cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An engineering curriculum track for IT for sustainability

Information technology (IT) forms a crucial foundation for designing, building and managing future sustainable cities. This paper proposes a model to innovate the engineering and computing curriculum to include sustainability and IT topics in order to develop the skills and competencies that future professionals will need to design, build and manage future cities. Rather than developing a new program, we propose a curriculum model — called SustainIT -adapted from the successful 2006 US NAE Gordon Prize engineering curriculum innovation, The Learning Factory — as a possible roadmap to reform and complement existing Bachelors of Science (BS) degrees in engineering. By providing a series of guided electives, any engineering program may offer engineering, and/or computer science students the opportunity to learn about and become specialized in IT for Sustainability. Multidisciplinary topics include traditional ecological engineering; life-cycle design; design and application of resource microgrids; pervasive sensing and data aggregation; knowledge discovery, data mining and visualization; and, policy based control and operation for resource provisioning.
Comparison of wound culture and bronchial lavage in the severely burned child: implications for antimicrobial therapy.

Background The relationship of the burn wound flora to microbial pathogens in the tracheobronchial tree has important implications for antimicrobial therapy in the severely burned patient. Management of septic complications is bolstered by surveillance quantitative wound cultures (QWC) and bronchial lavage fluid (BLF) cultures. Objectives To compare the organisms present in BLF with those found in QWC and to determine if QWC can predict BLF results. Design Results of BLF cultures from all patients who underwent bronchial lavage from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 1996, at our institution were compared with QWC data from the same date. Criteria for a positive match included an identical antibiotic susceptibility pattern and biotype. Match rates were calculated qualitatively and quantitatively. Results In 30 (48%) of the 62 BLF cultures, there was a match between the organism identified in the BLF and the QWC. When strict quantitative criteria were applied, the match rate was only 9 (14%) of 62. Burn size and inhalation injury had no significant effect on match rate. Conclusions Whereas the microbial pathogens were similar in the QWC and BLF, linear regression showed no value of QWC in predicting BLF culture results. The difference between qualitative and quantitative match rates suggests cross-colonization between the burn wound and tracheobronchial tree, but little to no cross-infection. The QWC and BLF cultures must be performed independently in determining antimicrobial specificity in the burned patient.
Tolbutamide, flurbiprofen, and losartan as probes of CYP2C9 activity in humans

The metabolic activity of CYP2C9 in 16 subjects expressing four different genotypes (CYP2C9*1/*1, *1/*2, *1/*3, and *2/*2) was evaluated. Single oral doses of tolbutamide, flurbiprofen, and losartan were administered in a randomized, crossover design. Plasma and urine were collected over 24 hours. The urinary metabolic ratio and amount of metabolite(s) excreted were correlated with formation clearance. The formation clearance of tolbutamide to its CYP2C9-mediated metabolites demonstrated a stronger association with genotype compared to flurbiprofen and losartan, respectively (r2 = 0.64 vs. 0.53 vs. 0.42). A statistically significant correlation was observed between formation clearance of tolbutamide and the 0- to 12-hour urinary amount of 4'-hydroxytolbutamide and carboxytolbutamide (r = 0.84). Compared to tolbutamide, the correlations observed between the respective measures of flurbiprofen and losartan metabolism were not as strong. Tolbutamide is a better CYP2C9 probe than flurbiprofen and losartan, and the 0- to 12-hour amount of 4'-hydroxytolbutamide and carboxytolbutamide is the best urinary measure of its metabolism.
The Fahraeus effect.

Abstract Fahraeus reported in 1929 that when blood flows from a large diameter tube through a capillary tube, the average hematocrit of the capillary blood is less than that of the blood in the larger tube. We have investigated this Fahraeus effect by pumping human blood, and red cell-isotonic saline suspensions, from a large reservoir through capillaries 29–221 μ in diameter. The independent variables were the flow rate, the feed reservoir hematocrit ( H F ), the capillary diameter, the stirring rate in the reservoir, and the continuous phase protein content. The measured dependent variables were the average hematocrit in the capillary tube ( H T ), and the mixing-cup hematocrit of the blood flowing from the tube. Under steady flow conditions in the range of conditions studied, the tube relative hematocrit (defined as H R = H T H F ) was found to be independent of the blood flow rate, the protein content of the continuous phase of the red cell suspension, and the stirring rate in the reservoir. H R is a linear function of H F for a given capillary size; the straight line representing this function has a slope which increases, and an intercept which decreases as the tube diameter decreases. The mixing-cup hematocrit of the blood flowing from tubes 59μ in diameter or larger was always equal to the feed reservoir blood hematocrit. Unsteady flows result in H R values which differ from steady flow values. Our results agree with those of Fahraeus ( H F = 40%), but differ from those of Hochmuth and Davis for smaller capillaries. Besides providing quantitative data, our results support the contentions that flow conditions upstream from the capillary entrance are not responsible for the Fahraeus effect, and that the hematocrit in the capillary is a function of radial position. In 29-μ tubes, we have also observed an axial variation in hematocrit.
Gender, sexuality, and health in a turn-of-the-century "black metropolis".

or nearly a decade now, the Cultural Systems Analysis Group (CuSAG) has been engaged in critically important applied research in several fieldwork sites in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. CuSAG's qualitative and quantitative research has focused on low-income African Americans, the quality of everyday life in their communities, and the uneven structure of opportunity available for meeting both individual and community-wide needs in such domains as employment and economic development, education, housing, health care, and governance. In partnership with a number of local and national organizations devoted to public policy matters, CuSAG has used an impressively diverse methodological repertoire to triangulate qualitative and quantitative methods to address a range of difficult and important questions concerning the complex and contradictory predicament of the population problematically characterized as an "urban underclass" (Maxwell 1993). Under Tony L. Whitehead's able direction, the critical anthropological project that CuSAG pursues is holistic and relatively systematic in its scope of data collection and analysis. Whitehead resists nihilistic views of the social world and of the ability of social scientists to analyze, explain, and help to change reality. In this respect as well as in others, the larger CuSAG project draws on a century-long tradition of urban research, particularly the trajectory that W.E.B. DuBois (1899) initiated with The Philadelphia Negro. A bit closer to our anthropological home, St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton's classic Black Metropolis (1945) brought the concerns of DuBoisian activist scholarship into the "peripheral vision" of the anthropological canon, from which it was virtually excluded (Harrison 1988, 1992). Drake and Cayton's classic ethnographic and historical sociological study of Chicago's South Side was the first research to involve anthropology in the study of a large metropolitan center (Harrison 1988, 1992). Fifty years before its time, the Black Metropolis project foreshadowed many of the trends that have become central to sociocultural anthropology today. Whitehead's research in the impoverished black metropolis of the Baltimore-Washington corridor, like the best work within this activist-oriented tradition of African American social research, interrogates local
Lipid tucaresol as an adjuvant for methamphetamine vaccine development

The immunopotentiator tucaresol was modified for incorporation into liposomes, where it was found to be a superior adjuvant to MPLA for vaccination against methamphetamine.
Arctic Ocean Foraminifera abundance and its relationship to equatorial Pacific Ocean solution cycles

Times of peak Foraminifera abundance in upper Pleistocene Arctic Ocean sediment closely follow the times of glacial interval terminations noted in sediment from equatorial Pacific Ocean. The Arctic Ocean peaks result from interglacial warming and increased penetration of light into the water beneath the Arctic ice pack. Close correlation of Arctic Foraminifera peaks with warm cycles noted on the Ericson and Wollin paleoclimate curve demonstrates a close relationship between North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean environments for at least the past 210,000 yr.
Classification of cognitive states using functional MRI data

A fundamental goal of the analysis of fMRI data is to locate areas of brain activation that can differentiate various cognitive tasks. Traditionally, researchers have approached fMRI analysis through characterizing the relationship between cognitive variables and individual brain voxels. In recent years, multivariate approaches (analyze more than one voxel at once) to fMRI data analysis have gained importance. But in majority of the multivariate approaches, the voxels used for classification are selected based on prior biological knowledge or discriminating power of individual voxels. We used sequential floating forward search (SFFS) feature selection approach for selecting the voxels and applied it to distinguish the cognitive states of whether a subject is doing a reasoning or a counting task. We obtained superior classifier performance by using the sequential approach as compared to selecting the features with best individual classifier performance. We analyzed the problem of over-fitting in this extremely high dimensional feature space with limited training samples. For estimating the accuracy of the classifier, we employed various estimation methods and discussed their importance in this small sample scenario. Also we modified the feature selection algorithm by adding spatial information to incorporate the biological constraint that spatially nearby voxels tends to represent similar things.
Application of pattern recognition techniques to identify structural change in a laboratory specimen

Identification of damage in a structure, or structural change in general, has been a challenging problem for the researchers in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) area. Over the last a few decades, a number of experimental and analytical techniques have been developed and used to solve such problem. It has been has been recently accepted in the literature that the process of damage identification problem is one where statistical pattern recognition techniques can be of use because of the inherent uncertainties of the problem. Time series analysis is one of the methods, which is implemented in statistical pattern recognition applications to SHM. In previous studies, Auto-Regressive (AR) models are highly utilized for this purpose. In this study, AR model coefficients are used with different outlier detection and clustering algorithms to detect the change in the boundary conditions of a steel beam. A number of different boundary conditions are realized by using different types and amounts of elastomeric pads. The advantages and the shortcomings of the methodology are discussed in detail based on the experimental results in terms of the ability of it to detect the structural changes and localize them.
Famine's fortune: the pre-colonial mechanisation of Moroccan flour production

This article focuses on the simultaneous flourishing of water mills and mechanised mills in Morocco during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It responds to the following question. What factors fostered and also inhibited the adoption of new technology? In answering this question, this article highlights the role of environment in determining the adoption of new technologies by entrepreneurs as well as industrial policies enacted by royal administrators. Holden argues that Moroccans used mechanised mills during environmental crises,when famine loomed, but reverted to traditional flour grinding technology during periods of sufficient rainfall, when the stalls in urban markets were filled with reasonably priced wheat.
Organization and expression of the hemolin gene, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily in an insect, Manduca sexta

Hemolin is a protein from the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily found so far in the haemolymph of two lepidopteran insect species, Hyalophora cecropia and Manduca sexta. Injection of bacterial into these insects induces the expression of hemolin. We have isolated the hemolin gene from M. sexta and determined its DNA sequence and transcription start site. The hemolin gene is 3127 bp long and contains six exons. The only correspondence between exons and the four Ig domains of hemolin is in domain 4, which is encoded by exon 6. Southern blot analysis indicates that there is one copy of the hemolin gene in the M. sexta genome. Analysis of the 5'-flanking sequence of the hemolin gene resulted in identification of potential regulatory sequences. Hemolin mRNA accumulated in haemocytes, as well as fat body, in response to injection of larvae with bacteria. Hemolin was detected by immunocytochemistry in only one of the five morphological haemocyte types in M. sexta, the granular cells.
Word recognition cues for beginning and skilled readers

Abstract Three experiments are reported in which subjects chose from an array the response alternative that most resembled a nonsense stimulus trigram or quingram. Subjects could respond on the basis of individual letter positions or overall word shape. However, word shape was not manipulated independently of the individual letters that comprise the word as has been the case in previous studies. Kindergarten children and first graders who were poor readers showed a more varied pattern of responses than first graders who were good readers. With simple stimuli (trigrams), beginning and skilled readers chose alternatives on the basis of overall shape and the initial letter. With more complex stimuli (quingrams), the skilled readers continued choosing on the basis of word shape and initial letters, but beginning readers only chose on the basis of the first letter.
Quantitative Intra-Vital FRET Imaging Reveals Enhanced Sympathetic Adrenergic Tone in Femoral Arteries in Chronic Angiotensin Ii-Infused Biosensor Mice

Hypertension only exists in living animals. Administration of Angiotensin II (Ang II) to animals increases blood pressure. One of the major effects of Ang II is to cause vasoconstriction via directly activating the Ang II type-1 receptor (AT1R) in blood vessels. The aim of this study is to determine whether or not chronic Ang II infusion evokes conduit arterial constriction in vivo, and if so what the underlying mechanisms are. Ang II (400 ng/kg/min) or vehicle (saline) was continuously infused for 2 weeks by subcutaneously implanted osmotic mini-pumps in exogenous myosin light chain kinase FRET biosensor mice. Blood pressure, measured with an intra-carotid artery catheter under isoflurane anesthesia, was significantly elevated in Ang II-infused mice. Mid-thigh femoral arteries were slightly dissected and superfused with physiological saline solution. Simultaneous in vivo arterial diameter and quantitative cytoplasmic [Ca2+] in smooth muscle cells within intact arteries were measured. Under resting condition, femoral arteries from Ang II-infused mice exhibited significantly increased basal tone and cytoplasmic [Ca2+]. Local application, in the superfusion solution, of phentolamine (1 μM), a non-selective α adrenoceptor antagonist, and prazosin (100 nM), a selective α1 adrenoceptor antagonist, caused significantly more relaxation and [Ca2+] reduction in Ang II than in vehicle group. Dose-dependent vasoconstriction induced by an α adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine, however, was similar, suggesting a lack of expression or sensitivity change of the local adrenoceptor. In contrast, acute Ang II-induced vasoconstriction was reduced in chronic Ang II-infused mice, suggesting a possible down-regulation of AT1R. These results indicate that, in chronic Ang II-infused mice, albeit the reduced acute vasoconstrictor response to Ang II, there is an increased sympathetic adrenergic tone of femoral arteries, which correlates with blood pressure elevation. (AHA SDG0735461N, NIH R01 HL107654).
Peninsula Effects on Birds in a Coastal Landscape: Are Coves More Species Rich than Lobes?

Peninsula effects - decreasing richness with increasing distance along peninsula lobes - have been identified for many taxa on large peninsulas. Peninsula effects are caused by differences in colonization and extinction predicted by island biogeography or by environmental gradients along the peninsula. We compared species-area regressions for cove patches (i.e., mainland) to regressions for lobe patches (i.e., on peninsula tips) for wet meadow birds along a highly interdigitated shoreline (northern Lake Huron, USA). We conducted analysis both with and without accounting for variation in habitat and landscape characteristics (i.e., environmental gradients) of wet meadows. Species-area regressions for coves did not differ from lobes, nor did these results differ when we accounted for gradients. Similarly, few species were more abundant in coves. Peninsula effects may have been lacking because lobe patches were located ≈ 800 m on average from the mainland, and birds are highly mobile and can easily sample patches over these distances. One important caveat was that wet meadow patches > 5 ha were located in coves, so coves would still be important considerations in conservation plans because of the contribution of large patches to reproductive success, dispersal and population dynamics.
Management of refractory ulcerative colitis.

A physician’s approach to patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) who are refractory to standard first-line therapies must be thoughtful and systematic and include the individual’s physical and emotional state as the physician examines the various dietary, medical, and surgical options currently available. It is of foremost importance to confirm that the refractory patient’s symptoms are not simply due to dietary indiscretion, concomitant bowel infection (especially with Clostridium difficile), an incorrect diagnosis (eg, colitis due to infection, NSAIDs, ischemia, diverticulitis, or Crohn’s disease), or even a concomitant diagnosis (eg, celiac sprue, pancreatic insufficiency, functional bowel disorder, laxative or sorbitol intake). The ability to quickly assess the status of the colonic mucosa with flexible sigmoidoscopy aids in the ability to distinguish patients with refractory inflammation from those with other diagnoses. The initiation and optimization of the long-term purine analogues azathioprine (AZA) or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) remain the backbone of medical therapy for patients with refractory UC. For those unresponsive to corticosteroids, quicker induction of remission may necessitate infliximab, cyclosporine, or tacrolimus. Successful induction and maintenance with AZA, 6-MP, and/or infliximab should be followed by long-term therapy with these agents. Cessation of therapy often leads to relapse. Novel therapies under investigation hold the promise of offering more options for both the induction and maintenance of remission in refractory UC patients. Discussions of surgical intervention should not be put off as a last resort but rather included in the overall treatment plan offered to the patient.
Metaphors and fuzzy sets

Abstract The referents of metaphor are interpreted as members of fuzzy sets defined by semantic features. This move allows metaphors to express both analogies and disanalogies and a range of truth values defined by membership functions. Zadeh's definition of meaning is altered slightly to produce a definition of metaphor and then this definition is compared with Levin's description of the semantics of metaphor.
Monotic vs. diotic presentation of dichotic speeded speech.

A study was done to determine the utility of recovering the discarded segments which are a necessary product of speech time compression using the method of Fairbanks. In this study the discarded segments were saved, and the speech signal processed digitally in such a way that the discarded segments could be played into one ear while the remaining segments were presented to the other ear. It was found that this manner of dichotic presentation was more intelligible than the customary manner of diotic presentation for several compression ratios and discard intervals. Nevertheless, it remained to be seen if the improvement was due to the dichotomizing of the signal, of the listener, or both. This study revealed that both are necessary.
Riesz basis of Coifman and Meyer's local sine and cosine type

Abstract A Riesz basis is the image of an orthonormal basis under an invertible continuous linear mapping. In many interesting applications, perturbing an orthonormal basis in a controlled manner yields a Riesz basis. In this paper we find Riesz basis for L 2 ( R ) of the form {bIk(x)sinλkx}, with bIk(x) bell functions, by perturbing the local sine and cosine orthonormal bases of Coifman and Meyer.
Adrenoleukodystrophy: Dietary oleic acid lowers hexacosanoate levels

Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an X-linked disorder characterized by demyelination, adrenal insufficiency, and accumulation of saturated very-long-chain fatty acids (VLFA), particularly hexacosanoate (C26:0). We treated 5 patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (3 males and 2 symptomatic female carriers) for 6 months with a diet enriched in oleic acid (C18:1) and moderately restricted in C26:0. Elevated plasma and erythrocyte levels of C26:0 decreased in a time-dependent manner during treatment. Total plasma C26:0 concentration was lowered by 50 +/- 9% (p less than 0.01); it became normal in the female carriers. The total erythrocyte level of C26:0 decreased (44 +/- 5%; p less than 0.001) into the normal range in all patients. Significant decreases were noted in the saturated VLFA composition of plasma and erythrocyte sphingomyelin and erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine during dietary treatment. In general, decreases in saturated VLFA levels were accompanied by increases in monounsaturated VLFA levels, while total VLFA values did not change. This novel approach to the treatment of adrenoleukodystrophy, in which there is an exchange of monounsaturated VLFA for the more toxic saturated VLFA, may prove clinically beneficial in this disorder.
An Algorithm to Enumerate Sorting Reversals for Signed Permutations

The rearrangement distance between single-chromosome genomes can be estimated as the minimum number of inversions required to transform the gene ordering observed in one into that observed in the other. This measure, known as "inversion distance," can be computed as the reversal distance between signed permutations. During the past decade, much progress has been made both on the problem of computing reversal distance and on the related problem of finding a minimum-length sequence of reversals, which is known as "sorting by reversals." For most problem instances, however, many minimum-length sequences of reversals exist, and in the absence of auxiliary information, no one is of greater value than the others. The problem of finding all minimum-length sequences of reversals is thus a natural generalization of sorting by reversals, yet it has received little attention. This problem reduces easily to the problem of finding all "sorting reversals" of one permutation with respect to another - that is, all reversals rho such that, if rho is applied to one permutation, then the reversal distance of that permutation from the other is decreased. In this paper, an efficient algorithm is derived to solve the problem of finding all sorting reversals, and experimental results are presented indicating that, while the new algorithm does not represent a significant improvement in asymptotic terms (it takes O(n(3)) time, for permutations of size n; the problem can now be solved by brute force in Theta(n(3)) time), it performs dramatically better in practice than the best known alternative. An implementation of the algorithm is available at www.cse.ucsc.edu/~acs.
Personalized Pathway Enrichment Map of Putative Cancer Genes from Next Generation Sequencing Data

Background Pathway analysis of a set of genes represents an important area in large-scale omic data analysis. However, the application of traditional pathway enrichment methods to next-generation sequencing (NGS) data is prone to several potential biases, including genomic/genetic factors (e.g., the particular disease and gene length) and environmental factors (e.g., personal life-style and frequency and dosage of exposure to mutagens). Therefore, novel methods are urgently needed for these new data types, especially for individual-specific genome data.
In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry: A Technique for the Study of Gene Expression in Single Cells

ABSTRACT The patterns of growth hormone and proopiomelanocortin gene expression in the rat pituitary were used to detail the application of the in situ hybridization histochemistry technique in tissue sections. Parameters affecting the efficiency and resolution of hybridization have been optimized so that this technique can be used to identify sites of peptide synthesis and to study hormonal regulation of gene expression at the single cell level.
Adrenergic regulation of insulin secretion from the chicken pancreas in vitro.

Abstract Adrenergic regulation of insulin secretion in the chicken was studied using a perifused pancreas fragment preparation. Beta-adrenergic stimulation by 50 μM isoproterenol potentiated theophylline-stimulated insulin secretion. Glucose at 19.5 mM did not stimulate insulin secretion, a finding consistent with previous reports of chicken pancreas sensitivity in vitro. Pretreatment with 50 μM isoproterenol did not alter this glucose insensitivity. Alpha-adrenergic stimulation by 50 μM epinephrine in the presence of beta blockade by sotalol or by 50 μM phenylephrine did not alter insulin secretion. Inhibition of insulin secretion by somatostatin could be demonstrated, however. Epinephrine, 50 and 0.164 μM, potentiated theophylline-stimulated insulin release and at 50 μM stimulated insulin secretion as an off-response even in the absence of theophylline. It is concluded that adrenergic regulation of insulin secretion in the chicken is primarily mediated through beta-adrenergic receptors, resulting in stimulation of insulin secretion.
Dynamics of ectomycorrhizae in Abies amabilis stands: The role of Cenococcum graniforme

The growth and development of the predominant mycorrhizal fungus infecting the root systems of subalpine Pacific silver fir was examined seasonally in 23 and 180 yr old stands. All data was obtained by sorting roots from intact soil cores separated into forest floor and mineral soil horizons. The predominant mycorrhizal fungus infecting the root systems of 23 and 180 yr old Pacific silver fir was Cenococcum graniforme. C. graniforme comprised 36–97% and 40–96% of the total mycorrhizal root tips in the soil profile in the young and old stands, respectively. C. graniforme root biomass reached a maximum in autumn in the young stand, and in winter in the old. Dual mycorrhizal associations were commonly observed on the same root tip during the spring and autumn periods of root elongation in both stands. Over 80% of the C. graniforme roots were located in the forest floor and A-horizon throughout the study in both stands, Sclerotia were predominantly located in the A-horizon (38-70%) in both stands.
Personal privacy through understanding and action: five pitfalls for designers

To participate in meaningful privacy practice in the context of technical systems, people require opportunities to understand the extent of the systems’ alignment with relevant practice and to conduct discernible social action through intuitive or sensible engagement with the system. It is a significant challenge to design for such understanding and action through the feedback and control mechanisms of today’s devices. To help designers meet this challenge, we describe five pitfalls to beware when designing interactive systems—on or off the desktop—with personal privacy implications. These pitfalls are: (1) obscuring potential information flow, (2) obscuring actual information flow, (3) emphasizing configuration over action, (4) lacking coarse-grained control, and (5) inhibiting existing practice. They are based on a review of the literature, on analyses of existing privacy-affecting systems, and on our own experiences in designing a prototypical user interface for managing privacy in ubiquitous computing. We illustrate how some existing research and commercial systems—our prototype included—fall into these pitfalls and how some avoid them. We suggest that privacy-affecting systems that heed these pitfalls can help users appropriate and engage them in alignment with relevant privacy practice.
GEOGRAPHICAL CLUES ABOUT MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurological disease of unknown cause. In- vestigators are attempting to discover its cause through laboratory investigation and through popu- lation-based epidemiologic analysis. Much of the most intriguing evidence comes from an analysis of the geography of MS. Its incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates are lowest at the equator and increase regularly with latitude. Moreover, people who migrate from high to low incidence areas at an early age assume the risk of developing MS of their destination region, while those migrating in adulthood retain the risk of their countries of origin, implicating an agent or agents, in childhood. Cultural and economic factors may be important as well. Despite these clues, identification of the cause of MS remains elusive. ULTIPLE sclerosis (MS) is a neurological M disease of unknown cause. It exhibits marked and regular geographical variations that are not generated randomly. Much may be learned about possible causes of MS by studying its geography. This is because:l The demonstration of association of a disease with place implies either that the inhabitants of the par- ticular place possess characteristics of etiologic im- portance in the disease and different from those of the inhabitants of other places, or that etiologic fac- tors are present in the biologic, chemical and phys- ical, or social environments of the people inhabiting the affected places. Multiple sclerosis is a progressive disease, consisting pathologically of increasing deterio- ration (demyelinization) of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Clinical symptoms progress with remissions and exacerbations, frequently over a period of decades. Death may occur from MS, but it is a markedly slow process. Many MS patients die from diseases other than MS. Clin- ical symptoms are so varied that it is difficult to specify them in an abbreviated form. 'They in- clude initially transient weakness, minor motor disturbances, visual disturbances, and emotion- al changes. These progress over the years and eventually incapacitate most patients. There is no known, effective treatment for MS except for supportive physical and emotional therapy. Un- til recently, diagnosis has been largely a matter of exclusion. The slow progression of the dis- ease makes rapid diagnosis difficult.
On the Laplace Relation among the Satellites of Uranus

Three of Uranus' satellites are involved in an interaction similar to the Laplace relation among the Galilean satellites of Jupiter. However, there are no pair-wise commensurabilities in the Uranus system as there are among the Galilean satellites. Thus analysis by Fourier expansion of disturbing functions becomes too unwieldy for practical calculation. Instead, the unexpanded perturbations are numerically averaged over a time scale short compared to the important variations in the Laplace relation. Perturbations of Miranda's orbit are estimated to be of observable magnitude for reasonable masses of Ariel and Umbriel.
Trends in Advertising Research: A Longitudinal Analysis of Leading Advertising, Marketing, and Communication Journals, 1980 to 2010

This study provides a longitudinal content analysis of advertising research articles in 17 top-tier advertising, marketing, and communication journals published over the past 30 years (1980–2010, n = 926). The study's purpose is to shed light on the direction and progression of advertising as an academic field by updating and extending Yale and Gilly's (1988) study of advertising research trends. Nine content characteristics of the journal articles were examined: (1) theory presence (theory driven versus not theory driven), (2) names, types (theory versus theoretical framework/model versus construct), and originating disciplines of theory, (3) topic areas, (4) media of interest, (5) research approaches (empirical versus nonempirical and quantitative versus qualitative versus mixed), (6) methods, (7) types of effects, (8) units of analysis, and (9) research implications. Changes in the content characteristics of journal articles were found across the 30 years analyzed in five-year intervals. Implications f...
Maternal tobacco smoking and changes in amino acid uptake by human placental villi: Induction of uptake systems, gammaglutamyltranspeptidase and membrane fluidity

Maternal smoking depressed the active uptake of amino acids by human placentae and lowered their levels in the placenta and umbilical vein. During starvation of cells for amino acids, more amino acid carriers are induced and incorporated into the plasma membrane. A question arises whether there could be similar changes due to maternal smoking in the placental amino acid uptake carrier systems. Therefore, the characteristics of (a) the uptake of 2-amino[I-14C]-isobutyric acid (AIB) by isolated placental villi, (b) gammaglutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP), a critical enzyme of the gammaglutamyl cycle (GGC) for the uptake of amino acids in human placenta, and (c) lipid structural parameters (reciprocal of fluidity), by steady state fluorescence polarization of plasma membrane vesicles of microvilli (MV) and microsomal membranes (MM) of umbilical and chorionic plate arteries of placentae of smoking and non-smoking mothers were investigated. The above investigations gave the following results: (a) Washed placental villi of smokers exhibited higher capacity for AIB uptake than those of non-smokers. The higher uptake capacity was mainly due to increase in Vmax for AIB uptake in smokers. Km increased for placental AIB uptake in smokers. (b) Maternal smoking lowered GGTP activity of MV by decreasing its Vmax. Therefore, maternal smoking decreases the formation of gammaglutamyl-amino acid (GGAA) on the surface of trophoblast which are absorbed by the trophoblast. The degree of absorption of GGAA is considered as an inverse environmental signal for the cell to regulate amino acid transport systems. Maternal smoking seems to decrease the formation and absorption of GGAA and thereby induce the formation of new carriers for AIB uptake. (c) Maternal smoking increased the values for lipid structural order parameters and microviscosity of MV and induced tolerance against fluidization by ethyl alcohol in MM of umbilical and chorionic arteries. The alterations could increase Km for AIB uptake system and decrease the sensitivity of umbilical and chorionic arteries to vasoconstrictive substances like 5-hydroxytryptamine and catecholamine which are released by nicotine. All these changes tend to overcome the deficits produced in placental amino acid transport and satisfy the demands of the growing fetus for amino acids.
Lingual thrombosis in a woman with antiphospholipid syndrome

A 28-year-old woman, 34 weeks pregnant, with previously diagnosed antiphospholipid syndrome, presents with vesicular tongue lesions treated as herpes outbreak and new onset of preeclampsia. Tongue biopsy preformed postpartum after induction of labor for preeclampsia reveals tongue infarction.
Persistent unfairness arising from cache residency imbalance

We describe a counter-intuitive performance phenomena relevant to concurrency research. On a modern multicore system with a shared last-level cache, a set of concurrently running identical threads that loop -- each accessing the same quantity of distinct thread-private data -- can suffer significant relative progress imbalance. If one thread, or a small subset of the threads, manages to transiently enjoy higher cache residency than the other threads, that thread will tend to iterate faster and keep more of its data resident, thus increasing the odds that it will continue to run faster. This emergent behavior tends to be stable over surprisingly long periods.
Mapping the physical world to psychological reality: creating synthetic environments

The successful creation of telepresence and virtual environments requires a change in design paradigm. We must move away from attempts to recreate reality in its entirety toward the creation of environments that are psychologically real for humans, because in fact, reality mediated through display devices is largely subjective. The experiments discussed in this paper show that a single intrinsic physical property, such as the velocity or stability of a vehicle, can give rise to a multitude of subjective perceptions-for example, that the vehicle is moving faster than it really is, or that it is more likely to tip over going into a turn. These perceptions can easily be manipulated through knowledge of the variables and relationships involved, such as the effect of camera height. Designers can use this knowledge to create systems that promote desirable behaviors and limit dangerous or unproductive behaviors.
NOX ENZYMES IN ALLERGIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION

Chronic airway diseases such as asthma are linked to oxidative environmental factors and are associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, it is commonly assumed that oxidative stress is an important contributing factor to asthma disease pathogenesis and that antioxidant strategies may be useful in the treatment of asthma. A primary source of ROS production in biological systems is NADPH oxidase (NOX), originally associated primarily with inflammatory cells but currently widely appreciated as an important enzyme system in many cell types, with a wide array of functional properties ranging from antimicrobial host defense to immune regulation and cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Given the complex nature of asthma disease pathology, involving many lung cell types that all express NOX homologs, it is not surprising that the contributions of NOX-derived ROS to various aspects of asthma development and progression are highly diverse and multifactorial. It is the purpose of the present review to summarize the current knowledge with respect to the functional aspects of NOX enzymes in various pulmonary cell types, and to discuss their potential importance in asthma pathogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biochemistry of Asthma.
Studies on the bronchial counterpart of the Kultschitzky (argentaffin) cell and innervation of bronchial glands.

The fine structural details of a cell occasionally encountered among the exocrinic cells of human bronchial glands are very similar to those of the intestinal argentaffin (Kultschitzky) cell. Arguments for the existence of a bronchial counterpart to the Kultschitzky cell are presented. Also described are nerve endings encountered between the bronchial glandular cells and in juxtaposition to myoepithelial cells. These are thought to be of the cholinergic type.
A prime focus camera for the Discovery Channel Telescope

The Discovery Channel Telescope (DCT) is a 4.2 meter telescope that will provide a two degree diameter well-corrected field of view at prime focus with wavelength coverage across the groundbased ultraviolet and optical range. The design of the telescope and the prime focus corrector are described in other papers at this conference. The prime focus of the DCT will be occupied by a CCD camera similar in scope to the SAO Megacam for the MMT, the CFHT MegaCam, and the Kepler focal plane, but with differences in detail. It will be used for a variety of planetary science and astrophysics observing programs, the most demanding technically being searches for near-Earth and Kuiper Belt objects. This paper describes the design requirements, major systems issues, current design, and expected performance of the prime focus camera for the DCT.
Inconsistency of finite range gravitation

Abstract Gravitational theories with arbitrarily large but finite range either violate basic physical requirements, do not limit to general relativity or both.
Zodiacal Dust and Deep-Sea Sediments

Zodiacal dust explained by radioactive Al 26 deposited in marine sediments and brought by micrometeorites exposed to solar protons
Hepatocellular carcinomas of the albumin SV40 T-antigen transgenic rat display fetal-like re-expression of Igf2 and deregulation of H19

Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that one of the earliest events during hepatocarcinogenesis in the albumin SV40 T antigen (Alb SV40 T Ag) transgenic rat is the duplication of chromosome 1q3.7-4.3, a region which contains the imprinted and coordinately regulated genes Igf2 and H19. We have also shown that this duplication is associated with the biallelic expression of the normally monoallelically-expressed H19. These results, however, are seemingly at odds with studies in the mouse that have shown a conservation of fetal regulatory patterns of these two genes in hepatic neoplasms. We therefore aimed in this study to determine the allelic origin of Igf2 expression in hepatocellular carcinomas of the Alb SV40 T Ag transgenic rat. Sprague-Dawley Alb SV40 T Ag transgenic rats and Brown Norway rats were reciprocally mated and the expression of Igf2 in hepatocellular carcinomas of the resulting F(1) transgene-positive female rats was analyzed by Northern blotting and RT-PCR. We determined that Igf2 was expressed exclusively from the paternal allele, which prompted the study (by the same methods) of the allelic origin of H19 in the same hepatocellular carcinomas in order to determine if the two genes remained coordinately regulated. Our results demonstrate fetal-like re-expression of Igf2 and deregulation of H19 in singular hepatocellular carcinomas of the rat. These results imply that another regulatory mechanism other than the generally accepted ICR/CTCF mechanism may play a role in the control of Igf2 and H19 expression.
Epitaxial films of LGS, LGT, and LGN for SAW and BAW devices

This paper presents the state of art in liquid phase epitaxial growth of high-quality LGS, LGT and LGN thin films. Langasites can be grown by Czochralski, but the defect structure and inhomogeneity of these crystals leads to several problems like non reproducibility in device parameters and fundamental properties measurements. Compared to any melt growth technique, oxide crystals grown from a solution, or single-crystalline films deposited on a substrate from a solution (e.g. by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE)) show a higher structural perfection, better homogeneity, and lower (native) defects density when substrate, solution, and growth parameters meet certain requirements. Also, the LPE film surface may develop into a facet e.g. in an extremely flat surface perfectly oriented in a given crystallographic plane that do not require further processing. X-, Y-, and Z-oriented LPE films of LGS, LGT and LGN could be homoepitaxially grown from a lead-oxide based high-temperature solution. Such films are of obvious interest for SAW devices, and further research may also lead to freestanding high-quality LPE films to be used as bulk resonators.
Accuracy of the fine-structure constant

The fine-structure constant alpha can be determined with a precision of better than a few parts in 10/sup 7/ in four independent ways. These methods are based on the AC Josephson effect, the quantized Hall effect, the muonium hyperfine structure, and the electron anomalous magnetic moment. A determination of alpha based on an improved theoretical calculation and on the Penning trap measurement of the electron anomalous magnetic moments has now reached a precision exceeding 10/sup -8/. Its implications for physics and metrology are discussed. >
Morphing of Inflatable Wings

The paper presents work on developing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with morphing inflatable wings. Inflatable wing stiffness varies with internal pressure, which is required for operation. The possibility exists to manipulate the wings through mechanical mechanisms to alter their performance and control the UAV. The overall research focuses on characterizing the deformation of the wings and developing a model to accurately predict this deformation. This paper discusses predicting and correlating the forces required to deform the wings to a particular shape, the deformation generated and the aerodynamic forces generated by that shape change. Roll control of the UAV will rely on the shape change of the wing. Hence, the paper examines work done on developing a model of the inflatable wings.
Thrombin Mutant W215A/E217A Treatment Improves Neurological Outcome and Reduces Cerebral Infarct Size in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose—Treatment of ischemic stroke by activation of endogenous plasminogen using tissue plasminogen activator is limited by bleeding side effects. In mice, treatment of experimental ischemic stroke with activated protein C improves outcomes; however, activated protein C also has bleeding side effects. In contrast, activation of endogenous protein C using thrombin mutant W215A/E217A (WE) is antithrombotic without hemostasis impairment in primates. Therefore, we investigated the outcome of WE-treated experimental ischemic stroke in mice. Methods—The middle cerebral artery was occluded with a filament for 60 minutes to induce ischemic stroke. Vehicle, recombinant WE, or tissue plasminogen activator was administered during middle cerebral artery occlusion or 2 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurological performance was scored daily. Intracranial bleeding and cerebral infarct size, defined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride exclusion, were determined on autopsy. Hemostasis w...
From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain

In response to a peripheral infection, innate immune cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that act on the brain to cause sickness behaviour. When activation of the peripheral immune system continues unabated, such as during systemic infections, cancer or autoimmune diseases, the ensuing immune signalling to the brain can lead to an exacerbation of sickness and the development of symptoms of depression in vulnerable individuals. These phenomena might account for the increased prevalence of clinical depression in physically ill people. Inflammation is therefore an important biological event that might increase the risk of major depressive episodes, much like the more traditional psychosocial factors.