cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of three disaccharides for the preparation of immunogens bearing immunodeterminants known to occur on glycoproteins

p-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside was condensed with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide, the product deprotected, and the disaccharide glycoside converted into p-trifluoroacetamidophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta- D-glucopyranoside. p-Nitrophenyl 3-O-benzoyl-4,6-di-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-mannopyranoside was condensed with 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-beta-D-glucopyranosyl bromide, and the product was deprotected, to yield p-nitrophenyl 2-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside. p-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-3,4-di-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside was condensed with 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl bromide, and, after reduction, trifluoroacetylation, and deprotection, p-trifluoroacetamidophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside was obtained.
Further studies on the nature of fluid compartmentalization in chick calvaria.

Labeled mannitol and polyethylene glycol (mol. wt. 4000), PEG, were used as space markers to estimate the fluid compartmentalization of calvaria taken from 3–5-day-old chicks. The mannitol results indicated that about 80% of the water in these bones is extracellular. Only a small fraction of this extracellular space was available to the diffusion of polyethylene glycol. Adsorption studiesin vitro and prior incubation of the tissues with hydrolytic enzymes indicated that the phenomenon of exclusion of PEG was primarily physical in nature. The polyethylene polymer is excluded from the water of hydration of the mineral phase. Apparently much of the extracellular water (two-thirds) of bone is in the form of crystal hydration.
Estrogen Action in the Mouse Uterus: The Influence of the Neuroendocrine-Adrenal Axis

Estrogen receptor levels were measured in uteri from ovariectomized-hypophysectomized mice. Cytosolic estrogen receptor levels had a range of 1.65–3.83 × 10−13 mol/100 μg DNA and varied significantly with time after surgery. Nuclear receptor levels also varied with time and had a range of 0.26–1.19 × 10−13 mol/100 μg DNA. Microsomal receptor levels varied from 0.24–0.72 × 10−13 mol/100 μg DNA. Concurrent temporal changes in uterine or vaginal epithelial histology were not observed. Binding properties of the estrogen receptor from the ovariectomized-hypophysectomized mouse uterus were determined; Scatchard analysis of saturation binding data showed one class of binding sites (Kd = 1.32 nM; n = 276 fmol/mg protein) with values similar to those obtained from ovariectomized-adrerialectomized mouse uterus. The ability of the ovariectomized-hypophysectomized mouse uterus to respond to estrogen stimulation was determined in uterine wet weight and DNA synthesis assays; uteri from ovariectomized-hypophysectomized ...
Superior vena cava obstruction: Complication of pulmonary artery ectasia in levo-transposition of the great arteries

Obstruction of the superior vena cava developed in a 13-year-old child with levo-transposition of the great arteries and pulmonary artery hypertension. Obstruction was due to extrinsic compression of the superior vena cava by an ectatic main pulmonary artery.
Calculation of /sup 32/S(t, p) cross sections using sd-shell-model transfer amplitudes

We have performed distorted-wave Born approximation calculations for the /sup 32/S(t, p)/sup 34/S reaction, using two-neutron transfer amplitudes from a complete 2s-1d-shell-model calculation. Results are in good agreement with previously published data for low-lying 0/sup +/ and 4/sup +/ levels, but fail to account for mixing of strengths among 2/sup +/ levels. Location of ( fp)/sup 2/ strength is confirmed.
Flow and transport through unsaturated fractured rock

A special session entitled “Flow and Transport Through Unsaturated Fractured Rock I, II, and III,” which involved a day and a half of both invited and contributed technical presentations as well as a panel discussion, was held during the 1986 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco. The session was in response to a request by Soroosh Sorooshian (University of Arizona, Tucson), the Fall Meeting Hydrology Session Chairman, to Daniel D. Evans (University of Arizona, Tucson), and Tom Nicholson (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C.), the session chairmen, who had organized an earlier research symposium sponsored by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission on this same topic in Tucson in January 1986.
Shadowed Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems

General Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems (GT2 FLSs) are an extension to Type-1 (T1) FLS where at least one Fuzzy Set (FS) is a GT2 FS. However, due to the high computational complexity of operations on GT2 FSs, GT2 FLSs have been rarely used in practical applications. Instead, Interval Type-2 (IT2) FLSs which employ constrained IT2 FSs, have been widely used. Despite their superior computational complexity, IT2 FLSs lack the expressive power of GT2 FSs when describing various sources of uncertainty. Further, it is unclear how to derive an IT2 FLS from a specific GT2 FLS. To alleviate these issues, this paper outlines a novel concept of Shadowed Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems (ST2 FLS). The ST2 FLS consists of previously proposed ST2 FSs, which are T2 FSs with secondary membership functions represented as Shadowed Sets (SSs). Because ST2 FSs are directly induced by GT2 FSs, the entire design of the ST2 FLS can be automatically derived from a specific GT2 FLS. Furthermore, the proposed ST2 FLS was shown to approximate GT2 FLS more accurately compared to IT2 FLS, while maintaining the computational efficiency of IT2 FLS.
Partial Thromboplastin Time as a Predictor of Blood Loss in Oral Surgery Patients Receiving Coumarin Anticoagulants

Blood loss after dental extractions was quantitated in 13 patients receiving therapeutic levels of coumarin anticoagulants and 7 control patients. Eleven of the 13 patients receiving anticoagulants had the prothrombin time maintained in the therapeutic range and a normal partial thromboplastin time. These patients did not lose significantly more blood than the control patients. The two other patients treated with anticoagulants had prothrombin times maintained in the therapeutic range but had prolonged partial thromboplastin times. These patients had significantly higher levels of blood loss than the others. These preliminary results suggest that patients taking coumarin anticoagulants should have both a prothrombin time and a partial thromboplastin time evaluation just before surgery to help predict the chances of severe postextraction bleeding.
Universal Predictions for Statistical Nuclear Correlations

We explore the behavior of collective nuclear excitations under a multi-parameter deformation of the Hamiltonian. The Hamiltonian matrix elements have the form P(|Hij|) ∝ 1/ q |Hij|exp(−|Hij|/V ), with a parametric correlation of the type logh H(x)H(y)i ∝ −| x − y|. The studies are done in both the regular and chaotic regimes of the Hamiltonian. Model independent predictions for a wide variety of correlation functions and distributions which depend on wavefunctions and energies are found from parametric random matrix theory and are compared to the nuclear excitations. We find that our universal predictions are observed in the nuclear states. Being a multi-parameter theory, we consider general paths in parameter space and find that universality can be effected by the topology of the parameter space. Specifically, Berry’s phase can modify short distance correlations, breaking certain universal predictions.
The catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbons from H2CO mixtures over the group VIII metals: II. The kinetics of the methanation reaction over supported metals

Abstract The methanation reaction over supported Group VIII metals has been found to provide an example where a catalytic property, in this case activity, can be correlated with a physically measurable property, such as the heat of adsorption for CO. Also, a pronounced compensation effect exists for this reaction. One model for the methanation reaction, assuming a uniform surface, not only explains these observed relationships but also accounts for the experimental rate equation determined for each metal catalyst. The assumption of surface nonuniformity was made in a second kinetic model. This model also describes the data and provides the same conclusions and catalytic trends as the first model.
Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of risperidone for acute treatment of bipolar anxiety.

Abstract Background The treatment of bipolar disorder is often complicated by the presence of a co-occuring anxiety disorder. Although second generation antipsychotics are being used with increasing frequency in bipolar patients, their anxiolytic effects have not been well studied in this population. Methods The anxiolytic effect of risperidone 0.5–4 mg/day was tested in an 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial in 111 patients with bipolar disorder and a co-occuring panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The primary outcome measure was the Clinician Global Improvement-21 Anxiety scale (CGI-21 Anxiety). Secondary measures included the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) and the Sheehan Panic Disorder Scale. Results On the last-observation-carried forward analysis of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), risperidone was not more effective than placebo for the CGI-21 Anxiety score or the other anxiety outcome measures. Risperidone was well tolerated, with only two patients withdrawing because of adverse events. Limitations The risperidone treated group had more patients with mixed states and lifetime panic disorder at randomization than the placebo group. The study was limited to 8 weeks and to individuals with bipolar and comorbid panic disorder or GAD. The results may not be applicable to risperidone as an add-on treatment to mood stabilizers, or to bipolar disorder comorbid with anxiety disorders other than panic disorder or GAD. Conclusions Risperidone monotherapy was not an effective anxiolytic for bipolar patients with comorbid panic disorder or GAD in doses of 0.5–4 mg/day over 8 weeks of treatment. The efficacy of other second generation antipsychotics and mood stabilizers on anxiety in patients with bipolar disorder and a co-occuring anxiety disorder should be investigated in double-blind, placebo-controlled studies.
Experimental measurements in the BYU controlled profile reactor

Abstract Energy conversion of fossil fuels or waste products to electricity and heat through clean and efficient combustion processes continues to be an issue of international importance. The Controlled Profile Reactor (CPR) is a small scale (0.2–0.4 MW) combustion facility that has been used to obtain data for model validation, the testing of new combustion concepts, and the development of new combustion instrumentation. The CPR has a cylindrical, down-fired combustion chamber, 240 cm long and 80 cm in diameter. This review of the past ten years of research completed in the CPR includes a description of the reactor and instrumentation used, a summary of three experimental data sets which have been obtained in the reactor, and a description of novel tests and instrumentation. Measurements obtained include gas species, gas temperature, particle velocity, particle size, particle number density, particle-cloud temperature profiles, radiation and total heat flux to the wall, and wall temperatures. Species data include the measurement of CO, CO 2 , NO, NO x , O 2 , NH 3 and HCN. The three combustion studies included one with natural gas combustion in a swirling flow, and two pulverized-coal combustion studies involving Utah Blind Canyon and Pittsburgh #8 coals. Most, but not all of the above measurements were obtained in each study. The second coal study involving the Pittsburgh #8 coal contained the most complete set of data and is described in detail in Section 3 of the paper. Novel combustion instrumentation includes the use of Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) to measure gas temperature. Novel combustion experiments include the measurement of NO x and burnout with coal-char blends. The measurements have led to an improved understanding of the combustion process and an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses associated with different aspects of comprehensive combustion models.
Analysis of oil and meal fromLesquerella fendleri seed

Attention is being focused onLesquerella species as a source of hydroxy acids to replace imported castor oil. Genetic and agronomic improvement and utilization of the seed oil and meal are being studies. We have conducted laboratory experiments to extract oil fromL. fendleri seed in preparation for extracting large quantities of seed.L. fendleri is a member of the Cruciferae family, and when seeds are crushed glucosinolates release isothiocyanates by the action of a thioglucosidase enzyme system. Therefore, our experiments included moist heat treatment of whole seeds to inactivate this enzyme. The seed was then flaked in a Wolf mill, and the flakes were exhaustively extracted with hexane. The oil was degummed and bleached, and then analyzed for hydroxyl (103), saponification (174), and iodine values (107), and for unsaponifiables (1.5%), FFA (1.13%) and P (10 ppm) contents. Hydroxy fatty acids, 55% lesquerolic (14-hydroxy-cis-11-eicosenoic) and 3% auricolic (14-hydroxy-cis-11,cis-17-eicosadienoic), and total fatty acid distribution were determined by gas chromatography of the methyl esters. The defatted meal was analyzed for residual oil (1%), protein (29.8%), non-protein nitrogen (0.7%), ash (6.45%). crude fiber (12.9%), and for distribution of amino acids. DefattedL. fendleri meal has an excellent distribution of amino acids, including favorable levels of lysine, methionine and threonine compared with soybean meal.
Estimation of waterborne selenium concentrations that are toxicity thresholds for wildlife

Contamination of freshwater systems can lead to mortality and impaired reproduction in wildlife. There is a growing need for methods to estimate waterborne contaminant concentrations that pose an unacceptable risk to semi-aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates that use aquatic habitats. Single-species toxicity data, information on contaminant bioaccumulation in aquatic food webs, and energy-based estimates of contaminant exposure to sensitive birds and mammals were used to estimate waterborne selenium levels that are toxicity thresholds for wildlife. Threshold estimates for birds and mammals with food habits that likely lead to high exposure to bioaccumulative contaminants in aquatic systems (e.g., piscivorous birds and mammals) were about 1 μg/L (ppb) waterborne selenium (dissolved selenium). The estimates are near the low end of toxicity thresholds developed by other investigators using different methods. The model may be a useful tool for estimating risks waterborne environmental contaminants pose to aquatic wildlife.
1237 PHENYLALANINE METABOLITES IN TREATED PHENYLKETONURIC CHILDREN

The levels of the organic acids of phenylalanine: phenylacetate, phenylpyruvate and phenyllactate, and the biogenic amine, phenylethylamine (PEA) are increased in untreated phenylketonurics. There is no data regarding these neurotoxic substances in treated patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). Nineteen children with PKU, ages 2-10 years were examined for these metabolites. All children were on treatment with blood phenylalanine levels ranging from 2.4-22.2mg/dl. Phenylalanine metabolites were assayed in freshly collected urine samples. The organic acids of phenylalanine were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and PEA was determined following precolumn derivitization with dansyl chloride and isolation by high performance liquid chromatography. Phenylalanine metabolites were detected in some patients with blood phenylalanine levels below 6mg/dl. When blood levels of phenylalanine were 12-22.2mg/dl the mean excretion of phenylacetate was 237.9, phenylpyruvate was 829.7, and phenyllactate 2294.2mg/gm creatinine. These compounds are usually not detected in normal urine. Levels of PEA were 2.6 - 53.8ng/mg creatinine (normal 0.06-0.13). The increased levels of phenylalanine metabolites in PKU patients is of concern with regards to acceptable levels of blood phenylalanine in the treatment of PKU. Since loss of academic achievement in treated PKU children has been noted, lowering the levels of these metabolites may be of importance in the follow-up of children with PKU.
Inclusion Formation and Microstructure Evolution in Low Alloy Steel Welds

The paper presents an overview of research performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory on inclusion-formation, weld-solidification, and solid-state transformations in low-alloy steel welds. The competition between oxide and nitride formation in Fe-C-Al-Mn self-shielded flux-cored arc steel welds was predicted using computational thermodynamics. Nonequilibrium austenite phase selection was monitored in a Fe-C-Al-Mn weld using an in situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction technique. The competition between acicular ferrite and bainite formation from austenite was evaluated in Fe-C-Mn steel welds containing small amounts of titanium.
Matching and Retrieving Sequential Patterns Under Regression

Sequential pattern matching and retrieving is of real value. For example, finding stocks in the NASDAQ market whose closing prices are always about $β₀ higher than or β₁ times as that of a given company. The probelm reduces to linear pattern retrieval: given query X, find all sequence Y from database S so that Y = β₀ + β₁ with confidence C. In this paper, we novelly introduce SLR (Simple Linear Regression) model [5,7] to solve this problem. We extend 1-dimensional R^2 to ER^2 for multi-dimensional sequence matching, such as on-line handwritten signature. In addition, we develop SLR+FFT pruning techniques based on SLR to speed up retrieval without incurring any false dismissal. Experimental results show that the pruning ratio of SLR+FFT is efficient (can be above 99%). Experiments on real stocks discovered many interesting patterns. Preliminary test on on-line signature recognition using ER^2 as similarity measure also shows high accuracy.
Comparative Analysis of Brain Drain, Brain Circulation and Brain Retain: A Case Study of Indian Institutes of Technology

Abstract The migration of students in science and engineering (S&E) is a global phenomenon that affects the economic, technological and social progress of societies and nations across the world. It has been conceptualized by the term “brain drain”, which symbolizes a one-way movement of students from developing to developed countries. The recent return of some migrants to their home countries has been conceptualized by the term “brain circulation”. Brains that fail to circulate back to home countries are considered “drains”. This paper points to the new emerging reality of brains being retained. A recent survey of nearly 260 undergraduate students from two out of the five original Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) found that the majority of them have developed an increased interest in staying in India, rather than the decades-old trend of going abroad for education leading to work and permanent stay. Even if some of these students are interested in going abroad for higher studies, they expressed keen...
Conceptual Combination During Sentence Comprehension Evidence for Compositional Processes

This experiment examined the time course of integration of modifier-noun (conceptual) combinations during auditory sentence comprehension using cross-modal lexical priming. The study revealed that during ongoing comprehension, there is initial activation of features of the noun prior to activation of (emergent) features of the entire conceptual combination. These results support compositionality in conceptual combination; that is, they indicate that features of the individual words constituting a conceptual combination are activated prior to combination of the words into a new concept.
Plasmonic organic solar cell and its absorption enhancement analysis using cylindrical Ag nano-particle model based on finite difference time domain (FDTD)

We report the plasmon-assisted photocurrent enhancement in Ag nanoparticles (NPs)-embedded PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM organic solar cells, and theoretically investigate the causes of the improved optical absorption based on a cylindrical Ag-NPs model which is simulated with a finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The proposed cylindrical Ag-NPs model is able to explain the optical absorption enhancement by the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) modes, and to provide a further understanding of Ag-NPs shape parameters which play an important role to determine the broadband absorption phenomena in plasmonic organic solar cells.
Telemedicine in Utah: the Rural Utah Telemedicine Pilot Project

Telemedicine is broadly defined as the use of telecommunications technology in the delivery of health care at a site removed from the provider. Telemedicine can improve access to speciality care in rural areas and reduce the sense of isolation experienced by many rural health care providers. The University of Utah, in partnership with the State Department of Health, is establishing a rural telemedicine network to rural hospitals throughout the state and in western Nevada. The authors describe the development and implementation of this network and some of the barriers encountered in its implementation.
How English Works: A Grammar Handbook with Readings

PART 1: GRAMMAR Basic Sentence Structure Noun Phrases Verb Phrases Modifiers Agreement Verbals Connecting Sentences Combining Sentences Principles of Written Discourse PART 2: READINGS
Accuracy of volumetric measurements after virtual right hepatectomy in potential donors undergoing living adult liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate accuracy for determining the total and lobar liver volumes using a multidetector CT scanner in potential donors undergoing living adult right lobe liver transplantation.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Fifty-two adult donors underwent CT using a multidetector scanner after IV injection of 180 mL of contrast material. For volumetric determination, portal venous phase images were acquired at 60 sec. Hand-tracing was used to isolate the entire liver, and a curved hepatectomy plane was then identified in a manner simulating the surgical incision. Two observers performed hand-tracing of the entire liver to calculate total liver volume, and of the right lobe to calculate expected graft volume.RESULTS. The mean volume of the entire liver, right lobe, and left lobe was 1807 mL, 990 mL, and 817 mL, respectively, for observer 1, and 1788 mL, 1007 mL, and 781 mL, respectively, for observer 2. There was significant agreement between the two observers in determining total and ...
Spiritual interventions and the impact of a faith community nursing program.

Faith community nursing had its formal beginnings in the Midwestern United States in 1984 when six nurses received financial support from a local hospital to work in churches. Over time, the churches assumed increasing responsibility for the nurses’ salaries. The success of this initiative was associated with the understanding that faith communities are dedicated to keeping people well. The number of programs increased over the past 30 years and now there are thousands of faith community nurses serving populations around the world. Research for this specialty practice has not experienced comparable growth, and is needed to further develop faith community nursing science. This study, based on the Roy Adaptation Model, used a qualitative design to identify spiritual nursing interventions that faith community nurses use in their practice, and to examine the spiritual impact of a faith community nursing program. Data were collected from faith community members, clergy representatives, and faith community nurs...
PC power consumption - a challenge and opportunity

As Moore's law drives increasing computing power year after year, managing the power consumption of the PC becomes an increasing challenge. With such challenges come opportunities. Intel has been a leader in developing innovative solutions to address and resolve power challenges by tackling the issue at multiple levels: silicon, package, circuit design, platform and software. Some of the recent accomplishments are explained in this paper. In addition, future challenges that remain are identified.
EFFECTS OF SODIUM PENTOBARBITAL ON ELECTRICAL AND REFLEX ACTIVATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

The effects of small doses of sodium pentobarbital (5 mg/kg) on the cardiovascular responses to stimulation of the medulla, hypothalamus, stellate ganglia and sciatic nerve, and to bilateral occlusion of the carotid arteries were studied. It was concluded that: 1) this drug depressed cardiovascular responses to all of these procedures except stimulation of the stellate ganglia; 2) the effects of the anesthetic in this dose are referable to some part(s) of the central nervous system; 3) cardiovascular responses to hypothalamic stimulation were depressed more than those elicited by stimulation of the dorsal medullary reticular formation.
A NOTE ON THE THEORY OF SOCIAL CHOICE

Professor Arrow brings to his treatment of the theory of social welfare (I) a fine unity of mathematical rigour and insight into fundamental issues of social philosophy. The problem is the old one of the relationship of individual values to the general well-being of the group. Arrow eschews any concept of a utility measure which could be validly employed in inter-personal comparison of aggregation. The justification for doing so lies, of course, in the fact that if such a measure is not operationally undefinable, a t least it has never been operationally defined. In common with other theorists of the "new" welfare economics, Arrow must be content t o fall back on the purely ordinal properties of personal preferences. These ordinal properties are defined by two simple axioms: I. Given any two alternatives, each individual can state that a particular one of them is at least as good as the other. (If one of the alternatives is judged to be better than the other, it is, perforce, at least as good as the other. If the two alternatives are judged to be indifferent, each is a t least as good as the other.) II. Given any three alternatives, if the first is a t least as good as the second, and the second a t least as good as the third, the individual will judge the first a t least as good as the third. The force of these two axioms together is simply that, given any number of alternatives, each individual is able to arrange them in an array such that each alternative is a t least as good as any that follows it and no better than any that preceeds it. (When the individual is indifferent among several alternatives, their position in the array vis-d-vis one another has, of course, no significance since any arrangement of them will satisfy the conditions above.) Arrow defines a social welfare function as a function defined on the system of all sets of individual arrays carrying each set of indi-
Influence of lifestyle modifications on age-related free radical injury to brain

Importance The Healthy Brain Initiative 2013-2018 seeks to optimize brain health as we age. Free radical injury is an important effector of molecular and cellular stress in the aging brain that derives from multiple sources. Objective To identify potentially modifiable risk factors associated with increased markers of brain oxidative stress. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional, academic multicenter study consisted of 320 research volunteers (172 women) aged 21 to 100 years who were medically healthy and cognitively normal. Main Outcomes and Measures Free radical injury to the brain was assessed using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) F 2 -isoprostane (F 2 -IsoP) concentrations correlated with age, sex, race, cigarette smoking, body mass index, inheritance of the e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene ( APOE ), and CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer disease. Results The concentration of CSF F 2 -IsoP increased with age by approximately 3 pg/mL (approximately 10%) from age 45 to 71 years in medically healthy, cognitively normal adults ( P 2 -IsoP concentration increased by approximately more than 10% for every 5-U increase in body mass index ( P 2 -IsoPs compared with age ( P 2 -IsoP concentrations than men at all ages after adjusting for other factors ( P = .02). Neither the concentration of CSF Alzheimer disease biomarkers nor inheritance of the APOE e4 allele was associated with the CSF F 2 -IsoP concentration in this group of medically healthy, cognitively normal adults ( P > .05). The association between CSF F 2 -IsoP concentrations and race was not significant after controlling for the effect of current smoking status ( P = .45). Conclusions and Relevance Our results are consistent with an age-related increase in free radical injury in the human brain and uniquely suggest that this form of injury may be greater in women than in men. Our results also highlighted 2 lifestyle modifications (ie, body mass index and smoking) that would have an even greater effect on suppressing free radical injury to the brain than would suppressing the processes of aging. These results inform efforts to achieve success in the Healthy Brain Initiative 2013-2018.
Tpl2 knockout keratinocytes have increased biomarkers for invasion and metastasis

Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the USA, with an estimated two million cases diagnosed annually. Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2), also known as MAP3K8, is a serine/threonine protein kinase in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction cascade. Tpl2 was identified by our laboratory as having a tumor suppressor function in skin carcinogenesis, with the absence of this gene contributing to heightened inflammation and increased skin carcinogenesis. In this study, we used gene expression profiling to compare expression levels between Tpl2 (+/+) and Tpl2 (-) (/-) keratinocytes. We identified over 2000 genes as being differentially expressed between genotypes. Functional annotation analysis identified cancer, cell growth/proliferation, cell death, cell development, cell movement and cell signaling as the top biological processes to be differentially regulated between genotypes. Further microarray analysis identified several candidate genes, including Mmp1b, Mmp2, Mmp9 and Mmp13, involved in migration and invasion to be upregulated in Tpl2 (-) (/-) keratinocytes. Moreover, Tpl2 (-/-) keratinocytes had a significant downregulation in the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor Timp3. Real-time PCR validated the upregulation of the MMPs in Tpl2 (-/-) keratinocytes and zymography confirmed that MMP2 and MMP9 activity was higher in conditioned media from Tpl2 (-/-) keratinocytes. Immunohistochemistry confirmed higher MMP9 staining in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-treated skin from Tpl2 (-/-) mice and grafted tumors formed from v-ras(Ha) retrovirus-infected Tpl2 (-/-) keratinocytes. Additionally, Tpl2 (-/-) keratinocytes had significantly higher invasion, malignant conversion rates and increased endothelial cell tube formation when compared with Tpl2 (+/+) keratinocytes. In summary, our studies reveal that keratinocytes from Tpl2 (-/-) mice demonstrate a higher potential to be invasive and metastatic.
Genetic Relations of Oceanic Basalts as Indicated by Lead Isotopes

The isotopic compositions of lead and the concentrations lead, uranium, and thorium in samples of oceanic tholeiite and alkali suites are determined, and the genetic relations of the oceanic basalts are discussed. Lead of the oceanic tholeiites has a varying lead-206: lead-204 ratio between 17.8 and 18.8, while leads of the alkali basalt suites from Easter Island and Guadalupe Island are very radiogenic with lead-206: lead-204 ratios between 19.3 and 20.4 It is concluded that (i) the isotopic composition of lead in oceanic tholeiite suggests that the upper mantle source region of the tholeiite was differentiated from and original mantle material more than 1 billion years ago and that the upper mantle is not homogeneous at the present time, (ii) less than 20 million years was required for the crystal differentiation within the alkali suite from Easter Island, (iii) no crustal contamination was involved in the course of differentiation of rocks from Easter Island; however, some crustal contamination may have affected Guadalupe Island rocks, and (iv) alkali basalt may be produced from the tholeiite in the oceanic region by crystal differentiation. Alternatively the difference in the isotopic composition of lead in oceanic basalts may be produced by partial melting at different depths of a differentiated upper mantle.
Impact of model development, calibration and validation decisions on hydrological simulations in West Lake Erie Basin

Watershed simulation models are used extensively to investigate hydrologic processes, landuse and climate change impacts, pollutant load assessments and best management practices (BMPs). Developing, calibrating and validating these models require a number of critical decisions that will influence the ability of the model to represent real world conditions. Understanding how these decisions influence model performance is crucial, especially when making science-based policy decisions. This study used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in West Lake Erie Basin (WLEB) to examine the influence of several of these decisions on hydrological processes and streamflow simulations. Specifically, this study addressed the following objectives (1) demonstrate the importance of considering intra-watershed processes during model development, (2) compare and evaluated spatial calibration versus calibration at outlet and (3) evaluate parameter transfers across temporal and spatial scales. A coarser resolution (HUC-12) model and a finer resolution model (NHDPlus model) were used to support the objectives. Results showed that knowledge of watershed characteristics and intra-watershed processes are critical to produced accurate and realistic hydrologic simulations. The spatial calibration strategy produced better results compared to outlet calibration strategy and provided more confidence. Transferring parameter values across spatial scales (i.e. from coarser resolution model to finer resolution model) needs additional fine tuning to produce realistic results. Transferring parameters across temporal scales (i.e. from monthly to yearly and daily time-steps) performed well with a similar spatial resolution model. Furthermore, this study shows that relying solely on quantitative statistics without considering additional information can produce good but unrealistic simulations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of dental health knowledge with periodontal conditions among regular patients

Although routine patient education concerning periodontal disease is recommended as a means of improving oral health, strong associations between oral health knowledge and plaque or gingival inflammation scores have not been demonstrated. This study examined associations between four knowledge scales (likelihood of keeping teeth, signs of disease, role of diet, role of oral hygiene measures) and six periodontal status measures (plaque, gingivitis, calculus, probing depth, attachment loss, missing teeth) among 1088 regularly attending dental patients. In bivariate correlation analyses, there was a weak, direct association between stronger expectations of keeping teeth and better levels of periodontal health, while an inverse association between knowledge of signs of periodontal disease and better periodontal health was noted. Level of knowledge of the role of oral hygiene or of diet in periodontal disease was not associated with level of disease. When effects associated with age, sex, race, and different dental practices were held constant, these patient knowledge scales did not explain substantial proportions of variance in the periodontal disease measures. Among regular utilizers, the effects of receipt of dental care may be more determinative than level of patient knowledge.
An fMRI study of nonverbally gifted reading disabled adults: has deficit compensation effected gifted potential?

Neuroscience has advanced our understanding of the neurological basis of reading disability. Yet, no functional imaging work has been reported on the twice-exceptional dyslexic: individuals exhibiting both nonverbal-giftedness and reading disability (RD). We compared groups of reading-disabled (RD), nonverbally-gifted (G), nonverbally-gifted-RD (GRD), and control (C) adults on validated word-rhyming and spatial visualization fMRI tasks, and standardized psychometric tests, to ascertain if the neurological functioning of GRD subjects was similar to that of typical RD or G subjects, or perhaps some unique RD subtype. Results demonstrate that GRD adults resemble non-gifted reading disabled (RD) adults in performance on paper-and-pencil reading, math and spatial tests, and in patterns of functional activation during rhyming and spatial processing. Data are consistent with what may be a shared etiology of reading disability and giftedness in GRD individuals that yields a lifespan interaction with reading compensation effects, modifying how their adult brain processes text and spatial stimuli.
Gadolinium-Enhanced 3-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Angiography of Pulmonary Blood Supply in Patients With Complex Pulmonary Stenosis or Atresia Comparison With X-Ray Angiography

Background— In patients with complex pulmonary stenosis or atresia, a detailed delineation of all sources of pulmonary blood supply is necessary for planning surgical and transcatheter procedures and usually requires diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The goals of this study were to determine whether gadolinium-enhanced 3D magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) can provide a noninvasive alternative to diagnostic catheterization and to compare MRA and x-ray angiography measurements of pulmonary arteries and aortopulmonary collaterals (APCs). Methods and Results— Thirty-two patients with pulmonary stenosis or atresia (median age: 4.7 years, range: 1 day to 46.9 years) underwent both MRA and cardiac catheterization (median time: 1 month). Diagnoses included tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with pulmonary atresia (n=13), TOF with pulmonary stenosis (n=4), post-Fontan palliation (n=5), and other complex congenital heart disease (n=10). Compared with catheterization and surgical observations, MRA had a 100% sensitivity...
Radioautography of histologic sections of human testicular tissue.

Two techniques suitable for qualitative radioautographic analysis of histologic sections of human testicular tissue are described. In one, deparaffinized wet slides are coated with photographic emulsion resulting in significant improvement in preservation of histologic quality of the tissue section. In the second procedure stained and processed slides are coated with a thin layer of H.S.R. prior to coating with photographic emulsion. This procedure allows excellent preservation of the stained tissue section and also enables visualization of the reactive cell and its radioautographic image at two different focal planes. The techniques can be applied with equal advantage to histologic preparations of other tissues.
Free Speech Paternalism and Free Speech Exceptionalism: Pervasive Distrust of Government and the Contemporary First Amendment

The United States observes a profound constitutional commitment to safeguarding expressive freedoms, including speech, press, assembly, petition, and association rights secured under the First Amendment. However, when viewed from a global perspective, the American position of affording near-absolute protection to speech is strongly exceptionalist. Other polities, sharing strong constitutional commitments to respect the freedom of speech, do not view government efforts to regulate speech based on its content or viewpoint as presumptively invalid. In such places, government efforts to shape the marketplace of ideas through regulation are seen as fully consistent with a broader legal commitment to respecting expressive freedom. Two recent books, one by Professor Martin Redish and the other by Professor Timothy Zick, help to shed important light on this conflict between free speech paternalism and free speech exceptionalism. Read in tandem, the books help to explain why the United States approach to defining and protecting freedom of expression constitutes a global anomaly. This Essay argues that free speech exceptionalism in the United States is best understood as a logical outgrowth of broader social, cultural, and historical factors. In particular, United States free speech exceptionalism arises from a longstanding and pervasive distrust of government and its institutions, a form of distrust that simply does not exist in most other nations. These books also illuminate an important, and curious, exception to this general distrust of government speech regulations in the United States: transborder speech. The constitutional protection of speech should not rest on an accident of geography; simply put, distrust of government speech regulations should not end at the water’s edge. Accordingly, transborder speech merits greater constitutional solicitude and protection than it generally enjoys at present.
Pulsing to improve bubble column performance: I. Low gas rates

The liquid phase of a batch bubble column was subjected to low-amplitude pulsations at modest frequencies (range 0–30 Hz). At low gas rates (up to 5 mL/s) using a single-injector tube we found that substantial bubble breakage occurred at frequencies < 30 Hz. At the low flow rates examined, enhanced bubble breakup occurred mainly as a result of two-phase flow developing within the injector tube. External sinusoidal pulsation caused high-velocity water ingestion (suck-back) and expulsion from the injector. This suck-back action caused intense fragmentation of gas slugs within the injector, often into many very small bubbles, as high-speed imaging showed. Mass transfer coefficients were measured as a function of pulsation frequency and driver amplitudes at several air flow rates, demonstrating the benefits of this type of pulsed bubble column. A simple dynamic mechanical model of the pulsed liquid column predicted resonance, which depended on membrane thickness of the driving piston. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Depressive Comorbidity in the Fatiguing Illnesses

SUMMARYObjective: The present study seeks to examine whether subjects with fatiguing illnesses and comorbid Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) have more symptoms than those without MDD.Methods: The data was based on the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Each of the 565 subjects enrolled in the study had a fatiguing illness and some had CFS. Subjects were evaluated for the duration and severity of the 11 symptoms and 3 physical signs listed in the 1988 CDC case definition (symptoms). They completed the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for the DSM-III-R which provided a diagnosis of several psychiatric disorders including MDD. Symptoms were compared in subjects with and without comorbid MDD.Results: The mean number of symptoms was similar in the two groups. Three symptoms were found to be associated with MDD: neuro-biological (cognitive complaints), sleep disturbance, and headache.Conclusions: Comorbid MDD in the fatiguing illnesses is not ...
Stable feedback models for electrosensory filtering in mormyrid fish

We analyze a mathematical model for an adaptive mechanism in the electrosensory system of mormyrid weakly electric fish. Adaptive sensory filtering of electrosensory signals is regulated by spike-timing dependent plasticity using an asymmetric learning rule. We investigate a nonlinear control theoretic model and study the conditions on the learning rule that guarantee the existence of a globally stabilizing feedback law. Stability is necessary for optimal novelty detection in sensing environmental electrical sources. The model covers both the constant and variable spiking threshold cases. The results show that feedback control of synaptic plasticity is globally stable in this adaptive sensory system.
Toward a Fundamental Understanding of Multiresolution SAR Signatures

A physical optics formalism is used to establish a first- principles analysis for discriminating specular returns from diffuse returns in a 1D synthetic aperture radar. The optimum Neyman-Pearson detection processor is shown to substantially outperform the conventional, full-resolution SAR images for extended specular targets embedded in diffuse clutter plus receiver noise. Significant performance advantages, relative to conventional full-resolution SAR processing, are also shown to accrue for optimum Neyman- Pearson reception of an extended diffuse target embedded solely in receiver noise.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Development and characterization of pantothenic acid transport in brain.

: In vitro, the transport of [3H]pantothenic acid into and from rabbit brain slices was studied. In newborn rabbits and throughout development, forebrain and cerebellar slices were able to accumulate and phosphorylate PHJpantothenic acid comparably to slices from adults. The accumulation and phosphorylation of [3H]pantothenic acid by adult forebrain slices were not decreased by substitution of LiCl for NaCl in the artificial CSF or by addition of short-chain fuels (e.g., 5 mM pyruvate or acetoacetate) to the medium. However, probenecid and ouabain (both 1 mM) and medium-chain fatty acids (e.g., 0.1 mM octanoate, nonanoate, and decanoate) profoundly inhibited [3H]pantothenic acid accumulation by forebrain slices but not intracellular phosphorylation and conversion to [3H]CoA. These in vitro results suggest that brain slices accumulate pantothenic acid by a saturable system (probably facilitated diffusion) that is sensitive to inhibition by probenecid and medium-chain fatty acids.
Generation of quasi-single-cycle THz pulses based on broadband-phase-matched difference-frequency generation: high conversion efficiencies and output powers

Quasi-single-cycle THz pulses are generated with high conversion efficiencies and output powers, using ultrafast infrared pulses, in a second-order nonlinear medium, by utilizing broadband-phase-matched difference-frequency generation and optimizing the pump pulse widths.
P-adaptive Hermite methods for initial value problems

We study order-adaptive implementations of Hermite methods for hyperbolic and singularly perturbed parabolic initial value problems. Exploiting the facts that Hermite methods allow the degree of the local polynomial representation to vary arbitrarily from cell to cell and that, for hyperbolic problems, each cell can be evolved independently over a time-step determined only by the cell size, a relatively straightforward method is proposed. Its utility is demonstrated on a number of model problems posed in 1+1 and 2+1 dimensions.