cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A correlation between selenium accumulation in sunfish and changes in condition factor and organ weight

To monitor the biological impact of chronic, low-level selenium exposure, redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus were collected from various locations in Martin Lake which had received discharges of selenium-containing wastes from an electrical generating station operation. For comparison, reference redear sunfish were sampled from one uncontaminated lake 8 km upstream in the same drainage system. Those fish collected from Martin Lake locations (which were recognized selenium discharge sites) accumulated the highest levels of selenium in various organs and had significantly reduced condition factors and hepatopancreas-weight-to-body-weight ratios. Linear regression analyses of these data indicated that the Martin Lake fish which accumulated the highest levels of selenium in the hepatopancreas had the lowest condition factors and the smallest hepatopancreas-weight-to-body-weight ratios. Such biological changes could result from selenium-induced toxic effects such as anorexia, poor feed-to-grain conversion ratios, and/or stunting.
Measurements of gas-to-particle conversion in the plumes from five coal-fired electric power plants

Airborne measurements of particles and trace gases have been obtained in the plumes from five coal-fired electric power plants situated in the West and Midwest of the United States. From these data, gas-to-particle (g-to-p) conversion rates are estimated from changes in total particle volume, changes in the ratio of the mass of particulate sulfur to the total mass of sulfur (particulate sulfur measured by two techniques), and from particle nucleation∗ rates. The g-to-p conversion rates ranged from 0 to 5.7% ± 2.0% of SO2 h −1 for travel times of 10–162 min. The data suggest differences between plants in the partitioning of g-to-p conversion products between condensation onto existing particles and the nucleation of new particles. The relationship between panicle surface area and the formation rate of particle volume at large reaction times in the plumes was similar to that found in smog chamber studies. Finally, the SO2-to-particulate sulfate conversion rate was found to correlate well (correlation coefficient — 0.9) with a parameter indicative of the reaction of SO2 in the plumes with ambient OH radicals.
Hexagonal organic nanopillar array from the melamine-cyanuric acid complex

We report a well-defined, organic, hexagonal nanopillar array on a gold surface. The array was prepared from a cyanuric acid-melamine complex by means of sequential mixing on the gold surface. These nanopillars had uniform diameters of 200-400 nm and were 1 microm in length. They were well faceted with hexagonal cross sections. The nanopillars had a crystalline structure, and the pillars exhibited a layered texture in the longitudinal direction.
Cross-Polarization from Quadrupolar Nuclei to Silicon Using Low-Radio-Frequency Amplitudes during Magic-Angle Spinning

The dynamics of cross-polarization from the central transition of a quadrupolar nucleus (27Al or 23Na) to a spin-1/2 nucleus (29Si) during magic-angle spinning and using low-radio-frequency field strengths are analyzed for the mineral low albite. Under these conditions additional complications in the spin-lock behavior of the quadrupolar nucleus and in the cross-polarization process were found experimentally and are examined in detail. A step-by-step procedure for optimizing cross-polarization from the central transition of a quadrupolar nucleus to a spin-1/2 nucleus is described. Significant enhancement of 29Si NMR sensitivity and several applications are demonstrated.
Steroid and Gonadotropin Levels During the Luteal-Follicular Shift of the Cyclic Hamster

This study was designed to correlate ovarian and hormonal changes of cyclic hamsters during the period of luteal regression and rising dominance of antral follicles. Cyclic hamsters (8/group) were decapitated at 2 h intervals between Day 2 at 1000 h and Day 3 at 1000 h; Day 1 is defined as the day of ovulation. Serum was collected for RIA of gonadotropins and steroids. From 1 ovary, corpora lutea (CL) and the nonluteal ovary (NLO) were saved for steroid RIA and the remaining ovary was prepared for histology. The diameter of antral follicles steadily increased from 389 to 437 im during Days 2-3, and the number/ovary increased from 3 at 1000 h Day 2 to 11 at 2400 h Day 2. However, by 1000 h Day 3 the number of antral follicles had declined to 5/ovary. The highest level of serum progesterone (P) occurred at 2000 h Day 2; thereafter, the levels declined abruptly to less than 1 ng/ml by 0400 Day 3. The concentration of luteal P decreased gradually between 2000 h Day 2 and 0400 h Day 3 2 h later there was a drastic decline correlating with an influx of leukocytes into the CL. On Day 2, although antral follicles were present, serum estradiol (E2) was very low. However, estradiol increased at 0400 h Day 3 associated with increased concentration of E2 and androgen in NLO. During the 24 h period, the most striking difference in serum levels of FSH, LH and prolactin was the peak of all 3 hormones at 2200 h Day 2, 4 to 6 h before any significant changes in the serum levels of P or E2. The results demonstrate that the shift from the luteal phase to the follicular phase is a gradual process involving concomitant declining levels of P and increasing levels of E2. The results suggest that the transitory increase of gonadotropins and/or declining levels of P are causally related to enhanced follicular secretion of E2 and androgen.
Improved diffraction-based overlay metrology by use of two dimensional array target

We report results of theoretical modeling into a scatterometry-based method relevant to overlay measurement. A set of two array targets were designed with intentional offsets difference, d and d+20 nm, between the top and bottom grid arrays along the X and Y directions. The correlation of bi-azimuth measurements is the first critical issue been taken into account. The method linearizes the differential values of scatterometry signatures at the first diffraction order with respect to designed offsets, and hence permits determination of overlay using a classical linear method. By evaluating the process variations (eg. CD, roundness and thickness) on overlay measurement error, a set of two overlay target design were optimized to minimize the correlation of bi-azimuth measurements and maximize the measurement sensitivity.
Reading, Math, and Motor Performance

(1982). Reading, Math, and Motor Performance. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 53, No. 9, pp. 21-28.
11-deoxy prostaglandin F2α, a thromboxane A2 receptor agonist, partially alleviates embryo crowding in Lpar3(−/−) females

Objective To determine cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoid signaling in alleviating embryo crowding in the Lpar3 (−/−) females. Design Experimental mouse model. Setting Research laboratories. Animal(s) Wild-type, Lpar3 (+/−) , and Lpar3 (−/−) mice. Intervention(s) Intraperitoneal (IP) administration of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), cPGI (a stable analogue of PGI 2 ), and 11-deoxy prostaglandin F 2α (11-deoxy PGF 2α , a thromboxane A 2 receptor agonist) to preimplantation gestation day 3.5 Lpar3 (−/−) females. Main Outcome Measure(s) Implantation sites were detected by blue dye reaction and embryo spacing was determined by the distribution of the implantation sites along the uterine horns on gestation day 4.5; pregnancy outcome was measured by litter size at birth. Result(s) Administration of PGE 2 + cPGI on gestation day 3.5 Lpar3 (−/−) females restored on-time implantation but did not affect embryo spacing or the number of implantation sites detected on gestation day 4.5; PGE 2 + cPGI treatment increased litter size at birth. Administration of PGE 2 + cPGI + 11-deoxy PGF 2α on gestation day 3.5 Lpar3 (−/−) females rescued on-time implantation, partially dispersed the clustered implantation sites normally observed in the Lpar3 (−/−) females, increased the number of implantation sites detected on gestation day 4.5, and increased litter size at birth. Conclusion(s) The thromboxane A 2 receptor agonist 11-deoxy PGF 2α can partially alleviate embryo crowding in the Lpar3 (−/−) females and embryo crowding likely contributes to reduced litter size in the Lpar3 (−/−) females.
A majorization theorem for the number of distinct outcomes in n independent trials

This paper is concerned with the probability distribution of the number of distinct outcomes k in N repetitions of an experiment. It is shown that the majorization of probability vectors implies the majorization of the distribution and expectation of k.
Further studies on the association of herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA with host DNA during productive infection.

Abstract Our previous finding of an association between herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and African green monkey kidney (BSC-1) DNAs in productively infected cells has been extended by investigating the influence of the time course, temperature, and multiplicity of infection on the extent of this association. The interaction of host and viral DNAs was not only dependent on the concentration of intracellular viral DNA, but also upon the particular conditions of infection. An examination of the time course of infection revealed that the amount of free viral DNA per cell reached a maximum well before the amount of viral-host-associated DNA did so, while an examination of the effect of temperature revealed a threefold variation in the amount of viral-host-associated DNA over a temperature range (33.5–39.5°) in which the amount of free viral DNA was essentially constant. The quantity of HSV-1 DNA associated with host-cell DNA ranges from about 100 to 1500 genome equivalents per cell, depending on the conditions of infection, and it appears that between 5 and 40% of the association is alkali stable.
Clonal Aspects of the C-type Virus-releasing Cells of a Cultured Human Rhabdomyosarcoma Line (RD 114) in vitro

WE have recently reported the successful transplantation of human cancer cells in cats1. Foetuses were inoculated through the maternal uterine wall with cultured human rhabdomyosarcoma cells, RD line No. 2 and disseminated rhabdomyosarco-mata were noted in the kittens after birth. (As previously described2, before the first biopsy and the derivation of line No. 1, the patient had been treated with large doses of cyclophosphamide and, before the second biopsy and the initiation of line No. 2, received both cyclophosphamide and X-irradiation.)
Hormones and Endocrine Glands of Fishes: Studies of fish endocrinology reveal major physiologic and evolutionary problems

The structures discussed above illustrate some of the evolutionary knowledge to be obtained from studies of the comparative biology of the endocrine system among the fishes (see also 17, 78). The interrenal (adrenocortical) gland is an example of an endocrine structure which shows great morphologic variation in the vertebrate series, and among the fishes themselves. The structural variability implies little selective value for any particular pattern, and, in fact, biochemically the interrenal tissue would seem to be involved in much the same kind of steroidogenesis in the vertebrates generally. However, the hormone aldosterone may be a tetrapod novelty. The caudal neurosecretory system is a good example of a ubiquitous endocrine apparatus, among at least teleostean and elasmo-branch fishes, for which a function has yet to be elucidated and which continues to challenge the comparative physiologist. This system, along with the Stannius corpuscles, is lacking in the tetrapods. The existence of these structures makes it clear that the endocrine biology of fishes cannot be tacitly summarized as being essentially similar to that of the tetrapods, only less well developed. The prolactin situation illustrates the existence of a gland-the pituitary-present among fishes as among tetrapods, which secretes a product only partly related to the tetrapod hormone and having a very different functional significance. In this case it is clear that "the hormone and the uses to which it is put" have undergone evolutionary change during vertebrate phylogeny.
Stamen hair initiation and development in Tradescantia, clone 02

Abstract Because of the importance of hybrid Tradescantia flower-mutation-systems as biological ‘dosimeters’ for low-level radiation and chemical mutagens, stamen hair development of Clone 02 Tradescantia was examined from initiation of floral organ primordia through stamen hair maturation, particularly by means of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Petals arise earlier in development and develop over a longer period of time than stamen hairs. Thus, petals provide a much greater ‘meristematic capital’ for mutation induction and give a higher cell population for mutation scoring at maturity. Stamen hairs arise first near the bases of each stamen filament, mostly forming sequentially upwards along the filament; the number of cells comprising a hair being related to the time and position of hair origin. Initiation of stamen hairs results from a small papilla arising near the apical end of a filament epidermal cell. No trichoblastic cell in the filament epidermis could be identified prior to, or coupled with, stamen hair initiation. Shortly after papilla formation an oblique cytokinesis occurs, cutting off the first hair cell. Early in hair development all cells can be in some stage of mitosis. As hair growth continues the ratio of dividing cells, to the total number of cells, decreases. Cells making up each hair differentiate and mature sequentially beginning with the basal cell. Early in hair differentiation basal cells elongate first, but all cell diameters remain the same and equal to the dimensions of the cross-walls. At maturity, the typical beaded appearance of a hair results from diametrical increases of all cells as compared with the cross-walls which do not increase in size. Cuticle formation begins uniformly about 10 days prior to anthesis. Cuticle striations at hair maturity apparently result from a stretching of the cuticle as a consequence of cell elongation. Total hair number and distribution of hairs along the filament are genetically controlled, yet modifiable to some degree by certain environmental factors.
A generalized model for weight restrictions in data envelopment analysis

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is designed to maximize the efficiency of a given decision-making unit (DMU) relative to all other DMUs by the choice of a set of input and output weights. One strength of the original models is the absence of any need of a priori information about the process of transforming inputs into outputs. However, in the practical application of DEA models, this strength has also become a weakness. Incorporation of process knowledge is more a norm than an exception in practice, and typically involves placing constraints on the input and/or output weights. New DEA formulations have evolved to address this issue. However, existing formulations for weight restrictions may underestimate relative efficiency or even render a problem infeasible. A new model formulation is introduced to address this issue. This formulation represents a significant improvement over existing DEA models by providing a generalized, comprehensive treatment for weight restrictions.
Stratospheric ozone in the lower troposphere —I. Presentation and interpretation of aircraft measurements

Abstract The United States has instituted a number of air pollution regulations to control ozone, including an air quality standard for oxidants of 120 ppb for one hour. Accordingly, there is considerable interest in determining the magnitude of the natural (i.e. nonanthropogenic) component of ozone concentration near the ground, much of which is generally believed to come from the stratosphere. Toward this end, an extensive program of aircraft measurements of tropospheric ozone originating from the stratosphere was carried out over the Central U.S. in spring and fall 1978. On 10 of these flights, the vertical structure of stratospheric ozone intrusions was well mapped by aircraft penetrations at several altitudes extending between 2 and 8 km above sea level (ASL) in the southern portions of tropospheric low-pressure troughs. The field measurements show that stratospheric ozone intrusions into the troposphere occur more frequently than earlier studies had indicated. Ozone intrusions were found in virtually every trough, regardless of intensity, within which suitable measurements were taken. A close relationship was found between: 1. (1) maximum ozone concentrations in the intrusion; and 2. (2) trough intensity as characterized by maximum wind speed at 300 mb (approximately 10 km ASL). The intrusions typically are characterized by peak ozone concentrations at higher altitudes (6–8 km ASL) in the range of 240–400 ppb, diminishing to 100–200 ppb at lower altitudes as mixing with surrounding air occurs. Measured concentrations during spring were almost twice as high as those measured during fall, but the intrusion structures were very similar during both seasons. The data show that stratospheric ozone intrusions are typically 100–300 km wide in the crosswind direction, are several hundreds of kilometers long, and can be tracked down at least as far as the top of the atmospheric boundary layer (about 2 km ASL). Possible mechanisms for downward transport within the boundary layer include normal convective mixing, organized convection associated with cloud and precipitation processes, and organized downward motion within frontal zones.
Duration of postlaparoscopic pneumoperitoneum

Background: Patients who present with abdominal pain after recent laparoscopic surgery present a diagnostic dilemma when pneumoperitoneum is present. Previous studies do not define the duration of postlaparoscopic pneumoperitoneum. In this study, we attempted to define the duration of laparoscopic pneumoperitoneum and to identify factors which affect resolution time.
Joint CO2 and CH4 accountability for global warming

We propose a transparent climate debt index incorporating both methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. We develop national historic emissions databases for both greenhouse gases to 2005, justifying 1950 as the starting point for global perspectives. We include CO2 emissions from fossil sources [CO2(f)], as well as, in a separate analysis, land use change and forestry. We calculate the CO2(f) and CH4 remaining in the atmosphere in 2005 from 205 countries using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth Assessment Report impulse response functions. We use these calculations to estimate the fraction of remaining global emissions due to each country, which is applied to total radiative forcing in 2005 to determine the combined climate debt from both greenhouse gases in units of milliwatts per square meter per country or microwatts per square meter per person, a metric we term international natural debt (IND). Australia becomes the most indebted large country per capita because of high CH4 emissions, overtaking the United States, which is highest for CO2(f). The differences between the INDs of developing and developed countries decline but remain large. We use IND to assess the relative reduction in IND from choosing between CO2(f) and CH4`control measures and to contrast the imposed versus experienced health impacts from climate change. Based on 2005 emissions, the same hypothetical impact on world 2050 IND could be achieved by decreasing CH4 emissions by 46% as stopping CO2 emissions entirely, but with substantial differences among countries, implying differential optimal strategies. Adding CH4 shifts the basic narrative about differential international accountability for climate change.
Evidence of debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in biota from a wastewater receiving stream.

Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a high production volume flame retardant. To date, regulation and control of its environmental release have been minimal. Once in the environment, BDE-209 may encounter conditions favoring debromination, potentially forming congeners with greater toxicity, bioaccumulation potential, and persistence. However, (photolytic and in vivo) debromination has only been demonstrated under laboratory scenarios. To examine whether debromination was likely in the field, PBDE congener profiles were tracked from a wastewater treatment plant (sludge) to receiving stream sediments and associated aquatic biota. BDE-209 and 23 additional PBDEs were detected. Sludge congener profiles resembled the commercial penta- and deca- formulations, suggesting minimal -209 debromination during wastewater treatment. Similar profiles were observed in surficial sediments at the outfall and downstream. However, sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), and crayfish (Cambarus punc...
Cutting Fluid Aerosol from Splash in Turning: Analysis for Environmentally Conscious Machining

The generation of airborne particulates from cutting fluids in machining operations poses, a potential threat to machine operators. The primary mechanisms through which cutting fluid atomises to form liquid aerosol are splashing upon impingement on a solid workpiece, spin-off away from a rotating workpiece or tool, and evaporation due to high cutting temperature. This paper presents a quantitative model to describe the concentration and size distribution of aerosol resulting from the splash atomisation of cutting fluids in a lathe turning operation. In this analysis, the main parameters that govern the aerosol formation are the workpiece diameter, nozzle height, cutting fluid properties, and cutting fluid flow rate. The model first examines the fraction of splashed mass in relation to the total flow rate of cutting fluid based on the calibration of the splash parameter. The model further determines the statistical variation of the liquid droplet size due to unaccounted disturbances. The aerosol concentration is then expressed in terms of the product of the splash parameter and the fraction of total droplet volume of a specified size. The validity of the model is experimentally established based on light-scattering aerosol measurement carried out on a horizontal lathe with various jet heights, part diameters, and fluid flow rates. The results of this study can be used to estimate the amount of aerosol from a machining process, and to provide a quantitative basis for process optimisation, fluid planning, and machine design in achieving given environmental standards.
Improved separation of transfer RNA's on polychlorotrifluoroethylene-supported reversed-phase chromatography columns

Abstract Improved separation of tRNA's by reversed-phase chromatography has been achieved through the use of a new plastic support, polychlorotrifluoroethylene. Two new chromatographic systems, designated RPC-5 and RPC-6, yield sharper separation of multiple isoaccepting tRNA's and less overlap of adjacent tRNA peaks. These are more applicable for preparatory-scale tRNA separations or identification of isoaccepting tRNA species than the previous diatomaceous-earth-supported, reversed-phase chromatography systems.
Caii K Emission‐Line Asymmetry among Red Giants Detected by the ROSAT Satellite

Spectra of the Ca II H and K lines are reported for a number of Ðeld giants from which soft X-ray emission was detected by the ROSAT satellite. Several of these stars are RS CVn systems and exhibit very strong Ca II emission. The majority of the noninteracting giants in the sample have as M V ( (2.0, determined from Hipparcos parallaxes, and spectral types earlier than K3. The Ca II K emission-line proÐle for these stars is most often double-peaked and asymmetric, with the short-wavelength peak being stronger than the longward peak. This asymmetry is in the same sense as for the integrated disk of the Sun. The X-ray and Ca II K-line data indicate that giants of spectral types G and early K have coronae and chromospheres seemingly analogous to those of the Sun. Four M giants that were detected by ROSAT were also observed. Their Ca II emission spectra show asymmetries in which the violet wing is weaker than the red wing, a phenomenon that is typical of M giants in general and indicative of mass outNows in their chromospheres. The majority of these M giants, but not all, are known to be in binary systems, so it is possible that the X-ray emission for at least some of them may come from a companion. Alternatively, some or all of these M giants may be examples of hybrid stars.
A Two-Sample Adaptive Distribution-Free Test

Abstract An adaptive distribution-free test is proposed for the two-sample location problem. First, the data are used to assess the tailweight and skewness of the underlying distributions. This leads to the selection and then application, with the same data, of one of several common rank tests for shift, such as the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test. The preliminary selection is made in a way that insures the testing procedure is distribution-free. A Monte Carlo study shows that the adaptive test has excellent power over a wide class of distributions and is preferable to certain prominent nonadaptive tests.
Large microchannel array fabrication and results for DNA sequencing

We have developed a process for the production of microchannel arrays on bonded glass substrates up to I4 x 58 cm, for DNA sequencing. Arrays of 96 and 384 microchannels, each 46 cm long have been built. This technology offers significant advantages over discrete capillaries or conventional slab-gel approaches. High throughput DNA sequencing with over 550 base pairs resolution has been achieved. With custom fabrication apparatus, microchannels are etched in a borosilicate substrate, and then fusion bonded to a top substrate 1.1 mm thick that has access holes formed in it. SEM examination shows a typical microchannel to be 40 x 180 micrometers by 46 cm Iong; the etch is approximately isotropic, leaving a key undercut, for forming a rounded channel. The surface roughness at the bottom of the 40 micrometer deep channel has been profilometer measured to be as low as 20 nm; the roughness at the top surface was 2 nm. Etch uniformity of about 5% has been obtained using a 22% vol. HF / 78% Acetic acid solution. The simple lithography, etching, and bonding of these substrates enables efficient production of these arrays and extremely precise replication From master masks and precision machining with a mandrel. Keywords: microchannels, microchannel plates, DNA sequencing, electrophoresis, borosilicate glass
The Relative Effectiveness of Two Different Instructional Sequences Designed to Teach the Addition and Subtraction Algorithms.

The purpose of this study was to compare the relative effectiveness of two instructional sequences designed to teach the addition and subtraction algorithms for two-digit whole numbers. One of these sequences is the traditional sequence of addition followed by subtraction. The other sequence is an integrated presentation of the two tasks. Each sequence was embodied in a set of instructional activities that were used with a randomly selected group of second-grade children. An instructional sequence is defined as the elements of content in the order in which the learner is to interact with them. One method of selecting elements of content and establishing guidelines for sequencing them that has found acceptance is task analysis (e.g., Gagn6, 1968). The analysis of the content results in a set of behaviors arranged in a hierarchy indicating judged dependency relationships among the behaviors. An instructional sequence may be formed from a hierarchy by grouping the behaviors into ordered sets (hereafter called tasks) and then ordering the tasks. When behaviors of one task are prerequisite to behaviors of another task, the first task may be called subordinate to the second, and the instructional order is indicated. If two tasks, X and Y, are not in a subordinate relationship, they are called coordinate tasks, and their order is not indicated by the hierarchy. The immediate instructional possibilities are either first to teach X, then Y, or first to teach Y, then X. However, it may be reasonable to integrate the tasks X and Y. The integration of coordinate tasks is particularly attractive when the behaviors of the tasks are related in ways that may not be indicated by the hierarchy. Prior research supports the use of integrated sequences for teaching concepts (multiple discriminations) to grade school children (Short & Haughey, 1967; Gray, 1970). However, it is not clear that similar results would
Plant biology: Blocking galactolipid biosynthesis.

The first selective inhibitor of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthase was identified from a chemical library screen. The competitive inhibitor effectively targets MGDG concentrations across plant tissues and was used to demonstrate a new role for galactolipids in pollen-tube development.
Nicotinic receptor-mediated regulation of the dopamine transporter in rat prefrontocortical slices following chronic in vivo administration of nicotine.

Abstract Low levels of dopaminergic activity in prefrontal cortex are thought to contribute to negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Negative symptoms are associated with the prefrontocortical area of the brain. Schizophrenic patients have a high rate of smoking, which by subjective as well as objective measures produces a cognitive benefit. We have previously shown that agonists at nicotinic receptors containing α4 and β2 subunits can enhance amphetamine-stimulated [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA) release via the dopamine transporter (DAT) from slices of rat prefrontal cortex. This effect is selective for prefrontal cortex; the enhancement does not occur in striatum or nucleus accumbens. The enhancement is dependent upon activation of protein kinase C (PKC). In the current study, we show that the enhancement of amphetamine-stimulated [3H]DA release is maintained after 10 days of chronic nicotine treatment, delivered subcutaneously twice daily. There are no significant changes in the ability of prefrontocortical brain slices to take up [3H]DA in tissue prepared from nicotine-treated vs. saline-treated rats. Nicotinic receptors mediating enhancement of amphetamine-stimulated [3H]DA release are at least partially localized to nerve terminals, as an enhancement in release is also observed in synaptosomal preparations. Finally, the sensitivity of the nicotine enhancement in release to the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine is also seen in synaptosomal preparations, suggesting that the signaling mechanism activated through α4β2 receptors is intact.
Calcium‐dependent proteolysis in crustacean claw closer muscle maintained in vitro

An organ culture system was developed to determine the role of calciumdependent proteinases (CDPs) and lysosomes in the degradation of proteins in the claw closer muscle of the land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis. Elevating intracellular calcium concentrations with caffeine, dibucaine, or ionophore A23187 stimulated proteolysis, as measured by the release of primary amines and tyrosine to the culture medium, 69 to 192%; A23187 also stimulated the degradation of actin and myosin heavy chain in the intact tissue. Cysteine proteinase inhibitors (leupeptin; L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamido-(3-methyl)butane or Ep-475; ethyl(+)-(2S,3S)-3-[(S)-methyl-1-(3-methylbutylcarbamoyl)-butylcarbamoyl]-2-oxiranecarboxylate or EST) suppressed proteolysis 24 to 53% while pepstatin A, an inhibitor of aspartic proteinases, and lysosomal inhibitors (chloroquine, 3-methyladenine, monensin) had no effect. EST also suppressed, by 30 to 35%, A23187-stimulated release while chloroquine did not; A23187-stimulated hydrolysis of myosin heavy chain was inhibited 26% by EST and Ep-475. The myosin heavy chain fragment pattern in supernatant fractions resembled that produced when CDPs were incubated with myofibrils in vitro; both lacked a 145-kDa fragment produced in reaction mixtures containing purified myosin. This suggests that CDPs degrade in situ myosin polymerized into thick myofilaments rather than myosin monomers. Ultrastructural studies showed that A23187 also induced a preferential removal of the Z-line. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CDPs, but not lysosomes, are involved in the turnover of myofibrillar and non-myofibrillar proteins in crustacean striated muscle.
The First Plant Genome

The genome project has resulted in an avalanche of data, as well as an avalanche of philosophical revisionism to justify the lack of a hypothesis behind most genomics research. While sometimes heralded as a new age in biological reasoning, little has changed in the way conclusions are reached. What has changed is the richness of the information space within which experiments can be designed. Plants were the first organisms subjected to genetic analysis, and some of the first for which genetic maps assigned functions to chromosomal regions known as genes. The resolution provided by the genome project catapults genetic analysis into the computer age. As in Physics, it is only when significant algorithmic power is brought to bear that Popper's revolution can occur. As at the dawn of genetics, plants have properties particularly favorable to the study of higher eukaryotic genomes. Perhaps the real Green Revolution is only just beginning.Lin Kaul Rounsley Shea Benito Town Fujii Mason Bowman Barnstead 1999xLin, X., Kaul, S., Rounsley, S., Shea, T.P., Benito, M.I., Town, C.D., Fujii, C.Y., Mason, T., Bowman, C.L., Barnstead, M. et al. Nature. 1999; 402: 761–768Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (490)See all References, Wang Stec Hey Lukens Doebley 1999xWang, R.L., Stec, A., Hey, J., Lukens, L., and Doebley, J. Nature. 1999; 18: 236–239See all References
The Impact of NA Stalk Deletion on HA Receptor Binding Specificity of Avian H7N9 in China in 2013-14 and Avian H7N7 in Netherlands in 2003

A novel avian origin influenza H7N9 virus emerged in March 2013 in China and caused severe disease in humans. The high human death rate has caused public health concern and attracted global attention. The influenza viruses have two surface proteins: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), with HA facilitating viral entry into a host cell and NA helping new viral particles leave a host cell to infect more host cells. In a previous study published in May 2003, we applied computational analysis to the HA sequences of this new virus. Our findings suggested that the HA of this virus had avian type receptors as its primary binding and human types as secondary binding, which was verified by several subsequent wet lab experiments in later months of 2013. We also showed that the human H7N9 and avian H7N9 in China in 2013 shared the same HA receptor binding patterns. The NA protein of this new virus has a stalk deletion that is associated with virulence and host adaptation. In the present study, we wanted to understand the biological effects of this NA deletion on the HA receptor binding preference of this virus. However, the NA proteins of human H7N9 in China in 2013 all carry a stalk deletion so we lack the NA proteins with no stalk deletion as a control. In this study, we chose instead the NA proteins of avian H7N9 in China in 2013-14 and those of avian H7N7 in Netherlands in 2003 as some of them had a NA stalk deletion and some did not. We sought to employ a computational approach to revealing the impact of this NA stalk deletion on HA receptor binding preference of this virus. Our analysis implied that this deletion in the stalk region of NA enhanced the human receptor binding of avian H7N9 in China in 2013-14 and avian H7N7 in the Netherlands in 2003.
Managing Risks of Private Equity Investing in China

The rate of economic growth in China is quite high. This, added to the total pool of VC in China-which is reported to be US$24 billion-and China9s entry into the WTO, signals big things ahead for investment in China. This article discusses appropriate investment horizons, venture stages, ownership structures, passive versus active investment partners, and co-investing opportunities and problems.
Hemicholinium-3 binding sites in subnuclei of the rat interpeduncular nucleus: Quantitative in vitro autoradiography

The interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) receives dense cholinergic input from the medial habenulae (MH) via the fasciculus retroflexus (FR). This projection is known to terminate in the rostral, central and intermediate subnuclei. Correspondingly, the concentration of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) binding sites in these subnuclei was equal to or greater than that reported in any other brain areas. Moderate values in the distal FR and in the lateral subnuclei indicate that choline uptake sites are located on nonterminal portions of MH afferent axons as well. Possible relationships of HC-3 binding to the unusual metabolic properties of FR and IPN, and to the distribution of choline acetyltransferase-containing axons and terminals in FR and IPN are suggested.
FMTUTOR: A computer-aided instructional system for teaching fetal monitor interpretation

FMTUTOR is a computer program for instruction in the interpretation of fetal monitor recordings. The system runs on IBM-PC-compatible microcomputers and uses text and computer graphics to illustrate and reinforce important concepts. By means of a 2-hour introductory tutorial session and generation and guided interpretation of an unlimited variety of tracings, it simulates one-on-one instructor-student interactions and allows rapid accumulation of a store of information and experience in monitor tracing interpretation. FMTUTOR is currently used to teach third- and fourth-year medical students at the University of New Mexico. Acceptance has been enthusiastic, and development of more advanced instructional systems targeting nurses, residents, and obstetricians is underway.
Non-native english speaking elementary ell teachers’ culturally responsive leadership profile in an ESL context

Culturally responsive instruction has been suggested as quality education (Edwards, 2003) for minority students in subtractive and additivebilingualism settings. However, analytical curriculum development of several official English programs revealed that the gender-centric (malecentric)and Ethno-centric (Euro/Western-centric) approaches were deeply embedded in most English textbooks of curriculum development.The intent of partial mixed methods paper consisted of exploring some non-native English speaking teachers English teachers’ culturallyresponsive leadership profile in order to further the discussion on not only how to promote English curriculum transformation in English assecond language (ESL) and English as foreign language (EFL) settings, but also to effectively train culturally responsive non-native Englishspeaking (NNES) English pre-service teachers. Comparative data analysis suggested that there were no causal relationship between NNESEnglish teachers’ culturally responsive leadership styles and their abilities to perform multicultural transformation of English curriculums. To behighly effective in transforming English curriculum, NNES English teachers needed to be systematically trained on how to do so. Implicationsfor NNES English pre-service teacher education are framed from the culturally responsive and anti-oppressive education approaches.
Time in quantum measurements.

Our formalism for describing quantum measurements is generalized to the multitime case and used to derive rigorous time-energy uncertainty relations. For a free particle, we find that $T\ensuremath{\delta}H\ensuremath{\ge}\frac{1}{2}$, where $\ensuremath{\delta}H$ is the dispersion in energy and $T$ is the measurement duration as given by an external clock of arbitrarily high accuracy. Moreover, any system used as a clock obeys $\ensuremath{\delta}t\ensuremath{\delta}H\ensuremath{\ge}\frac{1}{2}$, where $\ensuremath{\delta}t$ is the dispersion in the values of time as measured by the system.
Effect of environmental conditions on 35S uptake by Triticum aestivum and transfer to Erysiphe graminis f sp. tritici during primary infection

Abstract Light is necessary at specific times during primary infection for synchronous development of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici on wheat. The effects of the environmental conditions on the uptake and translocation to the epidermis of 35 S and subsequent transfer to the parasite in the inoculated host were examined. Inoculated wheat plants were cut and fed 35 S for various 5-h periods beginning 1 to 21 h after inoculation. Radioactivity was determined in 1-cm leaf sections, epidermal strips, and the fungus on the leaf surface. Leaf sections and epidermal strips incubated in light yielded 20 and 4·5 × 10 4 ct/min, respectively, which is more than twice the ct/min obtained for plants incubated in darkness. Radioactivity in the fungus on the leaf surface ranged from background to 2100 ct/min/10 000 spores applied to the leaf. The rates of 35 S transfer from host to parasite were affected by the amount of tracer absorbed by the plant, the stage of development of the parasite during primary infection, and by parasite/host genes for compatibility. There were differences in rates of 35 S transfer between four different parasite/host genotypes for incompatibility ( P1/Pm1, P2/Pm2, P3a/Pm3a and P4/Pm4 ) after considering the amount of label in the host epidermis. Rates of 35 S transfer from host to parasite during primary infection are greater at 18 and 20 h after inoculation than at later times. Haustoria are not fully developed at these hours.
X-ray crystallography: assessment and validation of protein–small molecule complexes for drug discovery

Introduction: Crystallography is the key initial component for structure- and fragment-based drug design and can often generate leads that can be developed into high potency drugs. Therefore, huge sums of money are committed based on the outcome of crystallography experiments and their interpretation. Areas covered: This review discusses how to evaluate the correctness of an X-ray structure, focusing on the validation of small molecule–protein complexes. Various types of inaccuracies found within the Protein Data Bank (PDB) are identified and the ramifications of these errors discussed. The reader will gain an understanding of the key parameters that need to be inspected before a structure can be used in drug discovery efforts, as well as an appreciation of the difficulties of correctly interpreting electron density for small molecules. The reader will also be introduced to methods for validating small molecules within the context of a macromolecular structure. Expert opinion: The quality of structures of...
Feature-based part modeling and process planning for rapid response manufacturing

Rapid Response Manufacturing (RRM) attempts to put the product manufacturing into effect in the minimum time to satisfy the customer requirements. This paper presents the methodologies of dynamic and integrated part feature modeling and process planning for RRM applications. In order to demonstrate the functions of such system, an integrated model of rotational part feature modeling and process planning has been developed. The part feature modeling is constructed on the basis of a hierarchical and dynamic structure that consists of feature syntax, feature semantics and feature operations. For part comparison in RRM, a two-level comparison strategy has proposed and introduced. The process planning module can fulfill both variant and generative process design tasks, and perform part manufacturability evaluation by using a multi-level knowledge reasoning. To support the integration of RRM, a manufacturing environment model was built. An engine crankshaft was selected as the test case. The implementation and sensitivity of the model which was demonstrated by using the crankshaft is included in the paper.
Storage efficient and secure replicated distributed databases

Data availability and security are two important issues in a distributed database system. Existing schemes achieve high availability at the expense of higher storage cost and data security at the expense of higher processing cost. We develop an integrated methodology that combines the features of some existing schemes dealing with data fragmentation, data encoding, partial replication, and quorum consensus concepts to achieve storage efficient, highly available, and secure distributed database systems. >
“Support the Troops!”: The Social and Political Currency of Patriotism in the United States

This article explores the meaning of patriotism in the lives of United States citizens, and specifically how and why patriotism is mobilized as a social force, particularly in times of perceived crisis. Identifying two principal patriotic styles—“deferential” and “inquisitive”—it is argued that the distribution of these styles reflects relational social and political structures of claim making in a democracy, interconnected to individuals' desire to belong to something greater than themselves, and especially to be recognized by others as belonging. In other words, different patriotic styles reflect the relative difficulty or ease individuals and groups experience in establishing and affirming their belonging and social worth, and translating this citizenship into effective political participation. The article explores how these patriotic styles relate to the functioning of the democratic state in times of crisis, and how patriotic attachments serve or do not serve the interests of citizens.
Effects of accented speech and culture-typical compliance-gaining style on subordinates' impressions of managers

Abstract Trends toward increasing globalization increase the likelihood that North American managers will work under the supervision of resident normative senior managers. A considerable body of research documents the role of normative language variation in triggering stereotyped impressions of speakers, but no previous work investigates the effects of this mechanism on subordinates' perceptions of managers. At the same time, cultural differences in management styles are widely acknowledged. Japanese-typical compliance-gaining style is perceived by its practitioners and by its subordinates as depending on more affiliative and altruistic motives than typical North American management messages. The present study investigates the effects of Japanese accented English as compared to Standard American English, and the effects of Japanese-typical compared with North American-typical compliance-gaining styles on American marketing students' impressions of a sales manager. The effects of other mediating variables such as experience working with internationals is also considered. Results indicate that subordinates rate highly managers who use Japanese-typical style, and they do so especially when they erroneously associate this message pattern with American-typical style.
Selective Crystallization of the Metastable α-Form of l-Glutamic Acid using Concentration Feedback Control

A systematic methodology is presented for the selective crystallization of the metastable form of a monotropic dimorph, l-glutamic acid, for batch cooling crystallization. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics was used to determine the solute concentration and solubility curves of both α- and β-forms of l-glutamic acid in aqueous solution. The metastable limit associated with secondary nucleation for a seeded system was determined using laser backscattering (focused beam reflectance measurement, FBRM). Batch crystallizations seeded with the metastable α-form crystals following various preset supersaturation profiles were implemented using concentration feedback control which regulated the cooling rate based on the in situ measurement of solute concentration. Batch crystallizations operated at constant relative supersaturation in an appropriate temperature range prevented secondary nucleation of both polymorph types and were successful in s...