cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Chemical Probe for Protein Crotonylation

Protein lysine crotonylation has emerged as an important post-translational modification (PTM) in the regulation of gene transcription through epigenetic mechanisms. Here we introduce a chemical probe, based on a water-soluble phosphine warhead, which reacts with the crotonyl modification. We show that this reagent is complementary to antibody-based tools allowing detection of endogenous cellular proteins such as histones carrying the crotonylation PTM. The tool is also used to show that the histone acylation activity of the transcriptional coactivator, p300, can be activated by pre-existing lysine crotonylation through a positive feedback mechanism. This reagent provides a versatile and sensitive probe for the analysis of this PTM.
Wedderburn Structure Theorems

In case of algebras, there are many ways to form a new algebra from one or more given algebras, and to decompose a given algebra into some component algebras. The component algebras might be of simpler structure that facilitates the study of the given algebra. Because algebra is a ring, the general ideas in connection with forming the direct sum or the tensor product of some given rings are applicable to the case of algebras. The general ideas in connection with decomposing a given ring into a direct sum of some of its ideals or decomposing a ring into a tensor product of some of its sub-rings are applicable to the case of algebras. An algebra is nilpotent if it has no non-zero idempotent element. An algebra is nilpotent if it is a nil algebra. This chapter proves some theorems concerning simple and semi-simple algebras. Every semi-simple and simple algebra has a unit element. A semi-simple algebra is irreducible if it is simple. A semi-simple algebra with no non-trivial ideal is a simple algebra.
Building an Entity-Centric Stream Filtering Test Collection for TREC 2012

Abstract : The Knowledge Base Acceleration track in TREC 2012 focused on a single task: filter a time-ordered corpus for documents that are highly relevant to a predefined list of entities. KBA differs from previous filtering evaluations in two primary ways: the stream corpus is 100x larger than previous filtering collections, and the use of entities as topics enables systems to incorporate structured knowledge bases (KB), such as Wikipedia, as external data sources. A successful KBA system must do more than resolve the meaning of entity mentions by linking documents to the KB: it must also distinguish centrally relevant documents that are worth citing in the entity's WP article. This combines thinking from natural language processing (NLP) and information retrieval (IR). Filtering tracks in TREC have typically used queries based on topics described by a set of keyword queries or short descriptions, and annotators have generated relevance judgments based on their personal interpretation of the topic. For TREC 2012, we selected a set of filter topics based on Wikipedia entities: 27 people and 2 organizations. Such named entities are more familiar in NLP than IR. We also constructed an entirely new stream corpus spanning 4,973 consecutive hours from October 2011 through April 2012. It contains over 400M documents, which we augmented with named entity classification tagging for the 40% of the documents identified as English. Each document has a timestamp that places it in the stream. The 29 target entities were mentioned infrequently enough in the corpus that NIST assessors could judge the relevance of most of the mentioning documents (91%). Judgments for documents from before January 2012 were provided to TREC teams as training data for filtering documents from the remaining hours. Run submissions were evaluated against the assessor-generated list of citation-worthy documents. We present peak F_1 scores averaged across the entities for all run submissions. High scoring system
Role definition is key-Rapid qualitative ethnography findings from a team-based primary care transformation.

Purpose Implementing team-based care into existing primary care is challenging; understanding facilitators and barriers to implementation is critical. We assessed adoption and acceptability of new roles in the first 6 months of launching a team-based care model focused on preventive care, population health, and psychosocial support. Methods We conducted qualitative rapid ethnography at a community-based test clinic, including 74 hours of observations and 28 semi-structured interviews. We identified implementation themes related to team-based care and specifically the integration of three roles purposively designed to enhance coordination for better patient outcomes, including preventive screening and mental health: (1) medical assistants as care coordinators; (2) extended care team specialists, including clinical pharmacist and behavioral health professional; and (3) advanced practice providers (APPs)-ie, nurse practitioners and physician assistants. Results All stakeholders (ie, patients, providers, and staff) reported positive perceptions of care coordinators and extended care specialists; these roles were well defined and quickly implemented. Care coordinators effectively managed care between visits and established strong patient relationships. Specialist colocation facilitated patient access and well-supported diabetes services and mental health care. We also observed unanticipated value: Care coordinators relayed encounter-relevant chart information to providers while scribing; extended care specialists supported informal continuing medical education. In contrast, we observed uncertain definition and expectations of the APP role across stakeholders; accordingly, adoption and acceptability of the role varied. Conclusions Practice redesign can redistribute responsibility and patient connection throughout a team but should emphasize well-defined roles. Ethnography, conducted early in implementation with multistakeholder perspectives, can provide rapid and actionable insights about where roles may need refinement or redefinition to support ultimate physical and mental health outcomes for patients.
Emerging Therapeutics for the Treatment of Light Chain and Transthyretin Amyloidosis.

Highlights •Cardiac amyloidosis has high associated morbidity and, until recently, limited treatment options. •This review discusses the mechanism and clinical trial performance of multiple emerging therapies. •Additional studies should identify optimal treatment paradigms and biomarker strategies for cardiac response to therapy.
Pyoderma gangrenosum controlled with rituximab

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare inflammatory cutaneous disease. Much of the underlying pathophysiology and etiology remain poorly understood, but PG is often associated with autoimmunity and chronic inflammatory and/or neoplastic diseases.1, 2 The disease can be extremely variable in presentation with either single or multiple lesions presenting on various parts of the body. PG is often difficult to diagnose because of variability of presentation, nonspecific laboratory findings, and indeterminate histology.3 Other conditions associated with cutaneous ulcerations must be considered in the differential diagnosis, such as infections, vasculitis, and malignancies. No official protocol exists for treatment of PG, but therapy usually involves immunosuppression in conjunction with wound care.1, 2, 4 We present a case of recalcitrant PG with widespread involvement that resolved with rituximab.
Multifunctional self-sensing and ductile cementitious materials

Abstract This study focuses on the material design and electromechanical behavior of new multifunctional strain-hardening cementitious materials (MSCs) that integrate tensile ductility with self-sensing functionality. The material design was accomplished by tailoring the micro-scale electrical and mechanical parameters to achieve strongly coupled electromechanical behavior at macro-scale. Electrical impedance spectroscopy and equivalent circuit modeling were conducted to understand the effects of carbon black (CB) nanoparticles on material electrical microstructure. The results revealed that large signal-to-noise ratio and gauge factor can be achieved if the material contains sufficient amount of both partially conductive and conductive paths. Additionally, uniaxial tension, fracture toughness, and single crack opening tests explained the negative impact of CB nanoparticles on the material tensile strength and ductility, leading to material redesigning for improved mechanical behavior. Finally, the electromechanical response of the MSCs was studied under monotonic and cyclic loading, which demonstrated robust self-sensing capacity of MSCs during elastic, strain-hardening and tension-softening stages.
Diagnosis Outcome Preview through Learning

Logic diagnosis is a software-based methodology to identify the behavior and location of defects in failing integrated circuits, which is an essential step in yield learning. However, diagnosis can be time-consuming and produce unuseful information for further investigation of yield loss. It would therefore be desirable to have a preview of diagnosis outcomes beforehand, which helps engineers allocate diagnosis resources in a more efficient way. In this work, random forest classification and regression techniques are used to predict three aspects of potential diagnosis outcomes: existence of multiple defects, diagnosis resolution, and runtime magnitude. Experiments on a 28nm test chip and a 90nm high-volume manufactured chip prove the efficacy of the proposed methodology - high accuracy for multiple defect (up to 0.86 accuracy and 0.93 AUC) and resolution prediction (up to 0.84 accuracy and 0.87 AUC), and over 98% of the runtime magnitude prediction is within the error of one magnitude. These results prove that the method can provide helpful information to guide prudent allocation of diagnosis resources.
Acute respiratory compromise on hospital wards: Association between recent ICU discharge and outcome.

Abstract Introduction Acute respiratory compromise (ARC), respiratory distress requiring emergent assisted ventilation, has a mortality of 20–40%. The relationship between recent discharge from an intensive care unit (ICU) and outcomes of patients suffering ARC on hospital wards is not well known. We hypothesized that a significant percentage of ARC events would occur in patients recently discharged from an ICU, that these patients would have worse outcomes than those without prior ICU stays, and that weekend ICU discharge would be associated with higher than expected post-ICU ARC frequency. Methods Using the Get-With-The-Guidelines-Resuscitation ARC registry, we included adult, index ARC events occurring on hospital wards. Our primary analysis used multivariable logistic regression accounting for clustering by hospital to examine the association between prior ICU discharge and survival after an ARC event. Results Of 11,800 ARCs, 937 (8%) occurred within two calendar days and 1010 (9%) >two calendar days after an ICU discharge. Patients with ICU discharge within two days had higher survival compared to those with no prior ICU stay (odds ratio 1.28 (95% CI: 1.11–1.48, p = 0.001)). Survival was not different in those with an ICU discharge more than two days prior and no prior ICU stay. Patients with ARC within two days of ICU discharge were not more likely to have left the ICU on a weekend. Conclusions Contrary to our hypothesis, discharge from an ICU within two calendar days was associated with better odds for survival compared to no prior ICU discharge or ICU discharge more than two days prior.
The aurality of pipeline politics and listening for nacreous clouds: voicing Indigenous ecological knowledge in Tanya Tagaq's Animism and Retribution

Tanya Tagaq's work is political, often tackling themes of environmentalism and Indigenous rights. The Inuk throat singer uses live performance and audiovisual media to engage themes of climate change and give voice to environmental violence. Her work diversifies the discourse of environmentalism to include the voices and environmental trauma experienced by marginalised peoples, specifically North American Indigenous-centred sounds and perspectives. Songs such as ‘Fracking’ from Animism (2014) and ‘Nacreous’ from Retribution (2016) are simultaneously expressions of ecological protest and healing, as Tagaq listens with urgency and uses embodied musical practice to explore the aurality of pipeline politics and other forms of ecological imbalance and harm. I analyse how Tagaq's work, both her songs and their accompanying music videos and multimedia, gravitates towards the ecological, considering what healthy and unhealthy relationships between humans and the non-human world – plants, animals, water, natural resources – sound like.
Unlocked yet untapped: The ubiquitous smartphone and utilization of emergency medical identification technology in the care of the injured patient.

Abstract Background Smartphones allow users to store health and identification information that is accessible without a passcode—conceivably invaluable information for care of unresponsive trauma patients. We sought to characterize the use of smartphone emergency medical identification applications and hypothesized that these are infrequently used but positively perceived. Methods We surveyed a convenience sample of adult trauma patients/family members (nonproviders) and providers from an urban Level I trauma center during July 2018 on their demographics and smartphone emergency medical identification application usage. Descriptive and chi-square/Fisher exact analyses were performed to characterize the use of smartphone emergency medical identification applications and compare groups. Results 338 subjects participated; most were female (52%) with median age of 36 (29–48). 182 (54%) were providers and 306 (91%) owned smartphones. 157 (51%) owners were aware smartphone emergency medical identification existed, but only 94 (31%) used it. 123 providers encountered unresponsive patients with smartphones, but only 26 (21%) queried smartphone emergency medical identification, with 19 (73%) finding smartphone emergency medical identification helpful. All 8 (100%) nonproviders who reported to have had their smartphone emergency medical identification queried believed it was beneficial. There were no differences between groups in smartphone emergency medical identification awareness and utilization. Conclusion Smartphone emergency medical identification technology is underused despite its potential benefits. Future work should focus on improving education to use this technology in trauma care.
Question Answering over Knowledge Base using Language Model Embeddings

Knowledge Base, represents facts about the world, often in some form of subsumption ontology, rather than implicitly, embedded in procedural code, the way a conventional computer program does. While there is a rapid growth in knowledge bases, it poses a challenge of retrieving information from them. Knowledge Base Question Answering is one of the promising approaches for extracting substantial knowledge from Knowledge Bases. Unlike web search, Question Answering over a knowledge base gives accurate and concise results, provided that natural language questions can be understood and mapped precisely to an answer in the knowledge base. However, some of the existing embedding-based methods for knowledge base question answering systems ignore the subtle correlation between the question and the Knowledge Base (e.g., entity types, relation paths, and context) and suffer from the Out Of Vocabulary problem. In this paper, we focused on using a pre-trained language model for the Knowledge Base Question Answering task. Firstly, we used Bert base uncased for the initial experiments. We further fine-tuned these embeddings with a two-way attention mechanism from the knowledge base to the asked question and from the asked question to the knowledge base answer aspects. Our method is based on a simple Convolutional Neural Network architecture with a Multi-Head Attention mechanism to represent the asked question dynamically in multiple aspects. Our experimental results show the effectiveness and the superiority of the Bert pre-trained language model embeddings for question answering systems on knowledge bases over other well-known embedding methods.
Attrition Bias in an Observational Study of Very Low-Energy Diet: A Cohort Study

Objective Obesity treatment is plagued by attrition. Estimates of attrition bias are needed. Thus, in this study, percent change from baseline BMI at 1, 2, and 3 years following enrollment in a 2-year weight management program using a very low-energy diet was calculated. Program data were supplemented with information from medical records. Methods Attrition was classified as occurring early ( 28 months). Stepwise multivariable regression examined attrition and other covariates. Results A total of 881 subjects had ≥3 years of follow-up. BMI decreased by a mean (SD) of 11.8 (9.2), 8.6 (9.3), and 5.2 (10.0) kg/m2 at 1, 2, and 3 years after enrollment, respectively. At year 1, every 10-kg/m2 increase in baseline BMI was associated with a 2% (95% CI: 1%-3%) decrease in BMI. Individuals with early attrition decreased their mean BMI by 13% (11%-15%) less than program completers and by 9% (7%-11%) at 2 years. At 3 years, there was no significant difference in BMI between individuals with early attrition and program completers. However, BMI decreased 5% (3%- 8%) more in individuals who extended participation compared with program completers. Conclusions Reported outcomes of weight management programs must account for program attrition.
Possibility of processing a glass plate by heating the material with an ultraviolet laser

Glass is one of the most important materials in industrial applications because of its high hardness, high thermal stability, and high transparency in the visible band. In general, it is very difficult to process glass with near-infrared, visible, and near-ultraviolet lasers. Physically speaking, the absorption coefficient of the glass sheet is one of the most crucial factors for processing efficiency, and it can be influenced by the temperature of a glass sheet. Therefore, to obtain the optimal processing efficiency, the influence of the temperature on the absorption coefficient should be studied in detail. In this paper, we theoretically and experimentally studied the relationship between the absorption coefficient and the temperature to improve the processing efficiency. A tunable near-ultraviolet Nd:YAG frequency-tripled harmonic laser with the wavelength ranging from 270 to 400 nm was utilized to measure the absorption coefficient, and a Peltier temperature controller was used to heat the glass sheet. It has been demonstrated that controlling the temperature is an efficient method to process the transparent glass sheet.
Automatic Detection of InSAR Deformation Signals Using a Realistic Tropospheric Turbulence Noise Model

As the growth of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (In-SAR) data continues to accelerate, there is an increasing need to detect surface deformation features from gigantic datasets in an automated fashion. We have developed a computer vision algorithm for automatic detection of InSAR deformation signals using multi-scale Laplacian-of-Gaussian (LoG) filters. We applied the algorithm to InSAR-derived land surface deformation maps in West Texas, where there has been a rise in the level of seismic activity near areas of hydrocarbon production. Our algorithm detected numerous surface deformation features without the need for manual inspection of signals. To control the false detection rate, here we employed a realistic tropospheric turbulence noise model and computed an empirical probability density for the magnitudes of candidate detections under the null hypothesis. We showed that the likelihoods from this PDF can be used to set an acceptable false detection rate for near real-time deformation monitoring applications.
Prefabricated Filter-Fin for Subsurface Drains

The design and methods of installation of a prefabricated filter media for use with subsurface drains is presented. The filter media is fabricated from synthetic materials and can be used without special backfill. Methods of installing the prefabricated system in trenches and slopes are described. Results are presented from five field test installations containing a total length of 2,500 ft (762 m) of prefabricated underdrain. Costs for the underdrains are shown, and potential economies for slope stabilization and land drainage are indicated.
HiPCV: History based learning model for predicting contact volume in Opportunistic Networks

In absence of fixed infrastructure in Opportunistic Networks (OppNet), connectivity between OppNet nodes (usually characterized by human-portable devices), is one of the most challenging issues. The traditional assumption considers every proximity triggered human contact to be an effective OppNet connection. However, the high dynamicity of human mobility impairs the interchangeable notion of human contact and effective oppnet connection, thus necessitating the consideration of other critical contact properties like contact volume, defined as the maximum amount of data transferable during a contact. Recently a few works were proposed to predict the contact volume, using the instantaneous movement direction and velocity of the users. However none of those considered previous mobility history of the users which has a significant role on the future estimations. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme called HiPCV, which uses a distributed learning approach to capture preferential movements of the individuals, with spatial contexts and directional information and paves the way for mobility history assisted contact volume prediction. Experimenting on real world human mobility traces, HiPCV first learns and structures human walk patterns, along her frequently chosen trails. By creating a Mobility Markov Chain (MMC) out of this pattern and infusing it into HiPCV algorithm, we then devise a decision model for data transmissions during opportunistic contacts. Experimental results show the robustness of HiPCV in terms mobility prediction, reliable opportunistic data transfers and bandwidth saving, at places where people show regularity in their movements.
Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) design

TPX is a national project involving a large number of U.S. fusion laboratories, universities, and industries. The element of the TPX requirements that is a primary driver for the hardware design is the fact that TPX tokamak hardware is being designed to accommodate steady state operation if the external systems are upgraded from the 1000 second initial operation. TPX not only incorporates new physics, but also pioneers new technologies to be used in ITER and other future reactors. TPX will be the first tokamak with fully superconducting magnetic field coils using advanced conductors, will have internal nuclear shielding, will use robotics for machine maintenance, and will remove the continuous, concentrated heat flow from the plasma with new dispersal techniques and with special materials that are actively cooled. The Conceptual Design for TPX was completed during Fiscal Year 1993. The Preliminary Design formally began at the beginning of Fiscal Year 1994. Industrial contracts have been awarded for the design, with options for fabrication, of the primary tokamak hardware. A large fraction of the design and R&D effort during FY94 was focused on the tokamak and in turn on the tokamak magnets. The reason for this emphasis is because the magnets require a large design and R&D effort, and are critical to the project schedule. The magnet development is focused on conductor development, quench protection, and manufacturing R&D. The Preliminary Design Review for the Magnets is planned for fall, 1995.
The interaction and photolabeling of myosin subfragment 1 with 3'(2')-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate.

Abstract The photoprobe 3'(2')-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate (Bz2ATP) was used to characterize the nucleotide-binding site of myosin subfragment 1 (SF1). Improved synthesis and purification of Bz2ATP are reported. 1H NMR and ultraviolet spectroscopy show that Bz2ATP is a 60:40 mixture of the 3'(2')-ribose isomers and that the epsilon M261 is 41,000 M-1 cm-1. Bz2ATP is hydrolyzed by SF1 comparably to ATP in the presence of actin or K+, NH4+, or Mg2+ ions; and the product, Bz2ADP, has a single binding site on SF1 (K'a = 3.0 X 10(5) M-1). [3H]Bz2ATP was photoincorporated into SF1 with concomitant loss of K+-EDTA-ATPase activity. Analysis of photolabeled SF1 showed that the three major tryptic peptides (23, 50, and 20 kDa) of the heavy chain fragment and the alkali light chains were labeled. The presence of ATP during irradiation protected only the 50-kDa peptide, indicating that the other peptides were nonspecifically labeled. If Bz2ATP was first trapped on SF1 by cross-linking the reactive thiols, SH1 and SH2, with p-phenylenedimaleimide, only the 50-kDa tryptic peptide was labeled. These results confirm and extend previous observations that [3H]Bz2ATP trapped on SF1 by cobalt(III) phenanthroline photolabeled the same 50-kDa peptide (Mahmood, R., and Yount, R.G. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 12956-12959). Thus, the 50-kDa peptide is labeled with or without thiol cross-linking, indicating that the relative position of SH1 and SH2 does not affect the labeling pattern.
Use of Vascularized Posterior Rectus Sheath Allograft in Pediatric Multivisceral Transplantation—Report of Two Cases

Restoring abdominal wall cover and contour in children undergoing bowel and multivisceral transplantation is often challenging due to discrepancy in size between donor and recipient, poor musculature related to birth defects and loss of abdominal wall integrity from multiple surgeries. A recent innovation is the use of vascularized posterior rectus sheath to enable closure of abdomen. We describe the application of this technique in two pediatric multivisceral transplant recipients—one to buttress a lax abdominal wall in a 22-month-old child with megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome and another to accommodate transplanted viscera in a 10-month child with short bowel secondary to gastoschisis and loss of domain. This is the first successful report of this procedure with long-term survival. The procedure has potential application to facilitate difficult abdominal closure in both adults and pediatric liver and multivisceral transplantation.
Satellite Multiple Access

This chapter contains sections titled: Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple Access References Problems
Architecture and synthesis issues in FPGAs

The technology and architecture of interconnections could be considered as the most important factor in determining the effectiveness of an FPGA for a specific application. Due to their restricted connectivity, FPGAs represent a challenging technology for CAD tools developers. We will present an overview of the four different types of FPGA architectures available commercially and the approaches used in FPGA layout and logic synthesis. The presentation will cover these issues from both a user's perspective and a CAD tool developer's perspective.
Links between occupational activities and depressive mood in young adult populations

BACKGROUND: To examine how occupational activities (work, school), separation from parents, environmental conditions, stressors ad social insertion affect on the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and mental health care-seeking among young adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in two samples: 1) 19,136 subjective representative of the US non-institutionalized general population including 2082 18-26 y.o. subjects. 2) 2196 subjects representative of the students' population living on an university campus. Telephone interviews were realized using the Sleep-EVAL system to assess sleeping habits, general health, organic, sleep and mental disorders. RESULTS: One-month prevalence of depressed mood was similar between community and campus student groups (21.7% and 23.4%), and less common than for working (23.6%) and non-working (28.2%) young adults in the community. One-month MDD was found in 12.0% of non-working young people, compared with 6.6% of young workers, 3.2% of on-campus students and 4.1% of students in the general population (p CONCLUSIONS: Being a student appears to have a protective effect with respect to having depressive symptoms or MDD and seeking needed mental health care. Stress and social isolation were important determinants for depression among young adults. Language: en
Using digital certificates for radiology result receipt confirmation.

The implementation of this system provides a cost-effective and easy-to-use mechanism for verifying the receipt of radiology results. This provides the radiology department with assurance that their use of internet technologies is secure, effective, and reliable. Likewise, the approach outlined can be integrated into an enterprise-wide solution for the deployment of digital certificate technologies.
Using downhole temperature measurement to assist reservoir characterization and optimization

Abstract Without initial seismic or detailed geological information, reservoir characterization is difficult. Downhole temperature distribution in horizontal wells is an important source that helps to characterize the reservoir and understand the bottom-hole flow conditions. The temperature measurements are obtained from permanent monitoring systems such as downhole temperature gauges and fiber optic sensors. Additionally, production history and bottomhole pressures are usually readily available and are routinely used for history matching to improve the initial geological models. By combining the downhole temperature distribution and the production history, more reliable information can be extracted about the reservoir permeability distribution and bottomhole flow conditions in order to optimize the wellbore performance, particularly in horizontal wells. In this paper, a thermal model and a transient, 3D, multiphase flow reservoir model are used to calculate the wellbore temperature distribution in horizontal wells. By comparing the simulated temperature and the observed data, large-scale permeability trends in the reservoir are derived. These permeability trends are then incorporated as ‘secondary’ information in the geologic model building and history matching. The final outcome is a geologic model that has the constraints of both temperature and production history information. A synthetic case is presented to illustrate the procedure. The results show when using production history matching only without distributed temperature data along the wellbore, the water entry location in horizontal wells cannot be detected satisfactorily. By combining production history matching with downhole temperature distribution data in a wellbore, an improved geological model is developed that can match production history and locate water entries correctly. Based on the downhole flow conditions and the updated geological model, the well performance can be optimized by controlling the inflow rate distribution in a horizontal well.
Vacancy Relaxation and Phonon Band Calculations for Solid Argon

The relaxation about a vacancy in solid argon is calculated by approximating the crystal by a cluster of atoms and using the extended Huckel method to calculate the repulsive energy of the cluster while the Van der Waals attractive energy is added explicitly. The nearest neighbor atoms arc found to relax inward by about 0.06% of the original nearest neighbor distance. In addition the effect of a superlattice of vacancies on the phonon band structure of solid argon is calculated using the nearest neighbor Born-von Karman model. Es wird die Relaxation um cine Leerstelle in festem Argon berechnet, wobei der Kristall durch ein Cluster von Atomen angenahert wird unddie erweiterte Huckelmethode benutzt wird, um die Abstosungsenergie des Clusters zu berechnen, wahrend die Van der Waalssche Anziehungsenergie explizit zugefugt wird. Es wird gefimden, das die nachsten Nachbaratome um etwa 0,06% gegenuber dem ursprung lichen. Abstand der nachsten. Nachbarn nach innen relaxiieren. Zusatzlich wird der Einflus eines Ubergitters der Leerstellen auf die Phononen-Bandstruktur von festem Argon mit dem Born-von-Karman-Modeli nachster Nachbarn berechnet.
Population Genomics of Intron Splicing in 38 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genome Sequences

Introns are a ubiquitous feature of eukaryotic genomes, and the dynamics of intron evolution between species has been extensively studied. However, comparatively few analyses have focused on the evolutionary forces shaping patterns of intron variation within species. To better understand the population genetic characteristics of introns, we performed an extensive population genetics analysis on key intron splice sequences obtained from 38 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As expected, we found that purifying selection is the dominant force governing intron splice sequence evolution in yeast, formally confirming that intron-containing alleles are a mutational liability. In addition, through extensive coalescent simulations, we obtain quantitative estimates of the strength of purifying selection (2Nes ≈ 19) and use diffusion approximations to provide insights into the evolutionary dynamics and sojourn times of newly arising splice sequence mutations in natural yeast populations. In contrast to previous functional studies, evolutionary analyses comparing the prevalence of introns in essential and nonessential genes suggest that introns in nonribosomal protein genes are functionally important and tend to be actively maintained in natural populations of S. cerevisiae. Finally, we demonstrate that heritable variation in splicing efficiency is common in intron-containing genes with splice sequence polymorphisms. More generally, our study highlights the advantages of population genomics analyses for exploring the forces that have generated extant patterns of genome variation and for illuminating basic biological processes.
Transverse magnetotunneling in AlxGa1-xAs capacitors. III: Tunneling into interface Landau states in n+-type GaAs

Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of two ${\mathit{n}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$-type GaAs--undoped ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As--${\mathit{n}}^{+}$-type GaAs (${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As) capacitors have been measured in transverse magnetic fields B, in which B is parallel to the capacitor interfaces and perpendicular to the tunnel current J. Structure is observed in I-V curves due to tunneling into interface Landau states at the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As/(${\mathit{n}}^{+}$-type GaAs) interface. Capacitance-voltage curves of the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As capacitors are used to correct the measured voltage spacing of extrema in derivatives of I-V curves for band bending in the ${\mathit{n}}^{+}$-type GaAs gate electrode and to derive the spacing of Landau states at the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As/(${\mathit{n}}^{+}$-type GaAs) interface. From the spacing of Landau states, cyclotron effective masses for electrons at the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As/(${\mathit{n}}^{+}$-type GaAs) interface are obtained that vary between \ensuremath{\sim}0.042 for electrons with energies less than the band discontinuity and 0.10 for electrons that have energies that are much larger than the band discontinuity. The results agree qualitatively with the calculations of Johnson and MacKinnon [J. Phys. C 21, 3091 (1988)] of the nature of magnetic interface states between materials of different effective mass.
Neuroscience: Up, down, flying around.

The Johnston's hearing organ of the fruitfly has newly discovered sensitivities to gravity and wind. As in our inner ear, different sensory signals from this organ travel in parallel to separate zones in the brain.
Rod photoreceptors and scotopic vision in ground squirrels

Ground squirrel retinas contain a relatively small complement of rods (5--10% of all photoreceptors) which are thought to provide the basis for a weak scotopic visual capacity. In a previous investigation of the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) involving the recording of a retinal gross potential, the electroretinogram (ERG), electrophysiological evidence for a viable scotopic signal could be obtained from some, but not all of the ground squirrels examined. To further pursue the possibility that there is a structural/functional discrepancy in the relationship between rod photoreceptors and scotopic vision in the ground squirrel, several experiments involving electrophysiological, behavioral, and anatomical observations have been conducted. We found that although about one-third of the ERGs recorded from a large sample of California ground squirrels lack those characteristics which would indicate the presence of a viable scotopic signal, the retinas of all the squirrels appear to contain the same small population of rod photoreceptors. Additional experiments on the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis), including behavioral as well as ERG measurements and anatomical observations, lead to this same conclusion.
The economic costs of surgical site infection.

ABSTRACT Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) remain common and are a major cause of postoperative morbidity. Less well recognized is the cost of these complications, both in the direct costs of care and also in terms of lost economic productivity when workers are disabled as a result of an infection. This review was undertaken to bring into focus the relevant literature regarding the costs associated with SSI. Methods: Review of the pertinent English language literature. Results: The estimated costs of SSI vary as a function of locale, type of operation, and the extent (depth) of the infection itself. Superficial SSIs cared for in the National Health Service of the United Kingdom have an estimated cost of less that $400/case, whereas estimates range into the tens of thousands of dollars per case in the United States for complex infections such as infected joint prostheses or sternal infections following cardiac surgery. The magnitude of the problem is emphasized by a report from Denmark, which sho...
The ganciclovir implant plus oral ganciclovir versus parenteral cidofovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: The Ganciclovir Cidofovir Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Trial

Abstract PURPOSE: To compare the regimen of the ganciclovir implant plus oral ganciclovir to one of intravenous cidofovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. METHODS: Sixty-one patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and cytomegalovirus retinitis were randomized either to the regimen of the ganciclovir implant plus oral ganciclovir, 1 gm three times daily, or intravenous cidofovir, 5 mg/kg once weekly for two doses, followed by 5 mg/kg every other week. RESULTS: Mortality was similar between the two treatment groups. Mortality rates were 0.41 per person-year in patients assigned to the ganciclovir regimen and 0.49 per person-year in patients assigned to cidofovir (P = .59). Ocular outcomes were similar between the two groups. Retinitis progression occurred at a rate of 0.67 per person-year in the ganciclovir group and 0.71 per person-year in the cidofovir group (P = .72). A loss of visual acuity of 15 letters or more occurred at a rate of 0.78 per person-year in the ganciclovir group and 0.47 per person-year in the cidofovir group (P = .28). The rate of loss of visual field was 7 degrees per month in the ganciclovir group and 2 degrees per month in the cidofovir group (P = .048). Vitreous hemorrhage was more common in the ganciclovir implant group (0.13 per person-year) than in the cidofovir group (no cases, P = .014), whereas uveitis appeared to be more common in the cidofovir group (0.35 per person-year) than in the ganciclovir group (0.09 per person-year, P = .066). Nephrotoxicity (serum creatinine 1.6 mg/dL or greater) occurred at a rate of 0.18 per person-year in the ganciclovir group and 0.48 per person-year in the cidofovir group (P = .10). CONCLUSIONS: Although the small number of patients in this study limits definitive interpretation, these data suggest that in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the regimens of the ganciclovir implant plus oral ganciclovir and of intravenous cidofovir are similar for controlling cytomegalovirus retinitis and preventing visual loss but have different side effects.
Sensory Techniques for Measuring Differences in California Navel Oranges Treated with Doses of Gamma-Radiation Below 0.6 Kgray

Navel oranges from California were given low postharvest doses of gamma radiation: 0.32–0.37 and 0.52–0.60 KGy (32–37 and 52–60 Krad); they were compared with nonirradiated controls for visual appearance, flavor by mouth, odor, taste and taste after sweetness suppression by gymnema sylvestre. Practiced judges were used as an analytical tool, with minimum cross-sensory interference, while untrained subjects were used to determine whether changes might be distinguished by ‘nonexperts’. Differences were found in appearance, flavor, taste and odor although they were less extreme at the lower dose. Untrained judges could discriminate the juice at the higher irradiation level only.
A comparison of the effects of phenylpropanolamine, d-amphetamine and d-norpseudoephedrine on open-field locomotion and food intake in the rat

d,l-Norephedrine (PPA) is available as an over-the-counter appetite suppressant and nasal decongestant in the U.S.A. The pseudoisomer d-norpseudoephedrine, is available as an appetite suppressant in Europe, and has been isolated as one of the stimulatory components (cathine) of the Khat plant. Some authors have misidentified cathine as PPA and this confusion in the literature has resulted. PPA and d-norpseudoephedrine possess significantly different pharmacological properties despite having identical structural formulae. Anorectic activity was determined in a food-deprived rat model. PPA and d-norpseudoephedrine were approximately one-tenth as potent as d-amphetamine with all compounds producing a dose-dependent decrease in food intake. Locomotor activity in an open-field apparatus was determined as an index of CNS stimulation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with d-norpseudoephedrine, in doses between 10 and 50 mg/kg, exhibited significantly increased locomotor scores compared to saline (control) treated animals, an increase similar to that caused by 2 mg/kg d-amphetamine. PPA (5-50 mg/kg) failed to increase locomotion significantly. These results indicate that although each compound tested decreased food intake in a dose-dependent fashion, significant differences in open-field locomotion do exist between PPA, d-norpseudoephedrine, and d-amphetamine. Stereoisomeric compounds, although structurally similar, frequently have different pharmacological effects. Thus extreme care must be taken to properly identify these compounds in the literature.
Homeodomain Determinants of Major Groove Recognition

The homeodomain is a highly conserved structural module that binds DNA and participates in protein-protein interactions. Most homeodomains contain residues at positions 47 and 51 which mediate recognition of a TAAT core binding sequence in the major groove. The constraints imposed on the identity of these residues by homeodomain structure and DNA docking have been examined in the context of the POU domain of the Oct-1 transcription factor. A bacterial library, in which POU homeodomain residues 47 and 51 have been randomized, was probed on nitrocellulose filters for the binding of DNA fragments containing the consensus octamer sequence. The residues which provide for the highest affinity interaction with the octamer consensus sequence, and the greatest specificity, are the highly conserved wild-type residues valine 47 and asparagine 51. Interestingly, a class of variants containing arginine at position 51 was also detected in the screen and found to have moderate affinity for the consensus sequence but reduced specificity compared to the wild-type protein. A single variant containing arginine at both positions 47 and 51 was detected when the library was probed with fragments containing nucleotide substitutions at positions expected to be contacted by residues 47 and 51. This variant was used to alter the DNA-binding specificity of a transcriptional regulatory complex which depends upon Oct-1 for DNA recognition. These findings suggest that homeodomain structure and DNA docking constrain in the versatility of the domain in that only a limited set of amino acid determinants can endow the domain with specific, high-affinity DNA binding.
Pediatric Orbital Fractures

It is wise to recall the dictum “children are not small adults” when managing pediatric orbital fractures. In a child, the craniofacial skeleton undergoes significant changes in size, shape, and proportion as it grows into maturity. Accordingly, the craniomaxillofacial surgeon must select an appropriate treatment strategy that considers both the nature of the injury and the child's stage of growth. The following review will discuss the management of pediatric orbital fractures, with an emphasis on clinically oriented anatomy and development.
Cyber Chutzpah: The Sony Hack and the Celebration of Hyperbole

There's nothing about the recent Sony hack that withstands close scrutiny. The story began as bunk, took a spin around blather and hooey, and then seems to have come to rest on drivel.
Panretinal Photocoagulation for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: Pattern Scan Laser Versus Argon Laser

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of the pattern scan laser (PASCAL) in treating newly diagnosed high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Design Retrospective comparative case series. Methods setting: Institutional. study population: Eighty-two consecutive eyes of the same number of patients with newly diagnosed high-risk PDR treated with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) using either argon green laser (41 eyes treated before February 2007) or PASCAL (41 eyes treated February 2007 or thereafter), then followed for at least 6 months. procedure: Retrospective chart review with attention to main outcome measures, age, sex, race, follow-up interval, insulin dependence, hemoglobin A1c, and total number of lasers spots. main outcome measures: Persistence or recurrence of neovascularization, incidence of vitreous hemorrhage (VH), neovascularization of the iris (NVI), neovascular glaucoma (NVG), and need for vitrectomy. Results Patients treated with the PASCAL and argon laser received a similar number of spots (1438 vs 1386; P = .59). Patients treated with the PASCAL were more likely to experience persistence or recurrence of neovascularization within 6 months of initial treatment (73% vs 34%; P Conclusions When using traditional laser settings, PRP performed with the PASCAL is less effective than that performed with traditional argon laser in effecting lasting regression of retinal neovascularization in the setting of previously untreated high-risk PDR. Physicians may need to change treatment parameters when using PASCAL pattern laser therapy for high-risk PDR.