cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia Patterns in Primary and Metastatic Prostate Cancer Environments

Metastatic dissemination continues to be a major cause of prostate cancer (PCa) mortality, creating a compelling need to understand factors that play a role in the metastatic cascade. Since hypoxia plays an important role in PCa aggressiveness, we characterized patterns of hypoxia in the primary tumor and metastatic environments of a human PCa xenograft. We previously developed and characterized an imaging strategy based on the hypoxia response element (HRE)-driven expression of long-lived enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and short-lived luciferase (luc) fused to the oxygen-dependent degradation domain in human PCa PC-3 cells. Both reporter proteins were placed under the transcriptional control of a five-tandem repeat HRE sequence. PC-3 cells also constitutively expressed the tdTomato red fluorescent protein, allowing cancer cell detection in vivo. This "timer" strategy can provide information on the temporal evolution of HIF activity and hypoxia in tumors. Here, for the first time, we performed in vivo and ex vivo imaging of this dual HIF reporter system in PC-3 metastatic tumors implanted orthotopically in the prostate and PC-3 nonmetastatic tumors implanted subcutaneously. We observed distinct patterns of EGFP and luc expression in subcutaneous and orthotopic tumors, and in metastatic nodules, that provide new insights into the presence of hypoxia at primary and metastatic tumor sites, and of the role of hypoxia in metastasis.
Charm in PHENIX—a signal or a background?

Charm, as well as Strangeness, plays an important role in searches for the Quark Gluon Plasma.J/Φ Suppression and Strangeness Enhancement are two of the earliest proposed QGP signatures. Recent theoretical work on charm in Relativistic Heavy Ion collisions has focussed on di-lepton production. However, even before the discovery of theJ/Ψ, evidence of open charm was seen in hadron collisions via the observation of promptsingle leptons “resulting from the semi-leptonic decays of charm particles.” [1] The ‘copious’ yield of direct (i.e. not from Dalitz decays) single electrons and muons—at a levele/π∼10−4 forpT≥1.3 GeV/c—observed in the early 1970’s was explained by Hinchliffe and Llewellyn-Smith and Bourquin and Gaillard as evidence of open-charm production. It is likely thate/π at RHIC is large and is a good measure of charm production. Thus, a measurement of single electrons with moderatepT>1.5 GeV/c at RHIC should give a clean charm signal in heavy ion collisions,with no combinatoric background.
Moving Boundary PDE Model Output

The output from the moving boundary partial differential equation (MBPDE) algorithm discussed in Chap. 4 is presented in this chapter. First, the velocity and position of the tumor outer boundary are confirmed for the two test cases explained in Chap. 4 (zero and constant boundary velocities). Then the velocity and position of the boundary are presented for the third case of the velocity proportional to the boundary cancer cell density. In particular, the effect of the proportionality constant in the velocity equation of the third case is demonstrated. As in case (5) of Chap. 3, a cancer-free condition evolves for increasing time, thus indicating that increasing the CV-ICI dosages gives an effective cancer therapy.
Core / Biface Ratios, Mobility, Refitting and Artifact Use - Lives: A Paleoindian Example

Low core/biface ratios are often linked to high mobility, and high ratios to more sedentary lifestyles. The Paleoindian Allen site assemblage exhibits low core/biface ratios among recovered artifacts and higher ratios among refitted sequences. This suggests that cores passed through the site more often than bifaces, but were rarely discarded there. This pattern probably reflects low failure and discard rates in core reduction relative to biface reduction along with brief site use. Core/biface ratios may thus change with increasing sedentism with no change at all in technology simply because sedentary communities produce and exhaust cores primarily at a single location. Variation in core/biface ratios in Paleoindian sites across the Great Plains considered in light of this conclusion suggests significant large scale patterns of variation in general terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene land-use patterns.
The First Turbulence

Chaotic, eddy-like motions dominated by inertial-vortex forces begin immediately at Planck scales in a hot big-bang cosmological model. This quantum-gravitational-dynamics epoch produced not only the first space-time-energy of the universe but the first large Reynolds number turbulence and turbulent mixing with Kolmogorov and Batchelor-Obukhov-Corrsin velocity and temperature gradient spectra. Strong-force-freeze-out and inflation produced the first fossil temperature turbulence by stretching the fluctuations beyond the horizon scale ct of causal connection at light speed c in time t. The spectrum increases toward a maximum at the smallest (fossilized Planck) scales, contrary to either the flat Harrison-Zel'dovich form usually assumed or Tilted forms with maxima at large (fossilized strong-force) scales used to explain observed plasma epoch temperature fluctuations as acoustic. A second transition to turbulence was inhibited by buoyancy forces from the first structures, as indicated by observations that dT/T in the cosmic microwave background radiation is only 10^-5 except at the spectral peak and increases smoothly as wavenumber k^1/6. The peak is therefore due to gravitational structure not sound.
Pragmatic Tool vs. Relational Hindrance: Exploring Why Some Social Media Users Avoid Privacy Features

Social media privacy features can act as a mechanism for regulating interpersonal relationships, but why do some people not use these features? Through an interview study of 56 social media users, we found two high-level perspectives towards social media and privacy that affected attitudes towards and usage of privacy features. Some users took a pragmatic approach to using social media and felt comfortable using various privacy features as a tool to manage their social relationships (e.g., avoiding bothersome posts, not feeling compelled to interact). However, there were also users who viewed taking such privacy actions as a relational hindrance and were concerned how using certain features to meet their own needs would harm their relationships with others. Through a subsequent survey (N=320), we reveal how these two perspectives impact user behavior across four social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Twitter). Users who viewed social media as a pragmatic tool indeed used privacy features more. On the other hand, users who focused on how privacy can serve as a relational hindrance avoided using these features and, instead, prioritized social engagement and took a more indirect approach to protecting their privacy. Furthermore, the results show how these perspectives vary by individual rather than by privacy feature. These findings demonstrate the need to consider different perspectives towards social media and privacy when trying to understand and design for user behavior.
Alisertib Plus Induction Chemotherapy in Previously Untreated Patients With High-Risk, Acute Myeloid Leukaemia: A Single-Arm, Phase 2 Trial

Summary Background Increased aurora A kinase (AAK) expression occurs in acute myeloid leukaemia; AAK inhibition is a promising therapeutic target in this disease. We therefore aimed to assess the activity of alisertib combined with 7 + 3 induction chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukaemia. Methods We did a single-arm, phase 2 trial of patients recruited from the Dana–Farber/Harvard Cancer Center in the USA. Eligible patients had previously untreated acute myeloid leukaemia, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0–2, and were at high risk of disease as defined by the presence of an adverse-risk karyotype, the presence of secondary acute myeloid leukaemia arising from previous myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm, the presence of therapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia, or being 65 years or older. Enrolled patients received 7 + 3 induction chemotherapy of continuous infusion of cytarabine (100 mg/m2 per day on days 1–7) and intravenous bolus of idarubicin (12 mg/m2 per day on days 1–3). Oral alisertib (30 mg) was given twice per day on days 8–15. Patients could receive up to four consolidation cycles with cytarabine and alisertib, and alisertib maintenance for 12 months. The primary endpoint was a composite including the proportion of patients achieving complete remission and those with a complete remission with incomplete neutrophil or platelet count recovery. Analyses were per-protocol. This study is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov , number NCT02560025 , and has completed enrolment. Findings Between Dec 31, 2015, and Aug 1, 2017, we enrolled a total of 39 eligible patients. 19 (49%) of 39 patients had secondary acute myeloid leukaemia and three (8%) had therapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia. At mid-induction, 33 (85%) of 39 patients showed marrow aplasia, six (15%) received re-induction. The median follow-up was 13·7 months (IQR 12·7–14·4). Composite remission was 64% (two-stage 95% CI 48–79), with 20 (51%) of 39 patients achieving complete remission and five (13%) achieving complete remission with incomplete neutrophil or platelet count recovery. The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events included febrile neutropenia (16 [41%] of 39), neutropenia (12 [31%]), thrombocytopenia (13 [33%]), anaemia (11 [28%]), anorexia (nine [23%]), and oral mucositis (four [10%]). No treatment-related deaths were observed. Interpretation These results suggest that alisertib combined with induction chemotherapy is active and safe in previously untreated patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukaemia. This study met criteria to move forward to a future randomised trial. Funding Millennium Pharmaceuticals.
Secure multi-party computation

Abstract Multiparty computation is an important set of cryptographic techniques for privacy-preserving computing over human genomes. In this chapter, we first discuss several application scenarios of multiparty computing (MPC). Then, we move on to the critical aspects of the security definition of MPC, clarifying what are the goals and nongoals of MPC. Finally, we describe two representative types of MPC protocols.
Convention without Convening: Hume’s Marvelous Innovation

David K. Lewis published his brilliant PhD dissertation in 1969, Convention; A Philosophical Study. With a lag, scholarship on David Hume has come to elaborate the similitude between Lewis and Hume on convention. Reading Hume along the lines of Lewis gives us a vocabulary with which we can better appreciate and articulate the innovativeness of Hume’s theory of convention. The purpose of this study is both to contribute to that appreciation, and to rearticulate Hume’s innovative analytical framework for thinking about the unformalized duties and obligations—sometimes glossed as institutions or culture—underlying social interaction and economic behavior. After summarizing Lewis, we treat Hume’s account of the emergence of the conventions of language, justice, and political authority in broadly Lewisian terms. We develop an interpretation of justice and political authority in Hume as instances of “natural convention.” A natural convention is a social practice whose concrete form in time and place is conventional in a Lewisian sense, but whose generalized form is necessary, and hence natural, for social organization. Next we consider the semantic originality of Hume’s convention talk. Drawing from a largescale textual search, we find scant evidence that the English word “convention” was used in a Lewisian sense—that is, in a sense that did not entail a literal convening—prior to Hume.
Facile Activation of Triarylboranes by Rhenium(V) Oxo Imido Complexes.

We report the synthesis and reactivity studies of a pair of rhenium(V) oxo imido complexes. Oxidation of the rhenium(III) terminal oxo ORe(η2-DHF)(BDI) (DHF = dihydrofulvalene, BDI = N,N′-bis(2,6-d...
Effect of Ambient Air Pollution on Hospital Readmissions among the Pediatric Asthma Patient Population in South Texas: A Case-Crossover Study

Few studies have evaluated the association between ambient air pollution and hospital readmissions among children with asthma, especially in low-income communities. This study examined the short-term effects of ambient air pollutants on hospital readmissions for pediatric asthma in South Texas. A time-stratified case-crossover study was conducted using the hospitalization data from a children's hospital and the air pollution data, including particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and ozone concentrations, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between 2010 and 2014. A conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between ambient air pollution and hospital readmissions, controlling for outdoor temperature. We identified 111 pediatric asthma patients readmitted to the hospital between 2010 and 2014. The single-pollutant models showed that PM2.5 concentration had a significant positive effect on risk for hospital readmissions (OR = 1.082, 95% CI = 1.008-1.162, p = 0.030). In the two-pollutant models, the increased risk of pediatric readmissions for asthma was significantly associated with both elevated ozone (OR = 1.023, 95% CI = 1.001-1.045, p = 0.042) and PM2.5 concentrations (OR = 1.080, 95% CI = 1.005-1.161, p = 0.036). The effects of ambient air pollutants on hospital readmissions varied by age and season. Our findings suggest that short-term (4 days) exposure to air pollutants might increase the risk of preventable hospital readmissions for pediatric asthma patients.
Second-Harmonic Generation of Asymmetric Bessel-Gaussian Beams Carrying Multiple OAM Charge Numbers

In this paper we demonstrate the second-harmonic generation of asymmetric Bessel-Gaussian beams carrying orbital angular momentum. One advantage is that the asymmetric Bessel-Gaussian beams offer a chance to tailor the generated field.
Dedifferentiated endometrial carcinoma: molecular characteristics and clinical outcomes

Objectives: We sought to describe the molecular characteristics of each histological component of undifferentiated and dedifferentiated endometrial carcinomas, as well as the clinical outcomes of cases from a large single institution cohort. Methods: Endometrial carcinoma cases with diagnosis of undifferentiated or dedifferentiated carcinoma from 2014-2017 were included. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted from the medical record. Central pathologic review was performed by expert gynecologic pathologist, and cases were excluded if final diagnoses was not dedifferentiated or undifferentiated endometrial carcinoma. Slides from hysterectomy specimen were evaluated via IHC for MMR (mismatch repair)proteins (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, MSH6), p53, and PD-L1. Sanger sequencing for TP53 and POLE and MSI genotyping were performed on tumor DNA for each case. Results: A total of 12 of 772 cases (1.6%) with a clinical diagnosis of dedifferentiated or undifferentiated endometrial carcinoma were evaluated. A total of 2 were excluded after central pathologic review (carcinosarcoma, FIGO grade 3 endometrioid). All remaining cases were classified as dedifferentiated carcinoma. Seventy percent of patients presented with advanced stage disease. The majority of patients were treated with multimodal adjuvant therapy, however 30% progressed rapidly prior to completing treatment. Of those who completed primary treatment, no recurrences were noted. Ninety percent of cases showed MMR protein loss and 8/9 had concordant MMR IHC findings in the histologic subtypes. No TP53 or POLE mutations were identified on tumor sequencing. Conclusions: Concordant MMR protein loss between histologic subtypes of dedifferentiated endometrial carcinoma lends credence to the theory that the undifferentiated component arises from the low-grade endometriod component. The high rate of MMR protein observed in dedifferentiated tumors points to immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitors an attractive treatment option. The current study does not offer molecular characteristics that can adequately explain the dichotomies in outcomes seen in our patients. Further research to identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers will greatly aid in expanding our ability to make informed decisions regarding optimal management strategies.
Reciprocal epigenetic remodeling controls testicular cancer hypersensitivity to hypomethylating agents and chemotherapy

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are aggressive but sensitive to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Alternative therapies are needed for tumors refractory to cisplatin with hypomethylating agents providing one possibility. The mechanisms of cisplatin hypersensitivity and resistance in TGCTs remain poorly understood. Recently, it has been shown that TGCTs, even those resistant to cisplatin, are hypersensitive to very low doses of hypomethylating agents including 5-aza deoxy-cytosine (5-aza) and guadecitabine. We undertook a pharmacogenomic approach in order to better understand mechanisms of TGCT hypomethylating agent hypersensitivity by generating a panel of acquired 5-aza-resistant TGCT cells and contrasting these to previously generated acquired isogenic cisplatin-resistant cells from the same parent. Interestingly, there was a reciprocal relationship between cisplatin and 5-aza sensitivity, with cisplatin resistance associated with increased sensitivity to 5-aza and 5-aza resistance associated with increased sensitivity to cisplatin. Unbiased transcriptome analysis revealed 5-aza-resistant cells strongly downregulated polycomb target gene expression, the exact opposite of the finding for cisplatin-resistant cells, which upregulated polycomb target genes. This was associated with a dramatic increase in H3K27me3 and decrease in DNMT3B levels in 5-aza-resistant cells, the exact opposite changes seen in cisplatin-resistant cells. Evidence is presented that reciprocal regulation of polycomb and DNMT3B may be initiated by changes in DNMT3B levels as DNMT3B knockdown alone in parental cells resulted in increased expression of H3K27me3, EZH2, and BMI1, conferred 5-aza resistance and cisplatin sensitization, and mediated genome-wide repression of polycomb target gene expression. Finally, genome-wide analysis revealed that 5-aza-resistant, cisplatin-resistant, and DNMT3B-knockdown cells alter the expression of a common set of polycomb target genes. This study highlights that reciprocal epigenetic changes mediated by DNMT3B and polycomb may be a key driver of the unique cisplatin and 5-aza hypersensitivity of TGCTs and suggests that distinct epigenetic vulnerabilities may exist for pharmacological targeting of TGCTs.
A chemical method to sequence 5-formylcytosine on RNA

Epitranscriptomic RNA modifications can regulate biological processes, but there remains a major gap in our ability to identify and measure individual modifications at nucleotide resolution. Here we present Mal-Seq, a chemical method to sequence 5-formylcytosine (f5C) modifications on RNA based upon selective and efficient malononitrile-mediated labeling of f5C residues to generate adducts that are read as C-to-T mutations upon reverse transcription and PCR amplification. We apply Mal-Seq to characterize the prevalence of f5C at the wobble position of mt-tRNA(Met) in different organisms and tissue types and find that high-level f5C modification is present in mammals but lacking in lower eukaryotes. Our work sheds light on mitochondrial tRNA modifications throughout eukaryotic evolution and provides a general platform for characterizing the f5C epitranscriptome.
Basic SMA Component Geometries and Responses

SMA components must allow for a large surface area compared to their volume in order for them to be able to be cooled rapidly and repeated use at reasonable actuation frequencies. Thus SMAs are commonly used in the form of wires/rods, springs, tubes or beams under different loading conditions (tension, torsion or bending) for exploiting their unique characteristics in many practical applications. All these geometries are governed by their high surface to volume ratios.
Differential equations in two variables with entire coefficients

Formula1 (0. 1.4) permits us to associate with each solution U of the differential equation (0. 1.1b) an analytic function g(z) of a complex variable. Conversely, the question arises of determining from a given g(z) the corresponding solution of the equation (0. 1.1b). This can be done using the so-called integral operator of the first kind which will be discussed in §§ 1–3. We shall express solutions U in terms of an arbitrary function of a complex variable f(z). Next, f(z) will be expressed in terms of a function g(z) which essentially coincides with U (z, 0), see (2.1) and (2.;5).
Performance assessment of the Community Climate System Model over the Bering Sea

The Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) is evaluated against reanalysis data for the late-twentieth century (1955–2005), with a focus on the ecologically and commercially important Bering Sea in the subarctic Pacific. Several atmospheric variables including surface-air temperature, sea level pressure, wind strength, and direction were evaluated due to their relevance to large marine ecosystems. Simulated spatial patterns of climatological surface-air temperature over the Bering Sea are generally well simulated despite some subregional biases as large as +3 °C during autumn and −5 °C during winter. Interannual variability of simulated surface-air temperature exceeds that of the reanalysis by a factor of nearly 1.5. Model simulations show an under-simulated Siberian high and a large northwest displacement of the Aleutian Low-pressure centre. Further, sea level pressure over the Bering Sea is under-simulated in winter and fall by more than 8 hPa, and over-simulated in summer by more than 5 hPa. Interannual variability in simulated sea level pressure is nearly twice as large as observed. In general, the CCSM4 shows an improved representation of both monthly mean surface-air temperature and sea level pressure over the subarctic Pacific relative to its predecessor, the CCSM3. Despite these advances, there is still a clear need for improvements in the model's representation of high-latitude atmospheric circulation in order to achieve proper atmospheric forcing of marine ecosystem models.
Inner speech deficits in people with aphasia

Despite the ubiquity of inner speech in our mental lives, methods for objectively assessing inner speech capacities remain underdeveloped. The most common means of assessing inner speech is to present participants with tasks requiring them to silently judge whether two words rhyme. We developed a version of this task to assess the inner speech of a population of patients with aphasia and corresponding language production deficits. Patients’ performance on the silent rhyming task was severely impaired relative to controls. Patients’ performance on this task did not, however, correlate with their performance on a variety of other standard tests of overt language and rhyming abilities. In particular, patients who were generally unimpaired in their abilities to overtly name objects during confrontation naming tasks, and who could reliably judge when two words spoken to them rhymed, were still severely impaired (relative to controls) at completing the silent rhyme task. A variety of explanations for these results are considered, as a means to critically reflecting on the relation between inner speech and silent rhyme judgments more generally.
Ultra-Wide Bandwidth, Multi-Derivative Electromagnetic Systems

The characteristics of the beams generated by ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) electromagnetic systems are central to their practical applications, in particular to radar and electromagnetic remote sensing systems. These characteristics include the rate of beam divergence, the beam intensity, and the energy efficiency. Analytical bounds on the characteristics of beams generated by an arbitrary pulse-driven array have been derived and supported with numerical calculations1,2 and experiments3. These bounds extend the meaning of near-field distances or diffraction lengths to the situation where the array driving functions can be broad-bandwidth signals and the complete transmitter-receiver system can involve multiple time derivatives. The bounds on the beam characteristics associated with these pulse-driven multiple-derivative (PDMD) electromagnetic systems are defined in terms of effective frequencies that characterize the frequency moments of the set of time signals used to drive the transmitting array. It is found that the higher order coherence properties of the beams associated with these PDMD electromagnetic systems are degraded more slowly by diffraction than the corresponding lower-order characteristics. The higher-order derivatives simply emphasize the higher frequencies present in the finite time signals driving the array.
Might a beta blocker finally provide some relief from postoperative atrial fibrillation

Sezai and colleagues 1 present a small study in which 60 patients with poor ventricular function were randomized after cardiac surgery to either an ultrashort-acting beta blocker (landiolol) or placebo. The results are promising: Only 10% of the treated group experienced postoperative atrial fibrillation, whereas 40% of the untreated group experienced the complication. Because postoperative atrial fibrillation is common, occurring in 30% to 40% of all patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and because the sequelae can be morbid (eg, increased risk of stroke, prolonged hospital stay, and a marker for decreased survival), this is an oftenignored but incredibly important complication that occurs frequently and remains without good prophylactic treatment. Many agents have been purported to decrease postoperative atrial fibrillation, and many trials have reported decreased rates with various interventions (including amiodarone, beta blockers, magnesium, atrial pacing, and other modalities), but these have been shown to be largely inef
Mining discriminative states of hands and objects to recognize egocentric actions with a wearable RGBD camera

Of increasing interest to the computer vision community is to recognize egocentric actions. Conceptually, an egocentric action is largely identifiable by the states of hands and objects. For example, “drinking soda” is essentially composed of two sequential states where one first “takes up the soda can”, then “drinks from the soda can”. While existing algorithms commonly use manually defined states to train action classifiers, we present a novel model that automatically mines discriminative states for recognizing egocentric actions. To mine discriminative states, we propose a novel kernel function and formulate a Multiple Kernel Learning based framework to learn adaptive weights for different states. Experiments on three benchmark datasets, i.e., RGBD-Ego, ADL, and GTEA, clearly show that our recognition algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms.
A Stochastic Approximation Approach for Trend-Following Trading

This work develops a feasible computation procedure for trend-following trading under a bull-bear switching market model. In the asset model, the drift of the stock price switches between two parameters corresponding to an uptrend (bull market) and a downtrend (bear market) according to a partially observable Markov chain. The objective is to buy and sell the underlying stock to maximize an expected return. It is shown in Dai et al. (SIAM J Financ Math 1:780–810, 2010; Optimal trend following trading rules. Working paper) that an optimal trading strategy can be obtained in terms of two threshold levels. Finding the threshold levels turns out to be a difficult task. In this paper, we develop a stochastic approximation algorithm to approximate the threshold levels. One of the main advantages of this approach is that one need not solve the associated HJB equations. We also establish the convergence of the algorithm and provide numerical examples to illustrate the results.
Algorithm for Detection and Localization of Multi-targets in Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks

In most multitarget tracking approaches based on joint probabilistic data association (JPDA), it is difficult to apply the solutions to problems (due to the dimensionality curse of heavy complexity) where the number of targets varies dramatically. In this paper, we introduce an algorithm for detection of multitargets in wireless acoustic sensor networks (ADMAN); we localize detected targets by the particle filtering after the ADMAN. The purpose of ADMAN is detecting any number of targets (We know the approximate locations of targets during the detection algorithm.) in the field of interest. The advantage of ADMAN is its ability to cope with varying number of targets in time. ADMAN does not have any restrictions on the varying pattern of the target number.
Embryonic development of the stomatogastric nervous system in Drosophila

Using several cell-specific markers, the pattern of proliferation, morphogenesis, and neuronal differentiation of the Drosophila larval stomatogastric nervous system (SNS) was analyzed. In the late embryo, four SNS ganglia (frontal ganglion, hypocerebral ganglion, paraesophageal ganglion, ventricular ganglion) can be distinguished. In the early embryo, the precursor cells of the SNS (SNSPs), being an integral part of the anlage of the esophagus, undergo four synchronous rounds of division. Subsequently, SNSPs segregate from the esophageal epithelium in a complex and stereotyped pattern. The majority of SNSPs invaginate and transiently form three (rostal, intermediate, caudal) pouches that, after separating from the esophagus, become epithelial vesicles. At later stages, these SNSPs gradually lose their epithelial phenotype. Starting at the anterior-dorsal tip of each vesicle, SNSPs dissociate from one another and migrate to the various locations where they differentiate as neurons. Cells of the rostral and intermediate vesicle contribute to the frontal ganglion; the hypocerebral ganglion develops from the intermediate vesicle, the paraesophageal ganglion from the rostral vesicle, and the ventricular ganglion from the caudal vesicle. In addition to the invaginating SNSPs, several distinct groups of SNSPs delaminate as individual cells from the esophageal epithelium. Three clusters of SNSPs delaminate from a region anterior to the rostral pouch; a single SNSP delaminates from the tip of each pouch. All delaminates from the tip of each pouch. All delaminating SNSPs contribute to the frontal ganglion. A significant number of SNSPs undergo cell death. In the late embryo, the stomatogastric ganglia are interconnected by the recurrent nerve and esophageal nerves. The frontal ganglion projects to the brain via the frotal connectives. Both recurrent nerve and frontal connectives are pioneered by small subpopulations of early differentiating stomatogastric neurons that most likely derive from among the dSNSPs and iSNSPs.
Effect of a single bout of resistance exercise on arterial stiffness following a high-fat meal.

Consumption of a high-fat meal (HFM) causes postprandial lipemia and vascular dysfunction. Acute resistance exercise (RE) alone may also have a negative effect on vascular function. The purpose of this study was to measure arterial stiffness and postprandial lipemia after a HFM with or without acute RE. 9 recreationally active men (age 24±5 years, BMI 25±3 kg/m2) completed both: (1) HFM alone and (2) HFM+RE in a randomized order. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) from carotid to femoral artery and carotid to radial artery were used as measures of central/aortic and peripheral arterial stiffness, respectively. Circulating triglycerides (TRG) were obtained from finger stick samples as a marker of lipemia. There was a significant condition-by-time interaction for TRG (p 0.05). Following a HFM, acute RE attenuates postprandial lipemia and improves peripheral arterial stiffness without having a negative effect on central arterial stiffness.
Simplified early cost estimating for hot-forged parts

The main elements of an early cost-estimating procedure for hot-forged parts are described. This procedure is a simplification of a design for forging system developed previously. Using the procedure, the main cost contributions for material, equipment, utilisation and tooling are estimated from a relatively small amount of input information, which includes attributes of the part which should be available at the early stages in product design, before detailed component design is undertaken. The estimating procedure is intended to be used, along with similar procedures for other processes, at the early stages of product design, when decisions on component configurations and processes are being made.
Correa, Indigenous Movements, and the Writing of a New Constitution in Ecuador

In 2008, voters in Ecuador approved a new and progressive constitution. Indigenous leaders questioned whether the new document would benefit social movements or strengthen the hand of President Raf...
Oral amyloidosis: A late complication of multiple myeloma

Amyloidosis as a complication of multiple myeloma carries with it grave prognostic implications, and the median survival of myeloma patients following a diagnosis of amyloidosis is only 4 months. This article describes a patient who survived 6 years with kappa light chain myeloma, but only 4 months after the development of oral amyloid deposits. Oral amyloidosis may be clinically difficult to distinguish from fibrous, neurogenous, or salivary gland pathosis; however, histologic specimens stained with Congo red have a characteristic "apple green" appearance when examined microscopically with polarized light.
Rate-temperature relationships in the isolated hearts of ground squirrels.

Abstract 1. 1. The relationship of heart rate to temperature was examined in the isolated heart of the ground squirrel, Citellus mexicanus. 2. 2. Hearts of summer squirrels were not different in their response to temperature change from those of winter (hibernating season) squirrels. 3. 3. In C. mexicanus the curves of temperature versus rate were not different between males and females. 4. 4. Over the temperature range studied (0–26°C) the curves relating heart rate to temperature fit the Arrhenius equation with a correlation coefficient (R) or 0·97. 5. 5. When similar experiments were performed on the closely related hibernator Citellus tridecemlineatus, the results yielded data which also fit the Arrhenius equation.
Surface magnetic properties of Bloch electron gas in opposing electric and magnetic fields at T = 0 K

Abstract Exact quantum states and energy levels are obtained for Bloch electrons on the ellipsoidal conduction band in opposing electric and magnetic fields. The surface magnetic properties are obtained in the limit of weak magnetic field, where the electron occupy only the lowest electric sub-band. It is shown that the susceptibilities show no singularities even at T = 0 K.
Developmental change in the position of the fetal human larynx

The position of the mammalian larynx has been shown to be an important determinant in breathing, swallowing, and vocalizing patterns. While the growth of the adult human larynx has been studied extensively, detailed examination of fetal development has not been undertaken. Thus, crucial developmental change in the fetal period and the effects of this change on normal maturation are still unclear. This study has examined the development of the larynx and its topography during the fetal period. Thirty specimens were preserved in 10% buffered formaldehyde solution for a period of 6 weeks, after which mid-sagittal sections were performed. Fetal ages were calculated from femur diaphyseal lengths and ranged from 15 to 29 weeks. Direct measurements were taken to determine the growth and position of the larynx and trachea relative to the vertebral column and soft palate. Results show that the upper and lower levels of the larynx correspond to the basiocciput and the lower border of the third to upper border of the fourth cervical vertebrae, respectively. The epiglottic cartilage was present at 15 weeks. By 21 weeks, the epiglottis was well developed and in close palatal apposition. At 23 to 25 weeks, the epiglottis and soft palate were found to be in full contact. The acquisition of this contact may be related to fetal respiratory viability.
An electrical probe for the localization of superficial sensory nerves.

Recent work in our laboratory has indicated that the production of afferent impulses on peripheral nerves is essential to electrical pain control of the arm. For the site of current application, superficial sensory nerves entering the fascia from the skin appear to be optimal. We have developed an electrical probe which, in conjunction with unidirectional pulse stimulator, allows the course of superficial sensory nerves to be accurately traced.
Molecular basis of the diagnosis and treatment of polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia

Recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) are challenging the traditional diagnostic classification of these myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs). Clonality analysis using X-chromosome inactivation patterns has revealed apparent heterogeneity among the MPDs. The recently discovered single somatic activating point mutation in the JAK2 gene (JAK2-V617F) is found in the great majority of patients with PV, but also in many patients with phenotypically classified ET and other MPDs. In contrast to the acquired MPDs, mutations of the erythropoietin receptor and thrombopoietin receptor have been identified in familial forms of nonclonal erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis, respectively. The mechanisms of major clinical complications of PV and ET remain poorly understood. Quantitative or qualitative abnormalities of red cells and platelets do not provide clear explanations for the thrombotic and bleeding tendency in these MPDs, suggesting the need for entirely new lines of research in this area. Recently reported randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of low-dose aspirin in PV, and an excess rate of arterial thrombosis, major bleeding, and myelofibrotic transformation, but decreased venous thrombosis, in patients with ET treated with anagrelide plus aspirin compared to hydroxyurea plus aspirin.
Mercury in organic chemistry. 35. Synthesis of vinylic lactones from vinylmercurials and alkenoic acids via intramolecular π-allylpalladium displacement

Abstract The reaction of vinylmercuric chlorides, Li 2 PdCl 4 and 3-butenoic or 4-pentenoic acids, followed by refluxing with K 2 CO 3 , affords high yields of the corresponding γ-alkenyl-γ-butyro- or δ-alkenyl-δ-valerolactones by an intramolecular π-allylpalladium displacement process.
Characteristics and Prognosis of Retinal Detachments with Demarcation Lines

In longstanding retinal detachments, retinal pigment epithelial cells can prolif­ erate and undergo metaplasia at the junc­ tion of attached and detached retina, forming what is clinically known as a demarcation line. We reviewed 553 cases of consecutive retinal detachments to de­ termine the characteristics and prognosis of detachments with demarcation lines. Demarcation lines are present in 16.7% of phakic and 13.5% of aphakic retinal detachments. Clinically, a demarcation line appears either as a line of pigmenta­ tion at the junction of attached and de­ tached retina, or in the detached area of the retina as a line of subretinal fibrous tissue concave to the ora serrata. The metaplastic retinal pigment epithelial cells may produce a fibrous adhesion to the retina. In some cases this adhesion prevents progression of the retinal de­ tachment, but a demarcation line cannot be regarded as continued protection against further spread of the detachment. Most retinal detachments with demar­ cation lines are of at least three months' duration. Longstanding retinal detach­ ments may progress to massive periretinal proliferation (ΜΡΡ) more readily than those of shorter duration. Massive perire­ tinal proliferation is also known as mas­ sive preretinal retraction (MPR), or mas­ sive vitreous retraction (MVR); it is the most common cause of failure of retinal detachment surgery. In massive periretin­ al proliferation, pigment epithelial cells
Isolation of a major apolipoprotein of canine and murine pulmonary surfactant. Biochemical and immunochemical characteristics.

Abstract We studied some of the biochemical and immunochemical properties of a major apolipoprotein in isolated pulmonary surfactant from dog and rat lungs. These apolipoproteins were purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography in buffers containing Triton X-100. Purity of the apolipoproteins was assessed by both fused rocket and crossed immunoelectrophoreses. In addition, the apolipoproteins showed one band with an apparent molecular weight of 72 000–73 000 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These proteins are composed of two polypeptide chains of 36 000 daltons. When subjected to isoelectric focusing, the major component of the apolipoprotein had an isoelectric point of about 4.4, with very minor components near 4.6. Even though the apolipoproteins of both species had very similar amino acid compositions, including a relatively high glycine content, no immunologie cross-reactivity was observed. Rocket immunoelectrophoretic analysis of several preparations of dog and rat surfactant using the respective purified apolipoproteins as standards indicated that the apolipoprotein constituted 56.9% ± 4.6. (S.D., n = 3) and 42.1% ± 2.1 (S.D., n = 2) of the total protein in dog and rat surfactant, respectively.
Stability of SiC/SiC composites in environments containing O2 and H2

Abstract Silicon carbide composites with carbon interfaces have been analyzed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) in O2 and H2 environments to predict their performance as structural materials in fusion applications. Conditions for testing included temperatures between 800 and 1200°C, O2 concentrations ranging from 100 to 1500 ppm, and H2 concentrations of 0.1 and 1%. Weight losses observed by TGA were determined to be primarily due to the oxidation of the carbon interface. Linear—parabolic kinetics governed the interfacial oxidation for all of the conditions in O2. By focusing on the linear region, a simple model estimated the linear rate dependency on O2 partial pressure to be on the order of 0.911. Weight loss data in H2 environments yielded activation energies of 18 and 34 kcal/mol for 0.1 and 1%, respectively. The weight loss rates in H2 were 6 to 26 times slower than rates in O2, when approximations were made assuming linear kinetics.
Lower bounds for asymmetric communication channels and distributed source coding

We prove nearly tight lower bounds on the number of rounds of communication required by efficient protocols over asymmetric channels between a server (with high sending capacity) and one or more clients (with low sending capacity). This scenario captures the common asymmetric communication bandwidth between broadband Internet providers and home users, as well as sensor networks where sensors (clients) have limited capacity because of the high power requirements for long-range transmissions. An efficient protocol in this setting communicates n bits from each of the k clients to the server, where the clients' bits are sampled from a joint distribution D that is known to the server but not the clients, with the clients sending only O(H(D) + k) bits total, where H(D) is the entropy of distribution D. In the single-client case, there are efficient protocols using O(1) rounds in expectation and O(lg n) rounds in the worst case. We prove that this is essentially best possible: with probability 1/2O(t lg t), any efficient protocol can be forced to use t rounds. In the multi-client case, there are efficient protocols using O(lg k) rounds in expectation. We prove that this is essentially best possible: with probability Ω(1), any efficient protocol can be forced to use Ω(lg k/ lg lg k) rounds. Along the way, we develop new techniques of independent interest for proving lower bounds in communication complexity.
Design and Implementation of High Power Density Three-Level Parallel Resonant Converter for Capacitor Charger

This paper describes the design and implementation of a prototype 30kW, 200kHz pulsed power supply. A power density greater than 100W/inch3 is achieved with the converter operating at a high ambient temperature of 65 °C, by utilizing various technologies on topology, control, devices, passives, and thermal management, which can help reduce the converter size. The experimental results demonstrate that the converter meets the performance requirements while achieving the high power density.
From Caprio's lilacs to the USA National Phenology Network

Continental-scale monitoring is vital for understanding and adapting to temporal changes in seasonal climate and associated phenological responses. The success of monitoring programs will depend on recruiting, retaining, and managing members of the public to routinely collect phenological observations according to standardized protocols. Here, we trace the development of infrastructure for phenological monitoring in the US, culminating in the USA National Phenology Network, a program that engages scientists and volunteers.
The JWST data management system engineering database

The Engineering Data Processing (EDP) component of the James Webb Telescope (JWST) Data Management System (DMS) will collect calibrated engineering values for about 15,000 parameters, 300 million samples per day, with a potential daily database growth of 14 GB, 5 TB per year, 50 TB for a 10-year mission. While data will be mostly received in (time, parameter) order, fast access requires translation into (parameter, time) organization and sorting. Organization and indexing of the data will affect storage requirements as well as ingest and access efficiency. Fast access is critical to pipelines processing and calibrating science data.
Regulation of Extravascular Coagulation by Microvascular Permeability

Extravascular coagulation is a prominent feature of such important pathological processes as cellular immunity and neoplasia and has been thought to result from procoagulants associated with the inflammatory or tumor cells peculiar to these entities. It was found that increased microvascular permeability alone is sufficient to induce equivalent extravascular coagulation in several normal tissues. The results indicate that saturating levels of procoagulant are present even in normal tissues and that microvascular permeability is a rate-limiting step in extravascular coagulation.
How biofilm clusters affect substrate flux and ecological selection

We use three-dimensional mathematical modeling to represent key substrate phenomena in a prototypical cluster-and-channel biofilm. Clusters are represented as cylinders in which diffusion and reaction occur simultaneously. The geometry of the effective diffusion layer surrounding the cluster is manipulated to simulate different degrees of advection within the channels. The cluster-and-channel configuration can increase the average substrate flux per substratum area only if the channels have advection and the surface coverage is high enough. The modeling also suggests that sub-cluster niches for slower growing species, such as nutrifiers, are reduced in size when substrate penetrates the cluster from all sides. Thus, the cluster-and-channel configuration might create a competitive disadvantage for slow-growing species.