cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyper-Rayleigh scattering of nonlinear optical chromophores at 1064 nm and 1907 nm

Over past decades, organic molecules have been extensively investigated for applications in nonlinear optical (NLO) devices. In contrast to inorganic materials (such as KDP and lithium niobate, etc.), a great variety of organic molecules can be devised for such applications because of the fast nonlinear optical response and flexibility of synthetic schemes.
A Probabilistic Trust and Reputation Model for Supply Chain Management

My thesis contributes to the field of multi-agent systems by proposing a novel trust-based decision model for supply chain management.
Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in the muscles encountered during median sternotomy and in the myocardium of the cardiac chambers

The validity of using creatine kinase MB and lactate dehydrogenase serum isoenzymes to confirm the diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients who have had cardiac operations has been questioned, since both have been detected in skeletal muscles. Little is known concerning the concentration of either isoenzyme in the muscles routinely encountered during median sternotomy. Since we have previously shown that the dog is an adequate model in which to study creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes, eight healthy dogs were placed under general anesthesia and 1 gm blocks were resected from selected muscles (intercostals, rectus abdominis, diaphragm, and sternothyroid) and from the walls of all four cardiac chambers. Each 1 gm block was homogenized individually in Ringer's lactate, centrifuged, and the supernatants were analyzed for total creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity by spectrophotometry. Isoenzymes were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. The study shows that the chest wall muscles and atrial myocardium have appreciable quantities of creatine kinase MB. Hence, serum creatine kinase MB bands in the perioperative period can be generated by manipulation of chest wall muscles and the atrial wall as well as by infarction of the ventricular myocardium.
Early and late results of operation after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction

Recent reports have established the efficacy of thrombolytic therapy in limiting myocardial infarction. Between September 1981 and September 1984, 355 patients were treated with intracoronary (87) or intravenous (268) streptokinase within 6 hours of acute myocardial infarction. Thrombolysis was successful in 63% of patients receiving intracoronary streptokinase and 81% of those receiving intravenous streptokinase. Because residual critical stenosis is usually present and predisposes the patient to reinfarction, revascularization procedures were investigated as an extension of thrombolytic therapy. One hundred ninety-one patients aged 56 ± 10 (25 to 77) years underwent early surgical revascularization 4.1 ± 3.6 days after intracoronary or intravenous streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction. Results of this treatment were successful in 89% (170/191) of the patients. Thirteen patients (6.8%) underwent emergency coronary artery bypass grafting for failed percutaneous angioplasty. There were 3.2 ± 1.4 grafts per patient and 3.8 ± 2.9 units of blood were administered in the perioperative period. Operative mortality was 4.2% (8/191) with a 15.4% mortality (2/13) in the group in which angioplasty failed. Mean hospitalization time after operation was 10.9 ± 6.8 days. Follow-up was 27 ± 8 (12 to 48) months and was obtained on all patients. Late cardiac mortality was 1.0% (2/183). Ninety percent of the follow-up group was without angina and only 1.7% showed no improvement after operation. Reinfarction occurred in four patients (2.2%), with graft failure documented by coronary arteriography in two of these patients. This experience indicates that early revascularization after thrombolytic therapy may be performed with low operative mortality and morbidity and is associated with excellent late results.
Absolute Orbits and Mass Ratios

The relative orbit as discussed in the preceding sections adopts one component as the reference point for the motion of the other star. The determination of the actual motion of both stars with respect to their center of mass (center of gravity = c.g.) requires one or more external reference points which do not partake in the orbital motion. Let M A , M B be the component masses. f = M B /(M A +M B ) is the fractional mass (often thought less precisely termed ‘mass ration’). If d = (x,y) is the vector of the relative position (A → B), the vectors with respect to c.g. are $$c.g. \to A = - fd and c.g. \to B = (1 - f)d$$
Shared Reflections and Dialogues

In this chapter we use a dialogic format to explore two cultures/communities that focus on cultural interventions, collaborations, and community building through the arts and (inter)cultural dialogue. Through a dialogic format, we (Christine and Steve) describe two of our own projects. The arts projects we describe use communitybased, service-learning approaches and share a similar process of collaborating through public pedagogy. As such, the projects are examples of engaged and embodied community building curricula.
Cerebellar Ataxia Benefitted by 5-Hydroxytryptophan

Levorotatory 5-hydroxytryptophan (10 mg/kg/day) was found to benefit patients with various inherited or acquired cerebellar ataxias in a long-term randomized, double-blind study at the Hopital Neurologique, Alexis Carrel Faculty of Medicine, Lyon, France.
Race, Staff, and Punishment Representative Bureaucracy in American State Prisons

A total of 1.5 million people are incarcerated in the United States’ prisons. Tens of thousands are placed in restrictive, solitary confinement units. Building on theories of representative bureauc...
Dynamic Patterns of Migration and Expansion of Hematopoiesis during MGMT Mediated Drug Selection.

While hematopoietic engraftment kinetics are well appreciated after lethal irradiation in the mouse, most observations have been limited to blood samples or terminal examination of marrow or spleen. The development of non-invasive bioluminescence in vivo imaging technology allows a dynamic picture of engraftment and clonal expansion to be defined. We have extended this technology to the process of drug resistance gene therapy. We hypothesized that drug selection would profoundly affect the extent and dynamics of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) engraftment and clonal expansion after lentiviral mediated gene transfer of the P140KMGMT gene into murine HSC. In previous studies, we have shown that P140KMGMT gene containing retroviral and lentiviral transduced bone marrow cells provided significant protection against chemotherapeutic drugs BCNU and TMZ given with BG (O 6 -Benzylguanine), in vitro and in vivo . We generated a bicistronic lentiviral vector containing P140KMGMT gene and firefly luciferase gene linked by 2A sequence of FMDV(Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus), which will cleave itself during ribosomal translation. Whole bone marrow cells was collected from BALB/c mice 4 days after 5-FU treatment and transduced with P140KMGMT-luc lentiviruses at MOI of 1.4. Transduced bone marrow cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated or non-myeloablated syngeneic recipient mice at different cell numbers. Initial bioluminescent signal emerged 6–8 days after transplantation in both lethally irradiated and non-myeloablated recipients. The onset of bioluminescent foci after transplantation occurred in a cell dose dependent manner. The initial signal emitted predominantly from bone marrow, especially femurs, humeri and vertebrae during the early stage of clonal expansion. Intense signal appeared in spleen at days 12–14 and became weaker or even disappeared by days 20–28. Clonal expansion and engraftment greatly increased after a single course of BG+TMZ treatment and initiated strong hematopoiesis in non-myeloablated recipients. Total body bioluminescence intensity of drug treated mice increased 24 fold and 7 fold compared to non-treated mice in both non-myeloablated and lethally irradiated recipients, respectively. A transient phase suggesting migration through the lymphatic system and in the spleen occurred in most mice and was exacerbated by drug selection, but this was less clear in lethally irradiated mice, where engraftment was more confined to the marrow spaces. Bioluminescence in vivo imaging reveals active migration between the bone marrow and the spleen during hematopoiesis. Drug selection has a significant impact on the patterns of engraftment and clonal expansion of HSC and progenitor cells after transplantation.
Conservation of Momentum in Integral, Differential, and State-Flux Forms

The integral balance equation is developed for the energy of the fluid in the Eulerian–Lagrangean domain. The mechanical and thermal energy components are separated for two particular governing equations, specific to the mechanical and the thermal energy balances. The separation is demonstrated by numerical examples for the transport of water and compressed air.
Novel synthesis and properties of pure and NV-doped nanodiamonds and other nanostructures

ABSTRACTWe report a novel method for synthesis and processing of pure and nitrogen-vacancy (NV)-doped nanodiamonds with sharp NV0 and NV− transitions at ambient temperatures and pressures in air. Carbon films are melted by nanosecond lasers in super undercooled state and quenched rapidly. We can form single-crystal nanodiamonds, microdiamonds, nanoneedles and microneedles, and large-area films. Substitutional nitrogen atoms and vacancies are incorporated into diamond during rapid liquid-phase growth, where dopant concentrations can far exceed thermodynamic solubility limits through solute trapping. These nanodiamonds can be placed deterministically and the transitions between NV− and NV0 can be controlled electrically and optically by laser illumination.
Surgeon-Based 3D Printing for Microvascular Bone Flaps

Background Three-dimensional (3D) printing has developed as a revolutionary technology with the capacity to design accurate physical models in preoperative planning. We present our experience in surgeon-based design of 3D models, using home 3D software and printing technology for use as an adjunct in vascularized bone transfer. Methods Home 3D printing techniques were used in the design and execution of vascularized bone flap transfers to the upper extremity. Open source imaging software was used to convert preoperative computed tomography scans and create 3D models. These were printed in the surgeon's office as 3D models for the planned reconstruction. Vascularized bone flaps were designed intraoperatively based on the 3D printed models. Results Three-dimensional models were created for intraoperative use in vascularized bone flaps, including (1) medial femoral trochlea (MFT) flap for scaphoid avascular necrosis and nonunion, (2) MFT flap for lunate avascular necrosis and nonunion, (3) medial femoral condyle (MFC) flap for wrist arthrodesis, and (4) free fibula osteocutaneous flap for distal radius septic nonunion. Templates based on the 3D models allowed for the precise and rapid contouring of well-vascularized bone flaps in situ, prior to ligating the donor pedicle. Conclusions Surgeon-based 3D printing is a feasible, innovative technology that allows for the precise and rapid contouring of models that can be created in various configurations for pre- and intraoperative planning. The technology is easy to use, convenient, and highly economical as compared with traditional send-out manufacturing. Surgeon-based 3D printing is a useful adjunct in vascularized bone transfer. Level of Evidence Level IV.
Automated Computational Processing of 3-D MR Images of Mouse Brain for Phenotyping of Living Animals.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides a method to obtain anatomical information from the brain in vivo that is not typically available by optical imaging because of this organ's opacity. MR is nondestructive and obtains deep tissue contrast with 100-µm^3 voxel resolution or better. Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) may be used to observe axonal transport and localized neural activity in the living rodent and avian brain. Such enhancement enables researchers to investigate differences in functional circuitry or neuronal activity in images of brains of different animals. Moreover, once MR images of a number of animals are aligned into a single matrix, statistical analysis can be done comparing MR intensities between different multi-animal cohorts comprising individuals from different mouse strains or different transgenic animals, or at different time points after an experimental manipulation. Although preprocessing steps for such comparisons (including skull stripping and alignment) are automated for human imaging, no such automated processing has previously been readily available for mouse or other widely used experimental animals, and most investigators use in-house custom processing. This protocol describes a stepwise method to perform such preprocessing for mouse.
Isolation and structure-function characterization of a signaling-active rhodopsin-G protein complex.

The visual photo-transduction cascade is a prototypical G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling system, in which light-activated rhodopsin (Rho*) is the GPCR catalyzing the exchange of GDP for GTP on the heterotrimeric G protein transducin (GT). This results in the dissociation of GT into its component αT–GTP and β1γ1 subunit complex. Structural information for the Rho*–GT complex will be essential for understanding the molecular mechanism of visual photo-transduction. Moreover, it will shed light on how GPCRs selectively couple to and activate their G protein signaling partners. Here, we report on the preparation of a stable detergent-solubilized complex between Rho* and a heterotrimer (GT*) comprising a GαT/Gαi1 chimera (αT*) and β1γ1. The complex was formed on native rod outer segment membranes upon light activation, solubilized in lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol, and purified with a combination of affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. We found that the complex is fully functional and that the stoichiometry of Rho* to GαT* is 1:1. The molecular weight of the complex was calculated from small-angle X-ray scattering data and was in good agreement with a model consisting of one Rho* and one GT*. The complex was visualized by negative-stain electron microscopy, which revealed an architecture similar to that of the β2-adrenergic receptor–GS complex, including a flexible αT* helical domain. The stability and high yield of the purified complex should allow for further efforts toward obtaining a high-resolution structure of this important signaling complex.
Msp1 Is a Membrane Protein Dislocase for Tail-Anchored Proteins

Summary Mislocalized tail-anchored (TA) proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane are cleared by a newly identified quality control pathway involving the conserved eukaryotic protein Msp1 (ATAD1 in humans). Msp1 is a transmembrane AAA-ATPase, but its role in TA protein clearance is not known. Here, using purified components reconstituted into proteoliposomes, we show that Msp1 is both necessary and sufficient to drive the ATP-dependent extraction of TA proteins from the membrane. A crystal structure of the Msp1 cytosolic region modeled into a ring hexamer suggests that active Msp1 contains a conserved membrane-facing surface adjacent to a central pore. Structure-guided mutagenesis of the pore residues shows that they are critical for TA protein extraction in vitro and for functional complementation of an msp1 deletion in yeast. Together, these data provide a molecular framework for Msp1-dependent extraction of mislocalized TA proteins from the outer mitochondrial membrane.
AIDS in adolescents: a rationale for concern.

Adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 years comprise approximately 10% of the American population, accounting for approximately 25 million individuals.1 Adolescents are not currently identified as a high-risk group for the acquisition or spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, although the definition of risk has been changing to encompass the notion of risk behavior rather than risk groups. Based on current knowledge of adolescent behavior and development, this age group has been targeted as a “bridging” group to those currently infected.
Chronic disease in the Mojave desert tortoise: Host physiology and recrudescence obscure patterns of pathogen transmission.

A seminatural, factorial-design experiment was used to quantify dynamics of the pathogen Mycoplasma agassizii and upper respiratory tract disease in the Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) over 2 years. Groups of initially healthy animals were separated into serologically positive (seropositive), seronegative, and artificially infected groups and paired into 23 pens. We found no evidence of long-term immune protection to M. agassizii or of immunological memory. Initially seronegative, healthy tortoises experienced an equal amount of disease when paired with other seronegative groups as when paired with seropositive and artificially infected groups—suggesting that recrudescence is as significant as transmission in introducing disease in individuals in this host–pathogen system. Artificially infected groups of tortoises showed reduced levels of morbidity when paired with initially seronegative animals—suggesting either a dilution effect or a strong effect of pathogen load in this system. Physiological dynamics within the host appear to be instrumental in producing morbidity, recrudescence, and infectiousness, and thus of population-level dynamics. We suggest new avenues for studying diseases in long-lived ectothermic vertebrates and a shift in modeling such diseases.
Reply to Bigler et al. (ar-17-1461)

We thank Dr. Bigler and his colleagues for their interest in our article and sharing the results from their laboratory. The authors proposed evaluating a biologic mechanism linking Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) to giant cell arteritis (GCA) through assessment of cross-reactive VZV-specific T cell immunity, hypothesizing that VZV reactive T-cells would be increased in GCA patients relative to controls. However, their in vitro results from a small sample of GCA and control (inflammatory and non-inflammatory) patients designed to test this hypothesis through the quantification of VZV specific T-cells and T-cell reactivity (in response to stimulation with a protein extract from an aortic specimen of a single GCA patient) found no significant differences between cases and controls. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
CTC technique: methods to ensure an optimal exam

CT colonography (CTC) has demonstrated equivalent accuracy to optical colonoscopy in the detection of clinically relevant polyps and tumors but this is only possible when technique is optimized. The two most important features of a high-quality CTC are a well-prepared colon and a distended colon. This article will discuss the dietary, bowel preparation, and fecal/fluid tagging options to best prepare the colon. Strategies to optimally distend the colon will also be discussed. CT scan techniques including patient positioning and radiation dose optimization will be reviewed. With proper technique which includes sufficient bowel preparation, fecal/fluid tagging, bowel distension, and optimized scan technique, high-quality CTC examinations should become more feasible, easier to interpret, and more consistently reproducible leading to increased utilization and increased referrals.
Astrometry and Galactic Structure

The application of astrometric surveys to understanding the structure and kinematics of the Milky Way is discussed, with particular emphasis on some of the issues expected to be addressed in the next decade or so. It is shown that the results of complete proper motion surveys of field stars at the Galactic poles are in remarkable agreement concerning the global kinematics of stars as a function of distance, but that significant differences exist in how these data are decomposed to derive the kinematics of individual Galactic components. The status and future prospects regarding the measurement of proper motions and orbits for Galactic globular clusters and satellites are also discussed.
Cross-Scale Aspects of EPA Erosion Studies

Studies at US EPA’s NHEERL/WED facility have focused on two broad aspects of soil erosion within the context of global change: (1) the effects of soil erosion on carbon budgets, especially on the release or sequestration of CO2 by soils; and (2) the potential effects of global change on soil erosion as an environmental issue. These issues generally are addressed on regional and decadal scales. The main approach has been to apply a site scale, daily timestep model (the Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator, EPIC) to selected sites for decades to centuries, and to aggregate the outputs to estimate regional responses to changes in climate and management. Two methods of aggregation are used. In the first, sites are selected or constructed to represent categories of land use, land management, and/or climate. The definition of ‘representative’ is usually at leas somewhat qualitative, and might be based primarily on availability of data. In contrast, the second method employs a statistical approach. The target population, the selection criteria, and the probability of selection are rigorously defined. Means, standard deviations, and other descriptors of the population are obtained through the statistical structure of the sampling scheme. In this paper, results from a sensitivity analysis of wind and water erosion to climate change are used to illustrate the statistical approach.
Inflammatory cardiomyopathy: there is a specific matrix destruction in the course of the disease.

Cardiomyopathies are responsible for a high proportion of cases of congestive heart failure and sudden death, as well as for the need for transplantation. Understanding of the causes of these disorders has been sought in earnest over the past decade. We hypothesized that DCM is a disease of the cytoskeleton/sarcolemma, which affects the sarcomere. Evaluation of the sarcolemma in DCM and other forms of systolic heart failure demonstrates membrane disruption; and, secondarily, the extracellular matrix architecture is also affected. Disruption of the links from the sarcolemma to ECM at the dystrophin C-terminus and those to the sarcomere and nucleus via N-terminal dystrophin interactions could lead to a “domino effect” disruption of systolic function and development of arrhythmias. We also have suggested that dystrophin mutations play a role in idiopathic DCM in males. The T-cap/MLP/α-actinin/titin complex appears to stabilize Z-disc function via mechanical stretch sensing. Loss of elasticity results in the primary defect in the endogenous cardiac muscle stretch sensor machinery. The over-stretching of individual myocytes leads to activation of cell death pathways, at a time when stretch-regulated survival cues are diminished due to defective stretch sensing, leading to progression of heart failure. Genetic DCM and the acquired disorder viral myocarditis have the same clinical features including heart failure, arrhythmias, and conduction block, and also similar mechanisms of disease based on the proteins targeted. In dilated cardiomyopathy, the process of progressive ventricular dilation and changes of the shape of the ventricle to a more spherical shape, associated with changes in ventricular function and/or hypertrophy, occurs without known initiating disturbance. In those cases in which resolution of cardiac dysfunction does not occur, chronic DCM results. It has been unclear what the underlying etiology of this long-term sequela could be, but viral persistence and autoimmunity have been widely speculated.
On the study of fluid flow in a soft porous media using a scaled-up indenter

Abstract Soft porous materials are ubiquitous in the nature. Issues inherent in the response of these materials to external impacts raise problems that are broadly important in diverse areas of science and increasingly attract attentions in technology. In this paper, we report a comprehensive, experimental and theoretical approach to examine the transient fluid pressure distribution inside soft porous media when a spherical loading surface impacts on it. A novel experimental setup was developed that includes a fully instrumented hemi-spherical piston with supporting structures, and a soft porous layer underneath. Extensive experimental studies were performed in which the motion of the loading surface and the resulting transient pressure distribution were recorded. The results were compared with a novel theoretical model, leading to excellent agreements. The study significantly improves our understanding of the dynamic response of soft porous material to external compression. Especially it provides a scaled-up model to simulate the process of probe indentation, which, however, does not provide any information about the transient pore pressure distribution under the loading surface.
When Making the Grade Isn’t Enough: The Gendered Nature of Premed Science Course Attrition:

Women take qualifying exams and enter medical school at substantially lower levels than predicted by their interest in medical degrees at the end of high school. We examined how science course expe...
Complex Mixtures, Complex Analyses: an Emphasis on Interpretable Results

The purpose of this review is to outline the main questions in environmental mixtures research and provide a non-technical explanation of novel or advanced methods to answer these questions. Machine learning techniques are now being incorporated into environmental mixture research to overcome issues with traditional methods. Though some methods perform well on specific tasks, no method consistently outperforms all others in complex mixture analyses, largely because different methods were developed to answer different research questions. We discuss four main questions in environmental mixtures research: (1) Are there specific exposure patterns in the study population? (2) Which are the toxic agents in the mixture? (3) Are mixture members acting synergistically? And, (4) what is the overall effect of the mixture? We emphasize the importance of robust methods and interpretable results over predictive accuracy. We encourage collaboration with computer scientists, data scientists, and biostatisticians in future mixture method development.
Prevalence of hematologic toxicity from copperhead envenomation: an observational study

Background: Copperhead snakes (Agkistrodon contortrix) are considered as the least toxic of the North American pit vipers. The reported incidence of coagulopathy from copperhead envenomation is variable, possibly secondary to regional variation in subspecies and venom potency. Coagulation studies are often obtained when evaluating for the coagulopathic effects of copperhead venom, but the clinical utility of these indices is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hematologic toxicity due to copperhead envenomation in hospitalized patients.Methods: This was a multi-center retrospective chart review study using electronic hospital data between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2016 evaluating prevalence of coagulopathy following copperhead envenomation. Patients presenting to one of three major academic tertiary care centers in Virginia with suspected copperhead envenomation were identified using medical billing codes. The primary outcome was to summarize the prevalence of hematologic toxicity including thrombocytopenia, elevated prothrombin or partial thromboplastin times, or hypofibrinogenemia.Results: There were 244 cases used for final analysis. Hematologic toxicity occurred in 14% (95% CI 10-18%) of patients. Specific indices included thrombocytopenia in 1.2% (95% CI 0.4-3.6%), hypofibrinogenemia in 0.7% (95% CI 0.0-3.8%), elevated PT in 10.0% (95% CI 6.8-14.5%), and aPTT in 3.9% (95% CI 2.1-7.2%) of patients. There was no clinically significant bleeding reported in any case.Conclusions: Subtle hematologic abnormalities due to copperhead envenomation in patients treated in the Commonwealth of Virginia were relatively common, but do not appear to be clinically significant in this study population.
Opioid use and misuse: health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions

Objective: To provide a broad overview of the state of drug misuse research, particularly focusing on opioid drug use in the U.S.A. Design: An overview of published reviews of the literature. Results: Prescription opioid use has increased globally from 2008 to 2013, while use of opiates such as heroin and opium have remained stable in many countries, although, decreases have been observed in parts of Europe. Opioid misuse is highest in the United States; approximately 11.8 million Americans misused opioids in 2016. Demographic, genetic, psychosocial and structural/environmental factors all play a role in determining who will become an opioid misuser. Strategies such as increased prescribing of non-opioid derived pain relievers, expansion of medication treatment, distribution of naloxone for overdose reversal and supervised consumption sites are some of the solutions posed to reduce the spread and consequences of opioid misuse. Conclusion: Research focused on understanding of opioid neurobiology, as well as empirically based, effective alternatives to pain management and implementation studies on combined prevention and treatment approaches are needed. It will take the combined effort of community members, healthcare professionals, policymakers and researchers in order to prevent and treat opioid misuse.
Diagnostic analysis of a circular-circular regression model using asymmetric or asymmetric bi-modal circular errors

Many circular data sets encountered in practice are asymmetric or asymmetric bi-modal. In this paper, we propose a diagnostic analysis of a parametric circular regression model with a single circul...
Visual Biofeedback and Changes in Lower Extremity Kinematics in Individuals With Medial Knee Displacement

Context Increased frontal-plane knee motion during functional tasks, or medial knee displacement, is a predictor of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury and patellofemoral pain. Interventio...
Agri-BIGDATA: A smart pathway for crop nitrogen inputs

Abstract Big data provide a pathway to lower crop nitrogen inputs from genetic breeding to field production. Moreover, multidisciplinary efforts from plant health sensing, deep machine learning and cloud computing can integrate multi-source data to form information and knowledge. So big data analysis as a prospective optimal method, will make leaps towards addressing future issues of sustainable agriculture.
Negative energies and the limit of classical space-time

Relativistic quantum field theories predict negative energy densities, contravening a basic tenet of classical physics and a fundamental hypothesis of the deepest results in classical general relativity. These densities may be sources for exotic general relativistic effects, and may also lead to pathologies. Combining Ford's "quantum inequality" with quantum restrictions on measuring devices, we present an argument that these densities nevertheless satisfy a sort of "operational" positivity: the energy in a region, plus the energy of an isolated device designed to detect or trap the exotic energy, must be non-negative. This will suppress at least some pathological effects. If we suppose also that Einstein's field equation holds, then no local observer can measure the geometry of a negative energy density regime accurately enough to infer a negative energy density form the curvature. This means that the physics of a negative energy regime cannot be adequately modeled by a classical space–time.
How Health-Conscious Urban Gardeners Aim to Increase Vegetable Consumption in their Community while simultaneously supporting Black Entrepreneurship

While the food justice movement was initially asso­ciated with increasing availability of fresh produce in low-income communities of color through insti­tutions such as farmers markets, scholars have cri­tiqued this as imposing a right way of eating. Food justice scholarship has moved away from a focus on healthy eating toward a focus on community economic development, as food enterprises can stimulate job creation. This paper investigates the dual goals of the food justice movement through a case study in San Diego. While food justice has moved beyond promoting a love of produce and is increasingly oriented toward good jobs, for the urban gardeners in this study, the movement is still a lot about vegetables. They see food as medicine, and note the health benefits of moving toward a plant-based diet. Yet, they are reluctant to push this way of eating on others, as they do not want to come across as elitist. Instead, they spread aware­ness that plant-based diets are an African tradition that should not just be associated with rich white folks. Rather than leading with nutrition, they lead with tradition, taste, and buying Black. To encour­age consumption of vegetables, they aim to in­crease the supply of prepared food options in the community, and to market dishes as delicious rather than healthy, all the while supporting Black food entrepreneurs. When selling produce direct to the consumer through farmers markets does not achieve their vision of promoting health or sup­porting livelihoods, they re-imagine a strategy of promoting food justice through a neighborhood food supply chain.
74123 A Learning Health Systems approach using health record data to construct patient frailty scores and predict safety events

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Laying the groundwork for better predictive algorithms to inform clinical decisions and planning. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Frailty scores predict poor patient outcomes. Validated against highly relevant outcomes, such scores can be used to inform clinical and resource utilization decisions. We generated and validated an electronic Frailty Index (EFI) from real-world EHR data using the Rockwood deficit-accumulation framework to predict patient safety events. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: To assure that the research approach reflected perspectives of multiple stakeholders, our multidisciplinary group included an implementation scientist, a geriatrician, an internist, and an informatician. From our large academic health center, we accessed EHR data for 14,844 patients randomly sampled from the data warehouse underlying our ACT/SHRINE node. The per-visit EFI scores were calculated using EHR codes in a rolling 2-year time window. EFI was used as the predictor variable in the analytic design. The primary outcomes were preventable patient-safety events derived from ICD-10 codes including hospital-acquired infections, non-operative hospital-acquired trauma, and cardiac complications. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate risk for each outcome. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We found statistically significant associations of EFI with clinically meaningful outcomes from EHR data. For most outcomes, we found significant correlation with EFI and c-statistics indicating good calibration of the models. The EFI was a strong predictor of clinically relevant outcomes without relying on any data other than diagnoses, vital signs, and laboratory results from the EHR. In contrast to previous studies, we treated EFI as a time-varying predictor with multiple follow-ups per patient, which is more realistic than relying on one static time-point. We used a representative sample of the adult patient population rather than limiting it to older individuals and found EFI to be a useful metric even at relatively young ages. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: The EFI predicted safety events in adult patients using only routine, structured EHR data and can offer a low-effort, scalable method of risk assessment, valuable to clinical decisions. The capability to harness EHR data and rapidly generate clinical knowledge can be transformative for complex care and contributes to Learning Health Systems.
Cavitation-modulated inflammatory response following focused ultrasound blood-brain barrier opening.

Abstract Focused ultrasound (FUS) in combination with systemically injected microbubbles can be used to non-invasively open the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in targeted regions for a variety of therapeutic applications. Over the past two decades, preclinical research into the safety and efficacy of FUS-induced BBB opening has proven this technique to be transient and efficacious, propelling FUS-induced BBB opening into several clinical trials in recent years. However, as clinical trials further progress, the neuroinflammatory response to FUS-induced BBB opening needs to be better understood. In this study, we provide further insight into the relationship of microbubble cavitation and the resulting innate immune response to FUS-induced BBB opening. By keeping ultrasound parameters fixed (i.e. frequency, pressure, pulse length, etc.), three groups of mice were sonicated using a real-time cavitation controller until a target cavitation dose was reached (1 x 107 V2•s, 5 x 107 V2•s, 1 x 108 V2•s). The change in relative gene expression of the mouse inflammatory cytokines and receptors were evaluated at three different time-points (6 h, 24 h, and 72 h) after FUS. At both 6 and 24 h time-points, significant changes in relative gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and receptors were observed across all cavitation groups. However, the degree of changes in relative expression levels and the number of genes with significant changes in expression varied across the cavitation groups. Groups with a higher cavitation dose exhibited both greater changes in relative expression levels and greater number of significant changes. By 72 h post-opening, the gene expression levels returned to baseline in all cavitation dose groups, signifying a transient inflammatory response to FUS-induced BBB opening at the targeted cavitation dose levels. Furthermore, the real-time cavitation controller was able to produce consistent and significantly different BBB permeability enhancement volumes across the three different cavitation dose groups. These results indicate that cavitation monitoring and controlling during FUS-induced BBB opening can be used to potentially modulate or limit the degree of neuroinflammation, further emphasizing the importance of implementing cavitation controllers as FUS-induced BBB opening is translated into the clinic.
The role of practice-based experiences in undergraduates’ infant/toddler caregiving competencies

Practice-based coursework in higher education programs is considered a critical aspect of early childhood practitioner preparation. Many undergraduates also have formal (e.g., childcare) or informa...
A Remedy for Racism: Terminating White Privilege

In A Formula for Eradicating Racism, Professor Earl Smith and I argue that racism is a form of sadism that people can construct and dismantle by choice. We also articulate a strategy to eradicate racism within the foreseeable future. So far, the typical reaction to our proposal has been mute disbelief. We understand. Suggesting, as Prof Smith and I do, that we have cracked the problem of racism sounds audacious almost to the point of lunacy.
Does That Count? How Mathematics Education Can Support Justice-Focused Anti-Racist Teaching and Learning

Many mathematics educators feel that their work is not amenable to questions of diversity, equity, or justice. However, this article argues that “numbers” are not neutral. What we count and how we count are directly related to basic issues of human difference and social disparity. It also argues that mathematics knowledge and skills are fundamental to civic participation and engagement. Mathematics educators do have a stake in helping us achieve equitable social outcomes.
Towards highly linear intensity modulator for high resolution photonic ADCs using a three-section mode-locked laser

A novel highly linear intensity modulator is proposed using an injection-locked three-section mode-locked laser. Modulating the passive section of the mode-locked laser reduces V π to 1.1 mV and should greatly increase SFDR.
Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from saliva of the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis.

Abstract A method for cultivating and isolating Lyme disease spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi, from the saliva of vector ticks, Ixodes scapularis (formerly known as Ixodes dammini), is described. Saliva was collected from partially engorged ticks after application of pilocarpine to induce salivation. B. burgdorferi was isolated from 8 of 14 (57%) of the saliva samples derived from ticks infected with the bacteria, as determined by direct immunofluorescent-antibody assay of tick hemolymph. A comparison of the protein profiles of the salivary isolates and a highly passaged strain (B31) showed that the salivary isolates all lacked a 22-kDa protein known to increase with continuous passage, but exhibited larger amounts of the OspA and OspB proteins than did the highly passaged B31 strain.
Triple-Hot-Film Anemometer Performance in Cases-99 and A Comparison With Sonic Anemometer Measurements

Two levels of triple-hot-film and sonic anemometers were deployed on a 5.5-m towerduring the Cooperative Atmospheric Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) in October1999. Each triple-hot-film probe was collocated 50 mm from the sonic sensing path ona common boom. Various problems with using triple-hot-films in the atmosphere toresolve wind components are addressed including the derivation of a yaw angle correction using the collocated sensors. It was found that output voltage drift due to changes in environmental temperature could be monitored and corrected using an automated system. Non-unique solutions to heat transfer equations can be resolved using a collocated sonic anemometer. Multi-resolution decomposition of the hot-film data was used to estimate appropriate day and night averaging periods for turbulent flux measurements in and near the roughness sub-layer. Finally, triple-hot-film measurements of mean wind magnitude (M), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), sensible heat flux (H), and local friction velocity (u*) are compared to those of the collocated CSAT3 sonic anemometers. Overall, the mean wind magnitudes measured by the triple-hot-film and the collocated sonic sensorswere close, consistent and independent of stability or proximity to the ground. The turbulent statistics, TKE, u*, and H, measured by the two sensor systems were reasonably close together at z = 5 m. However, the ratio of sonic measurement/hot-film measurement decreased toward the ground surface, especially during stable conditions.
The Netherlands Information Service Collection: An Introduction

Contemporary Dutch history remains an under-researched topic in the United States. Though American social scientists have long appreciated the value of Dutch studies, American historians have been slow to develop contemporary Dutch historiography due in part to a dearth of comprehensive sources in public collections. This article is meant to serve as an introduction to the papers of the Netherlands Information Service (NIS; in Dutch, the Regerings Voorlichtingsdienst), which are now open for study, and an invitation to scholars to include the contemporary Netherlands in their research agendas. Held by the Holland Historical Trust and housed in the Holland Museum of Holland, Michigan, this repository of contemporary Dutch materials is unique in North America. The NIS collection at the Holland Museum is an excellent starting point from which to more fully examine the contemporary Netherlands. A host of contemporary developments have played themselves out in Holland, the study of which would introduce readers to the Dutch version of these events.
Characterization of chemotactic activity produced in vivo by a cell-mediated immune reaction in the guinea pig.

A system that allows repeated sampling of peritoneal fluid at various time intervals has been adapted to study mechanisms of leukocyte accumulation in vivo. Application of this technique in guinea pigs exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to horse radish peroxidase (HRPO) has allowed characterization of some events after i.p. challenge with the sensitizing antigen. Within 24 hr of the administration of HRPO i.p. to such animals there is a significant increase in the number of peritoneal macrophages and in the chemotactic activity (CTX) for macrophages in the sampled peritoneal fluid. At 48 and 72 hr the CTX returns to the pre-challenge level and i.p. macrophages appear to be actively phagocytic. Molecular sieve chromatograms of concentrated peritoneal fluid obtained 24 hr after i.p. challenge with HRPO and of supernatants derived from immune spleen cells cultured in the presence of HRPO in vitro revealed that the major portion of CTX for homologous macrophages eluted in the region of the 12,500 dalton protein marker. The partially purified CTX obtained from peritoneal fluid and supernatants of spleen cell cultures was heat stable (56°C for 30 min) and was destroyed by trypsin digestion. These data demonstrate that a chemotactic factor for macrophages, similar to a lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor (LDCF) obtained in vitro, is present in vivo at the site of a cell-mediated immune reaction. Moreover, these observations demonstrate the feasibility of studying the kinetics of leukocyte accumulation and the production of mediators of inflammation at the site of well defined immunologic reactions in vivo.
A generator tripping control method based on trajectory sensitivity analysis and pattern search

A generation tripping control method based on trajectory sensitivity analysis and pattern search is proposed in this paper. Considering the nonlinear dynamic model of multi-machine power system, the trajectory sensitivity of instable rotor angle to all generators' output power is derived, which is used to screen candidate control targets for generator tripping, and then the optimal control strategy is chosen by a pattern search algorithm. The proposed control method uses trajectory from time-domain simulation for analysis, which guarantees control accuracy compared to direct analysis method. Furthermore, the method realizes parallel calculation of both trajectory sensitivity and pattern search, which improves the decision-making efficiency and is particularly applicable to online pre-decision-making. Finally, two power system cases are illustrated to verify the effectiveness of the method.
Cell-cell and intracellular lactate shuttles

Once thought to be the consequence of oxygen lack in contracting skeletal muscle, the glycolytic product lactate is formed and utilized continuously in diverse cells under fully aerobic conditions. ‘Cell–cell’ and ‘intracellular lactate shuttle’ concepts describe the roles of lactate in delivery of oxidative and gluconeogenic substrates as well as in cell signalling. Examples of the cell–cell shuttles include lactate exchanges between between white-glycolytic and red-oxidative fibres within a working muscle bed, and between working skeletal muscle and heart, brain, liver and kidneys. Examples of intracellular lactate shuttles include lactate uptake by mitochondria and pyruvate for lactate exchange in peroxisomes. Lactate for pyruvate exchanges affect cell redox state, and by itself lactate is a ROS generator. In vivo, lactate is a preferred substrate and high blood lactate levels down-regulate the use of glucose and free fatty acids (FFA). As well, lactate binding may affect metabolic regulation, for instance binding to G-protein receptors in adipocytes inhibiting lipolysis, and thus decreasing plasma FFA availability. In vitro lactate accumulation upregulates expression of MCT1 and genes coding for other components of the mitochondrial reticulum in skeletal muscle. The mitochondrial reticulum in muscle and mitochondrial networks in other aerobic tissues function to establish concentration and proton gradients necessary for cells with high mitochondrial densities to oxidize lactate. The presence of lactate shuttles gives rise to the realization that glycolytic and oxidative pathways should be viewed as linked, as opposed to alternative, processes, because lactate, the product of one pathway, is the substrate for the other.