cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iterative reconstruction algorithms: convergence as a function of spatial frequency

We present an analysis of two well-known iterative reconstruction-from-projections algorithms, ART (algebraic reconstruction technique) and SIRT (simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique), that demonstrates how individual spatial-frequency components in the image converge at different rates to their respective object components. The analysis proceeds by considering the continuous versions of the ART and SIRT algorithms in the limit of continuous sampling along the projections and in angle. Explicit convergence formulas are derived that show that the continuous ART and SIRT algorithms converge to the correct solutions, that the convergence is geometric, and how the rate of convergence depends on spatial frequency. Moreover, it is shown how the continuous ART and SIRT algorithms can be expressed as a multiplication of the object spectrum by a spatial-frequency transfer function that varies in a simple way with the iteration number. The transfer-function formulation also makes it easy to compare the continuous ART and SIRT algorithms with convolution backprojection, a well-known non-iterative technique. The continuous ART and SIRT convergence formulas may help in establishing meaningful stopping criteria for the discrete ART and SIRT algorithms, particularly when the intrinsic bandwidth of the projection data is known in advance. A numerical example is given, which agrees with the predicted behavior of the continuous ART and SIRT algorithms.
Some observations on the potential functions for transverse isotropy in the presence of body forces

Abstract In this paper the potential function formulation for a transversely isotropic material is examined in the presence of body force terms. The equations of equilibrium are reduced to Poisson type equations with the body force terms on the right hand side. The potentials are evaluated for a concentrated body force in an infinite material. For a force perpendicular to the isotropic plane, it is shown that some degree of ambiguity exists in the choice of the potential which explains the different forms used by previous researchers. For a point force parallel to the z = 0 isotropic plane, the present results for the potentials agree with previous analysis when z > 0 but differ for z
Temperature effects on steady-state growth, phosphorus uptake, and the chemical composition of a marine phytoplankter.

The marine chrysophyteMonochrysis lutheri was grown in phosphorus-limited continuous cultures at temperatures of 15°, 18.8° and 23°C. The effect of temperature on the maximum growth rate was well-defined by the Arrhenius equation, but the Q10 for this alga (1.7) was somewhat lower than has been determined previously for many other phytoplankton species (2.0–2.2). The minimum phosphorus cell quota was relatively unaffected by temperature at 18.8°C and 23°C, but doubled in magnitude at 15°C. As a result, the internal nutrient equation of Droop described the relationship between specific growth rate and phosphorus cell quota well at 18.8° and 23°C, but was less successful at 15°C. The major limitation in using the Droop equation is that the ratio between the minimum and maximum cell quotas must be known, thus necessitating the need to establish the true maximum growth rate by the cell washout technique. In addition, the phosphorus uptake rate on a cell basis at a given steady state growth rate (=specific uptake rate) increased dramatically at 15°C, whereas the turnover rate of total available phosphorus was unaffected by temperature. Both the nitrogen and carbon cell quotas were relatively unaffected by growth rate at a given temperature, but the average values increased slightly with decreasing temperature. The overall conclusion is that phytoplankton growth and limiting-nutrient uptake rates are only synchronous at or near the optimum temperature. Because these types of responses are species specific, much additional data on temperature effects will be required before the importance of including such effects in phytoplankton-nutrient models can be determined.
COASTAL CURRENTS OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST

To plan and design ocean outfall for sewage, cooling water or other wastes it is necessary to have a knowledge of the nearshore current velocities and directions. An overview is presented of available nearshore current measurement of the Pacific Northwest Coast along with some theoretical methods for calculating velocities. Current contributions are considered from tides, winds, waves and upwelling. Available current data indicate that in nearshore areas effects due to bottom and shore configurations overshadow geostrophic and Ekman layer effects. Generally, theoretical methods for calculation of current velocities in coastal waters (within 5 nautical miles of the coastline) can give approximate values. However, for specific information it is usually necessary to perform local measurements.
Results from a search for cosmic axions.

A search experiment has been carried out to look for relic cosmic axions trapped in the halo of our Galaxy and limits on their coupling ${g}_{a\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ and galactic abundance are presented for the axion mass range of ${m}_{a}=(5.4\ensuremath{-}5.9)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ eV. The detector consisted of a tunable high-$Q$ microwave cavity immersed in liquid helium and permeated by a strong magnetic field. A low-noise microwave receiver with a cryogenic HEMT amplifier as its first stage was coupled to the cavity. The noise power within successive cavity bandwidths was spectrum analyzed and searched for narrow peaks resulting from axion-to-photon conversions in the cavity.
On an example of an N-body method for the study of small perturbations in galaxies

This paper presents the first results of a project to apply numerical N-body methods to the study of small perturbations in galaxies. The central idea of the project is to make use of Nbody calculations as realizations of the solutions of the equations that govern perturbations in the Lagrangian representation. Thus, an unperturbed system is described as an independent particle model of the usual kind satisfying Liouville’s equation and Poisson’s equation. Accordingly, the stellar orbits in the gravitational field of the unperturbed system are integrated as N one-body problems. Nevertheless, a full N-body calculation is required in the solution of the linearized equations governing the Lagrangian displacements, because the Eulerian perturbation of the acceleration must be represented as a sum of two-body interactions. This paper describes a detailed investigation of applications of such calculations to the radial oscillations of a spherically symmetric galaxy.
Probing the reaction pathway of dehydrogenation of the LiNH2 + LiH mixture using in situ 1H NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Using variable temperature in situ 1 H NMR spectroscopy on a mixture of LiNH 2 + LiH that was mechanically activated using high-energy ball milling, the dehydrogenation of the LiNH 2 + LiH to Li 2 NH + H 2 was investigated. The analysis indicates NH 3 release at a temperature as low as 30 °C and rapid reaction between NH 3 and LiH at ∼150 °C. The transition from NH 3 release to H 2 appearance accompanied by disappearance of NH 3 confirms unambiguously the two-step elementary reaction pathway proposed by other workers.
Roughening transition in quantum interfaces

The roughening transition in interfaces of quantum crystals and spin systems is studied. Quantum-mechanical solid-on-solid-like models are presented. I show that quantum interfaces of three-dimensional systems are generally smooth at zero temperature and display a classical roughening transition. In two dimensions, systems with discrete symmetry display a roughening transition at zero temperature.
Power requirements for deep-space telecommunication links

The signal-to-noise ratio in a given equivalent bandwidth must be maintained above a minimum value during a deep-space mission in order to provide predictable performance, and in order to maintain effective telemetry communications with spacecraft at interplanetary distances it is necessary for earth stations to use maximum antenna gain. One solution is to extend telecommand range by reducing system noise temperature in the spacecraft receiver and reducing the bandwidth of the receiver's phase-lock loop. Low-noise preamplifiers have not yet been applied in planetary spacecraft in order to maintain simplicity and reliability. An answer to the problem seems to be high-power transmitters (earth-based) with outputs in the 1000-GW range.
Lot-sizing and cyclic scheduling for multiple products in a flow shop

Abstract This paper considers a production-inventory system in which optimal batch sizes are determined for n products that are processed on m machines in a flow shop. The total cost function for this system is derived by considering three cost components: inventory cost in work-in-process, the final products inventory cost and the machine setup labor cost. In order to make the optimal solution realizable, it is assumed that all products have the same processing cycle time. The capacity constraint considered during the derivation of the optimal lot sizes acts as an additional constraint. Two heuristic algorithms are developed in order to obtain the optimal solution. An important part of these algorithms is the modeling of the recursive relations among the production waiting times and machine idle times. These algorithms are not only used in deriving the optimal solution but also in providing the production schedules. A numerical example is also demonstrated along with the conclusion and indication for future research.
Diverting Juvenile Justice-Involved Youth With Behavioral Health Issues From Detention Preliminary Findings From Ohio’s Behavioral Health Juvenile Justice (BHJJ) Initiative

Nationally, well over half of juvenile justice-involved youth report behavioral health impairment. Although the juvenile justice system may be the first place a youth is screened for behavioral health problems, the system is often ill-prepared to properly treat these youth. In response to the growing number of youth entering the juvenile justice system with behavioral health issues and the lack of proper care in these facilities, many communities have developed diversion programs as an alternative to detention. The current study investigated Ohio’s Behavioral Health Juvenile Justice (BHJJ) program, a diversion program for juvenile justice-involved youth with behavioral health issues that provides evidence-and community-based behavioral health treatment. Results indicated BHJJ was effective at improving behavioral health outcomes, including general functioning and trauma symptomatology, and reducing future delinquency. Analyses also examined the variables that predicted successful treatment completion and ...
A climatology of the northern Adriatic Sea's response to bora and river forcing

[1] A new northern Adriatic climatology characterizes salinity and temperature fields associated with response to strong riverine input and bora wind forcing acting on variable ambient stratification. Time series of key forcing variables, specifically Po River discharge and wind velocity in bora pathways, combined with a measure of time-variable ambient stratification, indicate the dominant dynamics (e.g., bora winds acting on an unstratified northern Adriatic or strong Po River outflow into an unstratified basin). These indicators define an averaging scheme which organizes archived temperature and salinity profiles into groupings based on common dynamics, providing climatological characterizations of response to bora forcing and the differing basin responses to strong and weak Po discharge into strong and weak ambient stratification. The resulting maps demonstrate that the offshore penetration of Po waters depends strongly on outflow strength and ambient stratification. The climatology reveals buoyant Po River waters spreading in a surface layer throughout much of the northern basin during periods of strong ambient stratification, with little dependence on outflow strength. In contrast, during unstratified periods, outflow strength determines whether the river waters penetrate into the basin (strong outflow) or remain trapped over the Italian shelf (weak outflow). In addition, separation of oceanographic data into periods of strong bora winds reveals the formation of a freshwater filament in the resulting salinity fields. This feature extends into the open sea, separating two pools of higher salinity water. Significance testing of the mode-maps with climatological averages indicate that the mode-based maps are statistically robust within the 95% confidence interval in areas of energetic mesoscale activity such as those regions subject to direct riverine or wind forcing.
Recreational golfers' attitudes and awareness of sponsorship: a case study of the 2008 Ryder Cup

The Ryder Cup is a unique sporting event compared to other professional golf events in that it is a team competition. The purpose of the present study is to examine sponsorship awareness and the attitude of recreational golfers toward sponsorship relating to the 2008 Ryder Cup. Because the Ryder Cup is one of the premier professional golf events, and is positioned as one of the biggest sporting events in the world, many corporations are interested in sponsoring the event. This research highlights that sponsorship awareness of the Ryder Cup is relatively low compared to other major sporting events. It also points to the need for further segmentation of target markets to increase awareness of sponsorship. Investigating the effectiveness of sponsorship on consumers' awareness and attitudes to sponsorship presents an interesting avenue of study for sports marketers to evaluate their sponsorship strategies.
Automated testing of communication systems in motion: Adding realistic testing

The art of test is being able to anticipate and replicate the stresses of a product's intended end use. This paper is an overview of a range of test options for wireless transmitter-receiver pairs; in particular those that will ultimately experience separation distance, or relative motion, thereby introducing a wide range of additional Radio Frequency (RF) effects, not typically found in indoor wireless applications. The paper includes an underlying discussion of the range of choices engineers make, from using simple substitute tests to represent the final RF environment, all the way to sophisticated simulations and channel models that strive to accurately mimic the end users' complete RF operating environment.
Adaptive Quickest Estimation Algorithm for Smart Grid Network Topology Error

Smart grid technologies have significantly enhanced robustness and efficiency of the traditional power grid networks by exploiting technical advances in sensing, measurement, and two-way communications between the suppliers and customers. The state estimation plays a major function in building such real-time models of power grid networks. For the smart grid state estimation, one of the essential objectives is to help detect and identify the topological error efficiently. In this paper, we propose the quickest estimation scheme to determine the network topology as quickly as possible with the given accuracy constraints from the dispersive environment. A Markov chain-based analytical model is also constructed to systematically analyze the proposed scheme for the online estimation. With the analytical model, we are able to configure the system parameters for the guaranteed performance in terms of the false-alarm rate (FAR) and missed detection ratio under a detection delay constraint. The accuracy of the analytical model and detection with performance guarantee are also discussed. The performance is evaluated through both analytical and numerical simulations with the MATPOWER 4.0 package. It is shown that the proposed scheme achieves the minimum average stopping time but retains the comparable estimation accuracy and FAR.
Cooperation of the Metalloprotease, Disintegrin, and Cysteine-rich Domains of ADAM12 during Inhibition of Myogenic Differentiation

The extracellular domain of the mature form of ADAM12 consists of the metalloprotease, disintegrin, cysteine-rich, and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains. The disintegrin, cysteine-rich, and EGF-like fragments have been shown previously to support cell adhesion via activated integrins or proteoglycans. In this study, we report that the entire extracellular domain of mouse ADAM12 produced in Drosophila S2 cells supported efficient adhesion and spreading of C2C12 myoblasts even in the absence of exogenous integrin activators. This adhesion was not mediated by β1 integrins or proteoglycans, was myoblast-specific, and required the presence of both the metalloprotease and disintegrin/cysteine-rich domains of ADAM12. Analysis of the recombinant proteins by far-UV circular dichroism suggested that the secondary structures of the autonomously expressed metalloprotease domain and the disintegrin/cysteine-rich/EGF-like domains differ from the structures present in the intact extracellular domain. Furthermore, the intact extracellular domain (but not the metalloprotease domain or the disintegrin/cysteine-rich/EGF-like fragment alone) decreased the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 and myogenin, two markers of differentiation, and inhibited C2C12 myoblast fusion. Thus, the novel protein-protein interaction reported here involving the extracellular domain of ADAM12 may have important biological consequences during myoblast differentiation.
American Catholics: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States

Written by one of the foremost historians of American Catholicism, this book presents a comprehensive history of the Roman Catholic Church in America from colonial times to the present. Hennesey examines, in particular, minority Catholics and developments in the western part of the United States, a region often overlooked in religious histories.
T‐matrix studies of aerosol particle shape effects on IR resonance spectral line profiles and comparison with an experiment

[1] Experimental infrared resonance absorption line profiles are compared with results from T-matrix theory calculations for several mineral components of atmospheric dust (illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, quartz, and calcite). The model results are used to infer general characteristics of the aerosol particle shape distribution. For the silicate clays the spectral line profiles are best fit by a shape distribution of highly eccentric oblate spheroids, consistent with the expected sheet-like nature of the clay minerals. For quartz dust the spectral line profiles are best fit by a very broad distribution including both extreme oblate and prolate spheroids. For calcite a spheroid model with moderate shape parameters gives the best fit. Our results suggest that high-resolution IR extinction measurements may offer useful insight into the shape distributions of atmospheric mineral dust.
Predicting road test performance in adults with cognitive or visual impairment referred to a Veterans Affairs Medical Center driving clinic.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a screening battery for office-based clinicians that would assist with the prediction of impaired driving performance and deciding who should proceed to road testing in a sample of adults with cognitive or visual deficits. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Driving evaluation clinic at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) in St. Louis, Missouri. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-seven individuals aged 23 to 91 with diagnoses of cognitive or visual impairment or both referred to an occupational therapy based driving clinic by VAMC providers because of concerns regarding driving safety. MEASUREMENTS: Predictor variables included tests of visual and cognitive functioning and activities of daily living. The major outcome was pass or fail on a standardized performance-based on-road driving test. RESULTS: Thirty percent of the referrals failed the road test. The best predictors of driving performance were the Trail-Making Test Part A and the Mazes Test from the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery. CONCLUSION: Measures of visual search, psychomotor speed, and executive functioning accurately predicted road test performance in a significant number of participants. These brief tests may assist clinicians in deciding who should proceed with a road test in a driver rehabilitation clinic or perhaps to whom it should be recommended to cease driving. Language: en
Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on rice and flacca tomato

Abstract Atmospheric concentrations of both carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ) are increasing, with potentially dramatic effects on plants. This study was conducted to determine interactive effects of CO 2 and O 3 on rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv. IR 74) and a ‘wilty’ mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. flacca ). Plants were grown from seed in a glasshouse and exposed for 28 days to ambient or elevated CO 2 (≈ 400 or 700 μl 1 −1 CO 2 ) and/or ambient or elevated O 3 (peak/valley pattern of exposure with cumulative totals of ≈ 1 or 44 μl 1 −1 h). Elevated CO 2 alleviated O 3 -associated decreases in allocation of biomass to roots, as indicated by a decreased root:shoot ratio ( p 3 as indicated by leaf greenness readings for one experiment ( p 2 resulted in increases in total plant and individual organ (root, leaf, stem) dry weights and root:shoot ratio; and elevated O 3 resulted in increases in main culm leaf number and a decrease in stem dry weight ( p 2 had no significant effect on the tendency for O 3 -induced biomass reductions of flacca tomato. For flacca , elevated CO 2 alone increased shoot and root biomass ( p 3 alone tended to decrease biomass for both parameters, but only at p = 0.09 and 0.11, respectively. This study was preliminary, as the environmental conditions in these experiments may have altered O 3 and CO 2 responses of the plants. However, these results provided additional evidence that elevated CO 2 inhibits adverse effects of O 3 on plants, and that the interactive response may be mediated by stomata.
Sterically encumbered systems for two low-coordinate phosphorus centers

Tetraarylphenyls of the form 2,3,5,6-Ar4C6 (Ar = p-tert-butylphenyl) are investigated as sterically demanding ligands for the syntheses of compounds having two p-phenylene-bridged phosphorus centers. The precursor to such materials, 1,4-diiodo-2,3,5,6-tetrakis(p-tert-butylphenyl)benzene (1), is readily obtained via a one-pot procedure in 68% yield. Compound 1 is then used to provide the bis(dichlorophosphine) 1,4-bis(dichlorophosphino)-2,3,5,6-tetrakis(p-tert-butylphenyl)benzene (2) and the derived bis(phosphine) 1,4-bis(phosphino)-2,3,5,6-tetrakis(p-tert-butylphenyl)benzene (3) in yields of 56 and 94% respectively. These materials provide access to novel materials containing two low-coordinate phosphorus centers bridged by a sterically encumbered phenylene unit. Compound 2 reacts with benzaldehyde and 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde in the presence of excess trimethylphosphine and zinc to produce the new pale yellow crystalline bis(phosphaalkenes) (E,E)-PhC(H)=PAr4C6P=C(H)Ph (4a; 42%) and (E,E)-Ar'C(H)=PAr4C6P=C(H)Ar' (4b; 46%; Ar' = 2,6-dichlorophenyl). The crystal structure of 4a shows a P=C bond length of 1.676(5) A. Compound 2 is also used to provide the unusual red-orange bis(diphosphene) DmpP=PAr4C6P=PDmp (5; 55%; Dmp = 2,6-Mes2C6H3). Compound 5 is structurally characterized, and a P=P bond length of 2.008(2) A is ascertained.
Temperature Dependent Equilibrium Native to Unfolded Protein Dynamics and Properties Observed with IR Absorption and 2D IR Vibrational Echo Experiments

Dynamic and structural properties of carbonmonoxy (CO)-coordinated cytochrome c552 from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus (Ht-M61A) at different temperatures under thermal equilibrium conditions were studied with infrared absorption spectroscopy and ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) vibrational echo experiments using the heme-bound CO as the vibrational probe. Depending on the temperature, the stretching mode of CO shows two distinct bands corresponding to the native and unfolded proteins. As the temperature is increased from low temperature, a new absorption band for the unfolded protein grows in and the native band decreases in amplitude. Both the temperature-dependent circular dichroism and the IR absorption area ratio RA(T), defined as the ratio of the area under the unfolded band to the sum of the areas of the native and unfolded bands, suggest a two-state transition from the native to the unfolded protein. However, it is found that the absorption spectrum of the unfolded protein increases its in...
Extended mutual imagery in work with anxious and phobic clients

Imagery and metaphor have a long history as tools for helping and healing. This article traces that history to the present and defines and explains the author's variation of using imagery called Extended Mutual Imagery (EMI). The emphasis on mutuality is, from the social work perspective, an essential ingredient for the effectiveness of EMI. EMI has been found to be effective with anxious and phobic clients who use metaphoric and imaging language. A case example using EMI with a 47 year old anxious female client is provided followed by discussion.
The total operating characteristic to measure diagnostic ability for multiple thresholds

The relative operating characteristic ROC is a popular statistical method to measure the association between observed and diagnosed presence of a characteristic. The diagnosis of presence or absence depends on whether the value of an index variable is above a threshold. ROC considers multiple possible thresholds. Each threshold generates a two-by-two contingency table, which contains four central entries: hits, misses, false alarms, and correct rejections. ROC reveals for each threshold only two ratios, hits/hits + misses and false alarms/false alarms + correct rejections. This article introduces the total operating characteristic TOC, which shows the total information in the contingency table for each threshold. TOC maintains desirable properties of ROC, while TOC reveals strictly more information than ROC in a manner that makes TOC more useful than ROC. We illustrate the concepts with an application to land change science.
Chemical and enzymatic synthesis of glycoconjugates 3: Synthesis of lactosamine by thermophilic galactosidase catalyzed galactosylation on a multigram scale

Abstract A library of thermophilic glycosidases was screened for lactosamine preparation from a transgalactosylation reaction between lactose and glucosamine hydrochloride. Two enzymes showed excellent regioselectivity toward glucosamine hydrochloride. The product could be synthesized on a multigram scale and was easily separated and purified by subsequently eluting through cation and anion exchange resin columns.
Interaction between polymorphisms in serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) genes predict treatment response to venlafaxine XR in generalized anxiety disorder.

Variation in genes involved in serotonergic signaling is thought to be associated with antidepressant treatment response in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). We examined a possible interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 haplotype and the serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7997012 in antidepressant treatment outcome in GAD. Patients diagnosed with GAD received venlafaxine XR treatment as part of an 18-month relapse prevention study. Genotypes obtained for the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 (La/La, La/S or S/S) haplotype and rs7997012 SNP (G or A) in the European American population (n=112) were used for pharmacogenetic analysis. Our data show that subjects with genotypes La/La+G/G or La/La+G/A (n=28) had significantly lower Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) scores than those with genotypes La/S+A/A or S/S+A/A (n=12) at 6 months (HAM-A difference=10.7; P<0.0001). Single-marker analysis only showed HAM-A differences of 4.3 (5-HTTLPR/rs25531: La/La versus La/S+S/S) and 4.8 (rs7997012: G/G+G/A versus A/A), showing for the first time a significant gene–gene interaction between these markers.
Plasma cell infiltration of the urinary bladder

We report a novel entity of plasma cell bladder infiltration without other demonstrable disease. The patient had severe irritative voiding symptoms, hematuria, and a diffuse mucosal infiltrate with 90% plasma cells. Although the patient demonstrated some clinical and pathologic evidence consistent with interstitial cystitis and eosinophilic cystitis, a predominant finding of focal plasma cell infiltration of the urinary bladder suggests a new or previously unrecognized clinical entity.
Knowledge based planning of military engineering tasks

Abstract Software to support military planning must integrate information from a wide variety of sources to address a number of different types of tasks. A hybrid system has been developed which integrates combat engineering analytical decision models, a tactical database, a geographic information system, and artificial intelligence (AI) applications to support the planning and execution of countermobility tasks by combat engineers. The use of multiple AI components embedded in a large system provides a means of representing expertise for several different types of tasks thereby allowing the system to respond to changing battlefield situations. The AI applications include a genetic algorithm application for scheduling engineering tasks and knowledge-based models for courses of action (COA) analysis. A general method for generation of hypertext explanations has been developed to summarize and present explanations of the results of the COA analysis.
Tetrapyrrole pigments in United States humic coals

Abstract Analyses of forty-two United States humic coals have revealed a striking divergence between chlorophyll diagenesis in coals when compared to the more widely studied marine sediments, shales, asphalts and petroleums. Porphyrins of humic coals have been found to be dominated by the ETIO-series, to lack members above C-32, and, in lower ranked samples ( e.g. Sub-bituminous-B, high volatile C) to exhibit mass spectral envelopes with unique even-carbon number predominances. The weighted average mass, as well as the carbon number maximum ( viz . mode), of these coal porphyrin homologies has been found to decrease as rank increases. The generation of porphyrins of the ETIO-series is suggested as occurring both during early coal formation, including oxidative scission of the isocyclic ring at the phorbide stage, and later during the catagenic alteration of surviving DPEP-series porphyrins. A preliminary study of chlorophyll diagenesis in a South Florida peat partially substantiates this suggestion and has further shown that the coal porphyrins can be derived from bacterial, as well as higher plant, chlorophylls.
Suppression of glioma progression by Egln3.

Grade IV astrocytoma or glioblastoma has a poor clinical outcome that can be linked to hypoxia, invasiveness and active vascular remodeling. It has recently been suggested that hypoxia-inducible factors, Hifs, increase glioma growth and aggressiveness [1], [2], [3]. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Egl 9 homolog 3 (Egln3), a prolyl-hydroxylase that promotes Hif degradation, suppresses tumor progression of human and rodent glioma models. Through intracranial tumorigenesis and in vitro assays, we demonstrate for the first time that Egln3 was sufficient to decrease the kinetics of tumor progression and increase survival. We also find that Klf5, a transcription factor important to vascular remodeling, was regulated by hypoxia in glioma. An analysis of the tumor vasculature revealed that elevated Egln3 normalized glioma capillary architecture, consistent with a role for Egln3 in eliciting decreases in the production of Hif-regulated, angiogenic factors. We also find that the hydroxylase-deficient mutant, Egln3H196A partially maintained tumor suppressive activity. These results highlight a bifurcation of Egln3 signaling and suggest that Egln3 has a non-hydroxylase-dependent function in glioma. We conclude that Egln3 is a critical determinant of glioma formation and tumor vascular functionality.
The Pruitt-Igoe Myth

This paper it an effort to debunk the myths associated with the demolition of the Pruitt-Igoe public housing project. In the seventeen years since its demise, this project has become a widely recognized symbol of architectural failure. Anyone remotely familiar with the recent history of American architecture knows to associate Pruitt-Igoe with the failure of High Modernism, and with the inadequacy of efforts to provide livable environments for the poor. It is this association of the project's demolition with the failure of modem architecture that constitutes the core of the Pruitt-Igoe myth. In place of the myth, this paper offers a brief history of Pruitt-Igoe that demonstrates how its construction and management were shaped by profoundly embedded economic and political conditions in postwar SL Louis. It then outlines how each successive retelling of the Pruitt-Igoe story in both the national and architectural press has added new distortions and misinterpretations of the original events. The paper conclu...
Cocaine Abusers Have Reduced Auditory P50 Amplitude and Suppression Compared to Both Normal Controls and Alcoholics

The auditory P50 evoked response to click stimuli was recorded from 10 2-week abstinent African-American chronic cocaine abusers and 10 African-American non-substance-abusing controls. Stimuli consisted of pairs of clicks with a 500-msec interval between clicks in a pair, and a 7–8 sec interval between pairs of clicks. After averaging responses to 100 pairs of clicks and digital bandpass filtering between 10 and 50 Hz, P50 amplitude to the first and the second click was measured. The conditioning/testing (C/T) ratio, an index of P50 suppression, was computed as the ratio of P50 amplitude to the second compared to the first click. Chronic cocaine abusers had markedly diminished P50 amplitudes and increased C/T ratios (indicating decreased P50 suppression) in comparison to the controls. These P50 abnormalities were not seen in additional Caucasian gay/bisexual comparison groups of active alcoholics (n = 15) and non-substance-abusing controls (n = 10). Thus, decrements in P50 amplitude and P50 suppression appear to be specific to cocaine abuse, and to differentiate cocaine abuse from alcohol abuse. A response analogous to P50 can be measured in animals, facilitating the development of animal models of this cocaine effect.
An analysis and analogue-computer study of a force-reflecting positional servomechanism

THE problem of force reflection, or feel, has been of interest to designers of remotely controlled manipulators for the past several years. Systems have been designed and built which demonstrate both the possibilities and difficulties inherent in any attempt to obtain such feel characteristics.1,2 In addition, more complicated systems have been built in attempts to overcome such difficulties,3 and reports outlining the general feel problem of manipulators and suggest courses of further study have appeared in the literature.4 It is the purpose of this paper to present an analogue study of a basic force-reflecting positional system along with a companion dynamic analysis upon which any desired stability or synthesis study may be based.
Impact of individual and cumulative coronary risk factors on coronary flow reserve assessed by dobutamine stress echocardiography.

Traditional cardiovascular risk factors have been shown to cause microvascular dysfunction. Most studies that have evaluated microcirculation rely on invasive measurement tools. We used dobutamine stress echocardiography, a validated method to measure coronary flow velocity (CFV) and coronary flow reserve (CFR), in a previously unstudied population without known significant coronary artery disease to determine the impact of traditional risk factors on CFR. Consecutive patients who had no evidence of regional wall motion abnormalities at rest or during dobutamine stress echocardiography were studied. Left anterior descending artery CFV was measured at baseline and at peak dobutamine stress and CFR was calculated as the ratio of peak stress CFV to baseline CFV. Fifty-nine consecutive patients (28 men) with mean age of 66.8 ± 14.5 years were studied. CFR was lower in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) compared with those without (1.7 ± 0.74 vs 2.48 ± 0.98, p 50 mm Hg), and obesity with a wide pulse pressure. In a multivariate model, DM, obesity, and wide pulse pressure were significantly associated with variation in CFR (p
A refinement and evaluation of the isotope dilution method for estimating milk intake by piglets

Piglets (49) were removed from their dams at 1–3 days of age and trained to drink from artificial nipples. Estimates of milk replacer consumption of individual piglets over periods of 1 or 3 days were made by an isotope (deuterium) dilution method and by disappearance. Estimates by isotope dilution averaged 0.4% higher (P > 0.10) in 1-day periods and 2.9% higher (P < 0.05) in 3-day periods than estimates by disappearance. Various sources of error were evaluated. The most likely sources of error appear to be in measurement of the dose of deuterium injected (as D2O) and in the measurement of deuterium concentration in water extracted from blood samples. Milk analyses, except for dry matter, can be eliminated. Measurement of deuterium space at the end of the milk consumption measurement period is not necessary. We conclude that the isotope dilution method for measuring the milk consumption of piglets is acceptably accurate and precise.
Metabolism of different histone fractions in ehrlich ascites cells after environmental change

In Ehrlich-Asziteszellen, die ungunstigen Umweltbedingungen ausgesetzt sind, hort die Zellteilung auf. Doch auch ohne DNS-Synthese geht der Histon-Stoffwechsel noch eine Zeitlang weiter, wobei die Synthese der argininreichen Histone dreimal so gross ist wie die der anderen Typen. Diese von der Zellteilung unabhangige Histon-Synthese ist ein Teil des Mechanismus, mit welchem die Zellen versuchen, sich an die neuen ungunstigen Nahrungsbedingungen anzupassen.
Achieving target antifactor Xa activity with a heparin protocol based on sex, age, height, and weight.

Study Objectives. To develop and validate an improved unfractionated heparin (UFH) dosage protocol, using antifactor Xa levels as the outcome variable. Design. Prospective case series. Setting. A 625-bed, adults-only, private, tertiary care teaching hospital. Patients. Three hundred seventy-two patients receiving UFH for eight different indications were in the protocol derivation group. One hundred ninety-seven patients were in the final validation group. Intervention. Variables that predicted successful UFH treatment were determined by analysis of variance and regression. Measurements and Main Results. Sex, age, height, weight, UFH dosage, and antifactor Xa levels were variables. A regression model using sex, age, height, and weight was superior to a weight-only model in predicting UFH dosage. Target-range antifactor Xa levels were achieved with the new protocol in 122 (87%) of 140 patients within 24 hours of start of therapy. Conclusion. A UFH dosage protocol based on patient sex, age, height, and weight produced improved initial target antifactor Xa levels compared with a weight-based protocol. The protocol is computerized and easy to apply.
Hegemonic authoritarianism and singapore: Economics, ideology and the asian economic crisis

Abstract This essay critically evaluates contemporary theories of authoritarianism and, through an examination of one of the most outstandingly stubborn cases of authoritarianism — that of Singapore — suggests a new approach for understanding authoritarianism based on Gramsci's theory of hegemony. This theory focuses directly on issues of legitimacy and popular perception and offers valuable insights into phenomena (e.g., “popular dictatorship,” “soft authoritarianism” and “fascism”) that would otherwise be dismissed as exceptions to the rule. Additionally, while being sensitive to historical contingency, hegemony theory does not lapse into an “it depends” mode but presses on to rigorously clarify the precise relationship between material conditions and ideology. Additionally, unlike dominant theories that categorise world regimes into dichotomised and moralised categories of democracies and dictatorships, Gramsci's theory offers us a less epistemologically biased paradigm that can be utilised equally to ...
A new design approach for lumped band-pass filters with improved frequency response symmetry and stop-band rejection

In this paper a new design approach is introduced to significantly improve the filter selectivity of lumped band-pass filters, BPF. The filter design is based on an admittance inverter circuit that employs a parallel resonant circuit. The admittance inverter proposed in this paper is used to introduce finite frequency zeros at selected frequencies whether below or above pass-band. The design technique introduced not only controls and improves the selectivity of the filter with only few added elements, it also serves to improve the symmetry of the magnitude and group delay response of the filter of interest. To illustrate the design procedure, a top-C coupled filter based on a 5th order low pass Chebyshev prototype is used as reference. The filter is then modified to employ the proposed admittance inverter circuit. The simulation results verify the significant improvement in magnitude and group delay response compared to the standard top-C coupled design.
Psychosomatic disorders in pediatrics

Psychosomatic symptoms are by definition clinical symptoms with no underlying organic pathology. Common symptoms seen in pediatric age group include abdominal pain, headaches, chest pain, fatigue, limb pain, back pain, worry about health and difficulty breathing. These, more frequently seen symptoms should be differentiated from somatoform or neurotic disorders seen mainly in adults. The prevalence of psychosomatic complaints in children and adolescents has been reported to be between 10 and 25%. These symptoms are theorized to be a response to stress. Potential sources of stress in children and adolescents include schoolwork, family problems, peer pressure, chronic disease or disability in parents, family moves, psychiatric disorder in parents and poor coping abilities. Characteristics that favour psychosomatic basis for symptoms include vagueness of symptoms, varying intensity, inconsistent nature and pattern of symptoms, presence of multiple symptoms at the same time, chronic course with apparent good health, delay in seeking medical care, and lack of concern on the part of the patient. A thorough medical and psychosocial history and physical examination are the most valuable aspects of diagnostic evaluation. Organic etiology for the symptoms must be ruled out. Appropriate mental health consultation should be considered for further evaluation and treatment.
Finite sample performance guarantees of fusers for function estimators

Abstract An independent and identically distributed sample of an unknown function generated according to an unknown distribution is given. Several function estimators are computed based on the sample by minimizing the empirical error over function families. These estimators provide performance guarantees based on best available cover sizes for the respective function families. Traditionally, the estimator that performs the best on the training data or provides the best performance guarantee is often selected and others are discarded when no other information – such as additional examples – is available. We consider a fuser trained with the outputs of the individual estimators by minimizing empirical error over a fuser class. If the fuser class satisfies a simple isolation property and has a smaller cover size compared to individual estimators, we show that the performance guarantee of the fuser is at least as good as that of the empirical best estimator. Several well-known fusers such as linear combinations, special potential functions, and certain feedforward piecewise-linear networks satisfy the isolation property. In the first two cases, the fuser class forms a vector space for which we derive more detailed conditions. We also derive conditions in terms of the natural parameters when the estimators are feedforward sigmoidal networks with bounded weights. We present simulation results to show the effectiveness of the fuser.
New Class of Low-Lying Collective Modes in Nuclei

A new class of low-lying collective modes in nuclei is discussed and experiments to detect these modes are suggested.
Comparison of Family Therapy Outcome with Alcohol Abusing, Runaway Adolescents

Treatment evaluation for alcohol problem, runaway adolescents and their families is rare. This study recruited primary alcohol problem adolescents (N = 119) and their primary caretakers from two runaway shelters and assigned them to (a) home-based ecologically based family therapy (EBFT), (b) office-based functional family therapy (FFT), or (c) service as usual (SAU) through the shelter. Findings showed that both home-based EBFT and office-based FFT significantly reduced alcohol and drug use compared with SAU at 15-month postbaseline. Measures of family and adolescent functioning improved over time in all groups. However, significant differences among the home- and office-based interventions were found for treatment engagement and moderators of outcome.
A Non-Gummy Chromogenic Strain of Azotobacter vinelandii

BECAUSE of the widespread use of Azotobacter vinelandii, Wisconsin strain O, in biochemical studies, recent observations concerning colonial types obtained from transfers of this strain are worthy of more general knowledge. As many investigators have noted (private communications), cultures of this strain at times become more ‘gummy’ than usual, and their further use for physiological or biochemical studies is difficult. Although we have attempted in the past to isolate a non-gummy strain by selection of colonies, such efforts have been only temporarily successful.
Ink-jet printing paper with improved waterfastness

Ink-jet printing technology has experienced dramatic advances in the last decade, and is widely used in small businesses and home offices because of its excellent resolution, low price, and brilliant multicolor output. The ink-jet process involves two distinct parts, the inks and their application, and the media surface. Improvements in ink-jetting technology and the corresponding improvement in image application resolution have caused waterfastness to become more limiting to the achieved resolution. Our research work attempts to improve waterfastness by incorporating cationically modified boeh mites into paper coating formulations that interact more strongly with anionic dyes in the inks. Boehmites (γ-AlOOH) were surface-modified using commercially available [N,N,N-trimethyl]-ammonium propyl-(trimethoxy)-silane salts in nonaqueous reactions. The modified boehmites were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, zeta potential, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and pore size analysis to assess the extent of modification and pore size effects. Aqueous, high pigment volume concentration paper coatings were then formulated from the boehmites and applied to paper substrates to assess the relative ability of the coatings to retain printed image dyes. The coatings were characterized for dispersion viscosity and gloss, while printed images on the coatings were tested by water spot, fixed dye, and water drip analyses. Coatings synthesized using the surface-modified pigments showed a reduced binder demand as well as improved image waterfastness and fixed-dye adsorption properties as compared to the unmodified boehmite coatings.