cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and functional consequences of severe insomnia symptoms in mood and anxiety disorders: results from a nationally representative sample.

Study objectives To evaluate the prevalence of severe insomnia symptoms and the extent to which they are associated with daytime impairments in comorbid mood and anxiety disorders. Design Nationally representative cross-sectional survey. Setting National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R). Participants There were 5,692 NCS-R respondents with no mood or anxiety disorder (n = 3,711), mood disorders only (n = 327), anxiety disorders only (n = 1,137), and coexisting mood and anxiety disorders (n = 517). Interventions N/A. Measurements and results Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition disorders and severe insomnia symptoms in the past year were assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO-DAS) indexed eight domains of daytime impairment in the past 30 days, which included self-care, mobility, cognition, social functioning, time out of role, and four components of productive role functioning. Respondents with comorbid mood and anxiety disorders had significantly higher rates of severe insomnia complaints (42.1-62.8%) relative to the three other groups. Severe insomnia complaints were also significantly more prevalent in individuals with mood (25.2-45.6%) or anxiety disorders only (24.9-45.5%) relative to those with no disorder (12.4-24.3%). Moreover, endorsing a severe insomnia complaint in the past year was associated with increased days of impairment across all past-month WHO-DAS domains for respondents with mood-anxiety comorbidity. For the remaining groups, severe insomnia complaints were related to increased days of impairment across all domains except self-care, and additionally mobility for the group with mood disorders only. Conclusions Comorbid mood and anxiety disorders are associated with high rates of severe insomnia complaints, which were independently associated with substantial functional impairment.
Müllerian agenesis with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia syndrome

Objective To describe the association of mullerian agenesis with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Design Case report. Setting University medical center. Patient(s) A 17-year-old woman with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia referred for evaluation of primary amenorrhea. Intervention(s) History, physical examination, and ultrasound. Main Outcome Measure(s) Physical findings of these two syndromes. Result(s) Physical examination and ultrasound demonstrated mullerian agenesis with findings of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Conclusion(s) This is the first description of the association of mullerian agenesis with ectodermal dysplasia. This rare case might provide further insight into the development of the uterus and the ectoderm as well as its derivatives.
A note on eastern Bering Sea shelf hydrographic structure; August, 1974

Abstract Temperature, salinity, and density structures along a north-south transect across the eastern Bering Sea shelf are characterized. Of particular interest is the detection of a subsurface current core along the 50-m isobath in nortwestern Bristol Bay. Some possible relationships between this feature and regional dynamics are discussed applying the vorticity conservation theory qualitatively.
Steering Information Diffusion Dynamically against User Attention Limitation

As viral marketing in online social networks flourishes recently, a lot of attention has been drawn to the study of influence maximization in social networks. However, most works in influence maximization have overlooked the important role that social network providers (websites) play in the diffusion processes. Viral marketing campaigns are usually sold by websites as services to their clients. The websites can not only select initial sets of users to start diffusion processes, but can also have impacts throughout the diffusion processes by deciding when the information should be brought to the attention of individual users. This is especially true when user attention is limited, and the websites have to notify users about an item to bring it into the attention of users. In this paper, we study the diffusion of information from the perspective of social network websites. We propose a novel push-driven cascade (PDC) model, which emphasizes the role of websites during the diffusion of information. In the PDC model, the website "pushes" items to bring them to the attention of users, and whether a user is interested in an item is decided by her preference and the social influence from her friends. Analogous to the influence maximization problem on the traditional information diffusion models, we propose a dynamic influence maximization problem on the PDC model, which is defined as a sequential decision making problem for the website. We show that the problem can be formalized as a Markov sequential decision problem, and there exists a deterministic Markovian policy that is an optimal solution for the problem. We develop an AO algorithm that finds the optimal solution for the problem, and a heuristic online search algorithm, which has similar effectiveness, but is significantly more efficient. We evaluate the proposed algorithms on various real-world datasets, and find them significantly outperform the baselines.
The PIKfyve-ArPIKfyve-Sac3 triad in human breast cancer: Functional link between elevated Sac3 phosphatase and enhanced proliferation of triple negative cell lines.

The phosphoinositide 5-kinase PIKfyve and 5-phosphatase Sac3 are scaffolded by ArPIKfyve in the PIKfyve–ArPIKfyve–Sac3 (PAS) regulatory complex to trigger a unique loop of PtdIns3P–PtdIns(3,5)P2 synthesis and turnover. Whereas the metabolizing enzymes of the other 3-phosphoinositides have already been implicated in breast cancer, the role of the PAS proteins and the PtdIns3P–PtdIns(3,5)P2 conversion is unknown. To begin elucidating their roles, in this study we monitored the endogenous levels of the PAS complex proteins in cell lines derived from hormone-receptor positive (MCF7 and T47D) or triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) (BT20, BT549 and MDA-MB-231) as well as in MCF10A cells derived from non-tumorigenic mastectomy. We report profound upregulation of Sac3 and ArPIKfyve in the triple negative vs. hormone-sensitive breast cancer or non-tumorigenic cells, with BT cell lines showing the highest levels. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Sac3, but not that of PIKfyve, significantly inhibited proliferation of BT20 and BT549 cells. In these cells, knockdown of ArPIKfyve had only a minor effect, consistent with a primary role for Sac3 in TNBC cell proliferation. Intriguingly, steady-state levels of PtdIns(3,5)P2 in BT20 and T47D cells were similar despite the 6-fold difference in Sac3 levels between these cell lines. However, steady-state levels of PtdIns3P and PtdIns5P, both regulated by the PAS complex, were significantly reduced in BT20 vs. T47D or MCF10A cell lines, consistent with elevated Sac3 affecting directly or indirectly the homeostasis of these lipids in TNBC. Together, our results uncover an unexpected role for Sac3 phosphatase in TNBC cell proliferation. Database analyses, discussed herein, reinforce the involvement of Sac3 in breast cancer pathogenesis.
Development of long-distance efferent projections from fetal hippocampal grafts depends upon pathway specificity and graft location in kainate-lesioned adult hippocampus.

Abstract Fetal hippocampal cells grafted into the excitotoxically lesioned hippocampus of adult rats are capable of extending axonal projections into the host brain. We hypothesize that the axonal growth of grafted fetal cells into specific host targets, and the establishment of robust long-distance efferent graft projections, require placement of fetal cells in close proximity to appropriate axon guidance pathways. Intracerebroventricular administration of kainic acid in adult rats leads to a specific loss of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. We grafted 5′-bromodeoxyuridine-labeled embryonic day 19 hippocampal cells into adult hippocampus at four days post-kainic acid lesion, and quantitatively measured the projection of grafted cells into the contralateral hippocampus and the septum after three to four months survival using Fluoro-Gold and 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine (DiI) tracing. Grafts located in or near the degenerated CA3 cell layer exhibited numerous neurons which established commissural projections with the contralateral hippocampus. However, such projections did not occur in intrahippocampal grafts located away from the CA3 cell layer. In contrast, neurons in all grafts established robust projections into the septum regardless of location within hippocampus although grafts located near the degenerated CA3 cell layer displayed more neurons with such projections. Location of grafted cells clearly influences the development of efferent graft projections into distant targets in the adult host brain, particularly access to axon guidance pathways to facilitate the formation of projections. The establishment of robust long-distance commissural projections of fetal hippocampal grafts is clearly dependent on their placement in or near the degenerated CA3 cell layer, suggesting that appropriate axon guidance pathways for commissural pathways are tightly focussed near this cell layer. However, the establishment of septal projections of these grafts was not dependent on specific location within the CA3 cell layer, suggesting that axonal guidance mechanisms to the septum are more diffuse and not limited to the CA3 dendritic layers. The results underscore that fetal hippocampal grafts are capable of partly restoring lesioned hippocampal circuitry in adult animals when appropriately placed in the host hippocampus.
Long Endurance Materials for Aluminum Fuel Cell Systems

Appropriate selection of long endurance materials is critical to the cost effective use of fuel cell technology for near-term commercial and defense applications. To effectively transition this technology from laboratory prototype to fielded system, the durability of all fuel cell subsystems must be addressed. Material selection based upon a thorough understanding of system performance requirements, operational environments, and user interfaces not only provides high reliability and enhanced safety, but also lowers life cycle costs. This paper discusses the development of an Aluminum Fuel Cell Power System (FCPS) for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) program, focusing on the operational endurance testing that was conducted to evaluate candidate materials for cell stack, electrolyte, and coolant subsystems. The FCPS is a 15 kW closed aluminum-oxygen fuel cell system that provides up to 1.1 MWh energy. Loral has completed small-scale bench tests and is currently fabricating a full-scale system to be demonstrated in 1995. Requirements that strongly influenced material selection included: chemical compatibility - 4M KOH electrolyte pumped at 50°C, with dissolved aluminum and hydrargillite; system operational objectives - time between refueling and maintenance ranging from daily startup / shutdown to three weeks continuous; ARPA program objectives - commercial components, rapid prototyping, low life cycle costs. A materials / component endurance test program was established and conducted early in the design phase of the FCPS program. To date, Loral has completed over 3000 operational test hours, with nearly 8000 hours of accumulated exposure to KOH. Results of these tests have been incorporated into the FCPS detailed design, and are expected to significantly enhance the performance of the fielded system. This program is sponsored by ARPA Maritime Systems Technology Office under NASA contract NAS3-26715.
Active site interactions in hydrated trypsin-organophosphate adducts: a yeti molecular mechanics study

Abstract Two diastereomers (PR, PS) of 2-propyl methylphosphonate covalently bonded to Ser-195 of bovine trypsin have been generated from appropriate X-ray crystallographic coordinates. The corresponding enzymic dealkylation product, the methylphosphonate anion, has also been modeled for each diastereomer. In addition to 168 experimentally determined water molecules, 101 water molecules were generated with the program SOLVGEN and the structure was refined with the molecular mechanics program YETI. The partial atomic charges for the seryl-phosphonate moiety were generated with the MNDO method AMPAC. Zone refinements around the active sites Hip-57, Asp-102, Ser-214 and the Ser-195-bound inhibitor fragment were performed for 62 residues on each of the diastereomeric adducts and their reaction products. The diastereomer adduct PS gives the more stable conformation, which suggests that the other diastereomer Pr will undergo preferential dealkylation. This more labile conformation corresponds to the “up” position in diisopropyl phosphate, from which dealkylation is known to occur in favor of the “down” position. The dealkylation product from the PR diastereomer is 3.7 kcal mol− more stable than that from the PS diastereomer.
Spin-other-orbit interaction and magnetocrystalline anisotropy

We report the effect of the two-body, spin-other-orbit interaction on the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy of the $3d$ transition metals. The relevant energy differences were computed for bcc Fe, fcc Ni, and hcp Co using a linearized augmented plane-wave method to solve the scalar relativistic Kohn-Sham equations in the local spin-density approximation. The spin-other-orbit interaction was incorporated at the level of the Hartree approximation. Special care was taken to guarantee the correctness of our numerical procedures. We find that the spin-other-orbit interaction does indeed change the anisotropy energy, but the effect is too small to account for the disagreement with experiment found in previous calculations for all three elements.
Disruption of MAP-2 Immunostaining in Rat Hippocampus After Traumatic Brain Injury

The effects of diffuse brain injury on dendritic morphology in rat hippocampus and cortex were examined in this study using the recently described impact acceleration model of traumatic brain injury (Marmarou et al., 1994). Dendritic structure was visualized using immunostaining of microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP-2). Brains were studied 24, 48, and 72 h after brain injury. Results from immunohistochemistry and light microscopy indicated a time-dependent disruption of dendritic cytoarchitecture in the CA1 subregion and in the hilus of the hippocampus but not in the dentate gyrus or CA3 subregion. Similar disruption was observed in the cortical mantle overlying the hippocampus. Although disruption of dendritic structure was observed at 24 h, the most severe damage was at 48 h after injury with evidence of at least partial recovery of MAP-2 immunostaining by 72 h. In the most severe damage, dendrites appeared to be fragmented, scattered, and unaligned, consisting of irregularly spaced and darkly stained swollen segments. A mixed pattern of immunostaining was observed in somata of hilar cells, with some appearing normal while others stained only faintly, appearing to have lost their typical polygonal shape. Semiquantitative rankings confirmed these qualitative findings. Immediate post-injury behavioral evaluations of injury severity were compared to the degree of disruption of MAP-2 immunostaining. The results of this study indicate that diffuse brain injury is associated not only with axonal damage but also with injury to dendrites.
Comparison of contrast x-ray biplane cineangiography and technetium-99m radionuclide scans for measurement of ventricular volumes in human autopsy hearts.

Abstract The area-length method is widely used in the determination of left ventricular volume. Although previous studies have reported that this technique overestimates true volume (TV), it is unknown whether this overestimation is the same at different volumes. In the present study, with the use of 10 postmortem human hearts, left ventricular volumes were determined by contrast x-ray biplane cine ventriculography (LVA), biplane radionuclide (LVR), and absolute-counts (LVC) technetium scans, and the results were correlated with TV. LVA correlated well with TV ( r = 0.98). LVR correlated well with TV ( r = 0.97), and LVR also correlated well with LVA ( r = 0.96). Both area-length techniques (LVA and LVR) resulted in overestimation of TV with an upward shift of the regression line of 30.4ml ± 3.8 (SEM) for LVA and 28.5 ± 4.4 for LVR. The percentage of overestimation error was significantly greater at smaller left ventricular volumes (error = 33% at TV=30ml and 10% at TV=100ml, p r = 0.99), TVA, and LVR but underestimated TV. Thus left ventricular volumes can be reliably obtained from LVR and LVA by means of the area-length method and from LVC. When the area-length method is utilized, the percentage of error in the determination of left ventricular volume is proportional to 1TV.
The Effect of Concentrator Field Layout on the Performance of Point-Focus Distributed Receiver Systems

The effect of concentrator field layout on the technical-economic performance of a point-focusing distributed receiver (PFDR) solar thermal power plant is presented. The plant design is based on the small community prototype system currently under development for JPL/DOE; parabolic dish concentrators are employed, and small heat engines are used to generate electricity at each dish. The effect of field size, array proportions, dish-to-dish spacing and packing fraction (concentrator-land area ratio) are presented for typical PFDR layouts. Economic analyses are carried out to determine optimum packing fraction as a function of site cost.
On the origin of mascon basins on the Moon (and beyond)

[1] Mascon basins on the Moon are large craters that display significant positive free-air and Bouguer gravity anomalies. An important question is why is not every large crater a mascon, as less than half have been previously determined to be. We detrend the free-air, topographic, and Bouguer gravity anomalies and find that most large basins (28 of 41) display mascon characteristics (e.g., strong positive Bouguer anomalies narrower than the surface rims). Negative free-air gravity annuli surrounding the central highs generally are absent in the Bouguer gravity, implicating surface topography. We propose that beneath a forming large basin, the relatively narrow transient crater drives mantle uplift, while upward and inward collapse forms the surface topography. Furthermore, the nonmascon basins are all ancient and heavily degraded, indicating a postimpact evolutionary process. Our results suggest that mascon formation is the standard for large impacts on the Moon and by extension on other terrestrial planets.
A convenient, optimized pipeline for isolation, fluorescence microscopy and molecular analysis of live single cells

Heterogeneity within cell populations is relevant to the onset and progression of disease, as well as development and maintenance of homeostasis. Analysis and understanding of the roles of heterogeneity in biological systems require methods and technologies that are capable of single cell resolution. Single cell gene expression analysis by RT-qPCR is an established technique for identifying transcriptomic heterogeneity in cellular populations, but it generally requires specialized equipment or tedious manipulations for cell isolation. We describe the optimization of a simple, inexpensive and rapid pipeline which includes isolation and culture of live single cells as well as fluorescence microscopy and gene expression analysis of the same single cells by RT-qPCR. We characterize the efficiency of single cell isolation and demonstrate our method by identifying single GFP-expressing cells from a mixed population of GFP-positive and negative cells by correlating fluorescence microscopy and RT-qPCR. Single cell gene expression analysis by RT-qPCR is a convenient means for investigating cellular heterogeneity, but is most useful when correlating observations with additional measurements. We demonstrate a convenient and simple pipeline for multiplexing single cell RT-qPCR with fluorescence microscopy which is adaptable to other molecular analyses.
Using clinical outcomes to explore the theory of expert practice in physical therapy

Background and Purpose. Theoretical models of physical therapist expertise have been developed through research on physical therapists sampled solely on the basis of years of experience or reputation. Expert clinicians, selected on the basis of their patients' outcomes, have not been previously studied, nor have the patient outcomes of peer-nominated experts been analyzed. The purpose of our study was to describe characteristics of therapists who were classified as expert or average therapists based on the outcomes of their patients. Subjects. Subjects were 6 therapists classified as expert and 6 therapists classified as average through retrospective analysis of an outcomes database. Methods. The study was guided by grounded theory method, using a multiple case study design. Analysis integrated data from quantitative and qualitative sources and developed a grounded theory. Results. All therapists expressed a commitment to professional growth and an ethic of caring. Therapists classified as expert were not distinguished by years of experience, but they differed in academic and work experience, utilization of colleagues, use of reflection, view of primary role, and pattern of delegation of care to support staff. Therapists classified as expert had a patient-centered approach to care, characterized by collaborative clinical reasoning and promotion of patient empowerment. Discussion and Conclusion. These findings add to the understanding of factors related to patient outcomes and build upon grounded theory for elucidating expert practice in physical therapy.
Estimation of Surface Velocity from Infrared Image Using the Global Optimal Solution to an Inverse Model

We address the problem of obtaining ocean surface velocities from sequences of thermal (AVHRR) space-borne images by inverting the heat conservation equation (including sources of surface heat fluxes and vertical entrainment). We demonstrate the utility of the technique by deriving surface velocities from actual AVHRR images from one day. Typical formulations of this tracer inversion problem yield too few equations at each pixel, which is often remedied by imposing additional constraints (e.g., horizontal divergence, vorticity, and energy). In contrast, we propose an alternate strategy to convert the under-determined equation set to an over- determined one. We divide the image scene into many sub-arrays, and define velocities and sources within each sub-array using bilinear expressions in terms of the corner points (called knots). In turn, all velocities and sources on the knots can be determined by seeking an optimum solution to these linear equations over the large-scale, which we call the Global Optimal Solution (QOS). We test the accuracy of the GOS by contaminating the model output with up to 10% white noise, but find that filtering the data with a Gaussian convolution filter yields velocities nearly indistinguishable from those without the added noise. Application of the technique to a sequence of five NOAA AVHRR images yields a velocity field, which we compare with that from a Coastal Ocean Dynamics Radar (CODAR) array. We find that the GOS velocities generally agree more closely with those from the CODAR than they do with those from the MCC. Specifically, the root mean square error obtained by differencing GOS and CODAR velocities is smaller than that from the similar calculation with MCC velocities. The magnitude of the complex correlation between GOS and CODAR is larger than that between MCC and CODAR. The phase of the complex correlation indicates that both MCC and GOS on average yield velocity vectors biased in the clockwise direction relative to the CODAR vectors for the period examined.
Evaluating the effects of ideology on public understanding of climate change science: How to improve communication across ideological divides?

While ideology can have a strong effect on citizen understanding of science, it is unclear how ideology interacts with other complicating factors, such as college education, which influence citizens' comprehension of information. We focus on public understanding of climate change science and test the hypotheses: [H1] as citizens' ideology shifts from liberal to conservative, concern for global warming decreases; [H2] citizens with college education and higher general science literacy tend to have higher concern for global warming; and [H3] college education does not increase global warming concern for conservative ideologues. We implemented a survey instrument in California's San Francisco Bay Area, and employed regression models to test the effects of ideology and other socio-demographic variables on citizen concern about global warming, terrorism, the economy, health care and poverty. We are able to confirm H1 and H3, but reject H2. Various strategies are discussed to improve the communication of climate change science across ideological divides.
Thermal expansion anisotropy in extruded SiC particle reinforced 2080 aluminum alloy matrix composites

Thermal expansion behavior is an important physical property of metal matrix composites (MMCs). For extruded Al/SiCp composites, both the particle volume percent and the orientation relative to the extrusion direction have significant effects on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of a composite. In this study, the coefficient of thermal expansion of extruded, SiC particle reinforced 2080 Al composites were measured using a thermal mechanical analyzer (TMA). It was found that the anisotropic distribution of SiC particles determines the anisotropic thermal behavior of Al/SiCp composites. For the same SiC content, the CTE in the short transverse direction (normal to the extrusion axis) is higher than that in the transverse direction, with the longitudinal direction (parallel to the extrusion axis) having the lowest CTE. Finite element modeling (FEM), based on the actual microstructure of Al/SiCp composites, was employed to simulate the thermal behavior. The experimental results for the CTE of the composite correlated very well with those predicted by two-dimensional (2D) numerical models. The FEM results showed that orientation of SiC particles changes the internal stress in the composite, which yields anisotropic thermal behavior. A comparison was made between the experimental results and the FEM model, and these were related to several analytical models.
Stable-Flow Free-Boundary (Staflo) Electrophoresis: Three Dimensional Fluid Flow Properties and Applications to Lipoprotein Studies

Previous papers have described the theory and practice of the stableflow free-boundary (Staflo) method12,13,14 and the application of Staflo electrophoresis or sedimentation to the study of small molecules10,11,14, proteins11, an enzyme substrate reaction15, living cells12,13,14,16, isolated chloroplasts19,21, and lipoproteins27. These studies used analytical and/or separation processes applied to particles dissolved or suspended in a continuously flowing free solution system, in that part of the apparatus called the “Staflo chamber.” The previous analysis was based on the approximation of vertical plug flow within the Staflo chamber, experimentally demonstrated by flow pattern photographs and observations on collection fractions. The possible implications of non-uniform or parabolic flow in the horizontal (thickness) dimension for Staflo migration properties were discussed, but no experimental measurements were available on the true nature of this flow.
Drug and Alcohol Testing in the Workplace—Objectives, Pitfalls, and Guidelines

This paper examines the historical development of drug testing, the motivations underlying proposals to implement workplace testing for drugs and alcohol, the types of programs currently in use, and the potential pitfalls of workplace testing. It also examines the basic principles involved in disputes about the legality of workplace testing. Finally, this paper discusses guidelines to ensure that workplace testing programs are fair and to minimize unwanted and harmful effects of testing.
Iron Requirements of White Leghorn Hens

Studies were conducted to determine the iron requirements of laying and breeding hens (Gallus domesticus). Single Comb White Leghorn hens fed a purified diet containing 15 ppm iron exhibited a rapid decline in hematocrit, blood hemoglobin, egg iron concentrations and hatchability of fertile eggs. No effects of the low iron diet on body weight, feed consumption, or fertility were observed. When hens were fed graded levels of iron from 15 to 65 ppm at 10 ppm increments, a dose response was observed for hematocrit and hatchability. The iron requirement for maintenance of hematocrit was between 35 and 45 ppm iron. Fifty-five parts per million iron were required for maximum hatchability of fertile eggs.
Enhancing Multilingual Capability Among Hispanics

Hispanics are the country’s largest and fastest growing minority, but they are not an easily identified racial or ethnic group (Pew Hispanic Center, Trends 2005). In 2000, the U.S. Census reported 32.8 million Hispanics or Latinos in the United States, representing 12% of the total population. By 2004, the Hispanic population was estimated to have grown to over 40 million, an increase of more than 23% in just four years. The largest increase in the Hispanic population is occurring in the southern United States (Pew Hispanic Center). Paralleling the growth of the Hispanic population, the Hispanic labor force will expand to nearly 10 million by 2020 (Pew Hispanic Center). Language barriers and cultural sensitivities need to be addressed for optimal inclusion of this force in the U.S. The dramatic expansion of the Latino population in the State of Louisiana emphasizes the importance of this group, both socially and culturally. At the same time it presents new challenges and demands a real approach for addressing the languages barriers and the cultural sensitivities inherent in such a socioeconomic shift.
Self-Referenced 200 MHz Octave-Spanning Ti:Sapphire Laser with 50 Attosecond Carrier-Envelope Phase Jitter

Carrier-envelope phase stabilization of a 200MHz octave-spanning Ti:sapphire laser without external broadening is demonstrated. The individual comb lines spaced by 200MHz can conveniently be resolved using commercial wavemeters. The accumulated in-loop carrier-envelope phase error (integrated from 2.5 mHz to 10 MHz) using a broadband analog mixer as phase detector is 0.117 rad, equivalent to 50 attosecond carrier-envelope phase jitter at 800 nm.
Secretion by the Malpighian Tubules of Rhodnius. The Movements of Ions and Water

1. The Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius will secrete at a normal rate in solutions containing no potassium ions and the rate is unaffected by changes in the potassium concentration, when the balance of cationic concentration is made up by sodium ions. 2. In the absence of sodium ions the rate of secretion is much reduced. The addition of very small amounts of sodium-containing solution brings about an abrupt recovery in the rate and thereafter the rate is unaffected by further increases in the sodium concentration. 3. In solutions containing either sodium or potassium with choline making up the balance of monovalent cations, the rate of fluid secretion depends linearly on the concentration of either sodium or potassium. 4. The tubules will concentrate either sodium or potassium when they are present at low concentration in the bathing fluid, even in the face of a very much larger concentration of the other cation. This suggests that there are separate mechanisms for the handling of these two ions. 5. Secretion can be supported by a solution containing ammonium ions in place of sodium and potassium. The tubules behave, at least in the short term, as if they were unable to distinguish ammonium from potassium. 6. Chloride ions appear to play a special role in that only bromide ions and, to a limited extent, nitrate ions will substitute for them. The rate of secretion depends linearly on the chloride concentration. 7. The tubules secrete a fluid which is practically iso-osmotic to the bathing fluid. The rate of secretion depends inversely on the osmolarity of the bathing fluid. The rate of movement of solute is little affected by these changes of osmolarity. It appears that water movements follow, and are closely linked with, solute movements. 8. Copper, cyanide, iodoacetate and azide ions and 2,4-dinitrophenol all stop secretion when added to the bathing medium. Ouabain, acetazolamide and mammalian ADH all have no effect on the rate of secretion and ouabain has no effect on the composition of the secreted fluid. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) will stimulate a rapid flow of secretion. 9. Apparent neurosecretory axons have been found which supply the tubules. They do not contain enough diuretic activity to do more than play a minor role in diuresis. They may contribute to the rapid onset of diuresis or may affect the Malpighian tubules in some other way. 10. The evidence suggests that the tubules function by secreting chloride, potassium and sodium ions into the lumen (it is speculated that this may conceivably involve the active transport of all three ions) and that water movements closely follow these ion movements so that a rapid flow of iso-osmotic fluid is achieved.
Revision of the Genus Protomagalhaensia and Description of Protomagalhaensia wolfi n. comb. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Hirmocystidae) and Leidyana haasi n. comb. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Leidyanidae) Parasitizing the Lobster Cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae)

Protomagalhaensia wolfi n. comb. and Leidyana haasi n. comb. were originally described as species of Gregarina parasitizing the lobster cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea, in east Africa. Gamonts of Protomagalhaensia species are elongate and serpentine in general shape. Species within the genus are differentiated primarily by epimerite and oocyst morphology. Among described species of Protomagalhaensia, only P. wolfi possesses an obdeltoid epimerite. The oocysts of P. wolfi possess no apical spine or knob and are notably larger than oocysts of other species in the genus. Among the 33 species of Leidyana, only L. haasi and Leidyana migrator are reported from cockroaches (Dictyoptera). In general, gamonts of L. migrator are longer and more anisometric than those of L. haasi, the greater length reflecting notably longer deutomerites in L. migrator. The gamontic protomerites of L. haasi are longer but considerably narrower than those of L. migrator even though gamonts of L. migrator are larger overall. Both L. migrator and L. haasi are characterized by elliptoid oocysts that differ in relative morphology and overall size. The elliptoid gametocysts of L. migrator are ca. 3 times larger than those of L. haasi. We redescribe P. wolfi and L. haasi and refer them to genera other than Gregarina, establish neotype specimens, revise the diagnosis of Protomagalhaensia to reflect oocyst variation within the genus and distinguish it from the other 15 genera comprising Hirmocystidae, and discuss the fidelity of endemic gregarine faunas with their cockroach hosts despite global host dispersal.
Systematic Characterization of the Computed Tomography Angiography Spot Sign in Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage Identifies Patients at Highest Risk for Hematoma Expansion The Spot Sign Score

Background and Purpose— The presence of active contrast extravasation (the spot sign) on computed tomography (CT) angiography has been recognized as a predictor of hematoma expansion in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. We aim to systematically characterize the spot sign to identify features that are most predictive of hematoma expansion and construct a spot sign scoring system. Methods— We retrospectively reviewed CT angiograms performed in all patients who presented to our emergency department over a 9-year period with primary intracerebral hemorrhage and had a follow-up noncontrast head CT within 48 hours of the baseline CT angiogram. Three neuroradiologists reviewed the CT angiograms and determined the presence and characteristics of spot signs according to strict radiological criteria. Baseline and follow-up intracerebral hemorrhage volumes were determined by computer-assisted volumetric analysis. Results— We identified spot signs in 71 of 367 CT angiograms (19%), 6 of which were delayed spot s...
Confidence modeling for verification post-processing for handwriting recognition

We apply confidence-scoring techniques to verify the output of a handwriting recognizer. We evaluate a variety of scoring functions, including likelihood ratios and estimated posterior probabilities of correctness, in a postprocessing mode to generate confidence scores at the character or word level. Using the post-processor in conjunction with an HMM-based on-line handwriting recognizer for large-vocabulary word recognition, receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves reveal that our post-processor is able to reject correctly 90% of recognizer errors while only falsely rejecting 33% of correctly-recognized words. For isolated-digit recognition, we achieve a correct rejection rate of 90% while keeping false rejection down to 13%.
Alpha and beta diversity of Lianas in Yasunı́, Ecuador

Stems of 4348 lianas from 12 subsampled 1 ha plots in Yasuni, Ecuador represented more than 311 species of climbing woody plants. The plots (each 0.2 ha in area), which individually included up to 106 species among 314 stems, were established in the Huaorani Ethnic Reserve and Yasuni National Park and represent terra firme and floodplain habitats. Yasuni is one of the richest areas sampled for liana diversity in the neotropics. A relatively small group of species (∼38) comprise the dominants in this forest, as defined by species contributing consistently to 50% of all stems to samples from either habitat. Distance-related diversity (i.e., beta) is low across both spatially adjacent and distant plots. Floodplain habitats show a slightly higher decay of similarity with distance than either terra firme habitats or cross-habitat comparisons. Cross-habitat comparisons are significantly less similar than same-habitat comparisons at all distances. Habitat-related beta diversity probably contributes to total richness in Yasuni although abundant liana species in Yasuni rarely show absolute restriction to one habitat or the other. A comparison of these data to other sampled sites in the neotropics highlights the problems inherent in comparisons among areas sampled by different methods.
ADR characteristics and performance in international and global indexes

This study examines the characteristics and performance of American depository receipts (ADRs) in international indexes and the role of ADRs on foreign ordinaries as a global diversifier. We find that ADRs in Europe, Australasia and the Far East are tilted toward three common factors: giant cap, dividend yield and UK stocks. We also find that portfolio combinations of ADRs and US equities provide inefficient diversification opportunities relative to an efficient frontier analysis of the S&P500 and Global 700, the latter portfolio consisting of a diversified mix of ADRs and non-ADR-based foreign shares. Our findings on ADR characteristics are consistent with prior research, whereas our ADR performance findings are inconsistent with prior research. Caveats apply, notably for yield-seeking taxable accounts.
Active analysis of chemical mixtures with multi-modal sparse non-negative least squares

New sensor technologies such as Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPI) offer low-cost and portable alternatives to traditional infrared absorption spectroscopy for chemical analysis. However, with FPIs the absorption spectrum has to be measured one wavelength at a time. In this work, we propose an active-sensing framework to select a subset of wavelengths that best separates the specific components of a chemical mixture. Compared to passive feature-selection approaches, in which the subset is selected offline, active sensing selects the next feature on-the-fly based on previous measurements so as to reduce uncertainty. We propose a novel multi-modal non-negative least squares method (MM-NNLS) to solve the underlying linear system, which has multiple near-optimal solutions. We tested the framework on mixture problems of up to 10 components from a library of 100 chemicals. MM-NNLS can solve complex mixtures using only a small number of measurements, and outperforms passive approaches in terms of sensing efficiency and stability.
Connecting strategy and system dynamics: an example and lessons learned

This article is based on my talk at the 2015 International System Dynamics Conference upon receiving the Jay W. Forrester Award for the article “Impact of growth opportunities and competition on firm-level capability development tradeoffs” (Organization Science 2012; 23(1): 138–154). It summarizes how that research connects strategy concepts with system dynamics (SD) modeling to inform the pressures managers face to focus on the short term as a result of endogenous growth opportunities and competition. Drawing on this example I discuss some potentially useful research tools and assumptions. I close by sharing personal reflections on the process of writing for non-SD academics and why I think making those connections is worthwhile. Copyright © 2015 System Dynamics Society
Influences of Hydrogen on the Evolution of the Electrical Resistivity Of Ultra-Thin Sputtered Copper Films Measured in Real-Time

The electrical resistivities of copper films sputtered in either argon or an argon-hydrogen atmosphere are measured in real time, during growth. The electrical resistivities for both cases are observed to be functions of the film’s thickness, with the films grown in the hydrogen containing atmosphere possessing a resistivity of 4.5 +/- 0.2 μΩ-cm at 40 nm, lower than the resistivity of 5.0 +/-0.3 μΩ-cm for 40 nm thick films grown in the argon atmosphere. Furthermore, the electrical resistivities for both sets of films were observed to continue to evolve after the termination of deposition. The amount of change and the rate of change were observed to depend on the film’s thickness as well as atmosphere the films were grown in. Measurements made by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicate that the presence of hydrogen also influences the preferential crystallographic orientation as well as grain size distribution. These measurements indicate that the differences in the microstructure are correlated to the observed differences in the behavior of the electrical resistivities.
Long Term Performance around Public Bond Issues

For the period 1971-1991, we find that firms issue bonds when a significant long-term upturn in performance levels off. The performance is significantly above normal for the five-year pre-issuance period but quickly falls to normal in the issuance year and remains so for the next five years. This is quite a different picture of performance than prior studies suggest. Besides a shorter observation period in the previous studies, we suggest that this difference is due to rebalancing bias in prior studies. Cross-sectional tests show a positive relationship between bond risk and pre-period abnormal performance, consistent with the adverse-selection model of financing decisions. However, our results also suggest that issuers realize significant pre-period abnormal performance, after accounting for bond risk.
Focal Psychotherapy: Its Potential Impact on Psychotherapeutic Practice in Medicine:

A condensed illustration of a complete treatment process of “focal psychotherapy” is presented to contrast the specificity of this form of psychotherapy with nonspecific approaches. A two-year follow-up illustrates the meaning of specificity. The relationship of therapeutic results to the focal interventions is reflected in the patient's own views of his accomplishments in therapy.The theory and techniques of focal psychotherapy were originally worked out by Balint and his co-workers. The case example presented here is the basis of discussion showing how focal psychotherapy can help re-conceptualize and add precision to the theory, techniques and processes of both short- and long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Such increased precision in interventions and focal aims could help leaders and general practitioner training groups to better achieve their collaborative tasks.
Observation of central venous pressure monitoring in acute stage of severe hand foot mouth disease

【Objective】To explore clinical application of central venous pressure(CVP) supervision in critical type of Hand Foot and Mouth Disease(HFMD) acute phase. 【Methods】The clinical data of 84 critical type acute phase of HFMD children who were selected in our hospital, divided into observation group and control group. Observation group was treated under CVP monitoring. Control group was treated under regular monitoring. Effects of treatment were evaluated, and statistical analysis.【Resluts】Treatment effects of observation group was significantly higher than control group, significant differences between groups(P0.05).【Conclusion】The patient's cure effect was significantly improved in critical type acute phase of HFMD under CVP monitoring, and was worth widely using in clinic.
Engaging Preservice Teachers in Professional Development about iPads

The iEducate mini-conference was a professional development approach used in a college of education that has a one to one iPad initiative. Students were strongly encouraged to attend workshops on effective iPad integration strategies for the classroom during a one-week period. A total of 87 students, faculty, staff, alumni, and community members participated and two-thirds indicated they would participate in similar events in the future. Participants indicated that opportunities to share their knowledge and collaborate with peers to explore new applications and integration strategies, connect new knowledge and skills to K12 classroom practice, and talk to K12 students about their vision for technology integration were beneficial outcomes of the experience. Discussion of the structure and management of the event, student feedback and plans for future implementations are provided.
Jelly filling segmentation of fluorescence microscopy images containing incomplete labeling

Biological images acquired using fluorescence microscopy typically suffer from poor edge details, non-uniform brightness, decreasing image contrast with tissue depth and irregular/unknown structure. Hence they are consequently challenging to segment. In this paper, we present a segmentation method we call "Jelly filling" for analyzing biological volumes that also contain incomplete labeling. Our method uses adaptive thresholding, component analysis, and three-dimensional structural consistency to iteratively refine segments that represent physical quantities. Preliminary results obtained using fluorescence microscopy images of rat kidneys demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.