cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Data on State Supreme Court Cases

The study of U.S. state supreme courts has been significantly constrained by a lack of available data. To remedy this deficiency, this article introduces an original data set of every state supreme...
Weak Interaction Models with Spontaneously Broken Left-Right Symmetry

We review the present status of weak interaction models with spontaneously broken left-right symmetry. The theoretical basis for asymptotic parity conservation, manifest left-right symmetry in charged current weak interactions, natural parity conservation in neutral currents and CP-violation in the context of SU(2)L ⊗ SU(2)R ⊗ U(l) models are outlined in detail. Various directions for further research in the theoretical and experimental side are indicated.
VERY HIGH-ORDER SPATIALLY IMPLICIT SCHEMES FOR COMPUTATIONAL ACOUSTICS ON CURVILINEAR MESHES

A high-order compact-differencing and filtering algorithm, coupled with the classical fourth-order Runge–Kutta scheme, is developed and implemented to simulate aeroacoustic phenomena on curvilinear geometries. Several issues pertinent to the use of such schemes are addressed. The impact of mesh stretching in the generation of high-frequency spurious modes is examined and the need for a discriminating higher-order filter procedure is established and resolved. The incorporation of these filtering techniques also permits a robust treatment of outflow radiation condition by taking advantage of energy transfer to high-frequencies caused by rapid mesh stretching. For conditions on the scatterer, higher-order one-sided filter treatments are shown to be superior in terms of accuracy and stability compared to standard explicit variations. Computations demonstrate that these algorithmic components are also crucial to the success of interface treatments created in multi-domain and domain-decomposition strategies. Fo...
A Microcomputer Controlled Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer Using a Direct Liquid Introduction Probe for Screening Analysis

Abstract The use of a direct liquid introduction probe with a short guard column as the method of sample introduction is explored. This technique is an alternative to the conventional direct probe method. The method is rapid, involatile compounds can be analyzed, and volatile compounds are not lost in the vacuum lock. Screening for trichlorophenol in urine, by observing the loss of [M-HCOCI]+, is used to test the technique. The advantages and disadvantages of split and splitless direct liquid introduction probes and column concentration are discussed. Detection limits in the low nanograms were observed, and samples may be analyzed every 30 seconds.
Gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB) receptor ligand effects on evoked synaptic field potentials in CA1 of the rat hippocampal slice.

GHB produced a concentration-dependent depression of evoked synaptic field potentials (EFPs) recorded extracellularly in the CA1 region of the in vitro rat hippocampal slice. The concentration/response function revealed a threshold near ImM, with IC50 of 10.85 mM and a Hill coefficient of 1.29. The gamma-aminobutyric acid B-receptor (GABA-B) agonist baclofen also depressed the EFP, but even maximally effective concentrations of the GABA-B antagonist 2-hydroxy-saclofen (800 μM) could not completely block the GHB-induced EFP depression. Nor was GHB-induced EFP depression blocked by the GHB receptor “antagonist” NCS-382, which does not displace GABA-B receptor ligands. However, NCS-382 produced a concentration-dependent increase in EFP slope. The threshold concentration was about 100 μM but the maximally effective concentration, and thus the IC50, could not be determined in the perfusion slice system. NCS-382 may be an inverse agonist at hippocampal GHB receptors, or else endogenous hippocampal GHB receptor ligands mediate a tonic inhibition in CA1. At concentrations sufficient to induce EFP depression GHB did not alter pH. Although isosmotic sucrose did depress CA1 EFPs it was essentially ineffective at the IC50 for GHB. Gamma-butyrolactone, a prodrug of GHB, was only 1/20th as effective as GHB. This is consistent with previous data suggesting that GBL is freely permeable (does not substantially disturb tonicity) and that brain has very little capacity to either enzymatically convert the lactone to GHB or respond to the lactone itself.
V. Knocking out genes to study liver regeneration: present and future

Studies utilizing knockout mice have contributed important new knowledge about the mechanisms that initiate liver regeneration. New mouse lines need to be established to address major questions about these mechanisms, targeting genes for which there is experimental evidence of their involvement in important pathways. Development of conditional, liver-specific knockout mice would be of great value for these studies.
Toward a Framework for Understanding Learning

Publisher Summary This chapter examines certain aspects of the phenomena of comprehending and learning. The emphasis is on the problems of novelty and creativity. It is argued that novelty and creativity are inherent aspects of the phenomena of comprehending and learning, and that any proposed account of these phenomena must come to grips with the problems that novelty and creativity pose. The chapter discusses an approach, which acknowledges the role of novelty and creativity. Prior to developing this approach, current conceptualizations of cognitive processes indicate some of their inadequacies for dealing with these domains. Information in a form that permits optimal remembering is not necessarily in a de-contextualized form that permits it to set the stage for clarifying and understanding subsequent experiences. The present orientation has implications for defining the domain of theories of semantic memory. What is learned and comprehended is both related to what was already known and novel with respect to what was already known.
Walt Whitman's Earliest Known Notebook

The notebook, which disappeared from the Library of Congress sometime after its first, incomplete publication in 1921, has been described and analyzed from an imperfect microfilm copy. The new information discloses that, although the notebook was used until 1854–55, the traditional date of 1847 for most of the contents is correct. Although the notebook is close to the 1855 Leaves of Grass in its poetical material, it shows relatively little influence from specific events, politics, or literary ideas in Whitman's formative period.
Innovative Approach to Rapid Growth of Highly Clay-Filled Coatings on Porous Polyurethane Foam

An innovative twist to fabricating layer-by-layer coatings resulted in transparent, high-content clay coatings on porous polyurethane foam. The addition of an anionic poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) monolayer between anionic clay and cationic branched-polyethylenimine (PEI) monolayers resulted in a trilayer nanocomposite structure with an order of magnitude thicker coating using 40% less monolayers than the conventional bilayer approach. The eight trilayer system thoroughly coated all internal and external surfaces of the porous polyurethane foam, creating a clay brick wall barrier that reduced the foam flammability by as much as 17% of the peak heat release rate and 21% of the total burn time. Though the flammability reduction is comparable to common commercial fire retardant polyurethane foam, the clay is used at a 50% lower amount and may be a greener solution as many of the commercial fire retardants (e.g., halogen bases) have potential environmental and health concerns.
Functional Response of Ophion flavidus Brulle (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Females to Various Densities of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The functional response of Ophion flavidus Brulle was studied as part of an evaluation of the effectiveness of this species in reducing fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), populations. The parasitization rate of O. flavidus increased in a nonlinear manner as host density increased. The handling time ( Th ) and the search rate ( a ) estimated by fitting the random parasite equation to the data were Th = 14.6 min, a = 1.87 (ca. 2,800 cm2/day). O. flavidus parasitized 79% of hosts at the lowest densities and 67% of hosts at the highest densities tested.
Systematic review of periprosthetic tibia fracture after total knee arthroplasties

AIM: To investigate the known incidences, treatment options, and related outcomes of periprosthetic tibia fractures after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: A literature search was done to identify studies that fit the inclusion criteria. The database search yielded 185 results, which were further reduced by the exclusion criteria to 13 papers, totaling 157 patients that met these criteria. Incidence rates of the different types of periprosthetic tibia fractures were determined and their treatments were subsequently analyzed based on the fracture’s subclass, with patient outcomes being overall favorable. RESULTS: Of the 144 documented patients, 54 (37.5%) had a subclass C fracture, which are frequently seen in revision arthroplasties or when using cement intraoperatively. The fractures of subclasses A and B occur postoperatively. There were 90 subclass A and B fractures with incidences of 18.75% and 43.75% respectively. When broken down by type, 62 (55.36%) were type 1, 24 (21.4%) were type 2, 24 (21.4%) were type 3, and 2 (1.8%) were type 4. Furthermore, from the studies that included origin of injury, the types were further classified as having non-traumatic or traumatic origins. Type 1 had 78% (40/51) non-traumatic origin and 22% (11/51) traumatic origin. Fifteen fractures were type 2, but 5 were falls and 1 through a motor vehicle accident, giving a trauma causation of 40% (6/15). Of the 24 type 3 fractures, 12 were falls and 2 vehicular accidents, leading to a trauma causation of 58% (14/24). CONCLUSION: Type 1 fractures were the most common. Subclass A was treated with locking plates, B required a revision TKA, and C was treated intraoperatively or nonoperatively.
The Revival of Ottoman Jewry in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

The Tanzimat Reform Movement. The situation of Ottoman Jewry and of the Ottoman Empire as a whole changed dramatically during the nineteenth century. For one thing, the Ottomans finally became aware of the extent of their weakness in comparison to the rising nation states of Europe and decided that the only way to remedy their problems and save the empire from destruction was to abandon efforts to restore the institutions and ways of the past and to replace them with new and modern ones which better met the needs of the time. The reform movement that followed, known as the Tanzimat, or ‘re-orderings’, was planned during the reign of Sultan Mahmud II (1808–39), and carried out under his two sons Abdul Mecid (1839–61) and Abdul Aziz (1861–76) and a group of modernist bureaucrats led by Grand Vezir Mustafa Resid Pasha. Their work was largely completed during the controversial reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909), who through his autocracy brought the empire into the modern world. though at the price of suppressing a gradual evolution toward representative government which had been begun during the previous quarter century. Ottoman modernization culminated during what has come to be known as the Young Turk period, from 1908 to the end of World War I, when efforts to democratize the system through Constitutional government led to an intense but very short period of political, social, and economic democracy between 1908 and 1912, only to be replaced in consequence of foreign attacks and domestic nationalist revolts and massacres by the Young Turk autocracy which brought the empire into World War I on the side of the Central Powers, whose defeat led to its final disintegration and to the emergence of a number of national states led by the Republic of Turkey.
Structural and Contextual Factors Regarding the Accessibility of Elective Office for Women of Color at the Local Level

ABSTRACTDifferent from the majority of past research on gender gaps in political officeholding, we adopt an intersectionality framework and move beyond traditional individual factors to explore what implications certain elements in the political opportunity structure may have for women and men of color elected officials serving in county, municipal, and local school board offices. We argue that structural and contextual factors, such as type of institutions, election systems, and jurisdictional racial makeup, may influence the calculations women of color make concerning the accessibility of elective office. Using data from the Gender and Multiracial Leadership (GMCL) project, we find county offices to be the least, and seats on school boards the most, accessible to women of color. Of the types of electoral arrangements, we find multimember districts (MMD) to be the most significant variable predicting the likelihood of women of color in office. Although both Black and Latina women benefit from having a si...
An Inductive-Coupling Blocker Rejection Technique for Miniature RFID Tag

Miniaturization is a promising trend for future RF identification (RFID) in many applications such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and implantable devices. For a small-sized RFID tag using near-field communication, the reader is required to emit a large amount of RF power in order to power up the tag while simultaneously picking up a weak backscattering communication signal. This results in a very small signal-to-blocker ratio (SBR), making the demodulation very difficult for the reader-side receiver (RSR). In this paper, we propose a novel blocker rejection technique based on inductive coupling. Several coupling coils and transmission lines are designed and optimized on the same printed circuit board (PCB) with the main power transmitting (Tx) coil of the reader, which leads to a much higher SBR. As a demonstration vehicle, a $200\ \mu{\text {m}} \times 200\ \mu{\text {m}}$ RFID tag with an on-chip antenna is fabricated using 65-nm CMOS technology with a harvested power of 12 $\mu $ W, an operating frequency of 2 GHz, and a backscattering data rate of 625 kb/s. Measured result shows the proposed block rejection technique improves the SBR by 44 dB.
Religion, National Identity and Nation Building: Muhammad Mitwalli Shaʿrawi’s Concept of Islam and Its Ties to Modern Egyptian Politics

Muhammad Mitwalli Sha?r?w? (1911–1998) was a Muslim religious scholar (s. ?alim, p. ?ulama?) who worked in an official capacity for the Egyptian government, and gained celebrity through his televised Quranic interpretations. By the time Sha?r?w? began his television career, Al-Azhar, the premier institution for training Sunni ?ulama?, was fully integrated into the apparatus of the Egyptian Republic, which made it easy for the state to solicit the help of ?ulama? like Sha?r?w? in its nation-building project. Sha?r?w? used Islam to bring forth a new sense of belonging, but his language about national belonging clashed with his exclusivist religious language. By looking at the attempted construction of national identity over time, this article charts the negotiation between religion and politics in late twentieth century Egypt where religion was not ousted from public discussion, but was subject to institutionalized restrictions, and allowed continuities in order to support national inclusivity.
Process Control based on Dynamic Properties in Composting: Moisture and Compaction considerations

Effect of moisture levels and compactability (i.e. change in volume with load) were studied to determine their influence on aeration. Replicated experiments were conducted to measure pressure drop versus airflow using biosolids and cow manure composts at four moisture levels and loadings in the range of 0–43.2 kPa. Biosolids compost showed significant increase in compactability and pressure drops with increasing moisture levels. Cow manure compost behavior did not significantly change with increasing moisture. A generalized airflow model was developed based on the Kozeny Carman equation of permeability in porous media. The model successfully described the air permeability of the materials at all moisture and compaction levels. Data of moisture and temperature profiles during 21 days of compo sting are presented from a full scale invessel (6.1 × 3.0 × 220 m3) biosolids composting system. Based on this data and the air flow model it is quantitatively shown that management strategies using variable depth of compost can improve product uniformity and reduce operating costs. Maximum critical bed depth at different moisture levels and the potential for the formation of anaerobic conditions at different depths of the compost bed and at different moisture levels are described.
Comparison of coherent and non-coherent scattering models for stratified media

The scattering and emission within a multi-layered dielectric structure can be described by either a coherent or non-coherent process. This work compares the effective reflectivity (the square of the field reflection coefficient) obtained from using a coherent transmission-line equivalent model and a non-coherent scattering formulation. The scattering models are compared with HFSS simulations and approximation errors are investigated. Coherent models are more prone to error due to the oscillatory nature of the approximation. As layer thicknesses approach infinity the approximation error becomes negligible and the coherent and non-coherent models become identical. Non-uniform layer temperature effects are explored for the non-coherent scattering model. As layer temperatures increase, the effective reflectivity decreases.
Nodes and Soft Tissue Masses Involving the Retroperitoneum, Mesentery, Omentum, and Peritoneal Ligaments

Image-guided biopsy of retroperitoneal or mesenteric lesions has been shown to be accurate and safe. It can be performed using a range of imaging modalities, biopsy techniques, and devices. The differential diagnosis for disease involving the soft tissues of the retroperitoneum and the folds of the peritoneal cavity is diverse. Knowledge of the relevant anatomy and an understanding of the potential pathways of disease spread within and across these compartments can greatly enhance the radiologist’s ability to guide clinicians in the diagnosis and management of these disease processes.
Signal processing of functional NIRS data acquired during overt speaking.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) offers an advantage over traditional functional imaging methods [such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)] by allowing participants to move and speak relatively freely. However, neuroimaging while actively speaking has proven to be particularly challenging due to the systemic artifacts that tend to be located in the critical brain areas. To overcome these limitations and enhance the utility of fNIRS, we describe methods for investigating cortical activity during spoken language tasks through refinement of deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb) signals with principal component analysis (PCA) spatial filtering to remove global components. We studied overt picture naming and compared oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxyHb signals with and without global component removal using general linear model approaches. Activity in Broca’s region and supplementary motor cortex was observed only when the filter was applied to the deoxyHb signal and was shown to be spatially comparable to fMRI data acquired using a similar task and to meta-analysis data. oxyHb signals did not yield expected activity in Broca’s region with or without global component removal. This study demonstrates the utility of a PCA spatial filter on the deoxyHb signal in revealing neural activity related to a spoken language task and extends applications of fNIRS to natural and ecologically valid conditions.
An investigation of survivorship clinic attendance among childhood cancer survivors living in a five-state rural region.

Cancer survivorship clinics manage cancer-related health complications and are available primarily in urban areas. We examine how demographic, clinical, and geographic-based characteristics are associated with attendance at the only pediatric survivorship clinic in a largely rural, multistate region. One thousand eight hundred sixteen cancer survivors were diagnosed at age ≤ 25 from 1986 to 2005 while living in the region. Cox models incorporating death as a competing risk and generalized estimating equations calculated hazards ratios (HR) for characteristics measured at the clinic’s opening. Subjects were followed from the clinic opening their first visit, death, emigration from the catchment area, or December 31, 2014. Five percent of survivors visited the clinic. Attendance is positively associated with a leukemia or lymphoma diagnosis (HR = 3.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.72–6.78 vs CNS tumors), previous relapse (HR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.00–3.19), and residing >100 mi from the clinic (HR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.03–4.10). Survivors aged ≥ 31 years at clinic opening (HR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.07–0.54) are less likely to attend than younger survivors. Residence between 16 and 100 mi had an inverse association with attendance, although not significant. Survivorship clinics are not widely attended by survivors in this catchment region. Efforts should be made to recruit survivors aged ≥ 31 and diagnosed with CNS tumors. Distance has a complex association with attendance, which could be attributed to the limited availability of preventative services in regions > 100 mi from the clinic. Survivors living in this catchment region may not be receiving care necessary to prevent severe late effects.
Untapped Reserves: Controlling Primordial Follicle Growth Activation

Even with the benefit of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), many women are unable to conceive and deliver healthy offspring. One common cause of infertility is the inability to produce eggs capable of contributing to live birth. This can occur despite standard-of-care treatment to maximize the recovery of eggs from growing ovarian follicles. Dormant primordial follicles in the human ovary are a 'reserve ' that can be exploited clinically to overcome this problem. We discuss how controlling primordial follicle growth activation (PFGA) can produce increased numbers of high-quality eggs available for fertility treatment(s). We consider the state of the art in interventions used to control PFGA, and consider genetic and epigenetic strategies on the horizon that might improve compromised oocyte quality to increase live births.
Extracting Global Structure from Gene Expression Profiles

We have developed a program, GENECUT, for analyzing datasets from gene expression profiling. GENECUT is based on a pairwise clustering method known as Normalized Cut [Shi and Malik, 1997]. GENECUT extracts global structures by progressively partitioning datasets into well-balanced groups, performing an intuitive k-way partitioning at each stage in contrast to commonly used 2-way partitioning schemes. By making use of the Nystrom approximation, it is possible to perform clustering on very large genomic datasets.
Applications of advanced techniques of transmission electron microscope in characterization of semiconductor devices

In this paper, practical methods of quantification analysis of electron energy loss spectrum (EELS) and X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDX) will be introduced. Quantification analysis of SiGe by EELS and EDX will be compared. And it will also be presented how to use PCA to improve analysis of EELS. Dark-filed holography (DFH) has been used to measure channel strain with high spatial resolution at sub-nanometer scale, it will be shown first how to set-up holography fringe's spacing down to a few Angstrom which is related to spatial resolution of strain map by DFH. Then high spatial resolution DFH strain measurement in FinFet 3D devices will be demonstrated.
Psychiatric morbidity in the chronic fatigue syndrome: Are patients with personality disorder more physically impaired?

Objective: The long-term consequences of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) include substantial impairment in physical functioning and high levels of work disability. In the absence of a medical explanation for this impairment, some have speculated that it may be due to comorbid psychiatric illness or personality disorder. We addressed this possibility by comparing the functional status of three CFS groups: no psychiatric diagnosis, psychiatric illness only, psychiatric illness and personality disorder. A second aim of the study was to determine whether a continuous measure of psychological distress could provide a better account of impairment than psychiatric diagnosis. Method: The study sample consisted of 84 consecutive female referrals with CFS. All participants satisfied the case definition and completed an assessment protocol consisting of: physical examination, psychiatric interview and self-report questionnaires. Results: Psychiatric illness, either alone or in combination with a comorbid personality disorder, was not associated with physical impairment or disability in female participants. A regression model of physical functioning found that psychological distress accounted for 6% and symptom severity for 41% of the variance (P=.06 and <.01, respectively). In the case of disability, the corresponding percentages were 2% and 18% (NS and P<.01, respectively). The modest effects of psychological distress could not be attributed to symptom severity. Conclusions: Although psychiatric illness and personality disorder was prevalent, neither could explain the effects of CFS on physical functioning and disability. As yet, there is no psychological or medical explanation for the behavioral consequences of CFS.
The Afro-Asian Emphasis on the General Assembly’s Competence in the Determination of Non-Self-Governing Territories

The Declaration Regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories does not define those NSGTs adequately. The only words in it which could be taken as implying a standard for a definition are “territories whose peoples have not yet attained a full measure of self-government.” However, the entire Charter does not clarify what is meant by “a full measure of self-government” nor does it establish a machinery whose task would involve such a clarification. Moreover, the NSGTs were left by Chapter XI undetermined, whereas Article 77 of the Trusteeship System specifies the Territories which come under its purview. In this respect, the distinction between a “Declaration” and a “System” becomes clear.
Prozesse gestalten und verbessern: Der Leader und das Verbesserungs-Management

In Prozessen statt in Abteilungen denken zu lernen, war einer der wichtigsten Paradigmenwechsel der letzten Jahrzehnte. Doch trotz umfangreicher Qualitatssysteme und permanenter Audits ist das Umdenken noch nicht uberall angekommen. Symptomatisch dafur sind die immer noch zahlreichen Scharmutzel an den Schnittstellen zwischen Bereichen, Abteilungen oder sogar Teams. Leadership setzt genau hier an. Es geht darum, ein groseres Bild vor Augen zu haben, das Ganze zu sehen – und nicht nur viele Einzelteile.
Frequency of NOTCH pathway mutation in primary tumor of SCLC compared to metastatic biopsies and association with better survival.

e20574Background: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a neuroendocrine tumor characterized by early distant metastasis. NOTCH signaling controls neuroendocrine cell differentiation. In mouse models, N...
Controlled ballistics tests of ground, percussion-flaked, and pressure-flaked projectile point impact durability: Implications for archaeological method and theory

Abstract Ground stone projectile points can be found throughout the global archaeological record, but why they were selected for by prehistoric foragers has received little attention. Additionally, modern archaeological experiments have increasingly used ground points in lieu of knapped ones. Here, we present an experiment testing whether there is a difference between ground, percussion flaked, and pressure flaked points in terms of impact durability. Our three groups were similar in form, raw material, and hafting, only differing in their production. Controlled ballistics tests demonstrated that ground stone points did not break at a different rate than either the percussion flaked or pressure flaked points, nor was post-firing point length (as a percentage of original point length) different. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that impact durability on its own was not likely a motivating factor for forager selection of grinding versus knapping. Instead, researchers should look to other factors, such as skill, demography, time budgets, or raw material selection to explain the emergence of ground stone points in particular contexts. Given our null results, our test also supports the use of ground stone points in modern archaeological experiments.
Design of Frequency Selective Surfaces for Wide Frequency and Angular Responses

For many applications, it is highly desired to have Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) that have wide frequency (3:1) and angular responses (up to 650 for both TE and TM polarizations) along with small ripples in the passband (~1 dB), better than 10 dB attenuation in the specified stopband, and sharp roll-offs at the skirts of the transition regions. To the best of our knowledge, none the existing designs are able to achieve these highly challenging goals, and the objective of this paper to is to propose a new design which is able to meet all of these requirements.
Facts about Niacin

Niacin is one of the B vitamins (vitamin B3). Our bodies need niacin to use the energy in carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Niacin also is needed for DNA repair and for the normal use of calcium in the body. This 2-page fact sheet was written by R. Elaine Turner and Wendy J. Dahl and published by the UF Department of Family Youth and Community Sciences, November 2012. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy212
Checkpoint Clicker Questions for Introductory Statistics

We recorded the percentage of students voting on each option on every clicker question used in 19 introductory statistics classes. To identify the questions that provide the most useful feedback, w...
Nickel-Catalyzed Dicarbofunctionalization of Alkenes

1,2-Dicarbofunctionalization of alkenes has emerged as an efficient synthetic strategy for preparing substituted molecules by coupling readily available alkenes with electrophiles and/or nucleophiles. Nickel complexes serve as effective catalysts owing to their tendency to undergo facile oxidative addition and slow β-hydride elimination, and their capability to access both two-electron and radical pathways. Two-component alkene functionalization reactions have achieved high chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivities by tethering one of the coupling partners to the alkene substrate. Three-component reactions, however, often incorporate directing groups to control the selectivity. Only a few examples of directing-group-free difunctionalizations of unactivated alkenes have been reported. Therefore, great opportunities exist for the development of three-component difunctionalization reactions with broad substrate scopes and tunable chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivities.
De novo prediction of cancer-associated T cell receptors for noninvasive cancer detection

The adaptive immune system recognizes tumor antigens at an early stage to eradicate cancer cells. This process is accompanied by systemic proliferation of the tumor antigen–specific T lymphocytes. While detection of asymptomatic early-stage cancers is challenging due to small tumor size and limited somatic alterations, tracking peripheral T cell repertoire changes may provide an attractive solution to cancer diagnosis. Here, we developed a deep learning method called DeepCAT to enable de novo prediction of cancer-associated T cell receptors (TCRs). We validated DeepCAT using cancer-specific or non-cancer TCRs obtained from multiple major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) multimer-sorting experiments and demonstrated its prediction power for TCRs specific to cancer antigens. We blindly applied DeepCAT to distinguish over 250 patients with cancer from over 600 healthy individuals using blood TCR sequences and observed high prediction accuracy, with area under the curve (AUC) ≥ 0.95 for multiple early-stage cancers. This work sets the stage for using the peripheral blood TCR repertoire for noninvasive cancer detection.
Variation in Stock Returns Risks: An International Comparison

Using returns of 4,916 stocks from 22 developed countries and 15 developing countries, this study examines the relative magnitude of conditional volatility and the international market systematic risk of stock prices in countries at different developmental stages and in various geographical areas. Consistent with the finding of Bekaert et al. (2008), the results of non-parametric Mann-Whitney tests suggest that the stock prices in emerging markets are riskier than the ones in developed countries, measured by both conditional volatility and global beta. Our empirical findings also support the geographical variation in stock risks. Specifically, the equity values in Southeast Asia, South Europe, and Latin America are more volatile than the rest of the world. Similar results can be found in the country-level tests. The time-series analysis suggests that the stock returns in high risk countries tend to be less volatile but the conditional volatility of stock return in less risky countries leans to increase.
Generalizability of findings from a clinical sample to a community-based sample: A comparison of ADNI and ARIC.

Introduction Clinic-based study samples, including the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), offer rich data, but findings may not generalize to community-based settings. We compared associations in ADNI to those in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study to assess generalizability across the two settings. Methods We estimated cohort-specific associations among risk factors, cognitive test scores, and neuroimaging outcomes to identify and quantify the extent of significant and substantively meaningful differences in associations between cohorts. We explored whether using more homogenous samples improved comparability in effect estimates. Results The proportion of associations that differed significantly between cohorts ranged from 27% to 34% across sample subsets. Many differences were substantively meaningful (e.g., odds ratios [OR] for apolipoprotein E e4 on amyloid positivity in ARIC: OR = 2.8, in ADNI: OR = 8.6). Discussion A higher proportion of associations differed significantly and substantively than would be expected by chance. Findings in clinical samples should be confirmed in more representative samples.
E-mentoring Supports for Improving the Persistence of Underrepresented Students in On-line and Traditional Courses

On-line education has broadened access to college allowing the same educational opportunities as students enrolled at a traditional campus. The increase in on-line enrollment is over shadowed by course drop out and failure rates which are higher than campus-based rates. With many underrepresented students facing barriers to campus-based education, on-line courses hold great appeal. However, the on-line environment has posed challenges due to the limited availability of support services which can lead to frustration and subsequent withdrawal from courses. The purpose of this paper is to explore e-mentoring using the BreakThru e-mentoring model as a back drop. Three aspects of the e-mentoring program will be examined: (1) factors associated with how underrepresented students use social media tools, including virtual platforms, while participating in an e-mentoring program; (2) factors contributing to the development of mentee/mentor relationships; and (3) factors which affect a mentee’s increased persistence in a STEM major.
Lymphocyte Subsets in Pre-Diabetes

Overwhelming evidence has accumulated in recent years that insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDD) is an autoimmune disease occurring in genetically susceptible individuals (1). Evidence for a possible role of humoral immunity in the autoimmunopathogenesis of IDD was initially suggested in the mid-1970’s by the findings of 2 different autoantibodies reactive to either surface (islet cell surface antibodies) or cytoplasmic antigens (islet cell antibodies) (2). The presence of a mononuclear (predominantly lymmphocytic) infiltration of the pancreatic islets had earlier provided evidence for involvement of the cellular arm of the immune system (3). More recently, “activated” T cells have been detected, both in these lymphocytic pancreatic islet infiltrates at the time of diagnosis as well as in recurrent insulitis following pancreatic transplantation (4–5). In addition, multiple defects in T cell mediated immunity (CMI) have been described in one of the prototypic animal model for human IDD, the biobreeding (BE) rat (6). These include severe lymphopenia, abnormal ratio of T lymphocyte subsets, an inability to reject skin grafts across major histocompatibility barriers, reduced proliferative response to T cell mitogens, and the ability to adaptively transfer diabetes.
Potential Applications of Intraoperative Lymphatic Mapping in Vulvar Cancer

Abstract Objective: We describe early results of and potentially important anatomic findings with intraoperative lymphatic mapping in patients with vulvar cancer. Methods: Isosulfan blue was injected into the dermis at the leading edge of the vulvar lesion in 21 patients. One to five minutes later a standard groin incision was made and carried to the superficial fascia. After gentle dissection, the afferent lymphatic channel and/or sentinel lymph node was identified by its bright blue color. The sentinel node was removed and then the superficial inguinal lymphadenectomy was completed. Results: The 21 patients, ranging in age from 23 to 85 years (median, 52 years), underwent intraoperative lymphatic mapping. The clinical stages were as follows: T1in 9, T2in 10, T3in 1, and unknown in 1 patient with a prior wide local excision. Two patients had palpably suspicious nodes. Ten patients had lateral lesions, and 11 had midline tumors. Eight of the 11 patients had bilateral groin dissections, making a total of 29 groins dissected. The sentinel node was identified in 18 patients (86%) and in 19 groins (66%). Five patients had unilateral node metastases, and one patient had bilateral node metastases. A sentinel node was found in five of these seven groins. A total of 238 nodes were removed (median, 8.2 nodes per groin). In no case was a nonsentinel node positive if the sentinel node was negative. In one patient the only metastasis was microscopic tumor in the sentinel lymph node. In one case, the sentinel node was found below the cribriform fascia. The sentinel node could not be identified in either groin in one patient with a clitoral primary; however, dye was seen in lymphatic channels passing under the symphysis pubis. The sentinel node was identified in various sites within the superficial compartment including lateral to the femoral artery and at the extreme medial border of the dissection. No complication related to the injection of isosulfan blue was seen. Conclusion: Intraoperative lymphatic mapping is safe and simple to perform and may help identify the sentinel node, define the extent of superficial inguinal lymphadenectomy, and identify uncommon anatomic variations.
Algal toxins and their detection.

Abstract: Algal toxins have been integrally linked with shellfish safety for many years. In this chapter the major toxins found in shellfish, their sources and the analytical techniques currently being used for their detection are reviewed. Toxins reviewed include paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, the neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) toxins, the diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, the azaspiracid shellfish poisoning (AZP) toxins and the amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxins.
On the Energy Equality for Weak Solutions of the 3D Navier-Stokes Equations

We prove that the energy equality holds for weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations in the functional class L 3([0, T);D(A 5/12)), where D(A 5/12) is the domain of the fractional power of the Stokes operator.
A Concise History of Modern India: Democratic India at the Turn of the Millennium: Prosperity, Poverty, Power

We are a free and sovereign people today and we have rid ourselves of the burden of the past. We look at the world with clear and friendly eyes and at the future with faith and confidence. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, broadcast from New Delhi, 15 August 1947 The hopeful words of any nation's founding fathers are likely to be read with some degree of irony decades later. If the words of the founding fathers at times rang hollow, they also, in fact, predicted many successes, not least India's proud claim to be the world's largest democracy (Plate 9.1). By the turn of the millennium, more than a dozen general elections and hundreds of state elections had produced a high degree of politicization extending to those long outside the political system. In 1997, at the conclusion of free India's first half-century, K. R. Narayanan (1920–2005), Dalit by birth, was sworn in as the country's president, a powerful symbol of the progress and aspirations of ‘untouchables’. The role of president, importantly, had already earlier on three occasions been assumed by a Muslim and, most poignantly, at the time of Indira Gandhi's assassination, by a Sikh. The Supreme Court's activism – for example, indicting top government and political leaders for bribery and corruption as well as favouring public-interest litigation – strengthened the effective exercise of civil liberties. India's press continued to be renowned for its independence and vitality. Economic liberalization had stimulated the growth of a prospering urban middle class and brought about for India a major role in the global software industry. ‘Bollywood’ films and a culture increasingly open to the larger world, together with India's traditional role as a site of tourism and a producer of the arts, wisdom, and handicrafts, delighted ever-increasing numbers of consumers worldwide. Yet the country continued to be weighed down by seemingly intractable poverty, in the countryside and in urban slums alike. The millennial years were also marked by substantial violence directed against Muslims as well as others, among them Christians, tribals, and Dalits. In 1992, the destruction of the Babri Masjid mosque by Hindu militants was followed by an anti-Muslim pogrom that left at least a thousand people dead; an orchestrated campaign of even greater violence followed a decade later in Gujarat.
Cosmopolitanism, Patriotism, and Ecology

Increasing globalization brings with it an increased need for international cooperation and the possibility of renewed interest in cosmopolitanism. Teaching for –even about—cosmopolitanism raises problems for teachers all over the world, but it is especially difficult for teachers in the United States because of the current revival of pride in “American exceptionalism.” After a brief discussion of the possible benefits and risks in teaching cosmopolitanism, I will explore an approach that may decrease the risks and increase the benefits. This promising approach might be called “ecological cosmopolitanism” (Noddings 2012).
MOMENT CROSSINGS AS RELATED TO DENSITY CROSSINGS

Abstract : In this paper it is shown how the number of moment crossings of two symmetrical densities is related to the number of crossings of the densities. This generalizes a result of Fisher's recently proved by Finucan (1964) (A note on Kurtosis). (Author)
Lineaments on Skylab photographs: Detection, mapping, and hydrologic significance in central Tennessee

The author has identified the following significant results. Lineaments were detected on Skylab photographs by stereo viewing, projection viewing, and composite viewing. Sixty-nine percent more lineaments were found by stereo viewing than by projection, but segments of projection lineaments are longer; total length of lineaments found by these two methods is nearly the same. Most Skylab lineaments consist of topographic depression: stream channel alinements, straight valley walls, elongated swales, and belts where sinkholes are abundant. Most of the remainder are vegetation alinements. Lineaments are most common in dissected areas having a thin soil cover. Results of test drilling show: (1) the median yield of test wells on Skylab lineaments is about six times the median yield of all existing wells; (2) three out of seven wells on Skylab lineaments yield more than 6.3 1/s (110 gal/min): (3) low yields are possible on lineaments as well as in other favorable locations; and (4) the largest well yields can be obtained at well locations of Skylab lineaments that also are favorably located with respect to topography and geologic structure, and are in the vicinity of wells with large yields.
The Clinton/Palin Phenomenon and Young Women Voters

Despite their differences in background and ideology, both Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin share one experience - the failure to actually break the glass ceiling in American politics. The reasons for this are numerous and complicated and go beyond simple gender politics. Nonetheless, neither candidate ever enjoyed the wide support of young women. This Article surveys relevant polling data, studies from sociology and political science, internet resources, feminist theory, and the history of woman suffrage to explore the reasons for this phenomenon, particularly in light of feminist issues and the group characteristics of the Millennial Generation. Among other things, it concludes that age cohort effects trumped gender as forces motivating young women voters in the last election.
Effect of P2 receptor blockade with pyridoxine on sympathetic response to exercise pressor reflex in humans

During exercise, sympathetic nervous system activity increases and this contributes to an increase in blood pressure (i.e. exercise pressor reflex). Although animal studies suggest that purinergic P2 receptors on thin fibre sensory nerves are stimulated and evoke this reflex, human data are lacking. In this study, young healthy volunteers performed fatiguing isometric handgrip before and after a local infusion of pyridoxine (i.e. vitamin B(6)) into the 'isolated' circulation of the human forearm. Pyridoxine is converted into a P2-purinoceptor antagonist. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure responses to fatiguing handgrip and post-exercise circulatory occlusion were significantly less after pyridoxine than they were before. These effects were not observed after infusion of saline. These data suggest that P2 receptors contribute to the exercise pressor reflex in humans.
An intelligent control system

The authors describe an intelligent control system that combines mathematical control theory and artificial intelligence (AI) technology. A controlled reasoning paradigm is proposed to carry out such an integration. An advanced (AI) control architecture, called Schemer, is described that can support such a paradigm. Schemer embodies a computational model of problem-solving 'agents' that react to, and interact with, the dynamically changing conditions of a complex task environment carrying out their problem-solving activities. >