cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyberbullying and Its Emotional Consequences: What We Know and What We Can Do

Abstract Bullying has been increasingly studied recently because of its direct link to emotional distress, maladaptive social functioning, poorer health, and physical violence. Noteworthy has been the advent of cyberbullying in recent years, wherein the Internet and cellular phones are used to intentionally inflict harm on others. This chapter focuses on the emotional consequences of cyberbullying among children and adolescents. We define emotional consequences as negative feelings listed as, or derived from, one of the six basic emotions posited by Ekman and Friesen (1971) . We begin by clarifying the definition of cyberbullying, followed by a discussion of three theories, which help support our understanding of the antecedent and emotional outcomes of cyberbullying among children and adolescents. First, we present Ajzen’s (1991) theory of planned behavior, followed by Agnew’s (1992) general strain theory, and finally Andersson and Pearson’s (1999) “tit-for-tat” theory. Last, we present intervention strategies and future research directions.
An improved MS2 system for accurate reporting of the mRNA life cycle

The MS2-MCP system enables researchers to image multiple steps of the mRNA life cycle with high temporal and spatial resolution. However, for short-lived mRNAs, the tight binding of the MS2 coat protein (MCP) to the MS2 binding sites (MBS) protects the RNA from being efficiently degraded, and this confounds the study of mRNA regulation. Here, we describe a reporter system (MBSV6) with reduced affinity for the MCP, which allows mRNA degradation while preserving single-molecule detection determined by single-molecule FISH (smFISH) or live imaging. Constitutive mRNAs (MDN1 and DOA1) and highly-regulated mRNAs (GAL1 and ASH1) endogenously tagged with MBSV6 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae degrade normally. As a result, short-lived mRNAs were imaged throughout their complete life cycle. The MBSV6 reporter revealed that, in contrast to previous findings, coordinated recruitment of mRNAs at specialized structures such as P-bodies during stress did not occur, and mRNA degradation was heterogeneously distributed in the cytoplasm.
Using the NBME® Comprehensive Subject Examinations to Assess Readiness for USMLE® Step 1 and Step 2 CK: a Comparison of US/Canadian and International Medical School Students

This study examined the relationship between performance on the National Board of Medical Examiners® (NBME®) Comprehensive Basic and Clinical Science Subject Examinations (CBSE and CCSE) and performance on United States Medical Licensing Examination® (USMLE®) Step 1 and Step 2 Clinical Knowledge, respectively, for US/Canadian (USMGs) and international medical school students (IMGs). The current study extends previous research on the relationship between performance on the comprehensive examinations and USMLE by including examinees from both US/Canadian and international medical schools and by extending the research to examine the relationship between CCSE and Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) performance. Based on linear regression analyses, CBSE scores explained 45 and 50% of the variance in Step 1 scores for USMGs and IMGs, respectively. CCSE scores explained 48 and 41% of the variance in Step 2 CK scores for the same groups. Regression lines were significantly different for USMGs and IMGs for both exam pairs. Logistic regression analyses confirm that higher CBSE and CCSE scores were associated with a greater probability of passing Step 1 and Step 2 CK, respectively. The results were consistent with previous research and provide comprehensive subject examination users with information to facilitate the assessment of student readiness for Step 1 and Step 2 CK.
Integrating time-synchronized video with other geospatial and temporal data for remote science operations

Exploration Ground Data Systems (xGDS) supports rapid scientific decision making by synchronizing video in context with map, instrument data visualization, geo-located notes and any other collected data. xGDS is an open source web-based software suite developed at NASA Ames Research Center to support remote science operations in analog missions and prototype solutions for remote planetary exploration. (See Appendix B) Typical video systems are designed to play or stream video only, independent of other data collected in the context of the video. Providing customizable displays for monitoring live video and data as well as replaying recorded video and data helps end users build up a rich situational awareness. xGDS was designed to support remote field exploration with unreliable networks. Commercial digital recording systems operate under the assumption that there is a stable and reliable network between the source of the video and the recording system. In many field deployments and space exploration scenarios, this is not the case — there are both anticipated and unexpected network losses. xGDS' Video Module handles these interruptions, storing the available video, organizing and characterizing the dropouts, and presenting the video for streaming or replay to the end user including visualization of the dropouts. Scientific instruments often require custom or expensive software to analyze and visualize collected data. This limits the speed at which the data can be visualized and limits access to the data to those users with the software. xGDS' Instrument Module integrates with instruments that collect and broadcast data in a single snapshot or that continually collect and broadcast a stream of data. While seeing a visualization of collected instrument data is informative, showing the context for the collected data, other data collected nearby along with events indicating current status helps remote science teams build a better understanding of the environment. Further, sharing geo-located, tagged notes recorded by the scientists and others on the team spurs deeper analysis of the data.
A comparison of rat hippocampal mossy cells and CA3c pyramidal cells

1. There is a long-standing debate about whether the large spiny cells in the hilar region of the hippocampus should be classified as pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn or as a distinct cell type of the dentate gyrus. The rationale for grouping these hilar neurons (termed "mossy cells") with pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn is shared characteristics. In the present study we have compared the morphological and physiological characteristics of mossy cells and nearby CA3c pyramidal cells with the use of a rat hippocampal slice preparation. 2. Biocytin-labeled neurons were examined on the basis of soma area, location, shape, number of primary dendrites, extent of dendritic spines, dendritic location, and axon trajectories. Mossy cells had larger soma areas than CA3c pyramidal cells, and they had more large complex spines (thorny excrescences) on their proximal dendrites and somata than CA3c pyramidal cells. Mossy cell dendritic trees and axon collaterals ramified in different regions of the hippocampus than dendrites and axons of CA3c pyramidal cells. 3. Intrinsic physiological properties, and spontaneous and evoked synaptic properties, were measured and compared. Mossy cells had significantly higher input resistances, smaller amplitude burst afterhyperpolarizations, smaller amplitude action potentials, less spike-frequency adaptation, and more anomalous rectification than CA3c pyramidal cells. 4. Mossy cells had spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that were significantly higher in frequency and larger in amplitude than CA3c pyramidal cells. A larger proportion of mossy cells than CA3c pyramidal cells responded to perforant path stimulation with depolarizing postsynaptic potentials without any apparent hyperpolarization. Conversely, a smaller proportion of mossy cells than CA3c pyramidal cells responded to perforant path stimulation with inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), and spontaneous IPSPs were more difficult to detect in mossy cells. 5. The intrinsic physiological properties of mossy cells endow these cells with potent excitatory mechanisms but relatively fewer inhibitory control processes than CA3c pyramidal cells. Recordings of spontaneous and evoked PSPs suggest that mossy cells receive more excitatory input and less inhibitory input than CA3c pyramidal cells. These intrinsic and synaptic properties of mossy cells may explain this cell type's exceptional vulnerability to excitotoxic damage by intense afferent stimulation. 6. In summary, mossy cells were significantly different from CA3c pyramidal cells in many of their morphological, intrinsic physiological, and synaptic properties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
51 – Environmental Exposures and Cancer

This chapter discusses the environmental exposures in terms of their potential to cause cancer. The attribution of cancer to environmental causes has been difficult. There are uncertainties because of the long latency period in the development of cancer, the difficulties in characterizing past exposures, the lack of scientific evidence about the cancer risk of most environmental toxicants, and the growing awareness of cancer-predisposing genes. It seems that cancer reflects the confluence of many processes. In the simplistic two step model of cancer, the development of clinical cancer requires both initiation and promotion, but the latency period between initiation and promotion could be as long as thirty years. Sunlight exposure ranks as the most important environmental carcinogen, as there is strong evidence that excessive sun exposure causes skin cancer. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), also commonly known as second-hand smoke or passive smoke, originates from the exhalations of smokers and the side stream emissions from cigarettes, cigars, or pipes between smokes. ETS contains all of the established and suspected carcinogens found in mainstream smoke generated by active smoking. Both researchers and the general public have long suspected air pollution to be a cause of cancer, in particular lung cancer.However, there are many difficulties in identifying airborne carcinogens and calculating their cancer risks.
PARP1 Is Up-Regulated in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Tissues in the Presence of the Cyanobacterial Toxin Microcystin

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the major form of lung cancer, with adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) being its major subtypes. Smoking alone cannot completely explain the lung cancer etiology. We hypothesize that altered lung microbiome and chronic inflammatory insults in lung tissues contribute to carcinogenesis. Here we explore the microbiome composition of LUAD samples, compared to LUSC and normal samples. Extraction of microbiome DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) lung tumor and normal adjacent tissues was meticulously performed. The 16S rRNA product from extracted microbiota was subjected to microbiome amplicon sequencing. To assess the contribution of the host genome, CD36 expression levels were analyzed then integrated with altered NSCLC subtype-specific microbe sequence data. Surprisingly phylum Cyanobacteria was consistently observed in LUAD samples. Across the NSCLC subtypes, differential abundance across four phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes) was identified based on the univariate analysis (p-value < 6.4e-4 to 3.2e-2). In silico metagenomic and pathway analyses show that presence of microcystin correlates with reduced CD36 and increased PARP1 levels. This was confirmed in microcystin challenged NSCLC (A427) cell lines and Cyanobacteria positive LUAD tissues. Controlling the influx of Cyanobacteria-like particles or microcystin and the inhibition of PARP1 can provide a potential targeted therapy and prevention of inflammation-associated lung carcinogenesis.
A Case of Urethral Diverticulum with Surgical Repair Using Cadaveric Pericardial Tissue

A urethral diverticulum is a relatively uncommon finding. The estimated prevalence is approximately 1-5% in the general population. While the definitive treatment is surgical correction, there are limited studies guiding the best approach to repair. This is the case of a 48-year-old female who initially presented with vaginal discharge, dysuria, and dyspareunia. MRI revealed the diagnosis of suspected urethral diverticulum. The patient was treated with surgical correction with the aid of needle localization prior to the procedure. After the diverticulum was excised, the resulting defect in the urethra was successfully closed with cadaveric pericardial tissue. A urethral diverticulum should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a patient presents with symptoms such as recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) vaginal mass, dysuria, dyspareunia, or vaginal discharge. The use of cadaveric tissue augments the surgical technique for repair.
Systems of World Order

It is enough to read the news these days to realize that the earth is without form and void, and darkness is upon the face of the deep (Genesis 1:2). The bipolar ideological and power order has dissolved and recongeled, dropping its ideological wraps and reappearing as a bare power confrontation; its ideal replacement based on the notion of the equality of states is only a legal myth. The cold war order had its own myths and meaning, imparted to it by the reality of power, both within the blocs and between them. These blocs have collapsed, one in victory, the other in defeat, and their collapse has even dissolved the blocless group of states, robbing nonalignment—along with alignment—of both its rationale and its victory. As an unexpected consequence, the collapse of globalism has carried down with it the structures and discipline of regionalism, sweeping away the previous debate between the two levels of relations.
The European Market for Mergers and Acquisitions

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the European market for mergers and acquisitions. It discusses the developments in European industrial restructuring and M&A activity since 1985. Assuming it is unimpeded by anticompetitive distortions in the markets for goods, services and factors of production, regional economic integration can create static as well as dynamic gains for the participating economies. The static gains relate to its impact on efficiency in resource allocation, and are reflected in the level of real output and income. The dynamic gains relate to the its impact on the rate of growth in output and income, through accelerated capital formation, technological change and other elements imbedded in the production function.
Treg cell-based therapies: challenges and perspectives.

Cellular therapies using regulatory T (Treg) cells are currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease. In this Review, we discuss the biology of Treg cells and describe new efforts in Treg cell engineering to enhance specificity, stability, functional activity and delivery. Finally, we envision that the success of Treg cell therapy in autoimmunity and transplantation will encourage the clinical use of adoptive Treg cell therapy for non-immune diseases, such as neurological disorders and tissue repair. Therapies based on adoptive cellular transfer of regulatory T (Treg) cells are currently undergoing clinical trials for autoimmune diseases, graft-versus-host disease and the prevention of transplant rejection. This Review provides an overview of Treg cell biology and discusses the latest approaches to enhance Treg cells for therapeutic purposes.
Variation in individual autumn migration and winter paths of Great Lakes red-headed woodpeckers (Melanerpes erythrocephalus)

Migratory movements of facultative migrants are poorly understood due to their irregular and often unpredictable occurrence. However, tracking such movements is important for understanding population dynamics, informing annual cycle conservation plans, and identifying possible cues of facultative migration. We used pinpoint GPS tags to track autumn and winter movements of migratory red-headed woodpeckers (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) to better understand migration frequency, timing, and routes for birds breeding in managed oak savanna systems in the North American Great Lakes region. Proportions of individuals migrating differed between the two sites, with 72% of the Ohio population migrating, while no individuals in the Minnesota population migrated. Of the Ohio birds that migrated, their movements were highly variable in distance and direction but generally occurred south of the breeding site. Wintering sites ranged from 111 – 218 km from the breeding site. Cover types occupied during migration and wintering were almost exclusively small patches of closed-canopy hardwood forest within agricultural matrices. We documented one-time movements in migratory and non-migratory individuals during the year that have not previously been described in facultative migrants. We found no evidence of a harness or marker effect on proportions of individuals migrating, migration return rates, or annual survival regardless of migration.
REHABILITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPONDYLOLYSIS IN THE YOUTH ATHLETE.

Low back pain in adolescent athletes is quite common, and an isthmic spondylolysis is the most common identifiable cause. Spondylolysis, a bone stress injury of the pars interarticularis, typically presents as focal low back pain which worsens with activity, particularly with back extension movements. Research on spondylolysis has focused on diagnosis, radiographic healing, the effects of bracing, and rest from activity. Although physical therapy is frequently recommended for adolescent athletes with spondylolysis, there have been no randomized controlled trials investigating rehabilitation. Additionally, there are no detailed descriptions of physical therapy care for adolescent athletes with spondylolysis. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to provide a brief background regarding the pathology of isthmic spondylolysis and provide a detailed description of a proposed plan for physical therapy management of spondylolysis in adolescent athletes. Level of Evidence: 5
A Report from the Athletic Training Clinical Education Network on Scholarship Requirements in Professional Athletic Training Programs

Context Scholarship is a required element of the 2020 curricular content standards in professional athletic training education. Objective To explore the perceptions and experiences of implementing ...
Modified Lich-Gregoir ureteral reimplantation management of children single opening ectopic ureter in 11 cases

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of modified Lich Gregoir ureteral reimplantation for children with single opening ectopic ureter.Methods Eleven children aged from 7 months to 5 years underwent modified LichGregoir procedure for correcting dilated ureter and displacement of ureter opening,bilateral ureteral only one opening in bladder and bladder capacity was less than normal.Expansive ureter in lower abdomen was resected at the lowest place.We reattached the ureters into bladder with inverted "Y" shape incision in bladder muscle layer.Unobstruction was confirmed by an injection of methylene blue above proximal ureter.Results The procedure was successful in 11 patients,as confirmed by voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) and intravenous pyelography (IVP) 4 30 months postoperatively.VCUG showed 2 cases of mild reflux and it disappeared after 1 year.And the remainder recovered smoothly.There is no occurrence of ureteralobstruction,urinary retention,urinary tract infection or new renal scarring after surgical correction.Conclusions With the advantages of simple operation,excellent outcomes and fewer complications,modified Lich Gregoir ureteral antireflux surgery is a open operation for treating single opening ectopic ureter in children. Key words: Dilatation of ureter; Displacement of ureter opening; Vesicoureteric reflux
Nucleon spins surprise

Recent measurements of observables related to proton and neutron spin properties at low energies are in disagreement with the available theoretical predictions, and continue to challenge nuclear experimentalists and theorists alike.
Social Media in Neurosurgery: A Systematic Review.

Objective Social media has been used increasingly in neurosurgery by individuals. We aimed to identify demographics and preferences of social media use, describe the scope of social media use, and characterize its utility. Methods A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases. Titles and abstracts from articles identified in the search were read and selected for full-text review. Studies meeting prespecified inclusion criteria were reviewed in full and analyzed for relevant data. Results Of 431 resultant articles, 29 were included. Patients and caregivers most commonly used Facebook and Twitter, whereas nearly 50% of neurosurgeons used LinkedIn and Doximity. Patient and caregiver users of social media tended to be Conclusions Patients and caregivers who use social media are typically younger than 35 years old and commonly use Facebook or Twitter. Neurosurgeons prefer Doximity and LinkedIn. Social media yields information regarding common symptoms and uncovers novel symptoms. Videos are poor-to-inadequate quality and often irrelevant to clinical neurosurgery. Optimizing social media use will augment the exchange of ideas regarding clinical practice and research and empower patients and caregivers.
The release of abuse-deterrent OxyContin and adolescent heroin use.

Abstract Objective To determine the association between the abuse-deterrent reformulation of OxyContin and adolescent lifetime heroin use in the United States. Methods The quasi-experimental study uses individual survey data from the 1999–2019 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System to examine whether the reformulation of OxyContin in August 2010 affected adolescent lifetime heroin use, exploiting heterogeneity in state-level rates of OxyContin misuse before the reformulation. Multiple regression analysis adjusted for state and year fixed effects, adolescent demographics, and time-varying state characteristics and policies. Results The release of the abuse-deterrent reformulation of OxyContin was associated with a reduction in adolescents reporting ever using heroin. An adolescent in a state with a one percentage point higher state-level rate of pre-reformulation OxyContin misuse was 1.7% points less likely to report ever using heroin after the reformulation (95% confidence interval, [(CI) = −0.007, −0.027]). These effects are strongest for adolescent males (estimate: −0.028, [(CI) = −0.016, 0.040]) and non-whites (estimate: −0.021, [(CI) = −0.005, −0.037]). Conclusions These results suggest the release of abuse-deterrent OxyContin is associated with a decrease in the likelihood of adolescent lifetime heroin use in states with higher pre-reformulation rates of OxyContin misuse. Pharmaceutical innovations and policies that reduce the likelihood of prescription opioid misuse may be effective in reducing adolescent lifetime heroin use.
Newborns with Severe Disability or Impairment

This chapter focuses on the medical and ethical issues involved in decision-making for newborns with severe disability or impairment. We begin by defining the conceptual terminology used in neonatology, distinguishing it from more general social terms such as “newborn.” We then move to a brief historical analysis of the Baby Doe rulings, the case law that lays the foundation for the model of shared medical decision-making currently operating in the US. We examine how these legal rulings reflect and support a changing cultural landscape in medical decision-making and the emergence of the current model of “shared decision-making,” which is presented, both as an ethical ideal, and as a practical guide. We evaluate the use of the “best interest of the child” standard in resolving goals of care disagreements. We then analyze competing ethical priorities in two complex pediatric conditions: extreme prematurity and a serious congenital heart condition. The chapter concludes with recommendations for best practices in shared decision-making.
Diversity within Asian Americans: Barriers to the Public Discussion of Discrimination

This purpose of this thesis is to discuss barriers to the public discussion of discrimination against Asian-Americans. The literature addresses three major barriers: model minority status, portrayal in media, and cultural desire to assimilate. This thesis discusses how Asian-Americans contain generational, ethnic, and immigration-based diversity that complicates these barriers, while also positing that diversity itself presents a barrier. This project concludes with a brief discussion of “intra-ethnic othering,” the discrimination that occurs between Asian subgroups, as another barrier to public discussion of Asian-American discrimination.
Autophagy in the retina: a potential role in age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is associated with multiple genetic and cellular defects which lead to a common endpoint, retinal degeneration. Aging and oxidative stress, significant features in the pathogenesis of AMD, are associated with an increase in damaged intracellular organelles and defective autophagy flux in a range of age-related and neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy is a key process in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis that serves to remove dysfunctional organelles and proteins. Autophagy proteins are strongly expressed in the retina and there is now strong evidence that mitochondrial damage and defective autophagy are a feature of the aging retina and that this is further exacerbated in AMD. It is apparent that autophagy makes a significant contribution to lipofuscin accumulation in the RPE. Pharmacological manipulation of autophagy may offer an alternative therapeutic target in AMD.
Tropical Forest Animal Communities

Equatorial forests are unique for their high plant and animal diversities. Diversity results from speciation and is historically related to patterns of biogeography that result in part from plate tectonics. Causal factors that generate high tropical diversity are warm and wet climate, equitable seasonality, large area, high plant productivity and complex biotic interactions leading to ecological specialization. Within the tropics, wet forests exhibit the highest animal diversity, likely due to greater plant productivity and less harsh seasonality. Some species of long-distance migrant birds have evolved in the tropics and are integral components of tropical forests during their winter residencies. Fragmentation of forests has accelerated globally and threatens numerous animal species with potential extinction. Conservation efforts must recognize factors such as importance of large area, need for animal-assisted pollination and seed dispersal, minimal hunting pressure and habitat connectivity. Keywords: biodiversity; migration; biogeography; rain forest; fragmentation
The Physiological Disposition of the Carcinostatic Imidazole-4 (or 5)-carboxamide, 5(or 4)-[3,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-triazeno] (NSC 82196) (Imidazole Mustard) in Mice and Dogs

Studies with imidazole mustard (NSC 82196)-14C were performed to elucidate the in vitro stability of this compound and its physiological disposition, absorption, excretion, and metabolism in mice and dogs, after p.o. and parenteral administration. In vitro at pH 1, the drug decomposes to an ionic transformation product in the dark at 37°; ultraviolet light-catalyzed decomposition, however, primarily yields 2-azahypoxanthine. In vivo studies show that there is no particular organ localization of radioactivity in mice after 24 hr. Plasma half-time in dogs is 2 hr after i.v. administration, but penetration of the blood-brain barrier is negligible. Gastrointestinal absorption after p.o. administration is poor and erratic. The primary route of excretion of absorbed drug is renal in both species, with greater than 60% excreted in urine by dogs within 6 hr after i.v. administration. Drug metabolism studies indicate that the drug is not excreted as intact NSC 82196, but that approximately 60% of urinary radioactivity is present as ionic transformation product. The chemical form of the bulk of the remaining radioactivity could not be identified, although a small amount of radioactive 2-azahypoxanthine was noted. While the precise mechanism of action of the drug remains unknown, it is possible that at least some of its antitumor activity rests on in vivo conversion to 5-diazoimidazole-4-carboxamide and nor nitrogen mustard with resultant antimetabolite and possibly alkylating activity.
Solvation model for inner-sphere nuclear reorganization in the photoionization of univalent anions in solution

The energy of inner-sphere reorganization for the photoionization of univalent anions in aqueous solution is calculated from a discrete model of solvation. A multipole expansion is used to account for electrostatic interactions, and only the terms corresponding to nuclear motion are retained in the expansion to the exclusion of induced moments. London dispersion, Born repulsion, cavity formation and hydrogen bonding are also taken into account. The theory is applied to eight inorganic anions. Calculated reorganization energies are compared to experimental values deduced from threshold energies for photoelectron emission by aqueous solutions of eight anions in the 6 to 11 eV range of photon energies. Standard reduction potentials for the corresponding radicalanion couples are calculated from threshold energies and theoretical reorganization energies.
Unbearable light/ness of the bombing: normalizing violence and banalizing the horror of the atomic bomb experiences

On 21 October 2008, the word “pika”, drawn by a small airplane’s exhaust, appeared in the sky over Hiroshima. “Pika” is an onomatopoeia that indicates a flashing light, and historically “pika” refers to the atomic bombing in Hiroshima. Instigated by this performance, brought force by an art group, Chim↑Pom, and its subsequent controversy, the paper explores the ways in which the atomic bomb experiences have been understood through representations in media by the general audience. In fact, examining their representations shows that the horror of the atomic bombing was too often not properly transmitted, but rather normalized and even banalized. To inquire this point further, I investigate a group of women, who suffered from keloids and disfigurement. Some went to Osaka and Tokyo to receive reconstruction surgeries, while others – later called the “Hiroshima maidens” – were invited to the United States for the same purpose. Tracing their media appearances, or lack thereof, I argue that normalization of the ...
High sensitivity three-stage microfabricated preconcentrator-focuser for micro gas chromatography

The results of a high sensitivity three-stage microfabricated preconcentrator-focuser (/spl mu/PCF) for a micro gas chromatograph (/spl mu/GC) that can provide real-time monitoring for a quantification and identification analysis of complex organic vapor mixtures are presented. The device consists of a thick Si microheater loaded with graphitized carbon adsorbents and sealed with a Si micromachined cover plate. This three-stage device has effectively extended the detection range of the compounds to cover up to four orders of magnitude in volatility. In addition, the dead volume, thermal mass, heating efficiency, and pressure drop of the single-stage /spl mu/PCF are improved significantly in the three-stage /spl mu/PCF and thus increase the device performance substantially. We demonstrate that thirty common organic vapors are well separated and desorption peak widths are all within 2.05 s.
Partially interdigitated combline filter

Ceramic combline filters have been the preferred choice for duplexing the transmitter and the receiver to the antenna in wireless portable applications. However, it is also the biggest component in today's radios. Therefore, there is great interest in reducing the size of these filters. Low cost is also a big driver. One incremental solution is to find a way to eliminate the external metal shield that, typically, accounts for 10% to 20% the filter volume and for 5% to 10% of the manufacturing cost. However, the external metal shield helps to reduce the unwanted parasitic field coupling between combline resonators at the open circuit end. These fields terminate on the ground plane provided by the shield. The solution presented is to interdigitate some of the resonators in the filter and thereby distribute the ground plane sufficiently to eliminate the shield without adversely affecting the stopband attenuation performance.
Disability and Poverty: Employment, the Bottom Line

(2003). Disability and Poverty: Employment, the Bottom Line. Journal of Poverty: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 143-148.
Talk about Talk about Surfaces

Summary This paper contains a detailed investigation of the way ordinary persons talk about surfaces. Among the results achieved are: 1) No theory of perception can be correct which holds that it is a necessary condition for seeing an object that we must also see its surface; 2) Not all cases of visual perception can be analyzed in terms of seeing part (or even all) of some surface as a necessary condition for seeing the object which has that surface; 3) Not every physical object has a surface, and 4) surfaces are sometimes identified with a particular medium, such as macadam, and sometimes are considered as a kind of logical entity — not visible, without depth, having no mass, a “mere outer aspect.” Resume Cet article contient une investigation detaillee de la maniere dont on parle habituellement de surface. Parmi les resultats obtenus, on note: 1) Aucune theorie de la perception ne peut valablement affirmer qu'une condition necessaire pour voir un objet, est qu'on voie aussi sa surface; 2) On ne peut pas anlayser tous les cas de perception visuelle en pretendant que voir une partie ou la totalite de sa surface est une condition necessaire pour qu'un objet soit vu; 3) II n'est pas vrai que tout l'objet physique ait une surface et 4) Les surfaces sont quelquefois identifiees avec une substance particuliere, comme le macadam, alors que d'autres fois elles sont considerees comme une sorte d'entite logique, non visible, sans profondeur, privee de masse, un simple aspect exterieur. Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit enthalt detaillierte Untersuchungen uber die Art und Weise, wie in der Alltagssprache uber Oberflachen gesprochen wird. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse lauten: 1) Keine Wahrnehmungstheorie, die behauptet, dass das Sehen der Oberflache eines Gegenstandes eine notwendige Bedingung fur das Sehen des Gegenstandes selbst sei, kann richtig sein; 2) Nicht alle Falle von Gesichtswahrnehmungen konnen dadurch analysiert werden, dass man von der Wahrnehmung eines Teiles oder der ganzen Oberflache des Objektes spricht, das wahrgenommen wird; 3) Nicht jedes physikalische Objekt hat eine Oberflache; 4) Oberflachen werden gelegentlich mit einem besonderen Medium identifiziert, wie z. B. einem Teerbelag; manchmal werden sie aber als eine Art von logischer Entitat betrachtet, die unsichtbar ist, keine Tiefe oder Masse hat und bloss einen ausseren Aspekt darstellt.
Transport phenomena at rough boundaries.

We present a simple method describing transport processes near rough boundaries. By a proper coordinate transformation we reduce a transport problem with rough walls to an equivalent problem with smooth flat walls, but with some random bulk inhomogeneities. In many cases the last problem can be treated perturbatively, leading to simple expressions for relevant transport coefficients via the correlation function of surface inhomogeneities. We calculate diffusion and conductivity in films, phonon, and photon diffusion, quantum corrections to conductivity, and the single-particle diffusion coefficient.
Synthesis and chemistry of the “metalloligand” [CpRu(η2-dmpm)(η2-dmpm)]Cl. X-ray crystal structures of [CpRu(η2-dmpm)(PPh3)]Cl and [CpRu(μ-dmpm)2Pt(PPh3)]PF6·CH2Cl2

Abstract CpRuCl(PPh3)2 reacts sequentially with bis(dimethylphosphino)methane (dmpm) to yield [ CpRu (η 2 - dmpm )( PPh 3 )] Cl ( 1 ) and then [CpRu(η2-dmpm)(η1-dmpm)]Cl (2a) from which hexafluorophosphate (2b) and trifluoromethanesulfonate (2c) salts can be obtained by metathesis. Attempts to synthesize CpRu(X)(η1-dmpm))2 were largely unsuccessful and gave predominantly CpRu(X)(η2-dmpm) (XCN (3) , CCPh (4)). In most instances, opening of the chelate ring in 2a did not occur on reaction with coordinatively unsaturated metal complexes and bi- and trimetallic products such as [CpRu(η2-dmpm)(μ-dmpm)RuCpCl(PPh3)]Cl (5), [{ CpRu (η 2 - dmpm )(μ- dmpm )} 2 ML n ] Cl 2 ( ML n = PdCl 2 ( 7 ), PtCl 2 ( 8 )) and [ CpRu (η 2 - dmpm )(μ- dmpm ) RhCl ( CO )( PPh 3 )] (CF3SO3) (9a) resulted. With Pt(C2H4)(PPh3)2, however, 2b afforded [CpRu(μ-dmpm)2Pt(PPh3)]PF6 (6). The structures of 1 and 6 were determined by X-ray crystallography.
The Influence of Pressure Gradient on Desinent Cavitation From Isolated Surface Protrusions

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the desinent cavitation characteristics of various sizes of two-dimensional triangular and circular arc protrusions in a turbulent boundary layer for favorable, zero, and unfavorable pressure gradients. The roughness height (h ) varied from 0.025 cm (0.01 in.) to 0.762 cm (0.30 in.) and the relative height (h /δ) varied from 0.026 to 2.53. Desinent cavitation numbers (σd ) were obtained visually over a velocity range of 9.1 mps (30 fps) to 18.3 mps (60 fps) at an average total air content of 3.8 ppm (mole basis). The data for zero pressure gradient were in fair agreement with data obtained for the same protrusion shapes by Holl (1958). The cavitation number (σd ) was correlated with relative height (h /δ), Reynolds number (U δ/ν) and Clauser’s (1954) equilibrium boundary layer shape factor (G ) which includes the effect of pressure gradient. The data show that σd increases with pressure gradient. This result was not expected since it appears to contradict the trends implied by the so-called characteristic velocity theory developed by Holl (1958).
Properties of RNA fractions from nuclei of brain cells which stimulate incorporation of amino acids by brain ribosomes.

— The properties of RNA fractions from nuclei of brain cells which were capable of stimulating amino acid incorporation into proteins of an homologous ribosomal system were investigated. RNA was routinely prepared from crude nuclear preparations of rat brain by a method which involved treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate and phenol at 65°. The capacity of this preparation to stimulate incorporation of radioactivity from a mixture of 15 l-[14C]amino acids was greatly enhanced by preliminary incubation of the ribosomal system from brain for 5–20 min. The response was markedly dependent upon the concentrations of ribosomes and of the pH 5 fraction. The optimal level of Mg2+ for basal incorporation of amino acids into protein was 8 mm; however, incorporation in the presence of nuclear RNA was greater at higher concentrations of Mg2+. The response to nuclear RNA was also enhanced as the K+ concentration was increased from 25 to 100 mm. The stimulatory effect of nuclear RNA on incorporation of l-[12C]eucine was either unaltered or depressed by addition of a mixture of 19 l-[12C]amino acids each at concentrations, of 10−8, 10−2, or 10−1 mm. Under appropriate conditions of incubation, basal rates of incorporation and rates of incorporation stimulated by nuclear RNA were linear for 30 min. The response was proportional to the concentration of nuclear RNA between 34 and 136 μg. RNA prepared from ribosomes of rat brain essentially failed to stimulate incorporation of amino acids over this range of concentrations. Fractionation of nuclear RNA by centrifugation in sucrose density gradients revealed that 75 per cent of the stimulatory activity was in the fraction which sedimented below 12 S and contained about 25 per cent of the total RNA. Most of the remaining activity was in the 18 S region. Less than 5 per cent of the RNA in the lightest fraction (< 12 S) exhibited amino acid-acceptor activity, The stimulatory action of nuclear RNA on incorporation of amino acids was readily destroyed by mild treatment with pancreatic ribonuclease, whereas amino acid-acceptor activity was relatively resistant to this treatment. The results suggest that the brain may contain low molecular weight RNA with properties of messenger RNA.
The effect of center volume on pancreas transplant outcomes.

Abstract Background Caseload often correlates with improved outcomes for several surgical procedures, including solid organ transplantation. Given the unique nature of pancreas transplantation and large variation in transplant center volumes, this study aims to determine whether center volume affects patient and graft survival after pancreas transplantation. Methods Registry data on all forms of whole organ pancreas transplants performed between 1995 and 2000 were obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing. Patient and graft survival rates were followed until 2002. Center volume then was categorized as: low ( Results Very-high-volume centers were more likely to do pancreas after kidney transplant, pancreas transplant alone, pancreas with kidney transplant, and repeat transplants, while other centers more frequently performed simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants ( P Conclusions Low center volume is not associated with increased mortality after pancreas transplantation. Other factors appear to be more important than center volume in determining pancreas transplant outcomes.
High moisture food extrusion

Summary Extrusion at higher moisture contents (> 40%), also known as wet extrusion, is relatively less investigated compared to low and intermediate moisture extrusion. Literature on high moisture food extrusion has been reviewed. Wet extrusion applications utilise twin screw extruders due to their efficient conveying capabilities. Extruders can be used as bioreactors for starch hydrolysis using thermally stable enzymes. This process is usually followed by saccharification inside or outside an extruder to produce a high DE (dextrose equivalent) syrup. Starch-based high moisture extrusion research also reports a few modelling studies. The rheological properties, torque and energy requirements of high moisture extrusion systems are different from those of low and intermediate systems. Other research reviewed includes the extrusion of low-cost plant and animal proteins to manufacture nutritious food products that imitate the texture, flavour, and mouthfeel of meat.
Survival and quality of life after minimally invasive esophagectomy: A single-surgeon experience

Reports on quality of life (QOL) after minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) have been limited. This report compares perioperative outcomes, survival, and QOL after MIEs with open transthoracic esophagectomy (TTE) and open transhiatal esophagectomy (THE). After institutional review board approval, retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database identified patients who underwent esophageal resection for esophageal cancer at Creighton University between August 2003 and August 2010. Patients with preoperative stage 4 disease, emergent procedures, laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomies, or esophagojeujunostomies were excluded from the study. The study patients were categorized as having undergone open TTE, open THE, or MIE. Overall survival (OS) was the interval between diagnosis and death or follow-up assessment. Disease-free survival (DFS) was the interval between surgery and recurrence, death, or follow-up assessment. For the patients who survived at least 1 year after surgery, QOL was assessed using European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC-QLQ, version 3.0) and esophageal module (EORTC-QLQ OES 18) questionnaires. The study criteria were satisfied by 104 patients. Lymph node harvest with MIE (median = 20) was similar to that with open TTEs (median = 19) and significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that with open THEs (median = 12). The percentage of patients requiring intraoperative blood transfusion in the MIE group (23.4%) was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than in the open TTE (73.1%) and THE (67.7%) groups. The volume of intraoperative blood product transfusion was significantly lower for the MIE patients (median = 0 ml) than for the open TTE (median = 700 ml) and THE (median = 700 ml) patients. The incidence of respiratory complications with MIEs (10.64%) was significantly lower than with open TTEs (34.61%) and THEs (32.26%). The groups did not differ significantly in terms of R0 resection rates, OS, DFS, or QOL. MIEs offer a safe and viable alternative to open esophagectomies because they reduce the need and volume of intraoperative blood product transfusion and postoperative respiratory complications without compromising oncological clearance, survival, and QOL.
Reactant conversion in homogeneous turbulence: Mathematical modeling, computational validations and practical applications

Closed form analytical expressions are obtained for predicting the limited rate of reactant conversion in a binary reaction of the type F + rO yields (1 + r) Product in unpremixed homogeneous turbulence. These relations are obtained by means of a single point Probability Density Function (PDF) method based on the Amplitude Mapping Closure. It is demonstrated that with this model, the maximum rate of the reactants' decay can be conveniently expressed in terms of definite integrals of the Parabolic Cylinder Functions. For the cases with complete initial segregation, it is shown that the results agree very closely with those predicted by employing a Beta density of the first kind for an appropriately defined Shvab-Zeldovich scalar variable. With this assumption, the final results can also be expressed in terms of closed form analytical expressions which are based on the Incomplete Beta Functions. With both models, the dependence of the results on the stoichiometric coefficient and the equivalence ratio can be expressed in an explicit manner. For a stoichiometric mixture, the analytical results simplify significantly. In the mapping closure, these results are expressed in terms of simple trigonometric functions. For the Beta density model, they are in the form of Gamma Functions. In all the cases considered, the results are shown to agree well with data generated by Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS). Due to the simplicity of these expressions and because of nice mathematical features of the Parabolic Cylinder and the Incomplete Beta Functions, these models are recommended for estimating the limiting rate of reactant conversion in homogeneous reacting flows. These results also provide useful insights in assessing the extent of validity of turbulence closures in the modeling of unpremixed reacting flows. Some discussions are provided on the extension of the model for treating more complicated reacting systems including realistic kinetics schemes and multi-scalar mixing with finite rate chemical reactions in more complex configurations.
Psychosomatic Medicine: A New Psychiatric Subspecialty

Objective: Psychosomatic medicine, also known as consultation-liaison psychiatry, received approval as a subspecialty field of psychiatry by the American Board of Medical Specialties in the spring of 2003. This represents a crucial step in the development of the field of psychosomatic medicine and recognition by leaders in the fields of medicine and psychiatry of its importance. Methods: The field was developed in response to evidence suggesting that a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders exists in patients with complex medical illnesses and that diagnosis and management of these disorders in this population is critical yet frequently complicated by the medical illnesses themselves. Results: Psychosomatic medicine psychiatrists have developed specialized expertise in addressing these issues. Conclusion: The approval of subspecialty status for psychosomatic medicine will help promote the psychiatric care of patients with complex medical, surgical, obstetrical and neurological conditions, as well as foster further improvements in the quality of training and research in this important area.