cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time course of certain behavioral changes after hippocampal damage and their alteration by dopaminergic intervention into nucleus accumbens.

Independent groups of rats with hippocampal, neocortical, or sham lesions were observed 7, 14, or 28 days after surgery in an open field-hole board apparatus and in a smaller circular apparatus. In the circular apparatus, animals were observed after unilateral injection of the dopamine agonist, 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylamino-2-imidazoline (DPI) or saline into nucleus accumbens. Behavioral changes in locomotion, exploration and grooming measured in the open field were consistent with those found previously after hippocampal damage, with each behavioral anomaly demonstrating a specific pattern of change after surgery. In general, the injection of DPI into nucleus accumbens produced greater behavioral change in animals with hippocampal damage than in animals with either neocortical or sham lesions. The drug-induced changes in the hippocampally lesioned rats made their behavior more like that of control animals. These results suggest that destruction of the hippocampus may induce alterations in dopaminergic mechanisms in nucleus accumbens which can be modified by appropriate pharmacologic intervention.
A Comparison of Three Satellite-Based Methods for Estimating Surface Winds over Oceans

Abstract The feasibility of using satellites for providing surface winds or wind stress data was explored. Three popular methods were compared using nearly colocated data to assess the accuracies of each and the coverage that each could provide. The three methods tested were 1) the use of the sun glitter reflection seen on visible images of the ocean surface; 2) the use of active microwave sensors (flown on SEASAT) which reflect microwaves off the ocean surface; and 3) the use of cloud motions as indicators of the surface winds. Close agreement in wind speed estimates was found among the three methods. The biases were <0.6 m s−1 for comparisons between comparable methods of estimating surface winds (1 and 2). Cloud motion comparisons to the other methods exhibited biases of <3.0 m s−1. Individual point-by-point comparisons between wind measurements had an average scatter of 2.0 m s−1 (rms) or less after the mean biases were removed. Atmospheric variability caused as many of the differences as the instrume...
Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS

Abstract Two-hour average organic and elemental carbon concentrations from the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study were used to gain an understanding of the dynamics of organic aerosol formation and to quantify secondary organic aerosol concentrations. Five episodes of secondary organic aerosol formation occurred during the summer study. During these periods secondary organic aerosol at Claremont typically peaked between 1600 and 1800 Pacific Daylight Time, and this peak was often 1–2 h after the ozone peak. Primary organic aerosol dominated with the exception of several hours in the afternoon. However, during these afternoon periods as much as 80% of the organic aerosol was secondary. Concentrations of secondary organic aerosol as high as 14 μgC m−3 were observed on some days. Interestingly, the highest concentrations of secondary organic aerosol occurred on Saturdays.
Trypanosoma cruzi uses a 45-kDa mucin for adhesion to mammalian cells.

A set of monoclonal antibodies that recognizes a Trypanosoma cruzi 45-kDa protein was produced and used to characterize this molecule and study its role in trypanosome adhesion to heart myoblasts. We found that the 45-kDa protein is a surface mucin, is expressed only in invasive trypomastigotes, but not in noninvasive epimastigotes or amastigotes, and is released by the trypanosome in culture medium. One of the monoclonal antibodies (Mab B5) from this set inhibits the attachment of trypomastigotes to heart myoblasts preventing trypanosome entry, whereas the others (Mabs B4 and F1) do not. This inhibition was seen with the B5 hybridoma culture supernatant, with the purified Mab B5 IgG or with Mab B5 Fab fragments. These novel findings identify the 45-kDa mucin as a new T. cruzi ligand that is used by invasive forms of this organism to adhere to heart myoblasts.
Incentive Contracting and Value Relevance of Earnings and Cash Flows

Accounting performance measures such as earnings and cash flows are useful for both valuation and performance evaluation purposes. However, little evidence exists on whether there is any association between these two roles. In this study, we provide large sample empirical evidence that the value relevance of earnings explains a significant amount of the cross-sectional variation in the pay-sensitivity of earnings and the incremental value relevance of cash flows explains variation in the marginal pay-sensitivity of cash flows. We document that while both value relevance and compensation weight on earnings decline from the subperiod of 1993 to 1997 to the subperiod of 1998 to 2003, both value relevance and compensation weight on cash flows increase from the earlier subperiod to the later subperiod. Overall, our results provide additional evidence that value relevance of a performance measure plays a significant role in its use for performance evaluation.
LATHYRISM AND MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE METABOLISM IN AORTA, SKIN, AND CARTILAGE

Abstract A diet containing Lathyrus odoratus seeds was administered to rats at a level which markedly inhibited the cross-linking of collagen yet which produced no aortic damage as a result of this. The biosynthesis, turnover, and tissue content of the various mucopolysaccharides in aorta, skin, and costal cartilage, was completely unaffected. A similar diet was administered to rabbits for a much longer time until aortic aneurysms and skeletal deformities were produced. At this time the ability of ear cartilage tissue to incorporate [ 14 C]glucose in vitro into chondroitin sulfate was studied and no difference was seen between this tissue and that from control rabbits, whether or not β-aminopropionitrile (β-APN) was added to the medium. We propose that compounds which produce osteolathyrism have no effect on mucopolysaccharide metabolism per se and that the changes which have been described in the past are secondary to tissue injury brought about by long standing impairment of collagen fiber integrity.
Coupling Bayesian Inference and Monte Carlo Methods in Error Propagation

[This abstract is based on the author's abstract.] Variation of a nonlinear transfer function that is a function of both random variables and parameters is investigated using a combination of Bayesian inference and Monte Carlo methods. This method encom..
Prediction-based monitoring in sensor networks: taking lessons from MPEG

In this paper we discuss the problem of monitoring data sensed in large sensor networks. A sensor typically runs on a battery having a limited lifetime. In order to increase the lifetime of a sensor it is important that the mechanisms used in monitoring them be energy-efficient. In this paper, we propose a new paradigm called Prediction-based monitoring for energy-efficient monitoring. We show that the paradigm can be visualized as a watching of a "sensor movie" and that concepts from MPEG may be applied to it. We have implemented the proposed algorithms in a test bed of Rene Motes [2]. Experimental results show that the proposed solutions cut down the energy consumption by more than 5 times, considerably increasing sensor lifetimes, and thereby, the lifetime of the networks formed from these sensors.
Simulation of direct-current surface plasma discharges in air for supersonic flow control

A computational model of a plasma discharge for supersonic air flow control is presented. Themodel is based on a self-consistent, multispecies, continuum description of the plasma with finite-rate chemistry effects. The plasma model is integrated with a compressible Navier–Stokes solver to study the coupled physical effects of the plasma interactingwith aM 3 supersonicflowat freestreampressure of 18 torr and the corresponding effects of theflowon the discharge structure in two dimensions. The species concentrations and gas temperature are examined in the absence andpresence of bulk supersonicflow.The peak gas temperature from the computations is found to be 1180K with the surface plasma alone in the absence offlowand830K in the presence of supersonicflow.Different ion species are found to be dominant in the absence and presence of supersonic flow, highlighting the importance of including finite-rate chemistry effects in discharge models for understanding plasma actuator physical phenomena. Electrode polarity effects are investigated, and the cathode upstream actuation is found to be stronger than the actuation strength with the cathode downstream, which is consistent with experimental findings of several groups.
A kinetic assay for NaK-ATPase activity in isolated renal proximal tubules

Abstract A kinetic assay system which provides reliable measurements of NaK-ATPase activity on 0.2- to 0.5-mm segments of renal proximal convoluted tubules isolated from collagenase-digested renal cortical slices is described. The use of collagenase digestion provides higher values for NaK-ATPase, possibly by making the enzyme more accessible to the reaction system. The advantages of a kinetic vs an endpoint assay include the ability to use the same tubule as its own reference for the determination of total, ouabain-sensitive, and ouabain-insensitive ATPase activity. In addition, it allows dose-response studies on the effect of inhibitors on ATPase activity in the same tubule segment.
Computation of the equivalent inductive circuit for an arbitrary number of e-plane metal inserts in rectangular waveguides

An explicit formula for computing the equivalent inductive circuit parameters of E-plane metal inserts is derived. The number of inserts is arbitrary. The thickness of each insert is taken into account. An equivalent T network is used to model the E-plane discontinuity. The dielectric constant between the metal inserts can be different. A mode-matching method is used in the formulation. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biphasic 19-Nor-Deoxycorticosterone Excretion after Adrenal Enucleation Is Associated with Altered Adrenal Mitochondrial Cytochrome P450 11β-, 18-, and 19-Hydroxylase Activities

After adrenal enucleation (AE) rats avidly retain sodium (early phase), but after 7–10 days they lose this sodium avidity (late phase). Although increased production of a mineralocorticoid, 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone (19-Nor-DOC), has been implicated, 19-Nor-DOC levels during the early and late phases of AE have not been systematically measured. Furthermore it is not known why 19-Nor-DOC production should increase during a time when production of 11β- and 18-hydroxylated corticosteroids are decreased in AE. The purpose of this study was to examine the 11β,18-, and 19-hydroxylase pathways in the early and late phases of AE. The results demonstrate increased urinary 19-Nor-DOC and decreased 18-OH-DOC and corticosterone excretion in the early phase of AE at a time when adrenal mitochondrial 11β- and 18-hydroxylase activities were decreased but 19-hydroxylase activity was unchanged. During the late phase of AE, urinary 19-Nor-DOC had decreased and 18-OH-DOC and corticosterone had increased to levels indisting...
Sensitivity to amphotericin B and the cholesterol: phospholipid molar ratios of 3T3, L, BHK and HeLa cells.

Abstract The effects of amphotericin B (AmB) on four established animal cell lines were compared. measuring cell viability, inhibition of uridine incorporation into RNA, leakage of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase, and leakage of RNA. In all assays, cell susceptibilities, in decreasing order, were: 3T3, L, BHK and HeLa. The cells, which were more sensitive, had significantly lower cholesterol:phospholipid ratios (c:p) than the less sensitive cells. Furthermore, 3T3 and L cell lines adapted to growth on higher levels of AmB had higher c:p molar ratios than did nonresistant cells. AmB binding to the cell was similar for all of the cell lines tested. These observations suggest a possible relationship between c:p ratios and sensitivity of cells to polyenes.
Global health: burn outreach program.

Abstract The objective of this article is to outline the elements of an international burn care outreach program in a resource-constrained country. The program has grown from a collaborative effort with Ukrainian physicians and healthcare officials. With this collaboration, a multipronged approach has been developed to address the gaps in burn care as discovered by years of interaction with the medical community in Ukraine. Contact was initiated with the burn unit of a single municipal hospital in Lviv, Ukraine. Patients with burn injuries were screened and selected patients were comanaged over a 3-year period by American and Ukrainian physicians. This comanagement included repeated evaluation both by telemedicine conferencing as well as annual trips with physicians from Boston, Massachusetts, traveling to Ukraine to assess patients in an outreach clinic and perform surgical procedures. In our first trip in 2011 we assessed 22 patients and operated on 5. In 2012, 38 patients were evaluated and 12 had combined surgical intervention. In our 2013 trip, 63 patients were evaluated and we operated on 22 of these patients. Multiple clinical research projects related to burn prevention and improving perioperative care have been initiated, presented at national meetings, and submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals. Our outreach program in Lviv, Ukraine, strives to improve overall burn care by a multilayered approach. These elements can serve as a possible template for additional international burn outreach plans as they can be customized for both large and small interventions.
A comparison of phylogenetic reconstruction methods on an Indo‐European dataset

Researchers interested in the history of the Indo-European family of languages have used a variety of methods to estimate the phylogeny of the family, and have obtained widely differing results. In this paper we explore the reconstructions of the Indo-European phylogeny obtained by using the major phylogeny estimation procedures on an existing database of 336 characters (including lexical, phonological, and morphological characters) for 24 Indo-European languages. Our study finds that the different methods agree in part, but that there are also several striking differences. We discuss the reasons for these differences, and make proposals with respect to phylogenetic reconstruction in historical linguistics.
A Design-of-Experiments Approach to Study Thermal Property Effects on Melt Pool Geometry in Powder-Based EBAM

Powder-based electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) is capable of making full-density metallic parts and has been increasingly utilized to produce complex-shaped, custom-designed Ti-6Al-4V alloy parts. EBAM also has the potential using other various powders materials such as intermetallics. Different materials will have different thermal properties that will result in distinct thermal responses during the EBAM process and thus, selecting adequate process parameters can be challenging. Because virtually all thermal properties would change when a different material was selected, testing individual thermal property is insufficient to understand the anticipated thermal response when a different powder material is to be used.In this study, EBAM process thermal simulations were extended to study the effect of thermal properties in EBAM in a more systematic way using the design of experiments approach. Four factors, two levels, and full factorial experiments were conducted. Three simulation response of melt pool geometry was evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is concluded that the thermal conductivity and the melting temperature are the two most significant factors.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Surgical Palliative Care of Advanced Wounds

The history of surgery is rich with accomplishments in wound care, a legacy that recently has been abandoned by many surgeons only to be taken up by nonsurgical providers. When dealing with advanced wounds at the end of life, such as pressure ulcers or venous stasis ulcers, goals of treatment are relief of pain, elimination of odor, and control of wound exudates and infection. Benefits and risks of surgical intervention must be discussed with the patient and family in terms of the patient's perceived prognosis, extent of tissue necrosis and infection, the rate of deterioration, and the underlying wound pathogenesis. When appropriate, the role of surgery looms large in the treatment of chronic, advanced wounds, especially when minimally invasive surgical techniques are used.
Kappa Opioid Inhibition of Somatodendritic Dopamine Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents

In the midbrain, dopamine neurons can release dopamine somatodendritically. This results in an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) within adjacent dopamine cells that occurs by the activation of...
Optical Properties of Indium Antimonide in the Region from 20 to 200 Microns

The reflectivity and the transmission of InSb crystals ($n$-type) were measured between 20 and 200\ensuremath{\mu}. The reflectivity curve has a sharp maximum at 54.6\ensuremath{\mu} and the transmission curve shows a low transmission at the same wavelength due to lattice vibration of this crystal. The transmission curve shows a weak absorption at 28.3\ensuremath{\mu} due to the overtone of that lattice vibration. The reflectivity curve shows another flat peak at longer wavelengths. The reflectivity minimum between these two peaks shifts from 160 to 72\ensuremath{\mu} with increase of temperature from -35 to 130\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and the maximum value of the flat peak increases with increase of temperature and is 80% at temperatures of 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C or more.The index of refraction $n$ and the absorption constant $K$ were calculated in the region in which both the reflectivity and the transmission were measured. Using the values of $n$ and $K$ thus obtained, the concentration of free electrons $N$ and their mobility $b$ were obtained, using the theory of free electrons. Then $n$, $K$, and the reflectivity, $R$, were calculated for the region in which the transmission could not be measured. The values of $R$ thus obtained agree well with the observed values. This shows that the theory of free electrons holds in InSb except in the region in which the effects of lattice vibration in this crystal are dominant.
Congenital short-gut syndrome

A case of congenital short gut is reported in a 4-month-old boy presenting with failure to thrive. Upper gastrointestinal examination (UGI) with small bowel follow-through (SBFT) demonstrated dilation of the duodenum and jejunum, with rapid transit to rectum. On barium enema (BE), rapid transit of barium was noted to the dilated proximal small bowel seen on UGI/SBFT. Neither study delineated the ileocecal region, and the overall length of bowel appeared short. The diagnosis of congenital short gut was confirmed at surgery. Congenital short-gut syndrome is a rare entity. The diagnosis can be suggested by imaging, but is usually confirmed operatively.
Thermal injury and child abuse: the medical evidence dilemma.

The defense of the innocent, as well as the prosecution of the guilty, is a basic premise of American justice. This article reviews nine cases defended by the public defender system, in which the authors were involved, that illustrate some of the pitfalls in making the diagnosis of child abuse and/or neglect caused by thermal injury. The basis for the defense is also discussed, together with the biologic, engineering, and socioeconomic factors. The definition of child abuse and/or neglect is discussed, as is the devastating and long-lasting label of a false accusation, much less false imprisonment. In this regard this review concludes that professionals with thermal injury expertise must become involved in the judicial process if justice is to prevail. Language: en
A cross-sequential assessment of the occurrences of pointing in 3- to 12-month-old human infants

Abstract This study presents evidence that a developmental continuity exists between early forms of “pointing” and the later, mature form of social gesturing seen during the latter half of the first year of life. Sixteen infants and their mothers were observed in two different conditions of face-to-face interaction during the first year of life (“mother-alone” and “mother-toy”). The rate (adjusted frequency), proportion (percent of total time), and mean duration of pointing were derived from each infant's videotaped sessions. In addition, the degree of co-occurrence between pointing and selected infant and maternal behaviors was assessed. Significant differences by interactional condition and by hand (right or left) were noted for the proportion and mean duration of pointing; however, none of the tests of co-occurrence were significant. Although there was little indication of a functional continuity between early and later appearing forms of pointing, the general findings indicated a potential morphological continuity that had previously been overlooked. It is suggested that a different developmental approach may be necessary to explain the changes in the structural and functional components of this gesture during the first year of life.
Large Seasonal Modulation of Tides due to Ice Cover Friction in a Midlatitude Estuary

AbstractSeasonal episodes of significant tidal damping (reductions of tidal amplitudes as much as 50%) and tidal modulation were observed in the Hudson River estuary in the course of three consecutive winters from multiple tide gages. Through comparisons with United States Coast Guard ice reports, it was hypothesized that these events correspond with an increase in ice concentration and the development of a seasonal ice field within the upper 170 km of the tidal Hudson north of Peekskill, New York. Using stationary (tidal harmonic) and nonstationary (wavelet) analyses as well as numerical modeling, it is shown that under-ice friction is the primary cause of the observed modulations in tidal circulation (water levels and currents) throughout the 240-km-long estuary. Upstream of the ice field edge at Peekskill, depth-averaged tidal currents are greatly reduced under the ice cover through first-order damping, and vertical current profiles under the ice become parabolic. Tidal ranges increase near the edge of...
Learning to fold RNA with parallel processors

Abstract We implement a parallel processed simulation of sequential folding pathways occuring concurrently as a growing RNA chain explores the space of available secondary structures. An appropriate learning or updating strategy is introduced to systematically trim the branching of sequential folding pathways. By applying our algorithm to specific RNA sequences with known native structure, we provide evidence that this learning strategy determines the expeditious convergence to the actual ensemble of optimal and suboptimal secondary structures. The robustness of our results to uncertainties in the thermodynamic parameters is shown to result from the very nature of the parallel process. Our final goal is to examine the dependence of the learning efficiency on the information content of the primary sequence. This is done by contrasting the folding process of specific RNA species whose native structures are known with the folding of random sequences.
Urinary kallikrein excretion and plasma DBH activity in hypertension.

Many factors are to be considered in maintaining normal blood pressure. Authors study the behavior of urinary kallikrein (U.K.) and plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in various forms of hypertension.
Deposition of diamond-like carbon on a titanium biomedical alloy

Abstract Much of the orthopedic community now believe that the long-term failure of total hip and knee prostheses is directly or indirectly due to the production of wear particles, particularly polyethylene wear particles which are produced at the articulating interface between the metal component and the high molecular weight plastic component. Therefore, a friction and wear reducing coating on the metal component, which is also biocompatible, should reduce the production of the polyethylene wear particles and dramatically extend hip-implant life. Diamond-like carbon (DLC), with its extreme smoothness, hardness, low coefficient of friction, and biocompatibility is an excellent candidate for such an application. One of the key issues that may limit the utility of DLC in this application is the adhesion of this material to common biomedical alloys. We will show that high adhesion strength between sputter-deposited DLC and a silicon-coated titanium biomedical alloy can be easily achieved.
The mechanism of rectification at the electrotonic motor giant synapse of the crayfish

The synapse between the giant interneurone and the motor giant axon of the crayfish is a well-known example of the rare class of current-rectifying electrotonic synapses. One early proposal for the basis of this rectification was that rectifying junctions are like diodes. Biological correlates of diodes can exist, such as constant-field channels which rectify by very high-speed rearrangements of charge carriers, but these require high selectivity and large concentration gradients. Electrotonic synapses are believed to be composed of wide-bore (1-2 nm) gap-junction channels which have poor selectivity and bridge similar intracellular compartments. An alternative mechanism for rectification would be by voltage-dependent gates that sense trans-synaptic potential. These two mechanisms can be distinguished because a diode should rectify instantaneously (on a biological time-scale) while a gated channel should show kinetic processes. Although a gating model is more consistent with the known behaviour of channels than a diode model, previous work has failed to find any time course for the rectification. We have now developed a high-quality voltage clamp and by working at reduced temperatures we are able to demonstrate channel kinetics. These results support the hypothesis that this rectifying synapse contains voltage-dependent gates.
On the quadrupole splitting in ferrous compounds

It is shown that the major contribution to the low temperature “saturation” value of the quadrupole splitting in ferrous compounds is independent (with a few well-defined exceptions) on the site symmetry of the Fe2+ ion. This explains the experimental fact that the measured values of this quantity in most compounds fall within ≈ 20% of each other.
Schemas, logics, and neural assemblies

To implement schemas and logics in connectionist models, some form of basic-level organization is needed. This paper proposes such an organization, which is termed a discrete neural assembly. Each discrete neural assembly is in turn made up of discrete neurons (nodes), that is, a node that processes inputs based on a discrete mapping instead of a continuous function. A group of discrete neurons (nodes) closely interconnected form an assembly and carry out a basic functionality. Some substructures and superstructures of such assemblies are developed to enable complex symbolic schemas to be represented and processed in connectionist networks. The paper shows that logical inference can be performed precisely, when necessary, in these networks and with certain genaralization, more flexible inference (fuzzy inference) can also be performed. The development of various connectionist constructs demonstrates the possibility of implementing symbolic schemas, in their full complexity, in connectionist networks.
BIOLOGY OF THE GREENSHANK IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

Summary TREE, A. J. 1979. Biology of the Greenshank in southern Africa. Ostrich 50:240-251. The Greenshank Tringa nebularia is a widespread visitor to southern Africa but is only normally common at favoured coastal sites. First migrants arrive at the end of July and the last birds leave in early May. Small numbers overwinter. Birds in the interior are forced to move coastward or southwestward once the summer rains set in and rapidly inundate suitable habitat. Peak numbers occur in January at Port Alfred, a coastal site. Greatest concentrations of Greenshanks occur on eutrophic bodies of water in the interior while at coastal localities the density of prawns appears to determine Greenshank numbers. It is normally a diurnal feeder but will feed at night in tidal areas when fattening up for return migration. It roosts communally standing in shallow water. Birds can be aged on plumage condition and primary feather moult. Birds have a lean mass of about 170 g while the potential migratory range on fat deposits...
Off-resonance effects in the adiabatic evolution of two-level systems with relaxation

Abstract The response is determined of a two-level system, undergoing adiabatic evolution under the Bloch equations with T 2 relaxation. The effect of resonance offset is obtained as a power series. Hence, a class of driving fields is found whose response is independent of resonance offset over a finite range of offsets.
Surface studies on the impregnated tungsten thermionic cathode

Auger spectroscopy, work function measurements, and residual gas analysis are the techniques used in this study of an active cathode operated at nominal values of emission and temperature. The surface properties of conventional impregnated cathodes are investigated by the use of Auger spectroscopy and work function measurements, and these are compared with a synthesized barium or barium oxide coated tungsten surface. The latter surface is prepared by evaporating barium from a KIC barium getter in an ultra high vacuum system on to a tungsten surface which can be heated to elevated temperatures. Multilayer or monolayer coverages can be investigated using this technique. The results of these measurements show the surface of an impregnated tungsten cathode is identical to that observed for a synthesized monolayer of barium on tungsten, using the criteria of identical Auger patterns and work functions.
Multi-level RAID for very large disk arrays

Very Large Disk Arrays - VLDAs have been developed to cope with the rapid increase in the volume of data generated requiring ultrareliable storage. Bricks or Storage Nodes - SNs holding a dozen or more disks are cost effective VLDA building blocks, since they cost less than traditional disk arrays. We utilize the Multilevel RAID - MRAID paradigm for protecting both SNs and their disks. Each SN is a k-disk-failure-tolerant kDFT array, while replication or l-node failure tolerance - lNFTs paradigm is applied at the SN level. For example, RAID1(M)/5(N) denotes a RAID1 at the higher level with a degree of replication M and each virtual disk is an SN configured as a RAID5 with N physical disks. We provide the data layout for RAID5/5 and RAID6/5 MRAIDs and give examples of updating data and recovering lost data. The former requires storage transactions to ensure the atomicity of storage updates. We discuss some weaknesses in reliability modeling in RAID5 and give examples of an asymptotic expansion method to compare the reliability of several MRAID organizations. We outline the reliability analysis of Markov chain models of VLDAs and briefly report on conclusions from simulation results. In Conclusions we outline areas for further research.
The pineal complex of reptiles: physiological and behavioral roles

The pineal complex of reptiles is a morphologically and functionally connected set of organs that originates as an evagination of the roof of the diencephalon. It is formed by two structures: the pineal organ and the parietal eye. The pineal gland is present in Chelonia, Squamata and Rhynchocephalia, but not in Crocodilia. The parietal eye is present in some species of lizards (Squamata) and in the tuatara (Rhynchocephalia). Both the pineal gland and the parietal eye are photosensitive. In particular, the parietal eye is an highly organized photoreceptive structure, with a well-defined lens, cornea and retina. The most important (and studied) secretory product of this complex is the hormone melatonin which is synthesized by both organs (pineal and parietal eye). The pineal organ is believed to be the neuroendocrine transducer of changes in photoperiod and environmental temperature and it has been demonstrated to have a functional role in many aspects of reptilian biology. Melatonin has an influence on the...
Suppression of a Palladium-Mediated Homocoupling in a Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reaction. Development of an Impurity Control Strategy Supporting Synthesis of LY451395

Described herein is the development of a control strategy resulting in exclusion of a persistent impurity (6) formed by a palladium (II)-mediated homocoupling of boronic acid (3) during a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. Nearly complete suppression of the undesired homocoupling reaction was achieved through two process modifications. Thus, addition of a mild reducing agent, potassium formate, and use of a facile nitrogen subsurface sparge prior to introduction of the catalyst resulted in nearly complete exclusion of homocoupling dimer 6. These modifications apparently minimized the concentration of free Pd(II) in the reaction mixture without causing significant reduction of the oxidative addition product. In addition, use of palladium black as a heterogeneous coupling catalyst rendered the palladium control strategy trivial. Thus, the catalyst was separated from the product solution through use a clarifying filtration, resulting in near quantitative separation of palladium from LY 451395 (5). These conditi...
Defining acute kidney injury: what is the most appropriate metric?

Authors from the University of Vermont comment on the limitations of, and assumptions inherent in, the tools used by clinicians to detect and monitor acute kidney injury. After discussing the pitfalls associated with use of serum creatinine level and glomerular filtration rate, Solomon and Segal recommend means by which trial design can be improved while awaiting development and validation of more-accurate biomarkers of renal function. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the most widely accepted measure of kidney function. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a reduction in GFR. GFR is, however, rarely measured in clinical practice; instead, serum markers (primarily creatinine) are used to define AKI. Because serum creatinine level is not linearly related to GFR, the performance of this marker is associated with ascertainment bias and poor sensitivity. In this article we discuss the limitations and pitfalls of using serum markers to define AKI, and offer some suggestions for the future.
Root distribution and seasonal water status in weathered granitic bedrock under chaparral

Soils in mountainous terrain are often thin and unable to store sufficient water to support existing vegetation through dry seasons. This observation has led to speculation about the role of bedrock in supporting plant growth in natural ecosystems, since weathered bedrocks often have appreciable porosity and, like soil, can store and transmit water. This study, within a chaparral ecosystem in southern California, was designed to determine the extent of rooting within weathered granitic bedrock and to measure the relative contributions of soil and weathered bedrock to water-use by chaparral shrubs (Adenostorna fasciculatum Hook and Am., Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw., and Ceanothus greggii A. Gray). The rooting pattern was mapped from the wall of a trench excavated into the weathered bedrock. Water contents of soil-weathered bedrock profiles were measured at one to four week intervals for two years using a neutron probe. Chaparral roots penetrate deeply (≥ 4 m) into the weathered bedrock and are largely confined to joint traces. During summer dry seasons, the shrubs extracted 39.4 cm of water from a 2.9-m-thick zone of weathered bedrock — accessing nearly ten times as much water as from the 0.35-m-thick soil (Typic Xerorthents). Although it is commonly neglected in ecological inventories and analyses, weathered bedrock can be an essential ecosystem component, particularly where soils are thin and seasonal drought occurs.
Deconditioning increases bone resorption and decreases bone formation in the rat

The response of calcium metabolism and bone turnover to deconditioning after exercise training was studied in three groups of Sprague-Dawley female rats: age-matched controls, 12-week treadmill training, and 8-week treadmill training followed by 4-week discontinuation of training. The exercised rats had a higher absorption efficiency of calcium that decreased to control levels as early as 2 weeks following discontinuation of training. Urinary calcium excretion increased by 2 weeks of deconditioning and then reverted to control levels; bone mineral content measurements declined following deconditioning. Tracer uptake of 45Ca in the femur demonstrated an increase in bone formation that was present during exercise, but was not evident following 4 weeks of deconditioning. The urinary excretion of prelabeled 3H-tetracycline was used to investigate bone resorption in two groups of exercised rats; one group continued to exercise and in the other group the exercise was discontinued. Bone resorption increased within 4 to 11 days after deconditioning and returned to basal levels by the 10th day, at which time the net bone retention of 3H-tetracycline was 86% of that of the group that continued exercising. We conclude that exercise must be continued to sustain any gain it produces in bone mineral. Bone mass gained through exercise will be lost during deconditioning as a result of a decline in bone formation and an increase in bone resorption.
Analysis of muscle strength and bone structure in children with renal disease.

Bone structure and muscular strength of 30 children with renal disease were investigated by peripheral computed tomography and grip strength. Sixteen children suffered from nephrotic syndrome (NS) and had previously been treated with corticosteroids. Fourteen children suffered from chronic renal failure (CRF) ranging from mild renal failure to end-stage renal disease. Six children had received kidney transplants and corticosteroids for immunosuppression. There was a significant decrease in grip strength of children with NS (SD –0.91± 1.5; P=0.042) and children with CRF (SD –1.38±1.4; P<0.001) compared with normal children. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between cortical area and grip strength in all children with renal disease (r=0.92; P<0.0001). Trabecular bone mineral density did not correlate well with grip strength. These findings resemble results found in healthy children. Trabecular bone mineral density was significantly elevated in children with CRF compared with normal children (SD 1.14±1.4; P=0.008).Grip strength as a marker of muscle mass and cortical area as a marker of bone strength correlate well in children with renal disease, similar to the correlation in healthy children. Grip strength is significantly lower in children with NS and CRF compared with normal children. These data suggest that muscular impairment could be involved in renal osteopathy.
Photohadronic neutrinos from transients in astrophysical sources

We investigate the spectrum of photohadronically produced neutrinos at very high energies (VHE, $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{14}\mathrm{eV}$) in astrophysical sources whose physical properties are constrained by their variability, in particular jets in active galactic nuclei (blazars) and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We discuss in detail the various competing cooling processes for energetic protons, as well as the cooling of pions and muons in the hadronic cascade, which impose limits on both the efficiency of neutrino production and the maximum neutrino energy. If the proton acceleration process is of the Fermi type, we can derive a model independent upper limit on the neutrino energy from the observed properties of any cosmic transient, which depends only on the assumed total energy of the transient. For standard energetic constraints, we can rule out major contributions above ${10}^{19}\mathrm{eV}$ from current models of both blazars and GRBs; and in most models much stronger limits apply in order to produce measurable neutrino fluxes. For GRBs, we show that the cooling of pions and muons in the hadronic cascade imposes the strongest limit on the neutrino energy, leading to cutoff energies of the electron and muon neutrino spectrum at the source differing by about one order of magnitude. We also discuss the relation of maximum cosmic ray energies to maximum neutrino energies and fluxes in GRBs, and find that the production of both the highest energy cosmic rays and observable neutrino fluxes at the same site can only be realized under extreme conditions; a test implication of this joint scenario would be the existence of strong fluxes of GRB correlated muon neutrinos up to ultrahigh energies, $g{10}^{17}\mathrm{eV}.$ Secondary particle cooling also leads to slightly revised estimates for the neutrino fluxes from (nontransient) active galactic nuclei cores, which are commonly used in estimates for VHE detector event rates. Since our approach is quite general we conclude that the detection or nondetection of neutrinos above $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{19}\mathrm{eV}$ correlated with blazar flares or GRBs (e.g., with the Pierre Auger Observatory) would provide strong evidence against or in favor of current models for cosmic ray acceleration and neutrino production in these sources.
Job design and job stress in office workers

A model to look at various job components that affect individual well-being and health was developed drawing from the job design and job stress literature. Briefly stated, the model proposes job control to be a primary causal determinant of the stress outcomes. The effects of perceived demands, job content, and career/future concerns were hypothesized to influence the stress outcomes only to the extent of their influence on job control. This was tested in a population of government office employees in various clerical, professional, and managerial jobs all of which involve the use of computers. Results indicated that job control was not a crucial determinant of the stress outcomes, that job demands and career/future concerns were consistent determinants of the stress outcomes, and that job content, demands, and career/future concerns did not influence the stress outcomes through job control as described by the proposed model. The differentiation of job control levels to define specific relationships with stress outcomes and other job elements was shown to be useful because different levels of job control were associated with different stress outcomes and job elements.
Observing your Verilog-XL simulation from 30,000 feet: using high level views of simulations to improve debug productivity

Describes a method to improve simulation debugging throughput by the examination of simulation results at higher levels of abstraction than are generally used by most designers today. As ASIC designs become more and more complex, these kind of techniques will play an increasingly important role in the faster detection and repair of intricate problems within large design descriptions. This paper examines current debugging techniques and contrasts them to a debugging method utilizing higher-level views of simulations. Ways of creating these higher-levels views in Verilog today are discussed, together with a description of technology that can assist in this area. Examples of these views are also presented.
A Critical Review of PAHs as DIB Carriers - Progress and Open Questions

PAHs are among the most commonly proposed and popular candidates for DIB carriers. We present a critical assessment of the PAH-DIB model in view of the progress and the advances that have recently been achieved through a series of complementary studies involving astronomical observations of DIBs, laboratory simulation of interstellar analogs for PAHs (neutrals and ions), space exposure experiments of PAHs, theoretical calculations of PAH spectra and the modeling of diffuse and translucent interstellar clouds. What have we learned from these complementary studies? What are the constraints that can now be derived for the PAHs as DIB carriers? What are the strengths and the weaknesses of the PAH model to account for the DIBs?
Thinking Aloud in Expository Text: Processes and Outcomes

This study examines three questions: What kinds of think-aloud statements, in particular what kinds of inferences, are made by middle school students while reading expository text? Does thinking aloud affect comprehension as measured by recall and answers to questions? Does thinking aloud add value to the assessment of comprehension beyond what is learned through recall and question answering? Sixty-eight middle-school students read expository texts and thought aloud on one segment and did not think aloud on another segment. After completing each segment, the students recalled the texts and answered comprehension questions. The content of think-alouds and recall was examined using Trabasso and Magliano’s (1996a) clausal coding scheme and inferences were differentiated as explanatory, predictive or associative. Students primarily paraphrased the text as they thought aloud and made associative inferences using text information. Thinking aloud was associated with more associative inferences in recall, which correlated negatively with the ability to answer comprehension questions. The content of think-alouds may provide a more sensitive picture of readers’ processing than unaided recall or answers to questions.
Cross‐Sectional Design

Cohorts of individuals are measured at the same time in order to research temporal or age differences. By taking a cross section of a population, researchers avoid the disadvantages of longitudinal research, specifically loss of subjects over time. Keywords: cross-sectional design; longitudinal study; descriptive research; developmental study; cohort; cohort effect