cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acquisition and extinction of an instrumental running response with single- or multiple-pellet reward

Rats were given 5, 15, or 60 training trials for 500 mg of food, which was delivered in either single- or multiple-pellet form. The pellet groups did not differ after 5 or 60 trials either at terminal acquisition or in extinction. After 15 trials, however, multiple pellets produced superior performance in acquisition as well as more rapid extinction than single pellets.
Self-management treatment of smoking behavior

Abstract Twenty nine habitual smokers were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: (1) self-management treatment (SMT), (2) self-monitoring plus social reinforcement (SMSR), and (3) no-treatment control (NT). An analysis of covariance of mean smoking frequency, with pre-treatment smoking frequency as the covariate, revealed that at treatment termination (7 weeks) SMT and SMSR means were significantly lower than the NT mean and there was no significant difference between the former 2 groups. At follow-up, 80 days after treatment termination, the no significant difference between these latter 2 groups. Further analyses indicated that both SMT and SMSR groups had significantly reduced means at both treatment termination and follow-up, relative to pretreatment. Further, neither SMT nor SMSR groups revealed significant relapses over the follow-up interim. Self-report data revealed significant relapses over the follow-up interim. Self-report data revealed a substantial (0.77) and significant partial correlation between consistency of use of SMT techniques and treatment gains. Results were interpreted as suggesting: (1) the efficacy of a “comprehensive” self-management treatment package and (2) the potential importance of extended treatment durations.
The pattern of breast cancer screening utilization and its consequences

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to describe the pattern of screening utilization and its consequences in terms of tumor size and time of tumor appearance of invasive breast carcinoma among a population of women who were examined at a large service screening/diagnostic program over the last decade. METHODS Utilization of mammography was assessed from a population of 59,899 women who received 196,891 mammograms at the Massachusetts General Hospital Breast Imaging Division from January 1, 1990 to March 1, 1999, among which 604 invasive breast tumors were found. Two hundred six invasive, clinically detected tumors also were seen during this period among women who had no record of a previous mammogram. Additional information was available on screening of women from March 1, 1999 to June 1, 2001. RESULTS Fifty percent of the women who used screening did not begin until the age of 50 years, although 25% of the invasive breast tumors were found in women age < 50 years. Relatively few of the women who used screening returned promptly for their annual examinations; by 1.5 years, only 50% had returned. Approximately 25% of the invasive breast tumors were found in women for whom there was no record of a previous screening mammogram, and these tumors were larger (median, 15 mm) than the screen-detected tumors (median, 10 mm). Approximately 30% of the 604 invasive breast tumors in the screening population were found on nonmammographic grounds, and they also were larger (median, 15 mm) than the screen-detected tumors (median, 10 mm). However, only 3% of these 604 tumors were found by nonmammographic criteria within 6 months of the previous negative examination, and only 12% were found within 1 year. By back calculating the likely size of each of these tumors at the time of the negative mammogram, it could be seen that most tumors probably emerged as larger, palpable masses not because they were missed at the previous negative mammogram, because most were too small then to have been detected, but because too much time had been allowed to pass. CONCLUSIONS Far too many women did not comply with the American Cancer Society recommendation of prompt annual screening from the age of 40 years. Consequently, almost 50% of the invasive tumors emerged as larger and, thus, potentially more lethal, palpable masses. Cancer 2002;94:37–43. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Cloud cover in Landsat observations of the Brazilian Amazon

High spatial resolution Landsat imagery is employed in efforts to understand the impact of human activities on ecological, biogeochemical and atmospheric processes in the Amazon basin. The utility of Landsat multi-spectral data depends both on the degree to which surface properties can be estimated from the radiometric measurements and on the ability to observe the surface through the atmosphere. Clouds are a major obstacle to optical remote sensing of humid tropical regions, therefore cloud cover probability analysis is a fundamental prerequisite to land-cover change and Earth system process studies in these regions. This paper reports the results of a spatially explicit analysis of cloud cover in the Landsat archive of Brazilian Amazonia from 1984 to 1997. Monthly observations of any part of the basin are highly improbable using Landsat-like optical imagers. Annual observations are possible for most of the basin, but are improbable in northern parts of the region. These results quantify the limitations ...
Overview of Fouling Phenomena and Modeling Approaches for Membrane Bioreactors

Abstract Membrane bioreactors are used extensively for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters. Membrane fouling remains a critical issue in the design and operation of these systems. The complex nature of the feed, the high solids concentration, and the limited options available for pretreatment and cleaning all serve to exacerbate the problem of membrane fouling. This manuscript provides an overview of the key fouling phenomena involved in membrane bioreactors, with a particular emphasis on the nature of the fouling components and the different modeling approaches used to describe the flux decline and to identify the underlying fouling mechanisms. Submitted to Separation Science and Technology, Special Issue on Membrane Fouling and Fouling Control in Membrane Bioreactor and Related Biological Process.
The influence of variety and data of planting on the relative cooking quality of potatoes graded according to specific gravity

1. Tests were conducted to obtain the relative cooking qualities of (a) tubers of one variety graded into three specific gravity classes, (b) tubers of one variety but from three plantings graded into one specific gravity class, and (c) tubers of three varieties graded into one specific gravity class. 2. Limited consumer cooking tests were conducted with tubers from groups (a) and (c) above. 3. Within Irish Cobbler potatoes from a planting made on May 17, tubers having specific, gravity of 1.090 were rated higher for most quality characters than tubers having specific gravities of 1.080 or 1.070 when prepared as boiled or as mashed potatoes. 4. Within Irish Cobbler potatoes having a specific gravity of 1.080, tubers from a crop planted on June 4 were rated higher for most quality characters than those from May 17 or June 27 plantings when prepared as boiled potatoes. When prepared as mashed potatoes, tubers from the two early plantings were rated higher in cooking quality than those from the late planting. 5. Within potatoes having specific gravity of 1.080 from plantings made May 17–24, tubers of Waseca rated higher in dryness than those of Pontiac and higher in mealiness than both Pontiac and Cobbler when prepared as boiled potatoes. When prepared as mashed potatoes the three varieties did not differ in mealiness, but Cobblers rated higher in dryness and flavor than Pontiac and Waseca. 6. In limited consumer tests, Irish Cobbler tubers having a specific gravity of 1.090 were preferred for boiling, mashing, and baking over Cobblers, Wasecas, and Pontiacs of lower specific gravity. Of the three variety lots having the, same specific gravity, Cobbler and Waseca rated higher in mealiness than Pontiac when prepared as baked or mashed potatoes. For baking, consumers preferred Cobblers to either Pontiacs or Wasecas of the same specific gravity.
Training Teachers and Serving Students: Applying Usability Testing in Writing Programs.

Teachers often test course materials by using them in class. Usability testing provides an alternative: teachers receive student feedback and revise materials before teaching a class. Case studies based on interviews and observations with two teaching assistants who usability tested materials before teaching introductory technical writing demonstrate how usability testing can make novice teachers more confident about and help them predict student experiences with their assignments. By helping to train teachers, usability testing can also help better serve students.
Titanium and Zirconium Complexes of a Phosphorus-Containing p-tert-Butylcalix[5]arene Ligand: Importance of Metal and Conformation on Ligand/Metal Binding

Binding of a calix[5]arene containing a single phosphorus ligand and three hydroxyl groups, calix[5]PNMe2(OH)3, 1, toward titanium and zirconium is investigated to yield insight into the factors th...
Functional polymers and sequential copolymers by phase transfer catalysis, 27. Synthesis of aromatic-aliphatic polyformals by polyetherification of 1,4-bis(chloromethoxy)butane with 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol†

The first examples of aromatic-aliphatic polyformals were synthesized from 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol (2) and 1,4-bis(chloromethoxy)butane (1) by a two-phase (aqueous NaOH/toluene), phase transfer catalyzed (PTC) polyetherification. The influence of the reaction conditions upon the polymerization was studied by varying the phase transfer catalyst concentration, NaOH concentration and nucleophile to electrophile ratio. Changes in these parameters and their effects upon the microstructure of these polymers were also examined by 1H NMR (200 MHz) spectroscopy. The reactivity of 1 has permitted, according to our knowledge, the first examples of interfacial polyetherification. Further, this reactivity has also permitted the homopolymerization of 1 through its hydrolysis byproducts under PTC conditions.
The National Uprisings in the Soviet Union

Recently published histories of national groups living under Soviet rule provide a rich secondary literature on the various paths taken by these groups to be incorporated into the Russian empire and the Soviet state. Social scientists who want a differentiated understanding of political mobilization among the various nationalities should not ignore these important contributions. This review essay attempts to synthesize these histories in order to provide a coherent model of nationality politics. Proposing an “elite incorporation model” of political mobilization, the essay accounts for different sources of national protest. The model weight not only the pressures for national autonomy and republican sovereignty but also the pressures that provide support for the Union.
Archaeology, Style, and the Theory of Coevolution

Durham’s (1991) dual inheritance theory of coevolution provides a coherent basis for applying Darwinian theory to socio-culture change. His theory rests on three hypotheses: (1) Decision making by individuals is the primary but not only cause of cultural evolution. Humans actively choose among alternative courses of action, when they are able; selection is based on evaluation of the consequences of different alternatives. Since knowledge is imperfect, the outcomes will be imperfect. Choices in cultural selection are made on the basis of learned cultural values. Cultural values are socially transmitted between individuals and generations. (2) The relationships between culture and genes are mediated through five modes. These modes constitute coevolution. (3) In general, “cultural variants which improve the reproductive fitness of their selectors will spread through a population by choice or imposition at the expense of alternative variants.”
Quantum dot tunnel injection lasers with large modulation bandwidth at room temperature

Derived a "quantum capture" time of /spl sim/30ps from high-frequency impedance measurements on In(Ga)As/GaAs single-mode quantum dot lasers, which qualitatively agrees with the measured modulation bandwidths of 5-6GHz. Additional, femtosecond differential transmission measurements on quantum dot laser heterostructures strongly suggest that there is a significant "hot carrier" problem in the separate confinement heterostructure (SCH) quantum dot lasers. It has been demonstrated that tunneling injection of electrons improves high-speed and other performance characteristics of quantum well lasers by reducing the hot carrier population in the active region. We report here the performance characteristics of quantum dot tunnel injection lasers and demonstrate large modulation bandwidth (15GHz) at room temperature in these devices for the first time.
The dominant negative ARM domain uncovers multiple functions of PUB13 in Arabidopsis immunity, flowering, and senescence

Regulating the intensity and duration of immune responses is crucial to combat infections without deleterious side effects. Arabidopsis FLS2, the receptor for bacterial flagellin, activates immune signalling by association with its partner BAK1. Upon flagellin (flg22) perception, the plant U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases PUB12 and PUB13 complex with FLS2 in a BAK1-dependent manner, and ubiquitinate FLS2 for protein degradation, thereby down-regulating flagellin signalling. Domain deletion analysis indicates that the ARM domain of PUB13 interacts with the FLS2–BAK1 complex and is phosphorylated by BAK1. Overexpression of the PUB13 ARM domain alone inhibits flg22-induced FLS2–PUB13 association and PUB12/13-mediated FLS2 ubiquitination and degradation in Arabidopsis, suggesting that ectopic expression of the ARM domain in planta generates a dominant negative effect via blocking the ubiquitination activity. Similar to the pub12pub13 double mutant, transgenic plants expressing the PUB13 ARM domain display enhanced immune responses compared with wild-type plants. Moreover, PUB13ARM transgenic plants and the pub12pub13 mutant are more sensitive to stress-induced leaf senescence accompanied by elevated expression of stress-induced senescence marker genes. The resemblance between PUB13ARM transgenic plants and the pub12pub13 mutant provides genetic evidence that ectopic expression of the PUB ARM domain serves as an alternative approach to dissect the overlapping functions of closely related PUB genes.
Comparison of Miogtiwiures and Magnetic Properties of Melt Spun and Plasmla Sprayed Alloys of Fe-Rare Earti-B

Samples of Fe76RE16B8 have been prepared by melt spinning and plasma deposition. The samples were fully saturated by cooling fran 350°C in a 5 kOe field. The room temperature coercivities of these samples are reported and correlated to the microstructures revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Subsequent heat treatments are shown to either increase or decrease the intrinsic coercivities depending upon the solidification rate that each sample experienced.
Diagnostic accuracy statistics for seven Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB) test variables in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

Neuropsychological tests are useful for diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet for many tests, diagnostic accuracy statistics are unavailable. We present diagnostic accuracy statistics for seven variables from the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB) that were administered to a large sample of elderly adults (n = 276) participating in a longitudinal research study at a national AD Center. Tests included Driving Scenes, Bill Payment, Daily Living Memory, Screening Visual Discrimination, Screening Design Construction, and Judgment. Clinical diagnosis was made independent of these tests, and for the current study, participants were categorized as AD (n = 65) or non-AD (n = 211). Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis was used to determine each test’s sensitivity and specificity at multiple cut points, which were subsequently used to calculate positive and negative predictive values at a variety of base rates. Of the tests analyzed, the Daily Living Memory test provided the greatest accuracy in the identification of AD and the two Screening measures required a significant tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity. Overall, the seven NAB subtests included in the current study are capable of excellent diagnostic accuracy, but appropriate understanding of the context in which the tests are used is crucial for minimizing errors.
IgM inhibitors of the contact activation phase of coagulation in chlorpromazine-treated patients

In this report we have described three patients with chronic schizophrenia on long-term chlorpromazine therapy who developed asymptomatic IgM inhibitors of the intrinsic phase of blood coagulation. The anticoagulant resulted in decreased measurements of all of the plasma clotting factors in the intrinsic pathway (factors VIII, IX, XI, XII, Fletcher factor and Fitzgerald factor). Using crude coagulation reagents, the serum of these patients interfered with the clot promoting activity of contact product. To determine the relationship between drug therapy and these IgM inhibitors, we have studied nine additional schizophrenic patients on long-term chlorpromazine therapy. All nine chlorpromazine-treated patients had significantly increased levels of serum IgM and asymptomatic inhibitors of coagulation. We conclude that long-term high-dose chlorpromazine treatment of schizophrenic patients results in an increased concentration of IgM which has inhibitory activity in the contact phase of blood coagulation.
Non-Projective Parsing for Statistical Machine Translation

We describe a novel approach for syntax-based statistical MT, which builds on a variant of tree adjoining grammar (TAG). Inspired by work in discriminative dependency parsing, the key idea in our approach is to allow highly flexible reordering operations during parsing, in combination with a discriminative model that can condition on rich features of the source-language string. Experiments on translation from German to English show improvements over phrase-based systems, both in terms of BLEU scores and in human evaluations.
Compartmental organization of the Drosophila genital imaginal discs

We have investigated the anterior and posterior compartmental organization of the genital imaginal disc. Unlike the thoracic discs, the genital disc is a compound disc consisting of three primordia--the female genital, male genital, and anal primordia. Here we provide evidence that each primordium is divided into anterior and posterior compartments. Genes that are known to be expressed in compartment-specific manners in other discs (engrailed, hedgehog, patched, decapentaplegic, wingless and cubitus interruptus) are expressed in analogous patterns in each primordium of the genital disc. Specifically, engrailed and cubitus interruptus are expressed in complementary domains, while patched, decapentaplegic and wingless are expressed along the border between the two domains. Mitotic clones induced at the beginning of the second larval instar do not cross the boundary between the engrailed-expressing and cubitus interruptus-expressing domains, indicating that these domains are true genetic compartments. Furthermore, we examined the phenotypes of mutant clones of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and engrailed-invected, genes that are known to play compartment-specific functions in other discs. These experiments demonstrate that the anterior/posterior patterning functions of these genes are conserved in the genital disc. The adult clonal phenotypes of protein kinase A and engrailed-invected mutants also provide a more detailed map of the adult genitalia and analia with respect to the anterior/posterior compartmental subdivision. Our results lead us to propose a new model to describe the anterior and posterior compartmental organization of the genital disc.
The da Vinci Code as alchemical rhetoric

In this essay we argue that Dan Brown's mystery novel, The Da Vinci Code, functions as an alchemical rhetoric in five basic ways, two of which are most conspicuous. First, the fictional narrative supposedly reveals a subversive “fact” protected for centuries by secret societies: Jesus and Mary Magdalene had children. Insofar as the alchemical genre attempts to communicate a supposed truth in a misleading fiction, Brown's novel can be read as an exemplar of contemporary alchemical rhetoric. Second, the secret life of Jesus and Mary Magdalene turns out to be a ruse, a lure to catch Church apologists and offend others, while a far more blasphemous or radical truth is, in true alchemical fashion, hidden in a plain sight.
Glacimarine sedimentation processes at Kronebreen and Kongsvegen, Svalbard

Tidewater glaciers deposit sediment at their terminus, thereby reducing the relative water depth. Reduced water depth can lead to increased glacier stability through decreased rates of iceberg calving, glacier thinning and submarine melting. Here we investigate sedimentation processes at the termini of Kronebreen and Kongsvegen, Svalbard. We mapped the fjord floor bathymetry in August 2009 and calculate sedimentation rates based on our bathymetry and that from a similar study in 2005. A grounding-line fan is developing near the current position of the subglacial stream. An older, abandoned grounding-line fan that likely formed between �1987 and 2001 is degrading near the middle of the ice front. Our findings indicate that sediment gravity flows reduce the height of the sediment mound forming at the glacier terminus. The future impact of glacimarine sedimentation processes on glacier stability will depend on the net balance between the observed gravity flows and sediment deposition.
Evaluation of R-Mix FreshCells in Shell Vials for Detection of Respiratory Viruses

The performance of a mixture of mink lung and A549 cell lines in shell vials (MSVs) for the detection of respiratory viruses in 159 specimens was evaluated. MSVs, conventional culture, and direct immunofluorescence assay identified 96, 85, and 67% of the influenza A virus-positive specimens, respectively. MSVs provided both a high degree of sensitivity and rapid turnaround times for the detection of influenza A virus.
Confounding Constructs and Levels of Constructs in Affectivity Measurement: An Empirical Investigation.

This study examined the potential for confounding constructs with levels of constructs in the measurement of positive and negative affectivity. Evidence for this confound was discovered in connecti...
An LQR/LQG theory for systems with saturating actuators

An extension of the LQR/LQG methodology to systems with saturating actuators, referred to as SLQR/SLQG, where S stands for saturating, is obtained. The development is based on the method of stochastic linearization, whereby the saturation is replaced by a gain, calculated as a function of the variance of the signal at its input. Using the stochastically linearized system and the Lagrange multiplier technique, solutions of the SLQR/SLQG problems are derived. These solutions are given by standard Riccati and Lyapunov equations coupled with two transcendental equations, which characterize both the variance of the signal at the saturation input and the Lagrange multiplier associated with the constrained minimization problem. It is shown that, under standard stabilizability and detectability conditions, these equations have a unique solution, which can be found by a simple bisection algorithm. When the level of saturation tends to infinity, these equations reduce to their standard LQR/LQG counterparts. In addition, the paper investigates the properties of closed-loop systems with SLQR/SLQG controllers and saturating actuators. In this regard, it is shown that SLQR/SLQG controllers ensure semi-global stability by appropriate choice of a parameter in the performance criterion. Finally, the paper illustrates the techniques developed by a ship roll damping problem.
A Method for Compensating Bellows Pressure Loads while Accommodating Thermal Deformations

Many metal bellows are used on storage ring vacuum chambers. They allow the ring to accommodate deformations associated with alignment, mechanical assembly and thermal expansion. The NSLS has two such electron storage rings, the vuv ring and the x-ray ring. Both rings utilize a number of welded metal bellows within the ring and at every beam port. There are provisions for 16 beam ports on the vuv and 28 ports in the x-ray ring. At each of these locations the bellows are acted on by an external pressure of 1 atmosphere, which causes a 520 lb reaction at the vacuum chamber beam port and at the beamline flange downstream of the bellows. The use of rigid tie rods across the bellows flanges to support this load is troublesome because most storage ring vacuum chambers are baked in situ to achieve high internal vacuum. Significant forces can develop on components if thermal deformation is restrained and damage could occur.
Experimental studies in magneto-fluid dynamics - Pressure distribution measurements around a sphere.

Measurements of the pressure distribution around a sphere placed in aligned magnetic and velocity fields show that an increase in drag is mainly due to a decrease in the pressure on the base of the body. When magnetic forces are large compared to inertia forces, this decrease is due to a loss in total pressure along streamlines just outside the surface boundary layer and an acceleration of the flow to a velocity much larger than the reference velocity. Separation of a viscous boundary layer takes place behind the equator and still, to a large extent, controls the magnitude of the base pressure and the drag experienced by the sphere. A model consistent with these findings is presented.
Family context in pediatric psychology from a transactional perspective: Family rituals and stories as examples

Reviewed the transactional model as applied to the family context of pediatric psychology. A three-part sequence of child behavior, parent behavior, and family interpretation was used to describe developmental adaptation and transitions. It was proposed that families are regulated by practices that are proximal to the child's experience and representations that are more distal to the child's experience. Family practices are examined through family routines and rituals. Family representations are examined through family stories. Case examples of low birth weight premature infants and an adolescent referred for repeated hospitalizations due to diabetic ketoacidosis were presented to illustrate the model. Guidelines for the practicing pediatric psychologist are presented to assess family organization through family rituals and family meaning-making in the telling of family stones.
An engineering and policy analysis of fiber introduction into the residential subscriber loop

An engineering model which provides a framework for evaluating alternative network architectures for providing fiber to the home is presented. The analysis employs this model to construct estimates of the average cost per subscriber of several network alternatives which have been proposed in the literature. The results identify two possible network architectures, the active double star and the passive double star, as particularly attractive alternatives. Sensitivity analyses provide detail on the critical contributors to overall costs. Several policy issues raised by the analysis, including the proper allocation of risk from fiber-to-the-home investments, are considered. >
The missing boundary problem for smooth manifolds of dimension greater than or equal to six

Abstract Let M be a non-compact differentiable manifold of dimension ⩾6. Suppose both M and ∂ M are 1-ended spaces. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for M to be diffeomorphic to the complement of a compact subset of the boundary of a compact manifold. There are four conditions: two geometric conditions and two algebraic obstructions. We give examples to show that these obstructions are not always trivial. In particular, an example of a manifold is constructed which does not have a completion but any tubular neighborhood of codimension ⩾3 has a completion. We also classify the different ways to complete a given manifold.
Psychophysiological characteristics of narcissism during active and passive coping

This study provides the first psychophysiological analysis of narcissism by measuring autonomic responses during active and passive anticipatory coping in 40 undergraduate men who scored high or low on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). Compared to the low NPI group, the high NPI group showed greater preejection period (PEP) shortening, cardiac deceleration, and skin conductance response (SCR) habituation during anticipation of an aversive stimulus (p < .02). As expected, SCR and PEP reactivity were greater during active than passive coping. In the case of PEP, this effect emerged only in the low NPI group; the high NPI group showed the greatest PEP reactivity during the first task, regardless of coping demands. These data support hypothesized relationships among narcissism, psychopathy, and psychological predictors of cardiovascular disease, and suggest that a psychobiological dimension may underlie important features of narcissism.
Sphere Representations, Stacked Polytopes, and the Colin de Verdière Number of a Graph

We prove that a $k$-tree can be viewed as a subgraph of a special type of $(k+1)$-tree that corresponds to a stacked polytope and that these "stacked'' $(k+1)$-trees admit representations by orthogonal spheres in $\mathbb{R}^{k+1}$. As a result, we derive lower bounds for Colin de Verdiere's $\mu$ of complements of partial $k$-trees and prove that $\mu(G) + \mu(\overline{G}) \geq |G| - 2$ for all chordal $G$.
Observations on the Virus and Means of Transmission of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Investigations into the nature of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever its etiology and method of transmission, have been carried on by the writer since April, 1906. Previous to these investigations the disease had been studied extensively by Wilson and Chowning,1 and to some degree also by members of the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. I shall refer to these investigations only to say that Wilson and Chowning described the disease as a pyroplasmosis, and advanced the important theory that man is infected by the bite of the "wood-tick', which infests the mountainous regions of Montana and adjacent Rocky Mountain States. They furnished no experimental proof of the correctness of the theory. Following the report of Wilson and Chowning, Stiles,2 of the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service studied the disease and failed utterly to find the pyroplasma of the former investigators. Stiles discredited also the theory of transmission by the tick, but without experimental evidence to refute the theory. This was the status in relation to the etiology and means of transmission of the disease when my studies were undertaken. The results which I have obtained have been described briefly in three communications to the Journal of the American Medical Association.* The essential points presented in these articles are the following:
Metabolism of UC-21149(2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime) in Cotton Plants and Soil in the Field

Metabolism of S35-labeled UC-21149 (2-methyl-2-(methylthio) propionaldehyde O -(methylcarbamoyl)oxime) in cotton plants and its fate in soil under normal field conditions was investigated. After 2 days the compound was completely metabolized in individually treated leaves, primarily to the toxic sulfoxide derivative 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfinyl) propionaldehyde O -(methylcarbamoyl) oxime. Once formed, the sulfoxide was relatively stable; the biological half-life was about 1 week and 14% of the applied dose was still in this form after 32 days. Studies of translocation demonstrated that there was little movement of radioactivity from treated leaves to untreated areas of the cotton plants. UC-21149 and at least 10 of its derivatives were detected in treated soil. Of these, the sulfoxide was usually the dominant product; UC-21149 was essentially depleted after 1 week. After 8 weeks, 86.3% of the applied radioactivity was lost from the treated soil, either by volatilization or by movement as a result of moisture from rainfall and irrigation.
Irreversible inhibition of DNA polymerase β by small-molecule mimics of a DNA lesion.

Abasic sites are ubiquitous DNA lesions that are mutagenic and cytotoxic but are removed by the base excision repair pathway. DNA polymerase β carries out two of the four steps during base excision repair, including a lyase reaction that removes the abasic site from DNA following incision of its 5′-phosphate. DNA polymerase β is overexpressed in cancer cells and is a potential anticancer target. Recently, DNA oxidized abasic sites that are produced by potent antitumor agents were shown to inactivate DNA polymerase β. A library of small molecules whose structures were inspired by the oxidized abasic sites was synthesized and screened for the ability to irreversibly inhibit DNA polymerase β. One candidate (3a) was examined more thoroughly, and modification of its phosphate backbone led to a molecule that irreversibly inactivates DNA polymerase β in solution (IC50 ≈ 21 μM), and inhibits the enzyme’s lyase activity in cell lysates. A bisacetate analogue is converted in cell lysates to 3a. The bisacetate is mo...
Wilms Tumor and the Vater Association

We describe an infant with the VATER association in whom a Wilms tumor was noted when she was 5 months old. The lower pole tumor arose near the pelvis and grew into an adjacent calix producing a cystic and solid mass with numerous papillary projections resembling sarcoma botryoides. Histopathologically, the tumor was a classical Wilms tumor but it was unusual in that the papillary projections of the tumor were covered by intestinal-like epithelium, which was interpreted as metaplastic urothelium. The margins were free of tumor and the patient is being treated according to the National Wilms Tumor Study Protocol for stage I lesions. She is currently without evidence of recurrence.
Issues and countermeasures on government procurement of cyber equipments by higher education institutions

The issues in cyber equipments purchasing diversify: no specific regulation in online bidding,no competition amon g products manufacturers,low performance/price ratio;long bidding period,inaccuracy in budget,and low satisfaction of bid products,In order to solve these issues,this essay aims to provide suggestions on government procurement of cyber equipme nts by higher education institutions: regulations on online bidding,avoiding designation of specific item;clients’ free choice of bidding requirement and the way of winning the bid.
"If I don't get my vitamins...anything can happen": nutrition in twentieth-century popular culture.

Le developpement industriel des micronutriments, en particulier les vitamines au XX e siecle est analyse, ainsi que leur apport dans la nutrition
Land Uses, Fire, and Invasion: Exotic Annual Bromus and Human Dimensions

Human land uses are the primary cause of the introduction and spread of exotic annual Bromus species. Initial introductions were likely linked to contaminated seeds used by homesteading farmers in the late 1880s and early 1900s. Transportation routes aided their spread. Unrestricted livestock grazing from the 1800s through the mid-1900s reduced native plant competitors leaving large areas vulnerable to Bromus dominance. Ecosystems with cooler and moister soils tend to have greater potential to recover from disturbances (resilience) and to be more resistant to Bromus invasion and dominance. Warmer and drier ecosystems are less resistant to Bromus and are threatened by altered fire regimes which can lead to Bromus dominance, impacts to wildlife, and alternative stable states. Native Americans used fire for manipulating plant communities and may have contributed to the early dominance of Bromus in portions of California. Fire as a tool is now limited to site preparation for revegetation in most ecosystems where Bromus is a significant problem. Once Bromus dominates, breaking annual grass/fire cycles requires restoring fire-tolerant perennial grasses and forbs, which can compete with Bromus and resist its dominance. Current weed management policies often lack regulations to prevent further expansion of Bromus. Research is needed on how and where livestock grazing might help increase perennial grass and forb cover and density to create ecosystems that are more resistant to Bromus. Also, studies are needed to ascertain the role, if any, of oil and gas development in contributing to the spread of Bromus.
Evaluation of a new mucolytic drug.

In a double-blind crossover trial, the effect of a new mucolytic drug, the sodium salt of 2-mercaptoethane sulfonic acid (Mistabron) (6 ml, 200 mg per milliliter) was compared with 0.9% sodium chloride (6 ml) over 16 consecutive days in 31 sub;ects with chronic bronchitis. Drugs were assigned randomly and were self-administered by nebulization. Pulmonary function measurements were made pre-nebulization, 5 minutes, and 45 to 60 minutes after nebulization each day. Symptomatic assessment of cough, sputum production, and dyspnea were recorded daily. No changes attributable to either treatment were noted in blood pressure, electrocardiographic tmcings, chest radiographs, blood chemistries, and urinalyses during the study. Pulmonary function tests (which included whole body plethysmography) showed clinically insignificant changes, though most subjects claimed to have experienced clinical improvement after taking 2-mercaptoethane sUlfonic acid. Sputum production was measured in the last 18 patients who entered the study, and 2-mercaptoethane sulfonic acid consistently resulted in greater production than saline. The difference was significant (p = 0.001). It is concluded that 2-mercaptoethane sulfonic acid (20%) is as safe as an equivalent volume of normal saline administered by inhalation to subjects with chronic bronchitis, and that it is a more effective mucolytic agent.
The Formation of a Self-Funded Global Health Fellowship within a Department of Family Medicine

Introduction: The need for global health training for early-career family medicine physicians is greater than the supply. This paper details the formation of a one-year, self-funded global health fellowship for early-career family medicine physicians. Methods: In August of 2012, the University of Washington Department of Family Medicine established a self-funded, non-ACGME (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education)-accredited fellowship in global health. The fellowship is targeted at early-career family medicine physicians. During the one-year fellowship, the global health fellow rotates through a variety of clinics in the greater Seattle area, including HIV, TB, STD, and other infectious disease clinics. Other activities include selected global health courses at the University of Washington, practice in a continuity clinic seeing both family medicine and pre- and post-travel patients, and a variety of teaching, speaking, and publishing opportunities. The fellow may spent up to two months overseas engaged in clinical practice and/or research; one option for fellows is to work and teach at the district hospital in Naivasha, Kenya, at which the University of Washington has established an ongoing teaching and practice program. The majority of the fellow’s salary and benefits is funded by the fellow’s clinical activities. This funding mechanism allowed the fellowship to be launched with a minimum of institutional financial support. Results: Of the first three graduating fellows, two now practice primarily in the US and one works in Malawi with Seed Global Health. The fifth fellow will begin in August 2016. The robust and increasing number of applications suggest that this fellowship is meeting an ongoing need. Conclusion: This fellowship demonstrates that the need for global health training of early-career, family medicine physicians can at least be met in part by self-funded fellowships of this nature.
Soulful and Spirited Temperaments

My observation of various types of behavior and attitudes has led me to conclude that the pursuit and expression of every archetypal style and interest is characterized by either a soulful or spirited quality of temperament. I therefore make a distinction between the archetype of Pneuma/Spirit as a motivational drive and ’spirit’ as a temperamental characteristic. The use of the same archetype in two different ways is possible because every archetype has multiple manifestations, each one with its own specific attributes. For instance, the great mother archetype includes the Virgin Mary, the sky goddess, the earth mother and Kali. It can also be represented by such impersonal objects as the moon, the ocean, a tree or a cave. Although the great mother archetype is the source of all these representations, each possesses its unique characteristics, a separate frame of reference and a different meaning. This multifaceted nature of every archetype is also true of the archetype of Spirit. Thus, Spirit can appear as a wise old man, as Mercurius in alchemy, or wind, breath, light or fire. Archetypal-motivational typology relies upon two psychological attributes of this archetype, as a motivational drive and as a temperamental quality.
Blending on-demand and spot instances to lower costs for in-memory storage

In cloud computing, workloads that lease instances on demand get to execute exclusively for a set time. In contrast, workloads that lease spot instances execute until a competing workload outbids the current lease. Spot instances cost less than on-demand instances, but few workloads can use spot instances because of the variable leasing period. We present BOSS, a framework that uses spot instances to reduce costs for in-memory storage workloads. BOSS uses on-demand instances to create and update objects. It uses spot instances to handle read-only queries. BOSS leases instances from multiple sites and exploits varying prices between the sites. When spot instances stop abruptly at one site, BOSS places newly created objects at other sites, reducing the impact on response time. BOSS proposes a novel, online replication approach (1) avoids placing data at too many sites and (2) provides O(1.5)-competitive ratio under skewed cost distributions. Within a site, BOSS manages the tradeoff between savings and risks from replicating to spot instances. We implemented BOSS on top of Cassandra and deployed it on up to 78 instances across 8 sites in Amazon and Google clouds. With BOSS hosting TPC-W data, we spent $8 per hour on Amazon. For the same service, we spent $55 per hour to use ElastiCache and $49 per hour to use on-demand instances only. BOSS saved 85% and 84% respectively. Further, BOSS achieved 95th percentile response time within 13% of ElastiCache.
Symbolic play of children with language impairment: a critical review

There have been a number of studies that have reported on the symbolic play abilities of children assessed as demonstrating developmental language disorders or specific language impairment. In general, this research has reported significant differences in the symbolic play abilities of children with language impairment and those developing language normally. In most, though interestingly, not all cases, the differences reflected less developed symbolic play of the children with language impairments. It will be argued here that these reported differences should not be interpreted as demonstrative of marked deficits in the general representational or specific symbolic play competence of children with language impairments. It will be argued further that part of the research conducted to date on the symbolic play abilities of children with language impairment has been confounded by the encroachment of language into the research procedures, that the level of play often investigated has not been unquestionably symbolic in nature, and that the actual differences in symbolic play have not been substantial.
Perceptions of negative health-care experiences and self-reported health behavior change in three racial and ethnic groups.

ABSTRACTObjectives: Our two study objectives were: (1) to understand the relationship between the perception of a previous negative health-care experience and race/ethnicity, and how socio-demographic, access-to-health-care, and self-reported health variables modified this relationship; and (2) to assess how many behaviors participants reported changing as a result of experiencing a perceived negative health-care experience, which behaviors they changed, and if there were differences in patterns of change across racial/ethnic groups.Design: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of 600 African-American, Mexican-Hispanic, and white adults in socioeconomically diverse neighborhoods in Chicago, IL. We used multivariable logistic regression to analyze the relationship between a perceived negative health-care experience in the last 5 years and race/ethnicity. We summed and then calculated the percentage of people who changed each of the 10 behaviors and evaluated whether or not there wer...
A Temporal Order Modeling Approach to Human Action Recognition from Multimodal Sensor Data

From wearable devices to depth cameras, researchers have exploited various multimodal data to recognize human actions for applications, such as video gaming, education, and healthcare. Although there many successful techniques have been presented in the literature, most current approaches have focused on statistical or local spatiotemporal features and do not explicitly explore the temporal dynamics of the sensor data. However, human action data contain rich temporal structure information that can characterize the unique underlying patterns of different action categories. From this perspective, we propose a novel temporal order modeling approach to human action recognition. Specifically, we explore subspace projections to extract the latent temporal patterns from different human action sequences. The temporal order between these patterns are compared, and the index of the pattern that appears first is used to encode the entire sequence. This process is repeated multiple times and produces a compact feature vector representing the temporal dynamics of the sequence. Human action recognition can then be efficiently solved by the nearest neighbor search based on the Hamming distance between these compact feature vectors. We further introduce a sequential optimization algorithm to learn the optimized projections that preserve the pairwise label similarity of the action sequences. Experimental results on two public human action datasets demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed technique in both accuracy and efficiency.
A low-power CMOS energy harvesting circuit for wearable sensors using piezoelectric transducers

In this paper, a low-power CMOS AC-to-DC full-bridge rectifier with a switch for piezoelectric transducers is presented. It consists of two NMOS and two PMOS transistors, which are configured to operate as a full-bridge rectifier along with an Op-Amp-based switch control circuit which is connected to a PMOS transistor of the main full-bridge rectifier. With a load of 45KΩ, the output rectifier voltage is 703mV and the input piezoelectric transducer voltage is 694mV. Simulated V OUT versus V IN conversion ratio is 98.7% with an efficiency of 46%. The circuit has been implemented in a standard 0.13µm CMOS process.
A Review of Legal Decisions Relevant to Technical Standards Used in Pharmacy School Admissions

The implementation of an effective and legally sound technical standards procedure for pharmacy schools requires a proactive approach by admissions officers. Applicants with disabilities are accorded significant rights that must not be infringed during the admissions process in order to ensure compliance with applicable law. This article provides a review of applicable state cases, federal cases, and OCR decisions and guidance to help pharmacy schools identify procedures and implement technical standards into their admissions processes as required by ACPE Standards 2016.