cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Future of Aspirin Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease

Much has been written about the demise of aspirin (ASA) but reports of its death are premature. The drug remains one of the most widely prescribed by physicians worldwide. It is cheap, familiar, and effective for a variety of uses, including in patients with acute or prior myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, peripheral artery disease, and percutaneous or surgical revascularization procedures, as well as for use for pain and fever relief. Beyond physician prescription or recommendation, over the counter use of ASA is common, including for primary cardiovascular prevention, though this decision really should involve a discussion of risks and benefits with a physician. ASA is an essential member of the duo that makes up dual antiplatelet therapy (a P2Y12 inhibitor plus ASA) and also dual pathway inhibition (vascular dose rivaroxaban plus ASA), and data for both approaches are growing. Furthermore, research is ongoing as to the optimal dosing frequency (once vs twice daily), potentially safer gastrointestinal delivery, and possibly more effective formulations in terms of platelet inhibition. One goal of ASA research is to try to reduce bleeding complications that are a risk with all anti-thrombotic therapies. Although its exact roles will continue to evolve, the future for ASA remains bright.
Invasive lionfish detected in estuaries in the northern Gulf of Mexico using environmental DNA

Invasive lionfish are considered to be one of the worst marine invaders primarily due to their threat as predators to native species. The distribution of lionfish across their invasive range has been fairly well characterized, but their presence within estuaries is largely unknown. While removal of invasive lionfish is the primary mode of managing the invasion, early detection in new locations could be valuable for documenting range expansion. Environmental DNA (eDNA) has become a useful tool to identify the presence of invasive species prior to establishment and may be especially valuable for systems that are challenging to survey. In this study, an environmental DNA assay was developed and successfully identified the presence of lionfish DNA in four riverine estuaries in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Detections were significantly higher in July but did not vary by location. Occupancy modeling shows that the assay is not exceptionally sensitive and may be underreporting the presence of lionfish, possibly due to the effect of salinity. The presence of invasive lionfish within estuaries could put native fish and invertebrates at risk, especially species that use these systems as nurseries. Ongoing monitoring using molecular methods may be useful in the management of invasive lionfish by providing early detection of fish moving into systems that neighbor known invaded regions.
Reduced Level of Philadelphia Chromosome Positive (Ph+) Cells in Lineage Negative Side Population Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells from Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

Recent reports have identified CD34neg normal hematopoietic stem cells from several species based on their Hoechst 33342 dual emission staining profile. Side population (SP) cells exclude Hoechst 33342 (Hoechstlow) and are highly enriched in bone marrow repopulating activity in lethally irradiated mice (Goodell et al., 1997; Goodell et al., 1996). CD34neg stem cells were shown to engraft in NOD/scid mice,(Bhatia M and et al, 1998) and in fetal sheep (Zanjani et al. 1998). CML is thought to originate in hematopoietic stem cells. Much work has been done to characterize these cells and to identify a leukemia-free stem cell compartment. To determine if the SP compartment contained normal or leukemic cells in patients with CML, we sorted SP cells that were lineage negative using a cocktail of 14 different monoclonal antibodies as markers of lineage differentiation (SP Linneg) and performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for the detection of Ph+ cells found in CML. Primary bone marrow samples were obtained from 18 patients with CML. In all 16 cases where SP cells were detected, a reduction in the percentage of Ph+ cells was found in SP cells as compared to non-SP cells. In 11/14 samples where sorting was done on SP Linneg compartment, the level of Ph+ cells in the SP Linneg population was at or below background positivity for the FISH assay (12%). The non-SP population of the same samples contained 20-55% Ph+ cells. Conclusion: Results suggest that in the majority of patients with CML, the SP Linneg cell compartment is free of Ph-positive cells detectable by FISH.
Scaling trends of power noise in 3-D ICs

Power supply noise in three-dimensional integrated circuits (3-D ICs) considering scaled CMOS and through silicon via (TSV) technologies is the focus of this paper. A TSV and inductance aware cell-based 3-D power network model is proposed and evaluated. Constant TSV aspect ratio and constant TSV area penalty scaling, as two scenarios of TSV technology scaling, are discussed. A comparison of power noise among via-first, via-middle, and via-last TSV technologies with CMOS scaling is also presented. When the TSV technology is a primary bottleneck in high performance 3-D ICs, an increasing TSV area penalty should be adopted to produce lower power noise. As a promising TSV technology, via-middle TSVs are shown to produce the lowest power noise with CMOS technology scaling. Paper shows how power noise changes in 3-D ICs with CMOS and TSV technology scaling.Uniform distribution of P/G TSVs array exhibit lower on-chip power noise.An accurate and fast closed-form expression to calculate TSV equivalent inductance.Tradeoffs among TSV parameters, technologies, and power noise are discussed.
Preparing Program Directors to Address Unprofessional Behavior

All medical educators will inevitably need to manage challenging trainees. Even one “difficult” resident or medical student can wreak havoc on an educational environment. Program directors must manage this maelstrom and as a result tend to experience especially high levels of distress in relation to difficult trainees. Frustrated and resentful, they often feel “de-skilled” or ill-prepared to manage these unwelcome challenges. In this chapter, the authors provide a framework for understanding and working with this group of trainees and the problems they engender. The practical strategies that flow from this framework allow program leaders to develop realistic expectations and informed management approaches in relation to the predictable problems that arise in relation to difficult trainees. The authors further provide definitions of personality traits and personality disorders as a means of offering an explanation of how certain residents might pose problems in various aspects of training, and how to distinguish between those likely to do well with effective intervention and those likely to do poorly. Case vignettes illustrate examples of how maladaptive personality traits, across a range of severity, might manifest in a resident’s behavior. Finally, the authors provide an outline for how to approach an intervention with a resident exhibiting problematic behavior, including recommendations for managing the difficult aspects of the experience for the program director, communicating effectively with the resident, collaborating with faculty, and supporting other trainees.
Method for measuring the 6 S 1 / 2 ↔ 5 D 3 / 2 magnetic-dipole-transition moment in Ba +

We propose a method for measuring the magnetic dipole ($M1$) transition moment of the $6{S}_{1/2}(m=\ensuremath{-}1/2)\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}5{D}_{3/2}(m=\ensuremath{-}1/2)$ transition in single trapped Ba${}^{+}$ by exploiting different symmetries in the electric quadrupole ($E2$) and $M1$ couplings between the states. The technique is adapted from a previously proposed method for measuring atomic parity nonconservation in a single trapped ion [N. Fortson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2383 (1993)]. Knowledge of $M1$ is crucial for any parity nonconservation measurement in Ba${}^{+}$, as laser coupling through $M1$ can mimic the parity-violating signal. The magnetic moment for the transition has been calculated by atomic theory and found to be dominated by electron-electron correlation effects [B. K. Sahoo et al., Phys. Rev. A 74, 062504 (2006)]. To date the value has not been verified experimentally. This proposed measurement is therefore an essential step toward a parity nonconservation experiment in the ion that will also test current many-body theory. The technique can be adapted for similar parity nonconservation experiments using other atomic ions, where the magnetic dipole moment could present similar complications.
Regulation of F-Actin Stability in Dendritic Spines by Glutamate Receptors and Calcineurin

Neuronal degeneration and cell death can result from excessive activation of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate; however, the very earliest changes in cytoskeletal organization have not been well documented. We have used an in vitro model system to examine the early consequences of intense glutamate receptor activation on dendritic spine synapses. Cultured hippocampal neurons exposed to NMDA for as little as 5 min exhibited a rapid and extensive loss of dendritic spines. Staining for the presynaptic marker synapsin 1 and the postsynaptic density proteins PSD-95 and the NR1 subunit of NMDA receptors remained intact. The disappearance of spines was accompanied by a selective loss of filamentous actin staining at synapses. The NMDA-induced loss of spine actin was time- and concentration-dependent and blocked by NMDA receptor antagonists. The effect was mimicked by L-glutamate, AMPA, and ionomycin but not by agonists of L-type calcium channels or of metabotropic glutamate receptors. The effect of NMDA on local actin assembly was strongly attenuated by pretreatment with an actin stabilizing compound or by an antagonist of the calcium-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin. Immunoreactivity for calcineurin was enriched at synapses together with F-actin. These results indicate that the actin-mediated stability of synaptic structure is disrupted by intense glutamate receptor activity and that calcineurin blockers may be useful in preventing such destabilization.
Flavor Ratios and Mass Hierarchy at Neutrino Telescopes

The observation of high-energy extraterrestrial neutrinos at IceCube represents the beginning of the era of neutrino astronomy. In this paper, we study the cosmic neutrino flavor ratios against the Dirac CP-violating phase at neutrino telescopes, taking into account the charged-current and neutral-current interactions at the detectors. We then demonstrate how to probe mass hierarchy at future neutrino telescopes by the precise measurements of the cosmic neutrino flavor ratios. We show that the sensitivity of our scheme is independent of the undetermined values of the Dirac CP-violating phase. We also explore the possible eects of active-sterile mixing, neutrino decay
A note on the transitivity of parthood

That parthood is a transitive relation is among the most basic principles of classical mereology. Alas, it is also very controversial. In a recent paper, Ingvar Johansson has put forward a novel diagnosis of the problem, along with a corresponding solution. The diagnosis is on the right track, I argue, but the solution is misleading. And once the pieces are properly put together, we end up with a reinforcement of the standard defense of transitivity on behalf of classical mereology.
Directions in Biology for Ocean Observing

• Key Science Questions • Existing assets and sensors • What is needed • Emerging assets and sensors
Bony trabecular changes in the human mandibular ramus from prenatal period to adulthood.

The rami of eight human mandibles ranging in age from six months prenatal to adulthood were studied radiographically and by matte acetate tracings. The characteristic trabecular pattern seen in the adult ramus was not found until the fifth year of life. A disorganization of the pattern occurred at nine years of age, but was re-established by the twelfth year. The changes in pattern observed appear to be related to the eruption times of the teeth, which probably modify the muscular stresses exerted on the bone in the process of mastication.
Practical guidelines for solving difficult mixed integer linear programs

Abstract Even with state-of-the-art hardware and software, mixed integer programs can require hours, or even days, of run time and are not guaranteed to yield an optimal (or near-optimal, or any!) solution. In this paper, we present suggestions for appropriate use of state-of-the-art optimizers and guidelines for careful formulation, both of which can vastly improve performance.
Identification of Functional Domains in the Neuronal Cdk5 Activator Protein

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is activated by the neuronal-specific activator protein, p35. In contrast to the activation of typical CDKs by cyclin subunits, p35·;Cdk5 was not further activated by the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) and was neither phosphorylated nor inhibited by the Tyr-15-specific Wee1 kinase. The previously identified proteolytic active fragment of p35, p25 (residues 91-307) as well as the slightly smaller fragment containing residues 109-291, was found to be sufficient to bind and activate Cdk5. Other CDKs, including Cdk2, associated weakly with p25. However, their kinase activity was only activated to the low level observed for cyclin A·;Cdk2 without Thr-160 phosphorylation, and phosphorylation of Thr-160 in Cdk2 did not activate the p25·;Cdk2 complex further. We have identified distinct regions in p35 required for binding to Cdk5 or activation of Cdk5. Residues ∼150-200 of p35 were sufficient for binding to Cdk5, but residues ∼279-291 were needed in addition for activation of Cdk5 in vitro.
The effects of expectations upon task performance as moderated by levels of self-esteem

Abstract The study investigated the effects of expectations upon task performance in a simulated work environment. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, individuals of high and low self-esteem responded to either a favorable or unfavorable expectation. It was found that only high self-esteem individuals differed significantly in their response to the expectation manipulation. The results were discussed relative to self-consistency formulations and implications for organizational behavior were suggested.
Marchiafava-Bignami disease in a trauma patient

Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD) is a rare pathological condition affecting the corpus callosum (CC), characterized by progressive demyelination and necrosis. While usually found in patients with chronic alcoholism, it has rarely been characterized in non-alcoholics. We describe a trauma patient with an unknown mechanism of injury, who was found to have MBD after remaining comatose for a prolonged period of time. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated restricted diffusion involving the genu, body, and splenium of the CC. The patient eventually awoke but was non-communicative and uncomprehending prior to discharge to a nursing facility. We reviewed the literature and report here the first case of MBD encountered in a trauma patient. In conclusion, MBD is an extremely rare condition in non-alcoholic patients, and the use of MRI is crucial for its identification.
Influence of reproductive activity on toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons to ghost crabs

Abstract Reproductively active ghost crabs appear to be more susceptible to oil pollution than non-active individuals, probably as a consequence of lowered energy reserves. Uptake of hydrocarbons over the 96-h exposure periods was more or less limited to the gill tissue. A relative measure—the ‘aromatic ratio’ — is suggested as a possible means of assessing bioaccumulation.
A mathematical model of crunchiness/crispness loss in breakfast cereals

Published sigmoid relationships between sensory crunchiness/crispness scores of five breakfast cereals and water activity (Sauvageot and Blond 1991) were fitted with the model Y(aw) = Yo/{1 + exp [aw - awc)/b]}, where Y(aw) is the sensory score at a given aw level, Yo the score of the cereal at the dry (glassy) state, awc a critical water activity representing the inflection point of Y(aw) and b a constant representing the steepness of Y(aw) in the aw region where much of the plasticization occurs. In all five cases the fit of the model, which had previously been used with instrumental mechanical parameters of stiffness and crunchiness, was almost perfect (r2 in the range of 0.997–0.999). All the cereals had similar Yo and awc values, Yo between 7.5 and 7.9, on a scale of 10, and awc between 0.62 and 0.68. The range of water activity in which most of the perceived crunchiness/crispness loss took place, however, varied considerably among the five cereals, with the constant b being in the range of 0.046–0.093. Since according to this model about 90% of the perceived crunchiness/crispness loss occurs within awc± 3b these numbers correspond to water activity spans between about 0.28 and 0.55, respectively.
Impacts of Citrus Development on Habitats of Southwest Florida.

: Examining resource management needs at the landscape level has become critical for the conservation of ecosystems and the preservation of species. Geographic information systems (GIS) that allow for the integration of spatially referenced databases are a powerful tool that can be used by resource managers to examine potential impacts and develop strategies for regional planning. We applied a landscape-level approach to examine the potential impacts of citrus development on habitats and species in southwest Florida. We developed GIS models for panthers, Sandhill Cranes, and wading birds that reflect changes in potential habitats under a series of development scenarios. The models indicate that, under the maximum development scenario, 63% of potential panther habitat, 66% of potential Sandhill Crane habitat, and 67% and 33% of potential wading bird nesting and foraging habitats could be lost. In addition, the habitat that would remain would be severely fragmented. Several key areas were identified that will be critical to the continued existence of these species and to maintenance of regional biodiversity. The areas identified are habitats not represented on the existing public lands concentrated in the southern portion of the study area and/or that provide connections among existing natural areas. Impacto del desarrollo de citricos en habitats del suroeste de Florida Resumen: El examen de las necesidades de manejo de los recursos a nivel del paisajese ha transformado en un elementeo critico para la conservacion de los ecosistemas y la preservacion de las especies. Los Sistemas de Informacion Geograficos (SIG), que permiten la integracion de las base de datos registrados espacialmente, constituyer una poderosa herramienta que puede ser utilizada por los administradores de recursos naturales para examinar los impactos potenciales y desarrollar estrategias de planificacion a nivel regional. Aplicamos un enfoque a nivel de paisaje para examinar los impactos potenciales del desarrollo de los citricos en especies y ambientes del sudoeste de la Florida. Desarrollamos modelos en SIG para panteras, grullas y aves zancudas que reflejan cambios en los habitats potenciales bajo una serie de escenarios de desarrollo. Los modelos indican que bajo un escenario de maximo desarrollo 63% del habitat potencial de la pantera, 66% del habital potencial de la grulla y 67 y 33% del habitat potencial para anidamiento y forestacion de las aves zancudas se podrian perder. En forma adicional, el habitat que quedara estaria severamente fragmentado. Se identificaron varias areas claves que van a ser criticas para la supervivencia de estas especies y el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad a nivel regional. Las areas identificadas, constituyen habitats que no estan representados dentro de las tierras publicas existentes, y que se encuentran concentradas en la porcion sur del area de estudio y/o proveen conecciones entre areas naturales existentes.
PROVENANCE DETERMINATION OF NEOLITHIC TO CLASSICAL MEDITERRANEAN MARBLES BY STABLE ISOTOPES

Two stable isotopic data bases for ∂13C and ∂18O values of marble have been accumulated: (1) 590 analyses from 42 Classical quarries of Greece, western Turkey, Tunisia, and Carrara, Italy, and (2) potential Early Bronze Age (EBA) marble sources in the central Cyclades, comprising 192 analyses from 16 sites on the islands of Paros, Naxos, Ios, and Keros. The data bases include the most important marble occurrences in the eastern Mediterranean and so can be used to source artefacts of any age. Neolithic artefacts found at Franchthi Cave, where no marble occurs locally, have been attributed to the Peloponnese and the Cyclades, direct evidence for early trade. In the Cycladic EBA, Naxos and Keros were the principal marble sources for the abundant artefacts found at Keros. The commercial marble trade in Archaic Greece began in the central Cyclades where the tradition apparently went back some 5000 years, to the Neolithic. Classical Greece and especially Rome expanded the number and locations of commercial marble sources throughout the Mediterranean.
When Settlement and Resolution Are in Conflict: Searching for a Mideast Peace Dividend

Using a contemporary case involving Palestinians and Israelis working on business ventures following the 1993 Oslo Peace Accords, the author focuses on the differences between conflict resolution and conflict settlement. In situations of deep-rooted conflict, settlement and resolution are often the same thing; attitude change among individuals is required to attain either goal. The Petty and Cacioppo Model (1986) specifies that attitude change results from central routes or peripheral routes. The author reflects on the model's predictive elements in the business venture case and its useful implications for other conflicts.
Direct and Indirect Sire Evaluations for Fat Test and Economic Merit

Evaluations for milk, fat yield, and fat test for Holstein sires in artificial insemination were calculated from first lactation records of Holstein daughters by best linear unbiased prediction procedures. Indirect evaluations for fat test also were calculated by adding best linear unbiased predictions for milk and fat yield to breed averages for milk and fat yield to calculate test and then subtracting breed average fat test. The indirect evaluation for test had a simple correlation of .99 with fat test from best linear unbiased prediction. Dollar value indexes were calculated from evaluations for milk yield and from evaluations for fat test by best linear unbiased prediction or by the indirect method with a price of $17.64 per 100 kg of milk and a fat test differential of $.1764 per .1%. The correlation between the dollar values was .99. Dollar value from best linear unbiased prediction of fat test was correlated .96, .93, and .23 with the best linear unbiased predictions for milk yield, fat yield, and fat test.
Structural characterization of a rice actin gene.

We have isolated and sequenced a full-length cDNA clone containing information for the rice actin gene RAc1. Transcript terminus mapping and sequence alignment between the RAc1 cDNA clone and a previously isolated RAc1 genomic clone were used to determine the structure of the RAc1 gene. This allowed us to make the first complete structural characterization of a plant actin gene. The analysis revealed the presence of a 5′-noncoding exon, separated by an intron, from the first translated exon of the RAc1 gene. This is one of the few reported cases of a plant gene containing such a 5′-noncoding exon. Sequence comparison between the previously isolated plant actin genes suggests that such an exon may be a common feature of plant actin gene structure. The present study also confirms that the rice actin gene family is composed of at least eight unique members.
The role of eye-fixation research in cognitive psychology

Eye-fixation research can be used to address issues of theoretical interest in several areas of cognitive psychology, such as linguistic processing, spatial processing, and reading. The eye-fixation behavior can lead to processing models, assuming that the eye fixates the referent of the symbol being operated on.
Structural imperfections in CVD diamond films

Microwave plasma assisted CVD diamond films have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Cross-section TEM as well as plan-view TEM methods were used to investigate various structural defects formed in the films. It was found that diamond films contain a large number of stacking faults and twins which lie on the {111} planes in diamond. With an increase in methane concentration during the deposition process, the density of these defects increases and their dimensions become smaller. The tendency for forming these structural defects is of concern in developing tailored structures and properties of diamond films.
The interaction of flavins with egg white riboflavin-binding protein

Abstract The properties of the riboflavin-binding site in the riboflavin-binding protein from egg white have been elucidated by determining constants for binding of flavin analogs to the protein and by changes in absorption spectra of free and bound flavins. The spectral changes and unfavorable interaction of the protein with charged species indicate that the overall flavin environment in the holoprotein is hydrophobic. Modification of either ring or side-chain portions of flavin usually results in a decrease of binding energy. Although no one portion of the structure is absolutely essential, both 7- and 8-methyl groups and 2′-hydroxyl group contribute most significantly to binding. The binding site at the region of C-2 and N-3 of the isoalloxazine is rather insensitive to the relative site of a substituent and thus relatively open, whereas considerable steric limitation is imposed at C-8, N-10, especially C-1′, and 4carbonyl positions. The hydroxyl groups of the N-10 side chain contribute in a stereoselective manner by formation of hydrogen bonds. Studies with model compounds that represent only a part of flavin suggest that the dimethylbenzenoid portion of the ring is involved in primary interactions of binding, and relatively buried in the protein. The quenching of protein fluorescence upon binding is mainly due to ground-state stacking interaction between a trytophanyl residue at the binding site and the quinoxaline portion, and not to Forster energy transfer.
METHODOLOGIES FOR EXPLORING THE LINK BETWEEN URBAN FORM AND TRAVEL BEHAVIOR

Abstract Communities are increasingly looking to urban design and the concept of the New Urbanism as an effective strategy for reducing automobile dependence in suburban areas. While the available empirical evidence suggests that automobile travel is lower in traditional-style neighborhoods, it provides limited insights as to how and why, largely because the research methodologies used have been insufficent for the task. Most of the studies addressing this question fall into three categories: simulation studies, aggregate analyses, and disaggregate analyses. Two other approaches offer greater promise for understanding the relationship between urban form and travel behavior: choice models and activity-based analyses. This paper reviews alternative approaches for exploring the link between urban form and travel behavior, outlines issues and complexities that this research must address, and, finally, suggests that the focus of this research should shift from the search for strategies to change behavior to a search for strategies to provide choices.
Organizationally-relevant configurations: the value of modeling local dependence

Configurations are important across all levels of organizations. Despite the interest in and importance of configurations in research for organizations, the empirical methods for assessing and classifying configurations has not kept pace with the theoretical advancements. Theory suggests that configurations must include aligned elements that have local dependence. Local dependence is defined as the interrelationships among variables necessary to form an internally consistent configuration. We explain how latent class cluster analysis (LCCA) enables modeling for local dependence and provides theoretical and methodological value for configurations researchers. Using primary data from two samples, we demonstrate that LCCA with local dependence outperforms traditional cluster analysis-based approaches. Our method can be used for detecting configurations at a variety of organizational levels (e.g. nation, industry, firm, and group).
Dark current mechanism and the cause of the current-voltage asymmetry in quantum-well intersubband photodetectors

Recent research activity in the long wavelength infrared spectral region has been driven by the wide range of possible applications for optoelectronic systems and by the wealth of new physical phenomena displayed by quantum well intersubband-based devices. GaAs-AlGaAs quantum well intersubband photodetectors are currently under intense research investigation, and promise to have a wide range of application. Here we first present a microscopic model of the detector dark current, which provides new physical insights into the mechanism of carrier transport in multiple quantum well structures. Systematic experiments have been carried out to compare with the model, and good agreement between theory and experiments is obtained. The model is based on considering the details of the carrier trapping and emission from quantum wells.
An Aldose Reductase Inhibitor and Aminoguanidine Prevent Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Rats With Long-term Galactosemia

Objective: To study the effects of an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI-509, Wyeth-Ayerst, Princeton, NJ) and aminoguanidine (AMG), agents that have been reported to prevent or delay diabetic retinopathy, on retinal vascular abnormalities and the immunocytochemical expression in the retina of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in rats maintained for up to 2 years on a 50% galactose diet. Methods: Albino rats were placed on a control diet, a diet containing 50% galactose, or the 50% galactose diet containing either ARI-509 or AMG. Treatment with ARI-509 or AMG was initiated at the beginning of the experiment or after 12 months of galactose feeding. After 22 to 24 months, the rats were killed and the retinal vasculature from half of one eye was isolated by trypsinelastase digestion for semiquantitative evaluation of retinal vascular lesions. The other half of the retina was prepared for immunocytochemistry and stained for the presence of VEGF, factor VIII, vimentin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Red blood cells, sciatic nerves, and a portion of the retina from the second eye were assayed for glucose, galactose, fructose, sorbitol, galactitol, and myo -inositol. Red blood cells were also assayed for galactosylated hemoglobin. Results: Galactose-fed animals developed a vascular retinopathy characterized by severe cellular loss in the retinal capillaries and intensification of periodic acid-Schiff staining of the vascular basement membranes. Some animals also displayed dilation and hypercellularity of vessels in the posterior retina. These changes were substantially reduced in animals receiving ARI-509 from the beginning of the galactose diet, but were unaffected in all of the other treatment groups. None of the rats receiving ARI-509 or AMG treatment, whether initiated from the onset or after 12 months of galactosemia, demonstrated VEGF immunoreactivity. With the exception of the animals receiving ARI-509 from the beginning of the experiment, all of the galactose-fed animals developed dense cataracts within 6 weeks of the beginning of the galactose diet. Galactitol levels in animals receiving ARI-509 were 86% to 93% lower in red blood cells, retina, and sciatic nerve than those in the other galactosefed groups. Conclusions: Although ARI-509 and AMG have different abilities to delay or prevent the diabetic-like retinopathy in galactosemic rats, even when substantial retinal microvascular acellularity occurs, both drugs prevent the immunocytochemical expression of VEGF. These results suggest that factors other than hypoxia may be responsible for VEGF expression in the retina, and that aldose reductase inhibitors and AMG have potential roles in preventing such expression and, thus, perhaps preventing retinal neovascularization.
Amantadine for Levodopa Resistant Parkinsonism

A 65-year-old woman with stigmata of Parkinsonism was resistant to therapy with levodopa, bromocriptine and anticholinergics. However, administration of amantadine (SymmetrelR), (200 mg/day) produced significant improvement in her motor disability as well as in her mental status. The mechanisms of amantadine's therapeutic effects in this unusual case are discussed.
Bayesian-based on-line applicability evaluation of neural network models in modeling automotive paint spray operations

The neural network (NN) models well trained and validated by the same data may exhibit noticeably different predictabilities in applications. This is mainly due to the fact that the knowledge captured by the NNs in training may be different in depth and breadth. In this regard, using a set of nearly equally superior models, instead of a single one, may demonstrate its robustness of system performance prediction in on-line application. An unresolved issue, then, is how to value the prediction by each model of the model set in each application step. In this paper, we introduce a Bayesian-based model-set management method for constructing a statistically superior model set for on-line application. Specifically, this method is for manipulating the model set by assigning statistically most appropriate weights to the model predictions; the weighted model predictions determine overall system behavior. A repeated use of the method keeps the weights updated constantly based on the newly available system data, which makes the model-set-based system performance description more precise and robust. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated by studying an automotive paint spray process where the thin film thickness on vehicle surface should be precisely predicted.
Molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic targets in epithelial ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer, the most aggressive gynecologic cancer, is the foremost cause of death from gynecologic malignancies in the developed world. Two primary reasons explain its aggressive behavior: most patients present with advanced disease at diagnosis, and die of recurrences from disease that has become resistant to conventional chemotherapies. In this paper on epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), we will review molecular alterations associated with the few precursor lesions identified to date, followed by the more commonly recognized processes of de novo carcinogenesis, metastasis, and the development of chemoresistance. We will propose a unifying model of ovarian epithelial tumorigenesis that takes into account various hypotheses. We will also review novel approaches to overcome the major problem of chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. Finally, we will discuss advances and new challenges in the development of mouse model systems to investigate EOC precursor lesions, progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance.
SASyLF: an educational proof assistant for language theory

Teaching and learning formal programming language theory is hard, in part because it's easy to make mistakes and hard to find them. Proof assistants can help check proofs, but their learning curve is too steep to use in most classes, and is a barrier to researchers too.In this paper we present SASyLF, an LF-based proof assistant specialized to checking theorems about programming languages and logics. SASyLF has a simple design philosophy: language and logic syntax, semantics, and meta-theory should be written as closely as possible to the way it is done on paper. We describe how we designed the SASyLF syntax to be accessible to students learning type theory, and how students can understand its semantics directly in terms of the theory they are taught in class. SASyLF can express proofs typical of an introductory graduate type theory course. SASyLF proofs are generally very explicit, but its built-in support for variable binding provides substitution properties for free and avoids awkward variable encodings. We describe preliminary experience teaching with SASyLF.
Thermal Conductivity of Mixtures of Polyatomic Fluids Using Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics

Abstract The thermal conductivity of dense polyatomic fluid mixtures has been studied using the method of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics. Molecular mixtures of the type spherical-nonspherical and nonspherical-nonspherical, have been investigated. In addition, we have examined the contribution to thermal conductivity from internal rotational modes. Internal rotational contributions are needed for predicting thermal conductivity of polyatomics. Our results combined with those we obtained for pure polyatomics, have shown that the usual approximation made in theories, that these contributions are density independent is incorrect. Finally, we have also developed an approximate method for predicting internal contributions to thermal conductivity, that includes density dependence.
Commuting point transformations

The question considered is the following: If two invertible measure preserving point transformations commute, in what sense is one a function of the other? The main theorem is the following: If two invertible measure preserving transformations commute, and if the first admits of approximation by periodic transformations, then the second transformation is a piecewise power of the first, where we say that σ is a piecewise power of Τ if there exists a sequence [j(n)] of positive integers such that for each measurable set A the limit of the measure of the symmetric difference of Τ (A) and σ j(n) (A) tends to zero.
Matrix dominated time dependent failure predictions in polymer matrix composites

Abstract Various types of matrix dominated failures in polymer matrix composites (PMC) are reviewed. Current methods to evaluate the modulus degradation of PMC materials are discussed including viscoelastic/plastic and continuum damage models. It is pointed out that in each case the approach is based upon developing an analytical constitutive relation for the material in order to represent a measured stress–strain response. The suggestion is made that care must be used in the measurement of stress–strain behavior such that the modeling represents the true material behavior. New digital imaging methods are suggested as a means to determine in situ properties at a local scale commensurate with the continuum modeling procedure. A little used method to model viscoelastic/plastic (linear and non-linear) effects is discussed and modified to obtain a simple and easy to use time dependent failure law. Also, a little used energy based time dependent failure criterion is presented which can be combined with a non-linear viscoelastic integral approach to provide a prediction method for the time for creep rupture under simple stress states. Each is validated with experimental data for simple stress states but their generality is such that they could be used for complex (3-D) stress states. Advantages and limitations of both are addressed. Finally, a discussion of possible fruitful research areas are presented with the view of providing engineers in industry with an easy to use accelerated life prediction procedure.
Carlos Gussenhoven and Haike Jacobs (1998). Understanding phonology . London: Arnold. Co-published in New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xii+286.

Understanding phonology is intended as an introductory textbook in phonology for students with little or no prior knowledge of linguistics. The book served as the main text in both an introductory course to phonology for graduate students in linguistics as well as one for undergraduates at Ohio State University. Input from students in these classes regarding aspects of the book contributed to our evaluation in this review. We are particularly grateful to the following students for their helpful comments: Sharonne Albicker, Ryan Ginstrom, Jette Hansen, Sun-Hee Lee, Mary Paster, Shravan Vasishth, Jinyi Wang and Peggy Wong. We would also like to thank Carlos Gussenhoven, Sharon Hargus, Robert Levine and David Odden for valuable comments on a draft version of this review. The goal of the text, as stated, is to provide an introduction to all major topics in phonology, and a comprehensive survey of phonological theory. The book aims to explain the basics of phonology, rather than arguing for a particular theoretical position, thereby giving students a sound understanding of the field.
Non-canonical microRNAs miR-320 and miR-702 promote proliferation in Dgcr8-deficient embryonic stem cells.

MicroRNAs are known to contribute significantly to stem cell phenotype by post-transcriptionally regulating gene expression. Most of our knowledge of microRNAs comes from the study of canonical microRNAs that require two sequential cleavages by the Drosha/Dgcr8 heterodimer and Dicer to generate mature products. In contrast, non-canonical microRNAs bypass the cleavage by the Drosha/Dgcr8 heterodimer within the nucleus but still require cytoplasmic cleavage by Dicer. The function of non-canonical microRNAs in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) remains obscure. It has been hypothesized that non-canonical microRNAs have important roles in ESCs based upon the phenotypes of ESC lines that lack these specific classes of microRNAs; Dicer-deficient ESCs lacking both canonical and non-canonical microRNAs have much more severe proliferation defect than Dgcr8-deficient ESCs lacking only canonical microRNAs. Using these cell lines, we identified two non-canonical microRNAs, miR-320 and miR-702, that promote proliferation of Dgcr8-deficient ESCs by releasing them from G1 arrest. This is accomplished by targeting the 3′-untranslated regions of the cell cycle inhibitors p57 and p21 and thereby inhibiting their expression. This is the first report of the crucial role of non-canonical microRNAs in ESCs.
A Fortran 90 program for statistical testing of alleged thickening andsor thinning upward patterns in sequences of strata

A Fortran 90 program, STRATA_PATTERN_TEST, is designed to test sedimentary strata for the significance of vertical patterns. The null hypothesis of no pattern is tested against: (1) The alternative of a single thickening (or thinning) upward sequence, the program tests the null hypothesis using a parametric and/or randomization test based on Kendall’s S, or equivalently Kendall’s Tau. (2) The alternative of trends in g subsequences recognized a-priori, the program carries out parametric tests (where available) and randomization tests using one of 10 test statistics, each a weighted sum of the g Tau coefficients calculated for the individual subsequences. (3) The alternative of trends in g subsequences recognized post-hoc, i.e. purely on the basis of observed thickness patterns, the program carries out randomization tests using a family of 13 test statistics, each equal to the maximum value of the appropriate test statistic (defined for subsequences recognized a-priori) that is attainable by partitioning the total sequence of beds into 1, 2, … up to g subsequences. (4) The hybrid alternative g subsequences recognized a-priori, one or more exhibiting a symmetric pattern recognized post-hoc, the program carries out randomization tests. Reasons for implementing the program in Fortran 90 rather than Fortran 77 are briefly discussed.
Rotation induced by intranigral injections of GABA agonists and antagonists: Zone-specific effects

Recent investigations of the function of the strionigral pathway have utilized the intranigral injection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist and antagonist drugs. While the unilateral application of these substances typically produces rotational behavior, the direction of this turning (ipsilateral or contralateral to the injected hemisphere) differs in several reports. The present study determines whether the direction of this drug-induced turning depends upon the locus of migral stimulation. Picrotoxin and bicuculline methiodide were injected into either the pars compacta or the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra at several anterior-posterior levels. Injection of these drugs into the pars compacta resulted in ipsilateral turning while injection into the pars reticulata produced contralateral rotation. Both of these effects were dose-dependent and were elicited by similar threshold doses of picrotoxin. Prior 6-hydroxydopamine treatment abolished the ipsilateral but not the contralateral rotation. In contrast, muscimol injections produced contralateral turning independent of whether they were made into the pars compacta or pars reticulata. However, 6-hydroxydopamine treatment only attenuated the contralateral turning produced by pars compacta injections. These findings provide a histological basis for understanding the different types of turning behavior elicited by the intranigral injection of GABA agonists and antagonists. In addition, they suggest that GABA receptors mediate at least two independent actions in substantia nigra.
Compartmentation of K+ in isolated adult rat heart cells.

Abstract Isolated adult rat heart cells can be disrupted with digitonin and the cytosol separated from a mitochondria-rich particulate fraction in much the same way as reported for hepatocytes ( P. F. Zuurendonk and J. M. Tager, 1974 , Biochim. Biophys. Acta 333 , 393–399). Studies of 42 K + distribution using this procedure have established that mitochondrial K + is not in isotopic equilibrium with cytosol K + and has the properties of a discrete intracellular cation pool. Mitochondrial K + remains relatively constant when cellular K + is depleted by washing the cells in the cold or by treatment with ouabain at 37 °C. Mitochondrial K + is not increased significantly when cytosolic K + of cold-treated cells is replenished by aerobic incubation in the presence of glucose. However, mitochondrial K + is lost when cellular ATP is depleted, either by addition of an uncoupler or by anaerobic incubation in the absence of glucose. These studies suggest that the K + content and K + permeability of the mitochondrial matrix compartment are closely regulated in intact heart cells.
Linear cellular automata and Fischer automata

We study the sizes of minimal finite state machines associated with linear cellular automata. In particular, we construct a class of binary linear cellular automata whose corresponding minimal automata exhibit full exponential blow-up. These cellular automata have Hamming distance 1 to a permutation automaton. Moreover, the corresponding minimal Fischer automata as well as the minimal DFAs have maximal complexity. By contrast, the complexity of higher iterates of a cellular automaton always stays below the theoretical upper bound.
Support for the Canadian Federal Progressive Conservative Party since 1988: The Impact of Economic Evaluations and Economic Issues

Since their victory in the dramatic 1988 Canadian federal election, the governing Progressive Conservatives have suffered a rapid and precipitous decline in public support. Observers have attributed the massive erosion in popularity to the failure of the Meech Lake Accord, the government's insistence on implementing the highly unpopular value-added Goods and Services Tax (GST) and increasing public reservations about the wisdom of the free trade agreement. This article contends that, while these arguments have merit, a more important factor is that many Canadians blame the federal government for the poor state of the national economy and adverse personal economic circumstances. Moreover, negative reactions to the two highly salient economic issues, free trade and the GST, are, in part at least, products of public disapproval of the government's economic performance. The analyses are based on data gathered in national cross-sectional and panel surveys conducted over the 1983–1990 period.
MicroRNAs regulatory networks in myeloid lineage development and differentiation: regulators of the regulators.

MicroRNAs regulatory networks in myeloid lineage development and differentiation: regulators of the regulators