cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol Induces Functional and Structural Plasticity in Dopamine D1 Receptor‐Expressing Neurons of the Dorsomedial Striatum

Background Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is a leading cause of hyperactivity in children. Excitation of dopamine D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) of the dorsomedial striatum (DMS), a brain region that controls voluntary behavior, is known to induce hyperactivity in mice. We therefore hypothesized that PAE-linked hyperactivity was due to persistently altered glutamatergic activity in DMS D1-MSNs. Methods Female Ai14 tdTomato reporter mice were given access to alcohol in an intermittent access, 2-bottle choice paradigm before pregnancy, and following mating with male D1-Cre mice, through the pregnancy period, and until postnatal day (P) 10. Locomotor activity was tested in juvenile (P21) and adult (P133) offspring, and alcohol-conditioned place preference (CPP) was measured in adult offspring. Glutamatergic activity in DMS D1-MSNs of adult PAE and control mice was measured by slice electrophysiology, followed by measurements of dendritic morphology. Results Our voluntary maternal alcohol consumption model resulted in increased locomotor activity in juvenile PAE mice, and this hyperactivity was maintained into adulthood. Furthermore, PAE resulted in a higher alcohol-induced CPP in adult offspring. Glutamatergic activity onto DMS D1-MSNs was also enhanced by PAE. Finally, PAE increased dendritic complexity in DMS D1-MSNs in adult offspring. Conclusions Our model of PAE does result in persistent hyperactivity in offspring. In adult PAE offspring, hyperactivity is accompanied by potentiated glutamatergic strength and afferent connectivity in DMS D1-MSNs, an outcome that is also consistent with the observed increase in alcohol preference in PAE offspring. Consequently, a PAE-sensitive circuit, centered within the D1-MSN, may be linked to behavioral outcomes of PAE.
Sleep during titration predicts continuous positive airway pressure compliance.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Poor compliance with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been identified as a significant obstacle in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. While previous studies have focused on diagnostic screening variables, side effects, health beliefs, and measures of disease severity, investigators have generally ignored sleep parameters assessed during CPAP titration as predictors of compliance. As the titration night represents patients' initial exposure to nocturnal CPAP treatment, we hypothesized that nocturnal polysomnographic (PSG) variables, representing improved sleep at this time, would predict higher subsequent compliance. DESIGN Prospective analyses of a sequential case series were undertaken using nocturnal PSG variables during titration as early predictors of CPAP compliance. SETTING Accredited sleep center. PATIENTS Seventy-one patients with sleep apnea, aged 31-78 years, with a mean respiratory disturbance index of 62.0 +/- 32.2. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Compliance was calculated as mean hours per night of CPAP use over the initial follow-up period (mean 46.9 days). Standard PSG variables and subjective reports of sleep were used as predictive variables in multivariate analyses. Mean objective compliance was 5.04 hours per night +/- 2.59. Consistent with our hypothesis, the best predictor of compliance was change in sleep efficiency (SE) from diagnostic to titration night [F (1,66) = 17.31, p < .000 (r = .48)], indicating that patients whose sleep improved most on the titration night had the highest levels of compliance. This relationship was also significant after controlling for measures of disease severity obtained during the diagnostic testing night. Importantly, individuals whose sleep improved on the CPAP titration night had nightly compliance rates of approximately 2 hours greater than patients whose sleep did not improve during titration. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that patients' initial experience with CPAP treatment and, in particular, the degree of improvement in sleep during CPAP titration may be crucial factors in determining their subsequent use of this treatment modality.
Medical evaluations of asylum seekers.

Health workers can provide important medical documentation for individuals who are seeking political asylum in the United States. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Resilience and Personality Disorders in Older Age

This entire volume is dedicated to understanding what is meant by the concept of resilience and how it applies to old age. This chapter focuses on that group of older adults who have struggled with life all their life and who are especially poorly equipped to meet the challenges of aging. They are in many ways the antithesis of resilient individuals. They are addressed in the clinical literature as having a personality disorder.
Reoperation following strabismus surgery among Medicare beneficiaries: Associations with geographic region, academic affiliation, surgeon volume, and adjustable suture technique

Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine the associations of strabismus surgery reoperation rates in a large national database of provider payments with geographic region, practice type and volume, and the availability of adjustable suture technique. Methods: Fee-for-service payments to providers for medicare beneficiaries having strabismus surgery between 2012 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed to identify reoperations in the same calendar year. The adjustable-suture technique was considered to be available to the patient if the patient's surgeon billed for adjustable sutures. Predictors of reoperation in the same calendar year were determined by multivariable logistic regression. Results: Availability of the adjustable suture technique was not associated with reoperation rate in multivariable analysis among 5971 patients having horizontal muscle surgery (odds ratio, [OR] 0.86, P = 0.29), 2840 patients having vertical muscle surgery (OR 0.98, P = 0.93), or 1199 patients having surgery with scarring or restriction (OR 0.86, P = 0.61). For horizontal surgery, the reoperation rate was higher in academic practices (OR 1.67), as compared with community practices, and in the South (OR 2.85) and West (OR 1.92, all P
Fracture parameter determination for the orthotropic interface crack with friction

Abstract Many important engineering problems involve cracks at bimaterial interfaces. Some examples of these problems include crack propagation and delamination at composite ply interfaces, the fracture of adhesively bonded joints, the analysis of test specimens to determine fracture properties, the interfacial failure of rock and concrete, and others. Herein, an approach that combines local analytical with global numerical solutions for the analysis of the frictional interface crack is proposed and demonstrated. The method allows the determination of near-tip stresses and stress intensity factors of complex structures with a moderate computational effort and requires no special finite element codes or elements. As an illustration, an infinite plate with a central bimaterial crack under a combination of shear and compressive loads is considered. Results have been presented for a variety of isotropic and orthotropic material combinations and coefficients of friction, and comparisons with available results in the literature show very close agreement. Overall, the method provides a practical way to analyze a variety of engineering structures with frictional interfacial cracks including isotropic and orthotropic materials.
The Impact of Compaction and Sand Migration on Permeability and Non-Darcy Coefficient from Pore-Scale Simulations

Compaction and sand migration are important problems in loosely consolidated and unconsolidated high-rate gas reservoirs, and proppants in the hydraulic fractures. Their impacts on permeability and non-Darcy flow are important for accurate estimation of well productivity. In this paper, we quantified changes in flow parameters due to simulated compaction and sand migration for computer-generated sphere packing and presented the results in the context of correlations for permeability and non-Darcy coefficient that can be used in reservoir simulations. Compaction effects were simulated by increasing grain diameter in a sphere packing. Permeability and non-Darcy coefficients were calculated using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Findings indicated that the permeability decrease was not directional for compaction simulated by simple grain growth and the change in permeability could be estimated from the porosity change with a power-law relation with an exponent equal to 3.28. An analogous power-law relation between non-Darcy coefficient and permeability was found with the exponent equal to − 1.32. For reservoirs that undergo these compaction-like processes during production, estimation of the inertial effects from traditional correlations developed as a function of permeability and porosity may lead to underestimation of the inertial effects. Sand migration causes pore-throat plugging, which leads to significant permeability reduction. We simulated sand particle-plugged pore-throat locations from network simulations for different values of pore volume reduction, and the corresponding permeability and non-Darcy coefficients were calculated from LBM. It was found that permeability change from sand plugging was directional; permeability decrease in the flow direction was approximately double the other directions. A power-law relation between permeability and porosity could be used to estimate the permeability with a much larger exponent: approximately 10 in the flow direction in the range of plugging studied in this work. Because porosity reduction can depend on other factors besides pore-throat plugging (e.g., compaction or pore surface deposition), a correlation was developed to estimate permeability dependence on the pore-throat sand concentration. Even though permeability change was directional, the permeability and non-Darcy coefficient trends collapsed onto a single power-law relation. The exponent on a power-law relation was greater in magnitude (approximately − 1.84) compared to compaction.
Sensory Processing and Maladaptive Behavior: Profiles within the Down Syndrome Phenotype: Applying Findings to Practice.

Since Ayres (1969) first introduced the theory of sensory integration, occupational therapists have understood and appreciated the role that sensation plays in daily life activities. Sensory proces...
Framework for rapid prediction of fire-induced heat flux on concrete tunnel liners with curved ceilings

Abstract Recent vehicular fires in concrete-lined tunnels have demonstrated the vulnerability of the liner to heat-induced spalling and cracking damage. To evaluate the structural fire resistance of either existing or newly designed tunnel structures, there is a need for fast-running tools that can accurately predict the distribution and severity of fire-induced heat exposure over the interior surface of the liner. This study proposes an analytical prediction framework which is more realistic than current design fire curves and yet less computationally intensive than high-fidelity numerical solutions. The Confined Discretized Solid Flame (CDSF) model is proposed for calculating the spatial contour of total heat flux imparted to the tunnel liner due to an enclosed fire. The CDSF computation includes both radiation heat transfer via a 3D discretized solid flame and a convective region representing the ceiling jet of smoke and hot gas. CDSF heat flux results show strong agreement with experimentally validated computational models at a fraction of the computational cost over a matrix of four large vehicle fire sizes and three tunnel prototypes with curved ceilings (i.e. horseshoe or circular cross-sections). The fast-running CDSF approach is conducive to parametric thermal analysis and stochastic damage evaluation for concrete tunnel liners exposed to fire.
Linking human-building interactions in shared offices with personality traits

Abstract Occupant behavior influences office building energy performance. The level of human-building interactions (HBIs) in shared offices strongly influences building energy use and occupant well-being. This study explored the link between occupant personality types and their behaviors of sharing energy and environment control systems and interactions with their colleagues. Inspired by the Five-Factor Model (FFM), we classified HBI behaviors into four dimensions: willingness to share control, knowledge of control, group decision behavior, and adaptive strategies. These four variables can be mapped to the four personality traits proposed by the FFM: agreeableness, openness, extraversion, and conscientiousness. Our cluster analysis identified six behavioral patterns: average (17.7%), reserved (15.3%), environmentally friendly (16.6%), role model (24.2%), self-centered (17.2%), and mechanist (9.0%). We further applied association rules, a widely utilized machine learning technique, to discover how demographics, building-related contextual factors, and perception-attitudinal factors influence HBI behaviors. Country, control feature accessibility, and group dynamics were found to be the three most influential factors that determine occupants’ HBI behaviors. The study provides insights about building design and operation, as well as policy to promote socially and environmentally desirable HBI behaviors in a shared office environment.
Enhancing Physical Layer Security Using Underlay Full-Duplex Relay-Aided D2D Communications

This paper investigates physical layer security and data transmission in cellular networks with inband underlay Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, where there is no direct links between D2D users. We propose the use of full-duplex (FD) transmission and dual antenna selection at the relay node. Thanks to the FD transmission, the relay node can simultaneously act as a jammer to enhance the cellular network secrecy performance, while improving the D2D communication data transmission. This describes a practical attractive scheme, where spectrum sharing is beneficial for both the D2D and cellular networks in terms of throughput enhancement and security provisioning, respectively. We analyze the secrecy performance of the cellular network and derive closed-form expressions for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the probability of non-zero secrecy capacity. We also derive a closed-form expression of the D2D outage probability. Furthermore, asymptotic analysis for SOP is performed. Simulation and numerical results are provided to verify the efficiency of the proposed scheme and to validate the accuracy of the derived expressions.
Midazolam determination by gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry.

Midazolam is determined in serum by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-selective detector, by liquid chromatography, and by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. Comparable results are obtained with the three techniques with a within-run precision of 9% by gas chromatography and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry and 5% by liquid chromatography. Between-run precision is 13% by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry and 10% by liquid chromatography. Comparison of patient's sera by gas chromatography (x), liquid chromatography (y), and by gas chromatography (x), gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (y) gave correlations of 0.98 and 0.89, respectively. Interferences observed when using one technique, for example liquid chromatography, can be eliminated by analyzing the sample extract with one of the other techniques.
A Search for Radio Emission from Supernovae with Ages from about 1 Week to More than 80 Years

We report Very Large Array radio observations of 29 supernovae (SNe) with ages ranging from 10 days to about 90 yr past explosion. These observations significantly contribute to the existing data pool on such objects. Included are detections of known radio SNe 1950B, 1957D, 1970G, and 1983N, the suspected radio SN 1923A, and the possible radio SN 1961V. None of the remaining 23 observations resulted in detections, providing further evidence to support the observed trend that most SNe are not detectable radio emitters. To investigate the apparent lack of radio emission from the SNe reported here, we have followed standard practice and used Chevalier's standard model to derive (upper limits to) the mass-loss rates for the supernova progenitors. These upper limits to the fluxes are consistent with a lack of circumstellar material needed to provide detectable radio emission for SNe at these ages and distances. Comparison of the radio luminosities of these supernovae as a function of age past explosion to other well-observed radio SNe indicates that the Type II SNe upper limits are more consistent with the extrapolated light curves of SN 1980K than of SN 1979C, suggesting that SN 1980K may be a more typical radio emitter than SN 1979C. For completeness, we have included an appendix where the results of analyses of the non-SN radio sources are presented. Where possible, we make (tentative) identifications of these sources using various methods.
Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease in Florida Is Associated With Disruption of Host–Zooxanthellae Physiology

Samples from eight species of corals (Colpophyllia natans, Dendrogyra cylindrus, Diploria labyrinthiformis, Meandrina meandrites, Montastraea cavernosa, Orbicella faveolata, Pseudodiploria strigosa, and Siderastrea siderea) that exhibited gross clinical signs of acute, subacute, or chronic tissue loss attributed to stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) were collected from the Florida Reef Tract during 2016–2018 and examined histopathologically. The hallmark microscopic lesion seen in all eight species was focal to multifocal lytic necrosis (LN) originating in the gastrodermis of the basal body wall (BBW) and extending to the calicodermis, with more advanced lesions involving the surface body wall. This was accompanied by other degenerative changes in host cells such as mucocyte hypertrophy, degradation and fragmentation of gastrodermal architecture, and disintegration of the mesoglea. Zooxanthellae manifested various changes including necrosis (cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia, pyknosis); peripheral nuclear chromatin condensation; cytoplasmic vacuolation accompanied by deformation, swelling, or atrophy; swollen accumulation bodies; prominent pyrenoids; and degraded chloroplasts. Polyhedral intracytoplasmic eosinophilic periodic acid–Schiff-positive crystalline inclusion bodies (~1–10 µm in length) were seen only in M. cavernosa and P. strigosa BBW gastrodermis in or adjacent to active lesions and some unaffected areas (without surface lesions) of diseased colonies. Coccoidlike or coccobacilloidlike structures (Gram-neutral) reminiscent of microorganisms were occasionally associated with LN lesions or seen in apparently healthy tissue of diseased colonies along with various parasites and other bacteria all considered likely secondary colonizers. Of the 82 samples showing gross lesions of SCTLD, 71 (87%) were confirmed histologically to have LN. Collectively, pathology indicates that SCTLD is the result of a disruption of host–symbiont physiology with lesions originating in the BBW leading to detachment and sloughing of tissues from the skeleton. Future investigations could focus on identifying the cause and pathogenesis of this process.
Attendance of adult males at maternity roosts of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus)

Adult male big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) sometimes occur within maternity roosts. We investigated male attendance at big brown bat maternity roosts in a Colorado study area that shows a pattern of sexual segregation by elevation. We tested multiple predictions of three nonmutually exclusive hypotheses to explain male attendance patterns: 1) sex-specific differences in energetic strategies of males and females are maintained at the lower elevation; 2) natal philopatry of inexperienced young males accounts for most attendants; 3) males gain a reproductive advantage for late summer mating at maternity roosts. We tested predictions based on captures of bats at emergence, automated monitoring of annual, seasonal, and daily roost attendance by known-age bats tagged with passive integrated transponders, and anatomical evidence for mating. Findings were most consistent with the first two hypotheses. Adult males accounted for just 3.1% of 8,192 captures of bats at 285 evening emergences from 46 roosts during 2001–2005. Daily attendance rates of males during each active season (0.10 detections/day at age 1 year and 0.20 detections/day at ≥ 2 years old) were lower than in females (0.34 at age 1 year and 0.45 at ≥ 2 years old). Only 92 of 299 males tagged as volant juveniles were detected as adults at five maternity roosts monitored 2002–2005, far fewer than female returns in every age category. We detected known-age adult males almost exclusively at their natal roosts and most males that returned (91 of 92) in years after tagging as juveniles were first detected as 1-year-olds; 20 of 21 individuals that returned at 2–4 years of age were previously detected as 1-year-olds. One-year-old males were re-encountered at annual rates 5–16 times higher than 2- to 4-year-old males, and 1-year-old males and females had lower daily attendance rates than older bats. The male reproductive advantage hypothesis was not well supported. None of 80 females examined in late summer had evidence of insemination, and not all males showed distended scrota. Daily attendance rates of tagged adult males (n = 155) and females (n = 788) were lowest during late summer, suggesting that little reproductive advantage was accrued by males utilizing maternity roosts. Attendance of male big brown bats at maternity roosts at our study area is consistent with the sex-specific energetic strategies and natal philopatry hypotheses, and mating probably occurs at higher elevation autumn roosts and hibernacula.
Recognizing Frontline Locals

In 2018 Psychologists for Social Responsibility initiated The Andreina Blua Acknowledgment Award for Frontline Neighbors11 Andreina Blua Committee: Mary Fabri, Lori Markuson, Ericka Mingo, Bradley ...
Electroanalysis of Enzyme Activity in Small Biological Samples: Alkaline Phosphatase.

The discovery of sulfite-stabilized anodic current of hydroquinone (HQ) at high pH was used to develop two new methods for measuring the activity of the key biomarker alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Both approaches relied on the monitoring of ALP-triggered release of HQ from a substrate hydroquinone diphosphate (HQDP) into a pH 10.00 solution. One detected the released HQ via the internally calibrated electrochemical continuous enzyme assay (ICECEA) at a glassy carbon (GC) electrode with no sample incubation. The other used sample incubation with HQDP and quantified the released HQ via a coulometric assay at a commercial glucose test strip (GTS). The assay solution was optimized by investigating the ALP/HQDP/HQ system at a GC electrode. The ICECEA revealed high affinity of ALP for HQDP (Kmapp, 87 μM; Vmax, 0.36 μM min-1) and detected ALP down to 0.022 U L-1. At GTS, ALP was detected down to 0.064 U L-1 in a 1 μL sample of human serum after a 20 min incubation at room temperature. The linear range (R2, 0.994) extended at least up to 1.7 U L-1 ALP, which covered more than the clinical range for ALP in serum. The interferences from the sample matrix including those from indigenous glucose were eliminated using a charge difference ΔQ (=Qtotal - Qsample matrix) as a signal for ALP. Both advances proposed here are direct (no auxiliary enzymes or labels required), accurate (98 ± 3% ALP signal recovery), and precise (relative standard deviation (RSD), <7%). The HQDP-GTS-based assay advances the analysis of ALP activity in microsized real-life samples.
Ethical Practice in the Forensic Sciences—An Introduction

It is always difficult to function at the intersection of two disciplines, in this case, science and law. Science reaches tentative conclusions ever subject to change in the advent of the discovery of new data. The law would like definite conclusions in order to make definitive decisions, sometimes with literally life and death implications, necessitating opinions having “reasonable scientific certainty.” However, there can be pressure to express unwarranted certainty not necessarily justified by the scientific evidence. In gray cases it may be tempting to give an opinion for the side doing the hiring or there can be subtle or not so subtle pressure to do so, especially if it involves pleasing an employer or could result in substantial sums of money for the “right” opinion.
Unbefestigte Seitenstreifen: Portugals langer Weg nach Europa

Dieser Aufsatz skizziert aus ethnologischer Sicht die Zweideutigkeit der Europaisierung, und zwar am Beispiel Portugals: Europaisierung im Sinne von Portugals Annaherung an und Integration in Europa, aber auch Europaisierung im Sinne von Portugals Einfluss auf Europa. Die Agrarpolitik und insbesondere die in Portugal beobachtbare Schaffung von durch die EU geforderten Eukalyptus-Plantagen dienen als eines der Beispiele, an denen die Chancen, aber auch die Gefahren der Europaisierung deutlich werden: die Kunst besteht darin, ihr Potential zu nutzen, ohne ihr Opfer zu werden.
A Move Towards A More Sustained Competitive Institution: Using theories of Structure and Change

Many technical and vocational colleges have gone through a number of transformations in its structure and functions as a result of increased competition, increased Government pressures to stay within its mandate as technical vocational institutions, and to become more sustainable. The Porter’s Five Forces will be used to determine the extent of the institutions level of competitiveness and sustained competitive advantage. Results of the study show that the threats to new entrants, threats to substitute products, suppliers bargaining power, and buyers bargaining power were all statistically significant predictors of the level of competitiveness among the technical and vocational colleges. However, the log of the odds of the institutions maintaining sustained competitive advantage was negatively related to threats to suppliers bargaining power, as these technical and vocational colleges were .389 times less likely to maintain sustained competitive advantage, being 95% confident that the population value of the odds ratio lies between [CI]0.157 and 1.009.
A titration procedure for the determination of oxide in basic n-butylpyridinium chloride

Abstract A procedure for the determination of oxide in n-butylpyridinium chloride-aluminum chloride, a basic chloroaluminate, room temperature molten salt, is reported. The procedure is based on the fact that Ti(IV) exists in two forms, a chlorocomplex, and an oxychlorocomplex, which are in slow equilibrium, and may be indicated as TiCl62−+AlOCl2−TiOCl42−+AlCl4− The reduction of each Ti(IV) species to Ti(III) is diffusion controlled as determined by normal pulse voltammetry. The normal pulse voltammetric determination of both Ti(IV) species, followed by appropriate graphical analysis, permits the determination of oxide and the equilibrium constant for the reaction written above. The determination of oxide added as Li2CO3, as well as the oxide impurity present in the melt, is described.
A collaborative study of in vivo cytogenetic analysis. I. Interpretation of slide preparations.

Abstract A collaborative study was conducted to determine the validity and reproducibility of an in vivo cytogenetic technique, which consisted of examining bone marrow cells from rats for chromosome abnormalities. Four laboratories participated: government, industry, a contract laboratory and an academic institution. The rats were treated and sacrificed, and slides were prepared in the laboratories of the Food and Drug Administration with all of the collaborators participating. Three dose levels of the unknown test compound (p,′p-DDT), a positive control compound (trimethylphosphate), or the solvent control (corn oil) were given either ip or po and as either a single treatment or daily for 5 days. The rats were sacrificed at 18, 24 or 48 hr after the single treatment or at 6 hr after the last of the multiple treatments. Results showed that agreement between laboratories was close for the criterion of breaks, and even closer for the categories of rearrangement figures and cells with more than 10 aberrations. The number of aberrations per cell appears to be the most accurate, since this criterion showed the closest agreement between laboratories at the various time intervals.
FROM BIAS TO BISEXUAL HEALTH DISPARITIES: ATTITUDES TOWARD BISEXUAL MEN AND WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES.

Abstract Purpose: A newly emergent literature suggests that bisexual men and women face profound health disparities in comparison to both heterosexual and homosexual individuals. Additionally, bisexual individuals often experience prejudice, stigma, and discrimination from both gay/lesbian and straight communities, termed “biphobia.” However, only limited research exists that empirically tests the extent and predictors of this double discrimination. The Bisexualities: Indiana Attitudes Scale (BIAS) was developed to test associations between biphobia and sexual identity. Methods: Using standard techniques, we developed and administered a scale to a purposive online sample of adults from a wide range of social networking websites. We conducted exploratory factor analysis to refine scales assessing attitudes toward bisexual men and bisexual women, respectively. Using generalized linear modeling, we assessed relationships between BIAS scores and sexual identity, adjusting for covariates. Results: Two separate...
Using knowledge-based evolutionary computation to solve nonlinear constraint optimization problems: a cultural algorithm approach

The key idea behind cultural algorithms is to acquire problem solving knowledge (beliefs) from the evolving population and in return apply that knowledge to guide the search (R.G. Reynolds et al., 1993; 1996), In solving nonlinear constraint optimization problems, the key problem is how to represent and store the knowledge about the constraints. Previously, Chung (Chan-Jin Chung and R.G. Reynolds, 1996; 1998) used cultural algorithms to solve unconstraint optimization problems. Use was made of interval schemata proposed by L.J. Eshelman and J.D. Schaffer (1992) to represent global knowledge about the independent problem parameters. However, in constraint optimization, the problem intervals generally must be modified dependently. In order to solve constraint optimization problems, we need to extend the interval representation to allow for the representation of constraints. We define an n-dimensional regional based schema, called belief cell, which can provide an explicit mechanism to support the acquisition, storage and integration of knowledge about the constraints. In a cultural algorithm framework, the belief space can "contain" a set of these schemata, each of them can be used to guide the search of the evolving population, i.e. these kind of region based schemata can be used to guide the optimization search in a direct way by pruning the unfeasible regions and promoting the promising regions. We compared the results of 4 CA configurations that manipulate these schemata for an example problem.
The Laboratory Course in Psychology: I. Methods Employed for Ranking Stimuli

Resume Dans cette investigation le methode d'ordre de merite, celle de comparaisons mises en paires, et celle d'evaluation graphique ont ete comparees l'une avec l'autre dans la determination de la valeur affective des couleurs, et les deux dernieres methodes ont ete comparees dans la determination de la valeur affective des intervalles musicaux. Dans ces situations experimentales les trois methodes ont donne des resultats approximativement equivalents. La technique de l'evaluation graphique a une assez bonne constance quand on l'emploie pour estimer la valeur affective des couleurs, et une tres bonne constance dans le jugement de la valeur affective des intervalles musicaux. Les constances des autres methodes ont ete bonnes dans les deux situations experimentales.
Optimal and efficient parallel tridiagonal solvers using direct methods

The problem of solving tridiagonal linear systems on parallel distributed-memory environments is considered in this paper. In particular, two common direct methods for solving such systems are considered: odd-even cyclic reduction and prefix summing. For each method, a variety of lower bounds on execution time for solving tridiagonal linear systems are presented. Specifically, lower bounds are presented that (a) hold when the number of data items per processor is bounded, (b) are general lower bounds, and (c) for specific data layouts commonly used in designing parallel algorithms to solve tridiagonal linear systems. Furthermore, algorithms are presented that have running times within a constant factor of the lower bounds provided. Lastly, a comparison of bounds for odd-even cyclic reduction and prefix summing is given.
Splendid One-Dimensional Nanostructures of Zinc Oxide: A New Nanomaterial Family for Nanotechnology

Zinc oxide is a unique material that exhibits exceptional semiconducting, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric properties. Nanostructures of ZnO are equally as important as carbon nanotubes and silicon nanowires for nanotechnology and have great potential applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, sensors, field emission, light-emitting diodes, photocatalysis, nanogenerators, and nanopiezotronics. Fundamental understanding about the growth of ZnO nanowires is of critical importance for controlling their size, composition, structure, and corresponding physical and chemical properties. The papers by She et al. and Ito et al. in this issue describe the controlled growth and field-emission properties of individual nanostructures, respectively. These studies provide new approaches and insight into the controlled growth and electrical properties of ZnO nanostructures.
Perceptions of and reactions to leader toxicity: Do leader-follower relationships and identification with victim matter?☆

Abstract This experimental study examined the influence of leader–follower relationships (i.e., LMX) and target salience on perceptions of leader toxicity and intentions to challenge the leader. There are no studies that evaluate the effect of leader–follower relationships on these two variables. Participants (n = 298) with work experience viewed a video of a leader acting in a destructive manner toward a target. As predicted, LMX out-group participants perceived the leader to be toxic to a greater extent than participants with favored status, and indicated greater intent to challenge the leader. With regard to target salience, the results also showed that observers perceived the leader to be toxic to a greater extent when the leader was targeting someone in their LMX grouping, but there were no significant differences in challenging intentions based on the target's LMX status. Implications for leaders, followers, and organizations are discussed.
Quinolinate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture

The central neurotoxicity of the endogenous tryptophan metabolite, quinolinate, has been postulated to participate in the pathogenesis of the neuronal cell loss associated with several neurological disease states. In the present study, quinolinate neurotoxicity was quantitatively studied in dissociated cell cultures prepared from the fetal mouse neocortex. Sufficient exposure of cortical cultures to quinolinate was associated with considerable neuronal cell loss, but no glial cell loss; this neurotoxicity could be blocked by 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate and kynurenate, drugs known to block N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. The quinolinate dose-toxicity relationship showed that the potency of quinolinate as a neurotoxin is relatively low, especially with brief (20 min) exposure times, where an Ed50 of 2 mM was observed. However, with longer exposure times of 24 and 96 h, quinolinate is more potent: the latter exposure was characterized by an ED50 of 250–400 μM. Ion substitution experiments suggested that quinolinate neurotoxicity can be separated into two distinct components on the basis of differences in time course and ionic dependence: an acute, sodium-dependent “excitotoxic” component, marked by early cell swelling; and a late, calcium-dependent component, marked by delayed cell degeneration. Acute neuronal swelling was seen only with exposure to quinolinate concentrations in excess of 1 mM, so under actual pathophysiological conditions, quinolinate neuro-toxicity might be nearly completely related to the calcium-dependent component, with little or no “excitotoxic” contribution.
Communicating science in politicized environments

Many members of the scientific community attempt to convey information to policymakers and the public. Much of this information is ignored or misinterpreted. This article describes why these outcomes occur and how science communicators can achieve better outcomes. The article focuses on two challenges associated with communicating scientific information to such audiences. One challenge is that people have less capacity to pay attention to scientific presentations than many communicators anticipate. A second challenge is that people in politicized environments often make different choices about whom to believe than do people in other settings. Together, these challenges cause policymakers and the public to be less responsive to scientific information than many communicators desire. Research on attention and source credibility can help science communicators better adapt to these challenges. Attention research clarifies when, and to what type of stimuli, people do (and do not) pay attention. Source credibility research clarifies the conditions under which an audience will believe scientists’ descriptions of phenomena rather than the descriptions of less-valid sources. Such research can help communicators stay true to their science while making their findings more memorable and more believable to more audiences.
Coordinated dynamic control of marketing and production

We study the dynamic profit maximization problem for a firm exercising control on both marketing and production. The firm's marketing effort impacts the current-period demand, which in turn affects future demand in a dissipating fashion. Under linear-cost and zero-leadtime assumptions, we show that the firm should follow base-point rules for both marketing and production, whereas trends of the base points reflect a certain complementarity between marketing and production. We obtain comparable results when marketing costs are convex. Our computational study identifies conditions under which simple fixed-marketing-effort and fixed-marketing-target heuristics would perform well. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 56: 348-365, 2009
RearingGlypta fumiferanae [Hym.: Ichneumonidae] on a multivoltine laboratory colony of the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentilis) [Lep.: Tortricidae]

Methods were developed for rearingGlypta fumiferanae Viereck on a nondiapausing laboratory colony of the western spruce budworm,Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman. Both host and parasite are univoltine and undergo diapause in nature. In this study, the parasite's voltinism was synchronized with that of a nondiapausing host.G. fumiferanae mated readily in the laboratory, and 5 consecutive generations were reared with an average generation time of less than 8 weeks-much less than the 23 weeks needed for 1 generation to develop in the field. Developmental times are reported, and some aspects of behavior described.
Flight Dynamics of Flexible Aircraft with Aeroelastic and Inertial Force Interactions

This paper presents an integrated flight dynamic modeling method for flexible aircraft that captures coupled physics effects due to inertial forces, aeroelasticity, and propulsive forces that are normally present in flight. The present approach formulates the coupled flight dynamics using a structural dynamic modeling method that describes the elasticity of a flexible, twisted, swept wing using an equivalent beam-rod model. The structural dynamic model allows for three types of wing elastic motion: flapwise bending, chordwise bending, and torsion. Inertial force coupling with the wing elasticity is formulated to account for aircraft acceleration. The structural deflections create an effective aeroelastic angle of attack that affects the rigid-body motion of flexible aircraft. The aeroelastic effect contributes to aerodynamic damping forces that can influence aerodynamic stability. For wing-mounted engines, wing flexibility can cause the propulsive forces and moments to couple with the wing elastic motion. The integrated flight dynamics for a flexible aircraft are formulated by including generalized coordinate variables associated with the aeroelastic-propulsive forces and moments in the standard state-space form for six degree-of-freedom flight dynamics. A computational structural model for a generic transport aircraft has been created. The eigenvalue analysis is performed to compute aeroelastic frequencies and aerodynamic damping. The results will be used to construct an integrated flight dynamic model of a flexible generic transport aircraft.
Grain Growth Stagnation Caused by the Grain Boundary Roughening Transition

Molecular dynamics simulations of bicrystals show that grain boundaries undergo a thermal roughening transition, and the grain boundary mobility increases abruptly when the boundary roughens. The roughening transition temperature varies widely from boundary to boundary, ranging from less than 0.4 to more than 0.9 of the melting temperature. Thus, at typical annealing temperatures we expect polycrystals to contain both smooth (slow) and rough (fast) boundaries, with the fraction of each type varying with temperature.
Polynomial response scaling and functional measurement

Abstract A general polynomial transformation for the dependent variable is given for various cases of the general linear model such that selected sources of variance such as interactions or configuralities are reduced or eliminated. Application to response scaling in functional measurement theory is discussed and illustrated.
Determination of Formaldehyde by the Chromotropic Acid Method in the Presence of Oxides of Nitrogen

Abstract The chromotropic acid method for formaldehyde is widely used in air pollution studies. During an investigation of incinerator performance, long-term samples frequently produced yellow-brown colors with the reagent rather than the red-purple given with formaldehyde alone. The major interferences have been shown to be oxides of nitrogen found in solution from the air samples as nitrate or nitrite ions. Attempts were made to reduce interference by various procedures. The final method employs absorption in bisulfite solution to form the aldehyde-bisulfite complex and prevent formation of nitrates, followed by heating to remove the volatile components. The sample is then reacted with chromotropic acid and determined according to the usual procedure. The effect of various concentrations of oxides of nitrogen is shown.
Abstract 3419: Frequency and function of ERBB3 mutations in bladder cancer

Deregulation of the HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases has been widely implicated in cancer initiation and progression. Activating mutations or gene amplification of EGFR and ERBB2 (HER2) are frequently found in non-small cell lung, breast, colorectal, glioblastoma and head and neck cancers. However, little is known regarding the prevalence or functionality of genomic alterations in the ERBB3 (HER3) isoform. Although ERBB3 has limited inherent kinase activity, ligand stimulation promotes its dimerization with active kinases like ERBB2 and EGFR that can phosphorylate ERBB3 which then promotes transformation. Thus genomic alterations in ERBB3 may be a key means of promoting oncogenic signaling despite the protein lacking robust enzymatic activity. We performed a meta-analysis of 40 cross-cancer next generation sequencing and copy number genomics data sets newly generated by our group (bladder) or found in recently published repositories (The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Broad, Genentech, Sanger, etc). Analogous to the singular 2013 publication on ERBB3 mutations to date, we found frequent mutations in ERBB3 in gastric tumors (∼11%). Preliminary analysis of our novel and expanding cohort of 109 high-grade bladder cancer tumors suggests that ERBB3 mutations are equally frequent in bladder cancer (∼10-12%). Collectively, EGFR, ERBB2 and ERBB3 alterations were found in 23-30% of all high-grade bladder cancers, typically in a mutually exclusive pattern suggesting that these may be driver events. ERBB3 mutations were distributed across all structural domains of the protein. We identified more than 15 novel ERBB3 mutations in our bladder cohort, including hotspot mutations in the extracellular domain (V104L/M, D297Y, others) that were recurrent across multiple cancers types. Stable retroviral overexpression of ERBB3 mutants into NIH-3T3 cells induced phosphorylation of ERBB3, activation of downstream signaling cascades and soft agar colony formation, all which were enhanced in the presence of neuregulin and inhibited by the dual EGFR/ERBB2 kinase inhibitor, neratinib, and a monoclonal antibody to ERBB3, AMG-888/U3-1287. These data highlight a large cohort of bladder cancer patients with novel, activating mutations in the tractable kinase ERBB3, that could potentially benefit from approved EGFR/ERBB2 targeted therapeutics in the clinic and novel ERBB3 therapeutics in early clinical trials. Citation Format: Aphrothiti J. Hanrahan, John P. Sfakianos, Ricardo Ramirez, Phillip H. Kim, Gopa Iyer, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, Sasinya N. Scott, Dean F. Bajorin, Bernard H. Bochner, Jonathan A. Coleman, Jonathan E. Rosenberg, Michael F. Berger, Sarat Chandarlapaty, David B. Solit. Frequency and function of ERBB3 mutations in bladder cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3419. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3419
Compactifying coverings of 3-manifolds

If a finitely presented groupG is negatively curved, automatic or asynchronously automatic thenG has an asynchronously bounded “almost prefix closed” combing. Results in [Br1] and [E] imply that the fundamental group of any closed 3-manifold satisfying Thurston's geometrization conjecture has an asynchronously bounded, almost prefix closed combing.
Coupling Electrophoresis with Ultrafiltration for Improved Processing of Plasma Proteins

Abstract The feasibility of coupling electrophoresis with ultrafiltration (electroultrafil-tration) in order to increase the flux and improve the selectivity of the ultrafiltration process was demonstrated experimentally for protein solutions. An electric field controlled the build-up of retained proteins at the membrane surface. Electroultrafiltration fluxes were 3 to 5 times greater than normal ultrafiltration fluxes. Retention and separation factors were also higher. The effects of important process variables were studied.
Aromatic-dependent Salmonella as anti-bacterial vaccines and as presenters of heterologous antigens or of DNA encoding them

The development of live bacterial vaccines is reviewed, in particular aromatic-dependent Salmonella, either for protection against the corresponding infections (including typhoid fever) or as carrier-presenter of antigens of unrelated pathogens or of DNA specifying them. Aromatic-dependent Salmonella live vaccines are also compared with BCG and Ty21a and the recent records of exceptional situations are discussed in which aroA (deletion) strains of Salmonella typhimurium cause progressive disease in mice.