cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The algebraic independence of certain numbers related by the exponential function

Abstract We give a variation of a theorem of Gelfond. One of the corollaries is Schneider's conjecture that either exp( e ) or exp( e 2 ) is transcendental. It also follows that at least one of the numbers exp(α), exp( α 2 ), exp( α 3 ) is transcendental for any nonzero complex number α.
13C NMR: The stereochemical dependence of 15N13C coupling constants in pyrazoles

Geminal 15N13C coupling constants have been measured in a series of 15N-enriched 1‒phenyl‒3,5‒dialkyl-substituted pyrazoles. The importance of the orientation of the nitrogen lone-pair in determining the magnitude of 2J(15N13C) values is reflected in the enhanced coupling observed for those carbon atoms lying close in space to the lone-pair electrons.
The multiple lives of NMD factors: balancing roles in gene and genome regulation

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) largely functions to ensure the quality of gene expression. However, NMD is also crucial to regulating appropriate expression levels for certain genes and for maintaining genome stability. Furthermore, just as NMD serves cells in multiple ways, so do its constituent proteins. Recent studies have clarified that UPF and SMG proteins, which were originally discovered to function in NMD, also have roles in other pathways, including specialized pathways of mRNA decay, DNA synthesis and cell-cycle progression, and the maintenance of telomeres. These findings suggest a delicate balance of metabolic events — some not obviously related to NMD — that can be influenced by the cellular abundance, location and activity of NMD factors and their binding partners.
Body Mass Index of Obese Women Determines the Response to a Carbohydrate-Rich Weight Loss Diet Plan

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To understand the factors that might determine a weight loss regime that is appropriate for obese patients. Consumption of carbohydrate (cho)-rich, protein-poor foods is often associated with emotional distress that characterizes the overeating in many obese individuals. The subsequent insulin-mediated increase in blood and brain tryptophan (TP) levels and serotonin synthesis may improve mood and eating behavior. Healthy obese women with a mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of 32 ± 0.16 (Mean ± SD) or 37 ± 0.85 who overeat when stressed were treated for 7 weeks (BMI 32 group) or 5 weeks (BMI 37 group) with a 1400 calorie protein-rich or cho-rich liquid meal and snack replacement Plasma TP/Large Neutral Amino Acids (LNAA) ratios which reflect brain TP uptake were measured following consumption of the diets. The TP/LNAA ratio increased significantly after intake of the cho-rich (0.094 pre vs 0.111 post drink; p
Police-monitored CCTV cameras in Newark, NJ: A quasi-experimental test of crime deterrence

We present a test of the crime-deterrent effect of police-monitored street-viewing CCTV cameras using viewsheds of areas that were visible by cameras via direct line-of-sight and that were digitized using easily replicable methods, Google Maps, and standard GIS tools. A quasi-experimental research design, using camera installation sites and randomly selected control sites, assessed the impact of CCTV on the crimes of shootings, auto thefts, and thefts from autos in Newark, NJ, for 13 months before and after camera installation dates. Strategically-placed cameras were not any different from randomly-placed cameras at deterring crime within their viewsheds; there were statistically significant reductions in auto thefts within viewsheds after camera installations; there were significant improvements to location quotient values for shootings and auto thefts after camera installations. There was no significant displacement and there was a small diffusion of benefits, which was greater for auto thefts than shootings. The system of cameras in Newark is not as efficient as it could be at deterring certain street crimes; some camera locations are significantly more effective than others. Results of a system-wide evaluation of CCTV cameras should not be the only basis for endorsing or contesting the use of CCTV cameras for crime control or prevention within a city. Future research should test whether the effectiveness of CCTV cameras are dependent upon the micro-level attributes of environments within which they are installed.
Größere Möglichkeiten für die NMR‐Spektroskopie durch Mikrospulenprobenköpfe

Die Kapillar-NMR(CapNMR)-Spektroskopie erhoht die Mengenempfindlichkeit der NMR-spektroskopischen Analyse und ermoglicht ihre Kombination mit anderen Analysetechniken. CapNMR-Spektroskopie bietet nicht nur eine hohere Empfindlichkeit, sondern liefert fur niedermolekulare Verbindungen in vielen Fallen auch Spektren besserer Qualitat als herkommliche Verfahren. Dieser Kurzaufsatz beschreibt den aktuellen Stand der CapNMR-Technologie sowie ihrer Anwendungen zur Charakterisierung von niedermolekularen Verbindungen und Proteinen bei begrenzten Probenmengen, das schnelle Screening von Bibliotheken aus niedermolekularen Verbindungen oder Proteinen sowie die Kombination von CapNMR-Spektroskopie mit anderen Analysemethoden.
Triangular UHF algebras

In this paper we classify triangular UHF algebras. The generic triangular UHF algebra is constructed as follows. Let (pn) be any sequence of positive integers such that pm|pn whenever m ⩽ n. For each n let Tpn be the algebra of all pn × pn upper triangular complex matrices, and for m ⩽ n, let σpn·pm: Tpm → Tpn be the mapping, x↦1d⊗x, where d = pnpm. A triangular UHF algebra (TUHF) of rank (pn) is any Banach algebra that is isometrically isomorphic to the Banach algebra inductive limit T = limn → ∞(Tpn; σ Pm). The principal result of the paper is that if J and T are arbitrary TUHF algebras, then J is isometrically isomorphic to T if, and only if J and T have the same supernatural number.
Probing nonstandard top-quark couplings using spin correlation

Top spin correlation has been shown to be nontrivial in hadronic top-quark pair production, and can be realized by the asymmetries of the decay products of the top quark and antiquark. We show in this work that the top spin correlation is a sensitive probe to the anomalous top-quark couplings beyond the standard model. Specifically, we look at the anomalous chromomagnetic and chromoelectric dipole moments, as well as a right-handed component in the weak decay of the top quark. We find a few measurable asymmetries formed by the decay products of the top-quark pair that vary in accord with the spin correlation. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Peroxynitrite inhibits sodium uptake in rat colonic membrane vesicles.

Peroxynitrite (ONOO−) is a potent oxidizing agent that initiates lipid peroxidation and sulfhydryl oxidation and may be responsible for a portion of the cytotoxicity attributed to superoxide anion (O2−). We quantified the extent to which ONOO−, xanthine plus xanthine oxidase (XO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), decreased sodium (Na+) uptake into membrane vesicles derived from colonic cells of dexamethasone-treated rats. Carrier-free 22Na+ uptake into vesicles was measured in the presence of an inside negative membrane potential, produced by the addition of the potassium ionophore valinomycin (10 μM) after removal of all external potassium by cation exchange chromatography. Preincubation of vesicles with either 100 μM or 1 mM ONOO− for 30 s decreased the amiloride-blockable fraction of Na+ uptake by 27 ± 7% and 65 ± 2%, respectively (X¯±S.E.; n ≥ 5; P < 0.05 from control). However, the amiloride-insensitive part of Na+ uptake was not affected, indicating that there was no overt destruction of these vesicles by these ONOO− concentrations. Decomposed ONOO−, hydrogen peroxide (1 μM–10 mM), or xanthine (500 μM) plus XO (10–30 mU/ml), either in the absence or in the presence of 100 μM FeEDTA, did not decrease Na+ uptake. These data suggest that ONOO− is a potent injurious agent that can compromise Na+ uptake across epithelial cells possibly by damaging Na+ channels.
Amrinone‐Mediated Thrombocytopenia

Amrinone, a new cardioactive drug, was administered for, on average, 27.9 d to 12 patients in severe congestive heart failure. Thrombocytopenia occurred in 4 patients, while a progressive decline in platelet numbers developed in 3 additional patients. The mechanism for these adverse effects of amrinone is unclear, but merits further study because of its frequency.
Formal methods for object-oriented software engineering

Object-Oriented (OO) methodologies are prevalent for developing software. The main tenet of OO software engineering methodologies is the development of three distinct, yet integrated, models of software: the object, dynamic, and functional models. The main problems associated with OO methodologies are weak semantics and lack of integration. Weak semantics allow ambiguous interpretations of behavior, while the lack of integration makes it difficult to establish consistency between and across the models. An important solution to rectify this semantic weakness in current OO methodologies is to use formal methods to specify the critical behavior of objects. Formal methods facilitate a precise description of the behavior of objects, and allow reasoning to ensure consistency and completeness. This paper presents the state-of-the-art in using formal methods for OO software engineering.
Stunted morphologies of cerebellar Purkinje cells in lurcher and staggerer mice are cell-intrinsic effects of the mutant genes.

Purkinje cells in the neurological mutants lurcher and staggerer exhibit a number of abnormal properties; mutant wild-type chimeras have shown that these properties are direct effects of the mutant gene. What has remained unexplored are the numerous dendritic abnormalities that the two mutant Purkinje cells exhibit. In staggerer, Purkinje cells have rudimentary, unbranched dendrites that lack tertiary branchlet spines, In lurcher, before the Purkinje cells die, their dendrites remain short and underdeveloped. To determine whether or not a system of healthy afferents (or other environmental factors) would alter either of these phenotypes, we examined young lurcher and adult staggerer mouse chimeras using Golgi impregnation. In postnatal day 20 (P20) lurcher chimeras, we found two distinct morphological classes of Purkinje cells. One, inferred to be wild type, had a dendritic structure similar to normal Purkinje cells in age-matched controls. The other consised of cells with small somata, reduced dendritic arbors, and multiple dendritic processes, making them indistinguishable from Purkinje cells in P20 lurcher mutants. We also examined mature staggerer chimeras. We found no evidence that the stunted morphology of staggerer Purkinje cells is rescued in mosaic animals but observed numerous examples of medium to large neurons resembling atrophic Purkinje cells of staggerer mutants. These results suggest that the dendritic abnormalities described in both mutants reflect cell autonomous, developmental genetic blocks in the cytological maturation of the cerebellar Purkinje cell. The implication is that the action of the wild-type alleles at these two loci are required to execute a normal program of dendritic development. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Health Consequences of Obesity in Youth: Childhood Predictors of Adult Disease

Obesity now affects one in five children in the United States. Discrimination against overweight children begins early in childhood and becomes progressively institutionalized. Because obese children tend to be taller than their nonoverweight peers, they are apt to be viewed as more mature. The inappropriate expectations that result may have an adverse effect on their socialization. Many of the cardiovascular consequences that characterize adult-onset obesity are preceded by abnormalities that begin in childhood. Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and abnormal glucose tolerance occur with increased frequency in obese children and adolescents. The relationship of cardiovascular risk factors to visceral fat independent of total body fat remains unclear. Sleep apnea, pseudotumor cerebri, and Blount's disease represent major sources of morbidity for which rapid and sustained weight reduction is essential. Although several periods of increased risk appear in childhood, it is not clear whether obesity with onset early in childhood carries a greater risk of adult morbidity and mortality. Obesity is now the most prevalent nutritional disease of children and adolescents in the United States. Although obesity-associated morbidities occur more frequently in adults, significant consequences of obesity as well as the antecedents of adult disease occur in obese children and adolescents. In this review, I consider the adverse effects of obesity in children and adolescents and attempt to outline areas for future research. I refer to obesity as a body mass index greater than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and gender.
Electron microscopic tomography of rat‐liver mitochondria and their interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum

Electron microscopic tomography can provide a complete three-dimensional range of information about subcellular structures. Applied to mitochondria, it has shown that the conventional textbook model of this organelle is incorrect. The infoldings of the inner membrane (called cristae) are connected by narrow tubular regions to each other and to the outside, suggesting that internal diffusion of ions, metabolites and proteins may be restricted. Tomographic reconstruction of mitochondria in situ indicates these organelles may occur in clusters with stacks of endoplasmic reticulum, forming extended structures that may be involved in [Ca++] regulation.
Usefulness and safety of percutaneous coronary interventions for cardiac transplant vasculopathy

Late morbidity and death as a result of progressive coronary vascular obliteration remains a major unsolved problem after orthotopic heart transplantation. Various percutaneous catheter intervention (PCI) methods have been used to treat transplant coronary artery disease (CAD), but few reports have assessed the longitudinal results of these procedures. Of 1,440 cardiac transplant patients at University of California, Los Angeles, Medical Center, treated between 1984 and 2004, 65 patients who had undergone orthotopic heart transplantation underwent PCI on a total of 156 coronary artery lesions because of transplant CAD between July 1993 and August 2004. The procedural success rate was 93%. Angiographic follow-up was available for 42 patients and 101 lesions 9.5 +/- 5.8 months after PCI. The global restenosis rate was 36%. Multivariate analysis was used to assess 49 clinical, angiographic, and immunologic variables per lesion. The use of a cutting balloon increased the risk of restenosis (odds ratio 11.5, p <0.01) and the use of stents decreased the risk of restenosis (odds ratio 0.34, p <0.05) compared with other PCI methods. The restenosis rate with drug-eluting stents was 19%, lower than that with bare metal stents (31%). Of the 65 patients, 20 (31%) died within 1.9 +/- 1.8 years after PCI. The actuarial survival rate was 56% at 5 years after the first PCI. In conclusion, although the restenosis rate after PCI was higher than that in nontransplant patients with CAD, the immediate and long-term results were acceptable in this high-risk population. Despite the intense inflammation associated with transplant CAD, drug-eluting stents appeared to reduce the occurrence of restenosis. Compared with historical controls, PCI may also improve the actuarial survival rate of patients undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation.
Digital collaborative learning: identifying what students value.

Digital technologies are changing the learning landscape and connecting classrooms to learning environments beyond the school walls. Online collaborations among students, teachers, and scientists are new opportunities for authentic science experiences. Here we present findings generated on PlantingScience ( www.plantingscience.org), an online community where scientists from more than 14 scientific societies have mentored over 14,000 secondary school students as they design and think through their own team investigations on plant biology. The core intervention is online discourse between student teams and scientist mentors to enhance classroom-based plant investigations. We asked: (1) what attitudes about engaging in authentic science do students reveal, and (2) how do student attitudes relate to design principles of the program? Lexical analysis of open-ended survey questions revealed that students most highly value working with plants and scientists. By examining student responses to this cognitive apprenticeship model, we provide new perspectives on the importance of the personal relationships students form with scientists and plants when working as members of a research community. These perspectives have implications for plant science instruction and e-mentoring programs.
Controlling thermal gradient during sintering of polycrystalline laser host materials with a millimeter-wave beam

Millimeter-wave sintering of ceramic laser host materials has been under investigation at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) for high-energy laser (HEL) applications. Potential advantages of polycrystalline, compared to single-crystal, laser host materials include lower processing temperature, higher gain from higher dopant concentration, cheaper fabrication, and larger devices. Successful production of laser quality polycrystalline laser host requires a high purity material and the sintering process must achieve nearly perfect microstructure as imperfections quickly result in unacceptable light absorption and scattering. Transparent, laser quality, polycrystalline Nd:YAG has recently been achieved in conventional vacuum furnaces using a reactive sintering process based on commercially available powders, and we have been trying to replicate these results in the NRL millimeter-wave materials processing facility. Compacts prepared from mixtures of the oxide precursors are placed in an open or closed crucible in a vacuum environment and are heated directly by the 83 GHz beam to temperatures of 1000–1800°C. Over 99% theoretical density has been achieved at the highest temperatures with moderate grain growth. Fluorescence lifetime studies of the Nd+3 ion are in good agreement with published results for laser quality material. Our X-ray diffraction studies of the phases present at various temperatures are generally in agreement with previous work. However, full transparency has not been achieved and investigation of the sintered compact microstructure has revealed trapped pores and other imperfections. There has also been unexpected variability in the results. New modeling results for the open casket configuration, which was chosen for temperature measurement and heating efficiency considerations, indicate that large thermal gradients are likely. These gradients can produce non-uniform sintering and complicate temperature measurements. New closed casket configurations are being developed that are expected to result in smaller thermal gradients and more accurate temperature measurement while retaining good heating efficiency. The results of model calculations and available experimental results will be discussed.
Bovine UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:Lysosomal-enzyme N-Acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase II. ENZYMATIC CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT

The kinetic properties of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase (GlcNAc-phosphotransferase) purified to homogeneity from lactating bovine mammary gland have been investigated. GlcNAc-phosphotransferase transferred GlcNAc 1-phosphate from UDP-GlcNAc to the synthetic acceptor α-methylmannoside, generating GlcNAc-1-phospho-6-mannose α-methyl, the structure of which was confirmed by mass spectroscopy. GlcNAc-phosphotransferase was active between pH 5.7 and 9.3, with optimal activity between pH 6.6 and 7.5. Activity was strictly dependent on Mg2+ or Mn2+. The Km for Mn2+ was 185 μM. The Km for UDP-GlcNAc was 30 μM, and that for α-methylmannoside was 63 mM. The enzyme was competitively inhibited by UDP-Glc, with a Ki of 733 μM. The 166-kDa subunit was identified as the catalytic subunit by photoaffinity labeling with azido-[β-32P]UDP-Glc. Purified GlcNAc-phosphotransferase utilizes the lysosomal enzyme uteroferrin ∼163-fold more effectively than the non-lysosomal glycoprotein ribonuclease B. Antibodies to GlcNAc-phosphotransferase blocked the transfer to cathepsin D, but not to α-methylmannoside, suggesting that protein-protein interactions are required for the efficient utilization of glycoprotein acceptors. These results indicate that the purified bovine GlcNAc-phosphotransferase retains the specificity for lysosomal enzymes as acceptors previously observed with crude preparations.
Polymers containing anthraquinone units: Benzimidazole and benzothiazole polymers

In an attempt to synthesize soluble polymers, diphenyl 1,5-anthraquinonedicarboxylate was treated with 3,3′-dimercaptobenzidine and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine under various conditions. Although the ester reacted readily, side reactions prevented the formation of high molecular weight compounds. It was thought that at the elevated temperatures required for reaction, the quinone group was involved in a type of Schiff's base formation. The thermal stability of the polymers was evaluated. Model compounds were prepared and their absorption spectra were compared with those of the polymers. It was observed that 1,5-anthraquinonebibenzimidazole-2 formed a stable product with acetic acid. Some of the polymers could be solubilized by reduction with sodium dithionite in alkali, but no useful fibers were produced from these solutions.
Children's affective responses to the expressive cues of others.

Childrens' affective reactions to others' emotionally expressive cues change with development and individual variation in children's resources to cope with the situation.
The Intercollegiate Athlete A 1990s Profile

This article will highlight some of the special challenges that confront the 1990s inter collegiate student-athlete. Ways in which student-athletes respond differentially to these challenges, which are over and above those that non-student-athletes face, will also be highlighted. Finally, suggestions will be offered for how counseling psychologists can lend their expertise and talents in helping student-athletes to enrich their overall collegiate experience.
Linking Sister Chromatid Cohesion and Apoptosis: Role of Rad21

Rad21 is one of the major cohesin subunits that holds sister chromatids together until anaphase, when proteolytic cleavage by separase, a caspase-like enzyme, allows chromosomal separation. We show that cleavage of human Rad21 (hRad21) also occurs during apoptosis induced by diverse stimuli. Induction of apoptosis in multiple human cell lines results in the early (4 h after insult) generation of 64- and 60-kDa carboxy-terminal hRad21 cleavage products. We biochemically mapped an apoptotic cleavage site at residue Asp-279 (D(279)) of hRad21. This apoptotic cleavage site is distinct from previously described mitotic cleavage sites. hRad21 is a nuclear protein; however, the cleaved 64-kDa carboxy-terminal product is translocated to the cytoplasm early in apoptosis before chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation. Overexpression of the 64-kDa cleavage product results in apoptosis in Molt4, MCF-7, and 293T cells, as determined by TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling) and Annexin V staining, assaying of caspase-3 activity, and examination of nuclear morphology. Given the role of hRad21 in chromosome cohesion, the cleaved C-terminal product and its translocation to the cytoplasm may act as a nuclear signal for apoptosis. In summary, we show that cleavage of a cohesion protein and translocation of the C-terminal cleavage product to the cytoplasm are early events in the apoptotic pathway and cause amplification of the cell death signal in a positive-feedback manner.
XAR: An Integrated Framework for Information Extraction

We present an information extraction system for automated information extraction from free text. The system, XAR, available open-source to the community, abstracts an extraction application developer from low level text processing details, permitting developing applications with high-level extraction rules. The system also incorporates semantic information in the form of integrity constraints to improve the quality of the extraction. We describe the XAR system and present a summary of experimental results demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach.
An analysis of cochlear response harmonics: Contribution of neural excitation

In this report an analysis of cochlear response harmonics is developed to derive a mathematical function to estimate the gross mechanics involved in the in vivo transfer of acoustic sound into neural excitation (fTr). In a simulation it is shown that the harmonic distortion from a nonlinear system can be used to estimate the nonlinearity, supporting the next phase of the experiment: Applying the harmonic analysis to physiologic measurements to derive estimates of the unknown, in vivo fTr. From gerbil ears, estimates of fTr were derived from cochlear response measurements made with an electrode at the round window niche from 85 Hz tone bursts. Estimates of fTr before and after inducing auditory neuropathy—loss of auditory nerve responses with preserved hair cell responses from neurotoxic treatment with ouabain—showed that the neural excitation from low-frequency tones contributes to the magnitude of fTr but not the sigmoidal, saturating, nonlinear morphology.
On limited fan-in optimal neural networks

This paper analyses the influence of limited fan-in on the size and VLSI optimality of highly interconnected nets. Two different approaches show that VLSI- and size-optimal discrete neural networks can be obtained for small fan-in values. They have applications to hardware implementations of neural networks. The first approach is based on implementing a certain sub-class of Boolean functions, F/sub n,m/ functions. We show that this class of functions can be implemented in VLSI-optimal (i.e., minimising AT/sup 2/) neural networks of small constant fan-ins. The second approach is based on implementing Boolean functions for which the classical Shannon's decomposition can be used. Such a solution has already been used by Alon-Bruck (1991) to prove bounds on neural networks with fan-ins limited to 2. We generalise the result presented there to arbitrary fan-in, and prove that the size is minimised by small fan-in values, while relative minimum size solutions can be obtained for fan-ins strictly lower than linear. Finally, a size-optimal neural network having small constant fan-ins is suggested for F/sub n,m/ functions.
Mixture model based label association techniques for web accessibility

An important aspect of making the Web accessible to blind users is ensuring that all important web page elements such as links, clickable buttons, and form fields have explicitly assigned labels. Properly labeled content is then correctly read out by screen readers, a dominant assistive technology used by blind users. In particular, improperly labeled form fields can critically impede online transactions such as shopping, paying bills, etc. with screen readers. Very often labels are not associated with form fields or are missing altogether, making form filling a challenge for blind users. Algorithms for associating a form element with one of several candidate labels in its vicinity must cope with the variability of the element's features including label's location relative to the element, distance to the element, etc. Probabilistic models provide a natural machinery to reason with such uncertainties. In this paper we present a Finite Mixture Model (FMM) formulation of the label association problem. The variability of feature values are captured in the FMM by a mixture of random variables that are drawn from parameterized distributions. Then, the most likely label to be paired with a form element is computed by maximizing the log-likelihood of the feature data using the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. We also adapt the FMM approach for two related problems: assigning labels (from an external Knowledge Base) to form elements that have no candidate labels in their vicinity and for quickly identifying clickable elements such as add-to-cart, checkout, etc., used in online transactions even when these elements do not have textual captions (e.g., image buttons w/o alternative text). We provide a quantitative evaluation of our techniques, as well as a user study with two blind subjects who used an aural web browser implementing our approach.
Spinning Quarter-Wave Plate Polarization Modulator: Test of Feasibility for Vibrational Circular Dichroism Measurements

A novel polarization modulator design based on a rotating quarter-wave plate and preliminary results of its application for vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) are presented. The device permits quarter-wave retardation in the infrared with alternating senses so that the resultant components of circular polarization can be modulated at frequencies on the order of 100 Hz. We have been able to apply this device to measure VCD with a step-scan FT-IR spectrometer by incorporating a stressed ZnSe optical element as the rotating quarter-wave plate. VCD of α-pinene and camphor were obtained. While these test spectra were of low signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), they exhibited the correct VCD spectral features for these chiral molecules. While not yet of competitive, practical utility, this design is potentially adaptable to extension into the far-IR with alternative optical elements, permits variable-frequency polarization modulation, and should be capable of improved S/N with modifications to increase rotation frequency.
Old South American Hunting-Collecting

relative time period: The first cultural tradition in Andean South America; it precedes the Late Andean Hunting-Collecting tradition.
Nonlinear models for complex dynamics in cutting materials

This paper reviews the prediction of complex, unsteady and chaotic dynamics associated with material–cutting processes through nonlinear dynamical models. The status of bifurcation phenomena such as subcritical Hopf instabilities is assessed. A new model using hysteresis in the cutting force is presented, which is shown to exhibit complex quasi–periodic solutions. In addition, further evidence for chaotic dynamics in non–regenerative cutting of polycarbonate plastic is reviewed. The authors draw the conclusion that single–degree–of–freedom models are not likely to predict low–level cutting chaos and that more complex models, such as multi–degree–of–freedom systems based on careful cutting–force experiments, are required.
Laser wavelength selection.

The advent of multiwavelength lasers has stimulated considerable interest in wavelength selection, i.e., methods of selecting for various applications one or more of the available wavelengths from a given laser. This paper describes a technique for parallel wavelength separation or recombination of laser beams external to laser cavities. The device used is based on the optical activity of quartz crystals and on the polarization dependent reflection of birefringent calcite crystals.
Landscape patterns of sapling density, leaf area, and aboveground net primary production in postfire lodgepole pine forests, Yellowstone National Park (USA)

Causes and implications of spatial variability in postfire tree density and understory plant cover for patterns of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and leaf area index (LAI) were examined in ninety 11-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) stands across the landscape of Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming, USA. Field studies and aerial photography were used to address three questions: (1) What is the range and spatial pattern of lodgepole pine sapling density across the burned Yellowstone landscape and what factors best explain this variability? (2) How do ANPP and LAI vary across the landscape and is their variation explained by abiotic factors, sapling density, or both? (3) What is the predicted spatial pattern of ANPP and LAI across the burned Yellowstone landscape? Stand density spanned six orders of magnitude, ranging from zero to 535,000 saplings ha )1 , and it decreased with increasing elevation and with increasing distance from unburned forest (r 2 = 0.37). Postfire densities mapped
Optimal Debt Financing and the Pricing of Illiquid Assets

We develop a model in which the equilibrium returns of illiquid assets are determined by the debt capacity of arbitrageurs rather than the desire to smooth consumption shocks. Debt allows risk-neutral arbitrageurs to earn a spread between the asset's expected cash flow and its equilibrium price, but increases the likelihood they will be unable to meet a margin call in which case they are forced to liquidate the asset at a discount to its fundamental value. We show that the costs of debt are convex and impose a "limit to arbitrage." Consequently, even though arbitrageurs are risk neutral, the asset earns a risk premium in equilibrium and the risk premium is larger when the aggregate debt capacity among the arbitrageurs is smaller. In particular, the asset's risk premium is larger when the asset is more illiquid, margin constraints are tighter, and expected money flows to the arbitrageurs is low.
A delta-sigma modulator with a phase-to-digital and digital-to-phase quantizer

A phase-based delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter (ADC) architecture with a combination voltage-controlled and digitally-controlled delay lines (VCDL-DCDL) is presented. The architecture uses this VCDL-DCDL combination as the phase-domain counterparts of an ADC-DAC in a traditional delta-sigma modulator. Simulation results of the new modulator achieve a 60.1 dB SNR, or a 9.7 bit over a 10 MHz bandwidth.
Misalignment-tolerant surface-normal low-voltage modulator for optical interconnects at 1.55 µm

We introduce an electroabsorption modulator architecture that combines desirable properties of conventional waveguide designs (e.g. low-voltage operation and optical bandwidth) and surface-normal designs (e.g. misalignment tolerance). Results for an InP/InGaAsP implementation are presented.
Well-posedness of the Fornberg–Whitham equation on the circle

Abstract In this paper, we show that the Fornberg–Whitham equation is Well-posed in Sobolev spaces H s , for s > 3 / 2 , and in the periodic case. We then show that the Well-posedness is sharp in the sense that the continuity of the data-to-solution map is not better than continuous by using the method of approximate solutions. However, we also show that the solution map is Holder continuous in a weaker topology. These results are based on the Well-posedness result, as well as the solution size and lifespan estimates.
Distinct clinical patterns and immune infiltrates are observed at time of progression on targeted therapy versus immune checkpoint blockade for melanoma

We have made major advances in the treatment of melanoma through the use of targeted therapy and immune checkpoint blockade; however, clinicians are posed with therapeutic dilemmas regarding timing and sequence of therapy. There is a growing appreciation of the impact of antitumor immune responses to these therapies, and we performed studies to test the hypothesis that clinical patterns and immune infiltrates differ at progression on these treatments. We observed rapid clinical progression kinetics in patients on targeted therapy compared to immune checkpoint blockade. To gain insight into possible immune mechanisms behind these differences, we performed deep immune profiling in tumors of patients on therapy. We demonstrated low CD8+ T-cell infiltrate on targeted therapy and high CD8+ T-cell infiltrate on immune checkpoint blockade at clinical progression. These data have important implications, and suggest that antitumor immune responses should be assessed when considering therapeutic options for patients with melanoma.
Complementary and integrative methods in fibromyalgia.

1. Ather Ali, ND, MPH, MHS* 2. Paul L. McCarthy, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. * Abbreviations: ACR: : American College of Rheumatology CAM: : complementary and alternative medicine 5-HTP: : 5-hydroxytryptophan SAM-e: : S-adenosylmethionine 1. Clinicians should recognize that chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain without laboratory or physical examination evidence of joint or muscle inflammation is a common problem in the pediatric population. 2. Pediatricians should be aware of safe and likely effective lifestyle and complementary and integrative therapies that can be used for children with chronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Understand the definition and epidemiology of fibromyalgia in pediatric populations. 2. Articulate a framework to assess the desirability of a complementary therapy based on safety and efficacy and assess the utility of the most common complementary therapies used for fibromyalgia. 3. Discuss the rationale for seeking complementary and alternative therapies in patients with fibromyalgia. Maria is an 11-year old girl brought to the pediatrician by her mother who is concerned about her daughter feeling fatigued and experiencing pain throughout her body for the previous 8 months. The pain involves multiple joints, waxes and wanes, and is not associated with joint swelling. The pain has no accentuation in the morning. Maria also says she has pain in her thighs and upper arms in the muscle groups. She has had no fevers, weight loss, rashes, or oral ulcers. Because of her symptoms, she has missed 14 days of school in the current school year. She says she has less energy, sleeps more than in the past, and has had to stop playing softball. On examination, her vital signs are normal. She …
Inhibition of chicken tumor I by plasma from chickens infected with an avian malaria parasite.

SummaryTwo-week-old chickens were inoculated in the breast muscle with a suspension of chicken tumor I tissue. They were subsequently left untreated or given a series of intravenous injections of either normal chicken plasma or plasma from corresponding chickens which were near the peak of an acute infection with Plasmodium lophurae. On the day after the last treatment the tumors which had developed were weighed. In a series of 5 experiments, the mean tumor weight of the chickens left untreated or treated with normal plasma was 1.5 to 1.8 times greater than that of the chickens treated with malarious plasma.
Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Prevalence and Bloodmeal Analysis in Triatomine Vectors of Chagas Disease From Rural Peridomestic Locations in Texas, 2013–2014

Protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, which affects millions of people in Latin America. Recently, the disease has been gaining attention in Texas and the southern United States. Transmission cycle of the parasite involves alternating infection between insect vectors and vertebrate hosts (including humans, wildlife, and domestic animals). To evaluate vector T. cruzi parasite burden and feeding patterns, we tested triatomine vectors from 23 central, southern, and northeastern counties of Texas. Out of the 68 submitted specimens, the majority were genetically identified as Triatoma gerstaeckeri (Stal, 1859), with a few samples of Triatoma sanguisuga (LeConte, 1855), Triatoma lecticularia (Stal, 1859), Triatoma rubida (Uhler, 1894), and Triatoma protracta woodi (Usinger, 1939). We found almost two-thirds of the submitted insects were polymerase chain reaction-positive for T. cruzi Bloodmeal sources were determined for most of the insects, and 16 different species of mammals were identified as hosts. The most prevalent type of bloodmeal was human, with over half of these insects found to be positive for T. cruzi High infection rate of the triatomine vectors combined with high incidence of feeding on humans highlight the importance of Chagas disease surveillance in Texas. With our previous findings of autochthonous transmission of Chagas disease, urgent measures are needed to increase public awareness, vector control in and around homes, and Chagas screening of residents who present with a history of a triatomine exposure.
Analysis of detection of HBsAg and anti-HBs in middle school students in Pengyang

Objective:Understand my junior-high school student in the county HBsAg is infected with the state and resisted-HBs positive state,Offer scientific basis for the fact that hepatitis B of school will be prevented and cured in the future.Methods:And senior one entrance new student intravenous to collect blood 3 ml to investigate 5812 the first day in the area,Separate serum,measure HBsAg,resist with ELISA law-HBs.Results:Among them HBsAg positive rate is 3.11%,Resist-HBs positive rate is 65.66%,The junior-high school student HBsAg leads Senior One to be higher than the first day positively,the two have difference nature(χ2=23.95,P0.05);And resist-HBs positive rate is higher than Senior One the first day,the two difference has significance(χ2=28.96,P0.05);HBsAg positive rate between the sex(χ2=2.56,P0.05)and resisting-HBs positive rate(χ2=0.16,P0.05)the difference does not have a statistics meaning.Conclusion:The school should strengthen the virus propaganda strength of preventing knowledge of hepatitis B,strengthen the vaccine inoculation of hepatitis B and enter school to start goin,Improve the basic immunity of vaccine of hepatitis B,reduce the middle school student HBsAg positive infection rate,improve and resist-HBs positive rate,in order to prevent the main measu.
Advances in the Compatibility of Inter-subspecific Rice(Oryza sativa L.)

This paper reviewed the advances in the wide compatibility of inter-subspecific rice,which including the concept of wide compatibility;the test varieties of wide compability;inheritance of wide compatibility;the discovery of new sterility genes and its molecule location;utilization of wide compatibility to exploit inter-subspecific heterosis.The author also discussed the utilization method of these compatibility genes in hybrid rice breeding.
Detection of Labile Low-Molecular-Mass Transition Metal Complexes in Mitochondria

Liquid chromatography was used with an online inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to detect low-molecular-mass (LMM) transition metal complexes in mitochondria isolated from fermenting yea...
Neural circuitry involved in sexual function.

AbstractBackground: Neurological injury results in devastating sexual deficits in both men and women. Effective treatment requires an understanding of the central nervous system (CNS) pathways and physiology. This article emphasizes the essential similarities in the pathways and physiology of sexual function in men and women.Methods: Literature review.Findings: Systems within the spinal cord are fully capable of generating a large number of sexual responses. Spinal sexual centers may be activated by genital afferents or by descending commands from higher CNS sites. Normal functioning probably involves activation of spinal centers by both descending pathways and afferent stimulation. Afferent stimulation also modulates the activity of supraspinal sites, creating a positive feedback system. Descending control consists of powerful inhibitory and excitatory pathways. An important serotonergic inhibitory pathway has been demonstrated. The medial preoptic region participates in the integration of hormonal and s...
The System and Its Fractures: Gilles Deleuze on Otherness

(1993). The System and Its Fractures: Gilles Deleuze on Otherness. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 3-14.
Knowledge and culture; illness and healing

The biomedical model of disease is so pervasive that we often fail to see it as such but view it as reality. Questioning this model is like asking whether a goldfish knows it is in water. O'Boyle, 1993 These sorts of things - from blue pills to lasers - are all things which we “know,” even though, like the goldfish, we may not realize that we know them. Much of our knowledge of the world is not an elicitation of what “is,” but rather it is a construction laid atop the world of experience. This is a very difficult concept for many people to grasp. The world that we see and experience seems so palpable and true, and our conceptualizations are so deeply entwined among themselves, that it just seems fantasy to say that the reality I perceive is largely metaphor and construction and is largely projected onto (rather than observed in) the world. These things are generally true, and they are true for many matters of health and medicine. This chapter may not convince a skeptic. But it may encourage the enquiring, and its goal is to make the strangeness of the placebo effect and the meaning response somewhat less strange. The price to be paid is that everything else gets rather more strange. C'est la vie . Proper meals, clothing, pills In the United States, we “know” that one eats (or, ought to eat) three meals a day; if you don't, your mother gets mad at you.
Catharine E. Beecher

Responding to Angelina Grimke’s Appeal to the Christian Women of the South (1836), Catharine Beecher vigorously defended different forms of female power. Her goal of feminizing the teaching profession led her to promote women’s power within the family. Opposing slavery, but fearful of civil war, Beecher promoted more acceptable avenues for change through slow reforms and education.
Exploring the Role of Supramolecular Associations in Mechanical Toughening of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks

Model “supramolecular IPNs” were developed via the formation of a hydrogen-bonded, supramolecular network of 2-ureido-4-[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) telechelic poly(ethylene-co-1-butene) (SPEB) in the presence of photopolymerizable, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). The role of a supramolecular elastomeric phase in mechanical toughening of IPNs was explored through (1) dynamic dissociation and reassociation of the noncovalent, UPy supramolecular associations, and (2) interphase formation. While an ∼4× increase in tensile toughness of the HTPB matrix was observed through incorporation of 10 wt % ethylene–propylene rubber (EPR)—as a conventional elastomeric toughening agent—into HTPB, it was shown that adding the same amount of supramolecular elastomer SPEB to HTPB led to ∼600× enhancement in tensile toughness. Strain rate-dependent mechanical response and fractography studies revealed that this dramatic toughness enhancement was due to dissociation/reassociation of the dynamic UPy linkages in the elasto...
Detecting Visually Observable Disease Symptoms from Faces

Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in the application of machine learning to clinical informatics and healthcare systems. A significant amount of research has been done on healthcare systems based on supervised learning. In this study, we present a generalized solution to detect visually observable symptoms on faces using semi-supervised anomaly detection combined with machine vision algorithms. We rely on the disease-related statistical facts to detect abnormalities and classify them into multiple categories to narrow down the possible medical reasons of detecting. Our method is in contrast with most existing approaches, which are limited by the availability of labeled training data required for supervised learning, and therefore offers the major advantage of flagging any unusual and visually observable symptoms.