cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions Between Mental Stress, Ischemia, and Coronary Artery Disease

Mental Stress and Coronary Vasomotion. Coronary artery disease often presents late in its course with adverse events like myocardial infarction and sudden death. One of the earlier manifestations of the disease is transient myocardial ischemia. It is clear that physical and mental stress can precipitate ischemic episodes during daily life. Through studies done in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, we found evidence suggesting that mental stress causes an increase in oxygen demand and a decrease in blood supply by causing vasoconstriction of the atherosclerotic epicardial coronary arteries. Local factors like endothelial dilator function may play a significant role in the vasomotor response to mental stress.
New tools for localization of limit cycles in recursive block floating point systems

Abstract Some important properties of recursive block floating point systems are derived. On their basis an algorithm for searching limit cycles in such systems is proposed. For any finite wordlength implementation of linear systems, an ellipsoidal set of initial conditions is found which generates all limit cycle in the system. It is applicable for any exhaustive search algorithm and also yields a sufficient condition for absence of limit cycles in (block) floating point systems.
Assessment of processing speed in children with mild TBI: a "first look" at the validity of pediatric ImPACT.

Deficit in the speed of cognitive processing is a commonly identified neuropsychological change in children recovering from a mild TBI. However, there are few validated child assessment instruments that allow for serial assessment over the course of recovery in this population. Pediatric ImPACT is a novel measure that purports to assess cognitive speed, learning, and efficiency in this population. The current study sought to validate the use of this new measure by comparing it to traditional paper and pencil measures of processing speed. Method: One hundred and sixty-four children (71% male) age 5–12 with mild TBI evaluated in an outpatient concussion clinic were administered Pediatric ImPACT and other neuropsychological test measures as part of a flexible test battery. Results: Performance on the Response Speed Composite of Pediatric ImPACT was more strongly associated with other measures of cognitive processing speed, than with measures of immediate/working memory and learning/memory in this sample of i...
Conductance behavior of 1:1 electrolytes in 3-methyl-2-oxazolidone at 25°C

The conductance behavior of twenty-five 1∶1 electrolytes has been investigated in 3-methyl-2-oxazolidone (3Me20x) at 25°C. Conductance data were analyzed by the Lee-Wheaton equation, and all salts studied were found to be only slightly associated. Ionic limiting equivalent conductances were obtained using tris(iso-pentyl)butylammonium tetraphenylborate as a reference electrolyte. The relative values of the ionic limiting molar conductance are generally similar to those for other dipolar aprotic solvents. However, the order $$\lambda _0 (i - Pent_3 BuN^ + ) > \lambda _0 (Pent_4 N^ + )and\lambda _0 (Br^ - ) > \lambda _0 (ClO_4^ - )$$ is opposite to that found previously in the similar solvent 3-tert-bytyl-2-oxazolidone.
Incorporating user appropriation, media richness, and collaborative knowledge sharing into blended e-learning training tutorial

Problem: E-learning has become a standard in many organizations to train its workforce and build an information network that encourages collaborative knowledge sharing. As a result of technological and global factors, the complexity of delivering successful e-learning courses and products is an increasing challenge for subject matter experts and instructional designers. Online training courses have become blended learning environments, comprised of synchronous and asynchronous modes of delivery, multiple media forms, and global and localized audiences to meet the demands and flexibility it affords. Successful blended e-learning is more than simply mixing online and live instructional modes; it can also include a combination of multiple media types, technologies, and communication modes. E-learners have become multimodal learners, with the ability to adapt to multiple media forms, environment types, and tools. Key concepts: Understanding the complex interaction of technology use, collaborative knowledge sharing, and media can facilitate more effective communication exchanges between instructor, content, and learner. Some concepts that help describe the complexities of blended e-learning include technological appropriation, technological accommodation, media richness, media synchronicity and naturalness, blended e-learning, and collaborative knowledge sharing. Key lessons: Research trends suggest learners appropriate technology and media forms, and evaluate usefulness based on a range of factors, including richness, experience, perception, and recommendation. Blended learning environments add complexity by mixing spatial (distributed and colocated) and temporal (asynchronous and synchronous) components with increased levels of collaborative knowledge sharing. From these research trends, the following best practices for developing e-learning are recommended: (1) consider media richness factors and user preferences in media and tool selection; (2) encourage personalization to foster trust; (3) facilitate collaborative knowledge sharing both inside and outside the training setting; (4) balance roles as knowledge facilitator, coach, and information manager; and (5) invest additional time in both course and instructor preparation. Implications: Blended e-learning presents a number of challenges for subject matter experts and designers of instructional content. Subject matter experts must consult with instructional designers and consider the different media platforms, environments, and formats that optimize the best pairing of content with delivery mode and media type. Content experts and designers must collaborate on methods of effectively adapting course content to account for perceived richness, user experience, and task complexity. Instructors must also invest additional time in planning and accounting for user preferences and communication practices in online training.
The Biological Clock in Chlamydomonas reinhardi

SYNOPSIS. Chlamydomonas reinhardi has a biological clock regulating phototaxis in dividing and non-dividing cultures; it also can exert some control on growth of continuous cultures. The period length is ∼ 24 hr; it is temperature-compensated and not dependent on the average growth rate. The rhythm can be entrained or phased by light-dark conditions. In dividing cultures a periodic fluctuation in cell number and total protein persists in continuous light.
Protein gene product 9.5 in the developing and mature rat vomeronasal organ

Protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) was immunocytochemically identified in structures of the developing and mature rat vomeronasal organ (VNO). This study started with embryos at 17 days of gestation. By this stage, PGP 9.5 was immunolocalized within both the receptor cells of the neuroepithelium and cells of the receptor-free epithelium, located on the opposite side of the lumenal space. Nerve fibers surrounding the nascent vomeronasal vein also showed PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity. Labeling was retained in the neuroepithelium and nerve fibers around the vein during development and into adulthood. Within the pool of receptor cells of the adult neuroepithelium, labeling was observed within the cytoplasm of the somata and dendrites; some receptor cells also expressed nuclear labeling. The number of immunoreactive cells in the receptor-free epithelium appeared to increase postnatally but by adulthood immunoreactivity virtually was absent. These results suggest a role for PGP 9.5 in development and maturation of the VNO and a continuing role within the steadily renewing receptor cell population found in the mature neuroepithelium. The findings of this study also suggest that PGP 9.5 is localized within the nerve fibers surrounding the vomeronasal vein from early in development through adulthood.
Turbulence in helium-gas free convection.

Results on a Rayleigh-B\'enard experiment in helium gas at 5 K in a cylindrical cell of aspect ratio 1 are presented. The Rayleigh number spans a range from ${10}^{5}$ to ${10}^{12}$. A large-scale coherent flow is observed via the correlation of two adjacent temperature probes. This flow-velocity measurement shows clear transitions between different turbulent states. In hard turbulence, the dimensionless velocity [V/(\ensuremath{\kappa}/L)] scales with the Rayleigh number, with an exponent close to 1/2. The horizontal temperature difference across the cell is another measure of the different turbulent states. The temperature signals in the side-wall region (the large mean vertical velocity region) give clear pictures of various turbulent states. The measured velocity has been compared with the calculated free-fall velocity and also the heat transfer rate with the one calculated from the flow advection. The coherent frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$ is found to be associated with the large-scale flow. In the side-wall region the power spectrum of the local temperature signal has a power-law dependence for Rayleigh numbers between ${10}^{8}$ and ${10}^{11}$. Both the exponent and the range of the power law change with the Rayleigh number. For Rayleigh numbers above ${10}^{11}$, a power law independent of Rayleigh number (exponent 1.4) develops at low frequency.
Some novel techniques for efficient analysis of large arrays and frequency selective radomes

In this paper, we have introduced three approaches to alleviating large solution times arising in the MoM. First, a new impedance matrix interpolation algorithm for planar microstrip structures has been presented to speed up the matrix generation time. Second, the characteristic basis functions method has been proposed for efficient analysis of large problems. Finally, a technique for analyzing combinations of large arrays and FSS radomes using a quasi-periodic analysis has been mentioned.
Highly fluorinated sulfonium enolates

Abstract A sulfonium enolate (5) was formed upon heating 1,6-dichlorooctafluorohex-3-yne (2) in dimethyl sulfoxide. This crystalline ylid exists in solution as a solvent-polarity-dependent mixture of cis and trans stereoisomers that displays dynamic behavior on the NMR timescale. The compound is easily hydrolyzed to a stable sulfonium β-diketonate (6).
Discrimination of Modulated Music Tempo by Music Majors

This study investigated the ability of university music majors to aurally perceive sudden and gradual tempo changes of various magnitudes in several different musical compositions. Differing rates of tempo change, the least change being 1 M.M.14 measures, were incorporated into four musical compositions by a computer. Forty-two music majors were tested individually in a repeated measure design. They listened and decided whether tempo change occurred in each piece. Results indicated that subjects detected tempo changes better when the change was (a) increased rather than decreased for one composition, (b) sudden rather than gradual, (c) greater rather than smaller in magnitude, and (d) one- directional rather than two. Tempo accuracy was not found to relate to the amount of musical training. It was concluded that perception of music tempo could be affected by many factors. Further research using modulated music tempo was recommended.
iPod for Home Balance Rehabilitation Exercise Monitoring

When people fall and experience problems of balance, physical therapists (PTs) often prescribe home balance exercises involving repetitive head movements. Currently, patients' compliance and performance of these home exercises are invisible to PTs, who need the data to make informed decisions for treatment adjustments. We present an easy-to-use tool that monitors patients' home balance exercises and provides PTs with accurate, quantitative patient data. The tool, Head Coach, is a wearable device implemented in an iPod, fitted in a pocket on a baseball cap, and worn by patients while doing their exercises. We tested the reliability of the system using a magnetic field tracking device (Polhemus) as the gold standard. The test showed that the iPod can be used to accurately track home balance exercises.
Applying the machine repair model to improve efficiency of harvesting fruit

Harvest costs are generally the single greatest expense for specialty crop producers. Identifying and reducing inefficiencies during harvest are essential steps towards reducing costs and maintaining product quality. To streamline harvest operations, the number of workers and machines required to harvest, handle, and transport the product needs to be planned along with the execution of field operations. In this paper the fruit harvest and the bin collection process are modelled, adopting a modified machine repair model (machine interference problem) from the operations research area. An algorithm was developed in Matlab® to evaluate the performance of the system and improve confidence in sizing the fleet (workers and machines). Two different case studies are modelled using this algorithm: i) manual table grape harvest in Greece, and ii) manual sweet cherry harvest in Washington State, USA. First, the harvest procedures are described, and then the machine repair model is formulated to model each process. The bin loading process during grape harvest in Greece, and the sweet cherry picking process in USA are simulated. System performance under different number of bin carriers (or pickers) and loading stations is evaluated and results are presented.
Bupropion Binds to Two Sites in the Torpedo Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Transmembrane Domain: A Photoaffinity Labeling Study with the Bupropion Analogue [125I]-SADU-3-72

Bupropion, a clinically used antidepressant and smoking-cessation drug, acts as a noncompetitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). To identify its binding site(s) in nAChRs, we developed a photoreactive bupropion analogue, (±)-2-(N-tert-butylamino)-3′-[125I]-iodo-4′-azidopropiophenone (SADU-3-72). Based on inhibition of [125I]SADU-3-72 binding, SADU-3-72 binds with high affinity (IC50 = 0.8 μM) to the Torpedo nAChR in the resting (closed channel) state and in the agonist-induced desensitized state, and bupropion binds to that site with 3-fold higher affinity in the desensitized (IC50 = 1.2 μM) than in the resting state. Photolabeling of Torpedo nAChRs with [125I]SADU-3-72 followed by limited in-gel digestion of nAChR subunits with endoproteinase Glu-C established the presence of [125I]SADU-3-72 photoincorporation within nAChR subunit fragments containing M1–M2–M3 helices (αV8-20K, βV8-22/23K, and γV8-24K) or M1–M2 helices (δV8-14). Photolabeling within βV8-22/23K, γV8-24K, and δV8-...
Elastic strength of the slave craton at 1.9 Gyr and implications for the thermal evolution of the continents

THE secular cooling of the Earth since its formation, together with the law of radioactive decay, imply that the Earth's internal heat generation and heat loss must have been two to three times higher in Archaean and Proterozoic times than today, but this inference is difficult to test directly. Here we present a flexural analysis of the Proterozoic Kilohigok basin, in the Archaean Slave craton of Canada, which shows that 1.9 Gyr ago the craton had an effective elastic thickness of only 12 ±4 km. Because the present effective elastic thickness of the region is ∼ 100 ±25 km, these results imply a two- to fourfold decrease in the thermal gradient beneath the Slave craton since 1.9 Gyr, and indicate that at 1.9 Gyr—700 Myr after the accretion of the continental lithosphere forming the craton—the thick continental root beneath this part of the Canadian shield had not yet formed.
Analytical melting model for extrusion: Melting rate of fully compacted solid polymers

The melting mechanism inside screw extruders is presently analyzed using numerical, iterative methods that are too complex to be used widely by practicing engineers. Our theoretical and experimental investigations of the melting mechanism have produced simple, analytical equations for predicting the melting rate of fully compacted solid polymers without iterative calculations. The accuracy of these equations was found to be satisfactory. Consideration of the temperature and shear dependencies of the melt viscosity was found to be essential for the accurate prediction of the melting rate.
Toward a cultural-sensitive image tagging interface

Do people from different cultures tag digital images differently? The current study examined the relationship between the position and content of tags for digital images created by participants from two cultural groups (European Americans and Chinese). In line with previous findings on cultural differences in attentional patterns, we found cultural differences in the order of the parts of images people chose to tag. European Americans tended to tag main objects first, and tag background objects and overall properties in the images later; in contrast, Chinese tended to tag the overall properties first, and tag the main and background objects later. Based on findings of the current study, we discuss implications on developing a cultural-sensitive algorithm to facilitate the tagging and search process of digital media and data-mining tools to identify user profiles based on their cultural origins.
Rare book collections do not belong in public libraries

Abstract Rare book collections are not appropriate for most public libraries because they make demands in terms of housing, staffing, and funding far out of proportion to their usefulness for the average public library patron. Although such collections have interest and value to selected individual, their existence is fundamentally counter to provision of meaningful library service to the general public.
Collapsus d'un stentgraft Viabahn secondaire à une thrombectomie rhéolytique : Une complication rare du dispositif AngioJet

Il y a une utilisation accrue de la thrombectomie mecanique percutanee pour le traitement des acces de dialyse occlus. Le dispositif de thrombectomie rheolytique AngioJet est un dispositif de ce type disponible. Des publications ont montre la surete et l'efficacite de cette technique avec relativement peu de complications. Nous decrivons un cas de collapsus d'endoprothese Viabahn dans une fistule arterioveineuse au cours du traitement par un dispositif AngioJet.
Latitudinal and longitudinal variation of a planetary atmosphere and the occultation experiment

Planetary atmosphere Mariner spacecraft occultation experiments, showing neglect of latitudinal and longitudinal variations introduce serious errors
Carbon K-shell X-ray and Auger-electron cross sections and fluorescence yields in benzene bombarded by 0.6 TO 2.0 MeV protons

Abstract Carbon K-shell X-ray and Auger-electron cross sections were measured by 0.6–2.0 MeV proton bombardment of C 6 H 6 . The ionization cross sections are compared to the first Born and perturbed stationary state theories, and are in agreement with both within experimental uncertainties. The fluorescence yield, evaluated as a ratio of the X-ray to the ionization cross section, shows a slight decrease with the decreasing proton energy which is attributed to multiple ionization effects.
English for Craft Students — 2

APPRENTICES FLOUNDER in a sea of misplaced apostrophes. They use them as a sort of reflex action consequent on writing the letter “s”. The following treatment can be a cure for this ill and can provide fifty minutes of recuperative entertainment to boot.
Planning for pandemic influenza: effect of a pandemic on the supply and demand for blood products in the United States

BACKGROUND: Influenza causes episodic pandemics when viral antigens shift in ways that elude herd immunity. Avian influenza A H5N1, currently epizootic in bird populations in Asia and Europe, appears to have pandemic potential. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The virology of influenza, the history of the 1918 pandemic, and the structure of the health care and the blood transfusion systems are briefly reviewed. Morbidity and mortality experience from the 1918 pandemic are projected onto the current health care structure to predict points of failure that are likely in a modern pandemic. RESULTS: Blood donor centers are likely to experience loss of donors, workers, and reliable transport of specimens to national testing laboratories and degradation of response times from national testing labs. Transfusion services are likely to experience critical losses of workers and of reagent red cells (RBCs) that will make their automated procedures unworkable. Loss of medical directors, supervisors, and lead technicians may make alternative procedures unworkable as well. CONCLUSIONS: Lower blood collection capacity and transfusion service support capability will reduce the availability of RBCs and especially of platelets. Plans for rationing medical care need to take the vulnerability of the blood transfusion system into account.
Hybrid-token ring: a load sharing local area network

Abstract A load sharing network, Hybrid-token ring, which can connect computers and communicating devices for real-time and/or interactive applications, is presented. Hybrid-token ring has a dual channel structure, a token ring and a data channel. The token ring is a modification of ANSI/IEEE LAN standard 802.5. The data channel is a collection of full-duplex data links. With this architecture, an insertion of direct data links not only allow real-time and/or interactive communications between node pairs, but also improves overall network performance in a token ring. A medium access control (MAC) protocol for the network is developed, and specifications for the MAC layer are described. Aso, a finite state machine for data link channel interface is devised. A simulation model has been developed to measure a performance improvement of hybrid-token ring over a pure token ring. Simulation results indicate that a small increase in link cost for data links can greatly improve performance over a pure token ring before the insertion of the data links.
Effects of Chemical and Structural Disorder in Semiconducting Pseudobinary Alloys

The effects of both random chemical and bond-length variations on the electronic structure of zinc-blende pseudobinary alloys are treated within a realistic self-consistent effective-medium theory. Calculations for ${\mathrm{In}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$ indicate that the effects of structural disorder are comparable in magnitude to those of chemical disorder and together they can either enhance or diminish the total scattering in a particular energy region.
Transport phenomena during solidification processing of functionally graded composites by sedimentation

A combined experimental and numerical investigation of the solidification process during gravity casting of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is conducted. Focus is placed on understanding the interplay between the freezing front dynamics and particle transport during solidification. Transparent model experiments were performed in a rectangular ingot using pure water and succinonitrile (SCN) as the matrix and glass beads as the particle phase. The time evolutions of local particle volume fractions were measured in situ by bifurcated fiber optical probes working in the reflection mode. The effects of important processing parameters were explored. It is found that there exists a particlefree zone in the top portion of the solidified ingot, followed by a graded particle distribution region towards the bottom. Higher superheat results in slower solidification and hence a thicker particle-free zone and a higher particle concentration near the bottom. The higher initial particle volume fraction leads to a thinner particle-free region. Lower cooling temperatures suppress particle settling. A one-dimensional multiphase solidification model was also developed, and the model equations were solved numerically using a fixed-grid, finite-volume method. The model was then validated against the experimental results and subsequently used as a tool for efficient computational prototyping of an Al/SiC FGM. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1339976#
Serosorting sexual partners and risk for HIV among men who have sex with men.

Objective The purpose of the current study was to assess whether men who have sex with men (MSM) who limit their unprotected anal sexual partners to those who are of the same HIV status (serosort) differ in their risk for HIV transmission than MSM who do not serosort. Methods Cross-sectional surveys administered at a large Gay Pride festival in June 2006 (80% response rate) were collected from MSM. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify predictors of serosorting. Analyses were conducted in 2006. Results Participants were self-identified as HIV-negative MSM (N=628); about one third of them engaged in serosorting ( n =229). Men who serosort were more likely to believe that it offered protection against HIV transmission, perceived themselves as being at no relatively higher risk for HIV transmission, and had more unprotected anal intercourse partners. Over half the sample reported their frequency of HIV testing as yearly or less frequently; this finding did not differ between serosorters and nonserosorters. Conclusions Men who identify as HIV-negative and serosort are no more likely to know their HIV status than men who do not serosort and are at higher risk for exposure to HIV. Interventions targeting MSM must address the limitations of serosorting.
Estimating alarm thresholds and the number of components in mixture distributions

Abstract Mixtures of probability distributions arise in many nuclear assay and forensic applications, including nuclear weapon detection, neutron multiplicity counting, and in solution monitoring (SM) for nuclear safeguards. SM data is increasingly used to enhance nuclear safeguards in aqueous reprocessing facilities having plutonium in solution form in many tanks. This paper provides background for mixture probability distributions and then focuses on mixtures arising in SM data. SM data can be analyzed by evaluating transfer - mode residuals defined as tank - to - tank transfer differences, and wait - mode residuals defined as changes during non - transfer modes. A previous paper investigated impacts on transfer - mode and wait - mode residuals of event marking errors which arise when the estimated start and/or stop times of tank events such as transfers are somewhat different from the true start and/or stop times. Event marking errors contribute to non-Gaussian behavior and larger variation than predicted on the basis of individual tank calibration studies. This paper illustrates evidence for mixture probability distributions arising from such event marking errors and from effects such as condensation or evaporation during non - transfer modes, and pump carryover during transfer modes. A quantitative assessment of the sample size required to adequately characterize a mixture probability distribution arising in any context is included.
The Fatty Acid Composition of Free and Bound Lipids in Freeze‐Dried Meats

SUMMARY The fatty acid composition of free and bound lipids in freeze-dried pork, lamb, and beef was determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Both raw and cooked samples were studied to establish whether cooking affected the fatty acid content of either fraction. Sixteen acids were identified in pork, lamb, and beef. In the bound lipids fraction, traces of saturated C13, C15, and C17 were evident. Three peaks remained unidentified. These unknown peaks are probably unsaturated acids, although the possibility that they may be oxidation products cannot be ruled out entirely. The bound lipids fraction of the meat samples studied was found to have a greater quantity of polyunsaturated fatty acids than the free lipids fraction. The linoleic, behenic, and arachidonic acid content of the bound lipids exceeded that of the free lipids fraction. Cooking prior to freeze-drying appeared to have no significant influence on the fatty acid composition of either free or bound lipids. Lamb and beef are similar to each other in fatty acid composition, and quite different from pork. The myristic and myristoleic acid content is higher in lamb and beef than in pork, but the linoleic and arachidonic acid content of pork exceeds that of lamb and beef.
Surface chemistry and trimethylsilyl functionalization of Stöber silica sols

Abstract Various silica sols, with different surface chemistries, were reacted in solvent dispersions with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) or ethoxytrimethylsilane (ETMS) to produce hydrophobic, trimethylsilyl (TMS) functionalized sols. 1H and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance were used to quantify the surface species and the TMS surface coverage. The amount of TMS surface coverage, which ranged from 5% to 33%, was a strong function of the starting silica-surface chemistry and the HMDS reaction time. Sols with a greater hydrogen-bonded silanol surface (as opposed to an ethoxy surface or isolated silanol surface) resulted in greater TMS coverage. HMDS reacts with both the solvent (ethanol) and the silica surface. Reaction rate measurements suggested that the silica surface reacts with HMDS at short times (minutes) and then with ETMS, which is a product of the HMDS/ethanol reaction, at long times (days). High TMS coverage is required for sol stability in non-polar solvents; the colloid size was found to increase in decane for sols with poor TMS coverage. In addition, coatings made from TMS sols showed an 80× slower remaining ethoxy-surface hydrolysis rate upon exposure to humidity than untreated sols. These TMS sol films will be utilized as anti-reflection coatings on moisture sensitive optics (e.g., potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals) used in high-peak-power laser systems.
Impact analysis of extreme events on flows in spatial networks

The objective of this study is to investigate the resilience of roads networks to extreme events using a GIS and network science approach. Using the specific case study of Chicago, three extreme event scenarios were simulated: (1) extreme flooding, (2) random zonal disturbance, and (3) central targeted disturbance. To measure their impacts and as a proxy for flows, we calculate and analyze how the betweenness centrality of each road segment is being redistributed in the network before and after each simulation. Moreover, by randomly selecting 100 nodes in the Chicago road system, we simulate 10,000 trips and examine how they are being affected by each extreme event scenario. Overall, we find that extreme events can have tremendous impacts. More importantly, different types of extreme events generate completely different impacts, and the notion of resilience therefore rapidly becomes sensitive to individual contexts, thus supporting the argument towards more scenario-based analyses.
Three-phase immiscible fluid movement in the vicinity of textural interfaces

Abstract The movement of light nonaqueous-phase liquids (LNAPLs) in heterogeneous vadose environments is not fully understood. We investigated LNAPL movement near sloping fine-over-coarse-grained textural interfaces, forming capillary barriers. Flow experiments were conducted in a glass chamber (50×60×1.0 cm) using two uniform silica sands (12/20 and 30/40 sieve sizes). LNAPL (Soltrol® 220) was released at the sand surface during constant water irrigation and visible light transmission was used to observe LNAPL and water flow paths. LNAPL movement strongly depended on the water saturation in the fine-grained sand layer above the textural interface. At low water saturation, LNAPL was fully diverted along the interface, whereas at moderate water saturation partial penetration of the LNAPL into the coarse-grained sand layer was observed. At high water saturation, LNAPL was fully diverted parallel to the interface, supported on the zone of high water saturation. Additional hysteretic effects on LNAPL movement were observed at high water saturation. The results demonstrate the critical role water saturation plays in determining LNAPL disposition in a heterogeneous vadose zone.
HIV-associated monoclonal gammopathy: a retrospective analysis of 25 patients.

BACKGROUND Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is unusual in the general population aged <60 years. Various reports indicate a much higher incidence of monoclonal gammopathy among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and a significantly younger age at diagnosis. We sought to describe the laboratory findings and clinical course of MGUS, including association with plasma cell disorders, other malignancies, and infections, in 25 HIV-infected patients with a detectable serum monoclonal protein. METHODS We reviewed the patients' demographic characteristics, stage of HIV infection, and clinical course. Laboratory studies included determination of CD4(+) T lymphocyte cell counts, HIV type 1 loads, and quantitative immunoglobulin levels; serum and urine protein immunoelectrophoresis; and determination of serum viscosity indices. Skeletal surveys and bone marrow biopsies were performed in selected cases. RESULTS Twenty-four of 25 patients were male, and the median age of patients was 50 years (range, 21-69 years). The median CD4(+) T lymphocyte count was 350 cells/ microL (range, 40-1029 cells/ microL; mean, 355 cells/ microL), and the median HIV load was <75 copies/mL (range, <50 to 100,000 copies/mL; mean, 20,800 copies/mL). Thirteen of 25 patients had HIV viremia, despite receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). After a mean follow-up duration of 21 months, 7 patients (28%) received a diagnosis of a malignancy (multiple myeloma, in 1 patient; non-Hodgkin lymphoma, in 1; Hodgkin lymphoma, in 1; Kaposi sarcoma, in 2; and plasmacytoma, in 2). Ten patients were coinfected with hepatitis B virus and/or hepatitis C virus; 6 were anemic. No patients developed renal failure or hypercalcemia. Nine (56%) of 19 evaluable patients had a decrease of serum monoclonal protein (mean, 0.5 g/dL) while receiving HAART. CONCLUSIONS Patients in our study were characterized by the detection of a monoclonal protein at a younger age and the increased presence of other viral infections (infection with hepatitis B or C virus or Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus) than is typically seen in an HIV-uninfected cohort. CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts were relatively robust. HAART appeared to have a favorable impact on the serum monoclonal protein level in 9 patients. Long-term follow-up is needed to better define the natural history of MGUS and the link to other possible contributing factors.
Transitional and Turbulent Pipeflow of Pseudoplastic Fluids

A modified mixing length model is developed which permits the computation of velocity distributions and frictional pressure losses for transitional and turbulent pipe flow of viscous, inelastic non-Newtonian fluids. The rheological model assumed is the empirical power law. The method represents an improvement over previous workers' results. The data of several authors, most of which could not be harmonized by previous models, are shown to be fully compatible with the present method. The Dodge-Metzner-Reed, "generalized Reynolds number" method of correlation is shown to be inappropriate for transitional and turbulent flow. It is further shown that acceptable models of transitional and turbulent flow must correctly account for Theological behavior of the fluid. The proposed method expressly excludes viscoelastic effects. The method is suitable for engineering pipeline design computations and requires only a knowledge of power-law index n to permit computation of velocity profiles and friction factors.
Phase structure of unitary matrix models

We investigate unitary one-matrix models described by polynomial potentials. We find many different phases of these models at strong, weak and intermediate couplings characterized by multiple gaps in the spectral density. The one-gap phase is studied in detail and it shows multi-critical behavior with γ = −1/m. The multiple-phase structure may have implications for the phases of string theory.
Notes on Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Data: The Cross Cultural Physical Activity Participation Study

The purpose of this research note is to show how linking qualitative and quantitative data can give additional insights to leisure research. These possibilities are illustrated through a study conducted about the involvement in physical activity of women of color. Over a 6-month period, African American and American Indian participants completed physical activity records and other quantitative measurements including caltrac and pedometer readings. Some of these individuals also completed a 45- to 120-min qualitative interview. Standard protocols for measurement and interviewing were followed. The quantitative data gave baseline information, and the in-depth interviews provided a greater psychosocial understanding of the physical activity of these women of color. This research note demonstrates how the linking of two types of data provided a holistic understanding of the physical activity of these women of color and offered some additional information regarding how data types might be used in leisure research.
Insect growth regulator effects of azadirachtin and neem oil on survivorship, development and fecundity of Aphis glycines (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its predator, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).

BACKGROUND: Aphis glycines Matsumura, an invasive insect pest in North American soybeans, is fed upon by a key biological control agent, Harmonia axyridis Pallas. Although biological control is preferentially relied upon to suppress insect pests in organic agriculture, approved insecticides, such as neem, are periodically utilized to reduce damaging pest populations. The authors evaluated direct spray treatments of two neem formulations, azadirachtin and neem seed oil, under controlled conditions for effects on survivorship, development time and fecundity in A. glycines and H. axyridis. RESULTS: Both azadirachtin and neem seed oil significantly increased aphid nymphal mortality (80 and 77% respectively) while significantly increasing development time of those surviving to adulthood. First-instar H. axyridis survival to adulthood was also significantly reduced by both neem formulations, while only azadirachtin reduced third-instar survivorship. Azadirachtin increased H. axyridis development time to adult when applied to both instars, while neem oil only increased time to adult when applied to first instar. Neither neem formulation affected the fecundity of either insect. CONCLUSIONS: Results are discussed within the context of future laboratory and field studies aimed at clarifying if neem-derived insecticides can be effectively integrated with biological control for soybean aphid management in organic soybeans.
Troponin I Levels from Donors Accepted for Pediatric Heart Transplantation do not Predict Recipient Graft Survival

Background Troponin I is often obtained during the evaluation of a potential transplant donor heart. It is not clear whether elevations in donor troponin I levels predict adverse outcomes and should thus preclude acceptance of a donor heart. This study examined whether troponin I levels from donors accepted for pediatric heart transplantation predicted graft failure. Methods Deidentified data on heart transplants performed in recipients aged 21 years between April 2007 and April 2009 was provided by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Donor troponin I level and recipient outcomes, including survival without retransplantation (graft survival), were examined for statistical correlation. Results Overall graft survival in 839 heart transplants was 81% at 2 years. At least 1 troponin I level was recorded in 657 donors before transplant, with a median value of 0.1 ng/ml (range, 0–50 ng/ml). Troponin I level and graft status were not correlated ( p = 0.74). A receiver operating characteristic curve showed no association between troponin I and graft status (area under the curve, 0.51; p = 0.98). Graft survival did not differ significantly ( p = 0.60) among quartiles of troponin I levels ( 0.04, 0.04– p = 0.93). Troponin I values were not associated with post-transplant hospital length of stay ( r = –0.06; p = 0.10). Conclusions In donor hearts accepted for pediatric heart transplantation, troponin I elevation before procurement is not associated with increased graft failure. The significance of elevated troponin I levels, which occurs in many heart donors, remains unclear and should therefore be considered in the context of other clinical information.
Application of a model of social information processing to nursing theory: how nurses respond to patients.

Title. Application of a model of social information processing to nursing theory: how nurses respond to patients. Aim. This paper is a report of a study to assess the applicability of a theoretical model of social information processing in expanding a nursing theory addressing how nurses respond to patients. Background. Nursing communication affects patient outcomes such as anxiety, adherence to treatments and satisfaction with care. Orlando’s theory of nursing process describes nurses’ reactions to patients’ behaviour as generating a perception, thought and feeling in the nurse and then action by the nurse. A model of social information processing describes the sequential steps in the cognitive processes used to respond to social cues and may be useful in describing the nursing process. Methods. Cognitive interviews were conducted in 2006 with a convenience sample of 5 nurses in the United States of America. The data were interpreted using the Crick and Dodge model of social information processing. Findings. Themes arising from cognitive interviews validated concepts of the nursing theory and the constructs of the model of social information processing. The interviews revealed that the support of peers was an additional construct involved in the development of communication skills, creation of a database and enhancement of self-efficacy. Conclusion. Models of social information processing enhance understanding of the process of how nurses respond to patients and further develop nursing theories further. In combination, the theories are useful in developing research into nurse–patient communication. Future research based on the expansion of nursing theory may identify effective and culturally appropriate nurse response patterns to specific patient interactions with implications for nursing care and patient outcomes.
Breakfast Frequency and Development of Metabolic Risk

OBJECTIVE The relation of breakfast intake frequency to metabolic health is not well studied. The aim of this study was to examine breakfast intake frequency with incidence of metabolic conditions. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed an analysis of 3,598 participants from the community-based Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study who were free of diabetes in the year 7 examination when breakfast and dietary habits were assessed (1992–1993) and participated in at least one of the five subsequent follow-up examinations over 18 years. RESULTS Relative to those with infrequent breakfast consumption (0–3 days/week), participants who reported eating breakfast daily gained 1.9 kg less weight over 18 years ( P = 0.001). In a Cox regression analysis, there was a stepwise decrease in risk across conditions in frequent breakfast consumers (4–6 days/week) and daily consumers. The results for incidence of abdominal obesity, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension remained significant after adjustment for baseline measures of adiposity (waist circumference or BMI) in daily breakfast consumers. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for daily breakfast consumption were as follows: abdominal obesity HR 0.78 (95% CI 0.66–0.91), obesity 0.80 (0.67–0.96), metabolic syndrome 0.82 (0.69–0.98), and hypertension 0.84 (0.72–0.99). For type 2 diabetes, the corresponding estimate was 0.81 (0.63–1.05), with a significant stepwise inverse association in black men and white men and women but no association in black women. There was no evidence of differential results for high versus low overall dietary quality. CONCLUSIONS Daily breakfast intake is strongly associated with reduced risk of a spectrum of metabolic conditions.
Sex differences in professional help seeking among adult black Americans.

This paper provides baseline data on sex differences in the use of professional help for serious personal problems in a nationally representative sample of adult black Americans. Bivariate analyses revealed that women had higher levels of psychological distress and were significantly more likely to seek professional help than were men. They were also more likely to utilize physicians and social service agencies. The relationship of gender to these help resources remained significant even when the effects of problem severity and differential problem definition were taken into account. Controlling for income, however, eliminated the sex difference for social services use but not for physician use. The purpose of this paper was to provide baseline data on sex differences in help-seeking behavior among black adults. Seeking professional help can be conceptualized as a series of decisions: the recognition of a problem, the decision to seek some form of professional assistance, and the choice of a particular help source. This study was concerned with the last two decisions. That is, given the recognition of a serious personal problem, we asked whether black men and women differ in the decision to seek professional help as well as in their choices of which specific help sources to utilize. This
Adaptive sample bias for rapidly-exploring random trees with applications to test generation

We are developing a randomized approach to test generation for hybrid systems, and control systems in general, inspired by the rapidly-exploring random trees (RRTs) technique from robotic motion planning which has proved successful in solving high dimensional nonlinear problems. The approach represents an automated analysis alternative for systems where computing the reachable set is intractable. The standard RRTs method creates a tree in the state space by uniformly generating random sampling point and trying to find inputs which connect them. In this paper we propose a novel adaptive sampling strategy. We initially bias the distribution so that states near the "unsafe" set are selected. We continually monitor the growth of the tree. As the growth rate of the tree declines we adjust the sampling distribution to be less biased. This adaptive search strategy varies bias between "greedy" and global, often finding test trajectories more quickly than the traditional algorithm.