cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constructing Causal Diagrams to Learn Deliberation

Policy problems like "What should we do about global warming?" are ill-defined in large part because we do not agree on a system to represent them the way we agree Algebra problems should be represented by equations. As a first step toward building a policy deliberation tutor, we investigated: (a) whether causal diagrams help students learn to evaluate policy options, (b) whether constructing diagrams promotes learning and (c) what difficulties students have constructing and interpreting causal diagrams. The first experiment tested whether providing information as text, text plus a correct diagram, or text plus a diagramming tool helped undergraduates predict the effects of policy options. A second, think-aloud study identified expert and novice errors on the same task. Results showed that constructing and receiving diagrams had different effects on performance and transfer. Students given a correct diagram on a posttest made more correct policy inferences than those given text or a diagramming tool. On a transfer test presented as text only, students who had practiced constructing diagrams made the most correct inferences, even though they did not construct diagrams during the transfer test. Qualitative results showed that background knowledge sometimes interfered with diagram interpretation but was also used normatively to augment inferences from the diagram. Taken together, the results suggest that: causal diagrams are a good representation system for a deliberation tutor, tutoring should include diagram construction, and a deliberation tutor must monitor the student's initial beliefs and how they change in response to evidence, perhaps by representing both the evidence provided and the student's synthesized causal model.
The effect of continuous enteral nutrition on gastric acidity in humans.

Abstract: This study examines 24-hour gastric pH response under four nutritional conditions in 11 normal subjects. The conditions include: fasting, normal meals, and infusion of an equicaloric nutritional solution either parenterally or intraduodenally (i.d.). The volunteers underwent four 24-hour intragastric pH measurement studies. Serum glucose, calcium, immunoreactive insulin, and gastrin levels were determined at various intervals. Median 24-hour gastric pH values were significantly lower during i.d. infusion than during parenteral feeding but were not significantly different from fasting or normal diet values. Median 24-hour serum glucose levels during i.d. infusion were higher than during fasting and lower than during parenteral nutrition. Median 24-hour serum insulin levels during i.d. infusion were higher than during fasting but similar to levels during parenteral nutrition. Neither median 24-hour gastrin levels nor calcium levels were altered by the various regimens. The authors conclude that co...
Life change, disease, perception and heroin addiction

Abstract This is a pilot study of heroin addicts using recently developed tests which measure life change, perception of life change and perception of disease. The data indicate that heroin addicts maintain very high levels of life change while having normal or augmented perception of the impact of life change and of the seriousness of their disease. It is postulated that treatment techniques aimed at increasing understanding and insight may be countertherapeutic for these patients in that it gives them additional methods of manipulating others and tends to perpetuate the addiction life style. The preferred treatment, according to this study, may involve reducing life change in a setting of tight behavioral control where behavioral substitutes to heroin use are offered.
Factorization Structure of Gauge Theory Amplitudes and Application to Hard Scattering Processes at the LHC

Previous work on electroweak radiative corrections to high-energy scattering using soft-collinear effective theory (SCET) has been extended to include external transverse and longitudinal gauge bosons and Higgs bosons. This allows one to compute radiative corrections to all parton-level hard scattering amplitudes in the standard model to next-to-leading-log order, including QCD and electroweak radiative corrections, mass effects, and Higgs exchange corrections, if the high-scale matching, which is suppressed by two orders in the log counting, and contains no large logs, is known. The factorization structure of the effective theory places strong constraints on the form of gauge theory amplitudes at high energy for massless and massive gauge theories, which are discussed in detail in the paper. The radiative corrections can be written as the sum of process-independent one-particle collinear functions, and a universal soft function. We give plots for the radiative corrections to qq{yields}W{sub T}W{sub T}, Z{sub T}Z{sub T}, W{sub L}W{sub L}, and Z{sub L}H, and gg{yields}W{sub T}W{sub T} to illustrate our results. The purely electroweak corrections are large, ranging from 12% at 500 GeV to 37% at 2 TeV for transverse W pair production, and increasing rapidly with energy. The estimated theoretical uncertainty to the partonic (hard) cross section inmore » most cases is below 1%, smaller than uncertainties in the parton distribution functions. We discuss the relation between SCET and other factorization methods, and derive the Magnea-Sterman equations for the Sudakov form factor using SCET, for massless and massive gauge theories, and for light and heavy external particles.« less
The design of the E programming language

E is an extension of C++ designed for writing software systems to support persistent applications. Originally designed as a language for implementing database systems, E has evolved into a general persistent programming language. E was the first C++ extension to support transparent persistence, the first C++ implementation to support generic classes, and remains the only C++ extension to provide general-purpose iterators. In addition to its contributions to the C++ programming domain, work on E has made several contributions to the field of persistent languages in general, including several distinct implementations of persistence. This paper describes the main features of E and shows through examples how E addresses many of the problems that arise in building persistent systems
Jacktrip/soundwire meets server farm

Even though bidirectional, high-quality and low-latency audio systemsfor networkperformanceare available, the complexity involved in setting up remote sessions needs better toolsandmethodsto asses andtunenetworkparameters. We present an implementation of a system to intuitively evaluate the Quality of Service (QoS) onbest effortnetworks. In our implementation,musicians are able to connect to a multi-client server and tune the parameters of a connection using direct “auditory displays.” The server can scale up to hundredsof users by taking advantageof modernmulti-core machinesand multi-threadedprogramingtechniques. It also serves as a central “mixing hub”when network performance involves several participants.
Primary Repair of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A Systematic Review.

Purpose To describe the clinical and preclinical research conducted on primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) during the past 10 years. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase was performed for all English-language studies published between 2003 and April 2014 on primary repair of the ACL. Results Twenty-six studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the clinical research group, 8 studies (166 patients; age range, 10 to 71 years) met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were largely long-term clinical outcome studies, based on the original cohorts from the 1970s and 1980s, and suggested high failure rates, additional surgery, and revision for instability. A subset of patients, however, achieved good to excellent subjective and objective long-term outcomes. In the preclinical research group, 18 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were based on an ACL transection model; they suggested that (1) stabilization of the knee with an internal suture strut improved the healing and biomechanical properties of the repaired ACL, (2) "enhancing" the repair with biological collagen-platelet composite augmentation improved healing and mechanical strength, (3) younger age and skeletal immaturity seem to correlate with improved histologic healing and biomechanical properties, (4) enhanced primary repair of the ACL may reduce post-traumatic osteoarthritis, and (5) the native ACL biomechanically outperformed the repaired ACL. Conclusions Although long-term human studies suggest collectively unacceptable outcomes for open primary repair of the ACL, a subset of patients achieved acceptable long-term results. ACL transection model animal studies showed improved healing and biomechanics with primary suture repair stabilization, early intervention, biological augmentation techniques, and younger age. Primary repair of the ACL may be an effective treatment modality for an appropriately selected subset of patients. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of preclinical and clinical Level IV studies.
Intragenic Hill-Robertson Interference Influences Selection Intensity on Synonymous Mutations in Drosophila

Natural selection influences synonymous mutations and synonymous codon usage in many eukaryotes to improve the efficiency of translation in highly expressed genes. Recent studies of gene composition in eukaryotes have shown that codon usage also varies independently of expression levels, both among genes and at the intragenic level. Here, we investigate rates of evolution (Ks) and intensity of selection (gamma(s)) on synonymous mutations in two groups of genes that differ greatly in the length of their exons, but with equivalent levels of gene expression and rates of crossing-over in Drosophila melanogaster. We estimate gamma(s) using patterns of divergence and polymorphism in 50 Drosophila genes (100 kb of coding sequence) to take into account possible variation in mutation trends across the genome, among genes or among codons. We show that genes with long exons exhibit higher Ks and reduced gamma(s) compared to genes with short exons. We also show that Ks and gamma(s) vary significantly across long exons, with higher Ks and reduced gamma(s) in the central region compared to flanking regions of the same exons, hence indicating that the difference between genes with short and long exons can be mostly attributed to the central region of these long exons. Although amino acid composition can also play a significant role when estimating Ks and gamma(s), our analyses show that the differences in Ks and gamma(s) between genes with short and long exons and across long exons cannot be explained by differences in protein composition. All these results are consistent with the Interference Selection (IS) model that proposes that the Hill-Robertson (HR) effect caused by many weakly selected mutations has detectable evolutionary consequences at the intragenic level in genomes with recombination. Under the IS model, exon size and exon-intron structure influence the effectiveness of selection, with long exons showing reduced effectiveness of selection when compared to small exons and the central region of long exons showing reduced intensity of selection compared to flanking coding regions. Finally, our results further stress the need to consider selection on synonymous mutations and its variation--among and across genes and exons--in studies of protein evolution.
Spin dynamics of trimers on a distorted kagome lattice

We treat the ground state, elementary excitations, and neutron scattering cross section for a system of trimers consisting of three tightly bound spins $\frac{1}{2}$ on a distorted kagome lattice, subject to isotropic nearest-neighbor (usually antiferromagnetic) Heisenberg interactions. The interactions between trimers are assumed to be weak compared to the intratrimer interactions. We compare the spin-wave excitation spectrum of trimers with that obtained from standard spin-wave theory and attribute the differences at low energy to the fact that the trimer formulation includes exactly the effects of intratrimer zero-point motion.
Gas–liquid chromatographic assay of lipid-bound sialic acids: measurement of gangliosides in brain of several species

A method is described for analysis of gangliosides by GLC assay of the sialic acid component. Mild acid treatment in methanol converted the latter to methyl ketoside methyl ester, which was then chromatographed as the TMS derivative. The major methanolysis product was shown to be the β-anomer, and its chromatographic peak was used for quantification. NANA and NGNA could be analyzed simultaneously, while an O-acetylated derivative of NGNA was detected qualitatively. Standard curves were obtained for the three following representative samples: (a) a mixture of beef brain gangliosides, (b) Tay-Sachs ganglioside, and (c) hematoside-NANA. These had different slopes which reflected the variation in yield of β-NANA obtained from methanolysis. The smallest sample analyzed in the present study contained 0.3 μg of NANA. The advantage of GLC in solving the problem of false chromogens is illustrated in a comparative study with two colorimetric procedures. Two columns are described whose combined use is highly effective in establishing identity and in eliminating false peaks when they arise. The GLC method has been applied to analysis of the total brain ganglioside content of several species, and a general trend was observed toward decreasing levels in the lower vertebrates. In addition, NGNA was detected and quantified in several of these samples.
Effects of Short-Term Cattle Exclusion on Plant Community Composition: Prairie Dog and Ecological Site Influences

On the Ground Maintaining cattle and prairie dogs on rangelands is important ecologically, economically, and culturally. However, competition between these species, both actual and perceived, has led to conflict. We explored the effects of short-term (2-year) cattle exclusion on plant communities both on and off prairie dog towns and among three common ecological sites. Plant communities were different between on-town and off-town plots and among ecological sites but were similar between cattle-excluded and nonexcluded plots. Plant community composition did not differ between rangeland targeted for moderate forage utilization and that in which cattle had been excluded for 2 years.
Industrial Waste Disposal Tailored to Stream Flow

Recognizing the technical and economic limitations of waste treatment in maintaining satisfactory stream conditions during drought season, two possibilities for more efficient utilization of water resources hold promise. Either the stream flow should be regulated to make a higher level of total flow usable; or the industrial waste discharge should be regulated, tailored to the varying pattern of stream flow. A detailed case analysis of the latter, regulating release from waste storage lagoons in accord with the varying waste assimilation capacity of the stream, indicates industrial expansion potential 10 to 50 times that possible under drought flow conditions.
Blurry-frame detection and shot segmentation in colonoscopy videos

Colonoscopy is an important screening procedure for colorectal cancer. During this procedure, the endoscopist visually inspects the colon. Human inspection, however, is not without error. We hypothesize that colonoscopy videos may contain additional valuable information missed by the endoscopist. Video segmentation is the first necessary step for the content-based video analysis and retrieval to provide efficient access to the important images and video segments from a large colonoscopy video database. Based on the unique characteristics of colonoscopy videos, we introduce a new scheme to detect and remove blurry frames, and segment the videos into shots based on the contents. Our experimental results show that the average precision and recall of the proposed scheme are over 90% for the detection of non-blurry images. The proposed method of blurry frame detection and shot segmentation is extensible to the videos captured from other endoscopic procedures such as upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy, cystoscopy, and laparoscopy.
Computational simulations of wave propagation in microcrack-damaged media under prestress

Direct computational simulations of unidirectional wave propagation through uniaxially prestressed, microcrack-damaged media are conducted to study the interaction between the prestress and stress wave parameters. Tensile and compressive waves, tensile and compressive prestresses and various orientational distributions of microcrack damage are analyzed. The relationships among the input wave amplitude, wavelength and prestress magnitude and the output wave speed and wave attenuation are studied. The results show that wave speed and attenuation depend on the prestress and the wavelength in a complex way. In the cases of compressive waves traveling through tensile prestress and tensile waves passing through compressive prestress, the wave response depends on the ratio of the amplitude of the applied stress pulse to the magnitude of the prestress (defined as R). Specifically, the simulations show that the compressive wave speed through tensile prestressed media increases gradually with an increase in R, while the tensile wave speed in media under compressive prestress, decreases with increase in R, but the change is abrupt at a particular R value. In the cases of sufficiently small R, the wave speeds match the results of Su et al. (Eng Fract Mech 74:1436–1455, 2007) where the cracks are always open or always closed. However, above a certain wavelength (a cut-off wavelength), the wave speed is no longer a function of wavelength and, furthermore, this cut-off wavelength varies with R.
Metabolism of glycine.

SummaryThe metabolism of glycine in mice has been studied after a single injection of glycine-2-C14 by following the specific activity of the uncombined glycine in plasma, liver and skeletal muscle, as well as the specific activity of the respiratory CO2. The size of the dynamic pool of glycine was found to be 30 mg per 100 g of which 10 mg per 100 g was uncombined glycine; the turnover time of the glycine pool was 1.5 hours and the rate of turnover 20 mg per 100 g per hour. The amount of glycine oxidized to yield CO2 in the breath was found to be approximately 10 times the amount of glycine ingested in the food.
A Service-Learning Kaleidoscope of Insights: Conversations With Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Theorist/Systems Change Artist; Bernard Milano, Practitioner/ Foundation Leader; and John Saltmarsh, Historian/Service-Learning Educator

Our conversations for this AMLE special issue on service-learning are with three distinguished interviewees—each a significant leader in his domain. Our theorist and systems change advocate is Miha...
Evaluation on the residents iodine nutrition after elimination of iodine deficiency disease in Xuancheng

Objective To dynamically investigate the status of iodine nutrition and a rising-falling trend of the iodine deficiency disease,and provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the disease,and for adjustment of intervention strategies.Methods The random sampling method was adopted.Information of resident's edible salt,8~10 years old children's urine iodine,the rate of struma and inhabitant's water iodine was collected.Pupils and housewives completed questionnaires about knowledge of prevention of iodine deficiency disease.Results The coverage rate of iodized salt was 99.89%,and qualified rate was 99.90%.Swelling thyroid rate of children aged 8~10 years was 1%,the median of urine iodine was 253.29μg/L,the median of water iodine was 2.92μg/L,and the median of Per capita salt intake was 8.84g/d.The awareness of knowledge of pupils and housewives about iodine deficiency disease was 96.29% and 91.11% respectively.Conclusions Resident iodine nutrition after elimination of iodine deficiency disease in Xuancheng fell into the appropriate level range,but slightly slided to the high side.The situation of environment iodine laking has not been changed.In order to keep a consistent elimination of iodine deficiency disease,a scientific long-term prevention mechanism should be established.
Comparison of rizatriptan 5 mg and 10 mg tablets and sumatriptan 25 mg and 50 mg tablets Kolodny

This randomized, double blind, two attack, placebo controlled, crossover st udy explored the efficacy and tolerability of rizatriptan 10 mg compared with su matriptan 50 mg as well as rizatriptan 5 mg compared with sumatriptan 25 mg in t he acute treatment of migraine. Following randomization to one of six possible t reatment sequences, patients (n=1447) treated two sequential attacks, of moderat e or severe intensity, separated by at least 5 days. Patients assessed pain seve rity, migraine asso ciated symptoms, and functional disability at 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 h post treatment. Compared with placebo, all treatments were effective. O n the primary endpoint of time to pain relief, rizatriptan 10 mg was not statist ically different from sumatriptan 50 mg [odds ratio (OR) 1.10, P = 0.161], and r izatriptan 5 mg was statistically superior to sumatriptan 25 mg (OR 1.22, P=0.00 7). In general, rizatriptan 10 mg and 5 mg treatment resulted in improvement com pared with the corresponding doses of sumatriptan on measures of pain severity, migraine symptoms, and functional disability and the 5 mg dose reached statisti cal significance on almost all measures. All treatments were generally well tole rated.
326 ETHNIC GROUP, GENDER, AND PATIENTS' BELIEFS ABOUT THE OPTIMAL TIME TO DIE.

Purpose Excellent end-of-life care considers patient beliefs about the optimal time to die. Since no research describes such beliefs, we studied them by two likely influences, ethnic group and gender. Methods We conducted open-ended interviews with 26 Mexican American (MA), 18 European American (EA), and 14 African American (AA) men and women. A consensus-based content analysis identified themes. Because some subjects responded several ways about a theme, percentages may add to over 100%. Results Majorities of MA and EA men and sizable minorities of the other four groups noted the inevitability of death (see the Table). Further, majorities or near-majorities of all ethnic-gender groups said God determines the optimal time to die. Subjects also cited other factors that might determine that time. Conclusions Though largely agreeing about God as a determinant of the optimal time to die, these ethnic-gender groups differed widely about other possible determinants (such as patient preferences, family circumstances, lack of human causation, and illness severity). Given such diversity, sensitive end-of-life care requires that health professionals know each patient9s beliefs and tailor care accordingly.
Placenta Increta Complicating Persistent Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy following Failed Excision with Subsequent Preterm Cesarean Hysterectomy

Introduction. Cesarean scar pregnancies (CSPs) are one of the rarest forms of ectopic pregnancy. Given their rarity, there is lack of consensus regarding the management and natural course of CSPs. Case. A 37-year-old G10 P3063 female with a history of two prior cesarean deliveries was diagnosed with her second CSP at 6 weeks and 5 days in her tenth pregnancy. The patient underwent vertical hysterotomy, excision of a gestational sac implanted in the cesarean sac, and bilateral salpingectomy via a laparotomy incision. The histopathology report confirmed immature chorionic villi. The patient returned 10 weeks later and was found to be still pregnant. Obstetric ultrasound confirmed a viable fetus of 19 weeks and 4 days of gestational age with a thin endometrium and an anteroposterior and right lateral placenta with multiple placental lakes. The patient ruptured her membranes at 31 weeks of gestation and pelvic MRI revealed an anterior placenta invading the myometrium and extending to the external serosal surface consistent with placenta increta. Following obstetric interventions, a live female infant was delivered by cesarean hysterectomy (because of placenta increta) at 32 weeks of gestation. Conclusion. Development of standardized guidelines for management of CSPs, as well as heightened vigilance for possible complications, is required for proper care and avoidance of potential morbidity and mortality.
Adaptive energy management features of the POWER7TM processor

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on the IBM POWER7 family of products. Some of the specific topics discussed include: the special adaptive energy management features of POWER7, system specifications, and system design for these products; system architectures; applications for use; platforms supported; processing capabilities; memory capabilities; and targeted markets.
Lips and Teeth: 1950–1975

With the establishment of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, and the arrival of the People's Liberation Army at the Vietnam border in December, a new era began of intense and intimate cooperation between China and Vietnam. Party-to-party relations between the Vietnam Workers Party (VWP) and the Chinese Communist Party formed the core of the relationship, while state-to-state relations between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, established in January 1950, provided the public form. Of course, the situations of China and Vietnam over the next twenty-five years were quite different. China had finished its civil war in 1949 and had stabilized by 1952. Its major troubles of the period were largely self-imposed: the Great Leap Forward of 1958–60 and the Cultural Revolution of 1966–69. Only after Mao Zedong's death in 1976 could China begin to change its leftist policies. By contrast, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1950 was still waging a desperate war with French colonial forces. Over the next four years, with Chinese help, it grew into a major and finally a victorious challenge to colonialism, and then became the government of northern Vietnam. In the 1960s the effort to reunify Vietnam began again, and in 1965–73 American direct intervention greatly increased the costs and risks of the war effort.
Genetic Engineering in Stem Cell Biomanufacturing

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer unprecedented opportunities to study human organogenesis, model human disease, and provide unlimited cell sources for regenerative medicine. To realize their full potential, however, genetic manipulation strategies with high specificity and efficiency are required. Genetic manipulation is an important tool to optimize conditions for direct differentiation of hPSCs toward specific lineages, and to correct genetic mutations for clinical application of patient-specific hiPSCs. This chapter briefly summarizes a variety of genetic manipulation strategies used to generate useful hPSC lines, and reviews their advantages and shortcomings to provide insights on suitable approaches for stem cell biomanufacturing applications.
Sepsis-Induced Immune Suppression

The pro-inflammatory cascade that occurs in response to overwhelming infection in the body has been well described. Less well delineated is the concomitant anti-inflammatory response that occurs either as a primary response to infection or as a secondary response to the original pro-inflammatory cascade. The net result is a decline in immune cell number and a loss of function of the surviving cells, making the body predisposed to secondary infection and subsequent death. General features of this response are “re-programming” at the cellular level, resulting in a transition from production of pro-inflammatory cytokines to anti-inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis of multiple immune effector cells, and immunoparalysis of other immune effector cells. This chapter will focus on sepsis-induced immune suppression, building from the level of cytokines and cellular function up to the organism level along with a discussion of potential therapeutic interventions to return the immune system to a state of homeostasis.
A bi-criteria model for closed loop supply chain network design

Closed loop supply chains (CLSC) are the integration of both forward and reverse supply chains. The integration is important as independent operations and management of forward and reverse supply chains lead to a reduction in efficiency in the supply chain as a whole. This article considers a four-stage CLSC network with commercial returns, which could be potentially recovered by light repair operations or by refurbishing. The annual estimate of commercial returns in the USA is in excess of $100 billion. This paper discusses the optimal design of a CLSC network with the objectives of maximising the profit of the supply chain and minimising the energy usage at the warehousing facilities and energy consumed during transportation. A bi-criteria mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to determine the optimal locations of the facilities and the distribution of flows between facilities in the CLSC. We propose an interactive optimisation algorithm to systematically solve the bi-criteria problem which poses less cognitive burden on the decision maker and converges faster to the best compromise solution.
Effects of long-term, near-term, and real-time energy balance, and blood progesterone concentrations, on the pregnancy rate of contemporary dairy cows.

Abstract This study aimed to contribute to understanding the interface between reproductive and nutritional energetic physiology in contemporary dairy cattle. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 32) between 70 and 180 days in milk were used in a study starting 10 d prior to the artificial insemination (AI) date and were estrous synchronized using a hormonal regimen. Fourteen cows were determined pregnant on day 39 post-AI. Coccygeal blood samples of all cows were collected on d −10 and −3 prior to AI to determine estrous cyclicity, as well as at AI and at 6, 13 and 20 d post-AI. Milk progesterone was measured 20 d post-AI, and body condition was scored (BCS; 1–5 scale) on days −10, 0, 13 and 27 relative to AI. Blood non-esterified fatty acid concentrations, measured on the same days as BCS, and changes of BCS from d −10 to AI were not predictive of pregnancy outcome. The BCS of cows on the day of AI was greater (P = 0.02) for pregnant cows with an approximate minimum BCS for a high probability of conception being 2.50. Serum progesterone concentrations of pregnant cows were greater (P
Using Practice Guidelines for Quality Improvement in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders in Managed Delivery Systems

Managed care systems are increasingly shaping the ways in which behavioral and other health care services are delivered. As of this writing, about three quarters of all persons in the United States who have third-party health coverage receive treatment through some type of managed arrangement (Rosenblatt, 1997). With the growth of managed care has come a corresponding expansion in quality-related activities required (often as a result of external regulatory mandates) as a part of such arrangements. Almost a decade has passed since the first edition of the present volume was published (Stricker & Rodriguez, 1988), a time period in which the general notion of quality improvement has seen fairly widespread public acceptance and increased understanding. At the same time, the gap between quality management (QM) as a philosophy and QM as a regular practice is often quite wide. When QM programs are mandated as part of regulatory or accreditation oversight, they tend to be practiced only to the degree that service delivery organizations are required to do so.
Diuresis, Dialysis, and Hemoperfusion Indications and Benefits

The author discusses the clinical indications for therapy to enhance removal of toxins; the methods available to enhance removal of toxins, including forced diuresis and control of urine pH, peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion; the kinetics of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion; and the pharmacokinetic prediction of the efficacy of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion.
Emotions in Expectation States Theory

Status and expectation state processes ordinarily apply to task focused, collective groups, creating, maintaining, or alleviating inequality. Emotions, affect, and sentiments often function as causes or consequences of status processes. Emotions appeared in Bales discussion groups of the 1950s as individuals reacted to each other’s skill and control attempts. By 1990, Ridgeway and Johnson showed how group position intertwines with emotion, and explained the common finding that positive expressions outnumber negative ones in task groups. Contemporary research documents effects in diverse settings. Business situations highlight the important difference between experiencing and expressing emotions generated by different positions in an organizational hierarchy. Behavior produced by status position may be incorrectly attributed to socialized traits, especially for gender (instrumental males, expressive females). Thus status fosters personality inferences as people try to understand what kinds of people they and others actually are. Justice and legitimation trigger other emotional consequences, again conditioned by status position. Future work may address situations where the scope conditions of status theories are met only weakly or inconsistently. Such work could expand the scope of applicability of the theories, as well as refine the propositions to incorporate emotional experience and expression.
Bootstrapping Case Base Development with Annotated Case Summaries

Since assigning indicies to textual cases is very time-consuming and can impede the development of CBR systems, methods to automate the task are desirable. In this paper, We present amachine learning approachthat helps to bootstrap the development of a larger case base from a small collection of marked-up case summaries. It uses the marked-up sentences as training examples to induce a classifier that labels incoming cases whether an indexing concept applies. We illustrate how domain knowledge and linguistic information can be integrated with amachine learning algorithm to improve performance.The paper presents experimental resultswhich indicate the usefulness of learning fromsentencesand adding a thesaurus. We also consider the chancesand limitations of leveraging the learned classifiers for full-text documents.
General education options

Two major purposes of general education courses are to give students skills that they need in college and afterwards (often found in the writing, speaking, and mathematics requirements) and to help students get a broad perspective on life (often found in history, culture, and art requirements). The place of technology in the general education requirements has varied over the years and continues to vary among institutions.
Health Outcomes Reported by Dental Patients.

Abstract To assess the impact of care on patients, patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are essential because they characterize patients' suffering. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are the instruments to assess PROs. Any report of the patient's oral health condition that comes directly from the patient is a dental patient-reported outcome (dPRO). Similar to oral health being a component of health in general, dPROs are a part of PROs. dPROs target four major areas of patients' suffering because dental patients typically seek care to improve oral function and orofacial appearance as well as to decrease pain and psychosocial impact related to oral conditions. dPROs capture what matters to dental patients. They characterize the specific influences of oral health on patients' lives. Dental patient–reported outcome measures (dPROMs) capture this influence and express it numerically in a score. Consequently, dPROs in general and Oral Function, Orofacial Appearance, Orofacial Pain, as well as Psychosocial Impact (related to oral conditions) in particular are the major targets for dental interventions in clinical practice as well as for oral health research.
Low Sucrose, Omega-3 Enriched Diet Has Region-Specific Effects on Neuroinflammation and Synaptic Function Markers in a Mouse Model of Doxorubicin-Based Chemotherapy

Chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin may negatively affect long-term brain functioning in cancer survivors; neuroinflammation may play a causal role. Dietary approaches that reduce inflammation, such as lowering sucrose and increasing eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA), may attenuate chemotherapy-induced neuroinflammation and synaptic damage, thereby improving quality of life. Ovariectomized, C57BL/6 mice were assigned to a chemotherapy (9 mg/kg doxorubicin + 90 mg/kg cyclophosphamide) or vehicle two-injection regimen, with injections two and four weeks after starting diets. In Study 1, mice received low sucrose diets with EPA + DHA or No EPA + DHA for four to six weeks; tissues were collected four, seven, or 14 days after the second injection. Compared to vehicle, chemotherapy increased pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β at day seven in the cortex and hippocampus, and reduced gene expression of synaptic marker Shank 3 at all timepoints in cortex, while EPA + DHA increased expression of Shank 3. In Study 2, high or low sucrose/EPA + DHA or No EPA + DHA diets were fed for five weeks; tissues were collected ten days after the second injection. Among chemotherapy-treated mice, brain DHA was higher with low sucrose feeding. Furthermore, low sucrose increased gene expression of Shank 1, while EPA + DHA increased expression of Shank 3 and reduced protein concentrations of pro-inflammatory markers IL-5, IL-6 and KC/GRO in the cortex, but not the hippocampus. Low sucrose, EPA + DHA diets may attenuate neuroinflammation and synaptic damage induced by doxorubicin-based chemotherapy in specific brain regions.
Relapse prevention and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication in two adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

Objective Clinicians and researchers have long struggled to find effective treatments for people with anorexia nervosa (AN). Although most clinical guidance suggests that selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication is not an effective first-line treatment for AN, in practice, these medicines continue to be frequently prescribed for comorbid diagnoses. Method In this case report, two adolescents who were in sustained remission from AN either relapsed or began to decline significantly once their dose of SSRI medication was tapered. Results In Case A, despite a very slow and measured taper, this child dropped significant weight in a short amount of time after the medication was discontinued. Fortunately for Case B, symptoms emerged before the taper was complete, and providers could quickly increase the dose of medication early in her struggle with AN thoughts and urges. Discussion A brief review of literature regarding SSRI medication use in AN is presented along with considerations for future research.
Workforce Analysis and Turnover Forecasting: Building Capacity in New York State Government

Economic, demographic, educational and technological trends are dramatically reshaping the labor force available to both the public and private sectors. As a result, New York State government, one of the nation’s largest employers, is facing the reality that there will no longer be the steady supply of skilled workers they have come to expect.
Sociality deficits in serine racemase knockout mice.

Background Studies of schizophrenia have pointed to the role of glutamate in its pathophysiology. Mice lacking D-serine show impairments in neurotransmission through NMDA receptors and display behaviors consistent with features of schizophrenia. Yet, socio-communicative deficits, a characteristic of schizophrenia, have not been reported in serine racemase knockout mice. Methods We use behavioral testing (the three-chambered social approach task, the dyadic interaction task, and the novel object recognition task) to examine socio-communicative behaviors in these mice. Results Serine racemase mice show abnormal social investigation and approach behavior, and differ from wild-type controls in the duration and number of vocalizations they emit in the presence of a conspecific. Serine racemase knockout mice were not impaired in a cognitive test (novel object recognition), although they displayed abnormal behavior in the acquisition phase of the task. Conclusions Serine racemase knockout mice demonstrate abnormalities in socio-communicative behaviors consistent with an impairment in sociality, a negative symptom of schizophrenia.
How does the Mind store Information

How we store information in our mind has been a major intriguing open question. We approach this question not from a physiological standpoint as to how information is physically stored in the brain, but from a conceptual and algorithm standpoint as to the right data structures to be used to organize and index information. Here we propose a memory architecture directly based on the recursive sketching ideas from the paper "Recursive Sketches for Modular Deep Networks", ICML 2019 (arXiv:1905.12730), to store information in memory as concise sketches. We also give a high level, informal exposition of the recursive sketching idea from the paper that makes use of subspace embeddings to capture deep network computations into a concise sketch. These sketches form an implicit knowledge graph that can be used to find related information via sketches from the past while processing an event.
Studying Bacterial Adhesion to Antibiotic Impregnated Polymethylmethacrylate

When infection of an implantable orthopedic device occurs, its impact is often catastrophic, often necessitating additional operative procedures and associated with significant patient morbidity. The Gram-positive staphylococci are the most frequent isolates recovered from orthopedic device-related infections. Several investigators have documented that both Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis will adhere to a myriad of bioinert and bioactive materials. In some studies, S. aureus has been shown to adhere tenaciously to metal surfaces such as steel and titanium.7,21 However, other studies have shown that S. epidermidis demonstrates a preferential adherence depending upon the type of material and charge characteristics of the orthopedic substrate.16 Metals such as titanium tend to exhibit a negative surface charge, similar to the bacterial cell and therefore, fewer cells adhere to this surface than to a bioactive substrate such as hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite has a surface that contains positive charges originating from free calcium and phosphate compounds. Hydroxyapatite, therefore, tends to exhibits greater staphylococcal adherence compared to negatively charged metals. Metal surfaces that are oxidized will alsdo exhibit variable binding characteristics that may influence microbial adherence.9 While surface charge characteristics can influence microbial adherence to a biomedical device, other factors promote microbial persistence and involve the elaboration of a bacterial exopolysaccharide substance (biofilm). Staphylococcal strains that produce a biofilm are sheltered from the host cellular and humoral immune defense mechanisms, in addition these strains also exhibit a recalcitrance to conventional antimicrobial therapy.4,7,20
Cultural resources and landscape conservation design and planning

Beginning in the 1990s, anthropologists, archeologists, and allied social scientists recognized the value of scientifically studying landscape as the, “ … spatial manifestation of the relations bet...
On the instability of a topological game related to consonance

Abstract We consider separable metric spaces with the property that Player One has no winning strategy in the topological game where Player One plays an open k-cover of B and Player Two picks an element of the k-cover in each round. Here Player One wins when the choices of Player Two fail to cover B. We show that the topological sum of two such spaces may no longer have the property. From this we answer some open questions about such spaces as well as about consonant spaces.
Corneal melt in conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia.

Abstract Purpose Report a case of corneal melt in a patient with conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) treated with topical interferon (IFN) alpha-2B. Observations An 89-year-old man presented with gelatinous paralimbal lesions of the left eye extending onto the cornea with corneal neovascularization extending 5–6 clock hours. Nasally there was mild absence of the terminal vascular loops of the limbal palisades of Vogt and conjunctivalization. Diffuse punctate epithelial erosions were noted. The corneal graft displayed subepithelial and stromal edema. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography detected hyperreflectivity, sectional thickened epithelium, and abrupt transitions from normal to abnormal tissue. The patient was treated with excision of the corneal and conjunctival lesions with cryotherapy to the conjunctival borders. Excisional biopsy revealed CIN Grade 3 and carcinoma in situ of the cornea. Topical IFN alpha-2B four times daily was initiated postoperatively. Two months later, a central epithelial defect developed. The cornea progressively thinned and corneal melt ensued. The patient had several risk factors for corneal melt including neurotrophic cornea, early limbal stem cell deficiency, history of cryotherapy, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and chronic use of glaucoma medications and steroid medications. Conclusions Interferon alpha-2B is an effective first line treatment for CIN with few side effects. It's side effects include punctate epithelial erosions, conjunctival hyperemia, and follicular conjunctivitis. We report a case of pre-existing keratoconjunctivitis sicca, early limbal stem cell deficiency, neurotrophic cornea, and newly diagnosed CIN Grade 3; it was treated with surgical excision, cryotherapy, and topical IFN alpha-2b with development of corneal melt 2 months later. Caution should be taken when using interferon alpha -2b in patients with pre-existing keratoconjunctivitis sicca, neurotrophic cornea, or limbal stem cell deficiency as it could exacerbate these conditions resulting in corneal melt.
Electronic Stethoscope Filtering Mimics the Perceived Sound Characteristics of Acoustic Stethoscope

Electronic stethoscopes offer several advantages over conventional acoustic stethoscopes, including noise reduction, increased amplification, and ability to store and transmit sounds. However, the acoustical characteristics of electronic and acoustic stethoscopes can differ significantly, introducing a barrier for clinicians to transition to electronic stethoscopes. This work proposes a method to process lung sounds recorded by an electronic stethoscope, such that the sounds are perceived to have been captured by an acoustic stethoscope. The proposed method calculates an electronic-to-acoustic stethoscope filter by measuring the difference between the average frequency responses of an acoustic and an electronic stethoscope to multiple lung sounds. To validate the method, a change detection experiment was conducted with 51 medical professionals to compare filtered electronic, unfiltered electronic, and acoustic stethoscope lung sounds. Participants were asked to detect when transitions occurred in sounds comprising several sections of the three types of recordings. Transitions between the filtered electronic and acoustic stethoscope sections were detected, on average, by chance (sensitivity index equal to zero) and also detected significantly less than transitions between the unfiltered electronic and acoustic stethoscope sections ( $p ), demonstrating the effectiveness of the method to filter electronic stethoscopes to mimic an acoustic stethoscope. This processing could incentivize clinicians to adopt electronic stethoscopes by providing a means to shift between the sound characteristics of acoustic and electronic stethoscopes in a single device, allowing for a faster transition to new technology and greater appreciation for the electronic sound quality.