cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agricultural Surpluses and Nutritional Deficits: A Statement of the Problem and Some Factors Affecting Its Solution

When the President called the attention of Congress to that third of our nation which is "ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished," he succinctly summarized a problem with which researchers, administrators, and the people themselves are becoming increasingly concerned.1 Considering our natural resources, our mechanical facilities and the number of competent workmen available, why should any sizeable portion of our population lack adequate housing, or sufficient clothing, or the food necessary for an adequate diet? Agricultural workers, of course, are chiefly interested in the nutritional aspect of this problem, since approximately 85 per cent of farmers' income is derived from the production of commodities used for food, and since agricultural surpluses, either actual or potential, have been one of the dominant factors in the agricultural situation since 1920. As an opening contribution to this discussion, I want to consider the character of our agricultural surpluses, to review the data available with respect to nutritional deficits and the extent to which food consumption should be increased, and to indicate some of the factors which I think need to be considered if the surpluses are to be used to wipe out the deficits-if both farmers and consumers are to be benefited.
Efficient control of fully automated connected vehicles at freeway merge segments

Abstract This paper presents a longitudinal freeway merging control algorithm for maximizing the average travel speed of fully automated connected vehicles. Communication with a roadside unit allows the computation and transmission of optimized trajectories to the equipped vehicles. These vehicles then carry out the trajectories and resume normal operation once they cease communication with the roadside controller. A tool was developed to simulate and carry out the merging algorithm, while interfacing with the optimization software LINGO. A hypothetical merging segment was simulated to evaluate the effectiveness of the merging algorithm, and its performance is compared to conventional vehicle operation. During uncongested conditions the algorithm is able to reduce travel time, increase average travel speed and improve throughput. The capacity of the merge segment is directly related to the safe time gap selected to run the algorithm. Once capacity is reached, queuing forms on both the ramp and mainline segments upstream of the merge area. The algorithm provides safe merging operations during this congested traffic state.
Effect of permeate recycling and light intensity on growth kinetics of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Abstract Permeate reuse for cultivating Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was studied in batch photosynthetic-growth experiments having a wide range of the ratio of membrane permeate to BG-11 medium. The 50% dilution of permeate gave the greatest biomass concentration and specific growth rate for Synechocystis , but up to 100% permeate had minimal impact on biomass growth; thus, a high ratio of permeate supported good growth of Synechocystis . With initial values of the spatially averaged light intensity (LI SA ) ranging from 49 to 479 μE m − 2 s − 1 , Synechocystis exhibited typical photo-inhibition growth kinetics in 50% permeate. The half-maximum-rate light irradiance (K L ) was 39 μE m − 2 s − 1 , and the half-inhibition-rate light irradiance (K I ) was 281 μE m − 2 s − 1 . The K I value is larger than seen previously for Synechocystis in BG-11 medium, which suggests that culturing in permeate may have made Synechocystis less sensitive to photo-inhibition. The exponential growth rate of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was not inhibited by recycled permeate through multiple rounds of growth in 50% permeate. These results demonstrate that permeate recycling is a feasible strategy for reusing nutrients and minimizing water loss.
Trends in food insecurity among California residents from 2001 to 2011: Inequities at the intersection of immigration status and ethnicity

Although immigrants are healthier than non-immigrants on numerous outcomes, the reverse appears to be true with regards to food insecurity. Most studies ignore heterogeneity in the risk for food insecurity within immigration status and by ethnicity, even though significant variation likely exists. We consider how immigration status and ethnicity are related to trends in food insecurity among Latinos and Asians in California from 2001 through 2011. Data come from the 2001 to 2011 restricted California Health Interview Survey (n=245,679). We categorized Latinos and Asians as US-born, naturalized/legal permanent residents (naturalized/LPR), and non-LPRs (students, temporary workers, refugees, and undocumented persons). Multivariable weighted logistic regression analyses assessed temporal trends over the 10-year period after adjustment for demographics, socioeconomic characteristics, and program participation. Across this period, US-born Asians reported similar levels of food insecurity as US-born Whites. Conversely, Latinos, regardless of immigration status or nativity, and Asian immigrants (i.e., naturalized/LPR and non-LPR) reported greater food insecurity than US-born Whites. Further, from 2001 through 2009, non-LPR Latinos reported higher risk of food insecurity than naturalized/LPR Latinos. Thus, food insecurity differs between ethnic groups, but also differs within ethnic group by immigration status. Efforts to reduce food insecurity should consider the additional barriers to access that are faced by immigrants, particularly those without legal permanent residency.
The Use of Assistive Technology to Improve Time Management Skills of a Young Adult with an Intellectual Disability

A growing literature base suggests the need for positive interventions to help individuals with intellectual disabilities improve their time management skills. Time management is a crucial area tha...
Aggregate Path Coupling: Beyond Kn

In this Chapter, based on the results in [31], we illustrate the strength and generality of the aggregate path coupling method for proving rapid mixing by applying it to the Potts model on the bipartite graph which differs from the traditional mean-field model where every spin interacts with every other spin; i.e., interactions are defined by the complete graph. Recent studies of the dynamics and equilibrium structure of the related model, the Ising model on general bipartite graphs, include [28, 11].
Shellfish for the Celestial Empire: The Rise and Fall of Abalone Fishing in California

The latest contribution by Todd Braje, Shellfish for the Celestial Empire: The Rise and Fall of Abalone Fishing in California, is an informative and enjoyable read for both public and scientific au...
Comparing the Sensitivity of the Test Statistics

Chapters 4 and 5 presented some theoretical and computational comparisons of the power-divergence family members. This chapter provides some further practical understanding of these results, by analyzing the effects of individual cell frequencies on the power-divergence statistic.
Diagnosis of esophageal motility disorders

PreviewWhen a patient presents with dysphagia and chest pain, the diagnosis may be one of a number of esophageal motility disorders. In some cases, however, the diagnosis is confused because pain mimics that of angina pectoris. Mechanical dysphagia may also be confused with dysphagia due to an esophageal motility disorder. How can primary care physicians know which studies are needed for accurate diagnosis? In this article, Dr Marshall clarifies the differential diagnosis and discusses the relative merits of current diagnostic methods.
The employment of methods of inhibition analysis in the normal and tumor-bearing mammalian organism.

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to review the progress made in the employment of methods of inhibition analysis in the whole animal in experimental cancer chemotherapy. It discusses that the term inhibition analysis is employed to designate the field of research employing competitive metabolite-analogue inhibitions in the study of biochemical reactions. The inhibition index is defined as the ratio of antagonist to metabolite in moles, which results in a defined observable effect in a specific period of time. The chapter also reviews the carious experimental procedures and examples given of the kind of information that can be obtained, employing such methods. Such studies may help integrate biological and biochemical investigation. Presumptive evidence may be obtained employing antagonists and metabolites in the whole animal regarding biochemical mechanism. The antineoplastic effectiveness of a drug is not a fixed characteristic of the drug. It may be altered by factors pertaining to the host and the tumor, as well as by the method of employment of the drug. It is possible to increase the effectiveness of drug action against tumor, relative to the toxic action of the drug for the host.
Localizing individual soniferous fish using passive acoustic monitoring

Abstract Identifying where fish inhabit is a fundamentally important topic in ecology and management allowing acoustically sensitive times and areas to be prioritized. Passive acoustic localization has the benefit of being a non-invasive and non-destructive observational tool, and provides unbiased data on the position and movement of aquatic animals. This study used the time difference of arrivals (TDOA) of sound recordings on a four-hydrophone array to pinpoint the location of male oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau, a cryptic fish that produces boatwhistles to attract females. Coupling the TDOA method with cross correlation of the different boatwhistles, individual toadfish were mapped during dawn (0523–0823), midday (1123–1423), dusk (1723–2023) and night (2323−0223) to examine the relationship between temporal and spatial trends. Seven individual males were identified within 0.5–24.2 m of the hydrophone array and 0.0–18.2 m of the other individuals. Uncertainty in passive acoustics localization was investigated using computer simulations as
Comparison of Populations Served in Hospital Service Areas With and Without Comprehensive Primary Care Plus Medical Homes

Importance Little is known about the types of primary care practices that have chosen to participate in the Comprehensive Primary Care Plus (CPC+) program or about how participation could affect disparities. Objective To describe practices that joined the CPC+ model and compare hospital service areas with and without CPC+ practices. Design, Setting, and Participants This comparative cross-sectional study identified 2647 CPC+ practices in round 1 (from January 1, 2017; round 1 is ongoing through 2021). Using IMS Health Care Organization Services data, ownership and characteristics of health systems and practices were extracted. Practices participating in the CPC+ program were compared with practices with similar proportions of primary care physicians (>85%) within the 14 regions designated as eligible to participate by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Within eligible regions, hospital service areas with (n = 434) and without (n = 322) 1 or more CPC+ practice were compared. Characteristics compared included area-level population demographics (from the US Census Bureau), health system characteristics (from the IMS Health Care Organization Services), and use of health services by Medicare fee-for-service enrollees (Dartmouth Atlas). Main Outcomes and Measures Area-level characteristics of all eligible CPC+ regions, areas without a CPC+ practice, and areas with 1 or more CPC+ practices. Results Of 756 eligible service areas, 322 had no CPC+ practices and 434 had at least 1 CPC+ practice. Of 2647 CPC+ practices, 579 (21.9%) had 1 physician and 1791 (67.7%) had 2 to 10 physicians. In areas without CPC+ practices, the population had a lower median income ($43 197 [interquartile range, $42 170-$44 224] vs $57 206 [interquartile range, $55 470-$58 941]), higher mean share of households living in poverty (17.8% [95% CI, 17.2%-18.4%] vs 14.4% [95% CI, 13.9%-15.0%]), higher mean educational attainment of high school or less (52.7% [95% CI, 51.7%-53.6%] vs 43.1% [95% CI, 42.1%-44.2%]), higher mean proportion of disabled residents (17.7% [95% CI, 17.3%-18.2%] vs 14.2% [13.8%-14.6%]), higher mean participation in Medicare (21.9% [95% CI, 21.3%-22.4%] vs 18.8% [95% CI, 18.3%-19.1%]) and Medicaid (22.2% [95% CI, 21.5%-22.9%]) vs 18.5% [95% CI, 17.8%-19.2%]), and higher mean proportion of uninsured residents (12.4% [95% CI, 11.9%-12.9%] vs 10.3% [95% CI, 9.9%-10.7%]) (P Conclusions and Relevance According to this study, although a diverse set of practices joined the CPC+ program, practices in areas characterized by patient populations with greater advantage were more likely to join, which may affect access to advanced primary care medical home models such as CPC+, by vulnerable populations.
SEM Approach for TPB: Application to Digital Health Software and Self-Health Management

The goal of this research is to investigate the feasibility of Structure Equation Modeling approach for developing a quantitative behavior model grounded on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Data collected from an IRB sanctioned pilot consisting of approximately 500 participants were used to develop the model. The validity of the model is evaluated based on Chi-square, p-value, and RMSEA for statistical power and goodness of fit. The utility of the model is studied through correlation analysis related to user engagement for self-health management. Example association pattern discovered from the analysis was illustrated for its use in digital health software development.
Heteropaternity of twins in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta).

Objectives This project investigated paternity among 14 sets of twins born into a colony of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) on St. Catherines Island, GA. Female L. catta commonly mate with >1 male, and twins of different sexes confirm that dizygotic twinning can occur in this species. However, no study has previously evaluated twins using genetic data to measure the proportion of mono versus dizygotic twinning in L. catta, and no study has tested for heteropaternity (sirehood by two different males) in this species. We predicted that L. catta would show a predominance of dizygosity and evidence for heteropaternity. Materials and methods Paternity was determined for 28 infants (14 sets of twins) via paternity exclusion analyses using 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers, and data were collected on sexual behavior across four mating seasons during the first cycle of mating in each year, which overlapped with the conceptive periods of these infants. Results All twins were found to be dizygotic, as evidenced by dissimilar multilocus genotypes between the two infants of each twin pair. Heteropaternity was found in 3 of 14 (21% of) twin pairs, whereas the remaining 11 pairs of twins (79%) shared the same sire. In one case of heteropaternity, one sire was a resident male, and one sire was an extra-group male. An extra-group male also sired one of the same-sire twin pairs. All other sires of twins were group residents. Discussion Female multiple mating, which is common to many primates including L. catta, can be viewed as an adaptive reproductive strategy whose function-in addition to fertility assurance or stimulating sperm competition-may be to increase the genetic diversity of a female's offspring, even among infants born in the same birth event. Therefore, during the course of primate evolution, the adaptive benefits of heteropaternity would be expected to have contributed to positive selection for female promiscuity.
Influence of Operating Parameters on Performance and Emissions for a Compression-Ignition Engine Fueled by Hydrogen/diesel Mixtures

Abstract Hydrocarbon exhaust emissions are mainly recognized as a consequent of carbon-based fuel combustion in compression ignition (CI) engines. Alternative fuels can be coupled with hydrocarbon fuels to control the pollutant emissions and improve the engine performance. In this study, different parameters that influence the engine performance and emissions are illustrated with more details. This numerical work was carried out on a dual-fuel CI engine to study its performance and emission characteristics at different hydrogen energy ratios. The simulation model was run with diesel as injected fuel and hydrogen, along with air, as inducted fuel. Three-dimensional CFD software for numerical simulations was implemented to simulate the direct-injection CI engine. A reduced-reaction mechanism for n-heptane was considered in this work instead of diesel. The Hiroyasu-Nagel model was presented to examine the rate of soot formation inside the cylinder. This work investigates the effect of hydrogen variation on output efficiency, ignition delay, and emissions. More hydrogen present inside the engine cylinder led to lower soot emissions, higher thermal efficiency, and higher NOx emissions. Ignition timing delayed as the hydrogen rate increased, due to a delay in OH radical formation. Strategies such as an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) method and diesel injection timing were considered as well, due to their potential effects on the engine outputs. The relationship among the engine outputs and the operation conditions were also considered.
Changes in Viscoelastic Properties of Latex Condoms Due to Personal Lubricants

Changes in the viscoelastic properties of the latex membrane due to personal lubricant application may be a potential cause of condom slippage during use. In this study, swelling and stress relaxation were studied for natural rubber latex condoms in the presence of personal lubricants. Neither swelling nor stress relaxation occurred in the presence of a water-based lubricant. Marginal swelling occurred due to a silicone-based lubricant compared to the positive control, mineral oil. However, no relaxation was observed when a stress relaxation test was performed after the swelling reached completion. Considerable relaxation occurred when the test was performed during the ongoing swelling process. These results suggest that stress relaxation may increase the risk of condom slippage due to the presence of a personal lubricant that induces swelling.
Utilization of Radioxenon Monitoring to Aid Severe Nuclear Accident Response

Radioxenon isotopes are produced with high yield from nuclear fission. The noble gas properties facilitate migration through nuclear fuel. At fuel temperatures present in a severe nuclear accident, the release fraction of xenon isotopes from the UO2 matrix approaches 100%. Consequently, a breech in fuel cladding integrity during a severe nuclear accident will likely lead to a radioxenon release. This radioxenon release provides an early signature indicating fuel damage. Fuel was significantly damaged at the Windscale (1957), Three Mile Island (1979), Chernobyl (1986), and Fukushima Daiichi (2011) nuclear reactor accidents, and radioxenon releases were early indicators of the extent of fuel damage for these events. Radioxenon isotopes are an optimum indicator as their half-lives are long enough to be detected but not too long to cause significant environmental background accumulation. The radioxenon isotopes are also readily detectable via modern radiation monitoring equipment.
Template-Free Synthesis of a Macrocyclic Bis(pyridine-dienamine) Proligand and Metal Complexes of Its Bis(pyridine-diimine) and Bis(pyridine-dienamido) Forms.

We describe the template-free synthesis of the bis(pyridine-dienamine) proligand [4,5-(m-xylylenediamine)NH–C═(CH)(9-butyl-octahydroacridine)]2 (2′), a variant of Burrows’s macrocyclic bis(pyridine...
Putting Misinformation Under a Microscope: Exploring Technologies to Address Predatory False Information Online.

AbstractThe dissemination of misinformation in health care and the sciences has become a growing concern over the last five years. Whether the false information is spread with malice or merely igno...
Chronic Disease Decision Making and “What Matters Most”

The increasing use of the question, "What matters most to you?" is a welcome development in the effort to provide patient-centered care. However, it is difficult for clinicians to translate answers to this question into treatment plans for chronic conditions, including recognizing when to consider options other than clinical practice guideline (CPG)-directed therapy. Goal elicitation is most helpful when a patient has different treatment options with clearly identifiable trade-offs. In the face of trade-offs, goal elicitation helps patients to prioritize among potentially competing outcomes. While decision aids (DAs) focus on trade-offs by delineating options and outcomes, the robust outcome data necessary to create DAs for older patients with multimorbidity are often lacking and even mild cognitive impairment makes the use of DAs difficult. The challenges for providing chronic disease care to older patients who are at risk for adverse events from CPG-directed therapy because of multimorbidity and/or frailty are to organize the complexity of individual combinations of diseases, conditions, and syndromes into common sets of trade-offs and to identify those goals or priorities that will directly inform a plan of care. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:474-477, 2020.
Mastery Learning, Milestones, and Entrustable Professional Activities

Competency-based medical education (CBME) has developed strong roots in many professional education systems worldwide. The CBME movement is driven by concern and evidence of significant challenges in the quality and safety of healthcare. Medical education can be viewed as a translational science intervention because the competencies acquired by learners must transfer directly to the care of patients and families. Mastery learning specifically incorporates this critical outcomes-based philosophy into its design and application. Milestones and entrustable professional activities (EPAs) have emerged as developmental educational strategies and approaches to advance the implementation of CBME. However, implementation of competencies through milestones and EPAs has been challenging and is still in its infancy.
Is It the pH That Matters? Challenging the Pathophysiology of Acidemia in a Case of Severe Hypercapnia Secondary to Intraoperative CO2 Insufflation.

Background Acidemia has been long thought to lead to hemodynamic compromise. While some literature to date challenges this idea, there is no consensus on this topic. Case summary To our knowledge, this is the most severe case of hypercapnia and acidosis due to carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation during laparoscopy reported in the literature. Remarkably, this patient remained hemodynamically normal despite having a blood pH below 6.81. This prompts a wider discussion about the effects of blood pH on human physiology. Most patients who present acidotic are critically ill and have confounding underlying metabolic or respiratory pathophysiology driving their illness. In this case, the patient experienced no respiratory insult leading to an increase in blood CO2 but rather had CO2 iatrogenically introduced into the circulatory system, effectively detaching the deleterious effects of CO2 from the respiratory pathologies that so often cause its accumulation. Conclusion This raises the question, in patients with severe acidosis and hemodynamic compromise, is acidosis a symptom of the underlying process, or is the acidosis itself causing harm?
Within- and Between-Person Relationships Among Health, Awareness of Aging, and Control Beliefs: A Microlongitudinal Study

Objective Control beliefs are bidirectionally related to physical and cognitive health, and control beliefs are associated with awareness of aging (subjective age and awareness of age-related change [AARC]), but it is unclear how these processes unfold within-persons over time. We examine these relationships from both between- and within-person perspectives. Methods Older adults (n=116) ranging in age from 60 to 90 (M=64.71) completed a nine-day daily diary study online, resulting in 743 total days. Participants reported their sociodemographic characteristics on Day 1 and physical symptoms, memory failures, felt age, daily AARC gain and loss experiences, and control beliefs on Days 2-9. Results Within-person deviations from one's typical awareness of aging (AARC losses, AARC gains, and subjective age) were associated with fluctuations in control beliefs. Multilevel mediation results showed that between-person AARC losses mediated the relationship between health (both physical symptoms and memory failures) and control beliefs, whereas both within- and between- person control beliefs mediated the relationship between physical health and AARC losses. Model fit comparisons showed that models with control beliefs mediating health and awareness of aging fit better than models with awareness of aging mediating health and control beliefs. Discussion Our findings suggest that within-person physical and cognitive health indicators were associated with awareness of aging indirectly through control beliefs. Although between-person differences in AARC losses may link health and control beliefs, our results suggest that a more consistent pattern involves control beliefs linking health and awareness of aging.
Transparent organic light emitting devices

We report the demonstration of transparent organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) which are ∼70% transparent throughout the visible spectrum when switched off, and emit light from both sides with a total external quantum efficiency of ∼0.1% when turned on. The devices are Alq3‐based single heterostructure OLEDs grown on an ITO‐coated glass substrate with a top electrode composed of a very thin layer of Mg–Ag and an overlaying ITO film. The top electrode is both electron injecting and transparent. The transparent OLEDs are expected to be useful in high‐resolution full‐color displays, as well as for helmet‐mounted, windshield‐mounted, or other ‘‘head‐up’’ display applications.
The Intersection of a Comfort Focused Birth Plan and Routine Newborn Care

Within a landscape where more families are opting for a comfort focused approach to the delivery and care of their newborns with what is felt to be a lethal anomaly, it is important to continually reassess which routine newborn medical interventions should and should not be considered within this comfort focused plan. We present a case of a female newborn infant delivered at 35 weeks with an extensive intracranial hemorrhage diagnosed via prenatal MRI …
Smart Automation of an Integrated Water System

This research focuses on the design and development of smart automation for an integrated water system that combines two off-grid freshwater resources of Rain Harvesting System (RHS) and Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG). This system is designed to perform automatically, from the point of generation/collection to the point of use, i.e., a vertical farming unit. Smart logic control system with Arduino Uno is applied to make the water generation system adaptive to atmospheric condition and to automatically refill the supply tanks that provides nutrition solution to the plants. This smart water system offers consistent water supply, reduces energy consumption, and eliminates labor. An experimental setup was established to test if the smart logic system is working correctly with all the electrical components. Then the system is introduced on-site at the point of use.
CYBORG: Blending Human Saliency Into the Loss Improves Deep Learning.

Can deep learning models achieve greater generalization if their training is guided by reference to human perceptual abilities? And how can we implement this in a practical manner? This paper proposes a first-ever training strategy to ConveY Brain Oversight to Raise Generalization (CYBORG). This new training approach incorporates human-annotated saliency maps into a CYBORG loss function that guides the model towards learning features from image regions that humans find salient when solving a given visual task. The Class Activation Mapping (CAM) mechanism is used to probe the model's current saliency in each training batch, juxtapose model saliency with human saliency, and penalize the model for large differences. Results on the task of synthetic face detection show that the CYBORG loss leads to significant improvement in performance on unseen samples consisting of face images generated from six Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) across multiple classification network architectures. We also show that scaling to even seven times as much training data with standard loss cannot beat the accuracy of CYBORG loss. As a side effect, we observed that the addition of explicit region annotation to the task of synthetic face detection increased human classification performance. This work opens a new area of research on how to incorporate human visual saliency into loss functions. All data, code and pre-trained models used in this work are offered with this paper.
Engineering Escherichia coli for renewable benzyl alcohol production.

Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic hydrocarbon used as a solvent and an intermediate chemical in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and flavor/fragrance industries. The de novo biosynthesis of benzyl alcohol directly from renewable glucose was herein explored using a non-natural pathway engineered in Escherichia coli. Benzaldehyde was first produced from endogenous phenylpyruvate via three heterologous steps, including hydroxymandelate synthase (encoded by hmaS) from Amycolatopsis orientalis, followed by (S)-mandelate dehydrogenase (encoded by mdlB) and phenylglyoxylate decarboxylase (encoded by mdlC) from Pseudomonas putida ATCC 12633. The subsequent rapid and efficient reduction of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol occurred by the combined activity and native regulation of multiple endogenous alcohol dehydrogenases and/or aldo-keto reductases. Through systematic deletion of competing aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathways to promote endogenous phenylpyruvate availability, final benzyl alcohol titers as high as 114±1 mg/L were realized, representing a yield of 7.6±0.1 mg/g on glucose and a ~5-fold improvement over initial strains.
Research Bulletin: Physical Education Activity Requirement for Women in Selected Colleges and Universities in the South

Abstract With the emphasis on requiring more courses for graduation and with the increase in enrollment and resulting difficulties of providing staffs and teaching stations, there is pressure in many institutions of higher learning to eliminate physical education. Results of a recent study on the physical education requirement for women in Southern institutions are presented here because of their value to AAHPER members in all parts of the country, who may be faced with the challenge of justifying physical education as a requirement.—Editor.
Metabolic spectroscopy of inflammation in a bleomycin‐induced lung injury model using hyperpolarized 1‐13C pyruvate

Metabolic activity in the lung is known to change in response to external insults, inflammation, and cancer. We report measurements of metabolism in the isolated, perfused rat lung of healthy controls and in diseased lungs undergoing acute inflammation using hyperpolarized 1-13C-labeled pyruvate. The overall apparent activity of lactate dehydrogenase is shown to increase significantly (on average by a factor of 3.3) at the 7 day acute stage and to revert substantially to baseline at 21 days, while other markers indicating monocarboxylate uptake and transamination rate are unchanged. Elevated lung lactate signal levels correlate well with phosphodiester levels as determined with 31P spectroscopy and with the presence of neutrophils as determined by histology, consistent with a relationship between intracellular lactate pool labeling and the density and type of inflammatory cells present. We discuss several alternate hypotheses, and conclude that the most probable source of the observed signal increase is direct uptake and metabolism of pyruvate by inflammatory cells and primarily neutrophils. This signal is seen in high contrast to the low baseline activity of the lung. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi-stable synchronization of delay-coupled optomechanical oscillators

We demonstrate synchronisation between two independent optomechanical oscillators coupled through an optical delay of 138.76ns. By varying the coupling strengths, we observe multiple stable synchronised states with different frequencies, enabling applications in reconfigurable RF networks.
Unions and hospitals: some unresolved issues

This article investigates the impact of unions on the wages of hospital workers. Our OLS findings agree with previous OLS studies--unions increase registered nurses' (RNs) wages by five percent and by about eight to ten percent for other hospital workers. By contrast, we find (after correcting for selectivity bias in hospital unionization status) a direct union effect of about twenty percent on RN wages and in excess of thirty percent on wages of other hospital workers. While the results based on selectivity bias adjustments make us uneasy, we do not reject them out-of-hand. We also find indirect union effects (up to five percent) by other unionized occupations within a hospital and up to ten percent by other unionized hospitals in the local labor market. Prospective reimbursement programs have a negative impact on the wages of hospital workers but are only significant for non-unionized occupations. Our three empirical tests of monopsony all reject the view that monopsony is a factor in hospital wage-setting. Even considering the large union effects (based on selectivity bias adjustment), we conclude that unions have been a minor contributor to hospital cost inflation.
High temperature rare earth and Si-Ge thermoelectric materials

The preparation of the metastable crystalline high temperature and high pressure polymorphs of R2S3, where R = Y, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu was investigated at room temperature by mechanical milling (MM). For Ti-DygS^, the metastable high temperature y-phase was obtained by MM. For O-Y2S3. o-ErgS^ and s-YbjSg the metastable high pressure y-phase was obtained, whereas for the S-TmgS^ and c-Lu^S^ samples the metastable high pressure y-phases coexisted with the corresponding equilibrium ambient polymorphic phase. In case of DygS^ and Y2S3 the y-cubic phase was present even after 160 hour MM.
Guidance of neuronal growth cones in the grasshopper embryo. I. Recognition of a specific axonal pathway by the pCC neuron

In the previous paper, we experimentally analyzed the selective affinity of the pCC growth cone for the MP1/dMP2 fascicle in the grasshopper embryo. Here we describe a similar experimental analysis demonstrating the selective affinity of the aCC growth cone for the U fascicle. These results support the labeled-pathways hypothesis. The 2 sets of cell ablation experiments argue against the simple location of axons, the simple timing of axon outgrowth, and/or simple quantitative differences in the expression of a common surface label being the major determinant in pathway selection by neuronal growth cones. Rather, these 2 examples of growth-cone specificity, together with previous studies on the G growth cone, suggest that neuronal recognition molecules are differentially expressed on the surfaces of different embryonic axonal pathways and tracts and are used to guide growth cones through a series of choice points to their targets.
Regional peak mucosal cooling predicts the perception of nasal patency.

Objective Nasal obstruction is the principal symptom that drives patients with rhinosinus disease to seek medical treatment. However, patient perception of obstruction often bears little relationship to actual measured physical obstruction of airflow. This lack of an objective clinical tool hinders effective diagnosis and treatment. Previous work has suggested that the perception of nasal patency may involve nasal trigeminal activation by cool inspiratory airflow; we attempt to derive clinically relevant variables following this phenomenon.
Scheduling Algorithms for Star-Coupled WDM Networks with Tunable Transmitter and Tunable Receiver Architecture

This paper presents the design and analysis of two scheduling algorithms for a reservation-based medium access control (MAC) protocol for wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) multi-channel optical networks. The network architecture is based on a passive star topology with one tunable transmitter and receiver (TT-TR) per node. The main objective of scheduling algorithm design is to reduce the computation time while maximizing the utilization of the network resources. In this paper, we propose two scheduling schemes called SEQSAM (SEQuential Scheduling AlgorithM) and BALSAM (BALanced Scheduling AlgorithM). Let M denote the number of nodes, C the number of channels, and K the maximum number of packets transmitted by one node to another. SEQSAM uses the M × M traffic demand matrix--obtained during the reservation phase of the MAC protocol--to compute a collision-free schedule for the nodes of the network. BALSAM uses the modified MULTI-FIT algorithm (MMFT) [1] to convert the M × M matrix into a corresponding M × C matrix, which is input to the IBS (Interval Based Scheduling) algorithm [2] that schedules the requests of the nodes. The overall time complexity of SEQSAM is O(M3) compared to BALSAM algorithm's time complexity of O(M2CK + M2 + MlogM). Note that the lower bound for any scheduling algorithm operating on a M × M matrix is O(M2). A simulation-based performance study that considers network utilization, computation time, tuning latency, average packet latency and throughput for 1.2 Gbps and 2.4 Gbps data streams is presented.
TRACE METAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SPORULATION OF BACILLUS MEGATERIUM

Kolodziej, Bruno J. (Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.), and Ralph A. Slepecky. Trace metal requirements for sporulation of Bacillus megaterium. J. Bacteriol. 88:821-830. 1964.-A sucrose-mineral salts medium was purified for the purpose of definitively re-examining the trace metal cations associated with the sporulation of Bacillus megaterium. Two heretofore unknown requirements for copper (0.013 mug/ml of cupric ion) and molybdenum (27.2 mug/ml of molybdate ion) were uncovered. In the purified copper-supplemented medium, sporulation levels of other metals were determined as follows: iron, 0.5 mug/ml of ferrous ion; zinc, 1.1 mug/ml of zinc ion; manganese, 0.037 mug/ml of manganous ion; and calcium, 0.9 mug/ml of calcium ion. The approximate time during which the various metals were required was determined with iron, zinc, calcium, and manganese. A molybdenum substitution for copper, iron, or zinc was noted. The copper requirement was shown for the sporulation of B. cereus var. mycoides and var. albolactis, suggesting that this may be a general requirement for sporulation. The specific functions of metal ions in sporulation are not known, but they probably act as activators of the various enzyme systems necessary for sporulation.
Mechanisms of Fluid Transport Across Renal Tubules

The sections in this article are: 1 Theoretical Foundations of Water Transport in Epithelia 2 Volume Absorption in the Proximal Tubule 3 Water Permeability of the Proximal Tubule 3.1 Measurement of Water Permeability 3.2 Importance of the Osmotic Water Permeability 4 Location of the Osmotic Gradient 4.1 Luminal Hypotonicity Produced by Solute Absorption 4.2 Absorbate Hypertonicity 5 “Passive” Driving Forces for Volume Absorption 5.1 NaCl Diffusion in Volume Absorption 5.2 Reflection Coefficient Differences 6 Models of Solute-Solvent Coupling in Proximal Volume Absorption 7 Routes of Volume Movement in the Proximal Nephron 7.1 Measurement of Cell Membrane Osmotic Water Permeabilities 8 Consequences of Transcellular Volume Flow 9 The ADH-Sensitive Distal Nephron 9.1 Measurement of Permeability Changes Produced by ADH 9.2 Wafer Permeability of ADH-Sensitive Nephron Segments in Vivo and in Vitro 10 Site of the Change in Water Permeability with ADH 11 Evaluation of the Pf/PDw Ratio 11.1 Large Pore Hypothesis 11.2 Unstirred Layer Effects 12 The Narrow Channel Hypothesis: Single-File Diffusion Through Small Aqueous Channels 13 ADH Increases the Number of Narrow Aqueous Channels in Apical Plasma Membranes 14 The Apparent EA for Water Transport in Cortical Collecting Tubules 14.1 The Raw Data 14.2 Correction for Diffusion Constraints in Series with Apical Membranes 14.3 The “True” EA for Water Transport 15 Pseudo-“Breaks” in EA Measurements 16 Comparison of ADH-Dependent Apical Membrane Water Channels with Gramicidin A Channels 17 Parallel Paths for Water and Solute Permeation 18 Morphologic Studies 19 Intracellular Mediators of ADH Action 19.1 Modulation of ADH Action—α-Adrenergic Agents 19.2 Atrial Natriuretic Peptide 20 Prostaglandins 20.1 Calcium 20.2 Protein Kinase C 21 Summary
The pure rotational spectrum of thorium monosulfide, ThS

Abstract The separated field, pump/probe microwave optical double resonance technique was used to study the pure rotational transitions of Th32S X1Σ+. This is the first example of a microwave study of an actinide compound that is not an oxide. Eight rotational lines of ThS were observed, from which the rotational constants B = 3275.05033 ± 0.00041 and D = 0.0006699 ± 0.0000012 MHz were derived. Favorable comparisons with theoretical predictions support the assumption that computationally inexpensive density functional theory methods can provide reliable predictions for ground states of actinide-containing molecules.
Assessing the performance of GPS radio occultation measurements in retrieving tropospheric humidity in cloudiness: A comparison study with radiosondes, ERA‐Interim, and AIRS data sets

We assess the impact that the Global Positioning System radio occultations (GPSRO) measurements have on complementing different data sets in characterizing the lower-to-middle tropospheric humidity in cloudy conditions over both land and oceans using data from 1 August 2006 to 31 October 2006. We use observations from rawinsondes, Global Positioning System radio occultations (GPSRO), Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), and the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis Interim (ERA-Interim). During the selected time period, Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate data were not assimilated in ERA-Interim. From each data set, we estimate a zonally averaged tropospheric specific humidity profile at tropical, middle, and high latitudes. Over land, we use rawinsondes as the ground truth and quantify the specific humidity differences and root-mean-square-errors (RMSEs) of the GPSRO, AIRS, and ERA-Interim profiles. GPSRO are beneficial in retrieving lower tropospheric humidity than upper tropospheric profiles, due to their loss of sensitivity at high altitudes. Blending GPSRO with ERA-Interim produces profiles with smaller humidity biases outside the tropics, but GPSRO data do not improve the humidity RMSE when compared to rawinsondes. Combining GPSRO with AIRS leads to smaller humidity bias at the tropics and high latitudes, while reducing humidity's RMSEs. Over oceans, no rawinsonde information is available, and we use ERA-Interim as a reference. Combining GPSRO with AIRS leads to smaller humidity RMSEs than AIRS. We conclude that cross-comparisons and synergies among multi-instrument observations are promising in advancing our knowledge of the tropospheric humidity in cloudy conditions. GPSRO data can contribute to improving humidity retrievals over cloud-covered regions, especially over land and within the boundary layer.
Domain mobility of humic acids investigated with one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance: support for dual-mode sorption model

Dual-mode sorption model of soil organic matter (SOM) postulates that SOM consists of condensed and expanded domains; sorption of organic compounds including pesticides in the latter is linear and noncompetitive whereas sorption in the former is nonlinear and competitive between solutes. Although the model has been cited numerous times in the literature, spectroscopic data is needed to support the domain heterogeneity of SOM in terms of mobility difference. In this study several humic acid (HA) samples were investigated using one-dimensional proton wideline and two-dimensional WISE (wideline separation) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. One-dimensional proton wideline could only estimate the overall domain mobility of HA. The results from this technique showed a gradual mobility change (from rigid to mobile) of structural components of HA samples. Two-dimensional WISE experiments clearly indicated the mobility difference for different segments and even for the same functional groups...
Effect of Trabecular Architecture on Transferring Load/Impact to the Brain: A Local Model of Single Trabecula

In this paper the mechanotransduction of the external load through the trabeculae in the subarachnoid space (SAS) was investigated. This has been accomplished by employing the results of our animal studies, i.e. the histology and architecture of trabeculae, and by creating local models consist of a trabecula. It is concluded that the trabeculae are mainly configured as an upright tree-like shaped, where the branches are attached to the pia mater and the stems are attached to the arachnoid. The result of the analysis reveal that said configuration of the trabeculae creates less strain in the brain when the head in subjected to external loads, and thereby damps the impact.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Chromatographic and pharmacologic characterization of the neurohypophysial hormones of an amphibian and a reptile.

Neurohypophysial extracts of an amphibian, Rana pipiens, and a reptile, Crotalus atrox, were subjected to ion exchange column chromatography. Fractions obtained by gradient elution were carefully assayed and activity ratios were determined. Tentative identifications of the neurohypophysial principles were based on these pharmacologic ratios. R. pipiens appears to secrete 2 active neurohypophysial principles, arginine vasotocin and oxytocin. C. atrox also secretes 2 active principles; one is arginine vasotocin, but the other appears to be 8-isoleucine oxytocin. Vasopressin was found in neither species. These results differ in some respects from those of other investigators. Current evolutionary concepts regarding neurohypophysial principles are discussed in view of our findings. (Endocrinology 78: 591, 1966)
Simvastatin inhibits PDGF-induced DNA synthesis in human glomerular mesangial cells

Simvastatin inhibits PDGF-induced DNA synthesis in human glomerular mesangial cells. Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase ameliorate glomerular pathology and renal dysfunction in different models of glomerular disease. This effect has generally been attributed to a decrease in the circulating levels of cholesterol. Focal or diffuse mesangial cell proliferation is a common feature of glomerular pathology. There is now evidence from studies in vitro and in vivo that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important mediator of glomerular hypercellularity. The activity of HMGCoA reductase has previously been shown to be a requirement for cell growth. In the present study, we examined the effect of simvastatin, an HMGCoA reductase inhibitor, on PDGF-induced DNA synthesis and PDGF B chain gene expression in human glomerular mesangial cells. In addition, we investigated the effect of simvastatin on phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC) activation stimulated by PDGF. We demonstrate that treatment of the cells with simvastatin completely inhibits PDGF-induced DNA synthesis. This inhibition is reversed by mevalonate but not by cholesterol or farnesol, two major metabolites of the mevalonate pathway. On the other hand inhibition of HMGCoA reductase does not influence PDGF-induced activation of PLC and PKC, or PDGF B chain gene expression. These data suggest that simvastatin acts at a late step in the PDGF mitogenic pathway without interfering with other early cellular responses elicited by this growth factor. These studies also raise the possibility that the ameliorative effect of HMGCoA reductase inhibitors on glomerular pathology may be mediated, at least in part, by a direct cellular effect.