cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paclitaxel stability in solution

Research in this laboratory has focused on the cytokinetic effect of taxanes on nonmammalian systems. Taxanes are a class of natural products that includes the well-known anticancer compound, paclitaxel (Taxol). Our methodology for the study of fungal growth in liquid medium amended with paclitaxel included membrane solid phase extraction (SPE) of the fungal broth. This was followed by elution of paclitaxel from the SPE membrane using methanol. The methanolic solution was evaporated under relatively mild conditions, namely 41−43 °C and approximately 85 kPag. Analysis of the concentrated solution indicated that it contained a considerable quantity of 7-epi-taxol and smaller quantities of 7-epi-10-deacetyltaxol, 10-deacetyltaxol, and baccatin III, in addition to paclitaxel, even in those cases where the medium had not been inoculated with fungus. Obviously, fungal metabolism could not account for these observations. Although epimerization in solution at carbon 7 in the C ring of the taxane core has been obs...
The effects of a tranquilizer on the immobility reaction in chickens: Additional support for the fear hypothesis

In terms of number of inductions needed to elicit the immobility response, chickens given metoserpate HCL (Pacitran) were found to be significantly less susceptible to immobility than controls. The duration of resulting immobility reactions was also found to be inversely related to drug dosage levels, with controls remaining immobile over three times longer than chicks receiving an optimal dosage. The results were interpreted as lending support to the notion that fear is what underlies tonic immobility reactions in young chicks.
Long-term retention of a conditioned taste aversion in preweanling and adult rats

The retention and extinction of a conditioned taste aversion after either short (6-day) or long (60-day) intervals was investigated in preweanling (18-day-old) and adult rats. Taste-only and illness-only control conditions were employed, as were variations in the concentration of the US (holding LiCl amount constant). Results indicated that after the short retention interval, retention of the taste aversion was equivalent for both ages. After the long interval, however, the 18-day-old rats exhibited significantly weaker taste aversion than their adult counterparts— infantile amnesia. Manipulation of US concentration had no effect on the magnitude of the taste aversions for either age or retention interval. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for infantile amnesia and general laws of learning.
Renormalization Group from a Center Manifold Reduction in Dynamic Critical Phenomena

We prove that a coarse-graining procedure is obtained by performing a center-manifold reduction of fast-relaxing short wavelength modes in dissipative spin systems. The probability distribution width about the center manifold is only dependent on static spin autocorrelations. Agreement with renormalization group derivations is found.
A nail in the head

A 46-year-old man came to the emergency room with a nail in his head after the accidental fi ring of a nail gun at home. His only symptom was a mild frontal headache. Physical examination showed no focal neurological defi cits. A skull radiograph and CT scan of the brain revealed a 6·35 cm nail that had entered the calvarium through the right frontal bone with approximately 4·1 cm of parenchymal penetration, and a small intraparenchymal haemorrhage and air consistent with pneumocephalus (fi gure). The nail was removed successfully with minor bleeding in the tract seen on postoperative imaging. He had an uneventful recovery and was discharged home. An accidental foreign body insertion through the calvarium can have variable consequences, dependent on the velocity, chemical composition, shape, and location of the object. Frameless stereotactic systems greatly facilitate localisation of deep-seated intraparenchymal foreign bodies. Given the increasing use of pneumatic and cartridge-activated nail guns, the addition of a sequential trigger should be required in such equipment, especially for the protection of construction workers, who may be at highest risk for such injuries.
Protecting Organizational Information Resources

This paper presents an overview of the empirical evidence concerning the nature of computer abuse against organizations and viable control mechanisms. A model of perpetrator motivation is presented and General Deterrence Theory is proposed as an appropriate theoretical basis for the design and implementation of computer abuse countermeasures. In this theoretical context, specific actions that computer security specialists, information systems managers, and EDP auditors can take to reduce the likelihood of computer abuse in their organizations are proposed.
The design of a portable scientific tool: a case studying using SnB

Developing and maintaining a large software package is a complex task. Decisions are made early in the design process that affect i) the ability of a user to effectively exploit the package and ii) the ability of a software engineer to maintain it. This case study discusses issues in software development and maintainability of a scientific package called SnB, which is used to determine molecular crystal structures. The design of the user interface is discussed along with important software engineering concepts, including modular programming, data encapsulation, and internal code documentation. Fortran is a language that is still widely used in the scientific community. Issues concerning the integration of Fortran into a modern scientific application with a C-based user interface are also discussed. Scientific applications benefit from being available on a wide variety of platforms. Due to demand, SnB is available on a variety of sequential and parallel platforms. Methods used in the design of SnB for such portability are presented including POSIX compliance, automatic configuration scripts, and parallel programming techniques.
Kinetic sketchup: motion prototyping in the tangible design process

Physical malleability is emerging as an important element of interaction design as advances in material science and computational control give rise to new possibilities in actuated products and transformable environments. However, this transition also produces a new range of design problems-how do we visualize, imagine, and design the physical processes of transformation? We must create tools for intuitive motion investigation to train and develop our motions sensibilities in 3D space, moving towards interfaces that makes sketching with motion as easy as drawing with paper and pencil? This paper presents Kinetic Sketchup, an approach to a design language for motion prototyping featuring a series of actuated physically programmable modules which investigate the rich interplay of mechanical, behavioral and material design parameters which motion enables.
Error-Prone Subtests and Error Types in the Administration of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition

The present study attempted to identify the most error-prone subtests and their error types in the administration of the S-B:IV. A checklist was developed to evaluate systematically the videotapes of S-B:IV administrations submitted by graduate students. Particularly problematic for the students in following the standardized procedures were the subtests Pattern Analysis, Copying, Paper Folding and Cutting, Quantitative, and Bead Memory. The most frequently occurring types of error were noted for each of the above subtests. The findings of this study have significant implications for both university trainers and practitioners.
Sidney Webb: Utilitarianism, Positivism, and Social Democracy

Sidney Webb is often represented as a descendent of the utilitarians. Social democracy and the welfare state thus stand as the continuing development of Enlightenment rationalism. Alternatively, Webb appears as the representative of a new managerial and administrative class. Social democracy and the welfare state here stand as the elitist and bureaucratic expressions of the power of this class. In contrast to these conventional views, this paper locates Webb in the context of a radicalism, peculiar to the 1870s, composed of ethical positivism and evolutionary sociology. He became a socialist because of his positivist ethic. He defined his socialism in relation to an evolutionary philosophy. And he later adopted collectivism as a result of turning to positivist sociology. Webb’s collectivism, however, provided little assistance in dealing with the dilemmas of the inter-war years. His ethical positivism and evolutionary sociology led him to turn to solutions apparently offered by the Soviet Union. This reinterpretation of Webb suggests a new view of social democracy and the welfare state. We should see them as the changing products of particular ideational and political contexts such as those of the 1870s and 1930s.
A numerical study of the Jacobson-Oksman algorithm

Abstract The Jacobson-Oksman algorithm is a method for finding the unconstrained minimum of homogeneous functions. The optimal solution is obtained by solving a set of ( n + 2) linear equation by a method based on Householder updating. The method has some very attractive features including robustness and rapid convergence, and it does not require accurate one dimensional searches. However, to date, little if any use has been recorded in the literature. We have studied the properties of the algorithm and also compared the method with the Fletcher-Reeves and Davidon-Fletcher-Powell methods. We have found the Jacobson-Oksman method to be superior to the former and comparable to the latter on general nonlinear functions. Therefore we recommend the Jacobson-Oksman algorithm as a competitive alternative to the celebrated class of quasi-Newton methods for unconstrained minimization.
Success of short-term, higher-dose imatinib mesylate to induce clinical response in FIP1L1-PDGFRα-negative hypereosinophilic syndrome

Presence of the oncogenic mutation FIP1L1-PDGFRα in hypereosinophilic patients is predictive of hematologic response to imatinib mesylate. However, most patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) do not have this mutation and have not responded to imatinib doses traditionally successful in patients who test positive for FIP1L1-PDGFRα. A patient with FIP1L1-PDGFRα-negative HES who had intolerance of interferon α-2b and hydroxyurea was treated with escalating doses of imatinib. At 800 mg of imatinib daily, eosinophilia was controlled, allowing prednisone tapering and control of clinical and laboratory-detected abnormalities. HES patients who test negative for FIP1L1-PDGFRα may benefit from a trial of higher-dose imatinib.
A Tale of One City: Creative Destruction, Spatial Fixes, and Ideology in Binghamton, New York

Revitalization of the City of Binghamton has been seen as a key element for economic recovery of the central New York region. Recently, civic leaders have favored neoliberal strategies. Supporters justify these strategies based on notions of community well being. They also assume that government sponsored creative destruction will counter-act the inherent tendency within capitalism to seek spatial fixes. Archaeological research on the history of landscape transformations in Binghamton demonstrates the depth of capitalist spatial fixes that have contributed to Binghamton’s current economic crisis. The resulting exploitation of labor and the working class was often obscured by ideologies associated with individual achievement or social reform. Thus, the history of capitalist social relations as it was written in the city scape of Binghamton echoes contemporary conditions and has the potential to inform critiques of these conditions.
Implantation site in complete molar pregnancy: A study of immunologically competent cells with monoclonal antibodies

The nature and intensity of inflammatory cellular infiltrate in the implantation sites of 10 complete molar pregnancies were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of frozen tissue sections with monoclonal antibodies. As compared to the implantation site in normal pregnancy, there was an increase in the number of infiltrating inflammatory cells in the molar implantation site. Most of the inflammatory cells were T cells with predominance of T4+ (Leu-3a+) cells over T8+ cells. Inflammatory cells were not detected in the molar vesicles. The possible implications of these findings in molar pregnancy are discussed.
On the preparation and properties of CuZSM-5 catalysts for NO decomposition

Equilibrium exchange isotherms were determined for the exchange of Cu2+ with NaZSM-5 at varying Cu(Ac)2 concentrations in solutions of constant volume and zeolite weight. At low Cu2+ levels the solid scavenged all the copper ions. When copper could be detected in the equilibrated solutions, “overexchange” was observed. The extent of “overexchange” was higher at pH ≈ 6 than at pH ≈ 4. These results were analyzed in relation to catalytic activity.
A comparison of infrastructure development in select eastern and western European countries pre/post the fall of the Berlin wall

The role that infrastructure plays in the economic development of countries has been a fascination of researchers for decades. Questions regarding which comes first, infrastructure or economic growth and which of the various dimensions of infrastructure (e.g., roads, trains, seaports, and the like) have the greatest/fastest impact on the national and personal income in a developing country are yet to be sufficiently answered. Through a comparative analysis of select Eastern and Western European countries both prior to and after the fall of the Berlin Wall, these questions are examined in order to provide insight concerning the effects of developmental efforts on former command economies. Managerial and public policy implications are offered subsequent to this unique investigation of centrally managed transition economies that have moved to market-driven economies over the past 20 years. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Race, Choice and Richmond Public Schools: New Possibilities and Ongoing Challenges for Diversity in Urban Districts

Several contemporary demographic trends suggest that school systems in America’s central cities, typically characterized by high levels of racial and economic isolation, are being presented with new opportunities to create quality, diverse schools. Still, numerous obstacles linger. Using multiple sources of data and innovative mapping tools, this case study explores an urban district experiencing population growth and change and several different manifestations of school choice. Analyses indicate that levels of black-white elementary school segregation have risen rapidly over the past two decades, and now surpass residential segregation levels. The increase in school segregation has occurred alongside a district policy emphasis on both choice and neighborhood schools. While the current elementary school zones present a number of opportunities for further racial and economic diversity, high shares of students transferring out of their zone—either to another setting in the district or to a private school—undermine those possibilities. The example of Richmond, Virginia has important policy implications for countless other urban districts grappling with demographic shifts and the growth and popularity of school choice. Both trends offer crucial possibilities for central city school systems, but without careful attention to policy, will likely result in further stratification.
Diagnosis and monitoring of hemorrhagic shock during the initial resuscitation of multiple trauma patients: a review

The initial management of the multiple trauma victim requires evaluation for potential hemorrhage and ongoing monitoring to assess the efficacy of resuscitation and avoid complications related to hemorrhagic shock. A variety of strategies exist to assess circulatory status, including hemodynamic monitoring, tissue perfusion measurement, and use of serum markers of metabolism. We review available technologies used to assess fluid status and tissue perfusion in patients with blood loss or hemorrhagic shock, discuss how these methods can be used effectively and efficiently during initial trauma resuscitation to guide therapy and disposition, and suggest directions for future research to improve outcomes by providing more appropriate and timely care and avoiding unnecessary complications.
SU-FF-T-624: Skeletal Neutron Dose Response Function Development for Use in Proton Therapy

Purpose: To develop a set of human skeletal neutron absorbed dose response functions for an inhomogeneous, multi‐region bone model and neutronenergies ranging from 10 eV to 150 MeV for use in neutron dose assessment in proton therapy.Method and Materials: The neutron absorbed dose response function equation was formulated after reviewing ICRU Report 63 and a previously‐published photon absorbed dose response function formulation. The neutron absorbed dose response function equation is a function of the neutronenergy, the isotope with which the neutron interacts, the emission particle considered, and the source and target bone regions. The first reaction considered was neutron scattering on hydrogen. The neutron angular distribution and elastic scatter cross‐section were retrieved from the Evaluated Nuclear Data File. After optimization for numerical integration, proton specific absorbed fraction data was used to calculate the neutron absorbed dose response function for 13 skeletal sites. The neutron kerma response function was also calculated for comparison. This procedure will be extended to neutron‐induced proton production in the remaining elements present in the human skeleton. Results: The relative error of the neutron kerma response function with respect to the neutron dose response function is heavily dependent upon skeletal site. It ranges from 0.07 for the sacrum to 0.52 for the femur and the humerus. The hydrogen component of the neutron dose response function is small at low neutronenergies due to thermal neutronproton production in nitrogen, comprises nearly all of the neutron dose response function at medium neutronenergies, and decreases for high neutronenergies.Conclusion: The neutron kerma dose response function is a good approximation for the neutron dose response function at low neutronenergies, as the emitted protons do not travel far before they deposit all of their energy, and at high energy, as charged particle equilibrium is approached.
STATISTICAL MODELING OF VEHICLE EMISSIONS FROM INSPECTION/MAINTENANCE TESTING DATA: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS--REPLY

The authors reply to a discussion (published in this issue) of their paper with the aforementioned title, published in this journal (Volume 6, Number 1, January 2001). The authors acknowledge that their statement that carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission are highest during vehicle idling is misleading, but is not central to the thrust of findings of their paper. They do dispute that that nearly all of the variance in their statistical models can be explained by the levels of other pollutants, which are included as independent variables. Instead, they claim that their model predicts emissions of a pollutant from a vehicle based solely on the vehicle's parameters and that no knowledge of the emissions of other pollutants is needed.
Compounding roles: A study of Washington’s principals

Abstract A survey of principals and assistant principals in Washington State has revealed mounting changes in the role of these school leaders. In addition to impacts felt from state-wide education reform activities, the school principals of Washington State who participated indicated that their role is becoming more complex and onerous; the image suggested is ‘layer-upon-layer’ of devolved responsibility. Through analysis of the survey data, a picture emerges of a complex role engaged by committed (if overloaded) professionals. Three themes of principal role change are discussed: complexity, capacity, and threats to morale. New means of understanding principal roles, combined with clear understanding by policy-makers is crucial to ensure the on-going effectiveness of school leaders.
Options for National Parks and Reserves for Adapting to Climate Change

Past and present climate has shaped the valued ecosystems currently protected in parks and reserves, but future climate change will redefine these conditions. Continued conservation as climate changes will require thinking differently about resource management than we have in the past; we present some logical steps and tools for doing so. Three critical tenets underpin future management plans and activities: (1) climate patterns of the past will not be the climate patterns of the future; (2) climate defines the environment and influences future trajectories of the distributions of species and their habitats; (3) specific management actions may help increase the resilience of some natural resources, but fundamental changes in species and their environment may be inevitable. Science-based management will be necessary because past experience may not serve as a guide for novel future conditions. Identifying resources and processes at risk, defining thresholds and reference conditions, and establishing monitoring and assessment programs are among the types of scientific practices needed to support a broadened portfolio of management activities. In addition to the control and hedging management strategies commonly in use today, we recommend adaptive management wherever possible. Adaptive management increases our ability to address the multiple scales at which species and processes function, and increases the speed of knowledge transfer among scientists and managers. Scenario planning provides a broad forward-thinking framework from which the most appropriate management tools can be chosen. The scope of climate change effects will require a shared vision among regional partners. Preparing for and adapting to climate change is as much a cultural and intellectual challenge as an ecological challenge.
Decay of 141Nd (II)

Abstract The decay of 141 Nd activity resulting from 14 MeV neutron bombardment of 142 Nd has been studied using a Li-drifted Ge detector with a resolution of 0.75%. Gamma rays are observed with energies of 1.293 MeV, 1.146 MeV, 1.126 MeV and 0.145 MeV to within ± 1keV. The results of this work strongly support the conclusions of a previous study for the existence of a level in 141 Pr at 1.126 MeV.
Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) Vibrational Spectroscopy and Its Application in Surface Science and Catalysis

SFG was applied to investigate adsorbed molecules at the solid-gas (liquid) interfaces and reaction intermediates of catalytic reactions at metal surfaces. SFG was used to characterize polymer films, electrochemical interfaces, and biomolecule adsorption.
Transport and detection of carbon dioxide in dilute aquifers

Abstract Carbon storage in deep saline reservoirs has the potential to lower the amount of CO 2 emitted to the atmosphere and to mitigate global warming. Leakage back to the atmosphere through abandoned wells and along faults would reduce the efficiency of carbon storage, possibly leading to health and ecological hazards at the ground surface, and possibly impacting water quality of near-surface dilute aquifers. We use static equilibrium and reactive transport simulations to test the hypothesis that perturbations in water chemistry associated with a CO 2 gas leak into dilute groundwater are important measures for the potential release of CO 2 to the atmosphere. Simulation parameters are constrained by groundwater chemistry, flow, and lithology from the High Plains aquifer. The High Plains aquifer is used to represent a typical sedimentary aquifer overlying a deep CO 2 storage reservoir. Specifically, we address the relationships between CO 2 flux, groundwater flow, and detection time and distance. The CO 2 flux ranges from 103 to 2×106 t/yr to assess chemical perturbations resulting from relatively small leaks that may compromise long-term storage, water quality, and surface ecology, and larger leaks characteristic of short-term well failure. Reactive transport simulations show the CO 2 leakage into a dilute groundwater creates a slightly acid plume that can be detected at some distance from the leak source due to groundwater flow and CO 2 buoyancy. pH breakthrough curves demonstrate that CO 2 leaks can be easily detected for CO 2 flux 104 t/yr within a 15-month time period. Sustained pumping in a developed aquifer mixes the CO 2 -affected water with the ambient water and enhances pH signal for small leaks (103 t/yr) and reduces pH signal for larger leaks (104t/yr). Detection of CO 2 leaks in aquifers by changes in pH and carbonate chemistry is readily available and well understood. Leaks produce a measurable change in pH that is still within range of natural waters, even for high flux rates (2×106 t/yr). Reactive transport modeling is a critical component to the design and effective performance of measurement, monitoring, and verification plans for carbon storage.
Numerical modeling study of the InP/InGaAs uni-travelling carrier photodiode

Abstract The operation and performance of the InP-based uni-traveling carrier photodiode (UTC-PD) has been studied using a two dimensional, drift–diffusion approach utilizing a commercial numerical device simulator. The UTC-PD has been proposed as a replacement for the InGaAs PIN photodiode for long wavelength optical communications since it retains its performance at high levels of optical injection and exhibits a very high frequency capability. In this work, the results of an investigation of the effects of the device’s structure on the operational performance are reported as well as the effects of device biasing and the optical injection level. In particular, the origins of the degradation in device performance at high optical injection levels have been investigated. The results are discussed in relation to reports of the device’s experimentally observed performance.
Constant life diagrams : a historical review

Abstract A historical review of the early development of constant life diagrams (variously referred to as Goodman, Smith, Haigh, etc. diagrams) is presented. It is shown that there were two distinct approaches to the formulation of constant life diagrams for fatigue design purposes. The first one was based on Wohler's fatigue experiments and involved engineering curve fits of the fatigue endurance data. The Launhardt–Weyrauch, Gerber and Johnson formulae are the main representatives of this approach. The second approach is based on the dynamic theory used for bridge design. The Fidler–Goodman formula is an example of this approach. The early proponents of the second approach questioned Wohler's test results and did not believe that they could be used for design purposes. Finally, the first books on fatigue of metals introduced citation inaccuracies, which were propagated by subsequent authors.
THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAJOR ANION FRACTION OF THE AXOPLASM OF SQUID GIANT NERVE FIBERS

It has been known for some time that a large fraction of the anions in the axoism of squid giant nerve fibers and in lobster nerves are organic in nature.1-5 could be deduced that the organic ions have an equivalent weight of about 100.2 was also demonstrated that lobster nerve contains high concentrations of free lino acids, particularly aspartic acid and alanine.5 However, even after this ;covery the anion deficit remained considerable; some 60 per cent of the anions nained to be identified. From analyses of the free acidic amino acid content of vertebrate nerves, particularly those of Carcinus, Lewis6 believed to have demon?ated acid-base balance to within about 10 per cent. These analyses were made intact nerves rather than on extruded axoplasm. Therefore, acid-base distribu,n between intracellular and extracellular phases could only be inferred. The ta on electrolyte balance were thoroughly reviewed by Hodgkin.7 Because of the possible significance of the axonic anions in the biochemical procies and bioelectric properties of the nerve fiber, efforts were made to determine e identity of the missing organic anion. It is believed that this has now been complished in the case of squid axoplasm. In this paper are reported the chief ;ults of the analyses and identifications; the details will be reported subsequently. Method of Isolation of the Anion.-Axoplasm from squid giant fibers was prepared the manner described by Maxfield.8 Individual samples consisted of aqueous spensions of the pooled axoplasm from the nerves of 20 to 60 squid. The amount axoplasm in each preparation was determined from dry weights taken for each ol and from our corrected value for the water content of extruded axoplasm (86.5 r cent). For the isolation of the free anions either the aqueous suspension of oplasm was dialyzed against distilled water at 0?C. or precipitated and extracted th 60 per cent ethanol at about -10?C. Both methods led to satisfactory exLction and essentially identical results. Isolation of the unidentified anion in actically quantitative yields was achieved by subjecting the extract to a sequence ion exchange column operations as follows: passage through Dowex-50, partly its silver form, removed cations and dipolar molecules and retained the insoluble ver salts of chloride and phosphates; passage through Amberlite IR-45t then noved the anions, allowing uncharged molecules to pass through; after elution of e anions from the Amberlite with base, the salts thus formed were passed through )wex-50, partly in its mercury form, retaining the dicarboxylic acids and yielding e free remaining acid. In a typical isolation about 15 to 20 mg. of this acid, in
Westwanderung and the lunar tidal couple: Modulation of convection by Bulge Stress

Wegener concluded that the Earth's surface has suffered regionally variable westward displacement. Modern data support Wegener's conclusion, but a causative mechanism has not been evident. The retarding torque is too small to distort the viscous Earth. At the same time difficulty has been experienced in explaining the large value of the astronomically detected tidal dissipation. We have examined the effect of the secular rotational strain imposed by tidal bulge formation on convection in the mantle of arbitrary origin. The dissipation as measured by the lag in the bodily tides appears adequate to explain the missing part of the dissipation, some 8.5 × 1026 erg yr−1, without recourse to an unidentified mechanism in the seas. The convection must itself be influenced by the external force system. The effect to be expected is that circulation resulting in westward displacement at surface must be fostered at the expense of circulation in other directions. The history of the tidal couple, if this is based on dissipation in the mantle, is likely to differ greatly from that of a couple based on dissipation in the seas.
Effect of transition from sitaxsentan to ambrisentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Introduction Currently available endothelin receptor antagonists for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension block either the endothelin (ET) receptor A or both A and B receptors. Transition from one endothelin receptor antagonist to another may theoretically alter side-effects or efficacy. We report our experience of a transition from sitaxsentan to ambrisentan, both predominant ET(A) receptor antagonists, in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. Methods At Baylor Pulmonary Hypertension Center, 18 patients enrolled in the open-label extension phase of the original sitaxsentan studies (Sitaxsentan To Relieve ImpaireD Exercise) were transitioned to ambrisentan (from July 2007 to September 2007) at the time of study closure. Pre-transition (PreT), 1 month (1Mth) and 1 year (1Yr) post-transition assessments of 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), brain naturetic peptide (BNP) levels, WHO functional class (WHO FC), Borg dyspnea score (BDS), oxygen saturation, liver function, and peripheral edema were compared. Results 6MWD was 356 ± 126 m at PreT, 361 ± 125 m at 1Mth, and 394 ± 114 m at 1Yr (mean ± SD). There was no difference in the walk distance at 1Mth and 1Yr post transition compared with PreT (P=0.92, 0.41 respectively). Oxygen saturation was no different at 1Mth and 1Yr to PreT level (P=0.49 and P=0.06 respectively). BNP was 178 ± 44 pg/mL at PreT, 129 ± 144 pg/mL at 1Mth and 157 ± 201 at 1Yr. Peripheral edema was present in 7/18 patients at PreT, in 8/16 patients at 1Mth, and in 6/13 patients at 1Yr post transition. Proportions of patients with edema over these 3 time points did not change significantly (P=0.803). At 1Yr, 2 patients had died, 1 had undergone lung transplantation, 1 had relocated, and 1 patient was started on intravenous prostacyclin therapy. Over 3 points (baseline, 1 month, and 1 year), there was no significant change in function class (P=0.672). Conclusion Our limited data suggest that ET(A) receptor antagonists can be switched from one to another with sustained exercise capacity and maintained WHO FC with no increase in incidence of peripheral edema.
Amyloid β-Protein Monomer Folding : Free-Energy Surfaces Reveal Alloform-Specific Differences

Alloform-specific differences in structural dynamics between amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) 40 and Abeta42 appear to underlie the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. To elucidate these differences, we performed microsecond timescale replica-exchange molecular dynamics simulations to sample the conformational space of the Abeta monomer and constructed its free-energy surface. We find that neither peptide monomer is unstructured, but rather that each may be described as a unique statistical coil in which five relatively independent folding units exist, comprising residues 1-5, 10-13, 17-22, 28-37, and 39-42, which are connected by four turn structures. The free-energy surfaces of both peptides are characterized by two large basins, comprising conformers with either substantial alpha-helix or beta-sheet content. Conformational transitions within and between these basins are rapid. The two additional hydrophobic residues at the Abeta42 C-terminus, Ile41 and Ala42, significantly increase contacts within the C-terminus, and between the C-terminus and the central hydrophobic cluster (Leu17-Ala21). As a result, the beta-structure of Abeta42 is more stable than that of Abeta40, and the conformational equilibrium in Abeta42 shifts towards beta-structure. These results suggest that drugs stabilizing alpha-helical Abeta conformers (or destabilizing the beta-sheet state) would block formation of neurotoxic oligomers. The atomic-resolution conformer structures determined in our simulations may serve as useful targets for this purpose. The conformers also provide starting points for simulations of Abeta oligomerization-a process postulated to be the key pathogenetic event in Alzheimer's disease.
Microbial Contamination of Contact Lens Storage Cases and Solutions

We compared microbial contamination of contact lens storage cases of asymptomatic contact lens wearers (Group 1; No. = 118; sampled once) and of contact lens wearers with manufacturer's lens-care instructions reinforced (Group 2; No. = 62; sampled three, six, 12, and 20 weeks after initial advisement). A significantly higher incidence of contamination of contact lens storage cases and solutions was observed among samples from Group 1 (132 of 247 samples) as compared to samples from Group 2 (30 of 500 samples; P = .000). Contact lens storage cases of individuals in Group 2 who used hydrogen peroxide systems (four of 78) showed a significantly lower incidence of contamination as compared to individuals who used other chemical disinfection (11 of 62 soft lens users; 10 of 59 rigid gas-permeable lens users; P = .041). Biofilms, adhered microorganisms embedded in a glycocalyx, in contact lens storage cases were not always inactivated by the addition of fresh solutions. Cleaning and periodic replacement of contact lens storage cases is recommended.
Collection Building Through Patrons: Caltech Library's Kindle Program

This article examines the impact of introducing a patron-driven acquisition service to patrons through a commercially recognizable vendor. The author reports on the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) Library program, which circulated Amazon Kindles to patrons, with only the Amazon Kindle catalog and a $25 allowance serving as barriers to patron-initiated collection development. Results of this study analyze user activity, preferred subject areas, user feedback, title duplication, and related costs to maintaining the service. The findings of this study may serve as a guide to academic libraries studying the impact of patron-guided collection development.
Creating National Narrative: The Red Guard Art Exhibitions and the National Exhibitions in the Chinese Cultural Revolution 1966 - 1976

The artistic development in China experienced drastic changes during the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976. Traditional Chinese art was denounced, whereas propaganda art became predominant in shaping the public’s loyalty towards the Communist Party and the country. Two major groups of art exhibitions emerged during the Revolution—the unofficial Red Guard art exhibitions organized by student activists in collaboration with local communes and art schools between 1966 and 1968, and the state-run national exhibitions from 1972 to 1975. These exhibitions were significant to this period because they were held frequently in the capital city Beijing and occasionally elsewhere, and through art they presented unique revolutionary beliefs to the Chinese people in a public setting. While the Red Guard art exhibitions and the national exhibitions certainly created different national narratives, I argue that the national exhibitions were in fact an attempt to revise the national narrative created by the Red Guard art exhibitions in order to re-establish a more utopian, consistent, and official national narrative. This paper unravels the intricate relationship between the two groups of exhibitions by comparing their exhibition venues, ideological focuses, work selection and quality editing.
Hypoxia, HIFs and bone development.

Oxygen is not only an obviously important substrate, but it is also a regulatory signal that controls expression of a specific genetic program. Crucial mediator of the adaptive response of cells to hypoxia is the family of Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factors (HIFs).The fetal growth plate, which is an avascular structure of mesenchymal origin, has a unique out-in gradient of oxygenation. HIF-1α is necessary for chondrogenesis in vivo by controlling a complex homeostatic response that allows chondrocytes to survive and differentiate in a hypoxic environment. Moreover, HIFs are also essential in osteogenesis and joint development. This brief Perspective summarizes the critical role of HIFs in endochondral bone development.
Place et principes de la radiothérapie dans le cancer de la prostate du sujet âgé

The aging of the population has resulted in an increase in the number of elderly patients with prostate cancer. Among the curative treatment options in the elderly subject, external radiotherapy is the most frequently chosen option. Combined treatment including radiotherapy and hormone therapy should be preferred to hormonal therapy alone, including in elderly patients, whenever life expectancy surpasses 4-5 years. The indications for this radiotherapy should be defined in an attempt to prevent excessive or insufficient treatment, to adapt the treatment modalities to the patient's age by assessing its potential toxicity, and to discuss the possible alternatives. In cases of localized prostate cancer in men who are aging well, a standard treatment should be proposed, preferring radiotherapy possibly associated with hormone therapy in cases with negative prognostic factors. Patients with a reversible health problems can also receive standard treatment, notably in cases with aggressive prognostic factors.
High-confidence control: Ensuring reliability in high performance real-time systems

Technology transfer is an especially difficult proposition for real-time control. To facilitate it, we need to complement the "high performance" orientation of control research with an emphasis on demonstrating "high confidence" in real-time implementation. Two particular problems are discussed and recent research directed at their solutions presented. First, the use of anytime algorithms requires dynamic resource management technology that is not generally available today in real-time systems. Second, complex algorithms have unpredictable computational characteristics that nevertheless need to be modeled; statistical verification is suggested as a possible approach. In both cases, a synthesis of control engineering and computer science is required if effective solutions are to be devised.
Interaction of clothing and body mass index affects validity of air-displacement plethysmography in adults.

Abstract Objective We determined the effect of clothing type on the validity of air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) to estimate percentage of body fat (%BF) and ascertain if these effects differ by body mass index (BMI). Methods The %BF by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and %BF, density, and body volume by ADP were assessed in 132 healthy adults classified by normal (N; 18.5–24.9 kg/m 2 ), overweight (OW; 25–29.9 kg/m 2 ), and obese (OB; 30–39.9 kg/m 2 ) BMIs. Results Compared with DXA, ADP underestimated ( P P P P P = 0.10) and TS (0.5%; P = 0.22) versus DXA. Conclusion All three clothing types showed significant error in estimating %BF with ADP compared with DXA in N and OW BMI. Use of spandex provided the least error and is the preferred attire to obtain valid body composition results when testing N and OW subjects. However, SP provided the greatest error in the OB group. Error in ADP %BF in OB was minimal in SC and TS and similar to the within-subject variability in %BF estimates with ADP. Thus, TS and SC are acceptable alternatives to SP in adults with excess body weight.
Reflecting on Feminist Suggestions and the Practice of Medical Family Therapy: One Therapist's Personal Framework

(2004). Reflecting on Feminist Suggestions and the Practice of Medical Family Therapy. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy: Vol. 15, No. 2-3, pp. 127-136.
Clinicians' Judgments of clinical utility : A comparison of the DSM-IV and five-factor models

Clinical utility, or the usefulness of a diagnostic system in clinical practice, has been identified as an important construct in proposed revisions to the diagnostic nomenclature and a significant limitation of dimensional models of personality disorder, such as the 5-factor model (FFM). Only 1 study to date has addressed explicitly the clinical utility of the FFM, and the findings suggested significant limitations. In the current study, 245 practicing psychologists described 3 historic cases using both the FFM and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) and then rated each model on 6 aspects of clinical utility. In contrast to prior research, the psychologists in this study considered the FFM to have greater clinical utility than the existing diagnostic categories.
Caveolae preservation in the characterization of human neuromuscular disease.

We have examined freeze-fracture replicas and conventional thinsection images of rat myofibers prepared by perfusion and by conventional immersion fixation protocols, and myofibers of normal and dystrophic human myofibers prepared by similar immersion fixation methods. In both rat and human myofibers, the size and distribution of caveolae was found to differ substantially according to (1) the method of glutaraldehyde exposure, (2) the depth of the myofiber from the surface exposed to the fixative, and (3) if surgically bisected, the distance from the cut end of the myofiber. Conventional immersion fixation resulted in unavoidable but predictable alterations in sarcolemmal caveolae. These reproducible artifacts of fixation technique substantially complicate the use of caveolae as reliable markers for the characterization of human neuromuscular disease.
Fluorescence of free and protein-bound auramine O.

Abstract The spectral properties and binding of Auramine O were studied as a model for the binding of cationic ligands to proteins. The dye was fluorescent in H2O with a quantum yield of 4 × 10−5, but the emission became blue-shifted and more intense in less polar solvents, as in the case of more common fluorescent probes. Emission increased where dye motion was restricted, e.g., when bound to proteins, in glycerol solutions, dried on filter paper, or embedded in ice. The amount of solvent spectral shift was probably limited by the short lifetime of free dye emission, which was estimated to be of the order of picoseconds. Auramine O was bound by yeast alcohol dehydrogenase and serum albumins of different species. Fluorescence enhancement and equilibrium dialysis measurements showed the number of dyes bound per molecule of protein and the association constants to be 2 and 1.2 × 104 m −1 for yeast alcohol dehydrogenase and 1 and 0.23–1.9 × 104 m −1 for the albumins. The Auramine O complex with liver alcohol dehydrogenase, described by Conrad et al. [Biochemistry9, 1540–1546 (1970)], had peak emission at 520 nm, further to the red than any of the other complexes studied, suggesting a relatively polarizable binding environment. NaCl did not displace the dye, but enhanced its fluorescence in the complex. The fluorescence was sensitive to protein conformational changes brought about by urea. A literature survey suggests that cationic organic ligands bind strongly to the active site of only those enzymes which have cationic substrates, and bind only weakly to noncatalytic sites in other enzymes. The significance and advantages of cationic fluorescent probes of proteins are discussed.
Cross-National Invariance of Children's Temperament

Measurement of temperament is an important endeavor with international appeal; however, cross-national invariance (i.e., equivalence of test scores across countries as established by empirical comparisons) of temperament tests has not been established in published research. This study examines the cross-national invariance of school-aged children's temperament styles as measured by the Student Styles Questionnaire (SSQ). Development of the SSQ was based on Jung's theory of temperament as augmented by Myers and Briggs. A four bipolar dimension model provided an excellent fit for Australian, Chinese, Costa Rican, Philippine, United States, and Zimbabwean samples and modest fit for Gaza (Palestinian) and Nigerian samples. This study provides partial support for the conclusion that the structure of school-age children's temperament as measured by the SSQ transcends differences in languages and cultures.
Social Capital in Multinational Corporations and a Micro-Macro Model of its Formation

Linking theories of social capital with theories of multinational corporations (MNCs), we discuss the need for and creation of social capital in foreign subunits of MNCs. We argue that the required levels and forms of social capital are determined by the nature of interdependence between headquarters and subunits, and thus vary by different models of MNCs. We then develop a micro-macro model of social capital formation, explaining how boundary spanners form their private social capital and how this social capital is transformed into public social capital of the subunit.