cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hadronic models for Large Area Telescope prompt emission observed in Fermi gamma-ray bursts

This paper examines the possibility that hadronic processes produce the >100 MeV photons in the prompt phase of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) observed by the Fermi-LAT. We calculate analytically the radiation from protons and from secondary electron-positron pairs produced by high energy protons interacting with gamma-rays inside of the GRB jet. We consider both photo-pion and Bethe-Heitler pair production processes to create secondary electrons and positrons that then radiate via inverse Compton and synchrotron processes. We also consider synchrotron radiation from the protons themselves. We calculate the necessary energy in protons to produce typical Fermi-LAT fluxes of a few microJy at 100 MeV. For both of the photo-pion and Bethe-Heitler processes, we find that the required energy in protons is larger than the observed gamma-ray energy by a factor of a thousand or more. For proton synchrotron, the protons have a minimum Lorentz factor ~2x10^6. This is much larger than expected if the protons are accelerated by relativistic collisionless shocks in GRBs. We also provide estimates of neutrino fluxes expected from photo-hadronic processes. Although the flux from a single burst is below IceCube detection limits, it may be possible to rule out photo-hadronic models by adding up the contribution of several bursts. Therefore, photo-hadronic processes seem an unlikely candidate for producing the Fermi-LAT radiation during the prompt phase of GRBs.
Winter wheat biomass estimation based on spectral indices, band depth analysis and partial least squares regression using hyperspectral measurements

Crop aboveground biomass estimates are critical for assessing crop growth and predicting yield. In order to ascertain the optimal methods for winter wheat biomass estimation, this study compared the utility of univariate techniques involving narrow band vegetation indices and red-edge position (REP), as well as multivariate calibration techniques involving the partial least square regression (PLSR) analyses using band depth parameters, and the combination of band depth parameters and hyperspectral indices including narrow band indices and REP. Narrow band indices were calculated in the form of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) using all possible two-band combinations for selecting optimal narrow band indices. Band depth, band depth ratio (BDR), normalized band depth index, and band depth normalized to area extracted from a red absorption region (550nm-750nm) were utilized as band depth parameters. The results indicated that: (1) Compared with the traditional NDVI and SAVI constructed with bands at 670nm and 800nm and REP, the selected narrow band indices (optimal NDVI-like and optimal SAVI-like) produced higher estimation accuracy of the winter wheat biomass; (2) the PLSR models based on band depth parameters produced lower root mean square error, relative to the models based on the selected narrow band indices; and (3) the PLSR model based on the combination of optimal NDVI-like and BDR produced the best estimated result of the winter wheat biomass (R^2=0.84, RMSE=0.177kg/m^2). The results of this study suggest that PLSR analysis using the combination of optimal NDVI-like and band depth parameters could significantly improve estimation accuracy of winter wheat biomass.
The versatile array

A four-element, nonredundant array telescope-interferometer for ground use is discussed. The elements are 8-meter mirrors, and the maximum array spacing and two element spacing are 75 m and of 108 m, respectively. The array may be used as three separate telescopes, one of 11.3 m and two of 8 m, for work not requiring highest angular resolution. The problems of making speckle measures to high enough precision for synthetic images to be produced are discussed. It is shown that the high resolution presents opportunities for making types of observation that are possible with neither the VLBA nor the National New Technology Telescope.
Doppler-spread parameterization of gravity-wave momentum deposition in the middle atmosphere. Part 1: Basic formulation

Abstract This paper presents a parameterization of gravity-wave momentum and energy deposition in the middle atmosphere, given a wave spectrum incident from below and arbitrary temperature and wind profiles through which it progresses upward. An associated turbulence diffusivity is also obtained. The work constitutes an extension and application of the author's previous analysis of gravity-wave saturation in the middle atmosphere. In that analysis the dissipation of waves, and so too the momentum and energy deposited by them, is controlled largely by a Doppler spreading caused by the fluctuating winds that are induced by the waves themselves, acting via the Eulerian advective nonlinearity. The present work adds the effects of Doppler shifting caused by the background winds of the region and parameterizes the whole. Implementation of the parameterization requires the adoption of some specific incident spectrum in vertical wavenumber m. The question of suitable spectra and their implementation is discussed in Part 2 of this paper, where too some modifications associated with quasi monochromatic spectra are introduced. Modelers who wish to go straight to the operational relations as exemplified by these spectra will find them in Part 2.
Early identification of children's special needs: A study in five metropolitan communities

In a study of special education programs in five urban school systems, parent interview data for 1726 children revealed how early the children's problems were identified and how the medical system was involved in the diagnosis. Problems included speech impairment, learning disabilities, emotional disturbance, mental retardation, sensory disorders, and physical and health disabilities. Overall, 4.5% of the children's problems were identified at birth, and only 28.7% before the age of 5 years. Variation in age at identification depended on the condition: 1 year for Down syndrome and cerebral palsy versus a 6-year range for mental retardation. Although physicians were most likely to identify the less common, more severe handicaps, they also identified from 15% to 25% of learning disabilities, speech impairments, emotional disorders, hyperactivity, and "other" development problems. The type, severity, and complexity of the condition were significant predictors of physician identification. No racial, socioeconomic, or site biases were associated with whether a physician was first to identify. Age at identification was predicted by the complexity of the problem, the association with other health and developmental concerns, socioeconomic indicators, and whether a physician was involved in the diagnosis. In the absence of clear assumption of responsibility for early identification, much terrain remains uncharted by medical practitioners and the schools. A better systematic sharing of responsibility for the early identification of developmentally disabling conditions is needed.
The Pursuit of Coordination: The Organizational Dimension in the Response to Homelessness

The pursuit of “coordination” has been a prominent theme both in local responses to homelessness and in the current incentives in federal housing policy. This article reviews some of the conditions that make coordination important yet difficult to achieve in the homeless area. A variety of approaches for achieving coordination at the local level are reviewed, ranging from point-of-service coordination to system-design. The local examples are drawn from the cities participating in the evaluation of The Robert Wood Johnson and the Department of Housing and Urban Development Homeless Families Program. The questions of effectiveness and future prospects for homeless service coordination are raised.
Expression of MT-3 protein in the human kidney

The objective of the present study was to determine the expression of MT-3 in the human kidney. To accomplish this, an antibody was generated against a unique 8 amino acid sequence present in MT-3 that is not shared by any other MT family member. Western analysis demonstrated that the resulting antibody reacted with a protein band of approximately 6 kDa, corresponding to the known molecular weight of MT-3. Immunohistochemical staining using this antibody demonstrated reactivity with several epithelial components of the nephron. In the glomerulus, moderate intensity was demonstrated in parietal epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule and in visceral epithelial cells of the glomerular tuft. Proximal convoluted tubule cells exhibited moderate cytoplasmic MT-3 reactivity. Distal tubules showed strong cytoplasmic staining for MT-3, particularly in the medullary rays. In the medulla, MT-3 staining was the most variable, with weak to moderate staining in the medullary collecting ducts and a general absence of staining in the thin loops of Henle and in the transitional epithelium of the renal pelvis. The finding that MT-3 is constitutively expressed in several glomerular and tubular epithelial elements of the human kidney warrants consideration of an expanded role for this protein family in maintaining renal homeostasis.
Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy (PEHO) syndrome in a Swiss child.

Summary Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy (PEHO) syndrome is a rare neurodegenerative syndrome first reported in 1991. Most patients described are of Finnish descent and very few patients have been reported in other countries. We report the first Swiss patient who fulfils the criteria of the PEHO syndrome. The course of the epilepsy is less severe than previously reported. Our patient developed a severe dystonic state after a febrile gastrointestinal infection, with a hypotonic state that may have been a dysregulation of brainstem origin. The diagnosis was made because of marked cerebellar atrophy in the repeated MRI. In patients with infantile spasms and severe developmental delay PEHO syndrome should be considered; it is not confined to Finnish heritage. Optic atrophy should be looked for and repeat MRI is indicated.
n-Simple theories

Abstract The main topic of this paper is the investigation of generalized amalgamation properties for simple theories. That is, we are trying to answer the question of when a simple theory has the property of n-dimensional amalgamation, where two-dimensional amalgamation is the Independence Theorem for simple theories. We develop the notions of strong n-simplicity and n-simplicity for 1≤n≤ω, where both “1-simple” and “strongly 1-simple” are the same as “simple”. For strong n-simplicity, we present examples of simple unstable theories in each subclass and prove a characteristic property of strong n-simplicity in terms of strong n-dividing, a strengthening of the dependence relation called dividing in simple theories. We prove a strong three-dimensional amalgamation property for strongly 2-simple theories, and, under an additional assumption, a strong (n+1)-dimensional amalgamation property for strongly n-simple theories. In the last section of the paper we comment on why strong n-simplicity is called strong.
Tokenism in policing: An empirical test of Kanter's hypothesis

Abstract This study presented the first quantitative test of tokenism theory (Kanter, 1977) in a municipal policing context with data collected from a large sample of Baltimore police officers (Gershon, 1999). In bivariate and multivariate analyses, the effects of gender and race status and their interaction on three dependent variables capturing the central dynamics of tokenism (visibility/performance pressure, contrast/social isolation, and assimilation/role encapsulation) were explored. The study found weak to moderate support for the theory, but no evidence of a distinct “double token” interaction effect between race and gender statuses. By and large, race status alone predicted the greatest tokenism consequences. Limitations and future directions for tokenism research in policing are discussed.
Influence of Cooling Rate on the Microstructures and Properties of a Nb-Ti-Mo Steel

A Nb-Ti-Mo high strength steel was selected at two different cooling rates through ultra-fast cooling process, and its microstructures and strengthening mechanisms were analyzed. The results show the size of ferrite was decreased and the amount of bainite and micro-hardness were increased with increasing of cooling rate through thermal simulation. The UFC technology can improve the yield and tensile strength 25MPa and 35MPa, respectively, compared with conventional TMCP. The microstructure of this steel is mainly ferrite and good strength and toughness are caused by the refinement of ferrite and fine precipitates. Ultra-fast cooling technology improves the strength and toughness of this steel effectively.
Semi-implicit reversible algorithms for rigid body rotational dynamics

This paper presents two semi-implicit algorithms based on splitting methodology for rigid body rotational dynamics. The first algorithm is a variation of partitioned Runge-Kutta (PRK) methodology that can be formulated as a splitting method. The second algorithm is akin to a multiple time stepping scheme and is based on modified Crouch-Grossman (MCG) methodology, which can also be expressed as a splitting algorithm. These algorithms are second-order accurate and time-reversible; however, they are not Poisson integrators, i.e., non-symplectic. These algorithms conserve some of the first integrals of motion, but some others are not conserved; however, the fluctuations in these invariants are bounded over exponentially long time intervals. These algorithms exhibit excellent long-term behavior because of their reversibility property and their (approximate) Poisson structure preserving property. The numerical results indicate that the proposed algorithms exhibit superior performance compared to some of the currently well known algorithms such as the Simo-Wong algorithm, Newmark algorithm, discrete Moser-Veselov algorithm, Lewis-Simo algorithm, and the LIEMID[EA] algorithm.
The Soul of Fatherhood

SUMMARY This paper proposes several lenses through which one can look past the obvious roles of fathers and see into the meaning that fatherhood has for our culture. The paper suggests that we are reinventing social fatherhood and redefining what it means to protect. It also describes how the very language of who we are as parents is shifting.
Assessment of polyelectrolyte coating stability under dynamic buffer conditions in CE.

Dynamic buffer conditions are present in many electrophoretically driven separations. Polyelectrolyte multilayer coatings have been employed in CE because of their chemical and physical stability as well as their ease of application. The goal of this study is to measure the effect of dynamic changes in buffer pH on flow using a real-time method for measuring EOF. Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) were composed of pairs of strong or completely ionized polyelectrolytes including poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride and poly(styrene sulfonate) and weak or ionizable polyelectrolytes including poly(allylamine) and poly(methacrylic acid). Polyelectrolyte multilayers of varying thicknesses (3, 4, 7, 8, 15, or 16 layers) were also studied. While the magnitude of the EOF was monitored every 2 s, the buffer pH was exchanged from a relatively basic pH (7.1) to increasingly acidic pHs (6.6, 6.1, 5.5, and 5.1). Strong polyelectrolytes responded minimally to changes in buffer pH ( 10%) and sometimes irreversible changes were measured with weak polyelectrolytes. Thicker coatings resulted in a similar magnitude of response but were more likely to degrade in response to buffer pH changes. The most stable coatings were formed from thinner layers of strong polyelectrolytes.
Aberration measurement of photolithographic lenses using hybrid diffractive photo-masks

In this paper, we present a method for incorporating diffractive optics on a photomask for aberration characterization. This allows for a manipulation of the incident illumination to the amplitude mask for estimating the aberration coefficients.
Mass spectra of 1-aryl-2, 2-dibromocyclopropanes

The electron impact (EI) mass spectra of sixteen 1-aryl-2,2-dibromocyclopropanes give an ion at m/z 115, the structure of which is proposed to be the indenium ion based on a collision-activated decomposition experiment.
Steady-state pulses in a laser amplifier with a delayed swept gain.

The theory of steady states in a nonlinear swept-gain amplifier is considered. The amplifier is transit-time broadened, and the gain has a delayed boundary, i.e., the gain pulse moves at a velocity less than the velocity of light. The problem is a close analog to nonlinear propagation in the Stanford free-electron laser (FEL). The results are in qualitative agreement with both theory and experiment in the FEL.
CFD Analysis of a Human Lung

Understanding the characteristic of airflow, and the amount of particle deposition in different sections of respiratory system provides information for treatment procedures and processes. Results of preliminary numerical investigations for development of a system of image transfer and simulation to identify patient specific respiratory problem are presented. The system is a non-intrusive approach for evaluation of central airway diseases which could also be used for development of methods for reviving and recovery of damaged lung, especially at the onset of respiratory problems.© 2010 ASME
Results from the Far Ultraviolet Space Telescope (FAUST)

We present early results from the Far Ultraviolet Space Telescope (FAUST), which flew in March 1992 with the ATLAS space shuttle mission. The telescope provides wide-field images in the far ultraviolet (1400-1800 A). Studies underway using the data obtained on this mission include establishing the brightness and distribution of far ultraviolet stars in the halo of our Galaxy, establishing the far ultraviolet properties of nearby galaxies and nearby clusters of galaxies, analyzing the diffuse galactic light, and searching for the origin of the extragalactic ultraviolet light. We discuss the instrument performance, and early results from these observations.
Renal allograft histopathology in dog leukocyte antigen mismatched dogs after renal transplantation.

Objective— To evaluate allograft histopathology in dog leukocyte antigen (DLA)-mismatched dogs undergoing renal transplantation, with transient immunosuppression. Study Design— Prospective study. Animals— Ten healthy adult mongrel dogs. Methods— Reciprocal renal transplantation and bilateral nephrectomy were performed. Immune conditioning consisted of nonmyeloablative (200 cGy), total body irradiation (TBI), bone marrow transplantation (BMT; 7 dogs), cyclosporine (CSA; 15 mg/kg every 12 hours), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF; 10 mg/kg every 12 hours) and intermittent prednisone (1 mg/kg every 12–24 hours). Biopsies were collected at transplantation, during full immunosuppression (44–90 days), and once medications were reduced or discontinued (228–580 days). Biopsies were evaluated for interstitial, tubular, vascular, and glomerular lesions. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, serum CSA concentrations, and clinical score were determined at each biopsy. Results— Seven dogs survived >200 days (mean, 380 days). Transient CSA toxicity was suspected in 6 dogs. Lymphocytic, plasmacytic interstitial inflammation, and tubulitis progressed when immunosuppressive medications were decreased. All 7 dogs had histologic lesions consistent with some degree of allograft rejection at study end. Conclusion— Nonmyeloablative TBI, BMT, and short-term immunosuppression with CSA, MMF, and prednisone allowed renal allograft function and dog survival for >200 days. It appears unlikely that total drug withdrawal will be possible in unrelated DLA-mismatched dogs using this protocol. Clinical Relevance— Transient immunosuppression with MMF, CSA, and prednisone along with BMT and nonmyeloablative TBI may make kidney transplantation a clinical reality for treatment of kidney failure in dogs. Initiating both MMF and CSA at lower dosages may potentially eliminate early renal allograft injury.
JNK-1 deficiency limits macrophage-mediated antigen-induced arthritis.

Objective To elucidate the nonredundant roles of JNK-1 and JNK-2 in antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). Methods Mice that were genetically disrupted in Jnk1 or Jnk2 were primed by injection of methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) in Freund's complete adjuvant and then challenged on day 21 by intraarticular injection of mBSA into the right knee. Bone marrow chimeras were generated and similarly treated. Joints were harvested and prepared for histologic assessment. T cell responses were verified by cytokine and proliferation responses, and relative immunoglobulin responses were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cytokine messenger RNA expression levels were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Thioglycollate-elicited and zymosan A–elicited macrophage recruitment was tested in vivo, and cell migration was tested in vitro. The peptide inhibitor D-JNKi was injected daily starting 4 days after intraarticular injection of mBSA into wild-type (WT) mice, and inflammation was scored histologically. Results JNK-1–deficient, but not JNK-2–deficient, mice had a reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration and joint damage. This effect was primarily restricted to hematopoietic cells, but B and T cell responses were preserved in mBSA-injected mice. JNK-1–deficient macrophages produced cytokines and chemokines at a level comparable to that in their WT counterparts. However, macrophage migration was impaired in vivo and in vitro. Targeting JNK with the peptide inhibitor D-JNKi dramatically reduced inflammation and joint destruction in WT mice. Conclusion AIA is dependent on JNK-1, but not JNK-2. JNK-1 is a promising molecular target for reducing autoimmune inflammation, since its inhibition impairs macrophage migration.
The Puf-family RNA-binding protein PfPuf2 regulates sexual development and sex differentiation in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum

Translation regulation plays an important role during gametocytogenesis in the malaria parasite, a process that is obligatory for the transmission of the parasite through mosquito vectors. In this study we determined the function of PfPuf2, a member of the Puf family of translational repressors, in gametocytogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum. Tagging of the endogenous PfPuf2 protein with green fluorescent protein showed that PfPuf2 was expressed in both male and female gametocytes, and the protein was localized in the cytoplasm of the parasite. Targeted disruption of the PfPuf2 gene did not affect asexual growth of the parasite, but promoted the formation of gametocytes and differentiation of male gametocytes. Complementation studies were performed to confirm that the resultant phenotypic changes were due to disruption of the PfPuf2 gene. Episomal expression of PfPuf2 under its cognate promoter almost restored the gametocytogenesis rate in a PfPuf2 disruptant to the level of the wild-type parasite. It also partially restored the effect of PfPuf2 disruption on male-female sex ratio. In addition, episomal overexpression of PfPuf2 under its cognate promoter but with a higher concentration of the selection drug or under the constitutive hsp86 promoter in both the PfPuf2-disruptant and wild-type 3D7 lines, further dramatically reduced gametocytogenesis rates and sex ratios. These findings suggest that in this early branch of eukaryotes the function of PfPuf2 is consistent with the ancestral function of suppressing differentiation proposed for Puf-family proteins.
Alterations of a Zinc Finger-Encoding Gene, BCL-6, in Diffuse Large-Cell Lymphoma

The molecular pathogenesis of diffuse large-cell lymphoma (DLCL), the most frequent and clinically relevant type of lymphoma, is unknown. A gene was cloned from chromosomal translocations affecting band 3q27, which are common in DLCL. This gene, BCL-6, codes for a 79-kilodalton protein that is homologous with zinc finger-transcription factors. In 33 percent (13 of 39) of DLCL samples, but not in other types of lymphoid malignancies, the BCL-6 gene is truncated within its 5' noncoding sequences, suggesting that its expression is deregulated. Thus, BCL-6 may be a proto-oncogene specifically involved in the pathogenesis of DLCL.
Independent motion induction in separated portions of the visual field

As an example of induced motion, a stationary disk enclosed by a moving frame appears to move in a direction opposite to the physical motion of the frame. In the present study, either one moving frame with an enclosed stationary disk (a single frame-disk stimulus) was presented or two frame-disk stimuli were visible simultaneously in separated portions of the visual field. With the two frame-disk stimuli, the two frames moved repetitively right and left in opposite phase. Reports of motion from the two frame-disk stimuli indicate that induced motion in opposite directions can occur in separated portions of the visual field. The results suggest that not all instances of induced motion can be explained in terms of the tendency to displace the perceptual straight-ahead toward the center of the visual field (the Roelofs effect).
Pre-annealing and magnetic induction in inhibitor-free 3% Si–Fe strips

Abstract Effects of pre-annealing and hydrogen flow rate on final texture and magnetic induction have been investigated in inhibitor-free 100 μm thick 3% Si–Fe strips containing 18 ppm sulfur. Without any pre-annealing, the strip showed a low magnetic induction, due to various {1 1 0}, {1 0 0} and {1 1 1} final texture components. The number and the area fraction of {1 1 0} grains increased with increasing pre-annealing temperature and hydrogen flow rate. A pre-annealing temperature range that results in the sharp {1 1 0} 〈0 0 1〉 texture is observed, depending on the hydrogen flow rate.
Delayed Activation of HNF-3β upon Retinoic Acid-Induced Teratocarcinoma Cell Differentiation

We have investigated the retinoic acid-mediated activation of the transcriptional regulator HNF-3 beta during differentiation of mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. Using gel shifts, HNF-3 beta DNA binding activity was clearly detected in differentiated cells, while F9 stem cells were devoid of this activity. We also demonstrated that HNF-3 beta mRNA is specific for differentiated cells. Addition of retinoic acid to F9 stem cells results in delayed activation of HNF-3 beta mRNA which can be detected 1-2 days after the initiation of differentiation. HNF-3 beta mRNA concentrations are maximal at approximately 4 days postdifferentiation and stay at elevated levels for at least 4 additional days. Nuclear run-on experiments clearly show that HNF-3 beta is activated at the level of transcriptional initiation, suggesting that the increases of beta-specific DNA binding activity and mRNA concentration are merely a reflection of this activation mechanism. F9 cells can give rise to three distinct differentiated cell types, visceral endoderm, parietal endoderm, and primitive endoderm, and we have observed HNF-3 beta stimulation during the formation of all three tissues. HNF-3 beta stimulation upon visceral endoderm differentiation is accompanied by the activation of HNF-3 target genes such as transthyretin, suggesting that HNF-3 beta is involved in the developmental activation of this gene. In contrast, HNF-3 beta target genes in parietal and primitive endoderm have yet to be identified. However, the stimulation of HNF-3 beta during primitive endoderm formation, which is an extremely early event during murine embryogenesis, points toward a role for the factor in crucial determination processes that occur early during development.
Spatial analysis of a karst depression population: Clues to genesis

A detailed analysis of depression spatial distribution on the parts of the Western Highland Rim and Pennyroyal Plain underlain by the St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve Limestones indicates the presence of a depression infrastructure. The major geomorphic elements of the infrastructure include depression density (no./km 2 ), doline swallet order, and interdoline spacing. A multigenerational diffusion and competition process model best explained: (1) the presence of two lognormally distibuted depression density subpopulations; (2) discrete, clustered depression sets containing second-order swallet dolines surrounded by first-order swallet depressions; (3) geomorphic competition between adjacent second-order swallet dolines for runoff and catchment area; and (4) a positive correlation between interdoline rim spacings of the small swallet order and the sum of their respective major axial lengths.
Maintenance Task Prioritization Using Data Driven Bottleneck Detection and Maintenance Opportunity Windows

Maintenance operations have a direct influence on production performance in manufacturing systems. Maintenance task prioritization is crucial and important, especially when availability of maintenance resources is limited. The decision on task assignment is often made through heuristic methods or experience, which could cause more downtime and the production losses. In this paper, a new maintenance task prioritization policy based on data driven bottleneck detection and reliability-based maintenance opportunity window calculation is introduced. An experiment in simulation of a real production line shows the proposed policy is able to improve the system reliability, increase the throughput and minimize the total cost of system operation.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Local Spin Density Functional Theory Study of Copper Ion-Exchanged ZSM-5

We have used local spin density functional theory to investigate the electronic and structural properties of Cu species (Cu+, Cu2+O-, and Cu2+OH-) interacting with isolated ⋮Al−O-−Si⋮ sites CuZSM-5. We have also evaluated the thermodynamic stability of these species and the thermodynamics of a proposed scheme for the autoreduction of Cu2+ to Cu+. We have found all of the species studied to be thermodynamically stable and the proposed autoreduction process to be thermodynamically feasible at temperatures normally encountered in the pretreatment of as-exchanged CuZSM-5. In addition, we have investigated the interactions of Cu2+ cations with both 6-T site and 5-T site ring structures containing two Al atoms. We have found that Cu2+ in a 6-T site ring structure is thermodynamically unstable, while that in a 5-T site ring structure is thermodynamically stable.
A method to study in vitro proliferation of lymphocytes from individual mice on repeated occasions.

Abstract A micro-method was developed that allowed the proliferation of blood lymphocytes from individual mice incubated with phytohemagglutinin to be measured on repeated occasions. Lymphocytes were isolated from 0.4 ml of heparinized blood by centrifugation through a Ficoll—Hypaque solution. This amount of blood could be taken repeatedly from individual mice and yielded 4–8 × 10 5 lymphocytes. Fifty thousand lymphocytes were incubated with 0.2 ml of medium RPMI 1640 containing 5% human serum in round bottom micro-titer wells. Using this technique lymphocytes from individual mice of the same strain were shown to differ consistently in their responses to PHA.
Mössbauer Effect in Liquids: Influence of Diffusion Broadening

The radius of the diffusing object is determined from Mossbauer effect measurements on cobalt-57 chloride in glycerol and on cobalt-57 embedded in porphyrin and hemoglobin. It is shown that in the presence of large diffusion effects the massive molecules do not recoil independently. The recoil momentum is transmitted to the entire fluid mass. (C.E.S.)
Computation of the Flow Field and Heat Transfer in a Rectangular Passage With a Turbulator

A detailed numerical study of the aerothermal mechanics within a short straight section of a turbine blade internal cooling passage with a single turbulator is described. The two dimensional, transient, Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes, continuity and energy equations are iterated to a steady state solution using the MacCormack explicit predictor-corrector algorithm. Turbulence closure is achieved through the use of the Baldwin-Lomax algebraic two layer eddy viscosity model.Axial distributions of local skin friction coefficient, local Stanton number and local Nusselt number are given. Profiles of velocity and temperature are presented as well as contours of streamfunction and temperature which display complex details of the flow structure. It was found that the widely used Reynolds Analogy greatly underpredicts the heat transfer rate as given by a direct calculation using Fourier’s law. Finally, the numerical results are found to compare favorably to the experimental results published by Han et al (1986).Copyright © 1989 by ASME
Low-energy excitations of a one-dimensional Bose gas with weak contact repulsion

We study elementary excitations of a system of one-dimensional bosons with weak contact repulsion. We show that the Gross-Pitaevskii regime, in which the excitations are the well-known Bogoliubov quasiparticles and dark solitons, does not extend to the low-energy limit. Instead, the spectra of both excitations have finite curvatures at zero momentum, in agreement with the phenomenological picture of fermionic quasiparticles. We describe analytically the crossover between the Gross-Pitaevskii and the low-energy regimes, and discuss implications of our results for the behavior of the dynamic structure factor.
Dynamic Behavior of an Aircraft Encountering Aircraft Wake Turbulence

This paper deals with the dynamic behavior of an airplane encountering aircraft wake turbulence. A digital computer simulation was developed to study the response of an aircraft flying into a trailing vortex wake. The simulation includes the complete six degree-of-freedom equations of motion, a description of the vortex velocity field, unsteady aerodynamics, and pilot control input. The parameters, varied in this simulation, include the penetration angle, separation distance, aircraft size (for both the penetrating and generating aircraft), and pilot control input (single-or multi-axes). Predicted vortex induced motions are presented for several probe aircraft. The probe aircraft selected are representative of general aviation, business, and light jet transport type aircraft, whereas the aircraft used to generate the vortex wakes are representative of the commercial transport fleet. The computer predictions indicate that relatively large aircraft (80,000 Ib jet transport) can experience unacceptable vortex induced roll excursions. In addition to evaluating the vortex induced responses, the effect of pilot control input was assessed. It was found that pilot control input could be momentarily out of phase with the vortex induced disturbance. Thus, in certain cases, the pilot's control input would tend to aggravate the vortex-induced upset.
Fast smooth rank approximation for tensor completion

In this paper we consider the problem of recovering an N-dimensional data from a subset of its observed entries. We provide a generalization for the smooth Shcatten-p rank approximation function in [1] to the N-dimensional space. In addition, we derive an optimization algorithm using the Augmented Lagrangian Multiplier in the N-dimensional space to solve the tensor completion problem. We compare the performance of our algorithm to state-of-the-art tensor completion algorithms using different color images and video sequences. Our experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm converges faster (approximately half the execution time), and at the same time it achieves comparable performance to state-of-the-art tensor completion algorithms.
The electronic conductivity of Ba0.5Sr0.5CoxFe1−xO3−δ (BSCF: x = 0 ∼ 1.0) under different oxygen partial pressures

The electronic conductivity of sintered BSCF ceramics (Ba0.5Sr0.5Co x Fe1−x O3−δ, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) was measured as a function of temperature up to 1273 K in air. The conductivity of BSC is thermally activated over 298–1273 K with an activation energy of 0.21 eV. The conductivity of BSF and BSCF (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) is thermally activated below ∼673 K with activation energies of 0.21 eV–0.40 eV. Above 673 K, the formation of oxygen vacancies results in a decrease in p-type carrier concentration and a decrease in electronic conductivity. Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (BSCF5582) was also measured under 10−5 atm ≤ pO2 ≤ 1 atm. Below ∼673 K, the electronic conductivity of BSCF 5582 shows no dependence on pO2. Above 673 K, the conductivity of BSCF5582 increases with increasing pO2 for pO2 ≥ 0.01 (p-type conduction) and decreases slightly with increasing pO2 for pO2 ≤ 0.01 atm. The activation energy for conduction above ∼673 K and at pO2 ≥ 0.1 is ∼0.07 eV. Above ∼823K and at pO2 ≥ 0.01 atm, the activation energy for conduction is ∼0.2 eV.
TWO NEURON CNNS: SEARCH FOR LIMIT CYCLES

In this paper, we show sufficient conditions for the existence of limit cycles in the general continuous time two-neuron autonomous CNN. We find that different types of limit cycles correspond to different regions in the template parameter space. Actually, we are able to predict the CNN behavior from the template values for the full parameter range, except for two small bounded regions.
Fast Monte Carlo-assisted simulation of cloudy Earth backgrounds

A calculation method has been developed for rapidly synthesizing radiometrically accurate ultraviolet through longwavelengthinfrared spectral imagery of the Earth for arbitrary locations and cloud fields. The method combines cloudfree surface reflectance imagery with cloud radiance images calculated from a first-principles 3-D radiation transport model. The MCScene Monte Carlo code [1-4] is used to build a cloud image library; a data fusion method is incorporated to speed convergence. The surface and cloud images are combined with an upper atmospheric description with the aid of solar and thermal radiation transport equations that account for atmospheric inhomogeneity. The method enables a wide variety of sensor and sun locations, cloud fields, and surfaces to be combined on-the-fly, and provides hyperspectral wavelength resolution with minimal computational effort. The simulations agree very well with much more time-consuming direct Monte Carlo calculations of the same scene.
Rapid Label-free Protein Detection Arrays on Coated Silicon Wafers

We are developing label-free Arrayed Imaging Reflectometry (AIR) for rapid and multiplexed protein detection. AIR is based on the high dynamic range in reflected optical intensity near a point of zero reflectance on an antireflection coated substrate. The reflectance is therefore highly sensitive to changes in film thickness, allowing direct detection of molecular binding when appropriate probe molecules are immobilized on the surface. The simplest implementation of AIR uses a 633 nm HeNe laser and a silicon wafer substrate coated with ∼1400 A of SiO2. This system has a reflectance zero for s-polarized HeNe light incident at ∼70°. This interference film is then functionalized with probe molecules designed to bind to a specific target, and this binding can be detected with high sensitivity in the reflectance signal. By expanding the laser beam and collecting the reflected signal with a CCD camera, large arrays of detection spots can be imaged simultaneously. Spot intensity increases relative to the amount of target binding and the target solution concentration can then be calculated. We have demonstrated the detection of the Enteropathogenic E Coli membrane protein Intimin at levels below 10 pM using receptor molecule Tir as a probe, and are currently evaluating various clinical targets using more common antibody probes.
RENAL CLEARANCE STUDIES WITH INULIN AND PARA-AMINO HIPPURIC ACID IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS

Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients (pts) have been reported to have increased capability for renal clearance (C) of antibiotics (A) i e. dicloxacillin. To gain more knowledge of renal function of CF, inulin (I) and para-amino hippurate (PAH) were measured in 12 CF pts with a mean (M) age of 15.6 yrs ± 0.7, range 12-21 yrs, M body surface area 1.21m2 ± 0.05, range 0.94-1.48m2. The pts were in 2 groups; i no A, Shwachman and Kulczycki (S) 91-96; ii A S 20-65. I and PAH were given as a load followed by a continuous infusion to maintain constant plasma (P) levels. After equilibration at least 3 C periods were obtained. U was collected by timed spontaneous voidings. P and U were analyzed by specific methodology for I and PAH. () number of pts; values mean and SEM. W.H. Smith (The Kidney, 1951) reports for mixed sexes CI 118±28.1SD (50), CPAH 640±164 SD (40) ml/min/1.73m2. By non-paired t when each of the 3 groups was compared with Smith's values there was a significant increase p <0.001 in all cases. By non-paired t there was no significant difference between groups i and ii. These investigations suggest that currently recommended drug regimens for CF need re-evaluation
Image segmentation using variable threshold functions

This paper presents digital image segmentation techniques and algorithms using variable threshold functions. The technique is successful to detect regions with different or poor light radiances and can be applied to images with occluded or noisy objects. The Variable threshold functions are derived from discrete time functions often used in digital control system design. The developed algorithms can be integrated on a single monolithic integrated circuit or implemented as an embedded system for real-time applications.
Identification of lef-7 : a baculovirus gene affecting late gene expression

Abstract We have examined a 15-kb region of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) genome, from 66 to 78 map units, for the presence of genes which transactivate expression from late and very late viral promoters in transient expression assays. One gene in this region activated reporter gene expression approximately six- to eightfold when the reporter gene was under the control of the late promoter of the major capsid protein gene, vp39 , or the very late promoter of the polyhedrin gene, polh , but not when the reporter gene was under the control of the early promoter of etl , a homolog of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. The sequence of the predicted polypeptide product of this gene, lef-7 , shared no obvious sequence homology to other sequences in available databases. Transcriptional analysis indicated that lef-7 was transcribed early in infection from an initiation site 14 to 16 bp upstream of the putative translational start site and was also transcribed late in infection from an initiation site(s) further upstream. The lef-7 promoter and the promoter of another previously defined late expression factor, lef-3 , were both dependent on the multifunctional transregulatory gene, ie-1 , for activity in transient expression assays. While sequencing the region of the AcMNPV genome containing lef-7 , we also found a 215-codon open reading frame (ORF-215) approximately 1 kb downstream of lef-7 with sequence homology to elF2α kinases (e.g., rabbit elF2α and yeast GCN-2 kinase). However, only the six C-terminal conserved domains of protein kinases were present in the predicted ORF-215 product and several of these domains varied from the consensus sequence. ORF-215 did not strongly influence expression from the vp39 promoter-controlled reporter gene in the transient expression assays employed.
Long-distance signals are required for morphogenesis of the regenerating Xenopus tadpole tail, as shown by femtosecond-laser ablation.

Background: With the goal of learning to induce regeneration in human beings as a treatment for tissue loss, research is being conducted into the molecular and physiological details of the regeneration process. The tail of Xenopus laevis tadpoles has recently emerged as an important model for these studies; we explored the role of the spinal cord during tadpole tail regeneration. Methods and Results: Using ultrafast lasers to ablate cells, and Geometric Morphometrics to quantitatively analyze regenerate morphology, we explored the influence of different cell populations. For at least twenty-four hours after amputation (hpa), laser-induced damage to the dorsal midline affected the morphology of the regenerated tail; damage induced 48 hpa or later did not. Targeting different positions along the anterior-posterior (AP) axis caused different shape changes in the regenerate. Interestingly, damaging two positions affected regenerate morphology in a qualitatively different way than did damaging either position alone. Quantitative comparison of regenerate shapes provided strong evidence against a gradient and for the existence of position-specific morphogenetic information along the entire AP axis. Conclusions: We infer that there is a conduit of morphology-influencing information that requires a continuous dorsal midline, particularly an undamaged spinal cord. Contrary to expectation, this information is not in a gradient and it is not localized to the regeneration bud. We present a model of morphogenetic information flow from tissue undamaged by amputation and conclude that studies of information coming from far outside the amputation plane and regeneration bud will be critical for understanding regeneration and for translating fundamental understanding into biomedical approaches.
Impact of South Pacific circulation variability on east African rainfall

While examining the atmospheric structure and dynamics through which the El Nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon is associated with east African rainfall, it was discovered that circulation variability in the subtropical South Pacific Ocean has a significant but seasonally varying influence on east African rainfall receipt on interannual timescales. Enhanced equatorial east African rainfall receipt associated with El Nino events is well known to occur during the long rains from October to December, but rainfall deficits during the same season are typical of La Nina events. South Pacific circulation variability is found to enhance rainfall receipt during the October to December period, but is associated with significant east African rainfall deficits during the March to May rainy period. It is demonstrated here that outbreaks of moist South Atlantic westerly flows that are often associated with anomalous rainfall receipt over east Africa are enhanced (weakened) during El Nino (La Nina) periods. An empirical orthogonal function analysis is performed to extract the principal mode of sea level pressure variability in the tropical and subtropical South Pacific region. The time series associated with the principal mode of South Pacific circulation variability is correlated with circulation, atmospheric humidity, and outgoing longwave radiation fields during the short rains (October–December) and long rains (March–May). It is shown that South Pacific circulation variability is positively associated with east African rainfall receipt (r = 0.42, significant at the 99% confidence interval). Strengthened inflows of moist South Atlantic westerlies are associated with enhanced low-level moisture convergence, decreased lower tropospheric stability, increased cloudiness, and increased precipitable water anomalies observed during OND. Reverse circulation and hydroclimatic anomalies observed during MAM are consistent with a negative association with east African rainfall during that season; r = −0.33, significant at the 98% confidence interval. The temporal stability of these associations was tested during periods in which the principal interannual signal associated with El Nino was either very strong or very weak, and it was demonstrated that the correlations strengthened slightly (weakened markedly) during the period when the 5-year signal was very strong (weak). Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society