cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A livestock guardian dog by any other name: similar response to wolves across livestock guardian dog breeds.

Abstract Nonlethal tools for reducing livestock depredations, such as livestock guardian dogs (LGDs; Canis familiaris), reduce lethal management of livestock predators and have been widely adopted by domestic sheep (Ovis aries) producers in the United States. However, compared with their success in reducing coyote (Canis latrans) depredations, commonly used LGD breeds appear less effective against wolves (Canis lupus). With more than 30 distinct LGD breeds found throughout the world, certain breeds may be more effective at deterring specific threats. We compared LGD breeds commonly used in the United States, collectively called whitedogs, with three European breeds selected for boldness toward carnivores, history of use in areas with wolves, lack of aggression toward humans, and size. We collected data on LGD behavior with sheep herds in Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming in 2015 and 2016. We also developed a test to examine LGDs’ response to a simulated encounter with a wolf while on summer grazing range. Results from generalized linear mixed models of proportion of time spent in a given behavior indicate that few significant behavioral differences exist among tested breeds. Kangals tended to be more investigative when engaging a decoy, karakachans more vigilant, and transmontanos more able to decipher a threatening from unthreatening stimulus. Transmontanos also spent less time scanning than whitedogs, and there was a marginally significant effect of karakachans moving more than whitedogs. While these subtle behavioral differences may help livestock producers make tailored decisions in choosing the appropriate LGD for their needs and circumstance, our results suggest that behavioral differences among breeds may be less common than often suggested.
Evolution in the Fossil Record

Our geological timescale based on stratigraphy and morphology for invertebrate evolution will be useful in calibrating local geological timescales and in estimating divergence times more reliably, especially in groups with poor fossil records. These morphological divergence times also provide an independent measure of the tempo and mode of morphological change. An accurate knowledge of divergence times can provide a clue to ‘missing’ fossils and thus enable the testing of various hypotheses of evolution in deep time.
Continuous culture of thiorhodaceae. Sulfide and sulfur limited growth of Chromatium vinosum.

In sulfide limited continuous culture of a marine isolate of Chromatium vinosum, sulfide was undetectable in steady states below dilution rates of 0.06h-1, that is 1/2 of the maximum specific growth rate. In the same range, sulfur is assumed to attain the role of the growth rate limiting substrate. Furthermore, it could be shown that the rate of sulfur oxidation is a function of the surface area of the sulfur globules rather than of the sulfur concentration. In completely filled chemostats, steady states were obtainable only at dilution rates not exceeding 0.09 h-1. In the presence of a nitrogen flushed gas phase, steady states were obtained at dilution rates approaching the maximum specific growth rate (0.12h-1). This phenomenon is ascribed to the particular sulfide tolerance of our strain of Chromatium vinosum. The saturation constant and the inhibition constant (lowest, respectively highest total sulfide concentration at which the specific growth rate is equal to one-half of the maximum specific growth rate in the absence of inhibition) were 0.007 mM and 0.85 mM, respectively. The ecological significance of the data is discussed.
The Global Overturning Circulation

In this article, I use the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean version 4 (ECCO4) reanalysis to estimate the residual meridional overturning circulation, zonally averaged, over the separate Atlantic and Indo-Pacific sectors. The abyssal component of this estimate differs quantitatively from previously published estimates that use comparable observations, indicating that this component is still undersampled. I also review recent conceptual models of the oceanic meridional overturning circulation and of the mid-depth and abyssal stratification. These theories show that dynamics in the Antarctic circumpolar region are essential in determining the deep and abyssal stratification. In addition, they show that a mid-depth cell consistent with observational estimates is powered by the wind stress in the Antarctic circumpolar region, while the abyssal cell relies on interior diapycnal mixing, which is bottom intensified.
Sensory experience remodels genome architecture in neural circuit to drive motor learning

Neuronal-activity-dependent transcription couples sensory experience to adaptive responses of the brain including learning and memory. Mechanisms of activity-dependent gene expression including alterations of the epigenome have been characterized1-8. However, the fundamental question of whether sensory experience remodels chromatin architecture in the adult brain in vivo to induce neural code transformations and learning and memory remains to be addressed. Here we use in vivo calcium imaging, optogenetics and pharmacological approaches to show that granule neuron activation in the anterior dorsal cerebellar vermis has a crucial role in a delay tactile startle learning paradigm in mice. Of note, using large-scale transcriptome and chromatin profiling, we show that activation of the motor-learning-linked granule neuron circuit reorganizes neuronal chromatin including through long-distance enhancer-promoter and transcriptionally active compartment interactions to orchestrate distinct granule neuron gene expression modules. Conditional CRISPR knockout of the chromatin architecture regulator cohesin in anterior dorsal cerebellar vermis granule neurons in adult mice disrupts enhancer-promoter interactions, activity-dependent transcription and motor learning. These findings define how sensory experience patterns chromatin architecture and neural circuit coding in the brain to drive motor learning.
Computer Anxiety in Educators Learning to Use the Computer: A Preliminary Report.

AbstractEducators throughout the United States are concerned with the issue of delivering computer-based instructional programs to their students. Such a process requires that teachers receive training on the uses of computers in order to implement applications in the classroom. As adult learners they often experience anxiety and frustration during the process of learning. Excessive levels of anxiety can inhibit learning and prevent these individuals from becoming proficient in the use of the computer. This study indicated that the lowering of an individual’s anxiety level occurs over time, and that the timing of such change differs according to the level of previous experience of the participant. Beginners require adequate time working with the computer to allow these anxiety levels to lower, and educators should be cautious about using short-term inservice activities which allow minimal computer contact when working with beginning adults.
Associations of informant-based sleep reports with Alzheimer's disease pathologies.

Data collection and sharing for this project were funded by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (National Institutes of Health Grant U01 AG024904) and DOD ADNI (Department of Defense award number W81XWH-12-2-0012). ADNI is funded by the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, and through generous contributions from the following: AbbVie, Alzheimer's Association; Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation; Araclon Biotech; BioClinica, Inc.; Biogen; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; CereSpir, Inc.; Cogstate; Eisai Inc.; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; EuroImmun; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and its affiliated company Genentech, Inc.; Fujirebio; GE Healthcare; IXICO Ltd.; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC.; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC.; Lumosity; Lundbeck; Merck & Co., Inc.; MesoScale Diagnostics, LLC.; NeuroRx Research; Neurotrack Technologies; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer Inc.; Piramal Imaging; Servier; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company; and Transition Therapeutics. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research is providing funds to support ADNI clinical sites in Canada. Private sector contributions are facilitated by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (www.fnih.org). The grantee organization is the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, and the study is coordinated by the Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California. ADNI data are disseminated by the Laboratory for Neuro Imaging at the University of Southern California. Data used in preparation of this article were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database (adni.loni.usc.edu). As such, the investigators within the ADNI contributed to the design and implementation of ADNI and/or provided data but did not participate in analysis or writing of this report. A complete listing of ADNI investigators can be found at: http://adni.loni.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/how_to_apply/ADNI_Acknowledgement_List. pdf.
A comparison of mechanisms for RTC in the context of IoT

Abstract Real Time Communications (RTC) involve several technologies and protocols that have been instrumental to the establishment of media sessions over packet switching networks. Well known legacy protocols like Session Initialization Protocol (SIP) and Real Time Protocol (RTP) are the preferred mechanisms to accomplish this goal, however, in Internet of Things (IoT) environments where computational resources are limited, their use becomes a challenge. Because several applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) require image transmission, in this paper we introduce a mechanism that provides media packetization relying on IoT-specific transport protocols. Specifically, sensors that already include a Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) stack can reuse it to provide media transport. The performance of CoAP based image transmission is compared against that of traditional RTC transport from both the theoretical and the experimental perspective.
Do SIRS Criteria Predict Clinical Outcomes in Diabetic Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

The aim of this study was to assess whether systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is correlated with outcomes in diabetic foot infections (DFIs). We retrospectively reviewed 137 diabetic patients admitted to the hospital with Infectious Diseases Society of America moderate and severe DFIs. We used SIRS criteria to define severe infection based on the presence of at least 2 of the following: heart rate >90 bpm, temperature >38°C or 20 breaths per minute, and white blood cell count >12,000/mm3 or <4,000/mm3. Patients with severe DFI were significantly younger (median 49.6 versus 53.6 years, p = .04), less often had type 2 diabetes (88.6% versus 98.9%, p = .01), and less often had a history of previous amputation (15.9% versus 40.9%, p < .01). There were no differences in patients with severe infections defined by SIRS versus moderate infections in the need for surgery (47.7% versus 59.1%, p = .27), any amputation (20.5% versus 29.0%, p = .29), leg amputations (6.8% versus 7.5%, p = .88), duration of antibiotics (median ± standard deviation 34.1 ± 46.5 versus 31.9 ± 47.2 days, p = .47), or healing within 1 year (68.2% versus 66.7%, p = 1.00). Length of hospital stay was the only outcome variable that was significantly different in severe infections (median 12.7 ± 11.9 versus 7.8 ± 5.8 days, p = .02). Foot-related readmission was more common in moderate infections (46.2% versus 25.0%, p = .02). In conclusion, SIRS criteria for severe infections in diabetic patients with skin and soft tissue infections were not associated with a difference in outcomes other than longer hospital stay.
An NBTI-Aware Digital Low-Dropout Regulator with Adaptive Gain Scaling Control

Digital low-dropout voltage regulators (DLDOs) have drawn increasing attention for the easy implementation within nanoscale devices. Despite their various beneﬁts over analog LDOs, disadvantages may arise in the form of negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) induced performance degradation. In this paper, a simple and effective adaptive gain scaling (AGS) technique with a steady-state capture feature is proposed. AGS senses the steady-state output of a DLDO and reduces the gain to the minimum value to obtain a stable output voltage. Moreover, a novel uni-directional barrel shifter is proposed to reduce the aging effect of the DLDO. This uni-directional barrel shifter evenly distributes the load among DLDO output stages to obtain a longer lifetime. The beneﬁts of the proposed techniques are explored and highlighted through extensive simulations. The proposed techniques also have negligible power and area overhead. NBTI-aware design with AGS can reduce the transient response time by 59.5% as compared to aging unaware conventional DLDO and can mitigate the aging effect up to 33%.
Higher education students’ indoor environmental quality satisfaction benchmark

Post-occupancy evaluation is a well-known research method documenting occupants’ satisfaction with indoor environmental quality (IEQ) factors. Despite potentially significant roles of gender differ...
Media, the Public Sphere, and the Globalization of Social Problems

This afterward focuses on the role of media in the constitution of global problems. It addresses this issue in relation to debates about globalization and the public sphere, and in particular the problem of how institutions of the public sphere, including the news media, which have historically been tied to the nation-state, can adapt to the increasing transnationalization of economic and political processes and social problems. It considers, among other issues, the key role of institutional contexts, new forms of transnational media and of “global journalism,” the “domestication” of global issues, and the role of global media events in which cosmopolitan citizenship is imagined and represented.
Narrowed-spectrum Technologies in Endoscopic Imaging of The Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

ABSTRACT Narrowed-spectrum imaging (NSI) technologies, also known as digital or virtual chromoendoscopy, use optical or digital filters to modify the visible light spectrum and thereby enhance mucosal surface and vascular features. Following the introduction of narrow band imaging over a decade ago, NSI technologies have progressed in image resolution and brightness and are now an intricate part of modern diagnostic endoscopy. This review highlights the application of NSI for the diagnosis and characterization of a wide range of upper gastrointestinal disorders with an emphasis on the diagnostic performance of validated classification systems.
WebLens: Towards Interactive Large-scale Structured Data Profiling

Data profiling is a "set of statistical data analysis activities and processes to determine properties of a given dataset". Historically,most of the data profiling tasks were aimed at data. At scale, when a dataset has millions of tables, their meta-data (i.e. titles, attribute names and types) becomes abundant similar to data instances, and its profiling starts playing a vital role. Here we demonstrate our work on WebLens- an interactive, scalable metadata profiler for large-scale structured data. At its core is a new data structure - Metadata-profile, coupled with Machine/Deep-Learning models trained to construct it. It represents a meta-data summary of a specific real world object collected over millions of data sources. Such profiles significantly simplify access to large-scale structured datasets for both data scientists and end users. Finally, we performed a user study with 20 students and found WebLens trained models significantly outperform 20 people on the task of construction of metadata-profiles for 10 objects from different domains. For demonstration and evaluation we used a large-scale dataset of '15 Million relational English tables from the Web.
Weeping wounds and sepsis: a complication of elephantiasis nostras verrucosa.

A 68-year-old man with atrial fibrillation, morbid obesity, heart failure and venous stasis dermatitis presented to the emergency department after a presyncopal episode. On arrival he was febrile, hypotensive, tachycardic and found to have leucocytosis, which led to concerns for septic shock. Blood
Screening for High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents.

A 10-year-old boy with obesity and a family history significant for hypertension and hyperlipidemia presents to your clinic for a well-child examination. The parents are concerned about their child 's risk for hypertension and ask whether they should be monitoring his blood pressure.
Burn Resuscitation

Fluid resuscitation following burn injury must support organ perfusion with the least amount of fluid necessary and the least physiological cost. Under resuscitation may lead to organ failure and death. With adoption of weight and injury size-based formulas for resuscitation, multiple organ dysfunction and inadequate resuscitation have become uncommon. Instead, administration of fluid volumes well in excess of historic guidelines has been reported. A number of strategies including greater use of colloids and vasoactive drugs are now under investigation to optimize preservation of end organ function while avoiding complications which can include respiratory failure and compartment syndromes. Adjuncts to resuscitation, such as antioxidants, are also being investigated along with parameters beyond urine output and vital signs to identify endpoints of therapy. Here we briefly review the state-of-the-art and provide a sample of protocols now under investigation in North American burn centers.
Microplastic pollution in soils and groundwater: Characteristics, analytical methods and impacts

Abstract Microplastic (MP) pollution has raised public concerns in recent decades globally due to its wide global spreading and potential toxicity. Most of existing studies have focused on MP pollution in marine, freshwater, and sediment systems. However, much less research attention has been paid to soil, which is a major sink of MPs. Furthermore, research interest in MPs in groundwater is even lower than that in soils. There is a critical need to digest and summarize the existing knowledge and the latest advancements to promote research on MP pollution in soils and groundwater. As the first of its kind, this work provides a systematical review of the newest knowledge on occurrences, sources, analytical methods, and impacts of MPs in both soils and groundwater. It first outlines the characteristics (global occurrences, sources, and pathways) of MP pollution in soils and groundwater. Commonly used analytical methods including sample collection (sites, tools, depth, points, and quantity), sample preparation (drying and sieving), extraction (separation, digestion, etc.), identification (visual sorting, chromatography, and vibration spectroscopy), and quality assurance/quality control are then systematically reviewed. Furthermore, the risks and impacts of MPs on soil properties, plants, animals, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) between microorganisms and humans are discussed. At the end, this review also identifies the knowledge gaps and points out potential directions for future research.
Web-enabled Data Warehouse

In this paper we review the basic architecture of a Web-enabled data warehouse. Industrial practices and valuable Web sites developed by leading vendors on the topic are provided. The usage of information usually follows the 80/20 rule, e.g., 80% of usage involves only 20% of resources and 80% of queries are requested by 20% of users. This phenomenon is also reported frequently in Web-enabled data warehouse. To enrich the literature, we propose an 80/20-based methodology to build such a Web-enabled data warehouse.
Chapter 1 Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Biosynthesis of the Bisindole Alkaloids of Catharanthus

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the occurrence, isolation, structure elucidation, spectroscopy, and biosynthetic studies of the antitumor alkaloids of Catharanthus . The isolation of the antitumor agents vinblastine (VLB) and vincristine (VCR) from Catharunthus roseus (L.) G. Don proves to be one of the most important developments in both natural product chemistry and the clinical treatment of cancer. Since its initial discovery, VLB has been reisolated from Catharunthus roseus several times, and it is also obtained from C. ovalis, C. longifolius, and C. trichophyllus . Strictosidine is the universal precursor of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, and selected cell-free systems of Catharunthus roseus have the ability to produce the full range of alkaloid structure types, including the bisindoles. The highest concentration of alkaloids is found in the roots at the start of flowering, and the minimum in the stems during the full fruiting stage of the plant. The rate of alkaloid accumulation decreases during fruit maturation, and the most active stage of alkaloid biosynthesis is at the start of flowering in all vegetative organs.
Migration, Income Inequality, and the Urban Poor in China

(2009). Migration, Income Inequality, and the Urban Poor in China. The Chinese Economy: Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 3-6.
Kinetic and regulatory mechanisms for (Escherichia coli) homoserine dehydrogenase-I. Equilibrium isotope exchange kinetics.

Isotope exchange kinetics at chemical equilibrium were used to probe the mechanisms of substrate binding and regulatory behavior of homoserine dehydrogenase-I from Escherichia coli. At pH 9.0, 37 degrees C, Keq = 100 (+/- 20) for the catalyzed reaction: L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde + NADPH + H+ = L-homoserine + NADP+. Saturation curves for the exchange reactions, [14C]L-homoserine L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde and [3H]NADP+ NADPH were observed as a function of different reactant-product pairs, varied in constant ratio at equilibrium. The NADP+ NADPH exchange rate was inhibited upon variation of pairs involving L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde and L-homoserine, consistent with preferred order random binding of cofactors before amino acids. Optimal rate constants, derived by simulations of equilibrium isotope exchange kinetics data with the ISOBI program, indicate faster dissociation of amino acids than cofactors from the central complexes but nearly equal rates for association of cofactors and amino acids to free enzyme. Rate limitation of net turnover in both directions is determined by dissociation of cofactor from the E-cofactor complex. The allosteric modifier, L-threonine, produces distinctive perturbations of the saturation curves for isotope exchange, which were analyzed systematically with the ISOBI program. The best fit to the data was obtained by L-threonine inhibiting catalysis between the central complexes without altering substrate association-dissociation rates. Simulations also showed that rate-limiting catalysis suppresses the kinetic inhibition effects that are characteristic of preferred order substrate binding, producing patterns typical for a (rapid equilibrium) random kinetic scheme.
N-(4-Isocyano­phen­yl)succinamic acid

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C11H10N2O3, inversion-related mol­ecules are connected by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. With the exception of the atoms in the carb­oxy­lic acid group, the non-H atoms are roughly coplanar with a maximum deviation from the mean plane of 0.270 (1) A for the C atom to which the carb­oxy­lic group is attached. The C atom of the carb­oxy­lic group lies 1.730 (2) A from the mean plane.
Towards Adaptive Sensor Data Management for Distributed Fire Evacuation Infrastructure

We introduce a novel strategy for data processing in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in the case of emergency fire evacuation with stringent delay constraints. Such networks should perform distributed emergency assessment, continuous emergency monitoring, and dynamic selection of optimal evacuation strategies. The obvious complexity of these tasks restricts applying existing WSN optimization solutions. Our approach is based on considering the WSN as a complex adaptive system where a complicated task of multi-agent scheduling is factored into a set of smaller subtasks. In this case, decisions made locally by individual sensors can efficiently converge into desirable information processing patterns. A notable feature of our method is its scalability, which allows the sensornet to operate with sufficient quality of service under heavy information loads. We demonstrate the utility of our approach using different fire evacuation scenarios.
Initial United States clinical and pharmacologic evaluation of misonidazole (Ro-07-0582), an hypoxic cell radiosensitizer

Abstract The hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, misonidazole, is in a Phase I clinical pharmacology and toxicology trial. Forty patients were evaluated on a weekly dose schedule. Misonidazole was given on the dose schedule of a single oral dose weekly for 3 or 6 weeks in separate patient groups. Radiation therapy, of a palliative nature, was given 4–6 hr after drug administration to allow for maximal tumor levels. The initial dose level was 1 gm/m 2 and escalated to 3 gm/m 2 weekly × 6 weeks and 5 gm/m 2 weekly × 3 weeks. Toxicologic evaluation included serial clinical and laboratory evaluations. The principle toxicities observed were nausea and vomiting and neurotoxicity. The nausea and vomiting were acute, and dose limiting at 5 gm/m 2 . The neurotoxicity was primarily a peripheral sensory polyneuropathy, either seen on objective exam only or with mild to moderate paresthesias. Three patients manifested motor neuropathy with moderate weakness. Some ototoxicity and encephalopathy was observed. All patients had reversible, non-progressive neuropathy. The development of neuropathy was not related to the pharmacologic parameters of serum level or half-life. The incidence of neuropathy was related to total drug dose. Patients receiving less than or equal to 10 gms/m 2 had an incidence of 4 of 19 (21%) compared to patients receiving more than 10 gms/m 2 who had an incidence of 15 of 19 (79%). Pharmacologic evaluation included ultraviolet (UV) or high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements of blood, urine, stool, and tumor biopsies. The HPLC identified Ro-05-9963, the desmethylated compound, as the principal metabolite in both blood and urine. Comparison of sera levels at the time of radiation (4–6 hr) with oral drug dose showed a good correlation, with maximum oral drug absorption not reached. Clinically significant blood level of 100 μg/ml could be achieved by a dose of about 2.5 gm/m 2 or 65–80 mg/kg. The pharmacology yielded peak sera levels at 2–4 hr with a mean half life of 15 hr and median of 14 hr; the half life was not related to drug dose. Urinary excretion was principally of the active metabolite (9963); total per cent excretion of both compounds in 24 hr ranged from 12–65% with a mean of 28% and a median of 23%. Tumor levels in 2 patients were 80 and 90% of peak sera levels. No increased toxicity of normal tissues in the radiation field was observed. Some interesting patient responses were observed. Further toxicologic, pharmacologic, and efficacy studies are underway.
Pigments and lipids of heterocysts

Heterocysts of autotrophically grown Anabaena cylindrica contain about 77% as much chlorophyll as do vegetative cells, have little phycocyanin, and appear to lack myxoxanthophyll. Heterocysts have a photosystem I. Lipids of the two cell types differ.
Counter-Diffusion of Isotopically Labeled Trichloroethylene in Silica Gel and Geosorbent Micropores: Column Results

To investigate counter-diffusion in microporous sorbents, the rate of exchange between deuterated trichloroethylene (DTCE) in fast desorbing sites and nondeuterated TCE ({sup 1}HTCE) in slow desorbing sites was measured. Exchange rates were measured for a silica gel, a Santa Clara sediment, and a Livermore clay/silt fraction, all at 100% relative humidity and 30 C. Initially, solids were packed into stainless steel columns and incubated with {sup 1}HTCE for 1--3 weeks. After incubation, {sup 1}HTCE was replaced with DTCE in fast desorbing sites. Next, columns were capped, and DTCE was allowed to exchange with {sup 1}HTCE in slow desorbing sites for 1, 3, or 30 days. Elution profiles were then measured to determine the extent of exchange that occurred while the columns were capped. Results from experiments conducted with different exchange times support the hypothesis that slow sorption kinetics is controlled by diffusion in micropores. For the silica gel and the Santa Clara sediment, {sup 1}HTCE was incompletely exchanged with DTCE after 30 days. This indicates that the counter-diffusion rate of DTCE into {sup 1}HTCE-filled micropores is less than the diffusion rate of {sup 1}HTCE into micropores not filled with TCE.
Characterization of Human Herpesvirus-8 K8.1A/B Glycoproteins by Monoclonal Antibodies

Human herpesvirus-8 K8.1 gene encodes for two immunogenic class I glycoproteins, K8.1A and B, originating from spliced messages [(1998) Virology 243, 208–217]. The 228-amino-acid-long K8.1A open reading frame (ORF) contains four N-glycosylation sites and the 167-amino-acid-long K8.1B ORF contains three N-glycosylation sites, sharing similar amino- and carboxyl-termini with ORF K8.1A but with an in-frame deletion [(1998) Virology 249, 140–149]. To characterize the K8.1A and B glycoproteins in the infected body cavity-based B cell lymphoma (BCBL-1) cells and in the virion envelopes, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) recognizing only K8.1A protein or both K8.1A and B proteins were generated. These antibodies reacted with the infected cell membranes and virion envelopes. Stable COS-1 transformant cells expressed the K8.1A and B proteins independently on the plasma membranes. MAbs recognized multiple proteins with molecular weights ranging from 23 to 72 kDa from the BCBL-1 cells and COS-1 cells and the 72 to 68 kDa molecular-weight proteins from the virion particles. The K8.1A is the predominant protein affinity purified from the infected BCBL-1 cells. Digestion with glycosidases show that these proteins contain both N- and O-linked sugars, suggesting that the multiple proteins recognized by the MAbs represent the precursor and product forms of K8.1A and B proteins, and the 72 to 68 kDa molecular-weight proteins represent the virion particle-associated mature forms of these glycoproteins.
THE ROLE OF COMPLEMENT IN RESISTANCE TO ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS INFECTION WITH A COMMON MOUSE PATHOGEN, CORYNEBACTERIUM KUTSCHERI

In mice, the presence or absence of a single complement (C') component, called hc1, is controlled by two alleles at the Hc locus. The sera of mice which lack this C' component do not manifest C'-mediated immune hemolysis. When challenged with the common mouse pathogen, Corynebacterium kutscheri , mice possessing hemolytic C' fare slightly better than C'-deficient mice. When mice harboring latent C. kutscheri are administered hydrocortisone, which depresses mouse serum C' levels, pseudotuberculosis is activated with equal frequency in mice of both C' types. These data suggest that in at least one situation the presence of the complete hemolytic C' system may be advantageous to the mouse. In contrast, evidence is presented which shows that under normal laboratory conditions, C'-deficient B10.D2 "old line" mice (Hc/Hc) have a survival advantage over C'-positive B10.D2 "new line" mice (Hc1/Hic1) during the first 3 wk of life. It is therefore concluded that mouse hemolytic C' has a balanced survival value—that is, under one set of conditions it may be advantageous, whereas in another situation, it may be disadvantageous.
Target Cells for 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Developing Rat Incisor Teeth

The concentration of radioactivity is observed in the nuclei of pulpal cells of maxillary and mandibular incisors of 20-day-old fetal rats, following injection of [3H]-1,25 (OH) 2 vitamin D3. Cells in the odontoblast and ameloblast layers are essentially free of nuclear labeling. The radioactively labeled pulpal cells exist throughout the length of the incisors with the exception of the progenitor areas. The results indicate the presence of receptors for 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 in pulpal cells, and suggest the effects of the hormone on these cells.
Relative susceptibility of various stocks of mice to experimental disseminated encephalomyelitis.

Summary1. The stock from which the host is taken is apparently important for the outcome of attempts to induce in mice experimental disseminated encephalomyelitis, for certain stocks of albino mice are susceptible and others, even though of related lines, are relatively resistant. 2. In 19% of the mice which reacted to homologous brain tissue-Freund type adjuvant mixtures, lesions characteristic of disseminated encephalomyelitis can be found in the central nervous system in the absence of any demonstrable objective symptoms of illness. 3. A diagnosis of the experimental encephalomyelitis should there-fore be based on the results of histological examination of the nervous system as well as on typical symptomatology. The question is discussed whether reactors might not have been overlooked among animals of other species hitherto employed, when the basis for the diagnosis of the encephalomyelitis was only the presence of outward signs of illness.
Axiomatic Thermodynamics and Extensive Measurement.

Abstract : The paper applies set theory to various phases of thermodynamics and measurement systems.
Synchronization and spontaneous dynamics in the Locus Coeruleus network.

The mathematical theory of pattern formation in electrically coupled networks of excitable neurons forced by small noise is presented in this work. Using the Freidlin-Wentzell large deviation theory for randomly perturbed dynamical systems and the elements of the algebraic graph theory, we identify and analyze main regimes in the network dynamics in terms of the key control parameters: excitability, coupling strength, and network topology. The analysis reveals the geometry of spontaneous dynamics in electrically coupled network. Specifically, we show that the location of the minima of a certain continuous function on the surface of the unit n-cube encodes the most likely activity patterns generated by the network. By studying how the minima of this function evolve under the variation of the coupling strength, we identify the principal transformations in the network dynamics. The minimization problem is also used for the quantitative description of the main dynamical regimes and transitions between them. In particular, for the weak and strong coupling regimes, we present asymptotic formulae for the activity rate as a function of the coupling strength and the degree of the network. The variational analysis is complemented by the stability analysis of the synchronous state in the strong coupling regime. The stability estimates reveal the contribution of the network connectivity and the properties of the cycle subspace associated with the graph of the network to its synchronization properties. This work is motivated by the experimental and modeling studies of the ensemble of neurons in the Locus Coeruleus, a nucleus in the brainstem involved in the regulation of cognitive performance and behavior [1].
Further Verification of Bloom’s Taxonomy

A pilot study was carried out to test a curriculum developed to teach thinking at the fourth and fifth levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Cognitive Domain. The questions asked were: (1) Will the data this study support the basic assumption that Bloom’s Taxonomy is a cumulative hierarchy of thinking levels?; and (2) If achievement occurs, will it be dependent on student intelligence? The material developed (15) was taught to a fifth and a sixth grade class over a ten-week period and tested with an achievement test that followed the first five levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy. The test results generally supported the basic assumption of the Taxonomy. Significant achievement occurred at all levels of the Taxonomy. Furthermore, intelligence did not significantly differentiate achievement between students in the upper and lower thirds of the IQ scale.
A New American Family? Public Opinion toward Family Status and Perceptions of the Challenges Faced by Children of Same-Sex Parents

The present study brings together current thinking on public opinion toward varied family arrangements and perceptions of the challenges faced by children of same-sex parents with recent scholarship from the fields of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT)/family studies in an effort to better contextualize the general population's orientation toward varied household types. Specifically, the research focuses on understanding what factors influence public perceptions of varied family compositions and the implications of these dynamics for those engaged in the practice of family therapy and policy making. Analyzing data from the Pew Research Center's October 2010 Changing American Family Survey, the results suggest that demographics, predispositions, and importantly, views on the state and purpose of marriage, explain the greatest amount of variation in opinions. Furthermore, despite more liberal orientations toward marriage and family, Americans still feel that the children of gay and lesbian coupl...
Development of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Roof-to-Wall Connection

A significant proportion of damage to buildings in hurricanes occurs owing to weak roof-to-wall connections. The objective of this study was to develop an innovative, efficient, and nonintrusive roof-to-wall connection for wood-frame structures by using high-performance fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Several connection configurations were developed and tested at the component level under uplift loading. The most feasible configuration was selected and further tested at the component level under lateral loadings. The selected FRP tie system was then tested at a full-scale model designed to represent conventional wood-frame buildings. The objective was to assess the connection’s in situ performance under simulated uplift forces. The results of the full-scale tests were in close agreement with those obtained from the component-level tests. Control tests were also performed to evaluate the load capacity of a typical commercial metallic hurricane clip to facilitate comparison of its results with th...
Preparation and properties of EuFBr

Abstract EuFBr has been prepared for the first time and its lattice parameters and luminescence were measured. It crystallizes in P4/nmm symmetry with a = 4.217 A , c = 7.306 A . At room temperature it fluoresces in a narrow band centered around 393 nm. Contrary to EuFC1, no f → f transition could be observed for this compound.
Energetics of proton-coupled electron transfer in high-valent Mn2(μ-O)2 systems: Models for water oxidation by the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II

Structural studies of the intermediate S-states of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) by X-ray absorption spectroscopy have suggested a structural motif for the tetranuclear manganese cluster consisting of a pair of bis oxo-bridged, high-valent Mn dimers [Mn{sup 2}({mu}-O){sup 2}]. In order to understand the possible roles for the Mn{sup 2}({mu}-O){sup 2} structural unit in the chemistry of the OEC, we have studied a series of model complexes that are also effective catalysts of H{sup 2}O{sup 2} disproportionation, reminiscent of the catalase activity in the S{sup 2}{yields}S{sup 0} cycle. Thus the [Mn(X-salpn)({mu}-O)]{sup 2} complexes are both structural and partial functional models for the OEC. Here, we explore the energetics of proton-coupled electron transfer from protonated Mn{sup 2}({mu}-O){sup 2} units by studying the individual energy contributions of the oxidation and deprotonation steps for [Mn(X-salpn)({mu}-O)]{sup 2} with X = H, 3,5-di(Cl), and 3,5-di(NO{sup 2}). Providing a range of 8 pK{sup a} units and 800 mV for each oxidation or protonation state, these complexes allow quantitation of the critical role protons may play in the highly efficient oxidation of the OEC. 21 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.
News use and political socialization among young Jordanians

This study examined the relationship between young Jordanians' (N = 321) news use and their feelings toward the Jordanian and US governments. Consumption of traditional news delivery formats (such as print newspapers, radio broadcasts and interpersonal sources) was measured, as was reliance on new media formats such as blogs, text messaging and podcasting. Political socialization measures were indices of political trust and appraisals of the US government. Results suggest that young Jordanians in the sample rely mostly on TV news, newspapers and interpersonal contacts for current events information, and that TV news use and reliance on interpersonal sources were associated with negative views of the US government.
Hemispheric processing of semantic information: The effects of the semantic priming task and working memory capacity

In a classic semantic priming study (Beeman et al., 1994), participants showed a naming advantage for strongly related targets compared to weakly related targets in the left hemisphere, whereas no difference in naming advantage was found between strongly and weakly related targets in the right hemisphere. However, it is unclear how the type of task and individual differences influence this hemispheric activation. In the current study participants completed a lexical decision task when presented with strongly, weakly, and unrelated words in each visual field-hemisphere. A left hemisphere advantage was evident for strongly and weakly related words compared to unrelated words and a right hemisphere advantage was evident for strongly related words compared to weakly related and unrelated words. Additionally, high working memory capacity participants responded more accurately to strongly related words than weakly or unrelated words in the right hemisphere, whereas low working memory capacity participants showe...
Imaging bowel obstruction: a comparison between fast magnetic resonance imaging and helical computed tomography.

AIM: To compare the accuracy of fast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging using the half-Fourier single shot turbo spin echo (HASTE) sequence with helical computed tomography (CT) in diagnosing bowel obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective evaluation of 44 patients with clinical evidence of bowel obstruction was conducted using various investigations including HASTE MR and helical CT. MR was performed with a Siemens 1.5 Tesla MR Imaging System and CT was performed with one of two Siemens ARHP CT systems using helical technique. MR acquisition allowed data to be gathered in 6–10 minutes and no contrast media were administered. CT imaging consisted of consecutive helical CT through the abdomen and pelvis with oral and intravenous contrast medium used when indicated. Bowel dilation along with the presence and level of obstruction were determined. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients had bowel obstruction confirmed at laparotomy or by radiographic assessment. Of these, 25 had small bowel obstruction and three had colonic obstructions. The obstruction was due to fibrous adhesions in nine patients, metastases or primary carcinoma in seven, Crohn's disease in four, hernias in two, and inflammation or abscess in two. Other causes of obstruction included lymphoma, intussusception and anastomotic stricture. The cause of obstruction was correctly diagnosed by CT in 71%, and by MR in 95% of cases. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for HASTE MR imaging was 95%, 100% and 96% respectively as compared to 71%, 71% and 71% for helical CT. CONCLUSION: Fast MR imaging using the HASTE sequence is more accurate than helical CT in diagnosing bowel obstruction. Beall, D. P.et al. (2002). Clinical Radiology57, 719–724.
Optimal capacity management and planning in services delivery centers

This paper considers human server systems of queues that arise within the information technology services industry. We develop a two-phase stochastic optimization solution approach to effectively and efficiently address the capacity management and planning processes of information technology services delivery centers. A large collection of numerical experiments of real-world human server system environments investigates various issues of both theoretical and practical interest, quantifying the significant benefits of our approach as well as evaluating the financial-performance trade-offs often encountered in practice.
The Symbolic and Material Nature of Physician Identity: Implications for Physician–Patient Communication

This field study considers the implications of the symbolic and material nature of physician identity for communication with patients. In-depth interviews of physicians across multiple organizational contexts reveal that physician identity is a discursive process of situated meaning in which particular configurations of beliefs, values, and actions are constructed within specific contexts. The content of individual physician identity was related to the general environment of medicine and its local medical context. The identities of physicians working in private practice were linked to the economic, legal, and social environment of medicine, whereas physicians working as employees had identities related to working in a setting that buffered the effects of the environment. Specific implications of the symbolic and material nature of physician identity for physician-patient communication are examined. Understanding physician identity is important to health communication scholarship because of the ongoing and central nature of physicians in health-care decision making and delivery.
Pathways to Opportunity: The Role of Race, Social Networks, Institutions, and Neighborhood in Career and Educational Paths for People on Welfare

The ongoing struggle over welfare reform hinges on debate over which factors cause joblessness and poverty. Conservative scholars blame lack of work experience and a culture of poverty while liberals focus on lack of skills and structural inequality. Through a synthesis of six interrelated research studies conducted between 1992 and 1996, this paper examines the relationship between macro- and micro-level factors in the career and training paths of welfare recipients. The study illustrates the utility of a holistic, anthropological approach to the study of poverty. The studies found four distinct groups: 1) limited work experience; 2) low-skill workers; 3) displaced workers; and 4) immigrants and refugees. Social networks played a powerful role in the life histories of each group. Using a combination of statistics and ethnography, the article discusses different career and training paths for each group. The relationship between training and work experience for each group shows the nuances among training p...
Factors affecting the stability of fluorescent isoindoles derived from reaction of o-phthalaldehyde and hydroxyalkylthiols with primary amines

Abstract The stability of a series of fluorescent isoindole derivatives formed in situ under analytical conditions following the reaction of o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) with a series of primary amines are reported. Increasing the bulk and degree of substitution at C-10 of the resulting isoindole resulted in substantial increases in product stability. The effects of excess OPA and 2-ME on isoindole stability were examined and OPA was observed to catalyze isoindole degradation while 2-ME had no effect. Previously proposed degradation mechanisms were reexamined in light of the present data and an alternate degradation pathway is proposed. 3-Mercapto-1-propanol (3-MP) was found to be a superior thiol for use in the fluorogenic OPA reaction. The OPA 3-MP reagent combination was utilized to derivatize several amino acids and offerred detection limits ( S N = 2 ) of