cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glaucoma surgery decreases the rates of localized and global visual field progression.

Purpose Incisional glaucoma surgical procedures produce greater intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and less IOP variability than medical treatment. We sought to determine the efficacy of glaucoma surgery in decreasing localized and global rates of visual field (VF) progression. Design Retrospective, interventional case series. Methods Subjects in the New York Glaucoma Progression Study with glaucomatous optic neuropathy, repeatable VF loss, and 10 or more Swedish interactive threshold algorithm standard VF examinations were assessed for eligibility. Patients who underwent successful glaucoma surgery (not requiring further surgical intervention and IOP t test). Results We enrolled 28 eyes of 28 patients (mean age, 61.2 ± 14.5 years). The mean number ± standard deviation of VF was 13.4 ± 2.3, spanning 7.1 ± 1.2 years (range, 4 to 9 years). Mean IOP ± standard deviation decreased from 19.0 ± 3.9 mm Hg before surgery to 11.3 ± 3.7 mm Hg after surgery (40% reduction; P P = .01). Twelve eyes (42.8%) had at least 1 significantly progressing point before surgery, whereas only 2 (7.1%) had at least 1 progressing point after surgery. Each 1 mm Hg of IOP reduction after surgery resulted in a 0.1 dB/year decrease in the global rate of progression. Conclusions Successful IOP reduction after glaucoma surgery greatly reduces both the number of progressing points and the localized and general rates of VF progression.
Period and amplitude analysis of NREM EEG in sleep: repeatability of results in young adults.

Abstract Period and amplitude analysis of NREM sleep was carried out in 21 young adults (sample 2) on the first 4 NREM periods (NREMPs) of a night of extended sleep to determine the repeatability of results obtained in a previous group of 20 (sample 1) Ss. The results for mean values for delta (0.5–3 c/sec) variables by NREMP were quite similar in both samples; so also were the trends in these values across NREMPs. In both groups, these trends were linear, highly significant and accounted for high proportions of the within-subject variance. Within-subject, across-night correlation coefficients were comouted in sample 2 for activity summed for NREMPs 1–4. The results confirmed the high reliability of these measures found in sample 1. However, significant reliability was not limited to delta frequencies. Substantial and statistically significant across-night correlation coefficients were found for all except the highest frequency band (>23 c/sec) analyzed by PANV35. We interpret the high reliability of period and amplitude EEG measures during NREM sleep as resulting from the fact that Ss are studied in the same biological state and that extensive measurements are obtained. Intercorrelations among age, NREM sleep stages and computer measures of delta were also computed. The strong correlations of delta measures with age found in sample 1 were not replicated in sample 2. This discrepancy may result from the different age range of the two samples or it may indicate that the initial results were due to chance. Further observations on a new group of Ss in the age range of sample 1 are required. Intercorrelations among the other variables were similar to those obtained in the first study, except for the baseline crossings measure. These results indicate that our method of period and amplitude analysis is reliable and encourage its application in studies of aging and in other conditions where sleep is altered.
Decomposed Lifting-Line Predictions and Optimization for Propulsive Efficiency of Flapping Wings

A decomposed Fourier series solution to Prandtl’s classical lifting-line theory is used to predict the lift, induced-thrust, and power coefficients developed by a flapping wing. A significant advantage of this quasi-steady analytical solution over commonly used numerical methods is the utility provided for optimizing wing flapping cycles. The analytical solution involves five time-dependent functions that could all be optimized to maximize thrust, propulsive efficiency, and/or other performance measures. Results show that by optimizing only two of these five functions, propulsive efficiencies exceeding 97% can be obtained. Results are presented for untwisted rectangular wings in pure plunging, rectangular wings with linear washout and the minimum-power washout magnitude, and rectangular wings with the minimum-power washout distribution and magnitude.
Symmetrical distribution of genetic markers in individual rabbit γ-globulin molecules

Abstract A method for estimating quantitatively the fraction of a population of isotopically labeled molecules, bearing particular allotypic determinants, was applied to rabbit 6·5 S γ-globulin of specificity Aa1-Aa1,Ab5-Ab5, and to its fragments I,I′ and III, formed by proteolysis with papain. The percentages of gragments I,I′ and of intact γ-globulin molecules precipitable by a given anti-allotype serum were similar; antisera against determinants controlled at both the a and b loci were used. The results indicate that both type I,I′ fragments from a molecule with a given allotypic specificity carry the allotypic determinants. The data thus provide evidence for symmetry of the 6·5 S γ-globulin molecule with respect to these genetic markers, and are discussed in relation to the genetic control of synthesis of the pairs of polypeptide chains within a molecule. Quantitative confirmatory evidence is presented, indicating that fragment III lacks allotypic determinants controlled by the a and b loci.
Can the clock be turned back on ovarian aging

A basic tenet of reproductive biology is that female mammals are born with a set number of germ cells (oocytes). A new study by Johnson et al. challenges these beliefs by demonstrating that the postnatal mouse ovary contains actively dividing germ cells. These findings have implications for prolonging the reproductive life span of women.
Price, Restrictions and Abortion Demand

This study uses pooled time-series data to estimate the effects of various restrictive abortion laws on the demand for abortion. This study differs from prior pooled time-series cross-section research in that it explicitly includes the price of an abortion in the abortion demand equation. State Medicaid funding is found to increase the abortion demand of women of childbearing age; while the price of an abortion, parental involvement, parental consent, and parental notification laws all have a negative effect on the demand for abortions. State mandatory waiting periods have no statistically significant impact on abortion demand. The empirical results remain robust for the abortion demand of teen minors.
Improvement of quality control methods for augmentative releases of the fruit fly parasitoids, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and Psyttalia fletcheri (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Criteria were established to improve quality control methods for augmentative releases of the opiine parasitoids, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) and Psyttalia fletcheri (Silvestri). These included correlating puparial weight with adult emergence and sex ratio at the Honolulu rearing facility, and determining the effect of air shipments and field releases on parasitoid emergence and subsequent mortality. There was a positive relationship between the weight of 7–10‐day‐old host puparia and percentage of emergence for both D. longicaudata and P. fletcheri. Standardization of shipping methods included placement of ice blocks in the top levels of the ice chests, prompt shipment and pick‐up of samples, and cooling of puparia before shipment to minimize metabolic heat generated in the samples, and to delay emergence of samples. Before standardization, emergence losses of up to 58% were observed for D. longicaudata and 18% for P. fletcheri. When shipping methods were standardized, emergence was no longer ...
A note on the complete controllability of linear dynamical systems

This paper presents theoretical methods which may have practical applications in determining the complete controllability of linear dynamical systems when the system A matrix, the input B matrix, and the output C matrix may be unknown. The criteria are obtained solely from the use of the input-state and the input-output experimental data of the given system.
Another interpretation of the EM algorithm for mixture distributions

Abstract The EM algorithm for mixture problems can be interpreted as a method of coordinate descent on a particular objective function. This view of the iteration partially illuminates the relationship of EM to certain clustering techniques and explains global convergence properties of the algorithm without direct reference to an incomplete data framework.
A specific growth hormone-binding protein in human plasma: initial characterization.

Human (h) GH in plasma exists as a series of size isomers, which are in partexplained by the presence of hGH oligomers. However, certain aspects of circulating largemol wt hGH, such as its high relative proportion compared to that in the pituitary, are poorly understood. To explore whether binding of hGH to plasma protein (s) could contribute to the phenomenon of large mol wt hGH, we incubated freshly prepared monomeric [125I]hGH or biosynthesized ]3H]hGH with normal human plasma or serum atpH7.4 for various time periods at 22 and 37 C. Plasma radioactive hGH patterns were thenanalyzed simultaneously with unincubated tracer hGH by Sephadex G- 100 and G-200 chromatography. We found that part of the radioactivity was converted to a component with an apparent mol wt of 85,000, suggesting binding to a plasma protein(s). This phenomenon was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by unlabeled hGH. Saturation/Scatchard analysis indicatedan association constant (Ka) of 2–3 × 108 M−1 and amaximum binding capacity o...
Transport of glutathione conjugates and chemotherapeutic drugs by RLIP76 (RALBP1): a novel link between G-protein and tyrosine kinase signaling and drug resistance.

Our studies have shown that RLIP76 (RALBP1), a 76 kDa Ral-binding, Rho/Rac-GAP and Ral effector protein, is a novel multispecific transporter of xenobiotics as well as GS-Es. Like previously characterized ABC transporters, it mediates ATP-dependent transport of structurally unrelated amphiphilic xenobiotics and displays inherent ATPase activity, which is stimulated by its substrate allocrites. It does not have significant sequence homology with ABC transporters and differs from the ABC transporters in several other important aspects, including (i) lack of any close homologs in humans, (ii) lack of a classical Walker domain, (iii) integral membrane association without clearly defined transmembrane domains and (iv) its role as a direct link to Ras/Ral/Rho and EGF-R signaling through its multifunctional nature, including GAP activity, regulation of exocytosis as well as clathrin-coated pit-mediated receptor endocytosis. Its multifunctional nature derives from the presence of multiple motifs, including a Rho/Rac GAP domain, a Ral effector domain binding motif, 2 distinct ATP-binding domains, a H(+)-ATPase domain, PKC and tyrosine kinase phosphorylation sites and the ability to undergo fragmentation into multiple smaller peptides which participate as components of macromolecular functional complexes. One of the physiologic functions of RLIP76 is regulation of intracellular concentration of the electrophilic intermediates of oxidative lipid metabolism by mediating efflux of GS-E formed from oxidative degradation of arachidonic acid, including leukotrienes and the 4HNE-GSH conjugate. RLIP76-mediated transport of amphiphilic chemotherapeutic agents such as anthracyclines and vinca alkaloids as well as GS-E produced during oxidative metabolism places this multifunctional protein in a central role as a resistance mechanism for preventing apoptosis caused by chemotherapeutic agents and a variety of external/internal stressors, including oxidative stress, heat shock and radiation.
The Association of Teachers of Technical Writing: The Emergence of Professional Identity

This article attempts to summarize the history of ATTW. It focuses on issues that led to the need for an organization devoted to technical writing, and the individuals who were leaders in ATTW, as well as in NCTE and CCCC, whose efforts provided the foundation for the presence of technical writing as a legitimate teaching and research discipline. We draw on existing historical pieces and the contributions provided by many of the first ATTW members to capture the history of ATTW. We describe the major changes in ATTW from 1973–2007 and conclude with our reflections, as well as important questions we believe to be critical to the future of ATTW
Estimation of diffusion coefficients of proteins

A correlation for estimating the diffusion coefficients of protein molecules is presented. The correlation is based upon literature values of the protein diffusion coefficients and molal volumes for 143 proteins. The correlation can be used for the estimation of diffusion coefficients using only molecular weight. Accuracy is such that a linear regression on 301 proteins showed 75% of the diffusion coefficients estimated fell within 20% of the experimental values. The relationship between this correlation, the Stokes–Einstein equation, and the Wilke–Chang correlation is discussed.
Anchoring, Activation, and the Construction of Values

Abstract Anchoring is a pervasive judgment bias in which decision makers are systematically influenced by random and uninformative starting points. While anchors have been shown to affect a broad range of judgments including answers to knowledge questions, monetary evaluations, and social judgments, the underlying causes of anchoring have been explored only recently. We suggest that anchors affect judgments by increasing the availability and construction of features that the anchor and target hold in common and reducing the availability of features of the target that differ from the anchor. We test this notion of anchoring as activation in five experiments that examine the effects of several experimental manipulations on judgments of value and belief as well as on measures of cognitive processes. Our results indicate that prompting subjects to consider features of the item that are different from the anchor reduces anchoring, while increasing consideration of similar features has no effect. The anchoring-as-activation approach provides a mechanism for debiasing anchoring and also points to a common mechanism underlying anchoring and a number of other judgment phenomena.
Keynote: What to do with 100 million GPS points

GPS is one of the best sensors ever. Besides its traditional applications for consumers and business, engineers and researchers continue to find innovative ways to use it. We have been collecting GPS data from vehicles and people for the past six years, with over 155 million GPS points collected from about 700 different cars and individuals. In this talk, I will describe our research at Microsoft in using GPS data to model and predict where people go, investigate location privacy, and create road maps. I will also talk about some practical tools for research like this, some pitfalls, and ideas for new projects.
Multimodal residual interactions

Abstract A multimodal residual interaction consisting of a pairing force and a particle-hole multipole is studied. A modification of the method of correlated quasi-particles is introduced to treat this interaction. The modified form of the method of correlated quasi-particles is found to give good agreement with exact calculations for model systems.
Effects of Noise and Hearing Loss upon Frequency Discrimination

Frequency discrimination in quiet and in the presence of several levels of low-frequency masking noise was measured at 500, 1 000 and 2 000 Hz in both normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects. The test signals were presented at 80 dB SPL; all test signals were at least 10 dB above each subject's masked threshold. As a group, the hearing impaired subjects had larger frequency difference limens than the normal subjects, especially in frequency regions of greatest sensitivity loss. The masking noise produced a similar increase in frequency difference limens in both groups. Although several previous speech recognition studies have demonstrated an interactive effect between the presence of hearing loss and masking noise, the results of the present study demonstrate that frequency discrimination performance for normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects is not differentially affected by the addition of masking noise.La discrimination frequentielle a 500, 1 000 et 2 000 Hz a ete mesuree dans le silence et ...
Classical capacity of bosonic broadcast communication and a minimum output entropy conjecture

Previous work on the classical information capacities of bosonic channels has established the capacity of the single-user pure-loss channel, bounded the capacity of the single-user thermal-noise channel, and bounded the capacity region of the multiple-access channel. The latter is a multiple-user scenario in which several transmitters seek to simultaneously and independently communicate to a single receiver. We study the capacity region of the bosonic broadcast channel, in which a single transmitter seeks to simultaneously and independently communicate to two different receivers. It is known that the tightest available lower bound on the capacity of the single-user thermal-noise channel is that channel's capacity if, as conjectured, the minimum von Neumann entropy at the output of a bosonic channel with additive thermal noise occurs for coherent-state inputs. Evidence in support of this minimum output entropy conjecture has been accumulated, but a rigorous proof has not been obtained. We propose a minimum output entropy conjecture that, if proved to be correct, will establish that the capacity region of the bosonic broadcast channel equals the inner bound achieved using a coherent-state encoding and optimum detection. We provide some evidence that supports this conjecture, but again a full proof is not available.
Visual thresholds for shearing motion in monkey and man

A reaction-time task was used to determine the visual motion thresholds in humans and in macaque monkeys for sinusoidally modulated shearing motion of a random dot display. It was found that humans and macaques were very similar in their spatial frequency sensitivity profiles for shearing motion. These profiles were of a U-shape for all human and monkey subjects tested. Temporal frequency, varied over a wide range, did not influence the shape of the spatial frequency sensitivity curve, but only the threshold amplitudes. The above results held both for single and multiple temporal cycles of shearing motion. Previous reports for the human, using these same shearing motion stimuli, indicated no increase in threshold at the lower spatial frequencies. The reason for this discrepancy is that thresholds in the previous studies were not determined at a low enough spatial frequency to see clearly this increase in thresholds. Because of the striking similarity of the data for man and macaque, it is suggested that similar neural mechanisms underly the shearing motion sensitivity of the two species.
Effects of high-intensity exercise on leptin and testosterone concentrations in well-trained males.

Objective: A number of investigations have examined the effect of exercise on leptin concentrations, because leptin is associated with obesity, satiety, and reproductive function. High-intensity exercise is known to increase testosterone, an inhibitor of leptin. The objective of the study was to determine whether the leptin responses to a progressive, intermittent exercise protocol were related to serum testosterone concentrations. Most previous studies have examined leptin responses to low or moderately high exercise intensities. A second objective was to determine whether leptin responses were different than previous experiments using intermittent moderate and high-intensity exercise. Methods: Well-trained runners completed strenuous intermittent exercise consisting of treadmill running at 60, 75, 90, and 100% VO 2max and a subsequent resting control trial was also conducted. Results: There were significant increases in mean serum levels of leptin and testosterone with both quickly returning to baseline during recovery, but no relationship between the two hormones was found. After examining individual data for both hormones, it was discovered that subjects could be classified as leptin responders or nonresponders, whereas testosterone increased in all subjects. Responders had elevated serum leptin levels at baseline and exhibited increases after high-intensity exercise, whereas nonresponders did not show changes in leptin during exercise. Conclusions: Data suggest testosterone levels do not acutely affect leptin responses to exercise or 1-h of recovery. Moreover, varied leptin responses to intense exercise in comparable well-trained runners was observed and was associated with baseline leptin concentrations.
The impact of maternal education on children's enrollment in early childhood education and care

Abstract This study examined the influence of maternal education and other child and family characteristics on the enrollment of children in early childhood education and care. Data come from the National Household Education Survey for a 14-year period and include children ages 0–5 years old. Multinomial logit analysis was employed to show the effect of maternal education on the likelihood of being enrolled in a specific type of care arrangement including both formal and informal settings. Findings suggest that more advantaged children, even those under 3 years of age, enroll in higher quality settings, thereby granting them an advantage when they begin school.
Paramoebiasis in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus.

Paramoeba pernicgosa occurs throughout the year in tissues of blue crabs from Chincoteague Bay, Virginia. P. perniciosa is a parasite of the connective tissues and hemal spaces, invading the circulating blood within blood vessels only when the infection is terminal. An early to mid-summer epizootic is marked by the appearance of amoebae in the circulating blood and mortality due to paramoebiasis. Pathological changes caused by large numbers of amoebae include tissue displacement, probable lysis of some types of tissue including hemocytes, and depletion of reserve nutrients within the host. Most infected crabs react in some manner to the presence of amoebae. Phagocytosis of amoebae by hemocytes is the most common defense mechanism, but encapsulation of amoebae by hemocytes and destruction of amoebae by humoral factors also occur, and on occasion blue crabs successfully overcome infection with P. perniciosa . The transmission of P. perniciosa , by inoculation of infected hemolymph, is described.
Conceptual Model for the Force–Velocity Relation of Muscle (Hill's Equation)

THE relationship between the velocity of shortening v and a constant load w on an excited striated muscle is given by Hill's equation: where P is the isometric tension and a, b are constants. Hill1 first derived this relation experimentally. Later work2 has shown that this relation accurately describes the force–velocity relation for many kinds of muscle. One of the main criticisms of Hill's equation has been that it does not directly suggest any conceptual model of a physico-chemical system2,3.
Occurrence and Food Habits of the Round Goby in the Profundal Zone of Southwestern Lake Ontario

Little is known about the ecology of round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), an invasive benthic fish, in the profundal zone of the Great Lakes. In April 2002–2005 we caught increasing numbers of round gobies with a bottom trawl in the 45–150 m depth range of southwestern Lake Ontario. In 2005, we examined gut contents of 30 round gobies from each of three depths, 55, 95, and 130 m, and qualitatively compared gut contents with density of benthic invertebrates determined by Ponar grabs. Round goby guts contained mostly Dreissena spp. and opposum shrimp, Mysis relicta (Mysis); the frequency of occurrence of dreissenids in guts decreased with depth, whereas the frequency of occurrence of Mysis in guts increased with depth. Abundance of these invertebrates in the environment followed the same pattern, although dreissenids of optimum edible size (3–12 mm) were still abundant (1,373/m2) at 130 m, where round gobies primarily consumed Mysis, suggesting that round gobies may switch from dreissenids to more profitable prey when it is available. Other food items were ostracods and fish, with ostracods generally eaten by smaller round gobies and fish eaten by larger round gobies. Occurrence and increasing abundance of round gobies in the profundal zone and predation on Mysis by round goby could have far-reaching consequences for the Lake Ontario fish community.
Multiple Hypergeometric Functions: Probabilistic Interpretations and Statistical Uses

Abstract This article reviews and interprets recent mathematics of special functions, with emphasis on integral representations of multiple hypergeometric functions. B.C. Carlson's centrally important parameterized functions R and ℛ, initially defined as Dirichlet averages, are expressed as probability-generating functions of mixed multinomial distributions. Various nested families generalizing the Dirichlet distributions are developed for Bayesian inference in multinomial sampling and contingency tables. In the case of many-way tables, this motivates a new generalization of the function ℛ. These distributions are also useful for the modeling of populations of personal probabilities evolving under the process of inference from statistical data. A remarkable new integral identity is adapted from Carlson to represent the moments of quadratic forms under multivariate normal and, more generally, elliptically contoured distributions. This permits the computation of such moments by simple quadrature.
Antioxidant properties of 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-(10-hydroxydecyl)-1,4-benzoquinone (idebenone)

Idebenone [2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-(10-hydroxydecyl)-1,4-benzoquinone] is a synthetic analogue of coenzyme Q that is currently employed in the treatment of vascular and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. There is some evidence to suggest that idebenone might function as an antioxidant; however, it has not been demonstrated whether this function pertains to the quinone or hydroquinone form of idebenone. Here we demonstrate that idebenone can scavenge a variety of free radical species, including organic radicals such as 2,2‘-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, peroxyl and tyrosyl radicals, and peroxynitrite. Idebenone can also redox couple with hypervalent species of Mb or Hb, thus preventing lipid peroxidation promoted by these species. Likewise, idebenone inhibits microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by ADP−iron complexes or organic hydroperoxides. In so doing, idebenone prevents the destruction of cytochrome P450, which otherwise would accompan...
Macromolecular transport in the cat mesentery.

Abstract Movement of macromolecules from the bloodstream across microvascular walls, into and through the surrounding tissue was studied in the cat mesentery with intravital fluorescence microscopy. Rapid passage of small molecules, such as unconjugated fluoroscein isothiocyanate (FITC), MW 389, and FITC-Dextran, MW = 3400, was found along the entire length of most microvessels, although more prominently on venous capillaries and venules. For species with MW 19,000 or higher, a distinctly spotty pattern of movement out of the microvessels was seen, mostly in localized areas on venous capillaries or venules. These localized regions may represent the “large pore” regions frequently postulated. Diffusion coefficients for movement within the interstitial space were calculated for dextrans as well as for bovine serum albumin (BSA), using a one-dimensional diffusion equation with a time dependent boundary condition at the origin. The calculated diffusion coefficients for dextrans of MW 41,200 and below, and for BSA (MW 69,000) are, within experimental error, the same as the free diffusion coefficients for dextrans of the same molecular weight in water. Dextrans with MW = 152,700 and MW = 393,900 showed smaller diffusion coefficients in the tissue than in water, consistent with increased volume exclusion for larger molecules. The calculated diffusion coefficient for BSA is only two-thirds of that in water. This may possibly be explained by the negative charge on the BSA.
NONLINEAR FRONT EVOLUTION OF HYDRODYNAMIC CHEMICAL WAVES IN VERTICAL CYLINDERS

The nonlinear stability of three-dimensional reaction-diffusion fronts in vertical cylinders is considered using the viscous hydrodynamic fluid equations in the limit of infinite thermal diffusivity. A nonlinear front evolution equation is presented and used to examine the transition from nonaxisymmetric to axisymmetric convection observed in experiments performed in cylinders. Comparisons with experiments show excellent agreement in both the shape and speed of the front. @S1063-651X~97!13409-2#
Seniority-zero excited states and the intermediate state method

Abstract The intermediate-state method is applied to the problem of seniority-zero excited states of the pairing Hamiltonian. A set of linear equations, whose coefficients are ground-state expectation values, is obtained. The method is applied successfully to the pairing-vibration problem.
Does a Residents' Continuity Clinic Provide Primary Care?

• Pediatric residents are required to care for a group of children over a period of time. For many, this "continuity" experience is in a hospital outpatient department that may or may not provide primary care. We applied a measure of primary care to the Primary Care Clinic, the continuity clinic at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md, and found that it compared favorably with private pediatric practices in the Baltimore area, providing significantly more "principal care" (93% vs 84.5% of encounters), and to the Harriet Lane Home walk-in clinic, where only 51% of encounters were "principal care." The Primary Care Clinic scored higher on a primary care index, a measure of the extent to which the facility serves as a primary care source for patients, suggesting that hospital-based training can provide residents with an opportunity to provide primary care. ( AJDC . 1989;143:809-812)
Decreased amiloride-sensitive Na+ absorption in collecting duct principal cells isolated from BPK ARPKD mice.

The main feature of polycystic kidney diseases (PKD) is formation and progressive enlargement of renal cysts. Alterations in epithelial cell proliferation, extracellular matrix, and ion transport a...
EFFECTS OF CERTAIN METABOLICALLY ACTIVE DRUGS AND OXIMES ON TRI-O-CRESYL PHOSPHATE TOXICITY.

Certain pharmacologic agents were tested as antidotes against the toxicity of a practical grade of TOCP, purified sample of practical grade TOCP, pure grade TOCP, and a synthetic TOCP metabolite. The TOCP preparations were weak inhibitors of cholinesterase in vitro, whereas the synthetic TOCP metabolite was a potent inhibitor of cholinesterase. In mice the acute toxicity of practical TOCP was increased by SKF 525A and was slightly reduced by 3-methylcholanthrene. Oximes had little effect on the acute toxicity when combined with atropine and compared to atropine alone. In mice the acute toxicity of pure TOCP was little affected by SKF 525A. The synthetic TOCP metabolite was five times as toxic as TOCP to mice, and its toxicity was increased by SKF 525A. Ataxia in chickens induced by small doses of TOCP was increased by SKF 525A and depressed by nicotinamide, 3-methylcholanthrene, and to a lesser extent by diacetylmonoxime. The synthetic TOCP metabolite was at least 5 times as neurotoxic as TOCP in chickens as judged by the dose producing ataxia. Some mechanisms are suggested to account for the interactions observed.
Progress in cryogenic target implosions on OMEGA

Cryogenic deuterium-tritium targets are imploded on the OMEGA Laser System in a direct-drive configuration. Areal densities of approximately 200 mg/cm2 have been measured with implosion velocities of 3 ? 107 cm/s. These implosions are used to study the dynamics of cryogenic target compression and to develop areal-density diagnostics that will be used as part of the ignition campaign on the National Ignition Facility.
Experimental investigation of heat transfer in coiled annular ducts

Forced convection heat transfer in coiled annular ducts was investigated experimentally. Average heat transfer coefficients were obtained for both laminar and transition flows. Two coiling diameters and two annulus radius ratios were used in the study. The data were correlated with Dean number and Reynolds number separately and compared with the available studies of coiled circular tubes and straight annular ducts. It was found that coiling augments the heat transfer coefficients above the values for a straight annulus especially in the laminar region. However, the augmentation is less than would be expected for a coiled circular tube. The augmentation decreases as the flow enters the transition region.
Otto Rank's art

Abstract Otto Rank's work has had an indirect influence on much of existential‐humanistic psychology, yet his contribution has been unevenly acknowledged. Seeing Rank as a developing artist helps to put his creative contributions to psychoanalysis, post‐psychoanalytic critique, and existential‐humanistic psychotherapy, in perspective. After his separation from Freud, Rank's innovative thought blossomed; his later works have deep and lingering humanistic import. A look at convergences and divergences between Freud and Rank shows that Rank's art (of living, of theorizing, and of practicing therapy) is an uncannily familiar and inspiring model of humanistic practice in the world. The continuing relevance of Rank's ideas about art and artists is explored, and Rank is re‐introduced to humanistic psychologists who may recognize aspects of his work as consonant with their own.
Very slow classical Cepheids - Theoretical models with periods longer than 50 days

Systematics of the light curves of classical Cepheids with the longest known periods have been investigated with the help of full-amplitude models of pulsating stellar envelopes. For periods exceeding about 60 days, flat-topped light curves of the S Vul type are found to replace the smooth, asymmetric light curves characteristic of the slightly faster Cepheids. Predicted light and velocity amplitudes (although not the predicted radius amplitudes) agree well with observations. Variables with fluctuating light minima are observed to lie well off the mean period-luminosity relation, as are a few other (more stable?) variables with similarly long periods. The explanation for the long periods is probably low effective temperature rather than a low stellar mass. Because of the abnormal slowness of the classical Cepheids with periods longer than about 100 days, it is recommended that these variables not be used to calibrate the mean period-luminosity relation. Analogies between the slow classical Cepheids and the slow Population II Cepheids are drawn.
The B/C gene of simian virus 40.

Abstract Temperature-sensitive B, C, and BC mutants of Simian virus 40 (SV40) map in the late region of the viral genome in Hin fragments K, F, J, and G, a DNA segment of about 1200 nucleotide pairs ( Lai, C.-J., and Nathans, D. (1975) Virology 66, 70–81). To define the B/C region further, mutants of SV40 with deletions in this genomic segment were constructed by enzymatic excision of DNA from the viral genome, followed by cloning in the presence of a complementing ts A mutant of SV40. After localization of deleted genome segments by analysis of endo R fragments and electron microscopic heteroduplex mapping, selected deletion mutants were tested for complementation by ts mutants and were screened for their ability to produce new viral proteins in infected cells. Complementation tests indicated that B/C deletion mutations are in a cistron distinct from that of ts A and ts D mutations and that the junction between the B/C and D genes is within Hin -K. Two of the deletion mutants produced new proteins detectable in infected cells. More detailed analysis of one of these proteins (of molecular weight 25,000) indicated that it precipitated with antiserum against dissociated SV40 capsids, and that all but one of its lysine-containing tryptic peptides cochromatographed with SV40 VP1 tryptic peptides. We conclude that the B/C gene, containing approximately 1200 nucleotide pairs, codes for VPl. Since deletion mutants lacking Hin -E do not complement B mutants, we suggest that the Hin -E DNA segment has a signal required for expression of the B/C gene.
Considerations for toxicology studies of respiratory drug products.

The standard approaches for the preclinical development of chronically administered drugs also apply to most respiratory drugs. Modifications from the standard preclinical development plan, however, may be necessary if the drug is administered intranasally or by inhalation. Administration by these routes may result in airway toxicity and the intended patient population is often particularly susceptible. Current and former representatives of the Division of Pulmonary Drug Products (CDER, U.S. FDA) present this article to describe general principles of preclinical development for respiratory drug indications. The article addresses drugs intended for administration by the intranasal or inhalation routes. The article describes the types of studies recommended, considers the initial human dose, and discusses dose-escalation strategies in clinical trials. Other areas of special concern with intranasal or inhalation administration include immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, types of dosing apparatus, excipients and extractables, and formulation changes. The approaches described in this article are intended as general information and should be adapted to the scientific considerations and circumstances of a particular drug under development.
University of Michigan's Aerospace Engineering Curriculum 2000

This paper summarizes a two-part curriculum reform that is well underway in the University of Michigan Aerospace Engineering Department. The first part of the reform was developed by a college-wide task force, and addressed the overall structure of the thi r teen Bachelor's of Science in Engineering (BSE) programs across the College, and the courses that are common to all of the engineering curricula. The second part of the reform was developed inside the Aerospace Engineering department, and addressed the portion of the curriculum unique to Aerospace, as well as how the Aerospace department chose to implement the recommendations of the college-wide effort. The primary elements of the reform are: • The adoption of a four-credit per course/four course per semester/eight semesters to graduation (4 X 4 X 8) model. • One engineering course each semester of the freshman year — the first an introduction to engineering; the second an introduction to computers and computing. • Enhanced flexibility for students to tailor their senior years to address specific career goals. • The implementation of implicit curricula!' "threads" (i.e. coverage of topics via coordinated portions of courses throughout the four-year program, as opposed to coverage in a separate course). — wr i t t en , oral and visual technical communications; — engineering problem solving through computing; — engineering ethics; — teamwork and team leadership; — randomness and uncertainty; — environmental impacts and issues. • Increased use of teamwork in courses: five of the ten required courses inside the Aerospace department are to be based on team projects and team grades. • A two-semester seminar sequence, covering current topics in aerospace and case studies in engineering. • A two-semester design sequence. Development of the outlines and supporting materials, including educational software modules, for new and modified courses is now underway. First-year s tudents entering in Fall 1997, the graduating class of 2001, will go through the new curriculum. ' A n onl ine version of this paper can be accessed on the Aerospace Department home page [1] "Aerospace Engineer ing Department ''Associate Dean for Undergraduate Programs ' ' V i s i t i n g Faculty Member, Supported by the Boeing Fellow-on-Campus Program 1 The College-Wide Curriculum 2000 Effort 1.
TH‐C‐BRB‐05: Comparison of Dosimetric Benefit of Online Dose‐Guided Alignment versus Anatomy‐Guided Alignment for Proton Therapy

Purpose: To explore the feasibility of using daily volumetric imaging for optimizing beam‐by‐beam alignment for proton therapy based on dosimetric factors instead of simple anatomical alignment. Methods: Eight weekly 4DCT images for a lung patient who was previously treated with two‐beam passively scattered proton therapy were analyzed for dosimetric alignment. Only the time‐averaged CT was used for this inter‐fractional alignment study. An anatomy‐based registration was first obtained using rigid registration software. Each weekly CT was retrospectively evaluated by calculating the dose distribution for various potential shifts for each beam using a fast dose approximation method based on range mapping of water‐ equivalent thickness. Deformable image registration was used to deform contours from the original planning CT to each successive CTimage for dose evaluation of the target and organs‐at‐risk for each shift. Various dosimetric metrics, which include target coverage (V95), maximum dose to the spinal cord, and mean doses to the esophagus, heart, and total lung, were evaluated for the best alignment. Results: We found that, on average, the relative difference for all beams from the best anatomical alignment to the best dosimetric alignment was 5.8 mm anteriorly, 1.7 mm laterally, and 4.7 mm superiorly. The maximum relative beam displacement between two beams was 12.3 mm. Conclusions: Proton dose distribution changes with the change in patient's anatomy. The best alignment based on anatomical alignment may not represent the best dosimetric alignment. Instead of replanning from scratch prior to each treatment, we demonstrated that a slight adjustment to the daily isocenter from the best anatomical alignment could improve target dose coverage and/or spare normal structures. Additionally, beam‐by‐beam alignment may be necessary because the best alignment for each beam may be different. This research was performed in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree from The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston;The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030. Supported in part by NCI P01 CA021239
The effect of oxygen cooling on ionospheric electron temperatures

Oxygen electron cooling effect on ionospheric electron temperatures, noting discrepancy removal throughout day at all altitudes
Strongly coupled resonance magnetic for RFID applications

Wireless power and data transfer (WPDT) through the strongly coupled magnetic resonance (SCMR) method at an RFID frequency is reported. The proposed system consists of four single resonant loops, in contrast to the two resonant loops traditionally used in RFID. The paper addresses SCMR high Q-factor and low bandwidth with a tradeoff to achieve high bandwidth for data transfer comparable to RFID.
Analytic energy gradients for open-shell coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) calculations using restricted open-shell Hartree—Fock (ROHF) reference functions

Abstract The theory of analytic energy gradients for the open-shell single and double excitation coupled-cluster (CCSD) method based on restricted open-shell Hartree—Fock (ROHF) reference functions is presented. The new CCSD gradient method is applied to the dissociation of the 3 A″ state of formaldehyde (CH 2 O) to H and HCO. Complete geometry optimization is carried out for the initial reactant, the transition state of the reaction, and for the dissociation products. Non-iterative triples appropriate to ROHF are introduced and are used to define a new ROHF-CCSD(T) method. Using this approach and zero-point corrections, the activation energy is calculated to be 21.0 kcal/mol and the exit barrier height is predicted to be 6.1 kcal/mol, both in excellent agreement with experiment.
Affirmative, Evidence‐Based, and Ethically Sound Psychotherapy With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients

Writing from the perspective of heterosexual therapists treating lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LCB) individuals, Eubanks-Carter, Burckell, and Coldfried (this issue) provide important information on how to enhance therapeutic effectiveness with this population. Their manuscript is an example of a refreshing departure from historical views of homosexuality as a pathological psychological condition and from work that supports using therapy to change sexual orientation. Eubanks-Carter et al. document significant improvements both in the provision of psychotherapy, the view of LCB individuals from the mental health field, and the view of LCB individuals from the community. Despite these improvements, continued progress is still needed. The present commentary points to several areas where the science and practice of clinical psychology can further progress regarding the care of LCB clients. This includes improving systems in training and institutions that employ psychologists where bias or discrimination may exist and reducing biased language in psychological research that implies pathology towards homosexual sexual orientations when homosexuality is not a pathological condition. It also includes reducing or eliminating psychological harm that can be caused by psychological interventions that attempt to change sexual orientation by further restricting these practices.
Migration of the poor

One aspect of migration which has been largely overlooked by researchers is the migration of people receiving public assistance benefits. The migration, or lack of migration, of these people has clear policy implications. Poor people put numerous demands on the locality where they reside, including demands for welfare benefits. The research presented in this paper reveals that movers receiving AFDC payments are able to improve their economic standing more than those who do not move. It is also shown that states with a net in-migration of public assistance recipients but net out-migration of non-recipients do have higher benefit levels than states with net out-migration of recipients and net in-migration of non-recipients. Employment and income data do not show the same differences between the state types.
The catalytic active site of thioredoxin: conformation and homology with bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor

Abstract Rabbit polyclonal antibody was raised to a chemically synthesized nonapeptide (Trp-Ala-Glu-Trp-Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys-Lys) corresponding to the active-site sequence of Escherichia coli thioredoxin. the antiserum efficiently inhibited thioredoxin activity in the standard thioredoxin reductase / NADPH coupled assay. This inhibition was blocked by preincubation of the antiserum with the nonapeptide. Tight association of the E. coli thioredoxin to the active-site antibody required SDS denaturation. These results suggest that thioredoxin reductase (NADPH: oxidized-thioredoxin oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.5) alters the conformation of thioredoxin sufficiently to permit binding to the antibody. The antiserum bound to plant and liver thioredoxins. Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, whose active site (Gly-Pro-Cys-Lys) is homologous to that of thioredoxin, also competes for the active-site antibody. This reuslt led to experiments showing that thioredoxin can inhibit the digestion of cytochrome c by trypsin. The ability of thioredoxin to act as a trypsin inhibitor analogue provides a rationale for thioredoxin's resistance to digestion by trypsin.