cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the rhetorical contract in human-computer interaction

Abstract The social identity of a participant in any form of human communication is in many ways determined and maintained by the patterned use of symbols. Research has illuminated the variety of ways that this is done in the standard forms of communication, such as conversation and text; much less, however, is known about the determination and maintenance of social identity in human—computer interaction. This paper reports an exploration of the rhetorical contract, or the expectation for appropriate interaction, as it develops in human—computer interaction. Subjects used either a direct manipulation or a command interface that, at an unannounced point in the interaction, presented an error message that was either consistent or inconsistent with the interface's previous pattern of interaction. Results indicated that the direct manipulation interfaces were more likely to establish social expectations and that users of the direct manipulation interface that experienced an incosistent error message expressed large negative affective responses. These results suggest that the social nature of human—computer interactions can be examined with reference to the constructs applicable to other forms of communication.
Towards a framework for applying US economic sanctions

US economic sanctions, in the opinion of most observers, have not succeeded in attaining the desired objectives. Sanctions often impact US businesses negatively as well as other domestic and foreign constituencies. Our review of economic sanctions suggests that the US should adopt a phased approach in imposing sanctions. In the pre-economic sanctions phase, the US Government should pursue a strategy of engagement using specific incentives (and penalties) to change a targeted country’s offensive behaviour. If engagement is unsuccessful, the second phase should include identifying a range of economic sanctions to achieve clearly stated objectives and assessing their potential impact on various groups. In the third phase, the US Government would impose sanctions, monitoring them regularly to determine if they should be adjusted or rescinded. The framework in this paper for all three phases may help to develop a systematic process for applying sanctions.
What is it like to be a human

The explicit link between awareness and sociality put forward in the accompanying article opens new doors to thinking about the evolutionary origins of consciousness. Human subjective experience undoubtedly has some features that are species-specific and others that are shared over a broad phylogenetic base. The authors' proposal that consciousness depends on high-level neural circuits evolved for social perception begs the question whether animals lacking such circuitry experience a fundamentally different form of consciousness from humans. It also highlights the need for comparative work elucidating neural mechanisms by which animals other than primates perceive and respond to their conspecifics.
Attitude of fractures bounding straight and arcuate lunar rilles

Abstract Many straight and arcuate lunar rilles show a systematic increase in width with increase in elevation. This property may be utilized to measure the average inclinations (dips) of the two fractures bounding such rilles. Measurements on ten rilles indicate dips clustering about 60°, with a possible separate type of rille with nearly vertical bounding fractures. All measurements are consistent with a stress system characterized by vertical maximum compressive stress.
Use of 2‐D DIGE analysis reveals altered phosphorylation in a tropomyosin mutant (Glu54Lys) linked to dilated cardiomyopathy

Current electrophoretic methods have not been optimized to fully separate post-translationally modified mutant forms of tropomyosin (Tm) from wild-type cardiac samples. We describe here a method employing a modified 2-D PAGE/2-D DIGE protocol, to fully separate native, mutant (E54K), and phosphorylated forms of Tm. Our data demonstrate the first evidence of a significant (∼40%) decrease in Tm phosphorylation in transgenic compared to non-transgenic mouse hearts, and indicate that altered phosphorylation may be a significant factor in the linkage of the E54K mutation to dilated cardiomyopathy.
Cathepsins X and B can be differentiated through their respective mono- and dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase activities.

Several new cysteine proteases of the papain family have been discovered in the past few years. To help in the assignment of physiological roles and in the design of specific inhibitors, a clear picture of the specificities of these enzymes is needed. One of these novel enzymes, cathepsin X, displays a unique specificity, cleaving single amino acid residues at the C-terminus of substrates very efficiently. In this study, the carboxypeptidase activities and substrate specificity of cathepsins X and B have been investigated in detail and compared. Using quenched fluorogenic substrates and HPLC measurements, it was shown that cathepsin X preferentially cleaves substrates through a monopeptidyl carboxypeptidase pathway, while cathepsin B displays a preference for the dipeptidyl pathway. The preference for one or the other pathway is about the same for both enzymes, i.e., approximately 2 orders of magnitude, a result supported by molecular modeling of enzyme−substrate complexes. Cleavage of a C-terminal dipept...
Effects of chronic food restriction on mu and kappa opioid binding in rat forebrain : a quantitative autoradiographic study

Abstract It was previously observed that chronic food restriction lowers the threshold for lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in a manner that is reversible by μ- and κ-selective opioid antagonists. The present quantitative autoradiographic study was designed to investigate whether chronic food restriction alters regional μ and κ opioid binding in brain. [ 3 H]DAGO (μ) and μ//gd blocked [ 3 H]BMZ (κ) binding were analyzed in 34 brain regions from the medial prefrontal cortex to posterior hypothalamus. Significant reductions in μ binding were observed in caudal portions of the medial and lateral habenula, and the basolateral and basomedial nuclei of the amygdala. κ binding was similarly reduced in medial habenula. Large increases in κ binding were observed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral pallidum, and medial preoptic area. The possible involvement of these changes in the sensitization of reqard by food restriction is discussed.
Effect of early postpartum treatment with prostaglandin F2α on subsequent fertility in the dairy cow

Eighty Holstein dairy cows were treated with 25 mg of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on Days 14 to 16 post calving. Eighty-four herd mates served as saline controls in the double blind study. The reproductive parameters used to measure fertility were mean days to first service on all cows and mean days open, first service conception rates and services per pregnancy on cows that became pregnant. Mean days to first service was similar in both groups (71.8 +/- 27, treated; 68.5 +/- 28.6, controls; P = 0.5352). The mean days open was 98.6 +/- 52.0 d for treated cows compared to 118.8 +/- 71.2 d for controls (P = 0.0680). First service pregnancy rates (treated, 41.3%; control, 35.7%) were not significantly different (P = 0.0630); however, the mean services per pregnancy (treated, 1.64; control, 2.33) were significantly (P = 0.0021) improved in the treated group. Ten cows in the treated group and twelve cows in the control group were diagnosed as having retained fetal membranes and/or metritis. For treated and control cows mean days to first service were 82.2 +/- 34.8 d and 82.8 +/- 58.7 d (P = 0.5652). Days open were 97.0 +/- 32.5 d and 133.4 +/-58.4 d (P = 0.3636); services per conception were 1.83 and 2.50 (P = 0.3178), respectively. In all treated cows reproductive parameters were similar whether cows had high serum progesterone ( > 1 ng/ml) or low serum progesterone ( < 1 ng/ml) on the treatment day. This study suggests that early postpartum treatment of lactating dairy cows with prostaglandin produces an improvement in fertility.
Violent victimisation is more common among people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders than among the general population.

Question: Do rates of recorded violent and non-violent victimisation differ among people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders compared with the general population and have recorded rates changed over a 30-year period? Population: 4168 adults diagnosed with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (cases) were matched by age and year of birth to 4641 adults without schizophrenia-spectrum disorders randomly selected from the community (controls). Participants were aged 17–65 years. Cases were identified from a state-wide public mental health register comprising all people first diagnosed with a schizophrenia illness in the years 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 200 and 2005. Community controls were gathered from a representative electoral roll. Setting: Victoria, Australia; 1975–2005. Assessment: Recorded diagnoses were made by psychiatrists at the time of patient discharge from community, outpatient and inpatient services and coded using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) criteria as any diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, paraphrenia, shared psychotic disorder, delusional disorder or unspecified non-organic psychosis. Diagnoses were only included if they were supported in 75% of subsequent diagnoses if there was a clear diagnostic progression indicative of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Rates of victimisation …
Action of 3'd adenosine (cordycepin) and 3'd cytidine on the translation of the stored mRNA of cotton cotyledons.

Abstract Cordycepin (3′dAdo), an inhibitor of RNA synthesis and poly(A) addition to pre-mRNA, inhibits protein synthesis and the appearance of enzyme activity thought to come from stored mRNA in germinating cotton cotyledons. 3′dCyd and Actinomycin D, other RNA synthesis inhibitors, have no effect on early germination. The period of sensitivity to 3′dAdo is short, comprising the 6th–30th hour of germination. This is consistent with the idea that the stored mRNA of cotton cotyledons is not processed until germination.
The effects of age on rabbit MCL fibroblast matrix synthesis in response to TGF-β1 or EGF

Abstract In this study, we examined the effects of age on collagen and total protein synthesis by ligament fibroblasts in response to growth factors. Three different doses of transforming growth factor- β 1 (TGF- β 1 ) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) were individually added to in vitro fibroblast cultures from the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of skeletally immature (age 3 months), mature (age 12 months) and senescent (age 48–51 months) rabbits. Analysis of the effects of age revealed that fibroblasts from senescent rabbits produced significantly less collagen in response to TGF- β 1 or EGF stimulation when compared to fibroblasts from immature rabbits. Furthermore, increased age was found to result in significant reductions in the baseline levels of collagen synthesis but not total protein synthesis. Additionally, collagen and total protein synthesis by MCL fibroblasts were significantly affected by the TGF- β 1 dose, but not by the EGF dose. When fibroblasts were normalized to their own controls, the increases in collagen and total protein synthesis due to TGF- β 1 and EGF for the senescent group were found to be greater than those for the skeletally immature rabbits at all doses. This demonstrates that MCL fibroblasts from senescent rabbits are responsive to growth factors.
THE POLITICS OF TERRITORIAL IDENTITY REVIEW ESSAY

Book reviewed in this article: Limqueco, P. & B. McFarlane, eds. (1983), Neo-Marxist Theories of Development Smith, N. (1984), Uneven Development Kuklinski, A. & J.G. Lambooy, eds. (1983), Dilemmas in Regional Policy. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva. Regional Planning Series Volume 12 Humphrey, C.R. & F.R. Buttel (1982), Environment, Energy and Society Lindsay, B., ed. (1980), Comparative Perspectives of Third World Women: The Impact of Race, Sex and Class Huston, P. (1979), Third World Women Speak Out. Interviews in Six Countries on Change, Development, and Basic Needs Bourguicnon, E., ed. (1980), A World of Women. Anthropological Studies of Women in the Societies of the World Etienne, M. von & E. Leacock, eds. (1980), Women and Colonization: Anthropological Perspectives Whttlock, R. (1983), The English Farm Devine, T.M. ed. (1984), Farm Servants and Labour in Lowland Scotland 1770–1914-This book of essays is a welcome addition to literature on Scottish agricultural life. It is well O'Neill, B.J. (1984), Proprietarious, Lavradores t Jornaleiras Sachs, C.E. (1983), The Invisible Farmers. Women in Agricultural Production Yeganiantz, L., ed. (1984), Brazilian Agriculture and Agricultural Research Bates, R.H. (1983), Essays on the Political Economy of Rural Africa Chan, A., R. Madsen & J. Unger (1984), Chen Village. The Recent History of a Peasant Community in Mao's China Hinton, W. (1983), Shenfan. The Continuing Revolution in a Chinese Village
Homogeneous catalytic hydroformylation of 1-octene in CO2-expanded solvent media

CO 2 -expanded liquids (CXLs) represent a continuum of reaction media that combine the reaction benefits provided by organic solvents and the environmental benefits provided by compressed CO 2 (liquid and scCO 2 ) in an optimal manner. Homogeneous hydroformylation of 1-octene using an unmodified rhodium catalyst (Rh(acac)(CO) 2 ) was successfully demonstrated employing CXLs as reaction media. At temperatures of 30 and 60 °C, the turnover numbers (TONs) for aldehyde formation in CO 2 -expanded acetone were up to fourfold higher than those obtained in either neat acetone or compressed CO 2 . The higher TON in CXLs is attributed to enhanced syngas solubility in CXL (compared to neat solvent) while maintaining complete miscibility of the transition metal catalyst complex (due to the presence of the neat solvent). The demonstrated advantages of using CXLs include significant replacement of conventional solvents (up to 80% by volume) by environmentally benign CO 2 and process intensification at relatively mild pressures (compared to those required with scCO 2 ). The regioselectivity towards linear and branched aldehydes (n/iso ratio) remained unaffected by the change in either the solvent media or the temperature. The observed effects of temperature and H 2 concentration in CXL media were similar to those reported in the literature: lower temperatures favored the selectivity toward the aldehydes while an increase in H 2 concentration resulted in a higher reaction rate. These first results point to the need for fundamental investigations of the catalyst and reactant solubilities and of the underlying reaction mechanism in CXLs to better understand and exploit these promising reaction media in catalytic hydroformylations.
An approximate improvement factor expression in terms of interference spectrum

The authors derive a closed-form approximate improvement factor expression for the optimal transversal filter (Brennan-Reed weighting), which is directly in terms of the interference spectrum for convenience of performance analysis. Examples are given showing the accuracy of the approximation. >
Endometrial suppressor cells in beef cattle.

Abstract Endometrial cells were recovered post mortem from cyclic and pregnant crossbred beef cattle (n = 5 each) on Days 16 to 18 after estrus, and were evaluated for their ability to suppress lymphocyte responses and release suppressor factor into the culture medium. The suppressor factor was assessed for transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β) activity. In addition, Percoll was used to fractionate endometrial cells from Angus cows (n = 4) on Days 16 to 18 of pregnancy to determine the density of the suppressor cells. Endometrial cells from cyclic and pregnant cows suppressed lymphocyte proliferative responses and released suppressor factor into the culture medium. The suppressor factor exhibited TGF-β activity. Suppressor activities tended to be greatest for fractionated cells with densities of 1.01 and 1.095 g/mL. In conclusion, the bovine endometrium contains low - and high - density suppressor cells capable of releasing suppressor factor. The factor seems to be associated with TGF-β.
Creamery Inspection Data

During the summers of 1918 and 1919, the authors jointly or separately visited approximately 150 creameries situated in the following states: Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Of these creameries, each of 70 manufactured 500,000 or more pounds of butter per year. Eighty of them manufactured respectively less than 500,000 pounds of butter per year. The total output of the entire group of creameries as reported by their managers was approximately 200,000,000 pounds of butter. In each plant visited, the information recorded was combined from the word of the managers, from the records of the creamery, and from direct observation. The information sought included the total amount of cream received, and the percentages of t3ais total obtained from shipping stations, from single shippers, by cream routes, and by delivery by the patron directly. Where cream was shipped, the range of distance covered by such shipmeats was approximated. Concerning the stock itself, the range of fat content, acidity, and basis of grading, if any, were recorded. With reference to methods of manufacture, the use and type of neutralizer, if any, and the methods of application were observed. The method, temperature, and time of pasteurization were recorded. The character and percentage of starter used were noted. Details of churning, when obtainable, were described. Concerning the re~ulting product, the factory grading, the percentage represented in each grade and the amount of salt used were tabulated, and finally the score of the different grades of butter manufactured and the methods of marketing were discussed with the management of each creamery.
Proteomic Analysis of Post-Translational Modifications in Conditioned Hermissenda

Post-translational modifications that change the properties of proteins are of major importance for biological function. For example, a number of biological events such as signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, control of enzyme activity, and cell division are regulated by the phosphorylation of proteins (for reviews see Hunter and Karin, 1992; Johnson and Vaillancourt, 1994; Hunter, 1995; Karin and Hunter, 1995; Johnston and O’Reilly, 1996; Mann and Jensen, 2003). In addition, phosphorylation is now recognized as important in the induction and maintenance of cellular and synaptic plasticity (for example see Neary et al., 1981; Sweatt and Kandel, 1989; Crow et al., 1996; Kondo et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2005; Baratier et al., 2006; Moult et al., 2006; Sun et al., 2006; Sunyer et al., 2008). The onset and duration of protein phosphorylation varies over time following stimulation (Mooney and Anderson, 1989; Wahl et al., 1989; Ahn et al., 1990; Donaldson et al., 1991; Hagiwara et al., 1992; Moreland et al., 1992; Sato et al., 1999), and may be transient or long-term, depending upon the duration of the experimental treatment (Sweatt and Kandel, 1989; Homayouni et al., 1995, 1997). However, protein phosphorylation may also be detected within minutes-to-hours following a single experimental treatment(Crow et al., 1996). In the marine mollusc Hermissenda the regulation of several phosphoproteins has been examined following multi-trial and one-trial Pavlovian conditioning (Neary et al., 1981; Alkon and Nelson, 1990; Crow et al., 1996; Nelson et al., 1996). Two phosphoproteins that have been identified and characterized in Hermissenda sensory neurons (photoreceptors) are calexcitin (CE), a GTP- and Ca2+ binding protein (Kuzirian et al., 2001), and Csp24, a protein containing repeated β-thymosin homology domains(Crow and Xue-Bian, 2000, 2003; Crow et al., 2003). The phosphorylation of Csp24 is regulated by one-trial in vitro conditioning. Previous studies of Hermissenda isolated nervous systems showed that one-trial in vitro conditioning resulted in a time-dependent increase in the phosphorylation of several proteins (Crow et al., 1996,1999; Crow and Xue-Bian, 2003). However, with the exception of Csp24, additional phosphoproteins regulated by one-trial conditioning have not been identified or characterized. In addition, it is not known if multi-trial Pavlovian conditioning regulates the same phosphoproteins that are modified following one-trial in vitro conditioning procedures. Here we report that multi-trial Pavlovian conditioning results in a significant increase in the phosphorylation of 12 of 20 proteins from the sample selected for analysis, as compared to control groups that received pseudorandom presentations of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US). Tryptic digests of the selected spots from 2D gels of conditioned and control lysates followed by mass spectrometric sequencing resulted in peptide sequences that were assigned by homology to proteins with diverse cellular functions.
Rising incidence rate of esophageal adenocarcinoma and use of pharmaceutical agents that relax the lower esophageal sphincter (United States).

Primary adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, previously considered a rare neoplasm, has shown a dramatic increase in its incidence rate among White men in the United States since 1970. The reason for this increase is unknown. Since the presence of Barrett's esophagus is essential for the development of most esophageal adenocarcinomas, the increasing incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma may be related to an increasing prevalence of Barrett's esophagus, and its precursor, gastroesophageal reflux. An association between this increasing incidence and an increasing use of pharmaceutical agents that relax the lower esophageal sphincter is proposed. The data on the dollar amount and approximate quantity in milligrams purchasedper capita through retail pharmacies and hospitals in the United States from 1957 to 1986 are presented for four categories of such agents. An upward trend is observed for all four categories.Cancer Causes and Control 1994,5, 573–578.
Adolescent marijuana use intentions: using theory to plan an intervention

This paper uses an integrated model of behavior change to predict intentions to use marijuana occasionally and regularly in a US-based national sample of male and female 12 to 18 year olds (n = 600). The model combines key constructs from the theory of reasoned action and social cognitive theory. The survey was conducted on laptop computers, and half of the sample was female. The analysis serves as a basis for discussion about using theory in various stages of planning a campaign to decrease marijuana use among adolescents. The theory, model fit, and tests of the mediation and sufficiency assumptions can be used to demarcate planners’ choices about behavioral goals and intervention messages.
Increased Energy Expenditure, Dietary Fat Wasting, and Resistance to Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice Lacking Renin

Summary An overactive renin-angiotensin system is associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. However, the mechanisms behind it are unclear. Cleaving angiotensinogen to angiotensin I by renin is a rate-limiting step of angiotensin II production, but renin is suggested to have angiotensin-independent effects. We generated mice lacking renin ( Ren1c ) using embryonic stem cells from C57BL/6 mice, a strain prone to diet-induced obesity. Ren1c −/− mice are lean, insulin sensitive, and resistant to diet-induced obesity without changes in food intake and physical activity. The lean phenotype is likely due to a higher metabolic rate and gastrointestinal loss of dietary fat. Most of the metabolic changes in Ren1c −/− mice were reversed by angiotensin II administration. These results support a role for angiotensin II in the pathogenesis of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
Energy as well as applicator size and shape utilized in over 200 intraoperative electron beam procedures

The Mayo Clinic currently combines external beam photons with intraoperatively administered electron beam boosts (IORT) for locally advanced malignancies for which standard treatment approaches achieve inadequate local control. A linear accelerator* with variable electron energies (6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 MeV) is used in conjunction with a set of methyl methacrylatet applicators (cones) of varying size and shape (Table 1). As a result of inquiries about electron energy as well as cone size and shape utilization, an analysis of these factors has been carried out for 2 14 consecutive IORT fields in 190 patients (see Table 2 regarding anatomic distribution). The majority of treatments were given with electron energies of 12 MeV and greater. Only 2 and 27 (of 2 14)
The diagnosis and drug treatment of anxiety disorders

Anxiety, phobic and related neurotic disorders lend themselves to diagnostic confusion because of the large and variable array of symptoms associated with them. This has complicated attempts at coherent classification. This paper examines the problems in diagnosis and classification and the diversity of causal models of these disorders. It offers an alternative integrated perspective that may have heurestic merit in guiding clinicians to a practical choice of treatment and in delineating a useful starting point for the biological investigation of these disorders.
Physiologic affects of altitude on recreational climbers

Abstract Objectives Previous analyses of physiologic parameter changes during ascent to altitude have incorporated small numbers of well-trained climbers. The effects of altitude illness are more likely to occur and may come to medical attention more frequently in unacclimatized recreational individuals. We sought to evaluate acute changes in physiologic parameters during ascent to high altitude (14 100 ft) in recreational climbers. Methods We performed a prospective naturalistic study of 221 recreational climbers at Mount Shasta (peak altitude of 14 162 ft). Baseline vital signs were recorded at 3500 ft (blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, pulse oximetry, and peak flow). Subsequent measurements were obtained at 6700 ft, 10 400 ft, and at the summit. Mean vital signs and the amount they changed with altitude were estimated using mixed linear models. Results One hundred twenty-five climbers (56.6%) reached the summit. Heart rate increased and pulse oximetry decreased with ascent (mean, 71.9, 79, 97, and 102.4 beats/min and 96.9%, 93.9%, 88.8%, and 80.8%, respectively), with estimates at each altitude differing statistically at P Conclusions Acute compensation for altitude-induced hypoxia involves numerous physiologic changes; this is supported by our data that demonstrate significant changes in blood pressure and stepwise changes in pulse oximetry, peak flow, and heart rate. Consideration of these changes can be incorporated in future studies of the affect of altitude on recreational climbers.
Population Dynamics of Evolutionary Change: Demographic Parameters as Indicators of Fitness

I evaluated demographic parameters as indicators of fitness by calculating the net reproductive rate (R0), exponential rate of change (r), lifetime reproductive success (LRS), and Malthusian parameter (m) for nine genotypes and four phenotypes (two alleles at each of two independent loci) of an age-structured population. The given starting conditions included age-specific survival rates of males and females and age-specific fecundity of females for each genotype (to simplify the problem I presumed no differences in survivorship or fecundity of genotypes with the same phenotype) and the same age structure for each genotype. The prevailing genotype had the greatest m, but it did not have the greatest r, R0 , or LRS, or even the greatest survivorship of either juveniles or adults, or the greatest fecundity. This result indicates that m is the only correct measure of fitness (i.e., as a predictor of which genotype should prevail from among a group of genotypes) and that comparisons of r, R0 , LRS, juvenile or adult survival rates, or fecundity may be misleading indicators of which genotype should prevail (i.e., be most "fit") over time (i.e., be selected for).
Plane-wave Gaussian-beam prestack depth migration

Plane-wave migration methods use data transformed to the tau-p domain (Stoffa et al., 1981; Akbar et al., 1996; Xu and Lambare, 1998; Sun and Schuster, 1999; De Hoop and Brandsberg-Dahl, 2000; Albertin et al., 2001); an appropriate extrapolation operator is then designed to continue the wavefield (characterized by its surface ray parameter) downward in depth. Stoffa et al. (2006) considered depth migration methods based on one or more plane wave decompositions of the original seismic data. Based on an ART approximation, they developed a new depth migration method using both source and receiver plane wave decompositions of the seismic data. Their method can be improved using a multi-valued ray tracing method. However, it still only deals with the caustics problem one by one based on Maslov solutions (Foster et al., 2002).
Cloud Systems of a Winter Cyclone.

Abstract In the charting of clouds associated with the storm which developed on a cold front over Arkansas and moved northeastward it is found that the first clouds formed were Ci. These clouds were preceded by cooling at high levels, presumably by lifting of the upper strata. Later, as these clouds thickened into As, and their bases lowered, they reached Ac which had formed meanwhile. The falling ice crystals probably grew rapidly in the supercooled Ac thereby causing a rapid lowering of the Ns ceiling until snowfall commenced at the ground. As the storm continued to develop, the highest cirrus moved well ahead while the original Ac layer became extensive and the chief producer of precipitation. A lower layer formed at the cold front, which grew enough over the area of occlusion, to reach the middle layer. Other low clouds continued within the cold air mass throughout the storm period. All cirrus that could be detected, except the edge of the uppermost layer found at the rear of the storm near the end of...
Improved electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of left anterior hemiblock

New electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria for the diagnosis of left anterior hemiblock are proposed. The proposed criteria are based upon the relation between portions of the vectorcardiographic (VCG) QRS loop in the frontal plane and the corresponding portions of the ECG QRS complexes recorded by the limb leads. The application of the proposed criteria requires that the tracings be obtained with 3-channel ECG machines so that the temporal relation between the QRS complexes in simultaneously recorded limb leads can be inspected. This type of analysis of the electrocardiogram permits prediction of features of the VCG QRS loop that are important for the diagnosis of left anterior hemiblock. The proposed ECG criteria for the diagnosis of left anterior hemiblock are (1) the QRS complexes in leads aVR and aVL each end in an R wave (terminal R wave), and (2) the peak of the terminal R wave in lead aVR occurs later than the peak of the terminal R wave in lead aVL. The sensitivity and specificity of the proposed criteria were empirically evaluated using series of electrocardiograms obtained under clinical circumstances during which the occurrence of left anterior hemiblock was, respectively, likely and unlikely. The performance of the proposed criteria was statistically superior to that of 2 sets of frontal plane QRS axis criteria.
The effect of antipyretic therapy upon outcomes in critically ill patients: a randomized, prospective study.

ABSTRACT Background: Despite the large body of evidence suggesting a beneficial role of fever in the host response, antipyretic therapy is commonly employed for febrile critically ill patients. Our...
Teaching and Learning Can Be Energizing

When David Stout invited me to participate in a session he was arranging for the 1998 AAA Annual Meeting, he said that his objective was to have three master teachers describe their teaching philosophies and the ways they energize their teaching. For a brief moment, this “master teacher” flattery tickled my ego and I agreed to participate. The sobering reality that this title is completely inappropriate for someone with my teaching style hit shortly thereafter. I hope that by the end of this commentary you will appreciate that my teaching style is very reliant on the relationships I have with my students and, in particular, on their contributions to our combined success. For this reason, notwithstanding my other shortcomings, it makes no more sense for me to aspire to become a master teacher than to aspire to become a master husband, a master father, or a master colleague. In all of these relationships, “we” is more important than “me.” David’s charge caused me to think carefully about a question that I am often asked: Why do my students and I put so much energy and enthusiasm into my courses? The short answer is that we get far more energy than we give. But, where does the energy we receive come from? This is the more difficult question that I will try to address in this commentary by briefly describing my source of energy, and by illustrating the comprehensive course development model I am continually refining in an effort to energize my students. For my part, the energy I receive from teaching comes from the premise that I am doing something important that I cannot come close to perfecting in my lifetime—a quest intellectually and personally stimulating. Teaching accounting to the best of my ability is important because my students will collectively make decisions during their careers that will affect the flow of billions of dollars worth of resources and the lives of countless individuals, and the quality of these decisions can be improved, in part, by what they learn in my courses. Teaching cannot be perfected because none of the essential skills for teaching can be altogether mastered, let alone in combination. Among other things, core competencies include relationship, research and organizational skills, and mastery of a broad base of facts, terms and concepts related to business phenomena. Still, I seek to improve my teaching and other scholarly activities by pursuing ways to strengthen
Mind the gap: collecting commonsense data about simple experiences

In natural language, there are many gaps between what is stated and what is understood. Speakers and listeners fill in these gaps, presumably from some life experience, but no one knows how to get this experiential data into a computer. As a first step, we have created a methodology and software interface for collecting commonsense data about simple experiences. This work is intended to form the basis of a new resource for natural language processing.We model experience as a sequence of comic frames, annotated with the changing intentional and physical states of the characters and objects. To create an annotated experience, our software interface guides non-experts in identifying facts about experiences that humans normally take for granted. As part of this process, the system asks questions using the Socratic Method to help users notice difficult-to-articulate commonsense data. A test on ten subjects indicates that non-experts are able to produce high quality experiential data.
DIVESTITURE TO UNIT MANAGERS AND SHAREHOLDER WEALTH

The impact on shareholder wealth from selling units to management is examined. The two-day announcement period average abnormal return for parent firms divesting units to managers of those units is positive (0.80 percent) and significant. On average, the impact on shareholder wealth of parent firms divesting assets to managers of the unit is similar to the shareholder wealth effect for divestiture to third parties.
A new infrared technique for characterizing partially amorphous solids

Abstract Infrared reflection measurements on pelletized spinel alumina powder yield sharp peaks with frequencies dependent upon the pretreatment of the alumina. A qualitative theory is proposed by which information about the participation in the bulk phase of foreign ions and the degree of sintering in the activated aluminas can be determined from this exceedingly simple experimental method.
An in vivo passive protection assay for the evaluation of immunity in AVA-vaccinated individuals ☆

Abstract Samples of human plasma from anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA, BioThrax™)-vaccinated individuals were used to demonstrate passive protection of A/J mice from a lethal challenge with the Sterne strain of anthrax bacteria. The maximum concentration of human anti-protective antigen IgG in mouse sera 24 h after injection of 260 μg of anti-PA IgG was 134 μg/ml, declining to 91 μg/ml at 72 h (half-life = 101.7 h). Mice showed significant survival (p ≤ 0.001) after injection of serial dilutions up to 1:4 of the standard plasma and challenged with 100 LD50. Similarly, mice injected with the standard anti-AVA plasma and challenged up to 5 days post-treatment also survived (p ≤ 0.001). Using a cohort of human plasma to measure passive protection, the best correlation between passive protection and an in vitro assay was found to be with the quantitative toxin neutralization assay (minimum fold increase in odds of survival: 2.71, p = 0.0062). These results demonstrate a reliable in vivo neutralization method that correlates with standard in vitro measures of neutralizing antibody levels in plasma from individuals vaccinated with the standard anthrax vaccine. This analytical method may provide additional opportunities to compare the efficacy of improved anthrax vaccines with the licensed vaccine.
Modulation of estrogen receptors in four different target tissues: differential effects of estrogen vs progesterone.

Abstract The effect of pretreatment with estradiol-17β with or without progesterone on estradiol cytosolie receptors was investigated in 4 different target tissues from long term castrate Sprague-Dawley rats. Receptor assay was performed by hydroxylapatite adsorption and Scatchard analysis. Treatment with estradiol (0.1 μg/rat) for 48 h in vivo increased absolute cytosolic receptor concentrations per mg DNA 3–5-fold for uterine and vaginal tissue, but no increase was observed in pituitary or hypothalamic tissue. These increases in estradiol receptor concentration after 48 h of estrogen exposure should be distinguished from “replenishment” phenomenon after shorter time periods (15–20 h) which demonstrate recovery to baseline of “available” estrogen receptors. The increase in cytosolic estrogen receptors in uterine and vaginal tissue in response to estrogen is opposed by in vivo treatment with estrogen plus progesterone. This opposition cannot be explained by competition from progesterone or negative cooperative interaction with progesterone when analyzed by Scatchard plots and Hill coefficients. Deviations from linearity in Scatchard plots are not explainable in terms of positive or negative cooperativity between estrogen and progesterone. Neither estrogen stimulation of E 2 -R 0 nor its opposition by P 4 were observed in pituitary or hypothalamic target tissues. These results support the concept of a single, non-interacting binding site for estrogen on the estrogen receptor with similar K a values for E 2 -R 0 in all four target tissues studied. However. the uterine and vagina “response” to E 2 stimulation, as measured by changes in E 2 -R 0 binding sites. was statistically different from the response of pituitary or hypothalamic target tissue.
Determination of solvation numbers of [RuII(bpy)3] and [RuII(tpy)2] functionalized-PAMAM dendrimers adsorbed onto platinum electrode surfaces

Abstract The solvation numbers of generations 0–4 of [Ru II (bpy) 3 ] and [Ru II (tpy) 2 ] substituted polyamidoamine (PAMAM) starburst dendrimers adsorbed onto platinum electrode surfaces have been determined using the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. For both families of dendrimers, the solvation number increased with increasing generation although values for [Ru II (bpy) 3 ] were higher than for [Ru II (tpy) 2 ] dendrimers. This was ascribed to differences in the solvophobicity of tpy vs bpy ligands as well as to differences in solubility between the two dendrimer families. Although large numbers of solvent molecules were incorporated by all the dendrimers (for example, dend-64-[Ru II (bpy) 3 ] incorporated 2.5 × 10 3 acetonitrile molecules per dendrimer) when normalized to the surface area of the dendrimer molecules, the solvent layer had a thickness corresponding to less than one solvent molecule.
Transition from Consideration of a College to the Decision to Apply.

Other researchers have found that personal socioeconomic background, measures of the fit between characteristics of institutions and factors students want in colleges they attend, and measures of the quality and location of the high school attended influence aspiration for higher education and/or the matriculation decision. In this study I investigate the effects of similar variables on students' decisions to apply to a particular institution after asking the Educational Testing Service to send their SAT scores to it. The results indicate that the fit between a student's preferences and an institution's characteristics has the most substantial impact on the decision to apply. Within the set of variables measuring this fit, correspondence between location desired, if the location is close to the student's home, and a SAT score either at or above the average score of applicants to the institution stand out as primary predictors.
Large-scale numerical simulation in semiconductor device modelling

Abstract Difference methods for the solution of the semiconductor flow-equations are discussed. It is shown that implicit schemes are best suited for the particular problem. The successive under-relaxation method (SUR) is appropriate for the solution of the implicit equations. Emphasis is placed on the discussion of the computer-code SECUNDA and its applications in a technical development project. Graphical output and computer animation are powerful resultevaluation techniques. Results for the MESFET and for Gunn diodes show the power and flexibility of the approach presented.
Comment on “Survey tracks current position of South Magnetic Pole” and “Recent acceleration of the north magnetic pole linked to magnetic jerks”

In recent months, two articles have appeared in Eos reporting new positions of the north [Newitt et al., 2002] and south [Barton, 2002] magnetic poles from on-site measurements of locations for vertical magnetic field dip. Readers should be advised that these reported positions are neither magnetic poles nor geophysically important locations. First let us review some facts about our Earth's field. When a magnetic field can be represented by an axially symmetric dipole pattern similar to the electric field from a pair of equal and opposite electric charges, the axis of this magnetic field is called a pole. For the Earth, Gilbert [1958] first called attention to this dipole feature in his 1600 publication De Magnete. With the magnetic dipole center location corresponding to the Earth's geographic center, and the Earth completely spherical, the exit position of the magnetic dipole corresponded to the location of a fully vertical dip of the field. Global maritime exploration that started around the time of the epic 1492 Columbus voyage greatly depended on the ship compass for navigation and on magnetic declination maps for guidance. It was only natural that considerable interest in special expeditions to locate the mysterious Arctic and Antarctic Earth magnetic poles subsequently arose.
Performance evaluation of an entry research vehicle

The aerodynamic database upon which the missions and the proposed designs of an atmospheric entry research vehicle (ERV) would be based are discussed, along with a trajectory analysis of two missions proposed for the ERV. The ERV is intended as a means to explore reentry techniques, thermal protection systems and cross-range and orbital change maneuvers beyond the operational envelope of the Orbiter. The 25 ft long ERV would have a 13 ft wingspan, allowing it to be launched from the Orbiter bay. The ERV would have atmospheric maneuvering control surfaces and reaction control systems for orbital maneuvers. The total weight would be 12,000 lb. The aerodynamic design for the ERV was developed from wind tunnel, theoretical and Shuttle data for continuum, transition and free-molecule flight regimes. Typical flight profiles for intended missions are outlined.
The effect of 17O on the relaxation of an amide proton within a hydrogen bond

The relaxation rates of the multiple-quantum coherence for the amide hydrogen of Gly13 in ras p21·GDP were determined in the presence and absence of 17O labeling in the β-phosphate of GDP. No significant difference could be observed between labeled and unlabeled samples, in spite of the fact that the hydrogen bond from the amide group of Gly13 to the β-phosphate is shorter than is typical, based on its chemical shift. For macromolecules in which an oxygen atom is the acceptor of a hydrogen bond, dipolar coupling between 17O and hydrogen is unlikely to be observable, except for extremely short H-bonds.
Range from motion blur

A method is discussed for determining range using an image blurred by lateral translation of the camera optical axis. We describe a system consisting of rotating and stationary mirrors that accomplish op- tical axis translation without actual motion of the camera. Three different methods for determining the range from motion blur are presented. Ex- perimental results for both synthetic images and images using the ro- tating mirror apparatus are discussed. It is concluded that the optical apparatus performs adequately and that two of the computational schemes are appropriate for further study using more complex images.
Secondary Therapy, Metastatic Progression, and Cancer-Specific Mortality in Men with Clinically High-Risk Prostate Cancer Treated with Radical Prostatectomy

Objectives Commonly used definitions for high-risk prostate cancer identify men at increased risk of PSA relapse after radical prostatectomy (RP). We assessed how accurately these definitions identify patients likely to receive secondary cancer therapy, experience metastatic progression, or die of prostate cancer.
A comparison of methods of estimating anaerobic work capacity

The hyperbolic relationship between power output (P) and time to exhaustion (t) is described as: (P-theta PA).t = W', where theta PA is the power asymptote (or 'critical power'), which theoretically represents the highest sustainable power output, and W' is a constant which represents a limited amount of work which can be performed above theta PA (or 'anaerobic capacity'). The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of W' as anaerobic capacity, using maximal oxygen deficit as the criterion measure. Thirteen women (mean (+/- SD) age 23 +/- 2 years, height 1.67 +/- 0.07 m and mass 60.8 +/- 8 kg) and 13 men (mean age 23 +/- 2 years, height 1.74 +/- 0.1 m and mass 71.3 +/- 14 kg) performed two sets of five bouts of high-intensity cycling exercise to exhaustion, each bout on a separate day and at a different relative power. Individual W' were calculated by nonlinear regression of time with power, with time as the dependent variable. Oxygen deficit was determined during each bout, and the mean of the values obtained from the power output which elicited the highest values was used as the criterion for anaerobic capacity. Mean (+/- SE) values for anaerobic capacity for women were 179 +/- 10 J.kg-1 (W') and 177 +/- 10 J.kg-1 (oxygen deficit) and for men, 224 +/- 10 J.kg-1 (W') and 235 +/- 9 J.kg-1 (oxygen deficit). The W' estimates and criterion measures were the same (F1,24 = 0.61, p = 0.44), and there was no method-gender interaction (F1,24 = 0.26, p = 0.62).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)