cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Personal View of the Bayesian Controversy in Reliability and Statistics

There appear to be two important developing trends in reliability. One is away from the use of statistics by reliability engineers; the other is toward increased use of Bayesian techniques. One source of the latter may be disillusionment with what is regarded as classical statistics; however, one source of the former may be dissatisfaction with what has been called Bayesian statistics. The purpose of this paper is to discuss these trends and to present a personal view of the issues between classical and Bayesian statistics. The objective is to show that there is some substance to the classical statistician's opposition to Bayesian inference and that the issues are pertinent and meaningful to the reliability engineer.
Chemical and Pathological Changes in Livers of Copper-Fed Animals.

ConclusionsFrom the above experiments it has been concluded that copper does not cause pigmentation nor cirrhosis of the livers of rabbits, rats, or guinea pigs; and that the pigment found in the liver of rabbits is probably of exogenous origin.
Phase error bounds of fiber gyro with polarization-holding fiber

Phase error bounds for a fiber gyro with an imperfect polarizer are calculated assuming a broad-band source and high-birefringence fiber. The phase error and resulting zero-point drift is related to the polarization-holding parameter h of the fiber. Comparison of the theory with recent experimentally observed bias drift is made.
Arithmetic memory networks established in childhood are changed by experience in adulthood

Abstract Adult bilinguals show stronger access to multiplication tables when using the language in which they learned arithmetic during childhood (LA+) than the other language (LA–), implying language-specific encoding of math facts. However, most bilinguals use LA+ throughout their life, confounding the impact of encoding and use. We tested if using arithmetic facts in LA– could reduce this LA– disadvantage. We measured event related brain potentials while bilingual teachers judged the correctness of multiplication problems in each of their languages. Critically, each teacher taught arithmetic in either LA+ or LA–. Earlier N400 peak latency was observed in both groups for the teaching than non-teaching language, showing more efficient access to these facts with use. LA+ teachers maintained an LA+ advantage, while LA– teachers showed equivalent N400 congruency effects (for incorrect versus correct solutions) in both languages. LA– teachers also showed a late positive component that may reflect conflict monitoring between their LA+ and a strong LA–. Thus, the LA– disadvantage for exact arithmetic established in early bilingual education can be mitigated by later use of LA–.
Circadian Mesor of Recumbent Pulse–Cost-Effective Predictor of Doxorubicin-Induced Congestive Heart Failure

Nineteen adult cancer patients each received 6–10 monthly treatments of doxorubicin and cisplatin. For 24–30 hr before each treatment, recumbent pulse was measured. Treatment was stopped for disease progression or when a total doxorubicin dose of 550 mg/m2 was reached. No patient developed congestive heart failure (CHF) during therapy. Two to four months after stopping treatment, three patients developed CHF. In these cases, 2–6 months before completion of therapy, prior to notable decrement in any other index of cardiac function, the 24-hr rhythm-qualified mean (mesor) of pulse showed a positive slope by linear regression analysis (P < 0.05). This mesor rise was apparent at cumulative doxorubicin doses of 300,420 and 240 mg/m2. These patients subsequently received additional doxorubicin to total doses of 540, 525 and 530 mg/m2. Patients who did or did not experience a rise in pulse received similar total doses of doxorubicin. Serial pulse mesors predicted CHF reliably and were substantially less expensiv...
The Duke severity of illness checklist (DUSOI) for measurement of severity and comorbidity

The Duke Severity of Illness Checklist (DUSOI) was evaluated on 414 primary care adult patients using data collected both by medical providers at the time of the patient visit and later by a chart auditor. Severity scores for individual diagnoses were determined by summing the ratings for four non-disease-specific parameters: symptom level, complications, prognosis without treatment, and expected response to treatment. Mean diagnosis severity scores (scale 0-100) among the 21 most prevalent diagnoses varied from a low of 13.9 for menopausal syndrome to a high of 43.0 for sprains and strains. An overall severity score was calculated by combining diagnosis severity scores and giving highest weights to the most severe diagnoses. Provider-generated overall severity scores (mean = 43.3) and auditor-generated overall severity scores (mean = 38.9) were significantly correlated (coefficient of agreement = 0.59, p < 0.0001). Diagnoses varied in their individual contribution to the overall severity score, from 8.9% for lipid disorder to 90.0% for sprains and strains. Separate comorbidity severity scores were calculated to measure the severity of all of each patient's health problems except the diagnosis under study. For example, patients with menopausal syndrome had co-existing health problems which generated a high mean comorbidity severity score of 43.2, while patients with sprains and strains had a low mean comorbidity score of 4.7. The DUSOI Checklist can be used in the clinical setting by both providers and auditors to produce quantitative severity scores (by diagnosis, overall, and for comorbidity) which are based entirely upon clinical judgment. This method should be useful in controlling for severity of illness in clinical studies and indicating the outcome of medical care in terms of reduction in severity of illness following medical interventions.
Techniques for low cost spatial audio

There are a variety of potential uses for interactive spatial sound in human-computer interfaces, but hardware costs have made most of these applications impractical. Recently, however, single-chip digital signal processors have made real-time spatial audio an affordable possibility for many workstations. This paper describes an efficient spatialization technique and the associated computational requirements. Issues specific to the use of spatial audio in user interfaces are addressed. The paper also describes the design of a network server for spatial audio that can support a number of users at modest cost.
Frequency correlation functions for the detection of a tone added to modulated noise maskers

Psychophysical experiments using reproducible stimuli were completed for the detection of a 1000‐Hz tone added to a masker. The noise masker was either sinusoidally amplitude modulated or not, and masker bandwidths of 100, 300, and 900 Hz were tested. The masker was centered at 1000 Hz and the rate of amplitude modulation, when present, was 29 Hz. On average, comodulation masking release values of 10 and 16 dB were obtained for the 300‐ and 900‐Hz‐wide maskers, respectively. No release from masking was obtained for the 100‐Hz‐wide maskers. Data analysis consisted of computing the correlation coefficient between the level of each spectral component of each stimulus token and the observers’ responses to that token. The resulting correlation functions estimate the relative contribution or weight of different frequency regions to the observers’ responses. While the correlation functions for the modulated and unmodulated maskers share some features, differences in both the pattern and quality of fit are apparent for wideband maskers. For two of the observers, however, restricting the region of comparison to the region surrounding the signal frequency led to increased similarity of the correlation functions.
Intestinal absorption of cholesterol by patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

The Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a disorder of impaired cholesterol biosynthesis because of a deficiency of the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol-Δ7-reductase, in the last step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Dietary cholesterol has been proposed as a potential therapy for SLOS and is being tested currently. Because there is no information on cholesterol absorption in SLOS, we recruited 12 SLOS patients into the General Clinical Research Center for 1-wk periods for administration of test meals and for blood and stool collections. A test breakfast that contained tracer cholesterol-4-C14 with egg yolk or with crystalline cholesterol in suspension was given subsequently. Twenty-four and 48-h blood and 1-wk stool samples then were collected. The radioactivities in these samples were analyzed to determine the absorption of cholesterol by these patients. In 11 patients who were given egg yolk cholesterol, cholesterol absorption was 27.3 ± 6.7%. The absorption was slightly less at 20.5 ± 10.3% but not significantly different for the six patients who were given crystalline cholesterol. There was a positive correlation between the absorption of isotopic cholesterol as measured by determination of radioactive cholesterol in stool and the amount of isotopic cholesterol in the plasma at 24 and 48 h after the meal. Our data indicated that SLOS patients absorb cholesterol from the diet. However, the percentage of absorption is lower than reported values for normal adults and for hypercholesterolemic children. The absorption of crystalline cholesterol in suspension was slightly lower than the absorption of cholesterol in egg yolk cholesterol by these patients. The absorption of cholesterol may ameliorate some of the biochemical and developmental deficits in SLOS patients.
Slowing Down of Rubidium-Induced Nuclear Spin Relaxation of 129 Xe Gas in a Magnetic Field

The longitudinal relaxation rate of $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ nuclear spins slows down substantially in an external magnetic field of about 100 G. From an analysis of the magnetic slowing down and of the dependence of the zero-field relaxation rates on the third-body pressure, the authors have deduced the magnitudes of the spin-rotation and spin-exchange interactions in the ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{129}$Xe molecule, as well as the formation and breakup rates of RbXe in ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ gas and the dissociation constant of RbXe. The magnetic slowing down shows directly that binary collisions contribute no more than a few percent to the relaxation rates.
Motor Complications in Parkinson's Disease

Management of motor complications in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) can be challenging. The main complications are inadequate dopaminergic tone ("off" time and dose failures) and excess dopaminergic tone (dyskinesia). These motor complications increase as PD progresses. Changing the dose and timing of L-dopa is the main strategy for both scenarios. Reducing "off" time can also be achieved by the addition of adjunctive therapies (dopamine agonists, catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors). Dyskinesia can improve with amantadine and possibly several other medications. Surgical interventions such as lesioning and deep brain stimulation are considered when pharmacological strategies for motor complications are not satisfactory.
Constrictive pericarditis following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Constrictive pericarditis following Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery is an uncommon disorder. We report a patient who developed constrictive pericarditis after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. After an unsuccessful trial of medical management and pericardial tapping, he underwent pericardiectomy via a left posterolateral thoracotomy.
Intraaortic Balloon Counterpulsation: Its Influence Alone and Combined with Various Pharmacological Agents on Regional Myocardial Blood Flow during Experimental Acute Coronary Occlusion

We investigated the separate and combined effects of pharmacological and intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) support on regional myocardial blood flow in an experimental model of acute myocardial ischemia. Chloralose-anesthetized dogs were ventilated with an oxygen-air mixture, and cardiac output, arterial pressure, and heart rate were held constant. Treatment was begun 20 minutes following permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). We evaluated the following pharmacological interventions: 25% hypertonic mannitol, isosorbide dinitrate, methyl-prednisolone sodium succinate, and propranolol. We measured left ventricular hemodynamics and intramyocardial blood flow by the radioactive microsphere technique prior to treatment and at 15-minute intervals thereafter. Compared with control measurements 20 minutes following LAD ligation, collateral blood flow to ischemic myocardium tended to decrease with no treatment. Treatments with the four pharmacological interventions and with IABP alone produced no significant improvement in collateral blood flow to ischemic myocardium 15 minutes following treatment. In contrast, mannitol, isosorbide dinitrate, and propranolol, each combined with IABP support, produced significant improvements in collateral flow within the same time periods. In nonischemic myocardium, combined pharmacological and IABP treatment did not enhance myocardial blood flow above that obtained with the pharmacological agents alone. The most effective combination of mechanisms for improving the ischemic region's myocardial blood flow appeared to be a reduction of extravascular coronary flow resistance coupled with a simultaneous increase in diastolic arterial pressure.
Deconvolution-Based Image Reconstruction for Photoacoustic Tomography in Circular Geometry

This paper introduces a deconvolution-based algorithm for photoacoustic tomography in circular geometry. As demonstrated by the in vivo experiment, this algorithm runs fast and provides good image quality when detection angles are sparse.
The three-dimensional Eulerian-Lagrangian marker and micro cell method for the simulation of free surface flows

A new method is presented for the simulation of three-dimensional, incompressible, free surface fluid flow problems. The new technique, the Eulerian-Lagrangian marker and micro cell (ELMMC) method, is capable of simulating incompressible fluid flow problems in Cartesian coordinates where the free surface can undergo severe deformations, including impact with solid boundaries and impact between converging fluid fronts. The method is also capable of handling the breakup of a fluid front from the main body of the fluid as well as their eventual coalescence. The basic solution methodology solves the continuity and the Navier-Stokes equations with a projection scheme and is even able to incorporate a basic k-@e turbulence modeling capability. New approaches are presented for the advection of the free surface, as well as for the calculation of the tentative velocity, final velocity, and pressure fields. The capabilities of the new method are demonstrated by comparing numerical results with experimental studies while the convergence of the new method is demonstrated by spatial and temporal refinement studies.
A simulation study of hierarchical clustering techniques for the design of cellular manufacturing systems

Abstract Forming part families and their associated machine groups remains one of the major concerns for companies changing from traditional batch manufacturing to cellular manufacturing. Cluster analysis is recognized as an appropriate procedure for forming the machine cells and part families necessary for the design of a cellular manufacturing system. In this paper, our concern is with using computer simulation to evaluate cluster analysis as a tool for designing cellular systems.
The effects of learning on the firm's optimal design quality path

Abstract The product design decision making process requires the manager to initially set a target value of the design quality dimensions, and then through a continuous product development effort adjust these targets to meet the changing needs of the market. In this paper, we present a control theoretic model, with the design quality level as the decision variable under the control of the firm. The model captures the effect of learning on production cost. The market is assumed to be reactive to both the design quality level of the product and its price. Optimal decision policies for the design quality path (i.e., the sequence of design quality targets over the product life cycle) under a set of functional assumptions are obtained analytically. Effects of changes in the manufacturing and market conditions — e.g. increase in learning rate, cost of providing certain level of quality, market sensitivities to quality and price, and various pricing strategies — are discussed through the results of extensive numerical experimentation.
The Effect of General Anaesthesia upon the Experimental Reduction of Vestibular Nystagmus

Resume Les investigateurs anterieurs ont decisivement demontre que le nystagmus vestibulaire produit par la rotation continue du corps peut etre reduit d'une facon significative en duree et en magnitude au moyen d'une mise en action repetee dans des circonstances appropriees. On a fait l'etude actuelle dans le but de determiner si ce type de modification des reponses est dependant d'une lesion specifique des recepteurs vestibulaires de l'oreille interieure ou de quelque procede dans le systeme nerveux central. On decrit des resultats qui montrent que la rotation repetee du corps ne produit pas de reduction du nystagmus si les sujets (des pigeons) sont soumis a la rotation repetee pendant qu'ils sont dans une forte anesthesie chirurgicale. Sur la base de ce resultat et d'autres resultats experimentaux cites, on conclut que la reduction du nystagmus vestibulaire au moyen de la rotation repetee du corps (a des vitesses moderees) n'est dependante ni d'une lesion ni d'aucun type de derangement de la structure ...
sigma-Dative and pi-Backdative Phenyl Cation-Dinitrogen Interactions and Opposing Sign Reaction Constants in Dual Substituent Parameter Relations.

For the overwhelming number of reactions studied with dual substituent parameter treatments, the ratio of the reaction constants ρR/ρF = λ is positive and close to unity. Dediazoniations are promin...
Pressure Drop Due to Asymmetric Hydrodynamically Developing Flows in a Channel

The inlet velocity profile may be cross-sectionally nonuniform and asymmetric, with the result that the developing velocity profiles are also asymmetric. Such an example can be found, for instance, in the mixing of two streams of the same fluid in a channel. In this note, the pressure drop due to such an asymmetrically developing laminar flow in a parallel-plate channel is presented.
Prototypes as an Indirect Measure of Attitudes Toward Disability Groups

A prototype is an ongoing, cognitive representation of common attributes and distinct characteristics that define an object or person. This mixed-method study applies the robust concept of prototyp...
Serine Phosphorylation, Insulin Resistance, and the Regulation of Androgen Synthesis

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenemia and disordered gonadotropin secretion, often associated with insulin resistance. It is likely that PCOS is a group of distinct diseases with similar clinical phenotypes but different pathophysiological mechanisms, rather than being one disease caused by a single molecular defect. The serine phosphorylation hypothesis can potentially explain two major features of the syndrome: insulin resistance and hyperandrogenemia. Understanding the cell biology of androgen biosynthesis and insulin action will permit delineating the pathophysiologies of PCOS and may lead to more specific pharmacological therapy.
βCaMKII Regulates Actin Assembly and Structure

Recently Ca2+-Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), an abundant synaptic protein, was shown to be important in the organization of actin filaments at synapses. We report the binding properties and mechanistic role of βCaMKII as an actin binding protein in vitro. A particular case is the ability of βCaMKII to bundle actin filaments, which we corroborated by cryo-electron tomography. In addition, a pyrene-actin fluorescent polymerization assay was used to determine that the enzyme reduced the rate of polymerization by ∼ 80%, suggesting that βCaMKII either serves as a capping protein or binds monomeric actin reducing the amount of freely available monomers to nucleate polymer assembly. Finally, by means of fluorescent cross correlation spectroscopy we determined that the β isoform of CaMKII does bind to monomeric actin, reaching saturation at a stoichiometry of 6:1 actin mononmers per βCaMKII holoenzyme with a binding affinity of ∼2 μM. In conclusion, βCaMKII has a dual functional role; it can sequester monomeric actin to reduce actin polymerization and can also bundle actin filaments. Together, these effects would impact both the dynamics of assembly of actin filaments and enhance the structural rigidity of the filaments once formed, significantly impacting the structure of synapses.
High performance repetitive control for three-phase CVCF PWM inverter using a 4th-order linear phase IIR filter

This paper presents a high performance repetitive controller (RC) for three-phase constant-voltage constant-frequency (CVCF) pulse width modulated inverters. The proposed control algorithm can eliminate all the periodic distortions and guarantees a high quality sinusoidal output voltage under unknown and severely distorted loads. Distinguished from existing repetitive control schemes, the proposed approach incorporates a 4th-order linear phase infinite-impulse-response (IIR) filter Q(z) in the RC instead of commonly used low order FIR filters. Benefiting from the great pass band flatness and sharp high frequency attenuation rate of Q(z), the proposed controller is capable of compensating harmonic distortions up to the 19th order. In addition, the proposed RC exhibits very good stability margin, indicating a strong tolerance to the system parameter drifting and a good robustness. The voltage reference feed forward and load disturbance decoupling feed forward are added to boost up the controller dynamic response. Experimental results are provided to verify the performance of the proposed repetitive controller. Very low THD (0.98%∼1.73%) and good transient responses are demonstrated.
The Action Constants

In this paper we introduce isometric invariants of a given n-dimensional Banach space (cf [1]), conjecture (cf [1]) that these invariants characterize (up to isometry) the Banach space, and obtain several results and examples illustrating their usefulness. To start with, for a given space V, we look at the absolute projection constant and choose to view it as an extension constant of an identity operator on V.
Redundancy and optimality of codes for infinite-entropy sources

Redundancy and optimality are standard concepts for prefix codes for finite-entropy sources, but they can be extended to codes for (discrete) infinite-entropy sources as well. Here three redundancy definitions and two optimality definitions are considered that accomplish this. The redundancy definitions turn out to be equivalent, and they are also equivalent to the 'expected codeword length minus entropy' definition when the source entropy is finite. An analogous statement holds for the optimality definitions. A theorem on the redundancy of finite sources is also presented; it provides a simple bound on the difference between the redundancies of optimal codes for two sources that contain an identical subset of symbol probabilities.
Ovarian hyperstimulation after a short course of an oral contraceptive in a patient with premature ovarian failure.

Objective To report a patient with premature ovarian failure who, after discontinuing a short course of therapy with an oral contraceptive, demonstrated clinical and biochemical evidence of ovarian hyperstimulation. Design Case report. Setting Reproductive Center at a university hospital. Patient(s) 31-year-old woman with premature ovarian failure. Intervention(s) Triggered ovulation using recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Main Outcome Measure(s) Follicle sizes documented by transvaginal ultrasound and corresponding serum estradiol levels. Result(s) Hyperstimulated ovaries, documented by pelvic ultrasound, demonstrated lead follicles of 16, 22, 27, and 46 mm in average diameters. The serum estradiol level was 979 pg/mL with a serum progesterone of 0.87 ng/mL. Five days after triggered ovulation with recombinant hCG, serum progesterone levels rose to 13.8 ng/mL. Conclusion(s) Ovarian hyperstimulation may occur after brief gonadotropin suppression in women with premature ovarian failure.
Transportation and Economic Stagnation in Eighteenth-Century Castile

Since at least the seventeenth century the economic development of Spain has been limited because the rates of growth achieved in the peripheral areas of Catalonia, Valencia, and Vizcaya were greater than that of the interior under the old Crown of Castile. The stagnation of the Castilian interior not only created a dull market for manufactured goods, but conserved a persistently strong traditionalist faction which long hampered Spanish political development. The resulting tension between the interior and the more modern peripheral sectors of society dominates Spanish history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Effect of Barium Substitution on Ferroelectric and Magnetic Properties of Bismuth Ferrite

We successfully synthesized Bi1-xBaxFeO3 (x = 0.0, 0.20, 0.25) replacing Bi by Ba using a chemical synthesis route. The phase and crystal structure of the samples were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Peaks in the XRD shifted toward lower θ value with the increase in Ba concentration due to the increase in the unit cell size. Detail thermal behavior was performed by differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermal analysis (DTA) to investigate the change in magnetic and ferroelectric transition temperature, respectively, due to Ba substitution. Magnetic, dielectric, and magnetoelectric properties of the samples were also studied in detail. Antiferromagnetic bismuth ferrite was converted to ferromagnetic materials at room temperature on incorporating Ba in the crystal structure. Polarization versus electric field (P-E loop) and dielectric constant were also found to change significantly in the presence of a magnetic field in the aforementioned samples. Appreciable magnetodielectric effect [er(H)-er(0)]/er(0) also indicated effective magnetoelectric coupling within the materials.
Piezoresistivity in continuous carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite

Piezoresistivity involving the volume resistivity of a continuous unidirectional carbon fiber epoxy-matrix composite in the fiber direction decreasing reversibly upon tension in the fiber direction was observed by the four-probe method, due to an increase in the degree of fiber alignment. Use of the two-probe method resulted in measurement of the contact resistance rather than the volume resistance. The contact resistance increased reversibly upon tension.
A comparative analysis of the performance of hybrid and non-hybrid multi-classifier systems

This paper investigates the performance of some multi-classifier systems, focusing on the benefits that can be gained when integrating different types of classifiers (hybrid multi-classifier systems). An empirical evaluation shows that the integration of different types of classifiers can lead to an improvement in performance in some practical classification tasks.
Effect of adenine arabinoside on Epstein-Barr virus in vitro.

The effect of adenine arabinoside (ara-A) on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in cultures of lymphoid cells was examined with use of an EBV-producing cell line, P3HR-1, and a nonproducing cell line, Raji. The presence of EBV-associated viral capsid antigen (VCA) and early antigen (EA) was detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Ara-A inhibited the expression of VCA in P3HR-1 cells at concentrations fivefold below those that inhibited cell multiplication; there was no concomitant accumulation of EA. Ara-A did not inhibit superinfection of Raji cells with EBV and did not induce EA until high concentrations of the compound were reached. The inhibition of the expression of VCA but not EA is consistent with a postulated inhibition by ara-A of viral-directed synthesis of DNA. At low concentrations, ara-A may exert a more specific antiviral effect than that reported for idoxuridine and cytosine arabinoside in this system. Adenine arabinoside (ara-A [9-/3-D-arabinofuranosyladenine]) is a nucleoside analogue that inhibits certain DNA viruses in vitro, including members of the herpesvirus [1] and poxvirus [2] groups. The compound appears to be relatively nontoxic in humans [3] and is currently undergoing clinical trials in herpes simplex [4] and herpes zoster [5] infections. The effect of ara-A on another herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), has not been reported previously. EBV infection in humans is widespread [6], and the virus appears to be the etiologic agent of heterophile antibody-positive infectious mononucleosis [7]. In addition, markedly elevated titers of antibody to EBV have been found in the sera of African patients with Burkitt's lymphoma [8] and in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma [9]. EBV DNA has also been detected in tumor cells from both of these neoplasms [10]. The current studies were designed to investigate the in vitro effect of ara-A on EBV by examination of virus-associated antigens expressed in lymphoid cell lines. A spontaneously EBV-producing cell line, P3HR-l [11], and a nonproducing lymphoid cell line, Raji [12], were grown in the presence of various concentrations of ara-A. The lymphoid cells were assayed for the presence of EBV early antigen (EA) [13] and EBV capsid antigen (VCA) [14] by indirect immunofluorescence. In addition, the effect of araA on superinfection of Raji cells with cell-free EBV was also examined. The previously reported effects of 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUDR) on lym
Hybrid ARQ for FSO Communications Through Turbulent Atmosphere

Hybrid automatic-repeat request (HARQ) technique is investigated for binary pulse-position modulation (BPPM), free-space optical (FSO) communications through turbulent optical channels. It is assume that the received optical signal is detected using a direct-detection (DD) mechanism and that shot-noise, background noise, and thermal noise are present at the receiver. Performance of the HARQ-FSO system is assessed in terms of packet error rate, and is compared with that of a conventional ARQ-FSO system to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of HARQ mechanism in circumventing the impact of turbulence.
Research and Representation: A Conundrum for Behavior Analysts

Historically, populations of color have been ignored in psychotherapy research. Fortunately with growing awareness of social justice issues, funding institutions require proportional ethnic diversity in research samples. However, psychotherapy itself is a highly culture-bound mainstream phenomenon that generally ignores and thereby perpetuates issues of power. Minority individuals likely to participate in psychotherapy tend to be a highly acculturated subset. Non-acculturated peoples often perceive their problems so differently that "psychotherapy" is a nonsensical solution. Funding agencies' requirements that researchers recruit representative numbers of minority subjects may inadvertently amount to a campaign for cultural colonization, which is clearly unethical. Can behavior analysts tease out the issues and ethics involved? Is behavior analysis itself irrevocably culture-bound?
Monte Carlo sampling can be used to determine the size and shape of the steady-state flux space.

Constraint-based modeling results in a convex polytope that defines a solution space containing all possible steady-state flux distributions. The properties of this polytope have been studied extensively using linear programming to find the optimal flux distribution under various optimality conditions and convex analysis to define its extreme pathways (edges) and elementary modes. The work presented herein further studies the steady-state flux space by defining its hyper-volume. In low dimensions (i.e. for small sample networks), exact volume calculation algorithms were used. However, due to the #P-hard nature of the vertex enumeration and volume calculation problem in high dimensions, random Monte Carlo sampling was used to characterize the relative size of the solution space of the human red blood cell metabolic network. Distributions of the steady-state flux levels for each reaction in the metabolic network were generated to show the range of flux values for each reaction in the polytope. These results give insight into the shape of the high-dimensional solution space. The value of measuring uptake and secretion rates in shrinking the steady-state flux solution space is illustrated through singular value decomposition of the randomly sampled points. The Vmax of various reactions in the network are varied to determine the sensitivity of the solution space to the maximum capacity constraints. The methods developed in this study are suitable for testing the implication of additional constraints on a metabolic network system and can be used to explore the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on network capabilities. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mutation of Human Butyrylcholinesterase Glycine 117 to Histidine Preserves Activity but Confers Resistance to Organophosphorus Inhibitors

While much progress has been made in the last 50 years in the development of treatments for nerve agent intoxication, the organophosphorus anticholinesterase inhibitors (OPs) remain a chemical warfare threat. In addition, treatments for the large numbers of people are accidentally poisoned by organophosphorus insecticides each year remain inadequate. It is generally accepted that we are approaching the limiting efficacy for pharmacological treatment of this type of intoxication with drugs now in development, so any significant increase of protection without unacceptable side effects must result from new approaches. In recent years it has been shown (Raveh et al. 1989, Broomfield et al., 1991; Broomfield, 1992) that it is possible to protect animals from OPs by prophylactic administration of scavengers that can react with and detoxify the inhibitors before they reach their critical targets. Stoichiometric scavengers (one molecule of scavenger reacts with one molecule of toxin) are effective but require a large amount of material to destroy a small amount of toxin. Catalytic scavengers (enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the toxins) are also effective (Broomfield, 1992) but the enzymes that occur in nature are generally inefficient; they have high Km values and low turnover numbers. Again, a large amount of material is required to afford the desired degree of protection. To remedy this situation, we proposed to construct a more efficient organophosphorus acid anhydride hydrolase (OPAH) by site-directed mutagenesis of the butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) gene. The rationale for this scheme was based on an hypothesis by J. Jarv (1984) that organophosphates are hemisubstrates for the cholinesterases because they form chiral phosphorylated enzymes. The histidine-bound water molecule that normally displaces the acyl group from the active site serine in the course of normal hydrolysis is prevented sterically from attacking the appropriate face of the tetrahedral phosphorus molecule, thus preventing reactivation of the enzyme. If this hypothesis is correct, we reasoned that it might be possible to introduce a second nucleophilic center into the active site in such a position that it could carry an activated water molecule to the face of the phosphorus moiety opposite the phosphorus-serine bond and thereby reactivate the enzyme. This became possible when the crystal structure of acetylcholinesterase (AcChE) was solved by Sussman, et al. (1991).
Functional Food Product Development from Fish Processing By-products Using Isoelectric Solubilization/Precipitation

Currently, the western diet typically includes high salt content and low omega-3 fatty acids and fiber. Such a diet enhances risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The fish processing industry generates large amounts of by-products, and these by-products have the potential for use as a heart-healthy human food. One way to increase the utilization of these fish processing by-products is by using isoelectric solubilization/precipitation (ISP) to recover myofibrillar proteins and separate them from pigments and fat in order to increase their utilization for the development of functional food products. Unlike mechanical meat recovery such as deboning of fish meat, ISP allows selective pH-induced water solubility of meat proteins with concurrent separation of lipids and the removal of materials not intended for human consumption such as bones, skin, and scale. As a result, fish protein isolate gels made with nutraceutical additives (omega-3 fatty acids-rich oil, dietary fiber, and a salt substitute) provide a means to achieve the desired biochemical effects of these nutrients without the need for dietary supplements and medications or a major change in dietary habits.
Images of Struggle: Teaching Human Rights with Graphic Novels

ABSTRACTThe authors explore how graphic novels can be used in the middle and high school social studies classroom to teach human rights. The article begins with a rationale on the benefits of using graphic novels. It next focuses on four graphic novels related to human rights issues: Maus I: A Survivor's Tale: My Father Bleeds (Speigelman 1986), Footnotes in Gaza: A Graphic Novel (Sacco 2010), War Brothers: The Graphic Novel (McKay 2013), and March Book Two (Lewis and Aydin 2015). Each graphic novel is briefly discussed and classroom activities are provided. Example activities demonstrate how the texts and visuals within them can be combined to teach human rights issues. An appendix of human rights-related graphic novels is also included.
Pre-mRNA splicing-modulatory pharmacophores: the total synthesis of herboxidiene, a pladienolide-herboxidiene hybrid analog and related derivatives.

Herboxidiene is a natural product that has previously been shown to exhibit antitumor activity by targeting the spliceosome. This activity makes herboxidiene a valuable starting point for the development of anticancer drugs. Here, we report an improved enantioselective synthesis of herboxidiene and the first report of its biologically active totally synthetic analog: 6-norherboxidiene. The synthesis of the tetrahydropyran moiety utilizes the novel application of inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder chemistry and the Ferrier-type rearrangement as key steps. We report, for the first time, cytotoxicity IC50s for synthetic herboxidiene and analogs in human tumor cell lines. We have also demonstrated that synthetic herboxidiene and its analogs can potently modulate the alternate splicing of MDM-2 pre-mRNA.
Exploring Funding for Occupational Therapy in Transition Services

Over the last decade, the importance of transition services has gained national attention. Efforts have been made to improve services for the students and their families (National Association of Sp...
Analysis of organophosphorus pesticide residues in aquatic vegetables in Suzhou in 2012

Objective To investigate the organophosphorus pesticide residues in eight species of aquatic vegetables in Suzhou. Methods Organophosphorus pesticide residues in eight species of aquatic vegetables were determined by capillary gas chromatography. Results In 178 samples,7 samples( both cress) were detected chlorpyrifos. The total positive rate was 3. 93%. Four samples were found to exceed the standard,and the total exceeding standard rate was 2. 25%. Conclusion The organophosphorus pesticide residues is less in general in eight species of aquatic vegetables,but the cress production with chlorpyrifos still need to intensify supervision and management to ensure the health of the consumers.
La palabra marico como nueva forma de tratamiento nominal anticortés en el habla de jóvenes universitarios de Caracas: un estudio desde la perspectiva de los hablantes

El principal objetivo de este estudio consiste en dar cuenta de como se enmarca la forma de tratamiento nominal marico(a) en el habla de jovenes universitarios de Caracas, Venezuela, dentro de la Teoria de la cortesia, segun la perspectiva ofrecida por los hablantes. Igualmente, se busca documentar que cambios esta presentando en los contextos de uso asi como en sus funciones pragmaticas. Los participantes fueron 60 estudiantes universitarios, 30 mujeres y 30 hombres, de 17 a 21 anos. Tradicionalmente, la palabra marico(a) se ha usado como agresion verbal vulgar y ha sido, generalmente, considerada un insulto. Luego del analisis cualitativo de los datos, se plantea que esta FTN se halla en una fase de transicion de insulto a marcador pragmatico anticortes que indica solidaridad dentro de un grupo etario especifico y esta perdiendo su caracter agraviador. En la actualidad, la juventud caraquena emplea esta FTN no solo para implicar lazos de amistad, sino para expresar emociones como sorpresa y enojo, crear efectos de intriga, hacer bromas, abrir y cerrar oraciones e, incluso, sustituir otras FTN que nunca han sido consideradas insultos en el espanol de Venezuela. La metodologia empleada fue el cuestionario y el analisis cualitativo de reportes en primera persona. Las variables de edad y sexo son factores determinantes, puesto que parece haber tendencia entre los jovenes entrevistados a no emplear esta forma nominal con hablantes que estan fuera de su grupo etario y las mujeres siguen siendo conservadoras al restringir, mas que los hombres, el uso de este vocablo.
Treatment of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease

Treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease (NTM-LD) is challenging for several reasons including the relative resistance of NTM to currently available drugs and the difficulty in tolerating prolonged treatment with multiple drugs. Yet-to-be-done, large, multicenter, prospective randomized studies to establish the best regimens will also be arduous because multiple NTM species are known to cause human lung disease, differences in virulence and response to treatment between different species and strains within a species will make randomization more difficult, the need to distinguish relapse from a new infection, and the difficulty in adhering to the prescribed treatment due to intolerance, toxicity, and/or drug-drug interactions, often necessitating modification of therapeutic regimens. Furthermore, the out-of-state resident status of many patients seen at the relatively few centers that care for large number of NTM-LD patients pose logistical issues in monitoring response to treatment. Thus, current treatment regimens for NTM-LD is largely based on small case series, retrospective analyses, and guidelines based on expert opinions. It has been nearly 10 years since the publication of a consensus guideline for the treatment of NTM-LD. This review is a summary of the available evidence on the treatment of the major NTM-LD until more definitive studies and guidelines become available.
Case Study 3: Forest Classification

There are two objectives of this case study. The first objective is to demonstrate the application of a pattern-based approach towards solving classification/prediction problems. Specifically, the pattern-based approach is used to combine the association pattern discovery and pattern based inference discussed in chapters 8 and 9 to solve classification/prediction problems. The second objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of the pattern based approach by comparing its performance against that of two classical approaches; namely, the neural network approach and naive Bayes approach.
Look At That! Video Chat and Joint Visual Attention Development Among Babies and Toddlers

Although many relatives use video chat to keep in touch with toddlers, key features of adult–toddler interaction like joint visual attention (JVA) may be compromised in this context. In this study, 25 families with a child between 6 and 24 months were observed using video chat at home with geographically separated grandparents. We define two types of screen-mediated JVA (across- and within-screen) and report age-related increases in the babies’ across-screen JVA initiations, and that family JVA usage was positively related to babies’ overall attention during video calls. Babies today are immersed in a digital world where formative relationships are often mediated by a screen. Implications for both infant social development and developmental research are discussed.
Old and New Unsolved Problems in Plane Geometry and Number Theory. By Victor Klee and Stan Wagon

(1992). Old and New Unsolved Problems in Plane Geometry and Number Theory. By Victor Klee and Stan Wagon. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 99, No. 9, pp. 885-888.
How Alcohol Kills: Alcohol-Attributable and Alcohol-Associated Deaths in a Medical Examiner Population:

Forensic pathologists frequently encounter the myriad effects of acute and chronic ethanolism and the many ways that alcohol contributes to sudden natural and unnatural deaths. Alcohol may act as r...
Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

Obstructive lung diseases represent a growing burden to society. Chest radiography and computed tomography (CT) have historically been the main imaging resources used to evaluate these disorders. While much information can be learned from conventional studies, more advanced imaging modalities like high resolution CT, synchrotron radiation CT, hyperpolarized helium-3 magnetic resonance imaging, and optical coherence tomography allow greater structural and functional characterization of the lungs and airways. Improvements in these technologies will allow patients to be classified according to disease phenotype, and potentially benefit from more specific treatment of their disease.
Security and capacity constraints allocation in distributed object oriented databases

Efficient distribution of data is a major challenge in distributed databases. The problem is even more severe for distributed object oriented databases because of inheritance, encapsulation and the more complex problem involved when methods invoke other methods. This problem, the Object Allocation Problem (OAP), is a harder version of the relational database allocation problem (DAP), a problem known to be NP-hard. The additional constraint of restricting sensitive data to secure sites, results in a problem which is at least as hard as the OAP. In this research we investigated the cost efficient distribution of a fragmented object oriented database to the sites of a network. We investigated allocation algorithms for distributing the fragments in the presence of both capacity and security constraints. We assumed that each site had a fixed capacity and that there are two types of fragments, sensitive fragments containing sensitive data, and non-sensitive fragments containing general data. Likewise we considered two types of sites, secure and non-secure. A secure site is one which was designed to minimize the likelihood of the data at that location being compromised. We looked at the two conflicting goals of minimizing the number of external accesses and at the same time, minimizing the number of sensitive fragments placed at non-secure sites. We implemented three algorithms a Genetic algorithm (GA) a simulated annealing algorithm (SA) and a graphical partitioning algorithm (KL). We took two multiobjective approaches, the penalty and the pareto approaches and we looked at two types of initial allocations, heuristic and random. Of the three algorithms implemented the Genetic algorithm (GA), Simulated annealing (SA) and Kernighan-Lin (KL), the SA and GA algorithms were clearly superior. In the presence of both capacity and security constraints, the various versions of the GA performed consistently better in minimizing the number of security violations while the SA algorithm versions typically had lower costs. The noted exception was the GA penalty version algorithm with random initial allocation, which performed very well in both cost minimization and reducing the number of security violations.