cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward quantifying the IC design value of interconnect technology improvements

As technology scales, wire delay due to interconnect resistance (R) and capacitance (C) is increasing. Thus, improvement of middle-of-line and back-end-of-line (BEOL) materials and process technology (e.g., to achieve reduced barrier material thickness or dielectric permittivity) has always been a key goal in the technology roadmap. However, to date there has not been any systematic quantification of the value of BEOL technology improvements on integrated circuit (LC) design metrics. In this work, we create a framework to study the impact of improvements in interconnect technology on IC designs. Using 45nm technology and benchmark designs from public sources, we map reductions of interconnect resistance and/or capacitance to resulting impacts on design power, performance and area - for various types of physical design and operating contexts. By quantifying potential benefits of interconnect technology improvements at a block or core level, our proposed framework complements lower-level (e.g., critical-path) projections. We believe that this type of early assessment can be useful to guide BEOL technology investments and targets, especially as technology improvements require ever-increasing resources and focus in R&D efforts.
Modeling Transport in Gas Chromatography Columns for the Micro-ChemLab

The gas chromatography (GC) column is a critical component in the microsystem for chemical detection ({mu}ChemLab{trademark}) being developed at Sandia. The goal is to etch a meter-long GC column onto a 1-cm{sup 2} silicon chip while maintaining good chromatographic performance. Our design strategy is to use a modeling and simulation approach. We have developed an analytical tool that models the transport and surface interaction process to achieve an optimized design of the GC column. This analytical tool has a flow module and a separation module. The flow module considers both the compressibility and slip flow effects that may significantly influence the gas transport in a long and narrow column. The separation module models analyte transport and physico-chemical interaction with the coated surface in the GC column. It predicts the column efficiency and performance. Results of our analysis will be presented in this paper. In addition to the analytical tool, we have also developed a time-dependent adsorption/desorption model and incorporated this model into a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code to simulate analyte transport and separation process in GC columns. CFD simulations can capture the complex three-dimensional flow and transport dynamics, whereas the analytical tool cannot. Different column geometries have been studied, and results will be presented in this paper. Overall we have demonstrated that the modeling and simulation approach can guide the design of the GC column and will reduce the number of iterations in the device development.
Chronic activation of protein kinase C by phorbol ester reduces calcium channel expression in chick sympathetic neurons

Abstract Chronic activation of protein kinase C (PKC) has been implicated in regulation of Ca 2+ entry responsible for normal development of transmitter properties in cultured sympathetic neurons. The idea that PKC alters the expression of Ca 2+ channels was tested using phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB) which activates PKC and also supports survival of chick sympathetic neurons in the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF). Whole cell voltage-clamp showed that neurons supported by PDB for 2 days had significantly lower Ca 2+ current density (0.243±0.025 pA/ μ m 2 ) than those supported by NGF (0.356±0.033 pA/ μ m 2 ). [ 125 I] ω -Conotoxin GVIA binding showed that PDB-supported neurons had significantly lower maximum binding (617±223 fmol/mg protein) compared with those supported by NGF (1099±192 fmol/mg protein). These results support the conclusion that chronic activation of PKC limits the expression of N-type Ca 2+ channels. A reduction in Ca 2+ channel number is consistent with, and could account for the mature type Ca 2+ handling and transmitter release properties seen in sympathetic neuro-effector preparations, sympathetic neurons co-cultured with their targets, and neurons supported by PDB.
Identification of Instability Modes of Transition in Underexpanded Jets

A series of experiments into the behavior of underexpanded jet flows has been conducted at NASA Langley Research Center. Two nozzles supplied with high-pressure gas were used to generate axisymmetric underexpanded jets exhausting into a low-pressure chamber. These nozzles had exit Mach numbers of 1 and 2.6, though this paper will present cases involving only the supersonic nozzle. Reynolds numbers based on nozzle exit conditions ranged from about 300 to 22,000, and nozzle exit-to-ambient jet pressure ratios ranged from about 1 to 25. For the majority of cases, the jet fluid was a mixture of 99.5% nitrogen seeded with 0.5% nitric oxide (NO). Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of NO is used to visualize the flow, visualizing planar slices of the flow rather than path integrated measurements. In addition to revealing the size and location of flow structures, PLIF images were also used to identify unsteady jet behavior in order to quantify the conditions governing the transition to turbulent flow. Flow structures that contribute to the growth of flow instabilities have been identified, and relationships between Reynolds number and transition location are presented. By highlighting deviations from mean flow properties, PLIF images are shown to aide in the identification and characterization of flow instabilities and the resulting process of transition to turbulence.
The Origins of Critical Theory in Education: Fabian Socialism as Social Reconstructionism in Nineteenth-Century Britain

ABSTRACTThis paper seeks to examine the influence of Fabian Socialist thinking as the primary force in the development of critical theory as applied to higher education in Britain. The paper covers the impact of scientific Fabian Socialism and the establishment of the London School of Economics and Political Science, the Frankfurt School and the rise of critical theory and pedagogy, and offers a critique of these perspectives. The social reconstructionist theory, worked out in the USA, posits schools and teachers as planned agents of social and cultural reform by addressing and solving practical social problems. The reconstructionists and critical theorists embrace notions of equality, the eradication of social injustices, multiculturalism, increasing levels of social consciousness and the discussion of controversial issues through employment of critical forms of pedagogy. In Britain, Fabian Socialism led directly to the establishment of the Labour Party as a political entity.
Human Surrogates: Remote Presence for Collaboration and Education in Smart Cities

A human surrogate is any object, virtual, physical or even a blend of virtual and physical, that acts as a stand-in for a human. Surrogates can be directly controlled or just given a specific task to carry out on behalf of a human. In the context of a virtual environment, a surrogate is more often referred to as an avatar, reflecting that it is intended to represent the person in some context, rather than just carrying out a specific task on his or her behalf. In essence, an avatar is a manifestation of the human who is "inhabiting" it. A person's avatar can look like the inhabiter or look like some other person, or even be a personification of some non-human character Generally, the inhabiter controls all critical actions, verbal and non-verbal, of his or her avatar, although the specific manifestation of the avatar may place constraints on how it carries out some of these desired behaviors.The research presented here involves the use of avatars and other forms of human surrogates as remote entities that can be employed for situations that involve interpersonal skills. More specifically, we focus on the use of avatars in collaborative situations and in the delivery of training and education, especially when physical co-presence is difficult or even undesirable. In these contexts, difficulty most often relates to spatial separation of the human participants and undesirability relates to the need to have one's surrogate present an appearance and exist in a context that differs from one's own. For other situations, such as carrying out dangerous or humanly impossible physical tasks, a remote avatar may be required for safety or even successful completion. In Smart Cities, human surrogates and avatars can help make people more effective, safer, better educated and more facile at learning new skills required for employment and other life events.
Selective suppression of afferent but not intrinsic fiber synaptic transmission by 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (AP4) in piriform cortex

Abstract Differences in the glutaminergic modulation of afferent and intrinsic fiber synaptic transmission in piriform (olfactory) cortex were investigated using extracellular and intracellular recording techniques in a transverse slice preparation. 2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (AP4) strongly suppressed synaptic potentials evoked by afferent fiber stimulation in layer 1a, while having a much weaker effect on synaptic potentials evoked by intrinsic fiber stimulation in layer 1b. Both the racemic mixture and l -(+)-enantiometer of AP4 showed this differential effect. Suppression of afferent fiber synaptic potentials was accompanied by an increase in paired pulse facilitation, suggesting a pre-synaptic mechanism, while intrinsic fiber synaptic potentials showed little change in facilitation. Previous work has shown that cholinergic modulation in piriform cortex appears selective for intrinsic fiber synapses. The present data describes a pre-synaptic glutaminergic modulation complementary to the cholinergic modulation.
How Important Is the Environment in the Emergence of Nosocomial Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria?

in incidence. As evidenced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Healthcare Safety Network collection of data across a large number of hospitals, resistance rates for vancomycinresistant enterococci (VRE), methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus, imipenemresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosay and cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species continue to increase [1]. These increases in antibiotic-resistant bacteria continue to occur despite efforts to contain them by numerous parties, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Veterans Health Administration, public interest groups, quality improvement administrators, antimicrobial stewardship teams, and hospital epidemiologists. Figure 1 is a theoretical model that
On the tectonics of Asia

Abstract This report describes an interpretation of the tectonics of central Asia made from seismic and geologic data. It is suggested that central Asia is not a tectonically passive unit, as previously proposed by others, responding solely to the convergence of the Indian plate with Asia. We postulate that the tectonics of central Asia can be represented by the motion of a few continental blocks which are influenced by spreading from the Baikal rift zone as well as compression due to the collision of the Indian plate. Here, a block is defined as a tectonic unit, within a continental plate, with boundaries delineated by broad zones of high seismicity with respect to the interior of the unit. Five tectonic units are postulated for central Asia. These are: the Siberian block, the East and West China blocks, the Southeast Asian block; and the Indian plate. An unusual phenomenon is noted along the boundary between the Siberian and West China blocks. There is general horizontal crustal compression along this boundary from the Hindu Kush north-eastward to the southern tip of Lake Baikal; however, there is general horizontal extension eastward from Lake Baikal through the Stanovoy range. Thus the West China block, to the south of this boundary, seems to be turning clockwise about a point near the southern tip of Lake Baikal. The major known faults within this block, which strike mainly northwest-southeast, may be interpreted as shear zones where interior stresses, due to the block rotation, are released. We cannot support this suggestion with an analytical model because of the uncertainties in various model parameters and geometries. The suggested model gives a possible explanation of why India, to the south of the Himalayas, is almost completely aseismic while the regions to the north and northeast have higher seismicity.
Effects of impoundment on the water quality of the bighorn river

Abstract Water flowing through Bighorn Lake, a new impoundment on the Bighorn River, underwent certain physical and chemical changes. Turbidity was greatly reduced and most dissolved constituents lost concentration. Potassium was unchanged over 2 yr, and magnesium, sodium and sulfate diminished one year and increased the next. Nitrate was augmented in the reservoir but other nitrogen compounds suffered reduction. Photosynthetic reduction of alkalinity was not detected and alkalinity decrease is assumed to reflect dilution. Passage through the reservoir delayed conductivity changes evident in the river above, and the mass of stored water was much more resistant to seasonal temperature changes.
Relationship between acetylcholine synthesis and its concentration in rat cerebral cortex.

Abstract 1. The synthesis of carbon-14 labelled acetylcholine (14C-ACh) from carbon-14 uniformly labelled glucose (U.L. 14C-glucose) under different conditions has been studied. 2. Increasing KCl concentration from 4 mM to 31 mM was associated with a large increase in the amount of 14C-ACh in the medium and a significant decrease in the amount of 14C-ACh in the tissue. This effect was observed in slices and minces but not in homogenate. 3. Increasing KCl concentration from 4 mM to 31 mM resulted in the release of pre-formed 14C-ACh. 4. Elevated pre-incubation levels of ACh in slices incubated in 4 mM KCl medium was associated with a decrease in the formation of 14C-ACh. 5. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the concentration of ACh in the vicinity of the site of synthesis regulates the rate of ACh formation.
A structural model and mechanism for Fe epitaxy on Cu(100)

A structural and mechanistic model for initial room temperature Fe epitaxy on Cu(100) is presented, based on scanning tunneling microscopy data. Changes in Fe atom attachment kinetics with coverage θ yield several growth regimes: Fe incorporation into the surface by atomic exchange with Cu (θ < 0.2), growth of first-layer Fe islands (0.2 < θ < 0.7), and simultaneous layer-1 and layer-2 growth (0.7 < θ < 2). These results reconcile qualitative disparities in previous interpretations of experimental results.
The Maritime Mystique: Sustainable Development, Capital Mobility, and Nostalgia in the World Ocean

Three images of ocean space are becoming increasingly prevalent in policy and planning circles and popular culture: The image of the ocean as an empty void to be annihilated by hypermobile capital;...
Electronic structure and bonding in transuranics: Comparison with lanthanides☆

The physico-chemical properties of the actinide metals, alloys, and compounds show interesting parallels and contrasts with the rare earths, beyond uranium. At first there is a transition region where the unique bonding properties of the early actinides become less prominent, due to progressive f-electron localization. Nevertheless, in contrast to the rare earths, f-electron energies remain close to the Fermi level, resulting in complex behavior as a function of temperature, pressure and structure. Particularly interesting in this region are the metallic hydrides, whose chemistry is clearly rare-earth like, but whose electronic properties are entirely different. At americium a major localization and f-band narrowing occurs, but the explanation of americium behavior is obscured by the occurrence of the unique f/sup 6/ non-magnetic solid-state configuration. Beyond americium, it would appear that real rare-earth-like behavior finally begins; this has been born out by recent studies on the thermodynamics and cohesive energies of curium, berkelium, californium and einsteinium metals. However, a new complication arises almost immediately, in the onset of incipient stabilization of the divalent state, which already appears in californium, whose physico-chemical properties are remarkably similar to samarium. Einsteinium appears to be fully divalent, thus heralding the beginning of a mini-series of truly divalentmore » metals.« less
Focal transient CNS vessel leak provides a tissue niche for sequential immune cell accumulation during the asymptomatic phase of EAE induction

Abstract Peripheral immune cells are critical to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS) ( Hendriks et al., 2005 , Kasper and Shoemaker, 2010 ). However, the precise sequence of tissue events during the early asymptomatic induction phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) pathogenesis remains poorly defined. Due to the spatial–temporal constrains of traditional methods used to study this disease, most studies had been performed in the spine during peak clinical disease; thus the debate continues as to whether tissue changes such as vessel disruption represent a cause or a byproduct of EAE pathophysiology in the cortex. Here, we provide dynamic, high-resolution information on the evolving structural and cellular processes within the gray matter of the mouse cortex during the first 12 asymptomatic days of EAE induction. We observed that transient focal vessel disruptions precede microglia activation, followed by infiltration of and directed interaction between circulating dendritic cells and T cells. Histamine antagonist minimizes but not completely ameliorates blood vessel leaks. Histamine H1 receptor blockade prevents early microglia function, resulting in subsequent reduction in immune cell accumulation, disease incidence and clinical severity.
Critical Evaluation of a Modified Automatic Wet-Only Precipitation Collector for Mercury and Trace Element Determinations

In 1993, the University of Michigan Air Quality Laboratory (UMAQL) designed a new wet-only precipitation collection system that was utilized in the Lake Michigan Loading Study. The collection system was designed to collect discrete mercury (Hg) and trace element samples on either an event or weekly basis. Performance characteristics such as collector opening efficiency, collocated precision, spike recovery, field blanks, and bottle blanks were rigorously evaluated from October 1994 through October 1995 at a semi-rural site near Dexter, MI. Comparisons for Hg were made between HCl preserved versus unpreserved event collection, wet-only event versus manual event collection, and weekly volume-weighted wet-only event versus weekly bulk collection. Results of this investigation indicated that with proper preparation and ultra-clean collection techniques, wet-only precipitation collection utilizing the UMAQL modified MIC-B collector can provide virtually contamina tion-free Hg and trace element samples. On aver...
Detection of insect infestation in museum objects by carbon dioxide measurement using FTIR

Abstract Detecting the presence of active insects in various stages of their lifecycle within an art object is often difficult in the absence of direct visualization of the insect. It usually relies on one's ability to assess the evidence of their activity around, on, or in the object. To augment this “eyeball” method, a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy system was used to determine the presence of the insect through its respired gas, carbon dioxide. The application of the procedure to assist in control of insect infestation within art objects is described. Two instruments are discussed in this paper. The prototype instrument could detect a change in carbon dioxide that was 0.3–0.4 ppm/h and required days to reliably determine this level. The second instrument could detect changes as low as 0.09 ppm/h and could provide results in only 4 h. Carbon dioxide measurements were collected from representative insect groups that have caused problems in art objects; these were worker termites ( Reticuliterme s sp.), carpet beetle adult and larvae ( Anthrenus sp.), an odd beetle larva ( Thylodrias sp.) and a mature silverfish ( Lepisma sp.), as well as selected museum art objects composed of wood, fabric, and/or feathers suspected of harboring insects.
Prolactin monitoring of haloperidol and pimozide treatment in children with Tourette's syndrome

Neuroleptic therapy of children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome (GTS) is associated with unpredictable outcome and adverse drug responses (i.e., extrapyramidal symptoms). Assessing the potential outcomes in GTS from a physiologic marker such as plasma prolactin concentration is important in limiting exposure and optimizing therapy. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, double crossover comparison of pimozide and haloperidol therapy, prolactin, tic severity, and extraphyramidal symptoms were assessed at a 6-week end point. Twenty-six GTS patients (10.5 ± 2.6 years), experienced clinical response rates of 69% on 3.4 ± 1.6 mg pimozide and 65% on 3.5 ± 2.2 mg/day haloperidol. Pimozide responders demonstrate elevated prolactin (26.1 ± 11.8 ng/mL) versus pimozide nonresponders (10.5 ± 3.8 ng/mL) ( p = .05) and haloperidol treated patients ( p = .05). Prolactin may be a marker for tic response to pimozide, and conversely, a potential marker for haloperidol-related incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms during haloperidol therapy.
Relationship between catecholamines and ACTH: effects of 6-hydroxy-dopamine.

THE precise nature of the relationship, if any, between brain catecholamines (CA) and ACTH secretion has been actively debated. The most popular hypothesis is that of Van Loon et al.1–4, who have proposed that CA exert an inhibitory control over ACTH secretion. Others have failed to demonstrate any direct correlation between CA levels and ACTH secretion4,5, while yet another group has demonstrated a facilitatory effect6,7.
Proliferation and Fiber Formation of Human Dermal Fibroblasts on Patterned Differentially Adherent Substrates

Fibroblast cells are crucial in the human body for maintenance of the extracellular matrix, including synthesizing macromolecules like collagen, and they play a critical role in wound healing of soft tissues such as skin [1]. Directing fibroblast growth is an important step in tissue engineering where the focus has gone from a top-down approach of homogeneously introducing cells into a pre-formed scaffold to a bottom-up approach in which the tissue construct is built on a cell-by-cell basis with ability to manipulate specific cell environments through location, proximity, and geometry. The ability to direct cell proliferation to encourage organized tissue formation can provide tissue engineers a means of controlling the architectural and mechanical properties of soft tissue scaffolds. This approach to functional tissue engineering represents a novel direction for the development of replacement tissues. Previous attempts of directed growth have proven successful with C2C12 mouse myoblast cells. Using laser micromachined channels in agarose hydrogel lined with a basement membrane matrix, myoblast cells were guided to align and produce myotubes [2]. The objective of the current study was to apply similar principals to direct fibroblast cell growth and proliferation, ultimately leading to their growth into three-dimensional fibers, on differentially adherent substrates. Channels (widths ranging from 60 μm to 200 μm) were laser micromachined in agarose gel to explore an optimal geometry for cellular proliferation and fiber formation. The fibroblast cells used range in size from roughly 20–30 μm. Thus, the width of each channel was chosen to explore which multiple of cell width would allow for directional alignment parallel to the channel and subsequent fiber growth. The ability to direct fibroblast cells to align and produce fibers through manipulation of their environment is critical to our laboratory’s ongoing efforts to develop three-dimensional customized tissue replacement constructs to be used in many soft tissue applications such as ligament and skin grafts.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The effect of physician bias in medical diagnosis.

Medical diagnoses are often based on qualitative rather than quantitative criteria, which may show considerable variation among individual physicians. This paper proposes a method for quantitative evaluation of these variations, and discusses the larger problem of obtaining better diagnostic criteria for sickness and health.
The atomic fluorescence of copper with a high-intensity hollow-cathode lamp

Abstract Copper is determined at 3248 A by atomic fluorescence spectrometry with inexpensive, single-beam, unmodulated instrumentation with a high-intensity hollow-cathode lamp and a hydrogen/argon/entrained-air flame. The limit of detection is 0,003 μ ml and the linear working range covers nearly five decades of concentration. Evidence is presented which suggests different fluorescence quantum efficiencies for the 3274 A and 3248 A fluorescence lines. In the presence of 0.01 M hydrochloric acid, only aluminum, phosphate and silicate give any chemical interference out of 31 species examined. An extensive study of the effect of light scattering by concomitants is presented and in favorable instances nearly 1% total dissolved solids can be tolerated. The degree of scatter was of the same order as for atomic absorption spectrometry, using low-temperature flames.
Bounds for the Maximum Likelihood Estimates in Two-Parameter Gamma Distribution

Bounds for the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the shape parameter of the two-parameter gamma distribution are obtained for the first time. These bounds are then utilized to develop an efficient algorithm for obtaining the MLE of the shape parameter which is guaranteed to converge.
Nuclear data sheets for A= 70

Abstract The 1966 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 70 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received before June 1, 1972. Experimental data, arguments for J π assignments, and detailed level schemes are presented. A large amount of new information is given for the 70 Zn, 70 Ga and 70 Ge level schemes, while essentially no new information is available for the level schemes of 70 Cu and 70 As.
Race, Cost, and Car-Status: Interacting Variables Using the Lost-Letter Technique

The tendency of subjects (N = 400) at a suburban shopping mall to return letters found on their cars was studied, varying the implied race of the addressee (black or unspecified), the cost of helping (stamped or unstamped letter), and the car-status (low, medium, or high) of the subject. For subjects having low-status cars, black addressees received more help than unspecified addressees when the letter was stamped but less help when the letter was unstamped, suggesting response amplification toward blacks. For subjects with cars of medium, and high status, the tendency to return letters was unaffected by the race manipulation and higher over-all than the subjects with cars of low status.
The "Opener" Skilled User of Facial Expression and Speech Pattern

Same-sex pairs of high or low "openers, "persons more or less adept at encozvraging others to talk, engaged in 10-minute conversations. Conversations were videotaped, and the moment-by-moment patterning of speech and gaze was examined by computer. Interest and attentiveness expressed in the subjects' faces were also judged. The high openers used a set of behaviors that may serve to reinforce their partners' participation. An attentive facial expression and the appearance of comfort and enjoyment are part of their visual display during conversation. Brief utterances of simultaneous speech were also emitted by higher opener males while their partners were speaking.
Improvement in Interior Egg Quality and Reduction in Liver Fat in Hens Fed Brewers Dried Grains

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with cage layer hens to determine the effect of various levels of dietary brewers dried grains on liver fat accumulation and performance. The first experiment was conducted from September to February and the second from May to August. Liver fat per unit of body weight was significantly reduced by including 20% brewers dried grains in both pelleted and unpelleted diets below that observed with the corresponding basal diets in the summer experiment, but not in the winter experiment. An intermediate response was obtained with 10% brewers dried grains in the summer experiment. Adding 20% brewers dried grains significantly improved interior egg quality as measured by Haugh units in both experiments. Smaller increases in Haugh units were observed with lower levels of brewers dried grains. Egg production was not significantly different among the dietary treatments in the summer experiment, but was significantly lower with 20% brewers dried grains in the winter experiment. Adding lysine to the diet with the 20% brewers dried grains slightly improved rate of production, but not significantly (P > 0.05). Differences in egg weight, body weight change, fertility, hatchability of fertile eggs, egg shell quality, and feed consumption per hen per day were not significantly different among the dietary treatments in either experiment. Daily intake of calculated metabolizable energy calories per hen was reduced with 10% or more brewers dried grains in both experiments. The results indicate that economic evaluation of brewers dried grains for layer diets based solely on metabolizable energy content (1760 kcal./kg.) underestimates its value.
A Conformationally Sensitive Residue on the Cytoplasmic Surface of Serotonin Transporter

Serotonin transporter (SERT) contains a single reactive external cysteine residue at position 109 (Chen, J. G., Liu-Chen, S., and Rudnick, G. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 1479-1486) and seven predicted cytoplasmic cysteines. A mutant of rat SERT (X8C) in which those eight cysteine residues were replaced by other amino acids retained approximately 32% of wild type transport activity and approximately 56% of wild type binding activity. In contrast to wild-type SERT or the C109A mutant, X8C was resistant to inhibition of high affinity cocaine analog binding by the cysteine reagent 2-(aminoethyl)methanethiosulfonate hydrobromide (MTSEA) in membrane preparations from transfected cells. Each predicted cytoplasmic cysteine residue was reintroduced, one at a time, into the X8C template. Reintroduction of Cys-357, located in the third intracellular loop, restored MTSEA sensitivity similar to that of C109A. Replacement of only Cys-109 and Cys-357 was sufficient to prevent MTSEA sensitivity. Thus, Cys-357 was the sole cytoplasmic determinant of MTSEA sensitivity in SERT. Both serotonin and cocaine protected SERT from inactivation by MTSEA at Cys-357. This protection was apparently mediated through a conformational change following ligand binding. Although both ligands bind in the absence of Na(+) and at 4 degrees C, their ability to protect Cys-357 required Na(+) and was prevented at 4 degrees C. The accessibility of Cys-357 to MTSEA inactivation was increased by monovalent cations. The K(+) ion, which is believed to serve as a countertransport substrate for SERT, was the most effective ion for increasing Cys-357 reactivity.
Latency of the Cortical Component of the Somatosensory Evoked Potential in Relation to Cerebral Blood Flow Measured in the White Matter of the Cat Brain during Focal Ischemia

In a focal model of cerebral ischemia (middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in the cat), the existence of a relationship between the latency from the onset of stimulation to the appearance of the cortical component of the somatosensory evoked response and blood flow was explored. White matter blood flow was determined in the left and right hemispheres under control conditions. During left MCA occlusion, the blood flow and the latency of the cortical component recorded from the right hemisphere deviated from their preexisting linear relationship obtained from plotting latency as a function of blood flow. In an effort to increase flow during focal ischemia, hemodilution and volume expansion with dextran 40 was used. Application of this technique only mildly increased blood flows and did not restore the correlation of latencies of the cortical component of the evoked response and blood flows observed before MCA occlusion. This finding suggests that latencies and blood flows are not correlated in the contralateral hemisphere during focal ischemia and only show a mild degree of relationship in the unperturbed brain. During ischemia, flow and electrical activities may not respond to the same stimuli and, if they do respond, it may not be unidirectionally. These findings are discussed in light of other reports on the Significance of the evoked response in monitoring cerebrovascular insults and the observation of diaschisis.
Photonic transport networks based on wavelength division multiplexing technologies

This paper highlights recent advances in the development of photonic transport networks. The requirements of future networks are discussed and the photonic network envisaged is identified. The role of photonic technologies in enhancing network performance is elucidated. The attributes of the new optical layer, in terms of transport layer architecture, and function allocation are discussed. The IP backbone network based on optical path technologies is highlighted. Some cutting–edge technologies, such as supercontinuum light sources and a coherent optical amplifier, are demonstrated.
Information management for complex dynamic systems

Organizations operating in dynamic environments confront rapid changes in both internal and external conditions that affect their performance. Such changes produce new information that requires attention, comprehension, and integration into existing knowledge to enable individuals and organizations to adapt their performance, and that of the larger system, accordingly. Understanding the dynamics of learning, change, and adaptation to new information under uncertain operating conditions is central to managing the complex, interdependent infrastructure systems characteristic of metropolitan regions. Responsible managers of rail, air, highway, subway and waterway systems seek to reduce the level of uncertainty in interdependent environments by extensive use of information technologies. These technologies, however, produce large amounts of information that may further overwhelm personnel, especially under constraints of limited time and resources. Creating training environments that enable technical personnel to increase their ability to manage large amounts of rapidly changing information is critical to improving organizational performance in dynamic, uncertain conditions. Advanced training environments include techniques for graphic representation of knowledge, information exchange among shared knowledge bases, and intelligent reasoning by the computer. These techniques increase the ability of personnel to absorb, integrate, and act upon increasingly complex information under dynamic conditions.
WATER ECONOMY OF THE CANYON MOUSE PEROMYSCUS CRINITUS STEPHENSI

Abstract 1. 1. Peromyscus crinitus are independent of exogenous water under laboratory conditions of low relative humidites and constant moderate temperatures. 2. 2. Volutnary ad lib. drinking of saline solutions indicated an inverse relationship between the quantity drunk and salinity. 3. 3. Water independence exhibited by Peromyscus crinitus is accompanied by the capacity to concentrate urine with little perceptive change in blood concentration.
Infliximab in the treatment of medically refractory indeterminate colitis.

Summary Aim : To examine the outcome of infliximab intervention in refractory indeterminate colitis. Methods : Twenty patients with severe, medically refractory indeterminate colitis were treated with infliximab. All patients initially received infliximab, 5 mg/kg, intravenously and, in some patients, the dose was subsequently increased to 10 mg/kg. The number of infusions ranged from one to 16 per patient. Indeterminate colitis was defined as colitis that could not be classified with certainty as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis based on traditional clinical, endoscopic and histopathological criteria. The clinical response to infliximab was classified as complete response, partial response or non-response. Results : Fourteen of the 20 patients (70%) showed a complete response to infliximab treatment, two showed a partial response and four showed no response. The four non-responders underwent colectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. The resected colon specimen was consistent with ulcerative colitis in all four cases, although two were subsequently re-classified as Crohn's disease. Eight additional patients were subsequently re-classified as having Crohn's disease on longer follow-up evaluation, whilst eight continued to have features of indeterminate colitis. The response rate to infliximab treatment was similar in both groups. Conclusions : Infliximab is effective in approximately two-thirds of patients with indeterminate colitis, and thus may be considered for patients with refractory disease prior to colectomy. The follow-up time afforded by infliximab treatment may allow for more accurate classification of the disease in a significant proportion of patients whose colitis has indeterminate features at initial presentation.
Prophets in a Secular Age: Nietzsche’s Also sprach Zarathustra and Buber’s Legende des Baalschem

This essay compares Martin Buber’s “Legende des Baalschem,” a modern retelling of tales about the founder of Hasidism, with Nietzsche’s philosophical novel “Also sprach Zarathustra.” While scholarship to date has focused on Nietzsche’s ideas in Buber’s essays, this analysis examines both texts as literary expressions. I argue that the narratives seek to replace conventional morality with new ethical imperatives, imperatives written in the literary guise of religious prophets, but paradoxically with a predominantly secular orientation. In “Also sprach Zarathustra,” Nietzsche posits a radical form of immanence that seeks to strengthen individuality, while Buber constructs a form of Jewish identity that not only affirms immanence and individual autonomy but also integrates these values into an idealized community. In terms of character, both Zarathustra and the Baalschem are similarly constructed as sovereign, creative leaders with disciples but differ in that Zarathustra becomes increasingly inner focused while the Baalschem uses mystical interiority as a tool for active participation in the Hasidic community. Thematically, both texts operate with a similar psychology of revenge as a central motive for human behavior but also confront the problem of affirming existence in immanent reality. Zarathustra affirms immanence through an ecstatic process of reconciliation with self and life, but only at the price of alienation from society. Buber’s “Legende” also upholds an autonomous self who finds joy in life, but the Hasidic mystic furthermore creates bonds with a transcendent power and within his faith community.
Spectral sensitivity of screening pigment migration in the compound eye ofManduca sexta

1. The pupillary response in the compound eye ofManduca sexta results from pigment migration in pigment cells located distal to the retina. We used reflectance photometry to measure the spectral sensitivity of the pupillary response (Figs. 1–4), and compared pupillary action spectra with the ERG spectral sensitivity function and the absorption spectra of retinal visual pigments (Figs. 3–5). Our study was provoked by the report of Hamdorf and Hoglund (1981) that the pupillary response of a related moth is maximal in the violet and ultraviolet, but is insensitive to wavelengths greater than 530 nm. Since, in sharp contrast, retinal sensitivity peaks in the green, and drops off at shorter wavelengths, they concluded that the pupillary response is not coupled to retinal excitation, but may result from intrinsic photosensitivity of the pigment cells themselves. Our aim was to test this conclusion by more accurately measuring the spectral response of the pigment cells. 2. The spectral sensitivity of the pupillary response from 460–690 nm matches the ERG action spectrum (Fig. 5), and both correspond to the absorption spectrum of the long wavelength photopigment (P520, λ max = 520 nm) present in the retina (Fig. 3). 3. There is a second peak in pupillary action spectra between 410 and 450 nm that varies from eye to eye in its height relative to the maximum at 520 nm (Fig. 4). The short wavelength peak corresponds to the violet receptors of the retina, whose existence has been inferred from selective adaptation experiments and from the presence of a violet sensitive photopigment (P440, λmax ≅440 nm). A violet peak is not prominent in the dark-adapted ERG spectral sensitivity function (Fig. 5). The variable violet peak in pupillary action spectra may reflect variation in relative input to the pigment cells from the green and violet receptors. 4. We conclude that the pupillary response is probably driven by way of the retinal receptors, rather than depending on a photosensitive system within the pigment cells themselves. As in other insects, the pupillary response inManduca provides the possibility for non-invasively measuring visual function.
Quality of Life While Living and Aging with a Spinal Cord Injury and Other Impairments

Maintaining health, achieving maximum functional ability, and creating a quality of life (QOL) should be the main outcomes of SCI rehabilitation. This article focuses on QOL issues, using a subjective view of QOL that stresses the person's own views of his/her life. Past literature suggests that QOL may be strongly related to being able to maintain community involvement. A QOL scale was correlated with both basic activities of daily living and with a community activities scale. The latter relationship was clearly the stronger one. Community involvement should be stressed as a way of maintaining QOL.
Action process of nurse administrators to problematic situations based on Orlando's theory

This study used Orlando's theory to investigate the action process of nurse administrators to realistic hypothetical situations presented to them by their staff. Ninety subjects recorded their thoughts, feelings and actions in response to six problematic situations. Findings indicated the administrators' first thought was seldom about their staff's reaction to the situation. Most experienced negative feelings about the staff member or about other people associated with the situation which were not expressed. The majority of administrators would handle the situation alone or tell the nurse what to do; less than half would ask their staff a question. The conclusion was that subjects did not consider situations as problematic.
An evaluation of the mononuclear cells eerived from bovine mammary gland dry secretions using leukocyte antigen specific monoclonal antibodies, light scattering properties and non-specific esterase staining

The distribution of mononuclear cells isolated from the bovine mammary gland during the nonlactating (dry) period was examined using monoclonal antibodies against leukocyte cell surface antigens, cellular light scattering properties, and the presence of nonspecific esterase. Most of the mononuclear cells isolated during the dry period were lymphocytes. T cells predominated until about 1 week prior to parturition. During the week prior to calving, the percentage of B cells increased until it approximated T cells. The ratio of CD4:CD8 cells was 2-3:1 for mammary gland T cells. This was similar to the ratio found in peripheral blood. At dry-off, about 12% of mammary mononuclear cells were macrophages. The macrophage percentage increased (to about 30%) at mid-dry and remained at this levels until parturition. PMN's were isolated with the mononuclear cells during the first 2 weeks dry and the week prior to calving. Three methods were used to identify mammary macrophages. Esterase staining (as an enzymatic method), forward angle/90 degrees light scatter (based on size and internal complexity), and MHC class II/forward angle light scatter (based on size and surface markers) were compared. Each method yielded similar specificity for macrophage identification. Non-adherent cell fractions, obtained by passage of the cells over Sephadex G-10 columns, were enriched in CD4 positive T cells, somewhat depleted of B cells, and depleted of macrophages and PMN's. Cells eluted from G-10 columns, with lidocaine, were mostly lymphocytes, but reflected the cells loaded onto the column.
The Psychobiology Of Sensory Coding

Originally published in 1973, this book deals with what were, even at that time, the well-known neural coding processes of the sensory transmission processes. The book was written to demonstrate the common features of the various senses. It concentrates on the most peripheral neural aspects of the senses starting with the physical transduction process and culminating in the arrival of signals at the brain.
The daily me: a response to 'Tocqueville on democracy and inclusive education: a more ardent and enduring love of equality than of liberty'

The provocative article, ‘Tocqueville on democracy and inclusive education: a more ardent and enduring love of equality than of liberty’, has proven to be challenging, perplexing, and vexing to me....
The partial oxidation of isobutene and propene on TiO2(110)

General techniques for the partial oxidation of alkenes by molecular oxygen are a goal for surface science and catalysis research as they may lead to more efficient and environmentally friendly industrial processes. In order to better understand the thermal surface chemistry of metal oxides toward alkene partial oxidation, the interactions of isobutene and propene on TiO2(110) were studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD). Isobutene was found to adsorb and desorb molecularly below 250 K on the clean surface. With exposure to oxygen (>1000 L) and unknown quantities of water (< 10 L), isobutene monolayers on TiO2(110) react to form products that include methacrolein and isobutanal, as well as a third product that possesses a C4H8O stoichiometry. We tentatively assign this species to 2,2-dimethyloxirane (isobutene oxide). Structural conservation within this family of products points to a common surface intermediate which we propose to result from addition of O from a hydrogen peroxo (HOO) species to the C=C bond of isobutene. This hydrogen peroxo (HOO) species forms from the reaction of physisorbed water and oxygen assisted by partial charge transfer from the TiO2(110) substrate. Initial studies reveal a similar reaction pathway for the partial oxidation of propene on TiO2(110), yielding acetone andmore » propanal. This work suggests that TiO2 surface sites on supported Au/TiO2 catalysts are active for partial oxidation of alkenes.« less