cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biosynthesis of Chlorophylls and Hemes

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on tetrapyrrole metabolism as a general process that occurs in all chloroplast-containing organisms, but stresses results that have been obtained with Chlamydomonas as the experimental system, and results that may be unique to Chlamydomonas. Conceptually, chlorophyll a biosynthesis pathway can be divided into several sections. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the first universal tetrapyrrole precursor, can be formed by two different pathways. This is described broadly with the functioning of Glu-tRNA synthetase (GTS), Glu-tRNA reductase (GTR), GSA aminotransferase (GSAT) and their interactions. This chapter individually covers the steps from uroporphyrinogen iii to protoporphyrin IX, steps specific to chlorophyll formation, biosynthesis of chlorophyll b, chlorophyll degradation and interconversion of chlorophylls a and b. The branch from protoporphyrin IX to hemes and heme catabolism, the regulation of specific biosynthetic steps that cause changes in the amounts of end products produced are also described. Because regulatory responses and mechanisms are not as highly conserved between Chlamydomonas and higher plants as are the biosynthetic steps themselves, this section concentrates on Chlamydomonas.
Symposium: Liturgical Language II. Crafting English Prayer Texts: The ICEL Revision of the Sacramentary

L'A. presente le contenu d'un symposium qui s'est tenu sur le theme du langage liturgique. Cet article constitue la premiere partie de ce travail : elle est axee sur l'etude du texte de la priere liturgique anglaise. L'A., en effet, se focalise sur la revision que l'ICEL a faite du sacramentaire romain (1963-1973). Il fait le tour des problemes que pose la traduction du texte latin en anglais. Il en conclut que l'exercice de traduction ne suffit pas a une liturgie specifique : il necessaire de creer des textes propres au lieu de celebration
‘Like Devils out of Hell’: Reassessing the African Presence in Early Modern England

Early modernists have traditionally argued that Black representations in English Renaissance art and literature did not reflect the historical presence of persons of color. In contrast, documentary research has uncovered Africans in England as early as 1500. From that time, the existence of a substantial African population was erased from contemporary histories in order to suppress knowledge of England's participation in the transatlantic slave trade. Separation of the Church of England from Rome had exacerbated political and economic conflict with Catholic nations, particularly Spain. Protecting the Protestant English state image became a primary concern. Despite national and theological differences, English monarchs and law courts appropriated Roman Catholic pronouncements on the relationship between Blackness and religion. This paper demonstrates the intersection of political and economic factors with theological discourse and emergent conceptions of race at a defining moment in English history.
Gastrointestinal Involvement of Sarcoidosis

Abstract Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease commonly involving lungs, mediastinum, eyes, liver, skin, and nervous system. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract involvement of sarcoidosis is rare. Postmortem studies in sarcoidosis patients estimate the prevalence of GI tract involvement of around 5–10%. However, the majority of these cases are asymptomatic with less than 1% manifesting GI symptoms. On the other hand, the liver can be involved in up to 80% of patients with systemic sarcoidosis, but isolated hepatic sarcoidosis is rare. Clinical presentations of hepatic sarcoidosis have a wide spectrum from asymptomatic mild elevation of liver chemistries to rapidly progressive cholestasis and liver failure requiring liver transplantation. The majority of cases show indolent disease.
The affine Yangian of gl1 revisited

Abstract The affine Yangian of gl 1 has recently appeared simultaneously in the work of Maulik–Okounkov [11] and Schiffmann–Vasserot [20] in connection with the Alday–Gaiotto–Tachikawa conjecture. While the presentation from [11] is purely geometric, the algebraic presentation in [20] is quite involved. In this article, we provide a simple loop realization of this algebra which can be viewed as an “additivization” of the quantum toroidal algebra of gl 1 in the same way as the Yangian Y h ( g ) is an “additivization” of the quantum loop algebra U q ( L g ) for a simple Lie algebra g . We also explain the similarity between the representation theories of the affine Yangian and the quantum toroidal algebras of gl 1 by generalizing the main result of [10] to the current settings.
Hydro Coordination in an Energy Management System

Abstract Coordination of hydro resources over the operational planning period of one year is a challenging mathematical optimization problem. The application of this operational planning strategy through weekly, hourly, and real-time scheduling of hydro units increases the complexity of the hydro coordination problem further. For a computer based water management system (WMS), a hierarchical scheduling scheme is proposed so that the yearly strategy can be meaningfully translated into weekly and real-time decisions for loading the hydro units. In this process WMS is decomposed into the major functional units of yearly hydro schedule, weekly hydro schedule, real-time scheduling and control, and water use monitor. The paper addresses the problems associated with each function, and the coordination of these functional units in an EMS.
INCB040093 Is a Novel PI3Kδ Inhibitor for the Treatment of B Cell Lymphoid Malignancies

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) is a critical signaling molecule in B cells and is considered a target for development of therapies against various B cell malignancies. INCB040093 is a novel PI3Kδ small-molecule inhibitor and has demonstrated promising efficacy in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma in clinical studies. In this study, we disclose the chemical structure and the preclinical activity of the compound. In biochemical assays, INCB040093 potently inhibits the PI3Kδ kinase, with 74- to >900-fold selectivity against other PI3K family members. In vitro and ex vivo studies using primary B cells, cell lines from B cell malignancies, and human whole blood show that INCB040093 inhibits PI3Kδ-mediated functions, including cell signaling and proliferation. INCB040093 has no significant effect on the growth of nonlymphoid cell lines and was less potent in assays that measure human T and natural killer cell proliferation and neutrophil and monocyte functions, suggesting that the impact of INCB040093 on the human immune system will likely be restricted to B cells. INCB040093 inhibits the production of macrophage-inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-beta) from a B cell line, suggesting a potential effect on the tumor microenvironment. In vivo, INCB040093 demonstrates single-agent activity in inhibiting tumor growth and potentiates the antitumor growth effect of the clinically relevant chemotherapeutic agent, bendamustine, in the Pfeiffer cell xenograft model of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. INCB040093 has a favorable exposure profile in rats and an acceptable safety margin in rats and dogs. Taken together, data presented in this report support the potential utility of orally administered INCB040093 in the treatment of B cell malignancies.
Prior to extension, Transcriptomes of fibroblast-like Synoviocytes from extended and Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis are indistinguishable

Our intent was to identify differences between the transcriptome of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) before extension when compared to persistent subtype of JIA, when the two are clinically indistinguishable. Additionally, we sought to determine if differences between the transcriptomes of FLS from extended-to-be and polyarticular course JIA could be detected. Our hypothesis was that intrinsic differences in the transcriptome of the FLS from extended-to-be JIA would distinguish them from persistent oligoarticular JIA, before the course is clinically apparent. Global gene expression was defined in cultured FLS from 6 controls, 12 JIA with persistent course, 7 JIA prior to extension (extended-to-be), 4 JIA with extended course and 6 polyarticular onset, using Affymetrix Human GeneChips 133plus2.0. Bioconductor Linear Models for Microarray Analysis revealed 22 probesets with differential expression between persistent and extended-to-be FLS at 15% FDR, however only 2 probesets distinguished extended-to-be from extended and none distinguished extended-to-be and polyarticular at 15% FDR. Differences in extended and polyarticular gene expression profiles were not detected. Confirmation of select genes was done on the RNA level by RT-qPCR and on the protein level in synovial fluid by ELISA. The transcriptome of FLS from extended-to-be juvenile idiopathic arthritis is distinct from persistent course before a clinical distinction can be made. Additionally, the transcriptome of extended-to-be and polyarticular course, including those who have already extended, are indistinguishable. These gene expression data suggest that FLS already reflect a polyarticular behavior early in disease course, suggesting that extended-to-be may be “latent polyarticular” at onset. These differences can be used to develop early biomarkers of disease course, allowing for better-informed treatment decisions.
Star Clusters in M33 – Clues to Galaxy Formation and Evolution

The properties of ancient star cluster systems (e.g., velocities, ages, and chemical abundances) provide important constraints on the assembly history of galaxies. For example, the globular cluster (GC) system of the Galaxy has sub-components associated with the bulge, thick disk, and halo (e.g., [12]). Measured properties of these sub-systems paint a picture where the halo of our Galaxy formed through chaotic merging and accretion. The thick disk appears to have resulted from a major merger ∼ 9–10 Gyr ago which heated the pre-existing thin disk (see review in [21]). Given that clusters residing in the thin disk all appear to be younger than those associated with the halo, bulge, and thick disk (e.g., [1]), it appears that the existing thin disk formed after these components. Thus, the properties of ancient star clusters are fundamental markers for establishing the order in which various galaxian components assembled. While on-going studies of the GC system in M31 will provide additional, much needed information for understanding the formation of massive spiral galaxies, the third and final spiral in the Local Group, M33, is a lower mass system which has received far less attention. At a distance of only ∼ 800 kpc, this late-type (Scd) system provides an important link between the earliertype spirals in the Local Group and numerous later-type dwarf galaxies. M33 also lacks a bulge (e.g., [15]), leaving fewer structural components to study than earlier-type spirals. This simplified morphology and proximity make M33 an ideal target for understanding how a spiral galaxy is put together. The main issues which are addressed in this contribution are:
Old insights, same questions

The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be; and that which is done is that which shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun. —Ecclesiastes 1:9, King James Bible
Very Large Metastases to the Brain: Retrospective Study on Outcomes of Surgical Management.

Background The incidence of brain metastases is rising. To our knowledge, no published study focuses exclusively on brain metastases larger than 4 cm. We present our surgical outcomes for patients with brain metastases larger than 4 cm. Methods This is a retrospective chart review of inpatient data at our institution from January 2006 to September 2015. Primary end points included overall survival, progression-free survival, and local recurrence rate. Results Sixty-one patients had a total of 67 brain metastases larger than 4 cm: 52 were supratentorial and 15 were infratentorial. Forty-three patients underwent surgical resection. Average duration of disease freedom after resection was 4.79 months (range, 0–30 months). Excluding patients with residual on immediate postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, the average rate of local recurrence was 7 months (range, 1–14 months). Overall survival after surgery excluding patients who chose palliation in the immediate postoperative period averaged 8.76 months (range, 1–37 months). Thirty-five of 43 patients (81.4%) had stable or improved neurologic examinations postoperatively. Six patients (13.95%) developed surgical complications. There were 3 major complications (6.98%): 2 pseudomeningoceles required intervention and 1 postoperative hematoma required external ventricular drain placement. There were 3 minor complications (6.98%): 1 self-limited pseudomeningocele, 1 subgaleal fluid collection, and 1 postoperative seizure. Conclusions Surgery resulted in stable or improved neurologic examination in 81.4% of cases. On statistical analysis, significantly increased overall survival was noted in patients undergoing surgical resection, and those with higher Karnofsky Performance Scale and lower number of brain metastases at presentation. There is a need for further studies to evaluate management of brain metastases larger than 4 cm.
Cognitive Organization I: Emotions

In the previous chapters the basic perceptual processes related to the awareness and reporting of symptoms have been presented. Clearly, specific sensations can be influenced by setting, expectation, and physiological state. Although briefly mentioned previously, we rarely perceive, report, or act upon highly specific symptoms. Rather, we organize groups of sensations into broader categories. Instead of perceiving feelings of dizziness and stomach contractions, we would more likely be aware of the feeling of hunger. The perception of illness typically is based on a large number of diverse symptoms (see Chapter 3).
Modelling and Simulation of the General Circulation of the Ocean

The simulation of the general circulation of the ocean requires a physically-based, comprehensive model of the ocean. The formulation and testing of such an ocean general circulation model is described in this chapter, and is illustrated with a baroclinic six-layer global ocean model. This model has been tested by simulating the seasonal cycle of the oceanic general circulation subject to prescribed atmospheric boundary conditions comprised of the climatological surface wind stress and atmosphere-ocean heat flux. In comparison with observations the model has realistically simulated the large-scale features of the annual mean and seasonal variation of temperature and currents, although the relatively narrow equatorial and western boundary currents are underestimated due to the model’s coarse resolution. The meridional heat transport in the Northern Hemisphere simulated by the model is somewhat less than that observed, while the model’s southern hemisphere transports agree reasonably well with observational estimates.
Systematic Evaluation of Cardiac CTA

Cardiac CT evaluation requires a systematic approach to evaluate the complex anatomy in congenital heart patients. We suggest the following outline to assess these patients:
"You can tell by the way I use my walk." Predicting the presence of cognitive load with gait measurements.

There is considerable evidence that a person’s gait is affected by cognitive load. Research in this field has implications for understanding the relationship between motor control and neurological conditions in aging and clinical populations. Accordingly, this pilot study evaluates the cognitive load based on gait accelerometry measurements of the walking patterns of ten healthy individuals (18–35 years old). Data points were collected using six triaxial accelerometer sensors and treadmill pressure reports. Stride and window extraction methods were used to process these data points and separate into statistical features. A binary classification was created by using logistic regression, support vector machine, random forest, and learning vector quantization to classify cognitive load vs. no cognitive load. Within and between subjects, a cognitive load was predicted with accuracy values ranged of 0.93–1 by all four models. Various feature selection methods demonstrated that only 2–20 variables could be used to achieve similar levels of accuracies. Coupling sensors with machine learning algorithms to detect the most minute changes in gait patterns, most of which are too subtle to identify with the human eye, may have a remarkable impact on the potential to detect potential neuromotor illnesses and fall risks. In doing so, we can open a new window to human health and safety prevention.
The origin of fluorescence in DNA thio-analogues

Abstract Fluorescent probes are vital molecular tools for DNA biognostics – often aiding in the detection of malignant tumors. Biomimetic nucleobase analogues are amongst the most widely used probes due to their versatility and biocompatibility. Thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (TPA) and isothiazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-amine (iTPA) are two recently developed sulphur-containing heteroaromatic fluorescent nucleobase analogues. Their inherent structures give rise to superior biomimetic properties that ensure their optimal interaction with double-helix DNA. Using high-level electronic structure methods, we simulate the absorption and emission spectra in order to better understand the origins of the strong absorption and emission profiles observed experimentally. Radiationless decay pathways are also computed and compared with those of the canonical DNA nucleobases, in order to unravel the geometric and electronic properties that make the thio-analogues fluorescent.
Hopelessness and Delinquent Behavior as Predictors of Community Violence Exposure in Ethnic Minority Male Adolescent Offenders

Justice-involved boys from urban communities are disproportionately impacted by community violence exposure (ECV) and despite decades of research, rates of ECV in youth continue to increase particularly for youth involved in the juvenile justice system. Despite the increased risk of exposure, the majority of research focuses on what may protect youth from the deleterious outcomes associated with violence exposure, rather than strategies that may prevent the violence exposure from occurring. The current study seeks to shift the focus of research in this area to examining factors that may predict future violence exposure. Specifically, the purpose of the current study is to examine the role of hopelessness as a predictor of the risk for violence exposure in a sample of 831 justice-involved, urban boys ages 14–18 (52.2% African American, 42.1% Hispanic, 5.7% other). Results revealed that baseline levels of low aspirations and hopelessness towards the future indirectly predicted violence exposure 1 year later through engagement in delinquent behavior. Clinical implications for targeting youth with elevated risk and preventing future violence exposure are discussed.
AC Corrosion Evaluation of Cathodically Protected Pipeline Steel

The effect of alternating current (AC) on the corrosion rates of cathodically protected buried steel pipeline was investigated through mass loss testing. Results indicate that cathodic protection (...
Demographic and Practice Characteristics of Physicians Who Care for Medically Underserved People: A National Survey

Objectives Few national studies have examined the influence of role models as a potential predictor for caring for medically underserved (MUS) patients. This study tested associations between previous physician role model exposure and caring for MUS populations, as well as examines the practice environments of these physicians. Methods Between October and December 2011, we mailed a confidential questionnaire to a representative sample of 2000 US physicians from various specialties. The primary criterion variable was "Is your patient population considered medically underserved?" We assessed demographic and other personal characteristics (calling, spirituality, and reporting a familial role model). We also asked about their practice characteristics, including a validated measure that assessed whether their work environment was considered chaotic/hectic or calm. Results The survey response rate was 64.5% (1289/2000). Female physicians and African American physicians were more likely to report working in MUS settings (multivariate odds ratio [OR] 1.32, confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.76 and OR 2.65, CI 1.28-5.46, respectively). Physicians with high spirituality (OR 1.69, CI 1.02-2.79) and who reported familial role model exposure (OR 1.91, CI 1.11-3.30) also were associated with working with MUS populations. Physicians who worked in academic medical centers (OR 1.93, CI 1.45-2.56) and in chaotic work environments (OR 3.25, CI 1.64-6.44) also were more likely to report working with MUS patients. Conclusions Familial role models may be influencing physicians to work with MUS patients, but the quality of their current work environments raises concerns about the long-term retention of physicians in MUS settings.
Wheat Virus Identification Within Infected Tissue Using Nanopore Sequencing Technology

Viral diseases are a limiting factor to wheat production. Viruses are difficult to diagnose in the early stages of disease development and are often confused with nutrient deficiencies or other abiotic problems. Immunological methods are useful to identify viruses, but specific antibodies may not be available or require high virus titer for detection. In 2015 and 2017, wheat plants containing Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) resistance gene, Wsm2, were found to have symptoms characteristic of WSMV. Serologically, WSMV was detected in all four samples. Additionally, High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV) was also detected in one of the samples. Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) was not detected, and a detection kit was not readily available for Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV). Initially, cDNA cloning and Sanger sequencing were used to determine the presence of WSMV; however, the process was time-consuming and expensive. Subsequently, cDNA from infected wheat tissue was sequenced with single-strand, Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology (ONT). ONT was able to confirm the presence of WSMV. Additionally, TriMV was found in all of the samples and BYDV in three of the samples. Deep coverage sequencing of full-length, single-strand WSMV revealed variation compared with the WSMV Sidney-81 reference strain and may represent new variants which overcome Wsm2. These results demonstrate that ONT can more accurately identify causal virus agents and has sufficient resolution to provide evidence of causal variants.
Secular Cultural Worldviews

Abstract According to terror management theory (TMT), culturally shared beliefs about the nature of reality (i.e., cultural worldviews) are critical for people’s efforts to combat existential fears about death. Cultural worldviews delineate why we are here, where we come from, and what happens to us when we are gone. More importantly, cultural worldviews provide pathways to obtaining immortality, either literal immortality in the form of an afterlife or symbolic immortality in the form of achievements that transcend one’s self. It is easy to see why religious worldviews would function to alleviate concerns about death, given their strong portrayal of religious afterlives that can be obtained. However, considerable research also indicates that secular worldviews serve a death transcendence function. This chapter will provide an overview of this research and will serve as the natural companion to the chapter on religious worldviews. Specifically, this chapter will describe the TMT analysis of secular worldviews and will provide an integrative overview of the research in support of it. Example topics to be covered include the TMT analyses of the allure of fame, politics, scientific worldviews (including evolution), and nationalism/patriotism. Given the breadth of these topics, this chapter will be appealing to social scientists from a range of disciplines, including social psychology, sociology, and political science.
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cause-specific and overall mortality in preweaned calves on California dairies: The BRD 10K study.

ABSTRACT Mortality in preweaned dairy calves is a significant source of economic loss for dairy producers. In particular, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a leading cause of death in preweaned dairy calves. The objectives of this study were to investigate management practices and their effects on mortality, both that specifically attributed to BRD and overall mortality due to all causes, in preweaned dairy calves. Rates of failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPT) are also reported. The study consisted of a convenience sample of 5 dairies across California, selected based on management practices, calf records, location, and size. Trained study personnel performed comprehensive calf management surveys on every dairy at least once every season. Calves were enrolled in the study at birth and followed until weaning. Mixed-effect logistic regression models were specified for the outcomes all-cause mortality (any death before weaning) and mortality attributed to BRD. The 2 final models included a total of 11,470 calves that were born on the study dairies and followed until weaning. The study cohort's overall crude mortality was 2.8%, with crude mortality of individual dairies ranging from 1.7 to 7.2%. The proportion of mortality attributed to BRD was 19.3%, with a range of 0 to 27.1% on the study dairies. Increasing the frequency of changing maternity pen bedding was associated with a decreased risk of mortality due to BRD. Calves diagnosed with BRD in the spring had an increased risk of mortality compared with calves born in the summer; mortality in calves with fall and winter BRD diagnoses did not different significantly from that in summer. Season of mortality was not significant in either model. Feeding ≥5.7 L of milk per day per calf (vs. ≤3.7 L/d) decreased the risk of mortality in calves over 21 d of age. Twins had a 68% increased risk of all-cause mortality compared with calves born as singletons. Both mortality models showed an association between administration of a modified live vaccine in dams (targeting BRD pathogens) and a decreased risk of mortality in calves. Using a serum total protein cut-off of 5.2 g/dL, 16.8% of calves had FPT, with a mean serum total protein concentration of 5.94 ± 0.06 g/dL across all calves sampled.
Polarization of K -shell x-ray transitions of Ti 1 9 + and Ti 2 0 + excited by an electron beam

The x-ray spectrum of heliumlike ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{20+}$ excited by a monoenergetic electron beam was measured at an energy just above the electron-impact excitation threshold (4800 eV) with a pair of polarization-sensitive spectrometers. Values for the linear polarization were inferred for the $1s2p{}^{1}{P}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{1s}^{2}{}^{1}{S}_{0}$ resonance line, the $1s2p{}^{3}{P}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{1s}^{2}{}^{1}{S}_{0}$ intercombination line, the $1s2p{}^{3}{P}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{1s}^{2}{}^{1}{S}_{0}$ magnetic quadrupole line, and the $1s2s{}^{3}{S}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{1s}^{2}{}^{1}{S}_{0}$ forbidden line, as well as for the $1s2s2p{}^{2}{P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{1s}^{2}2s{}^{2}{S}_{1/2}$ resonance line in ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{19+}.$ Relativistic distorted-wave calculations of the magnetic sublevel-specific electron-impact excitation cross sections are presented for comparison. Combined with earlier measurements of iron, the results confirm the predicted Z dependence of the polarization.
Contests over the Carceral Landscape: Space, Place, and Artifacts at the Manzanar National Historic Site

This chapter deals with the public memory of Manzanar internment camp as expressed in the internment narrative of the present-day exhibition in Manzanar National Historic Site’s visitor center and the rebuilt elements of the camp structures. Managed by the National Park Service and neglected until relatively recently, Manzanar raises important questions about its mission as a public immersive space, and the means of telling its wartime history to the general population. The chapter explores how the landscaping and reconstruction decisions on Manzanar National Historic Site influenced the public image of Japanese American internment and played into the “progressive” narrative of American history, ultimately minimizing the prominence of physical confinement, violence, and surveillance in the Japanese American internment experience.
Tnni3k alleles influence ventricular mononuclear diploid cardiomyocyte frequency.

Recent evidence implicates mononuclear diploid cardiomyocytes as a proliferative and regenerative subpopulation of the postnatal heart. The number of these cardiomyocytes is a complex trait showing substantial natural variation among inbred mouse strains based on the combined influences of multiple polymorphic genes. One gene confirmed to influence this parameter is the cardiomyocyte-specific kinase Tnni3k. Here, we have studied Tnni3k alleles across a number of species. Using a newly-generated kinase-dead allele in mice, we show that Tnni3k function is dependent on its kinase activity. In an in vitro kinase assay, we show that several common human TNNI3K kinase domain variants substantially compromise kinase activity, suggesting that TNNI3K may influence human heart regenerative capacity and potentially also other aspects of human heart disease. We show that two kinase domain frameshift mutations in mice cause loss-of-function consequences by nonsense-mediated decay. We further show that the Tnni3k gene in two species of mole-rat has independently devolved into a pseudogene, presumably associated with the transition of these species to a low metabolism and hypoxic subterranean life. This may be explained by the observation that Tnni3k function in mice converges with oxidative stress to regulate mononuclear diploid cardiomyocyte frequency. Unlike other studied rodents, naked mole-rats have a surprisingly high (30%) mononuclear cardiomyocyte level but most of their mononuclear cardiomyocytes are polyploid; their mononuclear diploid cardiomyocyte level (7%) is within the known range (2–10%) of inbred mouse strains. Naked mole-rats provide further insight on a recent proposal that cardiomyocyte polyploidy is associated with evolutionary acquisition of endothermy.
Deicing and self-cleaning of plasma-treated superhydrophobic coatings on the surface of aluminum alloy sheets

Abstract Deicing and self-cleaning are of great importance for many industries and have been gaining much attention worldwide. The real problem here is icy rain, wherein super-cooled dewdrops from the sky form atmospheric ice, causing considerable damage to aircraft, wind turbines, electric and telecommunication wires, highways, and bridges, as well as other outside equipment, devices, and systems. Many chemical and mechanical methods have been used to eliminate ice formation and reduce the cost, time, and potential threat. Another critical problem for many industries is the self-cleaning of surfaces, which must be addressed in order to remove dirt, grime, and other deposits that cause corrosion and reduce the visibility and efficiency of devices. Plasma-treated superhydrophobic (SH) coatings on the surface of substrates are probably the most relevant solution for both deicing and self-cleaning of aircraft and other systems. This study deals with the deicing and self-cleaning of plasma-treated SH coatings on the aluminum 2024-T3 alloy (AA 2024-T3), which were applied as bottom and top coats. After the bottom coat, oxygen plasma treatment was applied to the substrates to produce strong bonding between the metallic substrate and the SH top coat. A heat treatment process was also applied at 150°C for 60 min before the deicing and self-cleaning processes. The plasma-treated coatings were examined through several techniques, including contact angle measurement, tape adhesion test, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Vickers microhardness (HV), freezing, super-cooled water, deicing, and self-cleaning. It was determined that the plasma-treated SH AA 2024-T3 samples had the most robust adhesion between the substrate and the topcoat, providing water contact angles above 165° and exhibiting higher deicing and self-cleaning properties for a more extended period. Thermodynamically, water and ice cannot remain on superhydrophobic surfaces, thus making them ice and dust-free under various atmospheric conditions.
Outcomes of an Esterified Hyaluronic Acid Matrix in the Treatment of Chronic Lower Extremity Wounds: A Case Series.

Objective This case series evaluates the outcomes of persons with chronic lower extremity wounds treated with an esterified hyaluronic acid matrix (EHAM). Materials and methods Data were abstracted from 12 consecutive patients with a total of 14 evaluated chronic wounds (12 [100%] men, mean age 58.72 years) presenting for care at a multidisciplinary wound care center. Nine of the 12 patients had diabetes. The mean wound duration was 39.2 weeks. All patients received surgical wound debridement and were started on therapy consisting of weekly to biweekly applications of the EHAM with a nonadherent, moisture-retentive dressing until complete epithelialization was achieved. Outcomes evaluated included time to complete wound closure and proportion of patients achieving wound closure in 20 weeks. Results In total, 85.7% of wounds measuring a mean of 2.32 cm2 healed in the 20-week evaluation period. Of those that healed, healing took place in a mean of 8.9 weeks. Conclusions A regimen of moist wound healing using an EHAM, which provides a scaffold for in-growing cells, may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of chronic, noninfected, nonischemic wounds.
Quantifier Variance, Mathematicians’ Freedom and the Revenge of Quinean Indispensability Worries

Invoking a form of quantifier variance promises to let us explain mathematicians’ freedom to introduce new kinds of mathematical objects in a way that avoids some problems for standard platonist and nominalist views. In this paper I’ll note that, despite traditional associations between quantifier variance and Carnapian rejection of metaphysics, Siderian realists about metaphysics can naturally be quantifier variantists. Unfortunately a variant on the Quinean indispensability argument concerning grounding seems to pose a problem for philosophers who accept this hybrid. However I will charitably reconstruct this problem and then argue for optimism about solving it.
Differential Morphology Between Rest-frame Optical and Ultraviolet Emission from 1.5 < z < 3 Star-forming Galaxies

We present the results of a comparative study of the rest-frame optical and rest-frame ultraviolet morphological properties of 117 star-forming galaxies (SFGs), including BX, BzK, and Lyman break galaxies with B 3?) and larger than we find in passive galaxies at 1.4 < z < 2, for which the weighted mean ICD is 0.013. The lack of morphological variation between individual rest-frame ultraviolet bandpasses in z ~ 3.2 galaxies argues against large ICDs being caused by non-uniform dust distributions. Furthermore, the absence of a correlation between ICD and galaxy UV-optical color suggests that the non-zero ICDs in SFGs are produced by spatially distinct stellar populations with different ages. The SFGs with the largest ICDs (0.05) generally have complex morphologies that are both extended and asymmetric, suggesting that they are mergers-in-progress or very large galaxies in the act of formation. We also find a correlation between half-light radius and ICD, a fact that is not reflected by the difference in half-light radii between bandpasses. In general, we find that it is better to use diagnostics like the ICD to measure the morphological properties of the difference image than it is to measure the difference in morphological properties between bandpasses.
Podocyturia mRNAs and Risk of Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA): Preliminary Findings

Background Prior work established albumin excretion rates(AER) as an independent predictor of CVD. However, AER is affected not only by endothelial injury, but also by the proportion of filtered albumin retrieve by the proximal tubule. For that reason, a part of the albumin excreted, as a marker of endothelial injury, is reabsorbed and therefore cannot be measured in the urine. As there is no retrieve phenomenon on the podocyturia rate, we could assume that podocyturia is maybe a more relevant and earlier predictor of CVD than AER. Purpose To investigate the association of podocyturia mRNA level and the risk of CVD. Methods Among the 6814 participants asymptomatic men and women aged 45-84 years, with baseline urine samples available for analysis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, we analysed only a random sample of 480 patients. First examination took place from July 2000-July 2002 with assay podocyturia mRNA in urine samples collected at baseline in the MESA cohort. Podocyturia mRNAs quantification will be performed according to a previously described protocol: total urine pellet RNA will be isolated using the manufacturer protocol. Quantitation of the absolute nephrin and podocin, mRNA abundance will be performed. Results In the 480 patients, mean podocyturia mRNA level was 2.3 ± 1.9 106copies. These 480 patients were younger, more often diabetic and with hypertension than the total MESA population (for all P Fig. 1 ). Conclusions The podocyturia mRNA was not associated with CVD. However, additional investigations should be performed from MESA with more statistical power and specific analysis in diabetics.
Britain and Interwar Danubian Europe, 1933–1938

In 1925, the Treaty of Locarno normalised the relationship between the Entente and Germany and secured the post-war territorial settlement. Germany, France and Belgium undertook not to attack each other, and Germany formally recognised its Western borders, with Britain and Italy acting as guarantors.
Revolution or Rejection

Mark S. Massa’s The Structure of Theological Revolutions: How the Fight Over Birth Control Transformed American Catholicism is a study on two levels. On one level, it is a study of the responses of select American moral theologians to Pope Paul VI’s 1968 encyclical on contraception, Humanae vitae (hereafter, HV). On another level, it is a second-order reflection on these theological responses, using them as data, as it were, for a theory about how theology changes or does not change over time. The book certainly succeeds on the first level. I am not sure, however, that that success translates easily to the second level. To the extent that it is possible, I would like to work with these levels successively, even if, for Massa, the two are accomplished simultaneously, since the narration of the “brilliance” (passim) of the individuals treated is tied to the narration of how each of them radically broke with the paradigm of natural law that Massa claims is enshrined in HV.
Excitatory Synapses: A Hotspot for Neuronal Injury in Multiple Sclerosis Gray Matter (P2.203)

Objective: To test whether injury directed at the synapses contributes to gray matter degeneration independent of demyelination and axon injury in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis hippocampal degeneration. Background: Gray matter degeneration contributes to progressive disability and cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Though this is widely thought to occur secondary to axon injury, we hypothesized that neurons in the setting of pro-inflammatory molecules and oxidative stress are vulnerable to primary post-synaptic injury as well. Design/Methods: We used hippocampal degeneration in C57BL/6 mice with MOG(35-55)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model of MS gray matter injury in which axons and myelin are relatively preserved. We measured loss of excitatory pre- and post-synaptic structures via immunostaining for VGLUT1 and PSD95-positive puncta in hippocampi of EAE mice at peak and chronic stages of inflammation, compared to sham-immunized controls. We studied their association with Iba1-positive microglia and oxidative stress via E06 staining for oxidized phospholipids, as well as myelin and axon integrity. Results: In EAE hippocampi, 30[percnt] loss of PSD95-positive post-synaptic puncta was associated with increased contact with and engulfment by activated microglia at 25 days post-immunization, independent of changes in density of VGLUT1-positive puncta, myelination, axon integrity, or severity of clinical motor deficits. Ongoing microglial activation and oxidative stress corresponded to persistent decrease in excitatory post-synaptic puncta at 55 days. Conclusions: Neurons in EAE hippocampi undergo excitatory synaptic injury in the setting of microglial activation and oxidative stress that appears to preferentially affect the post-synaptic structures and occurs independent of myelin loss or axon injury. This suggests that direct post-synaptic injury may contribute to gray matter dysfunction in MS and may be an important target for neuroprotective treatments in progressive MS. Disclosure: Dr. Bellizzi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gelbard has nothing to disclose.
A new approach for the analysis of dynamic behavior of solenoid actuators with time dependent voltage input

ANTIC 85 is a powerful tool for the design and analysis of electromechanical devices, such as solenoid actuators, fuel injectors, and brushless motors. One of the most important features of this program is its ability to predict the motion of solenoid actuators accurately when they are subjected to time-varying voltage input. A method is proposed of predicting the coil current at every time step of the solution of the field equations for any given input voltage. The initial estimate of coil current at any time step is based on the equivalent circuit derived from the knowledge of field and eddy current distributions in the magnetic circuit. The iterations following this initial estimate are based on the constant flux linkage theorem. The method drastically reduces the computation time and is very effective in solving problems with solenoid actuators connected to power electronic circuits. >
Layer by layer assembly of a biocatalytic packaging film: lactase covalently bound to low-density polyethylene.

Active packaging is utilized to overcome limitations of traditional processing to enhance the health, safety, economics, and shelf life of foods. Active packaging employs active components to interact with food constituents to give a desired effect. Herein we describe the development of an active package in which lactase is covalently attached to low-density polyethylene (LDPE) for in-package production of lactose-free dairy products. The specific goal of this work is to increase the total protein content loading onto LDPE using layer by layer (LbL) deposition, alternating polyethylenimine, glutaraldehyde (GL), and lactase, to enhance the overall activity of covalently attached lactase. The films were successfully oxidized via ultraviolet light, functionalized with polyethylenimine and glutaraldehyde, and layered with immobilized purified lactase. The total protein content increased with each additional layer of conjugated lactase, the 5-layer sample reaching up to 1.3 μg/cm2. However, the increase in total protein did not lend to an increase in overall lactase activity. Calculated apparent Km indicated the affinity of immobilized lactase to substrate remains unchanged when compared to free lactase. Calculated apparent turnover numbers (kcat) showed with each layer of attached lactase, a decrease in substrate turnover was experienced when compared to free lactase; with a decrease from 128.43 to 4.76 s−1 for a 5-layer conjugation. Our results indicate that while LbL attachment of lactase to LDPE successfully increases total protein mass of the bulk material, the adverse impact in enzyme efficiency may limit the application of LbL immobilization chemistry for bioactive packaging use. Practical Application Immobilization of the enzyme lactase on polyethylene enables development of an active packaging film to produce lactose-free milk products. Using layer by layer immobilization chemistry increases the amount of enzyme that can be immobilized per unit area of packaging film.
El turismo de masas: un concepto problématico en la historia del siglo XX

The term «mass tourism» was popularized between the 1950s and 1970s, when the number of international tourists doubled every seven years. Tourism is the expression of aesthetic values; people go to see the beautiful, the desired, the interesting. As the practical expression of curiosity, tourism may have been more widespread during late Paleolithic times than in the modern era. The twentieth century was marked by three inter-related changes in tourism: an increase in the number of women tourists, the changing demographics that produced more older tourists, and the rise of cinema, and later television, as a vehicle for the transmission of tourism related information. Rather than use the too broad and ahistorical term «mass tourism», a closer analysis of tourism expansion in the twentieth century is needed.
Neuropsychological implications of word recognition deficits

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses a type of word recognition, the reading of single words. When such deficits are present in patients who previously possessed the ability but have lost it as the result of an insult to the brain, they provide a sort of natural experiment on the relationship between brain functioning and behavior. Such studies are in the realm of neuropsychological research. One of the goals of such research is to reach an understanding of the nature of the cognitive processes underlying the deficit. It is in turn hoped that an understanding of these mechanisms may shed light upon the processes involved in reading among normal individuals. Cognitive neuropsychologists, by carrying out detailed studies of the patterns of success and failure exhibited by both normal and brain-damaged individuals, have developed and refined theories about the cognitive mechanisms underlying single word reading. Three theoretical models are discussed: (1) functional localization, (2) information processing, and (3) modular processing. They all handle the dissociations of functional impairment seen in brain-damaged patients; however, they differ in the kinds of constraints demanded by the theory.
Patterns of macromolecule synthesis during development of Xenopus laevis: II. Identification of the 40 S precursor to ribosomal RNA

Abstract During stages of Xenopus development in which ribosomal RNA synthesis takes place, the rapidly labeled RNA (detected by its incorporation of labeled nucleosides or 32P) includes a prominent 40 S species. The 40 S material is a major product after pulse exposures of 30–60 minutes in dissociated postgastrula embryos. It becomes highly radioactive when l -methionine-methyl-3H is used as a precursor, and is hence methylated. A large body of indirect evidence suggests that 40 S RNA is a polycistronic precursor to mature 28 S and 18 S ribosomal RNA. The fact that the 40 S molecule is methylated and can be labeled selectively in the dissociated embryo system permits the execution of pulse and chase experiments, with and without Dactinomycin. The latter is used to eliminate ambiguities arising from the possibility of breakdown and resynthesis of methylated RNA. The pulse-chase experiments show that the methylated part of 40 S RNA is converted to 28 S and 18 S RNA, the 18 S RNA appearing as such very early, and the 28 S RNA appearing after some intermediate processing steps involving 30–32 S species. The half-life of 40 S RNA at stage 20 is between 15 and 30 minutes. These facts complete the comparison of ribosomal RNA production in amphibian embryos with its synthesis in mammalian cells. In their major features, the pathways seem to be the same in both kinds of system.