cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phonons in Bravais Lattices

This work establishes some exact results in lattice dynamics. For arbitrary temperatures, an elastic sum rule is derived which expresses the minus-first moment of the displacement correlation function with respect to the frequency in terms of the isothermal elastic constants, and yields the asymptotic form of the structure factor of the lattice for small wave numbers. It is shown that at zero temperature the low-lying excitations of the crystal are sound waves, the velocity of which can be expressed by the second derivatives of the ground-state energy with respect to homogeneous deformations. This implies that the specific heat in the limit of temperatures tending to zero follows a Debye law of the same form as for a gas of noninteracting phonons. These results are derived for an ideal Bravais lattice by taking into account the entire anharmonicity of the dynamics. As a mathematical tool, a diagram technique is developed which avoids the concept of the harmonic approximation as a zeroth-order step.
Information and opinions about behavior modification.

Abstract Previous research has suggested that the general population views behavior modification as an “appropriate” therapy for certain problems but it has not assured that these attitudes are based on an accurate conceptualization of behavior modification. In the present investigation, students and non-psychology faculty were assessed regarding their knowledge about and their attitudes toward several aspects of behavior modification. Attitudes toward behavior modification generally were favorable. Although greater knowledge as measured by a very simple task was associated with more favorable attitudes toward behavior modification, the overall level of information was very low. The significance of positive attitudes based on distorted information was discussed and concerns for behavioral clinicians were highlighted.
Contribution of Intravascular Receptors to the Renal Responses Following Intravascular Volume Expansion

The renal responses to acute isotonic, isooncotic intravascular volume expansion have been studied in the normal dog, the vagotomized dog, and the dog with carotid sinus denervation. It was observed that either vagotomy or carotid sinus denervation attenuates significantly the diuretic response to intravascular volume expansion without influencing significantly the natriuretic response. The results indicated that carotid sinus receptors and receptors which have afferent fibers in the vagus nerves contribute substantially to the control of plasma volume by a mechanism which influences free water excretion. The receptors of the low pressure system probably play a primary role under conditions of hypervolemia while receptors of the high pressure system appear to play a primary role under conditions of hypovolemia.
Dog Thyroid Cells in Monolayer Tissue Culture: Adenosine 3', 5'-Cyclic Monophosphate Response to Thyrotropic Hormone

A simple, rapid, and efficient method isdescribed for establishing dog thyroid cells in tissue culture. Thyroid cell yield from a small amount of tissue (1 g) is high and viability is excellent. The adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) response to thyrotropin (TSH) was investigated in these thyroid cells. Peak cAMP values were achieved after 10-15 min of TSH stimulation (in the presence of 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-l-methyl-xanthine, MIX), with a subsequent decline to about half the maximal value after approximately 4 hours. This decline in cAMP concentration was associated with the development of refractoriness to TSH stimulation. Half-maximal stimulation of thyroid cell cAMP content was observed at a TSH concentration of between 1 and 2 mU/ml. Maximal cAMP values achieved were approximately 30-fold greater than basal values in the presence of MIX. The threshold of sensitivity of the cAMP response to TSH was very low, with significant stimulation being observed at a TSH concentration of 5-10 /xU/ml. As de...
Use of Risk Analysis Methods in the LNG Industry

This paper examines the use of probabilistic risk analysis methods in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry and summarizes some ongoing work being conducted at Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) using risk analysis techniques to assess LNG facility release prevention systems.
Hyperfine Structure of Zeeman Levels in Nitric Oxide

This paper contains a calculation of the energy arising from the magnetic interaction of the extranuclear electrons with the magnetic moment of the nitrogen nucleus in ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$. An operator is derived for the interaction, which is more fundamental than the one, proportional to I\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}J, which is commonly used. This operator is employed, together with previously calculated state functions, to compute the hyperfine structure of the $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state of ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$. The formula which results from this procedure accounts for the experimental data, which cannot be explained completely if the interaction operator is taken to be proportional to I\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}J.
Randomized-controlled trial of a telephone and mail intervention for alcohol use disorders: three-month drinking outcomes.

Background: Alcohol screening, brief intervention, and referral to specialized treatment (ASBIR) reduce drinking and related harms. Unanswered questions are how to manage nondependent patients with poor response to brief interventions, how to manage dependent patients who do not obtain treatment, and how to ensure population-wide delivery of ASBIR. Telephone-administered counseling may provide answers. Methods: We conducted a 12-month randomized controlled trial of a telephone and mail intervention for non-treatment–seeking primary care patients with alcohol use disorders. We enrolled 897 subjects after systematic screening in 18 primary care clinic waiting rooms in and around Madison and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and subsequent telephone-administered diagnostic interviews. Experimental subjects received up to six sessions of protocol-driven telephone counseling based on principles of motivational interviewing and stages of readiness to change. Control subjects received a pamphlet on healthy lifestyles. The paper reports on 3-month drinking outcomes for men and women with alcohol abuse and dependence. Results: Male experimental subjects (N=199) manifested a 30.6% decline in risky drinking days, compared with a 8.3% decline in controls (N=201, p<0.001). The total consumption declined by 17.3% compared with 12.9% by controls (p=0.001). Female experimental subjects (N=246) manifested a 17.2% decrease in risky drinking days compared with an 11.5% decrease by controls (N=251; p=NS) and a 13.9% decline in total consumption compared with 11.0% by controls (p=NS). Greater numbers of telephone counseling sessions were associated with greater declines in drinking. Conclusion: Following systematic screening, a six-session telephone and mail intervention is more effective than a pamphlet in reducing drinking at 3 months for non-treatment–seeking men with alcohol abuse and dependence. An intervention effect of the enrollment procedures may have obscured further intervention effectiveness. Telephone counseling shows promise for non-treatment–seeking primary care patients with alcohol use disorders.
What Keeps Writing Alive in Our Classrooms

Experimentation in writing and reading were highly valued by the teachers and students in the classrooms in this article. To not know how to do something is the behavioral norm in these classrooms. The teachers set aside daily time for the students to learn to read from books of their choice and to write on topics of their choice. When the teachers and students discuss their reading and writing, the diversity of their voices shows the value they place on individual differences. Self‐evaluation becomes a skill students use to assess their progress and to set goals for their continued growth.
Analysis of a combustion instability problem using the technique of multiple scales

References 1 Cowper, G. R., Lindberg, G. M., and Olson, M. D., "A Shallow Shell Finite Element of Triangular Shape/' International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 6, Aug. 1970, pp. 1133-1156. 2 Eringen, A. C., Naghdi, A. K, and Thiel, C. C., "State of Stress in a Circular Cylindrical Shell with a Circular Hole/ Welding Research Council Bulletin 102, Jan., 1965, Welding Research Council, New York. 3 Johnson, D. E., "A Difference-Based Variational Method for Shells/' International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 6, 1970, pp.699-724. 4 Lindberg, G. M. and Olson, M. D., "A High Precision Triangular Cylindrical Shell Finite Element," Memo. ST-127, July, 1970, National Aeronautical Establishment Structures and Materials Lab., Ottawa, Canada. 5 Bogner, F. K., Fox, R. L., and Schmit, L. A., "A Cylindrical Shell Discrete Element," AIAA Journal, Vol. 5, 1967, pp. 745750. 6 Key, S. W. and Beisinger, Z. E., "The Analysis of Thin Shells with Transverse Shear Strains by the Finite Element Method," AFFDL-TR-68-150, Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Matrix Methods in Structural Mechanics, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, Oct. 1968.
13.4: Development of a Manufacturing Process for a Thin, Lightweight LCD Cell

Thin and lightweight liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are strongly required, especially for portable PC products. In order to achieve this, we developed a new manufacturing process that reduces the cell thickness to 1.0 mm for 13′ TFT LCD products. This paper describes the initial case study for process development and the new process, which realizes slim cells of 1.0 mm-thickness by reducing the thickness of the glass substrates of the array and color filter to 0.5mm each in the cell process.
High-throughput fluorometric measurement of potential soil extracellular enzyme activities.

Microbes in soils and other environments produce extracellular enzymes to depolymerize and hydrolyze organic macromolecules so that they can be assimilated for energy and nutrients. Measuring soil microbial enzyme activity is crucial in understanding soil ecosystem functional dynamics. The general concept of the fluorescence enzyme assay is that synthetic C-, N-, or P-rich substrates bound with a fluorescent dye are added to soil samples. When intact, the labeled substrates do not fluoresce. Enzyme activity is measured as the increase in fluorescence as the fluorescent dyes are cleaved from their substrates, which allows them to fluoresce. Enzyme measurements can be expressed in units of molarity or activity. To perform this assay, soil slurries are prepared by combining soil with a pH buffer. The pH buffer (typically a 50 mM sodium acetate or 50 mM Tris buffer), is chosen for the buffer's particular acid dissociation constant (pKa) to best match the soil sample pH. The soil slurries are inoculated with a nonlimiting amount of fluorescently labeled (i.e. C-, N-, or P-rich) substrate. Using soil slurries in the assay serves to minimize limitations on enzyme and substrate diffusion. Therefore, this assay controls for differences in substrate limitation, diffusion rates, and soil pH conditions; thus detecting potential enzyme activity rates as a function of the difference in enzyme concentrations (per sample). Fluorescence enzyme assays are typically more sensitive than spectrophotometric (i.e. colorimetric) assays, but can suffer from interference caused by impurities and the instability of many fluorescent compounds when exposed to light; so caution is required when handling fluorescent substrates. Likewise, this method only assesses potential enzyme activities under laboratory conditions when substrates are not limiting. Caution should be used when interpreting the data representing cross-site comparisons with differing temperatures or soil types, as in situ soil type and temperature can influence enzyme kinetics.
Targeting of Pseudorabies Virus Structural Proteins to Axons Requires Association of the Viral Us9 Protein with Lipid Rafts

The pseudorabies virus (PRV) Us9 protein plays a central role in targeting viral capsids and glycoproteins to axons of dissociated sympathetic neurons. As a result, Us9 null mutants are defective in anterograde transmission of infection in vivo. However, it is unclear how Us9 promotes axonal sorting of so many viral proteins. It is known that the glycoproteins gB, gC, gD and gE are associated with lipid raft microdomains on the surface of infected swine kidney cells and monocytes, and are directed into the axon in a Us9-dependent manner. In this report, we determined that Us9 is associated with lipid rafts, and that this association is critical to Us9-mediated sorting of viral structural proteins. We used infected non-polarized and polarized PC12 cells, a rat pheochromocytoma cell line that acquires many of the characteristics of sympathetic neurons in the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF). In these cells, Us9 is highly enriched in detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs). Moreover, reducing the affinity of Us9 for lipid rafts inhibited anterograde transmission of infection from sympathetic neurons to epithelial cells in vitro. We conclude that association of Us9 with lipid rafts is key for efficient targeting of structural proteins to axons and, as a consequence, for directional spread of PRV from pre-synaptic to post-synaptic neurons and cells of the mammalian nervous system.
A scattering matrix approach to device simulation

Abstract A new approach for simulating carrier transport in semiconductor devices is proposed and demonstrated. The approach begins by dividing a device into a number of small elements and defining scattering matrices, which relate the fluxes incident upon each element to the emerging fluxes. By cascading the scattering matrices for each element, carrier transport through the entire device is simulated. When the scattering matrices are computed by solving the Boltzmann equation, low-, high- and nonstationary transport effects can be simulated, but the scattering matrix may also be computed from a wave perspective to treat quantum interference effects within a slab. The ability of this new approach to treat sophisticated transport effects in modern devices is demonstrated by simulating high-field transport in bulk silicon and nonstationary transport in a submicron silicon structure.
A METHOD TO CHARACTERIZE MATERIALS TO BE USED ON OLEOPHILIC SKIMMERS1

ABSTRACT A significant amount of effort is being devoted by scientists and industry in order to increase the efficiency of oil spill recovery equipment as it determines the impact of oil spills on ...
Fludarabine-Melphalan Conditioning for AML and MDS: Alemtuzumab Reduces Acute and Chronic GVHD without Affecting Long-Term Outcomes

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of alemtuzumab on treatment-related mortality (TRM), relapse, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DSF) in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) undergoing reduced intensity conditioning (RIC). We compared the outcome of 95 patients treated at the University of Chicago with fludarabine melphalan (Flu + Mel) + alemtuzumab conditioning and 59 patients treated at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center with Flu + Mel conditioning. Both groups had similar patient and donor characteristics. There were no significant differences in TRM, relapse, survival, and DFS between the 2 groups. The incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) grade II-IV (relative risk [RR] 5.5, P
Rapid qualitative analysis of phthalates added to food and nutraceutical products by direct analysis in real time/orbitrap mass spectrometry

Abstract A recent food safety issue involves the contamination of a broad range of food and nutraceutical products from Taiwan with industrial plasticizers. Among the suspected contaminants are selected phthalic acid esters, such as benzyl butyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, and diisodecyl phthalate. Described in this study is an analytical method to rapidly qualitatively analyze these compounds in a wide variety of food and nutraceutical matrices suspected in this crisis. The method utilizes direct analysis in real time (DART) ionization coupled to a Thermo Exactive orbitrap mass spectrometer. The method is shown to be capable of detecting these compounds at levels greater than 1.0 μg/mL in all food products examined and 0.5 μg/mL in most of the samples tested. In the nutraceutical samples tested, the compounds were detected at levels of 50 μg/g for all samples with some detected as low as 1.0 μg/g.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of the Sites of DNA Interstrand Cross-Link

Formation of DNA interstrand cross-link is implicated in the mechanism of anticancer activity of some drugs. Here we examined the fragmentation of deprotonated ions of double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) that are covalently held together with either a mitomycin C or a 4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen. Our results showed that, upon collisional activation, the covalently-bound duplex ODNs cleaved to give a series of wn and [an — base] ions; the sites of interstrand cross-linking could be determined from the mass shifts of some product ions. In addition, compared with the product-ion spectra acquired on an ion trap, those obtained from sustained off-resonance irradiation-collisionally activated dissociation (SORI-CAD) on a Fourier transform mass spectrometer offered high mass-resolving power, which facilitated unambiguous assignment of product ions and made it an effective method for locating the cross-linking sites.
Stability in Variable-Pitch Milling Regarding Regenerative Chatter

The regenerative chatter in milling process is studied for two different variable-pitch cutters one with (a) four flutes and the other with (b) six flutes. The cutting dynamics of the process is evaluated from stability perspective. Mathematically, the problem is recognized in a general class of delay differential equations (DDE) with multiple delays, whose stability can be analyzed by a recent stability analysis methodology called the Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots, CTCR. This method proves to be very beneficial to surface two critical aspects of the process, which maintain chatter-free cutting: (i) the pitch angle geometry of the cutting tool and (ii) admissible cutting conditions to determine the depth-of-cut and the spindle speeds. Case studies are provided to demonstrate the capabilities.© 2006 ASME
Ordovician metre-scale cycles: implications for climate and eustatic fluctuations in the central Appalachians during a global greenhouse, non-glacial to glacial transition

Abstract Metre-scale shallowing-upward cycles in Ordovician carbonates of the central Appalachian Basin record climate and eustatic fluctuations during a transition from Early Ordovician global greenhouse to Late Ordovician icehouse conditions. Peritidal facies and shale abundance suggest a long-term trend in this area from semi-arid (Early Ordovician) to more humid (Middle to early Late Ordovician) conditions, with a return to semi-arid conditions during the Late Ordovician. The climatic fluctuations were most likely produced by tectonics (uplift and erosion) related to Taconic orogenesis, plate motion of North America and the areal extent of water covering the shelf. Peritidal cyclic facies indicate that high-frequency relative sea level fluctuations were of small amplitude ( 20 m) relative sea-level fluctuations that decreased into the later Ordovician. If these sea-level changes are eustatic, then the increased amplitude may mark the early initiation of continental glaciation on Gondwana in the late Middle Ordovician, followed by waning of ice sheets prior to the latest Ordovician glaciation.
Antigonadal effects of prolactin in female Anolis carolinensis.

Abstract The effects of prolactin on the reproductive organs of female Anolis carolinensis were studied. Injections of ovine prolactin depressed oviducal weights in vitellogenic but had no effect in sexually quiescent animals. Prolactin treatment also had no influence on the ability of exogenous estradiol to stimulate oviducal growth in lizards of either reproductive status. The ability of ovine FSH to stimulate growth of the ovaries and oviducts was depressed when prolactin was administered concurrently, but only in vitellogenic lizards. The reductions in ovarian weight noted were characterized by a diminished size of ovarian follicles and number of follicles possessing yolk granules, and was accompanied by a reduction in ovarian steroid dehydrogenase activity. These changes were most pronounced in the second and third largest follicles and were less pronounced in the largest follicle of the ovary. The results suggest that prolactin acts on the ovary by suppressing the growth and steroid biosynthesis of smaller ovarian follicles.
Screening for cervical cancer in HIV-infected women receiving care in the United States.

Objective We examined the sociodemographic, clinical and provider factors associated with screening for cervical cancer among HIV-infected women. Methods We studied a national sample representing 43,490 women receiving treatment of HIV infection who completed first follow-up surveys of the HIV Cost and Service Utilization Study (HCSUS). All women were asked, "In the past 12 months, have you had a Pap test?" Women reporting an abnormal Pap test result were asked whether they had been told antibiotics could cure abnormal cells, and whether they were scheduled for another Pap test or for a colposcopy within 3 months. Results Of the population represented, 81% had had a Pap test in the past 12 months. Women who reported having a gynecologist and primary care physician at the same clinical site were almost twice as likely (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-3.0) as other women to report Pap testing. Among women who reported abnormal Pap test results and were not told antibiotics could cure abnormal cells, 95% were scheduled for a repeat Pap test or colposcopy, but 15% of the women had not received their repeat Pap test or colposcopy. Conclusion Although Pap test rates and appropriate referral for abnormal findings were high among HIV-tested women, many women with initially abnormal Pap test results did not actually receive follow-up Pap testing or colposcopy. Providing gynecologic care at the same site as primary HIV care would likely improve delivery of needed gynecologic care for women.
Insulin resistance, inflammation, and cognition in Alzheimer's Disease: Lessons for multiple sclerosis

Insulin resistance (reduced ability of insulin to stimulate glucose utilization) is common in North American and Europe, where as many as one third of all older adults suffer from prodromal or clinical type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has long been known that insulin-resistant conditions adversely affect general health status. A growing body of findings suggests that insulin contributes to normal brain functioning and that peripheral insulin abnormalities increase the risk for memory loss and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Potential mechanisms for these effects include insulin's role in cerebral glucose metabolism, peptide regulation, modulation of neurotransmitter levels, and modulation of many aspects of the inflammatory network. An intriguing question is whether insulin abnormalities also influence the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disorder characterized by elevated inflammatory biomarkers, central nervous system white matter lesions, axonal degeneration, and cognitive impairment. MS increases the risk for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, the lack of association between MS and type 2 diabetes may suggest that insulin resistance affects patients with MS and the general population at the same alarming rate. Therefore, insulin resistance may exacerbate phenomena that are common to MS and insulin-resistant conditions, such as cognitive impairments and elevated inflammatory responses. Interestingly, the thiazolidinediones, which are used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes, have been proposed as potential therapeutic agents for both Alzheimer's disease and MS. The agents improve insulin sensitivity, reduce hyperinsulinemia, and exert anti-inflammatory actions. Ongoing studies will determine whether thiazolidinediones improve cognitive functioning for patients with type 2 diabetes or Alzheimer's disease. Future studies are needed to examine the effects of thiazolidinediones on patients with MS.
Effects of temperature on the structures of silicate liquids: 29Si NMR results

Abstract The effect of temperature on the structures of three silicate liquids has been studied by 29Si NMR spectroscopy on glass samples prepared with different glass transition temperatures. The compositions studied are (Na2O).34(SiO2).66 and (CaO).10(Na2O).15(SiO2).75 and (CaO).25(MgO).25(SiO2).50. In the first two, the abundance of SiO4 tetrahedra with four bridging oxygens ( Q 4 ) increases significantly with temperature. This change results from the disproportionation reaction 2Q 3 a i Q 2 + Q 4 ( Q n is a SiO4 tetrahedron with n bridging oxygens), with the observed increase in disproportionation at higher temperatures implying increased randomization of the anionic structure. In the (Na2O).34(SiO2).66 composition, the temperature dependence of Q 4 abundance enables us to estimate ΔH 0 for this reaction to be 30 ± 15 kJ per mole of Si. Although this reaction thus makes only a minor contribution to the conngurational heat capacity of each liquid, it probably has a major influence on the thermodynamic activity of SiO2. Widening of the (CaO).25(MgO).25(SiO2).50 spectral peak with increasing temperature likewise implies increasing randomization of the anionic structure, although specific structural contributions to this widening are not identified. Models of melt structures at liquidus temperatures will be limited in accuracy if they assume that the speciation observed in glasses is unaffected by temperature change.
Abstract A69: Activation of PI3K p110α by minocycline leads to cell dysfunction and cell death in 9L glioma

Minocycline is an FDA‐approved tetracycline derivative and non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drug. It has remarkable neuroprotective effect on different acute and chronic neurological diseases by inhibiting mitochondrial cytochrome c release (1). Several clinical trials of minocycline in neurodegeneration are ongoing. However, minocycline also has apoptosis‐inducing effect in vitro and in vivo . Local delivery of minocycline in mice with intracranial 9L gliosarcoma at the time of tumor implantation resulted in 100% survival in contrast to untreated mice that died within 21 days (2). The detailed mechanism of apoptosis‐inducing effect of minocycline in 9L glioma cells is not clear. We checked the effect of minocycline on 9L glioma cells under different conditions. Our experiments showed that in the presence of serum, minocycline at 50 µM induces aberrant vesicle trafficking with large membrane vesicles localized at the cell edge. And prolonged incubation of minocycline leads to cell rounding, detachment and eventually cell death after 72 hours. Minocycline also inhibits the 9L glioma cell migration by wound‐healing assay. To our surprise, broad phosphoinositide 3‐kinases (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 can efficiently rescue the glioma cell dysfunction and cell death induced by minocycline. And protein level of caspase‐8 and p85α regulatory subunit of PI3K was significantly up‐regulated by minocycline. Caspase‐8 also has non‐apoptotic function involved in periphery localization of early endosome mediated by Rab5 (3). In addition, minocycline treatment leads to up‐regulation of phospho‐Akt level (ser473), but down‐regulation of total Akt protein level. We further confirmed that selective PI3K p110α inhibitor PIK‐75 (4) at 50 nM concentration, but not other PI3K isoform inhibitors used (TGX‐221 for p110β and Furanyl‐thiazolidinedione for p110γ), can rescue the glioma cell dysfunction and cell death, similar as LY294002. The Western blot results showed that PIK‐75 restores the normal level of caspase‐8, p85α regulatory subunit and total Akt protein level in cells treated with minocycline. The up‐regulation of phospho‐Akt (ser473) by minocycline treatment is also inhibited by PIK‐75. Our results showed that PI3Kα activation is required for glioma cell dysfunction and cell death induced by minocycline. PI3K p110α belongs to Class I PI3K, an important kinase family for survival signaling (5). To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of PI3Kα serving as a death kinase. The result here raises the concerns to the development of PI3K inhibitors for cancer treatment. As minocycline has dual‐role in apoptosis, dissecting the apoptosis‐inducing and apoptosis‐inhibitory effects of minocycline will pave the way for further drug development for the treatment of devastating diseases including neurodegeneration and malignant glioma, respectively. Note: Supported by Brain Science Foundation; Special thanks to Dr. Robert Friedlander and Neuroapoptosis Lab. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):A69.
He-jet on-line ion source of the unisor mass separator

Abstract A new He-jet-capillary-skimmer-ion source system was connected to the UNISOR mass separator. On-line measurements were carried out using reaction recoils from 12 C and 14 N beams incident on targets of 142 Nd, 141 Pr and natural Ag. Absolute efficiencies were measured for the He-jet-capillary system only, the He-jet-capillary plus skimmers and also for the total on-line system. Collections in the focal plane of the separator under optimal conditions gave an overall efficiency of 0.7% for 115 Te and 114,115 Sb. A total efficiency of ≈ 0.1% was measured for 150,151 Dy. The influence of various parameters on the system performance was investigated. These parameters were (1) additives to the helium, (2) cooling of the skimmers, (3) a + 50 kV potential between the reaction and collection chambers, (4) two different geometries for a hollow cathode ion source, and (5) two different diameters of the transport capillary.
A statistical model for the evaluation of barrier contraceptive efficacy.

This paper describes an approach for the analysis of barrier contraceptive efficacy trials that accounts for timing frequency of intercourse and compliance. We allow exposure variables to vary for each act of intercourse and we control for timing of each act through a specific parametric function of the day of the act relative to the last day of the follicular phase of the cycle. The model can be used to examine the level of protection provided by a barrier versus no contraceptive method even when no control group of non-users is studied, as long as there are acts with no barrier use during the fertile window. We present results of a simulation study which examines performance of estimators and power under a variety of scenarios, including situations where an accurate benchmark for ovulation day is not available. As compared to the survival analysis approach commonly used in this setting, simulation results show that the new approach yields considerable gains in power to detect differences between the efficacy of contraceptive methods. An application to data from the FemCap® versus diaphragm trial show results consistent with previous findings suggesting superiority of the diaphragm but also provides new evidence of the per act protection provided by both methods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apparent directional scanning for DNA repair.

Recently it was observed that the DNA repair protein human O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase repairs lesions at the 5′ ends of 70-nucleotide single-stranded DNA roughly threefold more frequently than lesions at the 3′ ends. Here, we introduce a coarse-grained model to show how a local asymmetry in binding kinetics (rather than thermodynamics) together with irreversible alkyl transfer can give rise to this apparent bias in sequence scanning. Exploration of the parameter space provides quantitative relationships that can be used to validate the proposed mechanism by gel-based assays.
Utilization of frequency domain optical coherence tomography and fractional flow reserve to assess intermediate coronary artery stenoses: conciliating anatomic and physiologic information

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) and intravascular imaging respectively provide hemodynamic and anatomical assessments of angiographic intermediate stenoses. Frequency domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) is a promising high-resolution imaging modality, but its clinical use in determining severity of coronary disease has yet to be determined. There, we set out to determine the role of FD-OCT to complement FFR in the evaluation of intermediate coronary artery stenoses. FD-OCT was planned in 176 consecutive interventional procedures at our institution to delineate the proper use of FD-OCT in clinical practice. The decision to use other invasive assessments was at the discretion of the operator. This report describes an early series of the 14 patients who underwent FFR of 18 target stenoses in addition to FD-OCT. FD-OCT was successfully performed without complications in all cases. Fractional flow reserve was 0.80. FD-OCT was also valuable to guide PCI strategy in tandem lesions with an FFR < 0.80. This initial experience with FD-OCT suggests a potential complementary role of physiological and anatomical assessment to guide decision making in complex clinical scenarios. Future investigations are warranted to validate these findings and define the role of FD-OCT in assessing intermediate lesions.
Senate confirms Peck appointment

The U.S. Senate confirmed on September 18 the appointment of Dallas L. Peck as director of the U.S. Geological Survey. Peck, chief geologist at the USGS since 1977, is a Fellow of AGU and a recent past president of AGU's Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology section.
Site-specific incorporation of biotinylated amino acids to identify surface-exposed residues in integral membrane proteins

Abstract Background: A key structural issue for all integral membrane proteins is the exposure of individual residues to the intracellular or extracellular media. This issue involves the basic transmembrane topology as well as more subtle variations in surface accessibility. Direct methods to evaluate the degree of exposure for residues in functional proteins expressed in living cells would be highly valuable. We sought to develop a new experimental method to determine highly surface-exposed residues, and thus transmembrane topology, of membrane proteins expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Results: We have used the in vivo nonsense suppression technique to incorporate biotinylated unnatural amino acids into functional ion channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Binding of 125 I-streptavidin to biotinylated receptors was used to determine the surface exposure of individual amino acids. In particular, we studied the main immunogenic region of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The biotin-containing amino acid biocytin was efficiently incorporated into five sites in the main immunogenic region and extracellular streptavidin bound to one residue in particular, α70. The position of α70 as highly exposed on the receptor surface was thus established. Conclusions: The in vivo nonsense suppression technique has been extended to provide the first in a potential series of methods to identify exposed residues and to assess their relative exposure in functional proteins expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Characterization of human leukocyte differentiation antigens.

What would impel 190 different laboratories to work together in the performance of more than 150 000 assays to characterize about 800 antibodies? Participants in the 3rd International Workshop on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens generally shared the conviction that such cooperative effort has the potential to bring order out of the chaos of molecules described on the surface of human leukocytes.
Neutral-current interactions in grand unified theories

Electroweak theories arising from different breakdown chains of the same grand unified group and spontaneously broken to U(1)/sub EM/ by the same set of Higgs fields are examined. It is shown that the resulting Q/sup 2/ = 0 neutral-current interactions are identical if certain coupling constants are equal.
The infrared spectrum and anharmonic force field of NCS− in CsI−

Abstract The infrared spectra of CsNCS solid and NCS− isolated in CsI have been measured at 310 and 10°K. The anharmonic force field for isolated NCS− has been determined using a simplified quartic force field; this force field has been compared to that of NCO− in CsI. The interaction force constants were found to be less important in NCS− than in NCO−.
Steady nonionic countergradient transport through membranes by coupled diffusion

Coupled diffusion generated countergradient transport through membranes is analyzed by experimental and theoretical means. Membrane wedge interferometer experiments on an ethanolwater-cellophane membrane system show that net countergradient mass transfer of the less permeable component ethanol may be generated over a wide concentration range. A theoretical analysis of an idealized membrane separating two binary bulk solutions is developed to display further the major features of diffusional coupling effects, and good agreement between observed and predicted countergradient transport characteristics is shown.
School environment, self-esteem, and delinquency

The positive and negative effects of one's school environment (and interracial contact within this environment) have been widely debated. A question of great concern is whether the racial composition (e.g., school environment) of a school affects one's self-esteem. The present study explored whether self-esteem, race-esteem, school commitment, and delinquency differ by the racial composition of a school. Self-report questionnaires were administered to a random sample of 1,100 high school students in a large midwestern city of the United States. The findings (a) suggest that all four measures differ by school environment, and (b) provide partial support for earlier studies claiming that, within racially homogeneous school environments, African American students, in particular, enjoy higher self-esteem. Moreover, this finding might suggest that racial diversity within certain school environments (e.g., mostly Caucasian or equally mixed) carries with it lower levels of self-esteem. Higher rates of self-reported delinquency, however, were found in the equally mixed school environment than in racially homogeneous school environments.
Three-dimensional simulation of steady flow past a partial stenosis.

Abstract The steady non-uniform viscous flow past a partial stenosis in a circular vessel has been calculated numerically by a modified MAC-SOLA method. The stenosis is represented by a half ring of nearly square cross-section. Steady flows at Reynolds numbers of 25 and 150 were generated by using the time-dependent equations of motion and calculating until the solutions became convergent. Velocity field depictions indicate the occurrence of a small upstream and a large downstream separation zone at the stenosis. Pressure and shear distributions at various radial and angular positions show significant changes in these kinetic variables near the stenosis. Strong secondary-flow development and decay are exemplified by changes in the vorticity component in the axial direction. A change in the nature of this vorticity occurs as the stenosis is passed. The size (length) of the separation zone near the vessel wall, as determined by numerical calculation, is confirmed by experimental observations at a Reynolds number of 149.
Decay of the Solutions of Parabolic Equations with Double Nonlinearity and the Degenerate Absorption Potential

We study the behavior of solutions for the parabolic equation of nonstationary diffusion with double nonlinearity and a degenerate absorption term: $$ {\left({\left| u\right|}^{q-1} u\right)}_t-{\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^N\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_i}\left({\left|{\nabla}_x u\right|}^{q-1}\frac{\partial u}{\partial {x}_i}\right)+{a}_0(x){\left| u\right|}^{\lambda -1} u=0,} $$ where $$ {a}_0(x)\ge {d}_0\; \exp \left(-\frac{\omega \left(\left| x\right|\right)}{{\left| x\right|}^{q+1}}\right) $$ , d 0 = const > 0, 0 ≤ λ 0 for τ > 0, and $$ {\displaystyle {\int}_{0+}\frac{\omega \left(\tau \right)}{\tau} d\tau <\infty } $$ . By the local energy method, we show that a Dini-type condition imposed on the function ω(·) guarantees the decay of an arbitrary solution for a finite period of time.
Gender, Role, and Power: A Content Analysis of Speech.

It seems possible that gender differences may often be reducible to differences in role. The authors sought to explore the effects of role and gender on hostile and anxious communications. Role was...
Habits of the Mind: Challenges for Multidisciplinary Engagement

The extraordinary complexity of knowledge in today’s world creates a paradox. On the one hand, its sheer volume and intricacy demand disciplinary specialization, even sub‐specialization; innovative research or scholarship increasingly requires immersion in the details of one’s disciplinary dialogue. On the other hand, that very immersion can limit innovation. Disciplinary specialization inhibits faculty from broadening their intellectual horizons—considering questions of importance outside their discipline, learning other methods for answering these questions and pondering the possible significance of other disciplines’ findings for their own work. This article seeks to understand more fully the factors that enhance and impede cross‐disciplinary conversations and the possible longer‐term effects of those conversations. Based on 46 interviews with a sample of seminar participants, it examines the experiences of faculty members who ventured (voluntarily) into multidisciplinary waters and its implications fo...
Fast and Secure Numerical Breaker Failure Protection

This paper presented two algorithms for enhanced numerical BF protection. The fast reset algorithm for current-based BF detector is based on differentiating between the rotating pattern of a fault current and the decaying pattern of a subsidence current. The algorithm is simple, yet very fast and robust. It uses few factory constants, but they have well defined meanings and can be easily fine tuned in any particular implementation that follows our approach. The algorithm can be further enhanced by recognizing that when the current vector stops rotating and starts decaying due to subsidence, it actually rotates at a significantly lower rate, but in the opposite direction compared with an alternating current. This reversal of the angular speed can be used to strengthen and speed up the algorithm
Coronary pressure-flow relation in left ventricular hypertrophy. Importance of changes in back pressure versus changes in minimum resistance.

Perfusion abnormalities in the pressure-overloaded hypertrophied left ventricle could result from an increase in minimum coronary resistance or an increase in effective back pressure due to increased extravascular compressive forces. Since the pressure-flow relation of the maximally vasodilated coronary bed allows dissociation of minimum resistance (inverse slope [1/alpha PF]) and back pressure (pressure at zero flow [Pf = 0]), the present study was undertaken to examine the coronary pressure-flow relation in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Ascending aortic banding in eight dogs at 6-8 weeks of age (LVH group) increased the left ventricular to body weight ratio to 8.7 +/- 0.6 g/kg as compared with 4.8 +/- 0.2 g/kg in nine normal dogs (p < 0.05). Maximum coronary vasodilation was produced by infusion of adenosine (1 mg/kg per minute i.v.). The slope of the coronary pressure-flow relation (alpha PF) was 5.8 +/- 0.5 10(-2) (ml/min per gram)/mm Hg in the LVH group and 9.3 +/- 0.6 10(-2) (ml/min per gram)/mm Hg in the normal group (p < 0.05). alpha PF was significantly correlated with the left ventricular to body weight ratio but not with coronary pressure, suggesting that the degree of hypertrophy and not exposure to high coronary pressure was responsible for the observed decrease in alpha PF. Pf = 0 was 24.1 +/- 2.6 mm Hg in the LVH group and 11.7 +/- 1.2 mm Hg in the normal group (p < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optimal constant gain control of jump-linear systems with discrete state uncertainty

Jump-linear systems are dynamic systems with abrupt switches among several linear models, conditioned on an underlying finite state Markov process. This paper is concerned with optimal control of jump-linear systems when the discrete Markov process is not directly observable. Necessary conditions for optimality are found and a local algorithm to obtain such solutions is derived. >
Process map proposal for the validation of genomic biomarkers

How can we encourage the application of novel genomic biomarkers in drug development? A major step in this direction would be a consensus on how to interpret results from measurements of these biomarkers in regulatory submissions. A transparent process for genomic biomarker validation would be of value both for the pharmaceutical industry as well as for regulatory agencies associated with it. A discussion on process map proposals for genomic biomarker validation can help with drafting of guidance documents for this process.
Successful outcome of pregnancy in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia exposed to imatinib during the first trimester.

Hematologic malignancies are uncommon during the gestational period. The incidence of leukemia during pregnancy is estimated to be one per 75000 pregnancies [1]. Interferon, hydroxyurea and leukaph...
Experimental development and evaluations of VF-input high-frequency AC-AC converter supporting distributed power generation

Presented is a novel variable-frequency input ac-ac converter that accepts a wide frequency variation of input raw power. The new converter and control offers a high-frequency control capability, at both input and output sides, that is a magnitude higher than the operating range reported so far in literature. The new converter is designed and experimentally implemented by novel three-in-one integrated bidirectional power modules. High performance at high frequencies of fundamental power control at both input and load sides are verified extensively by experimental evaluations. Voltage-source characteristics are obtained at both input and outsides, thus improving system robustness when subjects to line imbalance and voltage distortion, which is important for distributed-power generation (DPG). The high-frequency excitation can reduce the size and weight of the generating and (or) motoring apparatus. The proposed system benefits the efficiency and power density of future DPG systems driven by variable-speed wind, water, and microturbines.