cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vortex condensation in a model of random φ4-graphs

Abstract We consider a soluble model of large φ4-graphs randomly embedded in one compactified dimension; namely the large-order behaviour of finite-temperature perturbation theory for the partition function of the anharmonic oscillator. We solve the model using semi-classical methods and demonstrate the existence of a critical temperature at which the system undergoes a second-order phase transition from D=1 to D=0 behaviour. Non-trivial windings of the closed loops in a graph around the compactified time direction are interpreted as vortices. The critical point has a natural interpretation as the temperature at which these vortices condense and disorder the system. We show that the vortex density increases rapidly in the critical region indicating the breakdown of the dilute vortex gas approximation at this point. We discuss the relation of this phenomenon to the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in the D=1 matrix model formulated on a circle.
Government Enterprises & Industrial Relations in Late Qing China

This study examines the development of labour organisation and industrial action among workers in government enterprises in the late Qing (1860-1912). Because these were the largest industrial enterprises using the most advanced machinery, one expects that the workers in them would play the leading role in labour organisation. Further, during the centuries-long gestation period, the period of embryonic capitalism, workers in traditional enterprises had already developed a tradition of industrial action. Yet this tradition of protest did not appear to have contributed much to labour activism in the modern government works. Quite the contrary, it was in private industries, whether Chinese- or foreign-owned, that we find a higher level of labour organisation and activism. This is an unexpected discovery, for which an explanation is attempted.
Reoperation for prosthetic aortic valve obstruction in the era of echocardiography: trends in diagnostic testing and comparison with surgical findings.

Abstract OBJECTIVES We sought to: 1) identify trends in the diagnostic testing of patients with prosthetic aortic valve (AVR) obstruction who undergo reoperation and 2) compare diagnostic test results with pathologic findings at surgery. BACKGROUND It is unclear whether Doppler transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) have reduced hemodynamic catheterization rates. METHODS We reviewed 92 consecutive cases of AVR reoperation at a single center from 1989 to 1998, comparing 49 cases of mechanical AVR obstruction (group A) to 43 cases of bioprosthetic obstruction (group B). Preoperative Doppler TTE was performed in all cases. RESULTS In group A cases, there was a marginally significant trend towards lower catheterization rates for the Gorlin AVR area, from 36% in 1989 to 1990 to 10% in 1997 to 1998 (p = 0.07), but diagnostic TEE utilization (47% of cases) did not vary. The cause of mechanical AVR obstruction was pannus in 26 cases (53%), mismatch (P-PM) in 19 (39%) and thrombosis in 4 (8%). The mechanism (pannus/thrombus vs. mismatch) was identified in 10% by TTE and 49% by TEE (p CONCLUSIONS Doppler TTE is the primary means to diagnose AVR obstruction; hemodynamic catheterization is not routinely needed. In unselected patients with mechanical AVR obstruction, TEE differentiation of pannus or thrombus from mismatch is challenging.
OTFT performance of air-stable ester-functionalized polythiophenes

A series of three air-stable ester-functionalized polythiophenes were tested for performance and stability in organic thin film transistors. The highest saturated field effect mobility of the series was 3.3 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1. The three polymers showed only a small decrease in performance over the course of one month, while P3HT devices fabricated for comparison no longer functioned after this storage interval. The polymers are stable in air due to a HOMO level of −5.6 eV as measured by CV. Increased crystallinity as measured by XRD and DSC accounts for the highest mobility polymer.
Single-phase active boost rectifier with power factor correction for Wireless Power Transfer applications

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology is a novel research area in the charging technology that bridges the utility and the automotive industries. There are various solutions that are currently being evaluated by several research teams to find the most efficient way to manage the power flow from the grid to the vehicle energy storage system. There are different control parameters that can be utilized to compensate for the change in the impedance due to system level variables such as battery state-of-charge and coil misalignment. To understand the power flow through the system this paper presents a novel approach to the system model and the impact of different control parameters on the load power. The implementation of an active front-end rectifier on the grid side for power factor control and voltage boost capability for load power regulation is also discussed.
Epitaxially-hyperbranched FeSi nanowires exhibiting merohedral twinning

We report the synthesis of epitaxially-hyperbranched FeSi nanowires via chemical vapor transport using FeSi2 as the source material and I2 as the transport agent. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the nanowires have diameters ranging from 25 to 1000 nm, depending on the morphology. Structural characterization using electron diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction reveal that these nanowires are single-crystalline cubic FeSi with growth in the direction. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the thin, amorphous coating on these nanostructures is comprised primarily of silicon oxide. Interestingly, these FeSi nanowires exhibit merohedral twinning, an uncommon type of twinning in nanostructures that cannot be observed using electron diffraction, with the (001) twin plane parallel to the growth direction. Such merohedral twinning should generally be expected for all B20 silicide nanowires. In addition to nanowires, other morphologies including nanocombs, nanoflowers, and micron-sized crystals are also observed during the synthesis at various temperature zones of the growth substrates.
Women, men and money styles

Abstract The character of gender differences in money styles is examined. On average, money style item scores for young adult males and females are found to be consistently disparate. Males and females are both likely to see money as closely linked with esteem and power, but males are more prone to feel involved and competent in money handling, and take risks to amass wealth. Females have a greater sense of envy and deprivation with respect to money as a means of obtaining things and experiences that they can enjoy in the present.
Opiate receptor blockade in man reduces 2-deoxy-d-glucose-induced food intake but not hunger, thirst, and hypothermia

Opioid peptides may act as neuromodulators in the central nervous system to conserve energy stores and water in mammals. To examine this hypothesis in man, the effect of opiate receptor blockade with naloxone on the hunger, thirst, and hypothermic response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced glucoprivic stress was assessed. Opiate receptor blockade decreased stress-induced food intake but did not reduce marked increases in hunger produced by glucoprivation. Naloxone infusions did not change the hypercortisolemic, polydipsic, hypothermic, and thermogenic response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose. While these results do not suggest a major role for a beta-endorphin modulation of stress-induced hunger, hypothermia and water conservation, the reduction of food intake could be due to augmented satiety, perhaps associated with retardation of gastric emptying during opiate receptor blockade.
Lens polyol dehydrogenase.

Abstract Lens Polyol dehydrogenase was purified approximately 1000-fold from calf lenses and the properties of the enzyme were studied. The enzyme appears to be a metallo-enzyme and is reactivated, after inhibition by EDTA, by magnesium ion. β-mETOH lowers the threshold concentration for magnesium ion. Furthermore, NADH prevents EDTA inhibition. The pH optima for the forward and reverse reactions were pH 9 and pH 7 respectively. The following Km values were determined: xylitol, 2·08 × 10−3 m ; sorbitol, 1 × 10−2 m ; NAD, 2·7 × 10−5 m ; and, fructose, 3·2 × 10−2 m . Additionally, it was found that NADH, a product of the forward reaction, is an enzyme inhibitor. Thus, the concentration of sorbitol in the lens and the ratio of NAD NADH may play important roles in regulating the activity ofolyol dehydrogenase activity in vivo as well as in vitro.
High flux cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes

Abstract Conditions for casting high flux tubular and flat cellulose acetate ultra-filtration membranes are given. The usefulness of some of the tubular membranes cast under the above conditions for ultrafiltration applications in industrial water purification and reuse is illustrated. Using ethanol-water mixture as the gelation medium in the temperature range-20° to 30°C, ultrafiltration membranes giving water fluxes in the range 400 m3/m2 day at the operating pressure of 689.5 × 103 Pa (100 psig) have been obtained.
The urban informal sector in Central America: Household survey evidence

Abstract I utilize the recently available household surveys in the five Spanish-speaking countries of Central America to examine patterns of employment and the structure of earnings in the formal and informal sectors. This is one of the first studies to use crosscountry comparisons to examine competing views of informal sector employment. Most patterns of employment and earnings structure are very similar across the five countries, suggesting the factors influencing the formation of the informal sector are similar across the countries. In particular, the return to education in the informal sector is at least three-fifths that in the formal sector and the male-female differential is much greater in the informal sector. There are some unique patterns for Costa Rica and Nicaragua that suggest that level of development and institutional arrangements may also be important.
Cortical plasticity in an early blind musician: an fMRl study

Many studies have examined tactile perception and simple auditory perception in the blind, but none have previously investigated the neural basis of musical ability in this group. This topic is of particular interest because it has been suggested that early blind individuals may possess advanced musical skills (such as absolute pitch). Presumably, these skills could be the result of neural plasticity. It has been hard to empirically assess this claim because of the difficulty in recruiting an adequate number of subjects for use in a conventional paradigm. In the present paper, we report data from a congenitally blind musician, subject ML. Behavioral tests show that she possessed absolute pitch abilities that were similar to those of a reference group of AP musicians with normal vision. To examine the neural basis of her abilities we then tested subject ML and five control subjects using an fMRI paradigm. A regions-of-interest analysis found that similar areas (the right secondary auditory cortex, left IFG, left SMG) were activated in ML and the control subjects, to a similar degree, in response to music processing. However, ML showed additional activations in left parietal association cortices and extrastriate regions of the occipital lobe. Subject ML's data are consistent with a vast body of literature on blindness-induced plasticity. They extend these findings by demonstrating that cortical plasticity may underlie special musical skills as well. These data illustrate the potential value of case studies to investigate particularly rare phenotypes.
The baddeleyite-type high pressure phase of Ca(OH)2

Abstract A phase transition from Ca(OH)2 I (portlandite) to Ca(OH)2 II at high pressure and temperature has been confirmed, using in situ x-ray diffraction in a multianvil high pressure device (DIA). The structure was determined at 9.5 GPa and room temperature from data collected after heating the sample at 300°C at 7.2 GPa in a diamond anvil cell. Both the Le Bail fit and preliminary Rietveld refinement suggest that the new phase, which reverts to Ca(OH), I during pressure release, has a structure related to that of baddeleyite (ZrO1); it is monoclinic (P21/c) with a= 4.887(2), b= 5.834(2), c = 5.587(2), β = 99.74(2)°. The coordination number of Ca increases from six to seven (5 + 2) across the transition. At 500°C, the phase boundary is bracketed at 5.7 ± 0.4 GPa by reversal experiments performed in the DIA.
Perceptual prominence of Hering's chromatic primaries

Reported are results of an experiment involving perceptual assessment of very large color differences using samples representing approximate mean Hering opponent generic unique hues (guHs) based on subject selections, intermediate hues (iHs) using Munsell samples intermediate between guHs, and pairings of both guHs and iHs with a neutral gray. Sample pairs were assessed by 28 color normal subjects twice, with a gap of at least 24 hours between assessments. Results were calculated for individual subjects and the entire group. The hypothesis was that perceived chromatic differences of Hering's guHs are larger than those of iHs, and this was found to be statistically valid at the 99% confidence level based on a t-test. In addition, gray as a percept was found to have prominence comparable to that of generic unique hues.
Dicyano- and diisocyano-triethylenetetramine cobalt(III) complexes

(Received 19 Januo~ 1967) In spite of the strong tendency for the cyanide ion to coordinate to metalst mixed cyano-ammine (or amine)-cobalt(III) complexes are in general, difficult to obtain by direct reaction between a suitable starting material [COC03(NH3)4 ]+, cis-[CoC12(en)2 ]+ etc. and the cyanide ion in e.g. aqueous solution. 1'2 Contrary to this general rule, most complexes of the trienseries react with CNion rapidly even at room temperature and in organic solvents such as ethanol. 3 This difference in reactivity may indicate a different reaction route and/or a different mode of coordination of the cyanide ion to the central cobalt atom. Thus, three isomers have been obtained which appear to have cis-configurations, and from the standpoint of the spectro-chemical series and ligand field theory, two of them appear to have cobalt-to-nitrogen linkages, which have not thus far been found in a mononuclear complex. Table I and Fig. 1 show the visible and ultraviolet absorption spectra of the cyano-complexes which have been isolated, together with the spectrum of cis-[Co(CN)2(en)2 ]+. Obviously, the first two bonds may be assigned to d-d transition bands, and the last strong one to a charge-transfer band. It has been previously observed that the absorp+ tion maxima of [CoX2trien] are always at a higher wave number than those of the corresponding [CoX2(en)2 ]+ in both c isand trans-isomers. 3 This means that the position of trien in the spectrochemical series is to the right (CN-side) of enthylenediamine. An examination of the spectral curves utilizing this generality is worthwhile for the
Household pets in training schools serving delinquent children.

112 returns were received in a survey of 150 (48% sample of children, 35% sample of institutions) children's training schools located in the United States inquiring as to the use of animals in farm...
Vapor Growth of Al2O3 Bicrystals

Bicrystals containing symmetrical tilt boundaries with either the or the direction as the rotation axis were vapor-grown at 1740°C using the reaction 2AlCl3(g)+3CO2(g) + 3H2(g)→.Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(g) + 3CO(g). Specimens as large as 3 by 5 by 20 mm were produced in 24 h. Chemical purity of the specimens is high, with <0.1 ppm total cation impurities, as determined by activation analysis.
Regulation of Smad signaling through a differential recruitment of coactivators and corepressors by ZEB proteins

Balancing signals derived from the TGFβ family is crucial for regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, and in establishing the embryonic axis during development. TGFβ/BMP signaling leads to the activation and nuclear translocation of Smad proteins, which activate transcription of specific target genes by recruiting P/CAF and p300. The two members of the ZEB family of zinc finger factors (ZEB-1/δEF1 and ZEB-2/SIP1) regulate TGFβ/BMP signaling in opposite ways: ZEB-1/δEF1 synergizes with Smad-mediated transcriptional activation, while ZEB-2/SIP1 represses it. Here we report that these antagonistic effects by the ZEB proteins arise from the differential recruitment of transcriptional coactivators (p300 and P/CAF) and corepressors (CtBP) to the Smads. Thus, while ZEB-1/δEF1 binds to p300 and promotes the formation of a p300–Smad transcriptional complex, ZEB-2/SIP1 acts as a repressor by recruiting CtBP. This model of regulation by ZEB proteins also functions in vivo, where they have opposing effects on the regulation of TGFβ family-dependent genes during Xenopus development.
Sacral nerve stimulation reduces elevated urinary nerve growth factor levels in women with symptomatic detrusor overactivity

Objectives To investigate changes in urinary nerve growth factor (uNGF) in women with symptomatic detrusor overactivity (DO) following peripheral nerve evaluation (PNE) for sacral neuromodulation vs controls. Study Design There were 23 subjects with overactive bladder symptoms and DO who failed management with anticholinergics and 22 controls consented to participate in this prospective pilot study. Urine specimens were collected from controls at baseline for evaluation of uNGF and creatinine. Subjects were evaluated at baseline and 5 days after a trial of sacral nerve stimulation referred to as a PNE. Each visit included urine collection for uNGF and, Incontinence Quality of Life Questionnaire, Urinary Distress Inventory Questionnaire, postvoid residual volume, and a 3-day voiding diary. uNGF levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and expressed as uNGF pg/creatinine mg. Results Subjects with DO had significantly higher baseline uNGF levels (corrected for creatinine) compared with controls (19.82 pg/mg vs 7.88 pg/mg, P P P P Conclusion uNGF levels decrease with symptomatic response in DO subjects undergoing PNE. DO subjects had significantly higher uNGF at baseline vs controls, and uNGF levels significantly decreased after only 5 days of sacral nerve stimulation. These findings support a larger study to validate the use of uNGF as an objective tool to assess therapeutic outcome in patients undergoing PNE for sacral neuromodulation.
Screening Devices in Probation and Parole: Management Problems

Offender screeningfor classification has become increasngly popular in correctionalfield services. The most common approach uses objective risk and need scales to classify offenders, a strategy designated as "model" by the National Institute of Corrections. However, adoption of this system raises managerial problems, especially concerning selection of scale cutoffs and adoption of supervision standards. The significance of these problems is illustrated in this article by data from several organizations currently engaged in offender screening.
Reductive halothane metabolite formation and halothane binding in rat hepatic microsomes.

The production of the reductive [14C]halothane metabolites, 2-chloro-1, 1,1-trifluoroethane ( CTE ) and 2-chloro-1,1- difluoroethylene (CDE), was determined in anaerobic microsomal incubations by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC technique used allowed accurate measurements of low levels of [14C]halothane metabolites. Comparisons of metabolic profiles and halothane binding in microsomes reduced with NADPH and sodium dithionite show that dithionite stimulates CDE production and total halothane degradation, but inhibits CTE formation and [14C]halothane binding. Similarly, the addition of isoflurane, but not enflurane, to microsomes increases CDE production and decreases CTE formation and [14C]halothane-lipid binding. Measurement of fluoride in similar incubations show that fluoride release from halothane correlates with the formation of CDE and not CTE . The results demonstrate that the relative production of CTE and CDE may not remain constant in microsomal preparations, and that halothane binding correlates with CTE formation and not CDE and fluoride production.
Reliability between two observers using a protocol for diagnosing essential tremor.

Protocols with demonstrated reliability have been established for the diagnosis of numerous movement disorders, whereas in the essential tremor (ET) literature, there is no discussion about the reliability of diagnostic protocols. Lack of knowledge of the reliability of diagnostic protocols in ET limits the use of these protocols because reliability is an essential requirement for scientific quality in data management. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability of a protocol for diagnosing ET. The protocol consists of a Tremor Interview, a videotaped Tremor Examination, and a diagnostic algorithm. Eighty-three subjects with ET, identified in a community-based health study in Washington Heights-Inwood, New York, were matched with 83 control subjects from the same community. These subjects and their relatives are being recruited to participate in the Washington Heights-Inwood Genetic Study of ET. Two hundred twenty-six subjects have been evaluated to date (35 ET cases, 40 controls, 151 relatives). All 226 underwent an 84-item Tremor Interview and 26-item videotaped Tremor Examination. Diagnoses (normal, possible ET, probable ET, definite ET) were independently assigned by two blinded neurologists specializing in movement disorders. The kappa statistic, k, was used to determine diagnostic agreement between these two neurologists. The concordance rate between two raters using diagnostic categories definite ET, probable ET, possible ET, and normal was 80%; kw = 0.84 (near perfect to perfect agreement). The concordance rate between two raters using two diagnostic categories (definite ET and normal) was 100%; k = 1.00 (perfect agreement). There was high correlation between the two rater's total tremor scores (r = 0.89, p < 0.00001). This diagnostic protocol is highly reliable. Research in ET would greatly benefit from diagnostic protocols with demonstrated reliability.
Exchange-rate indexation in a monetary model: Theory and evidence

Abstract Using a familiar monetary model with nontraded goods, we derive the stability properties of the price level and reserve stock when the exchange rate is partially or completely indexed to the home price level divided by foreign prices. In the stable case, it is shown that indexing results in a system with properties of both fixed and flexible regimes. Our method is to impose conditions of short-run (but not long-run) equilibrium in a discrete period model. The model is tested with monthly data from Brazil.
Biosynthesis of myo-inositol in rat mammary gland. Isolation and properties of the enzymes.

Abstract myo-Inositol 1-phosphate synthase (EC 5.5.1.4) and 1 l -myo-inositol 1-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.25) were isolated and partially purified from lactating rat mammary gland. The synthase had an apparent molecular weight of 290,000 as determined by gel filtration; its pH optimum was 7.2, and the Km for glucose 6-phosphate was 0.5 m m . No other compound could act as a substrate, but the synthase was inhibited 100% by d -gluconic acid 6-phosphate, 54% by d -fructose 6-phosphate, 31.8% by d -galactose 6-phosphate, and 29.6% by d -mannose 6-phosphate each at 5m m . Activity was stimulated 2-fold by the addition of 1 m m NAD+ and 40% by 14 m m ammonium ions, whereas it was inhibited by 30% in the presence of 1 m m NADH and by 93.6% when incubated with 1 m m p-mercuribenzoate. Reagents which interfere with Schiff-base formation, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and trinitrobenzenesulfonate, inhibited the enzyme, but EDTA was without effect. The 1 l -myo-inositol 1-phosphatase from rat mammary tissue appears to exist in a native tetrameric form of 210,000 as determined by gel filtration which, upon heating at 70 °C for 15 min, is converted into a stable monomer of approximately 52,000. Mg2+ (1.5 m m ) was an absolute requirement for activity though Mn2+ gave 17% of the activity provided by Mg2+. Sodium, potassium, or ammonium ions were stimulatory, but lithium ions were strongly inhibitory. 1 l -myo-Inositol 1-phosphatase specifically cleaved 1 l -myo-inositol 1-phosphate and was 60% as active toward l -α-glycerol phosphate with only minor activity toward other phosphorylated compounds. The pH optimum was 8.0 and the Km for 1 l -myo-inositol 1-phosphate was 0.8 m m .
Core Vocabulary Determination for Toddlers

The aim of this study was to develop a core vocabulary list for toddlers. Naturally occurring ( i.e. , unprompted) vocabulary was collected for 50 toddlers, aged fro...
The Structure of a Highly Virulent Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (GDVII) and Implications for Determinants of Viral Persistence

GDVII is a highly virulent Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) which causes acute encephalitis in mice, while the BeAn and DA strains are the less virulent TMEV which cause chronic demyelinating disease in the central nervous system as a result of persistent infection. Purified GDVII virus isolated from infected BHK-21 cells was crystallized and its structure was determined to 3.5-A resolution by X-ray crystallography. In contrast to other TMEV structures, the VP1 C-terminus of GDVII virus has an ordered conformation that forms a hook over the VP3 knob near the threefold axis. Comparisons with the atomic structures of the less virulent BeAn and DA viruses revealed significant structural variations in a major site (cluster B) on the protruding surface loop puff B of VP2. Puff B is located near the VP3 GH loop region which is structurally analogous to the host receptor attachment site of the major serogroup of human rhinoviruses. Mutations at residue 1101 in VP1 and residue 2141 in VP2, which are also near the VP3 GH loop and adjacent to cluster B, were previously shown to influence persistence of DA virus. These observations indicate that the characteristic interaction with the host receptor through these sites may potentially alter TMEV persistence.
Multiple Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Differing Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

Clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic fibrosis were studied in an effort to determine the unique characteristics of the infecting strains and to elucidate the pattern of colonization. Of 413 patients studied, 81% were chronically infected with P. aeruginosa. Patients from whom P. aeruginosa was never or only occasionally isolated were in better clinical condition than the chronically infected patients. Isolates were classified into six morphologic varieties: classic, rough, mucoid, gelatinous, dwarf, and enterobacter. Most patients had two or more of these varieties. Such multiple varieties from the same individual were of the same serotype but often differed in antibiotic susceptibility as determined by both the disk and the minimal inhibitory concentration methods. These differences were apparent when mucoid strains were compared with nonmucoid strains and when nonmucoid strains were compared with one another. Studies of antibiotic susceptibility should be performed on each morphologically different type of P. aeruginosa obtained from patients with cystic fibrosis. Chronic pulmonary infection is responsible for most of the morbidity and almost all of the mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis. Severe chron
Regulation of the bHLH transcription factor E2A in epithelial cells by interaction with the Na/K-ATPase β1 subunit

Abstract The bHLH transcription factor E2A controls proliferation and differentiation in many cell types including kidney epithelial cells. To identify regulatory binding partners of E2A in the kidney, a yeast two-hybrid assay with a human adult kidney cDNA library was performed. Results demonstrated E2A interactions with other HLH proteins including Id1-3 and Pod1 and the Na/K-ATPase β1 subunit. The specificity of β1 subunit binding was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation of E2A and β1 subunit deletion constructs in HEK cells demonstrating E2A binding to the cytoplasmic tail of the β1 subunit. Immunofluorescence and Western analysis of HEK cells co-transfected with GFP-β1 subunit and E2A demonstrated E2A membrane binding and increased β1 subunit membrane localization. Increased β1 subunit expression resulted in decreased nuclear E2A expression and protein half-life and reduced E2A induced gene expression. These results suggest that E2A and Na/K-ATPase β1 subunit expression in epithelial cells are regulated by interactions between these proteins.
Workload and network-optimized computing systems

This paper describes a recent system-level trend toward the use of massive on-chip parallelism combined with efficient hardware accelerators and integrated networking to enable new classes of applications and computing-systems functionality. This system transition is driven by semiconductor physics and emerging network-application requirements. In contrast to general-purpose approaches, workload and network-optimized computing provides significant cost, performance, and power advantages relative to historical frequency-scaling approaches in a serial computational model. We highlight the advantages of on-chip network optimization that enables efficient computation and new services at the network edge of the data center. Software and application development challenges are presented, and a service-oriented architecture application example is shown that characterizes the power and performance advantages for these systems. We also discuss a roadmap for next-generation systems that proportionally scale with future networking bandwidth growth rates and employ 3-D chip integration methods for design flexibility and modularity.
Statistical characterization of fracture of brittle MEMS materials

The fracture of brittle MEMS materials is often characterized by ultimate strength measures such as the maximum stress or strain in an element at failure. It has been known for many decades that a better way to characterize the strength of a brittle material on the macro-scale is to make use of statistical measures. This is due to the nature of brittle materials in which failure occurs when a critically sized flaw exists in the region that is under tensile stress. The distribution of flaws is often random, so the strength of a brittle material can only be properly characterized by statistical measures. Working with MEMS devices, where the site scale is small, it becomes even more important to use a statistical approach. Doing so can explain two observed effects. First, there is an apparent size effect on the strength of the material. The larger the structure that is under a given stress, the larger the region where a critically sized flaw may exist, resulting a higher probability of failure. Second, two identical beams with different stress states, loaded to the same maximum stress can have dramatically different average strengths. In this paper, Weibull statistics are used to characterize the strength of one MEMS material-- polycrystalline silicon. The relevant statistical measures are obtained from the fracture of a large number of cantilever beams. It is shown that, for this material, the average failure strength of a beam loaded in uniaxial tension should be on the order of 40% lower than the average strength of identical beams loaded in cantilever bending.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Activity Increases in the Early Response to Trauma

Objectives: 1) To determine whether tumor necrosis factor (TNF) up-regulation occurs in the first hours following severe injury. 2) To determine whether the time from injury to blood sampling affects the probability of detecting TNF. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was performed using a convenience sample of adult major trauma patients (“patients”) treated at a university hospital ED (Level-1 trauma center) and 20 healthy volunteers (“controls”). The time interval from injury to specimen collection (ΔT), the injury severity scale (ISS) score, patient demographics, and quantitative cytokine [TNF and interleukin (IL-6, IL-8)] levels were measured. In the patients, cytokine levels were analyzed as a function of ΔT (using first hourly cutoff points and then the median T as an arbitrary cutoff point) with and without potential confounders (e.g., ISS, age, gender). Results: The mean ΔT was 92.8 ± 49.2 min (range 10–210 min, median 82 min). In the controls, TNF activity was present in 96%, with a mean level of 125 pg/mL. The controls showed no baseline IL-6 activity and only 10% had a measurable baseline IL-8 level. In the patients, TNF was present in 93%, with a mean level of 628 ±138 pg/mL. When the patients' specimens were divided at the median to obtain roughly equal-sized groups, more TNF levels were elevated >2.5 SD above the controls in the early vs late group (51% vs 30%; p = 0.07). The mean levels of TNF and IL-8 also were higher in the early vs late group (756 vs 530 and 287 vs 135, respectively; p < 0.05). Conclusions: TNF levels are elevated in the immediate 4 hours post-injury. Previous investigators' inability to detect TNF activity increases may be related to delays in sampling. These results are consistent with the theory that increased TNF activity occurs early after major trauma and may initiate subsequent cytokine activity.
High mitotic synchronization induced by 5-aminouracil in root cells of Allium cepa L

Abstract A high degree of synchronization of cell division with a mitotic index up to over 80 was obtained by a 24 hr treatment of a low concentration of 0.8 M (100 ppm) 5-aminouracil followed by a 15 min treatment of 1.0 m M (250 ppm) thymidine. This high efficiency of obtaining synchronization of cell division is caused by the great effectiveness of 5-aminouracil to induce a block in the mitotic cycle of the onion.
Typicality range deficit in schizophrenics' recognition of emotion in faces

Severity of thought disorder in schizophrenics was assessed by a task that involved recognition of joy and shame expression, with the expressions varied for typicality of the emotion category. Accuracy, typicality rating, and reaction time were measured in schizophrenic patients who were high or low on Whitaker's Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST) and in depressive and normal controls. All groups had significant variation of typicality ratings for joy (normal typicality range), but the clinical groups had smaller typicality ranges for shame recognition and higher mean typicality ratings than did normals. High WIST schizophrenics were least accurate on low typical shame expressions. Results imply that, for shame recognition, schizophrenic and depressive groups used common categorization (no typicality variation in category members) rather than resemblance categorization.
Formation of callus and somatic embryos from protoplasts of a commercial hybrid of maize (Zea mays L.)

Protoplasts isolated from a totipotent embryogenic cell suspension culture of Zea mays L. (cultivar ‘Dekalb XL82’) underwent sustained cell divisions when cultured in liquid as well as agarose media. Optimal colony formation (5%) occurred in a liquid medium containing 0.5 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). A soft and unorganized callus was formed when the protocolonies were transferred to agar solidified suspension maintenance medium. Compact, organized and yellow to pale green folded structures and somatic embryos were formed upon subsequent transfer of this callus to a low 2,4-D medium. Clusters of somatic embryos germinated precociously but no plants were recovered.
The Dihydronaphthalene Elimination Reaction as a Route to Gallium-Nitrogen Compounds. Crystal and Molecular Structure of (PhMe2CCH2)2GaNHPh2

The dihydronaphthalene derivative Na2{C10H8[Ga(CH2CMe2Ph)2Cl]2} reacts at room temperature with NH3, n-PrNH2, and PhNH2 in THF solution to give high yields of [(PhMe2CCH2)2GaNHR]2 (R = H, n-Pr, Ph), C10H10, and NaCl. In contrast, the elimination reactions between Ga(CH2CMe2Ph)3 with these same amines to form [(PhMe2CCH2)2GaNHR]2 and PhCMe3 require temperatures of 150 °C. The cyclopentadiene elimination reaction between (PhMe2CCH2)2Ga(C5H5) and aniline occurs at −10 °C and is the fastest of these three. An X-ray structural study of [(PhMe2CCH2)2GaNHPh]2 identified it as the trans isomer.
Prolonged Recovery From Rebound Headaches

Objective.—To document that some patients with rebound headache require prolonged complete avoidance of the pain relief medications which might cause the daily or almost daily headaches in order to achieve a goal of 6 consecutive headache-free days. Background.—Most articles on rebound headache imply that the patient improves after stopping the offending agents, but they fail to state the pattern of recovery, the time required for recovery, or the specific end point achieved. Design.—Selected from the histories of approximately 1000 patients with suspected rebound headache who have been seen in a university headache referral clinic are the records of four patients who kept careful headache diaries, followed the treatment protocol (with minimal noncompliance by two patients), and required more than 6 months to achieve our goal of 6 consecutive headache-free days. Conclusions.—Hopefully, other physicians treating patients with suspected rebound headache will benefit from this report and will be able to better manage their patients.
Decomposition Of Digital Switching Functions

A topic of considerable interest in the design of digital switching functions is that of functional decomposition. Decomposition has been pursued by researchers in an attempt to determine more efficient techniques to implement switching functions. This topic is of interest to designers of both mult-valued and binary systems. This paper will introduce the topic and point out several approaches that have been taken.
An auto-inducible mechanism for ionic liquid resistance in microbial biofuel production

Ionic liquids (ILs) are emerging as superior solvents for numerous industrial applications, including the pretreatment of biomass for the microbial production of biofuels. However, some of the most effective ILs used to solubilize cellulose inhibit microbial growth, decreasing efficiency in the overall process. Here we identify an IL-resistance mechanism consisting of two adjacent genes from Enterobacter lignolyticus, a rain forest soil bacterium that is tolerant to an imidazolium-based IL. These genes retain their full functionality when transferred to an Escherichia coli biofuel host, with IL resistance established by an inner membrane transporter, regulated by an IL-inducible repressor. Expression of the transporter is dynamically adjusted in direct response to IL, enabling growth and biofuel production at levels of IL that are toxic to native strains. This natural auto-regulatory system provides the basis for engineering IL-tolerant microbes, which should accelerate progress towards effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and renewable chemicals.
Maggi's equations of motion and the determination of constraint reactions

This paper presents a geometrical derivation of the constraint reaction-free equations of Maggi for mechanical systems subject to linear (first-order) nonholonomic and/or holonomic constraints. These results follow directly from the proper application of the concepts of virtual displacement and quasicoordinates to the variational equation of motion, i.e., Lagrange's principle. The method also makes clear how to compute the constraint reactions (kinetostatics) without introducing Lagrangian multipliers.
A Geospatial Statistical Analysis of the Density of Lottery Outlets within Ethnically Concentrated Neighborhoods.

This study examines the density of lottery outlets within ethnically concentrated neighborhoods in Middlesex County, New Jersey, using geospatial statistical analyses. No prior studies have empirically examined the relationship between lottery outlet density and population demographics. Results indicate that lottery outlets were not randomly dispersed across the county but rather were significantly clustered in some census tracts. Using geospatial statistical analysis, percent poverty was found to be negatively related to the density of lottery outlets, while percent commercial use was highly positively related. Percent Hispanic was strongly significant in all the models predicting lottery outlet density and had the highest explanatory power other than percent commercial. Other independent variables, including median household income and race (African American and White) were not found to be significant predictors of lottery outlet density. Implications for policy and research are discussed.
Control of influenza in healthcare settings: early lessons from the 2009 pandemic.

Purpose of review The emergence of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A (pH1N1) has provided a unique challenge to influenza control in healthcare settings. We provide an overview of the early lessons from the 2009 pandemic. Recent findings The modes of influenza transmission and their contributions to the development of infections remain unclear. Recent studies in the guinea pig model have demonstrated airborne transmission, but data from human studies and outbreaks are inconclusive. Data on physical interventions to prevent transmission support the use of hand hygiene, gowns, gloves, face shields and respiratory protection. The effectiveness of surgical masks compared to N95 respirators has been investigated, and there is evidence from one trial that surgical masks are noninferior to N95 respirators in preventing infection. Experiences with mandatory vaccination suggest that this is a highly successful approach to increase healthcare personnel vaccination rates. Lessons from pH1N1 have multiple implications for future pandemic preparedness planning. Summary Further research is needed on appropriate respiratory protection for influenza. Mandatory vaccination programs should be considered in all healthcare settings. Pandemic preparedness plans should be revised, focusing on flexibility, communication, stockpiling of essential supplies, and staffing support for infection control.
Pyrometer for measurement of instantaneous temperatures of flames.

Dual paths, which are nearly coincident, are used with two photo-multipliers and a single filter to obtain on cathode-ray tubes records of the radiation from rapidly varying flames. Both temperature and emissivity are determined. Calibration is by standardized strip lamp. Successful records of the temperature in the combustion chamber of a large pulse jet have been made. The error at 2000°K is of the order of ±20°K.
Using google analytics to explore ETDs use

This poster presents preliminary Google Analytics usage data for a collection of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs). Correlation of page views with page type, user location, and source (referring link) shows that, during the study period, most in-state users found the collection via internal sources (University links) and viewed mostly home and navigation pages, while most out-of-state users found the collection via external sources (search engines, databases) and viewed mostly bibliographic information pages. Nearly all of those who viewed actual ETDs were out-of-state "direct" users who may have bookmarked the collection during a previous visit.
Racial Identity and Racial Socialization Attitudes of African American Parents

This study explores racial socialization messages used by African American parents, specific messages according to the gender of children, and the relationship between racial socialization and raci...
Large Fabrication Tolerance for VCSELs Using High-Contrast Grating

We report the experimental demonstration of a large fabrication tolerance for a single-layer, highly reflective high-index-contrast subwavelength grating (HCG) mirror. HCG vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are demonstrated with plusmn20% variation in the HCG critical dimension. Emission wavelength of the HCG-VCSEL shifts only 2 nm with 40% change in grating spacing and 8% change in grating period.
Size of the spores of Histoplasma capsulatum.

Summary1. In an effort to determine the size of the spores in Histoplasma capsulatum, 1000 spores from each of 5 strains were measured. To obtain a homogeneous suspension the entire culture was scr...
Simulation of electrically pumped nanophotonic lasers using dynamical semiconductor medium FDTD method

We report successful simulation of several different types of current injection nanophotonic lasers showing the spatial-temporal evolution of the electromagnetic field using our dynamical semiconductor medium (DSM) FDTD model. The modelpsilas capability in dealing with complex electromagnetic structures and semiconductor carrier dynamics is illustrated.
Symmetric relations and cardinality-bounded multisets in database systems

In a binary symmetric relationship, A is related to B if and only if B is related to A. Symmetric relationships between k participating entities can be represented as multisets of cardinality k. Cardinality-bounded multisets are natural in several real-world applications. Conventional representations in relational databases suffer from several consistency and performance problems. We argue that the database system itself should provide native support for cardinality-bounded multisets. We provide techniques to be implemented by the database engine that avoid the drawbacks, and allow a schema designer to simply declare a table to be symmetric in certain attributes. We describe a compact data structure, and update methods for the structure. We describe an algebraic symmetric closure operator, and show how it can be moved around in a query plan during query optimization in order to improve performance. We describe indexing methods that allow efficient lookups on the symmetric columns. We show how to perform database normalization in the presence of symmetric relations. We provide techniques for inferring that a view is symmetric. We also describe a syntactic SQL extension that allows the succinct formulation of queries over symmetric relations.
Radiofrequency Ablation of Peripheral Liver Tumors: Intraperitoneal 5% Dextrose in Water Decreases Postprocedural Pain

OBJECTIVE. Our objective was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the intraperitoneal instillation of 5% dextrose in water (D5W) during radiofrequency ablation of peripheral liver tumors for decreasing postradiofrequency pain and narcotic use.MATERIALS AND METHODS. This case-control study compared the hospital course of the last 20 patients to undergo radiofrequency ablation of peripheral liver tumors at our institution. Ten consecutive subjects in the D5W group (seven women and three men; age range, 37-78 years; mean, 58 years) were pretreated with intraperitoneal D5W (average, 963 ± 436 [SD] mL) before the ablation. This group was compared with a control group of 10 patients (five men and five women; age range, 36-73 years; mean, 54 years) who did not receive intraperitoneal D5W. The size of the ablation zone, degree of liver capsule involvement, number of burns, patient-reported pain, patient-controlled analgesia use, and length of hospital stay were recorded and compared between the groups.RESULTS. Th...
Prosody Modeling for Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding

This paper summarizes statistical modeling approaches for the use of prosody (the rhythm and melody of speech) in automatic recognition and understanding of speech. We outline effective prosodic feature extraction, model architectures, and techniques to combine prosodic with lexical (word-based) information. We then survey a number of applications of the framework, and give results for automatic sentence segmentation and disfluency detection, topic segmentation, dialog act labeling, and word recognition.