cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene expression in histologically normal epithelium from breast cancer patients and from cancer-free prophylactic mastectomy patients shares a similar profile

We hypothesised that gene expression in histologically normal (HN) epithelium (NlEpi) would differ between breast cancer patients and usual-risk controls undergoing reduction mammoplasty (RM), and that gene expression in NlEpi from cancer-free prophylactic mastectomy (PM) samples from high-risk women would resemble HN gene expression. We analysed gene expression in 73 NlEpi samples microdissected from frozen tissue. In 42 samples, we used microarrays to compare gene expression between 18 RM patients and 18 age-matched HN (9 oestrogen receptor (ER)+, 9 ER−) and 6 PM patients. Data were analysed using a Bayesian approach (BADGE), and validated with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in 31 independent NlEpi samples from 8 RM, 17 HN, and 6 PM patients. A total of 98 probe sets (86 genes) were differentially expressed between RM and HN samples. Performing hierarchical analysis with these 98 probe sets, PM and HN samples clustered together, away from RM samples. qPCR validation of independent samples was high (84%) and uniform in RM compared with HN patients, and lower (58%), but more heterogeneous, in RM compared with PM patients. The 86 genes were implicated in many processes including transcription and the MAPK pathway. Gene expression differs between the NlEpi of breast cancer cases and controls. The profile of cancer cases can be discerned in high-risk NlEpi from cancer-free breasts. This suggests that the profile is not an effect of the tumour, but may mark increased risk and reveal the earliest genomic changes of breast cancer.
Inhibition of random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) by plant polysaccharides

A survey of the inhibition of the amplification of spinach DNA by various plant polysaccharides revealed that neutral polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, dextran, gum guar, gum locust bean, inulin, mannan, and starch) were not inhibitory. In contrast, the acidic polysaccharides (carrageenan, dextran sulfate, gum ghatti, gum karaya, pectin, and xylan)were inhibitory. In the process of preparing random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), the loss of large DNA bands appears to be an indicator that the fingerprint pattern has been affected by polysaccharides. The addition of various concentrations of Tween 20, DMSO, or PEG 400 to the PCR reaction mixture resulted in partial restoration of amplification of RAPDs for the acidic polysaccharides. The most effective way to eliminate the effects of polysaccharide inhibition was by diluting the DNA extracts, and thereby diluting the polysaccharide inhibitors.
Prognostication and Management of Non-Healable Wounds and Wounds at the End of Life

Non-healable wounds and those wounds in patients with advanced illness can be challenging to treat. Prognostication is important for frank conversations with patients and caregivers. This article provides current evidence of accurate prognostication for those patients living with pressure ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and neuropathic foot ulcers. Treatment strategies address psychosocial stressors, wound-associated pain, odor and drainage management, and infection prevention. This update aims to provide the best evidence, where available, to guide the clinician in prognostication and management of non-healable wounds and wounds at the end of life.
Production, purification, and characterization of rat pro-CCK from serum-free adapted Drosophila cells.

Abstract The precursor of cholecystokinin (pro-CCK) was expressed and purified from media of stably transfected D.Mel-2 cell as an V5-His tagged fusion protein. Its identity was confirmed using SDS–PAGE, immunoblotting, gel filtration chromatography, HPLC, and Mass Spectroscopy. Two major forms of pro-CCK were found with a molecular weight of about 14.4 and 11.3 kDa. The smaller form represents the V5-His tagged pro-CCK after cleavage at a single arginine residue at CCK-58. This cleavage is probably being performed by endogenous proteases in these cells. Purification of the desired larger form of pro-CCK is possible using a nickel column with a recovery of about 20%, yielding 500 μg/L media. The purified protein is stable for several months and can be used for further functional studies of pro-CCK.
Adoption of crop versus revenue insurance: a farm‐level analysis

This research examines factors influencing the adoption of crop and revenue insurance. This is accomplished by estimating a multinomial logit model of insurance choices facing U.S. farmers. Results indicate significant differences in the probabilities of adoption of each insurance plan. The levels of selected explanatory variables, such as operator’s education level, debt‐to‐asset ratio, off‐farm income, soil productivity, participation in production and marketing contracts, and type of farm ownership, appear to be the determinants of the probability of having adopted each insurance plan.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cancer Cells Due to Aberrant Mitochondrial Replication

Warburg effect is a hallmark of cancer manifested by continuous prevalence of glycolysis and dysregulation of oxidative metabolism. Glycolysis provides survival advantage to cancer cells. To investigate molecular mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect, we first compared oxygen consumption among hFOB osteoblasts, benign osteosarcoma cells, Saos2, and aggressive osteosarcoma cells, 143B. We demonstrate that, as both proliferation and invasiveness increase in osteosarcoma, cells utilize significantly less oxygen. We proceeded to evaluate mitochondrial morphology and function. Electron microscopy showed that in 143B cells, mitochondria are enlarged and increase in number. Quantitative PCR revealed an increase in mtDNA in 143B cells when compared with hFOB and Saos2 cells. Gene expression studies showed that mitochondrial single-strand DNA-binding protein (mtSSB), a key catalyst of mitochondrial replication, was significantly up-regulated in 143B cells. In addition, increased levels of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes were accompanied by significant reduction of their activities. These changes indicate hyperactive mitochondrial replication in 143B cells. Forced overexpression of mtSSB in Saos2 cells caused an increase in mtDNA and a decrease in oxygen consumption. In contrast, knockdown of mtSSB in 143B cells was accompanied by a decrease in mtDNA, increase in oxygen consumption, and retardation of cell growth in vitro and in vivo. In summary, we have found that mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells correlates with abnormally increased mitochondrial replication, which according to our gain- and loss-of-function experiments, may be due to overexpression of mtSSB. Our study provides insight into mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer and may offer potential therapeutic targets.
Combined effect of substrate concentration and flow velocity on effective diffusivity in biofilms

Abstract We have evaluated the influence of glucose concentration and flow velocity at which biofilms were grown on the distribution of effective diffusivity in biofilms consisting of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens , and Klebsiella pneumoniae . From the local diffusivity profiles, measured by a novel microelectrode, the surface averaged relative effective diffusivities ( D s ) were calculated at different depths in the biofilms. The D s decreased toward the bottom of the biofilms and the D s profiles were affected by growth conditions. The D s was higher in biofilms grown at high glucose concentrations and at low flow velocities; and it was influenced by the glucose concentration to a much larger extent than by the flow velocity.
Other viral bioweapons: Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever.

The term viral hemorrhagic fever refers to a clinical syndrome characterized by acute onset of fever accompanied by nonspecific findings of malaise, prostration, diarrhea, and headache. Patients frequently show signs of increased vascular permeability, and many develop bleeding diatheses. The hemorrhagic fever viruses represent potential agents for biologic warfare because of capability of aerosol transmission, high morbidity, and mortality associated with infection, and ability to replicate in cell culture in high concentrations. Herein we discuss the Filoviridae, the agents of Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers.
Microfabricated self-resonant structure as a passive wireless dielectric constant and conductivity sensor

This paper describes a low cost, passive wireless dielectric constant and conductivity sensor using a microfabricated inductor with interdigitated capacitors (IDC). A self-resonant-structure (SRS) is designed by incorporating IDC electrodes in the inter-winding space of the inductor. The distributed capacitance and conductance of the sensor is affected by dielectric constant (e) and conductivity (σ) of its environment or material under test (MUT). The e and σ can be used to provide information about the surrounding environment. This serves as an impedance transducer changing the resonant frequency and phase dip of the SRS. The SRS is interrogated using a non-contact inductively coupled reader coil. The change in resonance frequency and phase dip of the SRS is used to detect material properties of the environment/MUT. The relationship between sensor layout and coupling factor between sensor and reader is investigated. Optimizations of the coupling factor based on this relationship are discussed. IDC design trade-offs between the sensor’s sensitivity and coupling factor are also investigated. The sensor’s response to variety of liquid MUTs with a wide range of dielectric constant and conductivity is presented.
Penalty Lagrangian Methods Via a Quasi-Newton Approach

For solving nonlinear programming problems we iteratively minimize the penalty Lagrangian developed by Hestenes, Powell, and Rockafellar with the multipliers estimated by solving nonnegatively constrained quadratic programming subproblems and a penalty parameter updated by a scheme due to Powell and Fletcher. To ensure fast convergence the matrices in the subproblems are required to be good approximations to the Hessian inverse of the penalty Lagrangian. We suggest some quasi-Newton updates such as the well-known BFGS update to construct these matrices. The resulting methods possess local and superlinear convergence properties and the penalty parameter remains bounded. Moreover, these results hold even if the penalty Lagrangian is not exactly minimized.
Why Subject-Centered Listening Is So Crucial in the Supervision of Beginning Psychoanalytic Supervisees

Subject-centered listening remains the anchor of the psychoanalytic super-visory experience. In this brief communication, I accentuate the supreme importance of subject-centered listening in “getting supervision started off on the right foot” and helping new supervisees make the transition from classroom to clinic.
On self organized criticality

Abstract Self organized criticality refers to the tendency of highly dissipative systems to drive themselves to a critical state. This may explain why observed physics often displays a wide disparity of length and time scales. The phenomenon is observed in several simple cellular automaton models.
Vacuum-assisted closure for sternal wounds: a first-line therapeutic management approach.

Background Vacuum-assisted closure therapy has gained widespread use since its introduction in 1997. Previous studies have attributed significant benefit to its use for treatment of sternal wounds with or without mediastinitis. Management of sternal wounds with this therapy has been shown to decrease the number of dressing changes, reduce the time between debridement and definitive closure, and reduce costs associated with a protracted course of in-hospital dressing changes. The therapy has been used both as a bridge between debridement and definitive closure and as a catalyst to secondary sternal-wound healing. Methods The authors performed a retrospective review of 103 patients who underwent vacuum-assisted closure therapy after median sternotomy between June of 1999 and March of 2004 at a single institution. The wounds were classified as sterile wounds, superficial sternal infections, and mediastinitis. The wound closure device, consisting of a polyurethane sponge and evacuation tube with in-line suction, was applied sterilely to all wounds over a layer of Acticoat. Results Vacuum-assisted closure was utilized in the treatment of sternal wounds for 103 patients (67 male patients and 36 female patients) whose mean age was 52 years (range, 3 months to 91 years). Patient comorbidities included diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, end-stage renal disease, immunosuppression, and others. Sixty-four percent of the patients had a diagnosis of mediastinitis; 36 percent had either superficial infections or a sterile wound. The therapy was utilized for an average period of 11 days per patient. Sixty-eight percent of the patients (70 of 103) had definitive chest closure with open reduction internal fixation and/or flap closure. The remaining 32 percent had no definitive closure method. The overall mortality rate was 28 percent (29 of 103 patients), although no deaths were directly related to use of the therapy, and only four deaths resulted from sepsis as a consequence of mediastinitis. Conclusions The authors report the largest series of patients treated with this therapy for post-sternotomy sternal wounds and believe it is safe and effective as a first-line therapy in the management of sternal wounds. The mortality rate from their study represents the patients' underlying disease process and comorbidities and is not a reflection of complications associated with the therapy. Vacuum-assisted closure therapy has been shown to decrease wound edema, decrease the time to definitive closure, and reduce wound bacterial colony counts. The authors have implemented the therapy for most patients with sternal wounds/mediastinitis at their institution, and believe it should be a standard protocol in the first-line management of these types of wounds.
Concerning Li2B4O7 thermoluminescence dosimeters.

This letter reports the comparison of two commercially available types of lithium borate thermoluminesence dosimeters—one in which crystalline lithium borate was pressed into chips, and the other in which lithium borate was dispersed in a glass matrix. When irradiated with cobalt 60 gamma radiation, the response of a single sample of each type was reproducible to within 1%. However, differences between the two samples were apparent in their long term storage characteristics. (AIP)
Note: Vertex pancyclicity in quasi claw-free graphs

This paper generalizes the concept of locally connected graphs. A graph G is triangularly connected if for every pair of edges e"1,e"2@?E(G), G has a sequence of 3-cycles C"1,C"2,...,C"l such that e"1@?C"1,e"2@?C"l and E(C"i)@?E(C"i"+"1) @A for 1=
Oxidative-dependent integration of signal transduction with intercellular gap junctional communication in the control of gene expression.

Abstract Research on oxidative stress focused primarily on determining how reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage cells by indiscriminate reactions with their macromolecular machinery, particularly lipids, proteins, and DNA. However, many chronic diseases are not always a consequence of tissue necrosis, DNA, or protein damage, but rather to altered gene expression. Gene expression is highly regulated by the coordination of cell signaling systems that maintain tissue homeostasis. Therefore, much research has shifted to the understanding of how ROS reversibly control gene expression through cell signaling mechanisms. However, most research has focused on redox regulation of signal transduction within a cell, but we introduce a more comprehensive-systems biology approach to understanding oxidative signaling that includes gap junctional intercellular communication, which plays a role in coordinating gene expression between cells of a tissue needed to maintain tissue homeostasis. We propose a hypothesis that gap...
Fick’s Diffusion Experiments Revisited —Part II (English Translation of Fick’s Orginal Thinking)

In this paper, we revisit Fick’s original diffusion experiments and reconstruct the geometry of his inverted funnel. In Part I, we show that Fick’s experimental approach was sound and measurements were accurate despite his own claims to the contrary. Using the standard modern approach, we predict Fick’s cylindrical tube measurements with a high degree of accuracy. We calculate that the salt reservoir at the bottom of the inverted funnel must have been about 5 cm in height and the unreported depth of the deepest salt concentration measurement by Fick was yet another 3 cm above the reservoir top. We verify the latter calculation by using Fick’s own calculated concentration profiles and show that the modern diffusion theory predicts the inverted funnel measurements almost as well as those in the cylindrical tube. In Part II, we provide a translation of Fick’s discussion of diffusion in liquids in the first edition of his three-volume monograph on Medical Physics published in 1856, one year after his seminal Pogendorff’s Annalen paper On Diffusion.
Energy dissipation in modulation assisted machining

The specific energy in modulation assisted machining (MAM) - machining with superimposed low frequency ( < 1000 Hz) modulation in the feed direction - is estimated from direct measurements of cutting forces. Reductions of up to 70% in the energy are observed relative to that in conventional machining, when cutting ductile metals such as copper and Al 6061T6. Evidence based on chip structures and strains, stored energy of cold work, recrystallization, and finite element simulation of chip formation, is presented to show that this reduction is due to smaller strain levels in chips created by MAM. A simple geometric ratio of the length to thickness of the `undeformed chip', which can be estimated a priori from MAM and machining parameters, is shown to be a predictor of the transient chip formation conditions that result in the reduction in specific energy and deformation levels. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pattern Recognition With A Wavelength-Angle Multiplexed Optical Scanning Correlator

This paper introduces a novel approach to building a 2-D scanning optical correlator with large memory capacity for multiple-object tracking, with possible applications for telerobotic vision in the Space Station. The system consists of a tunable dye laser and a dispersive optical element such as a diffraction grating. The 2-D scanning operation is achieved by sequential tuning of the dye laser and rotation of the diffraction grating about the optical axis. The system capacity is greatly incresed by this wavelength-angle multiplexing scheme. In synthesizing the spatially multiplexed matched spatial filters, a monochromatic laser is used with a spatial carrier and scale compensation technique. Up to 1000 filters can be fabricated on a single holographic plate with a modest requirement of system space-bandwidth product. Several illustrating experimental demonstrations are presented.
Solution structure of ψ32-modified anticodon stem–loop of Escherichia coli tRNAPhe

Nucleoside base modifications can alter the structures and dynamics of RNA molecules and are important in tRNAs for maintaining translational fidelity and efficiency. The unmodified anticodon stem-loop from Escherichia coli tRNA P h e forms a trinucleotide loop in solution, but Mg 2 + and dimethylallyl modification of A 3 7 N6 destabilize the loop-proximal base pairs and increase the mobility of the loop nucleotides. The anticodon arm has three additional modifications, ψ 3 2 , ψ 3 9 , and A 3 7 C2-thiomethyl. We have used NMR spectroscopy to investigate the structural and dynamical effects of ψ 3 2 on the anticodon stem-loop from E.coli tRNA P h e . The ψ 3 2 modification does not significantly alter the structure of the anticodon stem-loop relative to the unmodified parent molecule. The stem of the RNA molecule includes base pairs ψ 3 2 -A 3 s and U 3 3 -A 3 7 and the base of ψ 3 2 stacks between U 3 3 and A 3 1 . The glycosidic bond of ψ 3 2 is in the anti configuration and is paired with A 3 8 in a Watson-Crick geometry, unlike residue 32 in most crystal structures of tRNA. The ψ 3 2 modification increases the melting temperature of the stem by ∼3.5°C, although the ψ 3 2 and U 3 3 imino resonances are exchange broadened. The results suggest that ψ 3 2 functions to preserve the stem integrity in the presence of additional loop modifications or after reorganization of the loop into a translationally functional conformation.
Assessing Fidelity to a Community-Based Treatment for Youth: The Wraparound Fidelity Index

In this article, the authors describe the development, psychometric characteristics, and potential utility of the Wraparound Fidelity Index (WFI), a multi-informant measure designed to assess provi...
Fears and Phobias in Childhood: Some Clinical and Developmental Considerations

Based upon clinical literature concerned with childhood fears and phobia, this paper explores the importance of developmental considerations in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of child phobias. It is suggested that the steadfast application of adult models of intervention for fear-related conditions in children may impede both the research of children's fear and treatment efficacy.
An Approach to Long-Term Fiscal Policy Analysis

This paper proposes an approach to setting fiscal policy that factors in the longer-term budgetary pressures that countries face owing, in particular, to population aging and rising health care costs. The approach attempts to overcome the difficulties in evaluating economic trade-offs and social welfare over extended periods. Long-term fiscal projections from the "Intergenerational Report" published as part of the Australian budget in May 2002 are used in a simple model of the Australian economy to illustrate some of the longer-term trade-offs that need to be considered in framing budgets over the medium term. These illustrative simulations, in particular, point out the importance of smoothing fiscal adjustment over time and, hence, the need for careful planning. Smoothing fiscal adjustment, however, raises a new set of questions regarding burden sharing across generations and what costs should be shared.
Noninvasive laser-based blood pressure measurement in rabbits.

To obtain serial blood pressure measurements without trauma in rabbits, we developed a laser-based method which permits noninvasive determination of systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure. The ease and accuracy of this method were evaluated over a range of blood pressures in five New Zealand White rabbits. Laser-based pressures from the central ear artery were compared with cannula-based pressures from the contralateral central ear artery. Pressures were measured before and during infusions of saline (control), nitroprusside, or epinephrine, and following induction of anesthesia. Noninvasive measurements correlated highly with direct measurements (systole: r = 0.89; diastole: r = 0.93). The difference between the non-invasive and direct pressure measurements during saline, nitroprusside, and epinephrine infusions, and following anesthesia, respectively, were (mean +/- SD, systole/diastole): 4.2 +/- 2.4 (P = NS)/9.3 +/- 1.4 (P less than .001), 4.1 +/- 1.6 (P less than .02)/3.2 +/- 1.1 (P less than .01), 0.6 +/- 2.4 (P = NS)/-3.0 +/- 2.7 (P = NS), and -5.1 +/- 2.9 (P = NS)/0.3 +/- 1.3 (P = NS). The noninvasive method did not result in observable agitation of the animals. To optimize results, visual inspection was required to assure that the instrument's diaphragm was not deformed or dried from previous use, and that the diaphragm was placed over the center of the arterial lumen. It was also necessary to dim room lights and to direct heating lights away from the ears to avoid degrading light signal quality. These results, albeit involving a small number of animals, indicate the potential utility of this method in the study of chronic pathophysiological processes requiring long-term repeated determination of systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
The HIVE: A huge immersive virtual environment for research in spatial cognition

Research in human spatial cognition has benefited from the advent of virtual environment (VE) technology; however, few VE systems currently enable users to move realistically over large physical spaces. Here, we describe a huge immersive virtual environment (HIVE) that offers untethered tracking of users in a 570 m2 physical space. This large tracking area allows users to move through virtual worlds in the same manner in which they move in the real world and enables behavioral research in spatial cognition examining mental processes that require extensive movement through an environment. We provide a detailed description of this system, and report an experiment examining distance estimation in virtual environments that illustrates the utility of the HIVE.
Stabilization of nonlinear large-scale uncertain dynamical systems

Abstract The notions of ultimate stabilizability and asymptotical stabilizability by (local) feedback strategies for nonlinear large-scale systems are introduced. Under some structural conditions on the interconnected subsystems, we obtain the ultimate stabilizability and the asymptotical stabilizability of the system by (local) feedback strategies.
Diffusive transport in graphene

Motivated by recent experiments which found substantial disorder in graphene we discuss transport in the presence of weak and strong disorder on a honeycomb lattice. Assuming that disorder is mostly due to ripples in the graphene sheet, a model for random bonds is studied. Several approaches are discussed and their results in terms of the conductivity are compared. This leads to the conclusion that transport in graphene must be of diffusive nature.
FOUNDATION FOR NONLINEAR MODELS WITH THRESHOLDS FOR LONGITUDINAL DATA

Threshold models first appeared in the literature nearly half a century ago. Threshold segments have been added to many commonly used forms of models from linear models and generalized linear models through mixed models for the analysis of cross-sectional data. Nonlinear models with thresholds for cross-sectional data are less prevalent in the literature. Nonlinear models with thresholds for longitudinal data are new. The historical developments leading to this point are reviewed as a means of introducing terms necessary for discussing features of these newer models. Nonlinear models for longitudinal data with thresholds are presented and discussed.
Effect of cortisone and adrenocorticotropin on the electroencephalogram of normal adults: quantitative-frequency analyses.

Behavioral and psychologic disturbances are sometimes associated with cortisone and adrenocorticotropin therapy. The mechanisms underlying these disturbances are unknown, but two types of processes must be considered. The hormones may directly or indirectly affect the central nervous system, or the disturbances may be related primarily to psychologic factors, such as those associated with the relief of an underlying disorder, as may occur in individuals who have adapted to a chronic disability. It is also possible that both these modes of action may be operative. Since many observations have established the electroencephalogram(EEG) as a sensitive and reliable technique to detect cerebral responses to a wide variety of substances (1), it seemed of value to study quantitatively the electroencephalograms of normal subjects receiving cortisone and corticotropin.
Islam, Militancy and Politics in Pakistan: Insights from a National Sample

We use data from an innovative nationally representative survey of 6,000 Pakistanis in April 2009 to study beliefs about political Islam, Sharia, the legitimacy and efficacy of jihad, and attitudes towards specific militant organizations. These issues are the forefront of US policy towards Pakistan. Four results shed new light on the politics of militancy and Islamic identity in Pakistan. First there is no relationship between measures of personal religiosity and the likelihood a respondent expresses highly sectarian sentiments. Second, militarized jihad is widely seen as legitimate in Pakistan but there are substantial regional differences in the acceptance of militarized jihad. Third, attitudes towards militant groups vary dramatically across groups, particularly when it comes to the efficacy of their actions. Fourth while Pakistanis express massive levels of support for Sharia law this is driven by its perceived connection with good governance, not by sympathy with the goals of militant groups claiming to implement it.
Thermal diagnostics of highly heated surfaces using water-spray cooling

Spray cooling of heated surfaces is common in many industrial applications, notably steelmaking, because of its high heat dissipating ability. Control of the surface heat flux rate contributes to better products; it is shown that the heat transfer rate depends on the mass fraction of liquid. Quantitative information regarding the parameters affecting spray cooling is relatively scarce. The rate of heat transfer from a plate due to impinging of an array of water jets was investigated numerically through the solution of heat conduction equation. The simulation is carried out for eight different sprayers, in the range of ejected fluid pressure between 1 bar and 3 bars. Experimental data are used to study the influence of the function g(x, y), of dispersed water, on heat transfer variations across the surface at the temperature of 600°C. Curves were generated showing time histories of the steel temperature for the removal of high heat fluxes of the order of 300 W/cm2. It was also observed that for lower temperatures, the predicted local heat transfer coefficient increased significantly.
Analysis of two-dimensional viscous flow over cylinders in unsteady motion

The two-dimensional, viscous flow around elliptic cylinders undergoing prescribed rotary and translational motions is analyzed. The fluid is taken to be incompressible and initially at rest. Departing from conventional numerical formulations, the body is replaced by fluid which has a rigid motion exactly the same as the actual solid body. This is achieved by placing a uniform vorticity field within the body (equal to twice the instantaneous angular velocity), and bound vorticity on the body surface in the form of a vortex sheet. The latter distribution is governed by an integral equation. The solution is made unique by the principle of conservation of total vorticity. This depends on the instantaneous angular velocity of the body, the new ingredient to this analysis. The free vorticity in the outer flowfield is governed by the usual vorticity transport equation, which is solved numerically. The velocity field is determined by the velocity induction law. Transient flow results are presented for 1) an elliptic cylinder started impulsively from rest with constant angular velocity, and 2) a pitching elliptic cylinder moving with constant translational velocity. Results for case 1 are compared with those from a previous numerical analysis. Previous results for case 2 are not known. Predictions for the drag, lift, and moment coefficients are given over two complete cycles of oscillation.
A PROVOCATIVE MANEUVER TO ELICIT CYSTOMETRIC INSTABILITY: MEASURING INSTABILITY AT MAXIMUM INFUSION

AbstractPurpose: We identify a provocative maneuver to enhance the sensitivity of cystometry in detecting detrusor instability when urge incontinence is suspected based on clinical history.Materials and Methods: A total of 134 consecutive women with clinical urge incontinence underwent carbon dioxide cystometry between August 1995 and October 1996. The bladder was filled to maximal capacity with the patient supine. Six provocative maneuvers were performed consecutively to evoke detrusor instability, including lying supine, rising to a seated position, walking toward the bathroom, handwashing, coughing and sitting on the toilet with instructions not to void. Subjects were divided into 2 groups depending on the order of maneuvers. Sitting on the toilet was the last maneuver for group 1 (80 patients) and was in the middle of the sequence for group 2 (54).Results: Sitting on the toilet evoked detrusor instability in 37.5% of group 1 and 53.8% of group 2. This maneuver with instructions not to void was the mos...
An Optical Infrared Staring Radiometer

This paper discusses the design of a Staring Radiometer to operate principally in the infrared waveband. The basic concepts are that it should incorporate a reflecting optical system of large area and high quality and use the latest digital techniques for both processing and control. Different customer specifications may be easily incorporated due to the modular design. An analysis of instruments made in the past few decades indicates that little redesign or updating has occurred, although PC computers have been added for data reduction purposes. This implies modernisation, making the old hardware look impressive. However, it is the hardware that limits the performance, so this was the area to which we addressed considerable design effort. In the 1960's the Barnes 4" radiometer was developed to quite a high level of sophistication. Discreet filter and circular variable filter wheels were incorporated for spectral analysis and the electronics progressed through the transistor stage into the microcircuit era. However, the optics design is poor, has gross aberrations and by modern standards poor temperature stability. Several other manufacturers have made radiometers but the designs have still not progressed significantly. Customer specification is now outstripping instrument capability.
Touch in the counselling relationship: An exploratory study

Abstract There is a continuum of views on the extent to which touch enhances the treatment process of patients. Health professionals must deal with the use of touch in some way, even if their final decision is not to use it. Health professionals were interviewed about personal touch as a part of their professional relationships with patients. Even though the subjects using touch differed in health professions and primary theoretical orientations, a commonality was the belief in a strong person-to-person relationship as an integral part of the helping process. Instruction concerning touch appears to be inconsistent in the curricula of health-professional schools. Thus sensitivity to the use of touch is more likely to develop through professional experience. Touch is more likely to be used in a fee-for-service, private practice setting. The part of the body most likely to be touched is a hand, and possible sexual misinter-pretation of touch is best dealt with openly and at once.
Egg White Synthesis and Photoluminescence of Platelike Clusters of CeO2 Nanoparticles

This paper reports the synthesis of platelike CeO2 nanoparticles by a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method using cerium(III) acetate hydrate and freshly extracted egg white (ovalbumin) in an aqueous medium. A platelike structure of CeO2 nanoparticles having the particle size of 6−30 nm was obtained by calcining the precursors in air at 400, 500, and 600 °C, for 2 h. Results from XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and SAED analysis indicated that the synthesized CeO2 nanoparticles have the fluorite structure of the bulk CeO2. All samples show a strong UV−vis absorption below 400 nm (3.10 eV) with a well-defined absorbance peak at around 284 nm (4.37 eV). The estimated direct band gaps are 3.61, 3.59, and 3.57 eV for the samples calcined at 400, 500, and 600 °C, respectively. These band gaps are 0.42, 0.40, and 0.38 eV higher than that of bulk CeO2, indicating the quantum confinement effect of the nanosize particles. The 400 and 500 °C calcined samples exhibited similar emission peaks of room-t...
Differential induction of Toll-like receptor gene expression in equine monocytes activated by Toll-like receptor ligands or TNF-α

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) function as sentinels for the innate immune system, detecting microbial ligands during infection and inflammation. Previous studies indicate that activation of these receptors on equine monocytes leads to discrete pro- and anti-inflammatory responses that are mediated through the induction of specific cytokine genes. However, less is known regarding the regulation of TLR gene expression in these cells. Therefore, we investigated the effects of ligands recognized by TLR2, 3 or 4 upon TLR2, 3 and 4 gene expression by equine monocytes. We determined that incubation of monocytes with TLR2 and 4 ligands, which signal through the intracellular adaptor protein MyD88, induces expression of the TLR2 and 4 genes, but not the TLR3 gene. Conversely, incubation with a TLR3 ligand, which recruits the TRIF adaptor protein, selectively induces expression of the TLR3 gene, but not TLR2 or 4 genes. Furthermore, incubation of these cells with TNF-α, the pro-inflammatory cytokine that is a hallmark of TLR activation, does not affect expression of the three TLR genes. These findings suggest that exposure of equine monocytes to microbial ligands but not to endogenous inflammatory mediators may initiate responses that alter the horse's sensitivity to other microbial components during infections.
The influence of pyrolysis conditions on the subsequent gasification of lignocellulosic chars

Abstract Prune pit chars prepared by pyrolysis at heating rates of 1 and 15°C/min to 500, 700 and 900°C were subsequently gasified by exposure to CO 2 at 900°C for various lengths of time. Gasification rate was found to be dependent on the conditions during pyrolysis: slow heating below 500°C and prolonged exposure to high temperatures (~900°C) during pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere lead to lower rate gasification. Despite differences in gasification rate, the pore structure developed for a given mass loss due to the gasification reactions was apparently independent of the char preparation conditions. Pore volume in the gasified char (expressed on an absolute basis) passed through a maximum at 40–50% burnoff, apparently due to mass loss from the exterior of the particles.
A method for extraction and chromatographic separation of plasma iodoamino acids.

Abstract A detailed procedure which accomplishes the qualitative and quantitative characterization of labeled iodoamino acids by resin column chromatography has been presented. The resin used is Dowex # 1, x2, 200–400 mesh. The column is heated. The eluate is formic acid used in gradient concentration from 5 to 88%. The method establishes the efficacy of ion-exchange resins in the analysis of plasma iodoamino acids. The results obtained are superior to those previously obtained with butanol extraction and subsequent chromatography in other chromatographic media following tracer doses of I 131 . This is so because there is a larger capacity for concentration of small amounts of PBI 131 , and resolution of iodoamino acid fractions is not impaired by solute or by large amounts of iodide-131 present.
Flow of Oldroyd-B fluids in curved pipes of circular and annular cross-section

Perturbation methods are used to study steady, fully developed flow of Oldroyd-B fluids through curved pipes for both pipes of circular and annular cross-section. The perturbation parameter is the curvature ratio, given by the cross-sectional radius of the pipe divided by the constant radius of the pipe centerline. We compare results for creeping and non-creeping flows for both viscoelastic and Newtonian fluids. In pipes of circular cross-section, the velocity field for creeping flows of Oldroyd-B fluids is qualitatively similar to that found for non-creeping flows of Newtonian fluids. Namely, in addition to the primary flow, there is a secondary motion consisting of counter-rotating vortices. In curved annular pipes, two pairs of counter-rotating vortices are generated by either inertial or elastic effects. In this geometry, the differences between creeping flow of viscoelastic fluids and non-creeping flow of Newtonian fluids are dramatically accentuated at small values of inner to outer pipe radius, riro. For Newtonian fluids, as riro approaches zero, the magnitude and size of the vortices adjacent to the inner cylinder shrink to zero. However, for creeping flow of Oldroyd-B fluids, the inner vortex pair is comparable to the outer vortex pair in both size and strength, even for values of riro as small as 0.01. For pipes of circular cross-section, the effect of elasticity on the drag is considered and earlier predictions by Bowen et al. for the upper convected Maxwell fluid are extended to the Oldroyd-B fluid for non-zero Reynolds number.
Interionic interaction at metallic surfaces

Abstract A pseudopotential theory of ion-ion interactions near simple metal surfaces is formulated and applied to sodium. The infinite potential barrier model with the embedded ions represented by model local pseudopotentials is employed and linear response with exchange-correlation correction is used in a self-consistent solution for screening. Pair potentials, defined to be that part of the total energy of the system which depends on the coordinates of a pair of ions, are calculated for pairs of ions near the surface. These pair potentials depend separately on the position of each ion with respect to the surface barrier and deviate markedly from the bulk behavior. Quantum interference effects, extending over several layers, are significant. The model is also used to calculate electronic formation energies for substitutional homovalent impurities near simple metal surfaces. The formation energies exhibit both crystalline face and layer dependence.
What is Kurtosis? An Influence Function Approach

Abstract The standard fourth moment coefficient of kurtosis is introduced in many textbooks including those at the elementary level, yet the measure is not well understood. It is often regarded as a measure of the tail heaviness of a distribution, relative to that of the normal distribution. Other authors assert that kurtosis measures peakedness near the center of the distribution. In this article, Hampel's influence function is used to assess the relative importance of tail heaviness and peakedness for the standard kurtosis measure and some related measures. Some notions of comparative kurtosis are also discussed.
Using relaxation with guided imagery to assist primiparas in achieving maternal role attainment.

A Framework has been developed that provides nurses with a theoretical basis for using relaxation with guided imagery with primiparas (first-time mothers) to reduce anxiety and depression and to increase self-esteem, thereby promoting maternal role attainment and expected infant behavior during the postpartum period. Although relaxation with guided imagery (RGI) has been used clinically in many situations, no research studies were found that reported using RGI with new mothers. However, because RGI has been effective in altering the responses of adults and children in diverse settings, it is inferred that RGI could be effectively used in helping primiparas adapt to the pressures of parenthood. An RGI protocol for use with new mothers is presented.
Evolution of cryogenic safety at Fermilab

Abstract Over the past 25 years, Fermilab has been involved in cryogenic technology as it relates to pursuing experimentation in high energy physics. The Laboratory has instituted a strong cryogenic safety programme and has maintained a very positive safety record. The solid commitment of management and the cryogenic community to incorporating safety into the system life cycle has led to policies that set requirements and help establish consistency for the purchase and installation of equipment and safety analysis and documentation.
Effects of physical aging and carbon dioxide absorption in bisphenol-A polycarbonate

Thermal and mechanical behavior of bisphenol-A polycarbonate was studied as a function of thermal history and absorbed mass fraction of CO2. Physical aging at 120°C for one week produced dramatic changes in both the thermal and mechanical behavior. Gas absorption studies indicated that although initial diffusion was somewhat retarded in the aged samples, both aged and unaged polycarbonate samples showed identical equilibrium absorbed gas values at 6500 K Pa and identical gas desorption behavior. Absorbed CO2 was shown to dramatically reduce the glass transition of polycarbonate indicating that CO2 plasticizes polycarbonate. Additionally, samples which had been aged and absorbed a mass fraction of 0.07–0.10 of CO2 showed thermal and mechanical behavior identical to that of a glass quenched from above Tg with identical absorbed mass fraction. Once the absorbed gas was desorbed, the thermal and mechanical properties were similar to those of a glass freshly quenched from above Tg. This study demonstrates that sufficient CO2 gas absorption followed by desorption reverses physical aging in polycarbonate. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Relational judgment of sound intensity by young children

Developmental changes in the ability to make relational judgments of sound intensity were examined with 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children. The hypothesis that correct judgments of “louder” precede correct judgments of “softer” was supported. The results were discussed with reference to the development of the understanding of logical relations as proposed by Piaget. The role of magnitude of perceptual information in the development of relational judgments also was discussed.
Perceptions of Femininity in Leadership: Modern Trend or Classic Component?

Recently, leadership theorists have commonly suggested that leaders should demonstrate new, arguably feminine, leadership behaviors. This contrasts with traditional stereotypes of leadership as strictly masculine. However, leadership research has a long history of recognizing two categories of leadership behaviors, initiation of structure and consideration, which appear to reflect stereotypically masculine and feminine behaviors. In the current study, 24 undergraduate volunteers rated traits of purported leaders based solely upon their viewing of the leaders’ faces. These faces were visually impoverished so that the raters had to rely on implicit personality theories of leaders to guide their ratings. The results demonstrate that participants’ ratings of purported leaders’ masculinity and femininity indeed correlate very closely with their ratings of initiation of structure and consideration respectively.
Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate—An examination of the saturation effect

Abstract The kinetics of the hydrolysis of 1,2-2-trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (soman) was measured from 1 to 80 × 10−5 m hydroxide-ion concentration. No apparent “saturation effect” could be positively identified such as was reported by Martell for the hydrolysis of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin). The second-order rate coefficient for soman was 10.0 ± 0.03 m −1 s−1 at 25.0°C over this pH range.