cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IMPROVING FATIGUE STRENGTH OF METALS USING ABRASIVE WATERJET PEENING

Abrasive waterjet (AWJ) peening has been proposed as a viable method of surface treatment for metal orthopedic devices. In this study the influence of AWJ peening on the compressive residual stress, surface texture and fatigue strength of a stainless steel (AISI 304) and titanium (Ti6Al4V) alloy were studied. A design of experiments (DOE) and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to identify the primary parameters contributing to the surface texture and magnitude of surface residual stress. The influence of AWJ peening on the fatigue strength of the metals was evaluated under fully reversed cyclic loading. It was found that AWJ peening results in compressive residual stress and is primarily influenced by the abrasive size and treatment pressure. The residual stress of the AISI 304 ranged from 165 to over 460 MPa. Using the optimum treatment parameters for maximizing the residual stress, the endurance strength of Ti6Al4V was increased by 25% to 845 MPa. According to results of this study AWJ peening is...
A subpopulation of CD133+ cancer stem-like cells characterized in human oral squamous cell carcinoma confer resistance to chemotherapy

The potential role of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in chemoresistance of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was examined. A small subpopulation (1-2%) of CD133(+) CSCs was identified in OSCC cell lines and tissues. These CD133(+) CSCs possess higher clonogenicity, invasiveness, and increased in vivo tumorigenicity as compared to CD133(-) counterparts. Meanwhile, CD133(+) CSCs were substantially resistant to standard chemotherapy, wherein both in vitro and in vivo treatment with paclitaxel resulted in a marked enrichment for CD133(+) CSCs. Our data suggest that CD133(+) cells represent a small subpopulation of CSCs that may contribute to chemoresistance in human OSCC.
Do Firms Learn from International Trade

Using patent citations as a proxy for the influence of foreign technology on French firms' patents, this paper finds that the inventions of importers are significantly more likely to be influenced ...
Are pulsars externally triggered

We show that inverse Compton losses of ultrarelativistic electrons travelling upstream through the outflowing fields of a radio pulsar prevent the entry ofall cosmic ray electrons into most pulsars’ magnetospheres. We also argue that gamma ray triggering is probably not relevant, and conclude that the external triggering of electron-positron cascades proposed by Ruderman & Sutherland and by Radhakrishnan is not likely to be a major contributor to the plasma dynamics of pulsars.
The finite element method in shell stability analysis.

A development of the finite element method for thin shell instability analysis is presented, covering three principal aspects: (1) representation of shell geometry, (2) representation of element behavior, and (3) algorithmic tools for solution of the large-order systems of nonlinear algebraic equations which characterize various phases of shell instability. Two shell elements are described, an arbitrary quadrilateral and a triangle, and numerical results are presented for two widely-employed comparison problems for linear (stable) analysis. Two shell problems which include instability effects are also solved.-
Scoring motive imagery in documents from four Middle East opposition groups

Research with an enlarged dataset, containing additional documents to supplement the Smith, Suedfeld, Conway, & Winter. (2008) study, confirms earlier findings that documents issued by terrorist groups express higher levels of power motive imagery and affiliation motive imagery (directed toward members of their own group or cause) than documents issued by non-terrorist groups with similar political views. However, the motive imagery scores showed few significant changes during the period before terrorist attacks carried out or inspired by the group. This suggests that motive imagery scores were of limited use in predicting terrorist attacks, at least for the groups and time period of this study.
EFFECT OF SPILLS OF DISPERSED AND NON-DISPERSED OIL ON INTERTIDAL INFAUNAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE

ABSTRACT The effect of two nearshore discharges of Murban crude oil on community structure in intertidal benthic communities was studied. One discharge consisted of 250 gallons of Murban crude only. Following the discharge, no measurable amount of Murban crude could be found in sediments exposed to the cloud of dispersed oil. Significant amounts were found in the test plot exposed to untreated oil. In the area exposed to untreated oil, more oil was found in the upper intertidal zone than lower down. Effects on infaunal communities mirrored the analytical results. There was no evidence of adverse effects on infaunal community structure from exposure to dispersed oil. There is clear evidence that exposure to untreated oil did adversely affect community structure. Some indigenous species were reduced in number or eliminated; there were blooms of opportunistic polychaetes. The changes in community structure brought about by the untreated oil are consistent with results observed at real-world oil spill sites.
Administration Versus Management: A Reading from Beyond the Boundaries

Public administration and public management are engaged in a struggle for control in the arena of public service. At first glance, the contest seems to be between ministering, justice, duty, and pr...
Predictive Maintenance by Risk Sensitive Particle Filtering

Predictive Maintenance (PrM) exploits the estimation of the equipment Residual Useful Life (RUL) to identify the optimal time for carrying out the next maintenance action. Particle Filtering (PF) is widely used as a prognostic tool in support of PrM, by reason of its capability of robustly estimating the equipment RUL without requiring strict modeling hypotheses. However, a precise PF estimate of the RUL requires tracing a large number of particles, and thus large computational times, often incompatible with the need of rapidly processing information for making maintenance decisions in due time. This work considers two different Risk Sensitive Particle Filtering (RSPF) schemes proposed in the literature, and investigates their potential for PrM. The computational burden problem of PF is addressed. The effectiveness of the two algorithms is analyzed on a case study concerning a mechanical component affected by fatigue degradation.
Effects of Moral Cognition on Judgments of Intentionality

AbstractSeveral recent articles on the concept of intentional action center on experimental findings suggesting that intentionality ascription can be affected by moral factors. I argue that the exp...
Thermoelasticity of CaSiO3 perovskite and implications for the lower mantle

We report measurements on thermal expansion of CaSiO3 perovskite within the stability field and its room temperature volume-pressure behavior, as well as in situ determination of the perovskite stability field. The phase boundary between CaSiO3 perovskite and the lower-pressure phase assemblage Ca2SiO4 + CaSi2O5 was determined at temperatures between 1200 and 1600 K, using NaCl as the pressure standard. At 1590(20) K, the boundary is located at about 11.3(3) GPa with a positive slope, in close agreement with previous quench studies. At 300 K, the perovskite structure remains metastable at pressures ∼ 2 GPa, below which the sample transforms into an amorphous phase, with an anomalous volume decrease of the remaining perovskite. The volume data above 2 GPa are fit using a second-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state, yielding V0 = 45.83 (7) A3 and K0 = 280(23) GPa. Over a wide temperature range of 600–1600 K, the average thermal expansion of CaSiO3 perovskite is α = 2.69(8) and 2.56(8)×10−5 K−1 at 10.6 and 11.7 GPa, respectively, with little temperature dependence. These data are combined with results on MgSiO3 perovskite to examine constraints on lower mantle composition. The predicted density of CaSiO3 perovskite is similar to that of PREM and the bulk modulus similar to that of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite under lower mantle conditions. Thus, including CaSiO3 yields an Fe/(Mg+Fe) ratio of 0.12(1) and an (Mg+Fe+Ca)/Si ratio of 1.7(3) for the upper portion of the lower mantle.
A plane hybrid element with rotational d.o.f. and adjustable stiffness

A simple formulation of a nine d.o.f plane triangle is achieved by the assumed-stress hybrid approach. The element has two translations and the rotation about a normal to the plane as d.o.f. at each node. Performance of the element is shown to be good. A device for softening overly-stiff elements is found to be effective and is suggested as a widely applicable method of improving the behaviour of hybrid elements. A particularly simple form of the element, herein called the CST Hybrid, appears to be the best performer.
Effect of Seasonality, Location, and Size on Lipid Content in North Pacific Troll-Caught Albacore Tuna (Thunnus alalunga)

ABSTRACT Two hundred and thirty-nine albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) were troll-caught in the mid-Pacific Ocean and off the US Pacific Coast from June to November 2003. Catch location, harvest date, and sea surface temperature were recorded for individual fish, and lipid and moisture content in the white muscle were determined. The average weight of the alba-core was 6.07 kg and lipid content was highly variable (0.67–18.74%). There was an inverse correlation between the lipid and moisture content of albacore (R2 = 0.93), and percent lipid increased slightly in fish caught later on in the season (R2 = 0.24). Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software was used to determine correlations between lipid content and geographic location. Lipid content varied considerably among tuna caught at similar latitudes; however, most fish caught below 40°N had a lipid content of less than 10%, while the fish with the highest lipid content (13–19% lipid) were all harvested above 40°N.
Microcomputers in psychology laboratory courses

The implementation of a microcomputer-based laboratory curriculum is described and ana­ lyzed in terms of general guidelines for introducing computer-based instruction. Procedures are suggested for analyzing need, choosing a system, and implementing the project. Pedagogical considerations arising from the use of computer technology are also discussed. In 1981, the Barnard psychology department intro­ duced computers into its curriculum. In this paper, we describe our instructional use of computers and some of the issues that arose during implementation of this pro­ ject. This information should provide a useful framework for departments beginning to integrate computers into their instructional technology. We briefly describe (1) the general needs and benefits that encourage funding and development of computer-based laboratory courses; (2) the factors to consider in choosing hardware and designing physical space for computers; (3) a program for implementing computer-based instruction; (4) the functional uses of computers in the curriculum; and (5) some of the pedagogical issues that are raised by computer usage.
The stability of aragonite in seawater: Thermodynamic influence of strontium

Abstract Measurements of the distribution coefficient in the system strontianite-aragonite over a range of compositions allow, by application of the Gibbs-Duhem relation, the determination of the activity coefficients of both components in the system. It is concluded that the prevalence and long term persistence of aragonite in the oceans should be attributed to factors other than thermodynamic stabilization by coprecipitation with strontianite.
Form effect in the measurement of feeling states

This study investigates the relation between the responses given to survey items and the manner in which those items are given. Results are based on responses of a random sample of 1522 American adults to 202 items expressing social life feelings (SLFs). SLF items were selected from a domain of over 1000 such items appearing in over 100 scales used in American sociology during the last 50 years. Three different methods of administration were used: self-administration, interview, and card-sort. Each method was applied to each item about 500 times, and to each respondent approximately 67 times. The analysis consisted of comparing mean scores and missing response rates for items across methods, investigating the characteristics of items subject to form effects, investigating the possibility that form effects were spurious and might disappear after controlling on background of respondent, and investigating the presence of form effects in summary scale scores based on several or more items. Results indicate that for most items, patterns of responding and techniques of testing were statistically independent.
Temporomandibular joint arthrography: Negative pressure, nontomographic techniques

The injection of contrast material through a catheter under direct fluoroscopic vision seems to be more informative than blind injection technique. Injection of a controlled amount of Renografin can diminish the likelihood of overfill and allow more complete opening of the mouth. If overfilling is suspected, after waiting approximately 15 minutes for absorption, the patient will then be able to move his condyle more freely. The use of a 100 mm. camera will provide good films and eliminate the need for tomograms. A catheter is preferred over a steel needle, and its position is more accurately assessed by using the negative pressure technique. Catheterization of the superior joint space is not done if the lower compartment injection shows obvious anterior subluxation of the meniscus. In certain borderline cases, the upper compartment filling may yield more positive diagnotic information. It is within the scope of this article to present a technique, not to indicate the usefulness or necessity of TMJ arthrography or tomography. The role of arthrography in the diagnosis and subsequent decision as to whether surgical or nonsurgical modalities should be performed will become evident only when the state of the art is defined.
Kinetics of interaction of vibrationally excited OH(X2πi)v=9 with simple hydrocarbons at room temperature

Relative rate constants for the removal of vibrationally excited OH in the ninth vibrational level of its ground electronic state [designated hereafter by OH† (9)] by interaction with a series of simple hydrocarbons at room temperature are reported. The reaction of hydrogen atoms with ozone was used to generate OH†(9) in a fast flow discharge system at 1.1 ± 0.1 torr total pressure. The decrease in the (9 3 band) Meinel band chemiluminescent emission intensity at 626 nm was followed as a function of the concentration of added organic or of a reference deactivator (O2), respectively, at a fixed reaction time; these data gave relative rate constants, k/k, for the removal of OH†(9) by the organic. The relative rate constants determined in this study are as follows: C2H6, 2.7 ± 0.2; C3H8, 4.4 ± 0.4; n–C4H10, 7.5 ± 0.6; iso–C4H10, 7.3 ± 0.8; n–C5H12, 10.4 ± 0.7; C2H4, 22.9 ± 1.8; C3H6, 43.4 ± 1.4; cis–2–C4H8, 47.7 ± 3.1; C6H6, 29 ± 7. (Errors are two standard deviations of the weighted mean of experiments in two flow tubes with different wall coatings and carrier gases.) The implications of the trends in these rate constants for the relative contributions of energy transfer and reaction to the net removal of OH† (9) are discussed.
Toward a Comprehensive Theory of Collaboration

The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science presents two special issues in which nine research-based articles and two overviews address various theoretical and empirical perspectives on the process o...
Saline contrast sonohysterography and directed extraction, resection and biopsy of intrauterine pathology using a Uterine Explora Curette

Objective To assess the utility of an endometrial sampling device, the Uterine Explora Curette, with concomitant saline contrast sonohysterography (SCSH) for ultrasound-directed extraction, resection and biopsy of endometrial pathology. Methods Use of the Uterine Explora Curette was prospectively evaluated in 20 women with either infertility (n = 14), recurrent miscarriage (n = 2) or peri-/postmenopausal bleeding (n = 4). Findings on SCSH were compared with those on pathological analysis. Results In all 20 cases the Uterine Explora Curette was used successfully during SCSH to treat endometrial filling defects. The procedure was well tolerated, with an average time from start to finish of 10 (range, 2–23) min. It was without complications, and appeared to remove or biopsy adequately endometrial filling defects in most patients, obviating the need for hysteroscopy. Conclusions In properly selected patients, directed extraction, resection and biopsy using the Uterine Explora Curette during SCSH appears to be an effective and easy method for treating intrauterine pathology and provides a cost-effective alternative to operative hysteroscopy. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diethylstilbestrol and Other Estrogens in the Environment

Many environmental agents of diverse chemical structure possess estrogenic activity. Other hormonal activities do not seem to be so widespread through different chemical classes. Some compounds such as the mycotoxin, zearalenone, are metabolized from weakly active to more estrogenic forms and may thus be considered proestrogens. Metabolism of potent xenobiotics, such as diethylstilbestrol (DES), may result in relatively less hormonally active compounds as well as reactive intermediates associated with long-term toxicities. Weakly estrogenic xenobiotics may be physiologically significant if they persist in the body or when there is continuous exposure; some compounds with no apparent estrogen-receptor-binding affinity may exert estrogenic effects through indirect mechanisms. Estrogenic materials as part of the environment derive from natural (e.g., plant estrogens or mycotoxins) and synthetic (e.g., DES or DDT) sources. In some cases, environmental compounds may be potent estrogens which are used for their hormonal activity, or in other cases, they are weak estrogens in which hormonal activity is an inadvertant function; an example of the former case is DES as a growth-promoting agent for cattle, an example of the latter, kepone. Elucidation of the structural basis of estrogenic activity is the critical step awaited in this area.
Use of Forssman antigen in the study of phosphatidylcholine exchange between liposomes.

An immunological technique has been developed to study phospholipid exchange between sensitized and nonsensitized liposomes. Sensitized liposomes were prepared from phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, dicetylphosphate and Forssman antigen, whereas nonsensitized liposomes contained only phosphatidylcholine and a trace amount of inert marker. Liposomes were separated quantitatively by precipitating the sensitized liposomes with rabbit γ-globulin obtained from antiserum against red cell Forssman antigen. The technique has been used to show that little or no phospholipid exchange takes place between sensitized and nonsensitized liposomes. The addition of a partially purified phospholipid exchange protein fraction promotes exchange between the two liposome preparations.
Cryptococcus neoformans is resistant to surfactant protein A mediated host defense mechanisms.

Initiation of a protective immune response to infection by the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is mediated in part by host factors that promote interactions between immune cells and C. neoformans yeast. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) contributes positively to pulmonary host defenses against a variety of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in part by promoting the recognition and phagocytosis of these pathogens by alveolar macrophages. In the present study we investigated the role of SP-A as a mediator of host defense against the pulmonary pathogen, C. neoformans. Previous studies have shown that SP-A binds to acapsular and minimally encapsulated strains of C. neoformans. Using in vitro binding assays we confirmed that SP-A does not directly bind to a fully encapsulated strain of C. neoformans (H99). However, we observed that when C. neoformans was incubated in bronchoalveolar fluid, SP-A binding was detected, suggesting that another alveolar host factor may enable SP-A binding. Indeed, we discovered that SP-A binds encapsulated C. neoformans via a previously unknown IgG dependent mechanism. The consequence of this interaction was the inhibition of IgG-mediated phagocytosis of C. neoformans by alveolar macrophages. Therefore, to assess the contribution of SP-A to the pulmonary host defenses we compared in vivo infections using SP-A null mice (SP-A-/-) and wild-type mice in an intranasal infection model. We found that the immune response assessed by cellular counts, TNFα cytokine production, and fungal burden in lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids during early stages of infection were equivalent. Furthermore, the survival outcome of C. neoformans infection was equivalent in SP-A-/- and wild-type mice. Our results suggest that unlike a variety of bacteria, viruses, and other fungi, progression of disease with an inhalational challenge of C. neoformans does not appear to be negatively or positively affected by SP-A mediated mechanisms of pulmonary host defense.
Creep rupture behavior of undirectional advanced composites

A 'material modeling' methodology for predicting the creep rupture behavior of unidirectional advanced composites is proposed. In this approach the parameters (obtained from short-term tests) required to make the predictions are the three principal creep compliance master curves and their corresponding quasi-static strengths tested at room temperature (22 C). Using these parameters in conjunction with a failure criterion, creep rupture envelopes can be generated for any combination of in-plane loading conditions and ambient temperature. The analysis was validated experimentally for one composite system, the T300/934 graphite-epoxy system. This was done by performing short-term creep tests (to generate the principal creep compliance master curves with the time-temperature superposition principle) and relatively long-term creep rupture tensile tests of off-axis specimens at 180 C. Good to reasonable agreement between experimental and analytical results is observed.
Phonon excitations and related thermal properties of aluminum nitride

The phonon density of states of aluminum nitride was determined by time-of-flight neutron spectroscopy using a polycrystalline sample. The observed phonon excitation spectrum consists of a broadband centered at about 35 meV, a small gap in the 75{endash}80 meV region, and two sharp bands at approximately 85 and 92 meV. A rigid-ion model was applied to the interpretation of the data. After optimization, the model provided a satisfactory description of the neutron results as well as the Raman and IR data, sound-velocity measurements, and the lattice specific heat reported in the literature. The partial and total DOS and the phonon-dispersion curves along major symmetry directions of the Brillouin zone were calculated, and the contribution of phonons to the Debye behavior of the low-temperature thermal conductivity was discussed. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Revascularization of the Lower Extremity: A Non-invasive Hemodynamic Comparison of Aorto-Femoral and Femoral-Femoral Bypass:

Nine patients who underwent bilateral aorto-femoral bypass and seven patients who underwent femoral-femoral bypass were evaluated to determine the increase in ankle/ arm index (a/a index) in symptomatic extremities. All patients underwent pre- and postoperative noninvasive evaluation. There were 13 symptomatic extremities in the 9 patients undergoing aorto-femoral bypass. The mean pre-operative a/a index in the aorto-femoral group was 0.50±0.15. The mean post-operative value was 0.75±0.16 (p<0.0001). The mean pre-operative value in the femoral-femoral group was 0.39±0.30 and the mean post-operative value 0.74±0.24 (p<0.02). The increase in the postoperative a/a index was the same with femoral-femoral bypass as with aorto-femoral bypass. A decision as to whether aorto-femoral or femoral-femoral bypass should be performed should be determined by considerations other than the expected immediate hemodynamic effect.Extra-anatomic bypass has become an alternative to standard aorto-femoral bypass for lower extre...
ASHP Therapeutic Position Statement on the Treatment of Hypertension.

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) supports aggressive measures to achieve optimal blood pressure control in patients with hypertension. A substantial body of scientific evidence has conclusively shown that optimal blood pressure control will reduce the development and
Ground truth measurements for validation of AIRS land surface temperature and emissivity products at the Southern Great Plains validation site

This paper presents results from a land use/land cover ground survey in the ARM/CART site region and investigates the applicability of the USGS land use/land cover database to surface emissivity validation activities.
Anterior facial vein and submandibular gland together: predicting the histology of submandibular masses with CT or MR imaging.

PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that the relationship of the anterior facial vein to the submandibular salivary gland and a mass in the submandibular fossa could help identify the origin of the mass at computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen patients with 14 palpable submandibular masses, surgical and histologic confirmation, and contrast material-enhanced CT images (12 patients) or MR images (one patient) that showed the anterior facial vein were identified with review of files from 1985 to 1997. Six patients had submandibular gland disease: three with primary neoplasms, two with metastatic tumor invading the gland, and one with chronic sialoadenitis. Eight patients had masses arising outside the gland (seven with lymphadenopathy, one with a plexiform neurofibroma). RESULTS: The anterior facial vein did not separate primary tumors, tumors invading the gland, or lobulations of the enlarged gland from the body of the gland. The vein was identified betwee...
Which G protein subunits are the active mediators in signal transduction

Abstract When agonists bind to receptors and transduce their message via G proteins, is it the α or the βγ subunits that are the active mediators? The classical view supports the αs in this role, but recently published papers have cast doubt on this view. Lutz Birnbaumer joins in the debate by describing data which is inconsistent with the challenging view, that βγ subunits mediate hormone action.
Human neonatal keratinocytes have very high levels of cellular vitamin A-binding proteins

Abstract Since cellular retinol- and retinoic acid-binding proteins (CRBP and CRABP) mediate the effects of vitamin A on epidermal differentiation, the levels of these binding proteins were measured in the epidermal and dermal layers of newborn, human foreskin as well as in primary cultures of keratinocytes and fibroblasts from these layers. Ligand binding assays with saturating concentrations of all trans -[ 3 H]retinol or of all trans -[11- 3 H]retinoic acid were used to quantitate amounts of binding proteins in cytosols prepared from these skin layers or cultured cells. The epidermal levels of CRABP and CRBP (60.9 ± 14.4 and 7.3 ± 1.7 pmol per mg cytosol protein, respectively) were markedly higher than that reported for adult epidermis but were comparable to levels in keratinocytes cultured from neonatal foreskin epidermis (61.8 ± 7.8 and 10.7 ± 2.5, respectively). The levels of CRABP were much lower in the foreskin dermis than in the epidermis and the levels measured in the fibroblasts cultured from this dermis were consistent with the dermal levels. However, CRBP levels in cultured dermal fibroblasts were very low and could not account for the dermal CRBP levels, suggesting that another dermal cell type has high levels of CRBP.
Distribution and diversity of root-lession nematode ( Pratylenchus spp.) associated with Miscanthus × giganteus and Panicum virgatum used for biofuels, and species identification in a multiplex polymerase chain reaction

The distribution of Pratylenchus spp. from bioenergy field plots in six states (Illinois, Iowa, South Dakota, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia) of the USA were surveyed. The species were identified based on morphology and morphometrics and further characterised based on fragment sequences of the 28S rRNA of the D2-D3 region. The region revealed variations in sequencing information that supports the morphological identification. In this work, six Pratylenchus spp. were detected: Pratylenchus brachyurus, P. crenatus, P. hexincisus, P. neglectus, P. penetrans and P. scribneri. Pratylenchus scribneri, P. crenatus, and P. penetrans were distributed most widely, with detection of 34, 29 and 15%, respectively. Pratylenchus hexincisus, P. brachyurus and P. neglectus were distributed sporadically, with detection rates of 10.0, 2.6 and 2.0%, respectively. A one-step multiplex PCR was developed for the simultaneous detection of P. scribneri, P. crenatus and P. penetrans. Sequence data from this research and NCBI were used to generate different primer sets that are species-specific. We have therefore designed three sets of primers that discriminate P. scribneri, P. crenatus and P. penetrans in multiplex PCR. All the tested primers have shown specificity and have no cross-reaction with the non-target species. When used in a uniplex, duplex and triplex PCR, the selected three primers gave a unique electrophoretic DNA banding pattern characterised by a single DNA fragment for P. scribneri (ca 750), P. crenatus (ca 690), and P. penetrans (ca 520). The method could be used for routine diagnostic programmes.
Time-resolved measurements of energy transfer at surfaces

Abstract Developments in time-resolved measurements of energy transfer at surfaces are reviewed. Picosecond and femtosecond measurements of vibrational and electronic relaxation at surfaces are highlighted. Experimental results for vibrational relaxation of simple adsorbates on metals, semiconductors, and insulators are reviewed, and relaxation mechanisms such as electron-hole pair formation, multiphonon relaxation and image dipole damping are considered. Energy transfer involving excited electronic states of molecules on liquid and solid dielectric surfaces and the relaxation of surface electronic states on semiconductors and of image states on metal surfaces are discussed.
Development: Mobilize citizens to track sustainability

Businesses and the public can keep watch when governments fail to provide environmental data, say Angel Hsu and colleagues.
Radiation transport modeling using extended quadrature method of moments

Abstract The radiative transfer equation describes the propagation of radiation through a material medium. While it provides a highly accurate description of the radiation field, the large phase space on which the equation is defined makes it numerically challenging. As a consequence, significant effort has gone into the development of accurate approximation methods. Recently, an extended quadrature method of moments (EQMOM) has been developed to solve univariate population balance equations, which also have a large phase space and thus face similar computational challenges. The distinct advantage of the EQMOM approach over other moment methods is that it generates moment equations that are consistent with a positive phase space density and has a moment inversion algorithm that is fast and efficient. The goal of the current paper is to present the EQMOM method in the context of radiation transport, to discuss advantages and disadvantages, and to demonstrate its performance on a set of standard one-dimensional benchmark problems that encompass optically thin, thick, and transition regimes. Special attention is given in the implementation to the issue of realizability—that is, consistency with a positive phase space density. Numerical results in one dimension are promising and lay the foundation for extending the same framework to multiple dimensions.
The thermomigration of liquid droplets through grain boundaries in solids

Abstract Brine droplets were migrated in a thermal gradient through a twist boundary in KCl. On passing through and away from the grain boundary plane, the brine droplet generated a columnar tilt boundary between itself and the twist boundary plane. The surface tension of this columnar tilt boundary exerted a force on the droplet, pulling it back towards the twist boundary plane. From the thermal gradient necessary to balance the backward pull of this columnar tilt boundary, it was determined that a 15° tilt boundary about the 〈100〉 direction in KCl has an energy of 32 ergs/cm 2 .
Painting with broad strokes: Happiness and the malleability of event memory

Individuals often feel that they remember positive events better than negative ones, but do they? To investigate the relation between emotional valence and the malleability of memory for real‐world events, we assessed participants' emotions and memories concerning the televised announcement of the verdict in the murder trial of O. J. Simpson. Memory was assessed for actual events and plausible foils. Participants who were happy about the verdict reported recalling events with greater clarity after two months, and recognised more events after a year, than participants whose reaction to the verdict was negative, irrespective of whether the events had occurred or not. Signal detection analyses confirmed that the threshold for judging events as having occurred was lower for participants who were happy about the verdict. These findings demonstrate that the association between happiness and reconstructive memory errors, previously shown in laboratory studies, extends to memory for real‐world events and over pro...
Spontaneous intramedullary hemorrhage of spinal hemangioblastoma: case report.

Objective Spontaneous hemorrhage of a spinal hemangioblastoma is a rare event. With limited reports in the literature, the risk of acute hemorrhage associated with these lesions is poorly understood. Methods A 39-year-old man presented with paraplegia and bilateral upper-extremity weakness related to an acute intramedullary hemorrhage from a thoracic spinal hemangioblastoma. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intramedullary hemorrhage from T3 to T6 with prominent flow voids along the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord from T6 to T10. Magnetic resonance angiography of the thoracic spine indicated a prominent enhancing vessel along the dorsum of the thoracic cord. Results An emergency T3 to T8 laminoplasty was performed for evacuation of the hematoma and gross total resection of the lesion. Pathological analysis of the tumor biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of hemangioblastoma. Conclusion The risk of spontaneous hemorrhage from a spinal hemangioblastoma is low. Spinal hemangioblastomas presenting with intramedullary hemorrhage tend to cause severe neurological deficits and have a poorer long-term prognosis compared with subarachnoid hemorrhage and nonhemorrhagic lesions.
Appearance-potential study of the 4 f states of holmium

The soft-x-ray appearance-potential spectra (SXAPS) of ${M}_{4,5}$ and ${N}_{4,5}$ levels of rare-earth metal holmium ($^{165}\mathrm{Ho}$) have been obtained in the 130-1400-eV range with a simple, nondispersive spectrometer which measures the derivatives of the total x-ray fluorescence of the anode surface as a function of bombarding electron energy. The spectrum represents the differential excitation probability of $3d$ and $4d$ core levels and mirrors the self-convolution of the density of empty $4f$ sates in Ho. The ${M}_{5}$ peak shows two distinct components, 1.8 eV apart, followed by two satellites at 5.7 and 8.7 eV and a secondary peak at 33.5 eV above the ${M}_{5}$ threshold. The ${N}_{4,5}$ spectrum is more complex, consisting of two prominent peaks. The more intense peak appears at 10.2 eV above the ${N}_{4,5}$ threshold in agreement with theoretical calculations. The spectral features have been discussed in terms of the existing excitation state and satellite line theories. The binding energies of the ${M}_{4}$, ${M}_{5}$, and ${N}_{4,5}$ levels of Ho were, however, found to be consistently a few eV lower than those found by most other techniques.
Analysis of Sintering of a Composite with a Glass or Ceramic Matrix

A recently developed theory for sintering of bimodal powders is applied to a composite where the matrix is either a glass or a ceramic. The filler phase is assumed to be rigid and nonsintering. It is shown that glass-matrix composites should have predictable sintering behavior which follows the rule of mixtures, but ceramic-matrix composites are expected to be more difficult to sinter, and their sintering behavior may deviate considerably from the rule of mixtures, even at low concentrations of the filler phase.
A parallel algorithm for solving the 'Hip' games

Abstract A parallel algorithm for solving the ‘Hip’ games based on an artificial neural network model is presented in this paper. The game of ‘Hip’ is named because of the hipster's reputed disdain for ‘squares’. The rule of the game is to place the counters on a checkerboard so that four of them do not mark the corners of a square. The square may be of any size and be tipped at any angle. Normally this game is played by two players, where the game on a six-by-six checkerboard is the maximum size for the solution. The solution means that every player can place all the counters on the checkerboard without violations. In other words, the goal of our algorithm is to find the pattern of a draw game between players where they should not mark the corners of a square. In order to enlarge the size of the checkerboard where a solution exists, we modified the game as n /2 players play on an n -by- n checkerboard where n is an even number. The proposed parallel algorithm requires m × n 2 processing elements for the m -player- n -by- n -checkerboard game to find the solution of the ‘Hip’ games. The algorithm is verified by solving six games where the size of the checkerboard is varied from 4 to 12.
An Analytical Field Density Function for All Scattering Regimes

We present an analytical density function for field statistics that applies in all scattering regimes, providing a new framework for the study of Anderson localization, and facilitating imaging in random media and random laser design.
A Defense of Lucky Understanding

AbstractIt is plausible to think that the epistemic benefit of having an explanation is understanding. My focus in this article is on the extent to which explanatory understanding, perhaps unlike k...
Experimental Demonstration of Maximum Mistuned Bladed Disk Forced Response

A theory was previously developed for predicting robust maximum forced response in mistuned bladed disks from distortion of a structural mode. This paper describes an experiment to demonstrate the theory. A bladed disk is designed to be sufficiently sensitive to mistuning to obtain maximum response. The maximum amplitude magnification from mistuning is predicted using the theory, 1.918. The bladed disk is intentionally mistuned to obtain the maximum response, and the response to an engine order traveling wave excitation is measured. The measured amplitude magnification is in close agreement with the theory. The robustness of the maximum response is demonstrated.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The fibrillar hierarchy in liquid crystalline polymers

It is well known that the structure of highly oriented liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) can be characterized by a hierarchical fibrillar structural model. Structure models were first developed for the lyotropic aramid fibres in the late 1970s and a structural model was developed for the thermotropic copolyesters in the mid-1980s. Recently, imaging techniques with higher potential capability and resolution have been applied to assess the size, shape and organization of microfibrillar structures observed in LCPs. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy permit imaging of regions from 1 nm to many micrometres. As a result, the nature of the microfibrillar hierarchy has been further clarified and the macromolecular size has been shown to be less than 2 nm. The shape of the microfibrils has been shown to be tape-like. The LCP structural model, consisting of elongated well-ordered microfibrils continues to be consistent with measured properties: high anisotropy, very high tensile modulus and strength and poor compressive properties. A more detailed structural model is proposed to describe the macromolecular microfibril size, shape and organization for comparison with polymer composition and mechanical property evaluation.
Is Transcatheter Rescue Management of a Pulmonary Artery Bronchial Fistula Justified

Endobronchial brachytherapy and interventional bronchology have changed the management of stage 3A (T4N0M0) non-small cell lung carcinoma. We discuss the case of a female patient who developed massive hemoptysis due to a fistula between the left pulmonary artery and stented left main bronchus. Although transcatheter management of the fistula was initially successful, the patient outcome secondary to coronary insult was poor. We present our management dilemma to highlight the need for careful consideration when selecting patients with heavily irradiated chests for endobronchial stenting.
Fractal analysis of the fabric changes in a consolidating clay

Electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry studies on the fabric of clays undergoing consolidation tests have indicated that the clays have pores of different sizes and shapes. After pressure is applied to the clay samples, the larger pores change in size and shape, with the smaller pores being relatively unaffected. The size of the pores and their distribution have been determined from mercury porosimeter tests. The shape of the pores and the changes they experience during the consolidation process have received only a qualitative evaluation from the photomicrographs obtained with the scanning electron microscope. In this study, a quantitative evaluation of the shape of the pores in a clay subjected to consolidation stresses is presented. This evaluation is done using fractal theory. Fractal theory employs the concept of fractal dimension to evaluate the shape (roughness) of closed profiles such as pores. The larger the fractal dimension, the rougher is the shape of a closed profile. The fractal dimension of a pore in a clay sample undergoing consolidation changed progressively from 1.4623 (very rough pore) to 0.9856 (very smooth pore). Thus, during consolidation, the pore, besides changing in size, also experienced a change in its degree of roughness. In addition, a theoretical analysis of the influence of the shape of the pores on the rate of water flow from a saturated clay undergoing consolidation is presented.
Promoting Effective Communication for Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation

Communicating effectively with ventilator-dependent patients is essential so that various basic physiological and psychological needs can be conveyed and decisions, wishes, and desires about the plan of care and end-of-life decision making can be expressed. Numerous methods can be used to communicate, including gestures, head nods, mouthing of words, writing, use of letter/picture boards and common words or phrases tailored to meet individualized patients' needs. High-tech alternative communication devices are available for more complex cases. Various options for patients with a tracheostomy tube include partial or total cuff deflation and use of a speaking valve. It is important for nurses to assess communication needs; identify appropriate alternative communication strategies; create a customized care plan with the patient, the patient's family, and other team members; ensure that the care plan is visible and accessible to all staff interacting with the patient; and continue to collaborate with colleagues from all disciplines to promote effective communication with nonvocal patients.
The New Emerging Adult in Chiapas, Mexico: Perceptions of Traditional Values and Value Change Among First-Generation Maya University Students

Social changes in indigenous Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico toward increasing levels of formal education, commercialization, and urbanization are transforming traditional Maya developmental pathways toward adulthood. This mixed-methods study is based on interviews with a sample of 14 first-generation Maya university students who have also undergone a transition from a rural to an urban environment, either with their families or as part of their educational process. Greenfield’s theory of social change and human development suggests that formal education and urbanization shift developmental pathways in the direction of increasing values for individual autonomy. This study supports Greenfield’s theory: students perceive they are departing from traditional values by endorsing notions of choice, exploration, self-fulfillment, expanded norms for behavior, and gender equality. However, change is a gradual process of negotiating a pathway through old and new values. Qualitative analyses of interviews reveal...
CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITION AND RENAL TISSUE ANGIOTENSIN II IN THE RAT

Multiple observations suggest local control of renal function via an intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, including evidence for local angiotensin (Ang) II production. Our first goal was to examine renal tissue Ang I:Ang II relations to ascertain whether Ang II formation differs in the circulation and in renal tissue. We have recently shown an authentic Ang II/Ang I ratio of 1.5:1 in renal lymph, the opposite of the Ang II:Ang I relation in plasma. Our second goal was to examine the influence of maximal angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on these relations in plasma and in renal tissue. We used two converting enzyme inhibitors with differing lipid solubility, on the premise that tissue penetration and action might differ on that basis. We measured Ang I and Ang II in plasma and renal tissue of rats given an intravenous dose of either vehicle, enalapril, or ramipril, over a wide dose range, from 0.1 to 10.0 mg/kg i.v. Renal and plasma angiotensin concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Whereas the Ang I concentration in normal rat plasma (273 +/- 84 fmol/mL) was over threefold the plasma Ang II concentration (83 +/- 12 fmol/mL), the ratio was reversed in the kidney (Ang II, 178 +/- 12 versus Ang I, 91 +/- 3 fmol/g; P < .001). Although ramipril and enalapril induced an indistinguishable dose-related acute fall in blood pressure and plasma Ang II concentration, lower enalapril doses were less effective in reducing renal tissue Ang I:Ang II conversion and Ang II concentration (P < .025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Emerging toxicity models from emerging scientists

Toxicology has seen a recent influx of new talents from other fields attracted by the application of their expertise to pressing questions of toxicological and environmental relevance. This transition has opened the door to innovative and exciting scientific opportunities but has also generated a new set of questions and challenges. In this viewpoint article, I will highlight some of the drivers and hurdles encountered by the recent new breeds of toxicologists.
Limits to Institutional Isomorphism: Examining Internal Processes in NGO—Government Interactions

Neo-institutional approaches to the study of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) suggest that as more NGOs cooperate with the state, they become isomorphic in their structures and processes. Such cooperation is expected to threaten inventiveness of the NGO sector, including its spontaneity, variety, and unpredictability. This article analyzes the internal institutional processes of three leading housing NGOs as they each implemented cooperative strategies with the state in Mumbai, India. It finds that, contrary to customary apprehensions, NGOs use different tactics in response to the same public policy environment. The article argues that pervasive isomorphism is constrained by path dependency and variability in resource environments.