cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
N, P, and K Supply to Pinot noir Grapevines: Impact on Berry Phenolics and Free Amino Acids

Understanding the direct role that macronutrient supply (N, P, and K) has on berry chemistry was evaluated in Pinot noir grapevines grown in sand culture. Self-rooted Pinot noir vines were grown for three years with either full nutrition (Control) or three reduced levels of either N, P, or K supply while holding all other nutrients constant. Vines were managed to minimize differences in vine water status (altering irrigation to achieve similar daily soil moisture content) and fruit cluster solar exposure (altering leaf pulling to achieve similar cluster irradiance) due to varying nutrient supply so that indirect effects on berry chemistry could be largely eliminated. Berry chemistry was evaluated in the second and third years after different nutrient supply treatments were imposed. Results showed that low N, but not low P or K, altered berry free amino acid (FAA) and phenolic profiles. Low N supply reduced FAA and yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) in both years by up to 70% and altered certain FAAs more than others, thus changing berry FAA profile. The concentration of sugars, anthocyanins, and flavonol-glycosides increased in low N vines during the third season, but the increase in sugars and anthocyanins was attributed to the decline in berry size that year. Condensed tannins and total phenolic acids were increased in low N vines across both years, independent of changes in berry size. Results indicated that low N supply altered YAN to the greatest degree, while anthocyanin enhancement did not occur until yield and berry size were also reduced. Increased concentrations of tannins and phenolic acids in berries occurred in response to low N supply independent of reductions in yield and berry size.
Perturbation Study of Some Excited States of Two-Electron Atoms

A perturbation study of the $\mathrm{NP}$ states of two-electron atoms has been made. In particular, oscillator strength values for the ($1^{1}S, 2^{1}P$) and ($2^{3}S, 2^{3}P$) transitions are obtained. The $2^{1}P$ and $2^{3}P$ states are studied through ninth and tenth order, respectively. In addition, the $N^{1}P$ and $N^{3}P$ states are studied in first order through the $10P$ member of the series. Perturbation energy coefficients and other expectation values for several important operators have been computed. Perturbation energy coefficients for the $1^{1}S$ state (through 25th order) and $2^{3}S$ state (through 17th order) are also reported. Where comparison is possible, these results are in satisfactory agreement with the results obtained from variational calculations by C. L. Pekeris and co-workers. The variational-perturbation method for excited states requires auxiliary conditions on the perturbation wave functions. The condition on the $n\mathrm{th}$-order wave function is derived here. This is a generalization of the first-order condition given by Sinano\ifmmode \breve{g}\else \u{g}\fi{}lu.
Linking adult attachment to self-esteem stability

Although it is known that adult attachment is associated with self-esteem level (i.e., whether individuals' typical feelings of self-worth are high or low), little is known about how the attachment system is connected to other important components of self-esteem. In the research reported here, we examined how aspects of the attachment system relate to stability of self-esteem (i.e., the extent to which individuals' current feelings of self-worth exhibit fluctuations). Our findings revealed a link between high attachment anxiety and unstable self-esteem that is independent of self-esteem level. Attachment avoidance, conversely, was unrelated to self-esteem stability. These results are consistent with the developmental and social-cognitive characteristics of attachment anxiety. They also are consistent with recent research showing that anxious attachment moderates the effect of social feedback on self-evaluations. Discussion focuses on the theoretical and practical implications of this research.
Environmental justice: A louisiana case study

The paper begins with a brief analysis of the concepts of environmental justice and environmental racism and classism. The authors argue that pollution- and environment-related decision-making is prima facie wrong whenever it results in inequitable treatment of individuals on the basis of race or socio-economic status. The essay next surveys the history of the doctrine of free informed consent and argues that the consent of those affected is necessary for ensuring the fairness of decision-making for siting hazardous facilities. The paper also points out that equal opportunity to environmental protection and free informed consent are important rights. Finally, it presents a case study on the proposed uranium enrichment facility near Homer, Louisiana and argues that siting the plant would violate norms of distributive equity and free informed consent. It concludes that siting the facility is a case of environmental injustice and likely an example of environmental racism or classism.
MORPHOGENESIS OF BAARSCHEIBEN IN RATS

In the newborn rat, innervated Merkel cells were observed in the epidermis of the back and belly next to the tylotrich follicles. Small Haarscheiben could be seen on the belly at birth but were not visible on the back until 10 to 13 days postnatally. The Haarscheiben primordia on the back of the newborn where Merkel cells were found were 95 μm in diameter on the average and were surrounded by epidermal rete pegs. By 13 days, the diameters of the Haarscheiben on the back averaged 208 μm, which is similar to the adult. Haarscheiben on the belly also increased in diameter during this period, but throughout were larger than those on the back. Special cells sharing the morphologic features of both keratinocytes and Merkel cells were found in the epidermis of newborn and 13-day-old Haarscheiben. Similar cells in adult Haarscheiben, which have been called transitional cells, have clumps of tonofibrils in their cytoplasm like keratinocytes, as well as dense-cored granules like those in Merkel cells. From 0 to 13 days after birth, the nerve endings on the Merkel cells and transitional cells were filled with clear-cored, synaptic-sized vesicles. Similar vesicles found in adult nerve terminals were distinctly less concentrated. The neuronal membranes in adult and newborn rats had thickened regions apposed to the Merkel cells. However, the clear-cored vesicles were not directly associated with these areas.
OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IN A DYNAMIC ECONOMY: A NOTE

The process of occupational upgrading has received a significant amount of attention from labor economists in recent years. This is not surprising given that approximately ten percent of the American labor force will change occupations each year (Byrne, 1975; Rosenfeld, 1979) and that labor mobility is a vital element in both neoclassical (e.g. Rosen, 1979) and radical (see Cain, 1976) theories of labor maket behavior. Most of the empirical studies that deal specifically with occupational upgrading have been constrained to analyzing gross mobility occurring within a single time frame (e.g. Andrisani, 1973; Leigh, 1979; Steinberg, 1975). Due to limitations imposed by data availability, the mobility literature is deficient in empirical analysis of upgrading during periods of varying macroeconomic health. The purpose of this note is to report basic findings drawn from recently released data covering two distinct periods in time, which concern the degree of success experienced by workers who engage in occupational change. Additionally, attention will be placed in the differences in the pattern of occupational upgrading observed between white and black cohorts.
Stability of supply function equilibria implications for daily versus hourly bids in a poolco market

We consider a supply function model of a poolco electricity market where demand varies significantly over a time horizon such as a day and also has a small responsiveness to price. Although there are equilibria yielding prices at peak that are close to Cournot prices, it is known that the wider the range of demand uncertainty the narrower the range of such supply function equilibria. Here we show that such equilibria are also typically unstable and consequently would be difficult to sustain in practice. This strengthens the results of Green and Newbery by ruling out many equilibria that have high prices. We demonstrate this result both theoretically under somewhat restrictive assumptions and also numerically using both a three-firm example system and a five-firm example system having generation capacity constraints. Hence, this reinforces the conclusion that the market outcome is significantly influenced by a requirement that offers into the poolco be consistent over the time horizon. This result contrasts with markets where bids can be changed on an hourly basis, where Cournot prices are possible outcomes. The stability analysis has important policy implications for the design of day-ahead electricity markets. The stability perspective also provides a narrowing of the equilibrium selection that strengthens empirical analysis.
Chronic Exposure to SO2: Possible Effects at the Cellular Level

Abstract A short review of SO2 interactions with tissue culture cells and rabbit plasma proteins is presented. Possible modes of elimination of plasma sulfonates via sulfite oxidation involving enzymes as well as free radical intermediates are discussed. Potential consequences of the free radical formation are evaluated in connection with recent reports of DNA breakage and lipid peroxidation produced by sulfite.
Cognitive therapy and research: A question of questions

Although cognitive-behavioral approaches have now earned substantial recognition within clinical psychology, they face a host of challenges which merit careful attention. In the interest of their own refinement and growth, a philosophy of critical and cautious self-scrutiny has much more to offer than one of unbridled enthusiasm and defensiveness. Three of the major challenges facing contemporary workers in this area are (a)a clearer demonstration of enduring effectiveness with clinically revelant problems, (b)refinements in our conceptualization and analysis of therapeutic process, and (c)a clearer specification of the operations and procedures employed in various therapies. But perhaps the greatest problem facing cognitive therapy researchers is the tendency of confirmatory bias—i.e., selective reporting, emphasis, and publication of studies which “support” cognitive hypotheses. Unless we communicate and seriously examine “negative results” and replicational failures, we will encourage a distorted view of our knowledge and, more importantly, sacrifice the invaluable information which these “failures” might offer toward the refinement of our models and procedures.
Effect on surface detail of casts when irreversible hydrocolloid was wetted before impression making

I rreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) impression material has been proved to be accurate in controlled studies.‘s2 A series of exacting procedures are necessary to obtain an accurate impression when this material is used. Therefore, it is important to follow the manufacturer’s directions. Some manufacturers recommend that after the impression tray is loaded, the surface of the irreversible hydrocolloid be smoothed with a wet finger before the impression is made. This investigation was designed to compare the surface accuracy of casts made when irreversible hydrocolloid was and was not smoothed before the impression was made.
Measurement of a laterally deformable optical MEMS grating transducer

We have experimentally demonstrated operation of a laterally deformable optical NEMS grating transducer. The device is fabricated in amorphous diamond on a silicon substrate with standard lithographic techniques. For small changes in the spacing of the grating elements, a large change in the optical reflection amplitude is observed. An in-plane motion detection sensitivity of 160 fm/√Hz has been measured, which agrees well with theoretical models. This sensitivity compares favorably to that of any other MEMS transducer. Calculations predict that this sensitivity could be improved by up to two orders of magnitude in future designs. As well as having applications to the field of accelerometers and other inertial sensors, this device could also be used as a modulator for optical switching.
Somatic cell genetic analysis of HLA-A, B, C and human beta 2-microglobulin expression.

We have examined the cell surface expression of the human histocompatibility antigens HLA-A, B, C and β2-microglobulin (β2m) on a human-mouse somatic cell hybrid line. Using specific antibodies and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), we viably fractionated and characterized four separate hybrid subpopulations (HLA+,β2m+; HLA +,β2m−; HLA−,β2m+; HLA−,β2m−). Hybrid selection based on surface antigen expression resulted in corresponding genetic selection for and against human chromosomes 6 and 15. Studies of the homogeneous hybrid sublines revealed that the presence of human β2m in a hybrid cell dramatically increased the surface expression of human HLA-A, B, C and mouse H-2Kk antigens. The results demonstrate the importance of human chromosome-specific surface markers and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter in somatic cell genetic analysis.
Determination of the calcium oxalate crystallization risk from urine samples: the BONN Risk Index in comparison to other risk formulas.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Regular risk evaluation and risk monitoring during stone therapy are recommended measures to ensure reduction of recurrence of crystal formation. This strategy optimizes the patien...
The lengthening of time to completion of the doctorate degree

Time to completion of the doctorate is at a high for the century in the United States. This paper examines completion time in 11 scientific and engineering fields in the period 1967–1986, using the cohort of doctorate recipients for analysis. On average, it finds a 20% increase in completion time. Four measures of time are explored and time trend analysis reveals the existence of two patterns of increase: U-shaped and inverted U. Evidence is reported of convergence of the time distribution around the cohort mean and time spent enrolled at the university is shown to be the major source of the rise.
Amino acids within residues 181-200 of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α1 subunit involved in nicotine binding

Structural determinants of L-[3H]nicotine binding to the sequence flanking Cys 192 and Cys 193 of the Torpedo acetylcholine receptor alpha1 subunit were investigated using synthetic peptides (residues 181-200) and fusion proteins (residues 166-211). Nicotine binding at a single concentration (30 nM) was compared with 71 peptides and fusion proteins in which individual amino acids at positions 181-200 were substituted. Substitution of Lys 185, Tyr 190, Cys 192, Cys 193, Thr 196, and Tyr 198 resulted in the greatest reduction in nicotine binding. Equilibrium binding of [3H]nicotine to peptide 181-200 revealed a binding component with an apparent KD of 1.2 microM. Substitution of Lys 185 (with Glu), His 186, Tyr 190, Cys 192, Cys 193, and Tyr 198 resulted in a significant reduction in affinity. Affinity was not affected significantly by substitution of Arg 182, Lys 185 (with Gly or Arg), Val 188, Tyr 189, Pro 194, Asp 195, Thr 196, and Asp 200. It is concluded that Lys 185, His 186, Tyr 190, Cys 192, Cys 193, and Tyr 198 play the greatest role in nicotine binding to residues 181-200 of the alpha1 subunit. Previous studies have implicated Tyr 190, Cys 192, Cys 193, and Tyr 198 in agonist binding to the acetylcholine receptor. These results confirm a role for these residues and also demonstrate a function for Lys 185 and His 186 in nicotine binding.
Estrogen Induction of Telomerase Activity through Regulation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Dependent Pathway in Human Endometrial Cancer Cells

Given that prolonged exposure to estrogen and increased telomerase activity are associated with endometrial carcinogenesis, our objective was to evaluate the interaction between the MAPK pathway and estrogen induction of telomerase activity in endometrial cancer cells. Estradiol (E2) induced telomerase activity and hTERT mRNA expression in the estrogen receptor (ER)-α positive, Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell line. UO126, a highly selective inhibitor of MEK1/MEK2, inhibited telomerase activity and hTERT mRNA expression induced by E2. Similar results were also found after transfection with ERK 1/2-specific siRNA. Treatment with E2 resulted in rapid phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK and increased MAPK activity which was abolished by UO126. The hTERT promoter contains two estrogen response elements (EREs), and luciferase assays demonstrate that these EREs are activated by E2. Exposure to UO126 or ERK 1/2-specific siRNA in combination with E2 counteracted the stimulatory effect of E2 on luciferase activity from these EREs. These findings suggest that E2-induction of telomerase activity is mediated via the MAPK pathway in human endometrial cancer cells.
Palaeoclimate: low-down on a rhythmic high.

Changes in the amount of solar energy reaching Earth account for certain climate cycles at high and low latitudes. Surprisingly, the effects of a high-latitude cycle evidently reached into the tropics.
Rigid-rod polymeric fibers

This paper traces the historical development of high temperature resistant rigid-rod polymers. Synthesis, fiber processing, structure, properties, and applications of poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fibers have been discussed. After nearly 20 years of development in the United States and Japan, PBO fiber was commercialized with the trade name Zylon® in 1998. Properties of this fiber have been compared with the properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), thermotropic polyester (Vectran®), extended chain polyethylene (Spectra®), p-aramid (Kevlar®), m-aramid (Nomex®), aramid copolymer (Technora®), polyimide (PBI), steel, and the experimental high compressive strength rigid-rod polymeric fiber (PIPD, M5). PBO is currently the highest tensile modulus, highest tensile strength, and most thermally stable commercial polymeric fiber. However, PBO has low axial compressive strength and poor resistance to ultraviolet and visible radiation. The fiber also looses tensile strength in hot and humid environment. In the coming decades, further improvements in tensile strength (10–20 GPa range), compressive strength, and radiation resistance are expected in polymeric fibers. Incorporation of carbon nanotubes is expected to result in the development of next generation high performance polymeric fibers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 791–802, 2006
Optimum suppression tactics—A model and some theorems

The author presents an analytic model of tactical decision making for wildland fire suppression, which emphasizes the control line concept. After determining solutions for several representations of practical constraint conditions, he concludes that control tactices can be simulated mathematically. However, he also outlines areas requiring further work.
Impact of Body Bias Based Leakage Power Reduction on Soft Error Rate

As device geometries shrink to nanometers, increasing leakage current coupled with particle induced soft errors is exasperating the circuit reliability issues. In this paper, we first establish that independent solutions to these two problems can not lead to a good final solution. A more thoughtful and integrated design methodology is required to reconcile these two challenging issues. Next, we investigate the dependency of soft error rate on the body bias based leakage reduction method and introduce a novel body bias-dependent soft error model. We propose an optimization based and a heuristic driven approach to reduce leakage while satisfying the soft error rate limit. Our methods provide appropriate body bias configurations that lead to near-optimal total mean time to failure improvement of a circuit.
Differentiation of an andesine-type anorthosite: The San Gabriel Suite

Abstract The San Gabriel anorthosite is an andesine-type anorthosite and has been investigated in order to test a model which postulates that the parental magmas of such anorthosites are andesite. Plagioclase in the anorthosites ranges from An55 (mol per cent) to An35 with a mode at An49, in the diorites from An52 to An24 (mode An36), and in the monzonites/ quartz-monzonites from An27 to An9 (mode An21). No hiatus occurs in the compositional spectrum, suggesting that the sequence is derived from a common parent, with anorthosite accumulating first and quartz-monzonite last. The parent magma is constrained by having plagioclase of about An55 on the liquidus, and by producing an oversaturated residual liquid. The sequence is in accord with published experimental observations on the fractional crystallization of a synthetic quartz-diorite (andesite), and is compatible with a model for the differentiation of andesine-type anorthosites from andesitic magmas.
Urinary bombesin-like peptide levels in infants and children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and cystic fibrosis

Compared to normal infants and children, there are increased numbers of neuroendocrine cells with bombesin-like peptide (BLP) immunostaining in the lungs of infants and children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and cystic fibrosis (CF). However, there are no data documenting levels of urinary BLP in normal infants and children, or in children with lung disease. We therefore determined the normal developmental pattern for urinary BLP excretion in healthy infants and children, and in infants and children with BPD and CF, and correlated these findings with the subjects' clinical course. We measured urinary BLP levels in 110 subjects: 54 controls, 33 with BPD, and 23 with CF. An age-dependent decline in urinary bombesin levels was evident in the control and BPD subjects, but not in those with CF. There were no statistically significant differences in BLP levels between normal infants and those with BPD. Mean BLP levels were higher in the more immature preterm infants with BPD who required increased ventilatory support. The highest mean BLP levels were documented in BPD infants under age 3 months (882 fmol/mg creatinine), in controls between 3 and 12 months of age (625 fmol/mg creatinine), and in 12-60-month-old CF subjects (486 fmol/mg creatinine). Thus there is an age-dependent decline in BLP levels in controls and BPD, but not in CF. We speculate that the elevated urinary BLP levels in infants and children with BPD and CF may reflect increased pulmonary neuroendocrine cell activity in these conditions, due to the epithelial regenerative response to airway damage and repair.
Preparation of Alkyl α-D-glucopyranosides

Abstract An improved preparation of alkyl α- D -glucopyranosides involves ( a ) reaction of β- D -glucopyranose pentaacetate or a similar ester with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst until equilibrium is attained, ( b ) hydrolysis of the alkyl β- D -glucopyranoside present in the reaction mixture with a β- D -glucosidase, and ( c ) removal of the D -glucose and the alcohol formed by this hydrolysis. This sequence gave twelve pure alkyl α- D -glucopyranosides, each in high yield. The following alkyl α- D -glucopyranosides are reported for the first time (in unacetylated form): 2-propyl, 2-butyl, 2-methylpropyl, 1-pentyl, and 2,2-dimethylpropyl.
Aerospace Reliability Applied to Biomedicine

An analysis is presented that indicates that the reliability and quality assurance methodology selected by NASA to minimize failures in aerospace equipment can be applied directly to biomedical devices to improve hospital equipment reliability. The Space Electric Rocket Test project is used as an example of NASA application of reliability and quality assurance (R&QA) methods. By analogy a comparison is made to show how these same methods can be used in the development of transducers, instrumentation, and complex systems for use in medicine.
Choice set formation with multiple flexible activities under space–time constraints

In classical time geography, an individual travel path is composed of a chain of visits, with each visit being a flexible activity between two fixed activities at two known stations. In reality, individuals tend to carry out trips with much variation and complexity, with multipurpose trips being a prominent and pervasive phenomenon. There is limited research to date on multipurpose trips in time-geographic analysis by geographic information system GIS scientists, or more specifically, multiple flexible activities between two fixed stations. To fill this gap, this article proposes four models for identifying the choice set with multiple flexible activities under space–time constraints. The models are derived through set-theoretic formalism based on the concept of trip chaining. The structure of the four models establishes a theoretical framework for conceptualizing trip-chaining behaviour with respect to the fixity of activities and the number of fixed stations as destinations or origins. They provide fundamental and rigorous apparatus for studying complex individual activity–travel patterns in many applied contexts when multipurpose trips are involved. This article also describes implementation of the models with a real transportation network as a way of validation.
No Disability Standpoint Here!: Law School Faculties and the Invisibility Problem

The paucity of lawyers with disabilities is well-known; workplace barriers are frequently cited as an explanation. Less well appreciated, however, is the paucity of law professors who openly identify as persons with physical or mental disabilities. Drawing on standpoint theory, this article argues for the importance of the presence in legal education of law faculty with disabilities.
Organic compounds on crack surfaces in olivine from San Carlos, Arizona and Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii

Abstract Organic compounds associated with thin carbonaceous films on crack surfaces have been detected by thermal-desorption photoionization mass spectrometry in large single crystals of olivine from San Carlos, Arizona and Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii. Alkalis, silicon, aluminum and halogens are also present in the 3–4 nm thick carbonaceous films. The organics probably were not derived from the upper mantle or lower crust or from environmental biogenic contamination after eruption and cooling. It is likely that the carbonaceous films and organics were deposited or formed on crack surfaces created during eruption and cooling of the host alkali basalts. Whether the organics were produced abiotically by FischerTropsch-like reactions involving volcanic gases and fresh-fractured surfaces where reduced carbon was deposited, or whether the organics represent biogenic material that was assimilated into the magmatic system prior to or during magma ascent, cannot be ascertained at this time due to their low abundance.
Selection of the control channels in a method for rapid determination of channel positions in high-density EEG studies

We have developed a practical method for rapid determination of electrode positions in high-density EEG studies. For each electrode cap, a reference data set is first established by placing the cap on a reference head and measuring the 3-D position of each channel. A set of control channels are preselected that can simply be the standard 19 channels or their closest substitutes. During the experiment, only the 3-D positions of these control channels need to be measured and the position of each of the remaining channels is calculated from the position of the same channel in the reference data set using a local transformation determined by a subset (3 or 4) of nearest control channels. Six BioSemi ActiveTwo caps of different sizes and channel numbers were used to study the effects of the choice of the control channels on prediction errors. Our results show that by including the most peripheral channels in the set of control channels and by using 4 nearest control channels to determine the local transformation, the method produces a mean prediction error of about 2 mm and a maximum prediction error less than 7 mm.
Capability Maturity Model for Software

This article provides an overview of the Capability Maturity Model® for Software (Software CMM®) and the concepts of software process maturity. (Capability Maturity Model and CMM are registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.) It contains a background discussion of why process is crucial to organizational and project success, a description of the development of the CMM, a detailed summary of the model, and a description of the model's use for process improvement and the evaluation of software suppliers; describes the use of the CMM in the context of the SEI's IDEALSM (IDEAL is a service mark of Carnegie Mellon University) approach to process improvement; summarizes some of the strengths and weaknesses of the current model and its use; characterizes the state of the practice and the return on investment for software process improvement; and concludes with a discussion of likely future directions for CMM-like models. Keywords: capability maturity model; trademark; Carnegie Mellon University; principles; total quality management; software; maturity model; uses; key process improvement; case studies
Middle ear tumours with brainstem extension treated by ventral bulla osteotomy and craniectomy in two cats

Two geriatric domestic shorthaired cats (DSH) were treated surgically with a ventral bulla osteotomy and craniectomy for middle ear tumours that invaded the calvarium. Both cats had a history of vestibular disease. One cat had a normal neurological examination. Both cats underwent computed tomographic imaging of the head. After intravenous injection of an iodinated contrast material, one cat had a ring-enhancing intracranial lesion and the other had a uniform contrast-enhancing intracranial lesion, which either communicated with the bulla or was associated with bulla osseous lysis/production. One cat had a papillary adenoma and the other had an adenocarcinoma. Both cats had prolonged survivals (630 days; alive and lost to follow-up at 840 days), which is longer than reported in cats with middle ear neoplasia. Craniectomy, in addition to ventral bulla osteotomy, may be part of the treatment plan for middle ear tumours that invade the calvarium.
Amino acids. XI. Malonic acid analogs of natural alpha-amino acids.

A study has been made of malonic acid analogs of naturally occurring α-amino acids to determine if stereospecific monodecarboxylation will lead to the formation of optically pure α-amino acids or if these acids possess peculiar biological properties of their own. The synthesis of the malonic acid analogs of leucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, via alkylation of carbobenzyloxyaminomalonic ester, is described.
Student conduct, restorative justice, and student development: findings from the STARR project: a student accountability and restorative research project

The STudent Accountability and Restorative Research (STARR) Project is a multi-campus study of college student disciplinary practices in the USA, comparing traditional conduct hearings that use restorative justice practices alongside traditional college student misconduct hearings. A coherent set of learning goals in college student conduct administration and a robust data-set capable of measuring student learning across different types of disciplinary practice, in particular, comparing traditional ‘model code’ practice with emerging restorative justice processes are examined. Integrating several student development theories, we identify six student development goals: just community/self-authorship, active accountability, interpersonal competence, social ties to institution, procedural fairness, and closure. The STARR Project includes data from 18 college and university campuses across the USA. We analyzed 659 student conduct cases based on surveys of student offenders, conduct officers, and other partici...
THE ISOPROSTANES IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Abstract Isoprostanes are a new class of lipids, isomers of the conventional enzymatically derived prostaglandins, which are produced in vivo primarily by a free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. F 2 -isoprostanes, isomers of the enzyme-derived prostaglandin F 2α , are the most studied species, but analogous isomers of other prostaglandins and leukotrienes have been described. Because of their mechanism of formation, specific structural features that distinguish them from other free radical-generated products and chemical stability, they can provide a reliable index for the oxidant component of several diseases in vivo . Consistent data suggest that formation of F 2 -isoprostanes is altered in a variety of clinical settings putatively associated with oxidant stress. Moreover, measurement of F 2 -isoprostanes might provide a sensitive biochemical basis for dose-selection in studies of natural and synthetic antioxidants. Finally, some F 2 -isoprostanes possess potent biological activities in vitro and in vivo , suggesting that they may also act as mediators of the cellular effects of oxidative stress.
A one-dimensional color order system for dental shade guides

The purpose of this study was to re-arrange the master Bioform shade guide into a long-range one-dimensional color system based upon color difference. Although most shade guides may show local order when arranged according to hue, long-range order has not been established. However, shade guide arrangement according to a logical color order would be an advantage to the user. The first step in determining the color order was to measure the color of the shade guide teeth. A methodology was developed for measuring the color by use of a reflectance spectrophotometer. The precision of measurement was determined to be equal to CIE L*a*b* delta E of 0.5. Spectra were obtained and converted into CIE L*a*b* and Munsell notation. The measured colors of the Bioform shades ranged from a Munsell hue of 0.9 Y to 3.5 Y; a value of 6.6 to 7.8; and a chroma of 1.9 to 4.1. The teeth were then arranged visually from light to dark. The correlation coefficient between the visual ranking and color difference was 0.95. There was an inverse correlation between visual ranking and Munsell value, with a correlation coefficient of 0.90. Therefore, the sequence according to color difference provided the better agreement with visual perception.
Mechanism of C−F Reductive Elimination from Palladium(IV) Fluorides

The first systematic mechanism study of C-F reductive elimination from a transition metal complex is described. C-F bond formation from three different Pd(IV) fluoride complexes was mechanistically evaluated. The experimental data suggest that reductive elimination occurs from cationic Pd(IV) fluoride complexes via a dissociative mechanism. The ancillary pyridyl-sulfonamide ligand plays a crucial role for C-F reductive elimination, likely due to a kappa(3) coordination mode, in which an oxygen atom of the sulfonyl group coordinates to Pd. The pyridyl-sulfonamide can support Pd(IV) and has the appropriate geometry and electronic structure to induce reductive elimination.
Association of Influenza Virus Matrix Protein with Ribonucleoproteins

To characterize the sites and nature of binding of influenza A virus matrix protein (M1) to ribonucleoprotein (RNP), M1 of A/WSN/33 was altered by deletion or site-directed mutagenesis, expressed in vitro, and allowed to attach to RNP under a variety of conditions. Approximately 70% of the wild-type (Wt) M1 bound to RNP at pH 7.0, but less than 5% of M1 associated with RNP at pH 5.0. Increasing the concentration of NaCl reduced M1 binding, but even at a high salt concentration (0.6 M NaCl), approximately 20% of the input M1 was capable of binding to RNP. Mutations altering potential M1 RNA-binding regions (basic amino acids 101RKLKR105 and the zinc finger motif at amino acids 148 to 162) had varied effect: mutations of amino acids 101 to 105 reduced RNP binding compared to the Wt M1, but mutations of zinc finger motif did not. Treatment of RNP with RNase reduced M1 binding by approximately half, but even M1 mutants lacking RNA-binding regions had residual binding to RNase-treated RNP provided that the N-terminal 76 amino acids of M1 (containing two hydrophobic domains) were intact. Addition of detergent to the reaction mixture further reduced binding related to the N-terminal 76 amino acids and showed the greatest effect for mutations affecting the RNA-binding regions of basic amino acids. The data suggest that M1 interacts with both the RNA and protein components of RNP in assembly and disassembly of influenza A viruses.
Evidence for short cooling time in the Io plasma torus

We present empirical evidence for a radiative cooling time for the Io plasma torus that is about a factor of ten less than presently accepted values. We show that brightness fluctuations of the torus in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) at one ansa are uncorrelated with the brightness at the other ansa displaced in time by five hours, either later or earlier. Because the time for a volume of plasma to move from one ansa to the other is only five hours, the cooling time must be less than this transport time in order to wipe out memory of the temperatures between ansae. Most (∼80–85%) of the EUV emission comes from a narrow (presumably ribbon‐like) feature within the torus. The short cooling time we observe is compatible with theoretical estimates if the electron density in the ribbon is ∼10^4/cm^3. The cooling time for the rest of the torus (which radiates the remaining 15–20% of the power) is presumably consistent with the previously derived 20‐hour values. A nearly‐continuous heating in both longitude and time is needed to maintain the EUV visibility of the torus ribbon—a requirement not satisfied by presently available theories.
Characterization of Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus DMV/1639/11 Recovered from Delmarva Broiler Chickens in 2011

SUMMARY. A limited outbreak of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis (NIB) occurred in three Delmarva (DMV) commercial broiler chicken flocks in 2011. Isolates of NIB virus (NIBV)—DMV/1639/11, DMV/3432/11, and DMV/3902/11—were characterized by sequence analysis of the N-terminal subunit (S1) of the spike (S) gene. Findings indicated that the isolates were identical to each other and to PA/9579A/10, a 2010 isolate from poultry in Pennsylvania. The 2010 and 2011 isolates appear to have originated from a 1997–2000 NIB outbreak in Pennsylvania. DMV/1639/11 and PA/9579A/10 were determined to be nephropathogenic in susceptible chickens, yielding virus reisolations from kidney and inducing characteristic interstitial nephritis microscopic lesions. In a controlled laboratory study, 40% of chickens vaccinated with a combination live vaccine containing infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains Massachusetts (Mass) + Connecticut (Conn) were positive on virus isolation attempts after challenge with DMV/1639/11, comp...
AIR NICOTINE AND SALIVA COTININE AS INDICATORS OF WORKPLACE PASSIVE SMOKING EXPOSURE AND RISK

We model nicotine from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in office air and salivary cotinine in nonsmoking U.S. workers. We estimate that: an average salivary cotinine level of 0.4 ng/ml corresponds to an increased lifetime mortality risk of 1/1000 for lung cancer, and 1/100 for heart disease; > 95% of ETS-exposed office workers exceed OSHA's significant risk level for heart disease mortality, and 60% exceed significant risk for lung cancer mortality; 4000 heart disease deaths and 400 lung cancer deaths occur annually among office workers from passive smoking in the workplace, at the current 28% prevalence of unrestricted smoking in the office workplace.
Depth-Based Novelty Detection and Its Application to Taxonomic Research

It is estimated that less than 10 percent of the world's species have been described, yet species are being lost daily due to human destruction of natural habitats. The job of describing the earth's remaining species is exacerbated by the shrinking number of practicing taxonomists and the very slow pace of traditional taxonomic research. In this article, we tackle, from a novelty detection perspective, one of the most important and challenging research objectives in taxonomy - new species identification. We propose a unique and efficient novelty detection framework based on statistical depth functions. Statistical depth functions provide from the "deepest" point a "center-outward ordering" of multidimensional data. In this sense, they can detect observations that appear extreme relative to the rest of the observations, i.e., novelty. Of the various statistical depths, the spatial depth is especially appealing because of its computational efficiency and mathematical tractability. We propose a novel statistical depth, the kernelized spatial depth (KSD) that generalizes the spatial depth via positive definite kernels. By choosing a proper kernel, the KSD can capture the local structure of a data set while the spatial depth fails. Observations with depth values less than a threshold are declared as novel. The proposed algorithm is simple in structure: the threshold is the only one parameter for a given kernel. We give an upper bound on the false alarm probability of a depth-based detector, which can be used to determine the threshold. Experimental study demonstrates its excellent potential in new species discovery.
Microstructural evolution during transient plastic phase processing of titanium carbide-titanium boride composites

Transient plastic phase processing is a form of reactive hot pressing for fabricating fully dense ceramic-ceramic composites at relative low homologous temperatures. In this study, this technique has been used on two powder mixtures—4:1 Ti/B4C and 1:1 TiC0.5/TiB2, which are equivalent in terms of elemental compositions—to produce fully dense titanium carbide-titanium boride composites. The composites formed in each case are comprised of the same final phases—TiCx, TiB2, and Ti3B4, in roughly the same volume fractions—but exhibit distinctly different grain morphologies. Ti3B4 phase nucleates and grows as platelets for the 4:1 Ti/B4C starting composition but as equiaxed grains for the 1:1 TiC0.5/TiB2 composition. TiB has been identified as an intermediate phase in the “platelet” composition and appears to be important to the development of the Ti3B4 platelets. X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy results indicate that the evolution of the microstructure is governed by the diffusion of boron and carbon, rather than titanium. In addition, the faster diffusion of carbon, relative to boron, is instrumental in the microstructural evolution of the platelet composite. The produced composites possess >99% density and good mechanical properties. The higher strength and toughness of the platelet composite are believed to be due to the platelet morphology of the Ti3B4 phase.
Positive Youth Development: Minority Male Participation in a Sport-Based Afterschool Program in an Urban Environment

Purpose As there is little research that investigates the experiences of minority boys participating in youth development programs (Fashola, 2003), the current research focused on a sport-based youth development program for early adolescent Black and Latino boys in Hartford, CT. Specifically, the present study explored (a) what attracted minority boys to participate in youth development programs, (b) what kept them involved, and (c) whether their involvement translated into positive developmental outcomes. Method The study used semistructured individual interviews to collect data from 8 participants and their parents. The research team deductively coded interviews in accordance with the a-priori framework of the Five Cs and Sixth C of youth development (i.e., competence, character, caring, confidence, connection, and contribution; Roth & Brooks-Gunn, 2003). In addition, interviews were deductively coded to investigate why participants became involved in the program and why they continued participation. Re...
Correlations of Materials Surface Properties with Biological Responses

More than 50 years have passed since it was first recognized that the surface properties, and predominantly the surface energies of materials controlled their interactions with all biological phases via their spontaneous acquisition of proteinaceous “conditioning films” of differing degrees of denaturation but usually of the same substances within any given system. This led to the understanding that useful engineering control of such interactions could thus be manifested through adjustments to those surface properties, giving significant control and utility to the biomaterials developer without requiring detailed discovery of the biological specifications of the components involved. Thus, effective selection of adhesive versus abhesive (non-stick, non-retention) outcomes for such useful appliances as dental implants versus substitute blood vessels, or water-resistant bonded structures versus clean, nontoxic ship bottoms is now facilitated with little biological background required. A historical overview is presented, followed by a brief survey of the forces involved and most useful analyses applied. Utility for blood-contacting materials is described in contrast to utility for bone- and tissue-contacting materials, demonstrating practical uses in controlling cell-surface interactions and preventing biofouling. New research directions being explored are noted, urging applications of this prior knowledge to replace the use of toxicants.
OBTAINING 3-D GEOMETRIC DESCRIPTIONS OF POLYHEDRA FROM SETS OF THEIR PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS.

ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe author wishes to thank ProfessorHerbert Freeman of New York University forhis patient guidance in the research thatled to this paper. This research wassponsored by the Air Force Office ofScientific Research, Directorate of Infor-mation Sciences, under Grant AF- AFOSR -68-1367, and is in partial fulfillment of therequirements for the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy in the School of Engineering andScience of New York University. REr EHENCES 1. Roberts, L.G., "Machine Perception ofThree- Dimensional Solids," M.I.T.Lincoln Laboratories Technical ReportNo. R 315, May 1963. 2. Smith, A. F. , "A Method for ComputerVisualization," M.I.T. ElectronicSystem Laboratory Technical Memorandum, No. 8+36 -TM -2, September 1960. 3. Rabinowitz, Andrew D., "An Approach tothe Problem of Reconstructing Polyhedrafrom Two or More of Their PerspectiveProjections,'" N.Y.U. Technical ReportNo. 400 -181, April 1968.The use of computers to analyze perspective projections, such asphotographs, and obtain three -dimensional geometric descriptions of thesubjects, has many obvious applications. Obtaining such data from two ormore perspective projections eliminates many of the ambiguities and omissionsof data inherent in obtaining such data from a single projection. howevera new problem, that of correlating the images in the different projectionsis introduced. In order to cope with this problem, a perspective projectionsubsystem is defined for each center of projection and the correspondingpicture plane. Then these modules are considered in several possibleconfigurations. Different techniques based on geometric properties andand physical constraints are used to determine the necessary correlationsfor the various configurations. In addition, different types of perspectiveprojections are considered separately. Experimental results from programswritten for a CDC -6600 digital computer will be described.