cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antecedents to Spontaneous Counterfactual Thinking: Effects of Expectancy Violation and Outcome Valence

Three studies examined the effects of expectancy violation and outcome valence on spontaneous counterfactual thinking. In Study 1, prior expectations and outcome valence were varied orthogonally in a vignette. More counterfactuals were generated after failures and unexpected outcomes. Also, more additive than subtractive counterfatuals were found after failure, particularly unexpected failure, and more subtractive than additive counterfactuals were found after unexpected success. Evidence for the generality of these results was obtained in Study 2, in which counterfactuals were assessed after students' real-life exam performances. In Study 3, the authors further assessed nonspontaneous counterfactuals, which were shown to differ in number and structure from spontaneous counterfactuals. Discussion centers around antecedents to spontaneous counterfactual thinking and comparisons to research on spontaneous causal attributions.
Objects for distributed systems

By examining the structure of distributed programs, we derive some requirements for the object paradigm to support the design and development distributed systems.
Using in-depth investigations to identify transportation safety issues for wheelchair-seated occupants of motor vehicles

In-depth investigations of motor-vehicle crashes involve detailed inspection, measurement, and photodocumentation of vehicle exterior and interior damage, evidence of belt-restraint use, and evidence of occupant contacts with the vehicle interior. Results of in-depth investigations thereby provide the most objective way to identify current and emerging injury problems and issues in occupant safety and crash protection, and provide important feedback on the real-world performance of the latest restraint-system and vehicle crashworthiness technologies. To provide an objective understanding of real-world transportation safety issues for wheelchair-seated travelers, the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) has been conducting and assembling data from in-depth investigations of motor-vehicle crashes and non-crash adverse moving-vehicle incidents, such as emergency vehicle braking, turning, and swerving, in which there was at least one vehicle occupant sitting in a wheelchair. The results of 39 investigations involving 42 wheelchair-seated occupants have been assembled and entered into a wheelchair-occupant crash/injury database. In addition, a biomechanical analysis of each case has been performed to identify key safety issues for wheelchair-seated travelers. The wheelchairs of 34 of the 42 occupants who were seated in wheelchairs while traveling in motor vehicles were effectively secured by either a four-point, strap-type tiedown system or a docking securement device, and all but one of these properly secured wheelchairs remained in place during the crash or non-collision event. However, 30 of the 42 occupants were improperly restrained, either because of non-use or incomplete use of available belt restraints, or because the belt restraints were improperly positioned on the occupant's body. Twenty-six of the 42 occupants sustained significant injuries and 10 of these occupants died as a direct result of injuries sustained, or from complications resulting from those injuries. These findings, when combined with the analyses of the individual cases, point to a need for better driver and caregiver education and training on how to properly secure wheelchairs and position belt restraints on wheelchair-seated passengers. They also point to a need for improved restraint systems used by wheelchair-seated drivers, and a need for wheelchair designs that facilitate the proper use and positioning of vehicle-anchored belt restraints.
Evidence for mass loss at moderate to high velocity in Be stars

Ultraviolet spectra of intermediate resolution have been obtained with Copernicus for 12 objects classified as Be or shell stars and for 19 additional early B dwarfs. Some of these spectra show marked asymmetries in certain resonance lines, especially the Si IV doublet at 1400 A, indicating the presence in some cases of outflowing material with maximum velocities of nearly 1000 km/s. Direct evidence for mass loss at these velocities is seen for the first time in dwarf stars as late as B1.5; the only objects later than B0.5 which show this effect are Be or shell stars. Among the stars considered, there is a correlation between the presence of mass-loss effects and projected rotational velocity, suggesting that the ultraviolet flux from B1-B2 dwarfs is sufficient to drive high-velocity stellar winds only if rotational effects reduce the effective gravity near the equator. The mass-loss rate for one of the most active Be stars, 59 Cyg, is crudely estimated to be one billionth or one ten-billionth of a solar mass per year. The data suggest that the extended atmospheres associated with Be-star phenomena may be formed by mass ejection.
Shunting for hydrocephalus: analysis of techniques and failure patterns

Abstract Background Hydrocephalus is characterized by ventricular dilatation because of progressive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) affects a subset of patients representing a reversible clinical triad of gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, and dementia with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure and composition. Various shunting procedures have been used for treatment, but techniques and outcomes remain under debate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of 232 patients with and without NPH after the first-time Ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement and assessed patterns of failure between December 2004 and December 2012. Results Mean age was 54.7 y in non-NPH and 71.9 y in NPH patients. We used open technique in 34.3% and laparoscopic technique in 65.7% of NPH patients and 32.7% and 67.3% of the non-NPH patients, respectively. A total of 36 of 232 patients displayed shunt failure, 16.4% in NPH and 15.2% in non-NPH patients. Twenty-three of 155 patients failed after laparoscopic and 13 of 77 failed after open placement. Proximal shunt failure was more frequent in the non-NPH cohort. Distal failures accounted for 13 of 232 cases, and the difference between laparoscopic (six of 155) and open failures (seven of 77) was profound, but not between NPH- and non-NPH patients. Conclusions Shunt failures are related to the placement method. Non-NPH patients showed more proximal failures. NPH patients showed fewer proximal failures. Less distal failures were observed after laparoscopic ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement without significant differences between NPH and non-NPH patients. Beyond this, laparoscopic surgery carries distinct advantages such as shorter operating room times and hospital stays, which should translate into less use of pain medications, earlier mobilization, and a lower incidence of ileus.
Plasma Thrombospondin Levels in Sheep With Allergic Asthma

Study objective In search of a better universal marker of tissue inflammation in allergic reactions, we studied platelet activation and its relation to allergic asthma in sheep. Setting University research laboratory. Subjects Twenty-three allergic sheep. Design and interventions We serially measured plasma thrombospondin (TSP), a glycoprotein secreted from activated platelets, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a monoclonal antibody. We validated the assay by establishing a standard curve that closely matches that of humans. Measurements and results Of the 23 allergic sheep tested, 10 demonstrated early airway response (ER group) and 13 had early and late dual airway responses (DR group) to inhaled Ascaris suum antigen. TSP was measured before, and at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h postantigen challenge. Both groups showed an increase in plasma TSP level after antigen challenge, but only the DR group showed a significant increase in TSP at l h (threefold) and 8 h (sixfold) postchallenge. The two sheep that received carbachol challenge showed a slight rise in TSP at 8 h postchallenge. There was a significant correlation between the TSP level at 1 h and the peak early airway response in the DR group. Conclusions These results suggest that the two groups of allergic sheep may have two distinct induction processes leading to airway obstruction. The dual peak rise in TSP level that coincided with the airway response also suggests that an early priming effect exists in the DR group, which might have led to the late response. We conclude that intravascular platelet activation often occurs in mast cell-mediated allergic disorders. Therefore, plasma TSP may be useful for monitoring the course of allergic disorders.
Heterostructure FET model including gate leakage

An analytical model for heterostructure field effect transistors is presented. The model is in the framework of the gradual channel approximation and includes the effects of gate leakage, velocity saturation, and subthreshold conduction. The consideration of gate leakage makes this model particularly useful for application to enhancement-mode devices. >
Blockade of SOX4 mediated DNA repair by SPARC enhances radioresponse in medulloblastoma

SPARC is a matricellular glycoprotein and a putative radioresistance-reversal-gene. We therefore explored the possibility of SPARC expression on medulloblastoma radiosensitivity in vitro and in vivo. The combined treatment of the SPARC and irradiation resulted in increased cell death when compared to cells treated with irradiation alone in vitro and in vivo. SPARC expression prior to irradiation suppressed checkpoints-1,-2 and p53 phosphorylation and DNA repair gene XRCC1. We also demonstrate that SPARC expression suppressed irradiation induced SOX-4 mediated DNA repair. These results provide evidence of the anti-tumor effect of combining SPARC with irradiation as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of medulloblastoma.
Activity of triclopyr herbicide enhanced by combination with cobalt chloride or ammonium nitrate

Cobalt chloride at a rate of 16 oz/acre when combined with the auxin herbicide triclopyr at 1 oz/acre synergistically enhanced the activity of the herbicide. A similar response was elicited by the addition of ammonium nitrate. Mg2+ or Mn2+ was antagonistic. The enhancement of activity by Co2+ or NH+4 appeared not to be the result of a simple enhancement of triclopyr uptake by the cations. Triclopyr uptake, as determined by gas chromatography/microwave-induced plasma/chemical reaction interface mass spectroscopy, was unaffected by the cation additions.
Improving outcomes by combining septoplasty with primary external dacryocystorhinostomy.

Abstract Purpose External dacryocystorhinostomy (EXT-DCR) is the gold standard in the treatment of acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Intranasal pathology can compromise the success of primary and revision external dacryocystorhinostomy EXT-DCR procedures. Nasal septal deviations resulting in unfavorable anatomy are an identified cause of DCR failures. In this study, we examine the causes of failure in our patient population and propose that concomitant treatment of septal deviations at the time of primary EXT-DCR can decrease the rate of revision surgery. Materials and methods Retrospective review of patients who had undergone an EXT-DCR. Results Over a five year period, 12 EXT-DCR failures were identified and 8 were directly attributable to nasal septal deviations. Revision surgery was successful in all 8 cases after correction of the nasal septal deviation. A second cohort of patients was identified who had undergone primary EXT-DCR and septoplasty concomitantly. Eight consecutive patients underwent the combined procedure for a total of 10 EXT-DCR and 8 septoplasties. The only failure was due to a common canalicular obstruction (90% success rate for the combined approach). Conclusions As a result of our findings, we believe that treating nasal septal deviation at the time of the initial surgery can help minimize the need for revision surgery.
Noise comparisons of single and two stage demonstrator fans for advanced technology aircraft

A high-speed single-stage and a low-speed two-stage fan were designed, fabricated, and tested to demonstrate their predicted low noise performance for an advanced 0.85-0.90 cruise Mach number aircraft requiring a 1.8-1.9 pressure ratio fan. Acoustic tests were made with both unsuppressed and suppressed configurations. The two-stage fan demonstrated that quiet fan technology developed for low-speed single-stage fan is applicable to two-stage designs. The unsuppressed high-speed single-stage fan demonstrated that significant reductions in inlet noise can be achieved from the sonic blockage caused by supersonic flow in the rotor blading. Both fans demonstrated suppressed inlet noise levels with treated sonic inlets that met advanced technology goals.
Relative prawn production and benthic macroinvertebrate densities in unfed, organically fertilized, and fed pond systems

Abstract Relative prawn production rates in unfed, organically fertilized, and fed pond systems were evaluated. Populations of benthic macroinvertebrates that potentially serve as forage organisms in these systems were also evaluated and compared with ponds without prawns to evaluate forage preferences. Juvenile prawns (x = 0.36 ± 0.02 g) were stocked into nine 0.04 ha ponds at a density of 39 520 ha −1 . Prawns in three ponds were not fed, prawns in three ponds were fed a complete diet, and three ponds received organic fertilization. Three additional ponds (0.02 ha) served as controls (not stocked with prawns and received no nutrient input). Survival averaged 86%, overall, and was not significantly different among treatments. Average weights of prawns fed complete feed or raised in fertilized ponds (36 and 33 g, respectively) were not significantly different ( P > 0.05). Prawns in unfed ponds were significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) smaller (13 g). Average prawn yields in fed, fertilized, and unfed ponds (1261, 1056, 426 kg ha −1 , respectively) were all significantly different ( P ≤ 0.05). In ponds receiving no nutrient input, macroinvertebrate densities were significantly higher ( P ≤ 0.05) in ponds without shrimp (controls) than in those stocked with shrimp. In ponds stocked with shrimp, macroinvertebrate densities in fed and fertilized treatments were significantly greater ( P ≤ 0.05) than in the unfed treatment, but not significantly different ( P > 0.05) from each other. Insect taxa showed a greater negative response to prawn predation than non-insects. Non-insect taxa demonstrated a more positive response to fertilizer and feed than insects. Although prawn production in organically fertilized ponds was surprisingly high (>1000 kg ha −1 ), economic analysis demonstrated higher net returns when prawns were fed a prepared diet, principally due to the production of greater numbers of large, high value prawns.
Lipo-oligoarginines as effective delivery vectors to promote cellular uptake

An effective cellular delivery vector with enhanced intracellular retention was developed by conjugating a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) with a fatty acid chain. The optimized lipopeptide (LP), myristoylated hendecaarginine (C14R11), penetrated the cell membrane with high efficiency, and achieved superior metabolic stability and versatility as compared with unmodified oligoarginine CPPs, offering no adverse effect on cell viability and function. Cellular uptake, intracellular localization, cytotoxicity, and release kinetics of oligoarginines and LPs were investigated using flow cytometry analysis, cytotoxicity assay, and confocal microscopy. The cellular uptake efficiency and intracellular metabolic stability of C14R11 LP was further enhanced by replacing the L-arginine residues with D-arginine isomers. The cellular uptake and intracellular metabolic stability of D-form C14R11 (C14dR11) was significantly increased without any noticeable cytotoxicity compared to the unmodified parent hepta-arginine CPP or L-arginine LPs.
Style and magnitude of tectonic shortening normal to the San Andreas fault across Pyramid Hills and Kettleman Hills South Dome, California

A blind thrust zone and the overlying fold forming the Kettleman Hills South Dome were produced by late Cenozoic shortening normal to the San Andreas fault. West of Kettleman Hills, toward the San Andreas fault, the region of Pyramid Hills experienced structural growth as early as Late Cretaceous time, and growth accelerated in Pliocene to Holocene time. These structures were imaged to a depth of 7 km by reprocessing a seismic reflection record section. Restored structural cross sections indicate a three-stage growth history for Kettleman Hills South Dome: (1) late Miocene reverse faulting, (2) Pliocene fault-propagation-type folding, and (3) late Pliocene to Holocene tectonic wedge emplacement. Late Pliocene to Holocene structural growth at Pyramid Hills probably resulted from thrust emplacement of the Franciscan Complex. A forward model demonstrates that tectonic wedging could account for post-2.5 Ma deformation of Pyramid Hills and Kettleman Hills South Dome. Horizontal shortening across Pyramid Hills and Kettle-man Hills South Dome normal to the San Andreas fault since the Cretaceous period is 3.7 km. This figure does not include shortening within the basement; adding shortening of our tectonic wedge model yields 7.9 km of shortening since Cretaceous time. Post 2.5 Ma shortening determined by our tectonic wedge model is 6.3 km. The rate of post-2.5 Ma shortening (2.5 mm/yr), when added to that on the west side of the San Andreas fault, is consistent with the values derived from plate-motion models that describe the "San Andreas" discrepancy.
Acoustic-gravity wave propagation in an atmosphere with two sound channels

In order to interpret the observed features of pressure records produced by waves from large explosions in the earth's atmosphere, the writers have obtained numerical solutions of the homogeneous equations governing acoustic-gravity wave propagation in a stratified compressible fluid. Theoretical dispersion curves and variations of perturbation kinetic energy with altitude are presented for 11 normal modes. It is shown that the step-like character of the phase velocity curves in the velocity-period plane can be interpreted as being the result of interference between two families of normal modes-«quasi-horizontal modes» representing energy propagation in the lower atmosphere (below the ozonosphere) and «quasi-vertical modes» representing energy propagation in the upper atmosphere (above the ozonosphere). The theoretical prediction that several normal modes contribute to the observed barogram traces is verified by Fourier analysis of a number of wave records.
Initial state regulation of investor-owned utilities

Abstract This paper examines state initiation of public service (or utility) commission regulation of investor-owned utilities (IOUs) using an economic theory of regulation. The decision to regulate IOUs is assumed to have depended on the strength of competing interest groups, e.g. consumers and producers, and on institutional factors, e.g. whether commissioners were appointed or elected. Regulators, which then had jurisdiction over IOU rates, are assumed to have been optimizing agents. The potential benefits of regulation, in turn, translated into pressure to initiate regulation. To test this, a hazard model is applied to state-level data. On the demand side of the regulation market, the distribution of federal power and population density were unrelated, while a set of time dummies was positively related to the probability that a state initiated regulation. On the supply side, the fraction of the population that was urban and whether the governor was Republican or not were positively and negatively related to this probability.
A preliminary analysis of lunar extra-mare basalts - Distribution, compositions, ages, volumes, and eruption styles

Extra-mare basalts occupy 8.5% of the lunar basalt area and comprise 1% of the total mare basalt volume. They are preferentially located where the crust is thin and topographically low. In terms of age, eruption style, and composition they are as variable as the mare basalts. In some instances extrusion in extra-mare craters was preceded by floor-fracturing whereas in other cases it apparently was not. The volume of lava erupted may have been controlled more by the volume of magma produced than by hydrostatic effects. A minimum of nearly 1300 separate basalt eruptions is indicated; the true value could be nearer 30,000 separate eruptions.
The self-sentiment: comment on internal consistency of Cattell's theory

amined with particular emphasis on its relationship to other integrative factors defined by Cattell. Literature is reviewed and data from 98 adults presented. The self-sentiment trait of the 1G PF only correlates .28 with the dynamic selfsentiment trait of the Motivation Analysis Test. The dynamic superego factor - of the latter test correlated only .36 with the factor of superego strength on the 1G PF.
Endocrine Tumors of the Ovary

THAT OVARIAN TUMORS may exert definite and profound effects upon the female organism as a whole has long been known. As early as 1905 (a), Pick called attention to a tumor which he called tubular testicular adenoma, associated with masculinization in a young girl. Since that time other tumors of the ovary have been described which manifest hormonal effects such as feminization, masculinization or other changes, and which have proved of the greatest interest not only to the gynecologist but to every physician. The field which has thus been opened is still under intensive investigation, and although considerable advances have been made, much remains to be done. The clarification of the subject is to a great extent due to the studies of Meyer (1918–1932) who was the first to offer a definitive classification of ovarian tumors in which the endocrine effects were stressed. The difficulties heretofore encountered in the recognition and the correct classification of the tumors, it would appear, have been primari...
Impact of extensive intraductal component on recurrence and survival in patients with stage I or II breast cancer treated with breast conservation therapy

Background: The relationship between an extensive intraductal component (EIC) and recurrence and survival in patients with stage I or II breast cancer treated with breast conservation therapy has not been clearly defined. Methods: 133 patients with stage I or II breast cancer who underwent breast conservation therapy between 1978 and 1990 at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center were retrospectively studied. All pathology slides were reviewed to determine tumor size, nuclear grade, extent of intraductal component, number of positive lymph nodes, and histologic margins. EIC was defined as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) occupying 25% or more of the area encompassed by the infiltrating tumor and DCIS present in grossly normal adjacent breast tissue. Results: 110 patients are alive, and 23 have died, with a median follow-up of 7 years; 85 of 133 patients had an intraductal component, but only 18 had an EIC. Locoregional control and disease-free and overall survival were not adversely affected by the presence of an EIC. Five of 133 patients had a locoregional recurrence, but only one had an EIC. Conclusions: EIC, if negative margins can be achieved, does not adversely affect disease-free or overall survival or local control rates.
The intravascular oxygenator (IVOX): preliminary results of a new means of performing extrapulmonary gas exchange.

Conventional management of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with high minute ventilation, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), and increased fractional inspired oxygen (FIO 2 ) concentrations may worsen pulmonary injury. The intravascular oxygenator (IVOX) is a device made up of several hundred gas permeable hollow fibers that are inserted into the vena cava by femoral venous cutdown. Flow of gas through each fiber adds O 2 and removes CO 2 from the bloodstream. The purpose of this study was to determine if the IVOX significantly reduces the level of mechanical ventilatory support in ARDS patients. The IVOX was inserted in nine patients, and aborted in one because of technical complications
The Molecular Adaptations of Myosin X for Bundled Actin Filament Tracks

To properly self-organize, cells must be able to direct cargo to specific locations. Although many molecular motors are known to drive cargo transport, the address system that these motors use to move to the proper destination is poorly understood. Recently, we showed that myosin X has a preference for bundled actin filaments. This preference for bundles allows myosin X to identify filopodia, a limited population of actin filaments within the cell. To clarify the bundle selection mechanism, we performed single-molecule mechanical measurements to determine the stepping pattern on bundles. Our observed ∼18 nm stepsize is consistent with a filament-straddling mechanism, where each head of myosin X binds to a unique filament in the bundle. A dissection of the domains required for bundle selection reveals a surprising role for the myosin X tail, a region which is likely far from the bundle itself. We find that targeted insertion of a glycine-rich flexible linker within the tail abolishes bundle selectivity, suggesting that the tail adopts a rigid structure that is essential for identifying bundles.
Construction of non-square M-QAM sequences with low PMEPR for OFDM systems

The author considers the use of coding to reduce the peak-to-mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR) for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Most of the existing schemes that use coding for PMEPR reduction assume a PSK constellation. The author presents the construction of non-square M-QAM symbols from a combination of QPSK and BPSK signals when M=2n and n is an odd number. By using QPSK and BPSK Golay (or Golay-like) sequences, M-QAM sequences with low PMEPR are generated. An upper bound for the instantaneous envelope power of Golay-like M-QAM sequences was derived. After the mean envelope power for these sequences was computed, the general upper bound for one PMEPR of M-QAM sequences with non-square constellations was derived.
Influence of faceting upon the equilibrium shape of nuclei at grain boundaries—II. Three-dimensions

Based on the exact equilibrium shapes of nuclei at a grain boundary in the presence of a facet at one orientation of the nucleus-matrix boundary determined in the two-dimensional case, three-dimensional nucleus shapes are studied under the same conditions. These shapes are investigated under the assumptions that the grain boundary is constrained to remain planar and that the grain boundary puckers in order to allow equilibrium junction angles with the nucleus to be more closely approached. At planar grain boundaries, the ‘upper’ portion of the nucleus is taken to be a faceted spherical cap, as delineated by a modified version of the Wulff construction. For the shape of the ‘lower’ or unfaceted portion of the nucleus, a second-order non-linear elliptic partial differential equation was derived and numerically solved. In the case of the pucker mechanism, the entire nucleus is considered as a faceted spherical cap. A catenoid surface, which is a minimal surface, is used to calculate the additional grain boundary area introduced by the pucker. Calculation of the free energy of activation for nucleation. ΔG∗, indicates that planar boundary mechanism is favored when φ, the tilt angle between the facet and the grain boundary plane, exceeds ≈ 18° +φc1 (where φ = smallest φ at which the facet touches the grain boundary), while the pucker mechanism has a lower ΔG∗ when φ is smaller. ΔG∗ increases rapidly with φ, particularly when the relative specific interfacial energy of the facet is small. Hence nucleation at a disordered grain boundary should normally occur with pronounced preference parallel to only one of n crystallographically equivalent habit planes.
Boundary value contact acoustic problems

Boundary value contact problems are the problems of mathematical physics, whose statement contains some conditions at particular points or lines of the boundary. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some mathematical aspects of the BVCP, such as the correct functional classes and Fredholm type equations for the solution, the completeness of eigenfunctions, the connection between the BVCP and supersymmetric quantum mechanic, paritial radiation conditions, limiting absorption principle, existence of eigenfunctions in infinite domains, uniqueness of the solution, “optical” theorem, and so on.
Grid redistribution based on measurable error indicators for the direct boundary element method

Abstract The quality of solution obtained by using the boundary element method is dependent on how the boundary is discretized. This particularly true when the geometry is complex or the field variables are singular at certain points on the boundary. In regions along the boundary where the field variable or its normal derivative has large gradients, a finer discretization is necessary in order to improve the quality of the solution. Most rules of grid optimization for the boundary element method are related to minimizing error in an appropriate boundary error norm. The error norm should be measurable, reliable, and easy to compute. In this paper, a suitable error norm is defined, and the procedure for its computation is presented. Further, a strategy for grid redistribution is examined. In this scheme, the number of nodal points remain constant, but these points are repositioned, reducing the size of the elements in regions of large error.
Near-infrared triple-helical peptide with quenched fluorophores for optical imaging of MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteolytic activity in vivo

The gelatinase members of the MMP family have consistently been associated with tumor invasiveness, which make them an attractive target for molecular imaging. We report new activatable proteolytic optical imaging agents that consist of triple-helical peptide (THP) conjugates, with high specificity to the gelatinases, bearing quenched cypate dyes. With quenching efficiencies up to 51%, the amplified fluorescence signal upon cypate3-THP hydrolysis by the gelatinases (kcat/KM values of 6.4×10(3) M(-1) s(-1) to 9.1×10(3) M(-1) s(-1) for MMP-2 and MMP-9, respectively) in mice bearing human fibrosarcoma xenografted tumors was monitored with fluorescence molecular tomography. There was significant fluorescence enhancement within the tumor and this enhancement was reduced by treatment with pan-MMP inhibitor, Ilomastat. These data, combined with the gelatinase substrate specificity observed in vitro, indicated the observed fluorescence at the site of the tumor was due to gelatinase mediated hydrolysis of cypate3-THP.
A multiplatform/multilanguage client/server project

This paper introduces a more general client/server example than is typically described. Whereas many client/server examples often involve communication between two C programs or two Java programs, this paper describes a program demo containing two clients (one in C and one in Java) and two servers (one in C and one in Java). Furthermore, either client is capable of connecting to and downloading a file from either server using a socket connection over the TCP/IP protocol. None of these programs make any assumptions regarding what language or platform supports the program at the remote end.
Terminology for Neuroscience Data Discovery: Multi-tree Syntax and Investigator-Derived Semantics

The Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF), developed for the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research and available at http://nif.nih.gov and http://neurogateway.org, is built upon a set of coordinated terminology components enabling data and web-resource description and selection. Core NIF terminologies use a straightforward syntax designed for ease of use and for navigation by familiar web interfaces, and readily exportable to aid development of relational-model databases for neuroscience data sharing. Datasets, data analysis tools, web resources, and other entities are characterized by multiple descriptors, each addressing core concepts, including data type, acquisition technique, neuroanatomy, and cell class. Terms for each concept are organized in a tree structure, providing is-a and has-a relations. Broad general terms near each root span the category or concept and spawn more detailed entries for specificity. Related but distinct concepts (e.g., brain area and depth) are specified by separate trees, for easier navigation than would be required by graph representation. Semantics enabling NIF data discovery were selected at one or more workshops by investigators expert in particular systems (vision, olfaction, behavioral neuroscience, neurodevelopment), brain areas (cerebellum, thalamus, hippocampus), preparations (molluscs, fly), diseases (neurodegenerative disease), or techniques (microscopy, computation and modeling, neurogenetics). Workshop-derived integrated term lists are available Open Source at http://brainml.org; a complete list of participants is at http://brainml.org/workshops.
The chemical end-ligation of homopyrimidine oligodeoxyribonucleotides within a DNA triple helix

Abstract Background: Triple-helical nucleic acids, first reported in the late 1950s, are receiving attention for their possible involvement in controlling gene expression. Certain sequences of DNA are believed to form local triple-helical structures (H-form DNA), although this has not been directly observed in vivo . Studies carried out in our laboratories have suggested that self-replicating oligonucleotides could have been involved in chemical evolution via triple-helical intermediates. In addition to self-replication mechanisms, elucidating processes for the nonenzymatic elongation of biologically relevant polymers remains an important challenge in understanding the origin of life. To this end, we have studied a novel ligation of oligodeoxyribonucleotides that lie within a triple helix. Results: The chemical end-ligation of homopyrimidine oligodeoxyribonucleotides on a triple helix is reported. This selective process, induced by cyanoimidazole, is facilitated by a template effect of the DNA aggregate and occurs between the 3′ end (hydroxyl) of the third minor-groove-bound strand and the 5′ end (phosphate) of the antiparallel oligopyrimidine strand. Conclusions: Double-helical homopurine/homopyrimidine DNA can serve as a template for the elongation of oligonucleotides in a manner that has not been described previously. The end-ligation of homopyrimidine oligomers, a nonenzymatic process, proceeds via a requisite triple-helical intermediate and constitutes an efficient and selective method for the template-directed elongation of nucleic acids. Such a process could conceivably have been involved in the elongation of primordial information-bearing biopolymers.
Point of view in the portrait of a lady

(1971). Point of view in the portrait of a lady. English Studies: Vol. 52, No. 1-6, pp. 136-147.
Comparative Resistance of Multiple Insect-Resistant Soybean Genotypes to the Soybean Looper

Four soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., plant populations with Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, and corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), resistance derived from PI227687 and PI229358 were evaluated for resistance to the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), in the laboratory, field, and greenhouse. Foliage of plants from N77-9002 and N77-9003, derived from PI227687, was less preferred for feeding than that of N77-9004 and N77-9005, derived from PI229358, in laboratory leaf disc tests. P. includens larval field plot populations were slightly higher in N77-9004 and -9005 than in N77-9002 and -9003. In laboratory no-choice tests, the most resistant subline of N77-9003 was more resistant than the most resistant subline of each of the other three populations, based on larval weight, length of developmental period, and percent mortality. P. includens larvae fed PI227687 foliage suffered 100% mortality, both early (days 3 to 7) and late (days 18 to 25) in larval life, whereas larvae fed PI229358 foliage suffered 50% mortality only in instars immediately preceding pupation. Weights of P. includens larvae fed postbloom PI227687 foliage were 42% less than those fed prebloom foliage, compared with weight differences of 32% for larvae fed post- and pre-bloom PI229358 foliage.
Soybean somatic embryo maturation: composition, respiration and water relations

Embryogenesis was induced on cotyledons of immature zygotic embryos of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) placed on solid medium containing 62.5 mm glutamine, soybean seed growth medium salts and vitamins, and 40 mg I−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) plus 175 mm maltose, or 8 mg I−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) plus 88 mM sucrose. Somatic embryo development was continued in liquid medium containing 0.16 mg I−1 indole-3-butyric acid and 2.64 mg I−1 abscisic acid, glutamine and salts as above, and 88–438 mM sucrose in progressively increasing steps. Germination was on solid half-strength Murashige-Skoog medium. During maturation, somatic embryos mimicked zygotic embryos in colour, protein concentration, water and solute potentials, and respiration. Protein and lipid accumulated to 329 and 86 g kg−1 dry weight in somatic embryos. Fatty acid composition was similar to that of axes of mature seeds. Before desiccation, the water and solute potentials of maturing somatic embryos declined to −1.13 and −1.99 MPa while turgor increased to 0.86 MPa. Concomitantly, a 60% reduction in activity of the cytochrome oxidase pathway of respiration occurred with somatic embryo maturation at 600 g water kg−1 fresh weight. Although small (about 8 mg per embryo), 60% of the somatic embryos formed roots and shoots during germination after maturation without drying and 30% germinated after drying to 60 g water kg−1 fresh weight. In the greenhouse, somatic plantlets grew to mature plants with seeds.
Laser-induced fluorescence diagnosis of plasma processing sources

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) may be used to make non-perturbing diagnoses of ions in plasma processing sources. Among the measurements possible are ion density profiles, distribution functions, convection and diffusion. Plasma processing sources such those used for etching, sputtering and thin film deposition may be diagnosed. In this review of LIF, examples of argon ion distributions and flow velocities in filament, hollow cathode and radio frequency plasma processing system are presented.
20 kHz toluene planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging of a jet in nearly sonic crossflow

This manuscript describes continuous, high-repetition-rate (20 kHz) toluene planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging in an expansion tube impulse flow facility. Cinematographic image sequences are acquired that visualize an underexpanded jet of hydrogen in Mach 0.9 crossflow, a practical flow configuration relevant to aerospace propulsion systems. The freestream gas is nitrogen seeded with toluene; toluene broadly absorbs and fluoresces in the ultraviolet, and the relatively high quantum yield of toluene produces large signals and high signal-to-noise ratios. Toluene is excited using a commercially available, frequency-quadrupled (266 nm), high-repetition-rate (20 kHz), pulsed (0.8–0.9 mJ per pulse), diode-pumped solid-state Nd:YAG laser, and fluorescence is imaged with a high-repetition-rate intensifier and CMOS camera. The resulting PLIF movie and image sequences are presented, visualizing the jet start-up process and the dynamics of the jet in crossflow; the freestream duration and a measure of freestream momentum flux steadiness are also inferred. This work demonstrates progress toward continuous PLIF imaging of practical flow systems in impulse facilities at kHz acquisition rates using practical, turn-key, high-speed laser and imaging systems.
The Coping Strategy of Women Members of the Former East German Intelligentsia

In this article I analyze the coping strategy of members of the Louise Otto-Peters Society of Leipzig, Germany, that attracts women members of the former East German intelligentsia, who share a common predicament: they have lost their jobs and professional status consequent to East Germany's collapse. They cope with their predicament by re-experiencing themselves as able professionals and organizing public events that focus on Louise Otto-Peters (1819–1895), founder of the National German Women's Organization. Based on their coping strategy, I create a framework for analyzing similar associations. My framework highlights the following components: the members' predicament, status claims, intended audience, and the symbolic means that they deploy to realize their status claims.
Compensatory responses to food restriction in juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas)

The purpose of this study was to assess the compensatory responses to food restriction and subsequent increased food availability in juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas). Turtles were fed an ad libitum ration for 12 weeks (AL), a restricted ration for 12 weeks (R), or a restricted ration for 5 weeks and an ad libitum ration for 7 weeks (R-AL). Analysis of covariance was used to test the relationships between (1) growth and body size, (2) intake and body size, and (3) growth and intake for each of the three treatment groups. Body composition of turtles in each group was also evaluated at the beginning of the study and after weeks 5 and 12. After the switch to ad libitum feeding, R-AL turtles consumed comparable amounts of food and grew faster than AL turtles on a size-adjusted basis, but mean body sizes did not converge, although the overlap in their size ranges increased with time. The R-AL turtles also converted food to growth more efficiently and allocated proportionally more nutrients to protein accretion, thereby restoring body composition (except mineral content) to AL levels by the end of the study. Thus, accelerated size-specific growth without hyperphagia restored body condition but not size. These results indicate that (1) intake in juvenile green turtles is maximal when food is readily available and cannot be increased to compensate for a previous period of food limitation, (2) growth rates of ad libitum-fed turtles are only mildly plastic in response to past nutritional history, and (3) priority rules for nutrient allocation favor the attainment of an optimal condition rather than an optimal size. Nutritional setbacks experienced during the vulnerable juvenile stage could therefore have long-lasting consequences for wild turtles in terms of size-specific mortality risk, but these risks may be mitigated by the potential benefits of maintaining sufficient body stores.
Atmospheric correction algorithm for hyperspectral remote sensing of ocean color from space

Existing atmospheric correction algorithms for multichannel remote sensing of ocean color from space were designed for retrieving water-leaving radiances in the visible over clear deep ocean areas and cannot easily be modified for retrievals over turbid coastal waters. We have developed an atmospheric correction algorithm for hyperspectral remote sensing of ocean color with the near-future Coastal Ocean Imaging Spectrometer. The algorithm uses lookup tables generated with a vector radiative transfer code. Aerosol parameters are determined by a spectrum-matching technique that uses channels located at wavelengths longer than 0.86 µm. The aerosol information is extracted back to the visible based on aerosol models during the retrieval of water-leaving radiances. Quite reasonable water-leaving radiances have been obtained when our algorithm was applied to process hyperspectral imaging data acquired with an airborne imaging spectrometer.
Leveraging RFID in hospitals: Patient life cycle and mobility perspectives

The application of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to patient care in hospitals and healthcare facilities has only just begun to be accepted. This article develops a set of frameworks based on patient life cycle and time-and-motion perspectives for how RFID can be leveraged atop existing information systems to offer many benefits for patient care and hospital operations. It examines how patients are processed from admission to discharge, and considers where RFID can be applied. From a time-and-motion perspective, it shows how hospitals can apply RFID in three ways: fixed RFID readers interrogate mobile objects; mobile, handheld readers interrogate fixed objects; and mobile, handheld readers interrogate mobile objects. Implemented properly, RFID can significantly aid the medical staff in performing their duties. It can greatly reduce the need for manual entry of records, increase security for both patient and hospital, and reduce errors in administering medication. Hospitals are likely to encounter challenges, however, when integrating the technology into their day-to-day operations. What we present here can help hospital administrators determine where RFID can be deployed to add the most value.
Ethos Versus Persona: Self-Representation in Written Discourse

This essay examines self-portrayal in fictional and nonfictional written discourse. The essay focuses on various treatments of self-representation in rhetorical and literary critical theory in an e...
Array signal processing under model uncertainties

Three array signal processing model error scenarios are considered: errors in sensor gains and phases, errors in sensor location, and errors in sensor-pair alignments of ESPRIT-type subarrays. The array models under the latter two error scenarios are shown to be approximately of the same form as that under sensor gains and phases provided that the respective errors are small and the magnitudes of the direction of arrival (DOA) angles lie within a narrow enough range. An iterative algorithm for the estimation of the DOA angles of multiple narrowband sources under these error scenarios is proposed and simulations indicate improved estimates using the algorithm. >
Tailings fans and valley‐spur cutoffs created by hydraulic mining

Sand and gravel tailings from nineteenth century open-pit hydraulic gold mines formed large alluvial fans at tributary conﬂuences in the northwestern Sierra Nevada, California. In the Bear River watershed, several of these fans were so large that they blocked main channels for decades. Some channels not only aggraded deeply, but also moved laterally and cut across the inner bends of valley spurs. Now locked in bedrock channels, these valley-spur cutoffs impose local controls on geomorphic, hydraulic, and sedimentary processes. One cutoff has incised 25 m into bedrock over the past century (25 cm a−1) with rapid initial incision rates of up to 50 cm a−1 (1884–1890). Recognition of spur cutoffs in the geological record may help to identify large landslides and provide an analogue for a type of natural earthﬁll dam spillway not prone to catastrophic failures. Tailing fans, valley-spur cutoffs, and the sediment they trap are described from contemporary accounts and recent ﬁeld conditions in the Bear River watershed. These anthropogenic changes represent a major shift in the watershed from supply-limited to transport-limited sediment budgets and a change in geomorphic processes away from long-term drainage evolution dominated by ingrown meanders. The large volumes of mining sediment stored in these landforms will be slowly released over the next millennium and could be signiﬁcant to contemporary ecological and public health issues due to recent ﬁndings of high mercury loadings associated with hydraulic mines. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.