cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Celiac disease

Individuals with celiac disease present with a wide array of symptoms and signs. Celiac disease can result in substantial injury to the small intestine, deleterious effects on other organ systems, and an overall doubling of mortality. The role of the gastroenterologist is primarily to make the diagnosis and then to ensure that patients with celiac disease receive up-to-date and accurate instructions on diet. It is our opinion that gastroenterologists should participate in the follow-up of what is in fact a form of inflammatory bowel disease. The failure to identify and treat patients with substantial problems may result in an excess of preventable morbidity and mortality. Intestinal biopsy is the definitive method of making the diagnosis of celiac disease, provided the patient has not excluded gluten from his or her diet, because exclusion of gluten results in negative serologic test results and normal small intestinal biopsy samples. The removal of gluten from the diet can result in a total recovery of gut function and a correction of most other consequences. The response is usually so complete that patients should consider themselves to be basically healthy as long as they stay away from the offending foods. However, the execution and maintenance of the “theoretically simple” exclusion of gluten is difficult. The condition is permanent and mandates adherence to a lifelong gluten-free diet; even small amounts of gluten can result in injury to the intestinal lining. The diet is restrictive and requires the patient to be careful about food choices. Therefore, patient education and motivation are crucial to a successful outcome. The correction of vitamin and mineral deficiencies may be helpful in aiding recovery; vitamin D and calcium supplementation often is recommended. No drug therapy has been proven to suppress the disease.
Factors Influencing Public State-Funded HBCU Board Members’ Voting Behavior, and the Impact on University Sustainability

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) were established with one mission, which was to provide access and serve the educational needs of Black Americans. Today, there are 102 HBCUs in the United States and the U.S. Virgin Islands of which 51 are public institutions (National Center for Education Statistics, NCES, 2017). Although currently, HBCUs are doing a remarkable job in educating all students, and fostering the upward mobility for black students; there is significant evidence indicating that many HBCU colleges and universities are systematically in decline. According to a study conducted by the Pew Research Center (2017), by the “fall of 1980, 17% of black students enrolled in degree-granting institutions were enrolled at an HBCU, but by 2000, that share had declined to 13%, and it stood at 9% in 2015.” The rationale for this staggering figure is attributed to rising incomes and increased access to financial aid, which has resulted in more college opportunities and options for blacks, resulting in a decline of blacks attending HBCUs (Anderson, 2017). Additionally, new federal mandates, state performance-based funding formulas, global competition, and budget constraints have placed multifaceted demands on HBCUs to transform their educational systems, effectiveness, and accountability. Therefore, without question, it is vital that HBCU governing boards make effective decisions, evaluate their performance, and are held accountable to provide solutions to sustain the Historically Black Colleges and University’s they serve. Boards have several committees of hierarchy in higher education and their responsibilities at each level can sometimes be unclear, leading to chaos and poor decision-making. Furthermore, trustees who overstep their authority and neglect to direct policy can weaken an institution's mission and diminish its educational purpose (Mitchell, 2013). This case study is the first to examine and explain through qualitative analysis what actors and factors serve to influence board members voting behavior and decisions of board members in three core areas: (1) fiscal oversight; (2) academic and student affairs; and in (3) personnel agenda item issues at their respective board meetings. This case study will present findings on the vital role governing board members play in the sustainability of the colleges and universities they serve.
SOI FED-SRAM Cell: Structure and Operation

A static memory cell (SRAM) based on the field-effect diode (FED) is presented, and its operation is explained with the help of numerical device simulations. Although this new cell resembles the thin-capacitively coupled-thyristor (TCCT) SRAM cell in concept and operation, it is nevertheless characterized by significant advantages. These advantages derive from the fact that the thyristorlike mode of operation of the FED is gate induced, whereas the TCCT is an actual built-in thyristor. The operation of the cell is explained with the help of suitable timing diagrams, and the mechanisms of storing 1 and 0 are analyzed with detailed numerical simulations. In one operation scheme (where the cell could better be termed quasi-SRAM), a sequence of restore pulses is periodically applied after the cell is put on Hold, which ensures that the stored data remain valid for as long as the cell is powered ON. High read 0/1 current margin, fast write/read time, and densely packed cells are among the cell advantages obtained.
Continuous interscalene brachial plexus blockade provides good analgesia at home after major shoulder surgery-report of four cases

Continuous interscalene brachial plexus blockade (CIBPB) in a hospital setting can provide excellent surgical conditions and postoperative analgesia for major shoulder surgery. This is a case report of four patients on the efficacy and advantages of CIBPB for postoperative analgesia at home. Four patients scheduled for rotator cuff repair under CIBPB were discharged home the day of surgery with an interscalene catheter connected to an automated infusion pump administering 0.2% ropivacaine at 10 mL·hr−1 for 72 hr. Prior to discharge, patients and their attendant were given verbal and written instructions concerning local anesthetic toxicity and explicit contact information for an anesthesiologist or nurse. Outcomes were measured pre- and postoperatively, including verbal analogue pain scores (pain VAS), verbal analogue nausea scores (nausea VAS), side effects, cognitive function (mini-mental state questionnaire), sleep (hours/night), and patient satisfaction (Likert scale). Postoperative VAS scores over three days were very low. Two patients reported only one episode of nausea. There were no complications associated with local anesthetic toxicity or catheter use. Cognitive function improved over three days. Sleep increased from a mean of five hours before surgery to seven hours over the next three nights. Patient satisfaction with care was high. Significant cost savings were documented. The use of CIBPB for 72 hr in patients undergoing major ambulatory shoulder surgery can result in good analgesia with minimal opioid requirement, cost savings and possibly improvement in outcome measures.
Stacked Organic Light-Emitting Diodes in Full Color

The next generation of hand-held information tools--computers, cell phones, and digital assistants--will require full-color display technology more sophisticated than present appliance readouts and calculator displays. In his Perspective, Sheats discusses recent work by Shen et al. (p. 2009) in which full-color electroluminescent light-emitting devices were made from organic materials. If the manufacturing hurdles can be overcome, these organic devices may be the solution to the needs of the next generation of display screens.
Use of Pup in a Cup Model to Study Gastrointestinal Development: Interaction of Nutrition and Pituitary Hormones

The novel technique of artificial rearing (AR) of rat pups circumvents the difficulty of controlling diet composition and caloric intake. For studies of effects of nutrition and hormone interactions on gastrointestinal development, an appropriate experimental approach is to use AR rats whose corticosterone production is inhibited or abolished. Hypophysectomized (Hx) rats were used to examine whether growth retardation after Hx results from reduced caloric intake. Hx, shamHx and intact rats were isocalorically fed a cow-milk formula from day 12 to 18. Mother-fed (MF) Hx and intact rats were used as baseline controls
Catecholamines in the Brain and Responses to Environmental Challenges

The sections in this article are: 1 Neuroanatomy of Central Catecholamine Systems 1.1 Norepinephrine 1.2 Dopamine 1.3 Epinephrine 2 Stress-Responsive Catecholamine Centers in the Brain 2.1 Nucleus of the Solitary Tract 2.2 Right Ventrolateral Medulla 2.3 Caudal Ventrolateral Medulla 2.4 Dorsal Medulla 2.5 Medial Medulla 2.6 Locus Ceruleus 2.7 Hypothalamus 2.8 Paraventricular Nucleus 2.9 Amygdala 3 Central Catecholamine Responses to Stressors 3.1 Hypoglycemia 3.2 Hemorrhage 3.3 Hypoxia 3.4 Exercise 3.5 Altered Environmental Temperature 3.6 Pain 3.7 Immobilization 4 Conclusions
Measurement of 3D Motion of Myocardial Material Points from Explicit B-Surface Reconstruction of Tagged MRI Data

MRI is unique in its ability to non-invasively and selectively alter tissue magnetization, and create tag planes intersecting image slices. The resulting grid of signal voids allows for tracking deformations of tissues in otherwise homogeneous-signal myocardial regions. In this paper, we propose a specific Spatial Modulation of Magnetization (SPAMM) imaging protocol together with efficient techniques for measurement of 3D motion of material points of the human heart from images collected with the SPAMM method. The techniques make use of tagged images in orthogonal views by explicitly reconstructing 3D B-spline surface representation of each tag plane (two intersecting the short-axis (SA) image slices and one intersecting the long-axis (LA) image slices). The developed methods allow for viewing deformations of 3D tag surfaces, spatial correspondence of long-axis and short-axis image slice and tag positions, as well as non-rigid movement of myocardial material points as a function of time.
Chemical Looping Combustion and Gasification

With the emerging challenge of climate change and the continued escalation of energy demands, innovative and flexible fuel conversion technologies are necessary and gaining recognition. Chemical looping technologies have the potential to not only reduce energy costs, but also to mitigate carbon emissions. Historically, the general concept of this reduction–oxidation mechanism has been suggested, but the process was never commercialized. Recent interests in carbon capture techniques have revitalized the adaptive chemical looping system. Chemical looping technologies can utilize both gaseous and solid fuels such as natural gas and coal, respectively, for power, hydrogen, or chemical generation. However, the success of technological adoption requires a thorough understanding of the types of chemical looping techniques, the design considerations, and the reactor modes of configurations. Current large-scale testing units are examined with the hope for near-term advancement and future commercial application. Keywords: chemical looping; chemical looping combustion; carbon capture; oxygen carrier; synthesis gas
A Mechanics Based Parametric Description of Residual Stress Profiles for Fracture and Fatigue Assessment

It has been shown in a series of recent publications that any arbitrary residual stress distribution can be decomposited into through-wall “self-equlibrating” and “bending”. In this paper, a mechanics based parametric description of through-wall residual stress profiles is provided for fracture and fatigue assessment of girth welds. This parametric equation contains two fundamental parameters: (1) relative heat input and (2) pipe thickness to radius ratio. For a given welding procedure and heat input, the through-thickness resdual stress distributions as well as magnitude are shown to exhibit a continuous transition from bending to self-equilibrating as r/t ratio increases. As a result, a single parametric equation can be established for describing through-wall residual stress distributions for a full range of pipe diameters and thicknesses as well as weld configurations. A series of detailed finite element simulations were also performed to validate the predictions by the parametric equiations proposed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Applications of Video Mixing and Digital Overlay to Neuroethology

Neuroethological experiments often require video images of animal behavior and recordings of physiological data to be acquired simultaneously, synchronized with each other, stored, and analyzed together. The use of inexpensive multimedia computers offers new possibilities for mixing video images, analog voltages, and computer data, storing these combined signals to videotape, and extracting quantitative data for analysis. In this paper, we summarize methods for mixing images from multiple video cameras and a Macintosh computer display to facilitate manipulation of data generated during our neurophysiological and behavioral research. These technologies enhance accuracy, speed, and flexibility during experiments, and facilitate selecting and extracting quantitative data from the videotape for further analysis. Three applications are presented: (A) we used an analog video mixer to synchronize neurophysiological recordings with ongoing behaviors of freely moving rats; (B) we used a chroma keyed digital overlay to generate positional data for the rat's face during drinking behavior; and (C) we combined a computer model of a rat's head and whiskers with videos of exploratory behaviors to better track and quantify movements in three dimensions. Although the applications described here are specific to our neuroethological work, these methods will be useful to anyone wishing to combine the signals from multiple video sources into a single image or to extract series of positional or movement data from video frames without frame grabbing.
New Concepts in Shock Management

Air Medical Journal 15:2 April-June 1996 Introduction Air medical crews are constantly being faced with clinical challenges. The patients being transported by critical care air transport are in die need of the services of tertiary referral centers. The transport personnel in whom these patients’ care is entrusted must have a wide knowledge base to care for these critically ill patients. These crews must be continually informed as to innovations in treatment modalities. This article is intended to provide a brief overview of important innovations in the treatment of shock. The sections included are hemorrhagic shock, uncontrolled hemorrhage, septic shock, and cardiogenic shock. It is hoped that this will encourage further reading on these new treatments.
A simple algorithm for three-dimensional finite element analysis of contact problems

Abstract This paper addresses the numerical solution of three-dimensional frictionless contact problems by a finite element method. The two-body contact problem is considered in the context of fully non-linear kinematics. The impenetrability constraint is satisfied via a classical penalty formulation. The contacting surfaces are discretized by means of projections of the interacting element faces onto suitably chosen flat surfaces. Attention is focused on the efficiency of the overall algorithm. Numerical simulations are conducted for a series of test problems to assess the performance of the proposed methodology.
A marketing orientation is the key to a sustainable energy future

Abstract This paper presents a sampling of recent research indicating a customer preference (demand) for renewable energy as a unique ‘varoety’ or ‘brand’ of power. Market oriented industry growth tightly coupled to segmented end-use consumer preferences will ultimately be more robust and sustainable. Examples of emerging alternative models for renewable energy development are given in the conclusion.
Thermal lensing in a supercritical water medium

A pulsed, two-beam, thermal lensing experiment was performed to determine the concentration of aqueous solutes above the critical point of water. Despite a very significant mirage effect due to thermal gradients in the cell and absorption by water itself, the thermal lensing signal strength for aqueous benzoic acid in supercritical water was found to be linear with concentration in the sub-millimolar range. Although thermal lensing experiments in aqueous media are notoriously insensitive, the sharp density gradient near the critical point considerably improves the signal intensity. In this study a short-pulse pump 266 nm YAG laser and continuous low-power probe Ar ion beam were both focused into a supercritical water cell, giving a lensing signal whose strength could be maximized by changing the overlap of the two beams.
Epsilon PKC increases brain mitochondrial SIRT1 protein levels via heat shock protein 90 following ischemic preconditioning in rats.

Ischemic preconditioning is a neuroprotective mechanism whereby a sublethal ischemic exposure is protective against a subsequent lethal ischemic attack. We previously demonstrated that SIRT1, a nuclear localized stress-activated deacetylase, is vital for ischemic preconditioning neuroprotection. However, a recent study demonstrated that SIRT1 can also localize to the mitochondria. Mitochondrial localized SIRT1 may allow for a direct protection of mitochondria following ischemic preconditioning. The objective of this study was to determine whether ischemic preconditioning increases brain mitochondrial SIRT1 protein levels and to determine the role of PKCɛ and HSP90 in targeting SIRT1 to the mitochondria. Here we report that preconditioning rats, with 2 min of global cerebral ischemia, induces a delayed increase in non-synaptic mitochondrial SIRT1 protein levels which was not observed in synaptic mitochondria. This increase in mitochondrial SIRT1 protein was found to occur only in neuronal cells and was mediated by PKCe activation. Inhibition of HSP90, a protein chaperone involved in mitochondrial protein import, prevented preconditioning induced increases in mitochondrial SIRT1 and PKCe protein. Our work provides new insights into a possible direct role of SIRT1 in modulating mitochondrial function under both normal and stress conditions, and to a possible role of mitochondrial SIRT1 in activating preconditioning induced ischemic tolerance.
Gender-specific effects of endogenous testosterone: Female α-estrogen receptor-deficient C57Bl/6J mice develop glomerulosclerosis

Young female mice on a C57Bl/6J (B6) background are considered glomerulosclerosis (GS)-resistant but aging B6 mice develop mild GS. Estrogen deficiency accelerates while estrogen replacement retards GS in young sclerosis-prone oligosyndactyly mutant mice on an ROP background. To explore the effects of sex hormones on glomerular structure and function in the context of gender and genetic background, we studied mice in which the estrogen-receptor (ER) genes α - or - β were deleted ( α- or β ER knockout (KO) and crossed into the B6 background. We also studied ovariectomized (Ovx) B6 mice given testosterone. Male and female β ERKO and male α ERKO mice had no glomerular dysfunction at 9 months of age; however, α ERKO female mice displayed albuminuria and GS. Ovx prevented glomerular dysfunction in α ERKO female mice by eliminating endogenous testosterone production while exogenous testosterone induced GS in Ovx B6 mice. Androgen receptor (AR) expression and function was found in microdissected glomeruli and cultured mesangial cells. Testosterone compared to placebo increased both AR expression and TGF- β 1 mRNA levels in glomeruli isolated from female B6 mice. Estrogen deficiency had no deleterious effects on the glomeruli in B6 mice. Our study shows that genetic traits strongly influence the GS-promoting effects of estrogen deficiency while testosterone induces GS in a gender-specific manner.
Morphology of microporous poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes studied by gas permeation and scanning electron microscopy

Abstract Microporous poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes with asymmetric pore structure were prepared by a wet phase inversion process. The polymer was precipitated from a casting solution when immersed in a cold water (gelation) bath. The casting solution was, in most cases, composed of polymer, solvent, and nonsolvent. In this solvent-nonsolvent system, the solvents used were triethylphosphate (TEP) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and the nonsolvents used were glycerol and ethanol. Mean pore sizes and effective porosity of the microporous membranes were calculated using the gas permeation method. They were studied as a function of evaporation time of wet nascent film, polymer molecular weight, concentration of polymer, and concentration of nonsolvent. The morphology of the membranes was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Marriage, Money, and Sex: Dr. Hamilton Finds a Wife

This essay evaluates the relative strength of sexual urges, the quest for wealth, and the importance of social prestige in the American side of the transatlantic marriage market through the adventures of a Scots emigre, Dr. Alexander Hamilton. Restrained by ambiguous Scottish sexual mores, a difficult financial situation, and the intent of colonial women to find mates among the wealthy, Dr. Hamilton was forced to delay marriage for years. His success in finding a wealthy wife from the elite Dulany family was due to his ability to use his social and cultural talents as a unique currency to substitute for actual wealth or kin contacts. In the American environment, on the periphery of the British empire, where the elite were most conscious of their social inferiority, Hamilton demonstrated that cultural assets could stand in place of the traditional financial capital that powered the marriage market at the upper levels of society.
Data Acquisition System Design for Production Measurements of Magnets for the Fermilab Anti-Proton Source

A semi-automatic measurement system has been constructed and operated for measurement of more than 400 magnets for the Fermilab Anti-Proton Source Project. A single VAX 11/730 computer with a serial CAMAC highway driver supports multiple measurement stations. Independence of the measurement stations is provided at the system level. Modern software design structures are implemented using standard modules whenever possible including (especially) commercial packages. Measurement results are obtained for evaluation at the time of the measurement. Convenience and accuracy of measurer interaction is provided using a forms entry system. For convenience of data analysis, a query-based data management tool accesses data bases which describe both equipment and results. Results are shared over a DECnet network. The design is well suited for quality control, for laboratory equipment testing/repair and for experimental R & D in a shared-resource, shared-data environment.
Planning and moving to a new emergency department: one hospital's experience.

Summary Staff members were exhausted yet exhilarated at the completion of this long-term major project. A year's occupancy and use has proven the viability of all the systems devised with minimal modifications. We feel a sense of pride and accomplishment that has carried over to new projects involving this emergency department.
Subcapsular Liver Hematoma in Metastatic GIST On Gleevec Therapy

We report two patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) who had large subcapsular hepatic hematomas that developed while on imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) therapy. We describe the pertinent radiologic features of the subcapsular hematomas in these patients, and discuss possible etiologies for the bleeding in each patient.
Radiometric Calibration Requirements And Atmospheric Correction

The need for independent, radundant, absolute radiometric calibration methods is discussed with reference to the Thematic Mapper. Uncertainty requirements for absolute calibration of between 0.5 percent and 4 percent are defined based on the accuracy of reflectance retrievals at an agricultural site. It is shown that even very approximate atmospheric corrections can reduce the error in reflectance retrieval to 0.02 over the reflectance range 0 to 0.4.
Inverse determination of steady heat convection coefficient distributions

An inverse Boundary Element Method (BEM) procedure has been used to determine unknown heat transfer coefficients on surfaces of arbitrarily shaped solids. The procedure is noniterative and cost effective, involving only a simple modification to any existing steady-state heat conduction BEM algorithm. Its main advantage is that this method does not require any knowledge of, or solution to, the fluid flow field. Thermal boundary conditions can be prescribed on only part of the boundary of the solid object, while the heat transfer coefficients on boundaries exposed to a moving fluid can be partially or entirely unknown. Over-specified boundary conditions or internal temperature measurements on other, more accessible boundaries are required in order to compensate for the unknown conditions. An ill-conditioned matrix results from the inverse BEM formulation, which must be properly inverted to obtain the solution to the ill-posed problem. Accuracy of numerical results has been demonstrated for several steady two-dimensional heat conduction problems including sensitivity of the algorithm to errors in the measurement data of surface temperatures and heat fluxes.
Patterns of Differentiation in Wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana): Implications for Restoration Efforts

Aristida beyrichiana (wiregrass) is increasingly being planted in restoration projects across the southeastern coastal plain, with little focus on genetic differences among populations across the region. Local and regional population differentiation for establishment and growth traits were examined in common garden and reciprocal transplant experiments. Seeds from up to 20 plants from each of seven populations were collected in northern and central Florida sites that encompassed gradients of soils, hydrology, and temperature. Reciprocal seed transplants using three of the common garden populations were conducted in two consecutive years. In the common garden, significant population differences were seen in seed weight, seedling emergence and survival, tiller height, number of tillers, the relationship between tiller number and tiller height, and flowering. Variation among maternal families was seen in tiller number and in the relationship between tiller number and tiller height. The reciprocal transplant study did not detect either local adaptation to sites of origin or consistent superiority of one source population or planting site in seedling establishment. These results suggest that the probability of seedling establishment is primarily dependent on environmental conditions rather than genetic differences. Genetic variation for traits related to fitness (e.g., tiller number) may be retained within populations because phenotypically plastic growth responses of seedlings to environmental variation buffer genetic variation against the action of selection. But despite the lack of evidence for genetic influences on initial establishment in wiregrass, our common garden study suggests genetic differences among populations. This result, when combined with previous results indicating local adaptation in later life stages of wiregrass, suggests that restoration efforts involving this species should use local seed sources from sites with similar soil and hydrological conditions.
Abstract B44: The microRNA-200/Zeb1 axis regulates ECM-dependent Src signaling, cytoskeletal changes and cancer cell invasion

The microRNA-200 family (miR-200) has been shown to be a master regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), partially through a double-negative feedback loop with the transcription repressor Zeb1, allowing cells to acquire an invasive and metastatic phenotype. Using our mutant Kras and p53 murine model of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma, we are investigating the role of the Zeb1/miR-200 axis in regulating cytoskeletal reorganization, a characteristic requirement of cell motility and invasion. Functional assays demonstrated differential actin reorganization within cell lines with different miR-200 levels based upon the extracellular matrix composition, leading us to hypothesize that miR-200 regulates the activation of signaling pathways that mediate a pro-invasive cytoskeletal reorganization. Based upon the importance of cell-matrix interactions in producing cellular activation we identified the Src pathway as a critical mediator of invasion upon miR-200 repression in murine and human lung cancer cell lines. Pharmacologic inhibition of Src significantly reduces in vitro cell migration and invasion in Boyden chamber assays and in 3D cell cultures, which can be mimicked using Integrin β1 blockade. Biochemical analysis of this Src inhibition reveals a significant reduction in the phosphorylated FAK and cortactin levels, two downstream targets of Src. TGFβ stimulation is a strong EMT inducer, producing miR-200 repression and Src activation in our models, which can be blocked biochemically using Src inhibitors, with associated phenotypic changes in 2D and 3D cultures. This data suggests that miR-200 regulates the cell-matrix contact (e.g. integrins), acting through the Src pathway and modulating central players in actin dynamics to promote actin reorganization and invasion. Citation Format: Christin Ungewiss, Jonathon D. Roybal, David H. Peng, Don L. Gibbons. The microRNA-200/Zeb1 axis regulates ECM-dependent Src signaling, cytoskeletal changes and cancer cell invasion. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B44. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-B44
Oxidative modulation of soluble guanylate cyclase by manganese

Abstract Homogeneous or partially purified soluble guanylate cyclase (GTP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.2) from rat liver exhibited variable sensitivity to assay pH that was dependent upon buffer composition and the cation cofactor. Enzyme activity with 3 mM Mn 2+ in excess of Mn 2+ -GTP was considerably less in Tris buffers above pH 8.0 than in glycine buffer. In the pH range of 6.0–7.6, however, manganese-supported activity was greater in Tris buffers than in imidazole or cacodylate buffers of corresponding pH. The differences in activity seen with various buffers were not apparent when Mg 2+ was the sole cation cofactor but were dependent upon Mn 2+ concentrations in excess of Mn 2+ -GTP. The effects of excess Mn 2+ on guanylate cyclase varied with assay pH and buffer composition. At pH 7.6 in Tris-HCl buffer, excess Mn 2+ increased guanylate cyclase activity with an apparent K a of 0.25 mM and concentrations above 3 mM were slightly inhibitory. At pH 9.0 in Tris-HCl buffer, however, concentrations of excess Mn 2+ above 0.1 mM were strongly inhibitory. By comparison, in cacodylate (pH 7.6) or glycine (pH 9.0) buffers, high concentrations of excess Mn 2+ were considerably less inhibitory and the apparent K a values for excess Mn 2+ were greater than in Tris-HCl buffer at equivalent pH. The variable effects of Mn 2+ on enzyme activity as a function of buffer pH and composition were qualitatively similar to its effects on catecholamine oxidation. Furthermore, the inhibition of guanylate cyclase by excess Mn 2+ was partially prevented by dithiothreitol and the stimulation of enzyme activity by excess cation was completely blocked by the antioxidant hydroquinone. The studies suggest that the apparent requirement and preference of soluble guanylate cyclase for excess Mn 2+ as cation cofactor, as well as the inhibition of enzyme activity by excess Mn 2+ may be mediated by oxidative events associated with changes in the oxidation state of the free cation.
Effects of Short-Term Administration of Dexamethasone on Urinary and Plasma Free Amino Acids in Children

ABSTRACT Administration of 3 mg dexamethasone daily for 3 days increased the urinary excretion of a large number of amino acids significantly. No changes in plasma amino acid levels were noted during the same time period. These findings suggest that dexamethasone acts at the renal level, affecting the transport systems for amino acids.
A Motivational Intervention to Improve Adherence to Treatment of Chronic Disease

Purpose To describe an approach to intervention, based on Motivational Interviewing (MI) and the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of Change that allows the health care provider to support medication adherence in a client-centered fashion. Data Sources Review of selected research-based and theoretical articles on MI, TTM, and medication compliance issues. Conclusions Adherence is a complex phenomenon that requires a personalized intervention. The response must focus on clients' readiness to adhere, their sense of self-efficacy in taking medicines in all circumstances, and their personal pros and cons related to adherence. Implications for Practice Adherence to complex medication regimens is important to long-term treatment of chronic diseases, such as HIV disease. Adherence in HIV is particularly critical to adequately suppress viral replication as well as to prevent opportunistic infections.
THE DESCRIPTION OF ROTATING NUCLEI

A generalization of the Hartree-Fock method used in studies of vibrational states of spherical nuclei and shapes of non-spherical nuclei is used to obtain dynamical properties of nuclear rotational states. (L.N.N.)
Demur, Defer, and Deter: Concrete, Actual Practices for Negotiation in Interaction

Investigators use the term “negotiation” to cover activities ranging from those in hospitals and universities, to labor–management relations in industry, to political alignments in the global economy, and often approach negotiation in a general or abstract sense, as one possible means for jointly “getting things accomplished.” My conversation analytic approach is concrete: I discuss negotiations as talk that contains a bargaining sequence or set of such sequences whereby participants display a position or positions, often serially, until agreement is reached (success) or abandoned (nonsuccess). Bargaining sequences include a proposal and a response that aligns (acceptance) or one that does not align to the proposal (rejection). Interactionally, of course, these are not equivalent responses. A third kind of response is one that withholds acceptance or rejection and instead involves production of a counterproposal. I examine practices related to the bargaining sequence under the terms defer (postponing an occasioned next bargaining action), demur (withholding a tacitly implicated next bargaining action), and deter (using “projected reportable speech” to discourage a negotiator’s expectations). Related to the latter practice, but opposite from deterring expectations, a practice for encouraging expectations is to animate speech in which the speaker as agent for the principals appears to urge those principals toward the coparticipant’s position.The data for this study include recordings of a real estate case and plea bargaining episodes in a misdemeanor criminal court. I
Betti numbers of multigraded modules

In this paper we deal with lower bounds for the Betti numbers of multigaded modules over R = k[x1,…, xd]. In general the ith Betti number of a finite length multigraded module must be at least the binomial coefficient (di). This is achieved only when the module in question is isomorphic to R modulo a maximal R-sequence. Otherwise the lower bound for each i is increased either by (d−1i) or by (d−1i−1). If M is an arbitrary multigraded module and s is the length of a maximal R sequence in the annihilator of M then similar inequalities hold for the Betti numbers of M with d replaced by d−s.
A common mechanism mediates long-term changes in synaptic transmission after chronic cocaine and morphine

The mesolimbic system is known to play a role in self-administration of opioids and psychostimulants. Although morphine and cocaine act by separate cellular mechanisms initially, the present study describes a common change in synaptic regulation of dopamine cells in the ventral tegmental area 1 week after termination of chronic treatment with either drug. Normally, D1 receptor activation augmented the amplitude of a gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABA(B)) inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), but in drug-experienced animals, D1 receptor activation caused an inhibition of the GABA(B) IPSP. The inhibition was blocked by adenosine A1 receptor antagonists and by agents that disrupted the metabolism of cAMP. This long-lasting dopamine-adenosine interaction may be one mechanism involved in dopamine-mediated craving and relapse to drug-seeking behaviors.
The Impact of Geographic Mobility on Individuals and Families

The purpose of this paper is to contribute understanding about the magnitude of the movement to and within the United States....The paper has been divided into major sections beginning with the extent of local movement as well as long distance movement to and within the United States followed by a discussion of the reasons people and families give for moving some of the consequences of residential movement the main streams of migration the special problems created by refugees and undocumented migrants and the provisions and effects of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control ACT (IRCA) the provisions of the Immigration Act of 1990 and a section on the current immigrant situation. A closing section presents an outlook on how this new legislation is being implemented and on policy issues it has raised.... This article is also published in the book titled Families on the Move: Migration Immigration Emigration and Mobility edited by Barbara H. Settles et al. Binghamton New York Haworth Press 1993. (EXCERPT)
Induction of iNOS mRNA by interferon-gamma in epithelial cells is associated with growth arrest and differentiation.

Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA by interferon-gamma (IFNγ) is well established in various cell types. We observed earlier that this induction is differentiation-dependent in human keratinocytes. Since IFNγ-mediated growth arrest and differentiation are separable but interrelated processes in keratinocytes, iNOS might play a role in their regulation. We conducted a series of in vitro experiments on normal and transformed epithelial cells with different tissue origins. We found that immortalization and transformation can influence the IFNγ-mediated iNOS inducibility, but this process is tissue-specific as the induction correlates with the ability of the cells to differentiate.
Consider neuromusculoskeletal redundancy and extended proprioception when designing smart structures to interface with humans

Despite many well-intentioned attempts to utilize state-of-the-art advanced control systems technology to design contact devices such as powered orthoses, there have been more failures than successes. In part this is due to our limited understanding of neuromechanical function, and of how to optimally design human-technology interfaces. This paper develops a theoretical foundation for mechanical impedance and postural stability for large-scale human systems, and for the analysis and design of human-technology contact interfaces. We start with four basic presuppositions: redundancy is a fundamental feature of biosystem design, muscle actuators possess intrinsic nonlinear stiffness which can be modulated, mechanical interaction between the human and an environment is fundamentally bicausal, and objects with certain properties can become almost a natural extension of the human body. We then develop the key concepts of intimate contact and extended proprioception, and provide examples of how these principles can be applied to practical problems in orthotics, focusing on posture-assist technologies. Finally, suggestions are put forward for applying smart materials and structures to innovative orthotic design.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Eruptions of Pavlof Volcano, Alaska, and their Possible Modulation by Ocean Load and Tectonic Stresses: Re-evaluation of the Hypothesis Based on New Data from 1984-1998

Thirteen of sixteen magmatic eruptions of Pavlof Volcano in nine of the years from 1973 to 1998 have occurred between September 9 and December 29. Volumes of erupted material range from 0.3 to 16 x 106 m3 (dense rock equivalent). A significant correlation exists between the eruptions and yearly nontidal variations in sea level and may result from ocean loading. Calculated volume changes beneath the volcano due to ocean loading are from 0.02 to 0.6 times eruption volumes, and it is postulated that the volcano acts as a long-period (several months) volume strainmeter, with lava being preferentially erupted when strain beneath the volcano is compressive. Previous observations of a tilt reversal, and new observations of tectonic activity and eruptions in the spring and summer of 1986, also suggest tectonic modulation of eruptions. The volcano appears to be responsive to small, slow changes in ambient stresses or strains, and these changes may modify or trigger eruptions.
Inelastic scattering studies on 50Cr

Abstract The inelastic scattering of protons, deuterons, τ and α from 50 Cr has been studied. Spins, parities and transition strengths have been inferred for many states. The 1.89 MeV 4 + state is excited by a double-excitation process, but more weakly than expected for a two-phonon state. A weak 5 − state is found at 4.37 MeV, and a 5 + state is inferred at 3.792 MeV.
The expected value of random minimal length spanning tree of a complete graph

We consider the number c(n, m) of connected labeled graphs on n nodes and m edges and the intimately related object, the expected length of the minimal spanning tree of a complete graphs with random edge lengths. We use a very simple recursive procedure for computing the values of c(n, m) for computing the expected length of the minimal spanning tree exactly, under the uniform and the exponential distributions. Our computations are recursive, scale very well with the size of the problem, and we provide the values of the expected minimal length spanning trees for complete graphs Kn with sizes n ≤ 45, extending recent results of Steele [Ste02], and Fill and Steele [FS04]. The main proof technique is based on introducing an artificial root to a graph and subsequently using a very simple inductive argument.
Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for the γ subunit of Xenopus fibrinogen, the product of a coordinately regulated gene family

Fibrinogen, the major structural protein involved in blood coagulation, is synthesized and secreted by the liver. In the frog Xenopus laevis, fibrinogen production is dramatically induced by glucocorticoids. The hormonal stimulation requires synthesis of three separate subunits, designated Aα, Bβ, and γ. For investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying this coordinate induction, we have isolated cDNA clones for the subunits of Xenopus fibrinogen. In this communication we describe the identification of clones for the γ chain. Initially, a Xenopus liver cDNA library in pBR322 was screened with a rat γ chain cDNA and a clone representing half of the 1600-base frog γ mRNA was identified. This clone was shown to be complementary to γ mRNA by hybrid selection of mRNA that translated in vitro into the γ polypeptide. A clone about 1460 base pairs in length was then isolated from a Xenopus liver λgt10 cDNA library and subcloned into Bluescript SK−. This clone, designated X1γ3, contains the entire 3'-end and lacks 38 bases at the 5'-end of γ mRNA. The deduced amino acid sequence at the N-terminal is compatible with a signal peptide of 20–23 amino acids, in agreement with the calculated size of the frog γ chain signal peptide. Following the signal sequence is a region of highly conserved amino acids that participate in disulfide bond formation critical for the maintenance of tertiary structure in mammalian fibrinogen. The γ cDNA clone was used to measure γ mRNA in purified Xenopus liver cells treated with glucocorticoids in primary culture. The hormone stimulated γ mRNA production about 20-fold, consistent with the previously observed increase in secreted fibrinogen from these cells.
Long term acid rain multistress performance of Thermoplastic and thermoset polymeric insulators

Rain with a pH < 5.6 is known as acid rain. Acid rain can deteriorate high voltage outdoor polymeric insulators and affect their performance over time. Presented in this paper are the results of a long term (2544h) performance study of 28kV Thermoplastic elastomeric (TPE) and silicone rubber (thermoset) insulators under acid rain multistress conditions of Mexico City, Mexico. The results indicate that the silicone rubber insulators perform better than TPE and there is loss of chemical bonds in both insulators.
Exposure of pregnant mice to chromium picolinate results in skeletal defects in their offspring.

BACKGROUND: Chromium(III) picolinate, [Cr(pic)3], is a widely marketed dietary supplement. However, Cr(pic)3 has been associated with oxidative damage to DNA in rats and mutations and DNA fragmentation in cell cultures. In isolated case reports, Cr(pic)3 supplementation has been said to cause adverse effects, such as anemia, renal failure, liver dysfunction, and neuronal impairment. To date, no studies have been published regarding the safety of chromium picolinate supplementation to a developing fetus, although Cr(pic)3 has been recommended for pregnant women who are diagnosed with gestational diabetes. METHODS: From gestation days (GD) 6–17, pregnant CD-1 mice were fed diets containing either 200 mg/kg Cr(pic)3, 200 mg/kg CrCl3, 174 mg/kg picolinic acid, or the diet only to determine if Cr(pic)3, CrCl3, or picolinic acid could cause developmental toxicity. Dams were sacrificed on GD 17, and their litters were examined for adverse effects. RESULTS: The incidence of bifurcated cervical arches was significantly increased in fetuses from the Cr(pic)3 group as compared to the diet-only group. Fetuses in the picolinic acid-treated group had an incidence double that of the control group; however, this increase was not statistically significant. Fetuses in the CrCl3 group did not differ from the controls in any variable examined. No maternal toxicity was observed in any of the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: High maternal oral exposures to chromium picolinate can cause morphological defects in developing offspring of mice. Birth Defects Research (Part B) 77:244–249, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intravenous Azithromycin-Induced Ototoxicity

Intravenous azithromycin is increasingly administered for treatment of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Macrolide antibiotics cause ototoxicity, which occurs most frequently when high serum concentrations are achieved. Current dosing guidelines for intravenous azithromycin can result in much higher serum concentrations than is seen with oral administration. We describe a 47-year-old woman who developed complete deafness after receiving 8 days of intravenous azithromycin.
A signal-processing procedure for inter-image identification of particle tracks in bubble chambers

Abstract In the analysis of bubble-chamber events, two-dimensional information preserved in several photographs taken at different positions is used to determine the three-dimensional trajectories of charged particles in the applied magnetic field. Current automated systems use geometric constraints such as curvature to resolve inter-image track correspondences, as a first step in the collision-reconstruction process. In recent observations of high energy collisions, some of the tracts are so nearly parallel that curvature is an unreliable criterion for the identification decision. This paper describes a pattern-recognition approach to the track matching problem, in which the actual patterns of thebubbles of different tracks are compared to arrive at an assignment of presumptive track pairs.