cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crafting an Embodied Speculation: An Account of Prototyping Methods

In this pictorial, we show and discuss the prototyping process we undertook to craft the High Water Pants, a mechatronic pair of pants that make climate change tangible for everyday cyclists. We position the pants as an example of embodied speculation and discuss how our prototyping methods helped us craft a speculative artifact that bridged the gap between the embodied experience of cycling and speculative futures with climate change. The pictorial contributes an accounting of our prototyping methods and how they strove to connect the dual contexts of (1) how the pants felt in the present, and (2) how that in-situ feeling reflected climate change data in order to create space for cyclists' embodied speculation about possible futures with climate change.
Pre-COVID-19 food insecurity prevalence and risk factors in caregivers of pediatric cancer patients at a children's cancer hospital

205Background: Food insecurity (FI) affects 1 in 5 US households with children and is associated with malnutrition and poor diet quality in children. Malnutrition negatively impacts clinical trial ...
Use of Radiofrequency Ablation for the Management of Facial Pain: A Systematic Review.

Background Neuropathic facial pain occurs due to pathologic dysfunctions of a nerve responsible for mediating sensory fibers to the head. Surgical interventions, in cases of failed medical therapy, include microvascular decompression, radiofrequency (RF) ablation, percutaneous balloon decompression, and stereotactic radiosurgery. In this review, we focused on RF ablation as a treatment for chronic facial pain. Objectives The objective of this review was to summarize available evidence behind RF ablation for facial pain, including pain outcome measures, secondary outcomes, and complications. Study design Systematic review. Setting This systematic review examined studies that applied the use of RF ablation for management of facial pain. Methods This systematic review was reported following the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Two reviewers independently scored the methodological quality of the selected studies. Due to heterogeneity of studies, a best-evidence synthesis of the available prognostic factors was provided. Results We reviewed 44 studies and assessed their short- and long-term pain relief measurements, as well as secondary outcomes including patient satisfaction, quality of life improvements, decrease in oral medication use, and recurrence rates. Maximal pain relief was achieved in treatment groups using combined continuous radiofrequency (CRF) and pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) therapies, followed by CRF therapy alone and finally PRF therapy alone. All treatment regimens improved secondary outcomes. Common complications of treatment included facial numbness, masseter weakness, cheek hematomas, diminished corneal reflex, and dry eyes. Limitations A large variability in definitions of trigeminal neuralgia, RF technique, and patient selection bias was observed in our selected cohort of studies. In addition, there was a paucity of strong longitudinal randomized controlled trials and prospective studies. Conclusions This systematic review found evidence that RF ablation is efficient in treating patients with facial pain, as well as in improving quality of life and reducing oral medication use. Maximal pain control is achieved using combined CRF and PRF therapy. Complications are uncommon and include facial numbness, masseter weakness, cheek hematomas, diminished corneal reflex, and dry eyes.
The Assumed Authorial Unity of Luke and Acts: A Reassessment of the Evidence

1. Background and methodology 2. Authorial data: seams and summaries 3. Authorial criteria: Greek prose compositional conventions 4. Authorial unity: analysis results and probabilities 5. Final considerations and future directions.
Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetectors by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition

Publisher Summary This chapter examines that the InAs QDIPs based on the GaInAs/AlInAs/InP system are demonstrated by MOCVD. The dependence of the dot formation on the MOCVD growth conditions are systematically studied and characterized. High-density, uniform InAs quantum dots (QD) are obtained at the optimum conditions. On the basis of such QDs, several QDIP device structure are fabricated and characterized. The wavelength tunability of the QDIPs is realized within a certain range. With the improvement of structure design and material quality, some of the devices have outperformed the corresponding QWIP. A 320 × 256 MWIR FPA based on our high-performance QDIP is demonstrated. Imaging at temperatures up to 200 K is demonstrated. The chapter illustrates that QDs are the key element of the device. The dot size directly affects the detection wavelength. The shape of the dot may affect the oscillator strength and thus quantum efficiency. The density and uniformity affect device performance such as responsivity and detectivity. Thus, it is crucial to have high-density and uniformity QDs and still maintain the right size.
Reducible Emission Probabilities and Thermal Scaling in Multifragmentation

Intermediate-mass-fragment multiplicity distributions for a variety of reactions at intermediate energies are shown to be binomial and thus reducible at all measured transverse energies. From these distributions a single binary event probability can be extracted that has a thermal dependence. A strong thermal signature is also found in the charge distributions. The {eta}-fold charge distributions are reducible to the {eta}-fold charge distributions through a simple scaling that is dictated by fold number and charge conservation.
Physical parameter profiles of selected X-ray flares

Soft X-ray proportional-counter data for nine X-ray flares of class C1 to M1 occurring during the Skylab mission, have been analyzed to yield temperature, volume emission measure, electron density and thermal energy content. Profiles of these quantities are presented, using 1-min averages of 2.5-s resolution data. The event profiles are discussed and comparisons with previous studies made.
Logical Pitfalls of Assuming Bounded Solutions to Expectational Difference Equations

The precedent for solving expectational difference equations has been to solve converging equations backwards and diverging equations forward by assuming the solution is bounded. This precedent often leads to incorrect solutions and has less than rigorous foundations. More rigorous procedures would be to determine the terminal condition in a finite model and take the limit of that terminal condition as the horizon goes to infinity. Also, whether one solves forward or backwards depends on the context of the difference equation, not on convergence or divergence. These new procedures reveal Woodford’s (2003) model of a cashless economy to be incomplete.
Machine Translation of Online Product Support Articles Using a Data-Driven MT System

At AMTA 2002, we reported on a pilot project to machine translate Microsoft’s Product Support Knowledge Base into Spanish. The successful pilot has since resulted in the permanent deployment of both Spanish and Japanese versions of the knowledge base, as well as ongoing pilot projects for French and German. The translated articles in each case have been produced by MSR-MT, Microsoft Research’s data-driven MT system, which has been trained on well over a million bilingual sentence pairs for each target language from previously translated materials contained in translation memories and glossaries. This paper describes our experience in deploying this system and the (positive) customer response to the availability of machine translated articles, as well as other uses of MSR-MT either planned or underway at Microsoft.
Practical experiences in using model-driven engineering to develop trustworthy computing systems

In this paper, we describe how Motorola has deployed model-driven engineering in product development, in particular for the development of trustworthy and highly reliable telecommunications systems, and outline the benefits obtained. Model-driven engineering has dramatically increased both the quality and the reliability of software developed in our organization, as well as the productivity of our software engineers. Our experience demonstrates that model-driven engineering significantly improves the development process for trustworthy computing systems.
The incidence of thrombocytopenia associated with continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients

AbstractIntroduction: Thrombocytopenia in the intensive care unit (ICU) is a commonly experienced complication; the pathology is not always easily understood. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) provides a method to dialyze unstable critically ill patients. We hypothesized that CRRT may precipitate a form of thrombocytopenia. In trials thrombocytopenia occurred at rates as high as 70%. The etiology remains unknown and results in additional diagnostic workup, as well as possible drug therapy. The extent, duration and temporal relation of thrombocytopenia remain to be determined. Objectives: Identify a pattern in platelet fluctuations after the initiation of CRRT and its impact on health care. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in patients receiving CRRT for >24 h with no pre-existing thrombocytopenia. Patients initiated on CRRT had daily platelet counts monitored, and CRRT attributes and therapeutic interventions were collected. Platelets were assessed for time to nadir, degree of decline...
ZNN -- A Fast and Scalable Algorithm for Training 3D Convolutional Networks on Multi-core and Many-Core Shared Memory Machines

Convolutional networks (ConvNets) have become a popular approach to computer vision. It is important to accelerate ConvNet training, which is computationally costly. We propose a novel parallel algorithm based on decomposition into a set of tasks, most of which are convolutions or FFTs. Applying Brent's theorem to the task dependency graph implies that linear speedup with the number of processors is attainable within the PRAM model of parallel computation, for wide network architectures. To attain such performance on real shared-memory machines, our algorithm computes convolutions converging on the same node of the network with temporal locality to reduce cache misses, and sums the convergent convolution outputs via an almost wait-free concurrent method to reduce time spent in critical sections. We implement the algorithm with a publicly available software package called ZNN. Benchmarking with multi-core CPUs shows that ZNN can attain speedup roughly equal to the number of physical cores. We also show that ZNN can attain over 90x speedup on a many-core CPU (Xeon Phi Knights Corner). These speedups are achieved for network architectures with widths that are in common use. The task parallelism of the ZNN algorithm is suited to CPUs, while the SIMD parallelism of previous algorithms is compatible with GPUs. Through examples, we show that ZNN can be either faster or slower than certain GPU implementations depending on specifics of the network architecture, filter sizes, and density and size of the output patch. ZNN may be less costly to develop and maintain, due to the relative ease of general-purpose CPU programming.
The Origins of Modern Corals

Modern corals play an important role in marine processes and the global carbon cycle because of their prodigious ability to form calcium carbonate deposits. In their Perspective, Stanley and Fautin discuss the controversy surrounding the evolution of modern corals. They suggest that lineages may have lost and reacquired skeletons repeatedly as conditions favorable to calcification waned and waxed.
Dose response of gastric secretion, and electrolyte output in pylorus-ligated rats to insulin hypoglycemia.

Die Insulinwirkung auf die Magensauresekretion wurde in mannlichen Sprague-Dawley Ratten untersucht, deren Pylorus 2 h vorher unterbunden war. Eine Dosis-Wirkungskurve wurde aufgestellt. Maximale Sekretion von Magensaure und Magensaft wurden durch s.c. Injektion von 4 Einheiten krystallinischen Zink-Insulins per 100 g Korpergewicht erzielt. Grossere Dosen von Insulin unterdrucken Saure- und Magensaftsekretion. Das Verhalten der Elektrolyte im Magensaft spricht sowohl fur die Neutralisierungs-Verdunnungshypothese als auch fur die Austausch-Diffusionshypothese zur Erklarung der Magensaftproduktion.
Community Development as a Public Sector Agenda

Abstract This paper documents how one Department of Recreation in a large city underwent a planned change effort which transformed some 200 site managers into active community organizers. Based on the philosophy of a very dynamic new commissioner (a former community organizer), city employees enhanced local civic participation and forged a partnership between the public and private sectors as well as with local residents. The paper presents the guiding philosophy, implementation steps, an assessment of the impact of the change, and a discussion of the potential of such a process which can be adopted nationwide.
Heat transfer in elephants: thermal partitioning based on skin temperature profiles

The elephant with its low surface-to-volume ratio presents an interesting problem concerning heat dissipation. To understand how such large mammals remain in thermal balance, we determined the major avenues of heat loss for an adult African elephant and an immature Indian elephant. Because conventional physiological measurements are difficult for these animals, the present study used a non-invasive technique, infrared thermography, to measure skin temperatures of each elephant. Detailed surface temperature profiles and surface area measurements of each elephant were used in standard equations for convective, conductive and radiant heat transfer. Results demonstrated that heat transfer by free convection and radiation accounted for 86% of the total heat loss for the elephants at Ta= 12·6 °C. Heat transfer across the ears, an important thermal window at high ambient temperatures, represented less than 8% of the total heat loss. Surface area of the animals, and metabolic heat production calculated from total heat loss of the African elephant, scaled predictably with body mass. In contrast, the thermal conductance of the elephants (71·6 W/°C, African; 84·5 W/°C, Indian) was three to five times higher than predicted from an allometric relationship for smaller mammals. The high thermal conductance of elephants is attributed to the absence of fur and appears to counteract reduced heat transfer associated with a low surface-to-volume ratio.
Humidity Effects and Sea Salt Contamination of Atmospheric Temperature Sensors

Abstract Microthermal sensors contaminated by salt aerosol droplets are subject to erroneous temperature fluctuations caused by water vapor exchange in response to fluctuations in humidity. The effect was studied by comparing the values of mean-square temperature fluctuations indicated by contaminated and clean sensors. The effect was negligible for ambient relative humidities above 85%, primarily due to the lack of humidity fluctuations. The errors were significantly diminished by frequent washing of the sensors.
Police patrol district design using agent-based simulation and GIS

Police patrols play an important role in public safety. The patrol district design is an important factor affecting the patrol performances, such as average response time and workload variation. The redistricting procedure can be described as partitioning smaller geographical units into several larger districts with the constraints of contiguity and compactness. The size of the possible sample space is large and the corresponding graph-partitioning problem is NP-complete. In our approach, the patrol districting plans generated by a parameterized redistricting procedure are evaluated using an agent-based simulation model we implemented in Java Repast in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. The relationship between districting parameters and response variables is studied and better districting plans can be generated. After in-depth evaluations of these plans, we perform a Pareto analysis of the outputs from the simulation to find the non-dominated set of plans on each of the objectives. This paper also includes a case study for the police department of Charlottesville, VA, USA. Simulation results show that patrol performance can be improved compared with the current districting solution.
Enzyme systems in the mycobacteria XIII. Glycine dehydrogenase and the glyoxylic acid cycle

Abstract Cell-free extracts of the H37Ra strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contain isocitritase and malate synthetase. These enzymes have been partially purified and shown to be similar to the enzymes previously purified from other bacteria. The synthesis of malate from glyoxylate and CoASAc has been shown to be reversible. A new enzyme, glycine dehydrogenase, is described. This enzyme catalyzes the reductive amination of glyoxylate to glycine; this reaction may represent a significant alternate pathway for the formation of glycine in the absence of transamination.
Application of remote sensing to exposure monitoring.

Although exposure assessments cannot be completed remotely, remote sensing techniques provide an invaluable adjunct in exposure monitoring programs. Exposure can be defined as the summation over time, in all media, of the amount of a pollutant available at the exchange boundaries of the receptor during a specified period. This paper describes a few remote monitoring techniques that provide direct measurement input into an exposure assessment and several that furnish quantitative or qualitative information leading to decisions regarding how to monitor, such that the source-exposure-dose relationships can be fully defined. Two general classes of remote sensing systems are included in this discussion-‘passive’ and ‘active’. ‘Passive’ systems depend on a measurement of the energy reflected or emitted by a target and ‘active’ systems use an energy source, e.g., a laser to perform the environmental interrogation. Airborne as well as ground-based remote monitoring measurements or systems are also considered in this paper.
THE PRODUCTION OF AMYLOID DISEASE AND CHRONIC NEPHRITIS IN RABBITS BY REPEATED INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF LIVING COLON BACILLI

The repeated intravenous injection of rabbits with living Bacillus coli communior over long periods has resulted in the formation of amyloid deposits in the spleen, liver, and kidneys. Suppurative lesions were not present in most cases and therefore not a factor in its production. The results have been constant in that amyloid was found in all rabbits, eight in number, which were injected over a period of 88 days or more. Eight rabbits showed amyloid in the spleen, six of these in the kidneys also, and three in the liver. The kidneys of these eight rabbits also showed as a result of the injections a subacute and chronic glomerulitis, parenchymatous degeneration, some interstitial infiltration with round cells, and a slight cellular proliferation of connective tissue, thus resembling the chronic parenchymatous nephritis of man which is so commonly associated with amyloid disease.
THE 1/z EXPANSION FOR MAGNETS AND JOSEPHSON ARRAYS

Expansions in the inverse of the coordination number z have proved very useful in condensed matter physics. In this paper, we review the formalism of the 1/z expansion for magnetic systems and arrays of Josephson junctions. While many variations of the 1/z expansion have been developed, we concentrate on unrenormalized expansions, where the expansion coefficients are independent of the coordination number but may depend on dimension. The 1/z expansion has been used to study both first- and second-order phase transitions in a variety of systems, including the Ising and Heisenberg models, the Blume-Capel model, and Josephson-junction arrays. This expansion has also been used to study the dynamics of a Heisenberg ferromagnet. Although they sacrifice the rigor of the 1/z expansion, resummations or rearrangements of the 1/z expansion have proved useful to study critical behavior.
Tissue hypoxia correlates with intensity of interictal spikes.

Interictal spikes (IISs) represent burst firing of a small focal population of hypersynchronous, hyperexcitable cells. Whether cerebral blood flow (CBF) is adequate to meet the metabolic demands of this dramatic increase in membrane excitability is unknown. Positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown increases in CBF and hypometabolism, thus indicating the likelihood of adequate perfusion. We measured tissue oxygenation and CBF in a rat model of IIS using oxygen electrodes and laser-Doppler flowmetry. A ~3-second dip in tissue oxygenation was shown, followed by more prolonged tissue hyperoxygenation, in spite of a 25% increase in CBF. Increases in the number of spikes, as well as in their amplitude and spike width further amplified these responses, and a decrease in interspike interval decreased the CBF response. Altering the anesthetic did not influence our results. Taken together, these findings indicate that frequent, high-amplitude IISs may produce significant tissue hypoxia, which has implications for patients with epilepsy and noninvasive techniques of seizure localization.
Distribution of Ca2+-Activated K+ Channel Isoforms along the Tonotopic Gradient of the Chicken's Cochlea

In some cochleae, the number and kinetic properties of Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channels partly determine the characteristic frequency of each hair cell and thus help establish a tonotopic map. In the chicken's basilar papilla, we found numerous isoforms of KCa channels generated by alternative mRNA splicing at seven sites in a single gene, cSlo. In situ polymerase chain reactions demonstrated cSlo expression in hair cells and revealed differential distributions of KCa channel isoforms along the basilar papilla. Analysis of single hair cells by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed the differential expression of channel variants. Heterologously expressed cSlo variants differed in their sensitivities to Ca2+ and voltage, suggesting that the distinct spatial distributions of cSlo variants help determine the tonotopic map.
Adaptive response of carotid body chemoreceptors to CO2

Carotid body chemoreceptor responses to sudden changes in pETCO2 (end-tidal tracheal CO2 partial pressure) and paCO2 (arterial CO2 partial pressure) from one stable state to another at a constant level of PETO2 (end-tidal tracheal O2 partial pressure) and paO2 (arterial O2 partial pressure) were studied in 18 anesthetized cats. Chemoreceptor activity was recorded from single or pauci-fiber filaments of a cut sinus nerve. During a hypercapnic stimulus by CO2 inhalation the discharge rate rapidly increased to a peak and then adapted to a lower level in 20-30 s showing an overshoot in the response. Likewise, withdrawal of the hypercapnic stimulus was followed by an undershoot in chemoreceptor activity. Hypoxia decreased the latency of the response and increased the overshoot and stable state responses to hypercapnia. The responses to step paCO2 increases by blood perfusion were qualitatively similar but the latency and time to peak amplitude were shorter and the peak amplitude was larger at any given perfusate pO2. The stable state responses to a given paCO2 achieved by CO2 inhalation or by blood perfusion were similar. The transient overshoot and undershoot in the activity produced by the increase and decrease in paCO2 were blocked by acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. The results are best explained by postulating that in the carotid body tissue, H+ is generated from CO2 in one compartment in the presence of carbonic anhydrase and is transported to another containing the receptor site in a pO2 dependent way--a high pO2 attenuating and a low pO2 augmenting it.
Abnormal Thyroglobulin in Congenital Goiter of Cattle

A congenital goiter occurring in an inbred herd of Afrikander cattle has been shown to contain an abnormal thyroglobulin which comprises most of the goiter iodine. It reacted with antibodies to highly purified bovine thyroglobulin, but formed a soluble complex. Although it is a large molecule which bears some resemblance to normal thyroglobulin, its molecular properties differ from those of normal thyroglobulin in several important respects. In density gradient ultracentrifugation, it resembled neither normal thyroglobulin nor the known thyroglobulin subunits. Although the goitrous cattle contain an iodoprotein in their serum in large amount, this is iodinated serum protein (largely iodoalbumin), which is also found as a minor component of the goiter iodoprotein. The role of the abnormal thyroglobulin in the pathogenesis of the goiter is uncertain. (Endocrinology 78: 1213, 1966)
Honey bee, Apis mellifera, nestmate discrimination: hydrocarbon effects and the evolutionary implications of comb choice

Abstract Comb wax in honey bee colonies serves as a source and medium for transmission of recognition cues. Worker honey bees learn the identity of their primary nesting material, the wax comb, within an hour of emergence. In an olfactometer, bees discriminate between combs on the basis of odour; they prefer the odours of previously learned combs. Representatives of three of the most common compound classes in bee's wax were surveyed for effects on nestmate discrimination behaviour. Hexadecane, octadecane, tetracosanoic acid and methyl docosanoate make worker honey bees less acceptable to their untreated sisters. Other similar compounds did not have this effect. These findings support the hypothesis that nestmate recognition in honey bees is mediated by many different compounds, including some related to those found in comb wax.
Recent progress on solution processable small molecules for organic light-emitting diodes in ITRI

A series of novel thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-based RGBY phosphorescent Ir complexes have been synthesized and characterized. Solution-processable double-layered OLEDs fabricated with theses materials as the light-emitting layer exhibit high efficiencies. The monochromatic large-area of 40 x 83 mm2 Yellow and Green OLEDs have also been demonstrated.
Role of hyperconjugation in determining carbon-oxygen bond dissociation enthalpies in alkylperoxyl radicals.

Theoretical calculations of carbon−oxygen bond dissociation enthalpies in substituted methylperoxyl radicals (YCH2OO•) reveal that bond strengths are not governed solely by the stability of YCH2• r...
Reliability of two measures of speech recognition in elderly people.

The revised Speech Perception in Noise (SPIN) test and the Dichotic Sentence Identification (DSI) test have been used to help evaluate speech-recognition capabilities in elderly people. We evaluate...
A new channel for the formation of hydrogen cyanide in CH2-N2 systems

The reaction between N2 and either the singlet or the triplet electronic state of CH2 is investigated in order to shed light on the formation of NO in fuel-rich hydrocarbon flames. For the reaction of N2 and the triplet CH2, a rate constant less than or equal to 10 to the minus 16th power cu cm/molecule-sec is obtained. The time history of hydrogen cyanide production from the CH2-N2 systems is discussed as a basis for understanding the possible reaction routes from HCN to NO.
‘Global and terrestrial precipitation: a comparative assessment of existing climatologies’: a reply

Over the past 20 years, several global and terrestrial precipitation climatologies have been developed. These climatologies have been used extensively, for example, to evaluate general circulation model simulations of the present-day climate, as input fields in global hydrological studies, and to validate satellite precipitation algorithms. If these climatologies differ significantly, the results of these applications may be affected adversely. In this paper, three global precipitation climatologies—developed by Schutz and Gates, Jaeger, and Legates and Willmott—are examined comparatively. Additionally, three terrestrial precipitation archives—compiled by Eischeid et al., Leemans and Cramer, and Hulme—are compared with the Jaeger and the Legates and Willmott climatologies to assess precipitation over land areas and the importance of the time period of record on long-term averages. Results indicate that seasonal precipitation estimates from the Schutz and Gates climatology are considerably smaller than either of the other two climatologies and its annual average estimate is much smaller than most estimates of global precipitation made since 1960. Zonally, however, the smaller estimates are predominantly located in lower latitudes although the general spatial pattern is similar to that of the other two global climatologies. Spatial gradients and areas of precipitation maxima are much smaller in the Schutz and Gates climatology, which accounts for its lower estimates. Qualitatively, the Jaeger climatology agrees well with that of Legates and Willmott although Legates and Willmott's estimates are much greater along the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone. Oceanic estimates vary considerably which underscores the uncertainties in estimating oceanic precipitation. Over land, the Legates and Willmott climatology compares favourably with the observation-based estimates from the terrestrial archives, leading to the conclusion that observation-based climatologies are consistent regardless of the time period of record and are preferable to climatologies compiled subjectively.
Effects of gravity on zeolite crystallization from solution

A mathematical model is developed to describe the effect of gravity on crystallization kinetics and particulate properties in a well-mixed zeolite crystal growth process. Particle sedimentation and convection due to gravity result in a sedimentation layer, where the settled crystals compete for a limited amount of nutrient. This model is based on heterogeneous and secondary nucleation mechanisms. It also assumes a size-dependent power-law growth mechanism that indicates a surface reaction-controlled growth rate at high supersaturation and a diffusion-controlled growth rate at low supersaturation. The growth rate significantly depends on the number of species that participate and govern the surface integration kinetics. The predicted transient nulceation and crystallization profiles, as well as the final particle size distribution are compared with zeolite particle size distribution (PSD) data obtained from synthesis done in low earth orbit. This simulation implies that secondary nucleation dominates the crystal formation on ground but is ruled out in low earth orbit compared to heterogeneous nucleation.
C-reactive protein--a characteristic feature of health control in swine.

Summary In this study 120 weaned female piglets were clinically examined and porcine C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration determined in blood serum by means of a competitive enzyme ligand assay. CRP values were put into relation to clinical (catarrh, diarrhoea, inflammation and fever) and pathomorphological findings. It was found, that CRP values are clearly elevated during infections with fever and inflammatory processes, but not in the case of catarrh and diarrhoea. The pathomorphological investigations of some animals with clinical findings revealed changes in lungs, bowels and liver. Special attention has to be paid to the fact that, as in man, CRP is an acute phase reactant, and therefore a sensitive, but non-specific indicator for infections and inflammation processes. Serum CRP screening seems to be a good means for the supervision of the general state of health in pigs.
A Computational Model of Mitigating Disease Spread in Spatial Networks

This study examines the problem of disease spreading and containment in spatial networks, where the computational model is capable of detecting disease progression to initiate processes mitigating infection spreads. This paper focuses on disease spread from a central point in a 1 x 1 unit square spatial network, and makes the model respond by trying to selectively decimate the network and thereby contain disease spread. Attention is directed on the kinematics of disease spreading with respect to how damage is controlled by the model. In addition, the authors analyze both the sensitivity of disease progression on various parameter settings and the correlation of parameters of the model. As the result, this study suggests that the radius of containment process is the most critical parameter and its best values with the computational model would be a great help to reduce damages from disease spread of a future pandemic. The study can be applied to controlling other virus spread problems in spatial networks such as disease spread in a geographical network and virus spread in a brain cell network.
Sequence-function correlation of aromatase and its interaction with reductase.

Abstract Aromatase is an enzyme required for the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Estrogens are female sex hormones involved in the development and growth of breast tumors. It has been of significant interest to investigate the structure–function relationship of aromatase since its inhibitors have shown great promise in fighting breast cancer. Aromatase belongs to the cytochrome P450 family, and forms an electron-transfer complex with its partner, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), during the aromatization reaction. Aromatase is found to be widely expressed in vertebrates with unique substrates androstenedione and testosterone, but with various catalytic capacities reflecting species differences in K m , V max , etc. This report will summarize current progress in sequence–function correlation analysis of the aromatase protein family and molecular characterization of the interaction between aromatase and CPR. These studies may lead to a novel field for the development of new inhibitors which interfere with the interaction between aromatase and CPR in order to inhibit the aromatization reaction.
Makaluvamine G, a cytotoxic pigment from an an Indonesian Sponge Histodermella sp.

Abstract A cytotoxic pigment, makaluvamine G ( 5 ), biogenetically derivable from tryptamine and tyramine and structurally related to the discorhabdins, was isolated from a sponge of the genus Histodermella collected in Indonesia. The compound displays significant in vitro cytotoxicity to several tumor cell lines and is a moderate inhibitor of topoisomerase-I, DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.
Biophysical simulation for evaluating new crops: the case of switchgrass for biomass energy feedstock.

Abstract Based on experience with developing and using a model of switchgrass growth it is argued that generic plant growth models can be used to evaluate new crops or new uses for crops in a timely fashion. Programming the model using a spreadsheet template makes model modification easy, but is less efficient for simulation and data handling. The preliminary switchgrass analysis indicates that the production costs for this product may be competitive with crop residue costs, and that an extensive management strategy of no or low nitrogen fertilizer application and harvest of mature forage would maximize returns and be risk efficient.
Depositional history of an Upper Triassic drowned carbonate platform sequence: Wallowa terrane, Oregon and Idaho

The Upper Triassic Martin Bridge Limestone exposed in Hells Canyon, along the Idaho-Oregon border, is a thick sequence of limestone and dolostone. The allochthonous nature and low-latitude origin of the Martin Bridge and underlying Seven Devils Group, which along with coeval rocks exposed in the Wallowa Mountains, make up the Wallowa terrane, are well established. The Martin Bridge Limestone in Hells Canyon was deposited initially under supratidal and intertidal conditions and then in a shallow subtidal environment. Absence of terrigenous or volcanic sediments indicates that these carbonates were isolated from a source of such sediment. Although potential reef-building organisms are present in the Martin Bridge Limestone, no reef structures are exposed in Hells Canyon. The shelf-edge environment apparently was dominated by relatively coarse grainstone and packstone shoals and banks. Stratigraphic evidence from the Wallowa Mountains and near Riggins, Idaho, indicates that the Martin Bridge carbonate platform was eventually drowned and overlain by fine-grained argillaceous and siliceous clastic sediments. Decreased benthic carbonate production, due to climatic deterioration initiated by northward drift, and increased clastic and volcaniclastic input, from adjacent terranes and the Wallowa terrane itself, facilitated drowning of the carbonate platform.
The use of focus groups in pediatric and adolescent research

Through this past decade, health care research has focused on clinical trials and establishing intervention versus control group research to improve the health of children and adolescents. Many of these clinical intervention trials have not demonstrated significantly improved health for these persons. One possible reason for the failure to demonstrate improved health is that the young persons' perspective is lacking. Focus group method of data collection is an excellent vehicle to help gain the young person's perspective on a variety of issues related to health and wellness. Including the young person's perspective when designing a program may encourage this person to participate in the new initiative, which would ultimately improve the health of children and adolescents to a greater degree than when their perspective is not taken into account. This article discusses the use of focus groups as an important part of the research process in pediatric and adolescent populations.
Bishop-Bradshaw Creek Fault: ABSTRACT

The Bishop-Bradshaw Creek fault extends 22 mi (35.2 km) across McDowell County, West Virginia. Initially identified on side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) in 1974, the fault trace has since been confirmed as a distinct linear feature trending N60°W on Landsat, black and white and color infrared photography, and topographic maps. Located astride the northwestern end of the fault trace is a semi-circular "donut," 5 mi (8 km) in diameter and truncated by a N25°E-trending linear fault. Displacement along the Bishop-Bradshaw Creek fault has been reported as .75 mi (1.2 km) right-lateral strike slip. Considerable geologic information exists that contradicts the reported strike-slip displacement along this linear feature. Structural contours of the top of the Berea and the base of the Big Lime show a 150 ft/mi (28 m/km) westward dip, but neither map indicates any displacement. Further, a Berea isopach map does not show any indication of movement. After fracturing parallel and across the fault trace, a Berea gas field extending across the fault at Berwind shows elongations of contours of both natural open flow and flow without apparent displacement. Structural contour maps of the top of the Pocahontas 3, Sewell, and Douglas coal seams also show no measurable displacement. The same conclusion can be reached from examinations of geologic maps, the state aeromagnetic map, and elevation of salt water. However, the use of the word "fault" has been retained. Coal mining at the southeastern end is presently taking place on both sides of the fault. At this location, the Pocahontas 3 seam is displaced 40 ft (12 m) vertically with the southern side downthrown. That is the only known place where fault displacement can be observed. The fault can be observed at Canebrake as a razor-sharp vertical fracture with slickensides oriented horizontally; however, displacement cannot be detected. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1582------------
Rational trigonometric approximations using Fourier series partial sums

A class of approximations {SN,M} to a periodic functionf which uses the ideas of Pade, or rational function, approximations based on the Fourier series representation off, rather than on the Taylor series representation off, is introduced and studied. Each approximationSN,M is the quotient of a trigonometric polynomial of degreeN and a trigonometric polynomial of degreeM. The coefficients in these polynomials are determined by requiring that an appropriate number of the Fourier coefficients ofSN,M agree with those off. Explicit expressions are derived for these coefficients in terms of the Fourier coefficients off. It is proven that these “Fourier-Pade” approximations converge point-wise to (f(x+) +f(x−))/2 more rapidly (in some cases by a factor of 1/k2M) than the Fourier series partial sums on which they are based. The approximations are illustrated by several examples and an application to the solution of an initial, boundary value problem for the simple heat equation is presented.
FACILITATION BY PINUS FLEXILIS DURING SUCCESSION: A HIERARCHY OF MECHANISMS BENEFITS OTHER PLANT SPECIES

Studies of facilitation have primarily been limited to single mechanisms, species, or environments. We examined interacting mechanisms governing the facilitative effects of Pinus flexilis on two later successional understory species, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Ribes cereum, in different microhabitats and seasons at the ecotone between the Rocky Mountain forests and Great Plains grasslands in Montana, USA. In field surveys, 69% of Pseudotsuga and 91% of Ribes were located beneath P. flexilis even though P. flexilis subcrowns accounted for a small proportion of available habitat. For three years, we monitored the survival of Pseudotsuga and Ribes seedlings experimentally planted beneath P. flexilis and in the open at a windward and a leeward site. Survival of both species was highest beneath P. flexilis at a site topographically protected from strong unidirectional winds (38% for Pseudotsuga and 63% for Ribes), and lowest at a windward site and in the open where tree crowns did not provide shelter from winds (2% and 6%, respectively). These results suggest that wind amelioration contributed to the facilitative effect of P. flexilis. However, even at the leeward site, where wind speed was low, survival of Pseudotsuga and Ribes was higher beneath P. flexilis, suggesting the importance of shade. To explore the relative importance of different mechanisms, we designed an experiment with six treatments: "shade," "shade + wind," "shade + drift," "wind," "drift," and a "control." After two years, we found shade to be of overwhelming importance for the survival of Pseudotsuga and Ribes. Without shade, no other treatments were significant, but once shade was provided, wind amelioration and snow pack accumulation increased survival of Pseudotsuga, suggesting that these different facilitative mechanisms functioned in a nested hierarchical manner: some mechanisms were important only when others were already functioning. Many studies have demonstrated multiple interacting mechanisms in the way that plants interact, but to our knowledge hierarchical interactive processes have not been previously documented. If the effects of positive or competitive mechanisms are often hierarchical, then studies of isolated mechanisms may not accurately assess their importance in nature.
Intranasal, live, attenuated influenza virus vaccine reduced severe febrile illness in healthy adults

Source Citation Nichol KL, Mendelman PM, Mallon KP, et al., for the Live Attenuated Influenza Virus Vaccine in Healthy Adults Trial Group. Effectiveness of live, attenuated intranasal influenza vir...
Forecasting hotel-industry performance

Abstract This paper provides a method which may be used by hospitality managers to forecast the annual hotel-industry occupancy rate for their respective localities. An empirical application of the method demonstrates that it can generate reasonably accurate forecasts of annual industry performance and can be useful to managers in their evaluation of the future competitive environment. An assessment of the influence of key variables upon forecast accuracy suggests that market research on trends in visitor characteristics would be useful for longer-term forecasting.
Differences among College Students' Perceptions of Family Satisfaction:

Differences in reported family satisfaction were found among groups of college students of different social class, family form, length of time away from home. Differences were not found among students of different ages, races, birth order, marital status, or size of home community.
Are standard behavioral weight loss programs effective for young adults

To compare the enrollment, attendance, retention and weight losses of young adults in behavioral weight loss (BWL) programs with older participants in the same trials. Data were pooled from three NIH-funded adult BWL trials from two clinical centers in different regions of the country (total N=298); young adults were defined as those aged 18–35 years. Both young adults and adults were compared on session attendance, retention at the 6-month assessment, weight loss and physical activity at 6 months. Young adults represented 7% of the sample, attended significantly fewer sessions than did adults (52 vs 74%, respectively; P<0.001) and were less likely to be retained for the 6-month assessment (67 vs 95%, respectively; P<0.05). Controlling for demographic variables, study and baseline weight, the mean weight losses achieved were significantly less for young adults compared with adults (−4.3 kg (6.3) vs −7.7 kg (7.0), respectively; P<0.05); fewer young adults achieved ⩾5% weight loss at 6 months compared with older participants (8/21 (38%) vs 171/277 (62%); P<0.05). After controlling for session attendance, differences in the mean weight loss were not significant (P=0.81). Controlling for baseline values, study and demographics, changes in total physical activity over the initial 6 months of treatment were less for young adults compared with adults, but these differences only approached statistical significance (P=0.07). These data indicate that standard programs do not meet the weight control needs of young adults. Research is urgently required to improve recruitment and retention efforts with this high-risk group.