cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discussion on “Time domain buffeting response calculations of slender structures” by K. Aas-Jakobsen, E. Strommen

Abstract The authors (J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodynam. 89 (2001) 341) presented a time domain framework for predicting the buffeting response of slender structures utilizing aerodynamic forces based on the quasi-steady theory. The example studied clearly demonstrated the significant influence of structural nonlinearities on the buffeting response, and reaffirmed the overall versatility of the time domain analysis approach. In the light of the time domain presentation in this paper, we would like to offer some comments which we believe would expand the scope of the time domain approach as applied to bridge buffeting response. Our discussion focuses on three key aspects: the simulation of the random wind field, the quasi-steady aerodynamic force model and the element discretization as presented in this paper.
Rising Insurgency, Faltering Democratisation in Nepal

The objective is to chart Nepal's recent political history in order to explain how a seemingly anachronistic Maoist movement emerged to pose a threat—not just to Nepal but much of South Asia. The ineffectual political process that failed to resolve the country's most pressing problem—economic development—is examined. The infighting, support base, social grievances, ideology and strategy of the Maoist insurgency are described. The Maoists’ transnational network is identified, as is India's often ambiguous response to the move-ment. Special attention is given to the paradoxical dialectic linking the march of the Maoists with the manoeuvrings of Nepal's king. The conclusion drawn is that democratisation in Nepal has been undermined by an odd combination of Maoist insurgency, dysfunc-tional political parties, the monarchy's putschism, in addition to the widely-acknowledged failure of economic development. In an interdependent world, the result of one small state's descent into political instability—and the ri...
Adamchak's ideal family size and family background: a research note.

The attempt was made in this study to further investigate Adamchaks (1977) findings that women whose mothers had been employed around the time the respondent was 16 had a higher ideal family size than those women whose mothers had not been employed. The sample used was drawn from the 1975-1978 General Social Surveys conducted by the US National Opinion Research Center. Following Adamchak the sample was limited to married females between the ages of 18-49. Duplication of the Adamchak study was not achieved. When ideal family size 1 was cross-tabulated with mother worked age 16 the respondents whose mothers had worked had a smaller mean ideal family size (2.36 children) than those whose mothers had not worked (2.46 children). For ideal family size 2 (including the "as many as you want" responses in the uppermost category) both groups reported 2.49 children as the mean ideal. The "4+" categories in the 2 cross-tabulations were increased much more for those whose mothers did work when the "as many as you want" response was included. When the findings of this study were compared with those of the Adamchak (1977) study it became obvious that neither of the current definitions of family size produced results compatible with the earlier findings. Close inspection of the figures revealed some major discrepancies. Adamchak reported that 33.1% of the respondents whose mothers had worked and 39.8% of those whose mothers had not worked selected zero or 1 child as ideal. In this study only around 3% of those whose mothers had worked and around 4% of those whose mothers had not worked selected this category using either definition of ideal family size. Additionally over 1/2 of the respondents (n=199) in the current study saw 2 children as ideal but Adamchak reported only about 20% of his sample selected this response.
TRANSTRACHEAL OXYGEN DELIVERY

Tracheal insufflation of oxygen has at least three major uses for chronic oxygen supplementation through a percutaneous catheter, it is an adjunctive measure to enhance gas exchange during mechanical ventilation, and it provides an emergency therapy for oxygen delivery with upper airway obstruction. In this article the mechanisms of gas exchange and techniques of oxygen delivery are described for each of these major uses.
Stimulus Timing-Dependent Plasticity in High-Level Vision

Summary Humans are able to efficiently learn and remember complex visual patterns after only a few seconds of exposure [1]. At a cellular level, such learning is thought to involve changes in synaptic efficacy, which have been linked to the precise timing of action potentials relative to synaptic inputs [2–4]. Previous experiments have tapped into the timing of neural spiking events by using repeated asynchronous presentation of visual stimuli to induce changes in both the tuning properties of visual neurons and the perception of simple stimulus attributes [5, 6]. Here we used a similar approach to investigate potential mechanisms underlying the perceptual learning of face identity, a high-level stimulus property based on the spatial configuration of local features. Periods of stimulus pairing induced a systematic bias in face-identity perception in a manner consistent with the predictions of spike timing-dependent plasticity. The perceptual shifts induced for face identity were tolerant to a 2-fold change in stimulus size, suggesting that they reflected neuronal changes in nonretinotopic areas, and were more than twice as strong as the perceptual shifts induced for low-level visual features. These results support the idea that spike timing-dependent plasticity can rapidly adjust the neural encoding of high-level stimulus attributes [7–11].
Decision making during interneuron migration in the developing cerebral cortex

Appropriate interneuron migration and distribution is essential for the construction of functional neuronal circuitry and the maintenance of excitatory/inhibitory balance in the brain. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons originating from the ventral telencephalon choreograph a complex pattern of migration to reach their target destinations within the developing brain. This review examines the cellular and molecular underpinnings of the major decision-making steps involved in this process of oriental navigation of cortical interneurons.
Neuroimaging of cerebral small vessel disease.

Neuroimaging of cerebral small vessel vascular disease is often nonspecific and the diagnosis is challenging; clinical and family history is pivotal in interpreting neuroimaging findings. Hereditary small vessel diseases have recently gained significant interest, and MRI is a sensitive tool to detect white matter abnormality. Characteristic MRI features are seen in Susac syndrome, HERNS and CADASIL. Many patients may have been mistakenly diagnosed as other white matter diseases such as MS or even brain neoplasms. It is important to recognize these diseases as the differential diagnosis, and multidisciplinary approach is crucial to promptly reaching the correct diagnosis. MRA and conventional angiogram is still of limited use in evaluating the affected vascular change. Studying hereditary endothelial cell damage causing progressive small vessel infarctions in these diseases may lead to better understanding of small vessel vascular disease.
A new look at conditioned hyperirritability

"Conditioned hyperirritability" is a term used to describe the phenomenon wherein a dermatitis on one area of the body results in a heightened irritability of the whole skin, even in areas distant from the initial inflammation. This condition can include a pathologic spectrum ranging in intensity from pruritus to exfoliative dermatitis. Previously this disorder has been known to most dermatologists by other terms, including "autosensitization" and "autoeczematization." The exact etiology of conditioned hyperirritability, however, remains unknown. It does not appear to be an "id" eruption, as seen in dermatophyte infections, nor has it been found to be secondary to autoantibodies to skin. Conditioned hyperirritability has been associated most commonly with stasis ulcers of the lower extremities, and in some cases allergies to topical medicaments have been found. In this review is presented the clinical entity of conditioned hyperirritability, background research into this phenomenon, and possible etiologic mechanisms involved in conditioned hyperirritability.
Intracranial potentials correlated with an event-related potential, P300, in the cat

Intracranial recordings of long-latency, event-related potentials were obtained from paralyzed, artificially respirated cats. A modified oddball paradigm was employed in which cats were presented with a randomized series of two tones, a 'frequent' 4 kHz stimulus and a 'rare' 1 kHz stimulus. A tail shock was administered 700 ms after onset of the rare tone. Under these circumstances the stimulus elicited a positive component at the vertex similar to the human P300. Intracranial potentials associated with the rare tone usually manifested components of greater amplitude than did potentials associated with the frequent tone. A positive component occurring in latency between 200 and 350 ms only accompanied the presentation of the rare stimulus. The P300 component, which was positive at the dura, appeared as a negative component within a few millimeters of the surface over a wide area of the marginal and suprasylvian gyri. Changing the probability of the rare stimulus resulted in a reduction in the amplitudes of both the intracranial negative component and the P300 recorded at the skull. Components of large amplitude associated with the rare stimulus were obtained from the region of the hippocampus. These components reversed polarity, sometimes more than once, as the electrode was advanced. Substantial latency differences were often observed between the P300 recorded at the skull and P300-like intracranial components associated with the rare stimulus. These results suggest that the cortices of the marginal and suprasylvian gyri and the hippocampal region contribute to the generation of the cat P300.
Optimal importance sampling for Markovian systems

Importance sampling is a change-of-measure technique for speeding up the simulation of rare events in stochastic systems. In this paper the authors establish a number of properties characterizing optimal importance sampling measures for Markovian systems. The authors show how these properties may be used to compute the optimal measure and give specific results for a tandem queueing system. The authors' approach has no apparent computational advantage over other direct methods, but it suggests a number of heuristic approximations which may lead to computationally attractive methods.
An Observation of Dermatitis in Caged Dwarf and Normal-Sized Single Comb White Leghorn Laying Hens

Abstract Dermatitis was observed on the feet of Single Comb White Leghorn hens. Dermatitis scores and score ranges showed lesions to be predominately on the feet of dwarf compared with normal-sized hens. Statistical analysis by log-linear models showed that the percent incidence was closely related to the strains of hen tested and, to a lesser extent, to the type of ration fed the birds.
Intrinsic Geometric Scale Space by Shape Diffusion

This paper formalizes a novel, intrinsic geometric scale space (IGSS) of 3D surface shapes. The intrinsic geometry of a surface is diffused by means of the Ricci flow for the generation of a geometric scale space. We rigorously prove that this multiscale shape representation satisfies the axiomatic causality property. Within the theoretical framework, we further present a feature-based shape representation derived from IGSS processing, which is shown to be theoretically plausible and practically effective. By integrating the concept of scale-dependent saliency into the shape description, this representation is not only highly descriptive of the local structures, but also exhibits several desired characteristics of global shape representations, such as being compact, robust to noise and computationally efficient. We demonstrate the capabilities of our approach through salient geometric feature detection and highly discriminative matching of 3D scans.
Qualitative Research: The Importance of Conducting Research That Doesn’t “Count”

or health education and promotion specialists who want to contribute to evidence-based research and practice, using quantitative methods is impor-tant. However, when quantitative methods are used alone, or used to acquire more depth about a topic, they are not sufficient. To get the complete picture, it is important to understand and be able to conduct qualita-tive research—research that traditionally does not include numbers and statistical figures, or “count” data.The purpose of this tool is to provide an overview of what health education and promotion specialists need to know—mainly, what qualitative health research is and how to conduct it. Competence in qualitative research is particularly important because much of what we do is grounded in the social and behavioral sciences—areas that benefit greatly from qualitative research insight. As we work to change not only life-styles but also systems, built environments, and policies, the “deeper data” that we can tap into using qualitative methods become increasingly valuable.Competent health education and promotion specialists must be knowledgeable about both quantitative and qual-itative research approaches. While the debate continues about the relative value of each approach, the best option may be to understand both methods well, know the most appropriate conditions for using each method, and con-sider integrating them as a gold standard for rigorous health education and promotion research and practice.The impetus for writing this tool stems from my teach-ing and mentoring experiences used to empower and educate health and social service professionals about the importance of using qualitative research to accomplish their project goals. This tool also presents information on how to initiate and follow through on rigorous health research that may include qualitative or mixed methods.
Asymmetry in the burial of hydrophobic residues along the histone chains of Eukarya, Archaea and a transcription factor

The histone fold is a common structural motif of proteins involved in the chromatin packaging of DNA and in transcription regulation. This single chain fold is stabilized by either homo- or hetero-dimer formation in archaea and eukarya. X-ray structures at atomic resolution have shown the eukaryotic nucleosome core particle to consist of a central tetramer of two bound H3-H4 dimers flanked by two H2A-H2B dimers. The c-terminal region of the H3 histone fold involved in coupling the two eukaryotic dimers of the tetramer, through a four-fold helical bundle, had previously been shown to be a region of reduced burial of hydrophobic residues within the dimers, and thereby provide a rationale for the observed reduced stability of the H3-H4 dimer compared with that of the H2A-H2B dimer. Furthermore, comparison between eukaryal and archaeal histones had suggested that this asymmetry in the distribution of hydrophobic residues along the H3 histone chains could be due to selective evolution that enhanced the coupling between the eukaryotic dimers of the tetramer. The present work describes calculations utilizing the X-ray structures at atomic resolution of a hyperthermophile from Methanopyrus kandleri (HMk) and a eukaryotic transcription factor from Drosophila melanogaster (DRm), that are structurally homologous to the eukaryotic (H3-H4)2 tetramer. The results for several other related structures are also described. Reduced burial of hydrophobic residues, at the homologous H3 c-terminal regions of these structures, is found to parallel the burial at the c-terminal regions of the H3 histones and is, thereby, expected to affect dimer stability and the processes involving histone structural rearrangement. Significantly different sequence homology between the two histones of the HMk doublet with other archaeal sequences is observed, and how this might have occurred during selection to enhance tetramer stability is described.
FEMEN's Grotesque Transformations of Female Body Shame

Scholars have begun to more readily examine how protests exhibit the gendered/sexualized body. The provocation of these gendered/sexual bodies in protest signals what Salime (2014; see also 2012) i...
Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Affects Soybean Spectral Reflectance

Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is the most economically important insect pest of soybean in the north central United States. Scouting-based integrated pest management (IPM) programs could become more efficient and more widely adopted by using plant spectral reflectance to estimate soybean aphid injury. Our objective was to determine whether plant spectral reflectance is affected by soybean aphid feeding. Field trials were conducted in 2013 and 2014 using caged plots. Early-, late-, and noninfested treatments were established to create a gradient of soybean aphid pressure. Whole-plant soybean aphid densities were recorded weekly. Measurements of plant spectral reflectance occurred on two sample dates per year. Simple linear regression models were used to test the effect of cumulative aphid-days (CAD) on plant spectral reflectance at 680 nm (RED) and 800 nm (NIR), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and relative chlorophyll content. Data indicated that CAD had no effect on canopy-level RED reflectance, but CAD decreased canopy-level NIR reflectance and NDVI. Canopy- and leaf-level measurements typically indicated similar plant spectral response to increasing CAD. CAD generally had no effect on relative chlorophyll content. The present study provides the first documentation that remote sensing holds potential for detecting changes in plant spectral reflectance induced by soybean aphid. The use of plant spectral reflectance in soybean aphid management may assist future IPM programs to reduce sampling costs and prevent prophylactic insecticide sprays.
OPR: deterministic group replay for one-sided communication

The ability to reproduce a parallel execution is desirable for debugging and program reliability purposes. In debugging (13), the programmer needs to manually step back in time, while for resilience (6) this is automatically performed by the the application upon failure. To be useful, replay has to faithfully reproduce the original execution. For parallel programs the main challenge is inferring and maintaining the order of conflicting operations (data races). Deterministic record and replay (RR 4) programming models.
Legal Barriers to Sub-National Governance Techniques by U.S. States for Renewable Energy Promotion and GHG Control

The attempt by many U.S. states to copy verbatim the European model of feed-in tariffs to promote renewable power and recent efforts of states to promote their renewable power development or greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emission restrictions have been successfully challenged legally in the past few months. These challenges have reinforced that these E.U. and Kyoto mechanisms employed by the states in the U.S. as a governance tool, run afoul of the U.S. Constitution. Renewable and climate change policy in the U.S. is undertaken by regulatory actions at the state, rather than federal, level. This is a significant issue going forward regarding institutional mechanisms available to U.S. states. On the flip-side of the coin, in separate legal actions, states were recently confronted with litigation, and settled, legal challenges raising Constitutional issues regarding their renewable RPS programs and RGGI carbon emission restrictions. The states are “batting” 0-3 in these various legal challenges to date. These are not just any states that were challenged, but the three most proactive renewable energy and GHG emission-controlled states in the country: New York, Massachusetts, and California. The European system of governance and regulatory techniques are subject to strict limitations when applied as a governance mechanism by U.S. states.
Informed Dissent and Academic Research

It is difficult to determine whether an 'academic establishment' can be traced sociologically among the 1,000 American campuses listed in the 1964 almanacs. Certainly, there is an establishment east of mind in the 'knowledge industry,' as it has been called. For evidence of this academic attitude one need look no further than at the recent proliferation of studies of U.S. foreign policy, deterrence theory, and economic growth problems. They have lately become fashionable among Faculty research institutions and financially well-supported by outside sources. Axiomatic among most of these studies is the assumed continuance of the Cold War and the narrowest possible definition of national interest. Lacking almost com? pletely is the imagination to criticize the fundamental premises of American strategy or to cope with the revolutionary measures necessary to achieve a disarmed world. Indeed, it sometimes seems embarrassing to remind some of the academicians in this new field of study that the United States is officially committed to General and Complete Disarmament and to the replacement of a war system with a radically changed sense of world community. Notwithstanding the encouragement and research contracts of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, the 'establishment* think? ing of American academia has been directed cautiously to the clarification of limited and immediate problems and not to the exploration of basic policy choices.
Bone-graft operations to lengthen the humerus in short arm amputation stumps; report of the results in two bilateral above-the-elbow amputees.

1. Two patients with high above-the-elbow arm amputation stumps, too short for function, had large areas of soft tissue hanging below tile bone ends. Massive autogenous-bone grafts were imlplanted to elongate the humerus, produce internal rigidity in the end of the stump, and increase the length of the lever arm that could activate a prosthesis. 2. When the graft extended into the subcutaneous space, under moving skin and soft parts, it caused persistent inflammation, fibrinoid degeneration, and painful bursitis. When the graft was shortened to a position deeply recessed in muscle, it was well tolerated and capable of a limited form of function in the use of an artificial limb. 3. The donor tissue was replaced by new bone from the host along a distance of only approximately one centimeter. Beyond this point, on the basis of its roentgenographic characteristics, the bone graft appeared to remain inert and either unreplaced on slowly resorbed. 4. This procedure is of limited value and can be recommended only for unusual stumps having a lange muscle mass in which to bury the transplant.
Cline’s Contracture: Dupuytren Was a Thief – A History of Surgery for Dupuytren’s Contracture

There are no records in Greek or Roman literature describing the condition of Dupuytren’s disease. The gesture of legality or truth as seen in Roman statues mirrors the classic contracture seen in Dupuytren’s (Fig. 24.1).
Regional and Age Group Differences in Sickle Cell Anemia Hospitalization Rates among African-American Adults: 1990-2002.

Background: In 1995, investigators from the Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea in Sickle Cell Anemia (MSH) published data demonstrating that patients on hydroxyurea (HU) experienced fewer hospitalizations, fewer incidences of acute chest syndrome, and required fewer blood transfusions than patients not receiving HU. The objective of this study was to look at national trends in sickle cell anemia (SCA) admissions since the publication of the MSH results. Methods: We examined data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) for the period 1990–2002. The NHDS is a nationally representative survey of non-federal short-stay hospitals in the U.S, which allows for the estimation of inpatient utilization data. Inclusion criteria for our analysis were African American race, age 18+ years, and the following ICD9 codes: 28261 and 28262 (sickle cell anemia with or without crisis). To control for population growth, denominators for the calculation of hospitalization rates were estimated using U.S. Census population estimates included in the NHDS dataset, and a SCA prevalence of 1 in 600 AA. Negative binomial regression models were used to test the statistical significance of trends in SCA hospitalization rates overall, and stratified by age group (18 to 23, 24 to 29, 30 to 35, 36 to 41, and 42+) and region (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West). A linear spline term was created for the year 1996 (one year after MSH publication) to compare annual changes in mean hospitalization rates for the periods pre (1990–1996) and post (1997–2002) MSH publication. Results: In the overall analyses, the hospitalization rate increased by 1.5% annually from 1990 to 2002 (p=0.062). The pre/post analysis for all patients found no statistical differences in the change in hospitalization rates pre (0.9% increase, p = 0.626) or post (1.2% increase, p = 0.729) MSH publication. In the stratified age group analyses, we found that 24 to 29 year olds experienced an overall mean annual increase in hospitalization rates of 7.1% (p Conclusions: Estimates of national SCA hospitalization rates for black adults, after MSH publication suggests that there has not been an overall decrease in hospitalization rates when patients and the country are examined as a whole. However, there are important age group and regional differences that need to be explored further to better understand the impact HU has had on this population.
Leadership and Self-Confidence

Self-confidence has two aspects: general self-confidence, which is a stable personality trait that develops in early childhood, and specific self-confidence, which is a changing mental and emotional state associated with the specific task or situation at-hand. We develop both types of self-confidence through automatic, mostly unconscious, internal dialogues whereby we make judgments about ourselves based on our experiences and others’ feedback. While both types of self-confidence profoundly affect our thoughts, emotions, and behavior, our levels of general self-confidence are important primarily in new and unusual circumstances while our specific self-confidence is pertinent to our everyday performance. High levels of both types are essential for effective leadership and enable the leader to influence his collaborators, or followers, to build task-specific self-confidences that can strengthen their job performance. This chapter includes instructions for a conscious mental process called self-leadership, which effective leaders routinely employ and through which we each can learn to positively influence our internal dialogues so that we, too, can build on our innate abilities and develop specific self-confidences to do what we choose.
Sentiment Analysis of ISIS Related Tweets Using Absolute Location

Twitter is a free broadcast service for the registered members to the public limited to 140 characters that may include text, photos, videos and hyperlinks. People share news, opinions and information to support or against media. The most petrified topic is the ISIS terrorist attacks taking place around the world. ISIS takes advantage of the social media to continuously communicate using coded words or to establish their indirect presence. Hashtags associated with ISIS can be analyzed and capture the sentiment of the tweets. This paper presents a novel process for sentiment analysis on the ISIS related tweets and to organize the opinions with their geolocations. The Jeffrey Breen algorithm is used for sentiment analysis. The data mining algorithms such as Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, Bagging, Decision Trees and Maximum Entropy are applied for polarity based classification of ISIS related Tweets. The results are compared and presented.
Speckle Statistics for Single Fiber Endoscopy

We study the effect of speckle contrast on wavefront optimization performance in multi-mode fiber endoscopy. We compare the speckle statistics of four different multi-mode fibers and show that graded-index fibers are most suitable candidates.
Vaccination of cattle against bovine viral diarrhea virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is responsible for significant losses to the cattle industry. Currently, modified-live viral (MLV) and inactivated viral vaccines are available against BVDV, often in combination with other viral and bacterial antigens. Inactivated and MLV vaccines provide cattle producers and veterinarians safe and efficacious options for herd immunization to limit disease associated with BVDV infection. Vaccination of young cattle against BVDV is motivated by prevention of clinical disease and limiting viral spread to susceptible animals. For reproductive-age cattle, vaccination to prevent viremia and birth of persistently infected offspring is considered more important, while also more difficult to achieve than prevention of clinical disease. Recent advances have been made in the understanding of BVDV vaccine efficacy. In terms of preventing clinical disease, current BVDV vaccines have been demonstrated to have a rapid onset of immunity and MLV vaccines can be effectively utilized in calves possessing maternal immunity. For reproductive protection, more recent studies using multivalent MLV vaccines have demonstrated consistent fetal protection rates in the range of 85-100% in experimental studies. Proper timing and administration of BVDV vaccines can be utilized to maximize vaccine efficacy to provide an important contribution to reducing risks associated with BVDV infection. With improvements in vaccine formulations and increased understanding of the protective immune response following vaccination, control of BVDV through vaccination can be enhanced.
Automatic concentration and reformulation of PET tracers via microfluidic membrane distillation

Short-lived radiolabeled tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) must be rapidly synthesized, purified, and formulated into injectable solution just prior to imaging. Current radiosynthesizers are generally designed for clinical use, and the HPLC purification and SPE formulation processes often result in a final volume that is too large for preclinical and emerging in vitro applications. Conventional technologies and techniques for reducing this volume tend to be slow, resulting in radioactive decay of the product, and often require manual handling of the radioactive materials. We present a fully-automated microfluidic system based on sweeping gas membrane distillation to rapidly perform the concentration and formulation process. After detailed characterization of the system, we demonstrate fast and efficient concentration and formulation of several PET tracers, evaluate residual solvent content to establish the safety of the formulated tracers for injection, and show that the formulated tracer can be used for in vivo imaging.
Military nurse deployments: Similarities, differences, and resulting issues.

Abstract Background Military nurses have a long history of deploying to combat and disaster. Much can be gleaned from their experiences. Purpose The purpose of this secondary analysis was to explore military nurses' perceptions of similarities, differences, and resulting issues of military deployments from narratives of three previous studies. Methods Secondary analysis of interviews from 65 U.S. military nurses (Air Force, Army, Navy) was conducted. Line-by-line readings and Nvivo8 qualitative software were used. Discussion Seven themes emerged. Similarities: We Have Suffered, Support Really Matters, The Chaos Is Real, and I'm a Different Person Now; Differences: We Didn't Know, The Structure Is Missing, and Disasters and War Are Not Equal. Conclusion Findings indicated potential areas for improvement in behavioral health, support, and preparedness. Nurses noted they had changed; that they were a different person, and were having difficulty fitting into postdeployment roles. Positive experiences included personal growth and pride.
Biobehavioral Approaches to Aggression Implicate Perceived Threat and Insufficient Sleep: Clinical Relevance and Policy Implications:

Besides reducing the burden of aggression and violence on society, the biobehavioral study of aggression can inform our understanding of emotional problems and maladaptive behaviors more broadly, s...
Molecularly Targeted Therapies in Pancreatic Cancer

The advent of molecularly targeted therapies ushered a major change in the management of several cancers. Unfortunately, to date, there are no molecularly targeted drugs that have demonstrated activity in pancreatic cancer. Randomized clinical trials have evaluated agents targeting cellular signaling pathways (EGFR, MUC1, farnesyl transferase, HIF1-α, MAPK, JAK, and sonic hedgehog), angiogenesis (VEGF, VEGFR), and stromal remodeling (matrix metalloproteinase). Failure of molecularly targeted therapies in pancreatic cancer may be due to inappropriate patient selection, clinical study design, redundant signaling pathways, and unreliable preclinical models. Ongoing trials are evaluating agents targeting cancer stemness (STAT), DNA repair pathways (PARP), and stromal remodeling (hyaluronidase). The focus of this chapter is to discuss the development of molecularly targeted therapies in pancreatic cancer and to review ongoing trials of promising agents.
Patients with sentinel lymph node positive melanoma: Who needs completion lymph node dissection?

Abstract Introduction Completion lymph node dissection (CLND) for melanoma after positive sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was recently shown to improve regional but not overall survival, likely due to the majority of patients harboring no further nodal disease. We sought to determine predictors of non-sentinel node (NSN) positivity. Methods Retrospective review of prospectively collected data on melanoma patients undergoing SLNB. Results 116 patients underwent 119 CLNDs. The incidence of NSN positivity was 17.6%; the average number of positive NSNs in those cases was 1.5. Cervical and inguinofemoral location were most likely to yield positive NSN(s) (40% each). Conversely, the axilla was least likely at 18% (p Conclusions Tumor thickness and nodal basin were predictors of NSN metastasis, factors that could help determine which patients may benefit from CLND. Further, CLNDs with fewer nodes may inadequately clear residual nodal disease.
Allopurinol a new anti-ischemic role for an old drug.

Pharmacologic treatment of stable ischemic heart disease has, until recently, been limited to the traditional agents that primarily improve the myocardial oxygen (O2) supply/demand balance by reducing myocardial O2 demand ([1][1]). Beta-adrenergic blockers, nitrates, and calcium channel blockers
Self-sustained oscillations in separating flows: Simulation and stability analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter analyzes the numerical simulations of a separating flow in a channel to determine the spectral characteristics of the flow. The dynamic structures and the mechanisms supporting the formation of these structures and defining their frequency are also discussed. Simulations are obtained using a two-dimensional vortex-in-element code, in which the velocity is determined through a higher-order finite-element solution of the Poisson equation, and diffusion is simulated using random walk. Velocity spectra exhibit a Strouhal number appearing at a location half way into the average recirculation zone. Proper orthogonal decomposition analysis of the results shows that the first two modes form a conjugate pair, with the same frequency. Linear stability analysis of the local average velocity profiles at different sections within the recirculation zone indicates the presence of an absolutely unstable mode.
Optimal Control of Distributed Systems

In this chapter we continue our study of optimal control problems from the viewpoint of advanced methods of variational analysis and generalized differentiation. In contrast to the preceding chapter where the main attention was paid to control problems governed by ordinary differential equations and inclusions as well as their discrete-time counterparts, we now focus on control systems with distributed parameters governed by functional-differential and partial differential relations. We particularly study optimal control problems for delayed differential-algebraic inclusions that cover several important classes of control systems essentially different from ordinary ones, and for partial differential equations of hyperbolic and parabolic types that involve boundary controls of both Dirichlet and Neumann types as well as pointwise state constraints. All the mentioned problems have not been sufficiently studied in the literature; most of the material presented in this chapter is based on recent results developed by the author and his collaborators.
The Means of Innovation, Ch 4: Science As Knowledge Through Contemplative Systematic Study

This Chapter follows the format of Chapter 3 to document the origins and development of “science,” And just as Chapter 3 was not a traditional history of art, this Chapter is not a conventional history of Science. Rather, the goal is to understand development of the term and concept science in its sense of systematic Study to establish our second meta method.
The Role of Behavioral Inhibition for Conversational Speech and Language Characteristics of Preschool-Age Children Who Stutter.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate whether preschool-age children who stutter (CWS) were more likely to exhibit a temperamental trait of behavioral inhibition (BI), a correlate of...
Prediction of airfield pavement responses from surface deflections: comparison between the traditional backcalculation approach and the ANN model

This study investigated traditional and new approaches for predicting airfield pavement responses from surface deflections measured under Heavy Weight Deflectometer (HWD) testing conducted at Natio...
Racial Disparities in Outcomes of Reconstructive Breast Surgery: An Analysis of 51,362 Patients from the ACS-NSQIP.

BACKGROUND In various surgical specialties, racial disparities in postoperative complications are widely reported. It is assumed that the effect of race can also be found in plastic surgical outcomes, although this remains largely undefined in literature. This study aims to provide data on the impact of race on outcomes of reconstructive breast surgery. METHODS Data were collected using the NSQIP (National Surgical Quality Improvement Program) database (2008-2016). Outcomes of the reconstructive breast surgery of White patients were compared with those of African American, Asian, or other races. Logistic regression was performed to control for variations between all groups. Analysis of racial disparities was further sub-stratified according to four different types of breast reconstruction: delayed or immediate autologous, and delayed or immediate prosthesis-based reconstruction. RESULTS In total, this study included 51,362 patients of which 43,864 were Caucasian, 5,135 African American, 2,057 Asian, and 332 of other races. When compared with White patients, patients of African American race had larger body mass indices (31.3 ± 7.0 vs. 27.6 ± 6.3, p-value < 0.001) in addition to higher rates of diabetes (12.3 vs 4.6%, p-value < 0.001) and hypertension (44.7 vs. 23.4%, p-value < 0.001). Both multivariate analysis and the sub-stratified analysis of different types of reconstruction showed no differences in overall complication rate. CONCLUSION Among the four types of reconstructive procedures, differences in surgical outcomes do not appear to be based on race and therefore seem to be less evident in reconstructive breast surgery compared with the current literature within other surgical specialties.
Decadal turnover of thermally stressed coral taxa support a risk-spreading approach to marine reserve design

Coral reef communities exposed to rapid temperature rises and frequent thermal anomalies were evaluated for taxonomic turnover via presence/absence information over a 27-year period experiencing large changes in the dominant taxa. Temporal turnover of the taxa within sites was consistently high (~ 40%) due to both inter-annual episodic and directional changes. Turnover with time displayed a rapid increase and slow decline after sequential cool and warm thermal anomalies between 1996 and 1998. Subsequent warm temperature anomalies caused fewer broad-scale changes. Directional change for all sites combined indicated three overall gains and losses in taxa—Montipora being the only dominant taxon that declined in both abundance and presence/absence. The studied marine reserves had higher local but lower between-site taxonomic richness than fished reefs. Despite similar mean turnover, there were fewer gains than losses in marine reserves (7 gains and 20 losses in 5 sites) than fished sites (16 gains and 15 losses in 7 sites). Changes in taxonomic cover and presence/absence turnover data were not correlated, indicating that turnover detects finer scale taxonomic change likely to be missed when the cover of the dominant taxa is evaluated—especially in the higher richness marine reserves. High spatial richness, community change, and thermal acclimation in these shallow reef lagoons may have prevented higher net losses of taxa. Consequently, the probabilities of reducing local extirpations of taxa may be best achieved by planning and management that promotes spreading more evenly-spread access restrictions to reef areas with high between-site diversity rather than focusing restrictions to sites with high within-site diversity.
Exact Permutation/Randomization Tests Algorithms

Fisher (The design of experiments, Oliver & Boyd, London, 1935) described the exact permutation and randomization tests for comparative experiments without assuming normality or any particular probability distribution. While having this as an attractive feature, the computational challenge was a disadvantage at that time but not now with modern computers. This paper introduces a permutation/randomization data algorithm to generate the permutation/randomization distributions under the null hypotheses for calculating the P-values. The properties of permutation/randomization data matrices developed by algorithms following the proposed mathematical processes are derived. Two illustrative examples demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed computational methods.
The Weizsäcker-Williams distribution of linearly polarized gluons (and its fluctuations) at small x

The conventional and linearly polarized Weizsacker-Williams gluon distributions at small x are defined from the two-point function of the gluon field in light-cone gauge. They appear in the cross section for dijet production in deep inelastic scattering at high energy. We determine these functions in the small-x limit from solutions of the JIMWLK evolution equations and show that they exhibit approximate geometric scaling. Also, we discuss the functional distributions of these WW gluon distributions over the JIMWLK ensemble at rapidity Y ~ 1/αs . These are determined by a 2d Liouville action for the logarithm of the covariant gauge function g 2 tr A + (q )A + (-q ). For transverse momenta on the order of the saturation scale we observe large variations across configurations (evolution trajectories) of the linearly polarized distribution up to several times its average, and even to negative values.
Salinity Alters Toxicity of Commonly Used Pesticides in a Model Euryhaline Fish Species (Menidia beryllina)

Changing salinity in estuaries due to sea level rise and altered rainfall patterns, as a result of climate change, has the potential to influence the interactions of aquatic pollutants as well as to alter their toxicity. From a chemical property point of view, ionic concentration can increase the octanol-water partition coefficient and thus decrease the water solubility of a compound. Biologically, organism physiology and enzyme metabolism are also altered at different salinities with implications for drug metabolism and toxic effects. This highlights the need to understand the influence of salinity on pesticide toxicity when assessing risk to estuarine and marine fishes, particularly considering that climate change is predicted to alter salinity regimes globally and many risk assessments and regulatory decisions are made using freshwater studies. Therefore, we exposed the Inland Silverside (Menidia beryllina) at an early life stage to seven commonly used pesticides at two salinities relevant to estuarine waters (5 PSU and 15 PSU). Triadimefon was the only compound to show a statistically significant increase in toxicity at the 15 PSU LC50. However, all compounds showed a decrease in LC50 values at the higher salinity, and all but one showed a decrease in the LC10 value. Many organisms rely on estuaries as nurseries and increased toxicity at higher salinities may mean that organisms in critical life stages of development are at risk of experiencing adverse, toxic effects. The differences in toxicity demonstrated here have important implications for organisms living within estuarine and marine ecosystems in the Anthropocene as climate change alters estuarine salinity regimes globally.
The Mandate Rule

The “mandate rule” is a staple of federal practice. When a federal appellate court decides an appeal, a mandate issues. That mandate transfers jurisdiction back to the lower court and constrains the lower court on remand. As is often recited, a lower court must comply with and carry out the mandate’s letter and spirit in further proceedings, and failure to do so is reversible on appeal or correctable by mandamus. The mandate rule has become a source of conflict, confusion, and error in the federal circuit courts. Some courts treat the rule as jurisdictional, while others treat it as just a rule of sound practice. Some courts have extended the rule from its judicial origins to administrative law, thereby claiming the power to direct agency proceedings on remand. Some courts substitute their own judgments for the district court’s, defeating the mandate’s very purpose. And some courts view enforcement of a mandate as an exception to the ordinary rules for mandamus, while others insist that the traditional requirements for the writ still apply. This Article argues that these issues result from courts’ failures to understand and to apply the mandate rule by reference to its statutory origins. In modern times, federal circuit courts routinely recite and apply the rule as though it exists in the abstract—an inherent aspect of judicial hierarchy or the powers of appellate courts generally. That is mistaken. The mandate rule is, and always has been, a statutory rule, and many of its nuances and applications can be resolved by straightforward reference to the applicable but oft-overlooked statutes. By losing sight of the rule’s statutory origins, courts have created error and confusion by applying a doctrine without an anchor in their actual source of authority.
Optimal efficiency for passively coupling partially coherent light intomode-limited optical waveguides

In this paper, we examine the problem of coupling partially coherent light from a telescope into an optical fiber within the framework of phase space optics using Wigner distributions. Specifically, we consider optimization of the coupling efficiency for passive optical systems under constraints in the number of spatial modes guided by the optical fiber, as are often imposed by the limitations of fiber devices or detectors employed later in the optical chain. As our primary example, we consider in detail the case of monochromatic plane wave optical fields distorted by random phase perturbations caused by propagation through atmospheric turbulence. By analyzing the Wigner distribution function for a plane wave in atmospheric turbulence, we develop an expression for the coupling efficiency as a function of the number of fiber modes and the ratio of the telescope diameter to Fried’s atmospheric coherence diameter.