cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The True Woman: Scenes from the Law of Self-Defense

Self-defense is undergoing an epochal transformation. In the last few years, dozens of states have passed or proposed new Castle Doctrine legislation intended to expand the right to use deadly force in self-defense. These bills derive their informal name from the traditional common law castle doctrine, which grants a person attacked in his own home the right to use deadly force without trying to retreat to safety. But the new Castle Doctrine statutes, conceived and advocated by the National Rifle Association, extend beyond the home to self-defense more broadly. This Article sets out to explicate, contextualize, and theorize this remarkable development in self-defense law. To do so, the Article investigates the ideas that shape these new Castle Doctrine laws. It offers an interpretive genealogy focused on three crucial turning points in the development of self-defense, and argues that each has left a defining ideological trace on the new laws. The central claim is that in each phase, self-defense law drew importantly but differently on the idea of the home; and, in each, the operative idea of the home was constituted specifically by gender roles therein. The Article shows that modern self-defense law exemplified by the new Castle Doctrine powerfully embeds these distinctive meanings of gender, home, and crime.
Counting on Strong Composition as Identity to Settle the Special Composition Question

Strong Composition as Identity (SCAI) is the thesis that necessarily, for any xs and any y, those xs compose y iff those xs are non-distributively identical to y. Some have argued against this view as follows: if some many things are non-distributively identical to one thing, then what’s true of the many must be true of the one. But since the many are many in number whereas the one is not, the many cannot be identical to the one. Hence (SCAI) is mistaken. Although I am sympathetic to this objection, in this paper, I present two responses on behalf of the (SCAI) theorist. I also show that once the defender of (SCAI) accepts one of these two responses, that defender will be able to answer The Special Composition Question.
Sequential decoding of non-binary LDPC codes on graphics processing units

Non-binary low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have been shown to attain near capacity error correcting performance in noisy wireless communication channels. It is well known that these codes require a very large number of operations per-bit to decode. This high computational complexity along with a parallel decoder structure makes graphics processing units (GPUs) an attractive platform for acceleration of the decoding algorithm. The seemingly random memory access patterns associated with decoding are generally beneficial to error-correcting performance but present a challenge to designers who want to leverage the computational capabilities of the GPU. In this paper we describe the design of an efficient decoder implementation based on GPUs and a corresponding set of powerful non-binary LDPC codes. Using the belief propagation algorithm with a sequential message updating scheme it is shown that we are able to exploit parallelism inherent in the decoding algorithm while decreasing the number of decoding iterations required for convergence.
HIV-1 Tat: A Transcriptional Activator that Recognizes a Structured RNA Target

The human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs and SIVs) are unique among retroviruses in encoding for many small regulatory proteins in addition to Gag, Pol and Env (reviewed in 1). Although counterpart regulatory proteins are apparently absent or yet to be described for avian and murine retroviruses, HIV greatly depends on the functions of some of these proteins (Tat, Rev, Vif) for its viability (reviewed in 2). Other non-structural proteins (Nef, Vpr, Vpu, and Vpx for HIV-2) have moderating effects and are not absolutely essential for viral propagation in tissue culture.
Phosphorylation of poly(rC) binding protein 1 (PCBP1) contributes to stabilization of mu opioid receptor (MOR) mRNA via interaction with AU-rich element RNA-binding protein 1 (AUF1) and poly A binding protein (PABP).

Gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level is frequently based on cis- and trans-acting factors on target mRNAs. We found a C-rich element (CRE) in mu-opioid receptor (MOR) 3′-untranslated region (UTR) to which poly (rC) binding protein 1 (PCBP1) binds, resulting in MOR mRNA stabilization. RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA EMSA revealed the formation of PCBP1-RNA complexes at the element. Knockdown of PCBP1 decreased MOR mRNA half-life and protein expression. Stimulation by forskolin increased cytoplasmic localization of PCBP1 and PCBP1/MOR 3′-UTR interactions via increased serine phosphorylation that was blocked by protein kinase A (PKA) or (phosphatidyl inositol-3) PI3-kinase inhibitors. The forskolin treatment also enhanced serine- and tyrosine-phosphorylation of AU-rich element binding protein (AUF1), concurrent with its increased binding to the CRE, and led to an increased interaction of poly A binding protein (PABP) with the CRE and poly(A) sites. AUF1 phosphorylation also led to an increased interaction with PCBP1. These findings suggest that a single co-regulator, PCBP1, plays a crucial role in stabilizing MOR mRNA, and is induced by PKA signaling by conforming to AUF1 and PABP.
Unimorph Shape Memory Polymer Actuators Incorporating Transverse Curvature in the Substrate

Shape memory polymers (SMP) utilized in reconfigurable structures have the potential to be used in a variety of settings. This paper is primarily concerned with the use of Veriflex-S shape memory polymer and bi-directional carbon fiber in a unimorph actuator configuration. One of the major deficiencies of SMP unimorphs is the permanent set (unrecovered shape) after a single or multiple temperature cycle(s). The novel concept of incorporating transverse curvature in the composite substrate, similar to that of an extendable tape measurer, was proposed to improve the shape recovery. A set of experiments was designed to investigate the influence of transverse curvature, the relative widths of SMP and composite substrates, and shape memory polymer thickness on actuator recoverability after multiple thermomechanical cycles. Flat carbon fiber and shape memory polymer unimorph actuators were evaluated for performance versus actuators of increasing transverse curvature. Digital image correlation was implemented to quantify the out-of-plane deflection of the unimorph composite actuators (UCAs) during the actuation cycle. Experimental results indicate that an actuator with transverse curvature significantly reduces the residual deformation while increasing the shape memory recoverability which could be further tailored to enhance the performance of shape memory polymers in reconfigurable arrangements.
Sustainability in marketing: a systematic review unifying 20 years of theoretical and substantive contributions (1997–2016)

A growing area of marketing research has surfaced in the past 20 years at the nexus of marketing and sustainability. However, a review of marketing literature shows that this field lacks conceptual and theoretical clarity. This article reviews research published on sustainability from 25 leading marketing journals between 1997 and 2016. It examines how theories used to frame sustainability in marketing literature have evolved. Additionally, no unified definition for sustainability exists in current marketing literature. To fill this void, the author proposes a new, holistic definition of sustainability in marketing, coined “sustainable marketing,” which is unique to the marketing discipline. Through presenting the GREEN Framework of Sustainable Marketing, the author conceptually and theoretically clarifies, unifies, and extends the current research. Finally, the systematic review explores implications for theory and practice and offers researchers, practitioners, and policymakers many opportunities for future research.
New Tools for Syphilis Research.

ABSTRACT Syphilis research has been severely limited by the necessity to propagate Treponema pallidumin vivo in rabbits. After decades of erroneous or irreproducible reports of cultivation of T. pallidum, the recent very convincing report of its successful long-term in vitro propagation opens numerous opportunities for development of genetic tools for studying pathogenesis and protein function, antigenic variation, and surface exposure of antigens. The possibility of more rapid isolation of new strains will expand our knowledge of this organism beyond the century-old Nichols strain.
Association of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act With Insurance Coverage for Head and Neck Cancer in the SEER Database.

Importance Patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) are often uninsured or underinsured at the time of their diagnosis. This access to care has been shown to influence treatment decisions and survival outcomes. Objective To examine the association of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) health care legislation with rates of insurance coverage and access to care among patients with HNSCC. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospectively gathered data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were used to examine rates of insurance coverage and access to care among 89 038 patients with newly diagnosed HNSCC from January 2007 to December 2014. Rates of insurance were compared between states that elected to expand Medicaid coverage in 2014 and states that opted out of the expansion. Statistical analysis was performed from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2014. Main Outcomes and Measures Rates of insurance coverage and disease-specific and overall survival. Results Among 89 038 patients newly diagnosed with HNSCC (29 384 women and 59 654 men; mean [SD] age, 59.8 [7.6] years), there was an increase after implementation of the ACA in the percentage of patients enrolled in Medicaid (16.2% after vs 14.8% before; difference, 1.4%; 95% CI, 1.1%-1.7%) and private insurance (80.7% after vs 78.9% before; difference, 1.8%; 95% CI, 1.2%-2.4%). In addition, there was a large decrease in the rate of uninsured patients after implementation of the ACA (3.0% after vs 6.2% before; difference, 3.2%; 95% CI, 2.9%-3.5%). This decrease in the rate of uninsured patients and the associated increases in Medicaid and private insurance coverage were only different in the states that adopted the Medicaid expansion in 2014. No survival data are available after implementation of the ACA, but prior to that point, from 2007 to 2013, uninsured patients had reduced 5-year overall survival (48.5% vs 62.5%; difference, 14.0%; 95% CI, 12.8%-15.2%) and 5-year disease-specific survival compared with insured patients (56.6% vs 72.2%; difference, 15.6%; 95% CI, 14.0%-17.2%). Conclusions and Relevance Access to health care for patients with HNSCC was improved after implementation of the ACA, with an increase in rates of both Medicaid and private insurance and a 2-fold decrease in the rate of uninsured patients. These outcomes were demonstrated only in states that adopted the Medicaid expansion in 2014. Uninsured patients had poorer survival outcomes.
ERIC/ECTJ annual review paper

This is the thirteenth ERIC/ECTJ Annual Review Paper, preparation of which was supported by the ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) Clearinghouse on Information Resources, Syracuse University. The material in this article was prepared pursuant to a contract with the National Institute of Education, U.S. Department of Education. Contractors undertaking such projects under government sponsorship are encouraged to express freely their judgment in professional and technical matters. Points of view or opinions do not necessarily represent the official view or opinion of the NIE.—Ed.
Medical conditions, pregnancy perspectives and contraceptive decision-making among young people: an exploratory, qualitative analysis.

Abstract Objective To explore perspectives on family planning among young people who perceive they are infertile or will have difficulty carrying a pregnancy to term owing to medical conditions or procedures. Methods This exploratory analysis examined pregnancy plans and contraceptive behavior among 12 young adults with a diagnosed medical condition or who had undergone a medical procedure associated with impaired fertility, and who had discussed fertility with a healthcare provider. We utilized data from a larger study investigating prospective pregnancy intentions and plans among 50 young (ages 18–24) women and their male partners (n=100). Results Medical conditions included endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and lupus. For some, medical conditions/procedures led to use of no or less effective contraception; perceived risk for pregnancy was low, though seven participants had previously experienced pregnancies. Participants also described how medical conditions altered their timelines for pregnancy and overall desire for children; for example, one participant described continuing an unplanned pregnancy because she feared it would be her only chance to parent. Conclusion This exploratory analysis suggests that among young people, medical issues perceived to affect fertility and pregnancy may influence pregnancy planning and contraceptive behavior. Young people may lack knowledge about fertility and the impact of a medical condition; thus it is critical that providers clarify the difference between anticipated difficulty conceiving and complete infertility. Tailored contraceptive care is needed for young adults with medical conditions that may affect fertility to ensure they have the necessary information to make informed family planning decisions. Implications Medical conditions known to affect fertility may influence young people's family planning desires and behaviors. Understanding how young adults process information about medical conditions' impact on their fertility and change or make plans in response is important in order to best meet their family planning needs.
P3 Two way text-messaging improves HIV outcomes for HIV-positive youth with gaps in care

Aims Youth are overrepresented in the number of new HIV cases and fare worse across the HIV care continuum. To address these challenges, we implemented a text-messaging intervention to increase engagement in care and improve viral suppression (VLS) rates. The aim of this study was to determine if intervention participation increased achieving or maintaining VLS after 6 months. Methods We recruited 100 HIV-positive youth receiving care in our program and meeting at least one additional criterion (newly diagnosed; not linked to care; out of care more than six months in last 2 years; viral load >200 copies/mL). The automated two-way text-messaging intervention included medication reminders, appointment reminders, a housing/utilities needs assessment and mood checks. Participant challenges reported triggered action alerts to case managers who responded via text or phone. Results were examined over 6 months. Results Participants in the intervention were mostly male (79%), Black (91%), and YMSM (71%), with an average age of 24.58 (SD=2.88). Youth in our intervention group experienced trauma (29. 4% reported intmate partner violence and 34.3% experienced sexual assault) and participated in survival sex (22.5% traded sex and 28.4% received payment for sex). 46.2% of participants reported alcohol use and 55.8% reported marijuana use several times per month. 81% of youth participated in 89,120 text exchanges. Text responses triggered 395 alerts. The most common alerts were for missed medication, missed appointments and housing issues. Twenty-five participants newly achieved VLS and 35 maintained VLS during the 6 months. A significantly greater proportion of participants were virally suppressed at 6 months versus baseline (p=0.018) Conclusion Even with high rates of adversity experiences this two-way texting intervention improved VLS for youth and for those with gaps in care.
Achieving Smoking Cessation Among Persons with Opioid Use Disorder

While prevalence of tobacco use in the US general population is declining, prevalence among those with opioid use disorder (OUD) remains high and results in excessive tobacco-related disease and premature mortality. Among smokers with OUD, tobacco cessation rates are negligible without treatment. However, both low-intensity behavioral interventions and more intensive motivational interventions yield negligible cessation rates. While contingency management has potent short-term cessation effects, effects are not maintained at post-intervention follow-up. Evidence-based smoking cessation pharmacotherapies, such as nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline, result in very modest cessation rates among smokers with OUD. Intensification of pharmacotherapy, such as high-dose and combination nicotine replacement therapy or extended medication treatment, has failed to improve cessation outcomes compared with standard treatment regimens. Targeting the unique challenges faced by smokers with OUD, including nicotine-opioid interactions and poor medication adherence, has potential to improve cessation outcomes, but further research is needed to optimize intervention efficacy among smokers with OUD.
A computationally useful algebraic representation of nonlinear disjunctive convex sets using the perspective function

Nonlinear disjunctive convex sets arise naturally in the formulation or solution methods of many discrete–continuous optimization problems. Often, a tight algebraic representation of the disjunctive convex set is sought, with the tightest such representation involving the characterization of the convex hull of the disjunctive convex set. In the most general case, this can be explicitly expressed through the use of the perspective function in higher dimensional space—the so-called extended formulation of the convex hull of a disjunctive convex set. However, there are a number of challenges in using this characterization in computation which prevents its wide-spread use, including issues that arise because of the functional form of the perspective function. In this paper, we propose an explicit algebraic representation of a fairly large class of nonlinear disjunctive convex sets using the perspective function that addresses this latter computational challenge. This explicit representation can be used to generate (tighter) algebraic reformulations for a variety of different problems containing disjunctive convex sets, and we report illustrative computational results using this representation for several nonlinear disjunctive problems.
The Patient-Centered Medical Home: Mental Health and Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children With Autism:

Objective: This study examined the correlations between receiving care in patient-centered medical home and maternal reports of their mental health and parenting stress in a national sample of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method: Participants were 1108 mothers of children with ASD (average age = 10.6 years; 81% male) from the 2011-2012 National Survey of Children's Health. Multiple linear regression analysis and polynomial logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate if having a child with ASD cared for in a patient-centered medical home was significantly associated with maternal reports of their parenting stress and mental health. We also assessed whether 5 indicators of the American Academy of Pediatrics medical home definition were differentially associated with maternal outcomes. Results: Receiving care in a patient-centered medical home was associated with maternal reports of less parenting stress (standardized β = -0.201; P < .001) and better mental health (odds ratios range from 0.204 to 0.360; P < .001) after controlling for sociodemographic variables. Of the 5 indicators of the medical home definition, only effective care coordination was significantly associated with maternal perceptions of their parenting stress and mental health. Conclusion: Future longitudinal studies are needed to assess the temporal associations between patient-centered medical home status and maternal perceptions of their mental health and parenting stress in mothers of children with ASD.
Childhood Trauma and Personality Disorder

Personality disorders have long been hypothesized to be etiologically related to childhood trauma. Evidence for the association between childhood trauma and personality disorder is strong and incontrovertible. Some evidence suggests that the trauma is associated with a broad range of personality disorders, giving rise to what is termed here the General Theory: that childhood trauma increases the risk of personality disorder but that the risk is not specific to any single personality disorder. The direction of causality in the relationship between trauma and personality disorder is less certain when considering the results of behavioral genetic studies, which point to the relevance of genetic factors that influence risk of exposure to trauma. Neurobiological effects of trauma have been identified in the personality disorder population, which likely represent gene × environment interaction, when considered in light of animal studies. New data is presented from a large sample of adults with personality disorder that provides support for the General Theory and also confirms specific relationships between trauma subtype and personality disorder dimensions.
Highly Fermentable Fiber Alters Fecal Microbiota and Mitigates Swine Dysentery Induced by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is an etiological agent of swine dysentery (SD). Diet fermentability plays a role in development of SD, but the mechanism(s) of action are largely unknown. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether replacing lowly fermentable fiber with highly fermentable fiber would mitigate a 42 d B. hyodysenteriae challenge. Thirty-nine barrows were allocated to dietary treatment groups: (1) 20% corn distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS), 0% beet pulp (BP) or resistant starch (RS; lowly fermentable fiber (LFF)); (2) 10% DDGS, 5% BP, 5% RS (medium fermentable fiber (MFF)); and (3) 0% DDGS, 10% BP, 10% RS (highly fermentable fiber (HFF)). On day post inoculation 0, pigs were inoculated with B. hyodysenteriae. Overall, 85% LFF pigs developed clinical SD, 46% of MFF pigs developed SD, and 15% of HFF pigs developed SD (p < 0.05). Overall average daily gain (ADG) differed among all treatments (p < 0.001), with LFF pigs having the lowest ADG. For HFF pigs, ADG was 37% greater than LFF pigs (p < 0.001) and 19% greater than MFF pigs (p = 0.037). The LFF diet had greater relative abundance of Shuttleworthia and Ruminococcus torques. Further, microbiota of pigs that developed SD had enriched Prevotellaceae. Collectively, replacing DDGS with highly fermentable fiber reduced clinical SD, improved performance, and modulated fecal microbiota during B. hyodysenteriae challenge.
Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Augments Tendon, Ligament, and Bone–Soft Tissue Healing in Preclinical Animal Models: A Systematic Review

Purpose To appraise the available animal and human studies investigating low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation (LIPUS) on tendon, ligament, and bone–soft tissue (B-ST) junction healing. Methods A systematic review of PUBMED, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library was performed for animal and human studies investigating the effects of LIPUS on tendon, ligament, and B-ST junction healing. The systematic search was performed using the key term “low intensity pulsed ultrasound” and any of the following: “tendon,” “ligament,” “tendon-bone,” and “bone-tendon.” Inclusion criteria consisted of (1) randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of LIPUS on bone, tendon, and soft tissue in animals or humans and (2) English-language articles. Results A total of 28 animal and 2 human studies met inclusion criteria. Animal studies utilized various models, including Achilles and patellar tendon transections, medial collateral ligament transections, and surgical repair of patellar tendon, rotator cuff tendon, and anterior cruciate ligament, to evaluate the effects of LIPUS. Animal studies demonstrated significantly improved collagen content and organization, bone formation, fibrocartilage remodeling, and mechanical strength with LIPUS treatment compared with controls. In human trials, LIPUS treatment of chronic tendinopathies did not improve clinical outcomes. Conclusions In acute injury animal models, LIPUS augmented healing of acute tendon, ligament, and B-ST junction injuries through increased collagen content and organization; increased anti-inflammatory cellular signaling; and increased angiogenesis. However, in 2 human studies investigating chronic tendinopathy, LIPUS did not lead to superior outcomes compared with controls. Clinical Relevance Animal models suggest that LIPUS may be a promising noninvasive treatment modality for accelerating patient recovery after acute tendon and ligament injuries, as well as after surgical repair of B-ST junction injuries, but this has not been demonstrated in human studies. Randomized clinical trials evaluating LIPUS for acute tendon and ligament injuries are warranted.
Towards Modeling Student Engagement with Interactive Computing Textbooks: An Empirical Study

Interactive textbooks have great potential to increase student engagement with the course content which is critical to effective learning in computing education. Prior research on digital textbooks and interactive visualizations contributes to our understanding of student interactions with visualizations and modeling textbook knowledge concepts. However, research investigating student usage of interactive computing textbooks is still lacking. This study seeks to fill this gap by modeling student engagement with a Jupyter-notebook-based interactive textbook. Our findings suggest that students' active interactions with the presented interactive textbook, including changing, adding, and executing code in addition to manipulating visualizations, are significantly stronger in predicting student performance than conventional reading metrics. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of student interactions with interactive textbooks and provide guidance on the effective usage of said textbooks in computing education.
Incorporating spatial structure into inclusion probabilities for Bayesian variable selection in generalized linear models with the spike-and-slab elastic net

Abstract Spike-and-slab priors model predictors as arising from a mixture of distributions: those that should (slab) or should not (spike) remain in the model. The spike-and-slab lasso (SSL) is a mixture of double exponentials, extending the single lasso penalty by imposing different penalties on parameters based on their inclusion probabilities. The SSL was extended to Generalized Linear Models (GLM) for application in genetics/genomics, and can handle many highly correlated predictors of a scalar outcome, but does not incorporate these relationships into variable selection. When images/spatial data are used to model a scalar outcome, relevant parameters tend to cluster spatially, and model performance may benefit from incorporating spatial structure into variable selection. We propose to incorporate spatial information by assigning intrinsic autoregressive priors to the logit prior probabilities of inclusion, which results in more similar shrinkage penalties among spatially adjacent parameters. Using MCMC to fit Bayesian models can be computationally prohibitive for large-scale data, but we fit the model by adapting a computationally efficient coordinate-descent-based EM algorithm. A simulation study and an application to Alzheimer’s Disease imaging data show that incorporating spatial information can improve model fitness.
C programming language: an applied perspective

Introducing C Programming. Basic Data Types and Operators. Pointers, Arrays, and Strings. Statements. Functions. Program Structure and Storage Classes. The Preprocessor. Arrays and Pointers Revisited. Constructed Data Types. Linked Data Structures. C and the Outside World. Portability and Efficiency.
Vascular Rings and Pulmonary Artery Slings

The term vascular ring describes a group of congenital intra-thoracic vascular anomalies caused by abnormal regression and differentiation of the aortic arches during fetal development that result in compression of the trachea, esophagus, or both. Albeit rare, these vascular rings can lead to serious and at times life threatening respiratory compromise. Surgical treatment is therefore indicated in all symptomatic patients.
Productivity Through Coffee Breaks: Changing Social Networks by Changing Break Structure

In this paper we present a two-phase study undertaken to experimentally study in a real world setting the effects of social group strength and how to increase the strength of groups in the workplace. In the first phase of our study we measured interactions between workers at the call center of a large bank based in the United States using Sociometric Badges. We confirmed our hypothesis that the strength of an individual’s social group was positively related to productivity (average call handle time) for the employees that we studied. In the second phase of our study we show that by giving employees breaks at the same time we increased the strength of an individual’s social groups, demonstrating that low-cost management decisions can be used to act on these results.
Coronary embolism: Report of three cases

Abstract Three cases of coronary embolism were encountered among 12,300 consecutive autopsies at Cleveland City Hospital. In none was the diagnosis made clinically. The source of the emboli in each instance was an ulcerative endocarditis of either the aortic or mitral valves. Myocardial infarction occurred in two cases.
Effect of surface wettability on germination and gene expression in Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme basidiospores

Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme is an obligate pathogen of pine and oak. Its basidiospores are specifically adapted to recognize and establish infections on the pine host. Depending on environmental cues, the basidiospores can germinate directly, which typically leads to infection of pine, or indirectly, which usually results in formation of secondary basidiospores. We investigated how changes in surface wettability, or hydrophilicity, affect basidiospore germination. When we decreased surface wettability, the direct germination and total germination (direct+indirect) frequencies increased. Additionally, there was a critical threshold between 42% and 54% wettability, at which the basidiospores switched from direct to indirect germination. We conclude that the germination type of C. q. fusiforme basidiospores is influenced by the hydrophilicity of the surface upon which they land. To gain insight into gene expression during basidiospore germination, we made two suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) libraries enriched for genes expressed during each type of germination. A total of 172 unique gene sequences were recovered from the two expression libraries. Annotation of these libraries indicates that they include several clones that may encode rust-specific or basidiomycete-specific functions.
On the quantification of oceanic rainfall using spaceborne sensors

[1] Much of our knowledge about oceanic rainfall comes from spaceborne sensors. These sensors provide direct or indirect information used for precipitation retrievals through various algorithms. A thorough understanding of rain frequency and intensity and its regional distribution, which is especially important in a warming climate, requires an evaluation of the performance of rain-measuring sensors and identification of strengths and limitations offered by each sensor. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) has enabled significant advancement in quantification of moderate to intense rainfall. However, a common limitation of the current suite of rain-measuring sensors is their lack of sensitivity to light rainfall, especially over subtropical and high-latitude oceans. Among various spaceborne sensors, CloudSat enables superior retrieval of light rainfall and drizzle. By using 3 years (2007–2009) of rainfall data from CloudSat and the precipitation radar aboard TRMM, it was determined that the quasi-global (60°S–60°N) oceanic mean rain rate is about 3.05 mm/d, considerably larger than that obtained from any individual sensor product. In the deep tropics, especially within 20°S–20°N, the sensors show the highest agreement, with a large fraction of total rain volume captured by the majority of sensors. However, toward higher latitudes and within the subtropical high-pressure regions, a significant fraction of rainfall, which can exceed 50% or more of total rain volume, is missed by the majority of the sensors.
Myocardial hibernation: relationship to a model for segmental dyskinesis.

A close quantitative relationship between coronary flow and cardiac mechanical function has been recognized for more than 40 years (1). Similarly, in skeletal muscle oxygen consumption is a function of O2 availability over a broad range (10). Thus, in both systems organ perfusion, substrate availability, metabolic activity, and mechanical function appear to be tightly linked variables. Because the phenomena resemble some characteristics of the hibernating mammal (6), this term was suggested to collectively define events in experimental low flow cardiac ischemia (2). The same term had been used previously to describe apparently similar events in selected patients with ischemic heart disease (9). The clinical implications of these observations in the context of ischemic heart disease seem intuitively obvious. In both settings the critical issue is that the linkage between low flow and down-regulation of function be sustained over a prolonged time base, that the integrity of the ischemic segment or organ be maintained, and that substantial recovery of function occur when flow is reconstituted.
Spatial dependence of solar-cycle changes in the Sun's luminosity

We report observations of the large-scale spatial dependence of the Sun's luminosity variations over the period 1993–1995. The measurements were made using a new scanning disk solar photometer at Big Bear Solar Observatory, specially designed to measure large-scale brightness variations at the 10−4 level. Since the level of solar activity was very low for the entire observation period, the data show little solar cycle variation. However, the residual brightness signal ΔI/I (after subtracting the mean, first, and second harmonics) does show a strong dependence on heliocentric angle, peaking near the limb. This is as one would expect if the residual brightness signal (including the excess brightness coming from the active latitudes) were primarily facular in origin. Additional data over the next few years, covering the period from solar minimum to maximum, should unambiguously reveal the large-scale spatial structure of the solar cycle luminosity variations.
Structure of H2-NO2-Argon and H2-O2-Argon Laminar Prernixed Flames

Abstract Measurements of the composition of stable and unstable species and temperature in laminar, premixed, flat flames of H2-NO2-Ar have been made and compared to the structure calculated with a flame code including detailed chemical kinetics. No previous detailed flame structure measurements and chemical kinetic modeling of this flame have been presented. Similar measurements and calculations are reported for a companion H2-O2-Ar flame in order to provide a comparison to a previously well characterized flame. Measurements were made of stable species concentration by probe sampling and mass spectrometric sample analysis. Measurements of relative OH concentration and of temperature were made by laser-induced fluorescence. Agreement between the measurements and calculations of stable species concentrations in the H2-NO2-Ar flame using existing chemical kinetic mechanisms with no adjustments to the kinetic parameters is discussed. The reaction mechanism is dominated by the three elementary reaction steps ...
Exploratory motion generation for monocular vision-based target localization

This paper presents a trajectory generation algorithm for the exploratory motion of a monocular vision-based target localization system. The planning algorithm uses the Fisher Information Matrix (FIM) to quantify the information presented to the localization subsystem. Maximizing functions of the FIM minimize the best achievable error bounds on the target estimate. Current approaches solve this optimization process by assuming the object location is known. This assumption is paradoxical as the goal of the overall system is to estimate the location of the unknown object. Therefore, an iterative approach has been developed. Furthermore, current approaches maximize the information content for a given path length or time. The new algorithm presented here minimizes the path length necessary to achieve a specified level of information while incorporating other motion constraints such as range limits, viewing angles, and safety margins based on the predicted estimate covariance.
Identifying Local Group field galaxies that have interacted with the Milky Way

We distinguish between Local Group field galaxies that may have passed through the virial volume of the Milky Way, and those that have not, via a statistical comparison against populations of dark matter haloes in the Via Lactea II (VLII) simulation with known orbital histories. Analysis of VLII provides expectations for this escaped population: they contribute 13 per cent of the galactic population between 300 and 1500 kpc from the Milky Way, and hence we anticipate that about 7 of the 54 known Local Group galaxies in that distance range are likely to be Milky Way escapees. These objects can be of any mass below that of the Milky Way, and they are expected to have positive radial velocities with respect to the Milky Way. Comparison of the radius–velocity distributions of VLII populations and measurements of Local Group galaxies presents a strong likelihood that Tucana, Cetus, NGC 3109, Sextans A, Sextans B, Antlia, NGC 6822, Phoenix, Leo T and NGC 185 have passed through the Milky Way. Most of these dwarfs have a lower H i mass fraction than the majority of dwarfs lying at similar distances to either the Milky Way or M31. Indeed, several of these galaxies – especially those with lower masses – contain signatures in their morphology, star formation history and/or gas content indicative of evolution seen in simulations of satellite/parent galactic interactions. Our results offer strong support for scenarios in which dwarfs of different types form a sequence in morphology and gas content, with evolution along the sequence being driven by interaction history.
Preventing, Detecting, and Investigating Drug Diversion in Health Care Facilities

Drug diversion harms patients, staff members, the community, institutions, and the diverters themselves. To maintain a safe care environment, institutions must have policies and procedures in place to prevent, detect, and respond to diversion, and the policies and procedures must be followed consistently. This article provides key considerations for developing policies and procedures to prevent and detect drug diversion, to conduct a drug diversion investigation, and to report drug diversion to the appropriate authorities.
The manufacture and use of bamboo tools by monkeys: Possible implications for the development of material culture among east asian hominids

This research examined the manufacture and use of bamboo tools by capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). We presented groups of subjects with bamboo, and apparatus that accommodated the use of probing and cutting tools. Four monkeys manufactured probing tools by breaking bamboo strips, detaching shoots from larger branches, and removing leaves and stubs. A fifth subject used probing tools but did not modify them. In a second experiment five capuchins manufactured bamboo cutting tools. A sixth subject used cutting tools but did not modify them. These results demonstrate a simple bamboo-tool technology in capuchins. We hypothesize that east Asian Homo erectus could have used similar or more advanced manufacturing techniques to produce bamboo tools suitable for purposes that included probing and cutting.
Prescribing exercise for older adults: A needs assessment comparing primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants.

Abstract To inform the development of educational programming designed to teach providers appropriate methods of exercise prescription for older adults, the authors conducted a survey of 177 physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners (39% response rate). The survey was designed to better understand the prevalence of exercise prescriptions, attitudes, barriers, and educational needs of primary care practitioners toward older adults. Forty-seven percent of primary care providers report not prescribing exercise for older adults; 85% of the sample report having no formal training in exercise prescription. Practitioner attitudes were positive toward exercise, but were not predictive of their exercise prescribing behavior, which indicates that education efforts aimed at changing attitudes as a way of increasing exercise-prescribing behaviors would not be sufficient. In order to facilitate and reinforce practice changes to increase exercise-prescribing behaviors of primary care providers, results ...
Helping Teachers Improve Classroom Group Processes

The studies reported here assumed that informal classroom group processes affect students' attitudes as well as their academic performances and that teachers can modify these group processes constr...
XIXth and XXth Century Medical Luminaries of Jewish Ancestry and their Contributions to Medicine and Pediatrics ♦ 627

XIXth and XXth Century Medical Luminaries of Jewish Ancestry and their Contributions to Medicine and Pediatrics ♦ 627
Effects of psychotropic agents on the physical properties of platelet membranes in vitro.

Normal platelet membranes were exposed in vitro to a variety of psychotropic medications commonly used in the treatment of patients with psychiatric disorders. Changes in structural order at the hydrocarbon region of the drug-exposed membranes were determined by steadystate fluorescence polarization measurements employing the fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). Chlorpromazine, an aliphatic phenothiazine, produced a significant increase in DPH fluorescence polarization at concentrations from 2–200 μM. Thioridazine, a piperidine phenothiazine, and three piperazine derivatives, perphenazine, trifluoperazine, and fluphenazine, produced significant increases in this parameter at concentrations from 20–200 μM. The other agents tested, including thiothixene, lithium, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and anticonvulsants, were without effect in the concentration ranges examined. The phenothiazine-induced increase in DPH fluoresence polarization apparently depended on the structure of the phenothiazine nucleus; changes in side-chain structure appeared to modulate this effect, most likely by altering the inherent membrane solubility of the agents.
Use of electronic learning modules for teaching pharmacy and nursing staff: How to locate and utilize drug information sources in a poison control center

Abstract Objective The primary purpose of this study was to help pharmacist and nursing specialists in poison information (SPIs) recognize the variety of electronic references available that could supplement Micromedex ® to aid them with their calls at the poison control center (PCC). A secondary objective was to ascertain whether the training modules were an effective way to educate SPIs about electronic resources and how to use them effectively. Methods Self-paced electronic training was presented in five modules: eFacts, Lexi-comp, AccessMedicine/AccessPharmacy/STAT!Ref, Medline Part 1, and Medline Part 2. After reviewing the objectives, the SPI was directed to a pre-test designed to establish current understanding of the material in that module. They then progressed through a slide show, designed to give information about the resource and application in finding information related to poisonings and toxicity. A post-test was administered to evaluate the knowledge gained and the application of that knowledge in answering typical questions from callers. Results Fourteen of 20 employees took the assessment: eight pharmacists, two nurses, one physician's assistant, and three students. Post-test scores were increased for all modules except in Module 3: Access Medicine/Access Pharmacy/STAT!Ref, with the highest increase in scores occurring for the Medline modules. Feedback was overall positive, and all employees said they had learned something that they did not know before taking the assessment. Conclusions This training program helped SPIs to recognize electronic references that could aid in finding information relating to calls at the PCC, and it appeared to be an effective way to educate SPIs about these electronic resources.
Green Pinckney Russell of Kentucky Normal and Industrial Institute for Colored Persons

During the five decades before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1954 issued its landmark ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, many Black educators accepted racial segregation in education and the politics used to sustain it. Of these educators, Tuskegee Institute founder Booker Tailaferro Washington received national acclaim from Whites for his admonition at an 1895 speech that southern Blacks should "cast down your bucket among the whites that loved you and nurtured you" (Avon Books, 1965, p. 147). Washington's advice on race leadership did not go unnoticed among other Black educators of his day. A leading Kentucky Black educator of the first three decades of the 20th century, Green Pinckney Russell, accepted legislature-mandated segregated education as a fait accompli and irreversible. His career as a Black educator also showed shrewdness during an era of Kentucky history controlled by a corporate and political coalition called the Bipartisan Combine (Fenton, 1957; Jewell & Cunningham, 1968). Although Russell served as the fourth president of Kentucky Normal and Industrial Institute for Colored Persons (KNIICP)-known today as Kentucky State University-his influence extended far beyond the Frankfort campus. Russell was born to Green and Frances Russell on December 25, 1861, in Logan County, Kentucky. His parents valued education highly and hired a private tutor because no Black school existed in
Lower-upper implicit scheme for high-speed inlet analysis

On developpe une methode numerique d'analyse du champ d'ecoulement non visqueux d'une entree a grande vitesse par resolution des equations d'Euler. Le schema se revele efficace et robuste aussi bien pour les faibles nombres de Mach que pour les ecoulements transsoniques
Ga-rich precipitates in Fe ion implanted GaAs

Abstract Gallium-rich precipitates (named as γ′-Ga(Fe)) were observed in Fe ion implanted and annealed GaAs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis shows that these precipitates have an orthorhombic structure (γ-Ga-type) with lattice parameters of a=1.04 nm, b=1.298 nm and c=0.511 nm. Most of these precipitates grow in GaAs as threefold-twinned hexagonal cylindrical particles with their hexagonal cylindrical axes running along the [110]γ′-Ga(Fe) direction. The γ′-Ga(Fe) phase is stable either under the electron beam irradiation or at room temperature.
The Depiction of Children as Scholars in Packaged Food Commercials

Abstract This inquiry probed into the means by which children are depicted in television commercials sponsored by packaged foods marketers. The researchers employed content analysis to obtain and study data pertaining to these commercials. An important conclusion was that the commercials frequently depicted young people in non-scholarly roles. Further, the study suggested that when children were depicted in scholarly roles, they were frequently not profiled in a positive manner. A basic imputation is that packaged food television commercials are not assisting to bring about positive attitudes towards scholarly undertakings by young people.