cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NEW APPROACH FOR MODELING GENERALIZED MICROBIAL GROWTH CURVES USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS1

Microbial growth curves are essential components in microbiological studies and are modeled conventionally by nonlinear fitting to one analytical expression such as the modified Gompertz equation. This paper discusses the potential of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for modeling bacterial growth curves. These ANNs are efficient approximators for highly dimensional complex functions because of their high nonlinearity and tolerance to noisy data. Therefore, ANNs can provide great flexibility in developing generalized models by extracting the real behavior directly from the experimental data. Such models can be designed to include the effect of time as well as a multitude of parameters pertaining to experimental conditions. The approach was applied to modeling time-dependent growth curves of Escherichia coli O157:H7 as affected by sodium chloride concentration and of Shigella flexneri as affected by incubation temperature, pH, and initial count. The developed ANNs were able to approximate the experimental growth curves with high accuracy. The advantages as well as limitations of the proposed methodology are presented.
The foraging ecology of two sympatric gobiid fishes: importance of behavior in prey type selection

The foraging ecology of two temperate marine gobies (Pisces: Gobiidae) was studied in rocky subtidal habitats off Santa Catalina Island, California. The bluebanded goby, Lythrypnus dalli, foraged from exposed ledges and fed on planktonic and benthic prey, although planktonic prey were more important in diets by number and weight. The more cryptic zebra goby, Lythrypnus zebra, remained hidden under rocks and in crevices feeding on benthic prey almost exclusively. The active selection of particular prey taxa from the two prey sources (water column and substratum), mediated by species-specific differences in foraging behavior, resulted in interspecific differences in type, number, size and weight of prey consumed. Interspecific differences in foraging ecology reflect the selection of prey most readily available to these fishes that occupy specific and fixed microhabitats within rocky reefs.
Integrating Evidence Based Medicine Into Undergraduate Medical Education: Combining Online Instruction With Clinical Clerkships

Background: Incorporation of evidence based medicine into the undergraduate curriculum varies from school to school. The purpose of this study was to determine if an online course in evidence based medicine run concurrently with the clinical clerkships in the 3rd year of undergraduate medical education provided effective instruction in evidence based medicine (EBM). Description: During the first 18 weeks of the 3rd year, students completed 6 online, didactic modules. Over the next 24 weeks, students developed questions independently from patients seen during clerkships and then retrieved and appraised relevant evidence. Online, faculty mentors reviewed student assignments submitted throughout the course to monitor progress. Mastery of the skills of EBM was assessed prior to and at the conclusion of the course using the Fresno test of competency. Evaluation: Paired data were available from 139 students. Postcourse test scores ( M= 77.7; 95% CI = 59–96.4) were significantly higher than precourse scores ( M=...
The molecular structures and energetics of [7]paracyclophane and [8]paracyclophane. an investigation of the boundaries of aromaticity

Abstract The equilibrium geometries of the [n] paracyclophanes (n = 7,8) have been predicted via ab initio molecular quantum mechanics. Self-consistent-field (SCF) theory has been used in conjunction with minimum (MBS) and double-zeta (DZ) basis sets. Together with earlier theoretical studies of [5]paracyclophane and [6]paracyclophane, this research comprises a fairly complete study of the structures of small paracyclophanes for which some experimental data exists.
Ceramide induces neuronal apoptosis through mitogen-activated protein kinases and causes release of multiple mitochondrial proteins.

Abstract Ceramide accumulates in neurons during various disorders associated with acute or chronic neurodegeneration. In these studies, we investigated the mechanisms of ceramide-induced apoptosis in primary cortical neurons using exogenous C2 ceramide as well as inducing endogenous ceramide accumulation using inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthetase. Ceramide induced the translocation of certain, but not all, pro-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins: cytochrome c, Omi, SMAC, and AIF were released from the mitochondria, whereas Endonuclease G was not. Ceramide also selectively altered the phosphorylation state of members of the MAPK superfamily, causing dephosphorylation of ERK1/2 and hyperphosphorylation of p38 MAP kinases, but not affecting the phosphorylation of JNK or ERK5. Inhibitors of the p38 MAP kinase pathway (SB-202190 or SB-203580) and an inhibitor of the ERK1/2 pathway (U0126) reduced ceramide-induced neuronal death. These p38 and ERK1/2 inhibitors appear to block ceramide-activated apoptotic signaling upstream of the mitochondria, as they attenuated mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, Omi, AIF, and SMAC, as well as reducing ceramide-induced caspase-3 activation.
Spinal anaesthesia for spinal surgery

Spinal anaesthesia for spinal surgery is becoming increasingly more popular because this anaesthetic technique allows the patient to self-position and avoid neurological injury that may occur with prone positioning under general anaesthesia. Spinal anaesthesia reduces intraoperative surgical blood loss, improves perioperative haemodynamic stability and reduces pain in the immediate postoperative period. This leads to a reduced need for analgesics and a reduction in the incidence of nausea and vomiting in the postoperative setting. Spinal anaesthesia for lumbar spine surgery also decreases the incidence of lower extremity thrombo-embolic complications and does not increase the occurrence of problems with micturition. These benefits increase the patient's satisfaction, and they expedite discharge of the patient from the hospital. Combination anaesthetic techniques, using both subarachnoid and epidural dosing schemes, may be beneficial for improving postoperative pain control and add further to the benefit of spinal anaesthesia for lumbar spine surgical procedures.
SUM RULES FOR HIGH ENERGY SCATTERING PHENOMENA

Abstract High energy scattering phenomena in which only the exchange of the ϱ and R trajectories contribute are considered. From the formalism combining SU(3) symmetry, exchange degeneracy and Regge poles a set of sum rules is obtained. These sum rules exhibit impressive agreement with existing data.
Purple-top wilt of potatoes caused by the aster yellows virus

A strain of the aster yellows virus obtained fromAmbrosia artemisiifolia was transmitted to potato and the induced symptoms were similar to those characterizing purple-top wilt in the field.
Passive avoidance performance following neonatal alcohol exposure

Abstract Prenatal alcohol exposure has been associated with deficits in response inhibition in both human and nonhuman studies. In this study, we investigated the effects of neonatal alcohol exposure on passive avoidance, a task that requires response inhibition. Neonatal alcohol exposure has been used to examine the effects of alcohol during a period of CNS development that is equivalent to the human third trimester “brain growth spurt.” Subjects were 23-day-old rats that were artificially reared (AR) from gestation day (GD) 26–32 through gastrostomy tubes. The AR groups included two ethanol doses; 6 g/kg and 4 g/kg and an isocaloric control. A sham surgery group was also included. Subjects were tested for acquisition and 24-hr retention of the passive avoidance task. The 6 g/kg females required more trials to reach the criterion during both acquisition and retention relative to all other groups. These findings suggest that neonatal alcohol exposure can produce deficits in response inhibition, but that there may be differential sensitivity across sexes to some of alcohol's effects.
In vivo selection of tumor-targeting RNA motifs

In an effort to target the in vivo context of tumor-specific moieties, we screened a large library of nuclease-resistant RNA oligonucleotides in tumor-bearing mice to identify candidate molecules with the ability to localize to hepatic colon cancer metastases. One of the selected molecules is an RNA aptamer that binds to p68, an RNA helicase that has been shown to be upregulated in colorectal cancer.
Esophageal carcinoma with alveolar cell tumor of the lung.

A case, believed to be unique, of alveolar cell tumor of the lung in association with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is presented. It is believed that the absence of a primary cancer elsewhere should not be one of the criteria for making the diagnosis of alveolar cell tumor of the lung.
Effects of obstructive sleep apnea treatment on left atrial volume and left atrial volume index

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and increased left atrial volume (LAV) both independently increase cardiovascular mortality. We hypothesized that treatment of OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may decrease LAV. We retrospectively identified 47 OSA patients receiving CPAP who had echocardiograms done before and after polysomnography. Compliance was defined as CPAP use at-least five nights weekly and 5 h per night. The compliant group (n = 23) had a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (DBP; 4.4 ± 8.9 mmHg, p < 0.05) and mean arterial pressure (MAP; 4.7 ± 10.3 mmHg, p < 0.05), while no significant changes were observed in the noncompliant group (n = 24). LAV data were available in 13 compliant and 20 noncompliant patients. LAV decreased nonsignificantly (3.54 ± 16.6 mL, n = 13, p = 0.65) in CPAP-compliant patients, while it increased (15.47 ± 22.3 mL, n = 20, p < 0.006) in noncompliant patients. Similar changes were seen in the LAV index. Untreated OSA was associated with an increase in LAV and LAV index without significant changes in blood pressure. Treatment of OSA was associated with a decrease in DBP and MAP with a nonsignificant decrease in LAV. Treatment of OSA may prevent adverse left atrial remodeling.
Synergistic inhibition of head and neck tumor growth by green tea (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor

One of the mechanisms of the antitumor activity of green tea (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is associated with its effect on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated signaling transduction pathways. We investigated whether combining EGCG with the EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) erlotinib may augment erlotinib-induced cell growth inhibition of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) in a mouse xenograft model. In vitro studies with 5 head and neck cancer cell lines revealed that synergistic cell growth inhibition by the combination of EGCG and erlotinib was associated with significantly greater inhibition of pEGFR and pAKT, increased activation of caspases 9, 3 and PARP compared to the inhibition induced by EGCG or erlotinib alone. Erlotinib inhibited phosphorylation of EGFR, stabilizing EGFR at the plasma membrane, whereas EGCG induced EGFR internalization and ubiquitin-degradation, ultimately undermining EGFR signaling. The efficacy of the combination treatment was investigated with nude mice (n = 25) orally gavaged with vehicle control, EGCG, erlotinib or the combination at the same doses for 7 days, followed by subcutaneous injection with Tu212 cells. Animals were continuously administered the agents 5 days weekly for 7 weeks. The combined treatment resulted in significantly greater inhibition of tumor growth and delayed tumor progression as a result of increased apoptosis, decreased cell proliferation and reduced pEGFR and pAKT compared to the single agent treatment groups. Our results suggest a synergistic antitumor effect of a combined treatment with EGCG and erlotinib, and provide a promising regimen for future chemoprevention and treatment of SCCHN.
Behavioral development of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana)

The 12 to 16 cockroach pharate first instar larvae (Periplaneta americana) which inhabit a single ootheca simultaneously eclose and hatch after 30 days of incubation at 29°C. Descriptions of behavior development were obtained by observing larvae which were removed from the ootheca after 16 to 18 days and incubated individually in organ culture dishes. The first movements were localized muscle twitches and depressions of the soft cuticle which first appeared at approximately 16 days. Coordinated multisegmental flattening movements of the abdomen and wave movements which rippled through the entire body appeared by 20 to 22 days. The frequency of larval movements increased up to 26 to 27 days and then decreased until hatching around day 30. Up to 28 days, most larval movements were localized twitches. The proportion of coordinated multisegmental movements increased from 18 through 29 days when they became the most frequent type. Larvae were largely quiescent on days 29 to 30 when eclosion and hatching movements were spontaneously initiated. Eclosion and hatching are performed concurrently using the same caudal to rostral peristaltic wave movements. All of the 12 to 16 larvae occupying a given ootheca eclosed and hatched simultaneously. Ligation of various body regions indicated that neither the head nor thorax were necessary for the performance of the rhythmic eclosion-hatching movements of the abdomen once they are initiated. Also, larvae with mid-abdominal ligations maintained asynchronous eclosion waves on both sides of the ligation, indicating that a given abdominal ganglion is capable of organizing the patterned motor output within its own segment and that any abdominal ganglion is capable of triggering eclosion movements in the adjacent rostral segment. The eclosion-hatching movements of the pharate first instar larvae are immediately terminated when the cuticle is removed. The first instar larvae which emerge are miniatures of the adult and perform the typical adult locomotor gait.
The effect of performance feedback on prior budgetary participative research using survey methodology: An empirical study

Abstract Prior research examining the relation between budgetary participation and job performance explicitly or implicitly posits budgetary participation and intervening variables such as role ambiguity, motivation, job satisfaction, and job-relevant information as independent variables; job performance as the dependent variable. However, these studies are often based on correlated data in which the direction of causation is unknown. This paper uses attribution theory to examine whether job performance affects perceptions of budgetary participation and/or intervening variables (e.g. role ambiguity). Using a laboratory experiment and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), the findings of this study show that knowledge of performance, obtained through performance evaluations and/or external cues, affects individuals’ perceptions regarding budgetary participation, job satisfaction, role ambiguity, motivation, and job-relevant information. The results of the study may undermine correlations between self-reported data on individual characteristics (e.g. motivation) and performance data, as well as correlations between self-reported data on organizational variables (e.g. budgetary participation) and performance data. The study provides suggestions how researchers could overcome problems associated with causal directions in future budget participation studies that link self-reported individual and organizational characteristics to job performance.
Dasyatis laosensis, a new whiptailed stingray (family Dasyatidae), from the Mekong River of Laos and Thailand

Dasyatis laosensis, a new species, is described from the Mekong River where it forms the border between Laos and Thailand. It is the first member of the genus Dasyatis to be described as an endemic freshwater species from Southeast Asia. Bright orange color on the ventral surface of the disc and similar meristic characters indicate that it may be closely related to Dasyatis akajei, a marine species from southern Japan and China, and to Dasyatis sp. undetermined, from the West River in Guangxi, southern China.
Entanglement, fidelity, and topological entropy in a quantum phase transition to topological order

We present a numerical study of a quantum phase transition from a spin-polarized to a topologically ordered phase in a system of spin-$1∕2$ particles on a torus. We demonstrate that this non-symmetry-breaking topological quantum phase transition (TOQPT) is of second order. The transition is analyzed via the ground state energy and fidelity, block entanglement, Wilson loops, and the recently proposed topological entropy. Only the topological entropy distinguishes the TOQPT from a standard QPT, and remarkably, does so already for small system sizes. Thus the topological entropy serves as a proper order parameter. We demonstrate that our conclusions are robust under the addition of random perturbations, not only in the topological phase, but also in the spin-polarized phase and even at the critical point.
The alteration of chromatophore expression by sex hormones in the Kenyan reed frog, Hyperolius viridiflavus.

Abstract Testosterone administered during larval life is effective in producing all males at metamorphosis in the African reed frog Hyperolius viridiflavus but estrogen does not affect the sex ratio. Within this species complex, juveniles have a color pattern distinctive from that of the adult. Estrogen or testosterone, given as a 1-min bath per day during or after metamorphic climax, produces a juvenile precociously displaying the adult color pattern. In H. v. viridiflavus , these hormones alter chromatophore expression from the normal brown-striped pattern to a bright green and yellow one. These results are discussed in relation to the ontogeny of hormone receptors in the skin, the plasticity of pigment cells, and the role of the environment in their expression.
Trends in Skill of Public Forecasts at Louisville, Ky.

Abstract Forecasts issued to the public during the 10-year period 1966–75 by the National Weather Service Forecast Office, Louisville, Ky., are compared with guidance forecasts produced by the National Meteorological Center for the same location. There was little overall change in the quality of forecasts issued to the public, but the guidance forecasts have improved to the extent that they are new of a quality comparable to those issued to the Louisville public.
A charge asymmetry measurement system

Abstract A computer controlled data collection and analysis system was built and used at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's Bevatron to measure the charge asymmetry in the decay KL0→π±μ±ν. The system records the states of 144 scintillation counters arranged into twelve hodoscopes, and it can test the operation of each counter. Information from pulse height analyzers, a digital voltmeter, time-to-amplitude converters, event clock, and scalers was recorded with each event. Using a PDP-9 computer, over 25 million events were recorded on magnetic tape during the tuning and data phases of the experiment. A CRT, programmed to display histograms and geometrical models of the experimental information as it was accumulated, was a valuable diagnostic tool allowing rapid visual assessmenr of both broad hodoscope and specific counter anomalies. The computer's power was greatly expanded by the addition of external control registers, hardware priority resolvers, event matrix logic, additional programmable flags, and input-output transfer request lines, in addition to software priority levels and the usual program interrupt line and peripherals. Inexpensive dual discriminators, nanosecond coincidence gates, testing circuits and new packaging methods were all used in developing this system.
Developmental changes in the magnitude and activation characteristics of Na+ currents of petrosal neurons projecting to the carotid body

Carotid bodies mediate hypoxia sensing for the respiratory system and increase their sensitivity in the post-natal period. The present study examined the characteristics and developmental change of fast Na+ currents of chemoreceptor afferent neurons. Rat carotid bodies (P2–P19) were harvested intact with the petrosal ganglia and whole-cell recordings obtained from petrosal somas whose axons projected to the carotid body. The magnitude of Na+ current increased in the post-natal period in parallel with increased conduction velocity and somal size. Voltage-dependence of activation significantly shifted towards negative potentials but no significant change occurred in the voltage dependence of inactivation or the slope factors for activation or inactivation. The leftward shift in activation increased slowly or non-inactivating currents around resting potential which increases afferent neuron excitability, a result confirmed in current clamp recordings. These results suggest that a developmental shift in Na+ current activation plays a role in chemoreceptor maturation by enhancing excitability of the afferent neuron.
A Social Capital Theory of Career Success

A model integrating competing theories of social capital with research on career success was developed and tested in a sample of 448 employees with various occupations and organizations. Social capital was conceptualized in terms of network structure and social resources. Results of structural equation modeling showed that network structure was related to social resources and that the effects of social resources on career success were fully mediated by three network benefits: access to information, access to resources, and career sponsorship.
Developmental expression of neural cell type-specific mRNA markers in the myelin-deficient mutant rat brain: inhibition of oligodendrocyte differentiation.

We have studied gene expression of neuroglial cell markers in the myelin-deficient (md) rat brain during postnatal development. Northern blots and slot blots of poly(A)+ RNA from developing brain were sequentially probed with cDNAs specific for the oligodendrocyte markers glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), myelin basic protein (MBP), and proteolipid protein (PLP), for the neuronal marker glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and for the astrocyte markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase (GS). GPDH mRNA levels were also examined in two peripheral tissues, liver, and skeletal muscle (hindlimb). Despite a lack of CNS myelin in the md mutant, transcripts of all oligodendroglial markers were detectable except the 1.6-kb PLP message. Brain GPDH mRNA levels were initially equivalent in md and unaffected littermates at postnatal day 15 (PI5), but the mutants failed to display the normal developmental increase in gene expression. By P25, GPDH mRNA expression in md rat brain was approximately 20% of control levels. GPDH mRNA expression in peripheral tissues was less affected than in brain and was lower in md mutants only at the later developmental ages. Expressions of GAD, GFAP, and GS mRNAs in developing md rat brain were not altered. The mRNA levels of the two myelin markers, MBP and PLP, were severely impaired in md rat brain during the entire myelinating period and represented less than 10% of control mRNA levels at P25. The most important observation was that the large PLP transcript (3.2 kb) was slightly shorter in size in md rat brain as compared to normals. These data indicate that the md mutation does not affect the normal development of astrocytes or GABAergic neurons but severely inhibits the normal differentiation of oligodendrocytes, possibly because of an alteration in the PLP mRNA.
Disclosure, risks and protective factors for children whose parents are undergoing a gender transition

SUMMARY Objective: This study attempts to delineate the effects on children within different stages of development whose parent undergoes a transition to the other sex. Methods: Questionnaires were mailed to therapists who have considerable experience working with gender dysphoric patients. These therapists were queried about their experience with individuals who had children prior to the start of their transition. Variables such as the nature and manner of disclosure to the child and the nature of the relationships between the child and each parent were evaluated. Results: Children in the preschool years were rated as adapting best to the transition, both initially and long-term. Adults also were able to adapt well, so long as the level of conflict between parents was low. Adolescents had the most difficult time adapting to a parental transition. The level of family conflict worsened the child's adaptation across all developmental levels. The therapists delineated both risk and protective factors for chi...
Correlations in a Two-Chain Hubbard Model

Equal-time spin-spin and pair-field correlation functions are calculated for a two-chain Hubbard model using a density-matrix numerical renormalization group approach. At half filling, the antiferromagnetic and pair-field correlations both decay exponentially with the pair field having a much shorter correlation length. This is consistent with a gapped spin-liquid ground state. Below half filling, the antiferromagnetic correlations become incommensurate and the spin gap persists. The pair-field correlations appear to follow a power law decay which is similar to their noninteracting $U=0$ behavior.
Structure and Thermodynamics of ssDNA and dsDNA Near a Surface: a Coarse Grained Approach

In the last two decades, new technologies have allowed us to measure properties of single DNA molecules in very accurate ways. At the same time, a number of theoretical models have been developed to understand the behavior of single stranded and double stranded DNA. These models have been shown to be accurate and relatively simple for very short systems of 6-8 base pairs. Comparatively less is known about the influence of a surface on the secondary structures of longer molecules important to many technologies. To gain insight into this situation we modeled DNA as a discretized worm-like chain; each link is considered a sphere of 6 base pairs in length for dsDNA and 1.5 bases for ssDNA. The chain is tethered to a surface by a fixed length, non-interactive 1 nm linker. Configurational sampling was achieved via Monte-Carlo sampling. Results on the average tilt are in agreement with all atom simulations. New insights into polyelectrolytes near surfaces are shown.
CONCEPTUAL MODELS FOR RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF CHANGE

Intensifying efforts to utilize behavioral science concepts and knowledge in administrative research and practice in education during the past quarter‐century have produced an impressive body of literature, largely taxonomic in nature. Much of this literature involves system theory and attempts to identify and classify the various processes by which planned change may be controlled and directed. It thus gives rise to the concept of coherent change strategies and tactics: a concept useful to both the student of organizational change and the administrative practitioner. The author describes four major attempts to identify and classify strategies of organizational change and the tactice that “go with them. In general, these strategies address the problem of how to change organizations, but it is also necessary to know what to change. Leavitt has identified and described four crucial organizational variables which are amenable to administrative control and manipulation: (1) task, (2) structure, (3) people, and (4) technology. These variables are dynamically interrelated but are helpful to the researcher and the administrator in designing and monitoring systemic approaches to organizational change utilizing any strategy which may have been selected.
Crystal Structure of the Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus RNase H Domain

A crystallographic study of the Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MLV) RNase H domain was performed to provide information about its structure and mechanism of action. These efforts resulted in the crystallization of a mutant Mo-MLV RNase H lacking the putative helix C (DeltaC). The 1.6-Angstroms resolution structure resembles the known structures of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and Escherichia coli RNase H. The structure revealed the coordination of a magnesium ion within the catalytic core comprised of the highly conserved acidic residues D524, E562, and D583. Surface charge mapping of the Mo-MLV structure revealed a high density of basic charges on one side of the enzyme. Using a model of the Mo-MLV structure superimposed upon a structure of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase bound to an RNA/DNA hybrid substrate, Mo-MLV RNase H secondary structures and individual amino acids were examined for their potential roles in binding substrate. Identified regions included Mo-MLV RNase H beta1-beta2, alphaA, and alphaB and residues from alphaB to alphaD and its following loop. Most of the identified substrate-binding residues corresponded with residues directly binding nucleotides in an RNase H from Bacillus halodurans as observed in a cocrystal structure with RNA/DNA. Finally, superimposition of RNases H of Mo-MLV, E. coli, and HIV-1 revealed that a loop of the HIV-1 connection domain resides within the same region of the Mo-MLV and E. coli C-helix. The HIV-1 connection domain may serve to recognize and bind the RNA/DNA substrate major groove.
Timing of urgent thoracotomy for hemorrhage after trauma: a multicenter study

Hypothesis It is possible to quantify an amount of thoracic hemorrhage, after blunt and penetrating injury, at which delay of thoracotomy is associated with increased mortality. Design A retrospective case series. Setting Five urban trauma centers. Study Selection Patients undergoing urgent thoracotomy (within 48 hours of injury) for hemorrhage (excluding emergency department thoracotomy). Data Extraction Respective registries identified patients who underwent urgent thoracotomy. Injury characteristics, initial and subsequent chest tube outputs, time before thoracotomy, and outcomes were evaluated. Main Outcome Measure Death. Results One hundred fifty-seven patients (36 with blunt and 121 with penetrating injuries) underwent urgent thoracotomy for hemorrhage between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 1998. Mortality correlated with mean (± SD) Injury Severity Score (38 ± 19 vs 22 ± 12.6 for survivors; P P P = .02) and also had a greater total chest tube output before thoracotomy (2220 ± 1235 mL vs 1438 ± 747 mL; P = .001). Conclusions The risk for death increases linearly with total chest hemorrhage after thoracic injury. Thoracotomy is indicated when total chest tube output exceeds 1500 mL within 24 hours, regardless of injury mechanism.
REWRITING THE NEURAL CODE FOR RUNNING

![Figure][1] When an animal is standing still or moving slowly, it's relatively easy to figure out what a specific muscle might do. Once the animal starts moving more quickly, the question gets a lot hairier – the body and the legs are swinging around; sometimes the legs hit the ground and
Neon L‐shell photoabsorption cross sections from moment theory and finite basis pseudospectra

Pseudospectra from Gaussian basis set calculations within a frozen-core approximation have been used in a moment analysis to obtain Tchebychev profiles for the photoabsorption process in the valence shell of Ne. The profiles show good agreement with cross sections obtained in equivalent calculations using numerical atomic wave functions and continuum orbitals, particularly when the dipole-velocity form is employed. Variation of the basis sets shows that it is possible to obtain meaningful photoabsorption profiles using 13–15 virtual orbitals to describe the outgoing electron.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATION OF THE VIRUS CAUSING RABBIT PAPILLOMAS TO THE CANCERS DERIVING THEREFROM I. THE INFLUENCE OF THE HOST SPECIES AND OF THE PATHOGENIC ACTIVITY AND CONCENTRATION OF THE VIRUS

All the strains of the Shope virus thus far tested which give rise to vigorous, progressively enlarging papillomas in domestic rabbits, function as carcinogenic agents by way of these growths. The more pathogenic the virus as evidenced by the brevity of its incubation period and the vigor of the papillomas produced, the sooner and oftener does cancer occur. The number of virus entities contained in the inoculum notably influences the outcome, cancer appearing most frequently in those confluent, papillomatous masses which have resulted from the greatest concentration of the virus material under test. The papillomas experimentally induced by the ordinary inoculation methods are essentially aggregates of proliferating cell families, each the outcome of some primary cell-virus association. Some of these associations are followed more frequently by cancer than others are in the same animal. Cottontail rabbits, the natural hosts of the virus, are notably resistant to its sustained activity, as compared with domestic rabbits. Though often growing rapidly at first, the papillomas of cottontails soon become relatively inert in most cases, and they usually retrogress, and rarely undergo malignant change. In an instance here reported both a squamous cell carcinoma and a metastasizing sarcoma appeared at the base of some papillomas due to experimental inoculation, which had existed on the ears of a cottontail for nearly 2 years. The meaning of the phenomena is discussed.
Effect of ether on salt arousal of drinking in the hooded rat

Abstract It was recently observed that ether depresses the salt arousal of drinking in hooded rats. An experiment was conducted to determine whether or not the mechanism mediating salt arousal of drinking responds principally to early rapid increases in serum electrolyte level and if ether depresses drinking by reducing the efficiency of the central mechanism during these early changes. Hooded rats were anesthetized with ethyl ether at different times during and after subcutaneous NaCl injection using as a model data previously obtained for time course of change in serum Na level in hooded rat. Results showed that if ether administration is delayed until after initial rapid increases in serum Na level have taken place, water intake is similar to that of non-etherized controls. Drinking was significantly depressed when ether was given during early changes. Although presently unclear, results suggest that rate of increase in suprathreshold serum Na level is positively related to magnitude of water intake.
Wealth Transfer Taxation: 'Transfer' Defined

The United States Constitution forbids a direct Federal tax on wealth. Instead, the estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer taxes are permissible only to the extent they are imposed on “transfers” of wealth. But the term “transfer” is not defined in the Internal Revenue Code or Regulations, and it is not clear whether certain transactions or events give rise to a legitimate imposition of the Federal tax. This article provides a definition of “transfer” that does not depend on there being both a transfer or and transferee. Instead, it posits that “transfer” means that the taxpayer no longer has something, and not that any identifiable donee received it.
The Assimilative and Contrastive Effects of Word-of-Mouth Volume: An Experimental Examination of Online Consumer Ratings

Abstract The popularity of online rate-and-review websites has increased the importance of word-of-mouth (WOM) volume (number of ratings) yet the retail literature has not paid adequate attention to understanding its impact. This paper highlights WOM volume as a high-scope, decision-making cue upon which the influence of other WOM-relevant characteristics on a WOM message's persuability depends. We begin, via a pretest, by demonstrating the intuitive expectation that high volume, relative to low volume, accentuates or assimilates perceptions of positivity or negativity of WOM targets. Then, through two experimental studies, we show that depending upon how high volume interacts with WOM consensus and consumer decision precommitment, it can contrast preference away from the valence of a target also. In our third and final experimental study, we demonstrate that consumers differ in their susceptibility to the influence of high volume. Those with a higher desire to be different from others, compared to those with a higher desire to be similar, are resistant to high volume's assimilative sway and do not show the valence-accentuating effects demonstrated in the pretest. Retail managers and researchers should find these insights about the different roles of WOM volume beneficial.
Informational efficiency tests of quarterly macroeconometric GNP forecasts from 1976 to 1985

The objective of the paper is to compare the informational efficiency of five macroeconometric and one statistical quarterly forecasting models. The results suggest that the forecasters inefficiently utilize readily available economic information. The qualitative effect for a particular information variable is the same across all forecasters exhibiting inefficiency. Further, the magnitude on coefficients of significant information variables are quite close. In particular, real GNP forecasts appear to not fully incorporate information about lagged M 1 growth and lagged changes in housing starts. Deflator forecasts can be improved by more fully specifying the degree of slackness in the economy as captured by capacity utilization and changes in the labor market.
Getting the Right Idea: Semantic Activation in the Right Hemisphere May Help Solve Insight Problems

Two experiments examined hemispheric differences in information processing that may contribute to solving insight problems. We propose that right-hemisphere (RH) coarse semantic coding is more likely than left-hemisphere (LH) fine semantic coding to activate distantly related information or unusual interpretations of words, and thus more likely to activate solution-relevant information for insight problems. In Experiment 1, after trying to solve insight problems, participants read aloud solution or unrelated target words presented to the left visual field (lvf) or right visual field (rvf). Participants showed greater lvf-RH than rvf-LH priming for solutions for solved problems and priming only in the lvf-RH for unsolved problems. In Experiment 2, participants showed an lvf-RH advantage for recognizing solutions to unsolved problems. These results demonstrate that in a problem-solving context, there was greater activation of solution-relevant information in the RH than in the LH. This activation is useful ...
Commentary: Developmental Perspectives on Adolescents and Gangs

Drawing from a sophisticated set of longitudinal studies, the five articles in this special section highlight factors that draw adolescents into gangs and the psychological and social impact of their involvement. We assess the contributions of these articles in the context of the broader field of gang studies, then point to factors that should characterize the next generation of studies of adolescents and gangs. Particular attention is paid to developmental features of adolescence that may shape the allure and impact of gang affiliation.
Persistent Sexual and Nonsexual Adverse Effects of Finasteride in Younger Men

Abstract Introduction Recent studies have reported persistent sexual and nonsexual adverse effects associated with the 5α‐reductase inhibitor finasteride. Aims The first aim was to review the clinical studies of persistent sexual and nonsexual adverse effects associated with finasteride in younger men who took the medication for treatment of male pattern hair loss. The second aim was to place these findings into context with what is known from basic and clinical studies about the hormones and neurosteroids affected by finasteride. Methods Relevant published literature on the topic was reviewed. Clinical symptomatology in humans was correlated with findings from rodent models to investigate possible underlying mechanisms. Main Outcome Measures Persistent sexual and nonsexual adverse effects were summarized. Results Two clinical studies have described persistent side effects associated with finasteride use in otherwise healthy younger men. The sexual side effects are typically present in multiple domains that include erectile dysfunction, low libido, and decreased orgasms. Erectile dysfunction may be related to low levels of dihydrotestosterone, which has been shown to be an important androgen in both human and animal studies. Nonsexual side effects include depression and decreased alcohol consumption that are linked to the neurosteroid allopregnanolone in both human and animal studies. Three men with persistent side effects associated with finasteride were found to have lower plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of several neurosteroids. Conclusions Persistent adverse effects of finasteride in younger men include erectile dysfunction, low libido, lack of orgasms, depression, and decreased alcohol consumption. One study has found lower levels of several neurosteroids in this population. Out of the various persistent side effects, erectile dysfunction and decreased alcohol consumption have been the most studied in animal models. Further research is needed on who is susceptible to the persistent adverse side effects of finasteride and on the underlying mechanisms of the medication. Irwig MS. Persistent sexual and non‐sexual adverse effects of finasteride in younger men. Sex Med Rev 2014;2:24–35.
Behavioral intervention for infants with Down syndrome improved spoken imitation and requesting skills, but improvements in speech intelligibility, problem solving, and nonverbal communication should be considered with caution

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Bauer, S. M., & Jones, E. A. (2014). Requesting and verbal imitation intervention for infants with Down syndrome: Generalization, intelligibility, and problem solving. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 27, 37–66. doi:10.1007/s10882-014-9400-6Source of funding and disclosure of interest: The original authors of this research did not report any source of funding nor any conflicts of interest.
How Teenage Fathers Matter for Children: Evidence From the ECLS-B:

Much is known about how having a teenage mother influences children’s outcomes, but the relationship between teenage fatherhood and children’s health and development is less well documented. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Birth Cohort, the authors investigated how teenage fathers matter for children. They expected teenage fathers’ influence on children to differ from adult fathers’ in three domains: the household context, the father— mother relationship, and the father—child relationship. Teenage fathers were less often married and more often cohabiting or nonresident, and their children experienced a variety of social disadvantages in their household contexts. The quality of the father—child relationship did not often differ between adolescent and adult fathers. Fathers’ marital status and children’s household contexts each fully explained the negative relationship between having a teen father and children’s cognitive and behavior scores at age 2. These findings suggest that policy interven...
Globally Optimal Channel Assignment for Non-Cooperative Wireless Networks

Channel assignment is a very important topic in wireless networks. In this paper, we study FDMA channel assignment in a non-cooperative wireless network, where devices are selfish. Existing work on this problem has considered Nash equilibrium (NE), which is not a very strong solution concept and may not guarantee a good system-wide performance. In contrast, in this work we introduce a payment formula to ensure the existence of a strongly dominant strategy equilibrium (SDSE), a much stronger solution concept. We show that, when the system converges to a SDSE, it also achieves global optimality in terms of effective system-wide throughput. Furthermore, we extend our work to the case in which some radios have limited tunability. We show that, in this case, it is generally impossible to have a similar SDSE solution; but, with additional assumptions on the numbers of radios and the types of channels, etc., we can again achieve a SDSE solution that guarantees globally optimal effective system throughput in the entire system. Besides this extension, we also consider another extension of our strategic game, which is a repeated game that provides fairness. Finally, we evaluate our design in experiments. Our evaluations verify that the system does converge to the globally optimal channel assignment with our designed payment formula, and that the effective system- wide throughput is significantly higher than that of anarchy and Nash equilibrium (NE).
Two Studies of Connectedness to Parents and Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior in Children and Adolescents

We tested hypotheses that greater connectedness to parent(s) is associated with lower risk for nonlethal suicidal thoughts and behavior (STB), termed direct protective effects, and that parent connectedness serves to moderate (lower) the risk for STB associated with psychopathology including major depressive episode (MDE), termed moderating protective effects. Independent samples of children and adolescents recruited for a multicenter study of familial alcoholism were studied. Generalized estimating equation models were used that adjusted for age, sex, and youth psychopathology variables. The sample for Study 1 was assessed at baseline and about 2- and 4-year follow-ups, with baseline characteristics of n = 921, M age = 14.3 ± 1.8 years, and 51.8% female. The sample for Study 2 was assessed at baseline and about 5-year follow-up, with baseline characteristics of n = 867, M age = 12.0 ± 3.2 years, and 51.0% female. In both studies, increased perceived connectedness to father but not mother was associated w...
A population-based health survey of maladaptive behaviours associated with dementia in elderly people with learning disabilities.

Maladaptive behaviours are known to present as a feature of dementia amongst people from the general population, but there has been little research to examine whether this has implications for people with learning disabilities who develop dementia. Out of 143 people with learning disabilities aged 65 years and over living in Leicestershire, England, 134 (93.7%) participated in the study. Twenty-nine people diagnosed as having dementia were compared against 99 people without dementia; six people with possible dementia were excluded from the analysis. Comparisons were made on the results of a checklist of maladaptive behaviours. Seventeen out of the 22 maladaptive behaviours examined were found to be more prevalent amongst the people with dementia. The behaviours which were significantly more prevalent in the group with dementia included lack of energy, lack of sense of danger, sleep disturbance, agitation, incontinence, excessively uncooperative, mealtime/ feeding problem, irritability and aggression. Dementia is becoming more prevalent amongst people with learning disabilities because of their increasing life span. Maladaptive behaviours are commonly associated with dementia. This can cause a significant burden for individuals and their carers, which may influence the viability of a person's residential placement.
The effects of periodic prompting on selected teaching behaviors of physical education student teachers

AUTHOR van der Mars, Hans TITLE The Effects of Periodic Prompting on Selected Teaching Behaviors ofPhysical Education Student Teachers. PUB DATE 84 NOTE 16p.. Paper presented at the National Convention of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (Anaheim, CA, March 28-April 2, 1984). . PUB TYPE Speeches/Conference Papers (150) -Reports ,Research/Technical (143)