cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and Reproduction of the Foxglove Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Invasive Swallow-Worts (Vincetoxicum spp.)

The foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach), recently was documented using the invasive species pale and black swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar. and V. nigrum (L.) Moench, respectively) as host plants. Because these are new host plant records for this polyphagous species, we investigated foxglove aphid development and reproduction on pale and black swallow-wort relative to a known crop host, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), at a 25:20°C thermophase and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Almost no such data have been previously reported for a noneconomic host plant. Larval development and survival, as well as adult reproductive development and fecundity, were similar between the two swallow-wort species and potato. Adult aphids lived significantly longer on pale swallow-wort than the other two host plants, but this extended longevity encompassed the postreproductive stage. Foxglove aphid population parameters were therefore similar among the three plant species as well as most previous reports on crop plants. Pale and black swallow-wort appear to be suitable secondary hosts for foxglove aphid; other factors possibly limit aphid abundance on these two plant species in the field.
The status of CdS/Cu 2 S solar cell development

A photovoltaic effect in the junction between Cu 2 S and CdS was reported almost twenty-five years ago. Subsequent efforts to develop a CdS/Cu 2 S solar cell, first for space applications and then for terrestrial purposes, were generally unsuccessful. The major problems were low conversion efficiency, poor production reproducibility and limited cell durability. A cell development program based on a loss minimization technique has now resulted in major advances in each of these three areas. Energy conversion efficiencies of about 9% have been achieved and the condition governing long usable lifetimes defined. The limiting achievable efficiency for a CdS/Cu 2 S cell is above 10% and a modified cell using (CdZn)S/Cu 2 S should be capable of about 15% efficiency.
A stationary circular hydraulic jump, the limits of its existence and its gasdynamic analogue

We propose a theory of a steady circular hydraulic jump based on the shallowwater model obtained from the depth-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The flow structure both upstream and downstream of the jump is determined by considering the flow over a plate of finite radius. The radius of the jump is found using the farfield conditions together with the jump conditions that include the effects of surface tension. We show that a steady circular hydraulic jump does not exist if the surface tension is above a certain critical value. The solution of the problem provides a basis for the hydrodynamic stability analysis of the hydraulic jump. An analogy between the hydraulic jump and a detonation wave is pointed out. A hydraulic jump is a phenomenon familiar to everyone – when a water jet from a kitchen tap strikes a horizontal plate, an almost circular ring forms some distance away from the jet impact point. The ring is characterized by a sudden jump in the water depth. The basic problem in the theory of the hydraulic jump is the determination of the jump radius. In this paper we propose a theory for the jump radius that is based on the analysis of the shallow-water equations both upstream and downstream of the jump, paying particular attention to the flow downstream which has not been treated satisfactorily in previous work (see Tani 1949; Watson 1964; Bohr, Dimon & Putkaradze 1993; Bush & Aristoff 2003). We show here that the downstream boundary condition provides a necessary closure that yields a unique unambiguous solution for the jump radius. We also point out an analogy between the hydraulic jump and a detonation wave, that is a shock wave sustained by the energy released in chemical reactions occurring immediately behind the shock. The analogy stems from a simple observation that both the hydraulic jump and a detonation wave represent shock waves that connect supercritical (supersonic in a detonation wave) flows upstream with subcritical (subsonic in detonations) flows downstream. Just as the jump radius is a principal unknown in the theory of the hydraulic jump, the detonation speed is a principal unknown in detonation theory. The detonation speed is determined by the sonic state downstream of the shock and similarly we demonstrate here that the hydraulic jump radius is also determined by the critical flow condition downstream of the jump. Note that the analogy between a hydraulic jump and a gasdynamic shock wave is well known (see Gilmore, Plesset & Crossley 1950; Stoker 1957; Kate, Das & Chakraborty 2007), but to our knowledge, the analogy we describe here has not been proposed before. The hydraulic jump has a remarkable history of investigations that starts with the work of Rayleigh (1914), who developed a theory of the jump assuming an inviscid
Modulation of the immunosuppressive activity of CKS-17, a synthetic retroviral envelope peptide, by muramyl dipeptide.

ABSTRACT CKS-17, a heptadecapeptide corresponding to a region highly conserved in retroviral transmembrane proteins is known to be immunosuppressive both in vitro and in vivo when conjugated to a c...
Advanced CMOS reliability challenges

This work reviews transistors of advanced CMOS process nodes from a reliability perspective and covers some of the important challenges and solutions. Physical mechanisms for various modes are investigated for 65nm to 22nm nodes with focus on disruptive changes such as HK/MG and Tri-gate/FinFET. The importance of modeling non-idealities and variation is also emphasized, and projections are made for scaling to sub-20nm with comparisons to existing research.
The cometary atmosphere and its interaction with the solar wind

The present state of knowledge of cometary atmospheres and their interaction with the solar winds is assessed. Current models of the magnetospheres and ionospheres of comets are based on either an atmospheric chemistry approach, minimizing the effects of atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics, while the other method takes the exact opposite viewpoint and roles and significance are reversed. A major difficulty in completing the models is a lack of data on the chemical composition of the cometary nucleus, although UV observations have revealed the H, C, O, and S elemental abundance ratios. It is suggested that further studies of collisional ionization by energetic electrons be performed to characterize processes in the cometary atmosphere. Hydronium may be the dominat molecule in the inner coma, if the assumption that the ionosphere is a magnetic field-free cavity separated from the solar wind by an unyielding tangential discontinuity surface is accurate. Particular observations and theoretical attention are recommended for the solar wind interaction in the intermediate range, i.e., 2.5-5 AU, when the cometary atmosphere develops.
The Advising and Counseling Continuum: Triggers for Referral.

In this article, we describe a continuum of responsibilities shared by faculty and nonfaculty academic advisors as well as personal counselors at 4-year colleges and universities. After addressing terminology, we describe a continuum of issues that advisors and counselors routinely address and identify some triggers that might suggest that a referral from an advisor to a trained counselor is warranted. Relative emphasis: *practice, theory, research
Performance evaluation of a soft hand off scheme in CDMA cellular networks

Code division multiple-access (CDMA) schemes are widely used in cellular communications system because they provide high quality, reduced interference and result in high system capacity. In CDMA systems since one carrier frequency is being used, a phenomenon known as soft hand off occurs when a user changes radio resources from one base station to another. In this paper, we propose a soft hand off scheme using a two cell and roaming user probability approach, to properly illustrate the hand off process between the cells of interest. The proposed scheme assumes that calls entering the soft region are immediately assigned two channels. This assumption helps to reduce the blocking probability of new calls in the soft region as opposed to other schemes which do not explicitly cater for such calls. A three dimensional Markov process is created to describe and develop the stochastic behavior of the calls in the system. Performance measures such as new call blocking probability, hand off call blocking probability, channel efficiency, total carried traffic are deduced
Measurement of Convective Entrainment Using Lagrangian Particles

AbstractLagrangian particle tracking is used in a large-eddy simulation to study an individual cumulus congestus. This allows for the direct measurement of the convective entrainment rate and of the residence times of entrained parcels within the cloud. The entrainment rate obtained by Lagrangian direct measurement is found to be higher than that obtained using the recently introduced method of Eulerian direct measurement. This discrepancy is explained by the fast recirculation of air in and out of cloudy updrafts, which Eulerian direct measurement is unable to resolve. By filtering these fast recirculations, the Lagrangian calculation produces a result in very good agreement with the Eulerian calculation.The Lagrangian method can also quantify some aspects of entrainment that cannot be probed with Eulerian methods. For instance, it is found that more than half of the air that is entrained by the cloud during its lifetime is air that was previously detrained by the cloud. Nevertheless, the cloud is highly...
Interpretations of Deformation and Fracture Phenomena from Field Theoretical Viewpoint

This chapter discusses the physical meanings of the field equations derived in Chap. 4. One of the field equations is interpreted as the equation of motion that describes dynamics of a unit volume in a deformed medium. The force terms of this equation of motion consists of the transverse and the longitudinal components. The transverse force is due to the shear stress exerted by the neighboring volumes, and responsible for the transverse wave characteristics of the deformation field. The longitudinal term represents either elastic restoring force or energy dissipative force. If the former is the case the deformation is reversible and if the latter is the case it is irreversible. The energy dissipative force can be viewed as a flow of deformation charge, analogous to the electric conduction current that dissipates electric energy. Fracture is identified as the limit case where the medium loses the mechanisms of both the transverse and longitudinal force completely, and consequently the volume expansion rate becomes infinite, or the medium is not a continuum any longer. The physical meanings of the deformation change and the associated potential are discussed. Thermodynamic interpretation on these effects is discussed briefly.
Covana: precise identification of problems in pex

Achieving high structural coverage is an important goal of software testing. Instead of manually producing test inputs that achieve high structural coverage, testers or developers can employ tools built based on automated test-generation approaches, such as Pex, to automatically generate such test inputs. Although these tools can easily generate test inputs that achieve high structural coverage for simple programs, when applied on complex programs in practice, these tools face various problems, such as the problems of dealing with method calls to external libraries or generating method-call sequences to produce desired object states. Since these tools are currently not powerful enough to deal with these various problems in testing complex programs, we propose cooperative developer testing, where developers provide guidance to help tools achieve higher structural coverage. In this demo, we present Covana, a tool that precisely identifies and reports problems that prevent Pex from achieving high structural coverage. Covana identifies problems primarily by determining whether branch statements containing not-covered branches have data dependencies on problem candidates.
A robust noise reduction technique for time resolved CT

Purpose: To develop a noise reduction method for time resolved CT data, especially those with significant patient motion. Methods: PArtial TEmporal Nonlocal (PATEN) means is a technique that uses the redundant information in time-resolvedCT data to achieve noise reduction. In this method, partial temporal profiles are used to determine the similarity (or weight) between pixels, and the similarity search makes use of both spatial and temporal information, providing robustness to patient motion. The performance of the PATEN filter was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated with nine cardiacCT patient data sets and five CTbrain perfusion patient data sets. In cardiacCT, PATEN was applied to reduce noise primarily in the reduced-dose phases created with electrocardiographic (ECG) pulsing. CT number accuracy and noise reduction were evaluated in both full-dose phases and reduced-dose phases between filtered backprojection images and PATEN filtered images. In CTbrain perfusion, simulated quarter dose data were obtained by adding noise to the raw data of a routine dose scan. PATEN was applied to the simulated low-dose images.Imagenoise, time-intensity profile accuracy, and perfusion parameter maps were compared among low-dose, low-dose+PATEN filter, and full-dose images. The noise reduction performance of PATEN was compared to a previously proposed noise reduction method, time-intensity profile similarity (TIPS) bilateral filtering. Results: In 4D cardiacCT, after PATEN filtering, the imagenoise in the reduced-dose phases was greatly reduced, making anatomical structures easier to identify. The mean decreases in noise values between the original and PATEN images were 11.0% and 53.8% for the full and reduced-dose phases of the cardiac cycle, respectively. TIPS could not achieve effective noise reduction. In CTbrain perfusion, PATEN achieved a 55.8%–66.3% decrease in imagenoise in the low-dose images. The contrast to noise ratio in the axial images was increased and was comparable to the full-dose images. Differentiation of anatomical structure in the PATEN images and corresponding quantitative perfusion parameter maps were preferred by two neuroradiologists compared to the simulated low-dose and TIPS results. The mean perfusion parameters calculated from the PATEN images agreed with those determined from full-dose data to within 12% and 20% for normal and diseased regions. Conclusions: In ECG-gated cardiacCT, where the dose had already been reduced by a factor of 5 in the reduced-dose phases, PATEN achieved a 53.8% noise reduction, which decreased the noise level in the reduced-dose phases close to that of the full-dose phases. In CTbrain perfusion, a fourfold dose reduction was demonstrated to be achievable by PATEN filtering, which improved quantitative perfusion analysis. PATEN can be used to effectively reduce imagenoise to improve image quality, even when significant motion occurred between temporal samples.
Mechanistic Analysis of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase

Two biological issues have formed the basis for this laboratory’s investigation of the reverse transcriptase (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1). The first issue lies with the fact that the reverse transcriptase is an obvious target for drug therapy against HIV (Mitsuya and Broder, 1987). The approach in this regard has been to identify fundamental characteristics of the enzyme, with the idea that such information may facilitate rational drug design. We describe here work to identify the kinetic features of the HIV reverse transcriptase, including studies employing as substrate the triphosphates of the inhibitor AZT and one of its analogues.
Strahlentherapie spinaler Metastasen

Die Strahlentherapie spielt eine wichtige Rolle im interdisziplinaren Management spinaler Metastasen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine Ubersicht uber den klinischen Einsatz der Strahlentherapie im Kontext spinaler Metastasen. Dargestellt werden technische Standards und Innovationen auf Grundlage der gegenwartigen wissenschaftlichen Evidenz. Auf dieser Basis wird auch die Rolle der Strahlentherapie spinaler Metastasen diskutiert. Die Strahlentherapie spinaler Metastasen ist hocheffektiv bzgl. lokaler Tumorkontrolle, symptomatischer Linderung und prophylaktischer Wirkung. Ihr Einsatz erfolgt nach operativer Stabilisierung oder ohne vorausgehende Operation. Sie wird heute per Computertomographie (CT) dreidimensional (3-D) geplant und linearbeschleunigerbasiert realisiert. Limitierende Akuttoxizitaten fehlen. Eine moderate Hypofraktionierung erfullt am ehesten die Balance zwischen Aufwand, Belastungen und lokaler Tumorkontrolle. Technische Neuerungen wie die stereotaktische Radiochirurgie bieten die Option zur hypofraktionierten, hochkonformalen Dosiseskalation, wie sie in kurativen tumorablativen Therapiekonzepten zur Anwendung kommt.
Monitoring medication adherence in multiple sclerosis using a novel web-based tool: A pilot study:

Monitoring medication adherence in multiple sclerosis (MS) can be time consuming and expensive; however, non-adherence is common and is very costly in terms of lost therapeutic benefit and unused medications. To address this problem, we employed a web-based system to monitor and potentially modify medication adherence. Participants (n = 30) were randomized either to routine care or to the MS Home Automated Telehealth (MS HAT) system. Weekly interferon beta-1a intramuscular (INFbeta-1a IM) injections and daily vitamin D adherence were tracked over a six-month period using multiple modalities: self-reported adherence, calendar diaries, pharmacy refill rates, blood serum levels, and MS HAT alerts. Weekly INFbeta-1a IM adherence was highly correlated across measures; however, vitamin D adherence was not as consistent. Healthcare providers were able to efficiently monitor adherence in a patient-centered way by using the MS HAT system to monitor adherence rather than employing chart reviews and phone calls. In ...
Midbrain dopamine neurons compute inferred and cached value prediction errors in a common framework

Midbrain dopamine neurons have been proposed to signal reward prediction errors as defined in temporal difference (TD) learning algorithms. While these models have been extremely powerful in interpreting dopamine activity, they typically do not use value derived through inference in computing errors. This is important because much real world behavior - and thus many opportunities for error-driven learning - is based on such predictions. Here, we show that error-signaling rat dopamine neurons respond to the inferred, model-based value of cues that have not been paired with reward and do so in the same framework as they track the putative cached value of cues previously paired with reward. This suggests that dopamine neurons access a wider variety of information than contemplated by standard TD models and that, while their firing conforms to predictions of TD models in some cases, they may not be restricted to signaling errors from TD predictions.
In Designing Asynchronous Circuits it is Critical to Ensure that Circuits Nanotechnologies

Recent successes in the development and self-assembly of nanoelectronic devices suggest that the ability to manufacture dense nanofabrics is on the near horizon. However, the tremendous increase in device density of nanoelectronics will be accompanied by a substantial increase in hard and soft faults, posing a major challenge to current design methodologies and tools. In this paper we propose a novel probabilistic design paradigm for defective but reconfigurable nanofabrics. The new design goal is to devise an appropriate structural/behavioral decomposition which improves scalability by constraining the reconfiguration process, while meeting a desired probability of successful instantiation, i.e, yield. Our approach not only addresses the scalability problem in configuring dense nanofabrics subject to defects, but gives a rich framework in which critical trade-offs among performance, yield, and per chip cost can be explored. We present a concrete instance of the approach and show extensive experimental results supporting these claims.
Spinal Column Injury at T11-T12 Causing C8 Tetraplegia Misdiagnosed as Spinal Cord Injury without Radiographic Abnormality in an Adult: A Case Report.

Traumatic spinal cord injury is often assumed to occur locally as a result of an adjacent osteoligamentous disruption of the spinal column. When the spinal cord injury and the spinal column disruption are noncontiguous in location, without any imaging evidence of spinal column disruption near the cord injury, a diagnosis of spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) or the more modern spinal cord injury without neuroradiographic abnormality (SCIWONA)1 often is made. The imaging component of SCIWONA includes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or other imaging beyond computed tomography (CT) or radiographs. Distraction injury mechanisms occurring without substantial local translation may cause these types of nonlocal injuries, thereby providing an adequate explanation without uncertainty. Misapplication of the SCIWORA or SCIWONA designation may lead to improper treatment. We report a case of violent osteoligamentous distraction at T11-T12 that caused spinal cord injury up to T1, resulting in complete tetraplegia at C8. An incorrect diagnosis of SCIWORA initially was applied, and, as a result, the treatment was incorrect. We present a review of the literature and mechanism, including a “taffy distraction” mechanism. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he provided consent. A sixty-five-year-old man was involved in a high-speed, sudden deceleration motor vehicle accident. He was extracted from the vehicle and transported to a level-I trauma center with a Glasgow Coma Score of 3. Resuscitative measures were immediately undertaken per the Advanced Trauma Life Support protocol, and full spine precautions were also taken. Complete neural-axis imaging with use of CT and MRI revealed a T11-T12 three-column distraction injury (Figs. 1-A and 1-B). Additional clinical findings included a nondisplaced left occipital condyle fracture, a hemothorax on the right, bilateral pulmonary emboli, multiple rib fractures, superior and inferior pubic rami fractures, a left acetabulum fracture, …
Pt(II) and Pt(IV) Amido, Aryloxide, and Hydrocarbyl Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reaction with Dihydrogen and Substrates that Possess C−H Bonds

The Pt(II) amido and phenoxide complexes (tbpy)Pt(Me)(X), (tbpy)Pt(X)2, and [(tbpy)Pt(X)(py)][BAr′4] (X = NHPh, OPh; py = pyridine) have been synthesized and characterized. To test the feasibility of accessing Pt(IV) complexes by oxidizing their Pt(II) precursors, the previously reported (tbpy)Pt(R)2 (R = Me and Ph) systems were oxidized with I2 to yield (tbpy)Pt(R)2(I)2. The analogous reaction with (tbpy)Pt(Me)(NHPh) and MeI yields the corresponding (tbpy)Pt(Me)2(NHPh)(I) complex. Reaction of (tbpy)Pt(Me)(NHPh) and phenylacetylene at 80 °C results in the formation of the Pt(II) phenylacetylide complex (tbpy)Pt(Me)(C≡CPh). Kinetic studies indicate that the reaction of (tbpy)Pt(Me)(NHPh) and phenylacetylene occurs via a pathway that involves [(tbpy)Pt(Me)(NH2Ph)][TFA] as a catalyst. The reaction of H2 with (tbpy)Pt(Me)(NHPh) ultimately produces aniline, methane, tbpy, and elemental Pt. For this reaction, mechanistic studies reveal that 1,2-addition of dihydrogen across the Pt−NHPh bond to initially produce...
Age and experience in chimpanzee nest building.

Ten captive-born chimpanzee adults (age range 11-30 yr.; M, 21) who had failed to produce nests in repeated individual tests were selected for training. Five were caged adjacent to and five were caged with chimpanzees who regularly constructed nests. All were supplied with pine straw, burlap, newspaper, hose lengths, rope, etc. Fresh materials were provided whenever possible (a median of 25 times) during July through November. Each time marerials were provided they were allowed to remain in the cages for several days. Whereas most of the wild-born animals constructed a nest each night, none of the captive-born chimpanzees ever produced a nest, despite frequent manipulation of materials and contacts with nests produced by cagemates. Tested individually, the captive-born animals still failed to construct nests whereas six wild-born animals (age range 15-40 yr.; M, 30) caged in pairs all continued to build nests. Competition for materials therefore did not seem to be a factor. Five 3-yr.-old wild-born chimpanzees were tested individually and in pairs for three days with similar nesting materials. Exact age at capture was unknown but all were acquired at about 1 yr. of age. Three of these five produced nests which laboratory staff members could identify from photographs. It is, therefore, suggested that given suitable opportunities and examples chimpanzees learn to construct nests before the age of two. Without this early experience, adult chimpanzees, with all the required manipulatory skills and considerable interest in both the materials and nests produced by cagemaces, may require extensive training to acquire the requisite pattern of responses.
A Digital Electrolytic Microrespirometer1

A digital electrolytic microrespirometer capable of measuring 0.01 µliter of consumed oxygen is described. The device, a coulometric manometer, works on the principle that as oxygen is consumed, the resulting negative pressure draws an electrolytic solution into contact with a platinum electrode. This initiates current flow, and oxygen is generated by electrolysis. A solid-state electronic circuit is employed to measure current flow, which is translated into µliters of oxygen on a digital counter. Calibration is accomplished both electronically and mechanically. This device is suitable for respiration studies of individual mites, Collembola, or single organisms weighing only 10 µg.
Prediction of Elimination Rate Constant of Amikacin in Neonates with BP Neural Network

OBJECTIVE To predict elimination rate constant of amikacin in neonates with BP neural network.METHODS Gradient descent backpropagation neural net-work(GD-BP-NN),bayesian regularized backpropagation neural network(BR-BP-NN)and genetic backpropagation neural network(G-BP-NN) were established.The data of amikacin serum concentrations and clinic information of 23 neonates were used to train,validate,and test the models.The effects of gestational age(w),postnatal age(d) and body weight(kg) were analyzed.The prediction precision and running efficiency were compared among the three models.RESULTS Correlation coefficient of experiment calculative data and predicted data with GD-BP-NN,BR-BP-NN and G-BP-NN were 0.92,0.91 and 0.98,respectively.Root mean squared error(RMSE) were 0.020,0.024 and 0.010.Under the same prediction precision,running epochs of GD-BP-NN,BR-BP-NN and G-BP-NN were 2 000,219 and 82.CONCLUSION G-BP-NN is suitable for the prediction of elimination rate constant of amikacin in neonates.It can overcome the weakness of BP-NN,such as the slow training speed and the vulnerability to local area pole smallness.
Measures on lowering cardamine rate in South

The southern high-quality rice processing fragile, high cost, which are detrimental to business competitiveness. For the reasons that have Cardamine easily in high-quality rice production and processing, setting from the rice varieties, cultivation, acquisition, storage, processing technology and equipment, to take effective measures to reduce the rate of Cardamine
Effects of Deformation Degree on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Welded Joint of Ti_2AlNb/Ti60 Dual Alloys

Near isothermal forging with different deformations and the same heat treatment of the electron beam welded joints for Ti2AlNb/Ti60 dual alloys were performed. The microstructures of joints of specimens were examined by OM and tensile tests at room temperature and high temperature were conducted. The results show the following: with the deformations increasing from 20% to 40%, the microstructure in the as-welded fusion zone turns finer and uniform. When deformation increases to 60%, the weld fusion zone produces recrystallization and grain grows. The spheroidization trend of α phase in the Ti60 matrix metal is evident with the increase of deformation. There are tensile specimens fracturing at the as-welded fusion zone under 20% or 60% deformation. With the increase of deformation, the tensile strength of the welded specimens decreases at first and then increases. Plasticity of specimens broken in the Ti60 alloy matrix has increasing trend, in which reduction percetage of area increases significantly.
Three country study: impact of support on employee attitudes

ABSTRACTThis study examined the mediating effects of perceived organizational support and affective commitment in the relationships among perceived supervisor support, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) (individual and organizational), and turnover intentions. The proposed relationships were tested by conducting the same study involving restaurant employees in three different countries – India, USA, and South Korea. The mediating effects of perceived organizational support and affective commitment between perceived supervisor support and turnover intentions were found to be consistent across the three countries. However, the relationships among OCBs differed. While affective commitment was significantly related to both OCBs in the South Korean sample, affective commitment was significantly related only to OCBs towards organization in the US sample, and neither relationship was found to be significant in the Indian sample. This study helps to explain how contextual factors influence responses to eac...
Multi-epitope Models Explain How Pre-existing Antibodies Affect the Generation of Broadly Protective Responses to Influenza.

The development of next-generation influenza vaccines that elicit strain-transcendent immunity against both seasonal and pandemic viruses is a key public health goal. Targeting the evolutionarily conserved epitopes on the stem of influenza’s major surface molecule, hemagglutinin, is an appealing prospect, and novel vaccine formulations show promising results in animal model systems. However, studies in humans indicate that natural infection and vaccination result in limited boosting of antibodies to the stem of HA, and the level of stem-specific antibody elicited is insufficient to provide broad strain-transcendent immunity. Here, we use mathematical models of the humoral immune response to explore how pre-existing immunity affects the ability of vaccines to boost antibodies to the head and stem of HA in humans, and, in particular, how it leads to the apparent lack of boosting of broadly cross-reactive antibodies to the stem epitopes. We consider hypotheses where binding of antibody to an epitope: (i) results in more rapid clearance of the antigen; (ii) leads to the formation of antigen-antibody complexes which inhibit B cell activation through Fcγ receptor-mediated mechanism; and (iii) masks the epitope and prevents the stimulation and proliferation of specific B cells. We find that only epitope masking but not the former two mechanisms to be key in recapitulating patterns in data. We discuss the ramifications of our findings for the development of vaccines against both seasonal and pandemic influenza.
A restorative strategy for resilient unbalanced power distribution networks

In this paper, we propose a restorative method to minimize the unserved demand in a unbalanced power distribution network due to line outage. The restoration is achieved by tie-line switching and by solving a mixed-integer nonlinear problem. By exploiting the information on pre-contingency solution, topology together with post-contingency line congestion requirements and in combination with an improved greedy search algorithm, a method is proposed which reduces the search space of the combinatorial problem. Case studies on IEEE 34-bus distribution network is presented to illustrate the results and validate the performance of the proposed method.
Blood brain barrier permeability to temozolomide

1411 INTRODUCTION: Since the blood-brain barrier (BBB) inhibits drug delivery, transporting pharmacological agents across the BBB is a limiting factor in effective chemotherapy against intracranial neoplasms. The molecular properties of each individual chemotherapeutic agent are unique thus allowing some drugs to be more permeable to the BBB than others. This study assesses how effectively temolozolomide gets transported across the BBB. METHODS: Intravenous injection of radiolabeled temolozolomide was performed on nude mice via tail vein. One hour post-injection of the temozolomide mice were sacrificed at different time intervals. Blood samples were taken. The brain along with the liver and spleen were harvested and homogenized. The homogenate of each organ was then measured for amount of radioactivity using a scintillation counter. RESULTS: Radioactivity was not only measurable in the liver and spleen as expected but was demonstrated to be present in the brain parenchyma as well. Interestingly temozolomide in the brain decreased over time while increased over time in the liver. CONCLUSIONS: Temozolomide appears to be permeable to the BBB and thus has significant implications on its use to treat brain tumors. Since chemotherapeutic agents that have the ability to cross the BB are currently in use, it would be of great interest to further determine if increasing the delivery of these drugs as well as those that do not readily cross the BBB could lead to more efficacious treatment. Our laboratory is currently investigating the possibility of increasing BBB permeability through endothelial cell modulator agents or through vasoactive modulator agents.
The swinging pendulum of cancer immunotherapy personalization

Cancer immunotherapy has long offered the promise of producing cancer treatments that are more effective and less toxic than traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. That potential has only begun to be realized in the last 5 years with the first US FDA-approved cancer vaccine (sipuleucel-T), checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy. While these therapies have been remarkably more effective than previous cancer immunotherapeutics, they are often limited by their inherently personalized nature. Indeed, each patient’s immune system and cancer are unique, limiting the scalability and generalizability of new approaches. However, emerging solutions may overcome these limitations, producing ‘off-the-shelf’ cancer immunotherapies that transform patient outcomes.
Attract, captivate, and make them return: processing fluency effect on estimated shopping time and loyalty intention

In an online environment where consumers multi-task, engaging casual shoppers remains to be a challenge. The current study identified online shoppers' time perception as an important element in engagement, and tested effects of processing fluency in the context. Based on the processing fluency and time perception literature, a conceptual model describing how casual online shoppers subjective experience of processing ease leads to an engaging shopping experience was developed and empirically tested (N = 1,207). The results from an online experiment provided support for the hypotheses. The study filled the gap in the literature by investigating online shoppers' time perception in the context of browsing without a shopping goal. Importantly, the study used both self-rated perception data and objective data to provide strong evidence for inaccurate time perception in online engagement. Theoretical and practical implications as well as future study suggestions are discussed.
Calcium Channels, Synaptic Plasticity, and Neuropsychiatric Disease

Voltage-gated calcium channels couple depolarization of the cell-surface membrane to entry of calcium, which triggers secretion, contraction, neurotransmission, gene expression, and other physiological responses. They are encoded by ten genes, which generate three voltage-gated calcium channel subfamilies: CaV1; CaV2; and CaV3. At synapses, CaV2 channels form large signaling complexes in the presynaptic nerve terminal, which are responsible for the calcium entry that triggers neurotransmitter release and short-term presynaptic plasticity. CaV1 channels form signaling complexes in postsynaptic dendrites and dendritic spines, where their calcium entry induces long-term potentiation. These calcium channels are the targets of mutations and polymorphisms that alter their function and/or regulation and cause neuropsychiatric diseases, including migraine headache, cerebellar ataxia, autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. This article reviews the molecular properties of calcium channels, considers their multiple roles in synaptic plasticity, and discusses their potential involvement in this wide range of neuropsychiatric diseases.
Instrumentation for Well Tests

The types and uses of well tests in the disciplines of hydrology, petroleum engineering, and geothermal engineering are reviewed. Geologic and economic factors that influence the design of well tests are summarized along with the difficulties of designing tests for each category of applications. The types of data needed for hydrothermal tests are discussed in detail, and the problems commonly encountered when taking measurements under various operating conditions are reviewed. A historical review of well-testing instruments includes information on some of the latest equipment advances in the field. The ideal instrument array for well testing would measure pressure, temperature, flow rate, enthalpy, and concentration simultaneously and at several locations. The accuracy and durability limits of commercially available equipment are evaluated against this ideal according to the properties the equipment measures. Finally, the instruments that come closest to meeting the standards of well log analysts are identified.
Transition and Developments

It will be recalled that Sumerian mathematics involved problems for which a solution was given in algorithmic form. The problem was stated in the form of a specific situation with definite numbers, and the procedure for obtaining the solution was a sequence of arithmetic operations. The arithmetic character is in contrast with the “geometric algebra” of Euclid.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, Growth Disorders, and Cancer

The Central Role of PI3K in Cell Signaling Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is involved in multiple cell processes, including insulin signaling, cell growth, immunity, and brain development. It...
Dilute solution structure of bottlebrush polymers.

Bottlebrush polymers are a class of macromolecules that have recently found use in a wide variety of materials, ranging from lubricating brushes and nanostructured coatings to elastomeric gels that exhibit structural colors. These polymers are characterized by dense branches extending from a central backbone and thus have properties distinct from linear polymers. It remains a challenge to specifically understand conformational properties of these molecules, due to the wide range of architectural parameters that can be present in a system, and thus there is a need to accurately characterize and model these molecules. In this paper, we use a combination of viscometry, light scattering, and computer simulations to gain insight into the conformational properties of dilute solution bottlebrush polymers. We focus on a series of model bottlebrushes consisting of a poly(norbornene) (PNB) backbone with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) side chains. We demonstrate that intrinsic viscosity and hydrodynamic radius are experimental observations sensitive to molecular architecture, exhibiting distinct differences with different choices of branches and backbone lengths. Informed by the atomistic structure of this PNB–PLA system, we rationalize a coarse-grained simulation model that we evaluate using a combination of Brownian dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations. We show that this exhibits quantitative matching to experimental results, enabling us to characterize the overall shape of the bottlebrush via a number of metrics that can be extended to more general bottlebrush architectures.
Chapter 20 Industrial organization and international trade

Publisher Summary The monopolistic competition model of trade began with an empirical observation. The most influential of trade models is the Heckscher–Ohlin–Samuelson model, which tells that trade reflects an interaction between the characteristics of countries and the characteristics of the production technology of different goods. Specifically, countries will export goods whose production is intensive in the factors with which they are abundantly endowed—for example, countries with a high capital–labor ratio will export capital–intensive goods. The monopolistic competition model has had a major impact on research into international trade. By showing that increasing returns and imperfect competition can make a fundamental difference to the way people think about trade, this approach has been crucial in making work that applies industrial organization (IO) concepts to trade respectable. In effect, the monopolistic competition model has been the thin end of the IO/trade wedge.
Surgery in the Older Patient with Breast Cancer

Breast cancer incidence and mortality increase with age. Older patients (≥ 70) are often excluded from studies. Due to multiple factors, it is unclear whether this population is best-treated using standard guidelines. Here, we review surgical management in older women with breast cancer. Geriatric assessments can guide treatment recommendations and aid in predicting survival and quality of life. Surgery remains a principal component of breast cancer treatment in older patients, though differences exist compared with younger women, including higher mastectomy rates and evidence-based support of omission of post-lumpectomy radiation or axillary dissection in subsets of patients. In those forgoing surgical management, there is increased use of endocrine therapy. Hospice is also a valuable element of end-of-life care. Physicians should utilize geriatric assessment to make treatment recommendations for older breast cancer patients, including omission of radiation therapy, alterations to standard surgeries, or enrollment in hospice care.
Student-Generated Instructional Materials

Student-Generated Instructional Materials, as the term implies, asks learners to provide objects that other students can use in their own learning. These objects (lessons, videos, questions, summaries) can become as important to the class as the teacher’s own work. Although well represented, this area has been largely overlooked, perhaps because it has lacked its own identifiable label and has been subsumed under the broad heading of student-generated materials. Yet Student-Generated Instructional Materials represents an exclusive area of student work, providing powerful evidence for how the responsibility for learning can be acquired by a community of learners. Examples reveal students building directly upon prior knowledge and developing independence, self-reliance, expertise, ownership, empowerment, inclusivity, and metacognition and transferring their understanding to new and potentially unfamiliar content. The popular contextualization of evidence-based practices as a prescribed “do this, don’t do that” list of actions raises deep concern, particularly in science education. Two dilemmas that warrant consideration are described.
3.15 – Otoacoustic Emissions

In this chapter, I will attempt to provide a brief overview of the discovery, phenomenology, theoretical, and practical implications of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs). The focus will be on how OAE behavior relates to known characteristics of cochlear mechanics, the cochlear amplifier, and the physiology of hair cells.
Distinct auditory and visual tool regions with multisensory response properties in human parietal cortex

Left parietal cortex has been associated with the human-specific ability of sophisticated tool use. Yet, it is unclear how tool information is represented across senses. Here, we compared auditory and visual tool-specific activations within healthy human subjects to probe the relation of tool-specific networks, uni- and multisensory response properties, and functional and structural connectivity using functional and diffusion-weighted MRI. In each subject, we identified an auditory tool network with regions in left anterior inferior parietal cortex (aud-aIPL), bilateral posterior lateral sulcus, and left inferior precentral sulcus, and a visual tool network with regions in left aIPL (vis-aIPL) and bilateral inferior temporal gyrus. Aud-aIPL was largely separate and anterior/inferior from vis-aIPL, with varying degrees of overlap across subjects. Both regions displayed a strong preference for tools versus other stimuli presented within the same modality. Despite their modality preference, aud-aIPL and vis-aIPL and a region in left inferior precentral sulcus displayed multisensory response properties, as revealed in multivariate analyses. Thus, two largely separate tool networks are engaged by the visual and auditory modalities with nodes in parietal and prefrontal cortex potentially integrating information across senses. The diversification of tool processing in human parietal cortex underpins its critical role in complex object processing.
Refugee return and state legitimization: Habsburgs, Ottomans, and the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1875–1878:

In the nineteenth century, refugee generation and other forms of ethnic cleansing were a new and central feature in the dismantling of European empires and nationalists’ efforts to territorialize p...
Rossi X‐Ray Timing Explorer All‐Sky Monitor Detection of the Orbital Period of Scorpius X‐1

The orbital period of Scorpius X-1 has been accepted as 0.787313 days since its discovery in archival optical photometric data by Gottlieb, Wright, & Liller. This period has apparently been confirmed multiple times in the years since in both photometric and spectroscopic optical observations, although to date only marginal evidence has been reported for modulation of the X-ray intensity at that period. We have used data taken with the All Sky Monitor on board the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer over the past 6 years to search for such a modulation. A major difficulty in detecting the orbit in X-ray data is presented by the flaring behavior in this source, wherein the (1.5-12 keV) X-ray intensity can change by up to a factor of 2 within a fraction of a day. These flares contribute nearly white noise to Fourier transforms of the intensity time series and thereby tend to obscure weak modulations, i.e., of a few percent or less. We present herein a technique for substantially reducing the effects of the flaring behavior while, at the same time, retaining much of any periodic orbital modulation, provided only that the two temporal behaviors exhibit different spectral signatures. Through such a search, we have found evidence for orbital modulation at the ~1% level with a period of 0.78893 days. This period is equal within our accuracy to a period (0.78901 days) that differs by 1 cycle yr–1 from the accepted value and that was also detected by Gottlieb et al. at a strength nearly as great as that of the 0.787313 day periodicity. We note that many of the reported optical observations of Sco X-1 have been made within 1 or 2 months of early June, when Sco X-1 transits the meridian at midnight. All periodicity searches based only on such observations would have been subject to the same 1 cycle yr–1 alias that affected the search of Gottlieb and coworkers. These considerations lead us to suggest that the actual period may in fact be 0.78901 days and that further observations will be necessary to confirm the true orbital period of Sco X-1.