cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of brain metastases to the choroid plexus.

Purpose Choroid plexus metastases (CPM) are uncommon lesions. Consequently, optimal management of CPM is uncertain. We summarize our experience with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) of CPM. Methods and Materials Sixteen consecutive patients with presumed CPM treated with SRS between 1997 and 2007 were examined. Twelve were men with a median age at diagnosis of CPM of 61.9 ± 9.9 years; 14 had metastases from renal cell carcinoma (RCC). All patients had controlled primary disease at the time of treatment for CPM. Four patients with RCC and 1 with non–small-cell lung cancer had undergone whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) previously and 2 had received SRS to other brain metastases. The disease-free interval from the primary diagnosis to CPM diagnosis averaged 39.3 ± 46.2 months (range, 1.0–156.3). Five patients were asymptomatic; of the remaining 11, none had symptoms related to CPM. All presented with a single CPM. Results Average maximum diameter of the CPMs was 2.0 ± 1.0 cm (range, 0.9–4.1 cm); mean volume was 2.4 ± 2.6 cm 3 (range, 0.2–9.3). Median SRS dose was 24 Gy to the 53% isodose line (range, 14–24 Gy). Survival after SRS to the CPM was 25.3 ± 23.4 months (range, 3.2–101.6). Patients in Recursive Partitioning Analysis (RPA) class I ( n = 10) had improved survival compared to those in class II ( n = 6), as did those with better GPA scores. There were no local failures. After SRS, 1 patient underwent WBRT, 3 patients had one, and another had two subsequent SRS treatments to other brain lesions. Of the 14 patients who have died, 11 succumbed to systemic disease progression, 2 to progressive, multifocal central nervous system disease, and 1 to systemic disease with concurrent, stable central nervous system disease. There were no complications related to SRS. Conclusions Most CPMs are associated with RCC. SRS represents a safe and viable treatment option as primary modality for these metastases, with excellent outcomes.
DNA Mismatch Repair-dependent Response to Fluoropyrimidine-generated Damage

Previous studies from our laboratory indicated that expression of the MLH1 DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene was necessary to restore cytotoxicity and an efficient G2 arrest in HCT116 human colon cancer cells, as well as Mlh1–/– murine embryonic fibroblasts, after treatment with 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FdUrd). Here, we show that an identical phenomenon occurred when expression of MSH2, the other major MMR gene, was restored in HEC59 human endometrial carcinoma cells or was present in adenovirus E1A-immortalized Msh2+/+ (compared with isogenic Msh2–/–) murine embryonic stem cells. Because MMR status had little effect on cellular responses (i.e. G2 arrest and lethality) to the thymidylate synthase inhibitor, Tomudex, and a greater level of [3H]FdUrd incorporation into DNA was found in MMR-deficient cells, we concluded that the differential FdUrd cytotoxicity between MMR-competent and MMR-deficient cells was mediated at the level of DNA incorporation. Analyses of ATPase activation suggested that the hMSH2-hMSH6 heterodimer only recognized FdUrd moieties (as the base 5-fluorouracil (FU) in DNA) when mispaired with guanine, but not paired with adenine. Furthermore, analyses of incorporated FdUrd using methyl-CpG-binding domain 4 glycosylase indicated that there was more misincorporated FU:Gua in the DNA of MMR-deficient HCT116 cells. Our data provide the first demonstration that MMR specifically detects FU:Gua (in the first round of DNA replication), signaling a sustained G2 arrest and lethality.
Elimination Rate and Effect on Reproduction of Ingested Radiophosphorus in the Boll Weevil

Tlic biological half-life of ingested P32 in the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, was 5.3 days in females and 7.3 days in males. Germ cells were relatively resistant to effects of the isotope. Ingested amounts up to 3.5 μc caused only a small decrease in fecundity, and when either the male or female was fed no effects on progeny or genetic changes could be detected. Sterile matings resulted only when both sexes were fed the isotope. There was no obvious chromosomal damage in the germ cells and no phenodeviants appeared in insects reared to the third filial generation. By feeding P32, sperm or seminal fluid or both could be labeled and traced to the spermatheca and ovaries of mated females. Larvae reared in a radioactive medium were inhibited in their development and only a small percentage developed to adulthood.
Feedback and Anxiety in Verbal Discrimination Learning

120 volunteers learned a 12-pair list of 4-letter words of low frequency. The independent variable was feedback (positive only, negative only, or positive and negative), and trait anxiety (high or low) and sex (male or female) were used as subject-variables. For errors per trial, the interaction of feedback, anxiety, and trials was significant. Individuals low in anxiety performed poorly when exposed to negative feedback while feedback contingencies were not related to performance differences for the highly anxious individuals. The results are discussed in terms of task-related state anxiety.
Effects of peptidase inhibitors on bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in the rat

Objectives of this study were to determine if aerosolized bradykinin causes bronchoconstriction in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated rats, and if pretreatment with enalaprilat, an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), or phosphoramidon, an inhibitor of endopeptidase 24.11 (EP 24.11), alters the response. We found that aerosolized bradykinin elicited a reproducible bronchoconstrictor response that was significantly amplified by pretreatment with aerosolized enalaprilat or phosphoramidon. Neither inhibitor alone affected airway tone or caused nonspecific airway hyperreactivity. These findings indicate that both ACE and EP 24.11 contribute to bradykinin degradation in rat airways.
PREPARATION OF M- AND P-NITROBENZOYL DERIVATIVES OF SOME ARYLINDOLIZINES.

Investigations into the benzoylations of substituted arylindolizines has shown that the reaction is reduced but not prevented by steric or electronic effects.
Human versus machine: a comparison of the accuracy of geographic profiling methods

The current article addresses the continuing debate as to the accuracy of geographic profiling methods in predicting the location of serial crime offenders. In particular, the research addresses whether spatial distribution methods and humans using simple heuristics are as accurate at predicting home locations of offenders as more complex algorithm-based methods such as RIGEL, DRAGNET, and Crimestat. Using a random sample of solved serial crimes, the research found that predictions by human judges and spatial distribution methods performed equally as well as more complex algorithm-based methods. In addition to a discussion of findings, implications for police investigations and researchers are included. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmospheric mercury simulation using the CMAQ model: formulation description and analysis of wet deposition results

The community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) modeling system has been adapted to simulate the emission, transport, transformation and deposition of atmospheric mercury (Hg) in three distinct forms: elemental Hg gas, reactive gaseous Hg, and particulate Hg. Emissions of Hg are currently defined from information published in the Environmental Protection Agency's Mercury Study Report to Congress. The atmospheric transport of these three forms of Hg is simulated in the same manner as for all other substances simulated by the CMAQ model to date. Transformations of Hg are simulated with four new chemical reactions within the standard CMAQ gaseous chemistry framework and a highly modified cloud chemistry mechanism which includes a compound-specific speciation for oxidized forms of Hg, seven new aqueous-phase Hg reactions, six aqueous Hg chemical equilibria, and a two-way mechanism for the sorption of dissolved oxidized Hg to elemental carbon particles. The CMAQ Hg model simulates the partitioning of reactive gaseous Hg between air and cloud water based on the Henry's constant for mercuric chloride. Henry's equilibrium is assumed for elemental Hg also. Particulate Hg is assumed to be incorporated into the aqueous medium during cloud nucleation. Wet and dry deposition is simulated for each of the three forms of Hg. Wet deposition rate is calculated based on precipitation information from the CMAQ meteorological processor and the physicochemical Hg speciation in the cloud chemistry mechanism. Dry deposition rate is calculated based on dry deposition velocity and air concentration information for each of the three forms of Hg. The horizontal modeling domain covers the central and eastern United States and adjacent southern Canada. An analysis of simulated Hg wet deposition versus weekly observations is performed. The results are described for two evaluation periods: 4 April–2 May 1995, and 20 June–18 July 1995.
Computer Animation: A Tool for Teaching Design Fundamentals to Elementary School Students

ISSUE Teaching design fundamentals to elementary school students can help create in them awareness about interior design. Elementary school teachers may not have the time, budget, or knowledge to add this subject to their curriculum, yet they are teaching basic computer skills. Therefore, this project explored using the computer to teach design fundamentals related to interior design. GOAL Exploration of design fundamentals during the elementary grades may create an awareness of their importance in everyday life. This awareness of design could generate interest in the interior design profession. APPLICATION This project explored the use of computer technology, specifically animation, to teach design fundamentals to students in 3rd through 6th grades. DESCRIPTION A computer animation workshop was developed and offered to elementary students during the summer months at a higher education institution. Selected design elements and principles were taught through a series of 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional, and animation exercises. CONCLUSION Students are successful in learning both design fundamentals and computer animation. Computer animation techniques appeal to elementary students and encourage them to discover more about design.
Six new species of melampodium (compositae: Heliantheae) from Mexico and Central America

Six species of the genusMelampodium are described as new:M. glabribracteatum, M. nayaritense, andM. pilosum (sect.Melampodium);M. costaricense, M. nutans, andM. sinaloense (sect.Zarabellia). Chromosome numbers forM. nutans andM. pilosum are reported asn = 11 andn = 10 respectively
Homeotic genes and the regulation and evolution of insect wing number

The evolution of wings catalysed the radiation of insects which make up some 75 per cent of known animals. Fossil evidence suggests that wings evolved from a segment of the leg and that early pterygotes bore wings on all thoracic and abdominal segments. The pterygote body plan subsequently diverged producing orders bearing three, two or just one pair of thoracic wings. We have investigated the role of homeotic genes in pterygote evolution by examining their function in Drosophila wing development and their expression in a primitive apterygote. Wing formation is not promoted by any homeotic gene, but is repressed in different segments by different homeotic genes. We suggest here that wings first arose without any homeotic gene involvement in an ancestor with a homeotic 'groundplan' similar to modern winged insects and that wing formation subsequently fell under the negative control of individual homeotic genes at different stages of pterygote evolution.
Finite element implementation of state variable-based viscoplasticity models

The implementation of state variable-based viscoplasticity models is made in a general purpose finite element code for structural applications of metals deformed at elevated temperatures. Two constitutive models, Walker's and Robinson's models, are studied in conjunction with two implicit integration methods: the trapezoidal rule with Newton-Raphson iterations and an asymptotic integration algorithm. A comparison is made between the two integration methods, and the latter method appears to be computationally more appealing in terms of numerical accuracy and CPU time. However, in order to make the asymptotic algorithm robust, it is necessary to include a self adaptive scheme with subincremental step control and error checking of the Jacobian matrix at the integration points. Three examples are given to illustrate the numerical aspects of the integration methods tested.
The liquid composition and crystallization history of the 1979 soufriere magma, St. Vincent, W.I.

Abstract Electron-microprobe analyses of glassy melt inclusions in phenocrysts of tephra, lava and scoria samples of the basaltic andesite 1979 eruption of the Soufriere volcano, St. Vincent, reveal that the magma is the product of fractional crystallization of alkalic, high-alumina olivine basalt magma. Using differentiation trends defined by melt inclusion/matrix glass analyses, we have constructed a quantitative model of the crystallization history of the 1979 magma. Sulfur analyses of melt inclusions in selected phenocrysts and estimates of volatile contents “by difference” suggest that the Soufriere volcanic system was not closed with respect to volatiles before the 1979 eruption. The volatile content of rare “primitive” melt inclusions in olivine phenocrysts ranges from two to eight weight percent; the sulfur content of these inclusions ranges from 320 to 560 ppm and generally decreases with increasing silica content. The volatile content of common melt inclusions in plagioclase, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene airfall phenocrysts, on the other hand, is probably less than two weight percent and sulfur contents are below the detection limit of 50 ppm. These melt inclusions contain appreciably lower volatile content than the most primitive olivine melt inclusions, suggesting that they may be samples of largely degassed magma. The low volatile content of most Soufriere 1979 eruption products inferred from microprobe data is consistent with the vulcanian style and small magnitude of the 1979 eruption, which probably involved mainly phreatomagmatic disruption of magma rising and cooling beneath the 1971 lava island. Rhyodacitic glass of rare banded pumices is observed to be the product of fusion of crustal xenoliths.
Neutralizing antibodies to 500 μg interferon beta-1b: 28-month results of the IDEAS extension trial:

The Interferon Dose Escalation Assessment of Safety extension trial monitored neutralizing antibodies to interferon beta-1b in patients who currently or had previously received the double dose (500 microg) for up to 28 months. Fifteen patients entered the extension trial; five patients were neutralizing antibody-positive at the start of the trial. The present study demonstrates that when neutralizing antibodies develop in patients receiving higher doses of interferon beta-1b they tend to persist for a prolonged period, although neutralizing antibody titers tend to decrease over time and some patients may revert to neutralizing antibody-negative status.
Low‐temperature remanence in stable single domain magnetite

[1] A numerical model is developed in order to simulate the loss of low-temperature remanence while warming through the Verwey transition. We concentrate on the amount of remanence lost (δfc and δzfc) during field cooled and zero field cooled low temperature demagnetization curves for stable single domain (SSD) particles of (1) inorganic magnetite and (2) biogenic magnetite in the form of magnetosome chains. The model predicts that delta ratios (δfc/δzfc) for inorganic SSD magnetite increase from 1 to 1.6 with increasing aspect ratio and that magnetosome chains have elevated delta ratios of at least 2.0. Disaggregated magnetosomes are predicted to behave similarly to inorganic acicular SSD magnetite. The numerical results agree with experimental results.
Evolution of urea synthesis in vertebrates: the piscine connection

Elasmobranch fishes, the coelacanth, estivating lungfish, amphibians, and mammals synthesize urea by the ornithine-urea cycle; by comparison, urea synthetic activity is generally insignificant in teleostean fishes. It is reported here that isolated liver cells of two teleost toadfishes, Opsanus beta and Opsansus tau, synthesize urea by the ornithine-urea cycle at substantial rates. Because toadfish excrete ammonia, do not use urea as an osmolyte, and have substantial levels of urease in their digestive systems, urea may serve as a transient nitrogen store, forming the basis of a nitrogen conservation shuttle system between liver and gut as in ruminants and hibernators. Toadfish synthesize urea using enzymes and subcellular distributions similar to those of elasmobranchs: glutamine-dependent carbamoyl phosphate synthethase (CPS III) and mitochondrial arginase. In contrast, mammals have CPS I (ammonia-dependent) and cytosolic arginase. Data on CPS and arginases in other fishes, including lungfishes and the coelacanth, support the hypothesis that the ornithine-urea cycle, a monophyletic trait in the vertebrates, underwent two key changes before the evolution of the extant lungfishes: a switch from CPS III to CPS I and replacement of mitochondrial arginase by a cytosolic equivalent.
Frequency and space representation in the primary auditory cortex of the frequency modulating bat Eptesicus fuscus.

1. Frequency and space representation in the auditory cortex of the big brown bat,Eptesicus fuscus, were studied by recording responses of 223 neurons to acoustic stimuli presented in the bat's frontal auditory space. 2. The majority of the auditory cortical neurons were recorded at a depth of less than 500 urn with a response latency between 8 and 20 ms (Fig. 1 B, C). They generally discharged phasically and had nonmonotonic intensity-rate functions (Fig. 3). The minimum threshold, (MT) of these neurons was between 8 and 82 dB sound pressure level (SPL). Half of the cortical neurons showed spontaneous activity. All 55 threshold curves are Vshaped and can be described as broad, intermediate, or narrow (Fig. 4A). 3. Auditory cortical neurons are tonotopically organized along the anteroposterior axis of the auditory cortex. High-frequency-sensitive neurons are located anteriorly and low-frequency-sensitive neurons posteriorly (Figs. 5, 6). An overwhelming majority of neurons were sensitive to a frequency range between 30 and 75 kHz (Fig. 1 A). 4. When a sound was delivered from the response center of a neuron on the bat's frontal auditory space, the neuron had its lowest MT. When the stimulus amplitude was increased above the MT, the neuron responded to sound delivered within a defined spatial area. The response center was not always at the geometric center of the spatial response area. The latter also expanded with stimulus amplitude (Fig. 8). High-frequency-sensitive neurons tended to have smaller spatial response areas than low-frequency-sensitive neurons (Figs. 7, 9). 5. Response centers of all 223 neurons were located between 0‡ and 50‡ in azimuth, 2‡ up and 25‡ down in elevation of the contralateral frontal auditory space (Fig. 10). Response centers of auditory cortical neurons tended to move toward the midline and slightly downward with increasing best frequency (BF; Fig. 11). 6. Auditory space representation appears to be systematically arranged according to the tonotopic axis of the auditory cortex. Thus, the lateral space is represented posteriorly and the middle space anteriorly (Fig. 12). Space representation, however, is less systematic in the vertical direction (Fig. 13). 7. Auditory cortical neurons are columnarly organized. Thus, the BFs, MTs, threshold curves, azimuthal location of response centers, and auditory spatial response areas of neurons sequentially isolated from an orthogonal electrode penetration are similar (Figs. 4, 7).
Cesarean section rates in teaching hospitals: a national survey.

ABSTRACT: This survey investigated the cesarean section rate in teaching hospitals in the United States and the factors that may influence it. A national survey was performed by mailing a questionnaire to 277 accredited residency programs in obstetrics and gynecology. The estimated cesarean rate in all hospitals, with residencies in obstetrics and gynecology in the United States in 1990 was 20.3 percent, compared with an overall national rate of 23.5 percent. Women delivering in teaching hospitals were less likely to have a cesarean section than those delivering in hospitals without residency programs (odds ratio = 0.77, 95% CI 0.77–0.78, p = 0.0001). As centers for training and research, teaching hospitals represent an appropriate setting to begin the process of lowering the United States cesarean section rate.
Leaf movement, stress avoidance and photosynthesis in Vitis californica

Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence techniques were used to evaluate the hypothesis that leaf movement in Vitis californica Benth. (California wild grape) allows a compromise between sunlight interception and stress damage in order to maximize photosynthetic carbon gain over the life of the leaf. Leaves that were restrained horizontally tolerated their increased radiation loads if critical temperatures were not exceeded. Reductions in photosynthetic capacity and the FV/FM fluorescence ratio only occurred in leaves that attained high temperatures. Leaf orientation and canopy position were important determinants of leaf temperature. These results indicate that excessive leaf temperature, not high PFD, can be a principle cause of reduced carbon gain and senescence in this species in the wild. Leaf movement appears to protect photosynthetic components in midsummer.
The effects of pituitary-adrenal manipulations on time-dependent processes in avoidance learning.

Abstract Seventy-two rats received 30 training trials in an automated Y-maze avoidance situation and 150 retest trials 0-hr, 1-hr, or 24-hr later. Manipulations of the pituitary-adrenal system by adrenalectomy, administration of dexamethasone 21-phosphate or a combination of both treatments failed to significantly alter the U-shaped avoidance function typically found as a function of time after original training.
The effect of the choline head group on phospholipid hydration.

The hydration behavior of three naturally occurring sphingomyelins (SM) has been studied. Adsorption isotherms for these SM, singly and in combination with other lipids, were obtained and the isotherms analyzed by the application of BET theory. The results are compared with those found previously by us for the phosphatidylcholines (PC). We find that, depending on the SM studied, both ‘weak’ and ‘strong’ water adsorption can be observed and thus, the presence of choline in the phospholipid head group, does not guarantee ‘strong’ water adsorption. When the head group is removed from SM, the resulting ceramides are found to be very weak, water adsorbers. Cholesterol, when present in a mixture with SM, has a rather dramatic effect on the hydration of the SM. A mixed system of PC and SM exhibits water adsorption characteristics very similar to those exhibited by PC itself. We speculate that these hydration results may well play a role in the cell signaling action of SM and, moreover, may be closely associated with the hypothesized formation of lipid ‘rafts.’
Exact behavior of the density and spin susceptibilities of a Fermi liquid for large wave vectors: Derivation from diagrammatic many-body theory

The exact asymptotic behavior of the density and spin response functions of a uniform Fermi system for large wave vectors is derived from diagrammatic many-body theory. Various exact relationships between the self-energy, the particle-hole interaction, and the vertex corrections are derived for the first time and applied to this problem. The final results agree with those provided by the kinetic equation approach. Different behavior of the polarization potentials and local-field factors for interactions that decrease faster or slower than 1/${q}^{2}$ for large wave vector q, is pointed out.
Drag Reduction by Formation Movement in Spiny Lobsters

Movements of spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) in formation reduce drag during locomotion; such movement is of particular significance during mass migration. Queues (single-file lines) of spiny lobsters sustain less drag per individual than do individual lobsters moving at the same speed. It is proposed that queuing behavior conserves energy and is a consequence of the evolutionary role of migration in this particular species.
Use of gust speeds in wind hazard analysis : analysis conducted for Eurotunnel

Structures have to be designed to withstand the worst gust load expected with some specified low probability. This conventionally depends on an extreme value analysis of severe gusts or mean winds. Gust sensitive vehicles must be operated to avoid, with some specified high probability, the conditions in which destabilising gusts can occur. This can depend on extreme value analysis of gust factors and analysis of joint probabilities of gust factors with mean winds. Both types of analysis were required by Eurotunel during the design and development of its wind fences and meteorological alert systems. This has given the opportunity to predict extreme gusts by both types of analysis. Consideration of the results shows that while high gust speeds are usually associated with high mean wind speeds which are typically observed during the passing of depressions, the probability of exceeding a specified gust during a period of relatively low windspeed cannot always be ignored. The practical application of the joint probability analysis to determine mean wind operating thresholds for gust sensitive vehicles is also explained.
"KNOW-NOTHINGS" REVISITED AGAIN

Analyses of the same NORC poll relied on by Hyman and Sheatsley and a 1994 poll for theTimes Mirror Center for The People & The Press show that sizable portions of the U.S. public were “know-nothings” on both occasions. OLS regressions on both polls show that, although there are slight differences, essentially the same factors affect knowledge of international politics in 1946 and 1994. At bottom, Americans tend to be uninformed about foreign affairs because they are inattentive to events abroad. If it is true, as some students of U.S. foreign policy claim, that public opinion has an important and growing impact on national security policy, widespread public ignorance recalls Lippmann's concern about the “democratic malady.”
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Youth

Neuropathy is a common long-term complication of diabetes recognized almost entirely in adults (Moser et al., 2013). It is a precursor to foot ulcers and lower limb amputations, both of which are preventable (Fletcher, 2006; Zangaro & Margaret, 1999). The pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is not completely understood. Evidence suggests that hyperglycemia and other metabolic factors contribute to nerve damage, at least in part by degrading the function of small blood vessels supplying the nerves, resulting in progressive structural deterioration of nerve pathways (Trotta, Verrotti, Salladini, & Chiarelli, 2004). Hyperglycemia may disrupt myelin nerve sheaths, causing motor nerve conduction slowing and impaired sensory perception. For many years it was believed that DPN was simply a condition that develops after years of diabetes and directly related to the degree of blood sugar control (Glastras, Mohsin, & Donaghue, 2005). However, there is accumulating evidence suggestive of subclinical changes of nerve function shortly after diagnosis even in children. In addition to hyperglycemia, there are other factors that may contribute to an increased risk of symptomatic or asymptomatic neuropathy including taller stature, elevated lipids, smoking, elevated diastolic blood pressure, puberty and autoimmunity (Donaghue & Silink, 1999; Spollett, 2006; Su et al., 2012; Trotta et al., 2004). The clinical effects of this sensory neuropathy include painful burning and tingling sensations that can progress to numbness and eventual loss of protective sensation in the feet. This loss of sensation renders the feet vulnerable to unsuspected trauma, infection, and eventually ulceration (National Diabetes Education Program, 2000). The risk of lower limb amputation increases substantially with repeated
Surgical approach to early familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

Abstract The application of a radioimmunoassay for human calcitonin to a high risk family group has predicted the diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid in twelve persons. With the calcium infusion test, elevated levels of calcitonin have been measured in the serum and urine in these patients with medullary carcinoma. In eleven, the tumors were clinically occult. In all twelve patients the tumors were found to be bilateral, and in six patients the lymph nodes contained metastases in the periglandular and paratracheal areas. On the basis of these findings, total thyroidectomy, removal of the inferior parathyroid glands, and limited neck dissection of the central zone of the neck was carried out. Postoperative studies have shown an abnormal serum calcitonin response to calcium infusion in two patients consistent with persistent disease. Venous catheterization studies with calcitonin analysis for localization of the residual tumor are projected for these patients. Four of the twelve patients with thyroid tumors were also found to have pheochromocytomas. These tumors in three were removed prior to the thyroid surgery. An additional pheochromocytoma was found and removed in one member of the family without evidence of medullary carcinoma. Ten of those having thyroidectomy also showed parathyroid hyperplasia. Four had a history of renal calculi. It is anticipated that new cases of thyroid carcinoma will become evident as the children and young adults at risk are repeatedly tested, and hopefully these will become detectable still earlier. The effectiveness of this approach in altering the ultimate outcome or course of the disease needs to be demonstrated by long term follow-up study.
PSK Signal Quality Estimates for Network Control

Satellite network control requires the quality measurement of each communications link in order to ensure that each transmitted carrier has sufficient power to deliver the minimum required bit error rate to the user but no more than necessary in order to maximize the throughput of the satellite. The problem is to make the signal quality measurements rapidly and accurately enough to track time varying stress conditions such as weather or jamming effects so that appropriate network responses can be implemented. High data rate carriers present little problem in making rapid quality measurements, but low data rate carriers, typical of antijam (A/J) carriers, present particularly difficult problems in making accurate signal quality measurements, in a timely manner. This paper discusses current techniques used for estimating signal quality for high data rate carriers and presents several techniques that allow rapid and accurate estimates of signal quality for low data rate carriers.
Variations of Citizenship Education: A Content Analysis of Rights, Obligations, and Participation Concepts in High School Civic Textbooks.

Abstract A quantitative content analysis of three widely adopted high school civics textbooks revealed that concepts associated with traditional liberalism—citizens' rights and freedoms—far outnumber concepts associated with classical republicanism or communitarianism (e.g., civic virtue, the reciprocal relation between citizens' rights and their responsibilities to the public good). Moreover, this focus on rights and freedoms to the relative exclusion of duties and obligations may be at odds with a more collectivistic value orientation held by recent immigrant groups. Consistent with previous studies, our analysis indicates that the concept of political participation, outside of voting, plays a very small role in civics texts.
Comparison of Female Dancers, Gymnasts, Athletes, and Untrained Subjects on Selected Characteristics:

Although the search for a general motor ability has largely been abandoned in favor of the study of performance specificity little is known about the extent to which skilled groups share characteristics. In the present study, three groups of subjects each composed of women skilled in an area of physical activity (dance, gymnastics, or specified sports) were compared with each other and with a group of women untrained in dance, gymnastics or sports activities on selected attributes. Each group (N = 18, M = 20 yr. of age) was administered 14 tests to measure factors of strength (bent arm hang, sit up, foot bounce), balance (IL Progressive Balance Beam Test), kinesthesis (leg raise, arm circle, weight shift), flexibility (stand and bob), rhythm (Drake Rhythm Test for Musical Aptitude), and motor ability (Scott Battery, standing broad jump, wall pass, basketball throw for distance, 4-sec. dash). A multivariate discriminate analysis indicated the four groups were widely separated. Dancers and gymnasts possess similar characteristics which were dissimilar to those exhibited by the athletes (sports) and untrained groups. An analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences between groups and the Scheffe test (1) was applied to locate the source of the effects. All variables except rhythm and one kinesthetic factor were significant (p athletes) and on ankle strength and speed (athletes > dancers, gymnasts). On the throw for distance the athletes scored higher than the dancers. On only one variable, a kinesthetic measure, did the untrained group show a better performance than any skilled group (untrained > athletes ) . To determine which of the 14 variables separated the groups most the multivariate discriminant analysis was applied to seven variables displaying linear function differences of .3 or less between the highest and lowest value of the variable. The seven variables still delineated the four groups (dancers, gymnasts, athletes, untrained) but the distinction between the dancers and gymnasts is less clearly defined. The data suggest that skilled and untrained groups can be distinguished on the basis of tests of motor abilities. Slcilled dancers and gymnasts exhibit similar characteristics not shared by the athletes. The three skilled groups demonstrated greater proficiency than the untrained group on all but one of the variables.
HuR Stabilizes Vacuolar H+-translocating ATPase mRNA during Cellular Energy Depletion

V-ATPases are multisubunit membrane proteins that use ATP binding and hydrolysis to transport protons across membranes against a concentration gradient. Although some cell types express plasma membrane forms of these transporters, all eukaryotes require V-ATPases to maintain an acidic pH in membrane-bound compartments of endocytic and secretory networks to facilitate protein trafficking and processing. Mammalian cells that completely lack V-ATPases are not viable; yet, the abundance of V-ATPases can differ among cell types by an order of magnitude or more, requiring precise control of their expression. We previously showed that mRNA stability appears to play a major role in regulating overall abundance of V-ATPases. In this report, we demonstrate that the stability of V-ATPase mRNA is regulated through AU-rich elements in 3′-untranslated regions. Unlike some mRNAs that are short-lived due to the presence of these elements, V-ATPase mRNAs have half-lives of hours to days. However, during stress induced by ATP depletion, AU-rich elements are necessary to maintain stability of these transcripts and their presence in the cytoplasm. HuR, an RNA-binding protein that interacts with and stabilizes AU-rich mRNAs, shows increased binding to some V-ATPase mRNAs during ATP depletion. siRNA-mediated knockdown of HuR results in diminished V-ATPase expression. These results indicate that AU-rich elements and associated proteins can play a role in regulation of even very stable mRNAs by protecting against loss during cellular stress.
Response to Comment on “Remeasuring the Double Helix”

We measured the mean and variance of end-to-end length in short DNA fragments in solution and reported evidence of DNA stretching that is cooperative over more than two turns of the double helix. Becker and Everaers suggest that the structural fluctuations we observed arise from bending motions of the DNA, rather than stretching. We present three experimental tests of this bending-based explanation.
Occurrence and metabolism of arachidonic acid in the housefly, Musca domestica (L.)

Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) on polar, non-polar and capillary columns and chemical ionization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CI-GC-MS) were used to verify the presence of arachidonic acid (20:4) and eicosatrienoic acid (20:3, n-6) at low levels in adult male and female houseflies. The phospholipid (PL) fraction contained the highest amounts of these fatty acids. An analysis of the distribution of radiolabelled 20:4, 20:3 (n-6), oleic acid (18:1) and palmitic acid (16:0) when injected into the insect showed that a large proportion of the radioactivity from 20:4 was incorporated into the PL fraction, whereas the radioactivity from the other fatty acids was recovered at higher levels in the free fatty acid and triacylglycerol fractions. When [3H]20:4 was injected into the haemolymph it was rapidly sequestered into the PL fraction. Over 80% of the recovered radiolabel from 20:4 was found in PL, 10 min after injection. Approximately one-half of the [3H]20:4 in the PL was recovered in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), the major PL of the housefly. Liberation of the acyl moiety from the 2 position by phospholipase A2 showed that over 80% of the sequestered 20:4 was in the 2-position. Radio-GLC showed that the injected [3H]20:4 was incorporated intact into PL. When large amounts of unlabelled 20:4 were injected into the insect or were included in the diet of adult insects prior to administration of [3H]20:4, then larger amounts of radioactivity were recovered in the TG and FFA fractions. These data document the presence of 20:4 in the housefly and demonstrate that injected [3H]20:4 was readily incorporated into PL specifically into the 2-position.
Patient-Specific Finite Element Simulations of Standard Incisional Astigmatism Surgery and a Novel Patterned Collagen Crosslinking Approach to Astigmatism Treatment

Finite element analysis has been explored as a tool for estimating the refractive outcomes of corneal interventions such as laser in situ keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy [1]. Corneal astigmatism is a common geometrical abnormality that can be quantified topographically as the difference in curvature or dioptric refractive power of the steepest and flattest meridians, often represented as simulated keratometry values. Astigmatic keratotomy (AK) is an incisional method for correcting astigmatism by placement of paired, peripheral corneal arcuate incisions along the steep axis of astigmatism that act to flatten the steep axis. AK is a convenient method of astigmatism correction, but it is less predictable than other surgical options, has a limited range of effect, can induce higher-order corneal aberrations that reduce visual acuity, and can destabilize the cornea due to its dependence on disruption of collagen lamellar continuity [2]. Corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) is an alternative method for minimally invasive corneal refractive alterations through augmentation of corneal material strength. The current clinical implementation of collagen crosslinking involves broad treatment of the corneal surface with UVA irradiation after imbibitions of photosensitizing riboflavin solution and is directed primarily toward the stabilization of corneal ectasia. Previous finite element analyses from our group have explored the relationship between the stiffening effect of CXL and changes in corneal curvature [3] and have studied candidate patterns for a novel method of astigmatism treatment using CXL. The goal of this study was to compare the simulated corneal topographic effects to a standard incisional approach to astigmatism treatment to patterned CXL [4].
Buffon's needle model based walker recognition with distributed binary sensor networks

This paper presents a novel distributed binary sensing paradigm for walker recognition based on a well-known geometric probability model: Buffon's needle. The research aims to achieve a low-data-throughput gait biometric system suitable for wireless sensor network applications. We presents two types of Buffon's needle (BN) models for gait recognition: (1) a classical BN model based on a static distribution of limb motions; and (2) a hidden Markov BN model based on a dynamic distribution of limb motions. These two models are used to estimate static and dynamic gait features, respectively. By utilizing the random projection principle and the information geometry of binary variables, invariant measures of gait features are developed that can be independent of the walking path of subjects. We have performed both simulations and experiments to verify the proposed sensing theories. Although the experiments are based on a pyroelectric sensor network, the proposed sensing paradigm can be extended to various sensing modalities.
Pangloss: a knowledge-based machine assisted translation research project --- Site 2

The Computing Research Laboratory (CRL) at New Mexico State University, jointly with the Center for Machine Translation (CMT) at Carnegie Mellon University and the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at the University of Southern California, are developing a Translator's Workstation to assist users in the translation of newspaper articles in the area of finance from Spanish or Japanese into English. At its core is a multi-engine MT system, consisting of a knowledge-based, interlingual system, an example-based system, and an extensive glossary and bilingual dictionary system. Results from all systems are combined in a chart structure which selects the most reliable and complete translation. The KBMT system consists of a source language analysis component, a mapper, and a target language generation component.
A classification method for input joints of planar five-bar mechanisms

This paper presents a classification method for input joints of planar five-bar two-degree-of-freedom mechanisms or in-parallel manipulators. This classification method emphasizes on the applicability of the classification method in input actuator selection and dimension design. Input joints considered in this study are the two ground joints of five-bar mechanisms. The criteria applied to classify the input joints are based on practical types of motions of drivers. The classification method classifies input joints of all five-bar mechanisms into four classes and they are incomplete-rotation joints, unconditioned complete-rotation joints, position-conditioned complete-rotation joints, and coordination-conditioned complete-rotation joints. Three groups of sets of symbolic inequalities in link lengths, which can be used to identify the classes of the input joints of all five-bar mechanisms, are derived, applying geometric algebra formula and simple logic operations. Also included in this study are the verification of the completeness of the classification method and explicit equations, in link lengths, of rotation ranges for input joints of all classes. Examples are given to demonstrate how to use the classification method to determine the class of input joints and eligible motion ranges of the input joints. Finally, a discussion is given for possible applications of this classification method in design.
Alcohol and trauma

Available evidence implicates alcohol consumption as a major risk factor for almost all types of injury. An exceptionally strong relationship is noted between alcohol and motor vehicle accidents--particularly single-vehicle crashes. Recognition of the association between alcohol and trauma is important not only for proper care and for treatment of the underlying alcoholism, but to stimulate enactment of preventive measures aimed at reducing the risk of alcohol-associated injuries.
Software defined radio for smart utility networks

In this paper, we describe a software defined radio (SDR) platform that can be used to implement the IEEE 802.15.4g standard for low data rate wireless smart utility networks (SUN). The SUN standard supports multiple wireless band plans, defines multiple physical (PHY) layers: FSK, OFDM and O-QPSK, each supporting a large number of data rates. Because of the flexibility allowed in the standards, an SDR approach provides the greatest flexibility in implementing the standard. We propose to use the SDR platform based on Texas Instruments C28x 32-bit MCU platform and a sub-1GHz CC1260 low power integrated radio. This platform can may be used for both the smart e-meter as well as the data concentrator. We begin the paper by providing an overview of the different PHY layers and enumerating the common elements across all PHYs for both the transmitter and receiver. Next, we discuss a partitioning between software and hardware that provides the flexibility without sacrificing efficiency. Finally, we provide the details of a hardware accelerator incorporated into the C28x architecture (VCU II) that can simplify many of the complex tasks associated with these PHYs.
EXPRESSION OF A COMMON ANTIGEN BY FETAL CEREBELLAR NEURONS AND ASTROCYTES

Nervous system markers can provide information on maturation, differentiation,and intercellular interactions. Monoclonal anti-body 459 (ab 459),was previously found to react strongly with fetal brain,and moderately with adult brain. The objective of this study was to determine which neural cells express the antigen (ag 459) defined by ab 459. Brains obtained within 12 hours postmortem from adults and a 22 week fetus were frozen and sectioned with a cryostat. They were fixed with acetone, incubated with ab 459, followed by biotinylated anti-mouse immunoglobulin, and then avidin-biotin-peroxidase complexes. Ag 459 is expressed by fetal neurons in the external granular layer of cerebellum; these same cells were negative for glial fibrillary acidicprotein and neuron specific enolase (NSE). Ab 459 also labelled morphologically mature fetal neurons, which were NSE positive,in a cerebellar nucleus. Adult cerebellar neurons of the granular layer, which are derived from fetal external granular layer, and all adult cortical neurons did not display ag 459. Both adult and fetal astrocytes expressed ag 459.Ag 459 is the first anti-genic determinant to be defined on human fetal neuronsin the external granularlayer of the cerebellum. The expression of this determinant on these cells,but not their maturederivatives, suggests that ag 459 is a stage specific marker for cerebellarneuron development. Astrocytes assist in migration of cerebellarfetal neurons in vivo, and the presence of ag 459 on fetalastrocytes and fetal neurons raise the possibility that this marker may be involved in the migration process.
Suppression of surface leakage in gate controlled type-II InAs/GaSb mid-infrared photodetectors

One of the biggest challenges of improving the electrical performance in Type II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetector is suppressing the surface leakage. Surface leakage screens important bulk dark current mechanisms, and brings difficulty and uncertainty to the material optimization and bulk intrinsic parameters extraction such as carrier lifetime and mobility. Most of surface treatments were attempted beyond the mid-infrared (MWIR) regime because compared to the bulk performance, surface leakage in MWIR was generally considered to be a minor factor. In this work, we show that below 150K, surface leakage still strongly affects the electrical performance of the very high bulk performance p-π-M-n MWIR photon detectors. With gating technique, we can effectively eliminate the surface leakage in a controllable manner. At 110K, the dark current density of a 4.7 μm cut-off gated photon diode is more than 2 orders of magnitude lower than the current density in SiO2 passivated ungated diode. With a quantum efficiency of 48%, the specific detecivity of gated diodes attains 2.5 x 1014 cmHz1/2/W, which is 3.6 times higher than that of ungated diodes.