cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Through Interactions in Secondary School Classrooms: Revisiting the Factor Structure and Practical Application of the Classroom Assessment Scoring System- Secondary

Valid measurement of how students’ experiences in secondary school classrooms lead to gains in learning requires a developmental approach to conceptualizing classroom processes. This article presents a potentially useful theoretical model, the Teaching Through Interactions framework, which posits teacher-student interactions as a central driver for student learning and that teacher-student interactions can be organized into three major domains. Results from 1,482 classrooms provide evidence for distinct emotional, organizational, and instructional domains of teacher-student interaction. It also appears that a three-factor structure is a better fit to observational data than alternative one- and two-domain models of teacher-student classroom interactions, and that the three-domain structure is generalizable from 6th through 12th grade. Implications for practitioners, stakeholders, and researchers are discussed.
Purified Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: The Next Generation of Blood and Immune Replacement

Replacement of disease-causing stem cells with healthy ones has been achieved clinically via hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for the last 40 years, as a treatment modality for a variety of cancers and immunodeficiencies with moderate, but increasing, success. This procedure has traditionally included transplantation of mixed hematopoietic populations that include hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and other cells, such as T cells. This article explores and delineates the potential expansion of this technique to treat a variety of inherited diseases of immune function, the current barriers in HCT and pure HSC transplantation, and the up-and-coming strategies to combat these obstacles.
Digital Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles: A Feasibility Study

This paper describes a set of feasibility studies on converting the Department of Radiological Sciences, UCLA from a film based operation to a digital based operation. The studies address the following topics: the departmental facility, the operating procedure and cost, a cost effective analysis and a proposed digital based operating system. In addition, we examine three prototype projects being carried out in our department. These include: a digital archiving and communication system, a hybrid archiving and communication system, and a multiple image viewing system.
Kishner's Reduction of 2-Furylhydrazone Gives 2-Methylene-2,3-dihydrofuran, a Highly Reactive Ene in the Ene Reaction

The Kishner reduction of 2-furylhydrazone gives 2-methylene-2,3-dihydrofuran as the major abnormal reduction product. 2-Methylene-2,3-dihydrofuran is an excellent ene in the carbonyl-ene reaction, reacting with a variety of aldehydes. Most notable was the asymmetric carbonyl-ene reaction of 2-methylene-2,3-dihydrofuran and decanal using Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4/(S)-BINOL to give the corresponding alcohol in 66% yield and 94% ee. The reaction of 2-methylene-2,3-dihydrofuran with 2 equiv of 1,4-benzoquinone unexpectedly gave a monoalkylated 1,4-hydroquinone/1,4-benzoquinone electron donor−acceptor complex.
Reducing Asymmetric Information in Venture Capital Backed IPOs

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to model asymmetric information and study the profitability of venture capital (VC) backed initial public offerings (IPOs). The mixtures approach endogenously separates IPOs into differentiated groups based on their returns’ determinants. The authors also analyze the factors that affect the probability that IPOs belong to a specific group. Design/methodology/approach – The authors propose a new method to model asymmetric information between investors and firms in VC backed IPOs. The approach allows the authors to identify differentiated companies under incomplete information. The authors use a sample of 2,404 US firms from 1980 through 2012 to estimate the mixture model via maximum likelihood. Findings – The authors find strong evidence that companies can be separated into two groups based on how IPO returns are determined. For companies in the first group the results are similar to previous studies. For companies in the second group the authors find that profitabili...
Copper-catalyzed aminotrifluoromethylation of alkenes: a facile synthesis of CF3-containing lactams

Copper-catalyzed aminotrifluoromethylation of alkenes using amides as nucleophiles has been developed. It provides a rapid and efficient access to a variety of CF3-containing lactams. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions with a good scope and functional group tolerance, offering a valuable method to prepare CF3-containing lactams that are of great potential in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
Flood Frequency and Design Flood Estimation Procedures in the United States: Progress and Challenges

Design flood estimation procedures in the United States have traditionally focused on two primary methods: frequency analysis of peak flows for floodplain management and levee design; and deterministic, probable maximum flood (PMF) estimates for design of dams and nuclear facilities. Federal Agencies in the United States, including the Bureau of Reclamation, US Geological Survey and Army Corps of Engineers, are currently examining potential changes to these standard flood hydrology procedures. This paper presents overviews of some ongoing investigations and data collection studies to support potential changes in design flood estimation. For floodplain management, the current guideline is Bulletin 17B, which specifies the use of an LP3 distribution, method of moments and regional skew information. Potential improvements to Bulletin 17B currently under consideration are: (i) use of historical and paleoflood information; (ii) adjusting for low outliers; (iii) improved plotting positions; and (iv) confidence intervals. Ongoing testing results are presented, highlighting the expected moments algorithm. In contrast to well-established, deterministic (PMF) extreme flood estimates for dam safety, agencies are now moving toward risk-based techniques. The Bureau of Reclamation has developed and applied several methods in order to estimate extreme floods and probabilities for large dams. Techniques used to date are summarised, along with those being considered by other US agencies. Improvements to extreme flood databases that provide inputs, including extreme storms and probable maximum precipitation estimates, precipitation frequency and paleofloods, are ongoing. Some challenges to updating design flood methods and data, including institutional effects, national scale, research to operations and use of new technologies, are described.
Morpho-syntactic Lexicon Generation Using Graph-based Semi-supervised Learning

Morpho-syntactic lexicons provide information about the morphological and syntactic roles of words in a language. Such lexicons are not available for all languages and even when available, their coverage can be limited. We present a graph-based semi-supervised learning method that uses the morphological, syntactic and semantic relations between words to automatically construct wide coverage lexicons from small seed sets. Our method is language-independent, and we show that we can expand a 1000 word seed lexicon to more than 100 times its size with high quality for 11 languages. In addition, the automatically created lexicons provide features that improve performance in two downstream tasks: morphological tagging and dependency parsing.
A predictive analytics toolbox for medical applications

Ever more frequently business enterprises are benefiting from the collection and analysis of large data. This paper reports on a work in progress of adapting intelligence, predictive analytics tools for analysis of medical data. While large data has been used in medical research, only recently has this become a trend for hospital management. A suite of tools originally developed for military intelligence analysts are repurposed for hospital management. The original design concepts is reviewed, its medical applications and challenges are described along with an illustrative example.
Development of a simple system for the oxidation of electron-rich diazo compounds to ketones

Mild heating of diazo compounds in DMSO furnishes ketone products in moderate to excellent yields. The reaction is particularly effective on electron-rich substrates and exhibits high chemoselectivity, allowing for the use of diazo compounds containing additional oxidation-prone functional groups. This straightforward protocol offers an alternate route to synthetically useful ɑ-ketoesters from readily available aryl diazoacetates.
Ideation, entrepreneurship, and innovation

In this his paper I discuss the origins of ideas starting with Locke. I do this to motivate the question: Why do scholars of entrepreneurship, innovation, and enterprise dynamics need to know about the sources of ideas that lead to new technology and innovation. I suggest and illustrate an answer to this question as well: One might want to think about the source of ideas if one seeks a perspective, theoretical or empirical, about covariates with successful R&D-based activities.
Global Climate Policy Will Have Net Benefits Larger Than Anyone Thinks (and Welfare Gains, Strangely, Are Likely To Be Much Larger Yet)☆

As with other public goods lacking strong special interest support, global climate policy suffers from two serious theoretical flaws. The first is failure to endogenize the labor-leisure decision when conducting benefit-cost analysis. Recognition that income generated will not remain the same pre-and-post policy results in downward bias in benefit estimation. Much more importantly, there will generally be free riding in input markets in addition to the well-known output demand revelation problem. Since even households with very high marginal values cannot individually increment public goods, too little income will be generated and too much of the income that is generated will be spent on relatively low value ordinary private goods. The ungenerated income would have all been spent on the public good, apart from general equilibrium considerations, resulting in additional—and perhaps large—downward bias in benefits of global climate policy. The reallocation of spending from relatively low value private goods to higher value public goods may further greatly increase willingness-to-pay for policies stabilizing global climate.
The Quantum Instanton (QI) Model for Chemical Reaction Rates: The ``Simplest'' QI with One Dividing Surface†

A new version of the quantum instanton (QI) approach to thermal rate constants of chemical reactions (Miller, W. H.; Zhao, Y.; Ceotto, M.; Yang, S. J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 119, 1329) is presented, namely, the simplest QI (SQI) approximation with one dividing surface (DS), referred to here as SQI1. (The SQI approximation presented originally was applicable only with two DSs.) As with all versions of the QI approach, the rate is expressed wholly in terms of the (quantum) Boltzmann operator (which, for complex systems, can be evaluated by Monte Carlo path integral methods). Test calculations on some simple model problems show the SQI1 model to be slightly less accurate than the original version of the QI approach, but it is the easiest version to implement; it requires only a constrained free-energy calculation, location of the (transition-state) DS so as to maximize this free energy, and the curvature (second derivative) of the free energy at this maximum.
Quantitative wake analysis of a freely swimming fish using 3D synthetic aperture PIV

Synthetic aperture PIV (SAPIV) is used to quantitatively analyze the wake behind a giant danio (Danio aequipinnatus) swimming freely in a seeded quiescent tank. The experiment is designed with minimal constraints on animal behavior to ensure that natural swimming occurs. The fish exhibits forward swimming and turning behaviors at speeds between 0.9 and 1.5 body lengths/second. Results show clearly isolated and linked vortex rings in the wake structure, as well as the thrust jet coming off of a visual hull reconstruction of the fish body. As a benchmark for quantitative analysis of volumetric PIV data, the vortex circulation and impulse are computed using methods consistent with those applied to planar PIV data. Volumetric momentum analysis frameworks are discussed for linked and asymmetric vortex structures, laying a foundation for further volumetric studies of swimming hydrodynamics with SAPIV. Additionally, a novel weighted refocusing method is presented as an improvement to SAPIV reconstruction.
Service Rate Control For Jobs with Decaying Value

The task of completing jobs with decaying value arises in a number of application areas including healthcare operations, communications engineering, and perishable inventory control. We consider a system in which a single server completes a nite sequence of jobs in discrete time while a controller dynamically adjusts the service rate. During service, the value of the job decays so that a greater reward is received for having shorter service times. We incorporate a non-decreasing cost for holding jobs and a non-decreasing cost on the service rate. The controller aims to minimize the total cost of servicing the set of jobs. We show that the optimal policy is non-decreasing in the number of jobs remaining - when there are more jobs in the system the controller should use a higher service rate. The optimal policy does not necessarily vary monotonically with the residual job value, but we give algebraic conditions which can be used to determine when it does. These conditions are then simplified in the case that the reward for completion is constant when the job has positive value and zero otherwise. These algebraic conditions are interesting because they can be verified without using algorithms like value iteration and policy iteration to explicitly compute the optimal policy. We also discuss some future modeling extensions.
A Comprehensive Profile of Brain Enzymes that Hydrolyze the Endocannabinoid 2‐Arachidonoylglycerol

Endogenous ligands for cannabinoid receptors ("endocannabinoids") include the lipid transmitters anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Endocannabinoids modulate a diverse set of physiological processes and are tightly regulated by enzymatic biosynthesis and degradation. Termination of anandamide signaling by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is well characterized, but less is known about the inactivation of 2-AG, which can be hydrolyzed by multiple enzymes in vitro, including FAAH and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). Here, we have taken a functional proteomic approach to comprehensively map 2-AG hydrolases in the mouse brain. Our data reveal that approximately 85% of brain 2-AG hydrolase activity can be ascribed to MAGL, and that the remaining 15% is mostly catalyzed by two uncharacterized enzymes, ABHD6 and ABHD12. Interestingly, MAGL, ABHD6, and ABHD12 display distinct subcellular distributions, suggesting that they may control different pools of 2-AG in the nervous system.
Nonparametric estimation of trend in directional data

Abstract Consider measured positions of the paleomagnetic north pole over time. Each measured position may be viewed as a direction, expressed as a unit vector in three dimensions and incorporating some error. In this sequence, the true directions are expected to be close to one another at nearby times. A simple trend estimator that respects the geometry of the sphere is to compute a running average over the time-ordered observed direction vectors, then normalize these average vectors to unit length. This paper treats a considerably richer class of competing directional trend estimators that respect spherical geometry. The analysis relies on a nonparametric error model for directional data in R q that imposes no symmetry or other shape restrictions on the error distributions. Good trend estimators are selected by comparing estimated risks of competing estimators under the error model. Uniform laws of large numbers, from empirical process theory, establish when these estimated risks are trustworthy surrogates for the corresponding unknown risks.
Equations on partial words

It is well-known that some of the most basic properties of words, like the commutativity ( xy = yx ) and the conjugacy ( xz = zy ), can be expressed as solutions of word equations. An important problem is to decide whether or not a given equation on words has a solution. For instance, the equation x M y N = z P has only periodic solutions in a free monoid, that is, if x M y N = z P holds with integers m,n,p ≥ 2 , then there exists a word w such that x, y, z are powers of w . This result, which received a lot of attention, was first proved by Lyndon and Schutzenberger for free groups. In this paper, we investigate equations on partial words . Partial words are sequences over a finite alphabet that may contain a number of “do not know” symbols. When we speak about equations on partial words, we replace the notion of equality ( = ) with compatibility (↑). Among other equations, we solve xy ↑ yx , xz ↑ zy , and special cases of x m y n ↑ z p for integers m,n,p ≥ 2 .
Proton fast ignition

Fast ignition by a laser-generated, ballistically focused proton plasma jet is a more recently proposed alternative to the original concept of fast ignition by a laser-generated beam of relativisti...
Interactive Whole-Heart Segmentation in Congenital Heart Disease

We present an interactive algorithm to segment the heart chambers and epicardial surfaces, including the great vessel walls, in pediatric cardiac MRI of congenital heart disease. Accurate whole-heart segmentation is necessary to create patient-specific 3D heart models for surgical planning in the presence of complex heart defects. Anatomical variability due to congenital defects precludes fully automatic atlas-based segmentation. Our interactive segmentation method exploits expert segmentations of a small set of short-axis slice regions to automatically delineate the remaining volume using patch-based segmentation. We also investigate the potential of active learning to automatically solicit user input in areas where segmentation error is likely to be high. Validation is performed on four subjects with double outlet right ventricle, a severe congenital heart defect. We show that strategies asking the user to manually segment regions of interest within short-axis slices yield higher accuracy with less user input than those querying entire short-axis slices.
The Saxl conjecture for fourth powers via the semigroup property

The tensor square conjecture states that for $$n \ge 10$$nź10, there is an irreducible representation V of the symmetric group $$S_n$$Sn such that $$V \otimes V$$VźV contains every irreducible representation of $$S_n$$Sn. Our main result is that for large enough n, there exists an irreducible representation V such that $$V^{\otimes 4}$$Vź4 contains every irreducible representation. We also show that tensor squares of certain irreducible representations contain $$(1-o(1))$$(1-o(1))-fraction of irreducible representations with respect to two natural probability distributions. Our main tool is the semigroup property, which allows us to break partitions down into smaller ones.
Totally geodesic maps into manifolds with no focal points

The set of totally geodesic representatives of a homotopy class of maps from a compact Riemannian manifold $M$ with nonnegative Ricci curvature into a complete Riemannian manifold $N$ with no focal points is path-connected and, when nonempty, equal to the set of energy-minimizing maps in that class. When $N$ is compact, each map from a product $W \times M$ into $N$ is homotopic to a map that's totally geodesic on each $M$-fiber. These results may be used to extend to the case of no focal points a number of splitting theorems of Cao-Cheeger-Rong about manifolds with nonpositive sectional curvature and, in turn, to generalize a non-collapsing theorem of Heintze-Margulis. In contrast with previous approaches, they are proved using neither a geometric flow nor the Bochner identity for harmonic maps.
Tyrosination of α‐tubulin controls the initiation of processive dynein–dynactin motility

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of α/β-tubulin are believed to regulate interactions with microtubule-binding proteins. A well-characterized PTM involves in the removal and re-ligation of the C-terminal tyrosine on α-tubulin, but the purpose of this tyrosination-detyrosination cycle remains elusive. Here, we examined the processive motility of mammalian dynein complexed with dynactin and BicD2 (DDB) on tyrosinated versus detyrosinated microtubules. Motility was decreased ~fourfold on detyrosinated microtubules, constituting the largest effect of a tubulin PTM on motor function observed to date. This preference is mediated by dynactin's microtubule-binding p150 subunit rather than dynein itself. Interestingly, on a bipartite microtubule consisting of tyrosinated and detyrosinated segments, DDB molecules that initiated movement on tyrosinated tubulin continued moving into the segment composed of detyrosinated tubulin. This result indicates that the α-tubulin tyrosine facilitates initial motor-tubulin encounters, but is not needed for subsequent motility. Our results reveal a strong effect of the C-terminal α-tubulin tyrosine on dynein-dynactin motility and suggest that the tubulin tyrosination cycle could modulate the initiation of dynein-driven motility in cells.
Weighted Euler characteristic of the moduli space of higher rank Joyce–Song pairs

National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grants DMS 0244412, DMS 0555678 and DMS 08–38434 EMSW21–MCTP)
Quantum corrections to holographic mutual information

We compute the leading contribution to the mutual information (MI) of two disjoint spheres in the large distance regime for arbitrary conformal field theories (CFT) in any dimension. This is achieved by refining the operator product expansion method introduced by Cardy [1]. For CFTs with holographic duals the leading contribution to the MI at long distances comes from bulk quantum corrections to the Ryu-Takayanagi area formula. According to the FLM proposal [2] this equals the bulk MI between the two disjoint regions spanned by the boundary spheres and their corresponding minimal area surfaces. We compute this quantum correction and provide in this way a non-trivial check of the FLM proposal.
A Remark on the Two-Dimensional Magneto-Hydrodynamics-Alpha System

We study the generalized magneto-hydrodynamics-\({\alpha}\) system in two dimensional space with fractional Laplacians in the dissipative and diffusive terms. We show that the solution pair of velocity and magnetic fields preserves their initial regularity in all cases when the powers add up to one. This settles the global regularity issue in the general case which was remarked by the authors in Zhao and Zhu (Appl Math Lett 29:26–29, 2014) to be a problem.
Spatial, Spectral, and Polarization Multiplexed Ptychography

We demonstrate ptychographic imaging of multiple areas of a sample simultaneously with no loss of resolution, by using different wavelengths or polarizations to collect independent diffraction patterns in parallel. This significantly reduces imaging times.
Stable, Explicit Depth Extrapolation of Seismic Wavefields

Stable explicit filters for depth extrapolation of seismic wavefields may be derived through a modification of the conventional Taylor series method. The modified Taylor series method described here yields extrapolators with maximally-flat amplitude spectra in their passband, while ensuring that no spectral components in the wavefield are amplified by any factor greater than one. The price for stability is increased phase error. For low normalized frequencies, implicit extrapolators are more accurate than the 39-coefficient stable explicit extrapolator described here. However, the small spatial sampling intervals required to obtain high phase accuracy in implicit extrapolation imply that this accuracy is rarely achieved in practice. Over the wide range of normalized frequencies likely to be encountered in practice, stable explicit extrapolators outperform implicit ones. The method presented here for deriving stable explicit extrapolators is in no formal sense optimal. It is only guaranteed to yield stable extrapolators. In my limited experience with alternative methods for designing stable extrapolators, the method presented here produced the least phase error while ensuring stability. Nevertheless, a simple method for designing optimal (in some sense) stable explicit extrapolators would be preferred over the method presented here. 7 refs., 15 figs.
Progressive Fracture of Composite Structures

A new approach is described for evaluating fracture in composite structures. This approach is independent of classical fracture mechanics parameters like fracture toughness. It relies on computational simulation and is programmed in a stand-alone integrated computer code. It is multiscale, multifunctional because it includes composite mechanics for the composite behavior and finite element analysis for predicting the structural response. It contains seven modules; layered composite mechanics (micro, macro, laminate), finite element, updating scheme, local fracture, global fracture, stress based failure modes, and fracture progression. The computer code is called CODSTRAN (Composite Durability Structural ANalysis). It is used in the present paper to evaluate the global fracture of four composite shell problems and one composite built-up structure. Results show that the composite shells and the built-up composite structure global fracture are enhanced when internal pressure is combined with shear loads.
The (Ordinary) Generating Functions Enumerating 123-Avoiding Words with r Occurrences of Each of 1, 2, . . . , n Are Always Algebraic

The set of 123-avoiding permutations (alias words in $${\{1, \ldots, n\}}$$ with exactly 1 occurrence of each letter) is famously enumerated by the ubiquitous Catalan numbers, whose generating function C(x) famously satisfies the algebraic equation $${C(x) = 1 + xC(x)^{2}}$$ . Recently, Bill Chen, Alvin Dai, and Robin Zhou found (and very elegantly proved) an algebraic equation satisfied by the generating function enumerating 123-avoiding words with two occurrences of each of $${\{1, \ldots, n\}}$$ . Inspired by the Chen-Dai-Zhou result, we present an algorithm for finding such an algebraic equation for the ordinary generating function enumerating 123- avoiding words with exactly r occurrences of each of $${\{1, \ldots, n\}}$$ for any positive integer r, thereby proving that they are algebraic, and not merely D-finite (a fact that is promised by WZ theory). Our algorithm consists of presenting an algebraic enumeration scheme, combined with the Buchberger algorithm.
Enantioselective synthesis of a diastereomer of iriomoteolide-1a. What is the correct structure of the natural product?

An enantioselective approach to a diastereomer of iriomoteolide-1a is described. Highlighted is a SmI2-mediated intramolecular reductive cyclization approach to complex cyclic hemiketals. An acetylide−chloroformate coupling strategy is also featured. Our results show that the structures of iriomoteolide-1a−1c require careful reassessment.
1,1'-Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) Mediated Coupling and Cyclization To Generate [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3-a]pyridines

An operationally efficient CDI mediated tandem coupling and cyclization reaction to generate [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridines has been reported. The reaction conditions and scope were investigated, and the methodology was demonstrated in batch mode as well as in a continuous process.
Human-centered legal tech: integrating design in legal education

As the legal profession begins in earnest to deploy digital technology in service and information delivery, greater numbers of law schools are including technology instruction in their curricula. The prospect of more lawyers with digital expertise, while a welcome development, amplifies a parallel imperative that new technology tools be designed to be responsive to evolving human needs. This paper argues that coupling technology instruction with training in human-centered design approaches offers legal educators a means of preparing lawyers not only able to generate novel technology solutions, but able to fundamentally improve legal institutions and programs through those results. The use of design pedagogies within legal education also provides educators and students with the opportunity to reimagine the law as a creative pursuit by exploring structured methods like empathy via observation, prototyping, and the embrace of failure, with learning outcomes that hold the potential to transform how lawyers ap...
Highly Active Multidentate Ligand-Based Alkyne Metathesis Catalysts

Alkyne metathesis catalysts composed of molybdenum(VI) propylidyne and multidentate tris(2-hydroxylbenzyl)methane ligands have been developed, which exhibit excellent stability (remains active in solution for months at room temperature), high activity, and broad functional-group tolerance. The homodimerization and cyclooligomerization of monopropynyl or dipropynyl substrates, including challenging heterocycle substrates (e.g., pyridine), proceed efficiently at 40-55 °C in a closed system. The ligand structure and catalytic activity relationship has been investigated, which shows that the ortho groups of the multidentate phenol ligands are critical to the stability and activity of such a catalyst system.
Distributed algorithms for aggregative games on graphs

We consider a class of Nash games, termed as aggregative games, being played over a networked system. In an aggregative game, a player’s objective is a function of the aggregate of all the players’ decisions. Every player maintains an estimate of this aggregate, and the players exchange this information with their local neighbors over a connected network. We study distributed synchronous and asynchronous algorithms for information exchange and equilibrium computation over such a network. Under standard conditions, we establish the almost-sure convergence of the obtained sequences to the equilibrium point. We also consider extensions of our schemes to aggregative games where the players’ objectives are coupled through a more general form of aggregate function. Finally, we present numerical results that demonstrate the performance of the proposed schemes.
Low-skilled adult readers look like typically developing child readers: a comparison of reading skills and eye movement behavior

Adults enrolled in basic education exhibit poor academic performance, often reading at elementary and middle-school levels. The current study investigated the similarities and differences of reading skills and eye movement behavior between a sample of 25 low-skilled adult readers and 25 first grade students matched on word reading skill. t tests for matched pairs found no significant differences on language comprehension, reading comprehension, or eye movement variables. Regression analyses revealed that language comprehension made greater contributions to reading comprehension for adults (verses children) in the simple view of reading model. Processing time (gaze duration) was found to account for unique variance in both passage reading comprehension and sentence comprehension efficiency after controlling for word reading and language skills for adults. For children, processing time was only a significant predictor for sentence comprehension efficiency.
Metabolic Network Construction Using Ensemble Algorithms

One of the most important and challenging "knowledge extraction" tasks in bioinformatics is the reverse engineering of genes, proteins, and metabolites networks from biological data. Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) have been proven to be a very powerful formalism to infer biological networks. Standard GGM selection techniques can unfortunately not be used in the "small N, large P" data setting. Various methods to overcome this issue have been developed based on regularized estimation, partial least squares method, and limited-order partial correlation graphs. Several studies compared the performances among several network construction algorithms, such as PLSR, SCE, and ES, ICR and PCR, Ridge regression, Lasso and adaptive Lasso, to see which method is the best for biological network constructions. Each comparison analysis resulted in that each construction method has its own advantages as well as disadvantages according to different circumstances, such as the network complexity. However, it is almost impossible to recognize the complexity of the network before estimation. Thus, we develop an Ensemble method which is model averaging to construct a metabolic network. Our simulation studies show that the ensemble averaging based network construction has F1 score larger than these of other methods except only for Adaptive Lasso, reflecting its ability to account for uncertainty of network complexity.
The Economic Value of Iowa’s Public Universities

This analysis measures the economic value of Iowa's public universities â€“ The University of Iowa, Iowa State University, and the University of Northern Iowa. There are two dimensions evaluated: the overall worth of operating the universities as educational and service institutions and the value of student spending in their respective area economies. This analysis incorporates a number of best practices for measuring the worth of universities to regional economies.
Practical and Broadly Applicable Catalytic Enantioselective Additions of Allyl-B(pin) Compounds to Ketones and α-Ketoesters.

A set of broadly applicable methods for efficient catalytic additions of easy-to-handle allyl-B(pin) (pin=pinacolato) compounds to ketones and acyclic α-ketoesters was developed. Accordingly, a large array of tertiary alcohols can be obtained in 60 to >98 % yield and up to 99:1 enantiomeric ratio. At the heart of this development is rational alteration of the structures of the small-molecule aminophenol-based catalysts. Notably, with ketones, increasing the size of a catalyst moiety (tBu to SiPh3 ) results in much higher enantioselectivity. With α-ketoesters, on the other hand, not only does the opposite hold true, since Me substitution leads to substantially higher enantioselectivity, but the sense of the selectivity is reversed as well.
Counter-Manifesto: Student-Edited Reviews and the Intellectual Properties of Scholarship

In the great scheme of things, how important are the problems with law reviews? Jim Lindgren's essay is a bit overheated, even for someone enamored of polemic as a literary form. But he does have a point: if law reviews are going to be published, the task should be done better than it is. That does not mean getting rid of student law reviews. Not even for Jim- but it does require patience and further inquiry into the nature of legal scholarship. Please see the complete abstract in the article.
The Atomic Energy Act: Public Administration without Public Debate

The following is an analysis of the difficulties associated with the stimulation of objective public discussion concerning the work of the Atomic Energy Commisson. It should be read in conjunction with those appearing on pages 277 and 280. Herbert S. Marks is General Counsel for the Atomic Energy Commission; he was formerly Assistant General Counsel of the War Production Board and Special Assistant to the Undersecretary of State. This article is reprinted from the Summer Issue of THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LAW REVIEW*
The Interaction of Religion, Political Ideology, and Concern About Climate Change in the United States

ABSTRACTPolitical ideology and religion are considered important influences on attitudes about climate change, as many people rely on ideological and religious cues to help shape attitudes about this highly complex, uncertain, and politicized issue. While many scholars have studied the impacts of political orientation and religious affiliation independently, few have studied whether and how they interact in shaping concern about climate change. This article uses a large sample study to examine the impact of religious tradition on two indicators of concern about climate change within categories of political ideology. This study shows that religious affiliation moderates the impact of ideology, and that these interaction effects vary across religious traditions. Perhaps most significantly, this study reveals that religious affiliation is most influential on political liberals but has very little impact on conservatives. This holds significant implications for the way we understand the relationship between r...
VLSI implementation of discrete wavelet transform

This paper presents a VLSI implementation of discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The architecture is systolic in nature and performs both high-pass and low-pass coefficient calculations with only one set of multipliers. The architecture is simple, modular, and cascadable, and has been implemented in VLSI. Simulation results show that real-time coefficient calculation on a 512/spl times/612 pixels monochrome video input can be achieved.
Planning in Sohio

The Standard Oil Company (Ohio), or Sohio, was the twenty-fifth largest US industrial corporation and the fifty-second largest industrial corporation in the world. 1983 sales were $11.6 bn and net income was $1.5 bn. 53 per cent of Sohio was owned by the British Petroleum Company (BP). BP was the second largest industrial corporation outside the US and the fifth largest in the world, with sales of $49.2 bn and net income of $1.6 bn in 1983.1
Reconstruction of Gene Regulatory Networks Based on Repairing Sparse Low-Rank Matrices

With the growth of high-throughput proteomic data, in particular time series gene expression data from various perturbations, a general question that has arisen is how to organize inherently heterogenous data into meaningful structures. Since biological systems such as breast cancer tumors respond differently to various treatments, little is known about exactly how these gene regulatory networks (GRNs) operate under different stimuli. Challenges due to the lack of knowledge not only occur in modeling the dynamics of a GRN but also cause bias or uncertainties in identifying parameters or inferring the GRN structure. This paper describes a new algorithm which enables us to estimate bias error due to the effect of perturbations and correctly identify the common graph structure among biased inferred graph structures. To do this, we retrieve common dynamics of the GRN subject to various perturbations. We refer to the task as “repairing” inspired by “image repairing” in computer vision. The method can automatically correctly repair the common graph structure across perturbed GRNs, even without precise information about the effect of the perturbations. We evaluate the method on synthetic data sets and demonstrate an application to the DREAM data sets and discuss its implications to experiment design.
Serum phospholipid fraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids is the preferred indicator for nutrition and health status in hemodialysis patients

Long chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are major components of cell membrane phospholipids (PL) and serve as precursors for numerous bioactive lipid derivatives. Fatty acids (FA) are routinely analyzed in biological samples to assess composition of tissues, cells, and lipid fractions. In human studies, serum or plasma is often used because of their easy procurement. However, the lipid pool in serum and plasma is a mixture of triacylglycerol (TG), PL, cholesterol and its esters, and other components. Herein, we report findings from a serum FA analysis after fractionation of polar and neutral lipids by solid phase extraction in a large cohort of 400 hemodialysis patients. LC PUFA were found concentrated in the polar fraction compared to the total or the neutral lipid fraction. When correlated with clinical markers of disease, a greater number of significant correlations were found for PUFA in polar compared to total or the neutral fraction. We also observed that polar lipids are a reliable reflection of LC PUFA status compared to the total or neutral fractions because the latter are diluted by non-essential FA. The relative amounts of LC PUFA in the total and neutral fractions reflect the contribution of TG in blood that varies with diet, age, and physiologic state. Our data indicate that LC PUFA in the polar fraction are superior indicators of bioactive FA-status than in the total or the neutral fraction and should be used to establish important links between PUFA status, their bioactive substrates in hemodialysis patients.
The certainty versus the severity of punishment, repeat offenders, and stigmatization

There is a widely held presumption among criminologists that the certainty of punishment p is a greater deterrent than the severity of punishment (s). This presumption is at odds with recent experimental work as well as the implications of simple law enforcement models. This article shows that when offenses may be committed repeatedly, p may have a greater deterrent effect than s, even when each individual offender is more responsive to sthan p. This resolves the discrepancy between experimental results and the common belief held among criminologists.
A generalization of Spira's theorem and circuits with small segregators or separators

Spira showed that any Boolean formula of size s can be simulated in depth O ( log ź s ) . We generalize Spira's theorem and show that any Boolean circuit of size s with segregators (or separators) of size f ( s ) can be simulated in depth O ( f ( s ) log ź s ) . This improves and generalizes a simulation of polynomial-size Boolean circuits of constant treewidth k in depth O ( k 2 log ź n ) by Jansen and Sarma. Our results imply that the class of languages computed by non-uniform families of polynomial-size circuits with constant size segregators equals non-uniform N C 1 .As a corollary, we show that the Boolean Circuit Value problem for circuits with constant size segregators is in deterministic SPACE ( log 2 ź n ) . Our results also imply that the Planar Circuit Value problem, which is known to be P-Complete, is in SPACE ( n log ź n ) ; and that the Layered Circuit Value and Synchronous Circuit Value problems, which are both P-complete, are in SPACE ( n ) .
Evaluating Mendelian nephrotic syndrome genes for evidence for risk alleles or oligogenicity that explain heritability

Background More than 30 genes can harbor rare exonic variants sufficient to cause nephrotic syndrome (NS), and the number of genes implicated in monogenic NS continues to grow. However, outside the first year of life, the majority of affected patients, particularly in ancestrally mixed populations, do not have a known monogenic form of NS. Even in those children classified with a monogenic form of NS, there is phenotypic heterogeneity. Thus, we have only discovered a fraction of the heritability of NS—the underlying genetic factors contributing to phenotypic variation. Part of the “missing heritability” for NS has been posited to be explained by patients harboring coding variants across one or more previously implicated NS genes, insufficient to cause NS in a classical Mendelian manner, but that nonetheless have a sufficient impact on protein function to cause disease. However, systematic evaluation in patients with NS for rare or low-frequency risk alleles within single genes, or in combination across genes (“oligogenicity”), has not been reported. To determine whether, compared with a reference population, patients with NS have either a significantly increased burden of protein-altering variants (“risk-alleles”), or a unique combination of them (“oligogenicity”), in a set of 21 genes implicated in Mendelian forms of NS.
A Work-Efficient Parallel Sparse Matrix-Sparse Vector Multiplication Algorithm

We design and develop a work-efficient multithreaded algorithm for sparse matrix-sparse vector multiplication (SpMSpV) where the matrix, the input vector, and the output vector are all sparse. SpMSpV is an important primitive in the emerging GraphBLAS standard and is the workhorse of many graph algorithms including breadth-first search, bipartite graph matching, and maximal independent set. As thread counts increase, existing multithreaded SpMSpV algorithms can spend more time accessing the sparse matrix data structure than doing arithmetic. Our shared-memory parallel SpMSpV algorithm is work efficient in the sense that its total work is proportional to the number of arithmetic operations required. The key insight is to avoid each thread individually scan the list of matrix columns. Our algorithm is simple to implement and operates on existing column-based sparse matrix formats. It performs well on diverse matrices and vectors with heterogeneous sparsity patterns. A high-performance implementation of the algorithm attains up to 15x speedup on a 24-core Intel Ivy Bridge processor and up to 49x speedup on a 64-core Intel KNL manycore processor. In contrast to implementations of existing algorithms, the performance of our algorithm is sustained on a variety of different input types include matrices representing scale-free and high-diameter graphs.
Programming Heterogeneous Systems from an Image Processing DSL

Specialized image processing accelerators are necessary to deliver the performance and energy efficiency required by important applications in computer vision, computational photography, and augmented reality. But creating, “programming,” and integrating this hardware into a hardware/software system is difficult. We address this problem by extending the image processing language Halide so users can specify which portions of their applications should become hardware accelerators, and then we provide a compiler that uses this code to automatically create the accelerator along with the “glue” code needed for the user’s application to access this hardware. Starting with Halide not only provides a very high-level functional description of the hardware but also allows our compiler to generate a complete software application, which accesses the hardware for acceleration when appropriate. Our system also provides high-level semantics to explore different mappings of applications to a heterogeneous system, including the flexibility of being able to change the throughput rate of the generated hardware.We demonstrate our approach by mapping applications to a commercial Xilinx Zynq system. Using its FPGA with two low-power ARM cores, our design achieves up to 6× higher performance and 38× lower energy compared to the quad-core ARM CPU on an NVIDIA Tegra K1, and 3.5× higher performance with 12× lower energy compared to the K1’s 192-core GPU.
Adaptive learning of uncontrolled restless bandits with logarithmic regret

In this paper we consider the problem of learning the optimal policy for the uncontrolled restless bandit problem. In this problem only the state of the selected arm can be observed, the state transitions are independent of control and the transition law is unknown. We propose a learning algorithm which gives logarithmic regret uniformly over time with respect to the optimal finite horizon policy with known transition law under some assumptions on the transition probabilities of the arms and the structure of the optimal stationary policy for the infinite horizon average reward problem.