cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anchorage-independent colony formation of SV40 transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells in serum-free medium: Role of cell- and serum-derived factors

The colony-forming response of SV40 transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells in agarose suspension culture was studied in a serum-free medium (with insulin, transferrin and serum albumin as the only macromolecular supplements) that was optimized for colony formation of fibronectin-attached monolayer cultures. In this serum-free medium, the SV3T3 cells fail to form colonies in agarose suspension. However, they can be induced to anchorage-independent colony formation by the growth factors that are additionally required by their untransformed counterparts for proliferation in monolayer culture. The SV3T3 cells are also rendered anchorage-independent for colony formation in serum-free medium by conditioned medium from dense monolayer serum-free SV3T3 cultures. These experiments suggest that it is the cell-substrate interaction that is responsible for the growth factor autonomy of fibronectin-attached transformed cells.
Eigenfrequency bounds for helical MHD flow

Abstract Circle theorems are obtained which furnish bounds on the complex eigenfrequencies arising in the linear stability analysis of helical MHD flow. Results for the helical flow of an inviscid, compressible fluid are contained as a special case.
Absorption cross-section maxima and minima in IR absorption bands of small ionic ellipsoidal particles

Optical absorption cross section extrema can be investigated thoroughly for very small particles within the framework of the Rayleigh ellipsoid approximation. For an oriented ellipsoid with optical constants described by a one-oscillator Lorentz model, the frequency of maximum absorption lies between the transverse and longitudinal optical mode frequencies and depends on the particle shape and the surrounding medium; in general, the low frequency peaks are higher than the high frequency peaks. Absorption integrated over frequency for a single ellipsoid is independent of the damping constant. For randomly oriented ellipsoids, the integrated absolute maximum absorption is obtained for disks and the absolute minimum absorption for spheres. However, a sphere or any other ellipsoidal shape can be the greatest absorber at frequencies where surface modes are excited. Such surface modes are possible in the IR for particles of many common insulators: various alkali halides; oxides; carbonates; and silicates.
The use of orthotopic neobladders in women undergoing cystectomy for pelvic malignancy

Since June 1990, 21 women aged from 31 to 78 years (mean, 62 years) have undergone lower urinary tract reconstruction by means of an orthotopic Kock ileal reservoir following cystectomy. The indication for cystectomy included 15 patients with transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder, 2 patients with urachal adenocarcinoma, 1 patient with cervical carcinoma, 1 patient with a mesenchymal tumor of endometrial origin, 1 patient with interstitial cystitis, and 1 patient with a fibrotic irradiated bladder. A total of four complications (two early and two late) have occurred in this group of patients. Excellent continence has been achieved during the day and night in 95% and 89% of the patients, respectively. In all, 16 of 20 patients void volitionally per urethra without a residual urine volume, whereas 4 patients require intermittent catheterization to empty the neobladder. All patients are completely satisfied. One patient died of metastatic transitional-cell carcinoma without a pelvic recurrence. Of the remaining 20 patients, 18 are currently alive without evidence of recurrent disease. Tumor recurrence has occurred in two patients: one patient with an extensive mesenchymal tumor developed a sigmoid recurrence necessitating conversion to a continent cutaneous diversion, and one patient developed a right iliac recurrence. This initial experience with lower urinary tract reconstruction in women has yielded extraordinary results, and we feel that the option of orthotopic reconstruction following cystectomy can safely be offered to selected female patients.
Analytical Rheology of Polymer Melts: State of the Art

The extreme sensitivity of rheology to the microstructure of polymer melts has prompted the development of “analytical rheology,” which seeks inferring the structure and composition of an unknown sample based on rheological measurements. Typically, this involves the inversion of a model, which may be mathematical, computational, or completely empirical. Despite the imperfect state of existing models, analytical rheology remains a practically useful enterprise. I review its successes and failures in inferring the molecular weight distribution of linear polymers and the branching content in branched polymers.
On the primary structure of pituitary bovine growth hormone.

Summary The primary structure of the tryptophan containing tryptic fragment obtained from bovine growth hormone has been determined. This sequence was found to be identical with that of the corresponding portion of sheep growth hormone. Together with other data, the corrected structure of bovine growth hormone is proposed herein.
G72/G30 in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: review and meta-analysis.

Association of the G72/G30 locus with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder has now been reported in several studies. The G72/G30 locus may be one of several that account for the evidence of linkage that spans a broad region of chromosome 13q. However, the story of G72/G30 is complex. Our meta-analysis of published association studies shows highly significant evidence of association between nucleotide variations in the G72/G30 region and schizophrenia, along with compelling evidence of association with bipolar disorder. But the associated alleles and haplotypes are not identical across studies, and some strongly associated variants are located ∼50 kb telomeric of G72. Interestingly, G72 and G30 are transcribed in opposite directions; hence, their transcripts could cross-regulate translation. A functional native protein and functional motifs for G72 or G30 remain to be demonstrated. The interaction of G72 with d-amino acid oxidase, itself of interest as a modulator of N -methyl-d-aspartate receptors through regulation of d-serine levels, has been reported in one study and could be a key functional link that deserves further investigation. The association findings in the G72/G30 region, among the most compelling in psychiatry, may expose an important molecular pathway involved in susceptibility to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Metabolism and transport of dehydroascorbic acid in erythrocytes of "spontaneous diabetic BB/W" Wistar rats.

Abstract Rates of uptake and reduction of dehydroascorbic acid in erythrocytes of “Spontaneous diabetic BB W ” and control Wistar rats were determined. Lysed cells reduced 14C-dehydroascorbic acid more rapidly than intact cells did, suggesting that membrane transport is a rate-limiting step. Diabetic rats had lower plasma levels of ascorbic acid but more rapid reduction of dehydroascorbic acid than control animals. The results indicate more rapid transport of dehydroascorbic acid into erythrocytes of prediabetic “ BB W ” rats than Wistar rats.
Myelin-associated glycoprotein and complementary axonal ligands, gangliosides, mediate axon stability in the CNS and PNS: neuropathology and behavioral deficits in single- and double-null mice.

Complementary interacting molecules on myelin and axons are required for long-term axon–myelin stability. Their disruption results in axon degeneration, contributing to the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases. Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), a minor constituent of central and peripheral nervous system myelin, is a member of the Siglec family of sialic acid-binding lectins and binds to gangliosides GD1a and GT1b, prominent molecules on the axon surface. Mice lacking the ganglioside biosynthetic gene Galgt1 fail to express complex gangliosides, including GD1a and GT1b. In the current studies, CNS and PNS histopathology and behavior of Mag-null, Galgt1-null, and double-null mice were compared on the same mouse strain background. When back-crossed to >99% C57BL/6 strain purity, Mag-null mice demonstrated marked CNS, as well as PNS, axon degeneration, in contrast to prior findings using mice of mixed strain background. On the same background, Mag- and Galgt1-null mice exhibited quantitatively and qualitatively similar CNS and PNS axon degeneration and nearly identical decreases in axon diameter and neurofilament spacing. Double-null mice had qualitatively similar changes. Consistent with these findings, Mag- and Galgt1-null mice had similar motor behavioral deficits, with double-null mice only modestly more impaired. Despite their motor deficits, Mag- and Galgt1-null mice demonstrated hyperactivity, with spontaneous locomotor activity significantly above that of wild type mice. These data demonstrate that MAG and complex gangliosides contribute to axon stability in both the CNS and PNS. Similar neuropathological and behavioral deficits in Galgt1-, Mag-, and double-null mice support the hypothesis that MAG binding to gangliosides contributes to long-term axon–myelin stability.
Pulmonary edema: physiologic approaches to management

The integrity of the normal endothelial barrier is responsible for two of the three major safety factors preventing pulmonary edema. This is why edema due to increased pressure is usually not as severe as edema due to increased permeability. Management ought to follow sound physiologic principles. These principles are to lower microvascular hydrostatic pressure and to provide adequate supportive therapy. Positive end-expiratory pressure may improve arterial oxygen transport, but there is no evidence that it improves the balance of pulmonary fluid in edema. Raising the microvascular protein osmotic pressure may be beneficial in edema due to increased pressure but has no demonstrated rationale in edema due to increased permeability.
Approving Measurement Systems when Using Derived Values

A methodology is proposed for approving a measurement system when the variable of interest is not directly measured, but some other related variables are measured to predict the quality characteristic. To approve the measurement system, error must be es..
Crude oil in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer-III. Biogeochemical reactions and mass balance modeling in anoxic groundwater

Abstract Crude oil floating on the water table in a sand and gravel aquifer provides a constant source of hydrocarbons to the groundwater at a site near Bemidji, Minnesota. The degradation of hydrocarbons affects the concentrations of oxidized and reduced aqueous species in the anoxic part of the contaminant plume that developed downgradient from the oil body. The concentrations of Fe2+, Mn2+ and CH4, Eh measurements, and the δ13C ratios of the total inorganic C indicate that the plume became more reducing ver a 5-a period. However, the size of the contaminant plume remained stable during this time. Field data coupled with laboratory microcosm experiments indicate that benzene and the alkylbenzenes are degraded in an anoxic environment. In anaerobic microcosm experiments conducted under field conditions, almost complete degradation (98%) was observed for benzene in 125 d and for toluene in 45 d. Concentrations of aqueous Fe2+ and Mn2+ increased in these experiments, indicating that the primary reactions were hydrocarbon degradation coupled with Fe and Mn reduction. Mass transfer calculations on a 40-m flowpath in the anoxic zone, downgradient from the oil body, indicated that the primary reactions in the anoxic zone are oxidation of organic compounds, precipitation of siderite and a ferroan calcite, dissolution of iron oxide and outgassing of CH4 and CO2. The major difference in the two models presented is the ratio of CO2 and CH4 that outgasses. Both models indicate quantitatively that large amounts of Fe are dissolved and reprecipitated as ferrous iron in the anoxic zone of the contaminant plume.
Explaining photodermatosis: cyclopentenone vs. α-methylene-γ-lactone natural products

Abstract The possible role of cyclopentenone-containing sesquiterpene lactones in the cause of photochemical chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) is examined in light of recent reports that the α-methylene-γ-lactone group of these natural products forms 2+2 photoadducts with the DNA base thymine. Neither cyclopentenone nor tenulin (a cyclopentenone-containing sesquiterpene lactone) form such photoadducts with thymine either with sunlight or a UV lamp (300 nm). In contrast, α-methylenebutyrolactone readily forms the 2+2 photoadduct with thymine in sunlight. Thus, the photochemical role of the α-methylene-γ-lactone group (rather than cyclopentenone) is strongly implicated in the CAD disease.
Piezoelectric paint sensor for ultrasonic NDE

This paper deals with a distributed acoustic emission sensing method, which is especially suitable for piezoelectric paint. Piezoelectric paint is a composite piezoelectric material that is comprised of tiny piezoelectric particles randomly dispersed within a polymer matrix phase. An overview of the distributed acoustic emission sensing method for defect monitoring is given in this paper. The use of piezoelectric materials for ultrasonic signal measurements is next discussed along with a series of ultrasonic tests performed to verify the ultrasonic sensing capability of piezoelectric paint. To examine the mechanism of the distributed acoustic emission sensing method for crack initiation detection, the results of a finite element simulation based study is presented in this paper. The finite element model used in the parametric study is calibrated with experimental data. The effect of sensor numbers included in the array has been studied using both simulation and experimental data. Based on the preliminary results of this study, piezoelectric paint sensor appears to hold a potential for use in on-line monitoring of cracks such as those caused by fatigue in metal structures although more work is still needed before successful practical application can be made.
Diurnal Rhythm of Apolipoprotein A-IV in Rat Hypothalamus and Its Relation to Food Intake and Corticosterone

Apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) is a satiety protein synthesized in the small intestine and hypothalamus. To further understand the roles of central apo A-IV in the management of daily food intake, we have examined the diurnal patterns of hypothalamic apo A-IV gene and protein expression in freely feeding and food-restricted (food provided 4 h daily between 1000 h and 1400 h) rats. In freely feeding rats, the hypothalamic apo A-IV mRNA and protein levels fluctuated, with high levels during the light phase, peaking at 0900 h (3 h after lights on), and low levels during the dark phase, with a nadir at 2100 h (3 h after lights off). The daily patterns of the fluctuation, however, were altered in food-restricted rats, which had a marked decrease in hypothalamic apo A-IV mRNA and protein levels during the 4 h-feeding period of the light phase. Although corticosterone (CORT) secretion temporally coincided with the decreasing phase of apo A-IV in the hypothalamus, depletion of CORT by adrenalectomy significantly decreased, rather than increased, hypothalamic apo A-IV mRNA and protein levels. These results indicate that the diurnal expression of hypothalamic apo A-IV is regulated by factors other than the circulating CORT, for example, the reduced food intake and body weight in adrenalectomized animals. The fact that hypothalamic apo A-IV level and food intake were inversely related during the normal diurnal cycle as well as in the period of restricted feeding suggests that hypothalamic apo A-IV is involved in the regulation of daily food intake.
Legislating software standards

The author has never owned a PC. He has only worked on mainframes, minis, Lisp machines, and Unix boxes. Now that PCs have become ubiquitous, he has to work on them too. It is hard to understand how such a sorry substitute for an operating system has become so widely accepted that the US government feels compelled to intercede in an attempt to prevent Microsoft from extending the "Windows monopoly" to the Internet. Why DOS and Windows 95 became the de facto standard in the face of better alternatives is a marketing economic phenomenon discussed at length elsewhere. But we all understand that application developers spend their precious resources on the perceived winner in a self-fulfilling prophecy. What's really funny is government intervention. Two years ago, many in Silicon Valley were saying that the government was irrelevant-the Internet was the extreme free trade zone and it was clear that the government would always be behind the technology curve anyway. Their legislation would always be late and unenforceable. Now the US Department of Justice is the great hope of Silicon Valley, and everyone has hired professional lobbyists in DC. But is this a good thing? Forget for the moment that the current action is succeeding in impeding Microsoft's success. What's more important is that the government is deciding for industry what an application is and what an operating system is and whether software is "integrated" or "bundled". Should the government be involved in regulating software systems in order to promote competition, and if so, what else might the government do?.
Anxiety disorders and risk for alcohol use disorders: the moderating effect of parental support.

Background There have been mixed findings on the temporal relation between anxiety disorders and alcohol use disorders (AUDs), suggesting that the pathway to AUDs may differ among individuals. The aim of the current study was to test whether parental support moderated the association between anxiety disorders and the development of AUDs. We also tested whether our effects differed as a function of age of AUD onset.
A test of a dual central pattern generator hypothesis for subcortical control of locomotion.

This study was designed to examine the nature of neural circuits involved in subcortical inter-limb coordination and reflex modulation mechanisms of locomotion. These circuits, called central pattern generators (CPGs), are believed to receive tonic input and generate rhythmically alternating sets of commands. Although CPGs have been theorized to exist in humans, their potential dual role in inter-limb coordination and reflex modulation is unclear. In the present study, nine participants walked on a treadmill, timing their heel-strikes to a metronome which varied the phase lag from 0.5 to 1.0 pi radians (0.1 pi intervals). A stimulus was delivered to the sural nerve and reflexes were measured in the ipsilateral and contralateral lower extremities through electromyography. The similarity between phase lag conditions for both temporal coordination (i.e., relative timing aspects between muscles and/or limbs) and reflex intensities suggested that they may be controlled by the same subcortical circuitry. Two plausible explanations exist: (1) a single CPG coordinates muscular contractions and phasically alters proprioceptive reflex modulation, as well as cutaneous input, using feed-forward control; (2) two separate circuits are strongly entrained, producing synchronous outputs for inter-limb coordination and reflex modulation. The out-of-phase task used in this study was limited in discerning such a difference, if it exists. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Emotional expression and feeling in schizophrenia: effects of specific expressive behaviors on emotional experiences.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional expression and experience in schizophrenia by manipulating expressive behaviors directly and then assessing subsequent emotional feelings. In Study 1, facial expressions and bodily postures were manipulated in a sample of normals, the results of which replicate findings from previous studies of peripheral feedback effects on emotions. In Study 2, the same procedures were used with matched groups of outpatient schizophrenic men, patients with depression, and nonpsychiatric controls. Schizophrenia patients showed the usual effects from their facial expressions of sadness, fear, happiness, and surprise, but only from their postures of anger, whereas patients with depression showed the same effects only from their expressions and postures of sadness, and normal controls only from their expressions and postures of anger. These patterns may reflect those aspects of the emotional response system that are functional and dysfunctional in schizophrenia and depression. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 55: 1–20, 1999.
Line Graphs and Forbidden Induced Subgraphs

Beineke and Robertson independently characterized line graphs in terms of nine forbidden induced subgraphs. In 1994, ?oltes gave another characterization, which reduces the number of forbidden induced subgraphs to seven, with only five exceptional cases. A graph is said to be a dumbbell if it consists of two complete graphs sharing exactly one common edge. In this paper, we show that a graph with minimum degree at least seven that is not a dumbbell is a line graph if and only if it does not contain three forbidden induced subgraphs including K1, 3 and K5?e. Applications of our main results to other forbidden induced subgraph characterizations of line graphs and to hamiltonian line graphs are also discussed.
Millimeter wave antennas

Major advances in millimeter-wave antennas have been made in recent years, in particular in two areas. A new class of leaky-wave antennas based on open millimeter waveguides has been proposed and investigated, and substantial progress has been achieved in integrated antennas where active and passive circuits, possibly in monolithic form, are combined with the radiating elements in one compact unit. Interesting developments have taken place also in a third group of millimeter-wave antennas, that of microstrip antennas and printed circuit antennas in general. An attempt is made to summarize these developments. >
Experimental Lymphedema: Can Cellular Therapies Augment the Therapeutic Potential for Lymphangiogenesis?

The biology of regional lymphatic vascular insufficiency is complex. When regional lymphatic flow is insufficient to maintain tissue fluid homeostasis, interstitial fluid accumu- lates and swelling ensues. Furthermore, in addition to this readily observed role in the maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis, functioning lymphatics are crucial to the traffic of immunocompetent cells from the tissue periphery to the lymph node, where antigenic processing can occur. 5
Recovery from potentially lethal damage following irradiation with x-rays or cyclotron neutrons—I Response of emt-6 cells in vitrot

Abstract EMT-6 cells in vitro , in a nutritionally limited plateau stage of growth, were used to study recovery from potentially lethal radiation damage. H subculture was delayed after irradiation with X-rays or cyclotron neutrons, recovery from potentially lethal damage was seen as an increase in survival relative to that in cells subcultured immediately after irradiation. The time course of damage repair seemed to be similar after both types of radiation; the extent of recovery, while variable, can be large after the high linear energy transfer (LET) exposure as well as after photon radiation. When parallel X-ray and neutron experiments were performed with the same culture passage, the amount of post-neutron repair was less than that occurring after X-irradiation.
The 48Ti(α, α′) reaction and systematics of octupole states in the Ti isotopes

Abstract The 48 Ti(α, α′) reaction has been studied at 31 MeV with 100 keV resolution and high statistics. Spin and parity assignments have been made on the basis of the systematic shapes of the differential cross sections and by comparison with distorted wave Born approximation calculations. These assignments have been made up to an excitation energy of 6.4 MeV. The magnitudes of the cross sections have been related to electromagnetic transition rates by use of the vibrational model. Based on the assumption of pure 1 f 7 2 configurations, the lowest 4 + and the second 2 + states should be excited by two-step processes only. The differential cross sections for these states do not support this hypothesis. The most interesting feature of the results is the identification of seven 3 − states in 48 Ti ranging in excitation energy from 3.36 to 6.33 MeV which vary in strength from 1 to 3 Weisskopf units. Three 3 − states of comparable strength have been previously located in 46 Ti and five 3 − states in 50 Ti. The strongest of these states has 3.5 Weisskopf units in 46 Ti and 7 Weisskopf units in 50 Ti. The weakness of the octupole states in this region compared to the 26 Weisskopf units found for the lowest 3 − states in 40 Ca is surprising and may be difficult to reconcile with our understanding of current microscopic descriptions of this mode.
High‐Temperature Electrical Properties of the Bi2.1Sr1.9(Ca1–xYx)Cu2Oy Solid Solution

By a combination of conventional physical property measurements and high temperature electrical property studies, the solid solution limit, transport parameters, and potential defect regimes of the Bi[sub 2.1]Sr[sub 1.9](Ca[sub 1 [minus] x]Y[sub x])Cu[sub 2]O[sub y] solid solution were established. A continuous solid solution extends to x = 0.7 or 0.8. The electrical properties indicate that the product of the hole density-of-states and mobility for semiconducting compositions is approximately an order of magnitude smaller than for the other p-type superconducting cuprates. A pronounced drop in hole concentration accompanies the tetragonal-to-orthorhombic transition at x = 0.5, where after superconductivity disappears. The electrical properties also indicate that a composition x [>=] 0.7 is the appropriate reference'' compound for the solid solution series. Upon doping this yttrium-rich insulating composition with calcium, holes are introduced. With increased calcium content (decreased yttrium content) the system exhibits several defect regimes reminiscent of the behavior in the La[sub 2 [minus] x]AE[sub x]CuO[sub 4] (AE = Sr or Ba) system. Oxygen defects (interstitial and vacancies) are believed to play an important role in the defect structure.
A study on the determination of electromagnetic reflection values of agricultural crop pattern to improve accuracy of land use map by remote sensing technique

With this study, using remote sensing technique, a data base which covers data on the electromagnetic energy reflections of various kinds of plants has been formed with the purpose of determining crop patterns. A 1/5.000 scale cadastral map was used as topographic map for the purpose of using remote sensing technique more effectively and sensibly for such crops as cotton, maize and sun flower of which the agriculture is exercised widely in Torbali township and in this context in all the Aegean Region. In the current study, August 2001 dated Landsat 7 satellite images of the region were interpreted and ground realities and satellite images of the agricultural crops with high economic value which are widely cultivated in the region were overlapped and their values of reflection were determined. Images thus obtained were overlapped with 1/5.000 cadastre maps and product varieties could be determined at the basis of large section of a map, plot and parcel. Separately collaboration with technical personnel from the Directorate of Torbali Township Agriculture was achieved in field and lab studies, and by transferring the data obtained into their computers, tangible steps were taken in the direction of applying technology at the basis of the Township. As a result, an important and basic database was formed that could be used for the payout of incentive premiums to the local organization for various crops or that could render functionality to the implementation of Agricultural policies based on record system.
Early Pliocene (pre-Ice Age) El Niño-like global climate: Which El Niño?

Paleoceanographic data from sites near the equator in the eastern and western Pacifi c Ocean show that sea-surface temperatures, and apparently also the depth and temperature distribution in the thermocline, have changed markedly over the past ~4 m.y., from those resembling an El Nino state before ice sheets formed in the Northern Hemisphere to the present-day marked contrast between the eastern and western tropical Pacifi c. In addition, differences between late Miocene to early Pliocene (pre‐Ice Age) paleoclimates and present-day average climates, particularly in the Western Hemisphere, resemble those associated with teleconnections from El Nino events, consistent with the image of a permanent El Nino state. Agreement is imperfect in that many differences between early Pliocene and present-day climates of parts of Africa, Asia, and Australia do not resemble the anomalies associated with canonical El Nino teleconnections. The teleconnections associated with the largest El Nino event in the past 100 yr, that in 1997‐1998, do, however, reveal similar patterns of warming and the same sense, if not magnitude, of precipitation anomalies shown by differences between late Miocene-early Pliocene paleoclimates and present-day mean climates in these regions. If less consistent than those for the 1997‐1998 event, temperature and precipitation anomalies correlated with the Pacifi c Decadal Oscillation also mimic many differences between early Pliocene and present-day climates. These similarities suggest that the sea-surface temperature distribution in the Pacifi c Ocean before Ice Age time resembled most that of the 1997‐1998 El Nino, with the warmest region extending into the easternmost Pacifi c Ocean, not near the dateline as occurs in most El Nino events. This inference is consistent with equatorial Pacifi c proxy data indicating that at most a small east-west gradient in sea-surface temperature seems to have existed along the equator in late Miocene to early Pliocene time. Accordingly, such a difference in sea-surface temperatures may account for the large global differences in climate that characterized the earth before ice sheets became frequent visitors to the Northern Hemisphere.
CD13/APN transcription is regulated by the proto-oncogene c-Maf via an atypical response element

Angiogenic growth factors induce the transcription of the cell surface peptidase CD13/APN in activated endothelial cells of the tumor vasculature. Inhibition of CD13/APN abrogates endothelial invasion and morphogenesis in vitro and tumor growth in vivo suggesting a critical functional role for CD13 in angiogenesis. Experiments to identify the transcription factors responsible for this regulation demonstrated that exogenous expression of the proto-oncogene c-Maf, but not other bZip family members tested, potently activates transcription from a critical regulatory region of the CD13 proximal promoter between -115 and -70 bp which is highly conserved among mammalian species. Using promoter mutation, EMSA and ChIP analyses we established that both endogenous and recombinant c-Maf directly interact with an atypical Maf response element contained within this active promoter region via its basic DNA/leucine zipper domain. However full activity of c-Maf requires the amino-terminal transactivation domain, and site-directed mutation of putative phosphorylation sites within the transactivation domain (serines 15 and 70) shows that these sites behave in a dramatic cell type-specific manner. Therefore, this atypical response element predicts a broader range of c-Maf target genes than previously appreciated and thus impacts its regulation of multiple myeloma as well as endothelial cell function and angiogenesis.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CHANGES DURING RIPENING OF ORIENTAL PERSIMMON

Color, firmness, carotenoid content (lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin, beta-carotene and alpha-carotene) and ascorbic acid content were monitored during ripening of two cultivars of Oriental persimmons. Cultivars represented an astringent variety (Sheng) and a nonastringent variety (Hana Fuyu). HPLC quantification showed that carotenoids increased from the green stage as tree ripening progressed for both cultivars. Total provitamin A activity correlated to firmness in both cultivars. Lycopene correlated to hue and chroma in the Hana Fuyu variety. The ascorbic acid level in Hana Fuyu was higher than in Sheng. The greatest change in Hunter a and b readings occurred from the green stage to the earliest of four ripening stages measured by visual color determination. The data show that correlations exist between carotenoid development and other quality parameters which can be useful in the establishment of quality indices.
Gene-based polymorphisms reveal limited genomic divergence in a species with a heritable life-history dimorphism.

SUMMARY Understanding the genetic basis of life-history traits is a long-standing goal of evolutionary biology. Many closely related species have contrasting life-history strategies, suggesting that the switches in early development that lead to divergent life-histories evolve quickly and frequently. Life-history changes that originate in early development have profound downstream effects on a species' morphology, ecology, genetic diversity, and even speciation rate. How do such transitions in development mode occur, and what is the underlying genetic architecture? To begin to address these questions, we investigated genetic variation in an emerging model in developmental evolution, the polychaete Streblospio benedicti, which has two contrasting and highly heritable offspring types. We compare transcript-based SNP genotypes of individuals of the two development modes to determine the extent of genomic differentiation between them. We find that there is extensive allele sharing across the two types, and minimal fixed differences. We use the site frequency spectrum to fit demographic models to our data and determine that there is recent gene flow between developmental morphs. Our data suggest that the evolution of a genetic developmental dimorphism is not associated with longstanding genetic isolation or genomically extensive divergence. Rather, differences at developmentally important loci, or modest allele-frequency differences at many loci, may be responsible for the drastic life-history differences.
Implications of group III and IV muscle afferents for high-intensity endurance exercise performance in humans.

Non-technical summary We investigated the influence of group III/IV muscle afferents on central motor drive, the development of peripheral locomotor muscle fatigue, and endurance performance time during high-intensity constant-load cycling exercise to exhaustion. Our findings suggest that, on the one hand, afferent feedback ensures adequate circulatory and ventilatory responses to exercise which optimizes muscle O2 transport and thereby facilitates exercise performance by preventing premature peripheral fatigue. On the other hand, afferent feedback inhibits central motor drive, which is reflected in the restriction of the neural excitation of the locomotor musculature and the reduced tolerance for peripheral muscle fatigue, and thereby limits exercise performance. Taken together, the current investigation revealed the net effects of sensory afferent feedback on time to exhaustion during high-intensity constant-load cycling exercise and showed that intact group III/IV muscle afferent feedback is a vital component in achieving optimal endurance performance.
Effective conductivity of periodic media with cuboid inclusions

This paper presents a numerical solution for the effective conductivity of a periodic binary medium with cuboid inclusions located on an octahedral lattice. The problem is defined by five dimensionless geometric parameters and one dimensionless conductivity contrast parameter. The effective conductivity is determined by considering the flow through the ‘‘elementary flow domain’’ (EFD), which is an octant of the unitary domain of the periodic media. We derive practical bounds of interest for the six-dimensional parameter space of the EFDand numerically compute solutions at regular intervals throughout the entire bounded parameter space. A continuous solution of the effective conductivity within the limits of the simulated parameter space is then obtained via interpolation of the numerical results. Comparison to effective conductivities derived for random heterogeneous media demonstrate similarities and differences in the behavior of the effective conductivity in regular periodic (low entropy) vs. random (high entropy) media. The results define the low entropy bounds of effective conductivity in natural media, which is neither completely random nor completely periodic, over a large range of structural geometries. For aniso-probable inclusion spacing, the absolute bounds of Keff for isotropic inclusions are the Wiener bounds, not the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds. For isotropic inclusion and isoprobable conditions well below the percolation threshold, the results are in agreement with the self-consistent approach. For anisotropic cuboid inclusions, or at relatively close spacing in at least one direction (p > 0.2) (aniso-probable conditions), the effective conductivity of the periodic media is significantly different from that found in anisotropic random binary or Gaussian media. � 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contributions of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor to Acquisition of Platinum Resistance in Ovarian Cancer Cells

Acquisition of platinum resistance following first line platinum/taxane therapy is commonly observed in ovarian cancer patients and prevents clinical effectiveness. There are few options to prevent platinum resistance; however, demethylating agents have been shown to resensitize patients to platinum therapy thereby demonstrating that DNA methylation is a critical contributor to the development of platinum resistance. We previously reported the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is a novel regulator of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity and DNA methylation. Others have shown that EGFR activation is linked to cisplatin treatment and platinum resistance. We hypothesized that cisplatin induced activation of the EGFR mediates changes in DNA methylation associated with the development of platinum resistance. To investigate this, we evaluated EGFR signaling and DNMT activity after acute cisplatin exposure. We also developed an in vitro model of platinum resistance to examine the effects of EGFR inhibition on acquisition of cisplatin resistance. Acute cisplatin treatment activates the EGFR and downstream signaling pathways, and induces an EGFR mediated increase in DNMT activity. Cisplatin resistant cells also showed increased DNMT activity and global methylation. EGFR inhibition during repeated cisplatin treatments generated cells that were more sensitive to cisplatin and did not develop increases in DNA methylation or DNMT activity compared to controls. These findings suggest that activation of EGFR during platinum treatment contributes to the development of platinum resistance. Furthermore, EGFR inhibition may be an effective strategy at attenuating the development of platinum resistance thereby enhancing the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic treatment in ovarian cancer.
Generalized component analysis for text with heterogeneous attributes

We present a class of richly structured, undirected hidden variable models suitable for simultaneously modeling text along with other attributes encoded in different modalities. Our model generalizes techniques such as principal component analysis to heterogeneous data types. In contrast to other approaches, this framework allows modalities such as words, authors and timestamps to be captured in their natural, probabilistic encodings. A latent space representation for a previously unseen document can be obtained through a fast matrix multiplication using our method. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework on the task of author prediction from 13 years of the NIPS conference proceedings and for a recipient prediction task using a 10-month academic email archive of a researcher. Our approach should be more broadly applicable to many real-world applications where one wishes to efficiently make predictions for a large number of potential outputs using dimensionality reduction in a well defined probabilistic framework.
The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer science data system, its products, tools, and performance

Ground processing of data from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument, part of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS), exploits new and unique science algorithms not previously used operationally. A range of data products from Level 1 through Level 3 is being produced. Because of MISR's unprecedented design, extensive prototyping was required from a relatively early stage. The data throughput is large, necessitating an innovative software design approach that maximizes performance. The systematic science processing software was developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with data processing occurring at the NASA Langley Research Center using the EOS Core System, a collaborative arrangement that works well. With the availability of actual mission data following launch on the Terra spacecraft in December 1999, MISR's computational needs have become better known, and many improvements have been made to both the science software and the production system to achieve a successful overall data processing capability. This paper provides information about MISR data for the science user, and describes the nature and scope of implementation and operations activities.
Intraspecies variation in cotton border cell production: Rhizosphere microbiome implications

 Premise of the study: Border cells, which separate from the root cap, can comprise >90% of carbon-based exudates released into the rhizosphere, but may not provide a general source of nutrients for soil microorganisms. Instead, this population of specialized cells appears to function in defense of the root tip by an extracellular trapping process similar to that of mammalian white blood cells. Border cell production is tightly regulated, and direct tests of their impact on crop production have been hindered by lack of intraspecies variation.  Methods: Border cell number, viability, and clumping were compared among 22 cotton cultivars. Slime layer “extracellular trap” production by border cells in response to copper chloride, an elicitor of plant defenses, was compared in two cultivars with divergent border cell production. Trapping of bacteria by border cells in these lines also was measured.  Key results: Emerging roots of some cultivars produced more than 20 000 border cells per root, a 100% increase over previously reported values for this species. No differences in border cell morphology, viability, or clumping were found. Copper chloride-induced extracellular trap formation by border cells from a cultivar that produced 27 921 ± 2111 cells per root was similar to that of cells from a cultivar with 10 002 ± 614 cells, but bacterial trapping was reduced.  Conclusions: Intraspecifi c variation in border cell production provides a tool to measure their impact on plant development in the laboratory, greenhouse, and fi eld. Further research is needed to determine the basis for this variation, and its impact on rhizosphere community structure.
Assessing the influence of physical, geochemical and biological factors on anaerobic microbial primary productivity within hydrothermal vent chimneys.

Chemosynthetic primary production supports hydrothermal vent ecosystems, but the extent of that productivity and its governing factors have not been well constrained. To better understand anaerobic primary production within massive vent deposits, we conducted a series of incubations at 4, 25, 50 and 90 °C using aggregates recovered from hydrothermal vent structures. We documented in situ geochemistry, measured autochthonous organic carbon stable isotope ratios and assessed microbial community composition and functional gene abundances in three hydrothermal vent chimney structures from Middle Valley on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Carbon fixation rates were greatest at lower temperatures and were comparable among chimneys. Stable isotope ratios of autochthonous organic carbon were consistent with the Calvin–Benson– Bassham cycle being the predominant mode of carbon fixation for all three chimneys. Chimneys exhibited marked differences in vent fluid geochemistry and microbial community composition, with structures being differentially dominated by gamma (c) or epsilon (e) proteobacteria. Similarly, qPCR analyses of functional genes representing different carbon fixation pathways showed striking differences in gene abundance among chimney structures. Carbon fixation rates showed no obvious correlation with observed in situ vent fluid geochemistry, community composition or functional gene abundance. Together, these data reveal that (i) net anaerobic carbon fixation rates among these chimneys are elevated at lower temperatures, (ii) clear differences in community composition and gene abundance exist among chimney structures, and (iii) tremendous spatial heterogeneity within these environments likely confounds efforts to relate the observed rates to in situ microbial and geochemical factors. We also posit that microbes typically thought to be mesophiles are likely active and growing at cooler temperatures, and that their activity at these temperatures comprises the majority of endolithic anaerobic primary production in hydrothermal vent chimneys.
Further generalizations of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

In recent articles Botsko and Gosser presented generalizations of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus which replaced the antiderivative condition with a right antiderivative condition and an almost everywhere antiderivative condition, respectively. In this paper versions of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus are presented which replace the antiderivative condition with anti‐Dini‐derivative conditions and hence offer further generalizations. As in the case of the articles by Botsko and Gosser, the arguments given here stay within the realm of elementary classical analysis.
Deconstructing Wisconsin: Protest, Mass Media Culture, and Lessons from the 1960s Era

This paper draws on the author’s recently published book, What Really Happened to the 1960s: How Mass Media Culture Failed Democracy, to examine the current struggle against budget cuts and the curtailment of public employee collective bargaining rights by American state governments. The interaction between mass media and 1960s era social movements reveals both a template relevant to assessing strategic considerations in building an effective democracy movement and a crucial force in producing and sustaining the contemporary neo-liberal regime. With the Wisconsin protests as its primary focal point, the paper examines the recent round of protests and their coverage in the mass media with an eye towards their potential to generate a turn toward democracy in the United States.
Anesthesia in Bariatric Surgery

The majority of bariatric procedures are now performed by laparoscopy. Although this surgical approach is considered minimally invasive, the anesthetic management of any obese patient, whether undergoing laparotomy or laparoscopy, is always complex. There are many special considerations regarding care of these patients that every anesthesiologist must be familiar with in order to ensure a successful outcome. Clear evidence-based guidelines for anesthetic management do not exist, despite the fact that obese patients routinely undergo all types of surgical and invasive diagnostic procedures. This chapter will discuss anesthesia for laparoscopic bariatric surgery as practiced at my institution.
Ammonia and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Removal in Aerated Lagoons

The annual and seasonal removal of ammonia and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) in five aerated lagoons is evaluated. Relationships between the percentage removals of ammonia nitrogen and TKN and the hydraulic loading rates and the reciprocal of the hydraulic detention times are presented. The operating conditions, physical characteristics of the systems and the wastewater characteristics are discussed. Low hydraulic loading rates or long hydraulic detention times are required for effective ammonia nitrogen and TKN removals in aerated lagoons operating in cold climates.