cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polymeric cofactors which accelerate homogeneous rhodium(I) and ruthenium(II) catalyzed hydrogenations of alkenes

Polymeric reagents prepared by exchanging silver(I) for H+ on a macroreticular polystyrene sulfonate ion exchange resin are shown to be capable of selectively absorbing triphenylphosphine from solutions of triphenylphosphine complexes of rhodium(I) and ruthenium(II). Absorption of triphenylphosphine during alkene hydrogenations catalyzed by RhCl(PPh3)3, RuCl2(PPh3)3 and RuHCl(PPh3)3 led to increased hydrogenation rates in hydrogenation of 1-hexene and other alkenes. Addition of this silver(I) polystyrene sulfonate to alkene hydrogenations catalyzed by HRh(CO) (PPh3)3, RuH2(PPh3)3 and RuH(OCOCH3) (PPh3)3 also led to modest rate accelerations. Catalyst activations seen in these alkene hydrogenations were shown to be due in some cases to triphenylphosphine absorption. In other cases, HCl or HCl plus triphenylphosphine absorption was responsible for the formation of a more active catalyst solution.
Sedimentation rate determination in deep sea cores by gamma-ray spectrometry

Abstract Non-destructive gamma-ray spectrometric analysis of deep sea core samples provides a variation on the ionium-excess method of sedimentation rate determination. It is based on the measurement of 214 Bi, daughter of 230 Th, and profiles of several cores indicate that a 300 000 year time line can be determined. These same profiles give evidence for considerable diffusion of radium near the tops of the cores. Sedimentation rates determined by the gamma method agree in general with thorium-230 radiometric analyses; however, comparison with sedimentation rates determined in the same cores by paleomagnetic polarity epochs suggests that sedimentation rates for the last 300 000 years may have decreased somewhat.
Adverse events associated with hepatitis B vaccine in U.S. children less than six years of age, 1993 and 1994.

Abstract PURPOSE: This study evaluated infrequent adverse reactions to hepatitis B vaccine by investigating the association of this vaccine with adverse health outcomes for U.S. children less than six years of age. The evaluation of the association between hepatitis B vaccine and chronic arthritis provides needed data, relevant to the Institute of Medicine's Report that there are inadequate data available to assess the causal relationship of hepatitis B vaccine to arthritis risk. METHODS: The 1993 (n = 5505 children) and 1994 (n = 6515 children) National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) datasets were analyzed to provide post-marketing surveillance data from probability samples of the U.S. population. Incident cases of adverse events were determined from the temporal association between the hepatitis B vaccination and the adverse events. Logistic regression modeling was used to adjust for potential confounding. RESULTS: Controlling for age, race, and gender simultaneously in the 1994 NHIS, hepatitis B vaccine was found to be associated with prevalent arthritis [odds ratio OR = 5.91 , 95% confidence interval CI = 1.05–33.14 ], incident acute ear infections (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.00–2.58), and incident pharyngitis/nasopharyngitis (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.95–2.09). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from this study suggests that hepatitis B vaccine is positively associated with adverse health outcomes in the general population of US children.
Local effect of equilibrium current on tearing mode stability in the collisional regime. I

The local effect of the equilibrium current on the linear stability of low poloidal number tearing modes in the collisional regime is investigated analytically. The set of eigenmode equations describing the relevant mode dynamics inside the tearing layer, including the local effect of the equilibrium current, is solved variationally to derive the dispersion relations for the m≥2 and m=1 tearing modes. The local effect of the equilibrium current is found to increase the well‐known FKR growth rate for the classical tearing mode, to enhance stabilization for the m≥2 drift‐tearing mode, and to slightly increase the growth rate for the m=1 mode.
Vibrational frequencies and structure determination of silylgermane.

Abstract The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of silylgermane are examined theoretically using the gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. All normal modes were successfully assigned to one of seven types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (SiH stretch, GeH stretch, SiGe stretch, HSiH bend, HGeH bend, SiH3 wag/GeH3 wag and SiGe torsion) utilizing the C3v symmetry of the molecule. Predicted infrared and Raman intensities are presented. Molecular orbitals are presented and bonding is examined in terms of the molecular orbitals.
The microbiologic effect of gas filtration.

Background Air and expansile gases commonly are injected into the eye in both vitreoretinal surgery and anterior segment surgery. Although the halogenated gases are filtered routinely before injection, air often is not prepared in this manner. This study was designed to investigate the effect of filtration on the microbiology of gas mixtures. Methods Two separate studies were conducted, one examining medical grade perfluoropropane gas (C3F8), and the other evaluating air collected from an ophthalmic operating room or emergency room. Aliquots of air or gas were collected through a 0.22-micron filter before and after filtration. The filter discs were cultured for bacterial and fungal organisms. Results Of 514 samples collected, none grew either bacterial or fungal organisms. There was no difference with regard to recovered microbes between filtered and unfiltered air or C3F8, nor was there a difference between operating room air and emergency room air. Positive controls using aerosolized microorganisms yielded heavy growth. Conclusion Based on results obtained in this study and available information on the concentration of airborne microbes, the microbiologic effect of gas filtration is of little significance for volumes routinely injected in ophthalmic surgery.
Establishment and growth of piñon pine regeneration vary by nurse type along a soil substrate age gradient in northern Arizona

Abstract Future climate predictions suggest that recent patterns of increased pinon pine ( Pinus edulis ) mortality related to drought in the southwestern U.S. will continue. However, the importance of facilitation for young pinon pine growing at different edaphic sites is not well understood. We measured the density and stem elongation of juvenile pinon pine that established under nurse plants or in open areas in northern Arizona, USA that ranged in soil substrate age from 0.93 to 750 ky. We found: 1) 4–9 times greater juvenile pinon pine density under nurse plants compared to open areas; 2) 1–2 times greater densities at the two older substrate sites compared to the younger substrate site; 3) nurse plant effects on juvenile pinon density changed with substrate age; 4) 14–19% greater growth in nursed conditions than open areas across all substrate ages; 5) 32–35% greater growth at the two older substrate age sites; and 6) growth beneath dead pinon nurse plants were approximately 20% greater than under live pinon nurse plants, though differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.07). As a result, we propose that projections of pinon pine distributions need to consider influences of edaphic conditions and the abundance and types of nurse plants on regeneration.
Production of gliadin-poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles for hydrophilic coating

Cyanoacrylate nanoparticles have been usually prepared by anionic polymerization initiated by hydroxyl ions derived from dissociation of water. In the current research, amine groups on the surface of gliadin aggregates were utilized as initiator for the polymerization of ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA). Gliadin, a protein found in the endosperms of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), is not soluble in water, but dissolves in aqueous ethanol in the form of aggregates. As a result of the reaction with ECA monomers, gliadin molecules are chemically bound to poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) (PECA) chains. The nanoparticles thus produced are made up of block copolymers that are consisted of hydrophilic moiety (gliadin) and hydrophobic moiety (PECA). The suspension containing these nanoparticles showed an excellent coating capability on the surface of hydrophobic materials such as glass or plastics. A simple spray coating changed the wetting property of the material instantly and dramatically. Since both protein and poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) are degradable polymers, the developed nanoparticles are degradable.
Use of different anticoagulants in test tubes for analysis of blood lactate concentrations: Part 2. Implications for the proper handling of blood specimens obtained from critically ill patients

Objectives a) To test the hypothesis that the measurement of the circulating lactate concentration is influenced by the anticoagulant in the test tube that contains the blood sample; b) to test the hypothesis that the measurement of the circulating lactate concentration is influenced by the tissue used for analysis. Design A prospective, controlled study. Setting A critical care research laboratory, a 20-bed intensive care unit (ICU), and the general wards. Subjects Twenty-three ICU and ward patients with hyperlactatemia and 19 healthy volunteers. Interventions Blood samples were collected for determination of blood lactate concentration. Measurements and main results Venous blood samples (12 mL) were obtained from each of the 19 normal subjects and each 12-mL specimen was evenly divided into six aliquot portions (six test tubes). Experiment 1: Of the six tubes, two tubes were set aside for experiment 2. The other four tubes were used to test four anticoagulants (one anticoagulant per tube). The anticoagulants tested were: sodium heparin; EDTA; lithium heparin; and sodium citrate. Lactate concentrations were analyzed using an ion-selective, amperometric electrode that we have previously validated. There were no statistically significant differences between the lactate concentrations derived from blood samples stored in sodium heparin, EDTA, or lithium heparin (p > .05; n = 19; Student-Newman-Keuls' multiple comparisons test). The lactate concentration of blood stored in sodium citrate, however, was lower than all other anticoagulants (p 2.2 mmol/L, there was a difference of 0.14 mmol/L (p .05; Student-Newman-Keuls' test). Conclusions a) Sodium citrate, as an anticoagulant, caused lower lactate concentrations to be measured as compared with heparin or EDTA; b) the measurement of lactate concentrations in plasma or serum samples yields a higher value than the concentration found in the original whole blood specimen.
Summer for the Scientists? The Scopes Trial and the Pedagogy of Journalism:

A main goal of John T. Scopes’ supporters during his 1925 trial for teaching evolution in Tennessee was to educate the public on evolution science through newspapers. This paper argues that, though...
Strategic transactions and managing the future: a Druckerian perspective

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of institutional innovation in managing the future. Peter Drucker has encouraged managers to develop institutional innovations in order to reach organizational objectives. These institutional innovations revolve round the value created by the organization for its customers over time. Considering Drucker's insight from the perspective of institutional theory, this paper aims to describe how innovations in transaction institutions may lead to strategic transactions and provide a fundamental transformation in the way transactions are conducted in the market.Design/methodology/approach – Using a case study of the development of the American clock industry, it is shown that institutional innovations may provide a leadership position for an organization. By trading direct exchange for an innovative transaction model, management innovation occurred within and well beyond the confines of the American clock market.Findings – The historical case e...
A cellular mechanism governing the severity of Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a leukodystrophy linked to the proteolipid protein gene (PLP). We report a cellular basis for the distinction between two disease subtypes, classical and connatal, based on protein trafficking of the two PLP gene products (PLP and DM20). Classical PMD mutations correlate with accumulation of PLP in the ER of transfected COS-7 cells while the cognate DM20 traverses the secretory pathway to the cell surface. On the other hand, connatal PMD mutations lead to the accumulation of both mutant PLP and DM20 proteins in the ER of COS-7 cells with little of either isoform transported to the cell surface. Moreover, we show that transport-competent mutant DM20s facilitate trafficking of cognate PLPs and hence may influence disease severity.
Intracellular Signal Transduction Pathway Proteins As Targets for Cancer Therapy

Circulating cytokines, hormones, and growth factors control all aspects of cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and senescence. These chemical signals are propagated from the cell surface to intracellular processes via sequential kinase signaling, arranged in modules that exhibit redundancy and cross talk. This signal transduction system comprising growth factors, transmembrane receptor proteins, and cytoplasmic secondary messengers is often exploited to optimize tumor growth and metastasis in malignancies. Thus, it represents an attractive target for cancer therapy. This review will summarize current knowledge of selected intracellular signaling networks and their role in cancer therapy. The focus will be on pathways for which inhibitory agents are currently undergoing clinical testing. Original data for inclusion in this review were identified through a MEDLINE search of the literature. All papers from 1966 through March 2005 were identified by the following search terms: "signal transduction," "intracellular signaling," "kinases," "proliferation," "growth factors," and "cancer therapy." All original research and review papers related to the role of intracellular signaling in oncogenesis and therapeutic interventions relating to abnormal cell signaling were identified. This search was supplemented by a manual search of the Proceedings of the Annual Meetings of the American Association for Cancer Research, American Society of Clinical Oncology, and the American Association for Cancer Research (AARC)--European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)--National Cancer Institute (NCI) Symposium on New Anticancer Drugs.
Energetics of cattle in a rural Chinese village

Abstract Five separate total enumerations of all humans and domestic animals were conducted in a small village in Shandong Province of the People's Republic of China at 9-month intervals between July 1987 and July 1990. The energetic value of food consumed and production parameters produced by the mean cattle population was extrapolated from data which were acquired by measuring all inputs and outputs on a daily basis of 66 individual animals over a total of 198 days. The goal of calculating an energetic balance sheet for this large population of village cattle was achieved. The results revealed that the average significant yearly energetic output of the cattle population was estimated at between 0.92% (work only) and 31.49% (work plus dung) of the total average yearly energetic intake. No milk and virtually no beef was consumed by humans in this village. Even though the total number of draft animals had increased by two-fold since they were decollectivized in early 1987, their number was sustained by consuming only by products of crops grown for human consumption. However, unlike village cattle in India who consumed only items that were non-edible by humans, 9.5% of the feed for Chinese village cattle consisted of corn flour. Because energetic studies such as this require a quantitative assessment, they often contribute toward a better understanding of cross-cultural management of local resources than using strictly interviewing techniques.
Black-hole nucleosynthesis and Omega B=1.

Black holes may be produced from false-vacuum bubble implosions at the end of the quantum chromodynamics phase transition. Evaporation of these black holes during the keV era readjusts the abundances of light nuclei. An appropriate mass distribution of black holes gives nuclear abundances broadly consistent with observations even for ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathit{B}}$=1, reconciling a critical baryonic universe with standard-model particle physics.
Cell cycle control of centromeric repeat transcription and heterochromatin assembly

Heterochromatin in eukaryotic genomes regulates diverse chromosomal processes including transcriptional silencing. However, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription of centromeric repeats is essential for RNA-interference-mediated heterochromatin assembly. Here we study heterochromatin dynamics during the cell cycle and its effect on RNAPII transcription. We describe a brief period during the S phase of the cell cycle in which RNAPII preferentially transcribes centromeric repeats. This period is enforced by heterochromatin, which restricts RNAPII accessibility at centromeric repeats for most of the cell cycle. RNAPII transcription during S phase is linked to loading of RNA interference and heterochromatin factors such as the Ago1 subunit of the RITS complex and the Clr4 methyltransferase complex subunit Rik1 (ref. 7). Moreover, Set2, an RNAPII-associated methyltransferase that methylates histone H3 lysine 36 at repeat loci during S phase, acts in a pathway parallel to Clr4 to promote heterochromatin assembly. We also show that phosphorylation of histone H3 serine 10 alters heterochromatin during mitosis, correlating with recruitment of condensin that affects silencing of centromeric repeats. Our analyses suggest at least two distinct modes of heterochromatin targeting to centromeric repeats, whereby RNAPII transcription of repeats and chromodomain proteins bound to methylated histone H3 lysine 9 mediate recruitment of silencing factors. Together, these processes probably facilitate heterochromatin maintenance through successive cell divisions.
Repair of the pectus deformity: Results of the Ravitch approach in the current era

Abstract Background Recent publications have advocated a minimally invasive approach to repair of the pectus deformity. Efforts to evaluate this new approach have been hampered by lack of comparative information regarding outcomes of the standard Ravitch approach. We use a modified Ravitch procedure, and present our series as a basis for comparison. Methods Records of 69 consecutive patients undergoing repair of the pectus deformity were retrospectively reviewed. Modifications included a minimal incision and a new technique to address sternal angulation. A patient satisfaction survey evaluated the patients' perception of the outcome. Results We found one wound infection (1.4%). Five patients (7.2%) had a seroma, and were treated as outpatients. Because the minimally invasive approach is used for pectus excavatum, we divided our series into excavatum and carinatum subsets. The subset of 44 pectus excavatum patients had a mean postoperative length of stay (LOS) of 2.9 days. The median patient satisfaction score was 4 on a scale of 1 to 5, at an average of 4.75 years after repair. The subset of 25 pectus carinatum patients had a mean LOS of 2.4 days and a median patient satisfaction score of 5. Conclusions The modified Ravitch procedure yields excellent results with low morbidity, hospital LOS, and cost, combined with high patient satisfaction. These current data will be useful for comparison as newer techniques for pectus repair continue to evolve.
Equalizers and coactions of groups

If f : G! H is a group homomorphism and p;q are the projections from the free product G H onto its factors G and H respectively, let the groupEf G H be the equalizer of fp and q : G H ! H. Then p restricts to an epimorphism pf = pjEf :Ef ! G. A right inverse (section) G!Ef of pf is called a coaction on G. In this paper we studyEf and the sections of pf . We consider the following topics: the structure ofEf as a free product, the restrictions on G resulting from the existence of a coaction, maps of coactions and the resulting category of groups with a coaction and associativity of coactions.
Prevalence and impact of alcohol and other drug use disorders on sedation and mechanical ventilation: a retrospective study

Experience suggests that patients with alcohol and other drug use disorders (AOD) are commonly cared for in our intensive care units (ICU's) and require more sedation. We sought to determine the impact of AOD on sedation requirement and mechanical ventilation (MV) duration. Retrospective review of randomly selected records of adult patients undergoing MV in the medical ICU. Diagnoses of AOD were identified using strict criteria in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and through review of medical records and toxicology results. Of the 70 MV patients reviewed, 27 had AOD (39%). Implicated substances were alcohol in 22 patients, cocaine in 5, heroin in 2, opioids in 2, marijuana in 2. There was no difference between AOD and non-AOD patients in age, race, or reason for MV, but patients with AOD were more likely to be male (21 versus 15, p < 0.0001) and had a lower mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (22 versus 26, p = 0.048). While AOD patients received more lorazepam equivalents (0.5 versus 0.2 mg/kg.day, p = 0.004), morphine equivalents (0.5 versus 0.1 mg/kg.day, p = 0.03) and longer duration of infusions (16 versus 10 hours/day. medication, p = 0.002), they had similar sedation levels (Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) -2 versus -2, p = 0.83), incidence of agitation (RASS ≥ 3: 3.0% versus 2.4% of observations, p = 0.33), and duration of MV (3.6 versus 3.9 days, p = 0.89) as those without AOD. The prevalence of AOD among medical ICU patients undergoing MV is high. Patients with AOD receive higher doses of sedation than their non-AOD counterparts to achieve similar RASS scores but do not undergo longer duration of MV.
Diurnal and seasonal fluctuations of organisms in a north Florida estuary

Abstract Monthly samples of demersal fishes and invertebrates were taken in an unpolluted, river-dominated estuary in north Florida (Apalachicola Bay) for a 2-year period. Trawling methods were examined. Small (2-min) repetitive samples yielded substantially higher numbers of individuals and species than single (14-min) trawl-tows. Various methods of analysis were used to determine adequate sample size for comparative analysis of the results. Several species richness and diversity indices were compared. Regular diurnal (24-h) and seasonal variations of such parameters were related to complex interactions which included river flow, salinity variations and temperature changes. The various species diversity indices were highly correlated in spite of theoretical distinctions. There were varying relationships of such parameters with their richness and equitability components and these relationships were not always the same for fishes and invertebrates. There were basic differences in species composition and numbers of individuals of invertebrates taken throughout a 24-h period. For fishes, such variations were primarily quantitative with some short-term alteration of community structure. Seasonal peaks of numbers of individuals, numbers of species and species diversity usually occurred during summer and fall periods. Although there were some variations, a general pattern of an annual double peak of fish and invertebrate richness and diversity was noted. Nocturnal patterns were more clearly defined than diurnal ones. Relative dominance remained high, with a seasonal succession of dominant fish and invertebrate species. It was postulated that there was a constantly changing series of interactions of the various community components that precluded a single mechanism for the observed phenomena. Apalachicola Bay was seen as an unpolluted system that underwent considerable seasonal fluctuations of richness and diversity in response to extreme variations of natural (physical) functions. Such changes were stable over time, and this form of variation was seen as a considerable limitation to the general use of species diversity as an indicator of pollution and other man-induced activities in such estuarine systems.
Stoichiometry and Kinetics of the High-affinity H+-coupled Peptide Transporter PepT2

Abstract Proton-coupled peptide transporters mediate the absorption of a large variety of di- and tripeptides as well as peptide-like pharmacologically active compounds. We report a kinetic analysis of the rat kidney high-affinity peptide transporter PepT2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes. By use of simultaneous radioactive uptake and current measurements under voltage-clamp condition, the charge to substrate uptake ratio was found to be close to 2 for both d-Phe-l-Ala andd-Phe-l-Glu, indicating that the H+:substrate stoichiometry is 2:1 and 3:1 for neutral and anionic dipeptides, respectively. The higher stoichiometry for anionic peptides suggests that they are transported in the protonated form. Ford-Phe-l-Lys, the charge:uptake ratio averaged 2.4 from pooled experiments, suggesting that Phe-Lys crosses the membrane via PepT2 either in its deprotonated (neutral) or its positively charged form, averaging a H+:Phe-Lys stoichiometry of 1.4:1. These findings led to the overall conclusion that PepT2 couples transport of one peptide molecule to two H+. This is in contrast to the low-affinity transporter PepT1 that couples transport of one peptide to one H+. Quinapril inhibited PepT2-mediated currents in presence or in absence of external substrates. Oocytes expressing PepT2 exhibited quinapril-sensitive outward currents. In the absence of external substrate, a quinapril-sensitive proton inward current (proton leak) was also observed which, together with the observed pH-dependent PepT2-specific presteady-state currents (I pss), indicates that at least one H+ binds to the transporter prior to substrate. PepT2 exhibited I pss in response to hyperpolarization at pH 6.5–8.0. However, contrary to previous observations on various transporters, 1) no significant currents were observed corresponding to voltage jumps returning from hyperpolarization, and 2) at reduced extracellular pH, no significant I pss were observed in either direction. Together with observed lower substrate affinities and decreased PepT2-mediated currents at hyperpolarizedV m, our data are consistent with the concept that hyperpolarization exerts inactivation effects on the transporter which are enhanced by low pH. Our studies revealed distinct properties of PepT2, compared with PepT1 and other ion-coupled transporters.
Selective cytotoxicity of L-canavanine in tumorigenic Madin-Darby canine kidney T1 cells.

Abstract L-Canavanine, an analog of L-arginine, was examined for toxicity in a normal canine kidney epithelial cell line, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK), and in its chemically transformed derivative MDCK-T1. Under conditions where the analog reversibly arrested growth of MDCK cells, more than 90% of the tumorigenic cells were killed. This selective cytotoxicity was not due to any difference in growth rate (both lines doubled every 24 h). Nor was it caused by the inhibition of protein synthesis or DNA replication, since amino acid deprivation and drugs which inhibited replication directly and indirectly did not kill the transformed cells preferentially. To the contrary, cycloheximide killed MDCK cells preferentially. Although the mechanism for the selective cytotoxicity of canavanine in the tumorigenic cells remains obscure, one clue was afforded by the observation that the analog caused a loss in plating efficiency of the T1 cells prior to their detachment from plates. Selective sensitivity to canavanine may therefore reside in cell surface proteins, which are known to differ both qualitatively and quantitatively between normal and transformed cells. The present results support our previous findings suggesting the possible value of using canavanine as an agent for cancer chemotherapy.
Modeling communication in parallel algorithms: a fruitful interaction between theory and systems?

Recently, several theoretical models of parallel architectures have been proposed to replace the PRAM as the model that is presented to an algorithm designer. A primary focus of the new models is to include the cost of interprocessor communication, which is increasingly important in modern parallel architectures. We argue that modeling the communication costs in the architecture or system is only one part of the problem. The other, and usually much more difficult, part is modeling the communication properties of the algorithm itself, which provides necessary inputs into the architectural model to determine overall complexity. In this context, we make three main points in this paper: (i) It is incomplete to describe communication without regard to its relationship with replication. We propose a description of the communication-replication relationship in terms of the working set hierarchy of an algorithm. (ii) Both inherent communication and the communication-replication relationship can be very difficult to model in irregular, dynamic computations that are crucial in many real-world applications. We present some examples that demonstrate this difficulty. (iii) We believe that substantial leverage can be obtained in this effort from the computer systems community, which can provide a hierarchy of simulation and profiling tools—from abstract to detailed—tailored to the needs of the algorithm designers. We propose an initial set of simulation tools, and we discuss possible future refinements to this set.
Static divergence of self-twisting composite rotors

Hydroelastic instabilities, such as static divergence and flutter, are major concerns for the safe operation of next-generation self-twisting composite marine rotors. In this paper, an efficient theoretical model was developed to obtain a first-order estimation of the static divergence speed of such rotors. The model was inspired by classical aeroelasticity theory and furnished with advanced numerical modeling. Its application to the marine environment was illustrated via a self-twisting composite propeller. The methodology is equally applicable to other structures, such as tidal and wind turbines.
Lindström's conjecture on a class of algebraically non-representable matroids

Gordon introduced a class of matroids M(n), for prime n ≥ 2, such that M(n) is algebraically representable, but only in characteristic n. Lindstrom proved that M(n) for general n ≥ 2 is not algebraically representable if n > 2 is an even number, and he conjectured that if n is a composite number it is not algebraically representable. We introduce a new kind of matroid called a harmonic matroid of which the full algebraic matroid is an example. We prove the conjecture in this more general case.
Individual variation in the flexor cruris lateralis muscle of the Tyrannidae (Aves: Passeriformes) and its possible significance

Dissection of a series of individuals of several species in the avian family Tyrannidae revealed extensive individual variation in a hind limb muscle, M. flexor cruris lateralis (FCRL), especially in the kingbirds. Three possible explanations are explored: (1) the adaptive variation hypothesis, that morphological variation is maintained by selection as a means of subdividing the niche of a population and reducing interindividual competition; (2) the transformation hypothesis, that variation is not maintained but represents a transient stage in the active process of structural reduction and loss; (3) the random variation hypothesis, that there is no selection. A correlation between morphology and behaviour exists in tyrannid species, but was not found in an Old World ecological counterpart, Muscicapa striata. This may reflect divergent phylogeny rather than the unimportance of natural selection in shaping morphology of FCRL. Asymmetry, atavisms, atrophy, heritability of morphology and sexual dimorphism are discussed.
Foodborne Outbreaks in Ethnic Foods: Exit, voice, and loyalty

AbstractFood has long been understood to be a marker of cultural and self-identity. Unfortunately, this insight has not been used to make sense of the risks associated with various food and food ways. In addition, very little research has been aimed at trying to understand how different groups make sense of a potentially hazardous food item which is a meaningful cultural marker. This study investigates claims being made concerning foodborne illnesses and hazards that have accompanied queso fresco (Hispanic/Mexican), kosher foods (Jewish), and fugu (Asian). Data are drawn from various news sources using a Lexis-Nexis search, and analyzed by using a theoretical framework which involves the concepts of exit, voice, and loyalty.
Environmental-impact statements and land-use development.

This article focuses on two aspects of environmental-impact statements: the factors that must be considered in the review process and the consequences of failing to provide a comprehensive EIS. Whether an EIS is required depends on the impact a project or development may have on the environment (this threshold is low in most instances). In New York State, for instance, “environment” is defined as all physical conditions affected by a proposed action, such as land, air, water, and minerals; flora and fauna; noise levels; objects of historic or aesthetic significance; existing patterns of population concentration, distribution, or growth; and existing community or neighborhood character. In those cases where the EIS avoids or ignores any area of impact, the courts may rule that already approved permits are null and void. Such deficiencies cannot be corrected by the filing of an amended declaration.
Methods for the determination of blood sugar based on the periodate reaction

Abstract Titrimetric and colorimetric methods based on the periodate reaction are described for the determination of glucose in blood fiitrates. The results on tungstic acid filtrates with the new methods are lower than with the standard clinical procedures, but higher than results on filtrates which represent “true” blood glucose levels.
Virtual learning communities centered within a discipline: Future directions

Virtual learning communities (VLCs) provide a new vehicle for creating connections among stakeholders within academic disciplines and departments. This chapter describes the innovative use of information and computer technology (ICT) to create VLCs that can extend and enhance the impact of the traditional face-to-face learning communities described in preceding chapters.
Concerning the Quantitative Analysis of Hydrogen Gas by Rotational Raman Spectroscopy

There has been considerable recent interest in using rotational Raman spectroscopy to analyze gaseous mixtures of hydrogen diatomic isotopes. Indeed, all six isotopic diatomic species of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium may be identified by Raman analysis within a 1000 cm−1 region adjacent to the exciting laser line. During the course of developing an analytical capacity to measure these isotopes using a slightly modified commercial instrument, it became important to carefully evaluate the influence of the temperature of the gas sample on the rotational Raman intensity variability. This note enunciates the salient features of our results for H2 gas. Additional details may be found in forthcoming documents.
Optimal sensor placement for hybrid state estimation in smart grid

A critical task in smart grid is to gain situational awareness by performing state estimation. In this paper, we consider the problem of placing a type of special sensors, called Phasor Measurement Units (PMU), to optimize the performance and convergence of state estimation. We derive a metric to evaluate how the placement impacts the convergence and accuracy of state estimation solved by Gauss-Newton (GN) algorithm. Using the proposed metric, we formulate and solve the placement problem as a semi-definite program (SDP). Simulations of the IEEE 30 and 118 systems corroborate our analysis, showing that the proposed placement stabilizes and accelerates state estimation, while maintaining optimal estimation performance.
Mammillary complex of cat brain--aspects of quantitative organization.

Neuronal circuitry relations of cat mammillary nuclei derived from neuron population ratio computed from population data
Cell‐type specific regulation of human interstitial collagenase‐1 gene expression by interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in human fibroblasts and BC‐8701 breast cancer cells

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a potent cytokine that stimulates interstitial collagenase-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1; MMP-1). In this study, we compared the mechanism(s) by which IL-1β induces collagenase gene expression in two very different cells, normal human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) and an aggressive breast cancer cell line, BC-8701 cells. Northern analysis showed that the time course of collagenase induction was distinct in the two cells: although both cells expressed low levels of MMP-1 constitutively, addition of IL-1β increased MMP-1 mRNA in HFFs by 1 h and levels remained high over a 24-h period. In contrast, MMP-1 levels in IL-1β-treated BC-8701 cells did not increase until 4 h, peaked by 12 h and then declined. To analyze the transcriptional response, we cloned and sequenced more than 4,300 bp of the human MMP-1 promoter, and from this promoter clone, we prepared a series of 5′-deletion constructs linked to the luciferase reporter and transiently transfected these constructs into both cell types to measure both basal and IL-1β induced transcription. When both cell types were uninduced, promoter fragments containing less than 2,900 bp gave only a minimal transcriptional response, while larger fragments showed increased transcriptional activity. With IL-1β treatment, significant responsiveness (P < 0.001) in HFFs was seen only with the larger fragments, while in the BC-8701 cells, all fragments were significantly induced with IL-1β. Finally, we found that IL-1β stabilized MMP-1 mRNA in normal fibroblasts, but not in BC-8701 breast cancer cells. We conclude that both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of MMP-1 gene expression by IL-1β is controlled by cell-type specific mechanisms, and we suggest that IL-1 induced MMP-1 expression in tumor cells and in neighboring stromal cells may amplify the invasive ability of tumor cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 66:322–336, 1977. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Epinephrine Induces Rapid Deterioration in Pulmonary Oxygen Exchange in Intact, Anesthetized Rats A Flow and Pulmonary Capillary Pressure-dependent Phenomenon

Background Previous studies indicate epinephrine adversely affects arterial oxygenation when administered in a rat model of local anesthetic overdose. The authors tested whether epinephrine alone exerts similar effects in the intact animal. Methods Anesthetized rats received a single intravenous injection of epinephrine (25, 50, or 100 mcg/kg); matched cohorts were pretreated with phentolamine (100 mcg/kg); n = 5 for each of the six treatment groups. Arterial pressure and blood gases were measured at baseline, 1 and 10 min after epinephrine administration. Pulmonary capillary pressures during epinephrine infusion with normal and increased flows were measured in an isolated lung preparation. Results Epinephrine injection in the intact animal caused hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and acidosis at all doses. Arterial oxygen tension was reduced within 1 min of injection. Hyperlactatemia occurred by 10 min after 50 and 100 mcg/kg. Rate pressure product was decreased by 10 min after 100 mcg/kg epinephrine. Pretreatment with phentolamine attenuated these effects except at 100 mcg/kg epinephrine. In the isolated lung preparation, epinephrine in combination with increased pulmonary flow increased pulmonary capillary pressure and lung water. Conclusions Bolus injection of epinephrine in the intact, anesthetized rat impairs pulmonary oxygen exchange within 1 min of treatment. Effects were blunted by α-adrenergic receptor blockade. Edema occurred in the isolated lung above a threshold pulmonary capillary pressure when epinephrine treatment was coupled with an increase in pulmonary flow. These results potentially argue against using traditional doses of epinephrine for resuscitation, particularly in the anesthetized patient.
ANALYTIC BORN COMPLETION IN THE CALCULATION OF ELECTRON-MOLECULE DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS

In calculating the elastic differential cross section for electron scattering from linear nonpolar molecules, one must include elements of the transition matrix corresponding to a large number of partial waves in order to obtain convergence at small angles. We present an analytic correction to the widely used expression for the differential cross section in terms of body-frame T-matrix elements calculated in the fixed-nuclear-orientation approximation. This correction incorporates contributions from all high-order partial waves via the Born approximation. It efficiently produces accurate differential cross sections and shows rapid convergence even at small angles. We illustrate the importance and accuracy of this procedure for low-energy (less than 10 eV) collisions of electrons with ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Informing Recovery Goals Based on Historical Population Size and Extant Habitat: A Case Study of the Gulf Sturgeon

AbstractConservation efforts under regulatory programs such as the U.S. Endangered Species Act and Magnuson–Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act seek to restore species in decline to a level where the populations are no longer in jeopardy. Key to designing effective conservation plans for the more than 2,500 species currently managed by these two U.S. programs is the establishment of realistic restoration targets given changes in habitats and ecosystems. Accomplishing this is difficult, particularly for populations that have experienced significant habitat alterations. We developed and assessed an approach for establishing quantifiable goals for the recovery of a threatened species by (1) estimating historical population biomass prior to directed fishing, (2) identifying large-scale habitat modifications that limit available critical habitat, (3) assessing the relationship between historical baselines, habitat characteristics, and extant available habitat, and (4) using these relationships to...
A CDM analysis of stochastic ductile damage growth and reliability

The accumulation of damage within a structure due to service loading or environmental conditions is a random phenomenon. Continuum damage mechanics (CDM) enables macroscopic manifestations of damage to be related to microscopic defects and discontinuities present within a material. This permits margins of safety to be assessed prior to the time at which damage becomes visible or detectable. Under fairly general thermodynamic conditions, equations of damage growth can be formulated in terms of the Helmholtz free energy. Spatial and temporal fluctuations in the state variables, caused first by the intrinsic variations in the material microstructure and second to environmental and loading conditions, are modeled by treating the Helmholtz free energy as a random process. This leads to a stochastic differential equation (SDE) of random damage growth, the solution of which describes the evolution of time-dependent random ductile damage and residual strength. Available experimental results are used to validate the CDM formulation.
Optimum tracking and target identification using GMTI and HRR profiles

The field of moving target Automated Target Recognition (ATR) relies on the exploitation of one-dimensional high range resolution (HRR) profiles. Individual profiles can contain a large amount of target information; however, the evidence from one profile is generally not sufficient to reliably classify a Ground Moving Target Indicator (GMTI) target. When multiple looks are correctly combined, classification accuracy can improve dramatically. At X-band, HRR profiles of typical ground vehicles decorrelate for aspect angle changes greater than 0.1 degree, thus, all looks in a practical system are independent. From the ATR perspective, the challenge is one of correctly associating HRR profiles from one look to the next. If the problem is examined from the opposite point of view, the ATR evidence can greatly improve the association accuracy of a tracker above and beyond that of kinematics. This ATR information assists tracking in regimes of high traffic density or low revisit rates through better association of the high-value targets from one epoch to the next. In this paper, we present a new HRR-aided tracker. The performance of this tracker will be characterized in a simulation and compared to the performance of a purely kinematic tracker. These results show that HRR-aided tracking can tolerate at least an order of magnitude higher traffic density than trackers functioning on kinematics alone. This improvement in performance is reduced, but not eliminated, if the additional radar resources for HRR are considered.
Probabilistic missing-tag detection and energy-time tradeoff in large-scale RFID systems

RFID (radio frequency identification) technologies are poised to revolutionize retail, warehouse and supply chain management. One of their interesting applications is to automatically detect missing tags (and the associated objects) in a large storage space. In order to timely catch any missing event such as theft, the detection operation may have to be performed frequently. Because RFID systems typically work under low-rate channels, past research has focused on reducing execution time of a detection protocol, in order to prevent excessively-long protocol execution from interfering normal inventory operations. However, when active tags are used to provide a large spatial coverage, energy efficiency becomes critical in prolonging the lifetime of these battery-powered tags. Existing literature lacks thorough study on how to conserve energy in the process of missing-tag detection and how to jointly optimize energy efficiency and time efficiency. This paper makes two important contributions: First, we propose a novel protocol design that takes both energy efficiency and time efficiency into consideration. It achieves multi-fold reduction in both energy cost and execution time when comparing with the best existing work. In some cases, the reduction is more than an order of magnitude. Second, we reveal a fundamental energy-time tradeoff in missing-tag detection. Through our analytical framework, we are able to flexibly control the tradeoff through a couple of system parameters in order to achieve desirable performance.
Functional recovery of stunned myocardium is greater with halothane than fentanyl anaesthesia in dogs

We have compared the effects of halothane or fentanyl on recovery of regional myocardial function in the postischaemic ventricle in dogs. The animals were followed for 120 min during reperfusion after 15-min of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. After 120 min of reperfusion, the fentanyl group had recovered only 54% and 50% of regional contractility and systolic shortening (P < 0.05), respectively, compared with halothane (63% and 86%). Intramyocardial tissue pressure was less than baseline 60 min after reperfusion in the fentanyl group (P < 0.05), whereas the halothane group had returned to control values. We conclude that halothane is more effective than fentanyl in attenuating regional myocardial dysfunction associated with transient episodes of ischaemia.