cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence-detected two-photon circular dichroism of Gd3+ in trigonal Na3[Gd(C4H4O5)3] · 2NaClO4 · 6H2O

Abstract Fluorescence-detected two-photon circular dichroism measurements are reported for Gd3+ in single, uniaxial crystals of Na3[Gd(C4H4O5)3] · 2NaClO4 · 6H2O. These measurements were obtained from experiments in which sample fluorescence is excited by a sequence of one-color optical pulses modulated between left- and right-circular polarization states. Excitation is along the unique (optic) axis of the crystal sample, and fluorescence detection is along the direction of excitation. The fluorescence intensities produced by the left- and right-circularly polarized excitation pulses are measured separately and then added and subtracted to obtain the sum and difference quantities, I = I(L) + I(R) and ΔI = I(L) − I(R). Measurements of ΔI and I as a function of excitation wavelength yield spectra related to the circular dichroism (CD) and unpolarized absorption spectra of the sample, and ratios of ΔI to I/2 correspond exactly to absorption dissymmetry factors obtained from direct measurements of CD/absorption spectra. In the study reported here, ΔI and I excitation spectra were measured over spectral regions that correspond to two-photon excitation of 8S7/2 → 6P7/2, 6P5/2, and 6P3/2 transitions within the 4f7 electronic configuration of Gd3+ in Na3[Gd(C4H4O5)3] · 2NaClO4 · 6H2O. The two-photon circular dichroism (TPCD) spectra and absorption dissymmetry factors obtained from these measurements are the first to be reported for any optically active system. The results pose interesting new challenges for detailed mechanistic analyses of two-photon absorption processes, and they provide information about molecular transition polarizabilities that are unique to chiral systems. Furthermore, they suggest that TPCD measurements can yield structural information that both supplements and complements that obtainable from ordinary (one-photon) circular dichroism experiments.
The Teacher as Observer.

(1994). The Teacher as Observer. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 15, Feminist Pedagogy in Teacher Education, pp. 47-54.
Natural Enemy Complex of the Southern Chinch Bug in Florida

Biotic control agents which feed on the southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis Barber, in Florida were investigated from 1971–77. A scelionid egg parasite, Eumicrosoma benefica Gahan, was the only parasite found. Predatory bugs included: 2 lygaeids, Geocoris uliginiosus (Say) and G. bullatus Say; a nabid, Pagasa pallipes Stal.; 2 anthocorids, Xylocoris vicarius (Reuter) and Lasiochilus pallidulus Reuter; and a reduviid, Sinea sp. Other predators included a dermapteran, Labidura riparia Pallas, several ant species, primarily Solenopsis geminata (F.), and a spider, Lycosa sp. A fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsomo) Vuillemin, also attacked B. insularis. The biotic control agents that appeared to regulate populations of the southern chinch bug were: E. benefica, G. uliginosus, X. vicarius, and L. riparia.
Modernization and the Military in Latin America

In the 1950s modernization began to be an important paradigm for Latin American development. Early modernization theory depicted the economies of Latin America as traditional and underdeveloped. The theme of technological progress runs consistently through the modernization model. The purpose of this article is to assess an important question raised by Latin American development studies: that large allocations for the military sector are conducive to economic growth in Latin America. While this modernization literature is somewhat dated, many recent quantitative studies have also shown positive economic benefits from defence spending in the Third World. The added relevance here is that our model captures technological progress. After controlling for technological progress and externalities, our analysis shows that the military portion of budgets in Latin America have actually hindered modernization. We discuss these findings in terms of regime type and levels of US military aid to the region.
Photonic approach to the selective inactivation of viruses with a near-infrared subpicosecond fiber laser

We report a photonic approach for selective inactivation of viruses with a near-infrared subpicosecond laser. We demonstrate that this method can selectively inactivate viral particles ranging from nonpathogenic viruses such as the M13 bacteriophage and the tobacco mosaic virus to pathogenic viruses such as the human papillomavirus and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). At the same time, sensitive materials such as human Jurkat T cells, human red blood cells, and mouse dendritic cells remain unharmed. The laser technology targets the global mechanical properties of the viral protein shell, making it relatively insensitive to the local genetic mutation in the target viruses. As a result, the approach can inactivate both the wild and mutated strains of viruses. This intriguing advantage is particularly important in the treatment of diseases involving rapidly mutating viral species such as HIV. Our photonic approach could be used for the disinfection of viral pathogens in blood products and for the treatment of blood-borne viral diseases in the clinic.
Assessing Adaptive Expertise in Undergraduate Biomechanics

This paper describes the design, development, implementation, and assessment of a multimedia-based learning module focused on biomechanics. The module is comprised of three challenges and is based on a model of learning and instruction known as the How People Learn (HPL) framework. Classroom assessment of the first challenge was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the HPL approach increases adaptive expertise in movement biomechanics. Student achievement was quantified using pre- and post-test questionnaires designed to measure changes in three facets of adaptive expertise: factual and conceptual knowledge and transfer. The results showed that the HPL approach increased students' conceptual knowledge as well as their ability to transfer knowledge to new situations. These findings indicate that challenge-based instruction, when combined with an intellectually engaging curriculum and principled instructional design, can accelerate the trajectory of novice to expert development in bioengineering education.
Memory Walking with Urban Bush Women's Batty Moves

Like the childhood songs and butt-shaking contests of Ghana, Batty Moves by the Brooklyn-based dance company Urban Bush Women celebrates the African American female form. The choreographer and the dancers share their memories of butt-tucking ballet classes, and the author shares her memory walk from Ghana to black America.
Tight function zonula occludens-3 regulates cyclin D1–dependent cell proliferation

Coordinated regulation of cell proliferation is vital for epithelial tissue homeostasis, and uncontrolled proliferation is a hallmark of carcinogenesis. A growing body of evidence indicates that epithelial tight junctions (TJs) play a role in these processes, although the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. In this study, we identify and characterize a novel plasma membrane pool of cyclin D1 with cell-cycle regulatory functions. We have determined that the zonula occludens (ZO) family of TJ plaque proteins sequesters cyclin D1 at TJs during mitosis, through an evolutionarily conserved class II PSD-95, Dlg, and ZO-1 (PDZ)-binding motif within cyclin D1. Disruption of the cyclin D1/ZO complex through mutagenesis or siRNA-mediated suppression of ZO-3 resulted in increased cyclin D1 proteolysis and G(0)/G(1) cell-cycle retention. This study highlights an important new role for ZO family TJ proteins in regulating epithelial cell proliferation through stabilization of cyclin D1 during mitosis.
Optimal design of nonlinear magnetic circuits by finite elements and a dynamic programming approach

A novel procedure for the design of nonlinear magnetic circuits is presented. The optimum choice of a set of geometries is based on the set which gives the minimum size of the magnetic circuit topology. At the same time, the chosen set of geometries should not violate the specified flux density in the core, or the specified current in the coil. In the proposed method, the nodal coordinates are expressed as Newton-Raphson unknowns using local Jacobian derivatives. A set of nodal coordinates is found to identify an initial topology and outline of the magnetic circuit. The obtained topology is then perturbed. The difference (error) in flux density in the core due to topology changes is determined and minimized by using least squares. Since this step is obtained because of the change of one of the geometries defining the outline of the circuit, it is repeated every time a different geometry is perturbed. The optimum geometries can then be picked by utilizing a backward dynamic programming procedure. This technique was implemented in the design of a single-phase-transformer as an example. The results were verified using standard finite-element analysis on empirical design data. >
PATHOLOGY OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIAS IN MICE FOLLOWING INHALATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS, OF FRIEDLANDER'S BACILLUS, AND OF PNEUMOCOCCUS.

1. Pulmonary consolidation may be produced in normal mice by the inhalation of Friedlander's bacillus or Streptococcus haemolylicus . 2. The initial lesion is in both instances interstitial in character and the spread is by way of the interstitial tissue, though the ultimate consolidation may come to resemble in the gross a lobar pneumonia. 3. The lesions grossly and microscopically may be distinguished from the lobar consolidation associated with pneumococcus infection of the lung. 4. Friedlander's bacillus and Streptococcus haemolyticus give rise to pneumonia in mice previously normal, whereas the pneumococcus produces pulmonary lesions only under special circumstances, as when the animals are alcoholized after partial immunization.
Multichannel System Identification

A multichannel linear system has several inputs and several outputs, and all input signals interact linearly to generate every output signal. Thus in an m-input, m-output configuration, if W1(z), W2(z),..., Wm(z) represent the input signal transforms and X1(z), X2(z),..., Xm(z) the output signal transforms,1 then $$ {{X}_{i}}(z) = \sum\limits_{{j = 1}}^{m} {{{H}_{{ij}}}(z){{W}_{j}}(z),\;i = 1 \to m} $$ (5.1) , or in matrix form $$ X(z) = H(z) W(z) $$ (5.2) , where $$ X(z) \triangleq {{[{{X}_{1}}(z),{\mkern 1mu} {{X}_{2}}(z),...,{{X}_{m}}(z)]}^{T}} $$ (5.3) $$ W(z) \triangleq {{[{{W}_{1}}(z),{\mkern 1mu} {{W}_{2}}(z), ... , {{W}_{m}}(z)]}^{T}}. $$ (5.4) .
Odor and chemesthesis from brief exposures to TXIB.

An experiment explored ability of subjects to detect vapors of the plasticizer TXIB (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate) and ethanol via olfaction and via ocular and nasal chemesthesis, i.e. chemically stimulated feel. Testing, tailored to the sensitivity of each subject, produced psychometric functions for individuals. Olfactory detection of TXIB began at concentrations below 1 ppb (v/v), with 50% correct detection at 1.2 ppb. (Comparable detection for ethanol occurred almost two orders of magnitude higher.) Chemesthetic detection of TXIB began at about 500 ppb, with 50% correct detection at 2.1 ppm for the eye and 4.6 ppm for the nose, both close to saturated vapor concentration. (Comparable detection for ethanol occurred essentially three orders of magnitude higher.) Suggestions that TXIB plays a role in generation of irritative symptoms at concentrations in the range of parts-per-billion need to reckon with a conservatively estimated 200-fold gap between the levels putatively ‘responsible’ for the symptoms and those even minimally detectable via chemesthesis. Neither the variable of exposure duration nor that of mixing offers a likely explanation. Inclusion of ethanol in the study allowed comparisons pertinent to issues of variability in human chemoreception. An interpretation of the psychometric functions for individuals across materials and perceptual continua led to the conclusion that use of concentration as the metric of detection in olfaction inflates individual differences.
Conceptual issues in the design of trade policy for industrialization

Abstract This paper considers the following question: starting from first principles, what kind of a case can be made for an industry-oriented trade policy, and what would such a policy look like? The answer lies in an explicit consideration of specific market failures and externalities which, in the absence of corrective policies, may leave industry in command of a socially suboptimal share of the economy's resources. The paper considers such market failures and the role that trade policy can play in addressing them. Special attention is paid to: (a) the appropriate level of protection; (b) price versus nonprice measures; (c) the role of targeting, selectivity and uniformity; (d) the stability of incentives over time; and (e) the qualitative aspects of trade regimes.
Adolescents' Hopes for Personal, Local, and Global Future: Insights from Ukraine

This study explores adolescents’ hopes for personal, local, and global future in postcommunist Ukraine. The research is based on a survey of 200 sixth-graders in the cities of Donetsk and Lviv in fall 2005. The analysis identifies six domains related to personal aspirations of adolescents: education, career, self-actualization, personal relationships, material possessions, and physical well-being. The findings also indicate that local concerns of respondents focus on the quality of public services and the environment. The study further finds that students fear most the deterioration of crossborder interpersonal relations. In addition, the analysis suggests that Ukrainian adolescents are more concerned about domestic politics than their peers in mature democracies. Moreover, the findings reveal gender and regional variations in the content of adolescents’ hopes.
Evaluation of facial composite evidence depends on the presence of other case factors

Purpose. Previous research on the reliability of eyewitnesses' facial composites suggests that some scepticism is warranted when evaluating their accuracy. The current research examines the degree to which mock jurors evaluate facial composite images as a source of incriminating or exonerating evidence against a defendant, particularly when they are inconsistent with other evidence presented. Method. Mock jurors read a fictitious criminal trial transcript of a person charged with armed robbery. Experiment 1 manipulated the facial composite evidence such that participants viewed a facial composite which was either a good or a poor match to the defendant. Experiment 2 also manipulated the quality of the facial composite evidence, as well as the other case evidence against the defendant. After reading the transcript, participants made several testimony-relevant judgments about the case. Results. Mock jurors reacted more favourably towards the defendant when the facial composite resembled him than when it did not, but reacted similarly when the composite did not resemble the defendant vs. no composite presented. In addition, assessments of the strength of the composite evidence varied depending on the other case evidence presented. Conclusion. Mock jurors selectively incorporate evidence into their judgments about the credibility of the eyewitness and the culpability of the defendant. They responded to strong vs. weak facial composite evidence as one would expect: A good match composite was viewed as more favourable to the prosecution than a poor match composite. Weak facial composite evidence was largely ignored, however, participants' assessment of the strength of this evidence was adjusted to be consistent with the other evidence presented.
Novel genomic rearrangement that affects expression of the Streptococcus pyogenes streptolysin O (slo) gene

A RecA-independent chromosomal rearrangement in the upstream region of the streptolysin O (slo) gene of Streptococcus pyogenes which affects slo expression was identified. PCR analysis was used to demonstrate that this kind of rearrangement was found in several strains of different lineages. Chromosomal loci involved in the recombination were found to be 746 kb apart on the 1.85-Mb-long chromosome. The primary structure of the splicing region, the reproducibility of the rearrangement, and the fact that reconstructed recombinant molecules fused to erm and lacZ reporter genes affected their expression indicate that this event is not accidental but may play a role in the expression of the slo gene. In addition, the product of the recombining DNAs, including the splicing site, does not follow any example of a known recombination mechanism. The implications of this rearrangement for slo expression are discussed.
Inelastic scattering of NO(2Π) with atomic and molecular colliders. Rotational and fine-structure excitations

Abstract The inelastic collisions of NO ( T rot ⩽ 5 K) with Ar, Xe, CO, N 2 , O 2 , N 2 O and CO 2 were studied in molecular beams at center-of-mass collision energies 750–2500 cm −1 . Rotational, Λ-doublet and spin-orbit distributions of scattered NO ( 2 Π 1 2 3 2 ) were determined. In all the scattering experiments (with the possible exception of Ar) no preferences wer observed in the Λ-doublet populations. The rotational distributions all appear Boltzmann-like, with somewhat different rotational temperatures. The populations of the 2 Π 1 2 and 2 Π 3 2 spin-orbit states depend on the nature of the collider, but do not show any clear relationship with the extent of rotational excitation. No evidence of long-range attractive interactions is revealed in any of the systems studied.
Prospects for Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccines Against Hepatitis C Virus

Natural cross-protective immunity is induced after spontaneous clearance of primary hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Although this suggests that effective prophylactic vaccines against HCV are possible, there are still several areas that require further study. Current data indicate that, at best, vaccine-induced immunity may not completely prevent HCV infection but rather prevent persistence of the virus. However, this may be an acceptable goal, because chronic persistence of the virus is the main cause of pathogenesis and the development of serious liver conditions. Therapeutic vaccine development is also highly challenging; however, strategies have been pursued in combination with current or new treatments in an effort to reduce the costs and adverse effects associated with antiviral therapy. This review summarizes the current state of HCV vaccines and the challenges faced for future development and clinical trial design. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health problem in the United States and worldwide, with the majority of acute infections progressing to chronicity in the absence of therapy [1]. HCV is associated with 40%–60% of chronic liver disease cases in the United States, and approximately 30% of these patients develop progressive fibrosis and cirrhosis [2], making hepatitis C the major disease leading to liver transplantation [3]. Although current therapies can clear HCV infection, treatment success can be limited by a range of factors, including awareness of infection status, access to care, cost of therapy, patient adherence, relative efficacy of different regimens, adverse effects, viral genotype, and host factors. For these reasons, the development of safe, effective, and affordable vaccines against HCV remains the best long-term hope for bringing the global epidemic under control, which was emphasized in 2011 when the US Department of Health and Human Services issued the Viral Hepatitis Action Plan [4]. An immunological approach to treatment is also sought to replace or enhance treatment. Major benefits in expenses and logistics would be gained if patients could be treated with 2–3 doses of a therapeutic vaccine, as opposed to several months of combination drug therapy.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate signals the way for Cx43-mediated cardioprotection

This editorial refers to ‘The natural cardioprotective particle HDL modulates connexin43 gap junction channels’ by S. Morel et al., doi:10.1093/cvr/cvr257. The onset of coronary occlusion caused by vasospasm, thrombosis, or atherosclerotic plaque rupture produces myocardial ischaemia, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) can result within minutes. Reperfusion with minimal time lapse is the treatment of choice for AMI, but coronary reperfusion can also enhance myocardial injury and the induction of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. In 1986, it was fortuitously discovered that brief bouts of myocardial ischaemia prior to the onset of prolonged ischaemia and infarction could protect the myocardium and reduce infarct size.1 Cardioprotection—the promotion of cell survival, myocardial function, and reduction of infarct size—is conferred by brief episodes of ischaemia prior to prolonged occlusion, a phenomenon called ‘ischaemic preconditioning’ (IPC).1,2 High-density lipoproteins (HDL), containing the so-called ‘good cholesterol’, are known to induce IPC independent of their lipid-lowering effects.3 Connexin43 (Cx43), the major myocardial gap junction protein responsible for rapid, synchronous transmission of the cardiac action potential, was also obligatorily linked to IPC when it was observed that the heterozygous deletion of the Gja1 gene in (Cx43+/−) mice eliminated the response.4 This requirement for the presence of Cx43 for IPC to occur was subsequently linked to the preservation of Cx43 phosphorylation during prolonged ischaemia.5 However, a link between the cardioprotective effects of HDL and Cx43 has not previously been established. An original study by Morel et al. 6 establishes a causal link …
Treatment of an 18-year-old mare for bilateral, branchial remnant cysts

Summary This report describes the treatment of an aged mare for bilateral, branchial remnant cysts by marsupialisation and sclerotherapy the cysts. Treatment to resolve the cysts was prolonged, but the mare had no long-term complications.
Far-Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy with SAFIRE on SOFIA

The Submillimeter and Far-InfraRed Experiment (SAFIRE) on the SOFIA airborne observatory is an imaging Fabry-Perot spectrometer operating at wavelengths between 100μm and 700μm. SAFIRE’s key science goal is to investigate line emission in galaxies at wavelengths not visible from the ground, and to map the variation in this line emission in nearby galaxies. SOFIA will fly at an altitude where the atmosphere is mostly transparent, permitting SAFIRE to achieve a high point source sensitivity at most wavelengths. With a field of view of 160''×320'' at a spectral resolution of ~200km/s, when SAFIRE achieved first light in 2006, it will add substantial capability to the first light instrument complement of SOFIA. SAFIRE’s top priority observations will be to measure emission lines in the Galactic center, to map emission lines in nearby galaxies, and to understand the physics of the cores of ultraluminous galaxies from the local region to the high redshift universe through far-infrared fine-structure line emission.
Single-Switch Computer Access for Infants and Toddlers

Computer access was studied with children between the ages of 6 months and 18 months with no known handicapping conditions. The research focused on determining at what age young children can access a computer using a single-switch system to run a simple cause-and-effect program. The sample consisted of 80 children divided into four groups (6 to 8 months, 9 to 11 months, 12 to 14 months, and 15 to 17 months). Results demonstrated that some children as young as 6 months of age could control a computer-based, cause-and-effect program using a single-switch access system. Therefore, professionals who work with children with disabilities may consider introducing computers to children at this age or to children who are functioning near this cognitive developmental level.
Cased-Hole Logging for Evaluating Bypassed Reserves

Cased-hole formation evaluation logs are playing a major role in efforts to increase recovery from existing reservoirs. While the logs available today are significant improvements over those of just a few years ago, care must still be exercised for successful applications. Application limitations remain, although some of these are being addressed by ongoing research.
Corporate Responsibility for Toxins

From the beginning of its history, industry has responded to calls for government regulation by arguing that voluntary compliance was sufficient to ensure that it acted responsibly. Here we outline three cases that raise broad policy questions concerning the degree to which we can trust industry to control its own behavior with regard to industrial pollutants. First, we outline the experience of Americans with the lead industry, the producer of a well-known industrial toxin. Second, we look at the silica-using industries, whose central mineral caused innumerable deaths and disabilities to exposed workers in the 1930s. Finally, we trace the efforts of the plastics industry to keep knowledge about the carcinogenic potential of vinyl chloride secret from the government.
Cytoskeleton-Membrane Interaction and the Remodeling of the Cell Surface During Phagocytosis and Chemotaxis

Chemotaxis and phagocytosis are membrane processes. They begin with the interaction of particles or chemoattractants with cell surface receptors. Their earliest manifestations include changes in ion fluxes (1), the activation of membrane oxidases (2) and the physical reorganization of the membrane and underlying cytoskeleton to form new structures: pseudopods during phagocytosis, uropods and lamellipodia during chemotaxis (3). In this paper we review evidence for a remarkable topographical reorganization of membrane structural determinants and of surface functions during chemotaxis and phagocytosis. It will be shown that membrane receptors may segregate to specific regions of the surface. After ligand binding to these receptors, the resulting complexes may be translocated to other specific regions. Functions such as endocytosis and membrane transport are also restricted to specified areas of the surface. The mechanisms that initiate and sustain these topographical asymmetries will be explored. Recognition of these membrane events may clarify several characteristic properties of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and macrophages, for example their ability to maintain unidirectional movements in very shallow chemotactic gradients or to preserve the integrity of membrane transport systems during the removal of cell surface by phagocytosis.
On the design of optimal active/sleep scheme for aggregator node in wireless sensor networks

Data aggregation and active/sleep mode are widely used for saving energy in wireless sensor networks. However, little research has been done on optimizing the active/sleep scheme design for the aggregator node. In this paper, we propose a novel stochastic model for the aggregator node with active/sleep mode as well as derive the analytical results for the optimal design metrics such as the Complete Aggregation Packet (CAP) rate, the Total Aggregation Packet (TAP) rate and the Success ratio which is defined as the CAP rate divided by the TAP rate. To simplify the optimal design problem, an approximation of the relation between the data arrival rate, the mean time in active phase and the Success ratio is established. The simulation results adequately reflect the analytical results through extensive numerical simulations. An illustrative example demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed design technique.
In-Situ X-Ray Microbeam Cu Fluorescence and Strain Measurements on Al(0.5 AT.% Cu) Conductor Lines During Electromigration

We have used x-ray microbeam fluorescence and diffraction for in-situ measurements of Cu concentration and strain during 36 hours of electromigration with current density 5×105 A/cm2 at temperature 310°C for a passivated 10μm-wide, 200μm-long Al(0.5 at.% Cu) conductor line. These measurements indicate that Cu is quickly depleted at the cathode end of the line and is piled up at the anode end, where the Cu concentration first increases, then decreases, and finally remains constant. A void begins growing at the cathode end of the line about two hours after the start of current flow, with a nearly constant void growth rate of 1 μm/hr for the remainder of the test. The evolution of stresses within the line during electromigration involves changes by 100's of MPa and is more complex than seen previously for electromigration under similar conditions for pure Al conductor lines.
Connecting patients to services: Screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment in primary health care

Screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT) in primary care is a burgeoning environmental treatment strategy for illicit and prescription drug abuse and a variety of other health behaviors. While clinical research on SBIRT's efficacy continues to produce positive results, translational research focusing on the integration of the evidence-based processes into primary care settings has been less prevalent. This paper describes the decisions made in the design of the Indiana SBIRT project and describes several barriers that prevented eligible patients from receiving services provided through SBIRT. It then elaborates on the qualitative mechanisms used to identify solutions to those barriers and provides preliminary quantitative evidence for the effectiveness of the solutions that were implemented. The intention of this translational research is to provide a broad perspective on program improvement so that other SBIRT projects in the United States and internationally might benefit from the...
Design, Evaluation and Application of a Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor System for Use in Nitric Acid Air Pollutant Studies

Nitric acid (HNO3) vapor is a significant component of air pollution. Dry deposition of HNO3 is thought to be a major contributor to terrestrial loading of anthropogenically-derived nitrogen (N), but many questions remain regarding the physico-chemical process of deposition and the biological responses to accumulation of dry-deposited HNO3 on surfaces. To examine these processes experimentally, a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) fumigation system has been constructed. This system enables simultaneous fumigation at several concentrations in working volumes 1.3 m dia by 1.3 m ht, allowing for simultaneous fumigation of many experimental units. Evaluation of the system indicates that it is appropriate for long-term exposures of several months duration and capable of mimicking patterns of diurnal atmospheric HNO3 concentrations representative of areas with different levels of pollution.
Divergent response to LPS and bacteria in CD14-deficient murine macrophages.

Gram-negative bacteria and the LPS constituent of their outer membranes stimulate the release of inflammatory mediators believed to be responsible for the clinical manifestations of septic shock. The GPI-linked membrane protein, CD14, initiates the signaling cascade responsible for the induction of this inflammatory response by LPS. In this paper, we report the generation and characterization of CD14-null mice in which the entire coding region of CD14 was deleted. As expected, LPS failed to elicit TNF-α and IL-6 production in macrophages taken from these animals, and this loss in responsiveness is associated with impaired activation of both the NF-κB and the c-Jun N-terminal mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. The binding and uptake of heat-killed Escherichia coli , measured by FACS analysis, did not differ between CD14-null and wild-type macrophages. However, in contrast to the findings with LPS, whole E. coli stimulated similar levels of TNF-α release from CD14-null and wild-type macrophages at a dose of 10 bioparticles per cell. This effect was dose dependent, and at lower bacterial concentrations CD14-deficient macrophages produced significantly less TNF-α than wild type. Approximately half of this CD14-independent response appeared to be mediated by CD11b/CD18, as demonstrated by receptor blockade using neutrophil inhibitory factor. An inhibitor of phagocytosis, cytochalasin B, abrogated the induction of TNF-α in CD14-deficient macrophages by E. coli . These data indicate that CD14 is essential for macrophage responses to free LPS, whereas other receptors, including CD11b/CD18, can compensate for the loss of CD14 in response to whole bacteria.
MASS MEDIA AND THE REPULSIVE ALLURE OF RELIGIOUS HEALING: THE CINCI HOCA IN TURKISH MODERNITY

[Fade in from commercial, sonorous male voice advertising the evening news.] Once again a cinci hoca , once again a sexual harassing… Recently in our country, this exorcizing of spirits, witchcraft, fortune-telling, and mediumship, which are all products of primitive, magical thought, have been spreading like an epidemic. For years, either knowingly or unknowingly, they have been given extensive advertisement in newspapers and on television stations that seek to increase their circulation with dramatic news. —Dr. Orhan Ozturk, Cumhuriyet , 1997
Additions to the natural history of Gammarotettix bilobatus (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae)

Abstract The arboreal camel cricket, Gammarotettix bilobatus Thomas, is abundant and widespread in California. It emerges in mid to late February, survives into late May and early June, and utilizes 8 host-plant species (coast live oak, barberry, Christmas berry, California lilac, California buckeye, Monterey pine, black locust, and California bay), some of which are toxic. It appears that G. bilobatus switches host plants intraseasonally and possibly acts as an inadvertent pollinator of some of its host plants.
Parent-Child Relationships and Depression

Over the decades depression has been variously characterized by the dominant etiological theory of the times as an intrapsychic disorder in response to loss, as a biological disorder of defective genes or neurotransmitters, as a cognitive disorder of dysfunctional thinking about the self and the environment. Recently, at least among certain psychologists, the emphasis has shifted again: depression is an interpersonal disorder. Depression undoubtedly involves some of all of these and other processes, for it is wise to consider that there are “different depressions,” involving different origins.
Learning and Teaching Cultural Competence in the Practice of Social Work

Abstract Referencing Bertha Capen Reynolds' stages of learning and teaching the practice of social work, the author offers a conceptual framework for examining how supervisors and workers or field instructors and student collaborate in learning and teaching about cultural competence.
The Bodies Politic: Chronic Health Conditions and Participatory Inequalities

Health policy researchers often evaluate the social and economic consequences of chronic illness, but rarely have they considered the implications of chronic illness on political participation. However, if chronic illnesses — already unequally distributed in society — are associated with differential rates of political participation, then these inequalities in democratic representation could, in turn, feed back to produce further health inequity. In this study, we use data from 8 states from the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey to examine the associations between having diagnoses of five chronic conditions and turnout in the 2008 election. After adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and some health-related confounding factors, we find that individuals with cancer diagnoses are more likely to vote while those with heart disease diagnoses are less likely to vote. These associations differ by race and educational status; notably, blacks and those with lower education who are diagnosed with cancer are even more likely to turn out to vote than whites and those with more education with cancer. We discuss the implications of our finding within the context of health social movements and the role of health organizations in shaping political processes, important directions for the study of health politics.
Overcoming difficulties in trephining donor corneas for penetrating keratoplasty

Abstract The complication of the donor button becoming trapped inside the barrel of the trephine blade can become a frustrating situation for the surgeon who is trying to recover it. The use of a sterile medicine dropper to apply slight suction to the epithelial side of the button allows for easy and secure removal of the trapped button without the risk of distortion or direct trauma to the endothelium as could occur with other methods.
Physical Activity and Physical Education: A Combined Approach

There has been much debate related to whether physical education should focus on promoting physical activity during class or place most of its emphasis on teaching skills. This article offers a third viewpoint: that both sides are correct.
Nuclear spectroscopy of /sup 189/Os. [J,. pi. , Nilsson systematics]

Forty-three states have been observed up to an energy of 1474 keV in /sup 189/Os using reactions /sup 188/Os(d,p)/sup 189/Os and /sup 190/Os(d,t)/sup 189/Os, produced with 12 MeV deuterons, and the /sup 188/Os(n,..gamma..)/sup 189/Os reaction using thermal neutrons and observing ..gamma.. rays from 36 to 5933 keV. The neutron separation energy of /sup 189/Os was determined to be 5920.8 +- 2.0 keV in agreement with the value of the (d,p) reaction. The Q value for the/sup 190/Os(d,t)/sup 180/Os reaction was measured to be -1530 +- 4 keV. Using l-transfer results, spin-parities were assigned to 14 states. A number of states up to 818 keV were qualitatively interpreted in terms of the Nilsson model. Anomalous Nilsson systematics particularly of the 1/2-(510) and 3/2-(512) bands involving anomalously large (d,p) and (d,t) cross sections populating the 5/2- and 3/2- states at 69.6 and 95.3 keV, respectively, are interpreted in terms of decreasing deformation and the consequent increase in Coriolis coupling. The low lying 5/2- state at 276 keV is interpreted as the lowest rotational state built on the 9/2-(505) level at 30.8 keV. This implies triaxiality for this configuration. (AIP)
Losing the Wind Beneath Your Wings The Prospective Influence of Romantic Breakup on Goal Progress

Support from romantic partners can have tremendous benefits for people’s personal goal pursuits. However, when relationships end in breakup, this goal support is lost. Thus, breakup may have important consequences for goal progress. A longitudinal study found that breaking up with goal instrumental partners predicted poorer subsequent goal progress. Breaking up with noninstrumental partners did not impair goal progress. In contrast, breakup did not predict changes in goal importance, suggesting that people still valued goals associated with their former partners. These findings are the first to reveal a hidden potential cost of breakup: losing the support people once relied on to achieve their valued personal goals. Thus, finding alternative sources of goal support may be essential to coping successfully with breakup.
Index to Species and Varieties of Fungi Described by C. H. Peck from 1909 to 1915

(1962). Index to Species and Varieties of Fungi Described by C. H. Peck from 1909 to 1915. Mycologia: Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 460-465.
Intergovernmental Growth Management: A Partnership Framework for State-Local Relations

Growth management receives strong support as a policy concept. However, there are serious political reservations concerning its implementation. The Florida Growth Management Act is an example of a well constructed policy that relies on a partnership approach to state-local relations. Its implementation during 1989 has brought to light the difficulties in maintaining that partnership, mainly due to disagreements over responsibility for funding the infrastructure needed to manage growth. State willingness to negotiate revenue sources and responsibility is essential to strong state-local relations. The complexities of financing growth management threaten the viability of strong planning policy, regardless of its rationality.
Development and Predatory Behavior of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Relation to Temperature

Embryos, larvae, and pupae of T. brevipalpis Theobald were reared at different constant temperatures. Larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.) were provided as prey. Rate of development and amount of prey killed and consumed were measured. Embryonic and larval development occurred in the range l4–32°C. The lower and upper threshold temperatures of embryonic and larval development were 13 and 33°C respectively. Optimum development temperature was 29–30°C; above this temperature, development was prolonged for both embryos and larvae. In contrast, duration of the pupal stage decreased above 30°C, being shortest at 32°C. The logistic equation was used to calculate speed of development. Rate of predation was greater at high temperature. More prey larvae were consumed and/or killed at 30–32°C than at 20–26°C. Although more food was consumed, T. brevipalpis larvae and pupae were smaller at high temperature. As pupation approached, many prey larvae were killed but not consumed. T. brevipalpis reared at 30–32°C began killing and abandoning prey 7–8 days before pupation, as compared to 1–4 days before pupation for those reared at 20–26°C. High temperature also enhanced the number of prey killed per day. Depending on temperature, each larva destroyed an average of 154 to 358 A. aegypti larvae during its entire larval development.
Medical Education in Laboratory Testing: An Approach Incorporating the Student’s Own Laboratory Results

Physicians’ patterns of clinical laboratory utilization have been the subject of a great deal of recent scrutiny and criticism. Only a few studies have presented educational programs for the development of physician skills in ordering and interpreting laboratory tests, and these programs have been directed toward trainees in the fourth year of medical school or beyond. We describe here a 20-week course of instruction that systematically covers the fundamental principles of appropriate laboratory utilization as a part of the second-year medical school curriculum. The course makes efficient use of faculty time while giving students a broad exposure to the principles of laboratory medicine. A particularly effective tool in the course has been the use of the students’ own laboratory results to teach the principles of laboratory test interpretation.
A retrospective study showing the extent of compliance with perioperative guidelines in patients with coronary stents with regard to double antiplatelet therapy

Abstract Study objective To evaluate perioperative dual antiplatelet therapy management in patients with previously placed coronary stents. Design Retrospective medical record review. Setting Academic medical center. Patients A total of 1891 surgical cases performed at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in 2012 were evaluated using a perioperative database. Of these, 161 had complete data records that were evaluated using 2 evidence-based and expert opinion–supported protocols. Interventions N/A. Measurements This study is meant to evaluate perioperative antiplatelet management decisions in patients with coronary stents. Main results Management decisions were consistent with guidelines regarding antiplatelet therapy in 13% (21/161) of patients. Of the 87% (140/161) of cases where decisions were not consistent, 88% (123/140) were due to discontinuing aspirin preoperatively when there was not a high risk of surgical bleeding. Conclusions This study revealed suboptimal adherence to current perioperative antiplatelet management guidelines in patients with coronary stents. The lack of adherence to current guidelines is concerning and could be used to support the notion of an anesthesiologist-led Perioperative Surgical Home.
Giant Cell Arteritis: An Atypical Presentation Diagnosed with the Use of MRI Imaging.

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common primary systemic vasculitis in western countries in individuals over the age of 50. It is typically characterised by the granulomatous involvement of large and medium sized blood vessels branching of the aorta with particular tendencies for involving the extracranial branches of the carotid artery. Generally the diagnosis is straightforward when characteristic symptoms such as headache, jaw claudication, or other ischemic complications are present. Atypical presentations of GCA without “overt” cranial ischemic manifestations have become increasingly recognised but we report for the first time a case of GCA presenting as mild upper abdominal pain and generalized weakness in the context of hyponatremia as the presenting manifestation of vasculitis that was subsequently diagnosed by MRI scanning. This case adds to the literature and emphasises the importance of MRI in the evaluation of GCA patients without “classic” cranial ischemic symptoms.
Laying a foundation for the graphical course map

The learning managements systems (LMS)s that are widely used to provide access to educational opportunities on the Web are limited by a text based, linear presentation of course materials and the standard temporal restrictions in the traditional classroom. Making a fundamental change in how course materials are presented and interfaced with can make educational opportunities available to a broader spectrum of people with diverse abilities and various circumstances. We have developed a graph-based approach to presenting the learning materials of a course using a system called ENABLE [6, 7] with three major goals: (1) facilitate restructuring a set of synchronous classroom materials into a dynamic online system, (2) provide algorithms to analyze and enhance student performance as well as provide insights to the instructor concerning the efficacy of the learning items and their organization, and (3) identify ways to use data from an existing linear, temporal based course presentation to train predictive models for a course that allows individual flexibility in the ordering of the material. This work demonstrates the possibility of presenting course materials in a graphical way that expresses important relations and provides support for manipulating the order and timing of those materials. The graphical course map adds a new approach to making education accessible to people from many different spectrums of ability that respond and interface better with visual representations and those who will benefit from the removal of temporal limitations.
A conversation with Elizabeth A. Stuart

Elizabeth A. Stuart is a Professor in the Departments of Mental Health, Biostatistics, and Health Policy and Management at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Associate Dean for Education at the school. She is a renowned expert in the area of causal inference, including propensity score methods for observational data and the generalizability of randomized trial results, and is also a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. Prior to her appointment to the faculty at Johns Hopkins, Professor Stuart received her Ph.D. in statistics from Harvard University and a bachelor’s degree in mathematics from Smith College. In 2015, Professor Stuart was recognized at the International Conference on Health Policy Statistics with the Mid-Career Award from the Health Policy Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association.
Managers' Personal Bankruptcy Costs and Risk Taking

Exploiting a bankruptcy reform in Korea, I examine how shareholders' and managers' personal bankruptcy costs affect firms' financing and investment decisions. Under the pre-reform auction system incumbent management is forced to resign and the firm is sold to new investors. Under the post-reform management stay system, existing shareholders and incumbent management stay in control of the firm during bankruptcy proceedings. I find that firms curb risk-taking under the auction system, when bankruptcy states are costlier for managers and shareholders. Specifically, firms take on lower leverage, forego risky investment projects, and undertake less innovation under the auction regime. The effects are stronger for firms where private benefits of control are large and firms in which managers' wealth is more concentrated in the firm.