cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paternity confidence and social obligations explain men's allocations to romantic partners in an experimental giving game

Abstract Paternal care in humans is facultative, with investment decisions responsive to socioecological context. In particular, paternity confidence is thought to have a significant impact on men's provisioning. However, various aspects of the relationship a man has with his partner can also influence the way he provides for his children. Previous papers have tended to focus either on these kinds of relationship dynamics or on the impact of paternity confidence. However, these categories are often intertwined and parsing their contributions can be conceptually and methodologically difficult. To better understand how paternity confidence and relationship dynamics impact men's investment decisions, we used a series of pictorial vignettes to assess the resource allocation strategies of Himba men. We focus on three traits: mate fidelity, partner type (marital or non-marital), and relationship status (current or former). Results suggest that men prioritize mate fidelity and current reproductive partners in investment decisions, but social obligations to past and current partners and the presence of other male investors also influence decisions. Himba men appear to be balancing social norms related to marriage and fatherhood with individually-driven incentives to invest in current and more faithful partners.
Three Jahn-Teller States of Matter in Spin-Crossover System Mn(taa)

Three high-spin phases recently discovered in the spin-crossover system Mn(taa) are identified through analysis by a combination of first-principles calculations and Monte Carlo simulation as a low-temperature Jahn-Teller ordered (solid) phase, an intermediate-temperature dynamically correlated (liquid) phase, and an uncorrelated (gas) phase. In particular, the Jahn-Teller liquid phase arises from competition between mixing with low-spin impurities, which drive the disorder, and intermolecular strain interactions. The latter are a key factor in both the spin-crossover phase transition and the magnetoelectric coupling. Jahn-Teller liquids may exist in other spin-crossover materials and materials that have multiple equivalent Jahn-Teller axes.
An integrated numerical model for coupled poro-hydro-mechanics and fracture propagation using embedded meshes

Abstract Integrated models for fluid-driven fracture propagation and general multiphase flow in porous media are valuable to the study and engineering of several systems, including hydraulic fracturing, underground disposal of waste, and geohazard mitigation across such applications. This work extends the coupled model multiphase flow and poromechanical model of Ren et al. (2018) to admit fracture propagation (FP). The coupled XFEM-EDFM scheme utilizes a separate fracture mesh that is embedded on a static background mesh. The onset and dynamics of fracture propagation are governed by the equivalent stress intensity factor (SIF) criterion. A domain-integral method (J integral) is applied to compute this information. An adaptive time-marching scheme is proposed to rapidly restrict and grow temporal resolution to match the underlying time-scales. The proposed model is verified with analytical solutions, and shows the capability to accurately and adaptively co-simulate fluid transport and deformation as well as the propagation of multiple fractures.
Neocortical injury-induced status epilepticus.

Objective To characterize neocortical onset status epilepticus (SE) in the C57BL/6J mouse. Methods We induced SE by administering homocysteine 16-18 hours after cobalt (Co) implantation. SE was monitored by video and electroencephalography (EEG). We evaluated brain structure with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neurodegeneration was evaluated 72 hours after SE using Fluoro-Jade C staining. Results Cobalt triggered seizures in a dose-dependent manner (median effective dose, ED50 = 0.78 mg) and the latency to peak seizure frequency shortened with increased dose. Animals developed SE after homocysteine administration. SE began with early intermittent focal seizures, consisting of frontal onset rhythmic spike-wave discharges manifested as focal dystonia with clonus. These focal seizures then evolved into generalized continuous convulsive activity. Behavioral manifestations of SE included tonic stiffening, bilateral limb clonus, and bilateral tonic-clonic movements, which were accompanied by generalized rhythmic spike-wave discharges on EEG. After prolonged seizures, animals became comatose with intermittent bilateral myoclonic seizures or jerks. During this period, EEG showed seizures interspersed with generalized periodic discharges on a suppressed background. MRI obtained when animals were in a coma revealed edema, midline shift in frontal lobe around the Co implantation site, and ventricular effacement. Fluoro-Jade C staining revealed neurodegeneration in the cortex, amygdala, and thalamus. Significance We have developed a mouse model of severe, refractory cortical-onset SE, consisting of convulsions merging into a coma, EEG patterns of cortical seizures, and injury, with evidence of widespread neocortical edema and damage. This model replicates many features of acute seizures and SE resulting from traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid, and lobar hemorrhage.
Reading Reef in the Anthropocene

Set between Sri Lankan independence and the outbreak of civil war, Romesh Gunesekera’s Reef features a marine biologist named Salgado who predicts the decay of the island’s coral exoskeleton, a fra...
A Critical Review of Ultra-Short-Term Heart Rate Variability Norms Research.

Heart rate variability (HRV) is the fluctuation in time between successive heartbeats and is defined by interbeat intervals. Researchers have shown that short-term (∼5-min) and long-term (≥24-h) HRV measurements are associated with adaptability, health, mobilization, and use of limited regulatory resources, and performance. Long-term HRV recordings predict health outcomes heart attack, stroke, and all-cause mortality. Despite the prognostic value of long-term HRV assessment, it has not been broadly integrated into mainstream medical care or personal health monitoring. Although short-term HRV measurement does not require ambulatory monitoring and the cost of long-term assessment, it is underutilized in medical care. Among the diverse reasons for the slow adoption of short-term HRV measurement is its prohibitive time cost (∼5 min). Researchers have addressed this issue by investigating the criterion validity of ultra-short-term (UST) HRV measurements of less than 5-min duration compared with short-term recordings. The criterion validity of a method indicates that a novel measurement procedure produces comparable results to a currently validated measurement tool. We evaluated 28 studies that reported UST HRV features with a minimum of 20 participants; of these 17 did not investigate criterion validity and 8 primarily used correlational and/or group difference criteria. The correlational and group difference criteria were insufficient because they did not control for measurement bias. Only three studies used a limits of agreement (LOA) criterion that specified a priori an acceptable difference between novel and validated values in absolute units. Whereas the selection of rigorous criterion validity methods is essential, researchers also need to address such issues as acceptable measurement bias and control of artifacts. UST measurements are proxies of proxies. They seek to replace short-term values which, in turn, attempt to estimate long-term metrics. Further adoption of UST HRV measurements requires compelling evidence that these metrics can forecast real-world health or performance outcomes. Furthermore, a single false heartbeat can dramatically alter HRV metrics. UST measurement solutions must automatically edit artifactual interbeat interval values otherwise HRV measurements will be invalid. These are the formidable challenges that must be addressed before HRV monitoring can be accepted for widespread use in medicine and personal health care.
GN-z11-flash: A shock-breakout in a Population III supernova at Cosmic Dawn?

We discuss the possible interpretation of the recently observed transient, GN-z11-flash as originating from a shock-breakout in a Population III supernova occurring in the GN-z11 galaxy at $z \sim 11$. We find that the parameters of the explosion are fully consistent with those expected from the shock breakout associated with a Type II supernova of a progenitor star of $\sim 300$ solar masses in this galaxy, with of order unity such events expected over an observing timescale of a few years. We forecast the expected number of such transients from $z > 10$ galaxies as a function of their host stellar mass and star formation rate.
Challenges in Implementing Exclusive Human Milk Diet to Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Infants in a Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

PROBLEM Extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants require fortification of human milk (HM) to prevent growth failure. Bovine milk-based fortifiers (BOV-f) may be associated with feeding intolerance and necrotizing enterocolitis. Evidence suggests that an exclusive HM diet (EHMD) using HM-based fortifier (HM-f) may improve these outcomes. INTERVENTION EHMD was introduced as a quality improvement project to improve feeding tolerance in ELBW infants. METHOD Implementation included establishing EHMD feeding protocol and growth monitoring. We compared infants receiving HM with BOV-f (n = 49) with infants receiving an EHMD (n = 15). The primary outcome was a reduction of no oral intake days due to feeding intolerance. RESULTS The EHMD cohort had a more advanced GA (28 vs 26 weeks; P = .03), more males (66.7% vs 42.9%; P = .02), and higher incidence of SGA (40.0% vs 18.4%; P = .16) compared with the HM-f group. The EHMD cohort had fewer days with no oral intake (2 vs 5; P < .005), which is insignificant when adjusted for small for gestational age (SGA) (P = .26). The EHMD cohort vs. the HM-f cohort had a significant decrease in weight and length z-scores from birth to discharge (-1.09 vs -0.26 [P = .002]; -1.76 vs -0.83 [P = .02]). Inadequate weight gain persisted after adjustment for SGA. Interventions were performed to increase caloric intake and institute milk preparation changes. CONCLUSION EHMD improved feeding tolerance in our ELBW infants. Observed growth failure might be skewed by SGA prevalence. We highlight that implementation of EHMD requires close growth assessment, especially for SGA infants.
Considerations for Maximizing the Exercise “Drug” to Combat Insulin Resistance: Role of Nutrition, Sleep, and Alcohol

Insulin resistance is a key etiological factor in promoting not only type 2 diabetes mellitus but also cardiovascular disease (CVD). Exercise is a first-line therapy for combating chronic disease by improving insulin action through, in part, reducing hepatic glucose production and lipolysis as well as increasing skeletal muscle glucose uptake and vasodilation. Just like a pharmaceutical agent, exercise can be viewed as a “drug” such that identifying an optimal prescription requires a determination of mode, intensity, and timing as well as consideration of how much exercise is done relative to sitting for prolonged periods (e.g., desk job at work). Furthermore, proximal nutrition (nutrient timing, carbohydrate intake, etc.), sleep (or lack thereof), as well as alcohol consumption are likely important considerations for enhancing adaptations to exercise. Thus, identifying the maximal exercise “drug” for reducing insulin resistance will require a multi-health behavior approach to optimize type 2 diabetes and CVD care.
The Limit of Vanishing Diffusivity for Passive Scalars in Hamiltonian Flows

The limit of vanishing diffusivity for passive scalars in Hamiltonian flows with elliptic and hyperbolic fixed points is studied. Both fast and slow dynamics are investigated. The equation is rephrased in terms of action-angle coordinates suitable for averaging. The Fourier transform is used to quantize the averaged equation into an effective diffusion equation on the Reeb graph of the Hamiltonian, and a countable system of non-self-adjoint Schrodinger equations. For the latter, methods adapted from hypocoercivity theory are employed. An augmented Lyapunov functional with enhanced characteristic timescales is constructed, and the characteristic fast timescale for the initial layer toward the slow dynamics is inferred.
Analytic characterization and operational limits of a hybrid two-phase mechanically pumped fluid loop based on the capillary pumped loop

Abstract Two-phase mechanically pumped fluid loops have the potential to provide numerous benefits for spacecraft based applications. Here a hybrid two-phase capillary and mechanically pumped fluid loop that shows promise for spacecraft thermal control applications is analyzed and its operational limits are characterized. Data from an experimental system that incorporates a 3D printed evaporator is correlated to several models that together provide a comprehensive characterization of the system behavior. The loop performance is analyzed using pointwise as well volume-averaged governing equations and resistance network models, to predict flooding and dryout limits. Also, system-level numerical (including 3-D CFD simulations) transient and linear-response analyses are performed predicting the changing loop phase distributions and the observed time-dependent behavior. With the 3D-printed evaporator, a notably high evaporator conductance of 30 W/cm2-K and heat flux over 10 W/cm2 over large area are achieved with negligible temperature non-uniformity.
FE simulation of edge fracture considering pre-damage from blanking process

Abstract Edge fracture has been a well-known challenge in the forming processes of Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS). The difficulty of the problem mainly lies in the complex loading path of out-of-plane shearing followed by in-plane stretching. Existing Finite Element models can not predict edge fracture with good accuracy. In the current study, two methods were implemented to tackle the problem for the DP780 steel sheet. The first method was a one-stroke FE simulation methodology making use of very fine solid elements of size of 0.01 mm in the critical region. After simulating the hole blanking process, a subsequent hole expansion simulation was continued with the same FE model. In other words, all material parameters were inherited from the sheet blanking process when performing the hole expansion simulation. Encouraged by the one-stroke simulation, a two-step phenomenological Pre-Damage Mapping Model (PDMM), was proposed and used in edge fracture prediction. This model performed the hole blanking simulation using a 2D axisymmetric model in step I. The mesh size used in step I was of order of 0.01 mm in the critical region. Then the model mapped/prescribed pre-damage and equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) information obtained in step I in the vicinity of the hole edge to a solid element or shell element model with regular mesh size of order of 0.1 mm in step II. The results showed that both methods accurately predict edge fracture in terms of HER. The one-stroke simulation requires enormous computational power due to the very fine 3D solid element mesh, but it provides an accurate prediction of the detail distribution and orientation of cracks. The more simplified PDMM model gives a much quicker prediction of edge fracture and can be used in both solid element and shell element models, but loses some details captured by one-stroke simulation.
Ribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleotide incorporation. I. Purification and properties of the enzyme.

Several enzymatic reactions are known to utilize ribonucleoside triphosphates for incorporation of ribonucleotides into ribonucleic acid polymers. Two of these reactions have been well characterized. In one, cytidine 5’-phosphate and adenosine 5’-phosphate are added to the nucleoside terminal end of soluble RNA, forming an amino acid acceptor RNA terminated by the trinucleotide sequence, pCpCpA (14). The other is a deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent reaction, the product of which is an RNA with base ratios complementary to the primer DNA (5-S). In addition, other less well characterized reactions have been reported; in these, chiefly a single ribonucleoside monophosphate is incorporated, either as end addition or in endonucleotide linkage (9-14). It is the purpose of this communication to report the purification and characterization of an enzyme obtained from ribonucleoprotein particles of Escherichia COG that catalyzes an RNAdependent incorporation of ribonucleotides. The product of the reaction is primarily a polyriboadenylate polymer.
Acute Scapholunate Ligament Injuries: Arthroscopic Treatment

Wrist arthroscopy is an effective technique for treating acute scapholunate instability. It allows an accurate assessment of the degree and extent of the ligament injury. Partial injuries are effectively treated with arthroscopic debridement and electrothermal ligament tightening. Complete ligament injuries treated arthroscopically allow direct visualization of the torn ligament and assessment of the degree of scaphoid displacement and rotation. The use of arthroscopy allows a more accurate reduction of the scaphoid and lunate at the time of fixation than can be obtained using just fluoroscopy.
Interaction of CAP sequence site binding factor and transcription factor IID preceding and following binding to the adenovirus 2 major late promoter.

Interaction of cloned yeast, drosophila, and human transcription factor IID (yTFIID, dTFIID, and hTFIID, respectively) with the adenovirus 2 major late promoter (Ad2 MLP) confers a more limited pattern of DNase I protection than that obtained using highly purified native hTFIID (Hahn, S., Buratowski, S., Sharp, P. A. and Guarente, L. (1989) EMBO J. 8, 3379-3382; Van Dyke, M. W., and Sawadogo, M. (1990) Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 3415-3420; Horikoshi, M., Wang, C.K., Fujii, H., Cromlish, J.A., Weil, P.A., and Roeder, R.G. (1989) Nature 341, 299-303; Peterson, M. G., Tanese, N., Pugh, B.F., and Tjian, R. (1990) Science 248, 1625-1630; Hoey, T., Dynlacht, B. D., Peterson, M.G., Pugh, B.F., and Tjian, R. (1990) Cell 61, 1179-1186). Since the mass of the cloned TFIIDs is considerably less than that of native hTFIID (27-38 kDa versus 120-140 kDa), it is considered likely that native hTFIID exists as a mixed heterodimer. We have recently identified, purified, and characterized a novel transcription factor that binds to the CAP site region (+1 to +23) of the Ad2 MLP. This CAP site binding factor, designated CBF, is required for optimal transcriptional activity. We now show that when bound to the Ad2 MLP, yTFIID and CBF interact to generate the extended pattern of DNase I protection conferred by native hTFIID. In addition, bound yTFIID and CBF interact such that the stability of the complex exceeds that of each factor bound alone. We also demonstrate the existence in nuclear extracts of a hTFIID and CBF heterodimer by the electrophoretic mobility shift analysis. CBF, therefore, may represent the first identified member of a large family of gene-specific TFIID-associated factors that are required for the regulated gene-specific expression of TFIID activity.
Biological studies of interferon. II. Temporal relationships of virus and interferon production by cells infected with Eastern equine encephalomyelitis and influenza viruses.

Abstract These experiments represent an attempt to evaluate the effect of endogenous interferon on the course and outcome of acute viral infections. To this end rates of virus and interferon production were compared in chick embryo (CE) and L cell cultures infected with Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus and in chick allantoic membranes infected with WS influenza A virus. Regardless of experimental conditions, interferon was detected only after virus multiplication had reached a peak. EEE virus could induce interferon formation in L cells in the absence of discernible cytopathology, but yields of interferon were greater in CE and L cell cultures undergoing rapid cell destruction after infection at high multiplicity. Experiments with chorioallantoic membranes revealed that the onset of interferon production coincided with disappearance of influenza hemagglutinin from the cells. Cellular levels of influenza S antigen did not appear to be significantly affected by endogenous interferon. The physical and biological properties of S antigen and interferon served to differentiate these two products of influenza-infected cells.
Analysis of Fibronectin Matrix Assembly

The extracellular matrix acts as a framework for tissue architecture and dynamically regulates many cellular functions. Fibronectin is a ubiquitous extracellular matrix component that plays critical roles in matrix structure and in directing cell behaviors. Fibronectin is synthesized and secreted by many cell types including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, myoblasts, and astrocytes. Upon secretion, cells assemble fibronectin into a fibrillar network. During assembly, fibronectin is initially organized into fine cell-associated fibrils and, through continued accumulation of fibronectin, these fibrils are converted into a dense network of detergent-insoluble fibrils. Differential solubility in the detergent deoxycholate is the principle for biochemical fractionation of fibronectin matrix. Fibril assembly and organization can also be examined by immunofluorescence staining. In this unit, basic methods of detection, quantification, and visualization of fibrillar fibronectin matrix are described. Keywords: fibronectin; extracellular matrix; fibroblasts; immunofluorescence; quantification; detergent extracts
Evolution of aerosol properties impacting visibility and direct climate forcing in an ammonia‐rich urban environment

[1] Airborne measurements of sub-micron aerosol and trace gases downwind of Los Angeles are used to investigate the influence of aging on aerosol properties relevant to climate forcing and visibility. The analysis focuses on the Los Angeles plume, which in addition to strong urban emissions is influenced by local agricultural emissions. Secondary organic aerosol formation and repartitioning of semi-volatile ammonium nitrate were identified as key factors controlling the optical behavior observed. For one case study, ammonium nitrate contributed up to 50% of total dry extinction. At 85% relative humidity, extinction in the fresh plume was enhanced by a factor of ∼1.7, and 60–80% of this was from water associated with ammonium nitrate. On this day, loss of ammonium nitrate resulted in decreasing aerosol hygroscopicity with aging. Failing to account for loss of ammonium nitrate led to overestimation of the radiative cooling exerted by the most aged aerosol by ∼35% under dry conditions. These results show that changes to aerosol behavior with aging can impact visibility and climate forcing significantly. The importance of ammonium nitrate and water also highlight the need to improve the current representation of semi-volatile aerosol species in large-scale climate models.
Direct observations of resource sharing in coral reef fish

1. A full understanding of the community ecology of coral reef fishes must be based on an understanding of how fishes interact to share the available resources of the reef environment. 2. The goal of such studies is the construction of suitable models that can be used to predict the effects of environmental changes. The validity of such predictions is a test of the adequacy of the model. 3. The data on which models can be based are obtained in a combination of three approaches: (a) sampling, (b) laboratory experiments and (c) direct observation. 4. Direct observations can be made by viewing from the surface, by the use of underwater chambers, by submersible vehicles, by underwater television and by diving. 5. The use of diving techniques is limited by visibility, temperature and depth. Diving time can be extended by saturated diving from an underwater habitat. 6. The critical areas for information about coral reef fish communities are: census, population dynamics, natural history and behavior, space sharing and food sharing. 7. Complex communities can be analyzed by successively categorizing the species according to each of these aspects until the unique niche of each species is defined. 8. The most pressing need in the study of coral reef fish ecology is for continuous monitoring of representative stations throughout complete seasonal cycles.
Imaging through the posterior fontanelle.

Sonography of the posterior fontanelle is easily performed and yields exquisite details of the outline of the major structures of the posterior fossa and the tentorium. These structures are more clearly outlined through the posterior fontanelle than via the traditional anterior fontanelle approach, probably because the longitudinal axis of the sonographic beam passing through the posterior fontanelle is nearly perpendicular to the outline of the aqueduct of Sylvius, the fourth ventricle, the brain stem, the cerebellar vermis, and the tentorium. Several cases are presented briefly to illustrate the sonographic appearance of the normal and abnormal infratentorial anatomy via a posterior fontanelle approach. (J Child Neurol 1989;4:S62-S67).
Three-Dimensional Characterization of Cryogenic Target Ice Layers Using Multiple Shadowgraph Views

Backlit optical shadowgraphy is the primary diagnostic for D 2 ice layer characterization of cryogenic targets for the OMEGA Laser System at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE). Reflection and refraction of light passing through the ice layer produce characteristic rings. The position of the most prominent of the shadowgraph rings, known as the bright ring, can be resolved to ∼0.1-pixel rms, corresponding to about 0.12 μm for typical LLE target shadowgraphs. Measurement of the bright ring position in conjunction with ray-trace model predictions determines the ice layer thickness and the Fourier-mode spectrum of the ice roughness for that view. The LLE target characterization stations use two camera angles and target rotation to record target shadowgraphs from many different views. Combining these views allows construction of a 3-D ice layer representation, an estimation of the global surface roughness, and a determination of a Legendre-mode spectrum suitable for implosion modeling. The standard operating procedure is to construct a 3-D ice layer representation using the analysis of 48 separate shadowgraphic views. The 3-D ice surface is then decomposed in terms of spherical harmonics, allowing the determination of low-mode number (l ≤ 8 to 10) elements of a Legendre-mode power spectrum. Higher-mode number elements of the Legendre power spectrum are determined by mapping the Fourier-mode power spectrum averaged over all views.
Drosophila vitelline membrane assembly: A critical role for an evolutionarily conserved cysteine in the “VM domain” of sV23

The vitelline membrane (VM), the oocyte proximal layer of the Drosophila eggshell, contains four major proteins (VMPs) that possess a highly conserved "VM domain" which includes three precisely spaced, evolutionarily conserved, cysteines (CX⁷CX⁸C). Focusing on sV23, this study showed that the three cysteines are not functionally equivalent. While substitution mutations at the first (C123S) or third (C140S) cysteines were tolerated, females with a substitution at the second position (C131S) were sterile. Fractionation studies showed that sV23 incorporates into a large disulfide linked network well after its secretion ceases, suggesting that post-depositional mechanisms are in place to restrict disulfide bond formation until late oogenesis, when the oocyte no longer experiences large volume increases. Affinity chromatography utilizing histidine tagged sV23 alleles revealed small sV23 disulfide linked complexes during the early stages of eggshell formation that included other VMPs, namely sV17 and Vml. The early presence but late loss of these associations in an sV23 double cysteine mutant suggests that reorganization of disulfide bonds may underlie the regulated growth of disulfide linked networks in the vitelline membrane. Found within the context of a putative thioredoxin active site (CXXS) C131, the critical cysteine in sV23, may play an important enzymatic role in isomerizing intermolecular disulfide bonds during eggshell assembly.
Bandwidth compression optical processor using chirped fiber Bragg gratings

Chirped fiber Bragg gratings are used as low-loss, dispersion compensation modules for telecommunications applications. We use them to make an optical processor that compresses the bandwidth of electronic signals before digitization by an analog-to-digital converter.
SOIL TEMPERATURE AND GROWTH OF MARQUIS WHEAT

The development of plants as influenced by soil temperature, as distinct from air temperature, has not been investigated as fully as have growth responses to other environmental factors. Broadly speaking, roots grow best at lower temperatures than the shoots and they suffer considerably at higher temperatures. Brenchley (2) records injury and death of plants from high root temperatures in water cultures. Bushnell (3) grew potatoes at different soil temperatures and obtained the highest yield of tubers at 18? C, but maximum top growth occurred at 21? C. From the time of Sachs's classical experiment in 1860 it has been known that decreased soil temperature results in decreased absorption of water by plants. Sachs (8) placed a well-watered tobacco plant in a warm room and surrounded the pot with ice. After a brief period the plant began to wilt, but when the ice was removed and the soil heated it recovered without the addition of water. Kramer (7), using a porcelain absorbing surface, determined that increasing soil temperatures (0? C. to 43? C.) materially increased the movement of water from the soil, or in other words, increased the water supplying capacity of the soil. Transpiration of Helianthus annuus varies very little with soil temperatures between 55? F. and 100? F., drops rapidly below 55? F., is reduced to half at 38? F., and approaches zero at 32? F., according to the findings of Clements and Martin (4). Jones (5) reports that low soil temperatures are responsible for chlorosis of gardenias. His four conclusions are : 1. color of leaf is affected by soil temperature ; 2. size of leaf and rate of growth are related to soil temperature and not to air temperature, leaf size increases with increasing temperatures up to 32? C. ; 3. bud set is best obtained by growing plants at high soil temperature and then dropping the temperature to a point where vegetative development is stopped ; 4, air temperature is of little importance, and that only in as much as it affects soil temperature. Soil temperature effects on blooming were investigated by Allen (1). He found that the flowering of some varieties of stocks was affected but little by soil temperature; higher temperatures increased the length of time to bloom and the number of flowers per plant of snapdragons. The morphology of wheat seedlings as related to soil temperature was studied by Taylor and McCall (9).
Vexing Research Problems Inherent in Cognitive-Mediational Theories of Emotion-and Some Solutions

A number of problems posed by cognitive-mediational theories of emotion offer major challenges for theory and research. I address five problems that seem particularly important and vexing, and I of...
Human serum beta-lipoprotein: preparation and properties of a delipidated, soluble derivative.

Abstract An investigation of the protein moiety of human serum β-lipoprotein has been hampered by the insolubility of the delipidated protein in aqueous media ( Scanu et al ., 1958; Banasak and McDonald, 1962; Margolis and Langdon, 1966 ). The purpose of this communication is to describe a method which can conveniently be used for the preparation in high yield of a delipidated form of β-lipoprotein. This is accomplished by succinylation, delipidation and solubilization of the protein moiety in the presence of relatively low concentrations of decyl sulfate, an ionic detergent which may be removed readily by dialysis. Pertinent properties of this delipidated soluble protein are presented.
Normal and Late Harvesting of Corn for Silage

Abstract Corn silage was harvested in two successive years at the hard dough stage (normal) and seven to eight weeks later after full maturity and additional weathering (late). Dry matter yield was 19 to 27% less when harvested late. Dry matter content of the normal crops at harvest was 26 and 30%; that of late harvested crops was 58 and 63%. Average dry matter recovery rate was slightly lower in the normal silage, 92 vs. 96, and no differences in feeding value were detected when fed in a mixed ration for milking cows. Small reductions in the digestibility of dry matter and acid detergent fiber in late silage were noted in one year (60 vs. 63%), as was a tendency to heat when fed in hot weather. Normal silage contained more acetic, propionic, butyric, and lactic acid than late silage (2.8, 0.2, 0.2, and 7.8 vs. 1.4, 0.1, 0.1, and 3.7%, respectively). The results indicated that production of high quality silage from late harvesting is quite possible under good storage conditions, but the practice would usually be impractical because of high field losses.
A matrix-geometric model for a CSMA/CD network with a gateway

Abstract We consider a CSMA/CD network with a gateway node. The asynchronous, nonpersistent CSMA/CD network is analyzed using a continuous-time Markov chain model. This model has a simple matrix-geometric solution for the limiting distribution of the number of busy users at the gateway. From this limiting distribution, we find closed-form expressions for the throughput, the distribution of the gateway queue length, the expected gateway delay, the expected gateway queue length, and the higher moments of the gateway queue length. The model also yields an upper bound on the throughput of the CSMA/CD network and an easily verified necessary and sufficient condition for network stability. The upper bound provides a measure of the amount of the channel capacity left after the gateway has taken its share. We also show how the model's flexibility can be used to analyze more complicated gateway arrival situations, such as group arrivals at the gateway.
Multi-disciplinary decision making and optimization for hybrid electric propulsion systems

In this paper, we investigate the trade-offs among the subsystems of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), e.g., the engine, motor, and the battery, and discuss the related implications for fuel consumption and battery capacity and lifetime. Addressing this problem can provide insights on how to prioritize these objectives based on consumers' needs and preferences.
International Environmental Agreements as Evolutionary Games

This paper applies evolutionary game theory to international environmental agreements (IEAs). Contrary to stage game models (Barrett in J Theor Politics 11:519-541, 1999, Eur Econ Rev 45:1835-1850, 2001), in an evolutionary equilibrium (EE) no signatory prefers to be outside the IEA and the EE is robust to trembles. With two populations, there is a unique interior EE when there is decreasing returns to abatement and small asymmetry in the externality differences across populations. At the interior EE, transfers from the poor to the rich can increase payoffs for all nations, but come at the expense of greater payoff inequality. Transfers can also eliminate the basin of attraction for the payoff inferior EE with decreasing returns to abatement and large asymmetry. Thus IEAs, such as the Kyoto Treaty, predicated on the polluter-pays and ability-to-pay principles may result in Pareto inferior outcomes.
Stimulus frequency and masking as determinants of P300 latency in event-related potentials from auditory stimuli ☆

The effects of target tone frequency, presence of a masking stimulus, and subject sex on the auditory ERP were studied with an 'oddball' paradigm. P300 latency became shorter (about 15 msec) as the difference between the standard (1000 Hz) and target tone frequency increased (1500, 2000, 4000 Hz) but became longer (about 10 msec) with the presence of a white noise masking stimulus. Similar results were obtained for both the P3a and P3b subcomponents of the P300 potential. No significant differences between the adult male and female subjects were observed. The role of stimulus parameters in applied testing situations is discussed.
Multiple brain abscesses: An initial presentation in a child with an undiagnosed sinus venosus atrial septal defect

Cerebral abscess is a serious condition and in children the commonest cause is cyanotic congenital heart disease. We report a 12-year old male who presented with multiple brain abscesses. After an extensive evaluation including a transesphageal echocardiogram (TEE), we found a previously undiagnosed sinus venous atrial septal defect (ASD). He was treated medically with antibiotics. This is an unusual initial presentation of asymptomatic acynotic congenital heart disease in children. We recommended a complete cardiac evaluation including TEE with saline contrast study in the work up of an idiopathic cerebral abscess.
Circadian Egg Production by Echinostoma caproni (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in ICR Mice

Abstract: Circadian egg production by Echinostoma caproni was investigated in ICR mice. Four female mice were infected with 25 E. caproni metacercariae, maintained in individual cages on a 12:12 light:dark cycle, and provided food and water ad libitum. Twenty-eight, 51, and 58 days post-infection, mice were transferred to individual, wire-bottomed cages and feces were collected every 2 hr for 24 hr. The feces were weighed and processed immediately to estimate the number of eggs present. Fecal output and egg production were standardized to unit maxima for analysis. Standardized egg count and standardized fecal output followed distinctly circadian patterns and covaried. Egg production was highest from 2200 to 0200 hr and lowest from 1000 to 1800 hr. These correspond to the highest and lowest fecal production, and highest and lowest periods of host activity, respectively. Egg density (eggs/g of feces) covaried weakly with fecal output with an additional peak at 0800–1000 hr, suggesting E. caproni is respondi...
Beyond Networks: Health, Crime, and Migration in Mexico

Two rounds of a longitudinal survey from Mexico, representative at the national, urban, rural, and regional level, are used to examine the determinants of local, domestic, and international migration. Aside from the typical covariates in the migration decision, this study considers health conditions, crime, and individual’s perspectives on life as explanatory variables. Coefficient estimates for most health variables do not offer significant support to the healthy migrant hypothesis. In terms of crime, the results suggest that females respond to worsening safety conditions in Mexico by migrating domestically, but not abroad. The decision to migrate domestically or abroad for males is not statistically correlated with increases in crime. Overall, having access to international migration networks continues to play a significant role in the decision to migrate to the US.
Radial–femoral concordance in time and frequency domain-based estimates of systemic arterial respiratory variation

Commonly used arterial respiratory variation metrics are based on mathematical analysis of arterial waveforms in the time domain. Because the shape of the arterial waveform is dependent on the site at which it is measured, we hypothesized that analysis of the arterial waveform in the frequency domain might provide a relatively site-independent means of measuring arterial respiratory variation. Radial and femoral arterial blood pressures were measured in nineteen patients undergoing liver transplantation. Systolic pressure variation (SPV), pulse pressure variation (PPV), area under the curve variation (AUCV), and mean arterial pressure variation (MAPV) at radial and femoral sites were calculated off-line. Two metrics, “Spectral Peak Ratio” (SPeR) and “Spectral Power Ratio” (SPoR) based on ratios of the spectral peak and spectral area (power) at the respiratory and cardiac frequencies, were calculated at both radial and femoral sites. Variance among radial–femoral differences was compared and correlation coefficients describing the relationship between respiratory variation at the radial and femoral sites were developed. The variance in radial–femoral differences were significantly different (p < 0.001). The correlation between radial and femoral estimates of respiratory variation were 0.746, 0.658, 0.858, 0.882, 0.941, and 0.925 for SPV, PPV, AUCV, MAPV, SPeR, and SPoR, respectively. Assuming a PPV treatment threshold of 12 % (or equivalent), differences in treatment decisions based on radial or femoral estimates would arise in 12, 14, 5.4, 5.7, 4.8, and 5.5 % of minutes for SPV, PPV, AUCV, MAPV, spectral peak ratio, and spectral power ratio, respectively. As compared to frequency domain-based estimates of respiratory variation, SPV and PPV are relatively dependent on the anatomic site at which they are measured. Spectral peak and power ratios are relatively site-independent means of measuring respiratory variation, and may offer a useful alternative to time domain-based techniques.
Deoxynucleoside composition of DNAs and modified nucleoside composition of tRNAs determined at nanomole sensitivity by reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract Selected purified tRNA and DNA samples were digested by standard enzymatic methods, and the nucleosides were separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography on reversedphase columns. Nanomole sensitivity was obtained by use of an integrator. The nucleosides were detected at wavelengths near their uv-absorption maxima, including 220 nm for dihydrouridine, and 330 nm for 4-thiouridine. Recovery values for the individual nucleosides were in the range of 94–100%. The nucleoside composition of the DNA and tRNA digests were in accurate and precise agreement with published values.
Strategic alliance termination and performance: The role of task complexity, nationality, and experience

Fewer than 50% of strategic alliances are successful [Das, T. K., & Teng, B. (2000). Instabilities of strategic alliances: An internal tensions perspective. Organization Science, 11, 77–101]. This study examines the role of task complexity, nationality, prior alliance experience, and disparity in alliance experience in strategic alliance termination and performance. Based on survey responses from 85 parties in biopharmaceutical alliances, it is found that strategic alliances are more likely to be terminated and have poor performance when they have (1) both R&D and marketing elements, (2) domestic partners, (3) limited prior strategic alliance experience,and(4)largestrategicallianceexperiencedisparitybetweenpartners.Someofthefindingsarenewanddeserveadditional investigations.
Large‐Scale Distribution of Far‐Infrared and Submillimeter Line Emission*

Attention is given to the results of a study of radiative cooling in the interstellar clouds of the Orion Nebula through the emission of far-IR and submillimeter radiation. That the gas is 'clumpy' in the ionized region of the nebula is indicated by the far-IR observations of doubly ionized oxygen. With respect to the edges of the ionized region, the excitation temperature for the 3P1 state is 228 K and the observed emission can be plausibly associated with either ionization or shock fronts at the interface between the ionized and neutral region. Consideration is also given to the possibility of an ionized carbon halo, the turbulent state of the molecular cloud, and the need for further laboratory and theoretical analyses.
The relationship between maternal serum and amniotic fluid α-fetoprotein in women undergoing early amniocentesis

Abstract α-Fetoprotein levels were measured on 148 paired samples from the maternal serum and amniotic fluid in women a age 35, who were undergoing early amniocentesis (12 to 14 weeks) for chromosomal analysis. These 148 women were white, weighed
High molecular weight and acid extractable chlorophyll degradation products in the Black Sea: new sinks for chlorophyll

Abstract Chlorophyll degradation products incorporated into solvent-extractable high molecular weight material and into material which is only accessible with strong acid are identified. In surface sediment, the acid-extractable chlorophyll degradation products and the solvent-extractable high molecular weight chlorophyll degradation products each comprise approx. 30% of total sedimentary chlorophyll degradation products. In the high molecular weight phorbin fraction, only phorbins derived from chlorophyll a were identified, whereas in the acid-extractable material, porphyrins as well as phorbins derived from chlorophyll a were identified. The acid-extractable fraction contains approximately one-half the amount of porphyrins and phorbins as does the solvent-extractable material.
Synthesis and characterization of polymers based on the cyanate functional group

The chemistry and growth of polymer structures based on the cyanate linkage has been studied. The monofunctional model compound 2-(4-cyanatophenyl)-2-phenylpropane was used to study the reaction products. The synthesis was performed with four different transition metal catalysts and also without a catalyst. The quenched products were analyzed using Size Exclusion Chromatography(SEC) and 13C NMR. It was found that the reaction is relatively clean, with trimerization being the major product. A few side products were also detected, which included dimers and higher oligomeric species. Crosslinked polymers were synthesized without catalyst based on the bifunctional monomer 2, 2-bis(4-cyanatophenyl)propane. The structure was analyzed using 13C NMR. The conversion and number-average degree of polymerization based on 13C NMR is reported. Conversion at the gel point was found to be higher than 60%. On this basis it was concluded that polymerization based on cyanate linkages at the conditions studied is diffusion controlled and therefore not described by Flory's mean-field theory.
Anthrax vaccine efficacy in golden Syrian hamsters.

The efficacy of a licensed human anthrax vaccine (anthrax vaccine adsorbed, AVA) was tested in golden Syrian hamsters against a virulent Bacillus anthracis spore challenge. Groups of golden Syrian hamsters were vaccinated at either 0 and 4 weeks or 0, 4 and 8 weeks, then challenged subcutaneously (s.c.) at 10 weeks with spores of various B. anthracis isolates. Although ELISA and toxin neutralization assays demonstrated high titers, none of the AVA-vaccinated hamsters were protected from challenge or demonstrated a significantly extended time to death compared to that of control animals. The results of the study demonstrate that the golden Syrian hamster is not an appropriate model for investigating human anthrax vaccine efficacy.
Assessment of students' behavioral interactions during on-task classroom activities.

This study was designed to characterize the quality and quantity of interactions between students and significant others in the processing of new information during classroom activities. I wanted to test the hypothesis that black children, from moderate to low income urban environments, tend to have a more socially active cognitive style than their white peers in the performance of classroom tasks. Five different English classes, all 8th graders in a single junior high school (total of 114 black and white boys and girls), were observed in the same environment at different intervals to identify differences in the number of interactions between boys and girls, by racial groups. Classroom lessons and related activities were videotaped. The recorded activity was tabulated and rated by 3 trained observers. Black children more than white, and boys more than girls, initiated interactions with peers in the classroom in performing assigned tasks. This social interaction also showed that (1) 76% of the observed cla...