cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward accelerated line-of-sight intervisibility calculations using clusters of GPUs

The processing power of graphical processing units in recent years has been increasing at a rate that exceeds the so-called "Moore's Law" for general purpose CPUs, while the prices for these GPUs has dropped precipitously. Beginning in the late 1990's, researchers realized that this enormous processing power could be used to solve problems other than simply image generation. Almost in parallel to these developments, other researchers began using dedicated networks of commodity computers and supporting network hardware to construct low-cost supercomputers (Beowulf clusters) capable of solving particular problems formerly requiring much more expensive proprietary supercomputers. In this paper we examine combining these two concepts with the eventual intention of rapidly accelerating intervisibility calculations for CGF and constructive simulations. We present initial experimental results on the computation time and scalability of using clustered GPUs to calculate intervisibility over densely populated terrain databases. We also discuss intervisibility correlation between CGF and GPU-based approaches, and present an example of differences in intervisibility calculations that are inherent in the different systems.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Differences in abusive, at-risk for abuse, and control mothers' descriptions of normal child behavior.

Abstract Differences in the descriptions of normal child behavior were assessed for mothers at-risk for abuse ( N = 18) and control ( N = 20) mothers, and compared to a criterion group of currently abusive mothers ( N = 5). Three segments of each of nine videotaped scenes were rated by the mothers. At-risk mothers rated more segments as negative ( M = 11.1) than did control mothers ( M = 7.0), and were more like the abusive mothers who were the most negative of all ( M = 16.4). When type of scene (e.g., noncompliant, mildly aversive, daily activities, child unattended) was analyzed, the at-risk mothers rated more of the mildly aversive ( p p p p p
Exclusion of coding region mutations in MSX1, PAX9 and AXIN2 in eight patients with severe oligodontia phenotype.

Structured Abstract Authors – Gerits A, Nieminen P, De Muynck S, Carels C Purpose – This paper describes the screening of eight patients with severe oligodontia for PAX9 and AXIN2 mutations. Subjects and Methods – Anamnestic data and a panoramic radiograph were collected to study the phenotype of eight patients with oligodontia and their first-degree relatives. A blood sample was taken for a mutational screening for PAX9 and AXIN2 mutations. Results – No mutations were discovered, but a unique nucleotide change in a conserved 5′ flanking region of PAX9 was revealed. Earlier screening of the same patients for MSX1 mutations also had a negative outcome. Conclusions – Considering the discrepancy between the high incidence rate of agenesis and the relatively small number of reported causative mutations in PAX9, MSX1 and AXIN2 genes, the genetic contribution to oligodontia probably is much more heterogeneous than expected so far. Therefore negative results, like the present exclusion data, should be published more often in order to get a better appreciation of the relative contribution of these specific mutations causing oligodontia. In this context the exact number of tested probands also should be mentioned at all cases. Recent evidence of PAX9–MSX1 protein interactions in odontogenesis as well as other genes and developmental factors should receive more attention.
Microfluidics: Tuned-in flow control

Analogues of the resistors, capacitors and diodes of an electronic circuit could eliminate the need for bulky external pumps to control the flow of liquids in a microfluidic circuit.
Cardiopulmonary effects of chronic amiodarone therapy in the early postoperative course of cardiac surgery patients.

We compared the early postoperative course of 28 consecutive patients who underwent cardiac surgery while on amiodarone therapy (group 1) with the consecutive 28 patients who underwent similar surgery and were later given amiodarone (group 2). Group 1 patients received a cumulative dose of 373.6 ± 546.2 mg/kg amiodarone over a period of 60.5 ± 107.5 days. Preoperatively, sustained ventricular tachycardia (P
Binding of Nucleocapsid Domain of HIV Gag Protein to Actin

There has been a growing interest in the role of actin in the pathway of HIV infection: entry of HIV into cells involves a hijacking of the actin cytoskeleton, and nuclear migration of the virus requires actin. It was shown that the nucleocapsid domain (NC) of retroviral Gag protein can be associated with F-actin in a dose-dependent fashion in vitro and suggested that the interaction between HIV Gag and the actin cytoskeleton through the NC domain may play an important role in HIV assembly (Iyengar et al., 1998; Liu et al., 2009).However, the specificity of this interaction has never been established.We have used electron microscopy and the IHRSR method to reconstruct actin filaments decorated with the NC domain of HIV-1. We see strong and specific binding of this 55 residue NC domain to F-actin. Work is in progress to bring the resolution of this complex to the near-atomic level of resolution that we have now achieved for pure F-actin using a Titan Krios robotic microscope equipped with a direct electron detector. Exploring the interaction of HIV NC with actin could open up completely new areas in understanding HIV pathogenesis as well as in developing new drug targets.Reference ListIyengar,S., Hildreth,J.E., and Schwartz,D.H. (1998). Actin-dependent receptor colocalization required for human immunodeficiency virus entry into host cells. J. Virol. 72, 5251-5255. Liu,Y., Belkina,N.V., and Shaw,S. (2009). HIV infection of T cells: actin-in and actin-out. Sci. Signal. 2, e23.
Recent Advances in Gas Chromatographic/Atomic Emission Hetero-Atom Selective Detection for Characterization of Petroleum Streams and Products

The selective detection of organo-compounds containing hetero-atoms is used extensively in the petroleum industry for process control (sulfur, nitrogen, etc.) and additives in fuels (sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, etc.). The most common selective atom detection is performed with atomic emission (AED), sulfur/nitrogen chemiluminescence (SCD, NCD), and photometric (FPD, p-FPD). Atomic emission detection has an advantage over the other selective detectors since in an automated analysis scheme several hetero-elements may be detected for rapid sample screening. This paper describes the unique capabilities of atomic emission detection of fuels and petroleum fractions using several applications. In addition, a simplified version of comprehensive GCxGC that enhances hetero-atom selectivity by significantly reducing the matrix interference from the large hydrocarbon background is coupled with a microwave induced helium plasma atomic emission detector (GCxGC/AED). The GCxGC uses simple valve based flow modulation optimized for samples with a boiling point in the gasoline and jet fuel range. The technique is useful for screening fuels additives, contaminants, etc.
EXCEPTIONAL GENETIC DIVERGENCE OF NORTHERN FLINT CORN.

Isozyme analysis of 18 Northem Flint populations supports the previously published hypothesis that Northem Flint was derived from maize races of the southwestem U.S. and northwestem Mexico. Isozyme data also show that during its short evolutionary history (approx. 1,000 yr) Northem Flint obtained a degree of genetic differentiation from other North American maize landraces more typical of a separate species than of landraces of the same cultigen. Genetic drift, changes in selection pressure associated with movement into a new environment, and reproductive isolation from other maize races may have contributed to the genetic dissimilarity of Northem Flint. MAIZE OR CORN (Zea mays L. ssp. mays) is composed of approximately 250 land races which are native to the New World (Brown and Goodman, 1977). Most of these have restricted geographic distributions and are of little economic importance; only a few races are wide-spread, yield-well and account for most maize that enters into world commerce. Chief among the latter is Northern Flint Corn of eastern North America. This race and one other (Southern Dent) have contributed virtually all of the germplasm found in today's midwestern dent corns which account for about 50% of world corn production. In this paper, we examine the origin of Northern Flint by means of enzyme electrophoresis. The origin of Northern Flint was a source of controversy during the 1950's and 60's, but the debate was never resolved. The problem has received little attention during the past 20 years and no new evidence bearing on the problem has been published. There are two hypotheses for the origin of Northern Flint. The first, articulated by Anderson and Brown,
SV40 T-antigen expression in acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia.

Summary. Susceptibility to SV40 virus infection has been suggested as an in vitro marker of predisposition to leukaemia and possibly other cancers in man. To evaluate this relationship, sporadic as well as familial cases of acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia were tested. Among skin fibroblast lines from 22 patients without family history of leukaemia, eight had values above the 95% confidence limit for the normal control population. In four leukaemia-prone families, elevated T-antigen expression was found in all four patients tested and in three-quarters of 36 blood relatives. In addition, elevated values were found in two of three cases of acute myelogenous leukaemia associated with constitutional cytogenetic anomalies, and in all three cases with preleukaemic haematologic disorders. Since SV40 T-antigen expression was elevated in most persons prone to acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia, as well as over one-third of sporadic cases, heritable risk factors may be involved in both groups.
Insight into the Interaction between DNA Bases and Defective Graphenes: Covalent or Non-covalent

Abstract Although some metal clusters and molecules were found to more significantly bind to defective graphenes than to pristine graphenes, exhibiting chemisorptions on defective graphenes, the present investigation shows that the adsorption of DNA bases on mono- and di-vacant defective graphenes does not show much difference from that on pristine graphene, and is still dominantly driven by noncovalent interactions. In the present study the adsorptions of the nucleobases, adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine, (G), and thymine (T) on pristine and defective graphenes, are fully optimized using a hybrid-meta GGA density functional theory (DFT), M06-2X/6-31G*, and the adsorption energies are then refined with both M06-2X and B97-D/6-311++G**. Graphene is modeled as nano-clusters of C72H24, C71H24, and C70H24 for pristine, mono- and di-vacant defective graphenes, respectively, supplemented by a few larger ones. The result shows that guanine has the maximum adsorption energy in all of the three adsorption systems; and the sequence of the adsorption strength is G > A > T > C on the pristine and di-vacant graphene and G > T > A > C on the mono-vacant graphene. In addition, the binding energies of the DNA bases with the pristine graphene are less than the corresponding ones with di-vacant defective graphene; however, they are greater than those of mono-vacant graphene with guanine and adenine, while it is dramatic that the binding energies of mono-vacant graphene with thymine and cytosine appear larger than those of pristine graphene.
In vitro and in vivo synergistic effect of isoniazid with streptomycin and clofazimine against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)

Abstract Setting: Isoniazid (INH), the powerful antituberculosis drug, has also been used in regimens for treating disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), an important opportunistic pathogen encountered in AIDS patients. Its use for treatment of MAC disease has also been endorsed by the American Thoracic Society. However some controversy has emerged recently in medical literature, discounting its role and even implying that its use is contraindicated in chemotherapy of MAC disease. Objective: In view of the controversy, we investigated its in vitro and in vivo activity in combination with streptomycin (SM) and clofazimine (CFM) against MAC. Design: In the in vitro studies, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of individual drugs or combinations of INH and SM as well as INH and CFM were determined in a checker-board type study by both conventional and radiometric (BACTEC) methods. In vivo studies assessed the efficacy of chemotherapy with INH alone or in combination with either SM or CFM against MAC infection in beige mice. Results and conclusions: While MICs of INH and SM were 12.5 μg/ml and 6.25 μg/ml respectively, complete inhibition of growth was seen at 1.56 μg/ml with the combination of both drugs. The synergistic effect was observed both in conventional and BACTEC methods. In vivo studies demonstrated elevated activity when INH was given along with SM or CFM. Based on these observations we stress that isoniazid has still a place in chemotherapy of MAC disease, at least until other potent drugs are discovered.
Age-cohort analysis of arrest rates

Logistic regressions of age-period-cohort models for city arrest rates are estimated with data from seven U.S. cities for the years 1970–1980 to study the dependence of officially designated criminality in select offense categories on age. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to determine how dependent the findings are on details of model specification.
Monitoring hepatic dysfunction during intravenous hyperalimentation.

Abstract Abnormalities of routine biochemical liver function tests may occur during intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) with hypertonic dextrose and amino acid solutions. The mechanisms are uncertain but it has been proposed that cyclic hyperalimentation may protect against abnormalities at high calorie: nitrogen ratios. Four dogs received IVH at a calorie: nitrogen ratio of 162:1, 288:1 (continuous), and 288:1 (cyclic). Each regimen was given for 3 weeks, was isonitrogenous, and maintained body weight and nitrogen equilibrium. Hepatic function was assessed at the beginning and end of each regimen using routine liver function tests, and in addition, indocyanine green clearance and amino acid molar ratio (AAMR). Cyclic hyperalimentation did not protect against the development of hepatic dysfunction. No changes occurred in total bilirubin concentration. Glutamic pyruvate transaminase and AAMR may give an earlier indication of subclinical deterioration of hepatic function than glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and indocyanine green clearance during IVH regimen, and may be the most useful indices for sequential monitoring of hepatic dysfunction.
Effect of A Dimethylpolysiloxane Fluid on the Stability of Menadione

The nonaqueous solvents presently in use as parenteral vehicles possess certain disadvantages or have limited application. The silicone fluids have certain physical, chemical, and biological properties which would appear to make them suitable for parenteral formulations. Accelerated thermal and light stability studies were carried out on a dimethyl silicone fluid of 20 centistokes viscosity and corn oil using menadione as the medicinal compound for study. Based on predictions from the accelerated thermal studies, it was found that the dimethyl silicone fluid was superior to corn oil. Corn oil was found to be superior to the dimethyl silicone in retarding photodegradation of menadione at room temperature. Since greater emphasis must be placed on the ability of the vehicle to retard thermal changes in a chemical compound, the experimental results indicate that the dimethyl silicone fluid of 20 centistokes viscosity is superior to corn oil as a vehicle for menadione.
SST (Successful Strategic Teaching): Enhancing Adult Learners’ Motivation and Achievement

Enhancing motivation in adult learners is often a difficult task in today’s college classroom. Significant reforms in America’s educational system have directed the initiative to adopt Common Core Standards in Language Arts by all 50 states. With the focus on increased rigor and depth of understanding in learning, the hope is to prepare students throughout the K–12 sequence for college and careers. This new instructional model requires moving students from passive recipients to active learners. Although the arrival of an expanding population is encouraging for college communities, the issue of underprepared college students must be addressed. Instructional methods designed to cultivate active learning and critical thinking through more contextualized, hands-on teaching activities produced initial evidence of improved reading achievement.
Electrophysiologic properties of propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in canine cardiac conducting tissues in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract The centrally-acting analgesic, d-propoxyphene, and its N-desmethyl metabolite, d-norpropoxyphene, depressed cardiac conduction in canine myocardial tissues in vitro and in vivo. In Purkinje fibers superfused with propoxyphene or norpropoxyphene (10−6–10−4 m ), there was a decrease in the maximal rate of rise of the upstroke of the action potential (Vmax) and a decrease in total action potential duration and cellular refractoriness. Both agents decreased the amplitude of the compound action potential recorded from isolated rat sympathetic trunk. A significant correlation was shown between the depression of Purkinje fiber Vmax and local anesthetic activity in vitro for propoxyphene, norpropoxyphene, and several typical membrane-active antidysrhythmic agents. In isolated guinea pig atria, both agents (10−6–10−4 m ) decreased sinus frequency and contractility. In conscious dogs both agents (2.1–21 μmol/kg, iv) prolonged P-R interval of the ECG. His bundle electrograms recorded in anesthetized dogs revealed a 10% prolongation in H-V and A-H intervals by norproxyphene in doses of 7.5±2.8 and 6.6±1.3 μmol/kg, respectively. The corresponding values for propoxyphene were 17.1±1.2 and 3.7±0.4 μmol/kg. These observations suggest that cardiac conduction depression may be a factor in some of the cardiac toxicities associated with propoxyphene overdosage.
A Simple Design for a Small Fixed Four-Electrode Brain Stimulation Array

Anatomical studies of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) reward in rats often use the lesion method and, therefore, require repeated behavioral testing before and after the lesion. Other anatomical studies on unlesioned rats use a moveable electrode to permit testing at a number of ICSS sites. Combining these methods would yield still more information, but repeated testing is not possible due to the damage created by lowering the electrode. To meet this need, an array of 4 fixed vertically-spaced electrodes was devised. Electrodes are constructed from strands of 0.14-mm (0.0045'') Teflon-insulated stainless-steel wire, 4 of which are glued into an implantable bundle. A 4-channel IC rotary switch is implanted on the rat's head to permit the use of an inexpensive 2-channel electrode lead and commutator. In our laboratory, electrodes were vertically spaced at 0.3 mm, spanning the dorsoventral extent of the lateral hypothalamus and yielded stable rate-frequency curves over the usual 3-4 month period of behavioral testing.
Electrostatics analysis of radiative absorption by sphere clusters in the Rayleigh limit: application to soot particles

An analysis of radiative absorption and scattering by clusters of spheres in the Rayleigh limit is developed with an electrostatics analysis. This approach assumes that the largest dimension of the cluster is significantly smaller than the wavelength of the radiation. The electric field that is incident upon and scattered by the cluster can then be represented by the gradient of a potential that in turn satisfies Laplace's equation. An analytical solution for the potential that exactly satisfies the boundary conditions at the surfaces of the spheres is obtained with a coupled spherical harmonics method. The components of the polarizability tensor and the absorption, scattering, and depolarization factors are obtained from the solution. Calculations are performed on fractallike clusters of spheres, with refractive-index values that are characteristic of carbonaceous soot in the visible and the IR wavelengths. Results indicate that the absorption cross sections of fractal soot clusters can be significantly larger in the mid-IR wavelengths than what is predicted for Rayleigh-limit spheres that have the same total volume. The absorption cross section (relative to a sphere of the same volume) is dependent on the number of spheres in the aggregate for aggregates with up to approximately 100 primary spheres, and for larger aggregates the relative absorption becomes constant. The predicted spectral variation of soot absorption in the visible and the mid-IR wavelengths is shown to agree well with experimental measurements.
Navigating the Dialectic: Following Ethical Rules Versus Culturally Appropriate Practice

Family therapists today face a dramatic increase in the cultural diversity of their clients (Sue, Arredondo, & McDavis, 1992). With this change in clientele, how do therapists deal with the dialectic between doing what they are trained to do in their profession versus doing what is culturally appropriate and potentially most beneficial for clients? When therapists navigate these difficult dialectics, several outcomes can occur based on a therapist's theoretical lens, cultural knowledge, skills, and understanding of ethics. Case examples are provided to illustrate the possibilities that might occur in therapy with families from various cultural backgrounds.
The role of the protein in the photochemistry of the retinal chromophore of visual pigments and the purple membrane protein

First various models that have been proposed for the primary photoevent in vision are critically discussed. It is concluded that the classical picture of a single cis-trans isomerization step is the only one which satisfactorily accounts for all the available experimental data. Experiments are performed showing that this process is temperature independent over a range of 200‡ C. In contrast to the efficient and wavelength independent photobleaching of rhodopsin, the yields of the 11-cis → all-trans isomerization of the free protonated Schiff base chromophore are small, exhibiting a marked dependence on the excitation wavelength. Potential energy curves for both ground and excited states of rhodopsin are derived from the analysis of the accumulated experimental data (Rosenfeld, Honig, Ottolenghi, and Ebrey, Pure Appl. Chem., in press). In variance with the behavior of model compounds, photoisomerization in the pigment proceeds via the quantitative population of a common, barrierless, thermally relaxed excited state along the 11–12 torsional coordinate separating the 11-cis (rhodopsin) and all-trans (bathorhodopsin) configurations. In the ground state, interactions with the protein destabilize the all-trans isomerization product, leading to storage of a significant fraction of the photon's energy in the primary step. Next, the photochemistry of the purple membrane protein of Halobacterium halobium is discussed. It is suggested that, as in the case of visual pigments, the primary photoevent is a geometrical change in the chromophore. Also, as with visual pigments, the resulting primary photoproduct must have the highest free energy of any form of the pigment. The quantum yield for the formation of the 412 nm intermediate (“M”) is c. 0.26, while that for the back reaction is c. 0.68 (Becher and Ebrey, Biophys. J., in press). The sum of these two quantum yields is c. 1.0, suggesting, again like rhodopsin, that the primary photochemistry proceeds through a common excited state shared by the pigment and its bathoproduct.
Neutral carbohydrate geochemistry of particulate material in the central equatorial Pacific

Abstract Neutral carbohydrate compositions were determined for particulate samples from plankton net tows, shallow floating sediment traps, mid-depth and deep moored sediment traps, and sediment cores collected along a north-south transect in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean during the U.S. JGOFS EqPac program. Total neutral carbohydrate depth profiles and patterns along the transect follow essentially the same trends as bulk and organic carbon (OC) fluxes—attenuating with depth, high near the equator and decreasing poleward. OC-normalized total aldose (TCH 2,O ) yields along the transect and with depth do not show any consitent patterns. Relative to a planktonic source, neutral carbohydrate compositions in sediment trap and sediment core samples reflect preferential loss of ribose and storage carbohydrates rich in glucose, and preferential preservation of structural carbohydrates rich in rhamnose, xylose, fucose, and mannose. There is also evidence for an intermediately labile component rich in galactose. It appears that compositional signatures of neutral carbohydrates in sediments are more dependent upon their planktonic source than on any particular diagenetic pathway. Relative to other types of organic matter, neutral carbohydrates are better preserved in calcareous oozes from 12°S to 5°N than in red clays at 9°N based on OC-normalized TCH 2 O yields, due to either differing sources or sorption characteristics. Weight per cent glucose generally decreases with increased degradation of organic material in the central equatorial Pacific region. Based on weight per cent glucose, comparisons of samples between Survey I (El Nion) and Survey II (non-El Nino) indicate that during Survey I, organic material in the epipelagic zone in the northern hemisphere may have undergone more degradation than organic material in the southern hemisphere.
Transformation of Swiss 3T3 Cells by Murine Sarcoma Virus is Followed by Decrease in a Glycolipid Glycosyltransferase

Following morphological transformation of mouse cell lines in culture by a murine sarcoma virus, a decrease occurs in a single glycolipid glycosyltransferase. This same enzyme change has been observed previously in DNA-virus-transformed cells, but is not seen after infection with a non-transforming murine leukaemia virus.
Nuclide migration under non-equilibrium sorption in a rock matrix surrounding a repository

Abstract A theoretical analysis of the migration of nuclides leaching out of a repository is presented. The analysis is applicable to a situation where the sorption process can be described by a first-order reversible reaction model. By means of a parametric study the effects of adsorption and desorption rate constants, groundwater velocity and diffusion coefficients on nuclide migration are elucidated. The results indicate that the migration rate in the surrounding geomedium decreases with increasing adsorption rate constant, and enhances with increasing desorption rate constant.
Making the vulnerable less so

Recent discussion on the need to reassess research ethics standards has called into question familiar concepts such as equipoise, coercion, undue inducement, and the protection of vulnerable subjects. Reassessment of these concepts can be useful for a variety of reasons. It can eliminate conceptual murkiness, can assist in the proposal of regulations to better protect human subjects, and can elucidate ethical concerns. In this essay, I call attention here to a different, and often neglected, reason why reassessment of research ethics concepts can be helpful. It can undermine the all-too-common practice of taking as a given the social and political conditions in which biomedical research takes place and can encourage the inclusion of broader questions about social justice, human flourishing, or about the importance of taking into account the social determinants of health and disease. I will focus on some recent attempts to reevaluate the concept of vulnerability in research ethics. I will argue that such attempts, by calling attention to the characteristics that can render participants vulnerable, can promote, rather than discourage, moral reflection about social and global justice concerns among bioethicists, policy makers, investigators, and members of Institutional Review Boards.
“If I had lots of money… I'd have a body makeover:” Managing the Aging Body

This article uses a feminist framework to explore embodied aging by analyzing in-depth formal interviews with 57 men and women in their 60s, 70s and 80s. Emphasizing intersectionality, I focus on the interpretations and strategies these men and women use to make sense of their aging bodies. Their aging corporeal experiences allow me to examine ageist notions about aging and being old and to explore how this thinking, which valorizes youthfulness, shapes their aging experiences.
Wiener filter processing for directions of arrival estimation using a moving window operator

The authors consider the estimation of the directions of arrival in a multiple-source environment using a linear array of m sensors with d sources assumed to be in the far field and generating signals. A technique based on the moving window operator was proposed to estimate the locations of these sources. A Wiener filter preprocessing scheme to improve the estimates at low signal-to-noise ratios is described. On the basis of the knowledge of second-order statistics and the assumptions of stationary and time-invariant signals, the coefficients of the Wiener filter can be easily found. It is shown that the estimates of the directions of arrival are improved at low signal-to-noise ratios. Results of computer simulations carried out to evaluate the approach are also presented. >
The Political Development of Scientific Capacity in the United States

When well directed, science is the greatest agency for the welfare of mankind. John Wesley Powell, the director of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), delivered this message to Congress in 1884. The purpose of Powell's testimony to Congress was not to argue for the erection of an organizational framework for American science, but to defend the one that had been put in place decades earlier. At the time of Powell's testimony, the United States had already begun to assume the mantle of the greatest scientific nation on the planet. “I have studied the question closely,” declared W. H. Smyth, the president of the Royal Geographical Society of London, “and do not hesitate to pronounce the conviction that though the Americans were last in the field, they have, per saltum, leaped into the very front of the rank.” The organizational structure at the heart of America's rapid scientific rise was initially constructed by scientists serving in the nineteenth-century American bureaucracy—by men like John W. Powell. Often seen as a source of state incapacity, in this instance, the federal bureaucracy was the most important force in American scientific development.
Divergent Regulation of Protein Synthesis in the Cytosol and Endoplasmic Reticulum Compartments of Mammalian Cells

In eukaryotic cells, mRNAs encoding signal sequence-bearing proteins undergo translation-dependent trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), thereby restricting secretory and integral membrane protein synthesis to the ER compartment. However, recent studies demonstrating that mRNAs encoding cytosolic/nucleoplasmic proteins are represented on ER-bound polyribosomes suggest a global role for the ER in cellular protein synthesis. Here, we examined the steady-state protein synthesis rates and compartmental distribution of newly synthesized proteins in the cytosol and ER compartments. We report that ER protein synthesis rates exceed cytosolic protein synthesis rates by 2.5- to 4-fold; yet, completed proteins accumulate to similar levels in the two compartments. These data suggest that a significant fraction of cytosolic proteins undergo synthesis on ER-bound ribosomes. The compartmental differences in steady-state protein synthesis rates correlated with a divergent regulation of the tRNA aminoacylation/deacylation cycle. In the cytosol, two pathways were observed to compete for aminoacyl-tRNAs-protein synthesis and aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolysis-whereas on the ER tRNA deacylation is tightly coupled to protein synthesis. These findings identify a role for the ER in global protein synthesis, and they suggest models where compartmentalization of the tRNA acylation/deacylation cycle contributes to the regulation of global protein synthesis rates.
Light charged particle emission in 485 MeV 56Fe + 197Au reactions: Correlations with heavy fragments and relationships to spin and lifetime

Abstract Emission of 4 He and 1 H has been studied in reactions of 485 MeV 56 Fe + 197 Au, using low-threshold detector arrays for light charged particles, and two heavy-fragment trigger detectors placed at symmetrically opposite angles with respect to the beam direction. The light charged particles were measured both in singles and in coincidence with heavy products of deeply inelastic and fission reactions detected near the grazing angle. Statistical model analyses of the data show that most of the 4 He/ 1 H intensity is due to evaporation from energy equilibrated emitters both in deeply inelastic and fission reactions. In deeply inelastic reactions, the observed 4 He/ 1 H emission can be attributed to evaporation from the post-scission reactant-like products, while in fusion-like fission reactions evaporation from pre- and post-scission sources are observed in comparable amounts. Angle-integrated multiplicities for 4 He and 1 H are deduced for each source of emission, and are compared with results from similar systems. The experimental 4 He/ 1 H multiplicity ratios indicate roughly equal probability for 4 He and 1 H evaporation from a given excited source. The observation of pre-scission 4 He/ 1 H in fusion-like fission reactions supports the notion that thermal equilibration and subsequent particle evaporation proceed more rapidly than the collective motions that drive the system toward fission. Conversely, the lack of appreciable 4 He/ 1 H emission from pre-scission sources in deeply inelastic reactions implies that the interaction times are short compared to the time required for particle evaporation.
Experimental Load Capacity and Power Loss of Herringbone Grooved Gas Lubricated Journal Bearings

Load capacity, attitude angle, and power loss were determined for 1-1/2-in.-diam herringbone grooved journal bearings operating in air to speeds of 60,000 rpm. Results showed that groove-to-ridge-clearance ratios of 2.0 to 2.4 give a greater load capacity than do ratios outside this optimum range. Agreement with a small-eccentricity pressure perturbation theory was good for groove-to-ridge-clearance ratios in the optimum range. Power loss, relative to that calculated for a plain bearing of the same dimensions, did not vary widely for the range of geometric variables used. Relative power loss generally increased with speed and was generally comparable to that for a plain bearing.
Diagnostic dilemma: late presentation of amelanotic BRAF-negative metastatic malignant melanoma resembling clear cell sarcoma – a case report

Clear cell sarcoma is a rare cancer primarily of tendons, fascia, and aponeuroses that can be difficult to discern from primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. The two cancers share several histological markers, with most cases of both cancers staining positively for S-100, HMB-45, and melanin. Primary therapy of both cancers involves wide local excision, but while systemic therapy has proven benefit for malignant melanoma, it has not been established for clear cell sarcoma.
The social implications of planning: How public predictions bias future plans

The planning fallacy, or tendency to underestimate how long a task will take to complete, is a robust phenomenon. Although several explanations have been offered (e.g., ignoring underestimations made in the past), we hypothesized that self-presentation concerns may also contribute to the bias, and that this effect may be exacerbated by a previous failure to complete a task on time. Half of our sample (n = 85) were led to believe that they failed to complete an initial task on time, and half were not. Predictions were then made for time to complete a second task either verbally to a familiar experimenter (high self-presentation) or anonymously (low self-presentation). Although verbal predictions exhibited the typical planning fallacy, anonymous predictions did not. Additionally, verbal predictions were less accurate, that is, less correlated with actual completion times, than were anonymous predictions. There was no significant difference in the bias as a result of the failure manipulation, nor was there an interaction between the self-presentation and failure conditions.
Accurate power estimation for large sequential circuits

A power estimation approach is presented in which blocks of consecutive vectors are selected at random from a user-supplied realistic input vector set and the circuit is simulated for each block starting from an unknown state. This leads to two (upper and lower) bounds on the desired power value which can be quite tight (under 10% difference between the two in many cases). As a result, the power dissipation is obtained by simulating only a fraction of the potentially very large vector set.
Another Opening in the Explanatory Gap

Taylor’s paper purports to bridge the explanatory gap between neurophysiological function and phenomenal experience (PE). He suggests properties of PE, attempts to show how these properties map onto underlying neural information processing, and argues that a particular form of neural network, the locally recurrent network, has the requisite properties for producing the most elemental forms of PE, or qualia. Part of the task of his paper is to explicate a theory of consciousness in a manner that is accessible to neuroscience, philosophy, and psychology. To Taylor’s credit, he succeeds in making the basic idea behind neural networks comprehensible. Yet, even with the technical sophistication and thought that obviously went into his paper, aspects of the model are unclear. The paper is very complex, as any theory of the explanatory gap should be. The gap has been around for a long time and will not disappear easily. Unfortunately, Taylor’s theory tends to be somewhat elusive as the paper progresses. It begins with a discussion of qualia (e.g., elemental experiential properties such as ‘‘redness’’), and then goes on to build on subjective aspects of PE. This implies that the theory will build sets of qualia into PE, but never is explicit about what the specific qualia are. Instead, a list of allegedly fundamental properties of PE, which appear to be quite separable from qualia are listed with some seemingly arbitrary criteria for neural underpinnings. This sort of conceptual slippage in the presence of the intricate and technical details of the neural networks made the paper frustratingly difficult to follow. Locally recurrent networks might provide an excellent model of the formation and combination of elemental representations, but it is not clear how this would necessarily result in PE itself. Taylor’s implicit argument appears to be thus:
Strength of Stimulus and Clonal Competition Impact the Rate of Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation

The developmental pathways of long-lived memory CD8 T cells and the lineage relationship between memory T cell subsets remain controversial. Although some studies indicate the two major memory T cell subsets, central memory T (T(CM)) and effector memory T (T(EM)), are related lineages, others suggest that these subsets arise and are maintained independently of one another. In this study, we have investigated this issue and examined the differentiation of memory CD8 T cell subsets by tracking the lineage relationships of both endogenous and TCR transgenic CD8 T cell responses after acute infection. Our data indicate that TCR transgenic as well as nontransgenic T(EM) differentiate into T(CM) in the absence of Ag. Moreover, the rate of memory CD8 T cell differentiation from T(EM) into the self-renewing and long-lived pool of T(CM) is influenced by signals received during priming, including Ag levels, clonal competition, and/or the duration of infection. Although some T(EM) appear to not progress to T(CM), the vast majority of T(CM) are derived from T(EM). Thus, long-lasting, Ag-independent CD8 T cell memory results from progressive differentiation of memory CD8 T cells, and the rate of memory T cell differentiation is governed by events occurring early during T cell priming.
Contextualizing an expanded definition of health literacy among adolescents in the health care setting

The current emphasis on preventive health care and wellness services suggests that measures of skills and competencies needed to effectively navigate the health care system need to be better defined. We take an expanded perspective of health literacy and define it as a set of skills used to organize and apply health knowledge, attitudes and practices relevant when managing one’s health environment. It is an emerging area of inquiry especially among adults and those with chronic conditions; however, it has been less studied among adolescent populations. To begin operationalizing this concept in a manner appropriate for teens in a health systems context, we explored knowledge, attitudes and practices related to health and preventive health care in 12 focus groups with publicly insured adolescents (N ¼137), aged 13‐17 years, as well as eight key informant interviews with physicians who serve publicly insured teens. Five dimensions emerged that provide a preliminary framework for an expanded definition of health literacy among adolescents. These include: (i) navigating the system, (ii) rights and responsibilities, (iii) preventive care, (iv) information seeking and (v) patient‐provider relationship. This robust definition of health literacy contextualizes the concept in a health environment where individuals must be informed and skilled health care consumers.
Transition to instability in a kicked bose-einstein condensate

A periodically kicked ring of a Bose-Einstein condensate is considered as a nonlinear generalization of the quantum kicked rotor. For weak interactions between atoms, periodic motion (antiresonance) becomes quasiperiodic (quantum beating) but remains stable. There exists a critical strength of interactions beyond which quasiperiodic motion becomes chaotic, resulting in an instability of the condensate manifested by exponential growth in the number of noncondensed atoms. Similar behavior is observed for dynamically localized states (essentially quasiperiodic motions), where stability remains for weak interactions but is destroyed by strong interactions.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF LOGIC

This talk surveys a range of positions on the fundamental metaphysical and epistemological questions about elementary logic, for example, as a starting point: what is the subject matter of logic—what makes its truths true? how do we come to know the truths of logic? A taxonomy is approached by beginning from well-known schools of thought in the philosophy of mathematics—Logicism, Intuitionism, Formalism, Realism—and sketching roughly corresponding views in the philosophy of logic. Kant, Mill, Frege, Wittgenstein, Carnap, Ayer, Quine, and Putnam are among the philosophers considered along the way.
The Cool Brand, Affective Activism and Japanese Youth

Japanese youth goods have become globally popular over the past 15 years. Referred to as `cool', their contribution to the national economy has been much hyped under the catchword Japan's `GNC' (gr...
A Framework for the Classification of Personality Components

ABSTRACT Psychologists working within different theoretical traditions have proposed the existence of hundreds of personality components since the turn of the century. For example, psychoanalysts proposed such components as the id, ego, and superego, and trait theorists proposed such components as introversion and extraversion. Because each proposed component models a part of internal psychological functioning, it would make sense to combine the components into a single more meaningful set. Such components, however, are generally discussed only within the specific theoretical tradition in which they originated. This article presents a classification system that treats personality components together as a group. Personality components were first defined and then several hundred components were collected in a preliminary theory-by-theory classification. A new relational classification system was then developed that organized the components according to their interrelated nature, without regard to their originating theories. This classification system can be used to construct a relational table of personality components that is loosely analogous to a chemist's periodic table of the elements. The re-lational classification system's potential contribution to personality psychology is discussed.
Antimicrobial activities of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, used singly or in combination with dapsone, against Mycobacterium ulcerans

Development of new treatments against Mycobacterium ulcerans infection has become crucial because of its wide-scale prevalence throughout the world. The effects of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, used either singly or in combination with dapsone against M. ulcerans were evaluated in vitro. When used singly, epiroprim was the most potent, with MICs between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L, while trimethoprim was totally ineffective. The MICs of K-130 and brodimoprim ranged from 1.0-2.0 mg/L for the former to 2.0-16.0 mg/L for the latter. When combined with dapsone, synergic effects were observed with epiroprim. These results indicate the great potential of epiroprim in treating M. ulcerans infections.
The Enlightenment, Civil Society, and Economy

The Enlightenment constitutes a generalized “Copernican revolution” or creative destruction in civil society, as well as the economy, in interaction and mutual reinforcement with its revolutionary operation and change in culture and polity discussed earlier. In particular, the Enlightenment represents the process of destruction, in the form of intellectual delegitimation (“deconstruction”), of theocratic “sacred” civil society found in the pre-Enlightenment, especially Civitas Dei in medievalism. It does so because this theocratic, “godly” version amounted to a sort of “McCann because of lacking such a sphere of private liberties or a life-world (Habermas 2001) autonomous from theocratic religion and tyrannical state merged and mutually reinforced and perpetuated.
Model for Staebler-Wronski degradation deduced from long-term, controlled light-soaking experiments

Long-term light-soaking experiments of amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules have now established that stabilization of the degradation occurs at levels that depend significantly on the operating conditions, as well as on the operating history of the modules. The authors suggest that stabilization occurs because of the introduction of degradation mechanisms with different time constants and annealing activation energies, depending on the exposure conditions. Stabilization will occur once a sufficient accumulation of different degradation mechanisms occurs. They find that operating module temperature during light-soaking is the most important parameter for determining stabilized performance. Next in importance is the exposure history of the device. The precise value of the light intensity seems least important in determining the stabilized efficiency, as long as its level is a significant fraction of 1-sun.