cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conversion of forestlands to blueberries: Assessing implications for habitat quality in Alabaha river watershed in Southeastern Georgia, United States

Abstract This study assesses the dynamics of land use changes (LUCs) and its effects on the habitat quality in the Alabaha River watershed (985 km2) located in southeastern Georgia, where about 3940 ha of evergreen forest and pasture/hay moved to blueberries between 2010 and 2017. Four (2006, 2010, 2015, and 2017) land use maps were prepared with an overall accuracy of 89% using supervised classification methods. Based on these maps, LUCs for the year 2022 and 2030 were projected using Markov Multi-Layer Perceptron approach. FRAGSTATS was used to assess changes in landscape configuration and composition over time. Using the InVEST model, changes in habitat quality were quantified over time. The model projected that the land under evergreen forest and pasture/hay would decrease by 2% and 1.5%, respectively, whereas the land under blueberry would increase by 3.7% between 2015 and 2030. The Index of Landscape Conservation declined by 19% between 2006 and 2030. The mean habitat quality decreased by 37% in the same period. The areas of high habitat quality were concentrated in regions with less-modified land cover. A collaborative approach involving stakeholder groups is needed for the management of biodiversity and other ESs in the Alabaha River watershed in the context of deforestation caused by blueberry production.
Introduction: The Brain at Risk: Associations Between Disease and Cognition

As humans, we take all of the functions of the brain for granted—this magnificent organ regulates all aspects of cognitive, behavioral, sensory, and motor experiences but seems to run effortlessly. However, given its structural and physiological complexity, there are many ways that something may go wrong. It all begins with conception and a phenomenal, rapid expansion of cellular development that emerges from the single fertilized cell that culminates in over 300 billion cells organized to guide and direct all aspects of human functioning, with the brain emerging as a result of experience-dependent interaction between cellular functioning and the environment. But at each stage of development and life, the brain is at risk for a host of adverse events that can result in death or disability. This introduction reviews the major risk factors for injury and disease over the life span with an emphasis on neurobehavioral, neurocognitive, and neuro-emotional functioning. Each chapter will review the key elements needed to understand the risk factors for adverse effects on brain integrity along with ways to potentially mitigate against or minimize such effects. The latest in research findings for each condition will be reviewed.
Lessons learned from implementing night ventilation of mass in a next-generation smart building

Abstract Summer temperature extremes are expected to increase during the next century. Integrating night ventilation of mass (NVM) strategies in new ‘smart’ buildings could increase resilience to warming temperatures and reduce reliance on mechanical cooling. However, designing and operating buildings with NVM is challenging due to the complexity of interacting variables and difficulty of accurately measuring and predicting them, particularly when using automated controls and sensors. In this study we evaluated NVM performance by monitoring two night-ventilated classrooms in a mixed-mode smart academic building during October 2014 and June–July 2016. We investigated whether NVM systems were operating as intended, altered operation as needed to match design intent, and compared NVM efficacy during incorrect and corrected operation. We calculated the amount of heat NVM removed from each room overnight and visualized gradients of heat removal across the mass surface. We found that incorrect building automation system (BAS) operation during June 2016 resulted in overuse of mechanical cooling, while corrected operation later in July reduced the number of hours mechanical cooling was required, although average outdoor temperatures were higher. Our results also showed greatest overnight reductions in mass surface temperatures in locations nearest to the air inlets on the exterior south-facing walls. This critical evaluation quantifies the agreement between NVM performance as modeled during the design phase and during post-occupancy operation several years after construction. We conclude that the observed performance gap may be addressed through periodic or continuous re-commissioning.
Exploring early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) across domains of development in high-risk neonates

Date Presented 04/05/19 OT practitioners can play a role in identifying children at risk for ASD. Early signs of ASD have been proposed across multiple developmental domains. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical data across domains for high-risk premature infants who were later diagnosed with ASD to those who were not. Results indicate that early development between these two groups is similar, but there are clinically and statistically significant differences seen at two years. Primary Author and Speaker: Kelly Tanner Additional Authors and Speakers: Maria Baldino Contributing Authors: Helen Carey, Nicholas Kelly, Karen Ratliff-Schaub
Cyanuric Acid Biodegradation via Biuret: Physiology, Taxonomy, and Geospatial Distribution.

ABSTRACT Cyanuric acid is an industrial chemical produced during the biodegradation of s-triazine pesticides. The biodegradation of cyanuric acid has been elucidated using a single model system, Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP, in which cyanuric acid hydrolase (AtzD) opens the s-triazine ring and AtzEG deaminates the ring-opened product. A significant question remains as to whether the metabolic pathway found in Pseudomonas sp. ADP is the exception or the rule in bacterial genomes globally. Here, we show that most bacteria utilize a different pathway, metabolizing cyanuric acid via biuret. The new pathway was determined by reconstituting the pathway in vitro with purified enzymes and by mining more than 250,000 genomes and metagenomes. We isolated soil bacteria that grow on cyanuric acid as a sole nitrogen source and showed that the genome from a Herbaspirillum strain had a canonical cyanuric acid hydrolase gene but different flanking genes. The flanking gene trtB encoded an enzyme that we show catalyzed the decarboxylation of the cyanuric acid hydrolase product, carboxybiuret. The reaction generated biuret, a pathway intermediate further transformed by biuret hydrolase (BiuH). The prevalence of the newly defined pathway was determined by cooccurrence analysis of cyanuric acid hydrolase genes and flanking genes. Here, we show the biuret pathway was more than 1 order of magnitude more prevalent than the original Pseudomonas sp. ADP pathway. Mining a database of over 40,000 bacterial isolates with precise geospatial metadata showed that bacteria with concurrent cyanuric acid and biuret hydrolase genes were distributed throughout the United States. IMPORTANCE Cyanuric acid is produced naturally as a contaminant in urea fertilizer, and it is used as a chlorine stabilizer in swimming pools. Cyanuric acid-degrading bacteria are used commercially in removing cyanuric acid from pool water when it exceeds desired levels. The total volume of cyanuric acid produced annually exceeds 200 million kilograms, most of which enters the natural environment. In this context, it is important to have a global understanding of cyanuric acid biodegradation by microbial communities in natural and engineered systems. Current knowledge of cyanuric acid metabolism largely derives from studies on the enzymes from a single model organism, Pseudomonas sp. ADP. In this study, we obtained and studied new microbes and discovered a previously unknown cyanuric acid degradation pathway. The new pathway identified here was found to be much more prevalent than the pathway previously established for Pseudomonas sp. ADP. In addition, the types of environment, taxonomic prevalences, and geospatial distributions of the different cyanuric acid degradation pathways are described here.
13 – Electronic Messaging

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses electronic mail or e-mail. The basic service provided by most messaging systems is electronic mail. The evolution of electronic mail has been spectacular in that the evolution has occurred on many levels like technology availability, the nature of emails themselves, the development of email systems, and the ability to send to multiple recipients. This system of online messaging has enabled not only faster inter/intra communication in business enterprises but also helped increase productivity. LAN mail gateways development enabled desktop to desktop communication; LANs added mail gateways to their corporate mainframe counterpart were added eventually and enabled desktop users to address users of the corporate network. The advent of client/server computing single transmission protocol could be implemented at a back-end backbone network, thus, eliminating the need for multiple gateways. Access to a messaging backbone is made possible through traditional wire-line hook-ups or through wireless communications media. Mobile messaging has become more and more frequent as the use of nomadic computing devices has spread across the world.
Admiral Byng: Justice thwarted

Admiral John Byng wrote on 25 May 1756 (five days after the inconclusive engagement or defeat on 20 May 1756) a despatch on the ship Ramillies, off Minorca, and sent it to ‘the Lords Commissioners ...
Current management of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome.

Purpose of review The current article reviews literature on the contemporary management of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome (SSCDS). Approaches to management and surgical techniques are compared along with a discussion of the use of more standardized, objective outcome measures. Recent findings Considerable debate still exists as to what approach and technique is most appropriate for patients with SSCDS and how to best measure postoperative outcomes. However, it is increasingly accepted that multiple factors account for outcomes in SSCDS, including presenting symptoms and presence of vestibular comorbidities. Therefore, surgical intervention is best tailored to each individual patient. Data on SSCDS outcomes is heterogenous, and increased emphasis is being placed on validated measures of outcome. Round window approaches remain controversial and their role is still undefined. Summary The treatment strategies for SSCDS continue to diversify. A patient-specific approach with systematic documentation of outcomes will continue to inform how these patients are best managed.
Prevalent uses of exons as regulatory sequences are possible and inevitable

It has long been known that exons can encode transcriptional enhancers. However, the prevalence of such dual-use exons and related questions remain elusive. Our recently predicted highly accurate, large sets of cis-regulatory module candidates (CRMCs) and non-CRMCs in the human genome provide us an opportunity to address these questions. We find that exonic transcription factor binding sites(eTFBSs) occupy at least a third of the total exon lengths, suggesting exonic enhancers(eEHs) are more prevalent than originally thought. Moreover, active eTFBSs significantly overlap experimentally determined active eEHs, and enhance the transcription of nearby genes. Furthermore, both A/T and C/G in eTFBSs are more likely under evolutionary selection than those in non-CRMC exons, indicating the eTFBSs might be in dual-use. Interestingly, eTFBSs in codons tend to encode loops rather than more critical helices and strands in protein structures, while eTFBSs in untranslated regions (UTRs) tend to avoid positions where known UTR-related functions were located. Intriguingly, active eTFBSs are found to be in close physical proximity to distal promoters and involved in the activation of target genes. The close physical proximity between exons and promoters in topologically associating domains might render less critical exons to opt for parts of enhancers when non-exonic sequences are unavailable due to space constraints. It appears that nature avoids the dilemma of evolving a sequence for two unrelated functions by using less-critical, physically available exons for eTFBSs. Therefore, the prevalent dual-use of exons is not only possible but also inevitable.
Fifteen-minute consultation: A structured approach to the assessment of a child with earache

Earache, or otalgia, in children is common. Diagnosis can be challenging due to the range of causes. Assessment involves a thorough history and examination. Identification of associated otological symptoms, including discharge, hearing loss, vertigo and facial nerve weakness, is helpful and can aid diagnosis. Examination should involve looking at the external ear, otoscopy to assess the ear canal and tympanic membrane and documentation of facial nerve function. If otological examination is normal, further examination looking for non-otological causes may be guided by the history. Investigations are often unnecessary but may include blood tests, audiology and imaging. Most otalgia is caused by an acute infection, which is self-limiting and can be managed in the community. However, ear, nose and throat (ENT) advice and input may be required for systemically unwell children or those who fail to improve despite appropriate medical therapy.
New Horizons hibernation operations: It takes a lot of work to sleep

The New Horizons Mission was launched in January 2006 towards a flyby of Pluto in July 2015 and possible extended mission to fly by a yet-to-be-identified Kuiper Belt Object. Following a gravity assist flyby of Jupiter in early 2007, the eight year cruise phase operations baseline was defined to include long periods of hibernation, punctuated by Annual Check Outs for the subsystems and payload. Interspersed between these checkouts were precession periods needed to maintain communications with the spacecraft. As the final Annual Check Out prior to the flyby comes to a close in August 2014, hibernations operations have reached maturity. This paper briefly describes the current conduct of New Horizons hibernation operations from the perspective of Mission Planning and Scheduling: setting the hibernation period; computing the spin axis orientation during hibernation to maintain communications; specification of the spacecraft hibernation state; hibernation entry activities; activities during hibernation, including beacon and telemetry communications; and hibernation exit activities. The paper concludes with examples of the hibernation challenges met so far and some that are anticipated as the New Horizons Mission continues beyond Pluto.
Perkussion und Auskultation

In den vergangenen Jahren, seit der Entwicklung und immer haufigeren Anwendung der Rontgenologie, wird die Perkussion der Herzgrenzen an vielen Instituten kaum mehr gelehrt oder geubt. Man nannte sie eine „aussterbende Methode“, welche in der Vergangenheit ihren Dienst getan hat, jetzt aber „aus der grosen und anwachsenden Zahl der brauchbaren klinischen- und Laboratoriumsmethoden verdrangt werden sollte“.
Analyzing the Effects of Temporal Wind Patterns on the Value ofWind-Generated Electricity at Different Sites in California and theNorthwest

LBNL-60152 E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY Analyzing the Effects of Temporal Wind Patterns on the Value of Wind- Generated Electricity at Different Sites in California and the Northwest Matthias Fripp and Ryan Wiser Environmental Energy Technologies Division June 2006 The work described in this report was funded by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (Wind & Hydropower Technologies Program) and by the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (Permitting, Siting and Analysis) of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
Mechanisms of immunity in typhus infection: analysis of immunity to Rickettsia mooseri infection of guinea pigs.

To study the mechanisms of immunity to Rickettsia mooseri (R. typhi) infection, sera and splenic cells collected from nonimmune and immune guinea pigs were inoculated separately into syngeneic nonimmune recipients which were subsequently challenged intradermally. Protection was measured by comparing the course of the challenge infections of recipients with infections initiated with the same rickettsial inocula in nonimmune animals. Recipients of splenic cells collected 21 days after donor infection were protected from lesion development at sites of intradermal challenge and showed fewer rickettsiae in their kidneys. Cells obtained from nonimmune donors did not protect against either skin lesion development at sites of challenge or kidney infection. Antibody-containing sera collected 21 days after donor infection, but not normal sera, reduced levels of kidney infection, but immune sera did not protect against the development of lesions at sites of intradermal challenge. It was concluded that both immune sera and immune splenic cells possess capacities to effect a partial control of the systemic phase of R. mooseri infection in guinea pigs, but that immune splenic cells possess a capacity not shared by immune sera, i.e., the capacity to protect from infection at local sites of intradermal inoculation.
The lesbian community: an anthropological approach.

Visible lesbian communities, a recent social development in the United States, have received relatively little research attention. This article defines the “lesbian community,” as distinct from both the lesbian population and the lesbian subculture. The important features of the lesbian community are the social networks of lesbians, their group identity, shared sub-cultural values, and the institutional base, the organizations and places where community members can interact. One lesbian community is described and direction for future research suggested.
Follow-up of Conservatively Managed Epidural Hematomas: Implications for Timing of Repeat CT

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Small asymptomatic epidural hematomas (EDHs) are frequently managed nonoperatively with good neurologic outcome. Our goals were to determine the frequency and timing of enlargement of acute traumatic EDHs that are not immediately surgically evacuated as well as to identify factors associated with rehemorrhage. METHODS: Of 252 consecutive patients with acute traumatic EDH who were treated over a 5-year period, 160 were managed nonoperatively. Their CT scans, imaging reports, and medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Parameters analyzed as possible predictors of rehemorrhage during nonoperative management were size of the EDH, presence of an associated fracture, contralateral brain injury, midline shift, coagulopathy, and neurologic and physiological injury as measured by the Revised Trauma Score. We compared discharge disposition as a proxy for neurologic condition at discharge. RESULTS: The EDH enlarged in 37 (23%) of the 160 patients during conservative management. Mean enlargement was 7 mm, and the mean time to enlargement was 8 hours after injury and 5.3 hours after CT diagnosis. EDH enlargement occurred within 36 hours after injury in all cases. Of the parameters analyzed, only a high Revised Trauma Score correlated significantly with EDH rehemorrhage, suggesting that intubation and chemical paralysis may prevent rehemorrhage through the restriction of head movement and the control of blood pressure. The subgroup of patients with rehemorrhage experienced no difference in neurologic outcome despite a higher rate of clinical deterioration. CONCLUSION: EDH enlargement occurs frequently, but early. Repeat imaging with CT is most appropriate within 36 hours after injury.
Effects of Parametric Uncertainty on Airfoil Limit Cycle Oscillation

Introduction T HE need for revolutionizingmethods of assessing aeroelastic stabilityhas become increasinglypressing in recentyears.This is driven primarily by two factors: 1) the desire to reduce the total cost of certi cation by reducing testing requirements, and 2) the emergence of unique design concepts to provide impressive performance in military applications.A common feature of these designs is that they substantially increase the potential for nonlinear behavior beyond levels that can be adequately addressed by current engineering tools and processes. These needs and concerns were the focus of a recent workshop organizedby the Air Force Of ce of Scienti c Research and the Air Force Research Laboratory. The workshop addressed traditional areas of concern, such as the basic physics and computational requirements of nonlinear aeroelasticity,but it also included sessions on model veri cation and validation (VVnotably,itwas agreed that UQ could provide a common language for promoting communication between analysts and test personnel. This Note is intended to demonstrate the application of standard probabilityconceptsandMonteCarlo simulation(MCS) to the study of airfoil limit cycle oscillation (LCO), which results from a subcriticalHopf bifurcation induced by including a nonlinear spring in the pitch degree of freedom (DOF). Unsteady aerodynamic forces are represented by the R. T. Jones approximation of the circulatory lift. This simple aeroelastic model permits an assessment of aeroelastic performance sensitivity and variability within the context of a well-understood system; furthermore, because each MCS realization requires time integration, the use of a simple model is computationally expedient. Employing such an elementary model is justi ed in this application because our primary goals are to illustrate the qualitative consequences of uncertainty in a nonlinear aeroelastic system and also to provide a simple example of how probabilistic aeroelastic analysesmight be performed in the future. The authors and a colleague have employed essentially the same procedure detailed herein to highlight the in uence of various uncertainties in panel LCO.2i4
Gas transport in vitreous silica fibers

Abstract Micrometer-scale fibers of vitreous silica were used to extend solubility-based gas transport measurements to lower-temperature ranges and/or gas species larger than helium. The distribution of fiber diameters established a saturation curve for determining diffusivity from time-to-half saturation. Necessary experimental sensitivity was provided by a differential pressure transducer. Good agreement was demonstrated between near room temperature measurements in this study on neon and previous high-temperature studies on millimeter-scale rod and disk specimens. Over the temperature range 0–777°C, the solubility of neon in vitreous silica can be given by S = (6.07×10 22 atoms/(m 3 atm)) exp((+6.70 kJ/g atom/ RT ) diffusivity over the range of 0–984°C can be given by D = (0.997×10 −8 m 2 /s) exp((−41.0 kJ/g atom)/ RT ).
Repairable posterior menisco-capsular disruption in anterior cruciate ligament injuries

Two hundred thirty-four consecutive patients with a positive Lachman test underwent examination under anesthesia and diagnostic arthroscopy to include complete evaluation of both posterior menisco-capsular attachments. Knees which had had previous arthrotomy were excluded. Complete repairable posterior menisco-capsular disruptions occurred in 31 of 112 (27.7%) acute cases and 36 of 122 (29.5%) knees in the chronic group. These lesions are not predictable by physical examination or by routine clinical grading of instability. Thorough arthroscopic examination to include direct visualization of the posterior menisco-capsular junction is necessary for complete diagnosis in anterior cruciate ligament injuries.
A GUIDED TOUR OF NEW TEMPERED DISTRIBUTIONS

Laurent Schwartz, the principle architect of distribution theory, presented the impossibility of extending a form of multiplication to distribution theory. There have been many varieties of partial solutions to this problem. Some of the solutions contain heuristic computations done by physicists in quantum field theory. A recent strategy developed by J. Colombeau culminates with multiplication and integration theory for distributions. This paper develops this theory in the spirit of a sequence approach, much like fundamental sequences are to distributions. However, in the new tempered distribution theory the sequences can be noncountable. T. Todorov developed these techniques for new distributions. However, since so many applications require Fourier analysis, the new tempered distributions provide a natural setting for physics and signal analysis. The paper illustrates the product of two Dirac delta functionals,δ(x)δ(x). Other nonregular distributional products can also be computed in the same manner. The paper culminates with a new application of annihilation and creation operators in quantum field theory.
Ultrafast-laser accelerated plasma propulsion system for space exploration

A near-term plasma propulsion system that could open up the solar system and beyond to human exploration is presented. It is based on some recent experimental research at the University of Michigan and several other laboratories throughout the world in which it was shown that ultrafast (with very short pulse length) lasers can accelerate charged particles to relativistic speeds. Those experiments have demonstrated dramatically the production of nearly collimated beams of protons at mean energies of several MeV when lasers with intensities of ≥ 10 W/cm were made to impinge on small focal spots in solid targets with a few microns thickness. When viewed from a propulsion standpoint these presentday systems can be considered as the precursors of devices that are capable of producing specific impulse of millions of second albeit at modest thrusts. If employed as propulsion systems, they can achieve interstellar fly-by missions in a scientist’s lifetime but require significant enhancement in thrust to make then suitable for, say, manned mission in the solar system. In this paper we examine the underlying physics of the concept and indicate the steps required for its evolution into an effective near-term robust propulsion device. Nomenclature ao = Normalized vector potential
Modulating effect of alcohol use on cocaine use.

Abstract Clinical observations have indicated that alcohol may be employed by cocaine/crack users to attenuate negative effects of cocaine, especially when “coming down” from a cocaine binge. This issue was examined by interviewing 66 dual cocaine/alcohol users, with opiate dependence histories, enrolled in methadone treatment. A path analysis model was specified to test several hypotheses concerning the possible modulating effects of alcohol use on cocaine use. About 60% of the subjects reported often employing alcohol to ameliorate discomfort associated with tapering or ceasing cocaine/crack use. The main findings were: (a) more intense cocaine/crack craving and feeling that cocaine/crack use was out of control both led to increased use of alcohol to come down; (b) the more frequently alcohol was used to come down, the less use of cocaine/crack; and (c) more cocaine/crack use and more use of alcohol to come down both led to increased heavy alcohol use. Thus, treating alcohol abuse in this population must take into account the important function it serves in modulating cocaine/crack use.
Efficient Heuristic Procedures for Integer Linear Programming with an Interior

This paper presents and evaluates some new heuristic procedures for seeking an approximate solution of pure integer linear programming problems having only inequality constraints. The computation time required by these methods after obtaining the optimal noninteger solution by the simplex method has generally been only a small fraction of that used by the simplex method for the problems tested which have 15 to 300 original variables. Furthermore, the solution obtained by the better procedures consistently has been close to optimal and frequently has actually been optimal. Plans for generalizing these methods also are outlined. A companion paper presents an optimal "bound-and-scan" algorithm that may be used in conjunction with these approximate procedures.
Die Face Morphing With Formability Assessment

A die face morphing concept was recently introduced for quick die design for evolutionary products from their prior generations. Based on this concept, this paper proposes a strain increment method for early formability assessment by predicting strain distribution directly from the part-to-part mapping process. This method consists of mapping the finite element mesh to the part geometry, solving a part-to-part mapping function with smoothness and strain gradient penalties, and extracting strain increment from geometric morphing. It is shown, through a case study, that the strain field estimated by the proposed strain increment method compares well with that from the direct finite element analysis. Since this method does not require the knowledge on new die surface, such formability assessment can serve as a tool for early manufacturing feasibility analysis on the new part design.
Molecule-induced alkane homolysis with dioxiranes.

The mechanisms of C−H and C−C bond activations with dimethyldioxirane (DMD) were studied experimentally and computationally at the B3LYP/6-311+G**//B3LYP/6-31G* density functional theory level for the propellanes 3,6-dehydrohomoadamantane (2) and 1,3-dehydroadamantane (3). The σC-C activation of 3 with DMD (ΔG⧧ = 23.9 kcal mol-1 and ΔGr = −5.4 kcal mol-1) is the first example of a molecule-induced homolytic C−C bond cleavage. The C−H bond hydroxylation observed for 2 is highly exergonic (ΔGr = −74.4 kcal mol-1) and follows a concerted pathway (ΔG⧧ = 34.8 kcal mol-1), in contrast to its endergonic molecule-induced homolysis (ΔG⧧ = 28.8 kcal mol-1 and ΔGr = +9.2 kcal mol-1). The reactivities of 2 and 3 with CrO2Cl2, which follow a molecule-induced homolytic activation mechanism, parallel the DMD results only for highly reactive 3, but differ considerably for more stable propellanes such as 4-phenyl-3,6-dehydrohomoadamantane (1) and 2.
Physical limits to VLSI technology using silicon MOSFET's

Abstract Limits to miniaturization of silicon MOSFET's for digital VLSI applications are examined. A channel length of about 0.1 μm is very difficult to accomplish due to statistical doping fluctuations, the onset of tunneling in the required thin gate insulator, and resistivity of the shallow source/drain regions. Operation at low voltages is required to limit power dissipation and control punchthrough, but is constrained by the built-in junction potential and other small potential terms which become more important in small devices.
Feminist Explanations of the Development of Eating Disorders: Common Themes, Research Findings, and Methodological Issues

Feminist approaches have recently been offered as eti-ological explanations for the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Specific hypotheses and postulates have varied across different theorists. An overview of the rationale for each of four identified theoretical explanations is provided, along with a discussion of empirical support and research issues. We conclude that feminist approaches offer the possibility of substantially adding to our knowledge of etiological factors for the development of eating disorders. We suggest that the area would benefit from the development of pertinent measurement indices and the utilization of longitudinal designs incorporating variables deemed important by feminist writers, but also including factors supported by other etiological frameworks, such as family systems, developmental, and cognitive-behavioral approaches.
Media Criticism as Competitive Discourse Defining Reportage of the Abu Ghraib Scandal

This article treats media criticism as a specific form of discourse that aspires to define what journalism is, what it should aspire to, and who should speak about it. Recognizing journalists' cultural role of creating shared meaning, criticism either strives to uphold journalistic norms and isolate problematic incidents as deviant or calls attention to a faulty underlying framework of news production and presents foundational alternatives. Aside from being competitive discourse, media criticism is also collective by constructing various groups through its discourse by addressing specific audiences in an effort to create boundaries of acceptability. As a site for inquiry, the article tracks criticism surrounding reportage of the Abu Ghraib prison abuse scandal in April and May of 2004. Specific critical arguments regarding the scandal are systematically examined in four different spheres: within the news, the journalism trade press, from the left, and from the right.
Gangrene and spontaneous perforation of the cecum as a complication of pseudo-obstruction of the colon: report of three cases and speculation as to etiology.

“Pseudo-obstruction of the colon” refers to a condition in which physical and radiologic findings identical to those associated with mechanical obstruction of the large bowel are found, but in which no organic cause of colonic distention can be identified. These cases may involve progressive proximal large-intestinal dilatation to the point of cecal perforation or necrosis.
Sjögren's syndrome presenting as hypokalemic periodic paralysis.

We describe a 21-year-old Hispanic woman who presented with hypokalemic paralysis as the initial manifestation of Sjogren's syndrome (SS). Our review of the English literature revealed 12 previously reported cases of SS and renal tubular acidosis (RTA). Paralysis often preceded the sicca complex in those patients. Renal function in the patients with hypokalemic paralysis was reduced compared with that in patients who had primary SS and RTA but no history of hypokalemic paralysis (P < 0.002). Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is a rare manifestation of SS. It is seen more often in patients with primary SS, may precede the classic sicca complex, and may serve as a clinical marker for more severe renal disease in patients who have primary SS and RTA.
Comparison of Effects of Statin Use on Mortality in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease With Versus Without Elevated C-Reactive Protein and D-Dimer Levels

We determined whether statin use was associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in 579 participants with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) according to the presence and absence of elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer levels. Statin use was determined at baseline and at each annual visit. The CRP and D-dimer levels were measured at baseline. The mean follow-up was 3.7 years. The analyses were adjusted for age, gender, race, co-morbidities, ankle brachial index, cholesterol, and other confounders. Of the 579 participants, 242 (42%) were taking a statin at baseline and 129 (22%) died during follow-up. Statin use was associated with lower all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.30 to 0.86, p = 0.012) and CVD mortality (hazard ratio 0.36, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.89, p = 0.027) compared to statin nonuse. No statistically significant interaction was found for the baseline CRP or D-dimer level with the association of statin use and mortality. However, statin therapy was associated with significantly lower all-cause and total mortality only among participants with baseline CRP values greater than the median and not among those with CRP values less than the median (hazard ratio 0.44, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.88 vs hazard ratio 0.73, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.75 for all-cause mortality and hazard ratio 0.20, 95% CI 0.063 to 0.65 vs hazard ratio 0.59, 95% CI 0.093 to 3.79 for CVD mortality). In conclusion, among those with PAD, statin use was associated with lower all-cause and CVD mortality compared to no statin use. The favorable association of statin use with mortality was not influenced significantly by the baseline CRP or D-dimer level.
Lymphocyte Surface Membrane Immunoglobulin

. Demonstration of surface Ig on lymphocytes is subject to interference by the formation of immune complexes between the fluorochrome tagged antibodies and minute amounts of residual serum Ig present in the fluid phase or loosely bound to the Fc receptor. These newly formed immune complexes accordingly bind to Fc receptors, including those of the Fc-positive Ig-negative third population, and result in falsely elevated percentages of Ig-bearing cells. In principle, this immune complex formation can occur with any soluble antigens, but in practice it is most commonly encountered with IgG and to a lesser extent with IgM or IgA determinations. The use of fluorochrome tagged F(ab')2 fragments of antibodies in fluorescence results in an immune complex without an exposed Fc region that does not bind to Fc receptors. Methods for preparation of the F(ab')2 fragments are described. The use of latex ingestion as an aid for the identification of monocytes has the additional effect of allowing autoreactive anti-lymphocyte antibodies to elute from the cell surface and thereby diminishes this additional source of false positive surface fluorescence.
Broadband Rational Modeling via Adaptive Frequency Sampling for Full-Wave Simulation

This paper presents a stable broadband rational modeling approach through adaptive frequency sampling for full-wave simulation. It is based on vector fitting with improved robustness and enhanced efficiency for multiple ports. Examples have shown that the adaptive frequency sampling strategy can reduce the cost of expensive calls to the full-wave solver significantly.
Some new approaches to partial inlining

This paper proposes two novel techniques for partial inlining. Context-driven partial inlining uses information available to the compiler at a call site to prune the callee prior to assessing whether the (pruned) body of the callee should be inlined. Guarded partial inlining seeks to inline the frequently taken fast path through the callee along with a test and a call to the original method to handle those instances where the fast path is not taken.A fragile implementation of guarded partial inlining is described. An example, very loosely based on a simplified web server, is fabricated. Experimental evidence establishes the superiority of partial inlining over no inlining and over complete inlining on this contrived example. We show that these approaches to partial inlining are applicable in situations where previous approaches are not.Potential effects of the widespread availability of partial inlining on software development are considered.
Estimates of the temporal and spatial variability of ocean sound speed on the New Jersey shelf

Estimates of the spatial and temporal variability of ocean sound speed on the New Jersey shelf were obtained using acoustic signals measured by a set of freely drifting buoys. The range- and time-dependent inversion problem is computationally intensive and a linearized perturbative algorithm was applied to obtain results in an efficient manner. The inversion algorithm uses estimates of modal travel time to determine sound speed as a function of range and depth. In order to handle the high volume of data associated with the acoustic sensing network, the modal travel time estimation process was automated using an adaptive time-frequency signal processing method known as time-warping. Time-warping is a model-based transform that converts the frequency-dependent modal arrivals to monotones in the warped domain where they can be easily filtered. The data analyzed in this paper were collected on 16 March 2011 on the New Jersey shelf when the ocean was relatively well-mixed. While the observed sound-speed variations are small, both spatial and temporal trends are observed in the results. Furthermore, the estimated sound-speed profiles show good agreement with temporally and spatially collocated measurements.
When and Why Usury Should be Prohibited.

Usury ceilings seem indefensible. Their opponents insist these caps harm the consumers they are intended to help. Low ceilings are said to prevent the least advantaged agents from accessing legal credit and drive them into the black market, where prices are higher and collection methods are harsher. But in this paper, I challenge these arguments and show that the benefits of interest-rate limitations in the most expensive credit markets clearly outweigh the costs. The test case is payday lending. Deregulated pricing in this market produces negative externalities that justify usury restrictions. Unless prices are capped, the more solvent majority of borrowers is compelled to cross-subsidize the least solvent debtors, who have a high rate of default. Rationing the riskiest debtors out of this market by means of a moderate usury cap puts an end to this unfairness and produces fewer bad consequences than the advocates of deregulated pricing recognize. I argue that only an extreme principle like maximizing the minimum could justify a free market in payday credit.
Central city infrastructure investment and suburban house values

Abstract This paper examines some current issues surrounding the provision of infrastructure in central cities. It also presents evidence that infrastructure investments in central cities provide benefits that extend beyond their borders, to the balance of their metropolitan areas.
Assessment of sleepiness in clinical practice

It is difficult to show that patients' results on the most common quantitative test for sleepiness correlate with several factors associated with sleepiness.
DNA synthesis inhibition as an indirect mechanism of chromosome aberrations: comparison of DNA-reactive and non-DNA-reactive clastogens

Abstract Positive results in the in vitro assay for chromosome aberrations sometimes occur with test chemicals that apparently do not react with DNA, being negative in tests for mutation in bacteria, for DNA strand breaks, and for covalent binding to DNA. These chromosome aberrations typically occur over a narrow concentration range at toxic doses, and with mitotic inhibition. Indirect mechanisms, including oxidative damage, cytotoxicity and inhibition of DNA synthesis induced by chemical exposure, may be involved. Understanding when such mechanisms are operating is important in evaluating potential mutagenic hazards, since the effects may occur only above a certain threshold dose. Here, we used two-parameter flow cytometry to assess DNA synthesis inhibition (uptake of bromodeoxyuridine [BrdUrd]) associated with the induction of aberrations in CHO cells by DNA-reactive and non-reactive chemicals, and to follow cell cycle progression. Aphidicolin (APC), a DNA polymerase inhibitor, induces aberrations without reacting with DNA; 50 μM APC suppressed BrdUrd uptake during a 3-h treatment to
Influence of Edge Restraint on Clip Fastener Loads of Standing Seam Metal Roof Panels

This study investigates the effect of boundary conditions on the structural load paths within standing seam metal roof (SSMR) panel specimens subjected to uplift wind pressures. The objective is to determine the effect of boundary conditions (restrained or free) on observed load distributions among clip fasteners installed within a SSMR test specimen. Two roof specimens with instrumented clip fasteners were installed in a steel pressure chamber and subjected to static uplift pressures, while measuring panel deflection and clip fastener load distributions. The test specimen boundary conditions were modified in turn to represent field panel location (all free boundaries), gable panel (one restrained boundary, long dimension), eave panel (one restrained boundary, short dimension), and a corner panel (having two adjacent restrained boundaries). The load-displacement characteristics of the SSMR system were determined in a third specimen. The study found statistically significant differences in clip fastener loads, among the first three fastener rows away from the crosswise panel restraint, i.e., eave boundary condition. The gable boundary appeared to have less influence on load on the nearest fasteners. For the eave boundary condition, the measured load on the three exterior fasteners was about 40 % lower than the total fastener load on interior clips located just 3 m (10 ft) away. The results suggest why clip failures seldom occur in corner locations during uplift pressure tests. An empirical design method is proposed for predicting loads on clip fasteners installed near roof boundaries. More importantly, the design of SSMR roofing can be made more efficient, since it is shown that eave clip fasteners carry less than half the load of the interior fasteners, if other failure mechanisms (i.e., sheet tearing or boundary anchor failure) do not control the roof edge failures of installed SSMR.
The composition of the incipient partial melt of garnet peridotite at 3 GPa and the origin of OIB

Abstract We determined experimentally the composition of an incipient partial melt of a garnet lherzolite similar to KLB-1 peridotite at 3 GPa using modified iterative sandwich experiments (MISE). The MISE method enables microbeam analyses of quenched liquids that are in equilibrium at the onset of melting (nominally, 0% melt fraction) with a specified peridotite bulk composition. The equilibrium incipient partial melt is a TiO 2 -enriched (2.5 ± 0.2 wt.%) alkali olivine basalt with 44.8 ± 0.2 wt.% SiO 2 and 15.8 ± 0.1 wt.% MgO. Therefore, it has some compositional characteristics similar to a plausible parent to many alkalic oceanic island basalts. But in detail, several key components of this melt are different from parental liquids of typical primitive alkalic OIB, including lower FeO* (9.7 ± 0.1 wt.%) and higher Al 2 O 3 (12.7 ± 0.2 wt.%). It is also distinct from basalts derived from the EM and HIMU mantle end-members. We conclude that the vast majority of alkalic OIB cannot originate from volatile-poor partial melting of garnet peridotite at the base of the oceanic lithosphere unless there are contributions from non-peridotitic lithologies and/or enrichment in volatiles, iron, or other metasomatic components, and that such lithologic heterogeneities are intrinsic features of the HIMU and EM mantle reservoirs.
Synthesis of long chain alkyl glyceryl ethers from triglycerides using boron trifluoride etherate and lithium aluminum hydride

A procedure for direct conversion of long chain triglycerides to their corresponding ether derivatives has been accomplished using a combination of lithium aluminum hydride and boron trifluoride etherate. Reaction products obtained from reduction of tristearin or trimyristin were isolated by thin layer and column chromatography and identified using infrared spectroscopy. Glyceryl triethers, glyceryl monoethers, and aliphatic alcohols were the major reaction products, making up 2–3%, 9–19%, and 43–75%, respectively, of the theoretical molar yields. Yields of both ether derivatives were increased when a lithium aluminum hydride solution was added to a mixture of triglyceride and boron trifluoride etherate rather than adding a mixture of triglyceride and boron trifluoride etherate to lithium aluminum hydride. Increasing the quantities of lithium aluminum hydride increased glyceryl triether yield, but decreased glyceryl monoether yield.
The Reform of Tax Administration

Tax administration plays a crucial role in determining a country`s real (or effective) tax system. Unfortunately, tax administrations in many countries do not function optimally and distort the intention of tax laws. In order for taxation to have its intended effect on the allocation of resources, the distribution of income, and macroeconomic stability and growth, the tax administration must function effectively and efficiently. This paper addresses tax administration reform by describing briefly the causes for inefficient tax administration, identifying the essential elements of successful reform, and presenting measures to improve the tax administration. The common thread of a reform strategy is to focus administrative resources on problems in the tax collection system through promotion of voluntary taxpayer compliance and adoption of a logical sequence of procedures for efficiently identifying and handling instances of noncompliance.