cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Reliability of Cathode Contact Materials in Planar SOFCs

One of the key issues hindering the commercial success of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is their long term mechanical reliability. While significant progress has been made in the electrode materials development, cell and stack manufacturing technologies, as well as large-scale system level assemblies, the operating thermal gradients in the cell or stack still remains a challenge. The thermal gradients combined with mechanical loading can lead to glass seal or other ceramic component (anode, electrolyte, and cathode) failure in SOFCs. Apart from these components that can affect the stack reliability, another weakest link identified in the assembled planar stacks is the contact between electrodes and interconnects, especially on the cathode side. While these contacts not only provide the needed mechanical support for electrodes, they also provide the necessary electrical current path in the SOFC and their failure typically results in significant loss of performance. Hence, the electrode-interconnect contact strength and bond reliability is one of the key aspects of SOFC stack mechanical reliability. One way to ensure the reliability of cathode contact materials is by experiments; however, such experiments are expensive and may not be feasible for large stacks using current generation planar SOFCs. An alternative to experiments is computational modeling of contact material mechanics and bond reliability assessment based on available experimental data. The latter method though may not quantify reliability as accurately as design-specific experiments; it does provide significant insights on the contact mechanics and parameters affecting contact reliability of planar SOFCs in general. This paper presents recent efforts on SOFC cathode contact modeling and reliability evaluations. For this work a continuum viscous sintering model was incorporated into a commercial FEA code to simulate contact paste sintering and evaluate the cathode contact reliability. The data required for the model implementation and contact reliability assessments were obtained from literature as well as experiments conducted in-house. Sensitivity studies were conducted to assess the influence of contact sintering parameters such as contact material thickness, sintering temperature, sintering pressure etc. using a generic planar SOFC design. The reliability evaluations of SOFCs were conducted at operating as well as shutdown states using commercial software based on Weibull statistics. The realistic operating temperatures of the generic stack were obtained from the in-house multi-physics code SOFC-MP. The sintering parameter sensitivity studies indicated that of all the parameters, sintering temperature has the most significant influence on the contact densification and associated stresses. The reliability evaluations indicated that cathode contact materials still require improved sintering and higher strengths to avoid failure under shutdown conditions. Figure 1
Assessing Risk Assessment in Action

Recent years have seen a rush toward evidence-based tools in criminal justice. As part of this movement, many jurisdictions have adopted actuarial risk assessment to supplement or replace the ad-hoc decisions of judges. Proponents of risk assessment tools claim that they can dramatically reduce incarceration without harming public safety. Critics claim that risk assessment will exacerbate racial disparities. Despite extensive and heated rhetoric, there is virtually no evidence on how use of this “evidence-based” tool affects key outcomes such as incarceration rates, crime, or racial disparities. The research discussing what “should” happen as a result of risk assessment is hypothetical and largely ignores the complexities of implementation. This Article is one of the first studies to document the impacts of risk assessment in practice. It evaluates pretrial risk assessment in Kentucky, a state that was an early adopter of risk assessment and is often cited as an example of best-practices in the pretrial area. Using rich data on more than one million criminal cases, this Article shows that a 2011 law making risk assessment a mandatory part of the bail decision led to a significant change in bail setting practice, but only a small increase in pretrial release. These changes eroded over time as judges returned to their previous habits. Furthermore, the increase in releases was not cost-free: failures-to-appear and pretrial crime increased as well. Risk assessment had no effect on racial disparities in pretrial detention once differing regional trends were accounted for. Kentucky’s experience does not mean we should abandon risk assessment, but it should temper the hyperbolic hopes (and fears) about its effects. Risk assessment in practice is different from risk assessment in the abstract, and its impacts depend on context and details of implementation. If indeed risk assessment is capable of producing large benefits, it will take research and experimentation to learn how to achieve them. Such a process would be evidence-based criminal justice at its best: not a flocking toward methods that bear the glossy veneer of science, but a careful and iterative evaluation of what works and what does not.
Chapter 15 – Neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain is a clinical entity that presents unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This chapter addresses the classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of neuropathic pain syndrome. Neuropathic pain can be distinguished from nociceptive pain based on clinical signs and symptoms. Although neuropathic pain presents a significant burden to individuals and society, a more accurate assessment of resource utilization, costs, and impairments associated with neuropathic pain would facilitate appropriate planning of healthcare policies. The underlying pathophysiology of neuropathic pain is not well defined. Several theories regarding the mechanism of neuropathic pain have been proposed, including central and peripheral nervous system sensitization, deafferentation, neurogenic inflammation, and the wind up theory. Neuropathic pain is a clinical diagnosis and requires a systematic approach to assessment, including a detailed history, physical examination, and appropriate diagnostic testing. The mainstay of treatment for neuropathic pain is pharmacological, including the use of antidepressants, antiepileptics, topical anesthetics, and opioids. Nonpharmacological treatments include psychological approaches, physical therapy, interventional therapy, spinal cord stimulation, and surgical procedures. Neuropathic pain is difficult to treat, but a combination of therapies may be more effective than monotherapy. Clinical practice guidelines provide an evidence-based approach to the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Science as experience, exploration, and experiments: elementary teachers’ notions of ‘doing science’

ABSTRACTMuch of the literature on science teaching suggests that elementary teachers lack relevant prior experiences with science. This study begins to reframe the deficit approach to research in science teaching by privileging the experiences elementary teachers have had with science – both in and out of schools – throughout their lives. Our work uses identity as a lens to examine the complexities of elementary teachers’ narrative accounts of their experiences with science over the course of their lives. Our findings identify components of teachers’ science-related experiences in order to lay the groundwork for making connections between teachers’ personal experiences and professional practice. This work demonstrates that teachers’ storied lives are important for educational researchers and teacher educators, as they reveal elements of teaching knowledge that may be productive and resourceful for refining teachers’ science practice.
Laser Safety: Regulations, Standards and Practice Guidelines

The use of lasers is routine in many medical specialties. In some cases, the particular benefit of lasers has made them desirable alternatives to conventional surgical instruments such as scalpels, electrosurgical units, cryosurgery probes, or microwave devices.
Plasma-Surface Interaction Studies on DIII-D and Their Implications for Next-Step Fusion Experiments

Unique diagnostic and access features of the DIII-D tokamak, including a sample exposure system, have been used to carry out controlled and well-diagnosed plasma-surface interactions (PSI) experiments. An important contribution of the experiments has been the ability to link a given plasma exposure condition to a measured response of the plasma-facing surface and to thus understand the interaction. This has allowed for benchmarking certain aspects of erosion models, particularly near-surface particle transport. DIII-D has empirically quantified some of the PSI effects that will limit the operation availability and lifetime of future fusion devices, namely, net erosion limiting divertor plate lifetime and hydrogenic fuel retention in deposit layers. Cold divertor plasmas obtained with detachment can suppress net carbon divertor erosion, but many low-temperature divertor PSI phenomena remain poorly understood: nondivertor erosion sources, long-range particle transport, global erosion/deposition patterns, the enhancement of carbon erosion with neon impurity seeding, the sputtered carbon velocity distribution, and the apparent suppression of carbon chemical erosion in detachment. Long-term particle and energy fluences have reduced the chemical erosion yield of lower-divertor tiles. Plasma-caused modification of a material's erosion properties, including material mixing, will occur quickly and be important in long-pulse fusion devices, making prediction of PSI difficultmore » in future devices.« less
Curves and surfaces in geometrical optics

Abstract Elementary optical processes, such as the refraction or reflection of light from a point source by a spherical surface, give rise to wavefronts that may be described precisely by algebraic curves and surfaces of rather high degree. Usually, one is content to “sample” these wavefronts through the expedient technique of ray tracing. By propagating the refracted or reflected wavefronts backward in time, however, a particularly simple “initial” form — the anticaustic — may be identified. The refracted or reflected waves can then be regarded as emanating from the anticaustic via Huygens' principle in a homogeneous medium, i.e., they are offsets to the anticaustic. The simplest anticaustics of practical interest are (in two dimensions) the ellipse/hyperbola, the limacon of Pascal, and the Cartesian oval, and (in three dimensions) the corresponding surfaces of revolution — oblate spheroids, hyperboloids of two sheets, and certain cyclides. We use these ideas to derive exact propagating–wavefront equations and to explore some of their interesting geometric properties.
Configuration Space Analysis for Optimization Problems

An interesting analogy between frustrated disordered systems studied in condensed matter physics and combinatorial optimization problems [1] has led to the use of simulated annealing (a stochastic algorithm based on the Monte Carlo method) to find approximate solutions to complex optimization problems. A common feature of these systems is the competition between objectives which favor different and incompatible types of ordering. Such “frustration” leads to the existence of a large number of nearly degenerate solutions which are not related by symmetry.
Direct back-propagation contol of unstable nonlinear and nonstationary systems: difficulties, strategies and results

The paper discusses a generalized design of employing a Back-Propagation (BP) neural network (NN) as an intelligent controller that requires no identifier, to control time-varying and nonlinear (NL) possibly unstable systems of unknown parameters, stable or unstable, for achieving self-adaptive model reference control (MRC) or target-tracking control (TTC). Certain theoretical difficulties are discussed and some questions are left unanswered. However, it is shown that certain inevitable assumptions must be made, due to the impossibility of incorporating and awaiting convergence of an identifier if stabilization of an unknown nonlinear unstable system is to be expected, and regardless of the status of global nonlinear controllability theory. Algorithm designs are given for the BP-based control of SISO unstable time-varying and nonlinear systems when no identifier is employed, as is a computed example. Still, the weight initialization problem remains unsolved, as it presently requires several trials.
Coil Embolization of Coronary-Cameral Fistula Complicating Revascularization of Chronic Total Occlusion

Traumatic vessel perforation is a potential complication of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary artery intervention (PCI). A rare consequence of this complication is a coronary-cameral fistula. The management of this condition is not well elucidated. Herein, we present such a case of symptomatic left anterior descending to the right ventricle (LAD-RV) fistula which was treated with coil embolization.
Building and Sustaining Diverse Functioning Networks Using Social Media and Digital Platforms to Improve Diversity and Inclusivity

There has long been a focus on building inclusion and diversity in the sciences through a range of efforts intended to increase representation and access. Despite expansive efforts supported by higher education institutions, funding agencies and others, a need persists to support broad participation and success. Digital platforms, including blogs and social media such as Twitter™, offer emergent paths for scientists to proactively build supportive communities, even where structural diversity or numerical representation of diverse groups remains low. Use of these platforms can range from community building, to proactive mentoring and advocacy, as well as more customary uses for supporting scholarly success of diverse individuals, including dissemination and accessible discussions of research. I discuss specific uses of social-media digital platforms for building and cultivating communities of underrepresented scholars and facilitating engagement around issues of broad concern to groups underrepresented in science and higher education. These uses include mentoring a nd support to promote equity, inclusion and diversity, promoting self-definition and personal agency, community building, and advocacy. I draw on published literature about using social media and digital platforms in higher education to build and cultivate “social networks” for connecting widely distributed individuals from underrepresented backgrounds to cultivate communities of interest, support and practice, including a focus on mentoring, sponsorship and advocacy. I highlight the power of Twitter™ and social media platforms to build and cultivate connections of individuals underrepresented in science and the academy and to offer meaningful means for mitigating local deficits related to low structural diversity and inequity.
The Relative Effectiveness of the Fed Funds Futures and the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) Dot Plots in Predicting the Future Federal Funds Rate

This article contrasts the predictive ability of the Fed funds futures versus the Federal Open Market Committee’s (FOMC’s) projections, as expressed in their dot plots. The results reveal that Fed funds futures are consistently better in predicting the prevailing Fed funds effective rate as compared with the standard aggregates (mean, median, and mode) of the dot plots of the Fed policy makers. This article’s distinctive contribution to the literature stems from the fact that it provides evidence that the dot plots contributed a great deal toward increasing Fed transparency and are helpful in forecasting the effective Federal funds rate by the markets. One implication of these results is that dot plots should be best interpreted in conjunction with the Fed funds rates implied in the Fed funds futures contracts.
Time-intensity-curve Analysis and Tumor Extravasation of Nanobubble Ultrasound Contrast Agents

Our group recently presented a simple strategy using the non-ionic surfactant, Pluronic, as a size control excipient to produce nanobubbles in the 100-nm range, which exhibited stability and echogenicity on par with clinically available microbubbles. The objective of the present study was to evaluate biodistribution and extravasation of the Pluronic-stabilized lipid nanobubbles compared with microbubbles in 2 experimental tumor models in mice. Standard lipid-stabilized perfluoropropane bubbles (Pluronic L10) and lipid-stabilized perfluoropropane nanobubbles were intravenously injected into mice bearing either an orthotopic mouse breast cancer (BC4 T1) or subcutaneous mouse ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3) through the tail vein to perform perfusion dynamic studies. No significant differences between the nanobubble and microbubble groups were observed in the peak enhancement of the 3 tested regions (tumor, liver and kidney). However, the decay rates of nanobubble in the tumor and kidney of BC4 T1-bearing mice, as well as in mice with OVRCAR-3 tumors were significantly slower than those of the microbubble. To quantify extravasation, fluorescently labeled bubbles were intravenously injected into mice bearing the same tumors. Histologic analysis showed that nanobubbles were retained in tumor tissue to a greater extent compared with microbubbles in both tumor models at the 3-h time point. Our results demonstrate unique nanobubble behavior compared with microbubbles and support augmented application of these agents in ultrasound molecular imaging and drug delivery beyond the tumor vasculature.
The curious case of loops

Subgoal labeled worked examples have been extensively researched, but the research has been reported piecemeal. This paper aggregates data from three studies, including data previously unreported, ...
Addressing social stressors in a brief motivational interview improve mental health symptoms for Latinx heavy drinkers.

OBJECTIVE Depressive and anxiety symptoms co-occur with hazardous drinking among Latinxs. This secondary analysis of a clinical trial to reduce hazardous drinking (motivational interviewing adapted to address social stressors [CAMI] vs. motivational interviewing [MI]) examined effects on anxiety/depressive symptoms. Discrimination and acculturation were examined as moderators. METHODS Latinx (n = 296) hazardous drinkers (2+ occasions/month of heavy drinking; 4/5 drinks/occasion, females/males) were randomized to CAMI/MI. Generalized estimating equations analyzed how treatment conditions and interactions were related to depressive and anxiety symptoms after controlling for covariates. RESULTS Baseline symptoms (anxiety, depression) exceeded clinical thresholds (Anxiety ≥8, M = 14.62, SD = 13.52; Depression ≥ 12, M = 18.78, SD = 12.57). Cultural adaptation of motivational interviewing (CAMI) showed significantly lower anxiety and depressive symptoms (6/12 months, respectively) than MI. CAMI with high baseline discrimination reported significantly less depression than MI (12 months). CONCLUSIONS Explicitly addressing social stressors may be a beneficial adjunct to treatment for Latinx drinkers.
Abstract A33: Fungal beta-glucans, EphA2, and oral cancer: Preliminary observations

Introduction: Although Candida spp. are associated with invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised hosts, rates of asymptomatic colonization with the fungus are high. Candida has been associated with a variety of cancers and is thought to play a role in carcinogenesis. Beta glucans are polysaccharide components of the fungal cell wall that are more highly expressed in the more invasive, hyphal form of Candida. Recent data suggests that EPHA2, a tyrosine kinase receptor on oral epithelial cells, acts as a pattern recognition receptor for beta-glucans. We tested the hypothesis that beta-glucans promote proliferation and/or migration of squamous cell carcinoma cells through interactions with EPHA2. Methods: W18 cells, with wild-type EPHA2 expression, were derived from murine squamous cell carcinoma cells induced by classical DMBA/TPA protocol. SCC-728 is a squamous cell carcinoma cell line from an EphA2 KO mouse. The SCC-728 cell line was also used to generate an EPHA2-reconstituted cell line. HIGK cells are an immortalized oral epithelial cell line. Cells were cultured in 6 well plates to confluence in DMEM at 37° Celsius. Plates were scratched using a 200-microliter pipette tip and treated. Microscopic images from 0 and 24 hours were compared and analyzed visually by ImageJ. Beta-glucan from Saccharomyces was tested at 12.5 micrograms/milliliter. EGF (20 nanograms/milliliter) was the positive control for cell proliferation. Mitomycin C (10micrograms/milliliter) was the negative control for proliferation. Other glucans tested include zymosan (12.5 micrograms/milliliter) and pullulans (12.5 micrograms/milliliter). Results In the presence of beta-glucan, wild-type SCC cells (p Conclusion: SCC cells showed increased proliferation in the presence of beta-1,6-glucan and beta-1,3-glucan from Saccharomyces. SCC cells showed migration or proliferation in the presence of alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-glucan, but less significant than beta-1,6-glucan and beta-1,3-glucan. Beta-glucan can induce EphA2-dependent cell membrane retraction similar to its native ligands. Citation Format: Sara Maskal, Santosh Ghosh, Chad Zender, Jason Thuener, Aaron Weinberg. Fungal beta-glucans, EphA2, and oral cancer: Preliminary observations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-AHNS Head and Neck Cancer Conference: Optimizing Survival and Quality of Life through Basic, Clinical, and Translational Research; 2019 Apr 29-30; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(12_Suppl_2):Abstract nr A33.
Modeling and Control of Current-Source Converter-Based AC Microgrids

This paper addresses the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into ac microgrids using current source converters (CSCs). A proportional-and-integral (PI) current controller is designed and implemented in the inner-most loop to regulate the interfacing converters through a vector control strategy. A PI ac voltage controller is then tuned to regulate the common ac bus voltage. In the outer-most loop, a power sharing scheme is implemented using active and reactive droop control to share the common ac loads. The design procedures for the system controllers is presented in detail. Unlike the commonly utilized voltage source converters (VSCs), it is shown that CSC-based ac microgrids have a superior performance against severe faults conditions. Time-domain simulations are developed within the Matlab/Simulink environment to show the effectiveness of CSC-based ac microgrids when compared to VSC-based microgrids.
Fc γ receptor IIIa / CD16a processing correlates with the expression of glycan-related genes in human natural killer cells

Many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies require binding to Fc γ receptors (FcγRs) for full effect and increasing the binding affinity increases efficacy. Preeminent among the five activating human FcγRs is FcγRIIIa/CD16a expressed by natural killer (NK) cells. CD16a is heavily processed, and recent reports indicate that the composition of the five CD16a asparagine(N)-linked carbohydrates (glycans) impacts affinity. These observations indicate that specific manipulation of CD16a N-glycan composition in CD16a-expressing effector cells including NK cells may improve treatment efficacy. However, it is unclear if modifying the expression of select genes that encode processing enzymes in CD16a-expressing effector cells is sufficient to affect N-glycan composition. We identified substantial processing differences using a glycoproteomics approach by comparing CD16a isolated from two NK cell lines, NK92 and YTS, with CD16a expressed by HEK293F cells and previous reports of CD16a from primary NK cells. Gene expression profiling by RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR revealed expression levels for glycan-modifying genes that correlated with CD16a glycan composition. These results identified a high degree of variability between the processing of the same human protein by different human cell types. N-glycan processing correlated with the expression of glycan-modifying genes and thus explained the substantial differences in CD16a processing by NK cells of different origins.
Oxygen defect dominated photoluminescence emission of ScxAl1−xN grown by molecular beam epitaxy

A fundamental understanding and control of impurity incorporation and charge carrier recombination are critical for emerging ScxAl1−xN electronics, optoelectronics, and photonics. We report on the photoluminescence properties of ScxAl1−xN grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy with varying growth temperatures and Sc contents. Bright and broad emission comprising a dominant peak at ∼3.52 eV and a weak peak at ∼2.90 eV was observed in Sc0.05Al0.95N. The origin of the ∼3.52 eV emission line is attributed to charge carrier recombination from the localized excited state of (Vcation-ON)2−/− to its ground state, whereas the second peak at ∼2.90 eV results from charge carrier recombination of isolated V cation 3 − / 2 − to the valence band. We further show that oxygen defect-related emission can be significantly suppressed by increasing growth temperature. This work sheds light on the recombination dynamics of photoexcited carriers in ScxAl1−xN and further offers insight into how to improve the optical and electrical properties of ScxAl1−xN that are relevant for a broad range of applications.
Clinical and Cost Profile of Controlled Grade B Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula: Rationale for Their Consideration as Low Risk

Despite standardization, the 2016 ISGPF criteria are limited by their wider applicability and oversimplification of grade B POPF. This work applied the 2016 ISGPF grading criteria within a US academic cancer center to verify clinical and fiscal distinctions and sought to improve grading criteria for grade B POPF. The 2008–2018 cost and NSQIP data from pancreaticoduodenectomy to postoperative day 90 were merged. All POPFs were coded by 2016 ISGPF criteria. The Clavien-Dindo Classification (CD) defined complication severity. On sub-analyses, grade B POPFs were divided into those with adequate drainage and those requiring additional drainage. Chi-square, ANOVA, and Fisher’s least significant difference test were employed. Two hundred thirty-two patients were in the final analyses, 72 (31%) of whom had POPFs: 16 (7%) biochemical leaks, 54 (23%) grade B (28% required additional drainage), and 2 (1%) grade C. There was no significant difference in length of stay, CD, readmission, or cost in patients without a POPF, with biochemical leak or grade B POPF. On sub-analyses, 92% of adequately drained grade B POPFs had CD 1–2 and readmission equivalent to patients without POPF (p > 0.05). One hundred percent of grade B POPF requiring drainage had CD 3–4a, and 67% were readmitted. Cost was significantly increased in grade B POPF requiring additional drainage (p = 0.02) and grade C POPF (p < 0.01). This analysis did not confirm an incremental increase in morbidity and cost with POPF grade. Sub-analyses enabled accurate clinical and cost distinctions in grade B POPF; adequately drained grade B POPF are low risk and clinically insignificant.
Beyond hours of video gameplay: Connections between verbal aggressiveness, genre preference, and technology used

Abstract This research examined how multiple factors (i.e., hours of gameplay, types of gameplay, preferred genre of video games, technology used to play games, and biological sex) were associated with both trait and situational verbal aggressiveness. Cross-sectional data were collected from 435 undergraduate students via an online questionnaire. Results indicated similar patterns to previous literature in that video gameplay hours were positively related to verbal aggressiveness. However, we extended research by also showing that a preference for certain genres and technology used to play video games were also related with both situational and trait verbal aggressiveness. Based on these results, we argue that player choice of genre and technology should be considered when examining the relationship between video games and verbal aggressiveness.
Rare presentation of collapse and cardiomyopathy in phaeochromocytoma

Summary A phaeochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumour derived from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Tumours can produce excessive amounts of catecholamines. The presenting symptoms can vary but often include the classic triad of episodic headaches, sweating and palpitations. Due to catecholamine excess, patients can develop cardiomyopathy. Bradycardia and collapse could be the result of sinus node dysfunction or transient dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system. Patients with co-existing diabetes can have improvement or resolution of their diabetes after successful adrenalectomy. We report a case of an 87-year-old lady who initially presented with sweating, palpitations and collapse, resulting in a permanent pacemaker insertion. She was later found to have a large adrenal incidentaloma with subsequent markedly elevated plasma metanephrine levels. She later presented with chest pain and in acute pulmonary oedema with normal coronary arteries visualised on coronary angiogram. After surgical excision of her phaeochromocytoma, her diabetes resolved with her HbA1c improving from 68 to 46 mmol/mol, with no further requirement for diabetic medications. Her pulmonary oedema improved with no ongoing need for diuretic therapy. This case highlights that phaeochromocytomas can affect multiple systems and there should be a very high index of suspicion in patients presenting with sweating, palpitations, hypertension and a history of diabetes and even in those with collapse. Learning points There should be a high index of suspicion for phaeochromocytomas in patients with palpitations, diaphoresis, anxiety, hypertension and diabetes. Rarely phaeochromocytomas can present as bradycardia and collapse due to sinus node dysfunction or transient autonomic dysregulation and that should be considered in older patients. Catecholamine cardiomyopathy can occur in phaeochromocytoma with potential resolution after successful surgical excision. Diabetes can resolve after successful surgical treatment of a phaeochromocytoma.
Asymmetric Synthesis of P-Stereogenic Secondary Phosphine ­Oxides (SPOs)

P-Stereogenic secondary phosphine oxides [SPOs, RR′P(O)H], valuable ligands for metal complexes in asymmetric catalysis, are also building blocks for other chiral phosphorus derivatives. This short review summarizes methods used for asymmetric synthesis of P-stereogenic SPOs. 1 Introduction 2 Configurational Stability of P-Stereogenic SPOs 3 Classical Resolution, HPLC Separation, and Dynamic Resolution 4 Synthesis via Chiral Auxiliaries 5 Kinetic Resolution 6 Conclusions and Outlook
Laboratory Maintenance and Culture of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the Fungus That Causes Bat White-Nose Syndrome

Pseudogymnoascus destructans is a fungal pathogen that causes white-nose syndrome, an emerging and fatal disease of North American bats that has led to unprecedented population declines. As a psychrophile, P. destructans is adapted to infect bats during winter hibernation, when host metabolic activity and core body temperature are greatly reduced. The ability to maintain and cultivate isolates of P. destructans in the laboratory is necessary for conducting research with this fungus. This article describes protocols for culturing P. destructans from bat wing skin and soil, for cryopreserving the fungus, and for preparing liquid suspensions for laboratory experimentation. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Isolating Pseudogymnoascus destructans from bat wing skin Basic Protocol 2: Isolating Pseudogymnoascus destructans from soil Basic Protocol 3: Cryopreservation of Pseudogymnoascus destructans Basic Protocol 4: Preparing liquid conidial suspension of Pseudogymnoascus destructans.
Policy Commentary: The Research Evidence Policymakers Need to Build Better Public Policy for Children of Incarcerated Parents

This commentary identifies what research evidence is needed to inform policy on what may be incarceration’s longest-lasting legacy—its impact on the next generation. Drawing on theory and practice, these comments are targeted to researchers interested in generating and disseminating policy-relevant research to build better public policy for children of incarcerated parents. For policy-informed evidence, researchers need to understand the policymakers who will be using the information and the environment in which they operate. For evidence-informed policy, policymakers need research that provides a more complete and comprehensive understanding of how children’s well-being is influenced by contact with their incarcerated parents, what the mediators and moderators of that influence are, and what the cost/benefits might be of intervening in ways that will benefit children. What’s more, policymakers need family-focused research on how families can contribute to more effective and efficient policies, what the advertent and inadvertent consequences of policies are for fragile families, who the concept of family should include, and whether family disparities exist. Just as the number of children losing a parent to incarceration is unprecedented, researchers are called to produce research-based, family-focused evidence that is unprecedented in its scale and quality.
EFFECTS OF CANOLA SEED SUPPLEMENTATION ON INTAKE, DIGESTION, DUODENAL PROTEIN SUPPLY, AND MICROBIAL EFFICIENCY IN STEERS FED FORAGE-BASED DIETS

Fourteen Holstein steers (446 +/- 4.4 kg of initial BW) with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate effects of whole or ground canola seed (23.3% CP and 39.6% ether extract; DM basis) on intake, digestion, duodenal protein supply, and microbial efficiency in steers fed low-quality hay. Our hypothesis was that processing would be necessary to optimize canola use in diets based on low-quality forage. The basal diet consisted of ad libitum access to switchgrass hay (5.8% CP; DM basis) offered at 0700 daily. Treatments consisted of hay only (control), hay plus whole canola (8% of dietary DM), or hay plus ground canola (8% of dietary DM). Supplemental canola was provided based on the hay intake of the previous day. Steers were adapted to diets for 14 d followed by a 7-d collection period. Total DMI, OM intake, and OM digestibility were not affected (P > or = 0.31) by treatment. Similarly, no differences (P > or = 0.62) were observed for NDF or ADF total tract digestion. Bacterial OM at the duodenum increased (P = 0.01) with canola-containing diets compared with the control diet and increased (P = 0.08) in steers consuming ground canola compared with whole canola. Apparent and true ruminal CP digestibilities were increased (P = 0.01) with canola supplementation compared with the control diet. Canola supplementation decreased ruminal pH (P = 0.03) compared with the control diet. The molar proportion of acetate in the rumen tended (P = 0.10) to decrease with canola supplementation. The molar proportion of acetate in ruminal fluid decreased (P = 0.01), and the proportion of propionate increased (P = 0.01), with ground canola compared with whole canola. In situ disappearance rate of hay DM, NDF, and ADF were not altered by treatment (P > or = 0.32). In situ disappearance rate of canola DM, NDF, and ADF increased (P = 0.01) for ground canola compared with whole canola. Similarly, ground canola had greater (P = 0.01) soluble CP fraction and CP disappearance rate compared with whole canola. No treatment effects were observed for ruminal fill, fluid dilution rate, or microbial efficiency (P > or = 0.60). The results suggest that canola processing enhanced in situ degradation but had minimal effects on ruminal or total tract digestibility in low-quality, forage-based diets.
Growth and Metabolic Characteristics of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

The cultural characteristics of newly isolated strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis on a variety of media were studied. The mycobactin dependence ascribed to this species of Mycobacterium was found to be easily circumvented by incorporation of 1% ferric ammonium citrate in serum or egg yolk media, but the earliest and most abundant growth occurred on serum medium that contained mycobactin and sodium pyruvate. In the presence of ferric ammonium citrate, respiration did not decrease during 5 days; but in the presence of all other agents studied, respiration decreased after the first day.
Probabilistic identification of simulated damage on the Dowling Hall footbridge through Bayesian finite element model updating

Summary This paper presents a probabilistic damage identification study on a full-scale structure, the Dowling Hall footbridge, through a Bayesian finite element (FE) model updating. The footbridge is located at Tufts University and is equipped with a continuous monitoring system that measures its ambient acceleration response. A set of data is recorded once every hour or when triggered by large vibrations. The modal parameters of the footbridge are extracted from each set of data and are used for FE model updating. In this study, effects of physical damage are simulated by loading a small segment of the footbridge deck with concrete blocks. The footbridge deck is divided into five segments in an FE model of the test structure, and the added mass on each segment is considered as an updating parameter. Overall, 72 sets of data are collected during the loading period, and different subsets of these data are used to find the location and extent of the damage (added mass). The adaptive Metropolis–Hastings algorithm with adaption on the proposal probability density function is successfully used to generate Markov Chains for sampling the posterior probability distributions of the five updating parameters. Effects of the number of data sets used in the identification process are investigated on the posterior probability distributions of the updating parameters. The probabilistic model updating framework accurately predicts the simulated damage and the level of confidence on the obtained results. The maximum a-posteriori estimates of damage in the probabilistic approach are found to be in good agreement with their corresponding deterministic counterparts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role Lock: Dealing with Monopolizers, Mistrusters, Isolates, Helpful Hannahs, and Other Assorted Characters in Group Psychotherapy

(1978). Role Lock: Dealing with Monopolizers, Mistrusters, Isolates, Helpful Hannahs, and Other Assorted Characters in Group Psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 247-262.
The Alpha Rhythm: Part I: Description and Physiology

(1963). The Alpha Rhythm: Part I: Description and Physiology. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 65-70.
Assessing Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction

To the Editor: Hollenberg and colleagues report that coronary endothelial dysfunction, as detected by abnormal epicardial and microvascular responses to acetylcholine, preceded the development of clinical end points after heart transplantation.1 Similarly, we have shown that coronary endothelial dysfunction has an important effect on prognosis in patients with early coronary atherosclerosis. Although we acknowledge the importance of their findings and their potential clinical impact, we have some reservations about their study methods. The investigators appropriately assessed the microcirculation by measuring the coronary blood flow response to acetylcholine infusion with the use of the Doppler guidewire. The previously validated method for measuring coronary blood flow with the Doppler guidewire involves combining the averaged pulse-wave Doppler velocities with flow, or luminal, area at the site of the …
Effect of Dimerization on Signal Transduction and Biological Function of Oncogenic Ros, Insulin, and Insulin-like Growth Factor I Receptors *

The avian sarcoma virus UR2 codes for an oncogenic Gag-Ros fusion protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK). We have previously derived two retroviruses, T6 and NM1, coding for oncogenic Gag-insulin receptor and Gag-insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGFR) fusion proteins, respectively. The Gag-IGFR fusion protein dimerizes, whereas Gag-Ros does not. To identify sequences affecting dimerization and the effect of dimerization on signaling and biological functions, we generated recombinants exchanging the extracellular and transmembrane sequences among the three fusion receptors. The presence of multiple cysteines in the Gag sequence appears to preclude dimerization, since deletion of the 3′ cysteine residue allows for dimerization. Most of the chimeric receptors retain high PTK activity and induce transformation regardless of their configuration on the cell surface. UT, a UR2/T6 chimera, retained mitogenic activity but has a markedly reduced transforming ability, while UN7, a UR2/NM1 recombinant, which also harbors Y950F and F951S mutations in IGFR, exhibits dramatic reductions in both activities. All of the fusion receptors can phosphorylate insulin receptor substrate 1 and activate PI 3-kinase. UT protein induces Shc phosphorylation, whereas UN7 protein does not, but both are unable to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase. Our results show that overexpressed oncogenic Gag-fusion receptors do not require dimerization for their signaling and transforming functions and that the extracellular and transmembrane sequences of a receptor PTK can affect its specific substrate interactions.
WE-B-352-01: Current DICOM Topics: 3D Objects and Compression

The development of the DICOM Standard is accomplished through Working Groups of the DICOM Standards Committee. The Working Groups perform the majority of work on the extension of and corrections to the DICOM Standard. The ACR Committee on DICOM Standards, under the Commission on Medical Physics, has been established to provide a summary of the current activities and future directions of the DICOM Standards Committee. In this presentation two recently active areas are reviewed with an emphasis on how the emerging new standards impact diagnostic radiology. 1. The new Surface Segmentation Storage SOP Class Supplements.This Supplement, developed by a joint effort of Working Group 17 (3D) and Working Group 24 (Surgery), addresses the generic structure of 3D segmentation results. The standard provides a method to store segmented surface information in a manner that permits rendering of shaded models using common computer graphic approaches. Industry support for the SOP class will change the manner is which analyzed cross sectional data is stored for review by radiologists, oncologists, surgeons, etc. In addition the enhancement of the Presentation State for these new 3D objects is being initiated by working Group 11 (Display Function Standard) and Working Group 24 (Surgery) has initiated work on a Supplement to improve surgical plans for implants using these new 3D objects. 2. Compression: JPEG 2000 and MPEG2 Transfer syntaxes. JPEG 2000 compression was added as transfer syntax by Working Group 4 (Compression) in 2001 but has had only modest impact on image quality relative to the previous baseline JPEG methods. Of more significance is the extension in 2004 to JPEG 2000 part 2 multi‐component transfer syntaxes which apply to multi‐spectral and 3D image data. The extension of the standard to permit the pixel data module to reference a JPIP URL to access image data from a web server (supplement 1006, 2004) is particularly notable in light of the increasing use of web clients in enterprise PACS systems. Working Group 13 (Visible Light) introduced a transfer syntax in 2004 for MPEG2 (Supplement 42) to send visible light objects in standard resolution similar to video DVD. This is now being extended to support high spatial resolution objects similar to Blu‐ray DVD. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand from two examples how the DICOM standard is continuously extended to address new requirements. 2. Learn how a new SOP storage class might impact the storage and display of analyzedimage data. 3. Learn how new DICOM transfer syntaxes on compression impact diagnostic radiology.
High Temperature Polybenzimidazole Hollow Fiber Membranes for Hydrogen Separation and Carbon Dioxide Capture from Synthesis Gas

Abstract Sustainable reliance on hydrocarbon feedstocks for energy generation requires CO2 separation technology development for energy efficient carbon capture from industrial mixed gas streams. High temperature H2 selective glassy polymer membranes are an attractive option for energy efficient H2/CO2 separations in advanced power production schemes with integrated carbon capture. They enable high overall process efficiencies by providing energy efficient CO2 separations at process relevant operating conditions and correspondingly, minimized parasitic energy losses. Polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based materials have demonstrated commercially attractive H2/CO2 separation characteristics and exceptional tolerance to hydrocarbon fuel derived synthesis (syngas) gas operating conditions and chemical environments. To realize a commercially attractive carbon capture technology based on these PBI materials, development of high performance, robust PBI hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) is required. In this work, we discuss outcomes of our recent efforts to demonstrate and optimize the fabrication and performance of PBI HFMs for use in pre-combustion carbon capture schemes. These efforts have resulted in PBI HFMs with commercially attractive fabrication protocols, defect minimized structures, and commercially attractive permselectivity characteristics at IGCC syngas process relevant conditions. The H2/CO2 separation performance of these PBI HFMs presented here in realistic process conditions is greater than that of any other polymeric system reported to-date.
INITIATION OF MITOSIS IN RELATION TO THE CELL CYCLE FOLLOWING FEEDING OF STARVED CHICKENS.

Cellular proliferation of newly hatched chickens was depressed by starving them for 2.5 to 3.5 days. Starvation may hold proliferative cells in different parts of the cell cycle. In order to find where in the cell cycle these cells are held, the animals were fed and the following events were measured as a function of time after the start of feeding: (1) the mitotic index, and (2) the DNA synthetic index (number of cells in DNA synthesis 1 hour after injection of H3-thymidine). The duration of the cell's DNA synthetic period (S) was measured, permitting a more exact description of the cell cycle. Analysis of the duodenal and esophageal epithelia shows that feeding initiates cell division by stimulating cells from the G1 part of the mitotic cycle in the duodenum. In the esophagus some of the cells were either stopped or slowed down in G1, and another group of cells in G2. Feeding simultaneously stimulates both cell groups; the former moves into S, the latter into mitosis. The S period in starved animals is a little longer than that in normally fed animals but the extension can be attributed to a slightly decreased body temperature.
Texas Instruments Europe ‐ winner of the European Quality Award 1995

Outlines Texas Instruments Europe’s programme for the European Quality Awards, and how the company won the award in 1995. Explains why it was adopted, how it was executed and the benefits the company has gained. Also describes the annual improvement process used by TI Europe on a pan‐European basis, integrating the European Foundation for Quality Management as a tool to define priorities and provide a common language across borders, cultures and businesses.