cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Pattern Drafting: Part I : Projection

An algorithm is presented for computationally drafting patterns from three-dimen sional data, in which the fabric is everywhere in contact with the underlying surface. The algorithm is based on an earlier theoretical framework, which models draping a garment as a two-step process. In this part, a functional relationship for the fabric flattening step of that framework is developed for woven fabric. Use of the algorithm is demonstrated in drafting coverings for a spherical object. The only factors that restrict the form to be fitted are the physical characteristics of the fabric. Previously reported methods for drafting patterns from three-dimensional data have been severely limited by arbitrarily chosen projections. In Part II, a functional relationship for the garment definition step of the framework is developed for a basic skirt.
Exploring Density-Reliability Tradeoffs on Nanoscale Substrates: When Do Smaller Less Reliable Devices Make Sense?

It is widely recognized that device and interconnect fabrics at the nanoscale will be characterized by an increased susceptibility to transient faults. This appears to be intrinsic to nanoscale regimes and fundamentally limits the eventual benefits of the increased device density, i.e., the overheads associated with achieving fault-tolerance may counter the benefits of increased device density -- density-reliability tradeoff. At the same time, as devices scale down one can expect a higher proportion of area to be associated with interconnection, i.e., area is wire dominated. This paper theoretically explores density-reliability tradeoffs in wire dominated integrated systems. We derive an area scaling model based on simple assumptions capturing the salient features of hierarchical design for high performance systems. We then evaluate overheads associated with using basic fault-tolerance techniques at different levels of the design hierarchy. This, albeit simplified model, allows us to tackle several interesting questions: When does it make sense to use smaller less reliable devices? At what scale of the design hierarchy should fault tolerance be applied in high performance integrated systems? Our analysis reveals two critical parameters, the technology and design scaling factors, which are key to predicting the reliability requirements for emerging technologies if traditional hierarchical design continues to be used.
WOMEN, LAND STRUGGLES, AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE COMMONS

This article examines the question of communal land property in Africa and its implications for women’s land rights. Among the themes discussed are: the reforms of communal land tenure attempted by the World Bank in the 1990s, the critique of communal land relations that feminist organizations have made on account of their patriarchal discrimination against women, and the simultaneous efforts by landless rural and urban women to appropriate unused plots of public land for subsistence farming. While warning that the feminist attack on communal land ownership may strengthen the neo-liberal drive towards the privatization of land, the article looks at women’s reclamation of unused public land for subsistence farming as the path to the constitution of new commons.
Simple three‐pool model accurately describes patterns of long‐term litter decomposition in diverse climates

As atmospheric CO 2 increases, ecosystem carbon sequestration will largely depend on how global changes in climate will alter the balance between net primary production and decomposition. The response of primary production to climatic change has been examined using well-validated mechanistic models, but the same is not true for decomposition, a primary source of atmospheric CO 2 . We used the Long-term Intersite Decomposition Experiment Team (LIDET) dataset and model-selection techniques to choose and parameterize a model that describes global patterns of litter decomposition. Mass loss was best represented by a three-pool negative exponential model, with a rapidly decomposing labile pool, an intermediate pool representing cellulose, and a recalcitrant pool. The initial litter lignin/nitrogen ratio defined the size of labile and intermediate pools. Lignin content determined the size of the recalcitrant pool. The decomposition rate of all pools was modified by climate, but the intermediate pool's decomposition rate was also controlled by relative amounts of litter cellulose and lignin (indicative of lignin-encrusted cellulose). The effect of climate on decomposition was best represented by a composite variable that multiplied a water-stress function by the Lloyd and Taylor variable Q 10 temperature function. Although our model explained nearly 70% of the variation in LIDET data, we observed systematic deviations from model predictions. Below- and aboveground material decomposed at notably different rates, depending on the decomposition stage. Decomposition in certain ecosystem-specific environmental conditions was not well represented by our model; this included roots in very wet and cold soils, and aboveground litter in N-rich and arid sites. Despite these limitations, our model may still be extremely useful for global modeling efforts, because it accurately (R 2 = 0.6804) described general patterns of long-term global decomposition for a wide array of litter types, using relatively minimal climatic and litter quality data.
First endoluminal system for transmural resection of colorectal tissue with a prototype full-thickness resection device in a porcine model.

Background: Endoluminal transmural resection of colorectal lesions is a pivotal advance in endoscopic technology. A full-thickness resection device has been developed that functions through a combination of tissue grasping, stapling, and cutting under endoscopic guidance. This preclinical study evaluated the performance, safety, and effectiveness of the full-thickness resection device in a porcine model. Methods: The full-thickness resection device consists of an operative handle, flexible shaft, and a resection chamber head. Eight pigs were randomized to 2 survival groups (4 each) of 14 and 28 days. The mucosa was marked electrosurgically to delineate target areas in the distal colon. A gastroscope inserted through the channel of the full-thickness resection device was advanced together with the device to the target. Targeted tissue was pulled into the resection chamber with a forceps, staples were deployed, and the isolated specimen was resected with a cutting blade. Histologic and radiographic evaluations were performed. Results: All resections were transmural. Mean resected tissue diameter was 3.6 cm (1.4-5.2 cm). Mean procedure time was 30.2 (15) minutes. Minor mechanical problems required the use of replacement devices to complete 3 procedures. Resection sites were identified endoscopically and radiographically at sacrifice. In one animal, local adhesions were present. Histology evaluation disclosed resection line mucosal ulceration in 4 animals with fibroinflammatory changes consistent with healing. Conclusions: The full-thickness resection device can be used for endoluminal transmural localized resection of colorectal tissue in an animal model.
Selective Growth of Polycrystalline Diamond Thin Films

Microwave plasma assisted CVD is employed to grow diamond films using a gas mixture of H2 and CH4on various substrates. Diamond has a tendency not to nucleate growth on mirror-smooth finished substrates irrespective of the substrate type (except single crystal diamond). We have developed various processes to enhance the nucleation density of the diamond substantially by damaging or seeding the surface of the substrates. Several process techniques such as 1. silicon nitride and silicon dioxide process, 2. ultrasonic agitation process, 3. selective seeding of diamond by electroplating of Cu, 4. patterning of diamond films by air-microwave plasma etching, etc., were developed to achieve the patterns of diamond on various substrates. Selective growth of doped diamond and low temperature growth of diamond for microelectronic applications have also been achieved by using the above processes (1 and 2). Details on selective diamond growth processes and the morphology of as-deposited selective diamond by SEM are presented.
Wave model solution to the ground/power plane noise problem

In this paper, we describe the development of a theoretical field-based or "wave" model which we are employing in an attempt to characterize the ground/power plane (e.g., the V/sub cc/ plane) structure of a printed wiring board (PWB) or multichip module (MCM). A brief development of the model is presented, followed by simulation results and insight into the noise phenomena. A test structure and electrical measurements are used to confirm the correctness and applicability of the model. >
Three-dimensional object representation and invariant recognition using continuous distance transform neural networks

3D object recognition under partial object viewing is a difficult pattern recognition task. In this paper, we introduce a neural-network solution that is robust to partial viewing of objects and noise corruption. This method directly utilizes the acquired 3D data and requires no feature extraction. The object is first parametrically represented by a continuous distance transform neural network (CDTNN) trained by the surface points of the exemplar object. The CDTNN maps any 3D coordinate into a value that corresponds to the distance between the point and the nearest surface point of the object. Therefore, a mismatch between the exemplar object and an unknown object can be easily computed. When encountered with deformed objects, this mismatch information can be backpropagated through the CDTNN to iteratively determine the deformation in terms of affine transform. Application to 3D heart contour delineation and invariant recognition of 3D rigid-body objects is presented.
How Many Animals Do We Want to Save? The Many Ways of Setting Population Target Levels for Conservation

Conservation biologists struggle to decide how many animals to save. In this article, I outline 18 approaches to setting population target levels (PTLs) for animals, with rules of thumb and analytical recommendations for each approach. Minimally viable populations, the most common target level, are necessary but not sufficient for most efforts, given the range of values that bear on conservation. Reference ecosystems, either extant or historical, are key for setting practical target levels. Setting PTLs sufficient for conserved populations to be animals in all respects (including functional, social, landscape, ethical, aesthetic, and spiritual aspects) is a critical consensus point. In many cases densities as well as overall population size will need to be specified. I suggest a four-tiered system of setting incrementally higher population target levels such that conservation provides first for demographic sustainability, then ecological integrity, then sustainable use, and finally restoration of historical numbers of wildlife, based on times when human beings had less impact on the planet than we do today.
Albertian errors in head-mounted displays: I. Choice of eye-point location for a near- or far-field task visualization

A theoretical investigation of rendered depth and angular errors, or Albertian errors, linked to natural eye movements in binocular head-mounted displays (HMDs) is presented for three possible eye-point locations: the center of the entrance pupil, the nodal point, and the center of rotation of the eye. A numerical quantification was conducted for both the pupil and the center of rotation of the eye under the assumption that the user will operate solely in either the near field under an associated instrumentation setting or the far field under a different setting. Under these conditions, the eyes are taken to gaze in the plane of the stereoscopic images. Across conditions, results show that the center of the entrance pupil minimizes rendered angular errors, while the center of rotation minimizes rendered position errors. Significantly, this investigation quantifies that under proper setting of the HMD and correct choice of the eye points, rendered depth and angular errors can be brought to be either negligible or within specification of even the most stringent applications in performance of tasks in either the near field or the far field.
Inhibition of experimental neointimal hyperplasia and thrombosis depends on the type of vascular injury and the site of drug administration.

BACKGROUNDHeparin inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in tissue culture and limits neointimal hyperplasia after experimental arterial injury but has been ineffective in reducing clinical restenosis. We examined how this discrepancy might reflect suboptimal drug-tissue interactions and/or differences in the vascular response to injury.METHODS AND RESULTSIntravenous infusion was compared with local administration of heparin to injured rabbit iliac arteries either from drug-impregnated polymeric controlled release matrices in the perivascular space or from drug-releasing endovascular stents. Occlusive thrombosis, seen in 42% of control stent-bearing arteries, and partial thrombosis were virtually eliminated by heparin delivery from any route. Intimal area 14 days after balloon withdrawal denudation alone was reduced to an equal extent by continuous systemic heparin or by perivascular heparin for the first 3 days. In contrast, endovascular stents produced more exuberant neointimal hyperplasia, ...
Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections as a common cause of hospitalization in United States children

Abstract Background Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) was first observed in pediatric patients in the late 1990s. Since then, possible risk factors for contracting CA-MRSA have been hypothesized, but supporting studies are limited. Methods We analyzed hospital discharge records for patients with a principal International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code for skin and soft tissue infections, collected from 1996 to 2006 by the United States National Center for Health Statistics. Noninstitutional, short-stay hospitals in the United States participated. The sample was limited to patients aged ≤19 years. Staphylococcus aureus and CA-MRSA were defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Data weights were used to derive regional and national estimates. Population estimates were obtained from the US Bureau of the Census, and incidence rates were reported per 100,000 persons. Risk factors for CA-MRSA were first identified using χ 2 and χ 2 goodness-of-fit tests, then by multivariable logistic regression. Results These data represent 616,375 pediatric discharges for skin and soft tissue infections from U.S. hospitals between 1996 and 2006. This represents approximately 69.9 hospitalizations for skin and soft tissue infections per 100,000 U.S. children per year. Staphylococcus aureus and CA-MRSA accounted for 19.6% and 9.6% of these cases, respectively. The rate of hospitalization for CA-MRSA skin and soft tissue infections increased dramatically over the study period; from less than one case per 100,000 in 1996 to 25.5 cases per 100,000 in 2006. Rates of CA-MRSA varied by region, with the South region having the highest rate (11.5 per 100,000 US children), followed by the West (5.2), Northeast (3.4), and Midwest (3.2). Peak CA-MRSA incidence occurred from May to December; however, the incidence in the South region was consistently higher than other regions for most months and the period of peak incidence was longer than other regions. Independent risk factors for CA-MRSA included survey year, race, geographic region, hospital size, and health insurance status ( P Conclusions Pediatric hospitalizations for methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and CA-MRSA skin and soft tissue infections are on the rise. Possible risk factors for CA-MRSA infection include White race, residence in the South region of the United States, and lack of health insurance.
Outcomes of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy in an urban community clinic: A comparison of treatment completers and dropouts

Abstract This study examined outcomes of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for 52 clinically referred children with oppositional behavior and their parents treated in an urban, community mental health clinic serving demographically (i.e., income level, ethnicity) diverse families. Standardized observations of parent–child interactions and parent reported measures of child behavior were collected at pre- and post-treatment. We addressed two primary research questions: (1) What are pre-treatment predictors of treatment completion? (2) What are treatment outcomes both for families who successfully completed PCIT and for treatment dropouts? Multiple logistic regression results showed a significantly greater likelihood of treatment completion related to higher parent education, male child gender, and two parent households. Among families who completed treatment, pre–post data demonstrated significant parent change in observed skill use and improvement in parent reported disruptive behaviors with medium to large effect sizes. Findings also documented early treatment benefits for families who completed the first phase of PCIT but dropped out in the final phase prior to meeting full graduation criteria. We discuss the findings and implications for community-based applications of PCIT in the context of community mental health's mission to provide effective treatment and maximize community access to services.
Role of nitric oxide synthase-containing vascular nerves in cerebrovasodilation elicited from cerebellum

We studied whether the increases in cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF) elicited by stimulation of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) are attenuated by systemic administration of inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and, if so, whether NOS-containing perivascular nerves arising from the sphenopalatine ganglia (SPG) are the source of NO during FN stimulation. Rats were anesthetized (1-3% halothane) and artificially ventilated. The FN or the pontine reticular formation (PRF) was stimulated electrically through a stereotaxically implanted microelectrode. To eliminate the elevation in arterial pressure (AP) elicited by FN or PRF stimulation the cervical spinal cord was transected and AP was maintained by intravenous phenylephrine. CBF was measured by a laser-Doppler probe placed over the parietal cortex. Systemic administration of the NOS inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 5-40 mg/kg) reduced resting CBF, an effect that was maximal at 10 mg/kg (-30 +/- 4%; n = 6; P 0.05; n = 6).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Report of ITMIG 2015 Meeting

Background: Limited treatment options exist for patients with thymic malignancies (TM), and chemotherapy efficacy is often restricted by cumulative toxicity such as neuropathy (taxanes) and cardiomyopathy (anthracyclines). Single agent amrubicin, a third generation anthracycline and topoisomerase II inhibitor with minimal cardiac toxicity, was investigated in TM patients in this trial. Methods: This was an open-label single drug trial at two institutions in the United States (Stanford University and Indiana University). Eligible patients had TM [thymoma (T) or thymic carcinoma (TC)] with progression or relapse after at least one prior chemotherapy regimen, and adequate organ function including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of >50%. The initial treatment plan consisted of amrubicin at 40 mg/m 2 IV days 1–3 repeated in 3-week cycles. Results: From July 2011 to April 2014, a total of 33 patients (14T/19TC) were enrolled. There were 14 women and 19 men; age range of 30–81 years; 9 Asian, 1 African-American, 1 Hispanic and 22 non-Hispanic White patients. A high rate of febrile neutropenia (FN) led to an amended starting dose of 35 mg/m 2 days 1–3 repeated in 3-week cycles. In total, 7 patients experienced FN with 1 related death. Other grade 3/4 related events included: thrombocytopenia (n=2), neutropenia without fever (n=3), hyponatremia (n=2), hypokalemia (n=2), anemia (n=7), lethargy/fatigue (n=7), perirectal abscess (n=2), palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (n=3), syncope (n=2), venous embolism (n=2), and 1 patient each with sepsis, oral abscess, mucositis, chest pain, and epigastric pain. Other toxicities were generally mild and well tolerated. No significant changes in LVEF were noted on serial echocardiograms. There were 6 partial responses (4T/2TC), 21 with stable disease, and 4 with progressive disease (PD) or death at or before first assessment for a response rate (RR) of 18% and a disease control rate (DCR) of 88% (29%/11% RR in T vs . TC and 100%/78% DCR in T vs. TC). All but 5 patients received at least 4 cycles, and 15 tolerated >10 cycles, with 38 cycles as the highest number to date. Three patients remain on therapy. Conclusions: Amrubicin, at 35 mg/m 2 IV days 1–3 on a 3-week cycle, shows promise as a single agent in pre-treated patients with T and TC with an 18% RR (29% T/11% TC) and no unexpected toxicity. DCRs of 100% in the T patients and 78% in the TC patients were observed. RR and DCR were higher in the T patients compared to the TC patients. Further exploration of amrubicin as a single drug or in combination is warranted in TM.
Spillover or Spillout? The Global Justice Movement in the United States After 9/11

This article focuses on a seemingly paradoxical sequel to the 1999 Seattle WTO protests: the weakening of the global justice movement in the United States. While the movement has flourished in Europe, it seems largely to have stagnated in the American context. This outcome cannot be explained by either American exceptionalism or by a general decline in activism in the wake of the tragedies of 9/11 and the Iraq War. First comparing expressions of the American and European global justice movements and then turning to original data on social movement organizing in Seattle after 1999, we argue that the weakness of the American global justice movement can be tied to three key factors: (a) a more repressive atmosphere towards transnational protest; (b) a politically inspired linkage between global terrorism and transnational activism of all kinds; and (c) what we call "social movement spillout." We further argue that the strongest movement since September 11th—the antiwar movement—exemplifies a broader trend in...
Abstract B39: Mammographic density and breast lobular involution

B39 Background The breast glandular epithelium is composed of lobules that undergo age-related involution that increases as women age and has been associated with lowered breast cancer risk. Mammographic density (MD) is an established risk factor for breast cancer that has been shown to decrease with age. This study examined the association of age-related lobular involution with mammographic breast density. Materials and Methods The study sample was selected from approximately 20,000 healthy women who were enrolled in a screening cohort at the Mayo Clinic (Mayo Mammography Health Study) from 2003 to 2006 and had a benign breast biopsy (BBD) within 2 years of the enrollment mammogram. A quantitative measure of mammographic density, percent density (PD) was estimated on the enrollment mammogram, in addition to its components dense and nondense area (NDA). All biopsies were reviewed by a breast pathologist for the type of benign breast disease (BBD) as well as lobular involution status. Involution was defined as the proportion of terminal ductal lobular units (TDLUs) in the background tissue on biopsy that showed at least 50% decrease in size and number of acini from normal lobules and was subjectively assessed as: No- 0% involution, Partial- 1 to 74%, or Complete- >75% involution. Mean density was estimated for the 3 categories of involution using generalized linear models and square root transformation. Confounders were assessed including age, parity, body mass index (BMI), type of BBD, menopausal status, age at first birth and family history Results A total of 317 women from the MMHS had BBD within 2 years of enrollment. Mean age at BBD diagnosis in this sample was 55 years. Age- and BMI- adjusted analyses suggested an inverse association of involution and percent density with adjusted mean PD values of 23.3 (95%CI [17.2, 30.3]) for no involution, 21.9 (95%CI [20.0, 23.9]) for partial involution, and 17.8 (95% CI [14.7, 21.3]) for complete involution (p for trend 0.05). This trend was driven primarily by the positive association of involution with nondense area with adjusted mean NDA values of 103.1cm2 (95% CI [86.1, 121.7]) for no involution, 104.9 cm2 (95% CI [99.4, 110.7]) for partial involution, and 126.2 cm2 (95% CI [115.0, 137.9]) for complete involution (p for trend 0.004). Discussion Our findings suggest that MD is inversely associated with involution of breast tissues, providing a plausible mechanism through which MD influences breast cancer risk. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B39.
Intratracheal injection of LPS and cytokines. V. LPS induces expression of LIF and LIF inhibits acute inflammation

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injected into the trachea of rats was found to induce the secretion of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) into bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid with a maximum expression of LIF after 2-12 h. The acute pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation caused by the intratracheal injection of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) could be inhibited by the intratracheal coinjection of recombinant LIF. Compared with intratracheal injection of LPS alone, intratracheal coinjection of LIF and LPS decreases the number of BAL neutrophils obtained 6 h later by approximately 50% (P < 0.0001). LIF decreased the amount of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), but not the amount of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6, in the BAL fluid of LPS-injected rats. Similarly, intravenous LIF was found to decrease TNF expression, but increase IL-6 expression, in the serum of rats receiving intravenous LPS. Intravenous LIF, even in the absence of LPS, was found to cause IL-6 expression. In conclusion, intratracheal LPS initiates the secretion of endogenous LIF into the alveolar space where LIF may contribute to the downregulation of LPS-initiated acute neutrophilic inflammation by downregulating expression of TNF. LIF may down-regulate LPS-initiated TNF expression at least in part indirectly by upregulating expression of IL-6, a cytokine known to downregulate LPS-initiated TNF expression.
Pan-European Options: The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

The CSCE has emerged as an important security organization and deserves attention mainly because the breakdown of the bipolar confrontation in Europe has made the concerns of NATO and the WEU, organizations that evolved as a result of the instability of the early Cold War years, seem outdated.1 To some, the CSCE promises a more representative basis for planning European security since it encompasses all of Europe (including the CIS) rather than just Western Europe, as well as Canada and the USA. The refusal of other European institutions to consider full membership for Eastern Europe will probably lead to pressure on the CSCE to take on much of the burden for non-military threats to European security. The CSCE is the only institution that can lay claim to being pan-European. The Prague Council meeting of January 1992 granted ‘participating state’ status to all former Soviet republics — thus creating a security area from Vancouver to Vladivostock which goes far beyond North America or Europe, to include Central Asia and the Far East. Significantly, the Helsinki summit of the same year took the decision to invite Japan to participate, as a non-participating state, in CSCE meetings, thereby tying together aspects of European and Asian security.
Home visiting and perinatal smoking: a mixed-methods exploration of cessation and harm reduction strategies.

Home visiting programs represent an important primary prevention strategy for adverse prenatal health behaviors; the various ways in which home visiting programs impact prenatal smoking cessation and reduction behaviors remain understudied. Mixed methods approach using a retrospective cohort of propensity score matched home visiting clients and local-area comparison women with first births between 2008–2014 in a large Northeast state. Multivariable logistic and linear regression estimated third trimester prenatal tobacco smoking cessation and reduction. Additionally, qualitative interviews were conducted with 76 home visiting clients. A program effect was seen for smoking cessation such that clients who smoked less than ten cigarettes per day and those who smoked 20 or more cigarettes per day during the first trimester were more likely to achieve third trimester cessation than comparison women (p <0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively). Only for heavy smokers (20 or more cigarettes during the first trimester) was there a significant reduction in number of cigarettes smoked by the third trimester versus comparison women (p = 0.01). Clients expressed the difficulty of cessation, but addressed several harm-reduction strategies including reducing smoking in the house and wearing a smoking jacket. Clients also described smoking education that empowered them to ask others to not smoke or adopt other harm reducing behaviors when around their children. While a significant impact on smoking cessation was seen, this study finds a less-clear impact on smoking reduction among women in home visiting programs. As home visiting programs continue to expand, it will be important to best identify effective ways to support tobacco-related harm reduction within vulnerable families.
Some of My Favorite Coloring Problems for Graphs and Digraphs

One of the central notions in graph theory is that of a coloring–a partition of the vertices where each part induces a graph with some given property. The most studied property is that of inducing an empty graph–a graph without any edges. Changing the property slightly creates interesting variations. In this paper I will discuss a few of my favorite coloring problems and variations. This discussion is not meant to be comprehensive. The field is so massive that attempts to catalog all important developments were abandoned many years ago. So I will restrict this to a very small set of problems that reflect my personal interests and perhaps nothing more.
Light-Induced Phase Segregation in Halide-Perovskite Absorbers

In the few short years since the inception of single-junction perovskite solar cells, their efficiencies have skyrocketed. Perovskite absorbers have at least as much to offer tandem solar cells as they do for single-junction cells due in large part to their tunable band gaps. However, modifying the perovskite band structure via halide substitution, the method that has been most effective at tuning band gaps, leads to instabilities in the material for some compositions. Here, we discuss the thermodynamic origin and consequences of light-induced phase segregation observed in mixed-halide perovskites. We propose that, as the phase segregation is rooted in halide migration and possibly affected by lattice strain, modifying the perovskite composition and lattice structure, increasing compositional uniformity, and reducing defect concentrations could significantly improve stability.
Scavenging of micron-scale particles using a combination of fog and a cylindrical ultrasonic standing wave field

Abstract An experimental study is presented wherein a cylindrical ultrasonic standing wave field is used to increase the scavenging of micron-scale particles by water fog in an air stream. The cylindrical standing wave field was generated with a cylindrical resonator composed of a metal tube driven by three ultrasonic transducers. The nodes in the resonator took the form of concentric cylinders extending the length of the tube. Experiments conducted with the resonator yielded maximum scavenging coefficients over four times that obtained previously with a disk shaped geometry. The effect of both air flow rate and input power are investigated, and insights are presented on the mechanism of particle removal by drops in the presence of a standing wave field.
Synthesis and structure of synthetically pure and deuterated amorphous (basic) calcium carbonates

It is generally believed that H2O and OH− are the key species stabilizing and controlling amorphous calcium carbonate “polyamorph” forms, and may in turn control the ultimate crystallization products during synthesis and in natural systems. Yet, the locations and hydrogen-bonding network of these species in ACC have never been measured directly using neutron diffraction. We report a synthesis route that overcomes the existing challenges with respect to yield quantities and deuteration, both of which are critically necessary for high quality neutron studies.
PHOBIA OF RELIGION: RELIGION AS ISLAM a political argument and a psychoanalytic inquiry of Islamophobia in India

When Donald Trump imposed the “Muslim ban” what was surprising was the absence of any pretense to make it political. It wasn't a ban against some countries, it was a ban against Muslim countries or pithily against Muslims. But then what happens when the fear of intrusion underlying “banning” finds its realization in lynching? In the existing discourse on Islamophobia, how do we understand not only the Muslim who isn't allowed to enter but also the Muslim who is quite simply killed for having entered ages ago. In this paper, I share the trajectory of Muslims in India through history, politics, and psychoanalytic theory to present the case of Islamophobia in India. Developing on Edward Said's Orientalism (1978) and Gil Anidjar's, Secularism (2006), I explain how in the secular nation state of India, the phobia isn't of Islam; rather, it is of religion. The religion is identified as Islam. In this identification, national identity and religious identity are at loggerheads such that Muslims in between are left with an impossibility – they cannot be Indians as long as they are Muslims and they can never not be Muslims. In exploring the incidents of lynching, this paper presents a psycho-political reading of Muslims in India and their impossibility of being Indian.
Connecting peace, justice & reconciliation

In Elisabeth Porter’s book Connecting peace, justice & reconciliation, the author demonstrates how peace, justice and reconciliation are interconnected and uses peace narratives to challenge typica...
Generations, 1900–1923

Morley’s relationship with his stepson Johnson Ayling was more complicated than his other parental relationships. Although biographers have assumed that Morley, because of their blood tie, instinctually preferred his nephew to either of his stepchildren, it was actually his stepson who sought Morley’s regular counsel and showed the greatest promise for a career in government. This chapter examines Morley’s relationship with his stepson, who became embroiled in a scandal that resulted in his imprisonment. Suddenly and unanticipatedly, Morley had to assume responsibility for five of his stepgrandchildren.
20.1 DISSECTING THE FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF RECIPROCAL GENOMIC DISORDERS

AbstractBackgroundReciprocal genomic disorders (RGDs) represent a unique class of recurrent genomic variation that offer insight into highly dosage sensitive regions of the morbid human genome. However, the genomic architecture mediating RGDs, namely non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) of flanking segmental duplications, has rendered these genomic segments recalcitrant to conventional model studies. We recently developed a novel CRISPR method that leverages the homology of segmental duplications and efficiently generates large microdeletions and microduplications that mimic NAHR in humans, including ablation or duplication of one copy equivalent of the segmental duplications. Here, we explore the functional consequences of 16p11.2 RGD in iPS derived neuronal models and across mouse tissues.MethodsWe generated CRISPR-engineered 16p11.2 RGD models against an isogenic iPSC background and performed transcriptome profiling in iPSC-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) and induced neurons (iN) (n = 10 isogenic deletions, 10 duplications, 6 controls). We then integrated these data with RNAseq from 306 libraries from multiple tissues in 70 mouse models of reciprocal deletion and duplication of the syntenic 7qf3 region (cortex, striatum, cerebellum, liver, white fat, brown fat in 16 mice; and replication from cortex, striatum, cerebellum in 54 mice).ResultsIn ongoing analyses, weighted-gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) identified co-expression modules that were significantly enriched for 16p11.2 genes, evolutionarily constrained genes, genes robustly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; TADA q < 0.1) and developmental disorders (DDD). Pathway analyses within modules discovered enrichment of genes critical to synaptic formation and neural connectivity as well as the protocadherin gene family. Network analyses specific to brain tissues within modules further identified a convergence on highly connected, or ‘hub’ genes, on Wnt signaling, including Ctnnb1 and Ctnnd1. The module was also again enriched for ASD loci (TADA, FDR < 0.1), constrained genes (ExAC, pLI ≥ 0.9) and brain specific genes from the Human Protein Atlas.DiscussionThese studies suggest the functional consequences of 16p11.2 RGD across models converge on transcriptional signatures associated with critical neurodevelopmental pathways and individual genes implicated in a spectrum of developmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Wilderness Therapy and Adolescent Mental Health: Administrative and clinical issues

The Wilderness Therapy Program encourages a systems definition of problems, and focuses on the power of the challenging natural environment in effecting change in adolescents. Although there are difficulties with planning and implementing this type of program, its benefits go far beyond the negative aspects. It is hoped that these programs will benefit not only the participants, but the agencies as well.
UV Photochemistry of Ices

The potential impact of UV photoprocessing on the composition and the properties of solar system ices is discussed. The various energetic processes to which solar system ices are exposed (photon irradiation and charged particle bombardement) are taken into account as well as the variation of these processes with the type of object considered (planet, satellite, comet, rings.) and its environment. An attempt is made in each case to assess the relative contribution/importance of photoinduced chemistry compared to the chemistry induced by charged particle bombardement. Thus, it is found that UV photons should dominate the processing of ices in the outer layers of the surface . This, of course, needs to be scaled to the flux of solar UV photons available in each case. The information available on the composition of solar system molecular ices is reviewed and the known/potential chemical reactions induced by photon irradiation are examined. The laboratory techniques most commonly used to simulate the photoprocessing of ices are described. The information derived from the laboratory studies of the photochemistry of planetary, cometary and interstellar ice analogs is reviewed through representative examples. It is found that the laboratory effort devoted to the study of the UV photochemistry of planetary ice analogs has been virtually nonexistent until very recently. This is in sharp contrast with the case of interstellar ices where a fair amount of information has been derived from laboratory simulations over the last two decades. This is also in sharp contrast with the effort devoted to the study of the chemistry induced in ices by ion bombardment. A similar effort (in size, scope, and continuity) is called for to study the photon induced chemistry in solar-system ices . Moreover, it is fundamentally important to study the combined effects of UV photon irradiation and ion bombardment for the processing of ices to realistically simulate the irradiation effects on solar system ices.
Education Reform Strategies for Student Self-Regulation and Community Engagement

How well does the US public school system fare in student achievement when compared to educational systems in other countries? How satisfied is the American public with the effectiveness of US schools? The answers to these questions speak to whether or not education reform is needed.
Our Approach to Planning Education — and Ourselves

It was December 1985, in Washington, DC, at a cocktail reception sponsored by the World Bank, when Professor Thomas Blair first asked me to edit a volume on planning education. Tom had attended the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning Conference in Atlanta the month before, where I had presented a brief paper on planning education for international students. He proposed that the edited volume be based on the central theme of my paper, which was on “a one-world approach” to planning education. At first, I was a bit reluctant to accept Tom’s offer, since so much had already been written and said about planning education by such prominent persons as Harvey Perloff, Lloyd Rodwin, John Friedmann, and many others. Tom was persistent, and remarked that he heard a very different voice in my presentation — a voice which, he thought, could be appropriately amplified through the Plenum Series on Urban Innovation Abroad of which he is the Editor. Our conversation that evening had ended rather abruptly as Marian Barry, the mayor of Washington, DC, entered the room and greeted us with a smile and handshakes, turning our conversation to a discussion of his policies about the declining neighborhoods of America’s capital city.
Source Coding under Secrecy Constraints

Distributed compression involves compressing multiple data sources by exploiting the underlying correlation structure of the sources at separate noncooperating encoders, while decoding is done jointly at a single decoder. Recent years have witnessed an increasing amount of research on the theoretical and practical aspects of distributed source codes, which find applications in distributed video compression, peer-to-peer data distribution systems, and sensor networks. In many practical scenarios, limited network resources such as power and bandwidth, or physical limitations of the devices as in the case of sensor networks, pose challenges in terms of network performance and security. Oftentimes, the data aggregated in distributed compression systems may have commercial value as in the case of warehouse inventory monitoring systems, may contain sensitive information as in the case of distributed video surveillance systems, or might infringe personal privacy concerns as in the case of human body sensors measuring various health indicators. In all these scenarios, it is essential to develop distributed compression and communication protocols which exploit the limited power and bandwidth resources efficiently as well as satisfying the security requirements. Our goal in this chapter is to review fundamental limitations and tradeoffs for the overall performance optimization taking into account the quality and the security considerations jointly.
Turning omics data into therapeutic insights

Omics technologies have made it easier and cheaper to evaluate thousands of biological molecules at once. These advances have led to novel therapies approved for use in the clinic, elucidated the mechanisms behind disease-associated mutations, led to increased accuracy in disease subtyping and personalized medicine, and revealed novel uses and treatment regimes for existing drugs through drug repurposing and pharmacology studies. In this review, we summarize some of these milestones and discuss the potential of integrative analyses that combine multiple data types for further advances.
Human herpesvirus 6 associated post-transplant acute limbic encephalitis: Clinical observations of biomarkers for risk of seizure in a pediatric population.

Background Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) is a cause of post-transplant acute limbic encephalitis (PALE). Seizures are associated with this disorder yet no predictive biomarkers have been identified. The objective of this study was to evaluate lab and neurodiagnostic biomarkers in patients with HHV6 associated PALE. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed at our institutions between 2000 and 2017. Patients were identified through a clinical database. Inclusion criteria included: age less than 18 years, HHV6 (quantitative real-time PCR or meningoencephalitis panel) tested in CSF and serum. Biomarkers of serum and CSF viral load, EEG, and MRI were reviewed along with clinical data. Results In total, 11 patients met inclusion criteria. All patients had undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Five of 11 patients had seizures as part of their clinical course, all being controlled with antiepileptic monotherapy. Seizure semiology was focal-onset in three cases and generalized in two. Neuroimaging was normal in all patients within seven days but six patients developed T2 signal intensities in the temporal lobes on repeat imaging between 14-28 days. The median CSF HHV6 viral load for all patients was 47 300 copies/mL although the median viral load was 2586 copies/mL in patients who had seizure compared to 473 969 copies/mL in those who had not (P = 0.02). Those with seizures tended to be younger (median 6.5 years compared to 11 years, P = 0.27). All patients with seizures had an EEG with 80% demonstrating abnormalities. Conclusion In patients with post-hematopoietic stem cell transplant HHV6 associated PALE, lower CSF viral load may be associated with a higher likelihood to have seizures. This may indicate a primary infection as opposed to secondary reactivation phenomenon.
Examining Consumers’ Reactions and Firms’ Responses to Price Mistakes: An Abstract

As shopping and transactions shifted from brick-and-mortar stores to online, it offers challenges as well as opportunities for businesses. One of such opportunities is the adoption of dynamic pricing—offering different prices on the same/similar products to different consumers. Dynamic pricing is typically automated. With price automation, mistakes occur, either due to technical glitches or human errors. As consumers become more powerful supported by various social media and access to greater amount of information (Cattaneo and Chapman 2010; Labrecque et al. 2013), these mistakes can be quickly caught by consumers. Such price mistakes offer an interesting scenario to examine whether and how consumers would act fairly or unfairly toward retailers. Using a set of studies, we examine whether consumers take advantage of these price mistakes and whether the seller should grant the mistaken price. We also investigate whether canceling the orders leads to negative word of mouth and damaged future sales.
Institutional Review Boards: What Clinician Researchers Need to Know

The institutional review board (IRB) is a group federally mandated to review and monitor research involving humans to ensure protection of their rights and welfare as research participants. Clinicians engaged in research require IRB approval for all research involving human participants, whether living individuals, data, or specimens. The process for obtaining IRB approval may seem like a daunting task. However, it is critical for clinical researchers to conduct research in a manner that protects human participants, and it is the mission of the IRB to help researchers accomplish this task. The purpose of this article is to review the role and purpose of the IRB, highlight federal and regulatory standards in human research participants protection, and help clinical researchers have a broader understanding of IRB functions that will help them conduct high-quality research with human participants.
INCREASED LIKELIHOOD OF PEDIATRIC RECURRENT PATELLAR DISLOCATIONS BASED ON SEVERITY OF RADIOGRAPHIC MEASURES

Background:The etiology for recurrent patellar dislocations in children with patellofemoral instability (PFI) is not always apparent. Radiographic and other imaging measures help guide the clinicia...