cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Assessment of Impurities for Genotoxic Potential and Subsequent Control in Drug Substance and Drug Product

The strategies implemented at Eli Lilly and Company to address European Medicines Agency and US Food and Drug Administration requirements governing the control of genotoxic impurities (GTIs) are presented. These strategies were developed to provide understanding with regard to the risk and potential liabilities that could be associated with developmental and marketed compounds. The strategies systematize the assessment of impurities for genotoxic potential, addressing both actual and potential impurities. Timing of activities is designed to minimize impact to development timelines while building a data package sufficient to either discharge the risk of potential GTI formation or support the implementation of a specification necessary for long-term control. This article presents the background associated with GTI control, the types of impurities that should be assessed, and the actions to be taken when an impurity is found to be genotoxic. A systematic approach to define potential degradation products derived from stress-testing studies is outlined with a proposal to perform a genotoxic risk assessment on these impurities. Finally, an Arrhenius-based strategy is proposed for a rapid assessment of the likelihood of potential degradation impurities to form in the commercial drug product formulation. Importantly, this article makes a proposal for discharging the risk of a potential GTI with supporting data.
Intrarenal teratoma occuring in infancy: Report of a case with discussion of extragonadal germ cell tumors in infancy

Abstract A case of an intrarenal teratoma in a 5-mo-old infant has been presented with the pertinent roentgenographic and pathologic features. The lesion was originally diagnosed as a Wilms' tumor and chemotherapy was initiated before pathologic confirmation. Though extremely rare, this tumor must also be considered in the differential diagnosis of an abdominal mass in the first year of life. The kidney represents one of the less common sites of extragonadal germ cell tumors. A review of the literature pertaining to the distribution, clinical, and pathologic features of extragonadal germ cell tumors in infancy is presented.
Hyperhomocysteinemia inhibits post-injury reendothelialization in mice

Objective: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and has been reported to inhibit endothelial cell (EC) growth. Notwithstanding, precisely how HHcy regulates EC growth in vivo remains unknown. In this study, we established a mouse model of endothelial injury and reendothelialization and examined the role and mechanism of HHcy in endothelial repair. Methods and results: A mouse model of carotid artery air-dry endothelium denudation and reendothelialization was established and used to evaluate post-injury endothelial repair in mice with the gene deletion of cystathionine-h-synthase (CBS). Moderate and severe HHcy were induced in CBS +/+ and CBS /+ mice through a high-methionine diet. Post-injury reendothelialization, which correlated with increased postinjury neointima formation, was impaired in severe HHcy mice. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we examined circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in HHcy mice and studied the effect of homocysteine (Hcy) on proliferation, migration, and adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The peripheral EPC population was not significantly altered in HHcy mice. Hcy had a profound inhibitory effect on EC proliferation and migration at physiologically relevant concentrations and inhibited EC adhesion at concentrations of 200 AM and higher. Conclusion: We have established a convenient and accurate mouse model of carotid injury in which the reendothelialization process can be precisely quantified. In addition, we have observed impaired reendothelialization and increased neointimal formation in severe HHcy mice. The capacity of Hcy to inhibit proliferation and migration of EC may be responsible for impaired reendothelialization and contribute to arteriosclerosis in HHcy.
Unlocking the biology of RAGE in diabetic microvascular complications

The discovery of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) set the stage for the elucidation of important mechanisms underpinning diabetic complications. RAGE transduces the signals of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), proinflammatory S100/calgranulins, and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and is a one of a family of receptors for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). These ligand tales weave a theme of vascular perturbation and inflammation linked to the pathogenesis of the chronic complications of diabetes. Once deemed implausible, this concept of inflammatory cues participating in diabetic complications is now supported by a plethora of experimental evidence in the macro- and microvasculature. We review the biology of ligand–RAGE signal transduction and its roles in diabetic microvascular complications, from animal models to human subjects.
Atomistic modeling of crack growth in magnesium single crystal

The analysis of crack growth in magnesium single crystal was performed using molecular dynamics simulation with Embedded Atom Method (EAM) potentials. The twinning process at the crack tip was analyzed. Four specimens with increasing sizes were used to investigate the influences of material length scale on crack growth of magnesium single crystals. Furthermore, the effects of temperature, and the loading strain rate were also verified. The specimens were subjected to uniaxial tension strain up to the total strain level of 0.2 with a constant strain rate. In the simulation of each specimen, the averaged stress strain curve was monitored. The simulation results show that the specimen size, loading strain rate, and temperature strongly influence the peak stress point at which the twin nucleated and subsequently the crack grew. The initial slope of the averaged stress strain curve is independent of the loading strain rate and temperature. Moreover, high temperatures induce increased atomic mobility, and thereby atom reorganization, which, in turn, releases the stress at the crack tip.
Differential expression of calcium/calmodulin-regulated SlSRs in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in tomato fruit

Calcium has been shown to enhance stress tolerance, maintain firmness and reduce decay in fruits. Previously we reported that seven tomato SlSRs encode calcium/calmodulin-regulated proteins, and that their expressions are developmentally regulated during fruit development and ripening, and are also responsive to ethylene. To study their expressions in response to stresses encountered during postharvest handling, tomato fruit at the mature-green stage was subjected to chilling and wounding injuries, infected with Botrytis cinerea and treated with salicylic acid or methyl jasmonate. Gene expression studies revealed that the seven SlSRs differentially respond to different stress signals. SlSR2 was the only gene upregulated by all the treatments. SlSR4 acted as a late pathogen-induced gene; it was upregulated by salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate, but downregulated by cold treatment. SlSR3L was cold- and wound-responsive and was also induced by salicylic acid. SlSR1 and SlSR1L were repressed by cold, wounding and pathogen infection, but were upregulated by salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate. Overall, results of these expression studies indicate that individual SlSRs have distinct roles in responses to the specific stress signals, and SlSRs may act as a coordinator(s) connecting calcium-mediated signaling with other stress signal transduction pathways during fruit ripening and storage.
Detection of right-to-left shunts with an arterial potentiometric electrode.

Saline solution saturated with hydrogen is completely cleared of hydrogen in passing through the normal lung. The presence of dissolved hydrogen, which can be detected with a platinum electrode, in the aorta following the injection of hydrogen saturated solutions into the right heart is therefore diagnostic of a right-to-left shunt. Localization of the shunt is made by a series of injections into the various chambers of the heart. Since the electrode also responds to increased concentrations of sodium ascorbate, this substance can be used as an indicator in itself and as a test to establish the functional ability of the aortic electrode. The sensitivity and speed of the response of the electrode, together with the relative simplicity and inexpensiveness of the procedure, makes the technic readily adaptable to routine diagnostic catheterizations in infants.
Robust iterative image reconstruction for breast CT by use of projection differentiation

Image reconstruction algorithms for breast CT must deal with truncated projections and high noise levels. Recently, we have been investigating a design of iterative image reconstruction algorithms that employ a differentiation filter on the projection data and estimated projections. The extra processing step can potentially reduce the impact of artifacts due to projection truncation in addition to enhancing edges in the reconstructed volumes. The edge enhancement can improve visibility of various tissue structures. Previously, this idea has been incorporated in an approximate solver of the associated optimization problem. In the present work, we present reconstructed volumes with clinical breast CT data, which result from accurate solution of this optmization problem. Furthermore, we employ singular value decomposition (SVD) to help determine filter parameters and to interpret the properties of the reconstructed volumes.
Polymer-single-crystal@nanoparticle nanosandwich for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

We report a novel polymer-single-crystal@gold nanoparticle (PSC@AuNP) nanosandwich (two layers of AuNPs sandwiching one layer of PSC) structure for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). It can be used in the conventional way through solution mixing with analytes or by adopting tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) configuration by directly applying onto a flat or curved substrate for surface detection.
The use of the PPST and intelligence tests in teacher education programs

Thirty-one upper-division students from a midwestern university volunteered to take the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised. Correlations were calculated between the scores on the three intelligence tests and these students’ reading, mathematics, and writing scores from the Pre-Professional Skills Tests. Correlations between PPST Reading and the three correlations between PPST anintelligence tests ranged from .57 to .68; for PPST Mathematics, .40 to .70; and for PPST Writing, .31 to .63. The moderate d the intelligence tests suggest that the scales of the PPST do not measure unique skills and abilities. The PPVT-R appears to be the best screening and verification instrument.
Localization of neurofibromin to keratinocytes and melanocytes in developing rat and human skin.

Pigmentation defects are common in the inherited disease type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1), predicting a role for the NF1 gene product, neurofibromin, in the skin. We used immunohistochemistry to determine the distribution of neurofibromin in normal developing and adult rat skin, normal neonatal and adult human skin, and skin from patients affected with NF1. The distribution of NF1 mRNA in the epidermis was also analyzed by in situ hybridization. NF1 mRNA and neurofibromin are highly enriched in the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis in the embryonic, but not adult, rat and in both neonatal and adult humans. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis confirmed that neurofibromin is associated with the keratinocyte plasma membrane, particularly adjacent to desmosomes. Neurofibromin is also detectable in human melanocytes. Analysis of skin from NF1 patients showed normal neurofibromin expression in nine of ten hyperpigmented cafe-aulait macules and in adjacent unaffected skin. We conclude that 1) neurofibromin expression in the perinatal rat closely parallels expression in the human; 2) reduction in detectable neurofibromin cannot be used to distinguish NF1 and normal human skin; and 3) neurofibromin might function in keratinocytes, as well as melanocytes.
Pitfalls, traps, and webs in ichnology: Traces and trace fossils of an understudied behavioral strategy

Abstract The trapping of prey, where predators use external resources to help capture prey, is a specialized type of feeding behavior that is identified in the trace fossil record only rarely. Trapping traces that have been reported in the literature include spider webs, ant-lion burrows, scorpion pits, cerianthid tube anemone burrows, echiuran worm burrows, polychaete worm (Paraonis) burrows, and deep-sea graphoglyptids burrows. There is uncertainty, however, if all of these examples actually represent traps. Paraonis burrows, for example, have been represented as trapping traces, but there is a question if they actually represent this kind of behavioral strategy. Previous references and new field work indicate that Paraonis likely employs a selective deposit feeding strategy. In the fossil record, most of the known trapping traces are represented by spider webs, which are preserved in amber, and graphoglyptid burrows. Trace fossils that could represent trapping strategies may exhibit some basic morphological attributes, including (1) a conical depression composed of loose sediment; (2) an open pit; (3) a physical snare composed of a sticky substance; and/or (4) adequate spacing between the burrows, pits, or snare material without much overlapping. The interpretation that at least some graphoglyptids (e.g., Spirorhaphe) represent trapping was based on a trapping model for Paraonis, but since Paraonis does not trap prey, the question arises whether graphoglyptids should be considered trapping at all. The variety of graphoglyptid morphologies supports the idea that graphoglyptids were not all doing the same thing. Previously, the ethological category of agrichnia has been applied to graphoglyptids and has been used to denote both trapping and farming behaviors, although the two behaviors display distinctly different feeding strategies. Some graphoglyptids may represent farming traces, while others may represent trapping traces, but it is unlikely that an individual burrow represented both behaviors. The new behavioral category ‘irretichnia’ is proposed here to encompass trapping trace fossils, due to its unique behavioral significance and also to separate trapping from farming.
Differences in Contraceptive Use Across Generations of Migration Among Women of Mexican Origin

Objectives To explore differences in contraceptive use among women of Mexican origin across generations of migration. Methods Logit models were used to assess contraceptive use among 1,830 women of Mexican origin in Cycles 5 (1995) and 6 (2002) of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Analyses were stratified by age. Initial models controlled for survey year and underlying differences across generations of migration in age and parity; subsequent models added a range of potential mediating variables. Models account for significant interactions between generation of migration and parity. Results Among women under age 30 who have not yet had any children, women in their twenties with parity 3 or more, and women 30 or older with parity 1 or 2, those born in the US are much more likely to use contraception than immigrant women. For other levels of parity, there are no significant differences in contraceptive use across generations of migration. Generational differences in marital status, socio-economic status, health insurance coverage, and catholic religiosity did little to mediate the association between generation of migration and contraceptive use. Conclusions Among women of Mexican origin, patterns of contraceptive use among first-generation immigrants and women of generation 1.5 are similar to those of women in Mexico, with very low rates of contraceptive use among young women who have not yet had a child. Further research is needed to investigate the extent to which this pattern is due to fertility preferences, contraceptive access, or concerns about side effects and infertility. Patterns of contraceptive use appear to change more slowly with acculturation than many other factors, such as education, income, and work force participation.
Diego Rivera: Moscow Sketchbook

Diego Rivera made the following sketches during a seven-to-eight-month stay in the Soviet Union between 1927 and 1928. A prominent member of the Partido Comunista de Mexico (Communist Party of Mexico), Rivera traveled to Moscow to participate in the tenth-anniversary celebrations of the 1917 Revolution. Word of Rivera's dedication to muralism as a politically potent art form preceded his arrival, and he quickly became embroiled in debates about Soviet art's ideological aims and physical characteristics. He lectured on monumental painting at the Komakademiia (Communist Academy) and joined the Oktiabr' (October) group, a body of artists—many former Constructivists—working in varied media but united in their rejection of easel painting in favor of works intended for public display and mass audiences. Rivera also received a commission from Anatolli Lunacharsky, the first Soviet Commissar of Enlightenment, for a fresco cycle (ultimately unrealized) at the Red Army's headquarters. As Maria Gough argues in this ...
Emotions in Go/NoGo conflicts

On the basis of current emotion theories and functional and neurophysiological ties between the processing of conflicts and errors on the one hand and errors and emotions on the other hand we predicted that conflicts between prepotent Go responses and occasional NoGo trials in the Go/NoGo task would induce emotions. Skin conductance responses (SCRs), corrugator muscle activity, and startle blink responses were measured in three experiments requiring speeded Go responses intermixed with NoGo trials of different relative probability and in a choice reaction experiment serving as a control. NoGo trials affected several of these emotion-sensitive indicators as SCRs and startle blinks were reduced whereas corrugator activity was prolonged as compared to Go trials. From the pattern of findings we suggest that NoGo conflicts are not aversive. Instead, they appear to be appraised as obstructive for the response goal and as less action relevant than Go trials.
U.S. environmental protection agency's activities to prepare for regulatory and risk assessment applications of genomics information†

Genomics is expected to have significant implications for risk assessment and regulatory decision making. Since 2002, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has undertaken a number of cross-agency activities to further prepare itself to receive, interpret, and apply genomics information for risk assessment and regulatory purposes. These activities include: (1) the issuance of an Interim Genomics Policy on the use of genomics information in risk assessments and decision making, (2) the release of the 2004 Genomics White Paper, which outlines potential applications and implications of genomics for EPA, and (3) the recent release of the external review draft of the Interim Guidance on Microarray-Based Assays, which outlines data submission, quality, analysis, management, and training considerations for such data. This manuscript discusses these activities and more recent follow-up activities with the aim of further communicating these efforts to the broader scientific and stakeholder community.
The effects of age and experience on strain differences for nesting behavior in Mus musculus.

To test the effects of prior experience with nest building, we measured adult mice of three inbred and one outbred stock for 4 days on 7 consecutive weeks. A tendency to increase the amount of cotton used between week 1 and week 2 was no greater than effects of environmental fluctuations from week to week. Strain and sex differences were significant, and inbred-strain rank orders remained constant across time. To study developmental effects, we subjected independent samples of four inbred stocks and one outbred stock at each of six ages to one 4-day test. There was a large increase in nesting between mice 30 and mice 40 days of age, and another increase between 72.5 and 90 days. Strain and sex differences did not change significantly after 40 days of age. Our results show that previous experience should not alter conclusions about genetic influences on nesting behavior, which are fully expressed by 40 days of age.
Introduction: The evolution of psychiatry in the general hospital

Abstract This introductory paper to a special section on current issues in general hospital psychiatry presents a brief history of the development of that field. Discussed are society's past solutions to the problem of psychiatric illness as well as recent developments which have caused the general hospital to emerge as a logical link in the psychiatric health care system.
Visual impairment and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.

Objective:To determine whether impaired visual acuity is associated with dementia and cognitive dysfunction in older adults.
Leveraging web technologies in student support self‐services

The use of Web technologies to connect with and disperse information to prospective and current students can be effective for students as well as efficient for colleges. Early results of the use of such technologies in a statewide system point to high rates of satisfaction among students when information is delivered, provide clues on how various aspects of social media may be tapped to connect with existing and potential students, and offer a road map for effectively serving more students with fewer resources. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future applications for Web-based technologies in multiplying the efforts of good academic counseling techniques to better serve and retain students.
Thymidine-cisplatin vs thymidine-carboplatin interactions in human T-cell acute leukemia.

Abstract Thymidine is shown to sensitize JM human T-cell acute leukemia cells to cisplatin killing in vitro with dose modifying factors of 1.72, 1.62, and 1.76 at 200, 500, and 1000 μg thymidine/ml × 24 h. The magnitude of thymidine-cisplatin sensitization increases with longer thymidine exposures (500 μg/ml) up to 16 h but is not further increased at 24 h. For a 25 h thymidine exposure, enhancement is greater for cisplatin (3 μg/ml × 1 h) starting 12–24 h into the thymidine exposure vs starting at 0–8 h ( p ⩽ 0.0004). Results are precisely the same for simultaneous studies using carboplatin except that (1) thymidine enhances carboplatin cytotoxicity more than cisplatin killing, (2) enhancement of carboplatin killing varies little with the timing of carboplatin administration during a 25 h thymidine exposure. These findings are discussed relative to their clinical applicability.
Bimetallic low thermal-expansion panels of Co-base and silicide-coated Nb-base alloys for high-temperature structural applications

Abstract The fabrication and high temperature performance of low thermal expansion bimetallic lattices composed of Co-base and Nb-base alloys have been investigated. A 2D sheet lattice with a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) lower than the constituent materials of construction was designed for thermal cycling to 1000 °C with the use of elastic–plastic finite element analyses. The low CTE lattice consisted of a continuous network of the Nb-base alloy C-103 with inserts of high CTE Co-base alloy Haynes 188. A new coating approach wherein submicron alumina particles were incorporated into (Nb, Cr, Fe) silicide coatings was employed for oxidation protection of the Nb-base alloy. Thermal gravimetric analysis results indicate that the addition of submicron alumina particles reduced the oxidative mass gain by a factor of four during thermal cycling, increasing lifetime. Bimetallic cells with net expansion of 6 × 10 −6 /°C and 1 × 10 −6 /°C at 1000 °C were demonstrated and their measured thermal expansion characteristics were consistent with analytical models and finite element analysis predictions.
Testing the Role of Myeloid Cell Glucose Flux in Inflammation and Atherosclerosis

Inflammatory activation of myeloid cells is accompanied by increased glycolysis, which is required for the surge in cytokine production. Although in vitro studies suggest that increased macrophage glucose metabolism is sufficient for cytokine induction, the proinflammatory effects of increased myeloid cell glucose flux in vivo and the impact on atherosclerosis, a major complication of diabetes, are unknown. We therefore tested the hypothesis that increased glucose uptake in myeloid cells stimulates cytokine production and atherosclerosis. Overexpression of the glucose transporter GLUT1 in myeloid cells caused increased glycolysis and flux through the pentose phosphate pathway but did not induce cytokines. Moreover, myeloid-cell-specific overexpression of GLUT1 in LDL receptor-deficient mice was ineffective in promoting atherosclerosis. Thus, increased glucose flux is insufficient for inflammatory myeloid cell activation and atherogenesis. If glucose promotes atherosclerosis by increasing cellular glucose flux, myeloid cells do not appear to be the key targets.
Observation of the seismic nucleation phase in the Ridgecrest, California, Earthquake sequence

Near-source observations of five M 3.8-5.2 earthquakes near Ridgecrest, California are consistent with the presence of a seismic nucleation phase. These earthquakes start abruptly, but then slow or stop before rapidly growing again toward their maximum rate of moment release. Deconvolution of instrument and path effects by empirical Green's functions demonstrates that the initial complexity at the start of the earthquake is a source effect. The rapid growth of the P-wave arrival at the start of the seismic nucleation phase supports the conclusion of Mori and Kanamori [1996] that these earthquakes begin without a magnitude-scaled slow initial phase of the type observed by Iio [1992, 1995].
Priming for symmetry detection of three-dimensional figures: Central axes can prime symmetry detection separately from local components

The image properties that are crucial for priming for symmetry perception in three- dimensional line drawings were examined in four experiments. In all experiments, participants first engaged in a study task, in which they determined the left/right facing direction of individual objects. Following the study task, priming (facilitation in accuracy and/or speed of performance) of symmetry judgements was analysed for objects whose image properties were modified at the time of test. The results of the experiments indicated that (a) priming was present even when local components of objects were modified between study and test, so long as the axis of symmetry of the objects was unchanged, and (b) priming was also present even when studied objects had completely different configurations of local components. These results suggest that the symmetric axis of objects can prime symmetry detection separately from local components and their configurations.
A clinical perspective of heart and lung transplantation

Heart, heart-lung, and lung transplantation play important roles in the therapy of certain patients with end-stage heart or lung disease. Complications are similar to other allografts, in many respects, but unique in terms of the degree of arteriopathy developing in heart transplant patients and bronchiolitis obliterans complicating transplanted lungs. Despite these difficulties and some limitations in organ function, recipients of these grafts generally enjoy remarkable rehabilitation.
Dip-Pen Nanolithography of Reactive Alkoxysilanes on Glass

The use of organofunctional silane chemistry is a flexible and general method for immobilizing biomolecules on silicon oxide surfaces, including fabricating DNA, small-molecule, and protein microarrays. The biggest hurdle in employing dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) for extending this general approach to the nanoscopic domain is the tendency of trialkoxy- and trichlorosilanes to rapidly polymerize due to hydrolysis reactions. The control of the local water concentration between the substrate surface and the scanning AFM tip is critical, both to the physical and chemical processes involved in DPN writing and to the ability to form well-defined thin layers of reactive silanes without extensive polymerization induced disorder. We found that we could control the degree of polymerization through careful choice of the alkoxysilane used as the “ink” for DPN and through control of the relative humidity during inking and writing with the coated AFM tip. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrate that areas patterned wi...
Preliminary investigation of protein utilization by an aquatic earthworm in response to sublethal stress.

'Previous studies have illustrated the potential usefulness of monitoring biomo­ lecule levels (total protein, DNA, and RNA) in juvenile fish and invertebrates exposed to sublethal doses of environmental toxicants. Ninety-six hr exposures of five contaminants (benzophenone, ethyl acetate, hexavalent chromium, hy­ drogen cyanide, and p-cresol) to larval fathead minnows yielded measurable alterations in total protein, DNA, and RNA that closely paralleled results from concomitant 28-32 d growth assays (Barron and Adelman 1984). Daph­ nia magna exposed to toxicants in various assays also exhibited changes in protein, RNA, and DNA levels, with the most sensitive responses usually oc­ curring during the rapid growth life stage (McKee and Knowles 1986a, b; Knowles and McKee 1987). These results suggest that the use of biomolecule analyses as indicators of reduced growth in chemically stressed aquatic organ­ isms holds promise. Over the past several years, we have conducted both acute and sub-acute sediment bioassays using endrin-contaminated Great Lakes sediments and the aquatic earthworm Stylodrilus heringianus (Keilty et al. 1988a, b, c). Because growth, or the lack of it (measured as the change in dry worm body weight over an experiment), has proved to be a reliable indicator of sublethal stress, the relationship of total protein to dry body weight was investigated in this prelim­ inary study. Total protein was chosen because it is relatively easy to measure (a spectrophotometer and commercially available protein reagent packages are all that is needed), is a major component of dry weight and is less susceptible to breakdown or interferances during analysis (Barron and Adelman 1984).
Purification and properties of monoamineoxidase.

Abstract Mitochondrial monoamineoxidase from beef liver has been purified twenty-fold. The enzyme was shown to be metal-dependent by using phenanthroline as an inhibitor. The Lineweaver-Burk treatment suggests a non-competitive inhibition. The same procedure applied to phenylcyclopropylamine shows a strictly competitive and irreversible inhibition, and the pH-activity curve suggests further the presence of two monoamineoxidases. The differential action of oxygen and potassium cyanide on iproniazid and phenylcyclopropylamine inhibition of the enzyme has been studied, and the phenylcyclopropylamine inhibition was shown to be independent of oxygen and potassium cyanide. The significance of these experiments is discussed.
Feminism and criminology

In this essay we sketch core elements of feminist thought and demonstrate their relevance for criminology. After reviewing the early feminist critiques of the discipline and the empirical emphases of the 1970s and early 1980s, we appraise current issues and debates in three areas: building theories of gender and crime, controlling men's violence toward women, and gender equality in the criminal justice system. We invite our colleagues to reflect on the androcentrism of the discipline and to appreciate the promise of feminist inquiry for rethinking problems of crime and justice.
Dynamics of extractable organic carbon in Spodosol forest floors

Abstract Transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the forest floor to the mineral soil in Spodosols affects many biogeochemical processes. The nature of the C reservoir in organic soil immediately before leaching, however, is not clear. Extractable organic C may partition between dissolved and undissolved phases, or reside in entrained water prior to leaching. We used laboratory incubations and extractions to test which model more accurately describes the reservoir from which DOC is removed. We also measured the rate at which C enters the extractable reservoir, how that rate changes with time, and the partitioning relationship between this reservoir and bulk solution. In addition, we tested whether the composition of extractable DOC changes with time. Extractable organic C was stored in an adsorbed phase. DOC in a solution of hydrophobic acids isolated from soil solution reduced dissolution of additional DOC by 41–44%. Furthermore, in each extraction, approximately 1 mg DOC remained in the unextracted phase for every 16–29 mg DOC 1−1 in the aqueous phase. This partitioning relationship was not consistent with storage of DOC in entrained water alone. Soil produced 48 μg g−1 h−1 of DOC when extracted repeatedly at 1-h intervals, but only 1 μg g−1 h−1 when extracted at 1-week intervals. Extractable organic C production is fast (230 μg g−1 d−1) within 1 day of the last extraction, and then declines to a constant rate (15 μg g−1 d−1). Hydrophobic acids accounted for 75% of the extracted DOC after a 1-week incubation, but contributed only 50% of the increase in the extractable pool in subsequent weeks. Laboratory incubations and extractions of Oa material provided useful, consistent data for studying the dynamics of DOC removal from soil.
Response of non-Hodgkin lymphoma to radiation therapy: early and long-term assessment with H-1 MR spectroscopic imaging.

PURPOSE: To determine whether proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic imaging is a sensitive technique for defining tumor extent and assessing response of cerebral lymphoma to therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hydrogen-1 MR spectroscopic imaging studies were performed in a patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) before, during, and after radiation therapy and at follow-up at 33 months after diagnosis of the recurrence of disease. The patient had a single, large lesion in the brain and underwent hyperfractionated radiation therapy for 4 weeks. A series of MR images was also obtained. RESULTS: The pretreatment study showed a lesion with a distinct spectral pattern: marked elevation of choline and lipids and great reduction of creatine and N-acetylaspartate. During and after treatment, H-1 MR spectroscopic images depicted a progressive reduction of the abnormal choline and lipid signals. Thirty-three months after treatment, multiple-section H-1 MR spectroscopic images showed normal spectral patterns ...
Of the Soul and Suffering: Mindfulness-Based Interventions and Bereavement

There has been increased interest in, and evidence for, mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) as integrative approaches for a wide variety of psychosocial issues. However, there is very little research on the use of MBIs in bereavement care and only one proposed model existing in the literature. This article presents an overview of the mindfulness-based literature and uses a case study of a bereaved parent to illustrate a mindfulness-based model of bereavement care that is consistent with social work values. Such a model may provide a future direction for care of the bereaved as well as interesting opportunities for further development and research.
Multiple seismogenic processes for high-frequency earthquakes at Katmai National Park, Alaska: Evidence from stress tensor inversions of fault-plane solutions

The volcanological significance of seismicity within Katmai National Park has been debated since the first seismograph was installed in 1963, in part because Katmai seismicity consists almost entirely of high-frequency earthquakes that can be caused by a wide range of processes. I investigate this issue by determining 140 well-constrained first-motion fault-plane solutions for shallow (depth < 9 km) earthquakes occurring between 1995 and 2001 and inverting these solutions for the stress tensor in different regions within the park. Earthquakes removed by several kilometers from the volcanic axis occur in a stress field characterized by horizontally oriented σ1 and σ3 axes, with σ1 rotated slightly (12°) relative to the NUVEL1A subduction vector, indicating that these earthquakes are occurring in response to regional tectonic forces. On the other hand, stress tensors for earthquake clusters beneath several Katmai cluster volcanoes have vertically oriented σ1 axes, indicating that these events are occurring in response to local, not regional, processes. At Martin-Mageik, vertically oriented σ1 is most consistent with failure under edifice loading conditions in conjunction with localized pore pressure increases associated with hydrothermal circulation cells. At Trident-Novarupta, it is consistent with a number of possible models, including occurrence along fractures formed during the 1912 eruption that now serve as horizontal conduits for migrating fluids and/or volatiles from nearby degassing and cooling magma bodies. At Mount Katmai, it is most consistent with continued seismicity along ring-fracture systems created in the 1912 eruption, perhaps enhanced by circulating hydrothermal fluids and/or seepage from the caldera-filling lake. Manuscript received 25 April 2002.
Free Press vs. Free Speech? The Rhetoric of “Civility” in Regard to Anonymous Online Comments

This study explores the issue of “civility” in anonymous comments posted to news media websites. A textual analysis of journalistic essays about the issue and more than 900 audience-member response...
Variability Profiles of Millisecond X-Ray Pulsars: Results of Pseudo-Newtonian Three-dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations

We model the variability profiles of millisecond-period X-ray pulsars. We performed three-dimensional magneto- hydrodynamic simulations of disk accretion to millisecond-period neutron stars with a misaligned magnetic dipole moment, using the pseudo-Newtonian Paczynski-Wiita potential to model general relativistic effects. We found that the shapes of the resulting funnel streams of accreting matter and the hot spots on the surface of the star are quite similar to those for more slowly rotating stars obtained from earlier simulations using the Newtonian potential. The funnel streams and hot spots rotate approximately with the same angular velocity as the star. The spots are bow- shaped (bar-shaped) for small (large) misalignment angles. We found that the matter falling on the star has a higher Mach number when we use the Paczynski-Wiita potential than in the Newtonian case. Having obtained the surface distribution of the emitted flux, we calculated the variability curves of the star, taking into account general rel- ativistic, Doppler, and light-travel time effects. We found that general relativistic effects decrease the pulse frac- tion (flatten the light curve), while Doppler and light-travel time effects increase it and distort the light curve. We also found that the light curves from our hot spots are reproduced reasonably well by spots with a Gaussian flux distribution centered at the magnetic poles. We also calculated the observed image of the star in a few cases and saw that for certain orientations, both the antipodal hot spots are simultaneously visible, as noted by earlier authors. Subject headingg accretion, accretion disks — pulsars: general — X-rays: stars
Bone abnormalities in latent TGF-β binding protein (Ltbp)-3–null mice indicate a role for Ltbp-3 in modulating TGF-β bioavailability

The TGF-βs are multifunctional proteins whose activities are believed to be controlled by interaction with the latent TGF-β binding proteins (LTBPs). In spite of substantial effort, the precise in vivo significance of this interaction remains unknown. To examine the role of the Ltbp-3, we made an Ltbp-3–null mutation in the mouse by gene targeting. Homozygous mutant animals develop cranio-facial malformations by day 10. At 2 mo, there is a pronounced rounding of the cranial vault, extension of the mandible beyond the maxilla, and kyphosis. Histological examination of the skulls from null animals revealed ossification of the synchondroses within 2 wk of birth, in contrast to the wild-type synchondroses, which never ossify. Between 6 and 9 mo of age, mutant animals also develop osteosclerosis and osteoarthritis. The pathological changes of the Ltbp-3–null mice are consistent with perturbed TGF-β signaling in the skull and long bones. These observations give support to the notion that LTBP-3 is important for the control of TGF-β action. Moreover, the results provide the first in vivo indication for a role of LTBP in modulating TGF-β bioavailability.
VNS and depression: current status and future directions

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an established anticonvulsant therapy in treatment-resistant patients with epilepsy. The known anatomical projections of the vagus nerve to many brain regions that have been implicated in mood disorders suggest that VNS may also have useful antidepressant effects. There has been growing interest in the potential application of VNS in the nonpharmacological management of treatment-resistant depression. Results from an open-label study, in which 59 subjects with treatment-resistant depression were treated for 10 weeks with VNS therapy, reported a 31% response rate. In a recent controlled double-blind trial of VNS and depression, short-term treatment for 10 weeks failed to demonstrate statistical improvement over sham treatment. Results from the long-term phase of this trial may be more significant, however published data are awaited.
Overcoming free-riding behavior in peer-to-peer systems

While the fundamental premise of peer-to-peer (P2P) systems is that of voluntary resource sharing among individual peers, there is an inherent tension between individual rationality and collective welfare that threatens the viability of these systems. This paper surveys recent research at the intersection of economics and computer science that targets the design of distributed systems consisting of rational participants with diverse and selfish interests. In particular, we discuss major findings and open questions related to free-riding in P2P systems: factors affecting the degree of free-riding, incentive mechanisms to encourage user cooperation, and challenges in the design of incentive mechanisms for P2P systems.
Some effects of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions on the livability and morphology of bovine spermatozoa.

Summary 1. A study was made of the effects of several hypertonic and hypotonic solutions on livability and morphology of spermatozoa. The freezing point depressions ranged from −0.19° to −1.05° C. 2. The optimum range for spermatozoa survival was –0.44 to −0.61° C. in terms of freezing point depressions or 2.3 to 3.5 per cent in terms of sodium citrate dihydrate concentration. 3. There appeared to be little difference in the spermatozoa head dimensionsin the various hypertonic and hypotonic solutions. Coiled tails were observed in the two strongest hypotonic solutions and in the strongest hypertonic solution.
Schiffer's New Theory of Propositions

ing, and propositions. The latest is his terrific new book The Things We Mean. It is again full of ideas, insights, arguments, expositions, and theories. For us, however, who believe that that-clauses are first and foremost clauses, not referring expressions, and that they thus do not refer to propositions or anything else, The Things We Mean brings home the news that our champion, the author of Remnants of Meaning, has, alas, crossed over to the dark side. Although Schiffer's earlier book defended one of the best versions of the no-reference theory, and brought up many of the issues that need to be addressed to defend such a theory, he now has recanted and switched sides. His new theory holds that propositions do exist after all, and that-clauses do refer to them. However, some of the motivation for the no-reference theory is incorporated into his new theory. In Remnants of Meaning one of the main reasons for rejecting the reference of that-clauses was the apparent impossibility to compositionally assign that-clauses their referents, and thus to give a compositional semantics for natural language. In The Things We Mean Schiffer still finds fault with any way to compositionally determine what things propositions are. But now the conclusion is not that they are not things, but that they are things that are not reducible to certain other things: they are sui generis entities. But they are not just any kind of sui generis entities, they are pleonastic entities. The use of the term "pleonastic" might be slightly confusing, though, since propositions according to the new theory are neither pleonastic in the sense of redundant, nor pleonastic in the sense of the pleonastic 'it', which suggests a no-reference theory. Rather they are pleonastic in a certain technical sense. Simply put, pleonastic entities are the ones that i) can be introduced by something-from-nothing transformations, and ii) the statement that there are such entities doesn't imply anything about other entities that wasn't implied before. The latter is only the spirit of Schiffer's offcial condition, which is spelled out in more detail using the notion of
Elevation of apolipoprotein E in the CSF of cattle affected by BSE

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients suffering from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) display two unique polypeptide chains by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). In the absence of a well-defined ante-mortem diagnostic test for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), spinal fluid samples of eight normal cows and eight cows known to carry BSE by post-mortem histological analysis were investigated to verify if equivalent polypeptides were present. Proteins with similar migration to human CJD polypeptides were not detected. But surprisingly, a cluster of polypeptide spots that was faint or not detected in normal bovine CSF samples was found to be elevated or massively increased in BSE CSF samples (more than 10-fold increase). These elevated polypeptide chains were identified as apolipoprotein E.
Semisimple quotient rings and morita context

Let (U, V; I, J) be a Morita context with the trace ideals I and J, τ a Gabriel topology containing I on R-Mod, and τ′ the corresponding Gabriel topology containing J on S-Mod if τ - d( RU) < ∞ and R is semisimple, simple respectively, then s is semisimple, simple respectively, moreover they are Morita equivalent, where R S are the rings of quotients of R with respect to τ, resp., and of quotients of s with respect of τ′.
Grassroots advocacy in action: successes and opportunities for pediatric nurses.

The Advocate is a forum for exploring our roles as advocates for the children and families we serve.
Retrenchment remains the foundation of business turnaround

In the preceding article, Barker and Mone raised questions about the methodological adequacy of an article that we published in 1992 in this journal. After careful consideration of their ‘replication’ and reassessment of our work, we reached surprising conclusions. First. Barker and Mone failed to accurately represent many major elements of our study. Second, viewed independently, their conclusions can be attributed to unusual and selectively applied operational definitions, disregard for company-specific and industry contexts, and exclusive reliance on secondary data. Nevertheless, their results also add strong support for the emerging theory of a two-stage turnaround process involving retrenchment and recovery, as modeled by Robbins and Pearce (1992).