cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microwave stethoscope: A new method for measuring human vital signs

A new microwave method for human vital signs measurements is described. The method is based on reflection coefficient measurements, thus realizing the microwave stethoscope vision, and the use of DSP algorithms for extracting vital signs. A unique microwave coupler/sensor with good impedance matching to human skin is designed and the developed measurement procedure is verified experimentally using phantom models. Obtained results demonstrated the ability to extract parameters such as breathing rate, heart rate, and lung water content from a single microwave measurement. Results from this new approach are also compared with a previously described transmission coefficient measurement-based method. It is shown that while the transmission measurements provide more sensitivity, the reflection coefficient based results are also accurate and received signal/noise levels are well within the capabilities of the developed DSP algorithms. Results from the phantom experiment as well as from experimental data from a dog experiment are used in this comparative study. The proposed experimental procedure as well as the experimental and DSP extracted vital signs results will be presented.
Stability analysis for rotating stall dynamics in axial flow compressors

This paper analyzes the nonlinear phenomenon of rotating stall via the methods of projection [Elementary Stability and Bifurcation Theory, G. Iooss and D. D. Joseph, Springer-Verlag, 1980] and Lyapunov [J.-H. Fu,Math. Control Signal Systems, 7, 255---278, 1994]. A compressor model of Moore and Greitzer is adopted in which rotating stall dynamics are associated with Hopf bifurcations. Local stability for each pair of the critical modes is studied and characterized. It is shown that local stability of individual pairs of the critical modes determines collectively local stability of the compressor model. Explicit conditions are obtained for local stability of rotating stall which offer new insight into the design, and active control of axial flow compressors.
Water exchange between the continental shelf and the cavity beneath Nioghalvfjerdsbræ (79 North Glacier)

The mass loss at Nioghalvfjerdsbrae is primarily due to rapid submarine melting. Ocean data obtained from beneath the Nioghalvfjerdsbrae ice tongue show that melting is driven by the presence of warm (1°C) Atlantic Intermediate Water (AIW). A sill prevents AIW from entering the cavity from Dijmphna Sund, requiring that it flow into the cavity via bathymetric channels to the south at a pinned ice front. Comparison of water properties from the cavity, Dijmphna Sund, and the continental shelf support this conclusion. Overturning circulation rates inferred from observed melt rates and cavity stratification suggest an exchange flow between the cavity and the continental shelf of 38mSv, sufficient to flush cavity waters in under 1 year. These results place upper bounds on the timescales of external variability that can be transmitted to the glacier via the ice tongue cavity.
Automatic computation of polyharmonic balance equations for non-linear differential systems

An automated algorithm is presented which enables the harmonic balance equations for any polynomial type pure or cross-product non-linear differential system to be written down directly in terms of the coefficients of the governing equation and the complex amplitudes of a general harmonic waveform. The system frequency response, in the form of a multi-input, amplitude dependent describing function, is therefore readily computed. The method is illustrated by means of an example, and the results validated against detailed numeric simulation.
Adaptive image restoration using a generalized Gaussian model for unknown noise

A model adaptive method is proposed for restoring blurred and noise corrupted images. The generalized p-Gaussian family of probability density functions is used as the approximating parametric noise model. Distribution shape parameters are estimated from the image, and the resulting maximum likelihood optimization problem is solved. An iterative algorithm for data-directed restoration is presented and analyzed. >
3D quantum transport solver based on the perfectly matched layer and spectral element methods for the simulation of semiconductor nanodevices

A 3D quantum transport solver based on the spectral element method (SEM) and perfectly matched layer (PML) is introduced to solve the 3D Schrodinger equation with a tensor effective mass. In this solver, the influence of the environment is replaced with the artificial PML open boundary extended beyond the contact regions of the device. These contact regions are treated as waveguides with known incident waves from waveguide mode solutions. As the transmitted wave function is treated as a total wave, there is no need to decompose it into waveguide modes, thus significantly simplifying the problem in comparison with conventional open boundary conditions. The spectral element method leads to an exponentially improving accuracy with the increase in the polynomial order and sampling points. The PML region can be designed such that less than -100dB outgoing waves are reflected by this artificial material. The computational efficiency of the SEM solver is demonstrated by comparing the numerical and analytical results from waveguide and plane-wave examples and its utility is illustrated by multiple-terminal devices and semiconductor nanotube devices.
Memory CD8 T-Cell Differentiation during Viral Infection

Memory CD8 T cells are an important component of protective immunity against viral infections, and understanding their development will aid in the design of optimal vaccines. Recent work has shed light on the complex differentiation process that occurs during a CD8 T-cell response to viral infection
Effect of actinomycin-D on labelled material in the retina and optic tectum of goldfish after intraocular injection of tritiated RNA precursors.

—After injection of [3H]guanosine or [3H]uridine into the eye of goldfish, labelled acid-soluble radioactivity and RNA appeared in the contralateral optic tectum. When 0·1 μg actinomycin-D was injected into the eye 4 h before the precursor, the labelled RNA in the retina by 18 h after the injection was only 23 per cent of normal, but the acid-soluble radioactivity in the retina and the small amount of labelled acid-soluble material conveyed to the tectum were not significantly affected; by 15–20 days after the injection the acid-soluble radioactivity in the retina was reduced and the amount of labelled material conveyed to the tectum, including both RNA and acid-soluble fractions, was less than normal. When the actinomycin was injected at various times before or after the precursor and measurements were made 6 days later, it was found that the amount of labelled RNA conveyed to the tectum was maximally decreased if the inhibitor was given simultaneously with or up to 4 h before the precursor, whereas the amount of RNA was normal if the incorporation of the precursor had been allowed to proceed for 12 h before the inhibitor was given. This result would be consistent with the view that much of the RNA conveyed to the tectum had been synthesized in the retina within 12 h of the injection of the precursor, and had then presumably been axonally transported in the optic nerve to the tectum. However, since the acid-soluble material conveyed to the tectum was also reduced as a result of the actinomycin treatment, the results of these experiments with actinomycin do not unequivocally rule out the possibility that the RNA appearing in the tectum had been locally synthesized from the axonally transported acid-soluble material. In the retina, both the labelled RNA and acid-soluble fractions were reduced, to about 15 and 60 per cent of normal, respectively, without any relationship to the time between the injection of inhibitor and precursor. The discrepancy between the effects of the labelling of the retina and the labelling of material conveyed to the tectum could be correlated with the fact that the actinomycin caused severe damage to the retinal receptor cells, while leaving the ganglion cells relatively intact. The more pronounced effect of actinomycin on the receptor cells could in turn be correlated with the fact that these cells had a higher rate of RNA synthesis than the ganglion cells. This was demonstrated autoradiographically by the higher rate of incorporation of [3H]uridine into the receptor cells. Intracranial injection of actinomycin did not affect significantly the amount of labelled RNA conveyed to the tectum, which would argue against the local synthesis of this RNA. It is not certain, however, that the actinomycin penetrated deeply enough into the tectum to be effective.
The Crosskey-Davies Experiment and Onchocerciasis Control in West Africa

Professionals and practitioners in global health often confront problems of planetary dimensions with comparatively meager resources. This imbalance is rarely more daunting than for those concerned with neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). By definition, NTDs do not receive the political and financial resources dedicated to the highest priorities in global health. Yet the death and disability attributed to them is no less meaningful for their victims, and the imperative to act is no less urgent for those willing to pick up the gauntlet. Although it never attracted the resources or attention of malaria or HIV, onchocerciasis in Africa is rare among NTDs because it has been the target of two World Health Organization (WHO) programs and is now controlled in many countries, despite numerous obstacles such as a parasite that lives for 10–14 years and a vector capable of migrating hundreds of kilometers. Both control programs were underpinned by knowledge gained by many individuals working in relative isolation at different times and places around the sub-Sahara, typically with a primary focus on some other problem. This paper examines one such example, a rural Nigerian project from the 1950s, to demonstrate the public health progress that can be made even when personnel are limited and resources virtually nonexistent. In a story of happenstance, innovation, dedication, and careful analysis, it shows the difference the right investigator can make. It shows how three people discovered features of the epidemiology, transmission, and control of onchocerciasis in Africa that were among the many essential intellectual and practical contributions to the design of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP), which ran from 1974–2002 and largely defeated the disease in West Africa. By the end of the 1940s, onchocerciasis was known to colonial investigators as a locally significant cause of blindness in some rural areas of Africa, but its study remained a matter of individual initiative. A quarter century later, it had become an internationally recognized problem targeted across most of West Africa by the foremost global authority in public health. Perhaps more than any other single effort, the Crosskey-Davies Experiment of 1954–1960 contributed to the scientific and technical basis of this transformation by developing disease transmission monitoring techniques that would serve as standards for the next half century and by demonstrating that local control based on larviciding was unlikely to succeed because as the density of flies fell, the infectivity of those surviving rose.
Angiotensinogen Gene Knockout Delays and Attenuates Cold-Induced Hypertension

The aim of the present study was to assess our hypothesis that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is responsible for cold-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. Two groups of wild-type (WT) mice and 2 groups of angiotensinogen gene knockout (Agt-KO) mice (6 per group) were used. After blood pressures (BP) of the four groups were measured 3 times at room temperature (25 degrees C), 1 WT and 1 Agt-KO group were exposed to cold (5 degrees C). The remaining groups were kept at 25 degrees C. BP of the cold-exposed WT group increased significantly in 1 week of cold exposure and rose gradually to 168+/-7 mm Hg by week 5, whereas the BP of the Agt-KO group did not increase until week 3. The cold-induced increase in BP (DeltaBP) was decreased significantly in the Agt-KO mice (19+/-3 mm Hg) compared with that of the WT mice (61+/-5 mm Hg) by 5 weeks of exposure to cold. Both WT and Agt-KO groups had cardiac hypertrophy in cold to the same extent. Agt-KO caused a significant increase in nitric oxide (NO) production. Thus, the RAS may inhibit NO formation. Chronic cold exposure decreased NO production, which may be mediated partially by activation of the RAS. These results strongly support that the RAS plays a critical role in the development of cold-induced hypertension but not cardiac hypertrophy. Moreover, the role of the RAS in cold-induced hypertension may be mediated in part by its inhibition on NO production. The findings also reveal the possible relation between the RAS and NO in cardiovascular regulation.
Molecular dynamics studies of ion permeation in VDAC.

The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) in the outer membrane of mitochondria serves an essential role in the transport of metabolites and electrolytes between the cell matrix and mitochondria. To examine its structure, dynamics, and the mechanisms underlying its electrophysiological properties, we performed a total of 1.77 μs molecular dynamics simulations of human VDAC isoform 1 in DOPE/DOPC mixed bilayers in 1 M KCl solution with transmembrane potentials of 0, ±25, ±50, ±75, and ±100 mV. The calculated conductance and ion selectivity are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. In addition, ion density distributions inside the channel reveal possible pathways for different ion species. Based on these observations, a mechanism underlying the anion selectivity is proposed; both ion species are transported across the channel, but the rate for K+ is smaller than that for Cl− because of the attractive interactions between K+ and residues on the channel wall. This difference leads to the anion selectivity of VDAC.
Conformal mapping analyses of microstrips with circular and elliptical cross-sections

A conformal transformation is derived in terms of a Schwarz-Christoffel transformation involving elliptic integrals of the first and third kind. This mapping function is used to give exact solutions for TEM excitations of microstrips and coupled microstrips with circular and elliptical cross-sections. Using these maps, the uniformity of the TEM mode magnetic field inside an elliptical slotted tube transmission line is investigated. >
INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN MINING PRODUCTS

Abstract The increase in mineral price volatility since 1970 and worries about the impact of rapidly growing mineral exports on the economic growth of developing countries have created recent interest in mineral trade flows and policies. This paper provides a review of current thinking on the economics of international trade in mining products. Despite mining products’ importance in early formulations of trade theory, there have been relatively few studies that have specifically examined mining product trade flows. The limited evidence that exists supports the idea that factor endowment differences explain much mining product trade. There is some apparent South–South and intra-industry trade in mining products, but we find no need to resort to the ‘new trade theory’ to explain this. Given worries of substandard growth and development in mining-based economies, trade policies have been used to try to accelerate the movement towards resource-based manufacturing. In the light of recent evidence that mining product exporters have not suffered in the long-run from mining activity, these policies are likely to have been unwarranted. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that the more closed mining economies have had faster growth than the open mining economies, reflecting correction of a political economy trap that causes open mining economies to under-invest in education.
Flight Testing on Cirrus Aircraft

This paper describes a flight testing project on a non-experimental Cirrus aircraft to design flight test methods for use in a university aeronautical engineering curriculum. Methods have been tested for determining level flight performance and airspeed calibration through standardized procedures. Additionally, a simplified method for approximately determining level flight performance using power-off glides is designed. Flight testing indicates acceptable results with less complexity and reduced variability.
Using MALDI MS for rapid analysis of food lipids

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization method that produces intact lipid molecule species that can be separated and characterized by mass spectrometry. Recent research has concentrated on using rapid MALDI MS lipid analysis that employs little sample cleanup, simple sample preparation, no chemical derivatization, and minimal chromatography. This article takes a look at selected MALDI MS applications for edible oils and lipid rich foods, such as meat and eggs, and explores potential uses in food and lipid science.
The Oxygen Effect Based on Chromosome Damage in HeLa Cells

SummaryHeLa cells in suspension were aerated with either oxygen or nitrogen while being irradiated with varying doses of 280 kVp x-rays. The cells were examined during the first mitosis after irradiation for types and frequencies of chromosome aberrations. Analysis of the single-hit and multi-hit chromosome aberrations resulted in oxygen-enhancement ratios of 1·32 and 2·93, respectively. Analysis of the total cytogenetic damage resulted in the following dose-response relationships: The oxygen-enhancement ratio based on these relationships was 1·81. These studies indicated that HeLa cell chromosomes have a similar radiosensitivity, but a higher spontaneous aberration frequency than that reported for normal mammalian cells.
A multi-depth image restoration based on a quartic phase coded lens

A phase coded lens design using a quartic form derived from the spherical aberration of traditional optical systems and a method for image restoration of objects located at different distances are provided.
Observations on Certain Species of Aphanomyces

While searching for Phycomycetous fungi in the submerged exuviae of aquatic insects during the summer of 1940, several interesting species of the genus Aphanomyces were encountered. The identity of two of these proved puzzling and a search of the existing literature on the subject indicated that neither of them corresponded completely with any published description. Since these forms appeared to be fairly common in the vicinity of Ann Arbor, Michigan, further study of them seemed desirable. At the same time, Dr. F. K. Sparrow, Jr., kindly made available preserved material of a number of other species of Aphanomyces, collected from time to time by him. A study of these forms revealed a great deal of variation among them. Since the preserved material was in excellent condition, it appeared worthwhile to undertake a comparative morphological study of as many of the aquatic species of this genus as possible in the hope of clarifying to some extent certain obscure aspects of these fungi, in particular, specific limits. The genus Aphanonmyces was erected by de Bary in 1860 and since that time approximately 20 more or less distinct species have been described by various workers from many parts of the world. It is interesting to note that the species are for the most part distributed in the temperate zones, and few records are extant from any tropical countries. Species have been described from many types of substrate, including other aquatic fungi, algae, the exuviae of aquatic insects, insect cadavers in water, aquatic animals, and higher plants. The members of this genus fall into two main categories de-
Vertical Stratification of Birds in a Tropical Dry Forest

to birds through the use of quantitative measurements. Stratification as used in this paper does not imply the presence of discrete layers of vegetation, each containing its own distinct and unique fauna. Stratification refers here to the distribution of bird species in relation to the vertical distribution of the foliage. Among the terrestrial animals in which stratification has been investigated are the leaf hoppers (Adams 1941), mosquitoes (Bates 1944; Snow 1955; Haddow et al. 1964), ants (Wilson 1959), spiders (Gibson 1947), various arthropods (Fichter 1939), and mammals (Harrison 1962; Napier 1966). Because of their extreme vertical mobility, birds are especially sensitive to vertical stratification of vegetation and, because of their size and activity, lend themselves well to observation. Studies of bird stratification have been conducted in relation to morphological adaptations (Dilger 1956), social patterns (Moynihan 1962), nest site (Tur6ek 1951), territory maintenance (Kendeigh 1947), predator avoidance (Dunlavy 1935), and food (Colquhoun and Morley 1943; Hartley 1953; Slud 1960; Pielowski 1961; Harrison 1962). Recent studies of species diversity (MacArthur et al. 1962; MacArthur 1964; MacArthur et al. 1966; Recher 1969) have also been concerned with vertical stratification of birds.
Risk Assessment of Smart Grid

In this paper, basic concept and overall framework of smart grid risk assessment are presented.To solve new uncertainty brought by smart grid, the contents and methods of risk assessment for engineering risk and financial risk are proposed.Present research situation of engineering risk assessment is summarized and its application prospect in various fields of smart grid is analyzed.The financial risk that the new types of power generation, such as distributed generation(DG), large-scale renewable generation as so on, and power supply companies may face with in market environment as well as the impacts of different development stages of electricity market and typical modes on the risk are researched.
Whole Exome Sequencing in Pediatric Neurology Patients: Clinical Implications and Estimated Cost Analysis

Genetic heterogeneity in neurologic disorders has been an obstacle to phenotype-based diagnostic testing. The authors hypothesized that information compiled via whole exome sequencing will improve clinical diagnosis and management of pediatric neurology patients. The authors performed a retrospective chart review of patients evaluated in the University of Michigan Pediatric Neurology clinic between 6/2011 and 6/2015. The authors recorded previous diagnostic testing, indications for whole exome sequencing, and whole exome sequencing results. Whole exome sequencing was recommended for 135 patients and obtained in 53 patients. Insurance barriers often precluded whole exome sequencing. The most common indication for whole exome sequencing was neurodevelopmental disorders. Whole exome sequencing improved the presumptive diagnostic rate in the patient cohort from 25% to 48%. Clinical implications included family planning, medication selection, and systemic investigation. Compared to current second tier testing, whole exome sequencing can result in lower long-term charges and more timely diagnosis. Overcoming barriers related to whole exome sequencing insurance authorization could allow for more efficient and fruitful diagnostic neurological evaluations.
Two-Level Smart Search Engine Using Ontology-Based Semantic Reasoning.

Traditional search engines are typically keywordbased, which cannot understand the semantics of a query or relationships among queried concepts, causing much of the related information to be absent from the search results. As opposed to traditional keyword-based search engines, in this paper, we introduce an approach to developing a smart search engine using ontology-based semantic reasoning. The search engine can understand the semantics of a concept or multiple concepts entered by a user, and classify and reason about the concepts within a knowledge domain specified using ontology. The search engine consists of two levels, namely the semantic reasoning level and the traditional keyword searching level. The semantic reasoning level supports reasoning about subsumption, supersumption, semantic equivalency and property relationships among concepts. Once new concepts related to the queried concepts have been inferred from the ontology, they can be further matched using a traditional keyword-based search mechanism. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we adopt the domain of computer science courses for semantic search, and show that our approach may produce more relevant search results to user queries. Keywords-Search engine; smart search; semantic reasoning; ontology; domain knowledge.
Effect of reduced stiffness dance flooring on lower extremity joint angular trajectories during a ballet jump

We carried out a study to investigate how low stiffness flooring may help prevent overuse injuries of the lower extremity in dancers. It was hypothesized that performing a ballet jump (saute) on a reduced stiffness dance floor would decrease maximum joint flexion angles and negative angular velocities at the hips, knees, or ankles compared to performing the same jump on a harder floor. The participants were 15 young adult female dancers (age range 18 to 28, mean = 20.89 ± 2.93 years) with at least 5 years of continuous ballet experience and without history of serious lower body injury, surgery, or recent pain. They performed sautes on a (low stiffness) Harlequin ® WoodSpring Floor and on a vinyl-covered hardwood on concrete floor. Maximum joint flexion angles and negative velocities at bilateral hips, knees, and ankles were measured with the "Ariel Performance Analysis System" (APAS). Paired one-tailed t-tests yielded significant decreases in maximum knee angle (average decrease = 3.4° ± 4.2°, p = 0.026) and angular negative velocity of the ankles (average decrease = 18.7°/sec ± 27.9°/sec, p = 0.009) with low stiffness flooring. If the knee angle is less acute, then the length of the external knee flexion moment arm will also be shorter and result in a smaller external knee flexion moment, given an equal landing force. Also, high velocities of eccentric muscle contraction, which are necessary to control negative angular velocity of the ankle joint, are associated with higher risk of musculotendinous injury. Hence, our findings indicate that reduced floor stiffness may indeed help decrease the likelihood of lower extremity injuries.
Terminal half-lives of drugs studied in patients with hepatic diseases

Published evidence of the effects of liver diseases on the terminal half-lives of drugs in man is presented. Formulas are given to aid the reader in determining the hepatic clearance of drugs. The effect of various liver diseases on hepatic function is reviewed. Data on 38 drugs are tabulated.
A Deep Learning Approach to Joint Face Detection and Segmentation

Robust face detection and facial segmentation are crucial pre-processing steps to support facial recognition, expression analysis, pose estimation, building of 3D facial models, etc. In previous approaches, the process of face detection and facial segmentation are usually implemented as sequential, mostly separated modules. In these methods, face detection algorithms are usually first implemented so that facial regions can be located in given images. Segmentation algorithms are then carried out to find the facial boundaries and other facial features, such as the eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth, etc. However, both of these tasks are challenging due to numerous variations of face images in the wild, e.g. facial expressions, illumination variations, occlusions, resolution, etc. In this chapter, we present a novel approach to detect human faces and segment facial features from given images simultaneously. Our proposed approach performs accurate facial feature segmentation and demonstrates its effectiveness on images from two challenging face databases, i.e. Multiple Biometric Grand Challenge (MBGC) and Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW).
Nuclear Arms Control: Obstacles to Agreement

At a time of increasing tensions between NATO and Warsaw Pact countries, the chapter analyses some of the key bilateral and multilateral arms control and non-proliferation agreements. The core of the analysis is the issue of distrust between the parties, which is regarded as the major obstacle to a successful accord. Asymmetry in the number and quality of nuclear weapons and the lack of national consensus to negotiate are also addressed as major barriers to arms control agreement. Practical recommendations on how to overcome those issues are presented and discussed.
On the Inverse Scattering Transform for the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili Equation

On considere le probleme aux valeurs initiales dans le plan de l'equation (u t +Guu x +u xxx ) x =−3σ 2 u yy
Flight Capacity of the Walnut Twig Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on a Laboratory Flight Mill

The walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman, and associated fungus Geosmithia morbida Kolařik, Freeland, Utley, & Tisserat constitute the insect-fungal complex that causes thousand cankers disease in walnut, Juglans spp., and wingnut, Pterocarya spp. Thousand cankers disease is responsible for the decline of Juglans species throughout the western United States and more recently, the eastern United States and northern Italy. We examined the flight capacity of P. juglandis over 24-h trials on a flight mill in the laboratory. The maximum total flight distance observed was ∼3.6 km in 24 h; however, the mean and median distances flown by beetles that initiated flight were ∼372 m and ∼158 m, respectively. Beetles flew for 34 min on average within a 24-h flight trial. Male and female flight capacities were similar, even though males were larger than females (0.64 vs. 0.57 mm pronotal width). Age postemergence had no effect on flight distance, flight time, or mean flight velocity. The propensity to fly, however, decreased with age. We integrated results of flight distance with propensity to fly as beetles aged in a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the maximum dispersal capacity over 5 d, assuming no mortality. Only 1% of the insects would be expected to fly >2 km, whereas one-third of the insects were estimated to fly <100 m. These results suggest that nascent establishments remain relatively localized without anthropogenic transport or wind-aided dispersal, which has implications for management and sampling of this hardwood pest.
Orexin Projections and Localization of Orexin Receptors

The past several years have provided important insights into the physiological significance of the central orexin system. An important component of these is an increased understanding of the unique neuroanatomy of the orexin/hypocretin system. The orexin peptides, orexin-A and orexin-B, are produced in a restricted region of the central nervous system, the neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area. From this small neuronal source, on the order of a few thousand neurons, orexin-expressing neurons project over virtually the entire brain and spinal cord. At the terminals of these projections, orexin interacts with two distinct receptors, the orexin-1 receptor and the orexin-2 receptor. Given the diffuse projection pattern of orexincontaining axons, it is not surprising that orexin receptor expression has been described in a large number of brain areas. This chapter briefly outlines the brain regions innervated by hypothalamic orexin neurons and provides an overview of the distribution of each receptor subtype.
Bounding the Moment Deficit Rate on Crustal Faults using Geodetic Data: Methods†

The geodetically-derived interseismic Moment Deficit Rate (MDR) provides a first-order constraint on earthquake potential, and can play an important role in seismic hazard assessment, but quantifying uncertainty in MDR is a challenging problem that has not been fully addressed. We establish criteria for reliable MDR estimators, evaluate existing methods for determining the probability density of MDR, and propose and evaluate new methods. Geodetic measurements moderately far from the fault provide tighter constraints on MDR than those nearby. Previously used methods can fail catastrophically under predictable circumstances. The bootstrap method works well with strong data constraints on MDR, but can be strongly biased when network geometry is poor. We propose two new methods: the Constrained Optimization Bounding Estimator (COBE) assumes uniform priors on slip rate (from geologic information) and MDR, and can be shown through synthetic tests to be a useful, albeit conservative estimator; the Constrained Optimization Bounding Linear Estimator (COBLE) is the corresponding linear estimator with Gaussian priors rather than point-wise bounds on slip rates. COBE matches COBLE with strong data constraints on MDR. We compare results from COBE and COBLE to previously published results for the interseismic MDR at Parkfield, on the San Andreas Fault, and find similar results; thus the apparent discrepancy between MDR and the total moment release (seismic and afterslip) in the 2004 Parkfield earthquake remains.
Agriculture and Artisans

This chapter discusses peasants, agricultural haciendas, and artisans who work with materials other than wool. The climatological and geological factors affect agriculture and herding. The domesticated plants have different and, in general, narrower ranges of tolerance than animals. The animals can be moved to compensate for the rigorous climate, but plants cannot. The length of the growing season is an important variable in agriculture. As in the case of herding, the importance of these environmental constraints on the organization of production lies in the timing of the inputs of human labor and the structure of capital investment. The seasonal variations in labor requirements in agriculture are much greater than they are in herding. The principal limiting factors affecting the timing and location of agriculture are rainfall and frost. These two are related as the lack of cloud cover during dry spells encourages heat loss from radiation and hence, heavier frosts occur. In the Sicuani area, rainfall decreases toward southwest, away from the tropical forest.
Endoscopic stent placement for treatment of sleeve gastrectomy leak: a single institution experience with fully covered stents.

Abstract Background Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has risen in prevalence as a standalone surgical option for treating obesity over the last 15 years. One of the most worrisome complications is development of a leak at the gastrectomy staple line. Objective The objective of this report is to describe our single-institution experience in managing SG staple-line leaks with fully covered endoscopic stents. Setting Academic medical center, United States. Methods Data for all patients who underwent endoscopic stent placement for an SG leak between 2010 and 2016 at a single academic institution were retrospectively reviewed. Patient medical history, perioperative information, stent placement details, outcomes, and subsequent interventions were recorded. Results Twenty-four patients with SG staple-line leaks treated with fully covered endoscopic stents were identified. Leaks were identified at a median of 31.5 days postoperatively (range, 1–1615 d). The majority of patients underwent other treatment(s) for their leak before stent placement at our institution. Stents remained in place for an average of 28.8 ± 16.8 days. Migration occurred in 22% of all stent placements. Three patients were lost to follow-up, and 14 of the remaining 21 patients (66.7%) healed after stent placement. Five patients (23.8%) ultimately required operative revision with partial gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy for management of persistent leaks. Conclusion Endoscopic management using fully covered stents for staple-line leaks after SG is effective in the majority of patients. However, algorithms are needed for the management of chronic staple-line leaks, which are less likely to heal with stent placement.
A review of treatment options in paediatric sleep-disordered breathing

The clinical presentation of paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is different from that reported in adults. Children with paediatric OSA have more disturbed nocturnal sleep than excessive daytime sleepiness and present with more behavioural problems such as hyperactivity. They have sleep-related issues such as nocturnal enuresis and sleep-terrors and psychiatric problems such as depression and insomnia. Adenotonsillectomy has been the recommended treatment for paediatric OSA, but this practice as the initial treatment for all children has been questioned. The orthodontic approaches have been studied in children. Preliminary studies have suggested that rapid maxillary expansion and mandibular advancement with functional appliances may be effective even in children. Mandibular advancement devices, however, are not recommended for pre-pubertal children. These devices have been used in children in the late-teens, but long-term follow-up data are still lacking. Another non-invasive treatment is myofunctional therapy that has not been widely investigated. In syndromic children and where hypoventilation during sleep is present, positive airway pressure ventilation can be given. Nasal allergies are common in children. Increased nasal resistance impacts on breathing during sleep. Therefore, the treatment of nasal allergies with anti-inflammatory agents is an integral part of the management of paediatric OSA. Another important aspect of paediatric OSA is the presence of a short lingual frenulum and less frequently, a short nasal frenulum. They have been shown to cause abnormal growth of oral-facial region leading to OSA. Gastroesophageal reflux is both a cause and consequence of OSA and should be treated if present. The recent advance in the understanding of the pathogenesis of paediatric OSA lends hope that early recognition and management of factors that lead to the development of OSA may reduce the frequency of this disease and its sequelae. However, these factors are mostly unknown or ignored by specialists and general paediatricians during the early childhood orofacial development.
Diastolic stress testing: similarities and differences between isometric handgrip and cycle echocardiography.

This is the first study to compare the diastolic stress response between isometric handgrip exercise and conventional cycle exercise. The data suggest that isometric handgrip echocardiography is co...
Difficult dialogs about degenerate cases: A proof script study

Abstract Contradictions play an important role in mathematics. Yet, much remains unknown about the ways undergraduate mathematics students’ attend to contradictions, especially outside of proofs by contradiction. To address this gap in the literature, 20 proof scripts were analyzed to explore students’ noticed proof problematics for a proof involving a logically degenerate case. Findings indicate that while students generally attended to the encountered contradiction as a problematic point, many struggled to address its role in the proof and held conceptions of proofs by cases that enabled them to dismiss the logically degenerate case rather than recognize an inconsistency in the emerging mathematical theory. Findings from the study not only support calls for further research on students’ reasoning about proofs by cases and the role of contradictions but also provide evidence of the viability of the proof script methodology as a mechanism for identifying difficulties observed by students but unseen by experts.
Herbivore-Predator Cycles

Terrestrial herbivores often exhibit complex or cyclic population dynamics. Approximately 30% of surveyed animal species and populations undergo population cycles, with a latitudinal gradient in cycle strength found in many mammal populations. In addition to their regularity, these cycles are often synchronous over large geographic areas. The proximate and ultimate causes of these cycles have been examined in many separate systems using both time-series analyses and large-scale manipulative experiments. Time-series analyses can point to the process order of systems, with lower orders suggesting little or no time lags and higher orders suggesting significant (3 years or longer) lags between drivers and population reactions. Manipulative experiments have generally been unable to stop the cycles entirely, but can delay or lessen some of the population crashes in mammals such as voles and hares. The drivers of the cycles vary among populations, but a major trend is that of trophic interactions between either predators and herbivores or between parasites and herbivores. It is only through a mixture of mathematical analysis and experimental manipulation that we can accurately explain how cycles begin, end, and persist over several cycles.
Engaging with Host Schools to Establish the Reciprocity of an International Teacher Education Partnership

Although international teacher education partnerships necessitate relationships with host education communities, much of the literature addresses only the impact of the overseas teaching experiences on the American university intern. For this project, we investigated the benefits of participation in an international teacher education program for the Italian cooperating teachers and students in the host schools. The findings reveal that the Tuscan students profited by not only enhancing their English communication skills, but also by beginning to develop global awareness and understanding of their learning. Cooperating teachers were challenged in mentoring American interns, but ultimately benefited professionally and wanted to strengthen the partnership. Implications for engaging host teachers and primary students when building international education partnerships are shared.
Biomedical applications of magneto-responsive scaffolds

Stimuli-responsive biomaterials, capable of responding on-demand to changes in their local environment, have become a subject of interest in the field of regenerative medicine. Magneto-responsive biomaterials, which can be manipulated spatiotemporally via an external magnetic field, have emerged as promising candidates as active scaffolds for advanced drug delivery and tissue regeneration applications. These specialized biomaterials can be synthesized by physically and/or chemically incorporating magnetic nanoparticles into the biomaterial structure. However, despite their promising impact on the future of regenerative medicine, magneto-responsive biomaterials still have several limitations that need to be overcome before they can be implemented clinically in a reliable manner, as predicting their behavior and biocompatibility remains an ongoing challenge. This review article will focus on discussing the current fabrication methods used to synthesize magneto-responsive materials, efforts to predict and characterize magneto-responsive biomaterial behavior, and the application of magneto-responsive biomaterials as controlled drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, and artificial muscles.
Musical Borrowing as an Act of Self-Definition in John Coltrane’s Impressions

Historically, jazz has had a mixed reception in the classical world. For example, during the 1930s and 1940s critics often disparaged classical composers for borrowing from jazz, yet simultaneously complemented those same pieces for their catchiness and popularity. Inversely, when jazz musicians began to borrow classical themes, critics often rejoiced that jazz musicians were working to legitimize jazz. For example, in a 1940 New York Times interview, Paul Lavalle of the NBC Orchestra said, “The proof that jazz writers are at present trying to make their tunes more highbrow, is that pieces of great composers are being used and with great success. Debussy’s Reverie , has become ‘My Reverie’ and Ravel’s Pavane pour l’infant defunte has developed into ‘The Lamp is Low’…” While Lavalle rejoiced in this musical borrowing, many other critics, such as Theodor Adorno, proclaimed that jazz was nothing more than the childish mimicry of others’ works. The tendency among classical and white jazz critics has been that the distinctly African traits, such as repetition, and musical borrowing, are often derided, while those associated with European classical music are often lauded. It is arguable that the same bias is still present in musical criticism and music theory pedagogy. Even today, courses in jazz history and theory are generally taken only after students have been indoctrinated into classical theory—and then conceivably through the lens of classical practices. I contend that the rhetorical significance of repetition and musical borrowing is a vital tool in the analysis of jazz and popular styles. In this article, I focus on the reception of John Coltrane’s “anti-jazz” and the rhetorical structures within his composition Impressions to illustrate the influence of African American oral traditions on popular styles. Coltrane makes his musical statement through his use of borrowed melodies from Maurice Ravel, Morton Gould, and Bert Shefter. In this context, the rhetorical redefining of familiar melodies is an act of self-definition. Therefore, this type of analysis looks beyond the immediate melodic and harmonic structures and instead relies on the social context in which the music was derived and created.
Alvimopan usage increasing following radical cystectomy

Alvimopan (Entereg), a peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonist, is effective in reducing the rate of postoperative ileus and length of hospital stay in patients undergoing colorectal surgery, and is now approved for use after radical cystectomy (RC). Using data from Vizient (formerly University Health System Consortium), we assessed the utilization of alvimopan and its effect on perioperative factors after RC. The Vizient database, contributed to by over 200 US academic hospitals, was evaluated from 2014 to 2016. Patients who had undergone radical cystectomy were included. Alvimopan exposure and postoperative outcomes were collected. 7472 patients underwent cystectomy in the 3 years examined, with 3391 (45.4%) patients receiving alvimopan over this time period. The use of alvimopan increased from 35 to 59%. The receipt of alvimopan was associated with a decrease in perioperative morbidity (10.53% vs 19.23%, p = 0.027). This study, the largest to examine the real-world utilization of alvimopan since FDA approval for RC, shows that alvimopan utilization has increased substantially and is associated with reduced perioperative morbidity in patients undergoing cystectomy.
From the Dream Test to Good Tests Within Feasible Budgets

This chapter discusses possible ways to test Universal Basic Income in light of the issues discussed in previous chapters. It works down from the dream test that solves all testing problems to tests that might be possible within the experiment’s budget.
Ligand-Induced Structural Changes of Thiolate-Capped Gold Nanoclusters Observed with Resistive-Pulse Nanopore Sensing

Nanopore-based resistive pulse sensing with biological nanopores has traditionally been applied to biopolymer analysis, but more recently, interest has grown in applying the technique to characterizing water-soluble metallic clusters. This paper reports on the use of α-hemolysin (αHL) for detecting a variety of thiolate-capped gold nanoclusters. The ligands studied here are p-mercaptobenzoic acid (p-MBA), tiopronin (TP), and thiolated PEG7 (S-PEG7). Individual clusters trapped in the cis-side of an αHL pore for extended periods (>10 s) exhibit fluctuations between numerous substates. We compare these current steps between the three different ligands and find that they scale with the mass of the corresponding ligand, which suggests that nanopore sensing could be used to characterize intraparticle surface modifications.