cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alluvial fan depositional records from north and south-facing catchments in semi-arid montane terrain

Valley asymmetry reflects differences in landform evolution with aspect; however, few studies assess rates and timing of asymmetric erosion. In south-central Idaho, we combine alluvial fan volume reconstructions with radiocarbon deposit dating to compare the source-catchment normalized fan deposition rates of catchments incised into north (n=5) and south-facing (n=3) valleys, which differ during the late Holocene from 7.7 to 10.1 mm/ka, respectively, but are not significantly different. South-facing catchments produced 1.3× more fan sediment per unit source-area during the late Holocene, whereas over the last 10 Ma they have evolved to be 2.1× larger with 2.8× greater eroded volumes and 7.6° gentler slopes (24.5° versus 32.1°, average). Late Holocene differences in sediment yields with aspect cannot fully explain differences in landforms. Potential bias in sediment deposition and/or remobilization cannot fully explain the similarity of erosion rates during the late Holocene. Valley asymmetry appears to have developed primarily during different conditions. While valley asymmetry development may be quicker during glacial climates, development is likely accelerated early in a valley’s history, such as during initial valley incision, because asymmetric degradation serves as a negative feedback that reduces aspect-related differences in erosion and drives valleys towards steady state.
LGBT Activism in Eastern Africa

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) activism in Eastern Africa operates in a heavily constrained and oppressive environment. Despite these obstacles, activists continue to mobilize on behalf of LGBT rights and create safe spaces for same-sex practicing individuals. This entry looks at the laws that shape Eastern African LGBT activism, the role of the West in both helping and hindering LGBT activism, how different LGBT organizations function with respect to the limitations they face, the relationship of LGBT activism to women's movements, and the impact of HIV/AIDS on LGBT individuals and activism. Keywords: Activism; Homophobia; Gender Identities; Heterosexism; LGBTQ
An embedded FPGA accelerator for a stand-alone dual-mode assistive device

This paper presents a stand-alone Dual-mode Tongue Drive System (sdTDS) which is designed for people with severe disabilities to control their environment using their tongue motion and speech. The sdTDS detects user's tongue motion using a magnetic tracer placed on tongue and an array of magnetic sensors embedded in a wireless headset and at the same time it can capture the user's voice using a small microphone embedded in the same headset. A real-time FPGA-based local processor is proposed which can perform all required signal processing to convert raw data generated by magnetic sensors and microphone to user commands at sensor side, rather than sending all raw data out to a PC or smartphone. The proposed sdTDS significantly reduces the transmitter power consumption and subsequently increases the battery life. Assuming the sdTDS user issues one command every 20 ms, implementing the proposed local processor reduces the data volume that needs to be wirelessly transmitted from 25.6 kb/s to 0.3 kb/s. To evaluate the functionality and performance of the sdTDS processor, it has been implemented on a Xilinx Zynq SoC device (ARM+Artix FPGA) and at frequency of 100 MHz, it consumes 2 mJ energy. The detection accuracy is 96.6% for tongue motion, and 97.5% for speech recognition.
Influence of sex and transients on survival and detection probabilities of the southeastern beach mouse

We used Cormack–Jolly–Seber capture–recapture analyses to investigate differences in monthly survival of the southeastern beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris) between sexes, between juveniles and adults, and effects due to the presence of transients that can bias survival estimates. We accounted for transients (e.g., nonresidents) by distinguishing survival for the initial month after an individuals' 1st capture from monthly survival after the 1st recapture. Survival estimates for 1st captures and recaptures of females were 0.70 and 0.78, respectively. Survival estimates for 1st captures and recaptures of males were 0.74 and 0.80, respectively. Our results showed that a comparably small proportion of transients (females = 0.10; males = 0.08) can bias survival estimates.
Developing photo-sensor oculography (PS-OG) system for virtual reality headsets

Virtual reality (VR) is employed in a variety of different applications. It is our belief that eye-tracking is going to be a part of the majority of VR devices that will reduce computational burden via a technique called foveated rendering and will increase the immersion of the VR environment. A promising technique to achieve low energy, fast, and accurate eye-tracking is photo-sensor oculography (PS-OG). PS-OG technology enables tracking a user's gaze location at very fast rates - 1000Hz or more, and is expected to consume several orders of magnitude less power compared to a traditional video-oculography approach. In this demo we present a prototype of a PS-OG system that we started to develop. The long-term aim of our project is to develop a PS-OG system that is robust to sensor shifts. As a first step we have built a prototype that allows us to test different sensors and their configurations, as well as record and analyze eye-movement data.
Co-occurrence of Local Anisotropic Gradient Orientations (CoLlAGe): Distinguishing Tumor Confounders and Molecular Subtypes on MRI

We introduce a novel biologically inspired feature descriptor, Co-occurrence of Local Anisotropic Gradient Orientations (CoLlAGe), that captures higher order co-occurrence patterns of local gradient tensors at a pixel level to distinguish disease phenotypes that have similar morphologic appearances. A number of pathologies (e.g. subtypes of breast cancer) have different histologic phenotypes but similar radiographic appearances. While texture features have been previously employed for distinguishing subtly different pathologies, they attempt to capture differences in global intensity patterns. In this paper we attempt to model CoLlAGe to identify higher order co-occurrence patterns of gradient tensors at a pixel level. The assumption behind this new feature is that different pathologies, even though they may have very similar overall texture and appearance on imaging, at a local scale, will have different co-occurring patterns with respect to gradient orientations. We demonstrate the utility of CoLlAGe in distinguishing two subtly different types of pathologies on MRI in the context of brain tumors and breast cancer. In the first problem, we look at CoLlAGe for distinguishing radiation effects from recurrent brain tumors over a cohort of 40 studies, and in the second, discriminating different molecular subtypes of breast cancer over a cohort of 73 studies. For both these challenging cohorts, CoLlAGe was found to have significantly improved classification performance, as compared to the traditional texture features such as Haralick, Gabor, local binary patterns, and histogram of gradients.
Dynamic Systems Driven by Poisson/Lévy White Noise

Properties are determined for the state of some hnear and nonhnear dynamic systems driven by Poisson and Levy white noise. The state of dynamic systems with Poisson or Levy white noise is a semimartingale with samples that are right continuous with left limits so that classical methods of random vibration developed for continuous semimartingales do not apply. It is shown that the Ito formula for semimartingales can be used to develop equations for the characteristic function of the state of a broad class of systems driven by non-Gaussian noise and assess the stability of the stationary states of these systems. However, it is not possible to obtain equations for the characteristic function of the state of some nonlinear systems with additive Levy noise. For these systems a method is developed for finding the tail properties of the distribution of the stationary state. Monte Carlo simulation and Hill estimates are used to confirm analytical results.
Electron Microscopy of the Nuclear Envelope

In all organisms except the viruses, bacteria (Hopwood and Glauert 1960 a; Kellenberger et al. 1958), and blue green algae (Hopwood and Glauert 1960 b; Ris and Singh 1961), the chromosomes are separated from the rest of the cell by two concentric membranes, which together constitute the nuclear envelope 1. The physiological properties of the envelope, which have so far been difficult to define, clearly set a limit to the types of interactions which can occur between nucleus and cytoplasm. Except for the relatively short period during mitosis when the envelope breaks down, transport of materials to and from the chromosomes must occur across this barrier. The envelope therefore occupies a central position in all discussion of nucleo-cytoplasmic interaction. With this role in mind we may examine the structure of the nuclear envelope as revealed by the electron microscope.
P017 : HLA EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES ON B CELL SUBSETS ISOLATED FROM DECEASED DONOR TISSUE

Aims We previously reported that differences in HLA class II expression on B cells isolated from different deceased donor tissues can impact flow cytometric crossmatch (FCXM) reactivity. In this current study, we examined HLA surface expression on different B cell subsets found in secondary lymphoid tissue. Methods HLA expression was measured using FITC conjugated antibodies specific for monomorphic determinants on HLA class I and II molecules. Lymphocyte subsets were analyzed using antibodies specific for CD3 (PE), CD19 (APC-Cy7), CD38 (PerCP), and CD27 (APC). Data was acquired on a BD FACSCanto II using FACSDiva software and comparisons of median fluorescence values (MF) were performed using Student t tests. Results The majority of B cells isolated from spleen ( n = 9, mean = 78%) and lymph nodes ( n = 10, mean = 79%) expressed CD38, consistent with an enrichment of activated B cells in these tissues. CD38 is transiently expressed on activated T cells and was found on approximately half of all T cells residing in spleen ( n = 9, mean = 40%) and lymph node ( n = 10, mean = 58%). Memory lymphocytes, defined by CD27 expression, were also found in spleen ( n = 14, mean = 37% CD19+CD27+ and 22% CD3+CD27+) and lymph node ( n = 17, mean = 38% CD19+CD27+ and 43% CD3+CD27+). Mean HLA class I expression was higher on CD27+ B cells isolated from spleen (36,789 MF) and lymph nodes (34,170 MF) compared to CD27− B cells (mean = 17,617 MF, p = 7.1 × 10 −7 and 15,287 MF, p = 8.1 × 10 −6 , respectively). HLA class I expression on T cells, however, was not impacted by CD27 expression. Mean HLA class I expression on CD3+CD27+ cells isolated from spleen (17,450 MF) and node (14,083 MF) were similar to that found on CD3+CD27− cells (spleen: 19,259 MF and node: 14,040 MF). Interestingly, HLA class II expression was higher on CD27+ B cells isolated from spleen (CD19+CD27+: 3902 MF vs CD19+CD27−: 2097 MF, p = 0.003), but not lymph nodes (CD19+CD27+: 2553 MF vs CD19+CD27−: 2245 MF, p = 0.51). Conclusion Significant variability in HLA expression was observed on CD27 B cell subsets isolated from secondary lymphoid tissues. Higher levels of HLA class II on splenic, but not lymph node derived CD27+ B cells, identifies spleen as a preferred B cells source for FCXM testing. Moreover, additional gating parameters that include CD27, may allow for enhanced FCXM sensitivity with B lymphocytes.
'Bacilli and bullets': William Osler and the antivaccination movement.

Public discourse concerning current vaccination recommendations has dramatically increased. The current battle is not new, having had a lengthy foreshadowing during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Over a 30-year period, a concerted effort to limit the use of smallpox vaccine grew at the very time typhoid vaccines were being developed and advocated for widespread prevention. As a long time advocate for widespread smallpox vaccination and a supporter of the newly tested typhoid vaccine, Sir William Osler entered the public debate at the beginning of World War I. Osler was asked to address the officers and men in the British army on the need for typhoid vaccination. His speech entitled "Bacilli and Bullets" outlined the medical reasons for getting inoculated against typhoid. Osler's strong support for typhoid vaccination of the British troops was met by opposition in Parliament but not by most of the troops. Osler's arguments in support of vaccination failed to respond to the concept of "conscientious objection," which was central to the antivaccinationists' argument. Similar arguments are being propounded by current antivaccination groups.
Evolution of Stone Disease

Introduction and Objective Stones affect much of living things, plants and animals included. It is interesting that the story of evolution also has ties to the evolution of urolithiasis.
The role of cerebellar impairment in emotion processing: a case study

Though the cerebellum’s role in visuospatial and fine motor functioning has been well-established over the last several years, the role of the cerebellum in emotion has more recently been a focus of scientific inquiry. Cerebellar impairment has been associated with deficits in emotional processing and is linked to a wide range of clinical behaviors including social withdrawal, blunted emotional expression, and impulsivity. In addition, cerebellar impairments have been associated with the onset of psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder and, more recently, obsessive-compulsive disorder. We describe a 32-year-old patient who presented to our clinic for a neuropsychological evaluation with a childhood history of a cerebellar brain tumor and detail-oriented, perfectionistic tendencies. Neuropsychological assessment data revealed impairments in visuospatial processing and in fine motor skills, likely stemming from the cerebellar tumor. Clinical assessment led to a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and also suggested impairments in socio-emotional processing. Our findings lend support to recent data which has suggested the impact of cerebellar impairment on emotional processing and related domains. Unlike many previous studies, however, our report focuses on an individual who, despite having marked impairments in certain domains, demonstrates a high level of functioning. We believe that this report holds important clinical relevance for proper diagnosis of cerebellar-related impairment and for the necessity of early intervention.
Common postoperative anatomy that requires special endoscopic consideration

Abstract Technological advancements have continued to expand the utility of flexible endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders [1]. While the majority of these procedures occur in patients with native anatomy, the cohort of patients with surgically altered gastrointestinal anatomy continues to rise. Understanding the types of and variations of surgically-altered anatomy is paramount to effectively performing endoscopy in the postsurgical patient, as the anatomic rearrangements have implications to procedural safety and success. Additionally, the ability to distinguish “normal” from “abnormal” from “abnormally abnormal” postoperative findings is essential to correctly identify and report problems. This article will describe common postsurgical anatomy that the endoscopist is likely to encounter. We describe normal and abnormal findings and detail technical considerations for obtaining accurate diagnostic information and performing therapeutic procedures vis-a-vis specific anatomical changes. Additionally, we highlight the essential components of specific endoscopic evaluations and outline methods to more effectively communicate such information to the referring provider (with particular focus on communicating anatomical findings with a surgeon).
Spinach Downy Mildew: Advances in Our Understanding of the Disease Cycle and Prospects for Disease Management.

Downy mildew on spinach is caused by Peronospora effusa, an oomycete pathogen that poses a challenge to spinach production worldwide, especially in organic production. Following infection, P. effus...
Time-assessed modulation of SOCS1 expression through TLR4 and IFNγ signaling in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Innate immune cells, such as macrophages (MΦ), play a critical role in the initiation and duration of inflammatory responses directed against foreign pathogens. The elaboration of immune effector by MΦ are coordinated by interactions of microbial stimuli, such as LPS, and critical immuno-modulatory cytokines with receptors present on the MΦ. The interactions mediate a cascade of signal transduction events that ultimately culminate with the activation and nuclear translocation of transcription factors which facilitate appropriate immune responses. Notably, TLR4 stimulation by LPS mediates the activation of NF-κβ , while the immuno-modulatory cytokine IFNγ mediates nuclear translocation of phosphorylated STAT1 dimers. In addition to mediating pro-inflammatory signals, NF-κβ and IFNγ also modulate a critical limiter of pro-inflammatory signals, suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1). Notably the regulation of SOCS1 molecules in response to multiple external stimuli, such as LPS and IFNγ are not well understood. In this study we investigate the mechanisms through time kinetics of SOCS1 upregulation through TLR4 and IFNγ signaling in RAW 264.7 MΦ as it relates to its transcription regulators, NF-κβ and pSTAT1. We found LPS treatment mediated the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of Iκβ, which is indicative of NF-κβ nuclear translocation, at 0.5–3 hrs, with reaccumulation at 6–12 hrs. LPS-mediated pSTAT1 was detected at 3–6 hrs. In contrast, basal levels of SOCS1 were reduced subsequently to at 0.5–3 hrs, with reaccumulation at 12–48 hrs. While IFNγ stimulated pSTAT1 at 0.5–12 hrs and basal protein levels of SOCS1 were initially reduced further showed enhanced at 6–24 hours.
A minimalist Stair Climbing Robot (SCR) formed as a leg balancing & climbing Mobile Inverted Pendulum (MIP)

This paper presents a (patent-pending) small, quasi-static, minimal-complexity Stair Climbing Robot (SCR). The vehicle design is given simply by adding a third motor to a (Segway-like) Mobile Inverted Pendulum (MIP), enabling it to maneuver up stairs, leveraging feedback control, by planting it's “foot” onto the ground in front of the next step, lifting the chassis/wheel assembly up it's own “leg”, leaning over onto the top of the next step, self uprighting, and repeating for the following step(s). Fore/aft stabilization during leg balancing is given by using the MIP drive wheels as reaction wheels, while left/right stability is given by the width of the foot itself. The design is small and simple enough to potentially be ruggedized as a stair-climbing throwbot, akin to the Recon Scout (but able to climb up stairs) for reconnaissance in military and homeland security applications.
Glycemic Markers and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease: The Jackson Heart Study

Background We investigated the associations of glycemic markers (HbA1C [hemoglobin A1C], fasting plasma glucose, and insulin resistance-homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) with subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) among blacks. Methods We included 4303 community-dwelling blacks (64% women; mean age, 54.5 years) without prevalent CVD. Subclinical CVD was defined as ≥1 of the following: any coronary artery calcification (CAC), elevated carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, LV ejection fraction <50%, and peripheral artery disease (ankle-brachial index, <0.90). Estimates of cross-sectional associations of glycemic markers (fasting plasma glucose, HbA1C, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) with subclinical CVD measures were adjusted for traditional CVD risk factors. Results Each 1% increment in HbA1C was associated with higher odds of CAC, abnormal cIMT, and subclinical CVD (all P <0.001). Adjusted mean values of LV mass (LVM), LVM index, relative wall thickness, CAC, and cIMT were increasingly abnormal with worsening HbA1C categories (all P<0.05). Each 10-mg/dL increase in fasting plasma glucose was associated with higher odds of LV hypertrophy, CAC, abnormal cIMT, and subclinical CVD (all P <0.005). Adjusted mean values of LVM, LVM index, relative wall thickness, CAC, ankle-brachial index, and cIMT were more abnormal across categories of worsening fasting plasma glucose (all P <0.05). Each unit increment in log-transformed homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance conferred a higher odd of having LV hypertrophy ( P<0.01). Across quartiles of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, we observed progressively abnormal adjusted mean values of LVM, LVM index, relative wall thickness, and ankle-brachial index (all P <0.01). Conclusions Among blacks, glycemic markers were differentially associated with various measures of subclinical CVD.
The Power of Sound

Despite the preponderance of visual stimuli in our world, we use sound and words as the primary mechanism of communication between each other. From the powerful speeches of Martin Luther King Jr. and Abraham Lincoln to the pillow talk between lovers, we create sound to carry our hopes, dreams, and desires. Whether we are greeting each other after a long absence (like the elephants) or calling out to our significant other (like the butterflyfish), it is our words that carry information and emotion to each other. Even when we are not talking to each other, we fill our world with songs, videos, and movies that challenge us to think, console us when we are sad, fill us with joy, or even cause us to dance in celebration. In other ways, our words are how we define who we are. With words, our promises create an ethical bond with those to whom we make promises. In marriages, a simple nod in response to vows is not sufficient; the words “I do” must be acknowledged and spoken to create that relationship. For many personal dealings, verbally accepting a deal finally seals the relationship. Thus, sounds, either spoken or sung, are a central and fundamental structure of our society.
Planning studies: from design to publication

Abstract This chapter provides procedures and tips to plan a medical study. It starts with underlying knowledge about science, clinical decisions, and statistics and then goes to the basics of study that your sample size will satisfy your objective design and statistical sampling, and planning for statistical analyses. It gives advice on reading and then on writing medical articles. It ends with comments on statistical ethics.
Epidemiology, Infection Prevention, Testing Data, and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 on Five Inpatient Psychiatric Units in a large Academic Medical Center.

Inpatient psychiatric facilities can face significant challenges in containing infectious outbreaks during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main objective of this study was to characterize the epidemiology, testing data, and containment protocols of COVID-19 in a large academic medical center during the height of the COVID-19 outbreak. A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted on hospitalized individuals on five inpatient psychiatric units from March 1st to July 8th, 2020. Demographic data collected include age, race, gender, ethnicity, diagnosis, and admission status (one or multiple admissions). In addition, a Gantt chart was used to assess outbreak data and timelines for one unit. Testing data was collected for patients admitted to inpatient psychiatric units, emergency room visits, and employees. 964 individuals were hospitalized psychiatrically. The study population included ethnically diverse patients with various mental illnesses. We also describe infection prevention strategies, screening, and triage protocols utilized to safely continue patient flow during and beyond the study period with a low patient and employee infection rate. In summary, our study suggests that early implementation of triage, screening, extensive testing, and unit-specific interventions can help prevent and contain the spread of COVID-19 in inpatient psychiatric units and help facilitate safe delivery of care during a pandemic.
Perspectives on Kidney Disease Education and Recommendations for Improvement Among Latinx Patients Receiving Emergency-Only Hemodialysis.

Importance In most states, undocumented Latinx immigrants with kidney failure receive dialysis in acute care settings on an emergency-only basis. How much kidney disease education Latinx immigrants receive and how to improve kidney disease education and outreach among Latinx populations are unknown. Objective To understand the kidney disease educational gaps of Latinx individuals who need but lack access to scheduled outpatient dialysis. Design, setting, and participants This qualitative study used semistructured interviews in a Texas hospital system from March 2020 to January 2021 with 15 individuals who received emergency-only dialysis when they were first diagnosed with kidney failure. Demographic information was collected, and a thematic analysis was performed using the constant comparative method on interviews after they were audio-recorded, translated, and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was performed from April 2020 to February 2021. Main outcomes and measures Subthemes and themes from semistructured interviews. Results All 15 persons interviewed (9 male individuals [60%]; mean [SD] age, 51 [17] years) identified as Hispanic, 11 (73%) were born in Mexico, and none reported knowing about their kidney disease more than 6 months before starting dialysis. The themes identified were (1) lack of kidney disease awareness, (2) education provided was incomplete and poor quality, (3) lack of culturally concordant communication and care, (4) elements that Latinx patients receiving emergency-only dialysis want in their education, (5) facilitators of patient activation and coping, and (6) Latinx patient recommendations to improve community outreach. Conclusions and relevance Latinx adults receiving emergency-only dialysis are usually unaware of their kidney disease until shortly before or after they start dialysis, and the education they receive is poor quality and often not culturally tailored. Participants made feasible recommendations on how to improve education and outreach among Latinx communities.
Anthropological Perspectives on Infanticide

Infanticidal behavior has been very common through-out human history. It is suggested that progenicidal behavior, whether consciously or unconsciously practiced, be defined and considered within a cultural, ecological and historical matrix in anthropological studies. Sociobiological and materialist interpretive models are considered too extremist by many anthropologists. Both approaches have an inherent tendency to treat "culture" as a subsidiary variable in infanticide, rather than as encompassing progenicidal phenomena and strategies. A useful conceptual framework with which to approach data collection is one where individuals negotiate progenicidal and child care decision-making within a sociocultural, ecological, technological, demographic and economic framework.
Smallest maximum-weight circle for weighted points in the plane

Let P be a weighted set of points in the plane. In this paper we study the problem of computing a circle of smallest radius such that the total weight of the points covered by the circle is maximized. We present an algorithm with polynomial time depending on the number of points with positive and negative weight. We also consider a restricted version of the problem where the center of the circle should be on a given line and give an algorithm that runs in \(O(n(m+n) \log (m+n))\) time using \(O(m+n)\) space. The algorithm can report all k smallest maximal weight circles with an additional O(k) space. Moreover, for this version, if all positively weighted points are required to be included within the circle then we prove a number of interesting properties and provide an algorithm that runs in \(O((n+m) \log (n+m))\) time.
Micro-Optical-Electro-Mechanical Devices

In recent years techniques of micromachining, such as ion-beam sputtering, plasma sputtering and selective chemical etching, have been developed to the point that it is now possible to fabricate mechanical microstructures monolithically on the same chip as electronic and optical devices. This has lead to a new class of integrated devices or circuits, which are called micro-opto-electro-mechanical devices or systems (MOEMs). Since this acronym is somewhat unwieldy, and since microelectro-mechanical devices (MEMs) were developed before those including optical elements, the latter acronym is often used for both types of devices. Quite a few different types of MOEMs or MEMs have been fabricated to perform a wide variety of functions. Generally they can be divided into three different classes, sensors, actuators and optical elements. Examples of devices in each class are given in Table 19.1.
A Model of Endogenous Government Formation

Political parties bargain over the allocation of cabinet portfolios when forming coalition governments. Noncooperative theories of legislative bargaining typically predict that the 'formateur' enjoys a disproportionate share of government ministry positions. However, empirical evidence indicates that parties receive shares of portfolios proportional to their share of legislative seats that a government party contributes to the government coalition in support of Gamson's Law of portfolio allocation. This article examines government formation as a process in which both the government coalition and the formateur are determined endogenously. In equilibrium, if parties have similar preferences over cabinet portfolios, the share of seats they are allocated is proportional to the parties' sizes.
A Place-Based Theory of Standing

Standing doctrine is well-known to be a quagmire, plagued by inconsistent results and judicial dissension. Worse, leading scholars have cast doubt on its historical pedigree and conceptual underpinnings. Yet, there seems to be little prospect for a radical change in direction. This article proposes a more modest doctrinal shift. The proposed approach is much simpler than the current test, but preserves the core intuition that plaintiffs must have some special connection to the subject-matter of the dispute, as opposed to a generalized interest in law enforcement or public policy. The proposal addresses standing in environmental cases, which form a major part of the Supreme Court's standing jurisprudence. The place-based standard is easily stated. Under this approach, a plaintiff has standing to contest environmental violations involving a specific geographic area, provided that the plaintiff has an appropriate personal connection to the area. The place-based approach would clarify and simplify existing doctrine, but without working a revolution. The Court's two most recent environmental standing decisions are not only consistent with this test, but quite readily resolved. People who live near and use a stream are obviously appropriate individuals to litigate issues relating to the pollution of the stream, as the Court correctly concluded in the Laidlaw case. And no one has a better claim than a state government to litigate harms to that state's environment - and even more so, potential erosion of that state's territory. Thus, Massachusetts v. EPA is also an easy case under the place-based approach.
A resource inventory approach to needs assessment: Examples from a statewide hypertension control program

Abstract Policy decisions regarding the effective allocation of program resources by State government require information on population service requirements, as well as the current supply and distribution of such services. A resource inventory and needs assessment study has proven valuable in assisting such decision making for hypertension services in West Virginia. The development of a profile assessment technique employing the resource inventory has taken a program about which virtually nothing was known to a position whereby extensive information is available for decision making.
Abstract P378: Heart Failure Incidence and Mortality in the Southern Community Cohort Study

Background and objectives: Heart failure (HF) is a major public health problem; however, there is a paucity of data regarding HF incidence among low income and minority populations. We estimated HF incidence rates (IR) and post-HF mortality rates (MR) by race and gender in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS), a prospective study of adults enrolled between 2002-2009 in the southeastern US. Methods: Among 20,030 white and black SCCS participants without prevalent HF who were receiving Medicare or Medicaid during follow-up through December 31, 2011 (mean age 57 yrs; 69% black, 65% female, 71% income Results: HF risk factors were common: hypertension (66%), diabetes (29%), myocardial infarction (11%), and obesity (46%). Over a median follow up of 6 years, 2,384 participants developed HF (IR: 20.5/1000 person-years; 95% CI: 19.7, 21.4). White males had the highest IR, 24.3/1000 PY, compared to 20.7, 20.4 and 19.6 in white females, black males and black females, respectively. After adjustment for age, income, education, and clinical risk factors, male sex remained a significant predictor of HF risk [HR: 1.19; 95%CI: 1.09, 1.31], but the race-sex interaction was not statistically significant (p=0.11). Among incident HF cases, 689 (28.9%) died (MR: 86.8/1000 person-years; 95%CI: 80.2, 93.9), with the highest MR in white males (143.5/1000PY) compared to black males (104.5), white females (72.4), and black females (71.6) (Figure). Conclusion: In this low-income, predominantly black population, IR and MR for HF were higher for all race and sex groups than previously reported in other multiethnic cohorts. The SCCS is a unique resource to investigate determinants of HF risk in a segment of the population underrepresented in other existing cohorts.
Website interactivity and amusement: techniques and effects

This chapter reviews recent studies in the use of Website presentation techniques for commercial Websites. In particular, it examines theoretical relationships between interactivity features and amusement techniques and their potential effects on enhanced visitor experience -- more informative and entertaining Websites. Based on literature spanning research in traditional advertising media, Web advertising, user interface design, and human computer interaction, it proposes several theoretical relationships between the use of direct interactive techniques and perceived informativeness and entertainment, and between the use of amusement and humor features and perceived informativeness and entertainment. It suggests multiple future research directions and advocates further explorations that go beyond observational studies to uncover potential causal effects of certain hypermedia presentation techniques, and the combination thereof, on attitudinal and behavioral outcomes.
Activation of mu opioid receptors in the striatum differentially augments methamphetamine‐induced gene expression and enhances stereotypic behavior

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 779–794. Abstract Mu opioid receptors are densely expressed in the patch compartment of striatum and contribute to methamphetamine-induced patch-enhanced gene expression and stereotypy. To further elucidate the role of mu opioid receptor activation in these phenomena, we examined whether activation of mu opioid receptors would enhance methamphetamine-induced stereotypy and prodynorphin, c-fos, arc and zif/268 expression in the patch and/or matrix compartments of striatum, as well as the impact of mu opioid receptor activation on the relationship between patch-enhanced gene expression and stereotypy. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were intrastriatally infused with d-Ala(2)-N-Me-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO; 1 μg/μL), treated with methamphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) and killed at 45 min or 2 h later. DAMGO augmented methamphetamine-induced zif/268 mRNA expression in the patch and matrix compartments, while prodynorphin expression was increased in the dorsolateral patch compartment. DAMGO pre-treatment did not affect methamphetamine-induced arc and c-fos expression. DAMGO enhanced methamphetamine-induced stereotypy and resulted in greater patch versus matrix expression of prodynorphin in the dorsolateral striatum, leading to a negative correlation between the two. These findings indicate that mu opioid receptors contribute to methamphetamine-induced stereotypy, but can differentially influence the genomic responses to methamphetamine. These data also suggest that prodynorphin may offset the overstimulation of striatal neurons by methamphetamine.
The influence of repeated pain stimulation on the emotional aspect of pain: a preliminary study in healthy volunteers

PURPOSE: Pain is a multidimensional experience with sensory-discriminative, cognitive-evaluative, and affective-motivational components. Emotional factors, such as unpleasantness or anxiety, are known to have influence on pain in humans. Repeated painful stimulation has been reported to reduce subjective pain intensity. Nevertheless, there is little evidence of the influence of such stimulation on the emotional factors of pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of repeated painful stimulation on the experience of unpleasantness and anxiety. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight subjects (six females, two males) volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects received repeated painful stimulation for 3 consecutive days each instance lasting 6 seconds, 60 times per day, on the medial side of the forearm of the nondominant hand. We examined the following items to evaluate changes of responses to painful stimulation: pain thresholds, pain tolerance levels, pain intensities, unpleasantness, and anxiety. Furthermore, pain thresholds and pain tolerance levels were compared between different sites on the ipsilateral and contralateral forearms. RESULTS: No immediate or chronological changes in pain thresholds or pain tolerance levels were observed. Pain intensities were reduced significantly over the 3-day experimental period (P<0.05). On the other hand, there was no great change in unpleasantness during the 3-day period. Anxiety was increased significantly after the painful stimulation compared with that without the painful stimulation and before day 1 of the stimulation (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that repeated painful stimulation may result in habituation to pain intensities but not habituation to emotional factors.
Advances in Estimating the Geologic CO2 Storage Capacity of the Madison Limestone and Weber Sandstone on the Rock Springs Uplift by Utilizing Detailed 3-D Reservoir Characterization and Geologic Uncertainty Reduction

In order to implement CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers a diverse set of geologic, geophysical, and geochemical parameters must be characterized in both the targeted reservoir intervals and at the storage site.
Organizing for e-business: the implementation of management principles in electronic commerce

This paper reviews some key structural and design dimensions of organizations and how they apply to electronic business and the virtual organization. The paper reviews the relevant literature on design of electronic commerce organizations. Although few studies have dealt with these issues, the paper highlights some research questions that emerge from the literature, and examines selected dimensions, such as formalization, departmentalising, and inter-organizational relations. The paper concludes that electronic commerce organizations are faced primarily with design issues, so that conventional knowledge of structural dimensions is highly applicable to this new business phenomenon.
Kinetic analysis utilizing a recirculating flow reactor system

A system which recirculates reactants from a stirred vessel through a remote reactor is described. Highly reproducible kinetic measurements are achieved for liquid phase reactions in general and those requiring isolation in particular. Typical reactions which require isolation involve high pressure, intense radiation, explosive mixtures, etc. The conversion history within the vessel is related to reaction rate through a mathematical model which facilitates interpretation of kinetic data. The stirred vessel is modeled as a perfectly uniform reservoir coupled to the arbitrary reaction element by two transfer lines modeled as time delays. The analysis includes the effects of a parabolic velocity profile attendant to the use of low circulation rates or high viscosities. Analytical solutions are obtained for limiting cases and the model system simulated on an analog computer. The results are compared to experimental data on a radiation induced vinyl polymerization On decrit un systeme de re-circulation des produits de reaction d'un recipient agite au moyen d'un reacteur eloigne. On obtient des mesures cinetiques bien reproductibles dans le cas des reactions en phase liquide, en geneeral, et de celles qui exigent une isolation, en particulier. Les reactions typiques qui exigent l'isolation mettent en jeu une pression elevee, des radiations intenses, des melanges explosifs, etc. On etablit une correlation entre la transformation qui se produit dans le recipient et la vitesse de reaction au moyen d'un modele mathematique qui facilite l'interpretation des resultats cinetiques. On fait un modele du recipient agite sous forme d'un reservoir parfaitement uniforme, associe a l'element arbitraire de reaction par deux lignes de transmission modelees comme temps de retard. L'analyse inclut les effets d'un profil de velocite parabolique associe a l'utilisation de faibles vitesses de circulation ou de viscosites elevees. On obtient des solutions analytiques pour des cas-limites et le systeme de modele reproduit sur un calculateur analogue. On compare les resultats obtenus avec les donnees experimentales sur la polymerisation de vinyle provoquees par radiation.
Spoken language outcomes after hemispherectomy: factoring in etiology.

Abstract We analyzed postsurgery linguistic outcomes of 43 hemispherectomy patients operated on at UCLA. We rated spoken language (Spoken Language Rank, SLR) on a scale from 0 (no language) to 6 (mature grammar) and examined the effects of side of resection/damage, age at surgery/seizure onset, seizure control postsurgery, and etiology on language development. Etiology was defined as developmental (cortical dysplasia and prenatal stroke) and acquired pathology (Rasmussen's encephalitis and postnatal stroke). We found that clinical variables were predictive of language outcomes only when they were considered within distinct etiology groups. Specifically, children with developmental etiologies had lower SLRs than those with acquired pathologies (p = .0006); age factors correlated positively with higher SLRs only for children with acquired etiologies (p = .0006); right-sided resections led to higher SLRs only for the acquired group (p = .0008); and postsurgery seizure control correlated positively with SLR only for those with developmental etiologies (p = .0047). We argue that the variables considered are not independent predictors of spoken language outcome posthemispherectomy but should be viewed instead as characteristics of etiology.
Analysis of fluid-structure interactions. a direct symmetric coupled formulation based on the fluid velocity potential

Abstract We present a symmetric finite element method for solving fluid-structure interaction problems. The formulation uses velocity potentials and a hydrostatic pressure as unknowns in each fluid region, and displacements as unknowns in the solid. The hydrostatic pressure is an unknown variable at only one node per fluid region. A C matrix (multiplied by time derivatives of the nodal variables, but not a damping matrix) enforces the coupling between the variables. The resulting matrix equations are banded and symmetric, making them easy to incorporate in standard displacement-based finite element codes. Several test cases indicate that this approach works well for static, transient, and frequency analyses.
Effects of alcohols on the phase transition temperatures of mixed-chain phosphatidylcholines

The biphasic effect of ethanol on the main phase transition temperature (Tm) of identical-chain phosphatidyl-cholines (PCs) in excess H2O is now well known. This biphasic effect can be attributed to the transformation of the lipid bilayer, induced by high concentrations of ethanol, from the partially interdigitated L beta, phase to the fully interdigitated L beta I phase at T 4) do not exhibit such biphasic behavior. In the presence of a longer chain n-alcohol, however, aqueous dispersions of highly asymmetric C(12):C(20)PC (delta C = 6.5) do show such biphasic behavior against ethanol. Our results suggest that the delta C region in a highly asymmetric PC packed in the L beta I phase is most likely the binding site for n-alcohol.
Electron Microscopic Autoradiography of Rabbit Reticulocytes Active and Inactive in Protein Synthesis

Electron microscopic autoradiography indicates that only a fraction of ribosome-containing reticulocytes (from phenylhydrazine-treated rabbits) is capable of active protein synthesis in vitro. Ribosomes, and, indeed, polyribosomes, do not appear to limit the rate of protein synthesis.
Racial differences in household wealth: Beyond Black and White

Abstract Over the past decade, micro-level studies of wealth have established extreme racial differences in wealth ownership [Keister, L. (2004). Race, family structure, and wealth: The effect of childhood family on adult asset ownership. Sociological Perspectives, 47, 161–187; Oliver, M., & T. Shapiro (1995). Black wealth/white wealth: A new perspective on racial inequality. New York: Routledge]. Non-White minority group status is hypothesized to negatively affect wealth accumulation, yet prior research has been limited almost exclusively to analyses of Blacks and Whites. But where do Asian and Hispanic households fall on the wealth continuum? Asian-Americans in particular represent a unique test of the race-wealth hypothesis. Do Asian-American households have a level of wealth commensurate with their overall high socio-economic status? We use 1992 Survey of Income and Program Participation data to analyze group differences in wealth across White, Black, Asian-American, Mexican-American, and Other Hispanic households. We first analyze the extent of wealth gaps among groups, controlling for geographic location, household structure, citizenship, life-cycle stage, and socio-economic status. Group-specific and decomposition analyses then probe the sources of these initial disparities. We find that Black, Mexican-American, and Other Hispanic households have significantly less wealth than White households, even in the presence of controls. We further establish that, despite their overall higher socio-economic status on other dimensions, Asian-American households have less wealth than White households once we control for group differences in the determinants of wealth. Our results also demonstrate that some wealth determinants (especially indicators of socio-economic status) have stronger effects for Whites than for racial-ethnic minorities, while other factors are more influential for minority groups. Decomposition analyses show that, even when groups are equivalently situated, the processes generating wealth still differs by race and ethnicity.