cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The human P2x1 receptor: molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and localization to chromosome 17.

A human urinary bladder cDNA library was screened with a rat P2X purinoceptor probe. A full-length cDNA was isolated, and like its rat homologue, the deduced protein consists of 399 amino acids (Mr = 44980 Da), contains two hydrophobic, putative transmembrane, domains flanking a large presumed extracellular loop, and represents the P2x1 subtype of this multigene family (∼ 89% amino acid sequence identity to rat P2x1, but only 40–50% identity to rat P2x2–4). Expression of the P2x1 gene in human bladder was confirmed by Northern analysis, which demonstrated a major transcript of ∼ 2.9 kb. Transcripts were also found in a variety of other tissues including adult peripheral leukocytes, pancreas, spleen, prostate, small intestine, colon, testis, and ovary, and in fetal liver. The gene encoding the human P2x1 receptor was localized to chromosome 17 by Southern analysis of DNAs isolated from a panel of somatic cell hybrids. The results support a role for P2x purinoceptors in the regulation of human bladder function.
Music listeners, philosophers, and researchers

Relationships between philosophy and science have ranged from Wittgenstein's view that cognitive science has nothing to offer the understanding of art to the view that science is in the process of eliminating the need for philosophy [1]. Taking a middle approach, I wish to base my brief comments on Juslin's excellent article with an expansion of a seemingly innocuous statement, “And, it is the listener's criteria that count, if our goal is to explain actual responses to music” [2]. Fig. 1 provides a graphical way of illustrating how we might arrive at a more coordinated and coherent view of musical and aesthetic emotions by combining insights gleaned from music listeners, philosophers, and researchers, using the BRECVEMA model. Imagine a highly trained musician who agrees with Stravinsky when he said, “Do we not, in truth, ask the impossible of music when we expect it to express feelings?” [3]. Philosophers might label our highly trained musician a Formalist, and using the BRECVEMA model, researchers might find support for this position in the mechanism of Musical Expectancy which is supported by specific brain regions [2, Table 2].
Confidence estimation and the size of a clinical trial

The general procedure for sample size determination based upon the confidence interval approach is reviewed and presented for both absolute and relative precision stipulations. The relationship between precision and sample size is discussed and methods for sample size determination for clinical trials are presented and illustrated with numerical examples.
Condensed Matter Physics: Magnetoresistance in Layered Manganite Compounds

Magnetoresistance is an effect in which the electrical resistance of a material changes in a magnetic field. This phenomenon is of great importance in magnetic data recording, where a magnetoresistive sensor detects the patterns of bits on magnetic storage media. In his Perspective, Goldman discusses results reported in the same issue by Kimura et al. (p. 1698) that reveal how current is carried in an important group of materials, the layered manganites.
Extending the reach of nilotinib in chronic myeloid leukemia.

Clarity regarding the optimal management of a newly or recently diagnosed patient with chronic phase-chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) continues to evolve years after registration of nilotinib and dasatinib for use as alternatives to imatinib for initial therapy. Multiple decision points exist early on
Pattern discovery in sequences under a Markov assumption

In this paper we investigate the general problem of discovering recurrent patterns that are embedded in categorical sequences. An important real-world problem of this nature is motif discovery in DNA sequences. We investigate the fundamental aspects of this data mining problem that can make discovery "easy" or "hard." We present a general framework for characterizing learning in this context by deriving the Bayes error rate for this problem under a Markov assumption. The Bayes error framework demonstrates why certain patterns are much harder to discover than others. It also explains the role of different parameters such as pattern length and pattern frequency in sequential discovery. We demonstrate how the Bayes error can be used to calibrate existing discovery algorithms, providing a lower bound on achievable performance. We discuss a number of fundamental issues that characterize sequential pattern discovery in this context, present a variety of empirical results to complement and verify the theoretical analysis, and apply our methodology to real-world motif-discovery problems in computational biology.
Arsenic removal from water using flame-synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles with variable oxidation states

We utilized gas-phase diffusion flame synthesis, which has potential for large-scale production of metal oxide nanoparticles, to produce iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) with variable oxidation states. The efficacy of these materials in removal of arsenate (As(V) ) from water was assessed. Two different flame configurations, a diffusion flame (DF) and an inverse diffusion flame (IDF), were employed to synthesize six different IONPs by controlling flame conditions. The IONPs produced in the IDF configuration (IDF-IONPs) had smaller particle diameters (4.8 - 8.2 nm) and larger surface areas (141-213 m2/g) than the IONPs produced in the DF configuration (29 nm, 36 m2/g), which resulted in their higher adsorption capacities. As(V) adsorption capacities of the IDF-IONPs increased when the IONPs were synthesized in more oxidizing conditions. The fully oxidized IDF-IONPs, maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), showed the highest As(V) adsorption capacity, comparable to that of magnetite nanocrystals synthesized by thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl and equivalent to three to four times higher capacity than that of a commonly used goethite-based adsorbent. All IONPs were magnetically responsive, which is of great importance for solid-liquid separation. This study demonstrates that the IONPs synthesized in gas-phase flame, particularly IDF-IONPs, are excellent adsorbents because of their high As(V) sorption capacity, potential for large-scale production, and useful magnetic property.
The vWF-cleaving protease: new opportunities in TTP

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare but increasingly encountered disorder associated with abnormalities of plasma von Willebrand factor (vWF). Moschcowitz reported the first case in 1924, and a major review of TTP in 1966 described the clinical features of 271 patients. TTP was
Evaporatively controlled growth of salt trees.

During the latter stages of the evaporation of ammonium chloride solutions, highly ramified salt structures, centimeters in height, are formed. In contrast with many, if not all, of the commonly discussed branched solidified object (e.g., dendrites or diffusion-limited aggregation clusters), the porous nature of the salt trees leads to growth in a direction away from the material source owing to a coupling between capillarity and evaporation. A physical mechanism for the phenomenon is reported, growth as a function of external convection is studied and demonstrates growth directed opposite the convective flow, and a method for determining a fractal dimension of the three-dimensional trees is described. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Studies on Immunization Against Plague XI. A Study of the Immunogenicity and Toxicity of Eleven Avirulent Variants of Virulent Strains of Pasteurella Pestis

Many pathogenic microorganisms undergo spontaneous or artificially induced dissociation into avirulent strains. Various workers studying Pasteurella pestis have used several methods to produce avirulent variants of this organism: (a) repeated subcultivation at weekly intervals,8-10,12,13,15,18,21,22,24 (b) prolonged subcultivation on broth containing alcohol;5,6,11,13 (c) passage of strains through immune animals2,13 (d) cultivation in the presence of bacteriophage14,19,20 or (e) aeration of broth cultures.' It seems, however, that the artificial production of avirulent plague strains would be likely to be accompanied by alteration of the bacillus or by loss of much of its envelope substance, which, according to the research of Schiitze,23 Meyer and his collaborators3,1"y7 and Amies' is of paramount importance in immunization against plague. Therefore, in the search for immunogenic avirulent Past. pestis strains it was considered preferable to use, in place of artificial procedures, the method of single colony picking. As shown by observers such as Otten"' and Jawetz and Meyer,13 this methcd permits isolation of avirulent colonies from primarily virulen strains. The present study is concerned with the isolation of a number of such avirulent colonies and with
From the Archives: Women's History in Baker Library's Business Manuscripts Collection

“[O]ur ladies know nothing of the sober certainties which relate to money and they cannot be taught,” wrote Frederic Tudor in 1820, in a sweeping indictment of women's financial abilities that was common for the period. Despite such stereotypes, many women in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries participated in commerce, both as merchants and as manufacturers. Because they mainly oversaw small and shortlived concerns, however, their enterprises did not fit into traditional understandings of successful business, either in their own time or later, when the field of business history developed in the twentieth century. As a consequence, when Harvard Business School's Baker Library began amassing business manuscripts, curators generally concentrated on collecting the records of large firms and well-known industrialists. Their big-business bias not only affected what was collected, but also how manuscripts were processed. Search aids and cataloging records did not distinguish materials made by or about women because gender was not a compelling issue for early twentieth-century historians.
AGE AND SEX DIFFERENCES ON THE STATE-TRAIT PERSONALITY INVENTORY

The State-Trait Personality Inventory was administered to 150 volunteers whose ages ranged from 21 to 83 yr. Participants were placed into one of three groups on the basis of their chronological age: young adults (21 to 39 yr.), middle-age (49 to 59 yr.), and old (60 to 83 yr.). Analysis indicated no significant main effects for age group on any of the six subscales with education statistically controlled. Significant sex differences were found on the Trait Anxiety Scale; women had higher trait anxiety. There was no significant interaction of sex and age. Implications of results were discussed.
Theoretical limits of belowground production by Spartina alterniflora: An analysis through modelling

Abstract Emperical measurements of standing leaf biomass in tall-form stands of Spartina alterniflora and climatic data were used to solve a growth model in order to place upper limits on belowground production. The model was solved using data from Great Sippewissett Marsh in Massachusetts, Flax Pond in New York, and a Sapelo Island marsh in Georgia. The upper limits of belowgroung production were calculated for these marshes, 1.1, 3.2, and 6.5 kg C m −2 yr −1 , respectively, when a zero rate of belowground respiration was assumed. Best estimates of net belowground production were calculated, 0.6, 0.6, and 1.4 kg C m −2 yr −1 , respectively, when the respiration of roots and rhizomes was subtracted from the gross rate of belowground production and when we assumed that the loss of belowground biomass from death or exudation of organics was great enough to maintain the average annual belowground biomass in steady state. Best estimates of belowground production gave predicted CO 2 exchange rates that were consistent with all of the independent measurements of gas exchange, but suggested that CO 2 from sources belowground, probably from respiration, may be lost through the leaves. Photosynthetic efficiencies predicted by the model were similar to those reported for a number of other highly productive species.
Developmental group supervision

Abstract A reconceptualization of the problems and processes of developmental group supervision is proposed as occurring in three different but interesting domains. It is asserted that a more thorough understanding of the developmental assumptions upon which supervision models are built will help to identify deficiencies in existing models and point the way to the development of more comprehensive models.
Laboratory and clinical management of the highly sensitized organ transplant recipient

Just a short time ago high levels of preformed lymphocytotoxic antibodies in potential renal transplant recipients constituted an almost insurmountable obstacle to finding a suitable donor. Breakthroughs in the areas of serology (e.g., removal of IgM antibodies and the use of CLL cells for serum screening), strategy (use of a calculated cumulative probability of transplantability to determine the necessary donor pool size), and therapy (the use of Staph A immunosorbent columns to remove IgG from the patient's serum and the advent of recombinant erythropoietin) are rapidly evolving to the point where there is promise of substantially improving the chances of transplanting highly sensitized patients.
Rapid access to speech gestures in perception: Evidence from choice and simple response time tasks

Participants took part in two speech tests. In both tests, a model speaker produced vowel–consonant–vowels (VCVs) in which the initial vowel varied unpredictably in duration. In the simple response task, participants shadowed the initial vowel; when the model shifted to production of any of three CVs (/pa/, /ta/ or /ka/), participants produced a CV that they were assigned to say (one of /pa/, /ta/ or /ka/). In the choice task, participants shadowed the initial vowel; when the model shifted to a CV, participants shadowed that too. We found that, measured from the model’s onset of closure for the consonant to the participant’s closure onset, response times in the choice task exceeded those in the simple task by just 26 ms. This is much shorter than the canonical difference between simple and choice latencies [100–150 ms according to Luce (1986)] and is near the fastest simple times that Luce reports. The findings imply rapid access to articulatory speech information in the choice task. A second experiment found much longer choice times when the perception–production link for speech could not be exploited. A third experiment and an acoustic analysis verified that our measurement from closure in Experiment 1 provided a valid marker of speakers’ onsets of consonant production. A final experiment showed that shadowing responses are imitations of the model’s speech. We interpret the findings as evidence that listeners rapidly extract information about speakers’ articulatory gestures.
Separations in Hazardous Waste Management

Abstract The innovative use of separation techniques can simplify the management of liquid and solid wastes. Valuable applications can include traditional unit operations as well as hybrid designs that exploit chemical, physical, and biological properties to achieve practical goals. Increasingly stringent release guidelines may dictate the use of separation technologies to recycle waste streams, rather than to decontaminate and discharge them. Process synthesis and design can be especially useful whenever separations are used to convert wastes into usable by-products. The most effective waste management schemes prevent pollution, increase by-product utilization, reduce capital investment, and eliminate unnecessary operating expenses.
Spin Wave Excitation in Planar Ferrites

The large magnetic anisotropy field that is encountered in many planar ferrites markedly affects the rf magnetic field at which spin wave instability sets in. When the rf magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the dc field, spin wave instability can occur through the first- or second-order process. At ferromagnetic resonance, the first-order process dominates if the frequency is smaller than a characteristic frequency ω c . This characteristic frequency has been calculated for ellipsoidal samples. For most sample shapes, the anisotropy field tends to increase ω c , thus favoring the occurrence of the first-order process. In addition, the anisotropy tends to decrease the critical field at which the spin wave instability sets in. Assuming the spin wave relaxation rates to be equal in the two situations compared, we find that the second-order threshold is reduced (approximately) in the ratio of (8π M/H a )1/2 for relatively high frequencies; and in the ratio of (ω/γH a )1/2 for relatively low frequencies. In parallel pumping, the threshold field is reduced in the ratio of 4πM/(4πM+Ha) at low biasing fields.
279: The impact of delivery timing on cesarean delivery risk in women with mild destational diabetes

births leaving 1785 for analysis: 1491 had an epidural and 294 did not. Of those with epidural, 8.0% had clinical chorioamnionitis compared with only 1.0% without epidural: unadjusted OR 8.3 (95% CI: 2.626); p 0.0001. After multivariable logistic regression, epidural use (adjusted OR 6.3; 1.9-21), multiparity (0.43; 0.32-0.59) and preeclampsia (0.44; 0.21-0.91) were significantly associated with chorioamnionitis (Table). In additional analyses (Table) we adjusted further for duration of labor (a potential reason for the association with epidural and a proxy for number of vaginal exams). CONCLUSION: Epidural use is strongly associated with an increase in the clinical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis independently of labor duration and likely due to epidural fever. Multiparity and preeclampsia are protective.
History and current perspectives on the use of drug formulations to decrease the abuse of prescription drugs

This article is part of a supplemental issue of the journal devoted entirely to papers on how abuse liability of medications is affected by their formulation for medical use. This article reviews the history of abuse and addiction to medications in the United States and the legislation designed to control these problems. The provisions in legislation related specifically to formulations of medications designed to decrease their abuse potential will be noted. In addition, the role of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence (CPDD) as an organization initially founded to develop analgesic medications with less abuse potential than morphine is briefly reviewed. Examples of current approaches to the development of formulations of medications to decrease their abuse potential discussed in detail in the articles to follow are outlined. Finally, the use of behavioral economic analyses to better delineate the relative abuse potential of new medication formulations is discussed.
Boundaries in multispectral imagery by clustering

In classifying multispectral, digitized, pictorial data it is necessary to locate spatial boundaries in the data to assist the researcher in the selection of training and test samples. Applications also exist in the areas of data compression, information storage and retrieval, sample classification schemes and image registration.
Automated design of integrated circuits with area-distributed input–output pads

We present a method for automating the creation of complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits that successfully utilizes a large number of area-distributed pads for input–output communication. This method uses Duet Technologies’ epoch computer-aided-design tool for automated placement and routing of CMOS circuitry, given a schematic netlist as an input. The novelty of this approach is that it uses Duet Technologies’ eggo program to place and route area-pad signals. To verify this methodology, it is applied to the design of a digital signal-processing circuit, with 200 optical area-pad input–outputs and 44 perimeter-pad input–outputs, that is being fabricated with Bell Labs 1997 CMOS–multiple-quantum-well foundry. The layout results are as good as or better than the results obtained by manual layout.
The predicted structure of the calcium-binding component of troponin.

The structure prediction of the calcium binding component of troponin (TN-C) incorporates the following assumptions: (1) TN-C contains four regions homologous to the calcium binding “EF hand” of parvalbumin. (2) The four EF hands are arranged in two pairs with overall symmetry, 222. (3) The regions of the calcium binding component of troponin which are not in the four EF hands connect the hands within each pair, one to two and three to four, and connect the pairs, region two to region three. In the resulting model there is a well-defined hydrophobic core made from side chains of all eight helical regions and of the four calcium binding loops. The Ca2+ within pairs are separated by 11 A; while the pairs of Ca2+ are separated from one another by over 30 A. Cys-98 and Tyr-109 are suggested to be sensitive spectroscopic probes. Calcium(1) is suggested to be solvent accessible and most readily replaced by a lanthanide. Because of the overall symmetry of the calcium binding component of troponin, one can anticipate that the inhibitory- and the tropomyosin binding components of troponin are similar to one another.
Developing better biomarkers for connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease: citrullinated hsp90 autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) describes a heterogeneous group of parenchymal pulmonary conditions that sometimes defy easy categorization (1). This frequently lethal collection of disorders is often characterized by signs and symptoms of systemic inflammation, findings that suggest that immunity causes or, at least, contributes to the development of pulmonary disease. Because lungs interface constantly with the outside world, it is not surprising that the barrier function of the airways requires not only constant mechanical removal of foreign antigens (e.g., cough reflexes, a mucociliary elevator) but also an actively engaged and sophisticated set of immune defenses.
Advanced hybrid neural network automotive friction component model for powertrain system dynamic analysis. Part 2: System simulation

In this research, the advanced hybrid neural network (AHNN) friction-component model, presented in Part 1 of this two-part paper, is integrated with an automotive drivetrain model for system simulations. The AHNN model accurately predicts the dynamic behaviours of transmission friction components over a broad operating range. It also allows variable sampling time steps in a numerical integration process. In this investigation, the AHNN model is trained using experimental data obtained from a powertrain dynamometer test stand. Since typical dynamometer measurements are acquired at locations away from friction components, a backtracking algorithm is developed to evaluate friction component torque during engagement. The trained AHNN model, together with a comprehensive drivetrain model, is implemented to simulate the shifting process of an automatic transmission system under various operating conditions, including different oil-temperature and engine-throttle levels. Simulation results demonstrate that the AHNN friction component model can be effectively utilized as a part of the drivetrain model to accurately predict transmission shift dynamics.
Newspaper coverage of residential fires: an opportunity for prevention communication.

Background: Worldwide, fire-related burns are a major cause of unintentional injury, morbidity and mortality, with the majority of deaths occurring in developing countries. In the US, as in other countries, most fatal fires occur in the home. Effective prevention strategies for residential fires are, however, currently underutilized. The news media is one available communication channel to promote such strategies, and analyzing current news coverage is a first step towards incorporating media advocacy into injury prevention efforts related to residential fires. Methods: Four daily newspapers circulating widely in Maryland were monitored for 1 year. Articles describing residential fires were coded for measures of prominence, content and frame. Analysis focused on measures of issue newsworthiness, reporting of causation and consequences of fires, and inclusion of public health context and conveyance of prevention messages. Results: The data indicate that fires are newsworthy, with 374 relevant news articles in a 1-year period, 32% of which appear on the first page of a section. Coverage generally concerned recent local fire events. Most articles discussed the consequences of fires (88%), and identified a causal factor (58%). Only 36%, however, included prevention information, and less than one-quarter set residential fires in a public health context. Conclusion: The newsworthiness of residential fires provides a clear opportunity for widespread communication around injury prevention. Improving media advocacy will entail framing discussion of recent fire events in such a way as to support inclusion of prevention strategies and a public health context in news coverage.
Selling sex to college females: their attitudes about Cosmopolitan and Glamour magazines

Abstract A descriptive statistical snapshot of two of the globally top-selling women’s magazines is undertaken in this investigation. The overwhelming conclusion is that “sex sells” in the publishing of Cosmpolitan and Glamour magazines based on the 23 attitudinal statements ranked by N =141 college women subscribers. This descriptive study used content analysis and Likert scale measurement to develop the 23 attitudinal statements. A PAF three factor solution of the attitudinal data was named SEXUALITY, FREEDOM, and OPPORTUNITY by the investigator.
Ecology and evolution of light‐dependent and light‐independent phytogenic volatile organic carbon

Contents Summary 199 I. Introduction 199 II. Light-independent emissions 200 III. Light-dependent emissions 201 IV. Regulation of production 202 V. Possible functions of light-dependent VOCs 204 VI. Evolutionary aspects of phytogenic VOC 206 Acknowledgements 206 References 209 Summary The low molecular weight hydrocarbons produced by plants form a uniquely exciting group of compounds. Produced by a common biosynthetic route, they play multiple and complex roles in organismal, ecological, and atmospheric processes. While some of these compounds have clearly identified functions within plants, others are made for reasons not yet fully understood. Here, both light-dependent and light-independent emissions are reviewed, together with regulation of production and possible functions of light-dependent volatile organic carbon (VOC). In addition to issues regarding the phylogenetic origins of VOC emissions, the origins of the pivotal enzymes that give rise to the observed emission phenotypes are discussed. Studies on the evolution and regulation of their production and emission provide an amazing opportunity for scientists working from the molecular to the tropospheric scales to interact.
The Double-Auction Gambling Market An Experimental Examination

I examine a new sports wagering mechanism that utilizes a double auction rather than the traditional wager matching book- maker. Laboratory experiments were performed that modeled the two institutions in an attempt to compare the efficiency and volatility of the new mechanism versus the status quo. The new proposed double auction institution was less efficient and more volatile than the match- ing mechanism. However, the relative performance of the double auction mechanism was significantly improved by an increase in the size of the market.
End-user software development in a scientific organization

Scientific and engineering research is dependent on effective use of software artifacts; many of these artifacts are produced by the scientists themselves, rather than by trained software engineers. In order to improve the productivity of groups involved in scientific research, we have undertaken a project to understand the types of software development being undertaken by scientists, and to build a system that will help these end-users to build and manage the software. This paper summarizes the issues we have identified and the system we have built to support the scientists in their software engineering activities.
The “10 Keys” to Healthy Aging 24-Month Follow-Up Results From an Innovative Community-Based Prevention Program

The purpose of this report was to evaluate a prevention program to reduce risk factors for common diseases among older individuals in a lower income community. This randomized community-based study enrolled older adults into a Brief Education and Counseling Intervention or a Brief Education and Counseling Intervention plus a physical activity and (for those with hypertension) a dietary sodium intervention. Outcomes were collected on 389 adults with a mean age of 73.9 years over 24 months. Adherence to the "10 Keys" improved significantly in the proportion meeting goals for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+14%), bone mineral density testing (+11%), pneumonia vaccination (+11%), colonoscopy (+14%), and adherence to antihypertensive medication (+9%). This program resulted in significant reductions in key risk factors, increases in immunizations, and adherence to established prevention guidelines over 2 years. Further research is needed to refine the use of community health counselors for translating prevention knowledge into community settings. A major limitation of these studies is the low participation percentage.
Purpose and Perceptions of Family Social Location Among Rural Youth

Purpose is a concept receiving increasing attention in the developmental sciences. Making sense of your place in the world and finding meaning—a process fundamental to purpose—support positive deve...
Advanced detection and coding techniques for nonlinear intersymbol interference cancellation in 40 Gb/s systems

To mitigate the fibre nonlinearities in high-speed transmission (at 40 Gb/s or higher), the use of maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) symbol decoding supplemented with iterative decoding is proposed. The MAP detector operates on the channel trellis to correct the corrupted data and to provide soft outputs processed further in an iterative decoder. Impressive performance improvement is demonstrated.
Energy Transfer in Photosystem I of Cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus: Model Study with Structure-Based Semi-Empirical Hamiltonian and Experimental Spectral Density

We model the energy transfer and trapping kinetics in PSI. Rather than simply applying Forster theory, we develop a new approach to self-consistently describe energy transfer in a complex with heterogeneous couplings. Experimentally determined spectral densities are employed to calculate the energy transfer rates. The absorption spectrum and fluorescence decay time components of the complex at room temperature were reasonably reproduced. The roles of the special chlorophylls (red, linker, and reaction center, respectively) molecules are discussed. A formally exact expression for the trapping time is derived in terms of the intrinsic trapping time, mean first passage time to trap, and detrapping time. The energy transfer mechanism is discussed and the slowest steps of the arrival at the primary electron donor are found to contain two dominant steps: transfer-to-reaction-center, and transfer-to-trap-from-reaction-center. The intrinsic charge transfer time is estimated to be 0.8∼1.7 ps. The optimality with respect to the trapping time of the calculated transition energies and the orientation of Chls is discussed.
Wave-optics description of laboratory soft-x-ray lasers

We describe a time-dependent wave-optics propagation model applicable to laboratory x-ray lasers and amplified spontaneous emission devices described in the literature. The model embodies a stochastic treatment of spontaneous emission, counterpropagating beams, diffraction, gain saturation, transverse variation of gain, and refractive effects due to electron density gradients. The model has been used to describe the output beam characteristics and spatial coherence properties of some plausible lasers.
Coding using multiple block (d,k) codes

It is shown that, for independent block coding of binary data to (d,k) sequences, there are advantages in utilizing multiple (d,k) block codes. A formulation is given for determining the best choice of successive constraints on encoded channel blocks for the maximum independent block coding rate. Given these constraints, independent (d,k) block codes with improved code rates are constructed. The authors show how to determine the capacity of a (d,k) code given an imposed channel block structure, where certain positions within each block are constrained to be zero. The technique presented here can be extended to determine the capacity of (d,k) codes with arbitrary periodic synchronization patterns. >
Timing of Captopril Administration Determines Radiation Protection or Radiation Sensitization in a Murine Model of Total Body Irradiation

Objective Angiotensin II (Ang II), a potent vasoconstrictor, affects the growth and development of hematopoietic cells. Mixed findings have been reported for the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on radiation-induced injury to the hematopoietic system. We investigated the consequences of different regimens of the ACE inhibitor captopril on radiation-induced hematopoietic injury. Materials and Methods C57BL/6 mice were either sham-irradiated or exposed to 60 Co total body irradiation (0.6 Gy/min). Captopril was provided in the water for different time periods relative to irradiation. Results In untreated mice, the survival rate from 7.5 Gy was 50% at 30 days postirradiation. Captopril treatment for 7 days prior to irradiation resulted in radiosensitization with 100% lethality and a rapid decline in mature blood cells. In contrast, captopril treatment beginning 1 hour postirradiation and continuing for 30 days resulted in 100% survival, with improved recovery of mature blood cells and multilineage hematopoietic progenitors. In nonirradiated control mice, captopril biphasically modulated Lin − marrow progenitor cell cycling. After 2 days, captopril suppressed G 0 −G 1 transition and a greater number of cells entered a quiescent state. However, after 7 days of captopril treatment Lin − progenitor cell cycling increased compared to untreated control mice. Conclusion These findings suggest that ACE inhibition affects hematopoietic recovery following radiation by modulating the hematopoietic progenitor cell cycle. The timing of captopril treatment relative to radiation exposure differentially affects the viability and repopulation capacity of spared hematopoietic stem cells and, therefore, can result in either radiation protection or radiation sensitization.
RNA METABOLISM IN DEVELOPING COTYLEDONS OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS

SUMMARY RNA metabolism in the cotyledons of Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Taylor's Horticultural, has been examined as well as the composition of the RNA synthesized during embryogeny and germination. The cotyledons cease RNA synthesis during maturation at the onset of dehydration. During germination RNA synthesis resumes; however, organellar rRNA is the major class of RNA synthesized. The total RNA content of the cotyledons doubles during the first 3 days of germination and then declines as the cotyledons senesce. RNA synthesis is restricted to periods of near normal water content.
Newtonian limit of Einsteinian gravity: from dynamics of Solar system to dynamics of stars in spiral galaxies

Attempts to merge Einsteinian gravity with Newtonian run into logical inconsistencies coming from the fact that in Newton’s gravity time is absolute and the speed of propagation of gravity is assumed to be infinite. Such an assumption was in a focus of attention of many scientists in 19th century interested in finding out if, indeed, the speed of propagation of gravity is infinite. For this purpose, by analogy with electrodynamics, some retarded potentials replacing Newtonian were suggested. Using one of such potentials Gerber correctly calculated the perihelion shift for Mercury in 1902. However, subsequent attempts at calculation of bending of light using Gerber-style calculations were not successful. ′
Malaria-related knowledge and prevention practices in four neighbourhoods in and around Mumbai, India: A cross-sectional study

Background: India accounts for the highest number of malaria cases outside of Africa. Eighty per cent of India’s population lives in malaria-risk areas, with cases increasing in urban areas. Mumbai, India, one of the most populous cities in the world, has experienced such an increase. To be successful, many malaria control efforts require community participation, which in turn depends on individuals’ knowledge and awareness of the disease. This study assessed the knowledge and prevention practices regarding malaria in residents of four different areas of Mumbai, India, around the time of a malaria outbreak and the start of a widespread awareness campaign. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study assessed malaria-related knowledge and prevention practices in four geographically and socio-demographically distinct areas of Mumbai, India. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was administered to a stratified random sample of 119 households between 16 December 2010 and 30 January 2011. Participant socio-demographic characteristics, malaria knowledge, malaria prevention practices, and household environmental factors were examined overall and compared across the four areas of Mumbai. Results: Overall, respondents had excellent knowledge of the mosquito as the means of transmission of malaria, mosquito biting times and breeding sites, and fever as a symptom of malaria. However, many respondents also held misconceptions about malaria transmission and symptoms. Respondents generally knew that bed nets are an effective prevention strategy, but only 30% used them, and only 4% used insecticide-treated bed nets. Knowledge and prevention practices varied across the four areas of Mumbai. Conclusions: Although most residents know that bed nets are effective in preventing malaria, usage of bed nets is very low, and almost no residents use insecticide-treated bed nets. As the four areas of Mumbai differed in knowledge, prevention practices, and primary sources of information, malaria control campaigns should be tailored according to the knowledge gaps, practices, environments, resources, and preferences in different areas of the city, using the interpersonal and media channels most likely to reach the target audiences. Malaria control efforts involving bed nets should emphasize use of insecticide-treated bed nets.
P0-7 Computational Time Reversal Ultrasonic Array Imaging of Multipoint Targets

In computational time reversal (CTR) ultrasonic imaging of point scatterers, the singular value decomposition of the response matrix is of critical importance. Determination of response matrix rank using singular value decomposition (SVD) is the first step in obtaining the null subspace projection operator which is used to quantify the contribution of a test illumination vector to the measured response matrix. The null subspace projection operator is formed from the summed outer products of the singular vectors associated with singular values of zero magnitude. For imaging in noisy environments or inhomogeneous media, singular values do not generally attain zero magnitude and we face the problem of correctly determining the identities of the singular vectors that span the signal subspace. Failure to correctly determine response matrix rank will result in a projection operator that either incompletely spans the actual noise subspace, or erroneously spans part of the signal subspace. This paper will provide physical justification for the observed loss of rank in the response matrix at low frequencies and develop a robust, efficient algorithm to determine the correct subspace dimensionality for generation of the null subspace projection operator in DORT-based CTR imaging algorithms. However, while successive singular values of the decomposition are guaranteed to be monotonically non-increasing, numerical simulations typically show that singular values do not correlate well to the actual scatterer reflectivities. The computed singular values may decrease in value very rapidly, so that even for a system with M equally reflective targets the Mth singular value may take on small values near zero. In general, the rank of the response matrix at a given frequency is only maximally given by the number of point targets being probed, and a robust and computationally efficient thresholding method is required to maximize imaging efficiency of CTR algorithms. We demonstrate using numerical simulations the efficiency of the thresholding algorithm. Imaging error introduced by suboptimal rank determination of the response matrix is quantified. We also quantify the effect of signal noise on image quality through its effect on rank determination accuracy.
Genomic analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and human tumors: a rational approach to preclinical model selection.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common type of cancer worldwide. The increasing amount of genomic information on human tumors and cell lines provides more biologic data to design preclinical studies. We and others previously reported whole-exome sequencing data of 106 HNSCC primary tumors. In 2012, high-throughput genomic data and pharmacologic profiling of anticancer drugs of hundreds of cancer cell lines were reported. Here, we compared the genomic data of 39 HNSCC cell lines with the genomic findings in 106 HNSCC tumors. Amplification of eight genes (PIK3CA, EGFR, CCND2, KDM5A, ERBB2, PMS1, FGFR1, and WHSCIL1) and deletion of five genes (CDKN2A, SMAD4, NOTCH2, NRAS, and TRIM33) were found in both HNSCC cell lines and tumors. Seventeen genes were only mutated in HNSCC cell lines (>10%), suggesting that these mutations may arise through immortalization in tissue culture. Conversely, 11 genes were only mutated in >10% of human HNSCC tumors. Several mutant genes in the EGF receptor (EGFR) pathway are shared both in cell lines and in tumors. Pharmacologic profiling of eight anticancer agents in six HNSCC cell lines suggested that PIK3CA mutation may serve as a predictive biomarker for the drugs targeting the EGFR/PI3K pathway. These findings suggest that a correlation of gene mutations between HNSCC cell lines and human tumors may be used to guide the selection of preclinical models for translational research. Implications: These findings suggest that a correlation of gene mutations between HNSCC cell lines and human tumors may be used to guide the selection of preclinical models for translational research. Visual Overview:http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/12/4/571/F1.large.jpg. Mol Cancer Res; 12(4); 571–82. ©2014 AACR.
Technology to create the three-dimensional patient record

Abstract The current orthodontic patient record consists of photographs, radiographs (usually lateral and PA cephalograms and a panoramic view), and either mounted or hand articulated study models. However, the current patient record is limited in several respects and in need for update. Recently novel approaches to imaging have been introduced to orthodontics, which include three-dimensional (3D) images of the face, skeleton and dentition as well as the ability to record mandibular position and motion in 3D. Herein, we describe novel technologies in orthodontics that can be used to collectively create the 3D patient record. At this time, technologies have been created for independent and specific functions such as imaging the face or the teeth but collectively could bring patient care to a new level. A future direction is to integrate these separate images to produce the "virtual orthodontic patient" upon which diagnoses, treatment simulation, planning and therapeutics can be performed.
The Privacy Privilege: Law Enforcement, Technology and the Constitution

Entitled "The Privacy Privilege: Law Enforcement, Technology and the Constitution," this article considers how the Fourth Amendment's protection of privacy should be operationalized in a culture where so much human activity is carried out via technology. The article develops a theory of "mediated communication" and shows how Fourth Amendment doctrines evolved to accommodate the privacy of earlier types of mediated communication, e.g., written, telegraphic and telephonic communication. It then considers how the Fourth Amendment should evolve to accommodate computer-mediated communication. The article argues for construing the Fourth Amendment's privacy protections as a privilege, not a right; it explains that the difference between the two lies in the source of the obligation to ensure a legal guarantee. The obligation to implement certain guarantees ("rights") is assigned to the government because it is in the best position to do this; this is true, for example, of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel and the right to due process. The obligation to implement other guarantees ("privileges") is assigned to individuals because the nature of these protections makes it reasonable to require individuals to claim them. As the article explains, construing the Fourth Amendment protection of privacy as a privilege simply means one must take steps to invoke Fourth Amendment privacy before the protections will apply . . . just as one must invoke the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination for it to be effective. The article explains that this approach to privacy is implicit in the history and structure of the Fourth Amendment, not to mention the Katz test, which is currently the governing standard for determining whether government conduct implicates Fourth Amendment protections.
Export Tax Incentives for Establishing Foreign Markets: An Analysis of Marginal Costing Techniques

The tax law provides two administrative pricing methods for allocating profit between a foreign sales corporation (FSC) and its related supplier. Each of the methods can be applied using either full costing or marginal costing. However, the extant literature provides little guidance about which approach might yield optimal tax benefits in given situations. Though marginal costing provides substantial tax savings in may cases, the technique appears to have been under-utilized. This study conducts sensitivity analyses to determine the impact and interaction effects of four study variables: (1) export profit rate, (2) domestic profit rate, (3) relative size of the export market and (4) the impact of overhead costs. Simulation results suggest that marginal costing is most beneficial when export profit rates are low (and low relative to domestic profit rates) and the export market is small relative to the exporter?s total market. Thus, small businesses and new-to-export firms attempting to establish or maintain a foreign market are particularly good candidates for marginal costing. Further, the tax benefit is generally greater for companies in which overhead is a t least 30 percent of product cost. Manufacturers with low overhead can increase their FSC benefit through restructuring.