cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Analysis of Three-Dimensional Flow in an Industry-Size Hydrothermal Autoclave Subjected to Non-Uniform Heating

Hydrothermal growth is an important industrial process to produce piezoelectric crystals such as quartz. It takes place in a cylindrical container called an autoclave, which is filled with aqueous solution at a high temperature and a high pressure. The high temperature growth condition is maintained through electrical resistors on the outer surface of an autoclave. In practice there is a non-uniform heating condition in the circumferential direction. Many theoretical and numerical studies, however, assume an axisymmetric heating condition. This paper presents a numerical analysis of the three-dimensional heat transfer and fluid flow in hydrothermal growth due to such non-uniform heating. The analysis is based on an industry-size autoclave with an aspect ratio of 10. The non-uniform heating is introduced on the surface of both the lower dissolving chamber and the upper growing chamber of an autoclave with and without a baffle at the middle height. The flow and isotherm patterns were obtained with the temperature difference between the two chambers kept at 10 °C. The circumferentially non-uniform temperature has dramatic effects on the three-dimensional flow and therefore the temperature distribution in the autoclave. When the dissolving chamber is subjected to circumferentially non-uniform heating, a baffle is essential to create a uniform growth environment in the growing chamber. To obtain high quality single crystals, however, the temperature control on the growing chamber wall is more important than that on the dissolving chamber wall.© 2002 ASME
Changes in the Expression of Smooth Muscle Contractile Proteins in TNBS- and DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice

Thin filament-associated proteins such as calponin, caldesmon, tropomyosin, and smoothelin are thought to regulate acto-myosin interaction and thus, muscle contraction. However, the effect of inflammation on the expression of thin filament-associated proteins is not known. The aim of the present study is to determine the changes in the expression of calponin, caldesmon, tropomyosin, and smoothelin in colonic smooth muscle from trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)- and dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Expression of h-caldesmon, h2-calponin, α-tropomyosin, and smoothelin-A was measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Contraction in response to acetylcholine in dispersed muscle cells was measured by scanning micrometry. mRNA and protein expression of α-actin, h2-calponin, h-caldesmon, smoothelin, and α-tropomyosin in colonic muscle strips from mice with TNBS- or DSS-induced colitis was significantly increased compared to control animals. Contraction in response to acetylcholine was significantly decreased in muscle cells isolated from inflamed regions of TNBS- or DSS-treated mice compared to control mice. Our results show that increase in the expression of thin filament-associated contractile proteins, which inhibit acto-myosin interaction, could contribute to decrease in smooth muscle contraction in inflammation.
Group size and the private supply of a best-shot public good

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between group size and the likelihood that a best-shot public good is voluntarily provided. Holding fixed each member's individual probability of supplying the public good, the likelihood of supply increases as the group grows. This is the size effect. However, as group size increases, the probability that each individual member supplies decreases. This is the strategic effect. The net effect of group size on the likelihood is thus ambiguous. As group size increases without bounds, the two effects are offset—the likelihood approaches a finite limit.
Cariaco trench-sediment geotechnical properties

ABSTRACT A study of the mass physical properties of a sediment core from the anaerobic Cariaco Trench shows there to be a noticeable difference in these properties relative to those of the eastern Caribbean and Atlantic basins, and an even greater difference from those of the anoxic Black Sea. The variations in physical properties appear to reflect the respective concentrations of organic carbon in the four areas compared.
Is the Adverse Selection Component Really Higher on the NYSE/Amex than on the Nasdaq?

Affleck-Graves, Hegde and Miller (1994) (A-GHM) estimate spread components for a matched sample of NYSE/Amex and Nasdaq stocks using models by Stoll (1989) and George, Kaul and Nimalendran (1991) and examine the differences in the resulting components. They find that the order-processing component is smaller and the adverse selection component is greater on the NYSE/Amex trading systems than on the Nasdaq. Their findings imply that the Nasdaq is more efficient in generating information from stock trades than the NYSE. This result has important implications regarding the design of security trading systems, in that adverse selection is impacted by the structure of the trading system and the stocks listed in that system. 1 Since the original study by A-GHM, Huang and Stoll (1997) have developed a newer and arguably superior method of decomposing the bid-ask spread. In this paper, we revisit the original A-GHM study and use the newer Huang and Stoll model to examine if their results are merely a function of model choice. In addition, we examine the markets after the two major market reforms that have impacted the relative costs of trading on the NYSE/Amex and Nasdaq since the original A-GHM study.
The Dilemmas of Military Withdrawal from Politics: Some Considerations from Tropical Africa

Few people consider the armed forces hesitant in their actions. Speed, decisiveness, efficiency, directness—such are characteristics often attributed to the military. Especially in areas where protection of military autonomy is concerned, quick action may be taken. Recent African history suggests that members of the armed forces exhibit willingness to leap into active political involvement when challenges arise to their corporate interest. Since June 1965 fifteen African states have experienced coups d'etat. The decisive act of intervention, however, rarely is mirrored by an equally decisive act of withdrawal. Coups are clear-cut events, transitions to civilian governments far less dramatic or marked. As the time to return to the barracks approaches, doubts and hesitations seem to grow. Officers pause, uncertain whether they have accomplished what their intervention allegedly was to correct. They are caught in a dilemma, and as S. E. Finer noted, “whether their rule be indirect of whether it be direct, they cannot withdraw from rulership nor can they fully legitimize it. They can neither stay nor go” (1962, p. 243). Once military intervention has occurred, voluntary disengagement of the armed forces from direct political involvement comes when withdrawal seems to enhance the military's corporate interest. Splits within the military, relatively restricted objectives, and the opportunity to transfer control to civilians whose outlooks, policies, and backgrounds resemble those of the ruling military group facilitate disengagement.
Lung colonization with Aeromonas hydrophila in cystic fibrosis believed to have come from a tropical fish tank

People with cystic fibrosis (CF) are at risk of contracting Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other potentially harmful organisms from the environment.1 The Cystic Fibrosis Trust consider tropical fish tanks to be a risk only if the patient is in direct contact with the water.1 We report a boy with CF who at 11 months isolated Pseudomonas species identified as mucoid Aeromonas hydrophila, non-mucoid Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from cough swabs. We believe he became infected by aerosol spread of the bacterium secondary to the aeration process in fish tanks in his home. Isolations only ceased on removal of the tanks from the home. The patient was born at term after antenatal detection of echogenic bowel at 20 weeks gestation. There were no neonatal concerns and genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis of CF (homozygous ΔF508). He was started on routine CF treatment including flucloxacillin. He has had numerous microbiological isolations, all from cough swabs (Table 1). Table 1 A summary of the child’s microbiological isolations from cough swabs Before six months of age he had two episodes of symptomatic cough and he grew two different organisms. He was asymptomatic at seven months when a fully sensitive, non-mucoid Pseudomonas species was isolated from a cough swab. Despite treatment with ciprofloxacin and colomycin nebulizers, the same organisms were identified three weeks later (asymptomatic). Treatment was stopped at 10 months after two clear cough swabs. At 11 months of age he developed a productive cough and this time grew a fully sensitive mucoid Pseudomonas species. He was restarted on ciprofloxacin and colomycin and an extended microbiological identification was requested. This revealed three different bacteria: a mucoid A. hydrophila type 1, a non-mucoid A. hydrophila type 2 and a non-mucoid P. aeruginosa. Chest X ray was normal and symptoms responded promptly to treatment but a Pseudomonas species grew again after one month. His home environment was reviewed as he had isolated a type of organism that usually inhabits aquatic environments. Our CF nurse had visited his home on several occasions: she reported that the family had four large fish tanks in their living room, and had expressed concerns that these may be the cause of the patient's infections. The tanks had oxygen pumps and appeared poorly maintained (the tank water was very cloudy). The family were advised to have the tanks removed, and after discussion they were removed when the patient was 15 months old. At the time of writing, nine months after the tanks were removed, repeated cough swabs have been clear.
CAREER CONCERNS, MATCHING, AND OPTIMAL DISCLOSURE POLICY*

Raiders may suffer from information disadvantage since the current employer is often better informed about his workers’ quality. When workers have career concerns and matching influences productivity, the initial employer can strategically disclose information to influence incentives and matching efficiency. Long-term complete contracts induce full disclosure when raiders are perfectly competitive. The optimal short-term contract induces full disclosure if raiders are perfectly competitive, and the workers are risk neutral and are not liquidity constrained. These conditions are not only sufficient but also “almost necessary” for full disclosure. Partial disclosure may be optimal if any of these conditions is relaxed.
Large dielectrophoresis force and torque induced by localized surface plasmon resonance of Au nanoparticle array

A new approach is proposed for manipulating and rotating micro- or nano-objects by using polarized laser light with low intensity. The polarized light excites resonant dipoles on a cap-shaped Au nanoparticle array, which generates a highly nonuniform radiation field that induces large dielectrophoresis force on dielectric objects. The orientation control of the objects is realized by adjusting the polarization direction of the incident light. Theoretical modeling, fabrication, and characterization results for the cap-shaped Au nanoparticle array, as well as preliminary trapping results, are reported.
A Unified Framework for Designing Optimal STSA Estimators Assuming Maximum Likelihood Phase Equivalence of Speech and Noise

In this paper, we present a stochastic framework for designing optimal short-time spectral amplitude (STSA) estimators for speech enhancement assuming phase equivalence of speech and noise. By assuming additive superposition of speech and noise, which is implied by the maximum-likelihood (ML) phase estimate, we effectively project the optimal spectral amplitude estimation problem onto a 1-D subspace of the complex spectral plane, thus simplifying the problem formulation. Assuming generalized Gamma distributions (GGDs) for a priori distributions of both speech and noise STSAs, we derive separate families of novel estimators according to either the maximum-likelihood (ML), the minimum mean-square error (MMSE), or the maximum a posteriori (MAP) criterion. The use of GGDs allows optimal estimators to be determined in a generalized form, so that particular solutions can be obtained by substituting statistical shape parameters corresponding to expected speech and noise priors. It is interesting to note that several of the proposed estimators exhibit strong similarities to well-known STSA solutions. For example, the magnitude spectral subtracter (MSS) and Wiener filter (WF) are obtained for specific cases of GGD shape parameters. Quantitative analysis of a selected subset of the proposed estimators shows improvement over the traditional log-spectral MMSE estimator of Ephraim and Malah, in terms of segmental signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the COSH distance measure, when applied to the Noizeus database. Although single-channel speech enhancement is offered as an illustrative example, the theory presented here could be applicable to other signals, such as music and images.
Modulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses by Tofacitinib (CP-690,550)

Inhibitors of the JAK family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases have demonstrated clinical efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory disorders; however, the precise mechanisms by which JAK inhibition improves inflammatory immune responses remain unclear. In this study, we examined the mode of action of tofacitinib (CP-690,550) on JAK/STAT signaling pathways involved in adaptive and innate immune responses. To determine the extent of inhibition of specific JAK/STAT-dependent pathways, we analyzed cytokine stimulation of mouse and human T cells in vitro. We also investigated the consequences of CP-690,550 treatment on Th cell differentiation of naive murine CD4+ T cells. CP-690,550 inhibited IL-4–dependent Th2 cell differentiation and interestingly also interfered with Th17 cell differentiation. Expression of IL-23 receptor and the Th17 cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 were blocked when naive Th cells were stimulated with IL-6 and IL-23. In contrast, IL-17A production was enhanced when Th17 cells were differentiated in the presence of TGF-β. Moreover, CP-690,550 also prevented the activation of STAT1, induction of T-bet, and subsequent generation of Th1 cells. In a model of established arthritis, CP-690,550 rapidly improved disease by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators and suppressing STAT1-dependent genes in joint tissue. Furthermore, efficacy in this disease model correlated with the inhibition of both JAK1 and JAK3 signaling pathways. CP-690,550 also modulated innate responses to LPS in vivo through a mechanism likely involving the inhibition of STAT1 signaling. Thus, CP-690,550 may improve autoimmune diseases and prevent transplant rejection by suppressing the differentiation of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells as well as innate immune cell signaling.
Toxoplasma gondii: human interferon studies by plaque assay.

SummaryIn order to define the interaction of the human IF system with TG, a series of experiments examined the effects of human IF on TG growth in monolayers of HEF.Neither leukocyte nor fibroblast human IF had any effect on TG plaque growth, in IF concentrations ranging from 10-1 to 104 units/ml, although appropriate IF activity was demonstrated in VSV plaque-reduction assays performed in parallel. Supernatant fluids from TG-infected cells, both HEF and peripheral human leukocytes, contained no detectable acid-stable IF activity, despite good induction of IF by NDV in parallel experiments. Supernatants from TG-infected cells contained no inhibitor of TG as assayed with TG plaques in HEF.These experiments indicate a lack of interaction between TG and the classical IF system in cells of human origin, supporting the findings of Schmunis et al (14). It is clear that the observations in murine and chick models (6-8) cannot be directly extrapolated to humans, and that interactions of TG and the IF system are a...
Gene-Dependent Effect of Lithium on Circadian Rhythms in Mice (Mus Musculus)

Lithium has been shown to lengthen free-running circadian periods in a variety of species. Here we show that lithium carbonate differentially lengthens the free-running period of a circadian wheel running rhythm in BALB/CByJ and C57BL/10Sn inbred mouse strains. This result supports previous evidence that lithium lengthens mammalian circadian rhythms, and also demonstrates that gene differences can mediate individual differences in response to lithium treatment.
Sensitization of dural afferents underlies migraine-related behavior following meningeal application of interleukin-6 (IL-6).

Background Migraine headache is one of the most common neurological disorders, but the pathophysiology contributing to migraine is poorly understood. Intracranial interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels have been shown to be elevated during migraine attacks, suggesting that this cytokine may facilitate pain signaling from the meninges and contribute to the development of headache.
Design and fabrication of 50-nm thin-body p-MOSFETs with a SiGe heterostructure channel

Thin-body p-channel MOS transistors with a SiGe/Si heterostructure channel were fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates. A novel lateral solid-phase epitaxy process was employed to form the thin-body for the suppression of short-channel effects. A selective silicon implant that breaks up the interfacial oxide was shown to facilitate unilateral crystallization to form a single crystalline channel. Negligible threshold voltage roll-off was observed down to a gate length of 50 nm. The incorporation of Si/sub 0.7/Ge/sub 0.3/ in the channel resulted in a 70% enhancement in the drive current. This is the smallest SiGe heterostructure-channel MOS transistor reported to date. This is also the first demonstration of a thin-body MOS transistor incorporating a SiGe heterostructure channel.
Synthesis of uniformly 13C-labeled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Convergent synthetic pathways were devised for efficient synthesis of a series of uniformly 13C labeled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons de novo from U-13C-benzene and other simple commercially-available 13C-starting compounds. All target products were obtained in excellent yields, including the alternant PAH U-13C-naphthalene, U-13C-phenanthrene, U-13C-anthracene, U-13C-benz[a]anthracene, U-13C-pyrene and the nonalternant PAH U-13C-fluoranthene.
Fetal and neonatal germ cell tumors

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) arise from the 'germline' - the primordial germ cells which are destined to become either the egg or the sperm. GCTs can be challenging to understand because their intrinsic pluripotency results in a wide spectrum of histologies and biologic behaviors. However, the histology of GCTs in the fetus and neonate is more restricted and the clinical spectrum more narrow than when these tumors occur later in life. GCTs in the fetus and neonate are predominately mature and immature teratomas, usually curable with surgery alone. And, given the efficacy of cisplatin-based regimens in GCTs, cure is likely even for those patients whose tumors contain the more malignant histologies, which in the neonate is usually yolk sac tumor. Recent advances in understanding the underlying aberrations in germline development continue to shed light on the genesis of these tumors and possible new avenues for treatment.
A Bead-Based Activity Screen for Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Signal Transduction in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Cells

Chronic myelogenous leukemia is characterized by the presence of the chimeric BCR-ABL gene, which is expressed as the constitutively active Bcr-Abl kinase. Although kinase activity is directly responsible for the clinical phenotype, current diagnostic and prognostic methods focus on a genetic classification system in which molecularly distinct subcategories are used to predict patient responses to small-molecule inhibitors of the Bcr-Abl kinase. Point mutations in the kinase domain are a central factor regulating inhibitor resistance; however, compensatory signaling caused by the activation of unrelated kinases can influence inhibitor efficacy. Kinase activity profiling can be used as a complementary approach to genetic screening and allows direct screening of small-molecule inhibitors. We developed a quantitative assay to monitor tyrosine kinase activities and inhibitor sensitivities in a model of chronic myelogenous leukemia using peptide reporters covalently immobilized on Luminex beads. Kinase activity is quantified by nonlinear regression from well-specific internal standard curves. Using optimized synthetic substrates and peptides derived from native substrates as probes, we measured kinase inhibition in cell lysates by the signal transduction inhibitors imatinib and dasatinib. Taking advantage of a convenient 96-well plate format, this assay also allows a straightforward and quantitative analysis of the differential effects of ATP and inhibitors on kinase activity. This method for analyzing a focused signaling network benefits from rigorous statistical analysis and short processing times, thereby offering a powerful tool for drug discovery and clinical testing. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(5); 1469–81. ©2010 AACR.
An Overview of the Transmission Capacity of Wireless Networks

This paper surveys and unifies a number of recent contributions that have collectively developed a metric for decentralized wireless network analysis known as transmission capacity. Although it is notoriously difficult to derive general end-to-end capacity results for multi-terminal or adhoc networks, the transmission capacity (TC) framework allows for quantification of achievable single-hop rates by focusing on a simplified physical/MAC-layer model. By using stochastic geometry to quantify the multi-user interference in the network, the relationship between the optimal spatial density and success probability of transmissions in the network can be determined, and expressed-often fairly simply-in terms of the key network parameters. The basic model and analytical tools are first discussed and applied to a simple network with path loss only and we present tight upper and lower bounds on transmission capacity (via lower and upper bounds on outage probability). We then introduce random channels (fading/shadowing) and give TC and outage approximations for an arbitrary channel distribution, as well as exact results for the special cases of Rayleigh and Nakagami fading. We then apply these results to show how TC can be used to better understand scheduling, power control, and the deployment of multiple antennas in a decentralized network. The paper closes by discussing shortcomings in the model as well as future research directions.
Slip of normal 3he on smooth surfaces

Abstract Measurements of the slip length of normal 3He confined by smooth silicon suggest that the boundary condition for 3He scattering at surfaces is diffuse even for substrates which are smooth compared to the mean thermal wavelength of 3He. Coating the surface with just two or three monolayers of 4He greatly increases the specularity. In addition, the expected behavior of the bulk viscosity of 3He appears to be modified by the reduced momentum transfer caused by the smooth surface and specular scattering condition.
The Flow of Digital News in a Network of Sources, Authorities, and Hubs

This article presents an analysis of the flow of information in a network of online news sites. Social network theory and research on hyperlinked networks of Web pages are used to develop a model of information flow among Web sites. Kleinberg's authority-hub model is extended by introducing sources of information in the network. Significant support was found for a Source–Authority–Hub model, which shows the source, directionality, routing, and destination of news information flow through a network of authorities and hubs. This model demonstrates the ability of key Web sites to control the flow of news and information. Applications of the model to over-time data have the potential to predict future changes in the online news industry.
Automated Derivation of Bathymetric Information from Multi-Spectral Satellite Imagery Using a Non-Linear Inversion Model

Most previous studies utilized a log-linear regression model to invert multi-spectral images into bathymetric data. Based on the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm, we developed an automated method for calibrating the parameters for a non-linear inversion model. Our method has been successfully applied to an IKONOS multispectral image. We compared depth data derived from our model to those estimated using a conventional log-linear inversion model. Bathymetric data derived from the non-linear inversion model are slightly more accurate and stable, particularly for deeper benthic habitats, than those derived from a conventional log-linear model although their overall performances are very similar.
Optimization of a piezoelectric bimorph grasper for use in minimally invasive surgical applications

The potential use of piezoelectric bimorph actuators in minimally invasive surgery suture-needle grasper/holder applications is explored computationally. Upon defining the design/functional requirements for such surgical tools, a finite element analysis of the underlying piezoelectric boundary value problem is combined with the genetic algorithm optimization routine to arrive at an optimal morphology of the suture-needle grasper/holder. The results obtained show that, if the actuator is based on several constant-thickness segments, a proper combination of thicknesses of such segments can substantially improve the performance of such surgical tools. Specifically, a good combination of the relatively large grasper-jaws opening and the required level of the holding force when the grasper is closed on a 0.5mm diameter suture-needle is obtained. The effect of orientation of the poling direction in the piezoelectric layers on the performance of the bimorph actuator is also examined. It is found that, at the same level of the required grasping force, a change in the poling direction by about 2.378 from the through-the-thickness direction can increase the maximum grasper- jaws opening by about 10 per cent.
Abstract 168: MALAT1 is crucial for epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells in acidic microenvironment

Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (MALAT1), a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), is found up-regulated in several tumors. However, little is known about the role of MALAT1 in breast cancer, which is one of the highly invasive tumors among women worldwide. In this study, we found that MALAT1 was highly expressed in both breast cancer cell lines and breast cancer specimens in comparison to normal specimens. We found that low extracellular pH (pHe-acidosis), a major hallmark of solid tumors, further up-regulates MALAT-1 in several breast cancer cell lines in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, acidosis induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated vimentin and Twist 1 expression but suppresses E-cadherin levels in breast cancer cells. Moreover, breast cancer cells under low pHe adopt stem-ness property as revealed by an increase in CD44+ and ESA+ population, mammosphere formation, and expression of OCT-4, SOX-2 and Nanog. Acidosis promotes translocation of β-catenin from cytoplasm to nucleus. The antisense oligonucleotides mediated gene silencing of MALAT-1 prevents acidosis induced nuclear translocation of β-catenin. This is in consistent with our previous finding that breast cancer cells cultured under low pHe exhibit an increased invasion activity. These results suggest that acidosis-induced MALAT-1 trigger an EMT program, leading to cell invasion and metastasis. Therefore, MALAT-1 represents a potential target for breast cancer therapy. Studies are underway to delineate the mechanistic association between MALAT-1, β-catenin, and EMT in acidic microenvironment. Citation Format: Subash C. Gupta, Yin-Yuan Mo. MALAT1 is crucial for epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells in acidic microenvironment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 168. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-168
Formation of thymol nanoemulsions with combinations of casein hydrolysates and sucrose stearate

Casein hydrolysates (CHs) have the improved emulsifying activity than caseins, and the emulsion stability can be principally improved by co-adsorbing sucrose stearate (SS). The objective of this work was to fabricate thymol nanoemulsions using the combination of CH and SS. CH produced by 10 min pancreatic hydrolysis was used at 2% and mixed with SS to prepare emulsions by shear homogenization and heating at 90 °C for 20 min. Addition of SS from 0 to 1.0% increased the thymol content in nanoemulsions (d3,2 ≈ 50 nm) from 1 to 3%. Excess SS however increased the emulsion turbidity and instability due to its poor solubility at ambient conditions. Heating improved the solubility of SS, strengthened its hydrophobic interactions with CH, and thus greatly improved the emulsion storage stability and the stability at pH 3.0 and 5.0. Therefore, the combination of CH and SS provides a novel approach to prepare nanoemulsions.
Control of Coronary Blood Flow During Hypoxemia

Coronary vascular resistance is regulated by a variety of factors including arterial pressure, myocardial metabolism, autonomic nervous system as well as arterial O2 tension (hypoxia). Progressive hypoxemia results in graded coronary vasodilation that is significantly more pronounced when arterial O2 tension falls below 40 mmHg. Microvascular studies have demonstrated that O2 has direct effects on vascular smooth muscle likely mediated by O2 sensors located in vessels < 15 ΰm diameter. Recent data indicates that hypoxia-induced inhibition of the pentose phosphate pathway and the subsequent decreases in NADPH and intracellular Ca2+ represent an important O2 sensing mechanism in vascular smooth muscle. However, in vivo experiments suggest direct microvascular effects of O2 contribute little to hypoxic coronary vasodilation. The vasodilation is mediated, in part, by local vasoactive metabolites produced in proportion to the degree of hypoxemia, reflex-mediated increases in myocardial metabolism and diminished myocardial tissue oxygenation. In particular, production of adenosine has been shown to increase exponentially with the degree of hypoxia and blockade or degradation of adenosine markedly impairs hypoxia-induced coronary vasodilation. Other investigations support the role of endothelial derived relaxing factors (nitric oxide, prostacyclin) in control of coronary blood flow during hypoxia. Additionally, reductions in PO2 hyperpolarize coronary vascular smooth muscle via K+ ATP channels which represent important “end effectors” that significantly contribute to hypoxic coronary vasodilation. Taken together, these data indicate that the coronary vascular response to hypoxia depends on metabolic and endothelial vasodilatory factors that are produced in proportion to the degree of hypoxemia and that function through mechanisms depending on K ATP + channels.
Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with multiple detectors: a powerful tool in treatment process selection and performance monitoring

The traditional application of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with single wavelength UV detection (at 254 nm) for molecular weight (size) estimation can be expanded to include multiple detectors that provide insight into the size, structure, and functionality of natural organic matter (NOM). Other detectors include, foremost, on-line dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as well as fluorescence and variable wavelength UV. SEC coupled with this range of detectors elucidates unique signatures for different types and sources of NOM including allochthonous versus autochthonous (i.e., algal organic matter (AOM)) versus wastewater effluent (i.e., effluent organic matter (EfOM)). Also revealed by SEC are preferential NOM removals and/or transformations by various water and wastewater treatment processes as well as identification of problematical NOM components (e.g., membrane foulants).
Characterization of Red/Green Cyanobacteriochrome NpR6012g4 by Solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Protonated Bilin Ring System in Both Photostates.

Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are cyanobacterial photoreceptors distantly related to phytochromes. Both CBCRs and phytochromes use photoisomerization of a linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophore to photoconvert between two states with distinct spectral and biochemical properties, the dark state and the photoproduct. The isolated CBCR domain NpR6012g4 from Nostoc punctiforme is a well-characterized member of the canonical red/green CBCR subfamily, photosensory domains that can function as sensors for light color or intensity to regulate phototactic responses of filamentous cyanobacteria. Such red/green CBCRs utilize conserved Phe residues to tune the photoproduct for green light absorption, but conflicting interpretations of the photoproduct chromophore structure have been proposed. In the hydration model, the proposed photoproduct state is extensively solvated, with a loosely bound, conformationally flexible chromophore. In the trapped-twist model, the photoproduct chromophore is sterically constrained by ...
METABOLIC PROFILE OF COW BLOOD UNDER THE TREATMENT OF OVARIES HYPOFUNCTION BY HORMONAL AND PHYTO-PREPARATIONS

For the correction of reproductive function of cows with ovarian hypofunction practices use a number of hormones. Recently, to stimulate reproductive function using herbal medicines that have gonadotropic effect or stimulate secretion of steroid hormones who try to use to increase fertility. Therefore, we carried out an attempt to develop a method of regulation of reproductive function of the ovaries of cows using combination therapies that can provide effective treatment by studying the biochemical parameters of animals. The cows were divided depending on the treatment to control and two experimental groups of 5 animals in each group. Groups were formed by the following treatment regimens indicated pathology. Cows control group treated by next scheme: day 1-intramuscular injection drug in vitro at a dose of 10 ml; day 2-PMSG intramuscular administration of the drug at a dose of 500 IU; day 3-intramuscular injection drug Surfahon at a dose of 50 mg. Cows from experimental group 1 was injected intramuscularly liposomal drug based on herbal (Rhodiola rosea, Salvia); Animals from second experimental group were injected intramuscularly liposomal drug based on phyto-substances (Rhodiola rosea, Salvia) with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Surfahon). Analysis of biochemical parameters of blood serum of cows with ovarian hypofunction found low concentrations of estradiol-17-β and progesterone. Between the control and experimental groups concentration of progesterone and estradiol-17-β differ within 10%, which indicates the same level of disease in all animals selected. Level carotene, ascorbic acid and cholesterol in all groups was within the physiological norm and differed slightly. It was established that the treatment of cows with hypofunction ovaries in the experimental group 1 progesterone level 7 days after treatment was 11.5, and 2 - on 41,4% (p <0,01) higher than in the control group animals, indicating that the revitalization of the ovary as a result of treatment and efficacy of liposomal drug on the basis of phyto-substances with gonadotropin-releasing hormone. The level of cholesterol on 7th day after treatment cows with ovarian hypofunction in the first experimental group was higher by 25,5% (p <0,05) and slightly exceeded the physiological value of this indicator in cows. In the second experimental group, it also exceed the physiological norm and exceeded the level in blood of cows in the control group at 18,6% (p <0,05), indicating the possibility of using cholesterol for the synthesis of progesterone. All the cows in the period from 30 to 60 days after the treatment have sign of oestrus and were artificially inseminated.
Further studies of factor R.

SummaryThe growth and hemoglobin responses obtained in chicks receiving a purified diet supplemented with factor R were found not to be due to the preformed folic acid present in factor R.By means of chick liver, rat liver, and hog kidney incubation procedures the folic acid content of factor R was greatly increased. This indicated the presence of potential folic acid which did not stimulate the growth of S. faecalis, but which was available to the chick. The potential folic acid liberated by hog kidney enzymes was found to account for all of the responses obtained in the chick, whereas chick and rat liver enzymes were not as effective in liberating folic acid.The most probable explanation for the discrepancy in the folic acid content of factor R obtained following hog kidney and rat or chick liver incubations is that factor R is a mixture of conjugates of folic acid rather than one conjugate.The response to factor R was not affected by the presence of succinylsulfathiazole in the diet. Conjugated folic a...
Synthesis and application of acrylate coating printing adhesive modified by organosilicon

The polysiloxane emulsion was prepared by ring-opening polymerization between octamethycyclotetrasiloxane(D4) and silane coupler with vinyl. The influences of polymerization condition were studied on ring-opening polymerization for D4. The results showed that the polysiloxane emulsion with good stability and higher monomer conversion ratio was prepared when mass fraction of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid(DBSA) was 4.0% in emulsion,mass fraction of emulsifier OP-10 was 3.0% in emulsion,mass fraction of silane coupler(KH-151) was 2% in D4,and polymerization temperature was 70 ℃ for 3 h. The coating printing adhesive with good softness and color fastness was obtained when acrylate emulsion was modified by the polysiloxane emulsion.
Impact of Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalization on Mobility Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Abstract Purpose The study purpose was to assess the effects of emergency department visits on mobility as measured by Life-Space Assessment (LSA) scores and to compare life-space trajectories associated with emergency department visit only, hospitalization, and no event. Methods A total of 410 community-dwelling adults aged ≥75 years who were living in the community, were able to communicate by telephone, could schedule an in-home interview, and could answer questions independently were followed from June 2010 to August 2014. In-home baseline and monthly telephone follow-up interviews collected data on LSA scores, emergency department use, and hospitalizations. Life-space is measured using a validated patient-reported tool reflecting community mobility and quality of life. Trajectories of LSA before and after an emergency department visit or hospitalization were compared with no event occurrence. Results Mean age of participants was 81.7 years (standard deviation, 4.8); 57% were female, and 35% were African American. During 3 years of follow-up, 83 persons (20%) had an emergency department visit without subsequent hospitalization and 164 persons (40%) were hospitalized. Although baseline LSA scores were similar, in the month after an emergency department visit, adjusted LSA scores decreased by 6.1 points ( P = .01) in comparison with hospitalized participants who experienced an average decrease of 18.0 points ( P Conclusions Older adults who experienced an emergency department visit or hospitalization had an associated decrease in community mobility without significant recovery.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation technique based on the application of powerful and rapidly changing magnetic fields on the skull surface that generate targeted electrical currents in the brain, painlessly and without the need for surgery, anesthesia, or the induction of seizures. Since its development in the mid-1980s, it has become a widely used tool for neuroscience research and clinical applications, both diagnostic and therapeutic. In 2008, the US Federal Drug Administration approved the use of high-frequency repetitive TMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for the treatment of major depressive disorder, and in 2013 the use of deep TMS H-coils was also approved for the same indication. In the present chapter, we will review the principles and clinical applications of TMS, with a focus on antidepressant therapy.
Romantic Irony in England

As Muecke has pointed out, Romantic irony in Germany was a program rather than an achievement, and the German literature illustrating the theory was not of the richest.19 English Romantic poetry on the other hand was a magnificent achievement but one whose theoretic base comprehended a good deal more than the new ironic theories and much that was antithetic to them: hence the familiar question of the relevance of irony to that poetry.20 The Romantics in Germany, with the philosophical support of post-Kantian idealism, defined themselves against those powerful and dominating figures, the classicists — Goethe, Schiller, Holderlin, Kant. Writers like Wordsworth and Coleridge, on the other hand, conscious of their own novelty and enthusiastic (for a time) about the revolutionary currents of the age, saw themselves as pioneers and liberators, in both literature and in politics. The greater political freedom and latitude for opinion in England made participation and political writing much easier than in Germany, a fact of considerable importance both to the development of social and political interests and to the nature of the literature. Perhaps the English Romantics really had more in common with Goethe and Schiller than with the self-styled Romantics in Germany, who, in reaction against the robust classicism of their heroic elder contemporaries, favored subtlety, refinement, indirection and paradox.21
The next green movement: Plant biology for the environment and sustainability

From domestication and breeding to the genetic engineering of crops, plants provide food, fuel, fibers, and feedstocks for our civilization. New research and discoveries aim to reduce the inputs needed to grow crops and to develop plants for environmental and sustainability applications. Faced with population growth and changing climate, the next wave of innovation in plant biology integrates technologies and approaches that span from molecular to ecosystem scales. Recent efforts to engineer plants for better nitrogen and phosphorus use, enhanced carbon fixation, and environmental remediation and to understand plant-microbiome interactions showcase exciting future directions for translational plant biology. These advances promise new strategies for the reduction of inputs to limit environmental impacts and improve agricultural sustainability.
Thermal stability of Mg2Si0.4Sn0.6 in inert gases and atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3 thin film as a protective coating

Mg2Si1−xSnx solid solutions are promising thermoelectric materials to be applied in vehicle waste-heat recovery. Their thermal stability issue, however, needs to be addressed before the materials can be applied in practical thermoelectric devices. In this work, we studied the crystal structure and chemical composition of Mg2Si1−xSnx in inert gas atmosphere up to 823 K. We found that the sample was oxidized even in high-purity inert gases. Although no obvious structural change has been found in the slightly oxidized sample, carrier concentration decreased significantly since oxidation creates Mg vacancies in the lattice. We demonstrated that an atomic-layer deposited Al2O3 coating can effectively protect Mg2Si1−xSnx from oxidation in inert gases and even in air. In addition, this Al2O3 thin film also provides in situ protection to the Sb-doped Mg2Si1−xSnx samples during the laser-flash measurement and therefore eliminates the measurement error that occurs in uncoated samples as a result of sample oxidation and graphite exfoliation issues.
Semi-Quantitative Evaluation of Pre-Transplant FDG-PET in Relapsed and Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma

Abstract 2015 Introduction: We previously reported the prognostic impact of pre-transplant functional imaging (FI) on outcome following autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) for patients with relapsed or refractory (rel/ref) Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (Moskowitz AJ, et al. Blood 2010). This analysis was based upon patients treated on 3 consecutive Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) clinical trials from 1994 to 2003. The cohort included patients evaluated by gallium or FDG-PET and the 5 year event free survival (EFS) for patients with normal vs abnormal pre-transplant FI was 75% and 31% respectively. Based upon these results, our treatment program has focused on the use of FDG-PET to determine eligibility for ASCT. While determination of FI results in our series was based upon visual interpretation, we now aim to investigate whether semi-quantitative evaluation of pre-transplant FDG-PET could better distinguish favorable and less favorable cohorts. Methods: Patients with rel/ref HL treated on MSKCC clinical trials who underwent pre-salvage and pre-transplant evaluation with FDG-PET were included in this analysis. Pre-salvage and pre-transplant FDG-PET reports were reviewed and maximum SUV values for each scan were recorded. The delta-SUV was a calculation of the percent change in maximum SUV between pre-salvage and pre-transplant FDG-PET. EFS was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The prognostic impact of FDG-PET results by visual interpretation and semi-quantitative interpretation was evaluated using the log-rank test. Results: One hundred and thirty nine patients with rel/ref HL treated on consecutive MSKCC clinical trials from October 2000 through August 2010 were evaluated. Of the 139 patients, 104 (75%) achieved FDG-PET normalization prior to ASCT. The median follow-up for survivors was 6 years. The 6 year EFS for FDG-PET negative and FDG-PET positive patients was 79% and 53% respectively (p Conclusion: For rel/ref HL patients undergoing ASCT, semi-quantitative evaluation of pre-transplant FDG-PET using delta-SUV of 63% identifies a favorable cohort among patients with positive pre-transplant FDG-PET. The difference in outcome for patients with ≥63% delta-SUV and Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.