cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rational Love, Relational Medicine: Psychiatry and the Accumulation of Precarious Kinship

In north Indian psychiatry, clinical attentions to women’s symptoms often involve scrutiny of emotions related to marriage and its breakdown. In pharmaceutically oriented practice, relations are used to evaluate biologies, and drugs produce the truth about relations at the same time that they produce the truth about bodies. In the process, clinical practice often involves unmaking relations, generating loss, in certain instances, as a dire result. In this, a particular kind of clinical knowing emerges, engaging broad cultural and historical connections between love and madness more than definitions of right and wrong unions. In asking how disciplinary and relational modes of biomedicine converge, I argue that in north Indian psychiatry’s attentions to women, rather than enforcing normative configurations of “the family,” biomedicine grapples with the gendered fallout of kinship.
Phase and orientational ordering of A-B-A tri-block co-polymers guest in a quenched host of low molecular weight rod molecules

Abstract We investigate the effects of thermodynamical variables, intermolecular interactions and block lengths on phase and orientational ordering of guest tri-block co-polymers in a host glassy matrix of short molecular rods. The A and B blocks can align to the short rod molecules. Using a field theoretic formulation we demonstrate the occurrence of a nematic–nematic (N/N) first order transition from a guest stabilized to a guest–host stabilized region, a reentrant transition from a guest stabilized nematic region to a host only stabilized regime via an isotropic phase and the possibility to selectively stabilize the orientation of the A or/and B blocks.
The Effects of Message Framing and Visual Image on Persuasion

This study examined the joint effects of message framing (gain vs. loss) and visual image (image vs. no image) on persuasion as it related to the use of dental floss and the use of sunscreen (N = 252). For both topics, the results revealed a Frame × Image interaction effect on fear. The interaction was such that the presence (vs. absence) of an image produced more fear in the loss-framed conditions. The corresponding results for gain-framed messages were inconsistent. Covariance analyses showed that fear mediated the effect of the interaction on persuasion, whereas dominant cognitive response did not. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Communication Quarterly for the following free supplemental resources: sunscreen and flossing messages of gain-visual and loss-visual.]
Why Are We Using Action Learning and in What Contexts

The purpose of this study was to examine the contexts in which action learning has been used and provide implications for the design of action learning programmes. We performed a content analysis of 127 articles (case studies and case reports included) published in Action Learning: Research and Practice between 2004 and 2012. In this study, we address the following research questions: (a) In what contexts has action learning been used? (b) What are the distinctive features of cases identified? (c) What are the implications for the design of action learning programmes? The results showed that the UK and European countries have most frequently used action learning, and the most dominant purposes for action learning were leadership development, organization development, and professional development. We also elaborated on design considerations and implications for action learning research and practice.
Modelling of temperature fluctuations within frozen foods stored in cylindrical containers

Abstract A mathematical model is presented for the prediction of temperature response in cylindrically shaped frozen foods when exposed to a periodically varying environmental storage temperature. The one-dimensional conduction equation in cylindrical co-ordinates was solved including the effect of surface resistances. The prediction model was verified against experimental temperatures obtained from frozen ice-cream samples exposed to two different storage regimes. The experiments were conducted with and without commercial packaging cardboard. Experimental and predicted temperatures presented excellent agreement in both cases. Packaging materials and plastic overwraps of small cylindrical containers can provide an effective resistance against ambient temperature variations.
The relationship between achievement motivation, anxiety, and situational characteristics on performance on a cognitive task

Abstract This report examines the independent and interactive contributions of achievement motivation and anxiety to performance on a cognitive task. Experimental manipulations of expectancy of success and presentation rate were selected as situations to arouse these personality variables. The results indicated that the positive effects of achievement motivation were constant regardless of situational manipulations, but under some circumstances situations facilitated performance in an additive manner. Anxiety had a differential effect on performance contingent upon levels of achievement motivation. These results offer some support for the framework outlined by M. S. Humphreys and W. Revelle (1984 , Psychological Review, 91, 153–184).
Transition of microbial communities during the adaption to anaerobic digestion of carrot waste.

Transition of microbial communities during the adaption to anaerobic digestion of carrot waste
Morphological and histochemical studies of partially and totally deafferented spinal cord segments

Abstract The L7 segment of the feline neuraxis was partially or totally deafferented by dorsal root section alone, cord transection above and below the segment with roots intact, or cord section above and below the segment with dorsal roots severed. The morphological and histochemical changes occurring in ventral horn cells, which were isolated to a greater or lesser extent, were studied. Morphologically, there were alterations in the nucleus, nucleolus, Nissl substance and Golgi apparatus and a gradual disappearance or diminution in size of the ventral horn cells. The degree of alteration was correlated with the degree of deafferentation. Increase was found in certain of the enzymes studied, such as thiamine pyrophosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and desoxyribonuclease. Attempts were made to rule out the vascular and traumatic factors as causative agents in such alterations. The implications of such work in relation to transneuronal changes in other areas are discussed.
Riding a wave of self-esteem: Perseverative tendencies as dispositional forces

Abstract Traits, defined in terms of dispositional forces, should be more consequential to the extent that the person favors old, activated behaviors to new ones. On the basis of this idea, the current studies measured individual differences in perseveration, defined in terms of tendencies toward response facilitation (i.e., RT speedup) when consecutive trials of choice reaction time tasks require repeated (versus switched) responses. Using global self-esteem as the trait measure of interest, we predicted and found that correlations between self-esteem and relevant outcome measures were particularly strong among individuals high in perseverative tendencies and particularly weak among individuals low in perseverative tendencies. The findings, involving three studies and 208 participants, provide a mechanism by which traits produce trait-relevant outcomes. Specifically, such trait–outcome relations are particular to those who display a tendency to repeat past responses in their cognitive transactions with the environment.
Stereochemistry of enzymic C-4,5 dehydrogenation of steroids

Abstract Dehydrogenation of 5α-3-ketosteroids with cell-free preparations of Nocardia restrictus involves a cis removal of the 4α and 5α hydrogens while dehydrogenation of 5β-3-ketosteroids proceeds by a stereospecific removal of the 4α and 5β hydrogens.
Targeting the tumor blood vessel network to enhance the efficacy of radiation therapy

It has been well established that the vascularization of solid tumors is a prerequisite if a clinically relevant size is to be reached. For progressive tumor growth, the vessel network must continuously expand to satisfy the neoplastic cells' nutritional needs and waste product removal requirements. This utter reliance of the tumor on its vasculature provides a logical target for new approaches to cancer therapy. Indeed, there currently exists a great deal of enthusiasm for the development of interventions that compromise the growth and/or function of the tumor neovasculature. Two primary directions are being pursued. Inhibitors of angiogenesis seek to interrupt the angiogenic process to prevent new vessel formation. Antivascular approaches aim to cause direct damage to the tumor endothelium and thus lead to extensive secondary neoplastic cell death. The application of such strategies as adjuvants to conventional radiation treatments offers unique opportunities to develop more effective cancer therapies.
PHA synthase activity controls the molecular weight and polydispersity of polyhydroxybutyrate in vivo

A synthetic operon for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis designed to yield high levels of PHA synthase activity in vivo was constructed by positioning a genetic fragment encoding beta-ketothiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase behind a modified synthase gene containing an Escherichia coli promoter and ribosome binding site. Plasmids containing the synthetic operon and the native Alcaligenes eutrophus PHA operon were transformed into E. coli DH5 alpha and analyzed for polyhydroxybutyrate production. The molecular weight of polymer isolated from recombinant E. coli containing the modified synthase construct, determined by multiangle light scattering, was lower than that of the polymer from E. coli containing the native A. eutrophus operon. A further decrease in polyester molecular weight was observed with increased induction of the PHA biosynthetic genes in the synthetic operon. Comparison of the enzyme activity levels of PHA biosynthetic enzymes in a strain encoding the native operon with a strain possessing the synthetic operon indicates that the amount of polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase in a host organism plays a key role in controlling the molecular weight and the polydispersity of polymer.
Age and liver transplantation: A report of the liver transplantation database

Background. The average age of liver transplant recipients has increased steadily during the last decade. The effects of recipient age on outcome of liver transplantation were evaluated in a large prospective database. Methods. A total of 735 adult recipients of singleorgan liver transplants for nonfulminant liver disease enrolled in a large prospective database between 1990 and 1994 were analyzed for associations of patient age with outcomes. Patients were categorized into two groups: younger being <60 and older being ≥60 years of age. Results. Older liver transplant recipients were more likely to be female, white, and have the diagnoses of primary biliary cirrhosis or cryptogenic cirrhosis than younger recipients, who were more likely to have the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease. Disease severity was similar between the two groups. After transplantation, the durations of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital were longer for older than for younger transplant recipients, but episodes of acute rejection were less frequent. The quality of life at 1 year was similar among older and younger recipients. Patient survival was lower for older than for younger recipients (81% vs. 90% at 1 year; P=0.004), whereas graft survival was not different (80% vs. 85% at 1 year; P=0.163). The excess mortality among older recipients was largely due to nonhepatic causes, including infectious, cardiac, and neurological diseases occurring within 6 months after transplantation. Conclusions. Although patient survival was significantly lower among liver transplant recipients above the age of 60 years, the excess mortality was due to nonhepatic, largely age-related problems. The overall success of liver transplantation and improvement in quality of life for older recipients is excellent.
Malignant Melanoma Metastatic to the Tonsil

Metastasis to the oral cavity from melanoma arising in distant sites is very rare. The authors present three cases of melanoma metastatic to the palatine tonsil: two were cutaneous melanomas and one arose from the mucous membrane of the hard palate. Fewer than 30 cases of metastatic melanoma to the palatine tonsil have been reported, and none have been from mucosal melanoma originating from another mucosal primary site in the head and neck. From this perspective, one of the cases in this article is unique. The authors present clinical histories of the three cases of melanoma metastatic to the palatine tonsil. Two patients were still alive a substantial time after treatment. The case presentations indicate that careful examination of the head and neck should be part of the routine follow-up examination in all melanoma patients.
WHAT I BELIEVE: TAKING UP THE SERPENTS OF SOCIAL THEORY AND SOUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY

Social theory in Southeastern archaeology is constantly transforming. This generally positive process is nonetheless often fraught with growing pains. A sack of snakes serves as a humorous guise to highlight some of the issues currently being faced with social theory in the Southeast. Each “snake” poses a reality check on contexts of social theory as created by Southeastern archaeologists.
Calcium and voltage dependent inactivation of sodium and calcium currents limits calcium influx in Helisoma neurons.

The control of free intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) is necessary for cell survival because of the ubiquitous and essential role this second messenger plays in regulating numerous intracellular processes. Calcium regulation in neurons is especially vigorous because of the large calcium influx that occurs through voltage-gated channels during membrane depolarization. In this study we examined changes in ionic currents that can limit calcium influx into neurons during electrical activity. We found that the [Ca2+]i in electrically stimulated Helisoma B4 neurons initially increased to a peak and then relaxed to lower concentrations in tandem with a decline in the action potential peak voltage. The decline in [Ca2+]i and the peak action potential voltage in this sodium and calcium driven neuron was found to be a dual manifestation of INa and ICa inactivation. INa and ICa both displayed voltage dependent inactivation. Additionally, INa and ICa progressively inactivated at [Ca2+]i above 200 nM, concentrations readily attained in electrically stimulated B4 neurons. Calcium and voltage dependent INa and ICa inactivation were found to reduce calcium influx during continuous electrical stimulation by decreasing both the magnitude of ICa that could be activated and the percent of the available ICa that would be activated due to the diminished peak action potential voltage. Calculations based on data herein suggest that the voltage and calcium dependent INa and ICa inactivation that occurs during continuous electrical stimulation dramatically reduces calcium influx in this sodium and calcium driven neuron and thus limits the increase in [Ca2+]i. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 54: 439–456, 2003
Effects of Kinetin, IAA, and Gibberellin on Ethylene Production, and Their Interactions in Growth of Seedlings.

Kinetin in concentrations of 10 −8 to 10 −4 m, stimulated ethylene production in 3 and 4-day old etiolated seedlings of Alaska pea ( Pisum sativum L. var. Alaska). Seedlings of other species responded similarly. The response to kinetin depended on the age of the seedlings. Kinetin alone did not influence ethylene production in 6-day old stem sections, but it greatly increased the enhancing effect of IAA. Gibberellic acid had no effect on ethylene production by pea seedlings during the first 6 days of growth. Ethylene and gibberellic acid are antagonistic in their effects on growth of the seedlings; ethylene interfered severely with the action of gibberellic acid but did not completely suppress it. The inhibitors cycloheximide, cupferron, and N -ethylmaleimide, caused considerable inhibition of kinetin-induced ethylene production but were much less effective in the endogenous ethylene-forming system.
Expression of Amplified cDNA Sequences Encoding Human Interleukin 2 in Human Cells

Expression of human interleukin 2 (IL-2) at high levels has been achieved in human cells by cotransfection and subsequent coamplification of the transfected sequences. IL-2 production by these cells reached 2700 U/ml of culture medium. This productivity was higher than the 100U/ml attained by concanavalin A (ConA) stimulated human leukaemic Jurkat, T cells. A plasmid, pSDI, containing human IL-2 cDNA and mouse dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) cDNA was con-structed, and cotransfected with plasmid pSV2neo at a 10:1 molar ratio, into Hela (human epitheloid carcinoma) cells by the DNA-calcium phosphate coprecipitation technique. Transformants producing IL-2 were easily obtained among antibiotic G418 resistant colonies. Cells resistant to increased levels of methotrexate (MTX) secreted a large amount of IL-2 as a result of coamplification of DHFR cDNA and IL-2 cDNA. Expression of IL-2 cDNA was stimulated by removing a G-C stretch which was present between Simian Virus 40 (SV40) early promoter and IL-2 cDNA. Plas...
An empirical analysis of the expenditure budget in research and development

Abstract. This paper extends the prior empirical research that explains the perceived use or importance of budget control or both, with organizational context and structure in manufacturing organizations. In this paper, the perceived importance of expenditure budget control in research and development (R&D) work groups is explained empirically by organizational context (R&D work group size, source of R&D funding, and size of R&D budget) and the management control system (steps in the control process, social control). Data obtained from 76 R&D work groups in ten organizations support the five hypotheses. Generally, there is an interaction between the steps in the control process and each of the other independent variables on the perceived importance of expenditure budget control for management control of the R&D work group. Resume. Le present article s'inscrit dans le prolongement des travaux de recherche empiriques precedents visant a expliquer l'utilisation percue du controle budgetaire ou son importance - sinon les deux - dans le contexte et la structure d'organisation des entreprises manufacturieres. Dans cet article, l'importance du controle du budget des investissements percue par les groupes de travail en recherche et developpement (R & D) s'explique concretement par le context organisationnel (la taille du groupe de travail en R & D, la source de financement des activites de R & D et l'importance des credits affectes a ces activites) et par le systeme de controle de gestion (etapes du processus de controle, controle social). Les donnees obtenues aupres de 76 groupes de travail en R & D dans dix organisations viennent confirmer les cinq hypotheses des auteurs. L'on releve, de facon generale, une interaction entre, d'une part, les etapes du processus de controle et chacune des autres variables independantes et, d'autre part, l'importance percue du controle du budget des investissements aux fins du controle de gestion du groupe de travail en R & D.
The Spearman and the Archer—An Essay on Selection in Body Build

BODY build presents many interesting aspects to the student of selection in man. Various local and minor groups have become specialized in body size or body shape, though most tend to cluster about a general average for the species, with a considerable degree of variation within each group. As between major races, or populations on a continental scale, the differences are unclear; any attempt to characterize a major race by a typical physique can be countered by the citing of exceptions. In addition, body build has a fairly apparent relation to the environment and man's energy exchanges with it, though the very degree of polymorphism which it exhibits leads us to suspect that its survival value involves numerous elements, some of which are rather obscure. Recent clinically slanted studies of body build have in fact emphasized the durable quality of physiques which are not considered strong in the muscular sense. These findings can explain in part the retention by most populations of considerable genetic variability with respect to body build. If, as is probable, the implications of body build for health and longevity are more complex than has yet been demonstrated, the polymorphism of body build may prove to be influenced by a balance between physiological factors which work at cross purposes. Such a balance could be unrelated to specific environment; or it could be profoundly affected by it, as in relation to temperature, nature of available foodstuffs, or the presence of specific transmissible diseases or occupational hazards. A further possible element in selection, with which this paper proposes to deal specifically, is the relation of body build to the efficiency with which different activities can be carried out, particularly those activities which vary with culture and means of subsistence. In our recent civilization we may justify the maintenance of polymorphism in body build as suitable to the carrying out of a variety of occupations; but this explanation cannot be projected to ancient and primitive peoples who lack such a degree of occupational specialization. In such groups we would expect that the characteristic tools and techniques of each economy and cultural stage would establish an optimum type of body build toward which selective trends would aim during that period. The present essay will attempt to explore the implications of this thesis with respect to the evolution and distribution of the varieties of body build. If any doubt remains in regard to the potentialities of selection in body build, it may be resolved by consideration of changes wrought in domestic animals. Smaller species such as the chicken and rabbit have been brought to body
Waste Heat Recovery From Generators in the Deployed Army

Electrical power generation in austere settings, such as combat zones, places a heavy burden on the US Army; high costs in both dollars and lives lost require that every drop of fuel be used effectively and efficiently. In remote locations such as combat outposts (COPs) and small forward operating bases (FOBs) in Afghanistan, electrical power derived from the Army’s standard Advanced Medium Mobile Power Sources (AMMPS) generator is even used to heat water for showers and heat living spaces. This heating requires conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy, which is then converted to electrical energy and back to heat. Thus, a significant fuel savings could be realized through the more efficient production of heat. A combined heat and power system is proposed; efficiency is increased by routing the generator exhaust through simple ducting to a standard gas hot water heater to produce hot water with waste heat. With funding from the U.S. Army Rapid Equipping Force, cadets and faculty at the United States Military Academy designed, built and tested a system for under $1,000 in parts which was readily coupled to a 5 kW AMMPS generator to produce hot shower water. Results indicate a possible fuel savings of 1500–2000 gallons per year, 20–35% increased fuel utility, and the ability to provide 10–20 five gallon showers during every 5 hours of operation of each 5 kW generator. At a fuel cost of $20–50 per gallon in the deployed environment, and considering the large inventory of deployed generators, the payback for the Army could be tremendous.© 2014 ASME
Splint coals of the Central Appalachians: Petrographic and geochemical facies of the Peach Orchard No. 3 split coal bed, southern Magoffin County, Kentucky

The Bolsovian (Middle Pennsylvanian) Peach Orchard coal bed is one of the splint coals of the Central Appalachians. Splint coal is a name for the dull, inertinite-rich lithologies typical of coals of the region. The No. 3 Split was sampled at five locations in Magoffin County, Kentucky and analyzed for petrography and major and minor elements. The No. 3 Split coals contain semifusinite-rich lithologies, up to 48% (mineral-free basis) in one case. The nature of the semifusinite varies with position in the coal bed, containing more mineral matter of detrital origin in the uppermost durain. The maceral assemblage of these terminal durains is dominated by detrital fusinite and semifusinite, suggesting reworking of the maceral assemblage coincident with the deposition of the detrital minerals. However, a durain in the middle of the coal bed, while lithologically similar to the uppermost durains, has a degraded, macrinite-rich, texture. The inertinite macerals in the middle durain have less distinct edges than semifusinites in the uppermost terminal durains, suggesting degradation as a possible path to inertinite formation. The uppermost durain has higher ash and semifusinite contents at the eastern sites than at the western sites. The difference in the microscopic petrology indicates that megascopic petrology alone can be a deceptive indicator of depositional environments and that close attention must be paid to the individual macerals and their implications for the depositional setting, especially within the inertinite group.
Global regulation in Erwinia species by Erwinia carotovora rsmA, a homologue of Escherichia coli csrA : repression of secondary metabolites, pathogenicity and hypersensitive reaction

Our previous studies revealed that rsmA of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora strain 71 suppressed the synthesis of the cell density (quorum) sensing signal N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone, the production of extracellular enzymes and tissue macerating ability in soft-rotting Erwinia species and that homologues of this negative regulator gene were present in other Erwinia species. Northern blot data presented here demonstrate that rsmA and rsmA-like genes are also expressed in soft-rotting and non-soft-rotting Erwinia spp. such as E. amylovora, E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica, E. carotovora subsp. betavasculorum, E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, E. chrysanthemi, E. herbicola and E. stewartii. A low-copy plasmid carrying rsmA of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora strain 71 caused suppression of antibiotic production in E. carotovora subsp. betavasculorum, flagellum formation in E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, carotenoid production in E. herbicola and E. stewartii, and indigoidine production in E. chrysanthemi. In E. amylovora, rsmA of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora suppressed the elicitation of the hypersensitive reaction in tobacco leaves and the production of disease symptoms in apple shoots, in addition to repressing motility and extracellular polysaccharide production. We conclude that rsmA homologues function as global regulators of secondary metabolic pathways as well as factors controlling host interaction of Erwinia species.
Photino and gluino production from quarkonium decay

The branching ratios of GAMMA(V..-->..g g g )/GAMMA(V..-->..3g) and GAMMA(V..-->..g g gamma-tilde )/GAMMA(V..-->..gg ..gamma..) could be larger than 10% for the scalar-quark mass less than 1.3 times the mass of the quark in the quarkonium V. The signature of these events would be the large momentum imbalance, especially for the case of the photino production.
Hydrogen content in doped and undoped BaPrO3 and BaCeO3 by cold neutron prompt-gamma activation analysis

Proton uptake in undoped and Y-doped BaPrO3 has been measured by cold neutron prompt-gamma activation analysis, and compared to the proton uptake in Gd-doped BaCeO3, as determined by the same technique. The conventional proton incorporation model of perovskites in which oxygen ion vacancies, generated by the introduction of the trivalent dopant onto the tetravalent perovskite site, are filled with hydroxyl groups upon exposure of the sample to H2O containing atmospheres, predicts that the proton concentration in such materials should be no greater than the dopant concentration. In contradiction to this model, the proton concentration in BaPr1–xYxO3 after humidification is as much as three times greater than the dopant concentration, and even undoped samples contain a high concentration of protons. Moreover, x-ray photoemission spectra suggest that the Pr oxidation state is lowered upon hydration. In contrast, BaCe0.9Y0.1O3 shows a typical hydrogen concentration, of close to 90% of the yttrium concentration. The results are interpreted in terms of the variable valence of Pr, which can become reduced from the 4+ to the 3+ oxidation state upon exposure to water, and effectively behaves as a self-dopant within the structure.
The Maasai and the Lion King: Authenticity, Nationalism, and Globalization in African Tourism

In this article, I analyze how the Maasai of Kenya are presented in three different tourist performances—postcolonial, postindependence, and postmodern. Each site tells a different story, an alternate version of history, with its own perspective on the role of ethnicity and heritage within the nation-state and in the world community. Using a method of controlled comparison, I expand the theoretical dialogue in tourism debates by departing from the monolithic discourse that has characterized so much of tourism scholarship, [ethnic tourism, Maasai, globalization, performance, authenticity, ethnography, media images]
Digitalis Intoxication in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

The characteristic arrhythmias induced by digitalis glycosides in patients with atrial fibrillation are illustrated, and their mechanisms are described. The two effects of the drug which are most important in the genesis of such disturbances are: production of A-V nodal block and arousal of subsidiary pacemakers. These properties account for slow ventricular responses, escape beats, and nonparoxysmal junctional tachycardia. Less commonly observed arrhythmias include exit block from junctional pacemakers, and bidirectional tachycardia which may reflect blocking actions of digitalis in subnodal tissues. The recent development of His bundle electrocardiography and the immunoassay method of blood level determination permit more accurate appraisal of the clinical status of patients in whom digitoxicity is suspected. Treatment of junctional rhythms due to digitalis intoxication is usually passive. The occasional use of drugs, pacing, or cardioversion is discussed.
Statistical analysis of differences in response of beans to ozone

Abstract The shape of the frequency-distribution response curves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘California Light Red Kidney’ beans exposed to three levels of ozone was examined. A non-parametric statistical test, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test, was useful in determining shape or distributional differences in response to ozone. The analysis indicated that significant differences existed in the distribution of oxidant stipple injury response at different ozone fumigation treatment levels. Significant non-normal response distributions, skewed and truncated toward zero injury, were evident at low ozone fumigation treatment levels. There were near-normal distributions of response to ozone at the higher fumigation treatment level that resulted in moderate injury. Variability in injury increased with higher treatment level. Data for growth parameters indicated normal distribution of response to treatment. Parametric tests showed few differences among chambers or among sections within chambers for the fumigation facility used in this experiment. The experiment demonstrates that parametric statistics may provide inaccurate analysis of injury data with some treatments showing little injury.
Analysts and Information Gaps: Lessons from the UAL Buyout

In addition to earnings forecasts and stock recommendations, analysts provide potentially useful information to investors in the form of written commentary and analysis. But how such fundamental research affects stock prices has been little studied. I investigate the role analysts' research played in the 1994 restructuring of UAL Corporation (parent of United Air Lines), in which employees acquired 55 percent of UAL stock in exchange for $4.9 billion in wage/benefit concessions. Focusing on the critical first two years of the buyout, my analysis suggests that analysts and investors, on average, initially gave the company little credit for the concessions. The transaction was controversial and complicated. Most analysts were negative or indifferent in their assessment of the deal. Some analysts also misinterpreted key terms of the deal. UAL managers responded by reporting an unconventional earnings measure that highlighted the financial concessions. UAL's stock price relative to the market and industry eve...
Violence and mental health problems among urban high school students.

Purpose: We sought to determine the extent of exposure to violence and its relationship to other mental health risks among an urban teenage population. Methods: Students attending regularly scheduled physical education classes completed a Violence Survey, a Suicidal Ideation Survey, the Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS), and the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale. Of the 630 students who completed the anonymous assessment 45% were male, 55% female, 61% black, 30% Hispanic; 54% grades 9–10, and 46% grades 11–12. Results: Half of the students reported knowing someone who had been murdered, 61% indicated they had witnessed a robbery, 59% had witnessed a beating, 37% had witnessed a shooting, and 31% had witnessed a stabbing. Mental health problems reported by these students included: depression (DSRS score > 13) in 31%, suicidal ideation in 16%, suicide attempts in 10%, drinking > 1 × per month in 21%, and drinking daily in 5%. Univariate analysis revealed that students who witnessed a shooting or stabbing were more likely ( p Multivariate analysis revealed that students reporting knowing someone who was murdered were twice as likely to report suicidal ideation and four times as likely to report suicide attempts. Witnessing a stabbing was associated with twice the likelihood of reporting suicide ideation and three times the likelihood of reporting suicide attempts. Witnessing a shooting was associated with twice the likelihood of alcohol use. Witnessing a beating or robbery had no significant relationship to measured variables. Conclusions: Among this population of urban teenagers there are many who have witnessed violence and a subgroup who have witnessed shootings and stabbings and are at increased risk for mental health problems. A comprehensive medical and psychosocial history should include a violence assessment for all urban teens.
Candida commensalism and virulence : the evolution of phenotypic plasticity

Candida albicans and related species live as benign commensals in one or more body locations in a majority of healthy individuals. As opportunistic pathogens, they are poised to overgrow cavities and penetrate tissue in response to an alteration in host physiology that presumably compromises the immune functions that normally suppress their growth. There is little evidence of the emergence of successful drug-resistant or hypervirulent strains that predominate in either the commensal or disease states. It appears more likely that all strains possess similar capabilities for rapid adaptation to drug therapy, the immune response and changes in body location and in host physiology. It is suggested that the mechanisms for rapid adaptation lie in the developmental programs of the bud-hypha transition and high frequency phenotypic switching, and in the modulation of the expression of virulence genes in response to environmental cues.
Osmium, ruthenium, iridium and uranium in silicates and chromite from the eastern Bushveld Complex, South Africa

Abstract Osmium, ruthenium, iridium and uranium contents were determined in eight ortho pyroxene, seven plagioclase, and three chromite mineral separates from the eastern Bushveld Complex. Neutron activation analysis was used to measure the platinum metals, and uranium was determined by a fission track technique. The platinum metals were found to be present within each mineral in the proportions Os : Ru : Ir = 1:7:1, while the concentrations of these metals in the minerals are in the ratios orthopyroxene:plagioclase:chromite = 1:16:700. The concentration of uranium was found to range from 11 to 66 ppb (parts per billion) and not to vary significantly from mineral to mineral. The data for the platinum metals are consistent with a model in which the eastern Bushveld Complex was formed by the fractional crystallization of two separately injected magmas. A computer fit of this model to these data indicates that the initial concentrations of Os, Ru and Ir in the first magma were 0.24, 2.0 and 0.21 ppb and in the second magma were 0.16, 1.1 and 0.18 ppb, respectively. The fit also yields the distribution coefficients for the partitioning between the liquid and cumulus orthopyroxene, cumulus plagioclase and cumulus chromite. These coefficients (mineral/liquid) for osmium are 4.5, 66 and 2700; for ruthenium, they are 5, 65 and 2700; and for iridium, they are 4, 60 and 1600. To make this fit, it was necessary to hypothesize the existence of two types of chromite: one type with a large distribution coefficient, presumably formed as a cumulus phase at high temperature, and another, more prevalent type with a smaller distribution coefficient, which may have been formed by postcumulus growth at a lower temperature. This hypothesis is supported by data for coexisting chromite-silicate pairs, which indicate that the chromite grains expelled these platinum metals as they cooled.
COVARIANT AND INFINITE MOMENTUM FRAME FORMULATIONS OF SYMMETRY BREAKING

Both SU(3) and SU(2)×SU(2) symmetry breaking are discussed in the infinite momentum frame and in covariant frames. The former approach is model independent while the latter depends upon detailed dynamical models (such as QCD). The observed nucleon σ term of 60 MeV can be understood in either formulation if there is little strange quark content in nucleons.
INTERACTION OF NUCLEI AT HIGH ENERGIES

In the last five years there has been a sharp increase in activity, both experimental and theoretical, in the study of collisions between energetic nuclei. Here I would like to review briefly the present status of this field of research with particular emphasis on recent developments. Because of time limitations I will have to omit a number of relevant and interesting topics such as hadron-nucleus interactions at very high (20–400 GeV) energies. Fortunately there are several recent reviews on this subject1, 2, 3). In any case I would like to apologize in advance to all those who may feel slighted (or offended) by my remarks.
Single Lung Transplantation

Success with SLT led to the technique of bilateral lung transplantation (BLT), first as an en bloc double lung necessitating a left atrial and tracheal anastomosis, and then as sequential SLT with separate right and left bronchial ana~tomosis.~ The technique continues to evolve. During 1996,805 lung transplants were performed in the United States. Of these, 418 were SLTs and 387 were BLTs. According to UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) the survival of SLT patients at 1 month is 91.670, at 1 year 77.4%, at 3 years 56.670, and at 5 years 39.9%.’ This article is based on the experience gained with 225 lung transplants performed at Loyola University Medical Center in Maywood, Illinois since 1990.
Collagen of fibrocartilage: a distinctive molecular phenotype in bovine meniscus.

Fibrocartilage of bovine knee meniscus was analyzed for major and minor collagen constituents. The main fraction (∼98%) of pepsin-solubilized collagen consisted of type I with a small proportion (< 10%) of type III molecules. The minor fraction (1–2%) isolated by salt precipitation could be further resolved into type V collagen that consisted of α1(V) and α2(V) chains and a type II-like molecule with chains that had all the characteristics of the 3α variant of α1(II) found in hyaline cartilage. The articular surface zone of the meniscus appeared 2–3-fold enriched in these minor collagens compared with deeper tissue, though qualitatively the same distinctive collagen phenotype was evident throughout.
STERILISATION OF HEPATITIS AND HTLV-III VIRUSES BY EXPOSURE TO TRI(n-BUTYL)PHOSPHATE AND SODIUM CHOLATE

Blood product sterilisation with 0.3% tri(n-butyl)phosphate (TNBP)/0.2% sodium cholate (CA), a combination known to permit high recovery of factor VIII and factor IX, was evaluated for its effect on hepatitis B (HBV), non-A, non-B (NANB), and human T-lymphotropic type III (HTLV-III) viruses. 2 chimpanzees received factor VIII preparations contaminated with 10(4) chimpanzee infectious doses (CID50) of HBV and treated with TNBP/CA; neither had evidence of HBV infection during 9 months follow-up, but hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) developed 5 and 6 weeks, respectively, after challenge with untreated inoculum. 2 chimpanzees were similarly exposed to 10(4) CID50 of Hutchinson NANB inoculum treated with TNBP/CA; neither became infected during 26 weeks of follow-up but both had characteristic NANB-associated ultrastructural changes 3-5 weeks after exposure to untreated inoculum. 2 chimpanzees inoculated with 80 ml of TNBP/CA-treated factor VIII derived from a pool of thirteen lots obtained from five US manufacturers remained free of any evidence of NANB infection during 32 weeks of follow-up. Subsequently, NANB infection developed in both animals 3-4 weeks after exposure to untreated inoculum. Exposure of HTLV-III diluted into a factor VIII preparation to TNBP/CA inactivated greater than or equal to 10(4.2) tissue culture infective doses within 20 min at 24 degrees C.
Activation of Pattern Recognition Receptors Up-Regulates Metallothioneins, Thereby Increasing Intracellular Accumulation of Zinc, Autophagy, and Bacterial Clearance by Macrophages

Background & Aims Continuous stimulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2) (variants in NOD2 have been associated with Crohn's disease), alters the phenotype of myeloid-derived cells, reducing production of inflammatory cytokines and increasing microbe clearance. We investigated the mechanisms by which microbial clearance increases in macrophages under these conditions. Methods Monocytes were purified from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and differentiated to monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). We also isolated human intestinal macrophages. Bacterial clearance by MDMs was assessed in gentamicin protection assays. Effects of intracellular zinc and autophagy were measured by flow cytometry, immunoblot, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and microscopy experiments. Small interfering RNAs were used to knock down specific proteins in MDMs. NOD2-/- and C57BL/6J mice, maintained in a specific pathogen-free facility, were given antibiotics, muramyl dipeptide (to stimulate NOD2), or dextran sodium sulfate; intestinal lamina propria cells were collected and analyzed. Results Chronic stimulation of human MDMs through NOD2 up-regulated the expression of multiple genes encoding metallothioneins, which bind and regulate levels of intracellular zinc. Intestinal myeloid-derived cells are stimulated continually through PRRs; metallothionein expression was up-regulated in human and mouse intestinal myeloid-derived cells. Continuous stimulation of NOD2 increased the levels of intracellular zinc, thereby increasing autophagy and bacterial clearance. The metal-regulatory transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) was required for regulation of metallothionein genes in human MDMs. Knockdown of MTF-1 did not affect baseline clearance of bacteria by MDMs. However, the increase in intracellular zinc, autophagy, and bacterial clearance observed with continuous NOD2 stimulation was impaired in MDMs upon MTF-1 knockdown. The addition of zinc or induction of autophagy restored bacterial clearance to MDMs after metallothionein knockdown. NOD2 synergized with the PRRs Toll-like receptors 5 and 9 increase the effects of metallothioneins in MDMs. In mice, the intestinal microbiota contributed to the regulation in expression of metallothioneins, levels of zinc, autophagy, and bacterial clearance by intestinal macrophages. Conclusions In studies of human MDMs and in mice, continuous stimulation of PRRs induces expression of metallothioneins. This leads to increased levels of intracellular zinc and enhanced clearance of bacteria via autophagy in macrophages.
A rapid method for frontal plane axis determination in scalar electrocardiograms

Abstract A new method is proposed for finding the mean QRS axis in scalar ECG's. The method, based on simple trigonometric relations, allows the construction of a single, compact table from which the axis may be read in any of three different lead combinations. For convenience, the table may be reduced to the size of a small card. Since axis determination may depend markedly on the lead combination employed, the method offers substantial advantages over the traditional graphical approach and over tabulations of the QRS axis as a function of deflections for a single pair of leads.
Consumption of (n-3) Fatty Acids Is Related to Plasma Biomarkers of Inflammation and Endothelial Activation in Women

We evaluated the hypothesis that intake of (n-3) fatty acids is inversely associated with biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 727 women from the Nurses' Health Study I cohort, aged 43-69 y, apparently healthy at time of a blood draw in 1990. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated FFQ in 1986 and 1990. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were 29% lower among those in the highest quintile of total (n-3) fatty acids, compared with the lowest quintile; interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were 23% lower, E-selectin levels 10% lower, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule (sICAM-1) levels 7% lower, and soluble vascular adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1) levels 8% lower. The intake of alpha-linolenic acid was inversely related to plasma concentrations of CRP (beta = -0.55, P = 0.02), Il-6 (beta = -0.36, P = 0.01), and E-selectin (beta = -0.24, P = 0.008) after controlling for age, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and intake of linoleic acid (n-6) and saturated fat. Long-chain (n-3) fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic) were inversely related to sICAM-1 (beta = -0.11, P = 0.03) and sVCAM-1 (beta = -0.17, P = 0.003). Total (n-3) fatty acids had an inverse relation with CRP (beta = -0.44, P = 0.007), IL-6 (beta = -0.26, P = 0.009), E-selectin (beta = -0.17, P = 0.004), sICAM-1 (beta = -0.07, P = 0.02), and sVCAM-1 (beta = -0.10, P = 0.004). These associations were not modified by intake of vitamin E, dietary fiber, trans fatty acids, or by the use of postmenopausal hormone therapy. In conclusion, this study suggests that dietary (n-3) fatty acids are associated with levels of these biomarkers reflecting lower levels of inflammation and endothelial activation, which might explain in part the effect of these fatty acids in preventing cardiovascular disease.
Characterization of Genetic Diversity of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Strains Collected from 2004 to 2007

Genotypes of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii collected by the clinical microbiology laboratory of a university hospital in Chicago, IL, between 2004 and 2007 were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A single genotype established predominance after being introduced in 2005. Analysis of carbapenemases by PCR revealed that imipenem resistance but not meropenem resistance was associated with the presence of bla(OXA-23) and bla(OXA-40) genes.