cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein Deficiency Induces Alterations in the Distribution of T-Cell Subsets in Experimental Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Previous research has suggested that dietary protein deficiency alters resistance to experimental pulmonary tuberculosis, in part, by affecting the distribution and trafficking of antigen-reactive T cells. In this study, guinea pigs were maintained on either a protein-deficient (10% ovalbumin) or control (30% ovalbumin) diet and infected 4 to 6 weeks later with a low dose of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by the respiratory route. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the CD4 or CD8 markers on guinea pig lymphocytes were used in a flow cytofluorometric assay to determine the proportion of each subset in the peripheral circulation, spleen, and bronchotracheal lymph nodes at 4 weeks after infection. In uninfected guinea pigs, only the spleen exhibited an effect of diet on T-cell distribution, with small but consistent reductions in the proportions of both CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. However, following infection, protein deficiency exerted a profound effect on T-cell distribution. Malnourished, tuberculous guinea pigs harbored only 20 and 60% of the T cells (as a proportion of total lymphoid cells) found in the spleen and blood, respectively, of their well-nourished counterparts. Normal relative proportions of CD4 and CD8 cells were observed, however. In striking contrast, the bronchotracheal lymph nodes of protein-deprived guinea pigs with tuberculosis contained more than twice the numbers of T cells of control guinea pigs, and the normal CD4-to-CD8 ratio was reversed. Peripheral T-cell function, as measured by the delayed hypersensitivity skin test to tuberculin, and antigen-induced lymphoproliferation in vitro were markedly suppressed in protein-malnourished animals. Conversely, purified protein derivative-induced (but not concanavalin A-induced) proliferation was significantly enhanced in cultures of lymph node cells from protein-deprived tuberculous animals. Taken together, these results suggest that immunological abnormalities and loss of antimycobacterial resistance in the lungs of protein-deficient guinea pigs may be explained, in part, by sequestration of antigen-reactive T cells in the lymph nodes draining the site of infection.
Multicast routing in dense and sparse modes: simulation study of tradeoffs and dynamics

PIM (protocol independent multicast) is capable of supporting sparse mode (SM) and dense mode (DM) operations. In sparse mode, PIM can use shared trees (RPT) or shortest path trees (SPT) to deliver data packets. The availability of these various modes opens questions regarding when each should be used, and the consequences of switching among them dynamically. This paper reports on two specific issues: (1) the overhead tradeoffs between dense mode operations and sparse mode operations, (2) the behaviors of PIM when receivers transition from RPT to SPT. Our results illustrate the cross-over point of sparse mode and dense mode overheads, which gives a hint for selecting protocol modes according to the group density metric. We also show that the conditions under which packet losses occur due to SPT switch are rare.
Spontaneous R-symmetry breaking with multiple pseudomoduli

We examine generalized O'Raifeartaigh models that feature multiple tree-level flat directions and only contain fields with $R$-charges 0 or 2. We show that spontaneous $R$-breaking at up to one-loop order is impossible in such theories. Specifically, we prove that the $R$-symmetric origin of field space is always a local minimum of the one-loop Coleman-Weinberg potential, generalizing an earlier result for the case of a single flat direction. This result has consequences for phenomenology and helps elucidate the behavior of various models of dynamical supersymmetry breaking.
Luteotropic Complex of the Hamster

Hypophysectomy, at any stage of pregnancy, interrupted gestation in the hamster. Pituitary removal at day 1, 4 or 8 of pregnancy resulted in rapid regression of the corpus luteum (CL), whereas after day 12, when the placenta has been established, the histologic integrity of the CL was maintained. After hypophysectomy at day 4 of pregnancy, the daily injection of prolactin, but not FSH or LH, maintained the CL as a histologic entity, but pregnancy was terminated. Treatment with prolactin and FSH increased the vascularity of the CL and maintained pregnancy in the majority of animals; hence, the concerted interaction of these 2 hormones constituted the minimal luteotropic complex (LtH) of the hamster. Evidence is presented that the activity of FSH cannot be attributed to contamination with LH. The addition of exogenous LH to the LtH complex had dose-dependent effects in hamsters hypophysectomized on day 4 of pregnancy. High daily doses of LH (50–100 μg) interrupted pregnancy in all animals and led to a marke...
A family of GFP-like proteins with different spectral properties in lancelet Branchiostoma floridae

Members of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family share sequence similarity and the 11-stranded β-barrel fold. Fluorescence or bright coloration, observed in many members of this family, is enabled by the intrinsic properties of the polypeptide chain itself, without the requirement for cofactors. Amino acid sequence of fluorescent proteins can be altered by genetic engineering to produce variants with different spectral properties, suitable for direct visualization of molecular and cellular processes. Naturally occurring GFP-like proteins include fluorescent proteins from cnidarians of the Hydrozoa and Anthozoa classes, and from copepods of the Pontellidae family, as well as non-fluorescent proteins from Anthozoa. Recently, an mRNA encoding a fluorescent GFP-like protein AmphiGFP, related to GFP from Pontellidae, has been isolated from the lancelet Branchiostoma floridae, a cephalochordate (Deheyn et al., Biol Bull, 2007 213:95). We report that the nearly-completely sequenced genome of Branchiostoma floridae encodes at least 12 GFP-like proteins. The evidence for expression of six of these genes can be found in the EST databases. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that a gene encoding a GFP-like protein was present in the common ancestor of Cnidaria and Bilateria. We synthesized and expressed two of the lancelet GFP-like proteins in mammalian cells and in bacteria. One protein, which we called LanFP1, exhibits bright green fluorescence in both systems. The other protein, LanFP2, is identical to AmphiGFP in amino acid sequence and is moderately fluorescent. Live imaging of the adult animals revealed bright green fluorescence at the anterior end and in the basal region of the oral cirri, as well as weaker green signals throughout the body of the animal. In addition, red fluorescence was observed in oral cirri, extending to the tips. GFP-like proteins may have been present in the primitive Metazoa. Their evolutionary history includes losses in several metazoan lineages and expansion in cephalochordates that resulted in the largest repertoire of GFP-like proteins known thus far in a single organism. Lancelet expresses several of its GFP-like proteins, which appear to have distinct spectral properties and perhaps diverse functions. This article was reviewed by Shamil Sunyaev, Mikhail Matz (nominated by I. King Jordan) and L. Aravind.
An Apple is More Than Just a Fruit: Cross-Classification in Children's Concepts

This research explored children's use of multiple forms of conceptual organization. Experiments 1 and 2 examined script (e.g., breakfast foods), taxonomic (e.g., fruits), and evaluative (e.g., junk foods) categories. The results showed that 4- and 7-year-olds categorized foods into all 3 categories, and 3-year-olds used both taxonomic and script categories. Experiment 3 found that 4- and 7-year-olds can cross-classify items, that is, classify a single food into both taxonomic and script categories. Experiments 4 and 5 showed that 7-year-olds and to some degree 4-year-olds can selectively use categories to make inductive inferences about foods. The results reveal that children do not rely solely on one form of categorization but are flexible in the types of categories they form and use.
Environmental and molecular analysis of the floral transition in the lower eudicot Aquilegia formosa

Flowering is a critical transition in plant development, the timing of which can have considerable fitness consequences. Until recently, research into the genetic control of flowering time and its associated developmental changes was focused on core eudicots (for example, Arabidopsis) or monocots (for example, Oryza). Here we examine the flowering response of Aquilegia formosa, a member of the eudicot order Ranunculales that is emerging as an important model for the investigation of plant ecology and evolution. We have determined that A. formosa has a strong vernalization requirement but little or no photoperiod response, making it a day neutral (DN) plant. Consistent with this, the Aquilegia homolog of FLOWERING LOCUS T (AqFT) is expressed in both long and short days but surprisingly, the locus is expressed before the transition to flowering. In situ hybridizations with homologs of several Arabidopsis Floral Pathway Integrators (FPIs) do not suggest conserved functions relative to Arabidopsis, the potential exceptions being AqLFY and AqAGL24.2. In Aquilegia, vernalization is critical to flowering but this signal is not strictly required for the transcriptional activation of AqFT. The expression patterns of AqLFY and AqAGL24.2 suggest a hypothesis for the development of Aquilegia's determinate inflorescence whereby their differential expression controls the progression of each meristem from inflorescence to floral identity. Interestingly, none of the Aquilegia expression patterns are consistent with a function in floral repression which, combined with the lack of a FLC homolog, means that new candidate genes must be identified for the control of vernalization response in Aquilegia.
Imaging Features of Extramedullary, Relapsed, and Refractory Multiple Myeloma involving the Liver Across Treatment With Cyclophosphamide, Lenalidomide, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone

A 55-year-old white woman presented in June 2003 with stage IIIA Durie-Salmon immunoglobulin (Ig) G κ multiple myeloma (MM) and was initially treated with thalidomide and dexamethasone followed by cyclophosphamide, with concurrent bisphosphonate (zoledronic acid), and intensified by autologous stem-cell transplant (ASCT) after high-dose melphalan conditioning. She remained in complete remission until December 2008, when she experienced relapse with occipital plasmacytoma and symptomatic extramedullary disease (EMD) arising from her skeleton. She was treated with an experimental second-generation proteasome inhibitor (NPI-0052, 0.7 mg/m2 administered intravenously [IV]), combined with low-dose weekly oral dexamethasone. She had evidence of clinical response (disease stabilization and symptomatic improvement). Treatment was completed after 6 months, and she declined maintenance options other than bisphosphonate.
Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Inhibits Innate Immune Responses and Clearance of an Intracellular Bacterial Infection

Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species play important roles during immune responses to bacterial pathogens. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) regulates extracellular concentrations of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species and contributes to tissue protection during inflammatory insults. The participation of ecSOD in immune responses seems therefore intuitive, yet is poorly understood. In the current study, we used mice with varying levels of ecSOD activity to investigate the involvement of this enzyme in immune responses against Listeria monocytogenes. Surprisingly, our data demonstrate that despite enhanced neutrophil recruitment to the liver, ecSOD activity negatively affected host survival and bacterial clearance. Increased ecSOD activity was accompanied by decreased colocalization of neutrophils with bacteria, as well as increased neutrophil apoptosis, which reduced overall and neutrophil-specific TNF-α production. Liver leukocytes from mice lacking ecSOD produced equivalent NO· compared with liver leukocytes from mice expressing ecSOD. However, during infection, there were higher levels of peroxynitrite (NO(3)·(-)) in livers from mice lacking ecSOD compared with livers from mice expressing ecSOD. Neutrophil depletion studies revealed that high levels of ecSOD activity resulted in neutrophils with limited protective capacity, whereas neutrophils from mice lacking ecSOD provided superior protection compared with neutrophils from wild-type mice. Taken together, our data demonstrate that ecSOD activity reduces innate immune responses during bacterial infection and provides a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
Simulation of Augmented Reality Systems in Purely Virtual Environments

We propose the use of virtual environments to simulate augmented reality (AR) systems for the purposes of experimentation and usability evaluation. This method allows complete control in the AR environment, providing many advantages over testing with true AR systems. We also discuss some of the limitations to the simulation approach. We have demonstrated the use of such a simulation in a proof of concept experiment controlling the levels of registration error in the AR scenario. In this experiment, we used the simulation method to investigate the effects of registration error on task performance for a generic task involving precise motor control for AR object manipulation. Isolating jitter and latency errors, we provide empirical evidence of the relationship between accurate registration and task performance.
Auditory Warnings in the Medical Work Domain: An Overview of Critical Issues

This presentation provides an overview of domain specific and more general issues critical to the successful design of auditory warnings for medical devices. Successful design requires a thorough understanding of the unique aspects of the medical environment as well as an appreciation of the varied needs and abilities of the diverse user population (e.g., physicians, nurses, patients, etc.). Auditory warnings in the medical arena should not only assist in event detection but also facilitate diagnosis and treatment. False alarms remain an important concern. Many clinical devices now employ integrated or centralized warning strategies, and standardized auditory tones. With these devices, it is necessary to observe the visual display to mentally discern and prioritize all active warnings. A better approach in some circumstances may be the use of novel information containing warnings (e.g., “earcons” or encoded auditory displays). Additionally, there is a need for more “intelligent” warnings based on patient-...
Pelvic-Floor Muscle Function in Women With Pelvic Organ Prolapse

The purpose of this study was to determine whether pelvic organ prolapse severity, pelvic symptoms, quality of life, and sexual function differ based on pelvic-floor muscle function in women planning to have prolapse surgery. Subjects and Methods Three hundred seventeen women without urinary stress incontinence who were enrolled in a multicenter surgical trial were examined to determine pelvic-floor muscle function (by Brink scale score). The subjects were 61.610.2 (XSD) years of age. Thirteen percent of the subjects had stage II (to the hymen) pelvic organ prolapse, 68% had stage III (beyond the hymen) prolapse, and 19% had stage IV (complete vaginal eversion) prolapse. Subjects with lowest (3‐6) and highest (10‐ 12) Brink scale scores were compared on prolapse severity, pelvic symptoms and bother, quality of life, and sexual function. Results Subjects with the highest Brink scores (n75) had less advanced prolapse, smaller genital hiatus measurements, and less urinary symptom burden compared with those with the lowest Brink scores (n56). The results indicated that pelvic-floor muscle function was not associated with condition-specific quality of life or sexual function.
Reconfigurable dipole chaff elements for passive standoff detection of chemical agents

Reconfigurable dipole chaff elements for the remote passive detection of chemical agents are presented in this paper. Each chaff element consists of a metallic reference dipole, and a detection dipole with a switch that changes conductivity in the presence of a chemical analyte. In the absence of an analyte, both dipoles are resonant at the same frequency; however, when the analyte is present, the resonance frequency of the detection dipole shifts. This shift in frequency is remotely detected via a RADAR system.
Morphology and oxidation state of ALD-grown Pd nanoparticles on TiO2- and SrO-terminated SrTiO3 nanocuboids

Abstract We employ SrTiO3 nanocuboid single crystals with well-defined (001) surfaces that are synthesized to have either a TiO2- or SrO-terminated surface to investigate the influence of surface termination on the morphology and the chemical property of supported metallic nanoparticles. Using such monodispersed STO nanocuboids allows for practical catalytic reaction studies as well as surface studies comparable to a single crystal model catalyst. Pd nanoparticles were grown by atomic layer deposition, which is able to control the effective coverage, chemical state, and the size of the Pd nanoparticles. The properties of Pd nanoparticles were examined by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The morphology and growth pattern for the Pd nanoparticles supported on the SrTiO3 nanocuboids are shown to depend on the surface termination.
Adaptive multi sensor based nonlinear identification of skeletal muscle force

Skeletal muscle force and surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals are closely related. Hence, the later can be used for the force estimation. Usually, the location for the sEMG sensors is near the respective muscle motor unit points. EMG signals generated by skeletal muscles are temporal and spatially distributed which results in cross talk that is recorded by different sEMG sensors. This research focuses on modeling muscle dynamics in terms of sEMG signals and the generated muscle force. Here, an array of three sEMG sensors is used to capture the information of the muscle dynamics in terms of sEMG signals and generated muscle force. Optimized nonlinear Half-Gaussian Bayesian filters and a Chebyshev type-II filter are used for the filtration of the sEMG signals and the muscle force signal, respectively. A Genetic Algorithm is used for the optimization of the filter parameters. sEMG and skeletal muscle force is modeled using multi nonlinear Auto Regressive eXogenous (ARX) and Wiener-Hammerstein models with different nonlinearity estimators/classes using System Identification (SI) for three sets of sensor data. An adaptive probabilistic Kullback Information Criterion (KIC) for model selection is applied to obtain the fusion based skeletal muscle force for each sensor first and then for the final outputs from each sensor. The approach yields good skeletal muscle force estimates.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have been recognized as a distinct biological entity since 1998. Previously GISTs were considered to be smooth muscle neoplasms often classified as leiomyosarcoma or gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumors (GANT) or combinations of both. Definition and cellular origin are suggested to be the interstitial cell of Cajal [1]. They commonly present as mass lesions, intra-abdominally, often of large size and with rupture and/or metastatic disease. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors make up one-third of all visceral sarcomas (Fig. 4.1). Our original report [2] described 200 gastrointestinal stromal tumors, which was approximately 6 % of the 3,500 patients with sarcoma admitted to our institution. Age and sex distribution are shown in Fig. 4.2, and lesions are distributed in the stomach, more than in the small intestine and more than in other sites (Fig. 4.3). An example of a GIST of the stomach is demonstrated in Fig. 4.4.
The synthesis of UO2·37 at high pressure

Abstract Experiments at high pressure have established the existence of the compound UO2·37±0·02. Its crystal symmetry is monoclinic and the cell parameters are a = 5·37 8 , b = 5·55 9 , c = 5·37 8 A and β = 90·29°. The compound has been prepared from mixtures of UO2 and U3O8 at 30–40 kbars and 500–1400°C. The measured density of UO2·37 is 11·34 g/cm3. The i.r. spectrum is shown to resemble that of UO2 rather than U3O8.
Taking Stock of Housing Wealth: Reported Home Values

For most homeowners, the house is not only the most important consumption good but also the dominant asset. A subjective assessment of home value is an inherent component of many household decisions, including portfolio choice, retirement planning and borrowing practices. The US Government, through surveys including the US census, the American Household Survey, Current Population Survey and the Health and Retirement Survey, uses a subjective, self-reported home value as a means of mapping out American wealth. Current research treats the self-reported home price as an objective and uncontested measure of home value, although there has been no evidence concerning its validity. We show that reported home prices do have an effect on home sale behaviors and outcomes in an experimental setting. However, we propose that reported home values vary from market values in a systematic fashion. Survey data show that a higher status, in terms of household income, neighborhood home value, or self-reported health status, is associated with a greater gap between the self-reported home value and one’s home worth. This has important implications for understanding existing literature and for future research.
The effect of precooling on cardiovascular and metabolic strain during incremental exercise

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of precooling on the chronotropic index defined as the slope of the heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake during incremental exercise. Ten men performed incremental exercise following 2 conditions: control (rest in a thermoneutral laboratory, 21.5 ± 0.7 °C; performed first) and precooling (cold-water immersion, 23.1 ± 0.2 °C). Prior to exercise, core temperature was significantly lower for precooling (36.6 ± 0.3 °C) compared with control (37.1 ± 0.4 °C; p 0.05). The chronotropic index did not differ between conditions (p = 0.301); however, the y intercept was significantly lower (p = 0.009) for precooling (53.6 ± 11.0) compared with control (67.3 ± 11.0). Thus, the benefit of precooling was a lower HR that was maintained throughout exercise rather than a reduced rate of rise in HR. These results suggest the potential use of precooling to mitigate cardiovascular strain in individuals working at elevated metabolic rates. However, the reduced exercise time warrants consideration.
A patient with MEN1 typical features and MEN2-like features.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 (MEN1) and 2 (MEN2) rarely co-exist in one case. Here we report a patient with features of both syndromes. The patient presented with typical MEN1 features plus pheochromocytoma and thickened corneal nerves. She had a germline 1132delG frameshift mutation in MEN1, no mutation in CDKN1B (p27) and no RET mutation, but had both RET polymorphisms Gly691Ser and Arg982Cys. This is the first case report of a combination of typical clinical findings of MEN1 harboring a germline MEN1 mutation and the MEN2-like phenotype with negative full RET gene analysis of pathogenic variants. Possible explanations include a previously unrecognized phenotype–genotype association or the influence of potential phenotypic modifying RET variants. Furthermore, the combination observed in this patient may point to a single molecular pathway, and supports the possibility of as yet unrecognized connections between the molecular pathways for MEN1/menin protein and MEN2/RET protein.
Facebook Me: Collective Self-Esteem, Need to Belong, and Internet Self-Efficacy as Predictors of the Igeneration’s Attitudes Toward Social Networking Sites

Within the user-generated content sites, the role and growth of social networking sites has been undeniably overwhelming. Social networking sites (SNS) generate millions of dollars in revenue and advertising, yet little is known about why college students join and participate in these sites, which allow users to create their own content or space. This study adopts survey methodology to investigate the influence of college students’ level of Internet self-efficacy, need to belong, need for cognition, and collective self-esteem on their attitude toward SNS. Internet self-efficacy, need to belong, and collective self-esteem all have positive effects on attitudes toward SNS. Furthermore, attitude toward SNS mediates the relationship between willingness to join SNS and (1) Internet self-efficacy and (2) need to belong, and the mediation is only partial between willingness to join and collective self-esteem. The author also draws managerial implications.
Production of acute rheumatic-like heart lesions in mice.

SummaryAcute rheumatic-like heart lesions have been produced in mice by parenteral injection of egg white on repeated occasions. Minimal lesions may also occur in untreated mice, possibly as a result of spontaneous sensitization and shocking by natural contact with protein. There was no apparent relation between the severity of clinical anaphylaxis and the severity of the pathologic changes in the heart.
Discussion and analysis of methods for determination of acid value in hot chili oil

Objective:The article compared different pretreatment methods in determination of the acid value in hot chili oil to remove the influence in the end point of the titration as the existing of pigment.Methods:Pretreatment the sample though adding neutral saturated salt water and adsorbing by carbon respectively,then determined the acid value as the GB,compared the results to method of automatic potentiometric titration which have a higher accuracy class.Results:With the sample at 3.0~4.0 g,both of the two results can be observed the end point of the titration clearly.Comparing with the result of Automatic potentiometric titration,there was no statistic difference with the result of adding nertral saturated salt water;but there was notable deviation with the result of adsorbing by carbon in the sample with low concentration of acid value.Conclusion:To determine the acid value in dark colored oil such as hot chili oil,method of automatic potentiometric titration should be the first choice.Considering the methods of adding neutral saturated salt water to sample and methods of adsorbing by carbon,the former can be used in the sample with low concentration,both of the two methods can be used in moderately high samples.Both methods can be clearly observed titration end point,the results of precision are better accuracy.It can serve as a national standard method in the determination of chili oil,acid value of the effective supplement.
[Epidemiological analysis of new cases of pneumoconiosis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China from 2006 to 2010].

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of pneumoconiosis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China from 2006 to 2009.Methods Statistical analysis was performed on the types,populations,ages,and geographic distribution of the pneumoconiosis cases in Ningxia from 2006 to 2010,as reported in China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention.Results A total of 625 new cases of pneumoconiosis (4 death cases) occurred throughout Ningxia from 2006 to 2010.Of the new cases,538 (86.1％) suffered stage Ⅰ pneumoconiosis,70 (11.2％) stage Ⅱ pneumoconiosis,and 17 (2.72％) stage Ⅲ pneumoconiosis.Silicosis and coal-workers’ pneumoconiosis were the dominant types of pneumoconiosis,accounting for 97.44％ (609/625) of all cases.Of the 625 cases,557 (89.12％) were distributed in Shizuishan City,and 563 (90.08％) were engaged in coal and metallurgical industries.Most cases were in the 35-year-old group and 45-year-old group,and the lengths of dust-exposed service mostly ranged from 10 to 29 years.Conclusion In Ningxia,pneumoconiosis control should focus in the state-owned,middle-sized coal enterprises in Shizuishan City.Health surveillance should be enhanced in the workers with more than 10 years of dustexposed service or aged more than 35 years,so as to reduce the incidence of occupational diseases. Key words: NINGXIA; Pneumoconiosis; Epidemiology studies; Control and prevention
Desirable Skills in New Pharmacists: A Comparison of Opinions From Practitioners and Senior Student Pharmacists.

Objective:To compare survey responses between licensed pharmacists who work with or employ new graduates and graduating senior pharmacy students at a college of pharmacy.Design:This was a retrospective analysis of surveys given to 2 groups of pharmacists and students. Responses to items regarding importance of desirable qualities in new pharmacists and level of preparation of new graduates were analyzed. Qualities included drug information, pharmacology, therapeutics, communication with patients/customers or health care professionals, professionalism, ethics, management, and conflict resolution.Results:There was consensus between pharmacists and students regarding the importance of all items (P > .05 for all comparisons). However, the percentage of pharmacists versus students who agreed that new graduates communicate effectively differed (86.7% vs 100%, respectively, P < .05). Of pharmacists surveyed at a career fair, 64.1% chose communication as the 1 skill that would distinguish an applicant, and retail...
Melville M. Bigelow: Boston University’s Neglected Pioneer of Historical Legal Scholarship in America

Melville Madison Bigelow, together with Henry Adams, James Barr Ames, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and James Bradley Thayer, introduced the professional study of legal history to the United States in the decades following the Civil War. Emulating German standards of “scientific” historical research based on primary sources, and often relying on prior German scholarship on the history of Germanic law, they investigated the history of early English law. As English scholars recognized at the time, these Americans surpassed the English themselves in the study of English legal history. Frederic Maitland, the great English legal historian who began publishing in the mid-1880s, built upon their work, which he frequently praised and cited throughout his own. He corresponded with several of them, and maintained a close personal friendship with Bigelow. Maitland remains a towering figure, often admired as the best legal historian ever to write in the English language. The historical work of the Americans, by contrast, has been largely forgotten, Bigelow’s most of all. Yet Bigelow, a founding member of the law faculty at Boston University, where he taught from 1872 until his death in 1921 and served as Dean from 1902 to 1911, was the most productive of the late nineteenth century American legal historians. He was even better known abroad, particularly in England, than in the United States. Stressing Bigelow’s pioneering contributions to legal history, this Article attempts to restore Bigelow to the major position he deserves in the history of American legal scholarship. Through its focus on Bigelow, the Article also directs attention to the general importance of history for late nineteenth-century legal scholars, which their twentieth-century successors unfortunately have obscured by inaccurately ascribing a timeless “deductive formalism” to “classical legal thought.”
Size and Surface Dependence of Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics in CdSe Quantum Dots Determined by Fluorescence Upconversion Spectroscopy

Dynamics for band edge and deep trap emission in CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) were determined for several sizes ranging from 27Â to 72Â using the femtosecond fluorescence upconversion technique. The band edge rise and decay timescales are directly correlated to NC size and surface passivation. A new model is presented which implicates surface selenium dangling bond electrons in the ultrafast appearance of the deep trap emission and incorporates the previously suggested formation of triplet states for the longlived components of the fluorescence decay.
OC Spectrum Disorders: The Impulsive and Schizo-Obsessive Clusters

Two symptom clusters within the obsessive-compulsive (OC) spectrum—the impulsive cluster and the schizo-obsessive cluster—are discussed in this paper. Disorders characterized by impulsivity include disorders of impulse control (eg, intermittent explosive disorder, pyromania, kleptomania, pathologic gambling, trichotillomania); paraphilias, sexual impulsions, and sexual addictions; and impulsive aggression personality disorders (eg, borderline, antisocial, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders). The schizo-obsessive cluster includes comorbid symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia. Both clusters of disorders have a substantial impact on individuals and society. This article examines the overlap of symptoms between OCD and OC spectrum disorders, along with possible treatment options. Studies on the effectiveness of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treating pathologic gambling, compulsive buying, and comorbid OCD and schizophrenia are presented. The need for additional large scale, adequately-controlled studies is discussed.
Approche langage au développement du support protocolaire d'applications réseaux

Une application reseau communique avec d'autres applications par le biais d'un ensemble consen- suel de regles regissant la communication, appele protocole. Cette communication est geree par la partie de l'application connue comme la couche de support protocolaire qui gere la manipulation de messages protocolaires. Elle s'avere etre un composant critique d'une application reseau puisqu'elle represente l'interface entre celle-ci et le monde exterieur. Elle est donc soumise a deux contraintes fortes : une contrainte d'efﬁcacite pour pouvoir traiter un grand nombre de messages et une contrainte de robustesse pour faire face a des attaques visant a destabiliser l'application ou la plate-forme mate- rielle sous-jacente. Malgre ces contraintes, le processus de developpement de cette couche demeure rudimentaire et requiert un haut niveau d'expertise. Il consiste a traduire manuellement une speciﬁ- cation du protocole ecrite dans un formalisme haut niveau comme ABNF vers du code bas niveau tel que du C. Le fosse entre ces niveaux d'abstraction favorise l'apparition d'erreurs. Cette these propose une approche langage au developpement de la couche de support protocolaire d'applications reseaux, pour ameliorer leur robustesse sans compromettre leur performance. Notre ap- proche est fondee sur l'utilisation d'un langage dedie, Zebu, pour decrire la speciﬁcation des couches de support protocolaire d'applications reseaux qui utilisent des protocoles applicatifs textuels a la HTTP. La syntaxe de Zebu est tres proche de celles du formalisme ABNF, favorisant ainsi l'adoption de Zebu par des experts du domaine. En annotant la speciﬁcation ABNF d'un protocole, l'utilisateur de Zebu peut adapter une couche de support protocolaire a une application donnee. Dans un premier temps, le compilateur Zebu veriﬁe la speciﬁcation annotee pour deceler d'eventuelles incoherences. Ensuite, une couche de support protocolaire deﬁnie par les annotations fournies est generee automati- quement. Cette couche consiste en un ensemble de structures de donnees pour representer un message, un analyseur syntaxique qui remplit ces structures de donnees et des fonctions utilitaires pour l'ac- ces a ces donnees ou piloter l'analyse syntaxique des messages. Par defaut, l'analyseur syntaxique de messages genere n'accepte que les messages respectant scrupuleusement la speciﬁcation. Ce critere de validation peut etre modiﬁe pour plus de ﬂexibilite ou de meilleures performances.
376. Overexpression of Pitx3 in the SNpc and Protection from MPTP Toxicity

In the brain, expression of the transcription factor Pituitary Homeobox 3 or Paired-Like Homeodomain Transcription Factor 3 (PITX3) is crucial to the development and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons. During brain development, PITX3 functions in concert with the transcription factors NURR1 and LMX1b to facilitate dopaminergic neuron maturation. In the mature brain, PITX3 promotes the dopaminergic phenotype by positively regulating tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT), and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), either singly or in concert with NURR1. PITX3 also positively regulates expression of the pro-survival factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF). PITX3 is endogenously expressed in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, in Pitx3 null mouse models, perturbations of cell number are observed only in the SNpc, a situation that resembles the relative sparing of the VTA in early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD). Systemic administration of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) results in the degeneration of SN dopaminergic neurons via a mechanism thought to involve the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and the generation of reactive oxygen species, both of which are implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. Recent work in muscle demonstrates that PITX3 regulates expression of antioxidant enzymes and genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis via the transcription factor NRF1. We have overexpressed murine Pitx3 (or mCherry control) from the CMV promoter in the SN of C57BL/6J mice using an AAV2/10 viral vector, and tested for neuroprotection in a sub-chronic MPTP model of PD (5 × 20 mg/kg MPTP over 9 days) by assaying for striatal dopamine, stratial TH and DAT immunoreactivity, and SN neuronal number. We will present results from these assays and changes in expression of Pitx3 target genes (TH, DAT, VMAT2, BDNF and GDNF) after Pitx3 overexpression in the SN.
Numerical and analytical bounds on threshold error rates for hypergraph-product codes

Author(s): Kovalev, Alexey A; Prabhakar, Sanjay; Dumer, Ilya; Pryadko, Leonid P | Abstract: We study analytically and numerically decoding properties of finite rate hypergraph-product quantum LDPC codes obtained from random (3,4)-regular Gallager codes, with a simple model of independent X and Z errors. Several non-trival lower and upper bounds for the decodable region are constructed analytically by analyzing the properties of the homological difference, equal minus the logarithm of the maximum-likelihood decoding probability for a given syndrome. Numerical results include an upper bound for the decodable region from specific heat calculations in associated Ising models, and a minimum weight decoding threshold of approximately 7%.
A Multiscale Approach for Geologically and Flow Consistent Modeling

Subsurface geological models are usually constructed on high-resolution grids in a way that various complexities and heterogeneities are depicted properly. Such models, however, cannot be used directly in the current flow simulators, as they are tied with high computational cost. Thus, using upscaling, by which one can produce flow consistent models that can alleviate the computational burden of flow simulators, is inevitable. Although the upscaling methods are able to reproduce the flow responses, they might not retain the initial geological assumptions. The reservoir models are initially constructed on uniform and high-resolution grids and then, if necessary, are upscaled to be used for flow simulations. A subsurface modeling approach that not only preserves the geological heterogeneity but also provides models that can be used, straight or with a small level of upscaling, in the flow simulators is desirable. In this paper, a new multiresolution method based on (1) the importance of conditioning well data and (2) being geologically and flow consistent is presented. This method discretizes the initial model into several regions based on the available data. Then, the initial assumed geological model is converted into, for example, various high- and low-resolution models. Next, the high-resolution model is used for regions with high-quality data (e.g., well locations), while the low-resolution model is used for the remaining areas. Finally, the patterns of these areas are interlocked, which result in a multiresolution geologically and flow consistent subsurface model. The accuracy of this method is demonstrated using two-phase flow simulation on four complex subsurface systems. The results indicate that the same flow responses, in a much less time, are reproduced using the multiscale models. The speed-up factor gained using the proposed method is also several orders of magnitude.
Policing a menstrual monster: how working class girls discuss their menstrual reactions and experiences

ABSTRACTMuch of the research on menarche and menstruation has been conducted with white, middle-class, heterosexual participants. The purpose of this study was to investigate among a group of urban, working-class participants how social identities shape girls’ construction of their preparation for menarche, emotional responses to the event, and subsequent menstrual maintenance practices. Fifteen adolescent girls (ages 11–16) participated in flexible in-depth interviews meant to explore their family and life history, their menarcheal experiences and menstrual practices, and transition to womanhood more broadly. Thematic analysis of the data revealed three significant themes highlighting how participants made sense of menstruation. Participants discussed a culture of silence around menstruation which contributed to their feeling poorly prepared for menarche; noted negative and uncontrollable emotional reactions to menstruation; and expressed embodied suffering and efforts to engage in self-policing in order...
Empirical Game-Theoretic Analysis of an Adaptive Cyber-Defense Scenario (Preliminary Report)

We investigate an adaptive cyber-defense scenario, where an attacker’s ability to compromise a targeted server increases progressively with probing, and the defender can erase attacker progress through a moving-target technique. The environment includes multiple resources, interdependent preferences, and asymmetric stealth. By combining systematic simulation over a strategy space with game-theoretic analysis, we identify equilibria for six versions of this environment. The results show how strategic outcomes vary qualitatively with environment conditions, and demonstrate the value of reliable probe detection in setting up an effective deterrent to attack.
Relating Fatigue Strain Accumulation to Microstructure using Digital Image Correlation

While fatigue has been studied extensively, fatigue life predictions are still phenomenological and relatively simple (e.g. Miner’s rule, Paris relationship, etc.). Many improvements have been suggested to such models to incorporate newly discovered phenomena, but fatigue life predictions still have limited accuracy and scope. A quantitative understanding of fatigue at the grain level would lead to models with better predictive capability and/or broader applicability. In this work, fatigue crack growth in Hastelloy X, a high-temperature nickel based alloy, was examined using an ex-situ digital image correlation technique. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was performed on a region of interest in front of the crack tip in a single edge notched tension specimen to obtain microstructural characteristics. The specimen was then fatigue loaded to advance the crack. At regular intervals of crack growth, the specimen was removed from the load frame and the region of interest was imaged with an optical microscope. By performing digital image correlation on these images, a full-field measure of the accumulated plastic strain was obtained as the crack approached and passed through the region of interest. Strain fields were compared to EBSD results to elucidate the relationship between microstructure and fatigue crack growth. The presence of strain concentrations at grain and (annealing) twin boundaries was seen to be instrumental in the evolution of plastic strain accumulation during fatigue.
A split-brain model of Alzheimer's disease? Behavioral evidence for comparable intra and interhemispheric decline

Abstract It has been proposed that features of Alzheimer-type dementia (AD) reflect a breakdown in cortical connectivity that can be likened to a disconnection syndrome. One hypothesized consequence of this pathology is that AD patients should be disproportionally impaired on measures of interhemispheric transfer. However, there is a paucity of studies bearing on this prediction. We report the results from two measures of interhemispheric interaction obtained from healthy younger and older adults, and older adults with probable AD. One measure examined speeded simple manual responses to a lateralized light flash (i.e., the Poffenberger task) and the other examined the interhemispheric coordination of computational resources using within and across hemifield variants of visual letter-matching tasks. AD patients show an overall impairment of performance on both intra and interhemispheric conditions in all tasks. However, there is no indication of disproportionate alteration of interhemispheric processes mediating either visuomotor transfer or visual letter-matching and the allocation of computational resources. The results, therefore, call into question the appropriateness of a “split-brain” model for AD, at least in the domain of visual processing. Although the results are not specifically diagnostic of a disconnection syndrome, they are consistent with the possibility of a breakdown of cortico-cortical connectivity both within and between the hemispheres in AD.
Contrast Mechanisms of Special Interest in Materials Science

The versatility of the scanning electron microscope is due in great measure to the rich variety of mechanisms of electron interaction with solids. These interaction mechanisms can be employed to produce contrast in SEM images, revealing differences in the physical nature of the specimen from point to point. This chapter will discuss six contrast formation mechanisms of particular interest: (1) electron channeling contrast, which is related to the crystallographic nature of a specimen; (2) type I and (3) type II magnetic contrast, which can reveal magnetic domains in both crystalline and artificial magnetic structures; (4) voltage contrast, which arises from differences in the electrostatic potential of the specimen; (5) electronbeam- induced current contrast, a phenomenon of electron-hole pair production in semiconductor devices; and (6) cathodoluminescence, which arises from the emission of long-wavelength electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet, visible, and/or infrared regions. Of these mechanisms, 1–5 are confined to applications in the physical sciences, while mechanism 6, cathodoluminescence, finds application in physical, mineralogical, and biological sciences.