cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The architecture of the cortical taste nerve areas in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) and their relationships to insular, sensorimotor and prefrontal regions.

Summary The cortical projection areas of the taste nerves 4 on the surface show close affiliation with the face subdivision of the somatic koniocortex (Ks) and parts of the surrounding somatic belts: intermediate sensorimotor area (Ism) and surface subdivision of somatic prokoniocortex (proK, Fig. 3). The bulk of proK is hidden in the depth of the central operculum and enroaches even widely upon the caudal insula in its large claustrum-free share, a special feature of New World monkeys. Area proKscan be assumed to the site of second sensory representation as it did in low loris 31 . The deep pure gustatory area 3 (area G) is located in the frontal operculum and encroaches upon the insula, on the one hand, and on the orbital surface, on the other. Area G is the rostral continuation of the generally parinsular located prokoniocortex belt. The insular cortex which area G meets in the depth of sulcus circularis corresponds to the anterior granular section of insular proisocortex , which can be distinguished also in rhesus monkey against a dysgranular middle section with accentuated Vth layer and a higher granularized caudal section. Such a granular anterior section of the insular proisocortex was so far only described in man and may be called prefrontal insula. At the rostral end area G meets the paramotor, slightly granularized belt of the prefrontal cortex. Area G represents, also in architectonic terms, a bridge between the prefrontal insula and the prefrontal cortex. Seen in the light of our concept of cortex evolution the chemical senses, olfaction and gustation, occupy older cortices than sharper objectifying and localizing senses as tactility, vision and audition. Only the latter have their main representation in most of the recent mammals in highly specialized koniocortices (so-called primary regions), the latest elaboration of sensory neocortex. As olfaction is known to occupy palecortex, that is, part of the ‘rhinencephalon’ which formed the original telencephalon in early vertebrates, gustation is localized with its pure area in the parinsular-paralimbic ‘growth ring’ of the telencephalon, where otherwise the so-called secondary and supplementary representations have their site.
Demonstration of negative chirp characteristics over wide wavelength range using monolithically integrated SG-DBR laser/electroabsorption modulator

For the first time negative large signal chirp characteristics from a widely-tunable laser/electroabsorption modulator transmitter are reported. This device employed an intermixed quantum well absorption region in the modulator. Large signal time resolved chirp measurements were made at wavelengths from 1542 to 1569 nm and were shown to exhibit negative characteristics at all wavelengths.
Depth dependence for extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure spectroscopy detected via electron yield in He and in vacuum

X-ray absorption spectra have been measured using electron detection with both vacuum and helium gas surrounding the samples. The samples consisted of thin iron films covered with various thicknesses of aluminum to determine the contribution versus depth. The height of the iron K--absorption-edge jump decreases exponentially with aluminum covering thickness, with a 1/e depth of 1600 A. The addition of helium gas forms an ionization detector for the electrons, which have an average energy of about 2500 eV. The effects of electrode geometry and bias voltage are evaluated. When operated in a linear-response region, the signal-to-noise ratio for this method is excellent and the extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) amplitudes agree with transmission measurements to better than 3%.
Chylomicron processing in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia and familial combined hyperlipidemia studied with vitamin A and E as markers: a new physiological concept

Abstract In previous work we identified a transfer/diffusion process occurring in the postprandial state that more or less contributes to the accumulation of β-VLDL in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (FD). Here we present a new theoretical concept underlying chylomicron processing developed on the basis of extended quantitative analyses of fat loading experiments, with both vitamins A and E, performed in patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) in comparison to patients with FD and control subjects. Recovery of triglycerides from the fat load in the plasma triglyceride pool was 100 fraction deviate from the total group mean. In the Sf 15–100 fraction, most specific for ‘remnants', vitamin A/cholesterol ratios for all subjects were uniform proving that β-VLDL formation is a thermodynamic process regulated by concentration gradients and the lipophilicity of lipoprotein constituents, not a typical feature for patients with FD. In patients with FD, vitamin A in the plasma pool was recovered excessively (276%) in line with recognition in various pools as a result of the transfer/diffusion process in plasma.
Victimization in prison: implications for the mentally ill inmate and for health professionals.

Abstract Despite the focus on the increasing number of mentally ill in prisons and jails, very little actually is known about the psychological effects of prison on this high-risk group. A qualitative study was conducted to explore the inmate sub-culture and its effect on a person who is mentally ill. Interviews were conducted with 13 subjects who were both inmates and staff members in a forensic halfway house. The results suggest that the victimization that is a way of life within the prison system poses particular problems for mentally ill inmates, whose lack of social and economic resources, dependence, and need for attention make them particularly vulnerable. The implications of victimization of the mentally ill for health care professionals working in prisons also are discussed.
Statistical Tests as a Basis for ‘Yes—No’ Choices

Recent years have seen an almost universal acceptance among statisticians of the basic philosophy which underlies sampling theory: that whenever a statistic is employed to estimate some characteristic of a parent population, an estimate should be made of the sampling variation to which this statistic is subject. The estimate of ‘reliability’ or ‘significance’ may take a wide variety of forms — from the simple probable error, to the chi-square test, the t test, the z test and the more general Neyman-Pearson tests of hypotheses.
Prostacyclin and blood glucose levels in humans and rabbits

Abstract In patients with peripheral vascular disease and in healthy rabbits, infusion of PGI 2 but not of 6-keto PGF 1α induced a rise in blood glucose level and a pathological deviation in glucose tolerance test. In experiments in vitro , the increased concentrations of glucose produced dose-dependent inhibition of PGI 2 release from isolated rat aortic rings. The link between PGI 2 and carbohydrate metabolism is discussed.
Managerial bias in anticipated images of competing shopping areas

Abstract Several dimensions of consumer retail patronage decisions that affect the firm's marketing program are investigated. In particular, the focus of the research extends previous research in the area to investigate the images held by consumers of shopping malls rather than individual stores. Second, the ability of store managers to accurately predict the image held by consumers both of their own shopping area and of a competitor's shopping area is investigated. This is designed to evaluate the ability of managers to predict consumer perceptions irrespective of their own beliefs. Finally, differences in the perceptions of two potential market segments are compared. Manager ability to differentiate between segments is noted. The implications for marketing programming decisions and the contribution the research makes to the body of literature on image measurement are discussed.
Effects of harvesting on herbaceous layer diversity of a central Appalachian hardwood forest in West Virginia, USA

Abstract Clearcutting is a common harvesting practice in many eastern hardwood forests. Among the vegetation strata of these forests, the herbaceous layer is potentially the most sensitive in its response to harvest-mediated disturbances and has the highest species diversity. Thus, it is important to understand the response of herbaceous layer diversity to forest harvesting. Previous work on clearcut and mature stands at the Fernow Experimental Forest (FEF), West Virginia, has shown that, although, harvesting did not alter appreciably herbaceous layer cover, it influenced the relationship of cover to biotic and abiotic factors, such as tree density and soil nutrients, respectively. The purpose of this study was to examine the response of species diversity of the herbaceous layer to harvesting at FEF. Fifteen circular, 0.04 ha sample plots were established in each of four watersheds (60 plots in total) representing two stand age categories: two watersheds with 20 years even-age stands following clearcutting and two watersheds with mature second growth stands. All woody stems ≥2.5 cm diameter at breast height were identified, tallied, and measured for diameter. The herbaceous layer was sampled by identifying all vascular plants ≤1 m in height and estimating cover for each species in each of 10 (1 m 2 ) circular sub-plots per sample plot (600 sub-plots total). Species diversity for each plot was calculated from herbaceous layer data using the ln-based Shannon Index ( H ′) equation. Ten stand and soil variables also were measured on each plot. Mean herbaceous layer cover for clearcut versus mature stands was 27.2±14.3% versus 20.2±8.1% ( P >0.05), respectively and mean H ′ was 1.67±0.42 versus 1.55±0.48 ( P >0.05), respectively. Herbaceous layer diversity was negatively correlated with cation exchange capacity and extractable Ca and Mg in the mineral soil in clearcut stands. In contrast, herbaceous layer diversity was positively correlated with soil organic matter and clay content. Although, 20 years of recovery after clearcutting did not have significant effects on the species diversity of the herbaceous layer when examining stand age means alone, harvesting did appear to influence the spatial relationships between herbaceous layer diversity and biotic factors (e.g. tree density) and abiotic factors (e.g. soil nutrients).
Reactions of β-diketiminates with selenium and tellurium halides

Abstract The complexes [nacnacTeCl4] and nacnacSeCl+Cl− (nacnac = [{N(C6H3iPr22,6)C(Me)}2CH]−) have been prepared in good yields and characterized in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. The crystals of both compounds show C–H activation of the ligand backbone. In the case of tellurium, no LiCl displacement or nitrogen chelation is observed and an ionic TeCl4 complex is isolated. By contrast, under similar reaction conditions, the reaction with SeCl4, affords a cationic Se(II) complex with loss of four chlorines and rearrangement of the chloride atom to the nacnac ligand.
On the Converse of Lagrange's Theorem

(1993). On the Converse of Lagrange's Theorem. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 23-23.
The nuclear receptor PPAR gamma is expressed by mouse T lymphocytes and PPAR gamma agonists induce apoptosis

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma is a nuclear hormone receptor that serves as a trans factor to regulate lipid metabolism. Intense interest is focused on PPAR-gamma and its ligands owing to its putative role in adipocyte differentiation. Little is known, however, about the functions of PPAR-gamma in the immune system, especially in T lymphocytes. We demonstrate that both naive and activated ovalbumin-specific T cells from DO11.10-transgenic mice express PPAR-gamma mRNA and protein. In order to determine the function of PPAR-gamma, T cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin or antigen and antigen-presenting cells. Simultaneous exposure to PPAR-gamma ligands (e. g. 15-deoxy-Delta(12, 14)-prostaglandin J(2), troglitazone) showed drastic inhibition of proliferation and significant decreases in cell viability. The decrease in cell viability was due to apoptosis of the T lymphocytes, and occurred only when cells were treated with PPAR-gamma, and not PPAR-alpha agonists, revealing specificity of this response for PPAR-gamma. These observations suggest that PPAR-gamma agonists play an important role in regulating T cell-mediated immune responses by inducing apoptosis. T cell death via PPAR-gamma ligation may act as a potent anti-inflammatory signal in the immune system, and ligands could possibly be used to control disorders in which excessive inflammation occurs.
Attentional capacity is undifferentiated: Concurrent discrimination of form, color, and motion

We report a series of experiments on the concurrent discrimination of form, color, and motion attributes. All tasks involved joint discrimination of attributes, and positions and were highly demanding of attention. We quantified interference between concurrent discriminations by establishing the attention-operating characteristic. Interference was indistinguishable for similar and dissimilar task combinations (form-form, color-color, motion-motion, and color-form, color-motion, motion-color, and motion-form, respectively). These results suggest strongly that different visual discriminations draw on the same attentional capacity—in other words, that the capacity of visual attention is undifferentiated.
Effect of methylphenidate on young adults' vigilance and event-related potentials

Two studies were conducted on the effects of methylphenidate (20 mg) on young adults' event-related potentials. Although this stimulant elevated heart rate in study 1 (n = 14), it failed to affect either performance or amplitude of the late positive component (LPC) obtained from two versions of the continuous performance test (CPT). Because performance on these tasks was nearly error-free, we conducted study 2 (n = 23) to test the hypothesis that methylphenidate enlarges LPC amplitude only in more challenging tests than those used in study 1. In study 2, although heart rate was again elevated by the 20 mg dose of methylphenidate, LPC amplitude and performance were again unaffected in the two tasks employed in study 1 or in an easy tone discrimination procedure. However, in a more difficult version of CPT (10% errors of omission), both accuracy and amplitude of the concurrently obtained LPC were increased by methylphenidate. Similarly, in a choice-reaction time test, the stimulant increased speed as well as CNV amplitude. Our interpretation of the results is based on the view that LPC reflects the number of attentional resources committed to a stimulus during the evaluation stage. Thus, increases in LPC amplitude by methylphenidate are obtained only in tasks in which the subject may profit from the recruitment of additional attentional resources.
Halsey needle holder for micro and mini slit grafting.

BACKGROUND Few suggestions have been made to date concerning how to more reproducibly place scalp slits for micro- and minigrafts. OBJECTIVE To improve on the unpredictable consistency of depth and angle of scalp slits for micro- and minigrafting. METHOD. Seven-inch Halsey needle holders were used to stabilize the cutting instruments (No-Kormicroblades, #15c, and #15 blades) for making scalp slits for micro- and minigrafts on approximately 80 patients over 5 months. CONCLUSION Using the Halsey needle holder for stabilization of the blades for slit placement of scalp micro- and minigrafting is superior to directly holding the blades by improving on depth, angle control, ease of holding and adjustment, and greater reproducibility.
Histopathologic characteristics of the primary tumor in breast cancer patients with isolated tumor cells of the sentinel node

Background Clinicians often rely on primary tumor characteristics to decide on adjuvant treatment for patients with breast cancer with isolated tumor cells (ITC) in the sentinel lymph node. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a significant difference in primary tumor characteristics between ITC and other nodal groups. Methods Patients undergoing sentinel lymphadenectomy were divided into 3 groups: N0, no metastases; ITC, metastasis less than 0.2 mm; and micro- or macrometastases (MM), metastasis greater than 0.2 mm. The chi-square test and analysis of variance were used. Results A total of 552 patients underwent sentinel lymphadenectomy; 197 (36%) had tumor-positive sentinel lymph nodes. Of these, 35 (18%) were classified as ITC and 162 (82%) as MM. When primary tumor characteristics were compared, the ITC group had significantly more lymphovascular invasion and higher proliferative rate than the N0 group (P Conclusions Proliferation and lymphovascular invasion of the primary tumor are significantly different between the ITC, N0, and MM groups suggesting that ITC tumors may have different biology than the N0 or MM tumors.
Antibody Production and Escherichia coli Resistance in Socially Stable Flocks of Dwarf and Nondwarf Chickens

Dwarf and normal pullets from lines that had undergone selection for divergence in juvenile body weight were maintained in cages as socially stable flocks. Antibody titers were measured at 6 and 14 weeks of age and an Escherichia coli challenge was administered at 16 weeks of age. There was a significant line by dwarf genotype interaction with dwarfs having lower antibody titers than normal pullets in the low weight line and higher antibody titers in the high weight line. The mortality of dwarfs from the low weight line to an Escherichia coli challenge was much higher than that of any other group. These results were consistent with those from previous experiments where the Escherichia coli challenge was given to hens in single cages.
U.S. Tobacco Control: Public Health, Political Economy, or Morality Policy?

Tobacco control policy usually has been framed in terms of public health and political economy, but it also has been called a morality issue. Through a systematic historical analysis, this paper examines dimensions of morality policy and evaluates tobacco control in the United States for its fit with those characteristics. Moral concerns have been a part of tobacco control policy at certain times, first in the early twentieth century, and, more recently, since the mid-1980s with the rise of “denormalization” of tobacco as a goal of some antitobacco organizations. Drawing from recent studies of other “morality” policy issues, it argues that tobacco control is a “blended” issue, one which can take on different dimensions depending on successful interest group framing. The adoption of Healthy Public Policy as a governmental goal has coincided with a movement toward a “secular morality” in the political culture, facilitating a broader appeal to the public.
Real-time closed-loop control in a rodent model of medically induced coma using burst suppression.

Background A medically-induced coma is an anesthetic state of profound brain inactivation created to treat status epilepticus and to provide cerebral protection following traumatic brain injuries. We hypothesized that a closed-loop anesthetic delivery system could automatically and precisely control the electroencephalogram state of burst suppression and efficiently maintain a medically-induced coma.
Microstructural origin of leakage current in GaN/InGaN light-emitting diodes

A combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), conductive AFM (C-AFM) and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) was used to investigate the correlation between the surface topography and electrical properties of GaN/InGaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Decreased surface potential was found at the V-defects on the p-GaN surface compared to the defect-free regions, and localized currents were detected at the edges of these V-defects under both low forward and reverse bias conditions. These findings suggest that the V-defects and the associated screw and mixed dislocations are responsible for the high leakage current observed in the LED structures.
Nanostructured diamondlike carbon thin films for medical applications

Abstract Diamondlike carbon (DLC) is an amorphous form of carbon that may contain a high fraction of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms. DLC thin films possess high hardness values, low coefficient of friction values, chemical inertness, and compatibility with human cells. The cardiovascular, orthopedic, ophthalmic, biosensor, and microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device applications for diamondlike carbon thin films are reviewed. Finally, processing of nanostructured diamondlike carbon thin films for medical applications is presented.
Why the linkage of glycogen to glycogenin was so difficult to determine

Glycogenin is the self-glucosylating enzyme that primes mammalian and yeast glycogen synthesis. It proved to be the long-suspected, covalently bound protein component of glycogen. One of the most difficult aspects in elucidating the role of glycogenin was to learn the nature of its covalent bond to glycogen.
RENAL FUNCTIONAL RESERVE IN CHILDREN WITH HISTORY OF HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME AND IN CHILDREN WITH SOLITARY KIDNEYS

Renal Functional Reserve(RFR) is the capacity of the kidney to increase the rate of filtration under certain demands, e.g., an oral protein load. The absence of RFR may be the equivalent of glomerular hyperfiltration, since it suggests that the available nephrons are working at their maximal level. The purpose of this study was to determine the RFR in 17 normotensive patients with history of Hemolitic-Uremic Syndrcme(HUS) and normal CrCl, comparing them to 10 normotensive patients with Solitary Kidneys(SK) and normal CrCl. and to 15 normal children. We measured the RFR in response to an oral protein load (45g/m2). All normal children increased their CrCl significantly (x 170.9±36.06 mt/min/1-73m2 vs. 131.3±28.74ml/min/1.73m2, p<0.0001). Only 6/17 patients with history of HUS had a response comparable to the normal group, whereas 8/17 did not change their CrCl and 3/17 had a “paradoxical response”, i.e. they decreased their CrCl by 25 - 40%. In the SK group 3/10 patients had a normal response, while 6/10 patients had a paradoxical response and 1/10 did not change his CrCl.
Homozygous expression of a dominant gene for charcot-marie-tooth neuropathy

A kindred of 68 French Acadians who were heterozygous for a dominant gene of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with peripheral nerve hypertrophy are described. Marriage between 2 heterozygotes resulted in 2 homozygous offspring. Clinical features of the homozygotes were similar to the classic description of Dejerine-Sottas disease. Laboratory studies in this family revealed no chemical, metabolic, or chromosomal abnormalities in either the homozygotes or the heterozygotes.
A general volume-parameterized market making framework

We introduce a framework for automated market making for prediction markets, the volume parameterized market (VPM), in which securities are priced based on the market maker's current liabilities as well as the total volume of trade in the market. We provide a set of mathematical tools that can be used to analyze markets in this framework, and show that many existing market makers (including cost-function based markets [Chen and Pennock 2007; Abernethy et al. 2011, 2013], profit-charging markets [Othman and Sandholm 2012], and buy-only markets [Li and Vaughan 2013]) all fall into this framework as special cases. Using the framework, we design a new market maker, the perspective market, that satisfies four desirable properties (worst-case loss, no arbitrage, increasing liquidity, and shrinking spread) in the complex market setting, but fails to satisfy information incorporation. However, we show that the sacrifice of information incorporation is unavoidable: we prove an impossibility result showing that any market maker that prices securities based only on the trade history cannot satisfy all five properties simultaneously. Instead, we show that perspective markets may satisfy a weaker notion that we call center-price information incorporation.
Low Serum Antimycobacterial Drug Levels in Non-HIV-Infected Tuberculosis Patients

Background Despite the use of directly observed therapy (DOT) by tuberculosis control programs, patient treatment failure, relapse, and acquired drug resistance remain problematic in a small number. We investigated serum drug levels in non-HIV-infected tuberculosis patients who were receiving DOT by the health department and did not respond to treatment as expected. Methods The indications for checking levels were as follows: (1) slow clinical response or failure to convert the sputum culture within 12 weeks; (2) treatment failure, early disease relapse Results Twenty-four patients receiving daily or twice-weekly standard therapy with isoniazid (INH, 300 or 900 mg) and rifampin (RMP, 600 mg) were identified; 22 had drug levels evaluated at 2 h. For INH, 15 of 22 patients (68%) had levels less than the reported target range. For RMP, 14 of 22 patients (64%) had low levels. Among the 14 patients receiving INH, 900 mg, and RMP, 600 mg, 4 (29%) had very low levels of both. Use of a combination INH/RMP tablet was associated with lower INH levels (p=0.04); however, RMP levels were higher (p Conclusions Important questions remain concerning the utility and timing of serum drug measurements. However, if a patient is not responding to therapy as expected and one is assured that the Mycobacterium tuberculosis organism is susceptible to the drugs given and that the patient is taking the medication as prescribed, drug level monitoring should be considered.
Inhibition of Embryonic Retinoic Acid Synthesis by Aldehydes of Lipid Peroxidation and Prevention of Inhibition by Reduced Glutathione and Glutathione S-Transferases

Inhibition of conceptal biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (t-RA) by aldehydes generated from lipid peroxidation was investigated. Oxidative conversion of all-trans-retinal (t-RAL, 18 microM) to t-RA catalyzed by rat conceptal cytosol (RCC) was sensitive to inhibition by trans-2-nonenal (tNE), nonyl aldehyde (NA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE), and hexanal. With an initial molar ratio of aldehyde/t-RAL of 2:1, tNE, NA, and 4HNE caused 70, 65, and 40% reductions of t-RA synthesis, respectively. Hexanal reduced generation of t-RA by approximately 50% as the ratio of aldehyde/t-RAL was raised to 20:1. tNE significantly increased the Km of the reaction and kinetic analyses indicated a mixed competitive/noncompetitive inhibition. By contrast, analogous reactions catalyzed by adult rat hepatic cytosol (ARHC) were highly resistant to inhibition by the same aldehydes. Significant inhibition (> 40% reduction of t-RA generation) by 4HNE, NA, and tNE were achieved at high molar ratios of aldehyde/t-RAL (> 175:1). Hexanal did not inhibit the reaction significantly even at very high ratios of aldehyde/t-RAL (> 2,000:1). Interestingly, when reduced glutathione (GSH, 10 mM) alone or GSH plus glutathione S-transferase (GST) were added to RCC-catalyzed reactions, additions of tNE or 4HNE showed either no significant inhibition or a partial lack of inhibition. Results suggested that GSH-dependent conjugation with 4HNE proceeded slowly compared to conjugation with tNE. To test the hypothesis that GST-catalyzed GSH conjugation can effectively prevent inhibition of t-RA synthesis by aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation, triethyltin bromide (TEB, a potent inhibitor of GST, 20 microM) was added to ARHC-catalyzed reactions when hexanal or tNE were present in the incubations. Eighty and 60% of hexanal and tNE inhibition, respectively, were observed. This was apparently due to TEB blockage of GST-catalyzed GSH conjugation reactions and thus strongly supported the stated hypothesis.
Calculating the effective pattern rate for high-speed board test applications

A complex interplay of tester specifications can force in-circuit and functional board test systems to operate at less than their specified maximum pattern rates in real-world test applications. The author explores the factors that combine to limit test speed. He develops models for calculating the effective pattern rate based on tester performance data and the characteristics of the VLSI board under test. >
The solid helium pressure generation technique

Abstract The solid helium technique for generation of pressures to about 10 kbar (103 MN m−2) at temperatures
The effect of sodium hydroxide anodization on the durability of poly(etherketonetherketoneketone) adhesive bonding of titanium

Abstract The use of thin-film thermoplastic bonding to metals is an attractive option for future manufacturing. However the process has to be developed and the durability of these joints investigated. Grit blasting and Sodium Hydroxide Anodization (SHA) are used to modify titanium alloy (Ti-6A1-4V) specimens. The design of experiments used two voltages (10 and 15V) and times (15 and 30min) to create different surface morphologies. Titanium rods were then joined using poly ether ketone ether ketone ketone (PEKEKK) in thin-film form. The joined specimens were tensile tested before and after soaking in Ringer's solution (38°C) up to a period of six months. The surfaces were characterized using Profilometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Joints created from anodization at 10 V for 30 min had very high initial tensile strengths of 134 MPa. Large diameter pores (∼100 nm) in the oxide were more attractive than smaller (∼30 nm) ones for PEKEKKTi adhesive joints under Ringer's solution soak. The adherends anodized at 15 V for 15 min retained 41% of their initial strengths after a soak period of six months, while the non-anodized joints retained only 6% of their initial strengths during the same period. The performance of anodized PEKEKK-Ti joints clearly exceeds non-anodized PEKEKK-Ti and other thermoset based joints for immersion soak periods to six months.
REDUCING DECISION TREE ENSEMBLE SIZE USING PARALLEL DECISION DAGS

This research presents a new learning model, the Parallel Decision DAG (PDDAG), and shows how to use it to represent an ensemble of decision trees while using significantly less storage. Ensembles such as Bagging and Boosting have a high probability of encoding redundant data structures, and PDDAGs provide a way to remove this redundancy in decision tree based ensembles. When trained by encoding an ensemble, the new model behaves similar to the original ensemble, and can be made to perform identically to it. The reduced storage requirements allow an ensemble approach to be used in cases where storage requirements would normally be exceeded, and the smaller model can potentially execute faster by reducing redundant computation.
Suppressive Effect of the Thymus During Neonatal Tolerance Induction in Rats

To study the factors affecting tolerance induction in different subpopulations of lymphocytes at different stages of their maturation, a system involving the neonatal induction of tolerance to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in inbred rats was established. It was found that thymocytes readily became tolerant of BSA either in the presence or absence of the thymus itself, whereas peripheral thymus-derived (T) and bone marrow-derived (B) cells failed to become tolerant in the absence of the thymus. Adult normal rats could not be induced to become tolerant of BSA, though they did become partially tolerant of ovalbumin. The possibility that the thymus or some subpopulation of T cells has a suppressor function which wanes in adult life is suggested. Any such cell apparently is not well represented in either thymocyte or non-adherent peripheral blood lymphocyte populations.
Economic model predictive control of parabolic PDE systems: Handling state constraints by adaptive proper orthogonal decomposition

Economic model predictive control (EMPC) is becoming increasingly popular within the control community owing to its combination of feedback control and dynamic economic optimization of the system/process dynamics. In this paper, we consider systems described by parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs), and apply Galerkin's method with adaptive proper orthogonal decomposition methodology (APOD) to construct reduced-order models on-line of varying accuracy which are used by an EMPC system to compute control actions for the PDE system. APOD is superior than using proper orthogonal decomposition methodology (POD) with off-line computed empirical eigenfunctions owing to the fact that the reduced-order model is updated on-line. A new EMPC scheme is proposed which can successfully improve the computational efficiency of EMPC while avoiding state constraint violation by integrating the APOD method with a high-order finite-difference method. The computational approaches presented are demonstrated using a tubular reactor example.
Lactic acid production from lactose by Lactobacillus plantarum: kinetic model and effects of pH, substrate, and oxygen

Abstract Batch fermentation of lactose to lactic acid was conducted using Lactobacillus plantarum under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (operation without aeration). Synthetic lactose medium was used as the culture medium and the effects of pH and substrate concentration on cell growth and lactic acid production were investigated. Lactic acid fermentation with this bacterium is found to be homolactic and primarily growth associated. Optimum pH for cell growth and acid production was found to be between 5 and 6. Anaerobic fermentation gave a higher lactic acid yield of about 2.3 times that for aerobic fermentation. Cell growth rate was about two times higher, but cell yield was only about 80% of that for aerobic fermentation. Batch fermentation studies with no pH control indicate that lactose slightly inhibits cell growth in the exponential growth phase but there are no effects in the stationary and death phases. The high lactic acid yield (0.95∼1.03 (w/w), the complete conversion rate is 1.05 (w/w)), tolerance of low pH conditions and the high cell growth rate indicate a great potential for the use of L. plantarum in lactic acid fermentations for industrial applications. Taking pH variations into account in a Monod's model, a nonlinear parameter estimation procedure using the Gaussian method and numerical integration of the differential equation by the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method are used to obtain optimal kinetic model parameters.
α-difluoromethylornithine effects on nitrosourea-induced cytotoxicity and crosslinking in a methylation excision repair positive (MER+ human cell line

Abstract We investigated the cytotoxic effects of nitrosoureas with and without a 42-hr preincubation with the ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) inhibitor α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO, 1 mM) in a MER + (methylation excision repair positive) human cell line. DFMO combined with a chloroethyl nitrosourea [1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) or 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (CNU)] yielded increased toxicity with D 37 ratios of 1.9 and 3.3 respectively. There was no enhanced toxicity with the monofunctional nitrosourea 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (ENU). BCNU or CNU did not induce DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks in cells with or without a DFMO pretreatment. DNA single-strand breakage was not increased by addition of DFMO. BCNU-induced DNA-protein crosslinking was decreased in cells pretreated with DFMO. These findings are similar to those in MER − cells in that the chloroethyl carbonium alkylating species is required for the enhanced cytotoxicity seen with DFMO. The ability to form DNA interstrand crosslinks, however, does not appear to be necessary for this toxicity enhancement.
A Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Interventions for Students with Challenging Behaviors in School Settings

The author's systematic review of 2,294 articles from 10 journals in the fields of education, special education, school social work, school psychology, and school counseling identified 42 articles meeting search criteria of addressing evidence-based interventions for students with challenging behaviors in school settings. Interventions were considered evidence-based if they were (a) manualized or structured to facilitate replication; (b) evaluated with an experimental design; and (c) demonstrated to be effective. Current practices available to address students who require evidence-based interventions for challenging behaviors are summarized. Suggestions for intervention development to address the needs of students with difficult behaviors are offered.
Downed woody fuel loading dynamics of a large-scale blowdown in northern Minnesota, U.S.A.

On July 4, 1999, a large-scale blowdown occurred in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW) of northern Minnesota affecting up to 150,000 ha of forest. To further understand the relationship between downed woody fuel loading, stand processes, and disturbance effects, this study compares fuel loadings defined by three strata: (1) blowdown areas of the BWCAW (n = 34), (2) non-blowdown areas of the BWCAW (n = 55), and (3) the greater forest ecosystem in which the BWCAW lies (n = 228). Further, relationships between downed woody fuel estimates and standing tree attributes (stand basal area and trees per hectare) were compared among study strata. Results indicate that mean 100 and >1000 h timelag fuel loadings in blowdown areas of the BWCAW (13.0 and 22.9 tonnes/ha, respectively) were substantially higher than those in both the non-blowdown areas of the BWCAW (5.8 and 16.3 tonnes/ha,respectively)and thegreater forest ecosystem (6.5 and 11.3 tonnes/ha, respectively). There was no relationship between fuel loadings and trees per hectare or stand basal area. However, there did appear to be defined limits to maximum observed fuel loadings in relation to stand density attributes. This study suggests that relationships between a forest ecosystem’s standing live and downed dead tree attributes are obscured by two contrasting events: widespread mortality from large-scale disturbances and the limited mortality from gradual stand development/small-scale disturbances. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Activity classification at a higher level: what to do after the classifier does its best?

Research in activity classification has focused on the sensors, the classification techniques and the machine learning algorithms used in the classifier. In this work, we study a higher level of activity classification. We present two methods that can take the final observations of a classifier and improve them. The first method uses hidden Markov models to define a probabilistic model that can be used to improve classification accuracy. The second method is a novel method that we developed that uses probabilistic models along with matching costs in order to improve accuracy. Testing showed that both proposed methods presented a significant increase in classification accuracy rates, while also proving that they can both run in real time.
Advances in wearable technology and its medical applications

The concept of monitoring individuals in the home and community settings was introduced more than 50 years ago, when Holter monitoring was proposed (in the late 1940s) and later adopted (in the 1960s) as a clinical tool. However, technologies to fully enable such vision were lacking and only sporadic and rather obtrusive monitoring techniques were available for several decades. Over the past decade, we have witnessed a great deal of progress in the field of wearable sensors and systems. Advances in this field have finally provided the tools to implement and deploy technology with the capabilities required by researchers in the field of patients' home monitoring. These technologies provide the tools to achieve early diagnosis of diseases such as congestive heart failure, prevention of chronic conditions such as diabetes, improved clinical management of neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease, and the ability to promptly respond to emergency situations such as seizures in patients with epilepsy and cardiac arrest in subjects undergoing cardiovascular monitoring. Current research efforts are focused on the development of systems enabling clinical applications. The current focus on developing and deploying wearable systems targeting specific clinical applications has the potential of leading to clinical adoption within the next five to ten years.
Intermediate-range order in phosphorus-selenium glasses. Constraints from 31P and 77Se NMR spectroscopy

Abstract 31P-77Se spin echo double resonance and in situ high-temperature 77Se nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments allow the quantification of the ratio of phosphorus-bonded to non-phosphorus-bonded Se atoms in phosphorus-selenium glasses. When interpreted in conjunction with the phosphorus speciations known from 31P NMR, these data allow deductions about the intermediate-range order in these glasses. The results indicate that Se 2 2 , Se=PSe 3 2 , PSe 3 2 and P-P bonded microstructures are mostly randomly linked in these glasses, with a slight preference for the formation of P-Se-P bridges. The experimental selenium speciations strongly disagree with various hypothesized structures based on isolated PSen units, molecular P4Sen clusters, and extended phosphorus-enriched domains with P-Se-P links.
Modelling the population dynamics of different aphid genotypes in plant variety mixtures

Abstract Mathematical models demonstrate that intermixing plants of a susceptible variety among resistant plants within a field may reduce the rate at which resistance-adapted (virulent) aphid genotypes develop. This process should occur if the initial proportion of the virulent aphids is small, if the aphids randomly immigrate to fields, and if their population is subsequently depressed by insecticide application or natural enemies. In these conditions the avirulent aphids will usually reach the field first providing conditions for an increase in mortality factors which then suppress later arriving virulent aphids. The effects of various factors on the magnitude of this result were found using two different modelling approaches. Each approach involved a within season ecological model in which aphids reproduced parthenogenetically and a between season one locus genetic model in which the allele for virulence was assumed to be either dominant or recessive. The first approach, using deterministic Lotka-Volterra equations, demonstrated that if the initial proportion of virulence was below a critical value, virulence would quickly be eliminated from the population even if the avirulent aphids had no selective advantage. The critical value was determined by the proportion of susceptible plants, the level of resistance, the probability of aphids entering the field, the aphid population growth rate, the time when mortality factors appeared, and the cost of virulence. The second approach expanded on the previous model by introducing stochastic effects, using more realistic population growth equations, and following spatial and movement patterns of the organisms. The general conclusion from the stochastic model was similar to that of the deterministic model, with the additional result that most parameters did not greatly effect the outcome. The most important parameters were the percent susceptible plants in the field, the level of resistance, and the aphid population growth rate. In the genetic section of both models the type of inheritance of virulence made only small differences in these results if the initial proportion of the virulent phenotype was the same.
The relation between real cash balances and physical inputs in South Korea's manufacturing sector

Abstract This study investigates the role of real cash balances and primary inputs in the production process of an average firm in a newly industrializing country, South Korea, for 1968–1983. It is hypothesized that real balances and capital in the modern sector of industrializing countries are substitutes akin to those of the developed countries; whereas in the traditional sector the two inputs are complements similar to those of the less developed countries. Using the translog cost function approach the hypothesis is verified for South Korea. The results also shed some light on the “Korean miracle” of growth along with implications for income redistribution.
Inhibition of glycine N-methyltransferase by 5-methyltetrahydrofolate pentaglutamate.

Abstract Glycine N-methyltransferase (EC2.1.1.20) catalyzes the methylation of glycine byS-adenosylmethionine to form sarcosine andS-adenosylhomocysteine. The enzyme was previously shown to be abundant in both the liver and pancreas of the rat, to consist of four identical monomers, and to contain tightly bound folate polyglutamates in vivo. We now report that the inhibition of glycine N-methyltransferase by (6S)-5-CH3-H4PteGlu5 is noncompetitive with regard to both S-adenosylmethionine and glycine. The enzyme exhibits strong positive cooperativity with respect to S-adenosylmethionine. Cooperativity increases with increasing concentrations of 5-CH3-H4PteGlu5 and is greater at physiological pH than at pH 9.0, the pH optimum. Under the same conditions, cooperativity is much greater for the pancreatic form of the enzyme. The V max for the liver form of the enzyme is approximately twice that of the pancreatic enzyme, whileK m values for each substrate are similar in the liver and pancreatic enzymes. For the liver enzyme, at pH 7.0 half-maximal inhibition is seen at a concentration of about 0.2 μm(6S)-5-CH3-H4PteGlu5, while at pH 9.0 this value is increased to about 1 μm. For the liver form of the enzyme, 50% inhibition with respect toS-adenosylmethionine at pH 7.4 occurs at about 0.27 μm. The dissociation constant, K s, obtained from binding data at pH 7.4 is 0.095. About 1 mol of (6S)-5-CH3-H4PteGlu5was bound per tetramer at pH 7.0, and 1.6 mol were bound at pH 9.0. The degree of binding and inhibition were closely parallel at each pH. At equal concentrations of (6R,6S)- and (6S)-5-CH3-H4PteGlu5, the natural (6S) form was about twice as inhibitory. These studies indicate that glycine N-methyltransferase is a highly allosteric enzyme, which is consistent with its role as a regulator of methyl group metabolism in both the liver and the pancreas.
Soft X-ray fluorescence spectra of photoluminescent layered polysilanes

The electronic structures of layered polysilanes (Si6nH6) derived from the cross-linking of planar (Si6H6) sheets via the elimination of the interplane H atoms are investigated with full-potential LAPW calculations. The electronic band gap energy of the polysilanes is found to be red-shifted with increasing number of stacking sheets and approaches the bulk Si value. The calculated soft X-ray fluorescence difference spectra of polysilanes and bulk Si show features in strong resemblance to those observed in the difference spectrum between porous-silicon and bulk Si. This observation suggests that the nanostructure in the porous Si obtained from the electrochemical etching of an n-Si[100] wafer may exist in a form akin to thin Si6H6 sheets.
On the mathematics behind the entropy diversification measure in strategic management

On the face of it, one might wonder why a logarithmic function, entropy, is often chosen as a measure of concentration and/or diversification in economic and strategic management research. After all, say Acar and Troutt (2008), would not a linear one be easier to deal with? Such a function would map similar size intervals to similar size intervals making comparisons across different domain sets easier and more obvious. Such simplicity might be desirable if all other things are equal. We show here that all other things are not equal. In the case of measuring diversification, a simplistic view is trumped by the need for more complicated mathematical functions that can do the necessary measuring. The simple, e.g. linear measures, do not do the job. We show that on this basis entropy is the function of choice for diversification/concentration measurement. In particular, we show that: entropy is decomposable so that it gives a natural way to measure diversification/concentration; the popular Herfindahl measure is actually an approximation to the entropy.