cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Future for biological therapy for uveitis

Purpose of review To review biological therapies as they pertain to the treatment of inflammatory eye diseases, especially uveitis. Recent findings Biological therapies including antibodies, soluble receptors, and cytokines are being tested increasingly for a variety of ocular inflammations. As a class, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors have arguably been the most widely employed and have emerged as a successful approach to treat Behcet's disease. Alpha interferon has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of Behcet's disease and other forms of posterior uveitis. Additional cytokines, cell surface markers, adhesion molecules, and accessory molecules are targets of biological therapy, but the relevance of these targets in eye inflammation is sometimes just theoretical. And any disruption of the immune response entails potential risk. Summary Biological therapies offer tremendous potential in the treatment of ocular inflammation, but their study to date has been limited and both the efficacy and the risk are incompletely known for most of the available interventions.
Speciation and mixing behavior of silica-saturated aqueous fluid at high temperature and pressure

The effect of dissolved silica on the PVT properties of H2O and structure of silica-saturated aqueous fluids in equilibrium with quartz in the SiO2-H2O system has been determined in situ with the materials at temperature (up to 800 °C) and pressure (up to 1350 MPa) in a constant-volume hydrothermal diamond anvil cell. Pressure was measured with the Raman shift of 13C synthetic diamond and was also calculated from the PVT properties of pure H2O. The two sets of pressures thus obtained differ by ≤50 MPa at T < 500 °C. At higher temperatures (and pressures), the pressure difference increases and reaches about 350 MPa at 800 °C. The structure of the silica-saturated aqueous fluid was probed with microRaman and microFTIR methods. Coexisting molecular H2O and OH-groups, bonded to Si4+, exist above ~400 °C and ~0.4 GPa with their abundance-ratio, OH/H2O°, positively correlated with temperature. Hydrogen bonding diminishes with temperature and cannot be detected in the silica-saturated aqueous fluid above ~400 °C and ~0.4 GPa. This behavior resembles that of pure H2O under similar temperature and pressure conditions. Speciation of dissolved silica in the fluid at 400 °C/760 MPa, and above, comprises Qo and Q1 species, whereas at lower temperature and pressure only Qo species were detected. The Q1/Qo abundance ratio is positively correlated with temperature (and silica content). An excess volume of mixing, V H2Oexcess, derived from a comparison of EOS of pure H2O and those of silicate-saturated H2O, is related to the Q1/Qo abundance ratio in silicate-saturated fluid, XQ1/XQo. The V H2Oexcess = M H2O(1/ d m −1H2O/0.88), V H2Oexcess ~ 0 when XQ1/XQo approaches 0.
When zero is greater than one: Consumer misinterpretations of nutrition labels.

OBJECTIVE Front-of-package (FOP) nutrition labels are increasingly used by food manufacturers. A call to regulate the content and format of these labels resulted in recommendations by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) for standardized FOP labels that clearly communicate packaged foods' healthfulness. It is currently unclear how consumers would interpret and use these proposed labels. This research addresses psychological factors affecting the efficacy of FOP label use. It was hypothesized that IOM's proposed 0- to 3-point rating scale would produce the zero-comparison effect, leading to more favorable evaluations than are warranted for the least healthful products (i.e., those earning zero nutritional points). METHODS In two studies (Study 1, n = 68; Study 2, n = 101), participants evaluated products containing FOP labels on the basis of IOM recommendations. Primary outcomes were perceived product healthfulness and purchase intentions. RESULTS Study 1 demonstrated that less-healthful products were rated by study participants to be equally healthful as more-healthful products. The relationship between FOP rating and purchase intentions was mediated by perceived healthfulness. Biases in product healthfulness ratings were exacerbated for consumers with higher (vs. lower) health concern. Study 2 demonstrated that by changing the rating scale from 0-3 to 1-4, consumers avoid the zero-comparison effect and accurately evaluate products' healthfulness. CONCLUSIONS This research has implications for theory and policy in the domains of nutrition labeling and consumer health. Specifically, FOP labels can help consumers identify healthful options, but products receiving zero nutritional points may be misidentified as healthful; a simple label modification can prevent this confusion.
Nuclear accumulation of fibroblast growth factor receptors in human glial cells - association with cell proliferation

In this study we describe the presence of high affinity FGF-2 binding sites in the nuclei of U251MG glioma cells (K(d)=7 pM). Immunoprecipitation of total cell extracts with FGF receptor (FGFR) 1-4 antibodies showed that U251MG glioma cells express only FGFR1. [125I]FGF-2 cross linking to nuclear extracts followed by FGFR1 immunoprecipitation showed that FGFR1 may account for the nuclear FGF-2 binding sites. Western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of 103, 118 kDa and small amounts of 145 kDa FGFR1 isoforms in the nuclei of glioma cells. All isoforms contain both the C- and N-terminal domains. Nuclear FGFR1 retains kinase activity. Immunocytochemistry using confocal microscopy showed specific FGFR1 immunoreactivity within the nuclear interior. In continuously proliferating glioma cells, nuclear FGFR1 is constitutively expressed, independent of cell density. In contrast, in nontransformed human astrocytes, nuclear FGFR1 levels fluctuate with the proliferative state of the cell. In quiescent, confluent astrocytes nuclear FGFR1 protein was depleted. An accumulation of nuclear FGFR1 was observed following the transition to a subconfluent, proliferating state. Transfection of a pcDNA3.1-FGFR1 expression vector into glioma cells that do not express FGFR1 resulted in the nuclear accumulation of FGFR1, increased cell proliferation, and stimulated transition from the G0/G1 to the S-phase of the cell cycle. The increased proliferative rate was resistant to inhibition by the cell-impermeable FGF binding antagonist, myoinositol hexakis [dihydrogen phosphate]. Our results suggest that the constitutive nuclear presence of FGFR1 contributes to the increased proliferation of glioma cells while the transient nuclear accumulation of FGFR1 in normal astrocytes may play a role in the transition to a reactive state.
Inhibition by cortisone of the binding of new histamine in rat tissues.

SummaryInjected cortisone strongly inhibits the rate of binding of new histamine in rat skin.
Pink Bollworm: Response of Males to (Z,Z-) and (Z,E-) Isomers of Gossyplure

Various ratios of the ( Z,Z ) and ( Z,E ) isomers of gossyplure were tested for attractiveness to the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), during the 1975–76 cotton growing seasons. Early in the season, baits containing 60–67% of the ( Z,Z ) isomer were more attractive to males than baits containing the 1:1 ratio. Later in the season, the 1:1 ratio of isomers was as attractive or more attractive than other ratios tested. We observed an increase in the percentage of males that responded to ratios other than 1:1 as the season progressed.
Theories of Expectations for N Competing Firms

The theory of oligopoly discussed so far ignores the consequences of the fact that information is a costly good. It is time to start remedying this neglect. If information is costly, then some ignorance is optimal. The behavior of the market’s participants, who lack omniscience, depends on how they learn, what they know, and how they use their knowledge. Neglect of these considerations in many theories of oligopoly is more a testimony to the difficulty of analyzing these aspects of reality than to widespread agreement among scholars that these are unimportant problems. It is prudent, therefore, to proceed from the simpler to the more complicated cases. In particular some simplifying assumptions about demand are necessary. Let both the price and aggregate quantity be continuous variables and let the demand condition be represented by a continuously differentiable function relating price and aggregate quantity such that these two variables vary inversely. Assume that the firm offers the same product to all customers at a uniform price per unit thereby ruling out price discrimination among the customers of a given firm. However, even these assumptions do not imply a uniform price in the market if information is a costly good. This important point deserves some explanation.
Measurement of space charge fields in polymers

This paper reports progress in measuring electric fields due to space charge in continuous dielectric media by-means of the thermal pulse method[1–3]. This work is pertinent to the study of charge injection and transport processes as well as to the study of the effects of space charge on the dielectric breakdown of electric power cables using solid polymers for insulation.
Surveying the motivations of groups of learners in highly-technical STEM MOOCs

Highly technical STEM MOOCs have recently become widely available, but little is known about the motivations of the various groups of learners participating. In this work, we perform a detailed survey of 1,624 learners to examine their motivations in detail. These learners exhibited overall high levels of intrinsic motivation, but varied in their extrinsic motivation, according to their current position as students, workers, or unemployed individuals. Students generally reported the highest levels of extrinsic motivation compared to other groups (p<0.001). The results from this analysis indicate that additional factors about learners in each group, such as their course participation and performance, should be examined in future work to help better understand the various needs of those enrolling in highly technical STEM MOOCs.
Coordinating Role of IQGAP1 in the Regulation of Multivesicular Endosomal Compartment Dynamics

IQGAP1 is a large, multi-domain scaffold that helps orchestrate cell signaling and cytoskeletal mechanics by controlling interactions among a spectrum of receptors, signaling intermediates, and cytoskeletal proteins. While this coordination is known to impact cell morphology, motility, cell adhesion, and vesicular traffic, among other functions, the spatiotemporal properties and regulatory mechanisms of IQGAP1 have not been fully resolved. Herein, we describe a series of super-resolution and live-cell imaging analyses that identified a role for IQGAP1 in the regulation of an actin cytoskeletal shell surrounding a novel membranous compartment that localizes selectively to the basal cortex of polarized epithelial cells (MCF-10A). These largely immotile yet highly dynamic structures are identified as multivesicular membrane processing stations that participate in adherens junction protein traffic. We also show that IQGAP1 appears to both stabilize the actin coating and constrain its growth. Loss of compartmental IQGAP1 initiates a disassembly mechanism involving rapid and unconstrained actin polymerization around the compartment and dispersal of its vesicle contents. Together, these findings suggest IQGAP1 achieves this control over compartment dynamics by harnessing both stabilizing and antagonistic interactions with actin.
EARLY UNLOADING WITH IMPELLA SUPPORT IN ACUTE MI WITH CARDIOGENIC SHOCK LINKED TO DECREASED INFARCT SIZE, IN-HOSPITAL MORTALITY, AND HOSPITAL LENGTH OF STAY

Background: Acute MI (AMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS) continues to yield a devastating challenge with high mortality rates. Hemodynamic stabilization before and/or after early revascularization remains the primary goal in these patients. In addition to hemodynamic support by inotropes and
Trends in the use of patient-reported outcome instruments in neurosurgical adult thoracolumbar deformity and degenerative disease literature.

Objective: Shifting national healthcare trends place increased emphasis on patient-centered care and value-based outcomes, and thus, patient-reported outcome instruments (PROIs) are often used. We sought to characterize the trends in PROI use over the past decade with regard to thoracolumbar degenerative spine disease and spinal deformity in major neurosurgical journals. Methods: Articles were screened for PROI use through a PubMed search among five major neurosurgical journals from 2006 to 2016. Articles focusing on adult thoracolumbar deformity and degenerative disease were selected with stringent criteria to further characterize PROI use. Results: A total of 29 different PROIs were used among 102 articles identified from 2006 to 2016 using our search strategy. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine contained the most articles utilizing PROIs with 35.3% of all articles meeting search criteria. The most frequently used PROIs were Oswestry Disability Index, visual analog scale, and the European Quality of Life Five-dimension questionnaire used in 79.4%, 59.8%, and 29.4% of articles, respectively. Linear regression identified a significant increase in the number of articles employing PROIs from 2006 to 2016 (Y = 1.85, R2 = 0.77, P Conclusions: PROI use as an outcome tool in the adult thoracolumbar disease literature has increased during the past decade, which may be an indicative of PROI use to define patient expectations. This may also represent a trend toward PROI use as a surrogate measure of value-based care.
High-energy brain dynamics during anesthesia-induced unconsciousness.

Characterizing anesthesia-induced alterations to brain network dynamics provides a powerful framework to understand the neural mechanisms of unconsciousness. To this end, increased attention has be...
Characterization of Sensory Differences in Mixing and Premium Rums Through the Use of Descriptive Sensory Analysis.

This study identified and quantitated perceived sensory differences between 7 premium rums and 2 mixing rums using a hybrid of the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis and Spectrum methods. In addition, the results of this study validated the previously developed rum flavor wheel created from web‐based materials. Results showed that the use of the rum flavor wheel aided in sensory term generation, as 17 additional terms were generated after the wheel was provided to panelists. Thirty‐eight sensory terms encompassing aroma, aroma‐by‐mouth, mouthfeel, taste and aftertaste modalities, were generated and evaluated by the panel. Of the finalized terms, only 5 did not exist previously on the rum flavor wheel. Twenty attributes were found to be significantly different among rums. The majority of rums showed similar aroma profiles with the exception of 2 rums, which were characterized by higher perceived intensities of brown sugar, caramel, vanilla, and chocolate aroma, caramel, maple, and vanilla aroma‐by‐mouth and caramel aftertaste. These results demonstrate the previously developed rum flavor wheel can be used to adequately describe the flavor profile of rum. Additionally, results of this study document the sensory differences among premium rums and may be used to correlate with analytical data to better understand how changes in chemical composition of the product affect sensory perception.
Bad Security Metrics Part 2: Solutions

The author presents six principles to help avoid bad security metrics problems and move forward using sound measurement. This is the second part of a two-part series.
Help (not) wanted: Neo-liberal discourses of leadership against community knowledge and control in comparative context:

This article compares two neo-liberal education reform activities that are not often studied in tandem: alternative teacher certification in the USA, as explored through Teach for America, and the ...
Role of Idiotypes in the (4-Hydroxy-3-Nitrophenyl) Acetyl (NP)-Specific Suppressor T-Cell Pathway

It has recently become evident that modulation of the immune response can be effected by regulatory elements which recognize unique idiotypic determinants associated with the binding site of antibody molecules. For example, injection of mice with antigen(1) or idiotypic antibodies(2) results in the production of autoantibody specific for predominant idiotypic determinants. Injection of anti-idiotypic antibodies may similarly result in the appearance of idiotypic antibody.(3) These data support the hypothesis first proposed by Jerne predicting the participation of complementary idiotypic-anti-idiotypic antibodies in the regulation of the immune response.(4)
Structure from motion

In the previous chapter, we saw how 2D and 3D point sets could be aligned and how such alignments could be used to estimate both a camera’s pose and its internal calibration parameters. In this chapter, we look at the converse problem of estimating the locations of 3D points from multiple images given only a sparse set of correspondences between image features. While this process often involves simultaneously estimating both 3D geometry (structure) and camera pose (motion), it is commonly known as structure from motion (Ullman 1979)
Teen Social Networks and Depressive Symptoms-Substance Use Associations: Developmental and Demographic Variation.

Objective:The current study examined whether an adolescent’s standing within a school-bounded social network moderated the association between depressive symptoms and substance use across adolescen...
Comparing Advertising Agencies’ Resources to Academic Libraries’ Collections

Collection development analysis in academic libraries typically involves collection-centered and user-centered methods. These approaches focus on building collections that help students with their ...
What are Physical States

The concept of the physical state of a system is ubiquitous in physics but is usually presented in terms of specific cases. For example, the state of a point particle of mass m is completely characterized by its position and momentum. There is a tendency to consider such states as "real", i.e., as physical properties of a system. This rarely causes problems in classical physics but the notion of real quantum states has contributed mightily to the philosophical conundrums associated with quantum mechanics. The Einstein-Rosen-Podolsky paradox is a prime example. In fact, quantum states are not physical properties of a system but rather subjective descriptions that depend on the information available to a particular observer. This realization goes a long way toward resolving such dilemmas as Schrodinger's cat, wave function collapse, quantum non-locality, and parallel universes.
Response of Beef Cattle Fecal Microbiota to Grazing on Toxic Tall Fescue.

ABSTRACT Tall fescue, the predominant southeastern United States cool-season forage grass, frequently becomes infected with an ergot alkaloid-producing toxic endophyte, Epichloe coenophialum. Consumption of endophyte-infected fescue results in fescue toxicosis (FT), a condition that lowers beef cow productivity. Limited data on the influence of ergot alkaloids on rumen fermentation profiles or ruminal bacteria that could degrade the ergot alkaloids are available, but how FT influences the grazing bovine fecal microbiota or what role fecal microbiota might play in FT etiology and associated production losses has yet to be investigated. Here, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal samples from weaned Angus steers grazing toxic endophyte-infected (E+; n = 6) or nontoxic (Max-Q; n = 6) tall fescue before and 1, 2, 14, and 28 days after pasture assignment. Bacteria in the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla comprised 90% of the Max-Q and E+ steer fecal microbiota throughout the trial. Early decreases in the Erysipelotrichaceae family and delayed increases of the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families were among the major effects of E+ grazing. E+ also increased abundances within the Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, and Proteobacteria phyla and the Clostridiaceae family. Multiple operational taxonomic units classified as Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae were correlated negatively with weight gains (lower in E+) and positively with respiration rates (increased by E+). These data provide insights into how E+ grazing alters the Angus steer microbiota and the relationship of fecal microbiota dynamics with FT. IMPORTANCE Consumption of E+ tall fescue has an estimated annual $1 billion negative impact on the U.S. beef industry, with one driver of these costs being lowered weight gains. As global agricultural demand continues to grow, mitigating production losses resulting from grazing the predominant southeastern United States forage grass is of great value. Our investigation of the effects of E+ grazing on the fecal microbiota furthers our understanding of bovine fescue toxicosis in a real-world grazing production setting and provides a starting point for identifying easy-to-access fecal bacteria that could serve as potential biomarkers of animal productivity and/or FT severity for tall fescue-grazing livestock.
Deep UV resonance Raman spectroscopy for standoff explosive detection (Conference Presentation)

Due to its high sensitivity and selectivity, UV resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy has a number of scientific and industrial applications. Deep UVRR excited within explosive absorption bands (200 – 230 nm) enables trace explosive detection at a distance due to the resonance enhancement of Raman band intensities, stronger light scattering at short wavelengths, as well as negligible florescence interference. We are developing deep UVRR detection methodologies by investigating resonance enhancement of explosives excited in the deep UV, determining the optimal excitation wavelengths, investigating explosive UV-photochemistry, characterizing explosive UV photoproducts, and measuring UVRR spectral evolution during explosive photolysis. We are also developing state-of-the-art UVRR instrumentation by designing and manufacturing high efficiency, high throughput standoff UVRR spectrometers, co-developing new compact solid state deep UV lasers, and designing novel deep UV optical diffracting devices.
The value of peer support for self‐management of diabetes among veterans in the Empowering Patients In Chronic care intervention

AIM To examine the value of peer support in the self-management of diabetes among veterans in an integrated health care system. METHODS We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with veterans and clinicians 6 months after their participation in Empowering Patients in Chronic Care (EPIC), a group-based diabetes intervention with a peer-support component. Interviews elicited clinicians' narratives of how peer support unfolded in the groups and veterans' experiences of giving and receiving support from their peers. Data analysis was guided by principles of framework analysis using Heisler's peer-support model. RESULTS Findings support Heisler's peer-support model and provide evidence supporting professional-led group visits with peer exchange. Clinicians and veterans endorsed informational and emotional support received in EPIC groups. Clinicians often referred to EPIC as an open forum or a support group where veterans could both give and receive help. Veterans noted the benefits of shared problem-solving and the support they received. Clinicians and veterans perceived the peer-support component of EPIC as facilitating increased empowerment in terms of self-efficacy, increased perceived social support and increased understanding of self-care. Ultimately, many veterans acknowledged that their participation in EPIC facilitated improved health-related quality of life, improved health behaviours and improved chronic disease control. CONCLUSIONS Findings emphasize the value of peer support in managing chronic illness. Peer-support programmes may address veterans' unique challenges and have the potential to improve physical and mental health.
Influence of age, lesion volume, and damage to dorsal versus ventral streams to viewer- and stimulus-centered hemispatial neglect in acute right hemisphere stroke

Abstract We studied 156 individuals with acute, right hemisphere ischemic stroke on a battery of hemispatial neglect tests to distinguish between viewer-centered and stimulus-centered neglect and MRI diffusion weighted imaging. We identified the relative contributions of age, total lesion volume, and damage to subcortical and cortical grey matter regions as well as white matter tracts to both the severity and presence of significant viewer-centered and stimulus-centered neglect, using multivariable regression tests. We found that age, volume of lesion, and percent damage to the regions of interest were each independently associated with the severity of viewer-centered neglect (r2 = .31; p
Editorial: Advancing the field of entrepreneurship: The primacy of unequivocal “A” level entrepreneurship journals

Abstract In this editorial, I seek to inform entrepreneurship scholars about the significance of unequivocal “A” level entrepreneurship journals for the continued ascent of entrepreneurship as a universally recognized “mainstream” academic field. Drawing insights from research on intellectual movements and the evolution of academic fields, I take stock of entrepreneurship as a community of scholars mobilizing elements of distinctiveness and legitimacy to elevate the status of the field. Doing so, I offer three field level observations on the primacy of unequivocal “A” journals for advancing the field. I then delineate a set of role related implications for members of the community, including authors, senior scholars, and newcomers to the field. Finally, I entertain some common objections to emphasizing journal status as a mechanism in entrepreneurship's upsurge to “mainstream” academic field.
Adaptive evolution of virulence and persistence in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Among the most urgent public health threats is the worldwide emergence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae1–4, which are resistant to the antibiotic class of ‘last resort’. In the United States and Europe, carbapenem-resistant strains of the Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 (ref. 5) sequence type are dominant, endemic6–8 and associated with high mortality6,9,10. We report the global evolution of pathogenicity in carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae, resulting in the repeated convergence of virulence and carbapenem resistance in the United States and Europe, dating back to as early as 2009. We demonstrate that K. pneumoniae can enhance its pathogenicity by adopting two opposing infection programs through easily acquired gain- and loss-of-function mutations. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the capsule biosynthesis gene wzc lead to hypercapsule production, which confers phagocytosis resistance, enhanced dissemination and increased mortality in animal models. In contrast, mutations disrupting capsule biosynthesis genes impair capsule production, which enhances epithelial cell invasion, in vitro biofilm formation and persistence in urinary tract infections. These two types of capsule mutants have emerged repeatedly and independently in Europe and the United States, with hypercapsule mutants associated with bloodstream infections and capsule-deficient mutants associated with urinary tract infections. In the latter case, drug-tolerant K. pneumoniae can persist to yield potentially untreatable, persistent infection. Mutations in Klebsiella pneumoniae that lead to gain or loss of capsule production affect pathogenicity and associate with bloodstream or urinary tract infections, respectively.
Prevalence of Lymphoid Neoplasia in a Retrospective Analysis of Warthin Tumor: A Single Institution Experience.

Warthin tumor is one of the most common benign salivary gland tumors. Overt lymphoma is known to occur in the lymphoid stroma of Warthin tumor. In situ follicular neoplasia is difficult to identify in routine histologic examination of lymphoid tissue and has not been reported in association with Warthin tumor. Our objective is to determine the prevalence of overt malignant lymphoma and in situ follicular neoplasia in Warthin tumor. We conducted a retrospective histological evaluation of 89 sequential Warthin tumor cases with available slides and blocks from the years 2010–2019. Of these, 84 cases were subjected to immunohistochemical testing, while 5 cases had been previously worked up for the suspicion of lymphoma. We identified two additional cases of lymphoid neoplasia associated with Warthin tumor including small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n = 1) and in situ follicular neoplasia (n = 1) in addition to previously reported case of follicular lymphoma included in this study. The prevalence rate of first-time detected lymphoid neoplasia in Warthin tumor is 3.4%. The prevalence rate of overt lymphoma is 2.2%, while the prevalence of in situ follicular neoplasia is 1.1%. We propose histologic criteria to identify small lymphocytic lymphoma and follicular lymphoma in Warthin tumor. These include a monotonous interfollicular expansion of small lymphocytes and germinal centers composed of a monotonous population of lymphocytes without polarity or tingible body macrophages respectively. It is very important for pathologists to perform a diligent morphological examination and perform immunohistochemistry in suspected cases to identify subtle involvement of Warthin tumor by lymphoma. In patients with involvement of Warthin tumor by in situ follicular neoplasia, concurrent lymphoma in the same tissue and other sites should be considered. Patients without overt lymphoma elsewhere likely have a low risk of progression to follicular lymphoma. The low prevalence of in situ follicular neoplasia in Warthin tumor, combined with the low rate of clinical progression to lymphoma, make routine screening of Warthin tumor for in situ follicular neoplasia unnecessary.
A Longitudinal Study of White Matter Development in Relation to Changes in Autism Severity Across Early Childhood

Abstract Background Cross-sectional diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging studies suggest that young autistic children have alterations in white matter structure that differ from older autistic individuals. However, it is unclear whether these differences result from atypical neurodevelopment or sampling differences between young and older cohorts. Furthermore, the relationship between altered white matter development and longitudinal changes in autism symptoms is unknown. Methods Using longitudinal diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging acquired over 2 to 3 time points between the ages of approximately 2.5 to 7.0 years in 125 autistic children and 69 typically developing control participants, we directly tested the hypothesis that autistic individuals have atypical white matter development across childhood. Additionally, we sought to determine whether changes in white matter diffusion parameters were associated with longitudinal changes in autism severity. Results Autistic children were found to have slower development of fractional anisotropy in the cingulum bundle, superior longitudinal fasciculus, internal capsule, and splenium of the corpus callosum. Furthermore, in the sagittal stratum, autistic individuals who increased in autism severity over time had a slower developmental trajectory of fractional anisotropy compared with individuals whose autism decreased in severity. In the uncinate fasciculus, autistic individuals who decreased in autism symptom severity also had greater increases in fractional anisotropy with age. Conclusions These longitudinal findings indicate that previously reported differences in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging measures between younger and older autism cohorts are attributable to an atypical developmental trajectory of white matter. Differences in white matter development between individuals whose autism severity increased, remained stable, or decreased suggest that these functional differences are associated with fiber development in the autistic brain.
Study on Control Technologies Scheme of Wind Farm Transient Active Support

Due to the fault ride-through control strategy, voltage withstand capability, and reactive power / voltage control strategy of wind turbines, the DC transmission capability is greatly restricted, and the transient characteristics of wind turbines and dynamic reactive power compensation devices are mutually coupled, which makes the reactive voltage control characteristics of DC near zone more complicated. In order to effectively solve the problem of transient active support for large-scale wind power grid connection, it is urgent to carry out research on the voltage and power active support technology for the transient process of wind turbines, master the key technologies of active support control for the transient process of wind power and promote the active support of transient wind power. This study may provide a good reference to obtain advances in power grid technology, ensure the safe and stable operation of large-scale wind power grid-connected systems, improve the grid's ability to accommodate wind power, increase the international core competitiveness of key wind power technologies, and promote the scale and sustainable development of wind power industry in China.
The Governance and Administration of Chino Basin Groundwater Management

Adaptive groundwater management in Chino Basin entails a highly polycentric set of institutional arrangements that involve multiple local, state, and federal agencies as well as numerous private entities. This chapter presents the organizational and interorganizational structures and relationships involved in the governance and administration of Chino Basin. It begins with the ways in which information gathering, reporting, and accountability practices have been institutionalized in Chino Basin. It includes the stakeholder engagement and decision making processes that have developed in the basin, with specific focus on the practices of the Chino Basin Watermaster. In addition, this chapter addresses California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) enacted in 2014: what if anything it means for Chino Basin, and what lessons the Chino Basin experience has to offer for the nearly 100 other groundwater basins in California where management institutions and plans are being implemented currently.
Toward Explainable and Adaptable Detection and Classification of Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks

By attacking (e.g., flooding) the bandwidth or resources of a victim (e.g., a web server) on the Internet from multiple compromised systems (e.g., a botnet), distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks disrupt the services of the victim and make it unavailable to its legitimate users. Albeit studied many years already, the detection of DDoS attacks remains a troubling problem. In this paper, we propose a new, learning-based DDoS detection and classification method that is both explainable and adaptable. This method first utilizes a modified k-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm to detect DDoS attacks and then uses risk degree sorting with grids to classify traffic at a fine granularity. It uses a k-dimensional tree to partition the searching space that significantly improves its efficiency and shortens KNN query times. Moreover, compared with the previous DDoS detection and classification approaches, along with the detection results this method further generates risk profiles that provides users with interpretability for filtering DDoS traffic. Additionally, this method does not need to retrain the detection model in order to make it fit in a new network environment. Users can leverage a variety of prior knowledge to evolve the model. We evaluated this approach in both simulated environments and the real world, which shows that our approach is both effective and efficient. It achieves a 98.4% accuracy in detecting DDoS attacks with a delay of around 5 s.
Machine Learning Based Autism Spectrum Disorder Detection from Videos

Early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is crucial for best outcomes to interventions. In this paper, we present a machine learning (ML) approach to ASD diagnosis based on identifying specific behaviors from videos of infants of ages 6 through 36 months. The behaviors of interest include directed gaze towards faces or objects of interest, positive affect, and vocalization. The dataset consists of 2000 videos of 3-minute duration with these behaviors manually coded by expert raters. Moreover, the dataset has statistical features including duration and frequency of the above mentioned behaviors in the video collection as well as independent ASD diagnosis by clinicians. We tackle the ML problem in a two-stage approach. Firstly, we develop deep learning models for automatic identification of clinically relevant behaviors exhibited by infants in a one-on-one interaction setting with parents or expert clinicians. We report baseline results of behavior classification using two methods: (1) image based model (2) facial behavior features based model. We achieve 70% accuracy for smile, 68% accuracy for look face, 67% for look object and 53% accuracy for vocalization. Secondly, we focus on ASD diagnosis prediction by applying a feature selection process to identify the most significant statistical behavioral features and a over and under sampling process to mitigate the class imbalance, followed by developing a baseline ML classifier to achieve an accuracy of 82% for ASD diagnosis.
Does Normal Mathematics Need New Axioms

We present a range of mathematical theorems whose proofs require unexpectedly strong logical methods, which in some cases go well beyond the usual axioms for mathematics.
Horizontal and Vertical Equity: The Musgrave/Kaplow Exchange

Over the past several years, Professors Richard Musgrave and Louis Kaplow have engaged in an exchange over the question whether the concept of horizontal equity has any independent significance apart from vertical equity. Kaplow answers that question in the negative, Musgrave in the affirmative. The purposes of this comment are to sort out the issues raised in the Musgrave-Kaplow exchange, and to set forth a somewhat different perspective from which to view those issues.
Regulation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of matrix vesicles induced calcification of recipient vascular smooth muscle cells.

INTRODUCTION Increased oxidative stress is associated with vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We have previously demonstrated that cellular-derived matrix vesicles (MV), but not media-derived MV, are endocytosed in the presence of phosphorus by recipient normal rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and induce calcification through ERK1/2 and [Ca2+]i signaling. We hypothesized that these changes were mediated by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. METHODS MV were co-cultured with recipient VSMC in the presence of high phosphorus and ROS production and cell signaling assessed. RESULTS The results demonstrated MV endocytosis led to increased ROS production in recipient VSMC with no increase in mitochondrial oxygen consumption or oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), indicating the ROS was not from the mitochondria. The use of inhibitors demonstrated that endocytosis of these MV by VSMC led to a signaling cascade in the cytoplasm beginning with ERK1/2 signaling, then increased [Ca2+]i and stimulation of ROS production, mediated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX)1/4. Media-derived MV did not induce this cascade, indicating endocytosis itself was not a factor. Furthermore, inhibition of either ERK1/2 activation or [Ca2+]i reduced vascular calcification. CONCLUSION We conclude that endocytosis of pro-mineralizing MV can induce a series of signaling events in normal VSMC that culminate in generation of ROS via activation of NOX1/4. Understanding these pathways will allow the development of future targeted therapeutics.
Microplasma Synthesis of Metal Feedstock for Additive Manufacturing

By expanding the boundaries of microplasma synthesis of metal feedstock beyond noble metals, this work shows that microplasmas are an excellent tool for the synthesis of a variety of transition metals and alloys. With this expansion into various alloys, microplasma synthesis can become a useful fabrication technique for producing metal feedstock for additive manufacturing due to the traditional methods being energy inefficient processes. In this work, we present results on microparticle formation of select transition metals, bimetallic alloys, such as Invar, and both austenitic and ferritic stainless steel produced through an atmospheric microplasma synthesis with a liquid electrode. We explore the production rates under different plasma parameters and at different electrolytic concentrations to help ensure efficient production of metal feedstock microparticles. During processing, the microplasma was monitored with a Langmuir probe; this assisted in determining that an aqueous solution of cobalt ions provided the best results for stainless-steel particle formation due to their higher kinetic energy in the plasma. With the ability to not only produce elemental transition metal microparticles but also complex metal alloys, such as stainless steel, microplasma synthesis, due to its energy efficiency, is ideal for creating metal feedstock for additive manufacturing.
Addition and Subtraction

ABSTRACT This paper introduces the use of cost-benefit analysis as a teaching tool for addressing diversity content within social policy courses and advocacy work. Two case examples, the Rockefeller drug laws and the Permanent Partners Immigration Act, are provided to illustrate the methodology. Teaching strategies that utilize cost-benefit analysis to develop student understanding of current policies affecting diverse populations and its usefulness as an advocacy strategy are introduced. In addition, the potential for cost-benefit analysis to foster greater understanding of whose voices seem to be heard in social policy development and whose appear to be silent is discussed.
Labor Scheduling, Part 3: Developing a Workforce Schedule

“Who will help me bake this bread?,” asked the little red hen. “Not I,” said the dog. “Not I,” said the cat. “Not I,” said the mouse. “Then I will,” said the little red hen.
Spectrum Sharing Approach between Radar and Communication Systems and Its Impact on Radar's Detectable Target Parameters

In this paper, we present our spectrum sharing algorithm between a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar and Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular system with multiple base stations (BS)s. We analyze the performance of MIMO radars in detecting the angle of arrival, propagation delay and Doppler angular frequency by projecting orthogonal waveforms onto the null-space of interference channel matrix. We compare and analyze the radar's detectable target parameters in the case of the original radar waveform and the case of null-projected radar waveform. Our proposed spectrum-sharing algorithm causes minimum loss in radar performance by selecting the best interference channel that does not cause interference to the &#36;i^{th}&#36; LTE base station due to the radar signal. We show through our analytical and simulation results that the loss in the radar performance in detecting the target parameters is minimal when our proposed spectrum sharing algorithm is used to select the best channel onto which radar signals are projected.
The value of vaginal smears in the diagnosis of early malignancy

Abstract 1. 1. A diagnostic aid in the discovery of early pelvic malignancy has been described and the results of the method as used in 427 cases have been presented. 2. 2. The microscopic characteristics of malignant smears have been outlined and the specific cells designating squamous carcinoma of the cervix, adenocarcinoma of the fundus and 1 case of sarcoma have been described, together with an illustrative case history for each. 3. 3. The importance of confining the method to the realm of preliminary and corroborative procedures is stressed.
Criminal Discovery and Omnibus Procedure in a Federal Court: A Defense View

This Article discusses the results of a field survey of the criminal discovery process in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California - the first of at least 10 jurisdictions to adopt the "omnibus procedure" promulgated by the American Bar Association in the Standards Relating to Discovery and Procedure Before Trial (Standards), part of its Project on Minimum Standards for Criminal Justice. The study is based primarily upon information obtained through personal interviews with attorneys who represented defendants in cases tried before juries in San Diego in the spring of 1974. The study analyzes the functioning of a largely informal discovery system, describes the disclosures generated by that system, and assesses the impact of those disclosures upon the trial processes. In particular, the study focuses on the following questions: (1) What claims for the discovery process in San Diego are supported by the field research and what defects or malfunctions are revealed by it? (2) What are the attitudes of the defense bar toward the discovery system and the disclosures made under it? (3) Of what usefulness are the disclosures and how is the trial process affected by them? (4) Are the disclosures made under this system of informal discovery of a greater scope than those called for either by the ABA Standards or by Rule 16 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.
Repetitively-pulsed DC glow discharge in atmospheric pressure air: modeling and experiments with a 12 kV, 10 Ns, 100 kHz pulse generator

Summary form only given, as follows. Low-temperature, low-power atmospheric-pressure air plasmas with high electron number densities have numerous potential applications such as medical sterilization, biochemical decontamination and EM-wave shielding. DC discharges can be used to create such plasmas, but as most of the energy goes into vibrational excitation of nitrogen molecules the power budget is extremely large (about 30 kW/cm/sup 3/ for n/sub e/=10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/). The power budget can be greatly reduced however through the use of high-voltage electric pulses. In an air discharge under a wide range of conditions, the rate of recombination of electrons is approximately set by n/sub e/ and must be compensated for by ionization. DC discharges can maintain n/sub e//spl sim/10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/ with electric fields producing electron temperatures on the order of 1 eV. Short (1-10 ns)-pulse discharges require higher peak electron temperatures of about 3-5 eV. As the energy lost to nitrogen molecules, per electron created, is several orders of magnitude smaller at T/sub e/=3 eV than at T/sub e/=1 eV, the ionization efficiency is much larger in the pulsed case than in the DC case, and the power budget decreases accordingly. We have devised a repetitively-pulsed discharge scheme using this principle. Parametric studies of the pulsed-discharge parameters were performed with a 2-temperature chemical-kinetic and a collisional-radiative model. A power reduction of more than 2 orders of magnitude at n/sub e/=10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/ is predicted. This result is supported by experiments conducted in our laboratory with a single electric pulse. Experiments using a 100 kHz repetitive pulse generator, with typical voltage pulses of 12 kV amplitude and 10 ns FWHM, have also been conducted in atmospheric-pressure air at 1800 K. Electrical and optical measurements of the discharge are compared to the modeling predictions. The experimental and modeling results to date indicate that low-temperature atmospheric pressure air plasmas with n/sub e//spl sim/3/spl times/10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/ can be sustained with power requirements of /spl sim/60 W/cm/sup 3/.
Correction of Chromatic Aberration with an Electron Mirror

An experimental demonstration of correction of chromatic aberration by an electron mirror is reported. A hyperbolic electrostatic electron mirror, operating in its converging range and symmetric mode, was used as the corrector. A separating system consisting of three magnetic defectors, two pairs of relay lenses, and an interface lens, with deflectins taking place at image planes, was used to implement the mirror. The electron optical system to which the correction was applied was operated in the probe mode