cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperkeratosis of the Nipple and Areola

Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and/or areola (HNA) is a rare and benign condition characterized by excessive keratinatation of the nipple and/or areola. The lesions are hyperpigmented, verrucous or filiform, with keratotic thickening and papillomatosis. HNA can be idiopathic or associated with conditions, such as acanthosis nigricans, epidermal nevus, pregnancy and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cryotherapy has been shown to successfully treat HNA with a favorable cosmetic result.
Capitate shortening in the treatment of Kienböck's disease.

The goal of the technically simple procedure of capitate shortening with capitate-hamate fusion is revascularization of the lunate, and on radiographic evaluation, the results have been satisfactory (Figs. 9 through 11). This surgical procedure offers the advantage of direct vision and, therefore, direct staging of the aseptic process. The procedure is designed for patients with early Kienbock's disease who have relatively minor architectural changes in the aseptic lunate, no arthritic changes, and no ulnar-minus variance. When these criteria are met, the clinical results have been encouraging and lasting.
Autocrine Role of Exosomes in Cellular Adhesion, Migration, and Invasion

Exosomes are late endosome-derived extracellular vesicles that carry multiple motility-promoting cargos. The exact role of exosomes in promoting motility under diverse circumstances is unclear. Likewise, whether the process of exosome secretion is essential for cell migration is an open question. We have found that exosome secretion promotes directionally persistent migration of cancer cells through tissues. Intravital live imaging reveals that exosome secretion promotes a polarized cell morphology and stabilization of lamellipodial protrusions. Mechanistic in vitro experiments demonstrate that extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important exosome cargo that enhances motility speed. Consistent with a major role for ECM as a critical motility-promoting exosome cargo, live imaging experiments reveal that exosomes are secreted at the sites of nascent adhesions and promote their assembly. Additional experiments in diverse in vitro environments indicate a role for additional exosome cargoes in directional sensing. Altogether, our results indicate that autocrine secretion of exosomes is a critical feedback mechanism that promotes cancer cell motility.
Multi-stability and variable stiffness of cellular solids designed based on origami patterns

The application of origami-inspired designs to engineered structures and materials has been a subject of much research efforts. These structures and materials, whose mechanical properties are directly related to the geometry of folding, are capable of achieving a host of unique adaptive functions. In this study, we investigate a three-dimensional multistability and variable stiffness function of a cellular solid based on the Miura-Ori folding pattern. The unit cell of such a solid, consisting of two stacked Miura-Ori sheets, can be elastically bistable due to the nonlinear relationship between rigid-folding deformation and crease material bending. Such a bistability possesses an unorthodox property: the critical, unstable configuration lies on the same side of two stable ones, so that two different force-deformation curves co-exist within the same range of deformation. By exploiting such unique stability properties, we can achieve a programmable stiffness change between the two elastically stable states, and the stiffness differences can be prescribed by tailoring the crease patterns of the cell. This paper presents a comprehensive parametric study revealing the correlations between such variable stiffness and various design parameters. The unique properties stemming from the bistability and design of such a unit cell can be advanced further by assembling them into a solid which can be capable of shape morphing and programmable mechanical properties.
Abstract 32: Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Cardiovascular mortality increases with progressive decline in kidney function. Oxidative stress is a risk factor for cardiovascular complications in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Oxidative stress also increases as renal function declines. Dysfunctional mitochondria are a main source of oxidative stress and may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD. In this study we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial function decreases with the progression of CKD by assessing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number from blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma isofurans. Isofurans formation is favored over F2-Isoprostanes when oxygen tissue tension is high, as observed in mitochondrial dysfunction. Eighty three subjects were separated in 3 groups based on eGFR: CKD stage 1-2, CKD stage 3-4, and CKD stage 5 (hemodialysis). Groups were comparable in age, gender, BMI and prevalence of hypertension. Estimated marginal mean (after controlling for BMI) of mtDNA copy number in patients with CKD stage 5 was 1.72 (95% CI 0.10-3.34), lower than in patients with CKD stage 3-4 (3.44, 95% CI 0.98-5.90, p=0.02) and CKD stage 1-2 (6.56, 95% CI 4.57-8.54, p=0.008). F2-Isoprostanes were not different among CKD groups, whereas isofurans were higher in patients with CKD stage 5 (median 59.72; IQR 43.13-91.03) compared to CKD stages 3-4 (median 48.41; IQR 30.93-66.19, p=0.01), and CKD stage 1-2 (median 39.00; IQR 26.22-67.03, p=0.005). These results suggest that progressive kidney disease is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Further studies are required to evaluate in vivo mitochondrial function in patients with different CKD stages.
Prevalence and patterns of use of mantra, mindfulness and spiritual meditation among adults in the United States.

Despite a growing body of scientific literature exploring the nature of meditation there is limited information on the characteristics of individuals who use it. This is particularly true of comparative studies examining prevalence and predictors of use of various forms of meditation. A secondary analysis was conducted using data from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey (n = 34,525). Three popular forms of meditation were compared—mantra, mindfulness, and spiritual—to determine lifetime and 12-month use related to key sociodemographic, health behavior, health status, and healthcare access variables. The 12-month prevalence for meditation practice was 3.1% for spiritual meditation, 1.9% for mindfulness meditation, and 1.6% for mantra meditation. This represents approximately 7.0, 4.3, and 3.6 million adults respectively. A comparison across the three meditation practices found many similarities in user characteristics, suggesting interest in meditation may be more related to the type of person meditating than to the type of practice selected. Across meditation styles use was more prevalent among respondents who were female, non-Hispanic White, college educated, physically active; who used other complementary health practices; and who reported depression. Higher utilization of conventional healthcare services was one of the strongest predictors of use of all three styles. In addition to similarities, important distinctions were observed. For example, spiritual meditation practice was more prevalent among former drinkers. This may reflect use of spiritual meditation practices in support of alcohol treatment and sobriety. Reasons for use of meditation were examined using the sample of respondents who practiced mindfulness meditation. Wellness and prevention (74%) was a more common reason than use to treat a specific health condition (30%). Common reasons for use included stress management (92%) and emotional well-being (91%), and to support other health behaviors. Meditation was viewed positively because it was self-care oriented (81%) and focused on the whole person (79%). Meditation appears to provide an accessible, self-care resource that has potential value for mental health, behavioral self-regulation, and integrative medical care. Considering consumer preference for distinct types of meditation practices, understanding the underlying mechanisms, benefits, and applications of practice variations is important.
Extraction and prediction of coherent patterns in incompressible flows through space–time Koopman analysis

Abstract We develop methods for detecting and predicting the evolution of coherent spatiotemporal patterns in incompressible, time-dependent fluid flows driven by ergodic dynamical systems. Our approach is based on representations of the generators of the Koopman and Perron–Frobenius groups of operators governing the evolution of observables and probability measures on Lagrangian tracers, respectively, in a smooth orthonormal basis learned from velocity field snapshots through the diffusion maps algorithm. These operators are defined on the product space between the state space of the fluid flow and the spatial domain in which the flow takes place, and as a result their eigenfunctions correspond to global space–time coherent patterns under a skew-product dynamical system. Moreover, using this data-driven representation of the generators in conjunction with Leja interpolation for matrix exponentiation, we construct model-free prediction schemes for the evolution of observables and probability densities defined on the tracers. We present applications to periodic Gaussian vortex flows and aperiodic flows generated by Lorenz 96 systems.
Great expectations: patient perspectives and anticipated utility of non-diagnostic genomic-sequencing results

The management of secondary findings is a challenge to health-care providers relaying clinical genomic-sequencing results to patients. Understanding patients’ expectations from non-diagnostic genomic sequencing could help guide this management. This study interviewed 14 individuals enrolled in the eMERGE (Electronic Medical Records and Genomics) study. Participants in eMERGE consent to undergo non-diagnostic genomic sequencing, receive results, and have results returned to their physicians. The interviews assessed expectations and intended use of results. The majority of interviewees were male (64%) and 43% identified as non-Caucasian. A unique theme identified was that many participants expressed uncertainty about the type of diseases they expected to receive results on, what results they wanted to learn about, and how they intended to use results. Participant uncertainty highlights the complex nature of deciding to undergo genomic testing and a deficiency in genomic knowledge. These results could help improve how genomic sequencing and secondary findings are discussed with patients.
Access Control Policy Languages in XML

Policy specifcation for XML data access control has been difficult since the specification languages usually have complicated semantics and syntax. In this chapter, first we introduce the semantics and syntax of two security policy languages and one policy framework. Then we address several tools for policy modeling and generation which help users in capturing security concerns during the design, and developing the security policies and functions during the implementation.
Rethinking Literacy and Responsibility: A Diffractive Engagement with Posthumanist Education and Jain Nonviolence.

In this theoretical article, posthumanist theories of education and Jain nonviolence are brought into conversation through a diffractive analysis. This co-consideration of texts produces a renewed ...
Graphical Presentation of Regression Discontinuity Results

During the last decade, an increasing number of political scientists have turned to regression-discontinuity (RD) designs to estimate causal effects. One of the key issues in RD designs involves selection of the window or bandwidth as results are often sensitive to their size. We propose a simple graphical way of reporting RD results that shows the sensitivity of estimates to a wide range of possible windows. The advantages of these plots over conventional ways of presenting RD results are threefold. First, they reduce the opportunities for the intentional or unintentional selection of windows that yield significant findings while also communicating the robustness of results to variations in window size. Second, they provide a simple visual comparison of how different estimators (difference-of-means, local linear, and polynomial regression models) perform as a function of different windows. Third, these plots can be used for placebo tests to examine the sensitivity of balance to different windows, reporting the magnitude of the difference between treatment and control and its confidence interval. We illustrate how a researcher can use these plots to present RD results in a transparent and systematic way with a regression discontinuity design examining incumbency advantage in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Introduction to the Principles and Practice of Biophysical Chemistry

What is biophysical chemistry and why study it? As a field, biophysical chemistry is an interdisciplinary area of study in which biological systems are regarded with the somewhat quantitative and concrete eye of the physical scientist. In using the intellectual paradigm of biophysical chemistry, we attempt to understand a biological phenomenon by carefully describing the essentials of its physical nature. This gives us the advantage of using the tools of the physical scientist to explore the complexities of biological systems. These tools are essentially the language and formalisms of mathematics, physics, and chemistry. The underlying philosophical foundation of biophysical chemistry is that application of the principles of these fields to biological systems will lead to meaningful and useful information. Although it is impossible to explore biological problems with a biophysical paradigm without being knowledgeable about the underlying physical and chemical principles, when teaching and learning these fundamentals, both the instructor and the student can easily get lost in the physical details and forget the overall purpose of the investigation. In this volume we will endeavor to find the proper balance.
Pain and immunity: implications for host defence

Pain is a hallmark of tissue injury, inflammatory diseases, pathogen invasion and neuropathy. It is mediated by nociceptor sensory neurons that innervate the skin, joints, bones, muscles and mucosal tissues and protects organisms from noxious stimuli. Nociceptors are sensitized by inflammatory mediators produced by the immune system, including cytokines, lipid mediators and growth factors, and can also directly detect pathogens and their secreted products to produce pain during infection. Upon activation, nociceptors release neuropeptides from their terminals that potently shape the function of innate and adaptive immune cells. For some pathogens, neuron–immune interactions enhance host protection from infection, but for other pathogens, neuron–immune signalling pathways can be exploited to facilitate pathogen survival. Here, we discuss the role of nociceptor interactions with the immune system in pain and infection and how understanding these pathways could produce new approaches to treat infectious diseases and chronic pain. This Review considers the link between pain and the immune system. Nociceptors are directly activated by immune mediators and microbial products and, in turn, release neuropeptides that shape immune responses. These neuroimmune pathways can contribute to protective immunity from infections but also lead to chronic pain.
Synthesis of the C22-C26 tetrahydropyran segment of phorboxazole by a stereoselective prins cyclization

Tetrahydropyran rings are found in many complex natural products, and the segment-coupling Prins cyclization is an effective strategy for their synthesis. We report a four-step, stereoselective syn...
P-Values on Trial: Selective Reporting of (Best Practice Guides Against) Selective Reporting

In an attempt to stem the practice of reporting impressive-looking findings based on data dredging and multiple testing, the American Statistical Association's (ASA) 2016 guide to interpreting p values (Wasserstein & Lazar) warns that engaging in such practices “renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable” (pp. 131-132). Yet some argue that the ASA statement actually frees researchers from culpability for failing to report or adjust for data dredging and multiple testing. We illustrate the puzzle by means of a case appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States: that of Scott Harkonen. In 2009, Harkonen was found guilty of issuing a misleading press report on results of a drug advanced by the company of which he was CEO. Downplaying the high p value on the primary endpoint (and 10 secondary points), he reported statistically significant drug benefits had been shown, without mentioning this referred only to a subgroup he identified from ransacking the unblinded data. Nevertheless, Harkonen and his defenders argued that “the conclusions from the ASA Principles are the opposite of the government's" conclusion that his construal of the data was misleading (Harkonen v. United States, 2018, p. 16). On the face of it, his defenders are selectively reporting on the ASA guide, leaving out its objections to data dredging. However, the ASA guide also points to alternative accounts to which some researchers turn to avoid problems of data dredging and multiple testing. Since some of these accounts give a green light to Harkonen’s construal, a case might be made that the guide, inadvertently or not, frees him from culpability.Keywords: statistical significance, p values, data dredging, multiple testing, ASA guide to p values, selective reporting
Chapter 3 – Respiratory Organs

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the structure of fish air-breathing organs (ABO). The principal requirements for an ABO are the acquisition, retention, and absorption of aerial oxygen. Few structures other than the mouth and jaws can be used to capture air. In terms of holding inspired air, spacious cavities or compliant spaces with a large blood supply and potentially modifiable vascular surfaces either already occur or can be developed in the mouth, branchial region, or digestive track. Thus, the form taken by the ABOs of modern fishes is characterized by either evolutionary parallelism or convergence driven by limitations of structure, space, and surface area. This chapter discusses in detail the comparative morphometrics of ABOs, their air-ventilation mechanics, tidal volumes, and the timing and sequence of air inhalation and expiration. The chapter discusses the gill and skin morphology in relation to air breathing. The chapter also presents a simplified ABO classification scheme that groups all the primitive fishes possessing lungs or respiratory gas bladders.
Farmer engagement using a precision approach to watershed-scale conservation planning: What do we know?

Farmer engagement is an integral component of conservation planning, with increased emphasis on precision placement of conservation practices. Conservation planners are increasingly turning to tools like the Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework (ACPF)—a decision support tool (DST) that provides a menu-driven approach to conservation planning. Scholarship on human dimensions of precision conservation, also known as conservation targeting, has either examined farmers9 general attitudes toward targeting, or when farmers are active participants in generating targeted practice options. However, less is known about farmers9 perceptions of targeting when they receive targeted conservation options for fields they farm. With the goal of filling this knowledge gap, we present findings from semistructured in-depth interviews conducted with farmers in four watersheds in the US Midwest. Results suggest that farmers are receptive toward conservation options for their farms. Several factors influenced farmers9 receptiveness toward site-specific conservation targeting, such as farmers having autonomy in the targeting process, and perceiving that the process had benefits such as field-scale validation of their natural resource concerns and its potential to encourage watershed thinking. Results also highlight the potential of conservation targeting in motivating conservation behavior. Recommendations for future conservation targeting include being mindful of the scale of the map and the amount of information presented, having boots on the ground, and engaging farmers one-on-one to motivate conservation behavior.
Disturbance refugia within mosaics of forest fire, drought, and insect outbreaks

Author(s): Krawchuk, Meg A; Meigs, Garrett W; Cartwright, Jennifer M; Coop, Jonathan D; Davis, Raymond; Holz, Andres; Kolden, Crystal; Meddens, Arjan JH
Chance Constrained Beamforming for Joint Radar-Communication Systems

We present an intelligent sensor array-based joint radarcommunication system which exploits chance constrained programming to develop a robust beamforming design. Probabilistic chance constraints are introduced for the communication operation where the communication objectives are achieved with a desired success rate in the presence of communication channel uncertainties. The chance constraint optimization is then relaxed to form a deterministic and convex problem by employing the statistical profile of the communication channels. Simulation results illustrate the performance of the proposed strategy.
Continuous Molecular Representations of Ionic Liquids.

Designing new ionic liquids (ILs) is of crucial importance for various industrial applications. However, this always leads to a daunting challenge, as the number of possible combinations of cation ...
On the Importance of Surface-Enhanced Renoxification as an Oxides of Nitrogen Source in Rural and Urban New York State

Understanding the fate of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) is important due to their roles in forming ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). This study examines the importance of surface-enhanced ...
Working with “monstrous men”: Ambivalent Sexism in the Bombay Film Industry

In India, the 2012 Delhi gang rape case catalyzed protests for women’s rights, particularly in regard to their safety. These demands were rekindled with vigor anew with the eruption of the #MeToo m...
CT-MRI pelvic deformable registration via deep learning

An accurate and robust image registration of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in establishing a desired radiation treatment plan. Traditional image similarity measures such as cross-correlation, mean absolute error, mean squared error have very limited success in multi modal MRI-CT image registration. In this study, we propose a deformable registration method based on unsupervised deep neural networks to register MRI and CT for pelvic patients. No ground truth deformation vector field (DVF) is needed during training. A cross-modality image similarity loss, called as self-correlation descriptor, is used as loss function to learn the trainable parameters in deep neural networks. After training, for a new patient’s CT and MRI, the deformed MRI is obtained via first feeding the MRI and CT into the deep neural networks to derive the DVF, then deformed via spatial transformation on MRI and DVF. We evaluated our method by retrospectively revisiting 25 patients with MRI and CT acquired at pelvic region. Target registration error (TRE) was used to quantify the performance of the proposed method. The average TRE of the proposed method is 2.23±1.11 mm. It demonstrates the great potential of the proposed method in performing accurate image registration that can facilitate multimodality imaging treatment planning workflow in prostate cancer radiotherapy.
Free Flap Reconstruction of Posterior Trunk Soft-Tissue Defects: Single-Institution Experience and Systematic Literature Review.

BACKGROUND The posterior trunk is a technically demanding location for microvascular free tissue transfer. In this study, the authors report their own institutional experience with soft-tissue free flap reconstruction of the posterior trunk and provide a systematic review of the literature regarding this uncommon clinical scenario. METHODS A systematic review was performed using the PubMed database in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A single-institution retrospective review was also performed including all patients who received a soft-tissue free flap for a posterior trunk defect between 1990 and 2019. RESULTS The database search yielded 15 articles, representing 61 patients; the most commonly used flap was the latissimus dorsi (45.9 percent) and the most commonly reported defect location was the lumbosacrum (42.3 percent). Retrospective review of the authors' database identified 26 patients, with the latissimus dorsi being the most common flap and the sacrum the most common defect site. The authors' institutional case series showed a 30.7 percent major complication rate and 7.7 percent total flap loss rate; 38.4 percent of flaps required vein grafting. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the authors provided a systematic literature review and described their own long-term institutional experience with these rare and difficult reconstructions. Although the overall complication rate is high, these reconstructions are frequently necessary, and an algorithmic approach can improve outcomes. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, IV.
Prediction of film thickness, bubble velocity, and pressure drop for capillary slug flow using a CFD-generated database

Abstract An extensive computational study of slug flow in circular capillaries using the open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, Gerris (Popinet, 2003, 2009), has been completed. This study consists of 125 different combinations of Ca ∈ [ 0.005 , 2 ] and Re ∈ [ 0 , 900 ] . The data from these simulations have been compiled into a numerical database and have been used to derive new correlations for the film thickness, bubble velocity, and pressure drop. Unlike preexisting correlations, our proposed film thickness correlation does not require prior knowledge of the bubble’s velocity, thus making it more convenient for modeling applications for which this information is unavailable. The correlation is also applicable over a broader range of capillary and Reynolds numbers than current correlations.
The rubratoxins: causative agents in food/feedborne disease.

The rubratoxins, toxic metabolites elaborated by Penicillium rubrum and Penicillium purpurogenum , have long been implicated in livestock disease. Because of this and renewed interest in these metabolites, this review was prepared. The following topics are discussed: rubratoxin occurrence; animal and microbial toxicity; morphology; isolation, identification and analysis; physical and chemical properties; new analytical methodologies; biosynthesis and toxin synthesis under controlled conditions.
Fetal and neonatal disease and death

Abstract 1. 1. Fetal and neonatal disease and death may result from hereditary factors. 2. 2. Environmental factors may operate upon the germ cells, embryo, and fetus prior to and during pregnancy. 3. 3. The environmental factors occurring during the onset and course of labor are extremely important in the causation of fetal and neonatal disease and death. 4. 4. Control of postnatal environment is especially important in preventing deaths of premature infants. 5. 5. It is obvious from studies of results obtained in certain areas that the unchanging level of fetal and neonatal deaths can be made to decline by providing proper care for the mother, fetus and newborn infant.
Metabolism of naturally occurring homopolymers. II. Characterization of adenine-rich polynucleotides of mouse liver ribosomes.

Abstract The polypurine nucleotides found in association with mouse liver ribosomes have been shown to consist of clusters of adenylic acid and of guanylic acid. A small-molecular-weight polyadenylic acid (about 20 nucleotides) is synthesized by an actinomycin D-dependent pathway. Within 1 h this appears in the 16-S region and within 4 h it is found in association with the 32-S region of the free ribosomes. A larger-molecular-weight polyadenylic acid (4–5 S) is synthesized by an actinomycin D-independent pathway; this appears in association with the membrane fraction of the bound ribosomes and cannot be found in association with either the 47-S or the 32-S region of the bound ribosomes. These results indicate an association of polyadenylic acid with regions of messenger RNA activity.
Towards an Individualized Delineation of Functional Neuroanatomy

The functional neuroanatomy of the human brain is known to vary between individuals, yet current descriptions are based on group-averaged data. Laumann et al. (2015) present data from one highly sampled individual and show unique fine-grained differences representing subject-specific functional architecture.
A field report on the Alaska earthquakes of April 7, 1958

ABSTRACT The Alaska earthquake at 0530 on April 7, 1958 (150° WMT) was the largest (Richter scale 7 − 7 1 2 ) of a series of shocks centered in an area near Huslia, Alaska. The field epicenter located at 65° 459N, 155° 459W lies in the Koyukuk Basin where arrested sand dune deposits cover a part of the near-level alluvium deposited by the Koyukuk River. Extensive fracturing occurred in the lake and river ice in the epicentral area and the sand dune deposits were heavily fissured. The most severe damage occurred in a zone approximately 10 miles wide by 40 miles long trending northeast from Huslia. Associated with the sand dunes in this zone were large deposits of silt and sand which flowed to the surface from the alluvium beneath the dunes. Because of the distinctive characteristics of these flows they have been termed sand flows to distinguish them from mud flows and sand blows. Associated with the sand flows were surface collapses resulting in near-conical pits as much as 30 feet deep and up to 120 feet in diameter. The earthquakes caused little monetary damage, although the main shock registered a Modified Mercalli intensity V or more over an area in excess of 100,000 square miles.
Re)Imagining Teacher Preparation for Conjoint Democratic Inquiry in Complex Classroom Ecologies

This paper explores the classroom-level implications of complex ecologies, especially regarding the interactions among the cognitive and social/relational aspects of learning. Our focus is upon the ways teacher preparation must be re-imagined if educators are to be ready to facilitate genuinely educative and democratic learning in our country’s increasingly diverse classrooms. We explore the works of John Dewey, Gregory Bateson, James Hillman and others to consider the ways in which teacher educators must be explicitly prepared to understand pathology as a product of the interactions among the elements of the complex ecologies of classrooms and social systems, rather than as an individual quality of students who struggle in the classroom.
An Irresistible Market: A Critical Analysis of Hollywood–Bollywood Coproductions

This article examines the nature of the symbiotic relationship between Hollywood and Bollywood using critical political economy as an analytical strategy and conceptual framework to evaluate the consequences of increasing cooperation between Hollywood film studios and the Indian film industry. We suggest that because the primary objective of the movie industry under capitalism is market dominance through cooperation and concentration, it is important to analyze the political and economic repercussions of coproductions between these global entertainment industries.
Perioperative pain management education: a short structured regional anesthesia course compared with traditional teaching among medical students

Background and Objectives Previous research has demonstrated that a brief course on pain management improved knowledge and attitudes toward analgesic use among medical students. The purpose of this study is to compare a structured clinical instruction course on regional anesthesia techniques for perioperative pain management with traditional teaching given to senior medical students. Methods During a 1-month clerkship in anesthesiology, 40 fourth-year medical students were randomly and equally divided into 2 groups. The study group received a 2-hour structured course on regional anesthesia techniques for pain management, whereas the control group received a 1-hour lecture tutorial on regional anesthesia techniques for perioperative pain management and 1 hour of bedside teaching on acute pain management. Each student completed an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) 2 weeks after completion of the course. Results The study group performed better on each of the 11 items of the OSCE and on the total performance scores (mean ± SD of 36.2 ± 7.3 for study group versus 14.8 ± 8.4 for the control group; P Conclusion A structured clinical instructional course on regional techniques for perioperative pain management given to fourth-year medical students can significantly improve their understanding and knowledge compared with traditional teaching.
Developing a youth-services information system for city and county government: experiments in user-designer collaboration

Research on user participation in computer applications, including digital-government applications, emphasizes the need to engage users as collaborators or partners in software-design processes. The Connected Kids youth-services information system for city and county government is a product of ongoing experiments in user-designer-programmer collaboration in the development of system specifications and prototypes and a functional working model, still in process of modification in response to user needs and creative user-designer-programmer innovations.
Community differences in the implementation of Strong Communities for Children

In 1993, the U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect recommended a neighborhood-based strategy to prevent child abuse and neglect. The Board further recommended the development of Prevention Zones to allow for testing of the effectiveness of community-wide child protection efforts in neighborhoods of differing population density, ethnic and cultural composition, and social and economic resources. Following the Board's recommendation, this article presents the results of a trial of the effectiveness of a neighborhood-based strategy in low- and high-resource communities. Using management, survey, and administrative data, the research showed that both community types experienced declines in founded cases of and injuries suggesting child maltreatment for children under age 5. Low-resource communities experienced greater levels of mobilization, as measured by community and institutional engagement, and a greater number of positive outcomes related to changes in the quality of life for families and community norms relative to child and family well-being. In particular, the low-resource communities experienced the largest increases in receiving help from neighbors, neighboring, perceived household safety for neighborhood children, and observed positive parenting. High-resource communities experienced greater increases in intermediate outcomes related to self-reported parenting practices. The findings suggest that, ultimately, community mobilization can occur and be an effective means of preventing child maltreatment across community types. It appears, however, that community mobilization may play a more significant role in low-resource communities.
Fast real-time hardware engine for ZWC text steganography

Different strategies were introduced in the literature to protect data. Some techniques change the data form while other techniques hide the data inside another file. Steganography techniques conceal information inside different digital media like image, audio, and text files. Most of the introduced techniques use software implementation to embed secret data inside the carrier file. This is while software implementations are not sufficiently fast for real-time applications. In this paper, we present a new real-time zero-width-character (ZWC) Steganography technique to hide data inside a text file using a hardware engine with 6.415Gbps hidden data rate. The fast Steganography implementation is presented in this paper.
Carboxylate and Amine Terminus Directed Fragmentations in Gaseous Dipeptide Complexes with Copper(II) and Diimine Ligands Formed by Electrospray

Singly and doubly charged peptide complexes with copper(II) and 2,2‘-bipyridyl (bpy) are formed in the gas phase by electrospraying water−methanol solutions containing the components. Collisionally activated dissociations at low kinetic energies of singly charged complexes of the [CuII(peptide − H)(bpy)]•+ type provide information about the amino acid sequence for l-Phe-Leu, l-Leu-Phe, l-Phe-Pro, l-Pro-Phe, l-Phe-Met, l-Met-Phe, l-Ser-Phe, l-Asp-Phe, and l-His-Phe. Dissociations of doubly charged complexes of the [CuII(peptide)(bpy)]•2+ type also allow identification of the N- and C-terminal amino acid residues. Leucine and isoleucine residues are readily distinguished in l-Ala-Leu and l-Ala-Ile through dissociations of their Cu complexes. Ion dissociation mechanisms, as elucidated by deuterium labeling, are discussed.
A taxonomy of perturbations: Determining the ways that systems lose value

Disturbances and disruptions, both internal and external to the system, are a major concern for system architects who are responsible for ensuring that their systems maintain value robustness no matter what occurs. These perturbations can have multiple causes and can affect a system in multiple ways. This paper presents a taxonomy of disturbances and disruptions to assist system architects and researchers in identifying the ways in which systems can fail to deliver value. By doing so, this taxonomy falls into a larger research effort to develop survivability design principles that will help system architects design systems that prevent, mitigate and recover from disturbances.
The Impact of Unemployment on Mental and Physical Health, Access to Health Care and Health Risk Behaviors

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of employment status and unemployment duration on perceived health, access to health care, and health risk behaviors. Data from Nevada's 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were analyzed. We compared participants who were unemployed (greater than and less than one year) to those who were employed and those who were voluntarily out of the labor force (OLF). Unemployed participants had significantly worse perceived mental health profiles, were more likely to delay health care services due to cost, and were less likely to have access to health care than employed participants and OLF participants. OLF participants were not significantly different from employed participants. Contrary to previous findings, unemployed participants in this study were not more likely to binge drink, smoke, or be physically inactive. Findings from this study suggest that the impetus for unemployment, be it voluntary or involuntary, may significantly impact a person's mental health.
Fault Tree Synthesis From a Directed Graph Model for a Power Distribution Network

The Lapp-Powers fault tree synthesis algorithm is applied to an electrical power distribution network and the cut sets are derived for a sustained loss of power on one busbar. This algorithm is based on a directed graph (digraph) representation of the system, in contrast with the method of Camarda, et al. which is based on a reliability graph. The digraph model forces an explicit evaluation of the corrective actions (negative feedback and negative feed forward) that are taken to counteract disturbances which enter the network. The presentation is tutorial and shows the disciplined application of fault-tree synthesis operators.
The regional distribution of tropospheric ozone in East Asia from satellite-based measurements

Estimates of tropospheric ozone in the East Asian region were obtained using the TOMS and SAGE II satellite data sets through the application of residual analysis on a regional scale. The resulting tropospheric residual ozone shows seasonal variability with highest values in spring and summer. Latitudinal variations give indications of possible input to the tropospheric ozone column from anthropogenic activity. A strong correlation between residual and TOMS total ozone data during summer time suggests a significant level of photochemical ozone production in this region during this period. Comparisons are made with surface ozone measurements from remotely located sites in Japan and show a similar overall pattern.
Climate response and radiative forcing from mineral aerosols during the last glacial maximum pre-industrial, current and doubled-carbon dioxide climates

[1] Mineral aerosol impacts on climate through radiative forcing by natural dust sources are examined in the current, last glacial maximum, pre-industrial and doubled-carbon dioxide climate. Modeled globally averaged dust loadings change by +88%, +31% and −60% in the last glacial maximum, pre-industrial and future climates, respectively, relative to the current climate. Model results show globally averaged dust radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere is −1.0, −0.4 and +0.14 W/m2 for the last glacial maximum, pre-industrial and doubled-carbon dioxide climates, respectively, relative to the current climate. Globally averaged surface temperature changed by −0.85, −0.22, and +0.06 °C relative to the current climate in the last glacial maximum, pre-industrial and doubled carbon dioxide climates, respectively, due solely to the dust radiative forcing changes simulated here. These simulations only include natural dust source response to climate change, and neglect possible impacts by human land and water use.
QUARK MODEL SELECTION RULES FOR HADRON COUPLINGS.

Abstract Quark model selection rules are derived which apply to the couplings of hadrons composed of any number of quarks. These reduce to well-known and experimentally verified rules in the simplest cases, provide a necessary selection rule in the application of duality to baryon-antibaryon systems, and could explain the apparent difficulty of producing free quarks. Some experimental consequences of the rules are discussed.
An empirical 3D model of the large-scale coronal structure based on the distribution of Hα filaments on the solar disk

Morgan, H.; Habbal, S. R., An empirical 3D model of the large-scale coronal structure based on the distribution of Hα filaments on the solar disk, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 464, Issue 1, March II 2007, pp.357-365
A Pilot Study to Examine Colorectal Cancer Screening in Two Assisted Living Communities

To the Editor: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death.1 Current guidelines for CRC screening recommend universal screening for adults ages 50-75,1 From ages 76-85, screening decisions should be based on health status and personal values. After age 85, screening is not recommended given lack of benefit.1,2 However, studies of adults living independently and in nursing homes have shown inappropriate CRC screening(overuse and underuse) in all age ranges.3-5 Whether CRC screening rates for individuals in assisted living (AL) communities—who are less impaired than those in nursing homes—are inappropriate is unknown. To explore CRC screening in AL, we conducted interviews and chart review of a cross-sectional sample in two AL communities in central North Carolina.
Theory of Clarifier Operation. II. Hindered Settling of Flocculating Systems in Rectangular Clarifiers

Abstract The operation of rectangular clarifiers is simulated by means of the continuity equations. The model permits the examination of hindered settling of solids which are undergoing flocculation and floc disruption. The steady-state solution requires very modest amounts of computer time and also lends itself to the analysis of quiescent settling in jar tests.
Influence and critique of the JUPITER Trial (Statins v no statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with normal lipids and elevated C-reactive protein).

Perhaps no recent trial in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease has resulted in more controversy than the JUPITER (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin) trial, which was first published in 2008. The study evaluated a patient cohort previously considered to be “healthy,” ie, men 50 years of age or older and women 60 years of age or older, who did not have a history of cardiovascular disease and, at the initial screening visit, had a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of
Optical astronomical interferometry: requirements on stellar Michelson interferometry and heterodyne interferometry for high-resolution imaging.

The requirements for optical path compensation on space-based (no atmospheric-induced disturbance) heterodyne interferometers and generalized Michelson stellar interferometers are developed. It is demonstrated that heterodyne interferometers require optical path compensation to well within the coherence length dictated by its bandwidth, while Michelson stellar interferometers require compensation to a fraction of their utilized wavelength.
General Route to Nanocrystalline Oxides by Hydrodynamic Cavitation

We have developed the WPI cavitational materials process for the production of phase-pure, nanostructured materials. Hydrodynamic cavitation is generated mechanically using a high-pressure fluid system. The method begins with a precipitant stream that experiences a large pressure drop (21 000 psi ambient) across a patented geometry interaction chamber. Due to the large pressure drop, bubbles are formed and collapse, causing localized heating of the solvent. In addition, the precipitate undergoes a high degree of mechanical shear in the interaction chamber. This paper deals with the application of this novel technique to the synthesis of several nanostructured oxides. The nanophase oxides are characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Select area diffraction patterns of the dried (110 °C) oxide samples in this study show distinct rings indicating nanosized particles. T...
Multi‐Modal, Surface‐Focused Anticoagulation Using Poly‐2‐methoxyethylacrylate Polymer Grafts and Surface Nitric Oxide Release

This study examines platelet adhesion on surfaces that combine coatings to limit protein adsorption along with “anti-platelet” nitric oxide (NO) release. Uncoated and poly-2-methoxyethylacrylate (PMEA) coated, gas permeable polypropylene (PP) membranes were placed in a bioreactor to separate plasma and gas fl ows. Nitrogen with 100/500/1000 ppm of NO was supplied to the gas side as a proof of concept. On the plasma side, platelet rich plasma (PRP, 1 × 108 cell/mL) was recirculated at low (60)/high (300) fl ows (mL/ min). After 8 hours, adsorbed platelets on PP was quantifi ed via a lactate dehydrogenase assay. Compared to plain PP, the PMEA coating alone reduced adsorption by 17.4 ± 9.2% and 29.6 ± 16.6% at low and high fl ow (p < 0.05), respectively. NO was more effective at low plasma fl ow. At 100 and 500 ppm of NO, adsorption fell by 37.9 ± 6.1% and 100 ± 4.7%, (p < 0.001), on plain PP. At high fl ow with 100, 500, and 1000 ppm of NO, adsorption reduced by 17.9 ± 17.8%, 46.4 ± 23.2%, and 100 ± 4.8%, (p < 0.001), respectively. On PMEA-coated PP with only 100 ppm, adsorption fell by 69.7 ± 6.8 and 65.6% ± 16.9%, (p < 0.001), at low and high fl ows respectively. Therefore, the combination of an anti-adsorptive coating with NO has great potential to reduce platelet adhesion and coagulation at biomaterial surfaces.
Skin Dimpling Associated with Midtrimester Amniocentesis

Multiple dimple-like scars occurred in an infant whose mother had undergone midtrimester amniocentesis. The clinical description, prevalence, and differential diagnosis of this association are presented.