cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time/Temperature Degradation of Solar Cells under the Single Diode Model

This paper presents an extensive analysis of the degradation of solar cells due to time and temperature. This analysis is based on the single diode model (SDM) and relies on HSPICE to initially establish through simulation the relationships between model parameters, efficiency and process variations. The analysis is extended to the operational temperature and time by extracting the degradation in the performance of the solar cell. The result shows that the efficiency of solar cells has an inverse relationship with temperature (i.e. at high temperature the efficiency degrades), irradiance levels are affected by the change of the photo-generation current and the series resistance in the single diode model. Moreover, when time is considered (at a fixed temperature), the resulting degradation is analyzed by extraction and optimization of the SDM parameters, in this case, every parameter decreases linearly except the diode saturation current and the diode ideality factor that increase by polynomial and linear relationships, respectively.
New Mean-Field Theory of the tt' t" J Model Applied to High-T~c Superconductors

We introduce a new mean-field approach to the $t{t}^{\ensuremath{'}}{t}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}J$ model that incorporates both electronlike quasiparticle and spinon excitations as suggested by some experiments and numerical studies. It leads to a mean-field phase diagram which is consistent with that of hole and electron doped cuprates. Moreover, it provides a framework to describe the observed evolution of the electron spectral function from the undoped insulator to the overdoped Fermi metal for both hole and electron doping. The theory also provides a new non-BCS mechanism leading to superconductivity.
Comparison of SAGS I vs. SAGS II delivery systems in emerging implantation technologies

The International Fire Code has classified Subatmospheric Gas Delivery Systems (SAGS) technologies into two main categories: SAGS Type I and SAGS Type II systems. SAGS Type I delivery systems both store and deliver gases at subatmospheric pressures. An example of this technology is ATMI’s Safe Delivery Source (SDS®) adsorbent based cylinder. SAGS Type II delivery systems store fluids at high pressure and utilize mechanical devices internal to the cylinder to deliver the gas at subatmospheric pressures. Typical mechanical devices used to enable subatmospheric delivery are either set point regulators or mechanical capillary based systems. This paper focuses on how these delivery systems perform against the unique requirements of traditional beam line ion implantation as well as solar and flat panel applications. Specifically, data are provided showing the capability of these systems with respect to flow rate, residual gas left within the cylinder, and cylinder end-point flow and delivery pressure dynamics.
The influence of language proficiency and comprehension skill on situation‐model construction

This study examines the influence of language proficiency and comprehension skill on situation‐model construction during narrative comprehension. Twelve college students who were enrolled in a third‐semester French course thought aloud during the comprehension of English and French stories. After each text, the students performed a verb‐clustering task. Scores on these two tasks indicate that the students generated more explanatory inferences in English than in French, and constructed stronger situation models in English than in French. In addition, skilled comprehenders generated more explanatory inferences and stronger situation models than less skilled comprehenders. The implications of these findings for current theories of text comprehension and individual differences are discussed.
Virtual reality welder training

This document describes the Virtual Reality Simulated MIG Lab (sMIG), a system for Virtual Reality welder training. It is designed to reproduce the experience of metal inert gas (MIG) welding faithfully enough to be used as a teaching tool for beginning welding students. To make the experience as realistic as possible it employs physically accurate and tracked input devices, a real-time welding simulation, real-time sound generation and a 3D display for output. Thanks to being a fully digital system it can go beyond providing just a realistic welding experience by giving interactive and immediate feedback to the student to avoid learning wrong movements from day 1.
T-2 tetraol is cytotoxic to a chicken macrophage cell line

Cytotoxic effects of T-2 tetraol, a T-2 toxin derivative, on the MQ-NCSU chicken macrophage cell line were quantified by direct in vitro exposure. Macrophage cultures were exposed to 1, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 micrograms/mL of T-2 tetraol for 1 h. Macrophage viability after exposure to T-2 tetraol. Macrophage viability was reduced by increasing concentrations of T-2 tetraol (linear effect, P < or = 0.001; quadratic effect, P < or = 0.025). The ability of macrophages to adhere to glass surfaces was impaired by increasing concentrations of T-2 tetraol (linear effect, P < or = 0.003). This experiment demonstrates that T-2 tetraol is cytotoxic to chicken macrophages in vitro.
Ultrafast N-H vibrational dynamics of cyclic doubly hydrogen-bonded homo- and heterodimers.

Hydrogen-bonded interfaces are essential structural elements in biology. Furthermore, they can mediate electron transport by coupling the electron to proton transfer within the interface. The specific hydrogen-bonding configuration and strength have a large impact on the proton transfer, which exchanges the hydrogen-bonded donor and acceptor species (i.e., NH···O → N···HO). Modulations of the hydrogen-bonding environment, such as the hydrogen-bond stretch and twist modes, affect the proton-transfer dynamics. Here, we present transient grating and echo peak shift measurements of the NH stretch vibrations of four doubly hydrogen-bonded cyclic dimers in their electronic ground state. The equilibrium vibrational dynamics exhibit strong coherent modulations that we attribute to coupling of the high-frequency NH vibration to the low-frequency interdimer stretch and twist modes and not to interference between multiple Fermi resonances that dominate the substructure of the linear spectra.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED MICHIGAN SWEET CHERRY (Prunus avium L.) CULTIVARS

Sweet cherry cultivars grown in Northern Michigan in 1992 were analyzed for sensory and physicochemical characteristics. ‘Emperor Francis’, a yellow/red blushed, light color cultivar had the highest Brix/acid ratio at the 4th harvest, and it scored higher in sensory tests for sweetness flavor and overall acceptability than the dark cultivars, ‘Sam’ and ‘Hedelfingen’. Harvest dates showed significant effect on titrable acidity, Brix, Brix/acid ratio, sugars, weight and diameter of fruits. Brix/acid ratio showed significant correlation with sweetness. Correlation coefficients between overall consumer acceptability and measured parameters for three sweet cherry cultivars indicate that firmness has potential as an objective overall index for acceptability.
The configuration of atomic defects from high resolutton transmission electron microscopy

Abstract With current high resolution 100 kV electron microscopes the arrangements of atoms in projections of the structure of thin crystals may be seen directly with a resolution of 3–4 A. This resolution has been shown to be sufficient for the direct imaging of metal atom positions in both well-ordered regions and around defects in crystals of many oxides, sulfides and minerals. The possibility of extending the application of these methods to the study of the atomic arrangement in defects in metals depends on the attainment of resolutions of 1.5–2 A. This may best be done by the use of high resolution high voltage microscopes which could have the added advantages of showing increased contrast for defects and allowing thicker specimens to be used for the same high resolution.
The stereoisomerization of β-carotene epoxides and the simultaneous formation of furanoid oxides

Abstract 1. 1. When submitted to some thermal or photochemical treatments, β-carotene diepoxide, C40H56O2, and the monoepoxide, C40H56O, suffer partial trans → cis isomerization. With this spatial rearrangement a structural rearrangement is competing, viz., the formation of Karrer's furanoid oxides. By means of chromatography a quantitative study of the resulting complex mixture was possible. 2. 2. When epoxide solutions were illuminated in the presence or absence of iodine, much more substance underwent stereoisomerization than conversion to furanoid derivatives. However, the latter process became more important upon the application of thermal methods, especially when crystals were fused for a short time. Contacting hexane solution with alkaline alumina resulted in the exclusive formation of furanoid oxides. 3. 3. β-Carotene diepoxide yielded seven and the monoepoxide gave nine cis forms whose spectral characteristics were studied. Some of these isomers are adsorbed above and some below the corresponding all-trans form. Only neo diepoxide V crystallized.
Spectrophotometers for the Measurement of Light in Polar Ice and Snow

Two portable spectrophotometers have been designed to record light scattering and absorption in polar ice and snow. In the first instrument optical fibers are used to transmit light from the interior of the ice to the spectrophotometer. Such an arrangement allows light measurements up to 2 m away from the instrumentation with minimal disturbance of the natural environment. A miniaturized, submersible spectrophotometer was also built for in situ measurements under floating sea ice. This version, except for the recording apparatus, is entirely self-contained and is housed in a cylindrical tube 9 cm in diameter and 60 cm in length. The unit can be lowered into the ocean through a small borehole in the ice; position and orientation are controlled from the surface. Both spectrophotometers are designed to measure light intensities in the visible spectrum (400–1000 nm). Wavelength resolution is adjustable down to 8 nm at a wavelength of 400 nm, with a field of view of less than 3°. Sensitivities in the present versions are sufficient for measurements through several meters of sea ice with a relative accuracy of 1%. Instrument operation has been tested in the Arctic down to temperatures of −25°C.
Measuring the Impact and Perception of Acceptable Advertisements

In 2011, Adblock Plus---the most widely-used ad blocking software---began to permit some advertisements as part of their Acceptable Ads program. Under this program, some ad networks and content providers pay to have their advertisements shown to users. Such practices have been controversial among both users and publishers. In a step towards informing the discussion about these practices, we present the first comprehensive study of the Acceptable Ads program. Specifically, we characterize which advertisements are allowed and how the whitelisting has changed since its introduction in 2011. We show that the list of filters used to whitelist acceptable advertisements has been updated on average every 1.5 days and grew from 9 filters in 2011 to over 5,900 in the Spring of 2015. More broadly, the current whitelist triggers filters on 59% of the top 5,000 websites. Our measurements also show that the program allows advertisements on 2.6 million parked domains. Lastly, we take the lessons learned from our analysis and suggest ways to improve the transparency of the whitelisting process.
Measuring higher education quality

The panelists indicated that considerable progress is being made by such organizations as ACT and NCHEMS in identifying the domains of quality to be measured and particularly in devising unidimensional indicators of student progress. Few were able to cite comparable advancements in the development of multivariate techniques to assess the relation of student growth to other variables. Notable progress in achieving consensus on appropriate standards for measuring quality institutions or curricular programs within comparable institutions remains as a future task.
The lower electronic states of ClOO: A computational investigation

Eight doublet and eight quartet states of ClOO were investigated by ab initio CI techniques. The potential energy surfaces of the four lowest energy doublet states of both A-double-prime and A-prime symmetry indicate that only the 1 2A-double-prime state is bound. In contrast to the model provided by the HO2 radical, all of the excited doublet states investigated were repulsive with respect to dissociation to Cl + O2 and metastable or bound with respect to dissociation to ClO + O. The transitions to the excited states investigated span the visible and near UV spectral regions, but the transition moments indicate that they are very weak. Since the photolysis products are the same as those of the rapid thermal dissociation, photolysis is not expected to be an important atmospheric process. The soft bending potential for the 1 2A-prime state and the shape of the 1 4A-double-prime state in the entrance channel of the ClO + O yields Cl + O2 reaction provide a qualitative explanation for the underprediction of the low temperature reaction rate by previous trajectory calculations.
Differential efficacy of intravenous lidocaine in alleviating ipsilateral versus contralateral neuropathic pain in the rat

In the this study we have investigated the threshold plasma concentration of lidocaine for reversal of mechanical 'allodynia' in a neuropathic pain model in the rat, defined the concentration-dependent limits of that reversal and compared the acute reversal during intravenous drug infusion with the persistent relief of allodynia assayed 48 h later. Actions of i.v. lidocaine on ipsilateral and contralateral legs were also assessed. Forty rats were sorted into five groups (n = 7-10) and underwent spinal root (L5-6) ligation to produce allodynia, as quantified by a lower force of von Frey hairs at the plantar hindpaw required to elicit paw withdrawal (PWT, paw withdrawal threshold). During surgery, intravenous catheters were placed for programmed lidocaine infusion and in some animals arterial catheters were also inserted for assaying lidocaine blood levels. PWTs were measured in ipsilateral and contralateral paws before and after ligation and during infusions which, beginning at 5 days after surgery, were conducted every other day to incrementing levels (1.1-9.7 microg/ml plasma). Ligation produced allodynia in ipsilateral paws (PWT = 1.22 +/- 0.42 g (+/-SEM)) and in contralateral paws (PWT = 4.99 +/- 0.61 g), both markedly lower than pre-operative control values for either paw (11.31 +/- 0.41 g). The ipsilateral allodynia was partially, but significantly and permanently reversed (to PWT = 6-8 g) after a lidocaine infusion to 2.1 microg/ml in two separate groups (n = 7, 8). Lower concentrations resulted in elevation of PWT during infusion but no sustained relief. The elevation of PWT during infusion at this threshold level among individual animals was positively correlated with the relief measured 48 h later, but higher lidocaine concentrations infused in subsequent dosings could exact no further sustained relief. The residual PWT level, after reversal by threshold lidocaine and greater, was constant for each individual rat tested over the next 14 days but varied substantially among individuals; some were restored to pre-operative PWTs and some were totally unresponsive to drug. Retrospective analysis revealed a significant and unanticipated correlation between the incidence of low pre-operative PWTs (< 10 g) and a lack of sustained reversal of post-operative allodynia by lidocaine. Contralateral allodynia, despite its acute reversal during infusion to 2.1 microg/ml and higher, was not persistently relieved after infusion of lidocaine to any concentration. Repeated infusions to subthreshold levels (<2 microg/ml) did not provide persisting relief of allodynia on either side, and infusions of saline were impotent. These findings show that experimental allodynia results from multiple factors, only some of which are sensitive to lidocaine treatment, and that prolonged reversal of allodynia is limited in extent and likely influenced by pre-existing factors.
Service Firm Location Decisions: Some Midwestern Evidence

Using survey returns from 926 service operations of all types from five states of the American Midwest, provides insight on what drives their location choices. The location decision is considered a two‐stage process: a general area decision followed by a particular site decision. No matter how the “general area” is defined (more locally‐oriented versus more regionally‐oriented), the most important influences are good infrastructure, proximity to customers, and the ability to attract qualified labour. The rank orders of influences are much the same for both locally‐ and regionally‐oriented firms. Identifies three different partitions of the sample in order to capture any local versus regional distinctions, but finds no substantial distinctions to be evident in the location decision making of the different types of firms. When considering a “particular site”, the most important influences are parking, an attractive building, an attractive cost or rent, and the ability to meet specialized space needs. Differ...
Validation and feasibility of a caloric expenditure measuring device in women with early-stage breast cancer

The purpose of this study is to validate the Bodybugg (BB), a caloric expenditure measuring device, in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer. Twenty-five women with stages I–III breast cancer who were to receive adjuvant dose-dense doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide were recruited. Participants were asked to wear the BB and record activity logs for seven pretreatment days (prior to commencing chemotherapy) and seven posttreatment days (upon completing cycle 4 of chemotherapy). The BB’s caloric expenditure measurements were used to calculate metabolic equivalent (MET) values of patients’ recorded activities. BB-calculated METs were compared with matching METs from the 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities Tracking Guide to assess accuracy of the device. The overall patient sample wore the device for an average of 5.32 (SD 1.75) pre- and 4.88 (SD 2.01) posttreatment days. The mean pairwise difference between BB and Compendium METs was 0.043 (SD 0.77) for 308 pretreatment activities recorded by 12 patients and 0.065 (SD 0.61) for 108 posttreatment activities recorded by 6 patients, indicating close to zero bias between the BB’s and Compendium’s measurements. Hierarchical linear modeling showed that Compendium METs strongly predict for BB METs (P < 0.00001). The BB is feasible to use in study designs involving defined time periods of measurement and provides accurate and objective measurements of caloric expenditure in breast cancer patients.
An algorithm for detecting fixed points of boolean network

In the applications of Boolean networks to modeling biological systems, an important computational problem is the detection of the fixed points of these networks. There have been various attempts to develop algorithms to address the computation need for large size networks. The existing methods are usually based on known algorithms and thus limited to the situations where these known algorithms can apply. In this paper, we show how to divide the polynomial equation system which defines the fixed points of a Boolean network into subsystems according to the number of variables involved, so that each of these subsystems can be readily solved. After solving these subsystems and thus reducing the number of states involved, we can combine the solutions to obtain all fixed points of the given network. This approach does not depend on other algorithms and it is easy to implement. We show that this method can handle large size Boolean networks, and demonstrate its effectiveness by using MAPLE to compute the fixed points of Boolean networks with hundreds of nodes and thousands of interactions.
The generalized finite element method: an example of its implementation and illustration of its performance

The generalized finite element method (GFEM) was introduced in Reference 1 as a combination of the standard FEM and the partition of unity method. The standard mapped polynomial finite element spaces are augmented by adding special functions which reflect the known information about the boundary value problem and the input data (the geometry of the domain, the loads, and the boundary conditions). The special functions are multiplied with the partition of unity corresponding to the standard linear vertex shape functions and are pasted to the existing finite element basis to construct a conforming approximation. The essential boundary conditions can be imposed exactly as in the standard FEM. Adaptive numerical quadrature is used to ensure that the errors in integration do not affect the accuracy of the approximation. This paper gives an example of how the GFEM can be developed for the Laplacian in domains with multiple elliptical voids and illustrates implementation issues and the superior accuracy of the GFEM versus the standard FEM. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional ORMOSIL and PAA nanoparticles

Various problems arising during molecular imaging of different fluoroprobes and metabolites used in PDT can be circumvented by focusing on multifunctional therapy agents. Thus an effective photo sensitizer coupled with other useful roles to play in PDT treatment make nanoparticles as a good vehicle for different delivery assuming multifunctional roles not only in PDT but also as therapeutic agents for targeted delivery. A new approach is the involving use of 100 nm NPs as photo sensitizers and/or imaging agents. In our Lab., we employ two such NPs and are ORMOSIL (organically Modified Silica) and PAA (Polyacrylamide) which are found to be biologically very safe without disturbing the therapeutic value. The size of the nanoparticles determined by TEM and Dynamic Light Scattering are ~30 nm. These NPs are taken up in conjunction with cyanine dye at near infra red as it has been reported in literature that encapsulated NPs shows very low singlet oxygen production compared with the post-loaded NPs though the reasons are not yet clear. Therefore, we investigated the idea of post-loading or adsorbing vis-a-vis encapsulation.
IR observations of the double quasar 0957 + 561 A, B and the intervening galaxy

The properties of the remarkable double quasar 0957 + 561 were first described by Walsh et al. Recently Young et al. have described CCD observations of a distant galaxy associated with the quasar pair, and have identified this galaxy as a gravitational lens forming a double image of a single quasar. We report here 1.2–2.2-µm observations of the system that support the conclusion that the twin quasars are a pair of images of a single object; the quasar has an energy distribution that is unusual. The intervening galaxy is shown to be highly luminous with a bolometric luminosity of about 2 × 10^(11) L.
Transport diffusivity of propane and propylene inside SWNTs from equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations

The gas transport of two model gases (propane and propylene) inside the single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) of various diameters was systematically investigated using the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The thermodynamic factor can be obtained directly from equilibrium MD simulations following the newly-minted method proposed by Schnell et al. (Chem. Phys. Lett., 2011, 504, 199–201). This process eliminates the need to implement the tedious and challenging Monte Carlo simulations for the adsorption isotherm, from which the thermodynamic factor is usually extracted. The satisfactory agreement between simulation and the literature is found for self-diffusivity, corrected diffusivity and transport diffusivity, as well as for the thermodynamic factor. The ideal selectivity for a propane–propylene mixture through SWNT membranes could be optimized through adjusting the concentration gradient. This method can be readily extended to the binary and multiple-component systems.
How Much Should One Rely on Computed Tomography in Patients with TIA in the Era of Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging?

To the Editor: We read with great interest the paper by Douglas et al in Stroke .1 The authors report that the 90-day risk of stroke in transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients with a new infarction on CT is higher than patients with normal CT. This is an important piece of information, coming out almost 20 years after the original report by Waxman and Toole that first introduced the concept that clinically transient events are not necessarily transient in the brain.2 TIAs often leave footprints, small islands of permanent injury, on the brain. Nonetheless, CT is not the best available technique to pursue such footprints of ischemia. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) offers much greater power in classifying patients who have ischemia as the cause of their reversible neurological deficit. Though more expensive, the cost-effectiveness of MRI might rest in using it to prevent stroke in this subgroup with TIA-associated infarction. Recent studies using DWI reveal that infarctions in patients …
Developing written discourse knowledge in whole language and code emphasis classrooms.

Background. Although there have been a plethora of studies comparing the effects of whole language vs. code emphasis instruction on children's literacy development, few have examined what children actually learn about features of written discourse in the two instructional settings. Aim. The purpose of this study was to compare the development of written discourse knowledge among young children in whole language and code emphasis classrooms. Samples. Participants were 64 first grade children, 29 boys and 35 girls, in four intact classrooms from a mid-western school district of the United States. About half of them (N = 34) received whole language instruction and the other half (N = 30) code emphasis instruction. Methods. Each child was individually asked to compose a book-like story about a personally relevant experience for others to read at the beginning and end of the school year. The texts were analysed linguistically and statistically in terms of three fundamental features of written discourse - autonomy, conventionality, and specialised grammar. Results. The children developed more knowledge about the autonomy and conventionality features of written discourse, but their understanding of its specialised grammar remained inchoate. Further, the whole language and code emphasis groups did not demonstrate statistically significant differences in their working knowledge of written discourse. Conclusions. The nature of instructional programme (whole language vs. code emphasis) appears to have little impact on children's developing understanding of written discourse.
Body Talk: Rhetoric, Technology, Reproduction

Body Talk: Rhetoric, Technology, Reproduction. Mary M. Lay. Laura J. Gurak. Clare Gravon. and Cynthia Myntii. eds. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000. xiii. 307 pp.
The exciton model in molecular spectroscopy

The molecular exciton model has received its most extensive development and application in the field of molecular crystals1'2. More recently, numerous applications to non-crystalline molecular composite systems have been made, including van der Waals and hydrogen-bonded dimers, trimers, and higher order aggregates. Another type of composite system has also been investigated, namely the composite molecule consisting of covalently bonded molecular units, with intrinsic individual unsaturated electronic systems so isolated by single bonds that but little or insignificant electronic overlap between units may occur. It is now well established that in molecular aggregates and in composite molecules, exciton effects may be observed if sufficiently strong electronic transitions exist in the component sub-units. The result of exciton splitting of excited states in the composite molecule may be the appearance of strong spectral shifts or splittings (which may be of the order of 2000 cm—1) of the absorption bands for the component molecules. At the same time, as a consequence of the exciton splitting of the excited state manifold, an enhancement of triplet state excitation may result. The purpose of this paper is to present a summary of the various type cases for molecular dimers, trimers and double and triple molecules in the description of the molecular exciton strong-coupling model. Then it will be shown by new experimental examples that, even in those cases where no significant exciton effect is observable in the singlet—singlet absorption spectrum for the composite molecule (intermediate and weak coupling cases), the enhancement of lowest triplet state excitation may still be conspicuous and significant. The ideas which are summarized in this paper have a curious history. Long ago, Kautsky and Merkel3 demonstrated experimentally that aggregation of dyes facilitated their action as photophysical sensitizers in photochemical reactions, at the same time diminishing their fluorescence efficiency. Kautsky attributed these easily demonstrated effects to enhancement of metastable state excitation in the aggregate dye. There is no doubt today that the metastable state he described is the lowest triplet state of the molecules studied. However, he did not distinguish between intrinsic and enhanced metastable (triplet) state excitation, so his interpretations were largely overlooked. Forster in l946 used the quasi-classical vector model to
The U.S. Army Program For Improving Near-Millimeter Wave Power And Energy Standards

ABSTRACTIn this paper we describe the US Army Metrology and Calibration Center's (USAMCC's)efforts to obtain about a five -fold improvement in the accuracy of power and energy stand-ards for the Far Infrared (FIR) spectral region, 0.1 -1.2 mm. Total uncertainties for mostFIR calibrations are placed at + 25% or worse, with no traceability to National Standards.Our goal is to establish, by the end of 1981, FIR reference standards with assigned uncer-tainties approaching + 5 %, directly traceable to infrared standards maintained by the USNational Bureau of Standards (NBS). At that time, we also expect to initiate measurementand calibration services for the Army and other Department of Defense (DOD) agencies. To date, our program has resulted in the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), the nationalstandards laboratory of England, delivering to us a British power meter calibrated with anoverall uncertainty of + 11 %. This recent NPL effort represents the latest state -of- the -artfor FIR calibrations.IntroductionThere is presently strong military interest in exploiting the millimeter wave spectralregion for "all- weather" surveillance and missile guidance. USAMCC, in cooperation with NBSand other DOD agencies, already has a strong effort to establish mm standards at 94, 140,and 220 GHz (3.2, 2.1 and 1.4 mm), using both guided wave and quasi- optical techniques.
Improving slice accuracy by compression of data and control flow paths

Program slicing is a useful technique in tools for program understanding and transformation. Computing correct and accurate slices for unstructured programs is particularly difficult. We present a new family of slicing algorithms that are proved correct and are more accurate than the best previous algorithms. An empirical study shows significant improvements of our algorithms on real code.
Base-Resolution Analysis of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in the Mammalian Genome

The study of 5-hydroxylmethylcytosines (5hmC) has been hampered by the lack of a method to map it at single-base resolution on a genome-wide scale. Affinity purification-based methods cannot precisely locate 5hmC nor accurately determine its relative abundance at each modified site. We here present a genome-wide approach, Tet-assisted bisulfite sequencing (TAB-Seq), that when combined with traditional bisulfite sequencing can be used for mapping 5hmC at base resolution and quantifying the relative abundance of 5hmC as well as 5mC. Application of this method to embryonic stem cells not only confirms widespread distribution of 5hmC in the mammalian genome but also reveals sequence bias and strand asymmetry at 5hmC sites. We observe high levels of 5hmC and reciprocally low levels of 5mC near but not on transcription factor-binding sites. Additionally, the relative abundance of 5hmC varies significantly among distinct functional sequence elements, suggesting different mechanisms for 5hmC deposition and maintenance.
Neural and hormonal regulation of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in adrenal medullary cells: Participation of c-fos and AP1 factors.

Previous studies identified nicotine and angiotensin receptors as major trans-synaptic and hormonal inputs controlling activities and mRNA levels of the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in adrenal medullary (AM) cells. The purpose of this study was to further explore the molecular mechanisms underlying these modes of regulations. Incubation of cultured bovine AM cells with nicotine or a stable analog of angiotensin II, sar1-angiotensin II, increased synthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) mRNAs (2- to 3-fold), suggesting transcriptional activation of these genes. No effects of nicotine or sar1-angiotensin II on TH and PNMT mRNA levels could be demonstrated in cells treated with cycloheximide or puromycin, suggesting regulation by inducible proteins. However, translational inhibitors produced small increases in basal TH mRNA levels (1.5- to 1.9-fold), indicating that repressor-like mechanisms participate in the regulation of the TH gene. Sequence analysis of the bovine TH promoter (1.6 kb) revealed the presence of several putative regulatory elements including four nonidentical AP1-like sites, potential targets for c-Fos/c-Jun/AP1 regulation. Formation of sequence-specific complexes between nuclear proteins and five fragments of the TH promoter (200–400 nt) was demonstrated by gel mobility shift assay (one to three complexes per fragment). Binding of proteins to three promoter fragments containing single AP1-like elements was antagonized by an oligodeoxynucleotide-containing AP1 consensus sequence (oligo-AP1), but not by other unrelated DNA sequences. Oligo-AP1 inhibited the formation of one or two complexes with individual DNA fragments. These observations suggest formation of different AP1-like complexes on individual promoter fragments. c-Fos antibody inhibited the formation of three oligo-AP1-displaceable complexes. The formation of the majority of retarded bands, including all AP1-like complexes, was increased by incubation of cells with sar1-angiotensin II or nicotine. Western analysis demonstrated the presence of c-Fos (p54), c-Jun (p36–38), and several c-Fos- and c-Jun-related antigens in control and stimulated AM cells. Sar1-angiotensin II and nicotine increased steady-state levels of c-Fos (1.5- to 2-fold) and c-fos mRNA (10- to 14-fold) and the levels of several c-Fos-related antigens (FRA) (2- to 7-fold). Some of FRA showed differential regulation by angiotensin II and nicotinic receptors. The levels of p36–38 c-Jun and c-jun mRNA were increased by sar1-angiotensin II (2- to 5-fold) and were less affected by nicotine. In conclusion, our results suggest transcriptional regulation of the TH gene by angiotensin II and nicotinic receptors, through partially different nuclear pathways. The regulation may involve multiple target sites in the TH promoter, inducible proteins, AP1-like factors, c-Fos, and c-Fos-related antigens.
Arginine vasopressin stimulates atrial natriuretic peptide gene expression and secretion from rat diencephalic neurons.

The central nervous system modulates cardiovascular function and fluid and electrolyte balance in part through the actions of vasoactive peptides/neurotransmitters. The presence of several vasoactive peptides and their receptors in the hypothalamus suggests a possible interaction at this site. One level at which vasoactive peptides such as arginine vasopressin (AVP) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) might interact is through the mutual regulation of production and secretion in the hypothalamus. To determine whether AVP modulates ANP gene expression and secretion, we cultured fetal rat diencephalic neurons in the presence of AVP. AVP induced a significant increase in ANP secretion in dose-related fashion (mean +/- SEM basal ANP, 87 +/- 4 pg/ml; maximal mean AVP-stimulated ANP, 146 +/- 6 pg/ml; P less than 0.05, by analysis of variance). Neither oxytocin nor the vasoactive neuropeptide angiotensin-II had any effect on ANP secretion. The stimulatory effect of AVP was significantly blocked by coincubation ...
Bridging care transitions: findings from a resident-staffed early postdischarge program.

PROBLEM Academic medical centers face unique challenges to ensuring patient safety after a hospital discharge, including those related to providing patient follow-up care in practices staffed by residents who are not comfortable managing care transitions. APPROACH In 2011, the authors designed a quality improvement program for early postdischarge follow-up (bridge visits) at a resident primary care outpatient practice, using existing resources. The authors added a unique appointment template to the outpatient electronic health record to guide residents during the visit. Residents completed both postvisit and postprogram surveys regarding their experience with the program, and patients completed postvisit phone surveys regarding their satisfaction with the program. OUTCOMES Fifty-eight residents completed postvisit surveys, of which 31.0% (18/58) reported problems with medication reconciliation and 25.9% (15/58) with adherence to discharge medications. Of those residents who completed postprogram surveys, almost half (18/38; 47.4%) agreed that their experience changed the way they discharge patients. Nearly all patients who responded to the postvisit phone surveys reported that the program reinforced their discharge and medication instructions (44/46; 95.7%); 81.8% (18/22) of patients with established providers did not mind seeing an interim physician for expedited postdischarge care. NEXT STEPS An early postdischarge program at a resident outpatient primary care practice is valuable both in ensuring patient safety and as a model to promote experiential learning in medical education. Findings from this study will be used to develop a formal curriculum in care transitions for all residents.
PAX5-positive T-cell anaplastic large cell lymphomas associated with extra copies of the PAX5 gene locus

Cell lineage is the major criterion by which lymphomas are classified. Immunohistochemistry has greatly facilitated lymphoma diagnosis by detecting expression of lineage-associated antigens. However, loss or aberrant expression of these antigens may present diagnostic challenges. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a T-cell lymphoma that shows morphologic and phenotypic overlap with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, which is a tumor of B-cell derivation. Staining for the B-cell transcription factor, paired box 5 (PAX5), has been suggested to be helpful in this differential, as it is positive in most classical Hodgkin's lymphomas, but absent in anaplastic large cell lymphomas. In this study we report four systemic T-cell anaplastic large cell lymphomas that were positive for PAX5 by immunohistochemistry, with weak staining intensity similar to that observed in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. All diagnoses were confirmed by a combination of morphologic, phenotypic, and molecular criteria. Three cases were anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) negative and one was ALK positive. PAX5 immunohistochemistry was negative in 198 additional peripheral T-cell lymphomas, including 66 anaplastic large cell lymphomas. Unexpectedly, although PAX5 translocations were absent, all evaluable PAX5-positive anaplastic large cell lymphomas showed extra copies of the PAX5 gene locus by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In contrast, only 4% of PAX5-negative peripheral T-cell lymphomas had extra copies of PAX5. We conclude that aberrant expression of PAX5 occurs rarely in T-cell anaplastic large cell lymphomas, and may be associated with extra copies of the PAX5 gene. PAX5-positive lymphomas with morphologic features overlapping different lymphoma types should be evaluated with an extensive immunohistochemical panel and/or molecular studies to avoid diagnostic errors that could lead to inappropriate treatment. As PAX5 overexpression causes T-cell neoplasms in experimental models, PAX5 may have contributed to lymphomagenesis in our cases.
Integrated components for fiber optic data links in industrial applications

Abstract With the development of low loss and relatively inexpensive optical fiber, many applications of fiber optic data transmission have become economically feasible. In contrast to the telecommunication applications which can justify the use of elaborate terminal circuitry to minimize the overall cost per channel-mile, industrial applications require terminal circuits which are inexpensive and widely applicable. The same interface circuits should accomodate the interconnection of both low rate asynchronous calculator-peripherals and high speed CPUs in a synchronous distributed computer network. This paper describes the performance and design trade-offs of the internal optical coding format, single chip integrated transmit and receive circuits, transducer module, source and detector, single fiber connector and cable of a 0–10 Mb/s over 0–100m and 0–15 Mb/s over 0–1 km, TTL compatible fiber optic data link. These components together constitute an easy to use, flexible and economical data transmission interface which can be mounted directly on a user's I/O printed circuit boards or panel.
Comparison of Intravenous Sedation Versus General Anesthesia on the Efficacy of the Doli 50 Lithotriptor

Purpose: We compared the impact of intravenous sedation versus general anesthesia on the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.Materials and Methods: From November 1997 to May 1998, 295 patients with a single renal or upper ureteral radioopaque stone of less than 2 cm. were treated with the Doli 50 lithotriptor (Dornier Medical Systems, Marietta, Georgia). The treating anesthesiologist and patient together elected intravenous sedation or general anesthesia. Of the 92 patients 60 (65%) treated under intravenous sedation and 126 of the 203 (62%) treated under general anesthesia had 3-month followup records available for review. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy was considered a failure if residual stone fragments remained after 3 months, or an auxiliary procedure or re-treatment was required.Results: At 3 months the stone-free rate in patients treated under intravenous sedation was 55% compared with 87% in those treated under general anesthesia (p <0.001). There was no statistically significa...
Roy Porter Student Prize EssayBoils, Pushes and Wheals: Reading Bumps on the Body in Early Modern England

Summary. Bodily bumps in early modern England were not simply collections of humors that needed to be lanced and drained. Diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of skin swellings comprised a deeply rich semiotics that both patients and healers read according to a range of biographical factors, incidents, sensations, observations and experiences. Using diaries and case histories in seventeenth-century surgical texts, this article explores how both patients and healers read and treated bodily bumps. It then looks at patients and healers together during medical encounters in order to show how both parties' interpretations and observations of the body created a collaborative interpretation of health. The article shows that, long before the development of physical diagnosis in the nineteenth century, surgeons were pressing and prodding patients' bodies to discern the nature and severity of external ailments. Thus, in addition to the patient narrative, touching and manipulating the body were often significant aspects of medical diagnosis and practice in the early modern period.
A Comparison of Screening Instruments: Predictive Validity of the BESS and BSC

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare two behavior screening instruments—the Behavioral and Emotional Screening System and the Behavior Screening Checklist. The sample consisted of 492 elementary school children from the southeastern United States. The psychometric properties of the screening instruments were evaluated in terms of intra-rater agreement, concurrent validity, and predictive validity of academic and behavioral outcomes. Results revealed that both screeners were significantly correlated with behavioral and academic variables. Consumers of screening instruments are encouraged to select an instrument that has sound psychometric properties and is practical for use in applied settingsC.
Vaccine injury compensation programs worldwide

Approximately a dozen countries provide some form of compensation for injuries (or deaths) following vaccination. More than anything else, they were instituted in the belief governments have a special responsibility to those injured by properly manufactured and administered vaccines used in public health programs. Administratively, most are managed through the national government, including decisions on eligibility for and amount of compensation. Eligibility may depend on the recipient's age, citizenship or residency status, category of vaccine (e.g., recommended, compulsory), the location it is administered (public vs private ambulatory setting), or satisfying certain time frames for filing a claim. Since few vaccine-related injuries have a clinical or laboratory marker, proving actual causation is difficult. Causation decisions are usually based on the balance of probabilities standard of more likely than not. All countries require that the effects be long lasting (e.g., greater than 6 months), and nearly all provide coverage for medical costs, disability pensions, and death benefits, while noneconomic damages (pain and suffering) are included much less frequently. Funding is generally from the national treasury, with some programs receiving support from lower governmental entities or vaccine manufacturers. After nearly 4 decades of operation, vaccine injury compensation program appears to be an increasingly accepted component of immunization programs today. While we have a much better understanding of their statutory purpose, frame work, process and outcome, there is much more to be learned. Future research should focus on vaccine compensation programs and (1) decision-making at the administrative level; (2) the utilization of outcome indicators in order to gauge effectiveness, including immunization acceptance; (3) the knowledge and attitudes of the public and medical community in host countries; and (4) the overall perspective of vaccine manufacturers. Insight into these and other areas will no doubt aid other countries as they consider implementing programs of their own.
Intravascular Ultrasound Assessment of the Incidence and Predictors of Edge Dissections After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation

Objectives: We used intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to assess incidence, predictors, morphology, and angiographic findings of edge dissections after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation.Background...