cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Erythropoietin Receptor: Structure, Activation and Intracellular Signal Transduction

Erythropoietin (Epo) and its receptor (EpoR) are essential for proliferation, differentiation and survival of erythroid progenitors. Here, we review several mechanisms by which the EpoR can be activated. We also describe the many intracellular signal transduction pathways activated by the EpoR. None are unique to the EpoR and mutant receptors able to activate only a subset of these pathways can support erythropoiesis in EpoR-/- fetal liver cells. Furthermore, normal erythroid differentiation occurs when the EpoR is replaced by the prolactin receptor or the myeloid oncoprotein Bcr-abl. Epo and probably other growth factors are required merely to ensure the survival and proliferation of already committed progenitors.
Cardiac involvement in hypertension.

Abstract Despite improved patient detection and pharmacologic therapy, the effect of treatment of hypertension on mortality from coronary artery-related events remains unresolved. Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, a known consequence of hypertension, is associated with an excess mortality independent of other known cardiovascular risk factors. Recently, LV hypertrophy accompanying hypertension has been associated with ominous ventricular arrhythmias. However, it does not necessarily follow that regression of LV hypertrophy will reduce this increased mortality. Diastolic dysfunction, manifested by reduced ventricular distensibility of the hypertrophying left ventricle, appears to be an early characteristic of the hypertensive heart since echocardiographic techniques have demonstrated diastolic filling abnormalities in untreated essential hypertensives even before significant LV hypertrophy appears. Not all antihypertensive agents diminish LV mass and improve diastolic dysfunction. Certain sympatholytic agents, calcium antagonists, β-adrenergic blockers, and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors appear to diminish LV hypertrophy. However, future studies are needed to determine if these agents that appear to reverse findings of LV hypertrophy and improve diastolic dysfunction will also reduce risk of coronary artery disease and related events.
The conglomerate of Churn Creek: Late Cretaceous basin evolution along the Insular–Intermontane superterrane boundary, southern British Columbia

Upper Cretaceous coarse clastic rocks exposed in the canyon of Churn Creek, south-central British Columbia, record active basin tectonism and coeval volcanism adjacent to the boundary between the I...
PORTFOLIO MODELING IN MULTIPLE‐CRITERIA SITUATIONS UNDER UNCERTAINTY: COMMENT

In a recent issue of Decision Sciences, Muhlemann, Lockett, and Gear [8] developed a multiple-objective, stochastic linear programming formulation of the multiperiod portfolio selection problem under uncertainty. The purpose of this note is to offer some extensions to their multicriteria approach which is otherwise viewed as an excellent attempt at modeling realistic aspects of the portfolio selection problem. Further, integer goal programming combined with simulation is suggested as an alternate approach for solving the dynamic multiple-objective problem.
A Synthesis of 2-Alkyl and 2-Benzyl Substituted Acrylonitriles from 2-Alkyl and 2-Benzylidene Cyanoacetate Esters under Mild Conditions

Abstract Substituted cyanoacetate esters were reduced with sodium borohydride to give good yields of the corresponding β-hydroxynitriles, which were converted to 2-substituted acrylonitriles by base catalyzed elimination of their sulfonate esters.
Using attachment theory to understand the treatment of adult depression

John Bowlby developed attachment theory to explain connections between infant and caregiver behavior and how these impacted children’s behavior. Extended and researched heavily in a variety of contexts, attachment theory has advanced clinical thinking over time. Its core ideas regarding infant and caregiver connections are very useful to mental health practitioners today and have particular ramifications for clinical work with adults. This paper discusses the application of Bowlby’s attachment theory to the clinical treatment of adult depression and explores a relevant case example.
Otitis Media: Re-Evaluation of Diagnosis and Treatment in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance, Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, and Evolving Morbidity

The changing susceptibility of bacterial otopathogens is only one aspect of the evolving concepts regarding pathogenesis, immunoprophylaxis, pharmacodynamics, and sequelae of acute otitis media that mandates new insights for achieving a successful outcome. 2004 guidelines by the American Academy of Pediatrics for the treatment of acute otitis media provide one perspective that proposes a rethinking of the routine use of antimicrobial therapy with the hope of preventing further increases in bacterial resistance among otopathogens. The goals of this article are to incorporate the advances in diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and management of sequelae into strategies that optimize the outcome of acute otitis media and limit further emergence of resistant otopathogens.
Acromioclavicular Joint Problems in Athletes and New Methods of Management

The acromioclavicular (AC) complex consists of bony and ligamentous structures that stabilize the upper extremity through the scapula to the axial skeleton. The AC joint pathology in the athlete is generally caused by 1 of 3 processes: trauma (fracture, AC joint separation, or dislocation); AC joint arthrosis (posttraumatic or idiopathic); or distal clavicle osteolysis. This article presents systematically the relevant anatomy, classification, evaluation, and treatment of these disorders. Management of AC joint problems is dictated by the severity and chronicity of the injury, and the patient's needs and expectations.
Surface charge characteristics of aluminum hydroxycarbonate as influenced by carbonate equilibrium

AbstractThe isoelectric point of aluminum hydroxycarbonate suspension increases upon dilution with deionized water. The increase in the isoelectric point is directly related to the degree of dilution. Dilution with bicarbonate ion-containing solutions reduced the change in isoelectric point in comparison to dilution with deionized water. The change in isoelectric point was inversely related to the concentration of bicarbonate ion in the diluting solution. The increase in isoelectric point observed following dilution with deionized water was reversed by the addition of bicarbonate ion. The observations suggest that carbonate ions occupying potential determining sites in the primary particles are in equilibrium with carbonate/bicarbonate ions in solution. Formulation or processing factors which affect the equilibrium will affect the isoelectric point of aluminum hydroxycarbonate suspensions and will influence their physical properties.
Perspectives on Intake of Calcium-Rich Foods Among Asian, Hispanic, and White Preadolescent and Adolescent Females

Abstract Objective Declining calcium intake among adolescents warrants attention. Our objective was to identify influences on adolescents' consumption of calcium-rich foods. Design Focus groups were conducted with girls representing 2 age groups (11 to 12 or 16 to 17 years) and 3 macroethnic groups (Asian, Hispanic, or white). Setting Public schools in 10 states. Participants A convenience sample (n = 200) was recruited through schools. Variables Measured Focus groups (n = 35) were audiotaped and transcribed. Influences relative to consumption of milk or other calcium-rich foods were identified. Analysis Comments were coded as motivators or barriers within each focus group. Content analysis procedures were used to compare ethnic and age groups. Results A barrier to milk consumption that was more common among older girls and Asian groups was the limited expectation within families for drinking milk. Many controlled their own beverage choices, and milk, even if liked, was only one option. Milk was positively associated with strength and bone health, but these attributes were viewed as being more important for boys than girls. Milk was associated with breakfast, school lunches, cereal, and desserts. White girls had the most positive reactions to milk and Hispanic girls the most negative. All groups were positive toward pizza, ice cream, and cheese. Conclusions and Implications To improve calcium intake among teens, interventions should include a family component, stress the benefits of milk for girls, and focus on breakfast.
Development of the gravity sensing system.

The utricle and saccule contain hair cells, which are the peripheral sensors of change in gravity that transmit signals regarding these changes to the neural components of the vestibular system. Although the fundamental neural pathways, especially the vestibular reflex pathways, have been investigated extensively, the principals underlying the functional development of this system are under study at present. The objective of this review is to identify the gravity-sensing components of the vestibular system and to present an overview of the research performed on their development. The second part of this review is focused on one important aspect of development, the emergence of electrical excitability using the chick tangential vestibular nucleus as a model. The importance of this research to understanding vestibular compensation and vestibular disturbance during spaceflight is considered. Because there is a conservation of the fundamental pathways and function in vertebrate phylogeny from birds through mammals, findings from studies on avians should contribute significantly to understanding the mechanisms operating in mammals. Also, we expect that as the events and basic mechanisms underlying normal vestibular development are revealed, these will provide practical tools to investigate the pattern of recovery from dysfunction of the vestibular system. This is related to the evidence suggesting that recovery of function in different systems and cell lines, including neurons, involves repeating certain patterns established during development.
Double-gate ZnO TFT active rectifier

Active rectifiers combine a high-gain amplifier (used as a comparator) and actively controlled switches to provide reduced turn-on voltage compared to p-n and Schottky diodes. Most reports of active rectifiers use silicon MOS transistor technology, however for some applications it is useful to combine active rectifiers with micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) or to provide active rectifiers distributed over a large area. For such applications active rectifiers using thin film transistors (TFTs) are of interest. In this paper, we demonstrate a low-power full-wave active rectifier fabricated using double-gate ZnO TFTs. The double-gate TFT structure allows tuning of the device turn-on voltage and threshold voltage by biasing the top gate [1]. This simplifies fabrication of enhancement/depletion mode circuits and allows high gain inverter stages that operate at low power.
Cyclothymic disorder: A critical review

Abstract Cyclothymic disorder is a subtype of bipolar disorder included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders since 1980, but largely neglected in research. Additionally, it is rarely diagnosed clinically, in spite of evidence that it may be the most prevalent form of bipolar disorder. Neglect has contributed to confusion about the diagnosis and clinical presentation of cyclothymic disorder. Its status as a mood disorder is also ambiguous due to overlap in terminology and symptoms with temperament and personality disorders. Subthreshold bipolar disorder appears more prevalent among young people than previously thought, and follows a range of trajectories from remission to escalation—raising questions about risk factors and traits associated with the varied course. Cyclothymic disorder may be an important diathesis for major mood disorders. Constructs such as cyclothymic disorder link major mood disorder and peri-clinical fluctuations of mood, thus warranting a prominent role in dimensional models of mood and psychopathology. Current evidence indicates that cyclothymic disorder is a prevalent and highly impairing disorder on the bipolar spectrum, with the potential to make unique contributions to our understanding of the risk factors and outcomes associated with bipolar disorder. The inclusion of cyclothymic disorder in future research studies is essential to accurate diagnosis and effective treatment for the full spectrum of bipolar disorder, as well as understanding the developmental trajectory of bipolar spectrum disorders.
The Dynamic Stress-Strain Behavior in Torsion of 1100-0 Aluminum Subjected to a Sharp Increase in Strain Rate

Abstract : A modification of the torsional split Hopkinson bar is described which superimposes a high rate of shear strain on a slower 'static' rate. The 'static' rate of 0.00005/sec is increased to 850/sec at a predetermined value of plastic strain by the detonation of small explosive charges; the rise time of the strain rate increment is about 10 microseconds. During deformation at the dynamic rate, direct measurement is made of the excess stress above the maximum static stress attained. Results for 1100-0 aluminum show that the initial response to the strain rate increment is elastic, followed by yielding behavior reminiscent in appearance to an upper yield point. The magnitude of the stress measured at this yield point is always less than the stress obtained at the same strain in a wholly dynamic test; as the stress-strain curve asymptotically. It is concluded that the material behavior is a function of strain, strain rate and strain rate history. (Author)
Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of PO−3 and the electronic structure of PO3

Abstract A vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectrum has been obtained for PO−3 at 193 nm in the gas phase. Transitions to the ground ( X 2 A 2 ′) and first excited state ( A 2 E ″) of PO3 were observed. The current spectrum represents the first observation of the 2 E ″ state, which splits into two states, 2 B 1 and 2 A 2 , due to the Jahn–Teller effect. The 2 A 2 ′ ground state shows a vibrational progression in the ν1 symmetric stretching mode with a frequency of 1000 (100) cm−1. The adiabatic electron affinity of PO3 was measured to be very high, 4.95 (0.06) eV. The 2 B 1 and 2 A 2 states of PO3 show very broad features due to the large geometry changes between these states and the anion ground state.
The effect of crystal symmetry on field ion images of ordered alloys

Crystal symmetry effect on field ion images of ordered alloys noting crystal structure definition by point lattice
Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions of Anthracene in CF3SO3H–CF3CO2H

Photolysis of anthracene in a mixture consisting of 2% CF3SO3H in CF3CO2H (w/w), where anthracene is partially protonated, gives a mixture of oxidized, neutral and reduced monomeric and dimeric products, initiation of this chemistry being photoinduced electron transfer from anthracene to protonated anthracene.
Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia: Prognostic implications and diagnostic overlap

Abstract The files of 120 hospitalized patients who had participated in drug studies between 1964 and 1966 were examined without knowledge of the patient's subsequent history. These patients, who had originally been diagnosed by DSM-II criteria, were retrospectively diagnosed by New York Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC), the New Haven Schizophrenia Index (NHSI), the St. Louis criteria, Bland and Orn's modification of the St. Louis criteria, Schneider's first rank symptoms (FRS) criteria, and the 12-point "Flexible" system developed by the Washington field center of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. By RDC criteria, 12 patients were diagnosed as major depressive disorders and the remaining 108 patients as either schizophrenias, schizoaffective disorders, or unspecified functional psychoses. Of these 108, 97 were also diagnosed schizophrenic or schizoaffective by at least three other sets of criteria. Ten-year followups were obtained on 82 (68%) of the 120 patients. Outcome was not significantly predicted by either presence or number of FRS, by an NHSI diagnosis of schizophrenia, or by a diagnosis of schizophrenia using the 12-point Flexible system with a 5-point cutoff. However, a significant relationship was found with the St. Louis criteria and the Bland-Orn score obtained from these criteria. An even higher correlation was found between followup and the Stephens-Astrup scale and the Strauss-Carpenter prognostic scale. RDC and DSM-II diagnoses were also significantly correlated with followup but to a lesser degree.
Moment and Friction Force in Three Dimensional Elastic Contact of Two Rectangular Rough Surfaces

It is reasonable to expect that when two nominally flat rough surfaces are brought into contact by an applied resultant force, they must support, in addition to the compressive load, an induced moment. The existence of a net applied moment would imply non-even distribution of contact force so that there are more asperities in contact over one region of the nominal area. In this paper we consider the contact between two rectangular rough surfaces that provide normal and tangential contact force as well as contact moment to counteract the net moment imposed by the applied forces. The surfaces are permitted to develop slight angular misalignment and through this contact moment is derived. Through this scheme it is possible to also define elastic contribution to friction since the half-plane tangential contact force on one side of an asperity is no longer balanced by the half-plane tangential force component on the opposite side. The elastic friction force however is shown to be of a much smaller order than the contact normal force.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Solid-state NMR examination of alteration layers on nuclear waste glasses

Abstract Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool for probing the role and significance of alteration layers in determining the kinetics for the corrosion of nuclear waste glass. NMR methods are used to probe the chemical structure of the alteration layers to elucidate information about their chemical complexity, leading to increased insight into the mechanism of altered layer formation. Two glass compositions were examined in this study: a glass preliminarily designed for nuclear waste immobilization (called AFCI) and a simplified version of this AFCI glass (which we call SA1R). Powdered glasses with controlled and known particle sizes were corroded in ASTM type I water at 90 °C for periods of one and five months with a glass surface-area to solution-volume ratio of 100,000 m − 1 . 1 H– 29 Si cross-polarization Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CP-CPMG) magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR, 1 H– 27 Al CP-MAS NMR, 1 H– 11 B CP-MAS NMR, and 1 H– 23 Na CP-MAS NMR experiments provided isolated structural information about the alteration layers, which differ in structure from that of the pristine glass. Both glasses studied here develop alteration layers composed primarily of [IV] Si species. Aluminum is also retained in the alteration layers, perhaps facilitated by the observed increase in coordination from [IV] Al to [VI] Al, which correlates with a loss of charge balancing cations. The mechanism of increasing coordination appears to occur through an unstable [V] Al intermediate. 1 H– 11 B CP-MAS NMR observations indicated a retention of boron in the hydrated glass layers, which has not been characterized by previous work. For the AFCI glass, secondary phase formation begins during the corrosion times considered here, and these new phases are detected within the alteration layers. We identify new phases (termed as precursor phases) as crystalline sodium metasilicates. An important finding is that simple glass compositions, while providing general trends about the formation of alteration layers, do not account for all of the various reaction products that occur in the corrosion of more complex nuclear waste glass compositions.
Intracardiac Leiomyomatosis: Echocardiographic Features

Intravenous leiomyomatosis is a histologically benign smooth-muscle tumor arising from either a uterine myoma or the walls of a uterine vessel with extension into veins. Echocardiographic features of two cases of intravenous leiomyomatosis with extensive spread into the right-sided cardiac chambers and pulmonary arteries are described. Both patients were middle-aged women, with prior history of hysterectomy 12 and 10 years earlier who presented with cardiac symptoms and signs. Distinctive echocardiographic features include 1) elongated mobile masses extending from the veins of the lower body, including inferior vena cava and azygos vein; 2) multiple venous attachments or metastases; and 3) filling of venous vessels and right-heart chambers. Intracardiac leiomyomatosis should be considered in a female patient presenting with an extensive mass in the right-sided cardiac chambers.
Cortical network for vibrotactile attention: A fMRI study

We used fMRI to identify brain areas activated during tactile attention tasks. Participants detected the interval containing target stimulation of higher vibrotactile frequency or longer duration. Attributes were selectively or neutrally cued. A control backwards-counting task included concurrent, but irrelevant corresponding vibrotactile stimulation. Group analyses of average F-statistic maps, participant conjunction maps, and estimated time courses utilized data mapped to a standard average surface atlas (PALS B12). Repeated-measures, random-effects MANOVA examined blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal modulation differences amongst tasks in defined regions, where significant responses occurred in at least 50% of the group. Greater than 0.1% increase in BOLD responses were found during at least one of the tactile attention tasks in contralateral parietal opercular OP1, BA 4 finger region, frontal eye field, dorsal premotor, anterior and posterior BA 7, and bilaterally in superior temporal sulcal cortex (BA 22), ventral premotor, supplementary motor area, and frontal operculum/insula. The same tasks suppressed activity in ipsilateral OP4. The BA 22 ROI showed larger responses during neutral cuing. The control task suppressed BOLD in ipsilateral OP1 and OP4 and bilaterally in BA 40, but significantly enhanced responses in dorsal parietal-frontal regions compared with tactile attention tasks. No regional differences were found between selectively cued frequency and duration tasks. Tactile attention effects were most prominent in OP1. Posterior parietal responses possibly reflected the visual attention required for backwards-counting, whereas the frontal regions potentially related to goal-directed behavior when identifying target stimulation.
Focal waveforms for various source waveforms driving a prolate‐spheroidal impulse radiating antenna (IRA)

[1] Impulse radiating antennas (IRAs) are designed to radiate very fast pulses in a narrow beam with low dispersion and high field amplitude. For this reason they have been used in a variety of applications. IRAs have been developed for use in the transient far-field region using parabolic reflectors. However, in this paper we focus in the near field region and develop the field waveform at the second focus of a prolate-spheroidal IRA. Certain skin cancers can be killed by the application of a high-amplitude electric field pulse. This can be accomplished by either inserting electrodes near the skin cancer or by applying fast, high-electric field pulses without direct contact. We investigate a new manifestation of an IRA, in which we use a prolate spheroid as a reflector instead of a parabolic reflector and focus in the near-field region instead of the far-field region. This technique minimizes skin damage associated with inserting electrodes near the tumor. Analytical and experimental behaviors for the focal waveforms of two and four-feed arm prolate-spheroidal IRAs are explored. With appropriate choice of the driving waveform we maximize the impulse field at the second focus. The focal waveform of a prolate-spheroidal IRA has been explained theoretically and verified experimentally.
Basepaths to Empire: Race and the Spalding World Baseball Tour

During the Gilded Age, transnational American agents carried national values abroad, including defense of the “civilizing mission” of the white race toward people of color. This article explores race within the context of the Spalding world baseball tour of 1888-89, a transnational enterprise that marketed the national pastime abroad and, in so doing, indicated the latent, private power behind the official policies of the United States. A rather unusual segment of society to be considered for such scholarly treatment, professional baseball elites nonetheless helped generate a racist imperial ideology and thus added to the voices that set racial parameters for the American empire when it was attained in 1898. By tracing the racial attitudes of the baseball tourists, this article contributes to recent scholarly enterprises that examine foreign relations from a cultural perspective and integrate overlooked actors into the study of diplomatic history.
The Role of Investability Restrictions on Size, Value, and Momentum in International Stock Returns

Using monthly returns for over 37,000 stocks from 46 developed and emerging market countries over a two-decade period, we test whether empirical asset pricing models capture the size, value, and momentum patterns in international stock returns. We propose and test a multi-factor model that includes factor portfolios based on firm characteristics and that builds separate factors comprised of globally-accessible stocks, which we call “global factors,” and of locally-accessible stocks, which we call “local factors.” Our new “hybrid” multi-factor model with both global and local factors not only captures strong common variation in global stock returns, but also achieves low pricing errors and rejection rates using conventional testing procedures for a variety of regional and global test asset portfolios formed on size, value, and momentum.
Comparing technology-related teacher professional development designs: a multilevel study of teacher and student impacts

This article presents a quasi-experimental study comparing the impact of two technology-related teacher professional development (TTPD) designs, aimed at helping junior high school science and mathematics teachers design online activities using the rapidly growing set of online learning resources available on the Internet. The first TTPD design (tech-only) focused exclusively on enhancing technology knowledge and skills for finding, selecting, and designing classroom activities with online resources, while the second (tech + pbl) coupled technology knowledge with learning to design problem-based learning (PBL) activities for students. Both designs showed large pre-post gains for teacher participants (N = 36) in terms of self-reported knowledge, skills, and technology integration. Significant interaction effects show that teachers in the tech + pbl group had larger gains for self-reported knowledge and externally rated use of PBL. Three generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were fit to study the impact on students’ (N = 1,247) self reported gains in behavior, knowledge, and attitudes. In the resulting models, students of tech + pbl teachers showed significant increases in gain scores for all three outcomes. By contrast, students of tech-only teachers showed improved gains only in attitudes.
SEU tests with an improved Cf-252 system

An improved Cf-252 single event upset (SEU) testing system is described. The improved system has a greater range of linear energy transfer (LETs) and has a rotating platform that can test devices at different angles with respect to the beam of fission fragments. The quality of the fission fragment detector is also improved. Better SEU results of a 2k/spl times/8 SRAM have been obtained and confirmed those obtained with an accelerator. >
Negative Regulation of the RelA/p65 Transactivation Function by the Product of the DEK Proto-oncogene *

NF-κB-mediated transcriptional activation is controlled at several levels including interaction with coregulatory proteins. To identify new proteins capable of modulating NF-κB-mediated activation, a cytoplasmic two-hybrid screen was performed using the p65 C-terminal transactivation domain as bait and identified the product of the DEK proto-oncogene. DEK is a ubiquitous nuclear protein that has been implicated in several types of cancer and autoimmune diseases. DEK appears to function in several nuclear processes including transcriptional repression and modulation of chromatin structure. Our data indicate that DEK functions as a transcriptional corepressor to repress NF-κB activity. DEK expression blocked p65-mediated activation of an NF-κB-dependent reporter gene and also inhibited TNFα-induced activation of the reporter gene. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that DEK associates with the promoters of the NF-κB-regulated cIAP2 and IL-8 genes in untreated cells and dissociates from these promoters upon NF-κB binding in response to TNFα treatment. Moreover, the expression levels of an NF-κB-dependent reporter gene as well as the NF-κB-regulated Mcp-1 and IκBα genes is increased in DEK–/– cells compared with wild-type cells. ChIP assays on these promoters show enhanced and prolonged binding of p65 and increased recruitment of the P/CAF coactivator. Overall, these data provide further evidence that DEK functions to negatively regulate transcription.
The geographic origin of the plants most commonly used for medicine by hawaiians

Abstract Twelve common Polynesian plants, 8 of which were probably brought in the canoe voyages perhaps 1500 years ago from southern and central Polynesia, constitute the most commonly used plants by Hawaiians for medicinal purposes. Herbal treatments of the most frequently encountered illnesses or physical conditions — purge or constipation, skin affections, respiratory affections, indigestion, fever, bruises and sprains — were tallied from all available sources. The herbs most frequently used are common species, grown around habitations and in adjoining agricultural fields. The hypothesis is advanced that while the Hawaiian Islands contain one of the world's largest percentages of endemic species in the flora, only a few of these species were used for illnesses, though many endemic species were used for building, tapa making, and the foundation of the elaborate and renowned feather cloaks. Owing to approximately 1200 years of geographic isolation, the Hawaiians probably did not find it necessary to exploit the native flora for more than a token number of species for their relatively mild illnesses.
Computational Aspects of Dynamic Programming

Dynamic programming is a method of solving multi-stage decision-process problems. Several computational difficulties are characteristic of all dynamic-programming solutions. This paper will attempt to isolate the most important of these difficulties, to examine present techniques, and to suggest areas in which further developments are required.
An Application of the Semantic Differential to Icon Design

Previous studies have indicated that the semantic differential was effective in evaluating comprehension of icons. However, the capability of semantic differential ratings depends on whether the un...
Transgenic hCFTR expression fails to correct β-ENaC mouse lung disease

The relationships between airway epithelial Cl− secretion-Na+ absorption balance, airway surface liquid (ASL) homeostasis, and lung disease were investigated in selected transgenic mice. 1) To dete...
Symposium on ear surgery. III. Reconstructive mastoidectomy with homograft knee cartilage

During the past decade the trend in surgery on the mastoid segment of the temporal bone has been toward restoration of function and normal anatomical configuration. The primary preservation of the posterior bony canal wall with aeration of the mastoidectomy cavity has eliminated many of the problems associated with an open cavity. The likelihood of good hearing increases when the support for the posterior and superior portions of the tympanic membrane are preserved; however, there are many patients whose surgery included removal of this bony barrier and exposure of the mastoid segment to the outside. It is for these patients that a means has been sought to eliminate the cavity and reconstruct the hearing mechanism. Previous techniques have sought to eliminate the mastoidectomy cavity by obliteration with muscle pedicles, fascia, cartilage and bone. All these techniques tend to modify rather than to reconstruct nature's plan of the middle ear and mastoid. It would seem more physiologic to rebuild these structures as nearly as possible in their normal anatomical relationship and function. It was with this goal in mind that the herein described technique of knee cartilage reconstructive mastoidectomy was developed. A review of the literature revealed that in 1940 cartilage homografts were being used in rhinoplasty by Brown. This author preserved the cartilage in alcohol because it was “simple and safe.” Homograft nasal septum cartilage had been utilized in tympanoplasty by Smyth and Jansen and in otosclerotic surgery by Pfaltz. No previous article referring to the use of knee cartilage for transplantation could be found. Homograft knee cartilage was discovered to possess the gentle curve and thin lower border characteristic of the posterior bony canal wall. With this support the homograft tympanic membrane may be used to reconstruct the drumhead in normal anatomical position. The homograft incus then becomes a prosthesis to rebuild the conduction mechanism in this one stage operation. Silastic sheeting from the eustachian tube to the mastoid antrum prevents adhesions and assures aeration of these structures. Likewise, mucoid discharge from the remaining mastoid cells finds its way to the eustachian tube and nasopharynx. Fifteen ears have been reconstructed by this technique. All cases have healed completely and uneventfully with no infection or extrusion of the knee cartilage transplant. Postoperatively the ear canal and drumhead have an almost normal appearance, and epithelial migration keeps these structures clean and functioning. Hearing improvement has been gratifying with a return to normal in some instances. Three case presentations are included as examples of the procedure.
A higher order isotropic FDTD scheme using artificial dispersion via controllable higher order time derivatives

A sixth order isotropic FDTD algorithm has been described. The algorithm can be of great importance in cases where high global isotropy is required such as radiation and cavity related problems. The algorithm is also very attractive for single frequency problems where dispersion can be easily eliminated by introducing correcting artificial material dispersion.
Lattice studies for a small storage ring

A study is made of the configurations of magnetic elements in order to maximize the beam brightness of a small e/sup -/ storage ring for use as a component in a Compton scattered X-ray facility. The design goal was a single bunch current of 20 mA at a beam energy of 125 MeV. The design produced a low emittance beam ( epsilon /sub x/=10/sup -7/ m-rad) with a reasonable lifetime. The authors plan to use NdBFe permanent magnetic driven dipoles in an attempt to reduce the overall cost of the storage ring facility, and the design used their properties for the bends in the lattice. Parameters varied include the RF voltage, the lattice structure and the number and size of the bend elements. In particular, the effect of intrabeam scattering at such a low energy was studied. >
Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor image analysis: a comparison of centroiding methods and image-processing techniques

Spot estimation accuracy of Shack-Hartmann images and its impact on Airborne Aero-Optic Laboratory (AAOL) wavefront statistics are addressed. A study is conducted of an individual spot simulated using a double sinc function under varying degrees of additive non-zero mean Gaussian noise within a 15×15 pixel area-of-interest. The focus of this paper is two-fold. First, the accuracy of four existing centroiding methods including first moment, convolution, Gaussian, and weighted first moment are compared. It is found that the weighted first moment centroid most accurately estimates spot centers but requires significantly more computational time with respect to the first moment method. Second, three image-processing techniques, including gamma correction, thresholding, and windowing, are analyzed to determine their influence on each centroiding method’s spot estimation accuracy. A fourth order gamma correction significantly reduces spot estimation error for three centroiding methods. The key result is that the accuracy of the first moment centroid with an applied gamma correction is comparable to the weighted first moment without the computational burden. Finally, the first moment centroid with gamma correction and weighted first moment centroid are applied to AAOL flight data. Wavefront statistics are computed and compared to the commonly used first moment centroid.
Individual differences in reading skill and language lateralisation: A cluster analysis

Individual differences in reading and cerebral lateralisation were investigated in 200 college students who completed reading assessments and divided visual field word recognition tasks, and received a structural MRI scan. Prior studies on this data set indicated that little variance in brain-behaviour correlations could be attributed to the effects of sex and handedness variables (Chiarello, Welcome, Halderman, & Leonard, 2009; Chiarello, Welcome, Halderman, Towler, et al., 2009; Welcome et al., 2009). Here a more bottom-up approach to behavioural classification (cluster analysis) was used to explore individual differences that need not depend on a priori decisions about relevant subgroups. The cluster solution identified four subgroups of college age readers with differing reading skill and visual field lateralisation profiles. These findings generalised to measures that were not included in the cluster analysis. Poorer reading skill was associated with somewhat reduced VF asymmetry, while average readers demonstrated exaggerated RVF/left hemisphere advantages. Skilled readers had either reduced asymmetries, or asymmetries that varied by task. The clusters did not differ by sex or handedness, suggesting that there are identifiable sources of variance among individuals that are not captured by these standard participant variables. All clusters had typical leftward asymmetry of the planum temporale. However, the size of areas in the posterior corpus callosum distinguished the two subgroups with high reading skill. A total of 17 participants, identified as multivariate outliers, had unusual behavioural profiles and differed from the remainder of the sample in not having significant leftward asymmetry of the planum temporale. A less buffered type of neurodevelopment that is more open to the effects of random genetic and environmental influences may characterise such individuals.
The Evolution of a Contextual Approach to Therapy: From Comprehensive Distancing to ACT.

This paper traces the developmental history of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) from its beginning as comprehensive distancing to its current form and status. It is maintained that technical differences between the two approaches are overshadowed by ones of conceptualization. Comprehensive distancing emerged from efforts to extend Skinner’s work on verbal behavior and rule-governance to clinical phenomena, while relational frame theory as a post-Skinnerian account of human language has served as the conceptual foundation for ACT. Possible research strategies to further clarify conceptual differences between the two approaches are discussed.
Serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid concentrations in Chinese Shar-Pei dogs with cobalamin deficiency

Cobalamin deficiency is suspected to be hereditary in Chinese Shar-Pei dogs (Shar-Peis), and inherited causes of cobalamin deficiency may affect the cellular processing of cobalamin. In humans, a defect of the two main cobalamin-dependent intracellular enzymes (i.e., methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase) may lead to hyperhomocysteinemia and hypermethylmalonic acidemia. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate serum homocysteine (HCY) and methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations in cobalamin-deficient Shar-Peis and dogs of six other breeds. Serum samples (n=297) from cobalamin-deficient dogs (Shar-Peis, German Shepherd dogs, Labrador Retrievers, Yorkshire Terriers, Boxers, Cocker Spaniels, and Beagles) were analyzed for serum HCY and MMA concentrations. A Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate if cobalamin deficiency in Shar-Peis is associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Serum HCY and MMA concentrations were higher in cobalamin-deficient Shar-Peis compared to cobalamin-deficient dogs of the six other breeds (P<0.0001). Hyperhomocysteinemia was associated with cobalamin deficiency in Shar-Peis (P=0.009). In addition, serum HCY and MMA concentrations did not differ between cobalamin-deficient German Shepherd dogs with and without exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), a potential cause of secondary cobalamin deficiency. These findings suggest that the function of the two intracellular cobalamin-dependent enzymes is impaired in Shar-Peis with cobalamin deficiency.
Imported Melioidosis in South Korea: A Case Series with a Literature Review.

Objectives Melioidosis is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the environmental anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei. Melioidosis is endemic to areas of northern Australia and Southeast Asia. With increasing international travel and migration, imported cases of melioidosis are being reported regularly. Here, we summarize the 11 cases of melioidosis reported in South Korea from 2003 to 2014.
Deliberate disengagement: How education decreases political participation in electoral authoritarian regimes

A large literature examining advanced and consolidating democracies suggests that education increases political participation. However, in electoral authoritarian regimes, educated voters may instead deliberately disengage. If education increases critical capacities, political awareness, and support for democracy, educated citizens may believe that participation is futile or legitimates autocrats. We test this argument in Zimbabwe—a paradigmatic electoral authoritarian regime—by exploiting crosscohort variation in access to education following a major educational reform. We find that education decreases political participation, substantially reducing the likelihood that better-educated citizens vote, contact politicians, or attend community meetings. Consistent with deliberate disengagement, education’s negative effect on participation dissipated following 2008’s more competitive election, which (temporarily) initiated unprecedented power sharing. Supporting the mechanisms underpinning our hypothesis, educated citizens experience better economic outcomes, are more interested in politics and more supportive of democracy, but are also more likely to criticize the government and support opposition parties.
Phase I trial of a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI) and retinoid acid (RA) in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumor malignancies

13114 Background: Transcription of RA responsive genes is inhibited by co-repressor complexes which have HDAC activity. Pre-clinical data demonstrates that addition of an HDACI to RA enhances trans...
Traumatic atlantooccipital dissociation.

A 38-year-old woman presented to our clinic after a highspeed motor vehicle accident. Extrication at the scene was prolonged, and she sustained an incomplete spinal cord injury characterized by right-sided hemiparesis. Imaging revealed atlantooccipital dissociation with bilateral non-displaced C1 lateral mass fractures without C1 arch involvement and a basion-dental interval of 13 mm (Fig. 1A and B). The occipital condyle-C1 interval was determined bilaterally and the condylar sum was found to be 10 mm (Fig. 1G and H). The Powers ratio was determined to be 1.1 (Fig. 1C). Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated complete tearing of the tectorial membrane (Fig. 1D) and left alar ligament (Fig. 1E), as well as partial tear of the right alar ligament (Fig. 1F). The patient then underwent occiput to C2 fixation (Fig. 2). Three months postoperatively, she was able to move her left upper and lower extremity, with increased strength.
MD-CTS: An integrated terminology reference of clinical and translational medicine.

New vocabularies are rapidly evolving in the literature relative to the practice of clinical medicine and translational research. To provide integrated access to new terms, we developed a mobile and desktop online reference—Marshfield Dictionary of Clinical and Translational Science (MD-CTS). It is the first public resource that comprehensively integrates Wiktionary (word definition), BioPortal (ontology), Wiki (image reference), and Medline abstract (word usage) information. MD-CTS is accessible at http://spellchecker.mfldclin.edu/. The website provides a broadened capacity for the wider clinical and translational science community to keep pace with newly emerging scientific vocabulary. An initial evaluation using 63 randomly selected biomedical words suggests that online references generally provided better coverage (73%-95%) than paper-based dictionaries (57–71%).
The STAR "plug and play" event generator framework

The STAR experiment pursues a broad range of physics topics in pp,pA and AA collisions produced by the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Such a diverse experimental program demands a simulation framework capable of supporting an equally diverse set of event generators, and a flexible event record capable of storing the (common) particle-wise and (varied) event-wise information provided by the external generators. With planning underway for the next round of upgrades to exploit ep and eA collisions from the electron-ion collider (or eRHIC), these demands on the simulation infrastructure will only increase and requires a versatile framework. STAR has developed a new event-generator framework based on the best practices in the community (a survey of existing approach had been made and the "best of all worlds" kept in mind in our design). It provides a common set of base classes which establish the interface between event generators and the simulation and handles most of the bookkeeping associated with a simulation run. This streamlines the process of integrating and configuring an event generator within our software chain. Developers implement two classes: the interface for their event generator, and their event record. They only need to loop over all particles in their event and push them out into the event record. The framework is responsible for vertex assignment, stacking the particles out for simulation, and event persistency. Events from multiple generators can be merged together seamlessly, with an event record which is capable of tracing each particle back to its parent generator. We present our work and approach in detail and illustrate its usefulness by providing examples of event generators implemented within the STAR framework covering for very diverse physics topics. We will also discuss support for event filtering, allowing users to prune the event record of particles which are outside of our acceptance, and/or abort events prior to the more computationally expensive digitization and reconstruction phases. Event filtering has been supported in the previous framework and showed to save enormous amount of resources – the approach within the new framework is a generalization of filtering.