cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local Interface Shear Fracture of Bonded Steel Joints with Various Bondline Thicknesses

Interfacial fracture is a critical issue for extensive applications of adhesively bonded structures to a variety of modern industries. Extensive global experimental tests have been conducted to measure the global behavior of adhesively bonded joint, such as ultimate load capacity and toughness. Recently, several studies have also been employed to characterize the local interfacial traction–separation laws. However, very few tests have investigated the dependency of the local interfacial constitutive laws on the adhesive thickness, particularly, under Mode-II loading conditions. In this work, six typical adhesive thicknesses (from 0.1 mm to 1.0 mm) are prepared for the bonded joints with a configuration of end notched flexure (ENF) specimen to realize the Mode-II fracture loading (shear fracture). With a recently developed analytical model, the global energy release rates of the ENF specimens are experimentally measured. Meanwhile, with the image analysis technique, the local slips between the two adherends are obtained. Finally, based on the J-integral theory, the local interfacial constitutive laws at different bondline thicknesses are obtained. Several experimental findings are reported in this work. This work may provide valuable baseline experimental data for the input in cohesive zone model (CZM) based analytical and numerical simulations.
NOTES ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND THEIR STATISTICS

Statistics for developing countries often are misunderstood and misinterpreted because the published data do not distinguish between the economically modern and the traditional sectors. The purpose of economic development is to move a nation from the traditional, or largely non-monetary, subsistence agriculture type of life, to the modern or money oriented and technologically developed type. Statistics of national accounts, the economically active (the working force), and other topics often fail to be useful for economic development purposes because they are presented for the totality of the country and do not show the modern-traditional sectors separately. In addition, data are often misinterpreted and used incorrectly because the development economists do not understand the nature of the data—how they were collected and what they really signify. This point is illustrated with the economically active statistics. Finally, a plea is made for more statistics and information about families.
Contracting for instructional development

Leitzman, Walter, Earle, and Myers (1979–80) suggest that contracting is a viable process for instructional developers. After looking more closely at their model, we reaffirm the value of contracts in instructional development consulting. Given our experiences and review of consultation literature, we conclude that the original rationale, process, and model do indeed have merit. However, we also find areas that need clarification. We review the contract elements and propose a new element, tasks. We make a distinction between project goals/objectives and instructional goals/objectives. Also, we explore when to contract and how to introduce the client to the contracting process. Recent experiences identify some benefits of using contracts. We have found that they provide a framework for building team relationships, handling project transitions, and providing for project documentation and evaluation.
John Stuart Mill on Australia: A note

(1968). John Stuart Mill on Australia: A note. Historical Studies: Vol. 13, No. 50, pp. 239-245.
Error correction and partial information rewriting for flash memories

This paper considers the partial information rewriting problem for flash memories. In this problem, the state of information can only be updated to a limited number of new states, and errors may occur in memory cells between two adjacent updates. We propose two coding schemes based on the models of trajectory codes. The bounds on achievable code rates are shown using polar WOM coding. Our schemes generalize the existing rewriting codes in multiple ways, and can be applied to various practical scenarios such as file editing, log-based file systems and file synchronization systems.
TRISOMY 5p: A VARIABLE PHENOTYPE

The availability of differential staining techniques has led to the identification of many new chromosome abnormalities. We have recently evaluated three unrelated families in which five children have been handicapped to varying degrees as a result of a duplication of the short aim of chromosome 5. In each of two families, one parent had a balanced chromosome translocation which was the basis for the chromosome imbalance in four children. Another infant was the first affected family member. In Family G. there are two retarded females with no malformations and a partial Sp trisomy; i.e., 46, XX, der(8), t(5;8) (p13;p23) mat. In Family T. a brother and sister had multiple congenital anomalies. The karyotype in the girl showed 46, XX, der(9), t(5;9)(pl3;p24) pat. in Family E. a male infant with hypotonia and club feet had a chromosome complement of 47, XY, Sp-, +i(5p) e.g. centric fission of chromosome 5 with duplication of the short arm. These five children are all mentally retarded, but their associated physical findings vary from no abnormalities to multiple malformations. Possible explanations for this phenotypic discrepancy include varying degrees of duplication of chromosome 5 and the presence of an associated chromosome deletion in the unbalanced translocation. The child with the isochromosome 5p may be more indicative of the 5p trisomy syndrome.
Consumer images of two types of competing financial service retailers

Service retailers sell an intangible product which is frequently difficult to evaluate. Therefore, the images consumers have of the service retailer are especially critical. This research measures consumer images of two types of financial service retailers to assess the similarity of retail image, crosssectionally, and the stability of these images, longitudinally.
Genetic background determines susceptibility during murine septic peritonitis.

Abstract Background. The tolerance of mouse strains to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), a clinically relevant model of sepsis, can vary greatly. We compared the immune response and bacterial eradication during CLP in two mouse strains with different susceptibilities to the lethal effects in an effort to understand alterations in tolerance. Materials and methods. CLP of increasing severity was performed on Swiss Webster mice. Interleukin (IL)-12 levels, bacterial counts, and myeloperoxidase were determined. We then compared the same parameters in Swiss Webster and in BALB/c mice and determined survival for both mouse strains after CLP. Results. Bacterial counts locally and systemically as well as serum IL-12 correlated with the severity of CLP in Swiss Webster mice. Lung myeloperoxidase increased with increasing severity CLP, while peritoneal myeloperoxidase decreased. Following CLP, one-half of the Swiss Webster mice survived versus none of the BALB/c mice. Despite worsened survival, BALB/c mice had lower bacterial counts and similar IL-12 levels compared to Swiss Webster mice. Myeloperoxidase and IL-6 levels were similar between experimental groups. Conclusions. Swiss Webster and BALB/c mice have significantly different susceptibilities to the lethal effects of CLP, and this difference may be related to IL-12 responsiveness.
Fundamental operational laws of computer system performance

A number of laws are derived which establish relationships between throughput, response time, device utilization, space-time products and various other factors related to computer system performance. These laws are obtained through the operational method of computer system analysis. The operational method, which is formally introduced in this paper, differs significantly from the conventional stochastic modeling approach and is based on a set of concepts that correspond naturally and directly to observed properties of real computer systems. The operational laws presented in this paper apply with complete precision to all collections of observational data, and they are similar to fundamental laws found in other areas of engineering and applied science.
Near field modal noise reduction using annealed optical fiber

Incomplete and unstable mode population has long complicated the application of optical fiber for transferring star and calibration light to high precision spectrographs. The need for improved precision calibrators in support of radial velocity planet surveys has led to the introduction of coherent wavelengths sources using single mode fibers that are then coupled into multi-mode fibers, further exacerbating this problem. We explore mode scrambling in annealed optical fiber with and without agitation, as compared to that obtained using octagonal fiber and using an integrating sphere. We observe improved scrambling with annealed fibers compared to conventional and octagonal fibers.
An Experimental Study of Fracture of LIGA Ni Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems Thin Films

This article presents the results of an experimental study of fracture in LIGA Ni micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) thin films. Microtesting techniques are developed for the study of the J-resistance curve (J-Δa) behavior in compact tension (CT) thin film specimens. In-situ measurements of crack-tip strain are presented together with in-situ and ex-situ microscopic images of crack-tip deformation and fracture mechanisms. Fractographic observation showed a mixture of inclined fracture planes (slant fracture) that are relatively featureless and normal fracture planes that exhibit dimples and microholes resulting from plastic deformation.
Bilateral cingulum lesions and stimulation in man with lateralized impairment in short-term verbal memory.

Abstract Patients undergoing bilateral cingulumotomy for the relief of pain were examined on standard clinical tests of intelligence and memory. Prior to therapeutic coagulation, patient performance on a short-term memory test was monitored during electrical stimulation with electrodes chronically implanted in the cinguli. A severe impairment in recall for verbal memoranda accompanied left, and not right, cingulum stimulation. In contrast, psychometric observations after bilateral cingulumotomy failed to show comparable deficits in memory and intelligence achievement. This apparent dissociation in the presence of clinical improvement, adds support to the role of the cingulum as a modulator of emotional responsiveness, implicating more distal limbic mechanisms for memory functions.
Forces in random electromagnetic fields

We explore the nature of forces induced by random electromagnetic fields on microscopic polarizable matter. Particle-field coupling is considered for a single and multiple interacting particles. We also discuss new experiments for controlling disordered systems.
Predictors of Intention to Quit Waterpipe Smoking: A Survey of Arab Americans in Houston, Texas

Waterpipe smoking has been described as “the second global tobacco epidemic since the cigarette.” Both Middle Eastern ethnicity and having a friend of Middle Eastern ethnicity have been reported as significant predictors of waterpipe smoking. Addressing waterpipe smoking in this ethnic minority is essential to controlling this growing epidemic in the US. We investigated the predictors of an intention to quit waterpipe smoking by surveying 340 Arab American adults in the Houston area. Primary analyses were conducted using stepwise logistic regression. Only 27% of participants reported having an intention to quit waterpipe smoking. Intention to quit waterpipe smoking was significantly higher with history of cigar use, a prior attempt to quit, and not smoking when seriously ill and significantly lower with increasing age, medium cultural acceptability of using waterpipe among family, high cultural acceptability of using waterpipe among friends, longer duration of smoking sessions, and perceiving waterpipe smoking as less harmful than cigarettes. Educational programs that target Arab Americans in general, and specifically older adults, those who smoke waterpipe for more than 60 minutes, those whose family and friends approve waterpipe smoking, and those with no former attempts to quit, may be necessary to increase the intention to quit waterpipe smoking.
Miniaturized reference electrodes with stainless steel internal reference elements

Abstract Stable reference electrodes have previously been obtained by immersion of a stainless steel internal reference element (SSIRE) in a solution of steady pH, e.g., a stainless steel wire maintained in 2 mol/l HCl. Here, we report the miniaturization of this regular size reference half-cell by embedding thermally activated SSIREs in a copolymer matrix of a fixed and constant pH value. The resulting electrode is based on a polymer volume of 1–5 μl, while its contact area at the polymer/analyte solution interface is 0.4 mm 2 . Photopolymerized acrylic type hydrogel is used as the copolymer which contains a quaternary ammonium salt as the supporting electrolyte. These miniaturized reference electrodes show potential stability over the pH range of 1–13, maintain a constant potential value over the time, and are suitable for potentiometric and voltammetric measurements in both aqueous and organic media. Furthermore, they do not exhibit leakage problems. Hence, they do not contaminate the analytical sample, even when the reference electrodes (REs) are used in very small volumes and over extended period.
Host-pathogen interaction in amebiasis and progress in vaccine development.

Entamoeba histolytica, the causative organism of invasive intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis, infects approximately 50 million people each year, causing an estimated 40 to 100 thousand deaths annually. Because amebae only infect humans and some higher non-human primates, an anti-amebic vaccine could theoretically eradicate the organism. Uncontrolled epidemiologic studies indicate that acquired immunity to amebic infection probably occurs and that such a vaccine might be feasible. Application of molecular biologic techniques has led to rapid progress towards understanding howEntamoeba histolytica causes disease, and to the identification of several amebic proteins associated with virulence. These proteins are now being evaluated as potential vaccine components. Parenteral and oral vaccine preparations containing recombinant amebic proteins have been effective in preventing disease in a gerbil model of amebic liver abscess. Although systemic and mucosal cellular and humoral immunity both appear to play a role in protection againstEntamoeba histolytica, the relative importance of each in the human immune response remains unknown. No animal model of intestinal amebiasis currently exists, moreover, so it has been impossible to evaluate protection against colonization and colitis. Further investigation of the fundamental mechanisms by whichEntamoeba histolytica causes disease and of the human immune response to amebic infection is necessary to assess the true feasibility of an anti-amebic vaccine.
Magnetic susceptibility of chains of interacting oligomers: Application to (dimethylpyridinium)2Cu6Cl14

Abstract A high-temperature series expansion for the magnetic susceptibility is calculated for chains of interacting oligomers. This is used to obtain an estimate, at temperatures below 50 K, for the interoligomer exchange of the hexamer, compound (dimethylpyridinium) 2 Cu 6 Cl 14 of | J |/ k B =7 K. Above 50 K, a generalized Curie law with an empirical 1/ T 2 correction was found to fit the data.
NASA overhauls grant process

A university recently received a NASA grant so quickly that the recipients, used to a long wait for money even after a grant had been approved, assumed a mistake had been made. Such a story has been making the rounds since NASA began to refurbish the procedure by which it issues grants, speeding up and streamlining the process in response to suggestions from space scientists. One way NASA has measured success so far is how quickly it has cleared the decks of pending grants. The agency reduced the backlog from 572 grants on September 11 to zero by the end of the month, according to Don Bush, NASA's deputy assistant administrator for procurement. But that's just the beginning of changes Bush expects to be completed by March or April next year. The new procedures are first being tested out at headquarters, which issues over half of the agency's space science grants. NASA centers will also adopt the procedures after full approval.
The Relation Between Intimate Partner Violence, Parenting Stress, and Child Behavior Problems

Parenting characteristics can have a significant influence on how children are affected by family violence. The purpose of this study was to explore the role women’s parenting stress plays in the relationship between exposure to physical and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) and children’s externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Data for this study were taken from three waves of the Illinois Families Study. The final sample included 1,653 children from 805 families. Structural equation modeling analyses were conducted across two developmental stages in order to better understand the unique relationships based on child development. For children ages 6–12 years, parenting stress mediated the relationship between exposure to psychological IPV and internalizing behaviors. No direct or indirect pathways between exposure to IPV and children’s behavior problems were found among adolescents ages 13–17. Implications for social service interventions with children and families exposed to violence are included.
Stories of Multiracial Experiences in Literature for Children, Ages 9–14

This study analyzed 90 realistic novels written and published in the United States between the years 2000 and 2010 and featuring mixed race characters. The researchers examined specific textual features of these works of contemporary and historical fiction and employed Critical Race Theory to contextualize the books within paradigms about multiracial identity. Findings indicated three broad trends in representations of mixed race identity with an almost equal number of novels falling among three descriptive categories. Books in the Mixed Race In/Visibility category depicted stereotypical experiences and provided little or no opportunity for critique of racism. Mixed Race Blending books featured characters whose mixed race identity was descriptive but not functional in their lives. Mixed Race Awareness books represented a range of possible life experiences for biracial characters who responded to social discomfort about their racial identity in complex and credible ways. This study has implications for research and pedagogy in the fields of education and children’s literature as they expand to become more inclusive of this type of diversity.
Modelling of Submerged Cable Dynamics

Abstract Results from a series of simulated submerged cable maneuvers are presented. The simulations are obtained using a three-dimensional, finite-segment model of the cable. The model, called UCIN-CABLE, consists of a series of ball-and-socket connected rigid rods. Fluid drag, inertia and buoyancy forces are included. Two types of simulation are presented: buoy release and anchor drop. The results compare favorably with exsperimental data and with data obtained from finite-element modelling.
Existence theorems for second order boundary value problems.

Necessary and sufficient conditions for solution existence to second order boundary value problems, considering second order differential equation involving function of three variables
The translation initiation factor eIF4E regulates the sex-specific expression of the master switch gene Sxl in Drosophila melanogaster.

In female fruit flies, Sex-lethal (Sxl) turns off the X chromosome dosage compensation system by a mechanism involving a combination of alternative splicing and translational repression of the male specific lethal-2 (msl-2) mRNA. A genetic screen identified the translation initiation factor eif4e as a gene that acts together with Sxl to repress expression of the Msl-2 protein. However, eif4e is not required for Sxl mediated repression of msl-2 mRNA translation. Instead, eif4e functions as a co-factor in Sxl-dependent female-specific alternative splicing of msl-2 and also Sxl pre-mRNAs. Like other factors required for Sxl regulation of splicing, eif4e shows maternal-effect female-lethal interactions with Sxl. This female lethality can be enhanced by mutations in other co-factors that promote female-specific splicing and is caused by a failure to properly activate the Sxl-positive autoregulatory feedback loop in early embryos. In this feedback loop Sxl proteins promote their own synthesis by directing the female-specific alternative splicing of Sxl-Pm pre-mRNAs. Analysis of pre-mRNA splicing when eif4e activity is compromised demonstrates that Sxl-dependent female-specific splicing of both Sxl-Pm and msl-2 pre-mRNAs requires eif4e activity. Consistent with a direct involvement in Sxl-dependent alternative splicing, eIF4E is associated with unspliced Sxl-Pm pre-mRNAs and is found in complexes that contain early acting splicing factors—the U1/U2 snRNP protein Sans-fils (Snf), the U1 snRNP protein U1-70k, U2AF38, U2AF50, and the Wilms' Tumor 1 Associated Protein Fl(2)d—that have been directly implicated in Sxl splicing regulation.
Pregnane X receptor and drug-induced liver injury

Introduction: The liver plays a central role in transforming and clearing foreign substances. The continuous exposure of the liver to xenobiotics sometimes leads to impaired liver function, referred to as drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The pregnane X receptor (PXR) tightly regulates the expression of genes in the hepatic drug-clearance system and its undesired activation plays a role in DILI.Areas covered: This review focuses on the recent progress in understanding PXR-mediated DILI and highlights the efforts made to assess and manage PXR-mediated DILI during drug development.Expert opinion: Future efforts are needed to further elucidate the mechanisms of PXR-mediated liver injury, including the epigenetic regulation and polymorphisms of PXR. Novel in vitro models containing functional PXR could improve our ability to predict and assess DILI during drug development. PXR inhibitors may provide chemical tools to validate the potential of PXR as a therapeutic target and to develop drugs to be used in the ...
Modeling Electrokinetic Transport for the Design and Optimization of Microchannel Systems

Sample band spreading in microchannel systems is examined at the component level using analytical and numerical methods. Solutions describing growth of the band variance in straight channel segments, conventional turns and low-dispersion turns are reviewed. The use of these results in optimum channel design is discussed.
Portal Anatomic Variants Relevant to Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation is an accepted treatment for portal hypertension. TIPS creation remains a challenging procedure because it involves the successful passage of a needle from a point of origin (hepatic vein) to a target point (portal vein) through the liver substance. An understanding of the anatomy of these two vascular beds facilitates overcoming the challenge of the spatial relationship between these two points. In this article the authors review the vascular and parenchymal anatomic variations, both congenital and acquired that impact the success of TIPS creation.
Bad Science [Perspectives on Graduate Life]

On a picturesque summer day a few months ago, a friend and I were walking along a New Jersey boardwalk when we ran into a group of older women who recently retired from nursing. Casual conversation over a beautifully staged beach wedding taking place that afternoon turned naturally into a discussion of our various professions. Upon hearing that my friend was in medical school, the women began shrieking with a level of delight and adoration that could only be matched by his own mother's overflowing pride. In his embarrassment, my friend quickly attempted to shift attention onto me by divulging that I was also in school to become a doctor—the kind that does science and research. Their faces immediately belied their bewilderment over why they should care about this different kind of doctor, and the blatant indifference on their comically over expressive faces was so jarring that I could not contain my own hysterical laughter.
Ethanol inhibits kainate responses of glutamate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes: role of calcium and protein kinase C

Recombinant alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptors expressed in oocytes are inhibited by ethanol and the sensitivity to ethanol depends on the kainate concentration and the subunit(s) expressed. For example, GluR3 kainate channels are more sensitive to inhibition by ethanol than GluR6 channels in the presence of maximally effective kainate concentrations. To determine if the ethanol inhibition was influenced by the cation permeability (Na+ vs Na+ and Ca2+) of the channels expressed, we compared ethanol inhibition of Ca(2+)-permeable glutamate receptors (GluRs) in oocytes perfused with normal- and high-Ca2+ buffers. The ethanol inhibition was much greater when Ca2+ was the only permeant cation. When Ba2+ was substituted for Ca2+, the ethanol inhibition was reduced, although it was still greater than with normal buffer. The enhanced ethanol inhibition of kainate-stimulated Ca2+ currents was reduced in oocytes injected with the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA, suggesting a role for intracellular Ca2+ in mediating enhanced ethanol sensitivity of kainate channels. The enhanced ethanol inhibition of Ca2+ currents was not due to a direct ethanol inhibition of Ca(2+)-stimulated Cl- currents in the oocyte because ethanol produced no effect on Ca(2+)-stimulated Cl- currents induced by injection of myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate. Because Ca2+ activates protein kinase C (PKC) and because we found that the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate inhibits kainate responses (Dildy-Mayfield and Harris, 1994), we examined the role of PKC in mediating the enhanced ethanol inhibition of kainate responses produced by increased Ca2+. Inhibition of PKC by injection of the PKC inhibitor peptide or calphostin C prevented the enhanced ethanol inhibition of kainate-induced Ca2+ responses without altering ethanol inhibition in normal buffer. Thus, ethanol inhibition of kainate channels may involve two mechanisms, one that is independent of PKC and a second type that is due to activation of PKC under conditions of elevated Ca2+, resulting in enhanced inhibition of kainate responses.
Dissociation between ion permeability and the lethal action of polyene antibiotics on Candida albicans.

Abstract Kinetic data on potassium release from and killing of Candida albicans by the four polyene antibiotics amphotericin B, amphotericin B methyl ester hydrochloride, nystatin, and nystatin methyl ester hydrochloride are presented. The nystatins were relatively more effective than the amphotericins in causing potassium release rather than killing. These data suggest that the aqueous channels or pores formed by the polyene antibiotics are not central to the lethal action of the drugs.
Attaining unity: Self-reference in the music of John Coltrane

John Coltrane’s final works have been ignored and reviled, but there have been only a few enthusiasts seeking to find order in the challenging compositions Coltrane recorded between June of 1965 and April of 1967. In the present study, I demonstrate that Coltrane’s life-long interest in unity gave rise to the final works, which he acknowledged publicly to be “music of the individual contributor” and labeled “Classical music.” I show that, through musical self-reference and self-quotation, Coltrane recontextualized his entire oeuvre during his final two years, bringing his musical biography to bear on a compositional aesthetic outside of that associated with jazz. Furthermore, by giving many of his pieces geographical and “universal” titles, he renders his art a mirror in which the journey from racial and sociopolitical struggle to affirmation is reflected.
Confocal microscopy of skin cancers: Translational advances toward clinical utility

Recent advances in translational research in and technology for confocal microscopy of skin cancers, toward clinical applications, are described. Advances in translational research are in diagnosis of melanoma in vivo, pre-operative mapping of lentigo maligna melanoma margins to guide surgery and intra-operative imaging of residual basal cell carcinomas to guide shave-biopsy. Advances in technology include mosaicing microscopy for detection of basal cell carcinomas in large areas of excised tissue, toward rapid pathology-at-the-bedside, and development of small, simple and low-cost line-scanning confocal microscopes for worldwide use in diverse primary healthcare settings. Current limitations and future opportunities and challenges for both clinicians and technologists are discussed.
The relationship between serum folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine levels in major depressive disorder and the timing of improvement with fluoxetine

The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between serum folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine levels and the timing of clinical improvement to fluoxetine in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. A total of 110 outpatients with MDD who responded to an 8-wk trial of fluoxetine had serum folate, B12, and homocysteine measurements at baseline (prior to fluoxetine initiation). Onset of clinical improvement was defined as a 30% decrease in Hamilton Depression Scale scores that led to a 50% decrease by week 8. Patients with low folate levels ( 0.05). In conclusion, low serum folate levels were found to be associated with a delayed onset of clinical improvement during treatment with fluoxetine in MDD by, on average, 1.5 wk.
TCAS IN THE 1990s

The Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) is the culmination of over 30 years of work by the aviation community to develop an airborne collision avoidance system that will complement the FAA's ground-based air traffic control (ATC) system. Use of the existing ATC radar transponders provides the basis for TCAS. A collision avoidance system based on ATC transponders has the advantage that it can provide immediate, high-quality protection against the large population of aircraft already transponder-equipped. The airborne TCAS uses transponder information to track nearby aircraft. This tracking data is used to develop and display in the cockpit advisory information that advises the pilot in maneuvering to avoid threat aircraft. This paper describes the design, operation, and application of the three versions of TCAS (TCAS I, II, and III), and continuing development and implementation of TCAS during the 1990s. TCAS II is stressed since it is already in use by U.S. airlines.
Investigation of vacuum insulator surface dielectric strength with nanosecond pulses

The maximum vacuum insulator surface dielectric strength determines the acceleration electric field gradient possible in a short pulse accelerator. Previous work has indicated that higher electric field strengths along the insulator-vacuum interface might be obtained as the pulse duration is decreased S. Sampayan et al. (1995). In this work, a 250 kV, single ns wide impulse source was applied to small diameter, segmented insulators samples in a vacuum to evaluate the multilayer surface dielectric strength of the sample construction. Resonances in the low inductance test geometry were used to obtain unipolar, pulsed electric fields in excess of 100 MV/m on the insulator surface. The sample construction, experimental arrangement and experimental results are presented for the initial data in this work. Modeling of the multilayer structure is discussed and methods of improving insulator surface dielectric strength in a vacuum are proposed.
Robust multitracking controllers for independent automotive subsystems

Procedures and criteria are presented for the design of robust multitracking controllers for hierarchical, multivariable systems (i.e. controllers that generate prescribed tracking behavior in systems with interactive subsystems and multiple inputs and outputs). The basic objectives are design procedures and criteria applying specifically to the independent four-wheel control of automotive suspension, traction, steering, and braking systems. An explicit example relating to automotive suspensions is presented. >
Switched capacitor cell based Dc-dc and Dc-ac converters

This paper introduces a modular converter topology based on switched capacitor cells. Two types of cells are discussed in this paper. The full cell switched capacitor structure, which can be used in dc/ac inversion and the half cell structure that has applications in both dc/dc and dc/ac conversion. There are several merits to this converter topology; it has a modular structure, the capacitor count is minimized, and with dc/ac converter there is good redundancy. When utilized as a dc/dc converter, the required output capacitance is minimized and soft switching can be achieved. The basic analysis, simulation results and experimental results on a 1 kW cell prototype are presented.
Establishing Greener Products and Manufacturing Processes

Today producers are becoming more responsible for their products, not only because of legal requirements but also to gain a competitive edge, as consumers are increasingly considering the broader impacts of their purchases. As a result, companies are beginning to address the ecological impacts of products and manufacturing processes in addition to the economic considerations. The environmental impact of products can be reduced during manufacturing, e.g. by greener processes, greener process chain, or leveraging manufacturing. This paper reviews actual research on greening products and production at the University of California, Berkeley and lays the foundation for future research directions. The present research includes approaches to enhance Life Cycle Assessment Methods, understand the life cycle of different products, improve manufacturing processes and revise supply chain decisions. Leveraging manufacturing implies higher environmental burden in the production phase can be offset with much larger eco-efficiency in the product use phase. The described approaches present ongoing work and will support sustainable production practices.
DNESYS-an expert system for automatic extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data

The problems that arose in earlier programs to map drainage systems are analyzed in detail. An expert system called the drainage Network Extraction System (DNESYS) is described. It uses both local operator and global reasoning to extract drainage networks and ridge lines. A stream representation called a parameterized directed graph (PDG) is constructed to model a drainage system. The construction of the model begins with an initial pixel labeling procedure. Then, a network tracing and property measurement procedure converts the two-dimensional low-level labeling information into a symbolic database for high-level processing. The application of Dempster-Shafer evidence theory allows evidence collection and uncertain reasoning to be performed against the DNESYS knowledge-base that contains the drainage system model and the organized expert knowledge. By discarding erroneous information and supplying missing information, DNESYS produces a complete PDG which can be converted into the final drainage system. >
Public Currency: Anthropological Labor in Central Banks

This article examines the operation of an emerging monetary regime in which ‘mere words’, as Yellen, Janet (2013. ‘Communications in Monetary Policy.’ Speech presented at the Society of American Business Editors and Writers 50th Anniversary Conference, Washington, DC, April 4) recently noted, play a decisive role. Drawing on my field research in five central banks – the Reserve Bank of New Zealand, the Bundesbank, the Bank of England, the Riksbank, and the European Central Bank – I address how this regime, which I term a ‘public currency’, works in theory and practice and what is at stake in its regulation and management. At the heart of this regime is a far-reaching premise: the public must be broadly recruited to collaborate with central banks in achieving the ends of monetary policy, namely ‘stable prices and confidence in the currency’. I further argue that monetary policy is now being aligned overtly with public interests, interests that are not fully or necessarily reducible to the prerogatives of f...
Formulation and Applications of a Probabilistic Pareto Chart

A probabilistic treatment of the Pareto chart can provide benefits to the fields of quality control, sensitivity analysis, and conceptual design. The probabilistic Pareto chart can inform a decision-maker about the relative significance of distributed factors and highlight anomalies in a dataset. This investigation provides a framework for creating a probabilistic Pareto chart, as well as examples to enable a discussion of the information provided by both the deterministic and probabilistic Pareto charts. The applications presented in this investigation demonstrate the probabilistic Pareto chart’s ability to highlight anomalous trends and to determine the significance of variables in non-linear functions.
The Emergence of Food Ethics

Philosophical food ethics or deliberative inquiry into the moral norms for production, distribution and consumption of food is contrasted with food ethics as an international social movement aimed at reforming the global food system. The latter yields an activist orientation that can become embroiled in self-defeating impotency when the complexity and internal contradictions of the food system are more fully appreciated. However, recent work in intersectionality offers resources that are useful to both philosophical and activist food ethics. For activists, intersectionality provides a way to preserve and strengthen the meaningfulness of protest and resistance, even in the face of complexity and uncertain outcomes. For philosophers, intersectionality chastens the tendency to regard moral problems as inherently solvable, and provides a way use tensions inherent in food system reform as a source of ethical insight.
Correlation Function of a Laser Beam Near Threshold

As is now well known, the rotating-wave van der Pol oscillator theories of the laser [1–4] lead to a precise prediction for the form of the intensity correlation function of the light. In the steady state, we may define the normalized intensity correlation function λ(τ) by the ratio $$\lambda \left( \tau \right) \equiv / ^2},$$ (1) where I(t) is light intensity at time t and ΔI(t) is the difference between I(t) and its expectation value. The intensity may be treated as a classical random process, when the average in (1) is taken over the ensemble of realizations, or the intensity may be regarded as a Hilbert space operator, in which case the average denotes the quantum expectation, and it is understood that all operators are written in normal order.
Redefining roles and responsibilities: Implementing a triage reference model at a single service point

ABSTRACTAs academic institutions continue to renovate and remodel existing libraries to include colocated services, it is important to understand how this new environment requires the redefining of traditional library roles and responsibilities. This case study examines how Delaware County Community College redefined reference and research service by transitioning to a triage reference model. This includes how information desk staff and student workers at a single service point determine when to refer users to librarians and how this model has evolved based on specific situations and experiences.
Regulation of the mec-3 gene by the C.elegans homeoproteins UNC-86 and MEC-3.

Abstract The mec-3 gene encodes a homeodomain protein with LIM repeats that is required for the specification of touch cell fate in Caenorhabditis elegans. Previous experiments suggested that mec-3 expression requires the product of the unc-86 gene, a POU-type homeoprotein, and mec-3 itself. We have analyzed the control of mec-3 expression by identifying potential cis regulatory elements in the mec-3 gene (by conservation in a related nematode and by DNase I footprinting using unc-86 and mec-3 proteins) and testing their importance by transforming C.elegans with mec-3lacZ fusions in which these sites have been mutagenized in vitro. Both unc-86 and mec-3 proteins bind specifically to the promoter of the mec-3 gene, suggesting that both proteins may be directly involved in the regulation of the mec-3 gene. In addition, the footprint pattern with mec-3 protein is altered in the presence of unc-86 protein. In vivo transformation experiments reveal that some of the binding regions of the two proteins are needed for general positive control and maintenance of mec-3 expression while others have no detectable, unique function. Interestingly, the unc-86 gene appears to be required not only to initiate mec-3 expression but also to maintain it.
Technology development for 4k × 4k, back- illuminated, fully depleted scientific CCD imagers

We have developed scientific charge-coupled devices (CCDs) that are fabricated on high-resistivity, n-type silicon substrates, and have demonstrated fully depleted operation for substrate thicknesses of 200-675 mum with formats as large as 2048 times 4096 (15 mum pixels) and 3512 times 3512 (10.5 mum pixels). The main application area for these devices is space and ground-based astronomy, and the CCDs are operated at cryogenic temperatures with slow-scan readout for good performance in terms of dark current and noise. In this work we describe the technology development efforts needed to realize a 4k times 4k (15 mum pixel) CCD with a die area of (64 mm)2. In particular, we describe improved gettering techniques for low dark current and high charge transfer efficiency that have been developed in order to improve fabrication yields for these very large format CCDs.
Exploring Two Approaches for an End-to-End Scientific Analysis Workflow

The scientific discovery process can be advanced by the integration of independently-developed programs run on disparate computing facilities into coherent workflows usable by scientists who are not experts in computing. For such advancement, we need a system which scientists can use to formulate analysis workflows, to integrate new components to these workflows, and to execute different components on resources that are best suited to run those components. In addition, we need to monitor the status of the workflow as components get scheduled and executed, and to access the intermediate and final output for visual exploration and analysis. Finally, it is important for scientists to be able to share their workflows with collaborators. We have explored two approaches for such an analysis framework for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) Dark Energy Science Collaboration (DESC); the first one is based on the use and extension of Galaxy, a web-based portal for biomedical research, and the second one is based on a programming language, Python. In this paper, we present a brief description of the two approaches, describe the kinds of extensions to the Galaxy system we have found necessary in order to support the wide variety of scientific analysis in the cosmology community, and discuss how similar efforts might be of benefit to the HEP community.
Can web-based community engagement inform equitable planning outcomes? A case study of bikesharing

AbstractWeb-based engagement is increasingly popular because of its perceived ability to increase access to the planning process with less effort than traditional methods. Currently, the utility of these approaches for meeting the needs of all members of a community is unclear. This research tests whether web-based engagement can forward equitable planning outcomes by examining proposed bikeshare station locations collected via a web-application; operationalizing equity as equal access to bikeshare station locations across all populations. Results indicate that solely relying upon online outreach would lead to an inequitable distribution of station locations. Suggested station locations are negatively-correlated with increased minority populations and positively-correlated with an increased mix of employment and housing. As such, we determine that while online outreach is a convenient and efficient means of collecting vast amounts of information, on its own it is not well-suited to planning applications i...
Ethical Dilemma: A National Perspective on Utilization of Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders in Status Epilepticus (P1.355)

Objective: To identify the frequency and determinant factors for Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders utilization in Status epilepticus (SE). Background: DNR orders are advocated to enhance patient autonomy, avoid futile medical intervention, and make end of life more humane; yet they have been linked with negative outcomes. SE is a neurological emergency that is associated with high mortality and may utilize DNR orders in heterogeneous fashion. Methods: We reviewed the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project9s Nationwide Inpatient Sample database for 2012 for SE admissions using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code 435.3. We defined DNR status with ICD code V49.86 entered during the same admission as a secondary diagnosis and estimated severity of illness by the 3M™ All Patient Refined DRG (APR DRG) Classification System. A hierarchical two level multivariate regression model was generated to estimate odds ratios (OR) for determinants of DNR orders. Results: We analyzed 18,160 patients with SE out of which 870(4.6[percnt]) had DNR orders. The median age of those who had DNR status was 71 years compared to 42 years for those did not. In multivariable regression analysis, after adjusting for demographics, hospital level characteristics, APR DRG severity scale, it was found that patients who were likely to have DNR status were elderly (OR 2.1, 95[percnt] CI 2.1-2.4), women (OR 1.7, 95[percnt] CI 1.3-2.1), non-black [Caucasian(OR 2.1, 95[percnt] CI 1.4-3.0) and others (OR 2.4, 95[percnt] CI 1.4-3.9) compared to Black] and uninsured (OR 2.3, 95[percnt] CI 1.4-3.8). Conclusions: Although prognosis should be a major determinant of DNR status; our study shows significant variation in the utilization of DNR orders with significantly higher rates of utilization in the elderly, women, non-black and uninsured. These discrepancies in advance directive decisions appear multifactorial, linked to both patient/ provider practices, and pose ethical challenges which are concerning. Disclosure: Dr. Lunagariya has nothing to disclose. Dr. Patel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Grayson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Heilman has received personal compensation from AAN, Harvard Dementia as a speaker. Dr. Heilman has received royalities on books that he has written or edited.
An impact assessment of machine learning risk forecasts on parole board decisions and recidivism

The Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole has begun using machine learning forecasts to help inform parole release decisions. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of the forecasts on those decisions and subsequent recidivism. A close approximation to a natural, randomized experiment is used to evaluate the impact of the forecasts on parole release decisions. A generalized regression discontinuity design is used to evaluate the impact of the forecasts on recidivism. The forecasts apparently had no effect on the overall parole release rate, but did appear to alter the mix of inmates released. Important distinctions were made between offenders forecasted to be re-arrested for nonviolent crime and offenders forecasted to be re-arrested for violent crime. The balance of evidence indicates that the forecasts led to reductions in re-arrests for both nonviolent and violent crimes. Risk assessments based on machine learning forecasts can improve parole release decisions, especially when distinctions are made between re-arrests for violent and nonviolent crime.