cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological Origin of Charge Transport Anisotropy in Aligned Polythiophene Thin Films

It is well known that the morphology of organic semiconductor fi lms plays a signifi cant role in dictating their electrical properties. In particular, anisotropic packing of organic semiconductors typically results in anisotropic charge transport properties, as has been demonstrated for a number of organic semiconductor materials. [ 1–12 ] In single crystal small molecule semiconductors such as rubrene, the anisotropy in charge transport can be directly related to the molecular packing structure and subsequent band structure. [ 13,14 ] In conjugated polymers, orienting the polymer long-axis to be primarily in one-direction has been shown to result in anisotropic charge transport for a number of polymers including poly(3-hexylthiphene) (P3HT), [ 1,11,15 ] poly[9,9′-dioctylfl uorene-co-bithiophene] (F8BT), [ 4,16 ] and Poly[2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl) thieno[3,2b ]thiophene] (pBTTT), [ 3,6,12 ]
Mitochondrial transport proteins of the brain.

In this study, cellular distribution and activity of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport as well as oxoglutarate transport across brain mitochondrial membranes were investigated. A goal was to establish cell-type-specific expression of key transporters and enzymes involved in neurotransmitter metabolism in order to estimate neurotransmitter and metabolite traffic between neurons and astrocytes. Two methods were used to isolate brain mitochondria. One method excludes synaptosomes and the organelles may therefore be enriched in astrocytic mitochondria. The other method isolates mitochondria derived from all regions of the brain. Immunological and enzymatic methods were used to measure enzymes and carriers in the different preparations, in addition to studying transport kinetics. Immunohistochemistry was also employed using brain slices to confirm cell type specificity of enzymes and carriers. The data suggest that the aspartate/glutamate carriers (AGC) are expressed predominantly in neurons, not astrocytes, and that one of two glutamate/hydroxyl carriers is expressed predominantly in astrocytes. The GABA carrier and the oxoglutarate carrier appear to be equally distributed in astrocytes and neurons. As expected, pyruvate carboxylase and branched-chain aminotransferase were predominantly astrocytic. Insofar as the aspartate/glutamate exchange carriers are required for the malate/aspartate shuttle and for reoxidation of cytosolic NADH, the data suggest a compartmentation of glucose metabolism in which astrocytes catalyze glycolytic conversion of glucose to lactate, whereas neurons are capable of oxidizing both lactate and glucose to CO2 + H2O. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of protein synthesis by vaccinia virus. I. Characterization of an inhibited cell-free protein-synthesizing system from infected cells.

Abstract L-929 or HeLa cells infected with vaccinia virus in the presence of cycloheximide fail to resume protein synthesis upon removal of the drug 3.5 hr after infection. However, infected-treated LLC-MK2 cells resume protein synthesis upon removal of the drug. Cell-free protein-synthesizing systems prepared from such vaccinia virus infected-cycloheximide treated L-929 or HeLa cells, 30 min after removal of the drug, fail to incorporate amino acids in vitro in response to endogenous mRNAs, while similar extracts of LLC-MK2 cells are functional in vitro . The inhibition of protein synthesis is also characterized by a failure to respond to exogenous mRNAs (Globin, L cell poly (A), or EMC RNA). Such inhibited extracts have been separated into supernatant, ribosome, and ribosomal salt wash fractions. The response of ribosomes from infected and uninfected cells to EMC RNA in the presence of homologous and heterologous supernatant fractions shows that defects can be found in both ribosomes and supernatant fractions of infected-treated cells. Readdition of salt wash fraction of infected and uninfected ribosomes to the ribosome and supernatant fractions of infected and uninfected cells shows an additional lesion in the salt wash fraction of infected-treated cells. Addition of supernatant, ribosome, and salt wash fractions of infected and uninfected cells individually to reconstituted protein-synthesizing systems prepared from normal cells shows that the primary lesion in the infected-treated cells is the salt wash fraction of the infected ribosomes. This constitutes a crude initiation factor preparation and is consistent with previous observations that vaccinia virus-induced inhibition of protein synthesis is the result of a failure at the level of initiation.
The activation of the enzyme tryptophan oxygenase

Abstract 1. 1. The activation of the liver enzyme tryptophan oxygenase has been studied in the frog and rat. 2. 2. Hematin, an iron protoporphyrin, activates the rat enzyme but has no effect on the frog enzyme. 3. 3. Microsomes and mitochondria from both species contain an activator(s) distinct from hematin which is effective in both rat and frog enzyme preparations.
The effect of stabilizers and denaturants on the cold denaturation temperatures of proteins and implications for freeze-drying.

The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of stabilizers and denaturants on the thermal and cold denaturation temperatures of selected proteins in systems of interest to freeze-drying. β-Lactoglobulin and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) were chosen as model proteins. Protein thermal and cold denaturation temperatures were determined by both conventional and modulated differential scanning calorimetry and verified by tryptophan emission spectroscopy in selected systems. The cold denaturation of β-lactoglobulin was reversible, whereas the thermal denaturation was only reversible at high scanning rate (10°C/min). The cold denaturation temperatures of β-lactoglobulin decreased with an increase in protein concentration (self-stabilization). The cold denaturation temperature increased with increases in pH (from pH 2 to 7) with about 4.6°C increase per unit pH change. All stabilizers studied (i.e., sucrose, trehalose and glycerol) increased the thermal denaturation temperature of the proteins studied and decreased the cold denaturation temperature. The effect of sucrose in decreasing the PGK cold denaturation temperature [40°C per molar concentration increase (40°C/M)] was of the same magnitude as for β-lactoglobulin (36°C/M). The effect of stabilizers on cold denaturation temperatures is much greater than the effect on thermal denaturation temperatures. With sucrose, the β-lactoglobulin thermal denaturation temperature increases only about 5°C from 0 to 2.7 M, whereas the decrease in cold denaturation temperature was more than 35°C even at sucrose concentrationsas low as 0.9 M. Denaturants (urea and guanidine hydrochloride) increased the cold denaturationtemperatures of proteins and thereby destabilized protein; the magnitudes were 9°C/M (urea on Tcd of β-lactoglobulin) and 65°C/M (guanidine hydrochloride on PGK) compared with literature data of 16°C/M (guanidine hydrochloride on β-lactoglobulin). The cold denaturation temperatures of β-lactoglobulinand PGK extrapolated to zero concentration of denaturants were −14 and −26°C, respectively. The protein cold denaturation temperature was pH-, protein concentration-, and additive-dependent. Stabilizers, such as sugars and/or polyols, can stabilize both protein thermal and cold denaturation, whereas the denaturants destabilize protein cold denaturation. The stabilization effect on protein cold denaturation is much larger than on thermal denaturation, a result of great importance in protein freeze-drying.
The inactivation of soluble ribonucleic acid by formaldehyde

The inactivation of sRNA by reaction with formaldehyde has been reported as it occurs under various conditions giving differing amounts of secondary structure. The theory of inactivation of an active macromolecule by a chemical reaction is developed. Results obtained with a partially melted out secondary structure show that formaldehyde inactivates sRNA by a single reaction at any one of about ten sites, while reaction at other sites does not affect the activity of the sRNA. In the presence of Mg++ at neutral pH, a large proportion of the active molecules are completely protected against inactivation. From the correlation between the amount of secondary structure and the difficulty of inactivation, it is shown that at least a portion of the secondary structure of sRNA is essential to its amino acid acceptor ability. A comparison of results of various workers shows that formaldehyde does not alter RNA as drastically as other reagents and thus enables more discrimination between sites of reaction which are essential and those which are not essential to biochemical activity.
Desingularizations of systems of point vortices

Abstract Consider the evolution of an incompressible inviscid fluid in R 2. Zabusky conjectured that: given a steady system of point vortices there exists a one-parameter family of steady system of vortex patches in which each patch shrinks to the corresponding point vortex while keeping the same circulation as the parameter tends to zero. Such a family is called a desingularization of the given system of point vortices. In this article, we establish that: 1. (a) Zabusky's conjecture holds under a mild condition on the system of point vortices; 2. (b) the desingularizations of the system of point vortices preserve their type of stability; 3. (c) desingularizations of an unfolding of a system of point vortices exist under a “typical” situation.
Analysis of elastic scattering at low momentum transfer

Abstract A method for analysing high energy elastic scattering data is described, which improves on previous methods to extract σ tot , σ el B and ϱ = Re M (0)/Im M (0) from experiment by properly allowing for the curvature of ln d σ / d t with t . The method is used to make a critical analysis of data at √ s = 19.4, 546,and 1800 GeV. It is found that previous analyses systematically underestimate the forward slope B . The large value of ϱ obtained by the UA4 Collaboration at √ s = 546 GeV, and some recently reported values of ϱ, B , and σ tot at √ s = 1800 GeV are shown to be doubtful. The method described here should aid in the analysis of forthcoming data from the UA 4 2 and E710 Collaborations.
Experimental results from an automatic test case generator

Constraint-based testing is a novel way of generating test data to detect specific types of common programming faults. The conditions under which faults will be detected are encoded as mathematical systems of constraints in terms of program symbols. A set of tools, collectively called Godzilla, has been implemented that automatically generates constraint systems and solves them to create test cases for use by the Mothra testing system. Experimental results from using Godzilla show that the technique can produce test data that is very close in terms of mutation adequacy to test data that is produced manually, and at substantially reduced cost. Additionally, these experiments have suggested a new procedure for unit testing, where test cases are viewed as throw-away items rather than scarce resources.
Parenting in Prison: A National Survey of Programs for Incarcerated Women.

This study reports results of a mail questionnaire from 43 state and Federal corrections departments as of June 1989 which collectively provide a profile of prisons, female inmates. and parenting programs. Thirty-six respondents indicated that parenting programs were available, but no consisrency was found in length, depth, orcontent, and most classes were taught, or other services provided, by volunteers.
Eosinophilic lung inflammation in particulate-induced lung injury: technical consideration in isolating RNA for gene expression studies.

Particulate and other pollutant exposures are associated with lung injury and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to develop an approach by which intact RNA could be obtained from inflamed lung tissue from particulate-exposed animals in order to correlate injury with specific gene expression. Male Sprague Dawley (SD) and Fischer-344 (F-344) rats were intratracheally instilled with saline or residual oil fly ash (ROFA) particles, 8.3 mg/kg body weight in saline. At various time points following ROFA instillation, lungs were either lavaged or used for RNA isolation. ROFA exposure produced an increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) neutrophils in both SD and F-344 rats. A lime-dependent increase in eosinophils occurred only in SD rats but not in F-344 rats. Extraction of inflamed pulmonary tissue having a high influx of eosinophils for RNA using the conventional acid guanidinium thiocyanate phenol-chloroform (AGPC) procedure failed to provide undegraded RNA suitable for RT-PCR and Northern bl...
The role of spatial topology in a toy model of classical electrodynamics in (1+1) dimensions

Abstract We discuss the role of spatial topology in a toy model of classical electrodynamics in ( 1 + 1 ) dimensions. The model describes a collection of Newtonian point particles coupled to a pair of scalar fields E ( t , x ) and B ( t , x ) , which mediate forces between the particles and support freely propagating radiation. We formulate the model on both a line and a circle, and show that the behavior of the model strongly depends on the choice of spatial topology.
Trade Offs between Energy Generation and Maintenance Drive Cellular Biogenesis at High Growth Rates

At high specific growth rates, cells shuttle a large fraction of carbon through fermentation rather than respiration at the expense of a large loss of potential ATP, even in the presence of excess oxygen. This phenomenon has been categorized in unicellular organism such as bacteria and budding yeast, as well as cancer cells undergoing the Warburg effect. Is this strategy energetically inefficient? Does it provide an evolutionary fitness benefit? We investigate these questions through a coarse grained model governed by biophysical principles.
A Mechanistic Dichotomy in the Reactions of Cp2M(CH2=CHMe) (M = Nb, Ta) with Catecholborane: Generation of Boryl Complexes by Propylene Hydroboration and Propylene Loss

A mixture of endo- and exo-Cp2TaH(CH2CHMe) (1a) and catecholborane (HBCat, Cat = 1,2-O2C6H4) reacted to give endo-Cp2TaH2(BCat) (2a) and n-PrBCat as the major products. Small quantities of exo-2a a...
An Analysis of the Effects of Continuous Monitoring Controls on e‐Commerce System Performance

This research investigates the effects on e‐commerce system performance of alternative types of application controls that continually monitor transaction‐processing activity. The three categories of controls examined were relatively simple controls involving calculations, more complicated controls requiring database lookups, and the most intensive controls involving the use of aggregate statistical functions. A test e‐commerce platform comprising a sales order entry application was programmed using Active Server Pages (ASP) technology. The system, running on a Windows 2000 Server platform with the data in a SQL Server 2000 database, was stress‐tested using Microsoft's web Application Stress tool. To gauge the performance of the system under low, medium, and high load conditions, various statistics were gathered including processor utilization, ASP requests per second, SQL Server transactions per second, ASP requests queued, and time to last byte of the main order processing script. Results revealed that c...
Physician-investigator phone elicitation of consent in the field: a novel method to obtain explicit informed consent for prehospital clinical research.

Objective. To describe andreport the feasibility of a novel field telephonic strategy to elicit explicit informed consent in prehospital trials for conditions in which patients retain decision-making capacity. Methods. In a pilot prehospital neuroprotective stroke therapy trial, ambulances carried written informed consent forms anddedicated trial cellular phones permitting rapid connection to on call physician-investigators. The physician-investigator discussed the trial with the consent provider [patient if competent, on scene legally authorized representative (LAR) if patient not competent] by phone, while paramedics carried out prehospital care duties unimpeded. Results. 32 patients met consent elicitation criteria. 20 (63%) were enrolled. The most frequent reasons for non-enrollment were: patient not competent andno available on-scene LAR–5; patient/LAR declined participation–4. Among enrollees, 15 (75%) were competent andself-enrolled; 5 (25%) were not competent andwere enrolled by LAR family members...
A new species ofPhlox (Polemoniaceae) from northern Mexico with an expanded circumscription of subsectionDivaricatae

Phlox pattersonii, a new species from the northern Sierra Madre of Coahuila and Nuevo Leon, Mexico is described. It is morphologically similar toP. pilosa var.ozarkana of the east-central United States, but differs in its suffruticose habit, alternate upper leaves, many nodes, and summer blooming period. None of the subsections ofPhlox can accommodate the new species as currently circumscribed, though it is clearly allied to subsectionsDivaricatae andDrummondianae. A new circumscription of subsect.Divaricatae is proposed which includes subsect.Drummondianae andP. pattersonii.
Towards a theory of entrepreneurship

Abstract Over 200 years of the study of entrepreneurship have provided many definitions of the word “entrepreneur”. However, no theory of entrepreneurship has been developed that would explain or predict when an entrepreneur, by any of the definitions, might appear or engage in entrepreneurship. Indeed, the search for a best definition may have impeded the development of theory. The Schumpeter economic outcome-based concept that an entrepreneur creates value by carrying out new combinations causing discontinuity is embodied in many of the definitions offered within the last 50 years. We strongly recommend the adoption of Schumpeter's definition for academic and policy-making purposes. We offer the following tentative entrepreneurship theory, extracted from anecdotal observations and extant literature, in the hope that it will better explain and begin to predict the phenomenon of entrepreneurship: “A person will carry out a new combination, causing discontinuity, under conditions of: 1. 1. Task-related motivation, 2. 2. Expertise, 3. 3. Expectation of personal gain, and 4. 4. A supportive environment. ” Several relevant research questions are posed in the hope that they will encourage discontinuity in further development of theory.
Burke’s Pentad as a Guide for Symbol-Using Citizens

Ever since the rhetorical turn in education, education scholars have recognized the importance of rhetoric in constructing and mediating human society. They have turned to rhetorical theory to come to terms with this rhetorically mediated reality and to engage students as critical citizens within it. Much of this work draws on rhetorical theorist Kenneth Burke, but much of Burke’s work remains unexplored in this area. We argue that his theories can be part of a user’s guide to educate students about rhetoric’s function in society, to educate them about the opportunities and pitfalls that rhetoric brings. In this essay, we offer his dramatistic pentad as part of this larger user’s guide. The pentad identifies the logical elements of action and provides a model that explains the “grammar of motives”. It also provides a method for analyzing statements of motives, which rhetorical critics have long used to describe and explain strategic constructions of motives. Although the pentad is relatively easy to teach and to understand, its application to particular discourses can reveal complex relationships among the elements of action, laying bare their operation within the grammar of motives. We claim that the pentad offers lessons for students to engage with important societal issues, lessons about the limitations of any one construction of motives and how to overcome those limitations.
Computed tomography of acute radiation nephritis.

A patient with Hodgkin’s disease received a fractionated 3, 740 rad dosage over 4 weeks to a portal that included both kidneys. Three months later a computed tomographic scan obtained 2 hours after intravenous contrast injection demonstrated sharply demarcated, dense, persistent nephrograms corresponding to the irradiated areas. These changes are ascribed to acute radiation nephritis, reflecting tubular stasis and ischemia.
Syrian Citizen Journalism

The Syrian revolution has brought about the creation of a pop-up news ecology, an entirely new, oppositional news system fueled by citizen activists’ use of social media to report on the conflict. Drawing on Castell’s Network Society, this essay assesses the ways such a system came into being, finding a dearth of professional journalism, rapidity of its formation, and assistance by external “connectors” as key factors. This case study provides a potential model for the ways pop-up news ecologies may form in other authoritarian countries.
Ion transport proteins anchor and regulate the cytoskeleton

Structurally diverse ion transport proteins anchor the spectrin-actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane by binding directly to linker proteins of the ankyrin and protein 4.1 families. Cytoskeletal anchoring regulates cell shape and restricts the activity of ion transport proteins to specialised membrane domains. New directions are being forged by recent findings that localised anchoring by ion transport proteins regulates the ordered assembly of actin filaments and the actin-dependent processes of cell adhesion and motility.
Coarctation of the aorta with congenital mitral regurgitation.

Among 861 infants and children with coarctation of the aorta examined between 1950 and 1973, inclusive, 18 (2.1%) also had congenital mitral regurgitation (MR). Resection of the coarctation of the aorta was performed in 16 of these 18 patients (89%). There were three operative deaths early in the series, giving a total mortality rate of 18% since 1950. Over the past decade, mortality in this group has been reduced to zero. Mitral valve replacement was performed following resection of the coarctation in 2/13 patients (13%), both successfully. The follow-up of the 13 postoperative patients and the two who have not undergone surgery has ranged from 5 to 18 years, with a median of nine years. At the last examination, an appreciable pressure gradient persisted between the right arm and the legs in 4/15 patients (27%). Weight remained below the third percentile in none. The clinical picture of congestive heart failure was present in none, but significant cardiomegaly was found radiologically in 11/15 (73%) and ...
Balsalazide led to greater remission rates and tolerance than mesalamine in acute ulcerative colitis

Green et al enrolled 101 (99 evaluable) patients with moderate to severe symptoms of ulcerative colitis (UC) into a randomised, double blind, double dummy trial comparing 6.75 g balsalazide (Colazide) and 2.4 g mesalamine (Asacol) over 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was complete remission defined as absent or mild symptoms with either a normal sigmoidoscopy or a sigmoidoscopy demonstrating erythema and loss of vascular pattern. 62% of balsalazide versus 37% of mesalamine treated patients achieved remission by 12 weeks. In addition, balsalazide treated patients had a shorter median time to complete relief, a higher percentage of symptom-free days, less treatment failures, and fewer serious adverse effects. The authors concluded that balsalazide was “more effective...with more favourable side effect profile”. This study suggests the clinical superiority of balsalazide over mesalamine in the formulations tested. The context, methodology and interpretations must, however, be viewed in perspective. This trial compared equivalent amounts of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) delivered from Colazide and Asacol at currently “approved” doses of Asacol (2.4 g/day in the USA). This is not an optimal dose; prior mesalamine studies …
A replication-competent, neutralization-sensitive variant of simian immunodeficiency virus lacking 100 amino acids of envelope.

Coding sequences for the first two variable loops of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein were removed from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain 239 (SIVmac239). This deletion encompassed 100 amino acids. The resulting virus replicated poorly after transfection into immortalized T-cell lines, with peak replication occurring only after 25 to 30 days. Limited passaging of SIVmac239ΔV1V2 in cultures gave rise to a variant which had significantly improved replication kinetics but which retained the original 100-amino-acid deletion in gp120. Cloning and sequencing revealed 11 changes in the envelope, including amino acid substitutions in both gp120 (5 substitutions) and gp41(6 substitutions). Four of the five changes in gp120 are predicted to lie within and around the putative coreceptor binding domain, a region which is believed to be covered by the V1 and V2 loops in the native envelope complex. Analysis of recombinant clones surprisingly revealed that the changes in gp41 were sufficient to overcome the replication deficiency created by deletion of the V1 and V2 loops from gp120. The SIVmac239ΔV1V2 envelope displayed a significant reduction in its ability to mediate cell-cell fusion, and the infectious titer of SIVmac239ΔV1V2 was approximately four- to eightfold lower than that of parental SIVmac239. Although SIVmac239 is strongly dependent on both CD4 and a coreceptor for entry, envelope protein lacking the V1 and V2 loops was able to mediate fusion with CD4− CCR5+ cells at 60% the level observed with CD4+ CCR5+ cells. Plasma from SIVmac239-infected monkeys was at least 100 to 1,000 times more effective at neutralizing SIVmac239ΔV1V2 than SIVmac239. These results demonstrate the dispensability of the V1-V2 sequences of SIVmac239 for viral replication, a role for V1 and V2 in shielding the coreceptor binding region of the envelope, and the extreme sensitivity of a SIV lacking these sequences to antibody-mediated neutralization.
A Wiring-Efficient, High-Throughput Low Density Parity Check Decoder Design

A high-throughput 1020-bit rate-1/2 low density parity check (LDPC) decoder design is proposed that matches the coding gain of current LDPC decoders. The decoder features wiring-efficient code design and an unwrapping technique that allows us to trade between size and the throughput of a decoder.
A Phenomenological Model of the LS2 Ion Channel

A molecular dynamics simulation has been performed on a synthetic membrane-spanning ion channel, consisting of four α-helical peptides, each of which is composed of the sequence Ac-(LSLLLSL)3-CONH2. In the present simulation, the channel was initially assembled dynamically as a parallel bundle in the octane portion of a phase separated water/octane system, which provided a membrane-mimetic environment, without imposing any structural constraints. After more than one nanosecond, the four helices were found to adopt an associated dimer state with two-fold symmetry, which after a further 3 ns evolved to a coiled-coil tetrameric structure with a left-handed twist. Based on the simulation, we proposed a phenomenological model to describe the two-states of the channel.
Hypoperfusion of the myocardium relative to myocardial metabolism during delayed coronary constriction

Objective: The aim was to test the hypothesis that the myocardium becomes hypoperfused, relative to its metabolic demands, during the delayed coronary constriction which is observed following termination of a period of sympathetic stimulation. Methods: This was tested by beat by beat analysis of the ratio of coronary blood flow to the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure (HR×SBP), an index of myocardial metabolism, in acutely instrumented open chest canine preparations, before, during, and after direct electrical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion. Results: Myocardial metabolism increased in response to stellate stimulation, as evidenced by increases in heart rate, aortic blood pressure, and HR×SBP. These were accompanied by increased blood flow and decreased vascular resistance in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Delayed coronary constriction, defined as the period with the lowest coronary blood flow observed after the end of the stimulation, occurred 1 to 3 min after stimulation was terminated and was characterised by recovery of heart rate, blood pressure, HR×SBP, and coronary blood flow toward control levels, while coronary vascular resistance overshot to above control levels. The ratio of coronary blood flow to HR×SBP fell progressively in the poststimulation period to significantly less (mean 0.715, range of ± 1 SEM 0.638 to 0.800, p<0.05) than control (1.0, by definition) in experiments performed with partial prestenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In a selected subgroup of observations with a mean reduction in coronary blood flow during delayed coronary constriction comparable to that reported previously, the flow/metabolism ratio was even lower (mean 0.239, range of ± 1 SEM 0.202 to 0.284). Conclusions: The phenomenon of delayed coronary constriction clearly involves a mismatch between myocardial supply and demand: coronary blood flow becomes inappropriately low for the prevailing level of myocardial metabolism. Cardiovascular Research 1993; 27 :435-441
Equivalent notions of normal quantum subgroups, compact quantum groups with properties F and FD, and other applications

Abstract The notion of normal quantum subgroup introduced in algebraic context by Parshall and Wang when applied to compact quantum groups is shown to be equivalent to the notion of normal quantum subgroup introduced by the author. As applications, a quantum analog of the third fundamental isomorphism theorem for groups is obtained, which is used along with the equivalence theorem to obtain results on structure of quantum groups with property F and quantum groups with property FD. Other results on normal quantum subgroups for tensor products, free products and crossed products are also proved.
Identification of a Cellobiose Utilization Gene Cluster with Cryptic β-Galactosidase Activity in Vibrio fischeri

Cellobiose utilization is a variable trait that is often used to differentiate members of the family Vibrionaceae. We investigated how Vibrio fischeri ES114 utilizes cellobiose and found a cluster of genes required for growth on this β-1,4-linked glucose disaccharide. This cluster includes genes annotated as a phosphotransferase system II (celA, celB, and celC), a glucokinase (celK), and a glucosidase (celG). Directly downstream of celCBGKA is celI, which encodes a LacI family regulator that represses cel transcription in the absence of cellobiose. When the celCBGKAI gene cluster was transferred to cellobiose-negative strains of Vibrio and Photobacterium, the cluster conferred the ability to utilize cellobiose. Genomic analyses of naturally cellobiose-positive Vibrio species revealed that V. salmonicida has a homolog of the celCBGKAI cluster, but V. vulnificus does not. Moreover, bioinformatic analyses revealed that CelG and CelK share the greatest homology with glucosidases and glucokinases in the phylum Firmicutes. These observations suggest that distinct genes for cellobiose utilization have been acquired by different lineages within the family Vibrionaceae. In addition, the loss of the celI regulator, but not the structural genes, attenuated the ability of V. fischeri to compete for colonization of its natural host, Euprymna scolopes, suggesting that repression of the cel gene cluster is important in this symbiosis. Finally, we show that the V. fischeri cellobioase (CelG) preferentially cleaves β-d-glucose linkages but also cleaves β-d-galactose-linked substrates such as 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactoside (X-gal), a finding that has important implications for the use of lacZ as a marker or reporter gene in V. fischeri.
H2O on Lin clusters: a theoretical study

Abstract Geometric features for H2O bound in five sites on (100) and (111) planes of Lin clusters were calculated. Comparison of orbital spacings calculated for H2O in favorable sites with the photoelectron spectrum of H2O adsorbed on lithium substrate was good. Cluster size did not strongly affect the results.
Remote gaming on resource-constrained devices

Games have become important applications on mobile devices. A mobile gaming approach known as remote gaming is being developed to support games on low cost mobile devices. In the remote gaming approach, the responsibility of rendering a game and advancing the game play is put on remote servers instead of the resource constrained mobile devices. The games rendered on the servers are encoded as video and streamed to mobile devices. Mobile devices gather user input and stream the commands back to the servers to advance game play. With this solution, mobile devices with video playback and network connectivity can become game consoles. In this paper we present the design and development of such a system and evaluate the performance and design considerations to maximize the end user gaming experience.
WWW traffic reduction and load balancing through server-based caching

Research on replication techniques to reduce traffic and minimize the latency of information retrieval in a distributed system has concentrated on client based caching. In this technique, recently and frequently accessed information is cached at a client (or at a proxy thereof) in anticipation of future accesses. Such myopic solutions-focusing exclusively on a particular client or set of clients-will likely have a limited impact. Instead, the author offers a solution that replicates information on a global supply and demand basis. The author proposes a data dissemination mechanism that allows information to propagate from its producers to servers that are closer to its consumers. This dissemination reduces network traffic and balances load among servers by exploiting the geographic and temporal locality of reference exhibited in client access patterns. The level of dissemination depends on the relative popularity of documents, and on the expected reduction in traffic that results from such dissemination. Using extensive HTTP logs, the author and his colleagues devised an analytical model of server popularity and file access profiles. With that model, he shows that disseminating the most popular documents on servers closer to clients could reduce network traffic considerably, while balancing server loads. Trace driven simulations quantify the performance gains achievable through such a protocol.
Role of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α in controlling copper-responsive transcription

Previous global transcriptome and interactome analyses of copper-treated HepG2 cells identified hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) as a potential master regulator of copper-responsive transcription. Copper exposure caused a decrease in the expression of HNF4α at both mRNA and protein levels, which was accompanied by a decrease in the level of HNF4α binding to its consensus DNA binding sequence. qRT-PCR and RNAi studies demonstrated that changes in HNF4α expression ultimately affected the expressions of its down-stream target genes. Analysis of upstream regulators of HNF4α expression, including p53 and ATF3, showed that copper caused an increase in the steady-state levels of these proteins. These results support a model for copper-responsive transcription in which the metal affects ATF3 expression and stabilizes p53 resulting in the down-regulation of HNF4α expression. In addition, copper may directly affect p53 protein levels. The suppression of HNF4α activity may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying the physiological and toxicological consequences of copper toxicity in hepatic-derived cells.
A Taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing Digital Logic Design

It is not uncommon for new faculty members to be overwhelmed by course development. Oddly enough, most of what is developed by new faculty members has been developed before, and frequently, at a higher quality. Both new and old faculty could benefit from a mechanism to exchange materials and ideas. Such a mechanism exists and is widely known - the popular Bloom's taxonomy. In 2001 an update to the original Bloom's taxonomy was published that added an extra dimension to the original taxonomy and emphasized the requirement for alignment of objectives with instructional methods and assessment techniques. Conforming to this latter specification, this paper summarizes this taxonomy and outlines how it might be utilized to develop a Taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing a single course, "digital logic design." The taxon is offered as a lesson-based mechanism for packaging learning objectives, instructional methods, and assessment techniques into a single, taxonomy-aligned element that can be exchanged among educators. These taxons provide a framework for the exchange of pedagogical techniques such as active learning within specific lesson contexts. It is the intention of this paper to offer the foundation for further development of a medium of interchange for these elements.
The Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (Bcrp1/Abcg2) Limits Fetal Distribution of Glyburide in the Pregnant Mouse: An Obstetric-Fetal Pharmacology Research Unit Network and University of Washington Specialized Center of Research Study

Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is most abundantly expressed in the apical membrane of placental syncytiotrophoblasts, suggesting that it may protect the fetus by impeding drug penetration across the placental barrier. Glyburide (GLB) is an antidiabetic drug routinely used to treat gestational diabetes. In this study, we first determined whether GLB is a BCRP/Bcrp1 substrate. The intracellular [(3)H]GLB concentrations in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)/BCRP cells were significantly lower than those in MDCK/vector cells. The addition of 10 muM fumitremorgin C, a specific BCRP inhibitor, significantly increased the intracellular [(3)H]GLB concentrations approximately 2-fold in MDCK/BCRP cells, but it had no effect in MDCK/vector cells. Similar results were obtained using MDCKII parent and MDCKII/Bcrp1 cells. GLB was also shown to be a BCRP/Bcrp1 substrate in transwell transport experiments. We then examined whether Bcrp1 limits fetal distribution of GLB in the pregnant mouse. GLB was administered by retro-orbital injection to the wild-type and Bcrp1(-/-) pregnant mice. The maternal plasma samples and fetuses were collected at various times (0.5-240 min) after drug administration. The GLB concentrations in the maternal plasma samples and homogenates of fetal tissues were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Although the maternal plasma area under the concentration-time curves (AUCs) of GLB in the wild-type and Bcrp1(-/-) pregnant mice were comparable, the fetal AUC of GLB in the Bcrp1(-/-) pregnant mice was approximately 2 times greater than that in the wild-type pregnant mice. These results suggest that GLB is a BCRP/Bcrp1 substrate, and Bcrp1 significantly limits fetal distribution of GLB in the pregnant mouse, but it has only a minor effect on the systemic clearance of the drug.
Variation Across Years in Rumen-Reticulum Capacity and Digesta Load in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

How gut capacity and digesta loads vary with unpredictable forage quality and abundance has not been examined in ruminants. Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) should have greater rumen-reticulum capacity during drought years to accom- modate heavier digesta loads due to diets that contain a greater fraction of indigestible material. In contrast, in years with above-average precipitation, digesta loads should be lighter due to a greater fraction of digestible material in the diet which would result in less need for a large rumen-reticulum capacity. Data were collected from White-tailed Deer obtained during October, 2006-2008, from a 214-ha enclosure at the Mason Moun- tain Wildlife Management Area, Mason County, TX. Digesta load, liver weights (used as a proxy to indicate metabolic workload), empty rumen-reticulum organ weights, and rumen-reticulum volume were measured. Findings, adjusted for body weight, indicated that in the year with above-average precipitation, liver weights and rumen-reticulum ca- SDFLW\�ZHUHOHVVWKDQLQGURXJKW�\HDUV��$OWKRXJKWKHLQ?XHQFHR I�\HDURQUXPHQUHWLFXOXP� RUJDQZHLJKW��DGMXVWHGIRUERG\�ZHLJKW��ZDVQRWVWDWLVWLFDOO\�V LJQLoFDQW��JUDSKLFDOUHSUH - sentation did show a trend that followed yearly precipitation. Digesta loads, adjusted for body weight, progressively increased over the study, which did not coincide with changes in precipitation. Overall, this study provided information on how rumen-reticulum attri- butes change with environmental heterogeneity across years.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cognitive outcomes in community-based older persons

Objective: We tested the hypothesis that cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is related to Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia and decline in multiple cognitive systems in old age, independent of AD plaque and tangle pathology and other common age-related neuropathologies. Methods: Participants (n = 1,113) came from 2 longitudinal clinical-pathologic studies of aging, the Rush Memory and Aging Project and the Religious Orders Study. All underwent annual clinical evaluations including detailed cognitive testing for a mean of 7.1 years before death. Clinical diagnoses of AD were established after reviewing all clinical data, blinded to neuropathologic information. Neuropathologic examinations provided measures of CAA, AD pathology, macroscopic infarcts, microinfarcts, and neocortical Lewy bodies. The association of CAA with AD dementia was examined using logistic regression models, and its association with cognitive decline was examined using linear mixed models. Results: CAA was common, present in 78.9% of participants, and moderately related to AD pathology (ρ = 0.401, p Conclusions: CAA is an important determinant of AD dementia and decline in multiple cognitive systems in old age.
Civil war peace agreement implementation and state capacity

Negotiated civil war terminations differ from their interstate war counterparts in that one side must disarm and cease to exist as a fighting entity. While termination through military victory provides a relatively more enduring peace, many civil wars end with peace agreements signed after negotiations. However, research has shown that the implementation of civil war peace agreements is difficult and prone to collapse. Often these failures are followed by recurrence of the conflict. In some cases, the agreements break down before key provisions are implemented. This article adds to this topic by focusing on the role of state capacity in peace agreement success. We argue that peace agreements and state capacity are necessary but not sufficient conditions for sustainable peace. The article employs a case study approach to explore the importance of state capacity in implementing civil war peace agreements. The role of third-party interventions is also considered. The cases (United Kingdom—Northern Ireland, Indonesia—Aceh, Burundi, Mali, and Somalia) include 14 peace agreements that vary by war type (secessionist or control over government), type of agreement (comprehensive or partial), levels of state capacity (high or low), and peace success (success, partial or failure), and each experienced third-party involvement in the peace process.
Mathematical model of real‐time PCR kinetics

Several real-time PCR (rtPCR) quantification techniques are currently used to determine the expression levels of individual genes from rtPCR data in the form of fluorescence intensities. In most of these quantification techniques, it is assumed that the efficiency of rtPCR is constant. Our analysis of rtPCR data shows, however, that even during the exponential phase of rtPCR, the efficiency of the reaction is not constant, but is instead a function of cycle number. In order to understand better the mechanisms belying this behavior, we have developed a mathematical model of the annealing and extension phases of the PCR process. Using the model, we can simulate the PCR process over a series of reaction cycles. The model thus allows us to predict the efficiency of rtPCR at any cycle number, given a set of initial conditions and parameter values, which can mostly be estimated from biophysical data. The model predicts a precipitous decrease in cycle efficiency when the product concentration reaches a sufficient level for template-template re-annealing to compete with primer-template annealing; this behavior is consistent with available experimental data. The quantitative understanding of rtPCR provided by this model can allow us to develop more accurate methods to quantify gene expression levels from rtPCR data.
Homenaje por nombramiento de SONEPSYN como "Maestro de la psiquiatría chilena" al profesor Gustavo Figueroa Cave. Temuco, 01 de Noviembre de 2007

n profesor es el que te ensena, un maestro es del que aprendes”, decia con sabiduria el versado Aristoteles. Y es que el oficio de ensenar es un ejercicio de inmortalidad: nadie puede predecir donde acabara su influencia. Y es que los maestros virtuosos hacen la obra humana mas bella y perecedera porque en su entrega, no solo otorgan la capacitacion y las herramientas para un desempeno profesional; sino que tambien templan el espiritu para afrontar las vicisitudes de la existencia. Mas, –“una cosa es saber y otra saber ensenar”– como declaraba Ciceron al aludir a la esencia de la maestria. Estas son algunas reflexiones que evocan cabalmente al hoy homenajeado Maestro de la Psiquiatria Chilena, Profesor Doctor Gustavo Oscar Figueroa Cave. El Profesor Figueroa Cave, hijo de Lily y Oscar y menor de dos hermanos, nace en Valparaiso y efectua su Beca de Especializacion en Psiquiatria en la Clinica Psiquiatrica de la Universidad de Chile, entre 1965 y 1968. Durante esos anos recibe la influencia de los Directores de la Clinica, Profesores Doctores Ignacio Matte, Hernan Davanzo y Armando Roa. En aquella epoca fueron docentes una serie de psiquiatras que posteriormente alcanzaron una notoria relevancia, tanto en la Universidad de Chile como en SONEPSYN: Mario Gomberoff, Anibal Varela, Guido Solari, Max Letelier, Sergio CRONICA
Warren E. Buffett, 1995

Set in August 1995, this case enables students to assess Berkshire Hathaway's bid for the 49.6% of GEICO Corporation that it does not already own. Students perform a simple valuation of GEICO shares, and consider the reasonableness of the 26% acquisition premium. There are no obvious synergies, and Berkshire Hathaway has announced that it will run GEICO with no changes. Student analysis can include the investment philosophy and remarkable record of Berkshire's CEO, Warren E. Buffett. The case was prepared for use as an introduction to a finance course or a module on capital markets. The analytical tasks are straightforward, and are intended to provide a springboard for a discussion of the main tenets of modern finance. Thus, the case can be used to (1) set some of the important themes at the beginning of a finance course, including risk and return, economic reality (i.e., not accounting reality), the time value of money, and the benefits of alignment of agents and owners; (2) link concepts of valuation and corporate finance to the behavior of investors in the capital market; (3) through the use of an exemplar (Buffett), hint at the nature of best practice in management and investment (one can return to the image of Buffett repeatedly during a finance course to ask students what he would likely do in a situation); (4) build the notion of stock prices equaling the present value of future equity cash flows; and (5) exercise simple equity valuation skills using DCF analysis.