cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coupling Compartmental Models to Live Neurons to Investigate Action Potential Mechanisms

In mammalian central neurons, action potentials are initiated in the axonal initial segment (AIS) by Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 channels, and shaped and terminated by other voltage-gated ion channels. From the AIS, the AP travels down the axon towards the presynaptic site, but also back-propagates towards the soma. The role of axonal sodium channels in AP initiation and propagation is still incompletely understood, mostly because it is difficult to record from these channels at the AIS. Instead, most experimental evidence of axonal activity is obtained indirectly, from electrical recordings at the soma. To better understand these mechanisms, we developed a real-time computational procedure where a compartmental model of the axon is coupled to a live neuron using dynamic clamp. The properties of this computational model (e.g., spatial distribution and kinetics of ion channels) are varied until the firing activity of the hybrid construct (neuron + axon compartmental model) best matches the normal activity of the neuron.
Is the Stock Market Overvalued: A Study in the Context of Bangladesh?

The primary objective of this paper is to analyze if the Market overvalued. We studied prices of 17 actively companies in the Market from 2006 to 2010 and used three Valuation Ratios with an explicit corporate sector along with overall market index data and found that the Stock Marke overvalued. The analysis was completed in two stages. At first we analyzed each of the 17 companies to determine the condition of each company .This part shows that among 17 companies most of the companies’ share prices are overvalued and they are also inefficient in managing costs. The second stage of the analysis is composed of 17 companies share prices along with examination of capital accumulation in corresponding period. This result also shows that the market overvalued. From my analysis a relationship has been found between mass capital accumulation and Market Overvalued.
High-Content RNA Interference Assay: Analysis of Tau Hyperphosphorylation as a Generic Paradigm

High-content analysis methods provide the opportunity to interrogate specific cellular end points in living cells. When coupled with high-throughput RNA interference (ht-RNAi) loss of function screens, high-content analyses are a powerful discovery tool for the identification of new genes and pathways involved in specific disease-relevant cellular functions. The most common readout is a fluorescence measurement, usually based on a green fluorescent protein reporter (or some derivative thereof ) or a fluorescently labeled antibody. Here, we describe a specific approach to the development of a high-content assay for the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein that is compatible with RNAi screens. The goal of this chapter is to provide a generic paradigm, using hyperphosphorylation of tau protein as an example, to serve as a blueprint for the investigation of additional cellular end points or protein functions for those interested in performing high-content screens.
Clinical and pharmacokinetic basis for the antimicrobial treatment of acute otitis media.

Given the astonishing frequency in childhood of acute otitis media and its significant morbidity, such as hearing loss and possibly speech delay, improving treatment of response is essential. Since bacteria are an important cause of otitis media, antimicrobial treatment remains the cornerstone of such treatment. Over the last four decades, many clinical studies have shown that antibiotics can relieve symptoms and prevalent complications, although a universal cure is still elusive. This article summarizes the most pertinent clinical and experimental research on treating and preventing acute otitis media, with a focus on intervention trials and the pharmoco-kinetic behavior of antimicrobial drugs.
ASD Student Support Teams: Collaborative Teaming and Problem Solving

Increase knowledge of the different student support teams in the ASD Program and Classroom Model Increase knowledge of collaborative planning and its importance in ASD programming Increase knowledge of the problem-solving paradigm and its prominent role in student program planning and achievement
Pathways to de‐extinction: how close can we get to resurrection of an extinct species?

Summary De-extinction, the idea that extinct species might soon be resurrected, receives considerable attention in both popular and scientific literature, in particular with regard to its potential ecological and ethical consequences. Here, I review the three main pathways that are being considered at present for de-extinction: back-breeding, cloning via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and genetic engineering. I present the state of the art in each pathway and discuss the limitations of each approach as a mechanism to resurrect extinct species. Back-breeding aims to concentrate ancestral traits that persist within a population into a single individual using selective breeding. In back-breeding, ancestral phenotypes may be resurrected after many generations, but the genes that underlie these phenotypes may differ from those that were present in the extinct species. Cloning aims to create genetically identical copies of an extinct species from preserved somatic cells. These somatic cells are fused with egg cells from a closely related and living donor species, which causes cellular reprogramming and embryogenesis, a scientific process known as SCNT. The developing embryo is then brought to term within a surrogate host. Because biological remains degrade post-mortem, cloning of long-dead organisms is not likely to be feasible. Genetic engineering aims to edit the genome sequence within cells of living species so that these genome sequences closely resemble that of a closely related extinct species. This approach draws on recent advances in both ancient DNA and genome editing technologies and is a particularly promising approach to de-extinction. After the genome of a living cell is edited, that living cell can then be used for SCNT. Because the phenotype of an organism is the consequence of the interaction between its genotype and the environment in which it develops and lives, even species with cloned nuclear genomes will not be exact copies of the extinct species on which they are modelled. We should therefore consider de-extinction as a means to create ecological proxies for extinct species. A lay summary is available for this article.
In Reply: Prescribing opioids.

We thank Dr. Pettiway for his remarks. The intent of our article was to identify common challenges when prescribing opioids for chronic pain and offer tips to the provider struggling with how to do so safely. We hope these comments will offer additional clarity. First, as general internists who are
Soft Multifunctional Composites and Emulsions with Liquid Metals

Binary mixtures of liquid metal (LM) or low-melting-point alloy (LMPA) in an elastomeric or fluidic carrier medium can exhibit unique combinations of electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. This emerging class of soft multifunctional composites have potential applications in wearable computing, bio-inspired robotics, and shape-programmable architectures. The dispersion phase can range from dilute droplets to connected networks that support electrical conductivity. In contrast to deterministically patterned LM microfluidics, LMPA- and LM-embedded elastomer (LMEE) composites are statistically homogenous and exhibit effective bulk properties. Eutectic Ga-In (EGaIn) and Ga-In-Sn (Galinstan) alloys are typically used due to their high conductivity, low viscosity, negligible nontoxicity, and ability to wet to nonmetallic materials. Because they are liquid-phase, these alloys can alter the electrical and thermal properties of the composite while preserving the mechanics of the surrounding medium. For composites with LMPA inclusions (e.g., Field's metal, Pb-based solder), mechanical rigidity can be actively tuned with external heating or electrical activation. This progress report, reviews recent experimental and theoretical studies of this emerging class of soft material architectures and identifies current technical challenges and opportunities for further advancement.
1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexa- tert -butyltristannane: Thermolysis involving trapping of stannylene, t Bu 2 Sn: and reactivity with various nucleophiles

Abstract The bifunctional 1,3-dichloro-tristannane CltBu2Sn-SntBu2-SntBu2Cl, 1, has been investigated with respect to thermolysis and nucleophilic substitution. Thermolysis of 1 leads to slow elimination of the stannylene which may be trapped by elemental sulphur, PhSSPh and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene. Reactions of 1 with the silyllithium reagent PhMe2SiLi, lead to new group 14 catenanes PhMe2Si-SntBu2-tBu2Sn-SntBu2-Cl, 9, and PhMe2Si-SntBu2-tBu2Sn-SntBu2-SntBu2-SiPhMe2, 10. Both 9 and 10 have been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Overall the new chemistry illustrates the significance of tBu2Sn: during such reactions, either loss or addition!
Understanding and Mitigating the Impacts of Massive Relocations Due to Disasters

We have grown used to thinking of displaced persons as a developing-world problem. However, Hurricane Katrina and the Japanese tsunami/nuclear disaster made clear that even in the developed world people may need to leave their homes due to natural or man-made disasters. This can occur for reasons ranging from nuclear accidents, to natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes), to terrorism (e.g., a major anthrax attack), to climate change (e.g., coastal flooding). In addition to the social consequences of forced relocation, massive relocation can have significant economic costs, including not only property damage, but also business interruption, loss of housing services, and decline of property values. Economic consequences can be expected to be highly nonlinear in both magnitude and duration of relocation. With regard to duration, a brief evacuation may be minimally disruptive, if people are able to return to their homes within a few days. A relocation of a few months or a year would be much more disruptive per day, but eventually, costs per day would diminish or approach zero. By contrast, costs can be expected to increase monotonically but non-linearly in the number of people needing to be relocated. Costs may also vary greatly depending on the nature of the assets that are interdicted. Unfortunately, disasters in populated areas can easily result in the need to relocate a million people or more. This argues for the need for research on interventions to encourage relocation before a disaster in areas under significant threat, and to increase resilience after massive relocations.
Equity in Medicaid Reimbursement for Otolaryngologists.

ObjectiveTo study state Medicaid reimbursement rates for inpatient and outpatient otolaryngology services and to compare with federal Medicare benchmarks.Study DesignState and federal database quer...
Collaborative Spaces in Online Environments: Writing Center Journals as Digital Artifacts

This chapter focuses on the supplementary digital representation of Writing Lab Newsletter, Writing Center Journal, and Praxis. This supplementary material includes each journal’s websites and Twitter accounts, as well as affiliated blogs, research tools, and attempts at building digital writing center communities. This chapter considers the ways that these affordances—that exist separately from the journal’s peer-reviewed content—work to shape a publication’s larger identity, thereby interrogating whether the digital redefines (or even “distracts” from) a journal’s purpose.
Inner and Outer Recursive Neural Networks for Chemoinformatics Applications

Deep learning methods applied to problems in chemoinformatics often require the use of recursive neural networks to handle data with graphical structure and variable size. We present a useful classification of recursive neural network approaches into two classes, the inner and outer approach. The inner approach uses recursion inside the underlying graph, to essentially “crawl” the edges of the graph, while the outer approach uses recursion outside the underlying graph, to aggregate information over progressively longer distances in an orthogonal direction. We illustrate the inner and outer approaches on several examples. More importantly, we provide open-source implementations [available at www.github.com/Chemoinformatics/InnerOuterRNN and cdb.ics.uci.edu] for both approaches in Tensorflow which can be used in combination with training data to produce efficient models for predicting the physical, chemical, and biological properties of small molecules.
African Students’ Identity Negotiation and Relational Conflict Management: Being “Foreign”, Being “Careful”

International students face challenges associated with identity negotiation as they interact with others who may hold distinctly differing worldviews while operating from a position of cultural dominance. The current study explores how African students negotiate identity in interactions with domestic students within a relational-conflict context. Themes emerging include uncertainty in self-presentation, constrained relationships with domestic students, and avoidance as a response to relational conflict. The emergent concept is that of “being careful”, attributable to African students’ perception of power differences between foreign and domestic students, as well as risk associated with assertive conflict behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Interlude: Radiation Reaction

… we have allowed what is perhaps a silly thing, the possibility of the ‘point’ electron acting on itself.
Teaching Ethics Across the Public Administration Curriculum.

(1998). Teaching Ethics Across the Public Administration Curriculum. Journal of Public Affairs Education: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 45-50.
THE EFFECT OF BANK FRAUD ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF NIGERIA (A STUDY OF UNITED BANK FOR AFRICA PLC)

Frauds are serious issues that can cause significant financial and non-financial harm to the growth of a nation’s economy. The main objectives of this study is to determine the effects of bank fraud in the growth of Nigeria Economy. Also to examine the effectiveness of the internal control system of banks in Nigeria. In order to avert the problems highlighted above, primary and secondary data are employed to broaden the scope of the study primary data are sourced from questionnaire responses. This provided data for the validation of the hypotheses tested with the use of Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation. The test revealed as follows: (i) fraud has an adverse effect on bank performance. (ii) Bank fraud has effect on the growth of Nigerian economy. The study concludes that an effective internal control system will help tremendously in the detection and prevention of frauds in the banking industry. The researcher recommends the following (a) balancing of bank’s books of accounts as unbalanced books provide fertile ground for fraud. (b) ensuring proper custody of vital bank equipments and bank documents. (c) the use of close circuit television surveillance should be implemented in all banking offices.
An imaging system integrating optical coherence tomography and interferometry for in vivo measurement of the thickness and dynamics of the tear film

The outermost layer of the tear film consists of a thin lipid layer (LL). The lipid layer serves as a barrier against evaporation of the aqueous component of the tear film. The ability to simultaneously image both the lipid layer thickness and overall tear film thickness is novel, and will help further understandings of mechanisms of how the lipid layer assembles and interacts with the full tear film thickness. We developed a system that combines simultaneous optical coherence tomography (OCT) and thickness dependent fringes (TDF) interferometry for in vivo imaging of the tear film. The OCT possesses an axial resolution of 1.38 µm in tear film, providing an accurate measurement of the thickness of the overall tear film. The TDF can detect a minimal change of approximately 15 nm in LL thickness. In addition, the spatial resolution of TDF images in x–y plane is 5 µm. The effect of instilling artificial tears on the PCTF and PLTF was examined. In both contact lens and non-contact lens wear, it could be observed from the OCT results that instillation of artificial tears increased the thickness of the overall tear film immediately, followed by a gradual reduction thereafter. These findings were consistent with other studies. However, unlike those previous reports, the thickness of the LL in this study was quantified simultaneously with the TDF subsystem. The results showed that bulking agents such as these artificial tears were not necessarily intended to increase the LL thickness. Immediately after instillation of artificial tears, the PCTF increased from 4.4 ± 0.97 to 20.3 ± 3.6 µm. The PCTF then decreased to 8.8 ± 2.1 µm at 4 min post-instillation. The thicknesses of the LL were 62.4 ± 14.5 nm, 48.7 ± 5.3 nm, and 55.2 ± 9.8 nm at pre-drop instillation, post-drop instillation, and 4-min post-drop instillation, respectively. In this work, we have described a novel imaging system that integrated OCT and TDF imaging techniques, which may facilitate the study of many physiological and clinical aspects of the tear film.
Abstract WP114: Incidence and Treatment of Unruptured Brain Aneurysms versus SAH in the United States: Trends and Complications over Two Decades

Introduction: Following publication of ISAT in 2002 showing better outcomes with coiling versus clipping of ruptured aneurysms, there was a substantial increase in endovascular management of ruptur...
Problematic nature of plasmoid theory of magnetic reconnection

Plasmoid theory uses two-coordinate models to explain fast magnetic reconnection, which occurs on an Alfvenic, not a resistive time scale, in plasmas that are evolving in the near-ideal limit. The primary application has been to three-dimensional naturally-occurring plasmas. A magnetic field representation that applies to all magnetic fields allows features of magnetic evolution in toroidal and natural plasmas to be compared. This comparison illustrates why plasmoid models of magnetic field evolution are not robust solutions to Maxwell's equations. Despite five-hundred papers on plasmoid models, they provide a problematic description of fast magnetic reconnection.
Copper Indium Disulfide Quantum Dot Light Emitting Diodes for Display and Lighting Technologies

While significant advances in the development of quantum dot light emitting diodes (QLEDs) have been reported, these devices are primarily based on cadmium chalcogenide quantum dot (QD) materials. Both environmental and health concerns arise due to the toxicity of cadmium and consequently, alternative less toxic QDs must be developed for large scale QLED applications such as display and solid state lighting technologies. In this work, copper indium disulfide (CIS) was investigated as an alternative QD material for QLED applications. Through experimentation with material synthesis and device fabrication, this project aimed to develop high performing CIS QLEDs. Several synthetic approaches were experimented with and it was determined that the injection of shorter chain 1-octanethoil as sulfur precursor with extensive shell reaction time resulted in highly luminescent QDs. Single color QLEDs were fabricated based on typical device structure, using highly luminescent synthesized CIS QDs as the emissive layer in multilayer devices. Varying the shell reaction time of QDs in order to vary shell thickness resulted in significant differences in device performance. Using thicker shell QDs, high performing devices were obtained with the best performing QLEDs displaying a high peak current efficiency of 14.7 cd/A and high external quantum efficiency of 5.2%.
Exploring the dark side of exposure to peer excellence among traditional and nontraditional college students

Abstract Educators sometimes extol the works produced by exemplary students as examples for other students to strive toward. Although the principle behind this technique is to elevate the motivation of underperforming students, previous research shows that it may produce the opposite effect and cause students to disengage from the task, resulting in a discouragement-by-exposure-to-peer-excellence effect. The current study's goals were to examine this effect among traditional and nontraditional college students. Participants were first asked to write a short essay responding to a quote. They then read either poorly-written or exemplary essays purportedly written by their peers. Participants were then asked to evaluate the quality of those essays and to compare their essay to that of their peers. They were then offered the opportunity to write a second essay. The results showed that traditional college students were less likely to write another essay if they had previously evaluated exemplary essays relative to poorly-written essays, replicating the discouragement-by-exposure-to-peer-excellence effect. However, the effect was absent among nontraditional college students. These results suggest that educators should be mindful of the potential consequences of using peer assessment when trying to motivate traditional college students.
The internet bias toward nontraditional first line prostate cancer treatments.

e16594Background: Despite relegation to relapsed localized disease per National Comprehensive Cancer Guidelines, we have noticed upticks in cryotherapy and High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ...
Human Rights, Dignity, and Female Child Soldiers: A Theological Approach

This chapter examines the concept of human dignity and its violation as theological categories in the context of the tragic phenomenon of female child soldiers. Because a theological approach concerns itself with the plight of not only female child soldiers but also male child soldiers (because both sexes are children), this discussion includes an articulation of the differences in the respective experiences of these young females and males. Additionally, this chapter examines the attempts of the international community to facilitate rehabilitation and reintegration of former child soldiers; and to promote effective preventative measures in the future. Moreover, this chapter will explore the challenges of rehabilitation and reintegration of female child soldiers in their respective societies (in contrast to their male counterparts), in terms of the degree to which these efforts can foster hope in the possibility that these children can flourish as human beings.
Volume-outcome relationship in pediatric neurotrauma care: analysis of two national databases

OBJECTIVE Previous research has demonstrated the association between increased hospital volume and improved outcomes for a wide range of neurosurgical conditions, including adult neurotrauma. The authors aimed to determine if such a relationship was also present in the care of pediatric neurotrauma patients. METHODS The authors identified 106,146 pediatric admissions for traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (tICH) in the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the period 2002-2014 and 34,017 admissions in the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) for 2012-2015. Hospitals were stratified as high volume (top 20%) or low volume (bottom 80%) according to their pediatric tICH volume. Then the association between high-volume status and favorable discharge disposition, inpatient mortality, complications, and length of stay (LOS) was assessed. Multivariate regression modeling was used to control for patient demographics, severity metrics, hospital characteristics, and performance of neurosurgical procedures. RESULTS In each database, high-volume hospitals treated over 60% of pediatric tICH admissions. In the NIS, patients at high-volume hospitals presented with worse severity metrics and more frequently underwent neurosurgical intervention over medical management (all p < 0.001). After multivariate adjustment, admission to a high-volume hospital was associated with increased odds of a favorable discharge (home or short-term facility) in both databases (both p < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in inpatient mortality (p = 0.208). Moreover, high-volume hospital patients had lower total complications in the NIS and lower respiratory complications in both databases (all p < 0.001). Although patients at high-volume hospitals in the NTDB had longer hospital stays (β-coefficient = 1.17, p < 0.001), they had shorter stays in the intensive care unit (β-coefficient = 0.96, p = 0.024). To determine if these findings were attributable to the trauma center level rather than case volume, an analysis was conducted with only level I pediatric trauma centers (PTCs) in the NTDB. Similarly, treatment at a high-volume level I PTC was associated with increased odds of a favorable discharge (OR 1.28, p = 0.009), lower odds of pneumonia (OR 0.60, p = 0.007), and a shorter total LOS (β-coefficient = 0.92, p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS Pediatric tICH patients admitted to high-volume hospitals exhibited better outcomes, particularly in terms of discharge disposition and complications, in two independent national databases. This trend persisted when examining level I PTCs exclusively, suggesting that volume alone may have an impact on pediatric neurotrauma outcomes. These findings highlight the potential merits of centralizing neurosurgery and pursuing regionalization policies, such as interfacility transport networks and destination protocols, to optimize the care of children affected by traumatic brain injury.
Understanding Asteroid 16 Psyche’s composition through 3D impact crater modeling

Abstract Asteroid 16 Psyche is the largest M-type (metallic) Main Belt Asteroid (MBA). Radar albedo data indicate Psyche’s surface is rich in metallic content, but estimates for Psyche’s bulk structure vary widely, with bulk density estimates ranging from 1.4 ± 0.3 g/cm 3 to 4.5 ± 1.4 g/cm 3 and porosity estimates ranging from 30% to 70%. A forthcoming NASA discovery mission will visit Psyche. Narrowing the range of estimated compositions of Psyche prior to mission launch can help to determine the necessary tools for asteroid analysis. Psyche has two large impact structures in its Southern hemisphere, with estimated diameters from 50 km to 70 km and estimated depths up to 6.4 km. In this work, we present results from 2D and 3D hydrocode simulations of the largest of these impact structures. Through quantitative comparison of the simulated crater dimensions with measured values, our models suggest that Psyche is largely composed of porous, metallic material. In addition, to match the crater dimensions, our simulations indicate that the angle of impact was significantly altered from vertical by 45–60 degrees.
Emotional Empathy in the Social Regulation of Distress: A Dyadic Approach:

Although research suggests distressed individuals benefit from others' empathy, it is unclear how an individual's level of empathy influences dyadic responses during emotional situations. In the current study, female participants (N = 140; 70 dyads) were paired with a stranger. One member of each dyad (the experiencer) was randomly assigned to undergo a stressful task and disclose negative personal experiences to their partner (the listener). Experiencers paired with listeners higher in dispositional emotional empathy had less negative affect during emotional disclosure and lower sympathetic nervous system reactivity during the stressful task and disclosure. Listeners higher in emotional empathy reported more negative affect in response to their partner's distress. Furthermore, for listeners higher in emotional empathy, those who more accurately rated their partner's emotions were more physiologically influenced by their partners. Findings shed light on interpersonal functions of empathy and suggest a stranger's level of emotional empathy regulates distressed partner's emotions and physiology.
Exploring Bidding Strategies for Market-Based Scheduling

A market-based scheduling mechanism allocates resources indexed by time to alternative uses based on the bids of participating agents. Agents are typically interested in multiple time slots of the schedulable resource, with value determined by the earliest deadline by which they can complete their corresponding tasks. Despite the strong complementarity among slots induced by such preferences, it is often infeasible to deploy a mechanism that coordinates allocation across all time slots. We explore the case of separate, simultaneous markets for individual time slots, and the strategic problem it poses for bidding agents. Investigation of the straightforward bidding policy and its variants indicates that the efficacy of particular strategies depends critically on preferences and strategies of other agents, and that the strategy space is far too complex to yield to general game-theoretic analysis. For particular environments, however, it is often possible to derive constrained equilibria through evolutionary search methods.
Neo-Kantianism as philosophy of culture: Cassirer, Simmel, and the Bildung tradition in contemporary German intellectual thought

Neo-Kantianism was a movement in the history of nineteenth and twentieth century philosophy that shaped the philosophy of culture and philosophy of education in Germany and the rest of the world. T...
Some assembly required: building a hands-on model of a single receptive field in the retina.

Many students struggle to understand the sometimes counterintuitive and complicated organization of the retina. As soon as they begin to grasp these complex relationships, we add another confusing ...
Spatial Variation in Very Preterm Birth to Hispanic Women Across the United States: The Role of Intensified Immigration Enforcement.

Introduction: Limited existing research suggests that immigration climate and enforcement practices represent a social determinant of health for immigrants, their families, and communities. However, national research on the impact of specific policies is limited. The goal of this article is to estimate the effect of county-level participation in a 287(g) immigration enforcement agreement on very preterm birth (VPTB, <32 weeks’ gestation) rates between 2005-2016 among US-born and foreign-born Hispanic women across the United States. Methods: We fit spatial Bayesian models to estimate the effect of local participa­tion in a 287(g) program on county VPTB rates, accounting for variation by mater­nal nativity, county ethnic density, and controlling for individual specific Hispanic background and nativity and county-level confounders. Results: While there was no global ef­fect of county participation in a 287(g) program on county VPTB rates, rates were slightly increased in some counties, primarily in the Southeast (Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina). Future Directions: Future research should consider the mechanisms through which immigration policies and enforce­ment may impact health of both immi­grants and wider communities. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(Suppl 1):333-344; doi:10.18865/ed.31.S1.333
Conclusion and Ways Forward

In recent years, many have called for a transformation to our food systems for the benefit of present and future generations. This book has illustrated the importance of food to society, human health, the planet, and economic prosperity. However, the systems that make, mold, move, and monetize our food need to be nurtured, governed, and maintained if they are to generate positive outcomes for society. Various actors and interventions are needed to shape food systems in ways that benefit people and the planet. Through better legislation, coherent policies, political will, commitment, and accountability, change can happen.
Heterogeneity in Activity-travel Patterns of Public Transit Users: An Application of Latent Class Analysis

Abstract Public transit is considered a sustainable mode of transport that can address automobile dependency and provide environmental, economic, and societal benefits. However, with typical temporal and spatial constraints such as fixed routes and schedules, transfer requirements, waiting times, and access/egress issues, public transit offers lower accessibility and mobility services than private vehicles and thus it is considered a less attractive mode to many prospective users. To improve the performance of transit and in turn to increase its usage, a broader understanding of the daily activity-travel patterns of transit users is fundamental. In this context, this study analyzed transit-based activity-travel patterns by classifying users via Latent Class Analysis (LCA). Using data from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey, the LCA model suggested that transit users could be split into five distinct classes where each class has a representative activity-travel pattern. Class 1 constituted employed white males who made transit-dominant simple work tours. Class 2 was composed of employed white females who made complex work tours. Employed white millennials comprised Class 3 and made multimodal complex tours. Transit Class 4 were non-white younger or older adult groups who made transit-dominant simple non-work tours. Last, Class 5 members made complex non-work tours with recurrent transit use and comprised single older women. This study provided insights regarding the variations of activity-travel patterns and the associated market segments of transit users in the United States. The results can assist transit agencies in identifying transit user groups with particular activity patterns and to consider market strategies that can address their travel needs.
Breast Cancer Treatment Following Health Reform: Evidence From Massachusetts.

There are well-documented differences in breast cancer treatment by insurance status. Insurance expansions provide a context to assess the relationship between insurance and patterns of breast canc...
Trinity: Trust, Resilience and Interpretability of Machine Learning Models

Despite the remarkable strides over the last decade in the performance of machine learning techniques, their applications are typically limited to nonadversarial benign environments. The use of deep learning in applications such as biometric recognition, and intrusion detection, require them to operate in adversarial environments. But the overwhelming empirical studies and theoretical results have shown that these methods are extremely fragile and susceptible to adversarial attacks. The rationale for why these methods make the decisions they do are also notoriously difficult to interpret; understanding such rationale may be crucial for the aforementioned applications. In this chapter, we discuss the connections between these related challenges, and describe a novel integrated approach, Trinity ( T rust, R esilience and IN terpretabil ITY ), for analyzing these models.
Fluoride Flux Crystal Growth and Structure Determination of K5Sc2FSi4O13

A molten potassium fluoride flux was used to grow single crystals of K5Sc2FSi4O13. The crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. K5Sc2FSi4O13 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/m with lattice parameters of a = 6.9681(14) A, b = 5.5830(11) A, and c = 17.829(4) A and a β angle of 91.52(3)°. This compound has a complex three-dimensional structure. Single crystals of K5Sc2FSi4O13 were grown out of a molten fluoride flux and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction; K5Sc2FSi4O13 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/m.
1989 as a Political World Event : Democracy, Europe and the New International System in the Age of Globalization

Foreword On the Unpredictability of History Vaclav Havel Part I: The meanings and Legacies of 1989 1. Introduction: The World After 1989 and the Exhaustion of Three Cycles Jacques Rupnik 2. Writing 1989: A World Narrative Karoline Postel-Vinay 3. 1989: A Philosophy of Immediacy Zaki Laidi Part II: Re-inventing Democracy and its Discontents 4. Democracy and its Dissatisfaction Ivan Krastev 5. From the Revolutions of 1989 to Democracy Fatigue in Eastern Europe Jacques Rupnik 6. The Difficult New Era for International Democracy Support Thomas Carothers 7. Civil Society: from Myth to Reality Grzegorz Ekiert 8. 'Tropical Democracy'? Transplantating of Pluralism into Africa Richard Banegas 9. Arab Spring and Middle Eastern Exceptionalism Dominique Moisi Part III: Varieties of Capitalism in the Age of Globalization 10. Institutional Change and Economic Transformation after Socialism Leszek Balcerowicz 11. The Political Economy of post 1989 Capitalism in East-Central Europe Claus Offe 12. 1989 and the Advent of an Authoritarian State Capitalism in China Jean-Francois Huchet Part IV: Between Global Governance and New Power Rivalries 13. American Visions of the World after 1989 John L. Harper 14. Russia and the Quest for Lost Power Marie Mendras 15. China and the End of Socialism in Europe: A Godsend for the Chinese Communists Jean-Philippe Beja 16. The UN and the Changing Meaning of an International Community Jean-Marie Guehenno 17. The Arab four seasons: When an excess of religion leads to political secularization Olivier Roy
Animal Models of Psychopathology

Animal modeling has been central to understanding the psychology and neurobiology of psychopathology. Most treatments in cognitive behavioral therapy have their roots in the conditioning and aversive learning literatures in nonhuman animals. The number of animal models of psychopathology has proliferated since the early work of I. P. Pavlov. Some of these models are more useful than others. Three criteria are discussed that are central to validating an animal model. The study of avoidance learning is reviewed as an illustration of how validation criteria relate to a model and just how difficult the validation process can be. Recent experiments also are discussed that overcome historic problems with avoidance models and may provide new insight into the role of avoidance in anxiety disorders. Keywords: animal behaviour; animal psychology; anxiety disorders; behavioral genetics; biological psychology; comparative physiological psychology; anxiety; avoidance behaviour; behaviorism; classical conditioning
Transplantation and Adaptation: The Evolution of the Human Rights Ombudsman

The number of human rights ombudsman institutions has increased dramatically over the past three decades. Such institutions are prevalent in Latin America and in Central and Eastern Europe, and are increasingly found in other regions of the world as well. Forces such as democratization, public institution-building, comparative law influences, limited state resources, and international human rights law continue the spread of human rights ombudsman institutions. This Article discusses the mandates and jurisdiction of human rights ombudsman institutions. It argues that all governments should endow human rights ombudsman institutions with as many additional powers as their institutional and legal systems permit to supplement the ombudsman’s core investigatory mandate. These include inspection, litigation, research, and education powers. Further, this Article argues that all human rights ombudsman institutions must institute operating practices to increase their ability to protect and promote human rights.
Corporate Strategy an Evolutionary Review

As Richard Rumelt indicates in his book, “Fundamental Issues in Strategy: A Research Agenda”, corporate strategy is a relatively recent discipline. While pioneers in the field like B.H. Liddell Hart and Bruce Henderson (later to found the Boston Consulting Group and creator of the famous BCG Growth-Share Matrix) began their research during the Second World War, the modern field of business strategy as an academic discipline, taught in schools and colleges of business emerged rather later. Rumelt provides an interesting chronicle in the introduction to his volume by noting that historically corporate strategy, even when taught as a capstone course, was not really an organized discipline. Typically, depending on the school’s location and resources, the course would either be taught by the senior most professor in the department or by an outside lecturer from industry. The agenda tended to be very much instructor specific and idiosyncratic rather than drawing in any systematized fashion upon the subject matter of an organized discipline.
Existence and Uniqueness of the Minimizing Solution of Choquard's Nonlinear Equation

The equation dealt with in this paper is in three dimensions. It comes from minimizing the functional which, in turn, comes from an approximation to the Hartree-Fock theory of a plasma. It describes an electron trapped in its own hole. The interesting mathematical aspect of the problem is that & is not convex, and usual methods to show existence and uniqueness of the minimum do not apply. By using symmetric decreasing rearrangement inequalities we are able to prove existence and uniqueness (modulo translations) of a minimizing Φ. To prove uniqueness a strict form of the inequality, which we believe is new, is employed.
Space Weather Forecasting: A Grand Challenge

Space Environment Center (SEC) is the United States' official source of space weather alerts, warnings, and forecasts. Forecasts are used to support activities that are impacted by space weather such as electric power transmission, satellite operations, humans in space, navigation, and communication. This article presents a brief review of current space weather forecasting capabilities, and then focuses on the science, the models, the data, the new technologies, and the process for transitioning research into operations that is needed to meet the challenge to improve space weather forecasting in the new millennium. Forecasting critical parameters such as the interplanetary magnetic field at the magnetopause, and critical events such as coronal mass ejections are two examples of challenges to the research, observation, and modeling communities. Major improvements in space weather forecasting will be achieved when these, as well as other, challenges are met. The forecasting challenge is also discussed in the context of the goals of the US National Space Weather Program (NSWP) and other international activities.
What Triggers Abnormal Eating in Bulimic and Nonbulimic Women?; The Role of Dissociative Experiences, Negative Affect, and Psychopathology

Dissociative experiences and abnormal eating were examined in 92 non-eating-disordered women and 61 agematched bulimic women. In the nonclinical sample of women, dissociative experiences were associated with abnormal eating attitudes and behavior, even after controlling for other forms of psychopathology; furthermore, dissociation mediated the relationships between abnormal eating and sexual abuse, abnormal eating and emotional distress, and abnormal eating and impulsivity. Analyses using both bulimic women and occasional binge eaters among the controls showed that a combination of reported negative affect and dissociative experiences preceding a binge was associated with the highest levels of abnormal eating. Finally, in both bulimic women and occasional binge eaters, feelings of panic appeared to decrease as a binge episode progressed, whereas, in bulimic women only, dissociative experiences appeared to increase during binge eating. The implications for the role of dissociation in combination with emotional distress in triggering and reinforcing abnormal eating in women are discussed.
Overt and covert use of objectives of different cognitive levels

Abstract College students provided objectives along with a study passage scored significantly lower on a multiple-choice post-test than students given the same objectives plus an overt task for the content of each objective. Scores on lower level post-test questions were significantly higher than scores on higher level questions. Students did not perform better on the post-test on content for which they had been given higher level objectives than on content for which lower level objectives were provided. This finding was not in keeping with what would be predicted from learning from text studies employing inserted study questions of different levels.
The thermodynamic limit for a crystal

Consider a crystal with nucleii fixed at the lattice points in Ω⊂ℝ3, interacting by Coulomb forces with quantized electrons in Ω. We prove that the pressure tends to a limit as Ω grows infinitely large.
The effects of ammonium and phosphate enrichments on clorophyll a, pigment ratio and species composition of phytoplankton of Vineyard Sound

Seawater containing natural phytoplankton populations from Vineyard Sound, USA was enriched in the laboratory with three levels each of ammonium and phosphate and with a combination of ammonium and phosphate which provided three different N:P ratios. The addition of ammonium produced more cells and chlorophyll a than the control or the phosphate enrichments. However, enrichment with ammonium and phosphate, regardless of the N:P ratio, yielded the most cells and chlorophyll a. Thus, nitrogen seems to be the primary limiting nutrient, with phosphate showing secondary limiting effects. The ratios of photosynthetic pigments \(\frac{{ - D430 - }}{{ - D663 - }}\) decreased with the increased chlorophyll a production in the enriched cultures. There were no significant changes in the species composition within the cultures, so that the observed changes in pigment ratio and chlorophyll a content were due to physiological responses.
What did Apalachin prove? Mafia skepticism in cold war politics and culture

With varying degrees of enthusiasm, federal, state, and local governments had been investigating and prosecuting gangsters since the late nineteenth century. Despite this relatively long history, the primary interpretation of the Apalachin arrests lay in the belief that the New York State Police had uncovered proof of the existence of organized crime. This essay investigates the reasons why there seemed to be an ongoing need to prove its existence, concluding that organized crime came to be defined within the cultural and political agendas of Cold War America. Drawing on media accounts, government documents, archival sources, and popular non-fiction, this essay argues that rather than the conclusive proof of the mafia, Apalachin is best viewed as an exhibit in an ongoing argument about the existence and meaning of organized crime.
Stereotactic surgery: the early years.

ALTHOUGH STEREOTACTIC SURGERY was conceived at the turn of the 20th century, human applications did not gain momentum until the 1950s. Modern sterectactic surgery, as currently practiced, has rapidly developed in the past docade with computer assistance obviating the need for invasive localization techniques and ultimately leading to the development of frameless instruments. Applications of these techniques have also greatly expanded the use of stereotactic methods beyond functional neurosurgery. This article describes the author's involvement in the early development of stereotactic surgery, beginning in the late 1950s. With the recognition that physiological confftrnation of targets is important in improving the safety and accuracy of functional stereotactic surgery, a number of approaches were developed that are still in use today.
Highly Sensitive SOI Optical Sensors with Porous Si

We demonstrate microring resonators using a thin layer of porous silicon (pore size ~30 nm) as the cladding. With a loaded Q factor of 25,000, this new type of resonators is promising for bio/chemical sensing.