cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cofactors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cDNA integration in vitro

We have investigated the function of two DNA binding proteins that stimulate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cDNA integration in vitro, the cellular HMGa1 protein and the viral nucleocapsid (NC) protein. Of the three forms of NC (NCp7, NCp9, and NCp15), we find that NCp9 is the most effective at increasing integration in vitro; thus, processing of NC may potentially modulate its activities during infection. We also found that maximal stimulation by NCp9 required roughly enough NC to coat the reactant DNAs whereas less HMGa1 was required, and the reactions displayed different optima for divalent metal cofactors and order of addition. These findings reveal probable distinct mechanisms of action in vitro.
PROCESS IN THE CHINESE KINSHIP SYSTEM

PROCESS IN THE CHINESE KINSHIP SYSTEM By A. L. KROEBER THE last for 1932, Chen I N and Shryock number of the article on Chinese Terms of Relationship contribute an AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST which is both valuable for its material and penetrating in its analysis. In one respect their interpretation can be carried farther. The Chinese system appears to consist of a classificatory, that is non-descriptive,l base, which has been made over by additions into a descriptive system similar in its working to the English one, in fact is more precisely and suc­ cessfully descriptive than this. Relationships through males and through females have not been merged as in West European systems; distinction between elder and younger siblings has been kept; and at the same time the number of describing terms is greater than in Europe. The consequence is that the Chinese distinguish precisely, by terms or phrases of specific denotation, a greater number of relationships than we do, without having recourse to circumlocutory or enumerative phrases; and at the same time they have kept more of their former presumably non-descriptive base. In short, their system shows how a non-descriptive system was made over into a descriptive one by devices different from and independent of our own yet very similar so far as their effect or functioning goes. The pointing out of this change is the purpose of the present paper. The kernel or base of the Chinese system is as follows. Fu, f. MU,m. Tzu, son (also child). NU, d. Hsiung, o. br. Ti, y. br. Tzu, o. sis. Mei, y. sis. Tsu, gr. par. (specifically, f.'s f.) Sun, gr. ch. (specifically, son's son) 1 The term classificatory continues to be used, although all the discussion about it does not meet the objection long ago raised that fundamentally the common criterion of classi­ ficatory systems is that they are different from European ones. Until the term is purged of this culturally egocentric connotation, it is as unfortunate as agglutinative in linguistics, Turanian in ethnology, and irrational as a means of distinguishing the other animals from man. Important, too, is Lowie's point (AA 30: 264, 1928) that classificatory and descrip­ tive are logically not complementary.
RECONSTRUCTION OF RESISTANT STRICTURES OF THE FOSSA NAVICULARIS AND MEATUS

AbstractPurpose: We evaluate the long-term efficacy of an integrated 1-stage approach for the reconstruction of resistant strictures of the fossa navicularis and meatus.Materials and Methods: In 19 men with resistant glanular urethral strictures of varied origin reconstruction was tailored to the individual characteristics of the urethral stricture and glans. Urethral reconstruction was performed with a ventral transverse island fasciocutaneous penile flap in 16 cases, resection and primary end-to-end anastomosis in 2, and a buccal mucosal graft in 1. The granuloplasty was completed as a glans cap in 15 patients and as glans wings in 4. In the latter group the glans was significantly scarred from the causative process and previous failed procedures.Results: The patients were followed for a mean of 42.7 months. Transient urinary splaying and mild glans torsion were observed postoperatively but resolved within 8 weeks. Overall, a durable, functional and cosmetic result was achieved in 18 patients (94.7%), a...
Ti 47 and Ti 49 Hyperfine Structure in the Electron Spin Resonance of Titanium (III) Complexes

Satellite lines have been resolved in the solution electron spin resonance spectra of two complexes of titanium (III). These lines arise from hyperfine interaction of the unpaired electron with the odd isotopes of titanium, ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{47}$ and ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{49}$. The nuclear spins of the two isotopes are found to be $\frac{5}{2}$ and $\frac{7}{2}$, respectively, in agreement with earlier nuclear induction intensity measurements. The Ti hyperfine constants for the two complexes are almost identical (50.0 Mc/sec). The two complexes studied are a one-to-one complex between titanium (III) and the OC${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion, and the Ti${\mathrm{F}}_{2}^{+}$ ion. The preparation of these complexes is discussed. In the case of the Ti${\mathrm{F}}_{2}^{+}$ ion, an additional hyperfine interaction is observed with the two fluorine nuclei. The splitting constant for the fluorine interaction is 21.1 Mc/sec.The optical spectra of these complexes show large splittings of the $d$-electron levels which are believed to be the result of strong axial perturbations by the coordinating ligands. These splittings lengthen the electron spin lattice relaxation time sufficiently to permit the resolution of the satellite lines.
THE VISUAL ORBIT AND EVOLUTIONARY STATE OF 12 BOOTIS

Herein we report the determination of the 12 Boo visual orbit from near-infrared, long-baseline interferometric measurements taken with the Palomar Testbed Interferometer (PTI). We further add photometric and spectroscopic measurements in an attempt to understand the fundamental stellar parameters and evolution of the 12 Boo components.
Air pollution, the sick building syndrome, and social behavior

Abstract Research on air pollution and behavior has shifted from studies that examined the relationship between outdoor contaminants and behavior to studies on malodor and indoor air pollution. This shift increases the relevance of laboratory experiments that examined the effects of malodor on social behavior. A review of results from laboratory and field studies on the social consequences of air pollution suggests several opportunities for those doing research on the sick building syndrome (SBS). It is proposed that the social consequences of the SBS may be as important and costly as physical symptoms.
Guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with unexplained fever.

To THE EDITOR-In their recent review, Hughes et al. [1] discuss the use of empiric antibiotic therapy for unexplained fever in neutropenic patients. We are concerned about their recommendations regarding double 3-lactam regimens. There are three basic reasons for using antibiotic combinations: to provide synergy, to prevent the development of resistance, and to broaden the spectrum of empiric therapy. Double 3-lactam combinations (such as the ureidopenicillins with cephalosporins) have only rarely been found to provide synergy against gram-negative bacilli. In fact, the combination will more likely result in antagonism [2, 3]. A 3-lactam in combination with an aminoglycoside does produce synergy against various grampositive and gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa [4]. The development of antibiotic resistance by bacteria is a welldescribed problem [2, 3]. Double 3-lactam combinations have not been found to reduce the development of resistance [5]. This is a particular problem in organisms that produce Richmond-Sykes type 1 3-lactamases, such as P aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae. In contrast, aminoglycosides have been shown to decrease the resistance developed to 3-lactams when used in combination (and vice versa), although there are conflicting data. Experimentally, aminoglycoside-3-lactam combinations have been shown to prevent the emergence of resistance, whereas double 3-lactam regimens are no better than the individual 3-lactam alone [6]. A double 3-lactam combination is additive and will broaden the empiric coverage. However, the practitioner must feel comfortable with a broad-spectrum penicillin being used as monotherapy if a cephalosporin-resistant organism is the pathogen. It is well documented that the aminoglycosides are nephrotoxic. Those who promote the use of double 3-lactam combinations claim that the risk of using an aminoglycoside outweighs the benefits. We recognize that for most granulocytopenic patients double 3-lactam combinations are effective. However, in most of these cases monotherapy with ceftazidime should be sufficient [7]. The first and fourth EORTC studies [8, 9] and Winston et al. [10] provide strong evidence that aminoglycoside-containing regimens produce better results in patients with severe neutropenia (<100/mm3) or in patients infected with R aeruginosa. The benefit of using an aminoglycoside in these patient populations should outweigh the risk. It is our opinion that the antagonistic potential and the emergence of organisms resistant to 3-lactam antibiotics are reasons to avoid the use of double 3-lactams whenever possible. In addition, aminoglycosides should be used in combination with a broad-spectrum 3-lactam antibiotic in profoundly neutropenic patients or in those infected with P aeruginosa.
The p58 subunit of human DNA primase is important for primer initiation, elongation, and counting.

The p58 subunit of human DNA primase contains a region, M288-K344, that is homologous to part of the 8 kDa domain of DNA polymerase beta. Since regions of a protein that are highly conserved evolutionarily often play important catalytic functions, we examined the effects of mutating this region of the p58 subunit on primase activity. Deleting M288-L313 of the p58 subunit results in a protein that binds to the primase p49 subunit but cannot support primer synthesis on any template when assays only contain Mg(2+) as the divalent metal. Including Mn(2+), a metal that stimulates initiation of primer synthesis, in the assays now allows the enzyme to synthesize primers at a rate only moderately lower than that of the wild-type enzyme on templates consisting solely of deoxycytidylates. While the enzyme is active under these conditions, it has lost the ability to synthesize primers of defined length (i.e., count). Alanine scanning mutagenesis of charged residues in this region revealed three amino acids, R302, R306, and K314, that play important roles in both primer initiation and translocation. Conversion of these residues to alanine interfered with initiation and significantly decreased the processivity of primase. Together, these studies indicate that this "pol beta-like" region of p58 is important for three distinct aspects of primer synthesis:; initiation, translocation, and counting. The implications of these results with respect to the biological role of the p58 subunit and the mechanism of primer synthesis are discussed.
A criterion for minimality of restrictions of compact minimal Abelian flows

Abstract For a compact minimal Abelian flow X =〈T,X〉 we introduce the notion of an X -enveloped subgroup of T and use it to give a criterion for minimality of the restricted flow X S =〈S,X〉 , S a syndetic subgroup of T, in terms of the eigenvalues of X . We then deduce a criterion for total minimality of X . We apply these two criteria in several situations. In case of skew-extensions we get a new proof of a classical theorem of Parry. We also introduce the notion of SK groups and use it, together with the criteria, to generalize some statements about weak mixing and improve some conditions which imply non-total-minimality.
GABAA-receptor-mediated effects of progesterone, its ring-A- reduced metabolites and synthetic neuroactive steroids on neurogenic oedema in the rat meninges

Abstract 1. The effects of progesterone, its A-ring-reduced metabolites, allopregnanolone, tetrahydroxydeoxycorticosterone and the synthetic neuroactive steroid alphaxalone were evaluated in a rat model of plasma extravasation within the meninges following unilateral electrical stimulation (ES) of the trigeminal ganglion (0.6 mA, 5 ms, 5 min) or substance P administration (1 nmol kg-1, i.v.). 2. When administered 55 min prior to electrical stimulation, progesterone (> or = 500 micrograms, s.c.) dose-dependently decreased plasma extravasation within the meninges (ED50: 650 micrograms) but not within conjunctiva and tongue. Promegestone (R5020), a non-metabolized progesterone agonist (1000 micrograms, i.p.) was ineffective. The administration of progestrone (> or = 500 micrograms s.c.) 55 min prior to substance P partially suppressed plasma extravasation within the meninges (ED50: 550 micrograms). 3. The GABAA-antagonist, bicuculline (ED50: 8.2 micrograms kg-1, i.p.) but not the GABAB-antagonist, phaclofen (100 micrograms kg-1, i.p.) attenuated the effects of progesterone after electrical stimulation and substance P administration. 4. The metabolites of progesterone, allopregnanolone (3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha- pregnan-20-one (THP); ED50: 0.58 micrograms kg-1, i.p.), tetrahydroxydeoxycorticosterone (3 alpha,21- dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (THDOC); ED50: 1.2 micrograms kg-1, i.p.) as well as the synthetic steroid alphaxalone (3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione; ED50: 1.8 micrograms kg-1, i.p.) suppressed plasma extravasation dose-dependently following ES, whereas the epimer of allopregnanolone, 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (100 micrograms kg-1, i.p.), did not. Extravasation caused by SP administration was partially suppressed by allopregnanolone (> or = 1 microgram kg-1, i.p.) (ED50: 2.1 micrograms kg-1). 5. The effect of progesterone (1000 micrograms, s.c.) and allopregnanolone (100 micrograms kg-1, i.p.) on neurogenic plasma extravasation was reversed by bicuculline (10 micrograms kg-1, i.p.) or by a congener, bicuculline-methiodide (10 micrograms kg-1, i.p.) which does not cross the blood brain barrier. 6. Progesterone (1000 micrograms, s.c.) had no effect on mean arterial blood pressure or heart rate when measured for 60 min after administration. 7. These results indicate that neurosteroid modulation of a GABAA-receptor located outside the blood brain barrier suppresses neurogenic and substance P-induced plasma extravasation within the meninges. The findings are consistent with previously reported data showing that valproic acid and muscimol inhibit meningeal oedema by bicuculline-sensitive mechanisms. Drugs which activate GABAA-receptors and its modulatory sites might be clinically effective in the treatment of migraine and cluster headache.
Respiratory syncytial virus and asthma: speed-dating or long-term relationship?

Purpose of review Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common respiratory pathogen in infants and young children worldwide. Furthermore, epidemiologic evidence has been accumulating that RSV lower respiratory tract infection in infants may be linked to subsequent development of recurrent wheezing and asthma in childhood. This article reviews the epidemiological evidence linking RSV and asthma and some new hypotheses of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of post-viral airway inflammation and hyperreactivity that have been proposed to explain the epidemiologic link.
Techniques for high-speed digital imaging of gas concentrations in turbulent flows

Techniques have been developed to measure the concentration of nozzle gas quantitatively in transitional and turbulent flow regimes at high framing rates in two dimensions. Elastically scattered light from a seeded jet, illuminated by a sheet of laser light, was recorded in three ways. The first involved the use of a rotating mirror to sequentially place images onto different portions of a relatively slow vidicon-based imaging system to achieve a high effective framing rate (2–10 kHz) for up to four frames. The second used a portion of a monolithic 128×128 photodiode array connected directly to a high-speed analog to digital converter to achieve a framing rate of 1.136 kHz. The third used a fast video camera and recorder (6 kHz) to store images on magnetic tape in analog form, which were later digitized upon playback. A comparison of these techniques is presented along with a discussion of factors important in the use of high-speed digital imaging systems. It is shown that the temporal development of large-scale structures can be digitally recorded in two dimensions, with the advantage of being both quantitative and visually interpretable.
An Epitaph for Cavopulmonary Anastomosis

Cavopulmonary anastomosis was developed by several surgical groups working independently and probably unaware of each other. In a most unusual way, the primary discoveries were left unnoticed, the initial trials were not followed up, and the first clinical successes were generally disregarded. After that, however, there was intensive experimental and clinical activity during which the physiology of this new operation was studied intensively and it was applied in a large number of clinical cases. After the development of more radical procedures, the operation gradually fell into disuse. This essay discusses the place of the cavopulmonary shunt in surgical history.
A mathematical model for the evolution of anthelmintic resistance in a direct life cycle nematode parasite

Some of the elements required of a mathematical model for the evolution of anthelmintic resistance in strongylid nematodes are described. The model comprises a series of coupled first order differential equations and assumes the parasite has a direct life cycle with overlapping generations. The parasite-host system involved only a single host. In all the cases considered, drug resistance was assumed to be determined by two alleles at a single autosomal locus. The pretreatment allelic frequencies were maintained by heterozygote advantage involving the mortality of the free-living stages of the parasite. The model suggests that alternating anthelmintic with different modes of action may be a less effective resistance management strategy than administering the same drugs simultaneously.
Role of Technology Assessment in Orthopaedics

A technology assessment is a literature-based research project that seeks to determine whether a medical device, drug, procedure, or biologic is effective or to summarize literature on a given technology. A well-conducted assessment is a form of secondary research that employs the same steps used in primary research studies (ie, well-designed clinical trials). The primary difference is that in technology assessment the investigator does not collect the raw data. Rather, (s)he must use data collected by someone else. Nevertheless, a well-designed assessment, like a well-designed study, employs the scientific method, which is a method designed to combat bias. When there is little available information, such as with new technologies, unbiased examinations can typically show that enthusiasm for that technology is not backed by much data. When there is more information, assessments can not only determine whether a technology is effective, but also how effective it is. Technology assessments can provide busy orthopaedic surgeons (who do not have the time to keep up with and critically evaluate current literature) with succinct information that enables them to rapidly determine what is and what is not known about any given medical technology.
Effects of Parity, Age, and Stage of Lactation at Classification on Linear Type Scores of Holstein Cattle

Linear type scores of 60,121 Michigan and Wisconsin cows classified from January through November 1983 were obtained from the Holstein-Friesian Association of America. Joint effects of parity, age, and stage of lactation at classification on linear scores of Holstein body conformation characteristics were examined. The mixed model used had a random factor of sire within herd and had fixed factors of herd and the three-way subclass of parity, age, and stage of lactation. Herd effect included differences due to herd environment, classifier, and season. Sires within herds and herds were absorbed while constructing equations for the three-way subclass factors. Parity, age, and stage of lactation affected linear type scores after adjustment for herd and sire differences. There was little evidence of a parity by stage interaction or a parity by age interaction. Adjustment factors for the three-way subclass effects were derived. When compared with adjustment factors derived in this study, current adjustment factors overadjust for age and parity effects and underadjust for stage of lactation effects.
'Naive' native speakers and judgements of oral proficiency in Spanish:

The notion of the 'native speaker' occupies an important place in any theory of foreign language proficiency. In the case of the ACTFL oral interview, on several occasions the 'native speaker' is invoked as a hypothetical interlocutor for candidates. However, no body of research evidence exists as a foundation for such a use of the concept of 'native speaker'. In an effort to discover whether native speakers do really react to differing levels of proficiency in the way predicted for them in the ACTFL scale, a study was carried out in Barcelona, Spain. A group of linguistically 'naive' native speakers evaluated American students' performances on taped ACTFL oral interviews in Spanish. Apart from the fact that there was a considerable divergence in how they viewed particular candidates' exhibited proficiency, it was striking that the native speakers were consistently more strict in their evaluations than was an ACTFL-trained rater.
Cross-modal transfer of the conditioned eyeblink response during interstimulus interval discrimination training in young rats.

Eyeblink classical conditioning (EBC) was observed across a broad developmental period with tasks utilizing two interstimulus intervals (ISIs). In ISI discrimination, two distinct conditioned stimuli (CSs; light and tone) are reinforced with a periocular shock unconditioned stimulus (US) at two different CS-US intervals. Temporal uncertainty is identical in design with the exception that the same CS is presented at both intervals. Developmental changes in conditioning have been reported in each task beyond ages when single-ISI learning is well developed. The present study sought to replicate and extend these previous findings by testing each task at four separate ages. Consistent with previous findings, younger rats (postnatal day – PD - 23 and 30) trained in ISI discrimination showed evidence of enhanced cross-modal influence of the short CS-US pairing upon long CS conditioning relative to older subjects. ISI discrimination training at PD43-47 yielded outcomes similar to those in adults (PD65-71). Cross-modal transfer effects in this task therefore appear to diminish between PD30 and PD43-47. Comparisons of ISI discrimination with temporal uncertainty indicated that cross-modal transfer in ISI discrimination at the youngest ages did not represent complete generalization across CSs. ISI discrimination undergoes a more protracted developmental emergence than single-cue EBC and may be a more sensitive indicator of developmental disorders involving cerebellar dysfunction.
The Zener relaxation and vacancy-controlled atomic mobility in AgZn solid solutions—I Vacancy formation and migration energies

Abstract New experiments are reported on the Zener relaxation in AgZn alloys (24–33 at.% Zn), both under conditions of vacancy equilibrium and after quenching from 200°C or below. The equilibrium measurements are concerned with the temperature dependence of the relaxation strength, the mean relaxation time, and the width of the relaxation spectrum. Small but interesting differences are noted between these results and those of earlier work. Using a novel “delayed creep method” for quenched specimens, it has been shown that the equilibrium vacancy concentration and the vacancy jump rate in these concentrated alloys are well represented by simple exponential functions of the reciprocal absolute temperature, involving respectively an effective formation and migration energy H f and H m . Over the range 24–33 at.% Zn, H f is found to drop slightly from 0.88 to 0.83 (±0.02) eV, while the corresponding values for H m are 0.56 and 0.54(±0.02) eV. These values are in striking contrast to previously reported values for similar alloys, but are judged to be more nearly correct. It now appears that the addition of Zn to Ag causes H f and H m to decrease in a manner such that their ratio H f H m maintains an approximately constant value of 1.5.
Temporal distribution of smoking.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between temporal distribution of cigarette consumption and overall smoking rate. In Experiment 1, three groups (n = 18 per group) of smokers (high, medium and low rate) were compared. Mean hourly smoking rates were highly correlated across groups with smoking rate accelerating throughout the morning, stabilizing and rapidly decelerating in late evening. Lower overall smoking rates were associated with a lower peak smoking rate and shorter smoking days. In Experiment 2, individual temporal distribution data was presented for eight subjects under high and low rate smoking conditions. A good deal of inter-subject and intra-subject variation was noted. Within subjects temporal distribution during high and low rate conditions tended to be poorly correlated. Low rate smoking was associated with a significantly shorter smoking day.
Essential progressive telangiectasia in an autoimmune setting: Successful treatment with acyclovir

A unique, progressive syndrome of muscle weakness, ascending telangiectasia, and venous ectasia of the legs developed in a 55-year-old woman with autoimmune thyroiditis. Myopathy was documented by electromyography and electron microscopy. Her constellation of findings is considered to be of autoimmune origin. Treatment with acyclovir eliminated the patient's generalized telangiectasia. Cyclosporine therapy resulted in a marked but temporary reduction of the enlarged thyroid and of her elevated thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies. Neither acyclovir nor cyclosporine had any demonstrable effect on the patient's muscle function or venous ectasia.
A Response to Responsibility of and Trust in ISPs by Raphael Cohen-Almagor

The Internet and Internet applications such as cloud computing continue to grow at an extraordinary rate, enabled by the Internet's open architecture and the vibrant lightly regulated Internet service provider (ISP) market. Proposals to hold ISPs responsible for content and software shared by their customers would dramatically constrain the openness and innovation that has been the hallmark of the Internet to date. Rather than taking the kind of approach favored by Raphael Cohen-Almagor, government should enlist the assistance of other intermediaries such as credit card companies in targeted actions against illegal activities online. In addition, they should foster improved online authentication, which could support “zones of trust” on the Internet.
Nuclease Cleavage of the Upstream Half of the Nontemplate Strand DNA in an Escherichia coli Transcription Elongation Complex Causes Upstream Translocation and Transcriptional Arrest

We tested the susceptibility of nucleic acid strands in a halted transcription elongation complex to digestion by micrococcal nuclease (MN). The 16-nucleotide nascent RNA was protected within RNA polymerase. A 27-28-nucleotide template strand DNA fragment also was resistant to MN digestion. However, the upstream half of the nontemplate DNA within this region was digested rapidly by MN, suggesting that the nontemplate strand emerges from the RNA polymerase near the middle of the melted transcription bubble with the bases oriented away from the enzyme surface. MN cleavage of the exposed nontemplate DNA shifted polymerase backward, making it unable to extend the RNA chain. However, the MN-trimmed G16 complexes could be reactivated by GreB-stimulated cleavage of the nascent RNA. These results favor a model of transcriptional arrest involving upstream slippage of RNA polymerase along the RNA and DNA chains. They also suggest that the exposed segment of nontemplate DNA may directly or indirectly stabilize the lateral position of the transcription complex along the DNA.
On continuity of the Moore-Penrose and Drazin generalized inverses

Abstract Let A be an m × n matrix. It is shown that if a matrix Â comes close to satisfying the definition of the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse of A , A † , then ┆ Â – A † ┆ is small. Norm estimates are given which make precise what is close. The Drazin generalized inverse is also considered.
Quantitative isolation of lipids of partially defatted and whole peanuts by a dry column method

A dry column method of lipid extraction was found to be applicable to peanuts—partially defatted as well as whole. Total lipid was obtained from the peanut/sodium sulfate/Celite 545 columns by isocratic elution with dichloromethane/methanol 9:1. Moreover, neutral lipids were obtained by sequential elution that were completely free from polar lipids. First, dichloromethane eluted the neutral lipids, then the 9:1 solvent eluted the polar lipids—at times containing small quantities of neutral lipids. Total lipid values obtained by the column extraction method were slightly higher than those obtained by the standard Soxhlet extraction procedure. This was due in part to the more complete polar lipid isolation produced by the column method. In partially defatted peanuts produced by mechanical pressing, 99% of the polar lipids remained in the retained oil, and these were shown to be slightly less unsaturated than the neutral lipids.
Monk, knight or artist? the archivist as a straddler of a paradigm

The contextual approach gives the impression that we are moving into the 21st century with three competing scientific traditions of interpretation. Another understanding is the systemic view, which indicates a paradigm with complementing traditions of interpretation, depending on ontological level. The paradigm of archival science is, like that of many other sciences, influenced by positivism, systems theory and hermeneutics. The relevance of the paradigm depends on personal beliefs. The hermeneutic understanding of archival science emphasizes the context and deconstructs central concepts. Hermeneutics emphasizes the influence of conceptual changes and technological advances on perception. Hermeneutics stresses the need for a socio-cultural and historical orientation of archival science. The positivistic tradition is coloured by the myths about an ideal science. This is reflected firstly in the analogy comparing archives with nature, and secondly in the deductive method. Positivism is instrumental in its demands for distinct definitions of concepts and its insistence on the record as the basis of archival science. The flexibility of systems theory highlights the complex relations between context and record. Systems theory can, at its best, serve as a meeting-place for researchers, archivists and users and accordingly form the basis for new knowledge and theory formation. Systems theory enables a materialistic/dialectic epistemology based in reality and inspired by other relevant sciences. The result may be the foundation of a systemic-functionalist archival science with activities, records creation and evidential values in focus.
Use of item response theory to link 3 modules of functional status items from the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old study

Abstract McHorney CA. Use of item response theory to link 3 modules of functional status items from the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:383-94. Objective: To link, by using item response theory (IRT), 3 modules of functional status items in the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) study. Design: Secondary data analysis of the functional status items in the AHEAD study. In that study, participants completed a common set of functional status items and were randomly assigned to complete 1 of 2 modules containing different functional status items. Setting: A nationally representative panel study of elderly. Participants: US baseline data from 4655 respondents. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Nineteen common items and 2 sets of supplemental items that measure functional status. Results: A 2-parameter model for dichotomous items was used for linking the 3 modules of items. By using this model, both sets of supplemental items were successfully linked to the common items, allowing the placement of all items on the same underlying measure of ability. The small-muscle instrumental activities of daily living were the easiest of all the items for respondents to perform. The item on walking from the Longitudinal Study of Aging was the most difficult for respondents to perform. Conclusions: IRT-based linking methods were a useful way to overcome test dependency and to place items on a common metric even if different respondents answer different sets of items. Numerous important design features can degrade linking results and should be attended to in future linking studies. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Spatial location and hyperacuity: flank position within the centre and surround zones.

Sensitivity to a horizontal displacement of a vertical line was measured in order to ascertain the influence of the location of parallel flanking lines on the apparent position of features in visual space. The first experiment confirmed that the introduction of the flank added a component to the apparent shift which was towards the flank for small separations (less than 3-4') and away from the flank with larger separations. The second experiment investigated the notion that apparent location is derived by collecting information only from zones adjacent to the target and limited in the vertical extent by the target's height i.e. information orthogonal to the target's main axis. This was done by placing a vertical flank at a horizontal distance from the target that would be clearly within one zone or the other and measuring the effect of a vertical separation between the two flank halves. In the surround zone the amount of repulsion obtained was not influenced by vertical separation of the flank halves, even when they were several minutes higher (or lower) than the target line. In the central zone attraction was only obtained when the vertical separation was small enough to provide some overlap of the lines in the horizontal direction. With larger separations substantial repulsion was obtained. We conclude that while the central 'attraction' zone may only use information distributed in the direction of the line's displacement, it does so only within a 3-4' range on either side of the target line. The surround zone is not similarly limited in the region over which it collects information to influence the apparent location of features.
Variability in grape phylloxera preference and performance on canyon grape ( Vitis arizonica )

We tested the deme-formation hypothesis experimentally with four populations of leaf-galling grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, and its host, canyon grape (Vitis arizonica). An experiment designed to examine preference and performance showed that phylloxera populations did not significantly prefer their original host relative to other hosts in the percent available leaves galled. There were significant herbivore population effects (P<0.01), host effects (P<0.001), and population x host interaction effects (P<0.001). Herbivore populations had different colonizing abilities (performance, as measured in the mean number of galls per leaf) on an individual host (P<0.001), but there was no host effect. Host genotype significantly affected phylloxera performance, measured as survivorship (P<0.01), but a phylloxera population did not necessarily have higher survivorship on its original host. Differences in fecundity, an-other measurement of performance, were due to intrinsic differences among herbivore populations (P<0.05), and not related to host genotype. There was no correlation between distance from a phylloxera population in the field and a host's susceptibility to attack. There was a significant positive relationship between levels of infestation on a clone in the field and its susceptibility to colonization experimentally (P<0.05), suggesting inherent differences in host resistance and susceptibility. These results did not support the deme-formation hypothesis. In a second experiment, host clone x water treatment interactions affected phylloxera survivorship (P<0.05) and fecundity (P<0.05). We conclude that host genotype x environment interactions may prevent sessile, parthenogenetic herbivores from locally adapting to individual host genotypes.
Blepharoplasty With Ptosis Repair

Learning Objectives The reader is presumed to have a broad understanding of aesthetic surgical procedures. After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Evaluate the patient with eyelid ptosis who presents for cosmetic blepharoplasty. 2. Describe eyelid ptosis repair performed simultaneously with cosmetic upper lid blepharoplasty. 3. Analyze the cosmetic blepharoplasty patient who presents postoperatively with asymmetric eyelid levels.
Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Cardiovascular Risk

Dietary omega-3 fatty acids decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Both epidemiologic and interventional studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids on many CVD end points, including all CVD (defined as all coronary artery disease [CAD], fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction [MI], and stroke combined), all CAD, fatal and nonfatal MI, stroke, sudden cardiac death, and all-cause mortality. Much of the evidence comes from studies with fish oil and fish; to a lesser extent, data relate to plant-derived omega-3 fatty acids. Cardioprotective benefits have been observed with daily consumption of as little as 25 to 57 g (∼1 to 2 oz) of fish high in omega-3 fatty acids, an intake equivalent to ≥1 fish meal weekly or even monthly, with greater intakes decreasing risk further in a dose-dependent manner, up to about 5 servings per week. Fish, including farm-raised fish and their wild counterparts, are the major dietary sources of the longer-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Sources of plant-derived omega-3 fatty acids include flaxseed, flaxseed oil, walnuts, canola oil, and soybean oil. Because of the remarkable cardioprotective effects of omega-3 fatty acids, consumption of food sources that provide omega-3 fatty acids—especially the longer-chain fatty acids (≥20 carbons) from marine sources—should be increased in the diet to decrease CVD risk significantly.
Genetic Analysis of Plant Salt Tolerance Using Arabidopsis

Soil salinity is one of the most significant abiotic stresses for plant agriculture. Apart from the practical goal of genetically improving the salt tolerance of crop plants, salt tolerance research represents an important part of basic plant biology, contributing to our understanding of subjects
Real-time numerical dispersion compensation for standard/full-range complex Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography

We implemented numerical dispersion compensation for both standard and full-range complex Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography on a graphics processing unit architecture, and demonstrated real-time ultrahigh-resolution imaging at 70k line/s.
Theoretical Sampling and Category Development in Grounded Theory

Theoretical sampling is a hallmark of grounded theory methodology, and yet there is little guidance available for researchers on how to implement this process. A review of recently published grounded theory studies in Qualitative Health Research revealed that researchers often indicate that they use theoretical sampling to choose new participants, to modify interview guides, or to add data sources as a study progresses, but few describe how theoretical sampling is implemented in response to emergent findings. In this article, two issues that arose relative to theoretical sampling in an ongoing grounded theory study are discussed. A theoretical sampling guide that was developed by the authors' research team to facilitate systematic decision making and to enhance the audit trail relative to theoretical sampling is described, and an example of how the guide was used to develop a category is presented.
Nutritional Status Modulates Rat Liver Cytochrome P450 Arachidonic Acid Metabolism

Alterations in nutritional status affect hepatic cytochrome P450 levels. Since cytochromes P450 participate in the metabolism of arachidonic acid, we hypothesized that changes in liver P450 arachidonic acid metabolism occur during fasting and refeeding. Male Fisher 344 rats were either fed, fasted 48 hr (F48), fasted 48 hr and then refed 6 hr (F48/R6), or fasted 48 hr and then refed 24 hr (F48/R24). F48 rats had reduced body weight, increased plasma β-hydroxybutyrate, and reduced plasma insulin compared with the other groups. Although there was no significant change in total liver P450 content, there was a significant 20%, 48%, and 24% reduction in total hepatic microsomal arachidonic acid metabolism in F48, F48/R6, and F48/R24 rats, respectively, compared with fed rats. Epoxygenase activity decreased by 28%, 51%, and 26% in F48, F48/R6, and F48/R24 rats, respectively. In contrast, ω-1 hydroxylase activity increased by 126% in F48 rats compared with fed rats. Immunoblotting revealed that levels of CYP2C11 protein were markedly reduced, whereas levels of CYP2E1 protein were markedly increased in the F48 and F48/R6 groups. In contrast, levels of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2J3, CYP4A1, and CYP4A3 were unchanged with fasting/refeeding. Northern blots revealed that levels of CYP2C11 mRNAs were decreased, whereas CYP2E1 mRNAs were increased in F48 and F48/R6 rats. Recombinant CYP2C11 metabolized arachidonic acid primarily to epoxides with preference for the 14(S),15(R)-, 11(R),12(S)-, and 8(S),9(R)- epoxyeicosatrienoic acid enantiomers. We conclude that (1) nutritional status affects hepatic microsomal arachidonic acid metabolism, (2) reduced epoxygenase activity in F48 and F48/R6 rats is accompanied by decreased levels of CYP2C11, (3) increased ω-1 hydroxylase activity is accompanied by augmented levels of CYP2E1, and (4) the effects of fasting on CYP2C11 and CYP2E1 expression occur at the pretranslational level.
The structure of social monitoring in the process of social control

This article examines the concept of social monitoring, defined as the process of collecting, storing, and exchanging conflict information. The social control literature recognizes that information provides the basis for responding to grievances, yet few discussions focus on the process by which this information is generated. This article provides conceptual clarification of social monitoring by suggesting a framework for quantifying the process and proposing several factors associated with its variation. I discuss five dimensions to capture quantitative and qualitative differences in social monitoring: (a) the standardization of the process, (b) the partisanship of the monitor, (c) the centralization of information, (d) the locus of control over information generated, and (e) the quantity of information produced. I then suggest several features of social relationships that seem to be associated with variation in monitoring processes. By synthesizing existing literature, I propose that the quality and qua...
Vaccination of Monkeys with Recombinant Plasmodium falciparum Apical Membrane Antigen 1 Confers Protection against Blood-Stage Malaria

A major challenge facing malaria vaccine development programs is identifying efficacious combinations of antigens. To date, merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) is regarded as the leading asexual vaccine candidate. Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) has been identified as another leading candidate for an asexual malaria vaccine, but without any direct in vivo evidence that a recombinant form of Plasmodium falciparum AMA1 would have efficacy. We evaluated the efficacy of a form of P. falciparum AMA1, produced in Pichia pastoris, by vaccinating Aotus vociferans monkeys and then challenging them with P. falciparum parasites. Significant protection from this otherwise lethal challenge with P. falciparum was observed. Five of six animals had delayed patency; two of these remained subpatent for the course of the infection, and two controlled parasite growth at <0.75% of red blood cells parasitized. The protection induced by AMA1 was superior to that obtained with a form of MSP1 used in the same trial. The protection induced by a combination vaccine of AMA1 and MSP1 was not superior to the protection obtained with AMA1 alone, although the immunity generated appeared to operate against both vaccine components.
The Optical Behavior of Organic and Organometallic Molecules in Sol-Gel Matrices

The low temperatures involved in sol-gel processing have enabled organic and organometallic molecules to be incorporated in gel matrices. These molecules serve as optical probes to characterize gel chemistry and structure. The present paper describes the use of luminescence spectroscopy to detail matrix rigidity effects and protonation/deprotonation reactions during the sol-gel transition and subsequent aging processes. In separate experiments, the addition of a laser dye, rhodamine 6G, has enabled us to demonstrate lasing and optical gain in a silica gel.
Toward a Framework of Social Change Leadership

This paper presents and describes an emergent framework of social change leadership, based on a multi-year, multi-modal, qualitative study of social change organizations. The framework poses that the consistent use of a set of leadership drivers, anchored in a set of assumptions and core values of social justice, helps members of these organizations engage in practices and activities that build collective power, which is then leveraged to produce long-term outcomes for social change. We suggest the study of social change leadership has implications for broader work on leadership, in two ways. First, it helps illuminate social constructionist understandings of leadership that see it as shared or collective rather than inherent in one or more visible individuals. Secondly, it highlights the importance of both beliefs and behaviors -- worldview and action – and the interaction between them as fundamental to leadership.
Fuzzy scheduling of a build-to-order supply chain

The overwhelming majority of the literature in the area of supply chain planning and scheduling considers the traditional make-to-stock (MTS) environment. However, manufacturers of assembled products such as cars, computers, furniture, etc. adopt the build-to-order supply chain (BOSC) to become agile in a mass customization process in order to meet diversified customer requirements. In this paper we propose an integrated production–distribution planning model for a multi-echelon, multi-plant and multi-product supply chain operating in a build-to-order (BTO) environment. The uncertainties associated with estimation of the various operational cost parameters are represented by fuzzy numbers. The BOSC scheduling model is thus constructed as a mixed-integer fuzzy programming (MIFP) problem with the goal of reducing the overall operating costs related to component fabrication, procurement, assembling, inspection, logistics and inventory, while improving customer satisfaction by allowing product customization a...