cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modified two-dimensional Hamming neural network and its optical implementation using Dammann gratings

A 2-D neural network and its optical implementation are presented. The neural network consists of two interconnection layers. The first layer is a modified Hamming net layer that calculates the Hamming distance between the input and each of the stored patterns. Instead of performing a winner-take-all operation, thresholding is performed within each hidden neuron. The second layer is a mapping network for pattern association. The presented neural network has fewer interconnections and a higher storage capacity than a fully interconnected Hopfield network. In comparison with multilayer perceptrons, it has advantages such as easy and direct training and unipolar binary interconnection weights and therefore is more suitable for optical implementation with currently available optoelectronic devices. The neural network can be easily reconfigured when the training set needs to be updated or extra training patterns need to be added into the training set. The attraction basins of stored patterns can be adjusted, and the input fault tolerance can be enhanced locally. An optical system employing Dammann gratings has been used in the preliminary experiments. Experimental results verified the feasibility of the neural network model as well as its optical implementation.
You have heard of the award, but what do you know about Arthur M Shipley?

Received December 8, 2014; Accepted December 9, 2014. From the Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (Perrier), St Joseph Hos Baltimore, MD (Romero), and Medical University of South Car Charleston, SC (van Heerden). Correspondence address: Nancy D Perrier, MD, FACS, Departme Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer C 1400 Pressler Dr, Unit 1484, Houston, TX 77030. email: NPer mdanderson.org
Reactivity estimates for aromatic compounds. Part 1. Uncertainty in chamber-derived parameters

Abstract Because the major atmospheric reaction products for aromatic hydrocarbons are unknown, they are represented in air quality models using parameterized mechanisms derived by modeling environmental chamber data. Uncertainties in rate constants, experimental conditions, and chamber artifacts affect the resulting parameter estimates. The SAPRC-97 mechanism represents aromatic ring fragmentation products by model species MGLY (α-dicarbonyls) and AFG2 (other photoreactive products) with yields derived from aromatics–NOx experiments with blacklight or xenon arc light sources. In this study, parameter estimates for nine aromatic compounds were estimated using stochastic programming. The uncertainties estimated for these parameters range from about 29% (1σ relative to the mean) for the yield of AFG2 in the 135-trimethylbenzene mechanism to 71% for the yield of MGLY for p-xylene. Major causes are uncertainties in rate constants for the aromatics+OH and NO2+OH reactions, and the light intensity, parameters representing unknown chamber radical sources, and initial aromatic concentrations in the experiments. The chamber radical source parameters are estimated from CO–NOx and n-butane–NOx experiments, and are sensitive to uncertainties in the rate constants for n-butane or CO+OH, NO2+OH, HONO photolysis and the experimental light intensity. A companion paper examines how uncertainties in the chamber-derived aromatics parameters affect incremental reactivity estimates for volatile organic compounds.
The interaction of methyl mercury with erythrocytes

Abstract The uptake and release of 203 Hg labeled methyl mercury by red blood cells of the human adult has been studied and some comparisons made with human fetal and rat erythrocytes. Over the concentration range studied a rapid and virtually complete uptake follows exposure of erythrocytes to the mercurial. Methyl mercury distributes proportionately between intra- and extracellular hemoglobin, and various sulfhydryl agents elicit release from the cell, thus demonstrating the reversibility of binding. The rate of release to bovine serum albumin is inversely proportional to the amount of mercurial bound to the cell and to the period of incubation suggesting some form of intracellular compartmentation. Cysteine alone induces a transient release of methyl mercury from the erythrocyte but does not facilitate equilibrium with albumin. Rat red cells release much less methyl mercury to albumin than human red cells. This tighter binding could not be accounted for by differences in intracellular distribution of the mercurial or affinity for the respective hemoglobins from stroma-free hemolysates. No obvious differences in binding were observed between human adult and fetal red cells.
The redox-sensitive cation channel TRPM2 modulates phagocyte ROS production and inflammation

The NADPH oxidase activity of phagocytes and its generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for host defense, but ROS overproduction can also lead to inflammation and tissue injury. Here we report that TRPM2, a nonselective and redox-sensitive cation channel, inhibited ROS production in phagocytic cells and prevented endotoxin-induced lung inflammation in mice. TRPM2-deficient mice challenged with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) had an enhanced inflammatory response and diminished survival relative to that of wild-type mice challenged with endotoxin. TRPM2 functioned by dampening NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production through depolarization of the plasma membrane in phagocytes. As ROS also activate TRPM2, our findings establish a negative feedback mechanism for the inactivation of ROS production through inhibition of the membrane potential-sensitive NADPH oxidase.
Thermal Decomposition of Natural and Synthetic Rubber Stocks

Abstract The factors responsible for failure of natural and synthetic rubber stocks in tires in service are primarily thermal in nature. They govern the temperature attained by the stock and the ability of the stock to withstand this temperature. The factors which determine the temperature attained include those dependent upon the stock itself and those dependent upon attendant conditions. In the first group may be mentioned thermal conductivity, internal friction, and elastic modulus. In the second are included the construction and design of the tire, the speed at which it is run, the load to which it is subjected, its inflation pressure, and the temperature of the road and surrounding air. Therefore, assuming a fixed set of conditions for the second group, the problem resolves itself into a determination of the amount of heat generated within the stock, the rate at which the generated heat is conducted away from it, and the temperature it may attain without undergoing chemical degeneration. These charac...
Buoyancy influences on turbulent flame propagation in a Taylor-Couette flow reactor

The influence of buoyancy on turbulent flame propagation in a Taylor-Couette flow reactor is investigated using dimensional analysis. Based on this analysis, it is concluded that a microgravity environment is needed to fully eliminate buoyancy effects on turbulent-flame structure at high turbulence intensities.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Downregulates the Function of Its Receptor (CRF1) and Induces CRF1 Expression in Hippocampal and Cortical Regions of the Immature Rat Brain

In addition to regulating the neuroendocrine stress response, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) has been implicated in both normal and pathological behavioral and cognitive responses to stress. CRH-expressing cells and their target neurons possessing CRH receptors (CRF1 and CRF2) are distributed throughout the limbic system, but little is known about the regulation of limbic CRH receptor function and expression, including regulation by the peptide itself. Because CRH is released from limbic neuronal terminals during stress, this regulation might play a crucial role in the mechanisms by which stress contributes to human neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression or posttraumatic stress disorder. Therefore, these studies tested the hypothesis that CRH binding to CRF1 influenced the levels and mRNA expression of this receptor in stress-associated limbic regions of immature rat. Binding capacities and mRNA levels of both CRF1 and CRF2 were determined at several time points after central CRH administration. CRH downregulated CRF1 binding in frontal cortex significantly by 4 h. This transient reduction (no longer evident at 8 h) was associated with rapid increase of CRF1 mRNA expression, persisting for >8 h. Enhanced CRF1 expression-with a different time course-occurred also in hippocampal CA3, but not in CA1 or amygdala, CRF2 binding and mRNA levels were not altered by CRH administration. To address the mechanisms by which CRH regulated CRF1, the specific contributions of ligand-receptor interactions and of the CRH-induced neuronal stimulation were examined. Neuronal excitation without occupation of CRF1 induced by kainic acid, resulted in no change of CRF1 binding capacity, and in modest induction of CRF1 mRNA expression. Furthermore, blocking the neuroexcitant effects of CRH (using pentobarbital) abolished the alterations in CRF1 binding and expression. These results indicate that CRF1 regulation involves both occupancy of this receptor by its ligand, as well as "downstream" cellular activation and suggest that stress-induced perturbation of CRH-CRF1 signaling may contribute to abnormal neuronal communication after some stressful situations.
Light scattering studies of a colloidal suspension of iron oxide particles

Abstract A colloidal aqueous suspension of optically anisotropic and absorbing ellipsoidal particles of β-FeOOH has been characterized by means of laser light scattering (LLS) and transient electric birefringence (TEB). We measured the angular distribution of scattered intensity and of its time correlation function at different concentrations for both the polarized (VV component) and the depolarized (VH component) light scattering. The rotational relaxation times of the particles were measured by TEB at different concentrations and different electric field strengths. Furthermore, we were able to measure the depolarized light scattering spectrum at zero scattering angle in order to evaluate the value for the rotational diffusion coefficient. Due to the fact that β-FeOOH particles have a complex dielectric constant within the visible spectrum, we have taken into account the absorption effect as well as the high refractive index in our analysis of the static structure factor. Although our LLS and TEB measurements were performed in the lower shoulder of the absorption band, the effects on the particle scattering factor (or static structure factor) should be considered. In the absence of a theoretical solution for absorbing spheroids, a sphere-chain model consisting of a summation of Mie spheres is being proposed to partially correct for the absorption effect. By using a regularized inversion of the Laplace integral equation upon both the TEB decay function and the LLS autocorrelation function at small scattering angles, we were able to independently obtain distribution functions of the rotational diffusion coefficient and of the translational diffusion coefficient, respectively. From the cross sections of these two interdependent distributions, we could create a “space average” distribution of particle length and diameter. Average anisotropic factors at different wavelengths were obtained from the angular dependence of the scattered intensity ratio of the VV component and of the VH component. Finally, all of our results can be shown to be reasonably self-consistent and in agreement with electron microscopic measurements.
The peripheral olfactory system of the domestic chicken: Physiology and development

Olfaction is a ubiquitous sensory system found in all terrestrial vertebrates. Birds use olfaction for several important activities such as feeding and mating; thus, understanding bird biology would also require the systematic study olfaction. In addition, the olfactory system has several unique features that are useful for the study of nervous system function and development, including a large multigene family for olfactory receptor expression, peripheral neurons that regenerate, and a complex system for sensory innervation of the olfactory bulb. We focused on physiological, anatomical and behavioral approaches to study the chick olfactory neurons and the olfactory bulb. Chick olfactory neurons displayed some properties similar to those found in mature neurons of other vertebrate species, and other properties that were unique. Since information from these neurons is initially processed in the olfactory bulb, we also conducted preliminary studies on the developmental timeline of this structure and showed that glomerular structures are organized in ovo during a critical time period, during which embryonic chicks can form behavioral associations with odorants introduced in ovo. Lastly, we have shown that chick olfactory neurons can grow and mature in vitro, allowing their use in cell culture studies. These results collectively demonstrate some of the features of the olfactory system that are common to all vertebrates, and some that are unique to birds. These highlight the potential for the use of the physiology and development of the olfactory system as a model system for avian brain neurobiology.
Localization of pH regulating proteins H+ATPase and exchanger in the guinea pig inner ear

Abstract Mechanisms that regulate endolymphatic pH are unknown. It has long been recognized that, because of the large positive endolymphatic potential in the cochlea, a passive movement of protons would be directed out of endolymph leading to endolymphatic alkalization. However, endolymphatic pH is close to that of blood, suggesting that H+ is being secreted into endolymph. Since the kidney and the inner ear are both actively engaged in fluid and electrolyte regulation, we attempted to determine whether proteins responsible for acid secretion in the kidney also exist in the guinea pig inner ear. To that end, a monoclonal antibody against a 31 kDa subunit of a vacuolar vH+ATPase and a polyclonal, affinity purified antibody against the AE2 Cl − HCO 3 − exchanger (which can also recognize AEI under some conditions) were used. In the cochlea, the strongest immunoreactivity for the vH+ATPase was found in apical plasma membranes and apical cytoplasm of strial marginal cells. These cells were negative for the Cl − HCO 3 − exchanger. Certain cells of the inner ear demonstrated both apical staining for vH+ATPase and basolateral staining for the Cl − HCO 3 − exchanger; these included interdental cells and epithelial cells of the endolymphatic sac. Cochlear cell types with diffuse cytoplasmic staining for vH+ATPase and a basolaterally localized Cl − HCO 3 − exchanger included inner hair cells, root cells and a subset of supporting cells in the organ of Corti. Hair cells of the utricle, saccule and cristae ampullaris also expressed both vH+ATPase and the Cl − HCO 3 − exchanger, but immunostaining for the vH+ATPase was less intense and less polarized than in the cochlea. These immunocytochemical results support a role for the vH+ATPase and Cl − HCO 3 − exchanger in the regulation of endolymphatic pH and suggest that certain cells (including strial marginal cells and epithelial cells of the endolymphatic sac) may be specialized for this regulation.
Surface Analysis: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Auger Electron Spectroscopy

This fundamental review is on the subject of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) for the period of 1983-1985. The review will cover the literature abstracted in Chemical Abstracts between November 16, 1983, and November 4, 1985. The review is written in three separate parts for the convenience of the reader: section A, XPS; section B, AES; and section C, combined XPS-AES topics. XPS and AES are used widely for the analysis of surfaces. From about 1970 to the present time, these techniques have grown in acceptance by the scientific community. Much of this activity has been documented in earlier Fundamental and Application Reviews in Analytical Chemistry. While this review is lengthy, it is not an all-inclusive bibliography of XPS and AES during the review period. The articles have been selected with the idea of the improvement in the state-of-the-art of these techniques. The goal of this review is to help analysts solve the problems that are encountered in using XPS and AES in a regular laboratory with commercially available equipment. 382 references.
Decomposition of Furan on Pd(111)

Periodic density functional theory calculations (GGA-PBE) have been performed to investigate the mechanism for the decomposition of furan up to CO formation on the Pd(111) surface. At 1/9 ML coverage, furan adsorbs with its molecular plane parallel to the surface in several states with nearly identical adsorption energies of −1.0 eV. The decomposition of furan begins with the opening of the ring at the C–O position with an activation barrier of Ea = 0.82 eV, which yields a C4H4O aldehyde species that rapidly loses the α H to form C4H3O (Ea = 0.40 eV). C4H3O further dehydrogenates at the δ position to form C4H2O (Ea = 0.83 eV), before the α–β C–C bond dissociates (Ea = 1.08 eV) to form CO. Each step is the lowest-barrier dissociation step in the respective species. A simple kinetic analysis suggests that furan decomposition begins at 240–270 K and is mostly complete by 320 K, in close agreement with previous experiments. It is suggested that the C4H2O intermediate delays the decarbonylation step up to 350 K.
Verticality, Horizontality, and States of the Self: Cognitive Metaphors for the “Spatial Self” in Chinese Autobiographical Writings

This article examines spatial metaphors for the self in autobiographies by Chinese writers. Past studies on conceptual metaphors for the self in Chinese have focused primarily on metaphors based on body organs such as heart and brain. Using data from nine autobiographies by Chinese writers, this study focuses on exploring motion in space as a source domain in structuring various states and understandings of the self in Chinese literary texts. The analysis shows that Chinese writers consistently draw on both vertical and horizontal motion in space in writing about themselves, and that the processes of representing states of their selves through motion verbs involve approaching or leaving normal states of the self. It is also shown that while spatial metaphors for the self used by the Chinese writers are multiple, diverse, and creative, which provides varied and meaningful systems for writers in writing about their experiences, they can be explained on the basis of the same cognitive mechanisms for metaphor...
A frequency separation macromodel for system-level simulation of RF circuits

In this paper, we propose a frequency-separation methodology to generate system-level macromodels for analog and RF circuits. The proposed macromodels are similar in form to those based on Volterra kernel calculations, but are much simpler in terms of characterization and overall model complexity, and can be derived from existing device models. This simplicity is realized by applying some basic assumptions on the form of the input excitations, and via separation of the nonlinearities from the dynamic behavior. In addition, by further separating the ideal model functionality, this macromodel is applicable to strongly nonlinear components such as mixers. While time-varying Volterra series models have been proposed for mixers with a fixed local oscillation (LO) signal, the proposed frequency separation model is completely general and can capture the variations of the LO input during a system-level simulation. The proposed macromodels are demonstrated in a system-level simulation tool based on Simulink for efficient evaluation of the entire RF system and associated components. A GSM receiver system in 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS process is used to demonstrate the efficacy of these macromodels in our system-level simulation environment.
Secondary resurfacing of the patella after primary total knee arthroplasty does the anterior knee pain resolve

Abstract Although it has been shown that the risk of anterior knee pain is greater in patients with nonresurfaced patellae, it is not exactly clear whether the pain would resolve with secondary resurfacing of the patella. Thirty-nine patients (41 knees) underwent secondary patellar resurfacing between January 2001 and January 2007. The mean age was 66 years. The mean body mass index was 29.2 kg/m 2 . The average time from primary total knee arthroplasty to resurfacing procedure was 29 months. The mean follow-up was 54 months. Anterior knee pain was the indication for secondary resurfacing in all patients. Although the clinical and functional knee scores improved significantly for whole cohort, 8 patients (8 knees) were dissatisfied with the outcome of surgery. This study highlights that secondary resurfacing is not an always rewarding procedure and patients need to be consulted appropriately with regard to the outcome.
The pathology of bronchial asthma. I. The significance of membrane changes in asthmatic and non-allergic pulmonary disease.

Abstract There is a frequent occurrence of thickened basement membranes in non-allergic, chronically diseased lungs. The thickened basement membrane is not a peculiarity of bronchial asthma alone.
Pension type, tenure, and job mobility

Over the last 25 years, the United States has seen a dramatic shift in the private sector away from defined benefit plans and towards defined contribution plans. While commentators constantly cite an increase in labor mobility as a major reason for the shift in the private sector from defined benefit to defined contribution plans, researchers to date have not been able to document any difference in mobility by pension type. This study argues that the inability to find such a relationship stems from ignoring the important role of job tenure. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the results of duration analyses that include the interaction of job tenure and pension type reveal that workers with between five and ten years of tenure at a firm are 23% more likely to leave a job with a defined contribution plan than with a defined benefit plan. This difference is consistent with differences in the timing of benefit level entitlement between the two types of plans.
Optimal Forms of Shallow Cylindrical Panels With Respect to Vibration and Stability

On recherche la forme maximisant la frequence fondamentale de vibration, et la valeur de flambage d'une charge axiale uniforme
Nanocrystalline tetragonal tantalum thin films

Nanocrystalline tetragonal tantalum thin film was prepared by magnetron sputtering. Structure, electrical and mechanical properties of the film were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, four-point probe and nanoindentation. Electrical resistivity of the film was found to be 264.55 μΩ cm at room temperature with negative temperature dependence. Hardness and Young’s modulus of the present tetragonal tantalum thin film with a grain size of 32.3 nm were measured to be 15.0 and 193.9 GPa, respectively.
Simple design of monolith reactor for selective catalytic reduction of NO for power plant emission control

In this paper theoretical and experimental results are presented for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH{sub 3} in the monolithic honeycomb reactor under power plant conditions. Both unpoisoned V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/TiO{sub 2} and alkali poison-doped catalysts are used. A simple analytic solution is given that expresses the overall NO conversion as an explicit function of space velocity and other parameters. Explicit solutions are also given for the NO concentration profile within the honeycomb walls and for the effectiveness factor. A good agreement between experiment and theory is obtained. The theoretical solution also provides insight into the relative importance of the diffusion and reaction steps, as well as a guide for optimal monolith design for SCR.
Absence of the UPS 4σ band for NO chemisorbed on cobalt

Abstract It has been first observed that there are no 4σ bands in UPS HeII spectra for chemisorbed NO on a clean cobalt surface. The results are discussed in terms of orientations of chemisorbed NO species.
Hyperthermic therapy for HIV infection

The objective of this paper is to review what is known about the antiviral effects of fever and to highlight the scientific evidence supporting the hypothesis that hyperthermic therapy may prove to be a beneficial treatment modality for persons infected with HIV. Our hyperthermic hypothesis is based upon the mutant escape, quasispecies theory of HIV antigenic diversity. We propose that, if initiated during the asymptomatic stage of HIV infection, hyperthermia may prove to decrease the number of mutant HIV strains arising due to evolutionary pressures created by the patient's immune system, with a resultant prolongation of the asymptomatic period of infection. A review of the literature from three areas of investigation: the immune response to fever, heat as a tumor killing agent, and preliminary studies with fever and retroviral infections, strongly suggests that there is a good scientific basis for the use of hyperthermic therapy in a multimodal treatment approach to HIV infection.
Fermilab Tevatron High Level RF Accelerating Systems

Eight tuned rf cavities have been installed and operated in the F0 straight section of the Tevatron. Their mechanical placement along the beam line enables them to be operated for colliding beams as two independent groups of four cavities, group 1-4 accelerating antiprotons and group 5-8 accelerating protons. The only difference is that the spacing between cavities 4 and 5 was increased to stay clear of the F0 colliding point. The cavities can easily be rephased by switching cables in a low-level distribution system (fan-out) so that the full accelerating capability of all eight cavities can be used during fixed target operations. Likewise, the cables from capacitive probes on each cavity gap can be switched to proper lengths and summed in a fan-back system to give an rf signal representing the amplitude and phase as ''seen by the beam,'' separately for protons and antiprotons. Such signals have been used to phase lock the Tevatron to the Main Ring for synchronous transfer. A cavity consists of two quarter-wave resonators placed back to back with a coaxial drift tube separating the two accelerating gaps by ..pi.. radians. The cavities are very similar to the prototype which has been previously described/sup 3/ andmore » is operating as Station 8 in the Tevatron. Only additional water cooling around the high current region of the drift tube supports and a double loop used to monitor the unbalance current through the Hipernom mode damping resistor have been added. Each cavity has a Q of about7100, a shunt impedance of 1.2 M..cap omega.., and is capable of running cw with a peak accelerating voltage of 360« less
Rapid Liquid Chromatographic Assay of Vitamin E and Retinyl Palmitate in Extruded Weaning Foods

Extruded weaning foods were produced using cowpea + corn + soybean + soybean oil (35:50:10:5, w/w) and cowpea + corn + peanut (42:43:15, w/w) by twin screw extrusion and fortified with vitamin premix. A direct solvent extraction method was used to assay fortified α-tocopheryl acetate as the ester to differentiate it from the naturally occurring alcohol for accurate assessment of total vitamin E activity. The fortified retinyl palmitate was assayed from the same extraction and assayed as the more stable ester with the same LC conditions after changing the detection wavelengths. Using direct solvent extraction, analytical values of vitamin E homologs in extruded products were higher than those values from saponification.
An Exochelin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reversibly Arrests Growth of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Vitro

Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is characteristic of restenosis following balloon angioplasty. We show here that a low concentration of a novel iron chelator, desferri-exochelin 772SM, reversibly arrests the growth of human VSMCin vitro, specifically in G0/G1 and S phases. The lipophilic desferri-exochelin is effective more rapidly and at a 10-fold lower concentration than the nonlipophilic iron chelator deferoxamine. Treatment of growth-synchronized VSMC with the desferri-exochelin results in down-regulation of cyclin E/ Cdk2 and cyclin A/Cdk2 activity but does not affect the cyclin D/Cdk4/retinoblastoma phosphorylation pathway. Both DNA replication and RNA transcription are inhibited in exochelin-treated cells, but protein synthesis is not. The ability of desferri-exochelin 772SM to reversibly block the growth of VSMC in vitro with no apparent cytotoxicity suggests that the exochelin may be useful as a therapeutic agent to limit restenosis in injured vessels.
Catabolite repression of Escherichia coli biofilm formation.

Biofilm formation was repressed by glucose in several species of Enterobacteriaceae. In Escherichia coli, this effect was mediated at least in part by cyclic AMP (cAMP)-cAMP receptor protein. A temporal role for cAMP in biofilm development was indicated by the finding that glucose addition after ∼24 h failed to repress and generally activated biofilm formation.
Continuous‐flow stirred tank reactors: Solid‐liquid systems

The theory and design of continuous stirred tank reactors are extended to the complex but industrially important field of continuous-heterogeneous-reaction systems. The present investigation is concerned with the elementary process occurring when solid particles and a liquid flow into and from a single reactor or a chain of these reactors. The equations are developed for dissolution processes, and the theoretical size distributions and specific areas are confirmed experimentally. Performance is also related to operating conditions and reactor design.
Biomass Growth Rate during the Prokaryote Cell Cycle

The rate of biomass growth throughout the cell cycle of prokaryotes is important in the study of global regulation. Two limiting cases have generally been considered: the exponential model and the linear model. The exponential model is a logical expectation because protein, the main component of biomass of a bacterial cell, increases continuously during the cell cycle and therefore the means for synthesis of other cell components and metabolites also increases. In addition, during the cell cycle, ribosomes, the means of production of proteins, increase monotonically. As a consequence, the increase of all should be autocatalytic and the content of cell substance should be an exponential function of time. Two cellular components would not be expected to increase exponentially: the DNA and the cell envelope. The former because of the intermittent synthesis of the chromosome, and the latter because of changes in the surface-to-volume ratio with growth and division. In contrast to the exponential model, the linear model of Kubitschek postulates that the cell only increases its membrane transport capability over a brief period during the cell cycle, and, thus limited by transport, all cell components can increase only at a constant linear rate during most of the cell cycle. Other proposed models are intermediate and assume that the growth rate of the cell depends on some cell cycle event, such as the initiation of chromosome replication. The models have relevance to prokaryotes undergoing balanced growth; they may not be relevant to eukaryotic microbes or to eukaryotic cells in tissue culture that have endogenous rhythms or are controlled by protein growth factors. Logically, the models could possibly apply to a free-living cell that does not respond to environmental cues. Even under rigidly constant conditions, however, cells may try to respond to a stimulus that was periodic or regulatory under natural conditions, but is present at a constant level under the experimental culture condition. There are four classes of experiments that have been used to measure the accumulation of dry biomass or its components during the cell cycle of a bacterium, as typified by Escherichia coli. For the first class of experiments, the dimensions of living cells are measured under the microscope. So far, the experiments have been limited by the resolving power of the phase microscope, but adequate resolution should be possible with the confocal scanning light microscope or various video computer systems. Such experiments are called integral because augmentation of cell constituents is followed. The second class involves pulse-chase labeling of cells and then their separation into different phases of the cycle or age groups and measurement of the radioactivity per cell in the fractions. Such experiments are called differential in that the rate is measured directly instead of being deduced by comparing the total size at different times.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Spirituality and Counselling: Are Counsellors Prepared to Integrate Religion and Spirituality into Therapeutic Work with Clients?

An online survey of 341 Registered Clinical Counsellors in British Columbia was used to understand how therapists view and integrate spirituality and religion in their practice. Therapists were asked about their education and training in this realm, and about their perceived abilities, comfort, and competence when working with religious and/or spiritual content. Results suggest that spirituality, but not necessarily religion, is important in participants’ lives and their work with clients, while fewer than half indicated that they were integrating spirituality into their practice. Discussion focuses on the need for practitioner comfort, confidence, and competence regarding spirituality in the therapeutic process.
OCCURRENCE OF A THETA-LIKE ANTIGEN IN RATS

A rat antigen system parallel to the mouse theta system has been described• All rat strains tested expressed an antigen cross-reactive with the θ-AKR specificity of mice while none cross-reacted strongly with θ-C3H. The rat antigen may be demonstrated by either absorption or direct complement-mediated killing of rat thymocytes. Patterns of organ distribution and developmental appearance in the nervous system of rats also parallel those previously reported for theta in mice.
Developing defined culture systems for human pluripotent stem cells

Human pluripotent stem cells hold promising potential in many therapeutics applications including regenerative medicine and drug discovery. Over the past three decades, embryonic stem cell research has illustrated that embryonic stem cells possess two important and distinct properties: the ability to continuously self-renew and the ability to differentiate into all specialized cell types. In this article, we will discuss the continuing evolution of human pluripotent stem cell culture by examining requirements needed for the maintenance of self-renewal in vitro. We will also elaborate on the future direction of the field toward generating a robust and completely defined culture system, which has brought forth collaborations amongst biologists and engineers. As human pluripotent stem cell research progresses towards identifying solutions for debilitating diseases, it will be critical to establish a defined, reproducible and scalable culture system to meet the requirements of these clinical applications.
Advanced RF/baseband interconnect schemes for inter- and intra-ULSI communications

Future inter- and intra-ULSI interconnect systems demand extremely high data rates (up to 100 Gbps/pin or 20-Tbps aggregate) as well as bidirectional multiI/O concurrent service, re-configurable computing/processing architecture, and total compatibility with mainstream silicon system-on-chip and system-in-package technologies. In this paper, we review recent advances in interconnect schemes that promise to meet all of the above system requirements. Unlike traditional wired interconnects based solely on time-division multiple access for data transmission, these new interconnect schemes facilitate the use of additional multiple access techniques including code-division multiple access and frequency-division multiple access to greatly increase bandwidth and channel concurrency as well as to reduce channel latency. The physical transmission line is no longer limited to a direct-coupled metal wire. Rather, it can be accomplished via either wired or wireless mediums through capacitor couplers that reduce the baseband noise and dc power consumption while simplifying the fabrication process by eliminating vertical metal studs needed in three-dimensional ICs. These new advances in interconnect schemes would fundamentally alter the paradigm of ULSI data communications and enable the design of next-generation computing/processing systems.
Aluminium–ligand cooperation promotes selective dehydrogenation of formic acid to H2 and CO2

Herein, we report that molecular aluminium complexes of the bis(imino)pyridine ligand, (PhI2P2−)Al(THF)X, X = H (1), CH3 (2), promote selective dehydrogenation of formic acid to H2 and CO2 with an initial turnover frequency of 5200 turnovers per hour. Low-temperature reactions show that reaction of 1 with HCOOH affords a complex that is protonated three times: twice on the PhI2P2− ligand and once to liberate H2 or CH4 from the Al-hydride or Al-methyl, respectively. We demonstrate that in the absence of protons, insertion of CO2 into the Al-hydride bond of 1 is facile and produces an Al-formate. Upon addition of protons, liberation of CO2 from the Al-formate complex affords an Al-hydride. Deuterium labelling studies and the solvent dependence of the reaction indicate that outer sphere β-hydride abstraction supported by metal–ligand cooperative hydrogen bonding is a likely mechanism for the C–H bond cleavage.
Service outage based power and rate allocation

This article combines the concepts of ergodic capacity and capacity versus outage for fading channels, and explores variable-rate transmissions under a service outage constraint in a block flat-fading channel model. A service outage occurs when the transmission rate is below a given basic rate. We solve the problem of maximizing the expected rate subject to the average power constraint and the service outage probability constraint. When the problem is feasible, the optimum power policy is shown to be a combination of water filling and channel inversion allocation, where the outage occurs at a set of channel states below a certain threshold. The service outage approach resolves the conflicting objectives of high average rate and low outage probability.
Understanding the Birthday Problem

The classical birthday problem: What is the least number of people required to assure that the probability that two or more of them have the same birthday ex ceeds The usual simplifications are that February 29 is ignored as a possible birth day and that the other 365 days are re garded as equally likely birth dates. The problem and its answer, 23 people, are well known.1 Many are surprised at this answer, because 23 is a small fraction of 365. In stead, they feel that a number such as 183(~1(365)) would be more reasonable. Their surprise stems in part from a mis understanding of the statement of the problem. The problem they have in mind is the birthmate problem: What is the least number of people I should question to make the probability that I find one or more birthmates exceed This problem is known, but not well known,1 and its answer is 253. The answer exceeds 183 because the sampling of birth dates is done with replacement, rather than without. If we sampled from 365 peo ple with different birth dates, 183 is the correct answer to the birthmate problem. In comparing the birthday and birth mate problems, one observes that for r people in the birthday problem, there are r(r ?1)/2 pairs or opportunities for like birthdays; whereas, if people are ques tioned in the birthmate problem, there are only opportunities for me to find one or more birthmates. It seems reasonable that, approximately, if one is to have about the same probability of success (finding matching birthdays) in the two problems, then n~r(r ?1)/2, because then one has the same number of opportunities in both problems. For example, if the probability of success is to be at least f, then if r = 23, n = 23(22)/2 = 253, which happens to be exactly the correct answer. On the other hand, the probabilities of success in the two problems are not identical. For the birthday problem with r = 23, (success) ? 0.5073, for the birthmate problem = 253, (success) ?0.5005. Let us generalize the two problems. Let be the number of equally likely days (or categories), r the number of individuals in the birthday problem, and the number examined in the birthmate problem. Then for the birthday problem it is easiest to compute first the probability of no like birthdays, and to obtain the probability of at least one like pair by taking the com plement. There are ways for the first person to have a birthday, ? 1 for the next so that he does not match the first, N?2 for the third so that he matches neither of the first two, and so on down to N ? r+1 for the rth person. Then applying the multi plication principle, the number of ways for no matching birthdays is
Gulf War Illness: Is there lasting damage to the endocrine-immune circuitry?

We reported previously that the persistence of complex immune, endocrine and neurological symptoms that afflict up to one third of veterans from the 1990-91 Gulf War might be supported by a misdirected regulatory drive. Here we use a detailed model of immune signaling in concert with an overarching circuit model of known sex and stress hormone co-regulation to explore how the failure of regulatory elements may further establish a self-perpetuating imbalance that closely resembles Gulf War Illness (GWI). Defects to the model were imparted iteratively and the stable regulatory modes supported by these altered immune-endocrine circuits were identified using repeated simulation experiments. In each case the predicted homeostatic regimes were compared to experimental data collected in male GWI (n=20 ) and matched healthy veterans (n=22 ). We found that alignment of GWI with a new homeostatic regime improved significantly when cortisol's normal anti-inflammatory activity was interrupted. Alignment improved furt...
Reconciling holdings across multiple libraries: A study in data analysis techniques

This article documents data analysis techniques employed in the analysis of variation in an example set of serials enumerative data and applies techniques focused on normalizing the data for the purpose of holdings comparison across multiple institutions. The article documents the programs and methods employed to setup this comparison and sets the stage for the second article in this series that explores various data analysis and cleanup options in more detail.
USING THE TEAM APPROACH OF ANSELM STRAUSS IN ACTION RESEARCH: CONSULTING ON A PROJECT IN GLOBAL EDUCATION

This article presents the use of Anselm Strauss's team approach to generating theory in an action-research project. A team of classroom teachers introducing global education in eleven public schools asked me to be their sociological consultant. I assisted them as they developed a grounded theory of globalization in schools, and they introduced me to global education. My consultant role was a logical extension of the team analysis strategies employed by Anselm Strauss as a research team leader and teacher. Such strategies not only get the job of analysis done , but they serve to develop the team and its members. Strauss encouraged interdisciplinary inquiry, having himself worked with nurses, social workers, and policy makers. The interactionist "team approach " is one of Anselm Strauss's contributions to sociology and a significant contribution to successful consulting strategies in action research projects. In the late 1980s the faculty of the Center for Human Interdependence at Chapman University School of Education invited me to serve as a consultant on a global education project. They were engaged in an innovative venture to introduce global education in eleven public schools and needed to establish a method for data collection, analysis, participant feedback, and project evaluation. The project was a success and continued to yield positive results in school classrooms in succeeding years (Tye 1999; Tye and Tye 1992). Many elementary and secondary school teachers who were influenced by the project introduced global perspectives to their students and in subsequent years participated in global education conferences at the university. Illustrative of true interactionist activity, working with pioneers in global education influenced my professional self (Reinharz 1997) and my sociological work in global education (Lessor 2000; Lessor, Reeves, and Andrade 1997). Using grounded theory methods in the practice of consulting results in the unique outcome of opening up new territory for both client and con* Direct all correspondence to: Roberta Lessor, Department of Sociology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866; e-mail : lessor@chapman.edu. Sociological Perspectives, Volume 43, Number 4, pages S133-S147. Copyright © 2000 by Pacific Sociological Association. All rights reserved. Send requests for permission to reprint to: Rights and Permissions, University of California Press, Journals Division, 2000 Center St., Ste. 303, Berkeley, CA 94704-1223.
Screening for diabetes: sensitivity and positive predictive value of risk factor total.

OBJECTIVE: Screening for diabetes is recommended for individuals ≥45 years of age, or earlier if they manifest ≥ one specific risk factors. This study examined the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of risk factor total for identifying individuals with diabetes and prediabetes. DESIGN: Subjects were interviewed to assess the presence of risk factors. Fasting plasma glucose levels were obtained. SETTING: The study occurred at a health fair in Greens-burg, PA. PATIENTS: Six hundred sixty-one Caucasians between the ages of 19 and 100. RESULTS: Using the criterion of screening individuals with ≥ one risk factors detected 100% of both diabetics and prediabetics. This dropped to 91.2% when screening individuals with > two factors. The PPV of the risk factor total was poor (80% of individuals with a total of four factors were not diabetic). The ability of the risk factor total to predict individuals with impaired glucose metabolism (prediabetics + diabetics) was considerably better, and increased almost linearly with the risk factor total. Of the subjects with normal glucose values, the mean glucose increased as the risk factor total increased. CONCLUSION: While the sensitivity of using ≥ one risk factor as an algorithm to screen is 100% for identifying diabetics, the PPV of risk factor analysis for identifying diabetics is poor. The same algorithm works well to identify at-risk individuals, presumably allowing early intervention and education. ABBREVIATIONS: FPG = fasting plasma glucose; PPV = positive predictive value.