cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain cooling maintenance with cooling cap following induction with intracarotid cold saline infusion: A quantitative model

Abstract Intracarotid cold saline infusion (ICSI) is potentially much faster than whole-body cooling and more effective than cooling caps in inducing therapeutic brain cooling. One drawback of ICSI is hemodilution and volume loading. We hypothesized that cooling caps could enhance brain cooling with ICSI and minimize hemodilution and volume loading. Six-hour-long simulations were performed in a 3D mathematical brain model. The Pennes bioheat equation was used to propagate brain temperature. Convective heat transfer through jugular venous return and the circle of Willis was simulated. Hemodilution and volume loading were modeled using a two-compartment saline infusion model. A feedback method of local brain temperature control was developed where ICSI flow rate was varied based on the rate of temperature change and the deviation of temperature to a target (32 °C) within a voxel in the treated region of brain. The simulations confirmed the inability of cooling caps alone to induce hypothermia. In the ICSI and the combination models (ICSI and cap), the control algorithm guided ICSI to quickly achieve and maintain the target temperature. The combination model had lower ICSI flow rates than the ICSI model resulting in a 55% reduction of infusion volume over a 6 h period and higher hematocrit values compared to the ICSI model. Moreover, in the combination model, the ICSI flow rate decreased to zero after 4 h, and hypothermia was subsequently maintained solely by the cooling cap. This is the first study supporting a role of cooling caps in therapeutic hypothermia in adults.
Bit Cell Optimizations and Circuit Techniques for Nanoscale SRAM Design

Six-transistor SRAM cells have served as the workhorse embedded memory for several decades. However, with aggressive technology scaling, designers find it increasingly difficult to guarantee robust operation at low voltages because of the worsening process variation. This article presents circuit techniques pursued by industry to overcome SRAM scaling challenges in future technology nodes.
Computer simulations of neural mechanisms explaining upper and lower limb excitatory neural coupling.

Background When humans perform rhythmic upper and lower limb locomotor-like movements, there is an excitatory effect of upper limb exertion on lower limb muscle recruitment. To investigate potential neural mechanisms for this behavioral observation, we developed computer simulations modeling interlimb neural pathways among central pattern generators. We hypothesized that enhancement of muscle recruitment from interlimb spinal mechanisms was not sufficient to explain muscle enhancement levels observed in experimental data.
The Advanced Learner Variety: The Case of French edited by LABEAU, EMMANUELLE, & FLORENCE MYLES

The article reviews the book "The Advanced Learner Variety: The Case of French," edited by Emmanuelle Labeau and Florence Myles.
A quasi-periodic design procedure for a traveling-wave array of dipoles

A simple iterative design procedure is given for a traveling-wave array of dipole elements fed in a shunt configuration by a meandering transmission line. The design procedure is based on a quasi-periodic analysis of the loaded line, which assumes a Bloch wave propagation on the structure. A design procedure is formulated for the cases of constant attenuation and tapered attenuation on the line. A ten-element array of vertical monopoles fed by a meandering stripline is used to illustrate the design technique. Results show that the design procedure based on power into the dipoles gives good agreement with one based on actual dipole currents if a certain assumption is used. It is important, however, to account for mutual coupling in the design procedure in order to obtain accurate patterns, especially for low sidelobe designs. >
A function for tyrosine phosphorylation of type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in lymphocyte activation.

Sustained elevation of intracellular calcium by Ca2+ release–activated Ca2+ channels is required for lymphocyte activation. Sustained Ca2+ entry requires endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ depletion and prolonged activation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)/Ca2+ release channels. However, a major isoform in lymphocyte ER, IP3R1, is inhibited by elevated levels of cytosolic Ca2+, and the mechanism that enables the prolonged activation of IP3R1 required for lymphocyte activation is unclear. We show that IP3R1 binds to the scaffolding protein linker of activated T cells and colocalizes with the T cell receptor during activation, resulting in persistent phosphorylation of IP3R1 at Tyr353. This phosphorylation increases the sensitivity of the channel to activation by IP3 and renders the channel less sensitive to Ca2+-induced inactivation. Expression of a mutant IP3R1-Y353F channel in lymphocytes causes defective Ca2+ signaling and decreased nuclear factor of activated T cells activation. Thus, tyrosine phosphorylation of IP3R1-Y353 may have an important function in maintaining elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels during lymphocyte activation.
Microbial Infections, Immunomodulation, and Drugs of Abuse

The use of recreational drugs of abuse has generated serious health concerns. There is a long-recognized relationship between addictive drugs and increased levels of infections. Studies of the mechanisms of actions of these drugs became more urgent with the advent of AIDS and its correlation with abused substances. The nature and mechanisms of immunomodulation by marijuana, opiates, cocaine, nicotine, and alcohol are described in this review. Recent studies of the effects of opiates or marijuana on the immune system have demonstrated that they are receptor mediated, occurring both directly via specific receptors on immune cells and indirectly through similar receptors on cells of the nervous system. Findings are also discussed that demonstrate that cocaine and nicotine have similar immunomodulatory effects, which are also apparently receptor mediated. Finally, the nature and mechanisms of immunomodulation by alcohol are described. Although no specific alcohol receptors have been identified, it is widely recognized that alcohol enhances susceptibility to opportunistic microbes. The review covers recent studies of the effects of these drugs on immunity and on increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, including AIDS.
Treatment of autoimmune diseases by inhibition of T-cell costimulation

Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in immune activation and immune tolerance have laid the foundation for the development of new strategies for treating autoimmune diseases. In particular, the dissection of the two-signal process of T-cell activation has identified distinct targets that may provide a means of blocking pathological autoimmune responses without causing sustained blockade of protective immune responses. These strategies have shown great promise in animal models for autoimmune diseases, and they are currently the focus of clinical investigation in several autoimmune diseases of humans.
Effect of removing acceleration cues on sensing vehicular velocity.

This paper compares the effect of varying the sensory input (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile and vestibular cues) on the appreciation of traveled velocity. A movie technique was developed to remove the effects of acceleration and present controlled frontal and peripheral visual cues. The range of velocities was extended to 100 mph. It is concluded that (1) the removal of the force sense feedback mechanism acts to reduce the ratio of the estimated to the presented or actual range of velocities. (2) There is direct variation of the absolute error with velocity as the range is extended to include high speeds. (3) Sensing of velocity based on peripheral visual stimulation appears to be more resistant to experimental artifacts, such as a monotonous environment, fatigue and the beta effect—apparent movement produced by an increase of illumination of part of the field—than frontal visual stimulation.
Infrastructure for collaborative science and societal applications in the Columbia River estuary

To meet societal needs, modern estuarine science needs to be interdisciplinary and collaborative, combine discovery with hypotheses testing, and be responsive to issues facing both regional and global stakeholders. Such an approach is best conducted with the benefit of data-rich environments, where information from sensors and models is openly accessible within convenient timeframes. Here, we introduce the operational infrastructure of one such data-rich environment, a collaboratory created to support (a) interdisciplinary research in the Columbia River estuary by the multi-institutional team of investigators of the Science and Technology Center for Coastal Margin Observation & Prediction and (b) the integration of scientific knowledge into regional decision making. Core components of the operational infrastructure are an observation network, a modeling system and a cyber-infrastructure, each of which is described. The observation network is anchored on an extensive array of long-term stations, many of them interdisciplinary, and is complemented by on-demand deployment of temporary stations and mobile platforms, often in coordinated field campaigns. The modeling system is based on finiteelement unstructured-grid codes and includes operational and process-oriented simulations of circulation, sediments and ecosystem processes. The flow of information is managed through a dedicated cyber-infrastructure, conversant with regional and national observing systems.
Transient Population, Crime, and Solution: The Chinese Experience:

A new social problem of transient population from countryside is associated with a significant increase in the crime rate and fear of crime in major Chinese cities. Based upon the findings from the researchers' field observations and interviews, this study found that the massive rural-urban migration has challenged the previously effective control system and raised a strong demand for change. The Chinese experience in dealing with transient population further supports the control perspective: Both internal and external control are critical for preventing crime as well as fostering law-abiding behaviors.
SECRETORY GROUP IIA PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 GENERATES ANTI-APOPTOTIC SURVIVAL SIGNALS IN KIDNEY FIBROBLASTS

Mammalian group IIA phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) is believed to play important roles in inflammation, cell injury, and tumor resistance. However, the cellular site of action has not been clearly defined as it has long been recognized that group IIA PLA(2) is both a secretory and mitochondrial protein. The purpose of this study was to determine the subcellular target of the group IIA PLA(2) and its role in apoptosis stimulated by growth factor withdrawal. Cloning of the rat liver group IIA PLA(2) demonstrated a typical secretory signal and no alternative splicing of the primary transcript. When a sequence including the signal peptide and first 8 residues in the mature enzyme or the entire PLA(2) (including the signal peptide) was fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein, the fusion protein was directed to the secretory pathway rather than mitochondria in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. To examine the role of group IIA PLA(2) in cell injury, wild type (wt) rat group IIA PLA(2) and a mutant group IIA PLA(2) containing a His-47 --> Gln mutation (at the catalytic center) were transfected into BHK cells and cells stably expressing these constructs were isolated. After deprivation of growth factors, both normal BHK cells and BHK cells expressing mutant PLA(2) underwent massive apoptosis, while BHK cells expressing wt PLA(2) showed considerable resistance to growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis. The secretory PLA(2) inhibitors 12-epi-scalaradial and aristolochic acid abrogated resistance to apoptosis in the wt PLA(2) expressing cells. These two inhibitors did not induce cell death in the presence of fetal bovine serum, suggesting that they induce cell death by blocking PLA(2) generated survival signals. This study demonstrates that group IIA PLA(2) generates anti-apoptotic survival signals in BHK cells targeting the secretory pathway, and suggests that high levels of group IIA PLA(2) accumulated at inflammatory sites may not only regulate inflammation, but also may protect cells from unnecessary death induced by pro-inflammatory agents.
Studying Disability Arts and Culture: An Introduction

As you find your way through this study guide, see if you can reach back to these embodied exercises, and find ways of holding against normative rules for classroom engagements. (5) Multiplicity, a...
Catastrophe Risk Financing in the United States and the European Union: A Comparative Analysis of Alternative Regulatory Approaches

The regulation of insurance companies in the United States and the European Union (EU) continues to evolve in response to market forces and the changing nature of risk but with somewhat different philosophies and at different rates. One important area where both economic realities and markets are changing is catastrophe risk and its financing. This article examines and compares regulatory and other government policies in the United States and the EU generally and their approaches to the financing of catastrophe risk specifically. It is important to understand the fundamental differences between the two systems to gain insights into their disparate treatment of catastrophe risk financing. Although policies could be improved in both jurisdictions, we argue that the much greater reform is needed in the United States relative to the EU regulatory policies that are being developed. We offer recommendations on how U.S. policies could be significantly improved as well as comment on issues facing the EU. We conclude with some observations on the needs for further progress in the U.S. and EU regulatory systems.
Wind Penetration Limited by Thermal Constraints and Frequency Stability

With the increase of wind generation in the United States it is important to determine the ability of a transmission system to handle large increases in wind power. This subject needs to be studied from both the steady state and dynamic issues related to wind generation. This paper provides a process to determine the transmission capacity of an existing transmission system, based on thermal limitations and a steady state analysis. Next, the paper develops the concepts behind the modeling of wind turbines particularly as they are related to the frequency stability of the power system. A comparison of fixed speed generator (FSG) wind turbine and doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines is performed in terms of inertial response capabilities, a key issue in frequency stability. Finally, an example is provided in the form of a set of simulations, measuring the frequency response of FSG's and DFIG's.
Effects of compressive stress on localized corrosion in AA2024-T3

The effect of compressive stress on intergranular corrosion (IGC) of AA2024-T3 was studied using a constant load and simultaneous electrochemical measurement. A specially designed electrochemical cell was used to compress a pillar-shaped sample and control the potential at a value that promoted IGC. The extent of IGC was assessed by metallurgical cross-sectional images. The effect of the compressive stress depended on the orientation of the stress relative to the elongated microstructure. Application of a compressive stress halfway to yield in the S or through-thickness direction significantly reduced the growth kinetics of IGC in the longitudinal direction, but did not eliminate it totally. The strain change during exposure also was used to quantify the change in radius of the cylindrical sample as a function of time during IGC growth. The effect of compression on reducing IGC was also assessed by the current density measured during potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarization. The effects of residual compressive stress on IGC were studied using samples treated by low plastic burnishing (LPB), which produces a surface layer with high residual compressive stress. The results depended on the plane of the LPB treatment. A micro-capillary cell was used to measure corrosion behavior at different zones of the section of an LPB-treated sample. The breakdown potential was significantly higher in the zone with residual compressive stress than in the interior of the sample.
Emerging nutrition science on fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: nutritionists' perspectives

Recent dietary guidance for heart health recommends a reduction (by ∼50%) in saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake to reduce LDL cholesterol and to decrease risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends substituting unsaturated fat [both polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs and MUFAs, respectively)] for SFAs. There are many dietary options that can be implemented to replace SFAs, given the different sources of unsaturated fats in the food supply. Compelling evidence exists for the cardioprotective benefits of n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs, both marine- and plant-derived. In addition, the evidence of cardioprotective benefits of n-6 (ω-6) PUFAs is strong, whereas that for MUFAs is mixed, although there is emerging evidence of benefits. Quantitatively, lowering SFAs by 50% will require, in part, substituting food sources of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs and MUFAs for food sources of SFAs. The use of n-3 PUFAs as a replacement for SFAs will result in a shortfall in reaching the SFA goal because of the relatively low amounts that can be incorporated in the diet, even with very high n-3 PUFA substitution. SFAs also can be replaced with dietary carbohydrate and/or protein. Replacing SFAs with carbohydrate, specifically refined sources, however, has little impact on reducing CVD risk. There is evidence about the health benefits of dietary protein on CVD risk, which merits study. Dietary guidelines have advanced considerably with the "replacement of SFA with unsaturated fat message" instead of recommending decreasing SFAs alone. A key question that remains is what is the optimal mix of macronutrients to maximally reduce CVD risk.
Inhibition of Cdc42 during mitotic exit is required for cytokinesis

The role of Cdc42 and its regulation during cytokinesis is not well understood. Using biochemical and imaging approaches in budding yeast, we demonstrate that Cdc42 activation peaks during the G1/S transition and during anaphase but drops during mitotic exit and cytokinesis. Cdc5/Polo kinase is an important upstream cell cycle regulator that suppresses Cdc42 activity. Failure to down-regulate Cdc42 during mitotic exit impairs the normal localization of key cytokinesis regulators-Iqg1 and Inn1-at the division site, and results in an abnormal septum. The effects of Cdc42 hyperactivation are largely mediated by the Cdc42 effector p21-activated kinase Ste20. Inhibition of Cdc42 and related Rho guanosine triphosphatases may be a general feature of cytokinesis in eukaryotes.
Longitudinal Relationships between Early Adolescent Family Functioning and Youth Adjustment: An Examination of the Moderating Role of Very Low Birth Weight

Objective To examine longitudinal relations between early adolescent family conflict and late adolescent psychosocial adjustment, and the moderating role of low birth weight. Methods Three groups of adolescents (48 with birth weight <750g, 46 with birth weight 750–1499g, and 51 term-born controls) and their parents completed ratings of family conflict at age 11 (Time 1). Parent, teacher, and youth reports of psychosocial functioning were obtained at ages 11 and 17 (Time 2). Results Birth weight moderated the relationship between Time 1 adolescent-perceived conflict and change in adolescent behavioral functioning. For adolescents with histories of <750g birth weight, adolescent-perceived conflict predicted less adaptive changes in teacher-reported total behavior problems and externalizing problems. Conclusions Small disruptions to the parent–child relationship have negative implications for the later well-being of adolescents with extreme levels of low birth weight. Clinical attention to resolving early adolescent conflict may promote adaptive adjustment.
An ABET-based seminar course

The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) requirements for accreditation changed in many ways starting in the year 2000. New accreditation rules require evidence that engineering students acquire a broad education that goes beyond traditional engineering topics and includes areas such as ethics, team work, oral communication, life-long learning, and an awareness of the impact of engineering on society to name just a few. ABET also requires a process for continuous assessment and improvement of the educational program. This article describes a seminar course established to address some of the new ABET requirements and help achieve department-stated outcomes and objectives.
Studies of the drop-weight method for surfactant solutions: III. Drop stability, the effect of surfactants on the stability of a column of liquid

Abstract The problem of pendant drop stability is considered in connection with the drop-weight method of measuring the surface tension of surfactant solutions. The general drop stability problem is much too complex for any analytical solution, and the cylindrical column of liquid is considered in an effort to learn something about the effects of surface active agents on the stability and drop breakaway process. The results suggest that the drop stability is independent of the rheological properties of the surface, and that the geometry of the breakaway process depends only on V/r 3 0 as suggested in Part II of this paper.
Internet access protocol providing QoS in vehicular networks with infrastructure support

Controlled vehicular Internet access protocol with QoS (CVIA-QoS) is a cross-layer solution for vehicular multihop networks spanning MAC and routing functions with infrastructure support. CVIA-QoS employs fixed gateways along the road which perform periodic admission control and scheduling decisions for the packet traffic in their service area. The CVIA-QoS protocol is based on CVIA protocol that was designed only for the best-effort traffic. The most important contribution of the CVIA-QoS protocol is providing delay bounded throughput guarantees for soft real-time traffic which is an important challenge especially for a mobile multihop network. After the demands of the soft real-time traffic is met, CVIA-QoS supports the best-effort traffic by allocating the remaining bandwidth
Satisfaction With Emergent Transfer for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions on Patients With ST–Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Their Families

Background—Transfer for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is superior to fibrinolysis if performed in a timely manner but frequently requires dislocation of patients and their families from their local community. Although patient satisfaction is increasingly viewed as an important quality indicator, there are no data on how emergent transfer for PCI affects patients with ST–segment-elevation myocardial infarction and their families. Methods and Results—The Minneapolis Heart Institute’s Level 1 Regional ST–Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction program is designed to facilitate emergent transfer for PCI in patients with ST–segment-elevation myocardial infarction from 31 rural and community hospitals. To determine the effect of emergent transfer, questionnaires were given to 152 patients and their families who survived to hospital discharge with a 65.8% response rate (mean age, 63.9 years; 29% women). Ninety-five percent of patients felt the reasons and process of transfer were well explaine...
Lifetime cumulative adversity, mental health and the risk of becoming a smoker

We analyze the effect of stress exposure on the transition to heavy smoking, in a community sample of 1747 young adults in Miami, Florida. The effects of distal life stress are assessed in the context of recent stress exposure. Distal stress exposure predicts smoking independently of recent stress. Intervening stressful events do not appreciably mediate the influence of distal stress. We investigate the extent to which stress effects may be mediated by psychiatric and substance dependence disorders. We conclude that the effect of social stress on the risk for smoking is additive over time. The significant independent effect of early stress exposure implies that youths who are at greater risk for eventual heavy smoking may be identified at ages considerably younger than peak initiation age.
Beyond (But Including) the CEO: Diffusing Corporate Social Responsibility throughout the Organization through Social Networks

Chief Executive Officers and other organizational leaders can affect how corporate social responsibility initiatives are perceived in their organizations. However, in order to be successful with regard to promoting CSR, leaders need to have strong network competencies and to move beyond charismatic leadership. In this paper we offer a critique of charismatic leadership as it relates to CSR, posit that the intellectual stimulation brought about by transformational leadership is more important in this regard, propose that internal and networking is a leadership competence highly relevant to CSR, and emphasize the importance of working through highly credible opinion leaders in promoting CSR.
Parallel FFT computation with a CDMA-based network-on-chip

Fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms are used in a wide variety of digital signal processing applications and many of these require high-performance parallel implementations. We present two methodologies for mapping an FFT computation onto a CDMA-based star topology network-on-chip (NoC) architecture. These implementations reduce the FFT data shuffling time and simplify the data flow between processing elements. The design has been modeled using SystemC and the simulation results provide throughput and latency performance metrics for the different mapping scenarios.
Evaluation of visual function following neodymium:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy

Purpose: Improvement in visual acuity is the primary endpoint for successful neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser posterior capsulotomy for posterior capsule opacification. There is limited information on related parameters of visual function that may also improve after laser treatment. The authors evaluate changes in contrast sensitivity and glare disability, aside from visual acuity, following Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Methods: Measurements of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity (using the Pelli-Robson chart), and glare disability (using the Brightness Acuity Tester [Mentor O & O, Inc., Norwell, MA]) were obtained from 24 consecutive patients before and after Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Glare testing was done with both the Pelli-Robson and Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts. The degree of glare disability was indicated by the difference between visual function with glare (at medium and high settings) and without glare. Prelaser measurements were taken within 2 weeks prior to treatment, and postlaser measurements were obtained within 3 months after treatment. Only one eye per patient was evaluated. Results: Mean differences between prelaser and postlaser measurements were significantly different from zero: (1) Contrast sensitivity, mean difference=0.24 log units ( P P = 0.004); (3) Visual acuity using ETDRS chart, mean difference=11 letters ( P P = 0.005). Conclusions: Using the above methods for visual function testing, Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy is shown to significantly improve visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and glare disability measurements as compared with prelaser values. The ophthalmologist may find it helpful to document the last two measurements prior to Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy, especially in patients who have good visual acuity but complain of glare sensitivity.
The Psychology of Trial Judging

Trial court judges play a crucial role in the administration of justice for both criminal and civil matters. Although psychologists have studied juries for many decades, they have paid relatively little attention to judges. Recent writings, however, suggest that there is increasing interest in the psychology of judicial decision making. In this article, I review several selected areas of judicial behavior in which decisions appear to be influenced by psychological dispositions, but I caution that a mature psychology of judging field will need to consider the influence of the bureaucratic court setting in which judges are embedded, judges’ legal training, and the constraints of legal precedent.
Integrating community with collections in educational digital libraries

Some classes of Internet users have specific information needs and specialized information-seeking behaviors. For example, educators who are designing a course might create a syllabus, recommend books, create lecture slides, and use tools as lecture aid. All of these resources are available online, but are scattered across a large number of websites. Collecting, linking, and presenting the disparate items related to a given course topic within a digital library will help educators in finding quality educational material. Content quality is important for users. The results of popular search engines typically fail to reflect community input regarding quality of the content. To disseminate information related to the quality of available resources, users need a common place to meet and share their experiences. Online communities can support knowledge-sharing practices (e.g., reviews, ratings). We focus on finding the information needs of educators and helping users to identify potentially useful resources within an educational digital library. This research builds upon the existing 5S digital library (DL) framework. We extend core DL services (e.g., index, search, browse) to include information from latent user groups. We propose a formal definition for the next generation of educational digital libraries. We extend one aspect of this definition to study methods that incorporate collective knowledge within the DL framework. We introduce the concept of deduced social network (DSN) - a network that uses navigation history to deduce connections that are prevalent in an educational digital library. Knowledge gained from the DSN can be used to tailor DL services so as to guide users through the vast information space of educational digital libraries. As our testing ground, we use the AlgoViz and Ensemble portals, both of which have large collections of educational resources and seek to support online communities. We developed two applications, ranking of search results and recommendation, that use the information derived from DSNs. The revised ranking system incorporates social trends into the system, whereas the recommendation system assigns users to a specific group for content recommendation. Both applications show enhanced performance when DSN-derived information is incorporated. This work received support from the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers DUE- 0836940, DUE-0937863, and DUE-0840719.
Empirical Study of an Unconstrained Modified Particle Swarm Optimization

In this paper, an unconstrained modified particle swarm optimization (UMPSO) algorithm is introduced and studied empirically. Four well known benchmark functions, with asymmetric initial position values, are used as testing functions for the UMPSO algorithm. The UMPSO is a variation of the canonical PSO in which the velocity and position is unconstrained, an additional strategic component is added, and the social component term has been modified. The strategy component is used instead of varying parameters or mutation to enhance diversity in the swarm during the search. The UMPSO algorithm is then compared to results obtained from the constrained canonical PSO (CPSO) and the unconstrained canonical PSO (UPSO). The results show that UMPSO algorithm with no maximum velocity and position, and no minimum velocity and position value that performs better than the CPSO and the UPSO for the Sphere, Rosenbrock, Rastrigrin, and Griewank benchmark functions.
Discovering Non-Standard Semantics of Semi-Stable Attributes

A new class of rules, called action rules, show what actions should be taken to improve the profitability of customers. Action rules introduced by (Ras and Wieczorkowska, 2000a) and investigated further by (Ras and Gupta, 2002a) assume that attributes in a database are divided into two groups: stable and flexible. These reflect the ability of a business user to influence and control their change for a given consumer. In this paper, we introduce a new classification of attributes partitioning them into stable, semi-stable, and flexible. Values of stable attributes can not be changed for a given consumer (for instance “maiden name” is an example of such an attribute). So, stable attributes have only one interpretation. If values of an attribute change in a deterministic way as a function of time (for instance values of attribute “age” or “height”), we call them semi-stable. All remaining attributes are called flexible. Clearly, in the process of action rule extraction, stable attributes are highly undesirable. What about semi-stable attributes? Although, they seem to be quite similar to stable attributes, the difference between them is quite essential. Semi-stable attribute may have many different interpretations but among them only one interpretation is natural and it is called standard. All its other interpretations are called non-standard. In a non-standard interpretation, a semi-stable attribute can be classified as flexible. In a single database we may easily fail to identify attributes which have non-standard interpretation. In this paper, we show how distributed information system introduced by (Ras, 2000b, 2001a) can be used as a tool to identify which semi-stable attributes have nonstandard interpretation so they can be classified as flexible. This way, by decreasing the number of stable attributes in a database we may discover action rules which would not be discovered otherwise.
The systematic significance of flavonoids in Persea of the southeastern United States

Abstract The systematic significance of flavonoid distribution in the southeastern United States taxa of Persea is discussed. The compounds thus far elucidated are glycosides based on quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin or luteolin.
Necrotizing Fasciitis as a Complication of Chickenpox

Necrotizing fasciitis is a rapid, potentially fatal soft tissue infection. Chickenpox is a common childhood illness not usually associated with severe complications. We present the case of an 8-year-old girl with necrotizing fasciitis of the upper back arising from superinfection of varicella skin lesions. Necrotizing fasciitis may have devastating sequelae, including septic shock, which mandate vigorous fluid resuscitation, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and early aggressive surgical debridement.
Effect of Environmental Heat and Dietary Fiber on Thyroid Physiology of Lactating Cows

Six lactating dairy cows were assigned randomly to a diet either of low fiber (30% corn silage) or of high fiber (70% corn silage). Both groups were subjected to 10 days thermoneutral (17.6 degrees C) and 10 days of environmental heat (31.2 degrees C) to determine effects of dietary fiber content and environmental heat on concentrations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in plasma, milk, urine, and feces. During heat there were significant reductions in concentrations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in plasma and in excretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in milk. Excretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine increased in urine during heat stress, whereas concentration and excretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in feces decreased. Dietary fiber content had little effect upon thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in plasma or excretion in milk, feces, and urine. Excretion of triiodothyronine in milk was negatively correlated with rectal temperature and positively with content in plasma. The reduction in thyroxine and triiodothyronine of plasma and the decline in excretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine suggested that environmental heat reduced synthesis of both hormones.
A Historical Overview of Child Psychopathology

The field of child psychopathology is of relatively recent origin. Prior to the twentieth century, psychopathology was concerned almost exclusively with adult behavioral disorders. Child behavior disorders, though occasionally acknowledged, received little concerted attention. In all likelihood, this state of affairs resulted from the then prevailing viewpoint of children being simply little adults or homunculi (“little men”). Children were not thought to posses “personalities” of their own; rather, they were viewed as minature adults, evincing problems similar to adults, and benefiting from reasoned advice much like their adult counterparts (Aries, 1962). A “child psychopathology,” let alone a “child psychopathology,” was nonexistent.
Before Highway Maps: Creating a Digital Research Infrastructure Based on Sixteenth-Century Iberian Places and Roads

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.asphs.net/bsphs Part of the Cataloging and Metadata Commons, Digital Humanities Commons, European History Commons, Geographic Information Sciences Commons, History of Religion Commons, Human Geography Commons, Infrastructure Commons, Other Geography Commons, Other History Commons, Other Religion Commons, Place and Environment Commons, Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, Social History Commons, and the Transportation Commons
Abstract 175: Stroke and 10-year Risk of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Among Older Mexican Americans

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of death in the United States and has been linked to an increased risk of dementia and cognitive impairment. The prevalence of stroke and vascular risk factors are higher among Mexican Americans than non-Hispanic whites, but the literature on stroke and dementia and cognitive impairment among this growing ethnic group remains largely unexplored. Objective: We evaluated the association between non-fatal stroke and incidence of dementia/cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND) in a cohort of older Mexican Americans, accounting for the competing risk of mortality. Methods: The present study included 1,617 participants from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (SALSA), a population-based study of Mexican Americans aged 60-98 years, who were free of dementia/CIND at baseline in 1998-1999 and followed through 2007. At annual study visits, stroke events were identified by self-report of a physician diagnosis or hospitalization and dementia and CIND cases were identified with a three-phase clinical assessment protocol. We evaluated the association between baseline and time dependent stroke and incidence of dementia/CIND with Fine and Gray competing risk regression models to account for the competing risk of mortality. Results: There were 221 participants with a history of stroke at baseline or who experienced a non-fatal stroke during the study. Over a mean follow-up of 6.5 years, there were 159 incident dementia/CIND cases and 298 deaths (n=61 deaths due to stroke). After accounting for the competing risk of mortality and adjusting for sex, education, waist circumference, diabetes, and systolic blood pressure, individuals with a stroke event had a three-fold increased risk of dementia/CIND compared to those with no stroke event (hazard ratio=2.97, 95% CI: 2.05-4.30). Conclusions: These results suggest that among older Mexican Americans, stroke is strongly associated with incidence of dementia/CIND, even after accounting for traditional vascular risk factors and the competing risk of mortality.
A Distributional Framework for Matched Employer Employee Data

We develop a discrete heterogeneity framework for matched employer employee data. The framework allows for unrestricted interactions between worker and rm unobserved characteristics in the wage function, as well as unrestricted sorting based on these unobservables. Pooling cross-sectional observations together with information from the joint distribution of wages of job movers, we establish a series of nonparametric identication results in short panels. We evaluate our method on data simulated from a theoretical model under both positive and negative sorting. We apply our method to Swedish matched employer employee panel data and report estimated wage functions and sorting patterns.
Risk based in vitro performance assessment of extended release abuse deterrent formulations

High strength extended release opioid products, which are indispensable tools in the management of pain, are associated with serious risks of unintentional and potentially fatal overdose, as well as of misuse and abuse that might lead to addiction. The issue of drug abuse becomes increasingly prominent when the dosage forms can be readily manipulated to release a high amount of opioid or to extract the drug in certain products or solvents. One approach to deter opioid drug abuse is by providing novel abuse deterrent formulations (ADF), with properties that may be viewed as barriers to abuse of the product. However, unlike regular extended release formulations, assessment of ADF technologies are challenging, in part due to the great variety of formulation designs available to achieve deterrence of abuse by oral, parenteral, nasal and respiratory routes. With limited prior history or literature information, and lack of compendial standards, evaluation and regulatory approval of these novel drug products become increasingly difficult. The present article describes a risk-based standardized in-vitro approach that can be utilized in general evaluation of abuse deterrent features for all ADF products.
Micellization and Micellar Aggregation of Poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Triblock Terpolymers in Water

Three poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PEP−PEO−PNIPAm, “PON”) triblock terpolymers were synthesized using a combination of anionic and reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, and their micellization and micellar aggregation properties in dilute aqueous solution were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and cryo-TEM. The PEP and PEO blocks had molecular weights of 3000 and 25 000, respectively, while the PNIPAm block was varied with molecular weights equal to 4000, 10 000, and 21 000. In dilute aqueous solution the terpolymers formed well-defined micelles with hydrophobic PEP cores surrounded by hydrophilic PEO−PNIPAm coronas at temperatures below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAm. DLS revealed that the PON micelles prepared by a dialysis technique were significantly smaller than those prepared by a thin-film hydration technique. In either case, at temperatures above the LCST of PNIPAm, the micelles assoc...
ENTRAINMENT OF AN EDDY AT THE EDGE OF A JET

An inviscid two-dimensional eddy surrounded by irrotational fluid is initially located near the edge of a jet, on the other side of which the vorticity increases. The interaction causes the eddy to move towards the edge and into the shear flow. Eventually the eddy and the ambient (irrotational) fluid are surrounded by the jet fluid
The role of heparan sulfate deficiency in autistic phenotype: potential involvement of Slit/Robo/srGAPs-mediated dendritic spine formation.

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are the second most common developmental cause of disability in the United States. ASDs are accompanied with substantial economic and emotional cost. The brains of ASD patients have marked structural abnormalities, in the form of increased dendritic spines and decreased long distance connections. These structural differences may be due to deficiencies in Heparin Sulfate (HS), a proteoglycan involved in a variety of neurodevelopmental processes. Of particular interest is its role in the Slit/Robo pathway. The Slit/Robo pathway is known to be involved in the regulation of axonal guidance and dendritic spine formation. HS mediates the Slit/Robo interaction; without its presence Slit’s repulsive activity is abrogated. Slit/Robo regulates dendritic spine formation through its interaction with srGAPs (slit-robo GTPase Activating Proteins), which leads to downstream signaling, actin cytoskeleton depolymerization and dendritic spine collapse. Through interference with this pathway, HS deficiency can lead to excess spine formation.
Was steckt dahinter

Am Ende dieses Buchs sind Sie vielleicht versucht, das eine oder andere von dem, was Sie gelesen haben, doch eher fur eine intellektuelle Spielerei zu halten. Der harte Kern des Themas ist – daran lasst sich nicht rutteln – Einsteins grose Entdeckung aus dem Jahr 1905, dass die Gleichzeitigkeit von zwei Ereignissen, die an verschiedenen Orten stattfinden, keine absolute, unbedingte Beziehung zwischen diesen Ereignissen ist. Vielmehr ist „Gleichzeitigkeit“ eine mogliche Beschreibung der Ereignisse, die in einem ganz bestimmten Bezugssystem angemessen ist, in anderen, relativ dazu entlang der Verbindungslinie bewegten Bezugssystemen jedoch ganz und gar nicht.
Simultaneous determination of arsenic and mercury in drinking water by hydride-generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Objective:To establish a method for simultaneous determination of arsenic(As) and mercury(Hg) in water by hydride-generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry(HG-AFS).Methods:In the HCl-thiourea-VC medium,the water sample was determined by HG-AFS.The negative high voltage of photomultiplier was 290 V for arsenic and mercury and the lamp currents were 20 mA and 60 mA for Hg and As,respectively.Results:The detection limit of the method for As was 0.0045 μg/L,with RSD of 0.9% and recoveries of 100.6%～102.1%.The detection limit for Hg was 0.0048 μg/L,and its RSD was 2.1%,with recoveries of 100.2%～103.0%.Conclusion:The precision and accuracy of the method meet the requirement of simultaneous determination of As and Hg in water and it is quick,accurate and sensitive.
Weibull Distribution Based Seismic Vulnerability Analysis of Porcelain Power Equipment

Due to its high vulnerability the high-tension porcelain bushing is the weak component of porcelain power equipment during the earthquake. To analyze seismic vulnerability of porcelain power equipment, in terms of the strength mechanism of high strength porcelain material the Weibull distribution of material strength and the computing formula of size effect under the action of bending moment are determined. Combining with the random parameter of earthquake action obtained by response spectrum method, a seismic vulnerability analysis method for porcelain bushing fracture is established. Selecting a certain 500 kV lightning arrestor as example, its seismic vulnerability is performed, and the impacts of earthquake motion, site conditions and structural size of equipment on its vulnerability are researched. The analysis method applied in this research can be used to such works as porcelain bushing strength calculation, optimization of structural aseismatic design, risk profile of earthquake damage and so on to provide technical support for enhancing seismic resistant capability of power grid and reducing the earthquake damage loss.