cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat/mass transfer from a drop translating in steady and time-periodic electric fields: External problem

Abstract Enhancement of heat or mass transport from a spherical drop of a dielectric fluid translating in another dielectric fluid in the presence of steady and time periodic electric fields (both uniform and non-uniform) is investigated in this paper. The external problem or the limit of the majority of the transport resistance being in the continuous phase is considered. Using a finite volume formulation, the transient energy (species) conservation equation is solved for Peclet numbers (Pe) varying from 10 to 1000 and dimensionless electric field frequency (ω∗) from 10 to 50,000 using a fully implicit method. To map the infinite domain in the radial direction, an exponential transformation is employed that provides a fine grid spacing near the drop surface where sharp variations are expected and a coarser grid in the far field where low gradients prevail. The transient temperature distribution and the local and the average Nusselt numbers are obtained and the heat/mass transfer enhancement due to the application of electric field is determined. The effect of electric field is expressed in terms of L, the ratio of the maximum electric-field-induced surface velocity to the translation-induced surface velocity. For the steady and time-periodic electric fields, the heat transfer enhancement increases monotonically with Pe and with L. Also, the heat transport rate is higher when the continuous phase is more viscous compared to the dispersed phase. The steady uniform electric field gives the highest average Nusselt number for heat transfer from the drop surface to the continuous phase, followed by the non-uniform time periodic electric field and then the time periodic uniform electric field. The enhancement relative to pure translation exhibits a non-monotonic dependence on electric field frequency but the highest value is obtained at ω∗ = 0. Earlier studies have shown that there is significant enhancement in the heat/mass transfer in the drop interior with a time periodic electric field compared to a steady uniform electric field when the majority of the transport resistance is in the drop. The results presented here show that an opposite behavior is obtained in the drop exterior , i.e. a steady electric field provides higher heat/mass transfer enhancement compared to a time periodic electric field, when the bulk of the transport resistance is in the continuous phase. Therefore whether the steady or the time periodic electric field provides the most enhancement of heat/mass transfer for a conjugate problem will depend on the relative transport resistance in the two phases.
Use of on-site high performance liquid chromatography to evaluate the magnitude and extent of organic contaminants in aquifers

Scientists engaged in the appraisal of ground water contaminated by organic substances are faced with the problems of difficult sample collection and timely chemical analysis. High-performance liquid chromatography was evaluated for on-site determination of specific organic contaminants in ground water samples and was used at three study sites. Organic solutes were determined directly in water samples, with little or no preparation, and usually in less than an hour after collection. This information improved sampling efficiency and was useful in screening for subsequent laboratory analysis. On two occasions, on-site analysis revealed that samples were undergoing rapid change, with major solutes being upgraded and alteration products being formed. In addition to sample stability, this technique proved valuable for monitoring other sampling factors such as compositional changes with respect to pumping, filtration, and cross contamination.
Mechanical introscopy-a new modality of medical imaging for detection of breast and prostate cancer

Summary form only given. Mechanical introscopy is based on the reconstruction of the internal structure of soft body tissues by measuring the surface distribution of stress/strain patterns using a pressure sensor array. This new technology of medical imaging does not use any form of potentially hazardous radiation. It provides information on the internal structure of the organ and enables physicians to obtain values of the elasticity modulus of internal lesions and to characterize their hardness, which is indicative of cancer development. This paper presents the results of mathematical simulation and model experiments on visualizing the structure and evaluating the properties of internal tissues from a pattern of mechanical stresses developed by an array of pressure sensors that is pressed statically or dynamically against investigated tissues or a body part. The resulting pattern of mechanical stress and its changes as a function of applied pressure and time contain comprehensive information on the mechanical properties and geometry of the internal structures which can be calculated from the pattern by solving the inverse problem. Mechanical introscopy meets all the requirements for a mass cancer screening method: it is simple, fast, inexpensive and safe. >
Comparison of IUPAC k0 Values and Neutron Cross Sections to Determine a Self-consistent Set of Data for Neutron Activation Analysis

Independent databases of nuclear constants for Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) have been independently maintained by the physics and chemistry communities for many year. They contain thermal neturon cross sections s0, standardization values k0, and transition probabilities Pg. Chemistry databases tend to rely upon direct measurements of the nuclear constants k0 and Pg which are often published in chemistry journals while the physics databases typically include evaluated s0 and Pg data from a variety of experiments published mainly in physics journals. The IAEA/LBNL Evaluated Gamma-ray Activation File (EGAF) also contains prompt and delayed g-ray cross sections sg from Prompt Gamma-ray Activation Analysis (PGAA) measurements that can also be used to determine k0 and s0 values. As a result several independent databases of fundamental constants for NAA have evolved containing slightly different and sometimes discrepant results. An IAEA CRP for a Reference Database for Neutron Activation Analysis was established to compare these databases and investigate the possibilitiy of producing a self-consistent set of s0, k0, sg, and Pg values for NAA and other applications. Preliminary results of this IAEA CRP comparison are given in this paper.
Endovascular Treatment of Ruptured Blister-Like Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Focus on Deconstructive versus Reconstructive and Flow-Diverter Treatments

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Various endovascular techniques have been applied to treat blister-like aneurysms. We performed a systematic review to evaluate endovascular treatment for ruptured blister-like aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a comprehensive literature search and subgroup analyses to compare deconstructive versus reconstructive techniques and flow diversion versus other reconstructive options. RESULTS: Thirty-one studies with 265 procedures for ruptured blister-like aneurysms were included. Endovascular treatment was associated with a 72.8% (95% CI, 64.2%–81.5%) mid- to long-term occlusion rate and a 19.3% (95% CI, 13.6%–25.1%) retreatment rate. Mid- to long-term neurologic outcome was good in 76.2% (95% CI, 68.9%–8.4%) of patients. Two hundred forty procedures (90.6%) were reconstructive techniques (coiling, stent-assisted coiling, overlapped stent placement, flow diversion) and 25 treatments (9.4%) were deconstructive. Deconstructive techniques had higher rates of initial complete occlusion than reconstructive techniques (77.3% versus 33.0%, P = .0003) but a higher risk for perioperative stroke (29.1% versus 5.0%, P = .04). There was no difference in good mid- to long-term neurologic outcome between groups, with 76.2% for the reconstructive group versus 79.9% for the deconstructive group (P = .30). Of 240 reconstructive procedures, 62 (25.8%) involved flow-diverter stents, with higher rates of mid- to long-term complete occlusion than other reconstructive techniques (90.8% versus 67.9%, P = .03) and a lower rate of retreatment (6.6% versus 30.7%, P CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular treatment of ruptured blister-like aneurysms is associated with high rates of complete occlusion and good mid- to long-term neurologic outcomes in most patients. Deconstructive techniques are associated with higher occlusion rates but a higher risk of perioperative ischemic stroke. In the reconstructive group, flow diversion carries a higher level of complete occlusion and similar clinical outcomes.
Three years of crop yield using drainage water management in Ohio

Drainage water management (NRCS-Practice Code 554) is an important agricultural water management practice for dealing with nitrate-loading to surface water across the Midwest US. There may also be a positive crop yield benefit. A three-year demonstration project was conducted in Ohio to evaluate the effects of drainage water management on crop yield. We installed water table control structures (WTCS) in fields with subsurface drainage. At each demonstration farm we had two zones; one for subsurface drainage only, and one for controlled drainage or drainage water management. Thus, a side-by-side comparison between conventional subsurface drainage and drainage water management was performed. Both zones at a farm had similar topography, cropping and nutrient management, etc. Results for corn indicated that drainage water management significantly improved crop yield by 1 to 19% in six out of nine observations at these demonstration farms over the three growing seasons. Results for soybean indicated that drainage water management significantly improved crop yield by 1 to 7% in seven out of eleven observations over three growing seasons. After three years of growing corn and soybean crops at our demonstration sites on private farms, it appears that the crop yield benefit is variable and may be related to the topography of the field, the amount and timing of precipitation as well as type of crop being grown; corn or soybean. Continued evaluation and expanded research is warranted.
Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper models of soybean and corn crop characteristics

Abstract This study used Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data to develop empirical models for determining soybean and corn crop yield, leaf area index, wet biomass, dry biomass and plant height. Ground-truth data was obtained from more than 50 commercial farms in Ohio, USA, during 1988 and 1989. Several significant linear, non-linear, logarithmic, exponential, and power models were developed. The best soybean models generally comprised of information from the commonly-used bands 3 and 4. TM data for the most significant soybean models explained 69 to 76 per cent of the between field variability in wet biomass, dry biomass, and plant height, 63 per cent of the variability in leaf area index, and 35 per cent of the variability in yield. The best corn models incorporated band 5 and/or band 7 along with band 4. The most significant corn models explained 80 per cent of the variability in wet biomass, 66 to 67 per cent of the variability in dry biomass, plant height, and leaf area index, and 52 per cent of the v...
Brief paper: Automatic guidance of mobile robots in two-way traffic

A method of control has been devised to guide a mobile robot automatically through a passage without collision in an environment of obstacles. The guidance strategy is based on the premise that each obstacle exerts upon the mobile robot a repulsion, which varies inversely with the distance between the robot and the obstacle, and becomes infinite as the robot approaches the obstacle. To reduce the processing time a simple kinematic model is considered; no account is taken of dynamic effects and wheel slips. However, the mobile robot is said to be intelligent, such that deviations from the ideal path due to realistic conditions may be for the most part corrected by subsequent inputs from the sensory device. Effectiveness of the guidance strategy has been examined analytically for small deviations and numerically for large deviations. The conclusions lead to criteria for selecting control parameters for better guidance. Computer simulations have also been made to model the two-way traffic of mobile robots in a passage between two straight walls and to study the mobile robot turning a sharp corner.
A Defense of Brain Death

In 1959 two French neurologists, Pierre Mollaret and Maurice Goullon, coined the term coma depasse to designate a state beyond coma. In this state, patients are not only permanently unconscious; they lack the endogenous drive to breathe, as well as brainstem reflexes, indicating that most of their brain has ceased to function. Although legally recognized in many countries as a criterion for death, brain death has not been universally accepted by bioethicists, by the medical community, or by the public. I this paper, I defend brain death as a biological concept. I challenge two assumptions in the brain death literature that have shaped the debate and have stood in the way of an argument for brain death as biological. First, I challenge the dualism established in the debate between the body and the brain. Second, I contest the emphasis on consciousness, which prevents the inclusion of psychological phenomena into a biological criterion of death. I propose that the term organism should apply both to the functioning of the body and the brain. I argue that the cessation of the organism as a whole should take into account three elements of integrated function. Those three elements are: 1) the loss of integrated bodily function; 2) the loss of psychophysical integration required for processing of external stimuli and those required for behavior; and, 3) the loss of integrated psychological function, such as memory, learning, attention, and so forth. The loss of those three elements of integrated function is death.
The Due Diligence Standard and Violence Against Women

"Due diligence" is the standard often used to determine what actions states should take to address violence against women, including domestic violence. This article explains the development of the concept of due diligence in international human rights law, addresses what measures states are to take to meet their due diligence obligation, and discusses some of the jurisprudence of United Nations and regional human rights bodies that have applied the standard.
The Rehabilitation of Patients Totally Paralyzed below the Waist: With Special Reference to Making Them Ambulatory and Capable of Earning Their Living

TIDAL drainage, cystometry and bladder training are interdependent. When properly used in combination they ensure that every patient who has had an injury to the spinal cord, conus or cauda equina and who is intelligent and Cooperative will have infallible twenty-four-hour control of urination regardless of the severity of the cord injury. This paper is devoted to a description of the necessary apparatus and a discussion of the technic of these three therapeutic aids in such cases. Tidal Drainage Tidal drainage is a method whereby the urinary bladder can be alternately and automatically filled and emptied, the intravesical pressure constantly . . .
Investigation of Temperature Dependence of Raman Shift of Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings Used in Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording

Heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) can overcome the super-paramagnetic limit and increase areal density beyond 1 Tb/in2 in hard disk drives [1]. In HAMR, a pulsed laser beam is first used to heat the magnetic medium beyond its Curie temperature and then data is magnetically recorded during the cool-down process while the coercivity of the medium is still low. High temperatures at the head disk interface are caused by the laser heating process which leads to lubricant depletion, magnetic degradation, and carbon overcoat damage of the head/disk interface [2]. The carbon overcoat can also be graphitized or oxidized leading to poor corrosion protection and inferior tribological performance [2]. The heated spot size achieved by the pulsed laser is very small, approximately 25nm in diameter. In addition, the duration of a typical laser heating cycle, including the cooling process, is very short, on the order of one ns. The measurement of the temperatures in the heated laser spot is of great interest for HAMR technology since reliability is strongly affected by the temperature rise in the heated laser spot. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to measure the temperature rise in the laser heated spot using conventional methods such as thermocouple measurements. To simulate and investigate the near field effects in heat assisted magnetic recording, tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy can be used (Fig. 1). Tip Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS) combines an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a Raman spectrometer to investigate the near field effects between the tip of an AFM and the adjacent surface. In TERS, a laser is focused on the tip of a metallized AFM tip, mounted in a scanning probing microscope. The laser illumination causes localized heating of the probe tip and the disk surface. Plasmon interactions at the interface between the probe tip and the surface enhance Raman scattering from the laser illumination. The scattered light is measured with a spectrometer and then analyzed in order to quantify the temperature rise in the disk due to the near-field heating by the AFM tip.
Rationalism and romanticism in architecture

This book is a practical guide to assessing the risks involved in introducing genetically-engineered microorganisms and plants into the environment. Five methodologies are presented for integrating the diverse data essential for accurate risk assessment. The social and economic impacts of biotechnology and related ethical issues are presented as essential components of risk-benefit assessment.
The influence of Ghrelin on gastrointestinal motility in rats with acute pancreatitis

Aim To investigate the action of Ghrelin on gastro-intestinal motility in rats suffering from acute pancreatitis at the different level of organ and tissue.Methods Acute pancreatitis rats were prepared by retrograde infuse of sodium taurocholate.Two milliliter blood was taken from vena caudalis before the model is finished and after six hours.The level of serum amylase,IL-2,TNF-a was detected.Ghrelin was used to treat the experimental group;the gastric residual rate and intestinal propulsive ratio was mesured by using BD2000.Gastromyo-electrical activity of the rat sinus ventriculi was recorded with Biopac MP150 systems,and recording the contraction in the isolated gastric corpus′s(superior 1/3 part) and antral circular muscle strips was also recorded under the action of Ghrelin.Results The serum amylase,IL-2,TNF-a of the rats 6h after the model is finished obviously increase compared with those before acute pancreatitis occured.There were obvious decreases of the gastric residual rates and obvious increases of intestinal propulsive ratios in experimental group.The frequencies and amplitudes of slow wave,frequencies of fast wave at the antrum ascended in experimental group and the difference of frequencies and amplitudes was obvious compared with the control group.Under the action of ghrelin the degree of contraction in the isolated gastric corpus′s(superior 1/3 part with interstitial cells of cajal) and antral circular muscle strips in experimental group was obviously higher than the control group.The frequencies of contraction in the isolated gastric corpus′s(superior1/3 part with interstitial cells of cajal)circular muscle strips was obviously higher than the control group and it was higher than the control group in antral but the difference of the frequencies was not obvious compared with the control group.Conclusion Ghrelin can reinforce the gastrointestinal motility and promote gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion.
Renal Transplantation in Diabetic Patients: The End Result Does Justify the Means

There were 49 insulin-dependent diabetics who received 52 renal allografts: 13 from living related and 39 from cadaveric donors. The mean age and time on dialysis were similar for both recipient groups. Patient survival at 1 and 2 years was 100 per cent for living related donor recipients, and 76 and 56 per cent at 1 and 2 years for cadaveric recipients. Renal allograft survival was 92 and 85 per cent at 1 and 2 years for living related donor recipients. Cadaveric allograft survival was 49 and 41 per cent at 1 and 2 years. The cumulative mortality rate was 39 per cent and the over-all surgical morbidity was low. Renal transplantation in diabetic patients is worthwhile from the standpoint of patient and allograft survival.
Examining the Process by Which Salespeople Determine Buying Firm’s Corporate Culture

The designation of a ‘culture’ to an organization is a relatively recent phenomenon. From the organizational culture craze of the early 1980’s, the concept has gone from fad to management tool. This article extends the application of this concept into the marketing discipline by proposing relationships between the buyer’s corporate culture and the industrial salesperson’s job performance and satisfaction. The process of acquiring relevant cultural information is explored through a proposed salesperson enculturation curve. Managerial and research implications are advanced.
Debating the Empire in Public

On Friday, 7 October 1960 an article appeared in The Scotsman newspaper describing a press conference held the previous day in Edinburgh. The press conference announced the formation of a new organization dedicated to the spread of information about the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland to the Scottish public. Named the Scottish Study Group for Rhodesia and Nyasaland (SSG), the organization claimed to be non-political and concerned with ensuring that Scots were given the facts about the Federation and not the tainted propaganda provided by many within the Church of Scotland.1
The Use of Published Clinical Study Reports to Support U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approval of Imaging Agents

Pharmaceutical companies typically perform prospective, multicenter phase 3 clinical studies to support approval of a new imaging agent by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In uncommon situations, the FDA has approved imaging agents based solely, or in large part, on the clinical study experience described in published reports, including reports of exploratory (i.e., phase 1 or 2) studies performed at a single clinical site. We performed a survey of published reports to assess the potential of the reported information to support FDA approval of a commonly cited investigational imaging agent. Our survey revealed critical data limitations in most publications, all of which reported exploratory clinical studies. Here we summarize the precedent for FDA approval of imaging agents using effectiveness data from publications, FDA guidance, and our experience in reviewing publications. We also present a key-data checklist for investigators to consider in the design, conduct, and reporting of exploratory clinical studies for publication. We encourage editors and peer reviewers to consider requiring these key data when reviewing these reports for publication.
An evaluation of mercury offloading in two Central California elasmobranchs

Elasmobranchs occupy high trophic levels, accumulate high concentrations of mercury in their tissues, and have high energetic levels of maternal investment to offspring, which may cause embryos to be exposed in utero to harmful concentrations of mercury. We investigated the maternal transfer of mercury in two common coastal elasmobranch species, Triakis semifasciata and Platyrhinoidis triseriata, to determine which reproductive parameters may influence mercury offloading, and whether embryos are at risk to mercury toxicity. Mercury concentration was measured in female muscle, female liver, and embryonic tissues. The behavior of mercury in adult female tissues differed between species, as liver mercury concentration was significantly correlated to muscle mercury concentration in P. triseriata but not in T. semifasciata. Embryos of both species were found with potentially harmful mercury concentrations in their muscle tissues. Embryo mercury concentration increased with female muscle mercury concentration, but the relationship to female liver mercury was more variable. The rate of mercury transfer and overall offloading potential were significantly greater in P. triseriata than T. semifasciata. It appears that female mercury concentration, either in muscle or liver, is an important influencing factor for mercury offloading, but the impact of the differing reproductive modes in these two species was less clear. More study on this subject will continue to elucidate the factors influencing mercury offloading in sharks and rays, and how contaminant risk affects populations on a whole.
Large Customers, Earnings Persistence, and Earnings Management

We propose that the presence of large customers makes supplier firms’ earnings more persistent, which leads to earnings shocks having a greater impact on stock prices of these firms. As a result, the managers of firms with large customers have stronger incentives to manage earnings. We formalize this idea in a theoretical framework similar to Stein (1989). We then provide supporting empirical evidence that firms with large customers have more persistent earnings, are more likely to engage in earnings management, and tend to receive more negative stock price reactions when they miss or barely meet forecast earnings.
Parental History of Disruptive Life Events and Household Food Insecurity

Abstract Objective To investigate whether a history of disruptive life events (ie, school suspension or expulsion, job termination, hospitalization for mental health, and/or criminal justice involvement) among parents is positively associated with household food insecurity. Design Structured interviews and self-report surveys. Setting Households across all 50 states in the US. Participants Subsample of 6,270 households that participated in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort with valid maternal and paternal data. Main Outcome Measures Food insecurity was measured when children were aged 9 months (wave 1), 2 years (wave 2), and 4 years (wave 3). Parental history of disruptive life events was measured at wave 1. Analysis Logistic regression was used to carry out the analyses. Results Each examined disruptive life event was associated with a significant increase in the odds of persistent household food insecurity (P 6 times as large in households with 1 or both parents reporting the occurrence of each of the disruptive life events, relative to households with none of these parental risk factors. Conclusions and Implications Practitioners may want to consider parental history of various disruptive life events in their assessment of familial risk of household food insecurity. Future policy efforts might include a cost–benefit estimate analysis of intervening earlier in the food insecurity–disruptive life events nexus to advocate for savings to the taxpayer for prevention services. Moreover, future research could evaluate these practice and policy-driven efforts using quasi-experimental designs.
Audio Feature Analysis

There are, in general, two types of audio features: the physical features and the perceptual features. Physical features refer to mathematical measurements computed directly from the sound wave, such as the energy function, the spectrum, the cepstral coefficients, the fundamental frequency, and so on. Perceptual features are subjective terms which are related to the perception of sounds by human beings, including loudness, brightness, pitch, timbre, rhythm, etc. In this research, we use the temporal curves of three kinds of short-time physical features, i.e. the energy function, the average zero-crossing rate, and the fundamental frequency, as well as the spectral peak tracks for the purpose of coarse-level audio segmentation and classification. While for the fine-level classification and retrieval, one of our most important tasks is to build physical and mathematical models for the perceptual audio features with which human beings distinguish the subtle differences among different classes of sounds. Currently, we consider two kinds of perceptual features in this work, i.e. timbre and rhythm.
Species richness of jellyfishes (Scyphozoa : Discomedusae) in the Tropical Eastern Pacific: missed taxa, molecules, and morphology match in a biodiversity hotspot

Species richness in the seas has been underestimated due to the combined challenges presented by the taxonomic impediment, delimitation of species, preponderance of cryptic species, and uneven sampling effort. The mismatch between actual and estimated diversity varies by region and by taxon, leaving open questions such as: are hotspots for well-known taxa also hotspots for poorly known taxa? We address these challenges and this question for shallow-water scyphozoan jellyfishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP). We increased sampling effort at 34 coastal locations along the TEP, and combined analyses of four molecular markers and up to 53 morphological characters. We applied phylogenetic analyses under Bayesian and maximum likelihood frameworks, barcoding, and statistical multivariate analyses of morphological data to estimate species richness. Where only five Discomedusae were reported previously, we found a total of 25 species. Of these, 22 species are new to science, two are non-indigenous, and one is a previous record; the other four prior records had been misidentified. The new discoveries evince the need to evaluate the evolutionary relationships with neighbouring regions to understand fully the origins of jellyfish diversity in the TEP and will lead to revision of the systematics and taxonomy of Scyphozoa.
Hyperoxia and Hypocapnia During Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Associations With Complications, Mortality, and Functional Status Among Survivors*

OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency of hyperoxia and hypocapnia during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and their relationships to complications, mortality, and functional status among survivors. DESIGN Secondary analysis of data collected prospectively by the Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network. SETTING Eight Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network-affiliated hospitals. PATIENTS Age less than 19 years and treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. INTERVENTIONS Hyperoxia was defined as highest PaO2 greater than 200 Torr (27 kPa) and hypocapnia as lowest PaCO2 less than 30 Torr (3.9 kPa) during the first 48 hours of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Functional status at hospital discharge was evaluated among survivors using the Functional Status Scale. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of 484 patients, 420 (86.7%) had venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and 64 (13.2%) venovenous; 69 (14.2%) had extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiated during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Hyperoxia occurred in 331 (68.4%) and hypocapnia in 98 (20.2%). Hyperoxic patients had higher mortality than patients without hyperoxia (167 [50.5%] vs 48 [31.4%]; p < 0.001), but no difference in functional status among survivors. Hypocapnic patients were more likely to have a neurologic event (49 [50.0%] vs 143 (37.0%]; p = 0.021) or hepatic dysfunction (49 [50.0%] vs 121 [31.3%]; p < 0.001) than patients without hypocapnia, but no difference in mortality or functional status among survivors. On multivariable analysis, factors independently associated with increased mortality included highest PaO2 and highest blood lactate concentration in the first 48 hours of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and being a preterm neonate. Factors independently associated with lower mortality included meconium aspiration syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Hyperoxia is common during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and associated with mortality. Hypocapnia appears to occur less often and although associated with complications, an association with mortality was not observed.
Chapter 21 Production and Marketing

Abstract Important advancements in agricultural economics have combined the insights of the economic discipline and its analytical paradigm with the practical and scientific knowledge of agriculture. We discuss advancements made in the areas of production and marketing, the characteristics of agricultural economics that distinguish it from general economics, and close with a discussion of the future of agricultural economics.
Bifunctional Micellar Catalysis

Surfactants 16, 16-OH, 16-Im, and 16-OH,Im were examined as micellar catalysts for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA) and hexanoate (PNPH) in 0.01 M and 0.4 M aqueous phosphate buffers at pH 8.0. The kinetic data is presented and discussed.
When the Practitioner Becomes an Administrator: A Case Study:

Rehabilitation agency practioners often find themselves thrust into administrative roles. Agencies require skilled management, yet many practioners find they have no formal training in management s...
A Method for Improving Acoustic Switching Ratio in Opto-Acoustic Transducers

Previous theoretical and experimental work on Opto-Acoustic Transducers (OATs) has shown their switching ratios to be lower than that necessary for most imaging applications. We will show that this problem can be overcome by applying intensity-modulated light to the OAT instead of constant intensity light, as suggested previously.
One and Done: Multimodal Treatment of Pediatric Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations in a Single Anesthesia Event.

Background Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are complex vascular lesions composed of abnormal arteries directly connected to veins without the typical intervening angioarchitecture. Rupture rates range from 2% to 4%, with that risk increasing to 4.5% per year for those presenting with hemorrhage. Mortality ranges from 12% to 66.7% after rupture, and up to 40% of survivors suffer from permanent neurologic sequelae. Treatment commonly includes a multimodality approach consisting of a combination of microsurgery, embolization, and radiosurgery. Typically, preoperative embolization is undertaken in a staged manner several days to weeks prior to microsurgical resection. Methods We describe a series of 5 pediatric patients harboring intracranial AVMs who underwent embolization and resection in the same anesthetic event, an approach that has not yet been described in the literature. Results Three patients presented symptomatically, whereas 2 AVMs were discovered incidentally, and average Spetzler−Martin grade was 1.6. Average anesthesia length was 580.8 minutes, and intraoperative angiography revealed complete resection in all cases. All patients were extubated at the end of the case and were discharged and followed up with a modified Rankin Scale score of 0. Conclusions We describe a novel approach to treatment of pediatric intracranial AVMs that is shown to be safe and feasible. A single anesthesia event allows for aggressive preoperative embolization without increasing the risk of hemorrhage in the waiting period until resection. A single anesthesia event also prevents the patients from undergoing another intubation and anesthesia and decreases the risk associated with another anesthesia in a relatively short time frame.
Content of Infant Safe Sleep Counseling and Maternal Reported Practices in an Urban Clinic.

Abstract Objective Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is a leading cause of mortality in infants and pediatric providers can influence caregiver infant safe sleep practices. We described the content of safe sleep counseling by pediatric providers and examined pediatric provider and caregiver factors that may be related to the delivery of safe sleep counseling. Methods A sample of mothers and providers enrolled in the Safe Start Study, a randomized controlled trial assessing a safe sleep intervention, were audio-recorded during the 2-week well child visits (WCV) at a large urban pediatric practice in Baltimore, MD from October 2015 – April 2017. Provider counseling content related to infant sleep was transcribed and coded based on AAP policy statement Grade A recommendations. Maternal reported infant sleep practices were defined by items on an interviewer administered survey. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relation between maternal reported infant sleep practices and provider counseling. Results Most, 92%, of WCVs included at least one safe sleep topic, but there was inconsistency in content delivered based on AAP recommendations. Yet, only 12% of WCVs included all four components of ABC counseling. Maternal report of infant sleeping with a person or an object in sleep space was associated with decreased odds of receiving counseling on alone no person, no objects (aOR 0.34, 95% CI 0.13, 0.90). Conclusion Pediatric provider counseling on safe sleep is inconsistent across AAP recommendations demonstrating a need for enhanced provider education and a more standardized approach to assess infant sleep practices.
Dreissenid (quagga and zebra mussel) veligers are adversely affected by bloom forming cyanobacteria.

Abstract Quagga (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) and zebra (D. polymorpha) mussels are broadcast spawners that produce planktonic, free swimming veligers, a life history strategy dissimilar to native North American freshwater bivalves. Dreissenid veligers require highly nutritious food to grow and survive, and thus may be susceptible to increased mortality rates during harsh environmental conditions like cyanobacteria blooms. However, the impact of cyanobacteria and one of the toxins they can produce (microcystin) has not been evaluated in dreissenid veligers. Therefore, we exposed dreissenid veligers to eleven distinct cultures (isolates) of cyanobacteria representing Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Dolichospermum, Microcystis, and Planktothrix species and the cyanotoxin microcystin to determine the lethality of cyanobacteria on dreissenid veligers. Six-day laboratory bioassays were performed in microplates using dreissenid veligers collected from the Detroit River, Michigan, USA. Veligers were exposed to increasing concentrations of cyanobacteria and microcystin using the green algae Chlorella minutissima as a control. Based on dose response curves formulated from a Probit model, the LC50 values for cyanobacteria used in this study range between 15.06 and 135.06 μg/L chlorophyll-a, with the LC50 for microcystin-LR at 13.03 μg/L. Because LC50 values were within ranges observed in natural waterbodies, it is possible that dreissenid recruitment may be suppressed when veliger abundances overlap with seasonal cyanobacteria blooms. Thus, the toxicity of cyanobacteria to dreissenid veligers may be useful to include in models forecasting dreissenid mussel abundance and spread.
The impact of rural residence on adult brain cancer survival in the United States.

Rural/urban disparities in brain cancer survival have been reported. However, disparities by cancer type or in the United States as a whole remain poorly understood. Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18 registries database, we examined brain cancer survival by rural/urban residence defined by Rural–Urban Continuum Codes (RUCCs). We obtained data from SEER 18 registries for individuals aged 20 years and older with a first primary malignant brain cancer from 2001 to 2011. Rural/urban residence at diagnosis was defined using both metropolitan/non-metropolitan county classifications and individual RUCC categories. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to compute adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between rural/urban residence and brain cancer survival. Among 37,581 cancer cases, 77.9% were non-Hispanic White, 56.5% were male, and 88.7% lived in a metropolitan county. Brain cancer patients living in the most rural counties had a significant increased risk of cancer death compared to those living in the most urban counties (HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.01–1.31). Those living in non-metropolitan counties had a similar risk of cancer death compared to those living in metropolitan counties (HR 1.01; 95% CI 0.97–1.06). Effect modification was observed overall by cancer type, with non-specified oligodendroglioma (HR 1.35; 95% CI 1.01–1.81) showing the greatest effect. After adjusting for confounding factors, our results suggest that rural residence has a modest effect on brain cancer survival, and that this disparity may vary by cancer type. Future research should explore differences in treatment strategies between rural and urban brain cancer patients.
Multiplex transcriptional characterizations across diverse bacterial species using cell-free systems.

Cell-free expression systems enable rapid prototyping of genetic programs in vitro. However, current throughput of cell-free measurements is limited by the use of channel-limited fluorescent readouts. Here, we describe DNA Regulatory element Analysis by cell-Free Transcription and Sequencing (DRAFTS), a rapid and robust in vitro approach for multiplexed measurement of transcriptional activities from thousands of regulatory sequences in a single reaction. We employ this method in active cell lysates developed from ten diverse bacterial species. Interspecies analysis of transcriptional profiles from > 1,000 diverse regulatory sequences reveals functional differences in promoter activity that can be quantitatively modeled, providing a rich resource for tuning gene expression in diverse bacterial species. Finally, we examine the transcriptional capacities of dual-species hybrid lysates that can simultaneously harness gene expression properties of multiple organisms. We expect that this cell-free multiplex transcriptional measurement approach will improve genetic part prototyping in new bacterial chassis for synthetic biology.
Desarrollo de la competencia intercultural mediante el aprendizaje-servicio en español con fines profesionales

With an overview of the concept of service-learning in Spanish-language courses, this article will examine the following four principal areas to help educators prepare individuals for effective intercultural communication in their prospective fields: (1) role of intercultural competence development across disciplines and in service-learning programs, (2) interdisciplinary approaches to service-learning program development, (3) connect two types of learners (heritage and foreign language learners) in Spanish for the Professions courses to linguistic and ethnic minority challenges to seek solutions to growing disparities across professional contexts through active classroom-to-community connections, and (4) empirically examine the benefits of service-learning with a primary focus on heritage language learners in two university courses (Spanish Interpretation and Translation) that involve the establishment of diverse global and local community partnerships that bridge the classroom with the community and seek to eradicate disparities. Results suggested that students ( N = 19) in the service-learning programs thought these programs positively affected intercultural competence and linguistic skills development. Study limitations are explored with suggestions for future research.
Estimation and correction of bias in network simulations based on respondent-driven sampling data

Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is widely used for collecting data on hard-to-reach populations, including information about the structure of the networks connecting the individuals. Characterizing network features can be important for designing and evaluating health programs, particularly those that involve infectious disease transmission. While the validity of population proportions estimated from RDS-based datasets has been well studied, little is known about potential biases in inference about network structure from RDS. We developed a mathematical and statistical platform to simulate network structures with exponential random graph models, and to mimic the data generation mechanisms produced by RDS. We used this framework to characterize biases in three important network statistics - density/mean degree, homophily, and transitivity. Generalized linear models were used to predict the network statistics of the original network from the network statistics of the sample network and observable sample design features. We found that RDS may introduce significant biases in the estimation of density/mean degree and transitivity, and may exaggerate homophily when preferential recruitment occurs. Adjustments to network-generating statistics derived from the prediction models could substantially improve validity of simulated networks in terms of density, and could reduce bias in replicating mean degree, homophily, and transitivity from the original network.
Child Well-Being and Children’s Rights: Balancing Positive and Negative Indicators in Assessments

This chapter includes five sections that examine core issues related to children’s well-being rights as articulated in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (hereafter referred to as the Convention; UN General Assembly, 1989). The first section addresses the importance of ensuring that all children are given the opportunity to provide input to assessments of their well-being and that comprehensive well-being assessments incorporate negative and positive indicators of well-being. The second section presents a conceptual framework for organizing child well-being research that incorporates key elements of the Convention. The third section addresses the notion that respect for children’s rights implies that the most useful assessments of child well-being require additional measures of core, malleable social and psychological assets and risk factors that are known to be associated with child well-being. This perspective is based on the principle that monitoring systems should provide actionable information about each child that informs access to well-being enhancing support services and resources. In addition, an overview of the dual-factor model of mental health is used to illustrate a specific approach to measuring well-being that incorporates negative and positive indicators. The fourth section provides guidance for school psychologists on how to infuse well-being assessments into their professional practice and thereby advocate for children’s rights. The fifth section concludes with a discussion of how the adoption of a holistic model of youth development, consistent with the Convention, offers school psychologists the opportunity to provide services that facilitate the well-being of all children.