cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High contrast adaptive optics system for meter class telescopes

This paper provides a status update on the Natural Guidestar (NGS) Adaptive Optics (AO) system being built for Castor, the meter class telescope at the Starfire Optical Range. We present a radiometric case study for a range of variable parameters such as source brightness, number of Shack-Hartmann sub-apertures, AO and Track loop frame rate and bandwidth. We gauge system performance by contrast and adapt the error budget to allow detection of a dim object near a bright star. We present wave band splits between the different AO components such as track sensor, wavefront sensor, scoring camera, and science camera. We show the different configurations that allow to switch between dim object and bright object tracking. The opto-mechanical design of the AO system is also presented.
Minimizing iridium oxide electrodes for high visual acuity subretinal stimulation.

Vision loss from diseases of the outer retina, such as Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), are among the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world today. The goal of retinal prosthetics is to replace the photo-sensing function of photoreceptors lost in these diseases with optoelectronic hardware to electrically stimulate patterns of retinal activity corresponding to vision. To enable high-resolution retinal prosthetics, the scale of stimulating electrodes must be significantly decreased from current designs; however, this reduces the amount of stimulating current that can be delivered. The efficacy of subretinal stimulation at electrode sizes suitable for high visual acuity retinal prosthesis are not well understood, particularly within the safe charge injection limits of electrode materials. Here, we measure retinal ganglion cell responses in a mouse model of blindness to evaluate the stimulation efficacy of 10, 20, and 30 µm diameter iridium oxide electrodes within the electrode charge injection limits, focusing on measures of charge threshold and dynamic range. Stimulation thresholds were lower for smaller electrodes, but larger electrodes could elicit a greater dynamic range of spikes and recruited more ganglion cells within charge injection limits. These findings suggest a practical lower limit for planar electrode size and indicate strategies for maximizing stimulation thresholds and dynamic range. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neural prosthetics offer hope to cure intractable neurological disorders. To enable fine control over patterns of neural activity, stimulating electrode size must be decreased to the scale of neurons. We examined how electrode size at this scale influences stimulation threshold and the range of possible responses, by fabricating planar iridium oxide electrodes between 10 and 30 µm in diameter, and examined neural stimulation in a mouse model of retinal degeneration. This work provides new insights into how small stimulation electrodes translate charge into neural activity and the physical factors that contribute to differences between responses over this range of electrode sizes. This has important implications for the design of high-acuity retinal prosthetics, as well as next-generation neural stimulators.
Exploring Education Students' Reflexivity through the Arts and Sharing My "Bricolage" Dilemmas

As part of course requirements, 16 education students in a master’s cohort tutored groups of elementary children (the same groups throughout the semester) in an after-school writing program that emphasized an ethos of care. The education students had never taught children and consequently had difficulties reflecting about their lessons through weekly e-mail communication. As the course instructor I had a hunch innovative artistic processes might unleash and heighten the education students’ abilities as reflective practitioners. Therefore, I asked them to explore their pedagogy through the arts. Concurrently, I engaged in arts-based educational research (ABER) to ascertain in what ways arts constructions might prompt the education students’ motivation and abilities to thoughtfully consider their work. Using constant comparative methods and a “bricolage” approach, I discovered arts-based techniques, particularly poetry, fostered and illuminated their introspections. The education students also had distinct preferences among the three modes of reflective inquiry I requested they employ (e-mail communication, self-portraits with dialogue, and poetry). As suggested by respected ABER scholars, I monitored and documented my dilemmas throughout the inquiry process in an attempt to achieve verisimilitude and to inform new arts-based researchers. I share these dilemmas and oversights, and discuss puzzling, unanswered questions in this paper. Keywords: Arts-Based Educational Research (ABER), “Bricolage,” Education Students, E-mail Reflections, Ethos of Care, Methodological Issues, Poetry, Self-Portraits For the research to be arts-based the chosen art has to be an integral and informative part of the process, producing knowledge otherwise inaccessible.
Exposure to environmental chemicals and heavy metals, and risk of pancreatic cancer.

Purpose Exposure to various chemicals and heavy metals has been associated with risk of different cancers; however, data on whether such exposures may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer (PC) are very limited and inconclusive. We examined PC risk with self-reported exposures to chemicals and heavy metals.
High-dispersed supported catalysts on basis of monodispersePt-soles in processes reductive of transformation of hydrocarbons

Abstract Hydrogen adsorption and catalytic activity of Al2O3-supported monodispersed Pt-soles (AP) and the same catalysts promoted with Re (APR) have been studied in gas-phase benzene hydrogenation. The termoprogrammed desorption (TPD) of H2, adsorption-calorimetry, electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy methods have been used. The aggregation of colloidal Pt-particles supported on γ-Al2O3 increased with decreasing of the particle size from 3.2 to 0.6 nm at the redox treatment of catalysts. The correlation between strongly bound hydrogen species and catalytic activity of the AP- and APR-catalysts for investigated reaction has been found independent of the method of preparation.
Personality factors in the performance of the retarded. Implications for clinical assessment.

Abstract. Personality factors in the behavior of retarded individuals are discussed, including positive and negative reaction tendencies, expectancy of failure, motivation for differing kinds of incentives, outerdirectedness, and the influence of institutional experience on the personality development of retarded persons. The important of these factors in clinical assessment is indicated
Mechanisms of Ultrasonic Modulation of Multiply Scattered Coherent Light

An analytic model of the ultrasonic modulation of multiply scattered coherent light in scattering media is provided. The model is based on two mechanisms: the ultrasonic modulation of the index of refraction, which causes a modulation of the optical path lengths between consecutive scattering events, and the ultrasonic modulation of the displacements of Rayleigh scatterers, which causes a modulation of optical path lengths upon each scattering event. Multiply scattered light accumulates modulated optical path lengths along its path. Consequently, the intensity of the speckles that are formed by the multiply scattered light is modulated. In water solutions, for example, the contribution from the index of refraction is slightly less than the contribution from displacement when the scattering mean free path is less than a critical fraction of the acoustic wavelength, and it becomes increasingly greater than the contribution from displacement beyond this critical point.
Soliton model of charge-density-wave depinning

The quantum tunneling model of depinning of charge-density waves in linear chain conductors can be simplified and made more concrete by reviving a soliton model similar to that studied in 1978 by Maki and by Larkin and Lee. They rejected a model of solitons on individual chains pinned by impurity fluctuations because the energy involved is far less than 1°K. However the transverse coherence distance includes 105 or 106 parallel chains. There is only one thermal degree of freedom for motion parallel to the chains in a domain of this area and a length containing a pinned soliton or phase kink. What is pinned is a parallel array of such phase kinks of average spacing Ld. The current acceleration, dJ/dt, from a field, E, by tunneling, is analogous to Josephson current flow across a tunnel junction from a phase difference.
Gastric small lymphocytic proliferation with immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in pseudolymphoma versus lymphoma

The nature of gastric infiltrates consisting primarily of benign-appearing small lymphocytes is at present a controversial issue. Earlier reports of gastric lymphoma developing in gastric pseudolymphoma and more recent immunohistochemical studies demonstrating monoclonal B-cell populations in pseudolymphoma suggest that at least some cases represent low-grade lymphomas or clonal precursor lesions that may develop into lymphoma. Observations of a small lymphocytic infiltrate arising in the region of a gastric ulcer that lacked definitive morphologic evidence of malignancy (lymphoma) but was clearly a monoclonal B-cell proliferation by immunohistochemical and gene rearrangement studies support the notion that some gastric lymphoproliferative lesions that histologically have been called pseudolymphomas may include one or more clonal lymphoid expansions. A histopathologic/molecular model suggesting a potential pathway for the development of morphologically recognizable lymphoma from benign-appearing small lymphocytic infiltrates is presented, and the concept that for a variety of lymphoid proliferations clonality and malignancy may not be synonymous is discussed.
State Regulatory Oversight of Certified Nursing Assistants and Resident Outcomes

This study aimed to describe state regulatory certified nursing assistant (CNA) oversight in two domains—use of registry or licensing for credentialing and initial CNA training and continuing education (CE) requirements—and to evaluate whether CNA oversight is associated with resident outcomes in nursing homes.This cross-sectional secondary analysis combined 2004 data on state-level regulatory requirements for CNA oversight, training, and CE with nursing home resident outcomes data collected in 2004 from 16,125 U.S. facilities in 49 states. Though 26 states required CNAs to have more initial training hours than the federal requirement of 75 hours, only four states required additional yearly CE hours to maintain CNA certification. The combination of increased initial training and annual CE hours was significantly associated with nursing homes reporting lower antidepressant and antipsychotic use and lower average medication use. Use of a registry or licensing board for credentialing was significantly related to lower catheter use, and CNA licensure was significantly associated with lower odds of falls. Findings suggest that regulatory modifications could be beneficial to improve resident care outcomes in nursing homes.
Mouse brain CD4 transcripts encode only the COOH-terminal half of the protein.

Abstract The T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 is thought to function as a receptor for class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. Human CD4 is also the lymphoid cell receptor for human immunodeficiency virus, the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The observed infection of the central nervous system in acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients raises the possibility that CD4 is also present in nerve tissue and that a cell surface receptor for class II major histocompatibility complex antigens could play a role in central nervous system function. This possibility is reinforced by the detection of unique CD4-related transcripts in mouse and human brain tissue. In this study, the structure of the mouse brain CD4 transcript was determined. It is identical to the last two-thirds of the CD4 message and is capable of encoding a 217-residue protein that would consist of a truncated, 154-residue, cell surface region, together with the complete CD4 transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions. It would not include an amino-terminal hydrophobic leader peptide.
The C-Terminus of c-Abl Is Required for Proliferation and Viability Signaling in a c-Abl/Erythropoietin Receptor Fusion Protein

Activated ABL oncogenes cause B-cell leukemias in mice and chronic myelogenous leukemia in humans. However, the mechanism of transformation is complex and not well understood. A method to rapidly and reversibly activate c-ABL was created by fusing the extra-cytoplasmic and transmembrane domain of the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor with c-ABL (EPO R/ABL). When this chimeric receptor was expressed in Ba/F3 cells, the addition of EPO resulted in a dose-dependent activation of c-ABL tyrosine kinase and was strongly antiapoptotic and weakly mitogenic. To evaluate the contributions of various ABL domains to biochemical signaling and biological effects, chimeric receptors were constructed in which the ABL SH3 domain was deleted (triangle upSH3), the SH2 domain was deleted (triangle upSH2), the C-terminal actin-binding domain was deleted (triangle upABD), or kinase activity was eliminated by a point mutation, K290M (KD). The mutant receptors were stably expressed in Ba/F3 cells and analyzed for signaling defects, proliferation, viability, and EPO-induced leukemia in nude mice. When compared with the ability of the full-length EPO R/ABL receptor to induce proliferation and support viability in vitro, the triangle upSH3 mutant was equivalent, the triangle upSH2 mutant was moderately impaired, and the triangle upABD and KD mutants were profoundly impaired. None of these cell lines caused leukemia in mice in the absence of pharmacological doses of EPO. However, in mice treated with EPO (10 U/d), death from leukemia occurred rapidly with wild-type and triangle upSH3. However, time to death was prolonged by at least twofold for triangle upSH2 and greater than threefold for triangle upABD. This inducible model of ABL transformation provides a method to link specific signaling defects with specific biological defects and has shown an important role for the C-terminal actin-binding domain in proliferation and transformation in the context of this receptor/oncogene.
Individuality, Freedom of Choice, and Cultural Flexibility of the Kamba

THE Bantu-speaking Kamba of Kenya constitute a large and diversified tribe. They number some 800,000 people at the present time and effective political organization, apart from the British-imposed administrative structure, is primarily limited to the local community level. The Kamba have no supreme chief-indeed, they have no indigenous chiefs at all-and no tribal council. Each local community, known as an utui, is in theory autonomous and, in fact, there are few occasions in Kamba life which require the joint effort of persons from more than one utui. When this does happen, as, for example, in some of the circumcision ceremonies, the co-operative activity usually involves persons from only a few contiguous motui. The absence of a central political structure and the emphasis on self-governing local communities, together with the size and distribution of the tribe and the fact that the Kamba are only now beginning to fill up the territory they have occupied for less than 300 years, serve to make of the Kamba a good test case for problems of variation and adaptability. A consideration of the factors of cultural adaptability and variation leads logically, if not inevitably, to a consideration of the nature of culture itself. However limited the sample, we cannot speak meaningfully of variationswithin communities, between communities, from tribe to tribe, from one ecological base to another-without concerning ourselves with the larger question of precisely what it is that is varying. There has been some tendency in anthropology, usually implicit rather than overt, to think of cultures in terms of fixed designs for living, stable blueprints for behavior, and relatively rigid guidelines for conduct. This tendency has been more apparent in the unstated assumptions which underlie a great deal of anthropological research than in formal theoretical statements about culture, but it nevertheless exists. Many of us have further assumed that a strong commitment to the specific rules of a particular culture is a virtually universal human characteristic. Even though we know that all cultures are in a process of constant change, our interpretations of cultural transmission are sometimes phrased as though this were a simple matter of passing on an intact model from generation to generation, rather as if we were referring to insect societies with cultural learning substituted for genetic inheritance. This seems to be particularly true in many acculturation studies, though by no means in all of them, with the pictures they provide of peoples clinging grimly to the culture of the "good old days" in opposition to the presumed cultural breakdown of the present. It may be suggested that this picture is most applicable to situations in which a culture is prevented from changing in certain specified
Mutation of Dcdc2 in mice leads to impairments in auditory processing and memory ability

Dyslexia is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired reading ability despite normal intellect, and is associated with specific difficulties in phonological and rapid auditory processing, visual attention, and working memory. Genetic variants in DCDC2 have been associated with dyslexia, impairments in phonological processing, and in short term/working memory. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sensory and behavioral impairments can result directly from mutation of the Dcdc2 gene in mice. Several behavioral tasks, including a modified pre-pulse inhibition paradigm (to examine auditory processing), a 4/8 radial arm maze (to assess/dissociate working versus reference memory), and rotarod (to examine sensorimotor ability and motor learning) were used to assess the effects of Dcdc2 mutation. Behavioral results revealed deficits in rapid auditory processing, working memory, and reference memory in Dcdc2del2/del2 mice as compared to matched wild types. Current findings parallel clinical research linking genetic variants of DCDC2 with specific impairments of phonological processing and memory ability.
The antioxidant properties of the cherimoya (Annona cherimola) fruit

Abstract Annona cherimola is an exotic fruit from the genus Annona, native to the Andean highlands in western South America. The cherimoya skin, flesh and juice were isolated and analyzed for antioxidant content using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. The juice showed the highest antioxidant activity, while the flesh exhibited the lowest. The cherimoya skin, flesh and juice extracts were also incubated with Raji (Burkitt's Lymphoma) and HT-29 (colon cancer) cell lines, and the antioxidant uptake of cells was measured. Both cell lines, when subjected to cherimoya juice, showed the highest antioxidant uptake. The cells were then exposed to AAPH, a radical initiator, to simulate the conditions of cells under oxidative stress, and then subjected to cherimoya skin, flesh and juice extracts. Both cell lines absorbed more antioxidants after being pre-exposed to AAPH, indicating that cells under stress have the ability to import antioxidants.
Finite Element Analysis of Nutrient Distribution and Cell Viability in Intervertebral Disc: Effect of Compression and Degeneration

The intervertebral disc (IVD) is the largest avascular structure in the human body. As such, important nutrients, such as glucose and oxygen, that are necessary for cellular survival and functioning, must be transported into the disc via diffusion. As a result, steep concentration gradients develop across the tissue, dependent upon both cellular demand (i.e., metabolism) and transport. Both mechanical loading and tissue degeneration may alter nutrient distributions in the IVD. This may, in turn, affect IVD cell activity and viability.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
cDNAs of cell adhesion molecules of different specificity induce changes in cell shape and border formation in cultured S180 cells

The liver cell adhesion molecule (L-CAM) and N-cadherin or adherens junction-specific CAM (A-CAM) are structurally related cell surface glycoproteins that mediate calcium-dependent adhesion in different tissues. We have isolated and characterized a full-length cDNA clone for chicken N-cadherin and used this clone to transfect S180 mouse sarcoma cells that do not normally express N-cadherin. The transfected cells (S180cadN cells) expressed N-cadherin on their surfaces and resembled S180 cells transfected with L-CAM (S180L cells) in that at confluence they formed an epithelioid sheet and displayed a large increase in the number of adherens and gap junctions. In addition, N-cadherin in S180cadN cells, like L-CAM in S180L cells, accumulated at cellular boundaries where it was colocalized with cortical actin. In S180L cells and S180cadN cells, L-CAM and N-cadherin were seen at sites of adherens junctions but were not restricted to these areas. Adhesion mediated by either CAM was inhibited by treatment with cytochalasin D that disrupted the actin network of the transfected cells. Despite their known structural similarities, there was no evidence of interaction between L-CAM and N-cadherin. Doubly transfected cells (S180L/cadN) also formed epithelioid sheets. In these cells, both N-cadherin and L-CAM colocalized at areas of cell contact and the presence of antibodies to both CAMs was required to disrupt the sheets of cells. Studies using divalent antibodies to localize each CAM at the cell surface or to perturb their distributions indicated that in the same cell there were no interactions between L-CAM and N-cadherin molecules. These data suggest that the Ca(++)-dependent CAMs are likely to play a critical role in the maintenance of epithelial structures and support a model for the segregation of CAM mediated binding. They also provide further support for the so-called precedence hypothesis that proposes that expression and homophilic binding of CAMs are necessary for formation of junctional structures in epithelia.
“I Didn’t Know What Was Wrong:” How People With Undiagnosed Depression Recognize, Name and Explain Their Distress

BACKGROUND Diagnostic and treatment delay in depression are due to physician and patient factors. Patients vary in awareness of their depressive symptoms and ability to bring depression-related concerns to medical attention.
Personal Computer Displays

The personal computer's display is a key component in the interactive and natural user interfaces that personal computer applications provide. The display architecture determines how realistic the pictures on the monitor will be and how interactive the application will be. This article describes the technological and architectural evolution of personal computer displays, and the impact of this evolution on the system and application software. It then discusses the future of these displays and their future uses, on the basis of ongoing technical research and the users' desires and demands.
Internal barriers to help seeking for middle-aged and older women who experience intimate partner violence.

There has been relatively little qualitatively or quantitatively published research to guide the field in identifying and addressing barriers to seeking help for older women who experience domestic violence. Women over the age of 45 have seldom been participants in research on domestic violence. This paper describes results from a qualitative study that focused on reactions to and internalization of abusive behaviors of an intimate partner. Twenty-one focus groups were conducted with 134 middle-aged and older women. Analysis of the data identified six factors that describe reactions to abusive behavior that become barriers to help seeking, including self-blame, powerlessness, hopelessness, the need to protect family, and the need to keep such abuse secret from others. These findings are discussed with implications for community outreach and future research.
NGC-evoked nociceptive behaviors: II. Effect of midbrain and thalamus lesions

Alterations in nociceptive behaviors evoked by stimulation of the nucleus gigantocellularis (NGC) were observed following lesions of the dorsal central gray (DCG) or parafascicularis nucleus (PF) in rats. Lesions of the DCG decreased affective responses and facilitated extinction of avoidance responding associated with NGC stimulation. Lesions of the PF disrupted escape and avoidance responding to NGC stimulation, although postlesion training improved avoidance but not escape performance. The NGC, without its rostral connections to the DCG or PF, does not generate sufficient information for either aversive affective responses or locomotor escape responses that are associated with stimulation of this structure. In contrast, the elicited motor reactions do not depend upon these rostral structures. This supports a role for NGC neurons in functions related to motor, rather than to affective or complex behavioral components of nociception. The differential disruption of the more complex behaviors by DCG and PF lesions provides behavioral evidence for functional differentiation of a nociceptive system involving the relay of information from the NGC to these rostral areas.
GPU implementation of reverse coordinate conversion for proteins

We describe the first parallel algorithm to obtain Cartesian coordinates of a molecular structure from internal coordinates. This algorithm is important for problems such as protein engineering and fitting protein structures to experimental data. Proteins contain thousands to millions of atoms. Their positions can be represented using one of two methods: Cartesian or internal coordinates (bond lengths, angles, etc.). In molecular dynamics and modeling of proteins in different conformational states, it is often necessary to transform one coordinate system to another. In addition, since protein structures change over time, any computation must be done over successive time frames, increasing the computational load. To lessen this computational load we have applied different parallel techniques to the coordinate conversion problem. Converting Cartesian coordinates to internal ones is easily parallelized, and we have previously reported a GPU implementation. On the other hand, the reverse computation has inherent linear dependency because bond lengths and angles are relative to neighboring atoms. Existing implementations walk over a protein structure in a sequential fashion. This paper presents the first parallel implementation of internal to Cartesian coordinates, in which substructures of the protein backbone are converted into their own local Cartesian coordinate spaces, and then combined using a reduction technique to find global Cartesian coordinates. We observe one order of magnitude speedup using parallel processing on a GPU.
Peptide, peptidomimetic, and organic synthetic combinatorial libraries.

Synthetic combinatorial libraries made up of up to tens of millions of peptides or peptidomimetics have emerged during the past; years as powerfu] tools for basic research and drug development. As first developed for peptides, 1-3 the genera] concept of combinatorial libraries involves the generation of all possible sequence permutations for a peptide of a given length (i.e., 64 million for a hexapeptide composed of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids), in connection ~'ith a screening and selection process that enables the identification of unique, highly active peptides in the presence of millions of less active or inactive peptides. Since the individual synthesis of such large numbers of compounds is unrealistic, severa] approaches for the synthesis of mixtures composed of up to millions of peptides have recently been shown to be practical. Such libraries have been used to identify a variety of peptide ligands (e.g., antigenic peptides, receptor ligands, antimicrobial peptides, enzyme substrates, and inhibitors).4 Using recombinant DNA techniques, large numbers of peptides can be expressed random1y in a fusion phage vector system.5 This method, however, remains restricted to the 20 proteinogenic amino acids as building blocks. Chemical approaches to the generation of peptide libraries, on the other hand,I-3.b allow for the incorporation of nonproteinogenic7 and D-amino acids,8-IO as well as chemically modified amino acidsll and other carboxylic adds.12.13 The generally poor oral bioavailability and rapid enzymatic breakdown of l-amino acid
Landau-de Gennes theory of wetting and orientational transitions at a nematic-liquid-substrate interface.

The surface phases of a nematic liquid in the presence of a smooth substrate are studied using Landau--de Gennes theory. The alignment of the nematic director is restricted to be either parallel or perpendicular to the substrate, although methods of treating more general structures are indicated. We describe extensions and a synthesis of earlier studies which obtained analytic solutions of the theory in certain limits, including surface-induced biaxiality, to determine the domains of wetting by planar and homeotropic nematic films as well as by the isotropic phase, as a function of surface-interaction parameters. The relation of wetting to orientational transitions in the surface-induced bulk alignment is discussed. The ``parabolic approximation'' recently introduced in related contexts is used to obtain solutions of the theory in more general circumstances where exact analytic solutions are precluded. It is found that, for realistic values of the ratio of model elastic constants, complete wetting by planar nematic films exhibits ``reentrant'' behavior and does not occur for arbitrarily strong substrate potentials. We argue that this outcome is not an artifact of the parabolic approximation, despite several deficiencies of the method. The relevance to experimental studies of nematic-liquid--substrate interfaces is described.
North Webster: A Photographic History of a Black Community

Morris and Ambrose tell an embattled but triumphant story of strong families, old-time religion, and an emphasis on education as the true path to freedom. Extraordinary photographs. -- BooklistInformal photographs taken from family albums and collections provide a warm, intimate look at several decades of middle-class African-American life. -- Los Angeles Times Book Review... a fascinating history of the achievements and tribulations... of North Webster, a small African-American community in an upper middle-class suburb of St. Louis.A -- Journal of American History... a gloriously positive story which disproves past, present, and future notions that America's black population cannot effectively embrace love, family commitment, religious fervor, industriousness, career advancement, and academic achievement.A -- Julius K. Hunter, KMOV-TV Channel 4 News, St. LouisThis book should serve as an inspiration to people of all races. -- Gateway HeritageMore than 140 period photographs illustrate this history of a remarkable, successful black community near St. Louis. North Webster Grove is a black middle-class suburb which began at the end of the Civil War. Its residents have suffered the discrimination of a southern border state, and yet they accomplished great things.
Variation in part-time job quality within the nonprofit human service sector

This article extends the growing literature on the quality of part-time employment to the domain of nonprofit human services, specifically grassroots organizations in which paid work is itself a relatively new reality. It addresses three central questions: How do part-time and full-time workers differ in their personal and household characteristics? How do part-time jobs differ in access to employment benefits from their full-time counterparts; and finally, How does benefits access vary among part-time job titles? These lines of inquiry are examined using data from the populations of nonprofit domestic violence programs and their employees in a large midwestern metropolitan area. Analyses of worker-level data reveal that part-time workers in these settings disproportionately live with children, are in committed relationships, and report a strong preference for employment that facilitates work-life balance; they are also less likely to be primary household wage earners. Analyses at the level of jobs suggest that employment benefits extended to part-time jobs are minimal compared to their full-time equivalents, but there are also striking variations among different part-time titles. The results offer insights into the nature of part-time work in these nonprofit human service settings and potential challenges for effective management.
Strange particle production from π−p interactions at 1.69 GeV/c☆

The three-body final states Σ±π∓K0, Σ0π0K+ and Λπ0K+0 produced from πp interactions at 1.69 GeV/c are examined. The quasi-two-body state Λ(1405)K0 is discussed in detail. In particular, the spin of Λ(1405) is determined, via the method of Byers and Fenster, to be consistent with 12. The Σ±π∓ mass spectrum is compared to that produced by various zero-range and effective-range parametrizations and the Λ(1405) is found to have a mass of 1405 MeV and width of 45–55 MeV. Production and decay characteristics of the quasi-two-body states Σ(1385)0K0 are reported.
Consumer Acceptance of an Extruded Soy-Based High-Protein Breakfast Cereal

ABSTRACT: Studies have shown the beneficial effects of soy and high-protein diets on weight loss. The objective of this study was to determine consumer acceptance of a soy-based high-protein breakfast cereal developed to be utilized for weight loss and control. Four formulations with soy flour content of 41%, 47%, 54%, and 60% (w/w) were processed by extrusion. The formulations met the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines to claim the role of soy protein in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and guidelines for high-protein and high-fiber foods. The effects of soy flour level, addition of cinnamon flavor, and evaluation with or without milk on acceptance were investigated. Overall acceptance of 3 of 8 cereal products was also compared to the acceptance of 5 commercial products in the “healthy” cereal category. Addition of up to 54% (w/w) soy flour resulted in comparable acceptance ratings to products with lower soy flour content. Addition of milk improved aroma and texture acceptance scores and addition of cinnamon flavor improved overall, aroma, and taste acceptance scores. Acceptance of the developed cereal products was not as high as the commercial products; however, it significantly increased when nutritional and cost information was presented. The results of this study demonstrated that with modification of the formulations, an acceptable high-protein soy-based cereal can be developed to increase protein consumption during breakfast meals, which can consequently aid in weight loss and control.
A Primal Algorithm to Solve Network Flow Problems with Convex Costs

The problem of determining continuous flows of minimum cost in a network with convex cost functions is considered. The approach used is that of finding, for any given feasible flow, circuit flows of negative incremental costs. In the main theoretical result of this paper, it is proved that if at each stage, given a feasible nonoptimal flow X, the circuit flow with most negative incremental cost is added to X, linear convergence to the optimal solution will be obtained. In addition, this most negative incremental cost determines an upper bound on the difference in cost between the given feasible solution and the optimal. Based on these concepts, an algorithm, which preserves linear convergence, is presented to determine minimum cost flows in networks with convex costs in the arcs. Results of computer runs made for this algorithm are given. The special case of networks with linear costs is also considered.
Renal cell carcinoma involving penis and testis: Unusual initial presentations of metastatic disease*

Abstract Solitary parenchymal metastases of renal cell carcinoma to the penis or testis arerare. We report 1 case of each: in one instance the patient presented with priapism and an asymptomatic primary tumor; in the other, the metastasis presented as an acute change in a long-standing hydrocele more than one year after nephrectomy. Both patients had either positive margins at resection or recurrence after resection of the metastasis. While long-term, disease free survival has been reported after orchiectomy for isolated metastasic disease, penile involvement appears to carry a very poor prognosis.
MADRASA BY ANY OTHER NAME: Pondok, Pesantren, and Islamic Schools in Indonesia and Larger Southeast Asian Region

After more than a decade studying the Indonesian pesantren , the author had an opportunity to visit similar institutions in Thailand. After placing them in historical context, this paper explores how these institutions vary in Southeast Asia. Although it is reasonable to presume that pondok between different countries and areas in the region started out virtually indistinguishable in form and function, local and national histories have shaped them differently. This paper explicitly compares pondok in three distinct areas: Indonesia, Nakhon Sri Thammarat, and the Deep South in Thailand; the former two based on fieldwork and the latter based on literature review. It is common for some analysts and governments to associate pondok with violence. The evidence suggests that this is misplaced. The paper concludes that before an authoritative statement can be made on this point, more research is needed.
An examination of the effectiveness of multi-dimensional decision-making methods: a decision-making paradox

Abstract This paper presents the results of a study that compared four decision-making methods. The methods examined were the weighted sum model, the weighted product model, the analytic hierarchy process, and the revised analytic hierarchy process. Two evaluative criteria were used in an attempt to find the best method. The first criterion was to see if the method when accurate in a multi-dimensional situation remained accurate in a single-dimension case. The second criterion determined the stability of a method in yielding the same outcome when a nonoptimal alternative was replaced with a worse alternative. Tests were conducted using simulated decision problems where random numbers were used for the values of the many combinations of alternatives and criteria. The results illustrate the paradox of deciding on a single best decision-making method. While this paradox is not resolved, useful information is presented for comparing the four methods tested.
Interconnected Silicon Hollow Nanospheres for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes with Long Cycle Life

Silicon is a promising candidate for the anode material in lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical specific capacity. However, volume changes during cycling cause pulverization and capacity fade, and improving cycle life is a major research challenge. Here, we report a novel interconnected Si hollow nanosphere electrode that is capable of accommodating large volume changes without pulverization during cycling. We achieved the high initial discharge capacity of 2725 mAh g–1 with less than 8% capacity degradation every hundred cycles for 700 total cycles. Si hollow sphere electrodes also show a Coulombic efficiency of 99.5% in later cycles. Superior rate capability is demonstrated and attributed to fast lithium diffusion in the interconnected Si hollow structure.
The risk of paternal factors on perinatal outcomes in Latinos † 441

Paternal ethnicity and education are associated with perinatal outcomes in African Americans and Whites although there has been inadequate study of Latinos. The objective of this study was to analyze the risk of paternal demographic factors on low birth weight in Latinos.
Strength of carbon-coated fibers

Carbon coatings have been applied to silica lightguide fibers for many years in order to provide hermeticity to both water and H2. While there was a flurry of activity in this technology in the late 80’s and early 90’s, it appears that these coatings are little used today. The reasons for this are the increased cost associated with their use, the perception that they are unnecessary, and perhaps most important, the lack of complete understanding and control of their properties. In this paper we will review the history, preparation, structure and properties of these coatings in an effort to clarify some of the issues surrounding their production and use.
Caring for the terminally ill patient with hematologic malignancies

Estimates from the United States Medicare Programme indicate that 27% of the annual 327 billion dollar budget goes to care for patients in their final year of life. Moreover, there are marked geogr...
Absorption of Some Organic Compounds Through the Skin in Man

We studied the percutaneous penetration of 21 organic chemicals. The experimental method consisted of the application of the chemical to the human forearm and quantitating its penetration through the skin by its appearance in urine. There was a great diversity in the ability of the chemicals to penetrate human skin. Compounds such as hippuric acid, nicotinic acid, and nitrobenzene support the generally held view of the excellent chemical barrier properties for them. Closely related compounds showed great differences in penetration. Benzoic acid was absorbed at 200 times the amount of its glycine conjugate—hippuric acid. Nicotinic acid barely penetrated; 10% of its amide, nicotinamide, penetrated. This suggests that molecules may be tailored to decrease or increase penetration as needed for the most suitable biological function.
Structural Basis for Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein Binding to the Parathyroid Hormone Receptor and Design of Conformation-selective Peptides

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) are two related peptides that control calcium/phosphate homeostasis and bone development, respectively, through activation of the PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTH1R), a class B G protein-coupled receptor. Both peptides hold clinical interest for their capacities to stimulate bone formation. PTH and PTHrP display different selectivity for two distinct PTH1R conformations, but how their binding to the receptor differs is unclear. The high resolution crystal structure of PTHrP bound to the extracellular domain (ECD) of PTH1R reveals that PTHrP binds as an amphipathic α-helix to the same hydrophobic groove in the ECD as occupied by PTH, but in contrast to a straight, continuous PTH helix, the PTHrP helix is gently curved and C-terminally “unwound.” The receptor accommodates the altered binding modes by shifting the side chain conformations of two residues within the binding groove: Leu-41 and Ile-115, the former acting as a rotamer toggle switch to accommodate PTH/PTHrP sequence divergence, and the latter adapting to the PTHrP curvature. Binding studies performed with PTH/PTHrP hybrid ligands having reciprocal exchanges of residues involved in different contacts confirmed functional consequences for the altered interactions and enabled the design of altered PTH and PTHrP peptides that adopt the ECD-binding mode of the opposite peptide. Hybrid peptides that bound the ECD poorly were selective for the G protein-coupled PTH1R conformation. These results establish a molecular model for better understanding of how two biologically distinct ligands can act through a single receptor and provide a template for designing better PTH/PTHrP therapeutics.
Do Looming Objects Capture Overt Attention

Researchers have demonstrated stimuli onset captures attention, particularly in visual search. Although previously published work specifically does not attribute this effect to motion, recent research suggests looming motion captures attention. We investigated eye movements during visual search with looming targets and distractors. We replicated previous response time data, and additionally demonstrated these differences were not from physical distances and varied as a function of distraction stimuli fixation. Our results indicate attentional costs may result from both overt and covert processing.
New Models in Clinical Education: A Call for Evidence

Regardless of practice setting, the demands on new practitioners include not only clinical competence in evidence-based methods of prevention, assessment, and treatment but additional skill sets. Clinical education, whether in graduate preparation programs or as a component of continuing education, must develop and implement new methodologies for effective clinical training to provide adequate opportunities for acquisition of new skill sets.
Extramarital Affairs: A Study in Person Perception

Extramarital affairs have been viewed negatively by most societies and punishment of some kind afforded those who engage in such behavior. While affairs are quite prevalent, little research has been done on the topic relating to the dynamics of affairs or how the individuals are perceived by others. That parties to extramarital affairs are viewed not only in terms of their individual behaviors but also as a function of others in the triad, lends credence to the homily "you're known by the company you keep" (2). Findings congruent with this statement have been shown by studies (1, 3), indicating that the physical attractiveness of a partner of the opposite sex affects how an actor is perceived. By studying such associations, insights into the attribution process are accessible. In Hartnett, ec al.'s srudy (2), one variable influencing perception was whether the spouse engaging in the affair was in love or nor. When they were in love, he was actually perceived more favorably than the spouse being cheated. The present study is a follow-up extending the perception of actors engaging in extramarital affairs. Subjects were 80 single female and 80 single male college students enrolled in introductory courses in psychology. The study was a 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design (kids, love, cheat, and sex of subjects). Subjects were randomly assigned within sex to read a vignette of a married couple where either the husband or wife was having an affair. The married couple was described as either having two children or none at all and in addition the cheating spouse was eirher in love or not in love with the third. party. Results indicated that both husband and wife were liked less (Fl,l:a = 14.68, $J < .001) when they cheated regardless if they were in love with the rhird parry. On a seven-point scale the mean for the non-cheating condition was 4.83 and 3.12 for the cheating condition. The presence of children affected how the wife and the rhird parry were viewed. Both male and female subjects perceived the wife more favorably (M = 4.93) when she had children than when she did not (M = 3.65) bur it did not interact with the love variable. This finding was significant = 12.32, p < .007). A significant (h.1:~ = 6.27, p < .03) interaction of kids x love was found. If there are no kids the "third party" is rated higher if love is present, but if there are children then the "third parry" is viewed more favorably if there is no love. In addition there was a significant (F,.I:~ = 5.93, p < .02) interaction between sex of the third parry and sex of subjects. Males viewed the "other man" more favorably and females viewed the "other woman" more favorably.
The Physics of Reliability for High Voltage AlGaN/GaN HFET's

High voltage HFET's fabricated from nitride semiconductors utilizing the AlGaN/GaN heterojunction demonstrate excellent RF performance with RF output power greater than an order of magnitude higher than available from GaAs and InP based devices. However, the nitride devices demonstrate a reliability problem where the dc current and RF output power continually decrease as a function of time. The reliability problem is related to the conduction characteristics of the gate electrode and an electron tunneling mechanism where electrons leak from the gate to the surface of the semiconductor. In this work the physics responsible for this behavior are investigated and described.