cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Public Trust Debate: Implications for Heirs' Property Along the Gullah Coast

Heirs' property ownership is a significant problem facing the African American community in the "Lowcountry" of South Carolina. Heirs' property generally refers to real property purchased by African Americans and held within families for generations without clear title. The land is owned by a group of relatives - the heirs - who possess fractionated fees as tenants in common. This form of concurrent ownership is an undivided interest in a fractional share of property. All cotenants share unity of possession, but acquire titles to varying sized interests at different times. Each generation passes the property down to their heirs, as there is no right of survivorship for tenants in common. The disposition of tenants in common property is governed by the law of partition. Partition provides for the division of property, or its cash "equivalent," according to owner interests.
Controlling Nonlinearity with Structured Metamaterials

Artificially structured media can exhibit a wider range of both linear and nonlinear electromagnetic properties than are supported in conventional media. We discuss the design techniques and impact of these new emerging nonlinear metamaterials.
Compressive damage development in confined borosilicate glass

The results of quasistatic compression experiments are presented for borosilicate glass under confinement. The experiments were designed to characterize the damage development process, specifically the effect of comminution on the mechanical performance of the glass. The primary objective is to increase understanding of the transition from intact to damaged material to aid in modeling efforts for armor design applications. Load cycling experiments were performed on confined Borofloat glass samples (intact or pre-damaged) to create and evaluate the behavior of comminuted material. Samples were inserted in a high-strength steel confining sleeve, and then loaded and re-loaded at increasing compressive loads, and quasistatic strain rates, to fail the material in-situ. Several tests of the pre-damaged material were interrupted following a finite number of load cycles to investigate the onset and extent of damage. Microstructural evaluation of the glass samples following testing aided in determining the extent of damage at increasing load levels. Emphasis is on characterization and analysis of damage development in the borosilicate glass. Further details on the experimental technique and application of the results using a constitutive model are detailed in recent papers by the authors [1,2].
Opposing glucose set points hypothesis of essential hypertension.

Summary Understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of essential hypertension is incomplete. Many studies have demonstrated that sympathetic overactivity is involved in the development of essential hypertension. In addition, hypertensive patients, as a group, are insulin resistant. The relationship of increased sympathetic activity to insulin resistance in essential hypertension has not been adequately explained. Hypertensive subjects have been reported to have rapid gastric emptying compared to control subjects. They also have increased postprandial hypotensive responses to high carbohydrate meals compared with non-hypertensive control subjects. The author hypothesizes that essential hypertension is the result of a metabolic disregulation in which the body’s glucose regulatory system splits into two separate glucose control systems with two different homeostatic set points for fasting and postprandial glucose levels. It is proposed that insulin is the principle regulator of the lower glucose set point while counter-regulatory hormones, predominantly catecholamines, as well as the rate of gastric emptying, are regulators of the upper glucose set point. The tension between these two opposing control systems results in increased sympathetic activity, increased fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin levels and an increased rate of gastric emptying in hypertension. It is hypothesized that increased sympathetic activity from these opposing regulatory systems initiates a vicious cycle that eventually leads to the development of essential hypertension. This hypothesis explains the beneficial effects of agents that either slow carbohydrate absorption or delay gastric emptying on essential hypertension and postprandial hypotension. New therapeutic strategies for treatment of hypertension are suggested by this hypothesis.
Clouds and their discontents

Cloud computing has become increasingly popular and important. Many companies have policy initiatives encouraging or even mandating the use of "cloud" computing. The popularity of cloud computing stems primarily from the hope for significant cost savings but also from the ability to scale quickly without large capital expenditures and efficient sharing and curation of very large data sets (for example, search indexes). Clouds, like distributed computing generally, also offers the ability to access data and resources from any connected device (increasingly mobile devices like smart phones and lightweight tablets like iPads). However, cloud computing in all its incarnations (Infrastructure as a Service, Software as a Service, Platform as a Service) raises a number of security questions that current providers have not addressed (or remain ominously silent about): increased susceptibility to insider attacks due to concentration of valuable data, "fate-sharing" and other vulnerabilities due to multi-tenancy, policy issues arising from multi-jurisdictional siting, vulnerabilities arising from scale operations, the opacity of cloud operators security practices and disclosure of interruption of operations or attacks. Despite these potential issues, cloud computing can be beneficial with judicial and transparent application of some simple security principles. We discuss cloud infrastructure, economics, operations and security infrastructure desiderata.
The effect of quaternary ammonium salts on the anodic oxidation of ethanol

Abstract A study was made of the effect of additives on the rate of deactivation of platinized platinum in the anodic oxidation of ethanol in order to determine whether additives that form a hydrophobic layer on platinum would protect against normal poisoning processes. The data were interpreted in terms of a mechanism in which the oxidation of the alcohol proceeded at different rates on the bare and inhibited surface in a reaction that was zero order with respect to alcohol and first order with respect to the areas of each type of surface, while the inhibition reaction was second order with respect to the fraction of the surface that was bare. Without additives this mechanism agreed with data at 0.9 V (measured with respect to a saturated calomel electrode) but at 0.5 V the contribution from the inhibited route was negligible and the rate became approximately independent of the area on the more heavily platinized surfaces. Tetrabutylammonium perchlorate did not influence any of the rate constants, indicating that it was not adsorbed on the platinum. Solutions containing chlorides caused marked decreases in the rates of oxidation on the bare surface, but at 0.9 V caused only small decreases in the rate of oxidation on the inhibited surface, indicating that chlorides are only weakly adsorbed on the inhibited surface. The addition of a large quaternary ion together with the chlorides increased the effect of the chloride, confirming the fact that these salts acted by ion pairing with the adsorbed chloride. None of the additives had a significant effect on the rate of poisoning of the electrode at 0.5 V. At 0.9 V neither sodium chloride nor tetrabutylammonium perchlorate affected the rate of inhibition, but the addition of tetrabutylammonium perchlorate to the sodium chloride or the use of the commercial surfactant Hyamine 3500 (a large quaternary ammonium chloride) caused significant decreases in the rate of the inhibition reaction.
Fitting polynomials to main effects in multi factor experiments: unequal spacing and unbalanced data with no missing cells

In multi factor experiments, when the factor of interest arises from distinct levels of a quantitative variable, the main effects for that factor, which can be arbitrary weighted averages of the cell means, may be expressed as a polynomial function of the corresponding levels of the quantitative variable. The main effect sum of squares may be partitioned into individual one degree of freedom sums of squares, which may be combined into numerator sums of squares for F-tests of significance of the polynomial coefficients. The purpose of this paper is to show how these sums may be obtained as sequential sums of squares from a no-intercept regression of the observation vector on specially constructed independent variables when sample sizes are not all the same and consecutive values of the quantitative variable are not equally spaced. The construction of the variables and subsequent no-intercept regression may be performed easily with the aid of any statistical com-computing package. No special software is nec...
Anti-adhesion molecule strategies as potential neuroprotective agents in cerebral ischemia: A critical review of the literature

Despite recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia, current approaches attempting to prevent ischemic brain damage after an acute stroke remain quite inadequate. Today, ischemic stroke remains the third leading cause of death in industrialized nations, and the leading cause of disability requiring long term institutional care in the U.S and other industrialized nations. While one treatment, tissue plasminogen activator, has shown efficacy in clinical trials, safety concerns limit its role in clinical practice to a narrow time window of use. Acute cerebral ischemia has been shown to evoke a profound and deleterious upregulation of the inflammatory response, initiated within the cerebral microvasculature. Recently, research efforts have focused on targeting individual components of the inflammatory cascade, such as leukocyte activation and adhesion, in an attempt to develop potential neuroprotective agents. While these strategies have shown promise preclinically, clinical trials have yet to show clear benefit. Here, we review the current understanding of the pathophysiologic consequences of acute cerebral ischemic injury. Additionally, we discuss the role of the inflammatory cascade, with specific attention given to the deleterious role played by leukocyte activation and adhesion in stroke. Finally, relevant efforts to translate these basic science observations into clinical efficacy in acute stroke trials are critically reviewed.
Better him than me: social comparison theory and service recovery

We conduct two studies to examine if, when, and why communication strategies using social comparisons can effectively restore emotional equilibrium after a service failure, and thus aid recovery efforts. In our first study, we find that after a service failure, like compensation, downward social comparisons reduce anger and improve post-purchase behavioral intentions (including exiting, complaining to management, engaging in negative word-of-mouth, and complaining to a third party). However, when two recovery tools, compensation and downward social comparisons are used together they do not have an additive effect. Additionally, we show that anger mediates the social comparison effect. In a second study, we further explore the social comparison effect and the financial compensation effect using complete and incomplete downward social comparisons and multiple levels of financial compensation. Our findings indicate that complete downward social comparisons are particularly effective at improving all four types of post-purchase behavioral intentions when financial compensation is non-existent or relatively low. Finally, we discuss implications for theory and practice.
Heating, cooling, and electrical load forecasting for a large-scale district energy system

Abstract Load forecasting is critical for planning and optimizing operations for large energy systems on a dynamic basis. As system complexity increases, the task of developing accurate forecasting models from first principles becomes increasingly impractical. However, for large campuses with many buildings, the large sample size has a smoothing effect on the data so that aggregate trends can be predicted using empirical modeling techniques. The distinguishing features of this work are the large scale of the energy system (a college campus with approximately 70,000 students and employees) and the simultaneous forecasting of heating, cooling, and electrical loads. This work evaluates several different models and discusses each model's ability to accurately forecast hourly loads for a district energy system up to 24 h in advance using weather and time variables (month, hour, and day) as inputs. A NARX (Nonlinear Autoregressive Model with Exogenous Inputs) shows the best fit to data. This time series model uses a neural network with recursion so that measured loads can be used as a reference point for future load predictions. 95% confidence limits are used to quantify the uncertainty of the predictions and the model is validated with measured data and shown to be accurate for a 24 h prediction.
Periconceptional binge drinking and acculturation among pregnant Latinas in New Mexico

Binge drinking during pregnancy might lead to the development of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in the offspring. Latinas are often considered a low-risk group for alcohol abuse, although recent reports indicate that the prevalence of alcohol consumption in this group is increasing due to changing cultural norms. The predictors of alcohol consumption during pregnancy among Latinas are largely unknown. We explored predictors of periconceptional drinking among Latinas (n = 155) recruited into an ongoing cohort study at the University of New Mexico. Women were interviewed by a bilingual trained interviewer about any episodes of binge drinking (≥4 drinks/occasion) a month around their last menstrual period (LMP) and were administered a TWEAK questionnaire. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and reproductive health characteristics were also ascertained. Predictors of binge drinking were identified by Chi-square test and logistic regression in univariate and multivariable analyses, respectively. Backward selection procedure was used to identify covariates that were independently associated with binge drinking in the final model. The mean age of participants was 27.0 ± 5.8 years and 69% were foreign born. In the entire sample, 17.4% of pregnant Latinas admitted at least one binge-drinking episode in the month around their LMP. Results of multivariate analysis indicate that Latinas born in the United States have a much greater risk of binge drinking in the periconceptional period (odds ratio [OR] = 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2, 8.9) compared with foreign-born Latinas. Similarly, Latinas who primarily speak English at home were at much greater risk (OR = 3.6; 95% CI: 1.3, 10.5) compared with primarily Spanish-speaking women. No other variables were identified as significant predictors in multivariable models. Our results indicate that more acculturated Latinas are at much greater risk of binge drinking before conception and in early pregnancy compared with less acculturated Latinas. Culturally sensitive interventions should be developed to address risky alcohol consumption among Latinas of reproductive age.
Synthesis, characterization, thermal study, and crystal structure of a new layered alkaline earth metal sulfonate: Sr[C2H4(SO3)2]

Abstract A rare two-dimensional layered inorganic–organic hybrid material, strontium sulfonate Sr[C2H4(SO3)2] was synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of strontium chloride hexahydrate and ethane disulfonic acid at 160 °C. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was utilized for structural determination. Data showed that the compound, crystallized in the monoclinic system and space group of C2/c. With cell parameters a = 8.3183(7) A, b = 5.4416(5) A and c = 14.9784(13) A. The new material was extensively studied by DRIFT-infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, SEM and powder X-ray diffraction. Results show that the compound is thermally stable.
Screening neuropsychiatry patients by means of the kahn test of symbol arrangement

Psychological diagnosis is sometimes based on clinical judgment. This article illustrates an attempt to make these judgments more objective. It describes a relatively new diagnostic technique in which the scoring is objective and does not require extensive psychological training. It may also save time by being a possible substitute for lengthier test batteries.
Reduced nuclear amplitudes in quantum chromodynamics

We present a new formalism which systematically accounts for nucleon compositeness in nuclear scattering amplitudes, consistent with quantum chromodynamics and covariance. Reduced gauge-invariant nuclear amplitudes are defined which have elementary quantum chromodynamic scaling properties. The procedure is applied to the photodisintegration and electrodisintegration of the deuteron as a test of nuclear chromodynamics and as a method to isolate contributions of dibaryon resonances.
Assessment of sonographic venous peak systolic velocity in detecting hemodialysis arteriovenous graft stenosis

There is no single effective means of assessing arteriovenous access function, although monitoring hemodialysis venous pressure (VP) or measuring access recirculation may be of some benefit. The present study assesses prospectively the efficacy of following the peak systolic velocity (PSV) as a single measure to detect arteriovenous graft (AVG) stenosis. PSV was measured in 12 patients after new AVG placement and at approximately 2-month intervals. Angiography was also performed after new graft placement and when PSV was elevated to greater than 200 cm/sec, hemodialysis access VP increased to greater than 150 mm Hg on three consecutive readings, or access recirculation increased to greater than 11%. PSV was then compared with results from angiography, VP monitoring, and access recirculation. The 12 patients underwent 34 PSV studies, followed by angiography on 25 occasions. Each patient underwent at least one angiogram. Each abnormal PSV value was confirmed with the finding of stenosis on angiogram, except for two patients with PSVs greater than 400 cm/sec and normal angiography results. VP and recirculation were not elevated. During this period, two patients developed thrombosis of the AVG, and two patients underwent angioplasty with improvement in PSV. We conclude that elevations in PSV measured at the venous anastomosis are an effective means of screening for AVG stenosis, AVG stenosis can occur early after AVG placement, and elevated VP and recirculation are late findings in AVG dysfunction.
Wavelength shift in vertical cavity laser arrays on a patterned substrate

The authors demonstrate a spatially chirped emission wavelength in vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The wavelength shift is due to a lateral thickness variation in the Al/sub 0.2/Ga/sub 0.8/As cavity, which is induced by a substrate temperature profile during growth. A 20 nm shift in lasing wavelength is obtained in a VCSEL array.
Challenges in the diagnosis and management of neonatal herpes simplex virus encephalitis.

Research during the past 30 years has transformed our approach to the diagnosis and management of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis.1 Nevertheless, early diagnosis of HSV encephalitis and its long-term management continue to challenge practitioners, primarily because of the paucity of clinical symptoms and laboratory abnormalities associated with early disease.1–5 Fonseca-Aten et al,6 in this issue of Pediatrics , report on an infant who developed symptomatic HSV encephalitis during administration of daily oral acyclovir (ACV) given to “suppress” HSV disease. Elements of this case spotlight issues peculiar to HSV that may assist pediatric practitioners in the timely diagnosis and effective management of neonatal HSV encephalitis.1,5,7–10 Neonatal HSV infections are often categorized into 1 of 3 syndromes: skin-eye-mouth, disseminated, and central nervous system (CNS). However, these disease patterns are not discreet, with encephalitis often due to the extension of skin-eye-mouth or disseminated disease. HSV encephalitis affects the brain cortex or, less commonly, the brainstem.1 HSV replication in the cortex of infants can be clinically unapparent,1–5 because cortical function is not required for most activities of infants. HSV CNS infection can be difficult to diagnose by examination of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), because the meninges may not be significantly inflamed. This is particularly true in the early phases of the illness, during which treatment can have the most impact on reducing long-term neurologic morbidity.1,5,7 Also problematic is that reactivation of HSV in the CNS, which is lytic to the brain parenchyma, may be asymptomatic in infants, with neurologic impairment becoming apparent by 6 to 12 months of age.1,11 The infant reported by Fonseca-Aten et al6 was first diagnosed with encephalitis after seizures at 3 months of … Address correspondence to Lisa M. Frenkel, MD, Departments of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington and Children’s Hospital, 307 Westlake Ave N, Suite 300, Room 330, Seattle, WA 98109. E-mail: lfrenkel{at}u.washington.edu
THE STRENGTH OF JULLIEN'S INDECOMPOSABILITY THEOREM

Jullien's indecomposability theorem states that if a scattered countable linear order is indecomposable, then it is either indecomposable to the left, or indecomposable to the right. The theorem was shown by Montalban to be a theorem of hyperarithmetic analysis. We identify the strength of the theorem relative to standard reverse mathematics markers. We show that it lies strictly between weak choice and comprehension.
Matrix-diagonalization with a programmable calculator

A program, “DIAG”, is described for computing eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a Hermitian matrix, using a Hewlett-Packard HP41C/CV. The algorithm can also he used for other calculators with equivalent memory sizes.
The effect of scale on the response to reform by Chinese state-owned construction units

Abstract Using firm-level data on large and medium state-owned construction units, a production function approach evaluates the effect of scale on the response of Chinese state enterprises to reform. Large state units have greater economies of scale, but are less productive and less input price efficient as investment increases in nonproductive fixed assets. Large unit profits are declining fastest, and a comparison of coastal, interior, and ministry-level units contradicts the hypothesis that competition is the primary source of this decline. Instead, falling profits are explained by the increased autonomy which allows these units to be more inefficient.
Selection of appliances for typical facial fractures

Abstract Appliances have been developed for the reduction of various types of maxillofacial fractures. The cases described illustrate the use of specific appliances in selected maxillary and mandibular fractures.
Psychotherapy of depression research at a crossroads: Directions for the 1990s☆

Abstract After two decades of research into psychological treatment of depression, there is evidence that a variety of psychotherapies are moderately effective in treating the disorder. The success of outcome studies, however, has been mitigated by a failure to uncover significant differences in effectiveness between psychotherapies in reducing depressive symptoms. Cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, and psychodynamic treatments have achieved reasonable success. Two alternative models are discussed which may explain these findings: (a) a homeostatic system model of depression coupled with a specific effects model of psychotherapy, and (b) a common factors model of psychotherapy. Further studies that simply compare treatment outcomes are not likely to clarify the current ambiguities which exist in the literature. The “primary premise” of a therapy is defined in this article as the assertion that a treatment achieves symptomatic remission by alteration of a targeted etiological variable (i.e., through cognition, behavior, etc.). As of yet, the primary premises for psychotherapies of depression have not been proven. Process studies will be needed to delineate the effective elements within therapies. In addition to studying the effects of treatments on target variables, research will need to focus on “meta-variables” which potentiate or depotentiate interventions: therapist skill, patient difficulty, and characteristics of dyadic interaction.
In vivo receptor-mediated phosphorylation of a G protein in Dictyostelium

Extracellular adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) serves multiple roles in Dictyostelium development, acting as a chemoattractant, a cell-cell signaling molecule, and an inducer of differentiation. The Dictyostelium G-protein alpha subunit G alpha 2 appears to be the major transducer linking the surface cAMP receptor to these intracellular responses. On stimulation of cells with cAMP, G alpha 2 is phosphorylated on one or more serine residues, resulting in an alteration of its electrophoretic mobility. Phosphorylation of G alpha 2 is triggered by increased occupancy of the surface cAMP receptor and is rapid and transient, coinciding with the time course of activation of physiological responses.
The Lyric Journey: Poetic Painting in China and Japan

Preface Introduction PART I: IN SOUTHERN SUNG HANGCHOU PART II: IN LATE MING SUCHOU PART III: IN EDO-PERIOD JAPAN Notes Bibliography Glossary Index
The Philippine cockroach genera Pachnepteryx Stål and Pachneblatta Bey-Bienko (Blattellidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae)

Abstract Pachneblatta Bey-Bienko is synonymized with Pachnepteryx Stal. The latter is rediagnosed, three of its four species are redescribed, and a key is given to distinguish them.
Products’ Shared Visual Features Do Not Cancel in Consumer Decisions

Consumers’ product purchase decisions typically involve comparing competing products’ visual features and functional attributes. Companies strive for “product differentiation” [1–5], which makes consumers’ product comparisons fruitful but also sometimes challenging. Psychologists that study decision-making have created models of choice such as the cancellation-and-focus (C&F) model. C&F explains and predicts how people decide between choice alternatives with both shared and unique attributes: the shared attributes are “cancelled” (ignored) while the unique ones have greater weight in decisions. However, this behavior has only been tested with text descriptions of choice alternatives. To be useful to designers, C&F must be tested with product visuals. This study tests C&F under six conditions defined by: the representation mode (text-only, image-only, and image-with-text) and presentation (sequentially, or side-by-side) of choice alternatives. For the products tested, C&F holds for only limited situations. Survey and eye-tracking data suggest different cognitive responses to shared text attributes vs. shared image features: in text-only, an attribute’s repetition cancels its importance in decisions, while in images, repetition of a feature reinforces its importance. Generally, product differences prove to attract more attention than commonalities, demonstrating product differentiation’s importance in forming consumer preferences.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Procedure for a simplified collarless metal-ceramic restoration using gold powder

Summary This technique describes a simple and practical approach to the fabrication of collarless metalceramic restorations. Instead of making a duplicate die from the master die, this technique conserves time by blocking out the undercut using impression modeling compound on the master die. The use of gold powder does not require special equipment and produces a precise porcelain abutted margin on the shoulder. Excluding the labial gold collar from the shoulder enhances the esthetic appearance of the restoration. This approach is effective with gold-based and silver-palladium alloys as materials for the metal-ceramic framework. The marginal fit of 10 collarless metal-ceramic crowns cemented on silver plated dies were evaluated by measuring sectioned specimens with a scanning electron microscope. The average gap at the porcelain butt margin was observed to be 30 to 50 μ (Fig. 10).
ATM controls meiotic double-strand-break formation

In many organisms, developmentally programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs) formed by the SPO11 transesterase initiate meiotic recombination, which promotes pairing and segregation of homologous chromosomes. Because every chromosome must receive a minimum number of DSBs, attention has focused on factors that support DSB formation. However, improperly repaired DSBs can cause meiotic arrest or mutation; thus, having too many DSBs is probably as deleterious as having too few. Only a small fraction of SPO11 protein ever makes a DSB in yeast or mouse and SPO11 and its accessory factors remain abundant long after most DSB formation ceases, implying the existence of mechanisms that restrain SPO11 activity to limit DSB numbers. Here we report that the number of meiotic DSBs in mouse is controlled by ATM, a kinase activated by DNA damage to trigger checkpoint signalling and promote DSB repair. Levels of SPO11-oligonucleotide complexes, by-products of meiotic DSB formation, are elevated at least tenfold in spermatocytes lacking ATM. Moreover, Atm mutation renders SPO11-oligonucleotide levels sensitive to genetic manipulations that modulate SPO11 protein levels. We propose that ATM restrains SPO11 via a negative feedback loop in which kinase activation by DSBs suppresses further DSB formation. Our findings explain previously puzzling phenotypes of Atm-null mice and provide a molecular basis for the gonadal dysgenesis observed in ataxia telangiectasia, the human syndrome caused by ATM deficiency.
An infant bioethical review committee in an urban medical center.

Central Bronx Hospital of the Montefiore Medical Center, as well as at the other affiliated hospitals of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. This interdisciplinary educational program includes physicians, nurses, social workers, bioethicists, psychologists, and hospital administrators; it has met regularly to review morally problematic cases. The initial purpose of this program was not to assist in decision making or even to review decisions, but rather to educate the participants. Through intense discussions we were able to agree on certain principles upon which we believed decisions for
Observations on the production of hydrogen ions during mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue.

Lipolytic hormones of the sympathetic nervous system and pituitary gland activate a hormone-sensitive lipase in the fat cell, with resulting hydrolysis of intracellular triglyceride to glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA). The newly formed FFA are transported from the fat cell as a complex of the ionized acid, RCOO-, with plasma albumin. The fate of the H+ which arise from dissociation of the mobilized FFA has not previously been investigated. In the present study, slices of epididymal or perirenal adipose tissue from rat, hamster or rabbit were incubated in albumin-free or albumin-containing Krebs- Ringer phosphate medium with and without epinephrine or ACTH. In the absence of albumin, FFA produced by lipolysis were not released into the medium but accumulated instead in the aqueous-insoluble, lipid-rich fraction of the tissue, whence they could be extracted in the form of the undissociated acids (RCOOH) by heptane without prior acidification; H+ likewise were not released into albumin-free medium and did...
The pressure and temperature effects on brittle‐to‐ductile transition in PS and PMMA

Abstract : Tensile experiments in polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) conducted at constant strain rate over a wide range of pressure and temperature have shown that a brittle to ductile transition is induced in these amorphous polymers by the superposition of hydrostatic pressure as well as by the raise of the experimental temperature. A detailed stress-strain analysis permits explanation of the mechanism for the brittle to ductile transition in terms of interaction between two competing processes of plastic yielding -- crazing and shear banding phenomena. The crazing and shear banding processes respond quite differently to changes of pressure or temperature. The evidence that the brittle to ductile transition pressure becomes lower with increasing temperature refutes a previously suggested concept that the transition relates primarily to mechanical relaxation phenomena.
Replication of ultraviolet-irradiated simian virus 40 in monkey kidney cells.

Abstract Simian virus 40 (SV40) has been utilized to study the replication of ultravioletdamaged DNA in mammalian cells. Viral DNA replication in infected monkey kidney cells was synchronized using a mutant (tsA-58) temperature-sensitive for initiation of DNA synthesis. The infected cells were then u.v. ‡ -irradiated at 100 J/m 2 to produce approximately seven pyrimidine dimers per viral genome. It appeared that subsequent replication was blocked at the first dimer encountered in one parental strand but that synthesis was not inhibited along the complementary parental strand at the same position in the DNA. On this basis we suggest that the progression of a replication fork is blocked only by dimers on the leading strand side of the fork. The size of the newly synthesized DNA strands, at first equivalent to the interdimer spacing, increased markedly at later times, indicating eventual trans -dimer continuity of daughter strands. The DNA synthesized shortly after irradiation was shown to correspond principally to the origin region fragments produced by the restriction endonuclease Hin dIII. Replication evidently did not rapidly resume beyond the dimers to leave gaps. Dimers were neither excised from parental strands nor exchanged into daughter strands, as judged by analysis of single-strand molecular weights of DNA after treatment with the dimer-specific T4 endonuclease V. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that some inducible function permits eventual trans -dimer synthesis on the leading strand side of the replication fork and the filling of gaps opposite lesions on the lagging strand side.
Learning from Libya, Acting in Syria

The international community has reached an impasse. The violence committed by Syrian President Assad's government against opposition forces, who have been calling for democratic reform, regime change, and expanded rights, has necessitated a response from the international community. This article explores various ways the international community could respond to the crisis in Syria and the consequences of each approach. It compares the current calamity in Syria to the crisis in Libya and examines the international community's response to the violence perpetrated by Qaddafi's regime. It further analyzes reports, primarily from the UN and news sources, about the ongoing predicament in Syria. The article concludes that the international community should proceed with achieving a ceasefire via dialogue but must begin by conveying newly imposed sanctions that affect the Sunni merchant class and thus threaten Assad's grip on power to make that dialogue more effective. World leaders should also identify a Syrian leader who could replace Assad, who must be removed from power because of the crimes against humanity that have been committed by his regime. Western states must accept that they will have to engage peacekeeping forces in the region to aid the transition of power in Syria. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol5/iss2/10 Journal of Strategic Security Volume 5 Issue 2 2012, pp. 81-104 DOI: 10.5038/1944-0472.5.2.5 Journal of Strategic Security (c) 2012 ISSN: 1944-0464 eISSN: 1944-0472 81 Learning from Libya, Acting in Syria Caitlin Alyce Buckley Hudson Institute
Regulation of protein degradation pathways by amino acids and insulin in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs

The rapid gain in lean mass in neonates requires greater rates of protein synthesis than degradation. We previously delineated the molecular mechanisms by which insulin and amino acids, especially leucine, modulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis and how this changes with development. In the current study, we identified mechanisms involved in protein degradation regulation. In experiment 1, 6- and 26-d-old pigs were studied during 1) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic, 2) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-hyperaminoacidemic, and 3) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic clamps for 2 h. In experiment 2, 5-d-old pigs were studied during 1) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic-euleucinemic, 2) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-hypoaminoacidemic-hyperleucinemic, and 3) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic-hyperleucinemic clamps for 24 h. We determined in muscle indices of ubiquitin-proteasome, i.e., atrogin-1 (MAFbx) and muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1) and autophagy-lysosome systems, i.e., unc51-like kinase 1 (UKL1), microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (Lamp-2). For comparison, we measured ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) activation, components of translation initiation. Abundance of atrogin-1, but not MuRF1, was greater in 26- than 6-d-old pigs and was not affected by insulin, amino acids, or leucine. Abundance of ULK1 and LC3 was higher in younger pigs and not affected by treatment. The LC3-II/LC3-I ratio was reduced and ULK1 phosphorylation increased by insulin, amino acids, and leucine. These responses were more profound in younger pigs. Abundance of Lamp-2 was not affected by treatment or development. Abundance of eIF4E, but not rpS6, was higher in 6- than 26-d-old-pigs but unaffected by treatment. Phosphorylation of eIF4E was not affected by treatment, however, insulin, amino acids, and leucine stimulated rpS6 phosphorylation, and the responses decreased with development. The rapid growth of neonatal muscle is in part due to the positive balance between the activation of protein synthesis and degradation signaling. Insulin, amino acids, and, particularly, leucine, act as signals to modulate muscle protein synthesis and degradation in neonates.
Correlation of Compensatory Alignment of the Subtalar Joint to the Progression of Primary Osteoarthritis of the Ankle

BackgroundThe etiology of primary osteoarthritis of the ankle is not well understood. The varus deformity of the ankle and the compensatory function of the subtalar joint are expected to be importa...
Pacemaker runaway following intermittent output failure.

A case with a mixed pattern of pacemaker failure is presented, “Runaway” pacemaker with ventricular capture at 250 beats per minute occurred three days after the development of syncope associated with intermittent loss of pacing artifact. Presumed protection by placement of a temporary pacemaker upon admission was unfounded. This case argues for rapid diagnosis of pacemaker failure, followed by prompt surgical exploration and repair of the pacing system.
The occupational prestige of women immigrants: a comparison of Cubans and Mexicans.

This study analyzes the occupational prestige of women workers born in Cuba and Mexico who were at least 25 years of age at the time of immigration to the US. The empirical results indicate that the process of converting resources (examples age schooling US residence) differ by both sex and nationality with the Mexican males and females being more similar to each other than to Cubans and vice versa. Mexicans have a more favorable conversion of resources into prestige but a lower level of resources. Immigrant women appear to be somewhat more disadvantaged relative to immigrant men than are women workers in general and both groups of women enjoy lower occupational prestige than their male counterparts. Unlike the case of male immigrants US work experience tends to decrease the prestige scores for females. So does southern residence. The pattern of achieving occupational prestige is unique among women immigrants despite nationality differences. The data suggest that the social mobility process for female immigrants differ from the process for males perhaps because of cultural barriers that make entry to pink collar jobs difficult. For instance the widespread segregation of the labor market makes it more difficult for these women than for males to acquire useful information leading to better jobs. Their US experience thus need not be of much value. 2ndly the existing jobs require immigrant women to learn English or other new skills at their own expense or to turn their foreign credentials into those acceptable for the US market. Finally relative concentration in the South may negatively womens occupational prestige more so than mens. Immigrant women are also handicapped by a view of themselves as supplementary earners and are more apprehensive about job market changes due to an unfamiliarity with American customs. Family responsibilities often hinder immigrant womens upward mobility locking them into routine jobs with few avenues for advancement.
Critical Elements of Electron-Bombardment Propulsion for Large Space Systems

Presented are the results of an analysis of some critical elements of electron-bombardment ion propulsion systems for use in the transportation and on-orbit operations of large space systems. Using baseline technology from the ongoing primary propulsion program and other sources, preliminary estimates of the expected characteristics of key system elements such as thrusters and propellant storage systems have been performed. Projections of expected thruster performance on argon are presented based on identified constraints that limit the achievable thrust and/or power density of bombardment thrusters. Some system characteristics are then evaluated as a function of thruster diameter and specific impulse.
A new class of dynamic macrosystem models with self-reproduction.

The author considers a class of macrosystems where the relaxation time of the distribution process of elements is significantly less than the relaxation time of the self-reproduction process. The proposed model of such macrosystems defines the system of differential equations with nonlinearity generated by the solution of a mathematical programming problem with an entropy objective function. Methods for the structural analysis of this model are considered, and applications to demographic modelling, biological dynamics, and chemical kinetics are given.
Is Our Vaccine System at Risk for a Future Financial “Meltdown?”

The 2 articles published in this issue of Pediatrics by Gary Freed and his colleagues document the prices that 76 pediatric and family medicine practices in 5 states (California, Georgia, Michigan, New York, and Texas) pay for vaccines and how much they are reimbursed by health plans for purchasing and administering the vaccines.1 In addition, the authors successfully surveyed 385 pediatricians and 251 family physicians (a 60% response rate) throughout the country to better understand their attitudes about vaccine reimbursement, whether they are having any financial difficulties purchasing vaccines, and whether they are seriously considering no longer providing all vaccines in their practices.2 The findings will be reassuring, as well as disturbing, to the nation's vaccine policy makers. The findings are reassuring in that current reimbursement levels are not an imminent threat to the vaccine-delivery system. Pediatricians remain committed to continuing to immunize their patients; only 5% of the pediatricians responded that they are seriously considering whether to continue to provide all recommended vaccines in their practice. Pediatricians provide the majority of infants and young children with primary care services and immunizations. On the other hand, many of the other findings have disturbing implications. First, the survey reveals that payments throughout the country for immunization services often do not cover the full costs of immunizing children, which has the potential to undermine the vaccine-delivery system in the future. Second, the survey results suggest that access to immunization services in rural areas is already eroding as increasing numbers of family physicians decide not to provide immunizations. One in 5 family physicians were seriously considering whether to stop providing all recommended vaccines to privately insured children. Many family physicians were not purchasing newer, more expensive vaccines such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) and meningococcal conjugate (MCV4) vaccines because of high … Address correspondence to Stephen Berman, MD, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, 13123 E 16th Ave, B032, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail: berman.stephen{at}tchden.org
Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in African elephants

Abstract Male guarding of females, male mating success and female choice were studied for 8 years among a population of African elephants, Loxodonta africana . Males were not able to compete successfully for access to oestrous female until approximately 25 years of age. Males between 25 and 35 years of age obtained matings during early and late oestrus, but rarely in mid-oestrus. Large musth males over 35 years old guarded females in mid-oestrus. Larger, older males ranked above younger, smaller males and the number of females guarded by males increased rapidly late in life. Body size and longevity are considered important factors in determining the lifetime reproductive success of male elephants. Oestrous females exercised choice by soliciting guarding behaviour from musth, but not non-musth males. Females in mid-oestrus gave loud, very low frequency calls that may attract distant males and incite male-male competition. The behaviour of oestrous females resulted in their mating with males who were old, vigorous and healthy.