cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making movies on a weekend.

Digital movies have become popular for displaying micrographs at seminars (14) or on the Web (6). It is now practical to produce acceptable presentations using digital images collected with various microscopes and affordable laboratorybased microcomputers. This column will describe some of the methods that are now available to the microscopist for producing digital movies and the requirements for their display using different media including video, digital slide presentations and the Web.
FORMATION OF NEW CRYSTALLINE ENZYMES FROM CHYMOTRYPSIN : ISOLATION OF BETA AND GAMMA CHYMOTRYPSIN.

A solution of chymotrypsin on slight hydrolysis undergoes an irreversible change into new proteins, two of which are enzymes and have been isolated in crystalline form. The new crystalline enzymes, called beta and gamma chymotrypsins, differ from the original chymotrypsin as well as from each other in many physical and chemical respects, such as molecular weight, crystalline form, solubility, and combining capacity with acid. The new enzymes still possess the same enzymatic properties as chymotrypsin. It thus appears that the irreversible change from chymotrypsin to the new enzymes does not affect the structure responsible for the enzymatic activity of the molecule. The solubility curves of the new enzymes agree approximately with the curves for a solid phase of one component and furnish very good evidence that the preparations represent distinct substances. The various enzymes when mixed at the proper pH have a tendency to form mixed crystals of the solid solution type. Thus at pH 4.0 gamma chymotrypsin combines to form solid solution crystals with either alpha or beta chymotrypsin. Hence at this pH separation of gamma from either alpha or beta by means of fractional crystallization is impossible. At pH 5.0–6.0, however, each material crystallizes in its own characteristic form and at its own rate; thus a fractional separation of the various enzymes from each other becomes feasible.
Rural Adults' Perspectives on School Food in a North Carolina County

Introduction To address alarming rates of youth obesity, multiple stakeholder perspectives must be understood and considered when developing nutrition interventions. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine adults’ perceptions of school food in rural North Carolina and their opinions about potential changes to encourage students to eat more fruits and vegetables in school meals.
A logic-level model for /spl alpha/-particle hits in CMOS circuits

Systems designed for reliability must be validated through simulations. However, traditional SPICE like simulators or even mixed-mode simulators are too slow for the task of simulating the effects of /spl alpha/-particle hits on relatively large circuits. Gate-level simulators offer tremendous speedup over these electrical level simulators, but they are only as good as the model which captures the /spl alpha/-particle effect at the logic level. The goal of this research is to develop a computationally efficient model which captures the behavior of the /spl alpha/-particle at the logic level. This model can then be used in a gate-level timing simulator to propagate the /spl alpha/-particle effects to the latches and the outputs of the circuit under simulation. We have developed a closed form solution to approximate the logic pulse waveform resulting from /spl alpha/-particle hits. As is presented in the paper, the model tracks the data from SPICE simulations remarkably well. >
Gender Neutrality and the Jurisprudence of Marriage

The claim that marriage can be gender neutral denies the unique contributions that dual-gender marriage makes to society. Gender is indispensable to the jurisprudence, public purposes, and social values of marriage. Even if same-sex relationships are shown to be functionally similar in many ways, eliminating gender in marriage causes a loss of the understandings, expectations, and goals of both kinds of relationships and weakens the institution of marriage itself. The article sketches out the current doctrinal jurisprudence of marriage and same-sex unions both in the United States and abroad, and then it examines the jurisprudential basis for dual-gender marriage, concluding that it is the cornerstone of marriage. The article draws on relational and religious feminism as well as Supreme Court cases to highlight the importance of recognizing gender differences in the law and of requiring gender inclusion in public institution.
Postinfarction ventricular septal defect: Beyond patching the hole.

A C Q grafting in the northwest of England: a 5-year multi-institutional experience. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;24:940-6. 9. Lundblad R, Abdelnoor M, Geiran OR, Svennevig JL. Surgical repair of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture: risk factors of early and late death. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:862-8. 10. Perrotta S, Lentini S. In patients undergoing surgical repair of post-infarction ventricular septal defect, does concomitant revascularization improve prognosis? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009;9:879-87.
Essential self-adjointness and self-adjointness for even order elliptic operators

We consider elliptic operators of the form , on L 2 ( R n ), and establish conditions under which T is essentially self-adjoint on , and self-adjoint on H 2m ( R n )∩ D ( q ).
Corticosteroid production in vitro by the interrenal tissue of killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus (Linn).

ConclusionsWith the above reservations in mind, the following tentative conclusions can be drawn. 1. It seems probable that cortisol, in plasma obtained from Fundulus heteroclitus, is synthesized by interrenal tissue of head kidney. 2. Production of cortisol and probably cortisone by both left and right head kidneys suggests that interrenal tissue is present in both, although in lesser amounts on the left. If this is so, no explanation can be given at present for slightly larger amounts of aldosterone produced by left head kidneys. 3. Interrenal tissue of Fundulus possesses enzyme systems, capable of converting progesterone-16-H3 to tritiated cortisol, cortisone, and aldosterone through biosynthetic pathways not known.
Extracting borderline of CO_2 arc welding molten pool image using gray-scale morphology

For CO_2 arc welding molten pool image,there are too many point and line noises,so it is difficulty to accurately extract borderline of molten pool image.We made use of the image processing technology of gray-scale morphology based on mathematical morphology and design the filter figure and operation order by means of moments-preserving method to extract successfully borderline of molten pool image of CO_2 arc welding.So the processed image provides useful molten pool information for welding process control and welding quality control.
Combination of fault tree analysis and fuzzy comprehensive estimation method for oil well pump

Fault tree analysis can be used to trace out the logic causality of the invalidation of system and machine parts. The common factors influencing reliability of oil well pump can be determined with this method. The operated oil well pumps often have some indeterminate individual features. The fuzzy theory as the communication means for studying the indeterminacy can offset the lack of fault tree analysis. A combination method of the fault tree analysis and fuzzy comprehensive estimation was established to evaluate the reliability of oil well pump. Based on the analysis results given in the relational literaturas,some real calculations and analyses were carried out. The practical applications indicate that the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is feasible to evaluate the performance and reliability of oil well pump. Based on the evaluated results, the measures for improving the reliability of oil well pump can be established.
Estimation of number of PGV for a 450mm fab: FA: Factory automation

A mathematical method is proposed to estimate the minimum number of PGV (Person Guided Vehicle) for a 450mm wafer fab. As with the transition from 300mm to 450mm, the drive for 450mm wafers is primarily based on the economic benefits achieved by having a larger number of chip area on a substrate. This effort has begun at SUNY Polytechnic Institute Colleges of Nanoscale Science + Engineering, driven by the Global 450mm Consortium (G450C). The focus of G450C is to be a public-private partnership (CNSE, Intel, TSMC, Samsung, IBM and GLOBALFOUNDRIES) that develops cost effective test wafer fabrication infrastructure, equipment prototypes and high-volume tools to enable a coordinated semiconductor industry transition to the next silicon wafer size [1]. In the current paper, we propose a three-phase approach to obtain the required PGV number in a 450mm wafer fab. The objective is to calculate the minimum number of PGV for a 450mm fab located in Albany New York. In our methodology, we collected the fab layout, cleanroom space, from-to table, loading ratio, and other tool parameters as the input data of the model. Then we developed a mathematical model to calculate the number of PGV for a 450mm fab. This approach considered the total loaded vehicle travel time and the total empty vehicle travel time. Finally, decision makers can quickly obtain the minimum number of PGV under the different transport scenarios which are affected by a new tool move-in, tool relocation, and fab loading ratio change. In addition, this approach can be directly applicable to obtaining an initial estimate of the number of 450mm OHT (Overhead Hoist Transport) in a production fab.
Fuzzy Partial Metric Spaces

We define fuzzy partial metric space by following the development of fuzzy metric space. The concept of partial metric is investigated to generalize metric space. In particular, the self-distance for any point need not be equal to zero. The main part of this research concentrates on how the idea of fuzzy partial metric space can be defined by following the same idea in the development of fuzzy metric space. We will bring together the necessary basic concepts to generalize the fuzzy metric spaces and their topological properties into fuzzy partial metric spaces, under the bewildering axiom that the self-distance of any point need not to be zero.
Optimal Objective-Based Experimental Design for Uncertain Dynamical Gene Networks with Experimental Error

In systems biology, network models are often used to study interactions among cellular components, a salient aim being to develop drugs and therapeutic mechanisms to change the dynamical behavior of the network to avoid undesirable phenotypes. Owing to limited knowledge, model uncertainty is commonplace and network dynamics can be updated in different ways, thereby giving multiple dynamic trajectories, that is, dynamics uncertainty. In this manuscript, we propose an experimental design method that can effectively reduce the dynamics uncertainty and improve performance in an interaction-based network. Both dynamics uncertainty and experimental error are quantified with respect to the modeling objective, herein, therapeutic intervention. The aim of experimental design is to select among a set of candidate experiments the experiment whose outcome, when applied to the network model, maximally reduces the dynamics uncertainty pertinent to the intervention objective.
A Theory of Profit-Sharing Institutions

Sometimes workers join their employers in support of the same international trade policy. At other times, workers disagree with their employers and challenge the trade policy reforms that would benefit their own industry. What explains this variation in workers’ trade policy preferences? When will labor share the same trade policy preference as capital? In order to solve this puzzle, I argue that we can understand workers’ trade policy preferences by analyzing how the effects of international trade are filtered through domestic labor markets. Trade policy directly increases profits, but whether or not these increased profits lead to an increase in wages depends on the outcome of wage bargaining between capital and labor. Surprisingly, the extant IPE literature tends to ignore this entire realm of political economy, overlooking how labor market institutions influence who wins and who loses from economic policy reform. This chapter opens the black box of domestic labor markets and explains the conditions under which workers expect an increase in profits to lead to an increase in wages. I predict that it is then, and only then that workers will join their employers in support of trade policies that benefit their industry. This chapter presents my theory of profit-sharing institutions in three steps. First, it explains why workers’ wages do not automatically increase along with trade policies that benefit their industry. As part of this analysis, I unpack the causal logic of the neoclassical models that dominate research on the political economy of international trade. This exercise demonstrates that once we relax the models’ assumption of full employment, capital captures all of the benefits of favorable trade policy reform. In this scenario, workers do not expect to receive a share of their industry's increased profits and therefore have no economic incentive to support the international trade policy favored by their employers. Or, as a prominent nineteenth-century American labor union newspaper explained, “unless the workmen were paid their share of protective tariff they could not be expected to support the party of protective tariff.” Second, it introduces the possibility of workers developing bargaining power and negotiating with their employers for a share of increased profits. Broadly speaking, workers develop bargaining power by establishing the ability to launch costly strikes that stop production.
Potassium channel blockers restore axonal conduction in CNS trauma and diseases.

Myelin damage in the central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in motor and sensory dysfunction (Shi and Sun, 2011). This neuropathology is observed widely in neurotrauma such as spinal cord injuries (SCI) and is also a distinguishing feature of many neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Shi and Sun, 2011). Damage to myelin structure leads to severe consequences at both a macromolecular and systems levels, which remains as one of the most challenging medical problems for both basic researchers and clinicians (Shi and Sun, 2011). Consequently, few successful therapeutic strategies exist today that can reverse or even slow the progression of this CNS pathology. Understanding the mechanisms underlying myelin damage is crucial for designing new, more effective treatments to mitigate symptoms and bring hope to millions of victims.
Functions and Relations

The elements of a set can be written in any order, and we don’t yet have a way to define ordered structures. So we now develop the theory of ordered structures. It also allows us to define the central concept of a function.
Generalized interfacial fault energies

Abstract Disconnections in metals have been shown to be the driving mechanism behind a variety of orientation and phase transformation changes. Thus, they have a profound effect on the microstructure, plastic deformation, and mechanical properties of interest to the engineer. Disconnections glide along interfaces, procedurally moving the interface by a characteristic step by causing the parent crystal to change its structure and/or orientation. The intrinsic deformation caused by this process depends on the character of the active disconnection among other possible disconnection candidates. While for phase transformations admissible defects depend on the extent of long-range diffusion, in general, the selection process of active disconnections is highly affected by their mobility. In deformation twinning, the magnitude of the characteristic shear, the complexity of local atomic rearrangements, and step height have been all shown to determine the disconnection’s possible activation and typical growth rate and thereby the morphology of the associated twin. However, despite these seminal refinements, no formal criterion exists yet which predicts the most active disconnection in comparison to other possible deformation modes. There is still confusion, for example, about the dependence of twinning on the c/a ratio, i.e. why a certain twin mode would appear in a given hexagonal metal and not in another one. This paper fills these gaps by introducing a new quantitative metric for disconnection mobility, and an example application is extended for the case of deformation twinning in hexagonal-close packed metals. This metric draws inspiration from the generalized stacking fault concept which is only relevant for bulk defects.
Recent trends in the U.S. Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (BSSR) workforce.

The National Institute of General Medical Sciences and the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) supported this work (Grant 2U01GM094141-05).
Most Hospitals Received Annual Penalties For Excess Readmissions, But Some Fared Better Than Others

The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) initiated by the Affordable Care Act levies financial penalties against hospitals with excess thirty-day Medicare readmissions. We sought to understand the penalty burden over the program’s first five years, focusing on characteristics of hospitals that received penalties during all five years, how penalties changed over time, and the relationship between baseline and subsequent performance. More than half of participating hospitals were penalized by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services in all five years of the program. From fiscal years 2013 to 2017, the growth in average penalties was modest, doubling from 0.29 percent to 0.60 percent, despite increasing opportunities for penalization. The penalty burden was greater in hospitals that were urban, major teaching, large, or for-profit and that treated larger shares of Medicare or socioeconomically disadvantaged patients. Surprisingly, hospitals treating greater proportions of medically complex Me...
Pyrene functionalized metallosupramolecular rhomboids and their photophysical properties

Abstract Two pyrene functionalized rhomboids were synthesized using a bis(phosphine)organoplatinum(II) ← pyridyl based coordination-driven self-assembly reaction and fully characterized by 31P{1H}NMR, 1H˗NMR and electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass (ESI-TOF-MS) spectroscopy. Their photophysical properties were also investigated suggesting that the length of the spacer units connecting the rhomboidal frameworks and pyrene influences the emission properties. Likewise, these emissions can be tuned by varying solvent polarity.
Making meaning of violence: Human rights and historical memory of the conflict in El Salvador

ABSTRACTHuman rights narratives about victimization run the risk of depoliticizing the acts of violence that created victims. In many communities in El Salvador, grassroots memory narratives have not suppressed victims' participation in the revolutionary movement before and during the country's civil war. Quite the contrary, one of the key reasons Salvadoran survivors identify for doing memory work is preserving revolutionary ideals — not to preserve the accounting of abuses, as is familiar in international human rights circles, but rather to relate the underlying reasons why so many risked so much. There is reason to believe this is different than other countries in postconflict Latin America. This may be the result of the relative weakness of postconflict accountability efforts and a reality that may give victims less perceived incentive to frame their life histories in ways that intersect with dominant human rights tropes. It may also pose a challenge as legal accountability efforts accelerate in the y...
Violent and Non-Violent Strategies of Counterinsurgency

Responses to insurgency include both a large-scale societal reform directed at improving the lives of civilians and a direct military response with no additional programs to improve civilian welfare. In this paper, we ask, what is the optimal combination of aid and military response from the viewpoint of the state? Using a computational model, we evaluate what mix of these two strategies helps the government defeat an insurgency more quickly. Our model yields that aid may boost a military strategy that avoids civilian casualties, but it may not compensate for a military strategy that targets civilians indiscriminately.
Urban-rural differences in mortality for atrial fibrillation hospitalizations in the United States

Background Cardiovascular outcomes vary between urban and rural hospitals, with worse outcomes in rural settings. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine whether in-hospital mortality for hospitalization for atrial fibrillation (AF) varied between urban and rural hospitals. Methods A cross-sectional examination of patients who were hospitalized for AF was performed in the National Inpatient Sample between 2012 and 2014 to compare in-hospital mortality in patients admitted to urban vs rural hospitals. Patients with a principal International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision discharge diagnosis of AF were included. Hospitals were classified as urban or rural on the basis of core-based statistical areas. In-hospital mortality was defined as death due to any cause during hospitalization. Results A total of 248,731 (mean age 69 years; 78% white; 48% women) admissions for AF were identified. Of these, 218,946 (88%) were from urban hospitals and 29,785 (12%) were from rural hospitals. Patients admitted to rural hospitals had a 17% increased risk of death as compared with those admitted to urban hospitals in a multivariable model, which accounted for differences in patient characteristics and potential confounders (odds ratio 1.17; 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.32). Similar results were obtained in a propensity score–matched analysis and in subgroup analyses by sex, race, and region. Conclusion In-hospital mortality of AF is higher in rural hospitals than in urban hospitals. Further research is needed to understand this finding and to develop targeted strategies to reduce mortality in patients admitted for AF in rural hospitals.
Genetically Altered Mice as Models for Understanding Brain Disorders

In an attempt to understand the potential contribution of various neurotransmitter systems to the elaboration of symptoms associated with central nervous systems disorders in humans, we have studied genetically modified animal models. A mouse in which the dopamine transporter gene (DAT-KO) has been inactivated provides a model of hyperdopaminergia. This mouse displays phenotypes of hyperactivity, impaired cognitive tasks, sensorimotor gating, habituation and attention. These behavioral impairments can be corrected by antipsychotic drugs and as such recapitulate some manifestations of psychotic behaviors. However, the potent calming effect of psychostimulants on the hyperlocomotion phenotype of these mice suggests some relevance to symptoms associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In the DAT-KO mice, our results reveal an interplay between the dopamine, glutamate and serotonin systems in controlling these behaviors. A mouse that carries a hypomorphic allele of the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor provides a model for a hypofunctioning glutamate system. NR1 mutant mice display behavioral abnormalities that are consistent with other pharmacological models of psychotic disorders (PCP and MK-801 intoxication), and these behaviors can be ameliorated more effectively by atypical rather than by typical antipsychotics. Thus, animals in which specific genes have been genetically modified can provide valuable models that can mimic certain disease symptoms.
Physically Unclonable Functions Using Foundry SRAM Cells

This paper describes a low voltage physically unclonable function (PUF) implemented with SRAM circuits. The approach allows the use of foundry cells, which are used in this paper, and requires very minor modifications to standard SRAM arrays. The PUF functionality is designed into large 1M-bit SRAM arrays fabricated on a 55-nm process using the foundry supplied SRAM cell layouts. The low variability foundry process produces good PUF results, demonstrating that the approach should also be good on conventional processes, since greater mismatch should positively impact PUF performance as measured by code word stability. The impact of process corners is also experimentally determined. Unstable bits, which we attribute to random telegraph noise is shown to be at manageable levels. We describe the circuit operation, statistical behavior, and suggest helper data functions that allow operation without error correction. This is important since error correction necessarily allows some leakage of the underlying secret codes.
Women and the War on Boko Haram: Wives, Weapons, Witnesses

The Boko Haram insurgency first attracted global attention in April 2014 when the group attacked Government Girls Secondary School in Chibok, Borno State, and abducted 276 schoolgirls. The campaign...
Cost-effective Surveillance for Infectious Diseases Through Specimen Pooling and Multiplex Assays

ObjectiveTo develop specimen pooling algorithms that reduce the number of tests needed to test individuals for infectious diseases with multiplex assays.IntroductionAn essential tool for infectious disease surveillance is to have a timely and cost-effective testing method. For this purpose, laboratories frequently use specimen pooling to assay high volumes of clinical specimens. The simplest pooling algorithm employs a two-stage process. In the first stage, a set number of specimens are amalgamated to form a “group” that is tested as if it were one specimen. If this group tests negatively, all individuals within the group are declared disease free. If this group tests positively, a second stage is implemented with retests performed on each individual. This testing algorithm is repeated across all individuals that need to be tested. In comparison to testing each individual specimen, large reductions in the number of tests occur when overall disease prevalence is small because most groups will test negatively.Most pooling algorithms have been developed in the context of single-disease assays. New pooling algorithms are developed in the context of multiplex (multiple-disease) assays applied over two or three hierarchical stages. Individual risk information can be employed by these algorithms to increase testing efficiency.MethodsMonte Carlo simulations are used to emulate pooling and testing processes. These simulations are based on retrospective chlamydia and gonorrhea testing data collected over a two-year period in Idaho, Iowa, and Oregon. For each simulation, the number of tests and measures of accuracy are recorded. All tests were originally performed by the Aptima Combo 2 Assay. Sensitivities and specificities for this assay are included in the simulation process.The R statistical software package is used to perform all simulations. For reproducibility of the research, programs are made available at www.chrisbilder.com/grouptesting to implement the simulations.ResultsReductions in the number of tests were obtained for all states when compared to individual specimen testing. For example, the pooling of Idaho female specimens without taking into account individual risk information resulted in a 47% and a 51% reduction in tests when using two and three stages, respectively. With the addition of individual risk information, further reductions in tests occurred. For example, the pooling of Idaho female specimens resulted in an additional 5% reduction of tests when compared directly to not using individual risk information. These reductions in tests were found to be related to the type of risk information available and the variability in risk levels. For example, males were found to have much more variability than females. For Idaho, this resulted in a 15% further reduction in tests than when not using the risk information.ConclusionsSignificant reductions in the number of tests occur through pooling. These reductions are the most significant when individual risk information is taken into account by the pooling algorithm.
Dust-drought interactions over the last 15,000 years: A network of lake sediment records from the San Juan Mountains, Colorado:

Millions of people in the arid Southwest United States rely on snow-fed Colorado River water. Dust deposition on snow accelerates snowmelt, posing a challenge for water managers who also need to gr...
Distributed Adaptive Beamforming and Nullforming for Covert Wireless Communications

In this paper, we focus on the problem of distributed coherent beamforming in wireless networks where multiple distributed transmitters adjust the phases of their signals to form a directional and targeted communication link to a client receiver. The quality-of-service (QoS) and security are key aspects of robust and covert wireless networks. Although the security can be enhanced by exploiting information about the locations of adversaries, such information may not be available in practical networks since the adversaries are often passive. Therefore, we propose transmission strategies which divide transmitters into two groups where one group forms a beam towards the client and the other group broadcasts interference in order to obfuscate adversaries. As the interference may degrade the QoS of the client, the latter group steers a null to the client to alleviate the interference at the client. The proposed scheme can be performed in a fully distributed manner with only two bits of feedback information from the client and without any knowledge about the locations of potential adversaries.
PD-L1, PD-1, LAG-3, and TIM-3 in Melanoma: Expression in Brain Metastases Compared to Corresponding Extracranial Tumors.

Background Metastatic melanoma to the brain carries a particularly poor prognosis that may be associated with an attenuated antitumor response in the presence of central nervous system malignancies. Thus, the development of brain metastases could theoretically accelerate cancer progression both locally and systemically. Although dysregulation of checkpoint markers, such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1), lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3), and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), have been implicated in immune dysfunction, the exact relationship between these markers and brain tumor-mediated immune suppression remains unclear. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore whether there exists a differential expression of the above checkpoint markers in the intracranial milieu as compared to tumors in the periphery, which may shed light on the mechanism behind the diminished antitumor response. Methods We identified nine patients with extracranial melanomas and matched intracranial metastases. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded slides were stained for PD-L1, PD-1, LAG-3, and TIM-3 via immunohistochemistry. Qualitative analysis was performed to assess the staining of the markers in the neoplastic and lymphocytic cells, which were the two cell lineages in each biopsy. Results Expression of PD-1 and TIM-3 between extracranial and intracranial tumoral sites was conserved. Specifically, in lymphocytes, PD-1 expression was observed in 100% of extracranial and 100% of intracranial slides, whereas TIM-3 expression was seen in 33.33% of extracranial and 33.33% of intracranial slides. Neither marker stained tumor cells, as expected. PD-L1 showed a slight variation in staining between sites, with lymphocyte staining in 100% of extracranial and 88.89% of intracranial slides, and the same percentages per site for tumor cells. The greatest variability was observed in LAG-3 lymphocyte staining, with staining in 77.78% of extracranial and 33.33% of intracranial slides. No LAG-3 staining of tumor cells was noted, as expected. Conclusion Preliminary analysis revealed the conservation of PD-L1, PD-1, LAG-3, and TIM-3 expression intra- and extracranially. This could suggest that these markers are important in maintaining an immunosuppressive phenotype at both sites. Another possibility is that this pattern of expression is associated with patients who develop brain metastasis, as this was the only subset of patients included in this study. Interestingly, LAG-3 staining of lymphocytes appeared more prominent in extracranial over intracranial tumors. Future studies should include more samples to draw out potential patterns masked by the small sample size, as well as to compare checkpoint expression in other patient groups, such as those with non-brain metastasis or those with no metastasis at all.
A Certain Group Acting on a \(C^{*}\)-Algebra Generated by Countable Infinitely Many Semicircular Elements

In this paper, we consider an operator-algebraic structure of a \(C^{*}\)-algebra generated by mutually free, countable-infinitely many semicircular elements, and then construct-and-study a certain abelian infinite cyclic group acting on the \(C^{*}\)-algebra. We show how the group algebra generated by the group deform the free probability on the \(C^{*}\)-algebra.
Race/ethnicity, built environment in neighborhood, and children’s mental health in the US

The prevention and treatment of mental health disorders in childhood and adolescence is one among the major public health challenges in the United States today. Prior research has suggested that ne...
Vaping-Linked Lung Disease: Implication for Pro-oxidant Effect of Vitamin E

Vitamin E or chemical derivative, such as; tocopheryl acetate, is found in many supplements or cosmetics. Recently vitamin E has been suggested to be connected with serious lung disorders caused by vaping...
Risk and protective factors for college students' psychological health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

College students’ psychological health may be compromised due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we aimed to identify risk (eg, perceived risk of contracting COVID-19) and protective factors (ie, soci...
GITR: An accelerated global scale particle tracking code for wall material erosion and redistribution in fusion relevant plasma–material interactions

Abstract The global impurity transport code (GITR — pronounced “guitar”) has been developed as a high-performance Monte Carlo particle (neutral atom and ion) tracking code to simulate the erosion, ionization, migration, and redistribution of plasma-facing components in magnetically confined fusion devices. The trace impurity assumption allows for a highly parallel computational model that enables increased scaling in the number of particles simulated as well as the domain size and geometric fidelity. Novel custom algorithms that query the 3D surface geometry has alleviated the need for traditional meshing needs. Presented here are the physics model, numerical schemes, algorithmic implementation, and example simulations. Program summary Program Title: GITR CPC Library link to program files: https://doi.org/10.17632/djpw9rpv5b.1 Developer’s repository link: https://github.com/ORNL-Fusion/GITR Licensing provisions: GPLv2 Programming language: C++ Nature of problem: Net and gross erosion, kinetic redistribution, and deposition of material sputtered as a result of high energy particle flux in the plasma–material interaction. Solution method: Monte Carlo particle tracking through Lorentz force , background plasma collision operators, atomic physics processes, and interaction with material surfaces.
Elastography mapped by deep convolutional neural networks

Elastography emerges as a medical modality to map stiffness distribution of tissues and is expected to help identify malignant tumors. To this end, tissues are externally stimulated with dynamic waves, and thereafter mechanical responses are internally measured. However, internal measurements limit the resolution and accuracy due to wave scattering and frequency-dependence. Although models have been reported only with need for acquiring transmitted responses, the computational processes are time-consuming in the inverse analysis. Here we develop an architecture of deep learning-based convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to image elastography based on sound transmission. The proposed CNNs contain three branches, one of which considers the contribution of original features in input data. By comparison, the developed architecture not only maps elastography accurately, but also is more efficient than traditional CNNs in sequence.
Primary Cilia in Amacrine Cells in Retinal Development

Purpose Primary cilia are conserved organelles found in polarized cells within the eye that regulate cell growth, migration, and differentiation. Although the role of cilia in photoreceptors is well-studied, the formation of cilia in other retinal cell types has received little attention. In this study, we examined the ciliary profile focused on the inner nuclear layer of retinas in mice and rhesus macaque primates. Methods Retinal sections or flatmounts from Arl13b-Cetn2 tg transgenic mice were immunostained for cell markers (Pax6, Sox9, Chx10, Calbindin, Calretinin, ChaT, GAD67, Prox1, TH, and vGluT3) and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Primate retinal sections were immunostained for ciliary and cell markers (Pax6 and Arl13b). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and ERGs were used to assess visual function of Vift88 mice. Results During different stages of mouse postnatal eye development, we found that cilia are present in Pax6-positive amacrine cells, which were also observed in primate retinas. The cilia of subtypes of amacrine cells in mice were shown by immunostaining and electron microscopy. We also removed primary cilia from vGluT3 amacrine cells in mouse and found no significant vision defects. In addition, cilia were present in the outer limiting membrane, suggesting that a population of Muller glial cells forms cilia. Conclusions We report that several subpopulations of amacrine cells in inner nuclear layers of the retina form cilia during early retinal development in mice and primates.
Effects of the potent GPR120 agonist, TUG-891, on sensory characteristics of whipped cream

Abstract To elucidate the sensory effects of GPR120 agonists on fat-containing foods, changes in the sensory characteristics of normal-fat whipped cream following the addition of the potent GPR120 agonist, TUG-891, were examined using descriptive analysis. Trained panellists selected 12 attributes from sensory words collected in evaluations of whipped cream with fat contents of 35 and 47%. Addition of 26 μ m TUG-891 to normal-fat whipped cream significantly enhanced the intensity of the mouthcoating (initial, middle & last, and long-lasting), thickness of taste, and denseness, and also significantly decreased the score for melting speed in the mouth. Sensory scores for these attributes in normal-fat whipped cream were equivalent (mouthcoating) or close (thickness of taste, denseness, and melting speed in the mouth) to those of full-fat whipped cream. Therefore, GPR120 agonists appear to possess some of the functions of fat in dairy cream.
Computer Simulations of Plasmas and Beams: A View from Multiple Angles

Physical science and engineering practice have been, over most of history, advanced through experimentation and observation, along with analysis, calculations, and analog simulation. The use of digital computer simulations is a relatively recent development, but has matured rapidly and is now a full peer to the classical approaches.
Studies in the medieval Atlantic

PART I: TRANSNATIONALISM AND ENVIRONMENT Desert Islands: Europe's Archipelago as Ascetic Landscape A.Siewers Subsistence Whaling and the Western North Atlantic: Norsemen, Basques, and Whale Use V.Szabo Greenland Norse Knowledge of the North Atlantic Environment T.Haine PART II: COLONIALISM The Manx Sea Kings and the Western Oceans:The Late Norse Isle of Man in its North Atlantic context, 1079-1265 A.McDonald More Savage than the Sword?: Logistics in the Medieval Atlantic Theatre of War D.Beougher Into the Atlantic or Into the Mediterranean: Spanish Military Choices in the Late Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries K.DeVries
Gender Differences in Pay of Young Management Professionals in the United States: A Comprehensive View

We conduct a comprehensive examination of the gender differences in pay focusing on multiple perspectives emanating from economics, social psychology, and gender studies. Data are drawn from surveys of MBA students conducted by the Graduate Management Admissions Council Although women in both samples earn significantly less on average than men, when the effects of the study’s variables are considered via multiple regression analysis, no significant difference in annual salary is observed. Our results show the importance of simultaneously considering the impact of human capital, job and firm characteristics, demographics, and cognitive skills. Structural differences are noted in the models estimated separately for men and women. However, the results from decomposing salary differentials are quite consistent with estimates from the single-equation models.
Provisional Governments in Tunisia and Libya

This paper presents initial findings for my dissertation research on the groups which emerged as Libyas and Tunisias provisional governments during the breakdowns of their authoritarian regimes. The dissertation will compare features of the two provisional bodies: how they initially formed, who their members were, how their membership changed over time, their internal operating mechanisms, what powers they did or didnt claim, their levels of internal cohesion or conflict, the rival organizations each one faced, and the policies each one favored. The topic merits attention for several reasons. The revolutions that spread across the Arab world in 2011 took observers by surprise, and these observers predicted many challenges for the provisional bodies that took control during the periods of instability that followed. Yet both transition bodies were able to hand over power to an elected government within a year of the authoritarian regimes collapse. Moreover, both provisional bodies dealt with forces of political Islam, which has constituted a central issue in the literature on politics of the Arab world and particularly on the persistence of authoritarianism in the region.
Keepers of the Sacred Chants: The Poetics of Ritual and Power in an Amazonian Society.

Keepers of the Sacred Chants: The Poetics of Ritual and Power in an Amazonian Society. Jonathan D. Hill .Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1993. 245 pp.
The Shape of Elite Opinion on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1992 to 2004

Research has demonstrated considerable diversity in the evolution of foreign policy beliefs of elite opinion leaders. Holsti and Rosenau's three-headed eagle, Wittkopf's four-headed eagle, and Rosati and Creed's six-headed eagle produced a number of categories that help to explain the significance of this diversity since the collapse of the Cold War consensus. This article expands upon this research by observing even greater complexity and diversity in the shape of foreign policy beliefs of elite opinion leaders since the end of the Cold War. Using a content analysis of national opinion and foreign policy journals between 1992 and 2004, it identifies and details nine foreign policy orientations (missionaries, hegemonists, globalizers, global capitalists, narrow realists, progressive internationalists, anti-imperialists, neighbors, and disengagers) held by elite opinion leaders. It also suggests that elites are altering their foreign policy orientations by absorbing profound global changes into their belief systems.
Ontologies in Agent Architectures

Agents display a dual behavior: on the one hand they are goal directed programs that autonomously and proactively solve problems for their users; on the other hand agents have a social dimension when they interoperate as part of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS). As autonomous problem solvers, agents need to develop a model of their environment that allows them to reason on how the actions that they perform affect their environment, and how those changes lead them to achieve their goals. Ontologies provide the conceptual framework that allows agents to construct such models: ontologies describe the type of entities that agents encounter, the properties of those entities, and the relations between them. For example, a stock reporting agent may require ontologies describing not only concepts like ticker symbol, but also the relation between stock and ticker symbol and properties of stocks such as its value expressed in some currency.
An Appreciation on the 60th Birthday of Edward Teller

It has been said that great men have many admirers, but each also has some passionate opponents. Edward Teller surely qualifies as a great man under this criterion. The present writer is one of a large number of his close and affectionate friends, friends who admire his imagination, his human kindness, his unfailing wit, and the breadth of his interests. On the other hand, a clipping from a paper in Hungary, sent to me for this occasion, accuses him of ill will, greediness, and of a violent temper. All this in a critical review of one of his books which is, actually, “not available” there.
Qualitative Comparative Analysis as a Nested Approach to Inquiry

This paper provides an innovative addition to the nested analysis approach. Nested analysis is described as being catholic with regard to the use of method including, but not limited to, qualitative comparative analysis. However, in regards to integrating qualitative comparative analysis within a nested strategy, this paper demonstrates that such a combination is problematic due to inherent differences between these two approaches. This paper elaborates the reasons for these difficulties, and furthermore shows that such a combination is possible through small-yet-necessary modifications to the original nested framework. The results from this paper not only provide a useful complement to the nested approach, but also offer a practical guide to those generally interested in pursuing qualitative comparative analysis.
Anthropology of Food: The Social Dynamics of Food Security

Anthropology of Food: The Social Dynamics of Food Security. Johan Pottier. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999. 230 pp.