cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Heuristics in Adaptive Narratives to Inform Decision-Making Practices

The use of heuristics as an instructional strategy enable instructors to provide students with problem-solving strategies that can be adapted and modified for different contexts and experiences. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of heuristics by students and gain insight into the thought process behind their problem-solving skills. The study used an adaptive narrative as an information delivery medium. An adaptive narrative was chosen because it could be designed to simulate decision-making processes encountered in real-world situations. Students enrolled in an introductory biology major class were chosen for the study because their fields of interest all require complex problem solving and decision-making skills. It was of interest to investigate what decisions were made when heuristics were given and how that may influence their rationale in the decision-making process. The results of this study indicate that: heuristics can enable students to make correct decisions when the heuristics are based on already familiar concepts; although students self-reported low cognitive load challenges in the NASA TLX, most of the explanations were deemed poor when graded by rubrics; students had difficulty transferring information learned in the narrative and synthesizing a complete and complex explanation past three data points. This study provides evidence that greater practice in the transfer of information to novel settings is important in education for students to become proficient in complex decision-making.
Improving Standardized Screening for E-Cigarette and Vaping Use Among Adolescents

Background: Electronic Cigarettes (e-cigarettes, EC) constitute the number one vehicle for tobacco product use by adolescents in the United States since 2014. Data from 2019 suggests that 27.5% of high school students reported using EC within the preceding 30 days, but only 37% recognized the presence of nicotine in it. Users of EC are at risk of developing E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) a life-threatening complication. Although the AAP recommends screening, education and cessation counseling for EC use, only 14% of physicians do it. Physicians using Electronic Health …
Investigation of Internal Cracks in Epoxy-Alumina Using In Situ Mechanical Testing Coupled with Micro-CT

Polymer-ceramic composites are widely used in biomedical applications. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the crack extension inside epoxy-alumina. Specimens with 5 vol.%, 10 vol.%, …, 25 vol.% fillers fractions were fabricated. Three-point bending on single-edge notched bend specimens were performed using conventional mechanical tester and in situ mechanical tester coupled with micro-CT, respectively. Fracture toughness was measured to be 2.10–2.51 $${\text{MPa}}\sqrt {\text{m}} $$ , and it decreased with increasing filler fraction. When cracks were shorter than 0.88 mm, crack resistance for 5 and 25 vol.% epoxy-alumina was similar. Beyond 0.88 mm, 25 vol.% epoxy-alumina exhibited no crack resistance, whereas stress intensity factor kept increasing in 5 vol.% epoxy-alumina. The matrix-particle interfaces were the weakest link, where cracks often initiated from. Crack bridging by uncracked ligament and crack deflection were commonly observed toughening mechanisms. To design robust epoxy-alumina composites, increasing matrix-particle interface strength is recommended for future work.
Decision making and the IACUC: Part 1 - Protocol information discussed at full-committee reviews.

IACUC protocols can be reviewed by either the full committee or designated members. Both review methods use the principles of the 3 Rs (reduce, refine, replace) as the overarching paradigm, with federal regulations and policies providing more detailed guidance. The primary goal of this study was to determine the frequency of topics discussed by IACUC during full-committee reviews and whether the topics included those required for consideration by IACUC (for example, pain and distress, number of animals used, availability of alternatives, skill and experience of researchers). We recorded and transcribed 87 protocol discussions undergoing full-committee review at 10 academic institutions. Each transcript was coded to capture the key concepts of the discussion and analyzed for the frequency of the codes mentioned. Pain and distress was the code mentioned most often, followed by the specific procedures performed, the study design, and the completeness of the protocol form. Infrequently mentioned topics were alternatives to animal use or painful or distressful procedures, the importance of the research, and preliminary data. Not all of the topics required to be considered by the IACUC were openly discussed for all protocols, and many of the discussions were limited in their depth.
The Littlest Guest Uninvited

He stood staring at our busy table. His eyes barely reached to where he could see across. How long had he been there? I had no idea. I had been too engrossed in the pleasures of our meal. It was only when I felt his surveillance that I looked in his direction. Under his arm was a small bundle of newspa pers. He obviously belonged to that army of infant peddlars that filled the streets of this city. We were in Tegucigalpa, one of many unknown capital cities in the Third World. Teguc (ta' goose) as it is called is the capital of "Spanish" Honduras, at the time, 1968, still distinguished from "British" Honduras. The meal to which our uninvited guest bore witness was our farewell dinner. Seven col lege students and I as their faculty leader were about to complete a three week seminar. The meal was a reward we granted ourselves after a period of perceived privation. We had roughed it some during our brief sojourn. We had traveled un paved roads in worn out bluebird school buses, used the bush for bodily needs and ate more retried beans than we would have preferred. But our tough times were not nearly as severe as those with which the average Honduran must cope for a lifetime. Our meal was simply another taken for granted privilege of the haves in the world, something most of us were still learning. As the first director of the Peace Corps in Honduras, but then a college professor, leading the third world seminar was a way I had found to revisit Honduras. During my two year tenure in the Peace Corps, I had fallen madly in love with the place for reasons too complicated to explain here. Had my family situation permitted, I was prepared to spend the rest of my life there. The place chosen for our dinner was a Chinese restaurant located directly across from our pension. Over the front door was a hand painted sign that bore the unimaginative name, "Cafe China," and its ambience was classic third world. Napkins were cut into quarters, no two pieces of silverware matched, and a noisy ceiling fan moved stale air in circles. In their thirty years of non-acculturation to Honduras, however, the owners had preserved their homeland tastes and skills. My group was delighted with the choice of a place
Understanding Linked Data

As a graph representation of information, the Semantic Web is subjected to “the network effect” which is the result of users publishing and linking their triples to other triples. The Semantic Web defines several principles that enable Linked Data the RDF model, which is a graph segment, the IRI which uniquely defines a thing, the use of shared ontologies, and the ability to link out to other RDF triples. Linked Open Data refers to the worldwide collection of published and interconnected RDF graphs. This chapter explains the idea of Linked Data and illustrates the mechanisms that enable it. It looks at a few technologies that facilitate the discovery of Linked Data sets and the entities they describe. It provides a more in-depth overview of a few linked data collections, how they are constructed and published.
Liquefied Natural Gas for Trucks and Buses

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is being developed as a heavy vehicle fuel. The reason for developing LNG is to reduce our dependency on imported oil by eliminating technical and costs barriers associated with its usage. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has a program, currently in its third year, to develop and advance cost-effective technologies for operating and refueling natural gas-fueled heavy vehicles (Class 7-8 trucks). The objectives of the DOE Natural Gas Vehicle Systems Program are to achieve market penetration by reducing vehicle conversion and fuel costs, to increase consumer acceptance by improving the reliability and efficiency, and to improve air quality by reducing tailpipe emissions. One way to reduce fuel costs is to develop new supplies of cheap natural gas. Significant progress is being made towards developing more energy-efficient, low-cost, small-scale natural gas liquefiers for exploiting alternative sources of natural gas such as from landfill and remote gas sites. In particular, the DOE program provides funds for research and development in the areas of; natural gas clean up, LNG production, advanced vehicle onboard storage tanks, improved fuel delivery systems and LNG market strategies. In general, the program seeks to integrate the individual components being developed into complete systems, and then demonstrate the technology to establish technical and economic feasibility. The paper also reviews the importance of cryogenics in designing LNG fuel delivery systems.
Free energy of imperfect nucleic acid helices. II. Small hairpin loops.

Abstract Physical studies of enzymically synthesized oligonucleotides of defined sequence are used to evaluate quantitatively the stability of small RNA hairpin loops and helices. The series (Ap) 4 G(pC) N (pU) 4 , N = 4, 5 or 6, exists as monomolecular hairpin helices when N ≥ 5, and as imperfect dimer helices when N ≤ 4. In this size range, hairpin loops become more favorable (less destabilizing thermodynamically) as they increase in size from 3 to 4 to 5 unbonded nucleotides. Very small hairpin loops are particularly destabilizing; molecules whose base sequence would imply a hairpin loop of three nucleotides will generally exist with a loop of five, including a broken terminal base pair. Thermodynamic parameters for base pair and loop formation are calculated by a method which makes unnecessary the use of measured enthalpies of polynucleotide melting. Literature data on oligonucleotide double helices yield estimates of the free energy contribution from each of the six types of stacking interactions between three possible neighboring base pairs. The advantage of this approach is that the properties of oligonucleotides are used in predicting the stability of small RNA helices, avoiding the long extrapolation from the properties of high polymers. We provide Tables of temperature-dependent free energies that allow one to predict the stability and thermal transition temperature of many simple RNA secondary structures (applicable to ~1 m -Na + concentration). As an example, we apply the rules to an isolated fragment of tRNA Ser (yeast) (Coutts, 1971), whose properties were not used in calculating the free-energy parameters. The experimental melting temperature of 88 °C is predicted with an error margin of 5 deg. C.
A 90nm variable-frequency clock system for a power-managed Itanium/sup /spl reg//-family processor

A clock-generation system delivers fixed- and variable-frequency clocks for adaptive power control on a 1.7 B-transistor dual-core CPU. Frequency synthesizers digitally divide a fixed-frequency PLL clock in 1/64th cycle steps using programmable voltage-frequency-converter loops. 1-cycle loop response tracks supply transients with adaptive modulation, improving CPU performance by over 10% compared to a fixed-frequency design.
Transforming Our Cultural Norms and Deconstructing Sexual Violence against Women

These remarks were delivered at the Stoneman/Katz Human Rights, Gender and the Law Conference: The State of Equality in Comparative Perspective, held at Albany Law School on April 11-12, 2013. The conference transcript will be assembled into a monograph, on file with Albany Law School, to memorialize the conference itself, as well as the Spring 2013 Kate Stoneman Series of Events. These remarks were part of a larger panel examining the issue of law and “culture.” I addressed culture in the United States which, though an ambiguous concept, greatly informs our world and our actions. I examined how our country at times has adopted a culture that normalizes violence towards women. I posit that while explicit gender bias is often deemed unacceptable, our society is embedded with implicit biases against women. These implicit biases contribute to a culture that is imbued with gendered norms relating to domination, over-sexualization, violation, power and control. I argue that the way to remedy these problems is to change our underlying culture in such a way that redefines gendered norms and gender equality.
Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease

Another timely companion to "Braunwald's Heart Disease", this unique volume focuses on the clinical aspects of all types of cardiac arrhythmias and offers the most up-to-date guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. You'll get expert coverage of hot topics such as mechanisms of arrhythmias, electrophysiologic testing, mapping and navigation modalities, ablation energy sources, sinus node dysfunction, conduction disturbances, atrial tachyarrhythmias, preexcitation syndromes and all types of ventricular and supraventricular tachycardias. Expert Consult functionality allows you to access the entire contents of the book online, from any Internet connection.
The linear accelerator in the treatment of cervical cancer: A decade of experience

Abstract In the decade 1956–1965, supervoltage x-rays from a linear electron accelerator, plus radium, were used to treat 168 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma. A homogeneous dose of at least 6,000 rads was given to the entire pelvis. Of those treated prior to 1961, 60 per cent lived at least 5 years after treatment, and the survival rate for those with Stage I tumors was 83 per cent. The predicted survival rate (actuarial method) for those treated in 1961–1965 is 54 ± 9.6 per cent. The incidence of radiation damage to bowed, particularly the rectosigmoid colon, has been distressingly high and has not been reduced in recent years by changing from rotational therapy to paired parallel opposed rectangular fields.
A restrictive element 1 (RE‐1) in the VIP gene modulates transcription in neuronal and non‐neuronal cells in collaboration with an upstream tissue specifier element

The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene has been studied extensively as a prototype neuronal gene containing multiple cis-active elements that confer responsiveness to cell lineage, neurotrophic, and activity-dependent intrinsic and extrinsic cues. However, reporter genes containing the presumptive complete regulatory region 5' to the start of transcription do not confer tissue-specific gene expression in vivo. We therefore sought cis-regulatory elements downstream of the transcriptional start that might confer additional tissue-specific and tissue-restrictive properties to the VIP transcriptional unit. We report here a repressor element, similar to the canonical restrictive element-1 (RE-1), located within the first non-coding exon of the human VIP gene. The ability of this element to regulate VIP reporter gene expression in neuroblastoma and fibroblastic cells was examined. Endogenous VIP expression is high in SH-EP neuroblastoma cells, low but inducible in SH-SY5Y cells, and absent in HeLa cells. Endogenous RE-1 silencer factor (REST) expression was highest in SH-EP and HeLa cells, and significantly lower in SH-SY5Y cells. Transient transfection of a VIP reporter gene containing a mutated RE-1 sequence revealed an RE-1-dependent regulation of VIP gene expression in all three cell types, with regulation greatest in cells (SH-EP, HeLa) with highest levels of REST expression. Serial truncation of the VIP reporter gene further revealed a specific interaction between the RE-1 and a tissue-specifier element located 5 kb upstream in the VIP gene. Thus, REST can regulate VIP gene expression in both neuroblastic and non-neuronal cells, but requires coupling to the upstream tissue specifier element.
Integrating variable wind load, aerodynamic, and structural analyses towards accurate fatigue life prediction in composite wind turbine blades

A comprehensive fatigue analysis framework for composite wind turbine blades has been developed. It includes variable wind loads from wind field simulation and aerodynamic analysis, stress prediction by finite element analysis, and fatigue damage evaluation based on the resulting fatigue data. The variable wind load is represented by a joint distribution of mean wind speed and turbulence intensity. In order to simulate realistic wind loads applied on the blade while maintaining affordable computational time, the sectional surface pressure fields obtained from the potential flow aerodynamics model XFOIL are transformed to match the lift, drag, and moment coefficients obtained using AeroDyn. Thus, the modified pressure distribution includes the effect of dynamic stall, rotation, and wake effects on the blade aerodynamics. A high-fidelity finite element blade model, in which the design of composite materials can be easily tailored, has been parameterized for detailed stress analysis. The non-proportional multi-axial complex stress states are involved when calculating 10-min fatigue damage of section points through laminate thickness. The annual fatigue damage is calculated based on the 10-min fatigue damage and the joint distribution of 10-min mean wind speed and 10-min turbulence intensity. Consequently, the blade fatigue effect due to not only the mean wind speed and the atmospheric turbulence in the short term, but also the wind load variation in a large spatiotemporal range, can be investigated. The developed fatigue analysis framework can facilitate reliability analysis and reliability-based design optimization of composite wind turbine blades.
Economic and business dimensions Entrepreneurship during a slump

A contrarian's perspective on how entrepreneurial opportunities and innovation can thrive during an economic crisis.
Colour Centres produced by Radiation in Silica Gel

COLORATION of inorganic solids by ionizing radiations has been well known and studied for many years. The possibility that defects associated with such colour might bear a relation to the processes of adsorption and catalysis has been suggested1, but never directly observed. We have recently observed that the procedure which produces radiation enhancement of catalytic activity in silicas2, that is, irradiating a gel degassed at 500° C. or above with comparatively small (∼ 1019 eV./gm.) doses of cobalt-60 γ-rays or 50 keV. X-rays also produces a marked magenta coloration of the gel. The comparative rarity of such observations3,4, and their possible connexion with the radiation enhancement of catalytic activity2 have prompted this communication.
Why primiparous mothers do not breastfeed in the United States: a national survey

Aim: To investigate primiparous women's primary reason for not breastfeeding. Methods: We used the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth to analyze the breastfeeding behaviors of a national probability sample of 6733 first-time US mothers, aged 15 to 44 y. Main outcome measures in this cross-sectional study were the reasons for never breastfeeding and reasons for stopping breastfeeding using closed-ended, multiple choice questions. Results: Most commonly, women did not breastfeed because they “preferred to bottle feed” (66.3%). The most common reason for stopping breastfeeding was that the child was “old enough to wean” (35.7%), although 15%, 34%, 54%, and 78% of those women had stopped breastfeeding by 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo, respectively. “Physical or medical problem” was reported by 14.9% of women who did not breastfeed and 26.9% of women who had stopped breastfeeding, making it the second most common reason for not breastfeeding in each group. There were significant differences across racial and ethnic groups. Conclusion: Additional studies are needed to better understand why women “prefer to bottle feed”, especially black women. Increasingly effective programs and policies to promote breastfeeding will logically follow. Since physical and medical problems are such common reasons both for never breastfeeding and for stopping breastfeeding, individual healthcare providers can have a significant impact on breastfeeding rates and duration.
Human growth hormone releasing factor and somatostatin from two pancreatic tumors: isolation and characterization

Peptides with high intrinsic activity to release growth hormone from pituitary cells in tissue cultures were isolated from two different human pancreatic tumors that had caused acromegaly. Homogeneous peptides were obtained after gel filtration and two steps of reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. From one tumor a 44-residue peptide (human pancreas growth hormone releasing factor, hpGRF-44) was isolated, together with two shorter fragments of reduced bioactivity having 40 and 37 amino acid residues (hpGRF-40, hpGRF-37). In contrast, the other tumor contained only one form of GRF which proved to be identical to hpGRF-40. These hpGRFs are indistinguishable from partially purified preparations of hypothalamic growth hormone releasing factor of human, porcine and murine origins with respect to biological activity and are very similar in their physicochemical properties (molecular weight, retention behavior on reverse-phase HPLC, absence of sulfhydryl groups). One of the pancreatic tumors also contained two forms of immunoreactive somatostatin. One form, after isolation and partial microsequencing, was identified as somatostatin-14 with a structure identical to that of the peptide found in other species. The second form has tentatively been identified as somatostatin-28 on the basis of chromatographic behavior.
The literature and the science of ‘two cultures’ historiography

Abstract This paper discusses the historiography of the ‘two cultures’ controversy. C. P. Snow’s lament about the ‘two cultures’, literary and scientific, has inspired a wide range of comment—much of which begins by citing Snow and his thesis, before going on to discuss very different things. This paper focuses upon one strand of this commentary, the historical analysis of the controversy itself. A ‘historical’ analysis is defined here as one that resists the impulse to enter the argument on behalf of Snow or Leavis, to conceive of their argument in the terms that Snow defined, or to invoke their argument as a precursor to some contemporary issue. Instead, a historical interpretation registers distance between that day and this, takes the controversy itself as its object of study, and explores the tensions and associations that came to be packed into those now familiar terms. As the fiftieth anniversary of Snow’s Rede Lecture nears, this approach—rather than the repetition of cliches about the bridging of cultures—offers both analytical perspective on the controversy and interpretive possibilities for its examination.
Validating mass spectrometry measurements of nuclear materials via a non-contact volume analysis method of ion sputter craters

A combination of secondary ion mass spectrometry, optical profilometry and a statistically-driven algorithm was used to develop a non-contact volume analysis method to validate the useful yields of nuclear materials. The volume analysis methodology was applied to ion sputter craters created in silicon and uranium substrates sputtered by 18.5 keV O− and 6.0 keV Ar+ ions. Sputter yield measurements were determined from the volume calculations and were shown to be comparable to Monte Carlo calculations and previously reported experimental observations. Additionally, the volume calculations were used to determine the useful yields of Si+, SiO+ and SiO2 + ions from the silicon substrate and U+, UO+ and UO2 + ions from the uranium substrate under 18.5 keV O− and 6.0 keV Ar+ ion bombardment. This work represents the first steps toward validating the interlaboratory and cross-platform performance of mass spectrometry for the analysis of nuclear materials.
Generalization of proportional adaptation law for L 1 adaptive controller

The paper presents a generalized framework for an L 1 adaptive state-feedback controller with proportional adaptation gain. Using the decoupling property for estimation and control loops of the L 1 adaptive controller, we show that this generalized architecture has the potential of unifying several nonlinear control methods in a single framework. In all cases, the proposed controller, similar to other L 1 controllers, offers systematic tuning of robustness and performance bounds, by increasing the adaptation gain and careful selection of the lowpass filter. Simulations verify the theoretical findings.
Bit strings without q -separation

LetB(n, q) denote the number of bit strings of lengthn withoutq-separation. In a bit string withoutq-separation no two 1's are separated by exactlyq − 1 bits.B(n, q) is known to be expressible in terms of a product of powers of Fibonacci numbers. Two new and independent proofs are given. The first proof is by combinatorial enumeration, while the second proof is inductive and expressesB(n, q) in terms of a recurrence relation.
What do breast surgeons do

BACKGROUND: There are an increasing number of fellowship-trained breast surgeons and surgical oncologists who dedicate their clinical practice exclusively to breast disease. However, there are little published data regarding characteristics of a breast surgical practice. METHODS: All patient visits at a university-based breast surgery practice were reviewed for calendar years 2006 and 2007. RESULTS: There were 10,381 patient visits, of which 2,334 (22%) represented new patients. Of these, 11% were referred with a diagnosis of cancer. Out of the remainder, 29% had a needle biopsy (8% by the surgeon and 21% by radiology), 29% underwent surgery, and 13% were ultimately diagnosed with cancer. After completion of initial therapy, 6 months or 1 year follow-up was recommended for 59% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: The specialty of breast surgery is unique in its nonoperative volume and extensive duration of follow-up. Strategies need to be designed to make this process more time-efficient for the surgeon.
A 200-GHz Inductively Tuned VCO With $-$ 7-dBm Output Power in 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS

A highly efficient push-push voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with a new inductive frequency tuning topology for (sub) terahertz frequencies is presented. The tuning technique is based on a variable inductance seen at the emitter node of a base-degenerated transistor. The variable inductor exhibits high quality factor and high tuning range due to the tunable transistor transconductance via bias current. Fabricated in a 0.13- μm SiGe BiCMOS process, the VCO achieves a tuning range of 3.5% and an output power of -7.2 dBm at 201.5 GHz. The dc power consumption of the VCO is 30 mW, resulting in a high dc to RF power efficiency of 0.6% and a figure of merit (FoMT) of -165, which is the highest FoM for any silicon-based VCO reported to date at this frequency range. To demonstrate the functionality of the tuning technique, three VCO prototypes at different oscillation frequencies, including one operating in the 222.7-229-GHz range, are implemented and measured.
Reductions in pain thresholds and morphine analgesia following intracerebroventricular parachlorophenylalanine

The selective decreases in both basal and analgesic pain thresholds following systemic administration of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) has been attributed to the inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase and subsequent depletion of brain serotonin. These effects only occur at high systemic doses which have other general debilitating effects. The present study examined the relationship between PCPA's nociceptive and serotonin-depleting effects following intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration. The first experiment determined that an ICV dose of 3 mg, but not 1 mg, of PCPA significantly decreased jump thresholds at 0.5, 48 and 120 hr after injection. These effects were not due to osmolarity shifts since hypertonic saline injections failed to alter thresholds. The second experiment demonstrated a time-dependent reduction of morphine (5 mg/kg) analgesia as a function of the interval between ICV PCPA and the systemic morphine injection. PCPA reduced morphine analgesia if it was administered 24 hr prior to the opiate and eliminated morphine analgesia if it was administered 48 hr prior to the opiate. Pretreatment with ICV PCPA either 0.5 or 72 hr prior to the opiate failed to alter morphine analgesia. The third and fourth experiments indicated that hippocampal and spinal levels of either serotonin or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were not significantly affected by ICV PCPA pretreatment. These data indicate that the hyperalgesia and morphine analgesia impairments noted following ICV PCPA do not correspond with changes in serotonin from hippocampal or spinal tissue and such effects are discussed in terms of alternative modes of action.
The study of polyimide films and adhesion using a surface acoustic wave sensor

Abstract A dual delay line surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor on an ST-quartz substrate has been used to study water uptake and downtake and its effect on adhesion in both cured and uncured polyimide films. Film samples both with and without adhesion promoter have been studied. The experimental results suggest the possibility of using a SAW sensor as a cure indicator, humidity sensor or adhesion sensor.
Managing Relational Transgressions as Revealed on Facebook: The Influence of Dependence Power on Verbal Versus Nonverbal Responses

Dependence power is defined by the control a less dependent partner is perceived to have by the more dependent individual in a close relationship. Guided by assumptions about dependence power, we examined how individuals manage perceived relational transgressions by partners on Facebook, distinguishing between face-to-face responses versus those that are expressed nonverbally (through monitoring or maintenance behaviors) on the site. Participants included 290 females and 210 males in a dating relationship who completed measures of dependence power and Facebook use. Participants then viewed a screenshot reflecting a hypothetical Facebook partner transgression that varied by potential threat (high versus low). Finally, participants completed measures of perceived threat and a measure of responses to the transgression (monitoring and maintenance). Dependence power was associated with perceptions of the threat of a transgression, the likelihood of confronting a partner face-to-face about the perceived transgression, and engaging in Facebook monitoring behavior after a perceived transgression. Dependence power was not significantly associated with maintenance responses.
Factors Predicting Volunteer Engagement Among Urban-Residing African American Women:

Research has shown that urban-residing African American women engage in volunteer work at impressive rates. However, few studies have empirically assessed the factors that account for volunteerism within this population. This study explores the relationship between demographic variables, early religious involvement, current religious involvement, empathy, perspective taking, and volunteer engagement among African American women residing in a large urban center (N = 211). Findings from multivariate analyses revealed that current religious involvement positively predicted women’s volunteer engagement. Age was found to negatively predict volunteer engagement but positively predict the number of hours women spend volunteering per year. The implications of these findings are discussed and future lines of research considered.
The heat shock response of adult Artemia franciscana.

Abstract 1. We studied responses of adult brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana , to high temperature, including LT 50 determination, induced thermotolerance (ITT), the Hsp-70 family of stress proteins and protein synthesis before and after heat shock. 2. Adults were grown in laboratory cultures from encysted embryos (cysts) obtained from San Francisco Bay (SF) and much warmer culture ponds in Vietnam (V). 3. Adults from V cysts were more tolerant of high temperatures than those from SF cysts, but this difference essentially disappeared in the second generation of adults. 4. Levels of constitutive Hsc-70 were very low in adults of both groups, but were strongly upregulated by a sublethal heat shock (37°C, 30 min), with V adults showing the greater degree of upregulation. Heat shock also induced Hsp-67, to a greater extent in V compared to SF adults 5. Incorporation of 14 C-leucine into protein did not result in the “classic” heat shock response, possibly due to increased permeability of heat-shocked animals to the tracer.
Ventricular arrhythmias induced by aminophylline during halothane anaesthesia in dogs

Intravenous administration of aminophylline to dogs anaesthetized with 1 per cent halothane resulted in ventricular arrhythmias in 12 of 16 animals ( ventricular fibrillation in three animals). Halothane-aminophylline arrhythmias disappeared when the animals were ventilated with 3 per cent halothane but reappeared when the animals were subsequently ventilated with room air. Arrhythmias did not occur when aminophylline was given to animals ventilated with 3 per cent halothane or to dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbital. Following administration of aminophylline one out of ten unanaesthetized dogs and two of six animals ventilated with 3 per cent ether developed short periods of multifocal premature ventricular contractions. A possible explanation of the data obtained is presented.
Horizontal cells contribute to the receptive field surround of ganglion cells in the rabbit retina

The influence of horizontal cells on ganglion cells in the rabbit retina was examined by injecting current intracellularly into horizontal cells while simultaneously monitoring the extracellular spike activity of nearby single-unit ganglion cells. Hyperpolarizing current injected into horizontal cells decreased the firing rate of on-center brisk ganglion cells and increased the firing rate of off-center brisk ganglion cells. Depolarizing current produced opposite effects on on-center and off-center brisk ganglion cells. These findings are consistent with the view that horizontal cells in the rabbit contribute to the antagonistic surround excitation of brisk ganglion cells.
The tempeature generted during torsional oscillations of polyethylene rods

Abstract Experimental data on the heat generated during torsional oscillations of polyethylene rods (and tubes) are presented. In some instances the temperature rise resulting from the internal heating softens the material to such an extent that the stresses in the specimen are reduced to 25 per cent of their initial values. Various factors which affect the internal heat generation, including the amplitude and frequency of oscillation, conduction effects and the effect of varying the ambient temperature, are investigated. In addition to the ‘long-time’ response of the material to cyclic loading conditions, the detail of the response during a single cycle of deformation is examined. Not all of the mechanical energy added to the specimen during a cycle appears as heat. The data demonstrates that thermomechanical coupling effects can be extremely important.
Essentiality of chromium in humans.

Chromium is an essential nutrient required for normal sugar and fat metabolism. Insufficient dietary chromium is associated with maturity-onset diabetes and/or cardiovascular diseases. Dietary chromium intake in the U.S. and other developed countries is roughly half of the minimum suggested intake of 50 micrograms. Well controlled studies involving human subjects have demonstrated beneficial effects of supplemental chromium on fasting glucose, glucose tolerance, blood lipids, insulin binding, and hypoglycemic blood glucose values and symptoms. Since chromium is a nutrient and not a therapeutic agent, it will only benefit those people whose signs and symptoms are due to marginal or overt chromium deficiency. Stresses including high sugar diets, strenuous exercise, physical trauma, infection and certain diseases exacerbate the signs and symptoms associated with marginal intakes of dietary chromium. While excessive levels of chromium are usually limited to industrial settings, marginal dietary chromium intake is widespread in the general population and may lead to serious health problems.
Thermodynamics of the purine nucleotide cycle

Abstract Since the standard Gibbs energies of formation are known for all the species in the purine nucleotide cycle at 298.15 K, the functions of pH and ionic strength that yield the standard transformed Gibbs energies of formation of the ten reactants can be calculated. This makes it possible to calculate the standard transformed Gibbs energies of reaction, apparent equilibrium constants, and changes in the binding of hydrogen ions for the three reactions at desired pHs and ionic strengths. These calculations are also made for the net reaction and a reaction that is related to it. The equilibrium concentrations for the cycle are calculated when all the reactants are initially present or only some are present initially. Since the concentrations of GTP, GDP, and Pi may be in steady states, the equilibrium concentrations are also calculated for the system at specified steady-state concentrations.
Experimental Demonstration of Coherent Optical I/Q Demodulation of Analog RF Signals

We report the experimental demonstration of a coherent optical phase modulation receiver utilizing the simultaneous in-phase and quadrature-phase demodulation of analog radio frequency signals to achieve highly linear photonic transport.
Pressure Exchange Heat Pump: Natural Gas Residential Air Conditioning

There is a strong societal need for a thermally-based air conditioning system which can provide cooling in the summer to small homes and businesses. There is currently no technology available today that can fill this vast market in a cost-effective manner. This paper discusses a potentially important technology which has the potential of contributing to this need, as well as helping to reduce carbon emissions. The paper discusses this technology, it potential, and describes some of the preliminary computational work that will lead to its ultimate development.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A TECHNICAL COMPARISON OF TWO VERSIONS OF THE PORTRAIT OF SARAH SIDDONS AS THE TRAGIC MUSE BY JOSHUA REYNOLDS

• Sir Joshua Reynolds's portrait of Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse was completed in 1784. It now hangs in the Huntington Library and Art Museum, San Marino, California. In 1789, ,Reynolds was commissioned to produce a second, full-scale version of the painting for the art dealer Noel Desenfans. This version passed to Sir Francis Bourgeois in 1807 and was donated to Dulwich Picture Gallery, London. The pictures were brought together for the first time since leaving Reynolds's studio for the exhibition 'A Passion for Performance: Sarah Siddons and her Portraits' held at the J. Paul Getty Museum in 1999. Prior to exhibition, the paintings underwent technical examination and study. Stylistic differences are apparent on visual examination. The pearls around Siddons's neck lack the gentle twists in the copy; the single strokes dragged to produce the headband are reproduced in the copy using multiple dabbings; the corner of the footstool is uncovered in the original but covered in the copy. Dramatic differences became obvious after X-ray examination of the Huntington version. A putto had been painted out to the lower left of Siddons's feet; the figure of 'Horror' in the background, based on a self-portrait of Reynolds, was changed from a figure depicting 'Melancholy'; the carefully defined spatial volume so clear in the X-ray was not apparent in the copy. The changes in the painting were remarked upon by visitors to Reynolds's studio and eventually even Sarah Siddons begged him not to alter the painting further. The positioning of the main figure did not alter but crosssectional analyses revealed a number of changes in details:
Hybrid solar cells from MDMO-PPV and silicon nanocrystals

Solution-processed bulk heterojunction solar cells from silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) have shown promising power conversion efficiencies. Here we report on an attempt to enhance the performance of Si NC–polymer hybrid solar cells by using poly[2-methoxy-5-(3′,7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMO-PPV) as a hole conductor, which is expected to yield a higher open circuit voltage than P3HT due to its lower highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Bulk heterojunction solar cells consisting of 3–5 nm silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) and poly[2-methoxy-5-(3′,7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMO-PPV) have been fabricated. The properties of the hybrid Si NC/MDMO-PPV devices were studied as a function of the Si NC/MDMO-PPV weight ratio. Cells of 58 wt% 3–5 nm Si NCs showed the best overall performance under simulated one-sun AM 1.5 global illumination (100 mW cm−2). Compared to composite films of Si NCs and poly(3-hexylthiophene), we indeed observed an improved open circuit voltage but a lower power conversion efficiency from the Si NC/MDMO-PPV devices. The lower efficiency of Si NC/MDMO-PPV is correlated to the lower hole mobility and narrower absorption spectrum of MDMO-PPV compared to P3HT.
DSP-based automatic color reduction using multiscale clustering

This paper presents a modification of the multi-scale clustering algorithm in order to reduce the color content of an image in an automatic manner without requiring the specification of the number of colors. The clustering space is chosen to be the YCbCr color space as used in the JPEG compression standard. Although multi-scale clustering is capable of defining prominent data clusters in an automatic manner, it may not generate all perceptibly distinctive colors when applied to the YCbCr color space. In this work, we have modified the multi-scale clustering algorithm to overcome this limitation for color reduction purposes. Our color reduction algorithm consists of two parts. The first part is a modification of multi-scale clustering to obtain a set of primary color prototypes. The second part is a color sectoring method to obtain a set of secondary color prototypes. The developed color reduction algorithm has been implemented on a high performance DSP processor, namely TMS320C6201, due to the computational requirement associated with multi-scale clustering. The result show on average 50 percent more compression over that of the JPEG standard for the color portion of images with comparable levels of color distortion.
Approach to the Girl with Early Onset of Pubic Hair

Premature pubarche, or the development of pubic hair before the age of 8 in girls or 9 in boys, is most commonly caused by premature adrenarche. Adrenarche is the maturation of the adrenal zona reticularis in both boys and girls, resulting in the development of pubic hair, axillary hair, and adult apocrine body odor. Although originally thought to be a benign variant of normal development, premature adrenarche has been associated with insulin resistance and the later development of metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome. Although further studies are needed to confirm these relationships, the case presented herein argues for periodic assessment of children at risk. Indeed, recognition of these associations may allow for early preventive measures.
Static light scattering of triaxial nanoparticle suspensions in the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye regime: application to cellulose nanocrystals

A simple method has been developed to measure the dimensions of triaxial nanoparticles through light scattering data. The application of Debye's expansion of the form factor has been extended beyond the second moment of the difference of distances (radius of gyration). Analytical expressions have been derived for the fourth and sixth moments that are valid for all nanoparticle shapes. The moments provide information about the aspect ratio of the nanoparticles regardless of the geometry. If a shape is assumed, simple algebraic expressions for the moments can be obtained for monodisperse and polydisperse samples, which can be used to solve for specific nanoparticle dimensions. The methods described here have been applied to static light scattering measurements of dilute aqueous suspension of triaxial cellulose nanocrystals isolated from cotton. When the polydispersity is included, the dimensions determined from light scattering data (6.4 × 28 × 152 nm) are in close agreement with atomic force microscopy measurements. This methodology can be easily applied to nanoparticles of complex shapes and extended to other scattering techniques; it would be especially useful for polymer based nanoparticles and biological macromolecules.
Low-Lying Electronic States and Dissociation Energies of the Monochlorides of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni

Published equilibrium data involving the gaseous monochlorides of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni have been re-examined by thermochemical analysis, using more recent information on the low-lying electronic states, yielding D degrees 0 values in kcal mol-1 of CrCl (90.0), MnCl (79.8), FeCl (79.3), CoCl (81.3), and NiCl (88.1). Although this revised approach is believed to yield more reliable values of the FeCl, CoCl, and NiCl dissociation energies, results show that use of M+ electronic levels in place of the adopted MCl values leads to alternate D degrees 0(MCl) values agreeing within 1.6 kcal mol-1, providing a useful check on electronic-level contributions to the thermochemical calculations.
Optimal use of acute headache medication: a qualitative examination of behaviors and barriers to their performance.

Objective This study aims to qualitatively examine the behaviors required to optimally use acute headache medication and the barriers to successful performance of these behaviors. Background The efficacy of drug treatment is partly determined by medication adherence. The adherence literature has focused almost exclusively on the behaviors required to optimally use medications that are taken on a fixed schedule, as opposed to medications taken on an as needed basis to treat acute episodes of symptoms, such as headaches. Methods Twenty-one people with headache and 15 health care providers participated in qualitative phenomenological interviews that were transcribed and coded by a multidisciplinary research team using phenomenological analysis. Results Interviews revealed 8 behaviors required to optimally use acute headache medication, including cross-episode behaviors that people with headache regularly perform to ensure optimal acute headache medication use, and episode-specific behaviors used to treat an individual headache episode. Interviews further revealed 9 barriers that hinder successful performance of these behaviors. Conclusions Behaviors required to optimally use acute headache medication were numerous, often embedded in a larger chain of behaviors, and were susceptible to disruption by numerous barriers.
T cell metabolism and the immune response.

As T cells respond to pathogens, they must transition from a quiescent, naive state, to a rapidly proliferating, active effector state, and back again to a quiescent state as they develop into memory cells. Such transitions place unique metabolic demands on the differentiating cells. T cells meet these demands by altering their metabolic profiles, which are, in turn, regulated by distinct signaling cascades and transcriptional programs. Here, we examine the metabolic profiles of T cells during an acute immune response and discuss the signal and transcriptional regulators of these metabolic changes.