cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isoelectric point of albumin: Effect on renal handling of albumin

Electrical charge is thought to be an important factor in the integrity of the glomerular barrier to filtration of macromolecules [1, 2]. Studies that have explored the integrity of the glomerular barrier to filtration have been done with heterologous tracer or probe proteins and with polysaccharide macromolecules. Advantages to using the polysaccharide macromolecules are: they are readily available; they can be refined to give a defined molecular radius; most importantly, they are neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the tubules. But they are polysaccharides, and not proteins which are the naturally occurring macromolecules. In addition, as pointed out by Rennke and Venkatachalam, molecular conformational changes may facilitate their transit across the glomerulus [3]. Thus, the charge on these polysaccharide macromolecules can be controlled, but not the changes in their structure.
The relationship between psychosocial developmental and the sports climate experienced by underserved youth

Abstract Objectives This study was designed to assess developmental outcomes underserved youth report from their sports participation; identify perceptions of the sports climate their coaches create; and, measure the relationships between participants reported gains and perceptions of the psychosocial sports climate. Method Participants were 239 urban youth sports participants from an underserved community who completed the Youth Experiences Scale (YES-2), Sport Motivational Climate Scale, Caring Climate Scale and measures of the importance their coaches placed on life skills. Results Multivariate analyses revealed a number of significant relationships between YES-2 outcomes and motivation and caring climate predictor variables, which clearly show that the more coaches create caring, mastery-oriented environments, the more likely positive developmental gains result. Conclusion These findings are consistent with the previous motivational ( Smith, Smoll, & Cumming, 2007 ) and caring climate ( Fry & Gano-Overway, 2010 ) research and shows that coaching actions and climates have an important influence on personal and social development of young people.
Involvement of NF Kappa B in Potentiated Effect of Mn-containing Dithiocarbamates on MPP + Induced Cell Death

Humans are exposed to various chemical mixtures daily. The toxic response to a mixture of chemicals could be potentiated or suppressed. This study demonstrates that non-toxic doses of pesticides can induce cellular changes that increase cell sensitivity to other toxins or stress. Pesticide exposure is an environmental risk factor for Parkinson’s disease. Manganese (Mn) is essential but high dose exposure may results in neurological dysfunction. Mn-containing dithiocarbamates, maneb (MB) and mancozeb (MZ), are primarily used as pesticides. Studies have shown that MB can augment dopaminergic damage triggered by sub-toxic doses of Parkinsonian mimetic MPTP. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is not clear. Activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) has been implicated in MPTP toxicity. Mn stimulates the activation of NF-κB and subsequently induces neuronal injury via an NF-κB dependent mechanism. We speculate that MB and MZ enhance MPTP active metabolite (methyl-4-phenylpyridine ion, MPP+) toxicity by activating NF-κB. The activation of NF-κB was observed using Western blot analysis and NF-κB response element driven Luciferase reporter assay. Western blot data demonstrated the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and the degradation of IkBα after MB and MZ 4-h treatments. Results of NF-κB response element luciferase reporter assay confirmed that MB and MZ activated NF-κB. The NF-κB inhibitor (SN50) was also shown to alleviate cytotoxicity induced by co-treatment of MB or MZ and MPP+. This study demonstrates that activation of NF-κB is responsible for the potentiated toxic effect of MB and MZ on MPP+ induced cytotoxicity.
Investigation of upper‐air conditions occurring with heavy summer rain in Utah

Proximity soundings and upper-air fields are analyzed for 25–44 heavy summer rain events in Utah, using the period 1950–1993. Means and standard deviations for 44 and 62 variables are calculated. The emphasis is placed on sample statistics and event/climate differences. A goal of the study is to determine if large-scale, non-terrain effects contribute, on average, to the occurrence of heavy summer rain. Results indicate that the heavy rain event environment tends to be cooler, moister, and more stable than normal in lower portions of the troposphere. Based on examination of composite and individual height maps as well as the statistical results it is concluded that the air mass has been made more favorable for heavy rainfall through identifiable circulation changes. The low to middle level tropospheric flow is backed about 25–35° from normal and lift is enhanced through significantly increased low level convergence and upper level divergence. These indications are consistent with the finding of upstream troughing on the composite maps. It also appears that environmental conditions for heavy summer rain are different in some respects from those for lighter events and those associated with convective downbursts, particularly with respect to amount and depth of moisture inflow and degree of low-level convergence/upper level divergence. © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparison of Indirect Sources of Efficacy Information in Pretesting Messages for Campaigns to Prevent Drunken Driving

Enabling publics to remove the constraints that prevent health enhancement is the focus of much scholarly research and professional practice. This experiment tested the impact of 2 forms of symbolic modeling and verbal persuasion on self-efficacy beliefs and intentions to prevent a friend from driving drunk. Three efficacy-enhancing public service announcements tested participants' beliefs in their confidence to intervene successfully. As predicted, behavioral and verbal modeling engendered greater perceived self-efficacy and behavioral intentions than did verbal persuasion, with behavioral modeling registering the greatest effects. Implications for designing campaigns of self-directed change to prevent drunken driving among college students are discussed, as well as possible directions for research on self-efficacy and the situational theory of publics.
Use of Cefoxitin, New Cephalosporin-Like Antibiotic, in the Treatment of Aerobic and Anaerobic Infections

Forty-two patients were treated with intravenous cefoxitin, a new cephamycin antibiotic. These patients had postoperative abdominal sepsis (26), intrathoracic infections (6), urinary tract infections (5), gram-negative bacterial meningitis (2), septic arthritis (1), epidural abscess (1) and isolated septicemia (1). The antibacterial spectrum of cefoxitin was found to be one which included all gram-positive organisms except enterococci, most gram-negative organisms except Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and almost all of the important anaerobic organisms. The only five treatment failures included one patient with empyema and one with septic arthritis, both caused by Serratia marcescens, initially only moderately susceptible to cefoxitin, which subsequently developed increased resistance, two patients with contaminated intravenous catheters, and one patient with epidural abscess and cerebritis, who was treated late in the course. There was one serious clinical superinfection with P. aeruginosa. The drug levels noted in the pus and joint fluid were half to two-thirds of the simultaneous serum level. In inflamed meninges, up to 30% of the serum level was noted in the cerebrospinal fluid, and as the process resolved, 10 to 15% was noted. Toxicity of cefoxitin was mild and constituted skin rash in three patients (7%) and phlebitis in eight (19%).
Helical tomotherapy for total lymphoid irradiation

Total lymphoid irradiation is employed in the preparative regimens for allogeneic bone marrow and solid organ transplantation, solid organ transplant rejection, and chronic graft-versus-host disease. Linear accelerator-based radiotherapy, typically involving opposed anteroposterior and posteroanterior beams, has been commonly used; however, extended source-to-skin patient setup and/or field matching are required, and all organs within the beam coverage receive the entire prescribed dose. Megavoltage helical tomotherapy represents a technological advance in terms of both treatment delivery and patient positioning. The continuously rotating multileaf collimated fan beam allows highly conformal coverage of complex target geometries, in turn allowing avoidance of radiosensitive adjacent organs. In addition, the megavoltage computed tomographic scans allow potentially more accurate, targetbased setup verification. The present case report describes tomotherapy-based total lymphoid irradiation in an adult patient with late-onset cardiac transplant rejection. Treatment planning allowed dose minimization to the spinal cord, kidneys, intestinal compartment, and lungs. The patient tolerated treatment well without acute adverse effects, and he is now in early follow-up.
Congestion and Price Prediction Under Load Variation

In market-based planning and operation, it is very useful to have the information of generation dispatch, congestion, and price as load increases. Therefore, it is beneficial to system planners if the congestion or locational marginal pricing (LMP) versus load is readily available. This can certainly be obtained by repetitively running an optimization model at different load levels. However, this approach is too brute-force to be practical. In this paper, an efficient algorithm is proposed to identify the new binding constraint and the new marginal unit set when the system load increases from the present load level. It addresses the challenge of step changes in generation dispatch when a generation or transmission limit becomes binding. The algorithm also gives the new sensitivity of the new marginal units. Therefore, the generation dispatch, congested lines, and LMP at a new critical load level (CLL) can be easily calculated. Test results are presented in matrix formulation to clearly demonstrate and verify the proposed algorithm. Since the proposed approach is based on linearized model, it should be particularly suitable for short-term planning or operation, although application to long-term planning is also possible.
Tall and Hard Fescue Responses to Periodic Soil Water Deficits

Tall (Festtica arundinacea Schreb.) and hard (Festuca ovina var. longifolia (L.) Koch) fescues are widely sown to stabilize disturbed soils in the cool-humid and transition climatic zones of the USA. Our objectives were to : a) quantify changes in the allocation of dry matter and growth of tall and hard fescue, forced to grow on stored soil water in sandy soil ; and b) compare dry matter allocation over time between roots and shoots to evaluate the dynamics of root-associated drought avoidance mechanisms. A randomized complete block experiment with four replications and two factors (species and stress level) was conducted in a greenhouse. The main blocks consisted of two fescue species : tall fescue and hard fescue ; sub-blocks contained stress levels : well-watered and stressed. Low, medium and severe stresses were imposed by withholding water in one set of pots. The types of fescue species grown significantly affected leaf area (LA), plant height (PH), water use (WU), root length (RL), longest root (LR), root area (RA), shoot (SDB) and root dry biomass (RDB), and root :shoot ratio (R/S). Stress level affected PH, WU, LR and RL at low stress ; WU, LR and RA at medium stress ; LA, PH, SDB, WU, RL, LR, RA and R/S at severe stress. Tall fescue had greater LA, PH, WU, RA, RL, LR, SDB, RDB and R/S than hard fescue under all treatments. Stress reduced LA, PH, SDB, WU, RA, RL, LR and R/S. Significant correlations were obtained for LA with RL, WU, LR, PH, RA, SDB, RDB ; RL with WU, LR, PH, RA, SDB, RDB ; WU with LR, PH, RA, SDB, RDB ; LR with PH, RA, SDB, RDB ; PH with RA, SDB, RDB ; RA with SDB, RDB ; and SDB with RDB. In conclusion, hard fescue had a shallower root system, shorter plant canopy, slower growth, and transpired less water to make it more drought tolerant. Tall fescue, with a deeper root system, longer plant canopy, faster growth, and greater water transpiration, is less drought tolerant at medium and severe stresses. Root attributes strongly correlated with shoot attributes and can be considered for breeding programs promoting drought tolerance.
Nonuniformly Expanding 1D Maps

This paper attempts to make accessible a body of ideas surrounding the following result: Typical families of (possibly multi-model) 1-dimensional maps passing through ``Misiurewicz points'' have invariant densities for positive measure sets of parameters.
SECONDARY REACTIONS IN ELECTRON-POSITRON (ELECTRON) COLLISIONS*

Secondary photon, electron and positron beams are produced in colliding lepton-lepton rings. They induce inelastic electron Compton scattering and electron-photon scattering processes via photon-photon annihilation; likewise hard-photon bremsstrahlung belongs to this class of reactions. We study in detail the cross sections of these processes for high energy lepton beams and discuss their physical significance.
Modeling Response of Flexible High-Aspect-Ratio Wings to Wind Turbulence

Analytical modeling of the effect of wind turbulence on flexible high-aspect-ratio aircraft wings typical of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs). The wind model is derived from the Kolmogorov power-law spectrum random field turbulence model invoking the Taylor “frozen-field” hypothesis. The aerodynamic model is based on the typical-section compressible attached-flow with Kutta–Joukowski boundary conditions. The gust loading—both lift and moment—is calculated explicitly for M=0 and M=1 as typical of subsonic and transonic flow. The gust loading intensity is shown to decrease as the speed increases, so that the turbulence effects are not significant at transonic speeds. To calculate the wing response we use the continuum two degree-of-freedom cantilever beam model of Goland and derive explicit expressions of the spectral density of both the plunge (bending) and pitch (torsion) response for M=0 . Numerical results are presented for two illustrative wings. Most of the turbulence energy is in the 0–10H range. Since f...
The influence of topology changes on inter-area oscillation modes and mode shapes

The topology of a power grid network is a piece of critical information for power grid operations. Different power grid topologies can change grid characteristics, inter-area oscillation modes, mode shapes, and even the robustness of the power system. This paper presents some preliminary study results, based on an approved WECC operating case and a modified low damping WECC system, to show the impact of topology changes resulting from N-1 contingencies on power system modes and mode shapes. The results show that topology changes can have very different impact on modal properties in a power system: some result in an unstable situation, while others can improve small signal stability. For the former, the studies show about a 4.5% damping reduction, so a 5% damping margin would be required to ensure the system can sustain the contingencies. For the latter, those topology changes could be used as a control method to improve small signal stability. Mode shapes normally do not change when there is an N-1 topology change. These observations suggest that the inclusion of topological information is useful for improving the accuracy and effectiveness of power system control schemes.
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY HISTIDINE LEVEL ON THE CARNOSINE CONCENTRATION OF RAT OLFACTORY BULBS

Young adult male rats were fed purified diets supplying the maintenance level of the essential amino acids or the same diet devoid of histidine. Animals were sacrificed after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks on these diets and olfactory bulbs, whole brains and breast muscle removed for analysis of free histidine and histidinecontaining dipeptides. There was an immediate and sharp drop in the level of carnosine in the olfactory bulb of rats on the histidine-free diet. By 8 weeks only very small amounts of this dipeptide remained. The carnosine concentration in the olfactory bulbs of the rats receiving the maintenance level of histidine also decreased in comparison with the level maintained on the stock diet; this is believed to reflect the much reduced amount of histidine in the former as compared to the latter diet. Homocarnosine disappeared completely from whole brains of rats within 2 weeks on the histidine-free diet. Muscle carnosine decreased in both absolute terms and relative to the controls. Anserine was lower relative to the controls, but actually increased in absolute value. Histidine deficiency may be used to study the role of carnosine in olfactory function.
Renal excretion and tubular reabsorption of salt in Cushing's syndrome after intravenous administration of hypertonic sodium chloride.

OF THE two mechanisms by which the kidneys regulate the excretion of salt,1 glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption, changes in the former have been shown to be of importance in the pathogenesis of edema observed in certain patients with congestive heart failure. In such patients, Merrill (1) has shown that markedly reduced glomerular filtration contributes to the abnormal retention of injected sodium chloride observed by Futcher and Schroeder (2). Despite the fact that the rate of glomerular filtration is frequently reduced also in patients with Addison's disease (3), such patients lose salt in the urine to an abnormally great degree. On the basis of this and other evidence, it seems likely that deficiency of adrenal hormones results in a diminished capacity of the renal tubular cells to reabsorb salt. The reverse effect (increased capacity) has not been demonstrated to occur in that form of adrenal hyperfunction which results in Cushing's syndrome. Indeed, Soffer et al. (4) have observed that whe...
Informal workplace communication: what is it like and how might we support it?

We present new findings about the nature of informat communications, derived from a naturalistic study of people’s everyday working activities. We identify why such interactions are so common, and valuable and how they are achieved in the workplace. We also address weaknesses in current systems that support such interactions remotely and identify further requirements for better support. We also discuss the implications of this work for conversational theories.
Effects of granulation-tissue-conditioned medium on the growth of human keratinocytes in-vitro

Human keratinocyte cultures were seeded and grown for 24 hours in the presence of medium conditioned by exposure to granulation tissue and to normal tissue. The effects on cell proliferation were investigated by measurement of [3H]thymidine incorporation into cellular DNA. Keratinocyte growth was found to be markedly inhibited in the presence of granulation-tissue-conditioned medium (p much less than 0.05). Possible factors responsible for the inhibition have been investigated and the observations suggest that fibrin, or products derived from fibrin/fibrinogen may play a role in the suppression of cell growth.
Effect of Purine Nucleoside Phosphates on OH-Radical Generation by Reaction of Fe2+ With Oxygen

The influence of various purine nucleotides, nucleosides and nucleoside phosphates on the generation of OH-radicals by the reaction of Fe2+ with oxygen was investigated. Coumarin-3-carboxylic acid was used as a fluorescent detector of OH.. Nucleoside triphosphates caused the enhancement of OH. production due to chelation of ferrous ion by the phosphate moiety. About 30% of produced OH. are intramolecularly scavenged by the nucleoside moiety of the chelator molecule. Nucleoside diphosphates cause a slight enhancement of OH. yield. Nucleotides, nucleosides and nucleoside monophosphates decrease the OH. production. Rate constants of reaction between OH. and nucleoside derivatives were determined from the competitive scavenging of OH radicals, produced by oxidation of Fe(2+)-EDTA complex. Derivatives of guanosine and xanthine are more efficient scavengers in comparison to adenine and inosine. Phosphate groups do not affect the constant of reaction of nucleoside with OH.. Our results suggest that the yield of OH. in the presence of the nucleotide derivatives is determined by chelation of ferrous with polyphosphates and preferential OH. scavenging by the organic portion of molecule. We propose that the generation of active oxygen intermediates in the reaction between nucleoside triphosphate complexes of iron and molecular oxygen is involved in iron-related cellular injury.
Endophilin Is Required for Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis by Localizing Synaptojanin

Endophilin is a membrane-associated protein required for endocytosis of synaptic vesicles. Two models have been proposed for endophilin: that it alters lipid composition in order to shape membranes during endocytosis, or that it binds the polyphosphoinositide phosphatase synaptojanin and recruits this phosphatase to membranes. In this study, we demonstrate that the unc-57 gene encodes the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of endophilin A. We demonstrate that endophilin is required in C. elegans for synaptic vesicle recycling. Furthermore, the defects observed in endophilin mutants closely resemble those observed in synaptojanin mutants. The electrophysiological phenotype of endophilin and synaptojanin double mutants are virtually identical to the single mutants, demonstrating that endophilin and synaptojanin function in the same pathway. Finally, endophilin is required to stabilize expression of synaptojanin at the synapse. These data suggest that endophilin is an adaptor protein required to localize and stabilize synaptojanin at membranes during synaptic vesicle recycling.
The Model Human Processor and the older adult: Parameter estimation and validation within a mobile phone task

The authors estimate weighted mean values for nine information processing parameters for older adults using the Card, Moran, and Newell (1983) Model Human Processor model. The authors validate a subset of these parameters by modeling two mobile phone tasks using two different phones and comparing model predictions to a sample of younger (N 20; Mage 20) and older (N 20; Mage 69) adults. Older adult models fit keystroke-level performance at the aggregate grain of analysis extremely well (R 0.99) and produced equivalent fits to previously validated younger adult models. Critical path analyses highlighted points of poor design as a function of cognitive workload, hardware/software design, and user characteristics. The findings demonstrate that estimated older adult information processing parameters are valid for modeling purposes, can help designers understand age-related performance using existing interfaces, and may support the development of age-sensitive technologies.
Impact Study: MK-0646 (Dalotuzumab), Insulin Growth Factor 1 Receptor Antibody Combined with Pemetrexed and Cisplatin in Stage IV Metastatic Non-squamous Lung Cancer.

Background: Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) regulates cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis. Adenocarcinoma and never-smokers have a higher expression of IGF-1R, which is associated with worse overall survival. Dalotuzumab-MK0646 (D) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets IGF-1R. Pemetrexed (P) has higher activity in non-squamous lung cancer (NSQL). We initiated a randomized phase II trial to test the combination of P and Cisplatin (C) +/- D in NSQL. Methods: Eligibility criteria: untreated NSQL stage IIIB or IV, ECOG 0 or 1, measurable disease, adequate renal, hepatic and hematologic function, and no other intercurrent illness. P at 500mg/m2 and C at 75mg/m2 IV were given every 3 weeks. D was given at 10mg/kg IV weekly on days 1, 8 and 15 of every 3-week cycle in the experimental group. The patients had a radiographic assessment after every 2 cycles and were treated for a maximum of 6 cycles if there was a response or stable disease. The primary objective of the study was to compare the clinical response rates of PC vs PC+D. Results: From 1/2009 to 2/2011, the study accrued 26 subjects: 16 male and 10 female, with a median age of 59; 14 were treated with PC and 12 were treated with PC+D. We observed 2 partial responses (PR), 7 stable disease (SD), 3 progressive disease (PD), and 2 were not evaluable (NE) in the PC arm. In comparison, for the PC+D arm there were: 3 PR, 4 SD, 4 PD and 1 NE. The hematologic toxicity was similar in both groups. There higher incidence of hyperglycemia the experimental group; 4 cases with grade 3 and 1 case with grade 4. Conclusion: PC+D had a similar response rate compared to PC, with a higher rate of hyperglycemia. Identification of responders using predictive markers would be key to continuing the study of D in NSQL.
Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics of Olefin Metathesis by Supported ReOx/Al2O3 Catalysts

The self-metathesis of propylene by heterogeneous supported ReOx/Al2O3 catalysts was investigated with in situ Raman spectroscopy, isotopic switch (D–C3= → H–C3=), temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) spectroscopy, and steady-state kinetic studies. The in situ Raman studies showed that two distinct surface ReO4 sites are present on alumina and that the olefins preferentially interact with surface ReO4 sites anchored at acidic surface sites of alumina (olefin adsorption: C4= > C3= > C2=). The isotopic switch experiments demonstrate that surface Re*═CH3 and Re*═CHCH3 are present during propylene metathesis, with Re* representing activated surface rhenia sites. At low temperatures ( 100 °C), the rate-determining step is the recombination of two surface propylene molecules (rate ≈ [C3=]2[Re*]). To a lesser extent, the recombination of surface Re*═CH3 and Re*═CHCH3 i...
Reactions of Monkeys to Experimental Respiratory Infections.II. Response to Streptococcus hemolyticus Group C

SummaryThe response of monkeys to primary intranasal inoculation with Streptococcus hemolyticus, Group C, was characterized chiefly by a prompt but fleeting polymorphonuclear leucocytosis with occasional minor recurrent granulocytic elevations, followed by a transitory anemia. The opsonocytophagic index, antistreptolysin and precipitin titers were not significantly affected. Clinical manifestations of disease were mild but definite, and it is concluded that the cellular reaction, aided, if at all, only in slight degree by humoral factors, was the principal demonstrable defensive mechanism which these monkeys mobilized in successfully opposing the initial invasion by streptococci via the respiratory tract.
Detia Ex-B® for Phosphine Fumigation in Sacked Milled Rice

A powdered formulation of aluminum phosphide (Detia Ex-B®) in paper packets that each released 11 g of phosphine gas was tested against adult confused flour beetles, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal, and immature rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), in 3 stacks of bagged milled rice covered with 6-mil polyethylene film. Complete mortality of all confused flour beetles in all stacks was observed after a 7-day exposure. Complete mortality of immature rice weevils after a similar exposure occurred in only 1 stack. Survival of the rice weevils was related to the maximum concentrations of gas produced in each stack and to the age of the weevils when fumigated. When gas concentrations in each stack were measured with Auer® indicator tubes and by a GLC method, the indicator tubes appeared to yield data as reliable as the chromatographic method. Variations introduced by sampling procedures and by handling or transporting samples to the chromatograph apparently negated the greater inherent accuracy of the GLC method.
Synthesis and characterization of heterobimetallic complexes with direct Cu-M bonds (M = Cr, Mn, Co, Mo, Ru, W) supported by N-heterocyclic carbene ligands: a toolkit for catalytic reaction discovery.

Building upon the precedent of catalytically active (NHC)Cu–FeCp(CO)2 complexes, a series of (NHC)Cu–[M] complexes were synthesized via the addition of Na+[M]− reagents to (NHC)CuCl synthons. The different [M]− anions used span a range of 7 × 107 relative nucleophilicity units, allowing for controlled variation of nucleophile/electrophile pairing in the heterobimetallic species. Direct Cu–M bonds (M = Cr, Mn, Co, Mo, Ru, W) formed readily when the bulky IPr carbene was used as a support. Crystallographic characterization and computational examination of these complexes was conducted. For the smaller IMes carbene, structural isomerism was observed when using the weakest [M]− nucleophiles, with (IMes)Cu–[M] and {(IMes)2Cu}{Cu[M]2} isomers being observed in equilibrium. Collectively, the series of complexes provides a toolbox for catalytic reaction discovery with precise control of structure–function relationships.
The “Egalitarian Myth,” Once Again

In the winter of 1978 Social Science History published a short note by me (Gallman, 1978) that questioned certain features of Professor Edward Pessen's critique of the egalitarian hypothesis. In the winter of 1979 Professor Pessen (1979) responded to me, at great length. The editors have kindly offered me the opportunity to reply. The space limitations they have imposed upon the debate do not permit me to comment on each issue raised by Professor Pessen, nor do I think that that is necessary. I plan only to repeat the main points of my orginal note and to indicate how far I think Professor Pessen's paper has affected them. As will appear, I believe my note has survived Professor Pessen's critique well, and has gained strength from research done since it was written.
Extensile posterior approach to the ankle with detachment of the achilles tendon for oncologic indications.

Background: We describe an extensile posterior approach to the ankle with detachment of the Achilles tendon for resection of extensive tumors involving the posterior ankle. To the best of our knowledge, this approach and its results have not been reported for oncologic indications. Methods: The surgical technique involved detachment of the Achilles tendon, tumor resection and reconstruction of the Achilles tendon with anchor sutures, and was used in six patients. The diagnosis was pigmented villonodular synovitis (5) and chondroblastoma (1). Results: At a mean of 6 (range, 2 to 10) years followup, all patients were free from tumor. All patients could walk an unlimited amount without any support. There were no problems with Achilles incompetence. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was 97 ± 4.2% (range, 90 to 100) and the mean Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score was 95 ± 5.7 (range, 87 to 100). One patient with screwed suture anchors had backing out of two anchors along with deep infection, requir...
Building the World That Kills Us The Politics of Lead, Science, and Polluted Homes, 1970 to 2000

One of the most troubling urban health issues is childhood poisoning caused by lead, the widespread environmental toxin. It is in old plumbing fixtures, solder, paint and other building materials in huge quantities. Despite decades of improvements in blood lead levels among America’s children, the continuing presence of lead on the walls of the nation’s older houses and the known neurological effects of low-level exposures presents a classic problem: in light of the enormous costs of detoxifying the nation’s housing, should society remove this toxin in order to prevent future impacts on IQ, attention deficits disorders, and possibly criminal behavior, or do we remove some of the most pernicious sources, such as window sashes and chipped paint to reduce, not eliminate, the risk to children? Throughout the 1970s and 1980s this issue emerged among public health advocates, HUD officials and housing reformers, and community organizers and activists. Who should bear the responsibility for polluted housing: Indu...
Improving the recovery of principal components with semi-deterministic random projections

Random projection is a technique which was first used for data compression, by using a matrix with random variables to map a high dimensional vector to a lower dimensional one. The lower dimensional vector preserves certain properties of the higher dimensional vector, up to a certain degree of accuracy. However, random projections can also be used for matrix decompositions and factorizations, described in [1]. We propose a new structure of random projections, and apply this to the method of recovering principal components, building upon the work of Anaraki and Hughes [2]. Our extension results in a better accuracy in recovering principal components, as well as a substantial saving in storage space. Experiments have been conducted on both artificial data and on the MNIST dataset to demonstrate our results.
Redesign of home textile material

The meaning and extension of material redesign,necessity of material redesign,repressntation ways of material redesign were discussed,the thoughts and ways helpful to widen design thinking of home textiles designers were presented and the new design idea was drawn, the development of material innovative technology was also promoted.
ID: 49: STUDY OF MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION OF CEFAZOLIN FOR METHICILLIN SENSITIVE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND CORRELATION WITH OXACILLIN SUSCEPTIBILITY

Background Cefazolin, a first generation cephalosporin, has been used for the treatment of Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infections since the 1970s. There have now been reported cases of failed therapy with cefazolin. High-level β-lactamase producing strains of S. aureus can inactivate the susceptible β-lactam (cefazolin) at a rate high enough to overcome its antibacterial effect. These strains typically have a high Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for cefazolin when a large inoculum is used. About 20% of MSSA isolates have been shown to have a substantial inoculum effect suggesting that cefazolin treatment might be associated with clinical failure in serious MSSA infections. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for cefazolin is not provided on all standard sensitivity panels and susceptibility is extrapolated from the report on oxacillin. The goal of this study was to analyze the MIC of cefazolin for MSSA isolates to determine the correlation of cefazolin susceptibility and in vitro susceptibility of oxacillin. We also evaluated the MIC of alternative antibiotics as part of this study for use in patients that might be allergic to penicillin. Method Thirty two isolates of MSSA were randomly selected from repositories of isolates at Memorial Medical Center hospital9s microbiology department from 2015. The isolates were from patients with a wide variety of diagnoses, including bacteremia, osteomyelitis and wound infections. S. aureus ATCC 29213 was used as controls. MICs were determined by a Kirby Bauer method for cefazolin and Epsilometer test for other antibiotics that were studied. Inocula were standardized using optical density measurements, with determinations of CFU/ml to determine the inoculum concentrations. IN addition to cefazolin, we obtained the MIC for daptomycin, oxacillin, ceftaroline and telavancin as well. Results Of the thirty two MSSA isolates tested, 100% were susceptible to cefazolin. The mean zone of inhibition (ZOI) was 29.18 with standard deviation of 3.67 for cefazolin (29–35 mm ZOI with ATCC strains of MSSA) . All the isolates were susceptible to Oxacillin with mean MIC of 0.7735 with standard deviation of 0.30. Daptomycin, ceftaroline and telavancin were 100% susceptible with mean MIC of 0.27, 0.25, and 0.07, respectively. All isolates were studied for the alternate antibiotics and no resistance was noted. Conclusion The MIC of cefazolin for MSSA determined by in vitro susceptibility to oxacillin was entirely in the susceptible range with 100% correlation. Daptomycin, ceftaroline and telavancin are suitable alternative antibiotics for treatment of patients with infections due to MSSA in whom anti-staphylococcal penicillins cannot be used due to penicillin allergic, intolerance, and/or non-availability since there is not much resistance to these antibiotics in MSSA.
Quality of beef stew in a hospital chill food-service system

Under actual operating conditions, critical stages for controlling the quality of beef stew were identified.
Measuring the Climate for Immigrants: A State-by-State Analysis

The phenomenon of subfederal immigration regulation, in which state and local governments enact laws regulating immigrants within their jurisdictions, has proven its staying power. Based on five years of empirical data (2005-2009), we observe that states have created widely divergent climates for immigrants with subfederal regulations. To measure climates, we construct an Immigrants' Climate Index (ICI) for each state based on state, city, and county government laws enacted in that jurisdiction. This index accounts for both negative laws (such as those that direct subfederal police to enforce federal immigration laws or limit access to employment based on immigration status) and positive laws (such as those that provide special benefits for immigrants or explicitly do not limit benefits based on immigration status).Based on these index scores, we note that states with faster growing unauthorized populations tend to enact more restrictive subfederal laws, creating negative climates for immigrants. Furthermore, states with larger unauthorized populations are more active in enacting immigration laws but interestingly, some of these states choose to create a positive climate for immigrants, while others choose to create a negative climate. Specifically, Arizona, Missouri and Virginia have the most restrictive immigration regulations while Illinois and California have the least restrictive.
Reliability of High-Voltage Molding Compounds: Particle Size, Curing Time, Sample Thickness, and Voltage Impact on Polarization

Reliability of dielectric composite materials (DCMs) is a multifaceted problem. Both high voltage and dimensional miniaturization decrease the path length for charge dissipation in the DCMs. This results in short life due to charge entrapment and uncontrolled release. The source of trapped charges in the DCM arises due to the intrinsic interfacial polarization in the filled system. From the compound perspective, at least four interacting variables are involved in determining relative reliability of DCMs: filler size, curing time, thickness, and polarization voltage magnitude. Experimental and data analysis of all four variables, with uncertainty propagated for each factor, is paramount to understanding behavior of each property and its interactions, shaping DCMs characteristics. Combining views from The Design of Experiments (Fisher, 1935), modern statistics (Hand, 2008), and analytical computer software (NIST Dataplot 2015) yields a free graphic user interface tool to optimize the design of compound mixtures to minimize the polarization for increased reliability.
A deformation mechanism based crystal plasticity model of ultrafine-grained/nanocrystalline FCC polycrystals

Abstract A new crystal plasticity model based on the deformation mechanism for ultrafine-grained/nanocrystalline face-centered cubic (FCC) metals was developed. The deformation mechanism was that dislocations glide from grain boundary to grain boundary (GB). Constitutive equations on the slip system level were developed based on dislocation glide and all stages of dislocation activities were considered especially their interactions with GB. An Arrhenius type rate equation was established based on the thermally activated depinning of dislocations from GB obstacles. The new constitutive equations were incorporated into a 3D crystal plasticity formulation, and this crystal plasticity model was implemented into a UMAT subroutine of the ABAQUS finite element program. The uniaxial deformation responses of the two ufg/nc materials were simulated. Crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) simulations gave flow stress predictions that were very close to the experimental results. The dislocation mechanism-based crystal plasticity UMAT is ready to be used for more advanced simulation studies.
Tokamak Transmutation Facility Studies

Studies are presented of a subcritical reactor, driven by a tokamak fusion neutron source, for transmutation of actinides and fission products in spent nuclear fuel. Required characteristics of the...
Concept-Based Curriculum Design and Practice in the United States

The US educational landscape is changing as societal demands and new definitions of what it means to be an educated citizen require students to be prepared to live in a world they have yet to envision. For many US schools, there is a focus on twenty-first century skills and a documented need to better prepare students for college and career readiness and for work in a global society. Outcomes such as the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) have been created in an effort to emphasise international competitiveness. Fast-paced technological advances and access to immense amounts of information open the world to students in ways that were not previously possible. Our new generation of students is computer literate before formal schooling begins and many have already amassed more information than others of their same age from previous generations.
Religion and Science

The intersection of religion and sciences has been both more complex and less conflictive than frequently is depicted by those who cite the trial of Galileo, the dispute over the theological implications of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, and the Scopes Trial as evidence of the historical incompatibility of religious beliefs and scientific endeavor. This article first examines the historiography of religion and sciences, then describes the history of relations between religion and sciences in the Western tradition from the fifth century BC to the end of the twentieth century with special reference to Christianity. It surveys Greece and Rome, late antiquity and the Middle Ages, the Copernican Revolution and Galileo, the mechanical philosophy and natural theology, geology and Darwinian evolution, and twentieth-century physics and cosmology.
Hypercalcemia and the kidney.

Infrequently, the kidney may be involved in the etiology of hypercalcemia as might occur in diuretic-induced hypercalcemia (1) or the hypercalcemia of adrenal insufficiency (2), in which hypocalciuria and sodium and water diuresis may play a role. In these circumstances, the kidney may be considered the culprit in hypercalcemia. More often, however, the kidney is the victim of hypercalcemia suffering a number of derangements in hemodynamics and tubular function. The focus of this review shall be on the derangements in the structure and function of the kidney in hypercalcemic states. The spectrum of disorders of renal function and structure in hypercalcemia is summarized in Table 1. It is evident that a wide-range of renal derangements is observed in hypercalcemia. Consequently, only a few of these derangements will be the subject of a more detailed discussion.
Homogeneous Functionalization of Methane

One of the remaining “grand challenges” in chemistry is the development of a next generation, less expensive, cleaner process that can allow the vast reserves of methane from natural gas to augment or replace oil as the source of fuels and chemicals. Homogeneous (gas/liquid) systems that convert methane to functionalized products with emphasis on reports after 1995 are reviewed. Gas/solid, bioinorganic, biological, and reaction systems that do not specifically involve methane functionalization are excluded. The various reports are grouped under the main element involved in the direct reactions with methane. Central to the review is classification of the various reports into 12 categories based on both practical considerations and the mechanisms of the elementary reactions with methane. Practical considerations are based on whether or not the system reported can directly or indirectly utilize O2 as the only net coreactant based only on thermodynamic potentials. Mechanistic classifications are based on whet...
Mysterious Hyperglycemia: Disease Versus Device.

A 77-year-old Latina woman was referred to our center for a second opinion regarding poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, with the specific question of an underlying neuroendocrine neoplasm as a possible secondary cause. Diabetes had been diagnosed >30 years earlier, and the patient was initially treated with oral agents alone for several years but had been using insulin injections for as long as she could remember. There was no history of diabetic ketoacidosis or other hyperglycemic emergency and no known history of definitive diabetes microvascular or macrovascular complications. Most recently, her regimen consisted of the combination of saxagliptin and metformin 2.5/1,000 mg twice daily, glargine 50 units at bedtime, and lispro 28 units three times daily before meals. The patient usually self-administered her insulin, although, at times, her son administered it when she visited his home to share a meal. For many years, her A1C had hovered in the low 7% range. Approximately 2 years before our evaluation, the patient noted a relatively abrupt increase in her blood glucose levels, as determined by fingerstick glucose monitoring and as corroborated by an increasing A1C into the 9–10% range. The patient had recently been under the care of an endocrinologist in another city who had added the oral agents to her insulin regimen and aggressively increased her insulin doses, seemingly to no avail. In the 1–2 months before her visit with us, her capillary blood glucose levels, checked four times daily, had been consistently >200 mg/dL, with frequent excursions to >300 mg/dL. The patient had had no recent hypoglycemia, although occasionally she noted improved glucose control for 1–2 days that was unexplained. The patient and her family were becoming increasingly frustrated by her seeming inability to achieve the quality of glycemic control to which she had become accustomed earlier in the course …
Effect of Long Term Colonization on Attractancy of Females to Wild Males: Heliothis virescens and Heliothis Hybrid Backcross (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The sexual attractancy of female Heliothis virescens (F.) which had been cultured in the laboratory for 40 generations and of hybrid and backcross females (H. subflexa ♀ X H. virescens ♂) was determined and compared with the attractancy of wild female H. virescens. In field tests, females reared (< 1 generation) from field-collected larvae were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) less attractive to wild males than were females reared in the laboratory for 40 generations (HVL-40), but the attractancy of females reared in the laboratory for 1 or 41 generations did not differ significantly. The attractancy of H. virescens females from generations 40, 41 and BC females from generations 41, 42 or 179, 180 did not differ significantly in any of five tests, except in test three, where more wild males were attracted by HVL-40 than by BC-41 females. Continuous backcrossing of the female hybrid (180 generations) did not affect the attractivity of the female to the wild males. The attractancy of lab-reared H. virescens (except...
Respiration estimation and apnea detection using fuzzy logic

This paper presents a fuzzy logic-based respiration monitoring algorithm that is capable of providing accurate respiration rate and detecting apnea episodes. The proposed algorithm employs several signal processing techniques to extract useful features that signify different respiratory behaviors. We implement a fuzzy logic-based system that examines the extracted respiratory signal features and categorizes the respiratory signals into respiration, body motion, and apnea. The performance of the underlying algorithm is validated using both the MIT physiology database and in-house respiration measurements.