cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mine or Yours? Development of Sharing in Toddlers in Relation to Ownership Understanding

To examine early developments in other-oriented resource sharing, fifty-one 18- and 24-month-old children were administered 6 tasks with toys or food that could be shared with an adult playmate who had none. On each task the playmate communicated her desire for the items in a series of progressively more explicit cues. Twenty-four-month-olds shared frequently and spontaneously. Eighteen-month-olds shared when given multiple opportunities and when the partner provided enough communicative support. Younger children engaged in self-focused and hypothesis-testing behavior in lieu of sharing more often than did older children. Ownership understanding, separately assessed, was positively associated with sharing and negatively associated with non-sharing behavior, independent of age and language ability. As adults, humans are uniquely caring and compassionate, willingly sacrificing time, effort, and resources to better others’ lives. We do so not only because it is the “right” thing to do but also because of the emotional satisfaction it provides. This prosocial imperative creates and sustains human morality and the complex human social order (Bowles & Gintis, 2011; Fehr & Fischbacher, 2003; Tomasello, 2009). However, we still know relatively little about the ontogenetic origins of prosocial behavior or the mechanisms that explain its emergence and early development. In this study we focus on resource sharing as a window onto early prosocial development. Because of its unique challenges, sharing may be particularly revealing. Sharing resources is difficult for young children because it typically entails a sacrifice of something valued to benefit someone else, such as giving up a toy that one is playing with to another child who does not have any. Preschool children are less likely to share than to exhibit other forms of prosocial behavior such as helping or cooperating (Birch & Billman, 1986; Grusec, 1991; Radke-Yarrow et al., 1976). Younger children are especially well known for their reluctance to share (Levitt, Weber, Clark, & McDonnell, 1985). In a recent experimental study with 1- and 2-year-olds, for example, children were much less likely to give up their blanket or special toy brought from home to help a hapless adult than they were to help under identical circumstances without such a sacrifice (Svetlova, Nichols, & Brownell, 2010). So how does sharing get off the ground? What contributes to its earliest manifestations? In the research reported here we examined toddlers’ willingness to share resources with someone who had none, and how this changed over the 2nd year. To reduce the motivational barrier, a procedure was used in which the cost of sharing was decreased, although some sacrifice was still required. To evaluate social understanding as a potential mechanism in the development of early sharing behavior, we also examined how age-related differences in sharing were associated with growth in self-understanding and ownership understanding.
Early exposure to a nonhygienic environment alters pulmonary immunity and allergic responses

The hygiene hypothesis suggests that early life exposure to a nonhygienic environment that contains endotoxin reduces the risk of developing allergic diseases. The mechanisms underlying the hygiene...
Deletion of the mammalian circadian clock gene BMAL1/Mop3 alters baseline sleep architecture and the response to sleep deprivation.

Study objectives: The finding that deletion or mutation of core circadian clock genes in both mice and flies induce unexpected alterations in sleep amount, sleep architecture and the recovery response to sleep deprivation, has led to new insights into functions of the circadian system that extend beyond its role as a regulator of the timing of the sleep-wake cycle. A key transcription factor in the transcriptional/translational feedback loop of mammalian circadian genes is BMAL1/Mop3, a heterodimeric partner to CLOCK. It was previously shown that mice deficient in the BMAL1/Mop3 gene become immediately arrhythmic in constant darkness and have reduced locomotor activity levels under entrained and constant conditions. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the mammalian BMAL1/Mop3 gene would have regulatory effects on sleep-wake patterns. Design: In mice with targeted deletion of the BMAL1/Mop3 gene, EEG/EMG sleep-wake patterns were recorded under entrained and freerunning conditions as well as following acute (6-hrs) sleep deprivation. Measurements and results: Mice homozygous for the BMAL1/Mop3 deletion showed an attenuated rhythm of sleep and wakefulness distribution across the 24-hr period. In addition, these mice showed increases in total sleep time, sleep fragmentation and EEG delta power under baseline conditions, and an attenuated compensatory response to acute sleep deprivation. Conclusions: These new data strengthen the hypothesis that molecular components of the circadian system play a central role in the generation of sleep and wakefulness beyond just the timing of these behavioral vigilance states.
Tree species effects on stand transpiration in northern Wisconsin

[1] We quantified canopy transpiration (EC) using sap flux measurements representing the four major forest types (northern hardwoods, conifer, aspen/fir, and forested wetland) around the WLEF-TV tall tower in northern Wisconsin. In order to scale individual sap flux measurements to EC, we quantified the amount of sapwood area per unit ground area and the spatial distribution of sap flux within trees. Contrary to our hypothesis that all tree species would have the same positive relationship between tree diameter and sapwood depth, white cedar and speckled alder, both wetland species, showed no relationship. We also hypothesized that the conifer trees would have a lower whole tree hydraulic conductance than deciduous trees. We actually discovered that white cedar had the highest hydraulic conductance. Our third hypothesis, that sapwood area per unit ground area would determine stand EC, was not rejected. The resulting average daily EC values over 53 days (23 June to 16 August 2000) from combining sap flux and sapwood area per unit ground area were 1.4, 0.8, 2.1, and 1.4 mm d−1 for conifer, northern hardwoods, aspen/fir, and forested wetland cover types, respectively. Average daily EC was only explained by an exponential saturation with daily average vapor pressure deficit.
Representing E-Commerce Rules Via Situated Courteous Logic Programs in RuleML

We give an overview of current efforts to standardize e-business rules knowledge representation (KR) in XML as part of the Semantic Web. We focus especially on the design approach and criteria of RuleML, an emerging standard that we co-lead. We discuss the issues of standardization and Webizing which RuleML addresses. We extend, for the first time, RuleML’s definition from the ordinary logic programs KR to situated courteous logic programs (SCLP), an expressively general KR that supports prioritized conflict handling and procedural attachments for actions and queries. We give an overview of our prototype SweetRules, (Semantic WEb Enabling Technology – Rules component), a set of tools which enable, for the first time, communication and inferencing of e-business rules represented in SCLP RuleML. We illustrate SCLP RuleML by giving example rulesets from the realm of e-commerce business policies in supply chain management. 1
Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation via Nasal Access in the Management of Respiratory Insufficiency

These are preliminary observations of the introduction of a new technique of noninvasive positive pressure respiratory support for patients with subacute or chronic respiratory failure. Clinical situations where intubation or tracheostomy may have been performed were managed by intermittent positive pressure ventilation via nasal access (NIPPV) with a CPAP mask, or a custom constructed Vel-Foam nose piece. Four patients were managed at home with the use of portable volume ventilators. One patient employed the technique while hospitalized with subacute respiratory failure. Two patients, otherwise dependent on mouth intermittent positive pressure ventilation (MIPPV) 24 hours a day, received necessary dental care with NIPPV support. In a large population with a decade or more follow-up, MIPPV was shown to be an effective noninvasive technique to support respiration in patients with the most severe paralytic respiratory failure. Preliminary observations suggest that NIPPV may compare favorably with MIPPV and deserves more widespread study and application.
Nurse managers' insights regarding their role highlight the need for practice changes.

Abstract Aim The purpose of this study was to understand the insights of nurse managers regarding the nurse manager role. Background Nurse managers are vital to the success of healthcare organizations. Vacancy rates of nurse manager positions are on the rise. Recruiting and retaining qualified individuals for these positions requires an understanding of the perceptions of nurse managers regarding the role and the issues embedded in the role. Methods A descriptive, qualitative investigation was conducted. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Findings Although desired, role orientation, mentorship, and a strong foundational knowledge, were often lacking. Personal attributes viewed as important for success in the role included seeking opportunities and intentional self-growth. Lessons learned while in the role included the art of managing role demands and that comfort comes with time. Conclusion Concerns regarding the preparation for, introduction to, and support in the nurse manager role highlight the need for practice changes.
Computer-Supported Cooperative Crime

This work addresses fundamental questions about the nature of cybercriminal organization. We investigate the organization of three underground forums: BlackhatWorld, Carders and L33tCrew to understand the nature of distinct communities within a forum, the structure of organization and the impact of enforcement, in particular banning members, on the structure of these forums. We find that each forum is divided into separate competing communities. Smaller communities are limited to 100–230 members, have a two-tiered hierarchy akin to a gang, and focus on a subset of cybercrime activities. Larger communities may have thousands of members and a complex organization with a distributed multi-tiered hierarchy more akin to a mob; such communities also have a more diverse cybercrime portfolio compared to smaller cohorts. Finally, despite differences in size and cybercrime portfolios, members on a single forum have similar operational practices, for example, they use the same electronic currency.
Lake-Effect Mode and Precipitation Enhancement over the Tug Hill Plateau during OWLeS IOP2b

AbstractImproved understanding of the influence of orography on lake-effect storms is crucial for weather forecasting in many lake-effect regions. The Tug Hill Plateau of northern New York (hereafter Tug Hill), rising 500 m above eastern Lake Ontario, experiences some of the most intense snowstorms in the world. Herein the authors investigate the enhancement of lake-effect snowfall over Tug Hill during IOP2b of the Ontario Winter Lake-effect Systems (OWLeS) field campaign. During the 24-h study period, total liquid precipitation equivalent along the axis of maximum precipitation increased from 33.5 mm at a lowland (145 m MSL) site to 62.5 mm at an upland (385 m MSL) site, the latter yielding 101.5 cm of snow. However, the ratio of upland to lowland precipitation, or orographic ratio, varied with the mode of lake-effect precipitation. Strongly organized long-lake-axis parallel bands, some of which formed in association with the approach or passage of upper-level short-wave troughs, produced the highest pre...
Editorial Commentary: Understanding Marfan syndrome, or "how not to invent the light bulb".

In this issue of Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, Pyeritz [1] presents a concise review of the past and recent progress made in understanding the cause, pathogenesis, and clinical management of Marfan syndrome (MFS). From the time of its initial description in 1886, through key discoveries in the 1970s and 1990s, culminating in the initiation and completion of a series of mechanistically-based clinical trials in recent years, our understanding of the development and treatment of MFS has truly seen remarkable progress. While many questions remain about the molecular pathogenesis, and how to best manage the cardiovascular-related manifestations, as Pyeritz points out, life expectancy has steadily improved over the last 4 decades, approaching normal for most patients. Future efforts must continue to focus on defining the molecular and cellular response to fibrillin-1 (FBN-1) mutations, and how these basic mechanisms can be used for clinical advantage. A work by Dietz and Pyeritz [2] in the early 90s identified key mutations in the fibrillin-1 (FBN-1) gene that were associated with Marfan syndrome and its related disorders. Fibrillin-1 is a 350 kDa glycoprotein comprised of a series of epidermal growth factor-like motifs, many of which contain calcium-binding sequences, termed calcium-binding EGF (cbEGF) repeats [3]. These cbEGF modules are arranged in tandem, separated by cysteine-rich motifs (8-cys/TB) that have high homology to the family of latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) binding proteins (LTBPs) [3,4]. Fibrillin monomers self-assemble into macroaggregates forming the basic structures on which mature elastin fibers are synthesized from tropoelastin subunits. Accordingly, it was postulated that FBN-1 mutations within the aorta result in a weakened and disordered microfibril network connecting the elastic lamellae to the adjacent
Audiogenic Seizures and Acoustic Priming

Susceptibility audiogenic seizures, judging from the number of research papers published on this topic, is a phenomenon of considerable interest. The research literature on audiogenic seizures has been reviewed previously by Finger (1947), by Bevan (1955), and by Henry (1966). Busnel (1963) has edited an international symposium on this topic, and Welch & Welch (1970) have edited a monograph in which several chapters are devoted to the subject. Lehman (1970) and Schlesinger & Uphouse (1972) have published reviews on the pharmacological correlates of audigenic seizures. From these reviews, as suggested by Schlesinger & Griek (1970), several trends are discernable. These are: (1) that work on this topic has become interdisciplinary involving, in many instances, the collaborative efforts of geneticists, pharmacologists, psychologists, etc.; (2) that work on audiogenic seizures has become cosmopolitan; e.g., in 1947 Finger found 100% of the work done on this phenomenon to be North American, in 1955, only 83% of the research was by North Americans, and in Henry’s 1966 review, 51% of the research on audiogenic seizures was by American authors; (3) that work on audiogenic seizures has come, more and more, to rely on the mouse as the biological material of choice and, consequently, a heavier and heavier emphasis has been placed on discovering genetic determinants of susceptibility to audiogenic seizures. More recently, a fourth trend has emerged, as more and more research is reported on “acoustic priming”, i.e., rendering animals which are resistant to sound-induced seizures susceptible to these convulsions by prior exposure to loud noise.
The Corporate Social Responsibility Information Environment: Examining the Value of Financial Analysts’ Recommendations

This study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR)-related information and the value of financial analysts’ stock recommendations. The information environment in which analysts operate in is affected by CSR-related reports that companies voluntarily issue as well as information that becomes available through third-party analysis and rating institutions. We find an inverse relationship between the value of both upgrade and downgrade revisions and the supply of CSR-related information compiled by third-party institutions, suggesting that CSR-related data are associated with a richer information environment that makes it more challenging for analysts to issue informative recommendations, thereby mitigating their contribution to the price discovery process. We further find that the value of analysts’ recommendation revisions is lower for companies that voluntarily issue CSR-related reports compared to those that do not make such disclosures and that the overall effect of CSR on the informativeness of analysts is stronger in the recent years. Our findings have implications for the evolution of CSR reporting as the incorporation of CSR-related information into market prices legitimizes the relevance of such reports. Furthermore, these findings contribute to our understanding of the role and value of information intermediaries in changing information environments.
Investigation on synthesis and properties of 5,5′-dinitro-3,3′-azo-1-hydro-1,2,4-triazole(DNAT)

Taking 3,5-diaminotriazole-1,2,4-triazole as raw material,5,5′-dinitro-3,3′-azo-1-hydro-1,2,4triazole(DNAT) was synthesized through three steps,such as diazotization,selected reduction and acid oxidation.The structure of DNAT was identified by IR spectrum,element analysis and mass spectrum analysis,and the properties of DNAT were investigated by DSC-TGA,combustion property analysis method and sensitivity test.The results show that the DNAT has some advantages,such as high density(1.88 g/cm3),positive enthalpy(446.448 kJ/mol) and excellent thermal stability.Therefore,DNAT is a kind of high-nitrogen energy compound with excellent performance.
Discussion on Licensed Pharmacists' role in Protection of the Public Rational Drug Use

Objective To exert licensed pharmacists' role in protection of the public rational drug use. Me thods The data of rational drug use importance and domestic licensed pharmacist career development were collected and analyzed,initiatives were proposed to play the role of licensed pharmacist in China and protect the public reasonably safe and effective use of drugs. Re s ults There is a big gap between China and foreign countries in licensed pharmacist qualification,practice management and continuing education, licensed pharmacists may play a greater role in the protection of public rational drug use, through perfecting the system, improving qualily, providing pharmacy services and other initiatives. Conclus ion licensed pharmacists should constantly improve the quality and deliver high-quality pharmacy services for patients. Licensed pharmacists are the protectors of the public rational drug use.
Cygnus X-3 An Evolutionary Missing Link Found?

I review the properties of the X-ray source Cygnus X-3, and the evidence that is available that indicates that its companion is a Wolf-Rayet star. I focus on the interpretation of spectra of its infrared counterpart. Considering all data, I conclude that the companion is indeed a WR star, and I discuss the ramifications of this conclusion for our understanding of WR stars in general.
Spinach Leaf d -Glycerate-3-kinase

The oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle accounts for a 10 to 50% reduction in net photosynthesis in many C3 plants (Tolbert, 1981). This pathway begins in the chloroplast by RuBP oxygenase action, appears to terminate in the chloroplast by the action of D-glycerate-3-kinase and potentially recovers three fourths of the carbon directed away from the reductive photosynthetic carbon cycle (Tolbert, 1983). Despite its potentially important position in directing the carbon recovered from this pathway back to the Calvin cycle or to sucrose (Champigny, Moyse, 1979), glycerate kinase and its regulation have not been carefully examined. We have recently purified glycerate kinase from spinach leaves (Kleczkowski, Randall, 1983) and report here some additional properties of the enzyme.
Self-adjusting wearables: variable control through a shape-memory latching mechanism

Advances in self-adjusting wearables have been made possible with the use of actuator "springs" fabricated from shape memory alloy (SMA) wire. These actuators are effective in compressing or closing a garment. However, once the actuator power source is disconnected the actuators can stretch out and displace from the actuated position from the existing counter-forces. In this paper a variable control latching mechanism will be presented and discussed for use as a method of "locking" and fastening these actuators in place to prevent displacement.
The Information-Seeking Habits of Architecture Faculty

This study examines results from a survey of architecture faculty across the United States investigating information-seeking behavior and perceptions of library services. Faculty were asked to rank information sources they used for research, teaching, and creativity within their discipline. Sources were ranked similarly across these activities, suggesting broad and eclectic interests. While Internet resources and books were important across the board, e-books were ranked low. As an information source, librarians were also perceived to have less value than peers or even students. Librarians should consider ways to make libraries experiential and inspiring to add value and demonstrate continued relevance in an ever-expanding information field.
The Impact of Land-Use Variables on Free-Floating Carsharing Vehicle Rental Choice and Parking Duration

Carsharing is an innovative transportation mobility solution, which offers the benefits of a personal vehicle without the burden of ownership. Free-floating carsharing service remains a relatively new concept and has gained popularity because it offers a flexible one-way auto rental option that charges usage by the minute. Traditionally, carsharing services require returning the rented vehicle to the same location where rented within a specified rental duration. Since free-floating service is a very new addition in the overall transportation system, the empirical research is still very limited. This study focuses on identifying the impact of land-use variables on free-floating carsharing vehicle rental choice and parking duration of car2go services in Austin, Texas on a typical weekday between the 9:00 AM and 12:00 PM off-hour period. Two different methodological approaches, namely a logistic regression model approach and a duration model technique are used for this purpose. The results of this study indicate that demographic variables, the carsharing parking policy, and the number of transit stops all affect the usage of free-floating carsharing vehicles.
Complementary GaAs(CGaAs): a high performance BiCMOS alternative

A self aligned complementary GaAs (CGaAs) technology has been developed for low-power, high-speed digital and mixed-mode applications. Previous work has described the low voltage (0.9 to 1.5 V) and low power applications for portable products. Complementary digital circuits have demonstrated speed power performance of 0.01 /spl mu/W/MHz/gate at 0.9 V. This paper will describe our extensions to this process to provide even higher performance, at the expense of slightly higher static power dissipation. The extensions allow the flexibility to tune different sections of the circuitry to provide high performance where necessary with 5 GHz speeds using SCFL designs while still maintaining the ability to partition the system into areas with low standby power using CMOS-like designs. This modified process flow has demonstrated a mixed SCFL/complementary signal processor with a speed-power measurement of 0.16 /spl mu/W/MHz/gate while operating at >1 GHz, full complementary digital circuits at 500 MHz, RF MMIC and power circuits (400 MHz), utilizing the same process flow.
Improved Spice models of aluminum electrolytic capacitors for inverter applications

Impedance modeling of aluminum electrolytic capacitors presents a challenge to design engineers, due to the complex nature of the capacitor construction. Unlike an electrostatic capacitor, an electrolytic capacitor behaves like a lossy coaxial distributed RC circuit element whose series and distributed resistances are strong functions of temperature and frequency. This behavior gives rise to values of capacitance, ESR (effective series resistance), and impedance that vary by several orders of magnitude over the typical frequency and temperature range of power inverter applications. Existing public-domain Spice models do not accurately account for this behavior. In this paper, a physics-based approach is used to develop an improved impedance model that is interpreted both in pure Spice circuit models and in math functions.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Advanced Chronic Systolic Heart Failure Receiving Care at the Veterans Affairs Versus Other Hospitals Insights From the Beta-blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST)

Background—Characteristics and outcomes of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction receiving care at Veterans Affairs (VA) versus non-VA hospitals have not been previously reported. Methods and Results—In the randomized controlled Beta-blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST; 1995-1999), of the 2707 (bucindolol=1353; placebo=1354) patients with heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35%, 918 received care at VA hospitals, of which 98% (n=898) were male. Of the 1789 receiving care at non-VA hospitals, 68% (n=1216) were male. Our analyses were restricted to these 2114 male patients. VA patients were older with higher symptom and comorbidity burdens. There was no significant between-group difference in unadjusted primary end point of 2-year all-cause mortality (35% VA versus 32% non-VA; hazard ratio associated with VA hospitals, 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 0.94–1.26), which remained unchanged after adjustment for age and race (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% confidence interval...
Participatory Modeling and Community Dialog About Vulnerability of Lobster Fishing to Climate Change

The US National Research Council has repeatedly called for an analytic-deliberative process to make environmental decisions. Such a process should bring together experts, local citizens, stakeholders, and decision makers in venues where they investigate, discuss and learn together, make decisions, and follow up with monitoring, evaluation, and adjustment. In this spirit, we have developed a community-based participatory modeling experience that gathers and organizes local and expert knowledge and then uses the model to inform public policy dialog. This chapter tells the story of how, over 24 months, we engaged a group of lobstermen and community members in South Thomaston, Maine. The group characterized how climate change is impacting the lobster fishery and the community. It also identified resilience actions they could take to better understand the complex connections between fishing effort, timing of lobster molting, and the price of lobster. We used system dynamics modeling to estimate these connections using available data from participants, scientific reports and publications, and data gathered by regulatory authorities. The model lets participants run scenarios that characterize how different resilience action strategies affect landings and fishermen’s income. We met with individual lobstermen to fine-tune the model and to explore its applications and then presented the model and its simulations back to the community. We also prepared a booklet that summarized NOAA data about ocean temperatures and distributed it in the community. These products helped promote community deliberation about how to enhance resilience to climate change.
When Davids start becoming Goliaths: unique capabilities of emerging-market multinational enterprises and how they foster growth in developed markets?

Growth of emerging-market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) in developed markets (DMs) leads to two questions: What are the unique capabilities of these firms? And how do these capabilities foster growth in DMs? Drawing upon resource-based theory (RBT) and the dynamic capabilities view (DCV), I offer an evolutionary framework illustrating how pre-liberalisation asymmetries between EMNEs and developed-market multinational enterprises (DMNEs) have led to unique EMNE capabilities that impel growth in DMs. The typology offered here offers frugal-innovation, political, and market-sensing as unique EMNE operational capabilities. These operational capabilities combine with post-liberalisation, dynamic capabilities: relational-learning and acquisitions capabilities to underpin three sets of strategic choices. The theoretical framework offered here has implications for our understanding of EMNE-specific capabilities and prediction of their growth strategies in DMs.
Race, riots, and the police

This book provides a valuable overview of the intersection between race and policing, and offers some concrete proposals for resolving the tensions between the two. The author starts with a strong ...
Measuring Misreporting Risk in Firms’ 10-K Disclosures and the Auditor’s Role in Mitigating Misstatements

The purpose of public company audits is to increase the integrity of firms’ financial statements. However, research provides mixed evidence on whether better auditors mitigate misstatement risk embedded in the financial reporting process. A challenge in previous studies is the lack of a powerful measure of inherent, “pre-audit” reporting risk. We overcome this issue by developing a novel, powerful measure of accounting misstatement risk (AMR) from 10-K text. We validate this measure by documenting economically significant associations with both audit fees and misstatements. We then empirically test whether relatively higher quality audits, measured using a variety of characteristics, attenuate the association between AMR and subsequent restatements. Contrary to our prediction, however, we find minimal evidence that better auditors mitigate the association between AMR and the likelihood of subsequent restatement. Further analysis supports the notion that AMR inhibits auditors’ ability to mitigate reporting risk through increased audit fees and that AMR captures innate reporting risk rather than managerial obfuscation. Overall, we expect our results to be of interest to managers, accountants, and regulators, all of whom seek to minimize negative consequences of misreporting.
I’m Still Dancing: The Continued Efficacy of First Amendment Precedent and Values for New-School Regulation

This response essay reflects on the meaning of two foundational First Amendment decisions: New York Times Co. v. Sullivan — characterized by Harry Kalven, Jr., as “an occasion for dancing in the streets”— which imposed limits on public officials’ recovery for defamation, and New York Times Co. v. United States, which reaffirmed the central First Amendment principle against prior restraints. Professor Jack Balkin characterizes these decisions as responses to “old-school speech regulation . . . [in which] the state had used penalties and injunctions directed at speakers and publishers in order to control and discipline their speech.” But, Balkin observes, changes in the infrastructure and technology of free expression and in the regulation of speech have significantly weakened the impact of these decisions. He claims that “new-school” speech regulation — government exercise of informal control over and co-optation of privately-owned digital infrastructure providers — is not meaningfully subject to these precedents. Balkin expresses particular concern about the inefficacy of the prior restraint doctrine in circumstances of collateral censorship, in which the government encourages private intermediaries like ISPs to censor the speech of others. Such instances of collateral censorship, he worries, will affect an end run around the traditional procedural safeguards imposed on prior restraints. Balkin also expresses concern about the government’s co-optation of private infrastructure providers, through which the government informally pressures these entities to restrict users’ privacy and freedom of expression. In this response essay, I contend first that the prior restraint doctrine reinforced by the Court in New York Times Co. v. United States is still effective in holding in check new-school regulation — at least outside the national security context — as evidenced by cases such as Center for Democracy and Technology v. Pappert. Second, I argue, Balkin’s concerns about government co-optation of private infrastructure providers should be partially allayed by steps these providers have taken to expose efforts by the government to co-opt them and to commit themselves to upholding First Amendment principles, and to transparency and visibility in responding to government requests to censor content or reveal user information. In sum, the prior restraint doctrine — at least outside of the national security context — is still effective in holding in check government efforts to restrict speech. And recent actions by the entities responsible for the Internet’s free speech infrastructure have trended toward transparency and against co-optation by the government. These developments give us reason to be optimistic about the continued relevance of First Amendment precedent and values in the era of new-school regulation.
High-Yield, Low-Risk Deselection in an Academic Library

In conjunction with a multi-year renovation of Concordia University's main library, a comprehensive collections reconfiguration project was launched. The new library floor plans provided for increased study space and a reduced footprint for stacks. Significant deselection of physical format materials such as circulating books, reference works, government publications, and microforms was therefore necessary in order to achieve the necessary space reduction and still maintain room for growth. Although different weeding strategies were developed for specific collections and disciplines, the key factors considered were usage, currency and duplication. By focusing on reducing duplication – multiple copies, superseded editions, replication across different formats – and using data extracted from the library system, it has been possible to remove a large volume of items with minimal decision-making required from subject librarians. Virtually all weeded materials have been sent to a non-profit reseller or recycled, in keeping with the university's commitment to environmental sustainability. This approach has resulted in the removal of over 60,000 duplicate copies from the monograph collection alone. At the same time access has been retained to most unique content within the collection, allaying faculty concerns about library deselection. In less than two years the original goals of space reduction for print and microform holdings have been exceeded.
Dynamic changes in copper homeostasis and post-transcriptional regulation of Atp7a during myogenic differentiation

Copper (Cu) is an essential metal required for activity of a number of redox active enzymes that participate in critical cellular pathways such as metabolism and cell signaling. Because it is also a toxic metal, Cu must be tightly controlled by a series of transporters and chaperone proteins that regulate Cu homeostasis. The critical nature of Cu is highlighted by the fact that mutations in Cu homeostasis genes cause pathologic conditions such as Menkes and Wilson diseases. While Cu homeostasis in highly affected tissues like the liver and brain is well understood, no study has probed the role of Cu in development of skeletal muscle, another tissue that often shows pathology in these conditions. Here, we found an increase in whole cell Cu content during differentiation of cultured immortalized or primary myoblasts derived from mouse satellite cells. We demonstrate that Cu is required for both proliferation and differentiation of primary myoblasts. We also show that a key Cu homeostasis gene, Atp7a, undergoes dynamic changes in expression during myogenic differentiation. Alternative polyadenylation and stability of Atp7a mRNA fluctuates with differentiation stage of the myoblasts, indicating post-transcriptional regulation of Atp7a that depends on the differentiation state. This is the first report of a requirement for Cu during myogenic differentiation and provides the basis for understanding the network of Cu transport associated with myogenesis.
The state of public discourse in Kenya’s post-Moi era: Where are Kenya’s organic intellectuals?

AbstractOne of the defining moments in Kenya’s political landscape was the defeat of KANU, the party that had been in power since the country’s independence in 1963, by the National Rainbow Coalition, NARC in 2002. The victory was hailed as a new dawn that would entrench good governance, equity, rule of law, and human rights. After all, the victory was a culmination of many years of agitation against KANU dictatorship. Furthermore, NARC was a mass movement with national appeal and led by renowned anti-establishment politicians, civil society, and activist intellectuals and clergy. But, these aspirations would be betrayed by fragmentation of elites in NARC and re-invention of corruption by the same elites. This paper investigates the ramifications of the NARC collapse to the country’s post-Moi democratization process, more so the diminished role of intellectuals in public discourse. The paper demonstrates the urgent need for organic intellectuals and the way forward.
A Primer on Cluster Analysis by James C. Bezdek [By the Book]

This book focuses on four widely used basic clustering methods suitable for most unlabeled data. The algorithms are k-means, fuzzy c-means (FCM), expectation maximization (EM), and a couple for relational clustering (sequential, agglomerative, hierarchical, and nonoverlapping). There is also a discussion of how to choose the right number of clusters for each approach. This includes internal and external validity measures for the clusters obtained by applying an algorithm. The book includes more than the four basic methods when variants and competitors are noted during discussions of the methods, and it dives into clustering approaches for big data. At the end of the chapters are historical notes, exercises, and additional examples of other algorithms. To whom is this book useful? If you have read this far, it is likely you. It is especially valuable for someone just starting to use clustering who wants background information on major underlying approaches. There are many nicely illustrated examples of clustering and validation of clusters. It is also of interest to people who know about clustering and use/develop algorithms. The book has a deep, rigorous mathematical treatment of the subject and covers work in an area with which only few are completely familiar. The historical notes are likely to be informational to most. Finally, if you teach a course on clustering, this would serve as a great textbook. It includes a deep discussion of algorithms and their variations with exercises, then moves to the modern problem of clustering big-data sets. It also shows how to evaluate the resulting partition (set of clusters). To whom is this book useful? If you have read this far, it is likely you. It is especially valuable for someone just starting to use clustering who wants background information on major underlying approaches. There are many nicely illustrated examples of clustering and validation of clusters. It is also of interest to people who know about clustering and use/develop algorithms. The book has a deep, rigorous mathematical treatment of the subject and covers work in an area with which only few are completely familiar. The historical notes are likely to be informational to most. Finally, if you teach a course on clustering, this would serve as a great textbook. It includes a deep discussion of algorithms and their variations with exercises, then moves to the modern problem of clustering big-data sets. It also shows how to evaluate the resulting partition (set of clusters).
Southeast China Early Neolithic

relative time period: Follows the Ordosian tradition, precedes the Southeast China Late Neolithic tradition.
Clustering in life sciences.

Clustering is the task of organizing a set of objects into meaningful groups. These groups can be disjoint, overlapping, or organized in some hierarchical fashion. The key element of clustering is the notion that the discovered groups are meaningful. This definition is intentionally vague, as what constitutes meaningful is to a large extent, application dependent. In some applications this may translate to groups in which the pairwise similarity between their objects is maximized, and the pairwise similarity between objects of different groups is minimized. In some other applications this may translate to groups that contain objects that share some key characteristics, even though their overall similarity is not the highest. Clustering is an exploratory tool for analyzing large datasets, and has been used extensively in numerous application areas. Clustering has a wide range of applications in life sciences and over the years has been used in many areas ranging from the analysis of clinical information, phylogeny, genomics, and proteomics. For example, clustering algorithms applied to gene expression data can be used to identify co-regulated genes and provide a genetic fingerprint for various diseases. Clustering algorithms applied on the entire database of known proteins can be used to automatically organize the different proteins into closeand distant-related families, and identify subsequences that are mostly preserved across proteins [52, 22, 55, 68, 49]. Similarly, clustering algorithms applied to the tertiary structural datasets can be used to perform a similar organization and provide insights in the rate of change between sequence and structure [20, 65]. The primary goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of the various issues involved in clustering large datasets, describe the merits and underlying assumptions of some of the commonly used clustering approaches, and provide insights on how to cluster datasets arising in various areas within life-sciences. Toward this end, the chapter is organized in broadly three parts. The first part (Sections 2– 4) describes the various types of clustering algorithms developed over the years, the various methods for computing the similarity between objects arising in life sciences, and methods for assessing the quality of the clusters. The second part (Section 5) focuses on the problem of clustering data arising from microarray experiments and describes some of the commonly used approaches. Finally, the third part (Section 6) provides a brief introduction to CLUTO, a general purpose toolkit for clustering various datasets, with an emphasis on its applications to problems and analysis requirements within life sciences.
Secondary school students in online university courses: a case study

This proposal describes a pilot program designed to create an online corridor to higher education for secondary school students. This grant-funded project was designed to offer qualified secondary students, entering their junior or senior years, online science courses at a university in the United States. Forty-three students (average grade point average 3.8 out of 4) qualified for and participated in the pilot program. Data collected from each student include an entrance survey, an abbreviated version (30 items) Motivation Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) was collected before and after students took their online course, and achievement (i.e., final grades) were collected from forty (N=40) students. A description of this program and preliminary research results investigating online secondary students' motivation, self-regulation, and achievement in these online university courses will be presented and discussed.
The Impact of Deployment and Psychological Well-Being on Family Relationships: A Secondary Analysis of Air Force Community Assessment Data

THE IMPACT OF DEPLOYMENT AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING ON FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS: A SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF AIR FORCE COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT DATA
Hybrid EMA/OMA Data Collection/Reduction for Improved Modal Characterization

Experimental modal analysis (EMA) has a long tradition of use but requires measurement of an applied force. Operational modal analysis (OMA) on the other hand, requires no force measurement, but relies on all the system modes to be excited from the unmeasured excitation which can never be verified. Experience has shown that many times critical modes of the system cannot be obtained from the OMA; EMA will generally find all the modes when proper test techniques are utilized. Both techniques have their advantages and disadvantages to say the least and both offer unique opportunities to extract modal characteristics.
The Design and Implementation of an Integrated Values- and Competency-Based MPA Core Curriculum

This article describes the design and development of a values- and competency-based master of public administration curriculum oriented to an audience of in-service professionals pursuing part-time...
Fracture toughness of NiTi–Towards establishing standard test methods for phase transforming materials

Abstract A new test methodology for measuring the fracture toughness of shape memory alloys using the critical value of J-integral as the fracture criterion is proposed. The method relies on the ASTM standard method for measuring the fracture toughness of conventional ductile materials extended to account for the martensitic transformation/martensite orientation-induced changes in the apparent elastic properties. A comprehensive set of nominally-isothermal fracture experiments is carried out on near-equiatomic NiTi compact tension specimens at three distinct temperatures: (i) below the martensite-finish temperature, M f ; (ii) between the martensite-start temperature, M s , and the martensite desist temperature, M d , above which the stress-induced martensitic transformation is suppressed; and (iii) above M d . At these temperatures, the material either remains in the martensite state throughout the loading (martensitic material, case (i)) or transforms from austenite to martensite close to the crack tip (transforming material, case (ii)) or remains always in the austenite state (austenitic material, case (iii)), respectively. The critical J-values for crack growth, i.e., the fracture toughness, reported in all three cases, result in extrapolated stress intensity factors that are much higher than the corresponding values reported in literature on the basis of linear elastic fracture mechanics. Moreover, contrary to literature, the fracture toughness of martensitic and transforming materials is found to be approximately the same while the fracture toughness of stable austenite is considerably higher. This mechanics-aided test method can be potentially utilized for measuring the fracture toughness of martensitically transforming materials beyond shape memory alloys.