cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microphysical and dynamical controls on cirrus cloud optical depth distributions

[1] We assess microphysical and dynamical controls on cirrus cloud optical depth distributions [P(σ)] along idealized air parcel trajectories. We find P(σ) shape depends primarily on the ratio of the ice crystal fallout timescale to timescales of other microphysical and dynamical processes. With homogeneous freezing only, two P(σ) regimes emerged. In the limited fallout regime, relatively slow fallout allows complete depletion of the ice supersaturation, and P(σ) has a peak at large optical depth values (σ > 1). In contrast, in the fallout-dominated regime, relatively rapid fallout results in persistent high-ice supersaturation and multiple freezing events, and P(σ) has a monotonically decreasing shape dominated by small optical depth values. The addition of heterogeneous freezing alters the homogeneous-freezing P(σ) shape only in the limited fallout regime. Here glaciated ice nuclei (IN) do not inhibit homogeneous freezing but can change P(σ) by reducing the optical depth of the P(σ) peak and adding a monotonically decreasing tail at low optical depth values. Surprisingly, glaciated IN do not significantly change P(σ) values or shape in the fallout-dominated regime. Fluctuations in vertical velocity and accompanying temperature changes have relatively little impact on P(σ) unless the fluctuation timescales are shorter than fallout timescales, but longer than ice crystal growth timescales. As temperature fluctuations increase in amplitude, new freezing events affect P(σ) as long as fluctuation timescales approach or exceed freezing timescales. Our modeled P(σ) qualitatively resemble observed P(σ), indicating these results could aid in GCM cirrus P(σ) parameterization and help diagnose the controls on cirrus P(σ).
Neuroendocrine and Cardiac Metabolic Dysfunction and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Adipose Tissue and Pancreas following Chronic Spinal Cord Injury in the Mouse

CVD (cardiovascular disease) represents a leading cause of mortality in chronic SCI (spinal cord injury). Several component risk factors are observed in SCI; however, the underlying mechanisms that contribute to these risks have not been defined. Central and peripheral chronic inflammation is associated with metabolic dysfunction and CVD, including adipokine regulation of neuroendocrine and cardiac function and inflammatory processes initiated by the innate immune response. We use female C57 Bl/6 mice to examine neuroendocrine, cardiac, adipose and pancreatic signaling related to inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in response to experimentally induced chronic SCI. Using immuno-histochemical, -precipitation, and -blotting analysis, we show decreased POMC (proopiomelanocortin) and increased NPY (neuropeptide-Y) expression in the hypothalamic ARC (arcuate nucleus) and PVN (paraventricular nucleus), 1-month post-SCI. Long-form leptin receptor (Ob-Rb), JAK2 (Janus kinase)/STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3)/p38 and RhoA/ROCK (Rho-associated kinase) signaling is significantly increased in the heart tissue post-SCI, and we observe the formation and activation of the NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome in VAT (visceral adipose tissue) and pancreas post-SCI. These data demonstrate neuroendocrine signaling peptide alterations, associated with central inflammation and metabolic dysfunction post-SCI, and provide evidence for the peripheral activation of signaling mechanisms involved in cardiac, VAT and pancreatic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction post-SCI. Further understanding of biological mechanisms contributing to SCI-related inflammatory processes and metabolic dysfunction associated with CVD pathology may help to direct therapeutic and rehabilitation countermeasures.
The Trouble with Grace: Reading Jonathan Edwards's Faithful Narrative

Critics have long noted but never adequately explained why Jonathan Edwards deliberately reordered the Northampton revival's chronology in his Faithful Narrative. This essay argues that by declaring that Joseph Hawley's suicide signified the withdrawal of God's Spirit, Edwards sought to protect his community from the social, cultural, and theological ramifications of that self-murder.
Models of heart failure progression: Ca2+ dysregulation

Despite the recent improvement in the efficacy of medical treatments, heart failure remains the leading cause of mortality in the western world. Heart failure is a complex syndrome characterized by functional and structural abnormalities of the myocardium. Alteration of Ca 2+ homeostasis is thought to be a crucial mechanism underlying heart failure pathogenesis. This review focuses on the experimental models that have recently been developed to investigate the role of Ca 2+ in heart failure.
Ten‐π‐electron nitrogen heterocyclic compounds VI: NMR spectra, HMO calculations and bromination of some diazaindenes

The bromination of pyrrolo[1, 2-a]pyrazine and of pyrrazolo[1, 2-a]pyridine yields the 1,3-dibromo and 1-bromo derivatives, respectively. These results are in agreement with the predictions based on frontier-electron density calculations. The nmr spectra of the compounds prepared in this study are analyzed in detail.
Origin and structural implications of upper Miocene rhyolites in Kingston Canyon, Piute County, Utah

Kingston Canyon is one of the deepest antecedent canyons in the High Plateaus subprovince of the Colorado Plateaus. Here the East Fork of the Sevier River flows westward transversely across the gently east tilted Sevier Plateau, which is developed on a basin-range fault block uplifted more than 1,500 m along the Sevier fault zone on the west. Upper Tertiary rhyolites, uncommon in southwestern Utah, occur both on the northern rim and in the bottom of Kingston Canyon. Those on the northern rim consist of lava flows and volcanic domes of the rhyolite of Forshea Mountain, dated by K-Ar methods at 7.6 m.y. old. Those in the bottom of Kingston Canyon, the rhyolite of Phonolite Hill, are especially well exposed and provide spectacular examples of a pyroclastic cone whose base is about at river level and a steep-sided volcanic dome emplaced into and through these deposits. The pyroclastic deposits, formerly 500 or more metres thick, consist of airfall, mudflow, and ash-flow(?) material of rhyolite and foreign lithic fragments, especially olivine basalt. The dome consists of flow-banded, mostly devitrified rhyolite as much as 500 m thick; it has been dated by K-Ar methods at 5.4 m.y. In addition to the rhyolites, a dome and lava-flow complex, the rhyodacite of Dry Lake, occurs near the northern rim and is considered to postdate the rhyolite of Forshea Mountain and predate the rhyolite of Phonolite Hill. The rhyolite of Forshea Mountain was deposited near basin-range faults, before the uplift of the Sevier Plateau and before the cutting of Kingston Canyon. Before uplift, a river flowed across the site of the present Sevier Plateau toward the east-southeast and perhaps also across the Awapa and Aquarius Plateaus to the east. The rhyodacite of Dry Lake was deposited during uplift and perhaps before canyon cutting. During uplift, the river maintained itself and cut Kingston Canyon. The rhyolite of Phonolite Hill was deposited in this canyon, blocking the river flow, which probably formed new outlets to the east. The Awapa and Aquarius Plateaus later were uplifted along faults, disrupting the eastern part of the river segment. The topography then took on its present appearance, and drainage was re-established through Kingston Canyon. There has been little deepening since the reopening of Kingston Canyon.
Variational density-functional method for point defects in metals☆

Abstract Several workers have attempted to calculate point defect energies by direct minimization of the total-energy functional with respect to variations in the electronic charge density n (r). One of the main problems in such treatments is to develop an efficient parametrization of n (r). Following Lega and Ying, we expand n (r) in terms of localized orthogonal orbitals. A new procedure is developed based on matrix partitioning to construct orthogonal orbitals in the presence of a vacancy. These orbitals are constructed so as to deviate as little as possible from the bulk Wannier functions, to which they approach at large distances from the vacancy. Certain slowly convergent lattice sums that occur in the formulation can be efficiently evaluated in reciprocal space. Test calculations have been performed for a vacancy in b.c.c. Na. The term that presents the most difficulty in total energy calculations with this approach is the electron kinetic energy. The contribution of kinetic energy to the vacancy formation energy is found to be much too large, probably due to the inadequacy of the minimal basis set employed. Possible remedies are discussed.
Application of HIV methods to the detection of other retroviruses.

We developed an immunofluorescence (IF) test for measurement of HIV antibody, and, in 1985, compared the sensitivity and specificity of the IF, Western blot, and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) methods.' There was 100% agreement between the IF and Western blot methods, and these two tests were more sensitive and specific than the EIA at that time. Since then, however, the EIA tests for HIV have improved, and we now find the IF test most useful for detecting false positive reactions. In the present study, we evaluated IF, Western blot, and EIA (Cellular Products, Inc, Buffalo, NY) methods for HTLV-I antibody determinations, and found the IF test to be comparable to the Western blot and more sensitive than the EIA.
X-Ray Emission Analysis of High Atomic Number Elements: A New Excitation Source Using Monoenergic 477 keVγ-Rays from the 10B(n,α) 7mLi→7Li Reaction

A new excitation source has been developed for x-ray emission analysis of high atomic number elements. A mixture of the sample and a small amount of boron-10 is irradiated in a thermal neutron beam and the resultant × radiation is recorded using a Ge(Li) semiconductor detector and a multichannel analyzer. The boron-10 undergoes neutron capture (10B(n,α)7Li, σ=3840b) producing a single excited state of lithium-7 in 92.5% of the captures. Lithium-7m decays with a half-life of about 5x10−14 sec emitting a monoenergic 477 keV gamma ray. These gamma rays are in excellent geometry to the sample and are sufficiently energetic to excite the K × radiation of the highest atomic number elements known. The K x-ray spectra of several elements are presented along with a discussion of sample preparation and apparatus optimization.
Speckle interferometry in transparent media.

Speckle interferometry is applied to transparent media to obtain measurements of full-field density variations. Speckle interferometry can present decreased vibration sensitivity compared to some wave front comparison methods while maintaining high sensitivity. Speckle interferometry also has some advantages over speckle photography for certain geometries. Temperatures calculated from speckle interferometry measurements are compared with thermocouple measurements for a cylindrical flame.
The use of resazurin as a novel antimicrobial agent against Francisella tularensis

The highly infectious and deadly pathogen, Francisella tularensis, is classified by the CDC as a Category A bioterrorism agent. Inhalation of a single bacterium results in an acute pneumonia with a 30-60% mortality rate without treatment. Due to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance, there is a strong need for new types of antibacterial drugs. Resazurin is commonly used to measure bacterial and eukaryotic cell viability through its reduction to the fluorescent product resorufin. When tested on various bacterial taxa at the recommended concentration of 44 µM, a potent bactericidal effect was observed against various Francisella and Neisseria species, including the human pathogens type A F. tularensis (Schu S4) and N. gonorrhoeae. As low as 4.4 µM resazurin was sufficient for a 10-fold reduction in F. tularensis growth. In broth culture, resazurin was reduced to resorufin by F. tularensis. However, resorufin also suppressed the growth of F. tularensis suggesting that the process of reducing resazurin was not responsible for the observed antimicrobial effect. Replication of F. tularensis in primary human macrophages and non-phagocytic cells was abolished following treatment with 44 μM resazurin indicating this compound could be an effective therapy for tularemia in vivo.
Progress of the 473 MHz four-rod RFQ

A four-rod radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) was constructed to operate at 473 MHz. Four-rod type structures have not been used for such a high frequency before. The RFQ is designed to accelerate 10 mA of H/sup -/ ions from 30 keV to 0.5 MeV. Low RF power and high RF power measurements of the RFQ have been performed successfully. The design of the RFQ is presented along with the results of tests related to low and high RF power operations such as Q and power measurements, multipactoring problems, sparking problems, vacuum performance, and cooling. >
Integrating Development and Environment to Model Reproductive Performance in Natural Populations of an Intertidal Gastropod

SYNOPSIS. Functional challenges can differ among life-history stages, yet performance at one stage may be linked to the outcome of performance at others. For example, adult performance, in terms of the location or timing of reproduction in response to environmental signals, can set conditions that affect the performance of developmental stages. In marine invertebrates, however, early performance has been studied primarily in the laboratory. I outline an integrative approach to the study of field reproductive performance in a marine gastropod that undergoes development in intertidal habitats. Embryos within gelatinous masses experience high variability in development temperature and frequent exposure to thermal stress. In laboratory experiments, developmental performance was measured as a function of maximum temperature (T max ) experienced during fluctuations that mimicked field tidal profiles. Performance curves showed declines that coincided with temperature thresholds for heat shock protein (Hsp) expression, a signal of cellular stress. Application of laboratory results to field records of Tmax predicted large variation in the survival of embryos deposited on different days. Timing of field reproduction was non-random with respect to Tmax, suggesting that adults could help to buffer embryos from environmental stress. Embryo survival, however, was not predicted to benefit from the non-random pattern of adult reproduction. Adults may be constrained to respond to information that only weakly predicts conditions that embryos will experience. Studies that incorporate linkages between life cycle stages in the field may better reveal how performance capacities and constraints at one stage can influence performance and selection at others.
High-throughput Analysis of in vivo Protein Stability

Determining the half-life of proteins is critical for an understanding of virtually all cellular processes. Current methods for measuring in vivo protein stability, including large-scale approaches, are limited in their throughput or in their ability to discriminate among small differences in stability. We developed a new method, Stable-seq, which uses a simple genetic selection combined with high-throughput DNA sequencing to assess the in vivo stability of a large number of variants of a protein. The variants are fused to a metabolic enzyme, which here is the yeast Leu2 protein. Plasmids encoding these Leu2 fusion proteins are transformed into yeast, with the resultant fusion proteins accumulating to different levels based on their stability and leading to different doubling times when the yeast are grown in the absence of leucine. Sequencing of an input population of variants of a protein and the population of variants after leucine selection allows the stability of tens of thousands of variants to be scored in parallel. By applying the Stable-seq method to variants of the protein degradation signal Deg1 from the yeast Matα2 protein, we generated a high-resolution map that reveals the effect of ∼30,000 mutations on protein stability. We identified mutations that likely affect stability by changing the activity of the degron, by leading to translation from new start codons, or by affecting N-terminal processing. Stable-seq should be applicable to other organisms via the use of suitable reporter proteins, as well as to the analysis of complex mixtures of fusion proteins.
Reply by Author to G. Prathap

References Mei, C., "A Finite-Element Approach for Nonlinear Panel Flutter," AIAA Journal, Vol. 15, Aug. 1977, pp. 1107-1110. Mei, C., "Nonlinear Vibration of Beams by Matrix Displacement Method," AIAA Journal, Vol. 10, March 1972, pp. 355-357. Mei, C., "Finite Element Displacement Method for Large Amplitude Free Flexural Vibrations of Beams and Plates," International Journal of Computers and Structures, Vol. 3, Jan. 1973, pp. 163-174.
Low Fat Level Effects on Sensory, Shear, Cooking, and Chemical Properties of Ground Beef Patties

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of targeted fat level (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20%) on sensory, shear, cooking and chemical properties of ground beef patties. Frozen patties from all fat levels were cooked to achieve similar cooking yields. As fat levels decreased, tenderness, juiciness and flavor ratings decreased and shear force increased, with more pronounced differences at lower fat levels. Patties processed with 0% fat were rated lower in juiciness and flavor compared to all other fat levels. These studies suggested that alterations in processing and cooking would probably be necessary to achieve acceptance of extremely low-fat beef patties.
Distributed query processing in a relational data base system

In this paper we present a new algorithm for retrieving and updating data from a distributed relational data base. Within such a data base, any number of relations can be distributed over any number of sites. Moreover, a user supplied distribution criteria can optionally be used to specify what site a tuple belongs to.The algorithm is an efficient way to process any query by "breaking" the qualification into separate "pieces" using a few simple heuristics. The cost criteria considered are minimum response time and minimum communications traffic. In addition, the algorithm can optimize separately for two models of a communication network representing respectively ARPANET and ETHERNET like networks. This algorithm is being implemented as part of the INGRES data base system.
Expression of the growth hormone-releasing hormone gene and its peptide product in the rat ovary.

GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) is a potent cAMP-mediated agonist in the rat ovary, where it binds to a common vasoactive intestinal peptide/GHRH receptor and enhances the actions of FSH on granulosa cell maturation. A GHRH-like peptide has been detected by immunocytochemistry in the human ovary and by RIA in follicular fluid, suggesting local synthesis of the peptide. In rat ovarian poly(A)+ RNA, Northern blot hybridization analysis with a 32P-labeled 48-nucleotide (nt) rat GHRH oligonucleotide probe revealed the presence of one major and two minor mRNA species. The major ovarian GHRH mRNA (1750 nt) was much larger than that present in hypothalamus and placenta (750 nt), but was similar to that observed in the rat testis. Two well defined higher mol wt forms of 3.2 and 3.6 kilobases were also present and probably represent unprocessed precursors of the 1750-nt mRNA. Further evidence of GHRH gene expression in the ovary and testis was provided by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of ovarian mRNA...
The dexterity and singularities of an underactuated robot

Underactuated robots are robotic systems with more joints than actuators. A robot may be underactuated by design as in the case of a hyper-redundant robot with passive joints or may become underactuated as a result of an actuator failure. In this article, we examine the dexterity of underactuated robots whose passive joints operate in either a locked or free-swinging mode. The ability to an analyze the dexterity of an underactuated robot has important applications especially for the control of passive joints with brakes and for the fault tolerance analysis of an otherwise fully actuated kinematically redundant robot. The approach applied here is to use kinematics and dynamics-based formulations of manipulator dexterity. We then characterize passive-joint singularities, i.e., configurations where full end-effector control is lost because one or more joints are passive instead of active. Lastly, we introduce a new characterization of joint-limit singularities, which are configurations where full end-effector control cannot be achieved because one or more joints are at their joint limits. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Weakest-precondition of unstructured programs

Program verification systems typically transform a program into a logical expression which is then fed to a theorem prover. The logical expression represents the weakest precondition of the program relative to its specification; when (and if!) the theorem prover is able to prove the expression, then the program is considered correct. Computing such a logical expression for an imperative, structured program is straightforward, although there are issues having to do with loops and the efficiency both of the computation and of the complexity of the formula with respect to the theorem prover. This paper presents a novel approach for computing the weakest precondition of an unstructured program that is sound even in the presence of loops. The computation is efficient and the resulting logical expression provides more leeway for the theorem prover efficiently to attack the proof.
Bounds on the Effective Transport and Elastic Properties of a Random Array of Cylindrical Fibers in a Matrix

This paper studies the determination of rigorous upper and lower bounds on the ef­ fective transport and elastic moduli of a transversely isotropic fiber-reinforced com­ posite derived by Silnutzer and by Milton. The third-order Silnutzer bounds on the transverse conductivity ae, the transverse bulk modulus ke, and the axial shear modulus ne, depend upon the microstructure through a three-point correlation func­ tion of the medium. The fourth-order Milton bounds on ae and \xe depend not only upon three-point information but upon the next level of information, i.e., a fourpoint correlation function. The aforementioned microstructure-sensitive bounds are computed, using methods and results of statistical mechanics, for the model of aligned, infinitely long, equisized, circular cylinders which are randomly distributed throughout a matrix, for fiber volume fractions up to 65 percent. For a wide range of volume fractions and phase property values, the Silnutzer bounds significantly improve upon corresponding second-order bounds due to Hill and to Hashin; the Milton bounds, moreover, are narrower than the third-order Silnutzer bounds. When the cylinders are perfectly conducting or perfectly rigid, it is shown that Milton's lower bound on ae or \ie provides an excellent estimate of these effective parameters for the wide range of volume fractions studied here. This conclusion is supported by computer-simu lation results for ae and by experimental data for a graphite-plastic composite.
Competing Causes of Death and Second Primary Tumors in Patients with Locoregionally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer Treated with Chemoradiotherapy

Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the emergence of second primary malignancies and the contribution of different causes of death to the outcome of patients with locoregionally advanced head and cancer receiving primary chemoradiotherapy. Experimental Design: We studied 324 patients with stage IV squamous cell head and neck cancer who were enrolled on five consecutive multicenter Phase II studies of concurrent chemoradiotherapy. All of the regimens included concurrent 5-fluorouracil and hydroxyurea on an alternate week schedule with radiotherapy, either alone (FHX) or with cisplatin (C-FHX) or paclitaxel (T-FHX). The cumulative incidence of second primary tumors or death from any cause was estimated using methods of competing risk analysis. Results: Median follow-up of surviving patients was 5.2 years (2–10.6 years). The 5-year overall survival and progression-free survival of the cohort were 46% and 65%, respectively. Causes of death and median time of occurrence were as follows: disease ( n = 88; 1.5 years), treatment-associated acute or late complications ( n = 30; 4 months), second primary tumors ( n = 18; 3.5 years), comorbidities ( n = 41; 1.9 years), and unknown ( n = 20; 5.1 years). Predominant causes of death from comorbidities were cardiac and respiratory illnesses. Twenty-six patients (8%) developed a second primary tumor at a median time of 2.8 years (4 months to 10 years). The cumulative incidence of second primary tumors was 5%, 7%, and 13% at 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The most frequent site of second primaries was the lung ( n = 13), followed by the esophagus ( n = 3) and head and neck ( n = 2) Conclusions: Patients with locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy are potentially curable but face significant risks of mortality from causes other than disease progression. Ameliorating toxicity, and implementing secondary screening and chemoprevention strategies are major goals in the management of head and neck cancer.
Pathways to Metallic Hydrogen

The traditional pathway that researchers have used in the goal of producing atomic metallic hydrogen is to compress samples with megabar pressures at low temperature. A number of phases have been observed in solid hydrogen and its isotopes, but all are in the insulating phase. The results of experiment and theory for this pathway are reviewed. In recent years a new pathway has become the focus of this challenge of producing metallic hydrogen, namely a path along the melting line. It has been predicted that the hydrogen melt line will have a peak and with increasing pressure the melt line may descend to zero Kelvin so that high pressure metallic hydrogen may be a quantum liquid. Even at lower pressures hydrogen may melt from a molecular solid to an atomic liquid. Earlier attempts to observe the peak in the melting line were thwarted by diffusion of hydrogen into the pressure cell components and other problems. In the second part of this paper we present a detailed description of our recent successful demon...
Costs, Benefits, and Adoption of Additive Manufacturing: A Supply Chain Perspective.

There are three primary aspects to the economics of additive manufacturing: measuring the value of goods produced, measuring the costs and benefits of using the technology, and estimating the adoption and diffusion of the technology. This paper provides an updated estimate of the value of goods produced. It then reviews the literature on additive manufacturing costs and identifies those instances in the literature where this technology is cost-effective. The paper then goes on to propose an approach for examining and understanding the societal costs and benefits of this technology both from a monetary viewpoint and a resource consumption viewpoint. The final section discusses the trends in the adoption of additive manufacturing. Globally, there is an estimated $667 million in value added produced using additive manufacturing, which equates to 0.01 % of total global manufacturing value added. US value added is estimated as $241 million. Current research on additive manufacturing costs reveals that it is cost-effective for manufacturing small batches with continued centralized production; however, with increased automation distributed production may become cost-effective. Due to the complexities of measuring additive manufacturing costs and data limitations, current studies are limited in their scope. Many of the current studies examine the production of single parts and those that examine assemblies tend not to examine supply chain effects such as inventory and transportation costs along with decreased risk to supply disruption. The additive manufacturing system and the material costs constitute a significant portion of an additive manufactured product; however, these costs are declining over time. The current trends in costs and benefits have resulted in this technology representing 0.02 % of the relevant manufacturing industries in the USA; however, as the costs of additive manufacturing systems decrease, this technology may become widely adopted and change the supplier, manufacturer, and consumer interactions. An examination in the adoption of additive manufacturing reveals that for this technology to exceed $4.4 billion in 2020, $16.0 billion in 2025, and $196.8 billion in 2035, it would need to deviate from its current trends of adoption.
Profiles of Ionospheric Storm‐enhanced Density during the 17 March 2015 Great Storm

Ionospheric F2 region peak densities (NmF2) are expected to have a positive correlation with total electron content (TEC), and electron densities usually show an anticorrelation with electron temperatures near the ionospheric F2 peak. However, during the 17 March 2015 great storm, the observed TEC, NmF2, and electron temperatures of the storm-enhanced density (SED) over Millstone Hill (42.6°N, 71.5°W, 72° dip angle) show a quiet different picture. Compared with the quiet time ionosphere, TEC, the F2 region electron density peak height (hmF2), and electron temperatures above ~220 km increased, but NmF2 decreased significantly within the SED. This SED occurred where there was a negative ionospheric storm effect near the F2 peak and below it, but a positive storm effect in the topside ionosphere. Thus, this SED event was a SED in TEC but not in NmF2. The very low ionospheric densities below the F2 peak resulted in a much reduced downward heat conduction for the electrons, trapping the heat in the topside in the presence of heat source above. This, in turn, increased the topside scale height so that even though electron densities at the F2 peak were depleted, TEC increased in the SED. The depletion in NmF2 was probably caused by an increase in the density of the molecular neutrals, resulting in enhanced recombination. In addition, the storm time topside ionospheric electron density profiles were much closer to diffusive equilibrium than the nonstorm time profiles, indicating less daytime plasma flow between the ionosphere and the plasmasphere.
Challenges beyond Hauser-Feshbach for nuclear reaction modeling

We discuss deficiencies in the statistical Hauser-Feshbach theory implemented into the available computer codes, and possible extension of reaction calculations in the next decade, which are particularly important to nuclear data studies. The discussions include a nuclear deformation effect in the width fluctuation calculation, and combining nuclear structure models with the Hauser-Feshbach calculations. Some examples are given to calculate the direct process and the pre-equilibrium process.
Abstract 1477: Protein Tyrosine Kinase 6 promotes peripheral adhesion complex formation, cell migration, and the epithelial mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer.

Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) is an intracellular tyrosine kinase that is evolutionarily related to Src kinases. In the normal prostate, total and active PTK6 is localized within the nucleus, but nuclear localization is lost in prostate tumors. While the majority of total PTK6 is localized within the cytoplasm of PC3 cells, a human prostate cancer cell line, the active pool of PTK6 that is phosphorylated on tyrosine residue 342 is membrane associated. Ectopic expression of membrane targeted PTK6 leads to enhanced activation of PTK6 at the membrane and formation of peripheral adhesion complexes and increased migration of PC3 cells. Ectopic expression of PTK6 in SYF cells, a nontransformed mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line lacking Src, Yes, and Fyn kinases leads to cell transformation and tumor growth in vivo. Ectopic expression of active membrane-targeted PTK6 in PC3 cells promotes the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). PTK6 regulates the EMT through AKT, as knockdown of AKT or inhibition of AKT activity by knockdown of p130CAS partially rescues the phenotype. PC3 cells expressing active membrane targeted PTK6 exhibit increased migration in vitro and form more metastases in a xenograft mouse model, while knockdown of PTK6 promotes an epithelial phenotype and impairs tumorigenesis in vivo. In prostates of Probasin-Cre, Pten flox/flox mice, striking activation of endogenous mouse PTK6 is observed at the membrane in Pten-null prostates, and this is accompanied by deregulated expression of E-cadherin and vimentin. We found a reverse correlation between PTK6 and E-cadherin expression in normal and metastatic human prostate cancer samples, and show PTK6 is activated at the membrane in some high-grade prostate tumors. Our studies reveal novel functions for PTK6 in prostate cancer, and define it as a potential therapeutic target. Citation Format: Angela L. Tyner, Yu Zheng. Protein Tyrosine Kinase 6 promotes peripheral adhesion complex formation, cell migration, and the epithelial mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1477. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1477
Ground-Level Turbulence Characteristics of Hurricane Wind Measured from Mobile Towers

Surface-level turbulence in the Hurricane Boundary Layer is an important factor in the determination of wind load characteristics for coastal structures. While the necessary data has been collected from fixed stations, very little of it has been collected during an eyewall passage and/or in suburban terrain. Recent field research by the Florida Coastal Monitoring Program using portable mobile towers has enabled us to collect and to analyze the data that could not be obtained previously. This paper analyzes high fidelity wind velocity data collected during Hurricane Ike (2008) to better understand the effect of the terrain conditions in hurricane wind turbulence. Two 10-m instrumented towers were co-located in close proximity to compare suburban and open condition. Their turbulence intensities and power spectra are compared for. In order to deal with the non-stationarity of the data, empirical mode decomposition is employed to de-trend the signal.
Extracellular Molecular Markers and Soma Size of Inhibitory Neurons: Evidence for Four Subtypes of GABAergic Cells in the Inferior Colliculus.

Inhibition plays an important role in shaping responses to stimuli throughout the CNS, including in the inferior colliculus (IC), a major hub in both ascending and descending auditory pathways. Subdividing GABAergic cells has furthered the understanding of inhibition in many brain areas, most notably in the cerebral cortex. Here, we seek the same understanding of subcortical inhibitory cell types by combining staining for two types of extracellular markers—perineuronal nets (PNs) and perisomatic rings of terminals expressing vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) —to subdivide IC GABAergic cells in adult guinea pigs. We found four distinct groups of GABAergic cells in the IC: (1) those with both a PN and a VGLUT2 ring; (2) those with only a PN; (3) those with only a VGLUT2 ring; and (4) those with neither marker. In addition, these four GABAergic subtypes differ in their soma size and distribution among IC subdivisions. Functionally, the presence or absence of VGLUT2 rings indicates differences in inputs, whereas the presence or absence of PNs indicates different potential for plasticity and temporal processing. We conclude that these markers distinguish four GABAergic subtypes that almost certainly serve different roles in the processing of auditory stimuli within the IC. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT GABAergic inhibition plays a critical role throughout the brain. Identification of subclasses of GABAergic cells (up to 15 in the cerebral cortex) has furthered the understanding of GABAergic roles in circuit modulation. Inhibition is also prominent in the inferior colliculus, a subcortical hub in auditory pathways. Here, we use two extracellular markers to identify four distinct groups of GABAergic cells. Perineuronal nets and perisomatic rings of glutamatergic boutons are present in many subcortical areas and often are associated with inhibitory cells, but they have rarely been used to identify inhibitory subtypes. Our results further the understanding of inhibition in the inferior colliculus and suggest that these extracellular molecular markers may provide a key to distinguishing inhibitory subtypes in many subcortical areas.
Active experiments in the distant magnetosphere - The AMPTE program

The Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers (AMPTE) program consists of three spacecraft that will be launched to inject tracer ions (lithium and barium) inside and outside the earth's magnetosphere and to detect and monitor these ions as they convect and diffuse through the inner magnetosphere. The principal objectives of the program are: (1) to investigate the transfer of mass from the solar wind to the magnetosphere and its further transport and energization within the magnetosphere; (2) to study the interaction between artificially injected and cosmical plasmas; (3) to establish the elemental and charge composition and dynamics of the charged particle population in the magnetosphere over a broad energy range; and (4) to explore further the structure and dynamics of ambient plasmas in the magnetosphere. The implementation of the above objectives is discussed, with emphasis placed on the tracer aspect of the program.
Medicaid Expansion Opt-Outs and Uncompensated Care

A number of states plan to forgo the Affordable Care Act's Medicaid expansion, but they could face substantial erosion of Disproportionate Share Hospital funds despite seeing little or no change in the amount of uncompensated care they provide.
Control of an Extractive Distillation System for the Separation of CO2 and Ethane in Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes

High concentrations of carbon dioxide in natural gas occur when carbon dioxide is used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The separation of the CO2 from the hydrocarbons in the natural gas is complic...
Soil Moisture and Texture Effects on Survival of Immature Southern Corn Rootworms, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Southern corn rootworm larvae and pupae survived best in a controlled soil environment with plant-available water (PAW) ranging from 70 to 100%. Survivability was significantly inferior at the 45 to 55% or 20 to 30% PAW range. Percent clay in southeastern Virginia soils had a less dramatic but significant effect on survivability with the highest clay content soils allowing the best survival. Abrasiveness of soils for peanut production in southeastern Virginia was not believed to be important in immature rootworm survival, but particle size as related to its water holding capacity was important.
EVALUATION OF PROTECTION WITH PHENOXYBENZAMINE AGAINST LETHAL ENDOTOXIN SHOCK.

SummaryThe survival value of both pre- and post-treatment with phenoxybenzamine was evaluated in dogs given lethal injections of E. coli endotoxin. Pretreatment with either 1 or 5 mg/kg phenoxybenzamine did not promote survival after injections of endotoxin. Post-treatment with phenoxybenzamine and plasma was also of no therapeutic value in promoting survival after lethal injections of endotoxin.
Development of Multiple Primary Cancers in Lung Cancer Patients: Appalachian Versus Non-Appalachian Populations of Kentucky.

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate whether patients with lung cancer in Appalachian Kentucky are more likely to develop multiple primary cancers than patients in non-Appalachian Kentucky. Additional analyses were conducted to identify other factors that may be associated with an increased hazard of developing multiple primary cancers in patients with lung cancer. Methods The data for this retrospective, population-based cohort study of 26,456 primary lung cancer patients were drawn from the Kentucky Cancer Registry. For inclusion in the study, patients must have been diagnosed between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2013 and they must either have continually resided in Appalachian Kentucky or continually resided in non-Appalachian Kentucky. Cases were excluded if the patient was diagnosed as having additional primary cancers within 3 months of the initial diagnosis of primary lung cancer. The medical records for each case were examined to determine whether the patient was subsequently diagnosed as having additional primary cancers. The Cox proportional hazards model was then used to assess whether there was an association between the region in which the patients live and the likelihood of developing multiple primary cancers. Time to event was considered as the time from diagnosis to either death or development of a second primary cancer. Results The results presented here indicate that the risk of developing multiple primary cancers is the same for patients with lung cancer throughout Kentucky (hazard ratio [HR] 1.002, P = 0.9713). We found no evidence for a greater hazard in patients from Appalachia; however, additional analyses revealed several high-risk groups. Male patients and older patients had a significantly greater hazard of developing multiple primary cancers (HR 1.169, P = 0.012 and 1.015, P = 0.0001, respectively). In addition, patients who underwent surgery and those who were diagnosed initially as having an earlier stage of cancer also were more likely to develop multiple primary cancers (HR 1.446, P = 0.0003 and 0.684, P = 0.0015, respectively). Conclusions This is a negative study. Patients with primary lung cancer living in Appalachian Kentucky are not at a greater risk of developing multiple primary cancers than those residing in non-Appalachian Kentucky. High-risk groups identified in this study are male patients and older patients. The increased hazard seen in patients who underwent surgery or those who were diagnosed as having earlier stages of lung cancer are likely an artifact of these patients living longer and, therefore, having more time to develop additional primary cancers.
Lists of Emotional Stimuli

Abstract The development of lists of emotional stimuli has fostered our understanding about emotional processes by facilitating the selection of appropriate stimuli for experimental settings and comparison across experimental settings. To assist in the decision-making process of experimental work, we propose the emotion matrix as a simplified way of comparing different types of stimuli on their ecological validity, temporal resolution, controllability, complexity, and emotional intensity. Based on these five characteristics in the emotion matrix, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using words, images, faces, or film clips in emotion research. By doing so, we present some of the major available lists of words, images, faces, and film clips and we describe major characteristics of these sets.
A Stereo-Triangulation Approach to Sensing for Structural Identification

Identification of large space structures’ distributed mass, stiffness, and energy dissipation characteristics poses formidable analytical, numerical, and implementation difficulties. Structural identification is crucial for implementing active vibration suppression concepts which are under widespread study in the large space structures community. Near the heart of the identification problem lies the necessity of making a large number of spatially distributed measurements of the structure’s free and/or forced vibratory response, with sufficient spatial and frequency resolution, and without introducing unwieldy sensor and actuator calibration requirements which are potentially more difficult than the structural identification problem.
Trends in the diagnosis and clinical features of melanoma in situ (MIS) in US men and women: A prospective, observational study.

Background The incidence of melanoma in situ (MIS) is increasing, but little is known about its clinical and epidemiologic features. Objective We sought to determine trends in diagnosis and clinical features of MIS. Methods Incident cases of melanoma were collected prospectively from the Nurses' Health Study (1976-2010) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2010). Results MIS incidence increased from 2 to 42 per 100,000 person-year among women, and from 11 to 73 per 100,000 person-year among men, exceeding the rate of increase of invasive melanomas. Melanoma mortality initially increased during the follow-up period then plateaued. Men were more likely than women to develop in situ melanomas on the upper half of the body ( P P P Limitations This is a strictly descriptive study without examination into mechanisms. Conclusion We found epidemiologic and clinical differences for in situ and invasive melanomas, which support further examination into the variations in etiologic pathways. The lack of improvement in mortality despite the increase in detection of in situ relative to invasive lesions further highlights the need to improve invasive melanoma-specific clinical screening features.
Proofs in Mathematical Practice

Before proceeding to consider the questions posed in the Preface, it is necessary to clarify some logical issues. Paramount among them is the question: What is a proof?
A Review of the Diagnosis and Management of Hoarding Disorder

Hoarding disorder (HD) is a severe psychiatric and public health problem characterized by extreme challenges with discarding possessions and severe acquisition resulting in excessive clutter that impairs daily functioning and may cause substantial health and safety risks. Over the past 20 years, research on HD has grown substantially and lead to its recent designation in the DSM-5 as a discrete disorder. The key features of the cognitive behavioral etiological model of hoarding include core vulnerabilities, information processing deficits, cognitions and meaning of possessions, and emotionally driven reinforcement patterns. This model has served as the theoretical foundation for efficacious, specialized cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) for hoarding and validated hoarding assessment measures. The individual manualized CBT treatment has been adapted for delivery through various modalities (e.g., group, web-based, self-help), populations (e.g., geriatric), and providers (e.g., clinicians, peer support, case managers). While CBT is associated with significant reductions in hoarding severity, clinical levels of hoarding symptoms persist for greater than half of treatment completers; thus, more efficacious treatments need to be developed. Further research is necessary to elucidate components of the CBT model and their interaction, in order to inform treatment targets. Although research on pharmacological treatments for HD is in the nascent stages and extant results are somewhat mixed, future studies may assess medication as a standalone treatment or combined with CBT. Family-focused hoarding interventions may also be important given that persons with hoarding behaviors may have limited insight and motivation and its negative effects on the family. Current data indicate a cost-effective and coordinated response that combines community-based and individualized interventions for hoarding may be optimal in order to (1) reach the broadest group of clients with hoarding (e.g., beyond those who voluntarily seek treatment), (2) maximize incentives and motivation through housing, health services, and safety laws, (3) enhance communication and coordination between diverse teams of providers, (4) provide sustainable comprehensive services in a stepped care approach, and (5) reduce stigma.