cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Goodput by Coscheduling CPU and Network Capacity

In a cluster computing environment, executable, checkpoint, and data files must be transferred between application submission and execution sites. As the memory footprint of cluster applications increases, saving and restoring the state of a computation in such an environment may require substantial network resources at both the start and the end of a CPU allocation. During the allocation, the application may also consume network bandwidth to periodically transfer a checkpoint back to the submission site or checkpoint server and to access remote data files. Under most circumstances, the application cannot use the allocated CPU while these transfers are in progress. Furthermore, if the application is unable to transfer a checkpoint or successfully migrate at preemption time, work already accomplished by the application is lost. The authors define goodputas the allocation time when a remotely executing application uses the CPU to make forward progress. Goodput can be significantly less than allocated throughput due to network activity. The authors are currently engaged in an effort to develop coscheduling techniques for CPU and network resources that will improve the goodput delivered by Condor pools. They report techniques that they have developed so far, how they were implemented in Condor, and their preliminary impact on the goodput of the authors' production Condor pool.
Review of optical scintillation methods of measuring the refractive-index spectrum, inner scale and surface fluxes

Abstract The background, recent progress and future trends of remote sensing of three environmental parameters using optical scintillation are reviewed. The parameters are the refractive-index spectrum of turbulence, the inner scale of turbulence, and the surface fluxes of heat, humidity and momentum.
A MODEL BASED ON DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS FOR NON-INVASIVE QUANTIFICATION OF VALVULAR REGURGITATION UNDER CONFINED AND IMPINGING CONDITIONS

Abstract The most descriptive measure of valvular insufficiency is the regurgitant volume. Current techniques for measuring it, however, are invasive and semi-quantitative at best. Cape and colleagues have recently developed a non-invasive technique for the quantitation of regurgitant flows corresponding to free jets cases. This technique is, unfortunately, not applicable to cases of jets constrained and/or impinging on the atrial walls as observed in many cases of mitral regurgitation. The purpose of this paper was therefore to develop an equation based on dimensional analysis, for calculating peak regurgitant flow rates from quantities than can be measured by Doppler ultrasound/echocardiography. The result is an equation for flow rate, Qo, as a function of orifice velocity, Uo, a downstream centerline velocity, Um, at a distance, x, from the orifice, the diameter of the receiving chamber, Dc, and the impingement height, H: Q 0 =(π U 0 /4 )[a( U 0 /U m )H c D d c x e ] [2/c+d+e)] where a, c, d and e can be found by multiple linear regressions on pulsed Doppler jet centerline velocity data. The assumptions made in the derivation are such that they should be physiologically applicable. The advantage of this method compared to the previous one is its theoretical justification and ability to quantify accurately peak regurgitant flow rate, and total regurgitant volume.
Characterization of the interaction of P1,P4-diadenosine 5'-tetraphosphate with luciferase.

Abstract Adenylated dinucleotides (Ap n A) are regulatory molecules that control various cellular processes. A very likely intracellular target for Ap 4 A are enzymes that require ATP as either substrate or modulator. We report the results of new biochemical studies aimed at characterizing the Ap 4 A interaction with firefly luciferase, by using the luminometric and thin layer chromatography techniques. The data presented herein demonstrate that Ap 4 A is a noncompetitive inhibitor for the ATP-induced luminescence. These results together with our previous findings that Ap 4 A is a luciferase substrate [Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 23 (2004) in press.] support the notion that, similar to its interaction with P 2 receptors, Ap 4 A also has a dual interaction with luciferase. Other Ap n As ( n =2, 5, and 6) also inhibited the ATP–luciferase interaction. Since Ap n As may have similar interactions with other intracellular ATP-requiring enzymes, the study presented herein validates ulterior investigations of the Ap n A interaction with such enzymes, and opens the way to a better understanding of their intracellular roles.
Demonstration of denervation supersensitivity: a pharmacological approach.

Abstract 1. Although the phenomenon of denervation supersensitivity has been extensively studied in peripheral cholinergically and adrenergically innervated organs, the consequences of denervation have not been studied in as much detail in serotonergically innervated systems. This may be due in part of the difficulties associated with producing specific lesions of serotonergic systems and with quantifying physiological responses of the CNS due to serotonin. 2. Because the lateral ciliated cells of the gill of the bivalve mollusc, Mytilus edulis , are innervated by serotonergic motor neurons which are responsible for accelerating the beating rate of the cilia we used this as a model system with which to study the effects of denervation by physical transections of the branchial nerve and by pharmacological treatments with 5,6 dihydroxytryptamine. 3. Both treatments produced a supersensitive response of the ciliated cells to the superfusion of serotonim. Two mechanisms with different time courses may be responsible. 4. The initial faster acting component may be due to changes in re-uptake mechanisms for serotonin, while the later slowly developing component may be due to other causes, including a hyperplasia of postjunctional serotonin receptors.
Unexpected indirect effect of spiders on the rate of litter disappearance in a deciduous forest

Previous experiments in meadow and forest-floor communities have uncovered a negative indirect effect of spiders and other large epigeic predators on decomposition, presumably through depression of densities of microbi-detritivores. We report the results of a 17-month field experiment in a deciduous forest in which spiders exerted the opposite effect on decomposition. In autumn we collected falling leaves of oak (Quercus), maple (Acer) and hickory (Carya), and placed three bags of mixed litter, and three groups of tethered leaves, in 1-m2 fenced plots. We determined the disappearance rate of these leaves through April of the second year. Spider densities were reduced by >50% in the spider-removal treatment. The rate of leaf-litter disappearance was not higher in spider-removal plots, but instead was ca. 20% lower (P=0.057). Thus, spider predation clearly was not decreasing the rates of litter decomposition in our experiment; on the contrary, the results suggest that spiders were indirectly enhancing decomposition. Possible hypotheses to explain this unexpected result are discussed.
Chronic administration of growth hormone (GH) to adult chickens exerts marked effects on circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF binding proteins, hepatic GH regulated gene I, and hepatic GH receptor mRNA.

In young birds, growth hormone (GH) administration has been found to have only a small or even no effect on circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). This is in obvious contrast to the situation in mammals. The present study examines the effect of continuous administration of GH in adult male chickens. Plasma concentrations of IGF-I were markedly elevated (2.5–3.0-fold,p<0.001) in GH-treated chickens. There were also some transient increases in the circulating levels of IGF binding proteins. Adult chickens showed other manifestations of increased responsiveness to GH, including elevated hepatic expression of GH-regulated gene-I (mRNA) with GH treatment (p<0.05), and a tendency (p<0.08) for decreased GH-receptor mRNA. In contrast to the changes in circulating concentrations of GH and IGF-I with GH treatment, no changes in plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones, reproductive hormones, glucose, or nonesterified fatty acids were evident.
Wiring photosystem I for electron transfer to a tethered redox dye

We have recently reported the assembly of biological/organic hybrid nanoconstructs that generate H2 in the light (Grimme et al., Dalton Trans., 2009, 10106, Lubner et al., Biochemistry, 2010, 49, 10264). In these constructs, electrons are transferred directly from a photochemical module, Photosystem I (PS I), to a catalytic module, either a Pt nanoparticle (NP) or an [FeFe]-hydrogenase (H2ase), through the use of a covalently attached molecular wire. In neither case are any spectroscopic changes visible that would allow electron transfer to be monitored between the photochemical and catalytic modules. In this study, the catalytic module was replaced with an organic cofactor consisting of 1-(3-thiopropyl)-1′-(methyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium chloride that allowed electron transfer to be measured to a spectroscopically observable marker. EPR and optical spectroscopy showed that the tethered redox cofactor was attached to PS I through the FB cluster of PsaC. Under steady-state illumination, the rate of reduction of the 4,4′-bipyridinium cofactor was comparable to the rate of H2 evolution observed for the PS I—molecular wire—Pt-NP and PS I—molecular wire—[FeFe]-H2ase nanoconstructs. These observations provide proof-of-concept for incorporating a redox cofactor in the molecular wire, thereby setting the stage for monitoring the rate and yield of electron transfer between PS I and the tethered [FeFe]-H2ase.
Comparison of ethanol, pentobarbital, and phenobarbital using drug vs. drug discrimination training.

Rats learned drug vs. drug (D vs. D) or drug vs. no drug (D vs. N) discriminations in a T-maze shock-escape task with various doses of pentobarbital, phenobarbital, or ethanol. Dose-effect curves were obtained for each drug using D vs. N training. After D vs. N training with any one of these drugs, rats made D choices during substitution tests with the other two drugs, suggesting drug interchangeability. D vs. D training also showed that pentobarbital and phenobarbital were virtually indistinguishable from one another. However, ethanol was readily discriminated from pentobarbital, showing that the two drugs differed. The results show the utility of D vs. D training as a method for studying drug differences that may be too small to detect with substitution tests.
Leucine as an in vitro precursor to lipids in rat sciatic nerve.

The in vitro incorporation of leucine, isoleucine and pyruvate into lipids was compared and the possibility that leucine might serve as anin situ precursor to the correspondingiso fatty acids in the rat sciatic nerve was studied. The relative incorporation of14C from leucine into lipids vs. nonlipids was 20%, and the incorporation of label into total lipids from leucine was one-half that from pyruvate. The incorporation of label from leucine and pyruvate into sterols was nearly equivalent, but the incorporation of label into all other lipid classes from leucine was less than that from pyruvate, and the incorporation of label from isoleucine into lipids was much less in all cases. No detectable label from leucine was incorporated into brached chain fatty acids. It is concluded that leucine may be a substantial in vitro precursor to all major lipids in peripheral nerve, especially sterols. The possibility and significance of a leucine catabolic pathway in the cytosol in relation to availability of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA for sterol biosynthesis is discussed.
Complex Rhythmicity of Growth Hormone Secretion in Humans

To better characterize the 24 hr GH secretion pattern in humans, we studied frequently sampled 24 hr GH profiles in 93 young (18-45 years of age) healthy, fed volunteers: men (n=67) and women (n=26) with BMI<26 kg/m(2). Analysis of the composite GH series in men revealed 3 significant GH "waves" with peaks occurring at midnight (p<0.0001), at noon (p<0.02) and at 1800 h (p<0.0001). In women, similar pattern was seen, with three GH "waves" peaking at midnight (p<0.0001), 1100 h (p<0.02) and at 1600 h (p<0.002). We conclude that the 24 hr rhythmicity of GH secretion is far more complex than currently appreciated. The attribution of the two daytime GH "waves" to food consumption is unlikely but cannot be excluded at the present time. The complex temporal pattern of pulsatile GH secretion may have important effects on regulation of target cell function.
Cross-Layer Approach for Minimizing Routing Disruption in IP Networks

Backup paths are widely used in IP networks to protect IP links from failures. However, existing solutions such as the commonly used independent model and Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) model do not accurately reflect the correlation between IP link failures, and thus may not choose reliable backup paths. We propose a cross-layer approach for minimizing routing disruption caused by IP link failures. We develop a probabilistically correlated failure (PCF) model to quantify the impact of IP link failure on the reliability of backup paths. With the PCF model, we propose an algorithm to choose multiple reliable backup paths to protect each IP link. When an IP link fails, its traffic is split onto multiple backup paths to ensure that the rerouted traffic load on each IP link does not exceed the usable bandwidth. We evaluate our approach using real ISP networks with both optical and IP layer topologies. Experimental results show that two backup paths are adequate for protecting a logical link. Compared with existing works, the backup paths selected by our approach are at least 18 percent more reliable and the routing disruption is reduced by at least 22 percent. Unlike prior works, the proposed approach prevents the rerouted traffic from interfering with normal traffic.
Selectivity of anion exchange chromatography and capillary gel electrophoresis for the analysis of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides

The complementary nature of anion exchange chromatography and capillary gel electrophoresis for oligonucleotide analysis is demonstrated by evaluating a comprehensive series of authentic deletion sequences and partial phosphodiester analogs of five phosphorothioate oligonucleotides of different base composition and sequence. While anion exchange HPLC is sensitive to differences in backbone length of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, oligomers with length difference of one base unit are not resolved. Capillary gel electrophoresis, on the other hand, has excellent single-base resolution while being relatively insensitive to phosphate in the phosphorothioate backbone. The data definitively establish the necessity of employing both separation techniques for adequate characterization of lower order process-related impurities potentially found in synthetic phosphorothioate oligonucleotides.
An atypical, indeterminate-range, cranial gunshot wound of entrance resembling an exit wound.

A 29-year-old woman was strangled, beaten, and shot by her estranged boyfriend. According to investigative reports, she was shot once with a full-metal-jacket, .45-caliber bullet fired from a Ruger P90 at 30-40 cm. A stellate, irregular wound was on the right cheek and a larger stelliform defect with three radial tears but no obvious central perforation involved the left occipital scalp. Radiographically, the wound at the back of the head exhibited external beveling and a small metallic fragment was visible in the overlying soft tissue. Further examination of the occipital wound revealed partial external beveling and circumferential, complete internal beveling characteristic of an entrance gunshot wound. Although external beveling of entrance gunshot wounds has been previously described, this unique case illustrates a cranial entrance wound of indeterminate range exhibiting an atypical, stelliform skin defect with subtle marginal abrasion, no discernible central perforation, and subjacent external beveling mimicking an exit wound.
The role of extraesophageal reflux in medically and surgically refractory rhinosinusitis

Objectives/Hypothesis: To clarify the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and extraesophageal reflux (EER) using state-of-the-art technology. We hypothesized that patients with medically and surgically refractory CRS would have a greater prevalence of EER. We also hypothesized that there would be evidence of gastric refluxate reaching the nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses. Study Design: Case-control analysis. Methods: Twenty-two patients with medically and surgically refractory rhinosinusitis were enrolled in the study. Subjects all underwent comprehensive testing for EER including 24-hour pharyngeal pH probe, aerosolized nasopharyngeal pH testing, and nasopharyngeal tissue biopsy for pepsin analysis. In addition, the last five subjects underwent nasal lavage pepsin analysis. A control group of healthy subjects underwent the same nasal secretion pepsin analysis. Results: Twenty subjects completed the study. The pharyngeal pH probe results were positive in 19/20 (95%), where the DeMeester score was positive in 9/19 (47%). The nasopharyngeal pH probe data were available in 17/20 patients and correlated poorly with the pharyngeal pH probe testing. In all 20 subjects, nasopharyngeal tissue biopsies were negative for pepsin. However, in the five subjects who underwent nasal lavage pepsin analysis, all were pepsin positive while five healthy control nasal lavage pepsin analysis were negative. Conclusions: This study supports an association of EER with medically and surgically refractory CRS. The finding of pepsin in nasal lavages suggests that direct contact of the refluxate with the paranasal sinus mucosa may play a role in the pathophysiology of CRS in this patient population. Finally, evaluation for pepsin in nasal fluid may be a viable method for determining the presence of refluxate in the nose and paranasal sinuses.
Structure of viral phi 29 DNA condensed by simple triamines: a light-scattering and electron-microscopy study.

The structures of viral φ29 DNA condensed by triamines, principally spermidine, in 10−3M NaCl were investigated by static and dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. All of the results for DNA condensed in 30 μM spermidine at neutral pH are quantitatively consistent with a toroidal structure with a mean outer diameter of 1850 A. At pH 10.2, however, condensed structures of a completely different size and shape are observed for the first time. These structures are also more irregular in shape and more polydisperse than those at neutral pH. This conformational change is believed to result from a change in the mode of spermidine binding that is coupled to, or associated with, the (premature) titration of protons on the base-ring nitrogens of guanine and thymine. Besides spermidine, certain homologs of spermidine, in which the butyl moiety of spermidine was replaced by longer pentyl through octyl moieties, were also studied. Though all of the triamines condensed the DNA at 30 μM, aggregation became a more prevalent occurrence as the length of the end chain increased. This suggests that crosslinking may play an important role in the condensation process. Finally, these aggregates are dissociated to a considerable extent at pH 10.2, and the resulting compact structures appear to be quite similar, independent of the triamine used to condense the DNA. The observed partial breakdown of aggregates is also consistent with the hypothesis of a change in mode of triamine binding at pH 10.2.
Simplified Preformed Chelate Protein Radiolabeling with Technetium-99m Mercaptoacetamidoadipoylglycylglycine (N3S-Adipate)

A simplified kiet has been developed for 99mTc protein radiolabeling using an N3S triamide mercaptide bifunctional chelating agent and the preformed chelate approach. The process combined N3S chelating agent, gluconate intermediate transfer agent, stannous reducing agent, and gentisic acid stabilizer into a lyophilized formulation. With sulfur donor atom hemithioacetal protection of the ligand, delta-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorothiophenyl alpha-S-(1-ethoxyethyl)mercaptoacetamido-L-adipoylglycylglycine , optimum 99mTc chelation was achieved in a single step. Subsequent reaction with NR-LU-10 antibody Fab fragment followed by purification via QAE Sephadex anion exchange resin filter afforded 99mTc-N3S-NR-LU-10 Fab conjugate with retained immunoreactivity and effective tumor targeting properties.
Altered nuclear retention of mRNAs containing inverted repeats in human embryonic stem cells: Functional role of a nuclear noncoding RNA

In many cells, mRNAs containing inverted repeats (Alu repeats in humans) in their 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) are inefficiently exported to the cytoplasm. Nuclear retention correlates with adenosine-to-inosine editing and is in paraspeckle-associated complexes containing the proteins p54(nrb), PSF, and PSP1 alpha. We report that robust editing activity in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) does not lead to nuclear retention. p54(nrb), PSF, and PSP1 alpha are all expressed in hESCs, but paraspeckles are absent and only appear upon differentiation. Paraspeckle assembly and function depend on expression of a long nuclear-retained noncoding RNA, NEAT1. This RNA is not detectable in hESCs but is induced upon differentiation. Knockdown of NEAT1 in HeLa cells results both in loss of paraspeckles and in enhanced nucleocytoplasmic export of mRNAs containing inverted Alu repeats. Taken together, these results assign a biological function to a large noncoding nuclear RNA in the regulation of mRNA export.
Ligand and ensemble effects in the adsorption of carbon monoxide on supported palladium-gold alloys

The adsorption of carbon monoxide on a series of small particle palladium-gold alloys was investigated by infrared spectroscopy. Adsorbed carbon monoxide was detected on both the gold and palladium components of the alloy, and the positions, shapes, and intensities of the infrared bands were correlated with surface coverage and composition. The results of this study indicate that both ligand and ensemble effects are important when carbon monoxide is adsorbed on small, palladium-gold particles.
Electronics considerations for a geostationary interferometer sounder

Future GOES sounders will likely require increased spectral resolution and number of channels in order to meet the sounding vertical resolution and accuracy specifications set forth by the science community. The sensor technology and systems group at MIT Lincoln Laboratory has pursued the use of a high resolution interferometer (GHIS) is order to meet these spectral needs. This paper will focus on the electronics and signal processing necessary for achieving the noise fidelity, dynamic range and data rate constraints for the GHIS instrument. This will include the absolute fringe counting interferometer, analog filtering, A/D conversion, and digital processing. The paper will highlight techniques for reducing the interferometer dynamic range and data rate in order to simplify a GHIS flight design.
The FORTE VHF instrument as a high-energy cosmic ray detector

The FORTE satellite records bursts of electromagnetic waves arising from near the Earth’s surface in the radio frequency (RF) range of 30 to 300 MHz with a polarization-selective antenna. We investigate possible RF signatures of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR), including Cherenkov radiation in ice, UHECR-triggered lightning emission, incoherent bremsstrahlung of the ionization trail, and direct geomagnetic synchrotron radiation from the high-energy particles in the shower. The FORTE database consists of over 4 million recorded events to date, and may include a significant number associated with cosmic rays near or beyond the GreisenZatsemin-Kuzmin (GZK) cutoff. As a first stage of investigation, we search for FORTE events in the period from September 1997 to December 1999 which can have been produced by Cherenkov VHF radiation from a UHE neutrino shower in the Greenland ice sheet. After application of several background rejection methods, one event is left that requires further investigation.
Systematic analysis of local atomic structure combined with 3D computer graphics

Abstract The implementation of a method for systematic analysis of local atomic structure in combination with 3D computer graphics is described. The method, Common Neighbor Analysis, is a decomposition of the radial distribution function according to the local environment of the pairs of atoms and can provide direct interpretation of various features of the radial distribution function in terms of atomic structure. It can also be used to identify atoms in particular environment, such as FCC, HCP, BCC or icosahedral. We describe an application of this program to a study of crystal nucleation in a molten Cu slab. While the majority of atoms in the resulting crystals are classified as being FCC, stacking faults are observed and can be traced back to the near-critical nuclei.
Plasma fibronectin levels in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia: a preliminary report

Abstract Fibronectin, a major component of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes throughout the body, is thought to maintain the integrity of both the reticulo-endothelial system and microvasculature. In this study, plasma fibronectin levels were assayed by nephelometry in nine pre-eclamptic gravid women, nine normotensive gravid women and ten non-gravid women. The mean plasma fibronectin level (±S.E.M.) in pre-eclamptic gravidas (1687 ± 101 μg/ml) is significantly higher than that of either normotensive gravidae (1129 ± 99 μg/ml) or non-gravid women (897 ± 60 μg/ml). Although the mechanism for elevated levels of plasma fibronectin in patients with pre-eclampsia is not clear, it may serve as an early biochemical marker for this disorder.
Observations on the Implantation and Transmission of Streptococcus mutans in Humans

One parent from each of 26 families was reinfected with a strain of Streptococcus mutans that was isolated from his mouth and made resistant to streptomycin. The person-to-person spread of S mutans in their families was studied. No uniform spread of the organisms occurred.
Method for estimating scene parameters from color histograms

One of the key tools in applying physics-based models to machine vision has been the analysis of color In the mid-1980’s it was recognized that the color histogram for a single inhomogeneous surface histograms. with highlights will have a planar distribution in color space. It has since been shown that the colors do not in a plane but form clusters at specific points. Physics-based models of reflection predict that fall randomly shape of the histogram is related not only to the illumination color and the object color but also to such the properties as surface roughness and imaging geometry. We present an algorithm for analyzing color noncolor histograms that yields estimates of surface roughness, phase angle between the camera and the light source, and illumination intensity. These three scene parameters are related to three histogram measurements. However, the relationship is complex and cannot be solved analytically. Therefore we developed a method for estimating these properties that is based on interpolation between histograms that come from images of known scene properties. We present tests of our algorithm on simulated data, and the results compare well with the known simulation parameters. We also test our method on real images, and the results compare favorably with the actual parameters estimated by other means. Our method for estimating scene properties is very fast and requires only a single color image.
A systematic review of the effectiveness of community-based mental health outreach services for older adults.

Objectives: Psychiatric outreach services that provide mental health as- sessment and treatment to older adults in their homes or communities are widely promoted as improving access and outcomes for older adults. However, a systematic review of the efficacy of these services has not been done. This review evaluates the evidence base for the effective- ness of outreach services for older adults with mental illness in nonin- stitutional community settings. End points of interest include the abili- ty of the outreach program to increase access to mental health services and improve psychiatric outcomes. Methods: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web-of-Science databases were searched for articles in English that were indexed through May 2004. Studies were included if they evaluated face-to-face psychiatric services provided to adults aged 65 and older with mental illness and if they were randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental outcome studies, uncontrolled cohort studies, or comparisons of two or more interventions. Articles were excluded that evaluated interventions that were provided in institutional settings or that focused on persons with dementia or their caregivers. Results: Fourteen studies matched all the inclusion criteria. Two studies (one controlled prospective study and one study that used a comparison group) found support for the use of gatekeepers—nontraditional refer- ral sources—in identifying socially isolated older adults with mental ill- ness. Twelve studies (five randomized controlled trials, one quasi-ex- perimental study, and six uncontrolled cohort studies) found that home and community-based treatment of psychiatric symptoms were associ- ated with improved or maintained psychiatric status. All randomized controlled trials reported improved depressive symptoms, and one re- ported improved overall psychiatric symptoms. Conclusions: Limited data supported the effectiveness of outreach services in identifying iso- lated older adults with mental illness. A more substantial evidence base indicated that home-based mental health treatment is effective in im- proving psychiatric symptoms. Studies are needed that apply more rig- orous methods evaluating the efficacy of case identification models and subsequent treatment for older persons with a variety of psychiatric di- agnoses. (Psychiatric Services 55:1237-1249, 2004)
Photonics: the key to high-speed information systems

It seems like just yesterday that 10 Gb/s (OC-192) transmission was the norm in data rates with slower data rates disappearing to 40 Gb/s (OC-768) is not a trivial task. Electronic designers now face serious complexities as they push the technology to the limit. Issues such as chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion are placing more stringent requirements on fiber optics and associated components. The requirement to gather and transfer data at faster and faster rates has spurned an evolution in the thought processes of Photonic engineers. It appears that to handle the ever-increasing bandwidths, Photonic techniques are the way to go analog-to-digital converters and polymer-based modulator systems are now being designed and tested in Air Force government laboratories. Only time will tell if these designs can handle the voluminous amounts of data.
Slumdog Cities: Rethinking Subaltern Urbanism

ijur_1051 223..238 This article is an intervention in the epistemologies and methodologies of urban studies. It seeks to understand and transform the ways in which the cities of the global South are studied and represented in urban research, and to some extent in popular discourse. As such, the article is primarily concerned with a formation of ideas — ‘subaltern urbanism’ — which undertakes the theorization of the megacity and its subaltern spaces and subaltern classes. Of these, the ubiquitous ‘slum’ is the most prominent. Writing against apocalyptic and dystopian narratives of the slum, subaltern urbanism provides accounts of the slum as a terrain of habitation, livelihood, self-organization and politics. This is a vital and even radical challenge to dominant narratives of the megacity. However, this article is concerned with the limits of and alternatives to subaltern urbanism. It thus highlights emergent analytical strategies, utilizing theoretical categories that transcend the familiar metonyms of underdevelopment such as the megacity, the slum, mass politics and the habitus of the dispossessed. Instead, four categories are discussed — peripheries, urban informality, zones of exception and gray spaces. Informed by the urbanism of the global South, these categories break with ontological and topological understandings of subaltern subjects and subaltern spaces.
RNAi pathways contribute to developmental history-dependent phenotypic plasticity in C. elegans

Early environmental experiences profoundly influence adult phenotypes through complex mechanisms that are poorly understood. We previously showed that adult Caenorhabditis elegans that transiently passed through the stress-induced dauer larval stage (post-dauer adults) exhibit significant changes in gene expression profiles, chromatin states, and life history traits when compared with adults that bypassed the dauer stage (control adults). These wild-type, isogenic animals of equivalent developmental stages exhibit different signatures of molecular marks that reflect their distinct developmental trajectories. To gain insight into the mechanisms that contribute to these developmental history-dependent phenotypes, we profiled small RNAs from post-dauer and control adults by deep sequencing. RNA interference (RNAi) pathways are known to regulate genome-wide gene expression both at the chromatin and post-transcriptional level. By quantifying changes in endogenous small interfering RNA (endo-siRNA) levels in post-dauer as compared with control animals, our analyses identified a subset of genes that are likely targets of developmental history-dependent reprogramming through a complex RNAi-mediated mechanism. Mutations in specific endo-siRNA pathways affect expected gene expression and chromatin state changes for a subset of genes in post-dauer animals, as well as disrupt their increased brood size phenotype. We also find that both chromatin state and endo-siRNA distribution in dauers are unique, and suggest that remodeling in dauers provides a template for the subsequent establishment of adult post-dauer profiles. Our results indicate a role for endo-siRNA pathways as a contributing mechanism to early experience-dependent phenotypic plasticity in adults, and describe how developmental history can program adult physiology and behavior via epigenetic mechanisms.
Histomorphometric analysis of the effects of osteocyte density on osteonal morphology and remodeling.

Osteocytes, the most abundant cells in the cortical bone matrix, are thought to have mechanosensory and chemosensory regulatory roles. Marotti theorized that osteocytes signal to osteoblasts to recruit them into the osteocyte lineage. Martin extended this theory, assuming that osteocytes display a general inhibitory effect on osteoblast function. The current study provides a quantitative analysis of the relationships between osteonal osteocyte density (Ot.N/BV), wall width (W.Wi), individual osteon porosity (IOP), and formation period (FP) in ulnar cortices from sheep labeled with tetracycline and calcein double labels. We postulated that osteocytes inhibit refilling so that the osteon wall width is thin enough, and the haversian canal is large enough, to allow adequate delivery of nutrients to the osteocytes throughout the forming and completed osteon. Therefore we tested the hypotheses that Ot.N/BV correlates negatively to FP and W.Wi, and positively to IOP, and that FP correlates positively with W.Wi. We found that Ot.N/BV correlated positively with IOP (P < 0.0001) and W.Wi correlated positively with FP (P < 0.0001). Significant negative correlations were observed between Ot.N/BV and both W.Wi (P < 0.0001) and FP (P = 0.006). These data support the general hypothesis that osteocytes contribute to the regulation of osteon morphology via the control of refilling rate and formation period, and the specific hypotheses that, for a given cement line diameter, high osteocyte density (1) reduces the rate of refilling and decreases the formation period and (2) decreases wall width and increases individual osteon porosity.
Down Regulation of Virulence Factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Salicylic Acid Attenuates Its Virulence on Arabidopsis thaliana and Caenorhabditis elegans

Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic metabolite produced by plants and is known to play an important role in several physiological processes, such as the induction of plant defense responses against pathogen attack. Here, using the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathosystem, we provide evidence that SA acts directly on the pathogen, down regulating fitness and virulence factor production of the bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 showed reduced attachment and biofilm formation on the roots of the Arabidopsis mutants lox2 and cpr5-2, which produce elevated amounts of SA, as well as on wild-type Arabidopsis plants primed with exogenous SA, a treatment known to enhance endogenous SA concentration. Salicylic acid at a concentration that did not inhibit PA14 growth was sufficient to significantly affect the ability of the bacteria to attach and form biofilm communities on abiotic surfaces. Furthermore, SA down regulated three known virulence factors of PA14: pyocyanin, protease, and elastase. Interestingly, P. aeruginosa produced more pyocyanin when infiltrated into leaves of the Arabidopsis transgenic line NahG, which accumulates less SA than wild-type plants. This finding suggests that endogenous SA plays a role in down regulating the synthesis and secretion of pyocyanin in vivo. To further test if SA directly affects the virulence of P. aeruginosa, we used the Caenorhabiditis elegans-P. aeruginosa infection model. The addition of SA to P. aeruginosa lawns significantly diminished the bacterium's ability to kill the worms, without affecting the accumulation of bacteria inside the nematodes' guts, suggesting that SA negatively affects factors that influence the virulence of P. aeruginosa. We employed microarray technology to identify SA target genes. These analyses showed that SA treatment affected expression of 331 genes. It selectively repressed transcription of exoproteins and other virulence factors, while it had no effect on expression of housekeeping genes. Our results indicate that in addition to its role as a signal molecule in plant defense responses, SA works as an anti-infective compound by affecting the physiology of P. aeruginosa and ultimately attenuating its virulence.
EVALUATION OF A SEXUAL ABUSE PREVENTION PROGRAM FOR ADULTS WITH MENTAL RETARDATION

Programs to teach sexual abuse prevention skills to persons with mental retardation have rarely been evaluated empirically, and typical evaluations are limited to assessment of the participants' knowledge rather than their performance of specific skills. In the present study, 6 adult women with mental retardation were trained in sexual abuse prevention, and performance was assessed using four separate measures: pretests and posttests of knowledge, verbal report, role play, and naturalistic probes. All women learned the skills but failed to exhibit them to criterion during the probes. We discuss the implications for further training and assessment of sexual abuse prevention skills.
Occupational Noise Exposure and Age Correction: The Problem of Selection Bias

Selection bias often invalidates conclusions about populations based on clinical convenience samples. A recent paper in this journal makes two surprising assertions about noise-induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS): first, that there is more NIPTS at 2 kHz than at higher frequencies; second, that NIPTS declines with advancing age. Neither assertion can be supported with the data presented, which were obtained from a clinical sample; both are consistent with the hypothesis that people who choose to attend an audiology clinic have worse hearing, especially at 2 kHz, than people of the same age and gender who choose not to attend.
Prevalence of herpesvirus, human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1, and treponemal infections in Southeast Asian refugees

Sera obtained for treponemal serology (VDRL) from 193 Southeast Asian refugees representing five ethnic groups seen in a primary care clinic were examined for antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), human herpes-virus-6 (HHV-6), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The seroprevalence was highest for EBV (99%), followed in decreasing order by CMV (95%), HHV-6 (26%), and HTLV-1 (0.6%). The VDRL was positive in 15% of patients. The highest seroprevalence to HHV-6 was noted in the Chinese (33%) and the lowest in the Laotian hilltribes, the Mien and Hmong (14%). Antibody to HHV-6 was most prevalent among patients under 20 and those between 60 and 69 years of age. Differences were not found among ethnic groups in the seroprevalence of HTLV-1, EBV, or CMV.
EXPERIMENTAL BORRELIA BURGDORFERI INFECTION IN PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS

We evaluated the susceptibility of laboratory reared adult and infant white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) to a known pathogenic isolate of Borrelia burgdorferi (N40). Two-month-old and 3-day-old Peromyscus were inoculated intradermally with 106 to 107 spirochetes. At 21 days for adults or 30 days for infants post inoculation, mice were killed, and tissues were cultured for spirochetes and examined microscopically. Based on serology and culture, adult mice became infected but did not have any gross or microscopic lesions. Mice inoculated as infants became infected, and also developed carditis and multifocal arthritis. Contact transmission between inoculated infants and their naive mothers was not observed. Age at inoculation appeared to be a critical factor in inducing Lyme borreliosis lesions in Peromyscus leucopus, as in other species.
Industry Survey of Wafer Fab Reticle Control Quality Strategies

Reticle quality control in wafer fabs is different from quality control in mask shops. As such an industrywide survey was undertaken to benchmark different strategies and approaches taken. This paper summarizes the results while retaining the different wafer fabs' anonymity and confidentiality. The approach taken for the survey was specifically designed to be impartial and independent of any tools, solutions or applications available from KLA-Tencor.
Identification of lead in metal food can seams using 57Co RXRFS

Radioisotope-induced X-ray fluorescence spectrometry procedures developedfor screening solder for Pb are described. By using 57 Co as an excitationsource, food cans with Pb-soldered seams were easily distinguished from othertypes of metal cans. Limits of detection (3) for Pb in metal food can seamswere 0.1 and 0.3 mg Pb/cm 2 for count times of 1 hour and 3 minutes, respectively.Pb/Sn ratios were determined for commercial solders containing 0.6% to 84%Pb. Pb content was quantified as low as 0.07%, and Bi and Sb content couldbe determined for some commercial solders.
Nonlinearity and Asymmetry of ENSO(.

El Nino events (warm) are often stronger than La Nina events (cold). This asymmetry is an intrinsic nonlinear characteristic of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. In order to measure the nonlinearity of ENSO, the maximum potential intensity (MPI) index and the nonlinear dynamic heating (NDH) of ENSO are proposed as qualitative and quantitative measures. The 1997/98 El Nino that was recorded as the strongest event in the past century and another strong El Nino event in 1982/83 nearly reached the MPI. During these superwarming events, the normal climatological conditions of the ocean and atmosphere were collapsed com- pletely. The huge bursts of ENSO activity manifested in these events are attributable to the nonlinear dynamic processes. Through a heat budget analysis of the ocean mixed layer it is found that throughout much of the ENSO episodes of 1982/83 and 1997/98, the NDH strengthened these warm events and weakened subsequent La Nina events. This led to the warm-cold asymmetry. It is also found that the eastward-propagating feature in these two El Nino events provided a favorable phase relationship between temperature and current that resulted in the strong nonlinear dynamical warming. For the westward-propagating El Nino events prior to the late 1970s (e.g., 1957/58 and 1972/73 ENSOs) the phase relationships between zonal temperature gradient and current and between the surface and subsurface temperature anomalies are unfavorable for nonlinear dynamic heating, and thereby the ENSO events are not strong.
New results on recurrent network training: unifying the algorithms and accelerating convergence

How to efficiently train recurrent networks remains a challenging and active research topic. Most of the proposed training approaches are based on computational ways to efficiently obtain the gradient of the error function, and can be generally grouped into five major groups. In this study we present a derivation that unifies these approaches. We demonstrate that the approaches are only five different ways of solving a particular matrix equation. The second goal of this paper is develop a new algorithm based on the insights gained from the novel formulation. The new algorithm, which is based on approximating the error gradient, has lower computational complexity in computing the weight update than the competing techniques for most typical problems. In addition, it reaches the error minimum in a much smaller number of iterations. A desirable characteristic of recurrent network training algorithms is to be able to update the weights in an online fashion. We have also developed an online version of the proposed algorithm, that is based on updating the error gradient approximation in a recursive manner.
Invasive transitional cell cancer in the elderly

The subject of invasive transitional cell cancer in the elderly raises several issues. First, what does the diagnosis of invasive transitional cell cancer imply biologically? Second, what is the efficacy of various treatments and what are their risks? Third, how large is the ageing population and what is the magnitude of the problem of invasive transitional cell cancer in this population? Fourth, how do the health of the elderly, the physiology of various organ systems, and their functional reserve during ageing influence the course of disease, the choice of treatment, and the impact of both on the host?
Inference to the best explanation and other minds

(1994). Inference to the best explanation and other minds. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 482-491.
Isospin mixing in the /sup 4/He giant dipole resonance

The addition of a new (1/sup -/,0) level at 29 MeV excitation energy in /sup 4/He to the level spectrum of Fiarman and Meyerhof leads to a calculated /sup 4/He(..gamma..,p) to /sup 4/He(..gamma..,n) cross section ratio of 1.67. The calculated ratio falls within the experimental range of 1.6--1.9 without utilizing charge symmetry violating forces.
Walking into the Future with PROV Pingback: An Application to OPeNDAP Using Prizms

Adding provenance to existing systems can benefit users, but comes at an expense that may be difficult for some to justify. This tradeoff can be overcome by increasing the value of provenance, by decreasing the cost to add it --- or by doing both. This paper offers a contribution for each. First, we develop further the W3C PROV pingback technique so that it may reach its potential to interconnect provenance records that would traditionally sit in isolation, thus increasing their value. Second, we reduce the expense to publish the provenance of existing host systems by using minimal coupling to the Prizms Linked Data platform. Using an Earth Sciences scenario and the OPeNDAP data transport architecture as an example host system, we investigate how PROV pingback could work in practice, demonstrate its potential, and identify outstanding issues that must be addressed before it can be widely adopted.
Russia's Favorite

The disruptive effects of postcommunist instability have raised the approval ratings given by the general public to Leonid Brezhnev and have prompted scholarly reappraisals of his regime.