cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of distillers dried grains with solubles as a feed ingredient for broilers

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from modern ethanol plants in broiler diets. Experiment 1 was a 2 x 2 factorial experiment with diets containing 2 levels of DDGS (0 and 15%) and 2 diet densities (high and low). The high- and low-density diets were formulated to contain 22% CP and 3,050 kcal MEn/kg and 20% CP and 3,000 kcal MEn/kg, respectively. Eight pens of 6 chicks were fed an experimental diet from 0 to 18 d of age. Weight gain and feed efficiency (gain:feed ratio) of the chicks receiving the high-density diets were (P
An ecological analysis of binocular vision.

Underlying the classic binocularity problems of singleness and three-dimensionality is a theory that the stimulus for binocular vision constitutes two two-dimensional images and metric differences between parts of those images. This characterization of the stimulus is criticized here and in its stead an ecologically-based characterization is presented wherein a binocular transformational invariant is shown to specify absolute (body-scaled) size, shape, and distance. The transformation is characterized as a rotation and its specificity to distance assumes a constant interocular distance and either homogeneously textured or extended surfaces. Four experiments demonstrate perceivers' abilities to detect this information and report (verbally or by reaching) the absolute distances of surfaces in stereograms. A fifth experiment revealed that accurate performance did not depend on oculomotor information. The assumptions of texture extent and distribution and constant interocular distance and their possible violations were discussed. A sixth experiment demonstrated that violations of interocular distance are absorbed by surface shapes. The existence and detection of a binocular rotation dissolves the putative problems of singleness and stereopsis, indicates that the importance of having two frontal eyes is for perception of absolute distance, and reformulates the problems for an algorithmic (physiological) theory of vision.
Numerical simulation of intrinsic bistability and high-frequency current oscillations in resonant tunneling structures.

Intrinsic high-frequency oscillations (\ensuremath{\approxeq}2.5 THz) in current and corresponding quantum-well density have been simulated for the first time for a fixed-bias voltage in the negative differential resistance (NDR) region of the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of a resonant tunneling diode. Scattering and self-consistency are included. Hysteresis and ``plateaulike'' behavior of the time-averaged I-V curve are simulated in the NDR region. Intrinsic bistability is manifested by the phenomenon of unstable electron charge buildup and ejection from the quantum well.
White Matter Disease and Dementia

Dementia is a common occurrence in patients with disorders affecting cerebral hemispheric white matter. Relatively little is known, however, about the specific pattern of neurobehavioral changes associated with abnormal white matter function. This review examines in detail the neurobehavioral features of a common white matter disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). The neuropsychological characteristics of MS-related dementia are compared and contrasted with those observed in three other white matter disorders (acquired immune deficiency syndrome, Binswanger's disease, and closed head injury) to determine if "white matter dementia" should be recognized as a unique diagnostic entity distinct from other dementing conditions. Finally, possible mechanisms by which white matter disease affects behavior are proposed.
Externalism and the a prioricity of Self-knowledge

(1) Oscar knows a priori, i.e., independently of empirical investigation, that he is thinking that water is wet, that the concept of water is involved in his thought and that he is agnostic about the application conditions of the concept of water [i.e., Oscar has a priori knowledge of the Semantic Self-Ascription]. (2) Oscar can know a priori (by working through externalist arguments) that, necessarily, if anyone has a thought involving a concept and is agnostic about the application conditions of that concept, then either he has been in an environment containing instances of that concept and it is a natural kind concept, or he has been part of a community in which the concept is employed. (3) Oscar cannot know a priori that either he has been in an environment containing instances of water or he has been part of a community in which the concept is employed [i.e., Oscar cannot have a priori knowledge of the External Disjunction].1 (1997: 67-68)
Early stuttering as a type of language difficulty

Abstract Educational objectives: The reader will learn about and be able to describe (1) the characteristics of incipient stuttering, (2) how it differs from stuttering in older children, and (3) the relationship of such early stuttering to developing language skills.
153Sm-EDTMP and 186Re-HEDP as bone therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals

Two new radiopharmaceuticals, 186Re-1-hydroxyethylidenediphosphonate (186Re-HEDP) and 153Sm-ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate (153Sm-EDTMP), have been proposed as palliative treatments for metastatic bone cancer. Biolocalization properties of these chelates in animals as well as the physical decay and production properties of the respective radionuclides are consistent with those of a therapeutic agent. Subtherapeutic doses of both agents have been administered to human cancer patients to determine their biokinetics and skeletal localization. The 186Re-HEDP studies were conducted at the University of Cincinnati while the 153Sm-EDTMP studies were conducted at the University of Missouri-Columbia. The pharmacokinetics of these agents in humans were consistent with those found in animals. Imaging studies show that the retained activity localizes primarily in the skeleton with high selective uptake in skeletal lesions; there is no visualization of other organs or soft tissue. This paper will review the development and preparation procedures for these radiopharmaceuticals and briefly summarize the animal and patient data.
Survey Of Surface Roughness Properties Of Synchrotron Radiation Optics

Measurements of surface roughness were made on a large number of grazing incidence mirrors delivered for use at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The measurements were made with a WYKO optical profiler using a 2.5X and a 10X objective and analyzed with our PROFILE code to generate an average periodogram representation for each surface. The data is presented in the form of representative profiles with all of the periodogram curves arranged according to figure type. Analysis of the periodograms allows one to compute bandwidth-limited values for RMS roughness and slope, to provide valuable feedback information to manufacturers regarding compliance with specifications, and to predict the performance of the optic at x-ray wavelengths.
Reducing Soil Phosphorus Solubility with Coal Combustion By‐Products

In the northeast USA, most soil samples analyzed for soil test P (STP) in 1990 exceeded P levels needed for plant production. Converting soil P to less soluble forms with applications of materials containing lime or Ca may reduce the release of soil P to runoff. We investigated the effect of several coal combustion by-products on STP (Bray-1 and Mehlich-III), water extractable P, and equilibrium P concentration (EPC 0 ) of high P soils. Three widely available by-products were used: fluidized bed combustion flyash (FBC), flue gas desulfurization by-product (FGD), and pulverized coal flyash (PC). In a by-product type and rate experiment, a Berks soil with high STP was incubated for 21 d with each by-product (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 g kg soil -1 ). The highest rates of FBC and FGD reduced Mehlich-III P (45%), Bray-I P (50%), water extractable P (72%) and EPC, (37%). The PC had no effect on soil P solubility due to the addition of P with this by-product. For eight soils ranging in physical and chemical properties, FBC at 10 g kg soil -1 reduced Mehlich-III P 13%, and water-extractable P 71%, while FGD reduced Mehlich-III P 8% and water-extractable P 48%. These reductions resulted from the conversion of readily desorbable soil P to less soluble Ca-bound or Al- and Fe-bound pools. Amending high P soils with FBC or FGD by-products has the potential to reduce P enrichment of runoff by decreasing the solubility of soil P without reducing STP below optimum levels for plant growth.
Cationic Polymer Modified Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Targeted siRNA Delivery to HER2+ Breast Cancer

In vivo delivery of siRNAs designed to inhibit genes important in cancer and other diseases continues to be an important biomedical goal. We now describe a new nanoparticle construct that has been engineered for efficient delivery of siRNA to tumors. The construct is comprised of a 47-nm mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSNP) core coated with a cross-linked PEI-PEG copolymer, carrying siRNA against the HER2 oncogene, and coupled to the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (trastuzumab). The construct has been engineered to increase siRNA blood half-life, enhance tumor-specific cellular uptake, and maximize siRNA knockdown efficacy. The optimized anti-HER2-nanoparticles produced apoptotic death in HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer cells grown in vitro, but not in HER2 negative (HER2-) cells. One dose of the siHER2-nanoparticles reduced HER2 protein levels by 60% in trastuzumab-resistant HCC1954 xenografts. Multiple doses administered intravenously over 3 weeks significantly inhibited tumor growth (p < 0.004). The siHER2-nanoparticles have an excellent safety profile in terms of blood compatibility and low cytokine induction, when exposed to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The construct can be produced with high batch-to-batch reproducibility and the production methods are suitable for large-scale production. These results suggest that this siHER2-nanoparticle is ready for clinical evaluation.
An autoradiographic study of the effects of FSH and estradiol-17β on early ovarian follicular maturation in adult Anolis carolinensis

Abstract Adult, hypophysectomized Anolis carolinensis with seasonally quiescent ovaries were treated with daily, subcutaneous injections of either 0.05 ml saline, 1 μg estradiol-17β, or 10 μg ovine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) for 48 or 96 hr. One hour before sacrifice, each animal received an intraperitoneal injection of 3 μCi 3 H-thymidine. Autoradiographs of the serially sectioned ovaries were prepared and the percentage labeling index (%LI), which is the ratio of labeled cells to all cells in the sample × 100, was determined. After FSH treatment, the %LI was significantly higher in the ovarian medullary stroma, the basal granulosa cells in larger previtellogenic follicles (0.51–1.00 mm), and the theca of all follicular size classes present (0.01–1.00 mm). Estradiol had no significant effect on these parameters. These results are discussed in relation to the effects of FSH and estradiol on follicular maturation in reptiles.
Identity, Anthropocentrism, and Ecocentrism in John Clare's TO AN INSIGNIFICANT FLOWER

Several remarkable and antithetical types of identification take place in John Clare's poem “To an Insignificant Flower,” and this struggle with identity reflects Clare's struggle with anthropocent...
Characterization of the Huntington's disease (HD) gene homolog in the zebrafish Danio rerio

The Huntington's disease (HD) gene contains a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable in patients with the disease (HDCRG, 1993). As the first step toward investigating a potential role for this gene in early vertebrate development, we isolated the homolog of the Huntington's disease (ZHD) cDNA in zebrafish. This cDNA encodes a predicted protein product of 3121 amino acids with 70% identity to human huntingtin. The first exon is predicted to encode four glutamines, followed by only one proline, demonstrating that the polymorphic polyproline stretch found in mammalian HD sequences is absent in the fish. We sequenced approximately 900bp upstream from the predicted start codon and found that it lacks a TATA box, CCAAT box, or Sp1 binding sites. Western blot analysis revealed that the protein is expressed at a high level in late embryonic development and at moderate levels in the adult head.
Allometric growth of Xanthium (Compositae) leaves

When Xanthium lamina width is plotted versus leaf length during the entire period of growth, a straight line is obtained representing an allometric relationship with a regression correlation coefficient of 0.9973 a lamina width to length ratio of 0.502 ± 0.01 and chordate morphology. On the other hand, gibberellic acid treated plants yield a correlation coefficient of 0.9871 a lamina width to length ratio of 0.372 ± 0.0074 and lanceolate leaves. The fraction of leaf width to leaf length is a measure of lamina width reduction. Gibberellic acid alters the mechanism which controls the balance between the leaf length and the leaf width.
The blossoming of Japanese mathematics

A new compilation of the illustrated geometry problems that decorated shrines in seventeenth-century Japan provides puzzles that are still intriguing today, finds Peter J. Lu.
ArtView: Transforming Image Databases into Collaborative Learning Spaces

Considering the educational importance of dialogue among students, faculty, and professionals, this article examines a computer-mediated communication tool designed to support online learning through conversation. ArtView, developed by Cornell University's Interactive Multimedia Group, allows groups of learners to converse from disparate locations in a shared space while viewing an image that has been pre-loaded by the instructor. An online database provides a ready-reference, allowing the instructor to customize background or contextual information necessary to supplement the online conversations. This article describes and reports the results of user-testing conducted in conjunction with a college course, “Art in the Electronic Age.” Through qualitative techniques, learners compare and contrast their experiences in a face-to-face guided visit and discussion with a computer-mediated viewing and discussion using ArtView. Museums were seen as providing an attractive element of personal choice and an outsta...
Social Class Heterogamy and Marital Success: A Study of the Empirical Adequacy of a Textbook Generalization

“Functional” marriage textbooks usually state that differences between spouses in class background are, regardless of adult status, influences for marital maladjustment and instability; but a search of the literature revealed no empirical support for this generalization. Data from a sample of males in a high-status occupation reveal no marital instability which can be attributed to an interaction between the class backgrounds of the spouses.
The upper critical field of layered superconductors

The results of a theoretical study of the upper critical fields of layered superconducting compounds are presented. It is found that for sufficiently decoupled layers the parallel critical fieldsH c2,‖ can be quite large compared to those expected with ordinary type II superconductors and essentially determined by the destruction of the superconductivity in the individual superconducting layers. It is found thatH c2,‖ can be calculated from standard pair breaking theory in terms of a pair breaking parameter appropriate for layered compounds. The pair breaking parameter includes both orbital effects and the effects of Pauli paramagnetism and spin-orbit scattering.
Magnetization of layered Mn-Ni and Mn-Co thin films

Abstract We report magnetization hysteresis loops for compositionally modulated films of Ni-Mn and Co-Mn. The films, prepared by evaporation, have nominal layer thicknesses of 5 to 25 A and total thickness of 1 μm. Measurements were made on a SQUID magnetometer at 5 and 50 K with a maximum applied field of 10 kOe. The magnetic behavior observed ranges from ferromagnetism to spin-glassiness. Marked field cooling effects were observed for films with nominal layer thicknesses of 6 A Ni-6 A Mn, 13 A Ni-13 A Mn, 25 A Ni-25 A Mn and 5 A Co-15 A Mn.
Gamma Globulin Antigenic Types Defined by Heavy Chain Determinants

Two populations of immunologically distinguishable 7S gamma globulins in normal human serum and two corresponding antigenic types of myeloma 7S gamma globulins have been detected with rabbit antiserums to proteins associated with pathological conditions, the differences being related to the H-chains of 7S gamma globulin. No relationship exists with type I and type II antigenic classification, determined by L-chains. Human serums with various hereditary gamma globulin (Gm) specificities contain both types of 7S gamma globulin.
IL-12 induction of resistance to pulmonary blastomycosis.

Abstract Background Why severity varies in blastomycosis outbreaks remains unresolved. In experimental pulmonary blastomycosis, susceptibility varied in mouse strains. In susceptible BALB/c the response is Th-2, in immunized, resistance is associated with Th-1. Can susceptibility be redirected by IL-12? Methods, results: BALB/c bronchoalveolar and peritoneal macrophages (PM) were shown deficient in IL-12 production in response to IFN-γ + LPS. High dose IL-12 (1 μg, subcutaneously) treatment of BALB/c infected intranasally with Blastomyces resulted in enhanced survival (P
High pressure volumetric measurements in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers.

Abstract The one previously reported high pressure volumetric experiment on a phospholipid bilayer investigated a region of pressure between 0 and 25 MPa and obtained isothermal compressibility values for the liquid crystal and intermediate phases which differed by more than a factor of ten. We report new volumetric measurements around the main transition in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) from 0 to 100 MPa. The isothermal compressibility data for the two phases are of the same order of magnitude, and the experimentally determined coexistence curve, specific volume dependence, and volume discontinuity values are compared with the predictions of the phenomenological theory according to Sugar and Tarjan (1982) Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. 27, 4–5). Significant discrepancies between this theory and experiment are found. Finally, the data indicate that steric interactions play a more dominant role in the main transition of phospholipid bilayers than in transitions in most thermotropic liquid crystals.
The photoreceptors of the west indian manatee

Using light and electron microscopy we found that the manatee retina has both rodlike and conelike photoreceptors in accord with its diurnal behavior pattern. Outer segment disks in both cell types appear to be enclosed along most of their length within the plasma membrane. The synaptic terminals are simple, with small, superficial postsynaptic contacts. The cones have long inner segments, short, conical outer segments and terminals with numerous synaptic ribbons and deeply embedded postsynaptic elements. There are two cone subclasses that may subserve color vision. Morphometry shows that there are more ganglion cells of small size ventrally, and that the thickness of the nerve fiber layer there is reduced, suggesting the presence of a specialized visual area in the retina. However, there were no pronounced differences in cone cell density in any of the regions examined.
The Role of Gravity in Human Spatial Memory

Research in humans and other animals has shown that different spatial reference systems are used in different spatial tasks and provide the basis for organizing spatial memories. Two groups of 16 subjects each learned the spatial locations of eight different objects surrounding them in the vertical plane while either lying on their sides or their front/back. Their ability to remember the locations was measured in a subsequent test phase. The results showed that subjects were faster and more accurate when they imagined themselves aligned with the vertical axis. Imagined orientations in the horizontal plane led to slower reaction times and less accurate responses, but were markedly better than imagined diagonal orientations. This indicates that humans use the reference direction specified by gravity to structure their spatial memory. Possible implications for the design of spatial displays are discussed.
On the bare pomeron graph in two-dimensional QCD

Abstract We present a detailed study of the bare pomeron graph in two-dimensional QCD in the 1/ N c approximation. The absence of a new singularity unrelated to quark parameters is derived. The “cylinder” graph is shown to induce renormalization of the vertex and intercept associated with quark andti-quark exchange in the vacuum channel.
A Spectrophotometric Method for Quantitative Determination of Bromine Using Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine

A simple spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of bromine is described. The sample containing bromine is first incubated with an excess of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP). One molecule of TCEP is rapidly and irreversibly oxidized to TCEPO (TCEP oxide) by one molecule of bromine. The concentration of residual TCEP is then measured as 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoate produced by reaction with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). This method has a lower detection limit and is more convenient than the standard procedure of bromine assay by reaction with potassium iodide followed by titration of the liberated iodine with thiosulfate.
The synthesis and enzymatic incorporation of sialic acid derivatives for use as tools to study the structure, activity, and inhibition of glycoproteins and other glycoconjugates

Methods have been developed for the enzymatic synthesis of complex carbohydrates and glycoproteins containing in the sialic acid moiety the heavy metal mercury or the transition-state analog phosphonate of the influenza C 9-O-acetyl-neuraminic acid esterase-catalyzed reaction. 5-Acetamido-3, 5-dideoxy-9-methylphosphono-beta-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyra nosidonic acid (1), 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-9-methylphosphono-2-propyl-alpha-D- glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyranosidonic acid triethylammonium salt (2), and 5-acetamido-9-thiomethylmercuric-3, 5,9-trideoxy-beta-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyranosidonic acid (3) were synthesized. Compounds 1 and 2 are proposed transition state inhibitors of an esterase vital for the binding and infection of influenza C. Compound 3 was enzymatically incorporated into an oligosaccharide and a non-natural glycoprotein for use as an aid in the structure determination of these compounds by X-ray crystallography.
The Roots of “Radical Interactionism”

A plea has been made for replacing the perspective of "symbolic interactionism" with a new interactionist's perspective—"radical interactionism." Unlike in symbolic interactionism, where Mead's and Blumer's ideas play the most prominent roles, in radical interactionism's, Park's ideas play a more prominent role than either Mead's or Blumer's ideas. On the one hand, according to Mead, the general principle behind the organization of human group life was once dominance, but it is now "sociality." On the other hand, according to Park, this general principle is now and has always been dominance. Blumer takes a position much closer to Mead's than Park's arguing that the general principle underlying the organization of human group life is sociality. Under certain special conditions, however, it can become dominance. Although like radical interactionism, symbolic interactionism is rooted in pragmatism, unlike in radical interactionism, symbolic interactionism is still plagued with strains of utopian thought, among which the notion of sociality is the most virulent. Sociality may be the principle on which human group life is organized in heaven, but, down here on earth, it remains organized on the basis of domination. Thus, radical interactionism provides a much-needed antidote to the idealistic overtones still found in symbolic interactionism.
An Exploration of the Nature and Rationale of a Systemic Model

A somewhat abstruse model recently formulated by Alonso is introduced and analyzed. The nature and certain structural properties of the model are examined and its general form is identified. The salient feature of the model is its simultaneous and consistent determination of the totals of the endogenous variables and of their constituent parts. The model can be viewed as an integration of substantive (producing–causal) submodels with a structural–formal (distributive) submodel. The integration is based on the dual roles of two endogenous variables both as normalizing factors and as explanatory factors. The last role is justified by the factors' representation of relative (inverse) mean cost of interaction. A statistical-independence postulation is also identified as an underlying statement of the model.
Electrical activity and cytosolic calcium regulate levels of tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels in cultured rat muscle cells.

Abstract Pharmacological blockade of the spontaneous electrical activity present in primary cultures of rat myotubes by growth in bupivacaine, tetrodotoxin, or KCl was found to increase the number of voltage-sensitive Na+ channels 38-83% as measured by the specific binding of [3H]saxitoxin. The inhibition of spontaneous electrical activity and increase in channel density by bupivacaine displayed an identical dose response, with a half-maximal effect at 3.0 microM. Growth of myotubes in the presence of 1 microM A23187, a Ca2+-specific ionophore, resulted in a 30-60% decrease in the number of tetrodotoxin-sensitive channels with no change in affinity for [3H]saxitoxin. A23187 was able to overcome the increase in channel density produced by bupivacaine. These results suggest the presence of a Ca2+-mediated negative feedback system in which electrical excitability may be regulated by altering the number of tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ channels.
Urethral obstruction after anti-incontinence surgery in women: evaluation, methodology, and surgical results.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate a group of women with voiding dysfunction and a low maximum flow rate (MFR) (less than or equal to 12 mL/s) after surgery for stress urinary incontinence (SUI); to establish diagnostic parameters indicating obstruction in an attempt to determine treatment selection; and to evaluate preliminary surgical results. Methods Eighteen women who underwent anti-incontinence surgery for SUI were diagnosed as having infravesical obstruction (IO). Thirteen women (group A [72%]) presented with clinically predominant symptoms of urgency, frequency, intermittency, and a variable vesical residual volume (RV), and five (group B [28%]) had as their most significant symptoms a high vesical RV and urinary tract infections that had been managed with intermittent catheterization (IC). The diagnosis of IO, suspected after clinical history, was established after physical examination and cystoscopic, cystographic and urodynamic investigations. Results Bladder instability was demonstrated in 6 group A patients (46%) and 1 group B patient (20%) ( P = NS). Mean MFRs were 8.07 and 7.2 mL/s, respectively, in both groups ( P = NS). Mean maximal voiding pressures (MVPs) were 20.23 and 5 cm H 2 O, and mean RVs were 57.46 and 174 mL, respectively; both differences were statistically very significant ( P P P = NS). Patients in group A were treated surgically with cystourethrolysis and a repeated, less obstructive anti-incontinence operation. In group B 2 women (40%) had a similar surgical procedure; 1 (20%) underwent isolated urethrolysis; and 2 (40%) are currently maintained with IC. Conclusions Among these 18 patients with voiding dysfunction after anti-incontinence surgery, a primary diagnosis of IO was established clinically. Only patients with a low MFR were selected for this study. Cystographic and endoscopic investigation as well as the presence of a postsurgical cystocele assisted in establishing the diagnosis. The success rate with urethrolysis and resuspension was 60% for the 13 women with predominantly urgency, frequency, and the highest MVPs (20.23 ± 9.67 cm H 2 O [group A]) and 33% for the 5 women with urinary retention presenting the lowest MVPs (5.00 ± 7.07 cm H 2 O [group B]). An added resuspension procedure is probably unnecessary in the latter group of patients and requires careful individual selection in the former group.
Silicon torsional scanning mirror

Conventional batch photolithography and thin film techniques are employed to fabricate an electrostatically driven torsional scanning mirror from single-crystal silicon. This device is extremely simple to make and operate, has operational characteristics comparable to commercial magnetically driven high-frequency scanners, and has exhibited a promising reliability.
Reducing Cognitive Skill Decay and Diagnostic Error: Theory-Based Practices for Continuing Education in Health Care

Missed, delayed, or wrong diagnoses can have a severe impact on patients, providers, and the entire health care system. One mechanism implicated in such diagnostic errors is the deterioration of cognitive diagnostic skills that are used rarely or not at all over a prolonged period of time. Existing evidence regarding maintenance of effective cognitive reasoning skills in the clinical education, organizational training, and human factors literatures suggest that continuing education plays a critical role in mitigating and managing diagnostic skill decay. Recent models also underscore the role of system level factors (eg, cognitive decision support tools, just-in-time training opportunities) in supporting clinical reasoning process. The purpose of this manuscript is to offer a multidisciplinary review of cognitive models of clinical decision making skills in order to provide a list of best practices for supporting continuous improvement and maintenance of cognitive diagnostic processes through continuing education.
The Hegemonic Discourse of Management Texts

Mainstream management texts seek to legitimize a social order in which certain power relationships are naturalized and seen as the logical end of a historical development. Also, the ideological basis of managerialism determines the nature of the managerial discourse in which some interests are privileged whereas others are marginalized. Because they promote a managerial ideology in which sectional interests are passed off as universal, management texts can be seen, at least partly, as instruments of propaganda.
Modulation of nitric oxide-dependent relaxation of pig tracheal smooth muscle by inhibitors of guanylyl cyclase and calcium activated potassium channels.

Abstract Nitric oxide is released from intrinsic nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) nerves of pig tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) in response to electrical field stimulation (EFS). In this study, we investigated the role of guanylyl cyclase in the NANC relaxation by using guanylyl cyclase inhibitors, LY83583 and methylene blue (MB). The role of large conductance calcium-activated potassium (K Ca ) channels in mediating NANC relaxation was studied by using inhibitors of this channel, charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin. In carbachol-contracted TSM strips, LY83583 (10–20 uM) and MB (10–100 uM) resulted in inhibition of EFS-induced relaxations at all frequencies studied. Relaxations induced by exogenous 8-Bromo-cyclic 3′,5−guanosine monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP) were unaffected by LY83583. The concentration-relaxation curves to isoproterenol, which acts by elevating adenosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), and the nitric oxide donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or S-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) were unaffected by LY83583. Both charybdotoxin (240 nM) and iberiotoxin (180 nM) attenuated relaxations induced by EFS and SNAP. The role of guanylyl cyclase activation in the relaxation to EFS of pig TSM is suggested by the sensitivity of the responses to MB. The selective inhibitory effects of LY83583 on relaxation to neurally released, but not to the nitric oxide donors, suggests that it acts by inhibiting nitric oxide release. The lack of any effect of LY83583 on isoproterenol- or guanosine, 3′5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)-mediated relaxation suggests a mechanism that does not involve elevation of cAMP but lies proximal to the generation of cGMP. The susceptibility of the relaxations to EFS and SNAP to charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin suggests a mechanism that involves the selective activation of k Ca , channels in airway smooth muscle cells.
Cell Signaling Regulation of Vertebrate Limb Growth and Patterning

Limb development is a well-coordinated three-dimensional process in which limb-bud outgrowth and patterning along the different axes of development are intimately linked through interactions of the signaling molecules that mediate the function of three key signaling centers. The vertebrate limb develops from a primordial embryonic limb bud, consisting of a homogeneous mesoderm core covered by an ectodermal jacket, and development of the limb bud is an autonomous process controlled by these signaling centers, which are formed through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. The major signaling centers in the limb each direct limb development along one of the three axes: proximodistal (from shoulder to digit tip), anteroposterior (from digit 1, or thumb, to digit 5, or small finger) and dorsoventral (from the dorsum to the palm of the hand) (Table I). View this table: TABLE I Signaling Pathways During Embryogenesis These signaling centers were identified by classic embryological experiments; recent molecular genetic studies in both the mouse and the chick have revealed signaling molecules that mediate the functions of these centers1. Although they only act early in the limb bud, these signaling centers have a profound influence on limb morphology by providing positional cues that determine the shape and spatial organization, as well as the temporal order of formation, of limb structures such as bones and tendons. We will describe several of the known links between the different development axes and give examples of the ways in which genetic mutations or disrupted embryonic development can affect these signaling events and cause longitudinal deficiencies and other malformations in humans and in mouse genetic mutants. The first signaling center to appear is the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), which is a thickened epithelial structure at the distal tip of the limb bud. In human embryos, limb initiation occurs at twenty-six days post coitum; in the mouse, the limb bud …
Expression of the pregnancy-specific β1-glycoprotein gene in cultured human trophoblasts

Human pregnancy-specific β1-glycoprotein (PSβG), the major placental glycoprotein, shares strong sequence similarity with carcinoembryonic antigen and is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. To understand the role of PSβG in placental ontogeny during pregnancy, we examined its synthesis and regulation in primary cultures of trophoblast cells. Freshly plated (12 h) cytotrophoblasts expressed little PSβG transcripts; however, within 24 h of culture, PS/JG mRNAs became detectable. PSβG synthesis and mRNA expression increased with time in culture, and maximal synthesis was achieved at 4 days, indicating that primary trophoblasts continue differentiating in vitro. Molecular cloning revealed that PSβG is an extremely polymorphic protein. Most PSβG cDNAs identified to date, including the three cDNAs (PSG16, PSG93, and PSG95) isolated in this laboratory, share strong sequence similarity in the 5′ (designated PSG-5′) and coding regions, but differ in sequences at the 3′ region. The PSG-5′, PSG93-specific, P...
The Incidence of Trigger Digit After Carpal Tunnel Release in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients

Purpose To determine whether patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at greater risk for developing postoperative trigger digits (TD) after carpal tunnel release (CTR) compared with patients without diabetes. Methods A retrospective review of our electronic medical records identified all patients who had undergone CTR by a single hand fellowship–trained surgeon from September 2007 through May 2012. For patients with DM, additional information regarding method of disease control and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level was recorded. We recorded HbA1c levels 3 months before and 3 months after CTR. The location and time to development of postoperative, new-onset TD were recorded for each case. Statistical testing included chi-square or Student t test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Of the 1,217 CTRs, 214 had DM. Of the 1,003 CTRs in cases without DM, 3% developed TD within 6 months of CTR and 4% within 1 year of CTR, compared with 8% and 10%, respectively, for diabetic cases. A multivariate regression analysis revealed DM as a significant risk factor for developing TD after CTR at 6 and 12 months. We found no significant association between HbA1c level at the time of CTR and the likelihood of developing TD. Conclusions The incidence of TD after CTR was higher in the diabetic population compared with a nondiabetic cohort. The presence of DM rather than its severity was the most important factor for developing TD. Preoperative counseling for patients with DM undergoing CTR may alert them to the possibility of developing TD. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic IV.
Growth in Rapid Automatized Naming From Grades K to 8 in Children with Math or Reading Disabilities

Rapid automatized naming (RAN) is widely used to identify reading disabilities (RD) and has recently been considered a potential predictor of risk for mathematics learning disabilities (MLD). Here we longitudinally examine RAN performance from Grades K to 8, to view how growth on RAN response time differs for children with RD versus MLD. Across all participants, there was significant stability of RAN performance for all three subtests. For all three subtests, there was significant between-child variability in response times (RTs) at kindergarten and Grade 8; for select combinations of subtests, there was also between-child variability in difference scores over time. Relative to typically achieving peers, children with MLD or RD were slower on all three subtests at kindergarten, but these deficits were most pronounced for children with MLD versus RD at kindergarten and more persistent through Grade 8 for children with RD. RAN numbers and letters performance was closely related in the RD group, more so than in the MLD group, despite deficits on both subtests across groups. Our findings indicate that empirically guided modifications of RAN are needed for extending its use for evaluating risk for MLD.
The return to the sacred path: Healing the historical trauma and historical unresolved grief response among the lakota through a psychoeducational group intervention

Abstract This article, based on research conducted with Lakota human service providers, concludes that the Lakota (Teton Sioux) suffer from impaired grief of an enduring and pervasive quality. Impaired grief results from massive cumulative trauma associated with such cataclysmic events as the assassination of Sitting Bull, the Wounded Knee Massacre, and the forced removal of Lakota children to boarding schools. The research studied a culturally syntonic four‐day psychoeducational intervention designed to initiate a grief resolution process for a group of 45 Lakota human service providers. The methodology included assessment at three intervals: (a)apre‐ and post‐test, utilizing a Lakota Grief Experience Questionnaire andthe semantic differential, (b) a self report evaluation instrument at the end of the intervention, and (c) a six‐week follow‐up questionnaire. The results confirmed the hypotheses that: (a) education about historical trauma would lead to increased awareness of the impact and associated grie...
Spatial-Temporal DFT projection for wideband array processing

A new approach for high-resolution direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of coherent wideband signals is proposed. The approach is based on the projection of the two-dimensional spatial-temporal DFT of the received signal. The projections are used to construct narrowband covariance matrices having the same signal subspace which are then combined to yield the array covariance matrix. The array covariance can then be used by any signal-subspace eigendecomposition algorithm. The proposed approach does not require any preliminary estimates of DOAs and is not restricted to particular source models. >
Acetolactate Synthase from Bacillus subtilis Serves as a 2-Ketoisovalerate Decarboxylase for Isobutanol Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

A pathway toward isobutanol production previously constructed in Escherichia coli involves 2-ketoacid decarboxylase (Kdc) from Lactococcus lactis that decarboxylates 2-ketoisovalerate (KIV) to isobutyraldehyde. Here, we showed that a strain lacking Kdc is still capable of producing isobutanol. We found that acetolactate synthase from Bacillus subtilis (AlsS), which originally catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of pyruvate to form 2-acetolactate, is able to catalyze the decarboxylation of KIV like Kdc both in vivo and in vitro. Mutational studies revealed that the replacement of Q487 with amino acids with small side chains (Ala, Ser, and Gly) diminished only the decarboxylase activity but maintained the synthase activity.
The pseudophosphatase MK-STYX interacts with G3BP and decreases stress granule formation

MK-STYX [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) phospho-serine/threonine/tyrosine-binding protein] is a pseudophosphatase member of the dual-specificity phosphatase subfamily of the PTPs (protein tyrosine phosphatases). MK-STYX is catalytically inactive due to the absence of two amino acids from the signature motif that are essential for phosphatase activity. The nucleophilic cysteine residue and the adjacent histidine residue, which are conserved in all active dual-specificity phosphatases, are replaced by serine and phenylalanine residues respectively in MK-STYX. Mutations to introduce histidine and cysteine residues into the active site of MK-STYX generated an active phosphatase. Using MS, we identified G3BP1 [Ras-GAP (GTPase-activating protein) SH3 (Src homology 3) domain-binding protein-1], a regulator of Ras signalling, as a binding partner of MK-STYX. We observed that G3BP1 bound to native MK-STYX; however, binding to the mutant catalytically active form of MK-STYX was dramatically reduced. G3BP1 is also an RNA-binding protein with endoribonuclease activity that is recruited to ‘stress granules’ after stress stimuli. Stress granules are large subcellular structures that serve as sites of mRNA sorting, in which untranslated mRNAs accumulate. We have shown that expression of MK-STYX inhibited stress granule formation induced either by aresenite or expression of G3BP itself; however, the catalytically active mutant MK-STYX was impaired in its ability to inhibit G3BP-induced stress granule assembly. These results reveal a novel facet of the function of a member of the PTP family, illustrating a role for MK-STYX in regulating the ability of G3BP1 to integrate changes in growth-factor stimulation and environmental stress with the regulation of protein synthesis.
Cobalt and Nickel for Improved Aluminum-Indium Tin Oxide Contact Metallurgy in Polysilicon TFT Display Applications

Among the issues associated with the fabrication of polysilicon thin film transistor (TFT) active matrix displays is the contact resistance between indium tin oxide (ITO) pixel electrodes and the aluminum data lines. We have investigated the use of Co and Ni for use as barrier layers between the Al and ITO in order to provide good ohmic contacts. For comparison, a titanium barrier layer has also been used and measured. A thin, 10 nm Co layer sufficed to provide good ohmic contacts in an ITO-Co-Al stack, while a thicker layer was required in the case of Ni in order to form a similar good ohmic contact. The contacts have been characterized using resistance measurements in conjunction with X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) in order to correlate the electrical results with the physical metallurgy of the contacts.
A FRET-based Fluorogenic Phosphine for Live Cell Imaging with the Staudinger Ligation

Fluorescent labeling is a central tool for studying localization, trafficking, and expression levels of biomolecules in live cells. Biologists routinely rely on this information to assist in the study of cellular processes. While fluorescent fusion proteins and other genetically encoded tags have been used to image specific proteins in live cells,[1] there has been a lack of analogous labeling techniques available for imaging biomolecules not directly encoded by the genome, including glycans, lipids and other metabolites. As a result, a lag in cell-based studies of these molecules has occurred despite their documented importance in many essential biological processes.[2]
Femoropopliteal artery centerline interpolation using contralateral shape.

Curved planar reformation allows comprehensive visualization of arterial flow channels, providing information about calcified and noncalcified plaques and degrees of stenoses. Existing semiautomated centerline-extraction algorithms for curved planar reformation generation fail in severely diseased and occluded arteries. We explored whether contralateral shape information could be used to reconstruct centerlines through femoropopliteal occlusions. We obtained CT angiography data sets of 29 subjects (16m/13f, 19–86yo) without peripheral arterial occlusive disease and five consecutive subjects (1m/4f, 54–85yo) with unilateral femoropopliteal arterial occlusions. A gradient-based method was used to extract the femoropopliteal centerlines in nondiseased segments. Centerlines of the five occluded segments were manually determined by four experts, two times each. We interpolated missing centerlines in 2475 simulated occlusions of various occlusion lengths in nondiseased subjects. We used different curve registration methods (reflection, similarity, affine, and global polynomial) to align the nonoccluded segments, matched the end points of the occluded segments to the corresponding patent end points, and recorded maximum Euclidean distances to the known centerlines. We also compared our algorithm to an existing knowledge-based PCA interpolation algorithm using the nondiseased subjects. In the five subjects with real femoropopliteal occlusions, we measured the maximum Euclidean distance and the percentage of the interpolation that remained within a typical 3 mm radius vessel. In the nondiseased subjects, we found that the rigid registration methods were not significantly ( p 0.750 ) different among themselves but were more accurate than the nonrigid methods ( p 0.001 ) . In simulations using nondiseased subjects, our method produced centerlines that stayed within 3 mm of a semiautomatically tracked centerline in occlusions up to 100 mm in length; however, the PCA method was significantly more accurate for all occlusions lengths. In the actual clinical cases, we found the following [occlusion length (mm):error (mm)]: 16.5 : 0.775 , 42.0 : 1.54 , 79.9 : 1.82 , 145 : 3.23 , and 292 : 6.13 , which were almost always more accurate than the PCA algorithm. We conclude that the use of contralateral shape information, when available, is a promising method for the interpolation of centerlines through arterial occlusions.