cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the response to reforms limiting discretion: Judges' views of restrictions on detention intake

As juvenile courts have moved away from the parens patriae philosophy of individualized justice, judges have found their discretion limited by statutory guidelines restricting authority over disposition and placement. This paper examines the response of judges in one state to implementation of detention intake reforms that require use of objective criteria and risk assessment to determine eligibility for detention placement. Based on data from a statewide survey of Florida circuit court judges assigned to the juvenile bench, this study attempts to account for variation in support for objective restrictions on a decision-making process in which judges traditionally have been granted wide latitude. Findings show that agreement with the statutory purposes of detention and confidence in alternatives exert the strongest influence when a variety of demographic, occupational, and role orientation variables are taken into account in multivariate analysis. Implications for effective implementation of reforms limit...
Political economy and adoption of policies affecting everyday life in the American states

Abstract The political economy model has been successfully used to predict adoption of controversial or crisis-prone policies. In contrast, this article assesses the model’s utility in relation to adoption rates of three mundane policy domains that govern everyday life. Given the addition of interactive terms, the model produced a variety of results. The most successful application was in the policy domain of wills, estates, and trusts where 63 percent of the variance was explained. The least satisfactory results were encountered in the area of commercial transaction policy where only 21 percent of the variance was explained. Between these two extremes, the model explained 39 percent of the variance in adoption rates of judicial organization policy.
From low‐ to high‐tech project management

Project management is a complex activity and it involves, among other things, an attitude, style and philosophy. The main proposition of this article suggests that different projects must be approached by different managerial philosophies. The article presents a conceptual managerial classification of projects based on their technological uncertainty — specifically the newness and complexity of the technology involved. It classifies all projects into four types: lowtech, medium tech, high-tech and super high-tech, and then proceeds to describe the major differences among them. Special attention is then paid to the ‘higher’ technology types — high-tech and super high-tech projects — and to the attitudes and tools that are needed for managing them. Such projects, if well executed and successful, may help improve competitive advantage and commercial position. They involve however substantial risk and high probability of failure. Several examples of super high-tech projects carried out in the past are described, and their management style discussed in light of the classification presented here. These examples include the SR-71 ‘Blackbird’ aircraft, the ‘Apollo’ moon-landing program, Data General's ‘Eagle’ computer and NASA's program of developing the Space Shuttle.
Fertilizer and crop management practices for improving maize yields on high pH soils

Abstract In Nebraska, nearly 0.4 million hectares (ha) of maize (Zea mays L.) are subjected to varying degrees of iron (Fe) chlorosis from high pH soil. A factorial design with two maize varieties (tolerant and non‐tolerant) and seed row applied Fe treatments with four replications was used on three soil areas of Cozad silt loam with pHs of 8.6, 8.2, and 7.7. Iron treatments included a check, seed row applied FeSO4•7H2O, FeEDDHA, dried granular FeSO4‐polyacrylamide gel and foliar sprays of 1.5% FeSO4•7H2O. Chlorophyll meter readings at V8 and V10 separated treatment effects on the pH 8.6 site and were highly correlated with yield. In 1993, all Fe treatments on the pH 8.6 site produced significant yield increases on both varieties except the foliar treatment and FeEDDHA on the non‐tolerant hybrid. The FeSO4‐polyacrylamide gel was especially effective, but was not available in 1994. Most Fe treatments significantly increased yields on the pH 8.2 and 8.6 sites, but not the pH 7.7 site. In 1994, most Fe treat...
103 Assessing Microalgal Morphology from Century‐Old Herbarium Sheets Using SEM

Traditionally, type specimens have not been deposited for most unicellular algae. There are few known holotypes and those that are available are often of limited use. Samples from taxa described before 1900 commonly consist of materials dried down on herbarium sheets or mica. Dried algal samples can be rehydrated, but preservation is very poor and little structure can be determined from them. Whether wet or dry, the amount of information that can be derived from such samples using conventional light microscopy is limited. However, identification of microscopic algae from herbarium samples may be necessary when the original descriptions and/or illustration(s) are inadequate, questionable or when a taxon is under revision. We were able to derive high-resolution images from dried algal samples using a JEOL 6300 field emission SEM. For example, we have imaged samples of Euglena spirogyra that were dried on mica chips in October of 1899 and stored in the Michigan State University herbarium. The overall shape of the cell body and the arrangement and ornamentation of the pellicle strips were clearly visible. Because of this success we decided to examine a variety of algal samples that had been preserved on mica. Algae such as Staurastrum, Scenedesmus, or Mallomonas (particularly the scales), retained the most structure while others such as Pediastrum and Pandorina, retained sufficient structure to allow their identification. We suggest that FESEM should be more broadly used for assessing structure in dried herbarium samples.
An asymptotic analysis for large deflections of pressurized shallow spherical membrane shells.

Large deflections of symmetrically loaded shallow membrane shells of revolution, considering existence of boundary layer near edges and using asymptotic analysis
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 is a basement membrane-associated protein that is significantly decreased in human colorectal cancer

PURPOSE: The balance between local levels of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases is believed to play a key role in tumor invasion and metastases. Because tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 suppresses tumorigenicity and tumor invasionin vitro, the aim of this study was to determine its expression in human colorectal cancer. METHODS: Thirty-nine human colorectal cancer specimens, three adenomas, and matched normal adjacent mucosa from 39 colorectal cancer patients were analyzed. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 ribonucleic acid and protein expression were analyzed by Northern blot hybridization and Western blot analysis, respectively. The cellular localizations of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 ribonucleic acid and protein were determined byin situ hybridization and immunolocalization. RESULTS: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 ribonucleic acid expression was increased in colorectal cancer compared with paired normal mucosa. In contrast, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 protein level was higher in normal mucosa than in the corresponding colorectal cancer. In addition, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 protein levels progressively decreased with advancing colorectal cancer stages. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 protein tumor to normal mucosa ratio was 0.74 ± 0.12, 0.51 ± 0.18, 0.48 ± 0.12, and 0.45 ± 0.2 for Dukes A (n=8), B (n=9), C (n=9), and D (n=13) stages, respectively. Both tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 messenger ribonucleic acid and protein were located predominantly within spindle-shaped and round stromal cells. Furthermore, in colonic epithelium, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 and type IV collagen protein were similarly concentrated in the basal region. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide the first detailed description of the cellular expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 in colorectal cancer and identify it as a basement membrane-associated protein. This is an important observation, because the presence of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 protein near the basement membrane supports its role in preventing proteolytic degradation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis.
Characteristics of voltage‐dependent conductance in the membranes of a non‐excitable tissue: the amphibian lens.

1. The electrical conductance of the frog lens membranes was observed to increase when the lens was depolarized by current, and to decrease when the lens was hyperpolarized. 2. The total lens conductance (GT) could be described by a voltage-dependent component (GH) together with a voltage-insensitive component (GO). 3. Conductance measured at the resting potential increased from 9.7 to 14.4 x 10(-5) S when the lens was depolarized by 9.1 mV in 10(-4) M-ouabain. The increase of conductance could be explained by an increase of GH which resulted from the depolarization alone. 4. Potassium-rich solutions influenced the conductance by increasing GH as the result of depolarization and by decreasing (blocking) GO. Small increases in the external potassium concentration (from 2.5 to 5 mM), which did not depolarize the lens, resulted in a decrease in resting conductance due to the blockade of GO. 5. Conductance-voltage relationships established in 2.5 (control), 5, 12.5 and 25 mM external potassium could each be fitted to a single mathematical model by assuming that GO had been reduced for 5.0 (control) to 4.5, 3 and 1 x 10(-5) S respectively by those increased potassium concentrations. 6. Barium (2 mM) depolarized the lens by 14.3 mV and decreased the resting conductance by 39%. When the lens was depolarized by a step current pulse in the presence of barium, the conductance increased with time after the onset of the current. Hyperpolarization elicited less time dependence of the conductance. 7. Barium reduced the extent to which lens conductance was dependent on voltage.
The appendix as a conduit for antegrade continence enemas in patients with anorectal malformations: lessons learned from 163 cases treated over 18 years.

Abstract Introduction The antegrade continence enema (ACE) has been shown to be a safe and effective method for managing fecal incontinence in the pediatric population. The purpose of this study was to examine our experience with the ACE procedure using the appendix as a catheterizable conduit in children with anorectal malformations (ARMs). Methods We reviewed the charts of all patients who underwent an ACE procedure using the appendix as a catheterizable conduit between January 1992 and January 2010. Preoperative diagnosis (ARM type), operative details, functional outcomes, and postoperative complications were assessed. Technical modifications over time included selective cecoplication, implementation of the umbilical V-V appendicoplasty technique, and laparoscopy for cecal mobilization. Results Mean age was 9.9 ± 0.6 years, and 67% were male. The most common preoperative diagnosis was rectourethral fistula in boys (39%) and persistent cloaca in girls (61%). Forty-five complications occurred in 41 patients with an overall incidence of 25.6% (stricture, 18%; leakage, 6%; prolapse, 4%; intestinal obstruction, 0.6%). The incidence of stomal leakage was lower in patients when a cecoplication was performed (2.9% [4/138] vs 29.4% [5/17]; P P Conclusions The ACE procedure using the umbilical V-V appendicoplasty provides an effective and cosmetically superior means for bowel management in children with ARMs. The rate of late complications is not insignificant however, and preventative strategies should focus on careful operative technique and ensuring compliance with catheterization protocols well past the initial postoperative period.
Brickstreams: physical hypermedia driven customer insight

Brickstreams is a system that employs hypermedia structures in physical spaces, specifically in brick-and-mortar retail environments, to capture insight into customer behavior. By instrumenting and tracking interactions with tagged products in retail stores, and by using demographic and location intelligence, our system is able to bring the benefits of online clickstream analysis to the brick and mortar world. We have implemented a prototype of Brickstreams, realized through REST web services and mobile device clients.
p53 Contributes to Differentiating Gene Expression following Exposure to Acetaminophen and Its Less Hepatotoxic Regioisomer Both In Vitro and In Vivo

The goal of the present study was to compare hepatic toxicogenomic signatures across in vitro and in vivo mouse models following exposure to acetaminophen (APAP) or its relatively nontoxic regioisomer 3′-hydroxyacetanilide (AMAP). Two different Affymetrix microarray platforms and one Agilent Oligonucleotide microarray were utilized. APAP and AMAP treatments resulted in significant and large changes in gene expression that were quite disparate, and likely related to their different toxicologic profiles. Ten transcripts, all of which have been implicated in p53 signaling, were identified as differentially regulated at all time-points following APAP and AMAP treatments across multiple microarray platforms. Protein-level quantification of p53 activity aligned with results from the transcriptomic analysis, thus supporting the implicated mechanism of APAP-induced toxicity. Therefore, the results of this study provide good evidence that APAP-induced p53 phosphorylation and an altered p53-driven transcriptional response are fundamental steps in APAP-induced toxicity.
Advanced Rework Process Development for Cu-CMP at 28 nm Technology Node

Advance Copper chemical mechanical polishing (Cu-CMP) requires more excellent control to Cu remaining thickness post CMP as IC fabrication scales down. But there is no mature technology or end point system to guarantee Cu thickness of processing wafers always well control. And barrier step CU-CMP rework process post 1st CU-CMP is inevitable to address ideal Cu thickness. However, post CMP reworked IC often results in higher Cu line sheet resistance (Rs) value and worse resistance distribution due to worse Cu dishing & more pattern effect comparing with no reworked IC. The experiment tries to find out the most key parameter in order to lower side effect of CU-CMP rework process. After the revolution, reworked IC could achieve very similar electric properties level to no reworked IC approach.
Overexpression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-4 (IGFBP-4) in Smooth Muscle Cells of Transgenic Mice through a Smooth Muscle α-Actin-IGFBP-4 Fusion Gene Induces Smooth Muscle Hypoplasia

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been postulated to function as a smooth muscle cell (SMC) mitogen and to play a role in the pathogenesis of bladder hypertrophy, estrogen-induced uterine growth, and restenosis after arterial angioplasty. IGF-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) inhibits IGF-I action in vitro and is the most abundant IGFBP in the rodent arterial wall. To explore the function of this binding protein in vivo, transgenic mouse lines were developed harboring fusion genes consisting of a rat IGFBP-4 complementary DNA cloned downstream of either a −724 bp fragment of the mouse smooth muscle α-actin 5′-flanking region (SMP2-BP-4) or− 1074 bp, 63 bp of 5′-untranslated region, and 2.5 kb of intron 1 of smooth muscle α-actin (SMP8-BP-4). SMP2-BP-4 mice expressed low levels of the exogenous IGFBP-4 messenger RNA (mRNA), which was not specifically targeted to SMC-rich tissue environments, and were therefore not analyzed further. Six SMP8-BP-4 transgenic lines derived from separate founders were charact...
Recognition of continuous speech requires top-down processing

The proposition that feedback is never necessary in speech recognition is examined for utterances consisting of sequences of words. In running speech the features near word boundaries are often modified according to language-dependent rules. Application of these rules during word recognition requires top-down processing. Because isolated words are not usually modified by rules, their recognition could be achieved by bottom-up processing only.
Subclavian central venous catheters and ultrasound guidance: policy vs practice

PurposePolicy statements recommend the use of ultrasound guidance (USG) to improve patient safety during placement of central venous catheters (CVCs). Studies have conclusively demonstrated greater...
Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome: 30 Years of Study

Velo-cardio-facial syndrome is one of the names that has been attached to one of the most common multiple anomaly syndromes in humans. The labels DiGeorge sequence, 22q11 deletion syndrome, conotruncal anomalies face syndrome, CATCH 22, and Sedlackova syndrome have all been attached to the same disorder. Velo-cardio-facial syndrome has an expansive phenotype with more than 180 clinical features described that involve essentially every organ and system. The syndrome has drawn considerable attention because a number of common psychiatric illnesses are phenotypic features including attention deficit disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. The expression is highly variable with some individuals being essentially normal at the mildest end of the spectrum, and the most severe cases having life-threatening and life-impairing problems. The syndrome is caused by a microdeletion from chromosome 22 at the q11.2 band. Although the large majority of affected individuals have identical 3 megabase deletions, less than 10% of cases have smaller deletions of 1.5 or 2.0 megabases. The 3 megabase deletion encompasses a region containing 40 genes. The syndrome has a population prevalence of approximately 1:2,000 in the United States, although incidence is higher. Although initially a clinical diagnosis, today velo-cardio-facial syndrome can be diagnosed with extremely high accuracy by fluorescence in situ hybridization and several other laboratory techniques. Clinical management is age dependent with acute medical problems such as congenital heart disease, immune disorders, feeding problems, cleft palate, and developmental disorders occupying management in infancy and preschool years. Management shifts to cognitive, behavioral, and learning disorders during school years, and then to the potential for psychiatric disorders including psychosis in late adolescence and adult years. Although the majority of people with velo-cardio-facial syndrome do not develop psychosis, the risk for severe psychiatric illness is 25 times higher for people affected with velo-cardio-facial syndrome than that of the general population. Therefore, interest in understanding the nature of psychiatric illness in the syndrome remains strong.
Mechanical And Optical Properties Of Press-Forged LiF and CaF2

Alkali halides and alkaline earth fluorides have many attractive optical properties which are of interest for component applications in several optical systems operating in adverse environments. The fact that many of these materials have low yield strengths and fracture energies in single-crystal form often restricts their applications. The yield strengths and fracture energies of single crystals of many alkali halides can be increased significantly, in many cases by an order of magnitude or more, by deformation processing, such as press forging. The slow compressive deformation and high temperatures to which materials are subjected during press forging introduce low- and high-angle grain boundaries which are responsible for the observed improvement in mechanical properties. This paper describes a forging technique which repeatedly produces crack-free, fine-grained forgings and discusses the optical and mechanical properties of press forged LiF and CaF2 in relation to those of starting single crystals.
The migration of manganese in the arctic basin sediment

Abstract A relatively high content of manganese at the top of an arctic sediment core and a smooth exponential increment of manganese concentration in its interstitial water down to one meter have been found. The data strongly support the idea that manganese may be remobilized after burial by local reducing conditions. The thermodynamic calculation shows that the interstitial water is reaching chemical equilibrium with respect to MnCo3 precipitate in the deeper part of the sediment.
The Use By Red Imported Fire Ants, Solenopsis Invicta (Hymenopgefa: Formicidae), Of Potamogeton Nodosus (Potamogetonaceae) Leaves As Platforms Into The Littoral Zone In Texas, U.S.A

It has become increasingly clear that waterways facilitate the invasion process for many species, including terrestrial species, such as ants (Walker 2006). The underlying reason may be directly related to transportation, as in the case of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren whose colonies can spread by rafting on moving water (Banks et al., 1981). In other instances, periodic flooding along riparian courses often creates disturbance regimes, which promote invasions (Ellis et al., 2001). Additional habitat considerations include elevated soil moisture (Holway et al., 2002) and high productivity associated with riparian ecosystems (Kennedy 1998, Paetzold et al., 2006). These conditions are likely to promote high colony growth rates and an associated higher propagule pressure, furthering the invasion process. Ants that are predisposed to be around water are more likely to be able to take opportunistic advantage of waterways for their dispersal (Suarez et al., 2005). Many Solenopsis species, especially the most widely distributed species, commonly forage around water (Wilson 1986). The black imported fire ant, for instance, has been found preying on tubeworms exposed during low tides (Palomo et al., 2003), while S. invicta is considered a threat to wildlife in wetland habitats (Freed and Neitman 1988). The latter study noted that the fire ants were able to extend their reach into the pond by utilizing unspecified vegetation as a walkway but gave no additional details. This note offers further information as to the use by fire ants of floating vegetation as natural roads. In June of 2002, I first observed S. invicta workers crossing long leaf pondweed, Potamotegon nodusus leaves lying on the water surface of a manmade lake in Lee County, TX (N30.14, W96.88). Potamotegon nodosus is a fast-growing aquatic plant that forms extensive platforms of networked leaves on the water surface of the littoral zone. In the situation observed, these platforms were growing in an emergent area of the lake with seasonal inundation. I was able to observe the ants closely out over the water because of the presence of a 15m long raised pier that paralleled the pondweed. Many of my observations were made using a Sony PCV DCR-TRV9. Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 527
Low-energy πN scattering and the un-reggeized strip approximation

A self-consistent study of low-energy πN scattering is carried through using theN/D method in the strip approximation. A numerical approximation scheme is developed which reduces the complicated integral equation forN to simple algebraic manipulations, thereby permitting a mathematically manageable solution of πN dynamics without sacrificing the relativistic features of the problem (i.e., mπ/M≠0). The solutions found by this method depend on one parameter, the strip width (W1).It must be admitted at this point that the results are sensitive to changes inW1. This probably reflects the inadequacy of the un-Keggeized strip approximation. There are good reasons for expecting the sensitivity to partially disappear in the Reggeized strip approximation. In this work only the p(3, 3) and p(1, 1) partial-wave amplitudes were studied. A resonant solution was found for the p(3, 3) amplitude (called N*) and a bound state solution for the p(l, 1) amplitude (called N). The N* that appeared in the direct channel has a mass (M32D)and reduced width (γ33D) given (in natural units) byM33D= 8.9 and γ33D= 18. These numbers are to be compared with the crossed N* which was inserted with M33 = 8.9 and γ33 = 7.5. The N appeared in the direct channel withMD = 7.2 and γ11D=22. These numbers are to be compared with the crossed N with M=6.7 and γ11= 15. No attempt was made to findcompletely self-consistent values for masses and reduced widths because of the admittedly crude state of affairs now existing in strong interaction physics. The present work may be considered a relativistic version of Chew’s ≪ Reciprocal Bootstrap ≫ for the πN system since only N and N* were assumed to generate the forces acting in the direct channel. Introducing the ρ-meson contribution alters this reciprocal picture somewhat but not in any drastic way.
Modest membrane hydrogen bonds deliver rich results.

The significance of hydrogen bonds in protein structure was recognized as early as 1936 by Mirsky and Pauling, and the importance of hydrogen bonds in water-soluble proteins has since been studied extensively. Now a new paper takes an important step forward in characterizing the energetic significance of hydrogen bonds in membrane-soluble proteins.
Ask and Ye Shall Receive? Predicting the Successful Appeal of Property Tax Assessments:

Appeal processes provide important opportunities to challenge administrative decisions, but adjudicators often lack access to information relevant to the disputed claim. This article examines the motivations for property tax assessment appeals as well as the factors that influence the decision to grant or deny these appeals. We ask whether and how the relative lack of comparable sales in a neighborhood influences the frequency of property assessment appeal applications and their likelihood of success. Using a data set of appeal applications submitted to the first two levels of assessment review in Chicago in 2000 and 2003, we estimate the probability of successful appeal for residential property owners using a sequential probit model. We find that information-rich environments have the potential to both temper the perception of individual mistreatment and improve the quality of assessor decision making. Appeals can compound the lack of uniformity in assessments found in markets with little sales activity.
A Case Study of Rossby Wave Breaking along the Subtropical Tropopause

Global analyses from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) are used to analyze the sequence of events leading to the creation of a large-scale reversal of potential vorticity (PV) gradients across the subtropical tropopause on 10 June 1992 over the North Pacific. The ‘‘reversed’’ (i.e., southward directed) PV gradients across the tropopause initially appeared at 1200 UTC on 10 June, the time herein designated as the ‘‘onset’’ of this event, at 25 8N near the date line. Maps of PV are shown to highlight the evolution of a mobile Rossby wave packet during its migration across eastern Asia toward the subtropical Pacific during the several days prior to onset. With explicit regard to the validity of linear theory and the Wentzel‐Kramers‐Brillouin‐Jeffreys approximation, wave activity flux diagnostics are employed to assess the propagation characteristics of this disturbance during that time. Following its departure from eastern Asia, much of the wave activity associated with the packet traveled southeastward
Mitochondrial turnover in the heart.

Mitochondrial quality control is increasingly recognized as an essential element in maintaining optimally functioning tissues. Mitochondrial quality control depends upon a balance between biogenesis and autophagic destruction. Mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission) allows for the redistribution of mitochondrial components. We speculate that this permits sorting of highly functional components into one end of a mitochondrion, while damaged components are segregated at the other end, to be jettisoned by asymmetric fission followed by selective mitophagy. Ischemic preconditioning requires autophagy/mitophagy, resulting in selective elimination of damaged mitochondria, leaving behind a population of robust mitochondria with a higher threshold for opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. In this review we will consider the factors that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and destruction, the machinery involved in both processes, and the biomedical consequences associated with altered mitochondrial turnover.
Environmental Impacts of a Major Freight Corridor: A Study of I-710 in California

The San Pedro Bay Ports (SPBP) complex of Los Angeles and Long Beach in Southern California is one of the largest container port complexes in the world. This complex contributes significantly to both regional and national economies in California and the United States, respectively. However, the ongoing growth and economic benefits of the SPBP are threatened by negative externalities associated with port operations, particularly increasing congestion and air pollution. The objective of this paper is to explore a new approach to estimating vehicle emission impacts of freight corridor operations related to the port area, particularly those associated with heavy-duty diesel trucks. The paper combines a microscopic traffic simulation model to capture detailed vehicle trajectories (speeds and accelerations) and congestion effects, with an emission model and a spatial dispersion model to facilitate the estimation of the health and environmental justice impacts of freight corridor operations. Focus is on the I-71...
Human Growth Hormone: A New Substance Of Abuse Among Adolescents?

It has been estimated that as many as 250,000 adolescents are using anabolic steroids (AS). Recently, anecdotal reports suggest that athletes may also be using human growth hormone (HGH). The purpose of the present study was to determine the following: 1) if adolescents in two suburban midwestern high schools (83% white, 14% Asian, and 3% black) were using HGH; 2) knowledge of its effects; 3) reasons for use; and 4) concurrent AS use. After we obtained informed written consent, 224 male and 208 female 10th-grade students were surveyed using a 15-item questionnaire. Of male students surveyed, 5% (n = 11) reported past or present use of HGH, and one female student reported use. Our data suggest that among male adolescents surveyed, a majority had heard of this substance, and 31% of males reported knowing someone who was using HGH. Chi-square analysis found a significant association between AS and HGH use where seven AS users reported past or present use of HGH. Most HGH users were unaware of its side effects and reported first use between 14 and 15 years of age. No differences in sports activity, ethnicity, or age were found between users and nonusers of HGH.
Group-Aware Stream Filtering

In this paper we are concerned with disseminating high-volume data streams to many simultaneous context-aware applications over a low-bandwidth wireless mesh network. For bandwidth efficiency, we propose a group-aware stream filtering approach, used in conjunction with multicasting, that exploits two overlooked, yet important, properties of these applications: 1) many applications can tolerate some degree of "slack" in their data quality requirements, and 2) there may exist multiple subsets of the source data satisfying the quality needs of an application. We can thus choose the "best alternative" subset for each application to maximize the data overlap within the group to best benefit from multicasting. An evaluation of our prototype implementation shows that group-aware data filtering can save bandwidth with low CPU overhead.
Montaigne's Humanistic Liberalism

Many have noted the tendency of liberalism to degenerate into egoism or collectivism. This article examines Montaigne's attempt to preserve liberalism from such degeneration by establishing a basis for the liberal self in friendship and especially friendship for oneself rather than mere self-interest. In Montaigne's view this promotes self-sufficient human beings who are content with private life and unmoved by political ambition and religious fanaticism. Such individuals then can also serve as disinterested political advisors who will help preserve the justice and stability necessary for a humanistic liberalism that eschews both pure egoism and unlimited collectivism.
Spectroscopic properties of complexes of acridine orange with glycosaminoglycans. I. Soluble complexes.

The interaction of acridine orange with dermatan and chondrotin sulfates results in the formation of complexes containing bound dye molecules ordered into dissymmetric arrays. Complexes containing an excess of available disaccharide residues compared to dye are completely soluble, and exhibit biphasic circular dichroism bands. Analysis of the dependence of the extrinsic circular dichrosim on dye aggregation indicates the presence of extended dye stacks bound to the glycosaminoglycan. Complexes formed in solutions containing an excess of dye are only partially soluble, and exhibit circular dichroism spectra having band shifts and intensity changes relative to the soluble complexes. The latter complexes show a sharp drop in induced circular dichroism with temperature, due to a cooperative change in the structure of the complex. The structural order of the dye–glycosaminoglycan complex may differ from the intrinsic structure of the glycosaminoglycan itself in dilute solution.
Multivalent Integrin-Specific Ligands Enhance Tissue Healing and Biomaterial Integration

Engineered biointerfaces covered with biomimetic motifs, including short bioadhesive ligands, are a promising material-based strategy for tissue repair in regenerative medicine. Potentially useful coating molecules are ligands for the integrins, major extracellular matrix receptors that require both ligand binding and nanoscale clustering for maximal signaling efficiency. We prepared coatings consisting of well-defined multimer constructs with a precise number of recombinant fragments of fibronectin (monomer, dimer, tetramer, and pentamer) to assess how nanoscale ligand clustering affects integrin binding, stem cell responses, tissue healing, and biomaterial integration. Clinical-grade titanium was grafted with polymer brushes that presented monomers, dimers, trimers, or pentamers of the α5β1 integrin–specific fibronectin III (7 to 10) domain (FNIII7–10). Coatings consisting of trimers and pentamers enhanced integrin-mediated adhesion in vitro, osteogenic signaling, and differentiation in human mesenchymal stem cells more than did surfaces presenting monomers and dimers. Furthermore, ligand clustering promoted bone formation and functional integration of the implant into bone in rat tibiae. This study establishes that a material-based strategy in which implants are coated with clustered bioadhesive ligands can promote robust implant-tissue integration.
Functional Interaction of c-Ets-1 and GHF-1/Pit-1 Mediates Ras Activation of Pituitary-Specific Gene Expression: Mapping of the Essential c-Ets-1 Domain

The mechanism by which activation of common signal transduction pathways can elicit cell-specific responses remains an important question in biology. To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which the Ras signaling pathway activates a cell-type-specific gene, we have used the pituitary-specific rat prolactin (rPRL) promoter as a target of oncogenic Ras and Raf in GH4 rat pituitary cells. Here we show that expression of either c-Ets-1 or the POU homeo-domain transcription factor GHF-1/Pit-1 enhance the Ras/Raf activation of the rPRL promoter and that coexpression of the two transcription factors results in an even greater synergistic Ras response. By contrast, the related GHF-1-dependent rat growth hormone promoter fails to respond to Ras or Raf, indicating that GHF-1 alone is insufficient to mediate the Ras/Raf effect. Using amino-terminal truncations of c-Ets-1, we have mapped the c-Ets-1 region required to mediate the optimal Ras response to a 40-amino-acid segment which contains a putative mitogen-activated protein kinase site. Finally, dominant-negative Ets and GHF constructs block Ras activation of the rPRL promoter, and each blocks the synergistic activation mediated by the other partner protein, further corroborating that a functional interaction between c-Ets-1 and GHF-1 is required for an optimal Ras response. Thus, the functional interaction of a pituitary-specific transcription factor, GHF-1, with a widely expressed nuclear proto-oncogene product, c-Ets-1, provides one important molecular mechanism by which the general Ras signaling cascade can be interpreted in a cell-type-specific manner.
2-D Stacked External Cavity Multiwavelength Surface-Emitting Laser Array

In this letter, we present a multiwavelength two-dimensional array based on vertically stacked grating coupled surface-emitting laser bars. The emitters in the array were individually wavelength stabilized using external Littrow gratings fabricated on silicon-based spacers. In pulse operation, lasing with a ~0.3-nm linewidth from each device and maximum total peak power of 120 W was achieved.
Purification of the Eukaryotic 20S Proteasome

The 20S proteasome is the catalytic core of the major extralysosomal proteolytic system of the cell. Combination of the 20S proteasome with a complex of regulatory proteins forms the 26S proteasome, which in turn is responsible for the recognition and degradation of ubiquitin-protein conjugates. As described in this unit, the constitutive form of the 20S proteasome can be conveniently purified as a stable and homogeneous preparation from bovine pituitaries. A support protocol details an enzyme assay used in evaluating proteasomal activity. The 20S proteasome is the catalytic core of the major extralysosomal proteolytic system of the cell.
Three-scalar imaging in turbulent non-premixed flames of methane

Raman scattering from nitrogen in laminar (Re=1600) and turbulent (Re=15,000) non-premixed flames of diluted methane has been investigated as a means of complementing the two-scalar mixture-fraction computation based on measurements of fuel mass fraction and temperature (ξ} FT ). Using a diluent consisting of argon and oxygen with an overall volumetric dilution ratio of 3/1 (diluent/fuel) allows sufficient variation in the measured nitrogen concentration for its use as a passive scalar. The present experimental setup requires only a single laser (532 nm) in a high-power intracavity configuration. Mixture-fraction profiles calculated using independent fuel-temperature and nitrogen-temperature two-scalar approaches show excellent agreement in the laminar flame. For the turbulent flame, a 100 single-shot average of mixture fraction shows reasonable agreement between the two approaches. Discrepancies are most evident in single-shot images in regions of large mixture fraction (ξ>ξ s ) where the nitrogen Raman signal is noise dominated. The location of the stoichiometric contour is consistently determined by both two-scalar approaches. A simple modification of the functional dependence for parameters appearing in the fuel-temperature mixture-fraction formulation is shown to correct deficiencies in the approach predicted by laminar flame calculations, most notably for values of ξ FT around stoichiometric and into lean regimes.
Unpacking Green IS: A Review of the Existing Literature and Directions for the Future

Green IS is one of the latest manifestations in the realm of sustainable business practices. The decisions surrounding Green IS implementation strategies, policies, and tools provide compelling challenges for organizations. As practitioners have been highly interested in this topic for a while (known as Green IT), there has also been a recent growing interest in Green IS within the IS academic community. In this chapter, we conduct a systematic and comprehensive review of both the practitioner and academic literatures surrounding Green IS. Specifically, our review includes articles published in the IS academic Senior Scholar’s Basket of Journals, hybrid journals such as Communications of the ACM, IEEE Software, and MIS Quarterly Executive, and practitioner outlets such as CIO magazine and PC World. Through this review, we identify the main streams of Green IS-related studies that have been undertaken within both practice and academia, and offer a holistic picture of the current state of research/interest in Green IS. We then identify the overlaps and differences between the two sides (that is, academia and practice) in an attempt to unearth noticeable similarities/gaps between both perspectives. Finally, we not only identify the trends in Green IS research, but also provide academic scholars interested in Green IS more focused directions on the specific research questions to address with respect to Green IS.
Historical Gloss, Constitutional Conventions, and the Judicial Separation of Powers

Scholars have increasingly focused on the relevance of post-Founding historical practice to discern the separation of powers between Congress and the executive branch, and the Supreme Court has recently endorsed the relevance of such practice. Much less attention has been paid, however, to the relevance of historical practice to discerning the separation of powers between the political branches and the federal judiciary—what this Article calls the “judicial separation of powers.” As the Article explains, there are two ways that historical practice might be relevant to the judicial separation of powers. First, such practice might be invoked as an appeal to “historical gloss”—a claim that the practice informs the content of constitutional law. Second, historical practice might be invoked to support non-legal but obligatory norms of proper governmental behavior, something that Commonwealth theorists refer to as “constitutional conventions.” To illustrate how both gloss and conventions enrich our understanding of the judicial separation of powers, the Article considers the authority of Congress to “pack” the Supreme Court, and the authority of Congress to “strip” the Court’s appellate jurisdiction. This Article shows that, although the defeat of Franklin Roosevelt’s Court-packing plan in 1937 has been studied almost exclusively from a political perspective, many criticisms of the plan involved claims about historical gloss; other criticisms involved appeals to constitutional conventions; and still others blurred the line between those two categories or shifted back and forth between them. Strikingly similar themes emerge in debates in Congress in 1957-58, and within the Justice Department in the early 1980s, over the authority of Congress to prevent the Court from deciding constitutional issues by restricting its appellate jurisdiction. The Article also shows, based on internal executive branch documents that have not previously been discovered or discussed in the literature, how Chief Justice John Roberts, while working in the Justice Department and debating Office of Legal Counsel head Theodore Olson, failed to persuade Attorney General William French Smith that Congress has broad authority to strip the Court’s appellate jurisdiction. The Article then reflects on the implications of gloss and conventions for the judicial separation of powers more generally.
Shared-Constraint Range Reporting.

Orthogonal range reporting is one of the classic and most fundamental data structure problems. (2,1,1) query is a 3 dimensional query with two-sided constraint on the first dimension and one sided constraint on each of the 2nd and 3rd dimension. Given a set of N points in three dimension, a particular formulation of such a (2,1,1) query (known as four-sided range reporting in three-dimension) asks to report all those K points within a query region [a, b]X(-infinity, c]X[d, infinity). These queries have overall 4 constraints. In Word-RAM model, the best known structure capable of answering such queries with optimal query time takes O(N log^{epsilon} N) space, where epsilon>0 is any positive constant. It has been shown that any external memory structure in optimal I/Os must use Omega(N log N/ log log_B N) space (in words), where B is the block size [Arge et al., PODS 1999]. In this paper, we study a special type of (2,1,1) queries, where the query parameters a and c are the same i.e., a=c. Even though the query is still four-sided, the number of independent constraints is only three. In other words, one constraint is shared. We call this as a Shared-Constraint Range Reporting (SCRR) problem. We study this problem in both internal as well as external memory models. In RAM model where coordinates can only be compared, we achieve linear-space and O(log N+K) query time solution, matching the best-known three dimensional dominance query bound. Whereas in external memory, we present a linear space structure with O(log_B N + log log N + K/B) query I/Os. We also present an I/O-optimal (i.e., O(log_B N+K/B) I/Os) data structure which occupies O(N log log N)-word space. We achieve these results by employing a novel divide and conquer approach. SCRR finds application in database queries containing sharing among the constraints. We also show that SCRR queries naturally arise in many well known problems such as top-k color reporting, range skyline reporting and ranked document retrieval.
Quality Insights: Measurement and quality rationing: an analytical approach

Measurement is as important in quality management as it is in many aspects of human endeavours. Take, for example, a business that is attempting to formulate a yearly budget. This business cannot create a budget out of thin air; it must use qualitative and quantitative assessments based on interpretations and equations. The exact methods businesses use to formulate their budgets may vary, but they should all include statistical analysis in order to achieve accuracy and precision. Budget management and quality management are analogous with respect to the application of analytical techniques to make decisions. This paper capitalises on that relationship to apply budget allocation and rationing techniques to quality. This paper presents an analytical approach to measurement and quality rationing in order to meet quality goals. Quality on a scale of measurement is the premise of this paper.
Use of 2,2-Bipyrimidine for the Preparation of UO22+-3d Diphosphonates

Three new multidimensional bimetallic UO22+-3d three-dimensional complexes were crystallized in high yield under mild hydrothermal conditions: [Mn(H2O)]2[(UO2)4(PO3C6H4PO3)3(bipym)]·2H2O (1), [Ni(H2O)]2[(UO2)3(O3PC6H4PO3)(O3PC6H4PO3H)2(bipym)]·6H2O (2), and Zn[(UO2)(HO3PC6H4PO3)(HO3PC6H4PO3H)0.5(bipym)0.5] (3), where bipym = 2,2-bipyrimidine. The structure of 1 is composed of edge-sharing dimers of uranyl pentagonal bipyramids that are linked by rigid phenyl spacers to form pillared three-dimensional networks. This compound is remarkable in that the [Mn2(H2O)2(bipym)]4+ moiety is incorporated within the uranyl phosphonate frameworks without reducing the dimensionality of the overall structure. Compound 2 consists of uranyl tetragonal and pentagonal bipyramids that are linked by phosphonate groups to form a pillared three-dimensional framework with channels that are occupied by the [Ni2(H2O)2(bipym)2]4+ moiety. In compound 3, edge-sharing dimers of uranyl pentagonal bipyramids are connected through the pho...