cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Solution of Stress Waves in Layered Media

A numerical study is made of the transient elastic stress distribution in cylindrical and spherical bodies subjected to a radially symmetric transient normal pressure (or velocity) at an internal or external surface. The numerical procedure employs the characteristic relations on boundaries and on interfaces between media with different material properties while using an explicit finite difference scheme at all other points. In addition, as an option, the procedure can incorporate the exact jump conditions across discontinuous wave fronts. Problems with and without external boundaries are solved, and results are shown which clearly indicate the propagation of discontinuities in stress due to a step loading on the boundary. Comparison of these results with those available from other investigators yields excellent agreement. Results are also given for stress wave propagation in multilayered media consisting of two layers with different material properties.
A Locus for Autosomal Dominant Mitral Valve Prolapse on Chromosome 11p15.4

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common cardiovascular abnormality in the United States, occurring in ∼2.4% of the general population. Clinically, patients with MVP exhibit fibromyxomatous changes in one or both of the mitral leaflets that result in superior displacement of the leaflets into the left atrium. Although often clinically benign, MVP can be associated with important accompanying sequelae, including mitral regurgitation, bacterial endocarditis, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and even sudden death. MVP is genetically heterogeneous and is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait that exhibits both sex- and age-dependant penetrance. In this report, we describe the results of a genome scan and show that a locus for MVP maps to chromosome 11p15.4. Multipoint parametric analysis performed by use of GENEHUNTER gave a maximum LOD score of 3.12 for the chromosomal region immediately surrounding the four-marker haplotype D11S4124-D11S2349-D11S1338-D11S1323, and multipoint nonparametric analysis (NPL) confirms this finding (NPL=38.59; P=.000397). Haplotype analysis across this region defines a 4.3-cM region between the markers D11S1923 and D11S1331 as the location of a new MVP locus, MMVP2, and confirms the genetic heterogeneity of this disorder. The discovery of genes involved in the pathogenesis of this common disease is crucial to understanding the marked variability in disease expression and mortality seen in MVP.
Dielectric Response Function of Electron Liquids

The static properties of the dielectric response function for an electron liquid, obtained previously by one of the authors, is investigated. It is shown that the resulting pair corre­ lation function has the correct long-range and short-range behaviors so that the correlation energy calculated therefrom reproduces the known exact values to the order of e2, when an expansion with respect to the plasma parameter E is carried out. The compressibility sum rule is satisfied to the order of e2 ln E. It is found that within the accuracy stated above the short-range behavior of the pair correlation function is not ,sensitive to the form of the ternary correlation function.
Do Election Results Represent People's Political Ideologies? A Study of the French 2002 Presidential Elections

Following the 2002 French presidential elections, many wondered how extreme-right candidates managed to secure a large enough share of the votes in the first round to appear in the second round. Although the extreme-right candidate ultimately lost in the second round, his mere presence there led people to wonder whether his share of the vote reflected public preferences and opinions. In this paper, I contend that election systems yield different results and that, globally, most systems do not necessarily represent the preferred choices of the electorate. Based on existing studies over the strengths and weaknesses of specific electoral systems, I run a simulation of the 2002 French presidential elections based on survey data. The findings and analysis lend support to the contention that candidates with low levels of public support may see their share of the vote inflated thanks to a faulty or partially inadequate electoral system. This paper further demonstrates that even the eventual winner, Jacques Chirac, may have not won the election under a fairer system. Generally, this paper questions whether existing electoral systems generate voting rules that represent the preferences of the electorate.
Ovine lentivirus antibody detection in serum, colostrum and milk using a recombinant transmembrane protein ELISA☆

Abstract An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect antibodies against ovine lentivirus (OLV) in serum, colostrum, and milk from naturally infected sheep. The assay used OLV recombinant transmembrane envelope protein (rTM) as a test antigen. Matched serum/colostrum and serum/milk samples were collected at 24h, 4weeks (mid-lactation), and 8 weeks (weaning) post-lambing. Among 129 paired samples collected at 24 h post-lambing, there was overall test agreement (concordance) of 82.9% and a κ value of 0.658 between serum and colostrum rTM ELISA results. Among 130 mid-lactation samples, the milk ELISA had 100% specificity and 64.9% sensitivity relative to the serum ELISA, there was concordance of 79.2%, and a κ value of 0.602. At mid-lactation, the serum agar gel immunodiffusion test had a sensitivity of 0.390 and 0.560 relative to the serum and milk rTM ELISAs, respectively. Matched serum and milk rTM ELISA results at weaning were very similar to those at mid-lactation. Finally, increased occurrence and severity of subclinical mastitis at weaning was found in ELISA-seropositive compared with ELISA-seronegative ewes. Both subclinical mastitis and ewe OLV infection had a negative impact on lamb growth and weaning weights. Compared with blood, colostrum and milk are easier and less expensive to sample and store. These results suggest that rTM ELISA testing of colostrum and milk could be used to supplement serologic testing in OLV screening or eradication programs.
Adaptive output feedback control methodology applicable to non-minimum phase nonlinear systems

An adaptive output feedback control methodology is developed for a class of uncertain multi-input multi-output nonlinear systems using linearly parameterized neural networks. The methodology can be applied to non-minimum phase systems if the non-minimum phase zeros are modeled to a sufficient accuracy. The control architecture is comprised of a linear controller and a neural network. The neural network operates over a tapped delay line of memory units, comprised of the system's input/output signals. The adaptive laws for the neural-network weights employ a linear observer of the nominal system's error dynamics. Ultimate boundedness of the error signals is shown through Lyapunov's direct method. Simulations of an inverted pendulum on a cart illustrate the theoretical results.
Quinone methide mediates in vitro induction of ornithine decarboxylase by the tumor promoter butylated hydroxytoluene hydroperoxide

Metabolism of the skin tumor promoter butylated hydroxy-toluene hydroperoxide (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroperoxyl-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone; BHTOOH) to reactive intermediates is required for tumor promotion by this compound. In particular, an electrophilic quinone methide is known to mediate both in vivo tumor promotion as well as in vitro cytotoxicity by BHTOOH. In the present study, the role of this reactive intermediate in the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a gene strongly associated with tumor promotion, was investigated in cultured keratinocytes. BHTOOH stimulates a time-dependent increase in ODC enzyme activity, paralleled by ODC mRNA induction, suggesting transcriptional regulation of ODC by BHTOOH. Depletion of intracellular glutathione caused a 5-fold potentiation of keratinocyte sensitivity to BHTOOH. Concordantly, ODC induction by BHTOOH could be completely inhibited by soluble thiol compounds. These results suggest that ODC induction is mediated by a thiol-reactive metabolite of BHTOOH. The iron-specific chelator desferal blocked ODC induction by BHTOOH, indicating that formation of this intermediate is iron-dependent. Substitution of the 4-methyl group of BHTOOH with alkyl groups of incrementally larger size is known to reduce accordingly quinone methide production; comparative study of these BHTOOH analogs demonstrated a corresponding loss of potency for ODC induction, indicating that BHT-quinone methide mediates the in vitro induction of ODC by BHTOOH. Finally, kinase inhibitor studies suggested a role for protein kinase C in the induction of ODC by BHTOOH. Taken together, these results provide insight into the cellular mechanisms through which the reactive electrophile BHT-quinone methide can mediate alterations in gene expression, such as occur in tumor promotion in vivo.
Soil and plant analysis as methods for diagnosing micronutrient deficiencies.

Abstract Soil and plant analyses can be effectively used to detect and confirm suspected micronutrient deficiencies. The numbers of laboratories offering tests for the micronutrients has increased substantially in the last 10 years. Suitable soil tests have been developed for most of the micro‐nutrients. Although plant analysis is relatively new, its use is gaining wide acceptance as an effective means of evaluating the micronutrient status of plants and plant tissue. Considerable improvement in methodology has been a primary factor in the increasing use of soil tests and plant analyses as means of evaluating the micronutrient status of the soil‐plant environment.
Cellular cofactors and HIV-1 infection in vivo

Recent studies have demonstrated that substantial levels of HIV-1 replication occur in vivo in what appear to be ‘resting’ CD4+ T lymphocytes. This contrasts with numerous studies in vitro, in which resting T cells are not permissive for productive infection as a result of a number of barriers to infection, particularly during the early stages of the viral life cycle. The barriers in vitro are likely to be the result of limiting levels of cellular cofactors that mediate viral replication, and these cofactors are apparently present at adequate levels in resting cells in vivo. Although a number of HIV-1 cofactors are now known, it is important to identify additional cofactors and to characterize the expression pattern and mechanisms that regulate cofactor function in infected CD4+ T lymphocytes in vivo. It may ultimately become possible to manipulate the expression levels of essential HIV-1 cofactors in vivo and thereby recapitulate for therapeutic benefit the barriers to infection that exist in resting T c...
Maximal Lp–Lq Regularity for Parabolic Partial Differential Equations on Manifolds with Cylindrical Ends

We give a short, simple proof of maximal Lp–Lq regularity for linear parabolic evolution equations on manifolds with cylindrical ends by making use of pseudodifferential parametrices and the concept of \({\mathcal{R}}\)-boundedness for the resolvent.
Enriching 3-D Video Games on Multicores

The introduction of multicore processors on desktops and other personal computing platforms has given rise to multiple interesting end-user application possibilities. One important trend is the increased presence of resource hungry applications like gaming and multimedia applications. One of the key distinguishing factors of these applications is that they are amenable to variable semantics (ie, multiple possibilities of results) unlike traditional applications wherein a fixed, unique answer is expected. For example, varying degrees of image processing improves picture quality, different model complexities used in game physics allow different degrees of realism during game play, and so on. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that scalable semantics in applications such as video games can be enriched with optional tasks that can be launched and thus adapt to the amount of available resources at runtime. We propose a C/C++ API that allows the programmer to define how the current semantics of a program can be opportunistically enriched, as well as the underlying runtime system that orchestrates the different computations We show how this infrastructure can be used to enrich a well known game called Quake 3. Our results show that it is possible to perform significant enrichment without degrading the application's performance by utilizing additional cores.
What we know and don't know about L-arginine and NO.

In the latter half of the nineteenth century, amyl nitrate, sodium nitrite, and nitroglycerin were each shown to relieve angina pectoris. These early observations, coupled with the rapid growth of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, led to the development of nitrovasodilator drugs as the cornerstone of therapy for ischemic heart disease throughout most of the next century. Despite a rather thorough understanding of the pharmacology of these agents, only recently have the vascular actions of nitrovasodilators been placed in their proper biological context. The identification of nitric oxide (NO) as a product of the normal endothelium with smooth-muscle relaxing effects1‐3 led to the recognition that nitrovasodilators work by providing an exogenous source of NO to the diseased blood vessel. As such, nitrovasodilators may be viewed as replacement therapy for the ailing vasculature. See p 2160 Over the past 10 years, this paradigm has been strengthened by the observation that the normal endothelium can become dysfunctional when exposed to risk factors for atherothrombosis.4 In addition, in the setting of many vascular disorders, including essential hypertension and atherothrombosis itself, endothelial dysfunction is apparent. Dysfunctional endothelium is defined by a change in its essential phenotype 5 : the normal endothelial cell promotes vascular smooth muscle cell relaxation, inhibits platelet activation, limits leukocyte adhesion, and inhibits vascular smooth muscle proliferation; the dysfunctional endothelial cell, in the extreme, cannot support smooth muscle relaxation, cannot inhibit platelet activation, is avid for leukocytes, and cannot inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. There are varying degrees of endothelial dysfunction, and these may be quantified by different functional assays, including endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses and adhesion molecule expression. Central to the development of endothelial dysfunction, regardless of its cause, is a loss of bioactive endothelial NO. NO is an important endothelial mediator for each of the principal properties of a normal endothelial cell, and a loss of bioactive NO is associated with endothelial cell dysfunction. The two fundamental mechanisms for the loss
Nanofabrication of High-resolution and Nanofocusing X-ray Optics Based on Silicon and Diamond: Obstacles and Progress

Nanofocusing, high-resolution X-ray optics demand good surface quality, the absence of tapered sidewalls, and a depth reaching into tens, sometimes hundreds of microns, all requirements that must be satisfied over large areas. In this report, we discuss our motivation for choosing group IV materials (predominantly Si, and C in its diamond form) for nanofocusing and high resolution in the hard X-ray portion of the spectrum. We elaborate on the design and nanofabrication procedures, and detail the etching parameters that offer a path for overcoming obstacles in making better optics. We briefly review tests for the assessing the quality of the optics.
ASP: an adaptive energy-efficient polling algorithm for Bluetooth piconets

Among the various wireless technologies available today, Bluetooth stands out as the most promising for use in low-power sensor networks. This is especially true for large networks of sensors with low data rates, where Bluetooth's low power Hold, Sniff, and Park modes could be utilized during periods of low activity to reduce power consumption. One way that these modes can be exploited to reduce energy consumption is by using an intelligent polling scheme to control intra-piconet traffic. We introduce a polling algorithm called adaptive share polling (ASP) that is designed to perform well when the network consists of sources sending short data packets at constant rate that may fluctuate over time. In ASP, the scheduler at the master implicitly learns the share of the bandwidth that needs to be allocated to each of the slaves in order to meet the latency and/or power requirements of the application. Our simulation results show that significant power savings can be achieved in slaves whose data rates do not approach capacity of a Bluetooth piconet, and in masters when the composite data rate of the piconet does not approach capacity.
Dietary phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) regulates the activity of intestinal mucosa phytase.

Summary The role of dietary phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) in the regulation of intestinal mucosa phytase was investigated in chicks. Seven-day-old chicks were grouped by weight into six blocks of three cages with six birds per cage. Three purified diets [a chemically defined casein diet, a chemically defined casein diet plus sodium phytate (20 g/kg diet) and a chemically defined casein diet plus sodium phytate (20 g/kg diet) and microbial phytase (1000 units/kg diet)] were randomly assigned to cages within each block. Chicks were fed experimental diets from 8 to 22 days of age then killed, and duodenal mucosa and left tibia removed. Phytase activity in duodenal mucosa, growth performance and bone ash content were determined. Addition of phytate to the chemically defined casein diet reduced (p < 0.05) the Vmax of the duodenal brush border phytase, but the Km of the enzyme was not affected. Addition of phytate also reduced (p < 0.05) weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and percentage ash. Addition of microbial phytase fully restored the feed efficiency (p < 0.05), but Vmax and body weight gain were only partially restored (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it would seem that dietary phytates non-competitively inhibit intestinal mucosa phytase.
Effect of plasma from hypophyseal-portal vessel blood on adrenal ascorbic acid.

THERE is lack of unanimity of opinion regarding the relative significance of different factors in the regulation of secretion of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) (Long, 1952). Much suggestive evidence, however, implicates the hypothalamus as being of importance, perhaps by way of a neurohumoral substance (Hinsey and Markee, 1933 and Green and Harris, 1947). The existence of vascular connections, a portal system, transporting blood from the hypothalamus to the anterior lobe of the pituitary is established (Wislocki and King, 1936; Green and Harris, 1947, 1949; and Xuereb et al., 1954). Harris and Jacobsohn (1952) and Jacobsohn (1954) using pituitary transplants in the rat and rabbit respectively have suggested that function of the anterior lobe is dependent upon vascular connections between the pituitary and median eminence. Although results have varied somewhat, destructive lesions in different sites of the hypothalamus have been reported by several investigators to inhibit the release of ACTH by t...
Two-photon imaging of the immune system: a custom technology platform for high-speed, multicolor tissue imaging of immune responses.

Modern imaging approaches are proving important for addressing contemporary issues in the immune system. These approaches are particularly useful for characterizing the complex orchestration of immune responses in vivo. Multicolor, two-photon imaging has been proven to be especially enabling for such studies because of its superior tissue penetration, reduced image degradation by light scattering leading to better resolution and its high image quality deep inside tissues. Here, we examine the functional requirements of two-photon imaging instruments necessary for such immune studies. These requirements include frame rate, spatial resolution and the number of emission channels. We use this discussion as a starting point to compare commercial systems and to introduce a custom technology platform that meets these requirements. This platform is noteworthy because it is very cost-effective, flexible and experimentally useful. Representative data collected with this instrument is used to demonstrate the utility of this platform. Finally, as the field is rapidly evolving, consideration is given to some of the cutting-edge developments in multiphoton microscopy that will likely improve signal strength, depth penetration and/or the experimental usefulness of this approach.
Missing the Forest for the Trees: Phylogenetic Compression and Its Implications for Inferring Complex Evolutionary Histories

Phylogenetic tree reconstruction is difficult in the presence of lateral gene transfer and other processes generating conflicting signals. We develop a new approach to this problem using ideas borrowed from algorithmic information theory. It selects the hypothesis that simultaneously minimizes the descriptive complexity of the tree(s) plus the data when encoded using those tree(s). In practice this is the hypothesis that can compress the data the most. We show not only that phylogenetic compression is an efficient method for encoding most phylogenetic data sets and is more efficient than compression schemes designed for single sequences, but also that it provides a clear information theoretic rule for determining when a collection of conflicting trees is a better explanation of the data than a single tree. By casting the parsimony problem in this more general framework, we also conclude that the so-called total-evidence tree—the tree constructed from all the data simultaneously—is not always the most economical explanation of the data. (Compression; information; Kolmogorov complexity; phylogenetics; total evidence.)
Comparison of the Surface and Subsurface Oxygen Reactivity and Dynamics with CO Adsorbed on Rh(111)

The translational and angular intensity dependence of CO2 produced from the reaction of CO with an initial oxygen coverage of 0.5 ML ≤ ΘO ≤ 1.6 ML on Rh(111) at a surface temperature of 450 K was measured. This range of coverages goes from only surface absorbed O to both adsorbed and selvedge absorbed O. The measured CO2 translational energy is independent of ΘO and is larger than steady-state experiments [Colonell et al. J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 103, 6677], which were done at lower O coverages, but follows the trend that higher ΘO leads to faster CO2. The angular dependence of the intensity is well-described by a sharply peaked function of the form I = a cosn(θ) + (1 – a) cos(θ), with a = 0.6 and n = 8.6. Again, this was consistent with the previous steady-state results. These observations point to a similar reaction geometry regardless of ΘO; the measured dynamical parameters are independent of whether or not some of the O is subsurface and suggest that absorbed oxygen in the selvedge acts only as a reservo...
The origin and evolution of the ribosome

Background: The origin and early evolution of the active site of the ribosome can be elucidated through an analysis of the ribosomal proteins' taxonomic block structures and their RNA interactions. Comparison between the two subunits, exploiting the detailed three-dimensional structures of the bacterial and archaeal ribosomes, is especially informative. Results: The analysis of the differences between these two sites can be summarized as follows: 1) There is no self-folding RNA segment that defines the decoding site of the small subunit; 2) there is one self-folding RNA segment encompassing the entire peptidyl transfer center of the large subunit; 3) the protein contacts with the decoding site are made by a set of universal alignable sequence blocks of the ribosomal proteins; 4) the majority of those peptides contacting the peptidyl transfer center are made by bacterial or archaeal-specific sequence blocks. Conclusion: These clear distinctions between the two subunit active sites support an earlier origin for the large subunit's peptidyl transferase center (PTC) with the decoding site of the small subunit being a later addition to the ribosome. The main implications are that a single self-folding RNA, in conjunction with a few short stabilizing peptides, formed the precursor of the modern ribosomal large subunit in association with a membrane.
Portfolio manager behavior and global financial crises

Abstract I develop a two market agent-based model to study how global portfolio managers affect global financial crises and stability. First, I create an agent-based model where fund managers make their allocation decisions between two markets and a risk-free asset based on the mean variance framework. Simulation results reveal that global managers do not create global financial crises. Second, I extend the base model by incorporating insights from behavioral finance where risk is instead determined by fund manager losses. Simulation results reveal that slight global manager losses can trigger a widening of both markets’ risk premium, accelerating the decline in asset prices worldwide. Statistical analysis reveals that global managers are a stabilizing force in smaller numbers; however, they become destabilizing in larger numbers. The ability to reduce risk by diversifying across markets results in excessive risk taking. If global managers exist in larger numbers, systematic over leverage may result such that a deleveraging process can lead to the spreading of financial crises.
Reconstruction of the marginal mandibulectomy defect: an update.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to provide an update to the reconstructive management of the marginal mandibulectomy defect. Study design Twenty-six consecutive patients were retrospectively reviewed. Methods Patient and tumor variables were extracted from the medical record. Outcomes that were examined included method of reconstruction, frequency of osteoradionecrosis, and resumption of an oral diet. Results Fifteen (57.7%), 8 (30.8%), and 3 (11.5%) patients were reconstructed with a skin graft, primary closure, or a radial forearm free flap, respectively. Indications for a radial forearm free flap were reconstruction of an associated subtotal glossectomy defect, a through-and-through cheek defect, and a maxillectomy defect. Five patients reconstructed with a skin graft also received postoperative radiation therapy. One (20%) developed osteoradionecrosis. Excluding patients with recurrent tumors (n = 5) or osteoradionecrosis (n = 1), all patients at last follow-up were maintaining an oral diet. Conclusions Skin graft remains a preferred method of reconstruction for the marginal mandibular defect. A free flap is reserved for those marginal defects where additional soft tissue is needed to reconstruct subtotal glossectomy defects or defects of the midface and/or maxilla. Because of the potentially increased risk of osteoradionecrosis, reconstruction with a free flap instead of a skin graft should be considered if a patient will receive postoperative radiation therapy.
Plaque radiotherapy for management of ciliary body and choroidal melanoma with extraocular extension.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the results of plaque radiotherapy of ciliary body and choroidal melanoma with extraocular extension. METHODS: This retrospective study of 17 eyes of 17 patients with ciliary body and choroidal melanoma demonstrated extraocular extension that was clinically evident but less than 3 mm in thickness. In 14 eyes, the extraocular extension was located anteriorly and in three posteriorly. The outcome of plaque radiotherapy in terms of intraocular and extraocular tumor responses and the development of metastasis were analyzed. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 63 months (range, 23 to 164 months) after plaque radiotherapy, all patients showed control of both the intraocular and extraocular components of ciliary body and choroidal melanoma. In no case did the intraocular or extraocular portion of the tumor relapse. The initial median thickness of the intraocular component was 4.9 mm, and the final median thickness was 2.4 mm. The initial median thickness of the extraocular component was 2.0 mm, and the final median thickness was 1.0 mm. The initial median basal diameter of the extraocular component was 3.5 mm, and the final median basal diameter was 2.0 mm. Of 17 patients, 11 (10 with anterior and one with posterior extraocular extension) showed partial regression in base and thickness of the extraocular extension, and in six there was little or no change. In those with anterior extrascleral extension, the sclera remained intact without clinically observable necrosis, and the scleral fibers were gradually more visible as the tumor regressed. Three patients (18%) died of metastatic melanoma at a median interval of 38 months after plaque radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Plaque radiotherapy appears to be a reasonable treatment option for selected cases of ciliary body and choroidal melanoma with clinically visible extraocular extension less than 3 mm in thickness.
Formation of an Effective Opening within the Fullerene Core of C60 by an Unusual Reaction Sequence

A large hole in a fullerene: The addition of dioxygen to the highly reactive 1,4-diaminobutadiene moiety of 1, formed from the reaction of C(60) with a rigid diazidobutadiene, results in the very efficient formation of an open fullerene (see the space-filling model) with the largest orifice created so far on a fullerene. The opening may be large enough to allow the smallest atoms, molecules, or ions to pass through.
Waveband selection for hyperspectral data: optimal feature selection

Hyperspectral (HS) data contains spectral response information that provides detailed chemical, moisture, and other descriptions of constituent parts of an item. These new sensor data are useful in USDA product inspection and in automatic target recognition (ATR) applications. However, such data introduces problems such as the curse of dimensionality, the need to reduce the number of features used to accommodate realistic small training set sizes, and the need to employ discriminatory features and still achieve good generalization (comparable training and test set performance). HS produces high-dimensional data; this is characterized by a training set size (N i ) per class that is less than the number of input features (HS λ bands). A new high-dimensional generalized discriminant (HDGD) feature extraction algorithm and a new high-dimensional branch and bound (HDBB) feature selection algorithm are described and compared to other feature reduction methods for two HS product inspection applications. Cross-validation methods, not using the test set, select algorithm parameters.
COPROLALIA AND OTHER COPROPHENOMENA

In his original 1885 description of the syndrome, Gilles de la Tourette emphasized the triad of multiple tics, coprolalia, and echolalia. 26 Although current diagnostic criteria do not include coprolalia as a necessary component of Tourette syndrome (TS), 42 its presence is highly indicative, albeit not pathognomonic, of this condition. Coprolalia is the uncontrollable utterance of obscenities and profanities. Obscenities are defined as utterances describing sexual acts, body function or elimination acts, and organs of reproduction and sexual anatomy. 16 Profane utterances, on the other hand, convey a religious connotation. 16 In reality, the spectrum of these socially inappropriate utterances also includes references to animals (e.g., bitch, bull, pig) 3 and racial epithets. 40 Coprolalia is the most common of the so-called coprophenomena, which also include copropraxia, or the uncontrollable performance of obscene gestures, mental coprolalia, or obsessive thinking of obscenities and profanities, and coprographia, or the compulsion to write down such expressions. Coprolalia and copropraxia are among the most socially disabling of the symptoms seen in TS. 11,12 This review focuses attention on a variety of aspects of coprophenomena, pointing out those areas clearly in need of further study.
Business Marketing Education: A Distinctive Role in the Undergraduate Curriculum

ABSTRACT By extending their knowledge of markets beyond the consumer-goods domain, by deepening their understanding of how organizations make buying decisions, by strengthening their grasp of cross-functional processes, and by providing them with decision-making skills in this important area of marketing, the business marketing course makes a special contribution to undergraduates and the undergraduate marketing curriculum. Moreover, the content and focus of the business marketing course are closely tied to important themes that are transforming business practice. This article isolates the distinct contribution of business marketing education and examines important trends that are reshaping this domain. The central knowledge areas that comprise the undergraduate business marketing course are detailed and linked to specific course design strategies that can be pursued to strengthen the skill set of marketing students and respond to the needs of important constituents.
Appearance-preserving view-dependent visualization

In this paper a new quadric-based view-dependent simplification scheme is presented. The scheme provides a method to connect mesh simplification controlled by a quadric error metric with a level-of-detail hierarchy that is accessed continuously and efficiently based on current view parameters. A variety of methods for determining the screen-space metric for the view calculation are implemented and evaluated, including an appearance-preserving method that has both geometry- and texture-preserving aspects. Results are presented and compared for a variety of models.
Winds under the Rain Forest Canopy: The Aerodynamic Environment of Gliding Tree Frogs

Movement of air under the canopy of a forest affects the gliding of animals such as frogs, snakes, geckos, and squirrels; the dispersal of pollen, seeds, and spores; as well as convective transport of heat and carbon dioxide. Wind speed profiles were measured under the canopy of a lowland rain forest during the morning, afternoon, and night at three sites in Costa Rica to determine the aerodynamic environment in which tree frogs maneuver while gliding. During the course of a day, average and maximum wind speeds were highest in the morning and midday, and lowest at night. Wind speeds under the canopy were highest near the top of the canopy and were lowest near the canopy floor in the morning and afternoon, and exhibited little variation with respect to height at night. Turbulence intensity (a common measure of gustiness) was constant (ca 1) for all times of day, heights in the canopy, and sites, but the absolute magnitudes of wind gust speeds were higher during the day than at night. Power spectral densities revealed that most of the variation in wind speeds occurred at frequencies that could potentially affect the gliding of tree frogs. Tree frogs (and many other gliding animals), however, glide at night and thereby avoid the higher wind speeds that occur by day. Computer simulations of the dynamic motions of frogs while gliding revealed that the night levels of wind gusts have little effect on the direction of gliding of tree frogs.
Puparial wax restricts passive movement of water during diapause in the flesh fly

. To determine whether the capacity of diapausing pupae of the flesh fly (Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart) to absorb water from drier air than non-diapausing pupae is due to a simple passive process, we examined water flux in empty puparia. Empty puparia from both types of fly absorb and lose water passively, but those from diapause pupae do so to a lesser degree. The impervious nature of such puparia is attributed to an extra layer of cuticular wax not found in the non-diapause group.
Assessment of soil sampling methods to estimate wild oat (Avena fatua) seed bank populations

Abstract Accurate and precise estimation of weed seed bank populations is critical to studying weed seed bank demographics. Research was conducted over 3 site-years in Montana to (1) examine the spatial distribution of wild oat seed banks on a small scale (1 m2 plots), (2) compare wild oat seed bank density sample means and precision between two soil samplers, and (3) predict the sample area needed to quantify a range of wild oat seed bank densities at several levels of precision. Seed bank sample means obtained with a large sampler (10- by 10-cm box) were greater than means obtained with a small sampler (4.4- or 3.8-cm-diam cylinder) for 15 of 18 seed banks. There was no clear advantage in precision (SE/mean) when sampling seed banks using a large number of small soil samples rather than using a small number of large soil samples. Furthermore, at very low seed bank densities, using a small number of large samples gave better precision. Precision improved as sample number increased for each seed bank at e...
Towards a smart phone-based cardiac monitoring device using electrical impedance tomography

A novel framework for cardiac monitoring is presented that leverages a custom smart phone application and a wearable electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system. The smart phone application required to implement this framework has been designed and is described here. This technology could greatly improve telemonitoring of patients with chronic heart failure. A simulated portable EIT device was constructed that wirelessly sends data to the smart phone. The developed application receives wireless data transmission, performs EIT image reconstruction, and extracts a post-processing measure correlated to cardiac output. Data transmission rates of 4.2 MB/s were achieved between a simulated EIT system (server) and phone (client). Image reconstruction and post-processing implemented on a smart phone requires 332 ms, moderately longer than the 109 ms required on a modern laptop based implementation. The 332 ms is well within the approximately one second processing time needed to measure beat-to-beat cardiac output (i.e. assuming a 60 bpm heart rate).
Statutory Fill-In Will Forms—The First Decade: Theoretical Constructs and Empirical Findings

The majority of Americans fail to execute a simple will, much less prepare a comprehensive estate plan in the event of lifetime incompetency or death. The increased popularity of fill-in-the-blank forms for will terms and provisions has made the ability to create a will a little more user-friendly. However, this method of will creation has both advocates and critics. This article analyzes the debate by providing a detailed theoretical and empirical critique of statutory fill-in will forms by discussing arguments supported by existing evidence as well as hypothetical concerns. The author's analysis is three-fold. First, it looks at the potential repercussions of statutory fill-in will forms on both the non-legal and legal communities. Second, it provides the results of two pilot studies: the first designed to ascertain the ability of individuals with various education levels to complete the forms satisfactorily and the second focused on the opinions of estate planning practitioners and probate judges regarding statutory forms. And third, the author predicts the future of statutory fill-in forms for the next ten years. The author concludes with recommendations for the forms' continued development and review.
Abstract WMP68: Loss Of Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 And 2 Reduces Total Infarct Volume In Male Mice Following Experimental Stroke

The programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1) is an immunoglobulin superfamily member whose expression is induced in activated T cells, B cells, natural killer cells and monocytes. Binding of PD-1 to either of its two known ligands, programmed cell death ligand 1 and 2 (PD-L1 and PD-L2), induces inhibitory signals that regulate peripheral T cell tolerance and immune homeostasis. We have shown increased PD-1 expression in brain macrophages and glia as well as increased PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression in peripheral and brain B cells in mice after experimental stroke. Furthermore, we have observed increased infarct volume in PD-1 deficient mice, thus potentially implicating the PD-1/PD-L co-inhibitory pathway in post-stroke CNS inflammation. Using PD-L1 and PD-L2 deficient mice, we determined if PD-L1 or PD-L2 was also important in modulating stroke infarct volume. Young adult male wild-type (WT; n=11) and PD-L1 (n=9) and PD-L2 (n=12) knockout (KO) mice underwent 60 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion via intraluminal filament. Laser-Doppler flowmetry was used to monitor cortical perfusion. All mice were euthanized and brains collected at 96 h of reperfusion. Total infarct volume (% corrected contralateral hemisphere) was determined by image analysis of coronal brain slices stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Relative laser Doppler flowmetry changes (% baseline) during and after middle cerebral artery occlusion were equivalent among groups. Compared to male WT mice (WT vs. KO), genetic deletion of either PD-L1 (51+3% vs. 20+5%; p
Unmarried Negro Mothers in a Southern Urban Community

leaders on war-time problems in venereal disease control." Special emphasis should be placed on the third major question discussed by this committee, "The assistance that these voluntary groups will need from public and private agencies on the national, state, and local level. Such a committee should be given the status of an advisory committee in the overall planning for venereal disease control in the community. CONCLUSIONS
Effect of Age on Acute Regulation of Beta-adrenergic Responses in Mononuclear Leukocytes

We studied the acute regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors and cAMP production in mononuclear leukocytes from young and old human subjects. After one hour of supine rest, healthy young and elderly subjects had similar beta-adrenergic receptor density and cAMP responses to isoproterenol. After 10 min of standing, beta-adrenergic receptor density and cAMP response increased in the young subjects. Elderly subjects had a similar increase in cAMP responses after standing, but no change in beta-adrenergic receptor density. Lymphocyte subsets and percent monocytes were not altered by age or posture, suggesting that this was not an artifact of changes in cell populations. Incubation in vitro of cells from both groups with catecholamines, at concentrations comparable to those achieved in plasma after standing, resulted in enhanced isoproterenol-mediated cAMP responses, but no change in beta-adrenergic receptor density. These data suggest that acute regulation of adrenergic signaling is affected by age, mediated in part by catecholamines, and may be relevant in the study of acute cardiovascular regulation.
High-pressure rate rules for alkyl + O2 reactions. 2. The isomerization, cyclic ether formation, and β-scission reactions of hydroperoxy alkyl radicals.

The unimolecular reactions of hydroperoxy alkyl radicals (QOOH) play a central role in the low-temperature oxidation of hydrocarbons as they compete with the addition of a second O2 molecule, which is known to provide chain-branching. In this work we present high-pressure rate estimation rules for the most important unimolecular reactions of the β-, γ-, and δ-QOOH radicals: isomerization to RO2, cyclic ether formation, and selected β-scission reactions. These rate rules are derived from high-pressure rate constants for a series of reactions of a given reaction class. The individual rate expressions are determined from CBS-QB3 electronic structure calculations combined with canonical transition state theory calculations. Next we use the rate rules, along with previously published rate estimation rules for the reactions of alkyl peroxy radicals (RO2), to investigate the potential impact of falloff effects in combustion/ignition kinetic modeling. Pressure effects are examined for the reaction of n-butyl radi...
Delayed Access to Local Songs Prolongs Vocal Development in Dialect Populations of Brown-Headed Cowbirds

A recent study by O' Loghlen and Rothstein (1993) found that ontogeny of the Mammoth dialect flight whistle (FW) and repertoires of local perched songs (PS) was not complete by the first breeding season for male Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater artemisiae) in the eastern Sierra Nevada of California. To determine how typical of the region these results were, I compared adult and yearling vocal behavior in the Convict dialect adjacent to Mammoth and the Round Valley dialect, 55 km south and 900 m lower elevation. In the Convict group, a majority of 20 yearlings produced either incomplete local (35%) or foreign (35%) IWs. In the Round Valley, 15 of 19 yearlings (79%) gave foreign whistles. In both dialects, yearling PS repertoires lacked local song types, and in Convict, repertoires were significantly smaller than those of local adults. As was found in the Mammoth dialect, incomplete FWs of yearlings were resistant to modification during the season, and modification of yearling PS repertoires was also arrested. I propose a scheme for vocal development in these Sierran populations and discuss possible reproductive consequences of delayed vocal learning
Search for a Chemical Marker for ADHD

B-phenylethylamine (PEA), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxy-indolacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in 24 hour urine specimens from 37 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and concentrations were compared to those from 21 age-matched controls without neurologic disease, and 12 children with autistic disorder, in a study at Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume City, and other centers in Japan.
Distribution of toxin genes and genotyping in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food and food poisoning from 2006 to 2011

Objective To obtain an overview of epidemic characteristics of Staphylococcal enterotoxins(SEs),Panton-Valentine leukociclin(PVL),exfoliative toxins(ETs),and toxic shock syndrome toxin1(TSST-1) genes of Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) isolated from food and food poisoning samples in Xi'an from 2006 to 2011,and to compare the difference of gene distribution and genotyping between the two kinds of isolates.Methods The genes of sea,seb,sec,sed,eta,etb,tsst-1 and pvl were detected by multiplex PCR.The multiplex PCR assay combined the primers of sea,seb,sec and sed in one reaction and the other four primers in another.Results Out of 40 S.aureus strains isolated from food,17 strains were detected toxin genes(42.50%).In 21 strains isolated from food poisoning,18 strains were detected toxin genes(85.71%).The detection rate of toxin genes in food poisoning isolates was much higher than that in food isolates(P0.01).Sea(25%) and eta(12.5%) were the most common genes and sea(10.00%) and sea+eta(7.50%) were the main toxin genotypes in food isolates,and etb,tsst-1 genes were not detected.Sea(76.19%) and sec(28.57%) were the most common genes and sea(42.86%) and sea+sec+tsst-1(14.29%) were the main toxin genomic types in food poisoning isolates,and PVL gene were not detected.Conclusion There were significant differences in toxin gene distribution and genotyping between S.aureus isolates from food and isolates from food poisoning.
Epidemiological survey of scarlet fever outbreak in Karamay of 2010

Objective To explore the prevention and control measures of communicable diseases in schools and kindergartens through describing features and epidemiological characteristics of one scarlet fever outbreak in Karamay of 2010.Methods Epidemic data of scarlet fever was analyzed from October 1,2010 to January 31,2011 in Karamay by China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention.Epidemiological data of 55 cases was collected through calling to parents of the patients.Results 15 weeks were lasted with the scarlet fever Epidemic,195 cases were reported.The epidemic was occurred mainly in Karamay District,the most cases were students of primary schools(47.69%) and kindergarten children(44.62%),the main clinical manifestation was rash(94.55%) and fever(70.51%),treatment effect of penicillin was significant.Conclusion Penicillin is still the important means to treat scarlet fever.It is an important task which strengthening epidemic surveillance and prevention and control of communicable diseases in schools and kindergartens departments for disease control and prevention in future.