cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of cytotechnologists in rapid onsite adequacy assessment of cytology materials for diagnostic workup and specimen allocation for ancillary testing using a standardized protocol

Introduction Data on the performance of cytotechnologists in assessing specimen adequacy of needle core biopsies (NCB) is scant and their role in specimen triaging for ancillary studies have not been well established. Materials and methods We retrospectively analyzed rapid onsite evaluation (ROSE) performed exclusively by cytotechnologists on 248 NCB and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. Overall adequacy and accuracy rates were determined by comparing to final diagnosis. We also reviewed the process of specimen allocation for ancillary testing to determine whether specimens were appropriately triaged at the time of ROSE. Results Of the 248 cases, 222 (89.5%) were touch imprint and 26 (10.5%) were FNA smears. The overall adequacy rate was 73.4% (182 of 248). Concordance for “adequate” interpretation by ROSE with unequivocal malignant or benign diagnoses on final interpretation was 95.6%. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of ROSE for a final “positive for malignancy” were 89.2% (95% CI 83.04% to 93.69%), 43.24% (95% CI 31.77% to 55.28%), and 73.87% (95% CI 67.57% to 55.28%), respectively. Cases with “positive for malignancy” on final diagnosis were “adequate” by ROSE in 89.1% (132 of 148) and “inadequate” in 10.8% (16 of 148), P Conclusions Cytotechnologists performed at a high level of competency in providing ROSE and allocating specimens for ancillary testing, which were performed successfully in the majority of cases. Implementation of a standardized protocol for tissue management/prioritization is of paramount importance to maximize tissue preservation and minimize wastage.
WHAT DRIVES SOUTH AFRICA’S DISAGGREGATED IMPORT DEMAND FUNCTION WITH TANZANIA? AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

This empirical study investigates the behavior of South African imports from Tanzania during the period 1980-2010 utilizing cointegration analysis and the Error Correction Model developed by Pesaran, Shin, and Smith (2001). Results indicate that a long run stable relationship between imports and its independent variables exists. Estimates of the long-run and short-run partial elasticities of imports with respect to relative prices, real foreign reserves, exchange rate volatility, consumption expenditure, investment, and exports meet theoretical expectations and are mostly significant. The results of two dummy variables employed to capture the impact of apartheid (1980-1994) and the post-apartheid commitment to increase trade with other African countries (1996-2010) reveal that apartheid negatively drove imports, while the policy to increase trade has had a positive but inelastic impact on imports from Tanzania. To increase south-south trade and strengthen its own economy and that of Tanzania, we suggest that South Africa increases trade with Tanzania.
Rights, Wrongs, and Remedies for Inclusive Education for Students with Significant Support Needs: Professional Development, Research, and Policy Reform:

The purpose of this article is to respond to the perspectives of Agran and colleagues concerning barriers to general education placement for students with significant support needs from an “on the ...
Reinterpreting Neutrino Oscillations

This letter proposes an alternative quantum mechanical picture for the observed phenomena of neutrino oscillations. It is assumed in the following that neutrinos interact via diabatic (or localised) interactions with a new particle field, which changes their flavor. Furthermore, it is assumed that each neutrino flavor state can only have a single associated mass thereby making them fundamental particles of nature. The effective masses associated with matter interactions replace the concept of neutrino mixing angles. Preliminary evidence that left-handed neutrinos and right-handed antineutrinos oscillate differently is presented, implying charge-parity violation. Given the apparent anomalous observations of some neutrino oscillation experiments, which have led to speculations about the existence of a fourth (sterile) neutrino, it is worth examining the oscillation behavior predicted by alternative mechanisms to determine if they more naturally explain the available data.
Chapter 20 – Scale Types

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the attempts to deal with the classes of real transformation groups that can arise in measurement and the types of structure that give rise to representations with specified transformation groups. Although the general concepts of M-point homogeneity and N-point uniqueness apply to conjoint structures, they are not sufficiently refined to be of much use. The lack of refinement stems from the fact that general order automorphisms do not necessarily take into account the factorial structure. If one is making use of what he knows about how conjoint structures induce, a total concatenation structure on one component, then it is necessary to confine the attention to factorizable automorphisms and to be concerned with exactly what the factors of the automorphisms do to the components. The concept of a singular point for a general relational structure is a point that remains fixed under all automorphisms of the structure.
The influence of line and fluid parameters on pressure ripple in hydraulic transmissions

Fluid borne noise sources in realistic hydraulic circuits can be affected by many geometric line details and the changing properties of working fluid. These phenomena need to be better understood and quantified for achieving inherent quietness through computationally designed hydraulic circuits. This paper uses one-dimensional finite element based modeling strategies to predict pressure waves generation and propagation in a realistic novel hydraulic hybrid transmission and compares simulations to measured data. The model is improved progressively with configurations that consider variable diameter, duct materials, and the presence of curvature of the lines. The modeling technique is composed of a one-dimensional method-of-characteristics solver bounded by two flow sources—lumped parameter axial piston units. Diameter and duct material were discretized into a grid along the length of the line. The effect of variation in the speed of sound was considered at each element of the one-dimensional grid. The differences between isothermal and adiabatic properties for the working fluid are also considered. The impact of aeration is also studied. A covariance algorithm is used in order to determine the aeration of the working fluid.
Adaptive Millimeter-Wave Channel Estimation and Tracking

Computationally efficient channel estimation is critical to optimize the capacity of millimeter-wave communication network. For this, compressed-sensing has been recommended to estimate a few dominant channel parameters. However, it is challenging to extend compressed-sensing solutions to a continuous channel tracking due to the number of required measurements. In this paper, we propose efficient adaptive channel estimation and tracking for millimeter-wave communication with minimum communication overhead. We recommend characterizing the instantaneous rate of change of the millimeter-wave channel as a gradient of spectral overlap between channels. The significant channel variations are then detected locally by applying convergence in mean square sense to the resultant time sequence. If the channel experiences significant variation, then the multipath components are estimated directly using compressed-sensing. Otherwise, the channel parameters are updated using the channel tracking model. For this purpose, we introduce an efficient channel tracking model based on small-angle assumption. The proposed channel tracking method employs an autoregressive process to update the angle of departure and angle of arrival. We present numerical results to evaluate the proposed adaptive channel estimation and tracking method.
sparse-growth-curve: a Computational Pipeline for Parsing Cellular Growth Curves with Low Temporal Resolution.

ABSTRACT Here, we introduce a Python-based repository, sparse-growth-curve, a software package designed for parsing cellular growth curves with low temporal resolution. The repository uses cell density and time data as the input, automatically separates different growth phases, calculates the exponential growth rates, and produces multiple graphs to aid in interpretation.
Subclinical markers of strabismus in children 5-18 years of age

Purpose To report the prevalence of subclinical markers of strabismus from a community-based screening of children. Methods A family history and ophthalmic examination (including six markers of strabismus: oblique muscle dysfunction, stereopsis Results A total of 1,000 children (498 males [49.8%]) were examined at a mean age of 10.6 years (range, 5-18.98). Of the 1,000, 57 (5.7%) had strabismus, and 130 (13%) had some form of phoria. Of the 943 children without strabismus, 103 (10.9%) had one or more of the six subclinical markers, including 43 (4.5%) with inferior oblique dysfunction, 37 (3.9%) with anisometropia, 34 (3.6%) with subnormal stereopsis, 6 (0.6%) with nasal-temporal pursuit asymmetry, 3 (0.3%) with monofixation, and none with dissociated strabismus. A subclinical marker of strabismus occurred in 20 (12.7%) of the 157 nontropic subjects who had a family history of either strabismus, amblyopia, or both and in 83 (10.6%) of the 786 nontropic children without a family history. Conclusions In this community-based screening of children, subclinical disorders of binocular vision occurred in 10%-13% of children without strabismus, of which inferior oblique muscle dysfunction, anisometropia, and subnormal stereopsis were most prevalent. Identifying these disorders among strabismic families may be useful in elucidating the genetic puzzle of childhood strabismus.
Entrepreneurial Leadership: Finding Spirituality in the Motivations and Sustainable Business Strategies of American Indian Entrepreneurs

This study explores factors that motivate American Indians to become entrepreneurs and analyzes the results strategies they utilize to build sustainable ventures. Unexpectedly, the factor most cited by the study participants as having the strongest influence on their entrepreneurial career was spirituality. Also, the motivating aspect most frequently referred to by the participants was personal drive. Additionally, the results of this study indicated that American Indian entrepreneurs define success differently than the mainstream corporate world. The findings also indicated that American Indian entrepreneurs utilize the results strategies of knowledge, innovation, communication, and persistence. The findings of this study can be used for better understand the motivating factors and success strategies utilized by American Indian entrepreneurs to build sustainable ventures. Stimulation of American Indian entrepreneurship has the potential to create an enterprise culture, which fully respects tradition but empowers those indigenous people as economic agents in a globally competitive modern world.
Early Detection of Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne Incognita) Infestation in Cotton Using Hyperspectral Data

Leaf reflectance data acquired using spectrometers contain rich spectral information that enables the classification of plants into subtly different classes. The southern root-knot nematode (RKN) (Meloidogyne incognita), a soilborne roundworm, threatens cotton and other crops. In this research, we study the effect of RKN on leaf reflectance using a spectrometer under controlled-environmental conditions. We applied statistical supervised learning algorithms to classify RKN infested cotton from the control group. We study the classification accuracy by selecting the visible and near-infrared spectra (350-2500nm) and partial spectra (350–1 000nm) as a supervised classifier data set. Our study also investigates temporal misalignments between training and testing conditions. This study will provide valuable insight into the use of hyperspectral data collected from the handheld spectrometer and small unmanned aerial systems for largescale mapping of RKN infestation. We found that the effect caused by the RKN on the root system of cotton can be non-invasively diagnosed using hyperspectral data at the early growth stage.
The Palestinian Refugee Problem: Compensation and Reparation Program

We are not interested in studying how and why those departures took place. Our sole objective is to study the refugee problem in the context of Principle 7 of the Pittsburgh Declaration of Principles—August 2011.
Nutrition and Physical Activity Education among SNAP-Ed Eligible Middle School Students Reveals Disconnect between Knowledge and Behavior

Schools eligible for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) can offer programs to address overweight and obesity among low income youth. This study assessed changes in knowle...
Inverted stick-slip friction between two molecularly smooth adhesive surfaces sliding in a solution

Sliding of adhesive boundary lubricated surfaces immersed in an aqueous surfactant solution has been studied with a Surface Force Apparatus (SFA). An unconventional stick-slip regime with “inverted” stick-slip events is observed. In contrast to the conventional scenario, the friction spikes point down (slip-stick) rather than up. The transition from smooth to (inverted) stick-slip sliding occurs above some critical sliding velocity, which is again different from normal stick-slip behavior where stick-slip spikes disappear, rather than appear, above the critical velocity. This unusual behavior has been characterized with respect of the driving velocity, the applied normal load, the temperature and the bulk surfactant concentration. A general model based on the kinetics of formation and rupture of adhesive links between two shearing surfaces as a function of the sliding velocity allows a quantitative interpretation of the results.
Gastrointestinal morbidity in obesity

Obesity is a complex disease that results from increased energy intake and decreased energy expenditure. The gastrointestinal system plays a key role in the pathogenesis of obesity and facilitates caloric imbalance. Changes in gastrointestinal hormones and the inhibition of mechanisms that curtail caloric intake result in weight gain. It is not clear if the gastrointestinal role in obesity is a cause or an effect of this disease. Obesity is often associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity is also associated with gastrointestinal disorders, which are more frequent and present earlier than T2DM and CVD. Diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), cholelithiasis, or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are directly related to body weight and abdominal adiposity. Our objective is to assess the role of each gastrointestinal organ in obesity and the gastrointestinal morbidity resulting in those organs from the effects of obesity.
Effect of bile acids on hepatic protoporphyrin metabolism in perfused rat liver

Abstract To determine the effect of bile acids on hepatic protoporphyrin metabolism, balance studies were performed in isolated perfused rat livers. Hepatic protoporphyrin metabolism was found to increase linearly as a function of protoporphyrin dose in livers infused with and without taurocholate (0.7 μmol/min), but their rates differed significantly. Employing a standard 1500-nmol protoporphyrin bolus dose, infusions (0.7 μmol/min) of taurocholate, glycocholate, deoxycholate, and chenodeoxycholate, but not tauroursodeoxycholate or ursodeoxycholate, increased protoporphyrin metabolism 1.7-to 2.7-fold over control (0 bile acid) values. Bile acid infusion ranging from 0.175 to 1.4 μmol/min confirmed that both taurocholate and chenodeoxycholate increased protoporphyrin disposal significantly more than ursodeoxycholate. For all bile acids, the increase of protoporphyrin metabolism was most pronounced between biliary bile acid excretion rates of 10–50 nmol/min · g liver. These data indicate that (a) bile acids facilitated protoporphyrin metabolism, (b) bile acid structure influenced the effect, and (c) ursodeoxycholate may not be a prime candidate to study the role of bile acids in the treatment of protoporphyria.
Peroxygenase activity of cytochrome c peroxidase and three apolar distal heme pocket mutants: hydroxylation of 1-methoxynaphthalene.

The cytochrome P450s are monooxygenases that insert oxygen functionalities into a wide variety of organic substrates with high selectivity. There is interest in developing efficient catalysts based on the “peroxide shunt” pathway in the cytochrome P450s, which uses H2O2 in place of O2/NADPH as the oxygenation agent. We report on our initial studies using cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) as a platform to develop specific “peroxygenation” catalysts. The peroxygenase activity of CcP was investigated using 1-methoxynaphthalene as substrate. 1-Methoxynaphthalene hydroxylation was monitored using Russig’s blue formation at standard reaction conditions of 0.50 mM 1-methoxynaphthalene, 1.00 mM H2O2, pH 7.0, 25°C. Wild-type CcP catalyzes the hydroxylation of 1-methoxynaphthalene with a turnover number of 0.0044 ± 0.0001 min-1. Three apolar distal heme pocket mutants of CcP were designed to enhance binding of 1-methoxynaphthalene near the heme, constructed, and tested for hydroxylation activity. The highest activity was observed for CcP(triAla), a triple mutant with Arg48, Trp51, and His52 simultaneously mutated to alanine residues. The turnover number of CcP(triAla) is 0.150 ± 0.008 min-1, 34-fold greater than wild-type CcP and comparable to the naphthalene hydroxylation activity of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P450. While wild-type CcP is very stable to oxidative degradation by excess hydrogen peroxide, CcP(triAla) is inactivated within four cycles of the peroxygenase reaction. Protein engineering of CcP can increase the rate of peroxygenation of apolar substrates but the initial constructs are more susceptible to oxidative degradation than wild-type enzyme. Further developments will require constructs with increased rates and selectivity while maintaining the stability of wild-type CcP toward oxidative degradation by hydrogen peroxide.
The effects of applied polarization on evoked electro-cortical waves in the cat.

Abstract 1. 1. Observations on the responsiveness, wave-form, pattern of pyramidal relayed activity, and thalamic threshold stimulus intensity were made during polarization of the cortex giving rise to recruiting and augmenting waves. 2. 2. Augmenting waves were more sensitive to alteration by polarization than were recruiting waves. 3. 3. The latency of the peaks was unchanged by polarization with the exception of the augmenting negativity during surface positive polarization. In this case, the initial responses in the train had a decreased latency which disappeared with the growth of augmenting positivity in the later responses. 4. 4. The net effect of surface positive polarization was an increase in the amount of negativity recorded in each response. Surface negative polarization produced the opposite effect. These changes were explainable on the basis of increases and decreases respectively in the negative component common to both responses. The qualitatively similar reaction to polarization in both phenomena was considered evidence for the idea that the negative components represent similar forms of activity. 5. 5. Polarization produced no change in thalamic stimulus threshold, or the pattern of relayed pyramidal activity. 6. 6. The results were discussed in detail. It was concluded that the effects of polarization were best explained on the basis of alterations produced in the resting membrane potentials of graded-response structures located in the superficial layers of the cortex.
Solution Thermochemistry of Organometallic Compounds Using Photoacoustic Calorimetry: Enthalpies of Ligand Exchange, Metal-Ligand Bonds, and Metal-Solvent Interactions

This article discusses the application of photoacoustic calorimetry (PAC) to the study of organometallic compounds. Studies include the determination of the enthalpy of CO substitution on M(CO)6 (M = Cr, Mo, W) by heptane, CO substitution on Cr(CO)6 by amines (piperidine, n-butylamine, di-n-butylamine, tri-n-butylamine) and by weakly coordinating solvents (alkane, aromatic, and chlorocarbon solvents), and CO substitution on various metal carbonyls (M(CO)6 (M = Cr, Mo, W), η6-C6H6Cr(CO)3, and η5-CpMn(CO)3 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl)) by triethylsilane. From known metal-CO bond energies estimates of metal-ligand bond energies are calculated. The relation of structure and bond energies is discussed. PAC was also used to investigate the quantum yields of photosubstitution of each metal carbonyl in perfluorodecalin (PFD). In each case the quantum yield decreased a result attributed to the weak metal-PFD interaction. The PAC studies provide insight into the behavior of organometallic species, and the mechanistic significance of these results is considered.
Theory versus experiment for the rotordynamic coefficients of annular gas seals. Part 1: Test facility and apparatus

A facility and apparatus are described for determining the rotordynamic coefficients and leakage characteristics of annular gas seals. The apparatus has a current top speed of 8000 cpm with a nominal seal diameter of 15.24 cmn (6 in). The air supply unit yields a seal pressure ratio of approximately 7. An external shaker is used to excite the test rotor. The capability to independently calculate all rotordynamic coefficients at a given operating condition with one excitation frequency are discussed.
Analysis of a 14-mev neutron scattering experiment with Li2O

Abstract Analysis was performed for neutron leakage spectrum measurements with Li2O assemblies to test the adequacy of ENDF/B-V data. Significant differences between calculated and measured results are observed.
Staple penetration and staple histological response for attaching an epimysial electrode onto the abdominal surface of the diaphragm using a laparoscopic approach

Background: Laparoscopic stapling was found to be a viable option for attaching epimysial electrodes onto the abdominal surface of the diaphragm. Stapling was preferable to suturing due to its simplicity and speed.
Some Notes on Reassurance in Medical Practice

• The traditional view of medical practice, as divided into art and science, still prevails. From what I have been able to adduce from casual observation, "art" really represents "mind," and the word "science" migrates toward and couples with "body" in a connotative sense. The scientific aspect has hypertrophied with the notable introduction of quantification, multidisciplinary approaches and computer, while Freud's systematic conceptualization and clinical observation of the "mental apparatus" has enhanced with scientific dignity that which had previously been subsumed under the rubric of the semantic vagaries we often associate with metaphysics and philosophy. Still, the scales do not balance, so that ideas like technical or mechanicalor mathematical link themselves largely to somatic issues seemingly preferrable by their seductive proximity to ideas like immediate or visible or palpable. The excellent 'bedside manner" we recognize in a colleague, though representing some sizeable factor related to that physician's successful sojourn in practice, is seldom witnessed with the same bent of analytic curiosity with which we naturally observe phenomena under the compound microscope or the fluoroscope or in the colorimeter. It occurred to me that the matter of reassurance comes up implicitly or explicitly in virtually every contact between doctor and patient and seems essential to the "total care" concept we assign to good practice. The frequency of its use, its subtle characteristics and their relevance to unconscious processes make it the perfect paradigm, and perhaps the unit of psychosomatic therapeutic intrusion into the patient's illness. In a sense, it tends to restore the psychosomatic unity that suffers some sort of disruption in every illness. At its best, it is an interpreta-
A 2D to 3D video and image conversion technique based on a bilateral filter

A method to convert a 2D video or 2D still image into a depth map is presented. The depth map can consequently be converted into a pair of right and left images for viewing on a stereoscopic display. The depth map can be used for other applications such as multi-view generation. Our method is based on the use of an initial depth map and a bilateral filter approximated by a bilateral grid. For still images, the initial depth map is arbitrary set by default or can be chosen by the user, while for videos it is evaluated from motion estimation. Our method produces finely segmented depth maps; when converted to the appropriate format and seen on a stereoscopic display, the resulting image or video is both realistic and comfortable to watch.
Asteroid Redirect Robotic Mission feasibility study

The Asteroid Redirect Robotic Mission (ARRM) concept seeks to rendezvous with, capture, and redirect to translunar space an entire small near-Earth asteroid with a mass of up to approximately 1000 metric tonnes. It would focus the capabilities of the science, technology, and the human exploration communities on a grand challenge creating a new synergy between robotic and human missions to advance human space exploration beyond low Earth orbit for the first time in 50 years. This paper addresses the key aspects of the ARRM concept and the options studied to assess its technical feasibility. Included are evaluations of the expected number of potential targets, their expected discovery rate, the necessity to adequately characterize candidate mission targets, the process to capture a non-cooperative asteroid in deep space, and the power and propulsion technologies required for transportation back to the Earth-Moon system. A class of distant retrograde lunar orbits that are stable for more than 250 years are identified as potential locations for storing the redirected asteroid. These orbits are reachable by the Asteroid Retrieval Vehicle transporting a 1000-t asteroid and are also reachable by crewed missions using the Space Launch System and Orion. The study concludes that the key aspects of finding, capturing and redirecting an entire small, near-Earth asteroid to the Earth-Moon system by the first half of the next decade are technically feasible. The study was conducted from January 2013 through July 2013 by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in collaboration with Glenn Research Center (GRC), Johnson Space Center (JSC), Langley Research Center (LaRC), and Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC).
Effects of intravenous dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and Tween 80 on atherosclerosis in autosexing pigeons.

SummaryThe effects of intravenously administered DMSO and Tween 80 were studied in autosexing pigeons on normal and high-cholesterol diets. These drugs, alone or in combination, did not have a sign...
Motivations for postsecondary correctional educators

Previous correctional education research focuses on assessing impacts on recidivism, on outlines of program structures, and on investigating effects on inmate-students' psychosocial functioning. As the foundation for the development of a fourth field of inquiry—the examination of experiences for those who deliver prison-based education—this paper discusses the motivations that lead correctional educators to work in postsecondary correctional education. Through interviews with 40 prison-based college faculty members and qualitative field data, five primary motivations are identified: alternative career paths, academic idealism, institutional objectives, educational expansion, and social reform.
Combining CT scanning with stereotactic surgery

A procedure to allow calculation of coordinates from a CT scan taken with a GE 8800 or GE 9800 scanner is described. This permits introduction of a probe, such as a biopsy forceps or cannula, into any brain lesion identified on CT scanning. Thus, a neurosurgeon with access to a GE scanner can perform CT directed stereotactic surgery with any stereotactic apparatus.
The Confederate Constitution of 1861: An Inquiry into American Constitutionalism

In "The Confederate Constitution of 1861," Marshall DeRosa argues that the Confederate Constitution was not, as is widely believed, a document designed to perpetuate a Southern "slaveocracy," but rather an attempt by the Southern political leadership to restore the Anti-Federalist standards of limited national government. In this first systematic analysis of the Confederate Constitution, DeRosa sheds new light on the constitutional principles of the CSA within the framework of American politics and constitutionalism. He shows just how little the Confederate Constitution departed from the U.S. Constitution on which it was modeled and examines closely the innovations the delegates brought to the document."
Abstraction of multiple surface atoms by pyrazine, pyrene and HC2N ions on low‐energy collisions with self‐assembled monolayer surfaces

Ion/surface reactions of pyrazine and pyrene molecular ions and the HC2N+· ion were investigated using an alkyl self-assembled monolayer surface consisting of hydrogenated and perdeuterated chains (CH3(CH2)15S–Au and CD3(CD2)15S–Au) intimately mixed in a 1:1 ratio. Each of these projectile ions is known to react upon collision at hydrocarbon-covered surfaces, HC2N+· by abstraction of multiple hydrogen atoms and the pyrazine and pyrene molecular ions by abstraction of groups containing one or more carbon atoms. Data from the isotopically mixed surface show that pyrazine and pyrene abstract multiple carbon units from a single chain and that the units are transferred as intact alkyl units. The isotopic peak pattern arising from addition of two hydrogens to the HC2N+· ion on collision with the mixed surface differs from that expected from random addition of H and D, and the results indicate that multiple hydrogen atoms are abstracted from the same surface chain. Translational energy measurements on the ion/surface reaction products show that they leave the surface with very low kinetic energies (<5 eV).
Soil response to s and n treatments in a Northern New England low elevation coniferous forest

A field experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of differing forms of acidifying S and N compounds on the chemistry of soils and soil solutions in a low elevation coniferous forest in northern New England. Treatments consisted of O, 1500, 3000, and 6000 eq of SO42− or NO3− ha−1 for the 1987 growing season applied biweekly as H2SO4 or HNO3, or in a single application as dry] (NH4)2SO4. Acidifying treatments resulted in a significant increase in soil solution SO42− (1.2 to 2.6) or NO3− (12 to 80) in the upper B horizon. Excess strong acid anion leaching was associated with an accelerated loss of base cations, particularly MG2+ As solutions passed through the upper 25 cm of the soil profile, mean SO42− concentrations decreased by 5 to 50% of the initial values, indicating that much of the applied SO42− was immobilized in the upper portion of the pedon. Elevated concentrations of adsorbed and water-soluble SO42− indicate that abiotic adsorption of SO42− by soils is the dominant mechanism for the initial attenuation of SO42− concentrations in these solutions. Other soil properties showed only small or no change due to treatments over the single growing season of this study. These results indicate that H2SO4, HNO3, and (NH4)2SO4 can all effectively increase strong acid anion concentrations in the soil-soil solution system.
Pressures Developed by Arcs

Along with the flash burns caused by electric arcs, nearby personnel may sustain injuries from falls and collisions if and when they are propelled by the pressure developed by the arcs. However, the rearward propulsion reduces the extent and degree of arc-blast burns to personnel by increasing their distance from and limiting their exposure to these blasts. Electric arc blasts will also cause damage to nearby structures. A relationship between arc current and pressure for an applicable range of distance is developed. A table for familiarization with some units of the International System of Units (SI) used for pressure is included.
Integration of 3D 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy data into neuronavigation systems for tumor biopsies

Many important applications in clinical medicine can benefit from the fusion of spectroscopy data with anatomical images. For example, the correlation of metabolite profiles with specific regions of interest in anatomical tumor images can be useful in characterizing and treating heterogeneous tumors that appear structurally homogeneous. Such applications can build on the correlation of data from in-vivo Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Imaging ( 1 HMRSI) with data from genetic and ex-vivo Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. To establish that correlation, tissue samples must be neurosurgically extracted from specifically identified locations with high accuracy. Toward that end, this paper presents new neuronavigation technology that enhances current clinical capabilities in the context of neurosurgical planning and execution. The proposed methods improve upon the current state-of-the-art in neuronavigation through the use of detailed three dimensional (3D) 1 H-MRSI data. MRSI spectra are processed and analyzed, and specific voxels are selected based on their chemical contents. 3D neuronavigation overlays are then generated and applied to anatomical image data in the operating room. Without such technology, neurosurgeons must rely on memory and other qualitative resources alone for guidance in accessing specific MRSI-identified voxels. In contrast, MRSI-based overlays provide quantitative visual cues and location information during neurosurgery. The proposed methods enable a progressive new form of online MRSI-guided neuronavigation that we demonstrate in this study through phantom validation and clinical application.
Degenerative changes in the epidermal cell wall of Allium cepa caused by Botrytis allii: loss of dry mass, pectin, and cellulose in halos

Halos detected using interference microscopy (even- and fringle-field modes with monoand poly-chromatic light) around penetration sites of Botrytis allii in cell walls of normal and protoplast-free outer epidermal tissue of white, yellow, and red onions were alike. Halos in protoplast-free cell walls contained 33% less dry mass than areas of these walls adjacent to halos (quantitative interference miscroscopy with 546 nm light in the even-field mode). Halos were significantly larger in the white onion than in the yellow and red varieties. The loss of cell wall dry mass during the production of halos involved the loss of pectin and cellulose. We infer that this is caused by enzymes released from the pathogen. Cuticle degradation at penetration sites was not observed.
Variations in the composition of arterial wall isomeric chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans among different animal species.

Abstract 1. 1. Isomeric chrondroitin sulfate proteolgycans were extracted from human, bovine, swine and rabbit aortas by 4 M guanidine-HCl and were fractionated and purified by CsCl isopycnic centrifugation, Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration, DEAE-Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography and octyl-Sepharose hydrophobic interaction chromatography. 2. 2. The molecular size and the composition of isomeric chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans varied among species. Variations were also noted in the composition and molecular weight of constituent glycosaminoglycan chains. 3. 3. Observations made on chondroitinase ABC and chondroitinase AC digests of proteoglycans indicate that dermatan sulfate is linked to the core proteins through chondroitin sulfates.
Distribution Of Irradiance On The Sea Surface Resulting From A Point Source Imbedded In The Ocean

The distribution of irradiance on the sea surface due to an isotropically emitting point source in the water is computed using Monte Carlo techniques for a pure Rayleigh scattering ocean and for a more realistic ocean exhibiting strong forward scattering. The resulting irradiance distributions show at least two regimes. The first is for the source relatively close to the detector, in which the irradiance is more strongly influenced by geometry than by the water's optical properties. The second is for large separations between the source and the detector in which case multiple scattering is dominant. In the latter regime, the irradiance is relatively independent of the source depth and exhibits a near-exponential behavior with distance along the surface. The exponential decay coefficient in this diffusion-like regime is very nearly equal to the decay constant of the asymptotic light field for a homogeneous ocean with the same optical properties.
Strategic Authenticity and Voice: New Ways of Seeing and Being Seen as Young Mothers through Digital Storytelling.

This paper presents the Ford Foundation-funded Hear Our Stories: Diasporic Youth for Sexual Rights and Justice project, which explores the subjective experience of structural violence and the ways young parenting Latinas embody and respond to these experiences. We prioritize uprooted young parenting Latinas, whose material conditions and cultural worlds have placed them in tenuous positions, both socially constructed and experientially embodied. Existing programs and policies focused on these women fail to use relevant local knowledge and rarely involve them in messaging efforts. This paper offers a practical road map for rendering relevant and modifying notions of voice as a form of knowledge with the potential to disrupt authoritative knowledge. We present the context and method behind the four digital storytelling workshops that served as a venue for transforming assumptions about young parenting women and producing novel understandings of teen pregnancy and parenting. We end by suggesting an intervention for what we call “strategic authenticity” as it plays out in storytelling, meaning making, and voice, and implications for policy concerned with social justice and equity.
Heat-treated polyacrylonitrile-based catalysts for oxygen electroreduction

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), mixed with Co(II) or Fe(II) salts and high-area carbon and then heat treated, has been found to yield very promising catalysts for O2 reduction in concentrated alkaline and acid solutions. The catalytic activities are comparable to those for the heat-treated corresponding transition metal macrocycles and polypyrrole black-based catalysts. The addition of the transition metal to the nitrogen-containing polymer, either before or after the heat treatment with carbon, is an important factor for good activity. The nitrile nitrogen of the PAN is probably retained and converted to pyridyl nitrogen during the heat treatment, and this nitrogen is believed to provide binding sites for the transition metal ions, which then act as catalytic sites for oxygen reduction to peroxide and its decomposition.
Issues related to structural aging in probabilistic risk assessment of nuclear power plants

Abstract Structural components and systems have an important safety function in nuclear power plants. Although they are essentially passive under normal operating conditions, they play a key role in mitigating the impact of extreme environmental events such as earthquakes, winds, fire and floods on plant safety. Moreover, the importance of structural components and systems in accident mitigation is amplified by common-cause effects. Reinforced concrete structural components and systems in NPPs are subject to a phenomenon known as aging, leading to time-dependent changes in strength and stiffness that may impact their ability to withstand various challenges during their service lives from operation, the environment and accidents. Time-dependent changes in structural properties as well as challenges to the system are random in nature. Accordingly, condition assessment of existing structures should be performed within a probabilistic framework. The mathematical formalism of a probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) provides a means for identifying aging structural components that may play a significant role in mitigating plant risk. Structural condition assessments supporting a decision regarding continued service can be rendered more efficient if guided by the logic of a PRA.
The relationship between contamination cognitions, anxiety, and disgust in two ethnic groups

Abstract Background and objectives Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is understudied in African Americans, thus little is known about factors that might predispose this group to obsessive-compulsive anxiety. Prior research has shown that African Americans endorse more concerns about contamination, but it is not known how these differences relate to variables, such as beliefs or cognitions about contamination, the emotion of disgust, and anxiety sensitivity. The current study examined Black-White differences in contamination cognitions in a non-clinical sample ( N = 245). Methods European American and African American participants completed measures of contamination cognitions, anxiety, OCD, and disgust. Results African Americans exhibited significantly stronger contamination cognitions, as measured by the Contamination Concerns Scale. Multiple regression analysis showed that contamination concerns were predicted by disgust sensitivity, ethnicity/race, and gender. Neither anxiety sensitivity nor pathological washing behaviors were significant factors in the model. Limitations Study should be replicated in additional populations as generalizability beyond a college student population is not known. Conclusions African Americans are no more sensitive to disgust or anxiety than European Americans, but nonetheless have greater concerns about the severity of contamination surrounding certain items. This may predispose African Americans with OCD to symptoms involving contamination.
Type of dietary fiber, not fat, alters phospholipase D and ornithine decarboxylase activities in the rat large intestine.

Abstract We investigated the effect of dietary fatty acid composition (n‐6 vs. n‐3) and fiber (highly fermentable vs. less fermentable) on the activities of phospholipase D (PLD) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in the rat large intestine (cecum and proximal and distal colon). Twenty‐four Sprague‐Dawley rats (215–270 g) ate synthetic diets with 2% safflower oil plus 21.5% safflower or fish oil and 10% cellulose or guar gum for four weeks. Cecal bile acids and free fatty acids were higher in rats fed guar gum than in rats fed cellulose. Rats fed fish oil had more proximal colonic mucosal and cecal bile acids than those fed safflower oil. PLD activity was 23% lower in the proximal colon of rats fed guar gum than in those fed cellulose, but the mucosal weight was not different. ODC activity was lower but cecal mucosal wet weight was higher in the cecum of the rats fed guar gum than in the cecum of the rats fed cellulose. The activities of PLD and ODC are affected by dietary fiber and may not be accurate mar...
Final integration in the adult personality

C ONTRARY TO MOST psychologists w h o ' " study children, animals or the mentally ill in order to find principles which will contribute to the understanding of maturity or final integration, I believe that ~insight into the nature of fullyintegrated individuals can greatly increase our knowledge of the mature man who exists potentially within the child. It can make psychotherapy a more effective and meaningful technique and can guide the socially-adjusted person to his state of individuation. 2 This paper is an attempt to formulate a psychological theory for the study of final integration in the adult personality. I t is not a report of an experimental study~. Rather, it is based on personal visionary experience, objectivization of that experience, clinical study of cases of two cultures, and an analvsis of final integration in autonomous individuals. Several visionary experiences and a few experimental studies almost a decade ag O convinced me of the significance of final integration in the adult personality. After seeking an understanding of i t for the last few years~ I have been able to formulate its psychological theory, its laws and mechanisms and to propose it as a measure for man's progress, health and security, as well as a guide in training analysts, psychologists , leaders and educators. The first psychical vision occurred in 1955 when I wrote a book (in Persian) entitled The Process of Human Growth. 3 At that time I was deeply influenced by the works of Piaget, Erik Erikson and those in the Committee on Human Development at the University of Chicago. In a conscious way my book sought to interpret the stages of human grOWth according t o these Western concepts. Yet, when I came to discuss maturity, my thinking unconsciously led me away from Western thought; nor did I feel any sympathy for the pleasure principle and pragmatism, both of which seemed to me inadequate f o r interpreting human behavior in the state of maturity, even though they might be considered the foundation of growth. Moreover, I felt that not even social realism was sufficiently explanatory. Finally, I concluded my book with a poem from Rumi, the fully: integrated man of thirteenth-century Persia:
Critical role for apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 in the development of inflammatory K/BxN serum-induced arthritis

In this report, we show that apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1(-/-) (ASK1 KO) mice were resistant to inflammatory arthritis induced in the K/BxN serum transfer model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The p38 inhibitor, SD-0006 was administered to wild type (WT) mice as a comparator. Both ASK1 KO and p38 inhibition resulted in marked attenuation of edema, cartilage damage, bone resorption, and general inflammatory responses. Transcriptional profiling of mRNA prepared from paw tissue demonstrated that the production of many proinflammatory genes including cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular matrix degradative enzymes were maintained at basal levels by either ASK1 KO or prophylactic p38 MAPK inhibition. In the mouse whole blood (MWB) assay, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced KC and CCL2 levels and also LPS-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6), CCL2, and KC levels in MWB from ASK1 KO were significantly lower than those from WT. Furthermore, both p38 and JNK were activated by TNF-α in human synovial fibroblasts isolated from RA patients (RASF). SD-0006 or SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, partially blocked the elevation of IL-6 production in RASF following stimulation with TNF-α. In contrast, dual inhibition with both p38/JNK inhibitors almost completely abolished TNF-α-induced IL-6 production from these cells. Ablation of ASK1 expression in RASF using siRNA for ASK1 resulted in inhibition of TNF-α-induced IL-6 and PGE(2) production. This study is the first to suggest that ASK1 is critical for the development of RA and that ASK1 may be involved in the production of proinflammatory mediators in response to TNF-α stimulation in the RA joint.
Synthesis and biological activity of aminophthalazines and aminopyridazines as novel inhibitors of PGE2 production in cells.

Abstract This Letter reports the synthesis and biological evaluation of a collection of aminophthalazines as a novel class of compounds capable of reducing production of PGE2 in HCA-7 human adenocarcinoma cells. A total of 28 analogs were synthesized, assayed for PGE2 reduction, and selected active compounds were evaluated for inhibitory activity against COX-2 in a cell free assay. Compound 2xxiv (R1 = H, R2 = p-CH3O) exhibited the most potent activity in cells (EC50 = 0.02 μM) and minimal inhibition of COX-2 activity (3% at 5 μM). Furthermore, the anti-tumor activity of analog 2vii was analyzed in xenograft mouse models exhibiting good anti-cancer activity.