cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategies to increase implementation of pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorders: a structured review of care delivery and implementation interventions

Effective medications for treating alcohol use disorders (AUD) are available but underutilized. Multiple barriers to their provision have been identified, and optimal strategies for addressing and overcoming barriers to use of medications for AUD treatment remain elusive. We conducted a structured review of published care delivery and implementation studies evaluating interventions that aimed to increase medication treatment for patients with AUD to identify interventions and component strategies that were most effective. We reviewed literature through May 2018 and used networking to identify intervention studies with AUD medication receipt reported as a primary or secondary outcome. Studies were identified as care delivery studies, characterized by patient-level recruitment and willingness to be randomized to candidate treatment options, and implementation studies, characterized by inclusion of all patients treated at sites involved in the study. Each identified study was independently coded by two investigators for strategies used, guided by a published taxonomy of implementation strategies. All authors reviewed coding discrepancies and revised codes based on consensus. After reaching internal consensus, we solicited feedback from lead investigators on studies to code additional strategies. We reviewed implementation strategies used across studies to assess their relationship with medication receipt, as well as alcohol use outcomes, as available. Nine studies were identified: four RCTs of care delivery interventions, four quasi-experimental evaluations of large-scale implementation interventions, and one quasi-experimental evaluation of a targeted single-site implementation intervention. Implementation strategies used were variable across studies; no strategy was universally used. Effects of the interventions on receipt of AUD pharmacotherapy and alcohol use outcomes also varied. Three of four care delivery interventions resulted in increased receipt of AUD medications, but only one of these three improved alcohol use outcomes. One large-scale and one single-site implementation intervention were associated with increased AUD medication receipt, and these studies did not assess alcohol use outcomes. Patterns of implementation strategies did not clearly distinguish studies that successfully increased use of pharmacotherapy versus those that did not. Our review did not reveal strategies most effective for implementing AUD medications. Interventions designed to overcome identified barriers may have missed the mark, or differences in the intensity or targets of strategies may matter more than differences in strategies. Further research is needed to understand effective implementation methods and to better understand patient-level perspective, preferences and barriers to receipt of medications.
A Simplified, Graphical Exposition of Keynes's Argument on Pages 179-181 of the General Theory About the Equation Missing from the Neoclassical Theory of the Rate of Interest

Keynes provided a technical analysis on pages 179-181 of the General Theory that identified two separate rates of interest, r1 and r2, each different rate of interest associated with a different Demand for Investment and Supply of Savings Intersection. Each combination would provide a different, downward sloping IS curve in (r,Y) space. Keynes pointed out that it was impossible to identify the equilibrium, market clearing rate of interest because there was no LP(LM) curve derived from the Liquidity Preference Function, Demand for Money and Supply of Money. Keynes’s LP equation is the equation that Keynes identified as the missing equation that is necessary in order to decide whether the correct rate is r1 or r2. Keynes then stated the following: “But the above diagram does not contain enough data to tell us what its new value will be; and, therefore, not knowing which is the appropriate Y-curve, we do not know at what point the new investment demand-schedule will cut it. If, however, we introduce the state of liquidity-preference and the quantity of money and these between them tell us that the rate of interest is r2, then the whole position becomes determinate. For the Y-curve which intersects X 2X2’ at the point vertically above r2, namely, the curve Y2, will be the appropriate curve.” Keynes’s upward sloping LP(LM) curve would cut the IS curve associated with r 2 from below. The result is a determinant rate of interest in Keynes’s (r.Y space). The failure of economists to carefully analyze Keynes’s analysis on pages 179-181 of the General Theory accounts for the misbelief that Keynes’s theory of the rate of interest was a purely monetary theory of the rate of interest, although Keynes made it very clear to Hawtrey in correspondence in early 1936 that his theory of the rate of interest was NOT a purely monetary one.
Identification and characterization of Populus microRNAs in response to plant growth-promoting endophytic Streptomyces sp. SSD49

Endophytic Streptomyces sp. SSD49 inhibited eight pathogens, including the human opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms, the plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The growth of soybeans, tomatoes, peppers and Populus tomentosa seedings inoculated with SSD49 are remarkably promoted. Here, we constructed two P. tomentosa seedling microRNA (miRNA) libraries inoculated with (PS30d) and without SSD49 (PC30d) to explore the molecular regulatory roles in the plant response to the beneficial bacteria. Totals of 314 known and 144 novel miRNAs were identified, among which 27 known and 11 novel miRNA had significantly different expression. The targets of up-regulated miR160, miR156, ptc114 and down-regulated miR319 and other differential expressed miRNAs primarily regulated genes encoding transcription factors (auxin response factor, small auxin-up RNA, and GRAS proteins), disease resistance proteins, phytohormone oxidase, and response regulators, which could promote plant growth, influence disease resistance and miRNA biosynthesis in P. tomentosa. This is the first report on the genome-wide identification of biocontrol endophytic Streptomyces inoculation-responsive miRNAs using small RNA sequencing in P. tomentosa and these findings provide new insight into understanding the biocontrol effects of endophytic Streptomyces.
Using Corpus Statistics to Evaluate Nonce Words

Nonce words are widely used in linguistic research to evaluate areas such as the acquisition of vowel harmony and consonant voicing, naturalness judgment of loanwords, and children’s acquisition of morphemes. Researchers usually create lists of nonce words intuitively by considering the phonotactic features of the target languages. In this study, a corpus of Turkish orthographic representations is used to propose a measure for the nonce word appropriateness for linearly concatenative languages. The conditional probabilities of orthographic co-occurrences and pairwise vowel collocations within the same word boundaries are used to evaluate a list of nonce words in terms of whether they would be rejected, moderately accepted or fully accepted as novel words. A group of 50 Turkish native speakers was asked to judge the same list of nonce words on how native-like the words sound. Both the model and the participants displayed similar results.
Spatiotemporal characterization of periocular mesenchyme heterogeneity during anterior segment development

Establishment of the ocular anterior segment (AS) is a critical event during development of the vertebrate visual system. Failure in this process leads to Anterior Segment Dysgenesis (ASD), which is characterized by congenital blindness and predisposition to glaucoma. The anterior segment is largely formed via a neural crest-derived population, the Periocular Mesenchyme (POM). In this study, we aimed to characterize POM behaviors and identities during zebrafish AS development. POM distributions and migratory dynamics were analyzed using transgenic zebrafish embryos (Tg[foxC1b:GFP], Tg[foxD3:GFP], Tg[pitx2:GFP], Tg[lmx1b.1:GFP], and Tg[sox10:GFP] throughout the course of early AS development (24-72hpf). In vivo imaging analysis revealed unique AS distribution and migratory behavior among the reporter lines, suggesting AS mesenchyme (ASM) is a heterogenous population. This was confirmed using double in situ hybridization. Furthermore, we generated ASM transcriptomic profiles from our reporter lines and using a four-way comparison analysis uncovered unique ASM subpopulation expression patterns. Taken together, our data reveal for the first time that AS-associated POM is not homogeneous but rather comprised of several unique subpopulations identifiable by their distributions, behaviors, and transcriptomic profiles.
Retroileal anastomosis in hand-assisted laparoscopic left colectomy: experience at a single institution

Left hemicolectomy and complicated sigmoid colectomy require an anastomosis between the transverse colon and rectum. Generous mobilization will typically allow the colon to reach to the rectum. However, despite full mobilization of the splenic flexure and extensive work on the mesentery, there are cases in which reach to the pelvis is still an issue. Retroileal routing of the colon is one technique for overcoming such a reach problem and achieving a tension-free anastomosis. Performing retroileal routing using laparoscopic techniques has been reported rarely, and to date, there are no data on this technique when performed in a hand-assisted laparoscopic fashion. This study aimed to describe the feasibility of doing a retroileal routing using a hand-assisted laparoscopic technique. This was a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent a colon or rectal resection, either open or laparoscopic, with a pelvic anastomosis, by a single colorectal surgeon at an academic institution between 2008 and 2015 with a focus on the immediate and long-term postoperative complications, estimated blood loss, and operating room time for patients having an operation that included retroileal routing for construction of a colorectal anastomosis. A total of 340 patients fit inclusion criteria and of these, 13 underwent hand-assisted laparoscopic procedures with retroileal routing of the proximal colon to the colorectal anastomosis. Postoperative morbidity included intubation for CO2 retention in one patient and a RLL effusion in another patient; there were no anastomotic leaks. Long-term morbidities included two ventral hernias at 2 years postoperatively. Mean operating room time was 208 min. There were no 30- or 90-day mortalities. Hand-assisted laparoscopic retroileal routing is a feasible and safe technique in accomplishing a tension-free colorectal anastomosis when proximal colon length makes standard routing of the colon to the rectum an issue.
Injection techniques for auricular nerve blocks in the rabbit cadaver

Abstract Objective To describe the landmarks for localization and to determine the methodology and volume of methylene blue dye to adequately stain the auricular nerves in rabbit cadavers. Study design Prospective, randomized, cadaveric study. Animals A total of 26 rabbit cadavers (Dutch-Belted and New Zealand White breeds). Methods Part I: anatomical dissections were performed to identify the sensory auricular nerves and to establish the ideal injection approach and volume of dye required for nerve staining. Part II: a single injection technique using 0.1 mL kg–1 dye was evaluated for staining the greater auricular nerve and two techniques (perpendicular and angled needle approaches) using 0.075 mL kg–1 dye were evaluated for the auriculotemporal nerve. Dye spread was evaluated through cadaveric dissections and nerve staining graded using a 0–2 point scale. Injections were considered successful if the nerve was stained circumferentially. Cadavers were assessed for staining of the mandibular nerve owing to the close proximity to the auriculotemporal nerve. Fisher’s exact test and mixed effects logistic regression model were used for statistical analysis. Results The greater auricular nerve was stained in 24/27 (88.9%) injections. The auriculotemporal nerve was stained in 7/12 injections (58.3%) with the perpendicular needle approach; staining success increased to 80% (12/15 injections) with the angled needle approach; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.228). Mandibular nerve staining occurred on seven auriculotemporal injections with no statistically significant difference in the incidence of nerve staining between techniques. Conclusions and clinical relevance Results suggest that the auricular nerves in rabbit cadavers can be successfully located and stained using anatomic landmarks and the described injection techniques.
Exploration of Prosecutor Experiences with Non-consensual Pornography

There are several challenges facing criminal justice stakeholders with the emergence of this form of criminality, aptly termed “nonconsensual pornography.” The current study will examine the manage...
Fracture of amorphous polymers: A gradient-damage theory

Abstract We have formulated a new gradient-damage theory for the deformation and failure of amorphous polymers. Our theory accounts for inelastic deformation and damage due to crazing, and also due to a network-disentanglement mechanism, with the damage eventually culminating in brittle fracture at small levels of stretch for the former mechanism, or ductile fracture at relatively large levels of stretch for the latter mechanism. Our damage theory depends not only on a damage variable but also its gradient, and this helps to regularize the strain-softening behavior during the damage process to avoid mesh-dependency related issues during finite element simulations. We have numerically implemented our theory in a finite element program, and using this simulation capability we show that the predictions from our theory match (reasonably well) the load–displacement curves – as well as the crack-paths under mixed-mode loading conditions – for polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as well as polycarbonate (PC) in several technically relevant geometries reported in the literature. The good correspondence of the results from our numerical simulations and available experimental data indicates that our simulation capability should be of practical utility in the design and analysis of structures made from PMMA and PC under largely tensile dominated stress states, the ones that usually control structural failure.
Evaluation of Logic Programs with Built-Ins and Aggregation: A Calculus for Bag Relations.

We present a scheme for translating logic programs, which may use aggregation and arithmetic, into algebraic expressions that denote bag relations over ground terms of the Herbrand universe. To evaluate queries against these relations, we develop an operational semantics based on term rewriting of the algebraic expressions. This approach can exploit arithmetic identities and recovers a range of useful strategies, including lazy strategies that defer work until it becomes possible or necessary.
COVID-19 vaccine program eliminates law enforcement workforce infections: a Bayesian structural time series analysis

COVID-19 has created tremendous operational difficulties for law enforcement agencies, with substantial portions of their staff quarantined for either exposure or infection. With the rollout of a v...
Broad Concordance in the Spatial Distribution of Adaptive and Neutral Genetic Variation across an Elevational Gradient in Deer Mice.

When species are continuously distributed across environmental gradients, the relative strength of selection and gene flow shape spatial patterns of genetic variation, potentially leading to variable levels of differentiation across loci. Determining whether adaptive genetic variation tends to be structured differently than neutral variation along environmental gradients is an open and important question in evolutionary genetics. We performed exome-wide population genomic analysis on deer mice sampled along an elevational gradient of nearly 4,000 m of vertical relief. Using a combination of selection scans, genotype-environment associations, and geographic cline analyses, we found that a large proportion of the exome has experienced a history of altitude-related selection. Elevational clines for nearly 30% of these putatively adaptive loci were shifted significantly up- or downslope of clines for loci that did not bear similar signatures of selection. Many of these selection targets can be plausibly linked to known phenotypic differences between highland and lowland deer mice, although the vast majority of these candidates have not been reported in other studies of highland taxa. Together, these results suggest new hypotheses about the genetic basis of physiological adaptation to high altitude, and the spatial distribution of adaptive genetic variation along environmental gradients.
Preoperative risk factors for postoperative pneumonia following primary Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to evaluate risk factors for pneumonia following THA and TKA. Methods Patients were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Quality Improvement Database (NSQIP) who experienced postoperative pneumonia after undergoing primary THA and TKA. Results Many characteristics including old age, anemia, diabetes, cardiac comorbidities, dialysis, and smoking were independent risk factors for postoperative pneumonia after THA or TKA. Conclusion This analysis offers new evidence on risk factors associated with the development of pneumonia after THA and TKA. These risk factors can help guide clinicians in preventing postoperative pneumonia after THA and TKA.
Image Quality Online

If you happen to be in medical imaging for some time, you might recall those wonderful scholastic battles of the 1990s: can computer monitors provide the same diagnostic display quality as printed film? As with anything else asked from your IT department, the original answer was “No”, or rather “No!!!”, multiplied by the imperfections of the early computer monitors, and raised to the power of notorious clinical conservatism. And while most kept printing and arguing, others preferred to invest the intervening years in perfecting the digital display technology – eventually winning the market and the dispute. Oh those acid-smelling printing monsters of the old days… “Where are the snows of yesteryear?”
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factors in Immune Receptor Signal Transduction

Publisher Summary Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factors (TRAF) are signaling proteins that participate in many aspects of the signal transduction of the immune receptors, including receptors for TNF and related cytokines, the IL-1 receptor, Toll-like receptors (TLR), and the B cell receptors (BCR). TRAF activation eventually leads to activation of transcription factors such as NFĸB and AP-1. The N-terminal part of TRAFs 2-7 consists of a new gene (RING) type zinc binding domain followed by several CCHC zinc fingers. TRAF1 lacks the most N-terminal RING domain, but retains one predicted CCHC zinc finger. The zinc finger family has expanded rapidly to mediate protein-DNA, protein-RNA, protein—protein, and protein–lipid interactions. All TRAF proteins, except TRAF7, share the characteristic TRAF domain, or merpin and TRAF homology (MATH) domain at their C-termini, which mediates interaction with receptors and adaptor proteins. The C-terminal TRAF domain can be further divided into TRAF-N and TRAF-C domains. The TRAF-N domain is a coiled-coil region that mediates homo- and hetero-oligomerization among TRAF family members. The TRAF-C domain is responsible for physical association with upstream receptors and adaptor proteins. Each TRAF-C domain adopts a unique β-sandwich topology composed of eight anti-parallel β strands, which is similar to the conformation observed in merpin metalloproteases and the Drosophila Siah protein. TRAF6 is the major transducer of IL-1 receptor/TLR signaling. Ligation of IL-1 to IL-1R first recruits myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 via the interaction between the Toll/interleukin receptor domains (TIR) present in both IL-1R cytoplasmic tail and MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) and its homolog IRAK4 via death domain (DD)–DD interactions.
Chapter 10 Changes in Cell Membrane Surfaces Associated with Alterations of Transepithelial Ion Movement

Publisher Summary Animals receiving increasing amounts of potassium in their diet become resistant to loads of potassium that would normally be lethal in unadapted animals. Such animals excrete large amounts of potassium even when not challenged by acute potassium loads and have an enhanced ability to excrete a sudden challenge of excessive potassium. This enhanced excretion occurs because both the kidney and the gut respond to such potassium adaptation with an enhanced ability to secrete potassium in the urine and the stool. Stereologic techniques allow for morphometric quantitation of three-dimensional objects through the analysis of two-dimensional electron micrographs; however, these techniques require the sampling of cells from individual animals and from groups of animals in different physiologic states. Striking differences were found between the cells of the proximal and distal colon; the proximal colon absorbs more sodium and has a greater passive permeability and a lower transepithelial potential than the distal colon. Potassium adaptation occurs in many organ systems, and in the kidney functional and biochemical changes, similar to those of the colon, occur in the distal tubule. The physiological and biochemical changes induced by alterations in the ionic environment or through hormonal mediation are accompanied by striking structural changes reflected in an increase in the basolateral membrane surface. Membrane changes are associated with changes in potassium intake, glucocorticoid levels, and mineralocorticoid levels; however, these observations lead to yet another area of speculation in relation to the mechanism of induction of these membrane changes.
Planar Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Acquisition and Processing Protocols

In view of the variety of gamma camera systems that are commercially available, it is difficult to incorporate every acquisition/acquisition parameter adequately into a few simple charts. Single-headed systems have different acquisition parameters than triple-headed systems, and both are different from dual-headed systems. One must also consider the radiopharmaceutical(s) and imaging protocols one employed. Acquisition parameters will vary depending on these variables.
Oral health of adolescents

Adolescence is a period of life marked by important changes: physical growth and development, emotional changes, the search for one’s own identity and an evolving role in society. Most of these changes will have an impact on health, also with respect of the oral cavity. This contribution aims to give an overview of the problems faced by the adolescent (in general and more specifically related to the oral cavity) and the challenges for the dental professional (specific oral problems, challenge of communicating with adolescent patients). The main aim is to provide some useful hints for the follow-up of adolescent patients in everyday dental practice. Specific oral health concerns in adolescents will include changes in caries risk, dental erosion, trauma, periodontal disease, tooth positioning and malocclusion, emergence of wisdom teeth and so on. On top of this, adolescents are interested in tooth whitening and oral piercings, and they will experiment with tobacco, alcohol and drugs. All of these can further endanger oral health. The dental professional will be faced with a variety of these problems and will need to provide preventive and therapeutic solutions adapted to the specific situation of the adolescent. This necessitates some insight into the world of the adolescent of today. This is especially true since it is known that oral health-related behaviours (e.g. brushing habits, smoking and so on) developed during adolescence are carried over into adulthood and continue to influence (oral) health later in life. This underlines the need for intervention in this age group. However, in this period of life everything is questioned and communication between adolescents and adults is often dramatic. Although the specific effectiveness of following up adolescent patients is recognised, it is remarkable how poor dental literature is with regard to this topic.
Stereo-selective metabolism of methadone by human liver microsomes and cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450s: a reconciliation.

Methadone is a μ-opioid receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of chronic pain and opioid dependence. Clinically it is used in the racemic form; (R)-methadone has higher affinity at μ and δ opioid receptors [1] and greater analgesic activity [2]. Pharmacokinetic studies in humans have also found differences between the two isomers, with (R)-methadone having significantly longer elimination half-life, greater volume of distribution, and lower protein binding [3–5]. Methadone is subject to numerous pharmacokinetic drug interactions; these are thought to primarily occur at cytochrome P450 (CYP) sites of methadone metabolism [6–9]. The stereo-selectivity of the drug interaction may be of importance; interactions that increase or decrease (R)-methadone may lead to toxicity (i.e. respiratory depression) or withdrawal, respectively; interactions that increase (S)-methadone may increase the incidence of prolonged QT intervals [10]. Since the initial studies on CYP involvement in the in vitro metabolism of methadone [11,12], five other laboratories have investigated comparative involvement of different CYPs in methadone metabolism [13–19]. Most of these in vitro studies focused on the predominant metabolic pathway, N-demethylation followed by spontaneous cyclization to form 2-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-3,3,-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP). The involvement of CYP3A4 was noted in all of these studies; and all that studied stereo-selectivity noted none for 3A4-mediated methadone N-demethylation [13,15,16,18,19]. Two laboratories also studied methadone depletion, with contrasting results; Wang and De Vane [15] found CYP3A4 depleted (R)-methadone at a much higher rate, Gerber et al. [16] found no difference in the depletion of (R)- and (S)-methadone by CYP3A4. As tools to study CYP2B6 became available, its important role in methadone N-demethylation was also noted [16,17], and studies on the stereo-selectivity of the reaction consistently showed higher rates of (S)-methadone metabolism by CYP2B6 [16,18,19]. Other CYPs have also been reported to be involved in methadone N-demethylation including: 2D6 [11,15,16], 2C8 [15], 2C9 [11–13,16] and 2C19 [11,13,16,18,19]. Among these CYPs, 2C19 (R > S) [16,18,19], 2C8 (R > S) and 2D6 (S > R) [15] displayed stereo-selectivity. These studies leave some questions about the involvement of CYPs besides 3A4 and 2B6 in methadone N-demethylation and the stereo-selectivity of methadone depletion. Only one study on CYP2B6 stereo-selective methadone N-demethylation provided detailed evidence beyond metabolism in recombinant expressed CYP [19]. The current investigation has both confirmed and expanded on these findings. We have tested the stereo-selective metabolism of methadone in a large panel of CYP Supersomes with scaling of Supersome activities, correlation analysis and use of a number of specific chemical inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. The relative contribution of 3A4 and 2B6, as well as other CYPs, to in vitro methadone metabolism and stereo-selective metabolism was determined.
The Bacterial RecA Protein: Structure, Function, and Regulation

The bacterial RecA protein is the prototypical recombinase, promoting the central steps of DNA pairing and strand exchange in genetic recombination and recombinational DNA repair. RecA homologs are present in virtually all organisms from bacteria to humans. RecA is a multifunctional protein. As a recombinase, the protein binds to DNA in the form of a helical filament, and exhibits a DNA-dependent ATPase activity. As a nucleoprotein filament, RecA promotes a series of easily monitored DNA strand exchange reactions in vitro. In addition to its role as a recombinase, the E. coliRecA protein is also a key component of the regulatory system that controls the induction of the SOS response, and it plays a direct role in the UV mutagenesis promoted by DNA polymerase V. RecA protein is subject to multiple layers of regulation. RecA is autoregulated by its own C-terminus. Many other proteins, including the RecF, RecO, RecR, DinI, RecX, RdgC, PsiB, and SSB proteins, have either a demonstrated or probable role in modulating where and when RecA-mediated recombination events occur.
Thermoneutral Housing Accelerates Metabolic Inflammation to Potentiate Atherosclerosis but Not Insulin Resistance

Chronic, low-grade inflammation triggered by excess intake of dietary lipids has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Although considerable evidence supports a causal association between inflammation and metabolic diseases, most tests of this link have been performed in cold-stressed mice that are housed below their thermoneutral zone. We report here that thermoneutral housing of mice has a profound effect on the development of metabolic inflammation, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis. Mice housed at thermoneutrality develop metabolic inflammation in adipose tissue and in the vasculature at an accelerated rate. Unexpectedly, this increased inflammatory response contributes to the progression of atherosclerosis but not insulin resistance. These findings not only suggest that metabolic inflammation can be uncoupled from obesity-associated insulin resistance, but also point to how thermal stress might limit our ability to faithfully model human diseases in mice.
Rebasing metal-based complete mandibular dentures

A comprehensive rationale and technique is presented for rebasing a metal-based mandibular complete denture. It is economically practical to rebase the metal-based complete denture if it meets the criteria for rebasing. No more chair time is required for replacing a metal base than for an acrylic resin base. The only additional cost is for construction of the new metal base in the laboratory.
Brief Introduction to Neutron Scattering and Global Neutron User Facilities

Neutrons play a vital role as a powerful tool in basic science and applied research. In this article, the basic properties of neutrons, their generation and detection, as well as some fundamental aspects of neutron instrumentation are introduced. Neutron user facilities, at which the user may obtain more specific information and apply for beam time, are also discussed.
Degradation of formic acid over semiconducting membranes supported on glass : effects of structure and electronic doping

Abstract The photocatalytic oxidation of solutions of formic acid over supported semiconducting ceramic membranes has been investigated. Sol-gel techniques were employed to coat pyrex glass supports with colloidal solutions. Subsequent firing leads to supported ceramic membranes suitable for use as photocatalysts. The structure of these membranes affects the rate of photocatalytic oxidation of formic acid. The most active titania photocatalysts are those membranes characterized by the least number of boundaries between particles. Titania membranes doped with vanadium, molybdenum, yttrium, magnesium, lithium and rutherium oxides and platinum metal have been prepared. Only those titania membranes doped with magnesium oxide, lithium oxide or platinum metal were characterized by higher activities for the degradation of formic acid than the original titania membranes. The rate of this degradation reaction can be characterized by an expression of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson form.
The Differential Impact of Early Father and Mother Involvement on Later Student Achievement

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the direct and indirect effects of early parenting on later parental school involvement and student achievement. The sample, pulled from the 1st and 2nd waves of the Child Development Supplement data set of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, consisted of 390 children age 2-5 at Time 1 and their families. Fathers' and mothers' participation in 5 dimensions of early parenting behaviors was assessed at Time 1, and later parental school involvement and student achievement were assessed at Time 2. Although early paternal and maternal parenting behaviors were not directly related to later student achievement, differences were revealed in the pattern of relationships between early parenting and later parental school involvement for fathers and mothers. In addition, fathers' later school involvement was found to be negatively related to student achievement, whereas maternal school involvement was found to be positively related to student achievement. These findings provide partial support for the hypothesized differential relationship between fathers' and mothers' early parenting and later student achievement
Reprint of: Catestatin: a multifunctional peptide from chromogranin A.

Abstract In 1997, we identified a novel peptide, catestatin (CST: bovine chromogranin A [CHGA]344–364: RSMRLSFRARGYGFRGPGLQL; human CHGA352–372: SSMKLSFRARGYGFRGPGPQL), which is a potent inhibitor of nicotinic-cholinergic-stimulated catecholamine secretion. CST shows characteristic inhibitory effects on nicotinic cationic (Na+, Ca2+) signal transduction, which are specific to the neuronal nicotinic receptor. Utilizing systematic polymorphism discovery at the human CHGA locus we discovered three human variants of CST: G364S, P370L, and R374Q that showed differential potencies towards the inhibition of catecholamine secretion. In humans, CHGA is elevated and its processing to CST is diminished in hypertension. Diminished CST is observed not only in hypertensive individuals but also in the early-normotensive offspring of patients with hypertension, suggesting that an early deficiency of CST might play a pathogenic role in the subsequent development of the disease. Consistent with human findings, prevention of endogenous CST expression by targeted ablation (knockout) of the mouse Chga locus (Chga-KO) resulted in severe hypertension that can be “rescued” specifically by replacement of the CST peptide. CST acts directly on the heart to inhibit the inotropic and lusitropic properties of the rodent heart and also acts as a potent vasodilator in rats and humans. While the G364S CST variant caused profound changes in human autonomic activity and seemed to reduce the risk of developing hypertension, CST replacement rescued Chga-KO mice from dampened baroreflex sensitivity. In addition, CST has been shown to induce chemotaxis and acts as an antimicrobial as well as an antimalarial peptide. The present review summarizes these multiple actions of CST.
Gemcitabine-associated thrombotic microangiopathy.

Hematology Division, Dana-Farber Cancer Insti-tute, Boston, Massachusetts.Supported by Training Grant 2 T32 DK007527-18from the National Institutes of Health (B.D.H.).The authors thank Bruce Chabner, M.D., for hiscritical reading of the current article.Address for reprints: Colm C. Magee, M.D., RenalDivison, MRB-4, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115; Fax: (617)732-6392; E-mail: cmagee@partners.orgReceived February 6, 2004; revision receivedMarch 15, 2004; accepted March 19, 2004.
Emergency psychology: a mobile service for police crisis calls.

The Emergency Treatment Center, a new program of crisis intervention services, has been in operation since February 1975. This seven-day-week, twenty-four-hour-a-day program backs up ten Northern California police departments to provide help to people who are experiencing psychological emergencies such as violent family fights, suicide attempts, and severe emotional disturbance; in addition, the Center responds to any kind of crisis call involving adolescents. The population of the area served is approximately 750,000 of whom approximately 110,000 are adolescents between 10 and 17 years of age. Language: en
Unsteady-State Pressure Response Due to Production With a Slotted Liner Completion

The transient behavior of production from a well with a slotted liner has been solved analytically by the source function method. The unsteady-state pressure response was examined as a function of slot frequency and slot length, with a penetration ratio of 1:2. The results indicate that limited entry into the well causes skin effects. However, the effects become negligible when three or more slots are distributed around the circumference of the liner. For more than three slots, the well effectively behaves like a continuous-surface cylindrical source (or a line source well, depending on time and location). The authors conclude that there is likely to be little reduction in flow efficiency in an ideal slotted liner completion, unless some slots are clogged.
The use of in situ and stream microcosm experiments to assess population- and community-level responses to metals.

We conducted field and stream microcosm experiments to assess population-level (density, size distribution) and community-level (species richness metrics, multivariate analysis of community composition) responses of macroinvertebrates to heavy metals in the Arkansas River, a mining-polluted stream in Colorado, USA. Experiments were conducted in spring and summer to coincide with early and late developmental stages (i.e., instars) of the mayfly Rhithrogena hageni. Results of field experiments showed significant mortality at metal-contaminated sites during summer when mayfly populations were dominated by small, early instars (mean dry wt = 0.13 mg). In contrast, no significant mortality was observed in spring when organisms were larger (mean dry wt = 1.78 mg). Multivariate analyses based on abundance of dominant taxa clearly separated reference and metal-impacted stations in summer experiments but showed little separation in spring. We observed no significant effects of metals on species richness, number of mayfly species, or EPT (species richness of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) in either field experiment. Using stream microcosms, we established concentration-response relationships between heavy metals and R. hageni density, species richness, mayfly richness, and EPT. Density of R. hageni was generally more sensitive to metals than measures of species richness, and summer populations of R. hageni were more sensitive to metals than spring populations. Because the presence of large, relatively tolerant individuals in spring coincided with periods of higher metal concentrations, R. hageni was protected from toxic effects in this system. We conclude that phenology and developmental stage are important factors influencing responses of some aquatic macroinvertebrates to metals. Thus, timing bioassessments to coincide with the presence of these sensitive life stages can improve our ability to detect subtle contaminant effects.
Coronary stenting with a new ultra‐short balloon expandable device: Early and late animal results

The early and late effects of a new balloon-expandable coronary stent (Boneau II) were studied in 16 adult mongrel dogs. Thirty-three balloon-expandable stents were deployed using standard transfemoral coronary angioplasty technique. Single stents were placed in eight dogs and multiple (two to four) stents were placed in eight dogs. Intravenous heparin (3,000 units) was administered at the beginning of the procedure. Aspirin, dipyridamole, dextran, and warfarin were not administered before or after the procedure. All stent deployments were successful. Angiographic or pathologic examinations were performed within 24 hr of deployment on two of the dogs, at 2 weeks on two of the dogs, at 2 months on three of the dogs, at 6 months on six of the dogs, and at 1 year on three of the dogs. All successfully deployed stents were noted to be widely patent. There was no evidence of side-branch vessel occlusion. There was no evidence of acute or late vessel thrombosis. Histologic examination at 2 months showed a mean intimal thickness of 153 microns. The stainless steel Boneau II coronary stent is relatively short and easily deployed. This balloon-expandable coronary stent was successfully deployed in normal canine arteries without the use of anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy before or after the procedure. The Boneau II intracoronary stent has a very low thrombogenic potential in dogs.
Masquerading microbial pathogens: Capsular polysaccharides mimic host-tissue molecules

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria portends an impending postantibiotic age, characterized by diminishing efficacy of common antibiotics and routine application of multifaceted, complementary therapeutic approaches to treat bacterial infections, particularly multidrug-resistant organisms. The first line of defense for most bacterial pathogens consists of a physical and immunologic barrier known as the capsule, commonly composed of a viscous layer of carbohydrates that are covalently bound to the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria or often to lipids of the outer membrane in many Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial capsular polysaccharides are a diverse class of high molecular weight polysaccharides contributing to virulence of many human pathogens in the gut, respiratory tree, urinary tract, and other host tissues, by hiding cell surface components that might otherwise elicit host immune response. This review highlights capsular polysaccharides that are structurally identical or similar to polysaccharides found in mammalian tissues, including polysialic acid and glycosaminoglycan capsules hyaluronan, heparosan, and chondroitin. Such nonimmunogenic coatings render pathogens insensitive to certain immune responses, effectively increasing residence time in host tissues and enabling pathologically relevant population densities to be reached. Biosynthetic pathways and capsular involvement in immune system evasion are described, providing a basis for potential therapies aimed at supplementing or replacing antibiotic treatment.
Functional acetylcholinesterase of rat diaphragm muscle.

Abstract Surface (external) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and internal AChE of rat diaphragm muscle were assayed separately with radioactive acetyl-β-methylcholine (MeCh) or acetylcholine (ACh) on the intact muscle in vitro and on the muscle homogenate. Surface AChE had a K m for ACh of 1.05 mM and V max of 19.4 μM min −1 per diaphragm. External AChE activity increased 27 per cent for a doubling of muscle weight and averaged 20 per cent of total homogenate activity. Phospholine treatment (4 × 10 −7 M, 7 min, 30°) potentiated the indirectly elicited twitch response 164 per cent when inhibition of external AChE was 91 per cent and internal AChE 64 per cent, whereas DFP treatment (5 × 10 −6 M, 20 min, 30°) potentiated the twitch 257 per cent when inhibition of external AChE was 88 per cent and internal AChE 92 per cent. Inhibition by DPP was reduced by 80 per cent for surface and 32 per cent for internal AChE in the presence of edrophonium (8 × 10 − 6 M) and by 77 and o per cent respectively, in the presence of ACh (2 × 10 −3 M). Selective reactivation of DFP-inhibited surface AChE by 2-PAM correlates with recovery from twitch potentiation. The diaphragm muscle gave normal low frequency twitch response if surface AChE inhibition was less than 35 per cent, even when internal AChE was 78–92 per cent inhibited. Surface AChE activity as assayed on intact rat diaphragm muscle in vitro with 5 × 10 −6 M MeCh as substrate is primarily functional endplate AChE and correlates with cholinergic twitch responses.
Uncertainties in 14C ages for petroglyphs from the Olary province, South Australia

This report explains why previously published 14C dates for the Olary petroglyphs cannot be relied upon,
Solid molar volumes of interest to supercritical extraction at 298 K: atropine, berberine hydrochloride hydrate, brucine dihydrate, capsaicin, ergotamine tartrate dihydrate, naphthalene, penicillin V, piperine, quinine, strychnine, theobromine, theophylline, and yohimbine hydrochloride

Solid molar volumes of interest to supercritical extraction were measured for a number of alkaloids, spices and other substances at 298 K with a gas buoyancy technique. The values obtained were 240.2 cm 3 /mol, atropine; 288.1 cm 3 /mol, berberine hydrochloride hydrate; 320.2 cm 3 /mol, brucine dihydrate; 289.8 cm 3 /mol, capsaicin; 893.0 cm 3 /mol, ergotamine tartrate dihydrate; 109.9 cm 3 /mol, naphthalene; 243.2 cm 3 /mol, penicillin V; 226.4 cm 3 /mol, piperine; 253.0 cm 3 /mol, quinine; 242.0 cm 3 /mol, strychnine; 120.5 cm 3 /mol, theobromine; 123.7 cm 3 /mol, theophylline; and 296.8 cm 3 /mol, yohimbine hydrochloride
Respiratory Failure in a Pregnant Patient with Pyelonephritis

Childbearing Poster Presentation Background Liver rupture is a rare life threatening complication of severe preeclampsia and hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome. This syndrome occurs in one of 225,000 pregnancies, and our institution has had three cases since July 2009. Liver rupture presents a unique challenge to even the well-seasoned, experienced nurse. The purpose of this presentation is to help nurses recognize the potential for liver rupture and empower them with nursing interventions to care for patients experiencing this emergency.
Molecular-Scale Characterization of the Reaction of Ozone with Decanethiol Monolayers on Au(111)

The chemical reaction of ozone with decanethiol monolayers on Au(111) was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. Our results show that exposure to ozone results in oxidation of the thiol terminus. The reaction initiates at the domain boundary network of the alkanethiol monolayer and propagates into the domains. Above a threshold surface oxygen content, the monolayer converts to a two-dimensional fluid that can subsequently recrystallize to a commensurate monolayer of partially oxidized thiol. Further exposure to ozone results in conversion of the monolayer to a fluid phase and a 10% to 30% expansion of the Au lattice at the Au−thiol interface with concomitant formation of Au islands. Our results demonstrate that crystallographic defects in monolayer films can play an important role in their chemical reactions.
Isolation and cultivation of equine corneal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts

Objective To establish an in vitro model for the investigation of equine corneal wound healing. To accomplish this goal, a protocol to isolate and culture equine corneal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts was developed. Animal material Equine corneal buttons were aseptically harvested from healthy research horses undergoing humane euthanasia for reasons unrelated to this study. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy was performed prior to euthanasia by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist to ensure that all samples were harvested from horses free of anterior segment disease. Procedure Equine corneal stroma was isolated using mechanical techniques and stromal sub-sections were then cultured. Customized media at different culture conditions was used to promote growth and differentiation of corneal stromal cells into keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Results Cell culture techniques were successfully used to establish a method for the isolation and culture of equine corneal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Immunohistochemical staining for alpha-smooth muscle and F-actin was used to definitively differentiate the three cell types. Conclusion Equine corneal stromal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts can be predictably isolated and cultured in vitro using this protocol.