cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impulse response determination in the time domain-Theory

Two methods are presented for determining the impulse response of an object in the time domain when both the input and output time domain waveforms are specified. Pole extraction features can then be applied to the nonimpulsive portion of the impulse response to determine the singularity expansion method (SEM) parameters of the object. The first method involves synthetic division and is comparatively straightforward. The second technique is a least squares method which is computationally more stable. The effect of measurement errors in the input and output waveforms is evaluated for each method. An investigation is made as to what form of the input minimizes the noise variances in the computation. Finally a generalized least squares technique is presented, which yields a minimum variance unbiased estimate for the impulse response when the noise covariance matrix is known.
Unitarization of the dual-resonance amplitude. iii. general rules for the orientable and nonorientable multiloop amplitudes

We complete the Kikkawa-Sakita-Virasoro unitarization scheme for the dual-resonance amplitude by presenting the nonorientable and overlapping multiloop amplitudes. We also present rules for writing down arbitrarily mixed planar, nonplanar, nonorientable, and overlapping multiloop amplitudes by inspection.
β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: role of metabolic and genetic abnormalities

Abstract Defects in insulin action and insulin secretion are both present in type 2 diabetes, and both are believed to be genetically predetermined. In the absence of a defect in β-cell function, individuals can compensate indefinitely for insulin resistance with appropriate hyperinsulinemia, as observed even in obese populations such as the Pima Indians of Arizona. However, loss of β-cell function leads eventually to the postprandial and fasting hyperglycemia that characterizes type 2 diabetes. This progression occurs despite initially effective antidiabetic therapies, a situation clearly demonstrated by the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). External factors (access to high-calorie foods, lack of exercise, weight gain), the increased insulin requirements imposed by insulin resistance, and toxicities from hyperglycemia and elevated free fatty acids may all contribute to β-cell deterioration. Free fatty acids, resistin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α potentially worsen the insulin resistance. β-Cell dysfunction resulting from glucose toxicity and lipotoxicity is potentially reversible with restoration of metabolic control. Therefore, attention to these toxicities may delay the deterioration of β-cell function and suggest new approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes.
Severity of children's ADHD symptoms and parenting stress: a multiple mediation model of self-regulation.

The goal of the current study was to determine the extent to which the perceived self-regulation deficits across behavioral, cognitive, and emotional domains seen in children with ADHD explain the association between the severity of ADHD symptoms and parenting stress. Participants for this study included 80 children (mean age = 10 years, 9 months) with a DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD confirmed by a comprehensive clinical diagnostic assessment. Parents reported their own stress levels as well as the severity of their children’s ADHD symptoms, aggression, emotional lability, and executive functioning difficulties. Results indicated that the severity of children’s hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms but not their inattention related to parenting stress. Multiple mediational analyses indicated that the association between hyperactivity/impulsivity and parenting stress was explained by children’s perceived comorbid aggression levels, emotional lability, and executive functioning difficulties. No significant differences in the strength of the mediators were found. The current study provides initial data showing that the perceived impairments in children’s self-regulation across emotional, cognitive, and behavioral domains are what parents report as stressful, not simply the severity of ADHD symptoms. Due to the cross-sectional nature of this study and shared variance from relying solely on parent report, it will be critical for future research to replicate our findings using longitudinal and multi-informant data such as teacher reports and standardized assessments.
Disruptions of stream sediment size and stability by lakes in mountain watersheds: potential effects on periphyton biomass

AbstractThe location of a stream reach relative to other landforms in a watershed is an important attribute. We hypothesized that lakes disrupt the frequency of finer, more mobile sediments and thereby change sediment transport processes such that benthic substrates are more stable (i.e., less mobile) below lakes than above lakes. In turn, we hypothesized that this reduced mobility would lead to greater periphyton biomass below lakes. We tested these hypotheses in study reaches above and below lakes in 3 mountain watersheds. To expand this comparison, we analyzed the relationship between sediment attributes and periphyton biomass in one watershed with and one watershed without a lake. We hypothesized that no clear pattern or change in sediment size or chlorophyll a (chl a) would be observed over a 3-km-long study reach without a lake. In contrast, we expected a clear discontinuity in both sediment size and chl a in a 7-km-long study reach interrupted by a lake. Average median sediment size (D50) was signi...
10t,12c-conjugated linoleic acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase expression in vitro and in vivo

Previous data demonstrated that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduced eicosanoid release from select organs. We hypothesized that one active CLA isomer was responsible for the reduced prostaglandin release and that the mechanism was through the inhibition of inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Here, we examined the effects of 10t,12c-CLA and 9c,11t-CLA on COX-2 protein/mRNA expression, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production, and the mechanism by which CLA affects COX-2 expression and prostaglandin release. The COX-2 protein expression level was inhibited 80% by 10t, 12c-CLA and 26% by 9c,11t-CLA at 100 microM in vitro. PGE(2) production was decreased from 5.39 to 1.12 ng/2 x 10(6) cells by 10t,12c-CLA and from 5.7 to 4.5 ng/2 x 10(6) cells by 9c,11t-CLA at 100 microM. Mice fed 10t,12c-CLA but not 9c,11t-CLA were found to have a 34% decrease in COX-2 protein and a 43% reduction of PGE(2) release in the lung. 10t,12c-CLA reduced COX-2 mRNA expression level by 30% at 100 microM in vitro and by 30% in mouse lung in vivo. Reduced COX-2 mRNA was attributable to an inhibition of the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway by 10t,12c-CLA. These data suggested that the inhibition of NF-kappaB was one of the mechanisms for the reduced COX-2 expression and PGE(2) release by 10t,12c-CLA.
Starch composition and hordein electrophoretic patterns of grains of genetically transformed barley plants

Abstract Injection of DNA isolated from wild type barley plants with normal starch containing amylose and amylopectin and with two-row spikes into grains of recipient mutant plants of waxy mutants with defective starch lacking amylose and having six-row spikes at the milk stage of maturity lead to changes in starch synthesis, type of spikes and hordein composition. Electrophoresis of reverse proteins (hordeins) of the grain revealed marked differences in protein spectrum between donor, recipient and transformants. In second generation progeny of many transformed plants, starch synthesis had reverted to that of the recipient mutant type. Moreover, there was reversion of hordein composition to the initial mutant type as well as a change from two-rowed to six-rowed spikes. Iodine staining of the starch components in these plants demonstrated differences in the slopes of curves of light absorption at 490 and 590 nm.
Rapid diagnosis of pyruvate and ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiencies in platelet-enriched preparations from blood.

Abstract Radiochemical methods are described in detail to measure the activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and of the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in platelet-enriched fractions. Determinations can be completed in one day with as little as 5 ml of venous blood. Activities are proportional to the length of the incubation and the amount of tissue protein added, show appropriate dependence on added cofactors, are stable for up to 2 days at −20°C, and do not appear to be affected by diet. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex appears to be fully activated (dephosphorylated) in these preparations. Activities were comparable in platelet-enriched fractions from 25 normal subjects and 25 patients with a variety of neurological and psychiatric diagnoses. Mean values (± S.E.M.) for these 50 individuals were 169 ± 9 pmol/min per mg protein for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and 535 ± 27 pmol/ min per mg protein for the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. These values are comparable to those found in cultured skin fibroblasts with similar techniques. Deficient pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (19 ± 6 and 11 ± 4 pmol/min per mg protein) was demonstrated in platelet-enriched preparations from two brothers whose fibroblasts had previously been shown to be deficient in pyruvate dehydrogenase and who responded to a ketogenic diet. Experimental details critical to obtaining reproducible results with these methods are stressed (notably the crucial importance of maintaining the purity of the radioactive substrates). These techniques allow identification of patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiencies within one day without requiring liver or muscle biopsy.
Structural Determinants and Mechanism of HIV-1 Genome Packaging

Like all retroviruses, the human immunodeficiency virus selectively packages two copies of its unspliced RNA genome, both of which are utilized for strand-transfer-mediated recombination during reverse transcription—a process that enables rapid evolution under environmental and chemotherapeutic pressures. The viral RNA appears to be selected for packaging as a dimer, and there is evidence that dimerization and packaging are mechanistically coupled. Both processes are mediated by interactions between the nucleocapsid domains of a small number of assembling viral Gag polyproteins and RNA elements within the 5′-untranslated region of the genome. A number of secondary structures have been predicted for regions of the genome that are responsible for packaging, and high-resolution structures have been determined for a few small RNA fragments and protein–RNA complexes. However, major questions regarding the RNA structures (and potentially the structural changes) that are responsible for dimeric genome selection remain unanswered. Here, we review efforts that have been made to identify the molecular determinants and mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome packaging.
Combination treatment of melasma with pulsed CO2 laser followed by Q-switched alexandrite laser: a pilot study.

Background. Melasma is very difficult to treat and often refractory to treatment with topical creams and pigmented-lesion lasers. Objective. Pulsed CO2 laser alone is compared with the combination of pulsed CO2 laser followed by Q-switched alexandrite laser in the treatment of dermal-type melasma. This combination is proposed to be effective by first destroying the abnormal melanocytes with the pulsed CO2 laser and then selectively eliminating the dermal melanin with the alexandrite laser. Methods. Four patients were randomly chosen for each treatment arm. There were multiple follow-up visits for examination by an objective blinded investigator. Results. All patients in the combination laser group showed complete resolution, and two patients in the CO2 laser only group had peripheral hyperpigmentation in the long-term follow-up evaluation. Conclusion. These laser therapies are safe, as there was no scarring and no infection. The combination laser therapy was highly effective in removing the hyperpigmentation and all patients in this group showed complete resolution without any peripheral hyperpigmentation.
Increased Production Rates of LDL Are Common in Individuals With Low Plasma Levels of HDL Cholesterol, Independent of Plasma Triglyceride Concentrations

Reduced plasma levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease. Although plasma HDL levels are, in general, inversely related to plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations, a small proportion of individuals with low HDL cholesterol concentrations have normal plasma TG levels. We wished to determine whether subjects with low plasma levels of HDL cholesterol could be characterized by common abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism independent of plasma TGs. Therefore, we studied the metabolism of low density lipoprotein (LDL) apolipoprotein B (apo B) and HDL apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) in subjects with low plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations with or without hypertriglyceridemia. Nine subjects with low plasma HDL cholesterol levels and normal levels of plasma TGs and LDL cholesterol were studied. Autologous 131I-LDL and 125I-HDL were injected intravenously, and blood samples were collected for 2 weeks. LDL apo B and HDL apo A-I levels were measured by specific radioimmunoassays. Fractional catabolic rates (FCRs, pools per day) and production rates (PRs, milligrams/kilogram.day) for each apolipoprotein were determined. The results were compared with those obtained previously in nine subjects with low plasma HDL cholesterol levels and hypertriglyceridemia and in seven normal subjects. The normal subjects had an HDL apo A-I FCR (mean +/- SD) of 0.21 +/- 0.04. Despite large differences in plasma TG levels, the HDL apo A-I FCRs were similar in the low-HDL, normal-TG group (0.30 +/- 0.09) and the low-HDL, high-TG group (0.33 +/- 0.10), although only the latter value was significantly increased versus control subjects (p < 0.03). Increased apo A-I FCRs were associated with reduced HDL apo A-I levels in both groups of patients. Apo A-I PRs were similar in all groups. In contrast, LDL apo B PR was increased approximately 50% in the low-HDL, normal-TG group (19.3 +/- 6.6; p < 0.01) compared with normal subjects (12.5 +/- 2.6). There was a strong trend toward a greater LDL apo B PR in the low-HDL, high-TG group (17.6 +/- 4.5; p = 0.06 versus normal subjects) as well. LDL apo B FCRs were similar in all three groups. LDL apo B concentrations were also increased in the group with low HDL cholesterol and normal TG levels. Both groups with low HDL cholesterol levels had cholesterol-depleted LDL and HDL particles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
On the luminescence and absence of luminescence of F centers

A model, proposed originally by Dexter, Klick and Russell, is used to explain the occurence or non-occurence of F-center luminescence in ionic crystals, in terms of a simple two-state configuration coordinate diagram. In this model, which works for all known cases, luminescence is quenched by a competing non-radiative process whenever the intersection of the ground and excited state curves lies below the energy reached in absorption in a vertical (Franck-Condon) transition. The criterion for the occurence of luminescence is expressed as Λ < 1/4 , where Λ (=excited-state lattice-relaxation energy/optical-absorption energy) is a parameter, related to the relative displacement of the two curves, which can be inferred from data on the temperature dependence of the F-band line width. Thus the possibility of observing luminescence can be predicted from optical absorption data alone. It is found emperically that Λ for alkali halides with rocksalt structure is independent of lattice parameter, and the observed dependence of Λ on the ratio of ionic radii in terms of ion-size effects. Values of Λ range from 0.009 for CsF to 0.831 for LiI; NaCl with Λ = 0.260 is a marginal case for luminescence.
Lunar ice: Adsorbed water on subsurface polar dust

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry indicates that adsorbed water and goethite, a product of hydrated ilmenite, are thermally stable over geologic time in the lunar polar regions. Adsorbed water can undergo burial as a result of several mechanisms, thereby achieving protection from sputtering or Lyman α radiation losses. Adsorbed, subsurface water layers on lunar dust, and any hydrated minerals present, could account for a majority of the hydrogen at the north lunar pole as well as account for a portion of that found at the south pole, particularly in small (
An Iterative Technique for Absolute Deviations Curve Fitting

Abstract An iterative technique is proposed for the absolute deviations regression of data. At the heart of the technique is any standard least squares curve fitting algorithm. Hence, the resulting regression procedure is computationally simple, requires less storage and is faster than the linear programming algorithm recently proposed as a solution to this problem. Problems associated with non-unique solutions in least absolute deviations regression are also discussed.
Effects of high salt diets and taurine on the development of hypertension in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Taurine is present in high concentrations in mammalian tissues and has been implicated in cardiovascular control mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of taurine to attenuate salt-induced elevations in blood pressure and markers of damage to the kidney and cardiovascular system in stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SPSHR). Male SPSHR (6 weeks old) were placed on high salt diets that contained 1% (w/w) NaCl added to their normal chow for 84 days and then were switched to 3% added NaCl for the remaining 63 days of the study. SPSHR was given 1.5% taurine in the drinking water (n = 8), a taurine free diet (n = 8) or normal chow (n = 8). A final control group (n = 6) was not given high salt diets. High salt diets caused an acceleration in the development of hypertension in all groups. Taurine supplementation reduced ventricular hypertrophy and decreased urinary excretion of protein and creatinine. The taurine free diet did not alter serum or urinary excretion of taurine, but did result in elevated urinary nitrogen excretion, increased serum cholesterol levels, and impaired performance in a spatial learning task. Alterations in dietary taurine intake did not alter urinary or serum electrolytes (Na+, K+), but taurine supplementation did attenuate a rise in serum calcium seen with the high salt diets. Urinary excretion (μg/24 h) of epinephrine and dopamine was significantly reduced in SPSHR given 1% NaCl in the diet, but this effect was not seen in SPSHR on taurine free or supplemented diets. Taurine supplementation showed cardioprotective and renoprotective effects in SPSHR given high salt diets.
Vascular Apolipoprotein E Expression and Recruitment from Circulation to Modulate Smooth Muscle Cell Response to Endothelial Denudation

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) has been shown previously to have anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects on smooth muscle cells in culture. In addition, overexpression of the apoE gene also reduces neointimal hyperplasia in mice after endothelial denudation. In this investigation, immunohistochemical techniques were used to demonstrate that apoE was present in the medial smooth muscle layers of the carotid artery between 1 and 28 days after endothelial cell denudation. Analysis of transgenic mice overexpressing human apoE in the liver revealed that apoE was recruited from the circulation to the injured site of the vessel wall. In situ hybridization using a mouse-specific apoE mRNA probe confirmed that apoE was also synthesized in the carotid artery after endothelial denudation. Interestingly, apoE accumulation in apoE transgenic mice followed a layer-specific pattern, and was inversely associated with smooth muscle α-actin expression. The vascular accumulation of apoE after endothelial denudation, and its assocation with α-actin-depleted smooth muscle cells, suggest that apoE inhibition of injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia is not due to the inhibition of injury-induced smooth muscle cell de-differentiation, but is likely a direct effect of apoE on smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation.
Interlaminar Fatigue Crack Growth in Random Short-Fiber SMC Composite

The interlaminar fatigue crack growth behavior in a random short-fiber SMC-R50 com posite is studied. Experiments were conducted on double-cantilever-beam (DCB) composite specimens under displacement-controlled cyclic loading. Owing to large defor mation experienced in the specimen, a geometrically nonlinear fracture mechanics analy sis is employed to evaluate the associated cyclic strain energy release rate during crack propagation. The effect of mean nominal stress on interlaminar fatigue crack growth is studied. The fatigue crack growth behavior in the composite with different thicknesses and orientations is also examined. For the SMC composite studied, the interlaminar fatigue crack growth rate is found to follow a power-law relationship with the cyclic strain energy release rate. The value of the exponent in the power-law expression is much higher than those obtained for in-plane fatigue crack growth in the same composite and for the homog eneous neat resin. The significant effect of mean nominal str...
Comparison of the effects of rubidium and potassium on renin secretion from rat kidney slices.

It has been shown previously that both low ( 45 mM) concentrations of extracellular K inhibit the renin secretory rate of rat kidney slices, and that nonidentical Ca-dependent mechanisms appear to be involved. As Rb can substitute for K in many biological systems, the present experiments were designed to compare the effects of K and Rb on renin secretion of rat kidney slices. Adding either KCl or RbCl to a nominally K-free incubation medium stimulated renin secretory rate in concentration-dependent manners; secretory rate was half-maximally stimulated at approximately 1.5 mM and maximally stimulated at approximately 2–3 mM concentrations of either KCl or RbCl. Ouabain completely abolished the basal secretory rate, in either KCl- or RbCl-containing media. These results suggest that the effects of increasing KCl or RbCl in the range of 0.5–4 mM are attributable to stimulatory effects of Rb and K on Na-K-ATPase activity. Renin secretory rate was greatly inhibited by incubating kidney slices ...
Concentration of vacancies in gold single crystals deformed at high temperatures

Abstract Strain-enhanced diffusion effects are currently considered to result from an increased concentration of vacancies due to plastic deformation. To examine the validity of this consideration, gold single crystals were deformed at various strain rates, and at temperatures of about 600°C and quenched. The excess vacancies were investigated by measuring the resistivity changes on quenching and annealing. No appreciable increase in vacancy concentration over that due to thermal equilibrium was observed. This indicates that either the production rate of vacancies by deformation at high temperatures is small or the life time of vacancies at elevated temperatures is shorter than implied from the strain-enhanced diffusion effects. A possibly short life time also leads to the conclusion that the concentration of vacancies produced by deformation is too small to explain the strain-enhanced diffusion effects. Therefore, the strain-enhanced diffusion effects should be explained using a mechanism independent of excess vacancies.
Shortening and thickening of metropolitan Los Angeles measured and inferred by using geodesy

Geodetic measurements using the Global Positioning System and other techniques show north-south shortening near Los Angeles to be fastest across the northern part of the metropolitan area, where an ESE-striking, 5- to 40-km-wide belt lying to the south of San Gabriel Mountains and to the north of downtown and West Los Angeles is shortening at 5 mm/yr.
The Emancipation of Chinese Women

Before Mao Tse-tung joined the Communist Party, he had committed himself to the cause of Chinese women. His belief that women constitute one of the most downtrodden social groups persisted throughout the revolutionary struggle for power. He has continued to believe that the emancipation of Chinese women is an important policy issue.
Automatic DarkAdaptation Threshold Detection Algorithm

This paper describes an algorithm used to automatically determine the threshold sensitivity in a new dark adaptometer. The new instrument is controlled by a personal computer and can be used in the investigation of several retinal diseases. The stimulus field is delivered to the eye through the modified optics of a fundus camera. An automated light stimulus source was developed to operate together with this fundus camera. New control parameters were developed in this instrument to improve the traditional Goldmann-Weekers dark adaptometer
Practical, Ethical And Political Aspects Of Engaging "Man's Best Friend" In The War On Crime

This paper simultaneously analyzes the practical, ethical and political aspects of the use of dogs in law enforcement. After a brief discussion of the distinct types of situations and contributions which can be made by "canine cops," a number of topics such as relevant ethical issues, possible deterrent effects, and the role dogs can play in police-community relations are discussed. It is concluded that the benefits of employing canines in police work far exceeds the possible costs.
Hip-Hop and a Hybrid Text in a Postsecondary English Class.

This study explores the epistemology present in hip-hop music and its reflection in the writing of one African American student in a postsecondary transitional English class. An integration of hip-hop and academic literacy practices in the student's essay challenges the supremacy of a “standard” academic English and deficit perspectives about African American language and rhetorics. تشتكشف هذه الدراسة علم المعرفة الموجود في موسيقا هب هوب وانعكاسه في كتابة طالب إفريقي أمريكي في حصة اللغة الإنكليزية الانتقالية ما بعد الثانوية. ويتحدى إدماج هب هوب وممارسات التعلم الأكاديمية في ورقة الطالب سيادة الإنكليزية الأكاديمية المعيارية والمناظر الناقصة تجاه اللغة الإفريقية الأمريكية وبلاغتها. 本研究探讨出现于嘻哈音乐的认识论，及从一名非裔美国学生在一个衔接高等教育的英语课堂上所写的文章中反映出来这种的认识论。这学生的文章结合了嘻哈音乐与学术性读写文化实践，令所谓「标准」学术英语的无上权威受到挑战，也令有关非裔美国语言及修辞学的缺失观点受到挑战。 Cette etude analyse l'epistemologie presente dans la musique hip-hop et son reflet dans l'ecriture d'un etudiant afro-americain dans une classe d'anglais post-secondaire de transition. L'integration du hip-hop et des pratiques academiques de litteratie dans l'essai de l'etudiant met en question la suprematie de l'anglais academique « standard » et les conceptions relatives au deficit concernant la langue et la rhetorique afro-americaine. Исследуется эпистемология музыки стиля хип-хоп и ее отражение в письменных работах школьника афроамериканца, написанных на уроках английского языка в дополнительном летнем семестре после второго класса. Сочетание хип-хопа и академических подходов к грамотности в эссе этого ученика бросает вызов существующим представлениям о превосходстве “стандартного” академического английского языка и несостоятельности языка и риторики афроамериканцев. Este estudio explora la epistemologia presente en la musica hip-hop y como se refleja en la escritura de un estudiante africano americano en una clase de ingles postsecundaria de transicion. Una integracion del hi-hop y las practicas academicas de alfabetizacion en un ensayo del estudiante pone en tela de juicio la supremacia de un ingles academico estandar y las perspectivas de deficiencia en cuanto al habla y la retorica africano americana.
On the testing of multiplexers

Minimal test sets for different implementations of multiplexer are derived. The length of the minimal test set of any multiplexer is shown to be at least twice the number of data inputs. A set of pseudoexhaustive patterns is derived for different implementation. In all the implementations investigated, the length of the test was only 1.5 times the minimal length. The detectability profile of the different multiplexer implementations are derived. These profiles are used to determine the expected fault coverage of pseudorandom test patterns as a function of the test length. This fault coverage compared with coverage from actual simulations. >
VII.—Note on the Occurrence of Phosphatised Carbonate of Lime at Cave Ha, Yorkshire

It may be worth while to record the occurrence of phosphatised carbonate of lime in Cave Ha, near Giggleswick, which has been explored by Prof. Hughes (see Journal of the Anthropological Institute for December, 1873, vol. iii.). The phosphatised material, which forms stalagmitic layers at the side of and interstratified with the other deposits, is leaden-grey in colour, weathering light brown outside, friable, and full of small holes. Portions of it yielded, on analysis, a large per-centage of phosphate of lime.
Autumn Migration of Mississippi Flyway Mallards as Determined by Satellite Telemetry

Abstract We used satellite telemetry to study autumn migration timing, routes, stopover duration, and final destinations of mallards Anas platyrhynchos captured the previous spring in Arkansas from 2004 to 2007. Of those mallards that still had functioning transmitters on September 15 (n = 55), the average date when autumn migration began was October 23 (SE = 2.62 d; range = September 17–December 7). For those mallards that stopped for >1 d during migration, the average stopover length was 15.4 d (SE = 1.47 d). Ten mallards migrated nonstop to wintering sites. The eastern Dakotas were a heavily utilized stopover area. The total distance migrated per mallard averaged 1,407 km (SE = 89.55 km; range = 142–2,947 km). The average time spent on migration per individual between September 15 and December 15 was 27 d (SE = 2.88 d; range = 2–84 d). The state where most mallards were located on December 15 was Missouri (11) followed by Arkansas (8), while 5 mallards were still in Canada, and only 8 o...
An investigation of the cognitive processes underlying the keyword method of foreign vocabulary learning

The Keyword Method (KWM) of vocabulary learning is a mnemonic method designed to help students learn foreign vocabulary. It has been shown to be effective over several other memorization strategies. The present experiment was designed to explore the cognition underlying the effectiveness of the KWM. Specifically, both the degree of cognitive engagement with the method and visual encoding were examined as possible sources. Subjects were tested in a 2 (imagery level)×2 (processing strategy) mixed design. Each subject was asked to memorize 30 Latin vocabulary words, divided evenly among high- and low-imagery value words. Subjects were either provided with both keywords and interactions (the Given condition) or instructions to generate their own keywords and interactions (the Self-Generated condition). Retention was tested in both immediate and delayed post-tests. Results revealed a strong effect of imagery level in both post-tests. No significant main effect of processing strategy or interactions between ima...
A Knowledge-Based View of the Venture Creation Process: How Technology Entrepreneurs Mix Knowledge to Create Radical Innovation

The knowledge of technology entrepreneurs within the venture creation process is explored. A knowledge framework developed in 2000 by Scott Shane is used to assess technology entrepreneurs' knowledge prior to opportunity recognition and to measure knowledge acquired prior to the venture launch. The variables in the knowledge framework include ways to serve markets, customer problems, technology, and markets.Data from a survey of 145 founders of young technology ventures throughout the Midwest are used to identify the mix of variables from Shane's framework that is present at opportunity recognition, as well as the mix of knowledge present between recognition and the venture launch.Results indicate that technology knowledge outranks the other variables at opportunity recognition, while knowledge of customer problems is important prior to venture launch. These results do not appear to differ by industry. Finally, prior technology knowledge at opportunity recognition is the strongest predictor of radical innovation outcomes.
Urease Produced by Coccidioides posadasii Contributes to the Virulence of This Respiratory Pathogen

Urease activity during in vitro growth in the saprobic and parasitic phases of Coccidioides spp. is partly responsible for production of intracellular ammonia released into the culture media and contributes to alkalinity of the external microenvironment. Although the amino acid sequence of the urease of Coccidioides posadasii lacks a predicted signal peptide, the protein is transported from the cytosol into vesicles and the central vacuole of parasitic cells (spherules). Enzymatically active urease is released from the contents of mature spherules during the parasitic cycle endosporulation stage. The endospores, together with the urease and additional material which escape from the ruptured parasitic cells, elicit an intense host inflammatory response. Ammonia production by the spherules of C. posadasii is markedly increased by the availability of exogenous urea found in relatively high concentrations at sites of coccidioidal infection in the lungs of mice. Direct measurement of the pH at these infection sites revealed an alkaline microenvironment. Disruption of the urease gene of C. posadasii resulted in a marked reduction in the amount of ammonia secreted in vitro by the fungal cells. BALB/c mice challenged intranasally with the mutant strain showed increased survival, a well-organized granulomatous response to infection, and better clearance of the pathogen than animals challenged with either the parental or the reconstituted (revertant) strain. We conclude that ammonia and enzymatically active urease released from spherules during the parasitic cycle of C. posadasii contribute to host tissue damage, which exacerbates the severity of coccidioidal infection and enhances the virulence of this human respiratory pathogen.
Comparison between SFCL and TSC for voltage stability enhancement of wind generator system

This work proposes superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) device to enhance voltage stability of the fixed-speed wind generator system. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed SFCL methodology in detail, its performance is compared to that of the thyristor switched capacitor (TSC). The comparison is done in terms of voltage stability enhancement, controller complexity and cost. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is tested considering both permanent and temporary faults in the power system model consisting of a wind generator and a synchronous generator. In order to evaluate the system performance, we have used indices in terms of terminal voltage deviation and real power deviation of the wind generator. Simulations are performed through Matlab/Simulink software. Simulation results show that both the SFCL and TSC are effective in limiting the fault current as well as minimization of the voltage sag of the wind generator system. However, the performance of the SFCL is somewhat better than that of the TSC. Therefore, the proposed SFCL can be considered as an effective means of the voltage stability enhancement of wind generator system.
VAST challenge 2015 solver

We designed and implemented an ad-hoc system, VAST Challenge 2015 Solver (i.e. Solver), that integrates both the movement (MC1) and the communication data (MC2) as a whole to seek answers to the questions of VAST Challenge 2015 . The Solver presents linked visualization across multiple views to provide the user with a strongly interactive analysis environment. Targets and patterns can be easily traced and analyzed from multiple perspectives. We have applied several data processing and query optimization techniques to enable smooth user interaction experience.
Curriculum Mapping—An Essential Tool for Curriculum Development

Richard Dehn, PA-C, MPA University of Iowa Telephone: 319-335-8925 E-mail: Richard-dehn@uiowa.edu INTRODUCTION Curriculum development has become increasingly more difficult to manage due to the increasing fund of medical knowledge, the clinical skills expected of a well-educated physician assistant (PA), and the proliferation of educational strategies. Student-centered learning,1 evidence-based medicine,2 problem-based learning,3,4 integrated teaching,5 and standardized patients6 have all enjoyed vogue recently, while educators are still expected to maintain enabling and terminal instructional objectives.7,8 New approaches to assessment and new learning technologies have also attracted tremendous interest as well. An aspect of curricular development that has been relatively neglected is how curriculum developers communicate about the content of curriculum and track that content. How do faculty know what has been covered in the curriculum and when it has been addressed? How does assessment relate to the curriculum? Curriculum mapping provides answers to these questions. Specifically, it tracks what is taught, how it is taught, and when it is taught. It may include which assessment instruments measure the competencies gained in the teaching, as well. Because autonomy and academic freedom to build curriculum are closely guarded values of higher education, curricula have a tendency to shift when changes in faculty occur (eg, hiring new faculty, changing assignments of existing faculty). As a result, students can lose an important part of the curriculum. Curriculum mapping provides a context for planning and discussing the curriculum so that decisions are not made in a vacuum.9 This comes from faculty understanding the workings and the value of the process. Veteran and novice faculty alike must become familiar with the process of the mapping paradigm so that they will see the inherent value in knowing that what they plan to teach actually translates into a working curricular model that makes better use of faculty time and resources. Adopting a systematic yet flexible process is vital to stripping away the nonprogressive sentiments and the false sense of autonomy that may exist10 in adjusting curricula. Curriculum mapping is a spatial representation of the different components of the curriculum so that the whole picture and the relationships and connections between their parts are easily seen.11
Challenges in Identifying Refugees in National Health Data Sets.

Objectives. To evaluate publicly available data sets to determine their utility for studying refugee health.Methods. We searched for keywords describing refugees in data sets within the Society of General Internal Medicine Dataset Compendium and the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research database. We included in our analysis US-based data sets with publicly available documentation and a self-defined, health-related focus that allowed for an examination of patient-level factors.Results. Of the 68 data sets that met the study criteria, 37 (54%) registered keyword matches related to refugees, but only 2 uniquely identified refugees.Conclusions. Few health data sets identify refugee status among participants, presenting barriers to understanding refugees’ health and health care needs.Public Health Implications. Information about refugee status in national health surveys should include expanded demographic questions and focus on mental health and chronic disease.
Assessment of protection from systemic infection or disease afforded by low to intermediate titers of passively acquired neutralizing antibody against bovine viral diarrhea virus in calves

Colostrum-deprived calves (n = 24) were fed various amounts of colostrum, colostrum substitute, or milk replacer to establish a range in titer of passively acquired viral neutralizing antibody in serum. The calves were then challenge exposed intranasally with a virulent, noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV-890). After viral challenge exposure, calves were monitored for fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and diarrhea. In addition, viral isolation and viral titration were performed on specimens of nasal secretions, buffy coat cells, and serum obtained from the calves. Fever and systemic spread of virus were detected in calves that had viral neutralizing titer of 256 or lower. Calves that had viral neutralizing titer lower than 16 developed severe clinical disease manifested by fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and diarrhea. Severity and duration of signs of disease decreased as titers of passively acquired viral neutralizing antibody increased. These results indicate that low to intermediate titers of passively acquired viral neutralizing antibody were not sufficient to fully protect calves from virulent bovine viral diarrhea virus.
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Edema

Edema results from excess accumulation of interstitial fluid. This may be due to increased transfer of fluid across the capillary membranes or excess retention of salt and water. The kidneys play a significant role in promoting salt and water homeostasis. Correction of the primary disorder should be the main goal in the management. Diuretics aid in promoting increased excretion of salt and water.
CHAPTER VII – Probability and Information

The director of a life insurance company does not know when each of the insured will die, but he relies upon the calculus of probabilities and on the law of great numbers, and he is not deceived, since he distributes dividends to his stockholders.
REFINEMENTS OF RESOLUTION

This chapter discusses the refinements of resolution. The primary role of resolution refinements is to offer a variety of organization formats to the user of the resolution inference system. In the process of design of search control mechanisms, organizational structures are sought that support good design of the control structure. Basic resolution is not an ideal candidate. The basic resolution procedure requires that each new resolvent be resolved with every given clause and with every resolvent previously obtained to assure the appearance of the empty clause when the given set is indeed unsatisfiable. For few very simple problems, the type of organization and control is irrelevant because the set of possible or reasonable resolvents is small and the empty clause appears quickly no matter what the plan of attack is. The refinements chosen for analysis in a study described in the chapter are those whose naturalness should encourage accommodation with sophisticated search control designs. Some of the restrictions applicable to resolution procedures are simple elimination rules, which might be superimposed on any refinement.
Some Aspects of Crack Growth in Creep-Brittle Materials

Much research to date has focused on creep-ductile materials where crack growth is accompanied by significant accumulation of creep deformation in the cracked body. Less attention has been devoted to creep-brittle materials which exhibit more rapid crack growth rates in the presence of limited creep deformation. Creep-ductile and creep-brittle materials have significantly different creep zone shapes during crack growth. Moreover, the mechanisms for crack growth may differ.
Permanent Magnet Films for Applications

Permanent magnet films have been made by at least five methods. Three of these utilize sputtering in various forms divided principally into films subsequently crystallized from amorphous deposits, films directly crystallized onto heated substrates, and films using film-substrate epitaxy to establish alignment. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and most recently pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) have also to a limited extent been used to deposit high-coercivity films. Permanent magnet films are operationally defined as films exhibiting room-temperature intrinsic coercivities of 5 kOe or more, with coercivity values ranging up to at least 50 kOe. The different techniques characteristically are used to produce high coercivity films, and/or high-magnetic energy-density films. The high-magnetic energy density films with values greater than about 15 MGOe generally require preferentially crystallographically aligned films to be synthesized. When high coercivity alone is sufficient, films crystallized from amorphous deposits may be utilized. Permanent magnet film applications are distinctly split between potential magnetic-recording applications requiring films less than 100 nm, and relatively thicker films for magnetic biasing and the associated magnetic circuits. The thickness of the permanent magnet films required for specific applications largely determine what growth methods can be used. This chapter describes the specific magnetic properties observed for different permanent magnet film systems, and the principal film-deposition methods employed for the different systems.
Resurrection and the separated soul

Aquinas argued that human beings are material things, and he took the human soul to be the form of the human body. He argued that the individuation of a substance is a function of its substantial form. For Aquinas, the substantial form of any material substance configures prime matter, the matter that is devoid of every form, without any configuration. The constitution is not identity for Aquinas, so it was also possible for him to suppose that a particular substance survives even the loss of some of its metaphysical constituents, provided that the remaining constituents can exist on their own and are sufficient for the existence of the substance. Aquinas accepted the Christian doctrine that, after the death and before the resurrection of the body, the soul persists in a separated state. For Aquinas, preservation of identity is not something that has to be guaranteed by recomposing the human being of the same bits of matter-form composites, such as atoms, as before. On Aquinas's account, the soul is what makes unformed prime matter into the human being by configuring prime matter in such a way that the matter is the living animal capable of intellective cognition. Aquinas argued that the individuation and identity of anything is provided by its substantial form. Aquinas argued that, resurrection is not so much reassembly of integral parts as it is reconstitution of metaphysical parts.
You remind me of someone awesome: Narcissistic tolerance is driven by perceived similarity

Abstract Previous research suggests that narcissists (vs. non-narcissists) may be more tolerant of other narcissists. However, previous research on this topic has involved methodologies that rely on trait-relevant priming rather than observations of actual behavior, thus limiting the generalizability of the findings. The current study examined whether narcissists tolerate narcissists by assessing participants' reactions to actors behaving in a narcissistic or non-narcissistic fashion. Narcissism was positively associated with liking in the narcissistic-actor condition and negatively associated with liking in the non-narcissistic-actor condition. Path modeling suggested that this interaction was mediated by perceived similarity and tendencies to selectively interpret the actor's behavior. These findings have implications for how narcissists view other narcissists and interpret social information.
Global Symmetries, Volume Independence, and Continuity in Quantum Field Theories.

We discuss quantum field theories with global SU(N) and O(N) symmetries for which temporal direction is compactified on a circle of size L with periodicity of fields up to a global symmetry transformation, i.e., twisted boundary conditions. Such boundary conditions correspond to an insertion of the global symmetry operator in the partition function. We argue in general and prove in particular for CP(N-1) and O(N) nonlinear sigma models that large-N volume independence holds. Further we show that the CP(N-1) theory is free from the Affleck phase transition confirming the Unsal-Dunne continuity conjecture.
Success and Suppression: Arabic Sciences and Philosophy in the Renaissance

Before the early sixteenth century, Renaissance scholars had almost no access to reliable Arabic sources for biographical details on even the most widely-known authors. Thus in 1483, when the Augus...