cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphogenesis of the cranial segments and distribution of neural crest in the embryos of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina

Recent studies of the heads of vertebrates have shown a primitive pattern of segmentation in the mesoderm and neural plate not previously recognized. The role of this pattern in the subsequent distribution of cranial crest and the development of branchial arches and cranial nerves, may resolve century-old arguments about the evolution of vertebrate segmentation. In this study, we examine the early embryonic development of the cranium of a primitive amniote, the snapping turtle, with the SEM. We show that the paraxial mesoderm cranial to the first-formed somites is segmented and that this pattern is based on somitomeres, similar to those described in the embryos of chick and mouse. Seven contiguous pairs of somitomeres comprise the "head mesoderm"; the first pair of somites actually arise from the eighth pair of somitomeres added to the axis. Cranial somitomeres are associated with specific brain regions, in that the first pair lie adjacent to prosencephalon, the second and third pair are adjacent to the mesencephalon, and the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh pair of somitomeres lie adjacent to individual neuromeres of the rhombencephalon. Prior to the closure of the anterior neuropore, cranial neural crest cells first emerge from the mesencephalon and migrate onto the second and third somitomeres. Shortly thereafter, neural crest cells emerge at more caudal levels of the rhombencephalon, beginning at the juncture of the fifth and sixth somitomeres. Eventually, neural crest originating from the mesencephalon spreads caudally as far as the fourth somitomere, leaving a gap in crest emigration adjacent to the fifth somitomere. The otic placode develops from the surface ectoderm covering the sixth and seventh somitomeres, and the adjacent rhombencephalic neural crest moves around the cranial and caudal edge of the placode. At more caudal levels, rhombencephalic crest cells merge with cervical crest populations to form a continuous sheet over the somites. By the time the anterior neuropore closes, some of the mesencephalic crest cells return from the paraxial mesoderm to spread onto the rostral wall of the optic vesicle and future telencephalon. The segmentation of the mesoderm and patterned distribution of cranial neural crest seen in snapping turtle embryos, further strengthens the argument that the heads of amniotes are derived from a common metameric pattern established early during gastrulation.
Role of leukotrienes revealed by targeted disruption of the 5-lipoxygenase gene

Leukotrienes constitute a class of potent biological mediators of inflammation and anaphylaxis (for reviews see refs 1 and 2). Their biosynthesis derives from 5-lipoxygenase-catalysed oxygenation of arachidonic acid in granulocytes, macrophages and mast cells. To examine the physiological importance of leukotrienes, we have disrupted the 5-lipoxygenase gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. 5-Lipoxygenase-deficient (5LX-/-) mice develop normally and are healthy. They show a selective opposition to certain inflammatory insults. Although there is no difference in their reaction to endotoxin shock, the 5LX-/- animals resist the lethal effects of shock induced by platelet-activating factor. Reaction to ear inflammation induced by phorbol ester is normal, whereas inflammation induced by arachidonic acid is markedly reduced. Contrasts were also found in two models of leukocyte chemotaxis in vivo. The phenotype of 5LX-/- mice under injurious insult identifies the role for leukotrienes in the pathophysiology of select inflammatory states.
Effect of Atomic Tests on Radio Noise

Two high-altitude atomic explosions which were set off over Johnston Island in the Pacific in August 1958 appear to have had a rather pronounced effect on the radio noise as recorded at Kekaha, Hiwaii. Atmospheric radio-noise received for a period before and after the first explosion is shown. In the hour following the blast the noise decreased by as much as 32 db. ai a time of day when it would normally be rising or holding steady. Recovery apparently occurred in a matter of hours at 13 kc/s. and 5 Mc/s., but from 51 kc/s. to 2.5Mc/s. a changed pattern was evident for several days with levels at night much below normal. (W.D.M.)
Fashioning Sexual Selves: Examining the Care of the Self in Urban Adolescent Sexuality and Gender Discourses

This paper presents data from a qualitative study of urban high school students that asked students to reflect on the experiences of their lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, and questioning peers. The focus group participants wrote letters to an imaginary new student at their school, discussed what they see and hear in their schools, and kept journals recording a week's worth of observations. The writings and conversations are analyzed in this paper through the lens of Foucault's Care of the Self in order to understand how young people characterize their own and their peers’ actions and words as ethical moves in the fashioning of themselves as sexual subjects.
Sooting of Propylene-Hydrogen Mixture Diffusion Flames with Diluents Near Smoke Point

Diluents such as steam and inert gases are used to suppress soot formation in hydrocarbon diffusion flames. The curve of the variation of the flow rate of diluent required to eliminate smoke emission from these flames with the fuel flow rate exhibits a skewed bell shape with two distinct regions. In the first region, the diluent flow rate increases with the fuel flow rate, and in the second region the trend is reversed. In a previous study these two regions were deemed to be controlled by chemical kinetics and jet momentum respectively. This study was performed to understand the dominant factors that control soot concentration in different parts of the flame in these two regions. Propylene was used as the fuel because of its high sooting tendency. The flames were always attached to the burner to avoid the complexities caused by flame liftoff. Oxygen concentration was measured by direct in-flame gas sampling. Soot and hydroxyl radical concentrations were measured using laser-inducedincandescence and laser-induced-fluorescence techniques, respectively. Results show that hydroxyl radicals play a stronger role than oxygen in both near-burner and far-burner regions of the flame in chemical-controlled region. The influence of hydroxyl radicals is significant in the near-burner region of the flame in momentum controlled region; however, the effect of oxygen is dominant in the far-burner region.
Rational Design of the First Spherical Supramolecular Dendrimers Self-Organized in a Novel Thermotropic Cubic Liquid-Crystalline Phase and the Determination of Their Shape by X-Ray-Analysis

The rational design, the synthesis via a new convergent approach, and the characterization of four generations of monodendrons based on the AB3 building block methyl 3,4,5-trishydroxybenzoate are described. The first generation monodendrons are crystalline. The second generation methyl 3,4,5-tris-3‘,4‘,5‘-[tris(n-dodecyloxy)benzyloxy]benzoate (12Gn-AG-CH3, n = 2), the corresponding benzyl alcohol (12G2-AG-CH2OH) and benzoic acid (12G2-AG), and all higher generation monodendrons with n = 3 and 4 exhibit in addition to the crystal phase an isomorphous cubic liquid-crystalline (LC) phase of Pm3n space group. The cubic unit cell parameters of 12G2-AG, 12G3-AG, and 12G4-AG are 68.3, 79.2, and 84.0 A, respectively. Computed electron density profiles demonstrated that in the cubic phase 12, 6, and 2 monodendrons of generation 2, 3 and 4 are self-assembled in supramolecular dendrimers resembling spherical micelles when they are centered at the corners and the body-center and respectively highly rounded tetrahedr...
Numerical implementation and validation of the Neumann-Michell theory of ship waves

Abstract Numerical implementation of the Neumann–Michell (NM) theory of ship waves is considered. A practical solution procedure based on four main elements is reported. (i) We use an iterative solution procedure in which the initial approximation given by the Hogner slender-ship approximation is improved iteratively via the correction to the wave component defined by the NM theory. (ii) This iterative solution procedure is implemented within the framework of a low-order panel approach that assumes piecewise linear variations of the hull geometry, the flow potential, and the flow velocity within the flat triangular panels that approximate the ship hull surface. (iii) Physically unrealistic or inconsequential short gravity waves are removed, using parabolic extrapolation within a thin layer in the vicinity of the free surface with physics-based relations for the variation of the related extrapolation height. (iv) We use numerical smoothing of the flow velocity, determined in the NM theory as the derivatives of the flow potential along two orthogonal unit vectors tangent to the hull surface. Filtering of short waves and numerical smoothing of the flow velocity are found to be critical elements of the solution procedure. For validation purposes, illustrative applications are reported for eight ship hulls that correspond to a relatively broad range of displacement ships and Froude numbers. These applications show that the practical numerical implementation of the NM theory considered here yields robust predictions that are realistic and in good overall agreement with experimental measurements. In particular, a highly simplified approach, based on the sum of the friction drag given by the ITTC friction formula and the wave drag predicted by the NM theory, is found to predict the total drag within about 10% of experimental measurements. We also note several extensions of this highly simplified approach that may be expected to significantly improve accuracy.
A Corpuscular Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light Elements

Corpuscular quantum theory of the scattering of x-rays.\char22{}In A. H. Compton's recent theory of the scattering of x-rays in separate quanta, a definite change in wave-length due to scattering is predicted; but in order to calculate the intensity of the scattered beam, he reasons in a not quite rigorous manner from analogy with the Doppler effect. In the present paper it is shown that the energy removed from the primary beam is of the order of magnitude of the energy falling on a sphere of the radius of the electron. It is therefore assumed that quanta of x-rays in the form of corpuscles are deflected by the electrons according to a law of force such that for corpuscles of small momentum (low frequency quanta), the distribution of the scattered rays is that expressed by the classical theory. It is found that for corpuscles of large momentum (high frequency quanta) the scattering electron recoils on collision in such a manner that the distribution of the energy of the scattered rays is modified. Curves and formulas are given showing for different radiation frequencies the theoretical values of the total energy removed from the primary beam by scattering, the energy which reappears in the scattered beam, and the energy of recoil in the scattering electrons. The formula expressing the distribution of the scattered x-rays (Eq. 17) is similiar in form to that obtained by Compton, but gives appreciably different results for very high frequency radiation such as hard $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays. Comparison with experimental results for the scattering of hard $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays shows an agreement which is probably within experimental error, and which is as good as that obtained with Compton's equations. By slightly modifying the assumptions, however, it is possible to obtain Compton's expression exactly, or to obtain other expressions differing slightly from it.
EXPANDING HYDROGEN PEROXIDE PROPULSION TEST CAPABILITY AT NASA'S STENNIS SPACE CENTER E-COMPLEX

In recent years, the rocket propulsion test capability at NASA s John C. Stennis Space Center's (SSC) E-Complex has been enhanced to include facilitization for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) based ground testing. In particular, the E-3 test stand has conducted numerous test projects that have been reported in the open literature. These include combustion devices as simple at small-scale catalyst beds, and larger devices such as ablative thrust chambers and a flight-type engine (AR2-3). Consequently, the NASA SSC test engineering and operations knowledge base and infrastructure have grown considerably in order to conduct safe H2O2 test operations with a variety of test articles at the component and engine level. Currently, the E-Complex has a test requirement for a hydrogen peroxide based stage test. This new development, with its unique set of requirements, has motivated the facilitization for hydrogen peroxide propellant use at the E-2 Cell 2 test position in addition to E-3. Since the E-2 Cell 2 test position was not originally designed as a hydrogen peroxide test stand, a facility modernization- improvement project was planned and implemented in FY 2002-03 to enable this vertical engine test stand to accommodate H2O2. This paper discusses the ongoing enhancement of E-Complex ground test capability, specifically at the E-3 stand (Cell 1 and Cell 2) and E-2 Cell 2 stand, that enable current and future customers considerable test flexibility and operability in conducting their peroxide based rocket R&D efforts.
Modeling Thin-Walled Microbubbles for Medical Ultrasound

Microbubble contrast agents injected into patient’s body increases contrast of ultrasound images. They are encapsulated by a thin layer of surface active materials to prevent their dissolution inside the body. Here we provide a detail procedure of characterizing them by in vitro acoustic experiment and modeling. The encapsulation is modeled as an interface having an intrinsic surface rheology. The rheological parameters are determined by matching the model with measured attenuation. We have characterized contrast agent Definity with surface tension γ, and dilatational viscosity κs . We also the variation of properties with driving frequency.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Sorption and manganese-induced oxidative coupling of hydroxylated aromatic compounds by natural geosorbents.

The sorption/desorption equilibria and solvent extractabilities of phenol, o-cresol, and p-chlorophenol with respect to natural sorbents having different types of soil organic matter were investigated. Parallel tests in systems amended with birnessite (delta-MnO2), a solid-phase oxidative coupling catalyst, were also conducted. Sorption/desorption isotherms and solvent extraction data reveal that the relative isotherm linearities, desorption hysteresis, and extractabilities of these compounds are related to the geochemical nature of the sorbent organic matter and to the existence of system conditions that promote oxidative coupling reactions. When suitable coupling catalysts are present, soils containing primarily diagenetically "young" and highly amorphous organic matter (e.g., humic materials) are more likely to retain those solutes than are those containing primarily diagenetically "old" and more condensed organic matter (e.g., kerogens). The sorption/desorption properties of the solutes were significantly altered in the presence of birnessite as a result of both cross-coupling reactions with reactive soil organic matter components and self-coupling reactions with each other to form polymeric species. Under appropriate conditions, mineral-catalyzed oxidative coupling may exert a dominant influence on the sorption and transport of hydroxylated aromatic compounds in soil and sediment systems.
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury induces ventriculomegaly and cortical thinning in juvenile rats

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) most frequently occurs in pediatric patients and remains a leading cause of childhood death and disability. Mild TBI (mTBI) accounts for nearly 75% of all TBI cases, ye...
Theorizing identity in transnational and diaspora cultures: A critical approach to acculturation

Abstract This paper examines the various ways in which the concept of “diaspora” has important implications for rethinking traditional notions of acculturation in Psychology. In this paper, we argue that the idea of a fixed, invariant, and apolitical notion of acculturation dominates much of Psychology, and as such it needs to be revised and reexamined in light of transnational migration and global movements. Drawing on our previous and current scholarship on acculturation and identity [Bhatia, S., & Ram, A. (2001). Rethinking “acculturation” in relation to diasporic cultures and postcolonial identities. Human Development, 44, 1–17; Bhatia, S., & Ram, A. (2004). Culture, hybridity and the dialogical self: Cases from the South-Asian diaspora. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 11(3), 224–241; Bhatia, S. (2007a). American Karma: Race, culture, and identity and the Indian diaspora. New York, NY: New York University Press; Bhatia, S. (2008). Rethinking culture and identity in psychology: Towards a transnational cultural psychology. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 28, 301–322], we provide a counterargument to models of acculturation that claim that all immigrants undergo a universal psychological process of acculturation and adaptation. More specifically, we show how members from the Indian diaspora reexamined their acculturation status after the events of 9/11. We use interdisciplinary research to critically examine the role of race in the acculturation process. In addition, we provide a new analytical framework to understand the larger structural forces that shape the acculturation and assimilation process of transnational and diasporic migrants.
Interferon-α (IFNα) neurotoxicity

Clinical studies indicate that increased central nervous system (CNS) interferon-alpha (IFNα) is associated with cognitive dysfunction in a wide variety of conditions. This has perhaps been best studied in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). These findings on IFNα neurotoxicity have been corroborated in animal studies. Probably the best demonstration of the neurotoxicity of IFNα was through the use of a mouse model of HAND, where it was shown that blocking IFNα with neutralizing antibodies prevented behavioral deficits and associated histopathological effects. In vitro studies have demonstrated a dose dependent, detrimental effect of IFNα on neuronal dendrites. Development of therapeutics that block IFNα may prove to be an effective treatment of HAND and other inflammatory conditions where there is increased CNS IFNα.
Direct identification of ubiquitination sites on ubiquitin-conjugated CHIP using MALDI mass spectrometry

The study of protein ubiquitination, a post-translational modification by ubiquitin, has emerged as one of the most active areas in biology because of the important role of this type of modification on the regulation of various cellular proteins. Advances in techniques for the determination and site mapping of protein ubiquitination can facilitate the elucidation of molecular mechanisms of this modification. We have recently described a novel method for identifying peptides containing ubiquitinated amino acid residues, based on the MALDI−MS/MS analysis of tryptic peptide derivatives. In particular, we have utilized N-terminal sulfonation of these peptides to provide a unique fragmentation pattern that leads to the direct identification and sequencing of ubiquitin modified peptides. Here we present an application of this new method on the characterization of ubiquitin conjugated C-terminal Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP), a recently identified U-box containing E3 enzyme. Three peptides bearing ubiquitinat...
Atmospheric chemistry of alternate fuels and reformulated gasoline components

Abstract Recent air quality regulations have mandated the use of reformulated gasoline and alternate fuels in motor vehicles. Reformulated fuels are intended to reduce both ozone-forming volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and air toxic emissions from vehicles. A method that allows the determination of the individual contributions of a single VOC to the ozone formation in a complex VOC/NOx mixture is outlined and applied to eight potential reformulated fuel components. In calculations using a current comprehensive atmospheric chemical reaction mechanism a wide variety of organics are shown to be responsible for ozone production. The incremental reactivities of the fuel components, which are defined as the additional amount of ozone formed per amount of organic compound added to a base mixture, include both the direct production of ozone by the oxygenate itself and additional ozone produced by the VOC mixture when the oxygenate is added. The enhancement of ozone production attributable to the organic mixture upon adding the oxygenates is shown to be a result of changes to the organic free radical pool. Most of the fuel oxygenates have relatively low incremental reactivities due to their slow reaction rates and to the formation of relatively unreactive formate and acetate products. The more reactive fuel oxygenates are those containing ethyl groups, which react faster than their counterparts containing only methyl and tert-butyl groups.
Numerical simulation of 3‐D Bénard convection with gravitational modulation

In this numerical study, randomly and sinusoidally modulated gravitational fields imposed on three‐dimensional Rayleigh–Benard convection are investigated in an effort to understand the effects of vibration (G‐Jitter) on fluid systems. The time‐dependent, Navier–Stokes equations and the energy equation with Boussinesq approximations are solved by a semi‐implicit, pseudospectral procedure. An analysis of energy balances indicates that with increasing modulation amplitude, transition from synchronous to relaxation oscillation goes through the subharmonic response. Random modulations are found to be less stabilizing than sinusoidal and are shown to impose local three‐dimensionality on the flow for some parameter ranges both at terrestrial and zero base gravity conditions.
New dimensions of social movements: The high-level waste-siting controversy

This paper argues that the widespread, irreversible, and catastrophic potentials associated with some contemporary genres of grievances make derivative social movements novel in respects different from those emphasized by French, Italian, and German analysts using the concept “new social movements.” This European concept distinguishes between “new” and “old” protests to emphasize significant changes in the nature of the contemporary state or the value systems of its citizens, a distinction that has not been accentuated in the United States. The argument here is that only certain contemporary “technology movements” are really novel—and for reasons other than those alleged by advocates of the “new social movements.”
Abstract 1696: Regulation of sensitivity to the platinum-containing drugs by the sec61 translocon

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL The Sec61 protein translocon is a multimeric complex that allows the transport of proteins across or laterally into a lipid bilayer. Components of the sec61 complex are involved in retrotranslocation, Golgi structure and vesicle transport. We have discovered that one component of this complex, the sec61β subunit, modulates cellular sensitivity to the platinum-containing drugs. As part of an effort to enhance sensitivity to the platinum drugs we sought to determine the mechanism of this effect. Sec61β expression in human 2008 ovarian cancer cells was constitutively knocked down by infection with a lentivirus producing an shRNA targeting sec61β, and knockdown was confirmed by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis which demonstrated a 96% reduction in mRNA expression and 87% reduction at the protein level. Effects on drug sensitivity were measured using an SRB assay, and platinum drug accumulation was quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Sec61β knockdown (KD) did not alter cell viability or growth rate but resulted in 8-, 16.8- and 9-fold resistance to cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, respectively. Resistance to several other clinically relevant chemotherapeutics including paclitaxel, doxorubicin, vincristine, and etoposide was also increased but to a smaller extent (1.7 to 7-fold). Sec61β KD reduced the cellular accumulation of cisplatin to 67% of that in the parental cells. Given that transporters and chaperones that manage copper homeostasis regulate platinum drug accumulation and efflux, their expression in 2008 sec61β KD cells was analyzed by western blot. Among these, ATP7A was found to be 2-fold over-expressed while no change in ATP7B, ATOX1, or CTR2 could be detected. This increase in ATP7A expression was not altered by pretreatment with copper, cisplatin, or the copper chelator bathocuproine disulfonate. We conclude that the sec61β translocon modulates the cytotoxicity of many chemotherapeutic agents with the largest effect being on sensitivity to the platinum drugs. Sec61β regulates expression of the copper export transporter ATP7A that we have previously shown to control platinum drug sequestration and efflux. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1696. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1696
Method of Continuum Structural Topology Optimization with Information Functional Materials Based on K Nearest Neighbor

The KNN method is extracted from the technique of pattern recognition for the continuum structure topology optimization design with information functional materials. Original design region is taken as initial sample space, and continuum structure's units are regarded as samples. Unit stress and displacement sensitivity are utilized as feature vector to describe sample, and the feature vectors' Euclidean distance is considered as the recognition standard to classify all the samples. One FEM package is utilized to process the entire optimization. Finally, the topology optimization result is obtained. Several examples are verified under different situations. The results indicate that the KNN method is feasible.
A diketiminate-bound diiron complex with a bridging carbonate ligand.

Reduction of carbon dioxide by a diiron(I) complex gives μ-carbonato-κ3O:O′,O′′-bis­{[2,2,6,6-tetra­methyl-3,5-bis­(2,4,6-triisopropyl­phenyl)heptane-2,5-diiminate(1−)-κ2N,N′]iron(II)} toluene disolvate, [Fe2(C41H65N)2(CO3)]·2C7H8, a diiron(II) species with a bridging carbonate ligand. The asymmetric unit contains one diiron complex and two cocrystallized toluene solvent mol­ecules that are distributed over three sites, one with atoms in general positions and two in crystallographic \overline{1} sites. Both FeII atoms are η2-coordinated to diketiminate ligands, but η1- and η2-coordinated to the bridging carbonate ligand. Thus, one FeII center is three-coordinate and the other is four-coordinate. The bridging carbonate ligand is nearly perpendicular to the iron–diketiminate plane of the four-coordinate FeII center and parallel to the plane of the three-coordinate FeII center.
SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AS EXPERT WITNESSES: Their Use, Misuse, and Sometimes Abuse

Upon entering the legal realm, the expert witness must begin to define his or her role and establish a working relationship with the attorneys. The authors recommend that relationships between the social scientist and the attorneys be subject to clear and explicit agreements and that the role of the expert witness be defined so that the social scientist maintains control of any needed research. Potential expert witnesses should be aware of the unique research problems they may encounter and be prepared to deal with these obstacles. Throughout the research, the expert should be cognizant of the adversarial setting in which the results will be presented, and must carefully document and substantiate the research accordingly. Finally, the social scientist should be aware of the potential consequences of participating as an expert witness.
Accounting earnings and top executive compensation

Abstract This paper investigates the role of accounting earnings in top executive compensation contracts. It provides evidence in support of the hypothesis that earnings-based incentives help shield executives from market-wide factors in stock prices. The paper demonstrates that earnings reflect firm-specific changes in value, but are less sensitive to market-wide movements in equity values. As a result, the inclusion of earnings-based performance measures in executive compensation contracts helps shield executives from fluctuations in firm value that are beyond their control. The hypothesis is shown to explain cross-sectional variation in the use of earnings-based incentives.
The Role of Systems Factors in Implementing Health Information Technology

This issue of the Journal of General Internal Medicine (JGIM) includes a variety of important articles on the different dimensions of the role of health information technology (HIT) in medical practice. Several of the articles provide key insights into issues which are important in the effective implementation of HIT to change practice. We have noted several key themes across this issue, which provide insights into future clinical and research directions needed to ensure the successful implementation of HIT to change practice. We start by taking a “system” perspective and then note some of the detailed factors affecting HIT implementation.
Jesuit Scientia and Natural Studies in Late Imperial China, 1600-18001

Arguably, by 1600 Europe was ahead of China in producing basic machines such as clocks, screws, levers, and pulleys that would be applied increasingly to the mechanization of agricultural and industrial production. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, however, Europeans still sought the technological secrets for silk production, textile weaving, porcelain making, and large scale tea production from the Chinese. Chinese literati in turn, before 1800, borrowed new algebraic notations (of Hindu-Arabic origins), Tychonic cosmology, Euclidean geometry, spherical trigonometry, and arithmetic and trigonometric logarithms from Europe. Until 1990, Chinese elites and their Manchu rulers interpreted the transition in early modern Europe—from new forms of scientific knowledge to new modes of industrial power—on their own terms. Each side made a virtue out of the mutually contested accommodation project, and each converted the other's forms of natural studies into acceptable local conventions of knowledge. The Ming and Qing imperial court induced Jesuit calendrical, military, and land mensuration experts to work as imperial minions in the government bureaucracy to augment each dynasty's own project of political and cultural control. Consequently, it would be a historiographical mistake to underestimate Chinese efforts to master on their own terms the Western learning of the Jesuits in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries.
Large-Eddy Simulations of Turbulent Flows in an Axisymmetric Dump Combustor

A hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian, mathematical/computational methodology is developed and evaluated for large-eddy simulations of turbulent combustion in complex geometries. The formulation for turbulence is based on the standard subgrid-scale stress models. The formulation for subgrid-scale combustion is based on the filtered mass density function and its equivalent stochastic Lagrangian equations. An algorithm based on high-order compact differencing on generalized multiblock grids is developed for numerical solution of the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian equations. The results obtained by large-eddy simulations/filtered mass density function show the computational method to be more efficient than existing methods for similar hybrid systems. The consistency, convergence, and accuracy of the filtered mass density function and its Lagrangian-Monte Carlo solver is established for both reacting and nonreacting flows in a dump combustor. The results show that the finite difference and the Monte Carlo numerical methods employed are both accurate and consistent The results for a reacting premixed dump combustor also agree well with available experimental data. Additionally, the results obtained for other nonreacting turbulent flows are found to be in good agreement with the experimental and high-order numerical data. Filtered mass density function simulations are performed to examine the effects of boundary conditions, subgrid-scale models, as well as physical and geometrical parameters on dump-combustor flows. The results generated for combustors with and without an inlet nozzle are found to be similar as long as appropriate boundary conditions are employed.
Anatomy of the pituitary insulin-like growth factor system.

In situ hybridization was used to map patterns of gene expression for components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, including IGF-I and -II, IGF-binding proteins 1-5 (IGFBP1-5), the IGF-I receptor, and GH in the rat pituitary. IGF-I mRNA was concentrated in isolated cells scattered throughout the gland with features typical of nonendocrine folliculo-stellate cells. IGF-II mRNA was abundant in neural (NL) and intermediate lobe (IL) capillaries, and low levels were present in endocrine cells of anterior lobe (AL) and IL. IGFBP1 mRNA was not detected in the pituitary. IGFBP2 mRNA was concentrated in epithelial cells lining AL follicles and in astroglial-like cells (pituicytes) of the NL. IGFBP3 mRNA was localized in isolated cells scattered throughout the AL and NL. IGFBP4 mRNA was relatively abundant in NL pituicytes and was diffusely expressed in the AL. IGFBP5 mRNA was equally abundant in NL and AL, and was localized in folliculo-stellate and epithelial cells of the AL and pituicytes and capi...
Raf-1 activation disrupts its binding to keratins during cell stress

Keratins 8 and 18 (K8/18) heteropolymers may regulate cell signaling via the known K18 association with 14-3-3 proteins and 14-3-3 association with Raf-1 kinase. We characterized Raf-keratin-14-3-3 associations and show that Raf associates directly with K8, independent of Raf kinase activity or Ras-Raf interaction, and that K18 is a Raf physiologic substrate. Raf activation during oxidative and toxin exposure in cultured cells and animals disrupt keratin-Raf association in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Mutational analysis showed that 14-3-3 residues that are essential for Raf binding also regulate 14-3-3-keratin association. Similarly, Raf phosphorylation sites that are important for binding to 14-3-3 are also essential for Raf binding to K8/18. Therefore, keratins may modulate some aspects of Raf signaling under basal conditions via sequestration by K8, akin to Raf-14-3-3 binding. Keratin-bound Raf kinase is released upon Raf hyperphosphorylation and activation during oxidative and other stresses.
Analysis of power monitoring on AC induction drive systems

The performance of AC induction motor drive systems as torque sensors is evaluated. Their potential for monitoring tool wear or breakage as well as machine component failure is discussed. A bond graph model of the motor and drive train is developed to determine the relation between electric motor power consumption and the applied torques and to identify the machine components that dominate this dynamic relation. The model is applied to a CNC milling machine spindle system
Cluster size specific chemistry: deuterium atom pickup in Sr+ solvated by ammonia

Abstract We report on recent experimental evidence for deuterium atom pickup in metal ion–polar solvent clusters. Mass spectral analysis shows the existence of species that correspond to the empirical formula Sr + (ND 3 ) n D x , where x is as large as 4 for clusters in the size range n =10–15. Photodissociation spectra of several of these clusters indicate that their structures are very different from the purely ammoniated analogs, Sr + (ND 3 ) n . Based on deuterium scavenging data and absorption spectra, we propose the formation of SrD + to account for one of the excess deuteriums, and the existence of solvated ND 4 to account for additional deuterium atoms in the cluster.
An Iron Complex with an Unsupported Fe–Fe Bond

Full metal bonding: The reduction of a six-coordinate, mononuclear Werner-type iron(II) complex (see scheme) resulted in the isolation of a compound with an extraordinarily rare, unsupported Fe-Fe bond having an experimental Fe-Fe distance of 2.6869(6) A and a calculated bond order of 0.5.
Quantum theory of coherent hyper-Raman scattering from isotropic materials

The fully quantum mechanical theory of coherent hyper‐Raman scattering is developed. In this scattering process, which has previously been proposed, two laser beams of wave vectors and frequencies k1 and ω1 and k2 and ω2, respectively, impinge upon the sample to produce a scattered beam characterized by a wave vector k3=4k1−k2 and a frequency ω3=4ω1−ω2. An expression for the rate of scattering from a gas is derived, and several polarization experiments are discussed. It is shown that the selection rules for coherent hyper‐Raman scattering are identical to those for the spontaneous hyper‐Raman process. A relation between the coherent hyper‐Raman spectrum and a correlation function of the hyperpolarizability is obtained. The coherent hyper‐Raman process, though not yet observed in the laboratory, may afford an improved way of obtaining hyper‐Raman spectra. This process bears the same relation to spontaneous hyper‐Raman scattering as the coherent Raman process does to spontaneous Raman scattering, and it should display similar advantages, viz., a higher signal to noise ratio and a resolution limited only by the laser linewidth.
Robotic Resection of an Aortic Valve Papillary Fibroelastoma

Robotic technology has been applied to multiple cardiac surgical procedures. Purported benefits include decreased tissue trauma, reduced postoperative bleeding, fewer blood product transfusions, and shorter lengths of stay. We describe the case of a 50-year-old man with an incidentally discovered 1-cm mobile mass on the edge of the aortic valve noncoronary leaflet. The patient underwent robotic minimally invasive resection. The pathologic examination revealed papillary fibroelastoma.
Optimal energy thresholds and weights for separating materials using photon counting x-ray detectors with energy discriminating capabilities

It is well known that decomposing an object into attenuation or material basis functions provides additional imaging benefits such as contrast enhancement or material subtraction. This can be accomplished with photon counting x-ray detectors (PCXDs) with energy discriminating capabilities, which enable us to count x-ray photons and classify them based on their energies. The richness of the information contained in these measurements can depend heavily on how these photons are binned together. In this paper, our goal is to identify a method that yields the optimal energy thresholds and/or weights for binning data from energy discriminating PCXDs. Additional energy information from these PCXDs allows us to use maximum-likelihood to estimate the amount of the basis materials penetrated by the beam. However, due to inherent quantum noise, these estimates are themselves noisy. We show that for PCXDs that discriminate between low and high energy photons, it is beneficial to have a gap between the thresholds. Photons with energies that fall into this gap should either be discarded or counted separately to improve material separability. Furthermore, if the PCXD can discern the energy of each photon, we show that when estimating the amount of each of two material basis functions, two appropriately weighted sums of the photon counts provide as much information as knowing the number of counts at each energy.
Effect of strain rate on the elevated-temperature tensile properties of an AlPb alloy

Recent studies have demonstrated that superplasticity can be found at strain rates of up to 10{sup 0} to 10{sup {minus}4} s{sup {minus}1}. These strain rates are considerably higher than the typical values of 10{sup {minus}4} to 10{sup {minus}3} s{sup {minus}1} at which conventional superplastic forming is usually performed. Mechanistically, the deformation properties of a material can be altered dramatically, with the presence of even a small amount of liquid phase. The liquid phase acts as a lubricant, which promotes grain and particle sliding, and drastically changes the deformation mechanism. In the present study, the authors present the effect of strain rate on the elevated-temperature tensile properties, particularly ductility, of an Al-0.15Zr-0.75Pb (composition in weight percent) alloy. Pb was tentatively added in order to form liquid phase at grain boundary as the alloys were tested at temperatures above the melting temperature (T{sub m}) of Pb, i.e., 327 C. The tensile properties of an Al-0.15Zr alloy were also characterized for a direct comparison.
Partial and total cross sections and multiplet structure in the photoionization of atomic manganese.

We determined the absolute partial photoionization cross section \ensuremath{\sigma} and the angular distribution parameter \ensuremath{\beta} of the 3d, 3p, and 3s photoelectrons in atomic manganese for 65\ensuremath{\le}h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\le}250 eV. The total photoionization cross section is in satisfactory accord with the single-particle Hartree-Slater calculation and in very good agreement with a relativistic time-dependent local-density-approximation calculation. Binding energies and intensity ratios of the 3${s}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and 3${p}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ multiplet lines were obtained. Five lines were identified within the 3${p}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ multiplet, and the measured spacings are close to those found in solid ${\mathrm{MnF}}_{2}$. Similarly, the spacings in the 3${s}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ multiplet are equal to the ones measured in solid ${\mathrm{MnF}}_{2}$. There is good accord between our results for the angular-distribution parameter of the 3${p}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${(}^{7}$P) line and those of Malutzki et al. [J. Phys. B 18, 1735 (1985)]. The intensity ratios of $^{5}\mathrm{P}$(1) to $^{7}\mathrm{P}$ and $^{5}\mathrm{S}$(1) to $^{7}\mathrm{S}$ were seen to increase slowly somewhat above their thresholds. More rapid variations of all multiplet ratios were found within about 30 eV of threshold.
On a test of equality of exponential populations based on censored samples

In this paper, the distribution of the likelihood ratio criterion for testing the equality of several two–parameter exponential distributions based on type II cen-sored samples is obtained in a computational form. This is then used to compute the significance points of the likelihood ratio test statistic.
THE CONDITIONS OF FLOW IN READING: TWO STUDIES OF OPTIMAL EXPERIENCE

Abstract This paper examines the conditions under which readers experience intense engagement in a text, what Csikszentmihalyi has termed “optimal experience,” or “flow.” 1 Two studies of optimal experience are reported here. The first consisted of interviews with eleven children and adult pleasure readers concerning their experiences with flow during reading; the second examined reading flow by surveying 76 university students and professionals. Among the major findings of the studies were: (a) the large majority of the texts which provided the informants with flow were those which they had read for pleasure; (b) when informants were assigned texts in school, flow was more likely to occur when they had an interest in the text; (c) texts which provided flow were perceived as giving the reader personal or intellectual benefits; and (d) fiction was significantly more likely to produce flow than non‐fiction texts. Future research directions are discussed. 1. We would like to thank Laurie MacGillivray, Steve ...
Bimolecular Recombination Reactions: Low Pressure Rates in Terms of Time-Dependent Survival Probabilities, Total J Phase Space Sampling of Trajectories, and Comparison with RRKM Theory

We consider the bimolecular formation and redissociation of complexes using classical trajectories and the survival probability distribution function P(E,J,t) of the intermediate complexes at time t as a function of the energy E and total angular momentum quantum number J. The P(E,J,t) and its deviation from single exponential behavior is a main focus of the present set of studies. Together with weak deactivating collisions, the P(E,J,t) and a cumulative reaction probability at the given E and J can also be used to obtain the recombination rate constant k at low pressures of third bodies. Both classical and quantum expressions are given for k in terms of P(E,J,t). The initial conditions for the classical trajectories are sampled for atom−diatom reactions for various (E,J)’s using action-angle variables. A canonical transformation to a total J representation reduces the sampling space by permitting analytic integration over several of the variables. A similar remark applies for the calculation of the density of states of the intermediate complex ρ and for the number of states N* of the transition state as a function of E and J. The present approach complements the usual approach based on the rate of the reverse reaction, unimolecular dissociation, and the equilibrium constant. It provides results not necessarily accessible from the unimolecular studies. The formalism is applied elsewhere to the study of nonstatistical aspects of the recombination and redissociation of the resulting ozone molecules and comparison with RRKM theory.
David Daube On the Eucharist and the Passover Seder

The thesis that the piece of bread interpreted at the Last Supper was the afikoman of the Jewish Passover Seder was first presented by Robert Eisler. Rejected by scholars of his day, it has been re-argued by David Daube. Jesus interpreted the bread in the context of a messianic ritual that was then part of the Passover service. A piece of unleavened bread, the afikoman, from the Greek for 'he who has come', represented the messiah, who was symbolically united with the Jewish people at Passover. Jesus' identification with the bread was an act of self-revela tion. Although the messianic significance of the afikoman ritual has waned in Jewish circles, Melito's second-century Christian tractate Peri Pascha identifies the term with Jesus. Wine derived its significance from a different aspect of the Passover celebration, and Jesus' words over it conveyed a different meaning from the words he spoke over bread.
Group II introns as controllable gene targeting vectors for genetic manipulation of bacteria

Mobile group II introns can be retargeted to insert into virtually any desired DNA target. Here we show that retargeted group II introns can be used for highly specific chromosomal gene disruption in Escherichia coli and other bacteria at frequencies of 0.1-22%. Furthermore, the introns can be used to introduce targeted chromosomal breaks, which can be repaired by transformation with a homologous DNA fragment, enabling the introduction of point mutations. Because of their wide host range, mobile group II introns should be useful for genetic engineering and functional genomics in a wide variety of bacteria.
Rendering: Input and Output

Rendering is the process of creating an image from numerical input data. In the past few years our ideas about methods for acquiring the input data and the form of the output have expanded. The availability of inexpensive cameras and scanners has influenced how we can obtain data needed for rendering. Input for rendering ranges from sets of images to complex geometric descriptions with detailed BRDF data. The images that are rendered may be simply arrays of RGB images, or they may be arrays with vectors or matrices of data defined for each pixel. The rendered images may not be intended for direct display, but may be textures for geometries that are to be transmitted to be rendered on another system. A broader range of parameters now need to be taken into account to render images that are perceptually consistent across displays that range from CAVEs to personal digital assistants. This presentation will give an overview of how new hardware and new applications have changed traditional ideas of rendering input and output.