cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of Stimulant Medication Use With Bone Mass in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Importance Murine studies reveal that sympathetic nervous system activation leads to decreased bone mass. Stimulant medications used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increase sympathetic tone and may affect bone remodeling. Because bone mass accrual is completed by young adulthood, assessing stimulant effects on bone density in growing children is of critical importance. Objective To investigate associations between stimulant use and bone mass in children and adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional analysis used data collected from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2010, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. NHANES is a series of cross-sectional, nationally representative health and nutrition surveys of the US population. All children, adolescents, and young adults aged 8 to 20 years with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), anthropometric, demographic, and prescription medication use data were eligible for participation. Of the 6489 respondents included in the multivariable linear regression analysis, 159 were stimulant users and 6330 were nonusers. Data were analyzed from October 8, 2015, to December 31, 2016. Exposures Stimulant use, determined by questionnaires administered via interview. Main Outcomes and Measures The association between stimulant use and total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed using DXA. Results Study participants included 6489 NHANES participants with a mean (SD) age of 13.6 (3.6) years. Stimulant use was associated with lower bone mass after adjustment for covariates. Mean lumbar spine BMC was significantly lower in stimulant users vs nonusers (12.76 g; 95% CI, 12.28-13.27 g vs 13.38 g; 95% CI, 13.26-13.51 g; P = .02), as was mean lumbar spine BMD (0.90 g/cm 2 ; 95% CI, 0.87-0.94 g/cm 2 vs 0.94 g/cm 2 ; 95% CI, 0.94-0.94 g/cm 2 ; P = .03) and mean femoral neck BMC (4.34 g; 95% CI, 4.13-4.57 g vs 4.59 g; 95% CI, 4.56-4.62 g; P = .03). Mean BMD of the femoral neck (0.88 g/cm 2 ; 95% CI, 0.84-0.91 g/cm 2 vs 0.91 g/cm 2 ; 95% CI, 0.90-0.91 g/cm 2 ; P = .08) and total femur (0.94 g/cm 2 ; 95% CI, 0.90-0.99 g/cm 2 vs 0.99 g/cm 2 ; 95% CI, 0.98-0.99 g/cm 2 ; P = .05) were also lower in stimulant users vs nonusers. Participants treated with stimulants for 3 months or longer had significantly lower lumbar spine BMD (0.89 g/cm 2 ; 95% CI, 0.85-0.93 g/cm 2 vs 0.94 g/cm 2 ; 95% CI, 0.94-0.94 g/cm 2 ; P = .02) and BMC (12.71 g; 95% CI, 12.14-13.32 g vs 13.38 g; 95% CI, 13.25-13.51 g; P = .03) and femoral neck BMD (0.87 g/cm 2 ; 95% CI, 0.74-0.83 g/cm 2 vs 0.91 g/cm 2 ; 95% CI, 0.83-0.84 g/cm 2 ; P = .048) than nonusers. Conclusions and Relevance Children and adolescents reporting stimulant use had lower DXA measurements of the lumbar spine and femur compared with nonusers. These findings support the need for future prospective studies to examine the effects of stimulant use on bone mass in children.
Particle filter with analytical inference for human body tracking

The paper introduces a framework that integrates analytical inference into the particle filtering scheme for human body tracking. The analytical inference is provided by body parts detection, and is used to update subsets of state parameters representing the human pose. This reduces the degree of randomness and decreases the required number of particles. This new technique is a significant improvement over the standard particle filtering, with the advantages of performing automatic track initialization, recovering from tracking failures, and reducing the computational load.
Communication Structures of Supplemental Voluntary Kin Relationships

Although scholars have constructed typologies of voluntary (fictive) kin, few have considered challenges and opportunities of interaction and relationships between biolegal and voluntary kin. This study focused on one type of voluntary kin, supplemental voluntary kin, relationships that often arise because of differing values, underperformed roles, or physical distance from the biolegal family, and wherein relationships are maintained with biolegal and voluntary kin. We examined how these family systems are constructed via interactions in relational triads of “linchpin” persons between biolegal family and voluntary kin. From in-depth interviews with 36 supplemental voluntary kin, we examined themes in the linchpins' discourse surrounding the interaction, rituals, and ideal relationship between biolegal family and voluntary kin. We constructed a typology of four relational triads representing these relationships: intertwined, limited, separate, and hostile. We describe the structure and communication within each type, and implications for helping families with these triangulated voluntary kin relationships.
Heteroepitaxial growth of cadmium carbonate at dolomite and calcite surfaces: Mechanisms and rates

Abstract The systematic variation of rates and the mechanism of cadmium uptake on the (1 0 4) surface of dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) were investigated using in situ and ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), ex situ specular X-ray reflectivity (XR), and ex situ X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Selected experiments were performed on the calcite (CaCO3) (1 0 4) surface for comparison. Aqueous solutions of CdCl2, CaCl2, and NaHCO3, undersaturated with respect to calcite and supersaturated with respect to otavite (CdCO3) and the (CdxCa1−x)CO3 solid solution, were reacted with dolomite surfaces for minutes to days. Calcite substrates were reacted with solutions containing 1–50 μM CdCl2, and with no added Ca or CO3. Thin carbonate films following the Stranski–Krastanov growth mode were observed on both substrates. Specular XR and XRF revealed the formation of nm-thick Cd-rich carbonate films that were structurally ordered with respect to the dolomite (1 0 4) plane. Epitaxial films adopted the calcite crystal structure with a d104-spacing (3.00 A) larger than those of pure dolomite (2.88 A) and otavite (2.95 A) indicating either a solid solution with x ≈ 0.5, or a strained Cd-rich carbonate with a composition near that of otavite. The growth rate r of this phase increases with the initial supersaturation of the solution with respect to the solid solution, β max , and follows the empirical relationship, as determined from XRF measurements, given by: r = 10 - 4.88 ± 0.42 ( β max 2.29 ± 0.24 - 1 ) , ( in units of atoms of Cd / A 2 / h ) . The morphology of the overgrowth also varied with β max , as exemplified by AFM observations. Growth at step edges occurred over the entire β max range considered, and additional growth features including 3 A high monolayer islands and ∼25 A high tall islands were observed when log β max > 1 . On calcite, in situ XR indicated that this phase is similar to the Cd-rich overgrowth formed on dolomite and images obtained from X-ray reflection interface microscopy (XRIM) reveal the existence of laterally variable Cd-rich domains.
COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM TESTING AMONG STATIN CANDIDATES ACCORDING TO THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY AND AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION CHOLESTEROL GUIDELINES

Background: We evaluated cost-effectiveness of using coronary artery calcium (CAC) to guide treatment strategies in patients eligible for statins according to the 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol management guidelines. Methods: We compared two treatment strategies: (1) “Guidelines,” statin therapy as
Systematic Review of Brain Metastases in Patients With Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer in the United States, European Union, and Japan

Brain metastases (BRM) occur frequently in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and present a substantial unmet medical need. Previous literature on global BRM prevalence, treatment patterns, costs, and outcomes typically has described a subset of these factors. The primary objective of this systematic literature review was to summarize BRM-related epidemiology, treatment patterns, costs, and survival of patients with NSCLC in the United States, European Union, and Japan. The study was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses standards. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Ovid MedLine, and Embase to identify studies published between 2003 and 2014. Peer-reviewed, English language, and human observational studies of patients with NSCLC and BRM were identified. Demographic characteristics, treatment patterns, histology subtype, costs, and survival data were extracted into Microsoft Excel and descriptively analyzed using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Inc). Of 8257 studies, 243 were eligible. Data from 46,422 patients with NSCLC and 27,907 patients with BRM were summarized. Radiation therapy was used by 70.7% (n = 19,736) of the total BRM population, followed by systemic therapy (8.9%, n = 2497), and surgery (6.1%, n = 1690). Reported median survival was 9.78 months ranging from 2.5 to 38 months. Radiation therapy had the best outcome at 10.0 months with 41.6% (n = 101) of the studies reporting the use of stereotactic radiosurgery. Highly variable median survival and treatment patterns were reported between countries. Costs and histology subtype data were not reported for most countries, highlighting the need for additional research to describe the economic burden of BRM and improve the diagnosis, prognosis, and prescription of effective therapies.
Extending Organization Theory to Contract Manufacturers that Build their Own Brand

Both Transaction Cost Economics and Resource Dependence Theory devote significant attention to how organizations draw their boundaries; which value chain activities are done internally, and which o...
Decentralized PCA Charts for Performance Assessment of Plant-Wide Control Structures

Abstract Static principal component analysis (PCA) statistical charts are used to assess and compare the performance of two plant-wide control strategies of the Tennessee Eastman process. Both centralized and decentralized charts are used as well as charts relating to the energy and material balance of the process. In most cases these charts reveal the origin of the disturbance and the effectiveness of the control structure to compensate for the disturbance. Differences and similarities between the two control structures are also examined.
A 19 nV/ $\surd$ Hz Noise 2- $\mu \text{V}$ Offset 75- $\mu \text{A}$ Capacitive-Gain Amplifier With Switched-Capacitor ADC Driving Capability

This paper describes a capacitive-gain amplifier (CGA) with common-mode (CM) sampling (CMS) and switched-capacitor driving capability. The CMS CGA defines the amplifier CM voltage in a single auto-zero phase that significantly reduces the CM settling time. A pre-charge technique and dynamic filtering are used to allow the CGA to drive a switched-cap analog-to-digital converter (ADC) directly that relaxes the speed requirement on CGA and reduces folded noise aliases due to ADC sampling. As a result, it achieves 19-nV/ $\surd$ Hz noise density while dissipating 75 $\mu \text{A}$ . The 5 ppm/full-scale-range integral nonlinearity is achieved with programmable gain range from 1 to 128 with 2.7 to 3.6 V supply. It has 2 $\mu \text{V}$ typical offset and 0.81 ppm/°C max gain error drift. The CGA was implemented in a 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS 1.8/3.3 V ultra low leakage technology and occupies only 0.53 mm2 die area.
Criterion Variability in Binary Periscope Observation Decisions

Submarine control interfaces are developed with the assumption that the most important sources of variability are system and environment related. This study attempts to investigate the contribution...
Magnetothermopower of a Ag80Co20 granular system.

A large magnetothermopower (MTP) has been found to accompany the magnetoresistance (MR) in a Ag[sub 80]Co[sub 20] granular system. The zero-field thermopower is negative and its magnitude increases as the magnetic field increases. The MTP is inversely proportional to the resistance in the temperature range where the diffusion thermopower dominates. These observations support the spin-split density-of-states (DOS) model which yields both the MTP and the MR for multilayers and granular systems, even with a spin-independent potential at the interfaces.
Obstacles to Peacebuilding

Combining the insights of a seasoned practitioner with the academic rigor of a meticulous policy and risk analyst, del Castillo discusses the major obstacles to peacebuilding that need to be removed before war-torn countries can move towards peace, stability, and prosperity. As Secretary-General Antonio Guterres assumes leadership in January 2017, a top priority must be to address the bleak peacebuilding record where over half of the countries under UN watch relapse back into conflict within a decade. While policy debate and the academic literature have focused on the security, political, and social aspects of the war-to-peace transition, this book focuses on "the economic transition"—that is, "economic reconstruction" or "the political economy of peace"—which, in the author’s view, is the much-neglected aspect of peacebuilding. The book argues that rebuilding war-torn states effectively has acquired a new sense of urgency since extremist groups increasingly recruit people by providing jobs and services to those deprived of them due to government and economic failures. Based on past lessons and best practices of the last quarter of a century, the author makes recommendations to move forward and improve the record. It will be of great use to students and scholars of peacebuilding, as well as policymakers in national governments, donor countries and international organizations involved in peacebuilding, statebuilding, and development.
The Body Is Not an Apology: The Power of Radical Self-love

A few years ago I stumbled on a website titled “The Body Is Not an Apology.” The site was founded and maintained by Sonya Renee Taylor, and what I remember most about that initial visit was the opp...
Data mining for maintenance of complex systems

The operation and maintenance of modern sensorequipped systems such as aircraft generates vast amounts of complex data. Proper use of this data to predict or explain component failures may lead to saving of several thousands of dollars, reducing the number of delays, and increasing the overall level of safety. The field of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) has delivered a variety of techniques to discover patterns from vast amounts of data. However, none of these techniques are designed to handle the diverse forms of data typically generated during the operation and maintenance of such complex systems. In this research, we study the specific issues to consider during the analysis of commercial aircraft data and propose adequate enhancements of the data mining process to handle these difficulties. The anticipated contributions of this research are related to two fundamental problems in the field of knowledge discovery in databases: i) automatic preparation of the data prior to model development, and ii) use of diverse sources of information. We aim at extracting useful information from large amounts of data collected from a fleet of 34 commercial aircraft over the last three years. Many issues with the analysis of this data have been identified (Letourneau, Famili, & Matwin 1997). First of all, diverse sources and formats of data are to be considered. Available data includes: i) various types of sensor measurement reports describing the status of the aircraft in different phases of operation, ii) warning and failure messages generated when particular conditions occur, and iii) descriptions of aircraft problems along with the maintenance actions taken for each of them. Various sources of background knowledge are also available such as troubleshooting guides, training manuals and empirical studies. A second difficutly comes from the complexity and the quality of the data. The number of parameters is high (i.e. often more than 100), several parameters are expected to have time-series relationships, and problems such as missing values, improper data types, and out-of-range data are frequently observed. Some sensor measurements must also be normalized due to
Phenomenology Of International Images

This article comprises the first attempt to investigate “international image” phenomenologically. First a review and critique of current social scientific measurement of public opinion is demonstrated to be an essentially different phenomenon from “international image,” despite the popular confusion of the two. Then using Husserl’s analysis of “certitude,” international image is demonstrated to be essentially an expression of the natural attitude towards the “actual.” The logocentric aspect of television is explored as a major contributor to the blind faith in international images. Doxic sedimentation consisting in large part of a world consituted of video images is addressed as the source of international images and also of perspectival nationalism.
Providing Library Services to Prisoners: Calvin College and Calvin Seminary at Handlon Correctional Facility

Libraries are necessary to the educational process. Access to resources for incarcerated students is a challenge. Hekman Library supports the Calvin Prison Initiative in ways that support the educational mission of Calvin College and Calvin Theological Seminary.
Facile fabrication of highly ordered polyaniline–exfoliated graphite composite for enhanced charge storage

Abstract A facile method was developed for the fabrication of electrochemically exfoliated graphite (EG) intercalated with polyaniline (PANI) via one-step interfacial polymerization at room temperature to produce a conductive EG-PANI composite. The grafting of PANI nanoparticles on the EG surface was confirmed by microscopy and analytical tests. The EG-PANI exhibited higher areal capacitance (CA) and better electrochemical performance than either EG or PANI. A solid-state asymmetrical supercapacitor (SASc) device was fabricated to evaluate the energy-storage potential of EG-PANI using EG as negative electrode and EG-PANI as positive electrode. The SASc device exhibited high CA (80.4 ± 2.3 mF/cm2) at current density of 1 mA/cm2 and excellent capacitance retention (90.2%) after 1000 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles at 5 mA/cm2. The specific power and energy density were as high as 4.14 mW/cm2 at current density of 5 mA/cm2 and 9.07 μWh/cm2 at current density of 1 mA/cm2, respectively. After charging just for 10 s at 3.5 V, the output of two SASc devices connected in series illuminated different forward-voltage LEDs for over 5 min without diminished brightness. This work represents a new direction for developing EG intercalated PANI to enhance capacitive efficiency of graphite materials for fabrication of supercapacitors.
Estimating the Probability of False Conviction for Criminal Defendants Who are Sentenced to Death

This study is addressed to one of the great unknowns of criminal justice: the frequency of convictions of innocent defendants. A general estimate of the rate of false conviction may be beyond reach, but the extraordinarily high number of exonerations among defendants who have been sentenced to death makes it possible to estimate a lower bound for the rate of false conviction among death sentences. Previous studies have shown that 2.3% of all defendants sentenced to death in the United States between 1973 and 1989 (Gross & O’Brien 2008), and 3.3% of defendants sentenced to death for rape murder from 1982 through 1989 (Risinger 2007), were exonerated and released because of strong post-trial evidence of innocence. These are underestimates of the rate of false conviction because some innocent death row prisoners are never identified and exonerated. This study focuses on those death-sentenced defendants who remain under threat of execution, as opposed to the large proportion who are removed from death row and resentenced to life imprisonment. Our hypothesis is that only those capital defendants who might still be put to death receive the extraordinary level of attention and scrutiny that makes it plausible to use the rate of exoneration as a proxy for the rate of false conviction at trial. Using survival analysis, we: (1) demonstrate that removing the threat of execution does in fact decrease the probability of exoneration for a death sentenced inmate by a factor of about 8; and (2) estimate that the cumulative rate of exoneration for those defendants sentenced to death in the United States between 1973 and 2004 who remained under threat of execution for at least 21 years is 4%. This too, however, is very likely an underestimate. There are strong theoretical and anecdotal reasons to believe that death sentenced defendants who might be innocent are more likely than other death row inmates to be removed from death row without being exonerated – at which point the probability of exoneration drops precipitously. If so, the population of defendants who remain on death row for long periods of time, or who are executed, includes a smaller proportion of innocent defendants than the entire population of death sentenced defendants, and the true rate of false convictions among all death sentenced defendants in the United States must be considerably higher than 4%.
The early design reliability prediction method

This research contributes to the ongoing effort toward predicting and improving reliability in early engineering design, specifically during conceptual design. Increasing the rigor of predicting reliability during early design allows the designer to improve the decision-making process. Current reliability prediction methods cannot accurately capture uncertainty during conceptual design. The uncertainty of reliability predictions in early design can be significant, and, as a result, must be utilized in decision-making. To address these limitations, this paper presents the early design reliability prediction method (EDRPM) to calculate function and component failure rate distributions, which capture the parameter uncertainty. If required, these distributions can be converted into reliability values. A new technique, Frequency Weighting, is developed and applied to a Hierarchical Bayesian model to account for the number of times that a component has historically solved a function. This addition is necessary to accurately model the structure of the function-to-component relationship for capturing uncertainty. A case study using the advanced diagnostics and prognostic testbed electrical power system is presented to show the usefulness of EDRPM in facilitating decision-making during conceptual design.
Exploring Current Stereotypes and Norms Impacting Sexual Partner HIV-Status Communication.

This study sought to explore HIV-related stereotypes and norms that impact HIV-status communication with potential sexual partners. A series of focus groups and in-depth interviews were conducted (...
Toward New Perspectives of Capacity Building in Developing and Emerging Countries: An Overview

Capacity building has always been considered as a critical tool for promoting sustainable socioeconomic development particularly in Developing and Emerging Countries. Most development experts concur with the idea that without capacity building, it would be difficult to promote socioeconomic development. Accordingly, for the last few decades, the international institutions for development have provided a huge amount of financial assistance for capacity building in Developing Countries. Unfortunately, in the majority of these countries and in particular in many Africans countries, poverty has remained prevalent. What are the challenges explaining the limited results from the capacity building efforts in Developing and Emerging Countries? Based on the previous experience, what can be done better? This book explores these questions and sheds light on some underexplored but critical areas of capacity building such as mindset transformation, entrepreneurship, and diaspora investment. Therefore, the first section addresses how to reduce the capacity gap in order to promote sustainable economic transformation. The second section focuses on capacity building in entrepreneurship and export activities of SMEs. The third section addresses the involvement of the diaspora in the capacity building efforts of their home countries and the last section of the book discusses capacity building focusing on the improvement of the business environment in Developing and Emerging Countries.
Regulation of cell death in the cardiovascular system

The adult heart is a post-mitotic terminally differentiated organ; therefore, beyond development, cardiomyocyte cell death is maladaptive. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the world and aberrant cardiomyocyte cell death is the underlying problem for most cardiovascular-related diseases and fatalities. In this chapter, we will discuss the different cell death mechanisms that engage during normal cardiac development, aging, and disease states. The most abundant loss of cardiomyocytes occurs during a myocardial infarction, when the blood supply to the heart is obstructed, and the affected myocardium succumbs to cell death. Originally, this form of cell death was considered to be unregulated; however, research from the last half a century clearly demonstrates that this form of cell death is multifaceted and employees various degrees of regulation. We will explore all of the cell death pathways that have been implicated in this disease state and the potential interplay between them. Beyond myocardial infarction, we also explore the role and mechanisms of cardiomyocyte cell death in heart failure, myocarditis, and chemotherapeutic-induced cardiotoxicity. Inhibition of cardiomyocyte cell death has extensive therapeutic potential that will increase the longevity and health of the human heart.
A Variation-Adaptive Integrated Computational Digital LDO in 22-nm CMOS With Fast Transient Response

A variation-adaptive computational digital low dropout (CDLDO) regulator featuring an event-driven computational controller (CC) is presented, which computes the required number of power gates (PGs) unlike the traditional IIR filter-based control techniques to regulate the output voltage for any load/reference transient. The CC ensures ~ns transient response with a deterministic two-event duration settling time, independent of the dynamic range of the load or output capacitor value. Measurement results of a 10-bit PG design demonstrate a droop of 100 mV for 500 mA (2 A/ns $di/dt$ ) with settling times < 20 ns. The CDLDO design is presented with the key equations and timing diagrams to show the operating principle of the concept. Methods to accommodate resiliency to process, voltage and temperature (PVT) and wide dynamic voltage frequency scaling (DVFS) conditions are also discussed in detail.
Disability and Design

When scholars contemplate the legal tools available to policymakers for encouraging innovation, they primarily think about patents. If they are keeping up with the most recent literature, they may also consider grants, prizes, and taxes as means to increase the supply of innovation. But the innovation policy toolkit is substantially deeper than that. To demonstrate its depth, this Article explores the evolution of designs that help people with disabilities access the world around them. From artificial limbs to the modern wheelchair and the reshaping of the built environment, a variety of legal doctrines have influenced, for better and for worse, the pace and direction of innovation for accessible design. This Article argues that two of the most important drivers of innovation for accessible design have been social welfare laws and antidiscrimination laws. Both were responsible, in part, for the revolution in accessibility that occurred in the second half of the twentieth century. Unlike standard innovation incentives, however, these laws operate on the “demand side.” Social welfare laws and antidiscrimination laws increase the ability and willingness of parties to pay for accessible technology, ultimately leading to greater supply. But in doing so, these laws generate a different distribution of the costs and benefits of innovation. They also produce their own sets of innovation distortions by allowing third parties to make decisions about the designs that people with disabilities have to use. The law can promote innovation, and it can hinder it. The law’s relationship to the wheelchair, the most important accessibility innovation of the twentieth century, produced both results. Policymakers have choices about which legal incentives doctrines they can use and how they can use them. This Article evaluates those tools, and it provides guidelines for their use to encourage accessible technology in particular and innovation generally.
GPM Satellite Radar Observations of Precipitation Mechanisms in Atmospheric Rivers

AbstractDespite numerous studies documenting the importance of atmospheric rivers (AR) to the global water cycle and regional precipitation, the evolution of their water vapor fluxes has been diffi...
Emerging MRI Techniques to Redefine Treatment Response in Patients With Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most common and most malignant primary brain tumor. Despite aggressive multimodal treatment, its prognosis remains poor. Even with continuous developments in MRI, which has provided us with newer insights into the diagnosis and understanding of tumor biology, response assessment in the posttherapy setting remains challenging. We believe that the integration of additional information from advanced neuroimaging techniques can further improve the diagnostic accuracy of conventional MRI. In this article, we review the utility of advanced neuroimaging techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, perfusion-weighted imaging, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and chemical exchange saturation transfer in characterizing and evaluating treatment response in patients with glioblastoma. We will also discuss the existing challenges and limitations of using these techniques in clinical settings and possible solutions to avoiding pitfalls in study design, data acquisition, and analysis for future studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:978-997.
Left heart catheterization. II. With particular reference to mitral and aortic valvular disease.

Abstract 1. 1. Results of left heart catheterization in two normal individuals and 125 patients with rheumatic heart disease are presented. 2. 2. The normal pressure curves are described. No pressure gradients exist across a normal mitral or aortic valve. 3. 3. Characteristic findings of mitral stenosis are: (a) ventricular filling pressure gradient usually present throughout diastole, (b) giant “a” waves in the left atrial pressure tracing. 4. 4. Ventricularization of the left atrial pressure curve may occur in mitral regurgitation. A pressure gradient may be present, but unlike mitral stenosis, is found only early in diastole. A characteristic pressure tracing is obtained as the catheter is whipped back from ventricle to atrium within a single cardiac cycle. 5. 5. Aortic stenosis is characteristically accompanied by a systolic pressure gradient across the aortic valve. Giant “a” waves are observed in the left atrial pressure tracing. The end-diastolic pressure in the left ventricle is generally elevated. Possible causes for this are discussed.
Automated Classification of Power Plants by Generation Type

Generation type of power plant (e.g. steam, wind) is an important attribute in power grid and energy market studies such as bidding strategy, audit of generation mix, and accounting for load-generation matching. Recently, regional transmission organizations (RTOs) and independent system operators (ISOs) are increasingly redacting a wide range of grid and market data attributes to protect their participants' business interests. Lack of this information can prevent important power grid research. We propose techniques to infer power plant generation types based on publicly-available market data. We develop and evaluate these techniques on data available from the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO). Evaluation shows successful classification of power plants, achieving 100% precision and 99.5% recall for wind plants, and 91.7% overall accuracy. On the basis of generated power, our classification shows 100% precision and 99.8% recall for wind plants and 93.2% overall accuracy. Our ultimate goal is to generalize to a wide range of RTOs/ISOs. We explore three feature types (bid pattern, capability, and operation), and evaluate their classification value for MISO. We also assess applicability to other RTOs/ISOs based on available market data. These studies inform the efficacy of the features for generation-type inference in other RTOs/ISOs.
High pressure transport studies of the LiFeAs analogs CuFeTe 2 and Fe 2 As

We have synthesized two iron-pnictide/chalcogenide materials, CuFeTe2 and Fe2As, which share crystallographic features with known iron-based superconductors, and carried out high pressure electrical resistivity measurements on these materials to pressures in excess of 30 GPa. Both compounds crystallize in the Cu2Sb-type crystal structure that is characteristic of LiFeAs (with CuFeTe2 exhibiting a disordered variant). At ambient pressure, CuFeTe2 is a semiconductor and has been suggested to exhibit a spin-density-wave transition, while Fe2As is a metallic antiferromagnet. The electrical resistivity of CuFeTe2, measured at 4 K, decreases by almost two orders of magnitude between ambient pressure and 2.4 GPa. At 34 GPa, the electrical resistivity decreases upon cooling the sample below 150 K, suggesting the proximity of the compound to a metal–insulator transition. Neither CuFeTe2 nor Fe2As superconduct above 1.1 K throughout the measured pressure range.
A government mandated consent safely reduces opioid utilization for major pediatric genitourinary surgeries.

INTRODUCTION We describe the effect of a state mandated opioid consent on opioid utilization and multimodal pain use for major pediatric genitourinary surgeries. METHODS All patients who underwent an inpatient pediatric genitourinary surgery at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh between August 2015 and February 2020 were identified. Inpatient and outpatient multimodal pain control utilization were assessed. Delayed prescriptions or emergency department visits within 30 days were identified and when applicable referenced against National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data. RESULTS After accounting for a 6-month transition period following policy implementation, 462 major pediatric genitourinary procedures were identified. The frequency of discharge opiate prescriptions decreased from 68.4% prior to the transition period to 10.7% afterward(p<0.001). Morphine milligram equivalents per prescription decreased from 75(IQR 45-150) to 45(IQR 22.5-75)(p<0.001). The rate of delayed non-opioid analgesic prescriptions (6.6% vs 7.4%), delayed opioid prescriptions (1.5% vs 0.3%), or emergency department visits (11.8% vs 12.6%)(p = 0.809) remained unchanged. Data agreed with National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data in 98.5% of cases. After excluding one surgeon who departed after the transition period, regional block utilization did not change from 61/115(53%) to 147/320(45.9%)(p = 0.425). CONCLUSIONS A state mandated opioid consent safely reduced opioid utilization for most major pediatric genitourinary surgeries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
Understanding the effect of mechanical forces on ovarian cancer progression.

Abstract Objective Mechanical forces including tension, compression, and shear stress are increasingly implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. Understanding the mechanisms behind epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) progression and metastasis is critical, and this study aimed to elucidate the effect of oscillatory and constant tension on EOC. Methods SKOV-3 and OVCAR-8 EOC cell lines were placed under oscillatory tension for 3 days and compared to cells placed under no tension. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were analyzed while RNAseq and Western Blots helped investigate the biological mechanisms underlying the increasingly aggressive state of the experimental cells. Finally, in vivo experiments using SCID mice assisted in confirming the in vitro results. Results Oscillatory tension (OT) and constant tension (CT) significantly increased SKOV-3 proliferation, while OT caused a significant increase in proliferative genes, migration, and invasion in this cell line. CT did not cause significant increases in these areas. Neither OT nor CT increased proliferation or invasion in OVCAR-8 cells, while both tension types significantly increased cellular migration. Two proteins involved in metastasis, E-cadherin and Snail, were both significantly affected by OT in both cell lines, with E-cadherin levels decreasing and Snail levels increasing. In vivo, tumor growth and weight for both cell types were significantly increased, and ascites development was significantly higher in the experimental OVCAR-8 group than in the control group. Conclusions This study found that mechanical forces are influential in EOC progression and metastasis. Further analysis of downstream mechanisms involved in EOC metastasis will be critical for improvements in EOC treatment.
The influence of different efficacy constructs on energy conservation intentions and climate change policy support

Abstract This study examines how different efficacy constructs – self efficacy, personal outcome expectancy, collective efficacy, and collective outcome expectancy – independently influence willingness to engage in personal energy conservation behavior and support for policies to address climate change. Data from a representative, cross-sectional survey of 23 countries, European Social Survey Round 8, was analyzed to test the relationship. Overall, the results demonstrated that self efficacy, personal outcome expectancy, and collective outcome expectancy were all positively associated with both behavioral intention and policy support. Results regarding collective efficacy were unstable. The results demonstrate the importance of clearly distinguishing different constructs of efficacy beliefs from each other and suggest how climate change communication efforts may benefit from focusing on particular efficacy factors.
709-P: Improved Satisfaction and Perceived Usability with the Omnipod 5 Automated Insulin Delivery System Compared with Prior Therapy

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a lifelong disease that requires constant monitoring. New technologies seeking to relieve this burden must be user-friendly and provide treatment satisfaction to enable widespread adoption, glycemic benefit, and long-term success. We assessed these parameters for the Omnipod 5 Automated Insulin Delivery System during a 3-month outpatient study of the system. Participants (N=240) with T1D aged 6-70y completed validated assessment tools at study start and end, including the Insulin Device Satisfaction Survey (IDSS), Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ), and System Usability Scale (SUS). Parents/guardians of participants aged 6-11.9y (children, N=83) and 12-17.9y (teens, N=42) were assessed as appropriate. Participants were aged (mean±SD) 25±17y, with T1D duration 12±11y and baseline A1C 7.4±0.9%. Perceived usability and satisfaction with the treatment regimen and device were significantly improved with the study system compared to prior therapy (Table). Improvements were also seen in the IDSS subscales for burden and inconvenience (both p Disclosure S. A. Macleish: Advisory Panel; Self; Insulet Corporation. W. H. Polonsky: Advisory Panel; Self; Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Consultant; Self; Abbott Diabetes, ADOCIA, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Lilly Diabetes, Novo Nordisk, Onduo LLC., Sanofi US. K. K. Hood: Consultant; Self; Cecelia Health, Cercacor, LifeScan Diabetes Institute. C. J. Levy: Advisory Panel; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Employee; Spouse/Partner; AbbVie Inc., Other Relationship; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Research Support; Self; Abbott Diabetes, Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Tandem Diabetes Care. L. M. Huyett: Employee; Self; Insulet Corporation, Stock/Shareholder; Self; Insulet Corporation. T. Vienneau: Employee; Self; Insulet Corporation, Stock/Shareholder; Self; Insulet Corporation. T. T. Ly: Employee; Self; Insulet Corporation. Funding Insulet Corporation
Progress and Challenges of Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction on Transition Metal Based Electrocatalysts

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the main causes of global warming, with the burning of fossil fuels being the main source of anthropogenic CO2. For this reason, the capture and reduction of CO2 to v...
Micromechanics Modelling for Deformation and Failure of Granular Material

Abstract Perceiving granular material as a collection of particles, a constitutive law for granular material is derived based on micromechanics approach, taking into account the mechanisms of sliding and separation of particles under large deformation. Heterogeneous strain field is considered to derive the overall stress-strain relationship in terms of inter-particle contact behavior. The unique features of the present theory are discussed to show its usefulness in comprehensive modelling of complex behavior for granular material.
Some historical aspects of drug treatment for obesity

Janus was the Roman god with two faces — one face smiling, one scowling [2, 3]. He is frequently seen as the symbol for theater — tragedy and comedy being his two faces. Amphetamine, the first drug with a clinical trial showing effectiveness in the battle of the bulge, also has two faces. One face was suppression of appetite, the other face was addiction. It was this latter frowning face that has cast a cloud of doubt and concern over pharmacological agents developed to help in the battle of the bulge. This is the story.
Explicit SIMD programming for asynchronous applications

This paper presents the SIMD Phase Programming Model, a simple approach to solving asynchronous, irregular problems on massively parallel SIMD computers. The novelty of this model consists of a simple, clear method on how to turn a general serial program into an explicitly parallel one for a SIMD machine, transferring a portion of the flow control into the single PEs. Three case studies (the Mandelbrot Set, the N-Queen problem, and a Hopfield neural network that approximates the maximum clique in a graph) will be presented, implemented on two different SIMD computers (the UCSC Kestrel and the MasPar MP-2). Our results so far show good performance with respect to conventional serial CPU computing time and in terms of the high parallel speedup and efficiency achieved.
An Early Indicator of Resistance in Barley to Russian Wheat Aphid

During early stages of infestation by Russian wheat aphids (Diuraphis noxia [Mordvilko]; RWAs), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaf cells collapsed and showed autofluorescence in the mesophyll and bundle sheath adjacent to the RWA stylet sheath. The response was visually similar to the hypersensitive cell death response, typical of resistance to microbial pathogens. Resistant barley produced significantly more collapsed, autofluorescent cells (CAC) than did susceptible barley. RWA stylet entry sites and sheath paths also fluoresced, making them easy to observe in whole leaf sections. The number of CAC increased with the number of RWAs and with the number of days of feeding in resistant plants. The CAC could be observed 1 d following infestation, making this the most rapid plant response toward the RWAs known to date. The response may be useful in screening for resistant plants and may provide insight into resistance mechanisms in barley.
Real-Time Space–Time Integration in GIScience and Geography

Space-time integration has long been the topic of study and speculation in geography. However, in recent years an entirely new form of space-time integration has become possible in GIS and GIScience: real-time space-time integration and interaction. While real-time spatiotemporal data is now being generated almost ubiquitously, and its applications in research and commerce are widespread and rapidly accelerating, the ability to continuously create and interact with fused space-time data in geography and GIScience is a recent phenomenon made possible by the invention and development of real-time interactive (RTI) GPS/GIS technology and functionality in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This innovation has since functioned as a core change agent in geography, cartography, GIScience and many related fields, profoundly realigning traditional relationships and structures, expanding research horizons, and transforming the ways geographic data is now collected, mapped, modeled, and used, both in geography and in science and society more broadly. Real-time space-time interactive functionality remains today the underlying process generating the current explosion of fused spatiotemporal data, new geographic research initiatives, and myriad geospatial applications in governments, businesses, and society. This essay addresses briefly the development of these real-time space-time functions and capabilities; their impact on geography, cartography, and GIScience; and some implications for how discovery and change can occur in geography and GIScience, and how we might foster continued innovation in these fields.
Documenting the Trajectory of Your Teaching

Being a teacher in a medical school is a challenge. It’s a delightful, rewarding, surprising, engaging, inspiring honor of a challenge, but a challenge nonetheless. Whether you give lectures to large groups, facilitate small groups, guide teams in Team-Based Learning, or teach in clinical rounds, you are likely to find that as you try things out, you learn more and more about what does and does not work. The changes you make, for better or worse, plot the trajectory of your teaching – the ascent of a successful lecture, the descent of a difficult tutor group, the subsequent correction in style or approach that demonstrates your reflection on feedback or evaluation. Chapter 13 encourages you to be deliberate and evidence-based in your approach to improving your teaching. In this chapter, we will encourage you to document the trajectory of your teaching, and will discuss mechanisms for gathering information about your teaching from various sources.
An unsupervised method for detecting grammatical errors

We present an unsupervised method for detecting grammatical errors by inferring negative evidence from edited textual corpora. The system was developed and tested using essay-length responses to prompts on the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). The errorrecognition system, ALEK, performs with about 80% precision and 20% recall.
A new stable pipelined IIR digital filter structure

A generalized clustered look-ahead transformation for realizing stable pipelined IIR digital filters is presented. It is shown that this improvement achieves more efficient hardware architectures than those created by using the scattered look-ahead transformation, at the price of a small degradation in processing speed. With only one more multiplier/accumulator in the numerator and one more carry-save adder in the denominator, the processing speed of a second-order IIR digital filter can be increased by a factor of nearly 2 over the conventional implementation. >
What Scientists Caught from Kuru

The Collectors of Lost Souls. Turning Kuru Scientists into Whitemen. By Warwick Anderson. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2008. 328 pp. $24.95. ISBN 9780801890406. Anderson weaves together stories of kuru, the Fore people it afflicted, and the biomedical researchers and anthropologists the disease and its victims attracted to the highlands of New Guinea.