cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Algorithmic problems of nontransitive (SSB) utilities

The standard utility theory is based on several natural axioms including transitivity of preference; however, real preference is often not transitive. To describe such preferences, Fishburn (1988) introduced a new formalism (SSB-utilities), in which preference is described by a skew-symmetric function F:M x M - R, where M is the set of all alternatives. He also showed that it is in principle possible to reconstruct this function F by asking the person to compare different alternatives and lotteries. In the present paper we propose a new algorithm for reconstructing F that is asymptotically optimal in the sense that the number of binary (yes-no) questions that one has to ask to determine the values of F with given precision is of minimal possible order.
Sexual Abuse of Adults with Mental Retardation by Other Consumers

All allegations of sexual abuse of adults with mental retardation by other adults with mental retardation over a five year period were examined. There were 72 cases substantiated with a total of 49 perpetrators. In all 72 cases, sexual abuse of one adult with mental retardation by another occurred; however, the perpetrator was deemed culpable in 31 cases, abuse and neglect were confirmed in six cases and facility neglect accounted for the remaining 35 cases. Victims were represented in all levels of mental retardation and had few secondary disabilities. Men were found to be at as much risk of sexual abuse as women. Ninety-four percent of the perpetrators were men and 81% had or still dolive in large congregate settings. Findings were congruent with the theories that perpetrators with mental retardation victimize men and women at similar rates, that living in congregate settings results in significant risks, and that men and women with mental retardation need to be provided with the skills necessary to identify what constitutes sexual abuse and what actions to take to prevent it.
Age Differences in WISC-III Subtests of Children Experiencing Academic Difficulties

Summary.-WSC-I11 subtest scores of 180 children referred because of academic dfiiculties were analyzed for differences based on age (M=9.6, SD=2.7) and IQ. Rank-orders of all subtests indicated no significant correlauons across the six ageIQ groups, suggesting that interpretation of changes in subtest rankings may require consideration of age and IQ, especially for such children. When data were organized into Acquired Knowlcdge, Spatial Ability, and speed-related task categories, analyses of variance showed ;I main effect for IQ. Furthermore, scores on Acquired Knowledge were associated with age at the lower category of IQ, whereas Spatial Ability and speed-related tasks were not related to age. The literature is replete with attempts to identdy Wechsler subtest patterns which distinguish among various categories of children. Silverstein (1968) and Kaufman (1979), for example, summarized studles of WISC subtest patterns and reported that Vocabulary, Arithmetic, and Information were the most difficult subtests for persons with mental handicaps, while Object Assembly, Picture Completion, and Block Design were among the easiest. Children with learning disabilities also performed well on these three tests (Kaufman, 1994; Smith, Coleman, Dokecki, & Davis, 1977; Vance, Gaynor, & Coleman, 1976). Other subtests have been proposed as identdying other special populations, e.g., Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder. In many of these studies, ages were averaged across a span of up to 10 years. Support for combining ages came from studies which showed the factor structure of the WISC and WISC-R to be highly consistent across age groups (Cohen, 1959; Kaufman, 1975); however, Kaufman (1979) found that older children solved problems faster and earned more bonus points than younger children in subtests that required speed for high scores. He also reported (1994) that children with learning disabilities showed decreases over time in Information, Arithmetic, and Vocabulary scores. Likewise, Byrd, Buckhalt, and Byrd (1981) found, with a sample of students referred due to academic difficulties, that (a) these same three subtests showed a decrease in
Treatment of plasma cell granuloma of the lung with radiation therapy. A report of two cases and a review of the literature.

Plasma cell granuloma is a rare, benign tumor that affects people at all ages and most frequently involves the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and salivary gland. They are the most common, isolated, primary lesion of the lung in children less than 16 years of age, and usually present as circumscribed, peripheral, parenchymal tumors, which may be static or increase slowly in size without causing symptoms. Whereas surgical excision is the treatment of choice, there are situations in which the lesion cannot be resected without significant morbidity because of direct extension into the mediastinum or lymph nodes. In these circumstances, radiation therapy may be a better therapeutic option. Two cases of plasma cell granuloma that could not be completely resected are described. The patients were treated with radiation therapy consisting of 4320 rad in 4.5 weeks and 4500 rads in 4.5 weeks, respectively, and both have been cured. Although surgery as the primary treatment for most patients is still recommended, especially in the young so the potential side effects of radiation therapy can be avoided, the authors believe that in rare cases where the lesion is locally aggressive and surgically unresectable or resectable only with major morbidity, radiation therapy can be an effective alternative. Currently, the recommended treatment is 4000 to 4500 rad given in 180 to 200 rad fractions, with the fields being carefully tailored to the tumor volume in order to minimize the dose to the surrounding normal tissue. Cancer 57:2127-2129, 1986. LASMA CELL GRANULOMA is a rare, benign tumor P first described in detail by Bahadori and Liebow.’ These granulomas affect people at all ages and most frequently involve the lung, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and salivary glands. Histologically, they consist of a proliferation of mature plasma cells and reticuloendothelial cells supported by a stroma ofgranulation tissue. The presence of other cellular elements, including lymphocytes and large mononuclear cells, has led to a considerable variation in nomenclature.
Low energy charged particle detection in a light-ion storage ring

Abstract We have detected low energy protons from elastic proton-proton scattering at forward angles (θlab = 2.3° −10.6°) with silicon strip detectors mounted inside the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility “Cooler” storage ring. Detection of both protons reduces the coincident background to less than ≈ 1% of the elastic scattering rate.
Theoretical models for stellar X-ray polarization in compact objects

Degenerate stellar objects are expected to be strong sources of polarized X-ray emission. This is particularly true for strongly magnetized neutron stars, e.g. accretion or rotation powered pulsars, and gamma ray bursters. In these, linear polarization degrees well in excess of 30 percent are expected. Weaker magnetic field stellar sources, such as old neutron stars in low mass binary systems, white dwarfs and black holes are expected to have polarization degrees in the range 1-3 percent. A great interest attaches to the detection of polarization in these objects, since this would provide invaluable information concerning the geometry, radiation mechanism and magnetic field strength, necessary for testing and proving models of the structure and evolution of stars in their late stages. In this paper we review the theoretical models of the production of polarized radiation in compact stellar X-ray sources, and discuss the possibility of detecting these properties using currently planned detectors to be flown in space.
Ising chain as the basic cluster in effective-field theories of magnetism

Abstract A linear chain is used as the basic cluster in effective-field theories of Ising systems. The chain gives limited improvement over finite clusters in a molecular-field approach. Results are independent of cluster size in a “constant coupling” approach.
Revision of Etyidae Guinot and Tavares, 2001 (Crustacea: Brachyura)

Members of the Etyidae and Feldmanniidae new family have unique arrangements of the spermatheca and gonopores that permit placement of each in different families and that differentiate each from all other brachyurans. Spermathecal openings are not always positioned along the sternal suture between sternites 7 and 8, suggesting that reproductive architecture within the Brachyura and what was formerly regarded as the Podotremata is considerably more diverse and disparate than previously thought. Etyidae and Feldmanniidae radiated in the early Cretaceous and survived into the Paleogene. New taxa include Steorrosia new genus, Bretonia new genus, Faksecarcinus new genus, and sixteen new combinations.
Application of Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance (KSD) metrics to identify disease-specific biomarker genes.

Background DNA microarrays have been widely applied in cancer research for better diagnosis and prediction of the disease states. Traditionally, most microarray studies aim to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing the average gene expression levels between two groups (e.g., the treated vs. control or disease vs. non-disease) based on statistical analysis such as t-test and Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) [1,2]. Materials and methods In this study, we defined the gene expression profile (GEP) of a gene as the distribution of the log2 values of its normalized expression signal intensities across the samples in the similarly studied microarrays. We hypothesized that the biomarker genes that distinguish disease samples from normal samples might form distinct GEPs between comparison groups. We applied Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov Distance (KSD) metrics to identify disease-specific biomarkers by comparing GEPs between normal and disease states and then applied this technology to disease (e.g., cancer) related studies in order to discover some disease genes as biomarker candidates. These biomarkers’ gene profiles in normal and disease samples might be used to diagnose or monitor patient’s disease state via regular gene expression analysis.
Semileptonic decays of charmed mesons produced in electron-positron annihilation

In this paper we study a few models for the inclusive semileptonic decays as well as a few exclusive decays of the charmed meson D (1865), recently discovered at SPEAR. We calculate the electron distributions for the sequence e/sup +/ + e/sup -/ ..-->.. D-bar* + D ..-->.. D-bar + ..pi.. + D followed by D ..-->.. e + ..nu.. + x x x , at the center-of-mass energy 4.1 GeV. The results are compared with the recent findings of a DESY experiment carried out at center-of-mass energies between 4.0 and 4.2 GeV by Braunschweig et al. We conclude that D ..-->.. e + ..nu.. + K* is most likely the dominant semileptonic decay mode of the D meson. Furthermore, the decay structure for D ..-->.. e + ..nu.. + K* favors a phenomenological (V + A)(V - A) form, as is dictated by an underlying charm scheme. This may be viewed as an indirect, and another partial confirmation of the weak-interaction scheme of charm. We also present results for dilepton production, for the afore-mentioned sequence of production and decay. The lepton distributions for the sequence of e/sup +/ + e/sup -/ ..-->.. D/sup +/ + D/sup -/ followed bymore » D ..-->.. e + ..nu.. + K* (or K), at the center-of-mass energy 3.9 GeV, is also claculated.« less
Multipoint boundary value problems with parameter for a system of difference equations

Solutionsu(t), of the first order system of difference equations u(t p 1) e f(t,u(t),λ) satisfying the multipoint boundary conditions ,are differentiated with respect to the components of r and with respect to the components of the parameter λ, where are constant real n×n matrices
AWE technique in frequency domain electromagnetics

This paper presents fast radar cross section (RCS) computations using the Asymptotic Waveform Evaluation (AWE) technique in conjunction with Method of Moments (MoM) and hybrid Finite Element (FEM/MoM) implementations. In its traditional form, AWE constructs a reduced-order model of a given linear system by Taylor series expansion with respect to specific values of the system parameters (frequency, angle, etc.). However, using a Pade rational function instead of a Taylor series, the accuracy of the analysis is increased to a wider frequency range. Thus, AWE permits the prediction of the frequency response from a few frequency calculations. AWE is also extended to allow monostatic RCS pattern prediction using again a few pattern values, thus eliminating a need to resolve the system when an iterative solver is employed. To demonstrate these extensions of AWE, numerical examples of three-dimensional metallic bodies and cavity-backed apertures are considered.
Rationale for early intervention in acute stroke

Ischemic stroke occurs after an abrupt reduction in cerebral blood flow, usually related to thrombosis of an intracranial or extracranial artery. The presenting symptoms and signs of stroke vary greatly, depending on the region of the brain involved. Most individuals are unaware of the warning signs or symptoms of stroke and do not seek medical care immediately after stroke onset. Recently, thrombolytic therapy with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) has been shown to be effective for treatment of selected stroke patients if administered <3 hours after stroke onset. This therapy is now approved for stroke treatment, but relatively few stroke patients currently receive t-PA. Neuroprotective agents that improve the intrinsic ability of brain parenchyma to withstand ischemia are currently undergoing intensive clinical evaluation. Their development has been facilitated by significant scientific advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of acute ischemic neuronal injury. Strategies aimed at interfering with these fundamental processes of ischemic neuronal injury have shown encouraging results in several preliminary clinical trials. However, these agents probably must also be administered within a few hours of stroke onset to be beneficial. Eventually, combined neuroprotective and thrombolytic therapy will likely be used for acute stroke treatment. This strategy's success will depend on increased public and professional education efforts dealing with stroke recognition, evaluation, and treatment.
Fire effects on infiltration rates after prescribed fire in Northern Rocky Mountain forests, USA

Abstract Infiltration rates in undisturbed forest environments are generally high. These high infiltration rates may be reduced when forest management activities such as timber harvesting and/or prescribed fires are used. Post-harvest residue burning is a common site preparation treatment used in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA, to reduce forest fuels and to prepare sites for natural and artificial tree regeneration. Prescribed burn operations attempt to leave sites with the surface condition of a low-severity burn. However, some of the areas often experience surface conditions associated with a high-severity burn which may result in hydrophobic or water repellent conditions. In this study, infiltration rates were measured after logging slash was broadcast burned from two prescribed burns. The two sites were in Northern Rocky coniferous forests of Douglas-fir/lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir. Simulated rainfall was applied to one-square meter plots in three, 30-min applications at 94 mm h−1 within the three surface conditions found after the burn: unburned-undisturbed areas, low-severity burn areas and high-severity burn areas. Runoff hydrographs from the rainfall simulations were relatively constant from the plots that were in unburned-undisturbed areas and in areas subjected to a low-severity burn. These constant runoff rates indicate constant hydraulic conductivity values for these surface conditions even though there was variation between plots. Hydrographs from the rainfall simulation plots located within areas of high-severity burn indicate greater runoff rates than the plots in low-severity burn areas especially during the initial stages of the first rainfall event. These runoff rates decreased to a constant rate for the last 10 min of the event. These results indicate hydrophobic or water repellent soil conditions, which temporarily cause a 10–40% reduction in hydraulic conductivity values when compared to a normal infiltrating soil condition. Since variability was high for these forest conditions, cumulative distribution algorithms of hydraulic conductivity provide a means to account for the inherent variability associated with these hillslopes and different surface conditions cause by fire.
Impact of Pediatric Mental Health Screening on Clinical Discussion and Referral for Services

Objective. This study discusses the impact of mental health screening in pediatric primary care on the management of mental health concerns. Methods. Youth aged 11 years and their parents completed the Pediatric Symptom Checklist and chart reviews were used to gather information about discussion of mental health concerns and connection with mental health services. The study design was a post-intervention study with a concurrent comparison group of youth aged 12 years who were not offered a screening. The χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests and logistic regression were used to compare groups on outcome variables. Results. Parents who completed a mental health screening for their child were more likely to be referred and attend mental health services, attend a psychiatrist appointment, and discuss their concerns with the primary care provider compared with the comparison group. Conclusions. Screening by parents improves detection of problems and fosters conversations with providers and subsequent connection with ser...
Delinquent Careers Behind Bars

There is an increasing recognition that incarceration time, instead of a period characterized by intermittency or lulls in offending, is for many a period of continued involvement in misconduct and other problematic behaviors. Yet, despite mounting evidence on the offending patterns of incarcerated adults, little research attention has been paid to the institutional behavior of incarcerated delinquents. The current research explored the institutional misconduct careers of 2,520 serious and violent delinquent offenders incarcerated in a large southern juvenile correctional system. Analyses revealed that the study cohort engaged in more than 200,000 instances of minor misconduct behaviors and nearly 19,000 instances of major misconduct behaviors during their incarceration. Multivariate analyses examining the incidence of major, minor, and assaultive institutional misconduct revealed that offenders with more extensive delinquent backgrounds had an increased expected rate of misconduct, net the effects of a number of variables. Implications for research and practice are explored.
Status of exotic grasses and grass-like vegetation and potential impacts on wildlife in New England

The Northeastern section of the United States, known as New England, has seen vast changes in land cover and human population over the past 3 centuries. Much of the region is forested; grasslands and other open-land cover types are less common, but provide habitat for many species that are currently declining in abundance and distribution. New England also consists of some of the most densely populated and developed states in the country. The origin, distribution, and spread of exotic species are highly correlated with human development. As such, exotics are common throughout much of New England, including several species of graminoids (grasses and grass-like plants such as sedges and rushes). Several of the more invasive grass species can form expansive dense mats that exclude native plants, alter ecosystem structure and functions, and are perceived to provide little-to-no value as wildlife food or cover. Although little research has been conducted on direct impacts of exotic graminoids on wildlife populations in New England, several studies on the common reed (Phragmites australis) in salt marshes have shown this species to have variable effects as cover for birds and other wildlife, depending on the distribution of the plant (e.g., patches and borders of reeds are used more by wildlife than expansive densely growing stands). Direct impacts of other grasses on wildlife populations are largely unknown. However, many of the invasive graminoid species that are present in New England have the capability of outcompeting native plants and thereby potentially affecting associated fauna. Preservation, protection, and restoration of grassland and open-land cover types are complex but necessary challenges in the region to maintain biological and genetic diversity of grassland, wetland, and other open-land obligate species. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Revisiting the Value of Nursing Care

When I attended the 2008 Fall Summit of The Nursing Organizations Alliance (NOA) in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the American Nurses Association President, Rebecca M. Patton, shared with the attendees an idea that had come out of the American Nurses Association’s meeting with its 24 Organizational and Work Force Advocacy Affiliates. What was suggested was for each President to use their ‘‘column’’ in May/June of 2009 to speak to the value of nursing. With a new White House Administration that’s put health care near the top of the nation’s agenda, registered nurses now have an incredible opportunity to help shape a safe, quality, and cost-effective health care system. It is essential to know and recognize the value of nursing that society, governments, and the profession itself have of nursing as a profession in terms of why it exists and how it functions. ‘‘Value’’ means the perceived worth, importance of estimation of nursing as an occupation in the eyes of various groups, including nurses themselves. Individual values in the work place are shaped by the position and responsibilities held. The most influential factors are integrity, respect, customer focus, involvement, quality, creativity/innovation, accountability, and fairness (Buffron, Sullivan, & Sullivan, 2002). The Strategic Plan for ARIN does reflect upon the value of nursing care. Our core purpose or reason for being is to foster the growth of nurses who advance the standard of care in the imaging environment. The public may not think about the solid educational background of registered nurses or the fact that we are bound by a Code of Ethics, or that we develop and follow standards of care. But they know that we are the ones who respond when they’re in pain or are afraid, answer their call lights 24-7, and take the time to listen
Virtue and Community in Business Ethics: A Critical Assessment of Solomon’s Aristotelian Approach to Social Responsibility

Evaluation de l'approche ethique des affaires et de la responsabilite sociale des entreprises developpee par R. Solomon contre l'heritage hobbesien d'une pratique economique amorale appelee capitalisme cowboy. S'il defend avec Solomon l'idee d'une responsabilite envers la prosperite de la societe, l'A. doute de la capacite de controle de celle-ci sur le domaine des affaires, et montre que le lien entre vertu et responsabilite n'est pas evident.
The role of allergy in chronic rhinosinusitis

Chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic sinusitis is characterized by unregulated proliferation of eosinophils, T helper cell type 2 (T H 2)-like lymphocytes, fibroblasts, goblet cells, and mast cells. In more than 50% of subjects, it is found in association with the allergic rhinitis. The instillation of allergens onto the nasal mucosa is associated with worsening inflammation within the sinuses and an influx of eosinophils. The activation of T H 2-like lymphocytes in the allergic nares leads to the differentiation and activation of immune cells, including eosinophils and basophils, from precursors present in the nasal tissue and bone marrow. The presence of specific adhesion and chemotactic molecules in the sinuses promotes the recruitment of these newly generated cells from the circulation.
Application of Transmission Electron Microscopy to Engineering Practice in Ceramics: Introduction, Fundamentals, and Application to Precipitation Phenomena

This paper, the first of eight in this issue of the Journal devoted to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of ceramics, provides a brief introduction to the physics of electron optics as it relates to the study of microstructural defects in crystalline solids. The particular application of TEM discussed in this paper, the study of subsolidus precipitation in star sapphire (Ti-doped AI2O3) and in magnesia-partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ), illustrates the usefulness of this technique in providing detailed crystallographic and microstructural information on precipitation reactions. In star sapphire, TEM was used to identify unambiguously the needle-like precipitate phase responsible for the asterism in gem-quality crystals as rutile, the stable tetragonal form of TO2. The observed orientation relation between precipitate and matrix allows good lattice matching between the two phases. The work on PSZ described in the present paper consists of “deciphering” the precipitation history of a commercial, sintered, polycrystalline ceramic showing, in particular, that precipitation occurred in three distinguishable stages. Although tetragonal ZrO2 is the precipitate phase in all three stages, a polymorphic transformation to monoclinic symmetry occurs in two of the three types of precipitates; the tetragonal symmetry is retained metastably in the third. Furthermore, the internal structure of the precipitates and the precipitate/cubic zirconia host microstructural relations are different in each case; these differences can profoundly affect mechanical properties.
Hip-hop Judaica: the politics of representin’ Heebster heritage

In this essay, I explore the use of rap and hip-hop conventions as they have developed within the self-consciously contemporary American Jewish ‘hipster’ scene between c. 1986 and 2006, framed particularly around the way these genres have addressed the discourses of masculinity within Jewish culture. By exploring the works and actions of such artists as Matisyahu and the Hip Hop Hoodios within the context of both American Jewish masculinity discussions and the historical relationship of Jews with commercial hip-hop performance, I attempt to explore how a population’s attempts at musical ‘change’ act as a crucial part of the religious and ethnic transmission and preservation process. Although outwardly seen as based on mimesis and even novelty, ‘Jewish’ hip hop, I suggest, instils a deep sense of identity into a population often characterised as iconoclastic, dynamic, politically inclusive and culturally mutable. Masculinity therefore serves largely as a vessel for young Jews to fashion a sense of self into a conversation from which they had previously been largely absent: one of several strategies used both to unmoor and to redefine what it means to be a ‘new’ Jew.
Genetic incompatibilities in killifish and the role of environment.

Measuring reproductive isolation across multiple generations and environments is a key endeavor in speciation research because it indicates which isolating barriers currently prevent introgression and the extent to which they are intrinsic versus environmentally dependent. Here, I present data from several crosses (parental crosses, F1s, F2s, back-crosses) between two species of killifish (Lucania goodei and L. parva) that have diverged along a salinity gradient (L. goodei—freshwater, L. parva—euryhaline). Offspring were raised under high and low salinity to test for (1) extrinsic isolation, (2) intrinsic isolation manifested through genetic incompatibilities, and (3) environmentally dependent genetic incompatibilities. I found evidence for both intrinsic and extrinsic isolation, but no evidence for environmentally dependent genetic incompatibilities. The presence of extrinsic and intrinsic isolation varied among fitness measures, and all forms of reproductive isolation were asymmetric. Early egg survival was independent of salinity, but demonstrated pronounced intrinsic isolation. Both extrinsic and intrinsic isolation existed for egg hatching and survival of fry to the eating stage. Unfortunately, the order in which extrinsic and intrinsic isolation arose is unresolved. Understanding the extent to which adaptation to salinity creates multiple forms of reproductive isolation is critical for understanding diversification in many fish taxa.
Limiting Hardness of Polymer/Ceramic Composites

The main deficiency of proprietary composite materials for esthetic restoration of teeth is that they are much less resistant to wear than enamel. Many factors are involved in such a complex service property as some simpler related property. Limiting attention to static mechanical properties, it is to be noted that the proprietary composite materials are not inferior to enamel in respect of compression strength and tensile strength. On the other hand, it is well known that they are much softer, generally having a Knoop hardness number less than 60 Kg/mm2 whereas values near 380 have been reported for enamel (1,2). An obvious reason for this difference is that enamel contains a much greater ceramic content (95 wt-%) than most proprietary materials (60–80 wt-%). This might be rationalized in relation to wear by supposing that closely packed ceramic particles behave cooperatively and cannot be dislodged as easily from the surface as isolated particles. The objective of the present work is to find how hardness depends on the loading of ceramic particles in a polymeric matrix.
MULTILOCUS ALLOZYME HETEROZYGOTE DEFICIENCIES IN CREPIDULA ONYX: GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS AMONG ADULT SNAILS IN MISSION BAY, CALIFORNIA

Although the phenomenon of multilocus heterozygote deficiencies in numerous taxonomically diverse molluscs has been studied for over 30 years it has resisted general explanation. Here we describe a case in Crepidula onyx Sowerby, a common protandrous slipper limpet on the Pacific coast of southern California. Spatial and temporal differentiation at 16 polymorphic allozyme loci were examined in samples of adult snails from three or four seasons and six localities in Mission Bay, San Diego. The populations were highly polymorphic (proportion of polymorphic loci PL ¼ 0.65 – 0.69; mean individual heterozygosity HO ¼ 0.13 –0.29) and although there were slightly more changes in allele frequency between autumn and winter than between winter and spring, statistically significant spatial and temporal change or patterning was not detected. If the larvae are passive dispersers the lack of population structure is attributable to the fact that during any three-week period that they are in the plankton, the waters of Mission Bay are completely mixed by tidal currents. In marked contrast, statistically significant heterozygote deficiencies were found in all samples (locality and season) and subsamples (males and females). At each locality and season, deficiencies were as pronounced in males as in females. Furthermore, at each locality, there was no increase in level of multilocus deficiency between males in one season and females in a subsequent season. We conclude that the heterozygotes had been lost in the larval planktonic stage or at the time of metamorphosis and settlement. Several hypotheses to explain the heterozygote deficiencies in adults are discussed: inbreeding, self-fertilization, presence of null alleles, allele scoring bias, aneuploidy, parental imprinting, spatial and temporal Wahlund effects, age-effects, and direct natural selection on the marker loci. Although we can reject some of these hypotheses, others like inbreeding, require testing with markers with greater statistical power. Wahlund effects due to inadvertent mixing of two cryptic species and/or micro-spatial population genetic structuring due to reproductive asynchronies appear unlikely causes. Natural selection against heterozygotes in the larval phase of life may account for the observations, but selection does not appear to operate directly on any of the individual loci studied. An hypothesis is offered to explain the general selection against heterozygotes during the pelagic larval stage, and for the reverse during the sessile adult stage. Selection coefficients would, however, have to be unusually high and we conclude that we are unable satisfactorily to explain our observations.
Fast, flexible, cycle-accurate energy estimation

Designing energy efficient hardware and software systems demands different tools at various levels in the design hierarchy. There is however a dearth of tools to enable investigation and implementation of energy efficient software and hardware architectures. Presented is a fast, flexible, cycle-accurate architectural simulator, Myrmigki, that models a commercial microcontroller and microprocessor family, and enables cycle-accurate power dissipation analyses through a combination of instruction level power analysis and circuit activity estimation. Myrmigki is intended to be used to study the effect of microarchitectural features on the energy efficiency of hardware and software systems. It provides facilities for dynamic voltage scaling, clock speed setting and per-cycle architecture reconfiguration, and is easily extended to add new microarchitectural features and model new instruction set architectures. The simulator provides over an order of magnitude speedup over a contemporary state-of-the-art power estimating simulator, while providing estimates within 10% of measurements from prototype hardware that it models.
Measurement of carbon disulfide anion diffusion in a TPC

A Negative Ion Time Projection Chamber was used to measure the field dependence oflateral and longitudinal diffusion for CS2 anions drifting in mixtures of CS2 and Ar at 40 Torr. Ion drift velocities and limits on the capture distance for electrons as a function of field and gas mixture are also reported. # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 29.40.Cs; 29.40.Gx; 51.50.+v
Progress in the development of an HIV vaccine

Despite the remarkable advances that have been made in the last 20 years regarding the molecular virology, pathogenesis and epidemiology of HIV, the development of an effective HIV vaccine remains an elusive goal. The major reason for this is that we have not determined a correlate of immunity. The various explanations for this include integration of the virus into the host cell genome, infection of long-lived immune cells, HIV genetic diversity (especially in its envelope), persistent high viral replication releasing up to 10 billion viral particles per day and/or production of immunosuppressive products or proteins. However, there is evidence that the host can be protected: some highly exposed persons have remained uninfected; the relatively low incidence of mother to child (fetus) transmission; the initial effective immune response that significantly, if temporally, reduces viral loads; some infected persons are long-term non-progressors; experimental vaccines and passive immunisation have proven effec...
Shape Is like Space: Modeling Shape Representation as a Set of Qualitative Spatial Relations

Representing and comparing two-dimensional shapes is an important problem. Our hypothesis about human representations is that that people utilize two representations of shape: an abstract, qualitative representation of the spatial relations between the shape‘s parts, and a detailed, quantitative representation. The advantage of relational, qualitative representations is that they facilitate shape comparison: two shapes can be compared via structural alignment processes which have been used to model similarity and analogy more broadly. This comparison process plays an important role in determining when two objects share the same shape, or in identifying transformations (rotations and reflections) between two shapes. Based on our hypothesis, we have built a computational model which automatically constructs both qualitative and quantitative representations and uses them to compare two-dimensional shapes in visual scenes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model by summarizing a series of studies which have simulated human spatial reasoning.
Chemoreception: Paramecium as a Receptor Cell

In the sensory modalities of taste, smell and common chemical sense, there are receptor cells that make contact with the external environment and detect the presence of external chemical stimuli. The receptor cell is the site of stimulus recognition, which is thought to be mediated through binding of the stimulus to specific surface receptors and then transduction of this binding into “useful” electrical information. Information in this new form is passed on to higher order neurons and eventually is translated into a response. In order to study receptor cell function, it seems straightforward to isolate these receptor cells, identify the receptors among the membrane proteins and determine the ionic basis of receptor binding by conventional electrophysiology. However, there are limitations inherent in many of the chemosensory systems traditionally used to study chemoreception. Relatively small amounts of olfactory or taste epithelium limit the binding studies and biochemical studies necessary to identify receptor proteins; tissue is often of a mixed cell type, even when avaiable in quantity, making it difficult to be sure of the origins of putative receptor proteins (Price, 1981; Mooser, 1981; Cagan, 1981). Hence, indirect methods (e.g. treating the tissue with n-ethyl-maleimide to disrupt protein sulfhydryl bonds, and hence disrupting the chemoresponse, or demonstrating specificity and saturability of a response) are used to demonstrate that the receptor site is a protein.
Metabolic syndrome: intima-media thickness and beyond.

The paper by Dawson et al. ([1][1]) in this issue of the Journal asks: what factors predict or drive the early phases of atherosclerosis, in adolescence and early adulthood, as indexed by aortic intima-media thickness (aIMT) and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT)? It uses data from 635 members of
A basis for some contributions of linguistics to psychiatry.

(1957). A Basis for Some Contributions of Linguistics to Psychiatry. Psychiatry: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 61-78.
Is heart transplantation after circulatory death compatible with the dead donor rule

Dalle Ave et al (2016) provide a valuable overview of several protocols for heart transplantation after circulatory death. However, their analysis of the compatibility of heart donation after circulatory death (DCD) with the dead donor rule (DDR) is flawed. Their permanence-based criteria for death, which depart substantially from established law and bioethics, are ad hoc and unfounded. Furthermore, their analysis is self-defeating, because it undercuts the central motivation for DDR as both a legal and a moral constraint, rendering the DDR vacuous and trivial. Rather than devise new and ad hoc criteria for death for the purpose of rendering DCD nominally consistent with DDR, we contend that the best approach is to explicitly abandon DDR.
Experimental Characterization of a Supersonic Flow Control Actuator

Computational and experimental techniques are being used to investigate the operating characteristics of a promising cavity device for high-speed flow control called the SparkJet actuator. This actuator, which produces a synthetic jet with high exhaust velocities, holds the promise of manipulating supersonic boundary layers without active mechanical components. This paper focuses on the experimental characterization of a newly-redesigned SparkJet. Numerical parametric studies of the previous design characterized the performance attributes of the device as a function of orifice size, chamber volume, and energy deposited. Current experimental efforts to assess the new mm-scale actuator design include the application of high-resolution particle image velocimetry to quantify quiescent air operation, and the use of a miniaturized thrust stand to measure SparkJet impulse bit data and to determine an optimal duty cycle. Both data sets will also be used to calibrate the computations and to determine a confidence level in the prediction capability.
Follow-up surveillance for antibody in human subjects following live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccines.

SummaryHemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were present at comparable levels 10 years after vaccination with Enders'original Edmonston and more attenuated Moraten (Attenuvax) and Schwarz line measles vaccines. There was no substantial decline in neutralizing antibody titer for nearly 12 years after administration of Jeryl Lynn strain mumps virus vaccine (Mumpsvax). Hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were present without important decline in amount for at least 9.5 and 9 years, respectively, in children and adult women after administration of HPV-77 duck cell modified rubella vaccine (Meruvax). Higher homologous antibody titers were achieved initially following less attenuated Enders’Edmonston measles vaccine compared with more attenuated Moraten line vaccine and following natural mumps compared with mumps vaccine. Approximately 10 years later, however, the mean titers were roughly the same in each instance, indicating no apparent advantage of more virulent vaccine virus or natural infection in prov...
Innovation of Image Form in the Poster Design

Objective To study the innovation of image form in the poster design. Methods It introduced the concept of image and image form,and expounded the two characteristics,analyzed the structure mode of image in the poster design and the application situation of image form in the poster design,and put forward the innovation of image form in the poster design. Conclusion Main application of computer image technology in the current poster design,whose expression is relatively single,can not meet the requirement of the poster design of novelty and uniqueness.By changing the composition of the image,reasonable use of repetition,deconstruction,deformation,collage,mutual contrast technique such as composition,can express the graphics performance using unconventional thinking in the poster design.
Distribution of aquatic macroinvertebrates in three Sonoran Desert springbrooks.

Aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of the Sonoran Desert are poorly known. Three springbrooks in south-east Arizona were studied with respect to occurrence and distribution of macroinvertebrates along several abiotic gradients. Taxonomic richness was low in springheads and increased in middle and lower reaches, presumably a result of unfavorable physico-chemical conditions in spring sources, and amelioration of these factors downstream. A comparison between Sonoran Desert springs and streams shows that the latter support far richer invertebrate communities. Springs in other desert and temperate regions also frequently have depauperate faunas, a pattern possibly due to constant and/or harsh physico-chemical environments.
The Monds: A Transnational Family

Ludwig Mond was born into a well-off Jewish family in Cassel on March 7, 1839. He grew up in an old house built in the second half of the sixteenth century which was located at the corner of the Marktgasse and Der Graben. It was “a commodious, many-storied building, with a high gabled roof, ornamented with gargoyles.”1 The house came into the possession of the Mond family by his maternal grandfather Aaron Levinsohn, who had acquired the property sometime before 1800. Levinsohn was, according to Frida Mond, a businessman with strong interest in literature and history. He “was most interested in the progress of natural science and in all inventions which expedited and lightened work, so that the house had always the newest labour-saving appliances and lighting and heating apparatuses.”2 Liberal in his religious and political convictions, Levinsohn afforded his three daughters a very progressive education that included instruction in the natural sciences. He even took them to see various factories in Cassel and the surrounding area so that they could receive an understanding of industrial production. “At the same time, he did not neglect their aesthetic education, familiarizing them, by frequent visits, with the Art treasures in Cassel, as well in the Museum as in the Picture Gallery, then housed in the Palace. He had them instructed in drawing and music. They also studied French and Italian, which were then fashionable languages.3 Frida Mond considered her husband’s maternal grandfather to have been more “of a philosopher than a business man so it was no wonder that he did not make a great success of his commerce.” However, Levinsohn was a rather well-off silk merchant and clothier who worked nearly exclusively for the Court of Hesse-Cassel and the Court Theatre.4
Extending Previous cG×I Findings on 5-HTTLPR's Moderation of Intervention Effects on Adolescent Substance Misuse Initiation

This study addresses replication in candidate gene × environment interaction (cG×E) research by investigating if the key findings from Brody, Beach, Philibert, Chen, and Murry (2009) can be detected using data (N = 1,809) from the PROSPER substance use preventive intervention delivery system. Parallel to Brody et al., this study tested the hypotheses that substance misuse initiation would increase faster from age 11 to age 14 and be higher at age 14 among: (a) 5-HTTLPR short carrier adolescents versus long homozygotes, (b) control versus intervention adolescents, and (c) 5-HTTLPR short carriers in the control condition versus all other participants. The hypotheses were generally supported and results were consistent with Brody et al.'s cG×I finding. Results are discussed in light of replication issues in cG×E research and implications for intervention.
"Searching for the Preeminent Factors of Radical Innovation: Review, Synthesis, and Testing"

Product innovation is recognized as a key to product success, venture creation, and firm performance and renewal. Incremental innovation means making minor improvements to what we already do, where...