cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Health and Wellness Outcomes of Medicaid-Enrolled Infants Born to Adolescent Mothers

To assess the effect of adolescent birth on the health and wellness of these infants within their first year of life. Our study focused on 2011 Medicaid births nationwide. The study group (infants born to adolescents, aged 10 to 19 at time of birth) was matched with infants born to adults (aged 20 to 44 at time of birth), based on demographics. Statistical tests (proportion test and Poisson test) were used to compare the outcomes of these two groups to determine if differences were significant. The outcomes assessed were: low birth weight (LBW), substance exposure, foster care, health status, infant mortality, emergency department (ED) visits, and wellness visits. Of the 68,562 infant pairs included in the study, we found statistically significant higher rates of LBW (P ≤ 0·005), infant mortality (P = 0·05), and ED visits (P ≤ 0·005) for infants born to adolescents at the 95% confidence interval. The rate of wellness visits for all infants was well below the recommended amount. Additional differences were found at the race/ethnicity and urbanicity levels. Infants born to adolescents had a higher rate of ED visits within the first year of life, however, the increased rates of LBW and mortality for the Medicaid population are not as significant as previous national studies suggest. Analysis of outcomes across stratification helped identify vulnerable populations (i.e. urban infants). Public health programs are urged to examine ED visits in infants born to adolescents among the Medicaid population. Improved health education or phone-based resources could help reduce unnecessary visits and reduce cost.
Global Security and Human Security

I argue that the idea of "security" must extend well beyond its traditional military dimension to encompass the interrelated military, political, economic, environmental, health, and other international and global threats arising mainly from our global interdependence. There is no better time than now to build global consensus on many of these issues, and the logical party to take the initiative would clearly be a revitalized UN along with its various components and affiliated agencies, including relevant non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that are accredited to the UN. International cooperation among these institutions should become increasingly important in achieving our shared global security goals. It is obvious that we will need new theories and analytic frameworks for global security to replace traditional but outdated theories such as containment, balance of power, deterrence, and hegemonic stability. Research of such significance, urgency, and difficulty would require wide international collaboration engaging the top scientists and research facilities of many nations.
Use of simple graded signals in the long-distance vocal communication of a forest thrush (Catharus fuscescens)

I investigated the use of simple graded structures (i.e. ‘calls’) in long-distance vocal communication among territorial forest-dwelling Catharus fuscescens – an oscine passerine that also possesse...
Step 5: Concluding Thoughts: Truth, the People, Court Power and Representative Politics

Law, as an ordering mechanism, as a repository for a polity’s identity, and as a medium for the expression of societal sociocultural norms, values, and judgments, is a product and producer of a subject’s being in the world. The actual, potential, and possible stem from the law as far as ordering a society. The character and content of a people can be located in the law, and how the law informs and transects the social, political, and economic dimensions of a society. By viewing the Court’s power through the lens of a Mass/Elite framework and a Law as Process Perspective, we can begin the process of disaggregating the Court’s power and assessing the impact it has on the American democratic representative political system.
A Necessary Condition for the Continuity of Linear Functionals of Wick Squares

The Dynkin Isomorphism Theorem “establishes a relationship between a Gaussian random field associated with a symmetric Markov process (the free field) and the local times for the process. The free field associated with the Brownian motion plays an important role in the constructive quantum field theory.” [3]. However, to be more precise, Gaussian random fields can be associated with a relatively small class of symmetric Markov processes in this way, essentially a subset of processes in R 1. In more general cases one can consider linear functionals of Wick powers of the free field. This is explained in Section 8 of [3]. The functionals considered are Gaussian chaoses indexed by measures. We refer to them as {H = H(μ), μ ∈ ℳ} and describe them in detail below. We consider these only for the second Wick power, which is what we mean by Wick squares. These are second order Gaussian chaoses.
Delivery of Smoke Toxicants from Cigarettes Made in Developed and Developing Countries: a comparison of U.S. full flavor and ultra light brands with Syrian cigarettes

DELI AND VERY OF SMOKE TOXICANTS FROM CIGARETTES MADE IN DEVLOPED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A COMPARISON OF U.S. FULL FLAVOR AND ULTRA LIGHT BRANDS WITH SYRIAN CIGARETTES. By Lynn M. Anderson, B.A. A thesis defense submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2005 Major Director: Thomas E. Eissenberg, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies Clinical research is needed to understand how cigarette toxicant yield affects smoker toxicant exposure. While there is much clinical research on yield and exposure in developed countries, there is little in developing countries. Forty smokers completed one, 4-hour session to compare yield and exposure of different cigarettes. Participants smoked three cigarettes under controlled topography conditions: one U.S. 111 flavor, one U.S. ultra light, and one Syrian cigarette, with 90 minutes between cigarettes. Sessions differed by Syrian brand; 2 1 participants smoked Alhamraa while 19 smoked A1 Sham cigarettes. Blood nicotine and breath CO samples were obtained, HR was monitored and subjective withdrawal and cigarette effect questions were asked. Results suggest that Syrian Alhamraa and U.S. full flavor were similar in exposure while Syrian A1 Sham and U.S. ultra light were similar. Though U.S. full flavor and ultra light cigarettes differed in toxicant yield and exposure, subjective ratings of withdrawal were similar.
Cell type specificity of tissue plasminogen activator in the mouse barrel cortex

We provide data in this article related to (C.C. Chen et al.,. Neurosci. Lett., 599 (2015) 152-157.) [1] where the expression of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is expressed by the whisker representation in the somatosensory cortex. Here, we provide immunocytochemistry data indicating that tPA is expressed by putative excitatory neurons as well as parvalbumin+ interneurons but not by somatostatin+ inhibitory interneurons. We also provide data showing that microglia do not normally express high levels of tPA, but upregulate their levels following cortical penetration with a recording electrode.
The First Five Years

Five years ago I founded Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering. We published two issues in 1993 and four issues per year during 1994-1997. The six 1993 and 1994 issues were published as Volume One. In my Editorial in the inaugural issue of the journal published in 1993 I wrote "The focus of ICAE is the integration of leading edge and emerging computer technologies for innovative solution of engineering problems. The journal fosters interdisciplinary research and presents a unique forum for innovative computer-aided engineering". During 1993-1997 every issue of the journal was published on schedule in a timely manner. This is an exceptional record among the new scholarly journals. During this period we published a good number of special issues reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of the journal such as: Object-Oriented Manufacturing Systems, Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturing and Robotics, Intelligent Information Systems, Real-Time Intelligent Control Systems, Integrated Product and Process Data Management, Faults in Automated Manufacturing, Massively Parallel Computing, Intelligent Manufacturing Systems
Data Management in Clinical Trials

Publisher Summary Data management includes the entire spectrum from data collection and entry to data analysis and reporting. The data collected in a clinical trial constitute an accounting of the trial. Rules and guidelines that govern research include the Code of Federal Regulations, the Good Clinical Practices (GCPs) guidelines from the International Conference on Harmonisation, state laws, sponsor standard operating procedures (SOPs), and institutional SOPs. The GCPs are an international ethical and scientific quality standard for clinical trial conduct. A trial conducted under good clinical practices is the basis for demonstrating that the trial was conducted according to protocol. Even as automated systems are employed to facilitate clinical trial data management, the central themes remain: the trial conducted according to good clinical practices, carrying out the study according to protocol, and treatment and assessment of the participant according to protocol. These issues should always be raised and affirmed to assure the integrity of the research and the protection of the safety of the participant. Plans for data management should be set up early during the development phase of a clinical trial. Included in the plan are the appropriate mix of research personnel and resources such as staff time, workspace, computer equipment, and secure storage facilities for both paper and electronic equipment.
Using sequential self-calibration and genetic algorithm methods to optimally design tracer test for estimation of conductivity distribution

Limiting the quantity of field test data needed to obtain an accurate estimate of a hydraulic conductivity field is a continuing challenge for hydrogeologists. A gradientbased inverse method, the sequential self-calibration (SSC) method, conditioned using tracer test data is presented as a means for estimation of hydraulic conductivity fields. To improve the calculation efficiency of sensitivity coefficients, a fast streamline-based approach was applied to compute the derivative of concentration with respect to the changes of hydraulic conductivity. The performance of SSC method was tested using a synthetic aquifer with a sandwich-like geologic structure, in which hypothetical tracer tests were conducted. The SSC method was also used to assess the impact of sampling well locations and the number of sampling wells on the estimation accuracy of the hydraulic conductivity field. A genetic algorithm, combined with the SSC method, was applied to estimate the optimal tracer test design plan. We found that the estimation accuracy of the hydraulic conductivity field increased with an increase in the number of the sampling wells, but the rate of increase in the estimation accuracy decreased as the number of sampling wells increased. The estimation accuracy was also significantly influenced by the locations of the sampling wells. The optimal sampling well locations were dependent on the geologic structure.
Challenges and opportunities facing holistic approaches to neuropsychological rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND: Holistic approaches to neuropsychological rehabilitation have progressively been recognized as an important form of rehabilitative care for persons who have a history of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. OBJECTIVE: After providing historical and contemporary perspectives, identify challenges and opportunities facing the field of neuropsychological rehabilitation. METHODS: Selective literature review from neuropsychological rehabilitation, neurosciences, learning theory, cognitive neuropsychology, and psychotherapy that highlight challenges to the development of holistic neuropsychological rehabilitation. RESULTS: Ten challenges and associated opportunities that face the field of holistic neuropsychological rehabilitation are identified. Illustrations of these challenges and opportunities are provided. CONCLUSIONS: Effectively addressing the challenges that face holistic neuropsychological rehabilitation will result in greater advances for this field of care for both children and adults.
The Judiciary and the Academy: A Fraught Relationship

The author discusses the reasons for a perceived widening gap between the judiciary and the academia within the US legal system.
Amino Acid Sequence of the Cytochrome c from the Dogfish, Squalus sucklii

Cytochrome c was isolated in pure form from hearts of the Puget Sound dogfish, Squalus sucklii. The protein was digested with chymotrypsin, and the resulting peptide fractions were resolved by ion exchange chromatography on Dowex 50 with volatile buffers. The peptides were purified by chromatography or electrophoresis on paper and the sequences were determined. By comparing the peptides with the sequences of other vertebrate cytochromes c, the complete sequence of 104 residues was deduced. Dogfish cytochrome c differs from that of the tuna in 17 or 19 residues, including the deletion, from the chicken and rattlesnake in 18 residues, and from the human in 23 residues. Certain amino acid replacements of both tuna and dogfish cytochromes c are common to the two species of fish and distinguish them from other vertebrate cytochromes.
Globalization and Biodiversity

Reduction of the earth's biodiversity as a result of human activities is a matter of great concern to prominent scientists. What are the economic aspects of this loss? In economic terms, what is biodiversity and why might it matter? And is the loss of biodiversity in any way connected with globalization of the economy.
Whose Style Is It

Artworks are in that style if they answer to certain rules. This isn’t as crude as it seems. Rules can be pretty creative. There’s recursion, of course, but far more with embedding. Embedding lets me calculate without a vocabulary or units. What I see and do, and the units this implies depend on the rules I try.
Diet-Induced Changes in n-3- and n-6-Derived Endocannabinoids and Reductions in Headache Pain and Psychological Distress

Abstract Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are biosynthetic precursors of endocannabinoids with antinociceptive, anxiolytic, and neurogenic properties. We recently reported that targeted dietary manipulation—increasing omega-3 fatty acids while reducing omega-6 linoleic acid (the H3-L6 intervention)—reduced headache pain and psychological distress among chronic headache patients. It is not yet known whether these clinical improvements were due to changes in endocannabinoids and related mediators derived from omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. We therefore used data from this trial (N = 55) to investigate 1) whether the H3-L6 intervention altered omega-3- and omega-6-derived endocannabinoids in plasma and 2) whether diet-induced changes in these bioactive lipids were associated with clinical improvements. The H3-L6 intervention significantly increased the omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid derivatives 2-docosahexaenoylglycerol (+65%, P P P = .001). Diet-induced changes in these endocannabinoid derivatives of omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid, but not omega-6 arachidonic acid, correlated with reductions in physical pain and psychological distress. These findings demonstrate that targeted dietary manipulation can alter endocannabinoids derived from omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in humans and suggest that 2-docosahexaenoylglycerol and docosahexaenoylethanolamine could have physical and/or psychological pain modulating properties. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01157208) Perspective This article demonstrates that targeted dietary manipulation can alter endocannabinoids derived from omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and that these changes are related to reductions in headache pain and psychological distress. These findings suggest that dietary interventions could provide an effective, complementary approach for managing chronic pain and related conditions.
Ten-year increase in service use in the Dutch population

Since earlier research has indicated an increase in mental health problems among Dutch children, we investigated whether service use for mental health problems has also increased. Subsequently, we investigated whether a possible increase could be explained by child, family and socio-demographic characteristics that increase the likelihood of service use. We compared two population samples of 6- to 18-year-olds, one assessed in 1993 and one in 2003. Chi-square tests were conducted to examine differences between the proportions of service-users. We performed a logistic regression to test whether care-promoting factors accounted for the effect of year. Results showed that service use increased from 1993 to 2003, but not among children with high CBCL scores. Having serious problems, living in a family other than two biological parents, and having educational problems all increased the likelihood of service use and became more present in the Dutch population. These variables accounted for 49% reduction in the Odds Ratio of the effect of year. Although the proportion of children who used services increased from 1993 to 2003, still a large number of children experience an unmet need. The increase in the number of children from a family structure other than two biological parents or who have educational problems is a worrisome development in itself.
Shock deformation twinning in an iron explosively formed projectile

In this study, we have observed dense Neumann bands in the central region of the head of an iron explosively formed projectile (EFP) and provided unambiguous TEM evidence that they are indeed deformation twins in {112} planes in both (100) and (110) oriented grain surfaces. In addition, we have shown how erroneous conclusions can be made by looking only at optical micrographs. We also observed recovered subgrains in the matrix and within the twin volume, and recrystallized grains in the EFP center.
Hydrogen water chemistry for BWRs: a status report on the EPRI development program

Abstract Many boiling water reactors (BWRs) have experienced extensive intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in their austenitic stainless steel reactor coolant system piping, resulting in serious adverse impacts on plant capacity factors, O&M costs, and personnel radiation exposures. A major research program to provide remedies for BWR pipe cracking was co-funded by EPRI, GE, and the BWR Owners Group for IGSCC Research between 1979 and 1988. Results from this program show that the likelihood of IGSCC depends on reactor water chemistry (particularly on the concentrations of ionic impurities and oxidizing radiolysis products) as well as on material condition and the level of tensile stress. Tests have demonstrated that the concentration of oxidizing radiolysis products in the recirculating reactor water of a BWR can be reduced substantially by injecting hydrogen into the feedwater. Recent plant data show that the use of hydrogen injection can reduce the rate of IGSCC to insignificant levels if the concentration of ionic impurities in the reactor water is kept sufficiently low. This approach to the control of BWR pipe cracking is called hydrogen water chemistry (HWC). This paper presents a review of the results of EPRI's HWC development program from 1980 to the present. In addition, plans for additional work to investigate the feasibility of adapting HWC to protect the BWR vessel and major internal components from potential stress corrosion cracking problems are summarized.
Identification of a novel mutation in the gene encoding the β‐triiodothyronine receptor in a patient with apparent selective pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone

Summary OBJECTIVE We investigated whether the first patient (L-F3) reported as having selective pituitary resistance had a mutation in the hTRβ gene. We compared the clinical parameters of this case with those of patients with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone. DESIGN The patient, L-F3, was part of a study at the NIH to identify mutations by sequencing the hTRβ gene in kindreds with thyroid hormone resistance. The clinical data of L-F3 as well as patients with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone were compared and analysed retrospectively. MEASUREMENT We amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and then sequenced exons 5 to 10 of the hTRβ gene in L-F3 and a normal control. Upon finding the mutation in L-F3, we measured the affinity constant of this mutated hTRβ receptor. Criteria developed previously were used to assess tissue responsiveness to thyroid hormone of L-F3. RESULTS We identified a C to T transition at base 1297 in codon 333 of the hTRβ gene in the first patient (L-F3) reported as having apparent selective pituitary resistance. This base substitution resulted in more than a fourfold decrease in T3-binding affinity for the hTRβ 1 receptor. The mutation of L-F3 occurred in the dimerization domain of exon 9, a region where the majority of mutations of kindreds with generalized thyroid hormone resistance have been found. Furthermore, the nucleotide substitution at base 1297 found in the apparent selective pituitary resistant case, L-F3, was the same as in an unrelated patient (K-T3) with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone. As a result, we compared the clinical parameters of both patients and found that they had similar patterns of resistance in several tissues. Besides the bone resistance present in both kindreds, the apparent selective pituitary resistance case also had liver and neuromuscular resistance. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that apparent selective pituitary resistance and generalized resistance to thyroid hormone are not qualitatively different syndromes. Nevertheless, identification of selective pituitary resistance is a useful clinical distinction since such patients with clinical and biochemical features of hyperthyroidism appear to benefit from reduction in serum thyroid hormone concentrations. In contrast, patients with more conventional forms of thyroid hormone resistance require no treatment or may benefit from increased concentrations of thyroid hormone.
Crystal structure ofmer,trans-[Ru(NO2)(trpy)(PPr3) 2 + ][ClO 4 − ], a species with disordered PPr3 and NO2 ligands

The complexmer,trans-[Ru(NO2)(trpy)(PPr3)2+][ClO4−]crystallizes in the centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group Pnma withZ=4. Both the ruthenium(II) cation and the perchlorate ligand lie about crystallographic mirror planes. The nitro ligand is not coplanar with the Ru(trpy) moiety and suffers from two fold disorder about its Ru−N bond such that the two sets of oxygen atoms have symmetry-related sites above or below the crystallographic mirror plane. The n-propyl groups within the PPr3 ligands suffer from disorder of their C(α) and C(β) atoms but share common C(γ) sites. Ruthenium-ligand distances are: Ru−PPr3=2.398(2)A, Ru−NO2=2.053(7) A, Ru−N(trpy, outer)=2.078(6) and 2.092(6) A and Ru−N(trpy, central) =1.965(6) A.
Sympathetic Nervous System Activity in Adipose Tissues During Pregnancy and Lactation of the Rat

The concentration and turnover of norepinephrine in white adipose and liver tissues were determined in pregnant, lactating, and age-matched virgin rats to elucidate the adaptations in sympathetic nervous system activity. In study 1, at d 18 of pregnancy and d 7 and 21 of lactation, animals were killed, and liver and cardiac perimetrial and retroperitoneal adipose depots were quick-frozen and then assayed for norepinephrine as a gross estimate of sympathetic innervation. In study 2, the same design was used to measure the turnover of norepinephrine as a measure of sympathetic activity. Animals were treated with alpha-methylparatyrosine, an inhibitor of norepinephrine synthesis, and killed at 0, 1.5, and 3 h after injection. In pregnant animals, basal norepinephrine concentrations were decreased compared with unbred controls in perimetrial and retroperitoneal depots. By d 21 of lactation, all adipose depots from lactating animals had more norepinephrine than did controls. The turnover of norepinephrine decreased in noncardiac adipose depots of pregnant animals. By d 21 of lactation, norepinephrine concentration was greater in all of the adipose depots than in controls. The turnover rate was faster in all adipose tissue depots but only significantly different in the cardiac depot. Sympathetic nervous activity in adipose tissue is diminished in pregnant rats, presumably to save energy for fetal growth and maternal fat storage. In late lactation, activity is increased, presumably to direct fatty acids away from adipose tissue towards milk production. The data from this study are consistent with the hypothesis that the sympathetic nervous system plays a role in the regulation of adipose metabolism in lactation.
Catalytic cracking of crude bio-oil from glycerol-assisted liquefaction of swine manure

Abstract The crude bio-oil produced from the glycerol-assisted liquefaction of swine manure which had large amount of long chain esters, was upgraded by thermal cracking over a modified zeolite catalyst. The effects of thermal cracking temperature (350–425 °C), reaction time (15–60 min) and catalyst loading (0–10 wt%) on the yield and quality of the upgraded oil were analyzed. The yield of upgraded bio-oil decreased with the increase of reaction temperature, reaction time and catalyst loading, but the viscosity, heating value and composition of the upgraded bio-oil became more desirable. Taking into the consideration both the yield and quality of the upgraded bio-oil, the optimal thermal cracking could be achieved over 5 wt% catalyst at 400 °C for 30 min. Under this condition, the yield of upgraded bio-oil was 46.14 wt% of the crude bio-oil, and 62.5% of the energy stored in the crude bio-oil was recovered. The oxygen content of the upgraded bio-oil was 15.04%, which was less than half of the original value of 33.98%. The viscosity of the upgraded bio-oil was 3.6 cP, compared with 188.9 cP for the crude bio-oil. The heating value of the upgraded bio-oil was 41.4 MJ/kg, compared with 30.54 MJ/kg for the crude bio-oil. Both the viscosity and heating value of the upgraded bio-oil were comparable to those of commercial diesel. The GC–MS analysis showed that the catalytic upgrading resulted in the increased cracking of long-chain acid methyl esters (such as hexadecanoic acid methyl ester), forming various alkanes, alkenes and their isomers, and short-chain acid methyl esters (such as heptanoic acid methyl ester). Elevated temperature and high catalyst loading enhanced the selectivity of thermal cracking towards alkanes and alkenes in the upgraded bio-oil.
Temporary tracheal occlusion causes catch-up lung maturation in a fetal model of diaphragmatic hernia.

Abstract Background: The lungs of infants born with diaphragmatic hernia are hypoplastic, immature, and surfactant-deficient. Tracheal occlusion in utero, which is being proposed as antenatal treatment of diaphragmatic hernia by promoting compensatory lung growth, decreases surfactant production as well, through loss of type II pneumocytes. The authors studied whether temporary tracheal occlusion might cause ‘catch-up' lung growth and maturation, without negative effects of prolonged tracheal occlusion on the surfactant system. Methods: Diaphragmatic hernia was created in time-dated fetal lambs (65 to 75 days). At 108 days, the trachea was occluded with an embolectomy catheter (DH + TO, n=6). After day 14, the balloon was deflated. Six congenital diaphagmatic hernia (CDH) fetuses were left unobstructed (DH). For comparison, a group of fetuses without diaphragmatic hernia were subjected to prolonged tracheal ligation (TL; 4-week tracheal ligation, n=3). Unoperated littermates (n = 8) were used as controls (CTR). All were killed near term. Lung tissue was processed for light and electron microscopy (computerized stereologic morphometry). Type II pneumocytes were identified with antisurfactant protein B antibody. Results: Four animals in DH + TO and four in DH survived to term. Lung fluid volume (LFV) at 108 days was 5.2 ± 4.4 mL in DH and 24.6 ± 6.8 mL in controls ( P t test). In DH + TO, LFV increased ninefold (to 48.3 ± 13.3 mL) by 1 week postocclusion, suggesting accelerated lung growth. At term, lung weight to body weight ratio (LWBW) was higher in TL (9.85% ± 1.81%) than in CTR (3.55% ± 0.56%; P v a 50% reduction in DH), indicating some degree of hyperplasia after temporary occlusion. Pneumocyte II numerical density was decreased more than 10-fold in TL (60 ± 22 v 826 ± 324 in CTR, P Conclusions: Temporary tracheal occlusion in utero does not cause the dramatic decrease in type II pneumocytes seen after prolonged occlusion. Although only minimal increase in lung volume is seen in CDH, catch-up parenchymal growth and maturation occur, most notably in the surfactant-producing system.
Interactionism, Social Organization, and Social Processes: Looking Back and Moving Ahead

With its roots in American pragmatism, symbolic interactionism has created a distinctive perspective and produced numerous important contributions and now offers signie cant prospects for the future. In this article, I review my intellectual journey with this perspective over forty years. This journey was initiated within the American society, sociology, and symbolic interaction of circa 1960. I note many of the contributions made by interactionists since that time, with particular focus on those who have contributed to the study of social organization and social process. I offer an agenda for the future based on currently underdeveloped areas that have potential. These are inequality orders, institutional analysis, collective action across space and time, and the integration of temporal and spatial orders. The article concludes with calls for further efforts at cross-perspective dialogues, more attention to feminist scholars, and an elaborated critical pragmatism.
Evaluating group effectiveness through a computer-supported cooperative training environment

The long-term goal of this research is to teach effective computer-supported cooperative problem solving skills. In order to address this problem, we built a special interface designed to improve group effectiveness. The special interface is based on a communication competency model that assumes group effectiveness in a particular task depends upon the performance of certain competencies (or skills) that aid groups in collective problem solving. In order to support this model, we provide special online tools that correspond to and, in turn, support each of the competencies. This paper presents an evaluation of the Computer-Supported Cooperative Training (CSCT) environment and delineates the group behaviors that lead to successful task performance in this environment. Groups using the interface demonstrated more effective skills when compared with groups who performed the same task face-to-face. Furthermore, the CSCT environment showed that the competencies relating to group problem description and generation of alternative solutions were the most predictive of successful group interaction.
Calculation of multicomponent ionic diffusion from zero to high concentration: I. The system Na-K-Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4-H2O at 25°C

Abstract A model is described for the calculation of diffusion coefficients and other vector transport processes for the six component seawater system Na-K-Ca-Mg-Cl-SO 4 -H 2 O at 25 °C, from low to high ionic strengths. The model is based upon an extension of the empirical equations of Miller (1967a) for the calculation of Onsager phenomenological coefficients and upon an accurate thermodynamic model utilizing the ion-interaction method of Pitzer (1979) and coworkers. The necessary parameters for the activity derivatives and the Onsager coefficients may be evaluated from binary and ternary data. Additional data are not required for applications in more complex systems. The present model parameterization accurately reproduces all of the relevant, binary mutual diffusion coefficients to high ionic strength. In common-ion ternary systems, the model with the present parameterization does well for solutions in which the concentrations of the component electrolytes are approximately equal and for the dominant electrolyte in systems in which one of the electrolytes is in excess. The model may not be as accurate for the minor components of mixed electrolyte systems, because the required ternary experimental data are not available; however, even in these cases errors do not exceed 20%. The model is also used to calculate diffusion coefficients at the composition of seawater. Our calculated values are supported by the measured conductivities, partial molal conductivities, and mutual diffusion coefficients of neutral components at seawater composition. The importance of coupling between diffusive flows is illustrated by application to a hypothetical geochemical problem which could result from a salt dome penetrating an overlying formation saturated with seawater. The large diffusive flux of NaCl creates significant gradients in all of the minor species (i.e., K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , SO 4 2− ), even though there were no initial concentration gradients for these species. The use of tracer diffusion coefficients is also discussed. The use of such coefficients in simplified forms of Fick's law is shown to be fundamentally inapplicable for electrolyte systems even at infinite dilution. When used in more comprehensive electrolyte diffusion models, isotope-isotope coupling effects complicate the use of tracer diffusion coefficients, especially at higher concentrations.
White-matter microstructure differs in adult bilingual and monolingual brains

Behavioral research indicates that bilingual children and adults outperform monolinguals at executive function tasks, especially those related to cognitive flexibility, suggesting that experience with two languages alters brain structure. We investigated white-matter microstructure using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) in monolingual (n = 15) and Spanish-English bilingual (n = 16) adults, quantifying fiber tract organization in measures of directionality (fractional anisotropy, FA) and diffusivity perpendicular to the main axonal direction (radial diffusivity, RD). FA was significantly higher for monolinguals (p < 0.05, corrected) in three brain regions: the right posterior limb of the internal capsule, the right sagittal stratum that includes inferior frontal occipital fasciculus, and the right thalamus. RD was greater for bilinguals (p < 0.05, corrected) in multiple brain areas, most prominently in the cerebellum, inferior frontal occipital fasciculus, and superior longitudinal fasciculus. We interpret these differences in brain structure between monolinguals and bilinguals as consistent with the idea that bilingual language experience leads to a pattern of more diffuse connectivity in the brain, which may be related to increased cognitive flexibility skills.
Optics of rotating systems

Electrodynamics of rotating systems is expected to exhibit novel nonlocal features that come about when acceleration-induced nonlocality is introduced into the special relativity theory in conformity with the Bohr-Rosenfeld principle. The implications of nonlocality for the amplitude and frequency of electromagnetic radiation received by uniformly rotating observers are investigated.
Noninformative priors, credible sets and Bayesian hypothesis testing for the intraclass model

Abstract The objective of this paper is twofold. The first is to find a Bayesian credible interval for the intraclass correlation coefficient in symmetric normal models based on some “default” or “noninformative” priors. Probability matching priors and reference priors along with Jeffreys’ prior are considered, and the one-at-a-time reference prior emerges as the “optimal” according to several criteria. The second objective is to compare two nested models such as the intraclass and independence models using the distance or divergence between the two as the basis of comparison. A suitable criterion for this is the “power divergence measure” as introduced by Cressie and Read (J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 46 (1984) 440). Such a measure includes the two Kullback-Leibler divergence measures and the Hellinger divergence measure as special cases. For the specific problem, the power divergence measure turns out to be a function solely of ρ, the intraclass correlation coefficient. Also, this function is increasing for ρ>0, is decreasing for ρ H 0 : ρ=0 . Due to the duality between hypothesis tests and set estimation, the hypothesis testing problem can also be solved by solving a corresponding set estimation problem. The present paper develops Bayesian methods based on the Kullback-Leibler and Hellinger divergence measures, rejecting H 0 : ρ=0 when the specified divergence measure exceeds some number d. This number d is so chosen that the resulting credible interval for the divergence measure has specified coverage probability 1−α. The length of such an interval is compared with the (i) equal two-tailed credible interval and (ii) the HPD credible interval for ρ with the same coverage probability which can also be inverted into acceptance regions of H 0 : ρ=0 . An example is considered where the HPD interval based on the one-at-a-time reference prior turns out to be the shortest credible interval having the same coverage probability.
The Playroom Diagnostic Evaluation of Children with Neurologically Based Learning Disabilities

Abstract Many children with Icarning disabilities develop emotional problcms secondary to the frustrations and failurcs in school. They are thcn referred for psychiatric evaluation. In addition to assessing the illlrapsychic and psychoslKial status of the child and thc systems dynamics of thc family, it is esscntial during thc diagnostic scssion to rcwgnize clinical clues suggestive of neurologically bascd learning disabilities. This paper liKuses on such assessment considerations and on possible follow-up diagnostic studies. Such clinical findings are essential in differentiating a child whose emotional problems cause academic difficulties from the child whose unrecognized learning disabilities result in frustration, failure, and emotional problems.
A humanistic framework for helping students

According to David M. Myers and Eric Rosenberger, we all can be “natural helpers” in our relationships with students—read on to learn about the basic set of skills widely considered important for helping students in need.
An experimental investigation of pattern development in lethal spotting and belted mouse embryos.

Abstract This investigation is a study of the site of gene action in producing coat spotting in two mutant mice, belted and lethal spotting. An analysis of the pigment-forming potency of skin from the two mutants was made through the use of the technique of intracoelomic grafting. Transplants from potentially pigmented regions of 12 1 2 - and 13 1 2 - day bt bt embryos produced grafts which showed extensive pigment development in the hair and dermis of the graft and in the coelomic lining of the host. Skin isolates taken from the potentially spotted area yielded grafts possessing pigment-free hair. The dermis and coelomic lining were populated by melanocytes in essentially the same number as found in the control group. Embyros used in the lethal spotting series resulted from matings of ls + mice, since ls ls mice usually die between 2 and 3 weeks of age with megacolon. Ten embryos from a group of 45 used in this series produced grafts in which at least some pigment-free hair was found. Those grafts which produced only white hair also failed to develop pigment in the dermis and in the coelomic lining. These embryos were considered to be of the ls ls genotype, and their number corresponds well to the predicted percentage. Transplants of skin from 35 embryos of this series produced grafts which contained pigmented hair only. These embryos are considered to represent ls + and +/+ genotypes. The results of the grafting series clearly indicate that melanoblasts migrate freely throughout all areas of the skin of belted mice and that the genetic block is at the level of the hair follicle. The ls gene appears to act at a different site. An examination of the pigment content of the Harderian gland, the retina and choroid of the eye, the leg musculature, ankle skin, and the membranous labyrinth of the ear was undertaken in normal and spotting mice in an attempt to clarify further the site of gene action. These results substantiate the view that bt acts specifically on the hair follicle. Pigmentation in other tissues of bt bt mice was at the normal level. In contrast to the action of bt, ls reduces the level of pigmentation in the mouse as a whole. The melanocytes in all the tissues studied in ls ls mice, with the exception of those of the retina, were greatly reduced in number or entirely absent. The occurrence of megacolon, the variable nature of the spotting, and the evidence from the descriptive and experimental studies support the hypothesis that the neural crest is abnormal in ls ls mice.
Neonatal ethanol exposure but not neonatal cocaine selectively reduces specific isolation-induced vocalization waveforms in rats.

This study was designed to examine the interaction of neonatal ethanol and cocaine exposure on isolation induced ultrasonic vocalizations using an oral gavage method of drug administration. There were 5 neonatal treatment groups including 3.0 g/kg ethanol, 20 mg/kg cocaine, both 3.0 g/kg ethanol and 20 mg/kg cocaine, an intubated control and a nonintubated control. Drug was administered twice daily from postnatal days (PND) 4 – 10. On PND 14, subjects were tested for a 6 min test to assess the rate and type of ultrasonic vocalizations displayed. As previously reported using an intragastric “artificial rearing” administration procedure, pups exposed to ethanol displayed reductions in the number of ultrasonic vocalizations across the test session. Pups exposed to both drugs showed similar deficits to those pups receiving ethanol alone. In contrast, cocaine had no effect on this outcome measure. Sonographic analysis of the vocalizations revealed that ethanol’s effects appeared to be selective to certain waveforms rather than a general reduction across all wave types and again, cocaine had no impact on the proportion of the various wave types. These findings provide further support that neonatal ethanol exposure can have significant effects on maternal/infant communication and may play a role in many of the long-term effects associated with ethanol exposure during development.
Common Module Detector Dewar Dynamic Tester

The design and construction of a system to test common module detector dewar assemblies with a simulated cooler vibration is described. Pseudo-random vibration levels up to 10 g RMS at frequencies up to 20 kHz can be applied to the unit under test, with control accuracy better than 1 dB. A test time of about 3 seconds per element is routinely obtained for arrays up to 180 elements. The system is software configurable to address a variety of testing requirements; vibration levels and frequencies and noise analysis frequencies and bandwidths are variable. Unique features of this system include a true three axis vibration control system which is integrated into the main system controller, and a custom built 180 channel preamplifier/multiplexer array, and a small size and quiet operation for production area compatibility. The system is compatible with a family of plug in preamplifier cards, further enhancing its adaptability. The system has been in continual use for several years and has proven to be versatile, adaptable, and reliable.
Space-Charge-Limited Currents in Single Crystals of Cadmium Sulfide

Currents as high as 20 amperes per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ can be drawn through thin insulating crystals of CdS in the dark. A series of experiments demonstrate with a high degree of certainty that these are space-charge-limited currents---the solid state analog of space-charge-limited currents in a vacuum. This conclusion is contrary to a recently published interpretation of similar observations on CdS crystals by B\"oer and K\"ummel.The use of pulsed voltages made possible the observation of currents close to those of a trap-free solid. The steady-state currents are many orders of magnitude lower than these but still many orders of magnitude higher than would be expected from the low-field resistivity of the insulator. The presence of traps determines the form and magnitude of the steady-state current-voltage curves. Conversely, these curves become a sensitive tool for the measurement of trap densities. Trap densities computed independently from space-charge-limited currents and from photoconductive currents show reasonable agreement.
An Inequality on a Bivariate Student's “t” Distribution

Abstract Let (xi, yi), i = 0, 1, 2, …, v, v ≥ 1 be independent samples from bivariate normal distributions with zero means, variances σ2 x , σ y 2, and covariances, σ x σ v ρ i , |ρ i| ≤1. Let xi , i=v + 1, ≤, v+n, yi, i = v+1, …, v+m, be independent samples from N (0, σ x ), N(0, σ y ) respectively and independent of (xi, yi ), i = 0, 1, 2, …, v. Let , and let . We show that
Inhibition of ovarian aromatase by prolactin in vivo.

Ovarian aromatase activity was inhibited by prolactin treatment in both cycling rats and immature gonadotropin-primed animals. Cycling rats were injected s.c. with prolactin (4 mg/kg BW) beginning on diestrus 1. Aromatase activity in the largest follicles on diestrus 2 and on proestrus was reduced relative to controls. None of the prolactin-treated animals had ovulated when examined on the expected estrus morning. In other experiments, the immature pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG)-primed rat was used as a model for the cycling rat. Microsomal aromatase activity but not the activity of the C17-21 lyase was reduced in ovaries of animals injected with prolactin [6 IU (200 micrograms)/rat] 48 h after PMSG administration and sacrificed 4 h later. Furthermore, aromatase activity was significantly increased when endogenous prolactin was inhibited by bromocryptine (CB-154). The effect of LH treatment, on the other hand, was to increase both aromatase and lyase activities. However, prolactin pretreatment did not consistently prevent the LH-induced increase in aromatase activity. The results suggest that inhibition of ovulation by prolactin is mediated, at least in part, by direct inhibition of aromatase activity.
Plasma dissociation reaction kinetics. II. Precursors related to methyl methacrylate: Methyl crotonate, methyl isobutyrate, ethyl methacrylate, and vinyl acetate

The methodology described in the previous article was utilized to study the plasma chemistry of precursors related to methyl methacrylate (MMA). This article discusses the plasma chemistry of methyl crotonate (MC), methyl isobutyrate (MIB), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), vinyl acetate (VA), isopropanol (IA), and methanol. The monomer structure was found to have strong effects on the dissociation chemistry and product formation. For α,β-unsaturated esters and VA, intramolecular rearrangement (the C—O bond cleavage reaction) and decarboxylations are two efficient dissociation pathways. The intramolecular rearrangement reaction yields a pair of ketene and aldehyde neutrals. Decarboxylations produce CO, CO2, and a number of radicals that subsequently stabilize to form neutrals. For example, the secondary propyl radicals generated from MMA and EMA decarboxylations form propylene and allene neutrals while the primary propyl radicals generated from MC decarboxylations form propylene and acetylene. The other monomers studied, such as MIB and IA, cannot dissociate via this intramolecular rearrangement mechanism. As a result, they decompose much slower in the plasma. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 17–27, 1999