cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genomic characterization of silvergrass cryptic virus 1, a novel partitivirus infecting Miscanthus sinensis

In the present study we report the identification of a novel partitivirus recovered from Miscanthus sinensis, for which the provisional name "silvergrass cryptic virus 1" (SgCV-1) is proposed. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) allowed the assembly of the complete sequence of each double-stranded RNA genome segment of this novel virus. The largest dsRNA segment, dsRNA1 (1699 bp), was predicted to encode a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase protein (RdRp) with 478 aa, and dsRNA2 (1490 bp) and dsRNA3 (1508 bp) were predicted to encode putative capsid proteins (CPs) with 347 and 348 aa, respectively. SgCV-1 has the highest amino acid sequence identity (≤ 70.80% in RdPp and ≤ 34.5% in CPs) to members of the genus Deltapartitivirus, family Partitiviridae, especially to unclassified viruses related to members of this genus. Its genome segment and protein lengths are also within the range of those of deltapartitiviruses. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis based on RdRp amino acid sequences also showed clustering of this novel virus with the related unclassified deltapartitiviruses. An RT-PCR survey of 94 imported M. sinensis samples held in quarantine identified seven additional samples carrying SgCV-1. This new virus fulfils all ICTV criteria to be considered a new member of the genus Deltapartitivirus.
CD-Complexed RAFT Agents

RAFT polymerization has emerged as a very efficient tool for the synthesis of water-soluble polymers due to its high tolerance of functional monomers [2, 3, 4, 5] (see Sect. 2.1.4). The polymerization itself can be conducted directly in water with a broad range of water-soluble monomers that include methacrylates [6], methacrylamides [7], styrenics [8], acrylates [9] and acrylamides [10, 11, 12] so far. Furthermore, the utilization of water is interesting from an environmental and economic point of view as water is non-toxic, non-flammable and readily available. Thus, it is easy to handle safely and low priced.
[Including but not Limited to] Violence Against Women

This Article highlights three developments in criminal justice in 2012 that marked the move toward more gender-inclusive anti-violence movements: the FBI’s adoption of a gender-neutral definition of rape; the debate regarding the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA); and the promulgation of new Department of Justice (DOJ) regulations under the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREA). These recent developments reveal a growing movement towards more gender-inclusive conceptions of rape and intimate partner violence. The change to a more gender-inclusive approach will have many implications for criminal justice policy and institutions. One critical project is to ensure that courts and prosecutors adopt competent and fair practices in cases involving same-sex intimate partner and sexual violence.
Employment Retaliation and the Accident of Text

This Article explores the current and future landscape of employment retaliation law following the Supreme Court’s decisions in Thompson v. North American Stainless, LP and Kasten v. Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp. As the law currently exists, statutory retaliation plaintiffs win or lose largely due to the accident of statutory text rather than the fact that the law is operating as Congress envisioned or as part of a coherent scheme of regulation. In short, the federal approach to workplace retaliation is inefficient, unnecessarily complex, and in need of major reform. Contrary to popular thinking, the article concludes that the text of many anti-retaliation provisions, coupled with the Court’s strongly textualist approach to interpretation, will leave courts with little choice but to adopt narrow constructions of other anti-retaliation provisions in the future.
SEARCHING FOR EMISSION-LINE GALAXIES

Survey methods for finding emission-line galaxies are reviewed. Observational selection effects are investigated by comparing different surveys and the limitations of the different techniques are discussed. The advantages of Ha surveys for finding low luminosity galaxies and those with low excitation emission spectra are emphasized.
A healthy reduction in oil consumption and carbon emissions

Abstract Reliance on oil as an energy source for private transportation produces increasingly unfavorable social, political and environmental conditions including climate change, dependence on foreign oil, and the need for difficult choices between oil production and protection of biological systems. At the same time, the population is increasingly sedentary due largely to our reliance on the automobile for transportation. Adoption and maintenance of healthy weights and healthier lifestyles by substituting walking or biking for short trips currently taken by car could simultaneously improve health and reduce oil consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. We calculate the reduction in oil consumption and carbon dioxide emissions possible in the United States if (1) obese and overweight conditions were eliminated from the adult population through the use of walking or biking for transportation, and (2) individuals between the ages of 10 and 64 adopted previously recommended levels of daily exercise by walking or biking instead of driving. Substantial co-benefits accompany widespread adoption of physical activity. Assuming substitution of cycling for driving, the reduction in gasoline demand is equivalent to 34.9% of current domestic oil consumption. This constitutes considerably more oil than is recoverable from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The concomitant reduction in US carbon dioxide emissions would constitute approximately 10.9% relative to 1990 net US emissions and would be a substantial step toward satisfying the Kyoto Protocol.
Total Vapor Pressure Measurements for 2-Ethoxyethanol with Methanol, Ethanol, 1-Propanol, and 2-Propanol at 313.15 K

Total vapor pressure measurements at 313.15 K are reported for binary systems of 2-ethoxyethanol with methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol. The results were obtained using a Van Ness type apparatus and were fitted with a three-suffix Margules equation using Barker's method. The Margules equation represents the data to within an average absolute deviation of approximately 0.03 kPa. Methanol + 2-ethoxyethanol shows very small negative deviations from Raoult's law while the other three systems show very small positive deviations.
Hemipelagic sedimentation in a region of crustal doming between the Mendocino and Pioneer fracture zones

Abstract Pacific Study Area W-N lies 300 km west of California, south of the Gorda Ridge, between the Mendocino and Pioneer fracture zones. Hemipelagic mud covers the seafloor over a broad low rise and grades eastward into distal turbidite deposits of the Delgada Fan. 3.5 kHz profiles show three kinds of acoustic character for the seafloor: strongly reflecting turbidite deposits, depositionally draped hemipelagic sediment and an unusual morphology characterized by low-relief, closely spaced hills. These small hills occur in the same area as the low rise, implying a common origin. Calculations of the plate motions for this small corner of the Pacific Plate suggest that it is overriding the upper mantle thermal trace of the Gorda Ridge magma chamber. This heat source apparently causes doming, offsets in the layered hemipelagic sediment and formation of the closely spaced small hills.
Isolation, biological activity, synthesis, and medicinal chemistry of the pederin/mycalamide family of natural products.

Covering: 1949 to 2011 This review highlights the broad range of science that has arisen from the isolation of pederin, the mycalamides, theopederins, and onnamides, and psymberin. Specific topics include structure determination, biological activity, synthesis, and analog preparation and analysis.
The application of the mass law to the aggregation of colloidal electrolytes

Abstract It has been shown that experimental data for colloidal electrolytes which are in accord with the predictions of the mass law for a single micellar species are capable also of an entirely similar description in terms of the mass law for a distribution of micellar species. The results also suggest that in this distribution large micelles are favored, and that as the concentration of colloidal electrolyte increases, the proportion of bound counter ion tends rapidly toward a constant value which is not very different for different colloidal electrolytes.
Abstract 1077: Galectin-1 is implicated in G1/S-checkpoint control following irradiation - possible explanation of Galectin-1 mediated radioresistance

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Purpose: The purpose of the conducted study was to examine a possible therapeutic relevance of Galectin 1 (Gal-1), a beta-galactoside binding protein. Gal-1 is overexpressed in high grade gliomas and leads to increased radioresistance in glioma cell culture models. Inhibition of Gal-1 increases radiosensitivity and thus is a potential therapeutic target for radiation sensitization. P53 has been shown to negatively regulate Gal-1, hence radiosensitivity could possibly be cell cycle mediated. Experimental Design: We used flow cytometry based cell cycle analysis to investigate cell cycle distribution of LN 229 glioma cells following irradiation. LN229 control cell lines and shRNA mediated Gal-1 knockdown LN 229 cell line were exposed to 6 Gy of irradiation and cell cycle analysis was performed. Furthermore Western blot analysis was carried out, probing for multiple proteins implicated in cell proliferation. The phosphorylation status of a variety of phosphorylation sites of p53, Chk1/2 and AKT were examined. Additionally p53-Gal-1 double-knockdown cell lines were created and clonogenic survival assays as well as AnnexinV apoptosis assays were conducted to analyze the influence on radiation sensitivity. Results: The results of the flow cytometry based cell cycle analysis show significant differences between the LN 229 control cell line and the Gal-1 knockdown cell line after irradiation. 24 h after irradiation 77 % of the control line cells are in G1 whereas only 60 % of the Gal-1 knockdown cells are in G1. Previous data has identified differences in the phosphorylation status of Akt in control vs. Gal-1 knockdown glioma cell lines. Phosphorylation of Akt is induced after irradiation. Western blot analysis indicates a reduction of phosphorylated Chk1/2 in Gal1 knockdown cell lines after irradiation. The phosphorylation state of the p53 phosphorylation site, correlating with Chk1/2 activity, exhibit anticipated results. P53-Gal-1 double-knockdown cell lines demonstrate significantly reduced clonogenic survival compared to control cell lines. Conclusions: The finding that less Gal-1 knockdown cells are in G1 phase after irradiation and that there is a reduction in phosphorylated Chk1/2 leads to the conclusion that Gal-1 knockdown abrogates G1 arrest through a Chk1/2 mediated pathway. That means in reverse that Gal-1 can mediate cell cycle arrest, thus potentially can explain Gal-1 mediated radioresistance. Further analysis of Chk1/2 independent phosphorylation sites of p53 is going to be conducted. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1077.
Influence of structure of cyclic urea derivatives on their reactivities with cotton

The structure of the cyclic urea influenced the rate of reaction with cotton cellulose and the mechanism by which reaction occurred. Reaction of N, N′-dimethylolethylene-urea (DMEU) and N, N′-dimethylolpropyleneurea (DMPU) with cellulose in presence of inorganic salt catalysts proceeded through methylol hydroxyls and at the same rate; but reaction mechanism differed. With DMEU, N metal ion coordination occurred and SN2 mechanism prevailed. With DMPU, O metal ion coordination resulted. Reaction of dihydroxyethylene urea (DHEU), N, N′-dimethyldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMeDHEU), and N, N′-dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) with cotton cellulose proceeded through ring hydroxyls with the formation of a carbonium ion, indicating an SN1 mechanism. The much faster rate of reaction with DMeDHEU than with DHEU was attributed to the more electronegative environment of its ring hydroxyl, while the much slower rate of reaction of DMDHEU was attributed to hydrogen bonding between its methylol and ring hydroxyls.
Nearly metacompact spaces

Abstract A space X is called nearly metacompact (meta-Lindelof) provided that if U is an open cover of X then there is a dense set D⫅X and an open refinement V of U that is point-finite (point-countable) on D. We show that countably compact, nearly meta-Lindelof T 3 -spaces are compact. That nearly metacompact radial spaces are meta-Lindelof. Every space can be embedded as a closed subspace of a nearly metacompact space. We give an example of a countably compact, nearly meta-Lindelof T 2 -space that is not compact and a nearly metacompact T 2 -space which is not irreducible.
Sapap3 and pathological grooming in humans: Results from the OCD collaborative genetics study.

SAP90/PSD95-associated protein (SAPAP) family proteins are post-synaptic density (PSD) components that interact with other proteins to form a key scaffolding complex at excitatory (glutamatergic) synapses. A recent study found that mice with a deletion of the Sapap3 gene groomed themselves excessively, exhibited increased anxiety-like behaviors, and had cortico-striatal synaptic defects, all of which were preventable with lentiviral-mediated expression of Sapap3 in the striatum; the behavioral abnormalities were also reversible with fluoxetine. In the current study, we sought to determine whether variation within the human Sapap3 gene was associated with grooming disorders (GDs: pathologic nail biting, pathologic skin picking, and/or trichotillomania) and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in 383 families thoroughly phenotyped for OCD genetic studies. We conducted family-based association analyses using the FBAT and GenAssoc statistical packages. Thirty-two percent of the 1,618 participants met criteria for a GD, and 65% met criteria for OCD. Four of six SNPs were nominally associated (P < 0.05) with at least one GD (genotypic relative risks: 1.6–3.3), and all three haplotypes were nominally associated with at least one GD (permuted P < 0.05). None of the SNPs or haplotypes were significantly associated with OCD itself. We conclude that Sapap3 is a promising functional candidate gene for human GDs, though further work is necessary to confirm this preliminary evidence of association. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Uncertain lifetime and ordinal impatience

Abstract We consider state dependent preferences which do not exhibit impatience when lifetime is certain and show that these preferences exhibit impatience when lifetime is uncertain. Assumptions of risk aversion and additively separable utility functions are not required.
Design of the RF Cavity and Power Amplifier for the Fermilab Antiproton Source

In the Fermilab program for production of an intense antiproton beam, trains of 82 short antiproton bunches (1 nsec) separated by 18.8 nsec are produced with a large momentum spread about a mean energy of 8.9 GeV. The bunch trains are delivered to a Debuncher ring where a 3% momentum bite is reduced to about 0.2% by exchanging momentum spread for time spread. This exchange is a two step process involving synchrotron rotation of the bunches in mismatched buckets followed by adiabatic debunching. During the bunch rotation the rf system is required to provide a stable rf voltage of 5 MV at 53.1035 MHz for 60 ?sec, or about 35 turns. Then the voltage must be lowered to 98 kV within about 56 ?sec to match the rotated distribution. The voltage is then reduced to 5 kV in about 12 msec for final adiabatic debunching of the antiprotons. The process is repeated at a 2 second repetition rate. The rf voltage is to be generated by eight rf cavities in a long straight section. Each cavity, when excited with 112 KW of rf power, will generate a peak voltage of 625 kV. Each cavity is excited by a self contained power amplifier mounted directly on top of the cavity to minimize rf interference with nearby high sensitivity stochastic cooling systems. The cavity, 90.9 cm dia. and 182.6 cm long, is made of aluminum and completely evacuated.
Correlations between stream sulphate and regional SO2 emissions

The relationship between atmospheric SO2 emissions and stream and lake acidification has been difficult to quantify, largely because of the limitations of sulphur deposition measurements. Precipitation sulphate (SO4) records are mostly <5 yr in length1 and do not account for dry sulphur deposition2. Moreover, a variable fraction of wet- and dry-deposited sulphur is retained in soils and vegetation and does not contribute to the acidity of aquatic systems3,4. We have compared annual SO2 emissions for the eastern United States from 1967 to 1980 with stream SO4 measurements from fifteen predominantly undeveloped watersheds (Figs 1,2). We find that the two forms of sulphur are strongly correlated on a regional basis and that streams in the southeastern United States (SE) receive a smaller fraction (on average, 16%, compared with 24% of regional sulphur emissions than do streams in the northeastern United States (NE). In addition to providing direct empirical evidence of a relationship between sulphur emissions and aquatic chemistry, these results suggest that there are significant regional differences in the fraction of deposited sulphur retained in basin soils and vegetation.
Auditory Evoked Potential Variability in Schizophrenia

Abstract Variability of the individual brain wave potentials comprising an auditory averaged evoked potential (AEP) is greater for schizophrenic than for normal subjects. In schizophrenics this increased AEP variability results in fewer similarities, and therefore lowered correlations, between two AEPs evoked by tones of the same pitch. Thus, the increased difference between AEPs to tones of two different pitches found in schizophrenia seems to be a function of increased AEP variability. This increase of AEP variability in schizophrenic patients reflects response variability and is not principally the result of increased background EEG variability. AEP standard deviation is highly correlated with AEP amplitude, and methods of correcting for this are discussed.
The effect of host species on growth and variability of Echinorhynchus salmonis Müller, 1784 (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae), with special reference to the status of the genus

The sex and age (as measured by length) of Echinorhynchus salmonis Muller, 1784 and the host species of this acanthocephalan considerably affected worm body form and size, as well as size of proboscis, proboscis hooks, proboscis receptacle, lemnisci, testes and cement glands. Linear regression analysis indicated that curves describing the growth pattern of these characters by worm length were significantly different as a function of host species. The larger worms recovered from bloater (Coregonus hoyi: Salmonidae) almost invariably showed higher regression coefficient compared to those from smelt (Osmerus mordax: Osmeridae) in all characters. Taxonomic implications of these findings are discussed. Abnormalities in body wall, proboscis hook orientation, lemnisci and cement gland ducts as well as variations in proboscis hook and cement gland numbers are reported, some for the first time. Findings from studies of cement gland pattern invalidate Petrochenko's (1956) splitting up of the genus into three: Echinorhynchus, Metechinorhynchus and Pseudoechinorhynchus. It is proposed that the designation of the last two genera as junior synynoms of the first be accepted. ac]19791205
Preparation and Properties of Trifluoroacetylated κ-Casein

Abstract Blocking the free amino groups of κ -casein with trifluoroacetyl-groups resulted in markedly altered properties of the protein. Trifluoroacetylated κ -casein was not able to stabilize α s1 -casein in the presence of calcium ions, but this ability was fully restored after removal of the blocking groups. Trifluoroacetylated- κ -casein was susceptible to rennin action, but the liberated para-κ -casein was completely soluble and did not yield the typical para-κ -casein clot. This loss of characteristic properties is attributed to structural alterations produced by the change in ionic character or by steric effects of the blocking trifluoroacetyl-groups.
Direct Nuclear Pumping by a Volume Source of Fission Fragments

A detailed kinetic model is presented for the analysis of nuclear pumped lasers when the pumping is a result of a volume source of fission fragments. The results of the model are employed to study a He-3 - Xe laser. For the range of pressures, neutron fluxes and mixtures considered, the gain and power calculations are in good agreement with experiment. Moreover, based on these calculations, it appears that the collisional recombination is the dominant pumping mechanism for 7p-7s transitions while direct excitation is the dominant pumping mechanism for the 5d-6p transitions.
NiMoO4 selective oxidation catalysts containing excess MoO3 for the conversion of C4 hydrocarbons to maleic anhydride: II. Selective oxidation of 1-butene

Abstract The selective oxidation of 1,3-butadiene and furan to maleic anhydride over NiMoO4 catalysts containing excess MoO3 was investigated. Activity and selectivity measurements were performed using a fixed-bed, integral reactor system. The results were compared with those obtained for 1-butene oxidation which indicated the most selective component of the catalyst for maleic anhydride formation was a MoO3 phase having a surface covering of NiMoO4; similar results were found to be applicable for 1,3-butadiene and furan oxidation. NiMoO44 was determined to be the catalyst component responsible for oxidative dehydrogenation of 1-butene; this phase also selectively blocked complete oxidation sites on MoO3, thereby changing the selectivity in favor of maleic anhydride.
Subjective story structure

In the present study, the relation of story grammars to perceived story structure is investigated. A method is offered for arriving at an empirical description of perceived story structure. People are asked to sort the sentences of simple stories into groups that seem to go together naturally in the structure of the story. A pooled measure of structural relatedness among story propositions is thus derived. Hierarchical clustering procedures (Johnson, 1967) are used to generate subjective story structures for stories adapted from Mandler and Johnson (1977) and Glenn (1978), the two comparison grammars chosen for the present study. Results indicate generally good agreement between the empirical and theoretical structural descriptions. In several instances, however, the empirical structures depart in meaningful ways from the structural descriptions generated by the grammars. Major individual differences in perceived structure also arise. In a second experiment, this procedure is successfully extended to text...
ANTIOXIDANTS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN EXERCISE

Strenuous exercise increases oxygen consumption and causes disturbance of intracellular pro-oxidant-antioxidant homeostasis. The mitochondrial electron transport chain, polymorphoneutrophil, and xanthine oxidase have been identified as major sources of intracellular free radical generation during exercise. Reactive oxygen species pose a serious threat to the cellular antioxidant defense system, such as diminished reserve of antioxidant vitamins and glutathione, and increased tissue susceptibility to oxidative damage. However, enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants have demonstrated great adaptation to acute and chronic exercise. The delicate balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants suggests that supplementation of antioxidants may be desirable for physically active individuals under certain physiological conditions by providing a larger protective margin.
Racetrack SAFER barrier on temporary concrete barriers

Previously, the Steel and Foam Energy Reduction (SAFER) barrier system was successfully developed and crash tested for use in high-speed racetrack applications for the purpose of reducing the severity of racecar crashes into permanent, rigid, concrete containment walls. The SAFER barrier has been implemented at all high-speed oval race tracks that host events from NASCAR's top three race series and IRL's top series. However, there are a number of racetrack facilities in the United States that use temporary concrete barriers as a portion of the track layout during races. These barriers are typically used on race tracks to shield openings or protect portions of the infield. Some of these temporary barrier installations are in areas where current safety guidance would recommend treatment with the SAFER barrier. Thus, a system was successfully designed, tested, and evaluated for a system targeted towards the most pressing need in the US motorsports industry, a system for spanning openings between rigid concre...
Development of an Alternative, Reaper/Flail Based Harvesting System for Biomass Collection and No-Till Seeding - 2nd Year

A harvesting system is introduced that combines existing technologies in a unique way to simplify harvesting equipment, lower production costs and improve grain quality consistency. The harvesting system is comprised of three machines - one to gather the crop and prepare the residue for no-till seeding, a second to thresh and clean the crop, and a third to separate the grain by density/quality. The crop-gathering machine consists of a power unit equipped with a stripper header to harvest the crop and a flail to chop the standing residue into small pieces. A prototype harvester was fabricated to determine system design criteria and performance characteristics in terms of machine power requirements and bulk density of the material harvested. Trials were conducted in seven wheat fields during 2005 and 2006 that ranged in yield from 3.3 to 6.4 t/ha. In this paper, only power requirements for 2005 are reported. Flail power requirements ranged from 3 to 11 kW/m depending on harvesting speed and concentration of biomass. Flail power requirements were linearly correlated with biomass feed rate (t/h) with an R2 of 0.87. Stripper header power requirements ranged from 2.0 kW/m to 2.7 kW/m, only slightly higher than the no-load power requirement of 1.9 kW/m. Total harvester power requirements for harvesting, conveying and flailing ranged from 5.7 kW/m to 13.5 kW/m depending on travel speed, wheat yield and quantity of straw chopped. Total machine power requirements for a harvester with a 7.3 m header would be about 175kW, including 75 kW for propulsion, losses and reserve. The chaff yield in the grain/chaff mixture (graff) harvested ranged from 2.0 to 2.5 t/ha for five of the seven trials. With chaff valued at $23/t, collecting 2 t/h of chaff would increase farm revenues by $46/ha. Realistic graff densities of awned wheat were less than about 1/12 that of clean grain and new, efficient material handling systems would need to be developed to have harvesting capacities comparable to that of a conventional combine based system. Awnless wheat had graff densities that averaged about 1/5 that of clean grain. Equipment is commercially available to handle this volume of material and have harvesting field capacities comparable to that of a conventional combine based system.
Skin blackening during the cooking of spent laying fowls

1. Blackening of the skin in factory processed cooked hens has been associated with elevated copper levels. 2. The degree of blackening was not directly related to copper content although the latter level was always higher than in control hens. 3. Simulated factory procedures, using scald water at 53 °C or 60 °C containing 50 mg Cu2+/1 and 50 mg C12/1, produced blackened skins of varying intensity on cooking. 4. It is suggested that the problem arose from a malfunction of the chlorination plant which produced excessive levels of chlorine and low pH, followed by erosion of copper from water pipes and subsequent interaction of copper and chlorine with the chicken skin.
Comparison of pressure distribution under a conventional saddle and a treeless saddle at sitting trot.

It can be a challenge to find a conventional saddle that is a good fit for both horse and rider. An increasing number of riders are purchasing treeless saddles because they are thought to fit a wider range of equine back shapes, but there is only limited research to support this theory. The objective of this study was to compare the total force and pressure distribution patterns on the horse's back with conventional and treeless saddles. The experimental hypotheses were that the conventional saddle would distribute the force over a larger area with lower mean and maximal pressures than the treeless saddle. Eight horses were ridden by a single rider at sitting trot with conventional and treeless saddles. An electronic pressure mat measured total force, area of saddle contact, maximal pressure and area with mean pressure >11 kPa for 10 strides with each saddle. Univariate ANOVA (P 11 kPa. These findings suggested that the saddle tree was effective in distributing the weight of the saddle and rider over a larger area and in avoiding localized areas of force concentration.
Ototoxic protection of sodium thiosulfate: daily vs constant infusion.

Abstract Objective Compare the effect of a daily dose of sodium thiosulfate (STS) to continuous infusion of STS on Hartley albino guinea pig (HAGP) on cisplatin (CP)-induced sensorineural hearing loss. Study design Prospective randomized pilot study comparing a single daily dose of STS to a constant controlled infusion of STS given the middle ear space (MES) with an ototoxic regimen of CP. The hearing thresholds will be obtained by auditory brainstem response (ABR) 1 week before and after treatment. Treatment effects on responses at 2, 8, and 16 kHz signals will be investigated by an analysis of variance with one between subjects' condition and two within subjects' conditions. Setting Basic science laboratory. Results STS protection resulted in significantly less hearing loss post-treatment for the protected ears. Guinea pigs with continuous infusion of STS demonstrated less loss in the protected ear than those who received the single daily dose. As expected, hearing loss at 2 kHz was less than that at 8 and 16 kHz. Conclusion A continuous infusion of STS directly to the MES is better than a single daily dose of STS to the MES in reducing the ototoxicity of CP. Significance Any targeted protection, whether by continuous infusion or daily dose, is better than no protection against the sensorineural hearing loss of CP.
The Impact of Board Composition and Top Management Team Ownership Structure on Post-IPO Performance in Young Entrepreneurial Firms

Challenging agency theory prescriptions for board composition, we contend that the boards of young firms that have recently gone public are best comprised of a majority of original top management t...
Quantum computing with analog circuits: Hilbert space computing

We first point out the practical difficulties of universal quantum computing which may prohibit practical applications as universal computers. Then we show how to apply analog microelectronic circuits to realize the architecture, data processing and parallel computing abilities of quantum computing via Hilbert space computing with analog circuits. Such a Hilbert-space-analog (HSA) computer simulates the Hilbert space and its operators, and it is able to use and test quantum algorithms developed for the real quantum computers. Such a computer would be free of most of the practical difficulties of realizing and running a real quantum computer. This computer can be made universal. It is remarkable that by using the same numbers of transistors as in today's PCs, such a HSA computer can manipulate ∼10 7 analog numbers corresponding to ∼23 qubits, simultaneously, by quantum-parallel processing.
Inflammatory myofibrohistiocytic proliferation presenting as giant gastric pseudotumor

A 5-year-old boy presented with refractory microcytic anemia, growth failure, and markedly elevated sedimentation rate. Computed tomographic (CT) and upper gastrointestinal study disclosed an ulcerated 9-cm large gastric mass, which proved to be an inflammatory myofibrohistiocytic proliferation (IMP). The characteristic clinical and radiologic features of this rare entity are herein reviewed.
MODEL FOR THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT OF THE NEUTRON.

A model of the electric dipole moment of the neutron is proposed and evaluated with the help of current algebra and the hypothesis of partially conserved axial-vector current.
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of indoleamines, dopamine, and norepinephrine in rat brain with fluorometric detection

A high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence procedure for the determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, tryptophan, dopamine, and norepinephrine has been developed. The method uses an ion-pairing system on an Ultrasphere ODS (5-microns) column with detector wavelength settings of excitation at 290 nm and emission at 330 nm. The procedure has been used to quantitate these indoleamines and catecholamines in rat brain tissue after homogenization in a perchloric acid solution; an aliquot of this solution is injected directly onto the HPLC column. Column sensitivities range from 6.1 pmol for tryptophan to 1.1 pmol for 5-hydroxytryptamine.
The Evaluability Hypothesis Revisited: Joint and Separate Evaluation Preference Reversal as a Function of Attribute Importance

Abstract Preference reversals between joint and separate evaluation procedures (JE and SE) were studied as a function of attribute evaluability (Hsee, 1996) and attribute importance. First, the present research replicated Hsee's (1996) JE-SE preference reversal findings with willingness-to-pay judgments. In addition, choices showed a preference pattern similar to that of willingness-to-pay judgments. Second, consistent with Hsee's (2000) speculation, the study showed that attribute importance is a key determinant of JE-SE reversal.
Broken Time-Reversal Symmetry of Anisotropic Superfluidity

Broken time-reversal ( T ) symmetry of anisotropic superfluidity implies topological change of the whole Fermi sphere. An infinite string pierces through the Fermi sphere; the phase of the pair state | k , - k > s is multivalued around it; and at T =0, the one-particle occupation number n ( s) ( k ) vanishes on the string. Through these observations, this paper settles the problem of the intrinsic orbital angular momentum in 3 He–A: The momentum density at T =0 is given by \(\mbox{\boldmath \)g\(}=N_{\rm s}M{ \mbox{\boldmath \)v\(}}_{\rm s}+(1/4){\nabla}\times (N_{\rm s}\hbar \mbox{\boldmath \)l\(})-(\hbar /2)C_{0}\mbox{\boldmath \)l}( l · ∇× l ) with C 0 =0, namely, the third term is absent due to n ( s) ( k )=0 for k // l . The process reveals that the Green's function approach based on the plane wave expansion fails to describe the topological change. Also, the conclusion raises several basic problems such as the divergence of H c2 for T-breaking superconductivity. Finally, this paper presents a princi...
Some Equity Tssues in Education in the English-speaking Caribbean Countries

ABSTRACT The largest share of school enrollment in the English-speaking Caribbean countries is at the primary level, but a disproportionate share of public expenditure goes to higher education. Public expenditure on higher education is regressive, and upper-income groups should bear a greater share of the cost of higher education. The evidence shows that performance of the educational system, as measured bypass rates at the 11+ and Caribbean Examination Council examinations, is rather low. The level of education is correlated with the level of earnings, unemployment and poverty. Finally, the evidence shows that free education does not mean free education for all classes and that state expenditures on higher education subsidize upper-income groups. The state needs to emphasize and provide quality primary education, and improve the all-age schools that are attended predominantly by the poor.
Temperature shift factor: Polymer mechanical properties above and below glass transition

Abstract A general relation between the temperature shift factor aT and reduced volume ṽ, based on the Doolittle viscosity-volume equation, is considered. The shift factor and the specific volume are assumed to be continuous functions of the temperature T above, at, as well as below the glass transition region. A specific aT(T) formula is obtained by using the Guggenheim-Lu-Ruether density equation; knowledge of the characteristic volume v∗ is not needed. Precise aT(T) values for a structural adhesive obtained by Kenner, Knauss and Chai have been represented before by two W-L-F equations, one above and the other below the glass transition temperature. The same set of the shift factor values is now represented by a single equation with good accuracy. Accurate data on the temperature dependence of specific volume, v(T), have been obtained from aT(T) values.
The effect of stellar evolution upon Population II Contact Binaries in the Period-Color Relation. I. Equal-Mass, Marginal Contact Systems

Field W UMa binaries observe a well known Period-Color Relation such that systems containing more massive stars are bluer and have longer orbital periods than those systems with lower mass components. However, it has been known for a decade that metal-poor W UMa's are too blue, have too short an orbital period, or both. Correcting the observed color for the reduced line blanketing in the atmosphere of a Pop II star only accounts for part of the observed discrepancy. As others have suggested, and Rucinski (2000) show, the smaller radii of Pop II stars and the correspondingly shorter orbital periods are responsible for the remainder. In this paper I investigate the effect of evolution upon the location in the period-color plane. This paper addresses the restricted case of equal mass components in critical contact with their inner Roche lobes, but should be applicable to the more general cases to the extent that the relative sizes of stellar components are preserved with metallicity changes. The calculated metallicity-age dependent Period-Color Relations substantially agree with Rucinski & Duerbeck's (1997) empirically derived corrections to the Period-Color Relation over most of the investigated range of periods. However, our predictions deviate to a greater degree as stellar age increases since their parameterization does not include the effect of evolution.
Formation of Zein Microphases in Ethanol−Water

Zein, a major protein of corn, is soluble in binary mixtures of ethanol and water. It has an amphiphilic character and is capable of self-assembly into nano- and microsized rods, spheres, and films upon solvent evaporation. The formation of microspheres is of particular interest for the development of delivery systems. Control over structure formation requires a better understanding of zein behavior in solution. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of zein concentration and the effect of ethanol-water ratio on the microphase behavior of zein solutions, believed to govern the morphology of microstructures after solvent evaporation. The Flory-Huggins solution theory was applied to model boundary lines between microphases in solution. The study generated information on the zein concentration-ethanol/water ratio conditions where microspheres are formed and provided insight into the microphase behavior of zein ethanolic solutions.
Free surface problems in rheological fluid mechanics

In this paper we review our work on the theory of domain perturbations of the rest state of a viscoelastic fluid and its applications to the science of rheometry. To explain the principle behind the domain perturbation analysis we begin the paper with a discussion of a model problem, free of rheological complications, in which the principles involved may be clearly demonstrated. In Chapter two we formulate the analysis for rheological problems and we present some new, previously unpublished, simplifications of the theory. The canonical forms for stress tensors which perturb the state of rest are given in Chapter three. Chapter four is devoted to the problem of steady rod climbing. There we discuss the main physical features of the motion, the phenomenon of the critical radius, the effects of surface tension and temperature, secondary motions, the applicability of theory and experiment for rheological measurements, and an interesting new “normal stress anplifier”. Unsteady problems of rod climbing are considered in Chapter five. We review recent results on the free surface induced by torsional oscillations of a rod, and we show how to use these results to find the form of the material functions in the canonical forms of the stress. The breathing instability of steady axisymmetric rod climbing (aHopf bifurcation) and the flower instability of time-periodic climb induced by the oscillating rod (a symmetry-breakingPoincare bifurcation) are also described in Chapter five. In Chapter six we consider other free surface problems: the free surface on a fluid between oscillating planes, die swell and edge effects in rheometers.
Effects of surface concentration, metals and acid synergists on autoxidation of linoleic acid monolayers on silica

To approximate in a model system the autoxidation of monomolecular layers of lipids on the cell surfaces of freeze-dried foods, the autoxidation of presumed monolayers of linoleic acid adsorbed from solution onto silica gel has been studied as a function of time and α-tocopherol and acid synergist content. The method of Honn, Bezman and Daubert was used, modified by the substitution of linoleic acid for soybean oil and the use of gas chromatography to follow oxygen disappearance at 80 C. It was found that adsorption of linoleic acid onto silica gel from petroleum ether solution conforms to a Langmuir isotherm, consistent with the formation of a monolayer. Confirming the finding of Honn et al. with soybean oil, it was found that the most rapid uptake of oxygen occurred at a linoleic acid-silica ratio close to that for the monolayer. Without included antioxidant, oxidation commences at a nearly linear rate without observable induction period. Time for consumption of one-half mole of oxygen per mole of linoleic acid is ca. 60 min on acid-washed silica. If very small amounts of α-tocopherol are included in the layer, virtually no oxygen uptake measurable in this system occurs during an induction period, the length of which is approximately proportional to tocopherol content. The inflection point at the commencement of rapid oxidation is very sharp; the ensuing oxidation rate approximates that of the unprotected acid. The induction period of linoleic acid with the same tocopherol content is as much as 100% longer when exposed in monolayer than in a bulk form. However the rate after commencement of rapid oxidation is 8–10 times greater in the monolayer. Acid washing of the silica reduced its iron content by 75%. Acid washing also reduced by 60% the rate of autoxidation without α-tocopherol and increased the length of the induction period four-fold when α-tocopherol was present. The effect of pretreatment of the silica by adsorption of the acid synergists, ascorbic, phosphoric, citric and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid was qualitatively similar to the effect of acid washing. The synergists extended the induction period in increasing order as listed, EDTA producing a 100-fold extension. For ascorbic acid the rate reduction and increase of induction period were not found on unwashed silica and were dependent on the extent of washing. These findings are consistent with synergist sequestration of metals in a complex that is ineffective in new chain generation by perioxide decomposition.
Effect of Plasticity on Free Edge Stresses in Boron-Aluminum Composite Laminates

A general orthotropic yield criterion that is quadratic in stresses in conjunction with the incremental flow theory of plasticity was used to analyze free edge interlaminar stresses in composite laminates. The growth of plastic zones and the distributions of interlaminar stresses were studied using a pseudo three-dimensional finite element method. Results for [0/90]s, [90/0]s, and [45/-45]s Boron-Aluminum metal matrix composites were pre sented. It was found that the inclusion of plasticity could significantly alter the inter laminar stresses.
Studies on adrenal δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase

Abstract The presence of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (EC 2.3.1.37) in rat and bovine adrenals has been demonstrated. When untreated animals are employed, the activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in rat and bovine adrenal homogenates is comparable to the activity found in hepatic homogenates. Adrenal δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase is localized in the mitochondrial fraction and appears to be refractory to induction by agents that induce the hepatic enzyme. Starvation of rats increased adrenal δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity without altering the activity of the hepatic enzyme. Treatment of rats with adrenocorticotropin also dramatically increased adrenal δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity. These results suggest that the adrenal enzyme may be controlled by factors that differ from those which regulate the activity of the hepatic enzyme.
Design and synthesis of unprecedented cyclic γ-AApeptides for antimicrobial development

Antimicrobial drug resistance is one of the greatest threats facing mankind. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can potentially circumvent drug resistance, probably through a bacterial membrane-disruption mechanism. However, they suffer from low in vivo stability, potential immunogenicity, and difficulty in optimization. The development of antimicrobial peptidomimetics is therefore an emerging research area as they avoid the potential disadvantages of AMPs. Cyclic peptidomimetics are of significant interest since constraints induced by cyclization are expected to further improve their antimicrobial activity. Nonetheless, the report of cyclic oligomeric peptidomimetics for antimicrobial development is rare. Herein, for the first time, we report the design and synthesis of cyclic γ-AApeptides via an on-resin cyclization. These cyclic γ-AApeptides are potent and broad-spectrum active against fungus and multi-drug resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Our results demonstrate the potential of cyclic γ-AApeptides as a new class of antibiotics to circumvent drug resistance by mimicking the bactericidal mechanism of AMPs. Meanwhile, the facile synthesis of cyclic γ-AApeptides may further expand the applications of γ-AApeptides in biomedical sciences.
Setting priorities: a new SPIHT-compatible algorithm for image compression

We introduce a new algorithm for progressive or multiresolution image compression. The algorithm improves on the Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) algorithm by replacing the SPIHT encoder. The new encoder optimizes the multiresolution code performance relative to a user- defined probability distribution over the code's rates or resolutions. The new algorithm's decoder is identical to the SPIHT decoder. The resulting code achieves the optimal expected performance across resolutions subject to the constraints imposed by the use of the SPIHT decoder and the distribution over resolutions set by the user. The encoder optimization yields performance improvements at the rates or resolutions of greatest importance at the expense of performance degradation at low priority rates or resolutions. The algorithm is fully compatible at the decoder with the original SPIHT algorithm. In particular, the decoder requires no knowledge of the priority function employed at the encoder. Experimental results on an image containing both text and photographic material yield up to 0.86 dB performance improvement over SPIHT at the resolution of highest priority.