cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Adder Phenomenon Emerges from Independent Control of Pre- and Post-Start Phases of the Budding Yeast Cell Cycle

Although it has long been clear that cells actively regulate their size, the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation have remained poorly understood. In budding yeast, cell size primarily modulates the duration of the cell-division cycle by controlling the G1/S transition known as Start. We have recently shown that the rate of progression through Start increases with cell size, because cell growth dilutes the cell-cycle inhibitor Whi5 in G1. Recent phenomenological studies in yeast and bacteria have shown that these cells add an approximately constant volume during each complete cell cycle, independent of their size at birth. These results seem to be in conflict, as the phenomenological studies suggest that cells measure the amount they grow, rather than their size, and that size control acts over the whole cell cycle, rather than specifically in G1. Here, we propose an integrated model that unifies the adder phenomenology with the molecular mechanism of G1/S cell-size control. We use single-cell microscopy to parameterize a full cell-cycle model based on independent control of pre- and post-Start cell-cycle periods. We find that our model predicts the size-independent amount of cell growth during the full cell cycle. This suggests that the adder phenomenon is an emergent property of the independent regulation of pre- and post-Start cell-cycle periods rather than the consequence of an underlying molecular mechanism measuring a fixed amount of growth.
Advanced Composites Studies

Brief descriptions of several studies are presented in this chapter. Diverse experiments are described where the common thread is composite materials. They address the mechanics of highly complex bodies. These examples were chosen to demonstrate the broad scope of moire interferometry and to express the virtue of whole field observations. These are not in-depth reports. Instead, numerous fringe patterns are shown and discussed to familiarize the reader with real-world analysis.
Energy Efficient Communications in CDMA Networks: A Game Theoretic Analysis Considering Operating Costs

A game-theoretic analysis is used to study the effects of receiver choice and transmit power on the energy efficiency of communications in cellular, multi-hop, and peer-to-peer networks in which the nodes communicate using direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA). The unique Nash equilibrium of the game in which the network nodes can choose their receivers as well as their transmit powers to maximize the total number of bits they transmit per unit of energy spent (including both transmit and operating energy) is derived. The energy efficiencies resulting from the use of different linear multiuser receivers in this context are compared for the noncooperative game. Significant gains in energy efficiency are observed when the linear minimum mean-square error (MMSE) receiver is used instead of conventional matched filter receivers.
The addition of a developmental factor, unc-62, to already long-lived worms increases lifespan and healthspan.

Aging is a complex trait that is affected by multiple genetic pathways. A relatively unexplored approach is to manipulate multiple independent aging pathways simultaneously in order to observe their cumulative effect on lifespan. Here, we report the phenotypic characterization of a strain with changes in five aging pathways: 1) mitochondrial ROS production, 2) innate immunity, 3) stress response, 4) metabolic control and 5) developmental regulation in old age. The quintuply-modified strain has a lifespan that is 160% longer than the transgenic control strain. Additionally, the quintuply-modified strain maintains several physiological markers of aging for a longer time than the transgenic control. Our results support a modular approach as a general scheme to study how multiple pathways interact to achieve extreme longevity.
Preparing preservice teachers for bilingual and bicultural classrooms in an era of political change

As teacher educators, we continually ask ourselves how to most effectively prepare our teacher candidates with the professional knowledge and critical consciousness to engage in meaningful work wit...
Lower-mantle plume beneath the Yellowstone hotspot revealed by core waves

The Yellowstone hotspot, located in North America, is an intraplate source of magmatism the cause of which is hotly debated. Some argue that a deep mantle plume sourced at the base of the mantle supplies the heat beneath Yellowstone, whereas others claim shallower subduction or lithospheric-related processes can explain the anomalous magmatism. Here we present a shear wave tomography model for the deep mantle beneath the western United States that was made using the travel times of core waves recorded by the dense USArray seismic network. The model reveals a single narrow, cylindrically shaped slow anomaly, approximately 350 km in diameter that we interpret as a whole-mantle plume. The anomaly is tilted to the northeast and extends from the core–mantle boundary to the surficial position of the Yellowstone hotspot. The structure gradually decreases in strength from the deepest mantle towards the surface and if it is purely a thermal anomaly this implies an initial excess temperature of 650 to 850 °C. Our results strongly support a deep origin for the Yellowstone hotspot, and also provide evidence for the existence of thin thermal mantle plumes that are currently beyond the resolution of global tomography models. The Yellowstone hotspot could be fed by a thin, thermal mantle plume that extends from the core–mantle boundary to the surface position of the hotspot, according to analyses of seismic data.
Modified Brown-Séquard syndrome following coronary artery bypass graft: case report.

A 75 year old man underwent a triple coronary artery bypass graft performed with intra-aortic balloon pump assistance. Left leg weakness developed on the first postoperative day, progressive worsening occurred over the next 2 1/2 weeks, finally culminating in a modified Brown-Sequard pattern of deficit. No etiology was found. Previous reports of spinal cord injury following coronary artery bypass graft are reviewed and the microcirculation of the spinal cord is discussed.
Clinical Reasoning: A 41-year-old man with thunderclap headache.

A 41-year-old man with a history of low testosterone on androgen therapy presented to the emergency department complaining of acute onset of the worst headache of his life. He reported being well until 6 hours earlier, when he was resting in his hotel room and experienced a thunderclap headache. The headache was initially described as retro-orbital, left-sided, associated with vomiting, and extending to the occiput. It was maximal within moments of onset. There were no associated visual complaints, weakness, numbness, or tingling. On initial examination, he was noted to have preserved mental status. The cranial nerve examination showed intact visual fields, normal extraocular motility, and no evidence of papilledema. Sensorimotor function was intact and symmetric throughout, and his gait was stable and narrow-based. Initial laboratory studies including blood count and metabolic panel were unremarkable. He was administered oxygen via nasal cannula, metoclopramide, and diphenhydramine without improvement.
Rheological Behavior and Processing of Unvulcanized Rubber

This chapter provides a basic overview of the rheology (the study of the deformation and flow of matter) and processing of uncured rubber, including recent developments concerning the material behavior.
Phytosociological analysis of restored and managed grassland habitat within an urban national park

Floyd Bennett Field (FBF), 579 ha in extent, is a division of Gateway National Recreation Area. It is the site of a former airfield, constructed by filling salt marshes with dredged materials. Except for the portion known locally as the “North Forty,” all sections of FBF have been cut over to maintain low vegetation. A grassland management plan (GRAMP) for 165 ha was initiated in 1986, to maintain habitats for open-country birds. Over the next few years, encroaching woody vegetation was removed manually and mechanically from the management area. Since then, it has been maintained as a grassland and receives annual mowing, as well as continued manual removal of the larger woody sprouts.
G-Protein signaling increases germline stem cell activity in Drosophila males in response to multiple rounds of mating

Though adult tissues are maintained by homeostasis, little is known about how their precursor cells adjust to a demand for specialized cells to account for changes during development or in the environment. In the male gonad, the ability to respond to a demand for increased gamete production, commonly referred to as reproductive plasticity, is essential for the fitness of an individual and the species. Here, we show that a demand for sperm, caused by repeated male mating, increased germline stem cell (GSC) division frequency and the production of gametes. The increase in GSC divisions depended on activity of four classical G-protein coupled receptors and downstream signaling molecules within the germline cells. Thus, GSCs are reliant on the GPCR stimulus. Among the signaling molecules, Serotonin appeared sufficient to accelerate GSC divisions in non-mated males, making the highly conserved Serotonin receptors key players in the mechanism regulating tissue replenishment.
Lamellipodia in Stationary and Fluctuating States

We review recent mathematical models describing the diffusive transport, reaction, and turnover of actin and regulators at the leading edge of motile cells. These models are motivated by experimental results using cells with flat, steady lamellipodia studied by Single Molecule Speckle microscopy. The same cells can also be made to exhibit protruding and retracting lamellipodia, which demonstrate how changes in actin polymerization lead to changes in the rate of protrusion. The second part of this chapter provides a description of these fluctuations as an excitable actin system pushing against the cell membrane by polymerization.
Bargaining with private information and the option of a compulsory license

Abstract We study bargaining between a country and a multinational firm over the firm's entry to sell a patented product when the firm has private information about its profits and the country has the threat of issuing a compulsory license (CL). We assume the CL expands the surplus for some firm types, so that efficiency calls for all firms with sufficiently high valuations to enter immediately and those with lower valuations to wait for a CL. We establish the existence of two types of equilibria, depending on the maximum initial valuation: a bargaining pause equilibrium in which negotiations lie dormant for a finite period before the deadline and a licensing delay equilibrium in which bargaining continues for a finite time beyond the deadline. Two types of inefficiency arise—too many firms wait for the license and some firms who do not wait for the license are forced to delay agreements.
Junior College or the NCAA: The Case of a U.S. Women’s Tennis Team with No U.S. Players

United States (U.S.) colleges and universities attract thousands of international student-athletes from around the world. This research study presented data on a qualitative exploratory case study ...
Major Neurocognitive Disorders and Violence

Aggressive behavior is a common neuropsychiatric symptom among adults with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias, and is thus a tangible threat to the well-being of care staff, informal caregivers, and indeed older adults themselves. Historically, such behaviors have been managed with physical or chemical restraints. Stated goals of many organizations serving the needs of older adults and caregivers involve reducing utilization of these methods in lieu of strategies that mitigate aggression risk by addressing underlying psychosocial needs and managing environmental stressors. Emerging research has identified a range of efficacious behavioral interventions and prevention strategies, though implementation of these strategies remains inconsistent for training of long-term care staff, knowledge and skills among informal caregivers, understaffed facilities, and inherent bustling environment of contemporary healthcare institutions. This chapter organizes existing knowledge about aggressive neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia with respect to two complementary theoretical frameworks. Assessment strategies and intervention guidelines are suggested.
Midwestern cropping system effects on drainage water quality and crop yields

Grain producers are challenged to maximize crop production while utilizing nutrients efficiently and minimizing negative impacts on water quality. There is a particular concern about nutrient export to the Gulf of Mexico via loss from subsurface drainage systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of crop rotation, tillage, crop residue removal, swine manure applications, and cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crops on nitrate-N (NO3 -N) and total reactive phosphorus (TRP) loss via subsurface drainage. The study was evaluated from 2008 through 2015 using 36 0.4-ha plots outfitted with a subsurface drainage water quality monitoring system. Results showed that when swine manure was applied before both corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], drainage water had significantly higher 8-yr-average flow-weighted NO3 -N concentrations compared with swine manure applied before corn only in a corn-soybean rotation. The lowest NO3 -N loss was 15.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1 from a no-till corn-soybean treatment with rye cover crop and spring application of urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) to corn. The highest NO3 -N loss was 29.5 kg N ha-1 yr-1 from swine manure applied to both corn and soybean. A rye cover crop reduced NO3 -N loss, whereas tillage and residue management had little impact on NO3 -N loss. Losses of TRP averaged <32 g P ha-1 yr-1 from all treatments. Corn yield was negatively affected by both no-till management and cereal rye cover crops. Results showed that cropping management affected N leaching but impacts on P leaching were minimal.
Private Equity Business and Miscellaneous Services

Private equity consists of professional investors pooling money with the aim of (a) investing and getting actively involved in the management of the target, and (b) exiting after a certain period of time. International banks, particularly their investment units, have become more active in the private equity industry. Besides private equity, international banks offer a litany of services to their clients and sometimes offer them a selection of miscellaneous services.
Data-Driven Pricing for a New Product

Decisions regarding new products are often difficult to make, and mistakes can have grave consequences for a firm's bottom line. Often, firms lack important information about a new product such as its potential market size and the speed of its adoption by consumers. One of the most popular frameworks that have been used for modeling new product adoption is the Bass model (Bass 1969). While the Bass model and its many variants have been used to study dynamic pricing of new products, the vast majority of these models require a priori knowledge of parameters that can only be estimated from historical data or guessed using institutional knowledge. In this paper, we study the interplay between pricing and learning for a monopolist whose objective is to maximize the expected revenue of a new product over a finite selling horizon. We extend the generalized Bass model to a stochastic setting by modeling adoption through a continuous-time Markov chain where the adoption rate depends on the selling price and on the number of past sales. We study a pricing problem where the parameters of this demand model are unknown, but the seller can utilize real-time demand data for learning the parameters. Specifically, we formulate the problem as a stochastic optimal control problem where the demand parameters are updated by maximum likelihood estimators, then we derive the optimal pricing-and-learning policy. Since the exact optimal policy is difficult to implement, we propose two simple and computationally tractable pricing policies that are provably near-optimal.
Recent progress on jet substructure theory

In these proceedings, we review recent theoretical progress on jet substructure at the colliders. Focusing on two observables – jet mass and groomed jet radius, we perform theoretical computations for jets measured in the single inclusive jet production in proton-proton collisions, pp → jet + X . We consider both standard ungroomed jets as well as soft-drop groomed jets. Within the Soft Collinear Effective Theory (SCET), we establish QCD factorization theorems which allow for the joint resummation of several classes of logarithmic corrections to all orders in the strong coupling constant. We present numerical results and compare with the available data from the LHC.
Disentangling effect size heterogeneity in meta-analysis: A latent mixture approach.

An important task of meta-analysis is to observe, quantify, and explain the heterogeneity across the reported effect sizes of primary studies. A primary issue that challenges this task is the myriad of subtle factors that could have contributed to the observed heterogeneity. We leveraged the recent advances in theoretical machine learning to develop a novel latent mixture-based method for disentangling effect-size heterogeneity in meta-analysis. Mathematical analysis and simulation studies were carried out to demonstrate that, when the observed heterogeneity stems from more than 1 factor, our method can attain a substantially higher statistical power than the traditional methods for moderator analysis without requiring researchers to make judgment calls on which factors to consider or correct for in analyzing the observed heterogeneity. We also conducted a case study with real-world data to show how our method may be used to address long-standing inconsistencies in the literature. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
MANAGEMENT OF FIBULAR HEMIMELIA

We reviewed retrospectively 22 patients (23 limb segments) with fibular hemimelia treated by amputation or limb lengthening to evaluate these methods of treatment. There were 12 boys and 10 girls, all with associated anomalies in the lower limbs. Twelve patients (13 limb segments) had early amputation and prosthetic fitting and ten had tibial lengthening using the Ilizarov technique.At the latest follow-up, the twelve patients who had amputation were functioning well and had few complications. The ten patients who had lengthening had suffered numerous complications, and all had needed either further corrective surgery or to wear braces or shoe-raises. Two of the ten lengthened limbs required late amputation for poor function or cosmesis. There were fewer hospital admissions, clinic visits, and periods of absence from school in the amputation group.Our findings suggest that amputation is a more effective method of management than limb-lengthening in severe fibular hemimelia. The Ilizarov method is an attra...
Providing access by integrating computer aided design in mathematics teacher education courses

This article condenses five years of professional development based on Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) integration principles, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Pr...
A Structural Equation Modeling Approach to Product Innovation

This paper aims to take a new approach to quantifying innovation using a structural equation model (SEM). The SEM consists of a measurement model using survey data to model the perception of innovativeness for a given population, a structural model using product attribute data to quantify product innovativeness in terms of product attributes, and a binary choice model to relate product innovativeness and other latent characteristics to its selection as an innovative product by the target population. The SEM is estimated using Hierarchical Bayes methods. This model approach is capable of differentiating the innovativeness among a set of products and identifying products perceived as most innovative. A case study involving sets of innovative and common consumer products is provided to illustrate the SEM approach. In the SEM, three latent variables are identified, product innovativeness, product usability, and company profile, which form the basis for characterizing a product as innovative. The results of the model and its utility in the design process are discussed.
A Stochastic Characterization of Palmer Drought Severity Index

The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) combines a set of key meteorologic and hydrologic variables to assign a numerical value for drought severity which can be used as a unified drought scale for comparison among different geographical regions. The index values are further put in several drought severity classes with highest class being the severest drought. This class assignment is taken advantage of, to formulate a time varying (non-homogeneous) Markov chain approach for characterizing the underlying drought stochastic process. The approach identifies drought prone geographical regions, persisting drought classes, periods of return to a particular drought class, and yields short term predictions for future droughts. A time homogenous Markov chain is also formulated. The average of the statistics taken over all months from the non-homogeneous Markov chain agrees quite well with that of the time homogeneous chain. Monthly statistics from the non-homogeneous chain also compare very well with the empirical results obtained with the aid of 1152 months of data for the years 1895–1990 belonging to two climatic divisions in Virginia, USA, namely the Tidewater Region the Southwest Mountains Regions. The Tidewater Region is short of water as opposed to the Southwest Mountains Regions which is water rich.
Metabolism of uracil and 5-fluorouracil in P388 murine leukemia cells.

The drug 5-fluorouracil shows a high degree of antitumor activity against both the P388 murine leukemia and the P388/38280 subline. Although previous studies had shown that the capacity of cell lines to convert 5-fluorouracil to its nucleotides in vitro was a major determinant of drug responsiveness, the P388/38280 cell line had a very low capacity for this conversion. Moreover, conversion of uracil to nucleotides could not be detected in P388/38280 cells. Enzymatic studies showed that P388/38280 cells have a very low level of uridine phosphorylase (EC [2.4.2.3][1]) activity. In both P388 and P388/38280 cells, however, pyrimidine 5'-phosphoribosyltransferase activity could be demonstrated. The latter enzyme catalyzes the formation of 5-fluorouridylic acid from 5-fluorouracil and 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate. Uracil was a very poor substrate for the transferase. These data suggest that the total capacity of tumor cells for 5-fluorouracil nucleotide formation is not necessarily the major determinant of drug responsiveness. [1]: pending:yes
Macroinvertebrate assemblages on woody debris and their relations with environmental variables in the lower Sacramento and San Joaquin River drainages, California

Data from 25 sites were used to evaluate associations between macroinvertebrate assemblages on large woody debris (snags) and environmental variables in the lower San Joaquin and Sacramento River drainages in California as part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water Quality Assessment Program. Samples were collected from 1993 to 1995 in the San Joaquin River drainage and in 1996 and 1997 in the Sacramento River drainage. Macroinvertebrate taxa were aggregated to the family (or higher) level of taxonomic organization, resulting in 39 taxa for analyses. Only the 31 most common taxa were used for two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). TWINSPAN analysis defined four groups of snag samples on the basis of macroinvertebrate assemblages. Analysis of variance identified differences in environmental and biotic characteristics among the groups. These results combined with the results of CCA indicated that mean dominant substrate type, gradient, specific conductance, water temperature, percentage of the basin in agricultural land use, percentage of the basin in combined agricultural and urban land uses, and elevation were important factors in explaining assemblage structure. Macroinvertebrate assemblages on snags may be useful in family level bioassessments of environmental conditions in valley floor habitats.
Special Responsibilities: The Role of the Pediatrician and the Goals of Pediatric Education

Pediatricians provide care to a minority of US children. To some extent this may be a result of organizational features of their practice. This review of the literature suggests that the practice of pediatrics has some attributes of primary care but in other respects it resembles a subspecialty. Pediatricians serve well as a longitudinal source of care for children who identify them as their regular source. As a group, however, pediatricians are not as accessible and available as they might be, probably do not uniformly provide the comprehensive care that they should, and could serve more adequately as coordinators of care. Concern about the extent to which the training of pediatricians addresses the achievement of the attributes of primary care and stresses the recognition and management of primary care problems should stimulate academicians and practitioners to develop a combined and concerted approach to these problems.
Toward a Social Development Index for Hong Kong: The Process of Community Engagement

Stakeholder involvement is an essential component in the development of effective measures of national and local development. The significance of this aspect of social indicator model-building in the construction of national/local assessment tools is illustrated through the creation of a Social Development Index (SDI-2000) for Hong Kong SAR (Special Administrative Unit of the People’s Republic of China). In all, the process leading to the SDI-2000 required two years to complete and the involvement of more than 100 political, administrative, academic and community leaders representing all aspects of collective social life in the SAR. Consisting of 47 indicators distributed across 14 sectors of social development, the SDI-2000 revealed patterns of development that both affirmed the validity of certain aspects of Hong Kong’s current development priorities — mostly those associated with its economic, educational and scientific priorities — and, via another set of related indicators, identified areas of considerable social instability for which new development initiatives are needed — especially in reducing growing social inequalities within and between population groups that largely have been left out of the SAR—s recent economic prosperity — i.e., low-income households, children and youth, and the elderly. The article also identifies ways in which future versions of the SDI can be strengthened—including through the addition of subindexes that measure the SAR’s changes over time in relation to Rule of Law, Subjective Quality of Life, and the impact of the Social Service in reducing social inequality. The SDI-2000’s current Environmental Quality Subindex also needs to be revised.
Off-Site Storage and Special Collections: A Study in Use and Impact in ARL Libraries in the United States

Special collections libraries collect and preserve materials of intellectual and cultural heritage, providing access to unique research resources. As their holdings continue to expand, special collections in research libraries confront increased space pressures. Off-site storage facilities, used frequently by research libraries for general circulating collections, offer a solution to these pressures. Using data from a survey of special collections directors from ARL member libraries, this article examines both the current use of off-site storage facilities and its impact on core special collections activities. This study provides a foundation for what has been an underexplored area and identifies areas for further research.
Pregnant women’s perceptions of weight gain, physical activity, and nutrition using Theory of Planned Behavior constructs

A better understanding of women's perceptions of weight gain and related behaviors during pregnancy is necessary to inform behavioral interventions. We used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to examine pregnant women's perceptions and intentions toward weight gain, physical activity (PA), and nutrition using a mixed methods study design. Women between 20 and 30 weeks gestation (n = 189) were recruited to complete an Internet-based survey. Salient beliefs toward weight gain, PA, and nutrition were captured through open-ended responses and content analyzed into themes. TPB constructs (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intentions) were examined using Pearson correlations and hierarchical linear regression models. Salient beliefs were consistent with the existing literature in non-pregnant populations, with the addition of many pregnancy-specific beliefs. TPB constructs accounted for 23-39 % of the variance in weight gain, PA, and nutrition intentions, and made varying contributions across outcomes. The TPB is a useful framework for examining women's weight-related intentions during pregnancy. Study implications for intervention development are discussed.
Extreme13C12C variations in quaternary dolomites from the continental shelf

Abstract Dolomite samples from submarine canyons off the northeastern United States were found to have δ 13 C values ranging from −64 to + 21% relative to the PDB standard. This range spans almost the entire breadth of carbon isotope variations in terrestrial materials. δ 18 O values of the dolomites, on the other hand, were closely grouped at+5.8±0.7% and were higher by an average of 2.3% than those of separately occurring aragonites of the same area but indistinguishable from those of intimately associated minor amounts of calcite. Variations in δ 13 C of more than 40% were found among samples from the same canyon and of 2.7% within one chunk of dolomite only 30 cm long. The low 13 C content of many of the samples is characteristic of carbon of an organic origin and the extreme variations in δ 13 C are most likely a consequence of differences in the extent and pathways of utilization of limited organic-carbon reservoirs during the formation of the carbonates. Dolomitization of the clastic precursor sediment apparently took place at a time of lowered sea level when evaporation in shallow lagoons on the upper shelf produced waters having high magnesium and 18 O concentrations.
Ordered Films by Alternating Polyelectrolyte Deposition of Cationic Side Chain and Anionic Main Chain Chromophoric Polymers

Using the method of aqueous solution alternating polyelectrolyte deposition (APD), second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) polymer films were prepared for the first time in which both polymers were NLO-active. Films were prepared by alternately coating a solid substrate with an NLO-active side chain polycation and an NLO-active main chain polyanion. This new polyanion was comprised of α-cinnamoyl chromophores in the syndioregic configuration (an “accordion” polymer). The new polycation was derived from polyepichlorohydrin that was completely substituted with new stilbazolium side chain. The films were transparent and had no texture when observed by polarized microscopy. The increase in intensity of the second harmonic (SH) signal generated in the films was quadratic with each molecular layer to 20 layers. Beyond that, the SH signal intensity saturated as more layers were added.
Can You Do It? How Preschoolers Judge Whether Others Have Learned

Two experiments investigated how preschoolers judge whether learning has occurred. Experiment 1 showed that 3- and 4-year-olds used an individual's ability to demonstrate knowledge to judge whether he/she had learned something, regardless of that individual's claim about whether he/she had learned. Experiment 2 considered whether children responded based on just the character's demonstrative ability or whether children integrate various pieces of mental state knowledge to make a judgment about learning. Using a similar procedure, preschoolers were first told that the character claimed to be ignorant and then that they learned or did not learn a piece of information. In these cases, judgments of learning changed when the characters' claims and demonstrative abilities conflicted. These results suggest that children's understanding of learning involves the integration of various pieces of mental state knowledge. This process starts in the preschool years, but these data also suggest that crucial developments...
Lateral ventricular atrium: larger in male than female fetuses

Abstract Objective: To attempt to detect the presence of a gender difference in the size of the fetal lateral ventricular atrium. Methods: The width of the lateral ventricular atrium was measured sonographically on 543 consecutive fetuses scanned at 17–40 weeks, with a normal structural survey and documented gender assignment. Lateral ventricular measurements of male and female fetuses were compared. Results: The mean width (± S.D.) of the lateral ventricular atrium for the entire study population of 543 fetuses was 6.5 ± 1.4 mm. The measurement was 6.7 ± 1.3 in male and 6.3 ± 1.4 in female fetuses ( P P > 0.05, NS). Conclusion: Male fetuses have slightly larger cerebral lateral ventricles than female fetuses.
Evaluating the probability that the outputs of a computer code with random inputs will meet a set of evaluation criteria

Abstract Several methods (Bayesian, testing, confidence) are presented for evaluating the probability ‘ p ’ that the outputs of a computer code, given random inputs, will meet a set of evaluation criteria. They all lead to the same expression for the confidence β that p exceeds some desired value q , based on the results of running the code independently N times. This expression is independent of the number of evaluation criteria. The ‘coverage’ approach to sampling, which yields a confidence β co that the extreme values of the outputs from N independent runs of the code bound a region into which a single run of the code will fall with at least a probability γ , is shown to solve a different problem and to be unsuitable as a method for evaluating ‘ p ’, except in the special case when there is only one evaluation criterion. The method has broad application. It is developed in this paper in the context of evaluating the likelihood that a nuclear plant will meet the applicable safety criteria.
Improving patient care in transport medicine through an ontological approach

Electronic Health Records enhance patient care across medicine enabling providers to view historical information from the patients chart, viewing results from participating agencies, sharing notes with providers outside their institution and utilizing integrated support systems which protect against medication errors and redundancies. The field of transport medicine revolves around emergent patient transports by ambulance, helicopter and plane. These are resource poor environments and, coincidentally, occur during the most critical times of the patient's condition. The need to support transport clinicians with the most valid pertinent information about each patient is the main focus to our research. We proposed an ontological approach around transport medicine protocols which associated multiple diseases and their associated symptoms. We have developed semantic queries using the patient's current symptoms as input and the query result is analyzed by an algorithm that we created to derive probable diseases. The algorithm uses types of associated symptoms based on the ontology to quantify a confidence level for each possible disease. If the disease ruled in, we presented this information to the clinician as part of a decision support system. We used this output to query the patient's existing EHR for relevant medical history regarding the current disease process. We provide both the probable diagnoses along with the patient's relevant history in a single XML resource document.
Problem-based learning in undergraduate education

Problem-based learning (PBL) is a pedagogical approach based on recent advances in cognitive science research on human learning. PBL has been used in medical schools for many years. This paper describes the application of PBL in undergraduate courses and discusses the specific needs of this environment. Practical information and guidance are given on how to develop a challenging problem, how to ensure coverage of syllabus topics, how to structure the discussions, and how to evaluate the progress of the course.The paper describes an implementation of PBL methodologies in an undergraduate science course. In this course, students work with a voluntary environmental advocacy group, the Upper Chattahoochee RiverKeeper, to monitor the quality of water in the Chattahoochee watershed. Students learn experimental analytical chemistry techniques and problem-solving skills in this context. A PBL classroom is organized around collaborative problem-solving activities, which provide a context for learning and discovery...
Parameter Estimation of a Rotating Beam Under a Kalman Filtering Framework

The current study presents the problem of state and parameter estimation of flexible structures under a Kalman filtering framework. Inspired from a previous publication by the authors, the work presented here tackles the issue of practically acquiring the natural frequency of a flexible structure for structural health monitoring purposes. The Kalman filter theory is introduced where the linear Kalman filter and the unscnted Kalman filter algorithms are explained. An example of estimating the dynamics of a simply supported beam, modeled using the finite element method, is first discussed for the purpose of establishing the effectiveness of the Kalman filtering approach in dynamic structural systems. A more complicated system consisting of a flexible appendage attached at one end to a rotating hub is then introduced. The system dynamics are modeled using the finite element method, which is incorporated in a computer simulation where the Kalman filter is applied to estimate not only the appendage dynamics, but its parameters as well; specifically its natural frequency. The purpose of the work is to establish a practical method of acquiring the natural frequency for a flexible structure to accommodate a structural health monitoring system. Results show that the Kalman filter is a viable option for estimating the natural frequency of flexible structure.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
An Update to “Recent Trends in the Processing of Enargite Concentrates”

An update is presented to the paper “Recent trends in the processing of enargite concentrates” by Safarzadeh, Moats, and Miller (2014). Publications which were not included in the initial review paper, primarily to avoid redundancy, are presented and discussed here. Thus, roasting, atmospheric acidic and alkaline leaching, the dissolution of enargite in low-melting point salts, bioleaching, and pressure leaching are presented. For the first time, the modified phase stability (Kellogg) diagram and the Eh-pH diagram for the Cu-As-S system including sinnerite (Cu6As4S9) have been established. According to the results from different treatment options discussed in our earlier review and also in this paper, it is evident that the most recent research activities for the treatment of enargite concentrates are centered around roasting, alkaline sulfide leaching, and high temperature pressure oxidation. Taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of the mentioned processing options, and the numerous prelim...
Mechanism of arachidonic acid release in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Previous studies have demonstrated that [3H]arachidonic acid is released from prelabeled human neutrophil phospholipids when the cells are stimulated by calcium ionophore A23187 or by opsonized zymosan. Neither lysophospholipid generated by phospholipase A2 activity, diacylglycerol nor monoacylglycerol produced via phospholipase C/diacylglycerol lipase action have been identified following neutrophil challenge. The inability to detect any intermediates during the release of arachidonate is due to either rapid reacylation of lysophospholipid or conversion of diacylglycerol (monoacylglycerol) to cellular acylglycerols. The addition of exogenous [14C]fatty acid at the time of challenge was employed to determine the involvement of either phospholipase A2 or phospholipase C activities. Neutrophil stimulation with calcium ionophore A23187 resulted in an incorporation of exogenous [14C]arachidonate into phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine, those phospholipids which specifically release arachidonate. When the saturated fatty acid, [14C]stearate, replaced [14C]arachidonate, very little [14C]fatty acid was incorporated into any of the phospholipid species. Lipid phosphorus measurements revealed no significant mass change in any phospholipid class following ionophore challenge. Production of [14C]phosphatidic acid was not detected, as would be expected if diacylglycerol kinase and de novo phospholipid metabolism were significantly involved.
Ecological aspects of site recovery under swidden-fallow management in the Peruvian Amazon

The ecological importance of fallowing to swidden (slash and burn) agriculture is well known. Cyclic agroforestry systems which emphasize utilization of the fallow cycle should, where appropriate, consider the ecologic processess of site recovery, so as not to impair the productivity of the subsequent swidden cycle. this artical discusses the ecologic ‘fit’ of a cyclic swidden-fallow management scheme into swidden cultivation and fallow succession. Such a fit suggests a reciprocally reinforcing situation between this agroforestry design and processes involved in site recovery. Observed among some indigenous and colonist inhabitants of the Peruvian Amazon, this system produces fallow crops and products, while enhancing site nutrient recovery. The economic benefits of this scheme have recently been reported (Denevan and Padoch, n.d.) while the ecologic attributes involved in promoting site recovery have not; primarily these include: a) Less destruction of the nutrient cycling root-mat in the swidden cycle, and its quicker re-formation in the fallow cycle. b) Discouraging the establishment of exotic, pantropical weeds and grasses such as imperata, while encouraging the colonization of local, early successional species. c) Encouraging the earlier establishment of woody plants in abandoned swiddens. d) A natural litterfall higher in nutrients than in unmanaged fallows. e) Additions of ‘slash’ litterfall higher in nutrient content than natural litterfall in the proximity of valuable managed plants. f) The increased capacity of the managed stand to scavenge limiting nutrients such as N and P from, and leach unneeded quantities of non-limiting nutrients such as K, Ca and Mg to, thoughfall. g) Increasing the alkalinity of throughfall, possibly resulting in less soil cation leaching in managed fallows. h) Staggering seed production, germination and maturation times of the rapid nutrient sycling softwood trees. i) Increasing the spontaneously occuring abundance of valuable fallow plants with management of successive fallow cycles, thereby possibly reducing the labor requirement, and increasing the value of this agroforestry scheme over time.
The health effects of at-home written emotional disclosure in fibromyalgia: A randomized trial

Background: The presence and severity of the chronic pain syndrome fibromyalgia (FM) is associated with unresolved stress and emotional regulation difficulties. Written emotional disclosure is intended to reduce stress and may improve health of people with FM.Purpose: This study tests the effects of at-home, written emotional disclosure about stressful experiences on the health of people with FM and uses multiple follow-ups to track the time course of effects of disclosure.Methods: Adults with FM (intention-to-treat, n = 83; completers, n = 72) were randomized to write for 4 days at home about either stressful experiences (disclosure group) or neutral time management (control group). Group differences in immediate mood effects and changes in health from baseline to 1-month and 3-month follow-ups were examined.Results: Written disclosure led to an immediate increase in negative mood, which did not attenuate across the 4 writing days. Repeated-measures analyses from baseline to each follow-up point were conducted on both intention-to-treat and completer samples, which showed similar outcomes. At 1 month, disclosure led to few health benefits, but control writing led to less negative affect and more perceived support than did disclosure. At 3-month follow-up, these negative affect and social support effects disappeared, and written disclosure led to a greater reduction in global impact, poor sleep, health care utilization, and (marginally) physical disability than did control writing. Interpretation of these apparent benefits needs to be made cautiously, however, because the disclosure group had somewhat poorer health than controls at baseline and the control group showed some minor worsening over time.Conclusions: Written emotional disclosure can be conducted at home, and there is tentative evidence that disclosure benefits the health of people with FM. The benefits, however, may be delayed for several months after writing and may be of limited clinical significance.
Asymmetric Synthesis and Properties of Sulfinimines (Thiooxime S-Oxides)

Enantiomerically pure sulfinimines (thiooxime S-oxides 10), important building blocks in the asymmetric synthesis of amine derivatives, are prepared in good to excellent yields in one step from aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic aldehydes. This protocol involves treating commercially available (R)- or (S)-menthyl p-toluenesufinate (Andersen reagent 4) with LiHMDS, followed by the aldehyde, affording (E)-10 exclusively. The sulfinimines 10 are formed via a Peterson-type olefination reaction of silylsulfinamide anion 13 with the aldehyde. Anion 13 is generated by reaction of lithium menthoxide (12a) with bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfinamide 11, which is formed in the reaction of 4 with LiHMDS. The other product formed is O-(trimethylsilyl)menthol (12c), which is isolated in >80% yield for recycling. Two other less efficient methods for the asymmetric synthesis of 10 are discussed: (i) the asymmetric oxidation of sulfenimines 6 with chiral nonracemic oxaziridines and (ii) the reaction of metal aldimines, pre...
Willingness to serve: the medical profession and poverty programs.

Abstract The success of many health-related poverty programs in the United States depends to a great extent upon the physicians' willingness to work on a salaried full-time basis rather than to provide the part-time donated medical care of the past. Expressed willingness to serve in such programs is related to “entrepreneurial” and “socially conscious” orientations of medical practitioners. This paper, based on a national sample of physicians, presents evidence that these orientations are strongly present in the medical profession, with rather inconsistently structured attitudes on a variety ofrelated topics. As a consequence, only a small but definable segment of the medical profession shows an interest in active participation in poverty programs.