cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Path Dependence and Pandemics in a Classical Growth Model

This paper embeds a technical progress function in a classical growth model and studies the effects of permanent changes in parameters and temporary shocks such as pandemics. Technical change is driven by dynamic economies of scale and responds to distributional forces: the wage share regulates labor-saving technical change and employment regulates its capital-using bias. The model features path dependence in the employment-population rate and the output-capital ratio. Population growth and distribution can respond to the employment rate. Interpreted through the model, secular stagnation under neoliberal capitalism has been driven by a combination of diminished investment and reduced worker bargaining power more than by slower technical change and population growth. A temporary unfavorable shock to the output-capital ratio will permanently reduce the employment rate. In the fully endogenous model, this will increase the profit share and reduce the rates of technical change, capital accumulation, and population growth.
Interrelationships of Specific Gravity, Stiffness, and Strength of Yellow Pine across Five Decades

The interrelationships among specific gravity (SG), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and strength (modulus of rupture, MOR) are largely the foundational basis for non-destructive evaluation and testing. Resource monitoring and commercial structural lumber production often rely upon such non-destructive evaluation to predict the bending and/or tension strength of individual members. These technologies require routine calibration. In addition, it is important to know the extent to which a given resource may change over time. To that end, this study investigated the relationship among SG, MOE, and MOR of small clear specimens from three samples taken across an approximate 50-year period; 1965 to 2018. Coefficients of determination among these variables are presented along with the prediction equations. These findings can be used to gain insight into the reliability and stability of these relationships over time.
Exploring Teachers' Technology Integration Self-Efficacy through the 2017 ISTE Standards.

This quantitative study examined self-efficacy as a factor in teachers’ technology use and integration efforts in urban K-12 classroom settings of 327 Catholic school teachers in Southern California. This study employed an online survey that utilized the Technology Integration Confidence Scale (TICS) version 3, an instrument developed by the first author which is aligned to the ISTE (2017) Standards for Educators, and found that, on average, participating teachers had a fair level of confidence (i.e., they are fairly but not highly confident) in both using and integrating technology (M = 3.2, SD = .73). Accordingly, the study established participating teachers’ level of confidence in using and applying technology through sustained continuous professional development intervention as a key implication that influenced teachers’ self-efficacy in leveraging technology for professional practice.
Linking mitochondrial dysfunction to sarcopenia

Abstract Damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria appear to underlie and mediate much of the signaling that initiates and contributes to molecular signaling pathways in sarcopenia. Dysfunctional mitochondria increase the production of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Opening of mitochondrial permeability channels releases their contents to the cytosol, which initiates signaling for apoptosis to eliminate proteins close to dysfunctional muscle mitochondria. Disruption of the ubiquitin-proteasome system along with suppressed mitophagy contributes to the failure to remove dysfunctional mitochondria. This results in an accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, which magnifies the apoptotic signaling and muscle cell destruction in both muscle and neural cells sarcopenia. Interventions that remove dysfunctional or damaged mitochondria and improve the quality and quantity of healthy mitochondria in sarcopenic muscles would be expected to reverse or prevent sarcopenia in aging. This chapter summarizes the mitochondria dysfunction and the mitochondrial-associated signaling that contributes to sarcopenia.
Medical Student Burnout as Impacted by Trait Emotional Intelligence - Moderated by Three-Year and Four-Year Medical Degree Programs and Gender.

INTRODUCTION Medical student burnout has received increasing attention in recent years due to greater acceptance of psychological and emotional vulnerability in the health care profession. Given the significant investment of personal and financial resources in this demanding profession, continued evaluation of factors contributing to burnout in medical training is necessary. A midwestern medical college with a longstanding 4-year medical degree program created 2 regional campuses that utilize a calendar-efficient 3-year medical degree program. The objective in this study is to examine if medical student burnout scores are higher for students on the 3-year campuses and how that is affected by emotional intelligence. METHODS First- and second-year medical students voluntarily completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Students (scale: 1 = never, 7 = every day) and the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (scale: 1 = completely disagree, 7 = completely agree). Multifactor analysis of variance assessed mean differences in burnout between campus and gender. Multivariate linear regressions were used for predicting burnout from emotional intelligence. RESULTS Three-year campus students reported significantly (P<0.010) higher mean [SD] scores (8.3 [2.0]) than the 4-year campus students (7.4 [2.4]), and female students reported significantly (P<0.049) higher scores (8.2 [2.0]) than male students (7.6 [2.4]). Five emotional intelligence facets were independently associated with increased burnout scores (R² = 0.26, P<0.001) but significantly varied with campus and gender. CONCLUSIONS There were higher burnout scores in students studying on the two 3-year campuses compared to students on the traditional 4-year campus and higher scores for female students than male students. Different facets of emotional intelligence mitigated student burnout by campus and gender.
Time Complexity Analysis of an Evolutionary Algorithm for approximating Nash Equilibriums

The framework outlined in [arXiv:2010.13024] provides an approximation algorithm for computing Nash equilibria of normal form games. Since NASH is a well-known PPAD-complete problem, this framework has potential applications to other $PPAD$ problems. The correctness of this framework has been empirically validated on 4 well-studied 2x2 games: Prisoner's Dilemma, Stag Hunt, Battle, and Chicken. In this paper, we provide the asymptotic time-complexities for these methods and in particular, verify that for 2x2 games the worst-case complexity is linear in the number of actions an agent can choose from.
Nocturnal Dipping and Left Ventricular Mass Index in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Cohort.

Background and objectives: The physiological nocturnal blood pressure decline is often blunted in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the consequences of blood pressure non-dipping in children are largely unknown. Our objective was to determine risk factors for non-dipping and to investigate if non-dipping is associated with higher left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in children with CKD. Design, setting, participants, and measurements: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and echocardiographic data in participants of the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children study. Multivariable linear and spline regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship of risk factors with dipping, and of dipping with LVMI. Results: Within 552 participants, mean age was 11 (± 4) years, mean eGFR was 53 (± 20) ml/min/1.73m2, and 41% were classified as non-dippers. In subjects with non-glomerular CKD, female sex and higher sodium intake were significantly associated with less systolic and diastolic dipping (p≤ 0.05). In those with glomerular CKD, African American race and greater proteinuria were significantly associated with less systolic and diastolic dipping (p≤ 0.05). Systolic and diastolic dipping were not significantly associated with LVMI; however, in spline regression plots, diastolic dipping appeared to have a non-linear relationship with LVMI. As compared to diastolic dipping of 20-25%, dipping of 25% was associated with 1.98 g/m2.7 higher LVMI (95% CI -0.77, 4.73), though these relationships did not achieve statistical significance. Conclusion: African American race, female sex, and greater proteinuria and sodium intake were significantly associated with blunted dipping in children with CKD. We did not find a statistically significant association between dipping and LVMI.
What do Physical Models Tell us

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the inferences that are drawn from physical models. It is this rather hazy separation between the descriptive and the explanatory aspects of science, between the functions of observational terms and of theoretical terms that has provided the material for much of the recent discussion in the philosophy of science. Three different levels of question can be asked about this, as about any other problem in philosophy of science. It is important to separate these levels, because the techniques used in answering them are significantly different. The aim is to begin from ordinary usage and when stipulation becomes necessary to choose those stipulations that will, so far as is possible, support those conceptual distinctions that are latent in actual scientific practice. A theory is something put forward to account for one or more empirical laws that are already known. It is not just a singular hypothesis but has some degree of generality. But it is something more than a mere higher-order generalization.
Enhanced Quantitative Analytical Capability with a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectrometer by Use of an External Integrating Recorder

A basic 60-MHz nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer (Varian EM360A) can be economically upgraded by external connection to an integrating chart recorder (Shimadzu C-R3A). The analog voltage signal corresponding to vertical pen position for signal peaks on the spectrometer's flatbed recorder can provide an input signal to the external recorder. Major benefits include improved objectivity in quantitation by digital electronic integration of peak areas, ability to reprocess spectra stored in memory, and improved tracing of fast signal peaks. Details of the interfacing procedure and a discussion of results are provided.
Properties of the Integral

This is a short chapter. It shows how the integral combines with addition and inequalities. There is no good formula for the integral of a product. The closest thing is integration by parts, which is postponed to the next chapter.
Introduction: A Call to Activity

I t is well documented that exercise capacity of patients on dialysis is low compared with expected values for sedentary nondiseased individuals.l.1Q Studies of exercise capacity in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population have included patients with few if any comorbid conditions and may not be representative of the overall dialysis population. Most dialysis patients are unable to perform maximal exercise testing, and thus their exercise capacity is even lower than that reported. The low physical functioning of ESRD patients has important implications for quality of life and even for survival. Levels of physical functioning in many patients with ESRD is sufficiently limited to preclude performance of some activities of daily living (eg, self-care, home management, shopping) and of some social, workrelated and recreational activities. Thus it is not surprising that low physical functioning has been shown to be associated with poor quality of life in this population.!l Figure 1 shows how physical functioning and emotional well-being are basic to quality of life.* If patients are physically unable to perform activities of daily living, then most other activities will also not be possible, thus negatively a£fect-
Social worlds, individual differences, and implementation: predicting attitudes toward a medical information system

Abstract Implementation research has identified a wide variety of factors, such as individual differences, implementation practices, and system usage, that influence the success or failure of information systems. The present research proposes that, especially in health care organizations, both occupational and departmental social worlds are additional, important predictors of individual reactions to medical information systems. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to investigate the two-year process of implementing a computerized medical records information system in one health care organization. Results support the importance of social worlds, as well as some of the traditional implementation influences (but not individual differences such as cognitive style, prior computer experience, age) in understanding individual attitudes toward the computer system. The study also highlights current implementation issues and their implications for system planners and managers. The research adds to our understanding of the complexity of attitudes toward technological innovations, and the importance of membership in social worlds in influencing those attitudes.
The Yield Shift Theory of Satisfaction and Its Application to the IS/IT Domain

Information Systems/Information Technology (IS/IT) satisfaction is a key indicator of IS/IT success. For IS professionals and providers, satisfaction is critical throughout the life of a system because dissatisfied stakeholders can derail implementation, discontinue using an important system, erode IS/IT budgets, or even transfer their entire IT infrastructure to a different organization. The IS literature offers several perspectives on satisfaction, but none yet accounts fully for known satisfaction phenomena. We identify ten observed satisfaction effects, and summarize six existing models for satisfaction, identifying their merits, and the limits of their explanatory power. We then advance Yield Shift Theory (YST), a new causal theory of the satisfaction response that offers a more complete explanation of the phenomenon. YST derives two propositions from five assumptions to propose that the yield for a given goal is a function of the utility one ascribes to moderated by the likelihood one assesses of its attainment, and that variations in the satisfaction response are a curvilinear function of shifts in yield for an individual’s active goal set. We argue the falsifiability and scientific utility of the theory, discuss its relevance to IS/IT, and suggest directions for future research.
Design for inherent manufacturability of electronic products

The principal goal of an integrated circuit DFM (design for manufacturing) initiative is to insure arrival at electrical circuit designs and packaged IC components which are inherently producible within the manufacturing environment. In order to achieve this objective the component design must, from early in the product concept phase, incorporate a full range of manufacturing production constraints and considerations. DFM not only implies designing for physical product fabrication but also must include design for testability, design for assembly or packaging, design for reliability and integration, and networking of all these areas. The key to the success of a DFM program lies in increased accuracy in the modeling of the process and product designs, product simulations, and effective manufacturing feedback of key parametric data. Factory fabrication efficiency increases as the design accuracy and tolerances increase. Statistically valid models, extracted from and representative of the controlled process, can be fed back to product designers via advanced CAD/CAM/CAE integrated systems, thus reducing design cycle times by limiting the design space to be explored in order to achieve a predetermined product yield. >
Pulmonary outflow tract obstruction in fetuses with complex congenital heart disease: predicting the need for neonatal intervention.

Objective To identify prenatal echocardiographic markers that could predict the need for neonatal intervention in fetuses with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Methods This was a retrospective study of 52 fetuses with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Echocardiograms were evaluated for fetuses with either two-ventricle anatomy with a large ventricular septal defect or single-ventricle anatomy. Fetuses with pulmonary atresia were excluded. Parameters were compared between groups that did and did not require an intervention at age < 30 days. Results Fifty-two fetuses were studied; 20 (38%) underwent neonatal intervention and 32 (62%) did not. The most common diagnosis was tetralogy of Fallot (n = 32). Fetuses with two ventricles that required an intervention had lower pulmonary valve diameter Z-score (PV-Z-score) (−4.8 ± 2.1 vs −2.6 ± 1.1; P = 0.0002) and lower pulmonary valve to aortic valve annular diameter ratio (PV/AoV) (0.53 ± 0.15 vs 0.66 ± 0.1; P = 0.003). Using a PV/AoV ratio of < 0.6 or a PV-Z-score of < −3 at final echocardiographic examination was highly sensitive (92%) but poorly specific (50%), whereas classifying direction of flow in the ductus arteriosus as either normal (all pulmonary-to-aorta) or abnormal (aorta-to-pulmonary or bidirectional) was both highly sensitive (100%) and specific (95%) for predicting the need for a neonatal intervention. Parameters for the single-ventricle cohort did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions Analysis of the pulmonary outflow tract and ductus arteriosus flow in the fetus with complex congenital heart disease can aid in identifying those that will require a neonatal intervention to augment pulmonary blood flow. This has important implications for the planning of delivery strategies.
Low-cost self-cleaning room temperature SnO2 thin film gas sensor on polymer nanostructures

We have successfully fabricated SnO 2 thin film CO gas sensors on nanospiked polyurethane (PU) polymer surfaces that are replicated with a low-cost soft nanolithography method from nanospiked silicon surfaces formed with femtosecond laser irradiations. The sensors show sensitive responses to the CO gas at room temperature because of the sharp structures of the nanospikes. This is much different from the sensors of SnO 2 thin film coated on smooth surfaces that show no response to the CO gas at room temperature. To make the nanostructure sensor surface behave self-cleaning like lotus leaves, we deposited a silane monolayer on the surface of the sensors with the 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane (PFOTS) which has low surface energy. The contact angle measurement conducted on the PFOTS monolayer-coated SnO 2 gas sensors indicates that a super-hydrophobic surface formed on the nanospike sensor. The CO gas response sensitivity of the PFOTS-coated SnO 2 sensors is almost the same to that of the as-fabricated SnO 2 sensors without the PFOTS coating. Such a super-hydrophobic surface can protect the sensors exposed to moisture and heavy particulates, and can perform cleaning-in-place operations to prolong the lifetime of the sensors. These results show a great potential to fabricate thousands of identical gas sensors at low cost.
Genetic basis of the evolution of adaptedness in plants

Adaptedness is both complexly inherited and much affected by environment: consequently the genetic mechanisms that have led to improvements in adaptedness have been difficult to identify and to quantify. Recently it has been shown that ‘marker assisted dissection’ of adaptedness based on changes in the frequencies of discretely inherited alleles of loci of various kinds (e.g. allozyme, restriction fragment, microsatellite loci) is practicable. I will illustrate marker assisted analysis of the genetic basis of adaptedness with a sample of allozyme data from three species groups, two heavily selfing groups (two wild Avena species and barley) and one outcrossing species (corn, maize). The results lead to three main conclusions: (1) that the single most important genetic mechanism in all three species groups was the assembly of favorable epistatic combinations of alleles of different loci by means of recurring cycles of selection, intercrossing superior selects, and inbreeding to near homozygosity leading to stable superior multilocus genotypes adapted to specific habitats; (2) that exploitation of favorable interactions among alleles of the same locus played a significant role in tetraploid A. barbata and probably also in single-cross maize hybrids; (3) that purifying selection (elimination of deleterious alleles) played a small role in all three species groups. These results indicate that marker alleles provide applied breeders with effective ways to identify, track, and incorporate regions of chromosomes with favorable effects of adaptedness into improved cultivars.
Strong correlation to weak correlation phase transition in bilayer quantum Hall systems.

At small layer separations, the ground state of a $\ensuremath{\nu}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1$ bilayer quantum Hall system exhibits spontaneous interlayer phase coherence. The evolution of this state with increasing layer separation $d$ has been a matter of controversy. We report on small system exact diagonalization calculations which suggest that a single-phase transition, likely of first order, separates incompressible states with strong interlayer correlations from compressible states with weak interlayer correlations. We find a dependence of the phase boundary on $d$ and interlayer tunneling amplitude that is in very good agreement with recent experiments.
Nursing expertise and information structure influence medical decision making

This study examined the influence of nursing expertise and information structure on certainty of diagnostic decision making. Two hundred and sixteen nurse (experts), student nurse (novices), and non-nurse (naive) participants read patient scenarios either high in information structure (consistent diagnostic information) or low in information structure (inconsistent diagnostic information) and rated their certainty about what the potential diagnosis might be. Results indicated that participants with pre-existing cognitive schemata for processing patient information (experts and novices) were more certain about decision making with structured information than they were about unstructured information, but structure of information did not influence certainty ratings of naive participants.
Oxidized guanine lesions and hOgg1 activity in lung cancer

In humans, the oxidatively induced DNA lesion 8-hydroxyguanine (8-oxoG) is removed from DNA by hOgg1, a DNA glycosylase/AP lyase that specifically incises 8-oxoG opposite cytosine. We analysed the expression of hOGG1 mRNA in 18 lung cancer and three normal cell lines. Although hOGG1 was overexpressed in most cell lines, 2/18 (11.1%) showed a lower hOGG1 mRNA and protein expression (∼80% decrease) relative to normal cell lines. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis showed increased levels of 8-oxoG in the two cell lines with the lowest hOGG1 mRNA expression. We examined the ability of nuclear and mitochondrial extracts to incise 8-oxoG lesion in cell lines H1650 and H226 expressing lower hOGG1 mRNA and H1915 and H1975 with higher than normal hOGG1 mRNA expression. Both nuclear and mitochondrial extracts from H1915 and H1975 cells were proficient in 8-oxoG removal. However, both cell lines with the lowest hOGG1 mRNA expression exhibited a severe reduction in 8-oxoG incision in both nuclear and mitochondrial extracts. Under-expression of hOGG1 mRNA and hOgg1 protein was associated with a decrease in mitochondrial DNA repair in response to oxidative damaging agents. These results provide evidence for defective incision of 8-oxoG in both nuclear and mitochondria of H1650 and H226 lung cancer cell lines. These results may implicate 8-oxoG repair defects in certain lung cancers.
Independent and incremental prognostic value of tests performed in hierarchical order to evaluate patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Validation of models based on these tests.

BACKGROUNDThe additive prognostic value of tests done in a hierarchical order for the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) is not always known. The principal goal of this study, therefore, was to assess the incremental prognostic value of data obtained in succession (clinical, exercise stress testing, 201Tl imaging, and coronary angiography) in patients with suspected CAD. A second goal was to develop models for determining prognosis based on results of these tests and to test the clinical validity of these models in unrelated patients.METHODS AND RESULTSData from two groups of patients who had undergone such evaluation and had been followed for a mean of 4.4 years were analyzed. There were 204 patients from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and 299 from the University of Virginia (UVA). There were 20 deaths and 21 nonfatal infarctions in the MGH group and 41 deaths and nine infarctions in the UVA group. Both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the individ...
Methylated bases in DNA of animal origin

Abstract HeLa cells, L cells, human embryonic lung cells, and chick embryos were allowed to grow in the presence of methionine-methyl-14C. The DNA from these cells was then isolated and analyzed for methylated bases by measurement of radioactivity. The only methylated base, other than thymine, found in DNA from L cells and chick embryos was 5-methylcytosine. DNA from human embryonic lung cells contains 5-methylcytosine and a relatively small amount of 3-methylcytosine. HeLa DNA contains these two methylated cytosines plus small quantities of 1-methylguanine, 7-methylguanine, N2-methylguanine, and N2-dimethylguanine. In addition, DNA from HeLa and L cells contains an unidentified methylated component which can be removed from the DNA by treatment with pronase. This unknown substance is not present in DNA from chick embryos and human embryonic lung cells.
Grass, sweat, and sun : An exploratory study of the labor market for gardeners in South Texas

Objective. This article takes a first exploratory step in understanding the market for home gardeners in the southwest borderlands (Laredo, Texas). Methods. A questionnaire was administered by a household member familiar with the present study who employed at least one gardener utilizing the snowball method of sample selection. Usable data (surveys) were collected from 244 individuals: 122 gardeners and 122 employers. Results. Gardeners in Laredo are almost exclusively male, Hispanic, Spanish speaking, and heads of household. Gardeners tend to be Mexican by birth and nationality, work full time as a gardener, be middle aged, and possess a middle school education. Distinctions between full-time and part-time gardeners (employment status) as well as formal and informal gardeners (employment process) are discussed. Cross-tabulation analyses suggest a strong relationship between employment status and process (relationship) with health insurance coverage, enrollment in Social Security, and year-around work. Logistic regression results also indicate previous work experience as a gardener, medical insurance, and year-around work as a gardener are the significant variables in determining full-time employment as a gardener. For informality, logistic regression results suggest Mexican citizenship, Mexican birthplace, and lack of Social Security are the significant explanatory variables. Conclusion. Gardening enables a mostly informal workforce from Mexico to work in south Texas in pursuit of the American dream—the ability to make a living in a way of one's own choosing.
Peripheral blood gene expression as a novel genomic biomarker in complicated sarcoidosis.

The original version is available through Public Library of Science at DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044818. (c) 2012 Zhou et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Interpreting Statutes Passed Through Referendums

Those focused on the questions surrounding how courts ought to interpret the statutory products of direct democracy pay relatively little attention to the variety of processes that could give rise to such laws. There are two core processes of direct democracy that produce statutes, though the specific mechanics vary in the many states that employ them: the referendum and the initiative. Generally speaking, the referendum enables citizens to ratify or reject statutes passed by a legislature, while the initiative enables citizens to draft laws themselves and put them before the populace for a vote. My focus here is the question of the appropriate interpretive approach for statutes subject to the popular vote. By and large, scholars have focused almost exclusively on the direct initiative when they discuss how courts should interpret the products of direct democracy. But courts are saddled with the task of interpreting a broader array of statutory enactments subject to direct democracy. A uniform method of interpretation - one that finds support in many judicial pronouncements - might be defended on the ground that it makes no difference which directly democratic process leads to a law under consideration; irrespective of process, the interpretive inquiry should remain constant. That uniform method could be supported by an assumption that the processes of direct democracy are similar enough to warrant similar treatment for purposes of interpretation. Or it could be supported by an assumption that all forms of direct democracy are underwritten by a political theory that counsels for similar statutory interpretation. I argue here that the uniform method, whatever support it might find in caselaw, is flawed.
Sediment dispersal from Vogelsberg Basalt, Hessen, West Germany

Volcanic detritus in sand size stream sediment spreading outward from Vogelsberg extrusive and hypabyssal rocks decreases in abundance from percentages exceeding 90 % to less than 5 % within 20 km of the source area. The rapid decrease results largely from dilution of the stream sediment resulting from disintegration of friable Bunter Sandstone on the plains surrounding the crystalline rocks. The effect is more pronounced in the fine sand fraction of the stream sediment because the Bunter sand is fine grained.
Photoionization cross sections of the 5s electrons in Xe measured with synchrotron radiation

Abstract Measurements of the photoionization cross sections of the 5s electrons in Xe between 25 and 40 eV photon-energy using synchrotron radiation are reported. The cross section shows a minimum at 36 ± 2 eV in excellent numerical agreement with a RPAE calculation.
Improving radiologists' communication: drawing on radiographs with dry-erase markers.

J. T. Littleton1 T hroughout the field of radiology, we radiologists enter illustrative marks on radiographs, most often with the time-honored wax pencil (if one can be found). Inadvertent film marking by clinicians can leave indelible artifacts on rare case films, forever destroying the reproducibility of such films, to the disgust and anguish of the radiologist. Marking a stack of films for the photographer is often done too sparingly, so that accurate directions may not be clear. Wax pencil from one film may soil other films in a stack, requiring painstaking cleaning (when proper solutions are available). These and untold other problems result from wax pencils or indelible marking of films. I recently discovered a simple solution: the use of dry-erase whiteboard markers on radiographs. This type of marker was designed for white wall boards on which data can be easily entered by hand and as easily removed with a quick swipe of a dry eraser, soft cloth, or one’s own finger, leaving the board clean. Spear and Little [1] have described the effective use of the dry-erase board in resident teaching and procedure planning before plastic or reconstructive surgery. During film review with clinicians and residents at our institution, our staff have found the dry-erase marker to be a perfect way to enhance findings on radiographs. The flow of dye is uniform and is completely removable with a soft cloth or dry finger (Fig. I). Detailed instructions can be written on films sent to photographers for conversion to slides or prints for publication. Reasonable care must be taken when marked films are stacked. The compounds in the dry-erase markers are easily removed and will transfer to an adjacent film unless handled with care. When the copy process is complete, the markings are easily dry-wiped clean, leaving no residual soiling or iridescence on the radiograph. We have found that radiologists’ communication skills can be significantly enhanced by the use of these markers, especially when forwarding films to clinicians at remote sites. The salient pathologic findings can be clearly highlighted for the clinician. The markers are available in many colors to illustrate separate or superimposed findings. We know of five different types of dry-erase Fig. 2.-Five common dry-erase makers: 1 = Paper-Mate (Gillette, Boston, MA), four colors, bullet point; 2 = Expo (Sanford, Bellwood, IL); eight colors; bullet, chisel, and fine points;3= DryErase (Binney& Smith, Easton, PA),four colors, bullet point, 4 Dry Erase Marker (Pentel, Elk Grove Village, IL), four colors, chisel and fine points; 5 = Marks-A-Lot Dry Erase Marker (Avery, Framingham, MA), nine colors, chisel point
ACQUISITION AND TRANSMISSION OF BACTERIA THROUGH ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANES BY LEAFHOPPER VECTORS OF PIERCE'S DISEASE

The leafhopper Graphocephala atropunctata transmitted the bacterium Erwinia amylovora to plant sap enclosed between Parafilm® membranes after feeding on a suspension of the same bacterium. They did not do so, however, following intrahaemocoelic injection or surface inoculation. The bacterium Lactobacillus hordniae was similarly acquired and transmitted. Various bacteria were recovered from the gut but not from the haemocoel of the leafhoppers. Bacteria transmitted through artificial membranes had identical morphology and colony characteristics as bacteria isolated from the guts of the transmitting leafhoppers. The results of these experiments suggest that bacterial transmission is via egestion during feeding. RESUME ACQUISITION ET TRANSMISSION DE BACTERIES A TRAVERS DES MEMBRANES ARTIFICIELLES PAR DES CICADELLES VECTRICES DE LA MALADIE DE PIERCE La cicadelle Graphocephala atropunctata transmet les bacteries Erwinia amylovora, a de la seve maintenue entre des membranes de Parafilm(r), apres alimentation sur une suspension des memes bacteries. Il n'y a pas transmission, par contre, apres injection intrahaemocelique ou inoculation superficielle. Les bacteries Lactobacillus hordniae sont acquises et transmises de la meme facon. Differentes bacteries sont retrouvees dans le tube digestif, mais non dans l'haemocoele des cicadelles. Les bacteries transmises a travers des membranes artificielles sont identiques morphologiquement et ont les caracteristiques des colonies isolees des tubes digestifs des cicadelles vectrices. Les resultats de ces experiences suggerent que la transmission bacterienne s'effectue par egestion pendant l'alimentation.
SU‐E‐J‐100: A Contour‐Guided Deformable Image Registration Algorithm for Adaptive Radiotherapy

Purpose: To develop a contour‐guided deformable image registration algorithm to improve the accuracy of deformation image registration in adaptive radiotherapy, especially for improving the accuracy of low contrast structures deformation. Methods: We developed an efficient algorithm to accurately deform low‐contrast structures in CTimages. The new DIR algorithm is based on our original developed Demons algorithm by adding constraints defined by physician drawn contour pairs on images. By iteratively increasing the intensity of ROI enclosed by contour pairs, the optimization problem defined in Demons is ensured to converge to a desirable solution. Results: The new algorithm was validated on both a numerical phantom experiment and a clinical patient case. For the digital phantom experiment, a moving image is defined as two intersected spheres embedded in a cube and the contrast between spheres and cube is low; and a target image is a low‐contrast sphere in a cubic. For the clinical case, two CTimages scanned for a head and neck cancer patient in one month apart are treated as a pair of moving and target images. The left parotids with anatomical changes are defined as structures of interest (SOIs). Qualitatively, with visual inspection, the proposed algorithm yields satisfactory results in both numerical and clinical testing cases. Quantitatively, root mean squares error (RMS) and normalized correlation coefficient (NCC) were calculated between the deformed and target SOI. Compared to the original Demons algorithm, the contour‐guided Demons algorithm results the decrease of RMS and the increase of NCC for both cases. Conclusions: The proposed contour‐guided demons algorithm permits us to take advantage of the structures defined by physicians to obtain more accurate image deformations. It provides a useful clinical tool for future interactive adaptive radiotherapy.
A slewing control experiment for flexible structures

A hardware setup has been developed to study slewing control for flexible structures including a steel beam and a solar panel. The linear optimal terminal control law is used to design active controllers that are implemented in an analog computer. The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate and verify the dynamics and optimal terminal control laws as applied to flexible structures for large-angle maneuver. Actuation is provided by an electric motor while sensing is given by strain gages and angle potentiometers. Experimental measurements are compared with analytical predictions in terms of modal parameters of the system stability matrix, and sufficient agreement is achieved to validate the theory.
Aluminum alloy metallization for integrated circuits

Abstract Aluminum metallization is most widely used for contacts and interconnections in both bipolar and MOS integrated circuits. Aluminum alloy films, such as AlSi and AlCu films, were introduced to minimize the erosion of silicon from contact windows and to improve the electromigration resistance of interconnections. Recently, magnetron sputter-deposited aluminum, Al2wt.%Cu and Al2wt.% Cu 1wt.%Si films were employed to study the stability and contact resistance of Si-(Al alloy film) contacts on devices with shallow junction depths of the order of 0.35μm. Test structures were used to determine the leakage currents of 100 n + /p + diodes as a function of the storage time (up to 1000 h) at 150°C, and the physical nature of the Si(Al alloy) contacts was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The compatibility of the AlCuSi metallization with the very large scale integrated requirements of interconnection and Si-metal contacts for shallow junction devices is discussed.
Identification of sandstone body types by computer method

Three sandstone body types—progradational (coarsening upward), aggradational (coarsening downward), and blockν—can be identified by computer using the least-squares method. The basic data are the digital gamma (γ) ray and sonic log data. Other logs such as SP and resistivity (or conductivity) may also be used with minor changes in the computer program. A statistical program to compute the percent of each of these three types in a specified geologic unit was also written and run for several wells in the Beaufort Basin, Canada. An areal mapping of these calculated results shows the features of progradational sedimentation in this area. The percentage of progradational sandstones increases northward in a seaward direction. The amount of sandstones usually decreases in this direction.
Impact of early relapse after auto-SCT for multiple myeloma.

Auto-SCT is an effective therapy for patients with multiple myeloma (MM), but nearly a fifth of these patients relapse within a year of auto-SCT. We studied 494 patients, undergoing auto-SCT within 12 months of diagnosis of MM. Patients were divided into two groups: early relapse (relapse 12 months after auto-SCT or disease free at the last follow up). One hundred twenty patients (24%) were in the early relapse and 374 (76%) were in the late-relapse groups. The early relapse group had a significantly shorter median overall survival (OS) from diagnosis (26.6 vs 90.7 months; P or=1% at transplant, greater than one treatment regimen prior to auto-SCT, and failure to achieve a complete response were predictive of early relapse. Patients who relapse within 12 months of an auto-SCT have a poor outcome and should be offered trials evaluating novel treatment approaches.
The search for neutrino oscillations in the appearance mode νν→νe for neutrino energies near the muon threshold

Abstract A search for neutrino oscillations in the appearance mode ν ν → ν e was performed using the in-flight pion-decay neutrino source at the LAMPF accelerator. An all-active scintillator detector was exposed to a muon-neutrino beam produced by five Coulombs of 800 MeV protons on target. Oscillations events would have appeared as high-energy electrons from the reaction ν e +C→e − +X. We also measured charged-current muons events in the detector to normalize our results. Our data show no evidence for neutrino oscillations and we place 90% CL upper limits on sin 2 (2 φ ) Δm 2 = 11 eV 2 , and Δm 2 2 for complete mixing.
Voluntary adoption of clawback provisions, corporate governance, and interlock effects

Abstract We examine the relationship between a company’s governance structure and the early adoption of management compensation clawbacks. We construct an index of whether governance tends toward relative management entrenchment versus monitoring and find that ostensible management entrenchment makes a clawback provision less likely. Furthermore, we examine whether social networks by the compensation committee with other adopters (interlocks) affects the likelihood of adoption, potentially by providing information from other decision-makers evaluating adoption. We find that interlocks by directors on the compensation committee with other companies with clawbacks increase the probability of a clawback. In addition, not all clawbacks are the same. We find that companies with clawbacks that are patterned after SOX are most common and are associated with monitoring-oriented governance and interlocks. Dodd Frank did not yet exist, but we find that clawback policies that would be compliant with Dodd Frank or are otherwise innovative are not associated with our measure of governance.
Effects of Ca++ and glycine on lipid breakdown and death of ATP-depleted MDCK cells

Effects of Ca ++ and glycine on lipid breakdown and death of ATP-depleted MDCK cells. The relationships between cytosolic free calcium (Caf), cell associated glycine, phospholipid hydrolysis and cell death were investigated in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells injured by depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Glucose free incubation for three hours with a mitochondrial uncoupler resulted in progressive loss of glycine from cells. However, they were not lethally injured unless a perturbation of Ca ++ homeostasis was also induced. Exposure to a Ca ++ ionophore and uncoupler in 1.25 mM Ca ++ medium (+Ca) resulted in accelerated cell death. ATP depleted cells with ionophore in 100 nM Ca ++ medium (-Ca) were also lethally injured, but after a significant delay. Depletion of glycine preceded death in both groups of cells. Exogenous glycine (5 mM) protected +Ca cells against lethal membrane damage, but the beneficial effects were lost over a period of time. In contrast, -Ca cells were completely protected throughout. Phospholipid mass and radioactive label in lipid fractions of cells prelabeled with 3 H-oleic acid were measured. Accelerated death of +Ca cells was accompanied by large decreases of phospholipid mass, loss of phospholipid label, and accumulation of unesterified labeled fatty acid. These changes were greatly decreased by incubation in -Ca medium. On the other hand, protection by glycine could not be attributed to modifications of either the massive breakdown of phospholipids that occured in +Ca cells, or the modest changes seen in -Ca cells. In +Ca cells, the deleterious effects of increased Caf and phospholipid breakdown ultimately prevailed over protection by the amino acid. Thus, separate pathways of cell death associated with increased Caf and decreased glycine were defined in ATP depleted, Ca ++ permeabilized MDCK cells. Calcium excess and massive phospholipid loss are features of a damage process that occurs independently of whether cells are protected by glycine or not. Conversely, the glycine sensitive component of injury is expressed regardless of whether intracellular Ca ++ is increased, or large phospholipid losses occur. ATP depletion in -Ca medium provides a system to study mechanisms of glycine cytoprotection uncomplicated by Ca ++ toxicity.
Effects of Submillimeter and Radio Point Sources on the Recovery of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Galaxy Cluster Parameters

Observations of clusters in the 30-350 GHz range can in principle be used to determine a galaxy cluster's Comptonization parameter y, peculiar velocity v, and gas temperature Te via the dependence of the kinetic and thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effects on these parameters. Despite the significant contamination expected from thermal emission by dust in high-redshift galaxies, we find that the simultaneous determination of ?, v, and Te is possible from observations with sensitivity of a few ?K in three or more bands with arcminute resolution. After allowing for realistic levels of contamination by dusty galaxies and primary CMB anisotropy, we find that simultaneous determinations of velocities to an accuracy of better than 200 km s-1 and temperatures to roughly keV accuracy should be possible in the near future. We study how errors change as a function of cluster properties (angular core radius and gas temperature) and experimental parameters (observing time, angular resolution, and observing frequencies). Contaminating synchrotron emission from cluster galaxies will probably not be a major contaminant of peculiar velocity measurements.
Digital image analysis of proliferative index: Two distinct populations of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in close proximity to adenocarcinoma of the prostate

A considerable amount of data has been collected showing the association of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) with adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and many studies have yielded results that suggest that HGPIN is a precursor of carcinoma. A few studies have indicated that HGPIN may, in some cases, be a sequela of prostatic adenocarcinoma. We examined the proliferative indices of HGPIN, carcinoma, and benign prostatic epithelium by computeraided counting of Ki-67-positive nuclei in 15 cases in which HGPIN and carcinoma were in close proximity. There were 13 radical prostatectomy specimens with prostate cancer and two cystoprostatectomy specimens with both transitional cell carcinoma and prostatic adenocarcinoma. First, we showed the accuracy of the computer-aided counting method compared with direct counting through the binoculars of the microscope. Then proliferative activity was assessed for each case by picking the two areas of carcinoma, the two areas of HGPIN, and the one area of benign epithelium with the greatest density of carcinomatous, dysplastic, and benign Ki-67-positive nuclei, respectively. The total number of nuclei and the number of positive nuclei were counted. Basal cells were not counted. The mean proliferative index was higher for cancer (caindex, average 0.054) than for HGPIN (pinindex, average 0.048) ( P P =.17), and when the results were corrected for the nonzero y-intercepts of the regression lines of pinindex versus caindex, the ranges were widely separated, and the difference between the means was statistically significant (0.15 v 0.62; P