cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isomerization of Alkanes

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the isomerization of butanes, pentanes, hexanes, heptanes, and higher alkanes. The need for isobutane as a charging stock for alkylation processes and the necessity for converting low octane number straight chain hydrocarbons to their higher octane number branched chain isomers, gives an impetus to the study of isomerization of alkanes. The isomerization of liquid paraffins (like pentane and hexane) proceeds in the presence of aluminum halides-hydrogen halides. This isomerization, however, is always accompanied by decomposition. In the case of heptanes and higher molecular weight alkanes, the use of hydrogen is not successful in inhibiting the cracking reaction. The most important catalysts found for this reaction are aluminum chloride and aluminum bromide. Various other catalysts, such as sulfuric acid, and molybdenum oxide also have been investigated for the isomerization of alkanes. The isomerization in the presence of the oxide catalysts proceeds usually at high temperatures and in the presence of hydrogen.
Redetermination of olivenite from an untwinned single-crystal

The crystal structure of olivenite, ideally Cu2(AsO4)(OH) [dicopper(II) arsenate(V) hydroxide], was redetermined from an untwinned and phosphate-containing natural sample, composition Cu2(As0.92P0.08O4), from Majuba Hill (Nevada, USA). Olivenite is structurally analogous with the important rock-forming mineral andalusite, Al2OSiO4. Its structure consists of chains of edge-sharing, distorted [CuO4(OH)2] octa­hedra extending parallel to [001]. These chains are cross-linked by isolated AsO4 tetra­hedra through corner-sharing, forming channels in which dimers of edge-sharing [CuO4(OH)] trigonal bipyramids are located. The structure is stabilized by medium to weak O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In contrast to the previous refinements from powder and single crystal X-ray data, all non-H atoms were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters and the H atom was located.
Formation of Au Colloid Particles in Silica Glass by Ion Implantation.

Formation of Au colloid particles and their optical property have been investigated in silica glasses implanted with Au+ ions at an acceleration energy of 1.5MeV and fluence levels of 1016-1017 ions/cm2. The Au colloid particles are formed in the as-implanted glasses. It is inferred that the average radius of Au colloid particles depends on the fluence level, although the fluence level does not affect the distribution of Au atomic concentration. The heat-treatment little affects the Au atomic distribution. The Au colloid particles grow to 4.3nm in average radius during heat treatment. It is revealed that the large nonlinear optical property of the Au+ -ion-implanted silica glass is attributed to the high concentration of the Au colloid particles in the narrow region.
A fast spectral algorithm for the quantum Boltzmann collision operator

J.H. would like to thank KAUST for their generous support. L.Y. was supported in part by the NSF under CAREER grant DMS-0846501.
The Voting Rights Act and Louisiana: Twenty Years of Enforcement

This article examines the interaction of structural change (laws affecting voting rights) and cultural continuities (differences between the Protestant and black Catholic political cultures) on the level and quality of black political participation in Louisiana. Blacks who at mid-century resided in the French-Catholic parishes were more likely to register and vote than blacks who lived outside these parishes. The advent of the Voting Rights Act has radically changed this pattern. Northern parishes having the highest proportion of black population, the highest land tenancy rates, and a tradition of a plantation economy are now among the parishes exhibiting the highest rates of black voter registration.
Solitary cystic cerebellar metastasis in a patient with invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCC) represents nearly 90% of genitourinary malignancies and typically presents with locally invasive symptoms. Metastasis to the central nervous system (CNS) is uncommon occurring in <5% of patients. When present, metastatic lesions are typically solid, isolated and located in the cerebrum. We report a case of a patient with a history of TCC who presented with lethargy and ataxia and was found to have a solitary cystic cerebellar lesion consistent with metastatic disease. Unfortunately, the prognosis for patients with TCC and CNS metastases is poor. Treatment options include debulking surgery, whole brain radiation, stereotactic radiosurgery and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, treatment may not appreciably extend survival and care is often supportive in previously reported cases. Though uncommon, TCC can metastasise to the CNS and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients, particularly those who were treated with aggressive surgery or combination chemotherapy previously.
Treating Parents to Reduce NICU Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus (TREAT PARENTS) trial: protocol of a multisite randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Introduction More than 33 000 healthcare-associated infections occur in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) each year in the USA. Parents, rather than healthcare workers, may be a reservoir from which neonates acquire Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonisation in the NICU. This study looks to measure the effect of treating parents with short course intranasal mupirocin and topical chlorhexidine antisepsis on acquisition of S. aureus colonisation and infection in neonates. Methods and analysis The TREAT PARENTS trial (Treating Parents to Reduce Neonatal Transmission of S. aureus) is a multicentre randomised, masked, placebo-controlled trial. Shortly after a neonate is admitted to the NICU, parents will be tested for S. aureus colonisation. If either parent screens positive for S. aureus, then both parents as a pair will be enrolled and randomised to one of the two possible masked treatment arms. Arm 1 will include assignment to intranasal 2% mupirocin plus topical antisepsis with chlorhexidine gluconate impregnated cloths for 5 days. Arm 2 will include assignment to placebo ointment and placebo cloths for skin antisepsis for 5 days. The primary outcome will be neonatal acquisition of an S. aureus strain that is concordant to the parental baseline S. aureus strain as determined by periodic surveillance cultures or a culture collected during routine clinical care that grows S. aureus. Secondary outcomes will include neonatal acquisition of S. aureus, neonatal S. aureus infection, eradication of S. aureus colonisation in parents, natural history of S. aureus colonisation in parents receiving placebo, adverse reactions to treatment, feasibility of intervention, and attitudes and behaviour in consented parents. Four hundred neonate-parent pairs will be enrolled. Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by Johns Hopkins University IRB in June 2014 (IRB number 00092982). Protocol V.7 was approved in November 2014. Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration number NCT02223520.
Isolation and identification of viruses from patient with hand,foot and mouth disease in Hebei Provice in 2008

Objective:To detect the etiological agent of hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)epidemics in Hebei provice from May to August of 2008.Methods:The specimens(including cerebral spinal fluid,vesicle fluid,stool and throat swabs)were inculated into RD cells for isolation of enteroviruses(EV).The isolates were identificated for EV,Enterovirus71(Enterovirus71,EV71) and Coxsackivirus16(CA16) using revers transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR);50% cell culture infective dose(CCID50) was based cytopathic effect test(CPE).Results:Total 115 viruses were isolated from 203 specimens(56.65%),of which 72 were EV71,42 were EV71+CA16 and 1 was were Non-EV71,CA16 EV.The viruses isolation rate was not satistically significant in different specimens.The virus titration of stools was higher than that of vesicle fluid and throat swabs.Conclusion:EV71 is the main cause of HFMD during the epidemic.
Optimal Analysis of Vehicle Crash Based on DOE

In this paper,the CAE model of the car was established,and the frontal crash simulation analysis as the national evaluation criterion was completed.These parameters in crash course for evaluating safe of vehicle,such as accelerations of car body,were analyzed.The DOE method was proposed to study automotive safety by intuitive analysis,analysis of variance and significance analysis,in order to get the most optimal test program.The results show that the acceleration of body had been reduced obviously,vehicle's crashworthiness had been strengthened,and vehicle's safety had been enhanced compared with original program.The effective instruction for the automobile front crash safe design and improvement had been provided.
[My experience in repairing, without tension, primary inguinal hernia in men]

Beginning in 1990, the tension-free inguinal hernioplasties were adopted for the treatment of primary groin hernias in men. 1252 tension-free hernioplasties were performed in 1,076 men and followed for one to six years. Lichenstein's tension-free hernioplasty and Gilbert's sutureless hernioplasty were used, usually in combination. Anesthesia was local in 97% of the operations. 15 complications occurred (1.2%): one wound infection, one seroma, 12 hematomas, and one ilioinguinal neuralgia, 6 recurrences occurred (0.5%): 4 indirect, one direct and one femoral. No indirect recurrences have occurred since placing Gilbert's cone shaped plug in the deep ring. Tension-free hernioplasties consisting of a patch of polypropylene mesh plus a cone plug of the same material, placed in the deep ring when an indirect hernia is present, produce excellent results and are the preferred methods to manage the majority of primary inguinal hernias in men.
Adverse effects of methylene blue on human sperm motility, components of human reproductive tract fluids, and mouse embryo cleavage *

Because methylene blue exhibits germicidal, oxidation, and reduction properties, the authors asked whether this agent causes adverse effects on gametes, embryos, and/or secretions of the reproductive tract. Time- and dose-dependent inhibition of human sperm motility by methylene blue was observed, as was growth inhibition of 2-cell mouse embryos. Furthermore, the presence of methylene blue in uterine, fallopian tube, and peritoneal fluids altered protein mobility in Polyacrylamide gels, and yielded apparent values of follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol up to 260% of actual values ( P
Distributing and Managing the Conditions of Encoding and Practice

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the effects of encoding practice and retrieval practice. The effects of spaced practice provide important insights into the basic mechanisms of learning and memory. Moreover, spaced repetitions have considerable potential for enhancing student achievement. The effectiveness of repetition depends on a number of factors, including the time interval between repetitions, the frequency of repetitions, and even the form of the repetition, that is, whether it is in the form of an additional study opportunity or presentation (that is, a review) or a test. A review provides an additional encoding opportunity, whereas a test provides retrieval practice. Although the effects of spaced presentations on encoding are better known than the effects of tests on learning, there are indications that this gap is closing. One indicator is that the spacing effect and test-spacing effects are increasingly becoming understood in terms of the same psychological mechanism—namely, retrieval processes mediated, in part, by the accessibility of previously encoded information. Encoding trials are not retrieval trials; however, both are heavily influenced by retrieval operations. In general terms, the assumption is that repetitions are effective to the extent that (1) they engender successful retrieval of the results of earlier processing, and (2) that the effort and level of processing involved in a successful retrieval operation increase with spacing. A second indicator is that repetitions, in the form of either presentations or tests, have clear and verifiable implications for the classroom. Moreover, their potential for improving learning and retention is vast.
A new chromic (TouchChromic) thin film

Abstract We present an exciting new development in thin films which enables innovative reversible color change in the film when touched by a metal without any external excitation, i.e. voltage, temperature, light, etc. The thin film structure is simpler than that of electrochromic materials, requiring only a nanocomposite of a conducting polymer and a gel electrolyte deposited on a transparent conductive substrate (TO, ITO, FTO, etc.) These smart nanocomposite thin films, we can call TouchChromic, can be used in windows (i.e., opaque to transparent) and in a number of other applications such as rear view mirrors in vehicles, IR sensors, toys, and camouflage for the military and defense sectors. The color change and color contrast depend on the type of film, its thickness and composition of the electrolyte. For aqueous acidic electrolytes, a molality of less than 0.01 was found to be most effective. The addition of an oxidizer (i.e. ammonium persulfate) in the electrolytic solution increased the speed of color change. The color change occurs only when specific metals touch the electrolyte. Detailed experimental and theoretical results are presented in this paper to explain the behavior of the chromic film in terms of the pH of the electrolyte, work functions (Fermi levels) of corresponding layers (transparent substrate, conductive polymer, electrolyte and metal) and the energy band diagram of the composite structure.
Eicosanoids in Cerebrovascular Diseases

Eicosanoids, enzymatically generated oxidation products of arachidonic acid, contribute to cerebrovascular disease in diverse ways that we are only beginning to fully understand. With the advent of improved analytical techniques and increased knowledge of the metabolic pathways by which eicosanoids are generated in the brain following an ischemic event, it has become possible to specifically target both the enzymes that generate eicosanoids, as well as the receptors they act upon. This chapter will highlight the contributions of cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and members of the cytochrome P450 family of proteins to stroke-induced brain pathology, as well as illustrate ways to target eicosanoid pathways for stroke therapy.
Analyzing the Effects of One-to-One Learning on Inquiry-Based Instruction.

ABSTRACTThis study examined the impact of a one-to-one iPad program on inquiry-based instruction (IBI) in an all-girls science, technology, engineering, and mathematics-focused school with 99% African American students. Case study research was used and included three teachers at the school for the purpose of this study. Data collection included pre- and post-interviews and 27 classroom observations. The Electronic Quality of Inquiry Protocol (EQUIP) was used to evaluate the quality of inquiry-based instruction. The EQUIP rubric is aligned with the National Research Council's definition for inquiry-based instruction, and made the tool particularly helpful for this study. The study identified two major themes related to the impact of a one-to-one environment on IBI. Teachers were able to use the technology to enhance their IBI, and the ways in which (how) they used the technology also had a significant impact on the quality of their IBI.
Pneumotoxicity associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies.

Purpose of reviewImmune checkpoint inhibitor therapies represent a new paradigm in cancer therapeutics, in which the targets are not the cancer cells, but the body's own immune system. Harnessing the immune system to better fight cancer has generated a unique spectrum of immune-related adverse event
Hybrid three-dimensional integrated circuits: A viable solution for high efficiency Neuromorphic Computing

This work details how a neuromorphic system is simulated with a 3D integrated electronic system. The neural system is modeled as a 3D integrated circuit to investigate a highly efficient neuromorphic computing system that ameliorates implementation issues induced by prior 2D circuital systems. A 3D neuronal model incorporating the Through Silicon Via (TSV) is constructed and the performance is simulated. We maintain this work is a competent potential foundation towards a practical design methodology for producing 3D Neuromorphic Computing (NC) circuits and systems that function with lower power consumption, reduced delay, and more advanced system volumetric miniaturization than contemporary systems provide.
A Camp Aquatic Program

(1936). A Camp Aquatic Program. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 380-402.
The Nature of California: Race, Citizenship and Farming Since the Dust Bowl

For almost 150 years, California's agriculture and its large-scale “farm factories” have provided continuous examples of labor exploitation, marginalization, racialization and subordination of the ...
Clinical Correlates of Negative Health Events in a Research Sample with Epilepsy (P6.268)

Objective: To determine the relationship between demographic and clinical variables versus seizure-related complications among people with epilepsy. Background: In spite of advances in care, people with epilepsy experience negative health events (NHEs), such as seizures, emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Being able to identify characteristics that are associated with NHE risk can help inform care approaches that reduce complications and burden. Design/Methods: Data derived from a baseline sample of a larger prospective study of 120 individuals with epilepsy who experienced an NHE within the last six months. Demographic characteristics, depression assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Montgomery-Asberg Depression rating scale (MADRS), quality of life assessed with the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory 10 (QOLIE-10), self-efficacy assessed the Epilepsy Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES), social support assessed with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), self-management assessed with the Epilepsy Self-Management Scale (ESMS), and stigma assessed with the Epilepsy Stigma Scale (ESS) were all examined in association with past 6-month NHE frequency and 30-day seizure frequency. Results: Demographic variables were not significantly associated with seizure frequency or NHE counts. There was significant positive correlation between 30-day seizure frequency, PHQ-9 (p Conclusions: Consistent with previous literature, having more frequent seizures was associated with worse depression severity. A finding that is less established is that higher seizure frequency is also associated with worse epilepsy-related stigma. Epilepsy self-management approaches need to address depression and stigma as well as seizure control. Disclosure: Dr. Kumar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zimmermann has nothing to disclose. Dr. Liu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tatsuoka has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fuentes-Casiano has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cassidy has nothing to disclose. Dr. Einstadter has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sajatovic has nothing to disclose.
Chicken high molecular weight immunoglobulin (IgM) allotypes: localization on the heavy chains and proposed nomenclature.

The polymorphic nature of chicken serum proteins has been recognized for a number of years (1, 2), but reports of allotypic antigens associated with IgG (7S Ig) and IgM (17S Ig) did not appear until recently (3, 4). The structural and genetic analyses of chicken 7S Ig allotypes have progressed rapidly (5–9), and at least ten alleles have been defined at the locus controlling the synthesis of 7S Ig heavy (H) chains (CS-1 locus) (10). The use of two sensitive radioimmunoassays has facilitated the analysis of 7S Ig allotypes (7, 8).
Abstract A69: Racial disparity in breast cancer hospital treatment costs: Examining the effect of depression

Objective: The effect of depression on hospital costs for breast cancer (BC) patients by race remains unknown. This presentation examines two issues by race: (i) hospitalized prevalence of BC and depression among discharged patients, and (ii) racial variation regarding the effect of depression on hospital costs of BC patients. Methods: For BC, available 2008 Tennessee Hospital Discharge Data System (HDDS) was examined. The BC sample (n=2,522) was mostly white (86%) with an average age of 63 years. We computed age-adjusted BC rates per CDC methodology, and determined racial disparity. We compared the hospital costs for BC patients with depression (BC+D) vs. without depression (BCND). Results: Age-adjusted BC rates (per 100K) were higher among white than black patients (43.3 vs. 9.2, p Conclusion: BC prevalence rate is higher among white females compared to black females. Depression increases hospital costs for both white and black patients. Since depression increased cost for both racial groups of patients, considerable cost savings might be attained by screening and treating depression among BC patients before their hospitalization. Citation Format: Baqar Husaini, Oscar Miller, Jessica Jones, Robert Levine. Racial disparity in breast cancer hospital treatment costs: Examining the effect of depression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr A69.
Is Peking Man Still Our Ancestor?—Race and National Lineage

Since China participated in the Human Genome Project in the 1990s, implications of the debate surrounding the Homo erectus Peking Man’s ancestorship for nationalism wrapped in scientific jargon have been well comprehended by various segments of the society with ultranationalists and a liberal public opinion as the two extremes contesting each other. This divergence also cuts through the Chinese party-state. The discourse on a pure ancestry, an ancestral home, a natural bond between this ancestor and the environment, and most of all, a narrative that attributes remarkable lineal continuity to physical, mental, intellectual and even moral traits unique to this ancestor and its posterity, support fanatical racial nationalisms.
The association between negative affect and physical activity among adults in a behavioral weight loss treatment.

Abstract Introduction Many individuals engaged in behavioral weight loss make suboptimal increases in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Theoretically, reductions in negative affect could reinforce MVPA. However, little work has been done investigating the association between facets of negative affect (e.g., average levels of negative affect, variability in negative affect) and MVPA among individuals attempting to increase MVPA as part of a behavioral weight loss attempt. Methods Participants (n = 139) provided data at month 6 of a year-long behavioral weight loss program (at which point the prescription for MVPA had reached the highest level). Participants wore an accelerometer and provided EMA ratings of affect over the same week. Results Individuals engaged in more frequent and longer periods of MVPA had lower average negative affect and variability in negative affect across the assessment period. Lower negative affect one day predicted greater time spent in MVPA on the next day; lower variability in negative affect than one’s average level also predicted greater time spent in MVPA on the next day. Greater engagement in MVPA than one’s own mean on one day did not predict mean or variability in affect. Discussion Engaging in MVPA over time may reduce negative affect, while lower negative affect may increase motivation to engage in MVPA. Importantly, day-to-day effects indicated that affect is an important acute predictor of MVPA behavior. It is possible that individuals, particularly those with higher negative affect or variability in negative affect, may benefit from the inclusion of skills to manage negative affect in programs prescribing physical activity.
Observational Study of Ward Staff Behavior

This article describes a behavioral observation procedure for the study of ward staff behavior. The procedure was employed in a fairly typical state school ward for young children with primary retardation and secondary physical disabilities. The data indicated that more than half of the ward personnel's time was spent on activities away from the children and, of the time spent with the children, most went toward nonsocial types of interactions. It appeared that time spent at nonchild related tasks (housekeeping, paperwork, etc.) tended to be more visible to superiors. It was suggested that child related behavioral goals be made highly visible and the staff be rewarded for accomplishment of those goals.
Twenty-First-Century Global Human Resource Management: Strategic Business Partner and Servant Leader

Throughout this chapter, the author’s focus is on the management of Human Resources in alignment with technological changes and organizational strategy. The author analyzes each function of HR management from a transactional, tactical, and strategic approach, to clearly delineate the strategic management level of organizational operations. The chapter includes strategic management of functions of HR such as Staffing, Training and Development, Performance Management and Feedback, Compensation, Labor Relations, Employee Separation and Retention, and Global HR management. In addition to the functions of strategic HR, the author also covers management of the broad issues of HR management such as the investment perspective, metrics, social responsibility, strategic workforce planning, design and redesign of work systems, employment law, organizational-level performance measurement, and the use of servant leader characteristics and traits in management techniques.
Fair Work: Crowd Work Minimum Wage with One Line of Code

Accurate task pricing in microtask marketplaces requires substantial effort via trial and error, contributing to a pattern of worker underpayment. In response, we introduce Fair Work, enabling requesters to automatically pay their workers minimum wage by adding a one-line script tag to their task HTML on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Fair Work automatically surveys workers to find out how long the task takes, then aggregates those self-reports and auto-bonuses workers up to a minimum wage if needed. Evaluations demonstrate that the system estimates payments more accurately than requesters and that worker time surveys are close to behaviorally observed time measurements. With this work, we aim to lower the threshold for pro-social work practices in microtask marketplaces.
British Coleoptera larvae – A guide to the families and major subfamilies. Handbooks for the identification of British insects Vol. 4 Part 1a: by P. M. Hammond, J. E. Marshall, M. L. Cox, L. Jessop, B. H. Garner & M. V. L. Barclay; edited by M. V. L. Barclay & B. H. Garner, Royal Entomolical Society/Field Studies Council, 2019, viii+280pp., 68 figures. £40, ISBN: 978 1 910159 03 3

This is an important and welcome contribution to the study of beetles. Comprehensive treatments of Coleoptera larvae are rarely available and when existing, few illustrations accompany the text. Th...
Correction: Thioamide quenching of intrinsic protein fluorescence.

Correction for ‘Thioamide quenching of intrinsic protein fluorescence’ by Jacob M. Goldberg et al., Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 1550–1552.
Healing the Trauma of America's Past: Restorative Justice, Honest Patriotism, and the Legacy of Ethnic Cleansing

This article is about the story the Dakota people tell about the terrible truth of the Dakota - U.S. War of 1862, and how we might engage it today through restorative dialogue - the living heart of restorative justice practices that have begun to sweep across the world. Restorative justice practices are deeply influenced by certain Indigenous practices such as, most notably, the talking circle practiced in various parts of North America. The author later explains restorative justice in more detail with the premise that restorative justice acknowledges the damaged relationships, as well as the wrongdoing and focuses on healing for those involved, including communities and offenders. Applied within the criminal justice system, restorative justice shares the concern of retributive justice with putting right the wrong that has been done, but restorative justice takes a broader and deeper approach.
Use of National Consumer Survey Data to Explore Perceptions of Complementary and Alternative Medicine.

Background: Although Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) has been the standard of therapy in Asia for centuries, it started receiving more attention in the U.S. in the last three decades. Objectives: The primary study objective was to explore individuals' perspectives of CAM. A secondary objective was to describe individuals' perceptions of pharmacists’ roles in facilitating their use of these services and products. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2015 and 2016 National Consumer Surveys on the Medication Experience and Pharmacist Roles. Data were collected from adults residing in the United States via on-line, self-administered surveys coordinated by Qualtrics Panels between April 28 and June 22, 2015 (n = 26,173) and between March 14 and 30, 2016 (n = 10,500). This study focused on written comments made in the surveys with Content Conventional Analysis applied to the text. Four researchers were trained to conduct coding to assess inter-judge reliability. The four judges had a high level of agreement which was greater than 0.95 for category type. Results: Out of a total of 36,673 respondents, 80% (29,426) submitted written comments at the end of the survey. Of these, 2,178 comments were about medications or health and 170 (8%) comments specifically about CAM, of which 136 (6%) were usable for analysis. Conventional Content Analysis revealed five themes:1)The role of pharmaceutical and insurance companies in CAM; 2) Overuse of medications; 3) Physicians can play a role in creating a balance between prescription use and CAM; 4) Individuals believe that CAM is more effective than Western medicines and prefer it; 5) Individuals want pharmacists to have a better understanding of CAM. The results of this study reveal individuals’ opinions regarding how they want CAM to be considered in their interactions with their healthcare team. Conclusion: Emergent themes suggest that individuals are interested in receiving more professionals’ healthcare to become more knowledgeable about CAM. Article Type: Original Research
Absence-to-bilateral-tonic-clonic seizure: A generalized seizure type.

Objective To test the hypothesis that absence seizures can evolve to generalized tonic-clonic seizures, we documented electroclinical features of this novel seizure type. Methods In 4 large video-EEG databases, we identified recordings of seizures starting with impaired awareness that, without returning to baseline interictal state, evolved to generalized tonic-clonic seizures. We extracted the detailed semiologic and electrographic characteristics of these seizures, and we documented the clinical background, diagnoses, and therapeutic responses in these patients. Results We identified 12 seizures from 12 patients. All seizures started with a period of impaired awareness and bursts of generalized spike or polyspike and slow-wave discharges, the hallmark of absence seizures. Without returning to baseline, the nonmotor (absence) phase was followed by tonic-clonic convulsions. We called this novel generalized seizure type absence-to-bilateral-tonic-clonic seizure. Most patients had idiopathic generalized epilepsies, although with a high incidence of unusual features and poor therapeutic response. Conclusions Absence-to-bilateral-tonic-clonic seizures are a novel generalized seizure type. Clinicians should be aware of this seizure for correctly diagnosing patients. This novel seizure type may further elucidate generalized ictogenesis.
Broadening Trade Theory: Incorporating Market Realities into Traditional Models

This volume is a collection of the author's past and recent research. It concentrates on some topics that continue to be neglected in mainstream trade theory, but which have grown in empirical relevance as the decades have passed and allow us to broaden our world view. These include adding multinational firms and a major role for the demand side of general equilibrium to our conventional portfolio of models.
Prevention of Radiation Therapy Treatment Deviations by a Novel Combined Biometric, Radiofrequency Identification, and Surface Imaging System

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the impact of Varian Identify, a novel combined radiofrequency identification, biometric and surface-matching technology, on its potential for patient safety and prevention of radiation therapy treatment deviations. Methods and Materials One hundred eight radiation therapy treatment deviation reports at our facility over the past 8 years were analyzed. Three major categories were defined based on the time point of occurrence: physician order deviations (19.4%), treatment-planning deviations (24.1%), and machine treatment deviations (56.5%). The impact of Identify on potential prevention of machine treatment deviations was analyzed. A failure mode and effects analysis was performed on the 5 most frequently occurring errors preventable with Identify. Safety analysis of the Identify system was reported based on 3.5 years of clinical data post-Identify system installation on 3 treatment vaults. Results Of the 61 machine treatment deviations, 47 (77%) were interpreted as being preventable by using Identify. Our failure mode and effects analysis showed reductions in all risk priority numbers post-Identify application. Safety analysis of the Identify system from our direct observation that for approximately 7 cumulative years of Identify use in 3 different treatment vaults, where 9 deviations would have been expected to occur over this combined period, zero machine treatment events occurred. Conclusions The combination of Identify biometric, radiofrequency identification, and surface-matching technologies was observed to enable an effective process for enhancing safety and efficiency of radiation therapy treatment. A significant reduction in machine-related deviations was observed.
Diet, Exercise, Lifestyle, and Mental Distress among Young and Mature Men and Women: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study.

Customization of mental health therapies needs to consider the differences in degree of brain maturity between young (18–29 years) and mature (30 years or older) adults as well as brain morphology among men and women. The aim of this study was to identify the significant dietary and lifestyle contributors to mental distress in these sub-populations. Independent repeated cross-sectional sampling was performed for over a 5-year period (2014–2019) to collect data from different populations at different time-points and seasons. A backward stepwise regression analysis was used on 2628 records. Mental distress in young women was associated with high consumption of caffeine and fast-food, and it was negatively correlated with moderate-high levels of exercise as well as frequent breakfast consumption. Mature women shared several common factors with young women; however, high fruit consumption was negatively associated with mental distress. For young men, high exercise, moderate consumption of dairy, and moderate-high intake of meat were negatively associated with mental distress. In addition, high fast-food and caffeine consumption were positively associated with mental distress in young men. For mature men, strong negative associations between higher education, moderate intake of nuts and mental distress surfaced. Our results support the need to customize dietary and lifestyle recommendations to improve mental wellbeing.
Respiratory Viral Pathogens Among U.S. Military Personnel at a Medical Treatment Facility in Hawaii From 2014 to 2019.

INTRODUCTION Acute respiratory diseases account for a substantial number of outpatient visits and hospitalizations among U.S. military personnel, significantly affecting mission readiness and military operations. We conducted a retrospective analysis of respiratory viral pathogen (RVP) samples collected from U.S. military personnel stationed in Hawaii and tested at Tripler Army Medical Center from January 2014 to May 2019 in order to describe the etiology, distribution, and seasonality of RVP exposure in a military population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were analyzed by viral culture or multiplex PCR. Distribution of respiratory viruses over time was analyzed as well as subject demographic and encounter data. Presenting signs and symptoms were evaluated with each RVP. RESULTS A total of 2,576 military personnel were tested, of which 726 (28.2%) were positive for one or more RVP. Among positive tests, the three most common viral pathogens detected were influenza A (43.0%), rhinovirus (24.5%), and parainfluenza (7.6%). Symptoms were generally mild and most frequently included cough, fever, and body aches. CONCLUSION Our study evaluated respiratory virus prevalence, seasonality, and association with clinical symptoms for military personnel in an urban tropical setting in Oahu, HI, over a 5-year period. We show that viral prevalence and seasonality in Hawaii are distinct from those of the CONUS. Results contribute to the broader understanding of seasonality, clinical manifestation, and demographics of RVP among active duty military personnel stationed in Hawaii.
Where is Shear Reinforcement Required? Review of Research Results and Design Procedures

This paper presents a review of research on shear strength of reinforced concrete members without stirrups (shear reinforcement). A database of 1849 available experimental results from over the past 60 years is examined and these results are compared to predictions from current North American shear design procedures. Special attention is paid to the behavior of beams ranging from short span deep beams to members controlled by flexure. The findings from the review indicate that using the current ACI shear provisions to decide where shear reinforcement is required can be unconservative for members with larger effective depths, or higher stresses in the longitudinal reinforcement. Improvements to the ACI Code are proposed to mitigate these weaknesses. The AASHTO-LRFD and Canadian CSA sectional and strut-and-tie provisions are found to provide a more uniform level of safety for all member types. The results from this review can allow engineers to identify members in their own structure where a more conservative shear design procedure is appropriate.
Human-Robot Interactions in Robot-Assisted Urban Search and Rescue

Robot-assisted urban search and rescue is an exemplar of a domain where humans must interact with robots and the information they produce, providing capabilities that do exist in traditional methods. It is also a multi-agent domain, where a human might interact with multiple heterogeneous agents. The paper presents data collected in field exercises with subject matter experts (Florida Task Force 3, Hillsborough County Fire Rescue Department, and Fire Department New York/Federal Emergency Management Agency at the World Trade Center). Analysis suggests that execution errors (e.g., controlling the robots) are more prevalent than errors of intention (e.g., where to use robots), the lack of multi-modal interfaces interferes with task completion, many activities are prototypical and could be encapsulated as autonomous behaviors or schemas, and topological mental models are acceptable and perhaps preferable over metric.
ACCEPTANCE OF NONPLANAR REARVIEW MIRRORS BY U.S. DRIVERS

In this study five different nonplanar mirrors were evaluated as driver-side rearview mirrors in a field test using Ford employees. Two were spherical convex, and three were aspheric. Each participant drove for four weeks with one of the nonplanar mirrors. At three times during the test the participants filled out questionnaires concerning their experience with the mirrors. Driver preferences for the experimental mirrors increased moderately between surveys at one week and at four weeks. At four weeks, all five nonplanar mirrors were preferred to the standard flat mirror by at least a small amount. For each of the five mirror designs there was a large range of opinion. Most notably, a small number of people strongly disliked the aspheric design that involved the largest variable radius area. These results indicate that nonplanar mirrors are likely to be welcomed by a large number of United States drivers, but some designs seem more acceptable than others, and for almost any design there may be a small but significant number of drivers who strongly prefer planar mirrors. The sample in this study had a limited range of subject ages, a relatively small number of females, and may have been biased toward people who have generally positive attitudes toward new technologies. The results should therefore be considered preliminary. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 492369.
Objects of Concern? Risks, Rewards and Regulation in the 'Internet of Things'

This paper describes the public policy issues associated with the Internet of Things (IoT) looking at both the societal and economic benefits and potential vulnerabilities including risks to privacy and security. The paper will analyze IoT policy issues through the lens of complexity theory with the goal of trying to determine the need for regulation and to provide government decision makers with recommendations on how to respond to evolving public IoT issues including privacy, security, and support for innovation. The paper reviews IoT from various levels of analysis including the individual, family, community and state. It also gives the current status of IoT policy debate in Europe and the U.S. and concludes with recommendation on how IoT policy decisions might proceed in the future.
Positive charges and underwater adhesion

When visiting a beach, we can see that mussels, oysters, and barnacles attach themselves to rocks even while being pounded by waves. These organisms remain affixed by secreting adhesives. Human efforts to make such wet-setting glues are often foiled by the presence of water. Instructions on tubes of adhesives remind us that the surfaces must be clean and dry, given that our materials interact better with water than with the pieces of a broken dish. On page 628 of this issue, Maier et al. ( 1 ) have divulged a potentially key part of the underwater adhesion story. Mussels appear to gain surface access for glues by using their own protein-based ions to outcompete the ions in their saltwater environment.
Hydrodynamic Instability Mechanism for Rip Currents

On reexamining the hydrodynamic instability, Yu [1] showed that when the fully dynamical interactions are duly accounted for, and proper mathematical analysis is carried out, the positive feedback between the wave and evolving current can initiate and sustain rip current circulations with scales comparable to field observations on alongshore uniform beaches. In this study, we extend that analysis to consider nonplanar beaches, and to include a new branch of unstable modes that correspond to alongshore propagating horizontal circulations with the magnitudes of the flow growing in time. The latter has not previously been studied. These propagating unstable modes have typical time periods of tens of minutes and alongshore propagation speeds of a few centimeters per second. The physical implications of their spatial and slow time oscillations are discussed, as of relevance to occurrence and recurrence of transient rips, alongshore migration of rip currents and very low frequency pulsations in surf zone eddy circulations.
Experimental and numerical studies in model composites Part I: Experimental results

Results on strength, apparent toughness, fatigue crack growth and fiber debonding on specially made composite materials are reported. The compact tension composite specimen used consisted of an epoxy matrix and layers of long aligned glass or kevlar fibers that were equally spaced. The experimental data on crack initiation strength showed that for a range of fiber spacing λ, the composite's strength δ A , scaled with the fiber spacing in the form of % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiabeo8aZnaaBa% aaleaaieGacaWFbbaabeaakmaakaaabaGaeq4UdWgaleqaaOGaeyyp% a0JaeqOUdSgaaa!3EB5!\[\sigma _A \sqrt \lambda = \kappa \]. The apparent toughness of the composite specimens increased with a decrease in fiber spacing. Two sets of fatigue crack propagation experiments were performed. The first one was on specimens with the same fiber spacing and under different applied loads. The second set was on specimens with different fiber diameter and the same loading conditions. While crack arrest was observed in the first set, crack arrest was seen in the second set for the relatively large diameter fibers and specimen fracture for the relatively thin fibers. A method, based on fracture mechanics principles and crack opening displacements, for evaluating bridging tractions is outlined. Using this method, simulations for the bridging tractions and stress intensity factor were carried out using a linear crack opening profile. The total stress intensity factor was found to decrease with crack length. The debonding in the bridging zone, on specimens with different fiber spacing, was evaluated using a one dimensional debonding analysis. The model was calibrated with the debonding on the first fiber and consequently used to describe debonding on the bridging zone of specimens with different fiber spacing. In spite of the assumptions adopted in the present studies, the model seems to describe debonding well.
The Value Of B2B Face-To-Face Sales Interaction In The United States, Canada And Latin America

Establishing and maintaining solid, long term marketing relationships are instrumental to the success of a sales representative as well as the firm the representative is employed by (Jap, 2001). This research incorporated all relevant aspects of implementing a market driven strategy to support a sustainable customer marketing relationship, including understanding face-face customer sales requirements. The ultimate goal was to understand the customers satisfaction level with face-face sales representatives versus electronic relationship (email and telephone sales support) and as well determine if there is any greater loyalty in a face-face sales interaction versus electronic. As a result of this research, the findings indicate that customer satisfaction levels and loyalty are not compromised by engaging in an electronic relationship with the clients versus engaging in a face-face relationship. The results demonstrate that the customer satisfaction levels and loyalty are actually higher in the indirect channel versus the direct channel.
On the graceful degradation of routing given insufficient resources

The author explores algorithms where resource-starved nodes can still function to their fullest useful capacity without creating loops. One such algorithm is efficient compared to standard SPF-style algorithms. In nearly all cases, the paths found using the algorithm are the shortest possible for the given insufficient resources. >