cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining Factors Co-Existing with Interpersonal Violence in Lesbian Relationships

Interpersonal violence within lesbian relationships is a significant yet understudied problem. Women attending a gay pride festival in Atlanta, GA, were asked to complete a survey concerning same-sex interpersonal violence. Women who reported being in a current or previous same-sex partner relationship were included in the analyses (N = 226). Factors that occurred in the context of interpersonal violence were investigated: substance use, HIV/STI risk behaviors, barriers to reporting abuse, and attitudes inhibiting seeking of social support. In addition, the survey assessed relationship-related power dynamics. Results of multivariate analyses support the hypotheses that power imbalance and inequality when making sex-related decisions within women’s same-sex relationships are associated with interpersonal violence. Further findings suggested that a combination of factors must be considered when dealing with and reducing the risk for violence in same-sex relationships.
Demetallization of alkali/alkali-halide clusters: Impact-induced fragmentation of cubic Na14F+12

Abstract The impact of the cubic excess-electron cluster Na 14 F + 12 against a graphite surface at low energies (0–20 eV) results selectively in the formation of Na 13 F + 12 . This fragmentation channel is interpreted as Na (0) desorption from the energized F-center cluster, confirming the prediction of such a low-energy channel [U. Landman, D. Scharf and J. Jortner, Phys. Rev. Letters 54 (1985) 1860] and validating the use of Na-desorption energies in calculating the abundance variations in neutral, excess-electron clusters [E.C. Honea, M.L. Homer and R.L. Whetten., Phys. Rev. Letters 63 (1989) 394]. The resemblance of the fragmentation patterns of Na 14 F + 12 to that of Na 13 F + 12 at higher energy impact (25–60 eV) indicates that the structure of the nascent Na 13 F + 12 generated by impact-heating is the same as that formed in the cold jet.
Direct EPR Observation of a Tyrosyl Radical in a Functional Oxidase Model in Myoglobin during both H2O2 and O2 Reactions

Tyrosine is a conserved redox-active amino acid that plays important roles in heme–copper oxidases (HCO). Despite the widely proposed mechanism that involves a tyrosyl radical, its direct observation under O2 reduction conditions remains elusive. Using a functional oxidase model in myoglobin called F33Y-CuBMb that contains an engineered tyrosine, we report herein direct observation of a tyrosyl radical during both reactions of H2O2 with oxidized protein and O2 with reduced protein by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, providing a firm support for the tyrosyl radical in the HCO enzymatic mechanism.
A control scheme for packed bed reactors having a changing catalyst activity profile. I: On-line parameter estimation and feedback control

Abstract The efficient control of an exothermic packed bed reactor is demonstrated in concert with the distributed parameter state estimation of temperature and concentration profiles and on-line estimation of the catalyst activity profile. The position-dependent catalyst activity is estimated using recursive least squares with a variable forgetting factor, a distributed mass balance model and the current estimated temperature profile. The temperature level in the reactor is regulated through control of the maximum estimated reactor temperature using the reactor coolant temperature as the manipulated variable. These methods are demonstrated both through closed-loop simulation and experiments with a laboratory-scale reactor for the partial oxidation of methanol. The experiments included both setpoint changes and disturbance rejection. The estimation and control system effectively overcomes errors in initial conditions, heat transfer parameters and kinetic parameters.
Leibniz on Conatus, Causation, and Freedom

: In this paper, I address the topic of free will in Leibniz with particular attention to Leibniz's concept of volition, and its analogue in his physics – his concept of force. I argue against recent commentators that Leibniz was a causal determinist, and thus a compatibilist, and I suggest that logical consistency required him to adopt compatibilism given some of the concepts at work in his physics. I conclude by pointing out that the pressures to adopt causal determinism in Leibniz's system are perhaps more severe than those facing the contemporary libertarian, pressures that stem from empirical considerations about the behavior of bodies in the physical world, and the “well-founding” of those bodies in simple substances.
On an exciton with a spatially separated electron and hole in quasi-zero-dimensional semiconductor nanosystems

The theory of an exciton with a spatially separated electron and hole (the hole is in the quantum dot volume, and the electron is localized at the outer spherical quantum dot-dielectric matrix interface) is developed within the modified effective mass method. The effect of significantly increasing the exciton-binding energy in quantum dots of zinc selenide, synthesized in a borosilicate glass matrix, relative to that in a zinc-selenide single crystal is revealed.
Potential of peroxynitrite to alter the color of myoglobin in muscle foods.

Superoxide anion and nitric oxide can react to form the highly oxidizing species peroxynitrite. The objective of this research was to determine if peroxynitrite can promote the discoloration of myo...
Variation of Adenoma Prevalence by Age, Sex, Race, and Colon Location in a Large Population: Implications for Screening and Quality Programs

Background & Aims Reliable community-based colorectal adenoma prevalence estimates are needed to inform colonoscopy quality standards and to estimate patient colorectal cancer risks; however, minimal data exist from populations with large numbers of diverse patients and examiners. Methods We evaluated the prevalence of adenomas detected by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and colon location among 20,792 Kaiser Permanente Northern California members ≥50 years of age who received a screening colonoscopy examination (102 gastroenterologists, 2006–2008). Results Prevalence of detected adenomas increased more rapidly with age in the proximal colon (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.05–2.80; 70–74 vs 50–54 years) than in the distal colon (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.63–2.19). Prevalence was higher among men vs women at all ages (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.66–1.89), increasing in men from 25% to 39% at ≥70 years and in women from 15% at 50–54 years to 26% ( P Conclusions Prevalence of detected adenomas increases substantially with age and is much higher in men; proximal adenomas are more common among blacks than whites, although the total prevalence and the prevalence for ages
DNA-protein cross-linking by ultraviolet radiation in normal human and xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts.

Abstract DNA-protein cross-linking by ultraviolet radiation was measured in human fibroblasts by an adaptation of the method of DNA alkaline elution. To measure cross-linking, a controlled frequency of DNA single-strand breaks was introduced by exposing the cells to a low dose of X-ray at 0°C prior to analysis by alkaline elution. The effect of prior exposure of the cells to ultraviolet radiation was to reduce the rate and/or extent of DNA elution from X-irradiated cells. This effect was attributed to DNA-protein cross-linking, since the effect was reversed by treatment of the cell lysates with proteinase-K. Cross-linking in normal human fibroblasts occurred immediately after ultraviolet irradiation, prior to the appearance of DNA single-strand breaks due to excision repair. Upon incubation of normal cells after exposure, to ultraviolet radiation, the cross-linking was partially repaired. In xeroderma pigmentosum cells, cross-links appeared as in normal cells, but there was no repair. Instead, the extent of cross-linking appeared to increase upon incubation after ultraviolet irradiation.
Response to Rubin and Carroll

The criticism of the preliminary mifepristone trials by Rubin and Carroll has already been addressed in recent correspondence [1,2]. Therefore, we will focus primarily on points that are specific to our review article in Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism [3].
187: Cerebrospinal Fluid (C.S.F.) and Serum Lysozyme Activity in Bacterial and Viral Meningitis

187: Cerebrospinal Fluid (C.S.F.) and Serum Lysozyme Activity in Bacterial and Viral Meningitis
THE CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF CONGENITAL CONTRACTURAL ARACHNODACTYLY: A CASE WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

The concept of congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CCA) as a connective tissue disorder distinct from the Marfan syndrome is extended by the observation of a patient with CCA and congenital heart disease. An infant who had features of CCA including joint contractures, arachnodactyly, and “crumpled” auricles died neonatally of cardiac malformations. Postmortem examination showed an ASD, VSD, bicuspid aortic valve, and an interrupted aortic arch. Family history is remarkable in that the mother has arachnodactyly. Two further cases of CCA and congenital heart disease in the literature included a VSD in one instance and an ASD in the other. In contrast, the most common cardiac lesions in infants with the Marfan syndrome are mitral and aortic regurgitation. The valvar incompetence appears to result from stretching of connective tissue including dilatation of the mitral ring and elongation of the chordae tendineae. This difference in cardiac involvement seems to reflect a difference in the underlying abnormality of connective tissue in the two disorders. Abnormalities of connective tissue in the Marfan syndrome are diffuse and often progressive, while those in CCA are “spotty” and usually non-progressive. The cardiac involvement in our patient suggests that the clinical spectrum in CCA may be broader than previously assumed.
Respiratory arrest following intramuscular ketamine injection in a 4-year-old child

A healthy 4-year-old boy presented to the pediatric emergency department after inserting a black-eyed pea into his right external ear canal. Initial attempts at removal of this foreign body were unsuccessful, resulting in patient agitation. After administration of intramuscular ketamine for sedation, the patient was observed to experience one ineffective respiration followed by a period of apnea. No excessive oropharyngeal secretions or laryngospasm were noted. Spontaneous respirations resumed after 40 seconds, and the child recovered with no apparent ill effects. This case illustrates the need for adequate monitoring and preparation for emergency airway management when using ketamine for sedation in the ED.
Transcriptome resources for the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus): new genomic tools for investigating ecologically divergent urban and rural populations

Genomic resources are important and attainable for examining evolutionary change in divergent natural populations of nonmodel species. We utilized two next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms, 454 and SOLiD 5500XL, to assemble low-coverage transcriptomes of the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), a widespread and abundant native rodent in eastern North America. We sequenced liver mRNA transcripts from multiple individuals collected from urban populations in New York City and rural populations in undisturbed protected areas nearby and assembled a reference transcriptome using 1 080 065 954 SOLiD 5500XL (75 bp) reads and 3 052 640 454 GS FLX + reads. The reference contained 40 908 contigs with a N50 = 1044 bp and a total content of 30.06 Megabases (Mb). Contigs were annotated from Mus musculus (39.96% annotated) Uniprot databases. We identified 104 655 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 65 single sequence repeats (SSRs) with flanking primers. We also used normalized read counts to identify putative gene expression differences in 10 genes between populations. There were 19 contigs significantly differentially expressed in urban populations compared to rural populations, with gene function annotations generally related to the translation and modification of proteins and those involved in immune responses. The individual transcriptomes generated in this study will be used to investigate evolutionary responses to urbanization. The reference transcriptome provides a valuable resource for the scientific community using North American Peromyscus species as emerging model systems for ecological genetics and adaptation.
The purine metablism of protozoa

Protozoa possess a wealth of purine-salvage enzymes, many with unique, or unusual, substrate specificities. As a result, many opportunities for the chemotherapist exist. An exemplification is found in the conversion in schistosomes of allopurinol ribonucleoside to the corresponding ribonucleotide followed by further anabolism to the very toxic 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine 1-ribonucleotide. The same organisms convert another inosine analog, formycin B, to the ribonucleotide, but its inhibitory effects appear to be exercised primarily by inhibition of the organism's adenylosuccinate synthase. A substantial segment of the Phylum Protozoa shows no vestigial traces of ability to synthesize purines de novo although thymidylate synthase appears to be present in many. The absence of other tetrahydrofolate catalyzed reactions suggests that these functions were never acquired.
Dentistry in the USA: A lesson i n survival

A changing and improving environment for the practice of dentistry is occurring in the USA. The details of the events and the lessons to be learned are provided.
A Proposed Reinterpretation of Gerstmann's Syndrome

Gerstmann's syndrome includes the clinical tetrad of finger agnosia, agraphia, acalculia, and right-left confusion. Some disagreement remains with regard to the exact localization of the syndrome, but most probable it involves the left angular gyrus with a subcortical extension. Several authors have suggested that a defect in mental spatial rotations could simultaneously account for acalculia, right-left disorientation, and finger agnosia. It has been also suggested that semantic aphasia is always associated with acalculia; as a matter of fact, left angular gyrus has a significant involvement in semantic processing. In this paper, it is proposed that Gerstmann's syndrome should include: acalculia, finger agnosia, right-left disorientation, and semantic aphasia, but not agraphia. When the pathology extends toward the superior parietal gyrus, agraphia can be found. A fundamental defect (i.e., an impairment in verbally mediated spatial operations) could explain these apparently unrelated clinical signs.
Coordinated queries: A domain specific language for exploratory development of multiview visualizations

The development of information visualization user interfaces suffers from a persistent gap between toolkit-based programming and interactive design, between the visualization experts who build tools and the information experts who cultivate analytic utility. Coordinated queries is a declarative language for live design of information visualization user interfaces. The combination of a visualization specific language with an extensive library of views and queries gives designers flexible, yet precise control over the appearance and behavior of data in response to interaction. Through live, integrated editing of essentially infinite variations on well-known patterns of visual data representation and multiple view coordination, it is practical to iteratively grow and vary visualizations much more quickly than by traditional means, thereby facilitating open-ended visual exploration and analysis in a variety of domains.
Resurgent Vector-Borne Diseases as a Global Health Problem

Vector-borne infectious diseases are emerging or resurging as a result of changes in public health policy, insecticide and drug resistance, shift in emphasis from prevention to emergency response, demographic and societal changes, and genetic changes in pathogens. Effective prevention strategies can reverse this trend. Research on vaccines, environmentally safe insecticides, alternative approaches to vector control, and training programs for health-care workers are needed.
Behind the Blue Line: Investigating Police Officers’ Attitudes Toward Rape

The current study contributes to what is known about police officers’ attitudes toward rape. A survey was administered to 891 sworn police officers in two states in the southeastern United States. The surveys were designed to assess police officers’ acceptance of rape myths. It was hypothesized that police officers would be accepting of rape myths, which are inherently misogynistic. Attitudes toward rape were expected to vary according to educational attainment and experience with rape investigations, such that higher levels of education and more experience with rape investigations would lead to the rejection of rape myths. There was a significant difference in the acceptance of rape myths with varying levels of educational attainment and experience with rape investigations.
SOLUBLE ENZYMES OF NUCLEI ISOLATED IN SUCROSE AND NON-AQUEOUS MEDIA : A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Nuclei of calf thymus and liver and of rat liver were isolated in sucrose media and a number of their properties studied in relation to those of corresponding nuclei isolated in non-aqueous media with a view to determining their capacity to retain soluble components. The best preparations of sucrose nuclei were obtained from calf thymus. Cytochrome oxidase measurements and DNA/N ratios were far less sensitive than microscopic examination as indicators of purity when rat liver and calf thymus nuclei were compared. No satisfactory preparation of calf liver nuclei was obtained, contamination with whole cells having been appreciable; such preparations, nevertheless, could be used to advantage in the tests undertaken. DNA content of thymus nuclei isolated in sucrose was much the same as that of non-aqueous ones, pointing to a retention of soluble protein under aqueous conditions of isolation. That this net retention of protein was not due to the impermeability of the nuclear membrane was shown by the hydrolysis of the DNA upon addition of some crystalline DNAase to a sucrose suspension of nuclei. A comparative study of liver and thymus nuclei isolated in aqueous and non-aqueous media with respect to the soluble enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, adenosine deaminase, and nucleoside phosphorylase yielded the following results: 1. Lyophilization of sucrose-isolated nuclei and their extraction with the organic solvents used in the non-aqueous procedure did not inactivate any of the enzymes tested. In the case of thymus the reverse was true, there being a marked increase in activity of all the enzymes studied. 2. In thymus, nucleoside phosphorylase and adenosine deaminase were active to approximately the same extent in nuclei isolated by either procedure. Glucose phosphate dehydrogenase alone was more active in sucrose-isolated nuclei, pointing to the possibility of an adsorption of this enzyme. 3. In rat liver nuclei isolated in sucrose, lyophilization and treatment with organic solvents revealed only the presence of some dehydrogenase. 4. The washing out of soluble enzymes was most markedly demonstrated in the case of calf liver. Only traces of the nucleoside enzymes were found in the sucrose-isolated nuclei, and in the case of the dehydrogenase only a half of that present in the non-aqueous nucleus remained. The main conclusions drawn were as follows:— 1. In sucrose media the nuclear membrane is ineffectual in preventing the inward or outward diffusion of protein. 2. The extent to which soluble proteins are retained by a nucleus isolated in sucrose appears to depend upon internal structural factors, such as the concentration of DNA in the nucleus. 3. With respect to determining the composition of nuclei in terms of soluble components, the sucrose isolation procedure is considered to be of indifferent merit and hence invalid for such a type of analysis.
Treatment of Aortic Dissection and Ruptured Abdominal Aneurysm With Coronary Bypass

We present a patient with a descending aortic dissection and contained rupture of a large abdominal aortic aneurysm with a history of inferior myocardial infarction and right coronary occlusion. The technique of combined repair of the descending thoracic aortic dissection with replacement of the ruptured infrarenal abdominal aorta and coronary artery bypass grafting is described.
Column Atmospheric Water Vapor Retrievals From Awborne Imaging Spectrometer Data

High-spatial-resolution column atmospheric water vapor amounts were derived from spectral data collected by the Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). The quantitative derivation is made by curve fitting observed spectra with calculated spectra in the 1.14- and 0.94-micron water-vapor band absorption regions with a nonlinear least-squares technique. The precision of the retrieved column water vapor is approximately 5 percent. The derived column water vapor amounts are independent of the absolute surface reflectance. Curve fitting of spectra near 1 micron from areas covered with vegetation indicates that both the amount of atmospheric water vapor and the moisture content of vegetation can be retrieved simultaneously. It should be possible to measure column water vapor over land areas from satellite altitude with the proposed high-resolution imaging spectrometer or even the moderate-resolution imaging spectrometer.
Novel biobased epoxy compounds: epoxidized sucrose esters of fatty acids

Novel biobased high functionality epoxy resins were synthesized by the epoxidation of sucrose ester resins of vegetable oil fatty acids (SEFA). A series of sucrose esters of fatty acids were epoxidized by peracetic acid generated in situ from hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid in the presence of an ion exchange resin catalyst to produce the epoxidized sucrose esters of fatty acids (ESEFA). The conversion of double bonds to epoxides was greater than 99%. The products were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The physical properties were characterized using bulk viscosity, intrinsic viscosity, and density measurements. The thermal properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Since sucrose esters consist of a sucrose core fully substituted with eight vegetable oil fatty acids, both SEFAs and ESEFAs possess well-defined compact macromolecular structures. As novel biobased epoxy compounds, ESEFAs possess high epoxy functionality (8–15 per molecule), high density, and a compact molecular structure. Thus, ESEFAs are very promising in a number of uses from the formation of biobased thermosets by crosslinking of the epoxy groups, to further derivatization by reaction of the epoxy groups.
Identifying Dysglycemic States in Older Adults: Implications of the Emerging Use of Hemoglobin A1c

Context: Hemoglobin A1c (A1c) was recently added to the diagnostic criteria for diabetes and prediabetes. Objective: Our objective was to examine performance of A1c in comparison with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in diagnosing dysglycemia in older adults. Design and Setting: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study at yr 4 (2000–2001) when FPG and standardized A1c measurements were available. Participants: Of 3075 persons (aged 70–79 yr, 48% men, 42% Black) at study entry, 1865 participants without known diabetes who had appropriate measures were included. Main outcome measures: Sensitivity and specificity of A1c-based diagnoses were compared with those based on FPG and the proportion of participants identified with dysglycemia by each measure. Results: Of all participants, 2.7 and 3.1% had undiagnosed diabetes by FPG ≥126 mg/dl and A1c ≥6.5%, respectively. Among the remaining participants, 21.1% had prediabetes by impaired fasting glucose (≥100 mg...
The Fluorescent Staining of Heparin in Mast Cells Using Berberine Sulfate: Compatibility with Paraformaldehyde or o-Phthalaldehyde Induced Fluorescence and Metachromasia

The berberine sulfate technique of Enerback (1974) for the demonstration of heparin was applied to freeze-dried or routinely fixed paraffin embedded sections from various tissues. Sections from tissue which had been freeze-dried were deparaffinized, fixed in Carnoy Formula A for 15 minutes, rinsed in ethanol, hydrated, stained for 20 minutes in a 0.02% aqueous solution of berberine sulfate at a pH of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and rinsed in distilled water at a pH corresponding to the staining solutions. Carnoy Formula A or formalin-fixed tissues were routinely processed and sections were stained as above. Also, sections of freeze-dried tissues which had been deparaffinized and treated with paraformaldehyde or o-phthalaldehyde were hydrated to quench the fluorescence due to serotonin or histamine and restained with aqueous solutions of berberine sulfate (pH 1—6). In sections of tissue at a pH above 4, yellow fluorescence was produced by berberine sulfate in both cartilage and mast cells while in those treated at ...
Relationship of childhood sexual abuse to borderline personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and multiple personality disorder

In this article, I have reviewed recent research into the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and borderline personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and multiple personality disorder. Evidence that such a relationship exists appears convincing.
Development of a Guide for Replacement of Roadway Lighting with New Lighting Technologies

The development of a simple guide for approaches to roadway lighting replacement in New York State is described. These approaches use new light source technologies that maintain visibility for safety while reducing energy use. Several roadway types were evaluated in the development of the guide, including parkways, residential streets, and rural intersections. A review of published literature and a survey of transportation engineers in New York State were also conducted. On the basis of this information and data on new light source technologies, recommendations for replacing roadway lighting systems were developed. Analyses of the visual efficacy produced by different lighting systems under nighttime conditions and of the performance characteristics of light-emitting diode and induction fluorescent lighting systems resulted in recommendations for replacement of high-pressure sodium (HPS) lighting systems. Several new light sources that produce whiter light than the incumbent HPS technology used on most ro...
Simulated annealing on a multiprocessor

The authors present a method for parallelizing the simulated annealing algorithm by mapping the algorithm onto a dynamically structured tree of processors. The resulting parallel simulated annealing algorithm is discussed and its performance evaluated using simulation techniques. An important property of the parallel algorithm is that it maintains the same move decision sequence as the serial simulated annealing algorithm, thus avoiding problems associated with move conflicts and erroneous move acceptance/rejection decisions which have been associated with other parallel simulated annealing algorithm proposals. The parallel algorithm presented achieves speedups between log/sub 2/N and (N+log/sub 2/N)/2 where N is the number of processors in the parallel processor. Experimental results are presented on three versions of the basic method: the static, dynamic balanced, and dynamic unbalanced parallel-simulated-annealing algorithms. >
Physical Biology in Cancer. 3. The role of cell glycocalyx in vascular transport of circulating tumor cells

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood are known to adhere to the luminal surface of the microvasculature via receptor-mediated adhesion, which contributes to the spread of cancer metastasis to anatomically distant organs. Such interactions between ligands on CTCs and endothelial cell-bound surface receptors are sensitive to receptor-ligand distances at the nanoscale. The sugar-rich coating expressed on the surface of CTCs and endothelial cells, known as the glycocalyx, serves as a physical structure that can control the spacing and, thus, the availability of such receptor-ligand interactions. The cancer cell glycocalyx can also regulate the ability of therapeutic ligands to bind to CTCs in the bloodstream. Here, we review the role of cell glycocalyx on the adhesion and therapeutic treatment of CTCs in the bloodstream.
Controlled growth of carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes have extraordinary mechanical and electronic properties and hold great promise for future applications. The most important aspects of this structure are its low density, high aspect ratio, one dimensionality, high mechanical strength and high electrical and thermal conductivity. We present a short, state-of-the-art account of tailored nanotube growth. To provide these properties in real devices there exists a need for producing nanotubes on substrates. The challenge in the creation of mesoscale nanotube-based architectures and tailored nanotube networks consisting of thousands of tubes in a predefined order is obviously great. Currently, chemical vapour deposition (CVD) appears to be the most powerful method for achieving such required structures. We describe our work on a new synthesis method, based on catalytic CVD using mainly gas-phase catalyst delivery. Gas-phase catalyst delivery allows us to assemble single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in predetermined multiple orientations on substrates to build one- to three-dimensional architectures. We are able to control, to a large extent, the types of nanotubes produced, their lengths, locations and their orientations. The ability to make mesoscale architectures with nanotubes should lead us to develop applications in areas such as nano-electromechanical systems.
The transition from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer: the other side of the coin

The factors associated with the progression of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive breast cancer are poorly understood. Many studies of this subject focus on the role of molecular and genetic alterations in the neoplastic epithelial cells. However, emerging evidence suggests that transition from DCIS to invasive cancer is strongly dependent upon alterations in the microenvironment. The potential roles of myoepithelial cells and of stromal-epithelial interaction are of particular interest in this regard.
Synopsis of The Hard Way to Peace

suggested that a continued bargaining relation is likely to broaden in the long run the area of common values and common sentiments. The more habitual the recourse to bargaining and compromise, the higher the chances that both parties slowly move toward a measure of integration. In integration, "new alternatives are accepted of such a kind as to render it extremely difficult to discern the balance between concessions made and concessions received.'21 The true integration of two desires--in contrast to their compromise-signifies "that a solution has been found in which both desires have found a place, that neitheir side has had to sacrifice anything."22 The world powers are very far indeed from such a condition, yet we can dimly discern it in the future providing they follow the road of bargaining and compromise in the settlement of disputes.
Reactivating a Reactivation Theory of Implicit Memory

Abstract Implicit and explicit memory tasks are interpreted within a traditional memory theory that distinguishes associations between different classes of memory units (sensory features, logogens, imagens, concepts, context tags). Associations from specific sensory features to logogens are strengthened by perceptual experiences, leading to specific perceptual priming. Associations among concepts are strengthened by use, leading to specific conceptual priming. Activating associations from concepts to logogens leads to semantic and associative priming. Item presentation also establishes a new association from it to a representation of the personal context, comprising an “episodic memory.” Such contextual associations play a major role in explicit memory tasks such as recall or recognition. A critical assumption of the theory is that presentation of a given item strengthens its sensory and contextual associations independently; this permits the theory to explain various dissociations of implicit and explicit memory measures. Furthermore, by assuming that brain-injured patients with global amnesia have a selective deficit in establishing novel associations to the context, the theory can explain their deficits in explicit memory along side their intact implicit memory.
Relationship of C-Reactive Protein to Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly Results From the Cardiovascular Health Study and the Rural Health Promotion Project

Markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), are related to risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in those with angina, but little is known about individuals without prevalent clinical CVD. We performed a prospective, nested case-control study in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS; 5201 healthy elderly men and women). Case subjects (n = 146 men and women with incident CVD events including angina, myocardial infarction, and death) and control subjects (n = 146) were matched on the basis of sex and the presence or absence of significant subclinical CVD at baseline (average follow-up, 2.4 years). In women but not men, the mean CRP level was higher for case subjects than for control subjects (P < or = .05). In general, CRP was higher in those with subclinical disease. Most of the association of CRP with female case subjects versus control subjects was in the subgroup with subclinical disease; 3.33 versus 1.90 mg/L, P < .05, adjusted for age and time of follow-up. Case-control differences were greatest when the time between baseline and the CVD event was shortest. The strongest associations were with myocardial infarction, and there was an overall odds ratio for incident myocardial infarction for men and women with subclinical disease (upper quartile versus lower three quartiles) of 2.67 (confidence interval [CI] = 1.04 to 6.81), with the relationship being stronger in women (4.50 [CI = 0.97 to 20.8]) than in men (1.75 [CI = 0.51 to 5.98]). We performed a similar study in the Rural Health Promotion Project, in which mean values of CRP were higher for female case subjects than for female control subjects, but no differences were apparent for men. Comparing the upper quintile with the lower four, the odds ratio for CVD case subjects was 2.7 (CI = 1.10 to 6.60). In conclusion, CRP was associated with incident events in the elderly, especially in those with subclinical disease at baseline.
The revolution re-visited: Clinical and genetics research paradigms and the productivity paradox in drug discovery

Breakthroughs in genetics and molecular biology in the 1970s and 1980s were heralded as a major technological revolution in medicine that would yield a wave of new drug discoveries. However, some forty years later the expected benefits have not materialized. I question the narrative of biotechnology as a Schumpeterian revolution by comparing it to the academic research paradigm that preceded it, clinical research in hospitals. I analyze these as distinct research paradigms that involve different epistemologies, practices, and institutional loci. I develop the claim that the complexity of biological systems means that clinical research was well adapted to medical innovation, and that the genetics/molecular biology paradigm imposed a predictive logic to search that was less effective at finding new drugs. The paper describes how drug discovery unfolds in each paradigm: in clinical research, discovery originates with observations of human subjects and proceeds through feedback-based learning, whereas in the genetics model, discovery originates with a precisely-defined molecular target; feedback from patients enters late in the process. The paper reviews the post-War institutional history that witnessed the relative decline of clinical research and the rise of genetics and molecular science in the United States bio-medical research landscape. The history provides a contextual narrative to illustrate that, in contrast to the framing of biotechnology as a Schumpeterian revolution, the adoption of biotechnology as a core drug discovery platform was propelled by institutional changes that were largely disconnected from processes of scientific or technological selection. Implications for current medical policy initiatives and translational science are discussed.
Utilizing Evidence to Address the Health and Health Care Needs of Veterans

This issue brief focuses on opportunities to address the health needs of our nation's heroes--service members and veterans who have served the United States in the armed forces. Since the North Carolina Medical Journal (NCMJ) last examined this issue in 2008, the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system has experienced growth in both the number of veterans served and the number of locations where services are provided. However, there has also been negative attention related to delays in care. Here we summarize the articles in this issue of the NCMJ that describe the resources available to veterans, the unique health needs of veterans, and successful examples of evidence-informed programs and policies that are being undertaken by the VA health care system to enhance care and address the concerns that have been raised about VA. Because veterans and service members receive care outside of the VA or Department of Defense health care systems and many of the programs described in this issue have promise for improving care in other health systems, as well, the topics addressed in this issue are of great importance for the entire health care community in the United States.
Energy Absorption Performance of a Eco-Core - A Syntactic Foam

Eco-Core is a fire resistant material that was made using large volume of Cenosphere and small volume of high char yield binder by syntactic process. This material has superior mechanical, excellent fire and toxicity properties and ideally suited for composite sandwich structures. The cellular structure of the core offers energy absorption capability against shock and impact. This paper assesses the energy absorption of Eco-Core as well as its modification by surface coating with polyurea and impregnation by polyurethane. Nomenclature σc = compression strength ec = failure strain ecrush = crushing strain Efoam = foam modulus Esolid = solid modulus EEA = energy absorption parameter I. Introduction ORE materials are used extensively throughout the composites industry to fabricate lightweight and stiff sandwich structures. The sandwich structure offers an order of magnitude increased flexural stiffness compared to the solid laminates. The typical use of core materials is in sandwich construction consisting of top and bottom face-sheets and middle core material. The face-sheets are comparatively thin and are made of a material of high strength and stiffness. The core is relatively thick and provides stiffness and strength in the direction normal to the plane of the face-sheet. In sandwich construction the face-sheets carry the bending stresses and core carries the compression and shear stresses. 1-3
Reference Accuracy Among Research Articles Published in Research on Social Work Practice

Objective:The objective was to examine reference errors in research articles published in Research on Social Work Practice. High rates of reference errors in other top social work journals have been noted in previous studies.Methods:Via a sampling frame of 22,177 total references among 464 research articles published in the previous decade, a sample of 500 references were randomly selected and verified against the original work for accuracy in the following fields: author name(s), publication year, article title, journal title, volume, and page number(s).Results:Almost 27% of references contained at least 1 error (0.35 errors per reference); 173 errors in total. The plurality of errors occurred in article titles (13.2%). Two factors significantly related to the likelihood of error: reference age and number of authors.Conclusion:Comparison to reference error rates in other social work journals is discussed, as are suggestions to authors, editors, and educators regarding error reduction.
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for Treatment of Superficial Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder in Patients who have failed Thiotepa and/or Mitomycin C

AbstractThirty patients with stage Ta carcinoma in situ or T1 superficial bladder cancer received 6weeks of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin. All patients had persistent or recurrent tumor despite thiotepa and/or mitomycin C. Response was determined by the results of endoscopy, bladder wash cytology and biopsy performed 4weeks after the last dose of bacillus Calmette-Guerin.Of the 30 patients 15 (50 per cent) had a complete response. The likelihood of a complete response was better for those with initial Ta lesions (62 per cent) and carcinoma in situ (56 per cent) than for patients with an initial T1 lesion (25 per cent). Although the longest followup is only 36 months (mean 16 months) patients with a complete response have a much better prognosis in terms of subsequent tumor, need for cystectomy and death of bladder cancer.
Evaluation of Intensive “4R” Strategies for Decreasing Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Nitrogen Surplus in Rainfed Corn

The "4R" approach of using the right rate, right source, right timing, and right placement is an accepted framework for increasing crop N use efficiency. However, modifying only one 4R component does not consistently reduce nitrous oxide (NO) emissions. Our objective was to determine if N fertilizer applied in three split applications (Sp), by itself or combined with changes in N source and rate, could improve N recovery efficiency (NRE) and N surplus (NS) and decrease NO emissions. Over two corn ( L.) growing seasons in Minnesota, NO emissions ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 kg N ha. None of the treatment combinations affected grain yield. Compared with urea applied in a single application at the recommended N rate, Sp by itself did not improve NRE or NS and did not decrease NO. Combining Sp with urease and nitrification inhibitors and/or a 15% reduction in N rate increased NRE from 57 to >73% and decreased NS by >20 kg N ha. The only treatment that decreased NO (by 20-53%) was Sp combined with inhibitors and reduced N rate. Emissions of NO were more strongly correlated with NS calculated from grain N uptake ( = 0.61) compared with whole-plant N uptake ( = 0.39), possibly because most N losses occurred before grain filling. Optimizing both application timing and N source can allow for a moderate reduction in N rate that does not affect grain yield but decreases NO. Grain-based NS may be a more useful indicator of NO emissions than whole-plant-based NS.
National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS): An Optimized Source for Synchrotron Radiation

Synchrotron radiation has a number of special characteristics that make electron storage rings and synchrotrons powerful tools for research with photons. Applications in both basic research and technology are possible and there are exciting prospects for the future with the design and construction of electron storage rings dedicated to synchrotron radiation production. Synchrotron radiation has a continuous spectrum ranging from the infrared to X-ray wavelengths. It is both intense and strongly polarized in the plane of the electron orbit. The light is emitted in pulses that are typically 1 × 10-9 sec long and have repetition frequencies of the order of 1 × 106 pulses per second. With the current designs, beam cross sections of 1 mm2 or less can be achieved and the photons are sharply collimated in a narrow cone about the tangent to the orbit of the emitting particle.
The effect of copper in vivo on specific progesterone binding by human endometrial cytosol.

Copper has been shown to interfere with specific progesterone binding by human endometrial and myometrial cytosol in vitro. These results suggested that one possible mode of action of the copper-bearing intrauterine devices (IUDs) is through interference with the action of progesterone at its target sites. A prospective study was carried out to determine whether the proposed mode of action of copper-bearing IUDs could be demonstrated in vivo. The results of this study revealed a significant difference in specific progesterone-binding capacity between proliferative and secretory endometria (P 0.2). These data suggest that copper released from copper-bearing IUDs in vivo may not interfere with the binding of progesterone to its receptors in vitro. It is doubtful that the contraceptive effectiveness of copper-bearing IUDs could be due to the ability of copper to prevent progesterone from exerting its full effects on the endometrium.
Effect of Decaffeinated Green and Black Tea Extracts on Energy Metabolism in Mice Fed a High Fat/High Sucrose/Western Diet

Although green tea (GT) and black tea (BT) are chemically very different, both reduce body weight and fat depots in male C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat/high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet. A portion of GT poly...
Persönlichkeit: Die Psychologie des Individuums

„Gut, Psychologen sind also in der Lage, typisches Verhalten auf Grund von allgemeinen Gesetzen zu erklaren und vorauszusagen, doch nicht meines. Ich bin ganz anders als die anderen.“Sie konnen mich nicht einfach analysieren, zergliedern und in Schubladen einteilen, weil ich eine ganzheitliche und einzigartig ausgepragte Person bin. Sie musten doch selbst wissen, was sie mit ihren psychologischen Tests, diesen Tintenklecksen, Wortassoziationen, neugierigen Fragebogen und Handschriftenanalysen anfangen konnen.“ „Niemand kann meine besondere Art festnageln wie einen Schmetterling im Glaskasten eines Sammlers.“
More about discrete random variables

This chapter develops more tools for working with random variables. The probability generating function is the key tool for working with sums of nonnegative integer-valued random variables that are independent. When random variables are only uncorrelated, we can work with averages (normalized sums) by using the weak law of large numbers. We emphasize that the weak law makes the connection between probability theory and the every-day practice of using averages of observations to estimate probabilities of real-world measurements. The last two sections introduce conditional probability and conditional expectation. The three important tools here are the law of total probability, the law of substitution, and, for independent random variables, “dropping the conditioning.” The foregoing concepts are developed here for discrete random variables, but they will all be extended to more general settings in later chapters. Probability generating functions In many problems we have a sum of independent random variables, and we would like to know the probability mass function of their sum. For example, in an optical communication system, the received signal might be Y = X + W , where X is the number of photoelectrons due to incident light on a photodetector, and W is the number of electrons due to dark current noise in the detector. An important tool for solving these kinds of problems is the probability generating function. The name derives from the fact that it can be used to compute the probability mass function.