cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature-dependent adsorption of hydrogen, deuterium, and neon on porous Vycor glass

Adsorption isotherms of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, and Ne have been measured in the temperature range from 15 K to the corresponding critical points in samples of porous Vycor glass. From the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory the surface layer coverages are determined. These are found to be temperature dependent. A model-independent approach allows us to fit the data for coverages ranging from submonolayer to thin film, below capillary condensation, for each adsorbate at all temperatures with a temperature-independent curve. This characteristic curve represents the distribution of adsorption sites versus the adsorption potential. In the intermediate coverage range, the isotherms exhibit the modified Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) behavior. The adsorption saturates for low-adsorption potentials. The characteristic curve is a useful universal curve since it is roughly the same for the three species investigated. We examine the relative strengths of the surface potentials and densities of the two isotopic modifications of hydrogen and of the more classical Ne adsorbed on porous Vycor glass. The characteristic adsorption curve is compared with results from two models for the adsorbate: Dubinin's isotherm for microporous solids and its extension to rough surfaces which places importance on the porosity of the surface, and Halsey's model, which is an extension of the FHH isotherm that takes into account the long-range variations of substrate adsorption potential.
The synthesis and properties of a functional fluorescent cholesterol analog

Abstract The synthesis of a new fluorescent cholesterol analog is described. The analog contains a cholesterol nucleus attached via a hydrophilic spacer to N-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. Since the cholesterol moiety is not perturbed this molecule probably interacts with lipid bilayers in much the same way as cholesterol itself does. The compound can be readily incorporated into small unilamellar vesicles by sonicating a mixture of it with egg yolk phosphatidylcholine in a buffer. Furthermore, the analog can be incorporated into preformed membranes either by exchange from vesicles containing the analog or by uptake from sonicated micelles of the analog. Thus this analog shows potential as a useful tool for studying the interactions of cholesterol with cell membranes.
Exergetic efficiency as a basis for durability analysis and prognosis

Abstract The present paper provides a thermodynamic foundation and interpretation of the concept of exergetic efficiency. The interpretation focuses on solid oxide fuel cell behavior, specifically the impedance of SOFCs as an indicator of exergetic efficiency. Subsequently, that concept is extended to the consideration of changes in response during long-term operation, resulting in a discussion of the possible use of exergetic efficiency with the interpretation in terms of impedance as a method of prognosis of expected performance based on observed impedance changes.
Simulation and analysis of noise associated with muzzle flow

A numerical study of a muzzle blast flow-field is performed and analyzed to understand the evolution of flow structures and to examine the sound wave generation mechanisms in the near field. The analysis of vortex dynamics based on the vorticity transport equation shows that the dilatation term contributes more than the baroclinic term to vorticity generation and deformation. The motion of the vortex structures is found to be similar in the cases studied here: the main vortex formation, additional vortex generation and their interactions. The Helmholtz decomposition and acoustic perturbation equations are used to analyze the sound generation mechanism in the muzzle flow. The most significant sound source term is identified and the dominant sound generation phenomenon is shown to occur near the vortex ring region and not in the shocked jet flow.
Molecular mechanisms of cancer cell-cell interactions: Cell-cell adhesion-dependent signaling in the tumor microenvironment

This issue focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which cell-cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment lead to phenotypic changes that result in cancer progression including alterations in cell lineage, migration, invasion and metastasis. Tumors are heterotypic collections of many cell types including cancer stem cells, progeny tumor cells, stromal cells, and inflammatory cells all of which can communicate with one another via adhesive cell-cell contacts within the tumor microenvironment. Cancer stem cells interact with other cells in the tumor microenvironment to generate signals via cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that control both cell survival and lineage. For example, cancer stem cells generate progeny tumor cells with different repertoires of cell-cell adhesion molecules allowing for distinct cell-cell interactions. In some cases this results in the generation of progeny tumor cells that are highly migratory, partly due to the specific array of cell-cell CAMs that they express. In addition, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which occurs as some cells become tumorigenic, takes place in response to changes in adhesion molecule expression and stability. EMT is proposed to promote a migratory switch in previously adherent epithelial cells to generate motile and invasive mesenchymal-like tumor cells. Finally, changes in cell-cell CAM function also lead to a mesenchymal to epithelial (MET) lineage conversion in which a migratory cell switches to an adherent cell capable of colonizing metastases via cell-cell interactions. Together, cell-cell CAMs regulate the ability of a multiplicity of cell types to establish the unique niche called the tumor microenvironment to promote cancer progression.
Serological Studies on Protozoa. I. Antigens Related to Developmental Stages of Colpoda maupasi

SYNOPSIS. Rabbit antisera to trophic and resting cyst stages of C. maupasi were analyzed by absorption and cross absorption with trophic and resting cyst antigens. The trophic form gave rise to immobilizing and agglutinating antisera of high titer, whereas the cyst stage gave rise to immobilizing and agglutinating antisera of lower titer. The cyst antiserum also stimulated the formation of a gelatinous membrane around some of the immobilized organisms. Both antisera had their effect against the trophic form; the cyst stage was not visibly affected. Two antigenic components were demonstrated in the resting cyst stage, one shared in common with the trophic stage, which gave rise to an immobilizing and agglutinating antibody, and a second antigen present only in the cyst, yielding a lytic antibody. The lytic antibody was revealed only after absorption of the immobilizing antibody component from the cyst antiserum. The recombination of immobilizing and agglutinating antibodies with lytic antibody revealed a reciprocal linear relationship, i.e., the lytic activity was more pronounced as the immobilizing titer decreased. The two antibody components when combined in a ratio of approximately 3:1 (immobilizing to lytic antibody), inhibited lysis and duplicated the immobilizing and gelatinous membrane formation observed for the unabsorbed cyst antisera.
Effects of aerodynamic torque on an asymmetric, gravity-stabilized satellite.

The dynamics of a satellite influenced by gravitational and aerodynamic torques are investigated. The satellite is assumed to be rigid and asymmetric with respect to both its geometrical shape and its mass properties, but to have a plane of geometric symmetry containing the mass center. A circular orbit is assumed, and the atmospheric density is taken to be constant. The equations of motion are stationary, nonlinear differential equations. A linearized, infinitesimal analysis is used to study the stability of the equilibrium solutions. It is shown that in the absence of damping the motion is unstable. It is also shown that, for a body with an axis of geometric symmetry with the center of mass on the axis, the equilibrium solution is infinitesimally stable.
Light emission from self-assembled microstructures of phenylenevinylene polymers with dendritic side-groups

Summary form only given. Fundamental excitations in light-emitting polymers are of interest for their underlying photophysics and potential applications in light-emitting diodes. The fluorescence from light-emitting polymers is strongly influenced by aggregation of the polymer backbone, since aggregation provides a pathway for the excitation of inter-chain exciters. Polymer thin-films produced by standard spin-coating techniques suffer from a high degree of aggregation as indicated by their red-shifted fluorescence and a strong increase of the fluorescence lifetime. Thus, a better control of the film formation that would allow to influence the degree of aggregation or direct the formation of aggregates is highly desirable. Self-assembly of polymer structures presents a potential solution to this problem. Self-assembled molecular structures formed from organic light-emitting polymers have potential applications as laser materials or device materials for optical telecommunication.
Recovery of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in ultraviolet-light-exposed bacteria☆

Studies of the effects of chloramphenicol on induced mutation and on nucleic acid synthesis in synchronized cultures of Esoherichia coli exposed to ultraviolet light demonstrated that a relation exists between the amount of postirradiation RNA which has been synthesized at the time of chloramphenicol addition and the relative rate of DNA synthesis in the presence of chloramphenicol. These studies were extended to log phase cultures of E. coli strain B/r, and experimental results are described which suggest that the recovery of cellular capacity for DNA synthesis (involving the synthesis of RNA and protein) is related to the institution of a rate limiting component of the postirradiation DNA synthetic systsm. The results further show that the presence of chloramphenicol after ultraviolet exposure does not limit the amount of DNA formed as is the case with unirradiated cells. (auth)
A review of social and behavioral efforts at oral cancer preventions in India.

Background. Oral cancer is a major public health problem in South-Central Asia, home to one fifth of the world's population. In most regions of India, it is the most common cancer in men and the third most common cancer in women. Prevention is an effective tool to reduce disease burden on society and may offer particular advantages in developing countries. Methods. The primary and secondary oral cancer prevention efforts in India were reviewed and presented. In addition, the scope of the oral cancer problem and the tobacco industry in India are discussed, and the chief etiologies in the region are summarized. Results and Conclusions. The effectiveness of these prevention efforts provides an excellent social/behavioral model for similar programs in other developing countries. Furthermore, similar programs may also be applicable to certain populations in schools or industries in the developed world. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck26: 937–944, 2004
Hybrid System Identification for MIMO Control-System Design

Abstract Herein a method of hybrid frequency domain and state space system identification is developed, tested and implemented. A frequency domain least squares system identification algorithm, along with a coherence function technique for eliminating noisy data is used to sequentially develop discrete single-input, multiple-output (SIMO) transfer function models between each input and the outputs. From the transfer function models, difference equations are obtained. Using the difference equations, discrete impulse responses between each input and each output are computed. These impulse responses are then processed by a state space system identification technique to create a minimum order state space multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) model. This process is illustrated on a controls-structures interaction platform called Flexlab.
Potential Effect of Soybean Heliotropism on Ultraviolet-B Irradiance and Dose

Assessing the potential for decreases in crop yield due to stratospheric ozone loss and concomitant increases in ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation requires knowledge of the characteristics of UVB irradiance above and within crops and the sensitivity of crops to the detrimental effects of the irradiance. Evaluations of the tolerance of many crops to increases in UVB irradiance have been made. The tolerance or intolerance of a crop to UVB irradiance is in part a result of physical characteristics of the plant. This study evaluated both the distribution of irradiance and the effects of plant leaf heliotropic movement of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] cultivars on the irradiance received on the leaf surface. Measurements of the above-canopy UVB irradiance on planes having a wide range of slope and aspect were made under cloud-free skies in a soybean field during the summer of 1990. Results showed that the relative irradiance was strongly dependent on the leaf inclination angle and could be modeled by a simple function having a relative irradiance accuracy of 0.14 (root mean square error); with greater model error at small incidence angles to the sun than at large incidence angles. The developed model was then used to evaluate the influence of heliotropy on the UVB dose received on the terminal leaflet. These results suggest that heliotropy in the leaflet acts to reduce irradiance. Since the more tolerant soybean cultivars appear to orient leaflets away from the sun, results suggest that the classification of UVB tolerance may be due in part to the capacity for paraheliotropic response reducing the UVB radiation received.
Semiconductor quantum wells: old technology or new device functionalities

The introduction of semiconductor quantum wells in the 1970s created a revolution in optoelectronic devices. A large fraction of today's lasers and light emitting diodes are based on quantum wells. It has been more than 30 years but novel ideas and new device functions have recently been demonstrated using quantum well heterostructures. This paper provides a brief overview of the subject and then focuses on the physics of quantum wells that the lead author believes holds the key to new device functionalities. The data and figures contained within are not new. They have been assembled from 30 years of work. They are presented to convey the story of why quantum wells continue to fuel the engine that drives the semiconductor optoelectronic business. My apologies in advance to my students and co-workers that contributed so much that could not be covered in such a short manuscript. The explanations provided are based on the simplest models possible rather than the very sophisticated mathematical models that have evolved over many years. The intended readers are those involved with semiconductor optoelectronic devices and are interested in new device possibilities.
“Planning with People”: Urban Renewal in Boston’s Washington Park, 1950-1970

This article examines urban renewal in Washington Park, a 502-acre area in the Roxbury section of Boston, the heart of the Black community, that the city made the center of its residential urban re...
Menstrual cycle phase and psychiatric admissions.

Abstract Several surveys have demonstrated increased psychiatric admissions during the para-menstrual phases of the menstrual cycle (4–5 days before and during the onset of menses). We assessed menstrual cycle phase in 51 carefully diagnosed women at the time of emergency psychiatric admission and contrasted their cycle phase distribution with 113 normal hospital staff members assessed at random upon arrival at work. Consistent with other studies, 47% of psychiatric admissions occured during the para-menstrual phase in contrast to 22% of staff controls (X2=9.27; df=1; P=0.002). Within the group of psychiatric patients, 33.3% of admissions occured within 4 days of the onset of menses (X2=12.45; df=6; P=0.052). There were no significant phase differences found between major depressive and schizophrenic patients, between acutely suicidal and non-suicidal patients, and no significant correlation was noted with depression rating scales. Thus, it appears that menstrual cycle entrainment and associated late luteal phase biological changes may have additive effects which are sufficient to exacerbate the expression of psychiatric disorder in vulnerable patients, independent of their diagnosis.
Audio based brain computer interfacing for neurological assessment of fatigue

Many professions place significant mental and/or physical strain on their workers. Some professionals such as firefighters, soldiers, and pilots have an inherent responsibility for the safety of others. Making sure that workers in these professions remain fit for duty is an important health/safety concern for the workers and those they serve. This paper explores the viability of using a Brain-Computer Interfacing (BCI) system that utilizes an audio based non-invasive method for assessing alertness. Specifically, evoked potentials are generated in response to audio and visual stimuli. Variation in the response characteristics with competing distraction stimuli present has been explored. Preliminary data suggest that an audio based evoked potential evaluation system would be appropriate for real time monitoring of a person's fatigue status.
Food Insecurity in Relation to Changes in Hemoglobin A1c, Self-Efficacy, and Fruit/Vegetable Intake During a Diabetes Educational Intervention

OBJECTIVEd Food insecurity is hypothesized to make diabetes self-management more difficult. We conducted a longitudinal assessment of food insecurity with several diabetes self-care measures. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSdWe conducted a secondary, observational analysis of 665 low-income patients with diabetes, all of whom received self-management support as part of a larger diabetes educational intervention. We analyzed baseline food insecurity (measuredbytheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureFoodSecuritymodule)inrelationtochangesin hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) as well as self-reported diabetes self-efficacy and daily fruit and vegetable intake. We examined longitudinal differences using generalized estimating equation linear regression models, controlling for time, age, sex, race, income, and intervention arm. RESULTSdOverall,57% of thesample hadanincome,$15,000.Participantswho were food insecure (33%) were younger, had less income, and were more likely to be unemployed compared with participants who were food secure. At baseline, those who were food insecure had higher mean HbA1c values (8.4% vs. 8.0%) and lower self-efficacy and fruit and vegetable intake than those who were food secure (all P , 0.05). Compared with food-secure individuals, participants who were food insecure had significantly greater improvements in HbA1c over time (0.38% decrease comparedwith 0.01% decrease;Pvalue for interaction,0.05) as well asinselfefficacy (P value for interaction ,0.01). There was no significant difference in HbA1c by food security status at follow-up. CONCLUSIONSdParticipants experiencing food insecurity had poorer diabetes-related measures at baseline but made significant improvements in HbA1candself-efficacy. Low-income patients who were food insecure may be particularly receptive to diabetes self-management support, even if interventions are not explicitly structured to address finances or food security challenges. Diabetes Care 36:1448–1453, 2013
Conformal anomalies revisited: closed form effective actions in D≥4

We present closed-form coordinate invariant effective actions, for both types of Weyl anomalies, in all D ≥ 4 that vary into the respective anomalies and confirm that their nonlocalities match (as they must) the underlying diagrammatics. In particular, despite contrary appearances, generalized Polyakov form type A actions both yield the correct anomalies and reproduce the lowest order pole structure. However, already to lowest order, these actions cannot be obtained from integrating out a physically acceptable local compensating field action. For type B, a previous candidate with the wrong analytic behavior indeed fails to vary properly. Instead, correct type B actions are given that reflects their UV origin and logarithmic scale dependence; they are constructed in terms of novel Weyl invariant tensor operators.
A generalized software system for non-linear analysis☆

Abstract The implementation of generalized FEM software has progressed to a stage where maintainability, expandability, and reliability are features of major importance. Software virtual computing systems are a way to significantly reduce the effort related to developing FEM codes while at the same time providing a mechanism to achieve these and other desirable features. FINITE is an example of what can be done with a small staff and a good system nucleus.
Estimating Compaction of Cohesive Soils from Machine Drive Power

To evaluate roller-integrated machine drive power (MDP) technology for predicting the compaction parameters of cohesive soils considering the influences of soil type, moisture content, and lift thickness on machine power response, a field study was conducted with 15-m test strips using three cohesive soils and several nominal moisture contents. Test strips were compacted using a prototype CP-533 static padfoot roller with integrated MDP technology and tested using various in situ compaction measurement devices. To characterize the roller machine-soil interaction, soil testing focused on measuring compaction parameters for the compaction layer. Variation in both MDP and in situ measurements was observed and attributed to inherent variability of the compaction layer and measurement errors. Considering the controlled operations to create relatively uniform conditions of the test strips, measurement variability observed in this study establishes a baseline for acceptable variation in production operations using MDP technology in cohesive soils. Predictions of in situ compaction measurements from MDP were found to be highly correlated when moisture content and MDP-moisture interaction terms were incorporated into regression models.
N fertilization effects on denitrification and N cycling in an aggrading forest.

We investigated N cycling and denitrification rates following five years of N and dolomite amendments to whole-tree harvested forest plots at the long-term soil productivity experiment in the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia, USA. We hypothesized that changes in soil chemistry and nutrient cycling induced by N fertilization would increase denitrification rates and the N2O:N2 ratio. Soils from the fertilized plots had a lower pH (2.96) than control plots (3.22) and plots that received fertilizer and dolomite (3.41). There were no significant differences in soil % Co r%N between treatments. Chloroform-labile microbial biomass carbon was lower in fertilized plots compared to control plots, though this trend was not significant. Extractable soil NO3 � was elevated in fertilized plots on each sample date. Soil- extractable NH4 þ ,N O 3 � , pH, microbial biomass carbon, and %C varied significantly by sample date suggesting important seasonal patterns in soil chemistry and N cycling. In particular, the steep decline in extractable NH4 þ during the growing season is consistent with the high N demands of a regenerating forest. Net N mineralization and nitrification also varied by date but were not affected by the fertilization and dolomite treatments. In a laboratory experiment, denitrification was stimulated by NO3 � additions in soils collected from all field plots, but this effect was stronger in soils from the unfertilized control plots, suggesting that chronic N fertilization has partially alleviated a NO3 � limitation on denitrification rates. Dextrose stimulated denitrification only in the whole-tree-harvest soils. Denitrification enzyme activity varied by sample date and was elevated in fertilized plots for soil collected in July 2000 and June 2001. There were no detectable treatment effects on N2 Oo r N 2 flux from soils under anaerobic conditions, though there was strong temporal variation. These results suggest that whole-tree harvesting has altered the N status of these soils so they are less prone to N saturation than more mature forests. It is likely that N losses associated with the initial harvest and high N demand by aggrading vegetation is minimizing, at least temporarily, the amount of inorganic N available for nitrification and denitrification, even in the fertilized plots in this experiment.
Nonlinear Control Design of a Hypersonic Aircraft Using Sum-of-Squares Method

The main focus of this paper is on developing a nonlinear controller for a hypersonic aircraft using the sum-of- squares (SOS) approach. In particular, the longitudinal dynamics of the aircraft are studied using time-scale decomposition, where the fast dynamics consist of the pitch rate dynamics and the slow dynamics include the rest of the states. For the slow dynamics, the SOS technique is applied for control design, which uses the pilot commanded altitude and velocity as inputs to derive engine throttle and a commanded pitch rate. The SOS controller is designed by following recent results on the dual problem of the Lyapunov theorem, which allows the joint search of a Lyapunov function and a nonlinear controller using semidefinite programs. Then, the commanded pitch rate derived from the slow dynamics is fed into the fast dynamics and a simple inversion of the pitch rate dynamics is used to derive the elevator deflection. Simulation results are presented to evaluate the stability and performance of the controller, as well as the robustness with respect to the parameter uncertainties in aerodynamic coefficients. The results are also compared with those generated by a controller designed using nonlinear dynamics inversion (NDI) for both time scales.
Super-Resolution of Facial Images in Video with Expression Changes

Super-resolution (SR) of facial images from video suffers from facial expression changes. Most of the existing SR algorithms for facial images make an unrealistic assumption that the ?perfect? registration has been done prior to the SR process. However, the registration is a challenging task for SR with expression changes. This paper proposes a new method for enhancing the resolution of low-resolution (LR) facial image by handling the facial image in a non-rigid manner. It consists of global tracking, local alignment for precise registration and SR algorithms. A B-spline based resolution aware incremental free form deformation (RAIFFD) model is used to recover a dense local non-rigid flow field. In this scheme, low-resolution image model is explicitly embedded in the optimization function formulation to simulate the formation of low resolution image. The results achieved by the proposed approach are significantly better as compared to the SR approaches applied on the whole face image without considering local deformations. The results are also compared with two state-of-the-art SR algorithms to show the effectiveness of the approach in super-resolving facial images with local expression changes.
Regulation and Mechanism of Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Synthetase: Repression by End Products

Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase participates in the biosynthesis in bacteria of purine nucleotides, pyrimidine nucleotides, tryptophan, and histidine. The regulation of the synthesis of PRPP synthetase in Salmonella typhimurium was studied. Addition of end products to the growth medium, singly or in combination, resulted in small decreases in the specific activity of PRPP synthetase, but levels of the enzyme were never decreased to less than half of those found when the bacteria were grown on minimal medium. Growth of the bacteria on several different carbon sources or starvation for phosphate had little effect on the specific activity of PRPP synthetase. Over-production of histidine in a histidine regulatory mutant, which would be expected to result in a depletion of intracellular PRPP pools, did not alter PRPP synthetase specific activity. PRPP synthetase levels were examined in auxotrophic strains of S. typhimurium that had been starved for the end products of PRPP. In each case derepression of an enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for the limiting end product was demonstrated. However, only alterations in the levels of pyrimidine bases in the culture medium brought about derepression and repression of PRPP synthetase. Excess pyrimidines do not completely repress the enzyme. Deprivation of exponentially growing cells for pyrimidines by growth of an auxotrophic mutant on media containing orotic acid, which enters the cells slowly, resulted in a 10-fold derepression of PRPP synthetase. Derepression of PRPP synthetase during uracil starvation was prevented by chloramphenicol. The PRPP synthetase activities of extracts from repressed and derepressed cells responded in identical fashion to heat inactivation, cellulose acetate electrophoresis at several pH values, and in kinetic experiments.
Bridging the Gap: Enabling CBIR in Medical Applications

Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) for medical images has received a significant research interest over the past decade as a promising approach to address the data management challenges posed by the rapidly increasing volume of medical image data in use. Articles published in the literature detail the benefits and present impressive results to substantiate potential impact of the technology. However, the benefits have yet to make it to mainstream clinical, biomedical research, or educational use. No major commercial software tools are available for use in medical imaging products, although several are available for commercial stock photo collections. CBIR has had some success in isolated instances in applications on limited data sets addressing specialized medical problems and at biomedical research laboratories and hospitals that are tightly coupled with software developers. This article explores some possible causes of this "gap" in the lack of translation of research into widespread biomedical use and provides some directions to alleviate the problem.
Tumor-suppressing Function of Caspase-2 Requires Catalytic Site Cys-320 and Site Ser-139 in Mice

The multifunctional caspase-2 protein is involved in apoptosis, NF-κB regulation, and tumor suppression in mice. However, the mechanisms of caspase-2 responsible for tumor suppression remain unclear. Here we identified two sites of caspase-2, the catalytic Cys-320 site and the Ser-139 site, to be important for suppression of cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. Using SV40- and K-Ras-transformed caspase-2 KO mouse embryonic fibroblast cells reconstituted with expression of wild-type, catalytic dead (C320A), or Ser-139 (S139A) mutant caspase-2, we demonstrated that similar to caspase-2 deficiency, when Cys-320 and Ser-139 were mutated, caspase-2 lost its ability to inhibit cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. These mutant cells exhibited enhanced cell proliferation, elevated clonogenic activity, accelerated anchorage-independent growth, and transformation and were highly tumorigenic, rapidly producing large tumors in athymic nude mice. Investigation into the underlying mechanism showed that these two residues are needed for caspase-2 to suppress NF-κB activity, promote apoptosis, and sustain the G2/M checkpoint following DNA damage induction. In addition, tumors in nude mice derived from the two mutant cell lines had higher constitutive NF-κB activity and elevated expression of NF-κB targets of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-xL, XIAP, and cIAP2. A reduction in caspase-2 mRNA was associated with multiple types of cancers in patients. Together, these observations suggest the combined functions of caspase-2 in suppressing NF-κB activation, promoting apoptosis, and sustaining G2/M checkpoint contribute to caspase-2 tumor-suppressing function and that caspase-2 may also impact tumor suppression in humans. These findings provide insight into tumor suppression at the cross-roads of apoptosis, cell cycle checkpoint, and NF-κB pathways.
Fast All-Metal Six-Inch Valve

A stainless steel, six-inch valve capable of closing in approximately 10 milliseconds has been developed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. The valve will be automatically and remotely operable, allowing it to be used in the SLAC beam switchyard area where high radiation levels will prohibit personnel access. The problems of triggering mechanical release, valve gate acceleration and deceleration, and vacuum sealing without elastomers appear to be solved. The knowledge gained relating to this type of gate valve predicts the future design of a valve with a 24-inch opening, capable of operating in time intervals of five to six milliseconds.
Partnership concurrency status and condom use among women diagnosed with Trichomonas vaginalis.

Introduction and Background Partner concurrency increases the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as Trichomonas vaginalis . Women diagnosed with T. vaginalis have a 2- to 3-fold higher risk of acquiring the human immunodeficiency virus and developing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Goals We sought to describe partnership concurrency (multiple sexual partners during the same time period) and condom use among women diagnosed with T. vaginalis , and to compare reports of concurrency between matched female and male dyads. Methods A baseline interview on partnership status and condom use was administered to women diagnosed with T. vaginalis at a public sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinic. A male partner substudy was also conducted. Seventy-three dyads were matched by unique identifier and female and male responses were compared. Results The participants were 319 African American women and 10 white women aged 15–40 years ( N = 329). Almost three fourths (72.3%) had only 1 partner over a 3-month period, compared with more than one fourth (27.7%) with ≥2 partners. Regular condom use was low (16.4%), especially with regular partners (9.1%). In the matched substudy, men reported significantly higher rates of concurrency than women (47.3% vs. 23.0%; p ≤ .002). Men who practiced concurrency were not significantly more likely than other men to use condoms with regular partners. Conclusions Women seldom used condoms with their regular male partners and these partners had significantly higher rates of concurrency and low rates of condom use. Women may underestimate the risk of acquiring STI from regular partners. Counseling strategies should include the risk of being infected with STDs such as trichomonas by regular partners as well as by casual partners in the absence of condom use.
Harry Truman and the Struggle for Racial Justice. By Robert Shogan. (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2013. Pp. xi, 233. $34.95.)

In his final work after a long career as a political writer, Robert Shogan (who died at age eighty‐three soon after this book's publication) makes the argument that President Harry S. Truman has no...
Inclusion of peripheral circuit elements in the design synthesis of slanted array compressors

The use of a self-consistent adjustment of the local acoustic beamwidth in the design of slanted array compressors (SACs) is effective for the case of wide bandwidth, moderate to high time-bandwidth (TB) product devices. Difficulty arises in the design of devices of relatively small fractional bandwidth and low TB product, in particular, when spectral weighting is also required. A solution to this difficulty requires the inclusion of predetermined peripheral circuit elements during design synthesis. This effects a different distribution among the various loss factors, and reduces the burden of beamwidth adjustment, thus alleviating the need for extreme source contour incline angle and curvature. Several peripheral circuit types are considered for the design of an 8% fractional bandwidth, 50 TB product, weighted L-band SAC pulse compressor. These include a single shunt resistive element, and a shunt resistor with a shunt capacitor. A post-fabrication selectable on-chip printed resistor is discussed. Results from devices achieving 26-dB midband insertion loss and greater than 26-dB suppression of the compressed pulse time sidelobes are shown. >
Neuro-dynamic programming based on self-organized patterns

This paper introduces a real-time learning control mechanism, as a robust and efficient scheme of neuro-dynamic programming. The objective of the learning controller is to optimize a certain performance measure by learning to create appropriate control actions through interacting with the environment. The controller is set out to learn to perform better over time starting with no prior knowledge about the system. The system under consideration does not render a complete system model describing its behaviors. Instead, real-time sampled measurements are available to the designer. The state measurements are first analyzed by similarity and organized by proximity. Control actions are then generated in relevance to the state patterns. A critic network serves the purpose of 'monitoring' the performance of the controller to achieve a given optimality. We provide detailed implementation, and performance evaluations of this learning controller in a cart-pole balancing problem.
Endosonography-guided pseudocyst drainage

The application of endosonography ultrasound (EUS) to guide the puncture of a pseudocyst through the wall of the stomach or duodenum represents a technological breakthrough. Endoscopyguided drainage has been limited by its relatively “blind” approach, suited only for pseudocysts that produce prominent bulging into the bowel lumen. EUS provides a highly detailed view of the topographical interface between the pseudocyst and the bowel wall; the distance between the pseudocyst and the bowel wall can be measured to the millimeter, and subsurface vessels are readily detected. Although the technique of EUS-guided pseudocyst drainage is well established, widespread dissemination of this approach must await the development of echoendoscopes with larger working channels, dedicated pseudocyst puncture needles, and dedicated pseudocyst drainage stents. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal size and number of stents to achieve stent drainage and the optimal duration of cyst drainage.
Is Semi-Partitioned Scheduling Practical?

Semi-partitioned schedulers are -- in theory -- a particularly promising category of multiprocessor real-time scheduling algorithms. Unfortunately, issues pertaining to their implementation have not been investigated in detail, so their practical viability remains unclear. In this paper, the practical merit of three EDF-based semi-partitioned algorithms is assessed via an experimental comparison based on real-time schedulability under consideration of real, measured overheads. The presented results indicate that semi-partitioning is indeed a sound and practical idea. However, several problematic design choices are identified as well. These shortcomings and other implementation concerns are discussed in detail.
Power-Modulated Challenge-Response Schemes for Verifying Location Claims

Location information should be verifiable in order to support new computing and information services. In this paper, we adapt the classical challenge-response method for authentication to the task of verifying an entity's location. Our scheme utilizes a collection of transmitters, and adapts their power allocations to verify a user's claimed location. This strategy, which we call power-modulated challenge response, is able to be used with existing wireless sensor networks, and we present three variations. First, we propose a direct method, where some transmitters are selected to send "challenges" that the claimant node should be able to witness based on its claimed location, and for which the claimant node must correctly respond in order to prove its location. Second, we reverse the strategy by presenting an indirect method, where some transmitters send challenges that the claimant node should not be able to witness. Finally, we present a signal strength based method, where the node responds with its received signal strength and thereby provides improved location verification. To evaluate our schemes, we examine different adversarial models for the claimant, and characterize the performance of our power-modulated challenge response schemes under these adversarial models.
The Functions of Empathy (Decentering) in Human Relations

Empathy, in its broadest usage, is considered a fundamental dimension of interpersonal and communication competence. Empathy enhances a person's understanding of others, and the ability to make predictions about others. Understanding and prediction make empathy a possible tool for persuasion, compliance gaining, relational development, and counseling. Empathy affects decision making about others and attribution. Empathy acts to reflect what has been perceived and creates a supportive/confirming atmosphere. Each function of empathy generally reflects a different conceptualization of empathy. The term “decentering” is offered as the more appropriate alternative term to represent the overall phenomenon with empathy as a subconstruct.
A versatile stacked storage capacitor on FLOTOX cell for megabit NVRAM's

A versatile stacked storage capacitor on FLOTOX (SCF) structure is proposed for a megabit nonvolatile DRAM (NV-DRAM) cell that has all the features required for NVRAMs. The SCF structure realizes a 30.94- mu m/sup 2/ NV-DRAM cell with 0.8- mu m design rules and allows an innovative flash store/recall (DRAM to EEPROM/EEPROM to DRAM) operation that does not disturb original data in DRAM or EEPROM. This store operation is completed in less than 10 ms. The single cell shows excellent reliability such as store endurance greater than 10/sup 6/ cycles and EEPROM data retention in excess of 10 years under high storage temperatures of 150 degrees C and DRAM write operation at 85 degrees C. The SCF cell has been successfully implemented into the 1 Mb NVRAM. >
Managed care: Practice, pitfalls, and potential

The results of coordinating and changing patterns of health care using managed care activities and organizations are reviewed in this article. Although utilization review and high-cost case management programs reduce the use of expensive services, incentives for providers of care, placing them at risk, are important for managing the intensity of health care. Managed care appears capable of reducing health care costs substantially. However, this increased efficiency has not translated to lower insurance premiums or modulated total health care expenditures because either purchasers are not aware or are not concerned about securing care at the least cost. To correct these deficiencies and deliver the potential of managed care, the author suggests the need to separate insurance into its three components parts (financing, risk spreading, and program management) and developed policies for each.
Cylindrical shipping packages

Wooden casks and plywood kegs include three main types of construction: 1. Wet cooperage: intended for the transport of liquids; the wooden beer cask is probably the best known example 2. Dry cooperage: made from wooden staves and suitable only for dry or near dry products 3. Plywood barrels and veneer casks: straight-sided cylindrical drums manufactured from sheet plywood and from a double row of veneer staves respectively; veneer casks are no longer manufactured in the United Kingdom The trade terms are often quite distinctive and the following definitions will assist in understanding the subject.
Dibromomaleimide as a facile, versatile linker for delivery applications

With the advances in material design and synthesis, more complex delivery systems with active targeting and multiple functionalities are being developed for a wide variety of applications. New chemistries that utilize thiols, amines, and carboxylic acid moieties allow for facile, efficient functionaliza tion and bioconjugation of macromolecules such as peptides, proteins, and polymers. To improve drug efficacy or lower cytotox icity, reversible linkers have been developed for the degradation of delivery vehicles in certain conditions. One molecule that has been gaining attention in the field of deliv ery for its versatile conjugation properties is
The optimal planning and dynamic operation of distributed generation method based on modified multiobjective optimization in power distribution system

This paper proposes an optimal method to plan and dynamically operate the distributed generation (DG) based on the modified nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). First, the uncertainty of load and DG (photovoltaic panels) output are considered. Daily summer load data and ideal photovoltaic (PV) panels output data are taken from a local electrical company in Albuquerque. To model the uncertainty of load, the daily load is randomized to each bus for every time interval (15 minutes), but with their sum equal to the daily load. The uncertainty of PV output is modeled by adding the cloudy index and frequency factor to the ideal PV output. Second, the placement of a DG is defined by voltage sensitivity analysis. The bus with high voltage sensitivity is considered to have priority for the installation of DG. To find the optimal daily operation of DG, a multiobjective problem is formulated that focuses on the minimization of a circuit’s voltage deviations, active and reactive power losses. To solve the problem, the traditional NSGA II is modified by incorporating a fuzzy logic decision model. The fuzzy logic model selects an optimally compromised solution from the Pareto front by analyzing its weights of voltage deviations, active and reactive power losses. The selected solution includes the optimal outputs for every generator, synchronous compensator, capacitor bank, and PV panels for each time interval. Furthermore, to operate DG optimally and dynamically, the method’s computation speed is crucial. To increase the modified NSGA II computation speed, the population initialization space is reduced and the population is selected and saved for the next generation based on load analysis and experiments. The method is tested on the IEEE 14 bus and a local residential circuit. The results on reducing the power losses, voltage deviations, and increasing the algorithm speed demonstrate the effectiveness of this method.
VOTER PREFERENCES, INSTITUTIONS, AND ECONOMIC FREEDOM

The enormous impact that economic freedom can have on economic outcomes makes an understanding of the factors or forces affecting its level paramount. To what extent do citizen preferences regarding the role of government in the economy drive the level of or changes in economic freedom? We explore this question using a new index of voting in the U.S. Congress constructed consistent with the Fraser Institute indices of economic freedom. We use voting on national legislation to examine state-level economic freedom to clearly separate the measurement of preferences from policies that at least partly reflect these preferences. We find that Congressional votes, both from the House and Senate, are related to increases in state economic freedom, and that the result is generally statistically and economically significant, and robust to inclusion of a variety of socioeconomic control variables. (JEL D72, H10, H50)