cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AAV Delivery of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Short Hairpin RNA Attenuates Cold-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension and Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling

Cold temperatures are associated with increased mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. Cold exposure causes lung inflammation, pulmonary hypertension (PH), and right ventricle hypertrophy, but there is no effective therapy because of unknown mechanism. Here, we investigated whether RNA interference silencing of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α decreases cold-induced macrophage infiltration, PH, and pulmonary arterial (PA) remodeling. We found for the first time that continuous cold exposure (5.0°C) increased TNF-α expression and macrophage infiltration in the lungs and PAs right before elevation of right ventricle systolic pressure. The in vivo RNA interference silencing of TNF-α was achieved by intravenous delivery of recombinant AAV-2 carrying TNF-α short hairpin small–interfering RNA 24 hours before cold exposure. Cold exposure for 8 weeks significantly increased right ventricle pressure compared with the warm controls (40.19±4.9 versus 22.9±1.1 mm Hg), indicating that cold exposure caused PH. Cold exposure increased TNF-α, interleukin-6, and phosphodiesterase-1C protein expression in the lungs and PAs and increased lung macrophage infiltration. Notably, TNF-α short hairpin small–interfering RNA prevented the cold-induced increases in TNF-α, interleukin-6, and phosphodiesterase-1C protein expression, abolished lung macrophage infiltration, and attenuated PH (26.28±1.6 mm Hg), PA remodeling, and right ventricle hypertrophy. PA smooth muscle cells isolated from cold-exposed animals showed increased intracellular superoxide levels and cell proliferation along with decreased intracellular cGMP. These cold-induced changes were prevented by TNF-α short hairpin small–interfering RNA. In conclusions, upregulation of TNF-α played a critical role in the pathogenesis of cold-induced PH by promoting pulmonary macrophage infiltration and inflammation. AAV delivery of TNF-α short hairpin small–interfering RNA may be an effective therapeutic approach for cold-induced PH and PA remodeling.
De Saussure and Peirce: the Semiotic Architecture

Semiotics has been studied by linguists and philosophers for many years. The first attempts to define the components of a sign system were made in 1865 by the United States philosopher, Charles Sanders Peirce. After Peirce came Ferdinand de Saussure, Louis Hjelmslev, and Roland Barthes, each with differing views on the components of a sign system. In this chapter we will explore contributions made by the four aforementioned semiotic theorists and discuss the semiotic architecture that their theories illustrate.
Residents' Attitude, Knowledge, and Perceived Preparedness Toward Caring for Patients from Diverse Sociocultural Backgrounds.

Abstract Purpose: Training residents to deliver care to increasingly diverse patients in the United States is an important strategy to help alleviate racial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes. Cross-cultural care training of residents continues to present challenges. This study sought to explore the associations among residents' cross-cultural attitudes, preparedness, and knowledge about disparities to better elucidate possible training needs. Methods: This cross-sectional study used web-based questionnaires from 2013 to 2014. Eighty-four internal medicine residency programs with 954 residents across the United States participated. The main outcome was perceived preparedness to care for sociocultural diverse patients. Key Results: Regression analysis showed attitude toward cross-cultural care (beta coefficient [β]=0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49–0.64, p<0.001) and report of serving a large number of racial/ethnic minorities (β=0.90, 95% CI: 0.56–1.24, p<0.001), and low-socioeconomic status...
Agency capitalism: further implications of equity intermediation

This chapter continues our examination of the corporate law and governance implications of the fundamental shift in ownership structure of U.S. public corporations from the Berle-Means pattern of widely distributed shareholders to one of Agency Capitalism – the reconcentration of ownership in intermediary institutional investors as record holders for their beneficial owners. A Berle-Means ownership distribution provided the foundation for the agency cost orientation of modern corporate law and governance – the goal was to bridge the gap between the interests of managers and shareholders that dispersed shareholders could not do for themselves. The equity intermediation of the last 30 years gives us Agency Capitalism, characterized by sophisticated but reticent institutional shareholders who require market actors to invoke their sophistication. We examine here three implications of this shift in ownership distribution. The first addresses a proposal to turn back the clock in the regulation of ownership disclosure under the Williams Act to a time when shareholders were small and dispersed rather than large and concentrated as they are today. The next two share a common theme: that the allocation of responsibility between directors, shareholders and courts can no longer be premised on a paternalism grounded in an anachronistic belief concerning the distribution and sophistication of shareholders. We show that the Chancery Court has recognized that Agency Capitalism counsels different rules concerning the roles of shareholders and the court in policing freezeouts. And we argue that the Supreme Court will come to realize what the Chancery Court has recognized for some time – that the doctrine of substantive coercion as a basis for takeover defense must give way as Delaware corporate law adapts to the very different shareholder distribution the capital market has now given us.
Multidimensionality of Modification in an Isopod-Acanthocephalan System

The acanthocephalan parasite Acanthocephalus dirus infects the freshwater isopod Caecidotea intermedius as an intermediate host before completing its life cycle in a fish. Transmission to the definitive host occurs after the parasite has reached the cystacanth stage and development into this stage is associated with changes in several behavioral and physiological traits of the host. Despite the numerous examples of trait modification in this system, little is known about the multidimensional nature of this modification. Here, we examined the relationships between cystacanth infection and expression of multiple traits (body color, refuge use, activity, and body size) of both male and female C. intermedius. The pattern of multidimensional modification was determined for males and females and then measures of behavioral plasticity, individual consistency and trait correlations were obtained for the modified traits. The results revealed that the overall pattern of host modification differed between males and females. Infected males and females showed similar decreases in body color but differed in changes to the other traits. Infected females were larger and less active than uninfected females, whereas infected males spent less time in refuge than uninfected males. A comparison between two situations revealed that refuge use exhibited high levels of plasticity and activity exhibited high levels of consistency and that these patterns differed based on both host sex and infection status. Analysis of the relationships among modified traits showed that traits appeared to be modified independently of each other and that correlations between traits that existed in one situation were absent in another. We suggest that the pattern of multidimensional modification is sex-specific and that the traits are modified independently. We also show that the patterns of multidimensional modification were not associated with variation in either parasite intensity of parasite size indicting that competitive interactions among parasites did not appear to act as a constraint on host modification.
Fast rendering of fabric micro-appearance models under directional and spherical gaussian lights

Rendering fabrics using micro-appearance models---fiber-level microgeometry coupled with a fiber scattering model---can take hours per frame. We present a fast, precomputation-based algorithm for rendering both single and multiple scattering in fabrics with repeating structure illuminated by directional and spherical Gaussian lights.Precomputed light transport (PRT) is well established but challenging to apply directly to cloth. This paper shows how to decompose the problem and pick the right approximations to achieve very high accuracy, with significant performance gains over path tracing. We treat single and multiple scattering separately and approximate local multiple scattering using precomputed transfer functions represented in spherical harmonics. We handle shadowing between fibers with precomputed per-fiber-segment visibility functions, using two different representations to separately deal with low and high frequency spherical Gaussian lights.Our algorithm is designed for GPU performance and high visual quality. Compared to existing PRT methods, it is more accurate. In tens of seconds on a commodity GPU, it renders high-quality supersampled images that take path tracing tens of minutes on a compute cluster.
Exogenous ghrelin administration increases alcohol self-administration and modulates brain functional activity in heavy-drinking alcohol-dependent individuals

Preclinical evidence suggests that ghrelin, a peptide synthesized by endocrine cells of the stomach and a key component of the gut-brain axis, is involved in alcohol seeking as it modulates both central reward and stress pathways. However, whether and how ghrelin administration may impact alcohol intake in humans is not clear. For, we believe, the first time, this was investigated in the present randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled, human laboratory study. Participants were non-treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent heavy-drinking individuals. A 10-min loading dose of intravenous ghrelin/placebo (3 mcg kg-1) followed by a continuous ghrelin/placebo infusion (16.9 ng/kg/min) was administered. During a progressive-ratio alcohol self-administration experiment, participants could press a button to receive intravenous alcohol using the Computerized Alcohol Infusion System. In another experiment, brain functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted while participants performed a task to gain points for alcohol, food or no reward. Results showed that intravenous ghrelin, compared to placebo, significantly increased the number of alcohol infusions self-administered (percent change: 24.97±10.65, P=0.04, Cohen's d=0.74). Participants were also significantly faster to initiate alcohol self-administration when they received ghrelin, compared to placebo (P=0.03). The relationships between breath alcohol concentration and subjective effects of alcohol were also moderated by ghrelin administration. Neuroimaging data showed that ghrelin increased the alcohol-related signal in the amygdala (P=0.01) and modulated the food-related signal in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (P=0.01) and nucleus accumbens (P=0.08). These data indicate that ghrelin signaling affects alcohol seeking in humans and should be further investigated as a promising target for developing novel medications for alcohol use disorder.
Dependent generalized functional linear models

This paper considers testing for no effect of functional covariates on response variables in multivariate regression. We use generalized estimating equations to determine the underlying parameters and establish their joint asymptotic normality. This is then used to test the significance of the effect of predictors on the vector of response variables. Simulations demonstrate the importance of considering existing correlation structures in the data. To explore the effect of treating genetic data as a function, we perform a simulation study using gene sequencing data and find that the performance of our test is comparable to that of another popular method used in sequencing studies. We present simulations to explore the behaviour of our test under varying sample size, cluster size and dimension of the parameter to be estimated, and an application where we are able to confirm known associations between nicotine dependence and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes.
Under a temporary roof and in the classroom: Service agencies for youth who are homeless while enrolled in community college

Youth experiencing homelessness are part of the large, diverse student population served by community colleges in the United States. These students, who are often unsupported in college environment...
Eye and Adnexa

The eye and the adnexal structures may be affected by systemic disease, as well as by direct extension of pathologic processes from adjacent structures. Thus, it is important to consider their removal and study during autopsy (1,2). Such primary pathologic conditions embrace notonlyneoplasms but also congenital abnormalities, primary open-angle glaucoma, and a host of retinal diseases for which the pathogenesis may not have been described. In addition to the value of correlative information, the eyes provide valuable teaching material. The use of fresh tissue allows research studies of the corneal endothelium, cells of the trabecular meshwork, and the retina.
Antitrust and Innovative Industries

This paper discusses the currently popular question of whether the antitrust laws and standard antitrust analysis apply or ought to apply to industries characterized by rapid innovation. It draws heavily on Microsoft and concludes that the answer is affirmative. Microsoft was not prosecuted because it was innovative (despite a public relations campaign to the contrary). It was prosecuted (and lost) because it undertook acts that had no profitable consequence save the protecting of Microsoft's monopoly power. Courts ought not to refuse to examine the anti-competitive consequences of actions associated with innovations. To do so would be to immunize anti-competitive behavior, no matter how serious the consequences, if wrapped in an innovation, no matter how trivial the benefits. That would be an open invitation to anti-competitive acts in innovative industries.
Locus of control in conversational agent design: effects on older users’ interactivity and social presence

This study examines the impact of locus of control in conversational agent design on the interaction experience of 61 older users (65+ years old) through a laboratory experiment. Results reveal that for older users, agent control facilitates greater interactivity and social presence than user control.
Stability of Calcium–Alumino Layered-Double-Hydroxide Nanocomposites in Aqueous Electrolytes

Calcium–alumino layered-double-hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites of the alumino–ferrite monosubstituent subgroup hosting alkyl sulfates and poly(ethylene glycol) were synthesized by coprecipitation over the temperature range 5–75 °C. The stability of these nanocomposites was examined following exposure to aqueous solutions conditioned to a range of concentrations of intercalant anions including sulfate, carbonate, chloride, and phosphate. Careful analysis of these “organic–inorganic” nanocomposites reveals that their gallery (interlayer) spacing can vary, and the gallery height is controlled by the chain length (size) and orientation of the surfactant substituents, where, expectedly, anionic surfactants intercalate more robustly than nonionic surfactants. Upon anion exposure, in general, the nanocomposites (i) are unstable at SO42–(aq) ≥ 10 mM, wherein they convert to the AFt (ettringite) phase, (ii) form solid solutions containing carbonate for CO32–(aq) ≤ 1.5 mM and which coexist with calcite at higher car...
Thermal stratification in liquid metal pools under influence of penetrating colder jets

Abstract An experimental study is presented on the evolution of thermal stratification in a liquid gallium pool when a colder jet is introduced resulting in mixed convection currents. Different injection flow rates are considered for this experimental work with an objective to find the transition where flow fluctuations are able to overcome the restoring buoyant forces. At low flow rates, clearly stratified thermal regimes are observed and a diffuse planar front evolves during the injection experiments. However, at the higher end of the flow rates, thermal fluctuations accompany the stratified interface. This scenario is expected in some of the advanced liquid metal-cooled nuclear reactor designs where these fluctuations can lead to fatigue in adjacent solid structures and can be detrimental for reactor safety. The Gallium Thermal-hydraulic Experiment (GaTE) used for this study was designed with a moving magnet pump to inject gallium at controlled flow rates and a distributed temperature measurement system, based on the principles of Rayleigh back-scattering, to obtain high resolution spatio-temporal data. These capabilities allow the maneuvering and monitoring of the flux Richardson number ( Ri f ), which signifies the transition from planar to fluctuating thermally stratified front. Experimental results exhibit thermal fluctuations near the stratified interface for Ri f ⩽ 1.3 , which is close to the theoretically expected criteria i.e. Ri f = 1 . In terms of the global Richardson number, these liquid gallium experiments show the transition criteria to be Ri 8 .
Leptomeningeal spread of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in a 19-year old woman.

Abstract Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) with brain metastasis is usually seen in patients with advanced disease. Ten percent of metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease involves the brain and spinal cord, most often manifesting as an intracerebral mass or subdural hematoma, and are generally known to be a poor prognostic factor ( Dadlani et al., 2010 ). Leptomeningeal metastases are tremendously rare and not well documented in the literature. A standardized treatment regimen for patients with brain metastases has not been established and is controversial due to a number of multimodal treatments that have been published in the literature without a prospective trial having been completed. We report a case of a patient with gestational trophoblastic disease that metastasized to the lung and leptomeninges, who after treatment with induction chemotherapy using etoposide (E) and cisplatin (P) followed by etoposide, methotrexate and dactinomycin (EMA) chemotherapy achieved a complete response without brain radiation ( Han et al., 2012 ).
A Comparison of 3D Facial Features in a Population from Zimbabwe and United States

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in three-dimensional (3D) facial features in a population from Zimbabwe and the United States. In addition, this study seeks to establish an average facial template of each population allowing clinicians to treat patients according to their cultural esthetic perceptions. Materials and Methods Three hundred one subjects from Zimbabwe and the United States were carefully selected and recruited for the study. Each subject presented with a normal facial profile, no asymmetries, and normal body mass index. The 3D images were captured using the 3dMD cameras. All images were further separated into male and female groups of the respective populations and imported to a dedicated software for analysis. Statistical Analysis The 3D facial images were constructed using Rapidform 6 software to recreate a composite facial average for each group representing a male and female average 3D face of Zimbabwean (Zim) and United States origin. Results The linear measurements showed that the maximum average distance between the Zim-M and Zim-F was 1.24 mm and the minimum distance between the African American (AA)-M and AA-F was 0.24 mm. This was the absolute distance. When the signed linear measurements were taken into consideration, the maximum average distance between Zim-F and AA-M was 1.22 mm and the least average distance between the Zim-M and AA-M was 0.22 mm. The absolute color histograms showed greatest similarity between the Zim-M and AA-M at 58% and the Zim-F had a 25 and 27% similarity with the AA-F and Zim-M, respectively. Conclusion The Zim-F showed the most variable features with a broader face, prominent forehead, and retruded alar base compared with their male counterparts and the Zim-M showed a wider prominent malar/zygomatic region, and prominent lateral supraorbital regions. There was a high similarity of 58% between the Zim-M and the AA-M, with the Zim-M showing a more protrusive superciliary arches, and a lateral zygomatic region tapering to the root of the nose.
IoT: The Interconnection of Smart Cities

A city of the future is an ever-connected, information driven place where every object can have an internet presence. The Internet of Things (IoT) is paving the way for interconnected sensors to be a part of every major device and building we visit. Barriers to growth in these cities stem from slow connectivity, congested signals and a Cloud that needs to keep pace. IoT is the platform for a scalable, unified cloud system that anyone can use to interact with technology all over from the comfort of their home or office. In this short paper, we explore upcoming technologies like 5G and Cloud/Fog Computing to see how a city can benefit from the improved communication ability granted by these systems.
Screening of hot electrons in the ferroelectric semiconductor I n 2 S e 3

In a conventional semiconductor, electrons $(e)$ scatter efficiently with longitudinal-optical phonons $(\mathrm{p}{\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{LO}})$ via the Fr\"ohlich interaction, e.g., in polaron formation or hot-electron cooling. Recent studies on lead halide perovskites have suggested that the Fr\"ohlich interaction may be sufficiently screened by the polar lattice. Here we show that hot-electron cooling in a layered ferroelectric semiconductor $\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{n}}_{2}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_{3}$ slows down by 50% as temperature is increased from 115 to 387 K; this decrease is about four times more than that predicted by the Fr\"ohlich model. We suggest that screening of Fr\"ohlich interaction by polar domains or fluctuations in the ferroelectric semiconductor may be responsible for the reduced $\mathrm{e}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{p}{\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{LO}}$ scattering. Such enhanced screening in polar materials featuring anharmonic lattice instability may also reduce carrier scattering with other charge carriers or with charged defects, leading to improved optoelectronic properties.
Marx-Keynes on involuntary unemployment and alternative labour market indicators

The paper revisits Marx and Keynes' notion of involuntary unemployment and discusses how to account for this phenomenon by developing a series of alternative labour market indicators. Both Marx and Keynes treated the 'reserve army of labour' or 'involuntary unemployment' phenomenon as a consequence of the long-run capital accumulation and as an inevitable outcome of the deficient decentralised capitalist market economy. The goal of this paper is to survey the latest developments in labour force statistics to see whether a series of alternative indicators of labour markets fare well with Marx and Keynes' analysis of involuntary unemployment. The survey in this paper shows that the labour (under-)utilisation framework that the International Labor Office (ILO) has proposed is one of the broadest measures of labour market performance, and that it allows us to examine the relative size and different type of the presence of the reserve army of labour and involuntary unemployment in our contemporary economies.
Parenting as Political Acts of Love and Resistance

Three motherscholars (Matias, 2011) navigating parenting, displacement, and COVID-19 while in a doctoral program, collectively write their narratives on parenting as political forms of love and resistance. Each writer comes from a different space in the world with their own cultural makeup, but common threads weave through their individual stories that demonstrate how parenting is an informal act curated by memories of the past, today’s social and political climates, and the hopes for a better future. Parenting offers those concerned with education as a fundamental human right a way in which to exercise their political voice.
Impact of Timing of Tocilizumab Use in Hospitalized Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) continues to be a global challenge due to the lack of definitive treatment strategies. We sought to determine the efficacy of early administration of anti-interleukin 6 therapy in reducing hospital mortality and progression to mechanical ventilation. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of 11,512 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 who were admitted to a New York health system from March to May 2020. Tocilizumab was administered to subjects at the nasal cannula level of oxygen support to maintain an oxygen saturation of >88%. The Charlson comorbidity index was used as an objective assessment of the burden of comorbidities to predict 10-year mortality. The primary outcome of interest was hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were progression to mechanical ventilation; the prevalence of venous thromboembolism and renal failure; and the change in C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and ferritin levels after tocilizumab administration. Propensity score matching by using a 1:2 protocol was used to match the tocilizumab and non-tocilizumab groups to minimize selection bias. The groups were matched on baseline demographic characteristics, including age, sex, and body mass index; Charlson comorbidity index score; laboratory markers, including ferritin, D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, and C-reactive protein values; and the maximum oxygen requirement at the time of tocilizumab administration. Mortality outcomes were evaluated based on the level of oxygen requirement and the day of hospitalization at the time of tocilizumab administration. RESULTS: The overall hospital mortality was significantly reduced in the tocilizumab group when tocilizumab was administered at the nasal cannula level (10.4% vs 22.0%; P = .002). In subjects who received tocilizumab at the nasal cannula level, the progression to mechanical ventilation was reduced versus subjects who were initially on higher levels of oxygen support (6.3% vs 18.7%; P CONCLUSIONS: Early use of anti-interleukin 6 therapy may be associated with improved hospital mortality and reduction in progression to more severe coronavirus disease 2019.
Neural Flip-Flops II: The Role of Cascaded Oscillators in Short-Term Memory, EEGs, and Epilepsy

By enabling many brain structures9 state changes, the explicit cascaded oscillators proposed here can generate the rhythmic neural activity found in EEGs. The function of such synchronization in information processing systems is timing error avoidance. The narrow requirement for the oscillator input pulse duration suggests a possible relationship to the abnormal electrical activity characteristic of epileptic seizures. Together, flip-flops and synchronization by oscillators suggest a resolution to the longstanding controversy of whether short-term memory depends on neurons firing persistently or in brief, coordinated bursts. The proposed cascade of oscillators consists of a ring oscillator and four toggle flip-flops connected in sequence. The novel oscillator and toggle are composed of three and six neurons, respectively. Their operation depends only on minimal properties of excitatory and inhibitory inputs. The hypothesis that cascaded oscillators produce EEG phenomena implies that the distribution of EEG frequencies is determined by just two parameters, the mean (μd) and standard deviation (σd) of the delay times of neurons that make up the initial oscillators in the cascades. For example, if μd and σd are measured in milliseconds, the boundary separating the alpha and beta frequency bands is 125/{μd + √[(μd)2 + (σd)2ln(4)]} hertz. With 4 and 1.5 ms being the best available estimates for μd and σd, respectively, this predicted boundary value is 14.9 Hz, which is within the range of commonly cited estimates obtained empirically from EEGs. Four and 1.5 ms also accurately predict the peaks and other boundaries of the five major EEG frequency bands.
Conventional and Molecular Cytogenetics in Plasma Cell Neoplasms

Plasma cell neoplasms are clinically and pathologically heterogeneous disorders, due in part to the complexity of their underlying genetic abnormalities. These neoplasms have been studied since the early days of cancer cytogenetics, and as genetic techniques have advanced, so has understanding of the biology of myeloma and its precursor lesions, monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS) and smoldering myeloma (SMM). Evaluation of patients with plasma cell neoplasms now involves multiple genetic tests, the most widely used of which are G-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Newer technologies, such as oligonucleotide- and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based microarray testing and next-generation sequencing, are becoming more widely used and are giving genomic testing an even greater role in risk stratification. A primary goal of genetic testing in plasma cell neoplasms is to identify patients with both high-risk and standard-risk disease: the former, to ensure these patients receive sufficient therapy and/or stem cell transplantation, and the latter, to spare these individuals unnecessarily toxic therapy. Thus, identification of the genetic abnormalities of a patient’s disease is critical to providing individualized targeted therapy.
Data Mining: Concepts and Implementation Issues

Over the last years the interest to extract “information” and “knowledge“ from data collected over time has grown tremendously. Es- pecially in the business area the need to use data from the past to drive the business successful in the future has created the demand to “mine“ data for patterns (i.e. relationships between the data of any form) that could guide future business actions as part of decision support systems. In contrast to verification based methods (like e.g. OLAP), data min- ing methods use discovery as underlying principle. This means, queries against the data are allowed to be less specific, which is why data mining methods have the potential to reveal surprises, unanticipated informa- tion, from the data. But since data mining methods benefit from the redundancy inside the data, for best results any implementation should be able to process large data, large both in the number of rows and in the number of columns.
An efficient algorithm for fault analysis on the basis of artificial intelligence

The author studies the concept of artificial intelligence and applies it to the problem of fault diagnosis for a system which is composed of n independent processors where each processor tests a subset of other processors as given by F.P. Preparata, G. Metze, and R.T. Chien. It is assumed that at most t of these processors are permanently faulty and that the outcome of a test is reliable if and only if the processor which performed the test is fault-free. Using the concept of induction and the method of AND/OR graphing, it is possible that a maximum of 2/sup t/ axioms is needed to identify the faulty and nonfaulty sets of processors. >
Closed chest cardiac resuscitation. One year results.

Abstract The experiences and results of cardiac resuscitation utilizing the technic of closed chest cardiac massage exclusively over a one year period in a general medical and surgical hospital are presented. These cases, whenever possible, were selected at the time of resuscitation on the basis of potential reversibility and salvageability. A total of 49 resuscitations were performed on 30 patients, with 71 per cent being successful. One third of these patients are presently living and well. Poorest long term results were obtained in the group of patients in whom cardiac arrest developed on the basis of coronary heart disease. Specific details regarding etiology, type of arrhythmia, and results are presented. We believe this method of cardiac resuscitation is preferable to open thoracotomy on the basis of its immediate applicability, relative infrequency of serious complications, and the results obtained which compare favorably to previous reported series utilizing open thoracotomy.
Carrier and Doping Density

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Capacitance-Voltage (C-V) Current-Voltage (I-V) Measurement Errors and Precautions Hall Effect Optical Techniques Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) Lateral Profiling Strengths and Weaknesses Appendix 2.1 Parallel or Series Connection? Appendix 2.2 Circuit Conversion References Problems Review Questions
Sequence of the phosphothreonyl regulatory site peptide from inactive maize leaf pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase.

The regulatory site peptide sequence of phosphorylated inactive pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase from maize leaf tissue was determined by automated Edman degradation analysis of 32P-labeled peptides purified by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The overlapping phosphopeptides were products of a digestion of the [beta-32P]ADP-inactivated dikinase with either trypsin or Pronase E. The sequence is Thr-Glu-Arg-Gly-Gly-Met-Thr(P)-Ser-His-Ala-Ala-Val-Val-Ala-Arg. The phosphothreonine residue, which appeared as either an anomalous proline or an unidentifiable phenylthiohydantoin derivative during sequencing, was verified by two-dimensional phosphoamino acid analysis of the phosphopeptides and by resequencing the tryptic peptide after dephosphorylation with exogenous alkaline phosphatase. This sequence, starting at position 4, is completely homologous to the previously published sequence of the tryptic dodecapeptide harboring the catalytically essential (phospho)histidyl residue in the active-site domain of the dikinase from the nonphotosynthetic bacterium, Bacteroides symbiosus (Goss, N.H., Evans, C.T., and Wood, H.G. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 5805-5809). These comparative results indicate that the regulatory phosphothreonine causing complete inactivation of maize leaf dikinase is separated from the critical active-site (phospho)histidine by just one intervening residue in the primary sequence.
Evaluating the Pelletization of 'Pure' and Blended Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstocks

Abstract Due to its low density and poor flowability, raw biomass may not be an economically viable feedstock for the production of biofuels. However, mechanical densification can be employed to improve its viability. In this study, the flow properties (compressibility, shear, and wall friction) of “pure” feedstocks (corn stover, hybrid poplar, switchgrass and Miscanthus ), and feedstock blends, are investigated and compared to measured pelleting energy consumption values. As anticipated, the more compressible materials required lower pelletization energies. Conversely, the less flowable feedstocks (i.e., the materials with higher cohesion and yield strength) were less energy intensive to pellet. In addition, the flowability parameters of the blended materials could be predicted by averaging the measured flow parameters of their pure feedstock constituents. Therefore, only the flow characteristics of the pure feedstocks need to be directly measured, while the flowability of a blended feedstock with a known blend ratio can be accurately inferred. A model was also developed to calculate the required pressure to pellet a particular feedstock, pure or blended, based on its flowability parameters (namely compressibility and wall friction). Strong correlation was observed between the measured pelleting energy consumption and the predicted pelleting pressure values. This newly developed model allows for a material's pelleting feasibility to be assessed without having to physically pelletize the material.
The Role of International Accounting Standards in Transitional Economies: A Study of the People's Republic of China

This paper examines the usefulness of International Accounting Standards (IAS) in a transitional economy, the People's Republic of China (PRC). Using a sample of firms that provide financial reports under both IAS and more rigid local PRC standards, we conclude that information produced using IAS is no more useful than that prepared using Chinese standards. First, there is no difference in the explanatory power of IAS and PRC accruals for future cash flows. Second, for stocks that can only be owned by international investors, IAS and PRC earnings and accruals have a similar association with annual stock returns. Finally, for stocks that can be owned only by domestic investors, PRC earnings have a higher relation with annual stock returns than IAS earnings. We argue that one explanation for the failure of IAS data to dominate PRC data is the absence of effective controls and infrastructure in China to monitor the additional reporting judgment available to managers under IAS.
The migrational patterns and developmental fates of glial precursors in the rat subventricular zone are temporally regulated

Postnatal gliogenesis in the rodent forebrain was studied by infecting subventricular zone cells of either neonates or juvenile rats with replication-deficient retroviruses that encode reporter enzymes, enabling the migration and fate of these germinal zone cells to be traced over the ensuing several weeks. Neither neonatal nor juvenile subventricular zone cells migrated substantially along the rostral-caudal axis. Neonatal subventricular zone cells migrated dorsally and laterally into hemispheric gray and white matter and became both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Juvenile subventricular zone cells migrated into more medial areas of the subcortical white matter and on occasion appeared in the white matter of the contralateral hemisphere, but rarely migrated into the neocortex. Juvenile subventricular zone cells almost exclusively differentiated into oligodendrocytes. Thus, the migratory patterns and the developmental fates of subventricular zone cells change during the first 2 weeks of life. When either neonatal or juvenile subventricular zone cells were labeled in vivo and then removed and cultured, some generated homogeneous clones that contained either astrocytes with a 'type 1' phenotype or oligodendrocytes, but some generated heterogeneous clones that contained both glial types. These results provide additional evidence for a common progenitor for astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and strongly suggest that temporally and spatially regulated environmental signals control the destiny of glial progenitors during postnatal development.
Comparison between visible and near-IR flame spectra from natural gas-fired furnace for blackbody temperature measurements

This paper reports the results from investigating the feasibility of calculating flame temperature from a natural gas-fired furnace based on blackbody radiation in the visible spectral range. If successful, the visible spectral range would provide data for multi-task applications such as emission line analysis and temperature calculation simultaneously. A probe containing a lens connected to the fiber-optic cables is inserted into the furnace and pointed towards the flame. Spectral intensity data are fed back to a spectrometer and then to a monitoring computer. The approach is first applied to various furnace types using the visible range to establish a baseline for the technique. The results for temperature calculations in the visible range are then compared with those taken in the near-IR (NIR) range under the same conditions. This comparison indicates that temperatures calculated from visible region could be as accurate as the one obtained from NIR region. Challenges associated with this technique are also discussed.
Capture-to-Fission Ratios for Fast Neutrons in U 235

The ratio $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{f}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}$ is the neutron capture cross section and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{f}$ the neutron-induced fission cross section, has been measured for ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ as a function of neutron energy. A pulsed and collimated neutron beam is passed through a ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ sample at the center of a large liquid scintillator. Captures and fissions are detected by means of their prompt gamma rays; elastic and inelastic scattering events are ignored because of smaller pulse heights. Fissions are distinguished from captures by means of delayed pulses from the capture of thermalized fission neutrons. It is found that in the neutron energy range ${E}_{n}=0.175 \mathrm{to} 1.0$ Mev the value of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is given approximately by $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.190\ensuremath{-}0.116{E}_{n}$. The accuracy of the determination of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is 10 to 15% in terms of the standard deviation of individual points.
Food Utilization, Ingestion, and Growth of Larvae of the Bollworm1 and Tobacco Budworm on Diets Containing Gossypol

An experimental line of Upland cotton containing 1.7% gossypol was utilized less efficiently by the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), than a standard line containing 0.5% gossypol. Also, when gossypol was incorporated into the normal bollworm diet, it caused a decrease in the food utilization of bollworm larvae but had no effect on the utilization of tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.), though larval weights were suppressed in tobacco budworms fed a gossypol diet. Food consumption by tobacco budworm larvae decreased with increasing gossypol.
The Risk of Penicillin Reactions

Excerpt From the attention given to penicillin allergy in recent medical literature, one might conclude that using the drug has become a risky business. Actually, there is no evidence that the risk...
A compact low-power 3D I/O in 45nm CMOS

Three-dimensional (3D) silicon integration technology, featuring thinned die-to-die bonding and through-silicon-via (TSV) interconnections, enables dense local chip-to-chip interconnect [1]. With potentially thousands of multi-Gb/s I/O, support for tens of Tb/s data bandwidth between local chips can be enabled by 3D integration technology, but this ultra-high bandwidth will only be achieved if area and power efficiency challenges for 3D I/O are met. Because 3D interconnect offers reduced loading and hence improved signal integrity as compared to traditional inter-chip channels, 3D cross-chip I/O does not require complex, power-hungry equalization schemes. Reduced swing approaches offer a path to further power reduction for 3D I/O, but the receivers for low-swing schemes are typically complex and consume large area and power [2–3]. This paper addresses this problem, presenting a compact, low-power 3D cross-chip I/O composed of a low-swing Tx and a gated-diode sense-amplifier-based Rx.
The role of primary caregiver vocabulary knowledge in the development of bilingual children's vocabulary skills.

Purpose The present study examined the impact of environmental factors (socioeconomic status [SES], the percent of language exposure to English and to Spanish, and primary caregivers' vocabulary kn...
Wisconsin Twin Research: Early Development, Childhood Psychopathology, Autism, and Sensory Over-responsivity

The Wisconsin Twin Research Program comprises multiple longitudinal studies that utilize a panel recruited from statewide birth records for the years 1989 through 2004. Our research foci are the etiology and developmental course of early emotions, temperament, childhood anxiety and impulsivity, autism, sensory over-responsivity, and related topics. A signature feature of this research program is the breadth and depth of assessment during key periods of development. The assessments include extensive home- and laboratory-based behavioral batteries, recorded sibling and caregiver interactions, structured psychiatric interviews with caregivers and adolescents, observer ratings of child behavior, child self-report, cognitive testing, neuroendocrine measures, medical records, dermatoglyphics, genotyping, and neuroimaging. Across the various studies, testing occasions occurred between 3 months and 18 years of age. Data collection for some aspects of the research program has concluded and, for other aspects, longitudinal follow-ups are in progress.
Beneficial use of effluents, wastes, and biosolids

Anthropogenic wastes are accumulating at ever increasing rates. As an alternative to stockpiling and landfilling, land application of wastes is considered in terms of benefits to agriculture while protecting the environment. Beneficial reuse of wastes such as municipal wastewater, sewage sludge, animal manures, composts, byproduct gypsum, food processing and paper and pulp wastes are discussed both in terms of their benefits to agriculture and requirements from the standpoint of analyses required for monitoring. Clearly, many of these wastes are highly beneficial to crop production as fertilizer substitutes and soil ameliorants.
Causes of state hostility and enjoyment in player versus player and player versus environment video games.

Video games have been under scholarly study since the 1980s, but few studies have blended the research areas of video games and aggression and video game enjoyment. This article seeks to determine how certain game play factors affect hostility, enjoyment, and the relationship between the 2 variables. A total of 289 students played games in player-versus-player (PvP) and player-versus-environment (PvE) situations. Findings indicate that outcome, competitive situation, and genre interact in their influence on state hostility and enjoyment. Results suggest that in some cases, game players are able to enjoy games despite negative experiences, such as losing, but players in PvP situations experience enjoyment-reducing levels of hostility, contrary to P. Vorderer et al.'s (2004) complex entertainment model.
Indexing for efficient processing of noise-free queries

A typical query image contains not only relevant objects, but also irrelevant image areas. The latter, referred to as noise, has limited the effectiveness of existing image retrieval systems. In this paper, we propose a technique that allows users to define arbitrary-shaped queries out of example images. We present a new similarity model, and introduce an indexing technique for this new environment. Our query model is more expressive than the standard query-by-example. The user can draw a contour around a number of objects to specify spatial (relative distance) and scaling (relative size) constraints among them, or use separate contours to disassociate these objects. Our experimental results confirm that traditional approaches, such as Local Color Histogram and Correlogram, suffer from noisy queries. In contrast, our method can leverage arbitrary-shaped queries to offer significantly better performance. This is achieved using only a fraction of the storage overhead required by the other two techniques.