cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of the Alvarez-Humphrey concept in the design of miniaturized scanning microscope

In their 1970 patent [1], Luis Alvarez and William Humphrey invented a pair of conjugate, rotationally asymmetrical, aspheric surfaces such that the lateral movement of these surfaces across the optical axis resulted in an element of variable optical power. This paper presents two designs, which use these basic concepts to extend capabilities of a miniature, multi-modal microscope (4M) device by providing it with an additional object depth sampling ability. The 4M devices are miniaturized microscopes first developed by Michael Descour et al for the detection of pre-cancer [2]. The pre-cancer tissues to be imaged have a finite depth and experiments have suggested that in order to study the various morphologic and biochemical changes in tissue, we need to have the ability to sample object depths up to 200 microns. Thus in order to fully develop the various modalities envisioned by Descour et al [2] such as optical sectioning, it is necessary to have a 4M device which can image object planes at different depths on to a stationary image plane. The two designs discussed in this paper present different ways of solving the same problem. The first design is a variable power 4M device, which exactly applies the Alvarez-Humphrey principle to vary the optical power, thus enabling it to image different object depths on a fixed image plane. The second design presents a novel and indirect application of the Alvarez-Humphrey device. In this design, lateral movement of one of the plates enables us to image different object depths on the same image plane at constant magnification, i.e. without changing the optical power. This is done by moving the image laterally on a fixed image plane.
Reversible inhibition and mechanism-based irreversible inactivation of monoamine oxidases by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)

It has been suggested (Chiba et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Communs. (1984) 120, 574) that the neurotoxic effects of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine), which causes Parkinsonian symptoms in humans and other primates, are due to compounds resulting from the oxidation of MPTP by monoamine oxidase B in the brain. We reported recently that both monoamine oxidase A and B oxidize MPTP to MPDP+, the 2,3-dihydropyridinium form and that the reaction is accompanied by time-dependent, irreversible inactivation of the enzymes. Of the two forms of monoamine oxidase, the B enzyme oxidizes MPTP more rapidly and is also more sensitive to inactivation. We now wish to report that MPTP, as well as its oxidation products, MPDP+ and MPP+, the 4-phenylpyridinium form, are also potent reversible, competitive inhibitors of both monoamine oxidase A and B, particularly the former, and that the order of inhibition for the A enzyme is MPDP+ greater than MPP+ greater than MPTP, while for the B enzyme MPTP greater than MPDP+ greater than MPP+. We further report on the spectral changes and isotope incorporation accompanying the irreversible inactivation.
963-22 Gene Knockouts for Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Demonstrate Compensatory Mechanisms of Cerebrovascular Blood Flow Regulation

We have investigated the role of nitric oxide as a mediator of the cerebrovascular blood flow response to hypercapnia in wild-type mice and knock-out mice that lack the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) gene. Mice were anesthetized, intubated, and ventilated. Baseline measurements of arterial blood pressure, end-tidal CO2, and blood gases were monitored, and were comparable in both groups of mice. Relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured by lased Doppler flowmetry. Hypercapnia induced by inhalation of 5 and 10% CO2 resulted in a 38 ± 15 and 77 ± 34% increase in rCBF in both the mutant and wild-type mice. Superfusion with nitro-L-arginine (LNA) markedly attenuated the rCBF response in wild-type mice, but did not affect the response in the knock-out mice. Brain cGMP levels increased in response to hypercapnia in the wild-type animals, but not in the knock-out animals. Endothelium dependent dilation to topical acetylcholine was completely blocked by topical L-NA in both groups, demonstrating that endothelial NOS is not involved in the preserved hypercapnic response in the knockout animals. Based on these data, we conclude that (1) nitric oxide is not the sole mediator of the hypercapnic blood flow response, (2) neuronal NOS, and not endothelial NOS, contributes to hypercapnic hyperemia, (3) in the knock-out animals, mechanisms that do not involve nitric oxide or cGMP compensate for lack of the neuronal NOS gene to preserve the hypercapnic cerebrovascular blood flow response.
WFUMB safety symposium on echo-contrast agents: In vitro bioeffects

CHAPTER 3 Commercial contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound consist of suspensions of gas bodies (stabilized microbubbles). Research and development of theses agents have yielded an array of different stabilization methods, such as albumin shells or lipid skins, and gaseous contents, such as air or slow-dissolving perfluorocarbon gases. The gas bodies interact with ultrasound by pulsating, and re-emitting ultrasound signals, which are useful for locating the positions of the gas bodies on ultrasound images. This interaction can, however, also destabilize the gas bodies, resulting both in a momentarily much stronger pulsation response and in eventual dissolution of the gas. In general, the emissions are not simple
How many steps does it take to put on a condom?--A commentary.

This commentary focuses on male condom and correct use. It includes a table of instructions for condom use by different manufacturers and questions the variability that exists between those manufacturers. It finds that for improvement of sexually transmitted infection (STI) and pregnancy prevention outcomes it is essential that a description for consistent and correct use of condom product options be established. It offers several mechanisms in which to create this standard through governmental or nongovernmental organizations.
The Effect of Rayleigh-Taylor Instabilities on the Thickness of Undifferentiated Crust on Kuiper Belt Objects

Abstract Previous calculations of the internal structure and thermal evolution of Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) by Desch et al. (Desch, S.J., Cook, J.C., Doggett, T.C., Porter, S.B. [2009]. Icarus 202, 694–714) have predicted that KBOs should only partially differentiate, with rock and ice separating into a rocky core and icy mantle, below an undifferentiated crust of ice and rock. This crust is thermally insulating and enhances the ability of subsurface liquid to persist within KBOs. A dense rock/ice layer resting on an icy mantle is gravitationally unstable and prone to Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instabilities, and may potentially overturn. Here we calculate the ability of RT instabilities to act in KBOs, and determine the thickness of undifferentiated crusts. We have used previously calculated growth rates of the RT instability to determine the critical viscosity of ice needed for the RT instability to operate. We calculate the viscosity of ice at the cold temperatures and long timescales relevant to KBOs. We find that crustal overturn is only possible where the temperature exceeds about 150 K, and that RT instabilities cannot act on geological timescales within about 60 km of the surfaces of a KBO like Charon. Although this crustal thickness is less than the 85 km previously calculated by Desch et al. (Desch, S.J., Cook, J.C., Doggett, T.C., Porter, S.B. [2009]. Icarus 202, 694–714), it is still significant, representing ≈25% of the mass of the KBO. We conclude that while RT instabilities may act in KBOs, they do not completely overturn their crusts. We calculate that Saturn’s moon Rhea should only partially differentiate, resulting in a moment of inertia C / MR 2 ≈ 0.38 .
Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia and acute parvovirus B19 infection: a report of two cases and a review of the literature

Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia is rare in general, but occurs in up to 28% of patients receiving liver transplantation for fulminant non-A, non-B hepatitis. Cases are commonly young men with mild hepatitis but severe aplastic anemia. Although cases have been reported in association with hepatitis A, B, and C, most appear to be due to a non-A-B-C virus. We report two cases of acute hepatitis subsequently complicated by marrow hypoplasia in patients with acute parvovirus B19 infection. Hepatic manifestations of parvovirus B19 infection range from liver chemistry abnormalities to fulminant hepatic failure and aplastic anemia. Our cases demonstrate a less severe form of hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia, and together with other data, suggest that parvovirus B19 is at least one cause of hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia, and may be a heretofore underrecognized hepatotrophic virus.
The effect of periodontal disease on the pulp

Abstract A new syndrome, the pulpodontic-periodontic syndrome, is defined. This clinical entity can be of pulpal and periodontal origin with an aggregation of pulpal and periodontal symptoms. A proper sequence of therapy is suggested, based on differential diagnosis as to whether endodontic or periodontic treatment should be instituted first.
Emerging therapeutic opportunities for skeletal restoration

Osteoporosis, a syndrome characterized by thin bones and fractures, has become more prevalent in both women and men. Established therapies for treating this disorder consist primarily of drugs that prevent bone loss, such as the bisphosphonates and selective oestrogen receptor modulators. Although these drugs have been shown to reduce fractures in randomized trials, there is an urgent need for treatments that could lower fracture risk further without additional adverse effects. The introduction of parathyroid hormone (teriparatide), which significantly increases bone mineral density, albeit for a relatively short duration, raised expectations that drugs that stimulate bone formation might cure osteoporosis. After outlining current approaches for treating osteoporosis, this Review focuses on emerging therapeutic opportunities for osteoporosis that are based on recent insights into skeletal physiology. Such novel strategies offer promise not only for reducing age-related bone loss and the associated risk of fractures but also for restoring bone mineral density to healthy levels.
CONGRESSIONAL RESPONSIVENESS TO PRESIDENTIAL POPULARITY: THE ELECTORAL CONTEXT

A number of recent studies have reported that the influence of the president's public approval rating on congressional support is not substantial. We hypothesize that this unexpected finding might be the result of the inappropriate application of an approval-driven model of legislative voting to the entire Congress. Specifically, we argue that members from certain kinds of electoral contexts—constituencies where the president's, or their own, electoral standing is in doubt—should be especially likely to vary their support for the president with changes in his approval rating. Although the patterns of presidential support scores between 1977 and 1991 do not confirm our specific hypotheses, they do suggest that the electoral context from which a legislator emerges does shape his or her responsiveness to changes in national presidential approval.
A mathematical model for describing the compatibility of infectious diseases.

Abstract A mathematical model describing the conditions under which a set of infectious diseases will co-occur is developed. The underlying assumptions are that, given two diseases, either (1) they occur independently of each other, (2) one augments the other, or (3) one inhibits the other. It is further assumed that there exists a measure of effective contact between a susceptible and the infectious material transmitted by an infective and that there exists a threshold for a given susceptible with respect to a given disease. Based on these assumptions, necessary and sufficient conditions are established for the co-occurrence of a set of diseases independent of the sequence of exposure; and sufficient conditions are given for the co-occurrence of a set of diseases where the order of exposure is specified. A method of classifying diseases according to their likelihood of co-occurrence is also given.
Sensing, Control, and In Situ Measurement of Coating Properties: An Integrated Approach Toward Establishing Process-Property Correlations

Over the last decade there has been an explosion in terms of available tools for sensing the particle spray stream in thermal spray processes. This has led to considerable enhancement in our understanding of process reproducibility and reliability. Despite these advances, the linkage to coating properties has continued to be an enigma. This is partially due to the complex nature of the build-up process and the associated issues with measuring properties of these complex coatings. In this paper, we identify critical issues in processing-structure-property relations particularly with respect to the linkage to particle properties. Our goal is to demonstrate an integrated strategy, one that combines particle state sensing, with process mapping and extracting coating properties in situ through the development of robust and advanced curvature-based techniques. These techniques allow estimation of coating modulus, residual stress and, non-linear response of thermal sprayed ceramic coatings all within minutes of the deposition process. Finally, the integrated strategy examines the role of process maps for control of the spray stream as well as tailoring properties of thermal spray coatings. Examples of such studies for yttria-stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings are discussed.
Cost-effective post-exposure prevention of poison ivy dermatitis.

Background Poison ivy (toxicodendron) dermatitis is the most common allergic contact dermatitis in the USA. No studies have shown an effect of washing after a short period of time for the prevention of binding of urushiol to the skin. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of three different modes of postcontact prevention using a surfactant (Dial® ultra dishwashing soap), an oil-removing compound (Goop®), and chemical inactivation (a commercial product Tecnu®). Methods A consented, unsponsored, volunteer experimental study on medical students from the University of Missouri School of Medicine, Kansas City. Each subject served as his/her own control, comparing four 2.5-cm exposed squares on the inner aspect of the forearm, three of which were treated and one untreated. Results Comparisons between the different agents were nonsignificant with P > 0.05. Each treatment, however, was significantly improved over the untreated control. Conclusions Our study showed 70%, 61.8%, and 56.4% protection with Tecnu, Goop, and Dial, respectively, when compared to the positive control, or to the possible maximum response, with a cost per ounce (in a local drug and automotive store) of $1.25, $0.07, and $0.07, respectively, for a decrease in protection that is nonsignificant.
Environmental equity in participation of the Clean Air School Bus Program: The case of New York State

The vast majority of American children rely on school buses for their daily trips to and from school, and almost all of these school buses operate on diesel fuel. Research has found that during their daily commute, children are exposed to unhealthy levels of diesel exhaust. We assess equity among school districts that chose to apply to the New York State Clean Air School Bus Program and those that did not. Binary logistic regression was employed to reveal the effects of demographics and other social economical factors on the choice of applying when controlling for other factors that are likely to affect a school district's decision process. It was found that economic variables had a significant impact on the likelihood of a school district applying to the program.
Experiencing refugees: A review essay

MacDonald, Jeffery L. and Amy Zaharlick, eds. Selected Papers on Refugee Issues: III. Arlington, VA: Committee on Refugee Issues, General Anthropological Division, American Anthropological Association, 1994. ii +188 pp. $10.00 paper ($8.00 for AAA Members). Donnelly, Nancy D. Changing Lives of Refugee Hmong Women. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 1994. viii + 224 pp. including maps, figures, tables, photographs, notes, references, and index. $30.00 cloth.
The influence of different temperature treatments on anther culture response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract Six Canadian spring wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) were used to study the influence of cold and heat treatments on the efficiency of anther culture. Anther callus yield was increased when the anthers were incubated at 32°C for 6 days prior to incubation at 26°C. Cold treatment of whole spikes or separated anthers adversely affected the callusing efficiency of anthers. While adverse effects of short-term cold treatment were reversible by heat treatment, long-term exposure to cold caused irreversible damage. Initial heat treatment allowed the anthers to remain unaffected by subsequent cold treatment. Plant regeneration was obtained from up to 38% of the induced calli and only very few cali produced albinos.
Antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS), characterized by unstable angina or a non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, are caused by rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, leading to platelet activation and aggregation, thrombus formation, and microembolization. Antiplatelet therapy is a cornerstone of therapy. Combined with aspirin, clopidogrel provides significant benefit for patients across the ACS spectrum. However, clopidogrel has limitations given its slow onset and the inconsistent level of inhibition that it achieves. Newer thienopyridine and non-thienopyridine P2Y12 receptor agonists offer the advantages of a rapid onset of action and greater and more consistent platelet inhibition.
NATURAL RIGHT AND LIBERALISM: LEO STRAUSS IN OUR TIME

Not long ago, the actor and playwright Tim Robbins directed a production in New York and Los Angeles called Embedded. The play is strange, but nowhere more so than in one, infamous scene: a black mass in honor of the deceased political philosopher Leo Strauss, conducted by candlelight by advisers to President Bush in the run-up to the Iraq war. Characters who are transparent representations of Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld, Richard Perle, Paul Wolfowitz and Condoleezza Rice masturbate with abandon, all the while yelping “hail Leo Strauss!” beneath an outsized portrait of his face. The scene reaches a climax with this verbal ejaculation from “Woof” (Wolfowitz): “I'm hard! I'm rock hard!”
Increased Basal Glucose Production and Utilization in Nondiabetic First-Degree Relatives of Patients With NIDDM

To characterize the abnormalities in basal glucose homeostasis in people who are at increased risk for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), we measured the rates of basal hepatic glucose output (HGO), glucose disappearance, and metabolic clearance of glucose (MCR) in 27 nondiabetic first-degree relatives of NIDDM patients and 16 age-, sex-, and weight-matched healthy control subjects with no family history of NIDDM. Mean fasting plasma glucose was significantly lower ( P −1 · min −1 P −1 · min −1 ) and control subjects (2.35 ± 0.09 mg · kg −1 · min −1 ). In summary, this study demonstrates that basal hepatic glucose production and glucose utilization are increased in glucose-tolerant first-degree relatives compared with healthy control subjects. We conclude that impaired basal hepatic glucose regulation rather than glucose disposal is present as an early defect in glucose-tolerant first-degree relatives of NIDDM patients.
An Experimental Investigation of the Crack Growth Phenomenon for Drilling of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials

An experimental study has been conducted to study the crack growth phenomenon that occurs while drilling fiber-reinforced composite materials (FRCM), specifically unidirectional (UD) carbon fiber/epoxy resin. It uses an experimental setup that exploits the technology of video to understand the complete crack growth phenomenon as the drill emerges from the exit side of the workpiece. Significant damage mechanisms are observed and defined, and correlations between the average exit drill forces and the crack tip position are shown. Instantaneous forces as they vary along the orientation of the cutting edges are identified in terms of their contribution to the crack propagation.
Maximizing a class of submodular utility functions

Given a finite ground set N and a value vector $${a \in \mathbb{R}^N}$$, we consider optimization problems involving maximization of a submodular set utility function of the form $${h(S)= f \left(\sum_{i \in S} a_i \right ), S \subseteq N}$$, where f is a strictly concave, increasing, differentiable function. This utility function appears frequently in combinatorial optimization problems when modeling risk aversion and decreasing marginal preferences, for instance, in risk-averse capital budgeting under uncertainty, competitive facility location, and combinatorial auctions. These problems can be formulated as linear mixed 0-1 programs. However, the standard formulation of these problems using submodular inequalities is ineffective for their solution, except for very small instances. In this paper, we perform a polyhedral analysis of a relevant mixed-integer set and, by exploiting the structure of the utility function h, strengthen the standard submodular formulation significantly. We show the lifting problem of the submodular inequalities to be a submodular maximization problem with a special structure solvable by a greedy algorithm, which leads to an easily-computable strengthening by subadditive lifting of the inequalities. Computational experiments on expected utility maximization in capital budgeting show the effectiveness of the new formulation.
Human cutaneous Leishmania in a mouse macrophage line: propagation and isolation of intracellular parasites.

A mouse macrophage line, J774G8, supports continuous and prolific intracellular growth of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis, the etiological agent of a South American cutaneous leishmaniasis. The intracellular parasites from these infected cultures can be isolated with high recovery rate and purity by simple Percoll gradient centrifugation.
The Onslaught of Alien Species, and Other Challenges in the Coming Decades *

Abstract: Among the many environmental challenges faced by conservation scientists and managers in the coming decades, the inexorable invasion of alien species from distant land masses and between heretofore isolated regions within continents may be the most revolutionary. Although these invasions will homogenize and impoverish the world's biota, they will lead to a deeper understanding of ecological communities. One consequence of the current biotic interchange is that the public's use of the outdoors will continue to decline as new and alien pathogens and parasites, their distributions and survival enhanced by climate warming and other anthropogenic factors, reduce the safety and enjoyment of hunting fishing and hiking. The forthcoming and massive ecological disruptions are bound to produce misunderstanding and conflict among environmentalists. Attempts by conservation biologists to manage wild and feral animals, including vector species, will be blocked by animal's rights groups. Even within the conservation biology movement there are many real and potential conflicts, especially over turf and resources. Such conflicts are a serious threat to biological diversity. Tolerance and compromise are essential if conservation biology is to accomplish its mission.
Recanalization and flow regulate venous thrombus resolution and matrix metalloproteinase expression in vivo

Objective We examined the role of thrombus recanalization and ongoing blood flow in the process of thrombus resolution by comparing two murine in vivo models of deep venous thrombosis. Methods In CD1 mice, we performed surgical inferior vena cava ligation (stasis thrombosis), stenosis (thrombosis with recanalization), or sham procedure. We analyzed thrombus weight over time as a measure of thrombus resolution and quantified the messenger RNA and protein levels of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) as well as effectors of the plasmin complex at days 4, 8, and 12 after surgery. Results Despite similar initial thrombus size, the presence of ongoing blood flow (stenosis model) was associated with a 45.91% subsequent improvement in thrombus resolution at day 8 and 12.57% at day 12 compared with stasis thrombosis (ligation model). Immunoblot and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated a difference in MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity at day 8 between the two models ( P = .03 and P = .006, respectively) as well as a difference in MT2-MMP gene expression at day 8 ( P = .044) and day 12 ( P = .03) and MT1-MMP protein expression at day 4 ( P = .021). Histologic analyses revealed distinct areas of recanalization in the thrombi of the stenosis model compared with the ligation model as well as the recruitment of inflammatory cells, especially macrophages, and a focal pattern of localized expression of MT1-MMP and MT3-MMP proteins surrounding the areas of recanalization in the stenosis model. Conclusions Recanalization and ongoing blood flow accelerate deep venous thrombus resolution in vivo and are associated with distinct patterns of MT1-MMP and MT3-MMP expression and macrophage localization in areas of intrathrombus recanalization.
TNFR1-dependent pulmonary apoptosis during ischemic acute kidney injury

Despite advancements in renal replacement therapy, the mortality rate for acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unacceptably high, likely due to remote organ injury. Kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) activates cellular and soluble mediators that incite a distinct pulmonary proinflammatory and proapoptotic response. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) has been identified as a prominent death receptor activated in the lungs during ischemic AKI. We hypothesized that circulating TNF-α released from the postischemic kidney induces TNFR1-mediated pulmonary apoptosis, and we aimed to elucidate molecular pathways to programmed cell death. Using an established murine model of kidney IRI, we characterized the time course for increased circulatory and pulmonary TNF-α levels and measured concurrent upregulation of pulmonary TNFR1 expression. We then identified TNFR1-dependent pulmonary apoptosis after ischemic AKI using TNFR1−/− mice. Subsequent TNF-α signaling disruption with Etanercept implicated circulatory TNF-α as a key soluble mediator of pulmonary apoptosis and lung microvascular barrier dysfunction during ischemic AKI. We further elucidated pathways of TNFR1-mediated apoptosis with NF-κB (Complex I) and caspase-8 (Complex II) expression and discovered that TNFR1 proapoptotic signaling induces NF-κB activation. Additionally, inhibition of NF-κB (Complex I) resulted in a proapoptotic phenotype, lung barrier leak, and altered cellular flice inhibitory protein signaling independent of caspase-8 (Complex II) activation. Ischemic AKI activates soluble TNF-α and induces TNFR1-dependent pulmonary apoptosis through augmentation of the prosurvival and proapoptotic TNFR1 signaling pathway. Kidney-lung crosstalk after ischemic AKI represents a complex pathological process, yet focusing on specific biological pathways may yield potential future therapeutic targets.
Impacts of RF radiation on the human body in a passive wireless healthcare environment

In this paper, we identify the most significant problems involving the impacts of radio frequency (RF) radiation on the human body. The coming pervasive healthcare environment will rely heavily upon wirelessly communicating devices to provide the information visibility and communication capabilities required to achieve these ambitious systems. The impact of significant and continuous RF radiation exposure must be understood to ensure that we first do no harm with our new environments. The specific absorption rates (SAR) is a dosimetric measure that has been widely adopted as a method for quantifying radiation absorbed by the human body. This tool is both simple and useful. We investigate the factors that affect RF absorption in human tissues to identify the physical and biological factors that impact RF absorption. Similarly, we investigate the factors that influence biological responses to the effects of absorbed and incident RF radiation. We focus specifically on low power and passive communicating systems that will form the vast majority of the wireless devices in a pervasive healthcare environment.
The Relationships Between and Among Teachers’ Narrative Knowledge, Communities of Knowing, and School Reform: A Case of “The Monkey’s Paw”1

Centering on the monkey’s paw metaphor, this narrative inquiry links teachers’ pedagogical practices with their professional-development experiences associated with a national reform movement that,...
Periodic Energy-Optimal Path Planning for Solar-Powered Aircraft

[Abstract] This paper considers energy-optimal path planning in a loitering mission for solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) which collect solar energy from the sun to power their ight. We consider ascending and descending ight maneuvers in a periodic mission constrained to the surface of a vertical cylinder. The coupling of the aircraft kinematic and energetic models is treated in a novel scheme that implements both the periodic and cylindrical constraints. Optimum trajectories are identied by specifying the heading angle and altitude by periodic splines. Given the periodic splines, we are able to solve for the other aircraft parameters, including the aerodynamic, propulsive, and energetic properties of the aircraft. In an example problem, trajectories are obtained that generate better energy properties than those given by constant altitude circular ight. Numerical simulation results are presented that help demonstrate the properties of the optimum trajectories.
Validation of electronic structure methods for isomerization reactions of large organic molecules

In this work the ISOL24 database of isomerization energies of large organic molecules presented by Huenerbein et al. [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2010, 12, 6940] is updated, resulting in the new benchmark database called ISOL24/11, and this database is used to test 50 electronic model chemistries. To accomplish the update, the very expensive and highly accurate CCSD(T)-F12a/aug-cc-pVDZ method is first exploited to investigate a six-reaction subset of the 24 reactions, and by comparison of various methods with the benchmark, MCQCISD-MPW is confirmed to be of high accuracy. The final ISOL24/11 database is composed of six reaction energies calculated by CCSD(T)-F12a/aug-cc-pVDZ and 18 calculated by MCQCISD-MPW. We then tested 40 single-component density functionals (both local and hybrid), eight doubly hybrid functionals, and two other methods against ISOL24/11. It is found that the SCS-MP3/CBS method, which is used as benchmark for the original ISOL24, has an MUE of 1.68 kcal mol−1, which is close to or larger than some of the best tested DFT methods. Using the new benchmark, we find ωB97X-D and MC3MPWB to be the best single-component and doubly hybrid functionals respectively, with PBE0-D3 and MC3MPW performing almost as well. The best single-component density functionals without molecular mechanics dispersion-like terms are M08-SO, M08-HX, M05-2X, and M06-2X. The best single-component density functionals without Hartree–Fock exchange are M06-L-D3 when MM terms are included and M06-L when they are not.
Tsunami-generated sediment wave channels at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, USA

A gigantic ∼12 km 3 landslide detached from the west wall of Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada, USA), and slid 15 km east across the lake. The splash, or tsunami, from this landslide eroded Tioga-age moraines dated as 21 ka. Lake-bottom short piston cores recovered sediment as old as 12 ka that did not reach landslide deposits, thereby constraining the landslide age as 21–12 ka. Movement of the landslide splashed copious water onto the countryside and lowered the lake level ∼10 m. The sheets of water that washed back into the lake dumped their sediment load at the lowered shoreline, producing deltas that merged into delta terraces. During rapid growth, these unstable delta terraces collapsed, disaggregated, and fed turbidity currents that generated 15 subaqueous sediment wave channel systems that ring the lake and descend to the lake floor at 500 m depth. Sheets of water commonly more than 2 km wide at the shoreline fed these systems. Channels of the systems contain sediment waves (giant ripple marks) with maximum wavelengths of 400 m. The lower depositional aprons of the system are surfaced by sediment waves with maximum wavelengths of 300 m. A remarkably similar, though smaller, contemporary sediment wave channel system operates at the mouth of the Squamish River in British Columbia. The system is generated by turbidity currents that are fed by repeated growth and collapse of the active river delta. The Tahoe splash-induced backwash was briefly equivalent to more than 15 Squamish Rivers in full flood and would have decimated life in low-lying areas of the Tahoe region.
NH2 terminus of serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 binds to phosphoinositides and is essential for isoform-specific physiological functions

Serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) has been identified as a key regulatory protein that controls a diverse set of cellular processes including sodium (Na+) homeostasis, osmoregulati...
Arson or Accident: A Forensic Accounting Case Requiring Critical Thinking and Expert Communication

ABSTRACT: When a fire destroyed the home of Jeffrey R. Jones, he immediately filed a claim with his insurance company, Gladstone Insurance. Gladstone denied Mr. Jones' claim alleging, among other things, that he had a financial motive to commit arson. To resolve the dispute, Mr. Jones filed a lawsuit against Gladstone for damages, denying the allegation that he had a financial motive to burn down his home. You will act as a team of forensic accountants, hired by either Mr. Jones or Gladstone, to present evidence on Mr. Jones' financial condition at the time of the fire. In addition to writing an expert report, you will have the opportunity to participate in a mock trial during which you will present your opinion and face cross-examination from an opposing team.
Irony in interpersonal conflict scenarios: Differences in ironic argument endorsement and suppression across topics

The uses of indirect argument strategies, such as irony, remain understudied. This study examined a variety of ironic arguments and the production and suppression rather than reception of those arguments. Hyperbole, understatement, rhetorical question, jocularity, and sarcasm were examined in close versus distant relationships. Findings point to a tendency to use more negative arguments in closer relationships than those that are more casual. In sum, we are more likely to be negative in closer relationships despite what our typical behavior would indicate.
Press Censorship in Caroline England: The printers and press control in the 1630s

In 1637 the court of Star Chamber issued a decree “touching the regulating of Printers and Founders of letters.” The preamble to the decree acknowledges that in the twenty-eighth year of Queen Elizabeth's reign “and before” “divers” decrees and ordinances had been made for “the better government and regulating of Printing and Printers”; experience, however, had shown these decrees to be defective in some respects. Furthermore, according to the preamble, new abuses had arisen since then. The 1637 Star Chamber Decree serves as an important benchmark in any discussion of Caroline press controls, although the nature of its inception and intention are contested. Before turning to the decree and the dispute that surrounds it, understanding the conditions in London print culture during the reign of Charles I can help us to better understand both how new abuses could arise and how earlier decrees may have proven defective. The Elizabethan decrees had responded to external challenges to the authority both of the Stationers' Company's monopoly and of royal patents, as well as to complaints from the journeymen printers about insufficient work. In the seventeenth century, although economic problems persisted, circumstances differed. Outside challenges to the Stationers' monopoly posed less of a problem than structural changes within the company – both economic and regulatory. The seventeenth century also saw an important generic change that required increased government oversight – the emergence of news publications (“corantos”).
Oviposition Site Resource Quantity and Larval Establishment for Orellia occidentalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Cirsium wheeleri

We investigated factors associated with larval establishment of the tephritid fly Orellia occidentalis (Snow) on the thistle Cirsium wheeleri (Grey) Petrak. Adult tephritid appearance was temporally synchronized with the peak flowering of its host plant. During the 14-d period adult flies were active, 47% of the capitula were in a phenological state appropriate for female oviposition. Plant attributes such as plant height or capitulum size were good predictors of potential resource availability. The larval establishment pattern appeared nonrandom. We found a positive correlation between larval establishment and capitulum size ; the largest capitula are also the rarest in the population. We propose that adult phenology is adaptive, enabling O. occidentalis access to the largest percentage of resources in the environment for egg laying and larval development.
Polynomial fits and the proton radius puzzle

The proton radius puzzle refers to the $\ensuremath{\approx}7\ensuremath{\sigma}$ discrepancy that exists between the proton charge radius determined from muonic hydrogen and that determined from electronic hydrogen spectroscopy and electron-proton scattering. One possible partial resolution to the puzzle includes errors in the extraction of the proton radius from $ep$ elastic scattering data. This possibility is made plausible by certain fits that extract a smaller proton radius from the scattering data consistent with that determined from muonic hydrogen. The reliability of some of these fits that yield a smaller proton radius was studied. We found that fits of form factor data with a truncated polynomial fit are unreliable and systematically give values for the proton radius that are too small. Additionally, a polynomial fit with a ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\text{reduced}}^{2}\ensuremath{\approx}1$ is not a sufficient indication for a reliable result.
New Approaches to Ceramic Use and Discard: Cooking Pottery from the Peruvian Andes in Ethnoarchaeological Perspective

Ethnoarchaeological data from contemporary Wanka villages in the Mantaro Valley of the Peruvian Andes provide new perspectives on the use and discard of ceramic cooking vessels. We present a regional survey of ceramic vessel use and discard with household consumption as the focus of study. A mathematical model determines vessel uselife from the age distribution of in-use vessels. We examine the number of vessels per household, their volume, their uselife, and their reported discard. A typical Wanka household cooking vessel assemblage consists of four or five ollas, two large ollas, one chata, and one tostadera. As family members are added to a household, the number of household ollas slightly increases, as does olla volume and the overall rate of olla discard. Large families have fewer chatas, and the rate of chata discard is uncorrelated with household size. Large and small families alike have only one tostadera, but in large families, a shortened tostadera uselife increases their discard rate. Distributing the same population into small or large households will result in significantly different rates of total sherd accumulation. Bulk sherd accumulation is a better indicator of the number of households rather than of the total number of persons. Household size can be estimated from the relative proportions of discarded ollas, chatas, and tostaderas.
Access to and Use of Schools for Physical Activity Among Adults in Los Angeles County

Formal agreements that outline conditions for community use of school facilities represent a potentially attractive approach to increasing access to places for physical activity in underresourced areas. Despite growing interest in these shared use agreements, limited data are available on their population-level impacts. This study used data collected via an Internet panel survey in spring 2014 (n = 1,006) to examine the extent of public awareness and use of school-based physical activity resources in Los Angeles County. Weighted data were analyzed using logistic regression to examine associations among access to and use of schools, demographics, and behavioral and environmental factors. Negative binomial regression was performed to test the association between access to school-based physical activity resources and physical activity. Results suggest that a large percentage (57.7%) of people have access to school-based physical activity resources; however, only a portion (30.3%) use them. Safety of school grounds and whether onsite programming was offered were positively associated with use. In light of these findings, additional efforts may be needed to help optimize community use of schools for physical activity. These results can help inform program planning and implementation in communities considering shared use policies.
The Image Construction of Chinese Painting:Take Fan Kuan's Traveling amid Mountains and Streams as an Example

Images are the primary features of the Chinese painting,the harmonious fusion of feelings and settings is the basic structure of Chinese painting aesthetic images,and Abstract codes made by water and ink are the means by which images of Chinese painting are externalized.This essay,taking Fan Kuan's Traveling amid Mountains and Streams as an example,explores the three aspects of Chinese painting's image producing——creating meaning with points,building structure with lines and producing force with planes——and reveals the revelation significance of Chinese painting images construction in the Chinese cotemporary painting.
Survey of drug resistance of food-borne Staphylococcus aureus in Shenzhen City

Aim To understand drug resistance trend of food-borne staphylococcus aureus and Enterotoxin carriers in Shenzhen City.Methods A total of 185 Staphylococcus aureus strains detected from local food contaminations and food poisonings were collected in 2006~2009.Biochemical experiment was used to identify all strains according to GB/T 4789.10-2008.The K-B method was used in drug sensitivity test based on NCCLS(2006 version),inducible clindamycin resistance was also assayed.MiniVIDAS was utilized to detect staphylococcal enterotoxin.Results There 9 inducible clindamycin-resistant strains were detected with an increasing resistance trend to erythromycin and two other drugs and a reduced drug resistance to rifampicin.The positive rates of Staphylococcus aureus strains detected from contaminated food and food poisonings were 49.4% and 81.7%,showing significant differences.Conclusion The drug-resistant of food-borne staphylococcus aureus showed an increasing trend and multi-drug resistance was common.
Response of arterial blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration to long-term administration of captopril in patients with severe, treatment-resistant malignant hypertension.

1. The response of arterial blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration to inhibition of angiotensin I converting enzyme (kininase II) with captopril has been studied in patients with severe, treatment-resistant, malignant hypertension. 2. Nine patients with a past history of severe hypertension, supine diastolic blood pressure > 120 mmHg before conventional antihypertensive therapy and resistant to conventional antihypertensive therapy were studied. 3. Captopril administration resulted in a marked decrease in arterial blood pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration and an increase in plasma renin activity. 4. Although arterial blood pressure remained significantly below the values observed during the control period, pressure did tend to increase again after 3 days. Addition of hydrochlorothiazide kept arterial pressure significantly below pretreatment control values.
Surgical Management of Stones: American Urological Association/Endourological Society Guideline, PART I

Purpose: This Guideline is intended to provide a clinical framework for the surgical management of patients with kidney and/or ureteral stones. The summary presented herein represents Part II of the two-part series dedicated to Surgical Management of Stones: American Urological Association/Endourological Society Guideline. Please refer to Part I for introductory information and a discussion of pre-operative imaging and special cases.Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the literature (search dates 1/1/1985 to 5/31/2015) was conducted to identify peer-reviewed studies relevant to the surgical management of stones. The review yielded an evidence base of 1,911 articles after application of inclusion/exclusion criteria. These publications were used to create the Guideline statements. Evidence-based statements of Strong, Moderate, or Conditional Recommendation were developed based on benefits and risks/burdens to patients. Additional directives are provided as Clinical Principles and Expert Opinions w...
Caesar's or God's: The Coin of Religious Liberty and Generally Applicable Statutes

The rise of the regulatory welfare-state and expansion of civil liberties has created tension between the jurisprudence of the free exercise clause and the establishment clause. While both clauses seek to maximize religious liberty, their disparate rejoinders on acceptable governmental action create a nexus of conflicting baselines. This conflictual nexus of jmispruclence requires consideration of both clauses when deciding the permissibility of governmental action. In this sense, religious liberty is a coin with two distinct faces that produce different policy outcomes. Historical Background The Founding Fathers of the American Constitution were deeply concerned about religious liberty in their newly founded republic. They enshrined dual protections
Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta).

A juvenile rhesus macaque presented with atrophy of the musculature of its left leg. Physical examination localized the problem to the coxofemoral joint. Radiography revealed changes consistent with Legg-Calve-Perthes (LCP) disease. Femoral head ostectomy was performed, and the femoral head was submitted for histologic examination, results of which confirmed a diagnosis of LCP.
A Comparison of Biological and Physical Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Overweight/Obese Individuals With and Without Prediabetes:

Compared with type 2 diabetes, evaluating the direct biological and physical risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in overweight/obese adults with and without prediabetes is less understood. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare baseline biological and physical risk factors for CVD among overweight/obese adults with and without prediabetes. A secondary data analysis was performed. Three hundred forty-one overweight/obese participants were included in the analysis. Compared with non-prediabetics, prediabetics had higher fasting blood glucose, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and triglycerides. Prediabetics were also more likely to be insulin resistant than non-prediabetics. Participants with prediabetes had much lower cardiorespiratory fitness than those without prediabetes. Findings from this study suggest that healthy overweight/obese adults with prediabetes were likely at higher biological and physical risk of CVD at baseline compared with those without prediabetes. Early intervention to improve CVD risk progression among persons with prediabetes is essential.