cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation of Radial Flow-Through and Hollow Cylinder Dynamic Pressurization Test for Measuring Permeability

The results of the dynamic pressurization test and of the radial flow-through test on hollow cylinders of the same material are compared to validate the newly developed hollow dynamic pressurization technique. The results from testing Vycor glass and cement paste indicate close agreement between the two test methods, which supports the validation of the hollow dynamic pressurization test as an accurate and repeatable method for measuring the permeability of porous materials. The results also provide an interesting and original comparison between a new poromechanical technique and a more traditional flow-through technique. Additionally, the permeability values from this study agree reasonably well with values presented in the recent literature.
TNF family molecule LIGHT regulates chemokine CCL27 expression on mouse embryonic stem cell-derived dendritic cells through NF-κB activation

Cytokine LIGHT is a type II transmembrane protein belonging to the TNF family that was originally identified as a weak inducer of apoptosis. It plays a role in inducing maturation of dendritic cells, such as upregulating CD80, CD86 expression on dendritic cells. However, whether LIGHT induces CC chemokine expression in DC and promotes their migration remains unknown. In this study, we found that esDC express CCR7 and CCR10 (the receptor of CCL27) upon the LIGHT stimulation. LIGHT also upregulates CCL27, but not CCL19 and CCL21 expression in esDC. The esDC migration potential has been increased in LIGHT activated DCs compared with control cells. LIGHT activated DCs autocrine CCL27 which regulate their migration as Blockage of CCL27 on esDC using neutralizing antibody reduces migration potential. In signaling study, we identified that LIGHT activated NF-kappaB in esDC and inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by specific inhibitor can partly attenuate the effect of LIGHT in regulation of CCL27 expression. Moreover, Shp-2 is required in LIGHT activated NF-kappaB because Knockdown of Shp-2 affects the NF-kappaB activation induced by LIGHT and consequently influences LIGHT mediated CCL27 expression. TRAF6 is critical in DC maturation in recent reports; however, knockdown of TRAF6 expression using siRNA did not alter CCL27 expression in LIGHT matured DCs. Our study demonstrates that LIGHT stimulation enhances CCL27 expression through activation of NF-kappaB in DCs.
Optical Monitoring of Tracers and Mitoxantrone in Rabbit Brain and the Variability in Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption

Intraarterial mannitol is the main method to disrupt blood-brain barrier. The data collected using optical pharmacokinetics revealed variation in disruption in rabbits. Optical monitoring could help better understand the drug pharmacokinetics.
New Media, New Era

This article explores the impact of the new communications technologies on the generation born in the 1980s, the first to grow up under the dominance of the computer. It considers some of the parameters for discussing the close of one era and the beginning of another and draws on the writings of major civilizationist historians and futurologists, including Jacques Ellul, Samuel Huntington, and Romano Guardini.
Ethanol Does Not Inhibit the Adhesive Activity ofDrosophila Neuroglian or Human L1 in DrosophilaS2 Tissue Culture Cells

Members of the L1 family of homophilic neural cell adhesion molecules are thought to play an important role in nervous system development and function. It is also suggested that L1 is a direct target of ethanol in fetal alcohol syndrome, since ethanol inhibits the aggregation of cultured cells expressing L1 (Ramanathan, R., Wilkemeyer, M. F., Mittel, B., Perides, G., and Charness, M. E. (1996) J. Cell Biol. 133, 381-390). If ethanol acts directly on the homophilic adhesive function of the L1 molecule, then inhibition of aggregation by ethanol should be observed in any cell type that expresses L1. Here we examined the effect of physiologically relevant concentrations of ethanol on the aggregation of Drosophila S2 cells that expressed either neuroglian (the Drosophila homolog of L1) or human L1. The aggregation of these S2 cells is known to be solely dependent on the homophilic interactions between L1 or neuroglian molecules. Neither cell adhesion molecule was affected when cell aggregation assays were carried out in the presence of >/=38 mM ethanol. The recruitment of membrane skeleton assembly at sites of cell-cell contact (a transmembrane signaling function of human L1) was also unaffected by the presence of ethanol. Thus the previously described inhibition of cell adhesion by ethanol in L1-expressing cells cannot be explained by a simple direct effect on the adhesive activity of L1 family members.
The origins of Birkeland currents

Fundamental observations and zero-order theories for Birkeland currents are employed, together with recent observational data, to formulate a first-order model for the currents. Five categories of Birkeland currents are detailed, including region 1 current sheets which follow the auroral oval, region 2 currents with opposite polarity forming on the equatorward side, cusp currents poleward of region 1, currents appearing after extended periods of the interplanetary magnetic field, and a three-layer overlap of current sheets in the Harang discontinuity. The region 1 currents near noon are found to be driven by the interplanetary electric field on open field lines, while away from noon the inner edge of the plasma sheet is the source. Charge separation drives the region 2 currents, and neutralization is effected in the ionosphere. The magnetopause is concluded to be an insignificant factor for the Birkeland currents. Convection reversal is predicted to occur in the region 1 interior. Finally, four lobed polar electric fields are considered to be generated by the boundary layer dynamo, and indicate a closed magnetospheric configuration.
Temperature dependence of ion-ion energy transfer in Nd:Glass by laser-induced line-narrowing techniques

Abstract Laser-induced line-narrowing techniques have been used to study spectral diffusion in Nd:Glass due to resonant ion-ion energy transfer. A critical temperature is observed for the onset of spectral diffusion.
The Application of Revenue Management in Beverage Operations

In recent years, beverage establishments have grown in popularity among millions of people seeking leisure activities, nightlife attractions, and entertainment venues. Despite the prevalence of this well-established industry, beverage establishments have received little academic attention. The present study was designed to compare basic revenue management principles and characteristics with existing beverage establishments and suggest adaptations of those principles in the context of those beverage operations to optimize prices of their food and beverage products and entrance fees. This study involves a qualitative approach based on the interviews with 20 beverage operations managers from the United States and Europe.
Supplier integration in new product development: Computer mediated communication, knowledge exchange and buyer performance

Abstract In new product development (NPD), the buyer–supplier relationship is changing. Suppliers are becoming an integral part of the design team. This study investigates the effectiveness of computer-mediated and face-to-face communication channels on knowledge exchange between buyer and supplier firms, and ultimately buyer NPD and market performance. Open innovation literature and media richness theory are used to develop hypotheses which are then empirically tested using data collected from 157 R&D project managers from U.S. manufacturing firms. To date, empirical studies on the link between supplier integration and buyer performance show conflicting results. Structural equation modeling found a significant positive link between knowledge exchange and NPD performance, measured both in terms of effectiveness and efficiency, and a significant positive link between effective and efficient NPD and market performance. A surprising finding is that contrary to media richness theory, email can perform like face-to-face communication transmitting rich information and having a positive relationship to knowledge exchange between buyer and supplier. It was also found that with face-to-face communication, knowledge exchange fully mediates the relationship with effective NPD while with email communication knowledge exchange fully mediates the relationship with efficient NPD. Video conferencing was found to have no significant effect on knowledge exchange and the effect of web-based tools was significant and negative. The implications of these findings in theory and practice are discussed.
Studies of the relationship of the 230-kD and 180-kD bullous pemphigoid antigens

In bullous pemphigoid (BP), autoantibodies from most patients recognize a high molecular weight 230-kD epidermal antigen (Ag) by immunoprecipitation. By Western immunoblotting, 50–70% of sera recognize the high molecular weight Ag, but 30–50% recognize a low molecular weight, 180-kD epidermal Ag. We examined the speciflcities of affinity-puriuied antibodies against these Ag. Antibodies specific for the 230- and 180-kD Ag were prepared by immunoaffinity against Ag immobilized on nitrocellulose and released by acid glycine. IgG eluted from the 230-kD Ag band retained its specific binding to the 230-kD Ag by immuno-blotting, and bound to the epidermal basement membrane zone (BMZ) by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and to hemidesmosomes by indirect immuno-electron microscopy (EM). IgG affinity purified by the 180-kD Ag band bound only the 180-kD Ag in immuno-blotting, with no cross reaction to the 230-kD Ag, bound the epidermal BMZ by indirect IF, and also bound to hemidesmosomes in immuno-EM. IgG specific for the 230-kD Ag in immunoblotting immunoprecipitated only the 230-kD Ag, with no apparent precipitation of the 180-kD Ag. Surprisingly, IgG specific for the 180-kD Ag precipitated both the 180- and the 230-kD Ag in immunoprecipitation, and the 230-kD Ag band was much more intense than the 180-kD Ag band. This study shows that apparent cross-reactivity between these Ag by BP autoantibodies can only be detected in native conditions by immunoprecipitation, and cannot be demonstrated using denatured Ag in immunoblotting. The two proteins appear to be distinct Ag, closely associated in the epidermal hemidesmosome, but the exact relationship of these Ag to each other may not be clarified until complete structural data become available.
A Ge-on-Si laser for electronic-photonic integration

We demonstrate room temperature photoluminescence and optical gain from the direct band gap transition of tensile strained n-type Ge-on-Si around 1600 nm, which can be applied to a Si-based laser for optical interconnects and communications.
Efficient Compensation For Attenuation Effects Using Pseudo Q Migration.

When imaging geologic structures below an overburden with laterally varying attenuation (Q) properties, it is important to account for the variable amplitude dimming, frequency loss, and phase distortion. Migration algorithms based on the viscoaoustic wave-equation have been developed to handle a 3-D Q model, but they require unmigrated input data and require significant run time. Fast 1D Q-filtering techniques can be applied to compensate for Q effects and can be applied to migrated traces, but they don't account for 3-D physical geometries. Here we present a pseudo migration approach that is applied to migrated seismic data. This approach utilizes the ray paths through the model and restores amplitude and phase according to the integration of the Q-effect along these ray paths. The computational efficiency of this algorithm is similar to that of 1-D filtering, yet it accounts for the 3-D geometries. The validity of our technology is illustrated by a 2.5-D synthetic data example.
Use of cotton gin trash (CGT) to form a biological lagoon sealant

Abstract Because of large volumes of cotton gin trash (CGT) and limited options for correct disposal of CGT, a study was launched to find alternative uses for this material. The objective of this report was to explore the possibility of using CGT as a waste lagoon sealant. CGT was applied in 0, 5, and 10 cm layers in 10.15 cm ID acrylic columns with three replicates per treatment. A sandy loam soil was used as a base and as a top soil to hold the CGT in place. The columns were subjected to a constant head of filtered tap water. Static compaction was applied at day 7 and kneading compaction at day 12. The columns were destroyed and concentrations of bound extracellular polysaccharides were measured at day 15. A high correlation (R2=0.95) between total EPS concentration and cumulative hydraulic conductivities was observed. The final average hydraulic conductivity of the columns was 2.2 × 10−6 cm/s, 2.2 × 10−6 cm/s, 1.0 × 10−5 cm/s for the 5 cm CGT layer, 10 cm CGT layer, and control columns, respectively. The 5 cm layer had lower hydraulic conductivity and total pollutant loading than the 10 cm layer, suggesting an optimum layer thickness is less than 10 cm. The study suggested that CGT plus compactive effort has excellent potential for sealing waste lagoons.
Alcoholics Anonymous-Related Helping and the Helper Therapy Principle

The helper therapy principle (HTP) observes the helper's health benefits derived from helping another with a shared malady. The HTP is embodied by the program of Alcoholics Anonymous as a method to diminish egocentrism as a root cause of addiction. This article reviews recent evidence of the HTP in alcohol populations, extends to populations with chronic conditions beyond addiction, and concludes with new directions of empirical inquiry.
Regular Tobacco Use Among American Indian and Alaska Native Adolescents: An Examination of Protective Mechanisms

American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) adolescents use tobacco at earlier ages and in larger quantities compared to non-AIAN peers. Regular tobacco use was examined against five protective factors (peer networks supportive of not using drugs, college aspirations, team sports, playing music, and volunteerism). Participants consisted of 112 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 who participated in a study testing the efficacy of a life-skills program aimed at reducing substance-related consequences. Findings indicated that, with the exception of prosocial peer networks and volunteerism, each of the above factors was significantly associated with a reduced probability of being a regular tobacco user. Gender differences were notable. These results hold important treatment implications regarding the reduction and prevention of tobacco use among AIAN youth.
Celf1 regulates cell cycle and is partially responsible for defective myoblast differentiation in myotonic dystrophy RNA toxicity

Myotonic dystrophy is a neuromuscular disease of RNA toxicity. The disease gene DMPK harbors expanded CTG trinucleotide repeats on its 3'-UTR. The transcripts of this mutant DMPK led to misregulation of RNA-binding proteins including MBNL1 and Celf1. In myoblasts, CUG-expansion impaired terminal differentiation. In this study, we formally tested how the abundance of Celf1 regulates normal myocyte differentiation, and how Celf1 expression level mediates CUG-expansion RNA toxicity-triggered impairment of myocyte differentiation. As the results, overexpression of Celf1 largely recapitulated the defects of myocytes with CUG-expansion, by increasing myocyte cycling. Knockdown of endogenous Celf1 level led to precocious myotube formation, supporting a negative connection between Celf1 abundance and myocyte terminal differentiation. Finally, knockdown of Celf1 in myocyte with CUG-expansion led to partial rescue, by promoting cell cycle exit. Our results suggest that Celf1 plays a distinctive and negative role in terminal myocyte differentiation, which partially contribute to DM1 RNA toxicity. Targeting Celf1 may be a valid strategy in correcting DM1 muscle phenotypes, especially for congenital cases.
Fetal phenotypic analysis

Phenotypic analysis has been practised in many different ways, the most common being the recognition of normal and abnormal physical and biochemical characteristics and their patterns of inheritance. As different tools became available to analyze the characteristics of individuals the study of the phenotype and consequently of the genotype became more sophisticated. By the mid 1970’s ultrasonography became a major tool in the analysis of human disease, and more recently it has contributed to the analysis of the human fetal phenotype in utero. This method, when used in conjunction with cytogenetic and biochemical analysis of the amniotic fluid, constitutes the main thrust of genetic prenatal diagnosis today. This paper describes and proposes the systematic use of ultrasonography, in conjunction with biochemical and cytogenetic tests to examine pregnancies at risk of congenital and inherited diseases and those that show signs of abnormality. We have examined 1500 fetuses and have detected conditions that affect only one system, like the skeletal dysplasias (osteogenesis imperfecta, thanatophoric dysplasia, diastrophic dwarfism, achondrogenesis I, Jeune syndrome and many others), neural tube defects, gastroschisis, multiple congenital malformations syndromes (Vater, Vacterl, Weyers olygodactyly, Meckel syndrome, and others). The analysis of the functionality of the fetus is one of the major achievements of genetic prenatal diagnosis by ultrasonography.
Iterative Learning Control of Mechanical Systems With Slow Sampling Rate Position Measurements

This paper deals with the iterative learning controller design problem with slow sampling rate position measurements. In some applications, it is desired to implement the learning controller at a sampling rate higher than that of the measurement. Two approaches are presented in this paper to solve the learning controller design problem. The first approach utilizes an interlacing technique to obtain the slow sampling rate position measurement, and update the learning controller at the desired sampling rate using only the available slow sampling rate measurement. The second approach uses a multirate kinematic Kalman smoother to obtain the position estimate at the desired sampling rate by fusing the position measurement and additional acceleration measurements at fast sampling rates. The effectiveness of the two approaches is demonstrated by experiments.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Comparison of Ferricyanide and 2,3',6-Trichlorophenol Indophenol as Hill Reaction Oxidants.

1. ARNON, D. I. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenol oxidase in Beta uulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24: 1-15. 1949. 2. ARNON, D. I., ALLEN, M. B., and WHATLEY. F. R. Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts. IV. General concept and comparison of three photochemical reactions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 20: 449-461. 1956. 3. ARNON, D. I., WHATLEY, F. R. and ALLEN, M. B. Assimilatory power in photosynthesis. Science 127: 1026-1034. 1958. 4. AVRON, M. and JAGENDORF, A. T. Interactions of catalytic cofactors for photosynthetic phosphorylation with Hill reaction oxidants. Jour. Biol. Chem. (In press.) 5. AVRON, M. and JAGENDORF, A. T. Evidence concerning the mechanism of ATP formation by spinach chloroplasts. Jour. Biol. Chem. 234: 967-972. 1959. 6. AVRON, M., JAGENDORF, A. T. and EVANS, MARJORIE. Photosynthetic phosphorylation in a partially purified system. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 26: 262-269. 1957. 7. AVRON, M., KROGMIANN, D. W. and JAGENDORF, A. T. The relation of photosynthetic phosphorylation to the Hill reaction. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 30: 144-153. 1958. 8. BOYER, P. D., FALCONE, A. B. and HARRISON, W. H. Reversal and mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. Nature 174: 401-402. 1954. 9. CHIBNALL, A. C. Protein Metabolism in the Plant. Pp. 1-306. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven 1939. 10. CRANE, R. K. and LIPMANN, F. The effect of arsenate on aerobic phosphorylation. Jour. Biol. Chem. 201: 235-243. 1956. 11. HUNTER, F. E., JR. Oxidative phosphorylation during electron transport. In: Phosphorus Metabolism, W. D. McElroy and H. B. Glass, eds. Vol. I. Pp. 297-330. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1951. 12. KROGMANN, D. W. and JAGENDORF, A. T. Comparison of ferricyanide and 2,3',6-trichlorophenol indophenol as Hill reaction oxidants. Plant Physiol. 34: 277-282. 1959. 13. OHMURA, T. Photophosphorylation by chloroplasts. Jour. of Biochem. (Japan) 45: 319-331. 1958. 14. PRIANISHNIKOV, D. N. Nitrogen in the Life of Plants. Translation by S. A. Wilde. Pp. 1-109. Kramer Business Service, Madison 1951. 15. WEINBACH, E. C. The effect of pentachlorophenol on oxidative phosphorylation. Jour. Biol. Chem. 210: 545-550. 1954.
Photon-stimulated desorption from covalently bonded species: CO adsorbed on Ru(001)

We report the first angle-resolved photon-stimulated-desorption study of a covalent molecule bonded to a metal surface, CO on Ru(001). The mechanisms for ion desorption involve intramolecular excitations, not substrate core-level excitations.
Diamagnetic studies on as‐processed carbon fibers

The Faraday method has been used to measure the diamagnetic susceptibilities of small bundles of aligned carbon fibers of different types at room temperature. It was found that the tensor trace susceptibility of the fibers varies systematically over the range 0.8-20 (in units of -10 to the -6th emu/g) as a function of precursor type and processing history. The susceptibility increases, in general, with increasing nominal treatment temperature and hot stretching, and with increasing tensile elastic modulus. The anisotropy ratio of fibers increases approximately linearly with tensile elastic modulus for all fibers from about 1 for a modulus of about 70 GN/sq m to about 22 for a modulus of 700 GN/sq m in air, and is quantitatively consistent with the layer-plane orientation textures determined by X-ray diffraction when appropriate values of the crystallite principal susceptibilities are used.
The effect of second-phase particles on stable grain size in regionally metamorphosed polyphase calcite marbles

Samples of the calcite-rich Shelburne Marble collected at the Pfizer Quarry in Adams, Massachusetts, show an order of magnitude variation in grain size. Calcite grain size ranges from 94 to 1101 μm. Because these calcite marbles share the same pressure, temperature and strain histories, some other factor must be responsible for the grain size variation. Grain size appears to be controlled by the concentration of impurity or second-phase particles. Large calcite grain size occurs where the volume fraction of second-phase particles is low and grain size decreases as second-phase volume fraction increases. The relationship between calcite grain size (D), second-phase grain size (d ) and second-phase volume fraction ( f ) can be described by the power law D/d=1.4/f 0.36, a result that is consistent with models based upon short-term (hours or days) laboratory experiments with metals and ceramics and computer simulations of grain growth. Grain growth appears to be greatly restricted by as little as a few per cent of second-phase particles, with a transition from highly restricted to almost unrestricted grain growth occurring at ≈5% volume of second-phase particles. These results indicate that second-phase particles exercise an important control on grain size and can effectively inhibit grain growth in metamorphic rocks. The behaviour of second-phases in short-term laboratory experiments may closely approximate the behaviour of second-phases in grain growth lasting several orders of magnitude longer in the metamorphic environment.
Low-Cost MR Fluid Sponge Devices:

A variety of robust, high-strength, MR fluids and devices that enable the benefits of controllable fluid technology are now commercially available. Commercial, mass-produced devices include rotary brakes for use in exercise equipment, real-time controllable vibration dampers for truck seats and adjustable linear shock absorbers for racing cars. Recently, a new way of using MR fluids in which the fluid is contained in an absorbent matrix has been developed. Such MR fluid sponge devices enable the benefits of controllable MR fluids to be realized in cost sensitive applications. Most of the high-cost components normally associated with a fluid filled device can be eliminated with this approach. Low-cost, controllable MR fluid sponge dampers are particularly appropriate for moderate-force vibration control problems where a high degree of control authority is desired such as a new generation of high-performance, home washing machines now being developed.
Phosphoramidites as Synthons for Polynucleotide Synthesis

Abstract Methods for the rapid synthesis of DNA and RNA are described. The procedures involve using nucleoside phosphoramidites as synthons and silica as a polymeric support. Additionally, a novel reaction involving nucleoside O-alkyl methylphosphonothioates is described.
Optical waveguide characterization of dielectric films deposited by reactive low-voltage ion plating.

We determine the quality of single films of various oxides, which are deposited on thermally oxidized silicon wafers by reactive low-voltage ion plating (RLVIP), by measuring their optical waveguide losses. We use a prism coupler for inserting the radiation of a wavelength-selectable He–Ne laser into the waveguide and a CCD camera for imaging the light scattered from the surface of the films. The waveguide losses of the RLVIP films are typically of the order of 1 to 10 dB/cm. Some data obtained for TiO2 layers on thermally grown SiO2 and RLVIP SiO2 seem to confirm the presence of an absorbing boundary layer between RLVIP SiO2 and TiO2 that has been found in SiO2–TiO2 multilayers. The waveguide measurements also reveal unusual index gradients in thick (∼10 μm) single layers of Al2O3 derived from multimode effective index calculations.
The Pastor's role with job-related problems

In the vocational realm a pastor can help a client resolve his problems in a variety of ways. Realizing he has a sympathetic and understanding listener, the client can get a feeling of relief by talking out his problems and expressing his feelings about them. As a less biased observer, the pastor shows him the reality of his situation, and suggests other resources or new plans of possible action. The pastoral counselor might also suggest appropriate religious principles that should improve attitudes and help make smoother relationships with people on his job and elsewhere. Through this kind of counseling help, the client might be led to see his own solution.
Evidence for two complementary patterns of thalamic input to the rat somatosensory cortex

We provide evidence that the thalamic projections originating from the medial portion of the posterior thalamic complex to the somatosensory cortex of the rat are distributed in a detailed pattern which is complementary to the pattern of projections which originate in the ventral posterior nucleus.
Value of electrophysiologic tests for peripheral nerve neuromas

Management of a peripheral nerve neuroma can be improved by the use of electro-physiologic tests. The relative value of these tests and their possible applications are discussed in some detail. Nerve stimulation either preoperatively or at the operating table remains the simplest and best test for early regeneration. Electromyography can document denervation, although similar conclusions can usually be reached by a careful clinical examination. Nascent muscle action potentials or decreased numbers of fibrillations can be recorded by electromyography and sometimes herald return of function. Conduction velocity tests are most useful for neuropathies of nontraumatic origin, while muscle stimulation tests are of limited value because they tell the investigator little about the quantity or quality of reinnervation. Evoked nerve action potentials (NAP) can be recorded at the operating table and are helpful in documenting a partial lesion or relatively early regeneration.
Echocardiographic ventricular shape analysis in congenital heart disease with right ventricular volume or pressure overload

In this 2-dimensional (2-D) echocardiographic study, a computerized Fourier analysis technique refined from one that allows quantification of changes in septal shapes in normal fetuses, newborns and infants allowed analysis of left ventricular (LV) shapes in 14 patients with right ventricular (RV) volume overload (atrial septal defects), 5 with volume and pressure overload (total anomalous pulmonary venous connection), and 10 with pressure overload (complete transposition of the great arteries [TGA] with intact ventricular septum). Diastolic shape factors in the 3 groups were significantly different from those of normal subjects (p less than 0.01). Highest diastolic values were found in patients with TGA (mean 4.59 +/- 1.28). Systolic shape factors were similar in patients with atrial septal defect and normal subjects. Significant differences existed between normal subjects and patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, with the greatest differences in systolic shape factor being 5.61 for TGA vs 1.87 (p less than 0.005) for normal subjects. Shape factor correlated well with hemodynamic data for RV/LV systolic pressure ratios (r = 0.93, p less than 0.001) for normalized interventricular pressure differences (r = -0.95, p less than 0.001). The lower the normalized systolic pressure difference or the higher the RV/LV ratio, the more the septum encroached into the LV cavity. Significant but weaker correlations were noted for values during diastole. Quantitative application of Fourier shape factor analysis to LV shapes allows numerical expression of visually interpreted distortions over a wide range of geometric alterations.
The evaluation and treatment of upper eyelid paralysis

Patients with upper lid paralysis suffer from a loss of the blink reflex/response in the affected eye, leaving the eye vulnerable to a host of predatory insults. Partial or total impairment of the orbicularis oculi muscle, lagophthalmos, disruption of the lacrimal apparatus, upper lid retraction, and the unopposed pull of gravity on the surrounding paralyzed tissues all contribute to increased corneal exposure and an increased risk of exposure keratitis. Management of the upper lid in these patients must therefore focus on restoration of the effects of the blink reflex/response and prevention of corneal exposure. Relevant anatomy and pathophysiology are discussed. The initial treatment is supportive, with surgery reserved for those patients that fall into two categories: those who have failed nonsurgical treatment to protect the cornea and those who have been treated effectively with conservative measures but are faced with the prospect of long-term or permanent paralysis. A variety of surgical procedures that may be classified as either static or dynamic are discussed. Standard static procedures include lid loading and tarsorrhaphy, whereas the palpebral spring implant and the temporalis muscle transfer are classified as dynamic. The goal of the corrective procedures is to allow complete eye closure, thereby providing corneal protection, with minimal (1 mm or less) ptosis in the open position.
Expression and immune response to islet antigens following treatment with low doses of streptozotocin in H-2d mice.

Abstract Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is likely to be due to the immunologic destruction of the islets of Langerhans. However, the relative importance of expression of a unique set of islet antigens or of differences in immune responses to those antigens in determining susceptibility to auto-immune diabetes is unknown. To a large extent, the reason for this uncertainty is the difficulty in directly identifying islet antigens expressed in vivo. We have studied the relationship between islet antigen expression, immune responsiveness to islet antigens, and the development of diabetes in diabetes induced by multiple low-doses of streptozotocin (STZ) in mice of the H-2dhaplotype. We identified the expression of relevant islet antigens by testing the ability of STZ treated islets to induce tolerance to diabetes in C57BL/KsJ mice after intrathymic transplantation. C57BL/KsJ but not BALB/cByJ mice developed hyperglycaemia and insulitis following STZ treatment. Interferon-γ transcription was detected in intrapancreatic lymphocytes from C57BL/KsJ mice but at lower levels in cells from BALB/cByJ. IL-4 levels were higher in BALB/cByJ than C57BL/KsJ. Intrathymic STZ-treated islets from syngeneic mice induced tolerance to diabetes in C57BL/KsJ mice following transient depletion of mature peripheral T cells, but islets from resistant BALB/cByJ mice did not induce tolerance to disease in C57BL/KsJ mice even though they did cause tolerance to the alloantigens. (C57BL/KsJ×BALB/cByJ)F1 mice developed hyperglycaemia like the susceptible parent following STZ treatment, and islets from these mice induced tolerance to MDSDM when treated with STZ and transplanted intrathymically into C57BL/KsJ. We conclude the expression of islet antigens and the intrapancreatic responses to STZ treated islets differs between mice that are susceptible and resistant to multi-dose streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus.
Mechanics of nonlinear short-wave generation by a moored near-surface buoy

We consider the nonlinear interaction problem of surface waves with a tethered near-surface buoy. Our objective is to investigate mechanisms for nonlinear short surface wave generation in this complete coupled wave–buoy–cable dynamical system. We develop an effective numerical simulation capability coupling an efficient and high-resolution high-order spectral method for the nonlinear wave–buoy interaction problem with a robust implicit finite-difference method for the cable–buoy dynamics. The numerical scheme accounts for nonlinear wave–wave and wave–body interactions up to an arbitrary high order in the wave steepness and is able to treat extreme motions of the cable including conditions of negative cable tension. Systematic simulations show that beyond a small threshold value of the incident wave amplitude, the buoy performs chaotic motions, characterized by the snapping of the cable. The root cause of the chaotic response is the interplay between the snapping of the cable and the generation of surface waves, which provides a source of strong (radiation) damping. As a result of this interaction, the chaotic buoy motion switches between two competing modes of snapping response: one with larger average peak amplitude and lower characteristic frequency, and the other with smaller amplitude and higher frequency. The generated high-harmonic/short surface waves are greatly amplified once the chaotic motion sets in. Analyses of the radiated wave spectra show significant energy at higher frequencies which is orders of magnitude larger than can be expected from nonlinear generation under regular motion.
The dye-sensitized photooxygenation of N-phenylpyrrole

Die durch Rose Bengal sensibilisierte Photooxydation des Hemopyrrols in Methanol ergab 3-Athyl-5-methoxy-4,5-dimethyl-3-pyrrolin-2-on, 3-Athyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-4-pyrrolin-2-on und 3-Athyl-5-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-3-pyrrolin-2-on.
Effect of Insulin and Epinephrine on the Carbohydrate Metabolism and Adenylate Cyclase Activity of Rhesus Fetal Muscle

Effect of Insulin and Epinephrine on the Carbohydrate Metabolism and Adenylate Cyclase Activity of Rhesus Fetal Muscle
Restoring the Human in Humanistic Psychology

Positivistic psychologies marginalize transcendent human values by reducing them to by-products of naturalistic mechanisms. One result is a depersonalized and depersonalizing psychology. Humanistic psychology reasserted transcendental values and made them the central motives of its theory of human behavior. However, humanistic psychology shared the core secularizing assumptions of positivism in locating transcending values as “inner” impulses and instincts rather than as experiences of real participation in the transcendent order toward which they aimed. Lacking an understanding of a real reference point outside the self, humanistic psychology tended to divinize the self and its higher values, minimizing as it did so the infrahuman and societal conditions of the self. To contribute to a truly human psychology, the radical critique of positivist reductionism that began with humanistic psychology can only move forward by taking seriously the realities indicated by the human experiences of participation in e...
Navier-Stokes simulation of the supersonic combustion flowfield in a ram accelerator

A computational study of the ram accelerator, a ramjet-in-tube device for accelerating projectiles to ultrahigh velocities, is presented. The analysis is performed using a fully implicit TVD scheme that efficiently solves the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the species continuity equations associated with a finite rate combustion model. Previous analyses of this concept were based on inviscid assumptions. The present results indicate that viscous effects are of primary importance; in all the cases studied, shock-induced combustion always started in the boundary layer. The effects of Mach number, mixture composition, pressure, and turbulence are investigated for various configurations. Two types of combustion processes, one stable and the other unstable, were observed depending on the inflow conditions. In the unstable case, a detonation wave is formed, which propagates upstream and unstarts the ram accelerator. In the stable case, a solution that converges to steady-state is obtained, in which the combustion wave remains stationary with respect to the ram accelerator projectile. The possibility of stabilizing the detonation wave by means of a backward facing step is also investigated. In addition to these studies, two numerical techniques were tested. These two techniques are vector extrapolation to accelerate convergence, and a diagonal formulation that eliminates the expense of inverting large block matrices that arise in chemically reacting flows.
Monitoring systems and quantitative measurement of biomolecules for the management of Trauma

Continued high morbidity and complications due to trauma related hemorrhage underscores the fact that our understanding of the detailed molecular events of trauma are inadequate to bring life-saving changes to practice. The current state of efficacy and advances in biomedical microdevice technology for trauma diagnostics concerning hemorrhage and hemorrhagic shock was considered with respect to vital signs and metabolic biomarkers. Tachycardia and hypotension are markers of hemorrhagic shock in decompensated trauma patients. Base deficit has been predicative of injury severity at hospital admission. Tissue oxygen saturation has been predicative of onset of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Blood potassium levels increase with onset of hemorrhagic shock. Lactate is a surrogate for tissue hypoxia and its clearance predicts mortality. Triage glucose measurements have been shown to be specific in predicting major injuries. No vital sign has yet to be proven effective as an independent predictor of trauma severity. Point of care (POC) devices allow for rapid results, easy sample preparation and processing, small sample volumes, small footprint, multifunctional analysis, and low cost. Advances in the field of in-vivo biosensors has provided a much needed platform by which trauma related metabolites can be monitored easily, rapidly and continuously. Multi-analyte monitoring biosensors have the potential to explore areas still undiscovered in the realm of trauma physiology.
A mechanistic model for eukaryotic gradient sensing: Spontaneous and induced phosphoinositide polarization

The crawling movement of cells in response to a chemoattractant gradient is a complex process requiring coordination of various subcellular activities. Although a complete description of the mechanisms underlying cell movement remains elusive, the very first step of gradient sensing, enabling the cell to perceive the imposed gradient, is becoming more transparent. The increased understanding of this step has been driven by the discovery that within 5-10 s of applying a weak chemoattractant gradient, membrane phosphoinositides such as PIP(3) localize at the front end of the cell. It is currently believed that the gradient sensing mechanism is precisely the mechanism leading to this localization. We have formulated a reaction-diffusion model based on the phosphoinositide cycle which predicts various responses of motile cells in addition to the phosphoinositide polarization induced by chemoattractant gradients. The responses include: (a) Polarized sensitivity wherein a polarized cell responds to a change in the direction of the gradient by turning its existing front. (b) Spontaneous polarization wherein cells polarize in a random direction even if the surrounding chemoattractant concentration is uniform. (c) Unique localization which refers to the formation of a unique polarity even in the face of multiple chemoattractant sources. The above responses preclude the hypothesis that the cell merely amplifies the external signal. Our model indicates that the cell must be viewed as a system that nonlinearly processes chemoattractant inputs. We show in particular that these seemingly complex dynamics can be explained very simply in terms of the instabilities and wavefront dynamics that are characteristic of the activator-inhibitor class of models.
The local structure of nodal set of solutions of Schrödinger equation on Riemannian 3-manifolds

Let (M, g) be a 3-dimensional Riemannian manifold without boundary. Consider the solution of Schrodinger equation onM. We show that locally there exists an injective Lipschitz continuous map from the nodal set of the solution away from a finite union of some small solid cones, which only intersect at the common vertex, into itself and the image set stays on a finite union of some 2-dimensional cones which have a common vertex. Moreover, the singular set of the solution is contained in the union of the solid cones.
Examining Adolescents' Responses to Antimarijuana PSAs

The research reported here investigated sensation seeking as a moderating variable of 368 adolescents' reactions to antimarijuana public service announcements. Participants rated the perceived message sensation value of 3 antimarijuana TV ads, their processing of the consequences of marijuana use, their affective responses to the ads, and antimarijuana attitudes. Two structural equation models-1 for high sensation seekers and the other for loin sensation seekers-revealed 2 very different styles of processing the ads. Specifically, antimarijuana attitudes for high sensation seekers were influenced directly and indirectly by sympathetic distress and directly by argument-based processing. In contrast, antimarijuana attitudes for low sensation seekers were influenced solely by argument-based processing.
Physiological mechanisms of temperature biofeedback.

Research on the physiological mechanisms of finger temperature biofeedback with normal subjects and Raynaud's disease patients is reviewed. Studies conducted in the author's laboratory have shown that feedback-induced vasodilation is mediated through a non-neural, β-adrenergic mechanism rather than through reductions in sympathetic nervous system activation. In contrast, feedback-induced vasoconstriction is mediated through the traditional, sympathetic nervous pathway. When used with primary Raynaud's disease patients, feedback-induced vasodilation has achieved reductions in reported symptom frequency ranging from 66% to 92% in controlled investigations. Future research directions are discussed.
Direct immobilization of Fab' in nanocapillaries for manipulating mass-limited samples.

Interfacing nanoscale elements into a microfluidic device enables a new range of fluidic manipulations. Nanocapillary array membranes (NCAMs), consisting of thin (5 μm < d < 20 μm) membranes containing arrays of nanometer diameter (10 nm < a < 500 nm) pores, are a convenient method of interfacing vertically separated microchannels in microfluidic devices that allow the external control of analyte transport between microfluidic channels. To add functionality to these nanopores beyond simple fluid transport, here we incorporate an antibody-based molecular recognition element onto the pore surface that allows selective capture, purification, and release of specific analytes from a mixture. The pores are fabricated by electroless plating of gold into the nanopores of an NCAM (Au-NCAM). An antibody is then immobilized on the Au-NCAM via gold-thiol chemistry as a thiolated fragment of antigen-binding (Fab‘) prepared by direct digestion of the antibody followed by reduction of the disulfide linkage on the hinge ...
Neglecting Disaster: Why Don't People Insure Against Large Losses?

This paper provides a theoretical explanation for the common observation that people often fail to purchase insurance against low-probability high-loss events even when it is offered at favorable premiums. We hypothesize that individuals maximize expected utility but face an explicit or implicit cost to discovering the true probability of rare events. This cost constitutes a threshold that may inhibit purchase but may be offset in several ways by suppliers of insurers and state regulators.
Book Review: Body Contouring and Liposuction

J. Peter Rubin, Mark L. Jewell, Dirk Richter, Carlos Oscar Uebel , eds. Body Contouring and Liposuction. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2012. ISBN-10: 1455705446 Body Contouring and Liposuction , a comprehensive exploration of body contouring surgery in its many facets, provides a broad, international perspective and covers all patient groups, including massive weight loss patients. The substantive 614-page text is divided into 55 chapters in 9 sections. Sections cover traditional topics such as patient evaluation, safety, and breast, upper-body, upper-trunk, abdominal, and lower-body reshaping as well as newer topics such as fat grafting procedures for the breast, noninvasive body contouring modalities, mesotherapy, and special considerations for the massive weight loss patient. The book is very graphic with full-color artwork and photographs throughout. In addition, the text is integrated with online materials located at ExpertConsult.com. These materials, which include supplemental texts, illustrations, and videos, are accessible after readers complete a simple online registration process using the access code located inside the front cover. Convenient QR codes printed inside the front and back covers allow …
A [3+2] annulation procedure for methylenecyclopentanes

Abstract A two step sequence converts certain cyclic enones to fused methylenecyclopentanes using the annulation reagent 2-chloromethyl-3-trimethylsilylpropene.
MULTIPLE SURFACE THERMAL FRACTURE OF GRADED CERAMIC COATINGS

The mechanism of multiple crack formation at the surface of graded thermal barrier coatings subjected to transient heating and coolin¯g loads is studied. An experimental setup was used to apply concentrated transient thermal loads on a beam-shaped specimen producing multiple surface cracks under controlled conditions. A corresponding analytical model was developed to study the fracture process. It is shown that the spacing of surface cracks can be predicted by calculating the thermal stresses generated by the temperature gradients in the coating. It is also shown that the multiple surface cracking inhibits the interface cracking process.