cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Importance of long-term care of diabetic women starting in pregnancy.

Large scale, multi-center, controlled studies have demonstrated the importance of glycemic control, as indicated by HbA1c levels, in reducing the incidence and progression of diabetic complications. However, Yasue Omori, who began practicing medicine in Tokyo 60 years ago, in 1957, has the vantage point of long-term continuing care for women with type 2 diabetes, some for several decades. An internist who specializes in diabetic pregnancy, Dr Omori began caring for many of her patients during their pregnancies and continued to care for them following their deliveries, some now more than 50 years. Surprisingly, despite lack of optimal HbA1c levels, they have suffered relatively few diabetic complications. As reported in "The importance of nonstop treatment after delivery for pregnant women with type 2 diabetes" in Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, Omori and colleagues present a historical perspective that provides evidence that a long-term patient-care giver relationship following pregnancy can be valuable in reducing the onset and progression of diabetic complications.
Creeping Environmental Disasters: Central Asia’s Aral Seas

The Aral Sea is dead. What does exist in its place are the Aral Seas, that is there are in essence three bodies of water, one of which is being purposefully restored and its level is rising (the Small Aral), while the other two, though marginally still connected, continue to decline in level (the Large Aral West and the Large Aral East). In 1960 the level of the sea was about 53 m above sea level. By 2006 the level had dropped by 23–30 m above sea level. This was not a scenario generated by a computer model. It was a process of environmental degradation played out in real life primarily as a result of human activities. Despite wishes and words to the contrary, it will take a heroic global effort to save what remains of the Large Aral. It would even take a significant degree of sacrifice to restore the Large Aral to a previous acceptable level, given that the annual rate of flow reaching the Amudarya River delta is less than a tenth of what it was several decades ago.
Evaluating Outer Tropical Cyclone Size in Reanalysis Datasets Using QuikSCAT Data

AbstractThe present study examines the fidelity of outer tropical cyclone (TC) size and wind field structure in four atmospheric reanalysis datasets to evaluate whether reanalyses can be used to derive a long-term TC size dataset. Specifically, the precision and accuracy of reanalysis TC size for the North Atlantic (NA) and western North Pacific (WNP) basins are analyzed through comparison with a recently developed QuikSCAT TC size dataset (2000–09). Both outer TC size and structure in reanalyses closely match QuikSCAT data as revealed by strong correlations, similar standard deviations, and generally small biases. Of the TC size metrics examined, the radii of 6–8 m s−1 winds in the NA and radii of 6–10 m s−1 winds in the WNP are generally most comparable to QuikSCAT data. Compared to WNP TCs, NA TC size and structure are represented with greater fidelity. Among the four reanalyses examined, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System Reanalysis and the Japan Meteorological A...
Measurement of Kinetic Isotope Effects in an Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction by Continuous-Flow Mass Spectrometry.

Abstract Kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) provide powerful probes of the mechanisms of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. In this chapter, we describe the use of continuous-flow mass spectrometry to determine the deuterium KIE for the enzyme N -acetylpolyamine oxidase based on the ratio of labeled and unlabeled products in mass spectra of whole reaction mixtures.
Thymine cocrystals based on DNA-inspired binding motifs

Nucleic acids have been recognized as an important class of biomolecules for over half a century and are an integral component of many modern pharmaceuticals. Elucidating the associations between DNA nucleobases (thymine, cytosine, adenine and guanine) and other components in both solution and the solid state has wide-ranging applications. Far fewer thymine cocrystals have been reported compared to cocrystals of the other DNA bases. Using schemes inspired by Watson–Crick base pairing motifs, herein we investigate the cocrystallization of thymine and heterocycles with complementary hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. Our coformer screen yielded three new 1 : 1 cocrystals with thymine, only two of which exhibited the expected binding motif. The difficulties encountered in this nucleobase study serve to highlight some of the special challenges associated with cocrystallization of tautomeric components.
Monju-kun: Children’s Culture as Protest

This chapter, by Noriko Manabe, discusses Monju-kun, a character that represents the Monju Fast Breeder Reactor as a helpless and sickly boy. The type of weakness personified by Monju-kun is one component of the cuteness aesthetic that dominates popular culture. Both propaganda and oppositional movements draw on tropes taken from children’s culture to engage audiences, for example, characters in manga and anime such as Astro Boy and Nobita of Doraemon. Monju-kun also arises from Japan’s push to naturalize nuclear power, but he emphasizes its dangers. Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident on March 11, 2011, Monju-kun’s creator decided that mothers and children needed better information than what they were getting from officials. With Monju-kun, he could explain radiation, the collusion between industry and government, and alternative energy solutions using childlike language. In this way, he takes advantage of the fact that many Japanese prefer to learn about complex issues through manga and from fictional childlike characters, or at least he did until the government decided to consider closing the reactor.
Safety of Intradiaphragmatic Delivery of Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Alpha-Glucosidase (rAAV1-CMV-hGAA) Gene Therapy in Children Affected by Pompe Disease

A first-in-human trial of diaphragmatic gene therapy (AAV1-CMV-GAA) to treat respiratory and neural dysfunction in early-onset Pompe disease was conducted. The primary objective of this study was to assess the safety of rAAV1-CMV-hGAA vector delivered to the diaphragm muscle of Pompe disease subjects with ventilatory insufficiency. Safety was assessed by measurement of change in serum chemistries and hematology, urinalysis, and immune response to GAA and AAV, as well as change in level of health. The data demonstrate that the AAV treatment was safe and there were no adverse events related to the study agent. Adverse events related to the study procedure were observed in subjects with lower baseline neuromuscular function. All adverse events were resolved before the end of the study, except for one severe adverse event determined not to be related to either the study agent or the study procedure. In addition, an anti-capsid and anti-transgene antibody response was observed in all subjects who received rAAV1-CMV-hGAA, except for subjects who received concomitant immunomodulation to manage reaction to enzyme replacement therapy, as per their standard of care. This observation is significant for future gene therapy studies and serves to establish a clinically relevant approach to blocking immune responses to both the AAV capsid protein and transgene product.
Coercion, Compulsion, and Conditional Spending: Reflections on the Health Care Decision

The Supreme Court’s decision in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius regarding the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act produced three main holdings concerning two critical provisions of the Act. The first two holdings concerned the “individual mandate” that requires most Americans to maintain “minimum essential” health insurance. The third holding concerned “the Medicaid expansion,” which expanded the class of persons to whom the states must provide Medicaid coverage as a condition for receiving federal funds under the Medicaid program. By a vote of 7-2, the Court struck down this provision as an impermissible condition on the provision of federal funds to the states. Many commentators have opined that, of these three holdings, the third — concerning what is often called Congress’s “conditional spending power” — is apt to have the most far-reaching consequences beyond health care. Unfortunately, this third holding is not only the most potentially significant, but also the one supported by the least clear rationale. At first blush, the majority appeared to hold straightforwardly that the conditional offer that the Medicaid expansion embodied was unconstitutional because coercive, and coercive because it gave states “no choice” but to accept. For several reasons, however, that initial reading appears cloudier on a second or third read. Given the vast potential significance of the Court’s holding on conditional spending and the manifest lack of clarity regarding its rationale, this essay offers a comprehensive and critical assessment. Very generally, the essay does five things: (1) disambiguates the concepts of coercion and compulsion; (2) shows that, under the label "coercion," the Supreme Court majority in National Federation of Independent Business actually deployed the concept of compulsion; (3) argues, against the majority, that compulsion is not a normatively meaningful concept and that coercion is; (4) explains how a threat to withhold benefits that the government is not obligated to provide can be unconstitutional by amounting to a penalty; and (5) argues (tentatively) that the Medicaid expansion probably did threaten a penalty and thus probably did constitute the wrong of coercion. Points (3) and (4) in particular bear profound implications for understanding “unconstitutional conditions” cases even outside the context of federal conditional spending.
A systematic review of interventions targeting men's alcohol use and family relationships in low- and middle-income countries.

Background. Problem drinking accounts for 9.6% of disability-adjusted life years worldwide. It disproportionally affects men and has disabling physical, psychological, and behavioral consequences. These can lead to a cascade of negative effects on men's families, with documented ties to intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment. These multi-level problems are often exacerbated where poverty rates are high, including low and middle-income countries (LMICs). In contexts where strong patriarchal norms place men in positions of power, family-level consequences are often even more pronounced. Methods. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on interventions in LMICs targeting men's problem drinking and any family-related outcomes. Cochrane and PRISMA procedures guided the review. The search was conducted in PsychInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science. Results. The search yielded 1357 publications. Nine studies from four different countries met inclusion criteria. Of those, only one had the primary goal of simultaneously improving drinking and a related family-level outcome (IPV). Six of the studies documented modest improvements on both drinking and couples or family outcomes. Strategies common to these included cognitive-behavioral techniques, communication skills training, narrative therapy, and participatory learning. Gender-transformative approaches were associated with reduced IPV and more equitable gender norms, and motivational interviewing and behavioral approaches were beneficial for reducing alcohol use. Conclusions. Findings highlight the scarcity of interventions addressing men's drinking and its effects on families, particularly for parent-child outcomes. However, results point to strategies that, combined with other evidence-based family interventions can guide the development and rigorous evaluation of integrated programs.
Unipolar allograft reconstruction for post-traumatic avascular necrosis of the distal tibia: A review of the literature, technique, and case series

Abstract Background Avascular necrosis of the distal tibial plafond following ankle trauma is an underreported and potentially devastating phenomenon. Beyond conservative treatment options, surgical intervention has been limited to ankle arthrodesis, which sacrifices motion and may have longterm sequellae for adjacent hindfoot joints. Total ankle replacement has been historically contraindicated. Unipolar allograft reconstruction provides an option for joint salvage. We present a literature overview, implantation technique, and two cases utilizing matched unipolar distal tibial allograft. Methods Two younger patients underwent distal tibia allograft reconstruction for tibial plafond collapse due to post-traumatic avascular necrosis. They were followed to assess for clinical improvement and radiographic graft subsidence. Results Both patients returned to work and activity. One patient had no graft subsidence at four years, but the other patient became symptomatic with graft subsidence at one year. Conclusions Distal tibia allograft reconstruction can be utilized as a joint salvage surgery for post-traumatic avascular necrosis with collapse of the tibial plafond in younger patients that prefer an alternative to arthrodesis. Results may be mixed and necessitate an engaged, activated patient. Level of evidence: IV.
How Free Trade Can Save the Everglades

Professor Schwabach proposes trade globalization to remedy the damaging environmental impact of sugar production on the Florida Everglades in his article, How Free Trade Can Save the Everglades. Describing the Everglades' dire condition, the article details the current complex subsidy and tariff systems employed by the U.S. as well as the history of government intervention in the sugar industry. Three intervening mechanisms are highlighted: direct subsidies to U.S. sugar growers in the form of guaranteed minimum price loans, a guest worker program providing cheap labor, and restrictive tariffs and quotas on sugar imports. While these mechanisms are meant to keep sugar production in the U.S. afloat, Professor Schwabach describes how instead they ensure continued production of a crop unsuitable for the area, environmental destruction due to drainage and chemical run-off, and the payment of inflated prices U.S. consumers. As a solution, Professor Schwabach advocates either a halt to government intervention, allowing the market to end sugar production in the Everglades, or government purchase of the land for incorporation into Everglades National Park.
Collagen Vascular Diseases: SLE, Dermatomyositis, Scleroderma, and MCTD

1. Richard K. Vehe, MD* 2. Mona M. Riskalla, MD* 1. *Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota and the University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, MN * Abbreviations: ANA: : antinuclear antibody CTD: : connective tissue disease CVD: : collagen vascular disease dsDNA: : doubled-stranded DNA DM: : dermatomyositis ENA: : extractable nuclear antigen JIA: : juvenile idiopathic arthritis MCTD: : mixed connective tissue disease NFC: : nail fold capillary RA: : rheumatoid arthritis RF: : rheumatoid factor RP: : Raynaud phenomenon RNP: : ribonucleoprotein SLE: : systemic lupus erythematosus Timely and accurate recognition of collagen vascular disorders (CVDs), and implementation of effective screening and referral processes for patients suspected of having a CVD, remain a challenge for many physicians. The result, too often, is unnecessary testing and referrals, and in some cases unnecessary anxiety for physicians, patients, and parents. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize the common clinical symptoms and signs of systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and scleroderma, and their distinction from common infectious mimics. 2. Recognize the testing that can clarify the likelihood of whether a child has a rheumatic disease, including the limited utility of early serologic testing for autoantibodies. 3. Recognize the prognosis and management objectives for these often-chronic disorders, and practical steps to ensure excellent outcomes. Timely and accurate recognition of collagen vascular diseases (CVDs), and implementation of effective screening and referral processes for patients suspected of having a CVD, remain challenging for many physicians. The result, too often, is unnecessary testing with questionable results, leading in some cases to unnecessary referrals and anxiety for physicians, patients, and parents. (1) Sometimes, CVDs are also referred to as connective tissue diseases (CTDs), but neither name fully captures their essential nature. These are not primarily heritable disorders affecting collagen-containing structures, or disorders of vascular development, but rather are immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The immunologic targets vary, but the inflammatory disease often affects collagen-containing tissues, including the musculoskeletal system and many other tissues. The targeting of blood vessels can lead to manifestations ranging from reversible vasospasm of Raynaud phenomenon (RP) to vascular injury of 1 or more organ systems, often with serious consequences. The diseases that …
Elephant convoys beyond the state: Animal-based transport as subversive logistics:

This article explores and analyzes a form of subversive logistics: the use of trained Asian elephants in the mobilization of cargo and people. This unusual means of conveyance, whose zone of persis...
The genius of Gibbsian surface excess (GSE) framework for fluid (gas or liquid) – Solid adsorption: A powerful practical tool

Abstract The GSE is the only experimental variable to unambiguously quantify the extent of multicomponent fluid (gas or liquid)-solid adsorption. It can be directly used to describe all practically important thermodynamic and dynamic characteristics of an adsorption system as well as to formulate the relevant mass and heat conservation equations needed for design of adsorptive processes for separation and purification of fluid mixtures.
WebGIobe - A cloud-based geospatial analysis framework for interacting with climate data

While climate models have evolved over time to produce high fidelity and high resolution climate forecasts, visualization and analysis of the output of the model simulations has been limited, typically constrained to single dimensional charts for visualization and basic aggregate statistics for analytics. Same is true for the large troves of observational data available from meteorological stations all over the world. For richer understanding of climate and the impact of climate change, one needs computational tools that allow researchers, policymakers, and general public, to interact with the climate data. In this paper, we describe, webGlobe, a browser based GIS framework for interacting with climate data, and other datasets available in similar format. webGlobe is a unique resource that allows unprecedented access to climate data through a browser. The framework also allows for deploying machine learning based analytical applications on the climate data without putting computational burden on the client. Instead, webGlobe uses a client-server framework, where the server, deployed on a cloud infrastructure, allows for dynamic allocation of resources for running compute-intensive applications. The capabilities of the framework will be discussed in context of a use case: identifying extreme events from real and simulated climate data using a Gaussian process based change detection algorithm.
Beyond rambling and trembling: effects of visual feedback on slow postural drift.

We explored one of the unusual predictions of the concept of back-coupling within the theoretical scheme of the control of posture and movement with setting referent coordinates for the effectors. This concept implies slow drifts of referent coordinates toward actual coordinates leading to unintentional drift in performance. During standing, such slow drifts may lead to a protective step or even a fall and, therefore, corrections are expected leading to body sway at frequencies under 0.1 Hz. Young healthy subjects stood on the force platform quietly for 60 s under two single-task conditions, with eyes open and closed, and two double-task conditions, matching an irrelevant muscle activation signal to a target (MATCH) and performing a subtraction task. The latter was performed with eyes open and closed. The rambling-trembling decomposition was applied to the displacements of the center of pressure in the anterior–posterior direction. Spectral analysis was used to quantify power within typical ranges for Tr and Rm, as well as for a slow Rm component (under 0.1 Hz) addressed as Drift. Closing eyes led to a significant increase in Rm and Tr, but no effects on Drift. Drift increased significantly in the MATCH task with no changes in Rm and a drop in Tr. No effects of the subtraction task were seen on Drift. Overall, our findings suggest that unintentional slow drift of referent body orientation towards the actual body orientation leads to Drift, a specific example of back-coupling reflected in postural sway. This observation can be also seen as an example of physiological minimization of activity of motoneurons. Natural visual feedback is used to avoid the COP drift and/or correct it quickly and effectively; this ability is compromised when vision is used for an unrelated task.
The effects of low-copper diets with or without supplemental molybdenum on specific immune responses of stressed cattle.

Angus bull calves (n = 42; 7 mo of age; 254 kg initial BW) were used to investigate the effects of dietary Cu and Mo on immune function of stressed cattle. Randomly selected calves (n = 22) were injected with 90 mg of Cu as Cu glycinate 28 d before weaning and castrated at weaning. These calves received 7.5 and 5 mg of supplemental Cu/kg of DM during a 41-d receiving phase and a 196-d growing phase, respectively. The remainder of the steers received no supplemental Cu during the experiment. Copper-supplemented steers had adequate Cu status at weaning, whereas unsupplemented calves were marginally Cu-deficient. Cell-mediated response to intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin was not affected by dietary treatment during the receiving phase. During the growing phase, half of the steers in each Cu treatment were given 5 mg of supplemental Mo/kg of DM. Copper supplementation increased (P<.05) humoral response to ovalbumin injected on d 133 of the growing phase. On d 168 of the growing phase, calves receiving only supplemental Mo were severely Cu-deficient based on plasma and liver Cu concentrations. The other treatment groups had adequate Cu status. Before feeding on d 168 of the growing phase, half of the steers were loaded onto trailers and transported 2.5 h, and they remained on the trailers an additional 9.5 h. Humoral response to porcine erythrocytes (PRBC) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to dinitrochlorobenzene was tested at the end of the stress period. There was a Cu x stress interaction for humoral response to PRBC, with Cu decreasing antibody titers in unstressed calves and increasing titers in stressed steers. Stressed steers had lower (P = .03) ADG during the 28 d following stress. The results of this study indicate that Cu deficiency and 5 mg of supplemental Mo/kg of DM do not dramatically alter the specific immunity of stressed cattle.
Cervical Ultrasound Utilization in Selective Cervical Nerve Root Injection for the Treatment of Cervical Radicular Pain: a Review

This paper aims to review the available literature addressing the safety, accuracy, and efficacy of ultrasound-guided injections for cervical radicular pain. Ultrasound-guided injections remain a “partially blind technique” due to the inability to visualize relevant structures and the distribution of injectate. There remains a need for adequately powered studies evaluating the safety, accuracy, and effectiveness of ultrasound-guided steroid injections in the cervical spine. Fluoroscopy remains the best evidence-based image-guidance modality for injections into the cervical epidural space to treat cervical radicular pain. If ultrasound guidance is planned for treatment of cervical radicular pain, the authors recommend concomitant use of fluoroscopy guidance. Given the risk of inaccurate needle placement, physicians should retain fluoroscopic images prior to contrast injection to document the proper vertebral segment and final needle tip position. As epidural flow cannot be fully visualized with ultrasound, it is recommended to use fluoroscopy and, if needed, digital subtraction imaging to confirm the absence of intravascular injection. At a minimum, images should be saved post-contrast injection to document epidural flow.
Solar Steam Gasification of Cellulose in a Molten Alkali Salt: Salt Chemistry and Reactor Performance

A prototype 3 kW solar gasifier that operates in continuous mode to produce a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (synthesis gas) was operated at 1200 K in a high flux solar simulator with reco...
Disentangling the Epistemic Failings of the 2008 Financial Crisis

I argue that epistemic failings are a significant and underappreciated moral hazard in the financial services industry. I argue further that an analysis of these epistemic failings and their means of redress is best developed by identifying policies and procedures that are likely to facilitate good judgment. These policies and procedures are “best epistemic practices.” I explain how best epistemic practices support good reasoning, thereby facilitating accurate judgments about risk and reward. Failures to promote and adhere to best epistemic practices contributed to the 2008 financial crisis. I identify and discuss some of the ways in which best epistemic practices were violated in the events that led to the crisis, with a focus on the role of the credit rating agencies. I go on to discuss some of the ways in which these failings have been redressed. Specifically, the 2006 Credit Rating Agency Reform Act, including its expansion by Dodd Frank, and the subsequent statutory regulation by the SEC aim to facilitate best epistemic practices. These regulatory reforms are examples of proactive and forward-looking regulation, although they were implemented retroactively in response to perceived failures of the rating agencies. I conclude by observing how proactive regulation for best epistemic practices might help us to anticipate and avoid future crises.
Kambo Frog Poison as a Cause of Esophageal Rupture

The authors present a case of a patient who used Kambo frog poison for body cleansing that induced severe vomiting and led to esophageal rupture followed by tension pneumothorax and septic shock. Kambo is the waxy substance secreted by the nocturnal giant tree frog Phyllomedusa bicolor. Kambo, which is poisonous, is commonly believed in South America to have cleansing and healing properties. As alternative medicine becomes more common, and as more tourists frequent our hospitals, knowledge of these types of ritual related exposures is important for the practicing emergency physician to be aware of.
Daikon Radish Cultivation Guide for Florida

Daikon radish is a versatile vegetable crop in the mustard family. It produces a large, white, cylindrical fleshy root weighing up to 4-7 lb. Daikon radish is an especially common vegetable in Asia, particularly Japan, and it tends to be less spicy than other garden types of radish. This new 7-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department provides a primer on cultivation of daikon in Florida, including sections on propagation, growing conditions, pests and diseases, and agricultural, culinary, and medicinal uses. Written by Mary Dixon and Guodong Liu.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1370
Development of chi-factors towards codification of the thermal bridging in low slope roofing assemblies

Abstract An industry consortium study, Energy Resistance of Commercial Roofs (ERCR), has been developed by NRC to develop scientifically supported performance data on energy resistance of roofing systems that are constructed according to field practices. The ERCR consortium project had two major tasks. In Task 1, the objective was to evaluate the effective thermal resistance of current roof designs and validate their compliance with the energy code requirements and, in Task 2, the aim was to quantify the two thermal impact factors – thermal bridging from fasteners and thermal bypass from gaps between the insulation boards. This paper focuses on the Task 2-thermal bridging from fasteners. More than 100 experiments were conducted to quantify the impact of fastener density, fastener location, fastener diameter, and fastener penetration depth on the thermal performance of the roofing assembly. From the experimental data, the thermal bridging of fasteners was quantified in terms of the “Relative” decrease in effective R-value and Chi-factors (χ). The impact of fastener density revealed that the thermal bridging increases with the fastener density and also with the thermal resistance of the insulation with an average loss in effective R-value ranging from 5% to 14% for the tested configurations. The increase in the fastener diameter or the fastener area (#12
User Funded? Using Budgets to Examine the Scope and Revenue Impact of Fines and Fees in the Criminal Justice System:

Criminal justice system fines and fees are a source of revenue for courts, district attorneys, probation departments, and other actors both inside and outside of the justice system. Because these d...
Lung adenocarcinoma and pulmonary actinomycosis: a cautionary tale.

Background:Pulmonary actinomycosis is a rare and slowly progressive bacterial infection that is often mistaken for lung cancer. Multiple case reports caution against premature diagnosis of malignan...
Poorer mental health and sleep quality are associated with greater self-reported reward-related eating during pregnancy and postpartum: an observational cohort study.

Depression, stress, and poor-quality sleep are common during pregnancy and postpartum, but the relationship of these factors with reward-related eating is not well understood. This observational cohort study examines associations of depression, stress, and sleep quality with self-reported reward-related eating in pregnancy and postpartum. Participants were enrolled at < 12 weeks gestation and followed through 1 year postpartum. Self-reported measures obtained at baseline and 23–31 weeks postpartum included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; reward-related eating measures included the Power of Food Scale (assessing hedonic hunger), modified Yale Food Addiction Scale (assessing addictive-like eating), and frequency and intensity of cravings. Linear and logistic regression models estimated associations of depressive symptoms, stress, and sleep quality with reward-related eating during pregnancy and postpartum, as well as change in each predictor with change in outcome. During pregnancy, greater depressive symptoms (β ± SE = 0.03 ± 0.01, p < .01), higher stress (0.03 ± 0.01, p < .01), and worse sleep quality (0.03 ± 0.01, p = 0.03) were associated with greater hedonic hunger. Similarly, greater depressive symptoms (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.14, p = .01), higher stress (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.14, p = <.01), and worse sleep quality (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.18, p = .04) were associated with greater odds of addictive-like eating. These associations were also significant in postpartum except that sleep quality was not associated with hedonic hunger. Greater depressive symptoms (β ± SE = 0.06 ± 0.02, p < .01; 0.08 ± 0.02, p = <.01), higher stress (0.04 ± 0.01, p < .01; 0.06 ± 0.02, p < .01), and worse sleep quality (0.11 ± 0.03, p < .01; 0.13 ± 0.03, p < .01) during pregnancy were associated with stronger and more frequent cravings, respectively. Increased depressive symptoms from pregnancy to postpartum was associated with increased hedonic hunger (β ± SE = 1.17 ± 0.57, p = 0.01) and addictive-like eating (0.88 ± 0.33, p = 0.01), and increased stress was associated with increased hedonic hunger (1.71 ± 0.76, p = 0.02). Change in stress was not associated with change in addictive-like eating and change in sleep quality was not associated with change in either hedonic hunger or addictive-like eating. Greater depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and poorer sleep quality are associated with greater self-reported reward-related eating during pregnancy and postpartum, suggesting that efforts to improve diet during and after pregnancy may benefit from addressing mental health and sleep. Clinicaltrials.gov Registration ID – NCT02217462 . Date of registration – August 13, 2014
Univitalism and American Law

Curiously, the English language lacks a word for “the belief that human beings only live once.” This Essay, as an initial matter, coins this term: univitalism (from the Latin, "uni-" and "vita"). Univitalism is a long-held belief in the United States, prevalent amongst those with both sacred and secular views. It is so common, in fact, that is assumed by American Jews, Christians, Muslims, atheists, and agnostics alike — and thus integral to the reasoning of U.S. legal and political decisionmakers. By contrast, many Eastern societies and a significant minority of Americans subscribe to a “multivitalist” worldview, wherein individuals are reborn. This Essay historically surveys how univitalism has shaped American law and policy; it also considers how, in turn, American law reifies univitalism. In particular, this Essay will show how univitalism is integral to contemporary U.S. substantive criminal law, sentencing, and broader theories of punishment. A contrasting comparative view — adopted in certain international criminal tribunals and foreign criminal legal jurisdictions — will underscore this analysis. This Essay will argue that univitalism places particular emphasis on retribution and may exacerbate punitiveness in American criminal law.
Managing Incidental Findings in Human Subjects Research: From Imaging to Genomics

This 18-article symposium publishes a breakthrough set of interdisciplinary articles on the highly controversial question of whether researchers bear duties to return to research participants incidental findings of potential clinical or reproductive importance. Past practice in genetic and genomic research has been to avoid return of incidental findings, drawing a sharp distinction between clinician duties and less expansive researcher duties. Past practice in imaging research (neuroimaging and CT colonography) has included some return. However, empirical work reported in this symposium shows no consistent practice, guidance, or even terminology addressing the management of incidental findings in human subjects research. The symposium grows out of a 2-year, NIH-funded project (grant #1-R01-HG003178) on "Managing Incidental Findings in Human Subjects Research" (Susan M. Wolf, Principal Investigator (PI); Co-Investigators: Jeffrey Kahn, Frances Lawrenz, Charles Nelson, and Jordan Paradise). The centerpiece of the symposium is a major new consensus document on identifying and managing incidental findings, including the ethical and regulatory obligations devolving on researchers. (Susan M. Wolf et al., Managing Incidental Findings in Human Subjects Research: Analysis and Recommendations, 36 J.L. MED. ETHICS 219 (2008)). The symposium includes the work of more than 25 authors on the legal, ethical, clinical, and scientific issues. The problem of incidental findings deeply challenges current approaches to human subjects research and the conventional divide in health law and bioethics between research and clinical obligations.
Theory of Inelastic Light Scattering from 4He

We briefly review the mechanisms of second order light scattering in liquid helium four as well as some key features and results of calculations of the extinction coefficient. We then review the new experimental results of Ohbayashi and his group emphasizing the measurements of the s-d intensity ratio and the observation of fine structure well above twice the roton frequency. Finally we offer some suggestions concerning the theoretical interpretation of the new experimental results.
Downspout Disconnection Suitability and Incentives Analysis

The City of Gresham is developing a Downspout Disconnection Program, which encourages homeowners to disconnect their roof downspouts from the storm sewer system and divert the stormwater onto their lawn or rain garden. Downspout disconnection is being evaluated for its effectiveness to help the city meet stormwater discharge requirements in their NPDES-MS4 permit from Oregon DEQ. This study reviewed current Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) soil data and developed a suitability map showing High, Medium and Low suitability zones for on-site stormwater management. To validate the map, 55 soil textural classes and 11 infiltration rates were determined at residences throughout Gresham. When the results were compared with the published NRCS data, 73% of the soil textural classes and 100% of the infiltration rates were in agreement. A survey was mailed to 500 residents in the High suitability zone to determine homeowners’ willingness to disconnect and to identify incentives which would help persuade them to disconnect their downspouts. Ninety-four (19%) surveys were returned. The three most popular incentives were 1) a $2.32/mo. stormwater utility fee discount (35%), 2) free materials (20%) and 3) a “how-to” guide (18%). By extrapolating the responses to the full proportion of residences in the High suitability zone, a $2.32 discount would cost the city $47,700 dollars per year in reduced stormwater fees (as well as additional resources needed to verify that each site qualifies) and is expected to divert approximately 33.6 million gallons (100 acre feet) of stormwater each year from the storm sewer system over the long-term.
Virtual Intermediaries II - Canadian Solutions (Drop Shipments) Compared with US, Japanese & EU Approaches

Virtual travel agents are opportunistic internet-based travel agents. They are intermediary businesses that create mutually beneficial three-party transactions that secure accommodations for a traveler that: (a) meet the basic needs of the traveler (at a discount), (b) fills vacant room for accommodation retailers with guests that pay below market, but above standard costs, and (c) profit from the extra cash, the margin in the transaction. The virtual intermediary’s eye is always on the discount and the cash flow. One of the things that catches their attention are the accommodation taxes which they collect from the traveler in advance and remit to the accommodation retailer when they are invoiced for the room. Needless to say, there are incentives to minimize consumption taxes on the part of the intermediary just as there are counter-incentives on the part of revenue authorities to prevent revenue losses. Unclear statutes exacerbate these problems. Canada is unique among the system considered, and their experience with intermediaries is very informative. It is the only system considered here where there are consumption taxes on accommodations at three levels of government (federal, provincial and local). A considerable amount of Canadian thought has gone into how to harmonize these taxes, how to deal with compliance and enforcement issues, as well as what to do about the very difficult problem of the non-resident, non-registered intermediary engaged in reselling accommodations at a discount. Only Canada analyses this problem triangularly. The model adopted federally in the GST/HST and in the Province of Quebec is a drop shipment model. The Canadian approach is similar to the way California handles drop shipments. The paper concludes by applying Canadian and European insights to this problem, and suggests statutory approaches to this issue in the US and Japan.
A comprehensive mathematical model of electromagnetic separation of inclusion in molten metals

A mathematical model has been developed to describe the electromagnetic and fluid flow phenomena and the inclusion particle motion in an electromagnetic separation process in which the electromagnetic force field is produced by induction from a time-varying magnetic field. The technique of mutual inductance was used to calculate the electromagnetic force field, while the laminar Navier-Stokes equations and the momentum equation of the particle were used to represent the fluid flow field and the particle history in the system. On the basis of the model it is possible to predict the range of the particle size which can be removed from the melt in terms of the basic process variables. The model is demonstrated for the prototype system developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. >
New Life for Dead Things (in Jars)

The Darwin Centre The Natural History Museum. Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. www.nhm.ac.uk/darwincentre/ The newest building at London9s Natural History Museum in London combines storage facilities for the specimens preserved in alcohol and a behind-the-scenes view of museum work and research.
Correcting Field Harmonics After Design in Superconducting Magnets

For a variety of reasons the actual field harmonics, as measured, in the superconducting magnets come out to be somewhat different than what were intended at the time of design. In this paper we shall discuss the schemes which can be used to correct them in the magnets. We shall discuss them for both the allowed and non-allowed harmonics. Since the deviation in field harmonics from their design value is mainly related to the mechanical properties of the coil cross section, in order for a scheme to work as planned, the mechanical configuration of the coil should not be changed significantly while this correction is being implemented.
The Arcanobacterium(Actinomyces) pyogenes Plasmid pAP1 Is a Member of the pIJ101/pJV1 Family of Rolling Circle Replication Plasmids

The 2.4-kb plasmid pAP1 from Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes had sequence similarity within the putative replication protein and double-stranded origin with the pIJ101/pJV1 family of plasmids. pJGS84, a derivative of pAP1 containing a kanamycin resistance gene, was able to replicate in Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, as well as in A. pyogenes. Detection of single-stranded DNA intermediates of pJGS84 replication suggested that this plasmid replicates by the rolling circle mechanism.
Solar Photovoltaics Technology

The status and future technology, market, and industry opportunities for solar photovoltaics (PV) are examined and discussed. The co-importance of both ‘policy’ and ‘technology’ investments for the future markets and competitiveness of this solar approach is emphasized. This chapter underscores the ‘technology’ side, with a comprehensive overview and insights to technical, policy, market, industry, and other investments needed to tip PV to its next level of contribution as a significant clean energy partner in the world energy economy. The requirement to venture from ‘near-term’ and ‘evolutionary’ approaches into ‘disruptive’ and ‘revolutionary’ technology pathways is argued for our needs in the midterm (the next 10–15 years) and the long term (beyond the first quarter of this century).
Examining the impact of family services on homeless children

This study examined the impact on children of services delivered through a collaborative initiative designed to provide supports to working poor families who are homeless or at immediate risk of becoming homeless. Overall, a number of positive findings can serve to inform the development of promising intervention strategies for children in homeless families and highlight areas for further research. Along with improved housing status, there was a statistically significant improvement in the economic self-sufficiency of the families served, regardless of whether they completed the full programme cycle. In addition, youth self-report data indicated significant improvements in externalizing and internalizing behaviour. The ability to combine programme data with school data for participating children also made it possible to explore school performance outcomes. Although these results did not indicate a change in participants’ levels of attendance or reading performance, there was a statistically significant improvement in students’ math scores. Moreover, when participating children were compared with a group of students matched on their level of academic performance at baseline who had not received housing or homeless services, no significant differences were detected between groups post-intervention, indicating that services may help reduce the risk of homeless students’ falling further behind their peers academically.
Awarding Custody: The Best Interests of the Child and Other Fictions

The "best interests of the child" is the standard for awarding child custody in the United States, a standard that presumably places paramount importance on the child's physical and psychological well-being. While in theory this standard appears enlightened, in practice custody decisions focus on parents rather than children and are marred by personal and cultural bias. Predictions are made without a scientific foundation and, frequently, in contravention of research findings and constitutional equal protection requirements. Because the "best interests of the child" standard is more a vague platitude than a legal or scientific standard, it is subject to abuse both by judges who administer it and parents who use it to further their own interests.
Predator-mediated mutualism: Theory and tests in the homoptera

In most population models, the per-capita growth rate is assumed to decline monotonically with density. Here, I consider a model of one or more species in which the per-capita growth rate increases with population size at low densities. These populations will interact as intra- and interspecific mutualists if natural enemies can stabilize them at low levels. This idea is tested with examples of phytophagous insects that have humped per-capita growth curves because of plant physiological responses to herbivory. As predicted, these insects exploit this effect with a wide array of subsocial behaviors, parthenogenesis, and even the evolution toward gregarious, sessile living. This model differs from others in the literature in two ways: the mutualism only occurs at low densities and therefore requires the action of natural enemies; and the benefit may be conferred to individuals of the same as well as of other species.
Late leaf spot effects on growth, photosynthesis, and yield in peanut cultivars of differing resistance

Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton causes late leaf spot (LLS) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), which leads to necrotic lesions, early leaf senescence and yield losses. Detailed physiological analyses can contribute to an improved understanding of peanut-disease interactions and cultivar improvement. A study was conducted evaluating two peanut cultivars with more (York) and less (Carver) quantitative resistance to C. personatum grown under fungicide-sprayed and nonsprayed conditions in the field at Citra, FL over 2 yr. Data were collected on disease severity using the Florida 1 to 10 visual rating scale and by direct measurement of percent canopy lesion area. Leaflifespan, total canopy photosynthesis (TCP), plant growth, and pod yield were also measured. Disease severity based on canopy lesion area was reduced by 30% in York compared to Carver. No additive effects of combining the resistant cultivar with fungicide were seen, as fungicide use increased yield by 364 kg ha -1 for both cultivars. Yield was more strongly related to disease severity based on canopy lesion area than to the Florida scale. Yield improvement with York was not as closely related to disease severity with only a 6% gain in pod yield in York compared to Carver. In addition, reduction in TCP was greater in York compared to Carver given their respective disease severity. These results indicated that combining resistance with the maintenance of physiological function during LLS infection could result in improved peanut yields under diseased conditions.