cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lunar Science for Landed Missions - High-Priority Landing Sites Visualized with NASA's Moon Trek

The Lunar Science for Landed Missions workshop was held on 10–12 January, 2018 at NASA Ames Research Center and was attended by lunar scientists, representatives from commercial companies, and representative of various international space agencies including the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and the European Space Agency. The workshop was cosponsored by the Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI) and the Lunar Exploration Analysis Group (LEAG). The primary goal of the workshop was to produce a set of high‐priority landing site targets, generated by the lunar science community, for near‐term lunar missions. The scope of such missions was aimed primarily, but not exclusively, at commercial exploration companies with interests in pursuing ventures on the surface of the Moon. The results of this workshop were published in a report that summarized the findings of the workshop and provided an analysis of priority landing sites and how missions to these sites would meet key science and exploration goals determined by NASA and the scientific community (Jawin, et al, 2019). This presentation for JpGU will review the landing sites advocated by the workshop, highlight characteristics that make them high-priority sites, and showcase the sites using visualizations generated using NASA’s Moon Trek data visualization and analysis portal (Day and Law, 2017).
Selflessness & Cognition

What are the cognitive mechanisms that underlie selfless conduct, both ‘thinking’ and unthinking? We first consider deliberate selflessness, a manner of selecting acts in which, in evaluating options, one expressly chooses not to weigh the potential consequences for oneself (though this formulation is seen as needing some qualification). We then turn to unthinking behavior in general, and whether we are responsible for it, as the foundation for analyzing the unthinking variety of selflessness. Using illustrative cases (Grenade Gallantry, The Well-Meaning Miner, Ignorant Ilya, Self-Disregarding Sally) we explore just what is involved in setting aside one's self-interests unthinkingly. Eventually, this account links up with work on mental compartmentalization, as it becomes apparent that unthinking selflessness encompasses both unthinking behavior (calling upon inexplicit cognitive utilization of stored images) that is selfless, and thinking behavior (calling upon reasoning with sentences) that is unthinkingly selfless (by virtue of an unreasoned, automatic shift of cognitive standpoint to a ‘compartment’ that omits information about one's self-interests). The analysis points toward a practical program for generating increased selflessness in ourselves and others.
Scope of Practice of US Interventional Cardiologists from an Analysis of Medicare Billing Data.

The contemporary scope of practice of interventional cardiologists (ICs) in the United States and recent trends are unknown. Using Medicare claims from 2013 to 2017, we categorized ICs into 4 practice categories (only percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI], PCI with noninvasive imaging, PCI with specialized interventions [peripheral/structural], and all 3 services) and evaluated associations with region, hospital bed size and teaching status, gender, and graduation year. Of 6,083 ICs in 2017, 10.9% performed only PCI, 68.3% PCI with noninvasive imaging, 5.7% PCI with specialized interventions, and 15.1% all 3 services. A higher proportion of Northeast ICs (vs South ICs) were performing only PCI (24.8% vs 7.3%) and PCI with specialized interventions (12% vs 3.4%), but lower PCI and noninvasive imaging (53.8% vs 71.7%) and all 3 services (9.3% and 17.6%). Regarding ICs at larger hospitals (bed size >575 vs
Readiness for First Crewed Flight

The NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) was requested to develop a generic framework for evaluating whether any given program has sufficiently complete and balanced plans in place to allow crewmembers to fly safely on a human spaceflight system for the first time (i.e., first crewed flight). The NESC assembled a small team which included experts with experience developing robotic and human spaceflight and aviation systems through first crewed test flight and into operational capability. The NESC team conducted a historical review of the steps leading up to the first crewed flights of Mercury through the Space Shuttle. Benchmarking was also conducted with the United States (U.S.) Air Force and U.S. Navy. This report contains documentation of that review.
The Function of Donor versus Recipient Programmed Death-Ligand 1 in Corneal Allograft Survival

Programmed death-ligand (PD-L)1 and PD-L2, newer B7 superfamily members, are implicated in the negative regulation of immune responses and peripheral tolerance. To examine their function in alloimmunity, we used the murine model of orthotopic corneal transplantation. We demonstrate that PD-L1, but not PD-L2, is constitutively expressed at high levels by the corneal epithelial cells, and at low levels by corneal CD45 + cells in the stroma, whereas it is undetectable on stromal fibroblasts and corneal endothelial cells. Inflammation induces PD-L1 up-regulation by corneal epithelial cells, and infiltration of significant numbers of PD-L1 + CD45 + CD11b + cells. Blockade with anti-PD-L1 mAb dramatically enhances rejection of C57BL/6 corneal allografts by BALB/c recipients. To examine the selective contribution of donor vs host PD-L1 in modulating allorejection, we used PD-L1 −/− mice as hosts or donors of combined MHC and minor H-mismatched corneal grafts. BALB/c grafts placed in PD-L1 −/− C57BL/6 hosts resulted in pronounced T cell priming in the draining lymph nodes, and universally underwent rapid rejection. Allografts from PD-L1 −/− C57BL/6 donors were also significantly more susceptible to rejection than wild-type C57BL/6 grafts placed into BALB/c hosts, primarily as a result of increased T cell infiltration rather than enhanced priming. Taken together, our results identify differential roles for recipient vs donor PD-L1 in regulating induction vs effector of alloimmunity in corneal grafts, the most common form of tissue transplantation, and highlight the importance of peripheral tissue-derived PD-L1 in down-regulating local immune responses.
The Courage of Dialogue

In Truth and Method, Hans-Georg Gadamer sets out on the extraordinary task of giving a phenomenological account of interpretation and a theory of language that supports it. In order to help him explain the dynamic between interpreter and text, Gadamer draws from the ancient Aristotelian concept of phronesis. Gadamer does this because both interpretation and ethical understanding share the relation of interdependence between universal and particular and are mediated by human being. However, he does so in a way that ignores the moral import of phronesis. The aim of this essay is to ask what virtues might be present in the form of dialogue that Gadamer sketches in Truth and Method. To answer this question, I first briefly review Gadamer’s description of interpretation, which provides the ground for understanding Gadamer’s reliance on Aristotle’s phronesis. I then discuss Gadamerian dialogue and the existential conditions of engaging in it in order to explore the moral import of phronesis into dialogue. Finally, I attempt to reinterpret courage from the discourse in which it resided for Aristotle into the discourse of Gadamerian dialogue.
Model predictive control of thermal storage for demand response

Buildings with thermal storage use it mainly to shift cooling loads. Ice or chilled water is produced when electricity prices are low and stored to provide cooling when prices are high. While this price-based load shifting has value for power system operators, buildings with thermal storage could provide more direct grid services by reacting to demand charges and demand response calls. In this paper, we consider the problem of cooling a building under these incentives. The context is a New York City office building with passive and active thermal storage, subject to Consolidated Edison's (ConEd's) default rate plan for large commercial buildings. This rate plan includes a three-tiered demand charge and hourly energy prices determined by the system operator's day-ahead dispatch. We also model a ConEd demand response program, and consider the thermal comfort of building occupants. The problem is formulated in the language of stochastic optimal control and solved approximately using model predictive control (MPC). Extending previous work on MPC of thermal storage, which has focused on dynamic energy prices, we include the full set of economic incentives directly in the stage and terminal costs. Simulations of the hottest day of 2013 demonstrate the value of realistic economic modeling. They also highlight an interesting tension between the various incentives, which all compete for shiftable load.
Influence of age at ileoanal pouch creation on long-term changes in functional outcomes.

Aim We reviewed the functional results and quality of life (QOL) of patients who had had an ileoanal pouch (IPAA) for at least 15 years. Method Retrospective analysis was undertaken of data accrued prospectively into a pouch database since 1983. Patients who had retained an IPAA for at least 15 years were identified. Trends in IPAA function and QOL of the patients were determined over a time-period of 15 years after formation of the IPAA. Data were compared for patients who were 55 years of age when the IPAA was formed. Results Three hundred and ninety-six of a total of 3276 patients in the database (53% men, median age 36 years and median follow-up 17.1 years) underwent IPAA with at least 15 years of follow-up. The final pathology was ulcerative colitis in 78%; 66.4% of patients had a restorative proctocolectomy, 91.4% underwent temporary diversion, 59% had a J-pouch configuration and 63.1% a stapled anastomosis. The frequency of bowel movements remained the same over the follow-up period. There was an increase in the incidence of incontinence and urgency after 15 years with no significant change in dietary, social, work and sexual restrictions during follow-up. Patients in all three age groups experienced deterioration in pouch function at 15 years of follow up compared with the function at 5 years. The QOL of the patients remained high and stable. Conclusion There is a deterioration of pouch function after 15 years, irrespective of the age of the patient when the IPAA was formed. Despite this, QOL appears to be high for all patients who retain their pouch.
The Impact of Public Housing Policy on Family Social Work Theory and Practice

ABSTRACT Social workers are the professionals most engaged with families living in low-income and subsidized housing and most familiar with the problems associated with inadequate housing. Yet the discussion of public housing policy has been left largely to economists and housing activists and the clear implications for family social work practice have not been made clear. To connect these critical policy and practice issues, this article provides a theoretical foundation and a review of the research supporting the use of housing vouchers to combat race and class segregation, joblessness, family breakdown, inferior public services, child abuse, mental illness and crime victimization.
Dietary Iron Intake Rapidly Influences Iron Regulatory Proteins, Ferritin Subunits and Mitochondrial Aconitase in Rat Liver

Iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) and IRP2 are cytoplasmic RNA binding proteins that are central regulators of mammalian iron homeostasis. We investigated the time-dependent effect of dietary iron deficiency on liver IRP activity in relation to the abundance of ferritin and the iron-sulfur protein mitochondrial aconitase (m-acon), which are targets of IRP action. Rats were fed a diet containing 2 or 34 mg iron/kg diet for 1-28 d. Liver IRP activity increased rapidly in rats fed the iron-deficient diet with IRP1 stimulated by d 1 and IRP2 by d 2. The maximal activation of IRP2 was five-fold (d 7) and three-fold (d 4) for IRP1. By d 4, liver ferritin subunits were undetectable and m-acon abundance eventually fell by 50% (P < 0.05) in iron-deficient rats. m-Acon abundance declined most rapidly from d 1 to 11 and in a manner that was suggestive of a cause and effect type of relationship between IRP activity and m-acon abundance. In liver, iron deficiency did not decrease the activity of cytosolic aconitase, catalase or complex I of the electron transport chain nor was there an effect on the maximal rate of mitochondrial oxygen consumption with the use of malate and pyruvate as substrates. Thus, the decline in m-acon abundance in iron deficiency is not reflective of a global decrease in liver iron-sulfur proteins nor does it appear to limit ATP production. Our results suggest a novel role for m-acon in cellular iron metabolism. We conclude that, in liver, iron deficiency preferentially affects the activities of IRPs and the targets of IRP action.
The medical profession and the corporatization of the health sector

This article describes the most important determinant of contemporary American medical practice: the corporatization of the health care delivery system. It argues that there is an urgent need for greater reflection by physicians on the values inherent in profit-based health care and on the implications of such a model of care. Other pressures on the medical profession and several available responses are examined. The article then poses a challenge to the profession to assume a more forthright advocacy for social equity in health care provision.
Myocardial salvage after failed coronary angioplasty.

Abstract Patients undergoing coronary angioplasty have a 2% to 7% risk of requiring emergency coronary artery bypass graft surgery for impending infarction. These patients provide a unique model of early reperfusion because the exact time of compromise to blood flow and the composition of the reperfusion solution are known. However, the amount of myocardium salvaged is unknown. Between December 1981 and September 1985, 859 patients underwent coronary angioplasty. Forty-two patients had emergency surgery for objective evidence of impending infarction. Five patients died. Thirty-six patients were contacted for follow-up; 21 (58%) of 36 had a radionuclide ventriculogram performed at a mean of 39 ± 13 months after surgery. These radionuclide studies were compared with the patient's preangioplasty contrast ventriculogram. One patient had a myocardial infarction 3 years after surgery. Eleven (55%) of the remaining 20 patients had a normal radionuclide ventriculogram at follow-up study (ejection fraction 65 ± 9%). Five (25%) of the 20 patients had a depressed ejection fraction (46 ± 4%) with wall motion abnormalities, but these were unchanged from the preangioplasty studies. Four patients (20%) had a significant decrease in ejection fraction over baseline (37 ± 10%) with new wall motion abnormalities. In conclusion: 1) there is an 80% chance that left ventricular function will be unchanged at 3 year follow-up study in patients surviving emergency bypass grafting for failed angioplasty; 2) these data suggest that early revascularization for impending infarction in this setting is associated with a good late outcome; and 3) this patient group offers a unique opportunity to study the effects of early reperfusion in a human model.
HALLETHECA RETICULATUS GEN. ET SP. N.: A SYNANGIATE PENNSYLVANIAN PTERIDOSPERM POLLEN ORGAN'

A B S T R A C T A new structur ally preseived synangiate pollen organ is described from the upper Pennsylvanian (Mattoon Formation) of southeastern Illinois. The specimen of Halletheca reticulatus gen. et sp. nov. measures approximately 1.5 cm long by approximately 5.0 mm in diam, and consists of five elongate sporangial tubes equidistantly arranged around a solid central column, and embedded in a thin-walled ground tissue. The vascular system consists of five terete bundles characterized by scalariform tracheids. Sporangia are thick-walled and contain pollen of the Monoletes-type. Ultrastructural studies of the pollen grain wall show it to consist of a uniform network of muri which branch and re-unite to form small lumina. A comparison of the ultrastructure of the pollen grain wall of the new fructification is made with the wall organization found in similar pollen of Dolerotheca. Relationships between the new taxon and other presumed seed fern pollen organs differing in preservation mode are discussed. THE GENERIC NAAIES Dolerotheca (Halle, 1933), Schopfitheca (Delevoryas, 1964), Aulacotheca (Halle, 1933), Whittleseya (Newberry, 1853), Codonotheca (Sellards, 1903), and Rhetinotheca (Leisman and Peters, 1970) are used for Carboniferous fructifications found in NorthAmerican deposits that are tentatively regarded as representing medullosan pollen organs as based on their radial symmetry and large monolete pollen grains. Of these, only Dalerotheca and Rhetinotheca are known from structurally preserved specimens. It is the intent of the present paper to describe a new structurally preserved synangiate pollen organ of presumed medullosan origin discovered in a coal ball collected at the B3erryville site in southeastern Illinois. The age of the Berryville flora is regarded as upper Pennsylvanian (NIattoon Formation) or equivalent age because of the association of the coal balls with the Calhoun Coal (Kosanke, et al., 1960). The single specimen was initially exposed transversely on two coal ball slabs. Cellulose acetate peels of the distal end of the pollen organ were continued, while the more proximal portion was reoriented and peels prepared longitudinally. Pollen was extracted from sporangia with dilute (2 %c,) hydrochloric acid. Those grains examined by means of transmission electron microscopy were treated with potassium permanganate, dehydrated, and embedded in Araldite 502-Epon 812. Sections approximately 200 A thick were then cut with a diamond knife and stained with lead citrate. Grains examined with the scanning electron microscope were attached to standard specimen stubs with a thin layer of silver conductive
Psychological Test Performances in Neurologic and “Pseudo-Neurologic” Subjects

Summary Two groups of 32 patients were compared on 29 psychological tests including psychometric measures, tests from Halstead's Battery, the Trail Making Test, and MMPI variables. Group 1 was composed of patients with “pseudo-neurologic” symptomatology and Group 2 consisted of S s with unequivocal brain damage. 14 of 29 comparison variables discriminated at p S s with normal controls. Since in this study all S s were initially suspected of neurologic disease, the results underscore the potential contribution of these measures to the more difficult differential diagnostic problem posed by patients presenting with “pseudo-neurologic” as opposed to neurologic symptomatology.
Evaluating interface aesthetics: measure of symmetry

Symmetry is one of the most fundamental principles in design. The choice between symmetry and asymmetry affects the layout and feeling of a design. A symmetrical page gives a feeling of permanence and stability, while informal or asymmetrical balance creates interest. The aim of this paper is to solve the problem of an automatic detection of axial and radial symmetry or lack of it in published documents. Previous approaches to this problem gave only a necessary condition for symmetry. We present a necessary and sufficient criterion for automatic symmetry detection and also introduce a Euclidean-type distance from any layout to the closest symmetrical one [3]. We present mathematical proof that the measure of symmetry we introduce is exact and accurate. It coincides with intuition and can be effectively calculated. Moreover, any other symmetry criterion will be a derivative of this measure.
Trilinearity deviation ratio: A new metric for chemometric analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry data

Abstract Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–TOFMS) is a well-established instrumental platform for complex samples. However, chemometric data analysis is often required to fully extract useful information from the data. We demonstrate that retention time shifting from one modulation to the next, Δ2tR, is not sufficient alone to quantitatively describe the trilinearity of a single GC × GC–TOFMS run for the purpose of predicting the performance of the chemometric method parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). We hypothesize that analyte peak width on second dimension separations, 2Wb, also impacts trilinearity, along with Δ2tR. The term trilinearity deviation ratio, TDR, which is Δ2tR normalized by 2Wb, is introduced as a quantitative metric to assess accuracy for PARAFAC of a GC × GC–TOFMS data cube. We explore how modulation ratio, MR, modulation period, PM, temperature programming rate, Tramp, sampling phase (in-phase and out-of-phase), and signal-to-noise ratio, S/N, all play a role in PARAFAC performance in the context of TDR. Use of a PM in the 1–2 s range provides an optimized peak capacity for the first dimension separation (500–600) for a 30 min run, with an adequate peak capacity for the second dimension separation (12–15), concurrent with an optimized two-dimensional peak capacity (6000–7500), combined with sufficiently low TDR values (0–0.05) to facilitate low quantitative errors with PARAFAC (0–0.5%). In contrast, use of a PM in the 5 s or greater range provides a higher peak capacity on the second dimension (30–35), concurrent with a lower peak capacity on the first dimension (100–150) for a 30 min run, and a slightly reduced two-dimensional peak capacity (3000–4500), and furthermore, the data are not sufficiently trilinear for the more retained second dimension peaks in order to directly use PARAFAC with confidence.
Interstellar absorption along the line of sight to Sigma Scorpii using Copernicus observations

From Copernicus observations of Sigma Sco, 57 individual lines of 11 elements plus the molecular species H2 and CO were identified. By using a profile-fitting technique, rather than curves of growth, it was possible to obtain column densities and Doppler b values for up to four separate components along this line of sight. Electron density in the major H I component was derived from the photoionization equilibrium of sulfur, obtaining, n(e) of about 0.3/cu cm. The neutral hydrogen density in the same component was also derived using fine-structure excitation of O I. An H II component is also present in which the electron density was n(e) about 20/cu cm. As a by-product of this analysis, previously undetermined oscillator strengths for two Mn II lines were obtained: for 1162.-017 A, f about 0.023 and for 1164.211 A, f about 0.0086.
Relationship between serum and saliva chloramphenicol concentrations.

Abstract The relationship between serum and saliva chloramphenicol (CAP) concentrations was evaluated in 27 paired specimens collected from 20 hospitalized patients during therapy with the drug. A significant (R = 0.80, P < 0.001) but variable relationship was found to exist. Serum protein binding of CAP was also evaluated (43.7 ± 5.7% bound; N = 24). Differences in CAP binding did not apparently account for a significant portion of the variability in the observed saliva/serum CAP concentration ratios. The degree of variation observed indicated that saliva CAP concentrations could not be relied upon for the prediction of serum CAP concentrations.
Single-point diamond machining of optical and related mounting surfaces

Over the past several years we have designed and fabricated several variations of a three mirror anistigmat Telescope for a Risk Reduction effort. In order to achieve passive athermalization, use of the same materials for both mirrors and structures is desirable. We fabricated 2 telescopes using investment cast aluminum alloy A356 in the first and investment cast Aluminum/Beryllium alloy 191 in the second, for all components. All optical surfaces and corresponding mounting surfaces are nickel plated and single point diamond tuned. The telescopes were assembled to meet the optical prescription tolerances with no alignment required other than focus. Components and performance levels are totally interchangeable between the telescopes, except for athermalization issues.
How many impact-generated microspherule layers in the Upper Eocene?

Abstract Upper Eocene microspherules (microtektites and microkrystites) have been found in deep-sea sediments from the western North Atlantic, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, equatorial Pacific, and eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. Recent studies proposed that there are three or four microspherule layers: the North American microtektite and microkrystite couplet in chron C15, and one (or two) significantly older layer(s) in chron C16 in DSDP Sites 216, 292 and 612. Based on calcareous nannofossil biochronologic and morphometric data, I suggest that the microspherules in the latter sites correlate with the North American microtektite-microkrystite couplet. My results as well as previously published data are all compatible with the model of one couplet of microtektites-microkrystites. The inference of three or four microspherule layers in the upper Eocene is shown to be an artifact of interpretation.
Message sensation and cognition values: factors of competition or integration?

Using the Activation Model of Information Exposure and Elaboration Likelihood Model as theoretical frameworks, this study explored the effects of message sensation value (MSV) and message cognition value (MCV) of antismoking public service announcements (PSAs) on ad processing and evaluation among young adults, and the difference between high sensation seekers and low sensation seekers in their perceptions and responses toward ads with different levels of sensation and cognition value. A 2 (MSV: high vs. low) × 2 (MCV: high vs. low) × 2 (need for sensation: high vs. low) mixed experimental design was conducted. Two physiological measures including skin conductance and heart rate were examined. Findings of this study show that MSV was not a distraction but a facilitator of message persuasiveness. These findings contribute to the activation model. In addition, need for sensation moderated the interaction effect of MSV and MCV on ad processing. Low sensation seekers were more likely to experience the interac...
VidCoach: a mobile video modeling system for youth with special needs

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is often characterized by a deficit in social skills, including the ability to interview successfully for jobs, a key hurdle to be overcome for independent living. One effective way that individuals with ASD can learn and retain valuable life skills is through the use of video modeling. Peer video modeling focuses on individuals imitating models similar to themselves (i.e., physical characteristics, age, ethnicity, gender, etc.), and self-modeling focuses on watching oneself successfully completing tasks. In this paper, we describe the design of VidCoach, a mobile application built to support both peer modeling and self-modeling for individuals with ASD. VidCoach can aid adolescents in work transition programs with learning and retaining job interview skills, and we present a scenario that highlights how a user might interact with VidCoach in this particular context. We conclude with a brief overview detailing our current work focused on evaluating the VidCoach application and a discussion of the potential for VidCoach to extend beyond our job-interviewing scenario to involve learning and retaining life skills in other areas.
Incorporating Aqueous Reaction Kinetics and Biodegradation into TOUGHREACT: Applying a Multiregion Model to Hydrobiogeochemical Transport of Denitrification and Sulfate Reduction

The need to consider aqueous and sorption reaction kinetics and microbiological processes arises in many subsurface problems. By adding these processes to the TOUGH family code, more complex problems can be addressed that involve multiphase fluid and heat flow, and geochemical interaction. This paper presents a formulation for incorporating kinetic rates among primary species into mass-balance equations. The space discretization used is based on a flexible integral finite difference approach that uses irregular gridding to model biogeologic structures. A general multiregion model for hydrological transport interacted with microbiological and geochemical processes is proposed. A one-dimensional reactive transport problem with kinetic biodegradation and sorption was used to test the enhanced simulator, which involves the processes that occur when a pulse of water containing nitrylotriacetate (NTA) and cobalt is injected into a column. The current simulation results agree very well with those obtained with other simulators. The applicability of this general multiregion model was validated by results from a published column experiment of denitrification and sulfate reduction. The matches with measured nitrate and sulfate concentrations were adjusted with the interfacial area between mobile and immobile regions. Results suggest that TOUGHREACT not only is useful interpretative tool for biogeochemical experiments but also can produce insight into processes and parameters of microscopic diffusion and their interplay with biogeochemical reactions.
13C NMR chemical shifts of carbonyl groups in substituted benzaldehydes and acetophenones: substituent chemical shift increments.

13C NMR Substituent chemical shift (SCS) increments have been determined for the carbonyl carbon of a variety of substituted benzaldehydes and acetophenones. The 13C NMR chemical shift of the carbonyl carbon can be predicted for many di- and trisubstituted benzaldehydes and acetophenones through simple additivity of the SCS increments. The magnitude and sign of the SCS increments have been explored using Hartree-Fock 6-31G* calculations to determine the natural atomic charges of the carbonyl carbon. When a substituent capable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding is present, deviations from additivity on the order of 2 ppm are observed in dilution experiments; deviations of up to 6 ppm can result from intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface instability of a semi-infinite anisotropic elastic body under surface van der Waals forces

Abstract We investigate the surface instability of an anisotropic elastic half-plane subjected to surface van der Waals forces due to the influence of another rigid contactor by means of the Stroh formalism. It is observed that the surface of a generally anisotropic elastic half-plane subjected to van der Waals forces from another rigid flat is always unstable. The wave number of the surface wrinkling is only reliant on the positive M 22 component of the 3 × 3 surface admittance tensor M , the van der Waals interaction coefficient β and the surface energy γ of the elastic half-plane. The decay rate of surface perturbation along the direction normal to the surface of the anisotropic half-plane is different from the wave number, a phenomenon different from that observed for an isotropic half-plane.
The use of ground cover materials to suppress fuel fires at airports

Crushed rock has demonstrated a capability for retarding flame spread in hydrocarbon fuel fires. What are the effects of rock size, depth of fuel surface below ground cover surface, and fuel flash point in flame suppression?
Nursing staff and the outcomes of nursing home stays.

Background:Findings on the relationship between nurse staffing and nursing home outcomes (eg, dying vs. discharges to the community) have been inconsistent. Although some studies show outcomes related to staffing ratios, others do not. Subjects in studies showing staffing effects may have been prima
Quality Control Mechanisms During Ribosome Maturation

Protein synthesis on ribosomes is carefully quality-controlled to ensure the faithful transmission of genetic information from mRNA to protein. Many of these mechanisms rely on communication between distant sites on the ribosomes, and thus on the integrity of the ribosome structure. Furthermore, haploinsufficiency of ribosomal proteins, which increases the chances of forming incompletely assembled ribosomes, can predispose to cancer. Finally, release of inactive ribosomes into the translating pool will lead to their degradation together with the degradation of the bound mRNA. Together, these findings suggest that quality control mechanisms must be in place to survey nascent ribosomes and ensure their functionality. This review gives an account of these mechanisms as currently known.
Frequency locking and unlocking in a femtosecond ring laser with application to intracavity phase measurements

Frequency coupling between the counter-propagating pulses inside a femtosecond ring laser gyroscope is studied. It is shown that frequency lock-in results from the counter-propagating pulses overlapping at or near a scattering surface. Nonetheless, the absence of lock-in with a scatterer at the pulse crossing point is demonstrated for the special case of symmetric scattering. The decoupling of the counter-propagating pulses makes possible the measurement of non-reciprocal phase differences of 10−5 and index differences of 10−10 over 1 cm. Besides measuring rotations, applications are found in the measurement of small changes in the index of refraction, and electrical transients on the 100 fs time scale.
PAX3-FOXO1 and FGFR4 in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma.

We and others have identified FGFR4 as a direct transcriptional target of the alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) specific fusion protein, PAX3-FOXO1. We hypothesized fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) may act as an effector of PAX3-FOXO1, contributing to PAX3-FOXO1 tumorigenic phenotypes. However, we demonstrate that enhanced expression of FGFR4 does not contribute to inhibited differentiation, enhanced proliferation, or transformation downstream of PAX3-FOXO1 in primary mouse myoblasts. Therefore we were unable to identify any contribution of up regulation of wild type FGFR4 to PAX3-FOXO1 driven tumorigenesis. Conversely, a constitutively active mutant of FGFR4 can enhance primary myoblast proliferation and transformation, indicating activating mutations of FGFR4 could contribute to the development and progression of ARMS. We sequenced the FGFR4 mRNA from five ARMS cell lines and identified no somatic mutations, nor any association with any human single nucleotide polymorphism within the FGFR4 coding region. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overview of the NMC Production Suite

Abstract An overview of the regularly scheduled sequence of computer analyses and forecasts produced at the National Meteorological Center (NMC) is presented. The available computer resources and time schedule constraints are discussed, the sources and treatment of incoming data are described, the purposes and configurations of the operational analysis/forecasting systems are outlined, and the mechanisms for product distribution are presented.
The effect of an alternate weed host, hairy nightshade, Solanum sarrachoides (Sendtner) on green peach aphid distribution and Potato leafroll virus incidence in potato fields of the Pacific Northwest

Abstract Hairy nightshade, Solanum sarrachoides (Sendtner) is an annual solanaceous weed prevalent in potato farmlands of the Pacific Northwest. S. sarrachoides is also a reservoir for Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and its most important vector, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Green peach aphids prefer S. sarrachoides than potato, Solanum tuberosum (L.), and produce more nymphs on S. sarrachoides than on potato. Increased green peach aphid preference for S. sarrachoides and greater fecundity on this plant could lead to overcrowding and movement toward neighboring potato plants. To test our hypothesis, field trials were conducted at Kimberly, Idaho during the summers of 2003 and 2004. A row of S. sarrachoides seedlings was planted in the middle of potato plots and naturally occurring green peach aphid populations were monitored weekly on potato plots with and without S. sarrachoides . More aphids were consistently found on S sarrachoides plants than on potato plants. More aphids were found on potato plants in plots with S. sarrachoides plants than without S. sarrachoides . Targeted insecticide applications on S. sarrachoides rows alone reduced the number of aphids on potato plants in those plots, suggesting that insecticide sprays prevented aphid movement from S. sarrachoides to potato. Testing of potato tuber sprouts 90 days after harvest by double antibody sandwich ELISA indicated a greater PLRV infection rate on plots with S. sarrachoides than plots without S. sarrachoides . Therefore, the presence of S. sarrachoides in potato plots will likely increase aphid populations and PLRV incidence on neighboring potato plants.
On Storage Coefficient and Vertical Strain

Introduction The introduction of storage coefficient by Theis (1935) was a milestone in the history of ground water hydrology. Yet, its nature and import have periodically been subjects of debate in the literature. For example, Burbey (2001) questioned, based on detailed stress-strain calculations, the validity of interpreting the storage coefficient purely in terms of vertical strain. One way to appreciate the issue is to examine how the concept has evolved historically. The present work is limited to consideration of the nature of the term that represents matrix compressibility in the storage coefficient. The discussion is restricted to transient, isothermal, saturated ground water systems subject to constant boundary loads. Responses of ground water systems to earth tides, barometric changes, and other such phenomena that alter boundary loads are beyond the scope of this work. For practitioners of the ground water profession, efforts expended in examining history serve a dual purpose of authenticating foundational ideas and weeding out misconceptions. In this spirit, this paper revisits the concept of the storage coefficient and suggests that the concept merits refinement.
Relations between the barycentric and von Neumann entropies of a density matrix

Band and Park have criticized the von Neumann entropy, SN(ϱ) =− Tr ϱ In ϱ, of a density matrix (ϱ) as an inappropriate indicator of the uncertainty in ϱ. Rather, they proposed using an index based on expanding ϱ over all possible (pure and impure) states (D), not one founded on the terse (entropy-minimizing) spectral expansion of ϱ. However, a natural prior distribution over D is not available, while the uniform distribution over the pure states (P) is invariant under all unitary transformations. The minimum relative (barycentric) entropy, Sb(ϱ), with respect to this distribution over P can be determined, using parametrizations of P for spin-12, spin-1, spin-32 and two-photon systems. The relevance, in this regard, of certain theorems of Rothaus concerning the Laplace transforms of measures is discussed. The relation between SN(ϱ) and Sb(ϱ) is established by a duality theorem of convex programming.
Neutrino oscillations in dense neutrino gases.

We consider oscillations of neutrinos under conditions in which the neutrino density is sufficiently large that neutrino-neutrino interactions cannot be neglected. A formalism is developed to treat this highly nonlinear system. Numerical analysis reveals a rich array of phenomena. In certain gases, a self-induced Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect occurs in which electron neutrinos are resonantly converted into muon neutrinos. In another relatively low-density gas, an unexpected parametric resonant conversion takes place. Finally, neutrino-neutrino interactions maintain coherence in one system for which a priori one expected decoherence.
In Pursuit of the Common Life: Rhetoric and Education at the New York State Asylum for “Idiots” at Syracuse, 1854–1884

In carving out space in rhetorical history for people with disabilities, this article interprets “asylum-school” curriculum through rhetorical practices involving the art of becoming, the body, and civic participation. Rhetorical practice is understood as it manifests within imposed constraints. So while for some, work as a seamstress might not qualify as the civic life Cicero thought to be rhetoric's ultimate goal, that work is indeed civically vital. By disrupting the social versus civic opposition, rhetoric includes practices other than just the political and is considered across a spectrum of difference.
Bioassay of solubilized bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis crystals by attachment to latex beads

Solubilized crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis were 7000 times less toxic to Aedes aegypti larvae than intact crystals, presumably because mosquito larvae are filter feeders and selectively concentrate particles while excluding water and soluble molecules. A procedure is described whereby soluble toxins are adsorbed to 0.8-micrometer latex beads, with retention of toxicity. The latex bead assay should make it possible to analyze the structure and mode of action of the mosquito toxin.
Progression to insulin for patients with diabetes mellitus using the Texas Medicaid database.

Abstract Background Patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus generally initiate therapy with either metformin [Met] or a sulfonylurea [SU] drug, followed by the addition of a second agent (Met, an SU drug, or a thiazolidinedione [TZD] drug) if the diabetes is not well controlled. If necessary, the usual third line of treatment is the addition of insulin. Objective The purpose of our study was to compare the progression to insulin among 3 cohorts receiving the oral antidiabetic (OAD) drug combinations Met/SU, Met/TZD, or SU/TZD. Methods This study used data from the Texas Medicaid database. The date of addition of a second OAD was considered a patient's index date and patients were followed for up to 5 years. Cox proportional hazards regression compared the progression to first insulin use among cohorts, using the Met/SU cohort as the reference group, while adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and propensity scores. Results A total of 4083 patients were included in the study (Met/SU = 2872, Met/TZD = 438, and SU/TZD = 773). Insulin was added to the medication regimen of patients by the end of follow-up in 19.7% of the Met/SU cohort, 17.6% of the Met/TZD cohort, and 26.3% of the SU/TZD cohort. The adjusted Cox proportional model estimated that patients in the SU/TZD cohort had a 40% higher probability of progression to insulin than patients in the Met/SU cohort (odds ratio [OR] = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.19–1.64), whereas there was no significant difference between the Met/TZD and Met/SU cohorts (OR = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.67–1.08). Conclusions It appears that mechanism of action may play a role in progression to insulin for concomitant OAD agents. A slower progression to insulin was seen for patients receiving a paired sensitizer regimen (ie, Met/TZD) compared with those receiving a secretagogue sensitizer regimen (ie, SU/TZD).
Molecular structure and tissue-specific expression of the mouse pancreatic phospholipase A2 gene

Abstract Pancreatic phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) is involved with the hydrolysis of phospholipids into lysophospholipids and unesterified fatty acids. The enzyme has been postulated to play a key role in lipid absorption by intestinal absorptive cells as well as in the regulation of secretin release from intestinal endocrine cells. This manuscript reports the genomic organization and the primary sequence of the mouse PLA 2 . The results showed that the mouse PLA 2 gene contains four exons interspersed by three introns, spans over 8 kb in length, and is considerably larger than the human PLA 2 gene. The mouse PLA 2 protein contains 146 amino acid residues, including the signal peptide. The mouse protein is highly homologous to the rat, dog, and human enzyme, but is two residues shorter than the human protein. Mouse PLA 2 message is synthesized predominantly in the pancreas, but the lung also contains low levels of PLA 2 mRNA.
Families and Delinquency: A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Broken Homes

Although the empirical evidence on the effects of family structure (specifically the issue of “broken homes”) on delinquency is substantial and varied, the research base seems incomplete and inconclusive. Very few incontrovertible generalizations can currently be stated; more specific statements regarding important variations across persons, types of delinquency, and family context are very tentative and approximate with inconsistent support. This paper attempts to resolve some of these inconsistencies through an empirical meta-analysis of existing research on broken homes and delinquency. Generally, we conclude that most of the variation in reported effects across the 50 studies is a result of methodological rather than substantive feature
The use of immobilized alcohol oxidase in the continuous flow determination of ethanol with an oxygen electrode

Abstract Immobilized alcohol oxidase was used in the determination of blood alcohol. The alcohol oxidase catalyzed the aerobic oxidation of ethanol and the oxygen concentration was monitored with an oxygen membrane electrode in a flow cell. The enzyme was immobilized either by covalent attachment via glutaraldehyde to the inside walls of nylon tubing, or by adsorption onto three separate controlled-pore glass support materials: TiO2, SiO2, or AL2O3. The supports were packed into 10 cm lengths of 3 mm i.d. glass tubing or 30 cm lengths of 5 mm i.d. nylon tubing. The five methods of immobilization were compared for stability and activity toward ethanol. Immobilization on silanized glass beads results in the highest activity and greatest stability of the reactor.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip developing in discoid lupus erythematosus

Since the substitution of steroids and antimalarials for irradiation in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus, squamous cell carcinoma arising in discoid lupus erythematosus is thought by some to be an uncommon occurrence. A review of the recent literature (subsequent to 1945) revealed fifteen cases, of which seven occurred in the lips. In one of twelve of the cases a history of irradiation was documented. In three other cases, there was no evidence of its use. We report an additional case of squamous cell carcinoma occurring in the lower lip of a 24-year-old black woman in the absence of radiation therapy. A review of the literature and a discussion of possible predisposing factors are presented.
On the existence of spions from K+ decay☆

Abstract A search has been made for spin 1 particles arising from the decay of K mesons No evidence has been seen for either positive or neutral particles of this sort in the τ and τ' decays of K + . New upper limits for the possible occurrence of these particles are presented.
Description of the Chicago Adaptive Optics System (ChAOS)

This paper describes some of the history and the current design of the Chicago Adaptive Optics System (ChAOS). ChAOS is a facility AO system using a sodium layer laser beacon which is due to be permanently mounted on a 3.5 meter ARC telescope located at Apache Point New Mexico. First light is expected in 1995.
Comparative rates of dermal penetration of insecticides in mice

Abstract Dermal penetration of 14 radiolabeled insecticides into ICR mice was studied. Permethrin penetrated most rapidly ( T 0.5 = 5.9) while malathion penetrated least rapidly ( T 0.5 = 130 min). Within 5 min after application some toxicants were in the blood, and measurable quantities of radioactivity from the majority of toxicants tested were detected in blood, liver, and other organs 15 min after application. Within 8 hr, 4-chlorobiphenyl showed almost complete penetration as did several other compounds. Insecticides showing poor dermal penetration were absorbed to the extent of 60% or greater by 8 hr. The liver, intestine, stomach, urine, and feces contained appreciable quantities of several insecticides at intervals greater than 1 hr, but only small amounts were found in other tissues. Insecticides that were slowly excreted or metabolized tended to accumulate in the carcass suggesting a major storage role in those tissues at early time intervals. Correlations with a number of physical parameters and penetration were inconclusive.