cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High current gain InGaN/GaN HBTs with 300°C operating temperature

Material growth and device fabrication: The materials used in this study are grown in a Thomas Swan close-coupled showerhead (CCS) metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) reactor with a 7 � 2 inch diameter wafer capacity. Trimethylgallium (TMGa), trimethylindium (TMIn), and high-purity ammonia (NH3 )a re used as the primary sources, while disilane (Si2H6) and bis-cyclopenta- dienylmagnesium (Cp2Mg) are the n-type and p-type dopant sources, respectively. All devices are grown on a 2.5 mm-thick high- temperature (Tg ¼ 1050 � C) GaN layer, which is grown with an � 20 nm low-temperature (Tg ¼ 550 � C) GaN buffer layer on a (0001) sapphire substrate. The layer structure of the InGaN=GaN HBT used in this study is shown in Table 1, and includes compositional grading in the emitter to eliminate any conduction band spikes, as well as to enhance the valence band barrier to holes. The graded region between the base and collector is n-type doped as a means of compensating polarisation charges that arise from compositional grading. The indium mole fraction was determined using X-ray diffraction rocking curve measurements. The hole concentration in the p þ InGaN base layer, as determined from Hall measurements, was found to be 2.5 � 10 18 cm � 3 , with a mobility of 3c m 2 =V-s at room temperature. SIMS profiles of this wafer show a Mg concentration of (Mg) � 3 � 10 19 cm � 3 . It should be noted that the base layer is designed with a slight reverse grade, with 3% indium mole fraction at the collector side of the base, graded to 4% at the emitter, in order to suppress defect formation and improve the epitaxial material quality. This grade is in the direction opposite to that desired to increase current gain.
A Comparison of Iron Bioassay Diets

Abstract Two broiler chick experiments were conducted to evaluate four basal diets for iron bioassay suitability. The test basal diets, identified according to their principal ingredients and iron content, were: (1) starch-skim milk—15 p.p.m., (2) degerminated corn-skim milk—18 p.p.m., (3) degerminated corn-fish meal-isolated soy—45 p.p.m., and (4) degerminated corn-fish meal-dehulled soy—59 p.p.m. Significant differences between an iron source with known low availability (ferric oxide) and a highly available iron source (ferrous sulfate) were not detected with the degerminated corn-fish meal-isolated soy or the degerminated corn-fish meal-dehulled soy diets. Likewise, there were no significant differences found between supplemental iron levels, 10 and 20 p.p.m. The corn-skim milk and starch-skim milk diets were both found to be satisfactory for iron bioassays. However, the sample size needed to estimate the population mean was almost twice as great for the starch-skim milk fed groups than was needed for the corn-skim milk fed groups which indicates the corn-skim milk diet obtained greater sensitivity in testing iron sources and levels. Mortality was excessively high in the starch-skim milk fed group. Ferrous sulfate was superior to ferric oxide as a source of iron.
The influence of discharge depth and location on the sequestration of carbon dioxide

Abstract Theoretically, disposing of CO 2 directly into the deep ocean could significantly reduce short-term increases in atmospheric CO 2 concentration. Aside from the technological considerations, important questions arise regarding the optimal disposal depths and locations necessary for the long-term sequestration of CO 2 . These questions form the basis for a series of model simulations of the disposal of CO 2 in the deep sea. An Ocean Carbon Cycle Model (OCCM) was used to simulate the discharge of CO 2 at five sites representing different oceanagraphic environments. The sites were the Northwest Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, Northwest Pacific, North Pacific Gyre, and the Western Equatorial Pacific. Model simulations indicate that the location and depth of injection can significantly improve long-term storage of CO 2 . Of the sites considered, a deep discharge (>1000m) in the Western Equatorial Pacific showed the greatest effacy of CO 2 sequestration.
Shear Stress Decreases Endothelial Cell Tissue Factor Activity by Augmenting Secretion of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor

Monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were activated with 50 U/mL interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) for 3 hours and simultaneously conditioned with shear stresses of 0, 0.68, or 13.2 dyne/cm(2) in a parallel-plate flow chamber. In the presence of an inflow buffer containing 100 nmol/L factor X and 10 nmol/L factor VII, production of factor Xa, a measure of functional tissue factor (TF), was determined as the product of outflow concentration of factor Xa (chromogenic assay performed under quasi-static flow conditions after the shear period) and flow rate. Similarly, production of TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI) was estimated as the product of antigenic TFPI (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in the supernatant and flow rate. In parallel experiments, total RNA was isolated for determination of amplification products of TF mRNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We found that shear stress reduced factor Xa production (mean+/-SE; n=number of experiments) from 13.33+/-1.14 (n=16) fmol/minxcm(2) at 0 shear stress to 5.70+/-2.51 (n=5) and 0.54+/-0.54 (n=4) fmol/minxcm(2) at shear stresses of 0.68 and 13.2 dyne/cm(2), respectively. At the same time, immunogold labeling showed that TF antigen on the endothelial surface increased >5-fold with shear stress, whereas TFPI antigen on the surface increased 2-fold. The secretion of TFPI (appearance of new supernatant TFPI) rose from 7.4+/-2.4 (n=12) x10(-)(3) fmol/minxcm(2) at 0 shear stress to 23.7+/-7.3 (n=9) and 50.2+/-14.3 (n=4) x10(-)(3) fmol/minxcm(2) at 0.68 and 13.2 dyne/cm(2), respectively. TF mRNA amplification products were not markedly changed by shear stress. We conclude that acute application of shear stress reduces functional, but not antigenic, expression of TF by intact, activated endothelial cell monolayers in a manner associated with shear stress-augmented endothelial cell secretion of TFPI.
Pinch grafts and zinc: Memories of Walter Pories.

WALTER J. PORIES TRAINED IN SURGERY at the University of Rochester and became Director of the Department of Surgery at Metropolitan General Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1969. It was in that year that I met him. Walter was a distinguished and dynamic professor of surgery at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, and I was beginning my surgical clerkship as a senior medical student. In 1969 the surgical service at Metro still occupied the old ward buildings with 40 patients to a floor, separated by curtains. There was a male ward and a female ward, each with a large communal bathroom and shower. A long gooseneck lamp illuminated each patient space. The odors of stool, urine, and ischemic tissue blended to permeate the large ward. Dr Pories used this environment as a stage, laboratory, and classroom in which to convey the principles of basic science and the art of healing to his students. Our patients represented the usual spectrum of general surgical patients, but we also had a large number of patients with chronic wounds such as sacral decubitus ulcers and venous stasis ulcers of the legs. Daily, we would round on these patients, compulsively changing the dressings and debriding the wounds. For long periods of time it seemed as though we were making little progress. Dr Pories, an avid student of medical history, would make rounds with us and relate the lessons of previous generations of surgeons, the importance of wound debridement, nutrition, and Dakin’s solution. Walter’s basic science research centered around the role of trace metals, such as zinc, in the wound healing process. He had demonstrated that the addition of zinc had a definite salutary effect upon the healing process. Therefore, most all of our patients with wound problems were taking zinc supplement. To provide medical students with an important role in the care of patients, Dr Pories demonstrated the method of “pinch grafting” of wounds. We would infiltrate a small area of donor skin with local anesthesia, and then a fine needle was introduced tangentially under the skin and used to lift as a tiny “pinch” of skin was excised with a scalpel under the needle. A good number of these grafts were harvested and then carefully placed on the bed of recipient granulation tissue, which had been previously prepared by gentle scraping with a scalpel. Both sites were then dressed. These “operations” would typically transpire late at night or in the early morning hours at the patient’s bedside under the light of a gooseneck lamp. The student performing the procedure would take great pride in his or her work and follow the wound assiduously. We would watch with Pinch grafts and zinc: Memories of Walter Pories
Natural-language-access systems and the organization and use of information

This paper describes a program of research whose objectives are to (1) develop systems that provide users with access to both data and text files through natural language dialogues; (2) study how people actually use the information to test hypotheses and solve problems; (3) modify the system designs on the basis of the results of the studies so that the systems more effectively support such uses and increasingly come to model the behavior of the users. Two of the systems are in the medical domain: the first provides physicians with formatted information derived from patient medical records; the second responds to requests by eliciting relevant passages from a medical monograph. The third system is a more general information retrieval facility that will support interactions among system users and enable their successive experiences to be accumulated within the system database.
Selected bibliography on diversity consulting: Supplement to the special issue on culture, race, and ethnicity in organizational consulting psychology.

Michigan State UniversityThis bibliography was created as a resource and supplement for the SpecialIssue on Culture, Race, and Ethnicity Challenges in Organizational ConsultingPsychology. It was intended to be neither exhaustive nor comprehensive butinstead a collection of consultation references that have been found helpful in amulticultural consultation practice.Keywords: multicultural consultation, diversity consultation, diversity manage-ment, intercultural communication, racism and prejudiceAs is indicated in the Guest Editors Introduction, the purpose of this special issue hasbeen to further stimulate discussion and theory building with regard to consultation withan increasingly multicultural workforce. In light of this goal, we decided to assemble aselected bibliography to serve as a resource and a supplement to this special issue. It isimportant to note that this bibliography is not intended to be exhaustive or comprehensive.Instead, it is meant to identify some of the key articles, book chapters, and books that havebeen useful to the guest editors and authors of this special issue in their consultationpractices. Consultants who wish to enhance their knowledge of this eld will nd manyhelpful references.
A 43-year-old woman coping with cancer.

DR PARKER: MRS K IS A 43-YEAR-OLD WOMAN WITH METAstatic breast cancer. Formerly an elementary school teacher, she now stays home with her husband and 5-year-old son. She has private insurance and has experienced no restrictions in her complex care. Her mother died of breast cancer at age 58 years. Therefore, Mrs K started breast self-examinations at age 20 years and mammograms every 6 months at age 25 years. Due to the birth of her child and breast-feeding, she had an interval of 2 years without a mammogram. During that period in 1995, she detected a breast lump, which was malignant. She underwent a modified radical mastectomy followed by cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil chemotherapy for 6 months. At the time of surgery, lymph nodes were negative. In 1996, she felt a lump in her abdomen. A computed tomography scan revealed both lung and liver metastases. She was treated with a succession of chemotherapeutic drugs, including docetaxel, vinorelbine tartrate, 5-fluorouracil, Herceptin (anti-Her2 antibody), and, currently, capecitabine, 100 mg twice per day. The size of the metastases has remained stable and she feels remarkably well. She is active with her family, exercises regularly, and volunteers as a peer counselor for a cancer support group. Mrs K’s medical history is remarkable for infertility, for which she joined a local “mind-body” program. She learned the relaxation response and other stress reduction measures and later became pregnant. She subsequently used these techniques to counter the stress of the cancer diagnosis and participated in the medical center’s cancer support group. She carried these skills forward and became a peer counselor for others with cancer. She practices qi gong, which also affords relaxation. Mrs K describes herself as an optimist. Although she cries at times, she does not recall any periods of depression. She understands that her long-term prognosis is uncertain and specifically does not promise her son that they will do certain activities in the distant future, such as take a trip to Disney World. Mrs K is certain that the emotional, psychological, and spiritual aspects of her mindbody and support group work have contributed to the quality of her life since her cancer diagnosis. She expresses her appreciation for her physicians’ openness to this and hopes that more health care professionals will become involved with these concepts.
Transient Torque-Angle Characteristics of Synchronous Machines

Mechanical oscillations of synchronous motors following the application of abrupt shaft loads have not been hereto-fore easily calculated for cases of large angular swings, taking into account the damping currents in the rotor, except by tedious point-by-point methods. The chief difficulty has been due to the form of the basic differential equation upon which the solution of hunting problems depends. Within the lastfew years Dr. V. Bush and others at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have devised the integraph which is capable of solving the equations of the synchronous motor. Into the integraph are put curves representing the non-linear differential equations and the boundary conditions. The desired results come from the integraph as curves. In this paper the problem of sudden load on the non-salient pole alternator is solved by the integraph for enough different conditions so that the performance of practically any machine of this type may be easily predicted from the compiled results. Knowing the moments of inertia of the machine and its load, the characteristics of the machine running as a synchronous motor and as an induction motor, the maximum amount of sudden load for which the machine will remain in synchronism may be determined for different values of initial load. Other curves give the maximum angle of the first swing of the rotor and the time interval for the rotor to change from its initial position to this maximum angle. The simplest type of equation representing an ideal synchronous machine is solved in this paper.
Equilibrium and shot noise in mesoscopic systems

Abstract In contrast to bosons, electrons obey Fermi statistics. This spaces successive electrons in a densely occupied stream more regularly than is assumed by the shot-noise formula for uncorrelated electrons. We analyze noise in mesoscopic systems, due to the stochastic transmission of successive electron wave packets, invoking the method used in an earlier analysis of thermal equilibrium noise. The emphasis is on systems with one-dimensional leads, but with some attention to the multi-channel case. For the one-dimensional system with only two leads we treat the case where both thermal equilibrium noise and excess noise due to current flow are present simultaneously. We also analyze excess noise for a network with more than two one-dimensional leads, and for the case with two multichannel leads. The results are compared to earlier, more formal, analyses.
Depotentiation of vdccLTP requires NMDAR activation.

Abstract Long-term potentiation is an enduring increase in synaptic efficacy following repeated stimulation of afferent fibers that is thought to underlie memory. In area CA1 of the hippocampus at least two forms of synaptic potentiation coexist at the same synapses; nmdaLTP and vdccLTP. NmdaLTP is induced by Ca 2+ entry through NMDARs and is dependent on serine/threonine kinase activation, while vdccLTP is induced through Ca 2+ entry through VDCCs and is dependent on tyrosine kinase activation. Depotentiation is a mechanism known to reverse nmdaLTP through phosphatase activation. The depotentiation of vdccLTP has not been previously investigated. We used hippocampal slices (area CA1) from male Long-Evans rats to induce vdccLTP with a 200-Hz tetanus in the presence of 50 μM APV. The 200-Hz tetanus resulted in a slowly developing vdccLTP that remained stable for at least 30 min. Thirty minutes after vdccLTP was induced, a low-frequency tetanus (3, 10, 20, 30, or 40 Hz) was applied in the presence of APV in an attempt to depotentiate vdccLTP. The 3- and 10-Hz low-frequency tetani resulted in no depotentiation. The 20- and 30-Hz tetani partially depotentiated vdccLTP (by ∼13%), whereas the 40-Hz tetanus resulted in further potentiation. When APV was washed out prior to the 3-Hz low-frequency tetanus, the vdccLTP was completely depotentiated—presumably by NMDAR mechanisms. Our results indicate that vdccLTP is resistant to depotentiation under low-frequency stimulation conditions that readily depotentiate nmdaLTP. As tetanus frequencies are increased a small depotentiation is observed, suggesting that vdccLTP can be depotentiated to a small extent. When NMDARs are unblocked, vdccLTP can be completely depotentiated by a 3-Hz low-frequency tetanus, suggesting that vdccLTP can be depotentiated via activation of NMDAR mechanisms.
The construction of high efficiency human bone marrow tissue ex vivo

The successful ex vivo reconstruction of human bone marrow is an extraordinarily important basic scientific and clinical goal. Fundamentally, the system is the paradigm of a complex interactive tissue, in which the proliferation and regulated differentiation of one parenchymal cell type (the hematopoietic stem cell) is governed by the surrounding stromal cells. Understanding and reproducing the molecular interactions between bone marrow stromal cells and stem cells in tissue culture models is therefore the critical step in successful bone marrow tissue culture. Clinically, successful reconstruction of human bone marrow would permit the controlled production of mature blood cells for transfusion therapy, and immature bone marrow stem cells for bone marrow transplantation. In approaching the bone marrow culture system, we recognize the critical role that hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) play in hematopoiesis. Since stromal cells in traditional human bone marrow cultures produce little HGFs, we have begun by asking whether local supplementation of hematopoietic growth factors via genetically engineered stromal cells might augment hematopoiesis in liquid cultures. The results indicate that locally produced GM-CSF and IL-3 do augment hematopoiesis for several weeks in culture. In combination with geometric and dynamic approaches to reconstructing physiological bone marrow microenvironments, we believe that this approach has promise for reconstructing human bone marrow ex vivo, thereby permitting its application to a variety of basic and clinical problems.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHILDREN'S AND ADULTS’ ACQUISITION OF TONE ACCENTS IN SWEDISH1

This comparative study investigates first and second language learners' acquisition of tone accents in Swedish. Tone accent distribution is governed by morphophonological rules and the accents are manifested in characteristic pitch patterns. LI learners acquire the full accent distinction at around the age of five, while many L2 learners never do. The tone accent production of two monolingual Swedish children (1;11-2;5) recorded longitudinally over seven months was compared to that of American adults acquiring Swedish as L2. Both populations overgeneralized one pitch pattern to all bisyllabic words: children used Accent 2 (two-peaked) and adults Accent 1 (one-peaked), analogous to the prevailing pattern of their L1. These results are discussed in terms of comparing children's acquisitional strategies with those of L2 learners. Furthermore, the children's early acquisition of a marked phenomenon (Accent 2) forces us to reconsider markedness criteria and whether Accent 2 is marked from a production point of view.
Modifying the electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes using designed surfactant peptides.

The electronic properties of carbon nanotubes can be altered significantly by modifying the nanotube surface. In this study, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were functionalized noncovalently using designed surfactant peptides, and the resultant SWCNT electronic properties were investigated. These peptides have a common amino acid sequence of X(Valine)5(Lysine)2, where X indicates an aromatic amino acid containing either an electron-donating or electron-withdrawing functional group (i.e. p-amino-phenylalanine or p-cyano-phenylalanine). Circular dichroism spectra showed that the surfactant peptides primarily have random coil structures in an aqueous medium, both alone and in the presence of SWCNTs, simplifying analysis of the peptide/SWCNT interaction. The ability of the surfactant peptides to disperse individual SWCNTs in solution was verified using atomic force microscopy and ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectroscopy. The electronic properties of the surfactant peptide/SWCNT composites were examined using the observed nanotube Raman tangential band shifts and the observed additional features near the Fermi level in the scanning tunneling spectroscopy dI/dV spectra. The results revealed that SWCNTs functionalized with surfactant peptides containing electron-donor or electron-acceptor functional groups showed n-doped or p-doped altered electronic properties, respectively. This work unveils a facile and versatile approach to modify the intrinsic electronic properties of SWCNTs using a simple peptide structure, which is easily adaptable to obtain peptide/SWCNT composites for the design of tunable nanoscale electronic devices.
The effects of complete darkness and vitamin C supplement on the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, adapted to sea water. I. Calcium metabolism and gonadal maturation.

Adaptation to complete darkness for eight months had no effect on calcium metabolism in adult male Fundulus heteroclitus in sea water. However, scoliosis and hypocalcemia were evident in juvenile killifish kept in complete darkness for six and a half months. Hypocalcemia was also seen in juveniles after three and a half months in complete darkness but this fall in serum calcium level was prevented by vitamin C supplement in the diet. Complete darkness also induced a delay in testicular maturation in both adults and juveniles but this defect was not corrected by vitamin C supplement.
Where Do You Go When It's 40 Below? Domestic Violence Among Rural Alaska Native Women:

Although domestic violence is now recognized as a serious social problem in American society, little information is available on this problem in rural indigenous communities. This article, which is derived from in-depth interviewswith 9 rural Alaska Native womenwho have been in abusive relationships, explores the environmental and cultural context of domestic violence in a remote Alaska Native community and the adaptations that such a context requires for the provision of culturally appropriate services.
Introduction to the Focused Issue on Entrepreneurship

This article is an introduction to the focused issue on entrepreneurship. It provides motivation for greater scholarly investigation of the phenomenon of entrepreneurship, explains the evolution of the focused issue, offers an overview of the seven papers in the issue, and offers the editors thoughts on the relationship of the papers in the focused issue to research on entrepreneurship in general.
Embedded DRAM design and architecture for the IBM 0.11-µm ASIC offering

This paper presents an overview of the macro design, architecture, and built-in self-test (BIST) implementation as part of the IBM third-generation embedded dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) for the IBM Blue LogicÂ® 0.11-Âµm application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) design system (CU-11). Issues associated with embedding DRAM in an ASIC design are identified and addressed, including fundamental DRAM core function, user interface, test, and diagnosis. Macro operation and organization are detailed and contrasted with traditional DRAM designs. The use of BIST, a key enabler for embedded DRAM, is discussed while highlighting innovations required by the embedded DRAM.
Gauge invariance in quantum mechanics: plane rotor with time-dependent magnetic flux

A plane rotor, which is an electron constrained to move in a circular orbit, has time-dependent magnetic flux on its axis. By Faraday's law, an induced electric field acts on the electron. The induced electric field exerts a torque on the electron and thus changes its kinetic angular momentum. The induced electric field also does work on the electron and changes its energy. These changes are in agreement with generalised Ehrenfest theorems. The kinetic angular momentum and the energy of the electron depend on the instantaneous flux through the orbit. The Shrodinger equation for the plane rotor is solved exactly in a manifestly gauge-invariant way. The probability that the rotor is in an eigenstate of its energy operator is contrasted with the probability that the system is in an eigenstate of the unperturbed Hamiltonian.
Telavancin: A lipoglycopeptide antimicrobial for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by gram-positive bacteria in adults

Abstract Background: Telavancin, a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic, is a semisynthetic derivative of vancomycin. It was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009 for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSIs) caused by grampositive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Objective: This article summarizes the pharmacology, in vitro and in vivo activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical efficacy and tolerability of telavancin. Methods: Relevant information was identified through a search of MEDLINE (1966–August 2010), Iowa Drug Information Service (1966–August 2010), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–August 2010), and Google Scholar using the terms telavancin, lipoglycopeptide , and TD-6424. Abstracts and posters from scientific meetings, as well as documents submitted by the manufacturer of telavancin to the FDA as part of the approval process, were consulted. In vivo and in vitro experimental and clinical studies and review articles that provided information on the activity, mechanism of action, pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy, and tolerability of telavancin were reviewed. Results: In vitro, telavancin has potent activity against S aureus , including methicillin-resistant strains; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; and vancomycin-susceptible enterococci with MICs generally P = NS). The effectiveness of telavancin in the treatment of hospitalacquired pneumonia was assessed in 2 Phase III studies (ATTAIN 1 and ATTAIN 2). Preliminary findings were that the effectiveness of telavancin was not significantly different from that of vancomycin, with cure rates of 82.7% and 80.9% in the clinically evaluable population, respectively (difference, 1.8%; 95% CI, −4.1 to 7.7; P = NS). The most commonly (>10%) reported adverse events included taste disturbances, nausea, headache, vomiting, foamy urine, constipation, and insomnia. Conclusion: In clinical trials, the effectiveness of telavancin was not significantly different from that of vancomycin in the treatment of cSSSIs, and telavancin was generally well tolerated.
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Neural Tube Defects.

This is a review of the proceedings of the Second International Conference on Neural Tube Defects. This was an interdisciplinary meeting with the common emphasis on neural tube defects research. The various presentations from this 3½–day meeting are summarized.
Measuring a commercial content delivery network

Content delivery networks (CDNs) have become a crucial part of the modern Web infrastructure. This paper studies the performance of the leading content delivery provider - Akamai. It measures the performance of the current Akamai platform and considers a key architectural question faced by both CDN designers and their prospective customers: whether the co-location approach to CDN platforms adopted by Akamai, which tries to deploy servers in numerous Internet locations, brings inherent performance benefits over a more consolidated data center approach pursued by other influential CDNs such as Limelight. We believe the methodology we developed for this study will be useful for other researchers in the CDN arena.
Staffing and management of e-commerce programs and projects

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) personnel are instrumental in developing and maintaining electronic commerce programs and projects within firms. In spite of the dot-com bust, the number of firms developing and using e-commerce for interactions with customers and suppliers is growing. Personnel competence as individuals and as a group can be a decisive force in determining the level of success of e-commerce projects. This paper used in-depth interviews toward creating a better understanding of broad concepts and values in this area. More specifically, it examines the management and staffing of e-commerce projects in terms of how work is organized, which organizational unit governs e-commerce programs and management, how staff are assigned to projects and what skills are critical, and how outcomes are measured. Significant variance was identified in each of these areas.
Impairments in Background and Event-Related Alpha-Band Oscillatory Activity in Patients with Schizophrenia

Studies show that patients with schizophrenia exhibit impaired responses to sensory stimuli, especially at the early stages of neural processing. In particular, patients’ alpha-band (8–14 Hz) event-related desynchronization (ERD) and visual P1 event-related potential (ERP) component tend to be significantly reduced, with P1 ERP deficits greater for visual stimuli biased towards the magnocellular system. In healthy controls, studies show that pre-stimulus alpha (background alpha) plays a pivotal role in sensory processing and behavior, largely by shaping the neural responses to incoming stimuli. Here, we address whether patients’ ERD and P1 deficits stem from impairments in pre-stimulus alpha mechanisms. To address this question we recorded electrophysiological activity in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls while they engaged in a visual discrimination task with low, medium, and high contrast stimuli. The results revealed a significant decrease in patients’ ERDs, which was largely driven by reductions in pre-stimulus alpha. These reductions were most prominent in right-hemispheric areas. We also observed a systematic relationship between pre-stimulus alpha and the P1 component across different contrast levels. However, this relationship was only observed in healthy controls. Taken together, these findings highlight a substantial anomaly in patients’ amplitude-based alpha background activity over visual areas. The results provide further support that pre-stimulus alpha activity plays an active role in perception by modulating the neural responses to incoming sensory inputs, a mechanism that seems to be compromised in schizophrenia.
A kinetic study of product cleavage reactions from the solid phase by a biocompatible and removable cleaving reagent, HCl.

TFA has been widely used as a cleaving reagent in solid-phase organic synthesis. However, it is difficult to remove from the final product, and it is toxic to various cells. To search for an alternative, we studied the kinetics of HCl cleavage reactions of 18 resin-bound compounds on various linkers. HCl is very easy to remove completely from samples, and the residual HCl does not have a toxic effect in cell assays. Most compounds studied in this work can be easily cleaved using a low concentration of HCl (0.9−2.3%) and the minimal amount of time (60−90 min). Even in the most difficult case, a moderate 8% HCl and an extended time (10−15 h) are enough to cleave the product. Therefore, our kinetic studies establish HCl as a biocompatible, removable, and effective substitute for TFA when final compounds are used for biological screening and drug discovery.
A sub-CV/sup 2/ pad driver with 10 ns transition time

We describe an application of stepwise charging for driving off-chip signals. Our driver, designed for a chip built in a 0.8 /spl mu/m bulk CMOS process, dissipates significantly less than CV/sup 2/ per cycle while driving a 100 pF load to a 5 V swing with transition times as low as 10 ns. The transition time is adjustable; dissipation measured on a test chip ranges from 53% of CV/sup 2/ at 16 ns to 70% at 10 ns. The target chip is approximately 6% larger with our driver than with a conventional one.
Interactive simulation for training offshore workers

This paper presents AVERT, a first-person simulator for general offshore workers that exposes them to a virtual environment similar to actual offshore sites and facilitates training in and assessment of spatial awareness, alarm recognition, and emergency response procedures. We follow the technical introduction with a case study showing the efficacy of AVERT by finding a correlation between trainee route selection and hazard exposure in a set of test scenarios.
Band shape improvement techniques

Filters for Wavelength Division Multiplexers with very straight slopes and virtually no ripple are designed. Filters for DWDM applications are shown with the simplest improvements. Filters designed with a variety of recipes that give similar results are analyzed for broad band seven cavity types. All the recipes use "Quarter-wave designs only" to simplify manufacturing. Filters with very broad bandpasses are designed. These filters use equivalent refractive indices for matching the admittance of the general filter to the environment that it is in. More than 14 cavities are possible. These are much sharper than typical long pass filters of the same blocking density.
Aperture coupling method for EMI analysis of microwave circuits within multilayer cavities

A simple and efficient technique was presented to model PCBs enclosed within multistage interconnected cavities. The method employs magnetic currents over the nonmetallic region instead of electric currents over planar metallic parts. This aperture coupling method eliminates a need for complex multilayer GFs. The given results suggest that multistage cavities can only reduce coupling by using interconnecting slots of different sizes.
Architecture evolution and evaluation (ArchEE) capability

IT Architectures, rather than being static, must now constantly evolve and adapt to changes driven by new technologies, increasing business partnerships, and end-user expectations. In addition, continuously increasing architecture complexity demands for a rigorous evaluation of performance. ArchEE™, a BPMN model-based systems engineering capability, fulfills the emerging SoSE need of making informed evolution decisions of mission oriented IT architectures in a timely manner. The ArchEE model structure facilitates simultaneous evolutions of operational and systems architecture components by different stakeholders. It also enables rapid integration of component models for alternative architectures for a specific mission and its evaluation via simulation. ArchEE uses the same model for qualitative and quantitative analysis throughout the SoSE process. This paper describes and illustrates the ArchEE capability via Fire and Counter-fire battle management scenarios, comparing the mission effectiveness of the new design against the existing systems.
Effects of ETV5 (Ets Variant Gene 5) on Testis and Body Growth, Time Course of Spermatogonial Stem Cell Loss, and Fertility in Mice

The transcription factor ets variant gene 5 (ETV5; also known as ERM) is essential for self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Mice with targeted disruption of Etv5 (Etv5−/−) undergo the first wave of spermatogenesis, but all SSCs are lost during this time, causing a Sertoli cell-only phenotype. This study examined body and testis growth and the time course of SSC loss in Etv5−/− mice to understand how loss of ETV5 impacts testicular and somatic development. Body weights were reduced in postnatal Etv5−/− males, indicating a role of ETV5 in growth. Testis weights and histology in Etv5−/− and wild-type (WT) males were similar at Postnatal Day 4, but testis weights were reduced at d8 and subsequently, indicating that ETV5 impacts postnatal testis growth. SSC density (SSCs per μm2 of seminiferous tubule), estimated using an antibody against GFRA1, was similar in 4d WT and Etv5−/− mice. By 8 and 12d, GFRA1-positive cell density in Etv5−/− mice was decreased 17% and 32%, respectively, vs. WT. By 28d, GFRA1-positive cell density in Etv5−/− was reduced 95%, and GFRA1-positive cells were absent in 36d Etv5−/− males. In contrast to WT, 35- to 56-day-old Etv5−/− mice were infertile as assessed by natural breeding, artificial insemination, and in vitro fertilization, although motile sperm were present in epididymides of Etv5−/− mice during this time. In summary, initial testis development is normal in Etv5−/− mice despite decreased body weight, but SSC loss begins between 4 and 8d of age, indicating that ETV5 has effects beginning in the early neonatal period. Etv5−/− mice are infertile even when sperm is produced, indicating that ETV5 loss has other effects besides lack of SSC self-renewal that impair fertility.
Labeling the manganese in geochemical matrices by neutron activation

Abstract A method of tracing the phase transformations of particulate manganese in estuarine zones by neutron activation of the element in geochemical matrices was evaluated. Data indicate that this procedure provides a sensitive and accurate method of following the labile forms of particulate manganese, despite the potential for isotopic disequilibria produced by the Szilard—Chalmers effect. Consequently, two radioisotopes, 56 Mn and 54 Mn, may be employed simultaneously to study fluxes from and to particulate phases in the estuarine zone.
Phototropin LOV domains exhibit distinct roles in regulating photoreceptor function

Phototropins (phot1 and phot2) are autophosphorylating serine/threonine kinases that function as photoreceptors for phototropism, light-induced chloroplast movement, and stomatal opening in Arabidopsis. The N-terminal region of phot1 and phot2 contains two specialized PAS domains, designated LOV1 and LOV2, which function as binding sites for the chromophore flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Both LOV1 and LOV2 undergo a self-contained photocycle, which involves the formation of a covalent adduct between the FMN chromophore and a conserved active-site cysteine residue (Cys39). Replacement of Cys39 with alanine abolishes the light-induced photochemical reaction of LOV1 and LOV2. Here we have used the Cys39Ala mutation to investigate the role of LOV1 and LOV2 in regulating phototropin function. Photochemical analysis of a bacterially expressed LOV1 + LOV2 fusion protein indicates that LOV2 functions as the predominant light-sensing domain for phot1. LOV2 also plays a major role in mediating light-dependent autophosphorylation of full-length phot1 expressed in insect cells and transgenic Arabidopsis. Moreover, photochemically active LOV2 alone in full-length phot1 is sufficient to elicit hypocotyl phototropism in transgenic Arabidopsis, whereas photochemically active LOV1 alone is not. Further photochemical and biochemical analyses also indicate that the LOV1 and LOV2 domains of phot2 exhibit distinct roles. The significance for the different roles of the phototropin LOV domains is discussed.
Fundamentals of Capacitance Property in Tokamak

The capacity of tokamak plasma is derived using a coaxial-torus capacitor property. The value of this capacitance is significant for tokamaks and dramatically high for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. Therefore, tokamak plasma will play important roles in time varying regimes (like current ramp-up), transient regimes, edge related phenomena, and many other different. This quantity may be incorporated in circuit equations and transport codes for use in exact simulations of plasma behavior. Because this capacitance property of tokamak produces a radial electric field, it would be of considerable interest.
Modeling and Analysis of Trust Management for Cognitive Mission-Driven Group Communication Systems in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

We develop and analyze a trust management protocol for cognitive mission-driven group communication systems (GCSs) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using hierarchical modeling techniques based on stochastic Petri nets. The goal is to efficiently establish acceptable trust levels among mobile nodes without prior interactions. We seek to identify the optimal length of a trust chain among peers in a trust web so as to maximize the trust levels for peers on the trust chain, by trading off trust space for trust level. The cognitive nodes in the network can dynamically adapt to changing network environments by adjusting their design parameter settings over time to establish an acceptable trust level with other nodes. We define a trust metric that captures unique characteristics of trust concepts in such MANETs. We demonstrate that an optimal trust chain exists for maximizing the trust metric.
Arterial gene transfer of acidic fibroblast growth factor for therapeutic angiogenesis in vivo: critical role of secretion signal in use of naked DNA

Objective: Previous studies have demonstrated that arterial gene transfer of naked DNA encoding for a secreted protein may permit modulation of the host phenotype despite a low transfection efficiency. Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) is an angiogenic growth factor, but is not secreted by intact cells. In the current study, we investigated the hypothesis that addition of a hydrophobic leader sequence to achieve active secretion of the gene product would permit therapeutic angiogenesis following arterial gene transfer of naked DNA encoding for aFGF. Methods: Ten days following surgical induction of unilateral hindlimb ischemia, New Zealand white rabbits were randomized to intra-arterial gene transfer with one of three plasmids: p267 (encoding non-secreted aFGF, n = 10), pMJ35 (encoding secreted aFGF) ( n = 10), or 500 μ g of pGSVLacZ (control, n = 10) (500 μ g each). All animals were studied at 30 days post-gene transfer for evidence of therapeutic angiogenesis. Results: pMJ35 transfectants had more angiographically visible collaterals (angiographic score=0.76±0.02) than either p267 (0.55±0.02, p <0.01) or LacZ (0.47±0.02, p <0.001). Limb blood pressure ratio for pMJ35 was 0.88±0.02 vs. 0.68±0.04 for p267 ( p <0.01) and 0.57±0.04 for LacZ ( p <0.001). Vascular resistance was significantly lower in the pMJ35 group, compared with that in pGSVLacZ group, both in resting state (3.2±0.4 vs. 7.4±1.4 respectively, p <0.05) and after the administration of nitroprusside. Capillary density (per mm2) was also superior in pMJ35 group (274±10) vs. p267 (204±9, p <0.01) and LacZ (177±6, p <0.001). Conclusion: The paracrine effects of a secreted gene product may obviate the need for adjunctive vectors in strategies of arterial gene therapy.
Violence Against American Indian Women and the Services-Training-Officers-Prosecutors Violence Against Indian Women (STOP VAIW) Program

When Congress appropriated funds to develop ways to reduce violence against American Indian women, tribal elders faced a challenging task: find ways to cooperate with various tribal and nontribal criminal justice agencies and navigate the maze of law enforcement authority. An evaluative study was conducted of these programs and the different approaches used to help keep women safe by American Indian tribal governments. This study found that the tribes rose to the challenge; the money was making a difference. The grants to stop violence against Indian women have made a significant impact in the 134 native communities that received awards.
Substrate bias dependence of subthreshold slopes in fully depleted silicon-on-insulator MOSFET's

Subthreshold slopes in submicrometer n-channel MOSFETs in depleted silicon-on-insulator (SOI) films were measured as a function of substrate bias and temperature, as well as drain bias. It is found that for low drain voltage, a simple capacitor model can explain the result. For large drain voltages, anomalously sharp threshold slopes are observed for very negative substrate biases, but the anomalous effects are greatly reduced with a more positive substrate bias. A qualitative model based on the charge state of the lower SOI interface is proposed to explain the dependence of the anomalous effects on substrate bias. >
Infrainguinal Bypass in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease: Survival and Ambulation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of infrainguinal bypass surgery and ambulatory status in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Vascular registry data and the medical records of patients requiring infrainguinal bypass surgery from 1985 through 1995 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia requiring maintenance hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis for ≥ 6 months were compared to a randomly selected group of patients undergoing foot salvage infrainguinal bypass in the absence of ESRD. Primary outcomes were mortality, amputation, and ambulatory status at 30 days and 1 year. Data were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square methods, Fisher's Exact test, Mann-Whitney U, life table analyses, and Quality of Life-Class (QL-Class) ranking. There were 57 patients with ESRD who underwent 66 infrainguinal bypass procedures. Mean age was 65.8 ±9.8 years (41-85 years). The 30-day operative mortality rate was 12.3% (7 patients). The cumulative survival at 1 year was 51.8% ±0.9%, and at 2 years it was 32.8% ±1.3%. The cumulative limb loss was 29.7% ±1.1% at 1 year and 36.7% ±2.6% at 2 years. In the comparison group, 46 patients without ESRD underwent 50 infrainguinal bypass procedures. The mean age of these patients was 72.3 ±9.1 years (36-90 years). The cumulative surviva for the patients without ESRD was significantly higher (p<0.001) both at 1 year (91.1%±0.6%) and 2 years (88.8%±0.8%). The cumulative limb loss for the comparison group was significantly lower (p< 0.001) at 1 year (4.1%±0.4%) and at 2 years (6.3% ±0.5%). At both 30 days and 1 year, the QL-Class walking status rating was lower for the group with ESRD compared to patients without ESRD (p<0.001). Patients with ESRD have a high mortality rate in the first 24 months after infrainguinal bypass grafting for foot salvage surgery compared with a similar group of patients without ESRD. Although foot salvage can be achieved in some survivors with ESRD, the ambulatory rate is low. These results support a very conservative approach when recom mending infrainguinal bypass grafting for foot salvage surgery for patients with ESRD.
Controls optimal from time t onward and dynamic programming for systems of controlled jump processes

For controlled jump processes necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality from time t onward are derived. The methods used are purely analytical as contrasted to path analysis methods involving martingale theory.