cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Youth with Oppositional Defiant Disorder at Entry into Home-Based Treatment, Foster Care, and Residential Treatment

We explored and compared rates of youth diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) at entry into three broad program types, home-based care, foster care, and residential care. We also explored factors other than an ODD diagnosis that could be associated with program placement, and compared the presence of these factors in youth with and without an ODD diagnosis. Analyses were conducted using data from an ongoing, private-agency led, outcome measurement project. Programs were grouped into low (home-based), moderate (foster), or high (residential) categories, based upon levels of supervision and structure provided. A sample of 9,564 youth admitted into care between years 2005 and 2007 was used. Results suggested the following rates of ODD: 14.2 % overall; 7.9 % for low level programs; 5.3 % for moderate level programs; 21.1 % for high level programs. Rates were significantly different by program level (p ≤ 0.001). Sixty of 65 additional risk factors were also significantly associated with placement by level of program. No risk factors were unique to youth with ODD. Of the significant factors for youth with ODD, 4 were particularly strong: Classification as a child in need of services (CHINS), history of neglect, verbal aggression, and truancy. Youth classified as CHINS and with substantiated or suspected neglect were more likely placed into a moderate level program. Youth with verbal aggression or truancy were more likely placed into a high level program. Results suggested many factors are considered at program entry. Given the potential for poor prognosis and social costs of ODD, results support an individualized approach to placement determinations, with increased attention to symptoms of ODD and associated features at program entry.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of HoxA10 Decreases DNA Binding and Transcriptional Repression during Interferon γ-induced Differentiation of Myeloid Leukemia Cell Lines

The DNA binding affinity of HoxA10 is increased by partnering with Pbx proteins. A consensus sequence for Pbx1-HoxA10 DNA binding has been derived, but genuine target genes have not been identified. We noted that the derived Pbx-HoxA10 DNA-binding consensus is similar to a repressor element in the CYBB promoter. TheCYBB gene, which encodes the respiratory burst oxidase component gp91 phox, is expressed only in myeloid cells that have differentiated beyond the promyelocyte stage. In these studies, we demonstrate that interferon γ (IFN-γ)-induced differentiation of myeloid cell lines abolishes in vitro Pbx-HoxA10 binding to either the derived consensus or the similar CYBB sequence. We also demonstrate that HoxA10, overexpressed in myeloid cell lines, represses reporter gene expression from artificial promoter constructs with Pbx-HoxA10 binding sites. We determine that HoxA10 has endogenous repression domains that are not functionally altered by IFN-γ treatment. However, IFN-γ-induced differentiation of myeloid cell lines leads to HoxA10 tyrosine phosphorylation, which decreasesin vitro DNA binding to Pbx-HoxA10 binding sites. Therefore, these investigations identify the CYBB gene as a potential target for HoxA10 and define repression of genes expressed in mature myeloid cells as a novel role for HoxA10 during myeloid differentiation.
Interferon Regulatory Factor 8 Regulates RANTES Gene Transcription in Cooperation with Interferon Regulatory Factor-1, NF-κB, and PU.1

Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-8 is a member of the IRF family of transcription factors important in interferon-gamma-mediated signaling and in the development and function of dendritic cells. Regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES, or CCL5) is a member of the CC chemokine family of proteins, strongly chemoattractant for several important immune cell types in host defense against infectious agents and cancer. Here we report that RANTES expression in IRF-8-null macrophages stimulated with interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide is markedly decreased. IRF-8 can activate RANTES gene transcription in synergism with IRF-1. Interestingly, IRF-8 can activate RANTES transcription independently of IRF-1 through direct physical interactions with NF-kappaB c-Rel and PU.1 via the NF-kappaB element located at -88 to -79 in vitro and in vivo. This study uncovers a novel role of IRF-8 in the regulation of RANTES gene expression and the underlying molecular mechanisms whereby IRF-8 interacts with several other important transcription factors to initiate innate immune responses to pathogenic and inflammatory challenges by activating the RANTES gene.
Emotional triggers and their relation to impulsive and compulsive psychopathology

Abstract An emotion regulation framework was used to explore how emotional triggers might be related to the presence and severity of impulsive–compulsive (I–C) psychopathology (e.g., drinking, cleaning). Young adults (N = 189; 65% female) provided information concerning their I–C behaviors (e.g., time spent, subjective distress), emotional triggers, trait-level impulsivity, and obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. The primary outcome measures were ratings of the severity of I–C psychopathology made by three judges who examined the information concerning the I–C behaviors. Higher levels of both pleasant and unpleasant emotions were associated with more severe levels of I–C psychopathology. Anger and shame had particularly strong associations with I–C psychopathology, when all emotions and other factors (e.g., impulsivity) were taken into consideration. The results of this study suggest that an emotional regulation framework may be particularly useful for conceptualizing and classifying I–C psychopathology.
Management of Fusarium wilt of lettuce

Abstract Fusarium wilt of lettuce, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, is an important disease affecting lettuce production in many countries throughout the world. The pathogen can be seedborne, which provides a likely mechanism for long distance dispersal. Locally, F. o. lactucae can be moved between fields with contaminated soil on farming equipment. Minimizing opportunities for introduction of the pathogen with soil or seed is an important element of disease management. Once established, the pathogen will be difficult to eradicate, unless soil fumigation is an option. Propagules of F. o. lactucae have a half-life in soil of approximately six months, under fallow conditions. Persistence in soil may be enhanced if crops grown in rotation with lettuce support development of the pathogen. Cauliflower and broccoli appear to present a minor risk in this regard, whereas spinach is more extensively colonized and is therefore a less desirable crop to be grown in rotation with lettuce. Most commonly grown lettuce cultivars are susceptible to Fusarium wilt but some leaf and romaine types are highly resistant. Major gene resistance has been deployed in Japan, where three pathogenic races are known to occur. Symptom development is strongly influenced by ambient temperature, with higher temperatures resulting in more severe disease. For this reason, the risk of disease can be reduced by growing susceptible cultivars only during the cool part of the year.
Cognitively and perceptually based judgments in children's brand discriminations and preferences

This paper reports on a study in which 52 children age four to five (mostly pre-operational) and 52 children age eight to nine (mostly concrete operational) made discrimination and preference judgments among 14 brands of cereals and beverages using a multidimensional scaling procedure. It was hypothesized that concrete-operational children are more likely to use cognitive attributes while pre-operational children are more likely to use perceptual/affective attributes in discriminating among brands and in making preference judgments. The results were consistent with respect to preference judgments but not with respect to discrimination judgments. Managerial and public policy implications were discussed.
Causes of Disputes in Online Auctions

While much attention has been given to reputation mechanisms to deter fraudulent behaviour in online auctions, we know little about the nature of disputes or the types of problems that users face. This is an exploratory analysis of 129 disputes for five different types of products that were sold on eBay. In the analysis we find seven different types of disputes including poor quality, slow shipping, seller withdrawal, fraud, poor communications, misunderstanding, and non‐paying bidders. Each type of dispute is affected by different factors. This research finds that used products tend to have problems related to misrepresentation and fraud. A buyer with a better reputation is less likely to fail to pay and the likelihood to pay appears to be related to the auction process. Sellers are also more likely to avoid delays in the shipping of products if these have a higher price. Business‐related products are more likely to result in less disputes related to slow shipping. Seller withdrawal disputes are related ...
Antihypertensive Medication Adherence, Stroke and Death

The Authors' Reply. We appreciate Dr. Lapane’s analysis of the practical implications raised by our recent article documenting the adverse effect of antihypertensive medication non-adherence on risk of stroke and death.1 We agree with both Dr. Lapane and Fischer et al.2 that there is great potential for well-designed interventions using health information technology to improve adherence to essential medications and save lives. We concur with Dr. Lapane that physicians frequently underestimate the extent of non-adherence and are generally unprepared to deal with it. Given the high rates of non-adherence, it is critical that intervention approaches support rather than interrupt efficient physician workflow. So what interventions does research suggest are most promising? Unfortunately, there is scant direct evidence. However, our recent research does provide some strong indirect evidence. Three complementary health information exchange (HIE) registry-facilitated approaches should be investigated to assess use of antihypertensive medication refill adherence (MRA) in the primary care setting. First, preliminary evidence suggests that feedback of MRA information through an electronic health record (EHR) dashboard at the point of care is likely to help providers recognize, track, and emphasize adherence without disruption of busy schedules.3,4 Second, outreach personnel (nurses, medical assistants or pharmacists) can be employed to routinely reach out to all patients identified through the HIE registry as non-adherent according to MRA. Third, HIE computer-generated reminders can be sent directly to patients to emphasize adherence.5 For all three approaches, MRA, which can be easily calculated using readily available electronic pharmacy data and assesses long-term adherence,1 is likely to be more effective than a refill-by-refill approach as Lapane describes. Our recent research supports making MRA information readily available through health information exchanges (HIE) and electronic medical records to providers to help them support patient adherence. Further research is needed to assess whether HIE feedback of MRA information to providers, outreach personnel and patients has potential to save the lives of at-risk patients with hypertension and other serious chronic diseases.
Molecular dynamics simulations of discoidal bilayers assembled from truncated human lipoproteins.

Human apolipoprotein A-1 (apo A-1) is the major protein component of high-density lipoproteins. The apo A-1 lipid-binding domain was used as a template for the synthesis of amphipathic helical proteins termed membrane scaffold proteins, employed to self-assemble soluble monodisperse discoidal particles called Nanodiscs. In these particles, membrane scaffold proteins surround a lipid bilayer in a beltlike fashion forming bilayer disks of discrete size and composition. Here we investigate the structure of Nanodiscs through molecular dynamics simulations in which Nanodiscs were built from scaffold proteins of various lengths. The simulations showed planar or deformed Nanodiscs depending on optimal length and alignment of the scaffold proteins. Based on mean surface area per lipid calculations, comparison of small-angle x-ray scattering curves, and the relatively planar shape of Nanodiscs made from truncated scaffold proteins, one can conclude that the first 17 to 18 residues of the 200-residue apo A-1 lipid-binding domain are not involved in formation of the protein “belts” surrounding the lipid bilayer. To determine whether the addition of an integral membrane protein has an effect on the overall structure of a Nanodisc, bacteriorhodopsin was embedded into a Nanodisc and simulated using molecular dynamics, revealing a planar disk with a slightly rectangular shape.
The laser illuminated absorptivity spectrophone: a method for measurement of weak absorptivity in gases at laser wavelengths.

A spectrophone measures absorptivity by sensing thermal expansion in a confined sample gas. Laser source excitation provides sufficient radiation to measure precisely very weak absorptivities at laser wavelengths. This paper describes the theoretical capability, design considerations, and experimental testing of a pulsed ruby laser absorptivity spectrophone and a cw CO2 laser absorptivity spectrophone. A spectrum of the water vapor line at 6943.8 A was obtained. The peak absorptivity was 3 × 10−6 cm−1. In the vicinity of 9.6 μ, absorptivities of CO2−N2 mixtures were measured down to 1.2 × 10−7cm−1.
Multiple aspect based task analysis (MABTA) for user requirements gathering in highly-contextualized interactive system design

Many traditional methods in the task analysis area are developed for analyzing the task structure of interactions involving individual users. Nowadays more issues have been raised in dealing with group work task analysis. Accommodating contextual information as a part of task modeling is a potentially fertile arena of exploration in this area. This paper proposes a mechanism, multiple aspect based task analysis (MABTA), as another new way to support a combination of emphasis on context with the method of task analysis, focusing on accommodating multiple aspects of users' group work situation into task analysis. The research goal is to identify and to analyze user interface design requirements through this new mechanism, MABTA. A case study was introduced in order to demonstrate the benefits of this mechanism.
Strategies to meet lower blood pressure goals with a new standard in angiotensin II receptor blockade

The continued poor rates of blood pressure (BP) control to the recommended target BP of <140/90 mm Hg in patients with hypertension indicate a persistent need for improved antihypertensive therapy. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) constitute the newest approved class of antihypertensive agents. As with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, but do so through a more specific mechanism. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, but angiotensin II may be produced by several alternate pathways. Angiotensin II receptor blockers, by contrast, inhibit the binding of angiotensin II to the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor, independent of the pathway of angiotensin II production. Comparative safety and efficacy trials indicate that ARBs are similar to other antihypertensive drugs in terms of BP-lowering effectiveness and have superior tolerability. Olmesartan medoxomil is the newest and one of the most effective of the ARBs. In controlled trials, it has been shown to provide 24-h BP control with antihypertensive efficacy at least as good as that of the calcium channel blockers amlodipine besylate and felodipine and the β-blocker atenolol. In a comparative study, olmesartan medoxomil demonstrated significantly greater reductions in diastolic BP than did three other leading ARBs—losartan potassium, irbesartan, and valsartan. With the convenience of placebo-like tolerability and once-daily dosing, combined with excellent antihypertensive efficacy, olmesartan medoxomil may be a useful addition to our management of hypertension.
Discrimination between mammalian RNases H-1 and H-2.

Abstract The two principal RNases H in mammalian cells, H-1 and H-2, differ in their responses to salt, divalent metal, and sulfhydryl inhibition. Specific reaction conditions that provide unambiguous discrimination between RNases H-1 and H-2 with only two assays are described. The assays were used for identification in a new purification procedure for RNases H-1 and H-2.
Design of a tunable time-delay element using multiple gain lines for increased fractional delay with high data fidelity

A slow-light medium based on multiple, closely spaced gain lines is studied. The spacings and relative strengths of the gain lines are optimized by using the criteria of gain penalty and eye-opening penalty to maximize the fractional delay defined in terms of the best decision time for random pulse trains. Both numerical calculations and experiments show that an optimal design of a triple-gain-line medium can achieve a maximal fractional delay about twice that which can be obtained with a single-gain-line medium, at three times higher modulation bandwidth, while high data fidelity is still maintained.
The distribution of, and relation among, mercury and methylmercury, organic carbon, carbonate, nitrogen and phosphorus, in periphyton of the South Florida ecosystem

Periphyton samples from Water Conservation Areas, Big Cypress National Preserve, and Everglades National Park in south Florida were analyzed for concentrations of total mercury, methylmercury, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon, and inorganic carbon. Concentrations of total mercury in periphyton decrease slightly along a gradient from north‐to‐south. Both total mercury and methylmercury are positively correlated with organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in periphyton. In horizontal sections of periphyton mats, total mercury concentrations tend to be largest at the tops and bottoms of the mats. Methylmercury concentrations tend to be the largest near the bottom of mats. These localized elevated concentrations of methylmercury suggest that there are “hot spots”; of methylmercury in periphyton.
Reliable messaging for SOA with WebSphere MQ

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) requires sending messages from one computer system to another computer system. Various transport protocols (i.e., HTTP) can be used to send these messages; however, most of these protocols do not guarantee once and once only message delivery. Hence, large enterprises use messaging software for ensuring once and once only delivery of messages between different computer systems.
Density-functional theory and freezing of simple liquids.

A theory for the Helmholtz free-energy functional F of inhomogeneous simple liquids is presented in which hard-sphere perturbation theory is utilized to separate F into primarily entropic and internal-energy contributions. The entropy of the hard-sphere reference system is obtained from the weighted-density approximation and the internal energy is determined from an expansion about the uniform-liquid value. The thermodynamic functions of a model Lennard-Jones solid, liquid, and vapor are then calculated and the resulting \ensuremath{\rho}-T phase diagram is found to be in good agreement with all aspects of simulation studies, including the Lindemann parameter along the freezing curve.
Sustained Release Micellar Carrier Systems for Iontophoretic Transport of Dexamethasone across Human Sclera

A challenge in ocular drug delivery is to maintain the therapeutic concentration of a drug at the site of action in the eye. The objective of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of micellar carrier systems for sustained drug delivery in transscleral iontophoresis in vitro. Simple and mixed micelles prepared using sodium taurocholate (TA) alone or with egg lecithin (LE) were the carrier systems studied. Dexamethasone (DEX), a poorly water soluble corticosteroid, was the model drug. The micellar carrier systems were first characterized for their solubilization and encapsulation of the drug. Passive and 2-mA iontophoretic (both cathodal and anodal) transport experiments were conducted using these micellar carrier systems in side-by-side diffusion cells with excised human sclera in vitro. Drug release studies were performed after the transport experiments. Saturated DEX solution without the micellar carriers was used as a control. It was found that the solubilization capacity of the micellar carrier systems increased as the total lipid concentration of the systems increased. Drug release from the sclera was significantly prolonged with the micellar carrier systems as compared to the control after passive and iontophoretic delivery. Less than ~20% of DEX was released from the sclera in approximately 2h after cathodal iontophoretic delivery of the micellar carrier systems, whereas more than ~50% of DEX was released from the control in the same time period under the same condition. Micellar carrier systems can be a suitable transscleral drug delivery system for poorly water soluble drugs by enhancing their aqueous solubilities and providing sustained drug delivery. These micellar carrier systems can be efficiently delivered into and across the sclera by iontophoresis for drug delivery.
Risk scoring can predict readmission after endocrine surgery.

Background Hospitals and surgeons simultaneously are pressured to decrease readmissions and duration of stay. We hypothesized that readmissions after endocrine surgery could be predicted by using a novel risk-score. Methods The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for cervical endocrine operations performed during 2011 and 2012. The primary end point was unplanned readmission within 30 days. Multivariable logistic regression was used to create and validate a scoring system to predict unplanned readmissions. Results Overall, 34,046 cases were included with a readmission rate of 2.8% (n = 947). The most frequent reasons for readmission were hypocalcemia (32.4%) surgical-site infection (8.4%), and hematoma (8.0%) (2012 data only). The readmission risk score was created using the following factors: thyroid malignancy, hypoalbuminemia, renal insufficiency, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, and duration of stay >1 day. Predicted readmission rate by number of risk factors was 1.7 % for 0 risk factors, 3.2% for 1 risk factor (5–11 points), 5.8% for 2 risk factors, 10.5% for 3 risk factors, and 18.0% for 4 risk factors. The model had good predictive ability with c = 0.646. Conclusion Readmissions after cervical endocrine operations can be predicted. This risk score could be used to direct resource use for preoperative, inpatient, and outpatient care delivery to reduce readmissions.
Effect of equivalence ratio and approach flow turbulence properties on the internal structure of premixed rod-stabilized flames

Utilizing an instantaneous Rayleigh scattering technique, experiments were conducted to evaluate the separate influences of fuel-air ratio and approach flow turbulence properties on the internal structure of turbulent premixed V-shaped flames stabilized at the exit plane of a square burner. It is shown that an increase in the approach flow turbulent fluctuation velocities tends to reduce the instantaneous flame thickness. The spatial structure of the flame as described by the strength of the density fluctuations is found to be influenced by both equivalence ratio and turbulence intensity. Comparison of density fluctuation intensities with predictions from the Bray-Moss-Libby model indicates that the nature of the assumed pdf for closure of the governing equations can be influenced by both mixture stoichiometry and the properties of the approach flow turbulence.
Origin, targeting, and function of the apicomplexan plastid

The discovery of a plastid in Plasmodium, Toxoplasma and related protozoan parasites provides a satisfying resolution to several long-standing mysteries: the mechanism of action for various surprisingly effective antibiotics; the subcellular location of an enigmatic 35 kb episomal DNA; and the nature of an unusual intracellular structure containing multiple membranes. The apicomplexan plastid highlights the importance of lateral genetic transfer in evolution and provides an accessible system for the investigation of protein targeting to secondary endosymbiotic organelles. Combining molecular genetic identification of targeting signals with whole genome analysis promises to yield a complete picture of organellar metabolic pathways and new targets for drug design.
Passive retropulse protection through enhanced optical breakdown

The potential for serious component damage in a laser system due to reflected pulses increases rapidly with output energy. Optical materials for interstage isolators are not available for large 10.6 micron laser sytems. We show that an excellent passive protection technique can be realized using optically induced gas breakdown in the high pressure laser medium. The reflected energy flux is reduced below the component damage threshold by using spatial overlap to increase the strength of the breakdown.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with thyrotoxicosis and hypoparathyroidism.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe a patient who presented with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and thyrotoxicosis in whom hypoparathyroidism developed. Methods We present the clinical and laboratory findings in a patient with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and thyrotoxicosis. We also review the literature for previous cases of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with thyrotoxicosis. Results A 74-year-old man presented with left-sided neck pain and a rapidly enlarging neck mass. Initial thyroid function tests revealed the following: thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH) 0.03 μIU/mL, free thyroxine 1.28 ng/dL, and total triiodothyronine 119 ng/dL. A thyroid radioiodine uptake scan was 2.2% at 25 hours. Pathology examination of the neck mass disclosed anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. His thyrotoxicosis was managed with β-adrenergic blockade. The thyroid carcinoma was treated palliatively with external beam irradiation. During week 9 after the patient’s initial presentation, symptomatic hypocalcemia developed, with an ionized serum calcium level of 0.75 mmol/L (normal range, 1.15 to 1.29) and a parathyroid hormone level of 21.2 pg/mL (normal range, 10 to 65). He was given calcium gluconate intravenously for initial management, followed by orally administered calcium carbonate and calcitriol. At week 15, he died of complications attributable to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Conclusion Thyrotoxicosis due to thyroiditis is a rare initial manifestation of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Hypoparathyroidism due to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma has not been reported previously. (Endocr Pract. 2005; 11:281-284)
First-principles calculations of the adsorption and hydrogenation reactions of CH x ( x = 0 , 4 ) species on a Fe ( 100 ) surface

A previous set of investigations related to adsorption, diffusion, and dissociation properties of [ and [ on surface have been extended to the case of chemisorption properties of species on the same surface. Similar to our previous studies, the current work is based on first-principles plane-wave calculations using spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The calculations employ slab geometry and periodic boundary conditions. It was determined that species preferentially adsorb at the four-folded sites while the species prefer the binding at the bridge site. In contradistinction, the molecule is only weakly physisorbed on the surface, independent of surface site or molecular orientation. In the case of the C atom, the adsorption investigations have been extended to include both the coverage effects as well as the possibility for absorption at subsurface sites. The presence of the C atom at either hollow or subsurface sites was found to increase the stability of the other atomic (C, H, O) and molecular or radical species [, ] adsorbed on the surface. Beside chemisorption properties, the activation energies for surface diffusion have been determined for all individual species while in the case of C atom diffusion to subsurface sites have also been considered. Finally, we have determined the minimum energy path for the elementary hydrogenation reactions of species. We found that for the ensemble of surface processes involving dissociation of and on surface followed by hydrogenation of species with formation of , the dissociation is the rate determining step with an activation energy of .
Is strong sustainability operational? An example from Nepal†

This paper explores the ways that local people in different parts of the globe are working at the local level toward sustainable development, whether knowingly or unknowingly. Community forest management at the local level in Nepal is a successful model of sustainability. It exemplifies the ideals of strong sustainability, which enhances natural, economic and social capitals concurrently. The objective of such groups is to try to avoid ‘the tragedy of the commons’, and to conserve forests and obtain forest products by sustainably managing local forests. In addition, people realize indirect benefits of forest protection such as further control of landslides, and improvement of local watershed and microclimate. Further, users' groups are not only taking the forest products, but also increasing the forest stock, which is an act of natural capital enhancement. In addition, local communities are not only satisfying their demand for natural resources, but are also determined to increase their socio-ecological resource potential for the future. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Variability of aquifer sorption properties in a field experiment on groundwater transport of organic solutes: Methods and preliminary results

Abstract Methods to characterize the organic solute sorption distribution coefficient, organic carbon content, and specific surface area of aquifer solids from the site of a field experiment on solute transport in groundwater were refined for application to small subsamples of 10-cm depth increments taken from 5-cm diameter cores. Initial results indicate that the average sorption characteristics of the Borden aquifer do not vary appreciably along the trajectory of the solute plumes. However, the sorption distribution coefficient of tetrachloroethylene varied over nearly an order of magnitude among 10-cm depth increments in one core sample. Preliminary evidence suggests that the sorption distribution coefficients for four halogenated organic solutes vary proportionally among core strata. However, the distribution coefficients for sorption of tetrachloroethylene on various depth increments are not well correlated with either organic carbon content or specific surface area, suggesting that as yet unidentified mineral phases may play a significant role in sorption of such solutes by the sandy aquifer solids.
Explaining Lone Wolf Target Selection in the United States

The rise in lone wolf terrorist attacks worldwide in recent decades makes understanding the types of targets lone wolves choose a crucial locus of research, yet this topic remains understudied. In light of this lacuna, this article analyzes 84 lone wolf terrorist attacks that occurred in the United States between 1940 and 2012, identifies patterns in lone wolf target selection, and proposes and tests causal explanations for these patterns. I find that (1) a majority of lone wolves select civilian targets in familiar areas and (2) this is due to their relative weakness and their ideology.
Life History Studies of the Spottail Shiner of Clear Lake, Iowa, with Particular Reference to Some Sampling Problems

Abstract Collections of spottail shiners, Notropis budsonius hudsonius, were made by systematic seining in Clear Lake from 1956 to 1958. Spottails made up 4.7 and 8.5 percent of the total number of fish caught in minnow seine hauls during the summers of 1956 and 1957 respectively. For this reason, it is believed that the spottail shiner is not of major importance as a forage fish in Clear Lake. Young of the year comprised 80, 47, and 74 percent of the spottail catch in 1956, 1957, and 1958 respectively. Growth was determined from length frequency and from scale analysis. Scales were formed when the spottails were 18 to 20 millimeters in total length. The body-scale relationship had an intercept of 14 millimeters. Average daily growth increments of young-of-the-year spottails in the summers of 1956, 1957 and 1958 were 0.52, 0.69 and 0.65 millimeters per day respectively. Higher temperatures were related to faster growth. The growth rate of minnows of the 1956 year class from October, 1956 to June, 1957 was...
Science, marketing and wishful thinking in quantitative proteomics

In a recent editorial (J. Proteome Res. 2007, 6, 1633) and elsewhere questions have been raised regarding the lack of attention paid to good analytical practice with respect to the reporting of quantitative results in proteomics. Using those comments as a starting point, several issues are discussed that relate to the challenges involved in achieving adequate sampling with MS-based methods in order to generate valid data for large-scale studies. The discussion touches on the relationships that connect sampling depth and the power to detect protein abundance change, conflict of interest, and strategies to overcome bureaucratic obstacles that impede the use of peer-to-peer technologies for transfer and storage of large data files generated in such experiments.
Vitamin E and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Randomized Trial of Women

Objective To test whether alternate day vitamin E affects the incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a large-scale randomized trial of women. Design Randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Participants Thirty-nine thousand eight hundred seventy-six apparently healthy female health professionals aged 45 years or older. Intervention Participants were assigned randomly to receive either 600 IU of natural-source vitamin E on alternate days or placebo. Main Outcome Measures Incident AMD responsible for a reduction in best-corrected visual acuity to 20/30 or worse based on self-report confirmed by medical record review. Results After 10 years of treatment and follow-up, there were 117 cases of AMD in the vitamin E group and 128 cases in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.72–1.19). Conclusions In a large-scale randomized trial of female health professionals, long-term alternate-day use of 600 IU of natural-source vitamin E had no large beneficial or harmful effect on risk of AMD. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
The role of attention and memory in accounting decisions

Abstract Behavioral research in accounting has ignored the concepts of attention and memory which are crucial both to the development of a complete understanding of how accounting information is processed by humans and to the interpretation of existing research. In this paper, a review of literature from psychology, marketing and artificial intelligence is used to develop a series of significant research areas to increase accountants' understanding of the roles that attention and memory have in the human processing of accounting information.
Synthesis and characterization of 2′-azidoaminopterin as a potential photoaffinity label for folate-utilizing enzymes☆

Abstract A photoreactive analog of aminopterin, 2′-azidoaminopterin (VI), was synthesized and evaluated as a potential inhibitor and photoaffinity label of folate-utilizing enzymes. The compound was tightly bound to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from escherichia coli (MB 1428) with K 1 equal to 3 × 10 −11 M and to the enzyme from mouse (S-180) cells with K 1 approximately equal to 2 × 10 −10 M . Dissociation constants measured by equilibrium dialysis using radioactive 2′-azidoaminopterin gave a value of K D = 3.2 × 10 −9 M for the bacterial enzyme. The presence of NADPH enhanced the affinity by more than an order of magnitude. Azidoaminopterin is also an inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase from Lactobacillus casei , competitive with methylene-tetrahydrofolate ( K i 7 × 10 −7 M ). Photolysis of the radioactive inhibitor in complex with DHFR from E. coli led to approximately 3% covalent incorporation of label into protein. The greater part of this attachment was nonspecific as shown by the lack of protection in the presence of methotrexate. Thymidylate synthetase from L. casei was not significantly inactivated upon photolysis in the presence of the inhibitor and deoxyuridylate. Model studies showed that photoreaction of the inhibitor led to covalent linkages with thiol, lysyl amino groups, and the hydroxyl groups of alcohols. Azidoaminopterin may be useful in labeling other enzymes of folate metabolism, although a minor photoproduct reacts nonspecifically with many proteins. The antifolate can be photoconjugated to polylysine as well as to proteins. The polylysine conjugates inhibit DHFR. Difference spectrum analysis of the photoproducts from the irradiation of the DHFR I complex indicates that water reacts efficiently with the enzyme-bound nitrene and must therefore have access to at least part of the bound p -aminobenzoyl group. This analysis suggests that azide analogs of protein ligands may be useful as reporter groups in probing the hydrophobicity of binding sites.
Mining high-dimensional data for information fusion: a database-centric approach

Data mining on high-dimensional heterogeneous data is a crucial component in information fusion application domains such as remote sensing, surveillance, and homeland security. The information processing requirements of these domains place a premium on security, robustness, performance, and sophisticated analytic methods. This paper introduces a database-centric approach that enables data mining and analysis of data that typically interest the information fusion community. The approach benefits from the inherent security, reliability, and scalability found in contemporary RDBMSs. The capabilities of this approach are demonstrated on satellite imagery. Hyperspectral data are mined using clustering (O-Cluster) and classification (Support Vector Machines) techniques. The data mining is performed inside the database, which ensures maintenance of data integrity and security throughout the analytic effort. Within the database, the clustering and classification results can be further combined with spatial processing components to enable additional analysis.
‘Getting there early’: strategies for seeking policy influence and anticipating nanotechnology’s alternative futures

The purpose of this paper is to explore a case study that examines strategies for framing plausible nanotechnology futures. Using document analysis and semi-structured interviews, this investigation of the forward-looking information produced by the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (PEN) shows how an organisation uses foresight to seek policy influence and anticipate nanotechnology’s alternative futures. The set of approaches identified and investigated in this research include bringing the future into the present, regularly updating knowledge through repetition, capitalising on the first mover advantage, placing forward-looking information at the centre and periphery of analysis, and ensuring precise timing in the production of anticipatory knowledge. The findings demonstrate the social construction of plausibility and illustrate concrete strategies that can be successfully marshalled to strengthen plausible foresight for policy influence. These approaches also offer a replicable blueprint that organisations from all sectors can take to make foresight relevant and actionable for policy-makers.
Comparing effects of different writing activities on reading comprehension: A meta-analysis

The purposes of this review were to determine: (1) if different writing activities were more effective than others in improving students’ reading comprehension, and (2) if obtained differences among writing activities was related to how reading comprehension was measured? Meta-analysis was used to examine these questions across studies involving students in grades 1–12. Nineteen studies were located that met inclusion criteria, resulting in 4 writing activities comparisons with 4 or more studies per comparison: summary writing versus answering questions (k = 5), summary writing versus note taking (k = 7), answering questions versus note taking (k = 4), and answering questions versus extended writing activities (k = 6). Effect sizes calculated for each writing activities comparison indicated there were no statistically significant differences for any of these comparisons when effects were averaged over all reading comprehension measures, excluding treatment-inherent measures. However, statistically significant differences were found for two of the comparisons on specific measures. Extended writing enhanced reading comprehension better than question answering on measures where comprehension was assessed via an extended writing activity, whereas summary writing enhanced reading comprehension better than question answering on a free recall measure. The results provide limited support for the theoretical viewpoint that writing activities are differentially effective in improving reading comprehension based on how closely the writing activities are aligned with a particular measure.
Transcription: origins of licensing control.

Organ development requires precise regulation of both the total number and the different types of cells. Much is known about how each process is controlled, but new light has been shed on how the two are linked.
Human symbionts use a host-like pathway for surface fucosylation.

The mammalian intestine harbors a beneficial microbiota numbering approximately 10 12 organisms per gram of colonic content. The host tolerates this tremendous bacterial load while maintaining the ability to efficiently respond to pathogenic organisms. In this study, we show that the Bacteroides use a mammalian-like pathway to decorate numerous surface capsular polysaccharides and glycoproteins with l-fucose, an abundant surface molecule of intestinal epithelial cells, resulting in the coordinated expression of this surface molecule by host and symbiont. A Bacteroides mutant deficient in the ability to cover its surface with l-fucose is defective in colonizing the mammalian intestine under competitive conditions.
Crosstalk between thrombosis and inflammation in lung reperfusion injury.

Background Activation of extravascular coagulation has been reported in acute lung injury models of sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Thrombin, the main effector protease of extravascular coagulation, activates proinflammatory cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells, and neutrophils, each of which participates in lung ischemia–reperfusion injury. We used hirudin, a potent, specific direct thrombin inhibitor, to define the role of thrombin in lung ischemia–reperfusion injury. Methods Rats were pretreated with hirudin 30 minutes before warm, in situ left lung ischemia and reperfusion. Multiple in vivo assessments of lung injury were determined, and mechanistic studies assessed transcriptional regulation early in reperfusion and proinflammatory protein secretion late in reperfusion. Immunohistochemistry localized thrombin activation. Results Thrombin localized to macrophages and endothelial and epithelial cells early in reperfusion. Hirudin significantly limited lung ischemia–reperfusion injury–induced derangements in vascular permeability and intraalveolar inflammatory cell sequestration, resulting in improved arterial oxygenation after ischemia and 4 hours of reperfusion. The protection was transcriptionally mediated by attenuated activator protein-1 and early growth response-1 transactivation, but not nuclear factor kappa B transactivation. This was associated with reduced chemokine, but not tumor necrosis factor α, secretion late in reperfusion. Conclusions Thrombin promotes lung ischemia–reperfusion injury, as hirudin protected against experimental acute lung injury. Hirudin conferred protection through a mechanism independent of nuclear factor kappa B and tumor necrosis factor α, suggesting that its effects may be mediated by a parallel, synergistic inflammatory pathway through activator protein-1 and early growth response-1.
The oxidizing capacity of the earth's atmosphere: probable past and future changes.

A number of critical atmospheric chemical problems depend on the earth's oxidizing capacity, which is essentially the global burden of oxidants in the lower atmosphere. There is limited direct evidence for changes in the earth's oxidizing capacity since recent preindustrial times when, because of industrial and poulation growth, increasing amounts of O3 precursor trace gases (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons) have been released into the atmosphere. The concentrations of O3 and possibly H2O2 have increased over large regions. Models predict that tropospheric O3 will increase about 0.3-1.0 percent per year over the next 50 years with both positive and negative trends possible for OH and H2O2. Models and the observational network for oxidants are improving, but validation of global models is still at an early stage.
Worldwide clinical safety experience with diclofenac

Summary Data from more than 100,000 patients in foreign and United States trials provide substantial evidence of diclofenac's safety and tolerability. Adverse experiences were infrequent and generally mild or transient. In United States short-term trials, the frequency and severity of side effects compared favorably with rates for placebo, aspirin, and other NSAIDs. The drop-out rate for therapeutic reasons (adverse effects or lack of efficacy) was lower for diclofenac than for any of the comparative treatments. In long-term trials, dicIofenac has been taken safely for a year or more. The incidence of adverse experiences reported for older patients (≧ 65 years) treated with dicIofenac did not generally differ from that reported for younger patients. No significant differences in the incidence of hepatic problems were detected between diclofenac and other active treatments in U.S. trials. Finally, foreign post-marketing data on adverse experiences show that dicIofenac is one of the safest agents of its kind for the treatment of a broad range of rheumatic conditions.
Computational techniques in the visual segmentation of static scenes

A wide range of segmentation techniques continues to evolve in the literature on scene analysis. Many of these approaches have been constrained to limited applications or goals. This survey analyzes the complexities encountered in applying these techniques to color images of natural scenes involving complex textured objects. It also explores new ways of using the techniques to overcome some of the problems which are described. An outline of considerations in the development of a general image segmentation system which can provide input to a semantic interpretation process is distributed throughout the paper. In particular, the problems of feature selection and extraction in images with textural variations are discussed. The approaches to segmentation are divided into two broad categories, boundary formation and region formation. The tools for extraction of boundaries involve spatial differentiation, nonmaxima suppression, relaxation processes, and grouping of local edges into segments. Approaches to region formation include region growing under local spatial guidance, histograms for analysis of global feature activity, and finally an integration of the strengths of each by a spatial analysis of feature activity. A brief discussion of attempts by others to integrate the segmentation and interpretation phrases is also provided. The discussion is supported by a variety of experimental results.