cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vitamins and minerals that affect hemostasis and antithrombotic therapies.

The objective of this manuscript is to review the effect of selected vitamins and minerals including vitamin K, Coenzyme Q10, vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium and magnesium on blood coagulation. The article will also discuss the proposed mechanisms by which these nutrients manifest their effect such as by the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, phosphorylation of protein kinase C, modulation of the hydroperoxides and stimulation of platelet inhibitory factors. Vascular spasm is an inherent response to injury that is sympathetically induced and reduces blood flow to the injured area to minimize blood loss. The disrupted blood vessel lining exposes collagen, which induces the aggregation of platelets. Platelets release chemicals from their storage granules among which is adenosine diphosphate (ADP), that perpetuates platelet aggregation at the site of injury. Given this self-perpetuating nature of platelet aggregation, other chemicals are released from
Adjunctive intravaginal metronidazole for the prevention of postcesarean endometritis: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To estimate the efficacy of preoperative administration of intravaginal metronidazole for the prevention of postcesarean endometritis. METHODS: This double-masked, placebo-controlled randomized trial included patients of at least 24 weeks’ gestation undergoing cesarean deliveries for various indications. Patients were randomized to receive either 5 g of metronidazole gel intravaginally or matching placebo before the initiation of the cesarean. All patients underwent surgical cleansing of the abdomen, and most received prophylactic antibiotics after cord clamping. Patients with chorioamnionitis and/or suspected allergy to metronidazole were excluded. For a two-sided α of 0.05 and β of 0.20 (80% power), 120 subjects were required in each group. The main outcome variable was the incidence of postcesarean endometritis. Secondary outcome variables included presence of febrile morbidity, wound infection, days on antibiotics, and length of postpartum hospitalization. Neonatal outcomes included birth weight, Apgar scores less than 7 at 5 minutes, umbilical arterial pH less than 7.16, admission and length of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Of 112 patients receiving metronidazole, eight (7%) developed postcesarean endometritis, compared with 19 of 112 (17%) of those receiving placebo gel (relative risk 0.42, 95% confidence interval 0.19, 0.92). No significant differences were noted between treatment groups with respect to the other outcome variables. CONCLUSION: The preoperative administration of 5 g of intravaginal metronidazole gel appears to reduce the incidence of postcesarean endometritis.
Food intake during tumor growth: anorexia in genetically obese ob/ob mice and hyperphagia in lean mice.

Abstract Recent findings indicate that obese ( ob/ob ) mice suffer a low incidence of lung metastasis and survive longer than lean (+/?) littermates following injection with B16 melanoma cells [34]. The present study examined the food intake of obese and lean mice during the growth of this tumor. Mice from both groups increased their food intake by small and approximately equal amounts during the first three quarters of the survival period following injection with 10 6 cells, and body weights remained fairly stable. During the final quarter, however, obese mice became anorexic whereas lean mice became intensely hyperphagic; body weights changed accordingly. Thus, food intake is differentially affected by tumor growth in this form of genetic obesity.
The diagnosis and treatment of yolk sac tumors in infants and children.

Tumors of germ cell origin are the most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasms of the ovary and testis in infants and children. Although the more frequent adult histological subtypes, such as embryonal carcinoma and seminoma (dysgerminoma), do occur in the pediatric population, one subtype occurs almost exclusively in children. This is the endodermal sinus or yolk sac tumor (YST), so named by Teilum in 1959 because of the resemblance of this tumor to the endodermal sinuses of the rat placenta described by Duval (210). This tumor has been recognized at several extra-gonadal sites, including the presacral area, the anterior mediastinum and the pineal; and, with the exception of tumors originating in the testis, is associated with a poor prognosis. We will review the diagnosis and management of the YST, and will suggest areas where the use of aggressive combination chemotherapy may lead to improved survival of infants and children with this tumor.
Abstract 4: 5' - 3' UTR interactions regulate p53 mRNA translation and provide a target for modulating p53 induction after DNA damage

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Induction of p53 protein is a significant determinant of cellular outcome following exposure to DNA damage or other cellular stresses. Though the increase of p53 protein level after DNA damage is largely attributed to an increase in its protein half-life, optimal induction of p53 protein after DNA damage requires RPL26-mediated increases in p53 mRNA translation (Takagi et al., 2005). We report here the existence of a double-strand RNA region containing complementary sequences of the 5′- and 3′- untranslated regions (UTR) of p53 mRNA that is critical for its translational regulation by RPL26. Mutating as few as three bases in either of the two complementary UTR sequences to disrupt this UTR interaction abrogates the ability of RPL26 to bind to p53 mRNA and to stimulate p53 translation. Compensatory mutations that restore the above UTR interaction rescue RPL26 binding as well as translational regulation of p53 by RPL26. Short, single-strand oligonucleotides containing critical sequences from this RNA interaction region inhibit the binding of RPL26 to p53 mRNA and reduce p53 induction and p53-mediated cell death after several different types of DNA damage and cellular stress. These observations demonstrate a novel mechanism of regulating cellular protein levels and provide a reagent (oligonucleotides) that can be used to modulate stress induction of p53 in cells, a potentially clinically useful intervention. These mechanistic insights also set the stage for identifying small molecules other than oligonucleotides which could modulate p53 induction by targeting this mechanism. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4.
An integrated methodology for knowledge-based system development

Abstract This article details a rigorous development methodology for knowledge-based systems. This rigorous methodology is itself embedded within a multilevel process model for software development. The rigorous methodology is designed to utilize a set of formal or rigorous specifications in a composite style. These specifications detail areas like the knowledge base, the human-computer interface, and the representation, linked together through a process of representation refinement. The rigorous methodology aims at combining the aspects of knowledge engineering, cognitive engineering, and software engineering as they relate to knowledge-based systems. The knowledge-based systems development methodology is embedded withia two-level life-cycle model. The two levels are termed the macro- and microlevels. The macrolevel is used to understand the impact that those factors external to the actual system development have upon the system's creation and life cycle. These external factors include such influences as changes in technology and corporate planning. The microlevel is a process model that utilizes techniques from total quality management, measurement theory, and cost estimation, among others, to assist the software developer in producing software through a process of never-ending quality improvement. All of these techniques are utilized and complimentary to each other. The aim of having two levels is to allow the developer to focus upon each item separately but to understand the factors upon which the factor's development rests and its impact upon the other subprocesses.
Integrating multiple disturbance aspects: management of an invasive thistle, Carduus nutans.

Background and Aims Disturbances occur in most ecological systems, and play an important role in biological invasions. We delimit five key disturbance aspects: intensity, frequency, timing, duration and extent. Few studies address more than one of these aspects, yet interactions and interdependence between aspects may lead to complex outcomes. Methods In a two-cohort experimental study, we examined how multiple aspects (intensity, frequency and timing) of a mowing disturbance regime affect the survival, phenology, growth and reproduction of an invasive thistle Carduus nutans (musk thistle). Key Results Our results show that high intensity and late timing strongly delay flowering phenology and reduce plant survival, capitulum production and plant height. A significant interaction between intensity and timing further magnifies the main effects. Unexpectedly, high frequency alone did not effectively reduce reproduction. However, a study examining only frequency and intensity, and not timing, would have erroneously attributed the importance of timing to frequency. Conclusions We used management of an invasive species as an example to demonstrate the importance of a multiple-aspect disturbance framework. Failure to consider possible interactions, and the inherent interdependence of certain aspects, could result in misinterpretation and inappropriate management efforts. This framework can be broadly applied to improve our understanding of disturbance effects on individual responses, population dynamics and community composition.
Mechanism of inhibitory action of ammonia on the respiration of rat-liver mitochondria

Abstract 1. 1. Addition of ammonia inhibits oxygen uptake in phosphorylating rat-liver mitochondria when α-ketoglutarate or pyruvate is used as substrate. 2. 2. When α-ketoglutarate is used there is an approximately stoichiometric relation between the depression in oxygen uptake and the amount of ammonia incorporated into amino acid: Δ 1 2 O 2 ≅ Δ NH 4 + ≅ Δ α- NH 2 3. 3. The maximum inhibition of oxygen uptake observed under the reported experimental conditions is about 40%. Half-maximal inhibition is obtained with ammonia concentration of 7 · 10 −3 M . 4. 4. Ammonia does not inhibit oxygen uptake in mitochondria respiring in the absence of phosphate acceptor. 5. 5. As an explanation of these results, a competition for DPNH between glutamic dehydrogenase and the electron-transport chain is suggested.
Different Ways to Disagree A Study of Organizational Dissent to Explore Connections Between Mixed Methods Research and Engaged Scholarship

Organizational communication processes are complex, but all too often, researchers oversimplify the study of these processes by relying on a single method. Particularly when scholars and practition...
Detection and Quantification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNA in Patient Serum by Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA was detected and quantified in the serum of HIV-seropositive individuals using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a nonisotopic enzyme-linked affinity assay. Of 55 HIV-infected patients who were not receiving therapy, serum HIV RNA was detected in 9 of 19 who were asymptomatic, 11 of 16 with AIDS-related complex (ARC), and 18 of 20 with AIDS, with copy numbers ranging from 10(2) to greater than or equal to 5 x 10(4) 200 microliters of serum based on a relationship between absorbance and known copy number of gag gene RNA. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a correlation between infectious titer in 42 patient sera cocultured with donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and PCR product absorbance (r = .70, P less than .01). Serum HIV RNA detected by PCR also correlated with serum p24 antigen positivity, CD4 counts less than 400/mm3, and the presence of HIV-related symptoms or disease. Quantification of infectious HIV RNA in cell-free serum by PCR may be useful as a marker for for disease progression or in monitoring antiviral therapy.
A New Method of Closing the Ventricular Septal Defect in Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries

Abstract A new method of closing a perimembranous malalignment ventricular septal defect (VSD) in corrected transposition of the great arteries (TGA) of the {S,L,L} type is presented. The method consists of combined approaches to the VSD through both a right atriotomy and an aortotomy without a ventriculotomy. The VSD is patched obliquely from the morphological right ventricular side of the septum, cranially through the aortic valve to the left ventricular side of the septum, caudally through the mitral valve. Although this method has been successfully applied in only one adult patient, some advantages may be expected: (1) prevention of trauma to the His bundle, which runs along the anterosuperior rim of the VSD on the left ventricular side; and (2) prevention of trauma to the tricuspid, mitral, and aortic valves without having to open the ventricles. We believe that this new method warrants a further trial as possibly better for closure of the VSD in corrected TGA of the {S,L,L} type.
Implementation of a low cost, lightweight X-band antenna with integrated SiGe RF electronics

This paper presents an organic, lightweight X-band antenna array with integrated silicon germanium (SiGe) low noise amplifiers (LNA) and 3-bit phase shifters (PS). The SiGe LNAs and PSs were successfully integrated onto an 8x1 lightweight antenna stack-up utilizing a multilayer liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate. Successful comparisons of the measured and simulated results verify a working antenna array with a return loss of around 10 dB across the frequency band of 9.25 GHz – 9.75 GHz. A comparison of radiation patterns for the 8×1 antenna with integrated SiGe LNA and the 8x1 antenna with integrated SiGe LNA and PS show a 16 dB and 25 dB increase in gain, respectively. The ultimate goal is to develop an airborne X-band radar capable of a beam steering of at least ±40° through utilization of low power highly integrated SiGe electronics on a low cost multi-layer organic platform. This paper represents the first successful demonstration of a building block prototype (i.e., a fully integrated, high gain X-band antenna with SiGe LNAs and SiGe phase shifters) that can be expanded to a complete active phased array for remote sensing applications in X-band.
Some aspects of the large‐scale turbulence and diffusion in the atmosphere

The Eulerian and Lagrangian autocorrelations and energy spectra of the large-scale turbulent motion in the atmosphere are computed and analysed. It is found that the distributions of the Eulerian and Lagrangian autocorrelations of the zonal velocities show the characteristic of an exponentially decreasing function, whereas those of the meridional velocities exhibit the behaviour of a sinusoidal function with a damping amplitude. The energy spectra appear to be proportional to the minus second power of the frequency in the high frequencies. Analyses are also made of the energy spectra, autocorrelations, and the Eulerian-Lagrangian time scale transformation in a planetary wave model. The ratio of the Eulerian and Lagrangian frequencies for the large-scale atmospheric turbulence is found to be a function of the mean zonal velocity, latitude, and the angular wave number of the planetary wave. Comparisons are made of the energy spectra and autocorrelations derived from the planetary wave model and those found from observations.
Differentiation between melt and freeze stages of the melt cycle using SSM/I channel ratios

Microwave remote sensing detection of snow melt and ablation generally focuses on the detection of liquid moisture in the snow-pack. For ablation estimation, it is important to determine if wet snow is in the process of melting or freezing. The different stages of the melt cycle are observed in the diurnal variation of T/sub b/ measurements from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) over Greenland. SSM/I channel ratios exhibit patterns indicating that they are sensitive to melt and freeze stages of the daily melt cycle. The horizontal to vertical polarization ratio is sensitive to surface wetness associated with melting. The 19-37-GHz frequency ratio is sensitive to a frozen surface layer over wet snow which is associated with the freeze stage of the melt cycle. These observations are supported by conceptual models presented here and in in situ measurements from other investigators.
Medically recorded allergies and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Abstract Data on five allergic conditions were abstracted from the medical records of 180 cases of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and 718 matched controls. Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were estimated for composite variables and for individual allergies using conditional logistic regression modelling. Allergies were divided into late and early diagnoses (those made within the year before the matched case's ALL diagnosis and those made earlier, respectively). Among the early diagnoses, atopy or hives was significantly associated with ALL (OR=2.20; 95% CI: 1.16–4.16). Significant associations were found for late diagnoses of atopy or hives (OR=3.78; 95% CI: 1.00–14.29) and of asthma (OR=3.10; 95% CI: 1.39–6.95). None of the other allergic conditions were associated with ALL. These results are contrary to those of prior studies of childhood ALL and allergy.
Decentralized Reconfiguration for Self-Organizing Resource-Flow Systems Based on Local Knowledge

The introduction of self-organization into a system promises, among other things, to reduce the system's complexity and to increase the system's robustness against failures and its adaptability to changes in its environment. An example for systems that profit from self-organization are resource-flow systems, e.g., production lines. Such systems are characterized by a number of independent agents that process resources by applying capabilities according to a given task. This paper introduces a decentralized reconfiguration mechanism that restructures a part of a resource-flow system in case of a failure. In order to do so, agents coordinate based on local knowledge and combine themselves into groups which are called coalitions. Each coalition then tries to restore the system's functionality, returning a previously consistent and correct system to a new consistent state, thus re-enabling correct processing of resources. As only local coalitions are formed, the parts of the system not involved in the reconfiguration process stay functional, meaning that the overall system does not come to a standstill.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Critical Illness

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychiatric condition that can occur after a traumatic event. Individuals exposed to traumatic events are at risk for PTSD and other psychologic morbidity, such as depression, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and substance abuse. The burden of PTSD can be high, with inability to work or return to prior levels of functioning. Emerging literature suggests a significantly increased risk for symptoms of PTSD among survivors of critical illness and the families of patients who survive or die after critical illness. This review summarizes these studies and provides suggestions for current clinical implications and for future research.
Microstructure of heteroepitaxially grown RuO2 thin films on MgO by pulsed-laser deposition

Conductive ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 ) thin films with a room-temperature resistivity of 35 μΩ cm and a residual resistivity ratio above 5 have been heteroepitaxially grown on MgO(100) substrates by pulsed-laser deposition. The heteroepitaxial growth of RuO 2 on MgO is confirmed by both the strong in-plane and the strong out-of-plane orientation of the film with respect to major axes of the substrate. The orientation relationship between the RuO 2 film and the MgO substrate, deduced from both X-ray and electron diffraction, is (100) RuO2 ∥(100) MgO and [001] RuO2 ∥[011] MgO (and [110] RuO2 ∥[011] MgO ). High-resolution electron microscopy reveals that the epitaxial RuO 2 film contains two variants that are consistent with the X-ray diffraction measurement.
Theoretical study of two-photon absorption properties of organic Π-conjugated materials for photovoltaic devices

Frequency up-conversion describes the conversion of low energy incident photons towards higher energy photons via active material. Two-photon absorption is one of the approaches for this strategy which can improve the efficiency in the solar cell. In this report, the molecular structures were designed from the symmetrical grafting of two elongated conjugated linker on a conjugated core and then adding donor group at both the terminals. Fluorine derivatives as a core acceptor, phenylethynl as the conjugated linker and diphenylamino or methyl-9H-carbozole as the donor end groups were selected for the design. Such conjugated molecules bearing two electron-releasing (donor) end-groups display large two-photon absorption cross section. All the calculations were performed using time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) with B3LYP/6-31G.
Women in Federal Law Enforcement: The Role of Gender Role Orientations and Sexual Orientation in Mentoring

Women have always been under-represented in United States’ law enforcement relative to the population, but women are successful law enforcement officers who bring important skills to the field. Thus, understanding work experiences and the barriers female law enforcement officers face is critical in retaining and promoting women in the field. However, law enforcement is also a masculine, male-dominated occupation causing even greater occupational stress to women through discrimination, exclusion, and harassment (Kakar 2002). The goal of this study was to analyze the relationships among gender role orientations (masculinity and femininity), sexual orientation, and mentoring for female sworn federal law enforcement officers throughout the United States. It was hypothesized that (1) masculine female officers would receive more mentoring, (2) low femininity would enhance masculinity’s effect, (3) sexual minorities would receive less mentoring, negating the beneficial effects of masculinity when the interaction is taken into account, and last, (4) the 3-way interaction between masculinity, femininity, and sexual orientation would uniquely impact mentoring. In the current sample, masculinity was found to positively relate to career mentoring and role modeling whereas sexual orientation was negatively related to career mentoring. The three-way interaction between masculinity, femininity, and sexual orientation also significantly related to career mentoring and role modeling; implications and future directions are discussed.
Controllers and Noncontrollers: A Typology of Older Americans and their Caregivers’ Approaches to Managing the Private Funding of Long-Term Care

Virtually all the parents of the baby boom generation are now elderly, and baby boomers are facing long-term care as a real-life, intensely personal problem. The inadequacies of the American long-term-care system for meeting the needs of anyone--regardless of age, illness, or disability-are widely discussed. Many of these inadequacies relate to the financing of long-term care. In this study, the authors focus on older Americans' reactions to this issue and, in particular, how life course events and family background affect their ability to privately finance care. Using qualitative data, the authors propose highlyfocused views of individual responses to the current long-term care system in the United States.
Establishing and refinement of customer profile using transactional data

Customer profiling is becoming increasing important in modern retail industry. In this paper, we propose an approach which can either build customer profile from scratch or refine existing customer profiles. In our method, all the products in sale are attached with pre-defined labels. We build the customer profile according to the corresponding transactional data. The advantage of this approach can be summarized as follows: (1) The transactional data can provide better understanding of the characteristic of the customers; (2) The customer profile can be updated adaptively and reflect the newest behavior of the customer. Experimental results indicate the advantage of our methods.
Slow-acting Amine Polymerization Accelerators. Para-dimethylaminobenzoic Acid and Its Ethyl Ester

From theoretical considerations both para-dimethylaminobenzoic acid and its ethyl ester would be expected to be slow-acting polymerization accelerators. Using these relatively slow-acting amine accelerators with a fast-polymerizing monomer system, it was possible to formulate composite materials having acceptable setting times at 37°C and excellent diametral tensile strengths.
Learning Objects, Learning Object Repositories, and Learning Theory: Preliminary Best Practices for Online Courses

This paper evaluates current practices in the use of learning objects in online courses, reviews best practices, and suggests new approaches that incorporate learning theory. In doing so, the paper also explores the relationship between the use of learning objects and learning theory. The analysis and observations are based on surveys of existing approaches, best practices, and handson experience. Placing the use of learning objects within the context of constructivist epistemologies is seen as pivotal to understanding how to effectively use them within online courses. In addition, it responds to the challenge of the eclectic epistemology that confronts the instructional designer, the e-learner, and the facilitator, and it provides a method for using learning objects to overcome ambiguity and barriers to student persistence in a distance learning setting. The paper discusses how to apply motivation theories to the use of learning objects and how doing so can help learners achieve outcome goals. Further, the paper addresses learner needs and limitations and discusses how learning objects can be deployed in a way that maximizes accommodation and flexibility. It discusses cases of successful and unsuccessful uses of learning objects in online learning, and proposes guidelines for best practices. Keyword: Learning objects, learning theories, repositories, online courses
Random Evolutions with Underlying Semi-Markov Processes

of the random evolution. Extensions of the initial definition and its uses have been completed by various authors and are reported in the surveys of Hersh [13] and Pinsky [27]. In this paper we extend the definition of random evolution to the case in which the underlying process is a semi-Markov process. We prove new representation theorems for solutions of various abstract integral equations in terms of this generalized random evolution. In particular, we use a special type of random evolution with underlying semi-Markov process to give a new representation for the solution of abstract Cauchy problems of the type treated by Griego-Hersh and, motivated through this representation, we generate new limit theorems of 'generalized- central-limit-theorem type' for the abstract Cauchy solutions. In Section one we present background results on Markov renewal processes and semi-Markov processes which we need in this development. In Section two we define the random evolution with underlying semi-Markov process and related notions; we then prove conditioning results for the random evolutions and representation theorems for solutions of abstract integral equations in terms of
Axis II comorbidity of borderline personality disorder: description of 6-year course and prediction to time-to-remission.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the axis II comorbidity of 202 patients whose borderline personality disorder (BPD) remitted over 6 years of prospective follow-up to that of 88 whose BPD never remitted. Method: The axis II comorbidity of 290 patients meeting both DIB-R and DSM-III-R criteria for BPD was assessed at baseline using a semistructured interview of demonstrated reliability. Over 96% of surviving patients were reinterviewed about their co-occurring axis II disorders blind to all previously collected information at three distinct follow-up waves: 2-, 4-, and 6-year follow-up. Results: Both remitted and non-remitted borderline patients experienced declining rates of most types of axis II disorders over time. However, the rates of avoidant, dependent, and self-defeating personality disorders remained high among non-remitted borderline patients. Additionally, the absence of these three disorders was found to be significantly correlated with a borderline patient's likelihood-of-remission and time-to-remission; self-defeating personality disorder by a factor of 4, dependent personality disorder by a factor of 3, and avoidant personality disorder by a factor of almost 2. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that axis II disorders co-occur less commonly with BPD over time, particularly for remitted borderline patients. They also suggest that anxious cluster disorders are the axis II disorders which most impede symptomatic remission from BPD.
Oral Budesonide in the Management of Crohn's Disease

ObjectiveTo review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of oral budesonide (Entocort EC) in the treatment of mild to moderate Crohn's disease (CD).Data SourcesThe MEDLINE database (1966–December 2002) was searched using the key words budesonide and inflammatory bowel diseases and restricted to the English language. The references from relevant articles were also reviewed for additional citations.Study Selection and Data ExtractionArticles and abstracts that evaluated oral budesonide for management of CD were considered, with emphasis on randomized, controlled clinical trials.Data SynthesisBudesonide's high potency at the glucocorticoid receptor and extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism result in a topical antiinflammatory effect on intestinal tissue, with minimal systemic glucocorticoid adverse effects. Clinical trials have demonstrated that budesonide is effective in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate CD of the ileum and ascending colon, with efficacy similar to prednis...
Assessment of possible high-energy neutral beam injection in DIII-D

The feasibility of injecting a high-energy neutral particle beam in the DIII-D tokamak is examined. From numerical calculations of beam deposition, beam losses, and current drive, it is concluded that neutral beam injection up to an energy of 300 to 500 keV is viable. The effect of multistep excitation processes on enhancing the ionization cross section of the energetic neutral particles is beneficial for such an experiment not only in terms of shirethrough reduction but also for mitigating prompt a bit losses of energetic ions. The knowledge obtained from such experiments would be essential for design, planning, and success for future large tokamak devices that will employ negative-ion based, high-energy neutral beam injectors. >
Oncogenes and Retroviruses in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic disorder of currently still unknown etiology. Its most serious and debilitating consequences are derived from the destruction of affected joints. An exceedingly large number of reports have described the histopathologic lesions in the rheumatoid joint. However, the interpretation of these observations must be carefully guarded because of the static nature of the studies and the usually advanced stage of joint destruction.
Innovation und Technologie aus Sicht der Unternehmen

Innovation und Technologie sind wichtig fur ein Land und fur jeden Burger. In den Schlagzeilen der Medien ist daruber fast taglich zu lesen: ▪ Deutsche Unternehmen verlieren im Wettlauf um die Zukunftsmarkte an Boden. 2,2 % weniger fur Innovationen als im Vorjahr.1 ▪ Innovationsindikator 2006 liegt vor: Deutschland gewinnt an Fahrt, aber andere Nationen sind schneller.2
Evidence of nosocomial transmission of human rhinovirus in a neonatal intensive care unit

Nosocomial respiratory infections cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially among the extremely susceptible neonatal population. Human rhinovirus C is a common viral respiratory illness that causes significant complications in children <2 years old. We describe a nosocomial outbreak of human rhinovirus C in a level II-III neonatal intensive care unit in an urban public safety net hospital.
Vasculitis presenting as primary leptomeningeal enhancement with minimal parenchymal findings

In this case of biopsy-proved granulomatous angiitis, MR showed prominent leptomeningeal enhancement with comparatively little parenchymal involvement. Pathologically, granulomatous angiitis chiefly affects small vessels, with a predilection for those in the leptomeninges. Although marked leptomeningeal enhancement is not the most common finding, vasculitis should be added to the differential diagnosis of this MR appearance.
Introduction to Many-Body Physics in Ultracold Atomic Gases

Many of the most important, interesting, and vexing problems we encounter are questions about the behavior of large collections of objects: How do atoms organize themselves to form diverse materials such as plastics, metals, fluids, and magnets? How do connected neurons collectively result in intelligence? How do competing organisms give rise to ecosystems? How do humans organize themselves into groups, economies, and societies? Each of these questions shares the common thread of being a question about how entities come together to give rise to behavior not obviously connected to the underlying entities. In physics, the study of large collections of interacting objects is referred to as “many-body physics.”
Constructing Multinomial Option Pricing Models: Illustrations for Practice and Education

Binomial pricing trees are often used to value options. However, binomial models can easily become very large and cumbersome. Multinomial option pricing trees can be constructed that produce results equivalent to binomial option pricing trees. The advantage of creating multinomial trees is that they are smaller and easier to construct than binomial trees. In this paper, trinomial and quintinomial option pricing trees are developed and compared to simple binomial trees, illustrating the similarities and differences. These multinomial pricing trees are much smaller and more compact because they require fewer calculations to produce results equivalent to binomial trees. Methods for valuing put and call options, European and American options, and accounting for dividends are also illustrated. Multinomial option pricing trees can be helpful to students in understanding how the models work and useful to practitioners in constructing simple option pricing models.
Offset And Angle Domain Common-image Gathers For Shot-profile Migration

In order to estimate elastic parameters of the subsurface, geophysicists need reliable information about angle-dependent reflectivity. In this paper, we describe how to image nonzero offsets during shot-profile migration so that they can be mapped to the angle domain with Sava and Fomel’s (2000) transformation. CIGs also contain information about how well focused events are at depth, and so provide a natural domain for migration-focusing velocity analysis.
Study on pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of itraconazole dispersible tablets in healthy volunteers

Objective:To study the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence between itraconazole dispersible tablets and itraconazole capsules in 18 male healthy volunteers.Method:A dose of 0.2 g itraconazole dispersible tablets and itraconazule capsules were given according to a randomized cross-over design.Plasma concentrations of itraconazole were determined by HPLC.ANOVA was used to check the difference of the means of the pharmacokinetic parameters between the two preparations.Bioequivalence was determined by t-tests.Results:The concentration-time curves of both preparations fitted to a one-compartment model.The main pharmacokinetic parameters of itraconazole dispersible tablets and itraconazolc cap- sules AUC_(0→72),AUC_(0→(?)),C_(max),T_(max),t_(1/2)were(2221.9±762.9)and(2311.9±844.4)ng·h~(-1)·mL~(-1),(2374.2±790.8)and(2473.3±878.9)ng·h~(-1)·mL~(-1),(179.8±56.8)and(174.1±64.1)ng/mL,(3.6±1.0)and(4.1±1.3)h,(16.5±4.2)and(17.5±3.1)h respec- tively.The relative bioavailability was(97.8±14.0)%.Conclusions:Itraconazole dispersible tablets and itraconazole capsules were bioequiva- lent.
High-Resolution Estimation of Multiple Cell Populations in Tissue Using Confocal Stereology

Abstract Confocal microscopy provides high-resolution imaging of cell distribution that can be detected by multiple labels. Stereology provides a statistically valid approach to estimate cell populations at high resolution, enabling small between-group differences to be detected. Combining these two approaches generates a powerful tool for quantitative histology, provided the strength and limitations of each approach are appropriately taken into account in the study design. These strengths and limitations are discussed along with practical considerations for conducting a confocal stereological study. Specific procedures for implementing stereology on a confocal microscope are provided, ranging from fully manual operation to completely software-driven approaches. Properly acquiring image stacks for confocal stereology requires a large investment in time and resources, so the value of the result should justify this expenditure.
Are empathy and concern psychologically distinct

Researchers have long been interested in the relationship between feeling what you believe others feel-often described as empathy-and caring about the welfare of others-often described as compassion or concern. Many propose that empathy is a prerequisite for concern and is therefore the ultimate motivator of prosocial actions. To assess this hypothesis, the authors developed the Empathy Index, which consists of 2 novel scales, and explored their relationship to a measure of concern as well as to measures of cooperative and altruistic behavior. A series of factor analyses reveal that empathy and concern consistently load on different factors. Furthermore, they show that empathy and concern motivate different behaviors: concern for others is a uniquely positive predictor of prosocial action whereas empathy is either not predictive or negatively predictive of prosocial actions. Together these studies suggest that empathy and concern are psychologically distinct and empathy plays a more limited role in our moral lives than many believe. (PsycINFO Database Record
African American Dementia Caregiver Problem Inventory: Descriptive analysis and initial psychometric evaluation.

Objectives The primary objectives of the present study were: (a) to develop the African American Dementia Caregiver Problem Inventory (DCPI-A) that assesses the types and frequency of problems reported by African American dementia caregivers seeking cognitive-behavioral intervention, (b) to evaluate the intercoder reliability of the DCPI-A, and (c) to measure the perceived severity of common problems reported by this caregiver population. Method The development of the DCPI-A was divided into 3 major steps: (a) creating an initial sample pool of caregiver problems derived from 2 parent randomized clinical trials, (b) formulating a preliminary version of the DCPI-A, and (c) finalizing the development of the DCPI-A that includes 20 problem categories with explicit coding rules, definitions, and illustrative examples. Results The most commonly reported caregiver problems fell into 5 major categories: (a) communication problems with care recipients, family members, and/or significant others, (b) problems with socialization, recreation, and personal enhancement time; (c) problems with physical health and health maintenance, (d) problems in managing care recipients' activities of daily living; and (e) problems with care recipients' difficult behaviors. Intercoder reliability was moderately high for both percent agreement and Cronbach's kappa. A similar positive pattern of results was obtained for the analysis of coder drift. Conclusions The descriptive analysis of the types and frequency of problems of African American dementia caregivers coupled with the outcomes of the psychometric evaluation bode well for the adoption of the DCPI-A in clinical settings. (PsycINFO Database Record
Estrogen and combined hormone therapy for women after genital malignancies: a review.

This review summarizes information regarding estrogen therapy (ET) and hormone therapy (HT) for women with endometrial cancer as well as other gynecologic malignancies. The cumulative experience from 4 case-control studies consists of 537 affected women. Of the 228 patients who received estrogen therapy, 3.5% developed recurrences as opposed to 16.5% among the 309 women receiving no therapy. Administration of ET at an early stage of disease is therefore appropriate if a few conditions are fulfilled. The impact of estrogen on other gynecologic malignancies is not as evident. As to ovarian cancer, the information on hormone employment is scantier and derives mainly from statistical analysis of data on healthy users of estrogen alone or combined with progestin. Several age-matched, case-control studies and 4 meta-analyses disclosed a higher rate, though not significant, of the later development of ovarian cancer among hormone users. Focusing on patients with disease, 2 trials conducted so far have failed to demonstrate ally change in survival or mortality from ET or HT. It is agreed, however, that the histologic type of the tumor is an important factor to consider prior to the initiation of such therapy. The current literature permits ET in most cases of ovarian cancer, but further studies are needed to clearly delineate specific contraindications. Utilizing estrogen compounds has no bearing on risks of later developing squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, or tubal, vulvar or vaginal cancer. Those conditions do not seem to contraindicate later employment of ET or HT. A previous history of cervical adenocarcinoma, however, definitely prohibits the use of these hormonal regimens.
Eilenberg–MacLane Spaces, Cohomology, and Principal Fibrations

This chapter begins by showing that maps of a CW complex to an Eilenberg–MacLane space are classified by the elements in a cohomology group. Then principal fibrations with fiber an Eilenberg–MacLane space are classified by elements in a similar cohomology group.
Measuring the Economic Integration of Immigrants—A Cross-National Comparison Between Canada and Germany

This paper compares the economic integration of immigrants into the labor force between Germany and Canada. Both Canada and Germany rely on immigrants to remain competitive in the economy due to low birth rates and an aging population in both countries. Canada and Germany are based on two contradictory discourses in their consideration of immigration. While Canada has relied since its colonization by the British and French on immigrants for economic expansion and nation building, Germany never considered itself to be an immigrant country, but rather as a host of guest workers who would leave 1 day when their labor power was not needed any longer. Thus, a cross-national comparison between two opposing immigration discourses is a valuable contribution to the global research on immigration as it can highlight similarities and differences in the successful economic integration of immigrants. Further, it can point to determining factors that contribute to the economic integration of immigrants. In order to measure if the two countries have differences in the success of economic integration of immigrants, the measures of unemployment rates, field of work, and income of immigrants are compared and contrasted.
Chasing a Dark Horse: Pursuit and Identity in Anacreon’s ‘Thracian Filly’ Fragment [417 pmg]

This paper argues that the addressee of Anacreon 417 PMG, or the ‘Thracian filly’ fragment, is a virgin girl instead of a hetaira. This identification is substantiated by contextualizing the fragment within Anacreon’s corpus, by engaging in a close reading of the fragment, and by linking the fragment to the Odes of Horace. The analysis of these sources reveals an erotic chase pattern in which an experienced man pursues a youthful object of desire and suggests that this chase pattern was employed by Anacreon to compose amatory poems outside the context of the symposium.
Disorders of ECF Volume: Volume Contraction

As stated in Chap. 6, the maintenance of extracellular fluid (ECF) volume is dependent on the extracellular concentration of Na+ ([Na+]). An increase in total body Na+ causes an expansion in ECF volume, and a decrease in total body Na+ reduces ECF volume. Most of the critically ill patients and patients with less availability of salt and water develop volume contraction, because it is rather difficult to induce volume contraction in humans with normal renal function. The signs and symptoms of volume contraction depend on the rapidity of Na+ loss. Sudden loss of Na+ causes a marked reduction in blood pressure and cardiac output, whereas slow and sustained loss results in a slight decrease in blood pressure. Pure water loss results in hypertonicity with high serum [Na+], whereas loss of both Na+ and water leads to low blood pressure.
33 Metal Chelate Compounds in Homogeneous Aqueous Catalysis

The catalytic reactions of metal ions may be divided into two general classifications: reactions in which the metal chelate compound is permanently altered, as a result of the reaction which takes place, and reactions in which the metal chelate compound remains unchanged. The first class includes both redox reactions, in which the metal ion changes valence, and reactions in which no change of oxidation state takes place. Examples of metal-catalyzed redox reactions are the oxidation of oxalate through the formation of the Mn(III) chelate and the oxidation of ascorbic acid by the Cu(II) ion. Examples of reactions in which the chelating compound is changed without the involvement of the metal ion in a redox step are catalysis by various metal ions of β-keto acid decarboxylation, transamination reactions of Schiff bases derived from pyridoxal, and the hydrolytic cleavage of various Schiff bases through chelate formation. Reactions of the second type, which take place without effecting a permanent change in the structure or composition of the metal chelate compound, may be considered to represent a true metal chelate catalysis. The peptidase action of metalactivated enzymes is one of a large number of examples of this type which have been proposed for biological systems. The action of Cu(II) chelates of various diamines is described as an example of metal chelate catalysis in the hydrolysis of diisopropylfluorophosphate. The probable nature of these catalytic reactions is outlined, and the factors which seem to render a metal chelate compound an effective catalyst are described.