cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Quest for Stable Potassium-Ion Battery Chemistry.

Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted wide interests for energy storage because of the abundance of the electrode materials involved; however, their electrochemical performances are far behind what can be achieved from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) or sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). This paper identifies key promising electrode and electrolyte materials for potassium-ion batteries, investigates the coupled electrochemical reactions in the cell, and demonstrates that the compatibility between different materials plays the most important role. K2 Mn[Fe(CN)6 ] cathode can deliver a high capacity of ∼125 mAh g-1 and exceptional cycling stability over 61,000 cycles (∼9 months) if the side reactions from the anode can be prevented. Graphite is a good anode material but is subjected to degradation in traditional carbonate electrolytes. New concentrated electrolytes are developed and evaluated. A stable KIB system is demonstrated by coupling a stable K2 Mn[Fe(CN)6 ] cathode, a pre-potassiated graphite anode with a concentrated electrolyte to achieve a high energy density of ∼260 Wh kg-1 (based on the active mass of cathode and anode) and good cycling of over 1000 cycles. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Spontaneous activity patterns of male rats.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine the diurnal pattern of spontaneous activity of young male albino rats and to study the treatment effects of forced exercise and sedentary existence upon spontaneous activity patterns. The study was conducted for 70 consecutive days with the first 35 days providing a treatment phase and the following 35 days a post-treatment phase. Treatments consisted of forced exercise by swimming with mild overload and sedentary existence. The rats were housed in spontaneous activity cages. Upon the completion of each revolution, the activity wheel would trigger a signal magnet to record an ink marking on a continuously moving monodrum. Monodrum markings were analyzed for amounts of hourly activity. Greatest activity was recorded from 10:00 pm to 1:00 am, with least activity occurring from 7:00 Am to 2:00 pm. More than two-thirds of the total spontaneous activity occurred from 6:00 pm to 6:00 am. The treatments of forced exercise and sedentary existence did not...
ROS1 rearranged non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases respond to low dose radiotherapy

We present a young woman with ROS1 gene rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with brain metastases. ROS is a proto-oncogene tyrosine protein kinase. The patient received a partial course of whole brain radiation therapy and experienced a sustained partial response in the brain. We hypothesize that ROS1 rearranged NSCLC brain metastases may be particularly sensitive to radiation therapy.
A method for the study of the intermediary carbohydrate metabolism of epidermis. I. Oxidation of acids of the citric acid cycle.

Intermediary carbohydrate metabolism embraces all the detailed enzymatic reactions involved in the step-wise breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water within the cell. During this process, energy is released in a series of small packets to be stored as energy-rich phosphate bonds, examples of which are present in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (1-5). The cell depends to a great extent upon energy-rich phosphate bonds for the performance of its vital functions, such as transport of substances against concentration gradients, as observed in absorption, secretion and maintenance of osmotic pressure (6), muscle contraction (7), nerve impulse conduction, e.g. generation of strong electric currents in electric eels (8), protein synthesis (9) and emission of light in fireflies (10). Figure 1 shows a schematic outline of the chief intermediary pathways of carbohydrate metabolism. While glycolysis (the phase concerned with the degradation of glucose to pyruvate) produces only a small portion of the total phosphate bond energy, respiration (the phase handling the oxidation of pyruvate via the citric acid cycle) supplies a much greater fraction of this energy (11, 12).
Age-related differences in the maintenance and modification of automatic processes: arithmetic stroop interference

This experiment was designed to investigate whether well-learned "automatic" processes remain stable as a function of age, as well as to determine whether the ability to modify these automatic processes is disrupted for older adults. We used an arithmetic Stroop task to measure the stability of an automatic process. Nineteen young (mean age 22) and 19 old (mean age 75) adults participated in three experimental sessions, each of which consisted of 15 blocks of 30 trials. Although the young subjects had faster verification times overall than did the old adults, both young and old subjects showed significant interference effects. For the young adults, there was a decrease in the interference effect with practice, which suggested that they were learning to inhibit the automatic process of performing the arithmetical operation. However, the old adults showed no significant decrease in the associative interference effects. This implies that the older adults were impaired in their ability to inhibit automatic processes, even when those processes interfered with performance. Theoretical and practical training implications are discussed.
A Comparison of FPGA Implementations of Bit-Level and Word-Level Matrix Multipliers

We have implemented a novel bit-level matrix multiplier on a Xilinx FPGA chip where each processing element does a simple operation of adding three to six bits to generate one partial sum bit and one to two carryout bits. The speedup over word-level is possible because individual bits of a word do not have to be processed as a unit in a bit-level architecture. It is shown in a previous work that bit-level architectures for fixed point applications can be O(log p) times faster than the corresponding word-level architecture where p is the word length. In this paper we implemented the bit-level matrix multiplier on a Xilinx FPGA chip that is compared to a word-level matrix multiplier composed of highly optimized multiplier and adder macros available in the Xilinx Core generator library. The architecture presented in this paper is even faster than previous ones by breaking the critical path in the dependence graph into half. Our results show that speedup by a factor of 2 can be obtained in practice.
Hydra transplantation phenomena and the mechanism of Hydra head regeneration: II. Properties of the head activation

Measurements were made of the "head activation" in transplanted fragments of Hydra tissue. The measurements confirm that head activation is graded in the body and that activation increases during head regeneration. Experiments of two different sorts show that regeneration-specific activation increase is confined to the presumptive head zone. When head formation is initiated and subsequently blocked, the activation decays back to its original level in about 12 hr; this is three times faster than the activation decay observed in body tissue moved to a more basal position. Experiments on foot formation phenomena show a similar lability difference. It thus appears that regeneration-specific activation increase involves a mechanism different from the one responsible for the gradient of activation in the body. Cutting produces a local increase of the head and/or foot activation level; this increase decays in about 12 hr. These results and those of the preceding paper are consistent with a version of the Gierer-Meinhardt model which also accounts for the regulation of the head/body proportion in Hydra.
Quantum creation of a universe with Ω≠1: Singular and nonsingular instantons

We propose two new classes of instantons which describe the tunneling and/or quantum creation of closed and open universes. The instantons leading to an open universe can be considered as generalizations of the Coleman-De-Luccia solution. They are non-singular, unlike the instantons recently studied by Hawking and Turok, whose prescription has the problem that the singularity is located on the hypersurface connecting to the Lorentzian region, which makes it difficult to remove. We argue that such singularities are harmless if they are located purely in the Euclidean region. We thus obtain new singular instantons leading to a closed universe; unlike the usual regular instantons used for this purpose, they do not require complex initial conditions. The singularity gives a boundary contribution to the action which is small for the instantons leading to sufficient inflation, but changes the sign of the action for small $\phi$ corresponding to short periods of inflation.
Trends in the treatment of localized prostate cancer using supplemented cancer registry data.

Study Type – Therapy (cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Variation in treatment of localized prostate cancer has been shown to exist according to demographic and clinical factors, patient and provider preference, and region of residence since there is no consensus concerning appropriate treatment. Between 1998 and 2002 the proportion of men choosing watchful waiting declined from 12.6% to 9.0% while those receiving brachytherapy (with or without external beam radiation therapy) increased from 14.9% to 17.7%. Based on Gleason score, PSA, and age at diagnosis, younger African-American men may be receiving less aggressive therapy than indicated, while older men with low risk tumours may be receiving more aggressive therapy than necessary. OBJECTIVE To conduct an analysis of localized prostate cancer treatment in the USA between 1998 and 2002. PATIENTS AND METHODS Results from the National Cancer Institute’s Patterns of Care study from 10 regional cancer registries in 1998 and 14 registries in 2002 were compared using univariate and multivariate statistical methods. RESULTS Patients with localized prostate cancer in 2002 were younger, had lower prostate-specific antigen values, and higher Gleason scores compared with those diagnosed in 1998. Little change occurred in age-adjusted percentages of men who were treated with a radical prostatectomy (45–46%) or by external beam radiation (EBRT) alone (19–20%). The proportion receiving brachytherapy (BT), alone or with EBRT, increased from 14.9 to 17.7%, while the proportion receiving watchful waiting declined from 12.6 to 9.0%. Younger African-American men with intermediate/high-risk disease were less likely to receive any type of aggressive therapy in comparison with Non-Hispanic White men. Over 70% of men who were ≥75 years of age, with low-risk disease, were treated with EBRT or BT. CONCLUSIONS Older men with low-risk disease might be overtreated with aggressive therapy, while younger intermediate/high-risk African-American men appear less likely to receive indicated aggressive therapy.
Sleep and Cognitive Functioning in Children with Disabilities

Sleep disorders and sleep of insufficient duration and quality have been associated with impaired cognitive functioning in typically developing children and in children with a wide array of disabilities and medical conditions. Among children with disabilities, those with intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder have been found to have atypical patterns of sleep and high prevalence of sleep disorders. Following a description of how sleep is assessed, research relating sleep to cognitive functioning is reviewed for children with those three disabilities. Further needed research and implications for screening, diagnosis, prevention, and education are discussed.
An asperity‐based mathematical model for the boundary lubrication of nominally flat metallic contacts

A mathematical model is presented to study the boundary lubrication of nominally flat metallic contacts. It is developed on the basis of the Greenwood–Williamson model, incorporating key aspects of boundary lubrication in asperity contacts. Four variables are used to describe the asperity contact, including micro-contact area, pressure, interfacial shear stress and flash temperature. Furthermore, three probability variables are used to define the interfacial state of an asperity junction that may be covered by the lubricant/additive molecules adsorbed on the surface, protected by a chemical film, or in direct contact with no boundary protection. Governing equations for the seven asperity-level variables are derived based on first-principle considerations of the asperity deformation, frictional heating and kinetics of boundary films. These equations are solved simultaneously to determine the asperity interfacial state and calculate the contact variables. The asperity-level solutions are then integrated to formulate the boundary-lubrication model at the system level with statistical descriptions of the surfaces. Results are presented and analysed including system friction behaviour, surface separation and real area of contact, and the state of boundary lubrication for various operating conditions and surface roughness. Some potential applications of the model are described. The model and the modelling concepts may provide a framework for future boundary-lubrication analysis, incorporating research advances in contact mechanics, tribochemistry and other related fields. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A petrographic, chemical, and isotopic study of calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions and aluminum‐rich chondrules from the Axtell (CV3) chondrite

Petrographic, compositional, and isotopic characteristics were studied for three calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) and four plagioclase-bearing chondrules (three of them Al-rich) from the Axtell (CV3) chondrite. All seven objects have analogues in Allende (CV3) and other primitive chondrites, yet Axtell, like most other chondrites, contains a distinctive suite of CAIs and chondrules. In common with Allende CAIs, CAIs in Axtell exhibit initial ^(26)Al/^(27)Al ratios ((^(26)Al/^(27)Al)0) ranging from ∼5 × 10^(−5) to 2 Ma after the first CAIs. As in other CV3 chondrites, some objects in Axtell show evidence of isotopic disturbance. Axtell has experienced only mild thermal metamorphism (<600 °C), probably not enough to disturb the Al-Mg systematics. Its CAIs and chondrules have suffered extensive metasomatism, probably prior to final accretion. These data indicate that CAIs and chondrules in Axtell (and other meteorites) had an extended history of several million years before their incorporation into the Axtell parent body. These long time periods appear to require a mechanism in the early solar system to prevent CAIs and chondrules from falling into the Sun via gas drag for several million years before final accretion. We also examined the compositional relationships among the four plagioclase-bearing chondrules (two with large anorthite laths and two barred-olivine chondrules) and between the chondrules and CAIs. Three processes were examined: (1) igneous differentiation, (2) assimilation of a CAI by average nebular material, and (3) evaporation of volatile elements from average nebular material. We find no evidence that igneous differentiation played a role in producing the chondrule compositions, although the barred olivine compositions can be related by addition or subtraction of olivine. Methods (2) and (3) could have produced the composition of one chondrule, AXCH-1471, but neither process explains the other compositions. Our study indicates that plagioclase-bearing objects originated through a variety of processes.
Investigation of the Sampling Representativeness With Different Probes in a Gas Turbine Combustor

Three types of 12-orifice mixing cruciform sampling probes, i.e. the sampling orifices with or without stub pipes and arranged in spiral form or on three radii, and one single orifice traversing probe were used to investigate the sampling representativeness in the measurement of gas turbine emissions. The results obtained in the experiment show that the distribution of carbon monoxide, CO, and smoke number, S.N., may have certain relations with the distribution of fuel and air in the combustor, and the three types of probes mentioned, the angular position of the cruciform probe and the manner of extracting sample off the mixing probe can make a deviation of less than 1 S.N. for smoke and about 5% for carbon monoxide.Copyright © 1985 by ASME
Convolved and simultaneous two-mode input shapers

Input shaping is a method of reducing residual vibrations in computer controlled machines. Vibration is eliminated by convolving a sequence of impulses with a desired system command to produce a shaped input that is then used to drive the system. Techniques for designing the impulse sequence for two-mode systems are presented. Properties of the various techniques are compared as a function of the mode ratio. Simulations of a two-mode system demonstrate key results.
NUMERICAL COMPUTATIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL SOLITARY WAVES GENERATED BY MOVING DISTURBANCES

SUMMARY Two-dimensional solitary waves generated by disturbances moving near the critical speed in shallow water are computed by a time-stepping procedure combined with a desingularized boundary integral method for irrotational flow. The fully non-linear kinematic and dynamic free-surface boundary conditions and the exact rigid body surface condition are employed. Three types of moving disturbances are considered: a pressure on the free surface, a change in bottom topography and a submerged cylinder. The results for the free surface pressure are compared to the results computed using a lower-dimensional model, i.e. the forced Korteweg-de Vries (fKdV) equation. The fully non-linear model predicts the upstream runaway solitons for all three types of disturbances moving near the critical speed. The predictions agree with those by the fKdV equation for a weak pressure disturbance. For a strong disturbance, the fully non-linear model predicts larger solitons than the fKdV equation. The fully non-linear calculations show that a free surface pressure generates significantly larger waves than that for a bottom bump with an identical non-dimensional forcing function in the fKdV equation. These waves can be very steep and break either upstream or downstream of the disturbance.
Framing race and class in Brazil: Afro-Brazilian support for racial versus class policy

Because of the strong correlation between race and class in Brazil, it has been difficult for scholars to assess the degree to which either provides Brazilians with politically relevant identities. The impacts of race and class are compared with a priming experiment using Afro-Brazilian subjects. The results indicate that subjects identifying as blacks are more responsive than non-black subjects to racial primes, resulting in stronger support for government intervention aimed at racial rather than class inequality. Relevant comparisons to race in the USA are discussed.
Human relevance of animal carcinogenicity studies

Extrapolation of results from rodent bioassays involving high-dose exposures to possible carcinogenic risk in humans exposed to low doses is based on the assumptions of species relevance and high- to low-dose extrapolation. For genotoxic chemicals, such as 2-acetylaminofluorene and N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide, these assumptions appear to be appropriate, although the dose response can be greatly modified by cell proliferation effects of these chemicals at high doses. In contrast, nongenotoxic chemicals, such as chemicals causing urinary calculi or sodium saccharin and related sodium and potassium salts, frequently are carcinogenic only at high doses and/or only in specific species. Consequently, for extrapolation of results for nongenotoxic chemicals these assumptions may not be appropriate.
Biochemical characterization of long‐term culture of the swarm rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes in agarose

Difficulty in maintaining phenotypic stability of the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma in long-term monolayer cultures has prompted investigation of alternative conditions that would enable extended maintenance of these cells, permitting use of the tumor as a model system for the long-term study of proteoglycan metabolism. Morphological analysis of the growth of the chondrosarcoma chondrocytes in agarose has shown stability of the culture over a 20 day period with respect to the ability of the cells to proliferate and synthesize an Alcian blue-positive extracellular matrix. The present study confirms these findings through analysis of the growth characteristics of the culture and the pattern of proteoglycan and collagen synthesis. The chondrocytes actively synthesize a proteoglycan-rich matrix at a rate dependent on the initial plating density and concentration of serum in the culture medium. These factors similarly affect the proliferative capabilities of the culture as demonstrated by the growth curves obtained at different culture conditions. During 20 days in culture, the cells synthesize an aggregating chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and collagen type II, typical of cartilage and this chondrosarcoma. In addition, small molecular weight proteoglycans were found to be present at concentrations of up to 10% of the total proteoglycan population. Degradative rates are slow, the proteoglycan half-life is about 30 days, but can be enhanced with retinol, reducing the half-life to 2 days.
Transient electromagnetic response near a fault zone

Recent improvements in instrumentation and field techniques have made time domain electromagnetic methods more acceptable. This acceptance has prompted further theoretical work for use in the interpretation of field data. The asymptotic solutions for the transient electromagnetic field components in the vicinity of a fault zone separating two media of high resistivity contrast are obtained for low frequency or late time. Excitation is by normally incident plane waves at the earth's surface. Because of the slow convergence of the asymptotic time series expansions, a numerical polygonal inversion is performed on the real part, or in-phase term, of the time-harmonic surface expressions for the electric and magnetic field components. For both impulsive and step excitation the transient electric field normal to the contact is more sensitive to changes in the structural attitude of the fault plane than the transient electric field parallel to the contact. The transient anomalous vertical magnetic field for either impulsive or step excitation appears to be most diagnostic of dip angle, although waveform shape does not seem to be significantly dependent on the slope of the fault. For dip angles greater than 90 degrees, as measured on the poorly conducting side of the contact, all field componentsmore » become more insensitive as indicators of the structural attitude. The results presented here should be useful in obtaining several geologic parameters descriptive of a ct zone or lateral resistivity inhomogeneity from transient electromagnetic soundings; they should also provide an aid to differentiating with available geological information between layering effects on transient electromagnetic responses and effects largely due to lateral changes in resistivity.« less
Longithorols A and B, novel prenylated paracyclophane- and metacyclophane-type hydroquinones from the tunicate Aplidium longithorax.

The tunicate Aplidium longithorax collected from Palau contained two novel prenylated paracyclophane- and metacyclophane-type hydroquinones, longithorols A (1) and B (2), in addition to longithoron...
Characterization of coeruleospinal inhibition of the nociceptive tail-flick reflex in the rat: Mediation by spinal α2-adrenoceptors

Several lines of evidence implicate bulbospinal noradrenergic pathways in antinociception and descending inhibition. In the present study, descending inhibition of the nociceptive tail-flick (TF) reflex by electrical stimulation in the dorsolateral pons (DLP) and the spinal neurotransmitter(s) mediating that inhibition were characterized in lightly pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. It was determined that 10 s of stimulation in the DLP prior to the application of heat to the tail resulted in optimum (lowest) thresholds for inhibition of the TF reflex. Conditioning-test studies indicated that the duration of the inhibitory effects produced by stimulation outlasted the 10-s period of stimulation by approximately 5 s. Systematic mapping studies revealed that inhibition of the TF reflex could be produced by stimulation throughout a large portion of the DLP; however, stimulation sites requiring the lowest intensities of stimulation (≤25 μA) were in the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus. Changes in blood pressure were not produced at this intensity and duration of stimulation. S-glutamate microinjections and stimulation strength-duration determinations suggest that inhibition of the TF reflex produced by stimulation in the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus results from activation of cell bodies. The intrathecal administration of pharmacologic antagonists (phentolamine, yohimbine, prazosin, naloxone, methysergide, atropine and bicuculline) revealed that only the α-adrenergic antagonists phentolamine and yohimbine resulted in significant increases in stimulation thresholds in the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus for inhibition of the TF reflex (83.1 and 93.9%, respectively). These results indicate that inhibition of the spinal nociceptive TF reflex produced by electrical stimulation in the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus is at least in part a noradrenergic, postsynaptic α2-adrenoceptor-mediated effect.
Effects of segregation of marked and normal species in sans from crystalline polymers

The use of deuterium marking has proved to be very valuable in studying single-chain behavior in amorphous polymer systems. However, it has been difficult to use the technique for crystalline polymers because of anomalous forward scattering. This scattering has been attributed to segregation of the normal and deuterated species resulting from the small differences between them. Computations of the effects of segregtion have all assumed the absence of correlation between concentration and density fluctuations. This assumption precludes the possibility of different concentrations of marked polymer in the amorphous and crystalline regions of the sample. To explain the magnitudes of the anomalous scattering the previous computations required what seems to be extreme segregation of the two species. Here we compute the effects of concentration variations between the amorphous and crystalline regions and show that even modest differences in concentration can produce the observed magnitudes of the anomalous, forward scattering. Unfortunately the results seem to show that single chain SANS experiments in segregated, crystaline polymers are fundamentally problematical.
Prospective, randomized, fellow eye comparison of WaveLight Allegretto Wave Eye-Q versus VISX CustomVueTM STAR S4 IRTM in photorefractive keratectomy: analysis of visual outcomes and higher-order aberrations.

Background The purpose of this study was to compare differences in visual outcomes, higher-order aberrations, contrast sensitivity, and dry eye in patients undergoing photorefractive keratectomy using wavefront-guided VISX CustomVue™ and wavefront-optimized WaveLight® Allegretto platforms.
A Vision on Collaborative Computation of Things for Personalized Analyses

This is a visionary introduction of a technical opportunity to engineer and maintain a more aware daily life based on continuously updated scientific results and research in such fields as Cyber Physical Systems, Internet of Things, and Modeling and Simulation for engineered systems. A conceptual framework called Computation of Things is proposed, a technical engine as an online platform is being collaboratively developed, and first results on domain convergence in both emerging technologies and applications are discussed.
Traces of culture: searchbots scour the web looking for visual information

Traces of Culture presents a series of real time interactive art events that use custom-crafted searchbots to investigate image search processes and the underlying compendium of visual information available on the World Wide Web.
Smart grid technologies and applications for the industrial sector

Abstract Smart grids have become a topic of intensive research, development, and deployment across the world over the last few years. The engagement of consumer sectors—residential, commercial, and industrial—is widely acknowledged as crucial for the projected benefits of smart grids to be realized. Although the industrial sector has traditionally been involved in managing power use with what today would be considered smart grid technologies, these applications have mostly been one-of-a-kind, requiring substantial customization. Our objective in this article is to motivate greater interest in smart grid applications in industry. We provide an overview of smart grids and of electricity use in the industrial sector. Several smart grid technologies are outlined, and automated demand response is discussed in some detail. Case studies from aluminum processing, cement manufacturing, food processing, industrial cooling, and utility plants are reviewed. Future directions in interoperable standards, advances in automated demand response, energy use optimization, and more dynamic markets are discussed.
Parametric analysis of flow in the intramyocardial circulation.

A simple mathematical model of the intramyocardial circulation has been utilized to provide a better understanding of coronary blood flow. The model includes three myocardial layers, each characterized by a three-parameter windkessel with one capacitance and two resistances. The effects of the beating heart are taken into account by means of an intramyocardial pump and the possible collapse of the vessels by an elevated backpressure. The three basic parameters that govern the flow are a normalized time constant,\(\bar \tau \), the total resistance, Rt, and a parameter, α, which specifies the resistance distribution in the intramyocardial circulation. Both the normal beating heart and prolonged diastole have been investigated analytically as well as numerically. It is shown that each of these parameters has its own special significance. Calculated pressure-flow relationships and zero-flow pressures for the case of prolonged diastole show a high sensitivity to\(\bar \tau \) and α.
Hemostatic effects of heterologous platelets in thrombocytopenic rats.

Fresh human platelets transfused into irradiated thrombocytopenic rats are removed from the circulation within 2 to 3 hours. The output of red blood cells into the lymph is reduced (--70%) despite the declining platelet count. The effects of fresh rat platelets are both more marked and more consistent. Species-specificity may perhaps account for the lesser activity of heterologous platelets. (auth)
Neural network strategy for driving behaviour and driving cycle classification

The driving behaviour and the driving cycle type affect the range of an electric vehicle. A novel strategy that classifies driving behaviour as aggressive or defensive and driving cycles as highway or urban using accelerator and brake positions is proposed. A method to simulate aggressive and defensive driving behaviour using neural networks was developed and implemented. The neural network successfully differentiated between aggressive and defensive driving behaviour and highway and urban driving cycles in all 11 training cases. Furthermore, the neural network was able to properly classify the driving behaviour and the driving cycle type for four new driving cycles as well. The proposed method of classifying driving behaviour and driving cycles overcomes the limitations posed by identifying driving cycles. It provides real–time information about the driving behaviour and the driving cycle and is not limited to any particular driving cycle or group or driving cycles.
Fixed-slash and floating-slash rational arithmetic

A finite precision rational number system provides for representation of a collection of rational numbers subject to limitations on numerator and denominator magnitude. In fixed-point and floatingpoint radix number systems only rationals of the form i/βj, where β is the base, can be realized. In contrast, a finite precision rational number system will allow representation of practically all simple fractions encountered in applications. In this preliminary report we first propose two types of finite precision rational number systems which we term fixed-slash and floating-slash systems [2]. We then consider the conversion (rounding) problem, that is, the determination of a number satisfying the numerator and denominator constraints approximating a given non representable real value. We show that the rounding problem is solvable by an efficient procedure, which we term mediant conversion, that derives from the theory of continued fractions.
Pitfalls in diagnosing ST elevation among patients with acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Objectives: Patients with ST elevation (STE) in ≥ 2 leads or ST depression (STD) confined to V 1 –V 4 are defined as potential STE myocardial infarction (STEMI). We evaluated the incidence of missed STEMI over an 11-month period. Methods: Consecutive patients with a discharge diagnosis of non STEMI were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical data, ECG and angiographic data were reviewed. Results: Of the 198 patients screened, 140 were included. Forty-nine patients (35%) met the STEMI criteria: 6 (12%) had STD confined to V 1 –V 3 , 20 (41%) had STD in V 1 –V 6 , 7 (14%) had STE in V 1 –V 3 , 2 (4%) had STE in I and aVL, 11 (22%) had STE in inferior leads, and 6 (12%) had STE in V 4 –V 6 . Conclusions: A significant percentage of patients met STEMI ECG criteria. A large number of patients with STD in V 1 –V 6 had angiographic evidence compatible with inferolateral (posterior) STEMI equivalent.
Pediatric sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma: three cases and a review of the literature

Abstract Objective: To understand the clinical presentation, management, and natural history of paranasal rhabdomyosarcoma. Design: Retrospective case series review. Methods: Retrospective medical record review of patients less than 20 years of age who presented to our facility with rhabdomyosarcoma of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. Results: Medical records of all pediatric patients seen in our pediatric otolaryngology clinic were reviewed from January 1, 1995, through December 31, 2000. Three patients were identified with sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma. Their presentation, evaluation, and treatment were evaluated. Relevant literature 1966 to the present was reviewed with the assistance of Medline. Conclusions: Rhabdomyosarcoma is an aggressive pediatric malignancy, requiring a high index of suspicion to detect it in its earliest stages. Patients with suggestive symptoms should undergo a full evaluation including nasal endoscopy and imaging. Because the current chemotherapy protocols are more effective on localized disease, early diagnosis is crucial to patient survival.
Female choice in sage grouse: the roles of attraction and active comparison

Previous studies of female choice in sage grouse Centrocercus urophasianus have implicated both the acoustic quality and repetition rate of the stereotyped strut display as putative cues for female choice. Stages in the choice process at which specific components of male courtship display influence female decisions were investigated using field observations of female pre-mating behavior. Females visited a subset of territorial males and then actively chose one of these as a mate. The order in which males were visited suggested that females searched until an acceptable mate was found, rather than employing a “best-of-n” tactic. Numbers of females visiting a male were related to differences in an acoustical component of display (inter-pop interval) whereas the probability that a visiting female mated was related to display rate (Table 3), indicating that initial attraction and active choice are influenced by different components of display. In addition, inter-pop interval and display rate tended to covary inversely (Fig. 1), suggesting that attraction and active choice may impose conflicting selection pressures on display performance.
A Fast Approximation Method for Broadband Phase Retrieval

We introduce a new approximation method for broadband phase retrieval. We show that it yields results of comparable quality to the traditional broadband phase retrieval algorithm with a large improvement in speed.
Simulation Study Of The Performance Of An Algorithm That Computes Geometric Moments From Optical Hartley Transform Intensities

After a brief survey of several optical methods for computing the geometric moments of an image, we introduce an algorithm that calculates these geometric moments from the intensity of the Hartley transform of the image. The performance of this algorithm is analyzed with the help of simulations as several important parameters are varied. These include the sampling interval in the Hartley transform plane, the input signal-to-noise ratio, the signal-to-noise ratio in the detector plane, positional misalignment of the detectors, the variation in the widths of the detectors, the number of bits in the detector analog-to-digital converters, and the length of the differentiating filters used. We also discuss how to obtain all of the geometric moments even though the sign information in the Hartley transform is ignored and how to extend the algorithm to two dimensions.
The Element of Surprise in Dairy Herd Improvement Association Testing

Abstract Monthly test dates of 420 Massachusetts Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) herds in 1965 and 412 herds in 1966 were used to determine how well the surprise element of DHIA testing was maintained. Thirty-nine DHIA supervisors, 24 full-time and 15 part-time, tested these herds. Supervisor performance was evaluated for three categories of deficiencies: testing a herd repeatedly on the same date of the month; testing a herd repeatedly on the same day of the week; following the same sequence of herd tests month after month. The percentages of herds involved in one or more deficiencies were 52.6% in 1965 and 49.8% in 1966. The most frequent deficiency was repeating the same sequence of herds. The DHIA supervisors appeared to be the primary cause of the deficiencies. Deficiencies on Dairy Herd Improvement Registry (DHIR) herds and on high-producing herds were no more frequent than expected by chance according to Chi-square tests. The DHIA supervisors that ranked highest according to performance standards currently used, ranked almost uniformly among the worst in this study. Better training of supervisors in these aspects of performance is clearly needed.
Hearts for Sale: The French Romance and the Sexual Traffic of Musical Mimicry

Abstract This article argues that veiled practices of gender mimicry facilitated the meteoric commercial success of the French romance in Paris during the July Monarchy. The romance was commonly characterized as a feminine genre particularly suited to women9s amateur proclivities. Many critics were quick to emphasize women9s putative obsession with romances while downplaying (or altogether neglecting to comment on) the extensive participation of men in the same musical venture. Men composers and poets who sought to pen marketable romances capitalized on aesthetic idioms and values that contemporary writers explicitly appraised as feminine. This article sets out to examine the following: first, critical dialogues surrounding the proliferation of romances during this period of social upheaval; second, the Parisian bourgeoisie9s valorization and fetishization of female amateurism; third, the poetics, politics, and economics of gender mimicry in the romance industry; and lastly, the challenges of music criticism and analysis with regard to the ambivalent significations of so-called easy music. Underlying each of these investigations is an attempt to understand the ways in which romancier s and romancieres learned to perform femininity in their quests to become professionals in the lucrative business of musical amateurism.
Effect of Landfill Leachate Organic Acids on Trace Metal Adsorption by Kaolinite

Hexanoic (hex) and fulvic acid (FA), representing early and later stages of landfill leachate evolution, were examined for influence on trace metal adsorption by a poorly crystal lized kaolinite (KGa-2). Our experiments represented a model approach to examine possible reaction mechanisms in an environmentally important ternary metal−ligand−mineral surface system. Batch experiments were conducted in 0.01 mol kg-1 NaClO4 at pH 3−8. Concentrations of metals (Cu, Cd, and Pb) and ligands were representative of those found typically in groundwater immediately downgradient of a landfill. The presence of FA resulted in enhancement of metal adsorption below pH 5, whereas the presence of hex produced no significant net change in metal uptake. Measured surface charge properties of KGa-2 were combined with binary and ternary system data in constructing a quantitative model of the system. The simple combination of binary system results was not effective in predicting the observed ternary system behavior. In both terna...
Tocainide Determination by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract Tocainide has been assayed after serum deproteinization with acetonitrile by HPLC. The pH was critical in separating the drug from other interferences in the serum. The method is simple and fast.
Effects of CW Interference on the Carrier Tracking Loop of the Deep Space Network

The effects of CW interference on a phase-locked loop (PLL) have been examined in many papers. None of these included the effects of a bandpass limiter (BPL) preceding the phase-locked loop. This paper extends some of those analyses to include the effects of a BPL and applies the results to the carrier tracking loop of a Deep Space Network (DSN) receiver, which employs a second-order phase-locked loop preceded by a BPL. The DSN receiver is used for deep space communications and is often subject to potential interference. Experimental data and computer simulation results are presented.
17α-Ethinylestradiol hinders nucleotide excision repair in zebrafish liver cells

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is the primary mechanism that removes bulky DNA adducts such as those caused by ubiquitous environmental mutagens including benzo(a)pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Recent data suggest that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of estrogen decreases hepatic mRNA abundance of several key NER genes in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). However, the impact of decreased hepatic NER expression on NER function was not investigated in the previous study. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of the potent estrogen receptor agonist 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE(2)) on rate and magnitude of bulky DNA adduct repair. Here we show that exposure of zebrafish liver (ZFL) cells to physiologically relevant concentrations of EE(2) resulted in reduced ability of ZFL cells to repair damaged DNA in comparison to control cells. Co-exposure to EE(2) and a complete estrogen receptor antagonist (ICI 182,780) also resulted in reduced NER capacity, whereas ICI 182,780 alone did not affect the ability of ZFL cells to repair UV damage. These results indicate that estrogen exposure can decrease cellular NER capacity and that this effect can occur in the presence of an estrogen receptor antagonist, suggesting that EE(2) can affect NER processes through mechanisms other than nuclear estrogen receptor activation.
Separation of purine and pyrimidine derivatives by thin-layer chromatography.

Abstract Rf values are presented for 26 purine and 22 pyrimidine derivatives separated by thin-layer chromatography on cellulose in six different solvent systems. Results on the resolution of various mixtures of related groups of compounds are also reported. The methods allow a separation of compounds derived from ribonucleic acid, i.e., adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine, their ribonucleosides, and their 5′-ribonucleotides by two-dimensional chromatography on thin-layer cellulose. Results are included on the application of thin-layer chromatography to the rapid separation of products in specific enzyme assays. A description is also given for the preparation of an inexpensive and simple sandwich-type development chamber as well as for an easy method of making a permanent record of the chromatograms.
Two sites for calcium action in compaction of the mouse embryo

Compact mouse morulae were decompacted in calcium-free medium and allowed to recompact in standard embryo culture medium. When the recompaction medium contained trifluoperazine (TFP)(0.05 mM), an inhibitor of the calcium-dependent protein calmodulin, the embryos failed to recompact. This effect could not be overcome by either db-cAMP (1.0 mM) or theophylline (0.75 mg/ml). When the recompaction medium contained less than standard calcium (0.085 or 0.17 mM) the embryos recompacted at a slower rate than in control medium (1.7 mM). The calcium ionophore A23187, at concentrations up to 1.5 X 10(-3) mM, had no significant stimulatory effect upon the recompaction rte of embryos in the reduced calcium medium. In addition, the calcium antagonist Verapamil (0.3 mM), which blocks calcium uptake by cells, significantly inhibited recompaction in standard culture medium. Large doses of diazepam inhibited recompaction only slightly in standard culture medium. Large doses of diazepam inhibited recompaction only slightly in standard culture medium. We conclude that calcium uptake into the cytoplasm is required for recompaction, but that cell surface calcium is also required and is rate-limiting under these experimental conditions.
Hierarchic modeling of salmon harvest and migration

Using fishery recoveries from a tagged cohort of coho salmon, the ocean spatial-temporal abundance of the cohort is predicted using a state-space model. The model parameters, which reflect spatial distribution, mortality, and movement, vary considerably between different cohorts. To evaluate the effect of proposed management plans on a future cohort, uncertainty in the cohort-specific parameters is accounted for by a hierarchic model. As an application, release-recovery and fishing effort data from several cohorts of a hatchery-reared coho salmon stock originating from Washington state are used to calculate maximum likelihood estimates of the hyperparameters. Markov chain Monte Carlo is used to approximate the likelihood for the hyperparameters. The Markov chain simulates the sampling distribution of the state-space model parameters conditional on the data and the estimated hyperparameters and provides empirical Bayes estimates as a by-product. Given the estimated hyperparameters and the hierarchic model, fishery managers can simulate the variation in cohort-specific parameters and variation in the migration and harvest processes to more realistically describe uncertainty in the results of any proposed management plan.
Self-managing selling teams and team performance: The complementary roles of empowerment and control

Abstract This work is the first to examine systematically the influence of empowerment and control on the degree to which selling teams engage in desired self-managing behaviors. Further, this work is the first to propose the construct of desired self-managing behaviors in a selling team context, and empirically examine its influence on selling team performance. Our investigation indicates that control of team self-management provides a complementary positive influence to that of empowerment on the degree to which selling teams exhibit desired self-managing behaviors. In addition, we find a positive relationship between the degree to which teams exhibit desired self-managing behaviors and selling team performance; moreover, this relationship explains, to a large degree, selling team performance. These findings are consistent with our thesis that control of teamwork facilitates performance on the selling team level, just as control of selling skills facilitates performance on the individual sales rep level.