cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commodity Exchange-Traded Funds: Observations on Risk Exposure and Performance

This paper compares returns of ETFs holding physical commodities and ETFs holding derivative products to their respective spot commodity returns to identify significant performance differences based on the ETF assets. We regress ETF returns on spot commodity returns to estimate beta and R2 values. We use these Beta and R2 values to evaluate the relationship between the ETFs and their spot prices. We found that the physical ETFs perform more consistently with their spot commodities; these products are more likely to provide the expected risk exposure investors desire. Also this paper performs two mean comparison tests: the first compares the returns of the ETFs with their spot commodities; while the second compares the Sharpe Ratios of the ETFs with the Sharpe Ratios generated by their spot commodities. Our analysis of the Sharpe Ratios found that futures based ETFs have considerable performance divergence from the physical commodity depending on if the futures market is in backwardation or contango. Finally this paper evaluates the performance of the stack and strip methods used by WTI Crude Oil based ETFs. We found that the use of a strip method improved the performance of the WTI Crude Oil ETF when the contango in the futures market became more severe, and eroded performance as the market became flat or backwardated.
Malignant primary intraosseous meningioma in a pediatric patient: A case report and review

Abstract Introduction This is the first case of a malignant, pediatric PIOM reported in the United States. Primary extradural meningiomas (PEM) arise in locations other than dura, outside the intracranial compartment. Primary Intraosseous Meningiomas (PIOMs) are a rare subset of PEM that arise in bone. Case report A 16 year old female, neurologically intact, mildly tender swelling over her right forehead that increased in size, accompanied by headaches and dizziness. Imaging demonstrated a lesion infiltrating the frontal calvarium and the adjacent intracranial and extracranial soft tissues. Surgical resection was performed. Pathology supported the diagnosis of anaplastic meningioma (WHO grade III). Discussion PIOMs are a rare subset arising in bone. In an extensive review, less than 150 cases of PIOMs were found. It likely originates from entrapment of arachnoid cap cells, congenitally or after development. Treatment is similar to intradural meningiomas, namely a potentially curative resection. Resection and cranioplasty should be performed simultaneously. Adjuvant radiation, chemotherapy and bisphosphonates are recommended.
The archipelagic thought of Asia is One (1973) and the documentary film collective NDU

This essay explores the work of the legendary Japanese documentary film collective Nihon Documentarist Union (NDU) through their writings and their provocative film Asia is One (1973). It interpret...
Expression of TRPV1 channels by Cajal-Retzius cells and layer-specific modulation of synaptic transmission by capsaicin in the mouse hippocampus.

Key points By taking advantage of calcium imaging and electrophysiology, we provide direct pharmacological evidence for the functional expression of TRPV1 channels in hippocampal Cajal-Retzius cells. Application of the TRPV1 activator capsaicin powerfully enhances spontaneous synaptic transmission in the hippocampal layers that are innervated by the axons of Cajal-Retzius cells. Capsaicin-triggered calcium responses and membrane currents in Cajal-Retzius cells, as well as layer-specific modulation of spontaneous synaptic transmission, are absent when the drug is applied to slices prepared from TRPV1- /- animals. We discuss the implications of the functional expression of TRPV1 channels in Cajal-Retzius cells and of the observed TRPV1-dependent layer-specific modulation of synaptic transmission for physiological and pathological network processing. Abstract The vanilloid receptor TRPV1 forms complex polymodal channels that are expressed by sensory neurons and play a critical role in nociception. Their distribution pattern and functions in cortical circuits are, however, much less understood. Although TRPV1 reporter mice have suggested that, in the hippocampus, TRPV1 is predominantly expressed by Cajal-Retzius cells (CRs), direct functional evidence is missing. As CRs powerfully excite GABAergic interneurons of the molecular layers, TRPV1 could play important roles in the regulation of layer-specific processing. Here, we have taken advantage of calcium imaging with the genetically encoded indicator GCaMP6s and patch-clamp techniques to study the responses of hippocampal CRs to the activation of TRPV1 by capsaicin, and have compared the effect of TRPV1 stimulation on synaptic transmission in layers innervated or non-innervated by CRs. Capsaicin induced both calcium responses and membrane currents in ∼50% of the cell tested. Neither increases of intracellular calcium nor whole-cell currents were observed in the presence of the TRPV1 antagonists capsazepine/Ruthenium Red or in slices prepared from TRPV1 knockout mice. We also report a powerful TRPV1-dependent enhancement of spontaneous synaptic transmission onto interneurons with dendritic trees confined to the layers innervated by CRs. In conclusion, our work establishes that functional TRPV1 is expressed by a significant fraction of CRs and we propose that TRPV1 activity may regulate layer-specific synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Lastly, as CR density decreases during postnatal development, we also propose that functional TRPV1 receptors may be related to mechanisms involved in CR progressive reduction by calcium-dependent toxicity/apoptosis.
Prism spectrometer analysis for field use

The Spectrometer Arduino Mega (SpAM) is a prism spectrometer that has been designed and fabricated by the Remote Sensing Group (RSG) at the College of Optical Sciences of the University of Arizona. SpAM is designed to be a low budget, stand alone, solar powered field spectrometer. RSG plans to use SpAM to measure the reflectance of natural surfaces in the field. After the laboratory calibration of SpAM, it will be deployed to the Radiometric Calibration Test Site (RadCaTS) at Railroad Valley, Nevada. A satellite uplink will allow RSG to upload SpAM measurements on a daily basis. SpAM measures and records the spectral composition of a light source or light reflected from a surface. The prism inside of SpAM refracts the input light onto a linear array of 512 silicon detectors. The detector-prism combination produces a spectral resolution of ~2 nm, and the overall spectral range is 433–760 nm. The spectral radiometric measurements produced by SpAM are stored and processed by an Arduino mega micro controller with network capabilities for field applications. SpAM will be used to analyze the spectral reflectance of Railroad Valley dry lake, and its accuracy and performance will be determined by a comparison with filter-based radiometers that have been produced by RSG. This work presents the design and instrumentation of SpAM, and an assessment of its ability to provide radiometric results for satellite calibration and other radiometric measurement applications.
Making Decisions with Trees: Examining Marijuana Outcomes among College Students using Recursive Partitioning

Exploratory analyses were used to identify a unique constellations of variables that are associated with marijuana use outcomes among college students. We used recursive partitioning to examine over 100 putative antecedents of lifetime marijuana user status, past-month marijuana user status, and negative marijuana-related consequences. Participants (N=8141) completed measures online across 11 sites in the USA. Norms (descriptive, injunctive, and internalized norms) and marijuana identity best distinguished marijuana users from non-users (i.e., lifetime/past month), whereas marijuana use frequency, use of protective behavioral strategies, and positive/negative urgency best distinguished the degree to which users reported negative consequences. Our results demonstrate that tree-based modeling is a useful methodological tool in the selection of targets for future clinical research. Additional research is needed to determine if these factors are causal antecedents, rather than consequences or epiphenomena. We hope this large sample study provides the impetus to develop intervention strategies targeting these factors.
Investigating How Students Relate Inner Products and Quantum Probabilities.

After instruction, many students lack a functional understanding of quantum states and inner products that would allow them to translate between Dirac notation and wave function representation.
The Development of Romantic Partner Involvement and Tolerance of Deviance among Juvenile Offenders: Relevance for Offending Behaviors in Early Adulthood

This study sought to elucidate heterogeneity in developmental patterns of romantic relationship characteristics and examine the relevance of patterns for predicting offending in adulthood. Group-ba...
Disequilibrium in Arts and Arts Education: Sustainability as Loss through Giving

Sustainability defined as ecological restoration and stewardship (Blandy, Congdon & Krug, 1998; Garoian, 1998), environmental justice (Hicks & King, 2007), and politicizing arts and arts education ...
Basic Mathematical Techniques

In the preceding chapter, it was shown that in order to find an optimal solution to a particular design problem, three things were required: (a) to determine the class of all possible solutions to the problem, (b) to assign to each such solution a certain number, which represents the cost it involves, and (c) to search among the set of costs to find that which is least. The remainder of the book is concerned with stages (a) and (b), which belong mainly to the realm of natural science. The present chapter, however, is devoted to a discussion of (c), which is pure mathematics.
Cryo-EM reveals the architecture of the dimeric cytochrome P450 CYP102A1 enzyme and conformational changes required for redox partner recognition.

Cytochrome P450 family 102 subfamily A member 1 (CYP102A1) is a self-sufficient flavohemeprotein and a highly active bacterial enzyme capable of fatty acid hydroxylation at a >3,000 min−1 turnover rate. The CYP102A1 architecture has been postulated to be responsible for its extraordinary catalytic prowess. However, the structure of a functional full-length CYP102A1 enzyme remains to be determined. Herein, we used a cryo-EM single-particle approach, revealing that full-length CYP102A1 forms a homodimer in which both the heme and FAD domains contact each other. The FMN domain of one monomer was located close to the heme domain of the other monomer, exhibiting a trans configuration. Moreover, full-length CYP102A1 is highly dynamic, existing in multiple conformational states, including open and closed states. In the closed state, the FMN domain closely contacts the FAD domain, whereas in the open state, one of the FMN domains rotates away from its FAD domain and traverses to the heme domain of the other monomer. This structural arrangement and conformational dynamics may facilitate rapid intraflavin and trans FMN-to-heme electron transfers (ETs). Results with a variant having a 12-amino-acid deletion in the CYP102A1 linker region, connecting the catalytic heme and the diflavin reductase domains, further highlighted the importance of conformational dynamics in the ET process. Cryo-EM revealed that the Δ12 variant homodimer is conformationally more stable and incapable of FMN-to-heme ET. We conclude that closed-to-open alternation is crucial for redox partner recognition and formation of an active ET complex for CYP102A1 catalysis.
Association between cell-free DNA fetal fraction and gestational diabetes.

Objective To determine the association between cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fetal fraction and gestational diabetes (GDM) in a cohort of women presenting for cfDNA screening for fetal aneuploidy. Methods A retrospective cohort study of women with singleton pregnancies who had cfDNA screening at a single institution at 10 to 20 weeks gestation between October 2011 and October 2017. Fetal fractions were adjusted for gestational age (GA) using multiples of the median (MoM). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of GDM controlling for potential confounders. Results Two thousand six hundred twenty-three pregnancies met criteria. Women with GDM had a lower fetal fraction (0.93 MoM vs. 1.05 MoM, P = .002). However, the association between fetal fraction and GDM was not significant after adjusting for body mass index (BMI) [OR 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.52-1.36; P = .48]. Since insulin resistance increases at later GAs, separate analysis on women with GA 14 to 20 weeks was performed. Again, the association between fetal fraction and GDM was not significant after adjusting for BMI, (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.31-2.12; P = .67). Conclusion Low or high fetal fraction of cfDNA was not associated with GDM. Although fetal fraction was lower among women diagnosed with GDM, this relationship was no longer statistically significant once maternal BMI was taken into account.
Disaggregating the Police Function

Policing imposes serious and extensive harm, from shootings and non-lethal uses of force, to stops, searches, arrests, and incarceration. All of this comes with pervasive racial disparities. Scholars and advocates tend to see these harms as collateral to policing, and seek to address them with “harm-regulating” tools such as civil rights suits, prosecution of police officers, elimination of qualified immunity, more Department of Justice investigations, civilian review boards, and the like. Harm-regulation techniques are unlikely to be successful, however, as we see all too well in practice. Harm is not collateral to policing, it is innate to it. We call police crimefighters, we train them in using force and enforcing the law, and we deploy them to do this. So, it should come as no surprise that what we get is force, and law enforcement. And that this approach does little to address the sorts of social problems—from homelessness to substance abuse to mental illness—that police confront every day. This Article take an entirely different approach to the harms of policing, looking to the very core of the policing function itself. It disaggregates what police officers are called upon to do daily into their constituent functions, asking in each instance: are force and law the appropriate responses, and if not, what are? Crimefighting actually is a very small part of what police do every day, and their actual work requires an entirely different range of skills, among them: mediation skills to address conflict, social work skills to get people the long-term solutions they need, interviewing and investigative skills to really solve crimes, and victim-assistance. Yet, police are barely trained in any of this, so, it is no surprise harm is the result. This Article suggests a range of solutions designed not to reduce harm collaterally, but to reduce altogether the footprint of force and law. Police need to be trained in radically different ways. We either need to change fundamentally the nature of the policing agency workforce, or move police to the background, bringing in other agencies of government to address the actually problems police face on a day-to-day basis. It proposes a totally novel idea for generalist first responders. And it argues that we must reduce criminalization. In short, to reduce the harms of policing, we need to reimagine public safety from the ground up.
Children’s developing reflections on and understanding of creativity

Abstract Children’s creativity is often investigated through adults’ subjective judging of novelty in a product, or by assessing the flexibility of children’s thinking. These approaches do not explicitly ask children to reflect on what they think is creative and often ignore children’s metacognitive understanding of creativity. We took two approaches to examining this development. First, using semi-structured interviews, we asked children, ages of 5–10 (N = 75), to define creativity and reflect theirs and others’ creative actions (Study 1). As children got older, they reflected more on the novelty of the action and were more likely to describe creativity as a process that could be applied generally. Second, using more laboratory-based methods, we asked 5- to 10-year-olds (N = 137) and adults (N = 150) about the role that novelty (Study 2) and utility (Study 3) play in creative actions. In Study 2, children were more likely to judge that a novel action was more creative as they got older, and there was no difference between children and adults’ responses by age 8. In Study 3, when two novel actions were contrasted, and one was more useful (but less novel), adults chose the useful action as more creative, whereas older children chose the more novel action. Overall, children’s understanding of creativity as a general process undergoes significant change around mid-childhood, which has implications for its importance for informal learning environments.
Pediatric Mass Casualty Preparedness

Disaster medicine refers to situations in which the need to care for patients outweighs the available resources. It is imperative for anesthesiologists to be involved at a leadership level in mass casualty/disaster preparedness planning. Mass casualty disaster plans should be clear, concise, and easy to follow. Terror events and natural disasters can differ significantly in anesthesia preparedness. Resiliency is an important aspect of the recovery phase that decreases psychological damage in the aftermath of a mass casualty event.
Functional Assessment in Dual Diagnosis

Functional assessment has become a cornerstone of applied behavior analysis. Nowhere is this trend more important than with respect to dual diagnosis. Both externalizing and internalizing mental health disorders have environmental triggers, and challenging behaviors have maintaining variables. A variety of direct observation methods such as experimental functional assessment, naturalistic observations, and normed-based assessments are used and are described here.
Same shame: national, regional, and international discourses surrounding Shoaib Mansoor’s cinematic portrayal of gender oppression

This article explores the essential role feminist media texts play in fostering global connections and disconnections by centering on contemporary Pakistani cinema, an understudied segment of South...
A discrete $\phi^4$ system without a Peierls - Nabarro barrier

A discrete system is proposed which preserves the topological lower bound on the kink energy. Existence of static kink solutions saturating this lower bound and occupying any position relative to the lattice is proved. Consequently, kinks of the model experience no Peierls - Nabarro barrier, and can move freely through the lattice without being pinned. Numerical simulations reveal that kink dynamics in this system is significantly less dissipative than that of the conventional discrete system, so that even on extremely coarse lattices the kink behaves much like its continuum counterpart. It is argued, therefore, that this is a natural discretization for the purpose of numerically studying soliton dynamics in the continuum model.
Biological and clinical aspects of HPV-related cancers

Cancer-related diseases represent the second overall cause of death worldwide. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is an infectious agent which is mainly sexually transmitted and may lead to HPV-associated cancers in both men and women. Almost all cervical cancers are HPV-associated, however, an increasing number of head and neck cancers (HNCs), especially oropharyngeal cancer, can be linked to HPV infection. Moreover, anogenital cancers, including vaginal, vulvar, penial, and anal cancers, represent a subset of HPV-related cancers. Whereas testing and prevention of cervical cancer have significantly improved over past decades, anogenital cancers remain more difficult to confirm. Current clinical trials including patients with HPV-related cancers focus on finding proper testing for all HPV-associated cancers as well as improve the currently applied treatments. The HPV viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, lead to degradation of, respectively, p53 and pRb resulting in entering the S phase without G1 arrest. These high-risk HPV viral oncogenes alter numerous cellular processes, including DNA repair, angiogenesis, and/or apoptosis, which eventually result in carcinogenesis. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis of gene expression and alteration among a panel of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) repair genes in HPV-negative and HPV-positive HNC cancers reveals differences pointing to HPV-dependent modifications of DNA repair processes in these cancers. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding HPV-related cancers, current screening, and treatment options as well as DNA damage response-related biological aspects of the HPV infection and clinical trials.
LevioSAM: Fast lift-over of alternate reference alignments

Motivation: As more population genetics datasets and population-specific references become available, the task of translating ("lifting") read alignments from one reference coordinate system to another is becoming more common. Existing tools generally require a chain file, whereas VCF files are the more common way to represent variation. Existing tools also do not make effective use of threads, creating a post-alignment bottleneck. Results: LevioSAM is a tool for lifting SAM/BAM alignments from one reference to another using a VCF file containing population variants. LevioSAM uses succinct data structures and scales efficiently to many threads. When run downstream of a read aligner, levioSAM completes in less than 13% the time required by an aligner when both are run with 16 threads.
Understanding the preference for receiving mental health and substance use support in African Americans 50 and older.

OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine whether current tobacco and/or alcohol use is associated with setting preferences for seeking support for substance use (SU) and mental health (MH) services to African Americans ages 50 and older. METHODS Data from 368 African American individuals (aged 50+) who participated in a community-based needs assessment survey were used. Preferences included community-based (e.g., health centers) and traditional settings (e.g., doctor's office). SU was measured as a categorical variable detailing past-month use of conventional cigarettes and alcohol graded by risk levels. Logistic regression models tested the associations between SU and setting preference before and after adjusting for the influence of self-reported MH diagnoses. RESULTS Prior to adjustment for the influence of MH outcomes, high-risk use of tobacco and alcohol in the past month was associated with a lower odds of preferring MH/SU support in traditional settings (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.06-0.85) compared to participants engaged in no-/low- risk substance use. This association was no longer significant after accounting for the influence of mental health symptoms and covariates. DISCUSSION These results provide preliminary evidence that mental health outcomes mediate the association between substance use and setting preference for seeking MH/SU support in traditional settings. TRANSLATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE This exploratory study encourages additional investigation of the association between substance use, setting preferences, and the likelihood of seeking treatment in community health centers using larger sample sizes. Additional opportunities to offer mental health/substance use support to African American older adults within clinical settings should be explored.
Photoacoustic Necrotic Region Mapping for Radiofrequency Ablation Guidance

Radiofrequency (RF) ablation is an effective minimally invasive therapy for diseases including cancer and cardiac arrhythmia by heating the problematic lesions using an electric current. RF procedures lack direct, intraoperative, realtime feedback on the size and extent of ablation-induced necrosis, making the assessment of procedure completeness difficult. Previous studies have suggested that photoacoustic (PA) imaging can detect ablated lesions based on their PA spectrum difference from that of non-ablated tissues. In this work, we introduce a PA-based necrotic region mapping, focusing on visualizing the extent of ablation-induced necrosis and its lesion distribution. Real-time visual feedback on the growth of the ablation necrotic region is expected to reduce recurrence and procedural complications by avoiding incomplete and excessive ablation, respectively. The extent of necrosis is quantified based on the contribution from the ablated spectra intensity with respect to the total intensity combining with non-ablated spectra. We visualized it with continuous colormap to present the necrotic lesion size and extent. A PA image-guided ablation system consists of a side-firing linear array transducer, a laser pulse illuminating fiber bundle, and an RF ablation catheter. Three wavelengths (700nm, 740nm, and 760nm) were used for continuous illumination. The necrotic region mapping computation was applied to identify the growth of necrotic lesions over time. We applied continuous PA imaging to an ex-vivo swine liver tissue during the RF ablation. The growth of the necrotic region area was visualized through the ablation. Direct comparison between the acquired image and gross pathology demonstrated the system could monitor necrotic region size. The measured necrotic region was 5.93 mm in width, matching with the actual width of 6.2 mm. The ablated area was measured as 2.81 mm2 after the ablation. The results suggest that PA image-guided ablation system has the potential to be incorporated into clinical practice to guide ablation procedures.
On the threshold Voltage of strained-Si-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ MOSFETs

The threshold voltage shifts (/spl Delta/V/sub t(SS)/ relative to V/sub t/ of Si-control devices) in strained-Si-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ (SS) CMOS devices are carefully examined in terms of the shifted two-dimensional energy subbands and the modified effective conduction- and valance-band densities of states. Increased electron affinity as well as bandgap narrowing in the SS layer are shown to be the predominant components of /spl Delta/V/sub t(SS)/, whereas the density-of-state terms tend to be relatively small but not insignificant. The study reveals, for both n-channel and p-channel SS MOSFETs, important physical insights on the varied surface potential at threshold, defined by energy quantization as well as the strain, and on the shifted flat-band voltage that is also part of /spl Delta/V/sub t(SS)/. Models for /spl Delta/V/sub t(SS)/ dependent on the Ge content (x), with comparisons to published data, are presented and used to show that redesign of channel doping in the SS nMOSFET to increase the significantly reduced V/sub tn(SS)/ for off-state current control tends to substantively diminish the inherent SS CMOS relative speed enhancement, e.g., by more than 40% for x=0.20. Interestingly, the SS pMOSFET model predicts small increases in the magnitude of V/sub tp(SS)/.
A Micromechanical Model for Hygrothermoelastic Heterogeneous Materials

A micromechanics model has been developed for predicting effective hygrothermoelastic properties of composite materials and recovering the local fields within the unit cell. Starting from the functional of free energy, a variational statement governing the micromechanics model was formulated through an asymptotic expansion of the functional of free energy. Finite element method was employed to solve the fluctuation functions, which in turn were used to obtain the effective material properties and to recover the distributions of the local fields. Numerical examples were used to validate the theory and the code.
On the Adequacy of Dependence-Based Representations for Programs with Heaps

Program dependence graphs (pdgs) are popular tools for reasoning about a program's semantics. This report proves two fundamental theorems about the representational soundness of pdgs for languages with heap-allocated storage and reference variables. The first, the Pointer-Language Equivalence Theorem, asserts that pdgs adequately represent a program's meaning. The second, the Pointer-Language Slicing Theorem, asserts that pdgs adequately represent a program's threads of computation. These theorems are demonstrated with two new lemmas about the semantics of pdgs for languages that lack pointer variables. These lemmas, the Dynamic Equivalence and Dynamic Slicing Theorems, state that an edge can safely be removed from a program's pdg if this edge represents a static dependence that does not arise at run-time.
Implied Volatilities as Forecasts of Future Volatility, Time-Varying Risk Premia, and Returns Variability

The unbiasedness tests of implied volatility as a forecast of future realized volatility have found implied volatility to be a biased predictor. We explain this puzzle by recognizing that option prices contain a market risk premium not only on the asset itself, but also on its volatility. Hull and White (1987) show using a stochastic volatility model that a call option price can be represented as an expected value of the Black-Scholes formula evaluated at the average integrated volatility. If we allow volatility risk to be priced, this expectation should be taken under the risk-neutral probability measure, and can be decomposed into the expectation with respect to the physical measure and the risk-premium term. This term is just a linear function of the unobservable spot volatility. The decomposition explains the bias documented in the empirical literature and shows that the realized and historical volatility, which are used in the tests, are in fact the estimates of the unobserved quadratic variation and spot volatility of the stock-return generating process. Therefore, the use of these estimates generates the error-in-the-variables problem. We generalize the above results from a stochastic volatility model to a model with multiple volatility and jump factors. We provide an empirical illustration based on two US equity indices and three foreign currency rates. We find, that when we take into an account the risk-premium and use efficient methods to estimate volatility, the unbiasedness hypothesis can not be rejected, and the point estimate of the loading on the implied volatility in the traditional regression is equal to 1.
Learning Business Law by Doing It: Real Transactions in Law School Clinics

This Article discusses the business clinic movement and how legal educators view them as being an excellent vehicle for inculcating the values and practices that business lawyers hold dear. Business clinics may help students better appreciate the challenges of business lawyering, which they sometimes misunderstand as merely a forms practice. The Author believes that by putting students in the middle of real transactions, they gain a deeper understanding of the subtleties of making a transaction come together.
Gravity, Oceanic Angular Momentum, and the Earth’s Rotation

The angular momentum of the oceans changes as both the distribution of mass within the oceans changes and as the direction and speed of oceanic currents change. Since, in the absence of external torques, the angular momentum of the solid Earth-atmosphere-ocean system is conserved, the changing oceanic angular momentum will cause the solid Earth’s angular momentum to change, or, in other words, will cause the Earth’s rotation to change. The changing distribution of mass within the oceans also causes the Earth’s gravitational field to change, an effect that will soon be measured by the CHAMP and GRACE satellite missions. By measuring changes in the second-degree spherical harmonic coefficients of the Earth’s gravitational field, which are related to the elements of the Earth’s inertia tensor, CHAMP and GRACE will, in effect, be directly measuring changes in the Earth’s rotation caused by mass redistribution.
Family-Centered Pediatric Emergency Care: A Framework for Measuring What Parents Want and Value.

Abstract Objective To identify and describe dimensions of family-centered care important to parents in pediatric emergency care and compare them to those currently defined in the literature. Methods A qualitative study was conducted involving 8 focus groups with parents who accompanied their child to an emergency department visit at a large tertiary-care pediatric health system. Participants were identified using purposive sampling to achieve representation across demographic characteristics including child's race, insurance status, severity, and participant's relationship to child. Focus groups were segmented by patient age and presence of a chronic condition. They were moderated by a facilitator experienced in health-related topics. A 6-member multidisciplinary team completed a content analysis. Results Sixty-eight parents participated. They were female (77%); aged 20 to 29 years (19%), 30 to 39 years (47%), more than 40 years (31%); black (44%), white (52%); and married (50%). Their child's characteristics were: public insurance (52%); black (46%), white (46%); and admitted as an inpatient (46%). The analysis resulted in 8 dimensions: 1) emotional support; 2) coordination; 3) elicit and respect preferences, and involve the patient and family in care decisions; 4) timely and attentive care; 5) information, communication, and education; 6) pain management; 7) safe and child-focused environment; and 8) continuity and transition. Compared to those published in the literature, the most notable differences were combining involving family and respect for preferences into a single dimension, and separating physical comfort into 2 dimensions: pain management and safe/child-focused environment. Conclusions The resulting dimensions provide a framework for measuring and improving the delivery of family-centered pediatric emergency care.
Winter Wheat Response to Nitrogen and Irrigation

(...) Two-year average data showed that 140 kg N ha −1 was sufficient for maximum grain yields on treatment I-1, while 70 kg N ha −1 was sufficient on treatments on I-2 and I-3, and no N response occurred on treatment I-4. Compared to treatment I-1, grain yields were 27, 32, and 52% less on treatments I-3, I-2, and I-4, respectively. Water use efficiency (WUE) increased with increments of N through 140 kg ha −1 on treatment I-1, and through 70 kg ha −1 on treatments I-2, and I-3 but applied N did not affect WUE on treatment I-4. (...)
METABOLIC COMPETITION BETWEEN DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE AND STROPHANTHIN-G IN THE RAT1

SINCE there is a degree of structural similarity between the cardiac aglucones and the sodium-retaining steroids of the adrenal cortex, there are theoretical grounds for the existence of a metabolic competition. Experimental data bearing on such a possible relationship are desirable for elucidation of the mechanism of action of the cardiac glycosides. The observations which will be described relate to interactions between desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) and ouabain (strophanthin-G) in the intact rat, with special reference to organ weights, tissue electrolyte concentrations and adrenal histology. methods Male, albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain, with a weight range of 175–230 g., were placed on an ad libitum complete purified diet which contained 30 mM. Na and 6 mM. K per 100 g. drjr diet. The composition of this diet has been given in a previous publication (Gardner et al., 1952). The animals were maintained in a constant temperature room at 78° F. Ouabain was selected for use because of its wat...
Fetal cortical astrocytes migrate from cortical homografts throughout the host brain and over the glia limitans

The cerebral cortices from 14-day gestation rat embryos were prelabeled with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutin (PHAL) and then homografted into freshly made implantation pockets in the host cerebral cortex. Animals were sacrificed at 30 and 60 days postimplantation (DPI). Paraffin sections were double labeled for the presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a specific marker for astrocytes, and PHAL, utilized as a marker for transplant-derived cells. Transplant-derived astrocytes were found on the glia limitans along the entire circumference of the brain, in the hippocampal commissure, corpus callosum, internal capsule, entopeduncular nucleus, habenular commissure, brachium of the superior colliculus, optic tract, optic chiasm, and sensory root of the trigeminal nerve. Transplanted astrocytes entered the spaces of Virchow-Robin, and migrated along parenchymal blood vessels and between the ependymal and subependymal layers of the third and lateral ventricles. The presence of basal lamina or parallel nerve fiber bundles was a common factor for these migration routes.
Time-independent theory of multiphoton ionization of an atom by an intense field

We formulate a computationally feasible method for calculating multiphoton ionization rates for atoms exposed to intense fields in the intensity regime where perturbation theory ceases to apply. The method is based on the time-independent picture of ionization, which starts with the Floquet ansatz. The question of the gauge of the radiation field is discussed in some detail. Various expressions for the ionization amplitude are derived from a variational principle, with the radiation field expressed in the velocity gauge. We consider in particular an approximation in which the wave vector developing from the initial state is replaced by a trial vector that is the Floquet expansion truncated just below the threshold for ionization, and in which the wave vector developing into the final state is replaced by a trial vector that is just the wave vector appearing in the Kroll-Watson low-frequency approximation in scattering theory. We have applied this approximation to hydrogen and we present some results for both nonresonant and resonant multiphoton ionization. We argue that the experimentally observed resonance structure in the above-threshold peaks of the ionization signal occurs through the electron jumping from one dressed-state energy-eigenvalue curve to another.
Preoperative Predictors of Nipple–Areola Complex Involvement for Patients Undergoing Mastectomy for Breast Cancer

Proper patient selection is important for nipple-sparing mastectomy, and we aimed to identify preoperative factors predictive of pathologic nipple-areola complex (NAC) involvement to assist with surgical planning. We retrospectively reviewed a prospectively collected database of patients who underwent mastectomy for DCIS or invasive breast cancer at a single institution. Cases with NAC involvement, NAC(+), were compared with those without NAC involvement, NAC(−). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine preoperative factors independently predictive of NAC involvement. A total of 238 standard, 107 skin-sparing, and 47 nipple-sparing mastectomies were performed, and the NAC was pathologically involved in 16% (N = 62). Clinical NAC involvement, as determined by patient symptoms or physical exam, was present in 61% of NAC(+) but only 14% of NAC(−) cases (P < .0001) and carried a 92% negative predictive value (NPV). Preoperative imaging involved the NAC in 38% of NAC(+) but only 4% of NAC(−) cases (P < .0001) and carried an 89% NPV. NAC(+) tumors were larger, with mean size 3.3 cm versus 2.5 cm for NAC(−) tumors (P = .024). The mean tumor-to-nipple distance was 2.0 cm for NAC(+) versus 4.7 cm for NAC(−) tumors (P < .0001). On multivariate analysis, independent predictors of NAC involvement were the presence of clinical NAC involvement (odds ratio [OR] 5.11, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.53–10.35) and imaging involvement of the NAC (OR 5.82, 95% CI 2.43–13.94). Clinical and imaging abnormalities at the NAC are the only independent preoperative predictors of NAC pathology, and the absence of these factors conveys a low probability of NAC involvement.
Cooling strategies for cryogenic machining from a materials viewpoint

This article discusses the cooling strategies for cryogenic machining from a materials viewpoint. It is argued that, because different materials respond to temperature and machining processes differently, different cooling strategies are needed to improve the machinabilities of materials by cryogenic machining. In this work, five workpiece materials such as AISI1010 low-carbon steel, AISI1070 high-carbon steel, AISIE52100 bearing steel, titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V, and cast aluminum alloy A390 were studied experimentally at various temperatures. Based on the experimental results of the cryogenic properties of the materials and their known machining characteristics, the cooling strategies for cryogenic machining of these materials were analyzed.
Foxtrot: a soundtrack for where you are

In this paper, we present a mobile location-aware and crowd-sourced audio application, Foxtrot, that allows people to share the sounds and music they enjoy and associate with a particular location. Foxtrot plays an automatically created radio-like stream of geo-tagged music, ambient sounds and comments left by friends and other people. We discuss some of the design considerations for Foxtrot and our approach to selecting and scheduling audio content for playback. In addition, we present a pilot study of Foxtrot, which indicates that a location-aware music system might indeed provide an engaging mobile experience for users.
Vandetanib successfully controls medullary thyroid cancer-related Cushing syndrome in an adolescent patient.

Context: Ectopic Cushing syndrome due to ACTH secretion from metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Objective: The aim of the study was to describe the first case of Cushing syndrome associated with MTC in a pediatric patient and the successful reversal of Cushing syndrome with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (vandetanib) therapy. Patient and Methods: A 17-year-old Brazilian adolescent presented with metastatic MTC and associated ACTH-dependent ectopic Cushing syndrome in the context of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B. When the patient was treated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor vandetanib, rapid decrease in serum cortisol and improvement of clinical symptoms were observed. Conclusion: We describe the first pediatric case of clinical and biochemical improvement of paraneoplastic MTC-related Cushing syndrome after treatment with vandetanib. Vandetanib and possibly other tyrosine kinase inhibitors may be a novel beneficial option in patients with ...
Kimberlites I: Kimberlites and Related Rocks. Kimberlites II: The Mantle and Crust‐Mantle Relationships

These volumes open with a tribute to academician Vladimir Stepanovich Sobolev, who died several days before the opening of the Third International Kimberlite Conference at Clermont Ferrand, France. V.S. Sobolev made major contributions to the field of kimberlite and upper mantle petrology throughout his lifetime and did much to spark the renaissance in this field that led to these conferences.
Statistical Power for a Simultaneous Test of Factorial and Predictive Invariance

A common finding in studies of differential prediction across groups is that although regression slopes are the same or similar across groups, group differences exist in regression intercepts. Building on earlier work by Birnbaum (1979) , Millsap (1998) presented an invariant factor model that would explain such intercept differences as arising due to unique variance or measurement error in the predictors and criterion. The model can be tested even when only a single predictor (p = 1) and criterion are present, but Millsap (1998) only illustrated the use of the test in very large samples. The present study investigates the Type I error and power performance of the test of fit across a range of sample sizes and effect sizes in simulated data, using an alternative model that includes group differences in measurement intercepts. Surprising results showed little power for the chi-square test in the p = 1 case but good power for a diagnostic indicator based on negative unique variance estimates. The p = 2 case showed better power in modest samples. A real example from an application on reading disabilities in Share and Silva (2003) is given. The implications of the results for studies of differential prediction involving group differences in regression intercepts are discussed.
An "Option for the Poor": A Research Audit for Community-Based Regionalism in California's Central Coast

Community-based organizations are increasingly interested in tackling issues of regional economic development to address the inequality and resource shortfalls that plague their constituents. Some groups have conducted regional audits to understand the economic and political terrain and select entry points that will maximize their impact. This article reports on a collaborative effort between university and community partners in California's central coast that involved the development of a researchbased audit, and explains how the complex interplay of economic clusters, environmentalist traditions, and demographic changes led to an initial emphasis on housing. The authors note how the conscious power-building aspects of this approach can help with economic and community development and draw lessons for community-based regionalist efforts in other parts of the country.
Surgical management of extracranial vertebral artery occlusive vascular diseases. Part I: Anatomy and pathophysiology

Atherosclerotic occlusive vascular disease does not affect the vertebrobasilar artery system as often as it does the carotid arteries. When the posterior circulation is affected, however, significant disability and death can result in many of the more advanced cases. In addition to atherosclerotic vascular disease, a number of other pathological conditions can also affect the vertebral arteries and conversely lead to extraluminal occlusive vascular disease and ischemia. The anatomy of the vertebral artery and vascular pathological conditions affecting this vessel are reviewed.
The oxidation and protection of gamma titanium aluminides

The excellent density-specific properties of the gamma class of titanium aluminides make them attractive for intermediate-temperature (600–850 °C) aerospace applications. The oxidation and embrittlement resistance of these alloys is superior to that of the α2 and orthorhombic classes of titanium aluminides. However, since gamma alloys form an intermixed Al2O3TiO2 scale in air rather than the desired continuous Al2O3 scale, oxidation resistance is inadequate at the high end of this temperature range (i.e., greater than 750–800°C). For applications at such temperatures, an oxidation-resistant coating will be needed; however, a major drawback of the oxidation-resistant coatings currently available is severe degradation in fatigue life by the coating. A new class of oxidation-resistant coatings based in the Ti-Al-Cr system offers the potential for improved fatigue life.
Self-Reports of Student Cheating: Does a Definition of Cheating Matter?

The authors examine student cheating based on implicit and explicit definitions of cheating. Prior to being provided a definition of cheating, students reported whether they had cheated. Students were then provided a definition of cheating and asked to rereport their cheating behaviors. Results indicate that students do not understand what constitutes cheating and are much more likely to report cheating postdefinition. In addition, both pre- and postdefinition cheating behaviors are more prevalent for students with lower GPAs and for those who perceive more cheating by student peers. Alcohol consumption, seeing another student cheat, fraternity/sorority membership, and athletic membership also increase the likelihood of cheating. These findings are consistent with previous studies. On the basis of a sample of students who provided cheating data after a definition of cheating is communicated, the authors find that students who believe that punishment for cheating is relatively severe are less likely to rep...