cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of substitutional doping on the thermal conductivity of Ti-based Half-Heusler compounds

Half-Heusler alloys with the general formula TiNiSn1-XSbX are currently being investigated for their potential as thermoelectric (TE) materials. 1,2,3,4 These materials exhibit high thermopower (40–250μV/K) and low electrical resistivity values (0.1 - 8mΩ-cm) which yields a relatively large power factor (α2σT) of (0.2 - 1.0) W/m♦K at room temperature. The challenge is to reduce the relatively high thermal conductivity (≈ 10 W/m♦K) that is evident in these materials. The focus of this research is to investigate the effect of Sb-doping on the Sn site and Zr doping on the Ti site on the thermal conductivity of TiNiSn. Highly doped half-Heusler alloys have shown marked reduction in thermal conductivity to values on the order of 3.5 - 4.5 W/m♦K. Systematic determination of thermal conductivity in a variety of these doped materials as well as Sb and Zr doped TiNiSn are presented and discussed.
The life history of Ascobolus magnificus - origin of the ascocarp from two strains

SUMMARY1. The ascocarp of Ascobolus magnificus originates from a pair of morphologically distinct primordial—a large ascogonium the end of which functions as a trichogyne, and a club-shaped antheri...
Migration of Nucleocapsids in Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Infected Cells Is Dependent on both Microtubules and Actin Filaments

UNLABELLED The distribution of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm of infected cells was analyzed by scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy using a newly developed quantitative approach called the border-to-border distribution method. Nucleocapsids were located near the cell nucleus at early times postinfection (2 h) but were redistributed during infection toward the edges of the cell. This redistribution was inhibited by treatment with nocodazole, colcemid, or cytochalasin D, indicating it is dependent on both microtubules and actin filaments. The role of actin filaments in nucleocapsid mobility was also confirmed by live-cell imaging of fluorescent nucleocapsids of a virus containing P protein fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein. However, in contrast to the overall redistribution in the cytoplasm, the incorporation of nucleocapsids into virions as determined in pulse-chase experiments was dependent on the activity of actin filaments with little if any effect on inhibition of microtubule function. These results indicate that the mechanisms by which nucleocapsids are transported to the farthest reaches of the cell differ from those required for incorporation into virions. This is likely due to the ability of nucleocapsids to follow shorter paths to the plasma membrane mediated by actin filaments. IMPORTANCE Nucleocapsids of nonsegmented negative-strand viruses like VSV are assembled in the cytoplasm during genome RNA replication and must migrate to the plasma membrane for assembly into virions. Nucleocapsids are too large to diffuse in the cytoplasm in the time required for virus assembly and must be transported by cytoskeletal elements. Previous results suggested that microtubules were responsible for migration of VSV nucleocapsids to the plasma membrane for virus assembly. Data presented here show that both microtubules and actin filaments are responsible for mobility of nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm, but that actin filaments play a larger role than microtubules in incorporation of nucleocapsids into virions.
Analysis of Amino Acids in Skeletal Muscles of 5 Different Livestock Breeds

The aim of this study was to compare the amino acid contents of skeletal muscles among Inner Mongolia cashmere goat,sheep,cattle,pig and chicken.The results revealed that the percentages of 7 essential amino acids were abundant,which were all over 35%.The contents varied among different livestocks and the order was pig,chicken,sheep,cashmere goat and cattle.As the palatable taste amino acid,the percentage of Glu and Asn in cashmere goat and sheep were the highest in all the breeds.This might be the reason why the mutton was palatable.The coefficient of variation(CV)of amino acid revealed that the CV of Asp was lowest in all 17 amino acids.So the content of Asp could be used to calculate the contents of essential amino acid,palatable taste amino acid and total amino acid.The results of cluster analysis showed that the contents of amino acids in 17 samples from cashmere goats were clustered together with all the samples from sheep,cattle and chicken,the pig was clustered in another group.It suggested that the amino acid patterns were different between ruminant and simple stomach animals.This study supplied important evidences for the research of skeletal muscles protein and was meaningful for revealing the mechanism of the formation of meat characteristics.
Mental health practice in a physical health setting.

A mental health program in a large pediatric cancer center serves as a model for providing services to families facing the chronic illness of a child. Case examples illustrate how social workers co...
London’s Characters

The numerous retrospects of the genre in late Enlightenment reviews demonstrate that the periodical essay registered as part of a distinctly bookish tradition. Many of these writers noted that serial publication itself made the genre something new in literary history; today’s critics likewise often cite the periodical press as a technical innovation that helped usher British culture into full-fledged modernity.1 But late Enlightenment critics generally played down the transformative cultural effects of periodicity per se. To them, both print and periodical circulation simply helped the London and Edinburgh essayists more effectively disseminate moral-philosophical wisdom among a wide reading public, which is what all civic moralists had been striving for since antiquity. The new material means by which the essayists distributed their musings were just that: means. This is not to say that material aspects of publishing had no impact on how the periodical essay was understood. The publication shift from serial form to bound volume that first occurred to capitalize on the popularity of series like the Tatler and Spectator would later affect how essayists and readers viewed the genre as a whole. Collected editions of the World or Lounger that sat, bound in acid-swirled calf with gilt spines, on shelves next to editions of Chaucer or Dodsley’s Collection of Poems, testified to the growing status of the essay serial as a literary form that demanded the notice of posterity.
Megaprimer Method for Mutagenesis of DNA

To create mutations in a gene of interest, including point mutations, short insertions, or deletions.
Housing Lunatics and Students: Nineteenth-Century Asylums and Dormitories

Environmental determinism—the idea that the environment, including architecture, can shape behavior—linked asylums and dormitories. In both cases, the architecture of carefully planned structures reformed the body and reeducated the mind. When offering therapies for mental illness, nineteenth-century psychiatrists claimed that the purpose-built asylum would not only change a patient’s conduct, but also cure his or her mental disease. In the case of higher education, college officials (relying on the model of Oxford and Cambridge) encouraged students to live on campus in dormitories, in order to build life-changing friendships and strengthen their moral fiber. The dormitories themselves made such personal development possible—living at home or in a boarding house offered no such advantages. In contrast with their Victorian forbears, present-day psychiatrists do not make sanguine, optimistic predictions about the ability of an asylum to cure mental illness, but today’s residence life experts depend on an unacknowledged faith in environmental determinism. Reasons to live in a residence hall in 2015 include: “to experience personal growth with opportunities to gain independence and display leadership,” and “to learn principles of civility among roommates and neighbors.”
Three-Phase Optimal Power Flow for Market-Based Control and Optimization of Distributed Generations

The ever-increasing penetration of distributed generation in recent years brings challenges as well as opportunities for distribution companies as the smart grid paradigm evolves. A new three-phase unbalanced optimal power flow algorithm is developed for steady state system analysis to minimize the cost of serving loads in a distribution network. The algorithm is developed based on primal-dual interior point method. Comprehensive system components and constraints are modeled in a generalized fashion. In tests performed on the IEEE test feeder systems, the proposed algorithm is able to solve for optimal solutions under various system conditions and constraints. The potential applications of the program for distribution system design, reconfiguration, and control are also highlighted.
Adolescent Female with Jaundice and Edema.

An 18-year-old female presented to the emergency department at Texas Children's Hospital with intermittent symptoms of fever, nausea, poor food intake, fatigue, and shortness of breath in the past 3 months. The patient reported excessive weight loss of 10 lbs in the last month. On physical examination, her weight was 40.6 kg (89 lbs, 8.1 oz) and height was 153.4 cm, with a body mass index of 17.30 kg/m2. Other significant physical examination findings included scleral icterus, edema (4+ in bilateral lower extremities), and tachycardia. Abdominal examination was remarkable for the presence of distension and ascites, with tenderness in the left lower quadrant. Patient had a history of Crohn disease with several failed therapies and at presentation was on Cimzia®, an antitumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) monoclonal antibody therapy, and prednisone. Initial laboratory results at the emergency department showed concentrations of sodium of 130 mmol/L, potassium of 3.4 mmol/L, chloride of 101 mmol/L, and albumin of 1.7 g/dL. She was then admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU)3 for intensive monitoring and correction of her electrolyte abnormalities. Further laboratory tests demonstrated hyperbilirubinemia (mainly conjugated bilirubin) and increased liver enzymes, including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyltransferase, and increased prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time (Table 1). Her …
Growth Stage and Time of the Year Effects on Nursery Crop Tolerance to Diuron

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the tolerance of three landscape crops to over the top spray applications of diuron. Rates ≥ 0.56 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A) provided excellent (100%) yellow woodsorrel control regardless of the time of year the treatment was made. Diuron applications ≤ 1.12 kg ai/ha (1.0 lb ai/A) in fall and spring caused slight to no injury to dormant abelia, barberry, and spirea. Plants leafed out normally in the spring after application and there was no difference in growth 180 days after treatment (DAT). Application at 2.24 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb ai/A) caused slight to no injury on abelia, moderate injury to spirea, and severe injury to barberry by the following spring. Spring application to actively growing abelia and spirea caused slight to moderate injury from which plants treated with ≤ 0.56 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A) completely recovered by 90 DAT. Abelia treated with 1.12 kg ai/ha (1.0 lb ai/A) were slightly injured 90 DAT, and spirea were moderately injured 90 DAT. Abelia...
Bubbly shock propagation as a mechanism of shedding in separated cavitating flows

Stable attached partial cavitation in separated flows can transition to cloud shedding, and the mechanism of transition has been attributed to the presence of a re-entrant liquid jet. Our findings have revealed the presence of propagating bubbly shock waves as an alternative dominant mechanism of shedding when the compressibility of the bubbly mixture is appreciable. In the present paper, we discuss dynamics associated with these bubbly shock waves, interaction of shock waves with obstacles in their path, and means to manipulate their properties to control the shedding process by non-condensable gas injection.
Abstract 98: Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Atherosclerosis is Attenuated by Dual Inhibition of microRNA-92a and microRNA-489

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) subjects have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, namely atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are linked to the development of these diseases and recent work has identified a number of microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in these pathologies. As such, endothelial miRNAs are potential novel therapeutic targets to prevent and treat atherosclerosis. This study identified elevated aortic endothelial miR-92a-3p and miR-489-3p levels in a mouse model of CKD-associated atherosclerosis, Apoe -/- mice with 5/6 nephrectomy. A combinatorial miRNA inhibition strategy resulted in the loss of both miR-92a-3p and miR-489-3p in the endothelium and significantly reduced the atherosclerotic lesion area by 33%. Total RNA sequencing of the aortic endothelium identified many altered genetic pathways and metabolic processes in response to in vivo miRNA loss-of-function, including inflammation, phospholipid metabolism, and protein degradation pathways. Results suggest that the reduction in atherosclerosis levels were not likely to be linked to alterations in plasma cholesterol levels or kidney function since these physiological parameters were not improved upon miRNA inhibition. Nevertheless, novel miRNA targets were identified to be significantly elevated in the aortic endothelium that may reduce inflammation leading to the improved physiological phenotype. Fam220a , a negative regulator of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation, mRNA levels were significantly reduced in CKD-atherogenic mice compared to controls, but miRNA inhibition in vivo blocked the Fam220a repression. Moreover, gene reporter (luciferase) assays with site-directed mutagenesis confirmed FAM220A as a direct target of miR-92a-3p. Furthermore, FAM220A mRNA levels were repressed in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) with miR-92a-3p over-expression, which resulted in increased phosphorylation of STAT3. Collectively, these results suggest that endothelial miR-92a-3p and miR-489-3p are novel therapeutic targets to treat CKD-associated atherosclerosis.
Knowledge-Powered Deep Learning for Word Embedding

The basis of applying deep learning to solve natural language processing tasks is to obtain high-quality distributed representations of words, i.e., word embeddings, from large amounts of text data. However, text itself usually contains incomplete and ambiguous information, which makes necessity to leverage extra knowledge to understand it. Fortunately, text itself already contains well-defined morphological and syntactic knowledge; moreover, the large amount of texts on the Web enable the extraction of plenty of semantic knowledge. Therefore, it makes sense to design novel deep learning algorithms and systems in order to leverage the above knowledge to compute more effective word embeddings. In this paper, we conduct an empirical study on the capacity of leveraging morphological, syntactic, and semantic knowledge to achieve high-quality word embeddings. Our study explores these types of knowledge to define new basis for word representation, provide additional input information, and serve as auxiliary supervision in deep learning, respectively. Experiments on an analogical reasoning task, a word similarity task, and a word completion task have all demonstrated that knowledge-powered deep learning can enhance the effectiveness of word embedding.
Carotid Subclavian Bypass

Symptomatic proximal subclavian stenosis, “subclavian steal syndrome.” Vertebrobasilar symptoms: Visual disturbances, vertigo, ataxia, dysphagia, dysarthria, transient hemiparesis, and hemisensory disturbances. Upper-extremity ischemic symptoms: Fatigue on exertion, rest pain, microembolic disease. “Coronary steal syndrome” [associated with left internal mammary artery (LIMA) coronary grafts]. Debranching procedure prior to TEVAR.
Bounded rationality, ambiguity, and choice

Abstract This paper examines the hypothesis that cognitive limitations lead people to behave as if they are facing ambiguity, even when no ambiguity is apparent. We compare human subject decision behavior under total ambiguity, where no probability information is available, to behavior a case with no apparent ambiguity, where probabilities are transparently presented. We find that decision behavior in the Total Ambiguity case is predictive of the deviations we observe in the No Ambiguity case from the choice predictions of subjective expected utility theory. We also create prospect pairs to examine whether more cognitively challenging probabilities create ambiguity which we can identify using ambiguity theory. Using these pairs, we do not find evidence that a cognitively challenging probability creates ambiguity that systematically alters decision behavior.
Methods and Applications of Microindentation Hardness Testing

There is a great deal of confusion in conceptions about penetration hardness. Part of the problem results from a popular misconception that “hardness” is a basic property of a material. This is not the case. Hardness numbers are, more accurately, measures of the response of given materials to various types of indentation processes. Microindentation hardness numbers depend on a combination of surface and bulk material properties. As indenter geometry and test loads are changed (particularly at loads below about 100 g), different combinations of surface and bulk properties may contribute to the net response of the material. Issues of impression size versus microstructural feature size (“scale effects”) are important. Also, at lower loads and with blunter indenters (e.g., Knoop), material is penetrated less deeply, bringing about an increased sensitivity to surface preparation technique. The metallographer should recognize this fact and take particular care in preparing polished samples that may be used for low-load microindentation studies.
Unique, clean-air, continuous-flow, high-stagnation-temperature facility for supersonic combustion research

Accurate, spatially-resolved measurements can be conducted of a model supersonic combustor in a clean air/continuous flow supersonic combustion facility whose long run times will allow not only the point-by-point mapping of flow field variables with laser diagnostics but facilitate the simulation of steady-state combustor conditions. The facility will provide a Mach 2 freestream with static pressures in the 1 to 1/6 atm range, and stagnation temperatures of up to 2000 K.
Race and Socioeconomic Status Regulate Lifetime Risk of Atrial Fibrillation.

See Article by Mou et al Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, affects over 33 million people worldwide and significantly increases risk for stroke, heart failure, and death.1 Genetic and acquired AF risk factors contribute to the initiation and maintenance of AF in susceptible individuals; however, this interaction is complex and incompletely characterized across race-ethnicities.2,3 Data from large-scale genome-wide association studies suggest that genetic susceptibility to AF varies across race-ethnic groups, and there is also a differential response to antiarrhythmic therapy based on these differences.4,5 Thus, it has become increasingly accepted that race-ethnicity is a strong modifier of both genetic and acquired risk factors in AF.6,7 Most clinical studies to date are limited by the enrollment of a predominantly white population of European descent.8 This potential enrollment bias may lead to under- or overestimation of AF incidence and other sequelae in nonwhite groups.9 More recent data suggest that both African Americans (AAs) and Hispanic/Latinos may disproportionately experience hospitalizations, stroke, and heart failure resulting from AF. However, the mechanisms for these observations remain poorly understood especially in light of the AF paradox that AAs and Hispanic/Latinos have been reported to have a lower incidence of AF, despite higher prevalence of AF risk factors in some populations.7,9,10 More broadly, the INTERSTROKE study (International Stroke), which included 32 countries on 6 continents, demonstrated that AF incidence and stroke risk vary by race-ethnic origin and geography and that …
Robust and Accurate Objects Measurement in Real-World Based on Camera System

Object's dimension and its proximity in real-world plays a critical role in safe navigation and collision avoidance in autonomous cars. An accurate, reliable, and cost-effective approach was developed in this paper to measure the object's dimension (distance, width, and height) in real-world solely based on camera system. Mathematical representations were derived to accurately measure object dimensions and extract extrinsic camera parameters while driving. Giving the bounding box coordinates around each object in the captured frame, the proposed approach automatically and accurately measure the object's dimension in real-world (ft.) instead of pixels. The derived models were verified and tested against the ground truth data which showed strong correlation.
Comparison of outcomes of pulmonary valve replacement in adult versus paediatric hospitals: institutional influence†.

OBJECTIVES Controversy exists in ascertaining the ideal location for adults with congenital heart disease requiring surgical intervention. In this study, we sought to compare the perioperative management between our paediatric and adult hospitals and to determine how clinical factors and the location affect the length of stay after pulmonary valve replacement. METHODS A retrospective analysis of patients, ≥18 years of age, undergoing pulmonary valve replacement was conducted at our paediatric and adult hospitals between 1 January 2000 and 30 October 2014. Patients with previous Ross or concomitant left heart procedures were excluded. Descriptive statistics were used to assess demographics and clinical characteristics. Inverse probability weight-adjusted models were used to determine differences in the number of surgical complications, duration of mechanical ventilation and postoperative length of stay between paediatric and adult hospitals. Additional models were calculated to identify factors associated with prolonged length of stay. RESULTS There were altogether 98 patients in the adult (48 patients) and paediatric (50 patients) hospitals. Patients in the adult hospital were older with more comorbidities (arrhythmia, hypertension, depression and a history of cardiac arrest, all P < 0.05). Those at the paediatric hospital had better preoperative right ventricular function and less tricuspid regurgitation. The cardiopulmonary bypass time, the length of intubation and the length of stay were higher at the adult hospital, despite no difference in the number of complications between locations. Factors contributing to the increased length of stay include patient characteristics and postoperative management strategies. There were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary valve replacement may be performed safely with no deaths and with a comparable complication rate at both hospitals. Patients undergoing surgery at the adult hospital have longer intubation times and length of stay. Opportunities exist to streamline management strategies.
Serial serum diastase studies: normal controls.

Random diastase determinations were made in 65 healthy medical students over a period of 6 weeks. Of the total determinations, 96.3 per cent fell within a range of 51–185 Somogyi units. The mean maximum variation of the diastase activity during the period observed was less than 49 Somogyi units.
“What Should His Sufferance Be?” Protesting Injustice in Shakespeare's Venice and the Age of Black Lives Matter

This essay considers the impossibility faced by The Merchant of Venice’s Shylock in seeking redress for his suffering and how dismissal of his complaints parallels criticism of protests against racial injustice in the twenty-first century, with particular attention to Colin Kaepernick's 2016 protest against police brutality. Venice's idealization of Christ-like passivity and our own age's veneration of Martin Luther King Jr.’s nonviolence create impossible standards for those attempting to call attention to injustice, leading to condemnation of protesters’ actions and misinterpretation of their motives.
Teacher candidate perspectives of edTPA readiness: preparation programs and edTPA supports

This qualitative study focuses on elementary teacher candidates (TCs) at two United States university-based teacher preparation programs and their experiences with edTPA, a teacher performance asse...
Social Interactions between Family and Community-Based Service Providers in Dementia Caregiving

This study aimed to evaluate the psychosocial experiences in community-based dementia caregiving by assessing the characteristics of social interactions between family caregivers and community-base...
Fluoroscopy Time During Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Performed for Children and Adolescents is Significantly Higher With Low-volume Endoscopists.

Background Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a fluoroscopy and endoscopy-based procedure important for diagnosis and management of pediatric pancreaticobiliary disorders. Patient, procedure, endoscopist and facility characteristics have been shown to influence ERCP complexity and procedure outcomes as well as fluoroscopy utilization in adults, however the extent to which this is true in pediatric patients remains under-studied and there are minimal data regarding fluoroscopy utilization in pediatric ERCP. Methods We retrospectively analyzed ERCPs performed on patients 100 and low volume endoscopists (LVE) as Results 385 ERCPs performed on 321 patients were included in this analysis. The mean patient age was 13.4 years (+/- 4.2 years), 77% were index ERCPs (native ampullas) and 81% were performed with therapeutic intent (87% for biliary indication and 13% for pancreatic indication). Fluoroscopy times varied dramatically between procedures and providers. Median fluoroscopy time was 4.85 (+/- 2.68) minutes. Endoscopist annual ERCP volume was the strongest predictor of fluoroscopy time (p 16 years at the time of ERCP (p Conclusions Radiation exposure is higher than desirable for pediatric ERCP and varies with endoscopist as well as patient and procedure-specific factors. HVE perform ERCP with lower fluoroscopy time relative to LVE even though HVE procedure complexity was higher. The Stanford Fluoroscopy Score predicted fluoroscopy time for pediatric ERCP, but the ASGE ERCP complexity scale did not. Adaptation and refinement of pediatric-specific ERCP complexity scales including factors such as patient size and age and indications/interventions more consistent with those encountered in pediatrics could be beneficial.
Distream: scaling live video analytics with workload-adaptive distributed edge intelligence

Video cameras have been deployed at scale today. Driven by the breakthrough in deep learning (DL), organizations that have deployed these cameras start to use DL-based techniques for live video analytics. Although existing systems aim to optimize live video analytics from a variety of perspectives, they are agnostic to the workload dynamics in real-world deployments. In this work, we present Distream, a distributed live video analytics system based on the smart camera-edge cluster architecture, that is able to adapt to the workload dynamics to achieve low-latency, high-throughput, and scalable live video analytics. The key behind the design of Distream is to adaptively balance the workloads across smart cameras and partition the workloads between cameras and the edge cluster. In doing so, Distream is able to fully utilize the compute resources at both ends to achieve optimized system performance. We evaluated Distream with 500 hours of distributed video streams from two real-world video datasets with a testbed that consists of 24 cameras and a 4-GPU edge cluster. Our results show that Distream consistently outperforms the status quo in terms of throughput, latency, and latency service level objective (SLO) miss rate.
Cellular Immunotherapy Treatment Scheduling to Address Antigen Escape

Adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells has demonstrated durable clinical efficacy in patients with hematologic malignancies and is currently being investigated as a therapeutic approach to solid tumors. One of the major challenges underlying its success arises from the inability to effectively target the diversity, expression, and cell surface distribution of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) characteristic of solid tumors. Antigen escape is likely—CAR T cells targeting a single antigen can drive the emergence of minor, co-existing clonal populations lacking antigen expression—thereby promoting tumor progression. This paper presents a cellular immunotherapy model that describes the dynamics of cancer growth and response to CAR T cell therapy and a receding horizon control formulation to synthesize switching treatment strategies that maximize tumor regression while satisfying safety constraints with respect to therapy induced toxicity. We illustrate the algorithm and show that temporal dosing schedules can control tumors with heterogeneous antigen expression. This model sets a framework by which to assess the effectiveness of adaptive CAR T cell treatment strategies, clinical trial design and patient stratification.
Gut microbiota as the key controllers of “healthy” aging of elderly people

Extrinsic factors, such as lifestyle and diet, are shown to be essential in the control of human healthy aging, and thus, longevity. They do so by targeting at least in part the gut microbiome, a collection of commensal microorganisms (microbiota), which colonize the intestinal tract starting after birth, and is established by the age of three. The composition and abundance of individual microbiota appears to continue to change until adulthood, presumably reflecting lifestyle and geographic, racial, and individual differences. Although most of these changes appear to be harmless, a major shift in their composition in the gut (dysbiosis) can trigger harmful local and systemic inflammation. Recent reports indicate that dysbiosis is increased in aging and that the gut microbiota of elderly people is enriched in pro-inflammatory commensals at the expense of beneficial microbes. The clinical consequence of this change remains confusing due to contradictory reports and a high degree of variability of human microbiota and methodologies used. Here, we present the authors’ thoughts that underscore dysbiosis as a primary cause of aging-associated morbidities, and thus, premature death of elderly people. We provide evidence that the dysbiosis triggers a chain of pathological and inflammatory events. Examples include alteration of levels of microbiota-affected metabolites, impaired function and integrity of the gastrointestinal tract, and increased gut leakiness. All of these enhance systemic inflammation, which when associated with aging is termed inflammaging, and result in consequent aging-associated pathologies.
597. Comparison of Vancomycin and Daptomycin Complications and Interventions in Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy

Background Vancomycin and daptomycin are commonly used in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) for patients requiring lengthy courses of intravenous antimicrobials who are otherwise stable for discharge. Balancing the convenience and cost-savings of OPAT with the potential for adverse effects is challenging, this study compared the rates of complications and antimicrobial interventions for patients receiving vancomycin versus daptomycin across multiple OPAT settings.
The shifting role of public–private partnerships in vacant property redevelopment

Abstract This study introduces a typology of public–private partnerships formed to redevelop vacant property in response to varying levels of tension between the public and private sectors. Nonprofit, Resident, Public, and Private-driven reinvestment cases are identified in the context of urban shrinkage with diverging paths of collaboration with the land bank in St. Louis, Missouri, the first city-run land bank in the United States. Contractual relationships and partner participations are evaluated in cases where publicly owned property played an instrumental role in the land reuse projects in the mid-2010s, when the land bank began to diversify its processes of redevelopment. Based on partnership typology, this paper analyzes four impactful developments during this time period and compares project initiation, complexity, and outcomes while assessing the role and intensity of land bank involvement. Through sharing the risks and costs of land ownership with project partners, the land bank intends to see the land returned to its original urban function and achieve value for money. This study demonstrates that the result of partnerships depends on stakeholders’ perception of what productive land reuse means for a community.
Constructing angular distributions of neutrinos in core-collapse supernovae from zeroth and first moments calibrated by full Boltzmann neutrino transport

Two-moment neutrino transport methods have been widely used for developing theoretical models of core-collapse supernovae (CCSN), since they substantially reduce the computational burden inherent in the multidimensional neutrino-radiation hydrodynamical simulations. The approximation, however, comes at a price; the detailed structure of angular distribution of neutrinos is sacrificed, that is the main drawback of this approach. In this paper, we develop a novel method by which to construct angular distributions of neutrinos from the zeroth and first angular moments. In our method, the angular distribution is expressed with two quadratic functions of the neutrino angle in a piecewise fashion. We determine the best parameters in the fitting function by comparing to the neutrino data in a spherically symmetric CCSN model with full Boltzmann neutrino transport. We demonstrate the capability of our method by using our recent 2D CCSN model. We find that the essential features of the angular distributions can be well reconstructed, whereas the angular distributions of incoming neutrinos tend to have large errors that increase with flux factor ($\ensuremath{\kappa}$). This issue originates from the insensitiveness of incoming neutrinos to $\ensuremath{\kappa}$, that is an intrinsic limitation in moment methods. Based on the results of the demonstration, we assess the reliability of electron- neutrinos lepton number (ELN)-crossing searches with the two-moment neutrino transport. This analysis is complementary to our [L. Johns and H. Nagakura arXiv:2104.04106] that scrutinizes the limitation of crossing searches with a few moments. We find that the systematic errors of angular distributions for incoming neutrinos lead to misjudgements of the crossing at $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.5$. This casts doubt on the results of ELN-crossing searches based on two-moment methods in some previous studies.
Changes in alcohol-related hospital visits during COVID-19 in New York City.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Increased alcohol consumption has been proposed as a potential consequence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. There has been little scrutiny of alcohol use behaviors resulting in hospital visits, which is essential to guide pandemic public policy. We aimed to determine whether COVID-19 peak restrictions were associated with increased hospital visits for alcohol use or withdrawal. Secondary objectives were to describe differences based on age, sex and race, and to examine alcohol-related complication incidence. DESIGN: Multi-center, retrospective, pre-post study. SETTING: New York City health system with five participating hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Adult emergency department encounters for alcohol use, alcoholic gastritis or pancreatitis or hepatitis, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, withdrawal seizure or delirium tremens. MEASUREMENTS: Age, sex, race, site and encounter diagnosis. Encounters were compared between 2019 and 2020 for 1 March to 31 May. FINDINGS: There were 2790 alcohol-related visits during the 2019 study period and 1793 in 2020, with a decrease in total hospital visits. Of 4583 alcohol-related visits, median age was 47 years, with 22.3% females. In 2020 there was an increase in percentage of visits for alcohol withdrawal [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07-1.67] and withdrawal with complications (aOR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.14-1.72), and a decline in percentage of hospital visits for alcohol use (aOR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.59-0.85) and use with complications (aOR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.58-0.88). It is unknown whether use visit changes mirror declines in other chief complaints. The age groups 18-29 and 60-69 years were associated with increased visits for use and decreased visits for withdrawal, as were non-white race groups. Sex was not associated with alcohol-related visit changes despite male predominance. CONCLUSIONS: In New York City during the initial COVID-19 peak (1 March to 31 May 2020), hospital visits for alcohol withdrawal increased while those for alcohol use decreased.
Adaptive Learning and the Human Condition: Behavior Modification and the Helping Professions

Adaptive Learning and the Human Condition provides a coherent and comprehensive introduction to the basic principles of classical (Pavlovian) and instrumental (Skinnerian) conditioning. When combined with observational learning and language, they are responsible for human accomplishment from the Stone Age to the digital age. This edition has been thoroughly updated throughout, relating adaptive learning principles to clinical applications as well as non-traditional topics such as parenting, moral development, and the helping professions. Defining learning as an adaptive process enables students to understand the need to review the basic animal research literature in classical and operant conditioning and consider how it applies to human beings in our everyday lives. Divided into four parts, this book covers historical research into psychology and adaptive learning, principles of adaptive learning (prediction and control), adaptive learning and the human condition, and behavior modification and the helping professions. The book showcases how an adaptive learning strategy can be practical, diagnostic, and prescriptive, making this an essential companion for psychology students and those enrolled in programs in professional schools and helping professions including psychiatry, special education, health psychology, and physical therapy.
Computer Analysis of Nonlinear Truss-Structures

A COMPUTERIZED ANALYTICAL APPROACH, USING THE DIRECT STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD, IS DEVELOPED FOR NONLINEAR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. THE APPROACH IS LIMITED TO TRUSS-TYPE STRUCTURES HAVING ONE OR MORE MEMBERS STRESSED ABOVE THEIR PROPORTIONAL LIMIT. THE ANALYSIS RESULTS IN STRESSES AND CORRESPONDING STRAINS IN ALL MEMBERS AS WELL AS IN NODE DEFLECTIONS OF THE STRUCTURE. EXAMPLES ARE SOLVED AND RESULTS ARE COMPARED WITH PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS. /ASCE/
Pre- and Postoperative Echographic Investigation of Left Ventricular Function in Aortic Stenosis (AS)

The purpose of this study was to serially evaluate non-invasively the results of surgery upon left ventricular function in children with significant AS. Six groups of patients were evaluated: aortic stenosis −36 (age 7–19 years), coarctation of the aorta 17 (age 2–17 years), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 8 (age 6 mos–13 years), valvar pulmonic stenosis (PS) 7 (age 2–9 years), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) −16 (1–13 years) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) 7 (1–10 years).
An empirical study of vulnerability rewards programs

We perform an empirical study to better understand two well-known vulnerability rewards programs, or VRPs, which software vendors use to encourage community participation in finding and responsibly disclosing software vulnerabilities. The Chrome VRP has cost approximately $580,000 over 3 years and has resulted in 501 bounties paid for the identification of security vulnerabilities. The Firefox VRP has cost approximately $570,000 over the last 3 years and has yielded 190 bounties. 28% of Chrome's patched vulnerabilities appearing in security advisories over this period, and 24% of Firefox's, are the result of VRP contributions. Both programs appear economically efficient, comparing favorably to the cost of hiring full-time security researchers. The Chrome VRP features low expected payouts accompanied by high potential payouts, while the Firefox VRP features fixed payouts. Finding vulnerabilities for VRPs typically does not yield a salary comparable to a full-time job; the common case for recipients of rewards in either program is that they have received only one reward. Firefox has far more critical-severity vulnerabilities than Chrome, which we believe is attributable to an architectural difference between the two browsers.
How Do Terrorist Cells Self-Assemble: Insights from an Agent- Based Model of Radicalization

Since the 9/11 attacks, there has been a steady increase in the incidence of self-starter terrorist plots in both Western Europe and the United States. Past studies of self-starter terrorism focused on how persons come to acquire radical beliefs but take the additional step for granted - the transformation of isolated radical individuals into cells or networks that produce violent collective action. To better understand this search and assembly aspect of radicalization we constructed an agent-based computational model of radicalization and then validated its predictions with empirical data. Our work yielded three distinct contributions: 1) we operationalized radicalization with precise network measures and distinguished between four types of radicalization scenarios; 2) we characterized the factors that contribute to radicalization as well as deradicalization; 3) we extended radicalization theory by identifying specific network mechanisms such as occlusion, encapsulation, and magnet-rewiring by which radicals self-organize. Our findings may allow us to distinguish the conditions that lead to small transient cells from conditions that lead to large long-lasting terrorist organizations.
The Biosynthesis of Unsaturated Fatty Acids by Bacilli: I. Temperature Induction of the Desaturation Reaction

The biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in bacilli has been investigated by studying the way that various species and strains carry out the desaturation of palmitic-1-14C acid. By this method, two distinct desaturation systems have been elucidated. One system, found in six different strains, results in the conversion of palmitate to 5-hexadecenoate, with no other double bond isomers appearing. A second system, found in five strains, results in a spectrum of double bond isomers centering around position 9 but including Δ8 and Δ10 isomers, sometimes as the major constituents. The two desaturating systems are further differentiated by the manner in which they respond to temperature changes of the medium. Thus, cultures desaturating palmitic acid in positions 8, 9, or 10 show no significant change in desaturation rate when the temperature of incubation with palmitate is varied between 20° and 30° (or in the case of Bacillus stearothermophilus 12977, between 20° and 60°). On the other hand, the rate of desaturation of palmitate to 5-hexadecenoate is under strict temperature control. Bacillus megaterium 14581 and other Δ5-desaturating bacilli desaturate palmitate readily at 20° but not at 30°. The rate of desaturation of palmitate is determined by the temperature at which the cultures are incubated with this substrate and not by the temperature of growth. Thus, B. megaterium grown at either 20° or 30° desaturates palmitate at 20° but does not do so at 30°. Further investigation of the temperature effect revealed that the Δ5-desaturating enzyme of B. megaterium is not present at 30° but can be induced by previously incubating a 30° grown culture at 20° for 1 or 2 hours. Chloramphenicol, if added at the beginning of the preliminary incubation period, completely prevents induction of the enzyme but has only an inhibitory effect, increasing with time, if added after preliminary incubation. This inhibitory effect at 20° is presumably due to slow inactivation of desaturating enzyme under circumstances in which replenishment by further protein synthesis is blocked. The induced enzyme is much more rapidly destroyed at 30°. Cultures grown in medium lacking iron have no desaturating activity but activity can be restored by the addition of iron (as ferric ammonium citrate) to the incubation medium. However, iron is not necessary for the temperature induction of the desaturating enzyme but rather appears to be acting as a cofactor in the desaturating system.
Fandom squared: Web 2.0 and fannish production

By comparing how businesses and fan communities conceive of, foster, and manage participation, I outline the tensions that reveal the emerging shape of fan practice in the era of Web 2.0. The producer-consumer relationship does not map neatly onto the producer-fan relationship. The more that media companies integrate fans into the process of producing and developing content, the less agency fans actually feel.
Testing the replication hypothesis: When the data set is subject to gross error

Abstract Between the time OLS estimates are computed on N observations and replication is attempted, the data matrix accumulates C rows of gross errors. Fitting the reported OLS estimates to the contaminated data will produce N-C residuals which agree exactly with the original residuals. This fact serves as the basis of a test for replication.
The Singing Revolution

Reviewed Medium: dvd Year: 2007 Details: with an accompanying book by Priit Vesilind Publisher: Mountain View Productions Prices: $26.95 USD
Mechanical Behavior of Materials

A balanced mechanics-materials approach and coverage of the latest developments in biomaterials and electronic materials, the new edition of this popular text is the most thorough and modern book available for upper-level undergraduate courses on the mechanical behavior of materials. To ensure that the student gains a thorough understanding the authors present the fundamental mechanisms that operate at micro- and nano-meter level across a wide-range of materials, in a way that is mathematically simple and requires no extensive knowledge of materials. This integrated approach provides a conceptual presentation that shows how the microstructure of a material controls its mechanical behavior, and this is reinforced through extensive use of micrographs and illustrations. New worked examples and exercises help the student test their understanding. Further resources for this title, including lecture slides of select illustrations and solutions for exercises, are available online at www.cambridge.org/97800521866758.
Fluorescence Studies on Poly-α-amino Acids: Models of Protein Conformation IV. COPOLYMERS OF TRYPTOPHAN WITH GLUTAMIC ACID OR LYSINE

Abstract From this study with a tryptophan model system, several conclusions may be drawn. (a) Both —COOH and —NH2 are strong quenchers of tryptophan fluorescence. (b) Interaction of —COOH with tryptophan has a hypochromic effect on the tryptophanyl absorption which is similar to that noted in proteins. (c) There is little if any effect of α-helix formation on tryptophanyl fluorescence. (d) Tryptophanyl fluorescence is constant throughout the pH range 2.0 to 12.5. (e) Block copolymers containing tryptophan sequences have indole-indole residue interactions resulting in absorption and fluorescence emission shifts and low quantum yields (0.04). (f) The quantum yield of both (Glu:Trp) and (Lys:Trp) random copolymers lies between 0.121 and 0.145, and the emission spectra are identical with that of tryptophan in aqueous solution.