cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the interaction between the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 recombinase and the DNA translocase Rdh54

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rdh54 protein is a member of the Swi2/Snf2 family of DNA translocases required for meiotic and mitotic recombination and DNA repair. Rdh54 interacts with the general recombinases Rad51 and Dmc1 and promotes D-loop formation with either recombinase. Rdh54 also mediates the removal of Rad51 from undamaged chromatin in mitotic cells, which prevents formation of nonrecombinogenic complexes that can otherwise become toxic for cell growth. To determine which of the mitotic roles of Rdh54 are dependent on Rad51 complex formation, we finely mapped the Rad51 interaction domain in Rdh54, generated N-terminal truncation variants, and characterized their attributes biochemically and in cells. Here, we provide evidence suggesting that the N-terminal region of Rdh54 is not necessary for the response to the DNA-damaging agent methyl methanesulfonate. However, truncation variants missing 75–200 residues at the N terminus are sensitive to Rad51 overexpression. Interestingly, a hybrid protein containing the N-terminal region of Rad54, responsible for Rad51 interaction, fused to the Swi2/Snf2 core of Rdh54 is able to effectively complement the sensitivity to both methyl methanesulfonate and excess Rad51 in rdh54 null cells. Altogether, these results reveal a distinction between damage sensitivity and Rad51 removal with regard to Rdh54 interaction with Rad51. Background: Rdh54 is a motor protein that is able to dissociate Rad51 recombinase from chromatin. Results: The Rad51-binding domain of Rdh54 resides within its N terminus and is required for Rad51 removal from DNA. Conclusion: Rdh54-Rad51 interaction is important for Rad51 dissociation from chromatin but not for DNA repair. Significance: Rdh54 inhibits accumulation of toxic Rad51-DNA complexes.
Preoperative smoking is associated with early graft failure after infrainguinal bypass surgery

Objective Smoking has been implicated as the single most important risk factor for the development of peripheral arterial disease. Whereas previous studies have found poor long-term outcomes in smokers undergoing lower extremity bypass, there is a lack of consistent reports describing the effects of persistent tobacco abuse on early outcomes after infrainguinal bypass. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2005 to 2011 was queried for primary infrainguinal bypasses. A bivariate analysis was done to assess preoperative and intraoperative risk factors for the primary outcome of 30-day graft failure comparing active smokers with nonsmokers, defined as patients who did not smoke within the 12 months before surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to assess the independent association of active smoking with graft failure. Results In 6614 (40.0%) active smokers and 9920 (60.0%) nonsmokers, 16,534 infrainguinal bypasses were performed. Active smokers were more likely to be younger, male, and of nonwhite race and to have a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( P P P = .61). More nonsmokers received a tibial-level bypass than did active smokers (47.8% vs 33.9%; P P = .08). With adjustment for other variables, especially bypass level and graft type, there was an independent association between active smoking and early graft failure (adjusted odds ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.43; P = .03). Conclusions Although nonsmokers were significantly older, had more comorbidities, and required more distal revascularization, active smokers still had an increased risk for development of early graft failure. These results stress the need for immediate smoking cessation before lower extremity bypass. Further research is warranted to determine an optimal period of abstinence among smokers with peripheral arterial disease to reduce their risk for early graft failure.
A high-performance, high-density 28nm eDRAM technology with high-K/metal-gate

This paper presents industry's smallest 0.035um2 high performance embedded DRAM cell with cylinder-type Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) capacitor and integrated into 28nm High-K Metal Gate (HKMG) logic technology. This eDRAM memory features an HKMG CMOS compatible (low-thermal low-charging process) high-K MIM capacitor with extreme low leakage (&#60;0.1fA/cell). Access transistor with HKMG shows excellent driving capability (>50uA/cell) with &#60;1fA/cell leakage in 28nm cell and &#60;3fA/cell in 20nm cell (0.021um2). We demonstrate first functional silicon success of 28nm eDRAM macro. 600/550 MHz operating frequency is achieved at typical/worse cases.
PROTOXYLEM MATURATION IN THE SEEDLING LEAF OF WHEAT

Protoxylem (PX) maturation was followed in vascular bundles of the first foliage leaf (L#1) of wheat seedlings, using clearings and sectioned materials to assess development changes. L# 1 contained seven to 11 longitudinal bundles. The seven bundles with largest diameters contained PX vessels, but the number of bundles with PX varied with leaf length. Repeated vessel maturation maintained PX continuity as older vessels collapsed due to leaf extension. Thus, the number of PX vessels in each bundle was also a function of leaf length, and the PX content of a bundle was a function of the stage of leafdevelopment and how soon during leaf development the bundle attained mature PX. Distance from the leaf tip to the start point for PX was greater for bundles later to mature. Thus, the pattern of distal start points in mature leaves reflected the progression of PX maturation from the midrib to bundles of lower rank. It is suggested that the involvement of more and more bundles in PX maturation as the leaf ages is a general occurrence in grass leaves, and that assessing how many bundles will have PX requires observations late in leaf development.
DETECTION OF PLASMID-MEDIATED AMPC BETA-LACTAMASE GENES IN CLINICAL ISOLATES BY USING MULTIPLEX PCR

Therapeutic options for infections caused by gram-negative organisms expressing plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases are limited because these organisms are usually resistant to all the β-lactam antibiotics, except for cefepime, cefpirome, and the carbapenems. These organisms are a major concern in nosocomial infections and should therefore be monitored in surveillance studies. Six families of plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases have been identified, but no phenotypic test can differentiate among them, a fact which creates problems for surveillance and epidemiology studies. This report describes the development of a multiplex PCR for the purpose of identifying family-specific AmpC β-lactamase genes within gram-negative pathogens. The PCR uses six sets of ampC-specific primers resulting in amplicons that range from 190 bp to 520 bp and that are easily distinguished by gel electrophoresis. ampC multiplex PCR differentiated the six plasmid-mediated ampC-specific families in organisms such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Family-specific primers did not amplify genes from the other families of ampC genes. Furthermore, this PCR-based assay differentiated multiple genes within one reaction. In addition, WAVE technology, a high-pressure liquid chromatography-based separation system, was used as a way of decreasing analysis time and increasing the sensitivity of multiple-gene assays. In conclusion, a multiplex PCR technique was developed for identifying family-specific ampC genes responsible for AmpC β-lactamase expression in organisms with or without a chromosomal AmpC β-lactamase gene.
Vector Differential Calculus in Statistics

Many statistical operations benefit from differential calculus. Examples include optimization of likelihood functions and calculation of information matrices. For multiparameter models differential calculus suited to vector argument functions is usually the most efficient means of performing the required calculations. We present a primer on vector differential calculus and demonstrate its application to statistics through several worked examples.
On Keeping the Target Language in Language Teaching: A Bottom‐up Effort to Protect the Public and Students

The author discusses the issue of high-stakes proficiency testing for language teachers in the U.S. in response to the article "Looking Into a Crystal Ball: Is Requiring High-Stakes Language Proficiency Tests Really Going to Improve World Language Education?" by Brigid M. Burke, particularly in an effort to clarify rules within the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) and the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE). Topics explored include the differences between accreditation and national recognition, the bottom-up consensus for proficiency requirements, and the need to refocus language education on national education standards.
Attachment security among toddlers: The impacts of supportive coparenting and father engagement

The present study examined the longitudinal associations among supportive coparenting and father engagement during infancy and mother-child attachment at age three within an at-risk sample (N= 1371), using secondary data from Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing (FFCW) study. Mothers reported on coparenting and father engagement during the one-year phone interview and mother-child attachment was assessed using the Toddler Attachment Sort-39 (TAS-39) at age three during the three-year in-home interview. Findings suggest that supportive coparenting was significantly associated with higher levels of father engagement and more secure mother-child attachment relationship across three racial/ethnic groups including white, African American, and Hispanic. Interestingly, results also support racial/ethnic differences such that after controlling for child sex, infant temperament, family structure and maternal education, father engagement was a significant predictor of secure mother-child attachment only among Hispanic families. In addition, race/ethnicity moderated the link between supportive coparenting and father engagement such that the link was stronger among white families compared to minority families. Results highlight the significance of coparenting and father engagement in relation to mother-child attachment relationship. The implications of these findings for interventions targeting paternal engagement and coparenting among at-risk children are discussed. Keywords: Coparenting,
Review of “Risk Assessment for Chemicals in Drinking Water” (2008), edited by Robert A. Howd and Anna M. Fan, Wiley Interscience

Drinking water is a highly visible part of environmental risk assessment and therefore attracts a lot of attention from the public. The modern era of risk assessment for drinking water regulations ...
APPRAISING GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS

General equilibrium analysis is a theoretical structure which focuses research in economics. On this point economists and philosophers agree. Yet studies in general equilibrium analyses are not well understood in the sense that, though their importance is recognized, their role in the growth of economic knowledge is a subject of some controversy. Several questions organize an appraisal of general equilibrium analysis. These questions have been variously posed by philosophers of science, economic methodologists, and historians of economic thought. Is general equilibrium analysis a theory, a paradigm, a scientific research program, or a set of interrelated theories? Is it not any of these but rather a branch of applied mathematics? Is GE analysis associated with the growth of knowledge, or does it waste intellectual resources? How is it related to other work in economics? Is it connected to, or is it apart from, the concerns of applied economists?
Closing the Public Lands Frontier: The Bureau of Land Management, 1961–1969

When the Bureau of Land Management (blm) was formed in 1946, the agency and the lands it managed had an ambiguous identity and future. Formed by President Truman through the merger of the General Land Office and the U.S. Grazing Service, the blm inherited the remaining 450 million acres of public-domain lands in the American West and Alaska, which I will refer to simply as “the public lands.” With those lands, the blm also inherited a set of property-rights regimes—that is, a set of property rights, privileges, and relationships that control land and resource access, withdrawal, management, exclusion, and alienation—that were strongly reflective of the nineteenth-century frontier era. They were marked by private initiative, self-regulation by public lands users, and common-law principles of prior use and appropriation. Indeed, public lands users often acted as if they held common-law rights to the public lands, claims that western congressmen defended through appropriations and oversight.
A 2.5-kb insert eliminates acid soluble invertase isozyme II transcript in carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots, causing high sucrose accumulation.

The predominant storage carbohydrates of mature carrot (Daucus carota L.) storage roots typically are the free sugars glucose and fructose. This trait is conditioned by the Rs allele. A naturally occurring recessive mutation, rs/rs, conditions a shift from these reducing sugars to sucrose. RT-PCR and sequencing revealed a unique 2.5 kb insert in the first and largest intron near the 5′ end of the acid soluble invertase isozyme II gene of rs/rs carrots. This insert was not totally spliced out during mRNA processing. While the wild-type acid-soluble invertase isozyme II transcript (ca. 2 kb) was detected in Rs/Rs roots and leaves, none was observed in rs/rs roots throughout development. RT-PCR of rs/rs leaves revealed two novel transcripts (2.7 kb and 3.2 kb). A comparison of enzyme activity between the near-isogenic Rs/Rs and rs/rs carrot lines revealed very low acid-soluble invertase activity in rs/rs roots whereas neutral invertase, sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase levels were comparable. Those results and linkage analysis indicate that Rs is a candidate locus for carrot vacuolar acid-soluble invertase isozyme II. Although the 2.5 kb insert does not occur in the Rs wild-type acid-soluble invertase isozyme II allele, it does occur elsewhere in the genome of Rs/Rs plants.
The Effects of Autonomy and Cognitive Abilities on Workload and Supervisory Control of Unmanned Systems

In this paper, we examine the influence of autonomy and cognitive ability on workload in unmanned systems. First, we outline prior research regarding the role of autonomy and operator selection in decreasing workload in the realm of human-robot interaction. Next, we discuss two aspects of cognitive ability (i.e., visualization and perceptual speed) explain differences between these constructs, and their influence on workload. Then, we describe the current study and discuss the effects of varying levels of autonomy, visualization, and perceptual speed on workload in a simulated reconnaissance mission. Finally, we explore the implications of our findings in terms of the influence of autonomy and operator selection and provide suggestions for future research.
Development of frataxin gene expression measures for the evaluation of experimental treatments in Friedreich's ataxia.

Background Friedreich ataxia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by GAA triplet repeat expansions or point mutations in the FXN gene and, ultimately, a deficiency in the levels of functional frataxin protein. Heterozygous carriers of the expansion express approximately 50% of normal frataxin levels yet manifest no clinical symptoms, suggesting that therapeutic approaches that increase frataxin may be effective even if frataxin is raised only to carrier levels. Small molecule HDAC inhibitor compounds increase frataxin mRNA and protein levels, and have beneficial effects in animal models of FRDA.
Effects of irrigation frequency and scheduling on fruit production and radial fruit cracking in greenhouse tomatoes in soil beds and in a soil-less medium in bags

Abstract The effects on yield and radial fruit cracking of 2 media (soil in beds and soil-less medium in bags) and 2 drip-irrigation frequencies (once and 4 times daily) were determined for 4 greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L. Mill.) cultivars. For plants grown in soil-less medium, 2 tensiometer-controlled, drip-irrigation scheduling methods were compared. ‘Michigan’—‘Ohio’ hybrid fruit cracked significantly more than the 3 remaining cultivars, but did not differ in production of total and No. 1 fruit. The amount and severity of fruit cracking was least from the soil-less, bag-cultured plants. Total mean fruit weight was greatest from soil-grown plants. Although no differences in cracking occurred in the fruit from soil-less, bag-cultured plants, those whose irrigation was based on soil-less medium tensiometer readings produced lower total mean fruit weight than those whose irrigation was based on soil tensiometer readings. Number and weight of defective fruit was lowest from plants grown in soil-less medium and whose irrigation was based on soil tensiometer readings, and greatest from soil-grown plants. Fruit cracking was reduced by increasing the irrigation frequency from 1 to 4 times daily.
Occurrence of Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation Suggests a Mechanism of Trigeminal Neuralgia Surgical Efficacy

Common to the types of surgery that are effective for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is reactivation of herpes simplex virus (HSV). It is likely that such HSV reactivation following surgery indicates altered trigeminal ganglion neuron function, which was caused by the surgery. It is not thought that HSV infection is related to the cause of TN or that HSV reactivation is important for surgical treatment efficacy. Rather, it is thought that HSV reactivation is a marker of altered trigeminal ganglion neuron function resulting from the TN surgery. It is suggested that HSV reactivation is a surrogate marker of ganglion neuron injury. The correlation between effective types of surgery and evidence that they alter ganglion neuron function suggests that altered trigeminal ganglion neuron function may be the basis of the surgical efficacy.
Gene expression variations in microsatellite stable and unstable colon cancer cells.

Background Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a marker of chemoresistance, but it is associated with improved survival compared with microsatellite-stable (MSS) colon cancers. We hypothesized that MSI tumors overexpress chemoresistance-associated genes and underexpress DNA damage/repair genes. We used ultra high-throughput sequencing (UHTS) to assess the expression of representative genes in MSI and MSS colon cancer cell lines. Methods Solexa UHTS was used to examine gene expression in HCT116 (MSI) and HT29 (MSS) cells, and normal colonic mucosa (NCM). We compared expression of 40 genes involved in chemoresistance, DNA repair, DNA damage, and drug metabolism pathways. Results We observed gene expression differences between MSI and MSS cell lines in 8 out of 40 genes involved in mismatch repair (MMR), DNA repair, drug metabolism, and chemoresistance. MMR gene expression was lower in MSI cells, which is consistent with the MSI phenotype, whereas DNA repair genes were highly expressed in these cells. Genes associated with chemoresistance and drug metabolism also had increased expression in MSI cells. No difference in expression of DNA damage genes was observed between MSI and MSS cell lines. Conclusion Using UHTS gene expression analysis, we identified differential expression of genes between MSI and MSS cell lines which may account for resistance to chemotherapy in MSI tumors. UHTS expression analysis has the potential to identify genome-wide predictors of response or resistance to chemotherapy.
TRPM2 Immunoreactivity Is Increased in Fibroblasts, but not Nerves, of Symptomatic Human Dental Pulp

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels function in diverse processes such as acting as second messenger systems, regulating of ionic concentrations, and aiding in thermoception. TRPM2 channels, members of the melastatin subfamily, mediate calcium influx in response to oxidative stress but during pathological states facilitate hyperexcitability and cellular necrosis via calcium excitotoxicity. We hypothesized that TRPM2 channel expression is upregulated in pulpal tissue of symptomatic teeth with signs of irreversible pulpitis. TRPM2 channel expression was significantly increased in pulp from clinically diagnosed symptomatic teeth compared with pulp from asymptomatic teeth. Additionally, increased TRPM2 expression in symptomatic pulp was the result of increased immunoreactivity in fibroblasts, whereas neural expression of TRPM2 was absent. We provide a possible mechanism explaining the association between TRPM2 channel expression with pain and necrosis. We suggest that TRPM2 channel antagonists could be administered in attempts to inhibit the progression of or even reverse pulpal degradation.
The way one thinks affects the way one drinks: Subjective evaluations of alcohol consequences predict subsequent change in drinking behavior.

Heavy alcohol use and related consequences are common during the college years and are associated with deleterious outcomes for both the students themselves and the college community. Some college students make self-initiated changes to their drinking to avoid such outcomes, but little is known about how such adjustments occur, or characteristics that are associated with making these adjustments. Based on Social Learning Theory (SLT), one cognitive factor that may predict within-person changes in drinking is the subjective evaluations of alcohol consequences (i.e., the extent to which consequences are perceived as negative, aversive, or severe). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether subjective evaluations of recently experienced consequences influence within-person changes in drinking behavior. In 10 weekly, web-based surveys, regularly drinking college students (N = 96, 50 female) reported on their previous week alcohol use and experience of 24 alcohol-related consequences, as well as their subjective evaluations of those consequences. Results demonstrated that evaluations across the consequences varied, and that in addition to differing from one another, students' evaluations of consequences differed at the within-person level over time. Most important, hierarchical linear model tests revealed that students drank less and experienced fewer consequences following weeks in which they rated their consequences as more negative (relative to their own typical subjective evaluations), suggesting that viewing one's recent consequences as aversive prompts self-initiated behavior change. Findings of the present study have potential to inform interventions for college drinking, particularly those that target how individuals think about their behavior and its consequences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Perceptions of Child Rearing and Adolescent Sex Role Development

A total of 185 adolescent males and females from grades 6, 8, 10 and 12 completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory and the Children's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory in a study aimed at relating perceptions of child rearing to sex role development. As expected, perceiving the parents as warm and accepting was associated with androgynous and feminine sex roles. Perceiving the parents as more rigidly controlling was associated with a feminine sex role. It was speculated that perceiving the parents as accepting allows the adolescent to explore a variety of aspects of self-development, including cross sex-typed behavior, and that perceiving the parents as controlling is related to a dependency oriented sex role. Grade level and gender differences in perceptions of mother's and father's child rearing generally supported predictions that parents would be seen as more accepting by younger than older adolescents and that females would view their parents as more accepting but also as more controlling than would ma...
Vertical and horizontal curricula: How they can work together in the integration of medical computer science and the classic medical sciences

IntroductionThere are old ways of doing things that must be discarded, and old values that must be preserved.
Inhibition of human plasmacytoma cell growth by a novel JAK kinase inhibitor.

Novel strategies in cancer therapy aim at inhibiting distinct signal transduction pathways that are aberrantly activated in malignant cells. Protein tyrosine kinases of the JAK family are associated with a number of cytokine and cytokine-like hormone receptors and regulate important cellular functions such as proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Constitutive or enhanced JAK activation has been implicated in neoplastic transformation and abnormal cell proliferation in various hematological malignancies. In multiple myeloma (MM), JAK kinases play a critical role because of their association with cytokine receptors of the IL-6/gp130 family. A novel small-molecule inhibitor was developed that shows a 100 to 1,000-fold selectivity for JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2 relative to other kinases including Abl, Aurora, c-Raf, FGFR3, GSK3b, IGF-1R, Lck, PDGFRa, PKBb, and Zap-70. Growth of MM cell lines and primary patient cells was inhibited by this compound in a dose-dependent manner. The IL-6 dependent cell line INA-6 and derived sublines were sensitive to the drug, with IC 50 ’s of less than 1 mM, in [ 3 H]-thymidine uptake and a colorimetric, tetrazolium compound (MTS) based assay (CellTiter 96® Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay, Promega, Madison, WI). Importantly, INA-6 and patient tumor cell growth was also inhibited in the presence of bone marrow stromal cells, which by themselves remained largely unaffected. Growth suppression of INA-6 correlated with a significant and dose-dependent increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells, as evaluated by Apo2.7 staining after 48 hours of drug treatment. In addition, the compound blocked IL-6 induced phosphorylation of STAT3, a direct downstream target of JAK kinases and important transcription factor triggering anti-apoptotic pathways. In other myeloma cell lines, the drug overcame the protective effect of gp130 cytokines on dexamethasone induced apoptosis. In MM1.S cells, it completely blocked IL-6 induced phosphorylation of SHP-2 and AKT, both known to mediate the protective effects of IL-6. In contrast, AKT phosphorylation induced by IGF-1 remained unchanged, demonstrating selectivity of the compound. These studies show that disruption of JAK kinase activity and downstream signaling pathways inhibits myeloma cell growth and survival as well as circumvents drug resistance, thereby providing the conceptual basis for the use of JAK kinase inhibitors as a novel therapeutic approach in MM.
Numerical Simulations of Combustion

Advances in computing power, numerical algorithms and physical models have occurred at a remarkable pace during the past 40 years. Computations of multidimensional reacting flows are now performed routinely, and computational fluid dynamic (CFD)-based tools are increasingly used in industry to test and design new combustors. Consequently, numerical combustion has become a diversified field with virtually unlimited literature, which makes it impossible to cover this topic in a single chapter. Therefore, the present discussion is limited to numerical simulations of reacting systems involving zero-, one-, and two-dimensional combustion phenomena. Starting with the generalized form of the conservation equations and a general methodology for the computation of 3-D reacting flows, several examples of simplified combustion systems are presented. These include flammability limits, flame blowout, transient ignition, 1-D premixed flames, opposed-jet flames, and transient 1-D reacting systems, such as droplet ignition and combustion. Computations of 2-D steady and unsteady flames using a DNS-based code are also discussed. Examples here include the stability and emission characteristics of burner-stabilized flames, and flame liftoff and blowout. Topics not covered include the modeling and computations of turbulent flames and multiphase reacting flows, including spray and coal combustion. In spite of its phenomenal growth, the field of numerical combustion continues to evolve, as exemplified by advances in high-performance computing, modeling of turbulence–chemistry interactions, numerical flame diagnostics, and algorithms for the automatic generation of reaction mechanisms. Keywords: 3-D governing equations; numerical computations; simplified reacting systems; laminar reacting flows; steady and unsteady flames
The Negro Intellectual and Negro Nationalism

would mean a greater immediate shock, the latter would take a little more time, but both involve consequences which will materialize in a gradual manner. The net consequences of the abandonment of compulsory segregation may be short of what many people feared they would be, but they may also be short of what many people hoped they would be. I suggest that the greatest positive consequence may be that the South will be rid of the stigma of unfair legal compulsion against the Negro and that the Negro will be rid of a hated symbol of second-class citizenship. And maybe we should be thankful if the Supreme Court does this for us. This sort of thing is hard to abandon voluntarily, and the South might not do it of its accord for another fifty years.
The Death of Tubercle Bacilli Subjected to Oxygen Deprivation in the Presence of Moisture and of Warmth

Under conditions forcing a nearly total metabolic standstill, some organisms may long survive without appreciable intake. Thus, in a profoundly cold1 or dry2 state, tubercle bacilli may resist starvation for many months. Freedom from the need to replace body elements under such conditions (by food and oxygen intake) parallels the forced halt in chemical activity of those elements within the organism. In the presence of moisture and of warmth, I find no record of such a freedom. Indeed a sustained restriction in supply of a constituent element may then prove a general formula for inducing the death of any organism. This formula has been but little used in immunology. The withholding of the supply of a constituent element must in itself check certain chemical activities within an organism; the changes of metabolism induced by oxygen deprival must be profound indeed. Yet, in general, enough change continues to cause the death of the organism. In the field of tuberculosis a number of investigators suggested that the causative bacilli may die out in avascular lesions from scarcity of blood-oxygen supply,3 conferring on the host an acquired immunity. Others4 suggested that if tubercle bacilli could be com-
Experimental investigations on the light scattering of colloidal spheres: I. The specific turbidity

Abstract Specific turbidities were measured on 23 nearly monodisperse polystyrene and polyvinyltoluene latices containing rigid spherical particles. The uniform diameters varied systematically from 45 to 824 millimicrons. The particle diameters calculated from the turbidity data by means of the Mie theory agreed so well with electron microscopic diameters that the results can be regarded as a conclusive proof of the Mie theory. A precision apparatus and the general experimental technique are described which allow one to determine particle diameters with a precision of better than 0.33%, which far exceeds the precision obtainable with the electron microscope. It is shown that the refractive index of the scattering spheres must be determined very exactly in order to obtain, in addition, highly accurate particle diameters. Evaluation of the turbidity data by means of the Rayleigh-Gans theory shows that it can give quantitatively significant particle diameters only for a very limited size range if the relative refractive index is near 1.2.
Differential Expression of Genes Regulated in Response to Drought or Salinity Stress in Sunflower

Structural and functional characterization of environmental stress-induced genes has contributed to a better understanding of how plants respond and adapt to different abiotic stresses. Differential display was used to compare overall differences in gene expression between drought- or salinity-stressed and unstressed (control) plants of sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. Five drought-regulated cDNAs and 12 salinity-regulated cDNAs were cloned and sequenced. Thirteen of these cDNAs were confirmed to be expressed differentially in response to drought or salinity stress by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Regulation of the expression of these 13 genes was analyzed in leaves of drought-stressed plants, and in roots and shoots of drought- and salinity-stressed seedlings. Results showed that certain genes respond to both stresses, while others are uniquely regulated either in terms of the stress stimulus or the plant tissue. Sequence analysis of these clones identified five with homology to known genes [guanylate kinase (signal transduction), lytB (antibiotic/drug resistance), selenium-binding protein (heavy metal stress), polyprotein (reverse transcriptase), and AC-like transposable element]. The possible functions of these genes in plant stress-response are discussed.
Inheritance and Development of Chinese Traditional Culture in Architecture Design

Chinese traditional culture has a profound influence on architecture design,such as traditional layout and humanity thought.Architecture design should carry out the innovation based on inheritance,preserve valuable elements in traditional culture,creatively integrate the architectural design and traditional culture for the natural and harmonious effect so as to promote cultural relics protection.
Self-Powered Wireless Affinity-Based Biosensor Based on Integration of Paper-Based Microfluidics and Self-Assembled RFID Antennas

This paper presents a wireless, self-powered, affinity-based biosensor based on the integration of paper-based microfluidics with our previously reported method for self-assembling radio-frequency (RF) antennas. At the core of the proposed approach is a silver-enhancement technique that grows portions of a RF antenna in regions where target antigens hybridize with target specific affinity probes. The hybridization regions are defined by a network of nitrocellulose based microfluidic channels which implement a self-powered approach to sample the reagent and control its flow and mixing. The integration substrate for the biosensor has been constructed using polyethylene and the patterning of the antenna on the substrate has been achieved using a low-cost ink-jet printing technique. The substrate has been integrated with passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags to demonstrate that the resulting sensor-tag can be used for continuous monitoring in a food supply-chain where direct measurement of analytes is typically considered to be impractical. We validate the proof-of-concept operation of the proposed sensor-tag using IgG as a model analyte and using a 915 MHz Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tagging technology.
Motions in Limine: Character Problems and Bad Acts

This paper presents an overview of the use of character evidence in trials, with special emphasis on"bad acts," "prior bad acts," and impeachment. There is a focus on using motions in limine to limit the use of character evidence at trial. Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) 401-403, 404, 405, 406, 412, 413, 414, 415, 608, and 609 have particular relevance.
The Discourse of the Ecological Precariat: Making Sense of Social Disruption in the Lower Ninth Ward in the Long-Term Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina†

The Lower Ninth Ward in New Orleans was ground zero for Hurricane Katrina. In the prolonged aftermath, residents were forced to deal with social abandonment, discriminatory rebuilding policies, the BP disaster, redistricting, and the everyday toxic assault that comes from living in Cancer Alley. A 14-month ethnography of the neighborhood revealed residents’ understanding of Katrina was grounded in a larger pattern of discourse surrounding extreme environmental threats. While not everyone in the community talked about suffering in the same way, there was a common discourse stemming from a cultural coherence based on shared perceptions and understandings of social disruption from the environment. This coherence reveals a discourse of environmental suffering. I refer to residents who employed this discourse as the ecological precariat. In this article, I focus on the discursive responses to suffering that constitute this particular way of making sense of suffering. In doing so, I denote three dominant discourses, including distrust, uncertainty, and confusion.
Frederick Goldin, The Mirror of Narcissus in the Courtly Love Lyric: Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1967. Pp. 272.

(1969). Frederick Goldin, The Mirror of Narcissus in the Courtly Love Lyric. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 152-153.
President Emeritus Miguel A. Nevárez: An Agent for Social Justice in Higher Education:

This study chronicles important contributions made by Miguel A. Nevarez, an Hispanic model for social justice in higher education. An analysis of archival records and interviews shows how Nevarez b...
Perspectives on safe operating region and field weakening operation in electrical machines

This paper discusses the issue of safe operating speed torque zone and field weakening in electrical machines from a somewhat different viewpoint than in the existing literature, including textbooks. At present, field weakening in electrical machines is viewed as an issue due to limitation of available input voltage which prevents a desired current to flow into the motor due to back emf at high speeds. This issue, along with the issue of safe operating zone, is examined in this paper with elaborations on the total loss in the machine which includes magnetic loss, copper loss, and also rotational and windage losses. The author believes that this gives a more complete and accurate picture of the situation and leads to a more scientifically accurate reasoning towards implementation of field weakening (if necessary), and also describing the safe operating zone in electrical machines.
Altered ADAMTS-13 Expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells.

von Willebrand factor (vWF), as secreted by endothelial cells (ECs), is a highly thrombogenic, ultra-large multimeric protein which promotes platelet adhesion and clot formation. This ultra-large vWF would lead to platelet aggregation even without vascular injury if not for the activity of a plasma vWF-cleaving protease, ADAMTS-13, which cleaves the ultra-large vWF multimers upon secretion into the more moderately-sized, less thrombogenic multimers commonly found circulating in normal plasma. The production of ADAMTS-13 was first described in hepatic stellate cells, but has since been found to be produced in a variety of tissues and cell types including ECs. Production of ADAMTS-13 by ECs is of interest as the newly secreted ultra-large vWF is immediately cleaved on the surface of ECs by ADAMTS-13. Quiescent ECs normally exist as a confluent non-thrombogenic monolayer lining the lumen of the vasculature. Damage to the EC monolayer results in cell activation, stimulating not only thrombosis but proliferation as the ECs attempt to prevent blood loss and repair vascular wall damage. To assess the production of ADAMTS-13 by human umbilical vein ECs, as measured by a commercially-available ELISA (American Diagnostica Inc., Stamford, CT), cellular supernatants were collected and cellular proteins extracted from either confluent ECs (EC monolayers), damaged confluent ECs (EC monolayers which had narrow strips of cells removed with a sterile pipette tip), or subconfluent ECs (50% confluence). After four hours, supernatants from subconfluent ECs contained 2.5X as much ADAMTS-13 (161.5±29.1 pg/ml/μg cellular protein; p
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES USED TO STUDY THE METABOLISM OF PESTICIDES IN LARGE ANIMALS

ABSTRACT. The experimental equipment, procedures and techniques that may be used to study the metabolism of pesticides in large animals (chickens, sheep, goats, swine, cattle, and horses) are reviewed and discussed. Specific topics that are emphasized include: (1) techniques for administration of pesticides to animals; (2) metabolism stalls and cages for restraining experimental animals; (3) methods and equipment for separate and quantitative collection of excreta, respiratory gases and other volatile products from animals; (4) surgical techniques used to modify animals for metabolic studies (colostomy, cannulations, fistulations, etc.); (5) biopsy techniques; and (6) in vitro techniques that may be useful for studying the metabolism of pesticides in large animals .
An iterative fullwave simulation approach to multiple scattering in media with randomly distributed microbubbles

Ultrasound contrast agents (UCA), such as microbubbles, enhance the scattering properties of blood, which is otherwise hypoechoic. The multiple scattering interactions of the acoustic field with UCA are poorly understood due to the complexity of the multiple scattering theories and the nonlinear microbubble response. The majority of bubble models describe the behavior of UCA as single, isolated microbubbles suspended in infinite medium. Multiple scattering models such as the independent scattering approximation can approximate phase velocity and attenuation for low scatterer volume fractions. However, all current models and simulation approaches only describe multiple scattering and nonlinear bubble dynamics separately. Here we present an approach that combines two existing models: (1) a full-wave model that describes nonlinear propagation and scattering interactions in a heterogeneous attenuating medium and (2) a Paul–Sarkar model that describes the nonlinear interactions between an acoustic field and microbubbles. These two models were solved numerically and combined with an iterative approach. The convergence of this combined model was explored in silico for 0.5 × 106 microbubbles ml−1, 1% and 2% bubble concentration by volume. The backscattering predicted by our modeling approach was verified experimentally with water tank measurements performed with a 128-element linear array transducer. An excellent agreement in terms of the fundamental and harmonic acoustic fields is shown. Additionally, our model correctly predicts the phase velocity and attenuation measured using through transmission and predicted by the independent scattering approximation.
Light scattering spectroscopy identifies the malignant potential of pancreatic cysts during endoscopy

Pancreatic cancers are usually detected at an advanced stage and have poor prognosis. About one fifth of these arise from pancreatic cystic lesions. Yet not all lesions are precancerous, and imaging tools lack adequate accuracy for distinguishing precancerous from benign cysts. Therefore, decisions on surgical resection usually rely on endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). Unfortunately, cyst fluid often contains few cells, and fluid chemical analysis lacks accuracy, resulting in dire consequences, including unnecessary pancreatic surgery for benign cysts and the development of cancer. Here, we report an optical spectroscopic technique, based on a spatial gating fibre-optic probe, that predicts the malignant potential of pancreatic cystic lesions during routine diagnostic EUS-FNA procedures. In a double-blind prospective study in 25 patients, with 14 cysts measured in vivo and 13 postoperatively, the technique achieved an overall accuracy of 95%, with a 95%confidence interval of 78-99%, in cysts with definitive diagnosis.
Ipilimumab: First results of a phase I trial in pediatric patients with advanced solid tumors.

9545 Background: Ipilimumab is a fully-human IgG1 monoclonal anti-CTLA-4 antibody which has been approved by the FDA for adult patients with metastatic melanoma . Although the approved dose is 3mg/...
On Theory Construction in Physics: Continuity from Classical to Quantum

It is well known that the process of quantization—constructing a quantum theory out of a classical theory—is not in general a uniquely determined procedure. There are many inequivalent methods that lead to different choices for what to use as our quantum theory. In this paper, I show that by requiring a condition of continuity between classical and quantum physics, we constrain and inform the quantum theories that we end up with.
The power of self-service technologies in creating transcendent service experiences: The paradox of extrinsic attributes

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to draw upon the theory of consumption values and the experiential value scale to develop a conceptual model concerning hospitality customer’s use of self-service technologies (SSTs) and their impact on consumers’ service experience. Design/methodology/approach Questionnaires were administered to 220 hotel and restaurant customers. The researchers tested the hypotheses by using descriptive analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis. Findings Both extrinsic and intrinsic attributes of SSTs influence consumers’ satisfaction with SST usage significantly, while the extrinsic attributes play a stronger role. It is worth noting that while the intrinsic attributes have a significant impact on consumers’ transcendent service experience, the extrinsic attributes negatively influence such experience. Practical implications The findings help managers create effective strategies to better match consumers’ needs and to deliver more customized self-service experience. The role of SSTs can be expanded beyond functional attributes to satisfy consumers’ curiosity, foster customer–customer interactions and personalize consumer experience. Originality/value Although most SSTs research focus on technology adoption intention, features, functionality and benefits to the service provider, this research is among the first attempts to examine the role of SSTs in creating better consumer experience. The bidimensional conceptualization of SSTs experience developed in this research suggests that SSTs in the hotel and restaurant sector should be utilized for reasons beyond their utilitarian attributes: SSTs should be designed to help create a transcendent service experience.
An Increased Understanding of Enolate Additions under Mechanochemical Conditions

Very little is known about enolate addition chemistry under solver-free mechanochemical conditions. In this report, we investigated the ability to selectively form products arising from the primary, secondary, and tertiary enolates under solvent-free conditions. Using potassium tert-butoxide as the base and primary, secondary, and tertiary electrophiles, we were able to generate various enolate addition products including, 1,3,3,3-tetraphenyl-2,2-dimethyl-1-propanone; a molecule we did not observe under traditional solution-based conditions.
Efficacy of Bicozamycin in Treatment of Acute Diarrhea Caused by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli

Bicozamycin is a new antibiotic first reported by Miyoshi, et al., in 1972.(1) Bicozamycin is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Its spectrum of activity includes many enteropathogens including Escherichia coli in which bicozamycin appears to interfer with biosynthesis of lipoprotein and its incorporation into peptidoglycan in the cell wall.(2) Bicozamycin has no apparent activity against gram-positive, anaerobic organisms, Proteus or Pseudomonas. Finally, plasmid-mediated resistance has been looked for, but only chromosomal resistance to bicozamycin has so far been demonstrated. In view of these features of bicozamycin, a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study of bicozamycin in the empiric treatment of acute diarrhea in a population of U.S. adults newly arrived in Guadalajara, Mexico, was conducted.