cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performing Motherhood: Introduction to a Special Issue on Mothering in Children’s and Young Adult Literature

This brief introduction to the essays in the special issue on mothering in children’s and young adult literature spells out the dominant theme of the essays, which is the way cultural scripts, including those found in children’s and young adult literature and culture, act as paratexts that condition the practice of mothering.
Light scattering in cometary dust comae

Single and multiple scattering calculations were performed for a spherically symmetric cometary atmosphere irradiated by a plane parallel source. It is suggested that the increased flux found for anisotropic phase functions is due to the effect of directional scattering in the forward sun-comet axis. The isotropic multiply scattered flux at the surface is shown to be an increasing function of the opacity (tau) for tau of less than about 2.5. At large tau values, the maximum in the downward directed scattered flux still increases, but occurs at a height of several radii above the nucleus, resulting in a reduction at the surface. Results suggest that, except in the vicinity of the sun-comet axis, the plane parallel geometry tends to underestimate the degree of scattering.
X-ray crystal structure of disazo dyes. Part 2: Derivatives of C.I. Disperse Yellow 23 and C.I. Disperse Orange 29

Abstract Crystals of the 2,6-dichlorobenzoyl ester of C.I. Disperse Yellow 23 and C.I. Disperse Orange 29 were grown from chloroform, and cell dimensions were determined by a least-squares fit. Crystals of both esters were found to exist in the monoclinic space group P2 1 /C. The structures of these dyes possessed the anti conformation, unlike that of underivatized C.I. Disperse Orange 29, but the same as that reported for 4-phenylazoazobenzene.
Human monocytes in culture synthesize and secrete lipoprotein lipase.

Abstract Within the first day in culture, human monocytes begin to synthesize and secrete a triglyceride lipase. The designation of this activity as lipoprotein lipase is based upon: 1) a requirement of serum or apolipoprotein C-II for full activity; 2) inhibition by 1M NaCl or apolipoprotein C-III2; 3) a pH optimum of 8; and 4) binding to endothelial cells that is releasable by heparin. The enzyme also exhibits immunological cross reactivity with antibody to purified bovine milk lipoprotein lipase as does human postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase. Lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes do not appear to contain this enzyme.
The behaviour of a dual economy under different ‘closing rules’

Abstract A subsistence sector which produces output without reproducible capital and is also the only source of labour in the economy opens up the possibility that profit maximisation does not rule everywhere. If, in this context, there is one good and savings determine investment, then equilibrium is unique whether the labour market works classically or neoclassically. If, however, investment determines savings in neo-Keynesian fashion, equilibrium may no longer be unique. These results suggest that the importance of different behavioral specifications cannot be determined independently of how markets get cleared.
Lipoic acid stimulates cAMP production via the EP2 and EP4 prostanoid receptors and inhibits IFN gamma synthesis and cellular cytotoxicity in NK cells.

The antioxidant lipoic acid (LA) treats and prevents the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In an effort to understand the therapeutic potential of LA in MS, we sought to define the cellular mechanisms that mediate the effects of LA on human natural killer (NK) cells, which are important in innate immunity as the first line of defense against invading pathogens and tumor cells. We discovered that LA stimulates cAMP production in NK cells in a dose-dependent manner. Studies using pharmacological inhibitors and receptor transfection experiments indicate that LA stimulates cAMP production via activation of the EP2 and EP4 prostanoid receptors and adenylyl cyclase. In addition, LA suppressed interleukin (IL)-12/IL-18 induced IFNγ secretion and cytotoxicity in NK cells. These novel findings suggest that LA may inhibit NK cell function via the cAMP signaling pathway.
Rapidity dependence of the photon to pion production ratio in high energy collisions

Abstract We investigate rapidity dependence of the ratio of photon and pion production cross sections in high energy proton (deuteron)–nucleus collisions at RHIC and LHC. This ratio, and its rapidity dependence can be a sensitive probe of high density QCD (Color Glass Condensate) dynamics and shed further light on the role of saturation physics at RHIC and LHC.
Homocytotropic antibody function in the mouse: Eosinophil responses, complement-altering agents and eosinophilia, anaphylactic sensitization

Abstract Cellular contents of peritoneal washings were quantitated at 6, 24, and 48 hour intervals after passive sensitieation and antigenic challenge with egg albumin (EA) in CFW strain mice. Control study with heterologous species-precipitating and reaginic rabbit antisera was not possible since injections of normal serum also effected peritoneal eosinophilia and it was found to contain naturally occurring heterophil antibody for mouse erythrocytcs. Significant eosinophil accumulations were demonstrated with immune systems related two homologous species-homocytotropic antibody preparations characterized by 4 hours (IgG 1 ) and 72 hours (≈ IgE) passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) properties, respectively. These effects were both blocked in the presence of precipitating antibody (predominantly IgG 2 ) and minimized under experimental conditions unfavorable for cell fixation of homocytotropic antibody. Lesser degrees of eosinophilia were noted in passive sensitization experiments involving (1) soluble antigen-antibody complexes and (2) precipitating antiserum, and with preparations of EA alone when the contents of molecular aggregates were not reduced by ultrafiltration. There were no significant differences noted in comparably sensitized and challenged animals concomitantly treated with cobra venom factor (CVF) to affect the complement cascade at or beyond C3. While significant diminution in peritoneal eosinophilia resulted from associated treatment with fumaropimaric acid (FPA), biologic effects of this agent other than those involving complement could not be ruled out. Lesser degrees of eosinophilia associated with preformed soluble antigen-antibody complexes, molecular aggregates of antigen, and passive sensitization involving precipitating antibody were lessened by treatment with both CVF and FPA. During the course of these passive sensitization-challenge experiments, the uniform development of anaphylactic shock with 50 per cent incidence of fatal outcomes (SD 50 ) occurred after injections of the immune reactants in a dosage range of 0.1 to 0.2 ml. of 1:64 titer 4 hour PCA homocytotropic antibody reflecting an IgG 1 content of 380 to 860 μg IgG 1 and 250 μg-1.5 mg. EA. Anaphylactic sensitization was not observed in mice passively immunized with either 72 hour PCA homocytotropic antisera (≈ IgE) or precipitating antibody (predominantly IgG 2 ) and was not enhanced by concomitant treatment with Bordetella pertussis vaccine. Within the limits of these experiments in a mouse model, immune related eosinophilia associated with homocytotropic antibody action was not complement-dependent, and anaphylactic sensitization was identified as a function of IgG 1 but not IgE.
The Power and Efficiency Limits of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting

The fundamental limits of cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters have not been well established. As with any other power generation technology, it is critical to establish the limits of power output and efficiency. Mathematical models for piezoelectric energy harvester power output have seen continued refinement, but these models have mainly been used and compared to individual harvester designs. Moreover, existing models all assume power scales with acceleration input, and take no account for the upper limit of the acceleration due to the ultimate strength of the piezoelectric material. Additionally, models for efficiency have been developed, but the limits have not been thoroughly explored. In this paper, we present the upper limits of input acceleration and output power for a piezoelectric harvester device. We then use these expressions, along with a previously developed ideal design method, to explore the upper limits of power production across a range of system masses and excitation frequencies. We also investigate general efficiency limits of these devices. We show the upper limit using an existing model and develop an alternate model that is applicable to excitation sources that are not capable of energy recovery.
Differential Reflection Spectroscopy of Photonic Crystal Cavities Containing Coupled InAs Quantum Dots

We obtain differential optical reflectivity spectra from a photonic crystal nanocavity containing coupled quantum dots (QDs). Our technique employs Coulomb shifts in QD optical transition energies and is not restricted to linearly polarized cavities.
2. Writing politics back into history1

This essay examines the writing of history and historiography in early modern south India as discussed in the book Textures of Time. The book argues that a historical and historiographical awareness was prevalent in south India prior to the arrival of a European field of knowledge under colonial rule. However, this essay maintains that the book unwittingly reproduces some of the very same Eurocentric formulations of the writing of history and modernity that it seeks to refute. A liberal conception of modernity is at the core of how society, history, and politics have been imagined in this book. These attributes of modernity, such as history as a set of causal relations, as presentation of facts, as a realm of the real cannot escape their prior formulation in Europe. The liberal social order also underpins the relationship between writing and the world. In Textures, early historians merely represent reality; they are not authors whose practices are constitutive of politics and identity. The conception of modernity overlooks the constitutive role colonial empires played in the very creation not only of the West and non-West, but also in conceptions of the real, the modern, the universal, and the historical.
8–12 Hz rhythmic oscillations in human motor cortex during two-dimensional arm movements: evidence for representation of kinematic parameters

Direct cortical recordings were taken from 12 patients with implanted subdural electrode arrays during performance of a 2-dimensional, multi-joint, visually guided arm movement task. Task-related changes in the amplitude of the motor cortex 8-12 Hz surface local field oscillations were evaluated for the encoding of direction and amplitude of movement in the 6 patients in whom no epileptogenic or ECoG background abnormalities were detected over the motor-sensory cortical areas under the recording electrode array. The topography, time of onset and duration of these responses were evaluated in the context of motor cortex somatotopy, as defined by cortical stimulation delivered through the electrode array. Multi-joint arm movements were accompanied by a decrease in the power of the 8-12 Hz frequency components of the ECoG signal. These power changes were spatially distributed over the upper extremity, motor-sensory representation. Movement amplitude influenced the magnitude, duration, and extent of the spatial distribution of ECoG power changes in the 8-12 Hz band. These effects occurred predominantly over cortical areas corresponding to the upper extremity motor-sensory representations. Direction of movement had a weaker influence on the 8-12 Hz frequency components of the ECoG over the upper extremity motor-sensory representations, but influenced the patterns of 8-12 Hz ECoG response on adjacent cortical regions. These results show that the amplitude of surface electrical oscillations generated over the rolandic cortex are correlated with the kinematics of multi-joint arm movements. These changes in the ECoG signal appear to reflect shifts in the functional state of neuronal ensembles involved in the initiation and execution of motor tasks.
A redescription and revised diagnosis of the syntypes of the Mongolian tyrannosaur Alectrosaurus olseni

ABSTRACT The two syntypes of Alectrosaurus olseni Gilmore, 1933, are redescribed and found to belong to two theropod families. One syntype, which includes a virtually complete hind limb, was correctly diagnosed by Gilmore as a tyrannosaur and is recognized here as the lectotype of the species. Catalogued under the same number are two small manual unguals that were associated with the lectotype in the field and originally presumed to belong to the same individual. These are probably not the unguals of a tyrannosaur, however, and are only provisionally retained among the lectotype materials. The second syntype of Alectrosaurus olseni consists of three associated forelimb elements that were found approximately 30 m away from the lectotype and may, or may not, pertain to a single individual. None of these materials is tyrannosaurid as originally thought, and they are all tentatively referred to the Segnosauridae Perle, 1979. Four small vertebrae were associated with the forelimb elements in the field and are ...
Anti-Stokes Raman Study of Vibrational Cooling Dynamics in the Primary Photochemistry of Rhodopsin

Picosecond Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectra are used to probe the structural dynamics and reactive energy flow in the primary cis-to-trans isomerization reaction of rhodopsin. The appearance of characteristic ethylenic, hydrogen out-of-plane (HOOP), and low-wavenumber photoproduct bands in the Raman spectra is instrument-response-limited, consistent with a subpicosecond product appearance time. Intense high and low-frequency anti-Stokes peaks demonstrate that the all-trans photoproduct is produced vibrationally hot on the ground-state surface. Specifically, the low-frequency modes at 282, 350, and 477 cm-1 are highly vibrationally excited (T > 2000 K) immediately following isomerization, revealing that these low-frequency motions directly participate in the reactive curve-crossing process. The anti-Stokes modes are characterized by a ∼2.5 ps temporal decay that coincides with the conversion of photorhodopsin to bathorhodopsin. This correspondence shows that the photo-to-batho transition is a ground-st...
Embodied technology and the dangers of using the phone while driving

Contemporary scientific research and public policy are not in agreement over what should be done to address the dangers that result from the drop in driving performance that occurs as a driver talks on a cellular phone. One response to this threat to traffic safety has been the banning in a number of countries and some states in the USA of handheld cell phone use while driving. However, research shows that the use of hands-free phones (such as headsets and dashboard-mounted speakers) also accompanies a drop, leading some to recommend regulation of both kinds of mobile phones. In what follows, I draw out the accounts of the driving impairment associated with phone use implicit in research and policy and develop an alternative account grounded in philosophical considerations. Building on work in a school of thought called postphenomenology, I review and expand concepts useful for articulating human bodily and perceptual relations to technology. By applying these ideas to the case of driving while talking on the phone, I offer an account of the drop in driving performance which focuses on the embodied relationships users develop with the car and the phone, and I consider implications for research and policy.
Base excision repair of N-methylpurines in a yeast minichromosome. Effects of transcription, dna sequence, and nucleosome positioning.

Base excision repair of dimethyl sulfate inducedN-methylpurines (NMPs) was measured in a yeast minichromosome that has a galactose-inducible GAL1:URA3fusion gene, a constitutively expressed HIS3 gene, and varied regions of chromatin structure. Removal rates of NMPs varied dramatically (>20-fold) at different sites along three selected fragments encompassing a total length of 1775 base pairs. Repair of NMPs was not coupled to transcription, because the transcribed strands of HIS3 and induced GAL1:URA3 were not repaired faster than the nontranscribed strands. However, the repair rate of NMPs was significantly affected by the nearest neighbor nucleotides. Slow repair occurred at NMPs between purines, especially guanines, whereas fast repair occurred at NMPs between pyrimidines. NMPs between a purine and pyrimidine were repaired at moderate rates. Moreover, a rough correlation between nucleosome positions and repair rates exists in some but not all regions that were analyzed.
Kinetic investigation of reversible reaction between methionine and iodine. Improved iodometric determination of methionine

Rate studies of reactions discovered by Lavine involving reversible oxidation of methionine to dehydromethionine with iodine are presented. The data suggest that the initial iodine attack may occur either on the nitrogen or on the sulfur. The hydrolytic rate of dehydromethionine to the corresponding sulfoxide appears to be sufficiently fast to cause some inherent errors in the original method of assay for the amino acid.
Wake fields in the electron gas including transverse response

Relativistic electrons have transverse electric fields comparable in magnitude to the longitudinal fields. We determine the effects of transverse and longitudinal fields of a moving point charge subject to the dielectric response of a uniform electron gas, using Lindhard's longitudinal and transverse dielectric functions and, separately, the Drude dielectric function. The formalism of the transverse response is presented, including forms for the electromagnetic potentials of a point charge moving at a constant velocity in the Lorentz, Hamiltonian, and Coulomb gauges, how these are screened, and how the screening is affected by both the relevant dielectric functions and Maxwell's equations. The longitudinal fields have screening, resonance enhancement, or antiscreening depending upon the frequency in question. The transverse fields are always screened. Transverse fields dominate at large impact parameters, but longitudinal fields dominate for small impact parameters. The implications of the results for electron energy loss experiments in electron microscopy are discussed.
Effect of microextractor cell geometry on supercritical fluid extraction recoveries and correlations with supercritical fluid chromatographic data

Abstract The quantitative effect of microextractor cell geometry on the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) efficiencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from octodecyl-bonded sorbents was evaluated. Observed SFE efficiencies were increased by more than a factor of two by decreasing the microextractor cell diameter to length ratio from 1 : 20 to 1 : 1 for the largest PAHs studied. In general, the relative increase in recovery achievable increased exponentially with increasing size (van der Waals volume) of the PAH. The results indicate that SFC retention data can be a useful predictor of achievable SFE recoveries for PAHs when similar sorbents are employed. The SFE recoveries correlate with capacity factors derived from SFC retention data and are dependent on the extraction cell geometry. Observed SFE recoveries for the PAHs correlate with the size (van der Waals volume) of the PAH for the 1 : 1 geometry; whereas recoveries correlate with the average molecular polarizability for the 1 : 20 geometry. The results indicate that for longer cell geometries (1 : 20), inductive effects may be important, but as the geometry is reduced, diffusion-controlled mechanisms dominate the extractability of PAHs.
A STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF TRAVELING PLANETARY-SCALE WAVES

Abstract The vertical structure of traveling planetary-scale waves is investigated using spherical harmonics of the geopotential field at levels from 1000 mb. to 10 mb., obtained from ESSA analyses. Fluctuations of the large-scale harmonics are analyzed using vector regression methods. Westward-moving planetary-scale waves are shown to be present throughout the year at all the levels analyzed, with upward increasing amplitude in winter.
Factors controlling the emanation of radon and thoron in soils of the eastern U.S.A.

Abstract Emanation coefficients (proportion of generated Rn atoms that escape from a solid material) have been measured for 222Rn ( t 1 2 3.8 days) and 220Rn (thoron, t 1 2 , 55 s) on 68 disaggregated soil samples from 12 soil profiles representative of the eastern U.S.A. Average values for sites are 0.20 for 222Rn and 0.16 for 220Rn. Based on distribution of 226Ra among the exchangeable, organic, Fe-oxide, sand, silt and clay fractions of the soils, a multiple regression indicates that the organic-exchangeable fraction, occurring mainly as coatings on grains, has an emanation coefficient for 222Rn of 0.46, and the silt-clay fraction has an emanation coefficient of 0.22. The latter value is verified by experiments. The organic component makes the largest single contribution to Rn in soil gas. Mineral grains have twice the 222Rn emanation as 220Rn, implying that about half the Rn atoms are emanated directly to pore space, and the remainder are freed by track-etching and diffusion over a period of days. Emanation for 220Rn appears to be dominated by Fe-oxides, the main host for pedogenic 232Th. Surface A- and E-horizons have low emanation coefficients for {Su220}Rn, probably because of a lack of Fe-oxides in these horizons.
Statins as anti-arrhythmics: a systematic review part II: effects on risk of ventricular arrhythmias.

Background Recent studies have demonstrated that statins may possess anti-arrhythmic properties in addition to their lipid-lowering effects. Methods Studies which reported the association of statins with the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias were identified through a systematic review of the published literature. Results Statins have been associated with a significant reductions in ventricular arrhythmia in cardiomyopathy patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator, although randomized trials have not been completed. Conclusions Published data suggests that statins may possess anti-arrhythmic properties that reduce the propensity for ventricular arrhythmias. Most of this data is observational; more randomized, placebo-controlled trials are needed. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrolysis, Extraction, and Fractionation of the Biliary Androgens in the Female Bovine

Summary A systematic procedure has been developed for the hydrolysis, extraction, and fractionation of the androgens in the bile of the female bovine. The procedure described includes the following methods: (a) hydrolysis of the bile; (b) extraction of the hydrolysate; (c) separation of the ether-soluble material into acidic and neutral fractions; (d) separation of the neutral fraction into the alcoholic and nonalcoholic fractions; (e) separation of the neutral alcoholic fraction into the ketonic and nonketonic fractions; and (f) digitonin separation of the neutral hydroxyketones into alpha and beta fractions. The fractionation procedure identified a digitonin-precipitable and a digitonin-nonprecipitable hydroxyketonic androgen from the neutral, saponifiable material of bile from the female bovine. Both androgens gave the purple Zimmermann color characteristic of 17-ketosteroids. The digitonin-precipitable androgen is tentatively regarded as an androstane (ene) derivative containing a 3 β -hydroxyl group and a 17-keto group. Similarly, the digitonin-nonprecipitable androgen is tentatively regarded as an androstane (ene) derivative containing a 3 α -hydroxyl group and a 17-keto group. The experimental evidence established that the biliary androgens in the female bovine are in a conjugated state, whereas the fecal androgens are in an unconjugated state. The fact that the biliary androgens are hydroxyketones, as compared to the diketonic fecal androgens, suggests an enterohepatic recycling of the androgens in the bovine or alteration by the microorganisms of the gastro-intestinal tract.
A low-power, low-voltage, user-programmable, wireless interface for reliable neural recording

A low power, unidirectional, user-adjustable wireless interface for back telemetry of biological data in reliable multichannel wireless systems is designed and fabricated in 2P3M, 0.5µm standard CMOS process. The RF blocks operate in the ISM band of 433MHz. The power consumption and transmission range of this wireless interface is user adjustable through 4-bits. The wireless multichannel neural recording transmitter employing the presented RF transmitter has shown a measured transmission range of 20m with a total input referred voltage noise of less than 9µV rms .
Self-efficacy, overconfidence, and the negative effect on subsequent performance: A field study

Self-efficacy has been used to predict the level of performance or usage of IT. The psychological literature has suggested, however, that rather than promoting behavior, it can lead to overconfidence and reduce performance over time. We investigated this claim by studying the relationship between self-efficacy and performance in a field study. Overconfidence was measured metacognitively as the difference between a person's expected performance and his or her actual performance. Using PLS and a sample of 108 students in an systems analysis and design course, we found that for the sample as a whole, self-efficacy was positively and significantly related to performance, and that performance was positively and significantly related to subsequent self-efficacy. When levels of over- and under-confidence were taken into account, however, the relationships changed. In particular, overconfidence leads to a significant negative relationship between self-efficacy and subsequent performance. Implications for user training included the need to use performance feedback in order to allow for a recalibration of self-efficacy towards a more accurate self-assessment of ability.
Hydrogen Bonding and Attenuation of the Rate of Enzymic Catalysis

Hydrogen bonds between a small molecule and an enzyme can potentially contribute significantly to the stability of the complex. Such electrostatic interactions can also lower energy barriers for reactions by solvation of high-energy species. A novel type of inhibitor is described in this report, which was designed to take advantage of a hydrogen bond that it makes to the active-site histidine of chymotrypsin to attenuate its basicity. Substrates of chymotrypsin acylate the active-site serine (of the catalytic triad), and the acyl-enzyme intermediate undergoes deacylation in a second step of the catalytic turnover. The active-site histidine (of the catalytic triad) serves as the general base in both steps of the turnover process. Such attenuation of basicity by hydrogen bonding was expected to impair catalysis by the enzyme. Two molecules of this type were synthesized that are based on the structure of the chymotrypsin substrate Ac-l-Ala-l-Ala-Gly-l-Phe methyl ester. These were methyl (2R,3R)-5-(N-acetyl-l...
EXPLICIT FINITE ANALYTIC METHOD FOR UNSTEADY THREE-DIMENSIONAL NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

An explicit finite analytic method (EFA) for solving unsteady Navier-Stokes equations is developed based on the finite analytic method (FA). In this method, the connective transport equation is solved with a heat analytic solution based on the characteristic method in space and time variables for the inviscid portion, while the viscous diffusion and source term are approximated by finite differences. A second-order polynomial determined by the direction of velocity is adopted to approximate the initial condition in the local element. Numerical solutions obtained for the lid-driven cavity flow are compared with those obtained by the 19-point FA method.
Focusing characteristics of a planar solid-immersion mirror

The focusing characteristics of a planar waveguide solid-immersion mirror with parabolic design have been investigated. The solid-immersion mirror is integrated into an optical waveguide, and light focusing is achieved with a parabolic mirror parallel to the waveguide plane and waveguide mode confinement normal to the waveguide plane. Optical-quality tantala silica planar waveguides can be obtained by evaporation. The parabolic sidewall reflects over 50% of the incident waveguide mode and generates a diffraction-limited focus. The measured spot size for the solid-immersion mirror described here is less than one third of the wavelength. Polarization analysis shows that the electric field near the focal region has components parallel and normal to the polarization state of the incident beam. The planar solid-immersion mirror is essentially free of chromatic aberration, and the alignment of the illumination beam is within a fraction of degrees.
Sublethal responses of the German cockroach to vapors of commercial pesticide formulations

The effects of vapors of four commercial propoxur formulations and their solvent systems (blanks) on dispersal of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), of a laboratory susceptible and two propoxur-resistant field strains were studied. Little or no dispersal occurred in experiments with water-based formulations (emulsifiable concentrate and wettable powder). Rapid dispersal occurred in experiments with aerosol and propoxur-in-oil formulations and their blanks. The order from most rapid to slowest dispersal was as follows: propoxur-in-oil, aerosol, aerosol blank and oil blank. Each strain differed from the others in response to at least one of the test materials. Resume Reponses subletales de Blattella germanica aux vapeurs d'insecticides du commerce L'etude a porte sur les effets des vapeurs de quatre formules commerciales de propoxure et de leurs solvants sur la dispersion d'une souche sensible de laboratoire et de deux souches resistantes de la nature de B. germanica L., Avec des solutions aqueuses, concentre emulsifiable ou poudre mouillable, la dispersion est faible ou nulle. Une dispersion rapide est obtenue avec des aerosols ou des formules de propoxure en solution dans l'huile ou avec ces solvants seuls. Le classement, du dispersant le plus rapide au plus lent, est le suivant: Propoxure dans l'huile, aerosol, solvant d'aerosol, solvant de solution huileuse. Chaque souche differe des autres pour au moins une reaction a l'une des substances testees.
The LSST camera corner raft conceptual design: a front-end for guiding and wavefront sensing

The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) is a proposed ground based telescope that will perform a comprehensive astronomical survey by imaging the entire visible sky in a continuous series of short exposures. Four special purpose rafts, mounted at the corners of the LSST science camera, contain wavefront sensors and guide sensors. Wavefront measurements are accomplished using curvature sensing, in which the spatial intensity distribution of stars is measured at equal distances on either side of focus by CCD detectors. The four Corner Rafts also each hold two guide sensors. The guide sensors monitor the locations of bright stars to provide feedback that controls and maintains the tracking of the telescope during an exposure. The baseline sensor for the guider is a Hybrid Visible Silicon hybrid-CMOS detector. We present here a conceptual mechanical and electrical design for the LSST Corner Rafts that meets the requirements imposed by the camera structure, and the precision of both the wavefront reconstruction and the tracking. We find that a single design can accommodate two guide sensors and one split-plane wavefront sensor integrated into the four corner locations in the camera.
Cystic lymphoid hyperplasia of the parotid gland in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients: quantitative immunopathology

Background Benign lymphoepithelial lesions of the parotid include a spectrum of disorders ranging from lymphoepithelial sialadenitis (LESA) of Sjogren syndrome to lymphoepithelial cysts (LEC) and both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–related and –unrelated cystic lymphoid hyperplasia (CLH). They share a common microscopic appearance characterized by epimyoepithelial islands and/or epithelial lined cysts in a lymphoid stroma. However, they differ greatly regarding their etiology, clinical presentation, and management. Objective The purpose of this study was to establish specific immunophenotypic profiles for these diverse disease entities. Study design Four cases of HIV+ CLH, 5 cases of HIV− CLH, 3 cases of LESA of Sjogren syndrome, and 3 cases of sporadic LEC were quantitatively analyzed for distribution of lymphoreticular cell subpopulations, using antibodies against CD20, CD45RO, CD4, CD8, CD57, and CD68. Results The cystic lesions in both the HIV+ and HIV− cases were microscopically analogous. However, a marked decrease in the interfollicular CD4:CD8 ratio was observed in all HIV+ CLH cases, which was statistically significant when compared with the HIV− cases (P = .02) and cases of LESA of Sjogren syndrome (P = .03). No significant differences regarding the distribution of CD20+ B lymphocytes in epithelial cyst lining or the interfollicular or follicular distribution of CD20+, CD45RO+, CD57+, and CD68+ cells were present among the different groups. Conclusion Analysis of the interfollicular CD4:CD8 ratio may offer a simple immunophenotypic approach in the distinction of HIV+ from other lymphoepithelial lesions of the parotid gland, when HIV status is unknown and p24 immunohistochemistry is not readily available.
Functional hepatobiliary MR imaging in children

Clinical application efforts for the hepatocyte-specific MRI contrast agent gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) have mainly been directed toward detection and characterization of various hepatic masses in the adult population. Here we report our initial experience with Gd-EOB-DTPA for evaluating congenital and acquired hepatobiliary pathologies in the pediatric population. Twenty-one consecutive children receiving Gd-EOB-DTPA for functional hepatobiliary evaluation at our institution were retrospectively identified with IRB approval. The use of Gd-EOB-DTPA was classified in each case as definite, potential, or no clinical utility, focusing on the clinical value gained beyond traditional noncontrast fluid-sensitive MR cholangiopancreatography (FS-MRCP) and other imaging modalities. Definite added value of Gd-EOB-DTPA was found in 12 patients, with potential value in 4 patients, and no value in 5 patients. Benefit was seen in cases of iatrogenic and non-iatrogenic biliary strictures, perihepatic fluid collections for biliary leak, hepatobiliary dysfunction in the absence of hyperbilirubinemia, and in the functional exclusion of cystic duct occlusion that can be seen in acute cholecystitis. This is the first reported series of children with Gd-EOB-DTPA and this early work suggests potential pediatric applications.
2009 Special Issue: Neural network approach to continuous-time direct adaptive optimal control for partially unknown nonlinear systems

In this paper we present in a continuous-time framework an online approach to direct adaptive optimal control with infinite horizon cost for nonlinear systems. The algorithm converges online to the optimal control solution without knowledge of the internal system dynamics. Closed-loop dynamic stability is guaranteed throughout. The algorithm is based on a reinforcement learning scheme, namely Policy Iterations, and makes use of neural networks, in an Actor/Critic structure, to parametrically represent the control policy and the performance of the control system. The two neural networks are trained to express the optimal controller and optimal cost function which describes the infinite horizon control performance. Convergence of the algorithm is proven under the realistic assumption that the two neural networks do not provide perfect representations for the nonlinear control and cost functions. The result is a hybrid control structure which involves a continuous-time controller and a supervisory adaptation structure which operates based on data sampled from the plant and from the continuous-time performance dynamics. Such control structure is unlike any standard form of controllers previously seen in the literature. Simulation results, obtained considering two second-order nonlinear systems, are provided.
GENDER, SELF-ESTEEM, AND PERCEPTION OF OWN ATTRACTIVENESS

73 college students completed the 1965 Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and two measures of self-perceived physical attractiveness from Hatfield and Sprecher. Consistent with the hypotheses, scores on b...
Near infrared spectral polarization imaging of prostate cancer tissuesusing Cybesin: a receptor-targeted contrast agent

Cybesin, a smart contrast agent to target cancer cells, was investigated using a near infrared (NIR) spectral polarization imaging technique for prostate cancer detection. The approach relies on applying a contrast agent that can target cancer cells. Cybesin, as a small ICG-derivative dye-peptide, emit fluorescence between 750 nm and 900 nm, which is in the “tissue optical window”. Cybesin was reported targeting the over-expressed bombesin receptors in cancer cells in animal model and the human prostate cancers over-expressing bombesin receptors. The NIR spectral polarization imaging study reported here demonstrated that Cybesin can be used as a smart optical biomarker and as a prostate cancer receptor targeted contrast agent.
Reconsideration of echocardiographic standards for mitral valve prolapse: Lack of association between leaflet displacement isolated to the apical four chamber view and independent echocardiographic evidence of abnormality

Mitral valve prolapse by current echocardiographic criteria can be diagnosed with surprising frequency in the general population, even when preselected normal subjects are examined. In most of these individuals, however, prolapse is present in the apical four chamber view and absent in roughly perpendicular long-axis views. Previous studies have shown that systolic annular nonplanarity can cause apparent prolapse in the four chamber view without actual leaflet displacement above the most superior points of the anulus, and there is evidence for such nonplanarity in vivo. It is then reasonable to ask whether superior leaflet displacement limited to the four chamber view has any pathologic significance or complications. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to address the following hypothesis: that patients with superior leaflet displacement confined to the four chamber view have no higher frequency of associated echocardiographic abnormalities than do patients without displacement in any view. Such abnormalities, which would provide independent evidence of mitral valve pathology or dysfunction, include leaflet thickening, left atrial enlargement and mitral regurgitation. Leaflet displacement was measured in the parasternal long-axis and apical four chamber views in 312 patients who were studied retrospectively and selected for the absence of forms of heart disease other than mitral valve prolapse. Leaflet thickness and left atrial size were measured and mitral regurgitation was graded. Patients with leaflet displacement limited to the four chamber view were no more likely to have associated abnormalities than were patients without displacement in any view (0 to 2% prevalence, p greater than 0.5). In contrast, patients with leaflet displacement in the long-axis view were significantly more likely to have associated abnormalities (12 to 24%, p less than 0.005), the frequency of which increased with the extent of leaflet displacement in that view (p less than 0.0001). These results suggest that displacement limited to the apical four chamber view is, in general, a normal geometric finding unassociated with echocardiographic evidence of pathologic significance.
Hot topic: Successful fixed-time insemination within 21 d after first insemination by combining chemical pregnancy diagnosis on d 18 with a rapid resynchronization program.

Abstract Cattle that are not pregnant to first fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI) may be resynchronized for a second TAI if they are found nonpregnant at pregnancy diagnosis. The specific interval between first and second TAI ranges from 4 to 8 wk. The selected interval depends on the available method of pregnancy diagnosis and the efficiency of the resynchronization program. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate a pregnancy diagnosis and resynchronization system that achieved a 21-d interval between TAI. This 21-d interval approximates the natural return-to-service interval. It also enables resynchronization to be implemented within the same estrous cycle in which cattle are first inseminated. Holstein heifers were randomly assigned to a 21-d resynchronization program (21d_resynch; n=40) or a control group in which estrus was observed for the purpose of re-insemination (control; n=29). The 21d_resynch heifers were diagnosed for pregnancy on d 18 after a TAI (d 0) by using predetermined cut-off values for 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (Oas1) gene expression in leukocytes and plasma progesterone concentration. Heifers that were not pregnant to first TAI had greater expression of Oas1 at the time of PGF 2α (d −3) than pregnant heifers, but this relationship was reversed on d 18 after TAI: the heifers that were pregnant to first TAI had almost 5-fold greater expression of Oas1 compared with nonpregnant heifers. Nonpregnant heifers in the 21d_resynch group were injected with a luteolytic dose of PGF 2α on d 19 and were injected with GnRH on d 21 and submitted to TAI. The pregnancy per AI after first insemination was similar for 21d_resynch (50.0%; pregnancy diagnosis on d 18) and control (51.7%; pregnancy diagnosis on d 27). Likewise, no difference was detected in second insemination pregnancy per AI for 21d_resynch (36.8%; nonpregnant heifers TAI on d 21) and control (35.7%; nonpregnant heifers inseminated at return to estrus or after nonpregnant diagnosis on d 27). The interval between first and second insemination was shorter for 21d_resynch compared with control (21.0±0 and 27.5±2.1 d). The conclusion is that a TAI resynchronization can be programmed within 21 d of previous TAI when a d 18 pregnancy test and a rapid resynchronization are used.
Is there an intraspecific role for density-dependent colour change in the desert locust?

Abstract Attempts to uncover the adaptive significance of density-dependent colour polyphenism in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae), have been unsuccessful. Desert locust juveniles can change colour as part of a phenotypically plastic response to changes in local population density known as phase polyphenism. They are typically cryptic in colour at low rearing density (solitarious phase), but become conspicuous at high density (gregarious phase). Recent evidence indicates that this colour change functions interspecifically as an aposematic signal. Other recent evidence, however, suggests that previous attempts to demonstrate an intraspecific function of gregarious coloration in mediating group interactions among locusts may have been confounded by the effects of multiple sensory cues. We reinvestigated the intraspecific function of density-dependent colour polyphenism and specifically controlled for potentially confounding olfactory and tactile cues. We found no effect of gregarious phase (yellow and black) coloration as either a gregarizing stimulus to behaviourally solitarious locusts or as a visual aggregation stimulus behaviourally to gregarious locusts. We did, however, find that nonmoving solitarious phase (green) coloration significantly increased the activity levels of behaviourally gregarious locusts. We cannot explain this result and its biological relevance remains unknown. In the absence of support for the intraspecific visual cue hypothesis, we favour an aposematic perspective on the function of density-dependent colour polyphenism in the desert locust. The aposematic perspective parsimoniously accounts for density-dependent changes in both colour and behaviour.
Bread or Chainsaws? Paths to Mobilizing Household Labor for Cooperative Rural Development in a Oaxacan Village (Mexico)*

This ethnographic case study of a rural production cooperative in the indigenous community of Santa Cruz (Oaxaca Mexico) documents mens efforts to enlist womens participation in mens cooperative projects. Over an 8-year period men initiated a number of production projects only to see them fail when women refused to participate. The author use data from participant observation surveys and interviews to construct gendered time-geographies of agricultural and cooperative project labor. These reveal the existence of labor crises moments in the agricultural calendar when mens labor is insufficient to cover both household and cooperative tasks. Mens attempts to mobilize womens labor power were met with womens counterstrategies of resistance. Ultimately women established their own cooperative production section (bakery) when men opted to incorporate them into the cooperative as decision-makers. The analysis suggests first that development project dynamics are fluid and within specific circumstances can enhance womens social and economic position vis-a-vis men. Second participation is always partial and contingent and best examined within a context of on-going negotiations. Lastly poststructuralist time-geographies may contribute to development analysis when conceived as both material and discursive practices bound to geographic imaginaries. (authors)
THE EFFECT OF DIETHYL STILBESTROL DIPROPRIONATEON ENDOMETRIAL TRANSPLANTS

IN THE COURSE of experimental work on the possible toxic effect of the powerfulsynthetic estrogen stilbestrol, introduced by Dodds and coworkers (i), we constantly observed marked enlargement and congestion of the uterus and uterinetubes. This enlargement resulted from the estrogenic ‘priming’ and the questionarose as to whether or not endometrium obtained from these primed1 animals couldbe successfully transplanted and if so, what would be its fate under continued administration of estrogenic substance. The possible outcome interested us in the lightof the advocacy of the procedure of preserving a portion of the endometrium aftersupra vaginal hysterectomy (2-11), especially when it is remembered that these patients frequently are treated later for hypoestrinism syndromes, and in considerationof the danger of carcinogenic effect of the synthetic estrogens discussed in many quarters (12-16).
Selective atomic layer deposition of zirconia on copper patterned silicon substrates using ethanol as oxygen source as well as copper reductant

The authors report a new chemical approach for the selective atomic layer deposition of ultrathin layers of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) on copper patterned silicon surfaces. Instead of using common atomic layer deposition (ALD) oxygen sources such as water, oxygen, or ozone, the authors use ethanol, which serves as oxygen source for the ALD on the silicon side and as effective reducing agent on the copper side, thereby selectively depositing ZrO2 film on the silicon surface of the substrate without any deposition on copper up to at least 70 ALD cycles. The resulting ZrO2 nanofilm is found to be an effective copper diffusion barrier at temperatures at least up to 700 °C.