cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Philosophy, privacy, and pervasive computing

Philosophers and others concerned with the moral good of personal privacy most often see threats to privacy raised by the development of pervasive computing as primarily being threats to the loss of control over personal information. Two reasons in particular lend this approach plausibility. One reason is that the parallels between pervasive computing and ordinary networked computing, where everyday transactions over the Internet raise concerns about personal information privacy, appear stronger than their differences. Another reason is that the individual devices which can become linked in a pervasive computing environment: PDAs, GPS sensors, RFID chips/readers, publicly-located video surveillance cameras, Internet-enabled mobile phones, and the like, each raise threats to individual privacy. Without discounting the value of this approach, this paper aims to propose an alternative; and, as a result of recasting the threat to individual privacy from pervasive computing, to identify other, and deeper, moral goods that pervasive computing puts at risk that otherwise might remain concealed. In particular, I argue that pervasive computing threatens to compromise what I call existential autonomy: the right to decide for ourselves at least some of the existential conditions under which we form and develop our ways of life, including our relations to information technology. From this perspective, some moral goods at stake in protecting privacy in an environment of pervasive computing emerge that have less to do with furthering human well-being through the promotion of self-identity and subjectivity, than with stimulating curiosity, receptivity to difference, and, most broadly, openness to the world.
Ruthenium(II) supported by phosphine-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene ligands as catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of ketones

Abstract We have prepared and characterized two ruthenium(II) complexes supported by phosphine-functionalized N-heterocyclic (NHC) ligands. One of the complexes (2a) underwent ortho-metalation of the N-phenyl moiety giving rise to a tridentate PCNHCC− coordinating ligand whereas 2b bears an N-mesityl group in order to prevent C–H activation of the aryl ring thereby enforcing a PCNHC bidentate binding mode. Both 2a and 2b were shown to catalyze transfer hydrogenation of ketones at 82 °C in 2-propanol in the presence of KOtBu albeit with vastly different catalytic activities. Catalytic transfer hydrogenation by 2b was shown to proceed at room temperature and in air using unpurified 2-propanol as solvent and hydrogen donor. Time studies revealed unique kinetic profiles for the two precatalysts; this may shed light on the difference in their catalytic activities.
Epilepsy and cognition

It is well known that neuropsychological impairment can be associated with chronic epilepsy. This review suggests that a broad lifespan perspective of cognition in epilepsy should include consideration of: a) neurobiological factors that antedate the first seizure and influence cognition, b) epilepsy-related factors that influence brain growth and cognitive development after epilepsy is diagnosed and treated, c) clinical epilepsy and other risk factors associated with poor cognitive prognosis in the context of chronic pharmacoresistant epilepsy, and d) the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that influence cognitive aging in the general population.
Spiritual Issues in Surgical Palliative Care

The key points of this article are: Spirituality gives meaning and purpose to life. Spiritual issues that may lie dormant for many years often surface at the end of life. Not all people are religious, but all are spiritual. Suffering affects the whole person and often is connected to the meaning that a patient associates with a symptom or symptoms. Spiritual history validates the importance of a patient's spirituality and gives permission to the patient for future discussion/questions. Spiritual care is the job of all members of the interdisciplinary team(including surgeons), not just chaplains. It is critical to be open to spiritual discussions/issues as they arise while seeking the assistance of professional pastoral care staff where appropriate. Redefining hope: hospice can help the dying patient to redefine hope in terms of realistic goals-from a hope for cure to a hope for good symptom relief. Reconciliation is the work of the dying. Empathy is the opportunity for those who care for the dying.
Evolution of Glutamine Synthetase in Heterokonts: Evidence for Endosymbiotic Gene Transfer and the Early Evolution of Photosynthesis

Although the endosymbiotic evolution of chloroplasts through primary and secondary associations is well established, the evolutionary timing and stability of the secondary endosymbiotic events is less well resolved. Heterokonts include both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic members and the nonphotosynthetic lineages branch basally in phylogenetic reconstructions. Molecular and morphological data indicate that heterokont chloroplasts evolved via a secondary endosymbiosis, involving a heterotrophic host cell and a photosynthetic ancestor of the red algae and this endosymbiotic event may have preceded the divergence of heterokonts and alveolates. If photosynthesis evolved early in this lineage, nuclear genomes of the nonphotosynthetic groups may contain genes that are not essential to photosynthesis but were derived from the endosymbiont genome through gene transfer. These genes offer the potential to trace the evolutionary history of chloroplast gains and losses within these lineages. Glutamine synthetase (GS) is essential for ammonium assimilation and glutamine biosynthesis in all organisms. Three paralogous gene families (GSI, GSII, and GSIII) have been identified and are broadly distributed among prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages. In diatoms (Heterokonta), the nuclear-encoded chloroplast and cytosolic-localized GS isoforms are encoded by members of the GSII and GSIII family, respectively. Here, we explore the evolutionary history of GSII in both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic heterokonts, red algae, and other eukaryotes. GSII cDNA sequences were obtained from two species of oomycetes by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Additional GSII sequences from eukaryotes and bacteria were obtained from publicly available databases and genome projects. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses of GSII provided strong support for the monophyly of heterokonts, rhodophytes, chlorophytes, and plants and strong to moderate support for the Opisthokonts. Although the phylogeny is reflective of the unikont/bikont division of eukaryotes, we propose based on the robustness of the phylogenetic analyses that the heterokont GSII gene evolved via endosymbiotic gene transfer from the nucleus of the red-algal endosymbiont to the nucleus of the host. The lack of GSIII sequences in the oomycetes examined here further suggests that the GSIII gene that functions in the cytosol of photosynthetic heterokonts was replaced by the endosymbiont-derived GSII gene.
Understanding Patterns of Health Communication in Families at Risk for Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer: Examining the Effect of Conclusive Versus Indeterminate Genetic Test Results

In families meeting criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), genetic testing may or may not identify a mutation. Communication about genetic testing and risk in families with identified HNPCC mutations is associated with individual and relational factors. Similar communication patterns would be expected in families with similar clinical and pathological characteristics, but without an identified HNPCC mutation; however, previous studies have not included such families. Social network analysis was used to compare communication networks and associated individual and relational factors in families with and without identified HNPCC mutations. Respondents from families without identified mutations communicated about genetic counseling and testing and risk for HNPCC with a significantly smaller proportion of network members, compared to respondents from mutation-positive families. Members of families without identified mutations were also more likely to share thoughts about risk for HNPCC...
Estimating Benefits and Costs of Casino Gambling in Iowa, United States

This study estimates benefits and costs of casino gambling in the state of Iowa. The results indicate that the combined economic impacts of gambling and its ancillary activities are positive overall for Iowa. The measurable benefit–cost ratio for the state is estimated to be between 1.78:1 and 3.18:1. While the majority of Iowans participate responsibly in casino gambling, this study enumerates a prevalence rate of at-risk, problem, and pathological gamblers combined to be between 7.3% and 8.4% of the adult population. This percentage transforms to significant cost approximations. This study further reveals that statewide computation of net benefits is not universal. The differing benefit–cost ratios across casino counties show that not every region is situated to benefit from gambling. Several factors, such as location, resort nature of the casino facility, monopolistic situations, and competitors from out-of-state need to be taken into consideration to understand the benefit–cost dynamics of casino gamb...
Staggered lattices in multiple description quantization

We investigate using a lattice and a staggered version of it for balanced multiple description quantization at high-resolution. By letting one side quantizer use a lattice codebook, and the other side quantizer use a codebook based on the same lattice with a slight shift, the joint quantizer as the central quantizer can naturally achieve a performance improvement over the side quantizers. Application of such a structure is meaningful when the side quantizers' distortions are of (equal) primary concern. Another immediate application of such a structure is when a refinement stage is added to further reduce the central distortion. We analyze the performance of this structure for these two applications, and then evaluate the root lattices A/sub n/, D/sub n/ (with dimension less than 9), E/sub 6/, E/sub 7/, E/sub 8/ and their duals. The results suggest that these two applications in fact lead to different choices of lattices: while the former requires good lattices in terms of their normalized second moments of inertia, the latter appears to perform better when the staggering of lattices generates more cells by intersection of the Voronoi regions of the two lattices. These observations also suggest a suboptimal but simple multiple description quantization scheme using lattices.
Severe storm disturbances and reversal of community structure in a southern California kelp forest

Regular observations made over a period of 5 yr in four permanent transects provided data on plant, sea urchin, and fish densities which indicate that two unusually severe winter storms in 1980 (“Storm I”) and 1983 (“Storm II”) had different effects on a southern California kelp-forest community. Storm I removed all canopies of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, but spared most understory kelps, mainly Pterygophora californica. Hence, the previously large accumulation of detached drift kelp, mostly M. pyrifera, disappeared. Denied their preferred diet of drift kelp, the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S. purpuratus then emerged from shelters to find alternative food. Without effective predators, they consumed most living plants, including the surviving understory kelps. This weakened the important detritus-based food chain, as indicated indirectly by declining abundances of algal turf and fish (Embiotocidae) that eat small animals living in turf. In 1983, Storm II reversed the process by eliminating exposed urchins, while clearing rock surfaces for widespread kelp settlement and growth. By summer 1984, the kelp grew to maturity to form extensive canopies despite elevated water temperatures during summer and fall of 1983. Thus, severe storms may have vastly different effects on community structure, depending on the state of the community before the disturbance.
MESSENGER observations of solar energetic electrons within Mercury's magnetosphere

During solar energetic particle (SEP) events, the inner heliosphere is bathed in MeV electrons. Through magnetic reconnection, these relativistic electrons can enter the magnetosphere of Mercury, nearly instantaneously filling the regions of open field lines with precipitating particles. With energies sufficient to penetrate solid aluminum shielding more than 1 mm thick, these electrons were observable by a number of sensors on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft. Because of its thin shielding, frequent sampling, and continuous temporal coverage, the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer provided by far the most sensitive measurements of MeV electrons of all MESSENGER sensors. Sharp changes in energetic electron flux coincided with topological boundaries in the magnetosphere, including the magnetopause, polar cap, and central plasma sheet. Precipitating electrons with fluxes equal to ~40% of their corresponding upstream levels were measured over the entire polar cap, demonstrating that electron space weathering of Mercury's surface is not limited to the cusp region. We use these distinct precipitation signatures acquired over 33 orbits during 11 SEP events to map the full extent of Mercury's northern polar cap. We confirm a highly asymmetric polar cap, for which the dayside and nightside boundary latitudes range over ~50−70°N and ~30−60°N, respectively. These latitudinal ranges are consistent with average models of Mercury's magnetic field but exhibit a large variability indicative of active dayside and nightside magnetic reconnection processes. Finally, we observed enhanced electron fluxes within the central plasma sheet. Although these particles cannot form a stable ring current around the planet, their motion results in an apparent trapped electron population at low latitudes in the magnetotail.
Broiler breeders: feed restriction and welfare

Broiler breeders are truly caught in a welfare dilemma, because the management practices that are necessary to ensure health and reproductive competence may also result in a reduction in other aspects of welfare. In this paper I review the welfare concerns associated with feed restriction of broiler breeders. Broiler breeders show evidence of physiological stress as well as an increased incidence of abnormal behaviours, and are also chronically hungry. Alternative methods of decreasing feed intake, dietary dilution or the use of anorexic agents, are also discussed. Thus far, all of these methods have proven unsatisfactory in terms of body weight control, and in addition they do not necessarily improve welfare. Emphasis needs to continue to be placed on developing alternatives to, and modifications of, current feed restriction programmes in order to improve broiler breeder welfare. In addition, the use of genetic selection to decrease the need for restriction should be further explored.
What, if Anything, Does Bankruptcy Court's Decision to Vacate its Opinion in in Re Ehmann Mean for LLC Members?

In January 2006, the Bankruptcy Court for the District of Arizona withdrew its opinion in In re Ehmann. The court's original opinion was the subject of this author's January 2006 column. In the original opinion, the Bankruptcy Court held that a trustee in bankruptcy had the power to exercise all of the management rights held by a debtor who was a member of an LLC. The court indicated that the trustee's rights might include such broad powers as the right to redeem the LLC interest, seek appointment of a receiver to operate the LLC in accordance with the LLC's purposes and the members' rights or to seek the dissolution, winding up, and liquidation of the LLC.
Avoidant adult attachment negatively relates to classroom popularity: Social network analysis support for the Parent–Partner–Peer Attachment Transfer model.

Abstract We propose and test one aspect of the Parent–Partner–Peer Attachment Transfer (3PAT) model. Specifically, we examined whether adults who were more romantically avoidant were less likely to be nominated as friends by their peers. Social network analysis is ideal for this investigation because it integrates individuals (nodes) and their relationships (ties) into a common framework of social associations. We predicted that avoidant romantic attachment would negatively relate to classroom popularity in peer-based social networks. In Study 1, undergraduate psychology students indicated their friendship strength with classmates and completed personality and attachment measures. After controlling for Big Five personality, which relates to social network structure, avoidant attachment was negatively related to eigenvector in degree centrality — a popularity measure. In Study 2 and using integrative data analysis (Curran & Hussong, 2009), we directly replicated this effect with identical measures. Overall, our findings supported one aspect of the 3PAT Model — partner-based avoidant romantic attachment negatively related to peer-based classroom friendships.
The Self Against and for Itself: Montaigne and Sextus Empiricus on Freedom, Discipline and Resistance

Etude de la relation entre discipline et liberte chez Montaigne et Sextus Empiricus. Examinant les notions d'autonomie et independance, autorite et resistance, l'A. montre que les deux philosophes developpent une conception sceptique de l'autodiscipline comme capacite a contraindre soi-meme ses passions.
A heated mirror for future climate

Climate has always changed naturally, and this is not good news when contemplating a human-forced future. The natural responses have been as large as, or larger than, those simulated by leading models for shorter time scales, with major biological and physical impacts. The possible effects of rapid carbon dioxide (CO2) release may be clearest from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) about 55.9 million years ago, when a large, natural CO2 release drove strong warming that caused amplifying feedbacks, dwarfing of large animals, ecosystem disruptions, soil degradation, water-cycle shifts, and other major changes (see the figure). The climatic changes during the PETM occurred over longer time scales than those of anthropogenic climate change. The impacts of the latter may thus be even more severe.
Rotational Fourier tracking of diffusing polygons

We use optical microscopy to measure the rotational Brownian motion of polygonal platelets that are dispersed in a liquid and confined by depletion attractions near a wall. The depletion attraction inhibits out-of-plane translational and rotational Brownian fluctuations, thereby facilitating in-plane imaging and video analysis. By taking fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) of the images and analyzing the angular position of rays in the FFTs, we determine an isolated particle's rotational trajectory, independent of its position. The measured in-plane rotational diffusion coefficients are significantly smaller than estimates for the bulk; this difference is likely due to the close proximity of the particles to the wall arising from the depletion attraction.
Field Tests of Insect-parasitic Nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) Against Larvae of Manure-breeding Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on Caged-layer Poultry Facilities

Insect-parasitic nematodes were tested for control of larvae of muscoid Diptera in chicken manure in the field. Applications of 8–9 million nematodes per square meter showed no reduction of Fannia canicularis (L.), Fannia femoralis (Stein), or Muscina stabulans (Fallen) by Heterorhabditis heliothidis (NC strain) or Steinernema feltiae (Mexican strain). Subsequent tests of S. feltiae (All strain) against larvae of Musca domestica L. failed to demonstrate parasitism or reduction of larval numbers due to the nematodes, even when applied to wet manure with host larvae on the surface. Ineffectiveness of nematodes in this habitat is discussed.
Sectioning and staining pathological phloem.

A technique is described for simultaneously staining numerous batches of nonembedded sections of pathological material. Staining baskets containing sections are placed in a Buchner funnel which is agitated by a motor, and stains and rinses are quickly changed by draining the funnel. Three staining techniques are described for pathological phloem. For studying sections, the most useful of the three is a combination of hematoxylin and lacmoid. Material is fixed 24-48 hr in Randolph's “Craf”, a modified Navashin's solution. Sections are mordanted in 4% ferric ammonium sulfate, washed several times in water, stained progressively with 0.006% aqueous hematoxylin, washed in tap water, stained 15-72 hr in 0.1% lacmoid, rinsed in tap water, washed 10 min in 1% NaHCO3, dehydrated in 30%, 70%, and anhydrous tertiary butyl alcohol, cleared in clove oil and mounted in Canada balsam. Sieve plate callose and lignin stain blue, cellulose walls of living cells stain purplish black, and walls of nonliving cells stain from...
Feminist Revolutionary Music Criticism and Wagner Reception: The Case of Louise Otto

Abstract Histories of progressive musical politics in mid-nineteenth-century Germany often center on the writings of Richard Wagner and Franz Brendel, relegating contributors such as the feminist and author Louise Otto (1819–95) to the periphery. However, Otto9s lifelong engagement with music, including her two librettos, two essay collections on the arts, and numerous articles and feuilletons, demonstrates how one contemporary woman considered the progressive movements in music and in women9s rights to be interrelated. A staunch advocate of Wagner, Otto contributed to numerous music journals, as well as her own women9s journal, advising her female readers to engage with the music of the New German School. In the context of the middle-class women9s movement, she saw music as a space for female advancement through both performance and the portrayals of women onstage. Her writings offer us a glimpse into the complex network of Wagner proponents who also supported women9s rights, at the same time providing evidence for what some contemporary conservative critics saw as a concomitant social threat from both Wagnerian musical radicalism and the emancipated woman.
HDL-C, ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux, and lipoprotein(a): insights into a potential novel physiologic role of lipoprotein(a)

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], an atherogenic lipoprotein consisting of apo(a) covalently bound to apo B-100 of LDL, is a prevalent genetic risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Several genome wide association studies have established an association between SNPs in LPA, the gene encoding apo(a), and coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction (MI) (1–3). Moreover, recent Mendelian randomization studies also demonstrate that LPA SNPs associated with elevated plasma Lp(a) levels also predict development of MI (4, 5) and aortic valve stenosis (6, 7), supporting a role for Lp(a) as a genetically determined, independent, causal risk factor for these diseases. Elevated plasma Lp(a) is common, with 20% of the population having Lp(a) > 50 mg/dl, levels consistently associated with an approximately two-fold increased risk of MI in large prospectively followed cohorts (8, 9).
Risk of Epilepsy after Traumatic Brain Injury

The risk of epilepsy after traumatic brain injury was evaluated in a population-based study at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
On principal finite W-algebras for the Lie superalgebra D(2, 1; α)

We study finite W-algebras associated to even regular (principal) nilpotent elements for the family of simple exceptional Lie superalgebras D(2, 1; α) and for the universal central extension of &#x1d52d;&#x1d530;&#x1d529;(2|2). We give a complete description of these finite W-algebras in terms of generators and relations.
Dermal denticle patterning in the Cretaceous hybodont shark Tribodus limae (Euselachii, Hybodontiformes), and its implications for the evolution of patterning in the chondrichthyan dermal skeleton

ABSTRACTAs in modern elasmobranchs (sharks and rays), the shagreen of the hybodontiform shark Tribodus limae (Santana Formation, Aptian-Albian, Lower Cretaceous, northeastern Brazil) consists of non-growing (monodontode) dermal denticles that were shed, replaced, and supplemented by new ones during life. In modern elasmobranchs, these denticles are usually represented by a single size class (considered here to be the default arrangement), although larger denticles are sometimes present locally (e.g., thorn rows on the head and trunk in batomorphs). In Tribodus, however, the shagreen consists of two distinct morphological denticle types and size classes (two-size), both widely distributed over the body and fins, with smaller denticles overlying the bases of larger thorns as well as occupying areas between them. Using two conceptually distinct variants of a two-layer reaction-diffusion (R-D) simulation that is consistent with morphogen exchange across the basal lamina between the epidermal and dermal layers...
The Development of Non-Provocative Defence Concepts in Western Europe in the 1980s

In the 1980s, proposals for improving the stability of East-West security relations began to focus on non-provocative defence concepts. These defensive proposals arose in essentially two contexts: the sustained Western critique of NATO deterrence strategy in the early to mid 1980s, and Soviet and Warsaw Pact defence pronouncements under the rubric of Gorbachev’s ‘new thinking’ beginning in 1986. This chapter has three major parts. The first looks at why non-provocative defence concepts arose in Western Europe in the 1980s, highlighting salient features of the debates in several countries. The second surveys state policies in Switzerland and Sweden, two European neutral states that voluntarily practice versions of non-provocative defence. The third assesses the non-provocative defence critique of NATO policy that followed NATO’s 1979 ‘dual-track’ decision and its move to include more offensive elements in its conventional war plans. The assessment is made in terms of defensive writers’ main claims, assumptions, and modes of discourse.
Historical Perspectives on Biofuels

This chapter discusses the history of biofuels prior to the renewed interest since the late 1970s in alternatives to petroleum-derived fuels. It is discussed that ethanol was used as a fuel well before petroleum-derived gasoline. A vegetable oil was first used as diesel fuel in 1900. The first biodiesel, in form of ethyl esters of palm oils, was reported in 1938. Both ethanol and vegetable oil were used as fuels in either original or very early versions of the spark-ignition (gasoline) and compression-ignition (diesel) engines. Issues such as supply, energy security, and financial incentives already played a role in the ‘historical’ times in promoting specific fuels, however, not always furthering the cause of biofuels.
Differences in Receipt of Three Preventive Health Care Services by Race/Ethnicity in Medicare Advantage Plans: Tracking the Impact of Pay for Performance, 2010 and 2013

Introduction In 2012, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) introduced the Quality Bonus Payment Demonstration, a pay-for-performance (P4P) program, into Medicare Advantage plans. Previous studies documented racial/ethnic disparities in receipt of care among participants in these plans. The objective of this study was to determine whether P4P incentives have affected these disparities in Medicare Advantage plans. Methods We studied 411 Medicare Advantage health plans that participated in the Medicare Health Outcome Survey in 2010 and 2013. Preventive health care was defined as self-reported receipt of health care provider communication or treatment to reduce risk of falling, improve bladder control, and monitor physical activity among individuals reporting these problems. Logistic regression stratified by health care plan was used to examine racial/ethnic disparities in receipt of preventive health care before and after the introduction of the P4P program in 2012. Results We found similar racial/ethnic differences in receipt of preventive health care before and after the introduction of P4P. Blacks and Asians were less likely than whites to receive advice to improve bladder control and more likely to receive advice to reduce risk of falling and improve physical activity. Hispanics were more likely to report receiving advice about all 3 health issues than whites. After the introduction of P4P, the gap decreased between Hispanics and whites for improving bladder control and monitoring physical activity and increased between blacks and whites for monitoring physical activity. Conclusion Racial/ethnic differences in receipt of preventive health care are not always in the expected direction. CMS should consider developing a separate measure of equity in preventive health care services to encourage health plans to reduce gaps among racial/ethnic groups in receiving preventive care services.
The conditional nature of the local warming effect

AbstractThe local warming effect occurs when perceived deviations in the day’s temperature affect individuals’ global warming beliefs. When people perceive the day to be warmer than usual, they tend to overestimate the number of warm days throughout the year, and to report increased belief in and worry about global warming. For many, this is normatively concerning because a single day’s perceived temperature fluctuation is not representative of longer-term, large-scale climate patterns. It thus makes for a poor basis for global warming judgments. Recent work shows that the local warming effect might disappear when people receive a reminder to think about weather patterns over the past year (i.e., a correction). This paper employs a survey experiment that extends past research by exploring the generalizability, conditionality, and durability of the corrective information. It identifies the conditions under which a local warming effect is more or less likely to occur.
204. Treatment with Modified Erythropoietin Gene Therapy Is Neuroprotective in a Mouse Model of Induced Ocular Hypertension

Gene delivery of modified EPO attenuates glaucomatous pathology of retinal ganglion cells in the induced model of ocular hypertension. Pre-treatment with EPO gene therapy provides more robust preservation of RGC axons than EPO gene therapy commenced at onset of hypertension. Delayed gene therapy preserves axon transport significantly, however, which may be due to delayed therapy preserving normal function of surviving RGC axons while failing to attenuate early axon loss.
Hydrogen Environment Assisted Cracking of Modern Ultra-High Strength Martensitic Steels

Martensitic steels (Aermet®100, Ferrium®M54™, Ferrium®S53®, and experimental CrNiMoWV at ultra-high yield strength of 1550 to 1725 MPa) similarly resist hydrogen environment assisted cracking (HEAC) in aqueous NaCl. Cracking is transgranular, ascribed to increased steel purity and rare earth addition compared to intergranular HEAC in highly susceptible 300M. Nano-scale precipitates ((Mo,Cr)2C and (W,V)C) reduce H diffusivity and the K-independent Stage II growth rate by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude compared to 300M. However, threshold K TH is similarly low (8 to 15 MPa√m) for each steel at highly cathodic and open circuit potentials. Transgranular HEAC likely occurs along martensite packet and {110}α′-block interfaces, speculatively governed by localized plasticity and H decohesion. Martensitic transformation produces coincident site lattice interfaces; however, a connected random boundary network persists in 3D to negate interface engineering. The modern steels are near-immune to HEAC when mildly cathodically polarized, attributed to minimal crack tip H production and uptake. Neither reduced Co and Ni in M54 and CrNiMoWV nor increased Cr in S53 broadly degrade HEAC resistance compared to baseline AM100. The latter suggests that crack passivity dominates acidification to widen the polarization window for HEAC resistance. Decohesion models predict the applied potential dependencies of K TH and da/dt II with a single-adjustable parameter, affirming the importance of steel purity and trap sensitive H diffusivity.
A review of computational tools for design and reconstruction of metabolic pathways

Metabolic pathways reflect an organism's chemical repertoire and hence their elucidation and design have been a primary goal in metabolic engineering. Various computational methods have been developed to design novel metabolic pathways while taking into account several prerequisites such as pathway stoichiometry, thermodynamics, host compatibility, and enzyme availability. The choice of the method is often determined by the nature of the metabolites of interest and preferred host organism, along with computational complexity and availability of software tools. In this paper, we review different computational approaches used to design metabolic pathways based on the reaction network representation of the database (i.e., graph or stoichiometric matrix) and the search algorithm (i.e., graph search, flux balance analysis, or retrosynthetic search). We also put forth a systematic workflow that can be implemented in projects requiring pathway design and highlight current limitations and obstacles in computational pathway design.
Electron Beam and Photoemission Probing

Electron beam testing (EBT) is the most widely used contactless probing technique for internal timing characterization and for diagnostic of digital integrated circuits. This technique uses an electron beam to stimulate secondary electron emission from metallized surfaces. It uses the energy distribution function of the released secondary electrons which is in turn a function of the voltage at the test point. A very attractive feature of EBT is the quick and easy positioning of the electron beam probe and the possibility of making micrographs at any desired location in short time. It is the most industrially developed contactless testing technique. The photoemissive probe, on the other hand, uses a pulsed optical beam of a certain energy to probe a signal on a metal line of any substrate. The optical beam causes photoelectrons to be emitted from the top layer of a metal from which the waveform of the signal is derived.
Male gender, school attendance and sports participation are positively associated with health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with congenital bleeding disorders.

BACKGROUND This study assesses health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and variables associated with HRQOL, in children and adolescents with haemophilia and congenital bleeding disorders (CBD) in the Netherlands. METHODS Patients <18 years with CBD under treatment at the Hemophilia Comprehensive Care Center of the Academic Medical Center were included. Participants completed generic HRQOL questionnaires (TAPQOL 0-5 years; PedsQL 6-18 years). Differences and effect sizes in HRQOL compared to healthy peers, and between hemophilia severity groups, were tested using Mann Whitney U-tests. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess variables associated with HRQOL. RESULTS Data of 145 patients (81%) were analyzed (N = 32 with severe haemophilia). Children (0-12 years) show no significant impairments in HRQOL compared to healthy peers. Adolescent boys (13-18 years) with CBD report a slightly higher HRQOL on the total and emotional functioning scales than healthy peers (small-moderate effect sizes). In contrast, adolescent girls experience lower HRQOL on total, social functioning and psychosocial health scales compared to healthy peers (moderate effect sizes). No differences between severity groups were found in HRQOL, but more problem behaviour was found in young boys (0-5 years) with severe haemophilia. Male gender, participation in sports and school attendance are positively associated with HRQOL. Parental country of birth, type of treatment and number of bleeds are not associated with HRQOL. CONCLUSION Continuing monitoring HRQOL in daily clinical practice for children with CBD is important, since possible influencing psychosocial factors can change over time, with special focus on adolescent girls, sports participation and school absence.
Learning temporal features with CNNs for monocular visual ego motion estimation

Making Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) successful in learning problems like image based ego motion estimation, highly depends on the ability of the network to extract the temporal information from videos. Therefore, the architecture of a network needs the capability to learn temporal features. We propose two CNN architectures which are able to learn features for the extraction of this temporal information and are able to solve problems like ego motion estimation. Our architectures achieve first promising results in ego motion estimation and might be a good foundation for systems dealing with temporal information. As the architectures reach real time inference time, they can be applied in domains like autonomous driving.
Prey Species Influences Foraging Behaviors: Rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius) Predation on Little Brown Skinks (Scincella lateralis) and Giant Centipedes (Scolopendra viridis)

Abstract Predators often evolve specialized behaviors to feed on dangerous prey. Centipedes are widely documented in the diet of viperid snakes, but the behaviors snakes use to consume these dangerous prey have been reported only anecdotally. To determine how prey type influenced snake foraging behaviors, we ran laboratory predation trials using 29 field-captured Pigmy Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus miliarius) with centipedes (Scolopendra viridis) and skinks (Scincella lateralis). In skink trials, Pigmy Rattlesnakes were significantly more likely to engage in sit-and-wait predation than in centipede trials where active pursuit of prey was frequent. Centipedes were struck by snakes in significantly more trials than skinks and the mean length of strikes directed at centipedes was significantly shorter than for the strikes directed at skinks. Strike latency was significantly lower for centipedes than for skinks. The location on the prey's body where the strike was directed did not differ in skink and centipede tria...
Cerium oxide nanoparticles transformation at the root–soil interface of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The transformation of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) in soil and its role in plant uptake is a critical knowledge gap in the literature. This study investigated the reduction and speciation of CeO2-NPs in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivated in soil amended with 250 mg CeO2-NPs per kg soil. Synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) was employed for spatial localization and speciation of CeO2-NPs in thin sections of intact roots at the soil–root interface. Results revealed that Ce was largely localized in soil and at the root surface in nanoparticulate form (84–90%). However, a few hot spots on root surfaces revealed highly significant reduction (56–98%) of CeO2-NPs [Ce(IV)] to Ce(III) species. Interestingly, only roots in close proximity to hot spots showed Ce uptake which was largely CeO2 (90–91%) with very little amount of Ce(III) (9–10%). These results suggest that the reduction of CeO2-NPs to Ce(III) is needed to facilitate uptake of Ce. Future studies should investigate the reducing agents (e.g. exudates, microbes) involved in CeO2-NPs in barley roots.
Strain Rate Effects on Failure of a Toughened Matrix Composite

The objective of this study was to characterize the quasi-static and dynamic behavior of a toughened matrix composite (IM7/8552) and apply the Northwestern (NU) failure theory to describe its strain-rate dependent failure under multi-axial states of stress. Unidirectional and off-axis experiments were conducted at two strain rates, quasi-static (10−4 s−1) and intermediate (~1s−1) using a servo-hydraulic testing machine. Stress–strain curves were obtained and the nonlinear response and failure were measured and evaluated based on classical failure criteria and the NU theory. Predicted failure envelopes were compared with experimental results. The NU theory was shown to be in excellent agreement with experimental data.
Methane in Subsurface: Mathematical Modeling and Computational Challenges

We discuss mathematical and computational models of two applications important for global climate and energy recovery involving the evolution of methane gas in the subsurface. In particular, we develop advanced models of adsorption occurring in coalbed methane recovery processes, and discuss the underlying conservation laws with nonstandard terms. Next we describe the phase transitions relevant for modeling methane hydrates in subsea sediments, where the major challenge comes from implementation of solubility constraints. For both applications we formulate the discretization schemes and outline the main challenges in convergence analysis and solver techniques. We also motivate the need for continuum and discrete models at porescale.
E-062 Calculation of mean arterial blood flow rate using X-ray angiography and correlation with phase-contrast magnetic resonance measurements

Introduction A vast body of literature has been collected over the past decades attempting to extract blood flow rates from angiography.1 Most of these methods can be categorized as either transit-time2 or indicator-dilution3 techniques. These techniques have not been fully developed for regular clinical use, but the recent growth in endovascular treatment has rekindled interest in the use of angiography-based parametric maps4–6 for flow assessment in aneurysms, AVMs, and stenoses. In this preliminary retrospective study, we calculate mean arterial blood flow rates from angiography using transit-time methods and validate it against flow rates obtained from phase-contrast magnetic resonance (MR). Methods Angiography (˜2 frames per second) and MR scans previously acquired in 6 patients were anonymously collected with IRB approval. Contrast concentration-time curves were recorded at proximal and distal locations on the right and left internal carotid arteries (figure 1). A lagnormal equation was fit to the curves and the transit-time between the two locations was calculated using three different methods (Mean Transit Time, Time to Peak, Cross Correlation). The volume of the arterial segment between the two locations was calculated. Then, arterial mean flow rate (ml/s)=arterial segment volume(ml)/transit-time(s). Mean flow rates in the same vessels obtained from phase-contrast MR (NOVA, VasSol Inc) were noted from patient records. Angiographic and NOVA flow rates were correlated to assess accuracy and statistical significance. Results Statistically significant linear correlations were observed between angiographic and NOVA flow rates using the cross correlation (R^2=0.8) and time to peak (R^2=0.7) methods. When compared to MR flow, cross correlation had lower error (−9±23%) than time to peak (−24±30%) but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.25). Conclusions Determination of mean arterial blood flow from low frame rate patient angiography is possible and correlates well with NOVA values. The best method for calculating transit time may be cross correlation but a larger study is necessary to show this as well as to refine the accuracy of the methods. References Lieber BB, et al. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2005;33(1):1–102. Shpilfoygel SD, et al. Med Phys 2000;27(9):2008–23. Hilal SK. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1966 Apr;896–906. Chien A, Vinuela F. J Neurointerv Surg 2013 Nov;5(Suppl 3):iii43–7. Shakur SF, et al. J Neurointerv Surg 2018 Feb;10(2):156–161. Ionita CN, et al. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2014 Mar 13;9038:90380L. Disclosures M. Gross: None. H. Woo: 4; C; Vascular Simulations. 6; C; Cerenovus JnJ. D. Fiorella: 1; C; Penumbra, Microvention, Medtronic. 2; C; Penumbra, Microvention, Medtronic. 4; C; Vascular Simulations. 6; C; Cerenovus JnJ. C. Sadasivan: 4; C; Vascular Simulations.
Elements of Successful Universal Student Transit Pass Programs from Planning to Implementation: A Benchmark Study

Key elements in developing a successful universal college student transit pass program (U-Pass program) are investigated from the perspectives of three involved parties of interest: transit agencie...
Intergenerational Factors, Fatherhood Beliefs, and African American Fathers’ Involvement: Building the Case for a Mediated Pathway:

Intergenerational factors have been suggested as a critical interactional context shaping African American fathers’ beliefs and parenting practices. However, relatively little attention has been gi...
Una generación «sin miedo»: análisis de discurso de jóvenes protagonistas del movimiento estudiantil chileno

El presente trabajo analiza los discursos sociales de jovenes universitarios que participan en diferentes formas de organizacion, con el proposito de estudiar sus caracteristicas como generacion politica. Se trabajo con una muestra intencionada, utilizando grupos de discusion como tecnica de produccion de informacion y el enfoque discursivo como metodo de analisis. Los resultados indican que existen tres repertorios a partir de los cuales los jovenes hablan sobre si mismos: «nosotros como universitarios», «nosotros como organizacion» y «nosotros como herederos». En la discusion, se propone que estos tres repertorios se articulan en un relato generacional comun que les da sentido y que los define como protagonistas de una «generacion sin miedo».
ADMMBO: Bayesian Optimization with Unknown Constraints using ADMM.

There exist many problems in science and engineering that involve optimization of an unknown or partially unknown objective function. Recently, Bayesian Optimization (BO) has emerged as a powerful tool for solving optimization problems whose objective functions are only available as a black box and are expensive to evaluate. Many practical problems, however, involve optimization of an unknown objective function subject to unknown constraints. This is an important yet challenging problem for which, unlike optimizing an unknown function, existing methods face several limitations. In this paper, we present a novel constrained Bayesian optimization framework to optimize an unknown objective function subject to unknown constraints. We introduce an equivalent optimization by augmenting the objective function with constraints, introducing auxiliary variables for each constraint, and forcing the new variables to be equal to the main variable. Building on the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) algorithm, we propose ADMM-Bayesian Optimization (ADMMBO) to solve the problem in an iterative fashion. Our framework leads to multiple unconstrained subproblems with unknown objective functions, which we then solve via BO. Our method resolves several challenges of state-of-the-art techniques: it can start from infeasible points, is insensitive to initialization, can efficiently handle ‘decoupled problems’ and has a concrete stopping criterion. Extensive experiments on a number of challenging BO benchmark problems show that our proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in terms of the speed of obtaining a feasible solution and convergence to the global optimum as well as minimizing the number of total evaluations of unknown objective and constraints functions.