cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A β-1,2-Xylosyltransferase from Cryptococcus neoformans Defines a New Family of Glycosyltransferases

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen characterized by a prominent polysaccharide capsule that envelops the cell. Although this capsule is dispensable for in vitro growth, its presence is essential for virulence. The capsule is primarily made of two xylose-containing polysaccharides, glucuronoxylomannan and galactoxylomannan. There are likely to be multiple xylosyltransferases (XTs) involved in capsule synthesis, and the activities of these enzymes are potentially important for cryptococcal virulence. A β-1,2-xylosyltransferase with specificity appropriate for capsule synthesis was purified ∼3000-fold from C. neoformans, and the corresponding gene was identified and cloned. This sequence conferred XT activity when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which lacks endogenous XT activity. The gene, termed CXT1 for cryptococcal xylosyltransferase 1, encodes a 79-kDa type II membrane protein with an N-linked glycosylation site and two DXD motifs. These latter motifs are believed to coordinate divalent cation binding in the activity of glycosyltransferases. Site-directed mutagenesis of one DXD motif abolished Cxt1p activity, even though this activity does not depend on the addition of a divalent cation. This may indicate a novel catalytic mechanism for glycosyl transfer. Five homologs of Cxt1p were found in the genome sequence of C. neoformans and 34 within the sequences of other fungi, although none were found in other organisms. Many of the homologous proteins are similar in size to Cxt1p, and all are conserved with respect to the essential DXD motif. These proteins represent a new family of glycosyltransferases, found exclusively within the fungal kingdom.
Dealing with Loud Neighbors: The Benefits and Tradeoffs of Adaptive Femtocell Access

Femtocells are low-power, very small-service-area (e.g. home or office environment) cellular base stations that will significantly impact the cellular landscape in the next several years. One of the most important open technical issues related to femtocells concerns the impact on system performance of different policies regarding who is allowed to connect to a femtocell. In the present paper, interaction between mobile stations (MS) that are near to, but not necessarily communicating with, femtocells is explored. It is shown that an adaptive femtocell access policy that takes specific account of the instantaneous loads on the network can lead to improved performance over a completely open, or completely closed approach.
The Consumer and the Citizen in Personal Influence

This article analyzes the relationship between citizenship and consumption posited by the Decatur Study and developed in the influential book Personal Influence by Katz and Lazarsfeld. It shows that they understood a close relationship between the two. It also contrasts the Katz/Lazarsfeld understanding of the relationship between citizenship and consumption with that of contemporary consumer activists to show that, for scholars of “effects,” Katz and Lazarsfeld, who focused exclusively on the “inputs” of consumer choice, paid surprisingly little attention to the social impact of consumption.
Spaceborne imaging radars

The Seasat and Shuttle imaging radars flown in the 1970s and 1980s established a strong scientific and technical base for a number of imaging radars that are flying or under development. Recent advances in understanding wave-surface interactions, utilization of multispectral and polarimetric data, as well as advances in microwave and electronic technology, are allowing the development of a new generation of multiparameter imaging radars that will allow quantitative measurements of surface and near-surface geophysical parameters and monitoring of surface processes over long-term duration. This article is an overview of spaceborne imaging radars presently flying or under development.
Intermittent Lack of Health Insurance Coverage and Use of Preventive Services

Objectives. This study examined the association between intermittent lack of health insurance coverage and use of preventive health services. Methods. Analyses focused on longitudinal data on insurance status and preventive service use among a national sample of US adults who participated in the Health and Retirement Study. Results. Findings showed that, among individuals who obtain insurance coverage after histories of intermittent coverage, relatively long periods may be necessary to reestablish clinically appropriate care patterns. Increasing periods of noncoverage led to successively lower rates of use of most preventive services. Conclusions. Intermittent lack of insurance coverage—even across a relatively long period—results in less use of preventive services. Studies that examine only current insurance status may underestimate the population at risk from being uninsured.
Chromatography of Arbovirus Ribonucleic Acid Forms on Columns of Benzoylated-Diethylaminoethyl Cellulose

Benzoylated-diethylaminoethyl cellulose (BD-cellulose) column chromatography was found to be useful in resolving most of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) forms from the replicative cycle of group A arbovirus Semliki Forect virus (SFV). The elution patterns were independent of molecular weight and appeared to be related to the degree of secondary structure in the molecule. Fractions of RNA were taken from a sucrose density gradient of cytoplasmic extracts of SFV-infected chick cells pretreated with actinomycin D. In a linear salt gradient, 16 S material cochromatographed with the rapidly eluted ribonuclease resistant core of the double-stranded SFV-RNA and with the homopolymer duplex polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid. This fraction, therefore, probably contains an SFV-RNA form similar to the completely double stranded replicative form (RF) of several RNA viruses and bacteriophages. Faster moving (>20 S ) sucrose gradient fractions eluted more slowly, suggesting a decreasing proportion of secondary structure with increasing sedimentation value. The fractions, therefore, seemed to contain replicative intermediate (RI) structures. The two single stranded forms of SFV-RNA (42 S and 26 S ) could only be eluted from BD-cellulose in the presence of urea or dimethyl sulfoxide, suggesting the presence of minimal secondary structure. Under these conditions, the single-stranded viral RNA forms could not be resolved. Molecular sieve chromatography of the single-stranded RNA forms, performed by passage through an agarose column, also failed to resolve these forms. The viral RNA forms containing a high degree of secondary structure, probably the RF and the RI, could, therefore, be rapidly separated from each other and from the single-stranded forms.
Differential protection used with motors, motor controllers and adjustable frequency drives: What you didn't know!

The application of differential protection has been shown to be effective in many applications within the Forest Product based industries. However, there are some aspects of differential protection which need special consideration. Some differential configurations may be harmful to the systems to which they were installed to protect. This paper will cover a few of the basics surrounding typical differential applications. Also highlighted are some of the risk areas which are typically overlooked when applying differential protection for certain applications.
A Multiple Short Assessment Approach to Teaching Clinical Research Methods: A Case Study

The objective of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of teaching clinical research methods using multiple small assessments reinforced with team reviewed cases and peer evaluation. This was accomplished by converting a three credit hour clinical research methods course from a traditional three-exam format into a multiple assessment model using short answer bi- weekly quizzes and article (case) reviews relevant to the concepts on the upcoming quiz prior to each quiz. Finally, student participation consisted of two peer evaluations of the team activities and occurred at the mid-point and end of the semester. Results indicated that the students preferred the multiple assessments, felt that the cases prepared them for the quizzes, were split on the short answer quiz format and did not like the peer evaluation. The positive student responses to the grouping of content delivery and assessment suggests that further study into multi-assessment models of delivery is warranted.
Physical Education with an Aboriginal Perspective

Aboriginal children, like all others, have a love and enthusiasm for physical activity in the form of play, games and sport. For a variety of reasons, this enthusiasm does not always carry over into the other areas of the school program. Mitchell’s (1973) comments are quite commonplace – and they apply not only in Aboriginal schools: He was an alert lad with well above average intelligence, but apart from sport and a partiality for listening to good stories, he seemed disinterested in schooling.Actually, it is not so surprising that Aboriginal people show an interest in physical activity as evidence suggests that recreational activities formed an integral part of the traditional way of life. The amount of time available for, and the extent and quality of the leisure pursuits, is suggested by Tonkinson (1974): Contrary to earlier assertions about hunting and gathering peoples, we now know that the task of obtaining daily food rarely occupied more than a few hours of the Aborigines’ time. In summer at least, the intense heat discouraged Aborigines from moving about during most of the day. Their leisure hours were many, whatever the season, and the opportunities to be sociable were endless. Horde members were constantly on the lookout for telltale smoke, which indicated the presence of other small groups. The resultant meeting generated excitement as people exchanged gossip, recounted their recent exploits, and perhaps held informal singing and dancing sessions. (p.18)
Use of Computer Simulations to Understand Female Physiology: Where's the Data?

Physiology is defined in Webster's Dictionary as “a branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter (as whole body, organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved.” As scientists, we operate with the hope that the
Towards a P2P mobile contents trading

In this work, we investigate the profit maximization problem for a wireless network carrier and the payment minimization for users. We focus on the scenario whereby users who are equipped with device-to-device (D2D) communication can harness their predictable demand in proactive data contents caching and the possibility of trading their proactive downloads to minimize their expected payments. The carrier, on the other hand, utilizes a dynamic pricing scheme to differentiate between off-peak and peak time prices and applies commissions on each trading process to further maximize its profit. A marketplace based on risk sharing between users is proposed where the tension between carrier and users is formulated as a Stackelberg game. We explore the win-win equilibrium of the proposed model and compare it with the baseline scenario of flat pricing. We characterize a new equilibria region which yields to a win- win situation with respect to the baseline equilibrium. We show that the equilibria region expands when the carrier allows this marketplace to happen between end-users.
Behavior of MgO as a CO2 Scavenger at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), Carlsbad, New Mexico

Transuranic nuclear wastes being disposed of in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) contain large amounts of organic material that may decay producing substantial quantities of undesirable CO2. Because of this possibility a MgO backfill has been included in the repository design. In addition to scavenging CO2, the backfill may also hydrate forming Mg(OH)2. Backfill hydration may provide a sink that may sorb much, or all, of the brine that enters the repository. The key to understanding the full implications of including the MgO backfill lies in knowing the rates of the various processes that may operate as the repository ages and evolves. Both carbonation and hydration reactions were found to occur rapidly enough to have beneficial impacts on repository performance.
Fibrin glue for anal fistulas: Long-term results

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term success and complication rate of fibrin-glue treatment of anal fistulas. METHODS: Patients with an anal fistula presenting to a single surgeon over a three-year period were enrolled in this study. At their first operation, all 48 patients (26–72 years old) underwent anoscopy, biopsy, destruction of the internal gland, and placement of a draining seton. Approximately two months later after preoperative bowel preparation, the seton was removed, the internal opening closed with a single suture, and fibrin glue instilled by way of the external opening to seal the fistula tract. Patients were followed closely to document the results of treatment and any complications. Long-term follow-up was done by telephone interview. RESULTS: Cause of the anal fistula was cryptoglandular in 36 (75 percent) patients, Crohn’s disease in 5 (10 percent), and miscellaneous in 7 (15 percent). Median follow-up was 22 months (range, 6–46 months). After a single treatment with fibrin glue, 29 (60 percent) fistulas closed. Retreatment with fibrin glue brought the successful number of fistula tracts closed to 33 (69 percent). The 15 (29 percent) patients who failed either one or two treatments with fibrin glue were successfully treated with either fistulotomy or advancement flap. Bowel function and fecal incontinence were not altered by the fibrin-glue treatment. In one patient who failed fibrin glue, the fibrin-glue treatment may have created a more complicated fistula tract. Late recurrences (>6 months) occurred in three (6 percent) patients, two of whom were successfully retreated with fibrin glue. CONCLUSIONS: Fibrin-glue treatment of anal fistulas is successful in up to 69 percent of patients if initial failures are retreated. This sphincter-saving technique is associated with minimal complications and no functional detriment. Late recurrences are unusual.
Human and Environment Influences on Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting Toward Self-Powered Textile-Integrated Wearable Devices

The study of on-body energy harvesting is most often focused on improving and optimizing the energy harvester. However, other factors play a critical factor in the energy harvesting integration techniques of the harvester to close-to body materials of the wearable device. In addition, one must recognize the wide array of human factors and ergonomic factors that lead a variation of the energy harvesting. In this work, key affecting variables at varying on-body locations are investigated for commercial thermoelectric generators (TEGs) integrated within a textile-based wearable platform. For this study, a headband and an armband is demonstrated with five TEGs connected in series in a flexible form factor via Pyralux®. These platforms enable comparison of the amount of energy harvested from the forehead versus the upper arm during various external conditions and movement profiles, e.g. running, walking, and stationary for periods of up to 60 minutes. During these tests, ambient temperature, ambient humidity, accelerometry, and instantaneous power are recorded live during the activity and correlated to the energy harvested. Human factors such as skin temperature and application pressure were also analyzed. Our analysis demonstrates that vigorous movement can generate over 100 μW of instantaneous power from the headband and up to 35 μW from the armband. During the stationary movement profile, the instantaneous power levels of both the headband and the armband decreased to a negligible value. Our studies show that for higher intensities of movement, air convection on the cool side of the TEG is the dominating variable whereas the temperature gradient has a significant effect when the subject is stationary. This work demonstrates key materials and design factors in on-body thermoelectric energy harvesting that allows for a strategic approach to improving the integration of the TEGs.
What went right and what went wrong: an analysis of 155 postmortems from game development

In game development, software teams often conduct postmortems to reflect on what went well and what went wrong in a project. The postmortems are shared publicly on gaming sites or at developer conferences. In this paper, we present an analysis of 155 postmortems published on the gaming site Gamasutra.com. We identify characteristics of game development, link the characteristics to positive and negative experiences in the postmortems and distill a set of best practices and pitfalls for game development.
Repeated and Combined Participation in Workforce, Education and Social Program Services: Preliminary Evidence from Maryland Administrative Data Sources

One justification for extended retention of program administrative data is a resulting capability to study whether and how often repeated, concurrent and sequential appearances are found in multiple program transaction records. The expected return-on-investment from extended retention of administrative data rises when coverage of multiple programmatic interventions is consolidated in an integrated data system. This report is based on a preliminary exploration of linked historical administrative data files containing recorded instances of individual participation in defined education, workforce and social service programs. Our results to date should be treated as illustrative of decision-relevant insights that future refinements can produce. To explore the incidence of repeated, concurrent and sequential participation in more than one government program we accessed two workforce, threepublic education, and two social services administrative data files. We document that many individuals do engage in multiple workforce, education and social services program activities, and in repeated participation within each of the program types. There are many reasons for sustained interest in reliable measurement of repeated and combined program engagements. Some combinations and sequences are looked upon favorably, while others are viewed with some concern. Care should be exercised to avoid hasty conclusions about the benefits and costs that can be assigned to particular combinations of program engagements. Our next steps will include renewed attention to dynamic person identification and program engagement methodologies, while continuing the design and implementation of our study of up to 27 years of multiple program engagements by 1984 credit-course enrollees in Maryland’s public community colleges.
FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of functions and limits, which lies at the very foundation of calculus. A completely rigorous treatment of it would require both an extensive study of the real number system and a degree of mathematical maturity. To formalize the function concept into some sort of definition, there are two choices: (1) a set of ordered number pairs and (2) a domain and a rule of association. The chapter discusses limits of functions defining sequences. All such functions have the set of positive integers as their domain. To extend the concept, the chapter presents a more general function whose domain is the set of all real numbers greater than some real number. To provide a basic understanding of real numbers and their properties, the chapter presents a few remarks and definitions related to it. Some of the statements labeled as definitions will not be precise mathematical definitions but rather descriptive statements of fundamental concepts. However, these informal definitions are not incompatible with their precise counterparts and will carry the message to the beginning calculus student in a more understandable language.
Drug selectivity in the suppression of the immune response

Chemotherapy is a relatively effective treatment for certain types of neoplastic diseases. In fact, by using drugs alone or in combination, good quality life can be prolonged and, in some cases, complete remission can be obtained with no evidence of the disease being found five years or more after diagnosis. These therapeutic results are obtained in patients with certain types of choriocarcinoma, Wilm’s tumour, Burkitt’s lymphoma, acute lymphocytic leukaemia and certain tumours of the skin. In the near future, chemotherapeutic treatments in conjunction with surgery may provide additional examples of therapeutic efficacy, as in the case of osteogenic sarcoma of the limb and of pre-menopausal breast tumours.
The combination of serum insulin, osteopontin, and hepatocyte growth factor predicts time to castration-resistant progression in androgen dependent metastatic prostate cancer- an exploratory study.

We hypothesized that pretreatment serum levels of insulin and other serum markers would predict Progression-free survival (PFS), defined as time to castration-resistant progression or death, in metastatic androgen-dependent prostate cancer (mADPC). Serum samples from treatment-naive men participating in a randomized phase 3 trial of ADT +/- chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed using multiplex assays for insulin and multiple other soluble factors. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to identify associations between individual factor levels and PFS. Sixty six patients were evaluable (median age = 72 years; median prostate surface antigen [PSA] = 31.5 ng/mL; Caucasian = 86 %; Gleason score ≥8 = 77 %). In the univariable analysis, higher insulin (HR = 0.81 [0.67, 0.98] p = 0.03) and C-peptide (HR = 0.62 [0.39, 1.00]; p = 0.05) levels were associated with a longer PFS, while higher Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF; HR = 1.63 [1.06, 2.51] p = 0.03) and Osteopontin (OPN; HR = 1.56 [1.13, 2.15]; p = 0.01) levels were associated with a shorter PFS. In multivariable analysis, insulin below 2.1 (ln scale; HR = 2.55 [1.24, 5.23]; p = 0.011) and HGF above 8.9 (ln scale; HR = 2.67 [1.08, 3.70]; p = 0.027) levels were associated with longer PFS, while adjusted by OPN, C-peptide, trial therapy and metastatic volume. Four distinct risk groups were identified by counting the number of risk factors (RF) including low insulin, high HGF, high OPN levels, and low C-peptide levels (0, 1, 2, and 3). Median PFS was 9.8, 2.0, 1.6, and 0.7 years for each, respectively (p < 0.001). Pretreatment serum insulin, HGF, OPN, and C-peptide levels can predict PFS in men with mADPC treated with ADT. Risk groups based on these factors are superior predictors of PFS than each marker alone.
Framework to address Organizational Gaps and Build Knowledge Management Capabilities in Offshore KPO

Many organizations are pursuing knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) to offshore locations. Successful KPO requires developing robust inter organizational knowledge management capabilities (KMC). However, “organizational gaps” that originate from (i) structural differences between the client and vendor’s operating procedures and (ii) cultural differences in the cultural proclivity of the individual workers can hinder building this KMC. To close these gaps and build robust KMC, effective organizational practices are needed that build social capital. Using a field study of a set of knowledge intensive support processes that were outsourced by an US based client to an Indian vendor, this research finds the benefits of building social capital in the form of norms, trust and identity among the workers in the organization through three types of organizational practices –bridging, bonding and linking. These practices helped reduce the organizational gaps and created social capital that was found to increase KMC.
Salvage chemotherapy with high dose carboplatin + etoposide (HDCE) and peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) in patients with germ cell tumors (GCT)

4549 Background: We began studies with HDCE for patients (pts.) with recurrent GCTs 20 years ago. During the past decade, better supportive care and use of PBSCT allowed outpatient therapy and more rapid hematopoietic recovery between the 2 courses of HDCE. Methods: Retrospective review of 184 consecutive pts. treated with HDCE at Indiana University from 2–96 to 12–04. Late relapse (> 2 years from prior therapy) and primary mediastinal non-seminomatous germ cell tumor pts. were not offered HDCE. Cytoreduction with 0–2 courses of vinblastine + ifosfamide + cisplatin preceded HDCE. C dosage was 700 mg/M2 × 3 and E 750 mg/M2 × 3. A second course was given after hematologic recovery. Results: Toxicity was as previously described (JCO 18:3346, 2000). There were 3 drug- related mortalities. An additional 3 patients developed AML (2 fatal), and 1 glioma following CNS XRT for metastases. 11 pts. did not receive second course (8 due to progression or HDCE mortality). Median time to second course HDCE was 28 days (...
Mistakes and Justice — Using the Pardon Power to Remedy a Mistake of Law

American criminal law has never recognized a mistake-of-law defense. The principal rationale for rejecting it has been that the community knows what the criminal law prohibits. That may have been a reasonable rule when there were only a handful of crimes, and each one also violated the contemporary moral code, but that rule makes no sense today, given the use of the criminal law to enforce thousands of sometimes technical, arcane administrative regulations. Clemency, however, may be a perfect vehicle for the implementation of a mistake- or ignorance-of-the-law defense. Throughout Anglo-American legal history, kings, presidents, and governors have used their pardon power as a vehicle to remedy injustices in the criminal justice system. The conviction of a person for conduct that no reasonable person would have thought to be a crime certainly qualifies as a miscarriage of justice. Presidents and governors should consider using their clemency authority to pardon legitimate cases of mistake or ignorance, which might particularly arise in connection with strict criminal liability or regulatory crimes.
Growth regulation inCoprinus radiatus

Some of the morphological and physiological parameters of stipe growth or elongation inCoprinus radiatus were investigated. During the development of the fruit body the number of cells in a row in the growing portion of the stipe doubled during the development of the button, and again during the phase of rapid stipe elongation. Also during the stage of rapid elongation the cells in the upper 2/3 of the stipe increased 6–8 fold in length. The existence of a growth regulator synthesized in the cap and exerting control over the stipe was demonstrated through decapitation experiments. The cap appears to be required for normal stipe development until the stipe reaches about 1/4 of its final length. Through decapitation and cap-stipe exchanges it was found that the cap produced growth regulator up to the time of autodigestion; however, the stipe responded to the regulator only during a brief period at the onset of elongation.
Risk of Pulmonary Embolism After Cerebral Venous Thrombosis.

Background and Purpose—Cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT) is a type of venous thromboembolism. Whether the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE) after CVT is similar to the risk after deep venous thrombosis ...
The Impact of Multiple Strategies to Encourage Fruit and Vegetable Consumption During School Lunch.

BACKGROUND Hennepin County partnered with schools to implement lunchroom strategies to encourage fruit and vegetable consumption. An in-depth evaluation measured changes in consumption following implementation of encouragement strategies including slicing apples and attractive labels. METHODS A pre-post prospective evaluation measured changes in average fruit and vegetable consumption at 2 elementary schools. The plate waste method was used to weigh individual waste. To measure consumption, 373 students were matched pre/post. Additional measures included change in fruit and vegetable selection, change in whole servings consumed and apple consumption. RESULTS Average fruit consumption increased by 3.0 g (p = .09), average vegetable consumption increased by 1.1 g (p = .27), neither significantly. The number of students selecting fruit significantly increased (p = .02), while the number taking vegetables increased, but not significantly (p = .28). The number of students consuming an entire serving of fruit (p = .15) or vegetables (p = .45) both increased but not significantly. Apple consumption more than doubled at one school. CONCLUSIONS Implementing lunchroom changes can increase the number of students selecting fruit, and changes including slicing can increase consumption of apples. Additional strategies are needed to increase vegetable selection and fruit and vegetable consumption.
Herman Cappelen, Tamar Szabo Gendler, and John Hawthorne, eds. , The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Methodology . Reviewed by

This is the most comprehensive book ever published on philosophical methodology. A team of thirty-eight of the world's leading philosophers present original essays on various aspects of how philosophy should be and is done. The first part is devoted to broad traditions and approaches to philosophical methodology (including logical empiricism, phenomenology, and ordinary language philosophy). The entries in the second part address topics in philosophical methodology, such as intuitions, conceptual analysis, and transcendental arguments. The third part of the book is devoted to essays about the interconnections between philosophy and neighbouring fields, including those of mathematics, psychology, literature and film, and neuroscience.
Managing the Commons: How Extension Facilitates Local Participation to Manage Natural Resources

Extension promotes volunteerism and facilitates community involvement in the informed decision-making process required for managing natural resources; Extension also enhances local social capital. This important role does not receive as much attention in the literature on Extension and its scope as does its traditional role of information provision. We conducted a study to examine the need and demand for Extension programs in a rural community comprised entirely of islands and tangibly dependent on natural resources. We found that affiliation with Extension has a strong impact on the willingness to pay for Extension programs. Thus, we provide evidence that supports the argument that Extension is an important service and an appropriate use of public funds for economic development. This finding is in line with Elinor Ostrom’s theory in new institutional economics that well-designed, robust local entities that stimulate local participation can assist in managing natural resources.
Abstract TP379: Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Stroke Survivors: Evidence From an Integrative Literature Review

Background and Purpose: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a prevalent symptom among stroke survivors. An understanding and accurate diagnosis of EDS is important, not only because EDS has been identified as an independent risk factor for stroke, but also because EDS may reduce stroke survivors’ quality of life, cognitive functioning and daytime functional performance. The lack of a universally accepted definition of EDS makes it difficult to measure and synthesize research. The purpose of this integrative review is to describe post-stroke EDS; to ascertain conceptual and operational definitions of EDS; to identify factors that contribute to EDS in stroke survivors; and to explore consequences of EDS in stroke survivors. Methods: Guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, an integrative review of the literature was conducted. We searched the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE (OvidSP 1946 - April, Week 2, 2015), Embase (OvidSP 1974 - March, Week 1, 2015) and PsycINFO (OvidSP 1967 - April, Week 2, 2015), which yielded 340 articles and 27 articles met inclusion criteria. Results: The evidence suggests EDS is a multidimensional construct that is operationalized with subjective and objective measures. Choosing measures that can quantify both the objective and subjective components is useful to gain a comprehensive understanding of EDS. The antecedents of EDS are sub-types of stroke, sleep disordered breathing, Reversed Robin Hood Syndrome and depression. Consequences of EDS in stroke are serious and negative. A potential framework of post-stroke EDS is proposed and may be of use in clinical practice and in research to identify valid quantifying methods for EDS as well as to prevent harmful outcomes in stroke survivors. Conclusion: EDS is frequently experienced after stroke and may not always be caused by SDB. Healthcare providers and sleep specialists can seek to influence stroke survivors’ functional, neurological, and health-related outcomes through interventions that avoid EDS, depressive symptoms or SDB. Whenever SDB is suspected in stroke survivors, choosing both a subjective and objective evaluation of sleep may be indicated.
Development of a simulation environment to support intercalibration studies over the Algodones Dunes system

The ability of sensors to detect changes in the Earth’s environment is dependent on retrieving radiometrically consistent and calibrated measurements from its surface. Intercalibration provides consistency among satellite instruments and ensures fidelity of scientific information. Intercalibration is especially important for spaceborne satellites without any on-board calibration, as accuracy of instruments is significantly affected by changes that occur postlaunch. To better understand the key parameters that impact the intercalibration process, this paper describes a simulation environment that was developed to support the primary mission of the Algodones Dunes campaign. Specifically, measurements obtained from the campaign were utilized to create a synthetic landscape to assess the feasibility of using the Algodones Dunes system as an intercalibration site for spaceborne instruments. The impact of two key parameters (differing view-angles and temporal offsets between instruments) on the intercalibration process was assessed. Results of these studies indicate that although the accuracy of intercalibration is sensitive to these parameters, proper knowledge of their impact leads to situations that minimize their effect. This paper concludes with a case study that addresses the feasibility of performing intercalibration on the International Space Station’s platform to support NASA’s CLARREO, the climate absolute radiance and refractivity observatory, mission.
Laser-based spectral and radiometric calibration of the clarreo imaging spectrometer

The Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) plans to observe climate change trends over decadal time scales to determine the accuracy of climate projections. The project relies on spaceborne earth observations of SI-traceable variables sensitive to key decadal change parameters. The mission includes a reflected solar instrument retrieving at-sensor reflectance over the 320 to 2300 nm spectral range with 500-m spatial resolution and 100-km swath. Reflectance is obtained from the ratio of measurements of the earth's surface to those while viewing the sun relying on a calibration approach that retrieves reflectance with uncertainties less than 0.3%. This level of uncertainty relies on a mature spectrometer design, well-known instrument model, and detector-based calibration standards for prelaunch characterization. This paper presents calibration results that rely on laser sources of NIST's Spectral Irradiance and Radiance Responsivity Calibrations using Uniform Sources (SIRCUS) and absolute radiometric traceability from silicon trap radiometers.
Metolachlor and Simazine Leaching through Horticultural Substrates

Abstract This study was designed to determine whether differences existed in the amount of Derby (metolachlor and simazine) leached through four substrates used in container production. Substrate compositions (by vol) used in this study were 3:1 redwood bark:sand, 2:1:1 redwood bark:Yolo loam:sand, 3:1 pine bark:sand, and 1:1 composted hardwood bark:pine bark. Substrates were packed into #3 containers, and 4.5 kg ai/ha (4 lb ai/A) of metolachlor and 1.1 kg ai/ha (1 lb ai/A) of simazine were applied to the containers as a granular formulation. Containers were leached with 2.7 cm (1.06 in) of water per day, and leachate samples were collected 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 days after herbicide application. Both herbicides were detected in the redwood bark:sand leachate on the day of herbicide application, and concentrations increased over time but appeared to level off between day 8 and day 16. Metolachlor and simazine were detected in the redwood bark:Yolo loam:sand leachate 4 days after application, and concentrat...
A safety review of the medications used to treat atopic dermatitis.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common disease in children and adults which causes severe physical discomfort and psychosocial distress. Recently novel therapies for AD have been FDA approved for use which creates the need to review the safety surrounding current FDA approved AD medications.Areas covered: Published clinical studies involving topical and oral FDA approved medications for AD are included in this review. Authors used PubMed research database to search for clinical trials involving AD patients.Expert opinion: AD is a common disease which currently has limited FDA approved medications. Given the chronicity of this disease, medications are needed which control disease while minimizing side effects to allow for long term use. Newer approved medications show promise but safety data is limited given their relatively new utilization for AD.
Orbitopterional Approach with Extradural Clinoidectomy for the Resection of a Tuberculum Sellae Meningioma: Adapting the Strategy to the Microsurgical and Pathological Anatomy.

Objectives To describe the orbitopterional approach with extradural clinoidectomy for the resection of a tuberculum sellae meningioma, with an emphasis on the microsurgical and pathological anatomy of such lesions. Design After completing the orbitopterional craniotomy in one piece, the optic nerve is identified extradurally, unroofed, and the clinoid process resected. The falciform ligament is divided and the optic nerve is decompressed extradurally. Opening the frontotemporal dura exposes the tumor in the subfrontal region. The tumor is followed along the ipsilateral and contralateral optic nerves, and its dural tail is cut and coagulated at the level of the tuberculum. Care is taken to preserve the optic nerve perforators during the dissection. Photographs of the region are borrowed from Dr Rhoton's laboratory to illustrate the microsurgical anatomy. Participants The surgery was performed by the senior author assisted by Dr. Jaafar Basma, neurosurgery fourth-year resident. The video was edited by Dr. Vincent Nguyen, neurosurgery third-year resident. Outcome Measures Outcome was assessed with the extent of resection and visual symptoms. Results A near-total resection of the tumor was achieved. A small part of tumor significantly adherent to the optic nerve was intentionally left behind. The patient had a stable vision examination postoperatively. Conclusions Understanding the microsurgical anatomy of the suprasellar region and the pathological anatomy of the tuberculum sellae meningioma is necessary to achieve a good resection of these tumors while preserving functionality of the optic apparatus. The orbitopterional approach with anterior clinoidectomy provides the appropriate access for such endeavor. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/WtAP8uqSW0M .
Chronic Transcranial Fluorescence Imaging of Cortical Neurons with 3-Photon Microscopy

3-photon excitation permits fluorescence microscopy through the intact skull. We demonstrate 3-photon fluorescence imaging of neuronal structure and calcium activity in a chronic transcranial window preparation up to 300 μm into brain below the intact skull.
Understanding Learning Spaces Sonically, Soundscaping Evaluations of Place

Abstract We spend all our lives in spaces, whether those are digital spaces, public areas, institutional sites, or the spaces of our minds. These spaces are necessarily filled with sounds—heard, felt, imagined, or evoked. In thinking about what Purdy and DeVoss (2017) call the “infrastructures of writing,” and learning experiences of classrooms in particular, there has been an increased interest and scholarship within composition and rhetoric that focuses on built environments, learning spaces, and classroom design. However, much of this literature has yet to draw productively on sound. Most mentions of sonic dimensions of space merely suggest a signal/noise relationship, where undesirable “noise” would be minimized. In what follows I will argue that becoming attuned to sound in classroom design has far more potential than a desire to eliminate noise. In doing so, I offer the soundscapes of 7 cross-disciplinary, writing-intensive courses as a means of recovering the potential for sound in evaluating space. Finally, I argue for further work in putting the research of rhetorical soundscape studies in conversation with learning spaces and classroom design.
A gee regression model for the association between an ordinal and a nominal variable

A model is proposed for analyzing the association between a nominal response variable and an ordered categorical response variable, as well as modeling the responses themselves. For parameter estimation, a generalized estimating equation approach Is employed utilizing two sets of estimating equations, The first set of estimating equations models the marginal distribution for each variable, The second set of estimating equations models the joint distribution of the two variables using local-global association. Covariate effects may be incorporated into the modeling of association, Simulation results demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method, An application of the proposed model Is illustrated using data from the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly Project.
Deletion of the KU70 homologue facilitates gene targeting in Lipomyces starkeyi strain NRRL Y-11558.

The objective of this study was to disrupt the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway gene (Lsku70Δ) and evaluate the effects of selected gene deletions related to glycogen synthesis (LsGSY1) and lipid degradation (LsMFE1, LsPEX10, and LsTGL4) on lipid production in the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi. Disruption of the NHEJ pathway to reduce the rate of non-homologous recombination is a common approach used to overcome low-efficiency targeted deletion or insertion in various organisms. Here, the homologue of the LsKU70 gene was identified and disrupted in L. starkeyi NRRL Y-11558. The LsGSY1, LsMFE1, LsPEX10, LsTGL4, and LsURA3 genes were then replaced with a resistance marker in the Lsku70Δ strain and several site-specific insertions were assessed for targeted over-expression of selected genes. The targeted disruption efficiency of five selected genes (LsGSY1, LsMFE1, LsPEX10, LsTGL4, and LsURA3) was increased from 0 to 10% in the parent to 50–100% of transformants screened in the Lsku70Δ strain with 0.8–1.4 kb homologous flanking sequences, while the efficiency of site-specific gene insertion with the β-glucuronidase reporter gene was 100% in the locus near the 3′-end coding (LsKU70) and non-coding (LsGSY1, LsMFE1, and LsPEX10) regions. Disruption of LsKU70 in isolation and in conjunction with LsGSY1, LsMFE1, LsPEX10, or LsTGL4 did not affect lipid production in L. starkeyi. Furthermore, β-glucuronidase reporter gene activity was similar in strains containing site-specific targeted insertions. Therefore, over-expression of genes related to lipid synthesis at targeted loci can be further examined for improvement of total lipid production in L. starkeyi.
Utilization of Thermodynamic Scaling Relationships in Hydricity To Develop Nickel Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts with Weak Acids and Low Overpotentials

Two heteroleptic nickel(II) complexes of the type [Ni(bis-NHC)(dRpe)]2+ (1, R = phenyl; 2, R = methyl; bis-NHC = 1,l′:3,3′-bis(1,3-propanediyl)dibenzimidazolin-2,2′-diylidene) have been synthesized and characterized. The complexes exhibit reversible, two-electron reductions at −1.53 and −1.87 V versus Fc+/0, respectively. Through the use of thermodynamic scaling relationships, hydricities for the corresponding nickel(II) hydride complexes 1H and 2H are estimated to be 45.6 and 37.8 kcal mol–1, respectively. Experimental estimation of an upper bound for the hydricities (ΔGH–°(1H) < 50.3 kcal mol–1 and ΔGH–°(2H) < 40.6 kcal mol–1) was determined by selection of an added weak acid such that the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) becomes exergonic vs endergonic. Further electrochemical studies establish 2 as an efficient hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst, operating at low overpotential (η = 0.4 V) and reasonable rates (TOF ∼ 1000 s–1) using phenol as the Bronsted acid source. This demonstrates the utility of ...
Functional expression of monomeric streptavidin and fusion proteins in Escherichia coli: applications in flow cytometry and ELISA

Monomeric streptavidin (mSA) offers a combination of structural and binding properties that are useful in many applications, including a small size and monovalent biotin binding. Because mSA contains a structurally important disulfide bond, the molecule does not fold correctly when expressed inside the cell. We show that mSA can be expressed in a functional form in Escherichia coli by fusing the OmpA signal sequence at the amino terminus. Expressed mSA is exported to the periplasm, from which the molecule leaks to the medium under vigorous shaking. Purified mSA can be conjugated with FITC and used to label microbeads and yeast cells for analysis by flow cytometry, further expanding the scope of mSA-based applications. Some applications require recombinant fusion of mSA with another protein. mSA fused to EGFP cannot be secreted to the medium but was successfully expressed in an engineered cell line that supports oxidative folding in the cytoplasm. Purified mSA-EGFP and mSA-mCherry bound biotin with high affinity and were successfully used in conventional flow cytometry and imaging flow cytometry. Finally, we demonstrate the use of mSA in ELISA, in which horseradish peroxidase-conjugated mSA and biotinylated secondary antibody are used together to detect primary antibody captured on an ELISA plate. Engineering mSA to introduce additional lysine residues can increase the reporter signal above that of wild-type streptavidin. Together, these examples establish mSA as a convenient reagent with a potentially unique role in biotechnology.