cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antidepressant effects assessed using behavior maintained under a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) operant schedule

Behavior maintained under a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) 72-s operant schedule, which reinforces responses with interresponse times greater than 72 s, exhibits a rather unique sensitivity to antidepressant drugs. Antidepressants from a number of pharmacological classes, including tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, as well as a number of atypical antidepressants and putative antidepressants, reduce response rate and increase reinforcement rate of rats under this schedule. These effects are observed acutely but persist or are augmented with repeated treatment. By contrast, drugs from a number of other psychotherapeutic classes do not, in general, produce similar effects. This includes anxiolytic, sedative, stimulant, opioid, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic drugs, which can produce false positive results in some preclinical tests for antidepressant efficacy. There are conflicting data regarding the utility of DRL behavior for discriminating the effects of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. This results in part from methodological differences among studies, but likely also reflects the overlap between the neuropharmacological and clinical effects of some antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs. DRL behavior also has proven useful for identifying neurochemical and neuroanatomical mediators of antidepressant effects on behavior. Consistent with clinical data, it appears that activation of noradrenergic or serotonergic systems provides for parallel means of producing antidepressant-like effects on DRL behavior. Finally, the results of studies using DRL behavior highlight important roles for central beta-1 adrenergic receptors, as well as 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptors, in the mediation of antidepressant-like behavioral effects.
Angular dependence of metamagnetic transitions in RNi2B2C (R = Er, Ho, Dy, and Tb)

Abstract The angular dependence of metamagnetic transitions is examine for RNi 2 B 2 C (R = Er − Tb) as a function of the angle the applied magnetic field makes with respect to the easy axis. For R = Ho and Dy the easy axis is [110] and for R = Er and Tb the easy axis is [100]. All four compounds manifest clear angular dependencies of three or more transitions.
Parent-adolescent conflict and stress as a parent: Are there differences between being a mother or a father?

Parent-adolescent conflict is viewed as a common dimension of the family during the teenage years. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether mothers and fathers of young adolescents differ in their report of conflict with their adolescent, level of stress, and parenting competence. Furthermore, the role of age and gender of the young adolescents was examined. One hundred and twenty-two adolescents and their parents participated in the study. All families were intact. The families were divided into groups according to the adolescent's age and gender. Analyses of variance with three factors (adolescent's age, adolescent's gender, mothers versus fathers) were performed. Mothers and fathers did not differ on personal (depression) or marital adjustment and on perceived parenting competency. In contrast, in terms of parent-adolescent conflict, mothers reported a less positive relationship, a greater number of conflicts, and more intense discussions of conflicts with their adolescents. Gender and age of the adolescent were not important contributors to the analyses. The results suggest that, in terms of the variables examined in this study, conflict in the parent-adolescent relationship is the primary difference between mothers and fathers.
TENSOR OBJECTS IN FINITE ELEMENT PROGRAMMING

This paper describes a novel programming tool, nDarray, which is designed using an Object Oriented Paradigm (OOP) and implemented in the C++ programming language. Finite element equations, represented in terms of multidimensional tensors are easily manipulated and programmed. The usual matrix form of the finite element equations are traditionally coded in FORTRAN, which makes it difficult to build and maintain complex program systems. Multidimensional data systems and their implementation details are seldom transparent and thus not easily dealt with and usually avoided. On the other hand, OOP together with efficient programming in C++ allows building new concrete data types, namely tensors of any order, thus hiding the lower level implementation details. These concrete data types prove to be quite useful in implementing complicated tensorial formulae associated with the numerical solution of various elastic and elastoplastic problems in solid mechanics. They permit implementing complex nonlinear continuum mechanics theories in an orderly manner. Ease of use and the immediacy of the nDarray programming tool in constitutive driver programming and in building finite element classes will be shown. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tetraethylammonium facilitation of single-pulse mediated action potential, [Ca2+]i and transmitter release in sympathetic neurons.

Abstract A single stimulus applied to sympathetic neurons co-cultured with cardiac cells produced a very small increase in the release of tritiated norepinephrine and intracellular free Ca2+ concentration (Ca2+]i), but evoked a typical neuronal action potential. Treatment with 10 mM tetraethylammonium caused a dramatic increase in the responses to a single stimulus, and [3H]norepinephrine release remained above baseline for as long as 20 s. [Ca2+]i increased in cell bodies and neurites from basal levels of 50 to 100 nM to over 300 nM. [Ca2+]i remained elevated for 18±1 s and required 6.8 ± 0.5 s for 50% recovery to basal levels. Action potential duration at 50% repolarization was increased from 4.5 ± 0.3 ms to 88 ± 20 ms and resting membrane potential decreased from −55 ± 2 to −43 ± 4 mV in the presence of tetraethylammonium. Repetitive firing was not observed after a single stimulus in current clamped neurons before or during tetraethylammonium exposure. These findings show a direct relation between action potential duration, Ca2+ entry and transmitter release in response to a single stimulus.
Role of periodic loading‐unloading in the magnetotail versus interplanetary magnetic field Bz flipping in the ring current buildup

[1] Introducing kinetic corrections into the to BATSRUS code in the magnetotail region leads to fast reconnection rates observed in kinetic simulations and quasi-periodic loading-unloading cycles in the magnetotail during a long period of steady southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz (Kuznetsova et al., 2006, 2007). We use the global MHD code BATSRUS output to drive the Fok Ring Current (FRC) model, which then exhibits quasi-periodic oscillations of geosynchronous energetic particle fluxes, similar to “sawtooth” injection profiles. We compare these results with the results of the FRC model driven by BATSRUS for periodically flipping IMF Bz component, without kinetic corrections. The comparison shows the dominant role of quasi-periodic loading-unloading in the tail over the role of flipping IMF Bz component in the formation of geosynchronous fluxes for various energies. This same result is confirmed by the analysis of particle number and energy content within geosynchronous orbit.
Ultrasound-assisted paracentesis performed by emergency physicians vs the traditional technique: a prospective, randomized study.

Study objective: To determine if emergency center ultrasound (ECUS) can be of value to emergency physicians in the evaluation of possible ascites and accompanying decisions to perform emergent paracentesis. Methods: During a 7-month period, patients suspected of having ascites and potentially requiring paracentesis were prospectively entered into a randomized study in an urban public hospital emergency center (N140000 annual visits). Patients were randomized to receive paracentesis using the traditional or the bedside ECUS-assisted technique. Indications for paracentesis included known liver disease and obvious ascites as well as suspected ascites or suspected subacute bacterial peritonitis. Participating physicians had received a minimum of 1 hour of formal didactic ultrasound training that included gallbladder, renal, vascular, and bladder studies as well as the focused abdominal sonography for trauma examination for trauma and the detection of ascites. A portable Terason 2000 laptop ultrasound machine with a 5-MHz probe was used to scan the patients. Data collected included the patients’ characteristics, estimation of ascitic fluid volume, number of attempts made to obtain fluid, speed of paracentesis, and the operator’s overall evaluation of the ECUS-assisted technique, if used. Results: Of 100 enrolled patients, 56 received the ECUS-assisted technique. Of 42 patients with ascites, 40 (95%) were successfully aspirated and 14 (25%) did not receive paracentesis because no ascites or insignificant amount of ascites was visualized. One patient was noted to have a large cystic mass in the left lower quadrant and another patient had a ventral hernia. Of the 44 patients randomized to the traditional technique, 27 (61%) were successfully aspirated. In 17 (39%) of these patients, fluid could not be obtained using traditional methods. Of these 17 failed attempts by traditional methods, 15 patients received ECUS in a bbreakQ from the study protocol. Ascitic fluid was obtained in 13 of these 15 patients; of the 2 remaining patients, 1 did not have enough fluid to be sampled and the other had no fluid visualized.
Genomic biomarkers of SUDEP in brain and heart

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of epilepsy-related mortality, but how to predict which patients are at risk and how to prevent it remain uncertain. The underlying pathomechanisms of SUDEP are still largely unknown, but the general consensus is that seizures somehow disrupt normal cardiac or respiratory physiology leading to death. However, the proportion of SUDEP cases exhibiting cardiac or respiratory dysfunction as a critical factor in the terminal cascade of events remains unresolved. Although many general risk factors for SUDEP have been identified, the development of reliable patient-specific biomarkers for SUDEP is needed to provide more accurate risk prediction and personalized patient management strategies. Studies in animal models and patient groups have revealed at least nine different brain-heart genes that may contribute to a genetic susceptibility for SUDEP, making them potentially useful as genomic biomarkers. This review summarizes data on the relationship between these neurocardiac genes and SUDEP, discussing their brain-heart expression patterns and genotype-phenotype correlations in mouse models and people with epilepsy. These neurocardiac genes represent good first candidates for evaluation as genomic biomarkers of SUDEP in future studies. The development of validated reliable genomic biomarkers for SUDEP has the potential to transform the clinical treatment of epilepsy by pinpointing patients at risk of SUDEP and allowing optimized, genotype-guided therapeutic and prevention strategies.
Brainstem control of sensory information: A mechanism for perception

Abstract We have proposed a theory in which pathways ascending from the brainstem reticular formation control sensory centers in the dorsal thalamus and neocortex. We assumed that the sensory messages received at a given level are transformed by a stochastic process, called Alopex, in a way which maximizes responses in central feature analyzers. Perception is seen as a process involving a close cyclic interaction between brainstem and sensory relays. We discuss the specific case of visual information flow and the proposed modification of visual images at the level of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Computer simulations of a simple model, representing the dLGN and reafferent control emanating from the reticular formation, show that sensory features are effectively enhanced and—in the absence of sensory input—quasi-sensory features may be generated by feedback of a simple scalar variable that is formed by the non-linear superposition of the responses of any number of feature analyzers. The model proposes a specific mechanism for such processes as visual imagery, hallucinations, and dreaming, and provides a framework for further studies into the nature of cognitive brain functions.
A comparison of EM induction and GPR methods in areas of karst

Abstract Electromagnetic (EM) induction and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) methods have been used extensively in areas of karst to detect and delineate major structural and solution features and to improve site assessments. These methods do not work equally well in all soils and the amount of practical information derived from surveys has varied. The choice of the most appropriate method often depends on the electrical properties of the soils. This study characterized the use of GPR and EM at two contrasting sites in Florida and Pennsylvania. The Florida site is underlain by relatively thick layers of electrically resistive sands overlying loamy marine sediments and limestone bedrock. GPR was effectively used to determine the thickness of surface layers and the locations of buried solution features. Multiple, contrasting soil horizons and layers weakened relationships and created non-unique interpretations for EM. The Pennsylvania site is was underlain by clayey residuum and limestone bedrock. The clayey residuum is opaque to GPR and observation depths are severely restricted. EM induction effectively characterized the depths to bedrock within the Pennsylvania site. The integrated use of both methods, supported by commensurate `ground truth' verifications, helped to increase confidence in interpretations.
Elastic response of binary hard-sphere fluids.

We derive expressions for the high-frequency, wave-number-dependent elastic constants of a binary hard-sphere fluid and employ Monte Carlo computer simulation to evaluate these constants in order to highlight the impact of composition and relative sphere diameter on the elastic response of this system. It is found that the elastic constant c(11)(k) exhibits oscillatory behavior as a function of k whereas the high-frequency shear modulus, for example, does not. This behavior is shown to be dictated by the angular dependence (in k[over ] space) of derivatives of the interatomic force at contact. The results are related to recent measurements of the compressibility of colloidal fluids in laser trapping experiments.
Pathogenic Strains of Acanthamoeba Are Recognized by TLR4 and Initiated Inflammatory Responses in the Cornea

Free-living amoebae of the Acanthamoeba species are the causative agent of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), a sight-threatening corneal infection that causes severe pain and a characteristic ring-shaped corneal infiltrate. Innate immune responses play an important role in resistance against AK. The aim of this study is to determine if Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on corneal epithelial cells are activated by Acanthamoeba, leading to initiation of inflammatory responses in the cornea. Human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells constitutively expressed TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 mRNA, and A. castellanii upregulated TLR4 transcription. Expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, and TLR9 was unchanged when HCE cells were exposed to A. castellanii. IL-8 mRNA expression was upregulated in HCE cells exposed to A. castellanii. A. castellanii and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced significant IL-8 production by HCE cells as measured by ELISA. The percentage of total cells positive for TLR4 was higher in A. castellanii stimulated HCE cells compared to unstimulated HCE cells. A. castellanii induced upregulation of IL-8 in TLR4 expressing human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, but not TLR3 expressing HEK-293 cells. TLR4 neutralizing antibody inhibited A. castellanii-induced IL-8 by HCE and HEK-293 cells. Clinical strains but not soil strains of Acanthamoeba activated TLR4 expression in Chinese hamster corneas in vivo and in vitro. Clinical isolates but not soil isolates of Acanthamoeba induced significant (P< 0.05) CXCL2 production in Chinese hamster corneas 3 and 7 days after infection, which coincided with increased inflammatory cells in the corneas. Results suggest that pathogenic species of Acanthamoeba activate TLR4 and induce production of CXCL2 in the Chinese hamster model of AK. TLR4 may be a potential target in the development of novel treatment strategies in Acanthamoeba and other microbial infections that activate TLR4 in corneal cells.
Biodegradable soy protein–polyester blends by reactive extrusion process

Blends of soy protein concentrate and biodegradable polyester (Eastar Bio Copolyester, EPE) were prepared by using glycerol as a compatibilizing agent. Good miscibility was obtained only when the soy protein was initially combined with glycerol under high shear and at elevated temperatures in an extruder. Under these conditions, partial denaturing of the soy protein led to specific interactions between functional groups of the protein with the glycerol. The extrusion conditions and appropriate screw configuration were the critical factors affecting the reactivity of the protein and hence, the properties of the blends. Screws with large kneading blocks that produced high shear mixing were preferred and led to thermoplastic blends characterized by high elongation and high tensile strength. The morphology of these soy protein/polyester blends was studied by using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and indicated good wetting of the soy protein particles within the polyester matrix. The thermal properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and showed a lower degree of crystallinity and a continuous depression of the melting point of the polyester as the concentration of protein was increased. The possibility of using soy protein concentrate instead of the more expensive (higher purity) soy protein isolate in the preparation of biodegradable resins should lead to new commercial opportunities based on renewable, agricultural byproducts. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3231–3239, 2004
Response of last instar Heliothis zea larvae to carbohydrates: stimulation of biting, nutritional value.

Several carbohydrates were tested for their ability to stimulate last instar Heliothis zea larvae to bite and, as a measure of nutritional value, for their ability to prolong the lives of H. zea larvae in the absence of a protein. Sucrose, fructose and glucose strongly stimulated biting. Maltose and sorbose were weakly stimulating, and mannitol, rhamnose, galactose, and lactose did not stimulate biting at the concentrations tested. Sucrose, fructose, mannitol, maltose, glucose, galactose, corn starch, and lactose all prolonged life, but larval longevity varied among these carbohydrates. Rhamnose did not prolong life, nor did sorbose, which was slightly toxic. When fructose, glucose, or mannitol replaced sucrose in a nutritionally complete defined diet containing protein, utilization efficiencies were minimally affected. When sorbose was substituted for sucrose, it did not cause mortality, but it did depress the efficiency of utilization significantly below that of a control diet that lacked any carbohydrate except cellulose powder. Resume Reactions des chenilles du dernier stade de Heliothis zea aux carbohydrates: stimulation des morsures et valeur nutritive L'etude a porte sur l'apitude de plusieurs carbohydrates a stimuler les morsures des chenilles du dernier stade de H. zea et a prolonger leur vie, (mesure de la valeur nutritive), en absence de proteines. Sucrose, fructose et glucose stimulent fortement les morsures. Maltose et sorbose ont ete faiblement stimulants, et rhamnose, galactose, lactose et mannitol n'ont pas stimule aux concentrations examinees. Sucrose, fructose, mannitol, maltose, glucose, galactose, amidon de mais et lactose ont tous prolonge la vie, mais d'une facon differente suivant les carbohydrates. La rhamnose n'a pas prolonge la vie, tout comme le sorbose, qui s'est revele legerement toxique. Quand le fructose, le glucose ou le mannitol ont remplace le sucrose dans un regime completement defini contenant des proteines, la perturbation de l'efficacite d'utilisation a ete minimale, mais la substitution du sorbose par le sucrose, bien qu'elle n'ait pas provoque de mortalite, a donne une efficacite d'utilisation significativement plus faible qu'un temoin negatif ayant perdu tous les carbohydrates, a l'exception de poudre de cellulose.
Remote Percutaneous Renal Access Using a New Automated Telesurgical Robotic System

Previous clinical application of remote telesurgery has been the use of a novel system of video teleconferencing equipment along with remote control of a laparoscopic camera at distances over 11,00...
Seismic Properties of the Central Indian Shield

We use broadband seismic data at Hyderabad to investigate average crustal properties of the central Indian shield. Crustal receiver-functions ( P to SV conversions) based on data of excellent quality and azimuthal coverage show essentially no signal on the transverse component, indicating laterally homogeneous structures near this station. A joint analysis of receiver-functions and the dispersion of fundamental mode Rayleigh waves result in a simple model for the shear wave speed ( V s ) with a moderate gradient of 0.010–0.028 km/sec/km in the crust. The Moho is sharp, with a contrast of approximately 0.7 km/sec in V s across a small thickness of only 0–4 km. Measured from the middle of the Moho region, the crust is 30–34 km thick, with an average V s of 3.58 ± 0.10 km/sec. By modeling the timing and waveforms of Sp and SsPmp phases ( SV to P conversions), we estimate the average crustal Poisson9s ratio to be 0.26 ± 0.01. This value is comparable to that found in the Tanzanian craton which is also of Archean age, both values being somewhat lower than the global average of 0.29 ± 0.02 for shield regions that include both Proterozoic and Archean crust. A low Poisson9s ratio and a slow V s in the crust indicate that, on average, Archean crust beneath the central Indian shield is intermediate to felsic in composition, somewhat less mafic than globally averaged Precambrian crust.
Inhibitory molecules in development and regeneration.

In addition to chemotrophic and contact guidance theories that explain how long projection neurons weave intricate patterns of connectivity within developing or regenerating neuronal networks, there has been recent interest in mechanisms that guide axons by actively constraining, inhibiting or repelling axon growth cones. Developmental boundaries are especially important in regions where large numbers of growing axons must change direction in order to remain on course towards their potential targets. Regenerative boundaries can also have severe pathological consequences since they limit the potential for axon regrowth following injury or diseases. Some of the molecular mechanisms that generate repulsive environments in the embryo are re-expressed in the adult following injury. In the developing retina, a chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan appears to play an essential role in controlling the sequence of ganglion cell differentiation and initial direction of axons. In several lesion models, re-expression of a chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan by reactive astrocytes limits regeneration through glial scars; conversely, in experiments where boundary molecules have been manipulated by chondroitinase digestion, axons are stimulated to regrow or reroute to inappropriate pathways.
CD 10 (CALLA, common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen)/neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP, “nkephalinase”) : molecular structure and role in regulating met-enkephalin mediated inflammatory responses

Summary CD10 (common acute lymphoblastic leukemiaantigen, CALLA) is a 100 kDa cell surface glycoprotein (Brown et al., 1975; Ritz et al., 1980; Metzgar et al., 1981; Cossman et al., 1983; Graves et al., 1983; Shipp et al., 1988, 1989), expressed by acute lymphoblastic leukemias (Brown et al., 1975; Ritz et al., 1980), normal lymphoid progenitors (Greaves et al., 1983), mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes (Cossman et al., 1983) and certain non-hematopoietic cells (Metzgar et al., 1981). Molecular cloning and expression studies have shown that CD10 is the zinc metalloprotease, neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP, “enkephalinase”) (LeTarte et al., 1988; Shipp et al., 1988, 1989). CD 10/NEP hydrolyzes a number of naturally occurring peptides including the endogenous opioid pentapeptides met- and leu- enkephalin. Hence, the enzyme in brain has been termed “enkephalinase” (Malfroy et al., 1978). In invertebrate organisms such as the mollusc M. edulis , met-enkephalin triggers inflammatory responses by inducing morphological changes, directed migration, and aggregation of hemocytes (Stefano et al., 1989a,b). We recently found that M. edulis hemocytes express a CD10/NEP related structure and that abrogation of CD10/NEP enzymatic activity reduces the amount of met-enkephalin required for hemocyte activation by five orders of magnitude (Shipp et al., 1990). Human CD 10+ polymorphonu clear leukocytes are similarly responsive to met-enkephalin and inhibition of CD 10/NEP enzymatic activity dramatically potentiates met-enkephalin effects in these cells (Shipp et al., 1990). Therefore, CD10/NEP related structures modulate enkephalin-mediated inflammatory responses in organisms that are ≈500 million years divergent in evolution (Meglitsch, 1967). These results suggest that in hematopoietic, and perhaps other cells, enkephalin signals are regulated via co-expression of cell surface opioid receptors and the CD10/NEP hydrolytic enzyme and hat CD10/NEP functions to down-regulate induced responses to peptide hormones that are CD10/NEP substrates.
Distributed detection with a scan statistic: Global to local inference

Sensor networks offer an opportunity for improving submarine detection. Let each sensor firstly make a binary local decision-‘0’ or ‘1’, and then a fusion center collects them to make a system-level inference without knowledge of probabilities of local detection. An obvious strategy is a counting rule test, which simply counts the total number of 1's and compares it to a threshold. This approach equally considers all network subareas. However, reflected signals from a submarine are highly aspect dependent, and in many instances only sensors in a particular zone could receive the echoes. This paper focuses on the scan statistic, which slides a window across the sensor field, and selects the subarea with the largest number of 1's to make a decision. The scan statistic integrates the spatial distinction of local decisions into detection fusion. With a proper window size, it may suppress subarea interference, and improve system-level performance.
Filtering noise in mixed-purpose fixing commits to improve defect prediction and localization

In open-source software projects, during fixing software faults, developers sometimes also perform other types of non-fixing code changes such as functionality enhancement, code restructuring/improving, or documentation. They commit non-fixing changes together with the fixing ones in the same transaction. We call them mixed-purpose fixing commits (MFCs). We have conducted an empirical study on MFCs in several popular open-source projects. Our results showed that MFCs are about 11%-39% of total fixing commits. In 3%-41% of MFCs, developers performed other change types without indicating them in the commit logs. Our study also showed that mining software repositories (MSR) approaches that rely on the recovery of the history of fixed/buggy files are affected by the noisy data where non-fixing changes in MFCs are considered as fixing ones. The results of our study motivated us to develop Cardo, a tool to identify MFCs and filter non-fixing changed files in the change sets of the fixing commits. It uses natural language processing to analyze the sentences in commit logs and program analysis to cluster the changes in the change sets to determine if a changed file is for non-fixing. Our empirical evaluation on several open-source projects showed that Cardo achieves on average 93% precision, and existing MSR approaches can be relatively improved up to 32% with data filtered by Cardo.
Biochemistry of bovine lens proteins II. The γ-crystallins of adult bovine, calf and embryonic lenses

Abstract An analysis of the soluble proteins from the adult and calf bovine lens epithelial cells by DEAE-cellulose fractionation has shown that these cells do not contain the γ-crystallins, but do contain the normal complement of α-andβ-crystallins. Significant quantities of γ-crystallins could be found, however, in the fiber cells of adult, calf and embryonic lenses. It was concluded from these experiments that the initiation of γ-crystallin synthesis is specifically associated with the differentiation of lens epithelial cells to lens fiber cells. Resolution of teh γ-crystallin of adult cortex, adult nucleus and embryonic lens was achieved by fractionation on DEAE-cellulose columns. Electrophoretic analysis of the purified γ-crystallin showed that those of the embryo and adult nucleus have similar mobilities whereas the mobility of adult cortex γ-crystallins differed from the others. It appears, therefore that the γ-crystallins formed in fiber cell differentiation in an embryonic lens are electrophoretically distinct from those formed during fiber differentiation in an adult lens.
Water temperature and concentration measurements within the expanding blast wave of a high explosive

We present an application of absorption spectroscopy to directly measure temperature and concentration histories of water vapor within the expansion of a high explosive detonation. While the approach of absorption spectroscopy is well established, the combination of a fast, near-infrared array, broadband light source, and rigid gauge allow the first application of time-resolved absorption measurements in an explosive environment. The instrument is demonstrated using pentaerythritol tetranitrate with a sampling rate of 20 kHz for 20 ms following detonation. Absorption by water vapor is measured between 1335 and 1380 nm. Water temperatures are determined by fitting experimental transmission spectra to a simulated database. Water mole fractions are deduced following the temperature assignment. The sources of uncertainty and their impact on the results are discussed. These measurements will aid the development of chemical-specific reaction models and the predictive capability in technical fields including combustion and detonation science.
DOA and polarization estimation for wideband sources

This paper presents an approach for direction-of-arrival (DOA) and polarization estimations of far-field wideband signals using an array of cross-polarized dual-feed sensors. The wideband signals are decomposed into a set of narrowband signals. The coherent signal subspace processing technique is then applied to dimensionally extended source signal correlation matrices to construct a signal subspace. The utilization of polarization diversity through the use of a dual-feed cross-polarized array to process the polarized source signals lends an additional degree of freedom, leading to performance improvement over the case where only a single-polarization array is used.
Developing the statistical parameters for simultaneous variation in final payload and total load time

It is argued that the two principal components of simulating earthmoving operations are modeling and providing input data. The knowledge and proficiency in modeling has been substantially improved through general-purpose simulation systems such as CYCLONE and STROBOSCOPE. However, the inability to provide statistically reliable input data to the models is source of concern. Automated data collection through instrumented vehicles provides the first opportunity to collect cycle time data in a continuous manner and hence, provide a statistically reliable data set. This paper presents the use of automated data to fit probabilistic distributions that are used as input to simulation models. This paper also describes a methodology to develop statistical parameters for simultaneous variation in payload and load time through the concept of a payload-time (PLT) map. Field data from on-going earthmoving projects is used to illustrate these concepts.
Timely Assessment of the Severity of the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic

During the 2009 influenza pandemic, weekly mortality data were analyzed to estimate excess mortality above a seasonally adjusted baseline modeled from prior years' data. Between the 1962-1963 and 2008-2009 seasons, among persons ≥ 25 years old, excess mortality had been substantially higher during influenza A(H3N2)-dominant years than during A(H1N1)-dominant years. Among persons ≥ 15 years of age, excess mortality was higher in the 1968-1969 influenza pandemic season than during any other season. During the 2009-2010 pandemic, among all age groups <65 years old, excess mortality increased earlier than during any of the previous 47 seasons, eventually exceeding mortality in any prior non-pandemic season. In the ≥ 65-year-old age group, excess mortality remained relatively low, at rates typical of seasonal influenza A(H1N1) seasons. The model provided a timely assessment of severity during the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic, showing that, compared with prior seasons, mortality was relatively high among persons <65 years old and relatively low among those ≥ 65 years old.
Modeling and Estimating Current Harmonics of Variable Electronic Loads

This paper develops a model for relating input current harmonic content to real power consumption for variable electronic loads, specifically for loads' actively controlled inverters energized by an uncontrolled rectification of the utility. This model serves as the basis for a method for estimating and disaggregating the power consumption of variable speed drives (VSDs) and rectifier loads from other constant power loads. This method can be used for nonintrusive power monitoring. The approach described in this paper uses the approximate switching function of the rectifier to derive the best estimating function for the fundamental current harmonic from a finite set of current harmonics uniquely associated with the operation of the drive. Experimental results show that the proposed VSD power and harmonic estimator can track VSD power consumption for monitoring given knowledge or an estimate of the input current harmonic content.
Effects of a pre-moistened multilayered breathable fabric in promoting heat loss during recovery after exercise under hot conditions.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Horses generate considerable internal heat burdens when exercising. Although common practice for a trainer or groom to place a wet blanket or towel on the dorsum of a hot horse post exercise, there are no data supporting the efficacy of this cooling method. Objective: To test the hypothesis that a pre-moistened blanket designed with a multilayered breathable fabric would enhance heat loss in horses post exercise. Methods: Eight treadmill-trained horses performed a standardised exercise test (SET) weekly for 3 weeks, with 3 different recovery treatments administered randomly. Pulmonary artery temperature (PAT) was measured via Swan-Ganz catheter. The SET consisted of 10 min at 3.7 m/sec, 3 min at 11.0 m/sec, 25 min at 3.7 m/sec and 20 min of recovery walking at 2.0 m/sec (58 min exercise and recovery under laboratory conditions of 35.0–40.6°C and 27–49% RH). From 3–7 min during recovery, the treadmill was stopped and horses randomly received either: (a) no bath (negative control); (b) a bath consisting of 32 1 of 1–4°C water split into 3–4 cycles of bilateral water application (positive control) followed by water removal (‘scraping’); or (c) application of a multilayered fabric blanket soaked in 16–19°C water, wrung out, and placed over the dorsum and sides of the horse. PAT was compared using RM ANOVA with the Student Neuman-Keul's test used post hoc to discriminate between treatments at specific points in time. Results: Mean PAT rose with each phase of exercise (P 0.05), and both were hotter than the cold bath treatment through 16 min of recovery (P<0.05). Conclusions: A specially-designed cooling blanket failed to reduce PAT when compared to negative control. Cold water bathing decreased HR and PAT but was not effective throughout all of recovery. Potential relevance: A specially-designed, pre-moistened multilayered breathable fabric failed to promote evaporative cooling compared to negative control. Cold water baths may need to be repeated throughout recovery to optimise their effect.
The Language-Planning Effect of Newspaper Editorial Policy: Gender Differences in The Washington Post.

We examined the effect of general statements against sexist usage in the style manual for The Washington Post. We selected a minor usage pattern that was not the subject of an explicit rule, namely, the difference in the use of a middle initial in references to men and to women. This usage was taken as an index of the possible effect of a general policy statement on newswriting practice. We found significantly less difference by sex in this usage subsequent to the publication of the style manual. We take the difference as support for the effectiveness of language planning in this instance, although the significance of our results as evidence of real equality of treatment remains somewhat problematic. There are different points of view in sociolinguistics about the relative value of quantitative versus more directly interpretive methods. We present in some detail the reasoning behind the use of quantitative methods to support an investigation such as ours. (Language planning, language treatment, language and sex, language and the media, style and usage, forms of reference, statistical methods)
Pericentromeric Duplications in the Laboratory Mouse

Duplications have long been postulated to be an important mechanism by which genomes evolve. Interspecies genomic comparisons are one method by which the origin and molecular mechanism of duplications can be inferred. By comparative mapping in human, mouse, and rat, we previously found evidence for a recent chromosome-fission event that occurred in the mouse lineage. Cytogenetic mapping revealed that the genomic segments flanking the fission site appeared to be duplicated, with copies residing near the centromere of multiple mouse chromosomes. Here we report the mapping and sequencing of the regions of mouse chromosomes 5 and 6 involved in this chromosome-fission event as well as the results of comparative sequence analysis with the orthologous human and rat genomic regions. Our data indicate that the duplications associated with mouse chromosomes 5 and 6 are recent and that the resulting duplicated segments share significant sequence similarity with a series of regions near the centromeres of the mouse chromosomes previously identified by cytogenetic mapping. We also identified pericentromeric duplicated segments shared between mouse chromosomes 5 and 1. Finally, novel mouse satellite sequences as well as putative chimeric transcripts were found to be associated with the duplicated segments. Together, these findings demonstrate that pericentromeric duplications are not restricted to primates and may be a common mechanism for genome evolution in mammals. [Supplemental material is available online at www.genome.org.]
SEISMIC COUPLING AND OUTER RISE EARTHQUAKES

Variation of interplate seismic coupling at subduction zones is a major factor controlling the size of the largest underthrusting events. This variation also has a profound effect on the regional intraplate stresses in the vicinity of the subduction zone. Outer rise seismicity is strongly correlated with variations in interplate coupling, reflecting the stress state of the interplate coupled zone. Over 200 outer rise earthquakes with known focal mechanisms are used to investigate the relationship between stresses in the outer rise and interplate seismic coupling. These events occur within the downgoing (i.e., oceanic) plate near the bathymetric trench axes and generally fall into the categories of tensional (normal) or compressional (thrust) with their tensional or compressional stress axes oriented approximately horizontal and perpendicular to the trench. In uncoupled subduction zones, only tensional outer rise earthquakes occur, which indicates that the outer rise is dominated by tensional stresses associated with plate bending and/or slab pull forces. In strongly coupled subduction zones, both tensional and compressional outer rise events are found. These events are related both spatially and temporally to the distribution of large underthrusting earthquakes and are thus an integral part of the earthquake cycle. In the strongly coupled regions, tensional outer rise events follow large underthrusting events as the outer rise is temporarily in tension due to the underthrusting motion. Compressional outer rise events take place as compressional stress slowly accumulates oceanward of locked sections of the interplate zone. In four instances, compressional outer rise earthquakes have been followed by large underthrusting events which have occurred 2, 4, 7, and 19 years after the associated outer rise event. The remaining compressional outer rise events are located in regions that are either known seismic gaps or in regions where the seismic potential is unknown. The occurrence of compressional outer rise earthquakes suggests that compressional stress is accumulating in the adjacent interplate region and that there is the potential for a future large underthrusting event in the region. Thirty compressional outer rise events have been located in trench segments of Middle and South America, the Kurile Islands, the Tonga and Kermadec islands, the New Hebrides Arc, and the Solomon Islands regions. In both the southern Kamchatka and northern New Hebrides regions the outer rise seismicity indicates that the stress regimes in the outer rise have changed with time from tensional, following a previous large underthrusting event, to compressional at present. Thus three stages of the cycle from underthrusting to tensional outer rise regime to compressional outer rise regime are present, requiring only the occurrence of the next underthrusting event to complete the cycle. The occurrence of compressional outer rise events is useful for assessing the seismic potential of a region on an intermediate time scale.
Spherically Invariant Vector Random Fields in Space and Time

This paper is concerned with spherically invariant or elliptically contoured vector random fields in space and/or time, which are formulated as scale mixtures of vector Gaussian random fields. While a spherically invariant vector random field may or may not have second-order moments, a spherically invariant second-order vector random field is determined by its mean and covariance matrix functions, just like the Gaussian one. This paper explores basic properties of spherically invariant second-order vector random fields, and proposes an efficient approach to develop covariance matrix functions for such vector random fields.
Fixed order multivariable discrete-time control

In this paper we develop a new algorithm to compute stabilizing sets for a fixed order digital controller for a multivariable plant. This computation is crucial in applications and few results are available. Our algorithm is based on a) the Tchebyshev representation of the unit circle image of a polynomial, b) recent results on sign-definite decomposition and c) bounded phase results from Robust Stability. These are combined to capture the unit circle image set of a polynomial over an interval set of controllers. The algorithm can be used recursively to obtain inner approximations of stabilizing sets. Examples are included to illustrate the algorithm.
Young children’s classification, stereotyping and play behaviour for gender neutral and ambiguous toys

Developmental intergroup theory would predict that children develop fewer or weaker stereotypes about toys that have less distinguishable gender attributes than those that are clearly associated with a gender. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of neutral and ambiguous toys in 31 three‐ to five‐year‐old children’s play behaviour and understanding about gender. Overall, children did not categorise more perceptually salient (ambiguous) toys than less distinguishable (neutral) toys to their own gender. Colour was the most frequently used reason for the toys’ gender assignment. The findings also showed that with age, girls’ play complexity increased linearly, whereas boys’ scores did not. A play substitution scale measuring play creativity or maturity showed no gender differences. The discussion highlights the role of perceptual salience in sex‐dimorphic toy preferences and behaviour and their application to educational issues.
N-9H-Fluoren-9-ylidene-3,4-dimethylaniline

The title compound, C21H17N, was synthesized by the p-toluene­sulfonic acid-assisted Schiff base reaction between 9-fluorenone and 3,4-di­methyl­aniline. The crystal structure has been determined at 100 K.
Image compression for fast wavelet-based subregion retrieval

In an image browsing environment there is need for progressively viewing image subregions at various resolutions. We describe a storage scheme that accomplishes good image compression, while supporting fast image subregion retrieval. We evaluate analytically and experimentally the compression performance of our algorithm. We also provide results on the speed of the algorithm to demonstrate its effectiveness, and present an extension to a client/server environment.
Influence of CHDs on psycho-social and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with Down syndrome

Objective To evaluate the family psycho-social outcomes of children with Down syndrome and atrioventricular septal defect, and examine the impact of these variables on the child’s neurodevelopmental outcome. Methods This was a cross-sectional study that consisted of 57 children with Down syndrome – 20 cases and 37 controls – of ~12–14 months of age. In both groups, we assessed the development of the child, the quality of the child’s home environment, and parenting stress. Results Compared with the Down syndrome without CHD group, the atrioventricular septal defect group revealed lower scores in all developmental domains, less optimal home environments, and higher parental stress. Significant differences in development were seen in the areas of cognition (p=0.04), expressive language (p=0.05), and gross motor (p<0.01). The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment revealed significant differences in emotional and verbal responsiveness of the mother between the two groups. The Parenting Stress Index revealed that the Down syndrome with atrioventricular septal defect group had a significantly higher child demandingness subdomain scores compared with the Down syndrome without CHD group. Conclusions The diagnosis of a CHD in addition to the diagnosis of Down syndrome may provide additional stress to the child and parents, elevating parental concern and disrupting family dynamics, resulting in further neurodevelopmental deficits. Finding that parental stress and home environment may play a role in the neurodevelopmental outcomes may prompt new family-directed interventions and anticipatory guidance for the families of children with Down syndrome who have a CHD.
Variations in Dental Calculi Composition and Structure

Chemical and crystallographic analysis of random samples of dental calculi and dentin obtained from 19 patients showed structural identity or close similarity to the "octa-phosphate" hydroxyapatite crystalline pattern. The organic and inorganic content and composition of the dental calculi were similar.