cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case 14: Taking Out a Patent. Should You or Should You Not?

You have made and perfected a medical device and consider taking out a patent in your name. You have done studies to show that it works favorably compared to similar devices on the market. These studies have not been published. You consult a patent lawyer. He strongly suggests that you consider patenting it. The price tag he quotes you for a worldwide patent is $400,000. You have the money, if you put up securities as collateral.
The Domain-Specific Task of CLEF - Specific Evaluation Strategies in Cross-Language Information Retrieval

This paper describes the domain-specific cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) task of CLEF, why and how it is important and how it differs from general cross-language retrieval problem associated with the general CLEF collections. The inclusion of a domainspecific document collection and topics has both advantages and disadvantages.
Electro-optic properties of hybrid sol-gel doped with nonlinear chromophore

This paper reports the electro-optic properties of hybrid silica sol-gel doped with a chromophore of high nonlinearity. High electro-optic coefficient and temporal stability have been demonstrated, showing the promise of the material for the development of high-speed electro-optic devices.
Inverse relationship between soluble urokinase receptors and estimated glomerular filtration rate: a role for IL-2?

To the Editor: I read with great interest the article by Sinha et al.1 They reported that increased serum suPAR levels were not specific in FSGS and those were due to the decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).1 However, they did not suggest the possible mechanism.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Review of 306 Consecutively Treated Surgical Patients

Three hundred six consecutively treated surgical patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome were evaluated from a group of 415 patients. One hundred nine patients were excluded because they failed to obtain a postoperative polysomnogram or were lost to followup. All patients received a physical examination, cephalometric analysis, fiberoptic examination, and polysomnography before treatment to document OSAS and determine the areas of obstruction. A two-phase surgical protocol was used for the reconstruction of the upper airway. Phase I surgery consisted of a uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) for palatal obstruction and genioglossus advancement with hyoid myotomy-suspension for base of tongue obstruction. Failures of phase I were offered phase 2 reconstruction, which consisted of maxillary-mandibular advancement osteotomy. One hundred twenty-one patients were treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) before surgery and this was the primary method of evaluating surgical success. Results were reported on the polysomnogram performed a minimum of 6 months after surgery and compared to the preoperative polysomnogram and the second night nasal CPAP study. The polysomnographic results included respiratory disturbance index (RDI), lowest oxyhemoglobin saturation (LSAT), and sleep architecture parameters. Surgery was considered a success if it was equivalent to nasal CPAP or the postoperative RDI was less than 20 with normal oxygenation. The overall success rate, which included patients that dropped from the protocol, was 76.5%, with a mean followup of 9.3 months (SD, 6.7). The preoperative RDI, nasal CPAP RDI, and postoperative RDI were 55.8 (SD, 26.7), 7.2 (SD, 5.4), and 9.2 (SD, 7.5), respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Parent Coaching Model for Adolescents With Emotional Eating

A significant proportion of both healthy and treatment-seeking youth report eating for emotional reasons. Emotional eating (EE) is associated with medical and psychological sequelae including overeating and eating disorder symptoms. Youth with EE are thought to have a predisposition toward a high level of emotional sensitivity, with a tendency to experience emotions intensely, and for a long duration. Interventions are needed to address emotion dysregulation associated with EE. Parent-focused interventions that emphasize training parents to respond to emotion dysregulation in their children have the potential to reduce the incidence of EE. This article describes an emotion-focused parent training intervention for youth who engage in EE.
Perceiving a Presidency in Black (and White): Four Years Later

When Barack Obama became the “first Black President” of the United States in 2008, researchers examined how his election impacted Americans’ views of racial progress. When he was reelected in 2012, the minority status of the president had become less novel. In the present study, we investigated whether perceptions concerning racial progress varied: (1) before and after President Obama’s reelection; (2) by whether President Obama was labeled as biracial or Black; and (3) among White and Black individuals. We replicated past findings to demonstrate that after Obama’s reelection, White participants reported that our country had made racial progress and decreased their support for equality programs (e.g., affirmative action). Our results also revealed that labeling President Obama as either biracial or Black did not affect views of racial progress. Additionally, Black participants categorized President Obama as Black more than White participants, while White participants categorized President Obama as White more than Black participants. We discuss these results in terms of the impacts of racial beliefs that stem from exposure to a minority leader.
Extending cognitive architectures with spatial and visual imagery mechanisms

This research presents a computational synthesis of cognition with spatial and visual imagery processing by extending a symbolic cognitive architecture (Soar) with mechanisms to support reasoning with quantitative spatial and visual depictive representations. Inspired by psychological and neurological evidence of mental imagery, our primary goals are to achieve new functional capability and computational efficiency in a task-independent manner. We describe how our theory and the corresponding architecture derive from behavioral, biological, functional, and computational constraints and demonstrate results from three different domains. Our evaluation reveals that in tasks where reasoning includes many spatial or visual properties, the combination of amodal and perceptual representations provides an agent with additional functional capability and improves its problem-solving quality. We also show that specialized processing units specific to a perceptual representation but independent of task knowledge are likely to be necessary in order to realize computational efficiency in a general manner. The research is significant because past research in cognitive architectures primarily views amodal, symbolic representations as being sufficient for knowledge representation and thought. We expand those ideas with the notion that perceptual-based representations participate directly in the thinking rather than serving simply as a source of sensory information. The new capabilities of the resulting architecture, which includes Soar and its Spatial-Visual Imagery (SVI) component, emerge from its ability to amalgamate symbolic and perceptual representations and use them to inform reasoning. Soar's symbolic memories and processes provide the building blocks necessary for high-level control in the pursuit of goals, learning, and the encoding of amodal, symbolic knowledge for abstract reasoning. SVI encompasses the quantitative spatial and visual depictive representations and processes specialized for efficient construction and extraction of spatial and visual properties.
Effect of thyroid hormone analogs on the activity of choline acetyltransferase in cultures of dissociated septal cells

Thyroid hormones influence the expression of transmitter-specific enzymes by central cholinergic neurons. Based on the fact that these cholinergic neurons degenerate selectively in human Alzheimer's disease, it was hypothesized that thyroid hormones might be beneficial in its treatment. However, since thryroid hormones influence the function of most peripheral organs, derivatives selective for central cholinergic neurons are necessary. The structural requirements of the receptor mediating the effects of the thyroid hormones on central cholinergic neurons were therefore compared with those of the receptors mediating actions on peripheral organs. Cultures were prepared of dissociated neurons from the septal area of fetal rat brains, and the differentiation of cholinergic neurons was assessed by measuring the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Triiodothyronine (T3) was found to stimulate ChAT activity in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of T3 was additive to that of nerve growth factor. The potency of derivatives of T3 in elevating ChAT activity in the cultures was compared with their known anti-goiter activity determined in vivo and their binding affinity to the hepatic nuclear receptor measured in vitro. The findings indicate that the structural requirements of central and peripheral receptors are similar and that it therefore appears unlikely that analogs of thyroid hormones can be developed which selectively affect cholinergic neurons.
Photoemission of adsorbed CO and H2O on Pt: Valence band studies

Abstract In this paper, using monochromatic He and Ne discharge lines, we report the ultraviolet photoemission results for CO and H2O adsorbed on a Pt crystal. For chemisorbed CO, we use the energy dependence of the photoionization cross section to deduce that the 5σ−1π splitting is approximately 1 eV and that the 5σ is located at about −8.1 eV while the 1π is at −9.1 eV. The distribution of metal electrons changes in two ways upon CO chemisorption: a d character peak is found at −4 to −5 eV and emission at Ef is strongly depleted. For the weakly adsorbed water molecule, we find preferential attenuation of Pt states near Ef that has heretofore been observed for strongly chemisorbed systems.
Reconstructing the Rise of Christianity: The Role of Women

L'A. cherche a retracer le cheminement du christianisme en etudiant l'evolution du role des femmes. Les femmes, en effet, ont toujours ete tres receptives au message chretien des l'Eglise primitive. Les historiens s'accordent pour dire que la place reservee a la femme dans les cercles chretiens etait relativement plus important que celle accordee par les societes paiennes. Cet article montre comment ces deux aspects tendent a etre connectes l'un a l'autre par un lien de cause a effet. Il montre aussi leur role dans la diffusion du christianisme
Structure and Evolution of the 22 February 1993 TOGA COARE Squall Line: Organization Mechanisms Inferred from Numerical Simulation

Abstract Mechanisms responsible for meso- and convective-scale organization within a large tropical squall line that occurred on 22 February 1993 during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment are investigated using a three-dimensional numerical cloud model. The squall line occurred in an environment typical of fast-moving tropical squall lines, characterized by moderate convective available potential energy and moderate-to-strong vertical shear beneath a low-level jet with weak reverse vertical shear above. A well-simulated aspect of the observed squall line is the evolution of a portion of its leading convective zone from a quasi-linear to a three-dimensional bow-shaped structure over a 2-h period. This transition is accompanied by the development of both a prominent mesoscale vortex along the northern edge of the 40–60-km long bow-shaped feature and elongated bands of weaker reflectivity situated rearward and oriented transverse to the leading edge, within enha...
The Ætiology of Sigma Model Anomalies

Certain nonlinear sigma models with fermions are ill-defined due to an anomaly which exhibits characteristics of both the nonabelian gauge theory anomaly and the SU(2) anomaly. The simplest way to diagnose the anomaly involves consideration of the global topology of the theory. We review the mathematical methods needed for this analysis and apply them to several supersymmetric sigma models. Some of these are found to be anomalous.
Laser-driven hard-x-ray generation based on ultrafast selected energy X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements of Ni compounds.

Three Ni compounds were studied by ultrafast selected energy x-ray absorption spectroscopy using a laser-driven electron x-ray source with a tungsten target. The measured K edges of these Ni compounds using this self-referencing method were made identical to those measured with synchrotron x-ray sources. This enabled us to determine the absolute peak positions of tungsten L{alpha}{sub 1} and L{alpha}{sub 2} emitted from this source to be within 1 eV of those from the neutral tungsten atoms, which strongly suggested that the x rays were emitted from high energy electrons interacting with tungsten atoms in the solid target. This is the best evidence to date that directly supports the cold atom x-ray generation theory.
Quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of axonal and dendritic terminals of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in immature human brain.

Abstract A video version of the computer microscope was utilized to obtain three-dimensional coordinate information representing neuronal processes from Golgi-impregnated neurons. Pyramidal neurons from or near the CA3 zone of the hippocampus of an 18-week gestational age (g.a.) human fetus and of a 33-week g.a. human fetus were measured and analyzed according to their axonal and dendritic terminal spatial distributions. Both brain specimens were “normal” as defined by routine gross and microscopic examinations. Polar angle and H-distributions for these terminals were obtained which suggest, in part, that the large majority of axonal terminals end at a level below their respective soma locations. The data also suggest that the dendritic terminals appear to be polarized in the older (33 weeks g.a.) specimen. This polarization is manifested in the polar angle distribution where the large majority of apical (basal) dendritic terminals possess low (high) polar angles. In addition, radial separation and cylindrical radius distributions were obtained which indicate that the extent of these axonal and dendritic terminals increases approximately threefold during this period of growth (18th to 33rd week of gestation). It was shown that this system is capable of generating computer tracings from the three-dimensional coordinate data which possess a high degree of accuracy, at least compared to corresponding camera lucida drawings.
Improvement in binocular summation after strabismus surgery.

Importance Binocular summation (BiS), or improvement in visual acuity using binocular vision compared with the better eye alone, is diminished in patients with strabismus. However, it is still not known how strabismus surgery affects BiS. Objective To determine whether BiS improves after strabismus surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective study of 97 patients undergoing strabismus surgery between September 1, 2011, and January 31, 2014, comparing preoperative and postoperative measures of BiS. Patients were recruited within 1 month before undergoing strabismus surgery. The study took place at an academic pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus practice. Intervention Strabismus surgery. Main Outcomes and Measures All patients underwent high- and low-contrast visual acuity testing binocularly and monocularly at preoperative and 2-month postoperative visits. Binocular summation was calculated for high-contrast Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study charts and Sloan low-contrast acuity charts at 2.5% and 1.25% contrast as the difference between the binocular score and that of the better eye. Preoperative and postoperative values were compared. Results There was an improvement in BiS at the 2 low-contrast levels for all patients and for all contrast levels in the 75 patients in whom surgery successfully restored binocular alignment. For low-contrast acuity, the proportion of patients with a BiS score of at least 5 letters postoperatively was almost twice that of preoperatively (21% to 30% and 13% to 26% for 2.5% contrast and 1.25% contrast, respectively). Similarly, the proportion of patients with binocular inhibition (BiS score worse by at least 5 letters than the better eye score) was decreased postoperatively at all contrast levels (from 22% to 14% for 1.25% contrast). Thirty-one percent of patients experienced improvement in BiS scores postoperatively at the lowest contrast level. Conclusions and Relevance Binocular summation scores improved postoperatively in most patients undergoing strabismus surgery. This occurred most frequently at the lowest contrast level. These findings suggest that improved BiS could represent a newly recognized functional benefit from the surgical correction of strabismus. Further studies evaluating the correlation of BiS with stereopsis, visual field expansion, and quality of life will be necessary to fully evaluate the role that improved BiS has in improving binocularity postoperatively.
Rapid surface area determination via NMR spin-lattice relaxation measurements

Abstract Specific surface area is one of the most commonly used properties to describe a powder or porous solid. This property is generally measured using gas adsorption techniques. However, NMR spin-lattice relaxation measurements offer numerous potential advantages over sorption techniques. These include speed/sample throughput, elimination of time-consuming out-gassing, lower operating costs (i.e., no gases and liquid nitrogen), and the potential for on-line analysis of slurries. Despite these potential advantages, the application of spin-lattice relaxation measurements for surface area analysis has not been previously demonstrated. In this work, a theoretical and experimental approach has been developed for measuring the surface area of both solid powders and porous solids. Spin-lattice relaxation measurements were made of adsorbed water at 20 MHz and 303 K. Materials studied included three Cab-O-Sil fumed silica powders and three controlled pore glasses with various water contents. The variation of the observed spin-lattice relaxation decay time T1 was found to be linear with both the solids concentration and specific surface area, as predicted by the theory.
Techniques for managing planar daylight data

This paper describes fine-grained visualization techniques for reviewing time-dependent data common to building simulation. These techniques enable rapid inspection of trends and singularities in the data that are difficult to ascertain from conventional methods. In the case of daylight simulation, understanding when and where sunlight is available in a proposed design can lead to significant energy savings in the resulting electric lighting systems of buildings. This article presents an integrated framework of three main visualization routines for managing simulation data for exploratory data analysis.
Non-unique equilibria in wind turbine models

Accurate dynamic models of wind turbine generators are extremely important for assessing the effect of wind generation on power system dynamic performance. The paper considers a generic model for doubly-fed induction generator (type-3) wind turbines. It is shown that two of its modules, those associated with converter control and pitch control, duplicate an integrator that seeks to drive frequency error to zero. As a consequence of these duplicate integrators, the set of equations describing steady-state conditions is under-determined. Equilibria define a 1-manifold (curve) rather than the usual point solutions. It is shown that if the duplicated integrators are switched in unison, then pre- and post-disturbance equilibria will coincide. However if switching of the duplicated integrators is not coordinated, then post-disturbance transients will generically settle to a steady-state that differs from pre-disturbance conditions. These conclusions are illustrated using a standard WECC test case.
Layered xLiMO2.(1 - x)Li2M'O3 electrodes for lithium batteries: a study of 0.95LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2.0.05Li2TiO3

The electrochemical properties of 0.95LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2·0.05Li2TiO3 have been investigated as part of a study of xLiMO2·(1−x)Li2M′O3 electrode systems for lithium batteries in which M=Co, Ni, Mn and M′=Ti, Zr, Mn. The data indicate that the electrochemically inactive Li2TiO3 component contributes to the stabilization of LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 electrodes, which improves the coulombic efficiency of Li/xLiMn0.5Ni0.5O2·(1−x)Li2TiO3 cells for x<1. The 0.95LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2·0.05Li2TiO3 electrodes provide a rechargeable capacity of approximately 175 mAh/g at 50 °C when cycled between 4.6 and 2.5 V; there is no indication of spinel formation during electrochemical cycling.
Vocational Needs and Satisfaction of Supported Employees: The Applicability of the Theory of Work Adjustment☆☆☆

Abstract Modified instruments based on the theory of work adjustment were used (a) to identify the vocational needs and satisfaction of 45 supported employees with mental retardation and 45 nondisabled co-workers and (b) to test the theory's proposition that need–reinforcer correspondence predicts satisfaction. There were more similarities than differences between the two groups in the importance and satisfaction of the 17 needs that were examined; 13 of 17 needs and 9 of 17 facets of job satisfaction did not show significant differences. Limited support for the correspondence–satisfaction relation was found for supported employees, but not for their co-workers. We concluded that the constructs and measures of the theory of work adjustment can be relevant tools in vocational counseling with workers with mental retardation in supported employment programs.
Accessibility for simple to moderate-complexity DHTML web sites

In this paper, we describe specific design and coding techniques for the creation of simple to medium complexity Dynamic HTML and AJAX applications, which are accessible to people with disabilities using mainstream user agents and assistive technology available at the time of this writing.
Fluorescence competition and optical melting measurements of RNA three-way multibranch loops provide a revised model for thermodynamic parameters.

RNA multibranch loops (junctions) are ubiquitous in known RNA secondary structures, including tRNA (1), rRNA (2,3), the HIV-1 genome (4), and ribozymes (5). They can be characterized by the number of helices forming the loop, the number of unpaired nucleotides located in the junction, the base pairs closing the junction, and other factors. Despite the prevalence, the factors that determine the stabilities of RNA multibranch loops are poorly understood. Research on DNA multibranch loops sheds some light onto factors that are likely to be important for RNA multibranch loops. The dependence of structure on the number and type of unpaired nucleotides in DNA multibranch loops has been studied extensively for loops of three, four, and five helices (6−11). DNA multibranch loops with unpaired purines in the junction have different stacking conformations than similar loops containing unpaired pyrimidines (6,7). Furthermore, the effects of unpaired nucleotides on the stability of the junction are dependent on the number of helices forming the junction (8). The presence of two unpaired nucleotides allows formation of a stable DNA three-way junction in which two of the helices coaxially stack, but unpaired nucleotides are not required to stabilize a four-way DNA junction (8−11). Approaches to estimate the free energy change of forming an RNA multibranch loop include (1) optimizing the prediction of known RNA secondary structures (12), (2) fitting experimental results (13−15), and (3) using a combination of these approaches (16). Knowledge-based statistical methods (17−19) could also be used. Coaxial stacking of helixes is observed in RNA multibranch loops (1,20−29) and can often be predicted on the basis of thermodynamics (30). RNA secondary structure prediction algorithms, such as MFOLD (12) and RNAstructure (15), use a simple model to predict multibranch loop stability (12,15). A more thorough understanding of factors contributing to RNA multibranch loop stability should improve the model used to predict stability and therefore the ability to accurately predict RNA secondary structure from sequence. The number of known RNA sequences is rapidly increasing, and it is important to understand structure−function relationships for RNA. Accurate prediction of secondary structure will accelerate discovery of these relationships and may help in assigning functions to RNA motifs and to new RNAs. This study uses a two-strand system modified from previous experiments (14) to measure by optical melting (31) and fluorescence competition assays (FCA) the influence of the number and the type of unpaired nucleotides on the stability of RNA three-way multibranch loops. A common motif in rRNAs, the loop E motif (3), was included in the investigation. Competition binding experiments with gel electrophoresis were used to determine the relative stabilities of DNA multibranch loops (8,32). FCA has been used to study nucleic acid thermodynamics, including stabilities of DNA duplexes (33) and of RNA pseudoknots (34).
Optimal Fixture Design Accounting for the Effect of Workpiece Dynamics

This paper presents a fixture layout and clamping force optimal synthesis approach that accounts for workpiece dynamics during machining. The dynamic model is based on the Newton-Euler equations of motion, with each fixture-workpiece contact modelled as an elastic half-space subjected to distributed normal and tangential loads. The fixture design objective in this paper is to minimise the maximum positional error at the machining point during machining. An iterative fixture layout and clamping force optimisation algorithm that yields the best improvement in the objective function value is presented. Simulation results show that the proposed optimisation approach produces significant improvement in the workpiece location accuracy. Additionally, the method is found to be insensitive to the initial fixture layout and clamping forces.
Insulin-responsive human adipocytes express two glucose transporter isoforms and target them to different vesicles

We have characterized the insulin-dependent increase in glucose transport in human adipocytes using subcellular fractionation and antibodies specific for the two isoforms of the glucose transporter that are expressed in these cells. Plasma membranes isolated from untreated human fat cells contain the erythroid/GLUT1 isoform of the glucose transporter almost exclusively whereas the muscle-fat/GLUT4 transporter isoform is most abundant in intracellular microsomal membranes in resting cells. After exposure of adipocytes to insulin, the muscle-fat isoform is dramatically increased in the plasma membrane whereas the erythroid isoform barely changes in response to insulin. Thus, the total insulin-mediated increase in plasma membrane glucose transporters, confirmed by affinity labeling of both transporter isoforms, must be due to the increase in the muscle-fat/GLUT4 transporter. The two isoforms exist in different vesicle populations as shown by immunoadsorption of the muscle fat isoform-containing vesicles which are essentially devoid of the erythroid transporter. These data indicate that the insulin-mediated increases in glucose transport in human fat cells is a result of the translocation of vesicles uniquely containing the muscle-fat glucose transporter isoform.
The Effect of Various Types of Brooding on Growth and Feed Consumption of Chickens During the First 18 Days after Hatch

Abstract INTRODUCTION RESEARCH to determine the effect of environment on growth and feed and water consumption of chickens was started in 1944 at the U. S. Department of Agriculture Research Center at Beltsville, Md. For the purpose of this study three small houses were built within a large air-conditioned room in the fattening laboratory of the Poultry Section. These houses were so constructed and outfitted that it is possible to control environmental factors within them. Optimum environmental temperature has been established for chickens up to 18 days of age. However, the chickens were at all times in a uniform environment, and it was not known whether this was more desirable than one where a hover was used, the hover being at a higher temperature than the rest of the brooder where feed and water were kept. Therefore it was decided to conduct some comparative experiments with other types of brooding now . . .
GAZELLE: an interactive graphic logic design system

The "Gazelle" system is composed of a group of programs developed as tools* to aid the design engineer in the creation, simulation, analysis and test generation of digital logic. Gazelle is designed for use on an IBM 1130 computing system running under the "GLEAM" (Reference #1) multitask operating system. An IBM 2250 display console provides the engineer with the ability to interface with the computer in his development and simulation of a logic circuit.
Denaturation pattern of the DNA of adenovirus type 2 as determined by electron microscopy.

Abstract The DNA of human adenovirus type 2 has been found in electron microscope studies of DNA-protein monolayers to be a linear molecule which is 10.9 μ long. When partially denatured by heating at low salt concentrations and in the presence of formaldehyde to various temperatures in the range between 52 and 58 °C, denaturation sites can be recognized in the electron microscope, and a map of these regions can be constructed. These sites presumably correspond to segments in the DNA molecule which are rich in adenine thymine base pairs. In the range of 10 to 25% denaturation (55 to 57 °C), a unique melting pattern is found in adenovirus type 2 DNA with three major and one minor denaturation sites. On a unit length scale of the molecule, these sites are located between 0 and 0.15, 0.5 and 0.6, and 0.8 and 1.0; and at 0.4. These findings argue strongly against the possibility that the gene sequence in adenovirus type 2 DNA is circularly permuted. Fragments of adenovirus type 2 DNA generated by shear breakage of the molecule can be separated in Hg(II)-Cs2SO4 density gradients. This finding supports the interpretation that adenine-thymine-rich clusters are distributed unequally in adenovirus type 2 DNA.
A survey of selected administrative practices supporting student evaluation of instruction programs

A mail survey of 333 American universities was conducted to assess the current status of Student Evaluation of Instruction. Based on a 68% return, it was concluded that there has been an increase in the popularity of student ratings as a means of evaluating faculty performance, as well as an increase in the frequency with which evaluation results are used in decisions concerning faculty status. However, at most universities, research on the rating instruments does not seem to have kept pace with the decisions that are based on the rating instruments.
Persistence of primate hand preference despite initial training to the contrary

Forty-six stumptail monkeys were tested for hand preference on a simple reaching task. Initial repeated reaches with the hand chosen for the first reach went unrewarded. All reaches following and including the earliest reach with the opposite hand were rewarded and were used to calculate overall hand preference for the task. A significant majority of the animals continued to prefer the hand initially used in unrewarded trials rather than the hand first receiving a reward. These results suggest that monkeys are predisposed to choose the hand preferred for a new task.
Usefulness of Risk Stratification in the Treatment of Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Abstract Major advances in the understanding of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) biology, prognosis, and therapy have drastically changed the management of CLL in the past 2 decades. As a heterogenous disease, approximately two thirds of CLL will eventually progress and require therapy. Cytogenetic aberrations, especially 17p–, 11q–, and the mutational status of the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene, are the strongest independent prognostic factors to predict CLL progression. Asymptomatic patients with early-stage disease will need to be risk stratified into low- or high-risk categories for counseling, follow-up, and referral to a clinical trial. Treatment with chemoimmunotherapy is required for patients with CLL with progressive or symptomatic diseases. Progressive diseases with high-risk features in relatively healthy patients might do best with allogeneic stem cell transplantation with reduced-intensity conditioning regimens.
Does the sanctity of Christian mystics corroborate their claims

L'intention de l'A. est de savoir si la construction d'un systeme permettant de verifier l'authenticite d'une experience mystique est possible. Il semble cependant qu'un tel systeme n'a que peu de chances d'etre efficace. Les premisses du systeme reposent sur deux elements: qu'un test permettant de verifier la verite d'une experience donne de bons resultats et que ce test est pertinent a appliquer. Une autre solution est d'ignorer ces premisses et la pertinence du test. On peut se limiter a accepter l'authentiticite d'une experience religieuse et son effet sur le fidele sans prejuger de la verite de l'objet
First-principles study of intermetallic phase stability in the ternary Ti-Al-Nb alloy system

The stability of bcc-based phases in the Ti-Al-Nb alloy system has been studied from first-principles using a combination of ab-initio total energy and cluster variation method (CVM) calculations. Total energies have been computed for 18 binary and ternary bcc superstructures in order to determine low temperature ordering tendencies. From the results of these calculations a set of effective cluster interaction parameters have been derived. These interaction parameters are required input for CVM computations of alloy thermodynamic properties. The CVM has been used to study the effect of composition on finite-temperature ordering tendencies and site preferences for bcc-based phases. Strong ordering tendencies are observed for binary Nb-Al and Ti-Al bcc phases as well as for ternary alloys with compositions near Ti{sub 2}AlNb. For selected superstructures we have also analyzed structural stabilities with respect to tetragonal distortions which transform the bcc into an fcc lattice. Instabilities with respect to such distortions are found to exist for binary but not ternary bcc compounds.
Conversion of Methane and Carbon Dioxide to Higher Value Products

In this manuscript we address the efforts reported in the literature on direct conversion of methane and carbon dioxide into higher value products. The abundance of these two greenhouse gases makes them potentially useful for chemical syntheses. However, strong intramolecular bonds render both molecules chemically inert and thermodynamically stable. Thus, significant energy inputs as well as properly designed catalytic systems are required for their reactions. In addition to traditional catalytic processes, new alternative routes—such as photocatalytic conversion and dielectric barrier discharges—have been suggested. Figures of merit for comparison of various approaches have not yet been reported and are overdue.
Toward Evaluating Software According to Principles of Learning and Teaching

Sixteen software packages designed for classroom use were evaluated against nineteen criteria based on principles of effective teaching and learning. The programs were randomly selected from a software library containing over 1,100 items representing all grade levels and a variety of subject-matter areas, software types (tutorials, simulations, etc.), and publishers. Generally speaking, the programs were rated high with regard to 1) presenting material in appropriate steps or blocks, 2) consistency between program and stated objectives, 3) providing appropriate examples, and 4) opportunities for independent practice. The programs were rated low with regard to 1) informing students of instructional goal, 2) determining if students have necessary prior knowledge, 3) reviewing prerequisite knowledge, 4) reteaching information not known, 5) providing anticipatory set, and 6) providing for closure. Differences in ratings were obtained between subject-matter areas and program types, but these differences are di...
Data flow analysis for verifying properties of concurrent programs

In this paper we present an approach, based on data flow analysis, that can provide cost-effective analysis of concurrent programs with respect to explicitly stated correctness properties. Using this approach, a developer specifies a property of a concurrent program as a pattern of selected program events and asks the analysis to verify that all or no program executions satisfy the given property. We have developed a family of polynomial-time, conservative data flow anlysis algorithms that support reasoning about these questions. To overcome the traditional inaccuracies of static analysis, we have also developed a range of techniques for improving the accuracy of the analysis results. One strength of our approach is the flexibility allowed in choosing and combining these techniques so as to increase accuracy without making analysis time impractical.We have implemented a prototype toolset that automates the analysis for programs with explicit tasking and rendezvous style communication. We present preliminary experimental results using this toolset.
A CCAAT box sequence in the adenovirus major late promoter functions as part of an RNA polymerase II termination signal

Termination of transcription by RNA polymerase II has been shown in several cases to require a functional poly(A) addition site, although the actual termination event occurs further downstream. To define in more detail the sequences required for termination, we mapped the site at which transcription terminates on a chimeric plasmid template that contains the adenovirus MLP directing transcription of the SV40 early region. Termination in cells transfected with this plasmid occurs within a discrete promoter-proximal region that contains an inverted CCAAT-box sequence. This region of the MLP was also capable of directing termination, in an orientation-dependent manner, when inserted downstream of the poly(A) site in the plasmid template. In addition, in adenovirus-infected cells, transcription initiated from upstream promoters on the adenovirus chromosome terminates within the same MLP promoter-proximal region, both establishing the physiological relevance of the observed CCAAT-box dependent termination, and also suggesting a possible function for transcription termination in adenovirus infection.
In Vivo Study of an Elastomer End-Coated Polytetrafluoroethylene Vascular Prosthesis

Polyurethane end-coated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts (elastomer PTFE grafts) were implanted in 12 female adult mongrel dogs to assess patency, intimalization. tissue incorporation, and technical suitability of the material as a vascular graft. Each dog had bilateral aortoiliac grafts placed, one a standard PTFE and the other an elastomer PTFE graft. The length of the grafts was 7–8 cm and the diameter was 6 mm. The grafts were harvested at intervals to 120 days postoperatively. The elastomer PTFE grafts showed superior longitudinal elasticity, retention of shape, and no graft tearing with suture tension; however, no significant difference in bleeding was noted at the anastomoses between the standard and elastomer PTFE grafts. Satisfactory patency was obtained with both standard (8/10) and elastomer PTFE grafts (9/10) at 90–120 days. No sign & cant difference in the thickness of intima and the length of pannus ingrowth was noted between the standard and elastomer PTFE grafts. No outer tissue incor...
Magnetic field enhancement of superconducting fluctuation contributions to {1}/{T 1 }

Abstract A magnetic field enhances the fluctuation contribution to 1 T 1 of a clean bulk superconductor close to Tc2(H), changing the zero-field non-divergent temperature dependence to divergent behavior ≈ ϵ H 1 2 .
Predictors of intention to leave child care work

Abstract Conceptual models of the turnover process have proposed that work attitudes lead to withdrawal intentions, and that these intentions govern actual turnover behavior. This study tested several propositions derived from current conceptualizations of the turnover process, focusing primarily on the relation of organizational commitment, job facet satisfaction, and perceived availability of alternative employment to intentions to leave or remain in child care work. A nonprobability sample of 223 child care workers employed in licensed center-based programs in four metropolitan areas of Indiana completed and returned questionnaires designed to gather information on work attitudes. Hierarchical multiple-regression analyses indicated that commitment, satisfaction with pay and opportunities for promotion, and perceived availability of job alternatives contributed significantly to explained variance in intention to leave. Implications for understanding the withdrawal process and improving the work attitudes of child care workers are discussed, along with directions for future research.
Normal and Disabled Readers Can Locate and Identify Letters: Where's the Perceptual Deficit?:

In a backward masking letter identification and localization task, performance of children with reading disabilities was compared to that of normal readers matched for age and reading level. On all measures, the performance of the disabled reader group was superior to that of the control groups. This included: correct identification, correct localization, absolute number correct and fewer intrusions. The data are interpreted as indicating that previous hypotheses about visual perceptual difficulties are inadequate in explaining reading disabilities. Alternatively, it is suggested that a reorientation of remedial techniques should be implemented. These should include phonics and graphemic to phonemic encoding, both of which compensate for losses in higher order verbal cognitive processing ability.
Optical properties and electrochromic characterization of sol–gel deposited ceria films

Abstract Ceria (CeO2) films were deposited by the sol–gel spin coating process and optical and electrochromic properties have been investigated. Ceria coating solutions were prepared using cerium amonium nitrate and ethanol. The films were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. XRD analysis of the films showed that they had a cerianite structure for heat treatment temperatures at or above 450°C. XPS examinations show that the film stoichiometry was CeO2. The SEM examinations showed that the surface texture was very uniform and homogeneous. Optical constants of the films were calculated from transmitance (T) spectra using optical spectrometer in the wavelength range of 300–900 nm. The refractive index (n), and extinction coefficient (k) values were n=1.82±0.01 and k=0.02±0.002 at 550 nm, respectively. The optical bandgap (Eg) of crystalline cerium oxide film was 3.1±0.003 eV. The electrochemical behavior investigated in 0.5 M LiClO4 propylene carbonate (PC) electrolyte. Cyclic voltommetry showed a reversible electrochemical insertion or extraction of the Li+ ions maintaining a high optical transmissivity. Spectroelectrochemistry showed that these films could be used as optically passive counter-electrode in transmissive electrochromic devices.
Giant intrasacral schwannoma: an unusual cause of lumbrosacral radiculopathy

Sacral schwannoma is a rare lesion (23 reported cases) with a tendency to reach large proportions. Symptoms are back and leg pain, leg weakness, hypoesthesias, paresthesias, constipation, and incontinence. The peak incidence is between ages 30 and 50. Radiographs of the sacrum are abnormal in nearly all cases. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging may reveal large lesions with bony erosion and involvement of the soft tissues. The treatment of this lesion is complete removal, which is curative.
Cortical marginal resection

Summary An extraoral removal of an osteoid osteoma from the body of the mandible of a thirty year old woman resulted in vital apicectomy of the molar teeth on that side. An uneventful course of healing and perispical remodeling stimulated interest in an experiment which provided tissues for histologic study. Five miniature pigs underwent molar apical ostectomies (cortical marginal resections) from an extraoral approach. Four animals remained available for study and were sacrificed after a six month interval. Microscopic studies showed vital vascularized tissue pulps in two animals. A reparative pulpal mineralization resembling pig cementum as well as human reparative osteodentine was observed in many areas of the pulpal wall, and many areas were associated with active blast cells. There was periapical remodeling, indicating repair in the area which had been previously thought to be most vulnerable to destruction. General regeneration of bone was present in the surgical defect with cortical bone remodeling. There was no evidence of regenerated nerve elements. Even though the roots of the teeth in the remaining two animals were involved with further injuries, there was a tendency toward repair manifested by periapical remodeling and regeneration of bone in the surgical defect. Apparently the same phenomenon observed in the mandible of the pig model and the previous patient may occur in the maxilla. This can be inferred from the successful removal of the blood and nerve supply as well as the apices of the buccal roots of a molar tooth in a young boy with a large juvenile nasoangiofibroma. The miniature pig has a high degree of masticatory activity and is deficient in postoperative cooperation. It is reasonable to expect repair in human subjects to be associated with less superimposed trauma and therefore to be less eventful. The potentials for human application of apical ostectomy, that is, cortical marginal resection, as a selective alternative to total mandibular or maxillary resection or to root canal therapy is intriguing and warrants further research.
Racial environment and political participation

How does the racial environment influence mass political participation? The power—threat hypothesis predicts that a larger out-group population in the surrounding environment increases citizen participation, whereas the relational goods hypothesis predicts that it decreases participation. I attempt to reconcile these conflicting arguments into a single hypothesis positing that citizens’ decisions to participate in politics are simultaneously shaped by the power—threat and relational goods effects. I conclude that the racial environment plays a significant role as a determinant of mass participation but in ways more complicated than what simple models of contextual effects suggest.