cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of layers with low transverse stiffness on the contact response of composite half planes

A previously developed local-global stiffness matrix methodology for the response of a composite half plane, arbitrarily layered with isotropic, orthotropic or monoclinic plies, to indentation by a rigid parabolic punch is further extended to accommodate the presence of layers with complex eigenvalues (e.g., honeycomb or piezoelectric layers). First, a generalized plane deformation solution for the displacement field in an orthotropic layer or half plane characterized by complex eigenvalues is obtained by using Fourier transforms. A local stiffness matrix in the transform domain is subsequently constructed for this class of layers and half planes, which is then assembled into a global stiffness matrix for the entire multi-layered half plane by enforcing continuity conditions along the interfaces. Application of the mixed boundary condition on the top surface of the half plane indented by a rigid punch results in an integral equation for the unknown pressure in the contact region. The integral possesses a divergent kernel which is decomposed into Cauchy-type and regular parts by the use of the asymptotic properties of the local stiffness matrix and a relationship between Fourier and finite Hilbert transforms of the contact pressure. The solution of the resulting singular integral equation is obtained by using a collocation technique based on the properties of orthogonal polynomials developed by Erdogan and Gupta. Examples are presented that illustrate the important influence of low transverse properties of layers with complex eigenvalues, such as those exhibited by honeycombs, on the load versus contact length response and contact pressure distributions for half planes containing typical composite materials.
Surface to Volume Ratios of Bone determined by Computer Analysis of Microradiographs

THE use of an automatic scanning device under the control of a computer has been described for measuring the blackening of autoradiographs to examine the distribution of radioisotopes in microscopic areas of bone1.
Mulan E3 ubiquitin ligase interacts with multiple E2 conjugating enzymes and participates in mitophagy by recruiting GABARAP

Mulan is an E3 ubiquitin ligase embedded in the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) with its RING finger facing the cytoplasm and a large domain located in the intermembrane space (IMS). Mulan is known to have an important role in cell growth, cell death, and more recently in mitophagy. The mechanism of its function is poorly understood; but as an E3 ligase it is expected to interact with specific E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes and these complexes will bind and ubiquitinate specific substrates. The unique topology of Mulan can provide a direct link of communicating mitochondrial signals to the cytoplasm. Our studies identified four different E2 conjugating enzymes (Ube2E2, Ube2E3, Ube2G2 and Ube2L3) as specific interactors of Mulan. Each of these E2 conjugating enzymes was fused to the RING finger domain of Mulan and used in a modified yeast two-hybrid screen. Several unique interactors for each Mulan-E2 complex were isolated. One such specific interactor of Mulan-Ube2E3 was the GABARAP (GABAA receptor-associated protein). GABARAP is a member of the Atg8 family of proteins that plays a major role in autophagy/mitophagy. The interaction of GABARAP with Mulan-Ube2E3 required an LC3-interacting region (LIR) located in the RING finger domain of Mulan as well as the presence of Ube2E3. The isolation of four different E2 conjugating enzymes, as specific partners of Mulan E3 ligase, suggests that Mulan is involved in multiple biological pathways. In addition, the interaction of GABARAP with Mulan-Ube2E3 supports the role of Mulan as an important regulator of mitophagy and provides a plausible mechanism for its function in this process.
Internet Governance in a Multipolar World: Challenging American Hegemony

This article traces the evolution of Internet governance, beginning with the earliest trans-Atlantic Internet ‘community’ associations that formed in the 1970s, up to and including the present mosaic of semi-private ‘self-regulating’ agencies headquartered mostly in the US. The effectiveness of the current system of Internet governance, based in large measure on US-sponsored bodies such as the Internet Corporation of Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), is assessed and contrasted with an emerging international paradigm that seeks greater cross-border harmonisation and multilateral oversight of cyberspace resources. Political disputes arising amongst governments and other interested stakeholders concerning allegations of American regulatory unilateralism are examined. Fuelled in part by a digital divide between the technological haves and have-nots, the battle for the heart and soul of the Internet has reached fever pitch, without any definitive prospects for achieving a global consensus. Special emphasis i...
Surface Properties of Membrane Systems: Interaction of Ketamine with Monomolecular Films of Gangliosides and Mitochondrial Lipids

Ketamine solutions did not form a film (π = 0) but had an appreciable surface potential (ΔV = 500 mv), indicating a significant array of ± oriented charge dipoles at the air-water interface, as opposed to calcium chloride solutions whose ΔV was zero. The ΔV values of ganglioside films spread on the aqueous phase varied in the order water < sodium chloride < calcium chloride < ketamine hydrochloride. At equivalent concentrations, calcium chloride was 500 times as effective as sodium chloride, and ketamine at the clinical concentrations of 10-20 μg/ml (36-72 μM) was 6000 times as effective as calcium chloride in raising the surface potential of gangliosides; the ΔV effect with mitochondrial lipid was in the reverse order: water < sodium chloride = ketamine hydrochloride < calcium chloride. This calcium-ketamine inversion indicates a unique specificity of ketamine for gangliosides. Since ketamine acts on the brain and did not affect mitochondrial respiration, the surface potential data suggest that part of the mechanism of action of ketamine could be its interaction with synaptic surfaces and, specifically, with the sialic acid of gangliosides and/or glycoproteins present on the synaptic membrane surface.
Computers and the social psychology of work

Abstract The microelectronics revolution has resulted in profound alterations of social-psychological aspects of the work environment. In general, computers have amplified the effects of the social forces which exist in organizations. This paper examines the content of investigations on the social psychology of computers in the workplace and suggests some uses of the computer in generating further research. Emphasis is placed on the computer and social control in organizations, the social psychology of the introduction of computer technologies, psychological effects of telecommuting, and computers and decision making in organizations.
Effect of solute concentration on the diffusivity of carbon dioxide in water

When a gas diffuses in a liquid under normal conditions, and the concentration of the diffusing gas is small, the general practice is to assume a constant diffusion coefficient. Recent work on the CO2-water system reported that the “integral” diffusion coefficient of CO2 decreased about 30 per cent when the initial concentration of CO2 was increased from 0 to 60 per cent of the equilibrium value. A careful study in a liquid jet has been made of the diffusion of CO2 in water at 25°C as a function of solute concentration to test the reported results. While a slight variation of diffusivity may have been observed, it was not statistically significant; for all practical purposes the diffusion coefficient of CO2 in water can be considered to be constant.
Coordinate expression of NGF and α-smooth muscle actin mRNA and protein in cutaneous wound tissue of developing and adult rats

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is synthesized in cutaneous wound tissue, and its higher levels in the neonate may contribute to more efficient wound healing. We used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to define NGF mRNA and protein expression in intact skin and following excision wounding in neonatal and adult rats. To determine whether NGF is associated with wound contractile fibroblasts (myofibroblasts), we also examined expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) mRNA and protein, established markers for these cells. In intact skin, NGF mRNA and protein were present in vascular and arrector pili smooth muscle, hair follicle sheath cells, keratinocytes, and hypodermal fibroblasts. Neonatal adipocytes and Schwann cells also expressed NGF mRNA and protein, while adult adipocytes and Schwann cells displayed only NGF-ir. Following wounding, NGF mRNA expression was exuberant in these cell types, and increased similarly at both ages and appeared de novo in skeletal muscle cells. Additionally, both NGF mRNA and protein were present in macrophages and myofibroblasts, and expression in myofibroblasts was significantly greater in neonates. Wound myofibroblasts also expressed α-SMA. Surprisingly, after wounding α-SMA mRNA and protein were present in essentially all cells in which NGF mRNA was detected. We conclude that NGF expression is enhanced in many cell types after wounding, but greater NGF synthesis in neonates appears to be due to a more robust myofibroblast response. In addition, cell types which demonstrated NGF mRNA also expressed α-SMA, and staining for both markers increased following wounding, suggesting synthesis of both proteins is regulated in a coordinated fashion.
Changes in mechanical behavior during fatigue of semicrystalline thermoplastics

The tensile fatigue behavior of two engineering thermoplastics (polyacetal and nylon 6,6 ) were studied by measuring changes in the dynamic viscoelastic response together with changes in potential energy density, strain energy density, and irreversible work. The results show that both stress softening and hardening can occur in controlled load cyclic conditions. At high stress levels and/or frequencies, both the polyacetal and nylon 6,6 show evidence of thermal softening as characterized by changes in their dynamic viscoelastic properties and decrease in storage modulus with corresponding increases in loss modulus and loss tangent. This effect is supported by observed decreases in the overall crystallinity as measured in DSC experiments. At lower stress levels (the mechanically dominated region), all results indicate that, although fatigue crack propagation (FCP) is one of the mechanisms governing the fatigue life, its contribution is minor and crack initiation time constitutes the majority of the fatigue life. Also, during the initiation stage, both materials become less viscoelastic and more elastic. This phenomenon is evidenced by overall reductions in the loss modulus, loss tangent, and irreversible work densities while the storage modulus is maintained. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Surgical Site Infection after Colon Surgery: National Healthcare Safety Network Risk Factors and Modeled Rates Compared with Published Risk Factors and Rates

p d The Inpatient Prospective Payment System stipulates that hospitals must report rates of colon surgical site infection (SSI) to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) beginning in 2012, and colon SSI rates will be linked to reimbursement beginning in 2014. For the last decade, the se of pay-for-performance has been promoted in the belief hat economic incentives and penalties can accelerate imrovements in the quality and outcomes of care. Without n appropriate risk-stratification model, surgeons and hositals would be penalized for performing operations on atients at higher risk for SSI developing, including those ith more severe surgical disease or comorbid conditions. herefore, pay-for-performance can result in unintended utcomes, such as the exclusion of severely ill patients from are. NHSN used logistic regression to develop procedurespecific risk-adjustment models; this replaces the older National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance risk index system. This new tool is based largely on nonmodifiable patient and procedure factors and predicts the expected rate of SSI after various surgical procedures. The procedures and variables included in the model-building process were voluntarily reported from 2006 to 2008 in emergent, urgent, and elective settings. Formal assessment of data accuracy was not performed. Eight risk factors were found
Cross-sectional study of cytomegalovirus shedding and immunological markers among seropositive children and their mothers

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the leading infectious cause of birth defects in the United States. To better understand factors that may influence CMV transmission risk, we compared viral and immunological factors in healthy children and their mothers. We screened for CMV IgG antibodies in a convenience sample of 161 children aged 0-47 months from the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area, along with 32 mothers of children who screened CMV-seropositive. We assessed CMV shedding via PCR using saliva collected with oral swabs (children and mothers) and urine collected from diapers using filter paper inserts (children only). CMV IgG was present in 31% (50/161) of the children. Half (25/50) of seropositive children were shedding in at least one fluid. The proportion of seropositive children who shed in saliva was 100% (8/8) among the 4-12 month-olds, 64% (9/14) among 13-24 month-olds, and 40% (6/15) among 25-47 month-olds (P for trend = 0.003). Seropositive mothers had a lower proportion of saliva shedding (21% [6/29]) than children (P one million copies/mL) were only found in children's saliva (31% of those shedding); children's urine and mothers' saliva specimens all had fewer than 100,000 copies/mL. Low IgG avidity, a marker of primary infection, was associated with younger age (p = 0.03), higher viral loads in saliva (p = 0.02), and lower antibody titers (p = 0.005). Young CMV seropositive children, especially those less than one year-old may present high-risk CMV exposures to pregnant women, especially via saliva, though further research is needed to see if this finding can be generalized across racial or other demographic strata.
The Ability to Identify Emotional Content of Solo Improvisations Performed Vocally and on Three Different Instruments

Fifty-eight undergraduate students with low and high musicianship skills rated the degree to which 24 solo improvisations expressed the emotions of sad, angry, and scared. Eight musicians-two violinists, two trumpet players, two vocalists, and two timpanists-performed three short improvisations, each of which expressed one of the three targeted emotions. Accuracy scores were computed to assess the degree to which subjects rated improvi- sations as expressing the emotion intended by the musician in contrast to the other two emotions. The results indicated that the subjects were relatively accurate in assessing the emotional content of the improvisations. In addition, subjects with a higher level of musicianship skills demonstrated greater accuracy for only the trumpet improvisations. Finally, the subjects' accuracy depended not only on the instrument played, but the emotion expressed. For example, subjects were more accurate when identifying scared improvisations performed on a violin. The applied and theo...
The iron(II)-pyridine-2,6-dihydrazide system: Spectrophotometric determination of iron in strong alkalis

Abstract The complex formed between iron(II) and pyridine-2,6-dihydrazide has been studied to include its composition, formation constant, and reaction with some diverse ions. The system follows Beer's law at pH 10 and above at λ max = 524 nm over a concentration range of 0.3 to 6 ppm with a molar absorptivity of 19,500. The formation constant for the Fe(II)-pyridine-2,6-dihydrazide complex in alkaline solution is 6 × 10 10 . The optimum conditions for complex formation such as time, pH, and order of reagent addition have been investigated. A simple, sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of iron in strong alkalis is described.
Temperature Dependence of the EPR Spectra of Niobium-Doped Ti O 2

Detailed measurements of the temperature dependence of the EPR spectrum and Hall coefficient of niobium-doped rutile have been made. At 4.2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 34 GHz, the EPR spectrum consists of a set of well-resolved hyperfine lines which coalesce and then shift with increasing temperature. Computer calculations of explicit line shapes have been performed based on a model of random hopping between donor sites. Direct impurity-impurity and impurity-conduction-band-impurity hopping are discussed. The hopping frequency is found to vary exponentially with temperature. The temperature dependence is proportional to that of the conduction-electron concentration and is attributed to exchange scattering of the donor electrons with the conduction electrons. The exchange-scattering cross section is found to equal ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ex}}=3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
Hyperfine interaction of 181Ta in nickel

Abstract Nuclear gamma resonance spectroscopy was used to study the hyperfine interaction of 181 Ta impurities in nickel at room temperature and above the Curie point. Both the hyperfine field for 181 Ta in nickel at room temperature and the isomer shift relative to Ta metal have been derived.
From Relics to Remains: Wordsworth’s “The Thorn” and the Emergence of Secular History

In their recurrent focus on the relationship between narrative and experience, “testimony” and “relics,” the Lyrical Ballads show Wordsworth to be our first truly archaeological poet, the first to take seriously the notion of “pre-history” as a mode of encountering the material world in the present, and not just a way of designating a material world that pre-dates written records. Wordsworth’s reading in Druid history, and specifically William Stukeley’s accounts of barrow excavations near Stonhenge and Avebury, helped to shape the poet’s understanding of “pre-history” in this sense. “The Thorn”, with its reiterations of measurement and spatial orientation relative to the site of a mound that may or may not be “an infant’s grave,” reflects the specific influence of Stukeley’s accounts, as well as Wordsworth’s preoccupation with the mystery of how whatever “remains” in the present manages to make present, in the space and time of a universal history, the historian or poetic “pre-historian” who has encountered it.
Mechanisms of spontaneous activity in developing spinal networks

Developing networks of the chick spinal cord become spontaneously active early in development and remain so until hatching. Experiments using an isolated preparation of the spinal cord have begun to reveal the mechanisms responsible for this activity. Whole-cell and optical recordings have shown that spinal neurons receive a rhythmic, depolarizing synaptic drive and experience rhythmic elevations of intracellular calcium during spontaneous episodes. Activity is expressed throughout the neuraxis and can be produced by different parts of the cord and by the isolated brain stem, suggesting that it does not depend upon the details of network architecture. Two factors appear to be particularly important for the production of endogenous activity. The first is the predominantly excitatory nature of developing synaptic connections, and the second is the presence of prolonged activity-dependent depression of network excitability. The interaction between high excitability and depression results in an equilibrium in which episodes are expressed periodically by the network. The mechanism of the rhythmic bursting within an episode is not understood, but it may be due to a "fast" form of network depression. Spontaneous embryonic activity has been shown to play a role in neuron and muscle development, but is probably not involved in the initial formation of connections between spinal neurons. It may be important in refining the initial connections, but this possibility remains to be explored.
hnRNP Proteins and the Biogenesis of mRNA

II. THE hnRNP PROTEINS . Definition and Experimental Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Human . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Posttranslational Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MASKING OF FRONT TURN SIGNALS BY HEADLAMPS IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER FRONT LAMPS

Previous studies have shown that the visibility of a front turn signal is decreased if a headlamp is located near the turn signal. Consequently, both the US and ECE regulations require the turn signals to be more intense in such situations. However, it is unclear how adjacent light sources affect suprathreshold aspects, such as conspicuity. The present field study was designed to examine the effects of several factors on the night-time conspicuity of front turn signals. Specifically of interest were the effects of the number, luminous intensity, and spatial arrangement (including spacing) of the potentially interfering lamps. The following are the main findings: (1) The conspicuity of a turn signal was significantly lower when it was separated from a 1000 cd low-beam headlamp by 50 mm rather than 100 mm (centre-to-edge). A 200 cd turn signal at 100 mm was equal in conspicuity to a 288 cd turn signal at 50 mm. This effect is smaller than the effects obtained in previous studies using threshold-visibility paradigms. (2) Adding a second masking light source, at the same 50-mm spacing as the first masking light source, significantly influenced the conspicuity of the turn signal. The effect of the second masking source can be compensated for by an increase in the turn signal intensity corresponding to 8.5% of the intensity of the second masking source. (3) The conspicuity of the turn signal was unaffected by the spatial arrangement of two masking light sources. (A)
Breadth of categorization and metaphoric processing. A study of young and older adults.

Breadth of categorization and metaphoric processing were studied in 30 young and 30 older adults to determine if older adults manifest a more integrative processing style. A categorization task containing 24 stories of everyday situations was developed from responses of subjects to a questionnaire assessing relevant themes. The task was administered along with a metaphor interpretation task. As predicted, older adults generated fewer categories than young adults, but age differences in breadth of categorization emerged only in the most highly educated group, interacting with sex. Highly educated older women showed greater breadth of categorization than their young counterparts as hypothesized, but highly educated older men showed less breadth of categorization than young men. Metaphoric processing, on the other hand, showed neither age nor gender related differences. Possible interpretations for the findings are considered.
Glutamatergic Mechanisms Associated with Seizures and Epilepsy

Epilepsy is broadly characterized by aberrant neuronal excitability. Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain; thus, much of past epilepsy research has attempted to understand the role of glutamate in seizures and epilepsy. Seizures induce elevations in extracellular glutamate, which then contribute to excitotoxic damage. Chronic seizures can alter neuronal and glial expression of glutamate receptors and uptake transporters, further contributing to epileptogenesis. Evidence points to a shared glutamate pathology for epilepsy and other central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including depression, which is often a comorbidity of epilepsy. Therapies that target glutamatergic neurotransmission are available, but many have met with difficulty because of untoward adverse effects. Better understanding of this system has generated novel therapeutic targets that directly and indirectly modulate glutamatergic signaling. Thus, future efforts to manage the epileptic patient with glutamatergic-centric treatments now hold greater potential.
Using wavelet analysis to detect changes in water temperature regimes at multiple scales: effects of multi‐purpose dams in the Willamette River basin

Maintaining the natural complexity of water temperature regimes is a key to maintaining diverse biological communities. Insect communities, food webs, and fish respond to the magnitude and duration of water temperature fluctuations. Disruption of these natural patterns has the potential to alter physiological processes, behavioural adaptations, and community structure and dynamics. We analysed multiple >300-day time series of water temperature from the Willamette River basin, Oregon, to assess the impact of large multi-purpose dams on water temperature variability at temporal scales ranging from 1 to 32 days, short temporal scales that are commonly ignored. We applied wavelet analysis to quantify the variability of water temperature at multiple temporal scales simultaneously. We compared water temperature regimes above and below dams and before and after dam construction. The advantages of wavelet analysis are the ability to examine all temporal scales simultaneously and independently as well as the ability to preserve the temporal context of the wavelet coefficients. We were able to detect significant (p < 0.0001) reductions in water temperature variability, defined as the variability of the wavelet coefficients, as a result of dams at the 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-day scales. There were no significant differences in water temperature variability between managed and natural flows at the 16- and 32-day scale (p = 0.80). In addition to the well-documented effects of dams on seasonal patterns in water temperature or on water temperature extremes, our results demonstrate that dams have significantly muted the small temporal scale variance in water temperature patterns to which many organisms may have been adapted. Conserving or restoring natural temperature patterns in rivers will require attention to these small-scale complexities. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic study of the adsorption of thiol molecules on a Au55 nanoparticle

In this work, we studied computationally the adsorption of methyl-thiol molecules (SCH3) on a Au55 nanoparticle (NP) using spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) calculations within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) as implemented in the SIESTA code ([1]). Different conformations of SCH3 –Au55 system and SCH3 rotations were considered for the adsorption sites. We examined which adsorption sites of these clusters are preferentially occupied by the SCH3 molecule. According to our calculations, the bridge site is the overall favoured site for the molecule to be adsorbed independently of their initial configuration. The analysis of the structural properties of both NPs and molecules upon the adsorption process shows that NPs experience only a subtle atomic rearrangement due to the strong binding affinity between the sulphur terminal in the SCH3 and Au surface. The initial orientation of the SCH3 after the adsorption significantly changes affecting the adsorption energy.
Theoretical Study of Photoinduced Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer through Asymmetric Salt Bridges

The theoretical study in this paper is based on the experimental result that the rate of photoinduced electron transfer is 10 2 times slower through a donor-(amidinium-carboxylate)-acceptor salt bridge than through the corresponding switched interface donor-(carboxylate-amidinium)-acceptor complex (Kirby, J. P.; Roberts, J. A.; Nocera, D. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 9230). This experimental result indicates that the proton-transfer interface plays an important role in these electron-transfer reactions. In this paper, a multistate continuum theory for proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is applied to analogues representing the chemical systems studied in these experiments. The solute is described with a multistate valence bond model, the solvent is represented as a dielectric continuum, and the active electrons and transferring proton(s) are treated quantum mechanically on equal footing. The application of this theory to these PCET systems provides adiabatic free energy surfaces that depend on two scalar solvent variables corresponding to the proton and electron transfer reactions. The theoretical analysis indicates that the experimentally observed difference in rates for the two chemical systems is due to differences in solute electrostatic properties, solvation energies, solvent reorganization energies, and electronic couplings. Moreover, this theoretical study provides insight into the underlying fundamental principles of PCET reactions.
Three-dimensional perception and recognition under uncertainty

This paper presents an efficient system for recovering the structural properties of objects with unknown 3-D shape. In this approach, we build adaptive maps for interpreting the object structure under uncertainty. We decompose the system into four major modules: sensing interface, knowledge base, map building and decision making, and the controller. The sensing interface acquires visual data and performs low and intermediate vision tasks for enhancing the acquired image sequences. The knowledge base contains different visual primitives and the possible exploratory actions. The map building and decision making module utilizes the different predicates that are stored in the knowledge base in order to resolve possible uncertainties. The decisions made in the map building and decision making module are then utilized by the controller module which resolves possible uncertainties. The decisions made in the map building and decision making modules are then utilized by the controller module which resolves possible inconsistencies. The above process is repeated until the map stored in the third module contains a minimal number of three dimensional interpretations that cannot be reduced further. Motion primitives are used as sensing actions. Uncertainty models are developed for the sensor and for the image processing techniques being used. Further filtering and a rejection mechanism are then developed to discard unrealistic motion and structure estimates. This system is capable of recognizing the object structure efficiently and adaptively.
Family Supports and Services in Early Intervention: A Bold Vision.

This article utilizes four knowledge sources to characterize a current gap in policy and practice related to serving families in early intervention (birth to 5) programs. It argues that the field of early intervention has focused primarily on implementing family-centered practices by focusing on how families and professionals should interact. The field has not sufficiently addressed what supports and services should be offered to families to enhance the likelihood of positive outcomes for families themselves and for their children with disabilities. The paper concludes with recommendations for enhancing policy, research, and professional development related to family services and supports.
Anticipatory Eye Movements Reveal Infants' Auditory and Visual Categories

We introduce a new paradigm for the assessment of auditory and visual categories in 6-month-old infants using a 2-alternative anticipatory eye-movement response. Infants were trained by 2 different methods to anticipate the location of a visual reinforcer at 1 of 2 spatial locations (right or left) based on the identity of 2 cuing stimuli. After a training phase, infants were presented with a series of generalization trials in which novel (untrained) stimuli served as the cue to the anticipatory eye movement. Four experiments illustrated that infants can learn the 2-choice discriminative response during training. Infants also showed anticipatory eye movements to novel stimuli, indicating sensitivity to variations along a variety of stimulus dimensions (e.g., color, shape, orientation, spatial frequency, pitch, and duration). In addition, the paradigm can be used to assess categorization in individual infants, thereby revealing the stimulus dimensions to which infants naturally attend.
Trace element partitioning between ionic crystal and liquid

The partitioning of trace elements between ionic crystals and the melt has been correlated with lattice energy of the host. The solid-liquid partition coefficient has been expressed in terms of the difference in relative ionic radius of the trace element and the homogeneous and heterogeneous strain of the host lattice. Predictions based on this model appear to be in general agreement with data for alkali nitrates and for rare-earth elements in natural garnet phenocrysts.
Thermal Conductivity and Contact Conductance of Graphite Fiber Composites.

The transverse and longitudinal effective thermal conductivity and contact conductance of graphite fiber reinforced composites has been studied over a range of temperatures (20-200°C) and pressures (172-1720 kPa). Three different fiber types (DKE X, DKA X, and K22 XX) and three fiber volume fractions (55, 65, and 75%) in a cyanate ester matrix were studied. The addition of fibers to the matrix resulted in an increase in effective thermal conductivity, but appears to level off at fiber volume fractions of 65%. Furthermore, the effective thermal conductivity in the longitudinal direction was significantly greater than in the transverse direction, and was more dependent upon temperature. These data were used to develop an equation relating the thermal contact conductance to the harmonic mean thermal conductivity, sample thickness, microhardness, and fiber volume fraction.
Studying Daphnia feeding behavior as a black box: a novel electrochemical approach

We present a novel approach for examining the complex feeding behavior of a filter feeder at a previously unexploited scale. A Daphnia lives in a viscous environment and thus creates a feeding current with a distinct laminar inflow and a repetitive pulsed outflow. We propose that by treating the feeding apparatus as a black box, and using the pulsed outflow current as a surrogate to the inside working of the apparatus, we can calculate feeding rate in near real time. The structure of the outflow is interpreted as a direct representation of the organism’s response to its environment. Therefore, we examine how the work performed by an organism’s feeding apparatus is altered according to environmental factors and metabolic demands. Our approach is an integration of optical (Schlieren system) and electrochemical (chronoamperometry) techniques that allow for real time visualization and temporal analysis of flow systems, respectively. As electrochemistry requires a tracer chemical, we employed low dopamine concentrations (≤ 1mM), and tested the effect of dopamine on the heart rate and swimming of Daphnia. It appears that dopamine free in solution at concentrations below 10 mM has no adverse effects on the organism, and all observed differences in Daphnia feeding behavior were due to environmental or metabolic factors. The feeding nature of daphnids in the presence or absence of food, and differences between the sexes is reported. Our results indicate that in the absence of food a Daphnia has a strict and repetitive feeding behavior with short delays between pumping actions. However, in the presence of food this behavior becomes complex, with increased delays between pumps, perhaps designed to maximize feeding efficiency. Our observations demonstrate that males have a higher appendage beat frequency than females under identical conditions. We hypothesize that the difference may be dictated by metabolic demand, as a male spends more time actively seeking a mate. The application of electrochemistry to the study of Daphnia feeding behavior is an improvement over current methods for its near real time quantification of behavioral response, its versatile application under varying environmental conditions and its extreme sensitivity to changes in the organism’s feeding behavior. This technique is a valuable addition to the current tools available for studying Daphnia feeding behavior and will allow us to learn more about the interactions of an organism with its environment.
What is Africana Critical Theory or Black Existential Philosophy

In this article, the author argues that Africana critical theory or Black existential philosophy is the philosophical discourse that critiques domination and affirms the empowerment of Black people in the world. However, although Africana critical theory shares similar concerns and themes such as existence, consciousness, trepidation, meaninglessness, hopelessness, fear, despair, servility, and abasement with European existentialism, there are important distinctions between them. For example, although European existentialism is, as Gordon says, “predicated on the uniqueness of the individual as well as on a universalist conception of humans and their obligation to self,” Africana critical theory or Black existential philosophy is predicated on the liberation of all Black people in the world from oppression.
1‐Methoxy‐1,2‐propadiene

[13169-00-1] C4H6O (MW 70.10) InChI = 1S/C4H6O/c1-3-4-5-2/h4H,1H2,2H3 InChIKey = RRWJXAJEGRDMQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (undergoes lithiation and reaction with electrophiles at C-1,1 hetero-Diels–Alder2 and dipolar3 cycloadditions, and transition metal-catalyzed,4, 5 radical,6 and electrophilic7 addition reactions) Alternate Name: methoxyallene. Physical Data: bp 51–52 °C. Solubility: sol THF, ether, pentane, hexane, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, DMSO. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 6.77 (1H, t, J = 5.9 Hz), 5.48 (2H, d, J = 5.9 Hz), 3.42 (3H, s). Preparative Methods: not commercially available, but can be prepared1 on a tens-of-grams scale by the base-catalyzed isomerization of 1-methoxy-2-propyne (methyl propargyl ether) (eq 1). Related 1-alkoxy-1,2-propadiene ethers can be prepared similarly. A convenient version of this preparation has been reported.8 (1) Purification: by distillation.
Treatment for alcohol and other drug problems: Closing the gap.

In this issue of Annals, Rockett et al1 present compelling evidence that a wide gap exists between emergency department patients’ need for alcohol and other drug treatment and identification/referral by ED staff. The authors present data from 7 EDs in the state of Tennessee, representing separate geographic areas. Using several case definitions for treatment need ranging from strict Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), criteria to a more comprehensive definition accounting for testing and denial, the percentage of patients in need varied from 4% to as high as 27%. Patients were more likely to be in need if they were insured by TennCare (Medicaid) or Medicare, if they delayed ED presentation by 1 or more hours, or if they had 1 or more prior ED visits. No difference in need was detected between injured and noninjured patients. Unfortunately, less than 10% of the patients who needed alcohol and other drug treatment received any, and only 1% of the time did the physician document a diagnosis of substance abuse. Considering that there is a well-defined spectrum of alcohol use and that at-risk and problem drinkers were not included in the authors’ estimate of treatment need, the numbers of patients in need of intervention/referral is probably much higher. Although the authors extrapolate that the overall numbers of ED patients with need S U B S T A N C E A B U S E / E D I T O R I A L
THE TIE THAT BINDS: Downtowns, Suburbs, and the Dependence Hypothesis

Urban scholars have been debating the causal arrow of the geographic dependence of cities and suburbs. The arguments center around whether the core city depends on the suburbs for economic vitality...
Family planning and life planning reproductive intentions among individuals seeking reproductive health care.

Background Little research has focused on men and women's reproductive intentions before pregnancy and their perceived personal and social motivations to prevent an unintended pregnancy. Methods To assess the reproductive intentions of low-income men and women in California, we asked individuals seeking reproductive health services about their plans for childbearing, including an ideal timeframe and perceived advantages of delay. We also asked about their health care visit to examine how contraceptive use and services relate to reproductive intentions. Results The majority (77%) of the 1,409 reproductive health clients surveyed wanted to have a/another child, but hoped to delay childbearing by an average of 5.4 years. The most common reasons for wanting to delay pregnancy were related to finances (24%) or education (19%), with differences by race/ethnicity and gender. We did not observe a clear relationship between the length of time the client wanted to delay pregnancy and the type of contraceptive method dispensed during the clinic visit. Conclusions Individuals seeking reproductive health care perceive many personal benefits to planning and timing their pregnancies, and most will need many years of contraceptive protection to achieve their reproductive goals. Providers should work with their patients to ensure that they receive a contraceptive method that is consistent with the length of pregnancy prevention they desire.
Slowing the Increase in the Population Dose Resulting from CT Scans

The annual number of CT scans in the U.S. is now over 70 million. The concern is that organ doses from CT are typically far larger than those from conventional X-ray examinations, and there is epidemiological evidence of a small but significant increased cancer risk at typical CT doses. Because CT is a superb diagnostic tool and because individual CT risks are small, when a CT scan is clinically indicated, the CT benefit/risk balance is by far in the patient's favor. Nevertheless, CT should operate under the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle, and opportunities exist to reduce the significant population dose associated with CT without compromising patient care. The first opportunity is to reduce the dose per scan, and improved technology has much potential here. The second opportunity is selective replacement of CT with other modalities, such as for many head and spinal examinations (with MRI), and for diagnosing appendicitis (selective use of ultrasound + CT). Finally, a fraction of CT scans could be avoided entirely, as indicated by CT decision rules: Clinical decision rules for CT use represent a powerful approach for slowing down the increase in CT use, because they have the potential to overcome some of the major factors that result in some CT scans being undertaken when they are potentially not clinically helpful. In the U.S. and potentially elsewhere, legislative approaches are a possible option, to improve quality control and reduce clinically unneeded CT use, and it is also possible that upcoming changes in heath care economics will tend to slow the increase in such CT use.
The quantitative analysis of TCP congestion control algorithm in third-generation cellular networks based on FSMC loss model and its performance enhancement

Initiatives to add mobility to the Internet and packet data services in third-generation (3G) cellular systems are being considered as candidate solutions for the delivery or IP data to mobile users. The Transport Control Protocol (TCP) will continue to be the most widely used transport protocol for a certain duration in 3G cellular Internet networks. Initially designed for high-speed wireline networks where random packet loss can be negligible, TCP can yield a significant throughput deterioration when applied to lossy links without modification since the primary cause of packet loss may not be network congestion. Two new types of loss can dominate TCP's performance: one is dropped packets because of route disconnection from frequent handoffs; the other is relatively high bit error rate (BER) of radio propagation channels due to multipath fading. Unlike much or the early TCP studies that largely relied on simulations, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis by modeling typical TCP congestion control algorithms. We adopt finite-state Markov channel (FSMC) model as the basis of link error definition since in typical cases it is not adequate to model a radio communication channel as a two-state Gilbert-Elliott channel when the channel quality varies dramatically. To enhance TCP performance in cellular networks, we adopt the idea of active-mobile-host to constrain the negative effect of handoff on TCP throughput in a minimized range. The accuracy of our analytical model is verified through the comparison with measurements using UCB/LBNL Network Simulator (ns-2).
Genetic Interactions Between P Elements Involved in piRNA-Mediated Repression of Hybrid Dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

Previous studies have shown that telomeric P elements inserted at the left end of the X chromosome are anchors of the P cytotype, the maternally inherited state that regulates P-element activity in the germ line of Drosophila melanogaster. This regulation is mediated by small RNAs that associate with the Piwi family of proteins (piRNAs). We extend the analysis of cytotype regulation by studying new combinations of telomeric and nontelomeric P elements (TPs and non-TPs). TPs interact with each other to enhance cytotype regulation. This synergism involves a strictly maternal effect, called presetting, which is apparently mediated by piRNAs transmitted through the egg. Presetting by a maternal TP can elicit regulation by an inactive paternally inherited TP, possibly by stimulating its production of primary piRNAs. When one TP has come from a stock heterozygous for a mutation in the aubergine, piwi, or Suppressor of variegation 205 genes, the synergism between two TPs is impaired. TPs also interact with non-TPs to enhance cytotype regulation, even though the non-TPs lack regulatory ability on their own. Non-TPs are not susceptible to presetting by a TP, nor is a TP susceptible to presetting by a non-TP. The synergism between TPs and non-TPs is stronger when the TP was inherited maternally. This synergism may be due to the accumulation of secondary piRNAs created by ping-pong cycling between primary piRNAs from the TPs and mRNAs from the non-TPs. Maternal transmission of P-element piRNAs plays an important role in the maintenance of strong cytotype regulation over generations.
Error exponents for finite-hypothesis channel identification

We consider the problem of designing optimal probing signals for finite-hypothesis testing. Equivalently, we cast the problem as the design of optimal channel input sequences for identifying a discrete channel under observation from a finite set of known channels. The optimality criterion that we employ is the exponent of the Bayesian probability of error. In our study, we consider a feedforward scenario where there is no feedback from the channel output to the signal selector at the channel input and a feedback scenario where the past channel outputs are revealed to the signal selector. In the feedforward scenario, only the type of the input sequence matters and our main result is an expression for the error exponent in terms of the limiting distribution of the input sequence. In the feedback case, we show that when discriminating between two channels, the optimal scheme in the first scenario is simultaneously the optimal time-invariant Markov feedback policy of any order.