cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation by NMR spectroscopy of the interaction between synthetic soluble (-)-dopa melanin and drugs.

In order to understand the molecular interactions of drugs with melanin, synthetic soluble (−)-dopa-melanin was prepared in deuterium buffer. The spectra of various drug moieties with the pigment at 30°C were studied employing the line width measurements obtained with a pulse NMR (AF270) instrument. As compared to drug effects in fresh melanins (48 h), the aged melanins (≥ 168 h) gave consistent spectral measurements, even in dilute solutions of pigment. NMR signals of aromatic and N-methyl protons of drugs were relatively easy to quantify and, in the presence of melanin, line broadening of various drug moieties occurred. The line widths of the N-methyl groups of acetylcholine (3.02 ppm), the N-methyl group of atropine (2.52 ppm), N-isopropyl of isoprenaline bitartrate (1.14 ppm) and N-ter-butyl of timolol maleate (1.22 ppm) in the presence of the pigment were increased. Line widths associated with acetate, bitartrate, maleate or tropic acid, however, were not altered by the melanin. This indicates the specificity of the interaction between drug moieties and the site(s) of melanin. Based on the line width measurements of N-methyl protons of ephedrine, two dissociation constants were obtained (K d1 2.08 mM and K d2 > 20 mM). The constants for atropine melanin complex were K d1 0.79 mM and K d2 > 6 mM. Furthermore, based on N-methyl resonances, it appears that atropine and ephedrine compete for at least one common interacting site of the melanin polymer.
Teaching Responsibility to Gang-Affiliated Youths

Teaching youths who affiliate with a gang can be a daunting task. Risk factors for gang membership often compound across life domains and affect pro-social connectedness, cause feelings of marginalization, and hinder life-skill development. Sports and physical activities that are structured within a positive youth-development framework provide an ideal environment to reengage youths who affiliate with gangs, and open the door to the development of life skills. This article offers suggestions for framing a curriculum, delivering content, and evaluating progress when working with gang-affiliated youths. A three-phase learning progression of responsibility development is outlined, based on Don Hellison's teaching personal and social responsibility model. This article also presents the processes and strategies that were used in one program to successfully reconnect gang-affiliated youths with their families, school, and the community; develop respect and responsibility; and facilitate withdrawal from gang aff...
Concept of operations for the use of Synthetic Vision System (SVS) display during precision instrument approach

Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) create images for display in the cockpit from the information contained in databases of terrain, obstacles and cultural features like runways and taxiways, and the known own-ship position in space. Displays are rendered egocentrically, from the point of view of the pilot. Certified synthetic vision systems, however, do not yet qualify for operational credit in any domain, other than to provide enhanced situation awareness. It is not known at this time whether the information provided by the system is sufficiently robust to substitute for natural vision in a specific application. In this paper an operations concept is described for the use of SVS information during a precision instrument approach in lieu of visual contact with a runway approach light system. It proposes an operation within the existing framework of regulations, and identifies specific areas that may require additional research data to support certification of the proposed operational credit. The larger purpose is to set out an example application and intended function which will require the elaboration and resolution of operational and human performance concerns. To this end, issues in several categories are identified.
Spectroscopy in the 5 to 400 Wavenumber Region with the Grubb Parsons Interferometric Spectrometer

A Grubb Parsons interferometric spectrometer has been modified for low-temperature solid-state studies in the spectral region of 5 to 400 wavenumbers. The cryogenic, spectrographic, and computational techniques are considered in detail.
A cylindrical Öffner stretcher for reduced chromatic aberrations and improved temporal contrast

An Offner stretcher using cylindrical mirrors is evaluated for ultra-broadband, high-contrast lasers. Adding a grating reduces chromatic aberration, and replacing the spherical mirrors eliminates the intermediate foci, increasing energy throughput and improving temporal contrast.
Modulation of the protein environment in the hydrophilic pore of the ammonia transporter protein AmtB upon GlnK protein binding.

Abstract The conduction of ammonia/ammonium ( NH 3 / NH 4 + ) through the channel protein AmtB is inhibited by the binding of the signal transduction protein GlnK. In the AmtB–GlnK binding interface, there exists an NH 3 / NH 4 + binding site – Am6. The calculated pKa values at the Am6 sites in both the AmtB–GlnK complex and isolated AmtB implies the dominance of an uncharged NH3 state. The GlnK protein binding causes a significant downshift in the Am6 pKa value of the AmtB. However, this downshift is perfectly compensated by the reorientation of the protein backbone (carbonyl group of Cys312 from the AmtB part) upon AmtB–GlnK complex formation.
Psychometric properties of the web-based work-readiness cognitive screen used as a neuropsychological assessment tool for schizophrenia

Traditional neuropsychological tests have been essential in understanding the nature and magnitude of the cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. However, current health care practices demand a more cost-effective and time-efficient assessment tool. This study investigates the psychometric properties of the work-readiness cognitive screen (WCS), a web-based neuropsychological measure, as a tool for screening cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, and examines diagnostic group differences in cognitive functioning between those with schizophrenia and affective disorders using the WCS. Data from 185 outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 29 outpatients with a mood disorder was analyzed in this study. The 185 people with schizophrenia were further divided into higher- and lower-functioning groups to assess cognition as it relates to daily functioning. People with schizophrenia demonstrated cognitive impairment on the WCS measures of attention, working memory, immediate and delayed visual memory, and verbal recognition memory. The higher-functioning schizophrenia group tended to perform better on the WCS cognitive domains than the low-functioning group. Reliability ranged from moderate to high. Working memory was found to be the most significant factor distinguishing diagnostic groups. These preliminary studies suggest that the WCS is a useful, time- and cost-effective cognitive screening measure for schizophrenia.
The self-schema model: A theoretical approach to the self-concept in eating disorders

Over the last several decades, the self-concept has been implicated as a important determinant of eating disorders (ED). Although considerable progress has been made, questions remain unanswered about the properties of self-concept that distinguish women with an ED from other populations, and mechanisms that link the self-concept to the disordered behaviors. Markus's self-schema model is presented as a theoretical approach to explore the role of the self-concept in ED. To show how the schema model can be integrated with existing work on the self-concept in ED, a framework is proposed that addresses the number, content, and accessibility of the self-schemas. More specifically, it is posited that a limited collection of positive self-schemas available in memory, in combination with a chronically and inflexibly accessible body-weight self-schema, lead to the disordered behaviors associated with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Proteomic Analysis of Bovine Sperm YWHA Binding Partners Identify Proteins Involved in Signaling and Metabolism

Posttranslational modification of proteins by phosphorylation is involved in regulation of sperm function. Protein phosphatase 1 gamma isoform 2 (PPP1CC_v2) and protein YWHA (also known as 14-3-3) are likely to be key molecules in pathways involving sperm protein phosphorylation. We have shown that phosphorylated PPP1CC_v2 is bound to protein YWHAZ in spermatozoa. In somatic cells, protein YWHA is known to bind a number of phosphoproteins involved in signaling and energy metabolism. Thus, in addition to PPP1CC_v2, it is likely that sperm contain other YWHA-binding proteins. A goal of the present study was to identify these sperm YWHA-binding proteins. The binding proteins were isolated by affinity chromatography with GST-YWHAZ followed by elution with a peptide, R-11, which is known to disrupt YWHA complexes. The YWHA-binding proteins in sperm can be classified as those involved in fertilization, acrosome reaction, energy metabolism, protein folding, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. A subset of these putative YWHA-binding proteins contain known amino acid consensus motifs, not only for YWHA binding but also for PPP1C binding. Identification of sperm PPP1CC_v2-binding proteins by microcystin-agarose chromatography confirmed that PPP1CC_v2 and YWHA interactomes contain several common proteins. These are metabolic enzymes phosphoglycerate kinase 2, hexokinase 1, and glucose phosphate isomerase; proteins involved in sperm-egg fusion; angiotensin-converting enzyme, sperm adhesion molecule, and chaperones; heat shock 70-kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa; and heat shock 70-kDa protein 1-like. These proteins are likely to be phosphoproteins and potential PPP1CC_v2 substrates. Our data suggest that in addition to potential regulation of a number of important sperm functions, YWHA may act as an adaptor molecule for a subset of PPP1CC_v2 substrates.
Calcifying tendinitis in the hand

Two cases of acute calcification in the hand are presented with a review of the clinical presentation, pathological findings, differential diagnosis, and treatment. The value of radiographic study is emphasized. A variety of conservative, non-operative treatments have been successfully utilized in the past and are reviewed. The importance of differentiating this infrequent problem from an acute infectious process is emphasized, inasmuch as hospitalization and surgical drainage may be indicated for an acute infection but not for cases of calcifying tendinitis.
Pertussus Is Rare in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease

Many adults are susceptible to pertussis, and Bordetella pertussis has been isolated from five patients with HIV disease. The prevalence of B. pertussis in 60 HIV-infected adults with nasopharyngeal (NP) swab cultures were studied and questionnaires were used that assessed HIV-related risk behaviors and disease status, immunization history, and symptoms of respiratory disease. Although 72% had cough and 33% had cough for > 14 days, no nasopharyngeal (NP) swab cultures were positive for Bordetella species. Of the 44 (73%) patients who had follow-up NP swab cultures at 6 months, all were still negative. On the basis of these data from our HIV-infected population, the estimated population prevalence of pertussis is zero, with an upper 95% confidence limit of 0.00065, or fewer than 6.5 cases of pertussis per 10,000 HIV-infected adults. Given this low prevalence, HIV-infected patients with respiratory symptoms do not appear to be a reservoir for B. pertussis in the community.
What Do Certified Nurse Assistants Actually Know About Dysphagia and Feeding Nursing Home Residents

The purpose of this study was to examine certified nurse assistants' (CNAs') knowledge of dysphagia and how to feed nursing home residents using nonparticipatory structured feeding observation, critique of staged feeding behaviors on film, and semistructured interview in a triangulation methods design. Content analysis of the data confirmed previous studies that suggested CNAs lack knowledge about dysphagia and how to feed residents. A surprising result was the lack of accurate, comprehensive information in CNA texts and classrooms about dysphagia and how to manage challenging feeding behaviors. Speech-language pathologists are uniquely trained to improve CNA communication skills and provide accurate information to nursing colleagues. Specific recommendations of how to improve CNA feeding training programs are provided.
Time to test CLL p53 function

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients with p53 pathway dysfunction have poor responses to conventional chemoimmunotherapy and short survival. This small but important cohort of CLL patients would benefit from early identification and appropriate management. The challenge is to develop
Perceptual aftereffects of sustained convergence

It has been known for some time that maintaining the eyes in a state of vertical divergence induces a deviation in the fusion-free position of the two eyes that persists for some time after the inducing stimulation is withdrawn (Ellerbrock & Fry. 1941). Furthermore. to a certain extent. the degree to which the eyes can be made to diverge will vary with the direction in which the eyes were previously maintained. smaller deviations occurring when the eyes successively assume opposite directions (Ellerbrock & Fry. 1941). A similar aftereffect has been described which occurs when both eyes assume a common direction. e.g .. holding the direction of gaze to the left or right (Carr. 1910; Park. 1969). Thus the fusion reflex which is responsible for maintaining the state of vertical divergence is not necessary for the occurrence of the aftereffect. In both cases. conditions arc such that some subset of the six extraocular muscles is innervated and muscle tension is maintained for a short time period. The common aftereffect. in which the eyes are pulled in the direction consistent with prior muscle innervation, follows simply from the premise that the muscle innervation pattern continues beyond the point where either the innervation stimulus is removed (e.g., disparate images in the case of the fusion reflex) or where the volitional command to relax is given. Yet another class of muscle aftereffects exists. initially reported by Kohnstarnm (1915). that follow the same ru le. but have been applied typically to skeletal muscle and associated appendages. Perhaps the best known of these effects is the demonstration of the arm that rises. in the absence of any conscious direction. as an aftereffect of sustained pressure against a wall. On the basis of parsimony and in the absence of evidence to the contrary. there is justification for the classification of the three muscle aftereffects described above as members of a common set of phenomena whose determining condition is The research was supported in part by Grant MH 13006 from NIMH. The aid of Jean Ebenholtz in running Experiments VIII and IX and in data analysis is gratefully acknowledged.
Quantitation of the degree of osteoporosis by measure of total-body calcium employing neutron activation.

A basic assumption underlying the measurement of bone mass for the evaluation of osteoporosis is that there exists a relationship between the level of bone mineral and the occurrence of spontaneous fractures characteristic of the condition. If the hypothesis that the structural integrity of the skeleton, (particularly of the vertebrae), is associated with a critical level of mineral is accepted, it is then essential to determine the threshold value and to establish degrees of osteoporosis in terms of the deficiency of calcium from a “normal” value. Since osteoporosis occurs chiefly in post-menopausal women, age 50 or greater, who “normally” exhibit an increase in the rate of Ca loss associated with the regression of the gonadal hormones, the problem of distinguishing osteoporotic individuals from normal women in the same age range is a particularly difficult one.
Expression of a synapse-associated membrane protein, P84/SHPS-1, and its ligand, IAP/CD47, in mouse retina

P84 and integrin associated protein (IAP) are heterophilic binding partners that are expressed in the central nervous system in addition to a variety of other tissues. Both molecules are known to be involved in cell signaling in nonneural tissues. In the retina, both molecules are expressed prominently in plexiform layers, suggesting a possible association with synapses. Here, we examined the cellular expression and ultrastructural localization of the two molecules in the developing mouse retina. Both appeared to be expressed at one or both sides of synaptic sites, although the expression of IAP in the retina precedes that of P84. Examination of transgenic IAP-null retinae revealed a failure of P84 to become associated with synaptic sites, suggesting the interaction of P84 with IAP was necessary for P84's synaptic localization. These findings suggest that the signaling activities of P84 and IAP are localized to sites of synaptic contact in the retina. Thus this pair of synapse-associated molecules represents a bidirectional signaling system that could function to modify synaptic activity or possibly trophic interactions between central neurons.
Hardware Simulation of Relative Navigation using Visual Sensor Information

Precise relative navigation between an unmanned vehicle and a target, which could be a stationary or a second moving vehicle, is an important capability that has many possible applications including formation operation, as well as autonomous rendezvous and docking of either spacecraft or aircraft. A test bed setup is described where unmanned ground vehicles are used to simulate the physical motion of aerospace vehicles, and provide the attached sensor packages with realistic relative motion in both indoor and outdoor environments. Using an unmanned robotic ground vehicle, the visual servoing problem is investigated and simulated using actual hardware in real world test conditions. A simple camera is used to measure the relative position, orientation, and motion between the vehicle and the target. Color statistical pressure snake algorithms are employed to track a visual target within the camera images in real time. The effectiveness of the nonlinear visual servoing algorithm is demonstrated through experimental hardware tests.
Marquee: a tool for real-time video logging

We describe Marquee, a pen-based video logging tool which enables users to correlate their personal notes and keywords with a videotape during recording. We present our observations about coordinating the task of logging in real time and describe the three phase, user-centered approach we took in designing the tool. Our early work explored the functionalities needed by users to successfully create a log. In the second phase we focused on testing our intuitions about logging by conducting user studies with paper mock-ups. In the final phase, we implemented a working prototype system and placed it in a setting to see if it supported people logging in real time.
Seasonal factors affecting the control of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) with Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae (JT-P482).

Abstract To ascertain the optimum timing for the application of Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae to control annual bluegrass ( Poa annua ), the differences in the efficacy of treatments initiated in consecutive months were investigated. October treatment and February through April treatments produced acceptable levels of fresh weight (FW) loss in annual bluegrass the following spring in pot experiments set in the field. More than 75% cumulative seedhead suppression was achieved by the October, November, and February treatments. Bacterial populations in annual bluegrass plants increased to 10 9 CFU/g of FW in the case of all application timings but the best control was obtained when maximum bacterial numbers were reached within 1 month of treatment. The differences in efficacy caused by different application timings (fall or spring) were compared in different turf fields. In two Kohrai ( Zoysia matrella ) turfs and in Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis ) turf, the fall and spring treatments were highly effective. However, in bentgrass ( Agrostis palustris ) turf, control of annual bluegrass was slower. October and/or March treatments effectively inhibited seedhead production, but April treatment was too late to prevent seed scattering. Taking into account late-emerging annual bluegrass, the optimum strategy for timing of treatments is application in early fall to obtain significant fresh weight loss and seedhead suppression or application in early spring, just before seed ripening, to obtain seedhead suppression and to control late-emerging plants.
Combining and recombining multimedia story elements

THE APPLICATION described in this paper experiments with new possibilities of hypermedia. Interactive writing of fiction by program users is an integral component in the teaching and practice of Spanish. Scenes showing communicative interactions representative of the foreign language and ambiguous scenes crafted in the form of a “video Rorschach” can be accessed in virtually any order. Student writing requires interpretation of scenes and thoughtful use of the foreign language.
The Propagation and Evolution of Cyclonic Gulf Stream Rings

Abstract Numerical simulations of the propagation of cyclonic Gulf Stream rings are made using a primitive equation β-plane model of a flat-bottomed two-layer ocean with a rigid lid. Initially circular eddies having, upper and deep ocean maximum currents maxU1 and maxU2 located at radial position l from the center are allowed to evolve and four types of behavior have been discerned: 1) dispersing rings possess negligible nonlinearity and disperse rapidly; 2) barotropic rings (U1 = U2) are weakly dispersive, propagating recognizably for long periods of time, and, nearly barotropic eddies (U1 ≈ U2) slowly lose coherence in the deep ocean; 3) upper ocean rings propagate with a vortex present only in the upper ocean; and 4) eastward-traveling eddies possess circulations in the upper and lower oceans which propagate together stably to the cast. Changes in viscosity are found to be more important to the longevity of the ring than are changes in (maxU1)/βl2. Both westward and northward speeds increase with incre...
Chern-Simons diffusion rate in strongly coupled N = 4 SYM plasma in an external magnetic field

We calculate the Chern-Simons diffusion rate in a strongly coupled $\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang-Mills plasma in the presence of a constant external $U(1{)}_{R}$ magnetic flux via the holographic correspondence. Because of the strong interactions between the charged fields and non-Abelian gauge fields, the external Abelian magnetic field affects the thermal Yang-Mills dynamics and increases the diffusion rate, regardless of its strength. We obtain the analytic results for the Chern-Simons diffusion rate both in the weak and strong magnetic field limits. In the latter limit, we show that the diffusion rate scales as $B\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{T}^{2}$ and this can be understood as a result of a dynamical dimensional reduction.
Paucity of chromatic linear motion detectors in macaque V1

The motion of a color-defined edge is often more difficult to perceive than the motion of a luminance-defined edge. Neurons subserving motion vision may therefore be particularly sensitive to luminance contrast. One class of neurons thought to play a critical role in motion perception is V1 neurons whose spatiotemporal receptive fields are oriented in space-time. We used the reverse correlation technique to study the relationship between color tuning and space-time receptive field orientation in V1 neurons of awake, fixating monkeys. Neurons with space-time oriented receptive fields were tuned almost exclusively for luminance, whereas neurons with nonoriented space-time receptive fields were tuned for luminance or for color. These results suggest that the special role of luminance contrast in motion perception is due in part to the establishment of space-time oriented receptive fields among luminance-tuned, but not color-tuned, V1 neurons.
Mixed mode I/III fracture toughness of an experimental rotor steel

Mixed mode I/III toughness tests were performed on a Ni-Cr-Mo-V rotor steel that exhibited very high mode I toughness. The minimum toughness occurred under mixed mode loading conditions. The influence of mode III loading on total toughness is analyzed in terms of incompatibility effects at particles ahead of the crack tip.
Role Pressure and the School Principal

Principals occupy apex positions, and like all high level executives, they are subject to fierce pressures and stresses. The author discusses the nature of the role situation and presents a strategy that he be lieves will help principals cope with the rising de mands of the job.
Cell cycle dynamics: clustering is universal in negative feedback systems

We study a model of cell cycle ensemble dynamics with cell–cell feedback in which cells in one fixed phase of the cycle $$S$$ (Signaling) produce chemical agents that affect the growth and development rate of cells that are in another phase $$R$$ (Responsive). For this type of system there are special periodic solutions that we call $$k$$ -cyclic or clustered. Biologically, a $$k$$ -cyclic solution represents $$k$$ cohorts of synchronized cells spaced nearly evenly around the cell cycle. We show, under very general nonlinear feedback, that for a fixed $$k$$ the stability of the $$k$$ -cyclic solutions can be characterized completely in parameter space, a 2 dimensional triangle $$T$$ . We show that $$T$$ is naturally partitioned into $$k^2$$ sub-triangles on each of which the $$k$$ -cyclic solutions all have the same stability type. For negative feedback we observe that while the synchronous solution ( $$k=1$$ ) is unstable, regions of stability of $$k \ge 2$$ clustered solutions seem to occupy all of $$T$$ . We also observe bi-stability or multi-stability for many parameter values in negative feedback systems. Thus in systems with negative feedback we should expect to observe cyclic solutions for some $$k$$ . This is in contrast to the case of positive feedback, where we observe that the only asymptotically stable periodic orbit is the synchronous solution.
Regularity for Quasilinear Second-Order Subelliptic Equations

In this paper, we study the regularity of solutions of the quasilinear equation where X = (X1,…,Xm) is a system of real smooth vector fields, Aij, B ϵ C∞(Ω × ℝ Rm+1). Assume that X satisfies the Hormander condition and (Aij(x, z,ζ)) is positive definite. We prove that if u ϵ S2,α(Ω) (see Section 2) is a solution of the above equation, then u ϵ C∞ (Ω).
CONSUMER ATTITUDES TOWARDS LEVEL OF SOIL REMOVAL AND ENERGY USE IN THE LAUNDERING PROCESS

A series of fabric swatches depicting various levels of soil removal were presented to consumers, with one-half of the subjects being given energy requirements to obtain each level of soil removal. A whiteness index of 50 was found to be the minimum acceptable level of soil removal. Information on resources required to obtain the various levels of soil removal did not change the minimum level of acceptance. Attitudes of consumers concerning ecological issues, obtained from a questionnaire, did not correlate with consumers' acceptance scores. There was some indication from the questionnaire data that consumers might be willing to make some trade-offs for monetary savings in place of maximum levels of soil removal. The level of acceptance of soil removal was most closely related to attitude toward cleanliness and neatness.
A comparative analysis of [3H]thymidine labeling in the embryonic tectum of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and C57BL mouse.

The pattern of [3H]thymidine incorporation in the dorsolateral wall of the embryonic tectum was studied and compared one hour after injection of the label in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) at stages 11–20 (25–37 days of gestation) and in the C57BL mouse at stages 14–22 (9–14 days of gestation). During the early stages of development, the labeled nuclei were located peripherally in the ventricular zone in both the rhesus monkey and mouse embryo, although a number of labeled nuclei tended to occur closer to the ventricular border in the mouse, whereas there was little or no encroachment, at the ventricular border in the rhesus monkey. The ventricular zone of the rhesus monkey and mouse embryos initially showed a high labeling index (LI) of about 59% which subsequently declined with increasing age However, the decline occurred earlier and more precipitously in the rhesus monkey. At stage 17 of the rhesus monkey the LI had dropped to about 42%, whereas it still remained at 59% in the 12-day mouse, and by stage 20 of the monkey the LI was approximately 26%, in contrast to 41% in the stage 22 (14-day) mouse. At stage 20 of the mouse (12 days of gestation) the intermediate zone became much thicker than in the comparable stage (17) of the rhesus monkey, and this discrepancy continued at each successive stage observed in the current study. Also, whereas lamination became apparent in the intermediate zone of the mouse at stage 22, the monkey tectum at a comparable stage (20) was poorly differentiated.
Two-point, high-repetition-rate Rayleigh thermometry in flames: techniques to correct for apparent dissipation induced by noise

High-repetition-rate, two-point Rayleigh thermometry is used to measure the thermal dissipation in turbulent nonpremixed jet flames. Scalar-dissipation measurements are very important in turbulent combustion but are often strongly influenced by noise effects. Dissipation is proportional to the squared gradient of the scalar, and noise produces an “apparent dissipation” that can dominate the measured dissipation, particularly at high resolution. Two independent techniques are presented that enable correction for the apparent thermal dissipation, provided that the smallest spatial scales are resolved. A model for shot-noise-limited data is developed that predicts the magnitude of the apparent dissipation at any measurement location and gives the minimum value of the apparent dissipation for measurements that are not shot-noise limited. These techniques are applied to the Rayleigh thermometry data, and they are shown to be largely self-consistent and consistent with theoretical expectations. The apparent dissipation is significantly larger than the true dissipation, demonstrating the importance of data correction in this noise-limited, fully spatially resolved regime.
Energy Levels of Tm168

Abstract Fifty-one levels in Tm 168 have been observed up to an excitation energy of 1514 keV utilizing 12-MeV deuterons and the reaction Tm 169 (d, t)Tm 168 . The Q value of the lowest observed state was determined to be −1776 ± 15 keV. The spectrum below 700 keV has been interpreted in terms of the coupling of the [411↓] Nilsson proton orbital with the neutron orbitals prominent in the low-energy (d, t) spectrum of Er 167 . This interpretation has resulted in the determination of relative energies due to the residual neutron-proton interaction for six different configurations. The observed singlet-triplet splitting energies for the [633↑], [521↓], and [512↑] neutron orbitals coupled to the [411↓] proton orbital were measured to be −157, +191, and −234 keV, respectively. Theoretical calculations of these energies made for a zero range spin-dependent central potential gave values of −87, +154, and −255 keV, respectively. The good agreement indicates that the spin-spin interaction can account for most of the singlet-triplet splitting energy.
Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment on Microstructures of Mg-Ca Binary Alloy

The effects of high intensity ultrasonic melt treatment on the microstructure of magnesium alloys were investigated in this paper. Magnesium melts were treated with power ultrasonic wave and then cooled to a predetermined temperature. With the increase in ultrasonic power, the structure exhibited refined and spheroidzed crystal grains. After further increasing the ultrasonic power, the grains tended to somewhat coarsened. Increasing the ultrasonic processing time led to a grain refinement of magnesium alloy.
Optically-Calibrated Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

We describe how diffuse optical imaging can be used to enhance functional magnetic resonance imaging by providing additional temporal and spectroscopic information. We apply this model to experimental data from concurrent fMRI and optical measurements.
Effects of DDT on brain electrical activity in awake, unrestrained rats

Abstract The effects of 50 and 100 mg/kg DDT per os on the spontaneous electrical activity (SEA) of 10 brain areas were investigated in awake, unrestrained rats chronically implanted with electrodes. After DDT changes in SEA occurred before clinical symptoms, such as tremoring, were evident. The most marked change was the great increase in amplitude of the high frequency waves in the SEA of the cerebellar vermis and neocerebellum, probably caused both by increased proprioceptive input to the cerebellum and by excitatory effects of DDT on cerebellar neurons. Changes in the SEA of the cerebellum occurred sooner and were greater than changes in other brain areas investigated simultaneously. Many of the changes in SEA were characteristic of arousal, e.g., disappearance of the occasional slow waves and continous appearance of low amplitude, high frequency waves in the electrical activity of the dorsal (frontal, parietal, and occipital) cortex, reticular formation, and cerebellum; increased occurrence, amplitude and sometimes frequency of the fast sinusoidal waves in the olfactory bulb and prepyriform cortex; and increased occurrence of the 7/sec theta waves and fast waves in the hippocampus. These changes suggested that DDT stimulates the reticular activating system and may explain the hyperirritability caused by DDT. In addition, the increased frequency and amplitude of the respiratory waves in olfactory SEA are evidence that low doses of DDT stimulate respiration, whereas high doses are known to produce death by respiratory paralysis.
Control of Carcinogenesis: A Possible Role for the Activated Macrophage

Cytotoxic activity of activated mouse macrophages against mouse embryo fibroblasts was tested before and after spontaneous transformation of the fibroblasts in vitro. Activated macrophages caused little or no destruction of untransformed fibroblasts but were markedly cytotoxic to the same fibroblasts after spontaneous transformation. The efferent limb of this cytotoxic reaction appears to be nonimmunologic and to be related to abnormal growth properties rather than to the antigenic composition of target cells.
Comparative Assessment of Turbulence Models for Unsteady Turbulent Flow Predictions in Single Rod Channel Configuration

This paper compares different turbulent models for unsteady flow predictions for axial flow in a single rod channel configuration. The numerical analyses are carried out using the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations and three different turbulent models. The predictions are compared with available experimental results. The three models considered in the present work include the RNG (Renormalization group) k-e model, the realizable k-e model, and the Reynolds stress model (RSM). With each model, an unsteady approach commonly referred to as URANS (Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) solution is used. Predicted results are compared with available experimental results. The predicted time-averaged mean velocity and turbulent stresses are in good agreement with the available experimental results. Flow unsteadiness, which is important for determining heat, momentum, and mass transfer in the gap region, is presented through time histories and spectra of flow and turbulent quantities and their influence on the transportation of fluid across the gap is also explored. The effect of inflow unsteadiness on the solution is explored through comparing the flow field for a constant velocity inlet boundary condition as well as time-varying boundary conditions for the RSM model.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The ultrastructure of testicular spermatozoa in two species of Rana.

The morphology of testicular spermatozoa of two anuran amphibians, Rana pipiens and Rana clamitans , has been investigated with the electron microscope. The nuclei, middle pieces, and tails of both species are similar. Both species have elongated, cylindrical nuclei. The middle pieces contain individual mitochondria and two centrioles, the distal one being continuous with the axial filament. The tails consist of the 9 + 2 axial filament pattern. The acrosomes of R. clamitans spermatozoa consist of homogeneous saclike structures, overlapping the anterior portion of the nuclei. No definite structure can be assigned to a mature acrosome of R. pipiens spermatozoa. Acrosomal granules, stacks of membranes and membrane-bound vesicles have all been observed on fully elongated, condensed nuclei of what appear to be mature spermatozoa. These structures are confined to the anterior tip of the nucleus with no overlap.
Particulate Emission from Combustion of Diesel and Fischer−Tropsch Fuels: A Shock Tube Study

Motor vehicle emissions have been identified as a major source of particulates, and have been associated with adverse health effects and decreased ambient air quality. Recent published studies have shown that Fischer−Tropsch fuels can reduce particulate emissions. The fuel composition, temperature, and pressure affect the kinetics of a chemical reaction and ultimately the yield of end products. To see how the above factors impact the particulate yields, D-2 diesel and two Fischer−Tropsch fuels, Shell MDS and Mossgas COD, were investigated in this study over a pressure range of 5 to 24 atm and temperature range of 1000 to 2300 °C. All experiments were conducted in a modified single-pulse reflected shock tube. Fuels were injected using a high-pressure liquid injector. The results from Leco carbon analysis indicated that for most test conditions, Shell MDS had the lowest particulate yield compared to D-2 diesel followed by Mossgas COD. At relatively low temperatures (∼1150 °C) and high temperatures (∼2250 °C...
Negative Reinforcement: A Positive Strategy in Classroom Management.

(1982). Negative Reinforcement: A Positive Strategy in Classroom Management. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 64-67.
A Leptospira interrogans Enzyme with Similarity to Yeast Ste14p That Methylates the 1-Phosphate Group of Lipid A

Distinct from other spirochetes, cells of Leptospira interrogans contain orthologues of all the Escherichia coli lpx genes required for lipid A biosynthesis, but they synthesize a modified form of lipopolysaccharide that supposedly activates toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) instead of TLR4. The recent determination of the L. interrogans lipid A structure revealed an unprecedented O-methylation of its 1-phosphate group (Que-Gewirth, N. L. S., Ribeiro, A. A., Kalb, S. R., Cotter, R. J., Bulach, D. M., Adler, B., Saint Girons, I., Werts, C., and Raetz, C. R. H. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 25420-25429). The enzymatic activity responsible for selective 1-phosphate methylation has not been previously explored. A membrane enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the 1-phosphate moiety of E. coli Kdo2-[4′-32P]lipid A has now been discovered. The gene encoding this enzyme was identified based on the hypothesis that methylation of a phosphate group is chemically analogous to methylation of a carboxylate moiety at a membrane-water interface. Database searching revealed a candidate gene (renamed lmtA) in L. interrogans showing distant homology to the yeast isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase, encoded by sterile-14, which methylates the a-type mating factor. Orthologues of lmtA were not present in E. coli, the lipid A of which normally lacks the 1-phosphomethyl group, or in other spirochetes, which do not synthesize lipid A. Expression of the lmtA gene behind the lac promoter on a low copy plasmid resulted in the appearance of SAM-dependent methyltransferase activity in E. coli inner membranes and methylation of about 30% of the endogenous E. coli lipid A. Inactivation of the ABC transporter MsbA did not inhibit methylation of newly synthesized lipid A. Methylated E. coli lipid A was analyzed by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy to confirm the location of the phosphomethyl group at the 1-position. In human cells, engineered to express the individual TLR subtypes, 1-phosphomethyl-lipid A purified from lmtA-expressing E. coli potently activated TLR4 but not TLR2.
Myristoylation cannot functionally replace the isoprenylation of Rab5.

Abstract C-terminal isoprenylation is necessary for the small GTPase Rab5 to associate with early endosomes and to exert its regulatory function in endocytosis. In this study, we tested whether Rab5 could retain its membrane association and biological function if the isoprenylation were replaced by another type of lipid modification (myristoylation). Rab5 mutants were constructed that contained both isoprenylation and myristoylation (Gag-Rab5), myristoylation only (Gag-Rab5ΔC4), and neither of the modifications (Rab5ΔC4), respectively. These mutants and wild-type Rab5 were expressed, via a Sindbis virus vector, in cultured BHK-21 cells and their membrane association and biological activity (stimulation of endocytosis) were examined. Wild-type Rab5 was isoprenylated, membrane associated, and biologically active. With additional myristoylation, Gag-Rab5 showed increased affinity for membranes but decreased biological activity. Rab5ΔC4 contained no lipid modifications, failed to associate with membranes, and had no biological activity. With myristoylation (Gag-Rab5ΔC4), there was a significant increase in membrane association (∼30%). However, this increased membrane association did not result in any recovery of Rab5 activity. In light of these data, we conclude that N-terminal myristoylation cannot functionally replace the C-terminal isoprenylation of Rab5. Furthermore, myristoylation of Rab5 (Gag-Rab5) interferes with its normal function.
Précis of Meaning, Expression, and Thought

The expression theory of meaning is the venerable doctrine that words are conventional signs of mental states, principally thoughts and ideas, and that meaning consists in their expression. Meaning, Expression, and Thought (MET) is an extended effort to clarify, deepen, and defend the expression theory, thereby systematizing what is known about meaning and expression. I do this by carrying out the Gricean program, explaining what it is for words to have meaning and express ideas in terms of speaker meaning and expression, and what it is for a speaker to mean or express something in terms of intention. I develop the theory of thought as a fundamental mental phenomenon distinct from belief and desire, identifying ideas with parts of thoughts. MET is thus a philosophical treatise on the foundations of semantics. Grice' s own attempt to define speaker meaning in terms of intention was led astray by his assumption that meaning is the attempt to communicate and produce a belief in an audience. This generated a vast array of counterexamples and unsolvable problems. Meaning something when we are talking to ourselves or our pets, or writing individual words or works of fiction, is not a matter of trying to produce beliefs at all. In place of the intention to produce certain responses in one's audience, I substitute the intention to produce an indication that one has certain mental states. Since indication is a close relative of what Grice called natural meaning or signification, my account is more Aristotelian or Lockean. Grice's own formulation works much better as an analysis of informing, telling, and communicating, although even there I show that some modifications are necessary. Grice focused on meaning that p ('cognitive' speaker meaning), which can be defined as expressing the belief that p. The distinction between meaning and implying is defined by whether one expresses the belief directly or indirectly. If one
A Modified Clamp for Repair of Aortic Aneurysm and Aortic Dissection

Abstract A Pilling aortic clamp, modified to make the approach to aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection repair more versatile, is described.
“Punishment on the Installment Plan” Individual-Level Predictors of Parole Revocation in Four States

As prison populations in the United States have soared over the last 30 years, offenders who are incarcerated for violating the conditions of their parole represent an increasingly large percentage of the overall population. Little is known, however, about who these offenders are, what they have done to be reincarcerated, or what factors make an offender more or less likely to succeed on parole. In this article, parole release data from the National Corrections Reporting Program are analyzed to identify individual-level predictors of parole success in four states and to assess the relative impact of demographic and legal factors on different offender groups (by race).
Alcohol-use-related problems in Puerto Rican and Irish-American males

This study compared the alcohol-use-related problems of Puerto Rican and Irish-American men: groups sometimes considered at “high risk” for the development of such problems. It was found that Irish-American men had higher lifetime prevalence rates in the following areas: excessive intake, tolerance and/or dependence, physical or psychological problems associated with alcohol misuse, and social and/or occupational problems associated with alcohol misuse. Results are discussed in terms of Puerto Rican and Irish-American risk status and the importance of appropriate comparisons in studies focused on culture/ ethnicity and alcohol consumption.
Use of stable isotopes to study fatty acid and lipoprotein metabolism in man

Tracer studies have long been an important tool for lipid metabolism research. Recent advances and availability of high performance mass spectrometers (MS) and improved stable isotopically labeled tracers contribute to an increase in stable isotope tracer studies in humans. We briefly review recent studies and discuss advances in high sensitivity methods and applications. GC/MS analysis. Tracer studies with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) usually rely on D labeling, where labeling with more that three D atoms shifts the analyte mass above that of the natural abundance envelope, and the MS monitors selected masses representing the isotopimers of interest. Recent examples are the work of Emken and coworkers, who investigated the desaturation of 18:0 and 16:0, and 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 elongation/desaturation, in adults, with oral doses of about 3 g of d2,4,6 fatty acids. They showed modest levels of 18:0 and 16:0 desaturation over 2 days and an influence of dietary 18:2n-6 on elongation. In premature infants, Salem, Uauy and coworkers recently have used d5-18:2n-6 and d5-18:3n-3 doses of 50-100 mg/kg body weight to show that infants as small as 1980 g and 32 weeks gestation elongate and desaturate both precursors within 24 h. Most fatty acid metabolites including 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3 were easily detected in serum. High precision isotope ratio MS (IRMS). In 1992, we introduced a high sensitivity fatty acid tracer method based on [U-13C] tracers and GC-combustion-IRMS (GCC-IRMS). The combustion interface facilitates carbon-by-carbon tracer detection; with U-13C tracers all GC peaks are detected with highest precision. Rhee et al have quantified the desaturation of 18:0 and 16:0 in lipoproteins of adults using 30 mg oral doses (0.5 mg/kg). In the first 12 h, conversion of 18:0 to 18:1 was 7% in chylomicrons and 17% in VLDL, showing that both intestine and liver desaturate 18:0. Plasma conversion of 18:0 over 144 h was 14%, while that for 16:0 was 2%, showing that combined intestine and liver desaturation is minor compared with normal fluctuations in dietary levels. Carnielli applied GCC-IRMS to 8:0 elongation in very-low-birth-weight infants. Significant conversion products of 8:0 were 14:0 (5%), 16:0 (8%) but not 10:0 or 12:0.