cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Structure of Island Arcs

The ocean-floor spreading hypothesis requires that island arc areas be loci of descending mass transport and destruction of oceanic crust. All island arc areas are characterized by volcanic activity and in some, unusually high heat flow values have been measured for hundreds of kilometers behind the arc. Downward mass motion is associated presumably with the sinking of cool and thus relatively denser matter, and high temperature phenomena normally would not be expected where this was occurring. The only feasible means of generating heat in such areas appears to be by frictional dissipation along the seismically active zone of movement (the Benioff zone) between the moving oceanic crust and upper mantle, and the relatively stationary material that it underrides. It has been shown elsewhere that dissipative heating is of the right order of magnitude to explain the observations, but the required shear stresses are rather high; in this paper a detailed thermal structure for the Benioff zone and the regions on either side is presented. The cold descending material heats very slowly and should form a thin cold slab extending to depths of more than 500 km. Within the zone of movement, temperatures are buffered by the melting temperatures of the various components of the oceanic crust that partially fuse to give the main members of the calc-alkaline igneous suite. The thermal structure of the region above the Benioff zone is subject to uncertainty because processes other than lattice conduction (for instance, magmatic activity) are probably involved in the transfer of heat to the surface. Observed rates of magmatic activity in island arcs require a relatively small degree of fusion of the descending material and probably only the oceanic crust is involved. The siliceous and presumably water-bearing sedimentary material of the oceanic crust is the most important source of material added to island arcs; growth occurs either by physical addition of sedimentary material, which, for mechanical reasons, may not be carried down, or by partial fusion of sedimentary material along the fault zone and by rise of the resultant magmas to the surface. Rates of growth suggested by these processes are compatible with the known ages of arcs. Older arcs should have larger crustal cross-sectional areas than younger ones, if both have been continuously active at similar rates.
Dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral data using discrete wavelet transform feature extraction

In this paper, the dyadic discrete wavelet transform is proposed for feature extraction from a high-dimensional data space. The wavelet's inherent multiresolutional properties are discussed in terms related to multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing. Furthermore, various wavelet-based features are applied to the problem of automatic classification of specific ground vegetations from hyperspectral signatures. The wavelet transform features are evaluated using an automated statistical classifier. The system is tested using hyperspectral data for various agricultural applications. The experimental results demonstrate the promising discriminant capability of the wavelet-based features. The automated classification system consistently provides over 95% and 80% classification accuracy for endmember and mixed-signature applications, respectively. When compared to conventional feature extraction methods, the wavelet transform approach is shown to significantly increase the overall classification accuracy.
SketchTop: design collaboration on a multi-touch tabletop

Computer mediated group collaboration, particularly in the design and engineering disciplines, is in need of better applications that suit the needs of effective exchange of information. Multi-touch surfaces offer the capabilities to augment and better enable face-to-face interaction with digital content and applications. This paper presents the design, development and testing of SketchTop, a multi-touch sketching application for collocated design collaboration.
Building networks for the wide and local areas using asynchronous transfer mode switches and synchronous optical network technology

Sandia National Laboratories is using a set of evolving technologies to develop a standards-based approach to wide- and local-area networking, which offers the potential of gigabit speeds. In particular, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switches and synchronous optical network (SONET) technologies were used to build a supercomputing network between its California and New Mexico sites and now is being deployed in the local-area environment. The progress of these endeavors and the lessons learned are discussed. >
Microvascular Effects of Aldosterone and Angiotensin Type 2 Receptors

In the current issue of Hypertension , Gonzalez et al describe the modulation of mesenteric vascular angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) expression by aldosterone.1 The principal findings are as follows: (1) AT2R activation dilates phenylephrine preconstricted mesenteric arterioles; (2) 4 days of oral salt loading eliminates AT2R-mediated dilation and reduces expression of AT2R mRNA and protein; (3) an adrenal hormone is implicated because the effects of salt loading are mimicked by adrenalectomy; (4) of the candidate adrenal hormones, aldosterone is identified because mineralocorticoid replacement prevents the effects of adrenalectomy; and (5) aldosterone upregulates AT2R expression in explanted mesenteric arterioles. These well designed series of experiments strongly support a role for aldosterone to stimulate expression of AT2R and adds to the growing repertoire of roles that aldosterone plays in vasculature physiology. The AT2R-mediated vasodilation observed by Gonzalez et al1 elegantly reproduces similar effects reported in the mesentery and other vascular preparations.2–5 AT2R induced vasodilation of mesenteric arterioles appears as endothelium-dependent,6 acts through …
Effects of environmental factors and plant growth regulators on growth of the red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla from Shikoku Island, Japan

Growth and tolerance of Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss from Shikoku Island were investigated under a variation of temperature (5–30 °C), salinity (5–60‰), and photon irradiance (20–100 μmol photons m−2 s−1) in unialgal culture. G. vermiculophylla showed wide tolerances for all factors tested, characterizing a euryhaline and eurythermal species. Two clones, one of a tetrasporophyte and the other of a female gametophyte, showed different growth rates, attributable to the difference either in phase or in genotype. The optimum temperature for the growth of the tetrasporophyte clone was 15–25 °C while that of the gametophyte clone was 20–30 °C. Maximum growth of both phases was observed at 80–100 μmol m−2 s−1. G. vermiculophylla presented higher growth rates in low salinities (15–30‰). Tissue cultures were established in solid ASP 12-NTA medi um supplemented with plant growth regulators (PGR), 0.5% agar, 1.0% sucrose and 0.5% inositol. Effects of two auxins (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)), and one cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine (BA)) were tested in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10.0 mg l−1. Growth of apical segments was significantly stimulated by the majority of treatments supplemented with PGR, while maximum growth of calluses was observed in treatments with low concentration of auxins or BA (1.0 mg l−1). All treatments supplemented with PGR significantly promoted the growth of intercalary segments, except for IAA (1.0 mg l−1) in combination with BA (1.0 mg l−1). Growth of calluses originating from intercalary segments was observed in treatments with IAA (0.1 mg l−1), 2,4-D (10.0 mg l−1) or IAA (1.0 mg l−1) in combination with BA (0.1 mg l−1). Tr eatments with high concentration of IAA and BA (10.0 mg l−1) were lethal for apical and intercalary segments. These results show that auxin and cytokinin play a regulatory role on the growth of G. vermiculophylla in tissue culture. Furthermore, results on the effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance indicate that G. vermiculophylla could be cultivated in brackish temperate environments with potential for economic purposes and for pollution management.
Emergency nurse urges booster seat advocacy after encounter at traumatic crash scene.

April 2005 31:2 ore than 2500 children died in 2003 as a M result of motor vehicle crashes, which are the leading cause of death of children ages 4 to 14 years. An additional 28,000 children had incapacitating injuries as a result of car crashes. Although advocates have promoted booster seat use to protect children, booster seat use remains low. According to a study conducted in 2000, 86% of children who should be restrained in car seats or belt-positioning booster seats are inappropriately placed in seat belts. My journey home from work includes a stretch of a 2-lane historical road that usually provides a pleasant ride. On this day, however, as I came upon multiple cars pulled over to the side, the journey became a very different, lifechanging experience. As I slowed, I saw a limp child in the arms of an adult and a sport-utility vehicle (SUV) with its rear against a tree. What I did not see was the presence of emergency providers, and I realized I was the first provider on the scene. As I ran from my car, my first thought was to stabilize the C-spine of the child being held. I encouraged the bystander to place the child on the ground and showed him how to hold the child’s head and neck properly. The child was pale and had obvious seat belt marks across his abdomen. I quickly ran to the vehicle to assess the number of casualties and found the father of the child entrapped in the driver’s seat with the steering wheel pushed back into his lap. He was pale, diaphoretic, and complaining of pain in both legs and hips. When I returned to the child, he began to retch. As we rolled him to his side, I noticed an obvious deformity of his lumbar spine. I realized I had 2 severely injured patients and few resources at my immediate disposal. I was wishing that we
The Social Origins of Authoritarianism

Despite much attention to the problematic consequences of authoritarianism, little research focuses on the causes of such unquestioning respect for “proper” authority. Elaborating on the social lea...
Increase of PTP levels in vascular injury and in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells treated with specific growth factors

Migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells are key events in injury-induced neointima formation. Several growth factors and ANG II are thought to be involved in neointima formation...
Efficient generation of configuration interaction matrix elements

Abstract A method for the efficient generation of CI matrix elements over spin eigenfunctions is presented. Practical application of the approach is limited to configurations with about 10 open shells, but the algorithm results in the generation of more than 2200 matrix elements/second on an IBM 370/158 computer including all overhead for a large matrix which contains 50% non-zero elements.
Affiliation bias and expert disagreement in framing the nicotine addiction debate

This study examined the relation between professional affiliation and the framing of expert congressional testimony about nicotine's addictiveness. Experts were chosen from three different types of...
Evolutionary Approaches to Figure-Ground Separation

The problem of figure-ground separation is tackled from the perspective of combinatorial optimization. Previous attempts have used deterministic optimization techniques based on relaxation and gradient descent-based search, and stochastic optimization techniques based on simulated annealing and microcanonical annealing. A mathematical model encapsulating the figure-ground separation problem that makes explicit the definition of shape in terms of attributes such as cocircularity, smoothness, proximity and contrast is described. The model is based on the formulation of an energy function that incorporates pairwise interactions between local image features in the form of edgels and is shown to be isomorphic to the interacting spin (Ising) system from quantum physics. This paper explores a class of stochastic optimization techniques based on evolutionary algorithms for the problem of figure-ground separation. A class of hybrid evolutionary stochastic optimization algorithms based on a combination of evolutionary algorithms, simulated annealing and microcanonical annealing are shown to exhibit superior performance when compared to their purely evolutionary counterparts and to classical simulated annealing and microcanonical annealing algorithms. Experimental results on synthetic edgel maps and edgel maps derived from gray scale images are presented.
Tidal deceleration of the Moon's mean motion

The secular change in the mean motion of the moon, n, caused by the tidal dissipation in the ocean and solid earth is due primarily to the effect of the diurnal and semidiurnal tides. The long-period ocean tides produce an increase in n, but the effects are only 1 percent of the diurnal and semidiurnal ocean tides. In this investigation, expressions for these effects are obtained by developing the tidal potential in the ecliptic reference system. The computation of the amplitude of equilibrium tide and the phase corrections is also discussed. The averaged tidal deceleration of the moon's mean motion, n, from the most recent satellite ocean tide solutions is -25.25 +/- 0.4 arcseconds/sq century. The value for n inferred from the satellite-determined ocean-tide solution is in good agreement with the value obtained from the analysis of 20 years of lunar laser-ranging observations.
Impunity Through Immunity: The Kenya Situation and the International Criminal Court

INTRODUCTION The International Criminal Court has faced a number of challenges to its legitimacy and effectiveness. One recent struggle stems from the Kenyatta case, which was confirmed in 2012, and became increasingly fractious and politically charged when Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta was elected President of Kenya in 2013. The ICC faces similar difficulties with the trial of William Samoei Ruto, Kenyatta's running mate, who is currently serving as Kenya's Deputy President. With the possible exception of the situation in Darfur, no other situation has posed as grave a challenge to the Court, and particularly the Prosecutor, than the investigation and prosecution undertaken by it in the wake of the brutal postelection violence which shook Kenya in 2007. The Kenya Situation is the only one referred to the Court by the Prosecutor acting truly propriomotu , and has been objected to by the territorial state from the start, which has refused to cooperate with the Court in some respects. Perhaps most problematic, however, is that the accused in the Kenyatta and Ruto cases have argued that they are not required to appear before the Court because of their high-ranking office. Their insistence on special privileges and prerogatives fl owing from their high office is reminiscent of arguments made by the Kaiser following World War I, and the accused before the Nuremberg Tribunal following World War II. The accused have challenged a foundational premise of the Rome Statute – that it applies ‘equally to all persons without any distinction based on official capacity’ – a principle codified by the International Law Commission as one of the seven ‘Nuremberg Principles’ in 1950,2 and found in countless international instruments, including the Genocide Convention, amongst others. Were Kenyatta and Ruto the only accused to raise this argument, it might be seen simply as aggressive defence tactics. However, there has been a renewed push from African states and the African Union to prevent the trials of sitting Heads of State, a push that has caused the ICC Assembly of States Parties to adopt a special exception for Heads of State on trial (Rule 134 quarter ), and has led to blistering attacks upon the Court from partisans of Kenyatta's position.
Assessing the Evidence for the Surgical Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Venous Tumor Thrombus: Room to Grow.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with venous tumor thrombus (VTT) represents a provocative oncologic paradox: The primary tumor has grossly demonstrated capacity for hematogenous invasion, yet with surgical resection, durable survival can be achieved in a substantial proportion of patients [1]. Accordingly, radical nephrectomy with inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombectomy is the mainstay of management for RCC with IVC VTT; however, surgery is associated with increased risks of perioperative morbidity and mortality. Consequently, efforts have focused on strategies to improve perioperative outcomes, and some interventions may even have implications for oncologic outcomes. Given the rarity of RCC with VTT, the quality of available evidence is poor. To this end, Lardas and colleagues provided a systematic review of the surgical management of VTT in nonmetastatic RCC in this month’s issue of European Urology [2]. The authors conducted a rigorous evaluation of studies reporting on the surgical management of VTT. Primary end points included both perioperative outcomes, such as complication rates and blood loss, and oncologic outcomes. The authors identified 10 nonrandomized comparative studies examining a variety of interventions and four case series with at least 50 participants each. Interventions evaluated included minimally invasive thoracic access techniques, preoperative renal artery embolization, noncardiopulmonary bypass approaches, and placement of IVC filters. Overall, the level of evidence was low due to the retrospective nature of the studies, patient heterogeneity, and attendant risk of bias. The authors appropriately concluded that the general approach to management of RCC with VTT should be guided by sound oncologic principles with technical considerations dictated by the level of tumor thrombus. Still, several findings warrant emphasis. The authors observed that minimally invasive thoracic access techniques appear to be associated with improved perioperative outcomes, although, perhaps logically, not with oncologic outcomes. It seems reasonable to use minimally invasive thoracic access approaches if feasible. In addition, preoperative renal artery embolization has been associated with increased perioperative morbidity. In our practice, we do not routinely use preoperative renal artery embolization but rather emphasize early arterial ligation intraoperatively. Likewise, little evidence supports preoperative IVC filter placement to reduce risk of embolization. Moreover, filter placement cephalad to tumor thrombus is to be discouraged, given the propensity for tumor incorporation into the filter and subsequently increased difficulty of resection [3].
Sex, Mitochondria, and Genetic Rescue

Genetic rescue is a potentially effective management tool to offset the effects of reduced genetic diversity in imperiled populations. However, implementation requires complex choices. Here we address the consequences of introducing males versus females, highlighting the possibility that introduced females might lead to maladapted mitonuclear genomes and reduced offspring fitness.
Study on the Design Characteristics of Head Mounted Displays (HMD) for Use in Guided Repair and Maintenance

Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) are believed to be extremely useful in industrial applications. However, few studies have discussed the impact of different design characteristics of head mounted displays on task performance. This study aims to find out how different display positions of Head Mounted Displays may affect the performance of workers performing guided repair and maintenance tasks. A set of car maintenance and repair tasks will be performed with the guidance of HMD technologies with 3 different display locations: above eye, eye-centered and below eye, and the traditional paper manual. Time and errors will be measured and discussed, so as the implications of human factors. Designers and engineers may leverage the findings to develop next-generation HMDs that improve the effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction for workers.
Partitioning of Organic Chlorine between Bulk Water and Benthal Interstitial Water through a Kraft Mill Aerated Lagoon

This paper reports the measured distribution of total and low molecular weight organic chlorine through a Kraft Hill aerated lagoon. Both benthal interstitial water and corresponding overlying water patterns were measured. Benthal solids were also analyzed for extractable organic chlorine. The extent of organic chlorine partitioning between the overlying water and benthal zone is indicative of the role of biosorption in the transport of organic chlorine compounds from the water column to the sediments and benthal zone of the lagoon. Evidence is presented for the occurrence of microbial dehalogenation within the anoxic benthal deposit.
Protective and Pro-Inflammatory Roles of Intestinal Bacteria

The intestinal mucosal surface in all vertebrates is exposed to enormous numbers of microorganisms that include bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses. Coexistence of the host with the gut microbiota represents an active and mutually beneficial relationship that helps to shape the mucosal and systemic immune systems of both mammals and teleosts (ray-finned fish). Due to the potential for enteric microorganisms to invade intestinal tissue and induce local and/or systemic inflammation, the mucosal immune system has developed a number of protective mechanisms that allow the host to mount an appropriate immune response to invading bacteria, while limiting bystander tissue injury associated with these immune responses. Failure to properly regulate mucosal immunity is thought to be responsible for the development of chronic intestinal inflammation. The objective of this review is to present our current understanding of the role that intestinal bacteria play in vertebrate health and disease. While our primary focus will be humans and mice, we also present the new and exciting comparative studies being performed in zebrafish to model host-microbe interactions.
The effects of conspecifics on food caching by black-capped chickadees

Etude experimentale des modifications du comportement d'amassement en relation avec les modifications de la densite des congeneres.L'hypothese selon laquelle les mesanges percevraient leurs congeneres comme des sources potentielles de perte des reserves amassees et diminueraient en consequence leur activite de stockage est testee
Ragweed pollen: morphological changes on incubation with saliva from ragweed-allergic and non-allergic humans.

SUMMARY 1. The interactions between ragweed pollen and the saliva from ragweed-sensitive and non-sensitive humans have been examined. A number of morphological changes of the pollen grains take place under the conditions of the incubation. Of these changes, two occur only with incubation in allergic saliva and one occurs with the use of ‘inflammatory’ saliva, allergic or non-allergic. 2. The two changes that are associated only with incubation in saliva from an individual who is ragweed-sensitive appear to be related. They consist of a clearing of the background material surrounding the pollen grain and the formation of a halo of white, mat-like material around the grain. 3. The incubation of pollen with ‘congestive’ or ‘inflammatory’ saliva resulted in the exudation of granular material, encased in a membrane, from the pollen grain. 4. Kinetic studies give the development time of particular changes and their duration. The portals of entry of ragweed pollen are the eyes, the nose and the mouth, where contact is made with the secretions and mucous membranes of these areas. There is no knowledge concerning the manner of treatment of the pollen after it has made contact with these fluids and tissues and whether or not this treatment differs between individuals who are ragweed-sensitive and individuals who are ragweed-insensitive. To answer these questions, we have initiated a study of the interactions between ragweed pollen and these tissues and fluids. Because of the ease of obtaining large quantities of saliva as compared with nasal and eye secretions, saliva was used as the host material. In the present study ragweed pollen incubated with the saliva from allergic individuals (SAI) developed characteristic morphological changes distinct from those observed when the pollen was incubated with the saliva from non-allergic individuals (SNI). Bronchial or nasal conges
Human models for smooth muscle cell differentiation. Focus on “A novel in vitro model system for smooth muscle differentiation from human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal cells”

the structure and function of smooth muscle cells (SMC) may be very similar from the vascular system to the gastrointestinal tract to the respiratory system, but they are known to react to stimuli in precise ways to enable tissue-specific actions to occur. The rationale for such differing responses
Abstract A55: Targeting of FXR and NHE‐1 in prevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, as one of a few human cancers, has been increasing recently in the United States. Tobacco smoke and low fruit and vegetable consumption are risk factors for both esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, whereas frequent gastroesophageal reflux, overweight, and obesity are linked to the increased incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Our research objective is to understand the molecular mechanisms of esophageal carcinogenesis for developing strategies in its early detection and prevention. In our previous studies, we have associated some of these risk factors with altered gene expression in esophageal cancer. We found that benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE, a carcinogen present in tobacco smoke and environmental pollution) and bile acid (a tumor promoter in gastrointestinal cancer) suppressed expression of RAR‐β2 and RRIG1, but induced EGFR, p‐ERK, AP‐1, and COX‐2 expression in esophageal cancer cells. In this study, we have detected expression of FXR and NHE‐1, a regulator of intracellular pH, in esophageal cancer tissue specimens and then determined effects of their inhibitors in suppressing growth of esophageal cancer cells. We found that expression of FXR and NHE‐1 is increased in esophageal cancer compared to the normal tissues. We also found that inhibition of FXR and NHE‐1 activity by using guggulsterone and amiloride can effectively suppress the tumor cell growth and gene expression. Further study will reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms and use FXR and NHE‐1 expression as biomarkers for early detection or prognosis of esophageal cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A55.
Characterization and evaluation of detoxification functions of a nontumorigenic immortalized porcine hepatocyte cell line (HepLiu)

Primary porcine hepatocytes (PPH) are currently used in research and therapeutic applications as the biological component of extracorporeal liver assist devices to overcome the shortage of human hepatocytes. However, their finite life span and typically rapid loss of functions limit their utility. An immortalized, nontumorigenic, highly differentiated porcine hepatocyte cell line was developed in our laboratory to resolve these disadvantages. PPH were transfected with simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen under the control of the SV40 early promoter. From the established 69 clones, 23 clones displaying hepatocyte-like morphology were screened for diazepam metabolism. One clone, HepLiu D63, has been maintained in culture for > 2 years, through more than 60 passages and 240 divisions. Albumin protein, present in early passages, was lost at later passages, but albumin transcript still was detectable in later passages. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, a gateway enzyme of the urea cycle, was consistently detectable in HepLiu cells. Cytokeratin 18, a characteristic marker of primary hepatocytes, was detected by both immunofluorescent staining and Western blot in HepLiu cells. Furthermore, maintenance of P450 functions in HepLiu cells was evidenced by diazepam and 7-ethoxycoumarin metabolites measured by HPLC. Phase II conjugative function was measured as acetaminophen glucuronidation. P450 dealkylase was demonstrated microscopically by the conversion of a nonfluorescent substrate to a fluorescent product. Both Northern blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining showed SV40 T antigen expression in the nuclei of HepLiu cells. No tumor formation occurred when HepLiu cells were injected into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice nor was the TAI (a tumor marker) mRNA expressed, even in later passages. This immortalized, nontumorigenic, highly functional cell line may provide a valuable tool for drug/toxicological studies, liver biologic regulation studies, and artificial liver support systems.
Portable, Low-power Diagnostics based on Integrated Photonics and Responsive Materials

Responsive or reactive materials offer the possibility for the development of low-power diagnostics for preventative healthcare. We have synthesized and characterized a functional polymeric material which irreversibly cleaves upon exposure to UV light. Because this cleavage is selective to UV wavelength, it could form the foundation of a UV indicator strip, allowing patients healthy and unhealthy populations to monitor their exposure. In a complementary project, we developed an all-fiber polarimetric elastography system for characterizing the mechanical properties of visco-elastic materials, such a tissue, and for correlating this signal with cellular/molecular-level markers.
Heart arrhythmia detection

Cardiac arrhythmias continue to be one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease (CD) for men and women in the US. [1] Diagnosis and treatment of these conditions are usually achieved using electrocardiogram (ECG) devices such as Holter monitors, loop recorders and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) among others. In this document, we report the development of a simple, single-lead, real-time ECG device intended for the monitor and detection of ventricular tachycardia (VT). Control software was developed using LabVIEW's Biomedical toolkit and validated using simulated ECG signals. Simulation analysis provides a sensitivity and specificity of 97.6 % and 98.0 % respectively. Based on these results, this device shows promise to be utilized as an ICD assistant as well as implemented in hand-held devices for ambulatory VT monitoring. Future work will refine the algorithm to validate its accuracy using ECG records from the MIT-BIH database.
The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation: A Meta-Analysis of Resource Orchestration Theory

We draw on the resource orchestration literature to develop a model whereby entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is considered a means of resource mobilization and as such mediates the relationship bet...
Lesson Plans for Moving in the Social Studies

This chapter features four full-length lesson plans that incorporate the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) Standards. Two of the lessons are for lower-elementary; one lesson focuses on how scarcity necessitates decision-making, and the other leads students to create a chronological sequence. The other two lessons are for upper-elementary; one lesson focuses on helping students to distinguish between fact and opinion to establish credibility, and the other lesson will help students learn how to create charts for data.
Re: Association between Combined TMPRSS2:ERG and PCA3 RNA Urinary Testing and Detection of Aggressive Prostate Cancer

Importance Potential survival benefits from treating aggressive (Gleason score, ≥7) early-stage prostate cancer are undermined by harms from unnecessary prostate biopsy and overdiagnosis of indolent disease. Objective To evaluate the a priori primary hypothesis that combined measurement of PCA3 and TMPRSS2:ERG ( T2:ERG ) RNA in the urine after digital rectal examination would improve specificity over measurement of prostate-specific antigen alone for detecting cancer with Gleason score of 7 or higher. As a secondary objective, to evaluate the potential effect of such urine RNA testing on health care costs. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective, multicenter diagnostic evaluation and validation in academic and community-based ambulatory urology clinics. Participants were a referred sample of men presenting for first-time prostate biopsy without preexisting prostate cancer: 516 eligible participants from among 748 prospective cohort participants in the developmental cohort and 561 eligible participants from 928 in the validation cohort. Interventions/Exposures Urinary PCA3 and T2:ERG RNA measurement before prostate biopsy. Main Outcomes and Measures Presence of prostate cancer having Gleason score of 7 or higher on prostate biopsy. Pathology testing was blinded to urine assay results. In the developmental cohort, a multiplex decision algorithm was constructed using urine RNA assays to optimize specificity while maintaining 95% sensitivity for predicting aggressive prostate cancer at initial biopsy. Findings were validated in a separate multicenter cohort via prespecified analysis, blinded per prospective-specimen-collection, retrospective-blinded-evaluation (PRoBE) criteria. Cost effects of the urinary testing strategy were evaluated by modeling observed biopsy results and previously reported treatment outcomes. Results Among the 516 men in the developmental cohort (mean age, 62 years; range, 33-85 years) combining testing of urinary T2:ERG and PCA3 at thresholds that preserved 95% sensitivity for detecting aggressive prostate cancer improved specificity from 18% to 39%. Among the 561 men in the validation cohort (mean age, 62 years; range, 27-86 years), analysis confirmed improvement in specificity (from 17% to 33%; lower bound of 1-sided 95% CI, 0.73%; prespecified 1-sided P = .04), while high sensitivity (93%) was preserved for aggressive prostate cancer detection. Forty-two percent of unnecessary prostate biopsies would have been averted by using the urine assay results to select men for biopsy. Cost analysis suggested that this urinary testing algorithm to restrict prostate biopsy has greater potential cost-benefit in younger men. Conclusions and Relevance Combined urinary testing for T2:ERG and PCA3 can avert unnecessary biopsy while retaining robust sensitivity for detecting aggressive prostate cancer with consequent potential health care cost savings.
Controllability of the Semilinear Reaction–Diffusion Equation with a Degenerate Actuator

In this chapter we extend the discussion initiated in Chap. 4 on the controllability of semilinear parabolic PDEs to the case of the 1-D semilinear reaction-diffusion equation, assuming that it is again equipped with the static spatially averaged control of type ( 1.29). We will prove several results on the approximate controllability of this equation by linking them to the regularity and structure of the nonlinear term (which can also be superlinear). The obtained results are well posed in terms of the “actual steering” of the system at hand, even if it admits multiple (i.e., nonunique) solutions.
The Association Between Intimate Partner Violence and Distance Traveled to Access Abortion in a Nationally Representative Sample of Abortion Patients

The objective of this article is to describe a secondary data analysis of the 2008 Abortion Patient Survey (APS 2008) data exploring the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and travel distances in a national sample of patients seeking abortion services in the United States. The researchers used the 2008 APS, which is the most recent publicly available version of this dataset, to conduct chi-square tests to examine the bivariate associations between all independent and dependent variables. Prevalence ratios were calculated to determine the association between physical and sexual violence and distance traveled to get an abortion, controlling for length of pregnancy, age, education, income, poverty category, race, relationship status, insurance type, whether women went to the closest clinic, whether the pregnancy was wanted, and number of previous abortions. Results indicate that approximately 83% of the women traveled between 1 and 50 miles, 11% traveled between 51 and 100 miles, 4% traveled between 101 and 150 miles, and 3% traveled more than 151 miles to get an abortion. Prevalence ratios (PR) reveal that physical violence was significantly associated with distance traveled to get an abortion (PR = 1.15, p < .05) when all control variables were accounted for. Patients in abusive relationships that involve physical violence may have to travel longer distances to access abortion. Repeal of policy that impedes access to abortion is recommended.
Factors leading to pancreatic resection in patients with pancreatic cancer: a national perspective.

Background: Resection is the only option for potential cure in pancreatic cancer. Patients admitted for resection may have the procedure deferred during their hospitalization. We aim to identify factors that lead pancreatic cancer patients to undergo resection. Methods: An analysis utilizing the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, 2003–2009. Study population included adults (≥18 years) with pancreatic cancer who underwent either pancreatic resection or other interventions. Surgeon volume classi ed based on the median into low and high-volume surgeon. Results: Eleven thousand three hundred and sixty- ve patients were included; 68.0% underwent pancreatic resection, while 32.0% had other interventions. The majority of patients resected were Conclusions: Patients’ insurance type and economic status are signi cantly associated with their ability to achieve pancreatic resection. Surgeon experience and hospital volumes were also signi cantly associated with pancreatic resection, clinical and economic outcomes.
Learned Forensic Source Similarity for Unknown Camera Models

Information about an image's source camera model is important knowledge in many forensic investigations. In this paper we propose a system that compares two image patches to determine if they were captured by the same camera model. To do this, we first train a CNN based feature extractor to output generic, high level features which encode information about the source camera model of an image patch. Then, we learn a similarity measure that maps pairs of these features to a score indicating whether the two image patches were captured by the same or different camera models. We show that our proposed system accurately determines if two patches were captured by the same or different camera models, even when the camera models are unknown to the investigator. We also demonstrate the utility of this approach for image splicing detection and localization.
Creation and evaluation of a cancer survivorship curriculum for pediatric resident physicians.

There is a paucity of formal clinician education concerning cancer survivorship care, which produces care barriers and poorer outcomes for survivors of childhood cancer. To address this, we implemented a curriculum in childhood cancer survivorship care for pediatric residents at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). We examined the efficacy of this curriculum following program completion. A case-based curriculum was created and integrated within existing educational structures using Kern’s model. We utilized the retrospective pre-posttest method to evaluate participating residents’ knowledge, clinical skills, and attitudes towards cancer survivorship topics before and after receiving the curriculum. Pre-posttest items were compared using paired t tests and one-sided binomial tests. We analyzed free-response question items for major themes using constant comparative methods. Thirty-four residents completed the curriculum and its evaluation. Each assessment item significantly increased from pre- to post-curriculum; p < 0.05. Greater than 40% of residents improved in all but one assessment item post-curriculum; p < 0.05. Residents reported the curriculum enhanced their pediatric knowledge base (M = 3.24; SD = 0.65) and would recommend it to other residency programs; M = 3.24; SD = 0.69. Major themes included residents’ request for additional oncofertility information, training in counseling survivors, and cancer survivorship training opportunities. A cancer survivorship curriculum can successfully increase trainees’ knowledge, clinical skills, and comfort in discussing topics relevant to survivorship care. With increasing numbers of childhood cancer survivors living into adulthood, residents will likely treat this population regardless of intended career path. This curriculum represents one method to deliver formal cancer survivorship training.
Is a Liquid Supported Amphiphile Monolayer Aptly Described as a Two-Dimensional System?

Liquid supported amphiphile monolayers have been studied for many years, yet their properties are surprisingly poorly known and little understood. For example, it is known that surface pressure (the difference between the surface tensions of the covered and clean liquid surfaces)-surface area per molecule isotherms of a liquid supported amphiphile monolayer resemble pressure-volume isotherms for a three dimensional system in that there are well defined regions of each that correspond to different phases [1]. It is generally agreed that when the surface area per molecule is very large, and the adsorbed molecules are independent of each other, the equation of state of the monolayer is like that of a gas. It is also generally agreed that when the surface density is increased a first order transition to a liquid phase occurs, unless the system temperature is less than the triple point temperature. When the surface density is increased further more phase transitions occur, first to a so-called “liquid-condensed” phase and then to a solid phase, but there is disagreement concerning the nature of the transitions [2]. Nothing is known of the intramolecular conformations or the intermolecular distribution functions in the several disordered phases. It is only recently, with the development of new experimental and theoretical techniques, that it is possible to begin to examine the relationships between molecular conformation and the structures of the different surface phases that amphiphile monolayer systems typically exhibit.
Evaluation of the Effect of Asthma Inhalers and Nasal Decongestant Sprays on a Breath Alcohol Test

The effects of eight prescription and non-prescription asthma inhalers and four over-the-counter nasal decongestants on the DataMaster, an evidential breath alcohol instrument, were evaluated. Subjects self administered the medication, and breath alcohol tests were administered immediately after use and following a 15 min waiting period. The only preparation which produced any effect on the instrument was Primatene Mist which contains 34% ethyl alcohol. The alcohol was, however, eliminated from the breath in the usual pattern of mouth alcohol elimination, and after 5 min there was no longer any effect. The inclusion of a 15 min deprivation period prior to an evidential breath test, during which time nothing is introduced into the mouth, is an adequate safeguard against interference with the test caused by alcohol containing inhalers.
Cancer Stem Cells and Metastasis: Emerging Themes and Therapeutic Implications

Recent work in the field of cancer research has provided mounting evidence for the role of cancer stem cells in the establishment of many types of tumors. Insights into intrinsic properties of cancer stem cells are especially important in the context of tumor invasion and metastasis. Although more research is still necessary to solidify the role of cancer stem cells in the initiation of metastatic growth, the multistep cascade of tumor growth and progression as it is currently understood encompasses events likely to involve cancer stem cells and the microenvironment that supports them. This chapter will focus on the perceived roles of cancer stem cells in known tumorigenic and metastatic events. Emerging and evolving models of cancer stem cell-mediated tumor progression provide potential windows of opportunity for developing novel therapeutic strategies aiming at thwarting the menacing power of metastatic cancer stem cells.
Pesticides as environmental mutagens.

The terms “pesticide” and “mutagen” seem continually to be linked in the public mind. According to news accounts, almost every pest-control chemical is a “potential mutagen” or “potential carcinogen.” In this chapter, I would like to explore the validity of this assumption and present an environmental view which modifies but does not entirely overcome it.
HMGB1/RAGE Mediates UVB-Induced Secretory Inflammatory Response and Resistance to Apoptosis in Human Melanocytes

The major modifiable risk factor in melanomagenesis is UV exposure and mutagenesis of melanocytes. Other UV-induced events that contribute to early tumorigenesis are poorly understood. Herein we show that the repeated exposure of human primary melanocytes to UVB results in a sustained senescence response, increases in expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, MX1, OAS2, and IRF7 proteins of up to 75-fold, and resistance to subsequent UVB-induced apoptosis. In the setting of UVB-induced DNA damage, we detected time-dependent increases in the release of damage-associated molecular patterns such as high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). After intermittent UVB exposure, melanocytes treated with the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib reduced expression of HMGB1 and MX1 as well as activation of JAK1 (pJAK1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (pSTAT1). In addition, melanocytes expressing small hairpin RNA selective for the HMGB1 receptor, receptor for advanced glycosylation end product (RAGE), exhibited decreased expression of both HMGB1 and MX1 after UVB exposure. The response of small hairpin RAGE–infected cells to human recombinant HMGB1 was blunted with decreased MX1 expression and JAK activation. Finally, depletion of receptor for advanced glycosylation end product decreased UVB-induced resistance to apoptosis (P
Landscapes of impunity and the deaths of Americans LaVena Johnson and Sandra Bland

AbstractOn July 19th, 2005, American Army Private First Class LaVena Johnson died in Balad, Iraq, just 8 days shy of her 20th birthday. On July 13th, 2015, almost 10 years later, 28-year-old Sandra...
A Black feminist approach for caseworkers intervening with Black female caregivers: Casework with Black Females

The disproportionate representation of Black children in the child welfare system, and its implications for Black female caregivers, must be understood through a critical perspective that considers...
Metoclopramide-induced Serotonin Syndrome

Serotonin syndrome is a clinical diagnosis characterized by a constellation of autonomic and neurological physical examination findings due to the use of one or more serotonergic agents. Due to high morbidity and mortality associated with this condition, high index of suspicion is required in making this diagnosis. Treatment is aimed at discontinuation of the offending agent and supportive care. We present a case of a 28-year-old woman who presented with acetaminophen toxicity, however developed iatrogenic serotonin syndrome due to use of scheduled intravenous metoclopramide. Metoclopramide, by itself, very rarely causes serotonin syndrome and typically results in this condition when used in combination with other pro-serotonergic agents.