cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytomorphologic and molecular analyses of fallopian tube fimbrial brushings for diagnosis of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma

Background The paradigm shift localizing the origin of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) to the fallopian tube underscores the rationale for meticulous microscopic examination of salpingectomy specimens. The precursor, termed "serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma," is often a focal lesion, which poses difficulties for histologic diagnosis. Methods The authors describe a method to examine exfoliated epithelial cells from fallopian tube fimbria by gentle brushing, thereby enabling thorough sampling of the mucosal surface. Fimbrial brushings were collected from 20 fresh salpingectomy specimens from 15 patients, including 5 who had pathologically confirmed ovarian HGSC. Samples taken only from tubes that were grossly negative for tumor were processed for Papanicolaou staining, p53 immunocytochemistry, and tumor protein 53 (TP53) mutation analysis. Results Cells with malignant cytomorphologic features were identified only in tubal brushings from patients with ovarian HGSC. In all cases, atypical/malignant cells on cytology corresponded to lesions with similar morphology and immunostaining pattern in permanent sections, demonstrating the sensitivity of the technique while providing reassurance that specimen integrity was not disrupted by the procedure. Targeted next-generation sequencing confirmed the presence of TP53 mutations in fimbrial brushings from HGSC, but not in benign samples, and demonstrated concordance with the immunostaining pattern. Identical mutations were observed in matched lesions microdissected from formalin-fixed tissue sections. Conclusions The described technique enables cytologic evaluation of the fallopian tube fimbria for a diagnosis of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, serving as a complement to histology while offering distinct advantages with respect to the procurement of cellular material for ancillary testing and research.
Kinetics Analysis of Multichannel Hydrogen Reactions on Plasmonic-Based Au–GdC Thin-Film Nanocomposites

The reaction kinetics of hydrogen on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) embedded in gadolinium-doped ceria has been studied in an oxygen-free environment through the time-dependent analysis of the localize...
Literary Translingualism: What and Why?

The article is devoted to a comprehensive understanding of the theory of translingualism. Its author, Professor Steven Kellman, discusses the essence of the term he proposed in the context of world literature, citing numerous examples of translingual imagination. Based on the work of writers such as Joseph Conrad, Vladimir Nabokov and others, Professor Kellman demonstrates how the mechanism of intercultural and translational interaction of linguistic and extralinguistic elements works in each individual case. The theory of translingualism enriched the cycle of the humanities (from linguistics to cultural studies, from literary criticism to philosophy) with a new popular episteme, which the editorial board gladly shares with our readers.
Impact of nitrogen fertilizers on protein and amylose content in grain of rice varieties grown in different agrolandscapes of Krasnodar region

The article presents the results of evaluation of rice varieties Flagman, Novator, Favorit, Olimp, Yubileyniy 85, Atlant, Kurazh, Rapan 2, Patriot, Azovsky, Polevik, Kazachok 4, Nautilus, Yakhont, bred in 1996-2019 by Russian breeders and grown in the Abinsky district, Krasnodar region by protein and amylose content in the grain due to the level of nitrogen nutrition during the growing season. The protein content in grain in all varieties with an increase in the applied nitrogen fertilizers from N90 to N120 increased by 0.03-0.56%. In 2016, the varieties Novator, Flagman, Olimp, Atlant, Kurazh, Kazachok 4 were 0.40% and higher; in the varieties Favorit, Polevik, Yubileiny 85, Patriot, Nautilus and Yakhont by 0.03-0.39%. The variety Patriot showed a slight growth trend in PC. In polished rice, PC decreased in two variants of the experiment to 78.991.9% PC, and the indicator was not dependent on the variant. Under the conditions of rice cultivation at N 120 , a decrease in the amylose content in grain in varieties by 0.2-0.7% was observed. There was a general trend of a more significant decrease in AC in varieties in 2018. All varieties were assigned to the group of low amylose varieties with AC from 15.1 to 19.0%.
The Transformational Effects of COVID-19 on Medical Education.

This Viewpoint discusses the effect the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had on medical education and the ways in which academic health systems
Assessment of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Murine Model of Supraspinatus Tendinopathy.

Background The purpose of this study was to assess mitochondrial dysfunction in a murine model of supraspinatus tendinopathy. Methods Eighty-four mice (168 limbs) were included in the study. Supraspinatus tendinopathy was induced by inserting a microsurgical clip in the subacromial space of 63 mice bilaterally (126 limbs). Forty-two of these limbs were harvested at 4 weeks postoperatively, 42 underwent clip removal at 4 weeks after the initial procedure and were harvested at 2 weeks, and 42 underwent clip removal at 4 weeks and were harvested at 4 weeks. Forty-two limbs in the remaining 21 mice did not undergo surgical intervention and were utilized as the control group. Outcomes included biomechanical, histological, gene expression, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. Results Radiographs confirmed stable clip position in the subacromial space at 4 weeks. Biomechanical testing demonstrated a 60% decrease in failure force of the supraspinatus tendons at 4 weeks compared with the control group. The failure force gradually increased at 2 and 4 weeks after clip removal. Histological analysis demonstrated inflammation surrounding the tendon with higher modified Bonar scores at 4 weeks after clip placement followed by gradual improvement following clip removal. The expression of mitochondrial-related genes was decreased at 4 weeks after clip placement and then significantly increased after clip removal. SOD activity decreased significantly at 4 weeks after clip placement but increased following clip removal. TEM images demonstrated alterations in morphology and the number of mitochondria and cristae at 4 weeks after clip placement with improvement after clip removal. Conclusions Mitochondrial dysfunction appears to be associated with the development of tendinopathy. Clinical relevance Mitochondrial protection may offer a potential strategy for delaying the development of tendinopathy and promoting tendon healing.
Performance evaluation and acceptability of point-of-care Trichomonas vaginalis testing in adult female emergency department patients.

We evaluated the accuracy and perception of a patient self-administered, tablet-facilitated rapid Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) point-of-care (POC) test in adult female emergency department (ED) patie...
Race/ethnicity, sex, age and fines: a focal concerns approach

The focal concerns approach has been applied broadly in the sentencing literature. Research that has relied on this perspective generally finds that young, non-white men tend to receive the most pu...
Techo's emergency-housing response to hurricanes in Puerto Rico: Lessons from the field

Abstract This chapter presents the emergency-housing intervention led by the Techo NGO with volunteers in San Isidro, Puerto Rico, following the hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017. Geographical isolation, limited resources, and high costs and import tariffs marked a complex process for the emergency response. A strong transitional shelter is necessary in hurricane-prone areas, especially in a context of scarcity and limited construction skills. To meet these challenges, Techo adapted the design of a preexistent shelter typology into a kit of prefabricated parts, making a customizable module that is easy to assemble through a series of streamlined steps. This was possible by having a humanitarian-architecture team composed of volunteer professionals and students. The rationalized participatory construction process engaged the affected families early on and ultimately empowered them to be actors of their recovery. The results of this study bring some lessons for effective disaster response in insular contexts.
Abstract 405: The role of GALNT14 in chemoresistant and metastatic osteosarcoma

Introduction: Osteosarcoma is the most common bone tumor in children and adolescents. Many patients have disease progression through standard chemotherapy regimens of methotrexate, cisplatin, and doxorubicin. Presently, there are no salvage therapies that have added significant survival benefits, leaving minimal options for relapsed and resistant disease. Additionally, there are no clinically significant biomarkers for this disease that would predict treatment failures. N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14 (GALNT14) is an enzyme that initiates O-linked glycosylation to outer membrane-bound and extracellular proteins. Using transcriptomic analyses, we identified GALNT14 overexpression correlated with poor tumor necrosis and survival outcomes. Therefore, we hypothesize that GALNT14 contributes to metastatic and chemoresistant phenotypes in pediatric osteosarcoma. Methods: Transcriptomic data from the Therapeutically Applicable Research for Generating Effective Treatments (TARGET) database and RNA-sequencing of institutional patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) revealed that overexpression of GALNT14 correlated to poor necrosis rates. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) also identified upregulation of glycosylation pathways. Aberrant expression of GALNT14 was confirmed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot analyses in various osteosarcoma cell lines. Transient GALNT14 knockdown and overexpression were then analyzed for effects on proliferation, invasion, migration, and chemotherapy response in vitro. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrating overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were established using data from the TARGET database. Results: GALNT14 expression was higher in both commercial and PDX cell lines that were known to be more prone for chemoresistance and invasiveness. The highest quartile of patients based on GALNT14 overexpression had 40% OS and 25% EFS, compared to 80% (p=0.002) and 75% (pl0.001) for the lowest quartile of expression, respectively. Summary: GALNT14 shows promise as a predictive marker of chemoresistance and metastasis for pediatric osteosarcoma. Future functional genomic studies through gain and loss-of-function assays will evaluate the role of GALNT14 in osteosarcoma chemoresistance and metastatic potential. Citation Format: Zachary D. Prudowsky, Tajhal Patel, Kimal Rajapakshe, Christian Coarfa, Ryan Shuck, Nino Rainusso, Jason Yustein. The role of GALNT14 in chemoresistant and metastatic osteosarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 405.
Optimal Orthogonal Drawings of Triconnected Plane Graphs

In this paper we produce orthogonal drawings of triconnected planar graphs where a planar embedding is given. Kant presented an algorithm to compute a small orthogonal drawing in linear time. In this paper, we will show that his algorithm in fact produces less bends than the bound shown. Moreover, with a small variation of the algorithm, the number of bends can be reduced even further, which also leads to lower bounds on the grid-size. Both bounds are optimal.
Development of a Design Platform for CMOS Amplifiers

This paper describes a platform created for the design of CMOS amplifiers. The user interactive design tool generates device sizes and operating points from a given set of specifications and provides an easy to use interface for tuning the amplifier performance for a given application. The algorithm used in the program uses a knowledge based design methodology with a gradient search method to estimate the sizing of each transistor. The tool also provides a variety of outputs including a spice netlist, plots for transient, DC and AC analysis and a tabulated overall system description.
Anomalies in finance: What are they and what are they good for?

Abstract In the natural sciences, anomalies contribute significantly to the development of new and ultimately more successful theories. The role of anomalies in financial economics, however, has been quite different. Although at the beginning, the word was used to show deviations from the Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH)/Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) paradigm, lately, it has been applied to a new literature that is also more accurately called Behavioral Finance (BF). This paper argues that this misuse and misapplication of the word anomaly is not a simple coincidence. It is rather a sophisticated and accordant effort to imply that although there are some unresolved deviations from the norm, the reigning paradigm is irreplaceable, and its validity needs no empirical proof. In fact, an alternative paradigm such as BF is not only insignificant but also unnecessary and even impossible.
Threonine dehydratase of Bacillus licheniformis. II. Regulation during development.

Abstract The specific activity of the enzyme threonine dehydratase (threonine hydrolyase (deaminatng), EC 4.2.1.16) of Bacillus licheniformis decreases rapidly at the end of growth to a 4-fold lower level where it remains during development. The high specific activity of the enzyme is believed to be dependent on the maintenance of the physiological state that exists in growing cells. Experimental conditions that maintain this physiological state (addition of glucose or chloramphenicol) will prevent the decrease in specific activity of the enzyme, whereas conditions that allow the depletion of intracellular nutrients (mitomycin C) or mimic this effect (anaerobic shock) will cause a decrease in the specific activity of the enzyme. l -Isoleucine added to the medium can prevent the initial increase in specific activity. Other than the change is specific activity, no differences in physical or kinetic properties can be observed for the enzyme isolated from cells at different stages of the life cycle. Quantitation of the enzyme protein by an immunological procedure indicates that the amount of enzyme protein is constant per unit weight of cells during all phases of the life cycle of the organism. It is postulated that the variation in the specific activity of the enzyme is related to the metabolic activity of the cell.
Köthe-Bochner Function Spaces

In this chapter, we introduce the Kothe-Boehner function spaces, and provide some basic results in this area.
Natural systems as models for the design of sustainable systems of land use

Natural ecosystems, whose components are the results of natural selection, are sustainable; most are productive, responsive to pests, and retentive of nutrients. Thus, they are appropriate models on which to base the design of new systems of land use. Abiotic and biotic stressors are related non-linearly; the nadir of total stress being mid-way along a gradient of environmental harshness. Superimposing the stress functions on Holdridge's life zone chart yields four broad categories of environments for agriculture: climates where annual rainfall is similar to potential evapotranspiration, plus three other categories that are either too cold, too arid, or too wet. Extremely cold lands have no potential for agriculture. Lands that are arid or infertile can be used successfully, although the cost of compensating for environmental limitations increases exponentially with increasing abiotic stress. Grazing animals (which act as trophic buffers between people and environment) have proven successful in dry and infertile environments. The humid tropical lowlands epitomise environments of low abiotic stress but overwhelming biotic intricacy. Here it pays to imitate natural systems rather than struggle to impose simplicity on ecosystems that are inherently complex. The keys to success are to (i) channel productivity into outputs of nutritional and economic importance, (ii) maintain adequate diversity to compensate for losses in a system simple enough to be horticulturally manageable, (iii) manage plants and herbivores to facilitate associational resistance and not associational susceptibility, and (iv) use perennial plants to maintain soil fertility, guard against erosion, and make full use of resources.
A monte carlo study of rank tests for repeated measures designs

Koch (1969) proposed a rank test to detect fixed treatment effects in complete repeated measures designs where the observations within blocks are assumed to be equally correlated. In deriving the limiting distribution of the rank transformation statistic for this design, Kepner and Robinson also obtained the limiting distribution of Koch's statistic under substantially less restrictive conditions than those required by Koch. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and disseminate theresults of a Monte Carlo study comparing the intermediate sample size performance characteristics of these two statistics, which until now has not been investigated, with two standard competitors,the analysis of variance (ANOVA) F test and Friedman's test
Does Dampened Physiological Reactivity Protect Youth in Aggressive Family Environments

Is an attenuated physiological response to family conflict, seen in some youth exposed to early adversity, protective or problematic? A longitudinal study including 54 youth (average age 15.2 years) found that those with higher cumulative family aggression exposure showed lower cortisol output during a laboratory-based conflict discussion with their parents, and were less likely to show the normative pattern of increased cortisol reactivity to a discussion they rated as more conflictual. Family aggression interacted with cortisol reactivity in predicting youth adjustment: Adolescents from more aggressive homes who were also more reactive to the discussion reported more posttraumatic stress symptoms and more antisocial behavior. These results suggest that attenuated reactivity may protect youth from the negative consequences associated with aggressive family environments.
Equations of mixed type and elliptic equations with singular and non-analytic coefficients

In Chapter I differential equations (I.1.6) in two variables were considered in the case where the coefficients A, B, C are entire functions of z and z*. Some of the results which were obtained there can be generalized to the case where A, B, C have singularities. However, many results relating to integral operators of the first kind cannot be applied in this case.
Root herbivory in vitro: Interactions between roots and aphids grown in aseptic coculture

An in vitro coculture system has been established to study interactions between roots and aphids. Eight aphid species (Aphis spiraecola P., Trama rara M., Macrosiphum euphorbiae S., Rhopalosiphum padi L., Sitobion avenae F., Rhopalosiphum maidis F., Metopolophium dirhodum W., and Pemphigus populivenae F.) were reared on six species of hairy root cultures, Carthamus tinctorius L. cv N10, Tagetes patula L., Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var anguina, Hyoscyamus muticus L., Nicotiana tabacum L., and Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris. All species of aphids survived on root cultures for at least 2 d. Three cocultures have been maintained aseptically for periods ranging from 2 mo. to over 2 yr. The coculture of R. padi on C. tinctorius cv N10 (N10-Rp) was used to study morphological and biochemical responses of roots under aphid herbivory. Aphid herbivory caused browning of cultures, reduced root vegetative growth, and increased production of polyacetylenes in C. tinctorius cv N10 roots. Our results suggest that this coculture system may improve our understanding of interactions between aphids and plant roots.
A variational principle for ascent shapes of large scientific balloons

Abstract Ascent shapes of large scientific balloons possess a number of well-defined features, including ( F 1 ) a spherical top, ( F 2 ) a lobe pattern surrounding the gas bubble, ( F 3 ) internally folded material within the gas bubble, and ( F 4 ) flat wing-like structures in the lower portion of the balloon. The standard Σ-shape model for a balloon assumes an axisymmetric solution and is inadequate for handling shapes with these features. The energy E of a balloon shape S is modeled as the sum of the gravitational potentials of the lifting gas and the balloon fabric. Our approach is to minimize E [ S ] over a class of shapes that satisfy certain constraints and are invariant under the dihedral group D k . A solution computed in this fashion is called an Energy Minimizing Shape or EM-shape. EM-shapes are found to possess features ( F 1 )–( F 4 ). In this paper, we introduce a structure called a pseudo-gore into our mathematical model. Numerical solutions of EM-shapes with square-shaped and hexagaonal symmetries are included.
Radioimmunotherapy with yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan for patients with relapsed CD20+ B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

The clinical development and US Food and Drug Administration approval in 1997 of the monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab have been major treatment advances for patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Rituximab produces responses in approximately 50% of cases of relapsed, low grade NHL. Most of these responses are partial remissions; cure remains elusive. One way to enhance the effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies is to chelate radionuclides such as yttrium-90 (90Y) to the antibody. 90Y is a high-energy, beta-emitting radioisotope that delivers most of its radiation over a path length of 2 to 5 mm. Therefore, the antibody delivers, or targets, the radiation only to CD20+ cells, sparing normal cells from the radiation. Ibritumomab is the murine anti-CD20 antibody that was engineered to develop the human chimeric antibody rituximab. Tiuxetan is a linker/chelator that is attached to the antibody to form ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin; IDEC Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA). Zevalin can be reacted with 111indium (111In) for imaging and 90Y for therapy. Phase I studies of Zevalin have determined that patients with a baseline platelet count greater than 150,000 × 106/L receive 0.4 mCi/kg. Patients with a platelet count of 100 to 149,000 × 106/L should receive 0.3 mCi/kg. Zevalin has a higher overall response rate (ORR) than its cold antibody counterpart rituximab, as demonstrated in two separate clinical trials. The first trial (IDEC 106-04) randomized 143 rituximab-naive patients with relapsed NHL to receive rituximab or Zevalin. The ORR for Zevalin was 80% compared with 56% for rituximab (P = 0.002). The second trial (IDEC 106-06) tested the efficacy of Zevalin in patients who were rituxanrefractory; the ORR was 74%. The main toxicity of Zevalin was reversible myelosuppression. These studies indicate that radiolabeled anti-CD20 antibodies can produce a higher ORR than rituximab. Single-dose Zevalin is another treatment alternative for patients with relapsed low grade NHL. It is well-tolerated even by older adults. The exact role of Zevalin in the therapy of NHL is undetermined. New studies are underway to explore whether patients can safely receive a second dose of Zevalin and to combine Zevalin with highdose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue. The outcome of these studies will be helpful in deciding how best to integrate this new modality into the treatment paradigm of NHL.
Study of the performance of RPS

The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of RPS (Rotational Position Sensing) on the response time and utilization of multiple spindle disk drives with a shared channel. Simulation models are used to compare the effectiveness of the RPS scheme with the systems without RPS capability. Analytical models for the number of RPS rotation misses and the utilization of the channel at the saturation point are given.
Memory, Cognitive Processing, and the Process of “Listening” A Reply to Thomas and Levine

In a recent issue of Human Communication Research, Thomas and Levine (1994) explored the “listening” construct, examining listening from both a cognitive and behavioral point of view. In so doing, they made several inaccurate statements about my own research and positions that I have taken concerning listening. Linear models of memory (first short-term memory, then intermediate storage, then long-term memory) do not describe listening. What I have written in the past is that, like memory, listening has short-term and long-term elements, that listening research ought to examine short-term processing more carefully than before, and that any general definition of listening ought to include all elements, including long-term elements. Additional misstatements appear concerning the role of memory in the assessment of listening. In addition to these misstatements, they ignored some extremely important constructs in listening, principally that of listener involvement. In addition, the model that they present as a causal explanation for listening behaviors has several serious flaws. Nonetheless, in focusing on some nonverbal indicators of listening, they have made a real contribution to the understanding of listening as a communication skill.
H-d exchange of channel blacks

Abstract Five channel blacks that contain from 3·9 to 9·5 per cent bound oxygen exchange 0·26 to 1·27 m-equiv./g of deuterium for hydrogen during adsorption of D2O. Data from forward and back exchanges are in agreement. It is suggested that these values include exchange of hydrogens associated with traces of tightly bound water as well as H-D exchange of surface car☐yl and hydroxyl groups. Exchange results are slightly lower than acid contents determined previously for the same carbon blacks by titrimetric methods. Exchange was determined at 25°C and 105°C by monitoring the extension of a helical quartz spring with a 20 × microscope fitted with a filar type micrometer eyepiece. For the least oxidized carbon black (Spheron 6), mass changes associated with exchange were superimposed on a slight mass increase resulting from reaction of absorbate. A Black Pearls 2 sample (9·5% oxygen) containing 0·73 mmoles/g chemisorbed 2-methyl-1-pentene exchanged more than twice as much hydrogen as the same carbon black with no preadsorbed olefin, indicating that exchange of hydrogen in the chemisorbed olefin occurs
Structural and functional studies of the king salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, hemoglobins

Abstract 1. 1. Vertical starch-gel electrophoresis at pH 8.6 revealed extensive hemoglobin multiplicity with several distinct cathodal and anodal hemoglobin components. 2. 2. Anodal hemoglobin components are present throughout the life cycle of the king salmon. Additional cathodal components are found in the adult fish. 3. 3. Cathodal hemoglobin components exhibited a higher oxygen affinity ( P 50 = 10.2 mm at 13°C, pH 7.3 ) than the anodal hemoglobin components ( P 50 = 21.8 mmHg at 13°C ). 4. 4. Oxygen binding of the anodal hemoglobins are sensitive to pH, temperature, organic phosphates (ATP and GTP), as well as, ionic strength; binding of oxygen to the cathodal hemoglobins is independent of pH and not affected by organic phosphates. 5. 5. Anodal hemoglobin components are less resistant to thermal denaturation over the pH 6.0 to 8.0 range. Isothermal urea denaturation of separated anodal and cathodal hemoglobin fractions of the king salmon indicate inherent differences in the stabilization energies of these hemoglobins. 6. 6. Autoxidation of these hemoglobins occurs around pH 7.0 and below, as well as, in the presence of increasing Cl− concentrations.
The emergence of boron as nutritionally important throughout the life cycle

is needed or beneficial for many of life processes including embryogenesis, bone growth and maintenance, immune function, psychomotor skills, and cognitive functions suggest that this prediction will become true. The surprising thing about this development is that only 20 y ago students in the biological and medical sciences were being taught that boron was essential for plants but not for animals. In fact, at the time the first report about the possible nutritional importance of boron appeared,2 boron was generally regarded as an element of only toxicologic concern, especially in the hospital setting. Now that the opinion about the nutritional importance of boron is changing, a question that has come to the fore is: Why wasn’t this recognized sooner? A reasonable answer to that question is that boron apparently has a biochemical function that is very subtle. Moreover, this role apparently is one that allows optimal functioning of other nutrients or hormones and thus is overlooked as attention is directed toward altering the intake of the substance whose suboptimal metabolism is directly involved in a pathologic consequence (e.g., calcium supplementation to prevent bone loss). In 1987, based on assorted bits of evidence, mainly from plants, it was suggested that boron, through an effect on the cell membrane, affected calcium metabolism and hormone action in higher forms of life.3 In 1991, additional findings from plants and animals were used to change this suggestion to the hypothesis that boron has a role in cell-membrane function or stability such that it influences the response to hormone action, transmembrane signaling, or transmembrane movement of regulatory cations or anions.4 Testing of this hypothesis has been difficult. Nonetheless, many of the recent findings showing that boron is needed or beneficial throughout the life cycle support this hypothesis.
The cephalic tuck procedure.

Accepted for Publication: November 24, 2010. Author Affiliation: Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Illinois at Chicago. Correspondence: Steve Dayan, MD, Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 N Michigan Ave, Ste 923 E, Chicago, IL 60611 (sdayan @drdayan.com). Financial Disclosure: None reported. REFERENCES
Far infrared transmission filters for the 300-18 cm (-1) spectral region.

A simplified method for the fabrication of crystal powder transmission filters is reported. Transmission filter combinations are described for the 300–18 cm−1 spectral region. The application of these filters in a small grating spectrometer is demonstrated by water vapor spectra.
Characterization of Two Homologous Yeast Genes That Encode Mitochondrial Iron Transporters

Two different yeast genes were identified that when overexpressed suppressed the low iron growth defect of a mutation in the endoplasmic reticulum iron binding enzyme methyl sterol oxidase. These genes were determined to be novel and highly related. The deduced amino acid sequences indicated that both were membrane proteins having two identical histidine-rich motifs. The predicted proteins, while not ABC transporters, are homologous to a widely distributed family of transition metal transporters present in all kingdoms. Subcellular fractionation and fluorescence microscopy localized these gene products to mitochondria. Based on this result we term these genesMitochondrial Fe Transporters (MFT). Cells with disruptions in both genes show a growth defect on low iron medium, suggesting that these genes have redundant function and can affect cytosolic iron levels. Measurement of mitochondrial iron in cells grown in iron-rich medium overexpressing MFT1 or MFT2show a 2–5-fold increase in iron compared with mitochondria from control cells. These results suggest that the mitochondria may act as a reservoir for iron that can be mobilized and used for cytosolic purposes.
The compression of framework minerals: beyond rigid polyhedra

The concept of rigid polyhedral units has been very successful in explaining a broad range of physical, chemical and thermodynamic properties of framework minerals at high temperatures. In this contribution experimental data on the high-pressure behaviour of selected framework minerals is reviewed and the ability of the rigid unit model to predict the observed compressional mechanisms is assessed. We find that the majority of framework minerals compress by approximately following a rigid-unit mode but that mode is slightly modified by the small amounts of compression of the framework polyhedra. In perovskites, the direction along the rigid-mode coordinate is determined by whether the framework octahedra are more or less compressible than the extra-framework cation site. We conclude that the concept of relatively rigid polyhedra following rigid-unit modes during compression remains “a useful fiction” (Hazen, 1988) for initiating the analysis of the compressional behaviour of complex framework structures.
An examination of grain boundary migration during high temperature fatigue of aluminum—I. Microstructural observations

Abstract Experiments were conducted on polycrystalline Al under conditions of low cycle fatigue at an elevated temperature of 573 K, and subsequent microscopic examination showed that the grain boundaries migrate in a regular and cyclic manner. If a specimen experiences a total of N cycles of loading with or without an interruption in the test and if migration occurs only in the forward direction, it is demonstrated that each migrating boundary exhibits one faint boundary trace plus (N + 1) sharp markings, where the faint trace denotes the initial position of the boundary and the (N + 1) sharp markings are surface steps corresponding to the separate positions taken up by the boundary during testing. It is shown by experiment that the extra migration marking is introduced in the first half-cycle of the test, and thereafter the completion of each cycle gives rise to one additional marking. If some migration occurs in the reverse direction, it is further shown that there are a total of (N + 1 + M) sharp markings at each boundary, where M is the number of migration reversals which is equal to the number of segments of material essentially extruded from the specimen surface. Models are described which explain the various experimental observations.
Changes in mRNA levels for brain-derived neurotrophic factor after wheel running in rats selectively bred for high- and low-aerobic capacity

Abstract We evaluated levels of exercise-induced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) messenger RNA (mRNA) within the hippocampal formation in rats selectively bred for 1) high intrinsic (i.e., untrained) aerobic capacity (High Capacity Runners, HCR), 2) low intrinsic aerobic capacity (Low Capacity Runners, LCR), and 3) unselected Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats with or without free access to running wheels for 3 weeks. The specific aim of the study was to determine whether a dose–response relationship exists between cumulative running distance and levels of BDNF mRNA. No additional treatments or behavioral manipulations were used. HCR, LCR, and SD rats were grouped by strain and randomly assigned to sedentary or activity (voluntary access to activity wheel) conditions. Animals were killed after 21 days of exposure to the assigned conditions. Daily running distances (mean ± standard deviation meters/day) during week three were: HCR (4726 ± 3220), SD (2293 ± 3461), LCR (672 ± 323). Regardless of strain, levels of BDNF mRNA in CA1 were elevated in wheel runners compared to sedentary rats and this difference persisted after adjustment for age (p = 0.040). BDNF mRNA was not affected by intrinsic aerobic capacity and was not related to total running distance. The results support that BDNF mRNA expression is increased by unlimited access to activity wheel running for 3 weeks but is not dependent upon accumulated running distance.
Microprocessor control of a computed tomography scanner

The OsteoQuant is a computed tomography scanner for the quantitative assessment of bone density. The scanner incorporates three movements, driven by stepping motors. All movements allow synchronization with data collection to guarantee exact relationship of measurement location, measurement interval, and interval duration. The hardware used to generate the necessary timing pulses to motors and detectors is a TM 990/100-MA2 microprocessor. During acceleration and deceleration phases, two or three motors run concurrently to save time, necessitating special external hardware for generating the motor pulse sequence. On power-up of the microprocessor, the position of the scanner is unknown; each motor position-register is zeroed by driving through a position switch. Several status bits are associated with the various power sources of the system to supply a fast path for troubleshooting. >
A specific viral cause of multiple sclerosis: One virus, one disease

"Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease," is heard so often that it is widely accepted as fact by the current generation of students and physicians. Yet, although it is undisputed that multiple sclerosis (MS) is immune mediated, an autoimmune mechanism remains unproven. Immune-mediated tissue damage can also result from viral infections in which the host immune response is directed to viral rather than self proteins, or as a consequence of nonspecific or bystander immune responses that change the local cytokine environment. Increasing evidence suggests that poorly controlled host immune responses account for much of the tissue damage in chronic infections, and it has been postulated that a similar mechanism may underlie many chronic diseases with features suggestive of an infectious causative factor, including MS. A recent study suggesting that oligodendrocyte death accompanied by microglial activation is the primary event in new MS lesion formation, rather than lymphocyte infiltration, could change the current mindset almost exclusively focused on autoimmunity. This review presents the rationale for considering MS a single disease caused by one virus, as well as the anticipated pattern of a persistent central nervous system infection, the application of Koch's postulates to viral discovery in MS as the causative agent, and tissue culture-independent genotypic approaches to viral discovery in MS.
A tree-based method for modeling a multivariate ordinal response.

Motivated by a real example of understanding the so-called “building related occupant complaint syndromes” (BROCS), we propose a tree-based method for analyzing a multivariate ordinal response. Our method is semiparametric by assuming a within-node parametric distribution on the adaptive nonparametric tree framework. We use simulation experiments to demonstrate the ability of our method to identify underlying structures in the data and the fact that analyzing ordinal response data with proper methods that take ordinality into account is considerably more powerful than dichotomization. The reanalysis of the BROCS data also suggests new insights that go beyond a previous analysis based on the dichotomization.
A streamlined method for the isolation and quantitation of nanomole levels of exported polyamines in cell culture media.

Abstract A number of years ago, our laboratory published a method for the isolation of small amounts of polyamines from cell culture media using the ion-exchange resin Bio-Rex 70. We have used this technique extensively to study the export of putrescine and cadaverine from cultured mammalian cells. Unfortunately, this method was highly inefficient in isolating the polyamines spermidine and spermine and was incapable of recovering the acetylated polyamine N1-acetylspermidine. In response to these shortcomings, we modified our previous protocol to quantitatively isolate the polyamines N1-acetylspermidine, putrescine, cadaverine, N1-acetylspermine, spermidine, and spermine. The new method, which is much faster to perform and more efficient than the one previously described, employs the use of disposable minicolumns and a single resin washing step using a weak solution of sodium carbonate at pH 9.3. This new protocol also eliminates the column elution step in favor of directly derivatizing the polyamines with dansyl chloride on the ion-exchange resin. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the dansylated polyamines isolated by this procedure showed that 75% of N1-acetylspermidine and nearly 100% of the other polyamines present in nanomolar levels were recovered from small amounts of cell culture medium. This new protocol is a valuable new tool for the study of the intracellular/extracellular dynamics of polyamine pools in cultured cells. [A detailed laboratory protocol for this procedure (containing all of the information in this paper but in a condensed form) can be requested by e-mailing the authors at leo.hawel@ucr.edu.]
Experimental investigation of galvanic corrosion: Comparison between SVET and immersion techniques

Abstract In this work, two experimental techniques: (a) scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) and (b) immersion technique are used to calculate the corrosion rate of two galvanic couples, AE44 (Mg alloy) – mild steel and AE44 – AA6063 (Al alloy). The maximum corrosion rate estimated from these two widely different experimental techniques is found to be in a good agreement for both couples considered here. The maximum corrosion rate of AE44 in AE44 – mild steel couple is found to be approximately five times higher than that in AE44 – AA6063.
The Impacts on U.S. and Canadian Slaughter and Feeder Cattle Prices of a U.S. Import Tariff on Canadian Slaughter Cattle

On 30 June 1999, the U.S. Department of Commerce issued a preliminary ruling instructing the U.S. Customs Service to require cash deposits or bonds totaling 4.73% (later increased to 5.57%) of the value of imported Canadian slaughter cattle. In November 1999, the U.S. International Trade Commission issued its final ruling which rescinded the anti-dumping tariff. If the tariff had been permanently imposed, it would have affected import quantities of Canadian slaughter cattle and U.S. and Canadian slaughter and feeder cattle prices. Excess supply, import demand and price transmission elasticities are estimated and used within a comparative statics framework to estimate the impacts of the tariff had it been permanently imposed. We find that the effects of the tariff would have been small even if offsetting increases in carcass beef imports had not occurred. If offsetting carcass beef imports had occurred, any potential price gains could have been offset by increased logistical costs within the processing sector. Thus, this particular rent-seeking activity would not have had a significant impact on U.S. cattle prices even if it had been permanently imposed. However, the tariff would have had significant negative effects on Canadian cattle prices. Le 30 juin 1999, le Departement du Commerce des Etats-Unis obligeait temporairement les douanes americaines a reclamer un depot ou une caution equivalant a 4,73 pour cent (portee a 5,57 pour cent par la suite) de la valeur des bovins de boucherie importes du Canada. En novembre de la meme annee, la Commission du commerce international americaine rendait sa decision finale, qui abrogeait le tarif anti-dumping. Eut-il ete maintenu, pareil tarif aurait modifie les importations de bovins d'abattage canadiens, ce qui aurait affecte le prix des bovins d'engrais et d'abattage des deux pays. Les auteurs ont ealue l'offre excedentaire, la demande a l'importation et les elasticites du transfert des prix, puis ont recouru a un cadre de comparaison statique afin d'estimer les incidences du tarif, advenant le cas ou il aurait eteetabli a demeure. On se rend compte qu'un tel tarif n'aurait guere eu de repercussions, meme en freinant la hausse des importations de carcasses de buf. La majoration eventuelle des prix attribuable a la reduction des importations aurait pu etre annulee par les couts logistiques plus eleves des transformateurs. Par consequent, cette activite de maximisation de la rente n'aurait pas eu d'impact significatif sur le prix des bovins aux Etats-Unis. En revanche, l'imposition permanente du tarif aurait sensiblement diminue le prix des bovins au Canada.
Multiple kink solutions for M-component Burgers equations in (1+1)-dimensions and (2+1)-dimensions

Abstract M-component Burgers equations in (1+1)-dimensions and (2+1)-dimensions are examined for complete integrability. The Cole–Hopf transformation method and the simplified form of Hereman’s method are used to achieve this goal. Multiple kink solutions and multiple singular kink solutions are formally derived for each vector equation.
Evolution of tRNA recognition systems and tRNA gene sequences

The aminoacylation of tRNAs by the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases recapitulates the genetic code by dictating the association between amino acids and tRNA anticodons. The sequences of tRNAs were analyzed to investigate the nature of primordial recognition systems and to make inferences about the evolution of tRNA gene sequences and the evolution of the genetic code. Evidence is presented that primordial synthetases recognized acceptor stem nucleotides prior to the establishment of the three major phylogenetic lineages. However, acceptor stem sequences probably did not achieve a level of sequence diversity sufficient to faithfully specify the anticodon assignments of all 20 amino acids. This putative bottleneck in the evolution of the genetic code may have been alleviated by the advent of anticodon recognition. A phylogenetic analysis of tRNA gene sequences from the deep Archaea revealed groups that are united by sequence motifs which are located within a region of the tRNA that is involved in determining its tertiary structure. An association between the third anticodon nucleotide (N36) and these sequence motifs suggests that a tRNA-like structure existed close to the time that amino acid-anticodon assignments were being established. The sequence analysis also revealed that tRNA genes may evolve by anticodon mutations that recruit tRNAs from one isoaccepting group to another. Thus tRNA gene evolution may not always be monophyletic with respect to each isoaccepting group.
Comparison of the Clinicopathologic Features of Primary Sclerosing Chol-angitis and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis are chronic cholestatic syndromes that may be difficult to differentiate clinically. Destructive cholangitis occurs in both diseases and leads to similar clinical and biochemical abnormalities. Therefore, we compared the clinical, biochemical, immunologic, radiologic, and hepatic histologic features of these syndromes in two large groups of patients prospectively selected by predefined criteria. Primary biliary cirrhosis (n = 258) occurred predominantly in middle-aged women who were usually symptomatic with fatigue and pruritus, commonly had keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and often were hyperpigmented. Tests for antimitochondrial antibodies were always positive, usually in very high titer. Although the extrahepatic bile ducts were normal radiographically, smooth tapering and narrowing of the intrahepatic bile ducts was occasionally noted. Hepatic histology was diagnostic when a florid duct lesion was present. In contrast, primary sclerosing cholangitis (n = 60) occurred primarily in young men who were usually symptomatic with fatigue and pruritus and frequently had chronic ulcerative colitis. Tests for antimitochondrial antibodies were nearly always negative and cholangiography demonstrated abnormalities of the extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts in all cases. Although hepatic histology was often compatible with the diagnosis, it was usually not diagnostic, and considerable overlap existed with the abnormalities seen in primary biliary cirrhosis. Likewise, biochemical tests of copper metabolism were similar in both syndromes. These results call attention to the differences and similarities in the clinicopathologic features of these two cholestatic syndromes and provide a basis for a rational diagnostic strategy.