cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neighborhood Characteristics and the Mental Health of Caregivers Cohabiting with Care Recipients Diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease.

While studies have documented the influence of caregiver and care recipient factors on caregiver health, it is important to address the potential impact of neighborhood contexts. This study estimated the cross-sectional associations between neighborhood characteristics and mental health among caregivers cohabiting with Alzheimer's disease care recipients that were experiencing severe or non-severe neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) (e.g., aggression/anxiety). We obtained data collected in 2010 on caregivers and care recipients (n = 212) from a subset of South Carolina's Alzheimer's Disease Registry. Neighborhood measures (within 1 mile of the residence) came from the American Community Survey and the Rural-Urban Commuting Area Code. We categorized the neighborhood median household income into tertiles, namely, "low" ( $40,758), and rurality as "large urban," "small urban," and "rural." We used negative binomial regression to estimate the prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for caregiver mental health using neighborhood characteristics. The mean age was 58 ± 10.3 years, 85% were women, and 55% were non-Hispanic Black. Among the caregivers cohabiting with a recipient experiencing severe NPS, higher distress was experienced by caregivers living in low- (PR = 1.61 (95% CI = 1.26-2.04)) and medium- (PR = 1.45 (95% CI = 1.17-1.78)) vs. high-income neighborhoods after an adjustment. These results suggest that neighborhood characteristics may amplify other social stressors experienced by caregivers.
Fabrication of Flexible Ionic-Liquid Thin Film Battery Matrix on FlexTrate™ for Powering Wearable Devices

To improve the flexibility of Li-ion batteries for powering wearables, we develop a simple battery interconnection method on FlexTrate™ to fabricate a thin-film flexible Li-ion battery matrix by using ionic liquid electrolyte, commercial lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode, and Li-metal anode. The mechanical fatigue process of the Li-ion cathode materials during is analyzed. The thin-film battery achieves 1.33 mAh/cm2 energy density at C/10 charging/discharging rate after 1000 times bending cycles at 5 mm bending radius.
Symplectic Transformations and Coordinates

The form of Hamilton’s equations is very special, and the special form is not preserved by an arbitrary change of variables; so, the change of variables that preserve that special form are very important in the theory. The classical subject of celestial mechanics is replete with special coordinate systems which bear the names of some of the greatest mathematicians. We shall consider some of them in this chapter.
Management of Collegiate Sport-Related Concussions

The identification and evaluation of sport-related concussion are key components of the concussion management process. Integral to this process is a well thought out and rehearsed emergency action plan and concussion management policy that outlines how each injury will be handled. The on-field and follow-up evaluations should be systematically approached and executed to ensure the thorough assessment of neurocognitive functioning, postural control, and athlete-reported symptoms. Each of these domains should be considered in conjunction with the clinical exam when making the injury diagnosis and eventual return to play decision.
The Future of Public Choice

"Science does not rest upon solid bedrock. The bold structure of its theories rises, as it were, upon a swamp. It is like a building erected on piles. The piles are driven down into the swamp, but not down to any natural or given base; and if we stop driving the piles deeper, it is not because we have reached firm ground. We simply stop when we are satisfied that the piles are firm enough to carry the structure, at least for the time being."
Towards a Population Dynamics Theory for Evolutionary Computing: Learning from Biological Population Dynamics in Nature

In evolutionary computing (EC), population size is one of the critical parameters that a researcher has to deal with. Hence, it was no surprise that the pioneers of EC, such as De Jong (1975) and Holland (1975), had already studied the population sizing from the very beginning of EC. What is perhaps surprising is that more than three decades later, we still largely depend on the experience or ad-hoc trial-and-error approach to set the population size. For example, in a recent monograph, Eiben and Smith (2003) indicated: "In almost all EC applications, the population size is constant and does not change during the evolutionary search ." Despite enormous research on this issue in recent years, we still lack a well accepted theory for population sizing. In this paper, I propose to develop a population dynamics theory forEC with the inspiration from the population dynamics theory of biological populations in nature. Essentially, the EC population is considered as a dynamic system over time (generations ) and space (search space or fitness landscape ), similar to the spatial and temporal dynamics of biological populations in nature. With this conceptual mapping, I propose to 'transplant' the biological population dynamics theory to EC via three steps: (i ) experimentally test the feasibility--whether or not emulating natural population dynamics improves the EC performance; (ii ) comparatively study the underlying mechanisms--why there are improvements, primarily via statistical modeling analysis; (iii ) conduct theoretical analysis with theoretical models such as percolation theory and extended evolutionary game theory that are generally applicable to both EC and natural populations. This article is a summary of a series of studies we have performed to achieve the general goal [27][30]---[32]. In the following, I start with an extremely brief introduction on the theory and models of natural population dynamics (Sections 1 & 2). In Sections 4 to 6, I briefly discuss three categories of population dynamics models: deterministic modeling with Logistic chaos map as an example, stochastic modeling with spatial distribution patterns as an example, as well as survival analysis and extended evolutionary game theory (EEGT) modeling. Sample experiment results with Genetic algorithms (GA) are presented to demonstrate the applications of these models. The proposed EC population dynamics approach also makes survival selection largely unnecessary or much simplified since the individuals are naturally selected (controlled) by the mathematical models for EC population dynamics.
Miranda Alison. Women and Political Violence: Female Combatants in Ethno-National Conflict.

Miranda Alison examines the role of women as ethno-nationalist combatants in Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland. She uses qualitative interviews with women from the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LT...
Comparison of immunization methods for producing reference adenovirus antisera in horses.

Abstract Horses were immunized by a variety of inoculation procedures designed to determine the most efficient method of producing antisera to adenovirus types 25 to 31. The procedures evaluated included immunization by (i) direct intravenous (iv) injection, (ii) iv infusion, (iii) intramuscular (im) injection of virus with and without Freund's incomplete adjuvant, (iv) combined iv and im injections, and (v) combined iv infusion and im injection. The im schedule (no. 3) was superior to the others in terms of immunizing antigen and time required, and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and serum-neutralizing (SN) antibody levels produced. HI and SN tests performed with sera before and after heating at 56 C for 30 min showed that heat-inactivation was not necessary for tests with equine antisera.
Using policy capturing to measure prejudicial attitudes of women toward women

To overcome the problem of obtaining only the socially desirable responses that often are elicited with direct methods, policy capturing was used as an indirect method of attitude measurement. A common direct method did not detect prejudicial attitudes, but policy capturing detected prejudicial attitudes in 37% of the female subjects in the study.
Expression of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase by Extravillous Trophoblast Cells in the Human Placenta

Previous reports have documented the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression by the syncytiotrophoblast layer of the villus in the human placenta. In contrast, the underlying villous cytotrophoblast cells do not express the enzyme. Because extravillous cytotrophoblasts have not been as extensively investigated, our objective was to test whether these cells express eNOS. Using both a mouse monoclonal and a rabbit polyclonal antibody, we demonstrated immunoreactive eNOS in trophoblast cell columns emanating from anchoring villi in second trimester placentae. Cytokeratin positive trophoblast cells lying beneath remnant anchoring villi, lining decidual blood vessels and scattered throughout the basal plate of normal term and pre-eclamptic placentae also expressed immunoreactive eNOS. By Western analysis, the monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were shown to be absolutely and relatively specific for eNOS, respectively. The finding of immunoreactive eNOS expression by extravillous trophoblast cells was substantiated by in situ hybridization. Using riboprobes generated from a bovine eNOS cDNA, we demonstrated specific hybridization in the endothelium of blood vessels in the umbilical cord, thus validating the in situ hybridization methodology, as well as specific hybridization in the extravillous trophoblast cells of the basal plate in normal term placenta. In conclusion, several different populations of extravillous trophoblast cells in the basal plate of the human placenta express eNOS.
Elliptic boundary-value problem in a two-sided improved scale of spaces

We study a regular elliptic boundary-value problem in a bounded domain with smooth boundary. We prove that the operator of this problem is a Fredholm one in a two-sided improved scale of functional Hilbert spaces and that it generates there a complete collection of isomorphisms. Elements of this scale are Hormander-Volevich-Paneyakh isotropic spaces and some their modi.cations. An a priori estimate for a solution is obtained and its regularity is investigated.
Initializing a flicker-noise generator

The Barnes-Javis flicker-noise generator is usually initialized by setting its filter variables to zero with the resulting output yP. One can also initialize the filter so that the output is a stationary process ys. It is argued that if these outputs represent clock-frequency deviations, then, although ys and yp cannot be distinguished by their two-sample variances, the mean square time-interval error of ys exceeds that of yp by a factor of the order log t.
A model of the Io plasma ribbon

The plasma ribbon noted by Trauger's (1984) in earth-based measurements of the Io plasma torus is presently identified as the source of density fluctuations driving the plasma diffusion outward, in a linearized convection model. This model, which is found to be consistent with the Trauger data, yields simple expressions which encompass the thickness of the source ring, a linear convection cell dimension, and the exponent of the zenocentric radius power law satisfied by the plasma density in the source ring.
Is Auxin Produced in Roots

In 1933 Boysen Jensen [2] conclusively demonstrated that auxin is present in roots. When this problem was solved a new one arose: Is auxin produced in root tips, or is it merely accumulated there from elsewhere in the plant? Thimann [3] determined the amount of auxin which was given off by excised tips of Avena roots into dextrose-agar blocks and compared it with the amount of auxin that was obtained by ether extraction of such tips. In both cases he found the same amount of auxin and concluded that it is merely accumulated in the Avena roots and not actually produced by them. Other authors [4], however, found that from the roots of Avena and other plants two to twenty times as much auxin could be obtained by diffusion as by extraction. They came to the conclusion that auxin is produced in roots. As we had obtained surprisingly large amounts of auxin from pea roots [5] it seemed of interest to compare the amounts of auxin obtained from excised root tips of germinating peas by diffusion and by extraction with improved techniques.
Elastography: A Quantitative Method for Imaging the Elasticity of Biological Tissues

We describe a new method for quantitative imaging of strain and elastic modulus distributions in soft tissues. The method is based on external tissue compression, with subsequent computation of the strain profile along the transducer axis, which is derived from cross-correlation analysis of pre- and post-compression A-line pairs. The strain profile can then be converted to an elastic modulus profile by measuring the stresses applied by the compressing device and applying certain corrections for the nonuniform stress field. We report initial results of several phantom and excised animal tissue experiments which demonstrate the ability of this technique to quantitatively image strain and elastic modulus distributions with good resolution, sensitivity and with diminished speckle. We discuss several potential clinical uses of this technique.
Intracellular recording during focal hypothermia of penicillin and alumina experimental epileptic foci.

Abstract Intracellular records were obtained from penicillin and alumina experimental epileptic foci. The membrane of glia and neurons in the penicillin focus depolarized significantly more than those in normal cortex (20). The firing pattern of neurons in penicillin foci changed markedly with small temperature decrements. The depolarization shiffs and surface EEG spikes ceased at 33-32 C, returning as the cells were rewarmed. In the alumina focus, glial depolarization was the same as that of normal cortex. Neuronal membrane, in the alumina focus, followed the same pattern as that of normal cortex with initial hyperpolarization, plateau depolarization, postcool hyper-polarization, and return to precool levels. Action potential duration increased significantly greater than that in normal cortex with the rising phase more prolonged in the penicillin focus and the falling phase more prolonged in the alumina focus. Models are proposed to explain the observed behavior as impaired passive Na flux and impaired active NaK pumping in the penicillin focus. Impaired K flux and a greater magnitude of electrogenic NaK pumping are the neuronal membrane abnormalities in the alumina focus. These experimental foci, thus, contain “epileptic” cells with intrinsic membrane abnormalities, but the nature of the membrane abnormality is different in the two models.
The Postcardiotomy Syndrome Following Transvenous Pacemaker Insertion

We describe a syndrome of fever, pericarditis, and symptomatic pericardial effusion beginning 2 months after transvenous insertion of a permanent pacemaker in a 75-year-old woman. The syndrome improved dramatically following pericardiocentesis and resolved after subsequent administration of indomethacin. Although right ventricular perforation during pacemaker insertion was not recognized, inadvertent perforation leading to the postcardiotomy syndrome is postulated.
Are older people afraid of crime

Abstract Despite the volume of research on fear of crime among the elderly, the measurement procedures most frequently used are of questionable validity because of theoretical and methodological shortcomings. A conceptual framework for analyzing perceptions of crime is presented to avoid the empirical pitfalls in much fear-of-crime research Two recent articles published in the gerontological literature on fear of crime are critically reviewed to illustrate the nature of the problem and to demonstrate that policy recommendations regarding fear of crime among the elderly may be seriously misdirected, given the type of research that has been conducted. Suggestions for improving research on this subject are offered so that programmatic and policy decisions may be soundly developed.
Analyses of hydrodynamic radial forces on centrifugal pump impellers

Hydrodynamic interactions that occur between a centrifugal pump impeller and a volute are experimentally and theoretically investigates. The theoretical analysis considers the inability of the blades to perfectly guide the flow through the impeller, and also includes a quasi-one dimensional treatment of flow in the volute. Flow disturbances at the impeller discharge and the resulting forces are determined by the theoretical model. The model is then extended to obtain the hydrodynamic force perturbations that are caused by the impeller whirling eccentrically in the volute. Under many operating conditions, these force perturbations were found to be destabilizing. Comparisons are made between the theoretical model and the experimental measurements of pressure distributions and radial forces on the impeller. The theoretical model yields fairly accurate predictions of the radial forces caused by the flow through the impeller. However, it was found that the pressure acting on the front shroud of the impeller has a substantial effect on the destabilizing hydrodynamic forces.
Visualization techniques for engineering mechanics

Abstract Scientific visualization is an emerging computational technology that helps scientists and engineers to investigate physical systems through a process of geometric abstraction. Visualization is an interdisciplinary subject, drawing on numerical simulation, perceptual psychology, graphic arts, computer graphics, image processing, data management, parallel processing, distributed computing and various disciplinary specialities of science and engineering. Recent developments in the field are surveyed, with emphasis on the role of visualization in engineering mechanics. Visualization is described as a structured process of data preprocessing, geometric abstraction and image rendering. After a discussion of the role of human perception in visualization, various techniques for displaying scalar, vector, and higher-order tensor fields are presented. An application of visualization to elastodynamic fracture mechanics demonstrates the benefits of combining visualization with numerical simulation.
Species differences in the metabolism of olefins: implications for risk assessment

Olefinic compounds are commercially valuable because they form useful polymeric substances. The same chemical property (presence of double bonds) that makes the olefins useful may also cause them to be toxic in the body. The double bonds of olefins can be oxidized by cytochrome P450 enzymes to epoxides, which are electrophiles that can react with DNA and may cause alterations in the genetic information carried by that macromolecule. Epoxides can be rendered inactive toward DNA by binding to proteins, by hydrolysis to diols through epoxide hydrolase enzymes (EHs), or by forming conjugates with glutathione via glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities. The balance between the oxidizing enzymatic activities and the hydrolyzing or conjugating enzymatic activities in the livers of different species can influence the potential toxicity of the olefins. The location of the enzymes and the potential for concerted reactions in which epoxides are inactivated immediately after formation will also influence the potential toxicity of the olefins. Cytochrome P450 enzymes and EHs are in microsomes located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum surrounding the nucleus where the DNA is located. GST is in the cytoplasm of the cell. In the case of 1,3-butadiene (BD), such enzymatic differences may strongly influence the toxicity in different species. The mouse, in which BD is a potent multi-site carcinogen, has the lowest microsomal EH activity of any species. This allows the monoepoxides formed in the microsomes by cytochrome P450 enzymes to be further oxidized to the highly genotoxic diepoxide (DEB), and both epoxides can either be released into the blood for distribution throughout the body or can react with DNA in the nucleus. The rat, in which BD is a weak carcinogen, has much higher levels of microsomal EH, and only trace amounts of DEB enter the bloodstream. Major BD metabolites in primates suggest that the hydrolysis pathway is even more prominent in primates than in rats. Data suggest that BD will be much less toxic in primates than in mice. Considering these quantitative differences in metabolism may help to reduce the uncertainties in extrapolating animal data on olefin toxicity to health risk assessments for humans exposed to the compounds.
Double-knot transscleral suture fixation technique for displaced intraocular lenses

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe a simplified new technique for repositioning and attaching a suture to the haptic of a displaced posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL). METHODS: We describe a double-knot technique for repositioning and transscleral suture fixation of a subluxed posterior chamber IOL after penetrating keratoplasty. Two 10-0 Prolene transscleral sutures on straight needles are passed around the IOL haptic, tied extraocularly, and used to secure the repositioned haptic of the IOL. A second knot ties the transscleral suture in the scleral bed, stabilizing the haptic in the ciliary sulcus. RESULTS: In the case described, the IOL was stable and well positioned 2 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: The double-knot technique for intraocular repositioning and transscleral suture fixation of displaced posterior chamber IOLs reduces the extensive intraocular manipulation and scleral incisions required for IOL exchange and may reduce chronic irritation associated with iris fixation.
Multiple access diffusion chamber and the cultivation of liver cells.

Abstract Attempts were made to grow rat and human liver tissue or cells in diffusion chambers for use as a system to study viral agents and drug injury. Rat tissue in rat or guinea pig hosts was generally unsuccessful. Human embryonic liver cells pre-grown in monolayer culture survived well while in the diffusion chamber within guinea pig hosts, forming cell aggregates that had morphology reminiscent of the original tissue. Erythropoiesis was displayed. The addition of a polyethylene tube to facilitate introduction of agents resulted in a more versatile chamber. Two chambers connected by polyethylene tubing and implanted in different regions, improved the appearance of the contained cells.
The effect of porosity on the strength of quartz aggregates experimentally deformed in the dislocation creep regime

Abstract The presence of porosity results in significant although transient strengthening of quartz aggregates experimentally deformed in the dislocation creep regime. Experiments were conducted on four quartz aggregates with porosities of
Reversed-Series Solution to the Universal Kepler Equation

Introduction P REVIOUS work involvinga variationof the epochstate vector using the so-calleduniversal functions2 has shown the need for an approximate analytic solution to the universal form of Kepler’s time equation. The appealing feature of the universal function formulation is that a single expression relates orbital position and time for any orbit type, unlike the universal variable formulations,3;4 which employ a single position variable but separate position– time relations for elliptical, parabolic, and hyperbolic trajectories.Combining these three via the universalfunctionsavoidsdif cultieswith differentiating the constituent relations in problems where the trajectory is changingorbital state, e.g., a low-thrust spacecraft transitioning from an elliptical to a hyperbolic path. Our approach makes use of the universal functions as described by Battin2 (for convenience some of the analysis is repeated here). In the universal function representation,Kepler’s equation relating time and position (the universal anomaly Â ) is given by
Cellular organization of the transfer of genetic information

Each step involved in the transfer of genetic information is spatially regulated in eukaryotic cells, as transcription, translation and mRNA degradation mostly occur in distinct functional compartments (e.g., nucleus, cytoplasm and P-bodies). At first glance in bacteria, these processes seem to take place in the same compartment - the cytoplasm - because of the conspicuous absence of membrane-enclosed organelles. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that mRNA-related processes are also spatially organized inside bacterial cells, and that this organization affects cellular function. The aims of this review are to summarize the current knowledge about this organization and to consider the mechanisms and forces shaping the cell interior. The field stands at an exciting point where new technologies are making long-standing questions amenable to experimentation.
What do saliency models predict

Saliency models have been frequently used to predict eye movements made during image viewing without a specified task (free viewing). Use of a single image set to systematically compare free viewing to other tasks has never been performed. We investigated the effect of task differences on the ability of three models of saliency to predict the performance of humans viewing a novel database of 800 natural images. We introduced a novel task where 100 observers made explicit perceptual judgments about the most salient image region. Other groups of observers performed a free viewing task, saliency search task, or cued object search task. Behavior on the popular free viewing task was not best predicted by standard saliency models. Instead, the models most accurately predicted the explicit saliency selections and eye movements made while performing saliency judgments. Observers' fixations varied similarly across images for the saliency and free viewing tasks, suggesting that these two tasks are related. The variability of observers' eye movements was modulated by the task (lowest for the object search task and greatest for the free viewing and saliency search tasks) as well as the clutter content of the images. Eye movement variability in saliency search and free viewing might be also limited by inherent variation of what observers consider salient. Our results contribute to understanding the tasks and behavioral measures for which saliency models are best suited as predictors of human behavior, the relationship across various perceptual tasks, and the factors contributing to observer variability in fixational eye movements.
Model based lithographic tool choices for a continuous state-of-the-art factory

Abstract Traditional methods of making tool selections for semiconductor manufacturing facilities tend to focus on minimizing equipment capital costs or minimizing wafer costs. A model that comprehends the effects of tool performance, product specifications, processing costs, and die yield to analyze alternate tooling strategies for lithography exposure equipment has been developed. This model enables the investigation of the profit implications of a given tool strategy. The economic framework for this model is reviewed, as are the inputs required for the lithography-specific implementation. Generalized specifications are developed for some generic I-line and DUV tools, and a process flow is defined for a generic logic device. The model is then applied using two types of analysis. The first application quantifies the differences in fab costs for several altermate tool selections. The second application investigates several multi-year tooling strategies.
Einstein observations of the Orion nebula

A single 3.5 hour observation on 1979 March 6 with the imaging proportional counter aboard the Einstein Observatory has revealed the presence of numerous low-luminosity (10 to the 31st ergs/s) X-ray sources in a region centered near the Trapezium in the Orion Nebula. In addition to the Trapezium, 22 discrete sources have been detected in a 1 x 1 deg field at or above the 4 sigma level. These sources are clearly associated with star formation, as indicated by the similarity of their spatial distribution with that of the nebular variables, a class of pre-main-sequence stars. Because the field is quite crowded, however, individual identifications of these sources are difficult. In addition to the discrete sources, there is evidence for diffuse or unresolved emission from two ridges extending 16 deg to the north and 15 deg to the west of the Trapezium. The nature of the discrete sources and of the diffuse emission is discussed.
Kinetic manifestation of processivity during multiple methylations catalyzed by SET domain protein methyltransferases.

Processive versus distributive methyl group transfer was assessed for pea Rubisco large subunit methyltransferase, a SET domain protein lysine methyltransferase catalyzing the formation of trimethyllysine-14 in the large subunit of Rubisco. Catalytically competent complexes between an immobilized form of des(methyl) Rubisco and Rubisco large subunit methyltransferase were used to demonstrate enzyme release that was co-incident with and dependent on formation of trimethyllysine. Catalytic rate constants determined for formation of trimethyllysine were considerably lower (∼10-fold) than rate constants determined for total radiolabel incorporation from [3H-methyl]-S-adenosylmethionine. Double-reciprocal velocity plots under catalytic conditions favoring monomethyllysine indicated a random or ordered reaction mechanism, while conditions favoring trimethyllysine suggested a hybrid ping-pong mechanism. These results were compared with double-reciprocal velocity plots and product analyses obtained for HsSET7/9 (...
Prolonged storage of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Diapausing adults of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens were stored at low temperature (5°C) under short daylengths (10:14 [L:D] h) for 31 wk with little maintenance. Rates of survival were very high (≈97%), and both males and females retained high reproductive potential. Shortly after transfer to warm, long-day conditions, >90% of the pairs produced fertile eggs: initiation of oviposition after storage was synchronous and predictable. Subsequently, depending on the duration of storage, females oviposited an average of 230–350 eggs during the first 30 d of oviposition (≈50–70% of the eggs produced by unstored females). Except for one group that was stored for 31 wk, high levels of fertile oviposition persisted for ≈45 d after storage. Cold storage of C. carnea benefits biological control efforts by providing flexibility and efficiency in mass-production to meet peak seasonal demands for eggs or young larvae; an alternative method of shipping C. carnea to distributors who choose to harvest eggs (or young larvae) for sale; and a reserve supply of stock if insectary colonies fail or dwindle. It also makes standardized stock available for use in long-term ecological, physiological, or genetic research.
Activation of sexual behavior by implantation of testosterone propionate and estradiol benzoate into the preoptic area of the male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

Abstract Intracranial implantation of minute pellets of gonadal steroids was performed to determine neuroanatomical loci at which steroids activate sexual behavior in the Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ). In this species, systemic treatment of castrated males with either testosterone propionate (TP) or estradiol benzoate (EB) restores male-typical copulatory behavior (head grabbing, mounting, and cloacal contact movements). In addition, EB activates female-typical receptive behavior (crouching). Adult male castrated quail were implanted intracranially with 300-μg pellets containing TP, EB, or cholesterol (CHOL) and behavior was tested with intact males and females. Either TP or EB pellets in the preoptic area (POA) activated male-typical copulatory behavior. Mounting was specifically activated without concomitant activation of other steroid-sensitive sexual and courtship behaviors. TP and EB implants in adjacent nuclei containing receptors for these steroids and CHOL implants in POA had no effect on male-typical copulatory behavior. Eighteen percent of all males tested for female-typical receptivity crouched, but no specific effect of EB was seen at any site. The similarity of the POA sites for activation of mounting by TP and EB is consistent with the hypothesis that cells within the POA aromatize testosterone to estrogens, which directly stimulate the cellular processes leading to behavioral activation.
Regulating PPARδ signaling as a potential therapeutic strategy for skeletal muscle disorders in heart failure.

despite remarkable improvements in cardiac mortality rates during the past decades ([4][1]), poor quality of life remains a major concern for patients with heart failure. One of the determinants of quality of life is exercise tolerance ([6][2]). Limited exercise capacity can result from multiple
Structure of deoxyhemoglobin A crystals grown from polyethylene glycol solutions.

The structure of a new crystal form of deoxyhemoglobin A grown from polyethylene glycol solutions has been determined at 3·5 A resolution. The molecular orientations and positions were found by means of rotation and translation functions using the squared molecular transform of horse deoxyhemoglobin. Phases were calculated using atomic co-ordinates previously determined for deoxyhemoglobin A grown in another crystalline form. A difference Fourier synthesis showed minor structural differences near intermolecular contacts, the heme groups, and the β 1 carboxyl terminus. Some of these differences may be caused by the different crystalline environment; others may be due to errors in the analytical method. These apparent structural differences will be useful for interpreting results of a similar analysis of deoxyhemoglobin S crystals grown from the same solvent.
Using Analytical Solutions at Large Momentum Transfer to Obtain Zero-Energy, Bound-State, Bethe–Salpeter Solutions of a Scalar and Spin-1/2 Fermion Exchanging Photons

The existence of families of leptons and quarks plus the properties of their mass and spin spectra suggest that leptons and quarks might be relativistic bound states of a scalar and a spin-1/2 fermion interacting via minimal electrodynamics. To begin exploring the properties of this bound-state system, the Bethe–Salpeter equation describing bound states of a minimally interacting scalar and spin-1/2 fermion with arbitrary masses is solved in the ladder approximation when the bound-state energy is zero. At large momentum transfer solutions are calculated analytically, yielding boundary conditions that are determined by the coupling constant. Zero-energy solutions, including the coupling constant that is calculated as an eigenvalue, are obtained by expanding the solution in terms of basis functions that obey the boundary conditions, discretizing the Bethe–Salpeter equation, and solving the resulting generalized matrix eigenvalue equation numerically. Since the coupling constant appears both in the Bethe–Salpeter equation as an eigenvalue and in the basis functions, the generalized matrix eigenvalue equation is nonlinear in the coupling constant and is solved iteratively. The spectrum of the coupling constant is discrete.
The Malthusian physiognomy of Nazi economics

The Nazi economic recovery, achieved between 1933 and 1938, displayed striking features of brilliant economic overhauling of a capitalist machine that had been plagued by a prolonged crisis. The means employed to effect the recovery appear to follow a Malthusian exercise in the rehabilitation of the function of effective demand: the Nazis, prompted by expediency and necessity, took remedial action that was very much in consonance with the canons of classical political economy. The succinct analysis of such an exercise in the context of the strong governmental regimentation of the Third Reich may provide insight into the nature and future of the capitalist regime, in the light of the fact that its principles, business and philosophical, and its implications for the world at large, so far, have not shown a marked departure from the way in which they were understood by the spirit of the 1930s, in Germany, as well as abroad.
A Note on the Non-existence of Regular Bases for Finite Groups

(given by (g1,... , gh) '1 .. gh for gi c S) is surjective and r-to-1 for some integer r. Of course, the integers IS!, IGI, h, and r are necessarily related by SIh = rIGI. A regular h-basis is trivial if S = G, in which case h can be any integer and r = IG h 1. In particular, when r = 1 (the unary case), the only examples for finite groups are h = 1 and S = G; when h > 1 the only example is G = S = {1}. A proof that non-trivial regular h-bases do not exist in finite groups, at least in some cases, was provided by D. Dimovski [3] who gives an example of an infinite group with a non-trivial unary 2-basis. Making explicit use of matrices in the regular representation of a finite group, he establishes that non-trivial regular 2-bases do not exist for any value of r > 1, and then uses this to prove that non-trivial unary h-bases do not exist in any finite group for any h ? 2. This took care of the cases of the "boundary" values for the parameters h and r. More recently, M. Cushman [2] found an elementary non-representation theoretic proof of this result in the unary case. The elementary argument in [1] is an extension of Cushman's approach, and covers all cases of h ? 2 and r ? 1. Although the argument in [1] is relatively short, and the only machinery required is Fermat's Little Theorem, we believe that for those who have already studied the rudiments of character theory the easiest approach of all is the argument given below (which is different from Dimovski's argument). Even though the proof does rely on character theory, the actual machinery needed (Second Orthogonality) lies at the very surface of the subject matter. It also is complete (covering all cases for h and r) and we believe it illuminates the power of the subject matter. Before beginning the proof, we review some essentials from character theory. A representation of a group G is any homomorphism W: G -* GLn(?) from G to the group of nonsingular n x n matrices over the complex numbers; n is the degree of the representation S. The associated character of (also referred to as the character afforded by -W) is the function X: G -> C obtained by composing with the trace map:
Uniform to Pulp: Performance of Transformation, Critique, and Community-Building for Veteran Soldiers

Veteran soldiers who choose to confront a culture of militarism occupy a challenging subject position. They cannot rely on the institutional and public respect generally reserved for veterans who do not question their military service. The Combat Paper Project, a workshop that allows veterans to create paper artwork out of their pulped combat uniforms, is a unique medium of identity renegotiation for veterans. This essay analyzes how Combat Paper, as performance rhetoric, offers veterans a multilayered and open-ended script to enact and transform their complex relationships to the military and the war experiences they embody. The essay illuminates the tactical nature of the Combat Paper performance, highlighting the performance of metaphor and metonymy as rhetorical devices. Overall, the essay identifies three rhetorical functions of the Combat Paper performance, namely its transformative, critical, and community-building functions, and demonstrates how a performance-oriented approach can animate a rhetor...
Derivation of total ozone abundance and cloud effects from spectral irradiance measurements.

We describe a method to infer total ozone abundance and effective cloud transmission from global (diffuse plus direct) spectral irradiance measurements taken at the Earth's surface. The derivation of total ozone abundance relies on the comparison of measured irradiance ratios at two wavelengths in the UV part of the spectrum with a synthetic chart of this ratio computed for a variety of ozone abundances. One of these wavelengths should be appreciably absorbed by ozone (e.g., 305 nm) compared with the other one (e.g., 340 nm). This synthetic ratio (and therefore also the inferred total ozone abundance) is insensitive to the value of the surface albedo used in the model computations. Comparison with independent in situ and remote (from ground and space) determinations of total ozone abundance shows that measurements of global irradiances provide a reliable means of inferring the total column ozone amount for clear as well as cloudy sky conditions. Computer simulations are used to demonstrate that the ozone abundance inferred from global irradiance measurements is quite insensitive to cloud effects, whereas the use of the scattered irradiance only or the zenith sky intensity (measured routinely in the Dobson network on overcast days) requires substantial corrections for cloud effects. Effective cloud transmission is estimated from the data by comparing the measured irradiance at a wavelength where ozone absorption is minimal (e.g., 350 nm) to the clear-sky value. Irradiances generated by a plane-parallel radiation model as a function of cloud optical thickness are used to estimate an equivalent stratified cloud optical depth. These estimates of cloud transmission and optical depth are sensitive to ground reflection, implying that the accurate determination of cloud attenuation requires precise knowledge of the surface albedo.
Functional correctness for CMP interconnects

As transistor counts continue to scale, modern designs are transitioning towards large chip multi-processors (CMPs). In order to match the advancing performance of CMPs, on-chip interconnects are becoming increasingly complex, commonly deploying advanced network-on-chip (NoC) structures. Ensuring the correct operation of these system-level infrastructures has become increasingly problematic and, in order to avoid the potential for functional design errors manifesting into the final product, there is a need for mechanisms to safeguard communication integrity at runtime. In this paper, we propose SafeNoC, an end-to-end error detection and recovery solution to ensure the functional correctness of CMP interconnects. SafeNoC augments the existing interconnect with a simple, lightweight checker network that is guaranteed to deliver messages correctly. For each data message sent over the primary NoC, a look-ahead signature is transmitted over the checker network and is used to detect errors in the corresponding data message. If a functional communication bug is detected, a novel recovery algorithm reconstructs the data that was in flight at the time of the error occurrence, ensuring that it reaches the intended destination. In our experiments, we found that SafeNoC can recover from a wide variety of errors, with almost no performance impact in the absence of errors. A lightweight solution, SafeNoC occupies a 2.41% area overhead in a 64-core CMP, 7× smaller than common retransmission-based approaches.
Age Differences in the Responses to Adult and Juvenile Alarm Calls by Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata)

This study examined the differential responses to alarm calls from juvenile and adult wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) in two parks in southern India. Field studies of several mammalian species have reported that the alarm vocalizations of immature individuals are often treated by perceivers as less provocative than those of adults. This study documents such differences in response using field-recorded playbacks of juvenile and adult alarm vocalizations. To validate the use of playback vocalizations as proxies of natural calls, we compared the responses of bonnet macaques to playbacks of alarm vocalizations with responses engendered by natural alarm vocalizations. We found that the frequency of flight, latency to flee, and the frequency of scanning to vocalization playbacks and natural vocalizations were comparable, thus supporting the use of playbacks to compare the effects of adult and juvenile calls. Our results showed that adult alarm calls were more provocative than juvenile alarm calls, inducing greater frequencies of flight with faster reaction times. Conversely, juvenile alarm calls were more likely to engender scanning by adults, a result interpreted as reflecting the lack of reliability of juvenile calls. Finally, we found age differences in flight behavior to juvenile alarm calls and to playbacks of motorcycle engine sounds, with juveniles and subadults more likely to flee than adults after hearing such sounds. These findings might reflect an increased vulnerability to predators or a lack of experience in young bonnet macaques.
Error and Bias in Using the Incomplete Gamma Function to Describe Lactation Curves

Abstract Lactation curves can be generated and studies with mathematical models. The incomplete gamma function has the ability to generate curves of many shapes and can fit lactation curves affected by many different biological and environmental factors. The incomplete gamma function was used to fit lactation curves for 653 lactations at least 305 days long. For records of daily milk production for every day or every 30th day for the first 120, 210, or 305 days of the lactation, lactation curves were fitted by linear regression after a logarithmic transformation of the incomplete gamma function. Predictions of these curves for daily production and cumulative yield up to 305 days following freshening were compared to the records for daily production and cumulative yield for the same lactations. The bias and error for predicting daily milk production were high during the first week following freshening and then decreased. If the curse was fitted to production records for the first 120 or 210 days of the lactation, the bias and error of predicting daily production after day 120 or 210 of the lactation progressively increased until the end of the lactation. Fitting lactation curves to monthly observations of daily production increased the error in predicting 305-day cumulative yield from 247 to 300% compared to curves fitted from daily observations. However, when incomplete gamma curves were fitted to monthly observations of daily milk production over the entire 305-day lactation, the error in predicting 305-day cumulative yield (183.5 kg) was comparable to the prediction errors of centering date and test interval methods.
Food consumption behavior of socioeconomic groups for private labels and national brands

Abstract Knowledge of a high correlation between a consumer’s residence and his place of grocery shopping has allowed researchers to use scanner data to assess the relationship between income and shopping behavior. This study addresses the shopping behavior of over 100,000 consumers who patronize six supermarkets weekly. Three of these supermarkets are best characterized as stores that service primarily lower-income shoppers, and three are best characterized as stores that service primarily higher-income shoppers. A key objective of this research is to determine if purchasing patterns differ for the two income groups and, if so, to determine if these differences are consistent with economic theory. The results show that the dominant income group for a given area makes purchase decisions that are so widespread and prominent that the confounding effects of other income shoppers are completely overshadowed. Simply stated, the statistical evidence is so strong that it overcomes all possible deviating effects which may result from data outliers.