cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IFN-Alpha-Induced Cortical and Subcortical Glutamate Changes Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Cytokine effects on behavior may be related to alterations in glutamate metabolism. We therefore measured glutamate concentrations in brain regions shown to be affected by inflammatory stimuli including the cytokine interferon (IFN)-alpha. IFN-alpha is known to alter neural activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and basal ganglia in association with symptoms of depression and increases in peripheral cytokines including the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and its soluble receptor. Single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was employed to measure glutamate concentrations normalized to creatine (Glu/Cr) in dACC and basal ganglia of 31 patients with hepatitis C before and after ∼1 month of either no treatment (n=14) or treatment with IFN-alpha (n=17). Depressive symptoms were measured at each visit using the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Clinician Rating (IDS-C) and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory. IFN-alpha was associated with a significant increase in Glu/Cr in dACC and left basal ganglia. Increases in dACC Glu/Cr were positively correlated with scores on the IDS-C in the group as a whole, but not in either group alone. Glu/Cr increases in left basal ganglia were correlated with decreased motivation in the group as a whole and in IFN-alpha-treated subjects alone. No Glu/Cr changes were found in the right basal ganglia, and no significant correlations were found between Glu/Cr and the inflammatory markers. IFN-alpha-induced increases in glutamate in dACC and basal ganglia are consistent with MRS findings in bipolar depression and suggest that inflammatory cytokines may contribute to glutamate alterations in patients with mood disorders and increased inflammation.
Ectopic expression of p27Kip1 in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells results in cell-cycle growth arrest.

Oligodendrocyte differentiation is a complex process believed to be controlled by an intrinsic mechanism associated with cell-cycle arrest. Recently, the cell-cycle inhibitor protein p27Kip1 has been proposed as a key element in causing growth arrest of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. To investigate the effects of p27 upon oligodendrocyte cell development, we have introduced the p27 cDNA in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells using an adenovirus vector. Progenitor cells normally express low levels of p27. After adenoviral infection and p27 overexpression, progenitor cells were able to undergo cell-cycle arrest, even in the presence of strong mitogens. The effects of p27 were shown to be directly upon cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2), the protein kinase complex responsible for G1/S transition, as immunodepletion of oligodendrocyte extracts of p27 protein resulted in the activation of CDK2 activity. However, cells that became growth arrested owing to infection with p27 adenovirus did not display conventional oligodendrocyte differentiation markers, such as O4 or O1. Taken together, these data provide mechanistic evidence indicating that p27 is primarily involved in oligodendroglial progenitor proliferation by inhibiting CDK2 activity and inducing oligodendrocyte cell-cycle arrest. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 36: 431–440, 1998
Oligopoly and entry

Abstract This paper investigates the price and nonprice response of a wealth-maximizing leader firm under threat of entry, taking into account the effects of “learning” through cumulative output. The important characteristic of all the comparative statics results is that along the equilibrium trajectory, price and demandincreasing cost expenditures (capitalizable and noncapitalizable) are “substitutes” in the current contribution to wealth, and demand-increasing cost expenditures are “complements” in the current contribution to wealth. That is to say, an increase in price decreases the marginal contribution of demandincreasing cost expenditures to the current contribution to wealth such that to keep the current contribution to wealth constant, expenditures on demandincreasing costs must fall; and conversely, for a price reduction.
The expression and potential function of cellular prion protein in human lymphocytes.

We examined expression of the normal cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and in transfected neuroblastoma cells with a panel of six monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). While all six of the Mabs reacted strongly with the neuroblastoma cells, only four of the Mabs reacted with PrP(C) expressed by human PBMC. PrP(C) is expressed at high levels in human T cells, B cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells, but not in red blood cells. Immunoblotting studies revealed that the PrP(C) glycoforms and the composition of the N-linked glycans on PrP(C) in human PBMC are different from those of the brain or the neuroblastoma cells. In human PBMC and the neuroblastoma cell lines the N-terminal portion of the PrP(C) is hypersensitive to proteolytic digestion, suggesting that the N-terminus of the PrP(C) on the surface of a living cell lacks secondary structure. We found that the level of PrP(C) expressed on the surface of human T lymphocytes was up-regulated as a consequence of cellular activation. Accordingly, memory T cells express more PrP(C) than naive T cells. In addition, the proliferation of human T lymphocytes stimulated with an anti-CD3 Mab was inhibited by anti-PrP(C) Mabs. Collectively, these results suggest that PrP(C) can participate in signal transduction in human T lymphocytes.
Inbreeding and fitness in captive populations: Lessons from Drosophila

The avoidance of inbreeding is a primary goal of endangered species population management. In order to fully understand the effects of inbreeding on the fitness of natural and captive populations, it is necessary to consider fitness components which span the entire life cycle of the organism. Using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for conservation genetics studies, we constructed 18 experimental lines derived from wild-type stocks which were homozygous for chromosome 2 (this chromosome constitutes 38% of the genome or is equivalent to F = 0.38). For six of these lines which exhibited a reduced homozygous fitness, we estimated the relative values of fitness components operating at both the juvenile stage (pre-adult viability) and adult stage (female fecundity and male-mating ability) of the life cycle. Males in these lines showed a markedly reduced mating ability, while viability and female fecundity were much less affected. Equilibrium values of the wild-type chromosomes in these lines were accurately predicted using a model that incorporated into it these independently estimated fitness components. These results emphasize the importance of studying all fitness components directly to determine overall fitness. A reduced mating ability among inbred males of a captive population can have serious consequences for its future sustainability, and can further jeopardize reintroduction efforts; consequently, a program to carefully monitor the reproductive success of individual males, as well as other fitness components, is recommended. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transvenous dual site left ventricular pacing plus biventricular pacing for the management of refractory ventricular tachycardia

This is a case report of a male patient with nonischemic cardiomyopathy who had severely depressed left ventricular systolic function and functional class III congestive heart failure (CHF). He also had left bundle branch block (LBBB) and recurrent ventricular tachycardia (VT). Though the patient's CFH functional class improved after implantation of a transvenous biventricular ICD system, recurrent VT episodes required the initiation of amiodarone. After an improved condition for 28 months, recurrent VT episodes led to multiple consecutive ICD shocks, which constituted an electrical storm and a battery status of elective replacement indicator (ERI). The recurrent VT episodes were suppressed with intravenous amiodarone and lidocaine. As Radiofrequency ablation was declined by the patient, a new left ventricular (LV) lead was transvenously added, providing biventricular and dual site LV pacing. After this intervention the arrhythmia subsided and the intravenous antiarrhythmic medications were stopped. No episodes of sustained VT leading to ICD shocks were observed for the following 9 months. The events in this case suggest that dual site LV pacing with biventricular pacing could be an alternative strategy for the management of refractory VT.
Cytogenetic changes induced by 1-(N1-methylhydrazinomethyl)-N-isopropyl benzamide in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Tragermause von Ehrlich-Ascites-Tumoren zeigen nach Behandlung mit 1-(N1-Methylhydrazinomethyl)-N-Isopropyl-Benzamid (MIH) eine sofortige Zellteilungshemmung. Diese lasst sich nach s.c. MIH-Injektion von 200 mg/kg bis auf 72 h ausdehnen. Der MIH-Behandlung widerstehende Zellen (nach 5 Tagen) waren durch 2 neue metazentrische Chromosomen ausgezeichnet.
Subalgebras of the Stanley—Reisner Ring

In [2], Billera proved that the R -algebra of continuous piecewise polynomial functions (C0 splines) on a d -dimensional simplicial complex Δ embedded in Rd is a quotient of the Stanley—Reisner ring AΔ of Δ. We derive a criterion to determine which elements of the Stanley—Reisner ring correspond to splines of higher-order smoothness. In [5], Lau and Stiller point out that the dimension of Crk(Δ) is upper semicontinuous in the Zariski topology. Using the criterion, we give an algorithm for obtaining the defining equations of the set of vertex locations where the dimension jumps.
Comparison of new sequences for high-resolution cartilage imaging.

The high prevalence of osteoarthritis continues to demand improved accuracy in detecting cartilage injury and monitoring its response to different treatments. MRI is the most accurate noninvasive method of diagnosing cartilage lesions. However, MR imaging of cartilage is limited by scan time, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and image contrast. Recently, there has been renewed interest in SNR-efficient imaging sequences for imaging cartilage, including various forms of steady-state free-precession as well as driven-equilibrium imaging. This work compares several of these sequences with existing methods, both theoretically and in normal volunteers. Results show that the new steady-state methods increase SNR-efficiency by as much as 30% and improve cartilage-synovial fluid contrast by a factor of three. Additionally, these methods markedly decrease minimum scan times, while providing 3D coverage without the characteristic blurring seen in fast spin-echo images.
Knock In Various Combustion Modes in a Gasoline-Fueled Automotive Engine

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) offers great potential for improved fuel economy and dramatically reduced NOx emissions, compared to typical spark ignition (SI) combustion. However, the benefits of HCCI are limited to low and medium loads by the simultaneous occurrence of combustion instability and knock at a maximum load that is too low for conventional SI combustion. To provide smooth operation in the intermediate range between HCCI and SI requires alternative combustion strategies. One such strategy is spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI), which uses a spark plug to initiate a flame that consumes a portion of the mixture, followed by autoignition of the remaining charge. This moderates the rapid heat release and allows higher loads to be achieved without exceeding knock and stability limits. In a recent study, we have explored this region and have found that spark assist at first dramatically reduces knock as load is raised above the HCCI limit; however, with further load increase, knock returns but in a form that resembles spark ignited knock rather than the HCCI knock. This study investigates in detail the knocking conditions observed in that work. The objectives of this study are twofold: first, to explore the differences between the two forms of knock and second, to apply and compare a number of commonly used metrics for knock and noise over the range of HCCI, SACI, and SI combustion. Experimental data were acquired on a single-cylinder DI research engine equipped with a fully flexible valve actuation (FFVA) system and fueled by research-grade gasoline. Cycle to cycle results based on filtered pressure traces are shown and compared with a number of knock measures including a widely used correlation for ringing intensity for HCCI combustion. Although based on a limited set of data, the results identify important qualitative features of the two forms of knock and point out significant differences among the knock metrics. The results suggest that further investigations are needed to fully understand both the knocking phenomenon and how best to quantify it.
A pattern‐matching approach to link program theory and evaluation data

A pattern-matching approach provides a useful framework for developing and testing program theory.
Skin surface lipids of the mink.

Abstract 1. 1. Skin surface lipids from mink ( Mustela vison ) were collected in acetone and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography. 2. 2. The principal components were wax monoesters (92%), cholesteryl esters (5%), free fatty acids (1%), fatty alcohols (1%) and cholesterol (1%). 3. 3. The fatty acids and alcohols contained in these lipids were composed principally of homologous series of straight chained ω7-unsaturated structures (C 16 –C 24 ), accompanied by lesser proportions of homologous series of saturated (C 14 –C 22 ) and ω9-unsaturated (C 18 –C 22 ) structures.
Observed and Predicted Great Lakes Winter Circulations

Abstract Observed mean winter currants in Lakes Ontario and Huron are compared to predictions from a homogeneous, vertically integrated, steady-state model. If specific wind directions are selected to drive this model, the observed and predicted current patterns agree. The specific wind directions were chosen to maximize each lake's wind response. The agreement suggests that there is a mean wind-driven winter circulation in the Great Lakes, and that its pattern depends upon these special wind directions. Based on these factors. winter circulations for Lakes Eire, Huron and Superior are predicted.
“Island brands” of food—a case for international standards

In many parts of the world, the imported food offered for sale is not up to the standards of countries with a highly developed system of legislation and control. An example of this is the “Island brands” of food manufactured by the food industry for trade in the South Pacific. Seven samples of canned corned beef acquired on different Pacific Islands originating from five different countries were evaluated. A case is made for international standards.
Worlds apart--tuberculosis in India and the United States.

Dr. Vikram Paralkar writes that many people with tuberculosis in India continue to slip through the net and into jostling crowds, with at most a thin handkerchief to stifle their incessant coughs.
Branch length estimation and divergence dating: estimates of error in Bayesian and maximum likelihood frameworks

Estimates of divergence dates between species improve our understanding of processes ranging from nucleotide substitution to speciation. Such estimates are frequently based on molecular genetic differences between species; therefore, they rely on accurate estimates of the number of such differences (i.e. substitutions per site, measured as branch length on phylogenies). We used simulations to determine the effects of dataset size, branch length heterogeneity, branch depth, and analytical framework on branch length estimation across a range of branch lengths. We then reanalyzed an empirical dataset for plethodontid salamanders to determine how inaccurate branch length estimation can affect estimates of divergence dates. The accuracy of branch length estimation varied with branch length, dataset size (both number of taxa and sites), branch length heterogeneity, branch depth, dataset complexity, and analytical framework. For simple phylogenies analyzed in a Bayesian framework, branches were increasingly underestimated as branch length increased; in a maximum likelihood framework, longer branch lengths were somewhat overestimated. Longer datasets improved estimates in both frameworks; however, when the number of taxa was increased, estimation accuracy for deeper branches was less than for tip branches. Increasing the complexity of the dataset produced more misestimated branches in a Bayesian framework; however, in an ML framework, more branches were estimated more accurately. Using ML branch length estimates to re-estimate plethodontid salamander divergence dates generally resulted in an increase in the estimated age of older nodes and a decrease in the estimated age of younger nodes. Branch lengths are misestimated in both statistical frameworks for simulations of simple datasets. However, for complex datasets, length estimates are quite accurate in ML (even for short datasets), whereas few branches are estimated accurately in a Bayesian framework. Our reanalysis of empirical data demonstrates the magnitude of effects of Bayesian branch length misestimation on divergence date estimates. Because the length of branches for empirical datasets can be estimated most reliably in an ML framework when branches are <1 substitution/site and datasets are ≥1 kb, we suggest that divergence date estimates using datasets, branch lengths, and/or analytical techniques that fall outside of these parameters should be interpreted with caution.
Stereotypic behaviors in mice selectively bred for high and low methamphetamine-induced stereotypic chewing.

Rationale: At high doses, methamphetamine produces repetitive stereotypic behaviors, and the degree to which this occurs is heritable. Objectives: Mice of a B6D2F2 genetic background were selectively bred for four generations for high (HMA) and low (LMA) numbers of stereotyped chewing episodes measured for 1 min at 33 min post-injection following 10 mg/kg methamphetamine (changed to 7 mg/kg for the high line and 15 mg/kg for the low line in the third selected generation to avoid ceiling and floor effects, respectively). We sought to determine whether stereotypic behaviors other than number of repetitive chewing episodes were altered by the selective breeding process. Methods: HMA and LMA mice of the third and fourth selected generations were tested for chewing stereotypy, for a number of other stereotypic behaviors previously observed in rodents, and for several other non-stereotypic responses to methamphetamine. Testing in the third selected generation was conducted by observing behaviors on videotape following 7 mg/kg methamphetamine. In the fourth selected generation, mice were also tested in automated activity monitors following 10 mg/kg methamphetamine and in climbing chimneys following 16 mg/kg methamphetamine. Dose-response curves with doses of 1, 2, 3.5, 7, 10, and 15 mg/kg methamphetamine were constructed for the most commonly observed behaviors. Results: LMA mice, which exhibited low stereotyped chewing, exhibited high stereotyped circling and climbing, and the reverse was true for these behaviors for HMA mice. For most of the other behaviors measured, there were drug effects but no differences between selected lines. Conclusions: These results suggest that these three stereotyped behaviors, chewing, circling, and climbing, at least partly share the same mechanisms, and therefore are influenced by at least some of the same genes, since animals selectively bred for low methamphetamine-induced stereotyped chewing exhibited high amounts of circling and climbing when given methampetamine. This also suggests that the other stereotypic behaviors that we measured do not occur by the same genetically determined mechanisms as stereotypic chewing.
Entity extraction without language-specific resources

We describe a named-entity tagging system that requires minimal linguistic knowledge and thus may be applied to new target languages without significant adaptation. To maintain a language- neutral posture, the system is linguistically nave, and in fact, reduces the tagging problem to supervised machine learning. A large number of binary features are extracted from labeled data to train classifiers and computationally expensive features are eschewed. We have initially focused our attention on linear support vectors machines (SVMs); SVMs are known to work well when a large number of features is used as long as the individual vectors are sparse. We call our system SNOOD (Hopkins APL Inductive Retargetable Named Entity Tagger).
Arguing about disability: philosophical perspectives

Arguing about disability: philosophical perspectives, edited by Kristjana Kristiansen, Simo Vehmas and Tom Shakespeare, London, Routledge, 2009, 232 pp., £70.00, ISBN 0-4154-5595-2 This collection ...
Simultaneous electrocardiograms in thoracopagus twins

Abstract Simultaneous electrocardiograms on thoracopagus twins have been presented. These demonstrate a single focus of electrical activity for both hearts.
Room‐temperature growth of AlN thin films by laser ablation

Excimer laser ablation of compressed AlN powder has been used to grow thin AlN films at room temperature on a variety of substrates. The films have a band gap of 6.15 eV as measured by UV absorption. Examination with a scanning electron microscope and an optical microscope shows that the films are smooth. The IR spectrum has an absorption characteristic of AlN. Growth rates are extremely rapid, exceeding 70 nm/min.
COMPLEX-TEMPERATURE SINGULARITIES IN POTTS MODELS ON THE SQUARE LATTICE

We report some results on the complex-temperature (CT) singularities of $q$-state Potts models on the square lattice. We concentrate on the problematic region $\mathrm{Re}(a)l0$ (where $a={e}^{K}$) in which CT zeros of the partition function are sensitive to finite lattice artifacts. From analyses of low-temperature series expansions for $3l~ql~8$, we establish the existence, in this region, of complex-conjugate CT singularities at which the magnetization and susceptibility diverge. From calculations of zeros of the partition function, we obtain evidence consistent with the inference that these singularities occur at endpoints ${a}_{e}$,${a}_{e}^{*}$ of arcs protruding into the (complex-temperature extension of the) ferromagnetic phase. Exponents for these singularities are determined; e.g., for $q=3$, we find ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{e}=\ensuremath{-}0.125(1)$, consistent with ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{e}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{8}$. By duality, these results also imply associated arcs extending into the (CT extension of the) symmetric paramagnetic phase. Analytic expressions are suggested for the positions of some of these singularities; e.g., for $q=5$, our finding is consistent with the exact value ${a}_{e}$, ${a}_{e}^{*}=2(\ensuremath{-}1\ensuremath{\mp}i)$. Further discussions of complex-temperature phase diagrams are given.
RNA localization and polarity: from A(PC) to Z(BP)

Cell polarization relies on the asymmetric organization of cellular structures and activities, and is fundamentally important both during development and for the proper function of most somatic cells. Asymmetries in the distribution and activity of proteins can be achieved through localization of RNA molecules that usually give rise to proteins at specific subcellular sites. It is increasingly appreciated that this is a widely used mechanism affecting protein function at multiple levels. The description of a new RNA localization pathway involving the tumor-suppressor protein APC raises questions regarding coordination between distinct localization pathways and their effects on protein function and cell polarity.
Routine Clinical Evaluation of Cerebrovascular Reserve Capacity Using Carbogen in Patients With Intracranial Stenosis

Background and Purpose—A promising method for identifying hemodynamic impairment that may serve as a biomarker for stroke risk in patients with intracranial stenosis is cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) mapping using noninvasive MRI. Here, abilities to measure CVR safely in the clinic using hypercarbic hyperoxic (carbogen) gas challenges, which increase oxygen delivery to tissue, are investigated. Methods—In sequence with structural and angiographic imaging, blood oxygenation level–dependent carbogen-induced CVR scans were performed in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis (n=92) and control (n=10) volunteers, with a subgroup of patients (n=57) undergoing cerebral blood flow–weighted pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling CVR. Subjects were stratified for 4 substudies to evaluate relationships between (1) carbogen and hypercarbic normoxic CVR in healthy tissue (n=10), (2) carbogen cerebral blood flow CVR and blood oxygenation level–dependent CVR in intracranial stenosis patients (n=57), (3) carb...
A Snake Venom Inhibitor to Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor (mAChR): Isolation and Interaction with Cloned Human mAChR

An inhibitor to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) was purified from the venom of Crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake). The inhibitor was found to be a 30-kDa homodimer protein with phospholipase A2 activity. In order to determine the subtype selectivity of the purified inhibitor, the inhibitory effect on the binding of two orthosteric antagonists, [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) and [3H]N-methylscopolamine methyl chloride ([3H]NMS), to five subtypes of cloned human mAChR was tested. The purified inhibitor reduced the binding of [3H]QNB and/or [3H]NMS to all subtypes of the mAChR while showing the highest inhibitory effect on the M5 subtype. The Kd values of the receptors for the antagonists were increased in the presence of the inhibitor; however, the Bmax values were not changed. The effects of the purified inhibitor on the dissociation of [3H]NMS from the receptors were also investigated. Dissociation of the antagonist was remarkably slowed down by addition of the inhibitor. These findings may suggest an allosteric action of the purified inhibitor. In addition, the present study indicates that the presence of mAChR inhibitors is quite common in snake venoms.
Altered lung phospholipid metabolism in mice with targeted deletion of lysosomal-type phospholipase A2.

Lung surfactant dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is endocytosed by alveolar epithelial cells and degraded by lysosomal-type phospholipase A2 (aiPLA2). This enzyme is identical to peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), a bifunctional protein with PLA2 and GSH peroxidase activities. Lung phospholipid was studied in Prdx6 knockout (Prdx6−/−) mice. The normalized content of total phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine (PC), and disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung lamellar bodies, and lung homogenate was unchanged with age in wild-type mice but increased progressively in Prdx6−/− animals. Degradation of internalized [3H]DPPC in isolated mouse lungs after endotracheal instillation of unilamellar liposomes labeled with [3H]DPPC was significantly decreased at 2 h in Prdx6−/− mice (13.6 ± 0.3% vs. 26.8 ± 0.8% in the wild type), reflected by decreased dpm in the lysophosphatidylcholine and the unsaturated PC fractions. Incorporation of [14C]palmitate into DSPC at 24 h after intravenous injection was decreased by 73% in lamellar bodies and by 54% in alveolar lavage surfactant in Prdx6−/− mice, whereas incorporation of [3H]choline was decreased only slightly. Phospholipid metabolism in Prdx6−/− lungs was similar to that in wild-type lungs treated with MJ33, an inhibitor of aiPLA2 activity. These results confirm an important role for Prdx6 in lung surfactant DPPC degradation and synthesis by the reacylation pathway.
The Ideology of the American Dream: Two Competing Philosophies in Education, 1776-2006.

This article puts forth 2 competing notions of the American Dream, 1 radical and 1 conservative (both put forth by Thomas Jefferson), as the basis for 2 competing public philosophies of American democracy and education. This article traces out the ecology of inequality that has determined the context of these 2 competing public philosophies, especially in relation to the evolution of U.S. education. The ideology of the American Dream is still a potent philosophical means for constructing reformist discourses for American politics and education. The rhetoric of the American Dream focuses on the unrealized promises found within the Declaration of Independence and it articulates the need of equality and freedom for all members of our society. This article traces the framework of these conflicting American Dreams from their inception and into our contemporary context.
Relation between exertional ischemia and prognosis in mildly symptomatic patients with single or double vessel coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction at rest.

The randomized multicenter trials indicate that survival in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction is enhanced by surgical therapy compared with medical therapy. This beneficial effect of coronary bypass surgery was demonstrated in patients with either three vessel or left main coronary artery disease, but not in those with one or two vessel disease. To determine whether subgroups of mildly symptomatic patients with one or two vessel coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction have an increased risk of death or cardiac events during medical therapy, 53 consecutive patients with angiographically defined one or two vessel disease and impaired left ventricular function (ejection fraction 20% to 40%) were studied by exercise electrocardiography (ECG) and rest and exercise radionuclide angiography. All but two patients had previous myocardial infarction, and all were asymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic during medical therapy. By univariate life table analysis, mortality during medical therapy was associated significantly with the ST segment response to exercise (p 30%, the probability of survival at 6 years was 97 ± 3% (±SE) compared with a survival rate of 62± 14% in the remaining subjects (p < 0.005). Similarly, 6 year survival was 100% in patients whose ejection fraction increased from the value at rest but was only 74 ± 10% in the remaining patients (p < 0.005). Exercise capacity was not associated with survival. The likelihood of a cardiac event (death, reinfarction or congestive heart failure) during medical treatment was also associated significantly with the exercise ejection fraction and magnitude of change in ejection fraction with exercise (both p < 0.005). Twelve of the 18 events, including seven of the eight deaths, occurred in patients with two vessel disease. Therefore, noninvasive indexes of left ventricular function and myocardial ischemia are important predictors of the clinical course of mildly symptomatic patients with two vessel disease and left ventricular dysfunction at rest, and may be used to identify subgroups of patients at risk of death, as well as of major cardiac events, during subsequent medical therapy.
A conceptual model of self-monitoring multi-core systems

The paper discusses a conceptual model of building a self-monitoring mechanism in a multi-core system such that the health of the entire system can be monitored securely and in an implicit manner. Accordingly, a many-core system is vertically partitioned (from hardware to application level) so that a small set of processors (security core) is separated from other user data processing cores to build a security subsystem. Then the model delegates security handling tasks to this isolated subsystem and uses a set of privileged instructions to monitor the other part (user side) and interact using a secure message exchange protocol. Simulation of the proposed security mechanism using several off-the-shelf software tools will be performed in order to demonstrate the proof-of-concept.
Gender-specific induction of enhanced sensitivity to odors.

Induction of olfactory sensitivity in humans was first illustrated when men and women who were initially unable to smell the volatile steroid androstenone (5α-androst-16-en-3-one) developed that ability after repeated, brief exposures1. Because this finding has not been replicated with other compounds in humans, it has been assumed that olfactory induction is a narrowly constrained phenomenon, occurring only in individuals with specific anosmias, perhaps only to androstenone (compare ref. 2). Here we show that induction of enhanced olfactory sensitivity seems to be a more general phenomenon, with marked changes in olfactory acuity occurring during repeated test exposures to several odorants among people with average baseline sensitivity to these compounds. This increased sensitivity (averaging five orders of magnitude) was observed only among females of reproductive age. These observations provide convincing evidence that female olfactory acuity to a variety of odorants can vastly improve with repeated test exposures. They also suggest a sensory basis for the anecdotal observation of greater olfactory sensitivities among females and raise the possibility that the olfactory-induction process may be associated with female reproductive behaviors such as pair bonding and kin recognition.
Cyclosporine increases calcium in kidney medulla.

Abstract Treatment of rats with 20, 50 or 100 mg/kg of cyclosporine p.o. markedly increased 45Ca accumulation in kidney slices especially in medulla. The effect was related to dose and duration of treatment, and was also observed in slices of kidney medulla from cyclosporine-treated mice. Total calcium was elevated in kidney medulla of cylcosporine-treated rats so that the effect is not merely an increased exchange but a build-up of calcium in the tissue. No histopathologic evidence of cyclosporine-related cell necrosis was present in mouse kidney, showing that calcium accumulation is not dystrophic in character. Accumulation of 45Ca in slices of rat heart, liver, or brain was not affected by cyclosporine pretreatment of the animals. It is suggested that cyclosporine-induced changes in calcium metabolism in kidney medulla may influence kidney function.
Children's understanding of emotion from facial expressions and situations: A review

Abstract Empirical investigations into the development of children's understanding of emotion can contribute to greater understanding of the cognitive and affective systems involved. In this article, we review studies that examined children's ability to recognize emotional information in facial expressions and their knowledge of ways this information is affected by aspects of the situations in which the expressions occur. The presentation of the empirical findings is organized around a discussion of the methodological basis of the research. Consistent findings are identified and modifications of the assessment procedures that may alleviate some of the methodological problems and extend the external validity of future studies are suggested.
Conceptualizing Interstate Conflict: How Do Concept-Building Strategies Relate to Selection Effects?

An essential, but often overlooked, role of concepts lies in how they constitute or define populations. Explicit choices made by researchers about concept structure are tied inextricably to the selection rule for identifying cases to include in analyses. Concept construction issues are absolutely crucial because the concept structure used interacts in various, usually hidden, ways with theories and hypotheses that researchers want to test. The concepts used to select cases may be correlated with common dependent variables hence producing selection bias. We illustrate this potential by exploring international crises as they have been conceptualized by the ICB Project. We show that two alternative conceptualizations of “crisis” produce populations that correlate with common ICB dependent variables. Our empirical analyses pay particular attention to variables related to power because they are particularly susceptible to being influenced by these selection effects.
Atomic-level study of ion-induced nanoscale disordered domains in silicon carbide

Atomic-level simulations have been employed to study the nanoscale disordering induced in 3C–SiC by energetic Si and Au ions (up to 50 keV). Topologically disordered nanoscale domains are generated with low frequency in the cascades produced by Au ions, whereas Si ions create only a few small defect clusters, with most defects being single interstitials and monovacancies. The structural image simulations of the nanoscale domains provide for atomic-level insights into disordered states. The simulations suggest that it is possible to design and fabricate nanoscale optoelectronic devices based on SiC using ion-beam-induced order–disorder transformation.
On the transient part of the atmospheric planetary waves

The structure and motion of the atmospheric planetary waves were studied using a simple time filter and the method of characteristic patterns. Three universal pressure modes are found, independent of the zonal and meridional wavenumbers and of the speed of the wave: modes 1 and 3 have a large vertical mean value, and move with a speed close to the Rossby-Haurwitz speed of the dominant meridional characteristic pattern. The strongly divergent vertical mode 2 has a mean velocity close to the solid rotation of the atmosphere in the longest waves, and close to the Rossby-Haurwitz velocity in the short waves. Four meridional characteristic patterns are universal for the fastest moving waves, but individual meridional structures are found for modes forced by the seasonal cycle and by the interactions of the fast moving modes. Typical periods for the exchange of energy between modes are much shorter than the typical periods of fluctuations in the observed phase velocities. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1968.tb00394.x
A Chinese young adult non-scientist's epistemologies and her understandings of the concept of speed

Past research has investigated students’ epistemologies while they were taking courses that required an integrated understanding of mathematical and scientific concepts. However, past studies have not investigated students who are not currently enrolled in such classes. Additionally, past studies have primarily focused on individuals who are native English speakers from Western cultures. In this paper, we aim to investigate whether Hammer and his colleagues’ claims concerning learners’ epistemologies could be extended to individuals who lack advanced mathematics and science training, have had different cultural and learning experiences, and have grown up speaking and learning in another language. To this end, we interviewed a participant with these characteristics about her understandings of the concept of speed. Our findings show that previous theoretical frameworks can be used to explain the epistemologies of the individual examined in this study. The case suggests that these theories may be relevant re...
Homopolymer tract length dependent enrichments in functional regions of 27 eukaryotes and their novel dependence on the organism DNA (G+C)% composition

DNA homopolymer tracts, poly(dA).poly(dT) and poly(dG).poly(dC), are the simplest of simple sequence repeats. Homopolymer tracts have been systematically examined in the coding, intron and flanking regions of a limited number of eukaryotes. As the number of DNA sequences publicly available increases, the representation (over and under) of homopolymer tracts of different lengths in these regions of different genomes can be compared. We carried out a survey of the extent of homopolymer tract over-representation (enrichment) and over-proportional length distribution (above expected length) primarily in the single gene documents, but including some whole chromosomes of 27 eukaryotics across the (G+C)% composition range from 20 – 60%. A total of 5.2 × 107 bases from 15,560 cleaned (redundancy removed) sequence documents were analyzed. Calculated frequencies of non-overlapping long homopolymer tracts were found over-represented in non-coding sequences of eukaryotes. Long poly(dA).poly(dT) tracts demonstrated an exponential increase with tract length compared to predicted frequencies. A novel negative slope was observed for all eukaryotes between their (G+C)% composition and the threshold length N where poly(dA).poly(dT) tracts exhibited over-representation and a corresponding positive slope was observed for poly(dG).poly(dC) tracts. Tract size thresholds where over-representation of tracts in different eukaryotes began to occur was between 4 – 11 bp depending upon the organism (G+C)% composition. The higher the GC%, the lower the threshold N value was for poly(dA).poly(dT) tracts, meaning that the over-representation happens at relatively lower tract length in more GC-rich surrounding sequence. We also observed a novel relationship between the highest over-representations, as well as lengths of homopolymer tracts in excess of their random occurrence expected maximum lengths. We discuss how our novel tract over-representation observations can be accounted for by a few models. A likely model for poly(dA).poly(dT) tract over-representation involves the known insertion into genomes of DNA synthesized from retroviral mRNAs containing 3' polyA tails. A proposed model that can account for a number of our observed results, concerns the origin of the isochore nature of eukaryotic genomes via a non-equilibrium GC% dependent mutation rate mechanism. Our data also suggest that tract lengthening via slip strand replication is not governed by a simple thermodynamic loop energy model.
Latitudinal Range Influences the Seasonal Variation in the Foraging Behavior of Marine Top Predators

Non-migratory resident species should be capable of modifying their foraging behavior to accommodate changes in prey abundance and availability associated with a changing environment. Populations that are better adapted to change will have higher foraging success and greater potential for survival in the face of climate change. We studied two species of resident central place foragers from temperate and equatorial regions with differing population trends and prey availability associated to season, the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) (CSL) whose population is increasing and the endangered Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki) (GSL) whose population is declining. To determine their response to environmental change, we studied and compared their diving behavior using time-depth recorders and satellite location tags and their diet by measuring C and N isotope ratios during a warm and a cold season. Based on latitudinal differences in oceanographic productivity, we hypothesized that the seasonal variation in foraging behavior would differ for these two species. CSL exhibited greater seasonal variability in their foraging behavior as seen in changes to their diving behavior, foraging areas and diet between seasons. Conversely, GSL did not change their diving behavior between seasons, presenting three foraging strategies (shallow, deep and bottom divers) during both. GSL exhibited greater dive and foraging effort than CSL. We suggest that during the warm and less productive season a greater range of foraging behaviors in CSL was associated with greater competition for prey, which relaxed during the cold season when resource availability was greater. GSL foraging specialization suggests that resources are limited throughout the year due to lower primary production and lower seasonal variation in productivity compared to CSL. These latitudinal differences influence their foraging success, pup survival and population growth reflected in contrasting population trends in which CSL are more successful and potentially more resilient to climate change.
Interaction of Luteinizing Hormone and Its Subunits in Corpus Luteum Supernatant

With the use of azaserine as an inhibitor of phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthetase (EC 6.3.5.3), the incorporation of 2-[14MC]glycine into 5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide and its forniyl derivative was measured in highspeed supernatant fractions prepared from homogenates of corpora lutea from the cow and sow ovaries. With glucose 6-phosphate as substrate, luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulated these early steps of purine biosynthesis. Both LH-α and LH-β inhibited the stimulatory effect of LH. LH also stimulated an increased rate of generation of 14CO2 from l-[14C]glucose 6-phosphate. Both subunits of LH also inhibited the LH effect. It is suggested that glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is regulated in an allosteric manner by LH and that the subunits of LH compete with LH for the regulatory site on the enzyme. (Endocrinology 95: 847, 1974)
Do Dreissenid Mussels Affect Lake Erie Ecosystem Stability Processes

Ecosystem stability processes such as constancy, resilience and persistence are important, but often neglected, topics of invasive species research. Here we consider how invasive dreissenid mussels affect ecosystem stability processes in Lake Erie through both consumptive and excretory processes using the stability landscape heuristic (Gunderson, 2000). Consumption of phytoplankton by dreissenid mussels adds complexity to the system and potentially slows energy transfer from lower to higher trophic levels decreasing system constancy and lowering system resiliency. Excreting soluble waste products at low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios exacerbates these impacts on stability processes because low nutrient ratios favor growth of cyanobacterial blooms, less preferred food of zooplankton, further decreasing the transfer of energy from lower to higher trophic levels. We also provide evidence for recent changes in Lake Erie's stability landscape including a return towards eutrophy.
High Power Ferromagnetic Resonance at X-Band in Polycrystalline Garnets and Ferrites

Resonance experiments have been performed at X-band on spherical samples of polycrystalline yttrium garnet, yttrium-gadolinium garnet, yttrium-holmium garnet and nickel-cobalt ferrite. The RF field strength extended up to 60 Oersted. In the case of yttrium garnet the samples differed considerably in density and hence in Iinewidth. At fairly low power levels the susceptibility at resonance varies linearly with the square of the RF magnetic field strength. At high power levels the susceptibility is inversely proportional to the amplitude of the microwave magnetic field. The "spin-wave Iinewidth" Delta H/sub k/ is inferred by extrapolation from the behavior at very high powers. It is found that Delta H/sub k/ is, to a large extent, independent of the Iinewidth Delta H/sub k/ observed by the usual low power experiments. In particular Delta H/sub k/ was found to be essentially the same (approximately 4 Oe) for all yttrium iron garnets (single crystals and polycrystals with linewidth varying between 1.8 Oe and 450 Oe). On the other hand, Delta H/sub k/ increases very rapidly if the yttrium is partially substituted by holmium (Delta H/sub k/~11 Oe for 1 per cent substitution.)
The reaction of hexafluoropropene oxide with grignard reagents

Abstract The reactions of hexafluoropropene oxide and equimolar amounts of Grignard reagents lead to the formation of 2-halotetrafluoropropanoyl fluorides which were converted to the methyl or ethyl ester for isolation purposes. Treatment of hexafluoropropene oxide with excess Grignard reagent formed an unsaturated ketone of the type R 2 CCFCOR (RCH 3 or CH 2 CH 3 ; a route by which this product is formed is postulated.
A Case of High School Hazing: Applying Restorative Justice to Promote Organizational Learning

While collegiate fraternity and sorority hazing are well documented problems that receive prominent attention, hazing at the high school level is also a serious issue. Across the nation, media head...
Implicature During Real Time Conversation: A View from Language Processing Research

Grice’s notion of conversational implicature requires that speaker meaning be calculable on the basis of sentence meaning, and presumptions about the speaker’s adherence to cooperative principles of conversation and the ability of the hearer to work out the speaker’s meaning. However, the actual real-time consideration of cooperative principles by both the hearer and speaker runs up against severe temporal constraints during language processing. This article considers the role of language processing research in the shaping of a theory of implicature, and provides an empirical overview of pertinent current work in real-time language production and comprehension.