cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Etiological analysis of food poisoning caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Objective:To identify the pathogenic bacteria in a food poisoning,and offer some support for handling events.Methods:Pathogens were identified from suspicious samples according to national standards,serogroups were determined with serological experiment.PCR technique was used to detect tlh,tdh and trh genes in bacteria.Results:VP of different serotypes were detected from 3 remaining food and environmental samples,including O3:K6,O1:K56 serotypes,etc.VP of different serotypes were detected from 11 patient samples,including O3:K6,O1:K56 serotypes,etc.The carrying rate of tdh gene reached 92.86%.Conclusion:The food poisoning was caused by Vp with tdh gene,including O3:K6,O1:K56 serotypes,etc.
Nonlinear Oscillations, Bifurcation, and Chaos in n-InSb

Chaotic dynamical systems are of great current interest.1 It has become clear that chaotic behavior occurs in deterministic systems, including those of relatively few equations. Furthermore there seem to be only a few “universal” routes to chaos in dissipative systems. Chaos is characterized by the property of very sensitive dependence on initial conditions; mathematically, this property is associated with a positive Lyapunov exponent. Chaotic systems also have a broadband component in their power spectra. In this paper we present evidence of a period doubling (Feigenbaum) route to chaos arising from impact ionization of shallow donor impurities and space charge injection in n-Insb.
Renal Carcinogenesis, Tumor Heterogeneity, and Reactive Oxygen Species: Tactics Evolved.

Abstract Significance: The number of kidney cancers is growing 3–5% each year due to unknown etiologies. Intra- and inter-tumor mediators increase oxidative stress and drive tumor heterogeneity. Recent Advances: Technology advancement in state-of-the-art instrumentation and methodologies allows researchers to detect and characterize global landscaping modifications in genes, proteins, and pathophysiology patterns at the single-cell level. Critical Issues: We postulate that the sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their activation within subcellular compartments will change over a timeline of tumor evolvement and contribute to tumor heterogeneity. Therefore, the complexity of intracellular changes within a tumor and ROS-induced tumor heterogeneity coupled to the advancement of detecting these events globally are limited at the level of data collection, organization, and interpretation using software algorithms and bioinformatics. Future Directions: Integrative and collaborative research, combining ...
Determining the optimal nitrogen source for large-scale cultivation of filamentous cyanobacteria

As the world’s population continues to increase and the adverse effects of anthropomorphic CO2 intensify, it is becoming increasingly important to develop biofuels and chemicals from sustainable resources. Filamentous cyanobacteria, including Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, have emerged as a promising source of renewable chemicals and biofuels due to their minimal nutrient requirements and the relative ease with which they can be genetically engineered to produce a diversity of products. This study evaluated the effects of several nitrogen sources on the growth of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, and then performed an environmental comparative study on a theoretical large-scale production process to down-select to the best nitrogen source. Sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride yielded 65 % more growth compared to the other nitrogen sources evaluated. Ammonium chloride yielded marginal savings of US$22,318 annually, compared to sodium nitrate over a 27-year lifespan of a proposed chemical production facility utilizing filamentous cyanobacteria. Sodium nitrate had substantially greater negative impacts in every environmental category compared to ammonium chloride. For example, sodium nitrate had a ∼threefold greater negative impact in human health, ecosystem quality, and resources categories. Thus, we concluded that ammonium chloride is the preferred nitrogen source in large-scale processes involving filamentous cyanobacteria.
Current approaches used in epidemiologic studies to examine short-term multipollutant air pollution exposures.

Abstract Purpose Air pollution epidemiology traditionally focuses on the relationship between individual air pollutants and health outcomes (e.g., mortality). To account for potential copollutant confounding, individual pollutant associations are often estimated by adjusting or controlling for other pollutants in the mixture. Recently, the need to characterize the relationship between health outcomes and the larger multipollutant mixture has been emphasized in an attempt to better protect public health and inform more sustainable air quality management decisions. Methods New and innovative statistical methods to examine multipollutant exposures were identified through a broad literature search, with a specific focus on those statistical approaches currently used in epidemiologic studies of short-term exposures to criteria air pollutants (i.e., particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone). Results Five broad classes of statistical approaches were identified for examining associations between short-term multipollutant exposures and health outcomes, specifically additive main effects, effect measure modification, unsupervised dimension reduction, supervised dimension reduction, and nonparametric methods. These approaches are characterized including advantages and limitations in different epidemiologic scenarios. Discussion By highlighting the characteristics of various studies in which multipollutant statistical methods have been used, this review provides epidemiologists and biostatisticians with a resource to aid in the selection of the most optimal statistical method to use when examining multipollutant exposures.
61. Wordsworth’s Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, 88-102

(1956). 61. Wordsworth’s Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, 88-102. The Explicator: Vol. 14, No. 9, pp. 142-144.
Hardening mechanisms in irradiated Cu–W alloys

This work investigates the relative contributions to strengthening from twinning, solid-solution, precipitation, and irradiation hardening mechanisms in sputtered Cu–W thin films irradiated to different doses. A nanograin solid solution strengthening mechanism with a linear compositional dependence is observed for the as-grown alloys and for the alloy samples irradiated to 0.5 dpa. Solid solution strengthening is the major strengthening mechanism for Cu99.5W0.5 at all irradiation doses. Irradiation induces precipitation in samples with W concentrations greater than or equal to 1% at doses above ≈0.5 dpa. The growth of 1–4 nm precipitates enhances the hardness of these alloys, and the degree of strengthening is determined by the interparticle spacing. While the alloys exhibit steady-state properties after a relatively low dose (≈1 dpa), the different time scales associated with detwinning and damage accumulation in pure Cu lead transients at higher doses (>5 dpa).
Microfluidic bypass manometry: highly parallelized measurement of flow resistance of complex channel geometries and trapped droplets

Current lithography methods allow facile fabrication of microfluidic conduits where not only the shape of the bounding walls can be arbitrarily varied but also the internal conduit space can be laden with a variety of microstructures and wetting properties. This virtually infinite design space of microfluidic geometries brings in the challenge of how to quantify fluid resistance in a large number of microfluidic conduits, while maintaining operational simplicity. We report a versatile experimental technique referred to as microfluidic bypass manometry for measurement of pressure drop versus flow rate (ΔP-Q) relations in a parallelized manner. The technique involves introducing co-flowing laminar streams into a microfluidic network that contains a series of loops, where each loop is comprised of a test geometry and a bypass channel as a flow-rate sensing element. We optimize the network geometry and present operational considerations for microfluidic bypass manometry. To demonstrate the power of our technique, we used single-phase fluids and measured ΔP-Q relations simultaneously for forty test geometries ranging from linear to contraction-expansion to serpentine to pillar-laden microchannels. To expand the capabilities of the method, we measured ΔP-Q relations for similar-sized oil droplets trapped in microcavities where the cavity geometry spans from prisms of 3-10 sides to circular disks. We found in all cases, the ΔP-Q relation is nonlinear and the flow resistance of droplets is sensitive to confinement. At high flow rates, the drop resistance depends on the cavity geometry and is higher in a triangular prism compared to a circular disk. We compared the measured flow resistance of single-phase fluids and droplets in different microfluidic geometries to that from computational fluid dynamics simulations and found them to be in excellent agreement. Given the simplicity and versatility of the microfluidic bypass manometry method, we anticipate that it may find broad application in several areas including design of lab-on-chip devices, laminar drag reduction and mechanics of deformable particles.
GhoT of the GhoT/GhoS toxin/antitoxin system damages lipid membranes by forming transient pores

GhoT is a bacterial toxin of the type V toxin/antitoxin system that allows Escherichia coli to reduce its metabolism in response to oxidative and bile stress. GhoT functions by increasing membrane permeability and reducing both ATP levels and the proton motive force. However, how GhoT damages the inner membrane has not been elucidated. Here we investigated how GhoT damages membranes by studying its interaction with lipid bilayers and determined that GhoT does not cause macroscopic disruption of the lipid bilayer to increase membrane permeability to the dye carboxyfluorescein. Using circular dichroism, we found that GhoT forms an alpha helical structure in lipid bilayers that agrees with the structure predicted by the I-TASSER protein structure prediction program. The structure generated using I-TASSER was used to conduct coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, which indicate that GhoT damages the cell membrane, as a multimer, by forming transient transmembrane pores.
Antecedents to the Conflict between Psychology and Religion in America

Conflict models persist in the modern study of psychology and religion. The antireligious sentiments of Sigmund Freud and Albert Ellis symbolize this interpretive tradition best. Yet few researcher...
An Update on the Acinetobacter baumannii Regulatory Circuitry

Acinetobacter baumannii adapts to different environmental conditions by expressing complex regulatory circuitry. Recent studies revealed that this circuitry includes regulatory factors that control the emergence of distinct bacterial subpopulations, which are critical for the capacity of this pathogen to persist in medical settings and cause infections in compromised hosts.
Man in the Ocean Environment: Psychophysiological Factors

Besides providing man a wide range of information about his environment, the visual sense provides confirmatory data for information received through the other senses. In an underwater environment certain changes take place in the visual process due to the change of the visual medium from air to water. Understanding these changes is relevant to the effective engineering of underwater tools and equipment and the orientation of the underwater worker who must perform in a strange environment.
Climate Change, Drought, and Wetland Vegetation

Many climate change models forecast global increases in drought severity and duration along mid-latitudes. Areas that would typically receive ample precipitation allowing for the maintenance of complex vegetative assemblages may undergo substantial declines in species numbers as available surface and subsurface waters diminish. Few studies have considered climate-associated changes on aquatic and wetland systems. This is of particular concern, as wetlands are among the most threatened ecosystems globally. Therefore the purpose of this study was to understand how low-water availability influences the growth and productivity of an ecologically-important wetland plant, water willow (Justicia americana L.), in southeastern United States. In this study we used experimental microcosms maintained under controlled greenhouse conditions. Plants were allowed to acclimate in the microcosms for six weeks prior to initiating experimental treatments which included completely emerged (control), simulated 1-in-5 year precipitation low (for 2-, 4-, and 6-wks), and 1-in-25 year drought (for 2-, 4-, 6-wks). The results indicate that J. americana is relatively resistant to short periods of water deficit, even as relative water content (θ) in tissues fell below 40 percent of full capacity. Extended periods of severe drought (greater than 2 wks for 1-in-25 yr precipitation), however, resulted in substantial reductions in plant growth, productivity, and survival. Thus, while J. americana can tolerate short durations of water sacristy, long-term water deprivation as predicted in some climate change models could adversely affect the overall productivity and survival of this ecologically-important wetland plant species.
Universal Golomb–Rice Coding Parameter Estimation Using Deep Belief Networks for Hyperspectral Image Compression

For efficient compression of hyperspectral images, we propose a universal Golomb–Rice coding parameter estimation method using deep belief network, which does not rely on any assumption on the distribution of the input data. We formulate the problem of selecting the best coding parameter for a given input sequence as a supervised pattern classification problem. Simulations on the synthesized data and five hyperspectral image datasets show that we can achieve significantly more accurate estimation of the coding parameters, which can translate to slightly higher compression than three state-of-the-art methods. More extensive simulations on additional images from the 2006 AVIRIS datasets show that the proposed method achieved overall compression bitrates comparable with other estimation methods, as well as the sample-adaptive entropy coder employed by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems standard for multispectral and hyperspectral data compression. Regarding computational feasibility, we show how to use transferable deep belief networks to speed up training by about five times. We also show that inferring the best coding parameters using a trained deep belief network offers computational advantages over the brute-force search method. As an extension, we propose a novel side-information free codec, where the intersequence correlations can be learned by a differently trained network based on the current sequence to predict reasonably good parameters for coding the next sequence. As another extension, we introduce a variable feature combination architecture, where problem specific heuristics such as the sample means can be incorporated to further improve the estimation accuracy.
Treatment Outcomes of Lesser Tuberosity Osteotomy Nonunion After Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

IntroductionLesser tuberosity osteotomy (LTO) during anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty has a 13% nonunion rate. Treatment for LTO nonunion is controversial and poorly described in the literature...
Introduction to the Special Issue on Patient‐Centric Healthcare Management in the Age of Analytics

Operations management provides many exciting opportunities for improving the delivery of healthcare services. Much of the existing literature has focused on the efficient and cost effective delivery of good‐quality care. Recently, there has been a growing demand for a more direct consideration of the wants, needs, and preferences of individual patients. This drive for patient‐centric care coincides with and is fed by a dramatic explosion in the availability of data and analytics tools. The 12 papers in this special issue build on these important themes, focusing on data‐driven, patient‐focused approaches to care provision.
Transcriptional upregulation of p21Cip1 by ErbB2 overexpression through STAT3 activation

959 Overexpression of receptor tyrosine kisase ErbB2 is prevalent in approximately 30% of human breast carcinomas and confers Taxol resistance. Previous work demonstrates that in breast cancer cells, Taxol induces tubulin polymerization and microtubule formation, inappropriately activates cdc2 kinase causing cells premature entry to G2/M phase of the cell cycle that leads to apoptosis. Overexpression of ErbB2 transcriptionally upregulates p21Cip1 inhibiting cdc2 activation, thus inhibiting apoptosis. The mechanism of ErbB2 mediated p21Cip1 upregulation is unclear. To understand the ErbB2 downstream signaling events leading to p21Cip1 upregulation, various stable ErbB2 overexpressing transfectants were compared with their parental ErbB2-low-expressing cells for activation of ErbB2 downstream signaling events. We found increased phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in ErbB2 overexpressing transfectants while total STAT3 protein levels remain the same. Furthermore, activated STAT3 recognizes an SIE binding site on the p21Cip1 promoter. Binding of STAT3 to this site is involved in p21Cip1 upregulation in an ErbB2 level-dependent manner. A luciferase reporter driven by the 2.4kb p21Cip1 promoter shows higher promoter activity in ErbB2 overexpressing transfectants than in the parental cells. Deletion of the 2.4kb p21Cip1 promoter to 660bp (still containing the STAT3 site) is responsive to ErbB2-mediated transcriptional upregulation. Further deletion to 640bp (deleting the STAT3 site) or a 660bp p21Cip1 promoter with STAT3 binding site mutated renders them irresponsive to ErbB2-mediated transcriptional upregulation, suggesting p21Cip1 promoter activation by ErbB2 requires STAT3. Additionally, transfection of STAT3 antisense led to reduced p21Cip1 protein expression. STAT3 antisense also reduced the luciferase activity driven by the 2.4kb and the 660bp p21Cip1 promoters but had no effect on the 640bp or the 660bp p21Cip1 promoter with STAT3 site mutations. Activation of Src kinase has been suggested in STAT3 activation/phosphorylation. We found that Src kinase is activated in ErbB2 overexpressing transfectants. To see if Src is responsible for ErbB2-mediated STAT3 activation and p21Cip1 upregulation, we established breast cancer cells stably expressing dominant negative Src or constitutively active Src and will investigate STAT3 phosphorylation, p21Cip1 promoter activity in response to ErbB2, and sensitivity to Taxol-induced apoptosis in these cells. Our current data suggest that ErbB2 overexpression can confer Taxol resistance of breast cancer cells by transcriptional upregulation of p21Cip1 via activation of STAT3, suggesting a potential clinical role for STAT3 inhibitors in sensitizing ErbB2 overexpressing breast cancers to Taxol therapy.
Competency to Stand Trial

In the last chapter we learned how the criminal justice system provides for someone who commits a crime without having the requisite mental state. In this chapter we shall learn about what happens to someone who is mentally ill and cannot understand their charges or the court proceedings or cannot help her or his attorney provide a defense. While this is a separate issue from mental state at the time of the offense, sometimes a person who is found to have been insane at the time of the offense had also been found incompetent to proceed to trial at an earlier time. Assessing the person’s mental state at a particular time after being charged with a crime is called ‘competence to stand trial’ and we have developed some basic rules that must be followed so that the person is treated fairly. Remember, in the Common Law legal system the U.S. and other countries have adapted, a person must be considered innocent until proven guilty. This process cannot occur if the person cannot assist the attorney at trial.
Challenges of Human-Aware AI Systems

From its inception, AI has had a rather ambivalent relationship to humans---swinging between their augmentation and replacement. Now, as AI technologies enter our everyday lives at an ever increasing pace, there is a greater need for AI systems to work synergistically with humans. To do this effectively, AI systems must pay more attention to aspects of intelligence that helped humans work with each other---including social intelligence. I will discuss the research challenges in designing such human-aware AI systems, including modeling the mental states of humans in the loop, recognizing their desires and intentions, providing proactive support, exhibiting explicable behavior, giving cogent explanations on demand, and engendering trust. I will survey the progress made so far on these challenges, and highlight some promising directions. I will also touch on the additional ethical quandaries that such systems pose. I will end by arguing that the quest for human-aware AI systems broadens the scope of AI enterprise, necessitates and facilitates true inter-disciplinary collaborations, and can go a long way towards increasing public acceptance of AI technologies.
Cost-Based Query-Rewriting for DynamoDB: Work in Progress

DynamoDB is a popular NoSQL database service that permits queries in a restrictive but useful query language. The metered costs (which translate to financial costs) of executing such queries are measured in units of provisioned capacity or number of requests. Costs of equivalent queries may differ by orders of magnitude but the onus of rewriting a query to yield a low-cost equivalent query is on the service's client. This paper formulates this query-rewriting problem for DynamoDB and outlines methods for solving it.
[Diagnostic and epidemiological features of the first two HIV-2 indigenous infections in Hunan province].

Objective To study the diagnostic and epidemiological features of the first two HIV-2 indigenous cases in Hunan province. Methods Blood samples from two individuals with "HIV antibody indeterminate" and HIV-2 specific band showed by HIV-1/2 western blotting method, were repeatedly collected and detected under HIV 1+2 strip immunoassay and PCR, in Changsha city, Hunan province, through March to November, 2017. An epidemiological survey was carried out at the same time. Results Our findings showed that the two cases were sex partners, without histories of sexual contact with foreigners and the source of infection was unknown. Results from the HIV 1+2 antibody confirmation test showed that they were "HIV-2 antibody positive" . Through amplifying and sequencing the gag area of HIV-2 and BLAST, the similarity of HIV-2 strains presented as 98%. The results also showed that there were HIV-2 specific fragments in the two cases. Conclusion HIV-2 indigenous cases had never been reported in China. These cases had brought new challenge on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS in China. Key words: HIV-2; Diagnosis; Epidemiological cases investigation
Military participation in health security: analysis of Joint External Evaluation mission reports and National Action Plans for Health Security

Abstract Militaries across the world play an important but at times poorly defined and underappreciated role in global health security. For example, they are often called upon to support civilian authorities in humanitarian crises and to provide routine healthcare for civilians. Furthermore, military personnel are a unique population in a health security context, as they are highly mobile and often deploy to austere settings domestically and internationally, which may increase exposure to infectious diseases. Despite the role of militaries, few studies have systematically evaluated the involvement of militaries in global health security activities, including the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA). To address this shortcoming, we analyzed Joint External Evaluation (JEE) mission reports (n=91) and National Action Plans for Health Security (n=11) that had been completed as of October 2019 (n=91) to determine the extent to which military organizations have been involved in the evaluation process, country military contributions to health security are accounted for, and specific recommendations are provided for the country’s military. For JEE reports, military involvement was highest for the “Respond” core area (73%) but much lower for the Prevent (36%) and Detect (30%) core areas. Similarly, 73% of NAPHS documents mentioned military involvement in the Respond core area, compared to 27% and 36% for Prevent and Detect, respectively. Additionally, only 26% of JEE reports provide recommendations for the military in any of the core areas. Our results indicate the need to more fully incorporate military roles and contributions into the GHSA framework and other health security activities in order to improve national capabilities to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats.
A dynamic data driven indoor localisation framework based on ultra high frequency passive RFID system

Better monitoring of workers' and the materials' flow within a production system can potentially enhance any facility's productivity and efficiency. This paper proposes a data driven framework to affordably localise indoor workers and materials using a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) system in large scale. Here, indoor wireless sensor networks are developed via passive Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) tags, where received signal strength indicator (RSSI) is measured by different access points (APs) to generate a fingerprinting database. Then, this database not only translates the signal strength reported by APs to distance through regression models but also helps to localise each tag utilising our proposed k-nearest neighbours (KNN) algorithm. Our improved KNN algorithm dynamically defines different neighbourhoods, in terms of size and topology considering environment status. Results from multiple experiments under different scenarios reveal that our proposed methods can detect and localise objects with an error as low as 0.36 m.
Qualitative speed-accuracy tradeoff effects that cannot be explained by the diffusion model under the selective influence assumption

It is often thought that the diffusion model explains all effects related to the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) but this has previously been examined with only a few SAT conditions or only a few subjects. Here we collected data from 20 subjects who performed a perceptual discrimination task with five different difficulty levels and five different SAT conditions (5000 trials/subject). We found that the five SAT conditions produced robustly U-shaped curves for (i) the difference between error and correct response times (RTs), (ii) the ratio of the standard deviation and mean of the RT distributions, and (iii) the skewness of the RT distributions. Critically, the diffusion model where only drift rate varies with contrast and only boundary varies with SAT could not account for any of the three U-shaped curves. Further, allowing all parameters to vary across conditions revealed that both the SAT and difficulty manipulations resulted in substantial modulations in every model parameter, while still providing imperfect fits to the data. These findings demonstrate that the diffusion model cannot fully explain the effects of SAT and establishes three robust but challenging effects that models of SAT should account for.
All’s Fair in Love and War but Nothing’s Fair Use on YouTube: How YouTube Policies Favor Copyright Owners and Hinder Legal Fair Use

The creation of YouTube in 2005 and the subsequent development of Let’s Play videos transformed the way video game players experienced video games. Instead of simply playing video games, the Let’s Play phenomenon gave players the ability to record and upload to YouTube livestream videos of themselves playing their favorite games, while providing commentary and tips, and entertaining their viewers. This Article examines what happens when a cutting-edge online trend redefining how video game players experience gaming runs head-on into the copyright interests of one of the world’s largest video game producers. This conflict was illustrated when Nintendo was forced to respond to a craze that swept the internet in the 2010’s – Let’s Play videos. This Article examines Nintendo’s Legend of Zelda franchise, particularly Twilight Princess, to determine the potential copyright violations of Let’s Play videos, and to try to understand the strategic business decisions Nintendo contended with in determining how to respond in a manner that addresses its copyright interests along with the interests of Let’s Play creators and its customers.
Guns, School Shooters, and School Safety: What We Know and Directions for Change

We summarize current data and understanding about the prevalence of gun violence at schools and risk of rampage school shootings. Following that comes a discussion of gun availability among youth a...
Basics of turbulence

Abstract This chapter is a terse overview of basic ideas in turbulence theory and modeling. The concept of eddy diffusion provides a motive to represent turbulence by its time and velocity scales. The theoretical role of scales is introduced via an asymptotic, overlap rationale; the overlap analysis leads to the Kolmogorov − 5 / 3 law for the energy spectrum, and the logarithmic law in boundary layers. A very fruitful connection between energy dissipation and integral length scales also evolves from the overlap rationale. Equations for the evolution of Fourier modes provide insight into the energy cascade. Energy is transferred from low to high wave-numbers. The evolution of Fourier modes in the presence of homogeneous shear explains the streaky appearance of contours of velocity fluctuations near to walls. Shear increases turbulent energy at low, streamwise wave-numbers. The discussion of scales is developed into a description of turbulence closure models. Transport equations are summarized and the nature of their empirical content is introduced.
Exploring the relationships between autozygosity, educational attainment, and cognitive ability in a contemporary, trans-ancestral American sample

Previous studies have found significant associations between estimated autozygosity - the proportion of an individual9s genome contained in homozygous segments due to distant inbreeding - and multiple traits, including educational attainment (EA) and cognitive ability. In one study, estimated autozygosity showed a stronger association with parental EA than the subject9s own EA. This was likely driven by parental EA9s association with mobility: more educated parents tended to migrate further from their hometown, therefore choosing more genetically diverse partners. We examined the associations between estimated autozygosity, cognitive ability, and parental EA in a contemporary sub-sample of adolescents from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study™ (ABCD Study®) (analytic N=6,504). We found a negative association between autozygosity and child cognitive ability consistent with previous studies, while the associations between autozygosity and parental EA were in the expected direction of effect (with greater levels of autozygosity being associated with lower EA) but the effect sizes were significantly weaker than those estimated in previous work. We also found a lower mean level of autozygosity in the ABCD sample compared to previous autozygosity studies, which may reflect overall decreasing levels of autozygosity over generations. Variation in migration and mobility patterns in the ABCD study compared to other studies may explain the pattern of associations between estimated autozygosity, EA, and cognitive ability in the current study.
High-temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables cooled by helium gas

Abstract This chapter describes the benefits and associated technical challenges of closed-loop cryogenic helium gas circulation for cooling high-temperature superconducting cable systems. The many potential applications of gaseous helium-cooled high-temperature superconducting cables are discussed. The major technical challenges specific to the development of gaseous helium-cooled superconducting power cables are also described. The need for the development of new cryogenic dielectric material systems for realizing medium-voltage power cables is emphasized. Available technology for producing and circulating cryogenic helium gas at sufficiently large mass flow rates needed for power cables is discussed. The chapter concludes with a brief description of ongoing research and development efforts on helium gas-cooled high-temperature superconducting cables.
The Northern Cheyenne Sun Dance and the Opening of the Sacred Medicine Hat 1959

In 1959, after several years of teaching the Northern Cheyenne on the Tongue River Reservation in Montana, the writer was able to observe the annual Sun Dance in some detail, to photograph it, and ...
High-Order Perturbation Theory and its Application to Atoms in Strong Fields

Schrodinger invented quantum mechanical perturbation theory in the third1 of his four seminal papers of 1926 to explain the LoSurdo2-Stark3 effect—hydrogen in an external electric field. Following an idea of Lord Rayleigh for treating vibrations, Schrodinger’s expectation was that a few terms in the power series expansion in the external field strength would be sufficient to match the experimental results. Higher-order terms could be obtained recursively from lower-order terms. This initial application of Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation theory (RSPT) was so straightforward and successful that it served as a paradigm for what has become a standard tool applied to countless problems in quantum physics.
Extremalaufgaben mit Gleichungsnebenbedingungen

Wir haben Extremalaufgaben mit Gleichungsnebenbedingungen bereits im Abschn.7.2.2 kennengelernt. Sie werden auch als gleichungsrestringierte Op timierungsaufgaben bezeichnet.
5.4 – DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF CONSUMERS ON C, N, AND P DYNAMICS: INSIGHTS FROM LONG-TERM RESEARCH

This chapter examines the role of stream invertebrate food webs in the storage, utilization, and translocation of C, N, and P in small Appalachian headwater streams. A number of studies on the production, storage, export, and elemental composition of stream food web components is combined to gain a broader understanding of the role of invertebrates in the elemental dynamics of headwater streams. These data were used to assess general patterns in elemental storage and utilization by stream invertebrates. One way animals can affect nutrient dynamics is by preferential utilization and storage of elements that are limited in supply. Essential elements, such as N or P, are often more efficiently or tightly cycled in ecosystems than other more abundant elements, such as C. Detrital N and P are sequestered in invertebrate biomass much more readily than C. This is to be expected if N and P are in high demand relative to their availability in the system. It was found that invertebrates played a minor role in the storage of C in both dominant stream habitats, but contributed moderately to the storage of N and P on bedrock outcrops. A number of recent studies have demonstrated that small headwater streams are extremely efficient sites for the retention of dissolved carbon and nutrients.
The Current State of Macroeconomics: Is It Time for a New Approach?

The purpose of this paper is to assess the current state of macroeconomics and determine whether the subject is a useful tool both in public and private planning decisions. First, I discuss briefly the history of and assess the keynesian and neoclassical macroeconomic models and their counterpart, econometrics, by examining the empirical record of forecasting and structural stability of the various models. Second, I examine the alternative methodology of the Austrian school, that uses logical deduction from assumed true axioms rather than the scientific method in deriving economic theory. My general conclusion is that mainstream Keynesian and neoclassical economic theory, combined with econometric analysis, has not provided very much, if any, useful information to either public or private planners. While the Austrian approach seems at the outset to be an attractive alternative to the mainstream economic schools of thought, it is faced with the difficulty of determining how its so-called â€œself evidentâ€ axioms are true. Some Austrians trace their methodology back to Aristotle, who said that self evident propositions are based on empiricism. The problem of establishing which axioms are self evident needs to be solved before Austrian economics is able to gain wide spread acceptance among the economics community.
The treatment of single brain metastasis from non-oat cell lung carcinoma. Surgery and radiation versus radiation therapy alone.

Between 1978–1980, 104 patients with single brain metastases (SBM) from non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC). These included 35 patients treated with surgical resection and radiation (S + ERT) and 69 patients treated with conventional external beam radiation therapy alone (ERT). Surgical resection was combined with whole brain (WBRT) and focal radiation in 83% and 17% of patients, respectively. In the ERT group, all patients received WBRT. Both treatment groups were similar with regard to age, sex, stage distribution, location and size of SBM, and time to relapse from initial diagnosis of NSCLC. The histologic examination, however, revealed adenocarcinoma predominating in those patients receiving S + ERT and epidermoid carcinoma in those receiving ERT. Follow-up treatment, symptomatic, and CTT response rates were evaluated. With S + ERT, the overall subjective and objective responses were 80% and 87%, respectively, and with ERT, 83% and 72% (of the 47 patients available for follow-up CT scans), respectively. Survival data indicate a significant advantage of S + ERT over ERT with a median survival of 16 months versus 4 months (P < 0.0001). Three major factors, however, may have contributed to this difference: (1) patients in the S + ERT group generally received more aggressive initial treatment to the primary disease in the lung (72%) compared to the ERT group (36%); (2) in the S + ERT group, extracranial disease was absent at the time of SBM diagnosis in 49% of the S + ERT group compared to 26% in the ERT group; and (3) distant metastases were present in only 6% of the surgical patients yet, they were present in 49% of those treated with radiation alone. In one subset of patients, however—those with a radically treated primary and no extracranial disease—S + ERT resulted in a median survival of 33 months with 33% of the population still alive with no evidence of disease compared to 12 months and 0%, respectively, with ERT alone. Moreover, intracranial relapse was the cause of death in only one S + ERT patient (9%), yet it accounted for 50% of the ERT deaths. These data suggest that an aggressive approach to SBM in such favorable prognostic patients may indeed improve survival. Cancer 58:641-649, 1986.
Three-dimensional modeling of the radiation belts using the Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) code

[1] Relativistic electrons are hazardous for satellites and humans in space. In this study, we present a detailed description of the Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) code. The computationally efficient methods described in this report make the VERB code a useful tool for space weather forecasting and nowcasting of the relativistic electron environment. The computational efficiency of the code makes it also appropriate for future use with data assimilation tools to specify the state of the radiation environment and correct imperfect models. We also present several skill scores which can be used to quantify the state of the relativistic electron environment. Our numerical approach is based on the use of two grids: one for radial diffusion and the other for energy and pitch angle diffusion. In this paper, we describe the initial and boundary conditions, the grids and time step used for our simulations, and the tests we conduct to verify the validity of our numerical approaches. Specifically, we perform simulations with time steps ranging from 0.01 to 4 h and number of grid points ranging from 7 to 76 for each of the variables. We compare the results obtained using various spatial resolutions and time steps, giving the relative solution errors for each of the performed simulations on the basis of the developed set of skill scores. The choice of a 0.1 h time step with a grid resolution of 19 × 19 × 19 points was found to be optimal. We compare the block and split methods, showing that the split method is much faster than the block method and sufficiently accurate for time steps of half an hour or less. Additionally, we present an approximate method that simplifies simulation by using only one grid and compare it to the more accurate two-grid method.
Cytochemical and biochemical observations on the digestive tracts of digenetic trematodes. 3. Nonspecific esterase in Haematoloechus medioplexus.

Abstract The cytochemical localization of nonspecific esterase was investigated in the frog lung fluke, Haematoloechus medioplexus. Fixed or fresh material was incubated in bromoindoxyl acetate for light and electron microscope studies. Addition of sodium fluoride, silver nitrate, and β-phenyl propionate inhibited the reaction; low concentrations of E600 and eserine sulfate had no effect, and PCMB and phenyl mercuric chloride enhanced enzymatic activity. On the basis of the action of these inhibitors and activators, the enzyme was characterized as a cathepsin. At the light microscope level, the reaction product was found dispersed irregularly as droplets in the gastrodermal lining. At the electron microscope level, the enzyme was localized in V2 vesicles which, after starvation, engulfed mitochondria and formed cytolysomes. Advanced cytolysomes showed a high degree of esterase activity. They may receive additional secretions directly from other V2 vesicles. Residual bodies derived from the cytolysomes migrate to the edge of the gastrodermis where they are presumably expelled into the lumen. No enzymatic activity was found in the superficial digestive vacuoles or in the lumen of the gut.
Monogenic and epistatic resistance to bean rust infection in common bean

Abstract In order to determine the relationship between resistance genes and hydrolytic enzyme induction, the interaction between two Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars (Sierra and Olathe) and two Uromyces appendiculatus races (47 and 55) were analyzed. Resistance of Sierra to race 55 was expressed as hypersensitive flecking, whereas the resistance of Olathe to race 47 was not associated with macroscopic symptoms and was classed as immunity. The Sierra/race 47 and Olathe/race 55 interactions were compatible. An analysis of a F2 population and F3 families demonstrated that a monogenic factor controlled resistance to race 47 while two genes controlled the interaction with race 55. At one locus determining resistance to race 58 resistance is dominant to susceptibility, and at the second locus hypersensitive resistance is dominant to immunity. Both alleles at the second locus are hypostatic to the susceptibility allele at the first locus. The induction of the hydrolytic enzymes β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase was monitored for the four interactions over a ten-day period. For the compatible interactions, the hydrolytic enzyme activities increased slightly over time. This pattern was also noted for the Olathe/race 55 immune-resistance interaction. In contrast, the β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase activity for the Sierra/race 55 hypersensitive-resistance interaction was significantly greater from day 2 through day 10. These results suggest the possibility that induction of hydrolytic enzyme activity may be associated with hypersensitive, but not immune resistance in the bean/bean rust interaction.
Are SOX and Dodd-Frank Securities Laws? The Answer is 'Up in the Air'

This contribution to the 2013 Instittue for Investor Protection Conference poses and addresses the question of whether the whistleblower provisions of SOX and Dodd-Frank raise the same set of policy concerns as private securities litigation, which have undergirded an increasingly skeptical approach from the bench over the past 20 years. Using the Court's recent decision in Lawson v. FMR LLC, the essay argues that the whistleblower provisions of SOX and Dodd-Frank do not raise the same set of concerns that have justified courts' hostile treatment of securities litigation.
The Art and Science of Flow Control

The ability to actively or passively manipulate a flow field to effect a desired change is of immense technological importance. In this article, methods of control to achieve transition delay, separation postponement, lift enhancement, drag reduction, turbulence augmentation, or noise suppression are considered. Emphasis is placed on external boundary-layer flows although applicability of some of the methods reviewed for internal flows will be mentioned. Attempts will be made to present a unified view of the different methods of control to achieve a variety of end results. Performance penalties associated with a particular method such as cost, complexity, or trade-off will be elaborated.
Simulation and Visualization of Dynamic Systems Using MATLAB, Simulink, Simulink 3D Animation, and SolidWorks

There are many approaches to simulating and visualizing a dynamic system. Our focus is on developing/understanding and trading-off three different approaches that are relatively easy to implement with inexpensive, commonly available software using combinations of MATLAB, Simulink, Simulink 3D Animation, SolidWorks (basic), SolidWorks (Motion Manager) in addition to several common animation players such as Windows (Live) Movie Maker or the resident animation capability within MATLAB. The “SolidWorks Design Table” approach entails creating MATLAB/Simulink driven time-dependent assembly configurations, associated graphics files (e.g. JPG, TIFF) and then effectively “playing” them sequentially with animation software. The “SolidWorks Motor” approach utilizes SolidWorks’ Motion Manager capability (an add-on), whereby each spatially time-dependent geometric system variable is driven by a “motor” based on MATLAB/Simulink time-dependent data and an animation file can be generated from within Motion Manager. Lastly, in the “Simulink 3D Animation” approach, SolidWorks data is brought into the MATLAB environment and modified with V-Realm Builder (VRML Editor) supplied within the Simulink 3D Animation toolbox to define geometric constraints prior to inclusion as an animation VR Sink block within the Simulink model of the dynamic system. In each case, detailed procedures are provided. To exercise these three different approaches and permit comparisons, a benchmark problem was posed: parallel-parking of a four-wheeled vehicle possessing front wheel steering. Comparisons were then made and the recommended approach depends on such issues as the software background of the developer, the animation quality standard (e.g. framerate), and relative ease of implementation.© 2011 ASME
Leveraging Knowledge Reuse and System Agility in the Outsourcing Era

Collaborative work groups that span multiple locations and time zones, or "follow the sun," create a growing demand for creating new technologies and methodologies that enable traditional spatial and temporal separations to be surmounted in an effective and productive manner. The hurdles faced by members of such virtual teams are in three key areas: differences in concepts and terminologies used by the different teams, differences in understanding the problem domain under consideration, and differences in training, knowledge, and skills that exist across the teams. These reasons provide some of the basis for the delineation of new architectural approaches that can normalize knowledge and provide reusable artifacts in a knowledge repository.