cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative genomics of defense systems in archaea and bacteria

Our knowledge of prokaryotic defense systems has vastly expanded as the result of comparative genomic analysis, followed by experimental validation. This expansion is both quantitative, including the discovery of diverse new examples of known types of defense systems, such as restriction-modification or toxin-antitoxin systems, and qualitative, including the discovery of fundamentally new defense mechanisms, such as the CRISPR-Cas immunity system. Large-scale statistical analysis reveals that the distribution of different defense systems in bacterial and archaeal taxa is non-uniform, with four groups of organisms distinguishable with respect to the overall abundance and the balance between specific types of defense systems. The genes encoding defense system components in bacterial and archaea typically cluster in defense islands. In addition to genes encoding known defense systems, these islands contain numerous uncharacterized genes, which are candidates for new types of defense systems. The tight association of the genes encoding immunity systems and dormancy- or cell death-inducing defense systems in prokaryotic genomes suggests that these two major types of defense are functionally coupled, providing for effective protection at the population level.
On and Off the Supreme Court Beat: A Content Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of the Supreme Court from 1997-2004

Lacking both an electoral connection and a means of enforcing its rulings, public esteem is arguably more important to the Court’s political health than it is to the democratically accountable branches. Given the importance of public support to the Supreme Court’s political health, and given the importance of the news media in providing information about the Court, what is needed is an analysis of news coverage designed to produce data with relevance for public opinion. I use the literatures of media coverage and the Court and public support and the Court to derive four coding dimensions for newspaper coverage: whether the tone of coverage is positive or negative, if the Court is described in political or apolitical terms, if news coverage focuses on the political implications of Court actions, and if the Court is covered as an institution or as a collection of individuals. I expect to find that coverage of the Supreme Court is apolitical, positive, and portrays the Supreme Court as an institution rather than a collection of individuals. I also expect to find significant differences in beat and non-beat reporting in two dimensions: I expect non-beat reporting to be more critical than beat reporting and I expect non-beat reporting to contain more coverage of the political implications of the Court’s work than non-beat reporting. I find that the Court is indeed covered as an apolitical institution, without differences between reporter types, focus is on the institution rather than individuals, and non-elite reporters focus more on the implications of what the Supreme Court does. I also find that beat coverage is negative, and significantly more negative than non-beat coverage. These findings are robust to stratifications by both type and topic of coverage.
Social support and its implications in older, early-stage breast cancer patients in CALGB 49907 (Alliance A171301)

Background Studies point to a direct association between social support and better cancer outcomes. This study examined whether baseline social support is associated with better survival and fewer chemotherapy-related adverse events in older, early-stage breast cancer patients. Methods This study is a pre-planned secondary analysis of CALGB 49907/Alliance A171301, a randomized trial that compared standard adjuvant chemotherapy versus capecitabine in breast cancer patients 65 years of age or older. A subset reported on the extent of their social support with questionnaires that were completed 6 times over 2 years. Results The median age of this 331-patient cohort was 72 years (range: 65, 90); 179 (55%) were married, and 210 (65%) lived with someone. One hundred forty-five patients (46%) described a social network of 0–10 people; 110 (35%) of 11–25; and 58 (19%) of 26 or more. The Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) social support survey revealed that the median scores (range) for emotional/informational, tangible, positive social interaction, and affectionate social support were 94 (3, 100), 94 (0, 100), 96 (0, 100), and 100 (8, 100), respectively. Social support scores appeared stable over 2 years and higher (more support) than in other cancer settings. No statistically significant associations were observed between social support and survival and adverse events in multivariate analyses. However, married patients had smaller tumors, and those with arthritis reported less social support. Conclusion Although social support did not predict survival and adverse events, the exploratory but plausible inverse associations with larger tumors and arthritis suggest that social support merits further study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delinquent Careers and Criminal Policy: Just Deserts and the Waiver Decision

* * * This article critically examines the prevailing judicial waiver statutes that require juvenile court judges to make individualized determinations as to a youth amenability to treatment and danger to society. It concludes that such decisions cannot be made with an acceptable degree of accuracy using current methods of clinical diagnosis or prediction, and that the broad discretion given judges in making transfer decisions results in inconsistent and discriminatory applications that undermine the fairness and predictability of the process. In light of the expanding research on the development of delinquent careers, it contends that a legislative redefinition of juvenile court jurisdiction that automatically excludes certain youths from the juvenile court on the basis of their present offenses and past records not only identifies more accurately those youth who should be prosecuted as adults, but also increases the fairness, rationality, and predictability of the adulthood determination. It suggests that an application of “just deserts” principles to the juvenile court waiver decision could have salutary consequences for youths, the juvenile and criminal justice systems, and social control.
Transient and dynamic control of a variable speed wind turbine with synchronous generator

In this article, a controller for dynamic and transient control of a variable speed wind turbine with a full-scale converter-connected high-speed synchronous generator is presented. First, the phenomenon of drive train oscillations in wind turbines with full-scale converter-connected generators is discussed. Based on this discussion, a controller is presented that dampens these oscillations without impacting on the power that the wind turbine injects into the grid. Since wind turbines are increasingly demanded to take over power system stabilizing and control tasks, the presented wind turbine design is further enhanced to support the grid in transient grid events. A controller is designed that allows the wind turbine to ride through transient grid faults. Since such faults often cause power system oscillations, another controller is added that enables the turbine to participate in the damping of such oscillations. It is concluded that the controllers presented keep the wind turbine stable under any operating conditions, and that they are capable of adding substantial damping to the power system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transient postnatal fluoxetine decreases brain concentrations of 20-HETE and 15-epi-LXA4, arachidonic acid metabolites in adult mice.

Abstract Background Transient postnatal exposure of rodents to the selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine alters behavior and brain 5-HT neurotransmission during adulthood, and also reduces brain arachidonic (ARA) metabolic consumption and protein level of the ARA metabolizing enzyme, cytochrome P4504A (CYP4A). Hypothesis Brain 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), converted by CYP4A from ARA, will be reduced in adult mice treated transiently and postnatally with fluoxetine. Methods Male mice pups were injected i.p. daily with fluoxetine (10mg/kg) or saline during P4–P21. At P90 their brain was high-energy microwaved and analyzed for 20-HETE and six other ARA metabolites by enzyme immunoassay. Results Postnatal fluoxetine vs . saline significantly decreased brain concentrations of 20-HETE (−70.3%) and 15-epi-lipoxin A4 (−60%) in adult mice, but did not change other eicosanoid concentrations. Conclusions Behavioral changes in adult mice treated postnatally with fluoxetine may be related to reduced brain ARA metabolism involving CYP4A and 20-HETE formation.
Testing the FDA's Mandate for Over-the-Counter Medication Labels

ABSTRACTThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently attempted to improve the safety of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs by creating a regulation aimed at redesigning their labels. One portion of this regulation attempts to improve the legibility of OTC labels by individually specifying certain elements of their design. The FDA's approach looks at the elements of label design as distinct entities that can be isolated and manipulated to improve legibility. Reality does not match the simplicity of this approach. Legibility is the overall goal in a complex system of interrelated elements that come together to create a message. This research challenges the regulation by using an instrument that measures what is truly important: the legibility of the label.
Mail art: networking without technology

Focusing on the mail art movement and its legacy for other forms of networked art, this article looks at how historically, culture has accompanied technological change.The mail art movement provided separate but fertile ground to explore themes of disembodiment in a networked society prior to spread of digital technology. Surfacing in the 1950s and flourishing in the 1970s, at a time when computers and the internet were still largely the domain of military and government control, mail art challenged the threat of technocracy by making available metaphors and the experience of networking. Its goal of social connection inspired other networked arts, which eventually found a place among digital technology users. An unlikely but productive clash between artists and early users aided, validated and expanded the network ethos of early online social groups or 'virtual communities'. This investigation shows how art clears the ground for social practices that technology instantiates.
Pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease: clearance of the virus from the circulation of cattle and goats during experimental viraemia

Viraemia is an important aspect of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, but the mechanisms of entry and removal of virus from the vascular system particularly in natural hosts are poorly understood. The results of this study showed that the clearance of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) from the circulation of cattle and goats followed the general rules for the clearance of inert particulate materials and other viruses from the circulation. High doses of infused FMDV were cleared less efficiently than low doses, probably as a result of a depletion of the reticulo-endothelial system by the higher doses. FMDV was cleared from the circulation of cattle at a considerably slower rate than from the circulation of goats, but in both species significant individual variation in clearance was observed. These results could explain individual as well as species variations relative to the onset and duration of viraemia.
The Cyclopentenone Prostaglandin 15d-PGJ2 Inhibits the NLRP1 and NLRP3 Inflammasomes

Inflammasomes are cytosolic protein complexes that respond to diverse danger signals by activating caspase-1. The sensor components of the inflammasome, often proteins of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain–like receptor (NLR) family, detect stress, danger stimuli, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. We report that the eicosanoid 15-deoxy-Δ12,14–PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2) and related cyclopentenone PGs inhibit caspase-1 activation by the NLR family leucine-rich repeat protein (NLRP)1 and NLRP3 inflammasomes. This inhibition was independent of the well-characterized role of 15d-PGJ2 as a peroxisome proliferator receptor-γ agonist, its activation of NF erythroid 2–related factor 2, or its anti-inflammatory function as an inhibitor of NF-κB. Instead, 15d-PGJ2 prevents the autoproteolytic activation of caspase-1 and the maturation of IL-1β through induction of a cellular state inhibitory to caspase-1 proteolytic function. The eicosanoid does not directly modify or inactivate the caspase-1 enzyme. Rather, inhibition is dependent on de novo protein synthesis. In a mouse peritonitis model of gout, using monosodium urate crystals to activate NLRP3, 15d-PGJ2 caused a significant inhibition of cell recruitment and associated IL-1β release. Furthermore, in a murine anthrax infection model, 15d-PGJ2 reversed anthrax lethal toxin-mediated NLRP1-dependent resistance. The findings reported in this study suggest a novel mechanism for the anti-inflammatory properties of the cyclopentenone PGs through inhibition of caspase-1 and the inflammasome.
Gaps between Adolescent Risk Behaviors and Disclosure during Outpatient Visits

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the gaps between disclosed high-risk behaviors in low-income, mainly Hispanic youth and the identification of these risks by health care providers. Methods. This cross-sectional study included youth 13–19 years old who participated in a study on latent tuberculosis treatment. Youth were interviewed at baseline by bilingual research assistants; the provider visit was assessed by the chart review. Results. Of 221 youth, the majority (96%) were identified as Hispanic, 45% were foreign-born, and 46% were male. A total of 399 risk behaviors were revealed to research staff by the participants; only 24 risk behaviors were revealed to providers. Conclusions. The majority of risk behaviors based on the chart review were neither queried nor disclosed to the physicians. Physicians providing care to adolescents should consider strategies to improve disclosure as a necessary precursor to interventions.
Evolution of Breast-Conserving Therapy for Localized Breast Cancer

foci of invasive carcinoma. The 5-year results for our patients treated between 1968 and 1982 are summarized in Table 1. EICpositive cancers were noted to be more common in premenopausal than postmenopausal patients. “Other” recurrences in Table 1 were predominantly at distant sites, whereas local recurrences were mainly at or near the primary site in the breast. Table 1 indicates that local recurrence was uncommon in patients with EIC-negative cancers and common in patients with EIC-positive cancers. It was interesting to note that EIC-positive cancers were not a biologically more aggressive form of breast cancer; if anything, patients with EIC-positive breast cancer had a lower rate of “other” recurrences than patients with EIC-negative cancers. Patients with EICpositive cancers also did not have a higher rate of contralateralbreast cancer than patients with EIC-negative cancers (data not shown here). This suggested to us that the problem with EICpositive cancers was in the segment of the primary disease. We eventually began to ink and microscopically evaluate the margins of resected breast specimens and encouraged our surgical colleagues to perform re-excisions if the margins were positive. We subsequently found and reported that EIC-positive cancers commonly had considerable residual DCIS on re-excision, whereas EIC-negative cancers uncommonly had considerable residual disease. 2 We also collaborated with Roland Holland, MD, who had performed whole-organ studies of mastectomy specimens in patients with breast cancer, documenting the presence, type, and extent of additional microscopic disease beyond the tumor mass. Together, we found that EIC-positive cancers frequently had extensive additional microscopic disease (mainly DCIS), whereas EIC-negative cancers uncommonly had extensive additional disease. 3 Figure 1 is taken from our 1990 JCO article, which reported
Inhibition of sustained smooth muscle contraction by PKA and PKG preferentially mediated by phosphorylation of RhoA

The role of RhoA in myosin light-chain (MLC)20 dephosphorylation and smooth muscle relaxation by PKA and PKG was examined in freshly dispersed and cultured smooth muscle cells expressing wild-type ...
Vermont’s Blueprint For Medical Homes, Community Health Teams, And Better Health At Lower Cost

written permission from the Publisher. All rights reserved. mechanical, including photocopying or by information storage or retrieval systems, without prior may be reproduced, displayed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or Affairs Health Foundation. As provided by United States copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code), no part of by Project HOPE The People-to-People Health 2011 Bethesda, MD 20814-6133. Copyright © is published monthly by Project HOPE at 7500 Old Georgetown Road, Suite 600, Health Affairs
Thermoelectric Properties of the Cubic Family of Compounds AgPbBiQ3 (Q = S, Se, Te). Very Low Thermal Conductivity Materials

The AgPbBiQ 3 class of compounds and their solid solution members are related to the NaCl structure type, where Ag, Pb and Bi atoms are statistically disordered on the Na site and Q atoms occupy the Cl site. These compounds were synthesized by combining the elements in the appropriate ratio and heating under static vacuum at 900° C for 3 days. They are narrow gap semiconductors with band gaps in the range of 0.6 to 0.28 eV. The charge-transport properties were measured on ingots as a function of temperature. The compounds AgPbBiTe 3 , AgPbBiSe 3 , AgPbBiTe 2.75 Se 0.25 and AgPbBiTe 2 Se, undoped, possess an electrical conductivity in the range of 70 S/cm to 400 S/cm. These materials exhibit negative thermopower ranging from -40 μV/K to -160 μV/K at room temperature and thermal conductivity less than 1.30 W/mK.
Solid solubility of Zn in Si

Abstract The solid solubility of Zn in Si has been extended by nearly two decades to include the temperature range from 800° to 1000°C. The data of the present work near 1050°C are consistent with previously published values of solubility. Freeze-out of carriers in both the 0·55 eV and the 0·31 eV acceptor levels has been observed and employed to obtain the Zn impurity solubility. Measurements of the impurity-compensated resistivity and the concentration of Zn atoms agree well with theoretical predictions based on the charge balance equation and the known double acceptor behavior of Zn in Si.
Training in dogs with normal coronary arteries: lack of effect on collateral development

Study objective – The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of exercise training on coronary collateral development in a normal heart animal model. Design – Dogs with normal hearts were fitted with balloon occluders around the left circumflex coronary artery. Haemodynamic variables and myocardial blood flow (using radioactive microspheres) were measured during 1 min circumflex occlusions at rest and during exercise, before and after a 12 week exercise programme. Resting measurements were also made after 4 weeks. Subjects – Trained subjects were 10 one year old beagles; eight beagles served as sedentary controls. Although measurements were made in all dogs at 4 weeks, four trained and three control animals died during the experiment because of complications, so the data reported at 12 weeks are derived from six trained and five sedentary animals. Except during the few occasions when the left circumflex artery was transiently occluded to allow measurement of collateral flow, all coronary arteries were patent and without impediment to normal flow. Measurements and results – Measurements of haemodynamic variables and coronary blood flow were made at the start and repeated at 4 weeks (resting measurements only) and 12 weeks of exercise training. Initial resting circumflex collateral flow was 0.26(SEM 0.05) cm3·g−1·min−1 in the training group and 0.23(0.03) in the control group (NS). The ratio of ischaemic to normal blood flow was 0.16(0.02) in both groups. At 4 weeks there were no changes in either group. At 12 weeks the ischaemic to normal blood flow ratio had increased in both trained and sedentary dogs to 0.24(0.05) and 0.26(0.06) respectively, but the trend over the 12 week period was not significant. The decline in cardiac output and dramatic increase in left atrial pressure during combined coronary occlusion and exercise were comparable in both groups at weeks 1 and 12. Conclusions – Exercise does not accelerate the development of coronary collaterals in dogs with normal coronary arteries.
Electrical performance of cycloaliphatic epoxy materials and insulators for outdoor use

This paper reports the results of material tracking and erosion tests, and flashover tests of full-scale insulators made from epoxy compounds. Six different formulations, all based on the cycloaliphatic epoxy family, were evaluated as flat slabs and complete insulators rated for 25 kV (line to line) system voltage. In addition, line insulators in the range 11-66 kV, that had been operating satisfactorily for several years in light to heavy contaminated regions in different countries, were evaluated to obtain information on their future expected performance. Material tracking and erosion tests were performed using the standard ASTM D-2303 inclined plane test, and a variation of the same test that was developed in-house. Flashover tests were performed using the IEC Standard 507 "clean-fog" method. Results demonstrate that all material formulations evaluated had adequate tracking and erosion resistance for outdoor use. In addition, the insulators evaluated did not flashover at nominal service voltage (and higher) under a wide range of simulated contamination conditions. The overall good performance of the insulators has been related to material formulation, design and manufacturing of the insulators.
Psychiatric manifestations of olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy and treatment with clozapine

Patients with multiple system atrophy, a neurodegenerative disease entity, have a high incidence of associated mental disturbances such as a mood disorder with or without psychotic features. Treatment of the psychiatric symptoms, without compromising neurological status, is often complicated and unsuccessful. This article describes a patient with olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy and treatment-resistant psychotic depression whose psychiatric symptoms were successfully treated with clozapine without aggravating the neurological disabilities.
The Aurora A F31I polymorphism is not a risk factor for glioblastoma.

Background The Aurora A F31I polymorphism has been linked to increased risk of several human cancers. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant glioma as well as the most frequent adult primary brain tumor. Methods In this case-control study we investigated the association of Aurora A F31I polymorphism with GBM risk. Results A total of 96 histologically confirmed patients with GBM and 93 health individuals were analyzed for the Aurora A F31I single nucleotide polymorphism. The single nucleotide polymorphism data were compared and risks associated with individual genotypes and allelotypes were evaluated in terms of odd ratios. Conclusions The data obtained from this case-control study demonstrates that the Aurora A F31I polymorphism is not a significant risk for GBMs.
UNUSUAL COMPLICATION OF VERTEBRAL ARTERIAL DISSECTION

Introduction Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is a common cause of ischemic stroke in patients younger than 45 yrs of age. VAD is rarely life–threatening but we here present a patient with VAD who developed fatal apnoea. Case Presentation A 70 year old lady with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking and diabetes mellitus presented had been lifting in a cramped attic and developed discomfort across the shoulders 2 days previously. The following day she noticed progressive weakness in all four extremities increasing dyspnoea and increasing pain across the shoulders. On examination she was dyspnoeic and was unable to lie supine because of this. She had left sided miosis, gaze evoked nystagmus. She had quadriparesis with pyramidal type weakness in the legs and reduced arm, reflexes. Her plantars were extensor. She had a sensory level to pin prick at about T10. She had post void bladder retention of >200 ml. The vital capacity was 1.3 litres sitting and 0.7L supine. Two hours after admission the patient was found to be apnoeic. A CT pulmonary angiogram showed no pulmonary emboli. The patient required ventilator support and inotropes but she deteriorated she had dexamethasone, spinal drain inserted to help spinal cord edema and died over 48 hours. MRI of cervical spine showed infarction of the anterior spinal cord from C 2 to T1 which was confluent rostrally and extended into a typical snake eye appearance caudally. The right vertebral artery showed focal narrowing typical of dissection. The brain MRI including medulla were normal. Discussion This patient had subacute onset of cervical cord infarction. The history and MRI findings were in keeping with cervical dissection. The vertebral artery is most vulnerable as it travels in the vertebral foramen and makes a curvature at C1–2 and dissection at this point usually causing cerebellar infarction and lateral medullary syndrome. A spinal cord infarct may occur if the extra–cranial vertebral artery is involved. Intracranial vertebral arterial dissection has a poor prognosis for neurological recovery but are usually not fatal. Extracranial VAD may cause spinal cord infarction but respiratory failure associated with this has only been reported once previously to our knowledge. Cardio–respiratory decompensation is uncommon with any VAD but rarely occurs as a result of progressive ischaemia of the dorsolateral medulla. We found case reports which associates cardiorespiratory arrest with vertebral artery dissection and central apnea related to VAD. In that case a variability in the anatomy of vertebral arteries and origin of anterior spinal artery appears to have been important. Anticoagulation and thrombolysis are generally contraindicated in intracranial dissections because there may be a co–existing sub arachnoid haemorrhage. In extracranial dissection thrombolytics have been used with good effect in individual cases and should be considered in patients with cervical spinal cord infarction related to dissection.
Wing Color Predicts Future Mating Success in Male Monarch Butterflies

Predictors of male monarch butterfly mating success have eluded researchers for years. Although it has long been known that there is variation in male mating success in this species, the source of this variation remains unclear. We used digital image analysis techniques to measure fine-scale variation in three components of the orange color (hue, saturation and brightness of the orange) of the forewings of 174 males at a level of detail that has not been possible until recently, and we compared this information to the mating success of the males in captivity. A second experiment involved addition of orange coloration to the wings of 93 males before mating trials. Our results indicate that one component of the orange color (saturation) correlated with mating success in our first experiment. Furthermore, wing color manipulations had no effect, but the original saturation values of the males in the second experiment were directly related to mating success. Our results provide the first evidence that wing color in monarch butterflies relates to mating success, and they serve as an important starting point for future research.
Open-Field and LPS-Induced Sickness Behavior in Young Chickens: Effects of Embryonic Cocaine and/or Ritanserin

Exposure to drugs of abuse during embryogenesis may adversely affect nervous, immune, and endocrine systems development. We compared exposure on embryonic day 18 (E18) by single or multiple cocaine (COC) injections (56.25 mg/kg total dose for both) or saline on hatching and activity measures. In saline-exposed controls, repeated testing, age, and gender affected activity levels. A single or multiple COC injections increased the median latency to explore and multiple COC injections decreased the median number of lines crossed by female chicks in the open field. We also determined if pretreatment with the serotonin 2 (5-HT 2 ) receptor antagonist ritanserin could attenuate COC's effects on open-field behavior as well as behaviors sensitive to immune system stimulation (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sickness behavior). Eggs containing embryos were pretreated on E17 with 0.4 mg ritanserin/kg or its vehicle followed by multiple COC injections or saline on E18. E18 COC treatment decreased the median number of lines crossed and distress vocalizations in females. Ritanserin pretreatment mitigated the COC induced effects. E18 COC exposure also suppressed LPS-induced sickness behaviors in both males and females, increasing food consumption and the time spent awake and active, as well as decreasing the time spent sleeping. Ritanserin alone had no effect on the food consumed or time spent active, nor did this dose affect COC-induced alterations in sickness behavior. Ritanserin alone decreased time spent sleeping and also failed to affect the COC-induced suppression. Thus, embryonic COC exposure can suppress open field and LPS-induced sickness behavior in the young chick. and ritanserin pretreatment can block the former, but not the latter effects at the dose chosen for these experiments.
Rawls and Ownership: the Forgotten Category of Reproductive Labor

A careful, theoretical clarification of gender roles has only recently begun in social and political philosophy. It is the aim of the following piece to reveal that an analysis of women’s traditional position — her distinctive activities, labour and surrounding sense of ‘mine’ — can not only make valuable contributions towards clarifying traditional property disputes, but may even provide elements for a new conception of ownership. By way of illustration, the article focuses on the influential work of John Rawls and argues that when Rawls’ own analysis and principles of justice are supplemented by an account of what is here called ‘reproductive labor’, his theory in fact tends to a form of democratic socialism. Stated somewhat differently, my aim is to shift the terms of the property debate as posed by Rawls from within his own position. I hope to show that the real ownership question which now emerges is no longer whether ‘justice as fairness’ countenances a private property or socialist form of democracy, but what precise form such a socialism should take.
catena-Poly[[[diaqua(nitrato-&#954;2O,O&#8242;)(2,2&#8242;:6&#8242;,2&#8242;&#8242;-terpyridine-&#954;3N,N&#8242;,N&#8242;&#8242;)ytterbium(III)]-&#956;-cyanido-&#954;2N:C-[dicyanidoplatinum(II)]-&#956;-cyanido-&#954;2C:N] acetonitrile monosolvate]

The title compound, {[PtYb(CN)4(NO3)(C15H11N3)(H2O)2]·CH3CN}n, was isolated from solution as a one-dimensional coordination polymer. The Yb3+ site has ninefold coordination with a distorted tricapped trigonal–prismatic geometry, while the PtII ion is coordinated by four cyanide groups in an almost regular square-planar geometry. cis-Bridging by the tetra­cyanidoplatinate(II) anions links the Yb3+ cations, forming chains. Additionally, each Yb3+ is coordinated by two water mol­ecules, one bidentate nitrate anion, and one tridentate 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine mol­ecule. O—H⋯N hydrogen-bonding inter­actions are found between adjacent chains and help to consolidate the crystal packing. In addition, π–π stacking inter­actions exist between the terpyridine ligand and the two corresponding terpyridine ligands along the adjacent chain (average inter­planar distance = 3.667 A). Moderate Pt⋯Pt inter­actions [3.5033 (4) A] are observed in the structure.
Concept of a Crusade

Mention the word Crusade and depending on who is listening, the word's meaning and cultural impact varies significantly. Specifically, the Medieval Crusades, often traditionally defined by historians as offensive military campaigns waged by Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Muslims are held out as an example of western exploitation of Islam. Much work by authors such as John M. Riddle and Jonathan Riley-Smith has highlighted the historical events but has not considered the possibility these Crusades were defensive actions to counter previous Islamic advances into Christian territories. This paper will first examine the origins of Christianity and Islam, their spread, and the general concept of a Crusade within each faith in an attempt to ascertain the roots of the actions of Christian and Muslim Crusades. There will be an examination of the early Islamic advances into the Christian Levant. The work will assess the 1094 call for help by Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus I to thwart the Seljuk Muslim invaders. The paper will also examine the abhorrent Western European behavior during the Crusades. Finally, in a thoughtful postmortem analysis, the case will made that if the Crusades were not undertaken, Europe and its culture that we know today may not have existed.
Rabies in Terrestrial Animals

Publisher Summary Rabies is the most important viral zoonosis and an occupational hazard to all of those exposed to particular animals, intentionally or accidentally. Preventive public health practices of vaccination, leash restraint, confinement, observation, quarantine relate directly to animals. Pure, potent, safe, and effective rabies vaccines are developed through evaluation in experimental trials in animals. Elimination of the source of rabies in animals is a desirable goal. However, elimination of animal populations as a means to control rabies, because a particular species is a reservoir, is neither achievable nor desirable. In the 21st century, with highly effective methods for the prevention of human rabies, including effective tools for the elimination of rabies in dogs, there is a successful extinction of many unique rabies virus variants. In particular, significant advances are made in the past 25 years in the control and elimination of rabies in major wildlife sources through oral vaccination.
The Overlap between Economic and Cultural Threat: Accepting Racial Minorities in the French National Community

This article examines the willingness of majority individuals in France to accept black minorities in the national community. I use original data from a recent online survey to focus on how acceptance varies according to minorities’ occupations. The standard debate over why majority individuals are more or less likely to accept immigrant-origin minorities focuses on economic and cultural threats. In this article I challenge that juxtaposition by examining how the two concepts may overlap. In particular, I explore how an ostensibly “economic” indicator such as minority occupation may have cultural and symbolic dimensions. I do this by measuring attitudes towards minorities in four occupations: banker, chef, civil service, and winemaker. The results indicate that majority individuals are more likely to accept minorities as part of the French nation as bankers or civil servants than as chefs or winemakers. To account for this variation, there is support for both economic and cultural threat but the relationship with cultural threat is stronger. When majority individuals feel an occupation is more culturally important for French identity they are less likely to accept minorities who are employed in that occupation as part of the national community. I interpret these results as evidence that minority occupation holds important cultural and symbolic content. These findings have numerous implications for our understanding of majority-minority relations and national communities more broadly.
Compact, Wideband Antennas Enabled by Interdigitated Capacitor-Loaded Metasurfaces

In this paper, a class of integrated metasurface (MS)-based planar antennas are proposed, which are fed by monopoles operating below their fundamental modes. Various interdigitated capacitor (IC) loading schemes for a metallic sheet backed MS are investigated, which provide footprint miniaturization and bandwidth enhancement. A linearly polarized (LP) MS-based antenna, loaded by ICs, provides a 15% impedance bandwidth and a gain higher than 6.67 dBi. The radiation mechanism and resonant frequency dependence were revealed via a dispersion analysis, which serves to explain the working principle of the proposed antenna. Next, a miniaturized antenna with doubly loaded ICs was introduced, achieving an impedance bandwidth of 10%, a gain above 6 dBi, and a more than 30% footprint reduction. A more advanced compact, circularly polarized (CP) MS-based antenna with a compact footprint, and improved 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth were also presented, by introducing triangular IC and diagonal slot loadings to the MS. It is demonstrated that this antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth of 16%, a gain above 5.5 dBi, and an AR ${ bandwidth of 10%. Three antenna prototypes were fabricated and measured, with good correspondence between the experimental results and simulation predictions, confirming the proposed design methodologies. These compact and well-performing MS-based antennas have promising potential for applications in modern wideband wireless systems.
The California technology economy: surfing the waves

Recent reports debate California's continued prosperity and suggest that California may be losing its economic leadership. Within California's economy, universities were instrumental in educating a workforce, creating industrial partnerships, and also transferring technology to the public. To continue, California needs to align the traditional concepts of industrial recruitment and labour management policy with the entrepreneurially-driven economic policies that have shaped its longstanding prosperity. California's business climate measured by several metrics is generally viewed as inhospitable; however, evidence suggests that state policy assisted the formation of several strong economic clusters around California's research universities that shaped the state's prosperity.
Decomposing urban sprawl

Urban sprawl has become the catch phrase for everything that is bad about urban growth today—congestion, blight, monotony, endless development, and ecological destruction. Beneath the hoopla, howev...
Comparison of Cortico-Cortical and Cortico-Collicular Signals for the Generation of Saccadic Eye Movements

Many neurons in the frontal eye field (FEF) and lateral intraparietal (LIP) areas of cerebral cortex are active during the visual-motor events preceding the initiation of saccadic eye movements: th...
Dilemmas in professional collaboration with consumers.

The unprecedented shifts in the delivery of behavioral health services have bad an impact on the practice of occupational therapy, as on all health professions. Occupational therapy practitioners with foresight about the exodus from hospital-based practice have been working in the cornmunity fbr many years. However, as the 2 1 st century approaches, all health care providers are required to make yet another paradigm shift directly related to the emerging societal emphasis on personal power, autonomy, seif-direction, and seW-responsibility (1). This ftx:us on autonomy, and the resulting changes in roles and boundaries, is especially seen in psychiatry. The patient is viewed as a competent mdividual and as his or her own agent of change; practitioners are asked to see the patient less as a patient or client and more as a colleague. This column will explore the challenges of the shift as occupational therapy practitioners have confronted them. The hope is that it will stimulate all health care providers to reflect on the need ftr thoughtful, well-reasoned responses to circumstances that may threaten traditional understandings of practice roles and relationships as well as on the meaning of autonomous function, stigma , and empathy.
Entanglement Spectroscopy and its application to the fractional quantum Hall phases

The entanglement spectroscopy, initially introduced by Li and Haldane in the context of the fractional quantum Hall effects, has stimulated an extensive range of studies. The ent anglement spectrum is the spectrum of the reduced density matrix, when we partition the system into two. For many quantum systems, it unveils a unique feature: Computed from the bulk ground state wave function, the entanglement spectrum give access to the physics of edge excitations. In this manuscript, we give an overview of the entanglement spectroscopy. We introduce the basic concepts through the case of the quantum spin chains. We present an extensive rev iew of the entanglement spectra applied to the fractional quantum Hall phases, showing how much information is encoded within the ground state and how different partitions probe different type of excitations. As a practical application of this technique, we discuss how it can discriminate between the different phases that emerge in the strongly interacti ng Chern insulators.
3.01 – The Physics of Strong Bonds

After providing some background information, this chapter will focus on some of the developments in the areas of theoretical studies of models and materials attempting to relate bonding to bulk moduli. The goal is to understand this important property and to suggest possible paths to develop materials with higher bulk moduli.
Semantic Forward Propagation for Symbolic Regression

In recent years, a number of methods have been proposed that attempt to improve the performance of genetic programming by exploiting information about program semantics. One of the most important developments in this area is semantic backpropagation. The key idea of this method is to decompose a program into two parts—a subprogram and a context—and calculate the desired semantics of the subprogram that would make the entire program correct, assuming that the context remains unchanged. In this paper we introduce Forward Propagation Mutation, a novel operator that relies on the opposite assumption—instead of preserving the context, it retains the subprogram and attempts to place it in the semantically right context. We empirically compare the performance of semantic backpropagation and forward propagation operators on a set of symbolic regression benchmarks. The experimental results demonstrate that semantic forward propagation produces smaller programs that achieve significantly higher generalization performance.
Grasp-Based Functional Coupling Between Reach- and Grasp-Related Components of Forelimb Muscle Activity

ABSTRACTHow are appropriate combinations of forelimb muscles selected during reach-to-grasp movements in the presence of neuromotor redundancy and important task-related constraints? The authors tested whether grasp type or target location preferentially influence the selection and synergistic coupling between forelimb muscles during reach-to-grasp movements. Factor analysis applied to 14–20 forelimb electromyograms recorded from monkeys performing reach-to-grasp tasks revealed 4–6 muscle components that showed transport/preshape- or grasp-related features. Weighting coefficients of transport/preshape-related components demonstrated strongest similarities for reaches that shared the same grasp type rather than the same target location. Scaling coefficients of transport/preshape- and grasp-related components showed invariant temporal coupling. Thus, grasp type influenced strongly both transport/preshape- and grasp-related muscle components, giving rise to grasp-based functional coupling between forelimb mu...
A Randomized Trial of Valacyclovir Versus Valganciclovir To Prevent CMV Reactivation in Patients with CLL Receiving Alemtuzumab.

Abstract Alemtuzumab is an effective treatment for patients with CLL, but is an immunosuppressive antibody that depletes normal T-cells as well as B-cells. Prophylaxis for HSV and PCP is standard with this agent. About 25% of patients will experience CMV reactivation, manifested by fever and antigenemia. We conducted a randomized trial wherein patients being treated with an Alemtuzumab-containing regimen received either prophylaxis with valacyclovir 500 mg po daily, or valganciclovir 450 mg po b.i.d. CMV antigen was monitored every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. The study design planned to enroll 128 patients, but stopping rules for early termination were met. Forty-six patients were entered, six were inevaluable. Median age was 58 years (range 25–83); median number of prior therapies was 2 (0–10). Diagnoses included CLL (29), T-PLL (3), HCL (1), ATLL (1), marginal zone leukemia (1), LGL leukemia (2), ALL (1), T-cell lymphoma (2). Of patients with active CLL (some received treatment for MRD), Rai stage was I–II = 13, III–IV = 10. Patients received varying Alemtuzumab-containing regimens including single agent (5), or combined with: Rituximab (2), Pentostatin (6), FCR (23), or Hyper-CVAD (4). Seven of 20 patients enrolled on the valacyclovir arm experienced symptomatic CMV reactivation with the number of CMV antigen containing cells ranging from 19–651. None of the 20 patients randomized to valganciclovir experienced symptomatic CMV reactivation (p=0.004). One patient receiving valganciclovir had 6 CMV antigen + cells at 2 weeks but was asymptomatic and continued on prophylaxis; repeat testing at 4 weeks showed 0 Ag + cells. Given the heterogeneity of regimens and the frequency of myelosuppression expected, it is uncertain as to whether valganciclovir increased the incidence of myelosuppression. In conclusion, this agent was highly effective for prophylaxis of CMV in patients receiving Alemtuzumab. Further studies may address whether the use of this antibiotic with single-agent Alemtuzumab increases the incidence of myelosuppression and whether a lower dose of valganciclovir (450 mg daily) would be as effective in prophylaxis.
119. Engineering a Self-Inactivating CRISPR System for AAV Vectors

Significant strides in nuclease engineering have enabled a broad range of biomedical applications. However, numerous challenges remain, and in particular the long term expression mediated by AAV delivery of nuclease-encoding constructs to post-mitotic cells raises concerns with specificity and immunogenicity. That is, off-target nuclease activity can induce genotoxicity, and expression of an exogenous nuclease has the potential to elicit an immune response against transduced cells. Thus, it would be advantageous to limit the duration of nuclease expression following delivery.We have engineered self-inactivating nuclease constructs using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which consist of a Cas9 nuclease such as that from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9), a chimeric single guide RNA (sgRNA) molecule for targeting, and flanking sites targeted by that sgRNA. For example, we modified an SpCas9/sgRNA construct targeted at the VEGFA locus by introducing copies of the target site flanking the nuclease construct. The result is a negative feedback loop where Cas9 cuts both the target genomic locus and its own coding construct and thereby self-limits its expression. We demonstrate that this construct can eliminate >90% of its expression within 72 hours, and tuning of different parameters enables retention of up to 65% on-target efficiency and reduction of off target-cutting by up to 80%. We further show that by engineering the flanking target sites to contain mismatches to the sgRNA, the Cas9 expression duration can be modulated and the on-target/off-target cutting ratios improved.By retaining strong activity while minimizing off-target effects and by eliminating potentially immunogenic, long-term expression of foreign protein, these self-inactivating constructs have the potential to address two substantial concerns with therapeutic application of engineered nucleases.