cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of the media in developing a shared moral understanding

Abstract Over the last few decades, research has shown that media outlets are good at telling people what to think about, fulfilling what researchers call the agenda-setting role of the media. To that end, media outlets from social media to newspapers can play a pivotal role in developing a shared moral understanding.
An enhanced empirical bayesian method for identifying road hotspots and predicting number of crashes

ABSTRACTThe Empirical Bayesian (EB) method has been widely used for traffic safety analysis. It is well known that the EB method is powerful in handling the regression-to-the-mean bias that would o...
Mass Balance and Volume of South Cascade Glacier, Washington 1958–1985

The mass balance of South Cascade Glacier has been calculated by means of snow accumulation and ice ablation measurements since 1958. The summation of the net balance values for the 1958–85 period is −10.0 meters water equivalent. Topographic maps of the glacier were made from late summer vertical aerial photography in 1958, 1961, 1964, 1977, 1980 and 1985. In addition, the topography in the late summer of 1970 is well known from the theodolite survey of about 10 points on the glacier surface. The mass balance and photogrammetry are independent measurements of the cumulative volume change. The volume change between 1958 and 1985, measured from maps and adjusted for the density of ice, is −12.7 m, multiplied by the area of the glacier. This discrepancy can be reconciled by using the density of firn in the accumulation zone, rather than ice, to convert the volume change to water equivalent. Differences between the methods within the 27 year period are probably due to map errors, and indicate the need for caution in this type of comparison.
The Fourier Transform

Note. In this chapter, unless otherwise indicated, all functions are complex-valued functions of a real variable. Given integrable functions of t, f, and k the function $$g\left( \omega \right) = \int {_{E}f\left( t \right)k} \left( {t,\omega } \right)dt$$ dt for some set E is called and INTEGRAL TRANSFORM of f with KERNEL k ( t, w) (of the transform). By “transforming” both side of certain equations, we can sometimes convert them into simpler ones—differential equations to algebraic equations, for examples.
Tuning the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Lanthanum Hexaboride to Absorb Solar Heat: A Review

While traditional noble metal (Ag, Au, and Cu) nanoparticles are well known for their plasmonic properties, they typically only absorb in the ultraviolet and visible regions. The study of metal hexaborides, lanthanum hexaboride (LaB₆) in particular, expands the available absorbance range of these metals well into the near-infrared. As a result, LaB₆ has become a material of interest for its energy and heat absorption properties, most notably to those trying to absorb solar heat. Given the growing popularity of LaB₆, this review focuses on the advances made in the past decade with respect to controlling the plasmonic properties of LaB₆ nanoparticles. This review discusses the fundamental structure of LaB₆ and explains how decreasing the nanoparticle size changes the atomic vibrations on the surface and thus the plasmonic absorbance band. We explain how doping LaB₆ nanoparticles with lanthanide metals (Y, Sm, and Eu) red-shifts the absorbance band and describe research focusing on the correlation between size dependent and morphological effects on the surface plasmon resonance. This work also describes successes that have been made in dispersing LaB₆ nanoparticles for various optical applications, highlighting the most difficult challenges encountered in this field of study.
Overview of Active Planetary Defense Methods

The two essential functions of planetary defense are to locate any asteroid on a collision course with Earth and to deflect or destroy it before it hits. Short-term warning and evacuation may be sufficient to protect populations from small asteroids. If active defense is required, we may either deflect the asteroid (change its orbit so that it misses the Earth or strikes in an uninhabited area such as oceans or deserts) or break it up far enough from Earth that the debris is dispersed and misses the planet. Most defense strategies involve deflection using spacecraft to intercept the asteroid, preferably several years before the predicted impact, to produce a change in its orbital period. The technologies that have been studied use kinetic impactors, nuclear explosives, or gravity tractors. None of these has been demonstrated yet, although the DART mission under development will test kinetic impact technology. Other suggestions, such as laser or solar heating or various slow-push options, are not technologically mature enough to be considered. Because dangerous impacts are exceedingly rare, with intervals of centuries or longer, we must also consider the potential unintended consequences or even deliberate misuse of premature development or deployment of planetary defense systems.
INCESSANT VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA WITH RIGHT HEART THROMBUS IN TRANSIT

Management of refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the setting of RV cardiomyopathy is challenging. A 27-year-old woman with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) with cardiac and renal involvement, refractory VT with prior ablations s/p ICD presented with fatigue and ICD shocks. ECG
Bayesian estimation of the specific shear and bulk viscosity of quark–gluon plasma

Ultrarelativistic collisions of heavy atomic nuclei produce an extremely hot and dense phase of matter, known as quark–gluon plasma (QGP), which behaves like a near-perfect fluid with the smallest specific shear viscosity—the ratio of the shear viscosity to the entropy density—of any known substance1. Due to its transience (lifetime ~ 10−23 s) and microscopic size (10−14 m), the QGP cannot be observed directly, but only through the particles it emits; however, its characteristics can be inferred by matching the output of computational collision models to experimental observations. Previous work, using viscous relativistic hydrodynamics to simulate QGP, has achieved semiquantitative constraints on key physical properties, such as its specific shear and bulk viscosity, but with large, poorly defined uncertainties2–8. Here, we present the most precise estimates so far of QGP properties, including their quantitative uncertainties. By applying established Bayesian parameter estimation methods9 to a dynamical collision model and a wide variety of experimental data, we extract estimates of the temperature-dependent specific shear and bulk viscosity simultaneously with related initial-condition properties. The method is extensible to other collision models and experimental data and may be used to characterize additional aspects of high-energy nuclear collisions. As the quark–gluon plasma is a short-lived state of matter, its properties cannot be measured directly. A Bayesian parameter estimation method now provides a reliable estimation of the temperature-dependent specific shear and bulk viscosities.
Solution Synthesis, Processing, and Applications of Semiconducting Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials have contributed to the forefront of materials research in the past two decades, and are used today in sensors, solar cells, light emitting diodes, electronics, and biomedical devices [...].
Does social media use at work lower productivity

We conducted an empirical study that analysed the relationship between the use of social media at work and project success at work. This study adds to the emerging literature on the impact of social media use on organisational outcomes. We found that only one of the four popular social media platforms studied adds value to the workplace. Specifically, we found the use of Facebook at work, whether controlling for age, gender and education or not, to be negatively associated with project success. The use of LinkedIn (with the controls) and the use of other social media (without the controls) were both found to be positively associated with work project success. Other social media was used to capture all other social media platforms, including firm-specific or work-specific social media platforms. We explained our results using social network analysis (SNA), the strength of weak ties and information diffusion theories. Our findings have implications for practice, policy and future research.
Association of Fathers' Satisfaction and Perception of Family with Participation in Family Life and Prosocial Behavior of Adolescents

The purpose of the paper was to examine whether the father's family experience transfers to the behavior of the adolescent in the family and then to the socially desirable behaviors of the adolescent. The aim of the paper was to examine how the father's experience of family functioning and family satisfaction directly and indirectly, through adolescent participation in family life, contribute to the prosocial behavior of adolescents. The sample consisted of 178 children and their fathers who participated in the two-wave study. Children evaluated their prosocial behavior and participation in family life in the second wave, and fathers assessed family functioning and family satisfaction in the first wave. The results showed that the father's positive perception of family functioning and higher satisfaction with family life are associated with more prosocial behavior and greater participation in family life among adolescents. The father's positive family experience contributes to a higher level of adolescent participation in family life, which then contributes to the more prosocial behavior of adolescents. The results confirm the existence of a significant and indirect contribution of the family to adolescent behavior as well as the transfer of emotions and behaviors in the family and other systems.
Polytetrafluoroethylene frontalis suspension in blepharospasm with eyelid apraxia: an effective and well-tolerated adjunct to botulinum toxin therapy.

Purpose: To report the efficacy of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) frontalis suspension for blepharospasm with eyelid apraxia and postoperative botulinum toxin requirements.Methods: Retrospective ch...
Analysis of surveillance results on iodine deficiency disorders in Wenzhou City of Zhejiang Province during 1995-2014

Objective To study the iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) situation in Wenzhou City during 1995-2014. Method According to "National IDD Surveillance Project", IDD surveillance had been consecutively carried out during the past 20 years, which consisted of goiter rate in 8-10 years old children, iodized salt and urinary iodine levels. Results The goiter rate of 8-10 years old children was decreased from the highest of 31.09% (2 190/7 043) in 1995 to the lowest of 2.28% (77/3 378) in 2014; the highest level of median urinary iodine was 214.78 μg/L, and the lowest level was 74.48 μg/L, and which was increased from 74.48 μg/L in 1995 to 187.00 μg/L in 1996, and then had been maintained at the appropriate level recommended by World Health Organiation (WHO) , except that in 1998, 2003, 2004 and 2006. The qualified rate of iodized salt was increased from 54.95% (1 471/2 677) in 1996 to 95.52% (2 548/2 754) in 1999, but decreased to 62.75% (768/1 224) in 2003, however it was fluctuated from 78.61% (2 503/3 184) to 92.48% (2 989/3 232) from 2004 to 2013, and it was 90.43% in 2014 (2 983/3 300). Conclusions The comprehensive measures for controlling IDD, with universal salt iodization, has been gradually achieved remarkable effect in Wenzhou City, but the non-iodization salt existing in the market is still a problem, and people have misunderstandings about iodization salt. Iodine supplementation had better be conducted according to local conditions and based on scientific policy. Key words: Iodine; Urine; Thyroid gland
Cannabis in Palliative Medicine

Palliative care is a specialized medical care that focuses on quality of life for patients with serious illnesses. In the realm of palliative care and symptom management, there is growing interest in the role for cannabis-based medicine. There is some evidence to support the use of cannabinoids for the palliation of some symptoms and quality of life issues. Most notably, research supports the efficacy of cannabinoids for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, though the evidence for phytocannabinoids is lacking. Moreover, cannabis use in the treatment of neuropathic pain is supported by several small high-quality studies. There is great interest in cannabis-based medicine to aid in the management of other symptoms such as anorexia, cachexia, insomnia, fatigue, anxiety, and delirium, among others that are prevalent in palliative care patients. Though there are limited studies for these various applications of cannabis, the data is not conclusive, and patients’ treatment goals must be carefully considered prior to the administration of medical cannabis. Further research is needed to better understand the possible benefits of medical cannabis as well as the safety, side effects, and drug interactions.
Nanoparticles suppress fluid instabilities in the thermal drawing of ultralong nanowires.

Ultra-long metal nanowires and their facile fabrication have been long sought after as they promise to offer substantial improvements of performance in numerous applications. However, ultra-long metal ultrafine/nanowires are beyond the capability of current manufacturing techniques, which impose limitations on their size and aspect ratio. Here we show that the limitations imposed by fluid instabilities with thermally drawn nanowires can be alleviated by adding tungsten carbide nanoparticles to the metal core to arrive at wire lengths more than 30 cm with diameters as low as 170 nm. The nanoparticles support thermal drawing in two ways, by increasing the viscosity of the metal and lowering the interfacial energy between the boron silicate and zinc phase. This mechanism of suppressing fluid instability by nanoparticles not only enables a scalable production of ultralong metal nanowires, but also serves for widespread applications in other fluid-related fields. Thermal drawing of glass-cladded metal nanowires is limited by fluid instabilities. Hwang et al. show how admixing tungsten carbide nanoparticles to the zinc core of a borosilicate-cladded wire leads to intact fibres over lengths significantly exceeding those of metals with high melting points.
Sampling-Based Methods

This chapter considers methods that compute reachable set approximations by evaluating the successor function on a finite set of sample points. Such sampling-based methods can work under mild system assumptions for both continuous-time and discrete-time systems, but they require the successor function to be evaluated once for each sample point. Sampling-based methods are, therefore, broadly applicable and also computationally expensive. The first sampling-based method presented in this chapter constructs a grid over the initial states and inputs, evaluates the successor state of each grid point, and expands the interval hull of these successors by an error bound to obtained a reachable set over-approximation. Due to the grid-based sampling scheme, the number of sample points used by this quasi-Monte Carlo method increases exponentially with the state and input dimensions. To avoid the exponential scaling, the second method uses a randomized sampling scheme. Due to its probabilistic nature, this Monte Carlo method is not guaranteed to over-approximate the reachable set. However, it can produce an approximation which is close to the reachable set in a probabilistic sense, and the required number of samples increases only linearly in the state dimension.
Critical shallow and deep hydrologic conditions associated with widespread landslides during a series of storms between February and April 2018 in Pittsburgh and vicinity, western Pennsylvania, USA

The potential for widespread landslides is generally increased when extraordinary wet periods occur during times of elevated subsurface hydrologic conditions. A series of storms in early 2018 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, overlapped with a period of increased shallow soil moisture and rising bedrock groundwater levels resulting from seasonally diminished evapotranspiration and induced widespread landslides in the region. Most of the landslides were shallow slope failures in colluvium, landslide deposits, and/or fill. However, deep-seated landslide activity also occurred and corresponded with record cumulative precipitation from late February to April and bedrock groundwater levels rising to an annual high. Landslides blocked or damaged roads, adversely affected multiple houses, disrupted electrical service, crushed vehicles, and resulted in considerable economic losses. The initial landslides occurred during or immediately after a rare period of three successive days of heavy rain that began on February 14. Subsequent landslides between late February and April were induced by multiday storms with smaller rainfall totals. As shallow soil moisture at a monitoring site rose above a volumetric water content of 32%, the mean rainfall intensities necessary to induce slope failure in colluvium and other surficial deposits decreased. Deep-seated landslide movement occurred in the region mostly when the groundwater level in a bedrock observation well was shallower than 1.7 m. The availability of hydrologic and landslide movement monitoring data during this extraordinary series of storms highlighted the evolution of the landslide hazard with changing moisture conditions and yielded insights into potential hydrologic criteria for anticipating future widespread landslides in the region.
Thermomechanical finite element simulation and correlation analysis for orthogonal cutting of normalized AISI 9310 steels

A coupled thermomechanical finite element analysis is performed in order to simulate orthogonal cutting of normalized AISI 9310. Damage parameters are optimized to define the behavior of the material subjected to orthogonal cutting. AISI 1045, AISI 4140, and A2024-T351 are selected as precursors to validating the present finite element approach for orthogonal cutting of normalized AISI 9310. The numerical results obtained in this study include the average cutting force, residual stresses and strains, chip morphology, and tool temperature. These results are validated for each material with experimental results found in literature. The current study optimizes the Johnson–Cook damage parameters for steel materials in order to capture physical chip morphology. A correlation analysis is then performed using the validated finite element model for the AISI 9310 material to better understand the effect of specific input parameters such as the damage parameters, coefficient of friction, fracture energy, heat generation fractions and tool velocity on output results such as stresses and strains in the workpiece, chip thickness ratio and tool temperature. This analysis provides input-output relations for a physically reasonable range of input parameters and supports that the damage parameters, coefficient of friction, and fracture energy have a very strong influence on the residual stresses and strains, and the chip morphology. The coefficient of friction has a strong influence of tool temperature. Correlation analysis results can help manufacturers in understanding the nature of residual stresses and distortion, and in choosing optimized process parameters suitable for and applicable to the specific workpiece material. Tool wear that is observed in actual cutting of normalized AISI 9310 is also discussed. This study will benefit the manufacturing industry with the understanding of how specific cutting processing parameters will impact the distortions and residual stresses in the machined AISI 9310 parts.
Dysphagia in Parkinson’s Disease

“Each year, approximately one in 25 adults will experience a swallowing problem in the United States” (ASHA, 2019). Dysphagia is a neurological condition that causes difficulty in swallowing. This condition is more common among older individuals and it affects 22% of adults over the age of fifty and as many as 35% of patients older than 75 years of age (Roden & Altman, 2013). There are many symptoms of dysphagia that can occur. For example, some symptoms may include mild choking, drooling, coughing, gagging, hoarseness, sensation of food getting stuck in the throat or chest, regurgitation, weight loss, difficulty controlling food in the mouth, difficulty starting the swallowing process, and recurrent pneumonia (Mayo Clinic, 2019). Some of the most common and most severe complications of dysphagia include malnutrition, choking, and aspiration pneumonia (ASHA, 2019).
Yeast mitophagy: Unanswered questions.

Abstract Superfluous and damaged mitochondria need to be efficiently repaired or removed. Mitophagy is a selective type of autophagy that can engulf a portion of mitochondria within a double-membrane structure, called a mitophagosome, and deliver it to the vacuole for degradation. Mitophagy has significant physiological functions from yeast to human, and recent advances in yeast mitophagy shed light on the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy, especially the regulation of mitophagy induction. This review summarizes our current knowledge about yeast mitophagy and considers several unsolved questions, with a particular focus on Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Sterol Biosynthetic Pathways and Their Function in Bacteria

Unlike eukaryotes, where sterols are ubiquitous and essential for life, only a limited number of bacteria produce sterols. Understanding the origin of sterol biosynthesis genes, why certain bacteria have these genes, and whether the sterols produced by bacteria perform similar functional roles compared to eukaryotic sterols are important unresolved questions for evolutionary cell biologists. This chapter will begin with a history of the identification of sterol-producing bacteria followed by a description of the different sterol biosynthetic pathways, and ending with what is understood about the role of sterols in sterol-producing bacteria. Some bacterial species produce several distinct sterols while other bacteria have a very limited biosynthetic pathway with a single sterol synthesis enzyme. The sterols synthesized by bacteria overlap with sterols synthesized by eukaryotes, yet our understanding of the evolutionary history of these biosynthetic pathways is still actively investigated. For certain bacterial species, these pathways are the result of recent lateral gene transfer events with eukaryotes. Recent phylogenetic studies propose that for other bacterial species, these pathways are ancient and bacteria played a fundamental role in the origin of sterol biosynthetic pathways. Lastly, this chapter will summarize a much-needed area of further investigation: the functional role(s) of sterols in bacteria. In these limited studies, results are mixed and range from essential for viability (Gemmata obscuriglobus) to nonessential and having little impact on normal physiology and development (Sigmatella aurantica).
Techniques for Management of Multiple Ingested Magnets

Abstract Introduction: Foreign body ingestions are a common problem managed by pediatric surgeons. Although the majority of ingested objects lead to no significant clinical consequence and often do...
Adaptive Transmit Waveform Design

Recent research efforts in the Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) community have focused on developing sonar systems that adapt to their acoustic environment, referred to as "cognitive" sonars. Cognitive active sonar systems utilize principles of the perception action cycle of cognition to leverage information gathered from earlier sensing interactions with the underwater acoustic environment. This in turn informs the selection of system parameters to optimize target detection, classification, localization, and tracking performance in that acoustic environment. Of the many system parameters such a cognitive sonar system could potentially adapt, the acoustic signal transmitted into the medium, also known as the transmit waveform, has a profound impact on system performance. Many of the physical characteristics of the acoustic environment are contained in the return echo signal that is composed of amplitude scaled (target strength), time-delayed (target range) and Doppler shifted (target range-rate) echoes of the transmit waveform. This paper briefly describes a spectrally compact adaptive FM waveform model using Multi-Tone Sinusoidal Frequency Modulation (MTSFM). The MTSFM waveform's frequency and phase modulation functions are composed of a finite set of weighted sinusoidal harmonics. The weights for each harmonic are utilized as a discrete set of design coefficients. Adjusting these coefficients results in constant amplitude, spectrally compact FM waveforms with unique characteristics. The adaptability of the MTSFM combined with its transmitter friendly properties make it an attractive waveform type for a variety of active sonar applications and may provide a cognitive sonar system the ability to generate a complementary set of finely tuned waveforms for the novel scenarios and environments that it may encounter.
The Role of Levetiracetam in Treating Chronic Neuropathic Pain Symptoms.

Based on low-quality evidence, levetiracetam was found to be ineffective for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain symptoms. Moreover, patients who were taking levetiracetam experienced adverse effects at a significantly higher rate than those who were taking placebo.
Golay Codes for Simultaneous Multi-mode Ultrasonic Imaging

In previous studies, a multi-mode phased array system was described which simultaneously transmits a set of uncorrelated pseudo-random Golay codes and then, upon reception, isolates the signals and their associated modes using correlation receivers. In this study the performance of the same system is evaluated under the presence of moving targets and clutter through the use of a generalized ambiguity function and a system signal-to-noise ratio formula. Results indicate that, although the special Golay code properties of self-noise and cross-correlation cancellation are diminished as the velocity of a target increases, the degradation of system performance will be minimal for all but the fastest moving targets in medical imaging applications. For most practical imaging situations the Golay code simultaneous multi-mode transmission system will still provide an improvement in speed and/or signal-to-noise ratio over conventional sequential multimode systems.
The Role of Sheath Cells in Glutamate Uptake by Insect Nerve Muscle Preparations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of sheath cells in glutamate uptake by insect nerve muscle preparations. Glutamic acid has also been recovered from perfusates of stimulated insect neuromuscular preparations. Glutamate transport may have been such a mechanism. Its persistence in the vertebrate nervous system possibly represents the remains of an old and universal neural process, may be as a general excitant. More extensive studies on the role of glutamate and other amino acids in neural function of lower forms may contribute to the understanding of its role in the vertebrate nervous system. Glutamate appears to be acting on the postjunctional membrane because its effectiveness in producing muscle contraction persists after denervation eliminates all neurally evoked action. The chapter also discusses the evolutionary implications of the facilitated transport mechanism for glutamate in vertebrate nerve. The excitatory neuromuscular transmitter in annelid worms appears to be acetylcholine as it is in vertebrates.
On efficient reasoning with implication constraints

In this paper, we address the complexity issue of reasoning with implication constraints. We consider the problem of deciding whether a conjunctive yes/no-query always produces the empty relation (“no” answer) on database instances satisfying a given set of implication constraints, which we refer to as the IC-refuting problem. We show that several other important problems, such as the query containment problem, are polynomially equivalent to the IC-refuting problem. More importantly, we give criteria for designing a set of implication constraints so that an efficient process, called “units-refutation” process can be used to solve the IC-refuting problem.
Confucian Leadership and the Rising Chinese Economy：Implications for Developing Global Leadership

Since the 1990s, China's burgeoning economy has drawn worldwide attention. Much economic research has focused on the formative role of Confucianism in the development of Chinese culture and its ongoing influence in motivating Chinese leaders past and present. Analysis of Confucianism illuminates its relationship to the rising Chinese economy. The discussion in this article conceptualizes the Confucian notion of leadership, proposes that the culture of Confucian leadership is a primary reason for the impressive growth of the Chinese economy, and offers Confucian-based suggestions for the further development of the knowledge base of leaders worldwide.
Monthly variation of forage and soil minerals in Central Florida. II, Trace minerals

Abstract A two‐year study was conducted to determine the trace mineral status of cattle grazing forages (bahiagrass) and soils on a ranch in central Florida. Forage and soil samples were collected every month for two years. Month effect (P 0.05) in forage trace mineral concentrations. Few and low correlation coefficients were observed between and within soil and forage trace minerals concentrations. Percentages of total forage collected with trace minerals below critical values (in parentheses) and suggestive of deficiency...
The Game of Life Using Polynomial Discrete Time Cellular Neural Networks

There are different approximations to improve the performance and mathematical representation of a cellular neural networks to work with linearly nonseparable data as XOR. But the main goal is to work with problems that only can solved with universal machines such as the game of life. In this paper a new model of Polynomial Cellular Neural Networks that solves the game of life is presented with the learning design to compute the templates.
Afferent and developmentally inherent mechanisms of form and motion processing in cat extrastriate cortex.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on afferent and developmentally inherent mechanisms of form and motion processing in cat extrastriate cortex and presents the studies of the mechanisms of compensation for visual cortex damage in adult cats and newborn kittens. As part of these studies, it is investigated that the effects of both acute and long-term removal of inputs from different areas on the receptive- field properties of neurons in the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) extrastriate the visual area of cortex. This has allowed determining the role of various inputs in the elaboration of PMLS receptive fields in normal adult animals. In addition, it has provided evidence that the development of certain receptive field properties depends upon intrinsic characteristics of the PMLS neurons, not simply upon the particular inputs to the neurons. In normal adult cats, PMLS neurons respond selectively to stimulus motion (MS), direction (DS), orientation (OS), and spatial frequency content (SF). The orientation tuning is broad, and spatial resolution and optimal spatial frequency are low.
A2197 + A2199 Supercluster Region

A2197 and A2199 are among the nearest rich clusters of galaxies. They are worthy of special attention because (i) they form a close binary system, the analysis of which provides an independent estimate of the clusters’ mass to light ratio, and (ii) these two clusters fall along a bridge of interconnected clusters that stretches at least 50 Mpc. We report 78 new redshifts in the A2197+A2199 region, thus tripling the number of known redshifts.
Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is a relatively rare disorder, affecting about 0.5% of women between the age of 15 and 45 (1) and about 0.05% of males. However, its incidence may be increasing (1–3). The illness often leads to chronic ill-health, and patients are 10 times more likely to die from complications of the illness than those without it (4,5).
Water management and climate change: dealing with uncertainties

This book explores the challenge of adapting water management practices to meet the uncertainty of a changing future climate. Unlike other works on the topic of climate change and water that focus ...
Information systems for planning in developing countries: Some lessons from the experience of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat)

To this end, Habitat has taken a leading role among multilateral and bilateral agencies in introducing and applying microcomputer systems to urban and regional planning in the Third World. Habitat has provided software, systems, training, management, evaluation/assessment, special advisory and consulting services to government agencies all over the world. The purpose of this paper is to present a number of case studies based on Habitat experience and to try to draw from this experience some lessons about computerised information systems for urban and regional planning in developing countries. Case studies are drawn from India, Mexico and Sri Lanka. The paper concludes with three main guidelines for the development of planning information systems in the Third World.
An Assaying System for HTGR Fuel Compacts

An automatic gamma scanning apparatus to determine U-235 content in fuel compacts is described. Two automatic scanners, controlled by a logic unit, drive each compact past a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. Pulse-height selection permits counting only the emitted 184 KEV gamma-rays. After each scan, a scaler containing the total count is gated off and a readout cycle initiated. Comparison logic analyzes the count in terms of 4 values set into the system by selector switches. The interrogation circuits then decide the percentage of fuel loading relative to a standard element and indicate this to the operator. Simultaneously, the scaler count is printed on paper tape. Possible errors are considered and these are correlated with test results.
Acute hyponatremia in ultra-endurance athletes

The case of a 57-year-old male athlete who developed acute hyponatremia during participation in a 100 mile ultra-marathon is discussed. The initial presentation was one of rapid neurological deterioration and transient cardiovascular instability. Current theories on how hyponatremia develops in athletes are discussed. Treatment modalities, such as the use of hypertonic saline and the management of increased intracranial pressure, are addressed. With increasing interest in ultra-endurance events, the incidence of acute hyponatremia may increase. It is important that emergency physicians recognize this phenomenon and be familiar with the principles of acute intervention.
Confounders contributing to the reported associations of coffee or caffeine with disease.

The role of caffeine or coffee in causing or promoting the incidence of serious disease is equivocal. Two design factors may account for the discrepancies in reported findings on the effects of coffee drinking: (a) imprecision of measurement and (b) confounding variables. A study of 2,714 white U.S. adults disclosed that, of 32 risk factors analyzed by linear and logistic regression, only sex and cigarette smoking were found to be important potential confounders of caffeine and coffee intake. Partial R2 values of the other 30 risk factors were relatively small and were inconsistent for each sex. It is unlikely that any of these factors could explain any of the reported associations between caffeine or coffee consumption and certain diseases. However, certain weak associations with caffeine or coffee intake should be included in the study design when they are known to be risk factors of a disease under investigation. These factors for men are dietary fat intake, vitamin C intake, and body mass index; and for women are vitamin use, alcohol intake, stress, and perceived health status.
Dendritic morphology of cat retinal ganglion cells projecting to suprachiasmatic nucleus.

The morphological properties of cat retinal ganglion cells projecting to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus were studied by using retrograde labeling, in vitro intracellular injection, confocal optical section, and computer three-dimensional reconstruction techniques. A total of 218 stained cells were studied. Neither the dendritic fields nor soma diameters of SCN-projecting cells varied with eccentricity. Approximately 50% of cells were concentrated not in the area centralis, but rather in the visual streak. SCN-projecting cells showed large and symmetrical dendritic fields (596 +/- 159 microm) and medium to small sized somas (17.2 +/- 3.3 microm). The ramification patterns of SCN-projecting cells were similar. Most cells primarily ramify in either sublamina A or B. Evidence from quantitatively analyzed cells (n = 39) suggests that these cells ramified more frequently in sublamina A (n = 17) than in sublamina B (n = 8). A large number of cells, on the other hand, showed diffuse ramification (n = 14) throughout the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The functional roles of these cells and the corresponding retinal neurocircuitry in circadian entrainment remain to be studied.
On the Time-Domain Response of Havriliak-Negami Dielectrics

We apply a combination of asymptotic and numerical methods to study electromagnetic pulse propagation in the Havriliak-Negami permittivity model of fractional relaxation. This dielectric model contains the Cole-Cole and Cole-Davidson models as special cases. We analytically determine the impulse response at short and long distances behind the wavefront, and validate our results with numerical methods for performing inverse Laplace transforms and for directly solving the time-domain Maxwell equations in such dielectrics. We find that the time-domain response of Havriliak-Negami dielectrics is significantly different from that obtained for Debye dielectrics. This makes possible using pulse propagation measurements in TDR setups in order to determine the appropriate dielectric model, and its parameters, for the actual dielectric whose properties are being measured.
Patient-reported hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in a primary care practice.

Identifying women appropriate for cancer genetic counseling referral depends on patient-reported family history. Understanding predictors of reporting a high-risk family is critical in ensuring compliance with current referral guidelines. Our objectives were to (1) assess prevalence of candidates for BRCA1 and BRCA2 counseling referral in a primary care setting, (2) explore associations with high-risk status and various patient (e.g., race) and family structure (e.g., number of relatives) characteristics, and (3) determine whether high-risk patients had genetic counseling and/or testing. Survey and pedigree data were collected between 2010 and 2012 for 486 Women’s Health Clinic patients. Analyses in 2013 investigated perceived cancer risk and worry, family structure, and receipt of genetic counseling. We explored whether these were associated with meeting USPSTF guidelines for genetic counseling referral. Twenty-two (4.5 %) women met the criteria for BRCA referral. Only one of these women had previous genetic counseling, and one reported prior genetic testing. Older women were more likely to meet BRCA referral criteria (P < 0.001). Although perceived risk was higher among high-risk women, 27 % of high-risk women felt their breast cancer risk was “low”, and 32 % felt their risk was lower than average. About one in 22 women in primary care may require genetics services for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, but alarmingly, few actually receive these services. Also, a significant proportion do not perceive that they are at increased risk. Educational interventions may be needed for both providers and patients to increase awareness of familial risk and appropriate genetic counseling services.
Universality and Fractal Dimension of Mode-Locking Structure in Systems with Competing Periodicities

In the following we shall be concerned with the properties of physical systems with competing periodicities. Two very different situations will be considered. In the first case the competition is between two periods in time, or two frequencies, in a system which is at the verge of entering into a chaotic state. In the second case the competition is between two periods in space. Although the physical phenomena are very different, the mathematical description of the resulting behavior is very much the same. In both cases there is a nonlinear coupling which tends to lock the two periods together.
Osmoregulatory changes during the aquatic-to-terrestrial transition in the rough-skinned newt, Taricha granulosa: the roles of temperature and ACTH.

Aquatic breeding-condition newts kept at 5, 11, or 18° showed temperature-dependent changes in body weight (BW), tail height, plasma [Na+], hematocrit, integumental osmotic permeability, urine production, and transepithelial potential. Net urine production could account for the change in weight observed in animals kept at 11 and 18°, suggesting that initial weight change results from a reduction in extracellular volume. Weight loss was correlated with increased hematocrit and plasma [Na+]. In another experiment, newts were sham-hypophysectomized (sham-HX) or hypophysectomized (HX) and injected with saline, ovine prolactin (PRL), ovine growth hormone (GH), or porcine adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and maintained at 5° for 13 days. All animals lost 3–7% of their initial BW. Plasma [Na+] was reduced in animals injected with hormone compared with both sham-operated and saline-injected controls. Following an increase in water temperature to 11° for 13 days, weight loss in sham-operated and ACTH-injected newts increased to 16% of BW compared with a total of 4–8% in newts injected with PRL, GH, or saline. In this experiment also, loss of body weight was correlated with increased plasma [Na+]. Although measurements of plasma Na+ concentrations indicated that ACTH caused “sodium retention”, estimates of changes in total extracellular Na+ revealed that both sham-operated and ACTH-injected newts experienced a net sodium loss. In Taricha granulosa, warm temperatures and ACTH (presumably acting via interrenal hormones) appear necessary for the fluid and electrolyte loss which accompanies the transition from the aquatic to the terrestrial condition.
Micromechanics of high-cycle initiation of fatigue cracking intermetallic compounds

Abstract Tests have shown that ordered intermetallic compounds favor planar slip and tend to have no cross-slip or multi-slip. This was explained by the long Burger's vector in these ordered compounds. The flow stress of the ordered has been found to be less than that of the disordered ones. However the high-cycle fatigue life of the ordered was found to be significantly more than that of the disordered. This is believed to be due to low rate of crack initiation. Cracks have been found to initiate exclusively at slip bands extrusions and intrusions in intermetallic compounds. This paper shows a micromechanic fatigue model. This model was used to calculate the extrusion growth of a single fatigue band and then multiple fatigue bands in the most favorably oriented crystal. It was found that extrusion growth in the ordered alloy is significantly less than that in the disordered ones. The S−N curves to give given plastic shear strains of the extrusion at the free surface were calculated for both the ordered and disordered alloys. It was found that the ordered alloy has significantly higher S−N curves as observed in experiments.
Narrow-linewidth megahertz-rate pulse-burst laser for high-speed flow diagnostics

A second-generation pulse-burst laser system for high-speed flow diagnostics is described in detail. The laser can produce a burst of high-energy pulses (of the order of hundreds of millijoules per pulse) with individual pulse durations of less than 10 ns and pulse separations as short as 1 micros. A key improvement is the addition of a phase-conjugate mirror, which effectively isolates the high-intensity, short-duration pulses from the low-intensity, long-duration background illumination. It allows for more-efficient amplification and harmonic generation, with efficiencies exceeding 50% for second-harmonic and 40% for third-harmonic generation. Characteristics of the laser system, including gain narrowing, pulse-burst energy distribution, pulse narrowing, and overall pulse-burst energy, are described. In addition, the applicability of the laser for spectroscopic-based flow diagnostics is demonstrated through the presentation of megahertz-rate planar Doppler velocimetry results.
Ultrahigh -47-dB optical drop rejection multiwavelength add–drop filter using spatial filtering and dual bulk acousto-optic tunable filters

A new high-speed, ultrahigh cross-talk-suppression multiwavelength add-drop optical filter structure is demonstrated with two bulk acousto-optic tunable filters. With simple spatial blocks, an average -47-dB optical suppression is measured for the unwanted wavelengths at the filter output ports. The filter is tested for the three standard visible wavelengths, red, green, and blue, and demonstrates a switching time of 0.65micros and an average optical loss of 5 dB. Applications for this filter include multiwavelength switching applications such as wavelength-division-multiplexed optical communications.
`That's my piece, that's my signature, and it means more ...': creative identity and the ensemble teacher/ arranger

This study follows a phenomenological qualitative research tradition. Two K-12 (5-6 years old through 17-18 years old) music teachers were asked to create an arrangement of a musical selection of their choice to be performed by their students. Guidelines were emergent to allow for the construction of meaningful projects that would encourage personal growth and the development of each participant's creative skills. The primary data collection technique was a semi-structured interview. These interviews were conducted at various stages before, during and after music was arranged for performance. Participants' responses were transcribed and examined for patterns, trends and themes. From this data, codes emerged. These codes were sorted and categorized into four themes: (1) teacher ownership of arrangements/compositions; (2) compositional process: manipulation of musical materials; (3) continuing education; (4) culture of creativity: impact of the projects on students. Findings support the literature regarding musician identity. The researcher provides a model of the relationship of role- identities to musician identity, as well as a model of music teacher identity progression.
18-crown-6 as a class I organic modifier in MEKC

The use of 18-crown-6 as a class I organic modifier for SDS MEKC is described. Two positional isomer series, one neutral (nitrotoluenes) and one anionic (nitrophenols), are used to demonstrate different effects of 18-crown-6 on analyte retention in SDS MEKC.
Thermal-vacuum behavior of lithium-drifted silicon detectors

Abstract The potential advantages of lithium-drifted silicon detectors compared with conventional silicon surface-barrier detectors under conditions of a thermal-vacuum environment are discussed. Both surface-barrier and n-i-p lithium-drifted detectors have been fabricated which will operate at elevated temperatures and high vacuum for extended periods of time with no evidence of noise instability. The operating characteristics of several litjium-drifted silicon detectors have been studied before, during and after environmental testing to investigate the effects of such testing on detector properties. The results of these studies are reported.