cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A polynomial approximation for arbitrary functions

Abstract We describe an expansion of Legendre polynomials, analogous to the Taylor expansion, for approximating arbitrary functions. We show that the polynomial coefficients in the Legendre expansion, and thus, the whole series, converge to zero much more rapidly compared to those in the Taylor expansion of the same order. Furthermore, using numerical analysis with a sixth-order polynomial expansion, we demonstrate that the Legendre polynomial approximation yields an error at least an order of magnitude smaller than that of the analogous Taylor series approximation. This strongly suggests that Legendre expansions, instead of Taylor expansions, should be used when global accuracy is important.
Sheared Flow as a Stabilizing Mechanism in Astrophysical Jets

It has been hypothesized that the sustained narrowness observed in the asymptotic cylindrical region of bipolar outflows from Young Stellar Objects (YSO) indicates that these jets are magnetically collimated. The j z × B ϕ force observed in z-pinch plasmas is a possible explanation for these observations. However, z-pinch plasmas are subject to current driven instabilities (CDI). The interest in using z-pinches for controlled nuclear fusion has lead to an extensive theory of the stability of magnetically confined plasmas. Analytical, numerical, and experimental evidence from this field suggest that sheared flow in magnetized plasmas can reduce the growth rates of the sausage and kink instabilities. Here we propose the hypothesis that sheared helical flow can exert a similar stabilizing influence on CDI in YSO jets.
Surface plasmon polaritons on metal-dielectric nanocomposite films

We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally that the surface plasmon polaritons supported by a metal-dielectric nanocomposite film have properties that fall into one of three distinct categories depending on the metal fill fraction.
DEFINE: a distributed fault injection and monitoring environment

This paper presents a distributed fault injection and monitoring environment (DEFINE) as a tool to evaluate system dependability, to investigate fault propagation, and to validate fault-tolerant mechanisms. DEFINE can inject both hardware faults (hardware-induced software errors) and software faults into any process running in a distributed system, either in user mode or in supervisor mode, and monitor the fault impact and propagation in software systems and among machines. It employs two fault injection techniques: (i) using hardware clock interrupts to control the time of fault injection and activation, and (ii) using software traps to inject all the faults except communication faults and memory faults in the data/stack segment. Experiments on six Sun SPARCstations to study the system behavior under faults are conducted to demonstrate the application of DEFINE.
Order by Disorder, without Order, in a Two-Dimensional Spin System with O(2) Symmetry

We present a rigorous proof of an ordering transition for a two-component two-dimensional antiferromagnet with nearest and next-nearest neighbor interactions. The low-temperature phase contains two states distinguished by local order among columns or, respectively, rows. Overall, there is no magnetic order in accord with the classic Mermin-Wagner theorem. The method of proof employs a rigorous version of “order by disorder,” whereby a high degeneracy among the ground states is lifted according to the differences in their associated spin-wave spectra.
Dynamical Systems Method for solving nonlinear equations with locally Holder continuous monotone operators

A version of the Dynamical Systems Method (DSM) for solving ill-posed nonlinear equations with monotone and locally Hoelder continuous operators is studied in this paper. A discrepancy principle is proposed and justified under natural and weak assumptions. The only smoothness assumption on F is the local Hoelder continuity of order α>1/2.
Iron and Associated Trace Mineral Problems in Man and Animals

There is a high incidence of iron-deficiency anemia in the United States and throughout the world. The prevalence is high in adult women and infants because of their greater needs for iron. The typical human diet furnishes less than 6 mg iron per 1,000 kcal and does not meet the current recommended dietary allowances for critical groups because so much of the iron in whole, raw foodstuffs is removed in processing. Farm animals fare better because they receive fractions removed from human foods. A few livestock groups, notably baby pigs, do need supplemental iron. The cereal enrichment program failed to alleviate human anemia because of reduced consumption of cereals and because poorly utilized sources of supplemental iron were employed. Ferric orthophosphate and sodium iron pyrophosphate were poorly utilized by chicks, rats, and humans. Ferrous sulfate was well utilized by each of the three species, while reduced iron was intermediate. The source of supplemental iron had more influence on bioavailability than did other diet components. It is recommended that the level of iron be increased in enriched cereals, that milk and other foods be fortified with iron, and that iron sources with good bioavailability be used in the fortification program.
Likelihood based inference for current status data on a grid: A boundary phenomenon and an adaptive inference procedure

In this paper, we study the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator (NPMLE) for an event time distribution function at a point in the current status model with observation times supported on a grid of potentially unknown sparsity and with multiple subjects sharing the same observation time. This is of interest since observation time ties occur frequently with current status data. The grid resolution is specified ascn withc > 0 being a scaling constant and > 0 regulating the sparsity of the grid relative to the number of subjects (n). The asymptotic behavior falls into three cases depending on : regular ‘normal‐type’ asymptotics obtain for 1=3 and = 1=3 serves as a boundary at which the transition happens. The limit distribution at the boundary is different from either of the previous cases and converges weakly to those obtained with 2 (0;1=3) and 2 (1=3;1) asc goes to1 and 0, respectively. This weak convergence allows us to develop an adaptive procedure to construct confidence intervals for the value of the event time distribution at a point of interest without needing to know or estimate , which is of enormous advantage from the perspective of inference. A simulation study of the adaptive procedure is presented.
Is microdebt good for poor people? A note on the dark side of microfinance

This note focuses on the ‘downside’ of microfinance: on the way in which some microfinance activities can damage the prospects of poor people. It is not a polemic that argues that microfinance has failed—there is much evidence, not least from my work with colleagues, that it can help many poor people improve their lives. Rather, it is a reminder that those who provide microfinancial services (referred to here as MFIs, or microfinance institutions, but recognizing that many institutions also provide enterprise development or social development services) need to monitor carefully not only their positive impacts but also their negative effects, look to the future, and not rest on their laurels. The ‘microfinance industry’ needs to practice more humility about what it has achieved (outside of Bangladesh it has not even scratched the surface of poverty, for example in Kenya less than 70 000 people out of an estimated 9 to 10 million poor people have access to microfinance) and deepen its understanding of the financial service needs of poor people (see Rutherford in this issue).
Assimilation of Physical Chemistry Models for Lifetime Analysis of Pressure-Sensitive Paint

Lifetime analysis techniques from the physical chemistry literature are assimilated for use with lifetime-based, pressure-sensitive-paint (PSP) measurements. Effects of finite pulse duration and residual fluorescence, typically avoided in physical chemistry, are included through the use of an excitation response function. Three models are reviewed and applied to the fluorescence decay of PtTFPP in FIB [Pt(II) mesotetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphine in fluoro-isopropyl-butyl], which is the current industry standard for large-scale PSP testing in the United States.
Developmental changes in male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) exposed to different gestational and postnatal photoperiods

In Siberian hamsters, juvenile somatic and reproductive development is influenced by the photoperiods experienced both during gestation and after birth. On the day of parturition, parents and young were transferred from either 16L (16 hr of light and 8 hr of darkness/day) or 10L to one of the three photoperiods (14L, 12L, and 10L), and on postnatal day 27 male juveniles were either pinealectomized or sham-operated. At various intervals from postnatal days 27-330, the following parameters were determined: body weight, testis size, pelage type, serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL). A postnatal photoperiod <14L was required to initiate delayed pubertal development followed by an eventual 'spontaneous' achievement of body weight, testis size, pelage, and serum FSH and PRL levels characteristic of adult, long-day males. The data suggest that serum FSH 'surges' in the pineal-intact hamsters are associated with spontaneous testicular development regardless of gestation photoperiod. The results also indicate that gestational photoperiod affects the timing of the molt to winter-type pelage and its eventual spontaneous development in pineal-intact hamsters that are exposed to short photoperiod following birth. Finally, our observations suggest that the interval timer that operates during prolonged short-day exposure to ultimately trigger a transition to the summer-type physiology may begin to function before birth in the offspring of females exposed to short photoperiod during gestation.
A PERMANENT MAGNET AC MACHINE STRUCTURE WITH TRUE FIELD WEAKENING CAPABILITY

ABSTRACT New doubly salient ac machines in which the field excitation is developed by stationary permanent magnets has recently been undergoing development at the University of Wisconsin. Because of the unique geometry of the stator, these permanent magnets are readily accessible. Therefore, for experimental purposes, simple iron blocks have been used to “short” a large portion of the permanent magnet flux and thus reduce the back emf developed within the machine. However, for practical applications, field weakening schemes involving miniature linear actuators or high torque stepper motors are being explored, as well as machine designs with combined PM and electrical excitation. Preliminary experimental results show that a substantial reduction in the back emf can be readily obtained thus lending credibility to the concept of weakening air gap fields produced by stationary permanent magnets.
Detection of mild cognitive impairment and early stage dementia with an audio-recorded cognitive scale.

BACKGROUND Physicians often miss a diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or early dementia and screening measures can be insensitive to very mild impairments. Other cognitive assessments may take too much time or be frustrating to seniors. This study examined the ability of an audio-recorded scale, developed in Australia, to detect MCI or mild Alzheimer’s disease and compared cognitive domain specific performance on the audio-recorded scale to in-person battery and common cognitive screens.
An efficient low-bit rate motion compensation technique based on quadtree

Summary form only given. A quadtree structured motion compensation technique effectively utilizes the motion content of a frame as oppose to a fixed size block motion compensation technique. In this paper, we propose a novel quadtree-structured region-wise motion compensation technique that divides a frame into equilateral triangle blocks using the quadtree structure. Arbitrary partition shapes are achieved by allowing 4-to-1, 3-to-1 and 2-to-1 merge/combine of sibling blocks having the same motion vector. We propose an optimal code scheme and a temporal predictive coding for the quadtree. Simulation results show that our techniques reduce the bit rate by 40% compared to other methods.
3-D moveout inversion in azimuthally anisotropic media with lateral velocity variation: Theory and a case study

Reflection moveout recorded over an azimuthally anisotropic medium (e.g., caused by vertical or dipping fractures) varies with the azimuth of the source‐receiver line. Normal‐moveout (NMO) velocity, responsible for the reflection traveltimes on conventional‐length spreads, forms an elliptical curve in the horizontal plane. While this result remains valid in the presence of arbitrary anisotropy and heterogeneity, the inversion of the NMO ellipse for the medium parameters has been discussed so far only for horizontally homogeneous models above a horizontal or dipping reflector. Here, we develop an analytic moveout correction for weak lateral velocity variation in horizontally layered azimuthally anisotropic media. The correction term is proportional to the curvature of the zero‐offset traveltime surface at the common midpoint and, therefore, can be estimated from surface seismic data. After the influence of lateral velocity variation on the effective NMO ellipses has been stripped, the generalized Dix equat...
Elementary modifications and line configurations in P^2

Associated to a projective arrangement of hyperplanes ${\mathcal A}$ in P^n is the module D$({\mathcal A})$, which consists of derivations tangent to ${\mathcal A}$. We study D$({\mathcal A})$ when ${\mathcal A}$ is a configuration of lines in P^2. In this setting, we relate the deletion/restriction construction used in the study of hyperplane arrangements to elementary modifications of bundles. This allows us to obtain bounds on the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of D$({\mathcal A})$. We also give simple combinatorial conditions for the associated bundle to be stable, and describe its jump lines. These regularity bounds and stability considerations impose constraints on Teraos conjecture.
Noise in metamorphic AlGaAsSb/InGaAs/AlGaAsSb HEMTs

Abstract We report the first measurement of minimum noise figure in lattice matched 0.15 μm × 64 μm AlGaAsSb/In 0.8 Ga 0.2 As/AlGaAsSb metamorphic HEMTs (MHEMTs). A minimum noise figure of 0.82 dB is obtained at 15 GHz for applied gate and drain bias of −0.2 and 0.5 V, respectively increasing to 1.4 dB at 26 GHz. The devices show an unusual increase in minimum noise figure for frequencies below 10 GHz which may be attributed to an increase in the gate parasitic capacitance.
High bandwidth metropolitan area networking architecture

The evolution of optical transmission media and laser technology has made bandwidth an abundant commodity rather than a scarce one. This factor has been clearly recognized by the communications community. As a result metropolitan area networks have been described by some as an extension of local area networks, with the major distinction being that MANs cover a larger distance than LANs. There are several limitations to the approach of simply extending LAN technology to the MAN environment. In this paper a new perspective on MAN architecture is provided that differs from the evolving LAN architecture.
Pharyngeal wall carcinoma treated with radiotherapy: impact of treatment technique and fractionation.

Abstract Purpose: To determine whether a modification in treatment technique and the routine use of twice-daily fractionation have influenced the likelihood of local control in carcinomas of the hypopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal wall. Methods and Materials: Between October 1964 and July 1990, 99 patients with invasive, previously untreated T1–T4 squamous cell carcinoma of the pharyngeal wall were treated with continuous-course, external-beam radiotherapy with curative intent at the University of Florida. All patients had a minimum 2-year follow-up. Results: The 2-year local control rates for patients treated with once-daily vs. twice-daily fractionation were T1, 100% each; T2, 67% vs. 92%; T3, 43% vs. 80%; and T4, 17% vs. 50%. The 2-year local control rates for patients treated with our former technique (posterior border placed at middle of the vertebral body when the portals were reduced off the spinal cord) vs. our current, modified technique (posterior border placed at posterior edge of the vertebral body) were T1, 100% each; T2, 57% vs. 100%; T3, 46% vs. 73%; and T4, 29% vs. 75%. The parameters of T stage, fractionation schedule, primary site, (oropharynx vs. hypopharynx) treatment technique, and lateral vs. posterior pharyngeal wall location were evaluated in a multivariate analysis for the end point of local control. T stage ( p = .003), fractionation schedule ( p = .001), and primary site (p = .028) were of independent prognostic significance. Conclusion: Twice-daily fractionation was the most important treatment-related variable in this patient population.
Robust Stability for Sampled-Data Control Systems

In this paper we consider the robust stability of a continuous-time system under computer control. The uncertainty is modeled as additive perturbations to the matrices in a continuous-time state space description of the plant. Our methods exploit the resulting exponential-like uncertainty structure in the sampled-data control system and we develop sufficient conditions for such a system to be robustly stable.
Collective Bargaining and Job Benefits: The Case of Florida Deputy Sheriffs

In 2003, the Florida Supreme Court lifted the ban that prohibited sheriff deputies from engaging in collective bargaining. Borrowing data from the Criminal Justice Agency Profile, an annual census of Florida law enforcement agencies, enables this study to entertain two questions. First, what impact did the decision have on job benefits? Second, would restricting analysis to agencies with 100+ sworn members alter the findings? Fixed-effects panel data analyses reveal a noteworthy effect on starting salaries. Focusing on just larger agencies leads to a dramatic underestimation of the decision’s impact. The timeliness of this study is appraised in light of pending federal legislation.
An Analysis of the Price Formation Process at a HUD Auction

This study considers whether auctioned properties sell for different prices than they would bring through private negotiation. After reviewing the procedural aspects of the Department of Housing an...
Concurrent planning and execution for a walking robot

As part of the planetary Rover project at Carnegie Mellon University, a system that autonomously navigates a legged robot through complex obstacle courses has been developed. The system is integrated using the task control architecture (TCA), which provides communication and coordination facilities. The walking system, as originally implemented, had a sequential sense-plan-act control cycle. Utilizing TCA features for task sequencing and monitoring, the system was modified to concurrently plan and execute steps. Overall walking speed increased significantly, with only a relatively modest conversion effort. >
Monotone measures of ergodicity for Markov chains

The following paper, first written in 1974, was never published other than as part of an internal research series. Its lack of publication is unrelated to the merits of the paper and the paper is of current importance by virtue of its relation to the relaxation time. A systematic discussion is provided of the approach of a finite Markov chain to ergodicity by proving the monotonicity of an important set of norms, each measures of egodicity, whether or not time reversibility is present. The paper is of particular interest because the discussion of the relaxation time of a finite Markov chain [2] has only been clean for time reversible chains, a small subset of the chains of interest. This restriction is not present here. Indeed, a new relaxation time quoted quantifies the relaxation time for all finite ergodic chains (cf. the discussion of Q1(t) below Equation (1.7)]. This relaxation time was developed by Keilson with A. Roy in his thesis [6], yet to be published.
Mechanics of Wheels on Soft Soils. A Method for Presenting Test Results

Abstract This paper has emphasized the fact that a strictly theoretical solution of the problem of wheels rolling on soft soils is extremely difficult and, therefore, will probably not be achieved soon. This statement is made in spite of the considerable efforts that have been made in the direction of theoretical analyses and in spite of all the means now available to solve such complex problems, such as applications of theory of plasticity to soils, experimental techniques such as measurement of stresses, and the help of electronic computers. Therefore in view of the large amount of experimental data available and of the large number of parameters involved, a method of presenting the test results is proposed, which is intended to help the researcher gain a comprehensive picture of the physical phenomena involved. The method, which uses energy parameters, may be useful both in developing a simplified empirical system and in contributing toward more refined theoretical studies. The present approach has limitations. One is its inadequacy for dealing with high slip conditions, where most parameters become infinite. Another is the limited consideration given to sinkage. It would be of interest to evaluate to what extent the limitations are of importance for practical purposes.
Ultrasound imaging to identify occult submucous cleft palate.

Objective: 1) Determine the feasibility of transoral ultrasound imaging in evaluating palatal anatomy using a human cadaver model. 2) Describe ultrasound findings in patients with a submucous cleft palate.Method: Ultrasound imaging of the soft palate in twenty fresh human cadaver specimens was performed using the Sono Site M Turbo system. In two specimens, the soft palate was imaged ex vivo to better evaluate the anatomy. Ultrasound imaging was then performed in three living patients with a submucous cleft palate.Results: The uvularis and levator sling were identified by ultrasound in each cadaver specimen. In each of the three patients with a submucous cleft palate, absence of the central uvularis muscle and discontinuity of the levator sling was seen on ultrasound imaging. The abnormal anatomy was confirmed after surgical exploration during the palatoplasty.Conclusion: Ultrasound imaging of normal velopharyngeal muscle is possible in human cadaver specimens. These results suggest that ultrasound imaging...
EMF Studies of Lithium‐Rich Lithium‐Aluminum Alloys for High‐Energy Secondary Batteries

Emf measurements were made across the lithium-rich half of the lithium--aluminum system at temperatures from 390/sup 0/ to 550/sup 0/ by use of a cell of the type Li/LiCl--KCl (or LiF--LiCl--LiBr)/Li--Al. The lithium activity increases from 0.007 to approximately 0.7 over the composition range of 48 to 56 atomic percent (a/o) lithium (the ..beta..-phase region). A compound, Li/sub 3/Al/sub 2/, rather than Li/sub 2/Al, as reported in standard compilations, exists at temperatures up to the peritectic decomposition at 520/sup 0/C, and forms a two-phase region of high lithium activity (greater than 0.85) with the lithium-rich liquid phase. This compound has an estimated free energy of formation of -58 kJ/mole at 700/sup 0/K. The emf data indicate that the lithium-rich liquidus is about 2 a/o richer in lithium than the composition shown in standard compilations of binary phase diagrams. 6 figures, 1 table.
Epstein–Barr virus-positive plasmacytoma in immunocompetent patients

Aims Extramedullary plasmacytomas are often localized, clinically indolent neoplasms, and affected patients usually respond to radiation therapy or limited cycles of chemotherapy. In contrast, plasmablastic lymphomas are clinically aggressive neoplasms composed of immunoblastic or plasmablastic cells and associated with more mature plasma cells in some cases. Patients with plasmablastic lymphoma usually have a poor prognosis despite aggressive chemotherapy. Evidence of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection is uncommon in plasmacytoma, but common in plasmablastic lymphoma, and is therefore helpful in differential diagnosis. The aim of this study is to describe four cases of plasmacytoma arising in immunocompetent individuals that were diffusely positive for Epstein–Barr virus-encoded small RNA as shown by in-situ hybridization. Methods and results We describe the clinicopathological and immunophenotypic findings of four EBV-positive plasmacytomas arising in immunocompetent patients. These tumours were characterized by diffuse proliferation of mature-appearing plasma cells intermixed with a briskly reactive, CD8-positive, TIA-1-positive cytotoxic T-cell infiltrate. Long-term follow-up was available for all patients, and all were alive and free of disease at last follow-up (median 43.4 months). Conclusions We suggest the term EBV-positive plasmacytoma in immunocompetent patients for these lesions. It is essential to distinguish these tumours from plasmablastic lymphoma, as the latter diagnosis is associated with a much poorer prog-nosis, and patients require much more aggressive therapy.
Hash chains with diminishing ranges for sensors

Sensors and other constrained devices periodically transmit small information packets motivating the study of hash chains with small domains and ranges. Hash chain based protocols use deferred disclosure and it is often assumed their hash functions are one-way, thus essentially unbreakable. However, if a deterministic hash function's domain and range are both very small, then the hash function can't be one-way. This paper proposes a solution to this challenge general hash chains. General hash chains have the following properties: repeated hash elements don't indicate cycles; subsequent hash elements don't have exponentially diminishing ranges.
Time-changed Lévy jump processes with GARCH model on reverse convertibles

Abstract For decades, financial institutions have been very motivated in creating structured high-yield financial products, especially in the economic environment of lower interest rates. Reverse convertible notes (RCNs) are the type of financial instruments, which in recent years first in Europe and then in the US – have become highly desirable financial structured products. They are complex financial structured products because they are neither plain bonds nor stocks. Instead, they are structured products embedding equity options, which involve a significant amount of asset returns' uncertainty. Given this fact, pricing of reverse convertible notes becomes a really big challenge, where both the general Black–Scholes option pricing model and the compound Poisson jump model which are designed to catch large crashes, are not suitable in valuing these kinds of products. In this paper, we propose a new asset-pricing framework for reverse convertible notes by extending the pure Brownian increments to Levy jump risks for the underlying stock return movements. Our framework deals with time-changing volatilities of stock options with Levy jump processes by considering the stocks' infinite-jump possibilities. We then use a discrete-time GARCH with time-changed dynamics Levy Jump processes in order to derive the assets' valuations. The results from our new model are close to the market's valuations, especially with the normal-inverse-Gaussian model of the Levy jump family.
Fault location in memory systems by program

The subject of automatic fault location in memory systems by program so far has been neglected in computer literature. A program (AMNESA) has been written at Honeywell that not only detects failures in memory, but also diagnoses the cause of the failure. This paper describes the approach used in the writing of AMNESA. It is also shown that this approach can be used for different memory organizations.
Stability of quantized control systems under dynamic bit assignment

In recent years, there have been several papers characterizing the minimum number of quantization levels required to assure closed-loop stability. This minimum bit rate is usually achieved through time-varying quantization policies. Many networks, however, prefer a constant bit rate configuration, so it is useful to characterize the stability of quantized feedback systems under constant bit rate quantization. This note first derives a lower bound on the number of quantization levels required for closed-loop stability under constant bit rates. We then introduce a novel dynamic bit allocation policy that achieves this bound.
Cosmological Reionization by Stellar Sources

I use cosmological simulations that incorporate a physically motivated approximation to three- dimensional radiative transfer that recovers correct asymptotic ionization front propagation speeds for some cosmologically relevant density distributions to investigate the process of the reionization of the universe by ionizing radiation from protogalaxies. Reionization proceeds in three stages and occupies a large redshift range from z D 15 until z D 5. During the —rst, ii preoverlap ˇˇ stage, H II regions gradually expand into the low-density intergalactic medium, leaving behind neutral high-density protrusions. During the second, ii overlap ˇˇ stage, that occurs in about 10% of the Hubble time, H II regions merge and the ionizing background rises by a large factor. During the third, ii postoverlap ˇˇ stage, remaining high-density regions are being gradually ionized as the required ionizing photons are being produced. Residual —uctuations in the ionizing background reach signi—cant (more than 10%) levels for the Lya forest absorption systems with column densities above 1014¨1015 cm~2 at z \ 3¨4. Subject headings: cosmology: theorygalaxies: formationintergalactic medium ¨ large-scale structure of universe
Dirty Paper Coding for fading channels with partial transmitter side information

The problem of dirty paper coding (DPC) over the fading dirty paper channel (FDPC) Y=H(X+S)+Z, a more general version of Costa's channel, is studied for the case in which there is partial and perfect knowledge of the fading process H at the transmitter (CSIT) and the receiver (CSIR), respectively. A key step in this problem is to determine the optimal inflation factor (under Costa's choice of auxiliary random variable) when there is only partial CSIT. Towards this end, two iterative numerical algorithms are proposed. Both of these algorithms are seen to yield a good choice for the inflation factor. Finally, the high-SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) behavior of the achievable rate over the FDPC is dealt with. It is proved that FDPC (with t transmit and r receive antennas) achieves the largest possible scaling factor of min(t,r) log SNR even with no CSIT. Furthermore, in the high SNR regime, the optimality of Costa's choice of auxiliary random variable is established even when there is partial (or no) CSIT in the special case of FDPC with t les r. Using the high-SNR scaling-law result of the FDPC (mentioned before), it is shown that a DPC-based multi-user transmission strategy, unlike other beamforming-based multi-user strategies, can achieve a single-user sum-rate scaling factor over the multiple-input multiple-output Gaussian Broadcast Channel with partial (or no) CSIT.
Serial pulmonary function studies in survivors of near drowning.

Determinations of standard lung volumes, mechanics of breathing, and single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DL CO ) were obtained serially in two young patients who survived near drowning in fresh water. These patients were nonsmokers and neither had a past history of lung disease. Pulmonary function studies in both patients revealed a restrictive ventilatory defect with a decreased forced vital capacity and total lung capacity. One patient also exhibited a markedly decreased DL CO . No obstructive lung disease was found in either case. All pulmonary function abnormalities returned to normal during the 16-week follow-up period. Near drowning in fresh water did not cause permanent pulmonary dysfunction in these two young patients.
Pd Catalyzed kinetic resolution of conduritol B. Asymmetric synthesis of (+)-cyclophellitol

Abstract Enantiomerically pure (+)-cyclophellitol is readily available from benzoquinone employing an asymmetric palladium catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemic conduritol B and a novel easily cleavable pivalate analogue.
GENERIC UNIFORM CONVERGENCE

This paper presents several generic uniform convergence results that include generic uniform laws of large numbers. These results provide conditions under which pointwise convergence almost surely or in probability can be strengthened to uniform convergence. The results are useful for establishing asymptotic properties of estimators and test statistics. The results given here have the following attributes, (1) they extend results of Newey [15] to cover convergence almost surely as well as convergence in probability, (2) they apply to totally bounded parameter spaces (rather than just to compact parameter spaces), (3) they introduce a set of conditions for a generic uniform law of large numbers that has the attribute of giving the weakest conditions available for i.i.d. contexts, but which apply in some dependent nonidentically distributed contexts as well, and (4) they incorporate and extend the main results in the literature in a parsimonious fashion.
Ab Initio Investigation of a Possible Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition in MgSiO3 at Megabar Pressures

Abstract We perform density functional molecular dynamics simulations of liquid and solid MgSiO3 in the pressure range of 120–1600 GPa and for temperatures up to 20,000 K in order to provide new insight into the nature of the liquid–liquid phase transition that was recently predicted on the basis of decaying laser shock wave experiments [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 065701]. However, our simulations did not show any signature of a phase transition in the liquid phase. We derive the equation of state for the liquid and solid phases and compute the shock Hugoniot curves. We discuss different thermodynamic functions and by explore alternative interpretations of the experimental findings.
A Facile Method for Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids and Its Application in Glycosaminoglycan Syntheses

A convenient two-step, one-pot procedure was developed for the conversion of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids. The alcohol was first treated with NaOCl and TEMPO under phase-transfer conditions, followed by NaClO2 oxidation in one pot. This reaction is applicable to a wide range of alcohols and the mild reaction conditions are compatible with many sensitive functional groups, including electron-rich aromatic rings, acid-labile isopropylidene ketal and glycosidic linkages, and oxidation-prone thioacetal, p-methoxybenzyl, and allyl moieties. Several glycosaminoglycans such as heparin, chondroitin, and hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides have been synthesized in high yields by using this new oxidation protocol.
Regioselective palladium-catalyzed arylation of 3-carboalkoxy furan and thiophene.

The regioselective palladium(0)-catalyzed arylation of 3-furoate and 3-thiophenecarboxylate esters with aryl bromides is described. Conditions were developed that allow for the selective synthesis of either 2-aryl or 5-aryl products.
Atmospheric Chemistry in Giant Planets, Brown Dwarfs, and Low-Mass Dwarf Stars III. Iron, Magnesium, and Silicon

We use thermochemical equilibrium calculations to model iron, magnesium, and silicon chemistry in the atmospheres of giant planets, brown dwarfs, extrasolar giant planets (EGPs), and low-mass stars. The behavior of individual Fe-, Mg-, and Si-bearing gases and condensates is determined as a function of temperature, pressure, and metallicity. Our equilibrium results are thus independent of any particular model atmosphere. The condensation of Fe metal strongly affects iron chemistry by efficiently removing Fe-bearing species from the gas phase. Monatomic Fe is the most abundant Fe-bearing gas throughout the atmospheres of EGPs and L dwarfs, and in the deep atmospheres of giant planets and T dwarfs. Mg- and Si-bearing gases are effectively removed from the atmosphere by forsterite (Mg2SiO4) and enstatite (MgSiO3) cloud formation. Monatomic Mg is the dominant magnesium gas throughout the atmospheres of EGPs and L dwarfs and in the deep atmospheres of giant planets and T dwarfs. Silicon monoxide (SiO) is the most abundant Si-bearing gas in the deep atmospheres of brown dwarfs and EGPs, whereas SiH4 is dominant in the deep atmosphere of Jupiter and other gas giant planets. Several other Fe-, Mg-, and Si-bearing gases become increasingly important with decreasing effective temperature. In principle, a number of Fe, Mg, and Si gases are potential tracers of weather or diagnostic of temperature in substellar atmospheres.
The Output and Welfare Effects of Government Spending Shocks over the Business Cycle

How does the output response to a change in government spending vary over the business cycle? What are the welfare eects of spending shocks? This paper studies the state-dependence of the output and welfare eects of shocks to government purchases in a DSGE model with real and nominal frictions and a rich scal nancing structure. Both the output multiplier (the change in output for a one dollar change in government spending) and the welfare multiplier (the consumption equivalent change in welfare for the same change in spending) move signicantly across states, but tend to co-move negatively with one another. In an historical simulation, the output multiplier is countercyclical (correlation with detrended output of -0.4) and strongly negatively correlated with the welfare multiplier (correlation between multipliers of -0.9).
Restoring the product variety and pro-competitive gains from trade with heterogeneous firms and bounded productivity

Abstract The monopolistic competition model in international trade offers three sources of gains from trade beyond that of traditional comparative advantage: an endogenous expansion in product variety; a pro-competitive reduction in the markups charged by firms; and the self-selection of more efficient firms into exporting. Recent literature on trade with heterogeneous firms has emphasized the third of these effects, while the first two effects are ruled out when using a Pareto distribution for productivity with a support that is unbounded above, and no fixed costs. The goal of this paper is to restore a theoretical role for product variety and pro-competitive gains from trade by using a bounded Pareto distribution for productivity, and to demonstrate their empirical importance. For the U.S. economy over 1992–2005, we find that product variety and the reduction in markups jointly contribute about 75% to the increase in welfare resulting from trade expansion, whereas an upper bound to the selection effect is that it contributes the remaining 25% to the increase in U.S. welfare.
ASSESSING THE FEDERAL DEDUCTION FOR STATE AND LOCAL TAX PAYMENTS

This paper examines the distributional and behavioral impacts of ending the deductibility of state and local taxes against the federal individual income tax. I carry out a number of distributional analyses — considering both variation across income and across states — of the subsidy from deductibility as well as the distributional impact of potential partial reforms. I also consider how behavioral responses affect the distributional analysis. Using a large panel of data on state and local governments, I fi nd that deductibility increases reliance on deductible taxes and increases state and local spending out of own-source revenue.
Necessary and sufficient conditions in the problem of optimal investment with intermediate consumption

We consider the problem of optimal investment with intermediate consumption in the framework of an incomplete semimartingale model of a financial market. We show that a necessary and sufficient condition for the validity of key assertions of the theory is that the value functions of the primal and dual problems are finite.
MIMO Radar Sensitivity Analysis for Target Detection

We consider the effect of imperfect separability in the received signals on the detection performance of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar with widely separated antennas. The mutual orthogonality among the received signals is often assumed but cannot be achieved in practice for all Doppler and delay pairs. We introduce a data model considering the correlation among the data from different transmitter-receiver pairs as unknown parameters. Based on the expectation maximization algorithm, we propose a method to estimate the target, correlation, and noise parameters. We then use the estimates of these parameters to develop a statistical decision test. Employing the asymptotic statistical characteristics and the numerical performance of the test, we analyze the sensitivity of the MIMO radar with respect to changes in the cross-correlation levels of the measurements. We demonstrate the effect of the increase in the correlation among the received signals from different transmitters on the detection performance.
Theadibenzotropolone A, a new type pigment from enzymatic oxidation of (−)-epicatechin and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate and characterized from black tea using LC/MS/MS

Abstract Theaflavins and thearubigins are major pigments of black tea. In the course of studies on the oxidation mechanism of tea polyphenols, a new type of tea pigment, theadibenzotropolone A, together with theaflavin 3-gallate were formed by the reaction of (−)-epicatechin (EC) and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) with horseradish peroxidase in the presence of H 2 O 2 . The structure of theadibenzotropolone A was elucidated on the basis of MS and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses. The observation that galloyl ester groups of theaflavins can be oxidized to form dibenzotropolone skeletons strongly implied that this type of oxidation as an important pathway to extend the molecular size of thearubigins. The existence of this compound in black tea was characterized by LC/ESI-MS/MS. Theadibenzotropolone A is the first theaflavin type trimer of catechins in black tea.
Unexpected Copper(II) Catalysis: Catalytic Amine Base Promoted β-Borylation of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds in Water

Using bis(pinacolato)diboron, catalytic amounts of CuII, and various amine bases in water under atmospheric conditions at rt, acyclic and cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones and esters are β-borylated in up to 98% yield. Mechanistic investigations using UV–vis spectroscopy, 11B NMR, and solvent kinetic isotope effect suggest that the role of the amine is not only to coordinate to CuII but also to activate a nucleophilic water molecule to form the reactive sp2–sp3 diboron complex.
Trait factors, state effects, and hypnotizability

Abstract This study examined the relationship of 15 trait (e.g., absorption, ego-permissiveness) and 21 phenomenological variables (assessed by the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory) with performance on the Hamad Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A. Factor analyses suggested three trait factors (absorption-permissiveness, general sensation seeking, and social desirability) and five state factors (dissociated control state, positive. affect, negative affect, attention to internal processes, and visual imagery). The factors correlated to hypnotizability were absorption-permissiveness, dissociated control, positive affect, and attention to internal pmesses. In predicting hypnotizability, the amount of variance accounted for by the trait factors was approximately 9%; an additional 22% was accounted for by state factors. The interactions did not account for any additional variance in predicting hypnotizability.
Gender and Invention: Mapping the Connections

The essays in this extraordinary volume are based on presentations given at the Seventh Annual IP/Gender: Mapping the Connections Symposium at American University Washington College of Law. 1 This symposium, cosponsored for the past seven years by this Journal and the law school‟s programs on Intellectual Property and the Public Interest and Women and the Law, has provided a unique forum to examine and discuss research on gendered dimensions of intellectual property (IP) law. Because issues of gender in intellectual property have been under-appreciated and undertheorized, much of the work unearthed in these annual conferences has been exploratory and pioneering. We have come a long and fascinating way since we first gathered interested scholars together to start thinking about applying a gender lens on intellectual property and theory in an attempt to map the points of intersection of these seemingly parallel fields. When we started the project, we identified some initial potential topics for inquiry, including: the role of women in the formation and history of the IP disciplines; notions of gender discrimination in the construction and application of IP doctrine; issues of disparate impact, or the way in which apparently neutral doctrines of intellectual property law may have dramatically different effects on different groups within society; and the incidence of gendered rhetoric in IP discourse, especially around ideas of creativity and innovation. Indeed, as the work was so exploratory, we titled the first four conferences “IP/Gender: The Unmapped Connections.” 2 By the fifth convening, we agreed that the mapping had unquestionably begun. 3
Optimizing a global alignment of protein interaction networks.

Motivation: The global alignment of protein interaction networks is a widely studied problem. It is an important first step in understanding the relationship between the proteins in different species and identifying functional orthologs. Furthermore, it can provide useful insights into the species’ evolution. Results: We propose a novel algorithm, PISwap, for optimizing global pairwise alignments of protein interaction networks, based on a local optimization heuristic that has previously demonstrated its effectiveness for a variety of other intractable problems. PISwap can begin with different types of network alignment approaches and then iteratively adjust the initial alignments by incorporating network topology information, trading it off for sequence information. In practice, our algorithm efficiently refines other well-studied alignment techniques with almost no additional time cost. We also show the robustness of the algorithm to noise in protein interaction data. In addition, the flexible nature of this algorithm makes it suitable for different applications of network alignment. This algorithm can yield interesting insights into the evolutionary dynamics of related species. Availability: Our software is freely available for non-commercial purposes from our Web site, http://piswap.csail.mit.edu/.
IMPORT TENDERS AND BIDDING STRATEGIES IN WHEAT

Bidding competition plays an important role in price discovery and the determination of suppliers in international grains. We analyze bidding competition in this paper in the international market for wheat for a specific importer. Optimal bids and expected payoffs were derived for a prototypical bidder. We analyzed the impacts of the number of competitors, information, and cost differentials. In each case, we quantified the likely impact on optimal bids and expected payoffs. Another interesting effect was that of correlated bids, which had the effect of increasing the probability of winning, optimal bids, and expected profits. Finally, we explored the prospective impacts of the winner's curse on optimal bids.