cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discriminating animate from inanimate visual stimuli

From as early as 6 months of age, human children distinguish between motion patterns generated by animate objects from patterns generated by moving inanimate objects, even when the only stimulus that the child observes is a single point of light moving against a blank background. The mechanisms by which the animate/inanimate distinction are made are unknown, but have been shown to rely only upon the spatial and temporal properties of the movement. In this paper, I present both a multiagent architecture that performs this classification as well as detailed comparisons of the individual agent contributions against human baselines.
Parallel Algorithms for Collective Processes in High Intensity Rings

Computational three-dimensional space charge (3DSC) and wake field force algorithms were developed and implemented into the ORBIT computer code to simulate the dynamics of present and planned high intensity rings, such as PSR, Fermilab Booster, AGS Booster, Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), and proton driver. To provide affordable simulation times, the 3DSC algorithm developed for ORBIT has been parallelized and implemented as a separate module into the UAL 1.0 library, which supports a parallel environment based on MPI. The details of these algorithms and their parallel implementation are presented, and results demonstrating the scaling with problem size and number of processors are discussed.
Numerical solution of the interaction of a shock wave with a laminar boundary layer

Shock wave interaction with laminar boundary layer on flat plate using modified Lax-Wendroff difference technique
The Problem of Anti Judaism in 1 Thess 2:14–16 and Related Pauline Texts

Concepts from the fields of social psychology and symbolic anthropology are utilized in this case study to gain a clearer understanding of the problem of anti-Judaism in 1 Thess 2:14–16 and related Pauline texts. The study begins with a theoretical discussion of the nature of prejudice and conflict. Texts suggesting that Paul may have experienced feelings of personal inadequacy and texts describing Paul's association with Jewish groups prior to, at the time of, and after the Thessalonian incident are analyzed in investigating the problem of Pauline anti-Judaism. These texts suggest that occasionally Paul felt inadequate, that others may have perceived him as possessing a marginal social status, and that he was opposed by various groups throughout his ministry. Each of these factors could be associated with the development and expression of prejudicial attitudes. Paul's prejudice, however, was of a religious, not a racial, nature.
'Progressive-onset' versus injury-associated discogenic low back pain: features of disc internal derangement in patients studied with provocation lumbar discography.

Chronic low back pain (LBP) can be ‘progressive onset' or injury-related. This study compares the patient-reported cause of chronic LBP to features of disc internal derangement at painful concordant discs evaluated by provocation lumbar discography. Concordant LBP was identified in 114 patients with chronic LBP studied by provocation discography. LBP cause, discogram pain response and discogram/post-discogram CT features of internal derangement were retrospectively reviewed. ‘Progressive-onset' LBP was reported in 32 (28%) patients, injury-related LBP in 75 (66%) with LBP equated to non-specific causes in seven. Injury-related LBP was more commonly identified in men (52 of 63 [83%]) with women reporting near-equal frequency of ‘progressive-onset' (23 of 44 [52%]) and injury-related (21 of 44 [48%]) LBP (p=0.002). In 172 concordant painful discs, near-equal frequency of severely degenerative (Dallas grade-3: 82 of 172 [47.3%]) and full-thickness radial fissure discs (Dallas grade-3: 90 of 172 [52.7%]) were identified. Women with ‘progressive-onset' LBP demonstrated more frequent severely degenerative discs (24 of 37 [65%]); women with injury-related LBP demonstrated more frequent radial-defect discs (21 of 31 [68%]; p=0.01). In men with injury-related LBP, severe degeneration-only (44 of 89 [49%]) and radial defect discs (45 of 89 [51%] were seen with equal frequency. In men with ‘progressive-onset' LBP, radial defects are more common (11 of 15 [73%]). ‘Progressive-onset' and injury-related chronic LBP subgroups are definable. Gender-related differences in incidence and internal derangement features at concordant discs are identified at discogram/post-discogram CT. These differences may have implications related to LBP origin/treatment-response.
Fecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile infection a systematic review

BACKGROUND The role of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is not well-known. PURPOSE To assess the efficacy, comparative effectiveness, and harms of FMT for CDI. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE (1980 to January 2015), Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov, followed by hand-searching references from systematic reviews and identified studies. STUDY SELECTION Any study of FMT to treat adult patients with CDI; case reports were only used to report harms. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted by 1 author and verified by another; 2 authors independently assessed risk of bias and strength of evidence. DATA SYNTHESIS Two randomized, controlled trials (RCTs); 28 case-series studies; and 5 case reports were included. Two RCTs and 21 case-series studies (516 patients receiving FMT) reported using FMT for patients with recurrent CDI. A high proportion of treated patients had symptom resolution; however, the role of previous antimicrobials is unclear. One RCT comparing FMT with 2 control groups (n = 43) reported resolution of symptoms in 81%, 31%, and 23% of the FMT, vancomycin, or vancomycin-plus-bowel lavage groups, respectively (P < 0.001 for both control groups vs. FMT). An RCT comparing FMT route (n = 20) reported no difference between groups (60% in the nasogastric tube group and 80% in the colonoscopy group; P = 0.63). Across all studies for recurrent CDI, symptom resolution was seen in 85% of cases. In 7 case-series studies of patients with refractory CDI, symptom resolution ranged from 0% to 100%. Among 7 patients treated with FMT for initial CDI, results were mixed. LIMITATION Most studies were uncontrolled case-series studies; only 2 RCTs were available for analysis. CONCLUSION Fecal microbiota transplantation may have a substantial effect with few short-term adverse events for recurrent CDI. Evidence is insufficient on FMT for refractory or initial CDI treatment and on whether effects vary by donor, preparation, or delivery method. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
Identification of a novel Ca(2+)-regulated protein that is associated with the marginal band and centrosomes of chicken erythrocytes

We have identified a novel Ca(2+)-regulated protein, p23, that is expressed specifically in avian erythrocyte and thrombocyte lineages. Sequence analysis of this 23 kDa protein reveals that it bears no homology to any known sequence. In mature definitive erythrocytes p23 exists in equilibrium between a soluble and a cytoskeletal bound pool. The cytoskeletal fraction is associated with the marginal band of microtubules, centrosomes and nuclear membrane under conditions of low free [Ca2+]. An increase in free [Ca2+] to 10(-6) M is sufficient to induce dissociation of > 95% of bound p23 from its target cytoskeletal binding sites, yet this [Ca2+] has little effect on calmodulin-mediated MB depolymerization. Analysis of p23 expression and localization during erythropoiesis together with results from heterologous p23 expression in tissue cultured cells demonstrated that this protein does not behave as a bone fide microtubule-associated protein. In addition, the developmental analysis revealed that although p23 is expressed early in definitive erythropoeisis, its association with the MB, centrosome and nuclear membrane occurs only in the final stages of differentiation. This cytoskeletal association correlates with marked p23 stabilization and accumulation at a time p23 expression is being markedly downregulated. We hypothesize that the mechanism of p23 association to the MB and centrosomes may be induced in part by a decrease in intracellular [Ca2+] during the terminal stages of definitive erythropoiesis.
LES Flow Control Simulations for Highly Loaded Low Pressure Turbine Airfoil (L1A) Using Pulsed Vortex Generator Jets

Seven different cases were examined experimentally and computationally to study LPT flow control using pulsed VGJs for the L1A airfoil. These cases represent a combination of variation in Reynolds number, Re (25,000, 50,000 and 100,000), based on the suction surface length and the nominal exit velocity from the cascade, blowing ratio, B (from 0.25 to 1), dimensionless frequency, F (from 0.035 to 0.56) and duty cycle, DC (10% and 50%). The data was obtained for the pressure distribution along the airfoil and downstream in the wake as well as for velocity profiles at six different stations downstream of the suction peak. The CFD was done with LES utilizing version 6.3.26 of the finite-volume code ANSYS Fluent. The CFD did provide further insight to better understand the physics of flow control. The comparison between CFD and experimental results for Cp, velocity profiles and Ψint is reasonable for all cases examined. Two of the cases examined did indicate that the higher DC could compensate for the lower F value. However, the effect of increasing the frequency appears to be stronger than increasing the DC value. The results from CFD using the Q-Criterion clearly illustrate how a separation bubble will persist at the lower frequency case (Case (2)) and the disturbances created from the jet flow do not have enough energy or time to travel further downstream to cause reattachment. On the other hand, the higher frequency case (Case (6)) did exhibit a penetration of the disturbance created by the jet into the separated region and caused reattachment, especially at the trailing edge. It appears that the jet was capable of breaking the large bubble into smaller ones with reattachment in between.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Basal and hypothalamic extract-induced luteinizing hormone and prolactin secretion by cultured anterior pituitary cells from female turkeys in various stages of the reproductive cycle.

The wet weight of the anterior pituitary gland of the domestic turkey increases as the hen progresses through the reproductive cycle. The greatest wet weight was observed with anterior pituitary glands from incubating hens, whose weight was twice that of anterior pituitary glands from nonphotostimulated hens. Anterior pituitary glands from hens in each of the various stages of the reproductive cycle were dissociated and cultured, and subsequently basal and hypothalamic extract (HE)-induced releases of prolactin (PRL) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were compared between cultures containing a defined number of anterior pituitary cells. Basal and HE-induced releases of PRL were greatest (P < 0.05) in the cultures of anterior pituitary cells derived from incubating hens, with those of laying, photorefractory, and nonphotostimulated hens being successively less (P < 0.05), respectively. HE-induced release of LH was greatest (P < 0.05) in cell cultures derived from nonphoto-stimulated hens, with cultures of cells derived from laying, photorefractory, and incubating hens exhibiting successively smaller releases of LH (P < 0.05), respectively. The concentration of HE that induced the first significant increase in the release of PRL or LH above that of basal levels also varied with the reproductive stage of the donor hens. The changes in circulating PRL levels during the various stages of the reproductive cycle reflect changes in anterior pituitary sensitivity to hypothalamic releasing activity and/or changes in the PRL releasing capacity of the anterior pituitary. In contrast, there does not appear to be a strong correlation between anterior pituitary LH releasing capacity in vitro and circulating LH levels in the domestic turkey hen.
Minimally invasive vulvar carcinoma: An indication for conservative surgical therapy

It has been proposed that squamous carcinoma of the vulva with 1 mm or less of stromal invasion can be treated with local resection without inguinal node dissection. A retrospective review of 255 cases of stages I and II vulvar carcinoma demonstrated 24 cases of minimally invasive carcinoma. All cases were subjected to detailed chart review and pathologic confirmation. Mean age at diagnosis was 60 years. Seven patients had a preoperative diagnosis of preinvasive disease, ten had stage I disease, and seven had stage II disease. Fifteen cases had associated vulvar carcinoma in situ. Treatment consisted of local excision in 2 patients, radical wide excision in 11, hemivulvectomy in 5, and radical vulvectomy in 6. Eleven patients had either unilateral or bilateral inguinal node dissection. Five-year life-table survival was 89%. Four patients (17%) developed recurrent dysplasia and four (17%) developed invasive recurrences. One invasive recurrence was in an inguinal node in a patient previously treated with a hemivulvectomy and negative ipsilateral superficial node dissection. Univariate analysis revealed no statistically significant associations between recurrence and age, symptom duration, margin status, location, FIGO stage, or coexisting VIN. Large areas of coexisting dysplasia and variable gross appearance make meaningful application of FIGO staging criteria difficult in lesions with minimal focal invasion. Wide excision or radical wide excision of lesions with "high-risk" VIN or those showing less than or equal to 1 mm of stromal invasion on biopsy is adequate therapy. If final pathologic review demonstrates deeper invasion, a selective lymph node dissection can be performed as a second procedure. Careful surveillance with liberal use of colposcopy and biopsies is indicated in these patients.
Correlations of nitrenium ion selectivities with quantitative mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of the corresponding amines.

There is a correlation (r a d j 2 = 0.5491-0.6338) of quantitative mutagenicity, log m, for a series of heterocyclic (HCAs) and carbocyclic (AAs) aromatic amines in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 (18 amines) and TA 100 (15 amines) vs log S, the log of the azide/solvent selectivity of the corresponding nitrenium ion. Monocyclic aromatic amines, MAAs, are less mutagenic than other amines of similar log S. Multiple variable linear regression analysis led to a two parameter regression model, significant at the 95% confidence level for both variables, that includes log S and a ring index variable, I r i n g s , that is 0 for MAAs and 1 for all other amines. These models have r a d j 2 = 0.8448 for TA 98, and 0.8927 for TA 100. Inclusion of a third variable, Clog P, increases r a d j 2 to 0.8913 for TA 98 and 0.9011 for TA 100. This model is significant at the 95% confidence level for all variables for TA 98, but only for two of the three variables for TA 100. The confidence level is 80% for Clog P in TA 100. Quantitative carcinogenicity data in mice and rats are more weakly correlated with log S (r a d j 2 = 0.5357 for 12 amines in mice, r a d j 2 = 0.4216 for 10 amines in rats). Several two parameter regression models, all containing Clog P and one containing log S, adequately correlate the mouse data.
Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of RNA containing an intrahelical disulfide crosslink.

Abstract Background : Several factors impede the elucidation of RNA structure and function by X-ray and NMR methods, including the complexity of folded RNA motifs, the tendency of RNA to aggregate, and its ability to fold into multiple isomeric structures. The ability to constrain the process of RNA folding to give a single, homogeneous product would assist these investigations. We therefore set out to develop a synthetic procedure for the site-specific insertion of a disulfide crosslink into oligoribonucleotides. We also examined the ability of a crosslinked species to serve as a substrate for ricin, an RNA glycosylase. Results : A convertible nucleoside derivative (C) suitable for the site-specific introduction of N 4 -alkyl-cytidine residues into RNA has been developed. The corresponding C phosphoramidite was employed in the synthesis of an 8-mer oligonucleotide, 5′-CGGAGACG-3′, which was then efficiently converted to an 8-mer containing two S -protected N 4 -(2-thioethyl)C residues. Upon deprotection and air oxidation, the 8-mer efficiently formed an intramolecular disulfide bond, yielding a GAGA tetraloop presented on a two base-pair CPG disulfide crosslinked ministem. We show that this ministem-loop is an excellent substrate for ricin. Control 8-mers lacking the disulfide crosslink were substantially poorer substrates for ricin. Conclusions : The nucleoside chemistry described here should be generally useful for the site-specific introduction of a range of non-native functional groups into RNA. We have used this chemistry to constrain an RNA ministem through introduction of an intrahelical disulfide crosslink. That this tetraloop substrate linked to a two base-pair ministem is efficiently processed by ricin is clear evidence that ricin makes all of its energetically favorable contacts to the extreme end of the stem-loop structure, and that the two base pairs of the stem abutting the loop remain intact during recognition and processing by ricin.
Electrical resistivity of transforming and non-transforming V3Si

Abstract The electrical resistivity of a non-transforming single crystal of V3Si is compared with that of a single crystal which exhibits a Martensitic transformation at TM = 20.2K. Above TM, for 24K ⪕ T ⪕ 50K, the temperature dependent part of the resistivity ϱ(T)−ϱ(17.5 K) is found to be the same in the two samples to within 6% and has an approximately T3 dependence. It is concluded that selective phonon mode softening is not the major factor determining the temperature dependence of the resistivity in this range.
The pivot and probe algorithm for solving a linear program

In [7] we defined acandidate constraint as one which, for at least one pivot step, contains a potential pivot, discovered that most constraints are never candidate, and devised a modification of the simplex method in which only constraints which are currently candidates are updated. In this paper we present another way to take advantage of this fact. We begin by solving a relaxed linear program consisting of the constraints of the original problem which are initially candidates. Its solution gives an upper bound to the value of the original problem. We also introduce the idea of a probe, that is, a line segment joining two vectors for the primal problem, one of which is primal feasible, and use it to identify a most violated constraint; at the same time this gives a lower bound to the objective value of the original problem. This violated constraint is added to the relaxed problem which is solved again, which gives a new upper bound etc. We present computational experience indicating that time savings of 50–80% over the simplex method can be obtained by this method, which we call PAPA, the Pivot and Probe Algorithm.
Population Dynamics and Substrate Selection by Three Peridinium Species

ABSTRACT We collected various substrate and water samples during the late summer and autumn of 1991 from acid sensitive Faylor Lake in Union County, Pennsylvania. The substrate samples included sediment, bark shavings from submerged wood, and aquatic macrophyte leaves. These samples, taken from September through November, were fixed in a 0.5% osmium tetroxide solution and observed with a scanning electron microscope. The water samples, collected from January to November, were preserved with Lugol's iodine and observed under light microscopy. Our purpose was to examine the life cycles of the dinoflagellate species Peridinium inconspicuum. Peridinium wisconsinense. and Peridinium gatunense. The water samples showed that dinoflagellate populations peaked in late summer and then quickly disappeared from the water column. The substrate data showed that the different Peridinium species showed a preference for specific substrates prior to zygote formation. This suggests a selective function for the planozygote s...
Combinatorics of open covers (V): Pixley–Roy spaces of sets of reals, and ω-covers

Daniels (1988) started an investigation of the duality between selection hypotheses for XR and selection hypotheses for the Pixley‐Roy space ofX. Daniels, Kunen and Zhou (1994) introduced the “open‐open game”. We extend some results of Daniels (1988) by connecting the relevant selection hypotheses with game theory (Theorems 2, 3, 14 and 15) and Ramsey theory (Theorem 10, Corollary 11, Theorem 23 and Corollary 24). Our results give answers to some of the questions asked by Daniels et al. (1994). © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Particle size distributions of methanesulfonate in the tropical pacific marine boundary layer

Fourteen high-volume cascade impactor samples were collected during a January-February, 1990, research cruise in the tropical Pacific from Panama to 180°. Aqueous extracts of the samples were analyzed for methanesulfonate (MSA), sulfate, and the seasalt tracer ion magnesium. The majority of MSA size distributions showed no pronounced maximum on submicrometer particles, as has been observed elsewhere. Analysis of the data indicated that MSA was distributed essentially uniformly with the effective surface area of particles >0.5 μm in radius, which were primarily seasalt. Relatively less MSA was found in smaller particles which were primarily sulfate. These results are consistent with those from theoretical and laboratory experimental studies reported in the literature which suggest that MSA produced from photochemical oxidation of dimethylsulfide condenses on pre-existing particles in strong preference to nucleating into new particles. This implies that MSA may not contribute appreciably to enhancing cloud condensation nucleus populations in the remote tropical marine atmosphere.
Use of Genetic Algorithms in Thermal Property Estimation: Part II - Simultaneous Estimation of Thermal Properties

This two-part study is on the use of genetic algorithms (GAs) to design experiments and develop estimation methodologies for the determination of thermal properties; Part I is focused on the development of an improved GA, called an extended elitist genetic algorithm (EEGA), and on the implementation of this algorithm to optimize experimental designs used in thermal property estimation, while Part II is directed toward the application of this algorithm to the simultaneous estimation of thermal properties. In Part II the EEGA is used to minimize a least squares objective function containing calculated and measured temperatures. While the EEGA was shown to be an effective strategy for the optimization of experiments in Part I, its potential for use in the estimation of thermal properties is shown here in Part II through the use of case studies. In addition, the effect of the choice of the criterion used to optimize the experimental designs on the accuracy of the property estimates was analyzed for one of the...
Determinants of K-2 School Teachers' Orientation towards Inquiry-Based Science Activities: A Mixed Method Study.

The purpose of this study was to describe attitudes of first and second grade teachers in Benin, toward school science and their instructional preferences (inquiry-based and traditional noninquiry-based instruction), and determine some factors that could explain these attitudes and preferences. Three hundred (N=300) preparatory classroom teachers (first and second grades) were randomly selected and surveyed regarding their attitudes and preferences. Data was gathered via the Revised Science Attitude Scale, the Science Teachers' Ideological Preference Scale, and open-ended questions. The results indicated that first and second grade teachers have a low regard for school science and low level of orientation toward both inquiry-based and traditional instruction. This means that these teachers rejected traditional approaches of science teaching but at the same time did not accept inquiry teaching as a legitimate alternative. Participants' low level of orientation towards inquiry-based instruction could be explained by three dimensions of attitude; handling (handling of science equipment), time (time required to prepare and teach science), and need (the basic needs students have for science). However, time and handling significantly contributed to their orientation towards traditional noninquiry-based instruction. Four categories from the open-ended responses – perceived instructional practices, student-centeredness of the curriculum, lack of materials and supplies, and training – were used to understand and further explain participants' attitudes and instructional preferences.
Search for anomalous single-photon production at the e+e- storage ring PEP.

This Letter reports a search for the production by ${e}^{+}$${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ annihilation of a single photon accompanied by particles that interact only weakly in matter. The search was performed at the SLAC ${e}^{+}$${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ storage ring PEP (\ensuremath{\surd}s =29 GeV) with a new detector, ASP. No unexpected signal was observed. The limit ${N}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$14 (90% C.L.) is placed on the number of light neutrino species, and the mass of scalar electrons predicted by theories of supersymmetry is constrained to ${m}_{e\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}$g51 GeV/${c}^{2}$ (90% C.L.) for ${m}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}$=0 and degenerate e\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} mass states.
Design and test of 2.5D and 3D stacked ICs

Three dimensional chips stacked using Through Silicon Via (TSV) technology has been under consideration and the subject of intensive research for several years now. Soon the technologies will become available through standard fabs. Will the technology be an instant hit, a niche, or a flop? What is needed to ensure it reaches hit status? What are the basic manufacturing steps and flows? This tutorial will discuss these question mainly in the context of the opportunities and challenges that face the designer. What are the significant opportunities presented by 3DIC? What problems will the designer face that will need clever solutions? What are the potential solution paths?
Ophthalmic drug delivery through contact lenses.

Purpose Currently available ophthalmic drug delivery systems are inefficient and may lead to side effects. To increase efficiency and reduce side effects, the authors propose disposable particle-laden soft contact lenses for ophthalmic drug delivery. Methods The essential idea is to encapsulate the ophthalmic drug formulations in nanoparticles and to disperse these drug-laden particles in the lens material, such as poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (p-HEMA) hydrogels. The drug-laden p-HEMA hydrogels were synthesized by free radical solution polymerization of the monomers in presence of nanoparticles. The particle-laden hydrogels were characterized by light-transmission and electron microscopy studies. Release profiles of lidocaine, a model hydrophobic drug, were measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results Microemulsions of hexadecane in water stabilized with a silica shell around the particles produced transparent hydrogels. Contact lenses made with particle-laden hydrogels released therapeutic levels of drug for a few days. Conclusions Particle-laden hydrogels are promising candidates for ophthalmic drug delivery. They are transparent and can release drugs for extended periods. The drug delivery rates can be controlled by varying the loading of nanoparticles in the gel.
How Adolescents Develop Responsibility: What Can Be Learned From Youth Programs

This theory-building qualitative study examined how youth develop responsibility within the context of organized youth programs. Interviews were conducted with ethnically diverse youth, parents, and adult leaders from four programs for high school–aged teens. Analysis suggested that youth develop responsibility through a four-step cycle: (1) voluntarily taking on roles and obligations, (2) experiencing challenge and strain, (3) being motivated to fulfill their obligations, and (4) internalizing a self-concept that leads to responsible behavior in other contexts. Leaders support this learning cycle by creating program structures and providing ongoing support that helps youth experience ownership of demanding roles. Peers contribute by providing a sense of solidarity while also imposing mutual accountability.
Tropical Cumulus Interaction with and Modification of the Subcloud Region

Abstract Nineteen cases of tropical cumulus convective activity at and below cloud base are described using simultaneous measurements at as many as six levels between the surface and 1200 m. Updrafts are traced from just above cloud base to near the ocean surface. An inventory of updrafts and downdrafts indicates that about 80% are either warm/moist (up) or cold/dry (down) relative to their immediate environments. However, the remaining 20% of the drafts are found to make significant contributions to the total cloud transports. Various degrees and types of modification of the lower PBL structure associated with cumulus activity are illustrated with before, during and after profiles. Cloud transports of mass, heat, moisture and momentum are estimated using only those drafts with a vertical velocity greater than ± 0.5 m s−1.
WHY SHOULD LEK-BREEDERS BE MONOMORPHIC?

Approximately one-quarter of all lek-breeding bird species are sexually monomorphic. Understanding the significance, if any, of this exception to the usual correlation between sexual selection and dimorphism requires detailed data on the mating systems of both monomorphic and dimorphic species. The capuchinbird (Perissocephalus tricolor) is a sexually monomorphic, lek- breeding member of the cotinga family. I studied the social and sexual behavior of this species, and compared it with the Guianan cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola), a dimorphic, lekking member of the same family. Male-male competition in capuchinbirds involved direct contests for dominance, rather than territorial displays as in classic lek species. In each year, one dominant individual was able to control the most desired display site on the 8-male lek, and was the only male that copulated. In contrast to dimorphic lek birds, female as well as male capuchinbirds engaged in frequent and intense aggression at the lek, and both males and females engaged in sexual mimicry. I suggest that plumage monomorphism in lek birds has evolved as a result of social competition affecting both sexes. This hypothesis accounts for the exaggerated plumage characters shared by males and females in capuchinbirds and a number of other monomorphic lek birds. The evolution of plumage can best be analyzed as an arms race, in which the balance of selective forces acting on each sex can produce a variety of equilibrium states, ranging from sexual indistinguishability to extreme dimorphism.
Water tunnel flow visualization using a laser

Laser systems for flow visualization in water tunnels (similar to the vapor screen technique used in wind tunnels) can provide two-dimensional cross-sectional views of complex flow fields. This parametric study documents the practical application of the laser-enhanced visualization (LEV) technique to water tunnel testing. Aspects of the study include laser power levels, flow seeding (using flourescent dyes and embedded particulates), model preparation, and photographic techniques. The results of this study are discussed to provide potential users with basic information to aid in the design and setup of an LEV system.
HgBr and HgI B‐state quenching rate constants

The rate constants for quenching of the B states of HgBr and HgI by the rare gases and simple halogenated molecules have been measured. The experimental approach consisted of photodissociating either HgBr2 or HgI2 (in the presence of the desired quenching gas) and recording the subsequent radiative decay of the HgX (X=Br or I) excited‐state population. The large rate constant determined for two‐body destruction of HgBr (B) by Hg (1.3×10−10 cm3 sec−1) and bromine donors (Br2 : 5.5×10−10 cm3 sec−1) enhances the attractiveness of HgBr lasers pumped by dissociative excitation of HgBr2.
Taking a Relational Turn in Leadership Studies

is assistant professor in the Humphrey School of Public Affairs and academic codirector of the Center for Integrative Leadership at the University of Minnesota. Her research and teaching focus on organizing stakeholder engagement, col-laborative public management, leadership for collective impact, and building resilience to address complex public policy challenges.
One the solution of elliptic free-boundary problems via Newton's method

Abstract The performance of a numerical technique for locating the free surface without mesh iteration is investigated in the context of steady state pore fluid diffusion through porous and deformable media. The free boundary is located from a fixed mesh solution in which the required constraints are imposed by penalization of the variational equation. Central to the efficiency of the algorithm is the use of a ‘relaxed penalty function’ which makes it possible to linearize the penalized equation consistently. The solution is shown to converge orders of magnitude faster than some of the most widely used algorithms for solving free-boundary problems associated with flow of fluids through porous media.
Reconstruction of a large deep-crustal terrane: Implications for the Snowbird tectonic zone and early growth of Laurentia

The ∼2800-km-long Snowbird tectonic zone is a well-recognized but still enigmatic feature in the western Canadian Shield. It has been interpreted as a Paleoproterozoic continental suture or an Archean strike-slip fault system, but here we suggest that the distinctive geometry of the central Snowbird tectonic zone is primarily due to the interaction of crosscutting Paleoproterozoic intracontinental thrust and strike-slip shear zones having a length of hundreds of kilometers. First, a major zone of thrust-sense shearing, coeval with early continent-continent collision between the Superior and western Churchill provinces, accommodated uplift of a large exposure of granulite facies lower continental crust. Younger strike-slip shear zones, perhaps analogous to Asian fault systems behind the Himalayan orogen, offset the thrust zone. Thus, the current geometry and distribution of deep-crustal rocks in this region represent a relatively late stage in the tectonic evolution of the western Churchill province rather than an accretionary one. Earlier structures oriented at a high angle to the Snowbird tectonic zone may record the fundamental accretionary history in this part of Laurentia.
Characterization of a glucocorticoid-sensitive hippocampal protein

Increased synthesis of a rat hippocampal protein with an apparent molecular weight (Mr) of 35,000 Da occurs in response to elevation of serum corticosterone levels. Subcellular fractionation has localized this protein in the cytosol. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated that this protein has an isoelectric point (IEP) of 6.6. A similar protein in liver has a slightly higherMr and an IEP of 6.8. Increased synthesis of one additional hippocampal protein with anMr of 46,000 Da and an IEP of 6.2 and of two other liver proteins, one with anMr of 53,000 Da and an IEP of 6.2 and other with anMr of 45,000 Da and a range of IEPs from 8.7 to 7.8 was also seen after injection of corticosterone into rats. One possible identity of the 35,000 Da protein is glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), based upon the reportedMr and IEP of this enzyme. The 35,000 Da hippocampal protein co-eluted from a gel filtration column with GPDH activity. No alteration of hippocampal GPDH activity was seen in intact rats 4 or 24 h after injection of either corticosterone or the type II receptor-specific agonist RU 28362, However, daily administration of corticosterone to rats beginning 10 days after adrenalectomy returned hippocampal GPDH activity to normal values after 2–3 days. In contrast, synthesis of the 35,000 Da protein was maximally increased 4 h after a single injection of steriod and not elevated at later times.
A New Speed Controller for Induction Motors Driving Agricultural Fans

Abstract Traditional electronic speed controllers for agricultural fans consist of analogue circuitry which senses room temperature and adjusts the motor voltage, and consequently its speed, to vary the fan airflow. Fan controllability is compromised by inherent nonlinearity of fan airflow as related to temperature. This paper describes the design and testing of an electronic speed controller which solves this problem by linearizing fan airflow versus temperature. The controller circuitry uses an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) chip. The input to the EPROM is an analogue representation of temperature converted to digital form. The digital contents then are converted to an analogue signal that fires a triac and consequently controls the voltage input to the fan motor. A linearized control characteristic, i.e., temperature versus airflow rate, can be obtained by storing appropriate voltage values in the EPROM. These values correspond linearly to the desired fan speeds. The paper documents the testing of the electronic speed controller (ESC) for agricultural ventilation fans. The controller was developed and tested with three commecially available fan systems. Linearized temperature versus airflow rate characteristics were obtained. The improved linearity of this controller at a minimal cost (less than £25 in parts) solves a major problem experienced with variable speed ventilation fans.
Interstitial water chemistry of jamaican reef sediment sulfate reduction and submarine cementation

Abstract Chemical and isotopic analyses of pore waters from Jamaican reef sediment suggest the importance of microbial sulfate reduction as a major control upon the origin, distribution, and composition of submarine cements in this fringing reef setting. Fore-reef sediment pore waters exhibit active sulfate reduction and enrichment in 18 O which is consistent with associated active magnesian calcite cementation, alkalinity consumption, and cement enrichment in 18 O. Conversely, lack of widespread submarine cementation in the back-reef corresponds to the diminished resupply of sulfate coupled with input of CO 2 -charged meteoric water from a nearby unconfined aquifer into the more stagnant pore waters which lower pore-water magnesian calcite saturation states and preclude active submarine cementation.
The taxonomic identity and physiological ecology of Chlamydomonas hedleyi sp. nov. algal flagellate symbiont from the foraminifer Archaias angulatus

The fine structure of the symbiotic alga isolated from the formainiferan Archaias angulatus (Fichtel et Moll) DeMontfort is typical of the Chlorophyceae of the volvocalean and chlorococcalean lines. Spherical non-motile cells, 10–14 μm in diameter, characterise the dominant life cycle phase. Long oval motile forms with truncated apices are present 3–5 days after transfer to fresh medium. The pyrenoids are embedded anteriorly in the singly bilobed chloroplast and are surrounded by a sheath of starch platelets. In spite of the non-motile state of cells in older cultures (which is perhaps a reflection of its normally symbiotic condition), the alga is identified as a species of the volvocalean genus Chlamydomonas and is named C. hedleyi sp. nov. The symbiont has no vitamin or organic requirements but growth is increased threefold in the presence of thiamine, and twofold in the presence of 1 μm glutamic acid, histidine and methionine. Urea was the best nitrogen source tested. Purines and pyrimidines did not se...
DnaA Protein Is Sensitive to a Soluble Factor and Is Specifically Inactivated for Initiation of in Vitro Replication of the Escherichia coli Minichromosome

DnaA protein loses the capacity to initiate chromosomal replication when treated with a soluble cell extract. This inactivation depends upon DNA and hydrolyzable ribonucleoside triphosphate. The extract does not affect the activities of other replicative proteins or the ability of DnaA to initiate replication of single-stranded DNA that contains a DnaA-binding hairpin, indicating that the inhibitory effect is specific for the action of DnaA at oriC. Gel filtration experiments implicate a 150-kDa factor as being responsible. Mutant DnaAcos protein, which causes overinitiation in vivo, is insensitive to the inactivating factor, suggesting a requirement for this negative control in vivo. We propose that a soluble factor controls initiation through down-regulation of DnaA protein.
Cruciferous Vegetables, Isothiocyanates, and Prevention of Bladder Cancer

Approximately 80% of human bladder cancers (BC) are non-muscle invasive when first diagnosed and are usually treated by transurethral tumor resection. But 50-80% of patients experience cancer recurrence. Agents for prevention of primary BC have yet to be identified. Existing prophylactics against BC recurrence, e.g., Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), have limited efficacy and utility; they engender significant side effects and require urethral catheterization. Many cruciferous vegetables, rich sources of isothiocyanates (ITCs), are commonly consumed by humans. Many ITCs possess promising chemopreventive activities against BC and its recurrence. Moreover, orally ingested ITCs are selectively delivered to bladder via urinary excretion. This review is focused on urinary delivery of ITCs to the bladder, their cellular uptake, their chemopreventive activities in preclinical and epidemiological studies that are particularly relevant to prevention of BC recurrence and progression, and their chemopreventive mechanisms in BC cells and tissues.
Determination of human plasma and leukocyte ascorbic acid by microtiter plate assay

Abstract Methods for analyzing ascorbic acid (AA) in human blood are often laborious, difficult, expensive, and require the use of large sample volumes. The lack of an inexpensive reliable method is particularly disconcerting for leukocyte analysis. We have overcome these concerns by developing a microtiter plate assay (MPA) to measure the AA dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivative (515 nm and 562 nm) in plasma or leukocytes. Plasma and leukocytes were isolated from whole blood by gradient sedimentation using Histopaque 1077 and 1119. The AA contribution from red blood cells was 90%). AA values by our MPA method using human subjects agreed with published values or when compared with standard spectophotometic assays. The advantages of the MPA assay over traditional methods are that it can handle small sample volumes and multiple samples simultaneously. In addition, the MPA method requires using smaller volumes of hazardous reagents and can be done in less time with less blood.
Age Differences In The Magnitude Of Associated Movement

SUMMARY Using a quantitative measure of unintended mirror-movements in the contralateral limb during a unimanual task, the magnitude of associated movement across the ages from six to 16 years was determined. Male children in five age-groups (means 6.5, 8.5, 10.4, 12.4 and 16.5 years) were asked to squeeze their index finger and thumb together to various percentages of their own maximal volitional force. Results indicate that the 6.5-year-old group differ from all other age-groups, exhibiting significantly greater associated movements at all levels of force. The results are discussed in terms of the development of inhibitory control over innate neuromotor synergies. RESUME Difference d'âge dans l'amplitude des syncinesies L'amplitude des mouvements associes a ete appreciee a l'aide d'une mesure quantitative de syncinesies involontaires en miroir sur le membre contralateral durant une tâche monomanuelle, pour les âges de 6 a 16 ans. Des garcons regroupes en cinq groupes d'âge (moyenne de 6.5, 8.5, 10.4, 12.4 et 16.5 annees) ont ete pries de presser leur pouce sur leur index avec des pourcentages varies de leur force volontaire maximale. Les resultats ont montre que le groupe d'âge de 6.5 annees differait de tous les autres groupes d'âge, produisant des mouvements associes significativement plus importants pour tous les degres d'expression de force. Les resultats sont discutes en terme du developpement du controle inhibiteur sur les synergies neuromotrices innees. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Altersunterschiede bei assozierten Bewegungen Unter Verwendung einer quantitativen Messung unbeabsichtigter Spiegelbewegungen auf der contralateralen Seite bei einer unimanuellen Aufgabe wurde das Ausmas assoziierter Bewegung in verschiedenen Altersgruppen von sechs bis 16 Jahre bestimmt. Jungen aus funf Altersgruppen (Durchschnittsalter 6.5, 8.5, 10.4, 12.4 und 16.5) wurden aufgefordert, ihre Zeigefinger und Daumen mit unterschiedlicher Kraft zusammenzudrucken. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das die 6.5 Jahre alten Jungen sich von allen anderen Gruppen unterscheiden, indem sie signifikant starkere assoziierte Bewegungen in allen Kraftstufen aufwiesen. Die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert unter dem Aspekt der Entwicklung inhibitorischer Krafte zur Kontrolle angeborener neuromotorischer Synergien. RESUMEN Diferencias de edad en la magnitud de movimientos asociados Utilizando una medicion cuantitativa de movimientos en espejo no intencionados en la extremidad contralateral, durante la realizacion de una tarea con una sola mano, se examino la magnitud de movimientos asociados a lo largo de las edades de seis a 16 anos. A chicos de cinco grupos segun la edad (con un promedio de 6.5, 8.5, 10.4, 12.4 y 16.5 anos) se les pidio que apretaran los dedos indice y pulgar el maximo que pudiese dar de si su fuerza volitiva. Los resultatdos indican que le grupo de 6.5 anos diferia de todos los otros, mostrando un nivel significativamente mas alto de movimientos asociados en todos los niveles de fuerza. Los resultados se discuten en terminos de una inhibicion del control sobre las sinergias innatas neuromotoras.
Common (Single) Ventricle with Normally Related Great Vessels

A rare form of common ventricle with normally related great vessels and normal tricuspid and mitral valves should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cardiac anomalies presenting with cyanosis. Fourteen cases of this type of common ventricle were studied; in seven the diagnosis was made at necropsy and in seven it was based on angiographic evidence. That the common ventricle was morphologically a left ventricle was determined in the seven necropsy cases, and angiocardiographic examination confirmed the finding in the others. Continuity of the aortic valve and the mitral valve was observed in all the necropsy cases and in five of the clinical cases. Cyanosis had been observed clinically in 13 of the 14 cases, and pulmonary stenosis was present in four necropsy and three clinical cases. Electrocardiograms showed left axis deviation in nine of the 13 cases studied. Vectorcardiographic findings, though variable and available in only seven cases, tended to show a narrow horizontal plane QRS vector l...
Gaze stabilization in active vision-I. Vergence error extraction

Abstract This paper discusses the problems associated with purposeful gazing and fixation of attention for systems with active vision. To help bridge the gap between our current standpoint in active gazing and where advantages that holding gaze brings, we propose solution to the important problems involved in gaze stabilization, i.e. vergence error extraction, and vergence servo control. In the first part, we focus on vergence error extraction. In the next paper, ‘Gaze Stabilization in Active Vision II: Multi-rate Vergence Control’, we shall focus on vergence control. Binocular gazing is realized by decreasing the disparity which represents the vergence error. In order to obtain the disparity for extraction of vergence error, a phase-based approach that efficiently estimates vergence disparity is developed. Experiments are conducted to investigate the effects of window size, segmentation techniques, and illumination.