cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategic Candidate Entry and Congressional Elections in the Era of Fox News

Elections are designed to give voters the ability to hold elected officials accountable for their actions. For this to work, voters must be presented with credible alternatives from which to choose. In the United States, as in other weak‐party systems, the decision to challenge an incumbent representative rests with individual, strategic‐minded politicians who carefully weigh the available information. We investigate the role that one source of information—partisan media—plays in shaping electoral competition. We hypothesize that the haphazard expansion of the conservative Fox News Channel in the decade after its 1996 launch influenced congressional elections by affecting the decision calculus of high‐quality potential candidates. Using congressional district‐level data on the local availability of Fox News, we find that Fox News altered Republican potential candidates' perceptions about the vulnerability of Democratic incumbents, thereby changing their entry patterns.
One-shot learning of view-invariant object representations in newborn chicks

Can newborn brains perform one-shot learning? To address this question, we reared newborn chicks in strictly controlled environments containing a single view of a single object, then tested their object recognition performance across 24 uniformly-spaced viewpoints. We found that chicks can build view-invariant object representations from a single view of an object: a case of one-shot learning in newborn brains. Chicks can also build the same view-invariant object representation from different views of an object, showing that newborn brains converge on common object representations from different sets of sensory inputs. Finally, by rearing chicks with larger numbers of object views, we found that chicks develop enhanced recognition for familiar views. These results illuminate the earliest stages of object recognition, revealing (1) powerful one-shot learning that builds invariant object representations from the first views of an object and (2) view-based learning that enriches object representations, producing enhanced recognition for familiar views.
Application of the Scenario Planning Process - a Case Study: The Technical Information Department at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

When the field of modern publishing was on a collision course with telecommunications, publishing organizations had to come up to speed in fields that were, heretofore, completely foreign and technologically forbidding to them. For generations, the technology of publishing centered on offset lithography, typesetting, and photography--fields that saw evolutionary and incremental change from the time of Guttenberg. But publishing now includes making information available over the World Wide Web--Internet publishing--with its ever-accelerating rate of technological change and dependence on computers and networks. Clearly, we need a methodology to help anyone in the field of Internet publishing plan for the future, and there is a well-known, well-tested technique for just this purpose--Scenario Planning. Scenario Planning is an excellent tool to help organizations make better decisions in the present based on what they identify as possible and plausible scenarios of the future. Never was decision making more difficult or more crucial than during the years of this study, 1996-1999. This thesis takes the position that, by applying Scenario Planning, the Technical Information Department at LLNL, a large government laboratory (and organizations similar to it), could be confident that moving into the telecommunications business of Internet publishing stood a very good chance ofmore » success.« less
Accelerating Deep Neural Networks with Analog Memory Devices

Analog memory offers enormous potential to speed up computation in deep learning. We study the use of phase-change memory (PCM) as the resistive element in a crossbar array that allows the multiply-accumulate operation in deep neural networks to be performed in-memory. With this promise comes several challenges, including this paper’s main focus: the impact of conductance drift on deep neural network accuracy. Here we offer an overview of our recent work, including explanations of popular neural network architectures, along with a technique to compensate for drift ("slope correction") to allow in-memory computing with PCM during inference to reach software-equivalent deep learning baselines for a broad variety of important neural network workloads.
Wood Decomposition After an Aerial Application of Hydromulch Following Wildfire in a Southern California Chaparral Shrubland

Severe wildfire can affect many soil properties, and organic mulches are often applied to the soil surface to mitigate these changes and reduce erosion, particularly on steep slopes. After the southern California Cedar Fire burned 110,000 ha in 2003, hydromulch was applied to reduce sediment losses. In 2004 we established a study to assess the effect of hydromulch on organic matter decomposition at the soil surface and in the mineral soil using aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and pine (Pinus taeda L.) wood stakes as standard substrates. Mass loss of both aspen and pine stakes in this dry Mediterranean ecosystem was lowest on the soil surface and increased with mineral soil depth. Wood stake decomposition appeared to be lower in the hydromulched soil than in the untreated control, but variability of subterranean termite activity in study replicates and the possible loss of hydromulch soon after application make this result questionable. Termites were clearly shown to have a major role in belowground wood decomposition, and could affect slope stability after wildfire. They also should be considered in planning OM decomposition studies in soils where they are present.
Relay Pursuit of an Evader by a Heterogeneous Group of Pursuers using Potential Games

In this paper, we propose a decentralized game-theoretic pursuit policy for a heterogeneous group of pursuers who individually attempt to, without any prescribed cooperative pursuit strategy, capture a single evader who strives to delay or avoid capture if possible. We assume that the pursuers are rational (self-interested) agents who are not necessarily connected via communication network. Our proposed pursuit policy is motivated from the semi-cooperative pursuit policy called relay pursuit [1] under which only the pursuer who can capture the evader faster than the others is active while the rest stay put. In contrast to the latter strategy, our proposed method does not rely on geometric tools. It relies instead on reducing the noncooperative pursuit-evasion game into a sequence of maximum weighted bipartite matching problems which seek to find the pursuer-evader assignments which will result in minimum time of capture. To find the optimal assignment in a decentralized manner, the graph matching problem at each time instant is formulated as a static potential game whose pure strategy Nash equilibria correspond to the optimal assignments. Such equilibria are found by iteratively executing a game-theoretic learning algorithm called Joint Strategy Fictitious Play (JSFP) under which every pursuer synchronously takes his best reply strategy (pursue or stay put), depending on the joint actions of other pursuers, until they reach a Nash equilibrium. We illustrate the performance of our method by means of extensive numerical simulations.
Chemically-Induced Cross-Linking of Peptidic Fibrils for Scaffolding Polymeric Particles and Macrophages.

EAK16-II (EAK) is a self-assembling peptide (SAP) that forms β-sheets and β-fibrils through ionic-complementary interactions at physiological ionic strengths. The soft materials can be injected in vivo, creating depots of drugs and cells for rendering pharmacological and biological actions. The scope of the applications of EAK is sought to extend to tissues through which the flow of extracellular fluid tends to be limited. In such anatomical locales the rate and extent of the fibrilization are limited insofar as drug delivery and cellular scaffolding would be impeded. A method is generated utilizing a carbodiimide cross-linker by which EAK fibrils are pre-assembled yet remain injectable soft materials. It is hypothesized that the resulting de novo covalent linkages enhance the stacking of the β-sheet bilayers, thereby increasing the lengths of the fibrils and the extent of their cross-linking, as evidenced in Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy analyses. The cross-linked EAK (clEAK) retains polymeric microspheres with an average diameter of 1 µm. Macrophages admixed with clEAK remain viable and do not produce the inflammatory mediator interleukin-1β. These results indicate that clEAK should be investigated further as a platform for delivering particles and cells in vivo.
Improved Rotor Position Estimation in Extended Back-EMF Based Position Sensorless Control for IPMSMs with Non-Sinusoidal Back-EMF

In terms of permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) design, the limited number of stator and rotor slots distort the air-gap flux distribution and its effective length. It results in machine parameters varying with respect to the rotor position. The non-sinusoidal back-EMF, induced from the rotor flux linkage harmonics, introduces current harmonics when conventional d-q axis current controller is adopted. Consequently, it deteriorates the performance of the rotor position estimation in extended back-EMF based position sensorless control. It is because rotor position is estimated assuming sinusoidal machine current. Additionally, the harmonic currents introduces undesired losses which do not contribute to torque production. In this manner, a harmonic voltage injection based current control scheme is presented that results in sinusoidal machine current. It improves the performance of extended back-EMF based position sensorless control and mitigates the harmonic copper losses
Measuring Reciprocity in a Directed Preferential Attachment Network

Empirical studies show that online social networks have not only in- and out-degree distributions with Pareto-like tails but also a high proportion of reciprocal edges. A classical directed preferential attachment (PA) model generates in- and out-degree distribution with power-law tails, but theoretical properties of the reciprocity feature in this model have not yet been studied. We derive the asymptotic results on the number of reciprocal edges between two fixed nodes, as well as the proportion of reciprocal edges in the entire PA network. We see that with certain choices of parameters, the proportion of reciprocal edges in a directed PA network is close to 0, which differs from the empirical observation. This points out one potential problem of fitting a classical PA model to a given network dataset with high reciprocity and indicates alternative models need to be considered.
Impact of intragastric balloon on blood pressure reduction: A retrospective study in Eastern North Carolina.

Impact of intragastric balloon on blood pressure reduction: A retrospective study in Eastern North Carolina
Reduced eIF4E function impairs B-cell leukemia without altering normal B-lymphocyte function.

The cap-binding protein eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) promotes translation of mRNAs associated with proliferation and survival and is an attractive target for cancer therapeutics. Here, we used Eif4e germline and conditional knockout models to assess the impact of reduced Eif4e gene dosage on B-cell leukemogenesis compared to effects on normal pre-B and mature B-cell function. Using a BCR-ABL-driven pre-B-cell leukemia model, we find that loss of one allele of Eif4e impairs transformation and reduces fitness in competition assays in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, reduced Eif4e gene dosage had no significant effect on development of pre-B and mature B cells or on survival or proliferation of non-transformed B lineage cells. These results demonstrate that inhibition of eIF4E could be a new therapeutic tool for pre-B-cell leukemia while preserving development and function of normal B cells.
Association of Individual and Familial History of Correctional Control With Health Outcomes of Patients in a Primary Care Center

Importance Research has shown that experiences of incarceration, probation, and parole are associated with worse health outcomes for incarcerated individuals and their families. Objectives To quantify the proportion of patients in an urban primary care clinic with an individual or family history of incarceration, probation, and/or parole and to evaluate how correctional control is associated with subjective and objective health outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional, mixed-methods study used patient surveys and retrospective medical record review to assess the experience of correctional control among 200 English-speaking adult patients presenting for care at the Rhode Island Hospital Center for Primary Care between July 9, 2019, and January 10, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Patient surveys included closed and open-ended questions pertaining to personal or familial experiences of incarceration, probation, and parole, as well as health outcomes associated with these experiences. Medical record review abstracted key health indicators and health care use data. Results In this cross-sectional study of 200 adult patients (1 participant was removed from the full analytic sample owing to missing ethnicity data; 113 of 199 men [56.8%]; mean [SD] age, 51.2 [14.0] years) presenting for primary care, 78 of 199 (39.2%) had a history of incarceration, 32 of 199 (16.1%) were on probation or parole at the time of the study, and 92 of 199 (46.2%) reported having a family member with a history of incarceration. Of the 199 patients, 62 (31.2%) identified as non-Hispanic Black, 93 (46.7%) identified as non-Hispanic White, and 44 (22.1%) identified as belonging to another race (American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, or other nonspecified). Compared with participants without a history of correctional control, those with a personal history of incarceration were at greater odds of having an emergency department visit that did not result in hospitalization in models adjusted for age, sex, and race and ethnicity (odds ratio, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.47-5.75). Conclusions and Relevance This cross-sectional study suggests that primary care clinicians should screen for correctional control as a prevalent social determinant of health.
Staphylococcus aureus Colonization and Strain Type at Various Body Sites among Patients with a Closed Abscess and Uninfected Controls at U.S. Emergency Departments

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a prevalent cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), but the association between CA-MRSA colonization and infection remains uncertain. We studied the carriage frequency at several body sites and the diversity of S. aureus strains from patients with and without SSTI. Specimens from the nares, throat, rectum, and groin of case subjects with a closed skin abscess (i.e., without drainage) and matched control subjects without a skin infection (n = 147 each) presenting to 10 U.S. emergency departments were cultured using broth enrichment; wound specimens were cultured from abscess cases. Methicillin resistance testing and spa typing were performed for all S. aureus isolates. S. aureus was found in 85/147 (57.8%) of abscesses; 49 isolates were MRSA, and 36 were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). MRSA colonization was more common among cases (59/147; 40.1%) than among controls (27/147; 18.4%) overall (P < 0.001) and at each body site; no differences were observed for MSSA. S. aureus-infected subjects were usually (75/85) colonized with the infecting strain; among MRSA-infected subjects, this was most common in the groin. The CC8 lineage accounted for most of both infecting and colonizing isolates, although more than 16 distinct strains were identified. Nearly all MRSA infections were inferred to be USA300. There was more diversity among colonizing than infecting isolates and among those isolated from controls versus cases. CC8 S. aureus is a common colonizer of persons with and without skin infections. Detection of S. aureus colonization, and especially MRSA, may be enhanced by extranasal site culture.
Chapter 19 Agent-Based Models and Human Subject Experiments

Abstract This chapter examines the relationship between agent-based modeling and economic decision-making experiments with human subjects. Both approaches exploit controlled “laboratory” conditions as a means of isolating the sources of aggregate phenomena. Research findings from laboratory studies of human subject behavior have inspired studies using artificial agents in “computational laboratories” and vice versa. In certain cases, both methods have been used to examine the same phenomenon. The focus of this chapter is on the empirical validity of agent-based modeling approaches in terms of explaining data from human subject experiments. We also point out synergies between the two methodologies that have been exploited as well as promising new possibilities.
Relative-error H ∞ identification

A relative-error identification method for stable minimum phase systems is introduced. Using this identification method, the L∞-norm of the relative-error between the original system and the identified system can be bounded a priori. Extensions to the case of non-minimum phase systems are discussed.
Evidence regarding the chemical complexity of acetylcholine-stimulated gastric mucus.

Summary Some of the physical and chemical properties of acetylcholine-stimulated canine gastric mucus (anacid) are described. The native secretion was separated into a fluid fraction and a gel fraction by centrifugation. The gel contributes a significant though variable amount of organic solids to the secretion; it appears not to be an experimental artifact. The gel was insoluble or only poorly soluble in a variety of aqueous and organic solvents, and it differed from the fluid fraction by exhibiting a lower nitrogen to hexosamine molecular ratio. Examination of these fractions by paper electrophoresis revealed at least five protein components common to both. Hexosamine was associated with all of these components, but only negligibly with that of greatest mobility, i.e. , the leading anodal peak. Proteolytic activity at pH 1.5 was associated in part with the leading anodal peak protein, but appeared as a double peak, the slower part of which exhibited a lower enzyme activity per unit of weight of protein than did the faster. The mobility of the leading anodal peak is essentially the same as that of canine serum albumin in a number of buffer systems, and it is suggested that serum albumin, as well as other serum proteins, probably contributes to the protein content of this gastric mucinous secretion.
The migration mechanism of transition metal ions in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4

The migration of transition metal ions in the oxygen framework was recently proposed to be responsible for the continuous loss of average working potential of high energy density layered–layered composite cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. The potential migration pathway in a model material, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel, was investigated using in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction and in situ neutron diffraction during the solid state synthesis process. It was found that the migration of transition metal ions among octahedral sites is possible by using tetrahedral vacancies as intermediate sites. It was also suggested that the number of electrons in 3d orbitals has a significant impact on their mobility in the hosting oxygen framework.
Effects of radiation on circular-grating DFB lasers. II. Device and pump-beam parameters

For pt.I see ibid., vol.37, no.3, p.353-64 (2001). We examine the impact of device design parameters and nonuniform gain profiles on the modes of a weakly guiding, second-order concentric-circle-grating distributed feedback laser, including the effects of radiation loss. The analysis uses near-threshold coupled-mode equations that are valid for any grating shape, and any depth for which the undepleted-bound-mode approximation is accurate. We solve these equations numerically and examine the effects of several device parameters, including coupling strengths and grating duty cycle, on mode frequencies and gain thresholds for low- and high-order radial and azimuthal modes. We further compare uniform, Gaussian, and annular optical pump-beam profiles. We find that device and pump-beam parameters can have a significant effect on the threshold gains of the laser, as well as an the azimuthal mode discrimination and total lasing linewidth it exhibits.
Histochemical characteristics of normal middle ear mucosa.

Histochemical studies on the distribution of various oxidative and dephosphorylating groups of enzymes have been made in the normal mucous lining of the middle ear in the guinea pig, cat, squirrel monkey and man. In general ciliated cells showed more strongly positive activity than other epithelial cells lining the middle ear cavity for various oxidative enzymes and hydrolytic enzymes except alkaline phosphatase in these animal species. Marked alkaline phosphatase activity was detectable on the cilia of the cat, whereas no enzyme activity was found on the cilia of other species. The significance of histochemical findings in the middle ear mucosa of several animals was discussed in light of physiological and pathological considerations.
New rollover index for detection of tripped and un-tripped rollovers

Accurate detection of the danger of an impending rollover is necessary for active vehicle rollover prevention. A real-time rollover index is an indicator used for this purpose. A traditional rollover index utilizes lateral acceleration measurements and can detect only un-tripped rollovers that happen due to high lateral acceleration from a sharp turn. It fails to detect tripped rollovers that happen due to tripping from external inputs such as forces when a vehicle strikes a curb or a road bump. Therefore, this paper develops a new rollover index that can detect both tripped and un-tripped rollovers. The new rollover index utilizes vertical accelerometers in addition to a lateral accelerometer and is able to predict rollover in spite of unknown external inputs acting on the system. The accuracy of the developed rollover index is evaluated with experimental tests on a 1/8th scaled vehicle. The experimental results show that the new rollover index can reliably detect both tripped and un-tripped rollovers.
Expense preference behavior in public transit systems

Abstract This paper extends previous works that view transit systems as minimizing their after-subsidy costs. The paper uses the expense preference behavior model in economics and derives first-order conditions for the manager. From the first-order conditions, the paper formally shows that the decomposition of relative price inefficiency between management behavior and subsidies found in the work of Sakano et al. (1997) can be derived from a utility maximizing model, thus placing that decomposition within the shadow price literature. Extensions to the models to calculate expense preference are also presented. The results of the estimated models show that transit systems have expense preference for capital and not labor. This expense preference behavior increases total costs by about 15% and capital subsidies by about 20%.
Werner complex deficiency in cells disrupts the Nuclear Pore Complex and the distribution of lamin B1

From the surrounding shell to the inner machinery, nuclear proteins provide the functional plasticity of the nucleus. This study highlights the nuclear association of Pore membrane (POM) protein NDC1 and Werner protein (WRN), a RecQ helicase responsible for the DNA instability progeria disorder, Werner Syndrome. In our previous publication, we connected the DNA damage sensor Werner's Helicase Interacting Protein (WHIP), a binding partner of WRN, to the NPC. Here, we confirm the association of the WRN/WHIP complex and NDC1. In established WRN/WHIP knockout cell lines, we further demonstrate the interdependence of WRN/WHIP and Nucleoporins (Nups). These changes do not completely abrogate the barrier of the Nuclear Envelope (NE) but do affect the distribution of FG Nups and the RAN gradient, which are necessary for nuclear transport. Evidence from WRN/WHIP knockout cell lines demonstrates changes in the processing and nucleolar localization of lamin B1. The appearance of "RAN holes" void of RAN corresponds to regions within the nucleolus filled with condensed pools of lamin B1. From WRN/WHIP knockout cell line extracts, we found three forms of lamin B1 that correspond to mature holoprotein and two potential post-translationally modified forms of the protein. Upon treatment with topoisomerase inhibitors lamin B1 cleavage occurs only in WRN/WHIP knockout cells. Our data suggest the link of the NDC1 and WRN as one facet of the network between the nuclear periphery and genome stability. Loss of WRN complex leads to multiple alterations at the NPC and the nucleolus.
Self-consistent calculations of edge temperature and self-sputtering of the limiter surface for tokamak fusion reactors

Self-sputtering and edge temperature estimates have been made for a tokamak fusion reactor with a normal incidence boundary using models for the power balance, plasma sheath, charge state, and sputtering coefficients. Both structural materials and low-Z coatings have been examined. From the self-sputtering standpoint, some materials will work only at very low edge temperatures; these will require a high recycling rate and a high radiation fraction.
Fluorovinylketones from Perfluoropentene‐2.

Abstract Two fluorovinylketones have been prepared from methoxy- perfluoropentenes using a new reaction involving catalytic loss of methyl fluoride. One of these vinylketones reacted as a diene with propenyl propyl ether.
The stimulatory effect of testosterone propionate and 17β-estradiol on 5′-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity in rat target tissues

Abstract The effect of castration and subsequent administration of 17β-estradiol and testosterone propionate on 5′-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity in rat target tissues was studied. Castration 34 days earlier resulted in a 95 reduction in ventral prostate 5′-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity and 16 days earlier in a 67% reduction in uterine 5′-methylthiodenosine phosphorylase activity. Four days of testosterone propionate administration stimulated ventral prostate 5′-methylhioadenosine phosphorylase activity 32% above castrate levels, which represented more than 50% of the intact control levels. 17β-Estradiol on the other hand stimulated uterine 5′-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity of 35% above castrate controls within 24h and with 3 days of continuous hormone treatment to within 97% of the intact control levels. However, castration and subsequent 17β-estradiol administration did not affect 5′-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity in rat liver and lung. Both prostate and uterine 5′-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase were shown to metabolize 5′-methylthioadenosine to 5′-methylthioribose through a 5′-methythiribose 1-phosphate intermediate. The data suggest that 5′-methylthioadenosine is not allowed to accumulate in rat target tissues even under conditions which are known to stimulate polyamine synthesis.
A general lexicon for sensory analysis of texture and appearance of lip products

ABSTRACT Lip products (lipsticks, glosses and balms) are an important aspect of the cosmetics business. The lip product segment of the business has been expanding because the majority of women uses some form of lip products. In addition, men commonly use lip balm in winter months. The purpose of this three-part study was to develop a lexicon for descriptive sensory testing of lip products. In the first study, two focus groups were conducted to understand women's perceptions of lip products and elicit desirable and undesirable characteristics in the products. In the second study, six highly trained panelists from the Sensory Analysis Center at Kansas State University developed a lexicon using five samples each of lip balms, lip glosses and lipsticks. All attributes were measured during or after application. Attributes were categorized under “initial texture,”“initial appearance,”“after appearance” and “after texture.” The lexicon comprised of 18 terms. The panelists developed definitions, references and protocols for evaluation for each attribute in the lexicon. The third study consisted of a validation phase, in which 12 samples, four from each product segment, were used. The lexicon developed in this study was inclusive enough to show distinctions between and within the lip glosses, lip balms and lipsticks. This lexicon could be used to identify similarities and differences in other lip products such as lip plumper, lip liners and multi use products. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The lip product lexicon may benefit researchers and cosmetic companies in product development and optimization, quality control, and marketing by providing accurate definitions, accessible references, and reproducible protocols and techniques. Aspects of this research, including the use of photographic references, where appropriate, could be extrapolated to other aspects of the personal care industry, such as hair care and skin care, and can aid in product development and product optimization.
Direct and indirect chemical exposure in children

Like adults, children are at risk from chemicals in the environment; unlike adults, the cause of their risk is due to developmental factors. Because organs such as the brain are developmentally incomplete in children, there is the potential for effects on maturation that are not seen in the adult. Environmental and occupational safety considerations need to include children because of the potential for toxins to be transported--for example, via clothing and the air we breathe.
Watershed shift: Collaboration and employers in the New York City Catskill/Delaware Watershed from 1990–2003

Abstract Watershed collaborations may result in less negative impact on business than direct regulation because collaborations entail cooperation among stakeholders and can include economic benefits. While these effects are of interest to students of sustainable economic development, they are difficult to study in part because socioeconomic data is not collected by watersheds. This case study of New York City's Watershed Collaboration in its Catskill Delaware Watershed used an agglomeration of zip coded Department of Labor data on employer units, employment and wages to create a heretofore unavailable statistical profile of Watershed employers. The study also explores the impact of the agreement on the Watershed employers by comparing trends in indicators of employer investment and employee economic welfare in the Watershed and four state, regional, local and rural control areas. Background information is used to help interpret the data. Results do not provide evidence of a net negative impact and are consistent with a net positive impact. Several trends which work against agreement effectiveness are identified. The importance of Collaboration funding and efforts to improve local multipliers is highlighted.
Ion beam system design for ULSI device requirements

Abstract The requirements of ULSI devices are placing stringent demands on ion source design, ion beam optics and system design. The problems include lower beam energies, the need for precisely controlled profiles both at low and high energies, wafer charging control, and ion beam purity. This paper discusses the physics of the ion beam, specifically the plasma that exists within the ion beam, as it affects these problems.
Citizen Science in Disaster and Conflict Resilience

Within the disaster and conflict response communities, concern about lack of effectiveness of outside responses has led to a debate about the role of local people in developing the capacity to prepare for a crisis and to respond after calamity has struck. Pelling (2007) points out the potential for participatory disaster risk assessment to build local capacity and for generating knowledge that, along with more expert-driven data collection, is used to identify and reduce the risk of disaster. Similarly, Weinstein and Tidball (2007) and Tidball et al. (2008) present an alternative model for post-crisis intervention based on local assets, including ongoing attempts of communities to manage their natural resources. For example, these authors suggest that civic ecology (CE) practices, including community forestry, watershed enhancement, community agriculture and gardening, and other participatory environmental restoration initiatives that emerge from the actions of local residents (Tidball and Krasny 2007), should be examined and perhaps leveraged by outsiders for their ability to mitigate post-crisis situations. The question is, how might CE relate to citizen science in applications post-disaster or conflict? CE practices emerge through the actions of people wanting to manage a local resource, and integrate both learning through small-scale experimentation and observations (adaptive management) and collaborative or participatory processes (co-management). They can be considered as an emergent form of adaptive co-management (Ruitenbeek and Cartier 2001; Armitage, Plummer et al. 2009). The local knowledge of individuals who initiate the practices is critical, although often linkages are made with scientists from universities, government, and non-profit organizations, so multiple forms of knowledge are incorporated into the stewardship activities. This learning shortens feedback times between management actions, such as participatory approaches for planting trees, and seeing the impact of tree planting on local ecological and social systems. CE practices embody attributes that may foster resilience both prior to and post-crisis, including multiple forms of knowledge and governance, self-organization, adaptive learning, shorter feedbacks, and ecosystem services (Folke, S. Carpenter et al. 2002; Walker and Salt 2006). We demonstrate that similar to CE, citizen science could build capacity to mitigate disaster and conflict through shortening feedbacks and through making available multiple forms of knowledge and data collection. Further, given the need for asset-based and participatory interventions post-crisis, and the paucity of existing mechanisms that address this need (Weinstein and Tidball 2007), we examine citizen science and its potential to become part of a tool kit of participatory responses that engage citizens in meaningful activity post-conflict.
Chief resident case experience and autonomy are associated with resident confidence and future practice plans.

Purpose To measure oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) chief resident case experience, including autonomy, and discover the role of this experience in developing resident confidence and determining the scope of practice on completion of training. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire made available to residents near the completion of their final year of training in United States OMS training programs. Predictors were the case numbers and autonomy level. Outcomes were the anticipated frequency of practice, confidence to meet the standard of care, and changes in anticipated practice scope. Each was measured in 10 domains within the scope of OMS. Results Eighty-four residents (44%) completed the 116-item questionnaire. All respondents were “very confident” in their ability to meet the standard of care in mandibular trauma and dentoalveolar surgery. Autonomy was associated with the confidence to meet the standard of care in midface trauma, temporomandibular joint, orthognathic, cosmetic, pathology, reconstructive, and craniofacial surgery. Associations were noted between primary surgeon cases and confidence in midface trauma, temporomandibular joint, orthognathic, cosmetic, and craniofacial surgery. Case numbers were associated with an anticipated frequency of practice within the domains of midface trauma, temporomandibular joint, cosmetic, and pathology surgery. Conclusions Results of this study suggest an association between a resident's surgical case experience (overall exposure and autonomy) and that resident's future plans for practice and confidence to meet the standard of care in this specialty. OMS training curricula should evolve to incorporate an evaluation of competence and an appropriate transfer of responsibility and experience to residents, thus maximizing confidence and future practice opportunities.
Self-consistent Hartree description of anyons

Abstract Quantum-field theory is used to study noninteracting spinless particles in two dimensions obeying fractional statistics (anyons). In the self-consistent and conserving Hartree approximation, this description reproduces the previous random-phase approximation, demonstrating both the existence of a gapless undamped collective mode and a gauge-invariant Meissner effect, very similar to that found in the BCS theory.
Analysis of fish and bioinspired robotic fish swimming together in a water tunnel

In this study, we investigate the interactions between individual Golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) and robotic fish swimming together in a water tunnel at constant flow velocity. The robotic fish is designed to mimic its live counterpart in the aspect ratio, body shape, dimension, and locomotory pattern. Fish behavioral response is experimentally analyzed as the robot’s tail-beat frequency is varied and particle image velocimetry is utilized to investigate the flow structure behind the robotic fish. Experimental results show that the attraction of Golden shiners for the robotic fish is maximized when the robot beats its tail as the live subjects. In this condition, fish swim at the same depth of the robotic fish, which corresponds to the region of the water tunnel where hydrodynamic return is most likely to be relevant.
1080 EVALUATION OF MOXALACTAM FOR THE TREATMENT OF MENINGITIS DUE TO S. PNEUMONIAE WITH DIFFERING SUSCEPTIBILITIES TO PENICILLIN

1080 EVALUATION OF MOXALACTAM FOR THE TREATMENT OF MENINGITIS DUE TO S. PNEUMONIAE WITH DIFFERING SUSCEPTIBILITIES TO PENICILLIN
A case of juxta-articular myxoma of the knee

This 9-year-old girl presented with a painful mass in the posterolateral aspect of her right knee. Excisional biopsy of the mass revealed a juxta-articular myxoma. The differential diagnosis for such an intra- or periarticular mass should include meniscal cyst, parameniscal cyst, ganglion cyst, juxta-articular myxoma, focal nodular PVNS, and desmoid tumor. Current imaging techniques do not allow differentiation between these benign lesions and low grade myxoid-containing sarcoma.
Cognition in music

A cognitive/constructive view of music is put forth that diverges from traditional conceptions of music (e.g., music as sound; music as behavior; music as communication). The present view attempts to be compatible with the evidence of historic style changes that have occurred in the notated repertory of Western music. Two levels of cognitive processing are proposed: processes on the level of particular styles (germane to a certain period, culture, or community) and processes that are generic, universal, or cross-stylistic. Twelve such generic processes are described in detail. Several problems in the research stemming from earlier definitions of music are explored. In particular, attention is given to the artifacts of theoretical analysis (e.g., scales, chords, and discrete pitches) and their influence on music-psychological research.
The Response of Taku and Lemon Creek Glaciers to Climate

Abstract Surface height and mass balance changes of Taku and Lemon Creek Glaciers within Juneau Icefield, Alaska, are examined to determine the relationship between these parameters and climatic forcing. Both Taku and Lemon Creek Glaciers are located in a maritime climate, but they behave very differently. Taku Glacier, a former tidewater glacier, is ∼70 times larger than Lemon Creek Glacier, and its dynamics are largely a result of the post-tidewater glacier cycle which causes insensitivity to climate change during advance phases. Taku Glacier is advancing at present but its surface height, mass balance, and rate of advance have decreased since 1988. Lemon Creek Glacier, a small alpine glacier, is retreating and has maintained a negative mass balance since 1953. Mass balance records from both Taku and Lemon Creek Glaciers correlate well with temperature and show little correlation with precipitation. The mass balance of these glaciers also correlates with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). However, t...
Copper deficiency halves serum dehydroepiandrosterone in rats

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) is a hormone often taken as a dietary supplement to prevent the normal decline with age and in the hope of preventing heart attacks. Rats in two experiments were made deficient in copper by standard methods and criteria. Copper deficiency decreased DHEA in serum by approximately 50%. People who associate higher serum concentrations of DHEA with health probably should eat a diet adequate in copper.
THE RELEASE OF HEPARIN BINDING PEPTIDES FROM PLATELET THROMBOSPONDIN BY PROTEOLYTIC ACTION OF THROMBIN, PLASMIN AND TRYPSIN

Abstract When purified human platelet thrombospondin is exposed to thrombin (4 Units/ml) or plasmin (2 Units/ml) for prolonged periods of time proteolytic cleavages occur which result in a decrease in the molecular weight of the 145,000 dalton thrombospondin chains to 115,000 daltons. Low molecular weight fragments produced by thrombin were observed in reduced samples at 30,000, 25,000, 18,500 and 12,500 daltons. Heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography of thrombin, plasmin or trypsin-treated thrombospondin indicates that the 30,000 dalton polypeptide contains the heparin binding site. The heparin-binding polypeptides separate into multiple bands on 10% discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and during isoelectric focusing. The results of thrombin treatment of thrombospondin in the supernatant from thrombin-treated platelets suggests that some of the proteolytic cleavages are contingent upon the presence of calcium and a nondialyzable component of the native supernatant.
Quantum dot photodetectors based on structures with collective potential barriers

It is known that major restrictions of room-temperature semiconductor photodetectors and some other optoelectronic devices are caused by short photoelectron lifetime, which strongly reduces the photoresponse. Here we report our research on advanced optoelectronic materials, which combine manageable photoelectron lifetime, high mobility, and quantum tuning of localized and conducting states. These structures integrate quantum dot (QD) layers and correlated QD clusters with quantum wells (QWs) and heterointerfaces. The integrated structures provide many possibilities for engineering of electron states as well as specific kinetic and transport properties. Thus, these structures have the strong potential to overcome the limitations of traditional QD and QW structures. The main distinctive characteristic of the QD structures with collective potential barriers is an effective control of photoelectron capture due to separation of highly mobile electrons transferring the photocurrent along heterointerfaces from the localized electron states in the QD blocks (rows, planes, and various clusters). Besides manageable photoelectron kinetics, the advanced QD structures will also provide high coupling to radiation, low generation-recombination noise, and high scalability.
Cathepsin D Is the Main Lysosomal Enzyme Involved in the Degradation of α-Synuclein and Generation of Its Carboxy-Terminally Truncated Species†

α-Synuclein is likely to play a key role in the development of Parkinson’s disease as well as other synucleinopathies. In animal models, overexpression of full-length or carboxy-terminally truncated α-synuclein has been shown to produce pathology. Although the proteosome and lysosome have been proposed to play a role in the degradation of α-synuclein, the enzyme(s) involved in α-synuclein clearance and generation of its carboxy-terminally truncated species have not been identified. In this study, the role of cathepsin D and calpain I in these processes was analyzed. In vitro experiments, using either recombinant or endogenous α-synuclein as substrates and purified cathepsin D or lysosomes, demonstrated that cathepsin D degraded α-synuclein very efficiently, and that limited proteolysis resulted in the generation of carboxy-terminally truncated species. Purified calpain I also cleaved α-synuclein, but carboxy-terminally truncated species were not the main cleavage products, and calpain I activity present i...
Effect of caudal epidural xylazine on intraoperative distress and post-operative pain in Holstein heifers.

Abstract Objective To compare the effects of caudal epidural xylazine versus saline on tolerance of paravertebral nerve block and flank surgery and on post-operative pain in heifers used for a veterinary student training laboratory. Study design Randomized controlled prospective study. Animals Fourteen one-year-old, nongravid, healthy Holstein heifers, weighing 360 ± 5 kg. Methods Xylazine (0.05 mg kg−1) or 0.9% saline (5 mL) was injected using a caudal epidural technique to seven heifers undergoing a flank surgery. Nerve block of the right paravertebral fossa was performed using equal parts of lidocaine 2% and bupivacaine 0.5%. Heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, rumination frequency, and appetite were recorded before and at 4, 8, and 24 hours after surgery. Scores were recorded for: tolerance of local anesthesia injections (pre-operatively), sedation, ataxia and distress (intraoperatively, every 30 minutes), and pain (4, 8, and 24 hours post-operatively). Results The animals reaction to local anesthetic injection was judged to be less in the xylazine group by both an experienced observer (p Conclusion and clinical relevance Compared with epidural saline, caudal epidural xylazine reduced distress of anesthetic injection and surgical manipulation in heifers and an improvement in animal well-being was apparent. This effect may have been as a result of sedation. Pre-operative epidural xylazine did not appear to improve post-surgical analgesia in our study.
Development of a Stochastic Individual Path (SIP) Model for Predicting the Deposition of Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Effects of Turbulence, Polydisperse Aerosol Size, and Evaluation of Multiple Lung Lobes

In this study, a new computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling approach for pharmaceutical aerosols is further developed by evaluating the effects of turbulence, polydisperse aerosol size distribution, and multiple lung lobes on deposition in the mouth–throat (MT) and entire tracheobronchial (TB) airways. To evaluate a range of respiratory drug delivery conditions, a model dry powder inhaler (DPI; NovolizerTM) and a model spray soft-mist inhaler (SMI; RespimatTM) were considered. The respiratory geometry consisted of a previously developed characteristic MT and complete upper TB geometry through the third bifurcation (B3). More distal TB airways were simulated using stochastic individual path (SIP) models extending into each of the five lung lobes through bifurcation B15. Based on comparisons with new in vitro deposition data, results indicated that the low Reynolds number (LRN) k–ω turbulence model with near-wall corrections for anisotropic turbulence and velocity conditions accurately predicted deposi...