cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simple dynamical models including pairing residual interaction

Abstract Two simple models including pairing in the dynamical equations governing the motion of the nucleus are presented. They correspond to the constant pairing strength and the constant gap approximations. Their relation to the Landau-Zener type of coupling is investigated. The qualitative differences between the two pairing couplings have been studied in the particular case of the two crossing levels.
DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOTYPES AND DESCRIPTIVE TERMS OF FRUIT COMPLEMENTS FOR POULTRY PRODUCTS

A challenge of the new dietary guidelines that encourages the consumption of more fruit in the diet is to find innovative ways to incorporate fruit into new products. A previously trained, descriptive panel generated ideas for the development of an acceptable system to incorporate fruit with poultry. The compatibility of poultry was evaluated with 33 fruit and seasoning combinations and 8 delivery methods. Panelists selected one system for further testing that consisted of a pectin-based sauce, frozen diced fruit, and a seasoning blend formulated to tie the components together. Using this system, 33 fruit-seasoning sauce combinations were developed and screened by panelists for acceptability. The four sauces that were judged most acceptable based on appearance, taste, and texture were lemon and rosemary with peaches, ginger and green peppers with peaches, curry with apples, and onion and celery with apples.
Effects of vitamin A deficiency and retinoic acid treatment on expression of a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-bovine growth hormone gene in transgenic mice.

Abstract Vitamin A regulation of specific promoter domains of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene was tested in a PEPCK/bovine growth hormone (bGH) transgenic mouse model. Vitamin A deficiency causes a significant decrease in hepatic bGH mRNA when expression is driven by either a 533-base-pair (bp) PEPCK promoter fragment (from position −460 to +73) or a 428-bp PEPCK promoter fragment (from position −355 to +73). Treatment of vitamin A deficient transgenic mice with all-trans retinoic acid (RA) increases bGH mRNA levels above those measured with the deficiency. Hepatic retinoic acid receptor (RAR)β mRNA levels also change with vitamin A deficiency and supplementation, but not RARα mRNA levels. These results indicate that all-trans RA plays a physiologic role in regulating expression of a gluconeogenic gene in liver.
Everyone Wants In: Want + Prepositional Adverb in the Midland and Beyond

The regional, social, and stylistic distributions of want + prepositional adverb (e.g., I can move if you want by) are poorly understood in spite of a long history of documentation and the inclusio...
The Shane-Wirtanen counts - Observer and time-dependent effects

In a recent paper, de Lapparent, Kurtz, and Geller (1986) announce the discovery of possible observer and time-dependent effects in the counts of galaxies in the Lick catalog and suggest that these effects may have distorted the galaxy correlation function calculated by Groth and Peebles (1986) from the Lick counts. In particular, they suggest that these effects may have introduced a break where none exists or may have diluted a break stronger than that seen by Groth and Peebles. The Lick counts have been reexamined and it is found that the observer and time-dependent effects are marginal and that they can have had only a negligible effect on the estimates of the correlation functions. Correlation functions have been calculated for each observer and time period separately and it is found that they all depart from the small-angle power law at about the expected scale. Further, the average of these correlation functions agrees extremely well with the average correlation function published by Groth and Peebles.
Synthesis and Micellar Behavior of Novel Amphiphilic Poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene]-co-poly[(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] Block Copolymers

A number of amphiphilic diblock copolymers based on poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] (TFE) as the hydrophobic block and poly[(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) as the hydrophilic block were developed. The TFE block was synthesized first by the controlled living cationic polymerization of a phosphoranimine, followed by replacement of all the chlorine atoms using sodium trifluoroethoxide. To allow for the growth of the PDMAEMA block, 3-azidopropyl-2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate, an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator, was grafted onto the end-cap of the TFE block via the “click” reaction followed by the ATRP of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). Once synthesized, micelles were formed by a standard method, and their characteristics were examined using fluorescence techniques, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The critical micelle concentrations of the diblock copolymers as determined by fluorescence techniques using pyrene as a hydrophobic...
Double Mesa Sidewall Silicon Carbide Avalanche Photodiode

We report a double mesa 4H-SiC avalanche photodiode (APD) that suppresses premature edge break-down. The motivation for the double mesa structure is to eliminate the optically dead region that extends radially up to 30 mum beyond the active region of conventional beveled mesa SiC APDs, which can significantly restrict the fill-factor of arrays.
Temperature finestructure and microstructure observations in a coastal upwelling region during a period of variable winds (Oregon, summer 1974)

Abstract Profiles of temperature and temperature gradient made during two 4-day cruises with a freely-falling probe, in conjunction with conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) and current meter records, are used to examine a 100-m water column on the Oregon shelf for evidence of finestructure-microstructure correlation, shear-induced mixing, and double-diffusive convecting layers. The rate of dissipation of temperature fluctuations, e ν , is founnd to be as large as 2 × 10 −5 °C 2 s −1 in a well-stirred surface layer, and as low as 7 × 10 −11 °C 2 s −1 in a region undisturbed by intrusions or boundary stirring. For the surface mixed layer, a decade-long, + 1 slope was observed in the temperature gradient spectrum for vertical wavelengths greater than about 5 mm. If this is assumed to be a viscous-convective subrange, the rate of dissipation of mechanical energy, e, is calculated to be 0.06 cm 2 s −3 . Transient patches of intense microstructure, 1 to 2 m in extent, can occur in the thermocline. Variations in temperature variance of 10 3 can occur over small vertical separations in several intrusions, but when normalized by the local finestructure gradient (yielding the Cox number) the range is considerably less. A 4-m thick ‘hole’ in the microstructure appears in a shallow, cold intrusion. A warm intrusion has a complicated, time-dependent vertical structure and a low Cox number (less than 10). An interleaving at about 60 m produces a 0.10°C, 10-m thick inversion with many small-scale features indicative of overturning; the Cox number is about 600 in this case. Although all the temperature inversions have T-S gradients favorable for double-diffusive convection, no systems of layers are found. In general, the results are similar to those from other observations of oceanic microstructure associated with the different types of finestructure.
Pediatric outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy: an update.

M any terms have been used to describe the delivery of antimicrobials (antiviral, antifungal, or antibacterial agents) to patients in the outpatient setting through the parenteral (ie, intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous) route, including outpatient intravenous antimicrobial therapy (OPIVAT), community-based parenteral anti-infective therapy (CoPAT), hospital at home, home intravenous antimicrobial therapy (HIAT), and outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) [1–6]. The latter term, OPAT, is the most widely used in the United States. It broadly refers to the parenteral administration of at least two doses of an antimicrobial to a patient on two different days without an intervening hospitalization [1]. OPAT arose from the recognition that some infectious diseases will require management with parenteral therapy, although the patient may not require hospitalization [7]. In 1974, Rucker and Harrison [8] used antibiotics intravenously for the management of pulmonary infections in children with cystic fibrosis in the outpatient setting. Subsequently, in 1978 Antoniskis and colleagues [9] described the first use of self-administered intravenous antibiotics in adult outpatients. Since then, many of the standard techniques of infusion therapy that were previously performed exclusively in the hospital setting have been introduced into the outpatient arena. An estimated 1 in 1000 Americans use OPAT annually and more than 250,000 OPAT courses are administered in the United States every year. The use of OPAT has been increasing at an estimated rate of 10% per annum in the past decade [1,3,10]. OPAT is considered safe, therapeutically effective, and economical [1,6,7,11]. It offers increased comfort and convenience in appropriately selected patients and provides one approach for cost containment, because hospitalization generally represents the most costly aspect of patient care [6,12–16]. OPAT has become a popular alternative that replaces or shortens hospital admissions. Many investigators, from various countries, reported the cost of
Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Non-polar III-Nitride Films over a-plane SiC Substrates

We report progress in growing non-polar a-plane III-nitride films and heterostructures over a-plane 4H-SiC. a-plane SiC is more closely lattice-matched to a-plane GaN than is r-plane sapphire. Consequently, better structural quality a-plane nitride films may result over a-plane SiC substrates. By migration enhanced metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MEMOCVD), an atomically smooth (1120)AlN layer with RMS roughness of 0.3nm was obtained. From the results of XRD, the structural defects in the AlN layer on SiC substrates were strongly reduced compared to those grown on r-plane sapphire. Also by applying our selective area lateral epitaxy (SALE) growth procedure, we achieved high structural and optical quality a-plane GaN films on 4H-SiC with RMS roughness only 0.4nm. Therefore, non-polar III-nitride films and heterostructures on SiC substrates are promising building blocks for realizing high performance polarization-free devices.
Autism: A long genetic explanation.

Topoisomerase enzymes facilitate gene transcription by resolving DNA tangles. Malfunction of these enzymes seems to compromise the expression of very long genes, potentially mediating neurodevelopmental disorders. See Article p.58 Topoisomerases, enzymes involved in DNA winding, are expressed throughout the brain, and mutations have been discovered in some individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Mark Zylka and colleagues show that reducing topoisomerase activity selectively reduces the expression of long genes in mouse and human neurons by impairing transcription elongation. The authors note that many ASD candidate genes, including Cntnap2, Nrxn1 and Cntn4, are exceptionally long and confirm that expression of several ASD candidate genes is reduced by topoisomerase inhibition. These findings suggest that chemicals and genetic mutations that impair topoisomerases — and possibly other components of the transcription machinery — could contribute to ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Three-space from quantum mechanics

We formulate a discrete quantum-mechanical precursor to spacetime geometry. The objective is to provide the foundation for a quantum mechanics that is rooted exclusively in quantum-mechanical concepts, with all classical features, including the three-dimensional spatial continuum, emerging dynamically.
Periodic Solutions of Classical Hamiltonian Systems without Palais–Smale Condition

Abstract In this paper, we study the existence of periodic solutions for classical Hamiltonian systems without the Palais–Smale condition. We prove that the information of the potential function contained in a finite domain is sufficient for the existence of periodic solutions. Moreover, we establish the existence of infinitely many periodic solutions without any symmetric condition on the potential function V .
Common Volatility in MBS Returns: A Factory GARCH Approach

The author investigates whether there is a common factor governing the volatility of various coupon mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and the extent to which this factor is dynamically priced that is linked to a time-varying risk premium. A factor GARCH model indicates that a single common factor can successfully describe the time-varying volatility and the time varying-risk premium of MBS. All returns exhibit significant mean reversion.
Postural tachycardia syndrome following human papillomavirus vaccination.

Background and purpose Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a heterogeneous disorder of the autonomic nervous system that may have an autoimmune etiology. Methods Six patients who developed new onset POTS 6 days to 2 months following human papillomavirus vaccination are reported. Results Three patients also had neurocardiogenic syncope, and three patients were diagnosed with possible small fiber neuropathy. Symptoms in all patients improved over 3 years with pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacological measures but residual symptoms persisted. Molecular mimicry with formation of cross-reacting autoantibodies to the potential targets of the autonomic ganglia, neurons, cardiac proteins or vascular receptors is considered as a possible pathogenesis of new onset POTS after immunization. Conclusion Correct diagnosis of POTS and awareness that POTS may occur after vaccination in young women is essential for prompt and effective management of this condition.
Current surgical management of hilar and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: the role of resection and orthotopic liver transplantation

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare but devastating malignancy that presents late, is notoriously difficult to diagnose, and is associated with a high mortality. Surgical resection is the only chance for cure or long-term survival. The treatment of CCA has remained challenging because of the lack of effective adjuvant therapy, aggressive nature of the disease, and critical location of the tumor in close proximity to vital structures such as the hepatic artery and the portal vein. Moreover, the operative approach is dictated by the location of the tumor and the presence of underlying liver disease. During the past 4 decades, the operative management of CCA has evolved from a treatment modality that primarily aimed at palliation to curative intent with an aggressive surgical approach to R0 resection and total hepatectomy followed by orthotopic liver transplantation.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of the silane coupling agent/porous silica interface

Abstract Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been utilized to study the nature of the interface between silane coupling agents and glass surfaces on the molecular level. High specific surface area fumed silica (CabOSil) was used. Vinyltriethoxysilane was deposited from a 1% by weight solution. Treated glasses were studied at various drying conditions. Infrared spectra of the coupling agent on the glass surface were obtained throughout the spectral region studied (3800–4500 cm −1 ) by a digital subtraction technique. The stretching mode by SiO of SiOH groups of the coupling agent on the surface was observed and was utilized to evaluate the number of unreacted SiOH groups. Quantitative measurement of the intensity of this peak suggests covalent bond formation through the interface. Qualitative observation using silane oligomer adsorbed Cab-O-SiI also supports this conclusion. The difference spectrum before and after heat treatment of this sample shows disappearance of the SiOH groups of the coupling agent and the glass surface. In addition, the spectrum shows new bands which are assigned to the SiOSi antisymmetric stretching mode of the chemically reacted species through the interface.
Serum albumin and physical function as predictors of coronary heart disease mortality and incidence in older persons

The role of traditional risk factors in predicting coronary heart disease (CHD) among men and women aged 65 years and over has been extensively debated, but the search for risk factors that are distinctive in the elderly is still ongoing. The relation of serum albumin levels and physical disability to risk of CHD morality and incidence was prospectively assessed in a cohort of 4116 men and women, aged 71 years and over, who were evaluated in 1987-1989 and followed for a mean of 4.0 years. Outcome events were based on death certificates and Medicare hospitalization records. Analyses were adjusted for major CHD risk factors. There were 275 CHD deaths (16.8/1000 person-years) among all participants and 503 incident (fatal and nonfatal) CHD events (39.4 per 1000 person-years) among participants free of prevalent CHD during the observation period. The relative risk (RR) of CHD morality for women with an albumin concentration 43 g/liter (RR 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-4.6). There was a significant and graded increase in CHD incidence with decreasing albumin concentration in women but not in men. The presence of physical disability doubled the risk of CHD mortality among both men and women, an increase in risk that was comparable to that imposed by a previous myocardial infarction and was independent of other coronary risk factors. Disability had a lesser impact on CHD incidence, which was significant only in women. Low albumin concentration (< 38 g/liter) identifies a group of women at higher risk of CHD mortality and incidence. Physical disability is an independent predictor of CHD mortality in both men and women and for CHD incidence only in women.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid-cholesterol interactions : Domain formation in membranes

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) constitute an influential group of molecules that promote health by an as yet unknown mechanism. They are structurally distinguished from less unsaturated fatty acids by the presence of a repeating =CH-CH(2)-CH= unit that produces an extremely flexible chain rapidly reorienting through conformational states. The most highly unsaturated case in point is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with 6 double bonds. This review will summarize how the high disorder of DHA affects the properties of the membrane phospholipids into which the PUFA incorporates, focusing upon the profound impact on the interaction with cholesterol. Results obtained with model membranes using an array of biophysical techniques will be presented. They demonstrate DHA and the sterol possesses a mutual aversion that drives the lateral segregation of DHA-containing phospholipids into highly disordered domains away from cholesterol. These domains are compositionally and organizationally the opposite of lipid rafts, the ordered domain enriched in predominantly saturated sphingolipids "glued" together by cholesterol that is believed to serve as the platform for signaling proteins. We hypothesize that DHA-rich domains also form in the plasma membrane and are responsible, in part, for the diverse range of health benefits associated with DHA.
Interline transfer CCD camera for gated broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman-scattering measurements

Use of an interline transfer CCD camera for the acquisition of broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman-scattering (CARS) spectra is demonstrated. The interline transfer CCD has alternating columns of imaging and storage pixels that allow one to acquire two successive images by shifting the first image in the storage pixels and immediately acquiring the second image. We have used this dual-image mode for gated CARS measurements by acquiring a CARS spectral image and shifting it rapidly from the imaging pixel columns to the storage pixel columns. We have demonstrated the use of this dual-image mode for gated single-laser-shot measurement of hydrogen and nitrogen CARS spectra at room temperature and in atmospheric pressure flames. The performance of the interline transfer CCD for these CARS measurements is compared directly with the performance of a back-illuminated unintensified CCD camera.
On the transient adjustment of a mid-latitude abyssal ocean basin with realistic geometry: the constant depth limit

The early stages in the adjustment of a mid-latitude abyssal basin with realistic geometry are studied using an inverted one and one-half layer model of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea as a natural test basin. The model is forced with a localized sidewall mass source and a compensating distributed mass sink. A flat bottom basin is investigated for comparison with existing theories on abyssal gyral spin-up, and as a precursor to a study with realistic topography. As in existing theories, the early adjustment is dominated by sub-inertial Kelvin and Rossby waves. Obstacles and the varying coastal geometry do not impede the passage of the Kelvin wave, though the circuit time of the main Kelvin wave signal is reduced by an aggregate 6% for the abyssal Eastern Mediterranean basin. The scattering of the Kelvin wave due to small-scale variations in the coastline is also shown not to be significant to the adjustment. The relatively short period of time needed to reach a statistical steady state is attributed to western boundary current formation in response to local Kelvin wave dynamics. Upon cessation of the sidewall forcing, sub-inertial motion controls the spin-down adjustment with basin-scale Rossby waves becoming the most pronounced feature of the flow. Two dynamical issues of particular interest emerge in these simulations: the retardation of Kelvin wave propagation around the abyssal basin and the roles of detrainment and sidewall forcing in the interior vorticity balance. An idealized simulation using an elliptical basin is used to illustrate that the mechanism for Kelvin wave retardation is a geometrically induced dispersion due to large-scale variations in the coastline. A dynamical analysis of the interior circulation shows that detrainment alone does not develop a Sverdrup response. Both the localized sidewall injection and the detrainment are needed to describe the interior dynamics, with both poleward and equatorward flows developing during the adjustment.
Lectins on a roll: the structure of E-selectin

The crystal structure of the lectin/EGF portion of E-selectin confirms anticipated similarities with homologous domains, but reveals some surprising features that emphasize the limitations of homology modelling.
MDCT of the Duodenum: Technique and Clinical Applications

Computed Tomography (CT) is useful for evaluation of both benign and malignant pathology involving the duodenum. CT can detect and stage duodenal malignancies as well as detect inflammatory conditions such as duodenitis. Careful CT technique is necessary to optimize detection of abnormalities. This includes the use of oral contrast, preferably water, as well as i.v. contrast. 3D imaging can improve disease detection and help with surgical planning. This article reviews the current role of CT in duodenal imaging, describes appropriate CT protocols and illustrates a wide variety of duodenal pathology.
Light-mediated cyclic GMP hydrolysis controls important aspects of kinetics of retinal rod voltage response

Pulsatile injections of cyclic GMP into rod outer segments of the isolated toad retina cause transient depolarizations that are reduced in amplitude in proportion with the receptor potential by low Na+ Ringer's. This reduction in the amplitude of the cyclic GMP depolarization may be due to the direct effect of external Na+ concentration on dark current and an indirect effect resulting from the inactivation of a sodium-calcium exchange mechanism raising the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. By comparison the reduction in cyclic GMP response amplitude effected by illumination is accompanied by faster kinetics. This difference suggests that the reduced amplitude and speedier response reflect a light induced increase in phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity rather than the effects of Ca2+. Large doses of cyclic GMP can distort the kinetics of both the light response and the recovery from a depolarization caused by a pulse of cyclic GMP by similarly slowing both types of responses. This similarity in the kinetics of the cyclic GMP response and the initial hyperpolarizing phase of the receptor potential suggests that the kinetics of the initial phase of the receptor potential are controlled by light-mediated cyclic GMP hydrolysis.
Deposition of poly[2-(perfluorooctyl)ethyl acrylate] on silicon wafers by the displacement of two immiscible supercritical phases (DISP)

Abstract Deposition from two immiscible supercritical phases (DISP), in which a solution of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) with a desired solute is displaced by supercritical helium (scHe), has been applied to deposit poly[2-(perfluorooctyl)ethyl acrylate] (PFOEA) on silicon wafer substrate coupons. The polymer was precipitated at the interfacial boundary between the supercritical He phase and the supercritical CO2/PFOEA solution phase and deposited on the substrates. Depending on the deposition conditions, two different deposition regimes – a particle formation regime and a film formation regime – were found. At low solution concentration or high displacement velocity, particles in the range of 1–3 μm in diameter formed while at high solution concentration or low displacement velocity, films in the range of 30–500 nm in thickness formed. The solute concentration, displacement velocity, and pressure all had a strong effect on the particle size and film thickness. Optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize film morphology including drying defects and film roughness. Highly uniform films with no drying defects and low root-mean-square (RMS) roughness (∼2–3 nm) were obtained at high solution concentration. Films formed at low-to-moderate solution concentration displayed ring-like drying defects. The thickness and morphology of films deposited from DISP were compared with films prepared from high-pressure free meniscus coating (hFMC) with liquid CO2 (l-CO2) as a solvent and from normal dip coating with an organic solvent (1,1,2-trifluorotrichloroethane, Freon113). The film deposited from DISP was much thicker and more uniform than the film formed using Freon113.
The periodicity of droplets emanating from interconnected orifices

The periodicity of droplets emanating from a single and from two orifices with a common fluid reservoir between them was investigated. Experiments were conducted in which the effects of variations in mass flow rate, orifice diameter and common reservoir volume were determined. The results reported herein indicate that dripping from an orifice at relatively low mass flow rates is singly periodic and that the period between droplets is inversely proportional to the imposed mass flow rate. A simple model of the singly periodic droplet emission process is developed and supported by the experimental results. Period doubling initiates and continues to develop with further increases in the mass flow rate. It is marked by the introduction of additional, smaller diameter droplets that are interspersed temporally among the larger, primary droplets. The presence of a common fluid reservoir volume between two orifices of the same diameter is shown for the singly periodic regime not to alter the droplet emission rate of either orifice as compared to its single orifice counterpart. The volume of the reservoir, however, does affect the mass flow rate per orifice necessary for initial period doubling, with this mass flow rate being lower for a smaller reservoir volume.
Interdemic variation in haematocrit and lactate dehydrogenase in the African cyprinid Barbus neumayeri

This study evaluated whether the African cyprinid Barbus neumayeri from Rwembaita Swamp (low-oxygen) and Njuguta River (high-oxygen) in the Kibale National Park, Uganda differed in traits related to aerobic and anaerobic metabolic potential. Haematocrit was measured as an index of blood oxygen-carrying capacity, and tissue activities and isozyme composition of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured as indices of tissue anaerobic capacity. To address whether site-dependent differences were acute responses v. longer-term adjustments to environmental conditions, these variables were measured in fish sampled shortly after collection and after laboratory maintenance under well-aerated conditions. In fish sampled in the field, those from the low-oxygen site had significantly higher haematocrit, but this difference disappeared after long-term laboratory maintenance. In contrast, fish from the low-oxygen site had higher liver LDH activities than fish from the high-oxygen site, and this difference persisted during laboratory maintenance. Polymorphism was detected at both the LDH-A and LDH-B loci, and genotype frequencies for LDH-B differed significantly between collection sites. These results demonstrate physiological, biochemical and genetic differences in B. neumayeri from habitats differing in dissolved oxygen availability and suggest both acute and long-term responses to local environmental conditions.
Modeling and control of a slack-moored two-body wave energy converter with finite element analysis

Wave energy converter (WEC) detailed design and hydrodynamic analysis is unique, in some respects, because the analysis in dependent on the WEC's integral power-take-off (PTO) control which changes the physical properties of the device and the environment. This raises the complexity when using standard off-shore industry finite element analysis (FEA) tools. It is especially true of autonomous WECs that are smaller and have different design requirements then utility power generation WECs or other larger off-shore structures. This paper first quantifies the design requirements for an autonomous WEC, highlights the design choices that are crucial to the WEC control and analysis, then presents results from the WEC FEA analysis that uses integrated optimal control to maximize power absorption. A proposed equivalent linear circuit is compared against these FEA results1.
Heat transfer—A review of 2005 literature

Abstract The present review is intended to encompass the heat transfer literature published in 2005. While of a wide-range in scope, some selection is inevitable. We restrict ourselves to papers published in English through a peer-review process, with selected translations from journals published in other languages. Papers from conference proceedings generally are not included, though the Proceeding itself may be cited in the introduction. A significant fraction of the papers reviewed herein relates to the science of heat transfer, including experimental, analytical and numerical studies. Other papers cover applications where heat transfer plays a major role, not only in man-made devices but in natural systems as well. The papers are grouped into major subject areas and then into subfields within these areas. In addition to reviewing the literature, we mention major conferences held in 2005, major awards related to heat transfer presented in 2005, and books on heat transfer published during the year.
Space-Time Doppler Spread Estimation in Mobile Fading Channels

The Doppler spread, or the mobile speed, reflects how fast in time the fading is experienced by the receiver, and its knowledge is useful for many mobile communication subsystems. In this paper we propose a new speed estimator at the base station, where multiple antennas are available. The estimator is an extension of the single-antenna speed estimation technique proposed in [1]. By taking advantage of the spatial information provided by an antenna array at the base station, the new low-complexity estimator performs very well over a wide range of noise power, nonisotropic scattering, and line-of-sight component, verified by extensive Monte Carlo simulations. The superior performance of the new estimator is further illustrated by comparing with the conventional speed estimation techniques.
A Remedial Investigation of an Organically Polluted Outwash Aquifer

A glacial outwash aquifer underlying the Gloucester Landfill near Ottawa, Canada, has become polluted with various organic chemicals following the disposal of laboratory solvents in shallow trenches immediately above the aquifer. Several remedial alternatives have been considered by the government of Canada. Impermeable barrier walls were rejected as being unsuitable given the permeable nature of the underlying bedrock. It appears improbable that pools of liquid organic chemicals (DNAPLs) exist within the aquifer, although ganglia are likely present. Therefore, much of the contaminant plume can be removed hydraulically over a period of five years by the operation of four purge wells discharging to an on-site treatment plant from which the purified water is returned to the aquifer by recharge wells. The residual contamination is anticipated to be cleaned up by in situ biorestoration techniques currently under development.
Eicosanoids and other lipid mediators and the tumor hypoxic microenvironment

Hypoxia is a pathological hallmark feature of solid tumors. Though hypoxia is an adverse physiological state, tumors have evolved to utilize this unsuitable environment to their own advantage by activating key biochemical and cellular pathways that are important in progression, survival, and metastasis. Several studies have emphasized the importance of lipid mediators in regulating key biomolecules in the hypoxic microenvironment, for example hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), the master regulator of hypoxia. Lipid mediators have been reported to enhance the levels and activity of HIF-1, which subsequently signal to stimulate angiogenesis and tumor cell survival under hypoxic conditions. There are also reports of hypoxia and HIF-1 enhancing the levels of some lipid mediators mostly by upregulating the levels of the enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis. This review gives a brief overview of these two mechanisms and the role played by bioactive lipid mediators in the regulation of tumor progression and survival under hypoxia.
An expanding universe of mRNA modifications

The fate of mRNA can be regulated by internal base modifications, with the currently known modified bases being N6-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, and inosine. Three new studies show that yeast and human mRNA also contain pseudouridine residues and that pseudouridylation is induced in various stress states, hinting at a new pathway for post-transcriptional control of mRNA.
Best practices for the sustainable production of algae-based biofuel in China

This paper focuses on developing countries that are striving to understand the requirements for the sustainable, commercial development of algae for the production of biofuels. The paper will review the sustainable development of biofuel production, including the major issues that must be addressed before embarking on the path to sustainable biofuel production. The sustainable production of biofuel should be implemented with an ecologically friendly perspective to ensure that future generations will enjoy prosperity of the planet that we share. We can find more than one path for the development of biofuel production from algae but sustainable development must be stressed to ensure prosperity for future generations.
Identification of hypoxanthine transport and xanthine oxidase activity in brain capillaries.

: Microvessel segments were isolated from rat brain and used for studies of hypoxanthine transport and metabolism. Compared to an homogenate of cerebral cortex, the isolated microvessels were 3.7-fold enriched in xanthine oxidase. Incubation of the isolated microvessels with labeled hypoxanthine resulted in its rapid uptake followed by the slower accumulation of hypoxanthine metabolites including xanthine and uric acid. The intracellular accumulation of these metabolites was inhibited by the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol. Hypoxanthine transport into isolated capillaries was inhibited by adenine but not by representative pyrimidines or nucleosides. Similar results were obtained when blood to brain transport of hypoxanthine in vivo was measured using the intracarotid bolus injection technique. Thus, hypoxanthine is transported into brain capillaries by a transport system shared with adenine. Once inside the cell, hypoxanthine can be metabolized to xanthine and uric acid by xanthine oxidase. Since this reaction leads to the release of oxygen radicals, it is suggested that brain capillaries may be susceptible to free radical mediated damage. This would be most likely to occur in conditions where the brain hypoxanthine concentration is increased as following ischemia.
The structure of graphemic representations in spelling: Evidence from a case of acquired dysgraphia

Abstract A single-case study of an acquired dysgraphic patient is presented. On the basis of the patient's pattern of spelling errors, and especially his errors on words with geminate letters (e.g. “cross” spelled croos), it is argued that stored spelling representations are not simple linear sequences of letter tokens (e.g. C-R-O-S-S). Rather, it is proposed that the graphemic representations processed by the cognitive spelling mechanisms are multidimensional structures that encode separately letter position, letter identity, letter doubling, and consonant/vowel status.
Postirradiation ureteric stricture

Abstract The problems of ureteric structure associated with the radiation therapy of patients with carcinoma of the cervix are discussed. Four case histories are presented. The differential diagnosis, natural history, predisposing factors, histopathology, prophylaxis, symptoms, diagnostic approach, and management are illustrated. The necessity to recognize this complication prior to the onset of irreversible renal damage is emphasized.
A DTI Tractography analysis of Infralimbic and Prelimbic Connectivity in the Mouse using High-throughput MRI

Background High throughput, brain-wide analysis of neural circuit connectivity is needed to understand brain function across species. Combining such tractography techniques with small animal models will allow more rapid integration of systems neuroscience with molecular genetic, behavioral, and cellular approaches.
Chemical synthesis, cloning and expression of human preproinsulin gene

A 355 base pair DNA sequence coding for human preproinsulin has been assembled by joining 55 synthetic deoxyoligonucleotide fragments prepared by the modified phosphotriester methodology. Proinsulin was expressed underlac promoter control and truncatedΒ-galactosidase 590 amino acid long sequence. The fusedΒ-galactosidase proinsulin protein was produced in amount to 30 % of the totalEscherichia coli proteins. It was also expressed in M13 bacteriophage and yeast system.
The Changing Nature of Islamic Studies and American Religious Studies (Part 2

L'a. etudie l'impact de l'immigration musulmane aux Etats-Unis ainsi que celle du contexte international sur l'approche des chercheurs en sciences religieuses, qu'ils soient musulmans ou non. Dans une premiere partie l'auteur met en evidence l'evolution des etudes islamiques et remarque que la dichotomie entre les travaux des chercheurs musulmans et ceux des chercheurs occidentaux (appeles aussi orientalistes) n'est plus pertinente. Il decrit ensuite la place particuliere tenue par l'Islam americain dans les etudes islamiques. Enfin, se livrant a une recherche historiographique, il constate que les etudes religieuses americaines n'ont que tres recemment (1985) quitte leur cadre traditionnel (protestant) pour commencer a s'interesser a l'Islam aux Etats-Unis et notamment aux conversions chez les noirs afro-americains.
Distributed microbial state effects on competition in enhanced biological phosphorus removal systems.

Computer simulation of activated sludge population dynamics is a useful tool in process design, operation, and troubleshooting, but currently available programs rely on the assumption of “lumped,” or average, system characteristics in each reactor, such as microbial storage product contents. In reality, the states of individual bacteria are likely to vary due to variable residence times in reactors with completely mixed hydraulics. Earlier work by the present author introduced the MATLAB-based distributed state simulation program, Dissimulator 1.0, and demonstrated that distributed states may be particularly important in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems, which rely on the cycling of bacteria through anaerobic and aerobic reactors to select for a population accumulating multiple microbial storage products. This paper explores the relationships between distributed state profiles, variable anaerobic and aerobic SRTs, and the process rates predicted by lumped and distributed approaches. Consistent with previous results, the lumped approach consistently predicted better EBPR performance than did the distributed approach. The primary reason for this was the presence of large fractions of polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) with depleted microbial storage product contents, which led to overestimation of process rates by the lumped approach. Distributed and lumped predictions were therefore most similar when microbial storage product depletion was minimal. The effects of variable anaerobic and aerobic SRTs on distributed profile characteristics and process rates are presented. This work demonstrated that lumped assumptions may overestimate EBPR performance, and the degree of this error is a function of the distributed state profile characteristics such as the degree to which fractions of the biomass contain depleted microbial storage product contents.
Analysis of pauses occuring in the speech of children with consistent misarticulations

Pauses that occur in the speech of children with misarticulations were measured and compared with those of normal children in terms of the duration of pauses and frequency of occurrence. The two groups were compared on three types of speaking tasks: paraphrased speech, picture-series description, and conversation. The two groups were also compared on three levels of duration categories: 10-50 msec, articulatory pauses; 51-250 msec, mixed pauses; and 251-3000 msec, hesitation pauses. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of duration or frequency of pauses. There were significant differences in the duration of pauses in terms of the speaking tasks. Picture-series description produced the highest mean pause durations; conversation the lowest. Because higher duration of pauses indicate more cognitive difficulty in formulating language, it was concluded that children with misarticulations do not have a more difficult time with the cognitive aspects of language formulation, but that they do experience trouble in some level of the encoding process, which causes a reduction in articulatory proficiency. It was also concluded that picture description is a more difficult speaking task cognitively in terms of language production.
Stromatolitic mats from an uplifted Pleistocene lagoon at Punta Chivato on the Gulf of California (Mexico)

Crusts identified as a stromatolitic mat are described for the first time from a small, tectonically uplifted basin associated with a marine terrace along the central gulf coast of the Baja California peninsula at Punta Chivato. Microscopic analyses of crustal laminae exhibit calcified features directly comparable to microbial processes that precipitate carbonates in modern stromatolites. Floating calcified mats recently described from extremely hypersaline, closed lagoon systems in the northern Gulf of California (Isla Angel de la Guarda) provide the best analog to the Punta Chivato locality. Preservation of the Punta Chivato stromatolites is likely due to the persistence of arid conditions through multiple glacial-interglacial cycles. Comparison with the marine terrace sequence at Punta Chivato implies an age range of 334 ka to 712 ka for the deposit. This study lends support for a dedicated survey of closed lagoons and terraces where microbialites and their fossil stromatolite representatives may be found along the roughly 3000-km length of peninsular gulf shores and related islands.
Parallelism and data movement characterization of contemporary application classes

This paper presents a framework for characterizing the distribution of fine-grained parallelism, data movement, and communication-minimizing code partitions. Understanding the spectrum of parallelism available in applications, and how much data movement might result if such parallelism is exploited, is essential in the hardware design process because these properties will be the limiters to performance scaling of future computing systems. The framework is applied to characterizing 26 applications and kernels, classified according to their dominant components in the Berkeley dwarf/ computational motif classification.The distributions of ILP and TLP over execution time are studied, and it is shown that, though mean ILP is high, available ILP is significantly smaller for most of the execution. The results from this framework are complemented by hardware performance counter data on two RISC platforms (IBM Power7 and Freescale P2020) and one CISC platform (IntelAtom D510), spanning a broad range of real machine characteristics. Employing a combination of these new techniques, and building upon previous proposals, it is demonstrated that the similarity in available ideal-case parallelism and data movement within and across the dwarf classes, is limited.
Brusatol-induced HL-60 cell differentiation involves NF-κB activation

Brusatol, a quassinoid isolated from the fruit of Brucea javanica, induces cell differentiation with various leukemic cell lines in the concentration range of 5-25 ng/ml. To investigate its mechanism of action, cultured HL-60 cells were treated with brusatol (25 ng/ml) for various periods of time and qualitatively analyzed for differential gene expression using a cDNA macroarray. As suggested by these preliminary data, we investigated the effect of brusatol on the Rel/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) family members and their role in HL-60 cell differentiation. When cells were treated with brusatol (25 ng/ml), p100/p52, p105/p50 and p65 mRNA were found to be up-regulated with a maximum after 8 h. As determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), NF-kappaB was activated, involving p50 and p65. Moreover, immunoblots showed a decrease of IkappaBalpha and generation of the phosphorylated form of IkappaBalpha in whole cell lysates. Cell differentiation induced by brusatol was inhibited by SN50, a NF-kappaB translocation inhibitor. These results strongly suggest that brusatol induces activation of NF-kappaB and the activation and translocation of NF-kappaB into the nucleus is responsible for promoting HL-60 cell differentiation.
Identifying Novel Transcriptional Components Controlling Energy Metabolism

The investigation of metabolic regulation at the transcriptional level presents different challenges than those encountered in the study of other important problems like development or cancer. Levels of key components like glucose, insulin, and lipids can be modulated but rarely change in an all-or-none fashion, necessitating quantitative techniques that can be applied to multiple tissues and systems. This review examines recent advances in methods for studying transcriptional regulation, with special emphasis on metabolic science. We compare these methods for investigators trying to decide on the best approach for their particular physiological paradigm or model system.
Optical properties of quantum wells and superlattices under electric fields

Abstract We review the effects of a longitudinal electric field on the optical properties of semiconductor quantum wells and superlattices, emphasizing recent developments on the latter, such as the observation of the Stark ladder, field-induced localization, and change in dimensionality of superlattice excitons.