in women. This has mainly been due to the lack of evidence-based standards for women in this area. However, the last few years have seen an emergence of clinical trials evaluating dyslipidemia in women. Gynecologists, as primary care physicians, should become familiar with these trials. This article will provide an update on recent research involving dyslipidemia, review the current management algorithms for cholesterol reduction in primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease, and establish the framework for understanding upcoming studies. Ovid Medline was used to review all clinical trials on dyslipidemia since 1970. The results of the major trials are presented in a timeline relationship to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Panel II guidelines.
Production of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency Symptoms in the Mature Rat.

Summary1. Mature rats were maintained on a fat free diet for relatively long periods without showing any deficiency symptoms except emaciation.2. Severe depletion followed by ad libitum feeding of the fat free diet precipitated in mature rats symptoms including those typical of essential fatty acid deficiency.3. This method is suggested for other types of experiments where a “strain” on body functions is desired.4. Either ethyl linoleate or corn oil prevented entirely or cured rapidly the symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency when they appeared.5. When the rats, after depletion, were maintained on the fat free diet ad libitum for sufficiently long periods, spontaneous disappearance of all the symptoms was observed, for which the explanation of some synthesis of essential fatty acid is suggested.
Spring Wheat Response to Enhanced Ammonium Supply: I. Dry Matter and Nitrogen Content

Spring wheat (L.) grain dry matter (DM) has been increased in previous greenhouse experiments through the use of a nitrification inhibitor (NI), which provides an enhanced ammonium supply (EAS). The objective of this research was to determine, under greenhouse conditions, the effect of EAS on the accumulation and partitioning of DM and N at several stages of plant development and on the yield components (heads plant, kernels head, and kernel weight). Enhanced NH supply increased plant DM at 18 d after plant emergence, boot stage, 7 d after anthesis, and maturity. Enhanced NH supply did not alter the relative partitioning of DM among leaf, stem, and grain at any stage of development. Effects of EAS on plant and grain DM at maturity increased with increasing N rate. At the highest N rates, grain DM was increased 18 and 6% in two experiments. Nitrogen and moisture stress appeared to alter grain DM response to EAS. Increased grain DM was associated with an increased number of heads plant. Kernels head were decreased with EAS, but kernel weight was not affected. Consequently, EAS increased heads plant more than grain DM. At growth stages prior to maturity, EAS increased plant N uptake. At maturity, plant N uptake was slightly and inconsistently affected by EAS; however, the proportion of plant N in the grain was increased by EAS. This indicated a greater translocation of N from the stem to the grain with EAS. In general, increased spring wheat grain DM is associated with proportional increases in plant DM throughout plant development, but not necessarily with proportional increases in plant N uptake. Heads plant is the only yield component increased positively by EAS and thus warrants further research.
Ablation of Subsurface Tumors Using 1552 nm Ultra-Short Pulse Laser

Over last two decades lasers have been used for the treatment of subsurface tumors. Various techniques such as Laser-induced Hyperthermia, Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT), and Laser Immunotherapy have been developed for the successful ablation of subsurface tumors by different researchers. All these techniques use photo-thermal mechanism for tumor ablation by delivering thermal energy at the tumor site. In all these existing techniques, either continuous wave (CW) or long pulse laser source has been used, which often produces larger heat affected zone as compared to that produced by short pulse laser. Moreover, the delivery of laser beam at the target site is achieved through fiber optic probes which often require perforation of the skin. These drawbacks can be eliminated if a converging laser beam from a short pulse laser source is directly focused at the subsurface location to ablate the tumor.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Plasmodium berghei and Eperythrozoon coccoides: Antibody and immunoglobulin synthesis in germfree and and conventional mice simultaneously infected

Abstract The immune response to Eperythrozoon coccoides and the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei was evaluated in germfree (GF) and conventionally reared (CV) mice infected with both parasites. Following infection, the mice showed significant changes in the levels of the immunoglobulins IgM, 7Sγin1, 7Sγ2a, and 7Sγ2b, but no detectable changes in IgA. Increases in immunoglobulin levels were first observed in GF mice, but by the twelth day both GF and CV mice had comparable levels. 7Sγ2a globulin had a bimodal distribution in both groups of mice which probably was due to heterogeneity in the allotype of this immunoglobulin. IgM levels closely paralleled the antibody responses to P. berghei suggesting that most of the antibody to this parasite was IgM. Relatively low levels of antibody to both parasites, in comparison to the large immunoglobulin response, were detected in GF and CV mice. The possible causes for the low titers are discussed.
Critical Behavior of Two-Dimensional Hydrogen-Bonded Antiferroelectrics

The Rys F model of hydrogen-bonded antiferroelectrics is generalized to include all ionized vertices. For a class of realistic choices of energy parameters, it is shown that this model is equivalent to a two-dimensional Ising model and consequently exhibits a logarithmically second-order phase transition.
War, Peace and Progress: conflict, development, (in)security and violence in the 21st century

Abstract The theory and practice of development has a complicated relationship to the history of war and peace in the 20th century. Efforts to realise the promise of progress have been played out against the backdrop of the crisis of colonialism, national liberation, decolonisation and the rise and fall of Third Worldism. Third Worldism, conceptualised as a specific project to realise the promises of progress, was also affected by the transformation and onset of the crisis of the nation-state system and the re-calibration of the development–security nexus in the post-Cold War era. The short history of the ‘three worlds of development' appears now to have been overlaid by global development; that is, a process which entails intensified social and political network-relations, with accompanying regulatory efforts becoming more global in scope and reach. Yet, the most influential drivers and proponents of ‘progress' continue to focus on the nation-state as the natural mechanism for the realisation of developm...
Order effects in category scaling of grays

Three studies demonstrate that category ratings of grays are strongly influenced by the order of stimulus presentation.
Extension of the Bloch-Nordsieck model.

An analysis of infrared radiation in the potential scattering of a Dirac electron was presented by Bloch and Nordsieck [Phys. Rev. 52, 54 (1937)], in their now classic work, to illustrate how divergence difficulties are removed by nonperturbative treatment of the radiation of soft photons. It is shown here how an improved low-frequency approximation can be obtained which provides a small correction to the Bloch-Nordsieck sum rule for the scattering cross section, while still requiring as input only physical (on-shell) values of the amplitude for scattering in the absence of the radiation field. The calculation is based on a variational determination of the radiative amplitude with trial functions chosen in accordance with the Bloch-Nordsieck approximation. An extension of the model scattering problem is introduced which allows for potentials with a Coulomb tail. The applicability of the approximation procedure to the analogous problem of relativistic scattering in a low-frequency external field is pointed out.
Mutations of hydrophobic residues in the N-terminal domain of troponin C affect calcium binding and exchange with the troponin C-troponin I96-148 complex and muscle force production

Interactions between troponin C and troponin I play a critical role in the regulation of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation. We individually substituted 27 hydrophobic Phe, Ile, Leu, Val, and Met residues in the regulatory domain of the fluorescent troponin C(F29W) with polar Gln to examine the effects of these mutations on: (a) the calcium binding and dynamics of troponin C(F29W) complexed with the regulatory fragment of troponin I (troponin I(96-148)) and (b) the calcium sensitivity of force production. Troponin I(96-148) was an accurate mimic of intact troponin I for measuring the calcium dynamics of the troponin C(F29W)-troponin I complexes. The calcium affinities of the troponin C(F29W)-troponin I(96-148) complexes varied approximately 243-fold, whereas the calcium association and dissociation rates varied approximately 38- and approximately 33-fold, respectively. Interestingly, the effect of the mutations on the calcium sensitivity of force development could be better predicted from the calcium affinities of the troponin C(F29W)-troponin I(96-148) complexes than from that of the isolated troponin C(F29W) mutants. Most of the mutations did not dramatically affect the affinity of calcium-saturated troponin C(F29W) for troponin I(96-148). However, the Phe(26) to Gln and Ile(62) to Gln mutations led to >10-fold lower affinity of calcium-saturated troponin C(F29W) for troponin I(96-148), causing a drastic reduction in force recovery, even though these troponin C(F29W) mutants still bound to the thin filaments. In conclusion, elucidating the determinants of calcium binding and exchange with troponin C in the presence of troponin I provides a deeper understanding of how troponin C controls signal transduction.
Study on the Effect of Streambed Substrate on Invertebrate Diversity

Invertebrates are important components of stream ecosystems. A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of substrate particle size, shape and roughness on the composition and biodiversity of invertebrates. The results show that the particle sizes, porosity,and interstial dimensions of the substrate affect the invertebrate community,while the shape and surface roughness of the substrate do not strongly affect the benthos composition and density. The invertebrate composition in the gravel is stable. The density and species richness in the gravels, leaf humus and are much higher than those in the black silt and sands.
Body composition abnormalities in long-term survivors of pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Objective To quantify lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM) in survivors of childhood allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (alloHSCT) compared with healthy reference participants and identify risk factors for body composition abnormalities. Study design Whole body LM and FM were measured with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in 54 survivors (ages 5-25 years) and 894 healthy reference participants in a cross-sectional study. Multivariate regression models were used to compare sex- and race-specific Z-scores for LM for height (LM-Ht) and FM for height (FM-Ht) in survivors and reference participants and to identify correlates of LM-Ht and FM-Ht Z-scores in alloHSCT. Results Height Z-scores were significantly lower in alloHSCT survivors ( P P = .13). Survivors had significantly lower mean LM-Ht Z-scores (−0.72; 95% CI, −1.02-−0.42; P P P Conclusion Survivors of childhood alloHSCT have significant LM deficits and FM excess. Future studies should identify the mechanism and consequences of these abnormalities.
Haptic characteristics of some activities of daily living

Activities of daily living (ADLs) are of interest in rehabilitation, independent living for the elderly and infirm, and to the designers of everyday objects. This paper reports measurements of forces and torques at the interaction point between users and some everyday objects in ADLs. We report force and torque recordings of several writing tasks with pen and pencil, opening and closing a jar, and dialing and texting with a cell phone. Besides average measurements, we measured some statistically significant differences between some very similar activities. For example, RMS forces in writing tasks were lower with pencil than ball-point pen, dialing a number showed lower forces than texting, and texting forces differed between “ABC” and “T9” texting methods.
Importance of extracellular loop one of the neuropeptide S receptor for biogenesis and function.

Neuropeptide S (NPS) is the endogenous ligand of a formerly orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The NPS receptor (NPSR) belongs to the subfamily of peptide GPCRs and is widely expressed in the brain. NPS promotes arousal and induces anxiolytic-like effects after central administration in rodents. Previously, we have reported that the N107I polymorphism in the human NPS receptor results in a gain-of-function characterized by an increase in agonist potency without changing agonist binding affinity. We have extended our findings by investigating pharmacological and biochemical consequences of mutations in the vicinity of position 107. Alanine substitutions were made for D105 and N101, and stable clones were analyzed for agonist-induced changes of intracellular Ca2+. Receptor protein expression was monitored by Western blot and flow cytometry. The mutation D105A produced receptors that have a ∼200-fold higher EC50 despite elevated total receptor protein and surface expression compared to cell lines expressing the parental receptor NPSR-N107. The mutation N101A resulted in slightly reduced agonist potency without affecting the ability of the protein to form functional receptors. Stable NPSR-A101 clones show little expression of the fully glycosylated form. However, NPSR-A101 receptors are expressed on the cell surface and are functional, suggesting that full glycosylation is not required for receptor function. Our studies suggest that N-linked glycosylation is not important for receptor biogenesis or function, and that residue D105 might be critical for receptor binding.
Analysis of occupational radiation exposure during cerebral angiography utilizing a new real time radiation dose monitoring system

Background Thermoluminescent dosimeter badges currently utilized to monitor occupational radiation exposures are limited in their ability to provide timely feedback, restricting workers9 ability to identify unnecessary exposure. New real time radiation monitoring systems provide an opportunity for workers to immediately identify and alter problematic behaviors in the neuroangiography suite, decreasing unnecessary exposures, lowering risk, and maximizing safety efforts. Methods Real time radiation monitoring was performed for 120 diagnostic cerebral angiography procedures. Data were collected in two phases, for procedures performed by two physician participants (30 procedures per physician per phase). Workers were blinded to their real time dose in phase I, and unblinded in phase II. Individual exposures (Sv) and the incidence of red events (exposure rates ≥2.0 mSv/h) were collected for each assigned participating role (physician A, physician B, nurse, scrubbed technologist, and circulating technologist). The dose area product was collected for each procedure to standardize against variations in procedure duration or intensity. Results In phase II, significant decreased radiation exposure was observed for all roles except physician A. Physician B decreased most from 24.3×10 −8 to 6.9×10 −8 Sv/Gy-cm 2 (p Conclusions Real time radiation dose monitoring during diagnostic cerebral angiography may help to reduce occupational radiation exposures for healthcare workers.
Evidence Against Necessary Phosphorylation During Hexose Transport in Aspergillus nidulans

The transport of 2-deoxy-d-glucose, a nonmetabolizable glucose analogue, into Aspergillus nidulans against a concentration gradient does not appear to require phosphorylation, despite the high levels of sugar phosphates accumulated rapidly within the cell. Two other deoxy analogues of d-glucose, 6-deoxy-d-glucose and 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol (1-deoxy-d-glucose), although they lack the C-6 and the C-1 hydroxyl groups, respectively, and thus cannot be phosphorylated in those positions, still competitively inhibit the entry of 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Moreover, 6-deoxy-d-glucose can be concentrated against a gradient within the cell without the accumulation of 6-deoxy-d-glucose-phosphate. d-Galactose shows an intracellular ratio of free to phosphorylated sugar similar to that found for 2-deoxy-d-glucose in cells that have galactokinase, but no sugar phosphates are found in a galactokinaseless mutant strain. These data suggest that intracellular kinases are responsible for the sugar phosphate pool; and indeed, a kinase capable of phosphorylating 2-deoxy-d-glucose has been demonstrated. Finally, experiments on the kinetics of labeling of intracellular free sugar and sugar phosphate pools with 14C-2-deoxy-d-glucose show that radioactivity appears first in the free sugar pool and after a delay enters the sugar phosphate pool.
SK channels are necessary but not sufficient for denervation-induced hyperexcitability.

Skeletal muscle hyperexcitability is characteristically associated with denervation. Expression of SK3, a small conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel (SK channel) in skeletal muscle is induced by denervation, and direct application of apamin, a peptide blocker of SK channels, dramatically reduces hyperexcitability. To investigate the role of SK3 channels in denervation- induced hyperexcitability, SK3 expression was manipulated using a transgenic mouse that harbors a tetracycline-regulated SK3 gene. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings from anterior tibial (AT) muscle showed that denervated muscle from transgenic or wild-type animals had equivalent hyperexcitability that was blocked by apamin. In contrast, denervated skeletal muscle from SK3tTA mice lacking SK3 channels showed little or no hyperexcitability, similar to results from wild-type innervated skeletal muscle. However, innervated skeletal muscle from SK3tTA mice containing SK3 channels did not show hyperexcitability. The results demonstrate that SK3 channels are necessary but not sufficient for denervation-induced skeletal muscle hyperexcitability.
Cessation Among State Quitline Participants with a Mental Health Condition

INTRODUCTION Telephone quitlines are an effective treatment option for tobacco cessation in the general population. Many participants who use quitline services have mental health conditions (MHC), yet few published studies have examined the use of quitline services in this population. This study examined the prevalence of MHC among state quitline participants and compared cessation outcomes among those with and without MHC. METHODS Demographic and tobacco use data were collected at enrollment and 7 months post-enrollment using standardized assessments for 10,720 eligible participants who enrolled in a state quitline between September, 2010 and August, 2012. RESULTS The prevalence of self-reported MHC was 19.8% (2,086/10,720 callers). The intent to treat quit rate for participants with a MHC was 16.4% compared to 21.5% for those without a MHC (p < .001), and the responder quit rate was 36.9% for those with a MHC compared to 44.4% for those without (p < .001). The adjusted odds ratio describing the association of MHC status and tobacco cessation was identical for both the intent-to-treat and responder populations, and indicated that participants with MHC were 23% less likely to quit (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS This study identified that participants with MHC accessed a state quitline, but were less likely to quit. The finding was independent of other factors influencing tobacco cessation, such as gender, race, and education. These findings indicate that although quitline services are an option for tobacco cessation among persons with MHC, further research is needed to determine why cessation rates are lower.
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Effect of CO pretreatment on a ruthenium promoted Co/TiO2

The effect of pretreatment, using hydrogen or carbon monoxide, on the activity and selectivity of a ruthenium promoted cobalt catalyst (Ru(0.20 wt%)/Co(10 wt%)/TiO2) during Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis was studied in a continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The hydrogen reduced catalyst exhibited a high initial synthesis gas conversion (72.5%) and reached steady state after 40 h on stream, after which the catalyst deactivated slightly with time on stream. The carbon monoxide reduced catalyst reached steady state quickly and showed a lower activity and a good stability. Methane selectivity on the carbon monoxide reduced catalyst was 15–20% (carbon base), much higher than that on the hydrogen reduced catalyst (5–10%). Carbon monoxide regeneration increased the activity on the hydrogen reduced catalyst; however, it did not have significant effect on the carbon monoxide reduced catalyst.
Hyponatremia-Associated Rhabdomyolysis Following Exercise in an Adolescent With Cystic Fibrosis

Adolescents with well-controlled cystic fibrosis, including good lung function and appropriate growth, commonly participate in competitive athletic activities. We present the case of an adolescent male with cystic fibrosis, hyponatremia, dehydration, and rhabdomyolysis after participating in football practice on a summer morning. The patient presented with severe myalgia and serum sodium of 129 mmol/L, chloride 90 mmol/L, and creatine phosphokinase 1146 U/L. Aggressive hydration with intravenous 0.9% saline resulted in clinical improvement with no renal or muscular sequelae. Health care providers need to educate patients with cystic fibrosis about maintaining adequate hydration and sodium repletion during exercise. Research is needed regarding the appropriate amount and composition of oral rehydration fluids in exercising individuals with cystic fibrosis, as the physiology encountered in these patients provides a unique challenge to maintaining electrolyte balance and stimulation of thirst.
Optical lens specifications from the user's perspective

We develop three main topics in support of further understanding and specifying wavefront aberrations from the lithographer's point of view. The concept of the Magnitude Weighted Aberration is introduced providing a convenient and rapid numerical method for assessing the interaction of wavefront aberrations with reticle pattern and illumination mode. This analysis suggests that the advanced lithographic lens user will require unprecedented correction on the total wavefront aberration to realize the full potential of the imaging system in high yielding integrated circuit fabrication. Specific details on the required aberration control are provided with a Monte Carlo tolerancing analysis of the RMS wavefront error using lithographic CD control and pattern placement as quality metrics. Patten placement proves to be as sensitive to wavefront aberrations as CD control forcing a tight specification on the asymmetric aberration components even when a large focus and exposure latitude is available. Based on the wavefront specifications generated it is imperative that the lithographic lens user be able to independently de-couple and quantify the state of certain aberration coefficients. Toward this goal, we demonstrate an aberration reverse engineering procedure using experimental pattern placement error as the input response.
Finite buffer polling models with routing

This paper analyzes a finite buffer polling system with routing. Finite buffers are used to model the limited capacity of the system, and routing is used to represent the need for additional service. The most significant results of the analysis are the derivation of the generating function for queue length when buffer sizes are limited and a representation of the system workload. The queue lengths at polling instants are determined by solving a system of recursive equations; an embedded Markov chain analysis and numerical inversion are used to derive the queue length distributions. This system may be used to represent production models with setups and lost sales or expediting.
High Level Abstraction Modeling for Network Configuration Validation

This paper presents our design and implementation of a Configuration Validation System (ConfVS) which uses a high-level language to help system operators verify network configurations based on formal requirements. In contrast to many existing solutions, ConfVS uses a comprehensive model to formalize the network specification and utilizes the NETCONF protocol to collect configuration data from network devices. In addition, ConfVS uses binary decision diagrams to model the behavior of network devices and provides a prototype to query the device configuration. Requirements and specifications are written in the Erlang language, a general-purpose concurrent programming language. To validate ConfVS, we present a case study to show the features and the expressiveness of ConfVS by performing different types of reasoning with network requirements.
Estimating Soil Mineralizable Nitrogen under Different Management Practices

Predicting in situ nitrogen (N) mineralization has been one of the greatest challenges to improving N management in agriculture. This study investigated the effect of tillage and residual N on soil N supplying capacity and evaluated the relationship between measured and estimated mineralizable N. The experiment was established in 1990 on a moderately well-drained Kennebec silt loam (Fine-silty, mixed, superactive mesic Cumulic Hapludoll) with continuous corn (Zea mays L.). The study was a split-split plot design replicated four times. The main plot treatment was tillage (no-tillage [NT] and conventional tillage [CT]), the subplot treatment was N source (manure and NH4NO3 fertilizer [F]), and the sub-subplot treatment was the length of residual period. Residual N was studied 1 yr after cessation of a 10-yr N application (R1) and 6 yr after cessation of a 5-yr N application (R6). Measured in situ N mineralization (Nmin), laboratory potentially mineralizable N (No), and estimated N mineralization under field conditions (Nestimated) were evaluated. Nitrogen mineralization was studied in situ in an unplanted, sheltered area. Samples were collected from 0- to 5-, 5- to 15-, and 15- to 30-cm depths. No-tillage and manure significantly increased soil total N, Nmin, and No. The combination of NT and manure significantly increased No in both R1 and R6. High correlation was observed between Nmin and Nestimated for 0 to 5 cm (r 5 0.79) and for 0 to 30 cm (r 5 0.77). No-tillage and manure sustained soil N 6 yr after discontinued N application. Potential mineralizable N, for site specific conditions could be used to estimate in situ N mineralization after adjustment to field conditions (soil water and temperature).
A new species of "Callaeum" (Malpighiaceae) from Puebla, Mexico

Callaeum johnsonii (Malpighiaceae), from the state of Puebla, Mexico, is described as new and illustrated. It is similar to C. clavipetalum D. M. Johnson of Oaxaca, differing in characters of the stipules, leaves, bracts, and bracteoles.
Ethical judgment and brain function: An interpretation of Paul D. MacLean's hypothesis

Abstract This essay explains and interprets the ethical significance of the neurobiological research of Paul D. MacLean M.D. (Senior Research Scientist, National Institute of Mental Health), best known for identifying the “limbic system” in 1952. MacLean hypothesizes that the human brain has maintained the previous stages of its evolutionary development. The resulting “triune” brain produces three distinct, but interrelated, mentalities. Each makes ethically positive and negative contributions to human behavior. The former lead to “rational” (beneficial) and the latter to “irrational” (destructive) behavior. The reptilian stage (“R-complex” or “striatal complex”) is the earliest. Its positive effects on human beings include order, hypostatizing beliefs, a certain type of mannerliness, etc. Its negative effects include human elaboration on the need for power, deception, egotism, and intolerance. The paleomammalian brain (“limbic system”) produces certain affective currents that need to be regulated. Ethically positive emotions also arise from it, including guilt, altruism, and conviction that beliefs are important. The neomammalian brain makes rationally motivated behavior possible. On the one hand, it stands guard over certain primitive brain functions and can override them. On the other hand, the paleomammalian brain contributes altruistic qualities to the neocortex, including empathy, foresight, and conscience. These can affect the nature of neocortical override. As a result, rationally motivated behavior arises partly from sub-neocortical structures. MacLean suggests that choice cannot be explained without reference to these structures. His hypothesis can account for rationally motivated behavior and also for the irrationality or malaise (“schizophysiology”) of the human condition. The secondary literature presents conflicting interpretations of MacLean's hypothesis, ranging from fixation on the misery of the human predicament to the capability of rationally motivated behavior. The present interpretation describes the larger pattern out of which these two extremes arise, and which is often neglected in commentaries on MacLean's evolutionary research. MacLean and the author both argue that the biological origin of the mind does not invalidate its contents. MacLean's hypothesis strikes a balance between genetic predisposition and learning as explanations of human behavior. Furthermore, it allows for a significant degree of indeterminism.