cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geometric Analysis of Spatial Rigid-Body Dynamics with Multiple Friction Contacts

This paper presents a technique for analyzing spatial, dynamic manipulation problems involving multiple frictional contacts. The basis of this technique is to transform the negative contact forces on and the desired motion of a rigid body into instantaneous axes of rotation. These axes are directed lines or spears. The direction is determined by the sense of the rotation about the lines. A force capable of producing the desired motion must lie within the convex hull of the these rotation axes. This condition does not use force magnitudes and is therefore necessary, but not sufficient.
A REVISED VELOCITY-REVERSAL AND SEDIMENT-SORTING MODEL FOR A HIGH-GRADIENT, POOL-RIFFLE STREAM

Sediment-sorting processes related to varying channel-bed morphology were investigated from April to November 1993 along a 1-km pool-riffle and step-pool reach of North Saint Vrain Creek, a small mountain stream in the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado. Measured cross-sectional areas of flow were used to suggest higher velocities in pools than in riffles at high flow. Three hundred and sixteen tracer particles, ranging in size from 16 mm to 256 mm, were placed in two separate pool-riffle-pool sequences and used to assess sediment-sorting patterns and sediment-transport competence variations. Tracer-particle depositional evidence indicated higher sediment-transport competence in pools than in riffles at high flow. Pool-riffle sediment sorting may be created by velocity reversals, and more localized sorting results from gravitational forces along the upstream sloping portion of the channel bed located at the downstream end of pools. [Key words: channel morphology, fluvial geomorphology, velocity reversal...
Noncanonical role for the binding protein in substrate uptake by the MetNI methionine ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter

The Escherichia coli methionine ABC transporter MetNI exhibits both high-affinity transport toward l-methionine and broad specificity toward methionine derivatives, including d-methionine. In this work, we characterize the transport of d-methionine derivatives by the MetNI transporter. Unexpectedly, the N229A substrate-binding deficient variant of the cognate binding protein MetQ was found to support high MetNI transport activity toward d-selenomethionine. We determined the crystal structure at 2.95 A resolution of the ATPγS-bound MetNIQ complex in the outward-facing conformation with the N229A apo MetQ variant. This structure revealed conformational changes in MetQ providing substrate access through the binding protein to the transmembrane translocation pathway. MetQ likely mediates uptake of methionine derivatives through two mechanisms: in the methionine-bound form delivering substrate from the periplasm to the transporter (the canonical mechanism) and in the apo form by facilitating ligand binding when complexed to the transporter (the noncanonical mechanism). This dual role for substrate-binding proteins is proposed to provide a kinetic strategy for ABC transporters to transport both high- and low-affinity substrates present in a physiological concentration range.
Experimental investigation of Reynolds number and spring stiffness effects on vortex induced vibrations of a rigid circular cylinder

Abstract The Vortex Induced Vibration for Aquatic Clean Energy (VIVACE) is a breakthrough technology, which harvests the hydrokinetic energy of ocean currents through enhancing Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV). In this paper, the VIV of an elastically mounted circular cylinder in a towing tank water channel is studied experimentally to investigate the effect of natural frequency, by using five different springs in a wide range of stiffness (125 N/m × 104 × 104) with high mass-damping parameter (m* ζ = 0 .11). Results demonstrated the strong dependency of VIV on natural frequency and lock-in observed in a broad range of spring stiffness. Moreover, the studied Re range showed the gradual transition between two distinct turbulence shear layers from previously published works at Re ≈ 4,000 to Re ≈ 100,000. The amplitude ratio and range of synchronization in the upper branch increases by spring stiffness. The lower branch of response disappeared due to the high mass-damping parameter in conducted experiments. These observations suggested to employ an adjustable natural frequency system to have an optimum energy harvesting in VIV-based ocean energy converters in an expanded range of operation.
A randomized controlled trial of suicide prevention training for primary care providers: a study protocol.

Suicide is a national public health crisis and a critical patient safety issue. It is the 10th leading cause of death overall and the second leading cause of death among adolescents and young adults (15–34 years old). Research shows 80% of youth who died by suicide saw their primary care provider within the year of their death. It is imperative that primary care providers develop the knowledge and skills to talk with patients about distress and suicidal thoughts, and to assess and respond in the context of the ongoing patient - primary care provider relationship. This study examines the effectiveness of simulation on suicide prevention training for providers-in-training by comparing two conditions: 1) a control group that receives online teaching on suicide prevention in primary care via brief online videos and 2) an experimental group that includes the same online teaching videos plus two standardized patient (SP) interactions (face-to-face and telehealth, presentation randomized). All SP interactions are video-recorded. The primary analysis is a comparison of the two groups’ suicide prevention skills using an SP “test case” at 6-month follow-up. The primary research question examines the impact of practice (through SP simulation) over and above online teaching alone on suicide prevention skills demonstrated at follow-up. We will assess moderators of outcomes, differences among SP simulations (i.e., face-to-face vs. telehealth modalities), and whether the experimental group’s suicide prevention skills improve over the three SP experiences. The study was registered on Clinical Trials Registry ( clinicaltrials.gov ) on December 14, 2016. The Trial Registration Number is NCT02996344 .
A new approach to estimate aerobic fitness using the NHANES dataset.

Author(s): Lu, Kim D; Bar-Yoseph, Ronen; Radom-Aizik, Shlomit; Cooper, Dan M | Abstract: IntroductionPhysical activity and fitness are essential for healthy growth in children. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) evaluated fitness by estimating VO2 max from submaximal measurements of heart rate (HR) during graded treadmill exercise. Our aims were (a) to examine how well NHANES methodology used to estimate VO2 max correlated with actual VO2 max and (b) to evaluate a novel fitness metric using actual data collected during exercise and its relationship to physical activity and sedentary time, lipid profiles, and body composition.MethodsFifty-three adolescents completed NHANES submaximal exercise protocol and maximal graded cardiopulmonary exercise testing. We used a novel approach to quantifying fitness (Δvelocityn×ninclinen×nbody mass (VIM)/ΔHR slopes) and evaluated its relationship to physical activity and sedentary time using NHANES data (nn=n4498). In a subset (nn=n740), we compared ΔVIM/ΔHR slopes to NHANES estimated VO2 max and examined their relationship to cardiovascular risk factors (BMI percentiles and lipid levels).ResultsMeasured VO2 peak was moderately correlated with NHANES estimated VO2 max (rn=n0.53, Pnln0.01). Significantly higher ΔVIM/ΔHR slopes were associated with increased physical activity and decreased sedentary time. ΔVIM/ΔHR slopes were negatively associated with LDL, triglycerides, and BMI percentiles (Pnln0.01). In general, the two fitness models were similar; however, ΔVIM/ΔHR was more discriminating than NHANES in quantifying the relationship between fitness and LDL levels.ConclusionWe found that the NHANES estimated VO2 max accounted for approximately 28% of the variability in the measured VO2 peak. Our approach to estimating fitness (ΔVIM/ΔHR slopes) using actual data provided similar relationships to lipid levels. We suggest that fitness measurements based on actually measured data may produce more accurate assessments of fitness and, ultimately, better approaches linking exercise to health in children.
On the modified nonlinear schrödinger equation in the semiclassical limit: supersonic, subsonic, and transsonic behavior

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a comparison between the modified nonlinear Schrodinger (MNLS) equation and the focusing and defocusing variants of the (unmodified) nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation in the semiclassical limit. We describe aspects of the limiting dynamics and discuss how the nature of the dynamics is evident theoretically through inverse-scattering and noncommutative steepest descent methods. The main message is that, depending on initial data, the MNLS equation can behave either like the defocusing NLS equation, like the focusing NLS equation (in both cases the analogy is asymptotically accurate in the semiclassical limit when the NLS equation is posed with appropriately modified initial data), or like an interesting mixture of the two. In the latter case, we identify a feature of the dynamics analogous to a sonic line in gas dynamics, a free boundary separating subsonic flow from supersonic flow.
Part 2.2 An Alternative Account of Autonomy

Contrasting ontological accounts of autonomy with procedural accounts, Meyers defends the procedural model. For Meyers, the key question for a theory of autonomy is how people make decisions. She introduces the idea of autonomy competency - a repertoire of coordinated skills that make self-discovery, self-definition, and self-direction and hence autonomy possible. The authentic self is a self that has some degree of proficiency with respect to this competency and that emerges and evolves through the exercise of this competency. Meyers distinguishes programmatic autonomy - living an autonomous life - from episodic autonomy - making particular decisions autonomously.
The effects of electrode misalignments on the performance of a miniaturized linear wire ion trap mass spectrometer

Abstract Miniaturized ion traps are often intended for in-field applications that include increased likelihood of electrode misalignments. This combined with the difficulty of maintaining precise fabrication at smaller scales makes understanding the effects of misalignments crucial. This study considers the miniaturized linear wire ion trap (LWIT) with respect to the possible misalignments the electrodes could undergo. Three types of misalignments (shear, tilt, and twist) and the corresponding effects on the electric field within the trap were simulated using the software SIMION 8.1. The effect of the electrode misalignments on the electric field was quantified in terms of the changes to the multipole coefficients of the electric field. Twisting changed the multipoles the most – quadrupole, octopole, and dodecapole terms changed by 0.0016, 0.918%, and −2.20% for a twist angle of 30. These changes in the multipole coefficients of the LWIT were then compared to those from ion traps of different geometries undergoing comparable, though not always similar, electrode misalignments. The results reveal that, due to the unique trap geometry and assembly, the electric field and resulting performance of the LWIT are inherently less susceptible to electrode misalignments compared to ion traps of other geometries, reaffirming the suitability of the LWIT for in-field and harsh environment applications.
Engineered citrate synthase alters Acetate Accumulation in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Metabolic engineering is used to improve titers, yields and generation rates for biochemical products in host microbes such as Escherichia coli. A wide range of biochemicals are derived from the central carbon metabolite acetyl-CoA, and the largest native drain of acetyl-CoA in most microbes including E. coli is entry into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle via citrate synthase (coded by the gltA gene). Since the pathway to any biochemical derived from acetyl-CoA must ultimately compete with citrate synthase, a reduction in citrate synthase activity should facilitate the increased formation of products derived from acetyl-CoA. To test this hypothesis, we integrated into E. coli C ΔpoxB twenty-eight citrate synthase variants having specific point mutations that were anticipated to reduce citrate synthase activity. These variants were assessed in shake flasks for growth and the production of acetate, a model product derived from acetyl-CoA. Mutations in citrate synthase at residues W260, A267 and V361 resulted in the greatest acetate yields (approximately 0.24 g/g glucose) compared to the native citrate synthase (0.05 g/g). These variants were further examined in controlled batch and continuous processes. The results provide important insights on improving the production of compounds derived from acetyl-CoA.
A hemi‐spleen injection model of liver metastasis for prostate cancer

Background Liver metastasis is not uncommon in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), estimated at ~20% to 60% of advanced late-stage patients. Liver and other visceral metastases are associated with worse overall survival. Recent evidence suggests the frequency of visceral metastases may be increasing for reasons that are unclear but may be related to selective pressures induced by modern therapies, including second-generation antiandrogen receptor signaling inhibitors such as enzalutamide and abiraterone. Consequently, robust models to study the pathobiology of prostate cancer liver metastases and their response to therapy are urgently needed. Methods Hemi-spleen injection of human (LN95, PC3, VCaP, and MDA-PCa-2b) or syngeneic (Myc-CaP) prostate cancer cells (1 × 106 ) was performed to seed liver metastases via the splenic vessels. Plasma levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were monitored longitudinally in human androgen receptor-positive (AR+) models. Immunohistochemical staining of AR and HoxB13 was performed to document the prostatic origin of hepatic lesions. Results LN95, PC3, and Myc-CaP produced distinct liver micrometastases that progressed to macrometastases by ~2 to 4 weeks postinoculation, while inoculation of MDA-PCa-2b and VCaP only produced occasional micrometastases and seeding of individual cells adjacent to blood vessels, respectively, at the time points analyzed. All lesions are characterized by positive staining for nuclear AR and/or the prostate-specific differentiation marker HoxB13 depending on the model. Circulating PSA levels are strongly correlated with overall tumor burden in mice seeded with LN95. Histologic micrometastases and low levels of circulating PSA are detected in mice seeded with MDA-PCa-2b at ~60 days postinoculation, but no circulating PSA was detected in animals inoculated with VCaP up to ~75 days despite the presence of rare AR+ cells in the liver. Conclusion The studies reported herein establish intrasplenic injection as a robust model of mCRPC liver metastasis. In addition, circulating PSA was validated as a noninvasive biomarker to longitudinally monitor overall tumor burden when using PSA+ models. Therefore, this model can be used to interrogate the pathophysiology of prostate cancer liver metastases, the microenvironmental factors permissive to such growth, immunologic variables, and the response of hepatic lesions to therapy.
New germanate and mixed cobalt germanate salt inclusion materials: [(Rb6F)(Rb4F)][Ge14O32] and [(Rb6F)(Rb3.1Co0.9F0.96)][Co3.8Ge10.2O30F2]

Single crystals of two new germanates, [(Rb6F)(Rb4F)][Ge14O32] and [(Rb6F)(Rb3.1Co0.9F0.96)][Co3.8Ge10.2O30F2], were synthesized via high temperature RbCl/RbF flux growth. Both compounds crystallize in the cubic space group F3m and possess the germanium framework of the previously reported salt inclusion material (SIM), [(Cs6F)(Cs3AgF)][Ge14O32], related to the Ge7O16 zeolitic family. These materials demonstrate the ability to accommodate a variety of salt-inclusions, and exhibit chemical flexibility enabling modifications of the framework through incorporation of Co. Alteration of the salt-inclusion led to intrinsic luminescence of [(Rb6F)(Rb4F)][Ge14O32] while modification of the framework resulted in an unanticipated Rb/Co salt/inclusion in [(Rb6F)(Rb3.1Co0.9F0.96)][Co3.8Ge10.2O30F2]. Fluorescence measurements were performed on [(Rb6F)(Rb4F)][Ge14O32]. First-principles calculations in the form of density functional theory (DFT) were performed for [(Rb6F)(Rb3.1Co0.9F0.96)][Co3.8Ge10.2O30F2] to elucidate its electronic and magnetic properties, and stability at 0 K.
Managerial Objectives and Firm Dividend Policy: A Behavioral Theory and Empirical Evidence

We construct a dynamic model of firm dividend policy based on some basic ingredients of the behavioral theory of the firm, in particular, uncertainty avoidance and sequential decision-making by self-seeking managers. We characterize the optimal dividend policy and show that comparative statics on this policy generate restrictions on the relation of the likelihood of future dividend changes with respect to current real and financial variables such as investments, dividends, and technological parameters that govern the evolution of the economic earnings of the firm, such as the variance and persistence of the systematic shocks on capital productivity. These relations are then empirically tested on NYSE dividend data. The empirical results are supportive of the predictions from the behavioral model. Specifically, current investment, dividend payouts and the return on capital appear to have significant impact on the likelihood of future dividend changes, as do the variance and persistence of capital productivity shocks. In particular, idiosyncratic firm risk is found to have a negative relation to the likelihood of dividend changes. Finally, these variables are shown to impact the likelihood of dividend increases and decreases asymmetrically, a distinction emphasized by the behavioral model.
Glenoid Bone Loss in Shoulder Instability: Superiority of Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography over Two-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Established Methodology.

Backgroud Recent literature suggests that three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3D MRI) can replace 3D computed tomography (3D CT) when evaluating glenoid bone loss in patients with shoulder instability. We aimed to examine if 2D MRI in conjunction with a validated predictive formula for assessment of glenoid height is equivalent to the gold standard 3D CT scans for patients with recurrent glenohumeral instability. Methods Patients with recurrent shoulder instability and available imaging were retrospectively reviewed. Glenoid height on 3D CT and 2D MRI was measured by two blinded raters. Difference and equivalence testing were performed using a paired t-test and two one-sided tests, respectively. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to test for interrater reliability, and percent agreement between the measurements of one reviewer was used to assess intrarater reliability. Results Using an equivalence margin of 1 mm, 3D CT and 2D MRI were found to be different (p = 0.123). The mean glenoid height was significantly different when measured on 2D MRI (39.09 ± 2.93 mm) compared to 3D CT (38.71 ± 2.89 mm) (p = 0.032). The mean glenoid width was significantly different between 3D CT (30.13 ± 2.43 mm) and 2D MRI (27.45 ± 1.72 mm) (p < 0.001). The 3D CT measurements had better interrater agreement (ICC, 0.91) than 2D MRI measurements (ICC, 0.8). intrarater agreement was also higher on CT. Conclusions Measurements of glenoid height using 3D CT and 2D MRI with subsequent calculation of the glenoid width using a validated methodology were not equivalent, and 3D CT was superior. Based on the validated methods for the measurement of glenoid bone loss on advanced imaging studies, 3D CT study must be preferred over 2D MRI in order to estimate the amount of glenoid bone loss in candidates for shoulder stabilization surgery and to assist in surgical decision-making.
Love and basketball: Audience response to a professional athlete’s mental health proclamation:

Objective:On 6 March 2018, the Cleveland Cavaliers power forward Kevin Love penned an op-ed for The Players’ Tribune. In big, bold letters, the title, ‘Everyone Is Going Through Something’ gave way...
A Sales Approach to Key Account Management (KAM): Toward a Unified View of KAM Deployment and Operationalization

The key account management (KAM) literature is multidirectional in certain respects. Within the KAM literature, it is challenging to find consensus on the definition or conceptualization and operat...
Association of Statin Therapy Initiation With Diabetes Progression: A Retrospective Matched-Cohort Study.

Importance Statin therapy has been associated with increased insulin resistance; however, its clinical implications for diabetes control among patients with diabetes is unknown. Objective To assess diabetes progression after initiation of statin use in patients with diabetes. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a retrospective matched-cohort study using new-user and active-comparator designs to assess associations between statin initiation and diabetes progression in a national cohort of patients covered by the US Department of Veterans Affairs from fiscal years 2003-2015. Patients included were 30 years or older; had been diagnosed with diabetes during the study period; and were regular users of the Veterans Affairs health system, with records of demographic information, clinical encounters, vital signs, laboratory data, and medication usage. Interventions Treatment initiation with statins (statin users) or with H2-blockers or proton pump inhibitors (active comparators). Main Outcomes and Measures Diabetes progression composite outcome comprised the following: new insulin initiation, increase in the number of glucose-lowering medication classes, incidence of 5 or more measurements of blood glucose of 200 mg/dL or greater, or a new diagnosis of ketoacidosis or uncontrolled diabetes. Results From the 705 774 eligible patients, we matched 83 022 pairs of statin users and active comparators; the matched cohort had a mean (SD) age of 60.1 (11.6) years; 78 712 (94.9%) were men; 1715 (2.1%) were American Indian/Pacific Islander/Alaska Native, 570 (0.8%) were Asian, 17 890 (21.5%) were Black, and 56 633 (68.2 %) were White individuals. Diabetes progression outcome occurred in 55.9% of statin users vs 48.0% of active comparators (odds ratio, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.35-1.40;P Conclusions and Relevance This retrospective matched-cohort study found that statin use was associated with diabetes progression, including greater likelihood of insulin treatment initiation, significant hyperglycemia, acute glycemic complications, and an increased number of prescriptions for glucose-lowering medication classes. The risk-benefit ratio of statin use in patients with diabetes should take into consideration its metabolic affects.
Determinants of postictal agitation and recovery after tonic-clonic seizures in generalized and focal epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE The postictal state after bilateral tonic-clonic seizures is often prolonged and can have significant impact on a patient's quality of life. Considerable variability exists in the magnitude of postictal agitation and in the speed of recovery, the determinants of which are not well understood. We studied postictal behavior after tonic-clonic seizures in various epilepsy localizations, focusing on postictal agitation and time to responsiveness. METHODS We retrospectively identified 15 adult patients each with idiopathic generalized, left temporal lobe, right temporal lobe and frontal lobe epilepsy. Localization in focal epilepsy was validated by good outcome after resective surgery at one-year of follow-up. The first tonic-clonic seizure with reliable video and EEG for each patient was analyzed by two reviewers, one of whom was blinded to clinical data. Clinical, ictal and postictal variables were collected for each patient and analyzed. Postictal agitation was classified as mild and marked. RESULTS We reviewed 60 tonic-clonic seizures, 15 in each of four patient groups. Postictal agitation was observed in 14 patients (23.3%; marked in one and mild in 13). Postictal agitation was most common in patients with left temporal (seven patients) and least common in idiopathic generalized epilepsy (one patient) groups (p=0.035). Based on subgroup analysis (n=28), time to responsiveness was 6.6 minutes for frontal, 7.2 minutes for generalized, 10 minutes for right temporal and 15.7 minutes for the left temporal groups (p<0.05 for frontal vs. left temporal, generalized vs. left temporal). Time to responsiveness was longer in patients with agitation than without (13.9 minutes vs. 7.7 minutes; p=0.048). Patient ictal and postictal characteristics demonstrated no relationship to agitation or latency to postictal recovery. SIGNIFICANCE To mitigate harm, patients must be monitored carefully after tonic-clonic seizures, especially patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy. Studies evaluating medical and behavioral interventions to promote postictal recovery are needed.
Volunteer-run cameras as distributed sensors for macrosystem mammal research

Variation in the abundance of animals affects a broad range of ecosystem processes. However, patterns of abundance for large mammals, and the effects of human disturbances on them are not well understood because we lack data at the appropriate scales. We created eMammal to effectively camera-trap at landscape scale. Camera traps detect animals with infrared sensors that trigger the camera to take a photo, a sequence of photos, or a video clip. Through photography, camera traps create records of wildlife from known locations and dates, and can be set in arrays to quantify animal distribution across a landscape. This allows linkage to other distributed networks of ecological data. Through the eMammal program, we demonstrate that volunteer-based camera trapping can meet landscape scale spatial data needs, while also engaging the public in nature and science. We assert that camera surveys can be effectively scaled to a macrosystem level through citizen science, but only after solving challenges of data and volunteer management. We present study design and technology solutions for landscape scale camera trapping to effectively recruit, train and retain volunteers while providing efficient data workflows and quality control. Our initial work with > 400 volunteers across six contiguous U.S. states has proven that citizen scientists can deploy these camera traps properly (94 % of volunteer deployments correct) and tag the photos accurately for most species (67–100 %). Using these tools we processed 2.6 million images over a 2 year period. The eMammal cyberinfrastructure made it possible to process far more data than any participating researcher had previously achieved. The core components include an upload application using a standard metadata format, an expert review tool to ensure data quality, and a curated data repository. Macrosystem scale monitoring of wildlife by volunteer-run camera traps can produce the data needed to address questions concerning broadly distributed mammals, and also help to raise public awareness on the science of conservation. This scale of data will allow for linkage of large mammals to ecosystem processes now measured through national programs.
Focus Group Research Dynamics and Reporting: An Examination of Research Objectives and Moderator Influences:

While focus groups enjoy wide popularity in marketing practice, the methodological complexities of this form of qualitative research are largely ignored. One such issue concerns how different moderators interact with alternative approaches to focus group research to affect group processes and reporting. This study applies a philosophy of science perspective to understanding the theoretical and practical importance of interactions between moderator research philosophies and qualitative information-gathering objectives. The findings from an analysis of 66 moderators show that the conceptual framework used here describes important aspects of focus group work. However, they also show that the distinctions in the framework are not being practiced by marketing researchers.
On the Use of [Na/Fe] and [α/Fe] Ratios and Hipparcos-based (U, V, W) Velocities as Age Indicators among Low-Metallicity Halo Field Giants

We have examined the [Na/Fe] and [Mg/Fe] ratios in a sample of 68 field halo giants with -3 [Fe/H] -1. We recalculated the Galactic (U, V, W) velocity components for these stars, using Hipparcos proper motions and a new Hipparcos-based distance scale. We used these data to see how the abundance ratios may relate to kinematical substructure in the Galactic halo. To isolate a set of true halo stars, we eliminated metal-weak thick-disk stars, about 10% of our sample. The field halo giants show the expected correlation of Na and Mg abundances, so we can use Na as a surrogate for Mg and the α-elements. The most metal-poor stars show a wider dispersion of [Na/Fe] ratios than do the less metal-poor stars; the difference is most striking for stars on retrograde galactic orbits. Some 20% of our retrograde giants and 13% of all our halo giants have [Na/Fe] ≤ -0.35 and may be significantly younger than the oldest halo objects. Halo giants considered young by this Na abundance criterion show a preference for retrograde orbits. Giants in some globular clusters (e.g., M13) do not exhibit the Mg versus Na correlation found among halo field giants. Instead, they have very large [Na/Fe] ratios and widely scattered [Mg/Fe] ratios, probably induced by deep mixing, which field halo giants apparently do not experience.
A digital pediatric brain structure atlas from t1-weighted MR images

Human brain atlases are indispensable tools in model-based segmentation and quantitative analysis of brain structures. However, adult brain atlases do not adequately represent the normal maturational patterns of the pediatric brain, and the use of an adult model in pediatric studies may introduce substantial bias. Therefore, we proposed to develop a digital atlas of the pediatric human brain in this study. The atlas was constructed from T1-weighted MR data set of a 9-year old, right-handed girl. Furthermore, we extracted and simplified boundary surfaces of 25 manually defined brain structures (cortical and subcortical) based on surface curvature. We constructed a 3D triangular mesh model for each structure by triangulation of the structure’s reference points. Kappa statistics (cortical, 0.97; subcortical, 0.91) indicated substantial similarities between the mesh-defined and the original volumes. Our brain atlas and structural mesh models (www.stjude.org/brainatlas) can be used to plan treatment, to conduct knowledge and model-driven segmentation, and to analyze the shapes of brain structures in pediatric patients.
Slicing White Bre(a)d: Racial Identities, Recipes, and Italian-American Women

This article focuses on Italian-American women and on how they construct, understand, and maintain their ethnic identity in relation to Whiteness and White privilege. Since language cannot serve as symbol for these women because speaking Italian was often forbidden in their homes, or spoken only between adults in covert communications, they often must cling to other symbols of Italianness in order to preserve their sense of gendered ethnic identities. I argue that one such symbol is food, wherein participants manipulate recipes and use food to navigate and negotiate being both Italian and American, Whiteness, femininity, and social class. Implications for therapy about how we understand our multiple identities in relation to others as part of larger systems of power and privilege are explored.
The machine learning and traveling repairman problem

The goal of the Machine Learning and Traveling Repairman Problem (MLT from the set of acceptable models, we choose the model that has the lowest cost of applying it to the subsequent routing task. In a sense, this procedure agrees with a managerial goal, which is to show that the data can support choosing a low-cost solution.
Limbic encephalitis as the presenting feature of Sjögren syndrome.

A 27-year-old woman was transferred to our hospital for further evaluation of progressive gait difficulty, slurred speech, right hand tremor, and temporal lobe lesion. She was in her usual state of good health until 1 year earlier when she developed right hand weakness and tremor and slurred speech. Her symptoms gradually worsened over the next 6 months and significant dysarthria and right hand weakness and intention tremor was noted. Her penmanship was illegible, tandem gait was impaired, and rapid alternating movements with the right hand were slow compared to the left. A dilated left pupil was diagnosed as an Adie tonic pupil. MRI showed a small area of increased signal on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence in the right temporal lobe. She was readmitted because of falls, progressive cognitive impairment, gait ataxia, dysarthria, and right hand tremor. On gait testing, she could only walk with the assistance of 2 aides. Because of increased size of the right temporal lobe lesion on repeat MRI, she was transferred to our hospital for consideration of brain biopsy.
Polyunsaturated dicarboxylate tethers connecting dimolybdenum redox and chromophoric centers: syntheses, structures, and electrochemistry.

Compounds with two quadruply bonded Mo24+ units, Mo2(DAniF)3 (DAniF = N,N ‘-di-p-anisylformamidinate), linked by unsaturated dicarboxylate dianions of various lengths have been prepared and their spectroscopic and electrochemical properties studied. As identified by the dicarboxylate linkers, these compounds are maleate (7), allene-1,3-dicarboxylate (10), cis,cis-muconate (11), trans,trans-muconate (12), octa-2,4,6-trans,trans,trans-hexatriene-1,8-dioate (tamuate, 13), and deca-2,4,6,8-trans,trans,trans,trans-octatetraene-1,10-dioate (texate, 14). The latter three molecules complete the five-membered (all trans) series [Mo2(DAniF)3](O2C(CHCH)nCO2)[Mo2(DAniF)3] (n = 0−4). Several unsymmetrical paddlewheel compounds of the type Mo2(DAniF)3(O2CX) (X = C⋮CH (3), CHCH2 (4), (E)-CHCHCHCH2 (5)) have also been prepared for comparison to the molecules in which there are linked Mo2 units. The precursors [Mo2(DAniF)3(MeCN)2](BPh4), [1]BPh4, and Mo2(DAniF)3Cl(MeCN) (2) have also been isolated and characterized. The s...
Recombinant human growth hormone therapy in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease.

Patients with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) may have growth retardation that is disproportionate to the degree of renal dysfunction. We treated growth-retarded ARPKD patients with recombinant growth hormone (rhGH) and document the response to therapy and effect of rhGH on the rate of progression of renal failure. The diagnosis of ARPKD and congenital hepatic fibrosis was made on the basis of clinical findings and by abdominal ultrasound examinations. Seventeen patients (6 girls/11 boys) aged 0.3-18.3 years were studied. Diagnosis was made prenatally in 6, after birth in 3, and in 8 between 0.33 and 10 years. Follow-up was 2 months to 14.3 years (median 6.9 years). Growth, growth velocity, weight, and bone age were measured before and after treatment with rhGH. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and IGF binding protein 3 were measured prior to rhGH therapy. Five children (1 girl/4 boys) with height Z-scores 0.05). Growth failure in ARPKD may be attributable to factors other than chronic renal insufficiency alone. Use of rhGH therapy in ARPKD is safe, effective, and has the potential to improve the physical and psychological well-being of these children.
Conformational analysis and circular dichroism of bilirubin, the yellow pigment of jaundice

Conformational analysis of (4Z, 15Z)-bilirubin-IX(alpha) by molecular mechanics computations reveals a global energy minimum folded conformation. Powerful added stabilization is achieved through intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Theoretical treatment of bilirubin as a molecular exciton predicts an intense bisignate circular dichroism spectrum for the folded conformation: (Delta) (epsilon) is congruent to 270 L (DOT) mole-1 (DOT) cm-1 for the $OM450 nm electronic transition(s). Synthesis of bilirubin analogs with propionic acid groups methylated at the (alpha) or (beta) position introduces an allosteric effect that allows for an optical resolution of the pigments, with enantiomers exhibiting the theoretically predicted circular dichroism.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Comparative Study of Conventional Mammography Film Interpretations with Soft Copy Readings of the Same Examinations

An acceptable mammography film digitizer must provide high-quality images at a level of diagnostic accuracy comparable to reading conventional film examinations. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are significant differences between the interpretations of conventional film-screen mammography examinations and soft copy readings of the images produced by a mammography film digitizer. Eight radiologists interpreted 120 mammography examinations, half as original films and the other half as digital images on a soft copy work station. No radiologist read the same examination twice. The interpretations were recorded in accordance with the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System and included other variables such as perceived image quality and diagnostic difficulty and confidence. The results provide support for the hypothesis that there are no significant differences between the interpretations of conventional film-screen mammography examinations and soft copy examinations produced by a mammography film digitizer.
Music Across Campus: a Study of Streaming Technology Use in Iowa Academic Libraries

Abstract This article looks at the use of streaming audio in a small subsection of academic libraries. The results of a survey are presented, in addition to a brief review of the library literature. The issues of adding a streaming technology program include computer hardware and software, funding, access, feedback, copyright, and local policy.
A Characterization of Tetrahedral Graphs

Abstract A tetrahedral graph may be defined as a graph G, whose vertices may be identified with the n(n−1)(n−2)/6 unordered triplets on n symbols, such that two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding triplets have two symbols in common. If d(x,y) denotes the distance between two vertices x and y Δ(x, y) denotes the number of vertices adjacent to both x and y, then a tetrahedral graph G has the following properties: (b1) The number of vertices is n(n−1)(n−2)/6. (b2) G is connected and regular of valence 3(n−3). (b3) For any two adjacent vertices x and y, Δ(x, y)=n−2. (b4) Δ(x,y)=4 if d(x, y)=2. We show that, if n>16, then any graph G (without loops and with utmost one edge connecting two vertices) having the properties (b1)−(b4) must be a tetrahedral graph.
Comparing U.S. and European police subcultures: A field study

This article is a satire of sociology and field anthropology research on comparative police behavior; it uses humorous anecdotes to make a serious point. The author argues that until police supervision is undertaken by civilian review boards, police behavior will never conform to community morality despite attempts at police reform. To support this argument, the author compares U.S., German, Italian, Russian, and French police subcultures in an attempt to calculate (a) the correlation between police behavior and its conformity to community morality, and (b) whether a high correlation results from a high degree of civilian oversight. The author concludes that, because no country has appreciable civilian oversight, and because the police of no country conform to community morality, there is therefore a perfect correlation between lack of civilian oversight and lack of police conformity to community morality.
Hypoglycemia is associated with increased risk for brain injury and adverse neurodevelopmental outcome in neonates at risk for encephalopathy.

Objective To investigate the contribution of hypoglycemia in the first 24 hours after birth to brain injury in term newborns at risk for neonatal encephalopathy. Study design A prospective cohort of 94 term neonates born between 1994 and 2010 with early postnatal brain magnetic resonance imaging studies were analyzed for regions of brain injury. Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed at 1 year of age. Results Hypoglycemia (glucose P =.047). Hypoglycemia was also associated with 4.82-fold increased odds of 1-point worsened neuromotor score ( P =.038) and a 15-point lower cognitive and language score on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development ( P =.015). Conclusion Neonatal hypoglycemia is associated with additional risks in the setting of neonatal encephalopathy with increased corticospinal tract injury and adverse motor and cognitive outcomes.
Second hematopoietic SCT for leukemia relapsing after myeloablative T cell-depleted transplants does not prolong survival

Patients with leukemia relapsing after allogeneic hematopoietic SCT have a dismal prognosis. A second SCT offers a further opportunity for cure, but has a high rate of treatment failure. To determine the utility of this option, we analyzed 59 consecutive patients relapsing after a myeloablative HLA-matched sibling T cell-depleted (TCD) SCT. Twenty-five patients (13 relapsing within 6 months and 12 relapsing between 6 and 170 months after the first SCT) received a T-replete second SCT. Thirty-eight patients relapsing early had a shorter survival than the 21 patients relapsing later (median 96 vs 298 days, P=0.0002). In patients relapsing early, the second SCT did not improve OS compared with patients receiving non-SCT treatments (median survival 109 vs 80 days, P=0.41). In patients relapsing late, despite an early trend in favor of second SCT, survival was comparable for patients receiving a second SCT compared with non retransplanted patients (median survival 363.5 vs 162 days, P=0.49). Disappointingly, our results do not demonstrate an important survival benefit for a second T-replete allogeneic SCT to treat relapse following a TCD SCT.
Cortisol Is Ineffective as a Contra-Insulin Hormone In Neonatal Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia. † 1366

In contrast to glucagon, cortisol is a secondary contra-insulin hormone in the adult. In continuing studies of neonatal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, we hypothesized comparable relative ineffectiveness. Twenty five spontaneously delivered neonatal lambs weighing 4.9±1.0 kgs (M±SD) were infused at 5.0±0.9 days with 100 μCi D-[6-3H2] glucose in 0.9% NaCl by prime constant infusion to measure glucose production (GP). After a preperturbation period, infusion of 2.0 mU·kg-1min-1 insulin (I) produced hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and was combined with 1.0 μg·kg-1min-1 somatostatin (SRIF) to block insulin, glucagon and growth hormone release. Infusion of 2.0 ng·kg-1 min-1 glucagon (G) with I and SRIF isolated the glucagon effect. The addition of metyrapone (M) blocked cortisol release to evaluate the absence of cortisol. Controls (C) received only the isotope. Representative data are from the end of the perturbation.Table
Airline efficiency and air passenger trip circuity trend

This paper addresses how airline industry consolidation and network realignments affect passenger trip efficiency as measured by trip circuity (ratio of passenger distance flown to direct distance). Over the last 20 years, airlines have dropped many point-to-point markets in favor of flowing passengers through large hub airports. Despite this trend, the portion of passenger origin to destination itineraries satisfied by direct flights has generally been increasing in the US. All else being equal, this trend benefits passengers, air carriers, and the environment, because it means that passengers spend less time traveling; carriers are transporting their passengers more efficiently to their destinations more frequently on direct routes; and there is less fuel required to meet travel demand. However, significant structural changes in the airline industry have coincided with discontinuities in this trend. This paper explores how some of the industry's structural changes have affected this trend, and how this trend is currently being affected.
Flow Assurance: A ? Discipline

Flow assurance is production operation that generates a reliable, manageable, and profitable flow of fluids from the reservoir to the sales point. Flow assurance is critical for economical production in deep water. The significant access limits to seafloor infrastructure in deep water (>1,200-ft. water depth) transform operational problems in shallow-water production into economic and life-limiting events for deepwater assets. Flow assurance requires a simple success strategy defined by component proficiency, integration, implementation, and improvement, termed here as PI 3 or π 3 .
Field desorption of a Si atom from a metal surface

Abstract The field desorption of a Si atom from a metal surface is studied by performing a self-consistent density-functional calculation for the electronic structure of an adsorbed Si atom with and without an applied electric field.
Influence of agarose gel on electrophoretic stretch, on trapping, and on relaxation of DNA

The long-range hydrodynamic interaction between DNA and agarose gel is treated by modeling the gel as a uniformly porous medium, characterized by Debye's hydrodynamic shielding length L. We derive the liquid flow field around a solid sphere moving through the gel and the hydrodynamic friction of the sphere. These results are used in the hydrodynamic interaction between DNA and the gel during electrophoretic stretch and relaxation of stretched DNA. Experiments by Gurrieri, Smith, and Bustamante (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96, 453) lead to an estimate of L = 4 × 10 -8 m for the shielding length of 1.2% agarose gel. The critical trapping force in such a gel is found to be 29 pN, consistent with results reported by Gurrieri et al. (1999). If the unwinding of the double helix at the gel contact is essential for trapping, addition of salt should cause a significant increase in the critical field strength for trapping DNA. Relaxation of the length and of the tether force of initially stretched DNA is described by a balance between the elastic forces (tension gradients) of DNA and hydrodynamic friction. Brownian motion is introduced in an approximate way. Its effect on the relaxation is moderate. The influence on relaxation of several factors, including gel porosity and DNA size, is studied. The scaling with DNA size is better for relaxation of the tether force than of the DNA extension. The relaxation of DNA predicted in pure solvent agrees fairly well with experiments by Perkins, Quake, Smith, and Chu (Science 1994, 264, 822).
Sediment contamination and benthic macroinvertebrate distribution in a metal-impacted lake

Abstract Sediment contamination and benthic macroinvertebrate distribution were studied in Palestine Lake, Indiana, a public 80-ha system contaminated by effluents from a nearby electroplating plant. Trace metal levels in the upper 3 cm of sediment ranged from a high of 969 ppm cadmium, 14,032 ppm zinc and 2106 ppm chromium (dry weight basis) near the influent ditch, to a low of 4 ppm cadmium, 139 ppm zinc and 38 ppm chromium in the uncontaminated eastern basin of the lake. The midge Chironomus tentans was absent from areas of highest contamination; how ver, midge numbers increased to an average of 28 individuals/grab sample in the eastern basin. Specimens of the aquatic oligochaete Limnodrilus sp. were abundant (89/sample) in the most heavily impacted areas of the lake and scarce (3·4/sample) in the eastern basin.