cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Life-Threatening Rashes: Dermatologic Signs of Four Infectious Diseases

Four infectious diseases that are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality are Rocky Mountain spotted fever, meningococcal disease, staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. These diseases necessitate a timely diagnosis and treatment, which may be facilitated by recognition of the characteristic cutaneous findings. Herein the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management are presented, with emphasis on the dermatologic signs of each disease. A dermatology consultation can be valuable, but all physicians should be familiar with the cutaneous findings of these potentially life-threatening diseases.
Complications of foldable intraocular lenses requiring explantation or secondary intervention--2003 survey update

The tenth annual survey of complications associated with foldable intraocular lenses (IOLs) requiring explantation or secondary intervention was sent to members of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery and the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons. Preoperative data about visual acuity, patient signs and symptoms, and complications requiring IOL removal were evaluated. Complications were then tabulated for each of the following major foldable IOL groups: 1-piece (plate) silicone, 1-piece hydrophobic acrylic with haptics, 3-piece silicone, 3-piece hydrophobic acrylic, 3-piece hydrophilic acrylic (hydrogel), 3-piece unknown, multifocal acrylic, and multifocal silicone. One hundred forty-two surveys were returned for evaluation. Dislocation/decentration, incorrect IOL power, glare/optical aberrations, and IOL calcification were the most common reasons for removing foldable IOLs. Good surgical technique, accurate IOL power measurements, and high manufacturing standards for foldable IOL materials and designs are the most important factors in preventing complications.
The laser magnetic resonance spectrum of HCl

(1982). The laser magnetic resonance spectrum of HCl+. Molecular Physics: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 217-221.
FROM THE DRUG INFORMATION CENTRES PILOT STUDY—AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SOURCES AND SATISFACTION OF MEDICATION INFORMATION PROVIDED TO THE ELDERLY

Summary Studies have shown that consumers, in general, do not know everything they should know or would like to know about the medicines they are taking. In addition, several studies report that many older individuals are reluctant to ask questions about the medicines they are taking. This pilot study was conducted to assess the sources from which the elderly obtain their information about prescription and non-prescription medicines and their level of satisfaction with each source. The study results reveal that over half of those surveyed indicated that they received no information about prescription or non-prescription medicines. Further, a large percentage of those surveyed stated that they would like to receive information about non-prescription medicines from a health provider. The findings suggest that pharmacists should routinely provide information to the elderly about all aspects of their medication treatment.
The evolution of payoff matrices: providing incentives to cooperate

Most of the work in evolutionary game theory starts with a model of a social situation that gives rise to a particular payoff matrix and analyses how behaviour evolves through natural selection. Here, we invert this approach and ask, given a model of how individuals behave, how the payoff matrix will evolve through natural selection. In particular, we ask whether a prisoner's dilemma game is stable against invasions by mutant genotypes that alter the payoffs. To answer this question, we develop a two-tiered framework with goal-oriented dynamics at the behavioural time scale and a diploid population genetic model at the evolutionary time scale. Our results are two-fold: first, we show that the prisoner's dilemma is subject to invasions by mutants that provide incentives for cooperation to their partners, and that the resulting game is a coordination game similar to the hawk–dove game. Second, we find that for a large class of mutants and symmetric games, a stable genetic polymorphism will exist in the locus determining the payoff matrix, resulting in a complex pattern of behavioural diversity in the population. Our results highlight the importance of considering the evolution of payoff matrices to understand the evolution of animal social systems.
Intramolecular fatty acid distribution in the milk fat triglycerides of several species.

Abstract The distribution of fatty acids in the triglycerides of some milk fats of nutritional importance was examined by the pancreatic lipase hydrolysis procedure. Milk fats were from the cow, Indian buffalo, goat, sheep, and human. A substantially shortened hydrolysis period was employed, its use validated by a comparison of the original triglyceride composition with the residual mono-glyceride composition of a randomly interesterified milk fat subjected to such hydrolysis. Certain fatty acids had a similar distribution pattern in all of the milk fats examined, but some differences between the ruminant and human fats were evident in the relative concentration of individual fatty acids esterified at either the 2- or the 1-,3-positions of the triglycerides. Thus, the short-chain fatty acids C 4:0 and C 6:0 were esterified predominantly, though not exclusively, at the 1-,3-positions in all species. C 14:0 and C 15:0 acids were preferentially esterified at the 2-position, whereas C 18:0 was concentrated at the 1-,3-positions in each fat. Human milk fat was notable in having a greater proportion of C 16:0 in the 2-position, and of C 18:0 and C 18:1 in the 1-,3-positions than the milk fats of ruminants.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis alters stomatal conductance of host plants more under drought than under amply watered conditions: a meta-analysis

Stomata regulate rates of carbon assimilation and water loss. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses often modify stomatal behavior and therefore play pivotal roles in plant productivity. The size of the AM effect on stomatal conductance to water vapor (g s ) has varied widely, has not always been apparent, and is unpredictable. We conducted a meta-analysis of 460 studies to determine the size of the AM effect under ample watering and drought and to examine how experimental conditions have influenced the AM effect. Across all host and symbiont combinations under all soil moisture conditions, AM plants have shown 24 % higher g s than nonmycorrhizal (NM) controls. The promotion of g s has been over twice as great during moderate drought than under amply watered conditions. The AM influence on g s has been even more pronounced under severe drought, with over four times the promotion observed with ample water. Members of the Claroideoglomeraceae, Glomeraceae, and other AM families stimulated g s by about the same average amount. Colonization by native AM fungi has produced the largest promotion. Among single-AM symbionts, Glomus deserticola, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, and Funneliformis mosseae have had the largest average effects on g s across studies. Dicotyledonous hosts, especially legumes, have been slightly more responsive to AM symbiosis than monocotyledonous hosts, and C3 plants have shown over twice the AM-induced promotion of C4 plants. The extent of root colonization is important, with heavily colonized plants showing ×10 the g s promotion of lightly colonized plants. AM promotion of g s has been larger in growth chambers and in the field than in greenhouse studies, almost ×3 as large when plants were grown under high light than low light, and ×2.5 as large in purely mineral soils than in soils having an organic component. When AM plants have been compared with NM controls given NM pot culture, they have shown only half the promotion of g s as NM plants not given anything at inoculation to control for associated soil organisms. The AM effect has been much greater when AM plants were larger or had more phosphorus than NM controls. These findings should assist in further investigations of predictions and mechanisms of the AM influence on host g s .
A Branch, Bound, and Remember Algorithm for the Simple Assembly Line Balancing Problem

We present a new exact algorithm for the assembly line balancing problem. The algorithm finds and verifies the optimal solution for every problem in the combined benchmarks of Hoffmann, Talbot, and Scholl in less than one-half second per problem, on average, including one problem that has remained open for over 10 years. The previous best-known algorithm is able to solve 257 of the 269 benchmarks. The new algorithm is based on a branch-and-bound method that uses memory to eliminate redundant subproblems.
Relationships between Supervisor Turnover Intention and Subordinate Perceived Organisational Support and Positive Mood

The current study utilised organisational support theory to consider whether supervisors' intention to leave the organisation could contribute to subordinates' perceived organisational support (POS) and positive mood. Using hierarchical linear modeling, we found that supervisors' turnover intentions were related to subordinates' POS, and subordinate POS mediated the relationship between supervisor turnover intention and positive mood. Supervisors who intend to leave may no longer feel obligated to help the organisation reach its goals. The reduced felt obligation may affect their willingness to provide aid to the subordinates below them, resulting in reduced POS and positive mood of subordinates.
Evolution and Resolution of Long-term Cardiac Memory

Background—Cardiac memory (CM) refers to T-wave changes induced by ventricular pacing or arrhythmia that accumulate in magnitude and duration with repeated episodes of abnormal activation. We repor...
Effects on young american kestrels (Falco sparverius) exposed to Beauveria bassiana bioinsecticide.

Wide-area spraying of insecticides for control of grasshopper outbreaks on western rangelands has exceeded 5 million hectares in a single year (USDA 1987). Effects of insecticides on non-target fish and wildlife are of concern to conservation organizations and to the general public. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has developed a Range Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management Program (GHIPM) that seeks to integrate chemical, biological, and cultural methods for regulating grasshopper populations while reducing ecotoxic effects on non-target animal life. Beauveria bassiana fungus is a pathogen that holds promise as a biological control material for a major rangeland grasshopper pest species (Melanoplus sanguinipes) (Marcandier and Khachatourians 1987; Moore and Erlandson 1988; Inglis et al. 1995). Biological controls are useful for reducing high grasshopper populations in environmentally sensitive areas such as lake and stream borders, nest sites of endangered bird species, and other endangered species habitats where chemical insecticides are restricted. Grasshopper control with biological materials may be more target-pest specific and pose lower risk to other animal life inhabiting treated areas (USDA 1987). In this paper we report the results of field tests in which wild American kestrel (Falco sparverius) nestlings were exposed to acute oral dosages of B. bassiana spores. The young kestrels were observed through the post-fledging stage in Colorado during the 1992 breeding season. Null hypotheses tested were: (1) mean growth parameters and survival would not differ between treated and untreated nestlings, (2) timed responses to systematic behavior/reaction tests would not differ between treated and untreated nestlings, and (3) mean distances moved and survival would not differ between treated and untreated fledglings. Juvenile kestrels were chosen for this study because the optimal timing (June) of application of B. bassiana spores to late instar grasshopper populations coincides with the kestrel nestling stage. Grasshoppers are important prey for kestrels and are a valuable food source for the young (Bent 1961).
Rapid elimination of Toxoplasma gondii by gamma interferon-primed mouse macrophages is independent of CD40 signaling.

Autophagy has been implicated in the intracellular destruction of Toxoplasma gondii by primed macrophages following gamma interferon (IFN-γ) activation of p47 GTPases. CD40 ligation has also been shown to trigger autophagic elimination of T. gondii independent of IFN-γ and p47 GTPases. Here we demonstrate that IFN-γ/p47 GTPase-dependent elimination of T. gondii by strain CPS vaccine-primed macrophages is independent of CD40/tumor necrosis factor signaling. Similar to wild-type controls, both CD40-deficient and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1/2 (TNFR1/2)-deficient macrophages can efficiently eliminate invaded strain GFP-PTG and restrain its replication following priming. In contrast, macrophages from mice lacking the IFN-γ receptor gene neither clear the parasites nor repress their proliferation. Thus, CD40 and IFN-γ-induced pathogen elimination might represent two independent resistance pathways, the latter of which plays a primary role in anti-Toxoplasma immunity in mice.
Inhibition of insulin secretion by diphenylhydantoin in the isolated perfused pancreas.

ABSTRACT To investigate the mechanisms involved in the production of hyperglycemia by diphenylhydantoin (DPH), rat pancreases were extirpated and perfused with 75 μg/mlof this drug. The insulin response to glucose was compared in DPH-perfused and control organs. DPH completely inhibited the immunoreactive insulin response to glucose. There was no effect upon the standard immunoassay curve for insulin by DPH. These findings imply that DPH-induced hyperglycemia results from direct impairment of insulin secretion. The mechanism for this may be related to an alteration of cellular sodium transfer by DPH.
Ideal concentrators for finite sources and restricted exit angles

Design procedures for ideal radiation concentrators are described which are applicable to finite sources and/or restricted exit angles. Finite sources are relevant for second stage concentrators which collect and further concentrate radiation from a primary focusing element (mirror or lens) in a manner similar to the field optic element in a telescope. Restricting the exit angle is useful for improving the optical efficiency of solar collectors by eliminating grazing angles of incidence of the absorber. It also serves to extend the useful range of angular acceptance values available from solid dielectric concentrators that function by total internal reflection. Concentrators of this type can be used to construct highly efficient radiation traps (spectrally selective filters).
LIVER DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH ALPHA1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY

Alpha 1 -antitrypsin deficiency (α 1 -ATD) is the most common metabolic liver disease in children and the most common genetic indication for pediatric liver transplantation. 24,35 In adults, it is associated with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and is the most common genetic cause of pulmonary emphysema. Alpha 1 -antitrypsin (α 1 -AT), a glycoprotein synthesized in the liver, is the main protease inhibitor (Pi) whose primary biologic function is to bind and inactivate leukocyte elastase. 22 The deficiency state is caused by a mutation in the α 1 -AT gene at the Pi locus on chromosome 14, which leads to a single amino acid substitution (glu to lys 342). 43 This defect leads to conformational changes of monomeric α 1 -AT that impair the secretion of the mutant gene product; however, only a proportion of individuals with α 1 -ATD develop significant liver injury. This review highlights the structure and function of α 1 -AT, the molecular/pathophysiologic basis of α 1 -ATD–related liver disease, clinical manifestations and cofactors, and current treatment options.
Optimal Design of Coproductive Services: Interaction and Work Allocation

In services, customers provide significant inputs into the production process. In particular, these inputs may be the customers themselves participating in the service delivery. Although many service firms have explored different ways of involving customers in their production process, there is no clear guideline for the design of such coproductive systems. In this paper, we develop an analytical model of joint production between a service provider and a customer and characterize how a service firm should design its coproductive system. We show that, as a task becomes more standard, it is desirable to decrease the degree of interaction between the provider and the customer by making their efforts more substitutable and to allocate most of the work to whoever is the most efficient. Conversely, as a task becomes less standard, it is optimal to increase interaction by making efforts more complementary and to balance the work allocation. Our analysis gives rise to a service-process framework with three archet...
Performance comparison of two implementations of the leaky LMS adaptive filter

The leaky LMS adaptive filter can be implemented either directly or by adding random white noise to the input signal of the LMS adaptive filter. In this correspondence, we analyze and compare the mean-square performances of these two adaptive filter implementations for system identification tasks with zero mean i.i.d. input signals. Our results indicate that the performance of the direct implementation is superior to that of the random noise implementation in all respects. However, for small leakage factors, these performance differences are negligible.
Stabilizing schemes for piecewise-linear reduced order models via projection and weighting functions

In this paper we present several results concerning the stabilization of piecewise-linear reduced order models. We include proofs of internal and external stability for models whose system matrices possess special structures. We then introduce a new projection scheme, and a new set of weighting functions which allow us to extend some of these results to piecewise-linear systems comprised of arbitrary matrices, at least one of which is Hurwitz. Included are an algorithm for creating switching piecewise-linear reduced models comprised of globally exponentially stable systems, and stable simulation results for a system which produces unstable results when using the standard TPWL method.
Thermal Characteristics and Structure of Fully-Modulated, Turbulent Diffusion Flames in Microgravity

Turbulent jet diffusion flames are studied in microgravity and normal gravity under fully-modulated conditions for a range of injection times and a 50% duty cycle. Diluted ethylene was injected through a 2-mm nozzle at a Reynolds number of 5,000 into an open duct, with a slow oxidizer co-flow. Microgravity tests are conducted in NASA's 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Flames with short injection times and high duty cycle exhibit a marked increase in the ensemble-averaged flame length due to the removal of buoyancy. The cycle-averaged centerline temperature profile reveals higher temperatures in the microgravity flames, especially at the flame tip where the difference is about 200 K. In addition, the cycle-averaged measurements of flame radiation were about 30% to 60% greater in microgravity than in normal gravity.
Radiation Fields on Asymptotically Euclidean Manifolds

Abstract F.G. Friedlander introduced the notion of radiation fields for asymptotically Euclidean manifolds. Here we answer some of the questions he proposed and apply the results to give a unitary translation representation of the wave group, and to obtain the scattering matrix for such manifolds. We also obtain a support theorem for the radiation fields.
Patterns of Transnational Terrorism, 1970–1999: Alternative Time-Series Estimates

Using alternative time-series methods, this paper investigates the patterns of transnational terrorist incidents that involve one or more deaths. Initially, an updated analysis of these fatal events for 1970–1999 is presented using a standard linear model with prespecified interventions that represent significant policy and political impacts. Next, a (regime-switching) threshold autoregressive (TAR) model is applied to this fatality time series. TAR estimates indicate that increases above the mean are not sustainable during high-activity eras, but are sustainable during low-activity eras. The TAR model provides a better fit than previously tried methods for the fatality time series. By applying a Fourier approximation to the nonlinear estimates, we get improved results. The findings in this study and those in our earlier studies are then applied to suggest some policy implications in light of the tragic attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001.
Verbal labeling, rehearsal, and short-term memory

The effects of verbal labeling in a serial position short-term memory (STM) task were investigated in two studies. In the first, 32 children at each of the grades 4, 6, and 8 were tested. In the second, 40 college students were tested. The stimuli consisted of eight cards with a central and an incidental picture on each. Half of the subjects overtly labeled the central pictures as they were presented; half did not. In Study I there were eight trials; in Study II there were additional trials in which stimuli contained only the central pictures. In Study I labeling did not affect overall performance; in Study II labeling was found to decrease performance significantly. For both studies labeling had differential effects at the primacy and recency portions of the serial-position data. There was no effect of one versus two stimuli per card in Study II. The findings were discussed in terms of issues concerning verbal mediation and rehearsal strategies. A developmental model for the processes involved in serial-position STM was presented.
Invasive Breast Cancer: Predicting Disease Recurrence by Using High-Spatial-Resolution Signal Enhancement Ratio Imaging

Purpose: To retrospectively evaluate high-spatial-resolution signal enhancement ratio (SER) imaging for the prediction of disease recurrence in patients with breast cancer who underwent preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board and was HIPAA compliant; informed consent was waived. From 1995 to 2002, gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging data were acquired with a three time point high-resolution method in women undergoing neoadjuvant therapy for invasive breast cancers. Forty-eight women (mean age, 49.1 years; range, 29.7–72.4 years) were divided into recurrence-free or recurrence groups. Volume measurements were tabulated for SER values between set ranges; cutoff criteria were defined to predict disease recurrence after surgery. Wilcoxon rank sum tests and the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model were used for evaluation. Results: Breast tumor volume calculated from the number of voxels with SER v...
A New Species of the Red Crossbill (Fringillidae: Loxia) from Idaho

Abstract. The Red Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra complex) endemic to the South Hills and Albion Mountains in southern Idaho has coevolved in a predator-prey arms race with the lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta latifolia). The resulting divergent selection has favored a sedentary, locally adapted crossbill population whose size and vocalizations differ from those of co-occurring Red Crossbills of other call types. It has also led to high levels of reproductive isolation between the “South Hills crossbill” and nomadic taxa with different vocalizations that move in and out of the area yearly. Genetic analyses of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) indicate that about 5% of the loci in the South Hills Crossbill have diverged in spite of the potentially homogenizing influence of gene flow. Given these differences in genetics, morphology, and behavior, and the high level of reproductive isolation in sympatry with other call types (99% of South Hills Crossbills pair assortatively), we recommend that this c...
Ladysthumb interference and seed production in cotton

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the effect of interference between ladysthumb and cotton on plant growth and productivity. Ladysthumb remained shorter than cotton until at least 70 d after cotton planting. However, ladysthumb grew over twice as tall as cotton and, depending on plant density, produced between 179 and 681 g dry biomass per plant by cotton harvest. Ladysthumb biomass per plant was not affected by weed density when grown with cotton. When grown alone, ladysthumb produced over 2,000 g dry biomass per plant, which was over four times greater than biomass produced by plants grown with cotton. Cotton lint yield decreased between 0.7 and 0.9 kg ha−1 with each gram increase in weed dry biomass per meter of the row. The relationship between ladysthumb density and cotton percent yield loss was described by the rectangular hyperbola model with the asymptote (coefficient a) constrained to 100% maximum yield loss. The estimated coefficient i (yield loss per unit density as density approache...
An Examination Of Cross Cultural Competence In International Business: The Case Of The Subsidiaries

Cultural competence as approached in this paper enables individuals and organizations to work or respond effectively across cultures in ways that the values, beliefs, traditions and customs are recognized. This study uses Jaccarino & Kendall (2004) empirical model to understand the cross-cultural competence process in an organization. The model consists of four elements: cultural awareness, skill development, developmental planning, and organization strategy. Moreover, this paper explores similarities and differences that exists and the business implications that results from cultural competence variations. Null hypothesis 1 covers the comparison between international subsidiaries by stating that there are no differences in cultural competence between two subsidiaries (United States and Mexico) of an international firm once they operate under unified directives. Null hypothesis 2 covers the comparison within each subsidiary by stating that there are no differences in cultural competence between administrators and direct service providers/clerks in each subsidiary (United States and Mexico) of an international firm.
Magnetic Rare Earth Artificial Metallic Superlattices

Intense interest has been generated over the past several years in the growth and properties of layered magnetic materials, both from a fundamental point of view and for applications. Layered structures have been prepared by a variety of techniques including sputtering, electro-deposition, and evaporation, and include semi-conducting, metallic, and insulating materials. These systems can consist of crystalline layers of one element or compound interleaved with layers of a different element or compound, or alternatively may be built of amorphous layers or amorphous layers alternated with crystalline layers. Depending on the materials and growth techniques, these multilayers may be produced (a) with no uniform crystallographic alignment or coherence from layer to layer, (b) with alignment of one specific crystallographic axis direction along the growth (stacking) direction, or (c) with true three-dimensional atomic order (epitaxy) in which there is multilayer atomic registry both along the growth axis and also within the growth planes. For the purposes of this review, the term artificial metallic superlattice will be reserved for this latter category of true three dimensionally coherent layered structures, while the term multilayer will be used for layered structures in which coherence is present in less than three dimensions.
Suggested guidelines for articles about botanical dietary supplements

Recently, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (AJCN) began reviewing articles about dietary supplements. The purpose of this commentary is to provide guidelines to authors and reviewers for articles on one category of supplement ingredients, botanicals. The botanicals in the studies published by the AJCN tend to fall into 1 of 2 groups: 1) plants as foods containing nonessential bioactive constituents that may provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition, and 2) plants as herbs, specifically those used as phytomedicines. Research in these areas is relevant to clinical nutrition, but both topics represent relatively new territory to many AJCN reviewers, readers, and contributors. Although studies of botanicals are unique in many respects, the research should be evaluated with the same basic criteria applied to other types of investigations. For example, a study cannot be evaluated or replicated unless the test materials are properly identified and characterized. Investigators must provide an accurate and complete description of the botanical test material regardless of whether it is a finished product, commercial ingredient, extract, or single chemical constituent. For herbal preparations, investigators are advised to follow the criteria used by researchers in the field of pharmacognosy. Finally, the quality of research related to botanical dietary supplements would be improved and cross-study comparisons facilitated if standard reference materials and certified methods of analysis were more broadly available.
Caregiving Practice Patterns of Asian, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic White American Family Caregivers of Older Adults Across Generations

This study is a cross-sectional investigation of caregiving practice patterns among Asian, Hispanic and non-Hispanic White American family caregivers of older adults across three immigrant generations. The 2009 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) dataset was used, and 591 Asian, 989 Hispanic and 6537 non-Hispanic White American caregivers of older adults were selected. First, descriptive analyses of caregivers' characteristics, caregiving situations and practice patterns were examined by racial/ethnic groups and immigrant generations. Practice patterns measured were respite care use, hours and length of caregiving. Three hypotheses on caregiving patterns based on assimilation theory were tested and analyzed using logistic regression and generalized linear models by racial/ethnic groups and generations. Caregiving patterns of non-Hispanic White caregivers supported all three hypotheses regarding respite care use, caregiving hours and caregiving duration, showing less caregiving involvement in later generations. However, Asian and Hispanic counterparts showed mixed results. Third generation Asian and Hispanic caregivers used respite care the least and spent the most caregiving hours per week and had the longest caregiving duration compared to earlier generations. These caregiving patterns revealed underlying cultural values related to filial responsibility, even among later generations of caregivers of color. Findings suggest the importance of considering the cultural values of each racial/ethnic group regardless of generation when working with racially and ethnically diverse populations of family caregivers of older adults.
Spectral and Temporal Properties of a Microresonator Optical Frequency Comb

We characterize the spectral and temporal properties of a parametric frequency comb generated in a silicon nitride microring resonator. We observe a transition to low RF amplitude noise state indicating phase-locking of the comb.
Reform and the Human Rights Quandary: Islamists vs. Secularists

Decades of populist and revolutionary politics, statist develop ment, maldistribution of wealth, public corruption, inefficiency, and re pression have inhibited political and economic reforms in much of the Middle East. These problems have undermined the legitimacy of the region's secular regimes, while stimulating Islamic opposition. Although the roots of the Islamist movements in the Middle East can be traced back to the creation of the Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwan Muslimin) in 1928, their political impact became increasingly pro nounced after the Arab defeat in the 1967 Arab-Israeli war and after the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran.
PADLOC: A Powerful Tool to Assign Disulfide Bond Connectivities in Peptides and Proteins by NMR Spectroscopy

The determination of the disulfide bond connectivity in a peptide or protein represents a significant challenge. It is notoriously difficult to use NMR spectroscopy to assign disulfide connectivities because NMR spectra lack direct evidence for disulfide bonds. These bonds are typically inferred from three-dimensional structure calculations, which can result in ambiguous disulfide assignment. Here, we present a new NMR based methodology, in which the disulfide connectivity is obtained by applying Bayesian rules of inference to the local topology of cysteine residues. We illustrate how this approach successfully predicts the disulfide connectivity in proteins for which crystal structures are available in the protein data bank (PDB). We also demonstrate how this methodology is used with experimental NMR data for peptides with complex disulfide topologies, including hepcidin, Kalata-B1, and μ-Conotoxin KIIIA. In the case of μ-Conotoxin KIIIA, the PADLOC connectivity (1–15,2–9,4–16) differs from previously pu...
Index of Suspicion in the NurseryCase 1: Respiratory Distress in a Term Infant

A male infant was born at 38-4/7-weeks’ gestation to a 39-year-old gravida 6, para 4012 mother, who presented for induction of labor because of oligohydramnios. The mother’s previous deliveries included a now healthy 18-year-old woman born at term (different father from the subsequent 3 children), 2 term neonatal demises that occurred at 4 days after birth, a healthy 5-year-old boy, and the current fetus, all reported to be from the same father. All except the last living child were born on the island of Jamaica. Both infants who died presented with early respiratory distress and succumbed in the neonatal period. Autopsies revealed hyaline membrane disease in those infants. Prenatal ultrasonography of the current fetus revealed normal development. At 34 weeks’ gestation, a course of betamethasone was administered. All prenatal serologic test results were unremarkable except for group B Streptococcus, which was unknown at the time of delivery. She received adequate penicillin prophylaxis. The infant was born by induced vaginal delivery because of oligohydramnios. The infant had spontaneous cry at delivery but became apneic at 5 minutes after birth and required positive pressure ventilation and endotracheal intubation. Apgar scores were 8 and 4 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Birth weight was in the 11th percentile (2.62 kg), length in the 30th percentile (48 cm), and head circumference in the second percentile (30.5 cm). On admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, the infant had physical examination findings significant only for respiratory distress and pallor. Radiography revealed clear lung fields. The infant receives conventional ventilation and requires a fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.3 to 0.35 to maintain oxygen saturations …
FITNESS VARIATION ACROSS A SUBDIVIDED POPULATION OF THE ANNUAL PLANT IMPATIENS CAPENSIS.

The evolution of a subdivided population depends on whether subpopulations with high mean fitness make a greater per capita contribution to the next generation than subpopulations with lower mean fitness. I distinguish two different models of ecological population structure, denoted local compensation and global compensation. Local compensation restricts the differential contribution of subpopulations, whereas global compensation allows subpopulations to contribute in direct proportion to their mean fitness. I describe a simple regression-based method that distinguishes these alternatives as points on a continuum of possible population structures. The method is applied to field measurements of local abundance and reproduction in a subdivided population of the annual plant Impatiens capensis. These data suggest that the global compensation model is a more accurate description of the population studied. This result is surprising because local density effects on growth and reproduction occur in I. capensis. The implications of ecological population structure for both geographical variation in selection and kin selection are discussed.
Metabolism and thermal response in winter-acclimatized pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis)

Resting metabolic rate of pygmy rabbits (0.89 ml O2 g -1 h -1 ) was high compared to other eutherian mammals, but not unusual among lagomorphs. The estimated size of the zone of thermoneutrality was ca. 8-9°C, with the lower critical temperature occurring between 15 and 20°C, depending on body mass. Minimum thermal conductance was lower and mean body temperature was higher than predicted for similarly sized mammals. Body temperature fluctuated >1°C within a 24-h period, but showed no circadian patterns. Pygmy rabbits are thermally stressed during harsh winters in Wyoming, but low thermal conductance, a high-energy source of food, and favorable microenvironments enhance survival.
Using cooperated optimization method to realize the designing optimization of complex mechanical system

The designing optimization of structural parameters for the frame of four roller rolling mill was achieved by the utilization of cooperated optimization method.According to the thought of carrying out designing optimization upon complex system by designing optimization of multi-branch of learning,let the complex mechanical system be resolved into a number of simple sub-systems for carrying out designing optimization has been put forward.Cooperated optimization is a kind of multi-branch of learning algorithm of designing optimization that has been developed rather quickly in recent years,the method of cooperated optimization being applied to the optimization design of complex engineering system has been described.Within the optimization of systematic level of cooperated optimization,the slack variable is introduced to let the restraint of consistency equality be transformed to the restraint of non-equality.The value adoption of slack variable will affect the convergence speed in the optimization of systematic level.By means of designing optimization of structural parameters for the frame of four roller rolling mill,the general train of thought for carrying out designing optimization of complex mechanical system by the use of cooperated optimization method was presented,thus laid a foundation for solving the problems of designing optimization of more complicated mechanical system.A calculation example proved the effectiveness of solving the designing optimization problems in complex mechanical system by cooperated optimization algorithm.
Intersectional Race Effects on Citizen-Reported Traffic Ticket Decisions by Police in 1999 and 2008

Do the intersections between officer race and driver race/ethnicity influence the frequency in citizens’ reports of receiving a traffic ticket during a routine traffic stop in 1999 and 2008? To fully grasp the importance of traffic ticket outcomes, we must first understand how extralegal factors, particularly the intersections between officer race–driver race/ethnicity and the number of vehicle occupants, impact these outcomes. Thus, the current study utilizes the 1999 and 2008 Police–Public Contact Survey to assess the relationship between extralegal factors and traffic ticket receipt during routine traffic stops. Findings illustrate that according to citizens’ reports, extralegal factors, including the intersections between officer race–driver race/ethnicity and the number of vehicle occupants, differentially impact traffic ticket receipt in both the years.
9- -fluorohydrocortisone induced ascites in alcoholic liver disease.

To test the theory that ascites formation in patients with liver disease is initiated by renal sodium retention of unknown cause, we administered mineralocorticoid 9-α-fluorohydrocortisone (Florinef), to 14 patients with alcoholic liver disease. The trial involved patients with and without a past history of ascites, but all were free of ascites and were able to excrete sodium normally at the time of study. In most patients the usual “escape” from mineralocorticoid-induced sodium retention did not occur. Formation of ascites occurred in nine of 16 trials and was accompanied by a rise in plasma volume in each case. These findings show that renal sodium retention can lead to plasma volume expansion and ascites formation in some patients with alcoholic liver disease and portal hypertension. Thus the observations lend support to the “overflow” theory of ascites formation. The reason for the ab­normal response to mineralocorticoid administration in these patients is unknown. Natriuretic hormone deficiency is suggested as a possible explanation.
Acquired Resistance to Tamoxifen: Back to the Beginning

The clinical acceptance and validation of the therapeutic strategy of long-term adjuvant tamoxifen treatment mandated an examination of acquired drug resistance under laboratory conditions. The first model in vivo of acquired resistance of ER-positive breast cancer cells transplanted into immune deficient mice demonstrated tamoxifen-stimulated tumor growth after about 2 years of continuous treatment. When tamoxifen was stopped, tumors also grew with physiologic estradiol. The model showed that no estrogen (similar to the use of aromatase inhibitors) or a pure antiestrogen to destroy ER (fulvestrant) presaged this therapeutic approach in clinical trials a decade later. However, the long-term retransplantation of breast tumors with acquired tamoxifen resistance for at least 5 years demonstrated a vulnerability of these tumors. Tamoxifen-stimulated tumor growth but physiologic estrogen now caused tumor regression and apoptosis. The new biology of estrogen-induced apoptosis now is used to explain the decrease in mortality after adjuvant tamoxifen is stopped in patients and also the value of conjugated equine estrogens to reduce breast cancer incidence in women treated in their 60s.
Prolegomena: The Myth of the Definitive Edition

Items 209 and 210 in Allan Wade’s A Bibliography of the Writings of W. B. Yeats, describing the two-volume Poems issued by Macmillan, London, in the autumn of 1949, are headed by the magisterial phrase “The Definitive Edition”.1 As this study will demonstrate, the 1949 Poems was in fact defective in contents, in ordering, and in text. Moreover, we shall see that for Yeats’s poems a truly “Definitive Edition” — in the common sense of the term — will always remain elusive. At the same time, the present volume will argue that the revised edition of The Poems is an improvement upon the earlier texts and thus an appropriate gesture towards that archetypal, hence mythical, “Definitive Edition”.2
An active disturbance rejection control solution for the two-mass-spring benchmark problem

The feasibility of a systematic and effective control design for highly uncertain dynamic systems is tested on the well-known two-mass-spring benchmark problem, based on the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) framework. The proposed solution is obtained in the absence of a detailed mathematical model, in contrast to all previous model-based solutions. In addition to meeting the design criteria, the simplicity and ease of tuning make the resulting control algorithm appealing to practicing engineers. Furthermore, it is shown in this paper that even though ADRC doesn't require detailed mathematical model of the plant, it can take advantage of it if one is given. By incorporating the model information into the ADRC solution, the observer bandwidth and noise sensitivity can be reduced without performance degradation, thus making the solution more practically appealing. The proposed design is also shown to be insensitive to various uncertainties, such as model parameters variations, in both simulation and hardware experiment.
Four Examples of Specialized Production at Casas Grandes, Northwestern Chihuahua

ABSTRACTCasas Grandes, in northwestern Chihuahua, is usually interpreted as a center of interregional exchange. Consequently, we might expect evidence for economic specialization. The production of four goods—shell, macaws, turkeys, and agave—is discussed. The abundance and distribution of these items and characteristics of their production facilities are highlighted. There is clear variation in the scale of economic specialization at Casas Grandes. The production of goods intended for distribution within the Casas Grandes system seems to have been more centralized than the production of goods destined for interregional exchange.
Maladaptive Parenting, Temperament, Early Maladaptive Schemas, and Depression: A Moderated Mediation Analysis

According to the Schema Therapy Model, maladaptive parenting styles interact with a child’s unique temperament in the development of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), which in turn increase one’s risk for developing pathology. However, few authors have examined the comprehensive model. The purpose of this study was to assess the indirect effect of perceived parenting styles on depressive symptoms through EMSs. Furthermore, a series of moderated mediation analyses were conducted to examine whether the indirect effect varies as a function of temperament. A total of 403 undergraduate students completed measures of perceived parenting experiences, temperament, EMSs, and depressive symptoms. Results indicated that the schema domains of disconnection/rejection and impaired autonomy mediated the relationship between perceived parenting styles and depressive symptoms. Moderation of the indirect effect was only found in two of the twelve tested models. This study lends partial support to the Schema Therapy model and also offers a new way of looking at the interactive nature of the constructs.
Molecules in NGC 6781 and other ringlike planetary nebulae

Extended H2 S(1), v = 1-0 and CO J = 1-0 emission has been detected from the ringlike planetary nebula NGC 6781 which, in many respects, appears to be a low surface brightness counterpart of the Ring nebula, NGC 6720. NGC 6781 is the fourth known member of a group of unusual planetary nebulae that display molecular outflows at velocities that are, apparently, considerably greater than the expansion velocity of the ionized gas. CO emission was also detected from NGC 3132 and NGC 6772, ringlike planetary nebulae with previously known H2 emission. 19 refs.
Radiation Segmentectomy versus TACE Combined with Microwave Ablation for Unresectable Solitary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Up to 3 cm: A Propensity Score Matching Study

Our study demonstrates similar short-term effectiveness of radiation segmentectomy and transarterial chemoembolization combined with microwave ablation in the treatment of unresectable solitary hepatocellular carcinoma up to 3 cm, with both modalities appearing to be capable of achieving favorable imaging response and progression outcomes.
Adaptive symptom reporting for mobile patient-reported disability assessment

Mobile symptom reporting apps can conveniently gather health-related information at low cost from day to day, fundamentally altering the relationship between patients, health data, and care providers. However, current mobile systems face a difficult trade-off between the quality of the information they collect and the burden placed on patients. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for adaptive system reporting designed for mobile platforms. This algorithm uses personalization, domain-specific knowledge, and Bayesian reasoning to reduce the number of questions required for accurate disability assessment, substantially decreasing demands placed on the patient. Following development of the algorithm, we validate it retrospectively using responses to the 12-item multiple sclerosis walking scale collected from 31 subjects with multiple sclerosis. Trade-offs between accuracy and response quantity are explored in detail. In this dataset, a 42% reduction in the median number of patient prompts was achieved without causing a single clinically relevant estimation error. A 75% reduction was associated with 4.45% clinically relevant estimation error. Given these promising results, future work will focus on prospective validation in multiple sclerosis and other clinical populations.