cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of DL-malate on ruminal metabolism and performance of cattle fed a high-concentrate diet.

To determine the effects of DL-malate on ruminal metabolism, four steers equipped with ruminal cannulas were fed an 80% rolled grain (75% corn:25% wheat) diet twice daily with a DMI equal to 2.0% of BW (485 ± 24.8 kg). DL-Malate was infused into the rumen on two consecutive days in 500 mL of phosphate buffer to provide 0, 27, 54, or 80 g of DL- malate/d. Ruminal pH linearly increased ( P .10) by DL-malate. Three finishing studies were conducted to determine the effects of feeding DL-malate on growth rate and feed efficiency. In a 98-d experiment, 33 crossbred steers were randomly allotted in a Calan gate feeding system to three DL-malate levels (0, 40, and 80 g/d). Steers (initial weight = 367 ± 4.5 kg) were fed a rolled corn- based diet twice daily. After 84 d on feed, gain efficiency (gain:feed) tended to improve with more DL-malate (linear, P < .10) and was 8.1% greater ( P < .05) for DL-malate than for the control. The ADG linearly increased ( P < .05) with more DL-malate and was 8.6% greater ( P = .10) for DL-malate than for the control. After 98-d on feed, ADG was linearly in- creased ( P = .09) by DL--malate, and the greatest increase occurred with 80 g of DL-malate. In the second performance study, 27 Angus steers were randomly allotted in a Calan gate feeding system to three DL-malate concentrations (0, 60, and 120 g/d). Steers (initial weight = 432 ± 4.6 kg) were fed diets used in the first finishing study twice daily, but DL- malate was included during the 10-d step-up period. During the 10-d step-up period, feed efficiency and ADG linearly increased ( P = .01) with more DL- malate. DL-Malate had little effect on steer and heifer performance or plasma constituents in a 113-d finish- ing study. Collectively, these results suggest that feeding DL-malate to cattle consuming high-grain diets alleviates subclinical acidosis, and it improved animal performance in two finishing studies.
First-principles calculations of elastic and piezoelectric constants and spontaneous polarization in Cd-IV-N2 compounds

Density functional perturbation theory calculations are carried out for the elastic and piezoelectric constants of Cd-IV-N2 compounds, which are derived from the III-N compounds by an ordered substitution of group III elements by Cd and group-IV. The spontaneous polarizations are determined as well. Properties directly derived from the elastic constants, such as the sound velocities, Debye temperature, and polycrystalline averages, are presented. The results are compared with those of Zn-IV-N2 and group-III nitrides. Generally, the elastic constants are found to be somewhat smaller than those in corresponding Zn-IV-N2 by about 15%–25%. Clear trends with the atomic number are obtained within the series with elastic constants decreasing with the atomic number and spontaneous polarization and piezoelectric coefficients increasing with the atomic number.
Loss of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase SKP2 Limits De Oncogenic Potential of Notch in T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Despite marked clinical successes in the treatment of childhood T-ALL, leukemia relapse, refractory disease and induction failure (around 30% of patients) remain significant clinical problems. New insights in the molecular alterations of ALL have revealed new molecular targets, such as activating mutations of Notch1 (N1), identified in more than 50% of T-ALL patients. However, disruption of N1 signaling by gamma-secretase inhibitors failed to fulfill its clinical promise. Furthermore, little is known about N1 downstream mediators that can be potential therapeutic targets in T-ALL.
Bidirectional, Thin-Film Repulsive-/Attractive-Force Electrostatic Actuators for a Crawling Milli-Robot

We demonstrate a new thin-film electrostatic actuator (RAFA) capable of generating bidirectional repulsive- and attractive-forces. The two-layer actuator controllably produces measured electrostatic pressures up to 156 Pa (38.9 mN, for 2.5 cm2 electrode area) in repulsion and 352 Pa (88.0 mN) in attraction when operating at 0-1.2 kV. The four patterned electrodes (two per layer) have a cross-section geometry optimized in simulation for maximum blocked force over a $\pmb{25-500} \mu m$ stroke length. RAFAR, a 132 mg milli-robot, uses a 1.45 cm2 RAFA to crawl at 0.32 mm/ s with anisotropic friction feet.
Abstract TP233: An Analysis of Thrombolysis in a Large Telestroke Program in the Stroke Belt

Background: Thrombolytic treatment of stroke patients in telestroke can be enhanced by studying critical time interval requirements. We retrospectively examined 12 concurrent months of targeted tim...
Replacement of fish meal with processed carinata (Brassica carinata) seed meal in low animal protein diets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

A 56‐day growth trial was conducted to determine the amount of fish meal (FM) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets containing 200 g/kg FM as the sole animal protein source; that could be replaced with carinata (Brassica carinata) meal (CM) processed by aerobic conversion (AC, by fungi ssp.) followed by a single wash (ACCM). ACCM replaced 50, 100 and 150 g of FM. Replacement of ≥100 g of FM with ACCM, resulted in reduced (p < 0.01) growth, due to reduced dietary lysine and diet consumption (p < 0.01). Fulton's condition factor K decreased (p < 0.01) with increased FM replacement. FCR (p < 0.01) had an inverse relationship with diet consumption. The trend in FCR was similar to the trend in PER (p < 0.01). Apparent net protein utilization was lower (p < 0.01) for the highest FM replacement diet. There was no effect of FM replacement by ACCM on whole‐body composition or viscera, spleen and liver weights. However, visceral fat increased (p < 0.01) with increased feed consumption. There was no apparent effect of ACCM on hematocrit, haemoglobin or mean corpuscular haemoglobin contents. Results of this study indicate that replacement of ≥100 g of FM by ACCM in low FM/animal (200 g/kg) RBT diets may have been achieved if feed consumption and dietary lysine were similar.
Damaged Damages: Errors in Patent and False Advertising Litigation

Patent and false advertising damage awards are in disarray. Courts are imposing astronomically inflated awards that overcompensate companies for the infringement or deceptive practices. The culprit is the Choice Based Conjoint method—a survey based statistical method which seeks to estimate how much consumers value individual features of a product. Originally coming from marketing scholarship, this methodology has become the prevailing method federal courts use to calculate damages in these cases. And it is being consistently misused. This article is the first to highlight this misapplication and use empirical methodology to explain why the method leads to exaggerated damage awards. The problem is that courts—when deploying this methodology—mistakenly only include patented (false advertised) features in the survey design and neglect to add other key non-patented features. This creates the impression that products are only made up of their patented elements, which naturally overestimates the value of these elements. Doctrinally, patent damages seek to compensate parties only for the value of the patented feature as opposed to the full product. This article realigns this statistical method so that all relevant features are included within the survey model and courts are better equipped to impose more precise awards that actually compensate for the infringement and false advertisement.
Review of the effects of plants on indoor environments

Although well-established technologies can remove certain toxins from indoor environments, methods capable of eliminating all of them do not yet exist. Biological methods, however, which are based ...
Understanding Early Childhood Obesity via Interpretation of Machine Learning Model Predictions

Obesity, as an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality throughout the lifecycle, is a major health issue in the United States. Pediatric obesity is a strong risk factor for adult obesity, as it tends to be stable and tracks into adulthood. Therefore, prevention of childhood obesity is urgently required for reduction in obesity prevalence and obesity related comorbidities. In this paper, the general pediatric obesity development pattern and the onset time period of early childhood obesity was identified via analysis of approximately 11 million pediatric clinical encounters of 860,510 unique individuals. XGBoost model was developed to predict at age 2 years if individuals would develop obesity in early childhood. The model is generalized to both males and females, and achieved an AUC of 81% (± 0.1%). Obesity associated risk factors were further analyzed via interpretation of the XGBoost model predictions. Besides known predictive factors such as weight, height, race, and ethnicity, new factors such as body temperature and respiratory rate were also identified. As body temperature and respiratory rate are related to human metabolism, novel physiologic mechanisms that cause these associations might be discovered in future research. We decomposed model recall to different age ranges when obesity incidence occurred. The model recall for individuals with obesity incidence between 24–36 months was 97.63%, while recall for obesity incidence between 72–84 months was 48.96%, suggesting obesity is less predictable further in the future. Since obesity is largely affected by evolving factors such as life style, diet, and living environment, it is possible that obesity prevention may be achieved via changes in adjustable factors.
The Smallness of Identity, Smallness of Blackness

Edda Fields-Black reflects on growing up Black in Miami and how it has shaped her intellectual pursuits.
Development and Optimization of a Reversed-Phase HPLC Method to Separate Pulse Proteins

Due to the demand for new sources of non-GMO and allergen-free plant proteins in food formulations that have not previously existed, there is a growing need for analytical methods to characterize these proteins. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and optimized to separate the proteins from yellow pea, lentil, chickpea, great northern beans, and a commercial pea protein isolate. A response surface methodology (RSM) model was used for final method optimization. The optimized separation conditions were 0.089% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water (mobile phase A) and acetonitrile (mobile phase B) with a gradient of 20% B to 30% B for 10 min, 30% B to 39% B for 20 min, 39% B to 60% B for 10 min, and keeping 60% B for the last 5 min of the run. The optimized sample concentration was 12.8 mg/mL, using a C18 column at 55.5 °C. These conditions for yellow pea sample resulted in a good resolution (116 peaks with model predictability of 0.96) and high recovery (106% recovery with model predictability of 0.92). It was shown that the optimized method has great potential to be used for quantitation of total protein content in pulse samples using pea protein isolate as a standard (R2 of 0.9985 for the standard curve), and values obtained using this method were comparable with those obtained through nitrogen combustion.
Satisfaction, Legitimacy, and Guilty Pleas: How Perceptions and Attorneys Affect Defendant Decision-Making

Though almost all convictions are the result of guilty pleas, little research has examined influences on defendant plea decisions. First, we explore how attorney satisfaction and court legitimacy a...
Risk of Clinical Severity by Age and Race/Ethnicity Among Adults Hospitalized for COVID-19-United States, March-September 2020

Background Older adults and people from certain racial and ethnic groups are disproportionately represented in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalizations and deaths. Methods Using data from the Premier Healthcare Database on 181 813 hospitalized adults diagnosed with COVID-19 during March-September 2020, we applied multivariable log-binomial regression to assess the associations between age and race/ethnicity and COVID-19 clinical severity (intensive care unit [ICU] admission, invasive mechanical ventilation [IMV], and death) and to determine whether the impact of age on clinical severity differs by race/ethnicity. Results Overall, 84 497 (47%) patients were admitted to the ICU, 29 078 (16%) received IMV, and 27 864 (15%) died in the hospital. Increased age was strongly associated with clinical severity when controlling for underlying medical conditions and other covariates; the strength of this association differed by race/ethnicity. Compared with non-Hispanic White patients, risk of death was lower among non-Hispanic Black patients (adjusted risk ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92-0.99) and higher among Hispanic/Latino patients (risk ratio [RR], 1.15; 95% CI, 1.09-1.20), non-Hispanic Asian patients (RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.09-1.23), and patients of other racial and ethnic groups (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06-1.21). Risk of ICU admission and risk of IMV were elevated among some racial and ethnic groups. Conclusions These results indicate that age is a driver of poor outcomes among hospitalized persons with COVID-19. Additionally, clinical severity may be elevated among patients of some racial and ethnic minority groups. Public health strategies to reduce severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection rates among older adults and racial and ethnic minorities are essential to reduce poor outcomes.
Teaching in Practice: Legal Writing Faculty as Expert Writing Consultants to Law Firms

As experts in the pedagogy and substance of legal writing, full-time legal writing faculty who serve as writing consultants to law firms help fill an increasing need for training and support of lawyers. In addition to providing a direct benefit to lawyers and their firms, this practice benefits the legal academy by providing fresh ideas for teaching and scholarship. This article discusses generally the practice of legal writing consulting in law firms by full-time legal writing faculty. The article provides background in theory and practice, addressing why law firms seek outside consultants for this type of training and support and why full time legal writing faculty are appropriate writing consultants. For this, the Article draws on, among other sources, the recently published Carnegie Study and Best Practices in Legal Education. The Article then describes the nuts and bolts of a consulting practice, including various ways services might be configured, and asks whether realistic goals can be set and met. Finally, the article addresses ethical and other challenging issues that may arise in this type of consulting practice.
Multisensor-driven real-time crane monitoring system for blind lift operations: Lessons learned from a case study

Abstract Crane operators are often unable to identify collision hazards due to limited visibility during blind lifts or when operating under cluttered conditions. This paper presents a multisensor-driven real-time crane monitoring system consisting of load tracking, obstacle detection, worker detection, collision warning, and 3D visualization modules. A combination of encoders, vision, and laser scanning systems is used to reconstruct a 3D workspace model of the crane environment and provide real-time spatial feedback to the operator. Field experimentation was carried out at an outdoor crane manufacturing facility under different blind lift scenarios. Results showed that the encoder-based load positioning system has a mean height estimation error within 0.33 m, the vision-based load positioning system has a mean centroid error of 0.454 m, and the worker detection system has a mean centroid error of 0.023 m. This study also provided important findings in terms of challenges and limitations in implementing a real-world crane monitoring system.
Ethnic Mobilization, Nation-building, and Electoral Rules

This paper examines the inﬂuence of two major electoral rules on people’s ethnic salience through politician’s mobilization and nation-building eﬀort. Building on the constructivist view of ethnicity, I model electoral competition between ethnic entrepreneurs and a national unitary actor under majoritarian and proportional representation voting rules. The model shows that proportional representation encourages ethnic mobilization and discourages nation-building while majoritarian rule has the opposite eﬀect. Using data from eighteen African democracies, I ﬁnd citizens feel their ethnic identities more salient under proportional representation than under majoritarian rule when approaching elections.
An Update on SARS-CoV-2 Diversity in the United States National Capital Region: Evolution of Novel and Variants of Concern.

Background SARS-CoV-2 Variants concerning for enhanced transmission, evasion of immune responses, or associated with severe disease have motivated the global increase in genomic surveillance. In this study, large scale whole genome sequencing was performed between November 2020 and end of March 2021 to provide a phylodynamic analysis of circulating variants over-time. In addition, we compared the viral genomic features of March 2020 and March 2021. Methods A total of 1,600 complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes were analyzed. Genomic analysis was associated with laboratory diagnostic volumes and positivity rates in addition to an analysis of the association of selected variants of concern/ interest with disease severity and outcomes. Our real-time surveillance features a cohort of specimens from patients who tested positive after the completion of vaccination. Results Our data showed genomic diversity over-time that was not limited to the Spike sequence. A significant increase in the B.1.1.7 lineage (alpha variant) in March 2021 as well as a transient circulation of regional variants that carried both the concerning S: E484K and S: P681H substitutions were noted. Lineage B.1.243 was significantly associated with ICU admission and mortality. Genomes recovered from fully-vaccinated individuals represented the predominant lineages circulating at specimen collection time, and those infections recovered with no hospitalizations. Conclusions Our results emphasize the importance of genomic surveillance coupled with laboratory, clinical, and metadata analysis for a better understanding of the dynamics of viral spread and evolution.
Age of fear: othering and American identity during World War I

By focusing on Anglo-Saxon American identity, Zachary Smith in Age of Fear updates established historiography on American perception of whiteness, demands for conformity during World War I, and the...
Two-Way Table and Chi-Square Test

Please download the sample Excel files from https://github.com/hhohho/master-Excel-through-projects for this chapter’s exercises.
The Impact on Individualizing Student Models on Necessary Practice Opportunities.

When modeling student learning, tutors that use the Knowledge Tracing framework often assume that all students have the same set of model parameters. We find that when fitting parameters to individual students, there is significant variation among the individual’s parameters. We examine if this variation is important in terms of instructional decisions by computing the difference in the expected number of practice opportunities required if mastery is assessed using an individual student’s own estimated model parameters, compared to the population model. In the dataset considered, we find that a significant portion of students are expected to perform twice as many practice opportunities if the student is modeled using a population-based model, compared to the number needed if the student’s own model parameters were used. We also find an additional significant portion of students will be likely to receive less practice opportunities than needed, implying that such students will be advanced too early. Though further work on additional datasets is needed to explore this issue in more depth, our results suggest that considering individual variation in student parameters may have important implications for the instructional decisions made in intelligent tutoring systems that use a Knowledge Tracing model.
Attempts to isolate Helicobacter from cattle and survival of Helicobacter pylori in beef products.

This study focused on important factors related to the potential of cattle and beef products to transmit Helicobacter pylori to humans. Mucosal samples were collected from the rumen and abomasum of 105 cattle and were plated on a selective medium to isolate Helicobacter spp.; none of the samples examined contained these bacteria. Studies were also conducted to determine how long H. pylori survives in refrigerated or frozen ground beef; results indicated that the microorganism dies rapidly in ground beef, whether refrigerated or frozen. Packaging in vacuum or air had little effect on survival of the organism. The number of H. pylori decreased in refrigerated samples from 3.3 log10 CFU/g on day 0 to 1.4 log10 CFU/g on day 6. H. pylori died even more rapidly when frozen, decreasing from 3.3 log10 CFU/g on day 0 to 0.5 log10 CFU/g on day 6. Retail beef cuts (n = 20) were also examined for the presence of H. pylori by direct plating on a selective medium and by incubation in an enriched broth followed by plati...
When Change Becomes Transformation: A case study of change management in Medicaid offices in New York City

Abstract This paper examines the implementation of large, transformative change in the Medicaid offices in New York City to improve efficiency and consumer-friendliness. A bottom-up process was engaged to design and implement the needed changes from those who were most affected by the change. Key informant interviews and observational site visits were conducted to assess the extent to which the change efforts were successful. We found that the changes impacted both quantitative measures of success (such as client processing times and number of clients served) as well as less tangible qualitative indicators of success such as staff attitudes and office climate.
Artificial Atoms: New Boxes for Electrons

Just as atoms are natural boxes that contain electrons, quantum dots--small structures in which electrons can be trapped--can be studied as artificial atoms. In his Perspective, McEuen discusses results reported in the same issue on new studies of artificial atoms. Kouwenhoven et al. studied the magnetic field dependence of energy levels in a quantum dot. Stewart et al. report studies of irregularly shaped dots containing many electrons, analogous to transuranic elements. Finally, Schedelbeck et al. report experiments in which two quantum dots were coupled together to form artificial molecules.
A student model to assess self-explanation while learning from examples

The SE-Coach is a tutoring system that supports students in applying the learning strategy known as self-explanation — the process of clarifying to oneself the solution of an example. In this paper, we describe the student model used by the SE-Coach to assess the students’ self-explanations and to provide hints to improve them. The assessment is based on the student’s prior physics knowledge and on the student’s studying actions. We describe a version of the user model based on a Bayesian network, and a simplified version that is more efficient but handles only examples with no inferential gaps in the solution.
A Review of “Waves of War: Nationalism, State Formation, and Ethnic Exclusion in the Modern World”

Andreas Wimmer has been quietly rewriting the paradigms of ethnic conflict and international politics for some years now. While other authors (e.g. Fearon & Laitin, Horowitz, Lake & Rothchild) have...
Chapter 230 Samarium (II) based reductants

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the synthesis of Sm(II)-based reductants and their use in organic and inorganic synthesis. It focuses on the synthesis and utility of homoleptic Sm(II) reductants containing halide (I, Br, Cl) and cyclopentadienyl (Cp and Cp*) ligands and provides a brief description of amide (–N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ), alkoxide ligands, and pyrazolylborate ligands. The chapter also discusses the reactivity of Sm(II). A great deal of scientific effort has been directed towards understanding the reactivity and behavior of Sm(II) reductants containing iodide and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligands. Therefore, the chapter focuses on these two classes of Sm(II)-based reductants. Novel approaches to enhancing the reactivity Sm(II)-based reductants are likely to lead to protocols that mimic the beneficial behavior of additives such as HMPA, but provide safer alternatives. As these advances are exploited and others are developed, the use of Sm(II) reagents are likely to continue and grow for the foreseeable future.
Resolver position sensing system with integrated fault detection for automotive applications

This paper describes a high-resolution position sensing system designed for use in emerging automotive applications such as electronic power steering and starter alternators. This new resolver position sensing system addresses both the cost issue and reliability issues associated with safety critical automotive applications. A variable reluctance resolver design is described. A new resolver to digital converter IC is also described. The paper focuses on the system functions and fault detection features added specifically for the application.
Discriminative machine learning with structure

Some of the best performing classifiers in modern machine learning have been designed using discriminative learning, as exemplified by Support Vector Machines. The ability of discriminative learning to use flexible features via the kernel trick has enlarged the possible set of applications for machine learning. With the expanded range of possible applications though, it has become apparent that real world data exhibits more structure than has been assumed by classical methods. In this thesis, we show how to extend the discriminative learning framework to exploit different types of structure: on one hand, the structure on outputs, such as the combinatorial structure in word alignment; on the other hand, a latent variable structure on inputs, such as in text document classification. In the context of structured output classification, we present a scalable algorithm for maximum-margin estimation of structured output models, including an important class of Markov networks and combinatorial models. We formulate the estimation problem as a convex-concave saddle-point problem that allows us to use simple projection methods based on the dual extragradient algorithm of Nesterov. We analyze the convergence of the method and present experiments on two very different structured prediction tasks: 3D image segmentation and word alignment. We then show how one can obtain state-of-the-art results for the word alignment task by formulating it as a quadratic assignment problem within our discriminative learning framework. In the context of latent variable models, we present DiscLDA, a discriminative variant of the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model which has been popular to model collections of text documents or images. In DiscLDA, we introduce a class-dependent linear transformation on the topic mixture proportions of LDA and estimate it discriminatively by maximizing the conditional likelihood. By using the transformed topic mixture proportions as a new representation of documents, we obtain a supervised dimensionality reduction algorithm that uncovers the latent structure in a document collection while preserving predictive power for the task of classification. Our experiments on the 20 Newsgroups document classification task show how our model can identify shared topics across classes as well as discriminative class-dependent topics.
Population Characteristics of AFS Membership: Special Focus on the Millennial Generation of Fisheries Professionals

ABSTRACT The survival of scientific societies depends on recruitment and retention of members. The importance of this strategy is underscored by the impending retirement of the Baby Boomer generation. Recent trends indicate alarming declines in many scientific societies—including the American Fisheries Society (AFS)—particularly as students transition into young professionals. Despite increased efforts to incentivize membership, overall membership losses continue to accrue annually. In order to address this issue, AFS needs to know more about the motivations of and perceived challenges that may limit the next generation of scientists. We describe an informal survey of student and young professional AFS members that was discussed during the plenary session of the 2010 AFS annual meeting. Ten questions were posed to students and young professionals to identify factors related to recruitment and retention of AFS membership, describe potential future challenges, and provide views on the direction of AFS and t...
Structure of an RNA hairpin from HRV-14.

The 5‘ noncoding region of the picornaviral genome begins with a cloverleaf which is required for viral replication, due at least in part to an interaction with the viral RNA polymerase as part of a fusion with the predominant viral protease. The necessary region of the cloverleaf has previously been narrowed to a highly conserved stem−loop. The solution structure of a 14-nucleotide RNA hairpin, which is part of the conserved stem−loop from human rhinovirus isotype 14, is presented here. The secondary structure of the hairpin is identical to predictions: a five base pair stem is bounded by a triloop with sequence UAU. However, the fold of the triloop is novel, with stacking of the second loop base onto the closing base pair of the stem, and deviations from A form geometry are introduced into the stem regions bordering the triloop, particularly on the 3‘ side. These deviations and the associated triloop structure could help to explain the distinct sequence conservation and mutational analysis data observe...
Performance Evaluation of 8×8 Multi-User MIMO-OFDM Testbed in an Actual Indoor Environment

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems have attracted much attention as they can provide increased channel capacity within a limited frequency band. In some important applications, such as wireless LAN and cellular systems, MIMO systems will likely operate in environments for which a single base station should simultaneously communicate with many users. Such applications require development of multiuser(MU)-MIMO techniques. The prior work on MU-MIMO systems have resulted in derivation of the ideal channel capacity as well as various proposed schemes for transmission control and scheduling. In order to incorporate MU-MIMO technologies into commercial systems, extensive evaluations are needed, since the amount of system parameters in MU-MIMO is much larger as compared to the Signleuser(SU)-MIMO. Due to such a volume of system parameters, the performance of MU-MIMO in actual systems is still not well understood. This paper describes MU-MIMO testbed which can deal with 8times8 MIMO-OFDM transmission based on the IEEE 802.11a signal format. We have conducted experiments in an actual indoor environment in order to evaluate the frequency utilization for downlink scheme implemented in the MU-MIMO testbed. Finally, we discuss the effectiveness of MU-MIMO for SU-MIMO when the number of receiving antennas is changed
Filling the treatment gap in the weight management of overweight and obese patients.

Approximately two out of three adult Americans are overweight or obese. Despite widespread recognition of this disorder, there has been little progress in the past 20 years in finding effective noninvasive treatments for weight loss. The consequences of obesity are increasingly well recognized and include increases in blood pressure, plasma lipids, the onset of type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, asthma, osteoarthritis and a variety of cancers. Obesity can increase the rate of pregnancy complications and fetal malformations in normoglycemic women. Current medical approaches to obesity, including intensive lifestyle interventions and drug therapies, have been successful in achieving modest weight loss of 4–7%, less than the 1998 NIH Guidelines target of 10%. Surgical approaches, including laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, vertical banded gastroplasty and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, are much more successful, achieving weight loss of 15–50%. A treatment gap therefore exists in the management of obese and overweight patients, because many patients desire and would receive great health benefits by achieving weight loss of 7–15%. This review will discuss the dilemma of the treatment gap and explore possible ways by which it may be filled in the future by the use of innovative approaches.
Local shell‐side heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop in a tubular heat exchanger with orifice baffles

By means of a moveable sensing probe previously described2 local shell-side heat transfer coefficients and friction losses were measured on a model tubular heat exchanger containing orifice baffles. The heat exchanger shell was 6-in. nominal I.D. and 45 in. in length and contained four tubes in triangular arrangement passing through orifice baffles. Baffle hole diameters of 1-/16, 1–2/16, 1–3/16, and 1–5/16 in. and baffle spacings of 4.0 and 9.0 in. were studied. Data were taken at several air flow rates for each of the four baffle hole diameters. The average heat transfer coefficient for the region between two central baffles was correlated with an empirical equation based on only two baffle spacings. An increase in the baffle-to-tube clearance caused a decrease in heat transfer. An increase in the baffle spacing also resulted in a decrease in heat transfer. Four flow zones in the baffle space are postulated from the analysis of Nusselt number distribution along the tube. The heat transfer characteristics in each of the four flow zones were analyzed in terms of the mechanism of the fluid flow. The pressure-drop data were correlated in terms of an annular orifice coefficient of discharge and an orifice-pressure-drop function. As a result of this study a method was developed by which one can predict the average of the local coefficients at the baffle position from the knowledge of pressure drop across a single baffle.
Ablative Material Tests under Transient Heating Simulating Ballistic Re-Entry

6 Page, W. A., Compton, D. L., Borucki, W. J., Ciffone, D. L., and Cooper, D. M., "Radiative Transport in Inviscid Nonadiabatic Stagnation-Region Shock Layers," AIAA Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics: Thermal Design Principles of Spacecraft and Entry Bodies, Vol. 21, edited by J. T. Bevans, Academic Press, New York, 1969, pp. 75-114. 6 Chin, J. H. and Hearne, L. E., "Shock-Layer Radiation for Sphere-Cones With Radiative Decay/' AIAA Journal, Vol. 2, No. 7, July 1964, pp. 1345-1347. 7 Coleman, W. D. et al., "Effects of Environmental and Ablator Performance Uncertainties on Heat-Shielding Requirements for Hyperbolic Entry Vehicles," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 5, No. 11, Nov. 1968, pp. 1260-1270. 8 Wilson, K. H., "Stagnation Point Analysis of Coupled Viscous-Radiating Flow With Massive Blowing," CR-1548, June 1970, NASA. 9 Wilson, K. H., "Massive Blowing Effects on Viscous, Radiating Stagnation Point Flow," AIAA Paper 70-203, New York, 1970. 10 Vulliet, W. G., Sand, S. J., and Findley, W. B., "Sputter Treatment of Ablation in the Atmosphere of Jupiter," Final Report, JPL Contract 952480, Gulf General Atomics, June 30, 1969. 11 Adams, M. C., "Recent Advances in Ablation," ARS Journal, Vol. 29, No. 9, Sept. 1959, pp. 625-632. 12 Canning, T. N., Tauber, M. E., and Wilkins, M. E., "Review of Recent Ballistic Range Boundary-Layer Transition Work on Ablating Bodies at Ames," Proceedings—Boundary Layer Transition Study Group, Aerospace Corp., San Bernardino, Calif., July 11 and 12,1967. 13 Moyer, C. B. and Rindal, R. A., "An Analysis of the Coupled Chemically Reacting Boundary Layer and Charring Ablator," Rept. 66-7, March 1967, Aerotherni Corp. "JANAF Thermochemical Tables, The Dow Chemical Co., Aug. 1965. 16 Duff, R. E. and Bauer, S. H., "The Equilibrium Composition of the C/H System at Elevated Temperatures," LA-2556, Sept. 1961, Los Alamos Scientific Lab. 16 Alien, H. J. and Eggers, A. J., "A Study of the Motion and Aerodynamic Heating of Missiles Entering the Earth's Atmosphere at Supersonic Speeds," TN 4047,1957, NACA.
Numerical Computations of a Nearly Singular Nonlinear Equation

We numerically calculate bions, which are bound states of two solitary waves which travel together as a single coherent structure with a fixed peak-to-peak separation, for the fifth-order Korteweg?deVries equation. R. H. J. Grimshaw and B. A. Malomed (J. Phys. A26(1993), 4087?4091) predicted such bions using perturbation theory. We find that the nearly singular quasi-translational eigenmode which is the heart of the theory is also numerically important in the sense that later iterations are approximately proportional to this eigenmode. However, the near-singularity does not create any serious problems for our Fourier pseudospectral/Newton?Kantorovich/pseudoarclength continuation algorithms. This type of theory for weakly overlapping solitary waves has been previously developed by Gorshkov, Ostrovskii, Papko, and others. However, Grimshaw and Malomed's work and our own are the first on bions which are “weakly nonlocal,” that is, decay for large |x| to small amplitude oscillations rather than to zero. Our numerical calculations confirm the main assertions of Grimshaw and Malomed. However, there are other features, such as a complicated branch structure with multiple turning points and the existence of bions with narrow peak-to-peak separation, which are not predicted by the theory.
Mechanical behaviour of rigid-rod polymer fibres: 2. Improvement of compressive strength☆

Abstract Under axial compression, both poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) and Kevlar® fibres fail by buckling of fibrils located just beneath the outer surface where lateral constraint is minimal. As the fibrils cascade buckle through the bulk of the fibre, a kink band is formed. A thin, well-adhered high-modulus ceramic coating on the surface increases the axial compressive strength by restraining the fibrils against buckling and kink band initiation. Compressive strength improvement is a function of coating thickness. The coating also reduces the radial thermal expansion coefficient in accord with finite-element predictions.
Focusing surface waves with an inhomogeneous metamaterial lens

We propose a new type of surface wave lens that is made of a circular in-plane inhomogeneous metamaterial slab and numerically demonstrate its capability to focus surface waves at optical frequencies. This approach can achieve a smaller focal spot size than the previously demonstrated Ag plasmonic lens. The use of inhomogeneous metamaterials is to decrease the high losses that are usually associated with metamaterials that support large surface k vectors by reducing the propagation distance in high loss metamaterials.
The Avalon explosion: evolution of Ediacara morphospace

Ediacara fossils [575 to 542 million years ago (Ma)] represent Earth's oldest known complex macroscopic life forms, but their morphological history is poorly understood. A comprehensive quantitative analysis of these fossils indicates that the oldest Ediacara assemblage-the Avalon assemblage (575 to 565 Ma)-already encompassed the full range of Ediacara morphospace. A comparable morphospace range was occupied by the subsequent White Sea (560 to 550 Ma) and Nama (550 to 542 Ma) assemblages, although it was populated differently. In contrast, taxonomic richness increased in the White Sea assemblage and declined in the Nama assemblage. These diversity changes, occurring while morphospace range remained relatively constant, led to inverse shifts in morphological variance. The Avalon morphospace expansion mirrors the Cambrian explosion, and both events may reflect similar underlying mechanisms.
ATOC AND OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF HUMPBACK WHALES (MEGAPTERA NOVAEANGLIAE) OFF THE NORTH SHORE OF KAUAI

Humpback whale diving behavior changes subtly when exposed to signals transmitted from the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) sound projector located 14 km offshore the island of Kauai. This study considered whether such responses would lead to changes in distribution and abundance. A land-based shore station measured humpback whale locations (scan samples) for both nearshore (<5 km) and offshore (5–10 km) areas. Control observations were made in 1994 and 1998. In 1998 multipleday blocks with ATOC transmissions were interspersed with multiple-day control blocks without transmissions. Sighting rates were higher in 1998 (ATOC) than in 1994 (control year), probably due to better sighting conditions, but may reflect increased population size. Sighting rates did not differ between control and ATOC conditions in 1998. A seasonal sighting peak was observed in both years. No vessel effect on sighting rate was detected in 1998. There was no effect of ATOC on the distance from the shore station to whales, or the depth of water where pods were located. However, the distribution of whales shifted slightly eastward during the ATOC blocks and the mean distance between the ATOC source and pods was greater during transmissions. Nonetheless, more whales were found close to the source when it was on, suggesting a more variable response rather than simple avoidance, with whales found both closer to, and farther away from, the source during transmissions.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of electroactive films of C60 and an Ir-C60 complex on gold : symmetry lowering, electron localization, and countercation effects

Abstract Surface-enhanced Raman (SER) spectra are reported for thin films of C 60 and (η 5 -C 9 H 7 )Ir(CO) (η 2 -C 60 ) on gold electrodes in acetonitrile. The latter spectra display the hallmarks of vibrational symmetry lowering for C 60 arising from metal coordination, involving splitting of the normally degenerate H g modes and the appearance of vibrationally forbidden bands. Only a milder selection rule relaxation is observed for SERS of uncoordinated C 60 . Electroreduction of both C 60 and the Ir-C 60 complex yielded similar frequency downshifts in the A g pentagonal pinch mode, indicating that electron addition to the latter is fullerene localized. These spectral shifts are sensitive to the nature of the countercation.
Planarization using chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) on a 16-megabit SRAM with quadruple polysilicon stacks

Chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) has been used to fabricate a 0.35 micrometers 16 Meg SRAM with quadruple polysilicon stacks. The use of CMP results in complete planarization of over one micron of topography. CMP planarization results in improved photolithography depth of field when compared to standard resist etchback planarization (REB). Data from a lot processed using CMP at contact dielectric and interlayer dielectric is compared to a lot that was processed using standard REB for planarization.
Gc (vitamin D-binding protein) binds the 33.5 K tryptic fragment of actin.

Abstract Limited proteolysis of G-actin was performed with trypsin and chymotrypsin to compare the binding sites for Gc and DNase. DNase I bound to the N-terminal area corresponding to the major cleavage site on G-actin (residues 62–68) and inhibited proteolysis, but did not bind the 33.5K C-terminal fragment (G-actin33.5) generated. In contrast, Gc did not exert any inhibitory effect upon proteolysis of the intact native G-actin42.0 molecule, although its presence protected G-actin33.5 from further proteolysis. This was shown by gel filtration to be due to the formation of complexes between Gc and G-actin33.5.
A General Representation of Equally Correlated Variates

(1996). A General Representation of Equally Correlated Variates. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 91, No. 436, pp. 1756-1756.
Images of Rate and Operational Understanding of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Conceptual analyses of Newton’s use of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and of one 7th-grader’s understanding of distance traveled while accelerating suggest that concepts of rate of change and infinitesimal change are central to understanding the Fundamental Theorem. Analyses of a teaching experiment with 19 senior and graduate mathematics students suggest that students’ difficulties with the Theorem stem from impoverished concepts of rate of change and from poorly-developed and poorly coordinated images of functional covariation and multiplicatively-constructed quantities.
The response of joints to impact loading — II In vivo behavior of subchondral bone

The knee joints of live guinea pigs, subjected to repeated longitudinal impaction, developed obvious cartilage degeneration over a 3 week period. In vitro tests had previously shown that articular cartilage is particularly susceptible to injury from impact loading and that subchondral bone acts as a cushion to protect the overlying cartilage from damage during such loading. Associated with, and slightly preceding the earliest cartilage changes, as judged histochemically, was a stiffening of the underlying subchondral bone. The bone stiffness measurements returned to within the normal range as the cartilage degeneration progressed.
Dissemination and utilization of permanency planning strategies for children in foster care

Rarely do those in research have an opportunity to communicate their results on a large scale, i.e., dissemination, and to help service agencies to implement research-based changes in policy, program, and practice, i.e., utilization. The literature contains few descriptions of major projects of this kind. In this article, we shall describe such a project, tell what led up to it, recount the activities that went into it, report the results, and suggest what we think contributed to its success, including the larger external forces of which the project was but a part. Called the Permanency Planning Project, it carried as a full name in the contract, “Dissemination and Utilization of Permanent Planning Strategies for Children in Long-Term Foster Care.” Funded by the Children’s Bureau of the Administration for Children Youth and Families, the four-and-a-half year contract was awarded in October 1976 to the Regional Research Institute for Human Services, which is an applied social research facility of Portland State University, affiliated with the School of Social Work. A goal of the national project was no less than to reduce the numbers of children residing in foster family care on an un-
Effect of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Association upon Representative Amides

Select amides have been widely used to suspend nanoarchitectures in organic solvents. In order to determine factors enabling these suspensions, interactions of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with representative amides 1 were examined—R(C═O)NMe2, when R = H, Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu, Ph. 1H NMR spectra gave evidence for two types of SWCNT: amide associations, formed after evaporation of the reaction mixture to either a concentrated solution or a wet paste, followed by sonication in NMR solvent. NMR spectra of SWCNTs associated with 1 (SWCNT:1) after evaporation to concentrated solution show broadening and small downfield changes, suggesting weak interactions. Evaporation of SWCNT:1 to a wet paste causes larger spectral changes, predominantly in aldehydic and α proton signals. These are often 10 times those in concentrated solution, especially when R has small steric requirements, which suggests a stronger interaction of 1 with SWCNTs under wet paste conditions. 1H NMR signal changes of 1, which accompan...