cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Connective Tissue Disorders in Patients With Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: A Retrospective Analysis Using a National Database.

Background: Prior reports have shown acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) co-existing with connective tissue disorders (CTD). However, these are mainly limited to case reports and case-series reports, and the patient characteristics and clinical outcomes in these patients are not well known. Methods: We used National Inpatient Sample and Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database for the years 2009 to 2016 to identify all adult patients with TTP and searched for either the presence or absence of any co-existing CTD. These two cohorts of TTP patients were then compared using statistical methods for baseline patient characteristics and clinical outcomes. The primary outcome of interest was the all-cause in-hospital mortality and the secondary outcomes were in-hospital length of stay, in-hospital total charge and in-hospital complications. Results: Of the 14,400 cases of TTP diagnosed between 2009 and 2016, nearly 9% (n = 1,247) had one or more underlying CTD. Patients with TTP were more likely to be young, black, female, with more than one comorbidity and with private insurance if they had an underlying CTD than when they did not have any underlying CTD. There was no difference in regards to the size, location or type of the hospital, or the time taken to initiate plasmapheresis. Patients being managed for TTP had a longer mean length of hospital stay and a greater mean total inpatient stay charge if they had underlying CTD. There was however no difference in the risks of inpatient mortality, acute coronary syndrome, cardiac arrest, acute stroke, need for mechanical ventilation or hemodialysis. Conclusion: TTP and CTD frequently co-existed and contributed to a longer hospital stay and a greater hospital charge. J Clin Med Res. 2019;11(7):509-514 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr3850
Named Contributions to MMS: Bridging History and Terminology

Mechanism and Machine Science (MMS) contributed for thousands of years to our society with the discovery and invention of machines, machine elements and mechanisms. Many such contributions have been attributed to others rather than to their originators, while the authors of other notable contributions have been forgotten. In this paper it is proposed to restore priorities, to acknowledge multiple contributions, and to name of the more recent contributions after their originators, as a means of attracting younger generations to engineering.
Novel remapping approach for HR-EBSD based on demons registration

Abstract In this study, the possibility of utilizing a computer vision algorithm, i.e., demons registration, to accurately remap electron backscatter diffraction patterns for high resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) applications is presented. First, the angular resolution of demons registration is demonstrated to be lower than the conventional cross-correlation based method, particularly at misorientation angles >0.157 rad. In addition, GPU acceleration has been applied to significantly boost the speed of iterative registration between a pair of patterns with 0.175 rad misorientation to under 1 s. Second, demons registration is implemented as a first-pass remapping, followed by a second pass cross-correlation method, which results in angular resolution of ~0.5 × 10−4 rad, a phantom stress value of ~35 MPa and phantom strain of ~2 × 10−4, on dynamically simulated patterns, without the need of implementing robust fitting or iterative remapping. Lastly, the new remapping method is applied to a large experimental dataset collected from an as-built additively-manufactured Inconel 625 cube, which shows significant residual stresses built-up near the large columnar grain region and regularly arranged GND structures.
Opening the Blackbox of VirusTotal: Analyzing Online Phishing Scan Engines

Online scan engines such as VirusTotal are heavily used by researchers to label malicious URLs and files. Unfortunately, it is not well understood how the labels are generated and how reliable the scanning results are. In this paper, we focus on VirusTotal and its 68 third-party vendors to examine their labeling process on phishing URLs. We perform a series of measurements by setting up our own phishing websites (mimicking PayPal and IRS) and submitting the URLs for scanning. By analyzing the incoming network traffic and the dynamic label changes at VirusTotal, we reveal new insights into how VirusTotal works and the quality of their labels. Among other things, we show that vendors have trouble flagging all phishing sites, and even the best vendors missed 30% of our phishing sites. In addition, the scanning results are not immediately updated to VirusTotal after the scanning, and there are inconsistent results between VirusTotal scan and some vendors' own scanners. Our results reveal the need for developing more rigorous methodologies to assess and make use of the labels obtained from VirusTotal.
Trifurcate Origin of Long Head of Biceps Brachii: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Introduction Variant anatomy of the intra-articular portion of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) is rare, and its clinical significance is poorly understood. However, these variants are encountered with increasing frequency due to increasing use of shoulder arthroscopy. Case report We report a case of a trifurcate intra-articular LHBT, a variation which, to our knowledge, has not been previously described. The patient was an adult male presenting with chronic atraumatic shoulder pain that worsened with overhead activity. On arthroscopy, the LHBT was found to have three origins from the (1) supraspinatus tendon, (2) superior labrum, and (3) rotator interval that joined together distally within the biceps tunnel. We believe the split tendon may have caused impingement the biceps tunnel; therefore, the patient was treated with subpectoral tenodesis. He also underwent subacromial decompression and rotator cuff debridement. Conclusion This case highlights the importance of surgeon and radiologist awareness of split LHBT variant anatomy, such that misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment may be avoided.
Characterizing Posterior Fossa Syndrome: A Survey of Experts.

Abstract Background Despite recent efforts, disagreement remains among frontline clinicians regarding the operational definition of a syndrome commonly referred to as posterior fossa syndrome or cerebellar mutism syndrome. Methods We surveyed experts in the clinical care of children with posterior fossa tumors to identify trends and discrepancies in diagnosing posterior fossa syndrome. Results All surveyed professionals conceptualized posterior fossa syndrome as a spectrum diagnosis. The majority agreed that mutism is the most important symptom for diagnosis. However, results highlighted ongoing discrepancies related to important features of posterior fossa syndrome. Conclusions Greater posterior fossa syndrome conceptual alignment among providers is needed to formulate specific diagnostic criteria that would further research and clinical care. The authors propose preliminary diagnostic criteria for posterior fossa syndrome that require refinement through careful clinical characterization and targeted empirical investigation.
Rod signals are routed through specific Off cone bipolar cells in primate retina

Adapting between scotopic and photopic illumination involves switching the routing of retinal signals between rod and cone-dominated circuits. In the daytime, cone signals pass through parallel On and Off cone bipolar cells, that are sensitive to increments and decrements in luminance, respectively. At night, rod signals are routed into these cone-pathways via a key glycinergic interneuron, the AII amacrine cell (AII-AC). In primates, it is not known whether AII-ACs contact all Off-bipolar cell types indiscriminately, or whether their outputs are biased towards specific Off-bipolar cell types. Here, we show that the rod-driven glycinergic output of AII-ACs is strongly biased towards a subset of macaque Off-cone bipolar cells. The Off-bipolar types that receive this glycinergic input have sustained physiological properties and include the Off-midget bipolar cells, which provide excitatory input to the Off-midget ganglion cells (parvocellular pathway). The kinetics of the glycinergic events are consistent with the involvement of the α1 glycine receptor subunit. Taken together with results in mouse retina, our findings point towards a conserved motif whereby rod signals are preferentially routed into sustained Off signaling pathways.
K-space fluorescence tomography in reflectance: a comparison between deep learning and iterative solvers

Diffuse optical tomography, including fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) have been greatly facilitated by the implementation of structured illumination (SI) strategies in recent years. In this work, we investigate the inverse problem in k-space reflectance fluorescence tomography. This in silico investigation leverages MCX, a Monte Carlo based platform, to generate large data sets for comparison between dAUTOMAP, a deep learning architecture, and commonly employed iterative solvers. We show that the proposed dAUTOMAP-based technique outperforms the traditional reconstruction algorithms. This new image formation approach is expected to facilitate imaging of sub-cutaneous tumors in live animals with enhanced resolution compared to the current gold standard.
High-speed nanoLEDs for chip-scale communication

Abstract Fast and efficient light generation and transport are at the heart of modern on-chip optical communication and information processing technologies. Next generation on-chip light sources must have a high modulation bandwidth and low energy consumption while maintaining a small footprint to be competitive. Enabled by metal-cladded nanocavities, fast subwavelength light emitters in the form of both lasers and LEDs have been analytically or experimentally demonstrated. From the modulation bandwidth perspective, nanolasers are ultimately limited by gain compression at high injection currents. From the energy efficiency perspective, nanolasers are inefficient due to the required high injection current to compensate for the losses in order to reach the lasing threshold. In contrast, nanoLEDs can simultaneously have Purcell effect enhanced speed, high energy efficiency, and output power that is above the thermal noise limit. This brief review aims to bolster, in a comparative approach, rationales of why nanoLEDs are a competitive alternative to nanolasers as light sources in chip-scale optical communication systems.
The Lived Experience of the Audiologist: Connections Between Past, Present, and Future.

Purpose The purpose of the study was to use qualitative research methods to explore connections between audiologists' lived experiences and perceptions of the future and change. Method This researc...
US-Japan-North Korea Security Relations: Irrepressible Interests

1. Introduction 2. Nuclear Armed to the Teeth 3. Unlikely Bedfellows: U.S.-North Korean Inducements in the Rearming of Japan 4. The Making of DPRK Policies in Washington and Tokyo 5. Caught in the Crossfire: North Korean Loyalists in Japan 6. Politics, Partisanship, and the Stalemate in Japan-North Korean Relations 7. Conclusion: Separate Concerns and Rapprochement Possibilities. Selected Bibliography
Asteroid rotation. I - Tabulation and analysis of rates, pole positions and shapes. II - A theory for the collisional evolution of rotation rates

Rotation properties and shape data for 182 asteroids are compiled and analyzed, and a collisional model for the evolution of the mean rotation rate of asteroids is proposed. Tabulations of asteroid rotation rates, taxonomic types, pole positions, sizes and shapes and plots of rotation frequency and light curve amplitude against size indicate that asteroid rotational frequency increases with decreasing size for all asteroids except those of the C or S classes. Light curve data also indicate that small asteroids are more irregular in shape than large asteroids. The dispersion in rotation rates observed is well represented by a three dimensional Maxwellian distribution, suggestive of collisional encounters between asteroids. In the proposed model, the rotation rate is found to tend toward an equilibrium value, at which spin-up due to infrequent, large collisions is balanced by a drag due to the larger number of small collisions. The lower mean rotation rate of C-type asteroids is attributed to a lower means density of that class, and the increase in rotation rate with decreasing size is interpreted as indicative of a substantial population of strong asteroids.
On ES/spl Theta/ theory and the logic of the X12 date/time qualifiers

Progress has been substantial in research on developing a general purpose formal language for business communication (FLBC). Key distinctions have been made, important concepts identified, impressive prototypes implemented. The purpose of the paper is to present some data pertaining to the logical analysis-and structuring-of messages in electronic commerce. To this end, the paper reports on an analysis of 101 date/time qualifiers from the X12 EDI standards. It is found that ES/spl Theta/ (event semantics+thematic roles) theory, when extended and modified slightly, is able to provide a plausible semantics for the X12 date/time codes. This augers well for the general FLBC program.
Analytic techniques for three-dimensional steady flow with two-dimensional and axisymmetric components

Publisher Summary Two-dimensional flow is the special class of flow that occurs in a plane and is symmetric in the direction normal to this plane. Axisymmetric flow is the special class of flow that occurs in half-planes containing an axis of symmetry and is symmetric about this axis. For many important applications, 3D flow may be decomposed into 2D and axisymmetric components. Irrotational flow fields are commonly analyzed using a potential function. These potentials may be added together to model any 3D flow that can be decomposed into two-dimensional and axisymmetric components. Divergence-free flow fields are commonly analyzed using the Lagrange stream function for 2D flow fields. While Lagrange and Stokes stream functions cannot be immediately added together as with the potential, it is shown that they may be combined through use of a vector potential. The vector potential is advantageous for computing flux, since dimensionality is reduced from the surface integral required to evaluate this flux using the specific discharge vector to a line integral. Computing flux using a vector potential is also advantageous for a flow field with 2D and axisymmetric components, since a method to obtain closed-form solutions exists in Steward for flux through surfaces bounded by straight line segments with arbitrary orientations.
Insulin Resistance vs. Hyperinsulinemia in Hypertension: Insulin Regulation of Ca2+ Transport and Ca2+-Regulation of Insulin Sensitivity

Hypertension in obesity and insulin resistance has been attributed to insulin stimulation of sympathetic neural output and renal sodium retention. However, recent data demonstrates a significant vasodilatory effect of insulin and suggests that vascular smooth muscle resistance to this action may instead be the cause of hypertension in insulin resistance. This concept is supported by the observation that pharmacological amplification of peripheral insulin sensitivity results in reduced arterial pressure. Insulin attenuates vasoconstrictor responses to pressor agonists and accelerates vascular smooth muscle relaxation, while these effects are blunted in obesity and insulin resistance. Insulin regulation of vasoconstriction and vascular relaxation appears to be secondary to regulation of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), as insulin attenuates both voltage- and receptor-mediated Ca2+ influx and stimulates both the transcription and activity of Ca(2+)-ATPase in vascular smooth muscle cells. Further, these effects are also blunted in insulin resistance. Although [Ca2+]i plays a poorly understood role in insulin signalling, increases beyond an optimal range results in impaired insulin sensitivity, possibly by Ca(2+)-inhibition of insulin-induced dephosphorylation of insulin-sensitive substrates. Consistent with this concept, ectopic overexpression of the agouti gene in the viable yellow (Avy) mouse results in increased skeletal myocyte [Ca2+]i. Accordingly, increased [Ca2+]i in primary insulin target tissues appears to result in peripheral insulin resistance which then results in aberrant regulation of vascular smooth muscle [Ca2+]i and increases in arterial pressure.
Modeling and simulation of cooling-induced residual stresses in heated particulate mixture depositions in additive manufacturing

One key aspect of many additive manufacturing processes is the deposition of heated mixtures of particulate materials onto surfaces, which then bond and cool, leading to complex microstructures and possible residual stresses. The overall objective of this work is to construct a straightforward computational approach that researchers in the field can easily implement and use as a numerically-efficient simulation and design tool. Specifically because multifield coupling is present, a recursive, staggered, temporally-adaptive, finite difference time domain scheme is developed to resolve the internal microstructural thermal and mechanical fields, accounting for the simultaneous elasto-plasticity and damage. The time step adaptation allows the numerical scheme to iteratively resolve the changing physical fields by refining the time-steps during phases of the process when the system is undergoing large changes on a relatively small time-scale and can also enlarge the time-steps when the processes are relatively slow. The spatial discretization grids are uniform and dense. The deposited microstructure is embedded into spatial discretization. The regular grid allows one to generate a matrix-free iterative formulation which is amenable to rapid computation and minimal memory requirements, making it ideal for laptop computation. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the approach. This formulation is useful for material scientists who seek ways to deposit such materials while simultaneously avoiding inadvertent excessive residual stresses.
A Synthetic View of the Magnetospheric-Ionospheric Current System Associated With Substorms

Electric currents play an important role in the energy coupling between the magnetosphere and ionosphere. This paper examines in detail the distribution and dynamics of ionospheric electric currents during an isolated substorm. In particular, the relative contributions of ionospheric Pedersen and Hall currents to field-aligned currents are evaluated in hoping to shed some new light on the ionospheric closure of the substorm current wedge. It is found that the substorm-related westward electrojet is dominated by Hall current, which is 2∼3 times the Pedersen current in magnitude. Under winter-time substorm conditions, a significant portion (up to more than 1 MA) of field-aligned currents is closed in the ionosphere through Hall current. Although the contribution of Hall current to field-aligned currents is about 30∼50% compared to the contribution from Pedersen current, it is Hall current, not Pedersen current, that appears to be the main contributor to the substorm current wedge.
Phospholipid Metabolism in Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans

Abstract The lipid composition of the chemoautotroph Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans has been examined. Fatty acids represent 2% of the dry weight of the cells and 86% of the total are extractable with organic solvents. About 25% of the total fatty acids are associated with diacyl phospholipids. Polar carotenoids, the benzoquinone coenzyme Q-8, and most of the fatty acids are present in the neutral lipids. The phospholipids have been identified as phosphatidyl monomethylethanolamine (42%), phosphatidyl glycerol (23%), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (20%), cardiolipin (13%), phosphatidyl choline (1.5%), and phosphatidyl dimethylethanolamine (1%) by chromatography of the diacyl lipids, by chromatography in four systems of the glycerol phosphate esters derived from the lipids by mild alkaline methanolysis, and by chromatographic identification of the products of acid hydrolysis of the esters. No trace of phosphatidylserine (PS), glycerolphosphorylserine, or serine could be detected in the lipid extract or in derivatives of that extract. This casts some doubt on the postulated involvement of PS in iron metabolism. After growth in the presence of 14C and 32P, there was essentially no difference in the turnover of either isotope in the glycerolphosphate ester derived from each lipid in cells grown at pH 1.5 or 3.5.
Prevalence of and risk factors for reduced serum bicarbonate in chronic kidney disease

Aim The prevalence of metabolic acidosis increases as glomerular filtration rate falls. However, most patients with stage 4 chronic kidney disease have normal serum bicarbonate concentration while some with stage 3 chronic kidney disease have low serum bicarbonate, suggesting that other factors contribute to generation of acidosis. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors, other than reduced glomerular filtration rate, for reduced serum bicarbonate in chronic kidney disease. Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used to relate predictor variables to the odds of low serum bicarbonate (<22 mM) compared with normal serum bicarbonate (22–30 mM) and the coefficients of Δ serum bicarbonate concentration. Results The prevalence of low serum bicarbonate at baseline was 17.3%. Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate had the strongest relationship with low serum bicarbonate. Factors associated with higher odds of low serum bicarbonate, independent of estimated glomerular filtration rate, were urinary albumin/creatinine ≥10 mg/g, smoking, anaemia, hyperkalaemia, non-diuretic use and higher serum albumin. These and younger age, higher waist circumference, and use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers associated with negative Δ serum bicarbonate in linear regression models. Conclusions Several factors not typically considered to associate with reduced serum bicarbonate in chronic kidney disease were identified including albuminuria ≥10 mg/g, anaemia, smoking, higher serum albumin, higher waist circumference, and use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Future studies should explore the longitudinal effect of these factors on serum bicarbonate concentration.
Bisulfite Sequencing of DNA

Exact positions of 5-methylcytosine (m(5)C) on a single strand of DNA can be determined by bisulfite genomic sequencing (BGS). Treatment with bisulfite ion preferentially deaminates unmethylated cytosines, which are then converted to uracil upon desulfonation. Amplifying regions of interest from deaminated DNA and sequencing products cloned from amplicons permits determination of methylation at single-nucleotide resolution along single DNA molecules, which is not possible with other methylation analysis techniques. This unit describes a BGS technique suitable for most DNA sources, including formaldehyde-fixed tissue. Considerations for experimental design and common sources of error are discussed.
Food access, availability, and affordability in 3 Los Angeles communities, Project CAFE, 2004-2006.

Introduction Racial/ethnic minority communities are at increasingly high risk for chronic diseases related to obesity. Access to stores that sell affordable, nutritious food is a prerequisite for adopting a healthful diet. The objective of this study was to evaluate food access, availability, and affordability in 3 nonoverlapping but similar low-income communities in urban Los Angeles, California. Methods Using a community-based participatory research approach, we trained community members to conduct a food assessment to 1) map the number and type of retail food outlets in a defined area and 2) survey a sample of stores to determine whether they sold selected healthful foods and how much those foods cost. We used descriptive statistics to summarize findings. Results Of the 1,273 food establishments mapped in the 3 neighborhoods, 1,023 met the criteria of "retail food outlet." The most common types of retail food outlets were fast-food restaurants (30%) and convenience/liquor/corner stores (22%). Supermarkets made up less than 2% of the total. Convenience/liquor/corner stores offered fewer than half of the selected healthful foods and sold healthful foods at higher prices than did supermarkets. Conclusion Access to stores that sell affordable healthful food is a problem in urban Los Angeles communities. Healthful food strategies should focus on changing food environments to improve overall community health.
A probabilistic model for score-based algorithm fusion

A probabilistic model is described that helps explain how score-based algorithm fusion achieves significant false alarm reduction. The two-class detection and classification (DC) problem is considered: the target and the nontarget. Multiple DC algorithms, based on fundamentally different DC methodologies, process the same sensor data looking for target-like objects. Each object detected and classified as target-like by a given algorithm is assigned a positive score, which indicates the degree to which the algorithm considers the object target-like. Score-based algorithm fusion is the fusion of multiple detection & classification algorithms where only the scores of the individual algorithms are used to make a final determination on whether an object is a target or not Despite the fact that only the scores are used in the fusion process, false alarm reduction has been remarkable while still preserving a high probability of target detection and classification. A probabilistic model is presented in this paper that supports this observation.
Effect of formalin treatment on electrophoretic mobility of cholera toxin.

Abstract Crude cholera toxin detoxified by treatment with Formalin showed an increased mobility and a decrease in the number of detectable protein constituents when compared with the parent toxin by disc electrophoresis. The significance of these observations in relation to the enhanced antigenic activity of cholera toxoid as compared to parent toxin is discussed.
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy after treatment with interferon-alpha.

Treatment with interferon-α (IFN-α) has been associated with the occurrence of a number of autoimmune disorders. We report a case of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) occurring in a patient with a chronic viral hepatitis C infection who received a novel, long-acting form of IFN-α. After withdrawal of the interferon treatment, this patient responded to a single extended course of plasma exchange that resulted in a complete clinical remission of symptoms without relapse. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 23: 433–435, 2000
Golgi studies of the nucleus gracilis in the rat.

With the use of Golgi-Kopsch and rapid Golgi techniques, seven different neuronal types were described in the nucleus gracilis of the rat. In the caudal part of the nucleus the dendrites were grouped in vertical bundles origented parallel to the collaterals of the fibers in the fasciculus gracilis. Some neurons had dendrites associated with several dendritic bundles separated in the horizontal or parasagittal planes. Two types of interneurons were found in the caudal part of the nucleus. The first had its axon confined within a dendritic column formed in part by its own dendritic arborization. The axon of the second interneuron projected to a nearby dendritic column. In the rostral part of the nucleus, the various neuronal types had dendrites oriented either transversely or along the axis of the nucleus. Fibers from the fasciculus gracilis, at rostral levels, bend to course across the nucleus sending collaterals along the parasagittal plane. Thus the dendrites of the neurons in this region were directed perpendicular and/or parallel to the afferent fibers. Afferent axons to the nucleus gracilis from the pyramidal tract and medullary reticular formation were also described.
Fabrication, Testing, and Enhancement of a Thermal Energy Storage Device Utilizing Phase Change Materials

There is a growing need to develop technology to harness previously untapped sources of energy and waste heat is one source of energy that provides significant potential to increase the efficiency of overall energy use in multiple applications. Waste heat as a source of energy supply has relatively low availability and a storage system is required to efficiently utilize the energy. One method for harvesting this waste heat is through the use of phase change material (PCM) as a thermal energy storage (TES) medium.This work examines the operation of a thermal energy storage device that collects and stores heat in a PCM. The TES relies on the phase change of icosane wax, which possesses a large latent heat of fusion and high thermal storage capacity. However, the icosane wax typically has low thermal conductivity. This work focuses specifically on enhancing the thermal conductivity of the sink by incorporating an additive possessing high thermal conductivity without significantly reducing the storage capacity (volume) of the TES. The performances of both the TES as well as TES with enhanced conductivity are monitored to validate operation.Three different major experiment sets were performed; one contained only icosane wax as the PCM, a second incorporated a copper foam mesh along with the Icosane to increase the thermal conductivity of the working fluid. Finally, the third comprised of a novel copper matrix with increased surface area and thus, better conductivity for the PCM. The power absorbed by the PCM and the thermal storage potential for each of these tests was also studied in these experiments.The novel copper matrix showed good promise in greatly increasing the thermal conductivity of the system from 0.49 W/mK in the icosane-only test to 3.90 W/mK. A 200% increase in the power absorbed by the device was also achieved with the copper matrix conductivity enhancer. Results indicate an improvement of average thermal conductivity by a factor of 8 due to this work. A steady state power absorbed of 0.9 kW/m2 was achieved for the preliminary test of unmodified icosane. A similar steady state value of 0.96 kW/m2 was achieved with the copper mesh enhancer. The maximum power absorbed was achieved with the novel copper matrix at 2.76 kW/m2.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Economic impact on tooth emergence.

As shown in nearly 10,000 Negro and White boys and girls between 4.5 and 16.5 years of age, poverty-level children (with an income-to-needs ratio of 1.0) tend to be delayed in permanent tooth emergence as compared with those approximating median per-capita income. For boys, a per-capita income difference of $2200 was associated with a 0.15 standard deviation difference in emergence timiing of 28 permanent teeth.
Complete basis set and gaussian computational study of dissociative recombination process of the cyanogen ion (CN

Abstract There are few recent computational studies with regard to the dissociative recombination pathways of the cyanogen ion. This is unusual because in the current age of computational techniques, these small chemical systems can be treated with the accuracy of at least ±0.02 eV for the reaction enthalpies needed to be obtained. To demonstrate the reliability of the complete basis set and gaussian ab initio methods, the ionization potentials and electron affinities for several atoms and diatomic molecules involved in the dissociate recombination process of the cyanogen ion were calculated. Several possibilities for its formation were explored and for the most exothermic reactions, the electron transfer and rearrangement processes were investigated. The enthalpies of several channels at 0 eV center-of-mass collisions were evaluated with dissociation recombination cross section enthalpies for ground state ions, and oxidative dissociative cross sections. New enthalpies for these reactions are suggested.
Higher Quality Communication and Relationships are Associated with Improved Patient Engagement in HIV Care

Patient retention in HIV care may be influenced by patient-provider interactions. In an urban, academic HIV clinic, 1363 patients rated the quality of communication and relationships with their providers on 5 domains. We used linear regressions to investigate associations between these 5 domains and appointment adherence. In multivariate analysis, patients kept more appointments if providers treated them with dignity and respect, listened carefully to them, explained in ways they could understand, and knew them as persons. Being involved in decisions was not significantly associated with appointment adherence. Enhancing providers' skills in effective communication and relationship building may improve patient retention in HIV care.
A polarographic study of some complexes of molybdenum

Abstract The catalytic current due to the reduction of perchlorate by Mo (IV) or of nitrate by Mo(III) can be decreased by complexing these molybdenum species. When only one complex forms, the instability constant and the ratio of complexing agent to molybdenum can be evaluated. When the catalytic waves are completely suppressed, only the normal polarographic waves appear. The latter can be used to determine molybdenum quantitatively without the necessity of a calibration curve.
Effects of drugs on the effectiveness of conditioned stimuli

Drugged and nondrugged cats were trained to give the same foreleg-flexion response (CR) to two different conditioned stimuli (CSs): (1) a 1,000-Hz tone and (2) a direct electrical stimulation of either the caudate nucleus or the hippocampus. Pentobarbital and other depressant drugs had consistent, differential effects on performance of CRs to the two different CSs. Cats drugged with pentobarbital learned to respond to the brain stimulation, but seemingly could not learn to respond to the tone unless they previously had acquired CRs to the brain stimulation. Furthermore, for all but one of the nondrugged-trained cats, doses of pentobarbital, chloral hydrate, meprobamate, or chlordiazepoxide were found that abolished CRs to tone but left the same CRs to brain stimulation intact. Implications of these results are discussed with respect to the drug-stimulus hypothesis and other current explanations of state-dependent learning.
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions vs chemotherapy and immunotherapy responses in women with ovarian adenocarcinoma.

Fifty-one previously untreated women with FIGO Stages III and IV ovarian adenocarcinoma underwent sequential monthly skin testing utilizing Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanian, Varidase, mumps, monilia, and a purified protein derivative Tuberculin (PPD) prior to each course of systemic chemotherapy (with or without Corynebacterium parvum). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the patients' ability to demonstrate a delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to these sensitizing antigens and response to therapy. There was no statistically significant correlation with response to therapy and: 1) Positive pretherapy skin test reactions vs anergy to pretherapy skin tests. 2) Negative pretherapy and positive post-therapy skin tests. 3) Anergy pre- and post-therapy vs positive skin tests pre- or post-therapy. 4) Age of the patient vs skin test reactivity. 5) Skin test reactivity to any one of the five antigens tested. 6) Skin test reactivity in response to therapy in those women also receiving Corynebacterium parvum. It is concluded that the battery of skin tests utilized do not predict the patient's response to systemic chemotherapy in advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma.
Community-Based Electric Micro-Grids Can Contribute to Rural Development: Evidence from Kenya

Summary. — In this paper we clarify the mechanisms through which rural electrification can contribute to rural development. Through a detailed case study analysis of a community-based electric micro-grid in rural Kenya, we demonstrate that access to electricity enables the use of electric equipment and tools by small and micro enterprises, resulting in significant improvement in productivity per worker (100–200% depending on the task at hand) and in a corresponding growth in income levels in the order of 20–70%, depending on the product made. Access to electricity simultaneously enables and improves the delivery of social and business services from a wide range of village-level infrastructure (e.g., schools, markets, and water pumps) while improving the productivity of agricultural activities. We find that increased productivity and growth in revenues within the context of better delivery of social and business support services contribute to achieving higher social and economic benefits for rural communities. We also demonstrate that when local electricity users have an ability to charge and enforce cost-reflective tariffs and when electricity consumption is closely linked to productive uses that generate incomes, cost recovery is feasible. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A multiphase mixture model for multiphase, multicomponent transport in capillary porous media—I. Model development

Abstract A new model for multiphase, multicomponent transport in capillary porous media is developed, in which the multiple phases are considered as constituents of a multiphase mixture. This multiphase mixture model consists only of the conservation equations for the multiphase mixture and is derived from the classic multiphase flow formulation without making any approximations. In addition, algebraic relations are found which can be used to back out the individual phase flow fields from the mixture velocity in a post-processing fashion. While being mathematically exactly equivalent to the traditional multiphase flow model, the present formulation significantly reduces the number of model equations, thus offering an efficient alternative for the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of multiphase transport phenomena in porous media. A detailed application to two-phase, binary systems shows that the complex transport problems become more tractable within the framework of this new formulation.
Generative model for the creation of musical emotion, meaning, and form

The automated creation of perceptible and compelling large-scale forms and hierarchical structures that unfold over time is a nontrivial challenge for generative models of multimedia content. Nonetheless, this is an important goal for multimedia authors and artists who work in time-dependent mediums. This paper and associated demonstration materials present a generative model for the automated composition of music.The model draws on theories of emotion and meaning in music, and relies on research in cognition and perception to ensure that the generated music will be communicative and intelligible to listeners. The model employs a coevolutionary genetic algorithm that is comprised of a population of musical components. The evolutionary process yields musical compositions which are realized as digital audio, a live performance work, and a musical score in conventional notation. These works exhibit musical features which are in accordance with aesthetic and compositional goals described in the paper.
Genital pain associated with genital retraction: A case of Koro syndrome

Koro is a unique psychiatric disorder in which acute anxiety accompanies the perception of genital retraction. This case report describes a case of Koro syndrome associated with penile and scrotal pain. A review of the literature has not shown any previous report of Koro associated with genital pain.
Sometimes They Use It, Sometimes They Don't: An Epistemological Discussion of L2 Morphological Production and Its Use as a Competence Measurement

The main goal of all approaches to adult second language acquisition (SLA) is to accurately describe and explain the overall acquisition process. To accomplish this, SLA researchers must come to agree on some key issues. In this commentary, I defend the necessity of the competence/performance distinction and how this relates to why an examination of morphological production presents challenges for SLA research. I suggest that such a methodology is meaningful only when it is dovetailed with procedures that test for related syntactic/semantic knowledge.
Hadronization through parton-meson fluctuations

We examine the hadronization process in QCD, modeling it as a series of independent parton-meson scatterings. In the limit of rapid scatterings, obtained by neglecting mass terms, we find a simple description of the hadronizing system. The consequences of this description, and the effects of heavy quarks, are discussed.
Septal efferents revealed by axonal degeneration in the rat

Abstract A study of septal efferents was undertaken to acquire detailed anatomical and functional knowledge of its relations with the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon. Small lesions were placed in various parts of the septum using a stereotaxic instrument. Postoperatively, the brain was perfused and removed from the animal. Subsequently, serial frozen sections were made and stained according to the technique of Nauta for demonstrating degenerating axons and terminals. Following the lesions, degeneration was found in the longitudinal stria, fornix longus, fornix body, alveus, angular bundle, stria medullaris, diagonal band, medial forebrain bundle, mamillotegmental tract and column of the fornix. Affected terminals were observed in the gyrus cinguli, hippocampus and facia dentata, anterior thalamic nuclei, midline nuclei, habenular nuclei, rostral basal cortex, olfactory tubercle, hypothalamus and midbrain tegmentum. Degeneration varied in these fiber and nuclear structures depending on the position of the lesion in the septum. I conclude that there are direct and indirect dorsal feedback circuits with the hippocampus and gyrus cinguli; that fibers bypass the hippocampus and enter the angular bundle to temporal lobe; that ventral feedback circuits exist with the olfactory tubercle, hypothalamus and midbrain; that the fornix carries fibers primarily from the hippocampus while the stria medullaris carries fibers from the septum with preferential projection of each to the anterior thalamic nuclei and reticular nucleus; and that feedback circuits perhaps exist with the anterior thalamic nuclei. I propose that the septum mediates many homeostatic feedback mechanisms with the isocortex, thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain.
Songbirds tradeoff auditory frequency resolution and temporal resolution

Physical tradeoffs may in some cases constrain the evolution of sensory systems. The peripheral auditory system, for example, performs a spectral decomposition of sound that should result in a tradeoff between frequency resolution and temporal resolution. We assessed temporal resolution in three songbird species using auditory brainstem responses to paired click stimuli. Temporal resolution was greater in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) than Carolina chickadees (Poecile carolinensis) and white-breasted nuthatches (Sitta carolinensis), as predicted based on previous observations of broader auditory filters (lower frequency resolution) in house sparrows. Furthermore, within chickadees, individuals with broader auditory filters had greater temporal resolution. In contrast to predictions however, temporal resolution was similar between chickadees and nuthatches despite broader auditory filters in chickadees. These results and the results of a model simulation exploring the effect of broadened auditory filter bandwidth on temporal resolution in the auditory periphery strongly suggest that frequency resolution constrains temporal resolution in songbirds. Furthermore, our results suggest that songbirds have greater temporal resolution than some mammals, in agreement with recent behavioral studies. Species differences in temporal resolution may reflect adaptations for efficient processing of species-specific vocalizations, while individual differences within species may reflect experience-based developmental plasticity or hormonal effects.
Evacuate‐Back Fill Glove Box

A glove box is described whose chamber may be evacuated into the range of 10−6 mm Hg and subsequently back‐filled with a dry gas. Essential features include caps for evacuating simultaneously both sides of the gloves and quick disconnecting fittings for ready accessibility to the box. Slight modification of design permits wide variation in box geometry.
Preservation conditions for marine shale gas at the southeastern margin of the Sichuan Basin and their controlling factors

Abstract Complex tectonic movements and high thermal maturity of marine shale dominate South China, where preservation conditions are critical for shale gas enrichment and productivity. Based on the exploration practices of the Silurian shale gas at the southeastern margin of the Sichuan Basin in recent years, conventional gas and shale gas were compared in terms of their preservation conditions. The results revealed that superior roof and floor conditions are indispensable to shale gas preservation. Moreover, the self-sealing ability and the huge gap of up to 2–8 times between vertical and lateral permeability of shale gas reservoirs determine the lateral diffusion as the basic pattern of shale gas migration. The unconformity at the bottom of Lower Cambrian leads to worse preservation conditions in the system, and cutting by faults may accelerate the diffusion of shale gas. Major controlling factors for shale gas preservation and their criteria of discrimination were also investigated. It is suggested that: (1) the strength of tectonic modification is the major factor controlling shale gas preservation. Broad and gentle structures with continuous seals and an anticlinal setting are more favorable for the enrichment of shale gas, and a closed evolutionary environment with late uplifting is more favorable for the preservation of shale gas; (2) shale gas can be preserved well in downdip areas without faults or effectively closed or shielded by faults and areas far away from outcrops or zones with stratigraphic hiatus; (3) pressure coefficient is a comprehensive indicator for discriminating preservation conditions. In the study area, the pressure coefficient is in positive correlation with shale gas production and the high or super-high pressure of reservoir is a signal of good preservation condition for shale gas; and (4) in the areas within the southeastern Sichuan Basin, other than those close to erosion zones or hiatus, the Wufeng Fm. of Upper Ordovician and the Longmaxi Fm. of Lower Silurian present high pressure coefficient (up to 2.25) generally, demonstrating good preservation conditions for shale gas, while the pressure coefficient reduces progressively toward or outside the margin of the basin, corresponding to downgrading preservation conditions.
Intracranial self-administration methodologies

Intracranial drug self-administration (ICSA) offers a relatively new approach for investigating the neurobiological mechanisms involved in brain reinforcement processes. Discrete brain regions responsible for the initiation of neuronal activity associated with the response-contingent delivery of a drug reinforcer can be identified using these procedures since the drug is infused directly into a specific brain locus. In the last decade, several papers have appeared in the literature reporting the self-administration of various substances into a number of brain regions. However, different laboratories often employ diverse methodological procedures to demonstrate ICSA, and this can lead to erroneous conclusions when comparing data from different investigations. This review presents a critical evaluation of the current status of research in this area and suggests behavioral as well as methodological guidelines for future investigations to follow.