cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Cotyledonary Inhibitor of Root Nodulation in Pisum sativum

Root nodule formation was studied in 11-day-old seedlings of Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska, which were inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum at the time of planting. On intact plants an identical nodulation pattern was observed in the lateral roots attached to the two xylem strands connected to the cotyledons. When one cotyledon was removed before germination, however, a highly significant increase in nodultion was observed on the lateral roots attached to the xylem strand which no longer was connected to a cotyledon. Excision of one cotyledon also caused an alteration in the radial location of root nodules on the primary root. Under these conditions there was a distinct promotion of nodular proliferations in the root cortex opposite the primary phloem poles. The fact that removal of one cotyledon increased nodulation on the lateral roots but had no effect on the rhizobial infection of lateral root hairs suggested that a cotyledonary inhibitor acts at a step between the infection process and the appearance of a macroscopic nodule. The data were interpreted in terms of an inhibitor of cortical cell division which is translocated from the cotyledons to the developing root via the phloem.
Tooth loss, survival, and resource use in wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta): implications for inferring conspecific care in fossil hominids.

The degree of antemortem tooth loss seen in wild nonhuman primates is central to the ongoing debate concerning conspecific care in fossil hominids (see Holden, 2003). Lebel and Trinkaus (2002) argued that the extreme (R81.8%) antemortem tooth loss seen in Aubesier 11, a partial hominid mandible from the middle Pleistocene (Lebel et al., 2001), exceeds that of known samples of living nonhuman primates. Their argument follows that, because of its severely impaired masticatory system, this individual would have required some form of social assistance to survive (Lebel et al., 2001; Lebel and Trinkaus, 2002). DeGusta (2002, 2003) refuted this, arguing that the degree of tooth loss in archaic humans does not exceed that of wild nonhuman primates. Of interest, both Lebel and Trinkaus (2002) and DeGusta (2003) cited data on dental health in the population of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar (Sauther et al., 2002) in their arguments. As noted by DeGusta (2003), Lebel and Trinkaus (2002) were incorrect in their characterization of the data presented by Sauther et al. (2002), arguing that “wild-trapped individuals with extensively worn teeth disappear shortly after observation” (Lebel and Trinkaus, 2002: 672). Rather, Sauther et al. (2002) reported the long-term survival (several years) of two ringtailed lemurs with pronounced dental impairment. However, the data on tooth loss and individual survival presented by Sauther et al. (2002) were descriptive, rather than quantitative, and illustrate the need for comprehensive data on dental health and tooth loss in wild nonhuman primates. When considering hominid paleobiology in a comparative context, the choice of an appropriate analogue is important. Lebel and Trinkaus (2002) argued that the most appropriate direct comparison for understanding hominid paleobiology and inferring conspecific care in middle Pleistocene hominids is other archaic human populations, as the social systems and technology associated with modern human groups limit their relevance. They also noted the significance of large-bodied, wild * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-815-753-0744; fax: +1-815-753-7027 E-mail addresses: fcuozzo@niu.edu (F.P. Cuozzo), sauther@stripe.colorado.edu (M.L. Sauther). Journal of Human Evolution 46 (2004) 623–631
Pupillometric measures of attentional allocation to target and mask processing on the backward masking task in schizophrenia.

Allocation of attentional resources during early visual processing was investigated in schizophrenia. Pupillary responses were recorded during a backward masking task as an index of resource allocation in schizophrenia patients (n = 51) and nonpsychiatric controls (n = 51). Two time-linked components of pupillary response waveforms appeared to differentially index resource allocation to targets versus masks. Two patient subgroups were identified: One with normal overall pupillary responses (resource allocation), but greater allocation on mask relative to target components, and another with abnormally small overall pupillary responses and similar allocation between target and mask components. Thus, misallocation of resources to masks contributed to masking deficits in one subgroup, whereas reduced resource allocation contributed to deficits in the other. The nature of resource-related deficits can vary across schizophrenia subgroups.
A literature-based guide to the conservative and surgical management of the acute Charcot foot and ankle

Acute Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle presents with the insidious onset of a unilateral acutely edematous, erythematous, and warm lower extremity. The acute stages are typically defined as Eichenholtz Stage 1, or Stage 0, which was first described by Shibata et al. in 1990. The ultimate goal of treatment is maintenance of a stable, plantigrade foot which can be easily shod, minimizing the risk of callus, ulceration, infection, and amputation. The gold standard of treatment is non-weight-bearing immobilization in a total contact cast. Surgical intervention remains controversial. A review of the literature was performed to provide an evidenced-based approach to the conservative and surgical management of acute Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle.
Fast GPU-based segmentation of H&E stained squamous epithelium from multi-gigapixel tiled virtual slides

The processing of multi-gigapixel virtual histology slides presents a computationally intensive and time consuming task. Common tiled TIFF slide formats, such as those used by Aperio [1], contain inherent header information that can be used to rapidly locate tissue regions for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) diagnosis. Tiles used in these formats are individually compressed subsections of the virtual slide, whose compression ratio varies based on their individual content. This paper discusses a method that exploits this information to rapidly identify regions of interest in an iterative process to locate epithelial tissue. These regions are decompressed using a multi-core CPU, from which a Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) enabled GPU rapidly generates features and Support Vector Machine (SVM) decisions. SVM classifier results are used in a post-processing scheme to remove apparently spurious misclassifications. The mean overall execution time when using a high-end desktop PC, together with a GTX 560 GPU, is roughly 3 seconds per gigapixel, while maintaining the area under an ROC curve above 0.9 when classifying squamous epithelium versus other tissues.
Compensation for floral herbivory in Solanum carolinense: identifying mechanisms of tolerance

While a plant’s capacity to tolerate damage by herbivores can be studied as a single trait, it is important to recognize that tolerance is generally a result of the combined action of several different traits. Here, we report on a pair of experiments to identify mechanisms for tolerating floral herbivory in Solanum carolinense, an andromonoecious perennial herb that regularly suffers from high levels of florivory. We measured the effect of actual and simulated florivory on host-plant fitness and assessed which plant traits exhibited plasticity in response to florivory. In addition, for each of nine plant genets, we calculated tolerance indices and determined which traits were genetically correlated with tolerance. Traits that served to help S. carolinense tolerate florivory in terms of sexual reproduction included initiating more inflorescences, aborting fewer buds prior to anthesis and fewer ovaries after fertilization, and increasing the ratio of perfect:male flowers. In addition, the greater the levels of florivory, the more the plants allocated to root growth, which may promote tolerance through greater potential future reproduction. The plant population contained significant genetic variation for tolerance itself and for nearly all of the putative tolerance mechanisms, which suggests that S. carolinense has the potential to evolve greater tolerance through a variety of different routes in response to natural selection.
Synthesis and biomedical applications of functional poly(α-hydroxyl acid)s

Poly(α-hydroxyl acid)s (PAHAs) are an important class of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers. However, biomedical applications of conventional PAHAs have been restricted by the lack of functional groups. Therefore, recently there have been significant research activities to design and synthesize functional PAHAs, and subsequently investigate their applications in biomedical areas. In this review, we present an overview on synthesis and biomedical applications of functional PAHAs. The synthetic approaches to incorporate functionalities with PAHAs as pendent groups are addressed. Applications of these functional PAHAs in drug delivery, gene delivery, co-delivery of drugs and genes, and functionalization with biomolecules are highlighted.
Recovering staff and smoking in chemical dependency programs in rural Nebraska

Abstract The problem of cigarette smoking among those who are recovering from alcohol dependence is becoming more apparent as chemical dependency units (CDUs) are beginning to restrict smoking for clients and staff and more actively encourage nicotine abstinence. To date, little is known about effective smoking cessation techniques for people with a history of alcohol problems. To obtain new data, a survey of personal experiences with smoking cessation and professional recommendations about nicotine dependence was administered to 124 recovering treatment professionals in CDUs in rural Nebraska. Among the 99 staff with a history of smoking, 81 (80%) had tried to quit smoking and 38 were former smokers at the time of the survey. Quitting “cold turkey” was the most popular smoking cessation method. Reliance on AA principles was second. The results suggest that recovering staff can successfully quit smoking by applying their professional practice guidelines for alcohol treatment to their personal problems with tobacco.
The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights Policy.

This paperback edition of The Uncertain Crusade has a new preface by the author. Copublished with the Hamilton Press. Index.
Body growth of children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome

Whilst it is assumed that body growth is retarded in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (NS), the degree of growth failure and the pathomechanisms involved are poorly understood. We collected serial growth data in 45 children (24 males) with steroid-resistant NS usually from onset to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) during childhood (n=10) or until final height was attained (n=27). Mean follow-up time was 9 (2-19) years. Mean initial standardized height was -0.3+/-1.2 standard deviation scores (SDS). Mean final height was +0.4 SDS in males and -1.0 SDS in females (sex difference not significant). In 16 patients with serum creatinine levels consistently <1.2 mg/dl, mean final height SDS was 0.3 SDS higher than that obtained within 6 months of onset. In contrast, 9 children who entered ESRD lost an average of 1.3 SDS from the initial record to ESRD (P=0.017). In prepubertal patients without renal insufficiency, mean height SDS decreased during corticosteroid treatment by 0.3 SDS, followed by a partial catch-up after discontinuation of treatment; the change from initial to final height SDS was inversely correlated with the total prednisone dose given (r=-0.50, P=0.03). In 16 prepubertal children with serial height and serum protein measurements who were off steroids and maintained normal creatinine levels, mean individual albumin concentrations correlated with the change in height SDS per year (r=0.65, P=0.0006) and in boys with final height (r=0.73, P=0.03). In conclusion, growth in steroid-resistant NS depends on the preservation of renal function, the cumulative dose of steroids applied, and the severity of hypoproteinemia.
Analysis of Local Entropy Generation via Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flows

A novel methodology is developed for local entropy generation analysis of turbulent flows using large eddy simulation (LES). The entropy transport equation is introduced in LES. The filtered form of this equation includes the unclosed subgrid scale entropy generation effects. The closure is based on the filtered density function (FDF) methodology, extended to include the transport of entropy. An exact transport equation is derived for the FDF. The unclosed terms in this equation is modeled by considering a system of stochastic differential equations. LES/FDF is employed to simulate a turbulent shear layer involving transport of mass, energy and entropy. The local entropy generation effects are obtained from the FDF and analyzed. It is shown that the dominant contribution to entropy generation in this flow is due to the combined effects of energy transfer by heat interaction and mass diffusion.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Some extrachromosomal circular DNAs containing the Alu family of dispersed repetitive sequences may be reverse transcripts

Abstract A 300 base-pair (bp) size class of small polydisperse circular DNA (spcDNA) isolated from the BSC-1 line of African Green monkey kidney cells was cleaved with the restriction endonuclease Sau3A, and the resulting fragments (100 to 200 bp) were cloned in bacteriophage M13 mp7. The nucleotide sequence of each of 24 clones containing DNA sequences homologous to the Alu family of mobile, dispersed, repetitive elements was then determined. Analysis of these sequences revealed that many, and perhaps all, of the 300 bp Alu-containing spcDNAs had regions in which the 5′ and 3′ ends of the normal Alu element were juxtaposed and covalently joined. Although more than one model can explain the generation of such circular molecules, the most attractive one at this time involves their generation from reverse transcripts of Alu-specific RNAs.
Blood and Bone Marrow Effects of Feeding Zinc Sulfate to Rats and Dogs

Because of its emetic properties zinc sulfate has been proposed for inclusion in barbiturate preparations to prevent deaths due to overdosage of these hypnotics. Since this would lead to chronic ingestion of zinc sulfate in persons receiving prolonged barbiturate medication, we have studied the chronic toxicity of this emetic. Rats were fed zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.7H2O) incorporated in ground commercial Purina Laboratory Chow at 1,000, 500, 100, and 0 parts per million for twenty-one months. Four of six dogs all maintained on Purina Chow received zinc sulfate by capsule for seventy weeks. The initial daily dose for dogs was 200 mg./Kg. Emesis forced a change of dosage to 100 mg./Kg. at seven weeks, and again in three of four dogs at thirty-two weeks to 50 mg./Kg. The other dog was changed because of emesis to 50 mg./Kg. after three weeks on the 100 mg/Kg. level. Effects observed in rats were microcytosis, coupled with polychromasia in some cases, and hyperchromia in others, and a hypochromic anemia in dogs. The blood effect noted in rats was reversed despite continued zinc feeding. The average myeloid-erythroid ratio of rat bone marrow smears taken at the termination of the experiment ranged from 1.16 to 1.35 for the various groups of zinc animals and read 2.14 for the untreated controls. Dog bone marrow also studied at the termination of that experiment was slightly hyrplastic. Although no differential marrow count was made, the myeloid-erythroid ratio appeared unchanged.
Consultation as an Implementation Strategy for Evidence-Based Practices Across Multiple Contexts: Unpacking the Black Box

There is great interest in the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based treatments and practices for children across schools and community mental health settings. A growing body of literature suggests that the use of one-time workshops as a training tool is ineffective in influencing therapist behavior and patient outcomes and that ongoing expert consultation and coaching is critical to actual uptake and quality implementation. Yet, we have very limited understanding of how expert consultation fits into the larger implementation support system, or the most effective consultation strategies. This commentary reviews the literature on consultation in child mental health, and proposes a set of core consultation functions, processes, and outcomes that should be further studied in the implementation of evidence-based practices for children.
A Supplementary List of Publications of S. S. Wilks

(1975). A Supplementary List of Publications of S. S. Wilks. The American Statistician: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 25-27.
The effect of hypothalamic lesions on adrenal secretion of cortisol, corticosterone, 11-desoxycortisol and aldosterone.

The output of cortisol, corticosterone, 11-desoxycortisol and aldosteronc was measured in the adrenal venous blood of normal dogs and dogs with hypothalamic lesions. Secretion of all these hormones was depressed in dogs with destruction of the median eminence, but unaffected by lesions elsewhere in the hypothalamus.
Sedimentation equilibrium analysis of recombinant mouse FcRn with murine IgG1

Abstract The interaction of mouse IgG1 or IgG1-derived Fc fragment with recombinant, insect cell expressed mouse FcRn has been analyzed using sedimentation equilibrium. This results in a model for the interaction in which the two binding sites for FcRn on Fc or IgG1 have significantly different affinities with macroscopic binding constants of
Chemical Self-Defense by Termite Workers: Prevention of Autotoxication in Two Rhinotermitids

Soldiers of the lower termites Prorhinotermes simplex and Schedorhinotermes lamanianus (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae) have electrophilic contact poisons used in colony defense. Workers of these termites die when exposed to the defense secretion of the other species, but survive when exposed to chemicals from conspecific soldiers. Detoxication occurs by an initial substrate-specific reduction of the electron-deficient double bond of the nitroalkene (Prorhinotermes simplex) or vinyl ketone (Schedorhinotermes lamanianus) followed by complete catabolism to acetate.
Review Essay on Judicial Recruitment and Selection

Introduction Research in the area of the recruitment and selection of judges for state and federal tribunals has historically occupied a home near the center of the concerns of judicial politics scholars, legal practitioners, and nonprofessional analysts and observers of American judicial systems. As noted by Dubois, "It is fairly certain that no single subject has consumed as many pages in law reviews and law-related publications over the past 50 years as the subject of judicial selection" (1986a:31). (For a representative annotated bibliography see Chinn and Berkson [1980].) Underlying this concern is the premise stated by Peltason (1955:29) that "the decision as to who will make the deci sions affects what decisions will be made." The scene in which discussion unfolds is set by the premise that courts occupy a unique position in the American political system for, while "ours is a government of laws and not men," the judiciary, nevertheless (and, perhaps, ironically) clearly plays a major policymaking role. A great deal has been written about judicial re cruitment and selection, but it has been argued that much allegedly social scientific scholarship has been of a rather polemical nature, with authors joining a debate aimed at deciding which method of judicial selection is "best" and most suited to bringing about an often inadequately articulated, but clearly preferred result. The focal point for such writing is often the bal ance that a particular selection mechanism strikes between the values of ac countability of American judges, arguably maximized in electorally-based selection systems, and judicial independence and expertise, arguably best served by appointive selection systems (see Dubois, 1986a). Skeptical analysts have, however, questioned the relevance of research seeking the answer to the largely normative question of which judicial selec
Efficiency of Heavy Metals Removal in Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants

Abstract From January to July, 1972, six municipal sewage treatment plants were routinely monitored for the efficiency of heavy metals removal. The municipalities served ranged from a small agricultural community to an industrial city. Four basic plant types were studied: 1) Primary with sludge digestion; 2) Primary with sludge filtration; 3) Trickling-filter secondary with sludge digestion; and 4) Activated-sludge secondary with sludge digestion. Composite samples from the influent, effluent, and sludge were homogenized, acid-digested, and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb. The efficiency of heavy metals removal and the relationship between heavy metals removal and suspended solids removal are discussed.
Oxidation reaction kinetics for the steam-iron process in support of hydrogen production

Abstract A hydrogen generation research program is focused on solar-driven hydrogen production by means of reactive metal water splitting. In order to dissociate water molecules at significantly reduced thermal energies as well as providing a practical means for efficient hydrogen and oxygen separation, an intermediary reactive material is introduced to realize water splitting in the form of an oxidation reaction. Elemental iron is used as the reactive material in the process commonly referred to as the steam-iron process. In order to exploit the unique characteristics of highly reactive materials and ultimately achieve the potential efficiency gains at the solar reactor scale, a monolithic laboratory-scale reactor has been designed to explore the fundamental kinetic rates during the iron oxidation reaction at temperatures ranging from about 650 to 900 K. Results show hydrogen production rates on the order of 1E-8 g/cm 2 s. Micro-Raman spectroscopy is used to access information on the exact iron oxide phase produced, and high resolution SEM and electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) are used to assess the oxide morphology and further quantify the oxide state, including spatial distributions.
Perspectives on the Roles and Value of Social Work Practice in Neighborhood Health Centers and Implications for the Reimbursement of Services

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the delivery of primary care services to underserved populations. This paper presents a subset of data from a larger exploratory study that examined how three professional groups (social workers, physicians, and administrators) in neighborhood health centers perceived the type and extent of psychosocial problems in their patient populations and the roles of their staff in addressing these problems. We examined the perceptions of physicians, administrators, and social workers as to who handles various psychosocial problems and whose responsibility it is to perform a range of psychosocial functions, with a focus on the function of social work. Social workers were highly praised and valued by administrators and physicians. While the respondents in neighborhood health centers confirmed the value of social work, public and private funders are reluctant to reimburse for social services beyond limited clinically diagnosed mental health services. Outcomes studies focused on the efficacy and efficiency of social work practice in neighborhood health centers are necessary to begin to overcome this barrier to social work services.
Implementing and evaluating a writing conference program for international L2 writers across language proficiency levels

Abstract Although writing conferences with second language (L2) writers are thought to be valuable learning experiences, there is little research to show how one-on-one writing conferences can benefit L2 writers at low English language proficiency levels. This report summarizes insights gleaned from instituting a large-scale, intensive L2 writing conference program for students at five levels of English language proficiency. This conferencing program is described, along with survey response from 14 writing teachers and 546 students in the program. Teacher responses demonstrated benefits of classroom-based writing conferences, such as opportunities for individualized instruction, goal setting, and rapport building. Student responses, meanwhile, differed by proficiency level and demonstrated that lower-proficiency learners favored less collaborative interactions with feedback on local concerns and more proficient learners preferred more collaborative interactions and global feedback. Furthermore, teachers seemed to structure their feedback and interactional styles based on the language proficiency of L2 writing students. This report adds to student–teacher writing conference research by investigating and reporting on the feedback preferences of L2 writers at different language proficiencies but also speculates on the overarching purposes of an intensive writing conference program, namely that it can provide a rich mentoring relationship which extends beyond traditional writing feedback.
The Smaller the N…: A Note on Nonparametric N

(1964). The Smaller the N…: A Note on Nonparametric N. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 157-160.
Luminescence studies of inertial motion in liquids

Abstract Various manifestations of inertial motion in experiments involving the spontaneous emission from molecules in liquids are presented. Results for the fluorescence polarization of aniline and tryptophans in proteins and the resonance Raman polarization of aniline are given.
Sunflower Seeds and Their Products

Asteraceae (or Compositae), the sunflower family, is the largest family of flowering plants, encompassing some 1,500 genera and nearly 25,000 species. The plant's Latin name is Helianthus annuus, w...
Metamorphosis of flight motor neurons in the mothManduca sexta

1. InManduca sexta a nerve, IIN1b, innervating the dorsal musculature of the larva, survives the metamorphosis and innervates the dorsal longitudinal muscles of the adult. That is, the adult nerve is a modified larval nerve (Figs. 1, 3). 2. Groups of motor neurons with their axons in IIN1b can be identified with the cobalt backfilling technique in the adult, and then located in the developing adult and larva (Fig. 4). 3. In the prothoracic ganglion, the axons of the motor neurons studied travel in a single bundle and send their dendrites into the same region of the neuropile. These dendrites increase in length during the last two-thirds of metamorphosis (Figs. 5, 6). 4. During metamorphosis, the prothoracic ganglion ofManduca sexta exhibits a pattern of allometric growth typical of insect postembryonic development. The volumes of cellular cortex and neuropile both increase, but the increase in neuropile is greater (Fig. 7). 5. The basic structure of the larval neuropile defined by its fiber tracts is maintained through metamorphosis (Figs. 9, 10, 11).
Conventional repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm in the high-risk patient: a plea for abandonment of nonresective treatment.

Abstract Recent reports in the literature have promulgated nonresective treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm as a safer procedure than conventional aneurysmectomy with graft replacement in high-risk patients. This review of 106 high-risk patients who underwent conventional aneurysm repair between 1980 and 1985 was undertaken to compare the relative risks, perioperative morbidity, and operative mortality of these patients to that reported for patients treated by nonresective therapy. Excluded were those patients who had rupture initially or underwent a concomitant renovascular procedure. Patients were considered to be at high risk if they met one or more of the following criteria: (1) age equal to or greater than 85 years; (2) receiving oxygen at home, PO2 less than 50 torr, or forced midexpiratory flow less than 25% of predicted; (3) serum creatinine equal to or greater than 3 mg/dl; (4) biopsy-proven cirrhosis with ascites; (5) retroperitoneal fibrosis; or (6) New York Heart Association functional class III-IV angina, left ventricular ejection fraction less than 30%, recent congestive heart failure, complex ventricular ectopy, large left ventricular aneurysm, severe valvular disease, recurrent congestive heart failure or angina after coronary artery bypass grafting, or severe unreconstructed coronary artery disease confirmed by angiography. The mortality rate for conventional aneurysm repair in high-risk patients was 5.7%, compared with a reported 7% mortality rate for nonresective therapy. In those patients with severe cardiac dysfunction, intraoperative pharmacologic manipulation and the selective use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation appeared helpful in achieving survival. Late morbidity or mortality from vascular complications did not occur in this series (mean, 2½ year follow-up) after conventional repair but is reported to be a significant problem after nonresective therapy, from either inadequate thrombosis of the aneurysm, rupture of the thrombosed aneurysm, or thrombosis of the axillofemoral graft. This study supports the concept that conventional repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm is preferable to nonresective therapy. (J VASC SURG 1986;3:712-7.)
Heat transfer in a smooth scalene triangular duct with two rounded corners

Abstract Measurements of average heat transfer coefficients in a scalene triangular duct having two rounded corners were made at locations of 55 and 100 hydraulic diameters from the sharp-edged inlet to the channel. Individual side average heat transfer coefficients were obtained. Although there are small differences between the three sets of data, heat transfer coefficients averaged over the entire test section are adequately represented by the Colburn equation for smooth circulat tubes, with no effect of location of the test section.
Sex difference in signature whistle production of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncates

Signature whistles of 42 free-ranging bottle-nose dophin calves were compared to those of their mothers. Humans judged their similarity by inspection of spectrograms. There was a sex difference in the tendency of calves to produce whistles similar to or different from those of their mothers; most female calves produced whistles that were different from those of their mothers, whereas male calves were more likely to produce whistles that were similar to those of their mothers. Because matrilineally related females associate together and use signature whistles to establish and/or maintain contact with their calves, there may be a selective pressure for females to produce whistles that are distinct from those of their mothers. There may be fewer constraints governing whistle development in males, with the result that some males produce whistles similar to those of their mothers and others do not.
An unusually aggressive trichoblastoma

Trichogenic tumors are neoplasms of the hair germ cell that usually exhibit benign behavior. We describe a case of a large invasive trichoblastoma requiring Mohs micrographic surgery for its removal. Immunohistochemical studies performed demonstrate overlapping features of this trichogenic tumor with basal cell carcinoma.
The effect of magnetic interactions on paleointensity determinations by the Thelliers' method.

Complex magnetic interactions in specimens containing single-domain and/or multidomain grains of one or more ferromagnetic components will not cause non-ideal behavior in the Thelliers' method if the TRM and the induced magnetization are statistically stable, isotropic and linear with field, and if a single TRM distribution function which depends only on temperature applies to both the acquisition and the thermal demagnetization of TRM. These are physically reasonable, sufficient conditions which are fulfilled closely enough for paleointensity purposes by many, and perhaps most, volcanic rocks in fields of 0 to 1 oe.
Cloning of three human multifunctional de novo purine biosynthetic genes by functional complementation of yeast mutations.

Abstract Functional complementation of mutations in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used to clone three multifunctional human genes involved in de novo purine biosynthesis. A HepG2 cDNA library constructed in a yeast expression vector was used to transform yeast strains with mutations in adenine biosynthetic genes. Clones were isolated that complement mutations in the yeast ADE2, ADE3, and ADE8 genes. The cDNA that complemented the ade8 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, GART) mutation, also complemented the ade5 (phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase) and ade7 [phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase (AIRS; also known as PAIS)] mutations, indicating that it is the human trifunctional GART gene. Supporting data include homology between the AIRS and GART domains of this gene and the published sequence of these domains from other organisms, and localization of the cloned gene to human chromosome 21, where the GART gene has been shown to map. The cDNA that complemented ade2 (phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase) also complemented ade1 (phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase), supporting earlier data suggesting that in some organisms these functions are part of a bifunctional protein. The cDNA that complemented ade3 (formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase) is different from the recently isolated human cDNA encoding this enzyme and instead appears to encode a related mitochondrial enzyme.
Highly Conductive Nanoparticulate Films Achieved at Low Sintering Temperatures

Nanoparticulate Ag films have been produced by the laser ablation of microparticle aerosol (LAMA) deposition process. LAMA enables the production of thick, nanoparticulate films that are free of organics and offers the ability to control the degree of agglomeration and initial film density. The films were subsequently annealed at a range of temperatures from 100°C to 250°C to densify the films and increase conductivity. We show that, by reducing the degree of agglomeration in the films, sintering of LAMA-produced films occurs at low temperatures and results in near fully dense Ag films that exhibit an order of magnitude higher conductivity when compared to thick films produced by other techniques that are sintered at similar temperatures. Good agreement is observed between experiments and a sintering model that suggests that surface diffusion is dominant at temperatures below 150°C, and a combination of surface and grain boundary diffusion are responsible for sintering at slightly higher temperatures.
BRACER: A Distributed Broadcast Protocol in Multi-Hop Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks with Collision Avoidance

Broadcast is an important operation in wireless ad hoc networks where control information is usually propagated as broadcasts for the realization of most networking protocols. In traditional ad hoc networks, since the spectrum availability is uniform, broadcasts are delivered via a common channel which can be heard by all users in a network. However, in cognitive radio (CR) ad hoc networks, different unlicensed users may acquire different available channel sets. This non-uniform spectrum availability imposes special design challenges for broadcasting in CR ad hoc networks. In this paper, a fully-distributed Broadcast protocol in multi-hop Cognitive Radio ad hoc networks with collision avoidance, BRACER, is proposed. In our design, we consider practical scenarios that each unlicensed user is not assumed to be aware of the global network topology, the spectrum availability information of other users, and time synchronization information. By intelligently downsizing the original available channel set and designing the broadcasting sequences and scheduling schemes, our proposed broadcast protocol can provide very high successful broadcast ratio while achieving very short average broadcast delay. It can also avoid broadcast collisions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that addresses the unique broadcasting challenges in multi-hop CR ad hoc networks with collision avoidance.
Retrospective analysis of the response of soil and stream chemistry of a northern forest ecosystem to atmospheric emission controls from the 1970 and 1990 Amendments of the Clean Air Act.

The 1970 and 1990 Amendments of the Clean Air Act (CAAA) have resulted in a decline in acidic deposition in the northeastern United States. Results from the application of a biogeochemical model (PnET-BGC) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire suggest that, without the implementation of the CAAAs, soil base saturation and soil solution molar Ca/Al ratio would decrease to values below 6% and 1.0, respectively, while S would continue to accumulate in organic matter and adsorbed pools at rates of 2 and 3 kg of S ha-1 yr-1, respectively. This scenario of conditions without the CAAAs was projected to result in higher stream concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, and Ca2+; monomeric Al; pH below 4.8; and acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) less than −15 μequiv L-1. The implementation of the CAAAs has led to a slight improvement in the soil base saturation, while recovery of soil solution Ca/Al cannot be fully assessed because of variability in observed values. Our evaluation of the relative benefits of...
Endochondral Bone Formation in the Heart: A Possible Mechanism of Coronary Calcification

During the atherosclerotic process, calcification occurs and is associated with a high likelihood of adverse events. Coronary calcification has been perceived as a passive precipitation of mineral. Recently, calcification associated with atherosclerosis has been found to be the result of an organized, regulated process that is similar to the process of calcification in bone. Mineralization in skeletal tissue can form by endochondral ossification in which mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts and produce a cartilage matrix which then degenerates and is remodeled to form bone. In this study, hearts from oophorectomized, aged female Sprague Dawley rats were found to contain areas of cartilage. Micro-computerized tomography radiogrammetry provided quantitative images of the architecture and confirmed the calcified tissue. Histological analysis revealed staining for several markers consistent with cartilage and bone tissue: acid phosphatase and bone matrix proteins, osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin, and bone sialoprotein. In addition, cartilage types II, X, and procollagen type I were present. The presence of chondrocytes in the aged rat heart provides insights into the process of calcification in coronary arteries. Many proteins associated with calcification in bone are present in the cartilage that is present in vascular tissue, suggesting that endochondral calcification is another possible mechanism by which calcification of vascular tissue may occur.
The United States and the development of the Puerto Rican status question, 1936-1968

Surendra Bhana (1939–2016) was professor of history at the University of Durban-Westville and professor of history at the University of Kansas. His numerous publications include Setting Down Roots: Indian Migrants in South Africa, 1860–1911 (coauthored with J.B. Brain) and Indentured Indian Emigrants to Natal 1860–1902.
Hinge-regIon deletion localized in the IgG1-globulin Mcg☆

Abstract The H chain of the IgG protein Mcg has a deletion of 15 amino acids which starts at a position 216 residues from the amino terminal end of the molecule. This protein is thus complementary to those seen in H chain disease where the deletion occurs within the first 215 amino acid residues and a normal structure is resumed at position 216.
Platelet regulatory prostanoids and platelet release products in sickle cell disease.

Changes in platelet function have been observed for sickle cell disease (SCO). Levels of the arachidonic acid metabolites, thromboxane A2 (released by stimulated platelets) and prostacyclin (released from vascular endothelium), which stimulate and inhibit platelets, respectively, have been implicated in overall regulation of platelet function. Circulating basal levels of thromboxane and prostacyclin were determined in 1) a group of SCO volunteers (n = 21; at half-yearly steady state intervals and also at 24 hr, 72 hr, and 7 days after start of pain crisis) and 2) an age-, sex-, and race-matched control group (n = 18; single determinations). Circulating levels of β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), as well as throm-bin (clotting)-stimutated platelet release of thromboxane, were also determined. Statistically significant decreases were found for prostacyclin, basal thromboxane, and thrombin-induced (maximal) thromboxane (alone or per platelet), for steady state SCD vs. normal controls. In addition, significant increases in maximal thromboxane were identified in crises (24, 72 hr) compared with steady state. Crisis β-TG (24 hr) was significantly elevated compared with controls or steady state SCD. The ratio of basal thromboxane to prostacyclin was increased in crisis, but not significantly. Crisis frequency may correlate in part with changes in platelet function: steady state maximal thromboxane and released thromboxane per platelet were significantly lower in SCD volunteers who had crises during the study vs. those who did not (equivalent study time). The data support altered platelet function in SCD, possibly refractoriness (desensitization), manifest as decreased thromboxane release, to thrombin and/or other stimuli: alternate explanations are discussed. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Physics of X-Ray Tubes for CT Scanners

The paper deals with selected topics and problem areas of x-ray tubes, particularly those with rotating anodes, as they relate to CT scanner requirements. Only the main limiting factors will be treated, such as "rotor ripple", heat problems, off-focus x-rays, and high voltage stability. Some basic considerations are given to super large x-ray source assemblies for ultra fast scanners. Because of the extent of x-ray tube physics and engineering, the discussion had to be kept short.
THE PRESENCE OF PROTEASE ACTIVITY IN THE RECTAL FLUID OF ATTINE ANTS

The rectal fluid of twenty-two species of ants, including seven species of Attini, seven species of non-attine Myrmicinae, and eight species of Formicinae was assayed for proteolytic enzyme activity. Significant activity was present in the rectal fluid of all of the attines and only in the attines. Some implications of these results are discussed.
Automated docking of estrogens and SERMs into an estrogen receptor alpha and beta isoform using the PMF forcefield and the Lamarckian genetic algorithm

A diverse set of estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) whose relative binding affinities (RBAs), with respect to 17β-estradiol are known, are automatically docked into a particular estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ) in silico, utilizing the Lamarckian genetic docking algorithm and the potentials of mean force (PMF) function. After division into distinct classes (estrogens, SERMs), the ligands are ranked based upon the calculated ligand:receptor interaction energies, as well as experimental RBAs. Comparison of both rankings shows good agreement within the distinct ligand classes. The presented results indicate that the PMF may be applied to the estrogen receptor:ligand complexes, and the ranking of ligands within distinct classes is a very useful pre-screening tool for development of novel estrogen receptor ligands.
Observations of Two Millisecond Pulsars in the Globular Cluster NGC 5904

We report on 5 yr of pulsar observations of the globular cluster NGC 5904 (M5). A timing model has been obtained for the two known pulsars, and a deep search for additional faint isolated pulsars has lowered the detection Nux limit to 40 µJy without further detection. We discuss the details and implications of the phase coherent timing models for PSR B1516+02A and PSR B1516+02B. Of particular interest for the binary PSR B1516+02B are the observed negative period derivative due to acceleration in the gravitational field of M5 and a detection of orbital precession.
In vivo nitric oxide sensor using non-conducting polymer-modified carbon fiber.

Nitric oxide (NO) is emerging as a very important and ubiquitous gaseous messenger in the body. The response characteristics of NO sensors made of non-conducting polymer modified carbon fiber electrodes are investigated to determine their selectivity, sensitivity, and stability for in vivo use. A composite polymer, comprising Nafion, m-phenylenediamine, and resorcinol, showed the best selectivity and stability to amperometric NO detection. The non-conducting, self-limiting polymer film protects the electrode from interference and fouling by other biochemicals. Although the relative sensitivity to NO of the modified sensor is lower than that of the unmodified carbon fiber electrodes (less than 6%), the composite polymer electrode showed high selectivity against ascorbic acid (>2000:1), nitrite (>600:1), and dopamine (>200:1). The stability of the NO sensor was maintained for at least 1 week. The NO sensitivity after in vivo experiments (n=8) is 88.1±5.6% of initial sensitivity data obtained before in vivo experiments. Preliminary in vivo experiments done with this electrode are shown to capture elevated NO levels in brain following an ischemic injury.
Correlation of poly(methylene)-rich amorphous aliphatic domains in humic substances with sorption of a nonpolar organic contaminant phenanthrene.

The structural makeup of natural organic matter plays a major role in regulating its capacity to retain nonionic hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs). We used a model HOCphenanthreneto investigate the correlations between sorption capacity, specifically the modified Freundlich coefficient (K‘f), and compositional data of humic acids, humins, and a peat obtained from quantitative 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. A positive correlation between K‘f and the weight fraction of amorphous poly(methylene) in the sorbents was observed. In contrast, the correlation between phenanthrene sorption capacity and aromaticity or polarity indices of the sorbents was insignificant. The nonpolar aliphatic carbon fraction, excluding poly(methylene), was only partially correlated with K‘f. Detailed NMR analyses of the sorbents using 1H inversion−recovery experiments showed that 10-nm diameter domains of branched nonpolar aliphatic groups, which account for 20−50% of all nonpolar aliphatic segments and may be associated with t...
Improving criminal justice: making jury instructions understandable for American jurors

Afin d'ameliorer la justice penale americaine, on adopte ici une approche plus disciplinaire afin d'identifier les problemes de comprehension des jurees et d'ameliorer les consignes des juges. Dans un premier temps, les questions posees par les jures au juge sur les consignes difficiles, ont ete analysees. Deuxiemement, des difficultes psycholinguistiques specifiques sont identifiees et corrigees. Des criteres juridiques aussi bien que psychologiques sont utilises pour cette redaction. Troisiemement des ameliorations dans la comprehension des consignes ont ete notees suite aux reformulations. Dernierement, une discussion des moyens de validation est presentee ainsi que des avantages d'une methode de recherche qui associe des criteres psychologiques et juridiques avec une approche empirique
Algebraically closed noncommutative polynomial rings

Let R be a noncommutative polynomial ring over the division ring K where K has center F. Then R = K[x,σ,D]where σ is a monomorphism of K and D is a σ-derivaton K. R is called dimension finite if (K: Fσ)<∞ and (K: FD)<∞ where Fσ is the subfield of F fixed under σand FD is the subfied of F of D-constants. R is algebraically closed if every nonconstant polynomial in Rfactors completely into linear factors. The algebraically closed dimension finite polynomial rings are determined. s done by reducing the problem to two classes: skew polynomial rings and differential polynomial rings. Examples algebraically closed polynomial rings which are not dimensfinite are given.