cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Hybridized Approach for Testing Neural Network Based Intrusion Detection Systems

Enhancing the trust of machine learning-based classifiers with large input spaces is a desirable goal; however, due to high labeling costs and limited resources, this is a challenging task. One solution is to use test input prioritization techniques that aim to identify and label only the most effective test instances. These prioritized test inputs can then be used with some popular testing techniques e.g., Metamorphic testing (MT) to test and uncover implementation bugs in computationally complex machine learning classifiers that suffer from the oracle problem. However, there are certain limitations involved with this approach, (i) using a small number of prioritized test inputs may not be enough to check the program correctness over a large variety of input scenarios, and (ii) traditional MT approaches become infeasible when the programs under test exhibit a non-deterministic behavior during training e.g., Neural Network-based classifiers. Therefore, instead of using MT for testing purposes, we propose a metamorphic relation to solve a data generation/labeling problem; that is, enhancing the test inputs effectiveness by extending the prioritized test set with new tests without incurring additional labeling costs. Further, we leverage the prioritized test inputs (both source and follow-up data sets) and propose a statistical hypothesis testing (for detection) and machine learning-based approach (for prediction) of faulty behavior in two other machine learning classifiers (Neural Network-based Intrusion Detection Systems). In our case, the problem is interesting in the sense that injected bugs represent the high accuracy producing mutated program versions that may be difficult to detect by a software developer. The results indicate that (i) the proposed statistical hypothesis testing is able to identify the induced buggy behavior, and (ii) Random Forest outperforms and achieves the best performance over SVM and k-NN algorithms.
Imaging for the Pediatric Pulmonologist

This chapter provides an overview of the different modalities that are used to image the pediatric chest. The chapter is organized by imaging modality and includes the advantages, limitations, and uses of the different imaging studies. Sections on chest radiographs, fluoroscopy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, nuclear medicine, and interventional radiology are included. An additional section on radiation risk and one on which test to order for specific indications provide additional practical information for the pediatric pulmonologist.
The Hydrogenation of Ethylene Over Lanthanum Transition Metal Perovskites

In recent years, considerable interest has been expressed in the possible use of rare-earth transition metal perovskites as catalysts and electrodes. (1–2) A theory has been proposed by Wolfram and Morin (3) to explain the catalytic activity of these compounds with respect to symmetry-forbidden reactions. With these points in mind, the study of the hydrogenation of ethylene over lanthanum transition metal perovskites was undertaken to correlate the catalytic activity with the Fermi level of the catalysts. The results of this study are presented herein.
Index, Thickness and Birefringence of Thin Films by Guided Waves

A guided wave technique has been used to measure the refractive index and thickness of a thin film. The film, which contained approximately 90 mol % MgO and 10 mol % SiO 2 was produced by coevaporation of the two constituents onto a fused silica substrate. Measurements were performed at three visible wavelengths obtained from an argon-ion laser. From the positions of the mode coupling angles, we have calculated the refractive index and thickness of the film. The film was found to have a large birefringence which is attributed to internal stresses. A signature for the birefringence can be observed in the scattered m-line spectrum of the film, in which the order of the TE and TM modes is interchanged as compared to an isotropic film. The optical determination of the film thickness is 1.098 ′ 0.003 μm as compared to 1.11 μm measured by a mechanical method. The measured values of refractive index agree well with values calculated on the basis of the Drude model.
Animating Our Selves: The "Irreducible Multiplicity" and Humans

Animal agency on a species level is currently being considered in the social sciences and in society at large, validating Derrida’s claims of ontic multiplicity and its resultant ethical implications. Political scientists and geographers are regarding species as social and economic players and analyzing their roles in the context of biotechnological advances and the human communities that form around them. Case studies illustrate how Derrida’s arguments compiled in The Animal That Therefore I Am are becoming tacitly integrated across disciplines.
Principals’ Perceptions of Barriers to Teacher Dismissal

Although scholars and popular press writers are critical of school district failures to remove inadequately performing teachers, little has been said about the thinking of principals on this issue. Because principals are the front-line implementers of evaluation policy, their beliefs about barriers (real or perceived) are likely to influence their actions. This study asked elementary and middle school principals in the state of Oregon to identify barriers to deal effectively with inadequately performing teachers. Results demonstrated that principals believe teacher unions to be the most significant barrier, and blame the union representatives more often than the language of the negotiated contract. In addition, principals identify the amount of time required to engage in the process as a barrier. Continued study of principal beliefs about these factors may suggest (1) areas of needed reform in the implementation of evaluation and (2) administrative training needs.
Reproduction in Amphibians

In terms of its most basic components, reproduction in amphibians is similar to that in other vertebrate animals. But, superimposed on this similarity is a level of diversity that is unique among the tetrapods. Keywords: gonads; gametes; mating; sexual selection; parental care
“La Belgique vivra-t-elle?”

AbstractAlthough there are numerous studies on language ideologies, the role of translation in the historical production and reproduction of language ideologies remains relatively undocumented at present. Translation studies, by contrast, does address issues of ideology and power but only seldom in relation to language policy in multilingual societies. Translation, however, is an inherent part of linguistic ideological battles, and the historiography of translation policy and strategy (both at the macro- and micro-levels) significantly contributes to our understanding of language policy, as well as language ideology, and their link with nation, race, class, etc. In this study, the Belgian case is used to illustrate the role of translation in the production and reproduction of language ideologies in a multilingual context. The paper provides a short historical overview of the role of translation in shaping institutional and discursive power mechanisms in Belgium and deals more extensively with the function...
Vibrational spectra and structure of organophosphorus compounds

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of triethylphosphine sulfide and triethylphosphine selenide have been recorded. An assignment of 60 of the 63 fundamental vibrations has been given and discussed. An extremely strong interaction was observed between ν (PS) and ν (PC 3 ) whereas no significant interaction was apparent between ν (PSe) and ν (PC 3 ). The lack of any factor group splitting for the skeletal fundamentals is consistent with either a disordered crystal system or very weak intermolecular forces in the crystal. Therefore it was not possible to distinguish from the intramolecular fundamental vibrations between the two possible crystal systems for these molecules.
Studies of children's probability learning behavior. VI. Effect of event sequences.

Abstract Second, third, and fourth grade children were given a probability learning task in which E 2 events were followed by another E 2 event either 0% or 50% of the time. There were significant differences in overall matching behavior and in intratask responding as a function of the E 2 conditional probabilities. No significant age effects were found for any of the probability learning measures. Latency data revealed an interaction between grade and latencies following correct and incorrect responses. The interaction, which was not consistent with predictions based on current theories, was discussed. The probability learning data were interpreted in terms of an informational approach.
Coal volatiles combustion-coal pyrolysis analogy: Observation of “low” apparent global activation energies

Abstract An attempt is made to draw analogies between rapid coal pyrolysis and coal combustion in order to use a singular observation made on the latter to validate an important modelling assumption associated with the former. Identical kinetics for the two complex processes are not implied; rather, parallels between their global behaviour are highlighted. What has been experimentally validated via a set of novel combustion experiments on low-c.v. coal-derived syngas combustion is the observation that a set of overlapping independent parallel first-order reactions describing non-isothermal rapid coal pyrolysis can be analytically approximated by a single first-order Arrhenius expression having a lower activation energy than any of the reactions of the set.
Law in the Heart of Darkness: Atrocity & Duress

Our faith in the law is rarely tested, since in America, at least, few of us ordinary people ever find ourselves at the extremes, confronting violence and terror. But the extremes have a way of creeping up on us, and the unimaginable can quickly and imperceptibly begin to seem routine. Millions of ordinary Europeans discovered this in the middle of the last century, and thousands of ordinary Americans discovered it in Vietnam. Some Americans are discovering it again today in the mountains and deserts of Afghanistan and Iraq. Experientially, there is often no sharp dividing line between "ordinary" life and "ordinary" law, on the one hand, and the extremes, on the other. After Stalin, after Pol Pot, after the Balkan Wars and the Rwandan genocide, as well as the countless other smaller-scale conflicts around the globe, this truth should be apparent to us, but most of the time we prefer to forget or deny it.What the author wants to do in this essay is look closely at one example of law operating at the extreme edge of human behavior and emotion, and see whether it has anything particularly satisfying to offer those people who do find themselves caught in the dark places of the earth -- or any lessons for those of us who have not so far been tested.The example she has in mind involves the first judgment handed down by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (better know as "the Hague Tribunal"). It is the story of an ordinary man who found one day that the moral terrain around him had changed beyond recognition. It is also, of course, a story about law. The case, Prosecutor v. Erdemovic, was decided in 1997, but it has received only minimal attention in English-language journals. This is probably because, to many observers of the Tribunal, it seemed an unimportant and even disappointing case. It involved the wrongs of an obscure young Croatian soldier, not those of a general or a president, and its outcome, to many critics, was hardly a resounding or satisfying victory over the forces of evil.Nonetheless, it is a fascinating case. It addresses a particularly troublesome issue in criminal law: the scope of duress as a defense. This issue in turn leads to difficult questions about what law in general can offer us, what it is fair and reasonable to expect of ordinary human beings caught in terrible times, and whether we it is wise to assume a sharp discontinuity between the ordinary and the extreme in life or in law. The Erdemovic case can be seen as a parable about the failure of law to live up to its optimistic promise (to protect humans from atrocity or provide guidance to those who wish to prevent atrocity). Alternatively, it can be seen as a parable about law's expressive and redemptive possibilities, even in the face of evil. It is these ambiguities that the author wants to explore here.
2: The University of Pennsylvania

Continuing the series of articles on graduate programs in American schools of architecture that began with a contribution from the University of California in the September 1963 issue, G. Holmes Perkins discusses the changing conditions in architectural practice which make for a lengthening of the architect's education at the undergraduate level and in graduate study a diversity of specializations undreamed of a few years ago; he then goes on to describe the measures with which the University of Pennsylvania is seeking to meet the challenge of the future. Professor Perkins, besides being Dean of the Graduate School of Fine Arts at Pennsylvania, is Chairman of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission and Chancellor of the College of Fellows, The American Institute of Architects.
Optimal Multifunctional Material Systems

Methods are presented for defining an optimal material system capable of controlling the environment within a structure. Too often in current practice each material element, called upon to perform a given function, such as structural support, sound or heat control, is specified independently. Currently each material element is designed to perform one function independent of the other elements. Efforts should be made to design interacting elements capable of performing more than one function, designated as a multifunctional material element. The methods are presented to aid in defining the optimal material system. These methods consist of user-oriented computer procedures for calculating the sound, heat, and structural characteristics of a stacked box structure. A special optimization procedure for handling multiobject function problems is presented, along with special heuristic features which can be used in conjunction with the optimization procedure.
Haptic collision handling for simulation of transnasal surgery

Simulation of endoscopic navigation in the narrow nasal cavity poses important challenges to the computation of adequate and near-realistic collision response and haptic feedback because extensive multidirectional contact and massive tissue deformations are inevitable. We present a virtual coupling algorithm that provides stable collision response as well as intuitive and smooth haptic interaction in all phases of the simulation. In each iteration, continuous collision detection between the point shell representing the surface of the virtual patient anatomy and the endoscope, represented by a cylinder, is performed. This allows for rolling back the instrument movement to the point in time the first collision occurred. Subsequently, a relaxation process locally optimizes the position and orientation of the instrument. A novel method of applying contact forces to colliding tissues and thus triggering appropriate deformations improves the fluency of navigation. This paper describes the algorithm and presents experimental results. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2012. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Medical Devices, National Research Council Canada.
The Singularity Strength at the Apex of a Wedge Undergoing Finite Deformations

Two sets of boundary conditions are considered: a) both wedge flanks are clamped, and b) one flank is clamped and the other free. The mode of deformation is obtained in one simple case for illustration
Regulation of amino acid assimilations in a strain of Neurospora crassa lacking basic amino acid transport activity

Abstract A mutation, formerly called “UM-535”, selected for its ability to reduce the arginine sensitivity of a doubly mutant strain of Neurospora crassa has been shown to lack a mode of transport specific for basic amino acids. In this paper UM-535 is renamed “ bat ” (basic amino acid transport). The bat mutant retains a generalized amino acid transport system which seems to be regulated to a high degree by alternations in arginine synthesis.
Carcinoid Pulmonary Valvulopathy Evaluated by Real-time 3-Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography

A 55-year-old woman with carcinoid valvular heart disease was referred for consideration of right-sided valve replacement. By transthoracic 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, there was severe tricuspid regurgitation and mild right ventricular dysfunction. The pulmonary valve was thickened with annular constriction and severe regurgitation. Real-time 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography provided an en face view of pulmonary valve from the right ventricular outflow perspective, not obtainable by routine 2-dimensional echocardiography. Three-dimensional echocardiography may play an incremental role for the preoperative assessment of the pulmonary valve in patients with carcinoid heart disease.
Laser flash photolysis of bis[tricarbonyl(cyclopentadienyl)tungsten] under visible irradiation

Abstract Continuous photolysis studies of single-bonded metal carbonyl dimers show evidence for a homolytic cleavage of the metalmetal bond and a carbonyl-loss process. Most time-resolved experiments have been performed with UV excitation and the nature of the excited state(s) involved has not been completely elucidated. Using visible laser irradiation of bis[tricarbonyl(cyclopentadienyl)tungsten] in pure toluene, the spectra of two intermediates can be established at different times after the pulse: a seventeen-electron radical in the microsecond region and a species due to the loss of a carbonyl ligand on the millisecond scale. The processes follow a quadratic dependence on the light intensity; this indicates a simultaneous two-photon absorption populating a higher excited state which subsequently contributes to the observed photochemistry. Kinetic analysis of the fast process gives a nearly diffusion-controlled second-order decay in agreement with a bimolecular recombination in neat toluene. The disappearance of the longer-lived intermediate is found to be first-order, independent of the concentration of added CO. The latter observation suggests that the rate-determining step in the recapture of CO is the opening of a CO-bridged isomer. The molybdenum analog displays a similar behavior.
Holmium:YAG laser and pulsed dye laser: a cost comparison.

Background and Objective This study was designed to evaluate the relative cost effectiveness of the Holmium:YAG laser and the pulsed dye laser for the treatment of ureteral calculi. Cost containment is a priority for every health care facility. As a result, the staff of the Lutheran Medical Center (Wheat Ridge, CO) looked at alternative ways to provide quality laser treatment of ureteral stones. As part of our study, the laser committee offered the Holmium:YAG laser to urologists for ureteral lithotripsy. Previously, the pulsed dye laser was rented for ureteral calculi on a per case basis at $1,500. A hospital processing fee was added to this cost, resulting in a total charge of $1,638 to the patient. Our organization owns a Holmium:YAG laser and uses it primarily in orthopedics. Study Design/Materials and Methods Two ureteral lithotripsy cases were performed and compared. One case used the Holmium:YAG for ureteral lithotripsy; the other procedure used the pulsed dye laser. A cost analysis was performed after the procedures. Results The data indicated a significant difference in cost between the two lasers. Approximately $1,000 was eliminated when using the Holmium:YAG laser. Conclusion A cost savings of $15,000 per year would be realized if 15 cases were performed. The Holmium:YAG laser also can be used on cystine calculi, a procedure for which the pulsed dye laser is ineffective. The potential for ureteral injury exists. When using the Holmium:YAG laser, appropriate training is required. Due to this risk, not all urologists will use the Holmium:YAG laser. We also found a positive correlation between the proficiency of the urologists' laser skills and overall cost effectiveness. Lasers Surg. Med. 21:29–31, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the Cytochrome P450 CYP2J4: Expression in Rat Small Intestine and Role in Retinoic Acid Biotransformation from Retinal

The sites of expression in the small intestine and the function of CYP2J4, a recently identified rat cytochrome (P450) isoform found to be predominantly expressed in the small intestine, were characterized. Immunoblot analysis with a polyclonal antibody to heterologously expressed CYP2J4 revealed that expression of CYP2J4 was at the highest level in the distal duodenum and jejunum and decreased toward the ileum. Villous cells expressed higher levels of CYP2J4 than crypt cells. Isoform-specific RNA polymerase chain reaction indicated that a related P450 isoform, CYP2J3, was only a minor form in rat small intestine. Since the intestinal mucosa is exposed to high levels of dietary nutrients, we hypothesized that CYP2J4 may be active toward diet-derived factors. We determined that purified, heterologously expressed CYP2J4 is active toward all-trans- and 9-cis-retinal in reconstituted systems, producing the corresponding retinoic acids as the major products. Apparent K(m) values for the formation of retinoic acids were 54 and 49 microM, respectively, and apparent Vmax values were 20 and 21 nmol/min/nmol P450, respectively. These activities were readily inhibited by a polyclonal anti-CYP2J4 antibody. Rat enterocyte microsomes were also active with all-trans-retinal to produce all-trans-retinoic acid in the presence of NADPH, and the majority of retinoic acid synthesis activity was inhibited by the polyclonal anti-CYP2J4 antibody. These findings suggest that CYP2J4 plays a major role in intestinal microsomal metabolism of retinal to retinoic acid and may be involved in the maintenance of retinoid homeostasis in the small intestine in vivo.
Ultra high-speed near-infrared camera

Indigo Operations, a division of FLIR Systems, Inc., has teamed with the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) to develop an ultra high-speed, sixteen channel focal plane array camera that operates in the near-infrared (NIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This science-grade camera can generate over 2,300 frames per second operating with a full-frame spatial resolution of 320 horizontal by 256 vertical pixels and over 22,000 frames per second when windowed to a spatial resolution of 64 by 64 pixels. The camera features FLIR's ISC0207 read-out integrated circuit that provides unique functional modes for the research community such as pixel binning, wavefront sensing, zero dead-time, and external synchronization. The camera employs a standard Camera Link® compatible interface for system control and image acquisition with FLIR's ThermaCAM® RToolsTM software suite. A pre-production version of the high-speed camera will be integrated into the AFRL Directed Energy Directorate's Starfire Optical Range at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, to be used for adaptive optics research.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A COMPARISON OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT METHODS FOR DETERMINING ACCIDENT POTENTIAL

THE METHODS OF DETERMINING THE ACCIDENT POTENTIAL OF A HIGHWAY SITE CAN BE CATEGORIZED INTO DIRECT AND INDIRECT APPROACHES. PRINCIPAL ADVANTAGES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF EACH OF THESE TWO CATEGORIES ARE DISCUSSED. A COMPARISON OF THE TWO CATEGORIES LEADS TO THE CONCLUSION THAT THERE APPEARS TO BE NO ADVANTAGE IN THE USE OF THE INDIRECT APPROACHES AS LONG AS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAFFIC SAFETY AND THE MULTITUDE OF FACTORS AFFECTING TRAFFIC SAFETY CANNOT BE QUANTIFIED. /AUTHOR/
Purification of plant calmodulin by fluphenazine-Sepharose affinity chromatography

The calcium-dependent binding of phenothiazine drugs to calmodulin (Levin, R. M. and Weiss, B. (1977) Mol. Pharmacol. 13, 690–697) has been utilized to develop a rapid purification procedure for calmodulin based on fluphenazine-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Calmodulin from plant, a fungus, porcine brain and the coelenterate, Renillareniformis, were easily purified by the calcium-dependent binding of calmodulin to fluphenazine-Sepharose.
Orientation of the water molecules of hydration of human serum albumin

Through contact-angle measurements with a number of liquids, on layers of hydrated human serum albumin (HSA), built on anisotropic ultrafilter membranes, the apolar, Lifshitz-van der Waals surface tension component, as well as the polar, electron-acceptor and electron-donor parameters of the hydrated layers could be determined. From these data, it was found that the degree of orientation of the water molecules of hydration of HSA is approximately 98% in the first layer of hydration and approximately 30% of the second layer. The water molecules of hydration are oriented with the H atoms closest to, and the O atoms farthest from, the protein surface.
Observation of complete regular trivalent rare earth sequence in heavy lanthanide metal holmium under high pressure

Pressure-induced structural phase transformations in heavy rare earth holmium have been studied in a diamond anvil cell using energy dispersive X-ray diffraction at a synchrotron source to pressures of 62 GPa at ambient temperature. The complete sequence of hcp→Sm-type→dhcp→fcc→dfcc (hR24) is observed for the first time with transitions at 10, 19, 54, and 58 GPa, respectively. The fcc phase is not observed as a pure phase. Each phase transition is correlated to predicted changes in d-band occupation at high pressure. As with many other rare earths, the regions of stability of the several phases are observed to overlap, and significant hysteresis is observed. The measured volume compression for Ho is V/V 0=0.526 at 62 GPa.
64,000 Mr autoantibodies as predictors of insulin-dependent diabetes.

Abstract The occurrence of autoantibodies to an islet-cell protein of 64 000 M r (64KA) was examined in relation to development of insulin-dependent diabetes. 64KA were absent in 26 normal controls and present in only 1 of 41 first-degree relatives who lacked islet-cell cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ICA) or insulin autoantibodies (IAA). Among first-degree relatives at high risk for IDD, 64KA were identified in 23 of 28 persons positive for ICA and 4 of 5 with IAA but no ICA. Among 31 patients with newly diagnosed IDD, 64KA were found in 26. 64KA were identified in 23 of 28 persons studied up to 75 months before clinical onset of IDD. Of these 23 64KA-positive prediabetic subjects, 5 were ICA-negative and 10 lacked IAA. 64KA were most predictive in those who became diabetic before age 34 (22/24). In several individuals, 64KA were detected before the other autoantibodies appeared. These findings suggest that 64KA may be an early and useful predictive marker for IDD.
Radioimmunoassay and molecular phylogeny

Traditionally, phylogenetic relations among living and extinct species have been estimated from their morphology, particularly that of the bones and teeth. During the past two decades, molecular comparisons of DNA, RNA and proteins have increasingly influenced the taxonomy of living forms. Recently, radio-immunoassay (RIA) has been applied to the resolution of phylogenetic disputes by testing the relationships of residual fossil proteins with those of living organisms.
Preferential interactions of proteins with solvent components in aqueous amino acid solutions

The preferential interactions of proteins with solvent components in concentrated amino acid solutions were measured by high-precision densimetry. Bovine serum albumin and lysozyme were preferentially hydrated in all of the amino acids examined, glycine, alpha- and beta-alanine, and betaine, i.e., addition of these amino acids resulted in an unfavorable free energy change. It was shown that, for the former three amino acids, known to have a positive surface tension increment, their perturbation of the surface free energy of water is consistent with their preferential exclusion from the protein surface. In the case of betaine, which does not increase the surface tension of water, preferential exclusion from protein surface must reflect the chemical structure of this cosolvent, which is considerably more hydrophobic than that of the other three amino acids.
Quantitative methods for scoring cell migration and invasion in filter-based assays.

Abstract The ability of cells to traverse pores in a biocompatible filter provides means for examining cell chemoattraction. Filter-based assays also permit rapid, quantitative assessment of the in vitro migratory and invasive potential of tumor cells. Scoring migration has relied on visual counting of stained cells which appear on the underside of the filter and determining a true percentage score involves arduous counting of cells on both filter surfaces. Visual counting of random fields may be unreliable, and counting all fields is laborious. In the present study we developed and compared two alternative methods for scoring cell numbers in filter-based assays, a colorimetric assay of toluidine blue binding, and a radioassay of cells prelabeled with [ 3 H]thymidine. Each method was evaluated for sensitivity, variability, ease of use and efficiency, and suitability for use in assays of cell migration and invasion. The radiolabeling method proved to be sensitive and reliable and was the most efficient technique. Although less sensitive and specific, the colorimetric dye method offered a rapid and reliable, nonradioactive alternative with the distinct advantage of preserving intact cultures for follow-up visual assessments. We conclude that colorimetric and radiolabel scoring of filter-based assays are reliable and efficient semiantomated methods which provide means to obtain more complete assessments of cell migration and invasion.
SU‐E‐T‐599: A Dosimetric Comparison Between Multiple Junction Shifts and Single Gradient Dose Junction for Craniospinal Irradiation (CSI)

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of patient treatment setup errors on the dose distributions between multiple junction shifts and a single gradient dose junction for craniospinal irradiation (CSI). Methods: Conventionally, two lateral brain fields and a posterior spine field are used for CSI. A weekly 1cm shift of the field junction is used to reduce the hot/cold spots due to patient positioning errors. This study retrospectively investigates the use of a single gradient dose falloff junction between two lateral brain fields and a posterior spine field. These fields were extended to allow for minimum 3cm overlap at the brain and spine junction. The dose gradient at the junction is achieved using IMRT and planned using Eclipse System (v10) . Optimization was set to create a gradient dose falloff from each contributing field throughout the overlapped area. The impact of patient positioning setup errors on the dose distributions for both techniques were simulated by applying shifts of +/− 3 and 5mm. The resulting dose profiles across the field junction for both techniques were calculated and compared. For the conventional plan, the dose profiles were calculated over the sum of the fractionation to include the effects from the weekly 1cm shift. Results: Systematic positioning errors throughout the course of treatment resulted in comparable hot/cold spots for both the gradient (112.7%/85.7% 3mm; 116.2%/80.2% 5mm) and conventional (115.2%/84.1% 3mm; 119.2%/81.9% 5mm) techniques. In most cases, the gradient technique provided slightly better uniformity in dosimetry. A single fraction positioning error provided significantly larger hot/cold spots in the conventional technique compared to the gradient technique. Conclusion: The advantages of the single gradient dose junction technique include improved single fraction dose uniformity and one plan for the entire treatment course, which reduces the possibility of human error compared to delivering the conventional four shifted plans.
Intrarater reliability of the KT1000 arthrometer in determining anterior translation of the glenohumeral joint.

Abstract Taylor JD, Bandy WD. Intrarater reliability of the KT1000 arthrometer in determining anterior translation of the glenohumeral joint. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:826–9. Objectives To establish intrarater reliability of the KT1000 arthrometer in determining glenohumeral anterior translation and to determine if a difference existed between measurements of glenohumeral anterior translation in 2 testing positions. Design Intrarater reliability study. Setting Academic laboratory. Participants Convenience sample of 15 unimpaired volunteers (mean age ± standard deviation, 25±4y). Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures Subjects were positioned supine with the shoulder in 20° of abduction and 0° of external rotation (position 1) and 90° of abduction and 90° of external rotation (position 2). The KT1000 was placed on the shoulder with the tibia sensor pad near the joint line and the patella sensor pad over the coracoid process. Testing involved an anteriorly directed force of 67N. Testing procedures were repeated after 1 week. Results The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for intrarater reliability for position 1 (ICC=.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], .81–.98) and for position 2 (ICC=.93; 95% CI, .80–.97) were excellent. The degree of anterior translation measured in position 1 was significantly greater than in position 2 ( t =4.79, P Conclusions Use of the KT1000 to measure glenohumeral anterior translation in the 2 testing positions appears to be a relatively simple, reliable method. Because testing position 1 allowed significantly greater anterior translation than testing position 2, the 2 positions should not be used interchangeably.
Abstract B20: Thyroid transcription factor 1 is embedded in a microRNA network

Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1 or NKX2-1) is an essential fetal lung developmental factor which can be recurrently activated by gene amplification in adult lung cancer. These findings imply that TTF-1 is a gain-of-function oncogene selected for gene amplification due to an undefined biological pressure in lung cancer cells. However, recent data in the literature showed that TTF-1 suppressed lung cancer progression in a mouse model system and that the chromosomal area harboring the TTF-1 amplicon also underwent allelic DNA loss in lung cancer. Despite the complexity surrounding TTF-1 in lung cancer, characterization of TTF-1 gene regulatory mechanisms is warranted as lung adenocarcinomas frequently amplified for TTF-1 are the most common histologic type of lung cancer. We have discovered the first microRNA that directly regulates TTF-1 by interacting with its 3′-untranslated region. By gene expression profiling, we identified other putative targets of the microRNA. In line with the microRNA/target relationship, the expression patterns of the microRNA and TTF-1 were in an inverse relationship in human lung cancer. Exploration of human lung cancer genomics data uncovered that TTF-1 gene amplification was significantly associated with DNA copy number loss at one of the two genomic loci encoding the precursor RNA of mature microRNA. This implies the existence of genetic selection pressure to lose the repressive microRNA that would otherwise suppress amplified TTF-1. We detected a signaling loop between transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ and the microRNA and this loop reinforced suppression of TTF-1, consistent with the concept that TTF-1 possesses anti-epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) activity. Paradoxically, the microRNA also targets an EMT-promoting gene HMGA2 which is known to be repressed by TTF-1. Our data suggest that there is a group of microRNAs that are directly regulated by TTF-1, reinforcing our hypothesis that TTF-1 in embedded in a microRNA network. In summary, these data connect the lung transcriptional program to the microRNA network.
On the prediction of side-wall wrinkling in sheet metal forming processes

Abstract Prediction and prevention of side-wall wrinkling are extremely important in the design of tooling and process parameters in sheet metal forming processes. The prediction methods can be broadly divided into two categories: an analytical approach and a numerical simulation using finite element method (FEM). In this paper, a modified energy approach utilizing energy equality and the effective dimensions of the region undergoing circumferential compression is proposed based on simplified flat or curved sheet models with approximate boundary conditions. The analytical model calculates the critical buckling stress as a function of material properties, geometry parameters and current in-plane stress ratio. Meanwhile, the sensitivities of various input parameters and integration methods of FEM models on the prediction of wrinkling phenomena are investigated. To validate our proposed method and to illustrate the sensitivity issue in the FEM simulation, comparisons with experimental results of the Yoshida buckling test, aluminum square cup forming and aluminum conical cup forming are presented. The results demonstrate excellent agreements between the proposed method and experiments. Our model provides a reliable and effective predictor for the onset of side-wall wrinkling in sheet metal forming processes.
Device-To-Device Assisted Video Transmission

To increase spectrum efficiency, researchers envision a device-to-device (D2D) communication system in which a closely located mobile device pair may share the same spectrum with a cellular user. By opportunistically choosing the frequency, the D2D pair may increase the spectrum efficiency in terms of data rate per Hertz, at the price of additional interference to that cellular user. In previous models, users either stop cellular transmission and switch to D2D transmission or vice versa. However, if the cell is fully loaded, a D2D pair will not be able to switch back to the conventional mode because no extra resource is available. In this paper, we propose a D2D assisted model, where a D2D link is enabled to assist transmission, while keeping the conventional cellular transmission. In this way, the D2D link can be turned on and off according to the link quality. We also propose a PHY-layer study for the transmission scheme in such a way that the system throughput and the video reception quality is always improved compared to a conventional link.
Fractal analysis of joint patterns in granite

Abstract Two approaches for determining the stability of fractal dimensions (D) for fracture patterns in granite are examined. First, the stability of fractal dimensions for 1-D field measurements of joint spacing was investigated with respect to the number of measurements needed. At least 100–150 spacing measurements per joint set produced stable or accurate fractal dimensions where joints were regularly clustered and relatively regularly and widely spaced. Other spatial patterns require greater numbers of measurements per set. The stability of D for 1-D data is thus likely to depend on the spatial distribution of the joints within each joint set. Second, an alternate approach to estimate stable fractal dimensions based on scale invariance was explored. A combination of 1-D field data and 1- and 2-D image data was used. Fractal dimensions for the field data, which are unstable, ranged from 0.70–0.84, and for the image patterns, D ranged from 1.63–1.69, suggesting a 2-D fractal dimension of 1.7 for fractures in this area. These results suggest that the combined use of different data types with different dimensionality may overcome the problem of unstable fractal dimensions and allow reasonable estimates of stable fractal dimensions to be made.
Extraction of ownership object graphs from object-oriented code: an experience report

Despite receiving much research attention, the extraction of runtime architecture remains hard. One approach, SCHOLIA, relies on adding typecheckable annotations to the code, and uses static analysis to extract a global, hierarchical Ownership Object Graph (OOG). The OOG provides architectural abstraction by ownership hierarchy and by types, and can be abstracted into a run-time architecture represented in an architectural description language, for documentation or conformance analysis.We report on our experience in analyzing a medium-sized object-oriented system undergoing maintenance to: (1) extract an OOG; and (2) refine the OOG based on the maintainers' feedback.We evaluate the effectiveness of abstraction by ownership hierarchy and by types to extract an OOG that the system maintainers understand. We measure the extraction effort to be about 1~hour/KLOC. An evaluation with the lead maintainer confirms that he understands abstraction by ownership hierarchy and by types. Finally, we illustrate how to incrementally refine an extracted OOG (without starting all over) to better match the maintainer's mental model.
A conceptual model for the logical design of temporal databases

Although widely advocated as a tool for the conceptual modelling of data, the Entity-Relationship (E-R) model [4] and its extensions are generally lacking in constructs to model the dynamic nature of the real world, making them inadequate for designing temporal databases. This research first extends the E-R model to a Temporal Event-Entity-Relationship Model (TEERM), by introducing events as an additional construct. Second, a method is proposed for mapping this conceptual model into a temporal relational model for the logical design of temporal relational databases with a corresponding set of integrity constraints. The model is illustrated with an example and evaluated using a set of criteria proposed by ^B^a^t^i^n^i^ ^e^t^ ^a^l^.^ ^[^2^]. The model appears to be expressive, simple and easy to use, and should, therefore, aid the temporal database design process significantly.
Accumulation of proline and glycinebetaine in Spartina alterniflora Loisel. in response to NaCl and nitrogen in the marsh.

The possible interaction of high soil salinity and low soil nitrogen content in affecting the growth of Spartina alterniflora Loisel in the high and low marshes of the Eastern U.S. was explored. Throughout the whole growing season, the short plants growing in the high marsh, where there was a higher soil salinity and lower available soil nitrogen, contained more proline and glycinebetaine and showed a lower leaf water potential than the tall plants growing in the low marsh. In both short and tall plants, the growing season, with the highest content occurring in spring and fall. In contrast, the glycinebetaine content in both short and tall plants remained fairly constant throughout the growing season, and was consistently at least 10 fold higher than the proline content. It is estimated that 19–30% of the total leaf nitrogen was in the form of proline and glycinebetaine in the short plants, and 14–27% in the tall plants. Ammonium nitrate fertilization in the field resulted in increased growth, higher proline and glycinebetaine contents, and lower water potentials in the short plants, but had little effect on these parameters in the tall plants. We suggest that in the low marsh, the plants can obtain sufficient nitrogen for osmoregulation and other metabolism. In the high marsh with higher soil salinity and lower nitrogen content, the plants have to allocate a even greater proportion of the already limited nitrogen supply for osmoregulation. Thus, nitrogen available for osmoregulation and other nitrogen-requiring metabolism is insufficient, resulting in reduced growth.
Optical properties of uranium mononitride from 0 TO 74 eV

Abstract Optical constants have been obtained for polycrystalline UN from 0 to 74 eV. The lower energy data have been compared with band structure theory and higher energy data with X-ray emission data. The P III n level of U in UN has been set at − 24 eV and the P II level at −32 eV relative to the Fermi Energy by analysis of these data. The calculated energy loss functions —Im(e+1) −1 and — Im(1/e) are interpreted in terms of a combination of single electron transitions and collective oscillations.
Remote observations of eruptive clouds and surface thermal activity during the 2009 eruption of Redoubt volcano

Abstract Volcanoes often erupt explosively and generate a variety of hazards including volcanic ash clouds and gaseous plumes. These clouds and plumes are a significant hazard to the aviation industry and the ground features can be a major hazard to local communities. Here, we provide a chronology of the 2009 Redoubt Volcano eruption using frequent, low spatial resolution thermal infrared (TIR), mid-infrared (MIR) and ultraviolet (UV) satellite remote sensing data. The first explosion of the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano occurred on March 15, 2009 (UTC) and was followed by a series of magmatic explosive events starting on March 23 (UTC). From March 23–April 4 2009, satellites imaged at least 19 separate explosive events that sent ash clouds up to 18 km above sea level (ASL) that dispersed ash across the Cook Inlet region. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the ash clouds and plumes from the 19 explosive events, detailing their cloud-top heights and discussing the variations in infrared absorption signals. We show that the timing of the TIR data relative to the event end time was critical for inferring the TIR derived height and true cloud top height. The ash clouds were high in water content, likely in the form of ice, which masked the negative TIR brightness temperature difference (BTD) signal typically used for volcanic ash detection. The analysis shown here illustrates the utility of remote sensing data during volcanic crises to measure critical real-time parameters, such as cloud-top heights, changes in ground-based thermal activity, and plume/cloud location.
Large-scale turbulent structures and the stabilization of lifted turbulent jet diffusion flames

The physical mechanisms responsible for the stabilization of lifted axisymmetric turbulent jet diffusion flames remain uncharacterized. Flame stabilization has been shown to take place at radial locations in the corresponding isothermal jets where the flow has an intermittent character. Recently developed flow diagnostics capable of simultaneous multi-point concentration and velocity measurements are used to investigated large-scale turbulent structures in the intermittent region of an isothermal jet of propane. The findings, in conjunction with earlier literature results, show that large-scale structures form as the results of organized turbulent motion during which strong outward ejections of fluid form central regions of the jet flow into the ambient surroundings. Once formed, the large-scale structures are convected downstream for long distances. The downstream edges of the structures are regions of significantly higher concentration gradients and shear than regions further upstream. Occasionally, the jet fluid loses its turbulent energy and is no longer transported by the flow. This fluid can be reentrained by the passage of later large-scale structures. It is concluded that the processes responsible for flame stabilization must occur in these large-scale turbulent structures. Flame extinction is most probable on the downstream edges of the structures while the ignition and stabilization of the flame is likely on the upstream sides. Reentrained fluid provides a possible mechanism for ignition of flammable mixtures on the upstream sides of the structures.
Genetics of phytopathogenic fungi XIX. Responses of four apple varieties to inoculation with auxotrophic mutants of Penicillium expansum

Variations in content and/or availability of the amino acids methionine, cysteine, arginine, leucine, and histidine in the apple varieties, Jonathan, McIntosh, Red Delicious, and Golden Delicious influence the fruit's susceptibility to amino acid-dependent mutants ofPenicillium expansum. Differences among these varieties in the levels of several vitamins, or of the purines, adenine, or hypoxanthine, do not alter susceptibility. The growth in vitro of 7 arginine-requiring mutants at 1×10−4 M arginine and the decay they cause in apples were directly correlated.