cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expert Systems as a Tool for Teaching Mineral and Rock Identification

Expert systems are computer programs that answer questions by evaluating a series of predetermined rules. Traditionally, expert systems in geology are used for identification of minerals and rocks, where a user answers a sequence of questions about physical properties that ideally leads to a correct identification. In this exercise, students build individual expert systems for identification of minerals in the physical-geology laboratory, but the purpose here is to teach the logic of mineral identification. This occurs when students construct the set of rules (induction tables) for their individual expert systems. We used WordPerfect to construct the tables of rules and VP Expert to build the expert systems. This exercise may be used to complement instruction of hand-specimen identification of minerals in physical geology or earth science classes and may be extended easily to other tasks, such as rock or fossil identification.
Gate Bias and Geometry Dependence of Total-Ionizing-Dose Effects in InGaAs Quantum-Well MOSFETs

The effects of total-ionizing-dose irradiation are investigated in HfO2/InGaAs quantum-well MOSFETs. Radiation-induced hole trapping is higher for irradiation under positive gate bias than under negative gate bias. Electrical stress-induced electron trapping compensates radiation-induced hole trapping during positive gate-bias irradiation. Stress-induced hole trapping adds to the effects of radiation-induced hole trapping under negative gate bias. Radiation-induced charge trapping increases with the channel length.
GEFS Precipitation Forecasts and the Implications of Statistical Downscaling over the Western United States

AbstractContemporary operational medium-range ensemble modeling systems produce quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) that provide guidance for weather forecasters, yet lack sufficient resolution to adequately resolve orographic influences on precipitation. In this study, cool-season (October–March) Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) QPFs are verified using daily (24 h) Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) observations over the western United States, which tend to be located at upper elevations where the orographic enhancement of precipitation is pronounced. Results indicate widespread dry biases, which reflect the infrequent production of larger 24-h precipitation events (≳22.9 mm in Pacific ranges and ≳10.2 mm in the interior ranges) compared with observed. Performance metrics, such as equitable threat score (ETS), hit rate, and false alarm ratio, generally worsen from the coast toward the interior. Probabilistic QPFs exhibit low reliability, and the ensemble spread captures only ~30% of upper-quartile eve...
Clio and the Compound Republic

Although Martha Derthick has received most recognition for her contributions to political science and government, we argue that her astute accounts of federalism in action offer precisely what historians of American governance need at this moment. This essay highlights several of her contributions: her insistence on seeing the United States as a “compound republic” comprised of multiple levels of authority rather than equating government with the national government; her focus on federalism’s shifting dynamics and concern with demonstrating those dynamics empirically; her dedication to studying “the middle tier” and showing that states gained real power during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as they took on functions previously performed by localities; and her attentiveness to the endurance of localism in American politics and policy. Drawing on case studies and recent scholarship, we explain why these insights are vital to historians and suggest how historians’ more thorough incorporation of them could enrich our understanding of key aspects of the American past.
Marginalidad del artista y reivindicación cosmopolita. León de Greiff lee a François Villon

En el presente articulo se hace un estudio de la apropiacion intertextual que el escritor colombiano de principios del siglo XX hace de la obra del poeta medieval Francois Villon. El articulo busca senalar la novedad que esta recuperacion intertextual significa dentro de la historia de la literatura hispanoamericana, particularmente en el contexto de finales del modernismo. En un segundo momento, se hace un analisis formal del dialogo entre estas dos obras y se senala la obra villonesca como un intertexto fundamental para la construccion de la poetica greiffiana. Recurriendo a las propuestas de Linda Hutcheon, interpretamos la "reactualizacion" de la figura de Villon como una estrategia que le permite a de Greiff hacer una reflexion sobre la condicion marginal del artista moderno. Para ahondar en esta problematica recurrimos tambien a los planteamientos sobre las "mascaras democraticas" propuestos por Angel Rama. En una ultima instancia, siguiendo algunas propuestas de Mario Siskind, proponemos interpretar la asimilacion greiffiana de este poeta medieval como una estrategia de reivindicacion cultural que se enmarca dentro del reclamo latinoamericano de acceder a ese espacio "cosmopolita" y abarcador de la "Literatura Mundial".
Electronic Surveillance of Surgical Site Infections.

Abstract Background: Electronic health and administrative data are increasingly being used for identifying surgical site infections (SSI). We found an unexpectedly high number of patients who could not be classified definitively as having an infection or not. To further explore this, we present an electronic classification algorithm for conservative case finding and identify alterations that would adapt the method for other purposes. Methods: Two computer algorithms were created to identify SSI. One model used a strict National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) based SSI algorithm, which was applied to all discharges from 443,284 all discharges from four hospitals in Manhattan, NY, 2009 through 2012. The second model used discharges that only had NHSN-defined SSI procedures during the same period. Results: The strict SSI algorithm was able to classify SSI status for 27.3% of discharges; there was a high number of indeterminate cases. In contrast, the modified, less strict model, classified 97.2% of dischar...
An examination of endoparasites and fecal testosterone levels in flying squirrels (Glaucomys spp.) using high performance liquid chromatography-ultra-violet (HPLC-UV).

The immuno-competence hypothesis proposes that higher levels of testosterone increases the susceptibility to parasitism. Here we examined the testosterone levels in two species of flying squirrels (Glaucomys): one known to regularly host a nematode species (Strongyloides robustus) without ill effects (G. volans) and a closely related species that is considered negatively affected by the parasite. We quantified fecal testosterone levels in northern and southern flying squirrels (G. sabrinus, G. volans) with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectroscopy (HPLC-UV), and compared levels to endoparasites detected in individual squirrels. Qualitatively, we found highest levels of testosterone in male northern flying squirrels infected with Strongyloides robustus. This analytical approach represents an alternative and equally reliable method to using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for detecting and quantifying fecal testosterone levels.
Tassels replace upper ears1 encodes a putative transcription factor that regulates maize shoot architecture by multiple pathways

Plant shoot architecture has many features including inflorescence sex, branching and internode elongation, which is largely controlled by the activities of shoot apical meristem (SAM) and axillary meristems (AxM). The pleiotropic maize mutant tassels replace upper ears1 (tru1) shows reduced apical dominance with elongated upper shanks tipped by lateral tassels and shortened upper stem, altered tassel phenotypes with shortened tassel length and branch length, and reduced tassel branch number. To investigate the effect of tru1 on shoot architecture, morphological analysis of tru1-ws mutant was performed, including treatments of supplemental gibberellic acid (GA3), far red (FR) light and decapitation, and genetic interaction tests with ramosa1 (ra1), tasselseed1 (ts1), teosinte branched1 (tb1), barren inflorescence2 (bif2), barren stalk1 (ba1), and Dwarf8 (D8) mutants. Here, we first report the novel functions of ts1 in tru1-mediated inflorescence branching pathway. We found that tru1 acts as a positive growth regulator to promote elongation of internodes in the upper main stem (1° axis) and in the tassel, and branching in the tassel, but acts as a negative growth regulator to inhibit elongation of internodes in the shank (2° axis) and the ear, and determination of male inflorescence sex. Therefore, tru1 functions as an integrator of multiple pathways including inflorescence sex and branching, inflorescence and internode elongation in regulation of maize shoot architecture.
Modeling time invariance in human arm motion coordination

This paper proposes that two-degree-of-freedom Curvature Theory pro- invariant kinematic model is fundamental to human motor coordination, Curvature Theory provides a concise, efficient mapping of a desired out- put trajectory geometry to the joint angles' instantaneous speed ratios. If the speed ratios for a motion are learned through experience, one can subsequently execute the motion at different speeds. This formulation is consistent with a structure for the internal model that the central ner- vous system may use as a feed-forward element for planning motions. A simple example is presented to illustrate how the model works.
Design of a second order Sliding Mode approach for DFIG-based wind energy systems

This paper deals with the design of a second order sliding mode approach for a DFIG-based wind energy system subject to parameter variations and external disturbances. The design is based on a variable structure control computed from the second derivative of a properly chosen sliding manifold. The controller was augmented by a second order sliding mode observer to further improve its performance. The proposed approach was successfully implemented to the rotor side converter of a DFIG-based wind energy system. Its stability was assessed using the Lyapunov theory and its performance was analyzed under various operating conditions. A comparison study with a standard sliding mode approach was also conducted. Good performance, robustness and finite time convergence are among the attributes of the proposed approach.
Electrometallurgy of Aluminum

A typical modern aluminum reduction cell (or pot) consists of a rectan­gular steel shell, 9–12 m long by 3–4 m wide, and 1–1.2 m high. It is lined with refractory thermal insulation that surrounds an inner lining of either carbon blocks or monolithic carbon baked in place. Few materials other than carbon can withstand the combined corrosive action of a fluoride electrolyte (or bath) and molten aluminum. The thermal insulation is adjusted to provide sufficient heat loss to freeze a protective coating of electrolyte, known as ledge, on the inner walls, but not on the bottom, which must remain substantially bare for electrical contact with the molten aluminum cathode. A crust of frozen electrolyte and alumina covers the electrolyte. Electric current enters the cell either through prebaked carbon anodes (Figure 1) or through a continuous self-baking Soderberg anode (Figure 2) and flows through 3–6 cm of elec­trolyte, forming CO2 at the anode and aluminum at the cathode. Steel collector bars joined to the carbon lining at the bottom conduct electrical current from the cell. Today’s cells range from 50- to 250-kA current capacity.
Preclinical analysis of MTOR complex 1/2 inhibition in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is an incurable childhood brain tumor. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR), a key oncogene, functions as two distinct signaling complexes, MTORC1 and MTORC2. We set out to determine the preclinical efficacy and mechanism of action of MTOR inhibitors in DIPG. We evaluated the MTORC1 inhibitor everolimus and the MTORC1/2 inhibitor AZD2014 in three patient-derived DIPG cell lines using cell culture models. We created dose-response curves for both compounds. We measured phenotypic effects on cell self-renewal, apoptosis, cell cycle, differentiation, senescence, and autophagy. We assessed the effects of each compound on the AKT pathway. Finally, we measured the efficacy of AZD2014 in combination with radiation therapy (RT) and a panel of FDA-approved chemotherapy drugs. While everolimus showed minimal antitumor efficacy, AZD2014 revealed IC50 levels of 410-552 nM and IC90 levels of 1.30-8.86 µM in the three cell lines. AZD2014 demonstrated increased inhibition of cell self-renewal compared to everolimus. AZD2014 decreased expression of phospho-AKT, while no such effect was noted with everolimus. Direct AKT inhibition showed similar efficacy to AZD2014, and induction of constitutive AKT activity rescued DIPG cells from the effects of AZD2014. AZD2014 exhibited synergistic relationships with both RT and various chemotherapy agents across classes, including the multikinase inhibitor ponatinib. MTORC1/2 inhibition shows antitumor activity in cell culture models of DIPG due to the effect of MTORC2 inhibition on AKT. This strategy should be further assessed for potential incorporation into combinatorial approaches to the treatment of DIPG.
Peptide Hormones, Segregation Mechanism

In neuroendocrine cells, protein hormones are stored in a concentrated form in secretory granules, so that large amounts may be rapidly released when needed. The process of concentration is effective; prolactin is 200 times more concentrated in secretory granules than it is in the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition to being concentrated, protein hormones are segregated from other soluble proteins in the secretory granules, such as lysosomal enzymes. The mechanisms by which this segregation occurs are beginning to be elucidated.
Hypothalamic PVN contributes to acute intermittent hypoxia-induced sympathetic but not phrenic long-term facilitation.

Neural circuits mediating acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH)-induced sympathetic and phrenic long-term facilitation (LTF) have not been fully elucidated. We found that paraventricular nucleus (PVN) i...
Targeting the (Un)differentiated State of Cancer

Dedifferentation in cancer is associated with intrinsic and acquired resistance to therapies. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Tsoi et al. identify four differentiation states in melanoma and provide evidence that melanoma cells develop drug resistance through a stepwise dedifferentiation process, making them vulnerable to ferroptotic cell death-inducing compounds.
The role of the city administrator and small town planning: a qualitative study of Iowa's small town managers

Small town city administrators have the responsibility of managing all functions for the community in which they are employed, but often lack the resources of their larger counterparts to devote to specific city functions such as planning. This includes planning and development functions. Studies show that city administrators, in all sizes of cities, have varying roles that accompany their positions. For the purpose of this study, those roles have been separated into traditional/technical roles, and contemporary/proactive roles. This study questions whether these roles impact the quality of small town planning. Through surveys and interviews with small town Iowa administrators, and review of documentation, this study is somewhat inconclusive on whether the administrators’ perceived roles impact planning in their respective communities. Thus, this study first discusses possible conclusions that can be drawn from the research, and more importantly, outlines further research that would strengthen the study.
Porous Nickel as a Selective Emitter for Surface Cooling in Various Environments

As large-scale manufacture of artificially engineered structures becomes more viable, the ability to create surfaces with a specific morphology and controlled radiative properties are becoming a possibility. By modifying geometric quantities, spacing, and topography of surface structures, the surface emissivity can be selectively tuned for specific wavelength bands; the objective for cooling applications is to maximize energy emitted from the surface while minimizing energy absorbed. Specifically, the design intent is to dramatically reduce the effect of solar irradiance on a surface—while simultaneously emitting energy from the surface within the atmospheric transmission window (mid-IR) for atmospheric applications, and emitting in similar low-input bands. Using Rigorous-Coupled Wave Analysis (RCWA) and computational modelling we explore optimal designs for passive system-level cooling in various environmental conditions including studies of humidity and air flow dependencies. Furthermore, we will show that significant system level cooling can potentially be achieved by porous nickel structures that does not require power or active cooling components.
Injury mechanism, epidemiology, and Hospital trends of scapula fractures: A 10-year retrospective study of the National Trauma Data Bank.

Abstract Background This 10 year retrospective study of the NTDB is the first to describe trends in scapula fracture diagnosis frequency, epidemiology, injury mechanisms and the type of hospital where the condition is treated. Methods Demographics, ISS scores, hospital data, mechanism of injury, complications, and hospital length of stay were recorded for patients with diagnosed scapula fractures (ICD-9, 811.0) recorded in the NTDB, v7.2 (2002–2012). Mean and standard deviation for continuous variables and proportions for binary variables are calculated. Results The prevalence of scapula fractures in all patients submitted to the NTDB (2002–2012) was 1.74%. Between 2006–2007, the reported incidence doubled from 1% to 2.2%. There was a predominance of injury to white males (75% and 78% respectively). Forty-one percent were treated at a Level 1 trauma center and had a mean ISS of 20.1 (SD-11.8). Scapula fracture rates declined in patients 0–19 years and increased in the 60–79 and 80+ age groups. The increasing incidence of the aged population is also reflected in the increase of falls as the mechanism of injury in the elderly population. Conclusion This study is the first to describe a full decade of scapula fracture epidemiology on a national scale. The number of diagnosed scapula fractures increased substantially in the NTDB between 2002-2012. Scapula fractures diagnosed in the geriatric demographic and fractures resulting from falls are both on the rise, whereas the reported incidence is decreasing in the younger demographic. Additionally, fractures as a result of motor vehicle accidents also decreased precipitously during the reported decade.
Abstract P311: Testosterone Therapy and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism Among Men Without Hypogonadism

Introduction: Testosterone therapy (TT) prescriptions among men increased over 300% from 2001 to 2013 because of relaxed TT prescription guidelines for common symptoms (such as low libido and fat r...
In the Grand Scheme of Things: Identifying Reproducible Microbial Signatures in Dietary Intervention Studies

Nutrition research is plagued by the reproducibility crisis. Reconciling nutrition studies involving microbiome data presents a modern challenge for researchers. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Bisanz et al., 2019 demonstrate a comprehensive methodology for meta-analysis of microbiome sequence data from high-fat-diet intervention studies.
1409 Laparoscopic Approach to Cornual Ectopic Pregnancy

Video Objective Cornual ectopic pregnancies are a rare variant of ectopic pregnancies which are difficult to diagnose and can cause significant intraperitoneal bleeding. There are no current guidelines to decipher between medical or surgical management, even amongst surgical approaches there is debate over minimally invasive versus traditional laparotomies. This video demonstrates a successful laparoscopic approach to the management of a cornual ectopic pregnancy. Setting The patient is a 44 year old female with plateauing serum beta hcg levels who was diagnosed with a right cornual ectopic pregnancy by transvaginal ultrasound. She was admitted and treated at a tertiary care center in Brooklyn, New York. Interventions The risks, benefits and alternatives of a laparoscopic resection of the cornual ectopic pregnancy was discussed with the patient, who elected to proceed with the surgery. The right cornual ectopic was identified intraoperatively by transvaginal ultrasound. Vasopressin was then injected into the right cornua to decrease blood loss. Endoshear scissors were then used to gently dissect the right coruna, and the gestational sac was removed intact. A barbed suture was then used to repair the hysterotomy which was hemostatic. Anti-adhesion barrier was then placed over the right cornua at the end of the procedure. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was discharged home on the same day of the procedure with an uneventful postoperative course. Conclusion Cornual ectopic pregnancies are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and remain difficult to diagnose and treat. Laparoscopic treatment of cornual ectopic pregnancies lead to improved patient outcomes with faster recovery times, and decreased length of hospitalization compared with laparotomies. Thus, when possible, laparoscopic management of cornual ectopic pregnancies should be attempted and can increase patient satisfaction.
Meaning, Expression, and Thought: Basic Word Meaning

Chapter 2 began with the fundamental distinction between speaker meaning and word meaning. Even though “banana” means a kind of fruit, Alfred Kahn once used it to mean a decline in the gross national product in order to make fun of politicians who wanted him to avoid the terms “recession” and “depression” because of their negative associations. We have defined what it is for a speaker to mean or express something in terms of the speaker's intentions. We must now begin analyzing what it is for a word or other expression to mean something or to express an idea. What makes it true, for example, that “vixen” means “female fox” in English, but does not mean anything in French? Why does “jument” mean “female horse” in French today, whereas earlier it meant “pack horse”? It seems self-evident that such facts about English and French are determined in some way by facts about the individuals who have actually spoken English and French. It would be as hard to maintain that an abstract system such as English arose and evolved independent of the actions of concrete human beings as it would be to maintain that the species Canis familiaris arose and evolved independent of concrete dogs.
Why Are We Obsessed with "Understanding" Quantum Mechanics?

Richard Feynman famously declared, "I think that I can safely say that nobody really understands quantum mechanics." Sean Carroll lamented the persistence of this sentiment in a recent opinion piece entitled, "Even Physicists Don't Understand Quantum Mechanics. Worse, they don't seem to want to understand it." Quantum mechanics is arguably the greatest achievement of modern science and by and large we absolutely understand quantum theory. Rather, the "understanding" to which these two statements evidently refer concerns the ontological status of theoretical constructs. For example, "Do quantum wave functions accurately depict physical reality?" The quantum measurement problems represents a collection of such queries and the conundrums to which they lead. Most physicists are content with foregoing such metaphysical issues, falling back on Bohr's Copenhagen interpretation, and then get on with the business of doing physics. I suspect that Carroll would criticize these physicists as being too dismissive of the wonderful mysteries of quantum mechanics by relegating its role to that of an algorithm for making predictions. Quite to the contrary, I maintain that those who still pursue a resolution to the measurement problem are burdened with a classical view of reality and fail to truly embrace the fundamental quantum aspects of nature.
Constructing a Performance Measure of Future Time Orientation

Three studies present the development of the Scrambled Sentences Task for Future Time Orientation (SST-FTO), a performance measure of future time orientation. In Study 1, undergraduate research assistants rated a pool of 30 experimental items as delineating between future and present time orientations demonstrating the content validity of SST-FTO items. Study 2 established the convergent validity of the SST-FTO administered online showing performance related to a self-report measure of time orientation and a performance measure of delay discounting but not to a measure of temporal focus. Study 3 further established the validity of a shortened SST-FTO administered online following an episodic future thinking intervention known to affect delay discounting. The intervention influenced delay discounting but not SST-FTO performance. SST-FTO measures correlated with pre-intervention self-reported future orientation and predicted delay discounting even after accounting for intervention effects and self-reported future orientation. Internal consistency of the measure was demonstrated in all three studies through item-total correlations and Cronbach's alphas. Results suggested the SST-FTO is a robust performance measure of future time orientation, predictive of decision-making on performance measures of delay discounting.
In vitro gas production including methane from bermudagrasses supplemented with dried distillers grains with solubles

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this study was to document the simulated effect of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) supplementation of Coastal bermudagrass (COS; Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) and Tifton 85 bermudagrass (TIF; C. dactylon [L.] Pers. × Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) forage on in vitro gas production, in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), in vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDFD), and methane production. Materials and Methods Forage and DDGS were combined to represent 3 levels of supplemental DDGS (0, 0.25, or 1% BW), which resulted in ratios of forage:DDGS of 100:0, 87.5:12.5, and 50:50. Samples were incubated using the in vitro gas production technique, and headspace was sampled for quantification of methane concentration. The residue was rinsed in neutral detergent solution for determination of IVTD and IVNDFD. Results and Discussion Discrete lag times of both the exponential and logistic equations decreased linearly (P Implications and Applications Results indicated that DDGS might be supplemented to cattle for increased diet digestibility with an additional potential benefit of reduced methane production. Efficacy of DDGS was dependent on forage nutritive value.
96 – Conformal Mappings

Publisher Summary This chapter describes conformal mappings applicable to Laplace's equation in two dimensions. It yields a reformulation of the original problem. Laplace's equation in two dimensions with a given boundary can be transformed to Laplace's equation with a different boundary by a conformal map. The idea is to choose the conformal map in such a way that the new boundary makes the problem easy to solve. In this method, for Laplace's equation in the variables {x,y} the complex variable z = x + iy is defined, where i = √−1. All of the boundaries of the original problem can now be described by values of z. The chapter highlights that a commonly used conformal map is the Schwartz–Christoffel transformation. This maps a closed polygonal figure into a half plane.
Successful management of noncirrhotic hyperammonemia syndrome after kidney transplantation from putative Ureaplasma infection

Noncirrhotic hyperammonemia (NCH) is a rare but often fatal complication of solid organ transplantation. We present a case wherein an infectious cause of NCH was suspected following kidney transplantation (KT) and the patient was promptly started on empirical antibiotic treatment which proved to be lifesaving. A 56-year-old Chinese woman with a past medical history of end-stage renal disease secondary to ischemic nephropathy and cerebrovascular accident received a kidney from a 52-year-old brain-dead donor with a Kidney Donor Profile Index score of 70%. She experienced immediate graft function and was discharged on post-operative day (POD) 4. On POD 10, she presented with a fever, acute onset of confusion, and abdominal pain. Her mental status deteriorated and required emergent intubation. Empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics were initiated. On hospital day 3, a serum ammonia was 889 μmol/L (normal <53 μmol/L). A urine sample was sent for Ureaplasma polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, and moxifloxacin and doxycycline were empirically started. Her ammonia rapidly normalized, and her mental status improved 48 hours after antibiotic initiation. She was extubated 5 days into treatment and was discharged after an 11-day hospitalization. Following discharge, her urine test resulted positive for Ureaplasma parvum or Ureaplasma urealyticum DNA detection with the 16S rRNA gene amplification probe. Mental status changes and hyperammonemia in the first 30 days post-KT should raise suspicion for NCH, and prompt empiric treatment with antimicrobials covering Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma should be considered.
Effect of an Electronic Health Record "Nudge" on Opioid Prescribing and Electronic Health Record Keystrokes in Ambulatory Care.

Multiple policy initiatives encourage more cautious prescribing of opioids in light of their risks. Electronic health record (EHR) redesign can influence prescriber choices, but some redesigns add to workload. To estimate the effect of an EHR prescribing redesign on both opioid prescribing choices and keystrokes. Quality improvement quasi-experiment, analyzed as interrupted time series. Adult patients of an academic multispecialty practice and a federally qualified health center (FQHC) who received new prescriptions for short-acting opioids, and their providers. In the redesign, new prescriptions of short-acting opioids defaulted to the CDC-recommended minimum for opioid-naive patients, with no alerts or hard stops, such that 9 keystrokes were required for a guideline-concordant prescription and 24 for a non-concordant prescription. Proportion of guideline-concordant prescriptions, defined as new prescriptions with a 3-day supply or less, calculated per 2-week period. Number of mouse clicks and keystrokes needed to place prescriptions. Across the 2 sites, 22,113 patients received a new short-acting opioid prescription from 821 providers. Before the intervention, both settings showed secular trends toward smaller-quantity prescriptions. At the academic practice, the intervention was associated with an immediate increase in guideline-concordant prescriptions from an average of 12% to 31% of all prescriptions. At the FQHC, about 44% of prescriptions were concordant at the time of the intervention, which was not associated with an additional significant increase. However, total keystrokes needed to place the concordant prescriptions decreased 62.7% from 3552 in the 6 months before the intervention to 1323 in the 6 months afterwards. Autocompleting prescription forms with guideline-recommended values was associated with a large increase in guideline concordance in an organization where baseline concordance was low, but not in an organization where it was already high. The redesign markedly reduced the number of keystrokes needed to place orders, with important implications for EHR-related stress. www.ClinicalTrials.gov protocol 1710018646
Utilization of zeolite as a potential multi-functional proppant for CO2 enhanced shale gas recovery and CO2 sequestration: A molecular simulation study of the impact of water on adsorption in zeolite and organic matter

Abstract We proposed to use zeolites as multi-functional proppants for enhanced shale gas recovery and CO2 sequestration in our previous paper and studied the competitive adsorption of CO2 and CH4 in silicalite-1 and kerogen organic matter. It is proved that CO2 released from proppants can be preferentially adsorbed by kerogen and replace the adsorbed CH4. In the present paper, we aim at studying the impact of water on the gas adsorption capacity and selectivity of CO2 over CH4 since water can significantly alter gas adsorption behaviors in zeolites and organic matter. We carry out grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations of water adsorption and the competitive adsorption of a CO2, CH4, and water mixture in silicalite-1 and in kerogen. It is found that water is less favored in both adsorbents but could suppress the adsorption of CO2 and CH4 when the water content is high, it can also enhance CO2/CH4 selectivity under some circumstances. Kerogen shows a stronger preference for adsorbing CO2 over CH4 under most conditions; thus, the replacement process of CO2 and CH4 with water present can still happen in the positive direction.
Interactions between cattle breed type and anabolic implant strategy impact circulating serum metabolites, feedlot performance, feeding behavior, carcass characteristics, and economic return in beef steers.

Abstract Introducing Bos indicus (BI) genetics into a beef herd has the potential to increase environmental sustainability. When introducing BI genetics, there are concerns regarding negative impacts on temperament, growth, and carcass characteristics. Implants are routinely used in the United States, with majority of cattle on feed receiving an anabolic implant to improve growth and efficiency, however research regarding the interaction between cattle breed type and anabolic implants is limited. This research compared the use of implants in BI influenced animals versus Bos taurus in a feedlot setting. Twenty steers were stratified by initial weight in a 2 × 2 factorial design examining two different breeds: Angus (AN; n = 10) or Santa Gertrudis influenced (SG; n = 10), and two implant strategies: no implant (CON; n = 10) or a combined implant containing 120 mg TBA and 24 mg E2 (IMP; n = 10; Revalor-S, Merck Animal Health). We hypothesized that anabolic implants would improve growth and feedlot performance of BI influenced animals. Steers were randomly placed into covered pens equipped with GrowSafe bunks and fed the same ration for 129 d. Steers were weighed every 28 d. Dry matter intake, feeding behavior, and carcass data of the steers was collected. Blood was collected and harvested as serum on d 0, 2, 10, 28 and every 28 d after that, and analyzed for serum urea nitrogen (SUN), haptoglobin, and 25HydroxyVitamin D. Angus steers tended to gain more (P = 0.06) weight than SG, while IMP tended to gain more (P = 0.10) weight than CON with no breed × treatment interaction observed (P > 0.10). A breed × treatment interaction was observed when analyzing SUN (P = 0.05) and haptoglobin (P = 0.02) concentrations. Serum 25HydroxyVitmain D concentrations tended to be increased (P = 0.09) in SG-IMP steers compared to SG-CON steers. Angus steers tended (P = 0.10) to have greater amounts of marbling compared to SG steers, while SG steers had improved (P = 0.04) yield grade. Economic return was decreased by $46 a head when introducing SG genetics, while implanting steers improved economic return by $46 a head. This research provides evidence suggesting that BI influenced animals may respond differently to anabolic implants when compared to BT animals. Economic analyses demonstrate that anabolic implants improve economic return to beef producers, while introducing SG genetics decreases economic return in animals raised in more temperate climates.
A Method of Dividing Harmonic Responsibility Based on Total Harmonic Impedance

Aiming at the problem of quantifying harmonic responsibility, a method of dividing harmonic responsibility based on total harmonic impedance is proposed in this paper. Considering that the line with harmonic source will affect the line without harmonic source, the line without harmonic source has a small content of harmonic current. Directly estimating the harmonic responsibility of the line based on the measured data will result in a decrease in the estimation accuracy. Firstly, the waveform correlation coefficient method is used to identify whether there are harmonic sources with specific frequencies in the circuit. Then the equivalent model of multiple harmonic sources is established based on equivalent circuit. The total harmonic impedance of the system is estimated by linear regression method. When the linear regression method is used to estimate the total harmonic impedance of the system, the fitting degree of the linear regression is judged according to the judgment coefficient, and the estimation result of the regression equation with a higher fitting degree is selected as the estimation value of the total harmonic impedance. The harmonic responsibility of each harmonic source is calculated according to the total harmonic impedance.The experiment proves that the method of locating the harmonic source and then dividing the responsibility of the harmonic improves the estimation accuracy.
Disrupted sleep-wake regulation in type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter knockout mice.

Abstract The type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) is implicated in regulating levels of extracellular adenosine ([AD] ex ). In the basal forebrain (BF) levels of [AD] ex increase during wakefulness and closely correspond to the increases in the electroencephalogram (EEG) delta (0.75–4.5 Hz) activity (NRδ) during subsequent non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS). Thus in the BF, [AD] ex serves as a biochemical marker of sleep homeostasis. Waking EEG activity in theta range (5–9 Hz, Wθ) is also described as a marker of sleep homeostasis. An hour-by-hour temporal relationship between the Wθ and NRδ is unclear. In this study we examined the relationship between these EEG markers of sleep homeostasis during spontaneous sleep–wakefulness and during sleep deprivation (SD) and recovery sleep in the ENT1 gene knockout (ENT1KO) mouse. We observed that baseline NREMS amount was decreased during the light period in ENT1KO mice, accompanied by a weak correlation between Wθ of each hour and NRδ of its subsequent hour when compared to their wild-type (WT) littermates. Perfusion of low dose of adenosine into BF not only strengthened the Wθ–NRδ relationship, but also increased NREMS to match with the WT littermates suggesting decreased [AD] ex in ENT1KO mice. However, the SD-induced [AD] ex increase in the BF and the linear correlation between the EEG markers of sleep homeostasis were unaffected in ENT1KO mice suggesting that during SD, sources other than ENT1 contribute to increase in [AD] ex. Our data provide evidence for a differential regulation of wakefulness-associated [AD] ex during spontaneous vs prolonged waking.
Visualizing Atomic Orbitals Using Second Life

We demonstrate the usefulness of Second LifeTM as a platform for enlivening major concepts in chemistry education. These concepts include absorption spectra, selection rules, quantum numbers, and atomic orbital shapes. We have built several exhibits in Second Life which provide 3-dimensional interactivity for each of those areas: an interactive experiment showing the absorption spectrum of hydrogen, an interactive model of selection rules showing allowed and forbidden transitions for each state, a 3-dimensional grid of orbitals showing the constraints on the values of quantum numbers, and a large-scale interactive orbital display allowing the user to choose and rotate to-scale atomic orbitals based on quantum numbers.
Active Programming Strategies in Reuse

In order to capitalize on the potential for software reuse in object-oriented programming, we must better understand the processes involved in software reuse. Our work addresses this need, analyzing four experienced Smalltalk programmers as they enhanced applications by reusing new classes. These were active programmers: rather than suspending programming activity to reflect on how to use the new components, they began work immediately, recruiting code from example usage contexts and relying heavily on the system debugger to guide them in applying the borrowed context. We discuss the implications of these findings for reuse documentation, programming instruction and tools to support reuse.
Are the Arab Maghreb countries really integratable?: Some evidence from the theory of cointegrated systems

Abstract The main objective of this study is to assess the extent of economic and financial integration among the countries in the Arab Maghreb region. Empirical results consistently suggest that three of these countries (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) do share a robust and meaningful relation binding together their macroeconomies, their financial markets, and their monetary policies, at least over the long-term horizon. Therefore, the failure, thus far of these countries to achieve a genuine regional integration is likely caused by socio-political factors rather than by economic or financial incompatibility. Of course, the presence of a potent long-run relation among the three countries should motivate further efforts towards the creation of an effective regional integration. The results suggest that such efforts should start with improving the structure and the operation of the Arab Maghreb Union which, despite its current feeble status, has apparently strengthened economic and financial ties among countries in the region.
The Deformations and Stresses in Floating Ice Plates

In the past, the analyses of floating ice plates subjected to static or dynamic loads were based on the theory of a thin homogeneous plate, although in actual floating ice plates Young's modulus may vary strongly with depth. Recently,A. Assur concluded, on the basis of a heuristic argument, that the solutions obtained for homogeneous plates may be used for floating ice plates, if a modified flexural rigidity is used. The purpose of the present paper is to study this question, by establishing a mathematically consistent formulation for the dynamic plate equation, utilizing Hamilton's Principle in conjunction with the three dimensional theory of elasticity. It is proven that for a variable Young's modulus and a constant Poisson's ratio the resulting formulations for plates and beams are the same as those for the corresponding homogeneous problems, if a modified flexural ridigity is used; thus confirmingAssur's conclusion. It is shown that the stress distribution is not linear and that the stress formula\(\sigma _{\max } = M{{z_0 } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{z_0 } I}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} I}\) used by a number of investigators for the determination of the carrying capacity of a floating ice plate, as well as for the computation of failure stresses from tests on floating ice beams, is not applicable. Correct formulas are derived, corresponding stress distributions are presented and the consequences of the findings discussed.
Prenatal and intrapartum events and sudden infant death syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate specific pregnancy and labour and delivery events that may increase the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). A matched case-control study was conducted in five counties in southern California, using California death certificate records. The sample consisted of 239 Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic and Asian mothers of SIDS infants and 239 mothers of control infants matched on sex, race, birth hospital and date of birth. Mothers participated in a detailed telephone interview and provided access to obstetric and paediatric records. More case than control mothers reported a family history of anaemia (OR=2.12, P < 0.001). Placental abruptions were strongly associated with SIDS (unadjusted OR=7.94, [95% CI 1.34,47.12]). There was an increased risk of SIDS death associated with maternal anaemia during pregnancy (OR=2.51, [95% CI 1.25,5.03]), while simultaneously adjusting for maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal years of education and age, parity, infant birthweight, gestational age, medical conditions at birth, infant sleep position and post-natal smoking. Interactions of anaemia and prenatal smoking as well as anaemia and post-natal smoking were not statistically significant. There were no other statistically significant differences between case and control mothers for pregnancy conditions, labour and delivery events (e.g. caesarean sections, anaesthesia, forceps) or newborn complications (e.g. nuchal cord, meconium aspiration). Anaemia and placental abruptions were significantly associated with an increased risk of SIDS; both are circumstances in which a fetus may become hypoxic, thereby compromising the subsequent growth, development and ultimate survival of the infant.
Carbon and Nitrogen Abundances in Giant Stars of the Metal Poor Globular Cluster M92 — A Preliminary Report

Observational data on the C12/C13 and O/H-abundance ratios in red giants with near solar metal abundance have recently been put forward by Lambert, his associates and students. In summarizing these results, Dearborn, Eggleton, and Schramm (1976) concluded that in the atmospheres of pre-He-core flash red giants there is evidence for substantial depletion of C12 and enhancement of C13 presumably as a result of deep mixing of envelope material into layers that have undergone CNO-cycle processing. Moreover, values of the ratio C12/C13 in the range 10–20 seem to be achieved by stars with luminosities too low, and evolutionary states too early, for compatibility with convectively mixed standard stellar models. It is true, however, as recognized by Dearborn, et al., that red giants of the general star field have checkered backgrounds: giants in the same part of the HR diagram may have quite different masses and ages, even for a fixed initial metal-abundance. Moreover, comparison of a given star with theoretical models may be rendered somewhat uncertain by errors in parrallax or other criteria of absolute magnitude.
Immunohistochemical expression of ERG in the molecular epidemiology of fatal prostate cancer study.

BACKGROUND Gene fusions between the ERG transcription factor and the androgen-regulated gene TMPRSS2 occur in a subset of prostate cancers and contribute to transformation of prostatic epithelial cells. Prior reports have used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or quantitative PCR (QPCR) to determine the presence of TMPRSS2-ERG fusions or ERG expression, respectively. Recently, several groups have reported on immunohistochemistry (IHC) to measure ERG expression, which is much more readily performed in clinical practice. However, the prior studies examining ERG expression by IHC had small sample sizes or they failed to clarify the association of ERG protein expression with important clinico-pathological features or prostate cancer-specific mortality. Methods: To address these deficits, we evaluated ERG expression by IHC in 208 radical prostatectomy samples from the Kaiser Permanente Molecular Epidemiology of Fatal Prostate Cancer (MEFPC) study, a case–control study of prostate cancer-specific mortality. RESULTS Nuclear ERG expression was seen in neoplastic prostate epithelia in 49 of the samples (23.7%). ERG expression in tumor cells was associated with higher tumor stage (OR = 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.0–4.0, P value = 0.04). ERG immunoreactivity was positively associated with prostate cancer-specific mortality, although the confidence interval was wide (OR = 1.9, 95% confidence interval 0.88–4.0, P value = 0.10). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that ERG protein expression is readily quantifiable with an existing commercial antibody. Evaluating ERG protein expression may improve our ability to identify the subset of more aggressive, invasive prostate cancers. Prostate 73: 1371–1377, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.