cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diamond deposition at low substrate temperatures

Three different experimental approaches are reported for the deposition of diamond at low substrate temperatures. These are a remote thermal CVD technique, and two different means for achieving remote microwave plasma enhanced CVD. Using these approaches it has been shown that diamond can he deposited at low temperatures and on potentially reactive substrates such as fused silica. In addition it is clearly shown that the presence of the substrate within a plasma discharge or immediately adjacent to a hot refractory metal surface is not a prerequisite for the crystallization of diamond from hydrocarbon-hydrogen mixtures. Well crystallized as well as nanocrystalline diamond coatings were obtained at substrate temperatures as low as 430 to 450 °C which offers significant promise for future developments. Growth rates varied with the method used, from 200 to 300 A/h for well crystallized diamond to 0.5 to 1.0 ltm/h for nanocrystalline coatings.
AhpC Is Required for Optimal Production of Enterobactin by Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C (AhpC) is a peroxiredoxin that detoxifies peroxides. Here we show an additional role for AhpC in cellular iron metabolism of E. coli. Deletion of ahpC resulted in reduced growth and reduced accumulation of iron by cells grown in low-iron media. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis of culture supernatants showed that the ahpC mutant secreted much less enterobactin, the siderophore that chelates and transports ferric iron under iron-limiting conditions, than wild-type E. coli did. The ahpC mutant produced less 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, the intermediate in the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway, and providing 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate restored wild-type growth of the ahpC mutant. These data indicated that the defect was in an early step in enterobactin biosynthesis. Providing additional copies of entC, which functions in the first dedicated step of enterobactin biosynthesis, but not of other enterobactin biosynthesis genes, suppressed the mutant phenotype. Additionally, providing either shikimate or a mixture of para-aminobenzoate, tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, which, like enterobactin, are synthesized from the precursor chorismate, also suppressed the mutant phenotype. These data suggested that AhpC affected the activity of EntC or the availability of the chorismate substrate.
Relativistic Green's-function electron-diffraction theory

A relativistic electron-diffraction theory is presented, which solves the Dirac equation by the Green's-function method and incorporates spin polarization. For muffin-tin potentials, the reflection coefficient of a beam scattered elastically from either unpolarized or polarized incident electrons is very similar to that of its nonrelativistic counterpart. The atomic properties are included in the relativistic phase shifts. The geometric structure constants are related to the nonrelativistic structure constants. The polarization of the scattered electrons is analyzed by the density matrix. The relation between this theory and the nonrelativistic one is discussed. The exact reflection coefficient is suitable for the calculation of diffraction intensities of low-energy incident electrons from heavy-atomic-crystal surfaces. A pseudokinematic theory, which may be useful for incident energies up to several keV, is obtained by taking the first-order approximation.
Quiescent haematopoietic stem cells are activated by IFN-γ in response to chronic infection

Using a mouse model of Mycobacterium avium infection, it is shown here that interferon-γ regulates the proliferation of primitive haematopoietic cells during chronic infection.
Radioligand Assay in Reproductive Biology

Radioligand assays have been developed for the principal reproductive steroids and peptide hormones. Specific binding reagents have included antibodies, plasma binders, and intracellular receptors. In each assay, problems of specificity, sensitivity, and nonspecific inhibitors were encountered. Many features of the endocrine physiology in childhood, during puberty, and in adulthood have been characterized. Hormonal evaluations of endocrine disorders of reproduction are characterized on the basis of their characteristic pathophysiologic alterations.
A simple digital morphometry system for electron microscopy

Abstract Three-dimensional structural parameters can be obtained quantitatively from two-dimensional images using the methods of stereology and morphometry. One method of obtaining data for a morphometric analysis is digital planimetry. An easily constructed and inexpensive digital planimeter for morphometry is described. The programs written specifically for this system generate lengths and areas as the operator traces along lines and profiles in a micrograph placed on a digitizing tablet. A number of operational options can be selected by the operator, including measurement of open or closed lines, summation of a series of profiles, automatic closure, etc. The spatial accuracy and speed of the system assures that accuracy is not limited by the device itself but only by the operator's ability precisely to follow contours in the micrograph.
Subsurface injection of dissolved ferric chloride to form a chemical barrier: Laboratory investigations

A chemical barrier is a permeable zone of reactive materials emplaced in the subsurface to remove ground-water contaminants while allowing clean ground water to pass through. Because dissolved ferric chloride hydrolyzes to amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide when it contacts calcite (CaCO{sub 3}), it may be viable to emplace a zone of amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide (an absorbent for U, Mo, and other inorganic contaminants) into calcite-bearing geologic units by injecting ferric chloride through wells. For a chemical barrier to be successful, it must remain permeable and must be immobile. This investigation monitored chemical compositions, hydraulic conductivity, and iron mobility in laboratory columns and in a two-dimensional tank to determine the viability of injecting ferric chloride to form an amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide chemical barrier. The authors introduced a ferric chloride solution (1,345 mg/1[0.024 m] Fe) to calcite-bearing alluvial gravel to form a chemical barrier of amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide, followed by solutions contaminated with U and Mo. The simulated chemical barriers decreased U and Mo concentrations to less than 0.05 mg/l (2.1 {times} 10{sup {minus}7} m) and 0.01 (1.0 {times} 10{sup {minus}7} m), respectively; however, the breakthrough front is spread out with concentrations increasing to more than regulatory guideline values sooner than predicted. Themore » hydraulic conductivity of calcite-bearing alluvial gravel decreased substantially during ferric chloride introduction because of the formation of carbon dioxide but increased to within factors of 1 to 5 of the original value as synthetic ground water flowed through the system. Amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide that formed in these experiments remained immobile at flow rates exceeding those typical of ground water. These laboratory results, in conjunction with site-specific characterization data, can be used to design chemical barriers emplaced by injection of ferric chloride.« less
Phonon heat conduction in nanostructures

Abstract Phonon heat conduction mechanisms in nanostructures may differ significantly from those in macrostructures. In this paper, we illustrate the fundamental differences between heat conduction in nanostructures and macrostructures based on examples we have been working on, including particularly heat conduction in superlattices, nanowires, and nanoparticles. The prospects of control heat conduction in nanostructures through phonon engineering are discussed. Examples are given to demonstrate the importance of nanoscale heat transfer in microelectronics and energy technology.
Variable refractive index polymeric nanolayered films

A new class of polymer films comprised of alternating elastomeric and glassy polymer nanolayers is described. Applying pressure to the composite can reversibly vary the refractive index. The mechanism for the index change was investigated by reflectance measurements, which were also used to assess the modulus of the elastomeric nanolayer.
On the anomalous surface structures of gold

Abstract LEED patterns with improved resolution have been obtained from the previously reported anomalous (100) 5 × 1 surface structure of gold, showing a splitting of the fractional order reflections into triplets and doublets. It is now evident that a hexagonal array of scattering centers is superimposed on the (100) square array of gold atoms. The relative sizes and orientations of the hexagonal and square nets are such that a coincident site lattice is generated with a periodicity A = 5 a along the [110] direction and B ≅ 20 a along [110] direction, where a =interatomic spacing of gold. A structure factor analysis of the co-incident site super-cell predicts intensities for the fractional order reflections that are much lower than those actually observed when the atomic spacings within and between the hexagonal and square nets are assumed to be uniform. It is shown, however, that modulations in the x , y and z spacings are to be expected from the coincident site model due to relaxation of the atoms into positions of low potential energy. When a square-wave modulation of the z-spacing is introduced into the structure factor equation, appreciable intensities are predicted for the fractional order reflections, in agreement with the experimental observations. Evidence is presented to show that the fractional order reflections cannot be explained by double diffraction. The existence of a hexagonal layer on the (100) square array of gold atoms provides further support for the conclusion reported earlier that the anomalous surface structures of gold are due to impurities.
High resolution determination of radii of curvature using Fabry–Perot interferometry

A spectroscopic approach to measuring the radius of curvature of a concave mirror is presented. The mirror is incorporated into a plano-concave Fabry?Perot cavity and the radius of curvature of the concave mirror is inferred from the mode spacing of the transverse modes relative to the longitudinal modes. No mechanical displacement is entailed and the measurement is easily performed in vacuum. The spectroscopic resolution of the technique is better than 1 ?m for a nominal radius of curvature of 1 m, but the accuracy is limited by the figure of the plane mirror in the cavity to approximately 1 mm in the present work. The optical spot size on the mirror under test is of the order of 0.3 mm, so the method should allow the radius of curvature of a mirror to be mapped out spatially with very high resolution.
Hydrogen sulfide attenuates intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury when delivered in the post-ischemic period

Background and Aim: To investigate whether pharmacologic post-conditioning of intestinal tissue with hydrogen sulfide (HS) protects against ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Methods: In vitro, enterocytes were made hypoxic for 1, 2, or 3 h, treated with media containing between 0 and 100 mM HS 20 min prior to the end of the hypoxic period, then returned to normoxia for 3 h. An apoptotic index (AI) was determined for each time point and (HS). In vivo, jejunal ischemia was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats for 1, 2, or 3 h; 20 min prior to the end of the ischemic period animals were given an intravenous injection of NaHS sufficient to raise the bloodstream concentration to 0, 10 mM, or 100 mM HS. This was followed by jejunal reperfusion for 3 h, histologic processing, and measurement of villus height. Results: In vitro, there was a significant decrease in AI compared with non-HS-treated control at all time points after treatment with 10 mM HS, and at the 2 h time point with 100 m MH S (P < 0.017). In vivo, after 1 h ischemia, qualitative reduction of injury was noted with 10 mM and 100 mM; after 2 h ischemia, reduction was noted with 10 mM but not 100 mM; and after 3 h ischemia, there was no injury reduction. HS treatment resulted in significant quantitative preservation (P < 0.05) of villus height at all time points and doses, except for 3 h ischemia and delivery of 100 m M( P = 0.129). Conclusions: Hydrogen sulfide provides significant protection to intestinal tissues in vitro and in vivo when delivered after the onset of ischemia.
Interleukin-10 inhibition of gelatinases in fetal membranes: therapeutic implications in preterm premature rupture of membranes.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of interleukin-10 on production and regulation of gelatinases by amniochorion in an in vitro model of infection. METHODS: We placed amniochorionic membranes collected from eight women who had elective repeat cesareans at term in an organ explant culture system. After 48 hours in culture, the membranes were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (50 ng/mL), and some were costimulated with interleukin-10 (500 ng/mL). Tissue and media samples were collected after 24-hour stimulation. Quantitative polymerase chain reactions and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to evaluate matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 messenger RNA and proteins, respectively. RESULTS: Lipopolysaccharide stimulation induced 55.14 transcripts of matrix metalloproteinase 9, compared with 0.83 in control tissues (P CONCLUSION: Interleukin-10 eliminated lipopolysaccharide induction of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 in amniochorion.
Supplying the energy and fiber needs of dairy cows from alternate feed sources.

Abstract Alternate feeds are a major resource of the dairy industry. The major issue involving them is a method to predict accurately nutritive value from laboratory analyses. Variation in nutrient content of most alternate feeds is greater than in feed grains. Another issue is which depression factors to use in adjusting values for TDN from maintenance to production intakes. The NRC uses an average depression of 8% for all feeds; others think each feedstuff should be depressed individually, and discount factors have been proposed. For some alternate feeds, large differences in net energy estimates occur. Neutral detergent fiber has been proposed as an indicator of productive energy, but it has several deficiencies with alternate feeds high in fat, molasses, or ash. A summative equation based on fat, ash, protein, NDF, and lignin has wider application for predicting NE 1 for all feeds. A roughage value index reflects a feed's property to stimulate chewing and rumination. Its use has special relevance for alternate feeds with small particle sizes, which may induce little chewing. Supplemental fat may increase the metabolizable energy converted to milk, but respiration experiments are needed.
Spinal cord blood flow and ischemic injury after experimental sacrifice of thoracic and abdominal segmental arteries

Objective: Spinal cord bloodflow (SCBF) after sacrifice of thoracoabdominal aortic segmental arteries (TAASA) during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair remains poorly understood. This study explored SCBF for 72 h after sacrifice of all TAASA. Methods: Fourteen juvenile Yorkshire pigs underwent complete serial TAASA sacrifice (T4—L5). Six control pigs underwent anesthesia and cooling to 32 8C with no TAASA sacrifice. In the experimental animals, spinal cord function was continuously monitored using motor evoked potentials (MEPs) until 1 h after clamping the last TAASA. Fluorescent microspheres enabled segmental measurement of SCBF along the entire spinal cord before, and 5 min, 1 h, 5 h,24 hand72 haftercompleteTAASAsacrifice.AmodifiedTarlovscorewasobtainedfor3daysaftersurgery.Results:Allthepigswithcomplete TAASA sacrifice retained normalcord function(MEP) until 1 h after TAASA ligation.Seven pigs(50%) with complete TAASA sacrifice recoveredafter 72 h; sevenpigs sufferedparaparesis orparaplegia.Intraoperatively, anduntil 1 h postoperatively, SCBFwassimilar amongthethreegroups along the entire cord. Postoperatively, SCBF did not decrease in any group, but significant hyperemia occurred at 5 h in controls and recovery animals, but did not occur in pigs that developed paraparesis or paraplegia in the T8—L2 segments (p = 0.0002) and L3—S segments (p = 0.0007). At 24 h, SCBF remained marginally lower from T8 caudally; at 72 h, SCBF was similar among all groups along the entire cord. SCBF in the segments T8—L2 at 5 h predicted functional recovery (p = 0.003). Conclusions: This study suggests that critical spinal cord ischemia after complete TAASA sacrifice does not occur immediately (intraoperatively), but is delayed 1—5 h or longer after clamping, and represents failure to mount a hyperemic response to rewarming and awakening. The short duration of low SCBF associated with spinal cord injury suggests that hemodynamic and metabolic manipulation lasting only 24—72 h may allow routine preservation of normal cord function despite sacrifice of all TAASA secondary to surgical or endovascular repair of large TAAA. # 2008 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Formal verification of high-level conformance with symbolic simulation

We describe a practical methodology for large-scale full formal validation of industrial circuits. The approach targets conformance of register-transfer level circuit descriptions with abstract high-level models. It is supported by a proof tool that combines symbolic simulation with human-generated inductive invariants. The approach has emerged from extensive experiences in the validation of key parts of Intel IA-32 microprocessor designs, and it has allowed us to completely verify feedback-intensive circuits beyond the capabilities of most other tools. We discuss the methodology the context of two case studies: a register file bypass network and a cache invalidation protocol.
A Concise Radiosynthesis of the Tau Radiopharmaceutical, [18F]T807

Fluorine-18 labeled 7-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole ([18F]T807) is a potent and selective agent for imaging paired helical filaments of tau and is among the most promising PET radiopharmaceuticals for this target in early clinical trials. The present study reports a simplified one-step method for the synthesis of [18F]T807 that is broadly applicable for routine clinical production using a GE TRACERlab™ FXFN radiosynthesis module. Key facets of our optimized radiosynthesis include development and use of a more soluble protected precursor, tert-butyl 7-(6-nitropyridin-3-yl)-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-5-carboxylate, as well as new HPLC separation conditions that enable a facile one-step synthesis. During the nucleophilic fluorinating reaction with potassium cryptand [18F]fluoride (K[18F]/K222) in DMSO at 130 °C over 10 min the precursor is concurrently deprotected. Formulated [18F]T807 was prepared in an uncorrected radiochemical yield of 14 ± 3%, with a specific activity of 216 ± 60 GBq/µmol (5837 ± 1621 mCi/µmol) at the end of synthesis (60 min; n = 3) and validated for human use. This methodology offers the advantage of faster synthesis in fewer steps, with simpler automation that we anticipate will facilitate widespread clinical use of [18F]T807. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FDA Drug Approval Summary: Nelarabine (Arranon®) for the Treatment of T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma

Purpose. To describe the clinical trials leading to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of nelarabine (Arranon), a new purine analogue, for the treatment of patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) whose disease has not responded to or has relapsed following treatment with at least two chemotherapy regimens. Experimental Design. Two phase II trials, one conductedinpediatricpatientsandtheotherinadultpatients, were reviewed. Patients were in their first or subsequent relapse and/or were refractory to first-line therapy. The dose and schedule of i.v. nelarabine in the pediatric and adult studies were 650 mg/m 2 per day daily for 5 days and 1,500 mg/m 2 i.v. on days 1, 3, and 5, respectively. Treat
Bricks without Straw: The Sorry State of American Legal Education

While many law students and recent grads have come to feel that legal education is an expensive waste of time now that the job market for lawyers has collapsed, some seasoned law practitioners have their own concerns about the worth of a legal education. Their concerns, however, relate to product quality rather than product marketability. Newly-minted lawyers don’t seem to write as well as they used to. Other complaints are more nebulous. In a recent edition of The Economist, Cravath, Swaine & Moore’s presiding partner was quoted to the effect that law schools spend too much time and effort teaching students to think like lawyers and not enough inculcating the practical skills of lawyering. He decried “the difference between what law schools teach and what lawyers do.” He is in good company. Judge Harry T. Edwards’s “The Growing Disjunction Between Legal Education and the Legal Profession” comes to mind. His article sent the legal academic community into a collective hissy fit. For starters, everyone might read or reread And Gladly Teach, the autobiography of Bliss Perry (1860–1954)—editor of The Atlantic Monthly, a prolific author in his own right, and humanities professor at Williams, Princeton, and Harvard—particularly the passage on the marginal utility of Acad. Quest. (2011) 24:172–180 DOI 10.1007/s12129-011-9215-1
Efficacy of Ozonated and Electrolyzed Oxidative Waters To Decontaminate Hides of Cattle before Slaughter

The hides of cattle are the primary source of pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 that contaminate preevisceration carcasses during commercial beef processing. A number of interventions that reduce hide contamination and subsequent carcass contamination are currently being developed. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of ozonated and electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) waters to decontaminate beef hides and to compare these treatments with similar washing in water without the active antimicrobial compounds. Cattle hides draped over barrels were used as the model system. Ozonated water (2 ppm) was applied at 4,800 kPa (700 lb in2 ) and 158C for 10 s. Alkaline EO water and acidic EO water were sequentially applied at 608C for 10 s at 4,800 and 1,700 kPa (250 lb in2 ), respectively. Treatment using ozonated water reduced hide aerobic plate counts by 2.1 log CFU/100 cm2 and reduced Enterobacteriaceae counts by 3.4 log CFU/100 cm 2 . EO water treatment reduced aerobic plate counts by 3.5 log CFU/100 cm2 and reduced Enterobacteriaceae counts by 4.3 log CFU/100 cm2 . Water controls that matched the wash conditions of the ozonated and EO treatments reduced aerobic plate counts by only 0.5 and 1.0 log CFU/100 cm2 , respectively, and each reduced Enterobacteriaceae counts by 0.9 log CFU/100 cm 2 . The prevalence of E. coli O157 on hides was reduced from 89 to 31% following treatment with ozonated water and from 82 to 35% following EO water treatment. Control wash treatments had no significant effect on the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7. These results demonstrate that ozonated and EO waters can be used to decontaminate hides during processing and may be viable treatments for significantly reducing pathogen loads on beef hides, thereby reducing pathogens on beef carcasses.
Design of a smart pixel multispectral imaging array using 3D stacked thin film detectors on Si CMOS circuits

We discuss the design of a smart multispectral imaging system which can be fabricated with independently optimized detector arrays and Si CMOS circuits, which are stacked in three dimensions on top of one another for complete physical registration of the multispectral image. This smart multispectral imager utilizes the heterogeneous integration of thin film GaN (UV), MCT (MWIR), and Si CMOS circuitry to create an outstanding example of the power of heterogeneous integration for enhancing optical systems using electronic signal processing capabilities.
Vibrational energy in molecules probed with high time and space resolution

This article reviews experimental measurements of vibrational energy in condensed-phase molecules that simultaneously provide time resolution of picoseconds and spatial resolution of angstroms. In these measurements, ultrashort light pulses are used to input vibrational energy and probe dynamical processes. High spatial resolution is obtained using vibrational reporter groups in known locations on the molecules. Three examples are discussed in detail: (1) vibrational energy flow across molecules in a liquid from an OH–group to a CH3–group; (2) vibrational energy flow across a molecular surfactant monolayer that separates an aqueous and a non-polar phase in a suspension of reverse micelles; and (3) vibrational energy input by laser-driven shock waves to a self-assembled monolayer of long-chain alkane molecules. These experiments provide new insights into the movement of mechanical energy over short length and time scales where ordinary concepts of heat conduction no longer apply, where the concepts of quan...
Virtual screening with solvation and ligand-induced complementarity

We present our database-screening tool SLIDE, which is capable of screening large data sets of organic compounds for potential ligands to a given binding site of a target protein. Its main feature is the modeling of induced complementarity by making adjustments in the protein side chains and ligand upon binding. Mean-field theory is used to balance the conformational changes in both molecules in order to generate a shape-complementary interface. Solvation is considered by prediction of water molecules likely to be conserved from the crystal structure of the ligand-free protein, and allowing them to mediate ligand interactions, if possible, or including a desolvation penalty when they are displaced by ligand atoms that do not replace the lost hydrogen bonds.A data set of over 175 000 organic molecules was screened for potential ligands to the progesterone receptor, dihydrofolate reductase, and a DNA-repair enzyme. In all cases the screening time was less than a day on a Pentium II processor, and known ligands as well as highly complementary new potential ligands were found.
Thoughts on “The Revolution in Presidential Studies”

Few scholars have done more than Terry Moe to propel the presidency studies literature into its current generation. He offered—or, it could be said, insisted on—an alternative theoretical foundation, based on rational choice and economic approaches on institutional organization and development. There is little doubt that the resulting reorientation constituted a historic shift, one that happens once in a generation. While Moe overstates the importance of rational choice to this shift, the current presidency literature is full of interesting questions, novel approaches, sophisticated methods, and, perhaps most importantly, empirical disagreements.
Phenylcopper–Boron Trifluoride Etherate

(PhCu) [3220-49-3] C6H5Cu (MW 140.66) InChI = 1S/C6H5.Cu/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1;/h1-5H; InChIKey = RIUFSTRETWGIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (BF3·OEt2) [109-63-7] C4H10BF3O (MW 141.95) InChI = 1S/C4H10O.BF3/c1-3-5-4-2;2-1(3)4/h3-4H2,1-2H3; InChIKey = KZMGYPLQYOPHEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (selective nucleophilic reagent for substitution reactions2, 3 and conjugate additions1) Physical Data: see entries for individual components. Preparative Method: prepared by the addition of Boron Trifluoride Etherate to a suspension of Phenylcopper in diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran at −70 °C.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: see entries for individual components. Use in a fume hood.
Role of stress in low birthweight disparities between Black and White women: A population-based study

Objective This study examines the role of stress in low birthweight (LBW) risk in Black and White women in the United States.
Stochastic k-Tree Grammar and Its Application in Biomolecular Structure Modeling

Stochastic context-free grammar SCFG has been successful in modeling biomolecular structures, typically RNA secondary structure, for statistical analysis and structure prediction. Context-free grammar rules specify parallel and nested co-occurren-ces of terminals, and thus are ideal for modeling nucleotide canonical base pairs that constitute the RNA secondary structure. Stochastic grammars have been sought, which may adequately model biomolecular tertiary structures that are beyond context-free. Some of the existing linguistic grammars, developed mostly for natural language processing, appear insufficient to account for crossing relationships incurred by distant interactions of bio-residues, while others are overly powerful and cause excessive computational complexity. This paper introduces a novel stochastic grammar, called stochastic k-tree grammar SkTG, for the analysis of context-sensitive languages. With the new grammar rules, co-occurrences of distant terminals are characterized and recursively organized into k-tree graphs. The new grammar offers a viable approach to modeling context-sensitive interactions between bioresidues because such relationships are often constrained by k-trees, for small values of k, as demonstrated by earlier investigations. In this paper it is shown, for the first time, that probabilistic analysis of k-trees over strings are computable in polynomial time n Ok. Hence, SkTG permits not only modeling of biomolecular tertiary structures but also efficient analysis and prediction of such structures.
Effect of human nasal secretions on the antiviral activity of human fibroblast and leukocyte interferon.

SummaryMany normal human nasal secretions contain an inhibitor of human fibroblast IF. This inhibitor had no effect on human leukocyte IF. The amount of inhibition of fibroblast IF increased with increasing quantities of nasal secretions. Also, the inhibition could be overcome with increasing concentrations of IF.
Exploring the solid-liquid phase change of an adapted Dzugutov model using generalized replica exchange method.

The generalized replica exchange method (gREM) is applied to simulate a solid–liquid phase change in an adapted Dzugutov model system. The idea of gREM is to incorporate the merit of sampling from a generalized ensemble into the replica exchange paradigm. The generalized ensemble weights are determined from effective temperatures tailored for this system, through an inverse mapping strategy. The ordered and disordered phases are smoothly joined together through a succession of unimodal energy distributions, providing a continuous transformation from an isotropic liquid into an amorphous solid phase under the given condition. The phase change temperature is determined by evaluation of various thermodynamic and structural order parameters. The increasing tendency for icosahedral local order under cooling is quantified using bond order parameters. The ergodic measure is used to demonstrate the advantage of gREM over the traditional temperature-based REM in sampling the phase change region.
The binding of calcium in mixtures of phospholipids.

SummaryThe binding of calcium in phos-pholipid mixtures is very dependent on the pH, it being a quantitative reflection of the types of dissociable groups in the phospho-lipids present. As the pH increases from 6.5 to 8.5, there is a considerable increase in Ca-binding if triphosphoinositide, phosphatidyl-serine, or phosphatidylethanolamine is present. This effect may be of some consequence in certain physiological processes.
Initial trial of slow-release testosterone microspheres in hypogonadal men

The duration of hormone release from testosterone-loaded poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres was assessed in eight hypogonadal men. Eight weeks before receiving testosterone (T) microspheres, patients were withdrawn from their prior androgen therapy in order to minimize the contribution of that therapy to hormone levels measured following microsphere injection. Blood was obtained for hormone measurements immediately before and weekly for 14weeks after the administration of the T microspheres. A biphasic release of hormone was observed; a significant increase in total T and free T concentration (compared to preinjection values) was observed during week 1 ( P P P =not significant [NS]). After receiving the T microspheres, seven of eight hypogonadal men reported the return of normal sexual function; the eighth patient withdrew from the study after 5weeks. It was concluded that T microspheres are a promising new method of androgen replacement therapy for hypogonadal men.
Photosynthesis Characteristics of Paspalum Conjugatum Berg., A Shade-Adapted C4 Species

Paspalum conjugatum Berg. (C4, NADP-ME) has been described as “shade-loving” (Eggeling, 1947), and grows in tropical rainforests at mean daily photon flux densities less than 5 mol PHAR (photosynthetically active radiation) m−2 day−1 (Woolhouse, H.W. unpublished observation). The influences of light during growth upon the photosynthetic characteristics of this C4 grass and that of a C4 grass (Zea mays) native to exposed habitats have been compared.
Behavioral Cardiology with Emphasis on the Family Heart Study

The relationships between medicine and psychology may be traced,to antiquity; more specifically, references to the exquisite relationship between mind and body, including one’s health and one’s behavior, will be found in humankind’s earliest writings, dating back to 5000 B.C. It is, however, an interesting historical fact that in the mountains or early volumes and in the scores or new volumes written in recent times by such leaders in modern psychosomatic medicine as Sigmund Freud, Flanders Dunbar, Franz Alexander, and others, up to the middle of the 20th century the major evidence for the existence of psychosomatic relationships was anecdotal. That is, this past and very recent evidence consists primarily of interesting case histories and such isolated physiologic demonstrations as those of the effect of emotions on gastric function described by Beaumont (1833) in the 19th century and elicited in the subject Tom described by Wolf and Wolff (1947) in the middle of the 20th century.
The Pseudoparadox of Partisan Mapmaking and Congressional Competition

Why are fewer congressional elections competitive at the district level when the national electoral environment is at its most competitive? This article explores this “pseudoparadox,” and argues that the answer can be found in partisan redistricting. Through an analysis of 40 years of congressional elections, I find that partisan gerrymanders induce greater competitiveness as national tides increase, largely due to unanticipated consequences of waves adverse to the map-drawing party, particularly in seats held by that party. The phenomenon anecdotally coined by Grofman and Brunell as the “dummymander” is thus actually quite common and has significant effects on rates of congressional competition nationally. In contrast, bipartisan maps are shown to induce lower competition, while nonpartisan maps induce higher competition, under all electoral conditions and competitiveness measures. But the effects of partisan gerrymanders on competition, though strong, can only be seen in interaction with short-term nati...
Abstract 267: Redox-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation: A Potential Mechanism for Collateral Growth Impairment During Chronic Oxidative Stress

Vascular risk factors characterized by oxidative stress are correlated with impaired collateral growth through mechanisms largely unknown. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with increased oxidative stress were used to investigate potential mechanisms mediating impaired collateral compensation. Microarray analysis of global gene expression was performed with control and collateral mesenteric artery samples (n=4) from SHR and their normotensive controls (WKY) 24 hours after model creation. In SHR control arteries, several mechano-sensitive and redox-dependent transcription regulators were down-regulated including Jun (-5.2X, P=0.02), Egr-1 (-4.1X, P=0.01), and NFkB1 (-1.95X, P=0.04). Collateral arteries of WKY and SHR exhibited a fundamentally different gene expression pattern (
Design of a Multifunctional Porous Coaxial Electrospun Mesh Using Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Poly Butylene Adipate-CO-Terephthalate (PBAT)

In this paper, we formulate a method to create a potential drug delivery vehicle and scaffold architecture of coaxial electrospun fibers. Having the capability to introduce porosity either in core or sheath of the fiber using supercritical CO2 as a foaming agent is utilized. Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Poly butylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) were used because of their biodegradable and biocompatible nature. Physical morphology of the porous coaxial fibers was studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Image J software was used to quantify the pore size and fiber diameter. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and Tensile Testing of the three-dimensional fibrous mesh was done to determine the mechanical properties of the porous structure. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) was used to study the thermal characteristics of the mesh.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma with distant metastasis to thorax and bone : A clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 15 cases.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cutaneous malignancy and is characterized by a high cure rate after local excision. Metastatic BCC (mBCC) is an exceedingly rare event, associated with poor prognosis. We report clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of 15 mBCC metastatic to the thorax and bone. The patients were 14 males and one female with a mean age at diagnosis of cutaneous BCC of 53 years and at metastasis of 64 years. Primary BCC were primarily located in the head and neck or torso and microscopically included five nodular, three basosquamous, three mixed, and one each of superficial, infiltrative, micronodular, and morpheaform types. Eleven cases metastasized to the lung, three to the bone, and one to the heart. Immunohistochemically, 70% of mBCC were positive for bcl-2, 81% for BerEP4, and 0% for EMA. Treatment consisted of surgery and/or chemotherapy or radiation. Eight patients died at a median interval from metastasis to death of 20 months, and seven were alive at a median interval of 30 months. BCC metastatic to the thoracic organs or bone is rare, mainly affecting older white males. BCC when metastatic commonly affects the lung or bone but rarely the heart. Our results suggest a slightly better prognosis than previously reported, possibly due to improved multimodal treatment strategies. Metastasis from BCC should be considered in a patient with metastatic disease of unknown primary and a history of BCC. Immunohistochemistry may be helpful to reach a final diagnosis.
A Consideration of the Ethics of Brain Death : What are the Ethical Guidelines for Physician, Family and Society in Dealing with Brain Death?

Abstract There is at present considerable confusion with respect to ethical guidelines that should govern the behavior of society and the physician confronted by problems resulting from recent attainments of medicine and science. The use of life supporting devices raises the problem of determining when death has occurred and what is proper ethical procedure in dealing with the deficient half life caused by "Brain Death." Some guidance is obtained from a consideration of the nature of life, the nature of death, the nature of man, and the essence lost in death of man. A parallel consideration of the nature of ethics, the bases of ethics and of ethical decision can be helpful. An individual may have ideals which control behavior, even elevate ethical standards; others entertain concepts that destroy social ethics. Ethics control and direct social interactions; ethics determine the quality of social behavior--ethics are established by societies not by individuals. Numerous commissions have endeavored to define the requirements of physicians for diagnosing brain death and for appropriate subsequent actions. The rationales presented, however, are not invariably accepted by lay society. The problem is created by numerous trends. Among them are the "rightest" movement which, though possessing many virtues, has its excesses such as expressed in the "right to life movement." These have not been beneficial and have necessitated "right to death movements." Opposition is also due to the fact that society's concepts of the medical profession have changed. The practice of organ transplantation has created problems. Finally, the concept of death as other than evil is no longer generally accepted. As more biological manipulations are possible ever more difficult ethical problems will arise. It is a certainty, however, that when brain death has occurred life of man and that of the individual has ended. Although others might not agree, our ethic requires us to use life assist techniques to preserve the vegetative man, the individual who can still breathe spontaneously though lacking consciousness and behavioral ability. All the codes of medical ethics state that a physician shall not kill--this does not mean he cannot permit the terminal phases of death when the essence of human life is lost. A major question is the ethical responsibility of one society toward another. Can an affluent society squander its resources in the preservation of ineffectual life in the body after "brain death" when others are without the medical assistance which would permit total living?
Inside the Seybert Report

“Inside the Seybert Report” examines Commissioners’ descriptions of seances and their reactions to the mediums with whom they work﻿. Providing historical context for such encounters, this chapter also considers the perspectives of the Commission’s research subjects. The collaboratively written Seybert Report is often inconsistent in tone, revealing conflicting discourses of belief and doubt that can be recognized not only as attempts to appeal to polarized audiences (both Spiritualists and skeptics) but also as attempts to account for the limits of scientific materialism.
Smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of alcohol and cannabis use in older adults with and without HIV infection

Abstract Introduction Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) has been used to characterize substance use among adult populations; however, little is known about the validity of EMA and the patterns and predictors of substance use among older adults with and without HIV infection. Methods Thirty-five (22 HIV-positive, 13 HIV-negative) older adults aged 50–74 were assessed for 14 days and completed up to four smartphone-based surveys per day. Results Participants completed an average of 89.5% of possible EMA surveys. EMA self-reported alcohol and cannabis use were significantly positively correlated with laboratory-assessed, self-reported days of alcohol (r = 0.52, p = 0.002) and cannabis (r = 0.61, p Conclusions Findings demonstrate that EMA-measured alcohol and cannabis use has convergent validity among older adults with and without HIV infection. Preliminary results showing predictors of substance use highlight the importance of gathering EMA data to examine daily variability and time-dependent antecedents of substance use among this population.
Mapping, Non-Western

Non-Western mapping refers to the traditional mapping practices of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. Non-Western mapping, like non-Western arts, literatures, sciences, and other sign systems are unique to the cultures in which they arise. Their only common characteristic is that they do not conform to the conventions associated with Western mapping, that is, they are not entirely based on the concepts of planar projection, uniformity of scale and orientation, the graticule, and the use of either orthogonal or linear converging perspective. Instead, non-Western mapping traditions utilize other techniques for depicting direction, location, perspective, and distance.
Factors Associated With Adherence to Nasoalveolar Molding (NAM) by Caregivers of Infants Born With Cleft Lip and Palate.

Objective:Identify factors associated with adherence to nasoalveolar molding (NAM) therapy.Design:Retrospective case-control study.Setting:Tertiary referral center.Patients, Participants:Infants with cleft lip, with or without cleft palate, referred for NAM. One hundred thirty-five patients met criteria.Main Outcome Measure(s):Adherence to NAM therapy, defined as continuous use of the appliance and attendance of NAM adjustment visits.Results:Female sex (OR = 2.85, 95% CI 1.21-6.74), bilateral cleft (OR = 2.88, 95% CI 1.29-6.46), and travel distance (OR = 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.01) were independent predictors of nonadherence. Bilateral clefts (OR = 8.35, 95% CI 2.72-25.64) and public-payer insurance (OR = 3.67, 95% CI 1.13-11.91) for male patients were significantly associated with nonadherence, in our sex-stratified multivariate model. The majority of the families (58%) had public health insurance. Males comprised 77.0% of the cohort.Conclusions:NAM treatment adherence is impaired by bilateral clefts, female...
The definition of “security” under the federal securities laws

Definitions are essential in any regulatory regime and federal securities regulation is no exception. The most fundamental definition under federal and state securities regulation is for the term “security.” The application of multiple statutes, hundreds of administrative rules, and countless cases and interpretations, turns on this definition. This book chapter provides a brief overview of the definition of “security.” The goal is to provide a survey of the law, introduce key themes, and raise several controversial topics to give the reader a flavor for the debates that arise over the definition. Several themes emerge. First, the definition of “security” exemplifies the broader tension regarding the scope of federal securities regulation. Second, the definition dynamic, and lawyers, regulators, and courts often look to the definition of “security” to determine whether a newly minted investment scheme will be covered. Third, new products and services call for a careful review of the definition of “security” to determine whether it should be modified or adapted. The Chapter begins with the statutory definition of “security” and the definition of “investment contract,” a term included in the definition. It then discusses interests in various business organizations, such as corporations and partnerships. It then moves to a discussion of notes, derivative instruments, insurance products, and bank products, each presenting different problems. The Chapter then contains a short discussion of the state law definition of security primarily as a point of contrast with the federal definition. It concludes with emergent themes to keep in mind when analyzing whether a security exists.
I Wish They All Could Be California Environmental Quality Acts: Rethinking NEPA in Light of Climate Change

Scientific evidence indicates that the repercussions of climate change are numerous, severe, and result from human activity. One possible method of curbing climate change may lie with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), which requires that federal agencies gather and disclose information about the environmental impacts of their activities. Shortly after NEPA’s passage, California enacted the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), a statute similar to NEPA addressing the environmental impacts of state and local agencies’ activities. One significant departure from NEPA was that CEQA not only required that agencies disclose the environmental impacts of their activities, but that they avoid significant impacts in many circumstances. This Note discusses why omitting this requirement from NEPA makes it less useful in addressing climate change than its California counterpart, compares NEPA to CEQA, and suggests changes which could make NEPA a more useful tool for regulating climate change.