cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Nasal Chemesthesis

Dynamics, or how stimulation occurs over time, influences the somatosensory impact of volatile chemicals. Within an experimental session, sensation waxes with steady presentation over seconds to minutes, may reach a plateau, and then may fade. Long-term occupational exposure can desensitize the trigeminal system. Short- and long-term dynamics might be mediated by different mechanisms. For brief intranasal exposures (i.e., up to about 10 seconds), studies have systematically manipulated both time (duration of exposure) and concentration to maintain a fixed perceived intensity or a fixed level of detection. A simple mass integration model describes the trade-off between concentration and time quite well: a fixed-ratio increase in duration compensates for a fixed-ratio decrease in concentration. However, for most compounds, more than a two-fold increase in duration are required to compensate for cutting concentration in half. For example, for ethanol, an increase in duration of about six-fold are required. For such compounds that display highly imperfect integration, a fixed number of molecules might have a much greater sensory impact when presented over 0.2 seconds than over 0.5 seconds. Nasal chemesthesis may be temporally sluggish compared to olfaction, but fine-grained dynamics still matter. Time-intensity ratings of nasal irritation from dynamic stimuli also support this conclusion. Although integration is generally imperfect, compounds vary widely in how far they fall short of perfect time-concentration trading. Current studies use a structure-activity approach to determine how molecular parameters correlate with how well a compound integrates over time.
The matrix model for clinical psychology : A contextual approach

The four level matrix model proposed by C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott (this issue, PP. 1033-1054) is a bold attempt to provide a coherent philosophy and model to guide the training of clinical psychologists. Shortcomings of current training practices, such as a focus on individuals rather than community dynamics and on pathology rather than strengths, are addressed in the proposed model. Difficulties in the implementation of the model are discussed.
CoPt nanoparticles by chemical reduction

Abstract CoPt nanoparticles with a size of 1– 2 nm were synthesized by chemical reduction using the solvents of water and alcohol. A phase transformation from the originally disordered face centered cubic (FCC) structure to an ordered face centered tetragonal L1 0 structure occurred after annealing, which results in the coercivity up to 9 kOe because of the high anisotropy of the tetragonal phase ( K ≈2– 4×10 7 erg / cm 3 ) (Philos. Mag. 13 (1966) 567; IEEE Trans. Magn. 20 (1984) 1625). HREM images of as-grow Co 48 Pt 52 shows the single-crystalline FCC structure with the shape of columnar and spherical.
Havens of Hope or the Killing Fields: The Paradox of Leadership, Pedagogy, and Relationships in an Urban Middle School.

This study focused on the actions and relationships among educators, which promoted an environment of failure or success for African American students. The researchers examined the perspectives of teachers and administrators as related to pedagogy and practice in a Midwestern urban middle school. Specifically, the study employed ethnographic strategies to develop a comprehensive case study. Emergent areas included challenges related to leadership, pedagogy, and relationships within an urban school in an era of heightened accountability.
Design and implementation of a soft caching proxy

In this paper we address a set of modifications to classical proxy caching algorithms which allow the implementation of a soft caching proxy system. Changes to replacement algorithms are detailed and image size and recoding issues are discussed. We also present our working soft caching testbed based on the Squid proxy, detail the modifications we have made and present the experiences obtained.
Rat liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes: influence of infection with Trypanosoma.

Abstract 1. 1. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) changes were studied in livers of rats inoculated with Trypanosoma lewisi , Trypanosoma rhodesiense , Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei. 2. 2. Marked increases in G6PD were directly related to the degree of parasitemia. No essential differences in G6PD levels were seen in animals inoculated with physiological saline when compared with uninoculated controls. 3. 3. Elevation of G6PD was observed only from day 10 to 20 in rats inoculated with T. lewisi . After day 20, the G6PD levels were not statistically significant from those of uninoculated controls. 4. 4. Liver G6PD levels were increased as early as day 3 post-inoculation and continued up to the time of death in rats inoculated with T. brucei , T. rhodesiense and T. congolense.
Time and quantity dependent waiting costs in a newsvendor problem with backlogged shortages

Upon demand realization in the newsvendor problem, it is often assumed that shortages result in lost sales penalties. However, in some practical situations, shortages are backlogged and the inventory manager is penalized based on the magnitude and duration of the shortage. In this paper, we investigate a variation of the newsvendor problem in which all shortages are backlogged and replenished through an emergency procurement process. Costs incurred during emergency procurement include a variable emergency ordering cost and a non-linear customer waiting cost. We derive closed form expressions for the optimal order quantity and emergency procurement rate for two special cases, and we propose a heuristic approximation for the general case. The effectiveness of the approximate solution is assessed through numerical experiments and sensitivity analysis.
Disaster epidemiology: or why most international disaster relief is ineffective.

A report of a major disaster overseas, particularly in a developing country, generally evokes a powerful desire to help. We in the West are rich and have technology. They are poor and it seems a reasonable assumption that our resources must be of value. Any publicized major disaster is likely to be followed by a gift of government aid, fundraising by voluntary agencies and often by the spontaneous organizations of individuals who wish to travel to the disaster area to assist. The desire to help another people in time of great need is natural, and the gift of aid often received with gratitude by the recipients, who are often touched by the knowledge of outside interest. However, enormous resources can now be devoted to disaster relief operations, and their effects are far beyond that of a simple gift. All evidence is that our power to help is more limited than we might think: worse, there is much evidence that much, if not most, international disaster assistance is not only useless for its intended purpose but often, by its nature and quantity, actively obstructs actions which might be of use. This paper has two themes. The first is an attempt to define the health problems caused by disasters, a subject known as ‘disaster epidemiology’: that is who suffers, why, how this varies between disasters and, crucial for relief, the timing of these effects. The second is concerned with what can be achieved by international disaster relief. The material presented here is based on a book (Seaman et al., 1984) in which the topic is discussed in more depth and where more source material is given.
Laplacian Structure in Power Network Constraints and Inherent Zonal Price Regions

Standard computations reveal that locational marginal prices (LMPs), being Lagrange multipliers in an optimization problem, must lie in the null space of a Jacobian matrix associated with power flow and line flow limit constraints in a power network. When no line limits are active, the matrix in question has a nearly Laplacian structure, and must admit a vector of all equal elements in its null space (verifying the well- known equal incremental cost condition - that all LMPs must be equal in a lossless, unconstrained system). When line flow limits are active, the null space grows in dimension, and admissible LMP vectors can show patterns in which buses partition into regions of approximately equal LMPs. We claim that this phenomena arises from the same near-Laplacian structure in the power flow Jacobian that gives rise to coherency in electromechanical dynamics. For coherency problems, Fiedler vector computations have been previously exploited for graph partitioning to identify coherent buses. Using similar concepts, this paper will explore a new computational approach to identifying network partitions in LMP computations, giving rise to "inherent" zonal price regions.
A Trust Region SQP Algorithm for Equality Constrained Parameter Estimation with Simple Parameter Bounds

We describe a new algorithm for a class of parameter estimation problems, which are either unconstrained or have only equality constraints and bounds on parameters. Due to the presence of unobservable variables, parameter estimation problems may have non-unique solutions for these variables. These can also lead to singular or ill-conditioned Hessians and this may be responsible for slow or non-convergence of nonlinear programming (NLP) algorithms used to solve these problems. For this reason, we need an algorithm that leads to strong descent and converges to a stationary point. Our algorithm is based on Successive Quadratic Programming (SQP) and constrains the SQP steps in a trust region for global convergence. We consider the second-order information in three ways: quasi-Newton updates, Gauss-Newton approximation, and exact second derivatives, and we compare their performance. Finally, we provide results of tests of our algorithm on various problems from the CUTE and COPS sets.
Jobs across the sea: Working abroad offers professional, personal, and financial rewards but demands maximum flexibility and several years' experience on home turf

Does the idea of working abroad appeal to your sense of adventure? If so, you'll be happy to know that representatives from international engineering firms agree that the experience of working in a foreign country provides professional, personal, and financial rewards as well.
Coupling methods in approximations

Let X and Y be two arbitrary k-dimensional discrete random vectors, for k ≥ 1. We prove that there exists a coupling method which minimizes P(X ≠ Y). This result is used to find the least upper bound for the metric d(X, Y) = supA|P(X ∈ A) − P(Y ∈ A)| and to derive the inequality d(ΣXi, ΣYi) ≤ Σd(Xi, Yi). We thus obtain a unified method to measure the disparity between the distributions of sums of independent random vectors. Several examples are given. Soient X et Y deux vecteurs aleatoires a k dimensions prenant leurs valeurs dans un espace discret. Nous etablissons l'existence d'une methode de couplage qui minimise P(X ≠ Y) ∈ A. Ce resultat permet ensuite de calculer le minorant de la metrique d(X, Y) = sup|(X ∈ A) - P(Y ∈ A)| et de de-montrer l'inegalite d(ΣXi, ΣYi) ≤ Σd(Xi, Yi). Ceci nous conduit a degager une methode integree permettant de mesurer l'ecart entre les distributions de sommes de vecteurs aleatoires independants.
Tobacco and alcohol use and medical symptoms among cocaine dependent patients

Despite the widespread use of tobacco and alcohol by illicit drug users, the medical effects of smoking and alcohol use remain understudied among such individuals. We investigated the relationship between smoking and alcohol use, and medical symptoms among 125 cocaine dependent patients. Subjects were assessed for smoking, alcohol use, and medical problems using a standardized self-report instrument (MILCOM). Medical symptoms were compared among nonsmokers, moderate smokers (less than 10 cigarettes per day), and heavy smokers (10 or more cigarettes per day) using partial chi-square statistics. Similar comparisons of medical symptoms were made between alcohol users (more than 2 drinks per day) and nonusers. Contrary to our expectations, there were no significant differences between nonsmokers, moderate smokers, and heavy smokers across most of the 14 major medical systems. However, regardless of the level of cocaine use, nonsmokers reported the fewest symptoms on the general subscale (p < 0.05) while moderate smokers reported the most nose/throat and respiratory symptoms (p < 0.01) among the three groups. As expected, significant relationships were observed between medical symptoms and alcohol use. Alcohol users reported more respiratory (p < 0.05), cardiovascular (p < 0.01), digestive (p < 0.05), head/neck (p < 0.001), eye (p < 0.01), and general (p < 0.05) symptoms than nonusers. While the findings generally support the link between alcohol and medical problems, it seems that the relationship between medical symptoms and smoking among cocaine patients may be more complex than that observed in the general population.
GUANINE NUCLEOTIDES MODULATE STEADY-STATE INACTIVATION OF VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS IN FROG OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS

The voltage for half-inactivation (V1/2) of Na+ currents in frog olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) under whole-cell voltage clamp showed a shift to more negative potentials with time. Inclusion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) or its nonhydrolyzable analogue, guanosine5′-O-3-thiotriphosphate (GTP-γ-S), which activates G proteins, in the recording pipette, not only gave a more positive V1/2, but also reduced and delayed the negative shift observed in the absence of nucleotides. Guanosine-5′-O-2-thiodiphosphate (GDP-β-S), a nonhydrolyzable analogue that prevents the binding of GTP to G proteins, did not affect the V1/2 significantly by itself but blocked the positive shift induced by GTP. Since the steady-state activation was not affected, our results indicate that a G protein or a G-protein-dependent process may be important in regulating the steady-state inactivation of Na+ channels in ORNs of the frog.
Electron microscopic localization of nerve growth factor receptor (p75)-immunoreactivity in pars caudalis / medullary dorsal horn of the cat

Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of nerve growth factor receptor [NGFr(p75)]-immunoreactivity (IR) in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of both 8-10 week-old kittens and mature cats. Most of the NGFr(p75)-IR is lost following retrogasserian rhizotomy, indicating that the majority of the NGFr(p75)-IR within the spinal trigeminal nucleus is of trigeminal primary afferent origin. Here, we examined the ultrastructural localization of NGFr(p75)-IR within lamina II outer of pars caudalis/medullary dorsal horn in the mature cat. Lamina II outer represents a location where dense NGFr(p75)-IR is seen with the light microscope. The NGFr(p75)-IR identified with the electron microscope was located within small thinly myelinated and unmyelinated axons and within axon terminals. The terminals with NGFr(p75)-IR typically formed asymmetric synaptic specializations onto dendritic profiles and at times were postsynaptic to other axon terminals at symmetric synaptic specializations. The terminals with NGFr(p75)-IR were either simple (associated with a single profile) or more complex, such as those that typically formed the central element in synaptic glomeruli. The NGFr(p75)-IR in terminals was especially prominent on microtubules and the plasmalemma and these findings are consistent with proposed roles for NGFr(p75) in axoplasmic/neuronal transport and as a membrane protein, respectively. The profiles with NGFr(p75)-IR seen with the electron microscope indicate a primary afferent origin and show some similarities when compared to other markers of primary afferent fibers such as calcitonin gene-related peptide. In addition, a possible role for NGFr(p75) in the transmission of nociceptive stimuli is also discussed.
Subclavian Crush Syndrome Complicating Transvenous Cardioverter Defibrillator Systems

UNLABELLED Subclavian crush syndrome, described with pacemaker leads implanted via subclavian puncture, may occur when conductor fractures and insulation breaches develop by compression of a lead between the first rib and clavicle. We reviewed our experience in 164 patients who underwent intended implantation of transvenous defibrillator systems to determine the clinical relevance of subclavian crush syndrome in defibrillator patients. Venous access was obtained via subclavian puncture in 114 patients (70%) and via cephalic cut-down in 50 patients (30%). Nonthoracotomy lead systems, with or without subcutaneous patch, were successfully implanted in 131 of 164 patients (79.9%). Thoracotomy was required in 32 patients (19.5%) and subxiphoid patch in 1 patient (0.6%). Over a mean of 12.9 months (range 1-62 months), 3 patients (1.8%) required revision of the rate sensing lead/coil or superior vena cava coil after development of lead compression fractures in the region of the clavicle and first rib. In all 3 patients the leads had been implanted via subclavian puncture (2.6% of patients in whom the subclavian technique was utilized). Two patients presented with spurious shocks. One patient was asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS When venous access is obtained via subclavian puncture, subclavian crush syndrome may develop in patients with transvenous defibrillator systems. Patients may be asymptomatic and lead fractures may go unrecognized. When implanting transvenous defibrillator systems, strong consideration should be given to obtaining venous access primarily via the cephalic cut-down technique.
Dexterity as measured with the 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) across the age span.

Abstract Study design Cross-sectional observational, clinical measurement. Introduction Manual dexterity is an important aspect of motor function across the age span. Purpose of the study To present the norms for the 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) across the age span (3–85 years) and compare the 9-HPT performance by age group, gender, dominance, handedness, ethnicity, race, and language preference. Methods A population-based sample of 4319 subjects contributed data to this study which was part of the NIH Toolbox Norming Project. Results The 16–39 age groups demonstrated the shortest completion time (dominant hand, males completed a trial in 19–20 s, and females 18–19 s), and the youngest children 3–5 age groups showed the longest completion time with largest variation (males 32–51 s and females 32–45 s). Across all age groups, females performed slightly better as compared to males (22.5 versus 24.2 s). Dominant hands completed the test more quickly than the non-dominant hands (23.3 versus 25.4 s). Individuals who are not Hispanic or Latino performed slightly better than individuals who are Hispanic or Latino (22.2 versus 25.6 s). The completion time for English speakers was shorter than Spanish speakers (22.3 versus 27.8 s). There were no statistical differences by handedness ( P = 0.6) or race (White versus Black or African American, P = 0.4). Conclusions We present norms of the 9-HPT established by the NIH Toolbox. The norms can be used to determine the presence of impairments in dexterity across the age span. Level of evidence NA
Assessment of the 2880 impact threat from Asteroid (29075) 1950 DA

Abstract In this paper we perform an assessment of the 2880 Earth impact risk for Asteroid (29075) 1950 DA. To obtain reliable predictions we analyze the contribution of the observational dataset and the astrometric treatment, the numerical error in the long-term integration, and the different accelerations acting on the asteroid. The main source of uncertainty is the Yarkovsky effect, which we statistically model starting from 1950 DA’s available physical characterization, astrometry, and dynamical properties. Before the release of 2012 radar data, this modeling suggests that 1950 DA has 99% likelihood of being a retrograde rotator. By using a 7-dimensional Monte Carlo sampling we map 1950 DA’s uncertainty region to the 2880 close approach b-plane and find a 5 × 10 - 4 impact probability. With the recently released 2012 radar observations, the direct rotation is definitely ruled out and the impact probability decreases to 2.5 × 10 - 4 .
Time Domain Velocity Selection Modulation as a Tool to Evaluate Cesium Beam Tubes

Pulsed excitation of atomic and molecular beam devices with separated Ramsey-type interaction regions allows the observation of signals due to very narrow atomic velocity groups. The theoretical background of this method is discussed. Experimental operation of a near mono-velocity cesium beam tube is demonstrated. The velocity distribution of a commercial cesium beam tube and of the pr imary laboratory standard NBS-5 a r e obtained using the pulse method. The normal Ramsey pat terns are calculated from the velocity distribution and compared with the measured Ramsey pat terns . The pulse method al lows the direct determination of the cavity phase shift and of the second-order Doppler correction in beam devices. Velocity distributicns obtained via the pulse method allow the use of microwave power shift results for accuracy evaluat ions. These aspects as wel l as the effects of modulation and different velocity distribut ions are discussed in detai l . The pulse method thus shows promise for the evaluation of existing laborato ry as wel l as commerc ia l ces ium beam tubes wi th respect to these effects.
Alkyl substituted cyclic ethers in 2,300 M yr old Transvaal algal stromatolite

Two cyclic ethers have been identified for the first time from insoluble polymer-like kerogen in a Precambrian rock by ozonolysis, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The ethers are 2-n-propyl-3-methyltetrahydrofuran and 2-n-propyltetrahydropyran. These compounds could prove to be the oldest indigenous biochemical fossils. The sample was obtained 750 m stratigraphically above the base of the Transvaal Sequence from an outcrop approximately 315 km north-east of Johannesburg, South Africa.
Optimal Channel-Time Allocation for the Transmission of Multiple Video Streams Over a Shared Channel

When multiple video streams are delivered from a single server to multiple clients over a time-shared channel that may support differing transmission speeds depending on the client, the problem arises of how to optimally divide channel time among the streams so that the overall quality of the decoded videos is maximized. This paper presents solutions to this allocation problem for three optimization objectives: minimizing the MSE of the decoded video over all the streams, maximizing the PSNR over all the streams, and minimizing the maximum MSE (equivalent to maximizing the minimum PSNR). Each is shown to be a convex problem which can be solved quickly using standard techniques. This paper then investigates the question of which objective should be used. Subjective tests were conducted to determine how well allocations made according to the various objectives correspond to the preferences of human test subjects. Results indicate, surprisingly, that the minimum MSE objective corresponds best to subjective preferences
A new approach to induced hypothermia.

Abstract A variety of methods have been employed for the induction of hypothermia; however, there are still some inherent problems that remain with current techniques. Liquid ventilation, a process used in several other environmental and clinical research areas, may be a feasible method since it takes advantage of the effectiveness of the pulmonary architecture as a heat exchanger. Hypothermia induced by liquid ventilation was studied in 8 newborn lambs, mean age = 10 ± 8 SEM days. Each lamb was anesthetized with sodium pentobarbitol (20 mg/kg) and intubated. Cardiopulmonary measurements were taken during a control period prior to induced hypothermia. Liquid temperatures of 20 and 30°C were used in cooling the animal while monitoring rectal and surface temperatures. Temperatures decreased producing rectal cooling rates of 8.4 and 4.8°C/hr, respectively. Blood gas analysis showed adequate physiological gas exchange for all lambs during the liquid ventilation period. Based on the data, the process of liquid ventilation offers a unique potential both in experimental and clinical areas as a new approach to the technique of induced hypothermia.
Building the case for cultural competence.

Cultural competence in the provision of health care is a very important area of investigation and is receiving recognition at multiple levels. Minority groups constitute a significant and growing percentage of our population. However, there has been no commensurate increase in the number of minority physicians. There is a tremendous need for medical professional schools and health care organizations to implement formal cultural competence training for current and future health professionals. In this article, we present the findings of an extensive literature review that describes how several factors have brought the need for cultural competence to the forefront. These factors include a greater appreciation for the impact of culture on health, changes in U.S. demographics, increased awareness in health care disparities, and modifications in legislative and accreditation mandates.
Business and Its Environment

PART I: STRATEGY AND THE NONMARKET ENVIRONMENT Chapter 1: Market and Nonmarket Environments Chapter 2: Integrated Strategy Chapter 3: The News Media and Nonmarket Issues Chapter 4: Private Politics Chapter 5: Crisis Management PART II PUBLIC POLITICS AND NONMARKET STRATEGY Chapter 6: Nonmarket Analysis for Business Chapter 7: Nonmarket Strategies for Government Arenas Chapter 8: Implementing Nonmarket Strategies in Government Arenas PART III: GOVERNMENT AND MARKETS Chapter 9: Antitrust: Economics, Law, and Politics Chapter 10: Regulation: Law, Economics, and Politics Chapter 11: Financial Markets and Their Regulation Chapter 12: Environmental Management and Sustainability Chapter 13: The Investor's Perspective: Renewable Energy Chapter 14: Law and Markets PART IV GLOBAL NONMARKET STRATEGY Chapter 15: The Political Economy of the European Union Chapter 16: China: History, Culture, and Political Economy Chapter 17: Emerging Markets Chapter 18: The Political Economy of India Chapter 19: The Political Economy of International Trade Policy PART V: ETHICS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Chapter 20: Corporate Social Responsibility Chapter 21: Ethics Systems: Utilitarianism Chapter 22: Ethics Systems: Rights and Justice Chapter 23: Behavioral Ethics, Individuals, and Management Chapter 24: Ethics Issues in International Business
The Relationship between Inexperienced Listeners' Perceptions and Acoustic Correlates of Children's /r/ Productions.

This study examined inexperienced listeners' perceptions of children's naturally produced /r/ sounds with reference to levels of accuracy determined by consensus between two expert clinicians. Participants rated /r/ sounds as fully correct, distorted or incorrect/non-rhotic. Second and third formant heights were measured to explore the relationship between acoustic cues and perceptual judgments. Inexperienced listeners' agreement was greater for correct productions than for distorted or incorrect/non-rhotic productions. In addition, inexperienced listeners' differentiation of intermediate versus fully incorrect /r/ had lower sensitivity and specificity relative to an acoustically defined threshold than experienced listeners' classification. These findings are consistent with results of previous studies highlighting the difficulty in identifying gradations of correctness in misarticulated /r/, and they suggest that this ability may be influenced by clinical experience. Additionally, all listeners were note...
Extending l -diversity to generalize sensitive data

Generalization is an important technique for protecting privacy in data dissemination. In the framework of generalization, @?-diversity is a strong notion of privacy. However, since existing @?-diversity measures are defined in terms of the most specific (rather than general) sensitive attribute (SA) values, algorithms based on these measures can have narrow eligible ranges for data that has a heavily skewed distribution of SA values and produce anonymous data that has a low utility. In this paper, we propose a new @?-diversity measure called the functional (@t, @?)-diversity, which extends @?-diversity by using a simple function to constrain frequencies of base SA values that are induced by general SA values. As a result, algorithms based on (@t, @?)-diversity may generalize SA values, thus are much less constrained by skew SA distributions. We show that (@t, @?)-diversity is more flexible and elaborate than existing @?-diversity measures. We present an efficient heuristic algorithm that uses a novel order of quasi-identifier (QI) values to achieve (@t, @?)-diversity. We compare our algorithm with two state-of-the-art algorithms that are based on existing @?-diversity measures. Our preliminary experimental results indicate that our algorithm not only provides a stronger privacy protection but also results in better utility of anonymous data.
Longitudinal Beam Signal Processing for the Fermilab Beam Quality Monitor

A general overview of a new beam monitoring system is presented along with a detailed description of two of the signal processing units used for measuring longitudinal beam properties.
How Is My Child Doing?: Preparing Pre-Service Teachers to Engage Parents through Assessment.

The aim of this study was to help pre-service teachers develop basic knowledge and skill for partnering with families on assessment-related issues. An assessment class for teacher educators (experimental group) participated in role-playing activities designed to expand their understanding and skill in a way that would help them learn how to partner with parents. Role playing included situations related to student assessment. A pre-post measure design was used to test whether the experimental group improved relative to another section (control group) of the assessment class that did not participate in the role-playing activities. Results indicated that participants in the experimental group gained more knowledge about parental engagement and communicating with parents than the control group. Coding and analysis of the students’ role-playing assignments demonstrated that most students gained valuable skills in working with parents on assessment issues, and students in the experimental group endorsed the rol...
A single-loop method for reliability-based design optimisation

Reliability-based design optimisation (RBDO) can provide optimum designs in the presence of uncertainty. It can, therefore, be a powerful tool for design under uncertainty. The traditional, double-loop RBDO algorithm requires nested optimisation loops, where the design optimisation (outer) loop repeatedly calls a series of reliability (inner) loops. Due to the nested optimisation loops, the computational effort can be prohibitive for practical problems. A single-loop RBDO algorithm is proposed in this paper. Its accuracy is comparable with the double-loop approach and its efficiency is almost equivalent to deterministic optimisation. It collapses the nested optimisation loops into an equivalent single-loop optimisation process by using the Karush?Kuhn?Tucker optimality conditions of the inner reliability loops in the outer design optimisation loop, converting therefore the probabilistic optimisation problem into a deterministic optimisation problem. Two numerical applications, including an automotive vehicle side impact example, demonstrate the accuracy and superior efficiency of the proposed single-loop RBDO algorithm.
The Living With a Star (LWS) Sentinels

Abstract This paper gives a short account of the development of the living with a star Sentinels element. The Sentinels element is the heliospheric portion of the NASA program focused on improving our understanding of geo-effective events in the Sun–Earth connected system. The primary objectives of Sentinels are the investigation of the initiation and evolution of solar transients in the inner heliosphere, the acceleration and propagation of solar energetic particles, and the long term climatic change and structure of the inner heliosphere into which all of these geo-effective structures erupt. Due to the large volume of space to be covered, Sentinels will have to rely on, besides a dedicated mission, the observations of spacecraft from other programs of NASA and international partners along with a robust theoretical and modeling effort. The upcoming Sentinels Science and Technology Definition Team will develop specific details of this element.
Sensitivity of some standard Bayesian estimates to prior uncertainty: a comparison

Abstract We compare the sensitivity of robustness of three posterior estimators - namely the posterior mean, the posterior median and the posterior mode - to uncertainties in the prior distribution. Prior uncertainty is modeled by an e-contamination class Γ = {(1 – e ) π 0 + eq : qϵQ } where π 0 is the initially specified unimodal prior with mode θ 0 , e is the amount of uncertainty about π 0 and Q = {all unimodal distributions q for which both the mode and the median are equal to θ 0 and q ( θ 0 )≤ h 0 } for fixed h 0 > 0. Sensitivity of a posterior estimate is measured by its range as well as the sup of the posterior mean squared error as the prior varies over Γ. We also compare the posterior mean squared error of the ML-II mean with that of the above estimates.
Minimum Model Error Approach for Attitude Estimation

In this paper, an optimal batch estimator and smoother based on the Minimum Model Error (MME) approach is developed for three-axis stabilized spacecraft. The formulation described in this paper is shown using only attitude sensors (e.g., three-axis magnetometers, sun sensors, star trackers, etc). This algorithm accurately estimates the attitude of a spacecraft, and substantially smoothes noise associated with attitude sensor measurements. The general functional form of the optimal estimation approach involves the solution of a nonlinear two-point-boundary-valueproblem that can only be solved using computational intense methods. A linearized solution is also shown that is computationally more efficient than methods which solve the general form. The linearized solution is useful when an a priori estimate of the angular velocity is already known, which may be obtained from a finite difference of a determined attitude, or from propagation of a dynamics model. Results using this new algorithm indicate that an MME-based approach accurately estimates the attitude of an actual spacecraft with the sole use of magnetometer sensor measurements. 1 Assistant Professor, Catholic University of America, Dept. of Mech. Eng., Washington, D.C. 20064. Member AIAA. 2 Staff Engineer, Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 712, Greenbelt, MD 20771. Associate Fellow AIAA
Post-traumatic stress disorder: opportunities & challenges for computing technology

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition in which a person responds to a traumatic event, such as war, a car accident, or physical abuse, with prolonged feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror. This disorder can have a significant detrimental impact on the lives of those affected by PTSD as well as their friends and family. In this paper, we outline the potential for computing technologies to assist with all aspects of the experience of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, including recognizing the pre-trauma disposition for PTSD, identifying the symptoms, helping with diagnosis, and aiding in the treatment and assessment of treatment. The content of this paper is based upon an extensive review of the literature and our consultations with domain experts and therapists who treat PTSD. We outline a number of opportunities for computing technologies to play a role in improving the lives of those with PTSD as well as challenges for working in this space. We also describe specific design considerations for computing technology designers.
Receptors of Mammalian Trace Amines

The discovery of a family of G-protein coupled receptors, some of which bind and are activated by biogenic trace amines, has prompted speculation as to the physiological role of these receptors. Observations associated with the distribution of these trace amine associated receptors (TAARs) suggest that they may be involved in depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, eating disorders, migraine headaches, and Parkinson's disease. Preliminary in vitro data, obtained using cloned receptors, also suggest a role for TAARs in the function of hallucinogens.
Transgression and Altruism: A Case for Hedonism.

Abstract A model to account for the positive relationship between transgression and altruism was proposed and tested against three alternative formulations—Guilt, Social Justice, and Self-esteem Bolstering. The proposed model, Negative State Relief, asserts that people in a transgression situation behave charitably in order to reduce a general, negative affective state which is induced by exposure to harm-doing and that if the negative state is relieved by some other means, benevolent activity will be rendered unnecessary. All of the experimental subjects were exposed to an act of transgression; half performed the act themselves while half only witnessed it. In one set of experimental conditions (the relief conditions), a positive event—the receipt of either money or approval—was interposed between the harmful act and a fellow-student's request for aid. In another set of experimental conditions (the norelief conditions), no such positive event occurred. It was found, as predicted, that subjects who received a positive event were significantly less helpful than those who did not, but were not different from a control group which had never been exposed to the transgression. It was also found that harm-doers and harm-witnesses were identical in benevolent tendency. The results were interpreted as favoring a hedonistic conception of the nature of altruism. Finally, it was contended that a U-shaped relationship exists between mood state and helping tendency.
Ernest L. Boyer, the Christian College, and the Uneasy Tension between the Curriculum and the Cocurriculum

In this article the selected works of Ernest Boyer are examined in the context of curricular and cocurricular integration. The authors argue that Boyer advocated for a closer connection between the academic and student affairs programs on American college campuses and further contend that this is particularly true and important for Christian colleges. They also propose that Christian colleges should be receptive to this connection due to the existence of an integrative climate, whole-person focus, and the relatively small size of the average Christian campus. A review of relevant literature is also provided as further evidence of current thought and best practice in regard to this important topic. Finally, the authors provide five strategic considerations for campuses desiring to create more meaningful integration between the classroom and out-of-classroom experiences of students. These five are: (a) Acknowledge Existing Barriers, (b) Adopt Common Values and Language, (c) Implement Learning Theory Pedagog...
The effects of elastic band resistance training combined with blood flow restriction on strength, total bone‐free lean body mass and muscle thickness in postmenopausal women

Summary Introduction Elastic band (EB) training is a common form of resistance training used by the elderly, individuals with joint problems or those recovering from injury. EB training performed at low intensities by these populations may have little effect on muscle hypertrophy. However, when combined with blood flow restriction (BFR), low-intensity EB resistance training may result in muscle hypertrophy. Methods Postmenopausal women (61 ± 5 years) were assigned to a moderate-to-high-intensity EB group (MH, n = 8) or a low-intensity EB group combined with BFR (LI-BFR, n = 6). Each group performed seated chest press, seated row and seated shoulder press with EB three times a week for eight weeks. EB colours progressed in each group by having participants maintain a rating of 7–9 on the OMNI Resistance for active muscle (OMNI-RES AM) scale (0–10) throughout training. In the LI-BFR group, BFR pressure progressed during the first 4 weeks of training (80–120 mmHg), after which EB colours were progressed. Results 1-repetition maximum increased for chest press (P = 0·01), shoulder press (P = 0·02) and seated row (P = 0·01), but no differences were found between groups. Only pectoralis major muscle thickness in the upper body increased (P = 0·04). A trend was found for an increase in total bone-free lean body mass (P = 0·055). Conclusions The main findings of this study were that moderate-to-high-intensity EB training and low-intensity EB training with BFR resulted in similar increases in strength, total bone-free lean body mass and muscle thickness.
Non-healing pharyngeal ulcer in a middle-aged Caucasian man

Extranodal natural killer NK/T-cell lymphoma is a rare malignancy. The disease is common in some Asian countries such as China, Japan as well as in South America. We present a case of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma which presented as a pharyngeal ulcer in a 35-year-old Caucasian man.
Monoclonal antibodies in urologic oncology.

The sensitivity and specificity of immune reactions have long been recognized. However, since the description of the monoclonal antibody technique certain technical hurdles have been overcome. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology allows far more precise understanding of the humoral immune response by allowing dissection of this response into its individual B-lymphocyte populations. Furthermore, the ability to select and expand a particular B-cell clone allows for production of unlimited amounts of a pure antibody "reagent." Each of these reagents may be readily used as a "probe" for its respective antigenic determinant. Panels of these reagents may be used to probe complex biologic structures (e.g., neoplastic cells) and thereby "dissect" them at a molecular level. Murine mAbs are produced by hyperimmunizing a mouse with the antigen of interest. The spleen provides a rich source of B-lymphocytes. These normal B-lymphocytes are incapable of surviving in culture. However, mouse B-lymphocyte tumor cell lines (myelomas) have been previously immortalized in tissue culture. A hybridoma is formed by fusing the normal immunized B-cells with myeloma cells. The hybridoma combines the best features of its parent cells. The immunoglobulin product of each resulting clone is screened against a panel of antigens. This allows selection of those clones producing antibody to the desired antigens. The mAb may be used to purify and/or characterize its respective antigen including definition of the chromosomal site of its gene and factors involved in the regulation of its expression. A large number of mAbs have been produced against renal, bladder, and prostate cancer antigens. These mAbs are allowing a more precise, molecular subclassification of these cancers and providing improved predictability of the natural history of each patient's cancer. Evidence in experimental animals demonstrates that mAbs accumulate at the site of tumor and can lead to the destruction of tumor cells. These encouraging results have prompted clinical trials in patients with metastatic cancer. Such a clinical trial in patients with metastatic renal cancer is currently underway at New York Hospital and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
A Baire’s category method for the Dirichlet problem of quasiregular mappings

We adopt the idea of Baire's category method as presented in a series of papers by Dacorogna and Marcellini to study the boundary value problem for quasiregular mappings in space. Our main result is to prove that for any ∈ > 0 and any piece-wise affine map φ ∈ W 1,n (Ω; R n ) with |Dφ(x)| n ≤ Ldet Dφ(x) for almost every x ∈ Ω there exists a map u ∈ W 1,n (Ω; R n ) such that |Du(x)| n = L det Du(x) a.e. x ∈ Ω, u|∂Ω = φ, ∥u-φ∥L n (Ω) < ∈. The theorems of Dacorogna and Marcellini do not directly apply to our result since the involved sets are unbounded. Our proof is elementary and does not require any notion of polyconvexity, quasiconvexity or rank-one convexity in the vectorial calculus of variations, as required in the papers by the quoted authors.
Filters for High-Speed Diode Modulators and Demodulators

The relationship between switching time, transient suppression, and filter complexity is derived for filter-type diode switches, along with the theoretical minimum switching time. Design criteria are developed for high-speed switches and detectors in waveguide and TEM transmission lines.
Biochemical changes during the aerobic-anaerobic transition in Ascaris suum larvae

Ascaris suum L3 larvae isolated from rabbit lungs undergo the third ecdysis to L4 larvae after 3 days in culture under a gas phase of 85% N2/10% CO2/5% O2. The L3 larvae contain substantial malic enzyme activity and are capable of producing small amounts of the reduced organic acids characteristic of the fermentative pathways which operate in the adult. However, only a small portion of the total carbon utilized is accounted for by these reduced acids and their motility is cyanide-sensitive, suggesting that their energy-generating pathways are predominantly aerobic. In contrast, after ecdysis, the L4 larvae begin to utilize glucose at a greater rate and the proportion of total carbon utilized which is accounted for as propionate, 2-methylbutyrate and 2-methylvalerate also increases. In addition, motility becomes increasingly cyanide-insensitive, suggesting that these L4 larvae are able to utilize the anaerobic energy-generating pathways of the adult. Surprisingly, on day 10 in culture, these L4 larvae, although capable of producing reduced volatile acids, still retain substantial cyanide-sensitive cytochrome oxidase activity.
Lung microvessel injury from peritoneal abscesses and gram-negative bacteremia.

Abstract To analyze the effect of an extrathoracic focus of infection on lung vessel wall structure, we produced peritoneal abscesses in the rat, over a period of 3 to 7 weeks, by implanting capsules containing live gram-negative bacteria (3.0 × 10 7 Escherichia coli and 5.0 × 10 7 Bactercides fragilis ) with an adjutant. We document here by arteriography, morphometric analysis, and high resolution microscopy, microvessel cell injury, and wall remodeling. In the sepsis-injured lung, both dilated and thick-walled microvessels are present. The walls of dilated vessels are disrupted by extensive endothelial and precursor smooth muscle cell injury. In thick-walled vessels these cells are hypertrophied, and the precursor smooth muscle cells express filaments, demonstrating a shift toward a contractile phenotype. Infiltrating monocytic cells focally consolidate alveolar regions. In the residual nonconsolidated regions, alveolar-capillary membrane cells are attenuated and the capillaries dilated. Vessel changes after 7 weeks are similar to those after 3 weeks but alveolar-capillary membrane injury is more extensive. These structural changes, including the development of precursor smooth muscle cells, may contribute to the known increase in reactivity of these lung vessels to challenge by vasoactive agents.