cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entry and Retention of Methanol Fuel in Engine Oil

To ensure that vehicles do not suffer adverse consequences when high-methanol-content fuel (M100 or M85) is used, it is important to understand the ways that the use of this fuel affects various vehicle systems. For that reason, some of the changes which occur in the engine oil when using methanol fuel were investigated. During a single cold start with an extended cranking time, as much as six percent fuel entered the engine oil. Over a 15-minute period, the lubricating medium changed from engine oil to an oil-methanol-water emulsion. With multiple cold starts followed by a five-minute trip and ambient temperatures near freezing, the oil contained 19 percent volatile contamination. In addition, the oil contained elevated levels of water, lead, iron, chromium, and aluminum. Efforts need to be directed toward reducing the adverse consequences of methanol fuel.
Operating System Support for Heterogeneous Distributed Systems

Our view of a distributed system is a set of cooperating autonomous nodes interconnected by a fast communication network. Each node has some processing and storage capabilities. There is no physically shared memory between nodes. All communication is accomplished via some network transport service.
Correspondence re: Gal AA, Velasquez A. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody in the absence of Wegener's granulomatosis or microscopic polyangiitis: implications for the surgical pathologist. Mod Pathol 2002;15:197-204.

Correspondence Re: GAL AA, VELASQUEZ A. ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC AUTOANTIBODY IN THE ABSENCE OF WEGENER’S GRANULOMATOSIS OR MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SURGICAL PATHOLOGIST. MOD PATHOL 2002;15:197–204.
Quantitation of Functional T Cells by Limiting Dilution

Culturing by limiting dilution (LD) can be used to estimate the proportion of T cells in a cell preparation which can respond to an activating stimulus to produce interleukin 2 or to generate cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. In the first basic protocol, IL-2-producing murine T cells are measured following stimulation by the mitogen Con A. This protocol can be modified as described in the first alternate protocol to quantitate responses to alloantigens, anti-CD3 antibody, protein antigens such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and viruses. The second alternate protocol provides a modification for using human responder cells. The second basic protocol is used for estimating the proportion of cells that can generate a clone of cytotoxic effector cells when stimulated by Con A with the addition of IL-2.
Learning by Smooth Simultaneous Estimation of the Error of Hypotheses

We consider the Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) model of "learning," introduced in [1]. Given data that consists of labeled samples, the problem is to select a "hypothesis" (a function) that will accurately label new samples. We investigate an approach, different from the usual one, that first estimates the error of each candidate hypothesis and then selects the hypothesis with the least estimated error.
Historical Perspectives on the Evolution in Understanding the Importance of Nutritional Care in Pediatric HIV Infection

Women, perinatally-infected infants, and sexually exposed and exploited youths and adolescents have become a major focus of the worldwide HIV/AIDS pandemic. Increased perinatal screening, improvement in early infant diagnosis, and the benefits of primary HIV therapies have increased the numbers identified and longevity of infants and children living with HIV. This increase in survival is associated with HIV/AIDS becoming a chronic multiorgan system disease that requires a multidiscipline comprehensive care approach. The combination of poor oral intake, increased loss, and increased metabolic needs of long-term surviving HIV-infected children are obstacles to both survival and quality of life. HIV-infected children and their families need supportive care services including nutritional as well as primary therapy. Clinical guidelines for effective nutrition interventions must be developed to prevent and treat failure to thrive and wasting syndrome. Gains in survival duration must be linked to enhanced quality of life through supportive care, including comprehensive nutritional services that have their efficacy documented by appropriate clinical trials.
GPU accelerated smith-waterman

We present a novel hardware implementation of the double affine Smith-Waterman (DASW) algorithm, which uses dynamic programming to compare and align genomic sequences such as DNA and proteins. We implement DASW on a commodity graphics card, taking advantage of the general purpose programmability of the graphics processing unit to leverage its cheap parallel processing power. The results demonstrate that our system’s performance is competitive with current optimized software packages.
Autonomous Cell Specification: Overview

Autonomous cell specification is a form of specification in which the developing cell is able to differentiate (express proteins typical of the mature cell) without receiving external signals. This is possible when cytoplasmic determinants (the cytoplasmic regulatory factors necessary for specification) are partitioned into the cell during cleavage. Keywords: autonomous; specification; cytoplasmic determinants; fate; embryology
Flu-like illness among workers at a soy processing plant.

Harris-Roberts et al. [2012] described associations between chest symptoms and soy sensitization among workers at South African soy processing plants. These findings were similar to our recently reported observations in workers at a US soy processing plant [Cummings et al., 2010]. Harris-Roberts et al. also described associations between work and flu-like illness, prompting us to examine our unpublished data on flu-like illness in US soy processing workers. These data were collected in a NIOSH IRB-approved research study from participants who provided informed consent. We asked 147 study participants, all current soy plant employees, whether they had flu-like illness with aches, pains, fever, chills, and night sweats during the past 12 months and whether their symptoms were different away from work. Our determination of soy sensitization, work classification, and exposure categories has been described previously [Cummings et al., 2010]. We calculated frequencies and used logistic regression to examine associations. We considered two-sided P � 0.05 to be statistically significant. Analyses were conducted with SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). A total of 55 (37%) participants reported flu-like illness and 20 (14%) reported flu-like illness that was better away from work (‘‘work-related flu-like illness’’). Work-related flu-like illness was not associated with soyspecific IgE (odds ratio [OR] ¼ 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] ¼ 0.5‐4.9). Production workers had a higher odds of work-related flu-like illness than non-production workers (OR ¼ 4.4, 95% CI ¼ 0.9‐21.0). Work-related flu-like illness was not associated with exposure categories for inhalable dust (P ¼ 0.33), inhalable soy antigen (P ¼ 0.33), or peak dust (P ¼ 0.41). When examined linearly, soy-specific IgG was not associated with workrelated flu-like illness (P ¼ 0.44). Workers in the second distributional tertile of soy-specific IgG had a higher odds of work-related flu-like illness than other workers, including those in the third distributional tertile (OR ¼ 4.6; 95% CI ¼ 0.9‐23.4). This finding may reflect immune tolerance or a healthy worker effect. The prevalence of work-related flu-like illness was lower in our study (14%) than in the study by Harris
Mixed Ancestry and Disease Risk Transferability

Ancestry is the series of ancestors who form a line of descent or lineage back to an arbitrary founder or founding population. In recent years, integration of genome-wide genotype and sequence data from multiple populations worldwide has provided much insight into the identities and distributions of ancestral populations or clusters, thereby improving our understanding of historical migrations and current population structure at a sub-continental or regional level. Genetic ancestry, distinct from self-reported ancestry or ethnicity, serves both as a confounder in genetic association studies of genotypes and as a predictor in admixture mapping studies. This review focuses on the impact of genetic ancestry on transferability of genetic loci conferring disease risk.
Designing, implementing, and evaluating an online graduate level course in technical communication

This essay details the experience of designing, implementing, and evaluating an online course in audience analysis at the graduate level. It describes efforts to create a quality learning experience, and discusses how the Web modules and listserv and MOO conversations influenced rituals of learning and communication.
A forward-mapping realization of the inverse discrete cosine transform

The paper presents a new realization of the inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT). It exploits both the decorrelation properties of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and the quantization process that is frequently applied to the DCT's resultant coefficients. This formulation has several advantages over previous approaches, including the elimination of multiplies from the central loop of the algorithm and its adaptability to incremental evaluation. The technique provides a significant reduction in computational requirements of the IDCT, enabling a software-based implementation to perform at rates which were previously achievable only through dedicated hardware. >
The need for a new model for jewish continuity: a response to lipset’s remarks

American Jewry has a unique historical trajectory. Its current position as an elite group in the United States contrasts with its roots as a pariah people in Europe. Adapting to this historical discontinuity and adjusting the traditional Jewish communitarian model to the new reality of a constituency composed of successful and sophisticated individuals operating in a consumer society is a major intellectual challenge.
Fear of victimization and symptoms of psychopathology among prison inmates

This research examines the relationship between fear of victimization and mental health among prison inmates. The data come principally from a survey of 300 inmates housed in a maximum-security facility in the southeastern United States. Regression analysis is used to identify the independent effccts of institutional stresses, social supports, victimization and fear. Unlike studies conducted among non-incarcerated populations, the findings of this research show, controlling for pre-existing disorders, level of fear as an extremely important predictor of general well-being.
The C-terminal Tail Preceding the CAAX Box of a Yeast G Protein γ Subunit Is Dispensable for Receptor-mediated G Protein Activation in Vivo

The gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins are required for receptor-G protein coupling. The C-terminal domains of Ggamma subunits can contact receptors and influence the efficiency of receptor-G protein coupling in vitro. However, it is unknown whether receptor interaction with the C terminus of Ggamma is required for signaling in vivo. To address this question, we cloned Ggamma homologs with diverged C-terminal sequences from five species of budding yeast. Each Ggamma homolog functionally replaced the Ggamma subunit of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (STE18 gene product). Mutagenesis of S. cerevisiae Ste18 likewise indicated that specific C-terminal sequence motifs are not required for signaling. Strikingly, an internal in-frame deletion removing sequences preceding the C-terminal CAAX box of Ste18 did not impair signaling by either of its cognate G protein-coupled pheromone receptors. Therefore, receptor interaction with the C-terminal domain of yeast Ggamma is not required for receptor-mediated G protein activation in vivo. Because the mechanism of G protein activation by receptors is conserved from yeast to humans, mammalian receptors may not require interaction with the tail of Ggamma for G protein activation in vivo. However, receptor-Ggamma interaction may modulate the efficiency of receptor-G protein coupling or promote activation of Gbetagamma effectors that co-cluster with receptors.
Amorphous and alloy film formation in sliding of silver on copper

Abstract The plastic behavior at contact spots and the formation of tribosurface films in sliding wear was simulated through severe shearing, under pressure, of flat disks made up of stacks of thin metal foils, alternating between substrate and slider material. The samples were investigated after various degrees of shearing under pressures which simulate conditions at contact spots, i.e. approximately the indentation hardness of the softer of the two sliding materials. Interest has focused on anomalous alloy formation of the two materials sliding against each other and, especially, on the formation of an amorphous phase. The practical impetus for this study is the hypothesis that glassy metal surface films may form through sliding and, if so, confer reduced friction as well as wear rates. The model system used in the present study is the copper-silver combination. It exhibits very limited equilibrium solubility at either end of the constitution diagram, and one single eutectic. Results obtained by means of X-ray diffraction reveal that deformation above about one hundred shear strain causes formation of an anomalous alloy, with always more or less in accordance with the averaged composition, at least between 19 and 65 at.% Ag. The alloy is normally crystalline and deforms in the usual manner, but it forms via a presumably very hard and brittle amorphous phase. The X-ray evidence strongly suggests that the alloy formation is not due to anomalous diffusion, e.g. mediated through the large excess vacancy concentration during shearing, but takes place rather abruptly through nucleation from the amorphous alloy that forms when locally the phase boundary spacing decreases below some critical limit, estimated at about 3.5 nm. The Cu-Ag alloys are visually indistinguishable from gold. Indeed, such gold-colored alloys were shown to also form routinely in the rapid wear regime during simple dry sliding of silver against copper and were observed at very low wear rates in a protective atmosphere after sliding silver-plated copper fibers on a copper substrate. The results have evident great importance, also, for mechanical alloying.
Epidermal Growth Factor: Identification of a New Hormone in Human Urine

Epidermal growth factor is a polypeptide hormone that was previously identified only in mice. It causes proliferation and keratinization of epidermal tissues. An immune affinity column extraction technique was used to purify partially a substance from human urine which was similar to the mouse hormone in both its biological activity and immunoreactivity.
Observability of Stellar Winds from Late-Type Dwarfs via Charge Exchange X-Ray Emission

Despite the fact that the overwhelming majority of stars are of late spectral type (F-M) and lie on the main sequence, we know nothing about their stellar winds. Existing measurements of winds only apply to high-mass O and B stars, red giants, and supergiants and only extend down to a few times 10-10 M☉ yr-1, as compared to the solar rate of ~2 × 10-14 M☉ yr-1. Attempts to detect winds from late-type dwarf stars have to date resulted only in loose upper limits of order 10-12 to 10-11 M☉ yr-1. We propose a novel method of studying stellar winds through observation of charge exchange-induced X-ray emission. Recent X-ray detections of comets suggest that charge transfer between highly charged ions in the solar wind and neutral gases in cometary atmospheres is responsible for much or all of the observed emission, a hypothesis that has been strengthened by Chandra observations of comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR). It has also been proposed that charge transfer between the solar wind and the local interstellar medium (ISM) produces a substantial fraction of the soft X-ray background observed by ROSAT and various rocket experiments. We show that the same process may be observable in nearby dwarf star systems using Chandra and future large-area high-resolution observatories, which would provide hitherto unobtainable information on wind geometry, ion composition, mass-loss rates, and the distribution of neutral gas in the ISM.
Cofilin recruitment and function during actin-mediated endocytosis dictated by actin nucleotide state

Cofilin is the major mediator of actin filament turnover in vivo. However, the molecular mechanism of cofilin recruitment to actin networks during dynamic actin-mediated processes in living cells and cofilin's precise in vivo functions have not been determined. In this study, we analyzed the dynamics of fluorescently tagged cofilin and the role of cofilin-mediated actin turnover during endocytosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In living cells, cofilin is not necessary for actin assembly on endocytic membranes but is recruited to molecularly aged adenosine diphosphate actin filaments and is necessary for their rapid disassembly. Defects in cofilin function alter the morphology of actin networks in vivo and reduce the rate of actin flux through actin networks. The consequences of decreasing actin flux are manifested by decreased but not blocked endocytic internalization at the plasma membrane and defects in late steps of membrane trafficking to the vacuole. These results suggest that cofilin-mediated actin filament flux is required for the multiple steps of endocytic trafficking.
FDG-PET/CT pitfalls in oncological head and neck imaging

Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose (FDG) has evolved from a research modality to an invaluable tool in head and neck cancer imaging. However, interpretation of FDG PET/CT studies may be difficult due to the inherently complex anatomical landmarks, certain physiological variants and unusual patterns of high FDG uptake in the head and neck. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive approach to key imaging features and interpretation pitfalls of FDG-PET/CT of the head and neck and how to avoid them. We review the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to potentially false-positive and false-negative assessments, and we discuss the complementary use of high-resolution contrast-enhanced head and neck PET/CT (HR HN PET/CT) and additional cross-sectional imaging techniques, including ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The commonly encountered false-positive PET/CT interpretation pitfalls are due to high FDG uptake by physiological causes, benign thyroid nodules, unilateral cranial nerve palsy and increased FDG uptake due to inflammation, recent chemoradiotherapy and surgery. False-negative findings are caused by lesion vicinity to structures with high glucose metabolism, obscuration of FDG uptake by dental hardware, inadequate PET scanner resolution and inherent low FDG-avidity of some tumours. The interpreting physician must be aware of these unusual patterns of FDG uptake, as well as limitations of PET/CT as a modality, in order to avoid overdiagnosis of benign conditions as malignancy, as well as missing out on actual pathology. • Knowledge of key imaging features of physiological and non-physiological FDG uptake is essential for the interpretation of head and neck PET/CT studies. • Precise anatomical evaluation and correlation with contrast-enhanced CT, US or MRI avoid PET/CT misinterpretation. • Awareness of unusual FDG uptake patterns avoids overdiagnosis of benign conditions as malignancy.
Stability of high Reynolds number flow past a circular aperture

An analysis is made of the canonical problem of flow at very high Reynolds number past a circular aperture in a thin rigid wall. The motion is incompressible, and the shear layer over the aperture ...
Enhanced fluorescence sensing of amine vapor based on ultrathin nanofibers

The fluorescence sensing of amine vapor was largely enhanced upon using ultrathin nanofibers, which were fabricated from N-(1-hexylheptyl)perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyl-3,4-anhydride-9,10-imide by a new self-assembly approach.
Genomics: Zebrafish earns its stripes.

The reported sequence of the zebrafish genome, together with the production of mutant strains representing more than one-third of all its protein-coding regions, will accelerate the characterization of human genes. See Letters p.494 & p.498 The genome of the zebrafish — a key model organism for the study of development and human disease — has now been sequenced and published as a well-annotated reference genome. Zebrafish turns out to have the largest gene set of any vertebrate so far sequenced, and few pseudogenes. Importantly for disease studies, comparison between human and zebrafish sequences reveals that 70% of human genes have at least one obvious zebrafish orthologue. A second paper reports on an ongoing effort to identify and phenotype disruptive mutations in every zebrafish protein-coding gene. Using the reference genome sequence along with high-throughput sequencing and efficient chemical mutagenesis, the project's initial results — covering 38% of all known protein-coding genes — they describe phenotypic consequences of more than 1,000 alleles. The long-term goal is the creation of a knockout allele in every protein-coding gene in the zebrafish genome. All mutant alleles and data are freely available at go.nature.com/en6mos .
Temporal stability of soil moisture spatial variability at two scales and its implication for optimal field monitoring

Abstract. Soil moisture spatial distribution is a key component in characterizing and modeling water movement at multiple scales. The temporal stability of soil moisture spatial distribution at multiple depths was investigated at the 7.9-ha Shale Hills Catchment in central Pennsylvania with a year-round monitoring of 77 sites distributed across the catchment. For this catchment with heterogeneous soils and landforms, integration of soils information into the temporal stability assessment provided a more accurate location of representative monitoring sites for capturing mean soil moisture. The temporal stability pattern of soil moisture at the swale scale was similar to that at the catchment scale, suggesting that the swale could be used as a representative unit in the catchment study in terms of mean soil moisture dynamics. The temporal stability of soil moisture variability in this catchment varied over space and seasons. Temporally stable sites were found in the northwestern and southeastern parts of the catchment, while the areas near the stream and some swale areas had lower temporal stability. The spatial distribution of soil moisture was more stable over time during wet seasons, but less stable during transitional periods (i.e. drying or recharging periods). The temporal stability concept helps the optimal design of field monitoring sites and sampling strategies. On the other hand, the temporally unstable sites provide insights regarding the hydrological processes behind the spatial variability of soil moisture.
Media milling process optimization for manufacture of drug nanoparticles using design of experiments (DOE).

AbstractDesign of experiments (DOE), a component of Quality by Design (QbD), is systematic and simultaneous evaluation of process variables to develop a product with predetermined quality attributes. This article presents a case study to understand the effects of process variables in a bead milling process used for manufacture of drug nanoparticles. Experiments were designed and results were computed according to a 3-factor, 3-level face-centered central composite design (CCD). The factors investigated were motor speed, pump speed and bead volume. Responses analyzed for evaluating these effects and interactions were milling time, particle size and process yield. Process validation batches were executed using the optimum process conditions obtained from software Design-Expert® to evaluate both the repeatability and reproducibility of bead milling technique. Milling time was optimized to <5 h to obtain the desired particle size (d90 < 400 nm). The desirability function used to optimize the response variable...
16-30 micron spectroscopy of Titan

Titan has been observed from 16 to 30 micron with a resolution of 1 micron. Earlier broad-band data are consistent with the new measurements, which show that the disk integrated flux is nearly constant over the observed range of wavelengths. Limits on the CH4, H2, and N2 column densities and pressures at the bottom of the upper layer are derived. These indicate that if the atmosphere gas is CH4, an H2-CH4 mix, or N2, the inversion layer must be at pressures less than 30 millibars.
The Role of Animal Models in Meeting the Gerontologic Challenge of the 21st Century

Animal models play an important role in our quest to understand aging and develop interventions needed for the gerontologic challenge of the 21st century. Results from studies using the dietary restriction rodent model are presented as an example. Dietary restriction slows aging by inhibiting primary aging processes, by enhancing broadly protective mechanisms, or by both. Further study should identify the mechanisms and yield a data base for development of interventions. A threat to attaining these yields is the growing opposition of some to this use of animals.
Isolation and culture of a tetraploid subpopulation of smooth muscle cells from the normal rat aorta

Smooth muscle cells with 4C (double diploid) DNA content have been found in major arteries. The proportion of 4C cells increases with normal aging and with hypertension. These cells may represent a state of arrest at the G2 phase of the cell cycle or may be examples of true tetraploidy. Flow cytometric cell sorting was used to isolate 4C smooth muscle cells from the rat aorta, and the cells were cultured. Flow cytometry, Feulgen microdensitometry, and karyotyping of the progeny of the 4C cells established the presence of true tetraploid cells. These findings demonstrate the presence of reproductively viable tetraploid cells in a normal mammalian tissue.
A generalized continuum theory with internal corner and surface contact interactions

We consider a classical derivation of a continuum theory, based on the fundamental balance laws of mass and momenta, for a body with internal corner and surface contact interactions. The balances of mass and linear and angular momentum are applied to the arbitrary parts of a continuum which supports non-classical internal corner and surface contact interactions. The form of the specific corner contact interaction force measured per unit length of the corner is derived. A generalized form of Cauchy’s stress theorem is obtained, which shows that the surface traction on an oriented surface depends in a specific way on both the oriented unit normal as well as the curvature of the surface. An explicit form of the surface-couple traction which acts on every oriented surface is obtained. Two fields in the continuum, which are denoted as stress and hyperstress fields, are shown to exist, and their role in representing the surface traction and the surface-couple traction is identified. Finally, the field equations for this theory are determined, and a fundamental power theorem is derived. In the absence of internal corner and surface-couple traction interactions, the equations of classical continuum mechanics are recovered. There is no appeal to any ‘principle of virtual power’ in this work.
A.B. Frank and mycorrhizae: the challenge to evolutionary and ecologic theory

A. B. Frank's observations and hypotheses about mycorrhizae in 1885 flew in the face of conventional thinking of the time. He reported that what we now term ectomycorrhizae were widespread on root systems of many woody plant species in a great diversity of habitats and soils. He hypothesized that mycorrhizae represent a pervasive mutualistic symbiosis in which fungus and host nutritionally rely on each other; that the fungus extracts nutrients from both mineral soil and humus and translocates them to the tree host; and that the tree, in turn, nourishes the fungus. Initially opposed by much of the scientific community, nearly all of Frank's major hypotheses have since been unequivocally demonstrated, although many decades were required to achieve conclusive evidence. Nonetheless, the revolution in thinking about plant and fungal evolution, ecology and physiology generated by Frank is still in the process of acceptance by much of the scientific community, 120 years and tens of thousands of scientific papers since he coined the term "mycorrhiza". The reasons for this extraordinary lag time in themselves present an intriguing research subject.
Dacus dorsalis flies can learn to find and accept host fruit

Mature oriental fruit fly females, Dacus dorsalis, from a population cultured on host fruit in the laboratory for one generation responded positively to visual and olfactory stimuli of individual natural kumquat (Fortunella japonica) and apple (Malus pumila) host fruit or models of these fruit hung from branches of potted trees in field enclosures. When females were exposed for 3 days to natural kumquats or apples on trees and subsequently released individually onto trees harboring one or the other of these fruit types, a significantly greater proportion of those exposed to kumquats than those exposed to apples or those not exposed to any fruit visited kumquats. Females exposed to kimquats for at least 3 days followed by at least 3 days of exposure to apples retained ability to find kumquats. Compared with females exposed to apples for 3 days or with naive females, females exposed to kumquats for 3 days exhibitied no less ability to find apples but did significantly refrain from accepting apples for oviposition. A final test was conducted in which females were exposed to natural kumquats or apples for 3 days and tested for response to inanimate models of either the same color and size as natural kumquats (orange, 20-mm diameter) or apples (green, 75-mm diameter) or models of the same color but opposite size. Results suggest that fruit size is the principal character learned and used in finding kumquats, which apparently are somewhat inconspicuous to an inexperienced foraging D. dorsalisfemale.
Modeling of Area-Constrained Ice Storage Tanks

This paper describes the development and validation of a model based on physical parameters that can predict the thermal performance of area constrained ice-storage tanks. The model, which builds on the work of Jekel et al. (1993), was used to study the effect of assumptions and operating conditions on tank performance during charging and discharging. In particular, it was found that the contents of the tank can be treated as a lumped system with the heat-transfer rate modeled using the product of an overall conductance and log-mean temperature difference. Consistent with the results of Jekel, heat-transfer effectiveness was found to be highly coupled to flow rate and insensitive to the inlet temperature of the fluid used to charge and discharge the tank. Results of the model were compared with experimental data obtained from a well-instrumented thermal storage system at Purdue University. The average difference between the predicted and experimental heat-transfer rates during charging was about 6%, while...
CHANGING SOURCES OF PUBLISHED INFORMATION

We looked at the types of references in papers published during the first month of 1972, 1982, and 1992 in the Astrophysical Journal and Astronomy & Astrophysics; also those published in the former journal during the first half-years of 1952 and 1962. Some of the results are qualitatively predictable, such as the decrease (from 12% to 1%) in references to observatory publications and inhouse technical reports, and the increase (from 1% to 10%) in references to conference papers. But what are surprising are (1) the low (less than 3%) reference rate to preprints, showing that they are not replacing journal papers (78%) as the primary source for reliable information, (2) the low (1%) reference rate to theses, showing that they are not cited more frequently than average research papers, (3) the low (1%) reference rate to review papers, showing that contrary to popular belief, very few people cite review papers instead of the original research papers, and (4) the slightly decreasing reference rate (from 6% to 4%) to monographs, showing that despite their greatly increased publication rate, they are gradually being quoted less for research use (as contrasted to tutorial use).
Increased dynamic regulation of postural tone through Alexander Technique training

Gurfinkel and colleagues (2006) recently found that healthy adults dynamically modulate postural muscle tone in the body axis during anti-gravity postural maintenance and that this modulation is inversely correlated with axial stiffness. Our objective in the present study was to investigate whether dynamic modulation of axial postural tone can change through training. We examined whether teachers of the Alexander Technique (AT), who undergo ‘‘longterm’’ (3-year) training, have greater modulation of axial postural tone than matched control subjects. In addition, we performed a longitudinal study on the effect of ‘‘short-term’’ (10-week) AT training on the axial postural tone of individuals with low back pain (LBP), since short term AT training has previously been shown to reduce LBP. Axial postural tone was quantified by measuring the resistance of the neck, trunk and hips to small (±10), slow (1/s) torsional rotation during stance. Modulation of tone was determined by the torsional resistance to rotation (peak-to-peak, phase-advance, and variability of torque) and axial muscle activity (EMG). Peak-to-peak torque was lower (50%), while phaseadvance and cycle-to-cycle variability were enhanced for AT teachers compared to matched control subjects at all levels of the axis. In addition, LBP subjects decreased trunk and hip stiffness following short-term AT training compared to a control intervention. While changes in static levels of postural tone may have contributed to the reduced stiffness observed with the AT, our results suggest that dynamic modulation of postural tone can be enhanced through
Soft Authentication with Low-Cost Signatures

As mobile context-aware services gain mainstream popularity, there is increased interest in developing techniques that can detect anomalous activities for applications such as user authentication, adaptive assist technologies and remote elder-care monitoring. Existing approaches have limited applicability as they regularly poll power-hungry sensors (e.g., accelerometer, GPS) reducing the availability of devices to perform anomaly detection. This paper present SALCS (Soft Authentication with Low-Cost Signatures), an approach for anomaly detection on a user's routine comprised of a collection of anomaly detection techniques utilizing soft-sensor data (e.g., call-logs, messages) and radio channel information (e.g., GSM cell IDs), all of which are available as part of a phone's routine usage. Using these information sources we model aspects of a person's routine, such as movement, messaging and conversation patterns. We present extensive evaluations of the individual anomaly detection techniques, compare the collection SALCS to an existing power-hungry approach showing SALCS has a 7.6% higher detection rate and gives 5x better coverage throughout the day.
Cultivating Strengths-Based Professional Identities

This article shares how school counselors-in-training are oriented to cultivate strengths-based professional identities based on culturally relevant and evidence-based practices that support the developmental learning abilities of all students. Professional identity and positive youth development are tied to practices, Web sites, and resources that preservice school counselors and graduates use to promote and construct Strengths- Based School Counseling programs (Galassi & Akos, 2007) that align with the ASCA National Model® (American School Counselor Association, 2005).
Insulin and colon cancer

Some factors related to Westernization or industrialization increase risk of colon cancer. It is believed widely that this increase in risk is related to the direct effects of dietary fat and fiber in the colonic lumen. However, the fat and fiber hypotheses, at least as originally formulated, do not explain adequately many emerging findings from recent epidemiologic studies. An alternative hypothesis, that hyperinsulinemia promotes colon carcinogenesis, is presented here. Insulin is an important growth factor of colonic epithelial cells and is a mitogen of tumor cell growth in vitro. Epidemiologic evidence supporting the insulin/colon-cancer hypothesis is largely indirect and based on the similarity of factors which produce elevated insulin levels with those related to colon cancer risk. Specifically, obesity--particularly central obesity, physical inactivity, and possibly a low dietary polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat ratio--are major determinants of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, and appear related to colon cancer risk. Moreover, a diet high in refined carbohydrates and low in water-soluble fiber, which is associated with an increased risk of colon cancer, causes rapid intestinal absorption of glucose into the blood leading to postprandial hyperinsulinemia. The combination of insulin resistance and high glycemic load produces particularly high insulin levels. Thus, hyperinsulinemia may explain why obesity, physical inactivity, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables and high in red meat and extensively processed foods, all common in the West, increase colon cancer risk.
The sequential sawyer – a tale of frequentist fright

Purpose – The editorial aims to illustrate a major weakness of frequentist estimation – overlooking prior beliefs that are clearly relevant.Design/methodology/approach – A hypothetical forecasting problem is considered in which a law‐enforcement officer has to determine who will be the next victim in a coded sequence constructed by a serial killer. The frequentist method of maximum likelihood is used to select the underlying pattern.Findings – The example shows that it is quite possible for the maximum‐likelihood approach to overlook an intuitively obvious model.Originality/value – The editorial provides a simple and clear example of the shortcomings of the maximum‐likelihood principle.
A framework for understanding differences in labor turnover and human capital investment

Abstract We analyze the causes and the welfare consequences of international differences in labor turnover and human capital investment. The framework incorporates different views as special cases. Conditions are identified under which multiple equilibria or differences in deep economic parameters explain the observed differences in labor practices. We show that when there is an informational problem regarding job-changing workers' quality, general human capital, like firm-specific human capital, can also affect labor turnover, and that better job matching is obtained at the expense of lower human capital investment. Given multiple equilibria, a high turnover equilibrium is found superior in the Pareto sense to a low turnover equilibrium if matching uncertainty is large. The reverse is true when matching uncertainty is small.
Design considerations for ammonia-water rankine cycle

Many recent proposals for alternative power cycles employ non-azeotropic binary mixtures in a Rankine cycle. Most power cycles cited in the literature are characterized by their high degree of recuperation. However, little information is given in the way these cycles are designed. The objective of this work is to develop a methodology based on heat-exchanger network syntheses to study and optimize the performance of an ammonia-water Rankine cycle. The results of this study show that the design of heat-exchanger networks can have a significant impact on the performance of power cycles.
Systemic interleukin-2 modulates the anti-idiotypic response to chimeric anti-GD2 antibody in patients with melanoma

The induction of human antimouse antibodies (HAMA) and human anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) responses in cancer patients receiving therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) may limit the effectiveness of the administered mAb. This report evaluates the influence of systemic interleukin-2 (IL-2) on the anti-Id response to anti-disialoganglioside (anti-GD2) antibody given as treatment for patients with melanoma. Twenty-eight patients with melanoma received combined immunotherapy with anti-GD2 antibody and IL-2 at 1.5 x 10(6) U/m2/day given 4 days/week. The anti-GD2 antibody [murine 14.G2a mAb; dose levels of 2-5 mg/m2/day (4 patients); or human-mouse chimeric 14.18 (ch14.18) antibody; dose levels of 2-10 mg/m2/day (24 patients)] was scheduled to be given for 5 days either before, during, or after initial systemic IL-2 treatment. All four patients who received murine 14.G2a developed HAMA anti-isotype antibodies (660-1,000 ng/ml) as well as measurable anti-Id antibodies. All three patients who received initial treatment with ch14.18 alone developed a strong anti-Id antibody response after IL-2 was started 1 week later. The serum level of anti-Id antibody decreased during subsequent ch14.18 infusions, suggesting that the anti-Id antibody may be binding the administered ch14.18. In contrast, measurable anti-Id antibody was detected in only 3 of 14 patients who received IL-2 before, during, and after initial ch14.18 administration. Two of four patients receiving systemic IL-2 before and during initial ch14.18 infusions, and two of three patients receiving systemic IL-2 concurrent with initial ch14.18 infusions developed anti-Id antibodies. These data suggest that the anti-Id response to chimeric anti-GD2 antibody is influenced by the timing of systemic IL-2 in relation to antibody administration and can be suppressed by systemic treatment with IL-2 given before, during, and after the antibody administration.
Interaction with Cfd1 increases the kinetic lability of FeS on the Nbp35 scaffold.

P-loop NTPases of the ApbC/Nbp35 family are involved in FeS protein maturation in nearly all organisms and are proposed to function as scaffolds for initial FeS cluster assembly. In yeast and animals, Cfd1 and Nbp35 are homologous P-loop NTPases that form a heterotetrameric complex essential for FeS protein maturation through the cytosolic FeS cluster assembly (CIA) pathway. Cfd1 is conserved in animals, fungi, and several archaeal species, but in many organisms, only Nbp35 is present, raising the question of the unique roles played by Cfd1 and Nbp35. To begin to investigate this issue, we examined Cfd1 and Nbp35 function in budding yeast. About half of each protein was detected in a heterocomplex in logarithmically growing yeast. Nbp35 readily bound 55Fe when fed to cells, whereas 55Fe binding by free Cfd1 could not be detected. Rapid 55Fe binding to and release from Nbp35 was impaired by Cfd1 deficiency. A Cfd1 mutation that caused a defect in heterocomplex stability supported iron binding to Nbp35 but impaired iron release. Our results suggest a model in which Cfd1-Nbp35 interaction increases the lability of assembled FeS on the Nbp35 scaffold for transfer to target apo-FeS proteins. Background: A Cfd1 and Nbp35 heterocomplex serves as scaffold for cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly. Results: Deficiency in Cfd1-Nbp35 interaction impaired iron turnover on Nbp35. Conclusion: Cfd1 promotes binding and transfer of labile iron-sulfur cluster on the Nbp35 scaffold. Significance: This is the first insight into the unique roles of these P-loop ATPases in cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly.
Suspensions for intravenous (IV) injection: a review of development, preclinical and clinical aspects.

There has been growing interest in nanoparticles as an approach to formulate poorly soluble drugs. Besides enhanced dissolution rates, and thereby, improved bioavailability, nanoparticles can also provide targeting capabilities when injected intravenously. The latter property has led to increased research and development activities for intravenous suspensions. The first intravenously administered nanoparticulate product, Abraxane® (a reformulation of paclitaxel), was approved by the FDA in 2006. Additional clinical trials have been conducted or are ongoing for multiple other indications such as oncology, infective diseases, and restenosis. This article reviews various challenges associated with developing intravenous nanosuspension dosage forms. In addition, various formulation considerations specific to intravenous nanosuspensions as well as reported findings from various clinical studies have been discussed.
EPR studies of spin-crossover of the tris-(di-n-butyldithiocarbamato)Fe(III) chlorobenzene solvate

Abstract EPR studies of tris-(di-n-butyldithiocarbamato)Fe(III), with and without a chlorobenzene solvate, were performed from −160°C to room temperature. A line at an approximate g-value of 4.4 was assigned as a S = 5 2 line and its temperature dependent behavior was correlated with solid magnetic moment observations. An additional narrower line was noted in the spectrum of the solvated sample. We associate this line with a second possible high-energy site for the chlorobenzene solvate molecule. A solvate molecule in this site appears to “shut off” the spin-crossover.
Evolution of conditional dispersal: a reaction-diffusion-advection model

To study evolution of conditional dispersal, a Lotka-Volterra reaction-diffusion-advection model for two competing species in a heterogeneous environment is proposed and investigated. The two species are assumed to be identical except their dispersal strategies: both species disperse by random diffusion and advection along environmental gradients, but one species has stronger biased movement (i.e., advection along the environmental gradients) than the other one. It is shown that at least two scenarios can occur: if only one species has a strong tendency to move upward the environmental gradients, the two species can coexist since one species mainly pursues resources at places of locally most favorable environments while the other relies on resources from other parts of the habitat; if both species have such strong biased movements, it can lead to overcrowding of the whole population at places of locally most favorable environments, which causes the extinction of the species with stronger biased movement. These results provide a new mechanism for the coexistence of competing species, and they also imply that selection is against excessive advection along environmental gradients, and an intermediate biased movement rate may evolve.
Localized deformation and IASCC initiation in austenitic stainless steels

Abstract Localized deformation may play a key role in the underlying mechanism of irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) in light water reactor core components. In this study, four austenitic alloys, 18Cr8Ni, 15Cr12Ni, 13Cr15Ni and 21Cr32Ni, with different stacking fault energies were irradiated to 1 and 5 dpa at 360 °C using 3.2 MeV protons. Interrupted constant extension rate tensile (CERT) tests were conducted in a simulated BWR environment to determine IASCC susceptibility. In order to characterize the localized deformation in slip channels and grain boundaries, parallel CERT experiments were also performed in an argon atmosphere. Results show that the IASCC susceptibility of the tested alloys increases with increasing irradiation dose and decreasing stacking fault energy. IASCC tends to initiate at locations where slip channels intersect grain boundaries. Localized deformation in the form of grain boundary sliding due to the interaction of slip channels and grain boundaries is likely the primary cause of the observed cracking initiation.
The Importance of User Interface and User Experience in the Adoption of Whole Slide Images for Clinical Use.

The Emphasis of User Experience (UX) in software design has greatly contributed to the recent evolution of user interface. As consumer software and web applications become more intuitive, it is important for new software solutions entering the workspace to be more intuitive as well.