cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond Professionalizing the Agricultural Curriculum for Poverty Alleviation and Prosperity: A Case Study of the School of Agriculture and Natural Resources of the Catholic University Institute of Buea

Education has been recognized as crucial for poverty alleviation through the harnessing of human formation and creativity. However, limited success has been achieved in Cameroon under traditional university approaches, as evidenced by a high unemployment rate among graduates and concerns about the lack of business ethics and values (professionalism). With these challenges in mind, the School of Agriculture and Natural Resources (SANR) at the Catholic University Institute of Buea drew inspiration from several sources to develop a curriculum with community relevance. The model emphasis value chain systems focused on formation of “agripreneurs” with new mindsets, while attracting more youth participation. The three phases of the SANR Model are tailored to harness youth creativity and promote a shift in their approach to career options and job creation. The SANR Model highlights the role of the lecturer as change agent, mentor, and support for the student’s formation. This implies that professionalism, level of literacy, and rate of productive education of faculty and students are influenced.
Teaching procedural justice and communication skills during police–community encounters: Results of a randomized control trial with police recruits

To describe and evaluate Chicago’s Quality Interaction Program (QIP) for police recruits. The training focused on procedural justice, interpersonal communication, decision-making, cultural awareness, and stress management during encounters with the public. Attention was given to emotions, empathy, and communication skills. The QIP is an underutilized approach to police training that involves engaging recruits through applied case studies, role-playing scenarios, repetitive opportunities for practice, and individualized feedback. The impact of QIP training on 142 officers’ attitudes and behaviors was evaluated in a randomized control trial. Treatment and control groups were assessed through responses to self-reported questionnaires as well as research-coded videos that recorded officers during role-playing scenarios. The QIP did not change recruits’ attitudes toward procedural justice, nor did it impact their self-reported interpersonal communication skills. However, the program was effective at creating more respectful and reassuring behaviors during role-playing scenarios that were videotaped. The program also improved recruits’ decision-making during a scenario with rebellious youths and reduced officers’ reliance on force and arrest relative to controls. The QIP initiative was instrumental in moving police training beyond “talking heads” to interactive adult education, while promoting a more sophisticated understanding of human dynamics during police–public encounters. The results, however, were mixed, due in part to a training academy environment that emphasized aggressive policing and officer safety. Thus, reform-minded agencies may need to rethink the totality of the training experience to achieve strong results.
Conversion of Visible Light into Ionic Power Using Photoacid-Dye-Sensitized Bipolar Ion-Exchange Membranes

Summary For over half a century, it has been recognized that the classical physics that dictates the behavior of hydrated ion-exchange membranes, such as Nafion, and semiconductors, such as doped silicon, are similar. However, no demonstrations of photovoltaic action from ion-exchange materials existed. We recently reported a synthetic light-driven proton pump derived from an ion-exchange membrane. Absorption of light by covalently bound photoacid molecules resulted in photovoltaic action. This design lacked a second permselective membrane contact, which limited its performance. Here, we report a ∼60-fold increase in the photovoltage through use of a bipolar membrane structure consisting of a cation-exchange membrane affixed to an anion-exchange membrane. The junction between the layers was characterized in detail using electrochemistry, scanning electron microscopy, spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. Our results represent considerable progress toward a device that directly converts sunlight into ionic electricity, which has implications for direct solar desalination of salt water.
Unilateral periodic pupillary constriction causing alternating anisocoria.

A 16-year-old boy with attention deficit disorder (ADD) presented to our pediatric neuro-ophthalmology clinic with 2 years of alternating pupil asymmetry. MRI of the brain, spine, and chest and magnetic resonance angiography of the brain were normal. He had longstanding intermittent mild bilateral headaches (but no migraines) and 3 years of amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome localized to the abdomen. He took lisdexamfetamine for ADD but used no other oral or topical ocular medications.
Donnan Potential and Surface Potential of a Charged Membrane and Effect of Ion Binding on the Potential Profile

A model is presented for the electrical potential distribution across a charged biological membrane which is in equilibrium with an electrolyte solution. We assume that a membrane has charged surface layers of thickness d on both surfaces of the membrane, where the fixed charges are distributed at a uniform density N within the layers, and that these charged layers are permeable to electrolyte ions. It is demonstrated that this model smoothly unites two different concepts, the Donnan potential and the surface potential (or the Gouy-Chapman double layer potential). Namely, the present model leads to the Donnan potential when d >> 1/κ′ (κ′ is the Debye-Huckel parameter of the surface charge layer) and to the surface potential as d → 0, keeping the product Nd constant. It is also shown that the potential distribution depends significantly on the thickness d of the surface charge layer when d ≤ 1/κ′, as well as on the types of ion binding to the charge sites of the surface charge layer. The conventional method to estimate surface potential and surface charge density from cell electrophoretic mobility by assuming the zero thickness of the surface charge layer may result in largely underestimated values of those for the membrane having the non-zero thickness of the surface charge layer.
Distinct Trauma Types in Military Service Members Seeking Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

We examined the frequency of trauma types reported in a cohort of service members seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and compared symptom profiles between types. In this observational study, 999 service members (9.2% women; Mage = 32.91 years; 55.6% White) were evaluated using a standardized assessment procedure to determine eligibility for clinical trials. Participants were evaluated for DSM-IV-TR-defined PTSD using the PTSD Symptom Scale-Interview; all participants reported a Criterion A event. Independent evaluators rated descriptions of Criterion A events as belonging to trauma types at a high degree of reliability, κ = 0.80. Aggregated non-life-threat primary trauma types were more frequently endorsed than aggregated life-threat types, 95% CI [17.10%, 29.20%]. Participants who endorsed moral injury-self traumas had a higher level of reexperiencing (d = 0.39), guilt (hindsight bias, d = 1.06; wrongdoing, d = 0.93), and self-blame (d = 0.58) symptoms, relative to those who reported life threat-self. Participants who experienced traumatic loss had greater reexperiencing (d = 0.39), avoidance (d = 0.22), guilt (responsibility, d = 0.39), and greater peri- and posttraumatic sadness (d = 0.84 and d = 0.70, respectively) symptoms, relative to those who endorsed life threat-self. Relative to life threat-self, moral injury-others was associated with greater peri- (d = 0.36) and posttraumatic (d = 0.33) betrayal/humiliation symptoms, and endorsement of aftermath of violence was associated with greater peri- (d = 0.84) and posttraumatic sadness (d = 0.57) symptoms. War zone traumas were heterogeneous, and non-life-threat traumas were associated with distinct symptoms and problems.
Influence of fluoride on the mineralization of collagen via the polymer-induced liquid-precursor (PILP) process

Abstract Objective The polymer-induced liquid-precursor (PILP) mineralization process has been shown to remineralize artificial dentin lesions to levels consistent with those of native dentin. However, nanoindentation revealed that the moduli of those remineralized lesions were only ∼50% that of native dentin. We hypothesize that this may be due to the PILP process having been previously optimized to obtain high amounts (∼70 wt%) of intrafibrillar crystals, but without sufficient interfibrillar mineral, another significant component of dentin. Methods Fluoride was added to the PILP-mineralization of collagen from rat tail tendon at varying concentrations to determine if a better balance of intra- versus inter-fibrillar mineralization could be obtained, as determined by electron microscopy. Nanoindentation was used to determine if fluoridated apatite could improve the mechanical properties of the composites. Results Fluoride was successfully incorporated into the PILP-mineralization of rat tail tendon and resulted in collagen-mineral composite systems with the mineral phase of hydroxyapatite containing various levels of fluoridation. As the fluoride concentration increased, the crystals became larger and more rod-like, with an increasing tendency to form on the fibril surfaces rather than the interior. Nanomechanical testing of the mineralized tendons revealed that fluoride addition did not increase modulus over PILP mineralization alone. This likely resulted from the separated nature of collagen fibrils that comprise tendon, which does not provide lateral reinforcement and therefore may not be suited for the compressive loads of nanoindentation. Significance This work contributes to the development of minimally invasive approaches to caries treatment by determining if collagen can be functionally mineralized.
Student performance on the Test of Scientific Literacy Skills (TOSLS) does not change with assignment of a low-stakes grade.

Response-validated multiple-choice assessments are used in college courses to assess student learning gains. The ability of a test to accurately reflect student learning gains is highly dependent on the students’ effort. Within our institution, lackluster student effort is common on response-validated multiple-choice concept assessments that are not included as a portion of the semester grade but are used to inform curricular changes. Thus, we set out to determine whether increasing testing stakes by assigning a grade on student performance had an effect on student score and self-reported effort. The Test of Scientific Literacy Skills (TOSLS) is a response-validated multiple-choice assessment used to measure scientific literacy in undergraduates. We administered the TOSLS to students enrolled in a general education Biology course, both during the first 2 weeks (pretest) and the last 2 weeks (posttest) of the course. Self-reported effort and TOSLS performance were significantly correlated in the ungraded cohort. This relationship did not exist in the graded sections. Our data indicate that assigning a low-stakes grade has no significant effect on mean student performance or self-reported effort on the TOSLS within our general education course.
The neuropathology of intracerebroventricular t-butylhydroperoxide.

t-Butylhydroperoxide can be used as a model oxidative stress-inducing agent in the brain following intracerebroventricular administration. Mice were treated with saline,t-butanol, ort-butylhydroperoxide.t-Butanol is the major metabolite oft-butylhydroperoxide.t-Butylhydroperoxide had a number of effects, including that it damages dopaminergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic neurons as demonstrated immunohistochemically. Electron microscopic examination demonstrated that astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, and neurons are damaged bytbutylhydroperoxide. Dopamine and its metabolites were affected in a number of brain regions, as were serotonin and its metabolite. Choline acetyl transferase activity was decreased in the striatum. Edema was apparent as assessed by tissue protein levels. There was evidence of lipid peroxidation produced byt-butylhydroperoxide in the midbrain.t-Butylhydroperoxide is a neurotoxin that may be useful in understanding the unexpected ways the brain responds to oxidative stress.
High-contrast imaging of space objects using diffractive optics

We are designing a telescope imaging system based on an apodized diffractive optical element called an apodized photon sieve (APS) in order to detect exoplanets. APSs are orders of magnitude less massive, lightweight and more compactable than mirrors. Proposed imaging system can be installed on any telescope as an "attachment" or used as a telescope itself as a part of a CubeSat payload. Methods were developed for designing the apodized sieves, measuring PSFs, and characterizing high-contrast performance of the imaging system. This new kind of APS has rotational symmetry and provides high-contrast (up to 10-10 levels) in all directions with just one image with the throughput of 40% or higher.
Heteropolygonatum hainanense (Asparagaceae), a new species endemic to Hainan (China)

Heteropolygonatum Tamura & Ogisu (1997: 950; Asparagaceae, Nolinoideae) differs from Polygonatum Miller (1754: without pagination) by two distinctive features: the perigone in Heteropolygonatum is imbricate whereas it is valvate in Polygonatum (Floden 2014b, Chen & Tamura 2000, Tamura et al . 1997a, b). The basic chromosome number in Heteropolygonatum is x =16 with distinctly bimodal karyotypes vs. the lower, although variable, basic chromosome number in Polygonatum is x = 9–15 (Tamura & Xu 2001, Yamashita & Tamura 2001, Chen & Tamura 2000, Tamura et al . 1997a, 1997b). Recently, several additional species have been added to this small genus, based on cytological data or morphological characters unique to Heteropolygonatum in tribe Polygonateae (Chao et al . 2013, Floden 2014b, Xiao et al. 2017). This genus now includes 12 species, with the addition of the one described here.
Preserved Renal Allograft Function and Successful Treatment of Metastatic Merkel Cell Cancer Post Nivolumab Therapy.

Checkpoint inhibitors like programmed cell death-1 (PD1) are changing the way we envisage the prognostication of metastatic carcinomas. Binding of PD1 to PD1-ligand unleashes the power of naturally occurring antitumor T cells by suppressing T-cell migration, proliferation, and cytotoxic activities.1
Persistent Underrepresentation of Kidney Disease in Randomized, Controlled Trials of Cardiovascular Disease in the Contemporary Era.

Over the last few decades, studies have consistently demonstrated an increased risk of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias in patients with kidney disease (KD).[1][1] The presence of KD also confers significantly greater risk for poor outcomes in patients with cardiovascular
Leaders in Urologic Education and Their Relationship to Industry: An Analysis of Sunshine Act Open Payments From 2014-2016.

OBJECTIVE To examine trends in the financial relationship between biomedical companies and leaders in urologic education during the first 3 full calendar years since implementation of the Sunshine Act. METHODS All accredited American Urological Association (AUA) residency programs were identified using the AUA website. Urology program directors and department chairs of the affiliated institutions were identified using residency program or urology department websites. Urology journal editors who practice in the United States were identified using the SCImago Journal & Country Rank website. All identified individuals were categorized by urologic subspecialty and AUA region based on information stated on their corresponding websites. Payment data for each individual from 2014 to 2016 was accessed using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Open Payments website, and statistical analyses were performed to elucidate trends based on leadership position, urologic specialty, AUA region, payment type, and overall payments over time. RESULTS Out of the 239 urologists identified, 85%, 78%, and 91% received some sort of payment in 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively. Department chairs accepted payments more readily than program directors and journal editors in all years. Average total payments for all urologists increased yearly, with mean general payments trending down and mean research payments trending up. CONCLUSION The Sunshine Act was passed in part to promote transparency of the physician-industry relationship. Though the proportion of urologic leaders accepting payments between 2014 and 2016 did not change significantly, increased public scrutiny could have contributed to the decrease in yearly general payments and the increase in yearly research payments.
Black hole magnetosphere with small-scale flux tubes - II. Stability and dynamics

In some Seyfert Galaxies, the hard X-rays that produce fluorescent emission lines are thought to be generated in a hot corona that is compact and located at only a few gravitational radii above the supermassive black hole. We consider the possibility that this X-ray source may be powered by small scale magnetic flux tubes attached to the accretion disk near the black hole. We use three dimensional, time dependent force-free simulations in a simplified setting to study the dynamics of such flux tubes as they get continuously twisted by the central compact star/black hole. We find that, the dynamical evolution of the flux tubes connecting the central compact object and the accretion disk is strongly influenced by the confinement of the surrounding field. Although differential rotation between the central object and the disk tends to inflate the flux tubes, strong confinement from surrounding field quenches the formation of a jet-like outflow, as the inflated flux tube becomes kink unstable and dissipates most of the extracted rotational energy relatively close to the central object. Such a process may be able to heat up the plasma and produce strong X-ray emission. We estimate the energy dissipation rate and discuss its astrophysical implications.
Abstract TP434: Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Orange County: Who Gets Tested for Methamphetamines and Why Might It Matter?

Background/Objective: Methamphetamine use is associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and is a major public health issue. The urine drug screen (UDS) is an essential test to identify and pote...
ROAD: Routability Analysis and Diagnosis Framework Based on SAT Techniques

Routability diagnosis has increasingly become the bottleneck in detailed routing for sub-10nm technology due to the limited tracks, high density, and complex design rules. The conventional ways to examine the routability of detailed routing are ILP- and SAT-based techniques. However, once we identify the routability, the diagnosis remains an open problem for physical designers. In this paper, we propose a novel framework, called ROAD, which diagnoses explicit reasons for routing failures. The proposed ROAD framework utilizes a diagnosis-friendly SAT formulation to represent design's layout and diagnoses the routability with SAT solving techniques. Based on the diagnosis, ROAD provides human-interpretable explanations for conflicted routing conditions. To show the practical value of our framework, we also generate comprehensive test-sets that enable exhaustive exploration of layouts based on Rent's rule. We demonstrate that ROAD successfully examines conflict causes for diverse pin layouts. Throughout extensive diagnosis, we also present several key findings for design failure. ROAD performs routability diagnosis within 2 minutes on average for 90 grids testsets, while diagnosing the exact causes of routing failures in terms of congestion and conditional design rules.
A Hierarchical View of Gecko Locomotion: Photic Environment, Physiological Optics, and Locomotor Performance

Terrestrial animals move in complex habitats that vary over space and time. The characteristics of these habitats are not only defined by the physical environment, but also by the photic environment, even though the latter has largely been overlooked. For example, numerous studies of have examined the role of habitat structure, such as incline, perch diameter, and compliance, on running performance. However, running performance likely depends heavily on light level. Geckos are an exceptional group for analyzing the role of the photic environment on locomotion as they exhibit several independent shifts to diurnality from a nocturnal ancestor, they are visually-guided predators, and they are extremely diverse. Our initial goal is to discuss the range of photic environments that can be encountered in terrestrial habitats, such as day versus night, canopy cover in a forest, fog, and clouds. We then review the physiological optics of gecko vision with some new information about retina structures, the role of vision in motor-driven behaviors, and what is known about gecko locomotion under different light conditions, before demonstrating the effect of light levels on gecko locomotor performance. Overall, we highlight the importance of integrating sensory and motor information and establish a conceptual framework as guide for future research. Several future directions, such as understanding the role of pupil dynamics, are dependent on an integrative framework. This general framework can be extended to any motor system that relies on sensory information, and can be used to explore the impact of performance features on diversification and evolution.
Small molecule PIKfyve inhibitors as cancer therapeutics: Translational promises and limitations.

Abstract Through synthesis of two rare phosphoinositides, PtdIns(3,5)P2 and PtdIns5P, the ubiquitously expressed phosphoinositide kinase PIKfyve is implicated in pleiotropic cellular functions. Small molecules specifically inhibiting PIKfyve activity cause cytoplasmic vacuolation in all dividing cells in culture yet trigger non-apoptotic death through excessive vacuolation only in cancer cells. Intriguingly, cancer cell toxicity appears to be inhibitor-specific suggesting that additional targets beyond PIKfyve are affected. One PIKfyve inhibitor – apilimod - is already in clinical trials for treatment of B-cell malignancies. However, apilimod is inactivated in cultured cells and exhibits unexpectedly low plasma levels in patients treated with maximum oral dosage. Thus, the potential widespread use of PIKfyve inhibitors as cancer therapeutics requires progress on multiple fronts: (i) advances in methods for isolating relevant cancer cells from individual patients; (ii) delineation of the molecular mechanisms potentiating the vacuolation induced by PIKfyve inhibitors in sensitive cancer cells; (iii) design of PIKfyve inhibitors with favorable pharmacokinetics; and (iv) development of effective drug combinations.
Effect of New Institutional Algorithm for Chemotherapy Induced Anemia (CIA) on Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Treatment Patterns and Costs in Lymphoma Patients

Abstract Recently there has been accumulating data regarding the increased risks of mortality, thrombosis, cardiovascular events, and of possible tumor promotion when administering erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to a target hemoglobin (Hgb) level of 12 g/dL. In response to this evidence, the FDA mandated a Black Box warning and the CMS mandated changes in coverage for ESAs. Subsequently, in December, 2007, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (M. D. Anderson) developed and implemented an institutional practice algorithm to advise physicians regarding treatment of CIA, which included recommendations for the initiation and continued use of ESAs. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the new institutional practice algorithm on the treatment patterns and costs of CIA in lymphoma patients. The study design was a retrospective study with a historical control group. The historical controls (pre-group) consisted of lymphoma patients diagnosed with CIA between January 1, 2007–April 30, 2007 and the cases (post-group) consisted of lymphoma patients diagnosed with CIA between January 1, 2008–April 30, 2008, who were all followed for a period of up to 16 weeks. Patient demographics, chemotherapy type, ESA type and dosage, transfusions received, Hgb values at the time of ESA usage and transfusions (for all doses and transfusions received at the institution during the study period), and costs for ESA treatment and transfusions were extracted from patient medical charts and institutional databases at M. D. Anderson. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, Mann- Whitney U, and chi-square analyses were conducted to evaluate the study objectives. The study population consisted of 154 patients; 90 patients in the pre-group and 64 patients in the post-group. Both groups had similar demographic and baseline clinical characteristics. In the post period, though there was a significant decrease in the overall amount of ESA units dispensed per patient (p=0.0125), there was an increase in the amount of ESA units dispensed in the first eight weeks of treatment (p=0.03), indicating potentially less use of outside pharmacies. There was a significant decrease in the mean Hgb at the time of ESA usage, from 9.59g/dL to 8.98g/dL (p 10 g/dL decreased significantly, from 66% to 17% (p
Climacturia (Uroclimax) in Men After Radical Prostatectomy: A Comprehensive Review of the Current Literature and Treatment Strategies

Climacturia is an underreported condition seen in men who undergo radical prostatectomy. An estimated 16–93% of these patients may suffer from climacturia, with significant adverse effect on their sexual satisfaction and quality of life. Our understanding of the pathology is limited, with no standard treatment algorithm. In this review, we aim to contextualize the condition in relation to the current literature and offer an in depth evaluation of the treatment strategies, with a focus on the surgical interventions. There has been an increased emphasis on evaluating patients for climacturia routinely after radical prostatectomy. Due to the increased identification of climacturia, the last two decades have seen the development of novel techniques to address the condition. Behavioral therapy is the initial intervention that should be tried; however, depending on other comorbidities, the patient can be offered surgical interventions. These include artificial urinary sphincter, male sling, or dual implantation of penile prosthesis with an artificial sphincter or a sling. In this review, we provide a comprehensive review of the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment strategies related to climacturia. This review focuses on current literature on the topic, with an emphasis on the available surgical interventions.
Optimal adaptive sampling for a symmetric two-state continuous time Markov chain

We consider the optimal sampling times for a symmetric two-state continuous time Markov chain. We first consider sampling times of the form ti=iτ and find the optimal τ to minimize the asymptotic v...
Monarch Habitat in Conservation Grasslands

There is strong evidence that a major driver of the decline of eastern North American monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) is the loss of breeding habitat in the upper midwestern United States. Grasslands, including conservation areas, provide some of the largest remaining tracts of breeding habitat available to monarchs. While grassland conservation has been well-studied, little is known about how monarchs interact with these areas, or how planting and management practices impact the quality of the habitat for monarchs. Here, we evaluate monarch habitat and use by monarchs in 61 conservation grasslands (including restoration sites in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Reserve Program, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program, and privately-funded restored prairies) in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa. We documented milkweed (Asclepias spp.) density and diversity, blooming plant frequency and richness, and immature monarch density during the monarch breeding seasons of 2016 and 2017, along with seeding and management histories. Milkweed was observed at 60 of 61 study sites with a mean density of 1,390 plants per hectare (median=783), a greater density than previously estimated in conservation grasslands. Monarchs were observed at 57 of 61 sites. Asclepias syriaca was the most frequently observed species, regardless of whether it was planted. Asclepias tuberosa and Asclepias incarnata may be the most cost-effective milkweeds to seed in our study geography, given that they were both more likely to be present and occurred at higher densities when planted than when not planted. Forb establishment rate varied across species planted and seeding rates. Increased rates of forb establishment were observed at larger sites, sites planted in the fall, and sites with fewer species in the seed mix. We observed a relatively low frequency of early-season nectar sources, suggesting that managers should consider including more early-blooming species in seed mixes and on existing conservation lands. We present establishment information for consideration in seed mix design and describe how our findings can be used to inform monarch habitat availability models, future studies, and conservation efforts.
Provider Perceptions of Telemedicine Video Visits to Home in a Veteran Population.

Background: Clinical Video Telemedicine to Home (CVTH) allows primary care clinicians to conduct clinical encounters with patients in remote locations through a secure synchronous video connection, offering improved access to care and increased patient satisfaction. Introduction: Although implementation of CVTH continues to grow, little is known about clinician perceptions of clinical applicability or utilization barriers. We assessed provider attitudes and perceived barriers toward implementation of CVTH visits at the Seattle Veterans Affairs Primary Care Clinic. Materials and Methods: Data are presented from a cross-sectional survey. A total of 49 clinicians, including faculty, MD residents, nurse practitioner residents, and pharmacists, were surveyed with 13 questions gauging opinions of CVTH and prior experience with video telemedicine. Results: Forty-seven providers (96%) were interested in incorporating CVTH into their practice. Forty-one clinicians (83.7%) were concerned about patient technological competency, and 39 (79.6%) were worried about insufficient internet connectivity. A large majority of providers saw opportunities to provide medication reconciliation and improve access to care for geographically distant or homebound patients. Discussion: Although limited by its descriptive data and analysis, this study provides evidence that primary care providers are most likely to offer CVTH visits to patients who find it physically challenging to attend a clinic appointment or have chief complaints perceived as not requiring a physical examination. Conclusions: Although most providers are interested in using video visits to care for patients who live remotely, they are concerned about using CVTH visits for patients who might require a physical examination or technological assistance.
Corticosteroids for Hospitalized Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia.

For adults hospitalized with severe CAP, the use of corticosteroids may reduce the likelihood of mortality.
Digitize and punish: racial criminalization in the digital age: by Brian Jefferson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2020. xii+220 pp. $24.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-5179-0923-9.

Policing is a perpetual problem. By definition, it entails the control and direction of populations by forces of the state. The problem is particularly acute given the existence of racial and ethni...
Rod Eutectic Growth of Al-Al 3 Sc in Al-2 Wt. % Sc Undercooled Melt

The lack of a thorough understanding of Al-Al3Sc eutectic growth motivates the present work. We observed a rod-typed Al 3 Sc eutectic phase existing prevalently in an as-cast Al-2 wt. % Sc alloy that solidified via both slow cooling in air (~1 oC·s−1) and rapid cooling in a wedge-shaped copper mold (up to ~3000 oC·s−1), different from reported results. Al-Al3Sc eutectic dendrites were identified within a narrow region near the edge of the wedge. The eutectic dendrites have an equiaxed dendritic contour and a rod eutectic structure inside. The condition for the growth of the eutectic dendrites was assessed by using appropriate analytical models. It was revealed that an interface undercooling of 48.2 oC is required to form the eutectic dendrites, or to enter the coupled zone of the Al-Al3Sc phase diagram. A phenomenon of scientific interest is that when crystallizing under a near-equilibrium condition, the eutectic Al3Sc phase formed a non-faceted morphology, in contradiction to its faceted nature. Based on the competitive growth criterion, we deduced that the non-faceting of the eutectic Al3Sc phase essentially reduces the interface undercooling for the resultant regular eutectic, in comparison to an otherwise irregular eutectic that contains a faceted eutectic Al3Sc phase.
Dietary plasticity of North American herbivores: a synthesis of stable isotope data over the past 7 million years.

Palaeoecological interpretations are based on our understanding of dietary and habitat preferences of fossil taxa. While morphology provides approximations of diets, stable isotope proxies provide ...
A mixed interface-capturing/interface-tracking formulation for thermal multi-phase flows with emphasis on metal additive manufacturing processes

Abstract High fidelity thermal multi-phase flow simulations are in much demand to reveal the multi-scale and multi-physics phenomena in metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes, yet accurate and robust predictions remain challenging. In this paper, we present a novel computational framework by mixing interface-capturing/interface-tracking methods for simulating the thermal multi-phase flows in metal AM applications, focusing on better handling the gas-metal interface, where AM physics, such as phase transitions and laser-material interactions, mainly takes place. The framework, built on level set method and variational multi-scale formulation (VMS), features three major contributions: (1) a simple computational geometry-based re-initialization approach, which maintains excellent signed distance property on unstructured meshes, re-constructs an explicit representation of gas-metal interface from the level set, and facilitates the treatment of the multiple laser reflections during keyhole evolution in AM processes; (2) a fully coupled VMS formulation for thermal multi-phase governing equations, including Navier-Stokes, level set convection, and thermodynamics with melting, solidification, evaporation, and interfacial force models; and (3) a three-level recursive preconditioning technique to enhance the robustness of linear solvers. We first compare the geometry-based re-initialization with the Eikonal partial differential equation (PDE)-based approach on two benchmark problems on level set convection and bubble dynamics. The comparison shows the geometry-based approach attains equivalent and even better performance on key criteria than the PDE-based counterpart. We then apply the developed framework to simulate two AM experiments, which Argonne National Laboratory has recently conducted using in-situ high-speed, high-energy x-ray imaging. The proposed framework’s accuracy is assessed by thoroughly comparing the simulated results against experimental measurements on various quantities. We also report important quantities that experiments cannot measure to show the modeling capability.
Genomes contain relics of a triplet code connecting the origins of primordial RNA synthesis to the origins of genetically coded protein synthesis

Life on earth relies on three types of information polymers- DNA, RNA and proteins. In all organisms and viruses, these molecules are synthesized by the copying of pre-existing templates. A triplet-based code known as the genetic code guides the synthesis of proteins by complex enzymatic machines that decode genetic information in RNA sequences. The origin of the genetic code is one of the most fundamental questions in biology. In this study, computational analysis of about 5,000 species level metagenomes using techniques for the analysis of human language suggests that the genomes of extant organisms contain relics of a distinct triplet code that potentially predates the genetic code. This code defines the relationship between adjacent triplets in DNA/RNA sequences, whereby these triplets predominantly differ by a single base. Furthermore, adjacent triplets encode amino acids that are thought to have emerged around the same period in the earth9s early history. The results suggest that the order of triplets in primordial RNA sequences was associated with the availability of specific amino acids, perhaps due to a coupling of a triplet-based primordial RNA synthesis mechanism to a primitive mechanism of peptide bond formation. Together, this coupling could have given rise to early nucleic acid sequences and a system for encoding amino acid sequences in RNA, i.e. the genetic code. Thus, the central role of triplets in biology potentially extends to the primordial world, contributing to both the origins of genomes and the origins of genetically coded protein synthesis.
Impacts of climate change on power sector NOx emissions: A long-run analysis of the US mid-atlantic region

Abstract We propose a framework for analyzing the long-run effects of climate change on the spatial and temporal distribution of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from the power sector. Elevated ground-level temperatures could increase electricity demand during the ozone season, altering the generation mixes and ultimately changing emissions. A sequence of load forecasting, supply investment and operation, and facility siting models is used to project spatial and temporal distributions of NOx emissions. Under a worse-case scenario with no renewable additions or other interventions, the results indicate that even if total NOx is limited by cap-and-trade policies, climate-warming-induced changes in the timing of pollution emissions can be significant, especially under warmer or high-load conditions. This suggests that a continued reliance on fossil-fuel together with a temperature sensitivity of generation efficiency and peak electricity demands increases the likelihood that emissions will be greater during the warm days when ozone episodes also occur. The paper advances the integrated assessment by identifying ways at which climate-change-derived energy demand can impact generation mixture, operations and local air pollution. The downscaled emissions can be used in regional air quality models such as the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) to project changes in tropospheric ozone due to climate change.
Effects of nitrite and oxygen on angiogenesis in vascular networks of the chicken embryo

EFFECTS OF NITRITE AND OXYGEN ON ANGIOGENESIS IN VASCULAR NETWORKS OF THE CHICKEN EMBRYO By Michael D. Connery, PhD A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2013. Director: Dr. Roland N. Pittman, Professor, Department of Physiology and Biophysics Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of angiogenesis and is primarily produced endogenously through the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). An alternate pathway for NO production is the conversion of nitrite to NO, which depends on the presence of hemoglobin (Hb) and hypoxic conditions. The angiogenic effects of topically applied sodium nitrite on two vascular beds in the ex ovo chicken embryonic model of angiogenesis were assessed. Gas barrier films were used to modulate local oxygen levels in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), a respiratory vascular network, and the area vasculosa (AV) on the yolk sac, a typical peripheral vascular network. The low-permeable film polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and highly permeable regenerated cellulose (RC) were applied to the surface of the vasculature to alter oxygen diffusion and transport and produce a local environment of low or high oxygen, respectively. Phosphorescence Quenching Microscopy (PQM) was used to verify the oxygen levels in the vascular membranes underneath the films. Following 48 hours of continuous application of sodium nitrite (330 μg/kg/day), saline, or sodium nitrite + cPTIO (a NO scavenger) (1mg/kg/day), the angiogenic response was quantified by measuring vascular density and network complexity. The PVDC film reduced CAM PO2 to 17.9±5.5 mmHg and AV PO2 to 29.5±3.6 while the RC film maintained a PO2 of 115 mmHg. At the edge of PVDC film, there was found to be a small area of transition between the nearby low and high PO2 regions. After nitrite application, significant increases in vascularity were observed in the AV under hypoxic conditions, but not normoxic conditions (p<0.03). cPTIO inhibited nitrite-induced angiogenesis and returned vascularity to levels observed with saline application. No significant changes were observed in the CAM, but a trend of reduced angiogenesis after nitrite application was observed compared to saline and saline+cPTIO. These results indicate that two highly diffusible gases, NO and O2, play important roles in the growth of new blood vessels, but in a way that appears to depend on the gas exchange function of the vascular network.
Surgical approach to the treatment of essential hypertension: Results of therapy (Medical and surgical)

Abstract The primary aim in the treatment of hypertensive disease is to reduce the blood pressure. If this is done, the cardiovascular condition will surely improve and the patient will do well. There can be no doubt that medical treatment is highly satisfactory in a large percentage of patients. For those amenable to medical therapy, surgery is not indicated. However, in the most refractory cases surgery, diet and drugs must all be used in an effort to lower the blood pressure levels so that survival rates for this group of cases may be significantly improved. There should be no conflict between medical and surgical treatment. By cooperative efforts of the internist and surgeon, the mortality from this disease can be reduced even further. It is our plea that surgical treatment be considered in cases refractory or unsuitable for medical therapy before they progress to an irreversible, hopeless condition with severe renal impairment and nitrogen retention.
Fast‐food consumption and educational test scores in the USA

Background Children in the USA are experiencing obesity and overweight at epidemic rates. Schools have started to make policy decisions based on a popularly presumed connection between nutrition and academic achievement. This study aimed to determine whether such a relationship exists, and if so, its nature. Methods Data from the Food Consumption Questionnaire administered to approximately 12 000 fifth graders as part of the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort was analysed using regression analysis. The analysis used propensity score matching to examine the relationship between students' reported fast-food consumption and their test scores in reading and mathematics. Propensity score matching attempts to control for a host of background characteristics that might be correlated with both fast-food consumption and test scores. Results Standard ordinary least squares regression showed that test scores decreased as reported fast-food consumption increased. In the propensity-score-matched analysis, which controlled for 25 student background characteristics, higher-than-average fast-food consumption (‘four to six times in the last 7 days’ or more) was associated with significantly lower test scores in both reading (−11.15 points or 0.48 SD) and math (−11.13 points or 0.52 SD), even when teacher experience, school poverty level and school urbanicity were also included in the model. Conclusions Although this study is preliminary, its results indicate that the relationship between poor nutrition and test scores may in fact be quite negative, strengthening the impetus for schools to consider policies that support students' healthy eating. In order to strengthen these findings and investigate possible mechanisms through which poor nutrition might affect test scores, there is a need for further research.
Old and Undertriaged: A Lethal Combination:

The geriatric trauma patient poses unique challenges to the trauma surgeon due to occult injuries and occult hypoperfusion. We hypothesized that those elderly patients with significant injuries, who were not initially evaluated via trauma activation, would suffer worse outcomes. All cases of elderly (age ≥ 65) admitted to the trauma service from the years 2000 to 2010 were included. Our trauma activation system encompasses anatomic, physiologic, and mechanism of injury criteria. We defined patients as undertriaged (UT) if they had an ISS > 15 and did not undergo a trauma team activation, but had a regular workup by an emergency department physician and trauma team consultation. Factors that contributed to being UT in the emergency department were investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis. A total of 4534 elderly patients constitute this analysis, of which 15.1 per cent were UT. The UT patients were more likely to die, when adjusted for Revised Trauma Score, Glasgow Coma score, the occurrence of ≥1 complication, and whether the patient was on Coumadin. UT has a high risk of death in elderly patients. Trauma triage guidelines need to be better tailored to identify the high-risk geriatric trauma patient. Language: en
Combinatorial Synthesis of Genetic Networks

A central problem in biology is determining how genes interact as parts of functional networks. Creation and analysis of synthetic networks, composed of well-characterized genetic elements, provide a framework for theoretical modeling. Here, with the use of a combinatorial method, a library of networks with varying connectivity was generated in Escherichia coli . These networks were composed of genes encoding the transcriptional regulators LacI, TetR, and lambda CI, as well as the corresponding promoters. They displayed phenotypic behaviors resembling binary logical circuits, with two chemical “inputs” and a fluorescent protein “output.” Within this simple system, diverse computational functions arose through changes in network connectivity. Combinatorial synthesis provides an alternative approach for studying biological networks, as well as an efficient method for producing diverse phenotypes in vivo.
Evolution of Filling System Design for an A356-T6 Aluminum Housing Casting

The results of a student project to produce two housing halves for an engine dynamometer are presented in this paper. The filling systems were designed to minimize turbulence and damage to the metal. The results of small changes in the filling system design are discussed. A new method of using different parts of the filling system (rigging) to evaluate the results of quality improvement efforts is introduced.