cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IL-1β-driven amyloid plaque clearance is associated with an expansion of transcriptionally reprogrammed microglia.

Neuroinflammation is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet numerous studies have demonstrated a beneficial role for neuroinflammation in amyloid plaque clearance. We have previously shown that sustained expression of IL-1β in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice decreases amyloid plaque burden independent of recruited CCR2+ myeloid cells, suggesting resident microglia as the main phagocytic effectors of IL-1β-induced plaque clearance. To date, however, the mechanisms of IL-1β-induced plaque clearance remain poorly understood. To determine whether microglia are involved in IL-1β-induced plaque clearance, APP/PS1 mice induced to express mature human IL-1β in the hippocampus via adenoviral transduction were treated with the Aβ fluorescent probe methoxy-X04 (MX04) and microglial internalization of fibrillar Aβ (fAβ) was analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. To assess microglial proliferation, APP/PS1 mice transduced with IL-1β or control were injected intraperitoneally with BrdU and hippocampal tissue was analyzed by flow cytometry. RNAseq analysis was conducted on microglia FACS sorted from the hippocampus of control or IL-1β-treated APP/PS1 mice. These microglia were also sorted based on MX04 labeling (MX04+ and MX04− microglia). Resident microglia (CD45loCD11b+) constituted > 70% of the MX04+ cells in both Phe- and IL-1β-treated conditions, and < 15% of MX04+ cells were recruited myeloid cells (CD45hiCD11b+). However, IL-1β treatment did not augment the percentage of MX04+ microglia nor the quantity of fAβ internalized by individual microglia. Instead, IL-1β increased the total number of MX04+ microglia in the hippocampus due to IL-1β-induced proliferation. In addition, transcriptomic analyses revealed that IL-1β treatment was associated with large-scale changes in the expression of genes related to immune responses, proliferation, and cytokine signaling. These studies show that IL-1β overexpression early in amyloid pathogenesis induces a change in the microglial gene expression profile and an expansion of microglial cells that facilitates Aβ plaque clearance.
Internet of Things (IoT) Instructional Devices in STEM Classrooms: Past, Present and Future Directions

This research to practice category full paper provides a survey of how Internet of Things (IoT) devices have made inroads in diverse commercial industries and how these devices have been implemented in pre– and post–secondary classrooms in the past, their current state in educational settings, and suggestions for future implementation. IoT implementation in the realm of education has primarily been limited to student transportation and food service for tracking buses, students, and school property. In this paper, the authors provide suggestions for how IoT devices can be implemented in classrooms as subject (instructional aid) and object (endproduct or deliverable) devices by instructors with the emphasis on facilitating effective teaching and hands–on learning. The authors provide two examples of such devices in this paper to illustrate the classification of instructional IoT devices into subject and object devices. The authors suggest that the current limited role of IoT in pre– and post–secondary classrooms is due to the lack of knowledge about this new technology; therefore, the focus of this paper is on the function of IoTs and the process of providing educators with the technology, instructional tools, and materials necessary to implement IoT devices within the classroom.
On decoloniality: second thoughts

I would like to begin by thanking Michele for this initiative and Morgan, Sarah, Julian, Katerina, and Ming Dong Gu for their generosity in sharing their views, concerns, doubts and support for the...
Mentoring graduate students in an era of faculty career restructuring

The past three decades have witnessed a major restructuring in faculty appointments and careers. Tenure-track and tenured faculty are declining as a share of the professoriate while non-tenure trac...
Efficiency-aware process planning for mask image projection stereolithography: Leveraging dynamic time of exposure

Abstract Owing to the unique layer-by-layer production method, additive manufacturing can provide higher design freedom and enhanced manufacturing complexity and capabilities, compared to traditional subtractive manufacturing. Currently, additive manufacturing technologies are mostly limited to small-scale rapid prototyping and tooling, due to the insufficient production throughput caused by their relatively low efficiency. Hence, to facilitate high-volume production using additive manufacturing, it is critical to evaluate and enhance the process efficiency in the early process planning stage by adjusting the values of critical process parameters. More specifically, in the mask image projection stereolithography process, layer-wise exposure time is the most influential factor that affects the build time as well as the product performance. The majority of existing studies on stereolithography process planning do not incorporate comprehensive curing models, leading to the lack of evaluation on the resulting performance of fabricated products. In this research, a novel process planning algorithm is proposed aiming to enhance the process efficiency by leveraging the dynamic time of exposure while ensuring achieved dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and mechanical properties. The case study results show that dynamic time of exposure outperforms constant exposure time as it can reduce the total build time by 6.25 % while improving dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, and hardness by 0.59 %, 27.94 %, and 3.07 %, respectively. Also, the sensitivity analysis results suggest that the incident irradiance of the light source and the scale size of the fabricated part are the most critical factors affecting the selection of exposure time, as a variation of 20 % of these two factors can lead to 19.27 % and 38.54 % changes in total production time, respectively.
Teacher Professional Dispositions: Much Assemblage Required

Background/ContextDespite noted difficulties with defining and assessing teacher dispositions, U.S. state education departments and national accreditation agencies have included dispositions in man...
Intrinsic electrical transport and performance projections of synthetic monolayer MoS 2 devices

We demonstrate monolayer (1L) MoS2 grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with transport properties comparable to those of the best exfoliated 1L devices over a wide range of carrier densities (up to ~1013 cm−2) and temperatures (80–500 K). Transfer length measurements decouple the intrinsic material mobility from the contact resistance, at practical carrier densities (>1012 cm−2). We demonstrate the highest current density reported to date (~270 μA μm−1 or 44 MA cm−2) at 300 K for an 80 nm long device from CVD-grown 1L MoS2. Using simulations, we discuss what improvements of 1L MoS2 are still required to meet technology roadmap requirements for low power and high performance applications. Such results are an important step towards large-area electronics based on 1L semiconductors.
Use of Instagram to convey nutrition information to collegiate athletes.

Background: Nutrition professionals, who work with collegiate athletes, use Instagram to provide nutrition information. Although, limited focus is on the engagement of these athletes. The purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate collegiate athletes' engagement, as indicated by the total number of likes received on posts, based on the nutrition content posted on Instagram. Methods:Over a five-week period, 15 randomly selected accounts were examined daily for posts made within specific research-defined categories (n = 12). The number of posts and subsequent post likes were summed and tabulated per category. Results: The food feature post category received the highest number of likes (n = 1,130) and posts (n = 33), whereas the macronutrient post category received the fewest number of likes (n = 43) and posts (n = 2). A two-sample t-test assuming unequal variances was conducted to compare account engagement as defined by the mean number of post likes within the same conferences. Two conferences had differences in the number of posts (p < 0.05). Discussion: Posting on a weekly basis and within specific categories appeared to produce a higher degree of engagement on collegiate sports nutrition Instagram accounts. Future research is needed to determine the percentage of athletes following these Instagram accounts and the impact these nutrition posts influences dietary behaviors.
Teachers’ Engagement and Self-Efficacy in a PK–12 Computer Science Teacher Virtual Community of Practice

Prekindergarten to 12th-grade teachers of computer science (CS) face many challenges, including isolation, limited CS professional development resources, and low levels of CS teaching self-efficacy that could be mitigated through communities of practice (CoPs). This study used survey data from 420 PK–12 CS teacher members of a virtual CoP, CS for All Teachers, to examine the needs of these teachers and how CS teaching self-efficacy, community engagement, and sharing behaviors vary by teachers’ instructional experiences and school levels taught. Results show that CS teachers primarily join the CoP to gain high-quality pedagogical, assessment, and instructional resources. The study also found that teachers with more CS teaching experience have higher levels of self-efficacy and are more likely to share resources than teachers with less CS teaching experience. Moreover, teachers who instruct students at higher grade levels (middle and high school) have higher levels of CS teaching self-efficacy than do teachers who instruct lower grade levels (elementary school). These results suggest that CoPs can help CS teachers expand their professional networks, gain more professional development resources, and increase CS teaching self-efficacy by creating personalized experiences that consider teaching experience and grade levels taught when guiding teachers to relevant content. This study lays the foundation for future explorations of how CS education–focused CoPs could support the expansion of CS education in PK–12 schools.
Open Abdomen after Two Trauma Laparotomies: Do Diuretics Help?

Data are lacking regarding the use of diuretics in facilitating closure of the open abdomen (OA). For patients with an OA after 2 laparotomies, we hypothesized that diuretic use was associated with a higher rate of primary fascial closure than no diuretic use. A retrospective review of patients with trauma laparotomies over 7 years was performed. Primary fascial closure (PFC) was defined as apposition of fascial edges without interposition mesh. Of 321 patients, 30 (9%) remained with an OA after 2 laparotomies. Prior to the third laparotomy, median cumulative fluid balance was +12.6 L. Thirteen (43%) received diuretics. Primary fascial closure rates were similar for diuretic use vs no diuretic (38% vs 59%, P = .46). Primary fascial closure was not associated with age (P = .2), gender (P = 0.7), cumulative fluid balance (P = .3), or units of packed cells (P = .4). Diuretic use in trauma patients with an OA after 2 laparotomies was not associated with successful PFC.
The Practical Applications of Neuroanatomy for the Speech–Language Pathologist

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the practical applications of neuroanatomy for the speech-language pathologist. The brain itself is housed very securely inside the calvarium—skull bone structure—and is separated from the calvarium only by three interwoven membranes that are collectively referred to as the meninges. The outermost meningeal layer lying directly underneath the skull bones is referred to as the dura mater. The major venous drainage systems, such as the superior sagittal and transverse sinuses, lie within the dural folds. For speech-language pathologists, it is routine procedure to refer the individual to an audiologist to perform more accurate audiometric testing to assess the client's acuity to pure tones of different intensities at different frequencies. Additional acoustic procedures are valuable to differentiate certain types of hearing problems. These tests include speech audiometry consisting of speech discrimination scores and speech reception thresholds, binaural loudness balance testing, loudness recruitment testing, auditory adaptation and tone decay testing, Bekesy testing, short increment sensitivity levels testing, middle ear impedance testing, and electrophysiological testing.
Circadian-dependent retinal light damage in rats.

RESULTS. When dark-adapted, cyclic light‐reared or dark-reared rats were exposed to intense light during normal nighttime hours (2000 ‐ 0800) the loss of rhodopsin or photoreceptor cell DNA was approximately twofold greater than that found in rats exposed to light during the day (0800 ‐2000). The relative degree of light damage susceptibility persisted in cyclic light‐reared rats after dark adaptation for up to 3 additional days. For rats reared in a reversed light cycle, the light-induced loss of rhodopsin was also reversed. Longer duration light treatments revealed that dim cyclic light‐ reared rats were three- to fourfold more susceptible to light damage at 0100 than at 1700 and that dark-reared animals were approximately twofold more susceptible. Intense light exposure at 0100 resulted in greater retinal DNA fragmentation and the earlier appearance of apoptotic DNA ladders than at 1700. The extent of retinal DNA damage also correlated with an induction of retinal HO-1 mRNA and with a reduction in IRBP transcription. Antioxidant treatment with DMTU was effective in preventing retinal light damage when given before but not after the onset of light. CONCLUSIONS. These results confirm earlier work showing greater retinal light damage in rats exposed at night rather than during the day and extend those findings by demonstrating that a single, relatively short, intense light exposure causes a circadian-dependent, oxidatively induced loss of photoreceptor cells. The light-induced loss of photoreceptor cells is preceded by DNA fragmentation and by alterations in the normal transcriptional events in the retina and within the photoreceptors. The expression profile of an intrinsic retinal factor(s) at the onset of light exposure appears to be important in determining light damage susceptibility. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:3694 ‐3701)
Bedside diagnosis of dysphagia: A systematic review

Dysphagia is associated with aspiration, pneumonia, and malnutrition, but remains challenging to identify at the bedside. A variety of exam protocols and maneuvers are commonly used, but the efficacy of these maneuvers is highly variable. We conducted a comprehensive search of 7 databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus, from each database's earliest inception through June 9, 2014. Studies reporting diagnostic performance of a bedside examination maneuver compared to a reference gold standard (videofluoroscopic swallow study or flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing) were included for analysis. From each study, data were abstracted based on the type of diagnostic method and reference standard study population and inclusion/exclusion characteristics, design, and prediction of aspiration. The search strategy identified 38 articles meeting inclusion criteria. Overall, most bedside examinations lacked sufficient sensitivity to be used for screening purposes across all patient populations examined. Individual studies found dysphonia assessments, abnormal pharyngeal sensation assessments, dual axis accelerometry, and 1 description of water swallow testing to be sensitive tools, but none were reported as consistently sensitive. A preponderance of identified studies was in poststroke adults, limiting the generalizability of results. No bedside screening protocol has been shown to provide adequate predictive value for presence of aspiration. Several individual exam maneuvers demonstrated reasonable sensitivity, but reproducibility and consistency of these protocols was not established. More research is needed to design an optimal protocol for dysphagia detection.
Personal Motivation: A Model for Decision Making

Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Thank you, Dr. Allport Self and Will Nature and Freedom Personal Motivation Three Ways to Go Setting a Course Territories Within Deciding Work and Leaders Epilogue: White Coats and Robots Selected Bibliography Index
Tandem affinity purification of the BBSome, a critical regulator of Rab8 in ciliogenesis.

Abstract Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a hereditary disorder whose symptoms include obesity, retinal degeneration, and kidney cysts. Intriguingly, the cellular culprit of BBS seems to lie in the primary cilium, a “cellular antenna” used by a number of signaling pathways. Yet, despite the identification of 12 BBS genes, a consistent molecular pathway for BBS had so far remained elusive. The recent discovery of a stable complex of seven BBS proteins (the BBSome) considerably simplifies the apparent molecular complexity of BBS and provides a clear insight into the molecular basis of BBS. Most tellingly, the BBSome associates with Rabin8, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPase Rab8, and Rab8‐GTP enters the primary cilium to promote extension of the ciliary membrane. Thus, BBS is likely caused by defects in vesicular transport to the primary cilium. This chapter describes methods used to purify the BBSome using a tandem affinity purification method and presents a variation of this technique to demonstrate the existence of a stable complex of BBS proteins by sucrose gradient fractionation. When combined with state‐of‐the art mass spectrometry, these methods can provide a nearly complete BBSome interactome containing factors such as Rabin8.
Cost and effectiveness of an eye care adherence program for Philadelphia children with significant visual impairment.

Abstract The follow-up rate among children with vision problems in the authors' outreach programs has been <5%. The authors therefore developed a social worker (SW) intervention, the Children's Eye Care Adherence Program (CECAP), for Philadelphia school children. The objective of this study was to measure CECAP's effectiveness and cost, as well as to identify barriers to care through a conceptual framework and geomapping software. A SW reviewed records to identify children needing follow-up and phoned families to identify and resolve barriers to eye care and scheduled appointments. Effectiveness was defined as the percent completing ≥1 follow-up visit within the physician-recommended time frame. Cost was measured for SW time (SW wage rates+benefits) and additional materials (forms, postage, phone charges). Barriers were organized into a conceptual framework depicting predisposing factors, system factors, and financial factors. Geomapping software was used to illustrate follow-up rates. In all, 120 patient...
Post-Retirement Financial Strategies: Forecasts and Valuation: Post-retirement Financial Strategies

This paper uses a discrete-time, discrete-state Monte Carlo simulation model to evaluate representative strategies for investing and spending a fixed sum designed to fund consumption during the period after retirement. Two assets are considered – one providing a riskless real return, the other a market portfolio of bonds and stocks. A stochastic process for the returns from the market portfolio is proposed. Then a set of Arrow-Debreu state prices is obtained on the assumption that the market portfolio is an efficient investment strategy. The model is used to forecast ranges of consumption and ranges of the ratios of year-to-year consumption, and also to estimate the values of components of future consumption.
Recent progress in the fundamental understanding of hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)

With the exponential growth in the application of the HILIC technique, there has been a significant progress in understanding the fundamental aspects of hydrophilic interaction chromatography. The experimental studies tend to be more extensive in terms of the number of stationary phases investigated and the number of probe compounds employed in comparison with the earlier studies; and more theoretical studies in quantitative structure retention relationship (QSRR) and molecular dynamics simulations have also been published and provide molecular-level insights into the retention mechanism. This review focuses on the recent progress in understanding the retention mechanism, retention models, selectivity, and the kinetic performance of HILIC. A better understanding of these fundamental aspects will undoubtedly facilitate more applications of this chromatographic technique in a wider range of fields.
End-of-Life Care from the Perspective of Primary Care Providers

To explore the factors influencing primary care providers’ ability to care for their dying patients in Michigan. We conducted 16 focus groups to explore the provision of end-of-life care by 7 diverse primary care practices in southeast Michigan. Twenty-eight primary care providers and 22 clinical support staff participated in the study. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Primary care providers (PCPs) wanted to care for their dying patients and felt largely competent to provide end-of-life care. They and their staff reported the presence of five structural factors that influenced their ability to do so: (1) continuity of care to help patients make treatment decisions and plan for the end of life; (2) scheduling flexibility and time with patients to address emergent needs, provide emotional support, and conduct meaningful end-of-life discussions; (3) information-sharing with outside providers and within the primary care practice; (4) coordination of care to address patients’ needs quickly; and (5) authority to act on behalf of their patients. In order to provide end-of-life care, PCPs need structural supports within primary care for continuity of care, flexible scheduling, information-sharing, coordination of primary care, and protection of their authority.
Chromosome Biology: Wapl Spreads Its Wings

Chromosome segregation requires the removal of cohesion and catenation between sister chromosomes, two physical linkages established during DNA replication. Two new studies reveal that, among other functions, the wings apart-like protein (Wapl) coordinates cohesin removal with decatenation of sister chromosomes during mitosis in mammalian cells.
The cardiac impulse: A new look at an old art

Abstract The value and limitations of precordial palpation have been reviewed in the light of recent information. A markedly enlarged heart in the absence of significant increase in volume load signifies poor myocardial function. It is often difficult to differentiate a fourth heart sound from similar auscultatory phenomena, but a palpable presystolic kick is a reliable clinical clue to an elevated left ventricular end-diastolic presure. A hyperkinetic apical impulse is seen in slim, anxious patients, those with hyperkinetic states, and typically those with left ventricular volume overload. However, a sustained systolic apical impulse need not necessarily mean increased pressure load on the left ventricle, as it could be encountered with combined volume and pressure load and in patients with markedly dilated left ventricle. A bifid systolic apical impulse has little significance. A trifid impulse (one presystolic and double systolic waves) is most often seen in idiopathic hyperkinetic subaortic stenosis. The left parasternal impulse is normally characterized by a brief gentle early systolic lift followed by systolic retraction. A rocking movement with a lift starting in diastole and peaking in early systole is typical of right ventricular volume overload. A midsystolic gentle heave is seen in patients with decreased anteroposterior chest diameter, in those with right ventricular pressure overloaded, and occasionally in those with anterior wall dyskinesia. A late systolic lift is encountered typically in patients with mitral regurgitation, and also with myocardial aneurysm. An example of the value of careful precordial palpation is in differentiating mitral regurgitation from aortic stenosis when the auscultatory findings are often indistinguishable. Mitral regurgitation gives a hyperkinetic apical impulse and a late systolic left parasternal lift, whereas aortic stenosis gives a sustained apical impulse and a gentle systolic retraction in the left parasternal area. Also, precordial palpation helps to differentiate constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy. The first leads to systolic precordial retraction while the latter produces a palpable systolic outward movement.
Viperin: a radical response to viral infection

One of the first lines of defense of the host immune response to infection is upregulation of interferons, which play a vital role in triggering the early nonspecific antiviral state of the host. Interferons prompt the generation of numerous downstream products, known as interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). One such ISG found to be either directly induced by type I, II, and III interferons or indirectly through viral infection is the 'virus inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated, interferon-inducible' protein, or viperin. Not only is viperin capable of combating a wide array of viral infections but its upregulation is also observed in the presence of endotoxins, various bacterial infections, or even in response to other immune stimuli, such as atherosclerotic lesions. Recent advances in the understanding of possible mechanisms of action of viperin involve, but are perhaps not limited to, interaction with farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase and disruption of lipid raft domains to prevent viral bud release, inhibition of hepatitis C virus secretory proteins, and coordination to lipid droplets and inhibition of viral replication. Unexpectedly, new insight into the human cytomegalovirus induction of this antiviral protein demonstrates that mitochondrial viperin plays a necessary and beneficial role for viral propagation.
Cell Surface Expression and Function of the Macromolecular C1 Complex on the Surface of Human Monocytes

The synthesis of the subunits of the C1 complex (C1q, C1s, C1r), and its regulator C1 inhibitor (C1-Inh) by human monocytes has been previously established. However, surface expression of these molecules by monocytes has not been shown. Using flow cytometry and antigen-capture ELISA, we show here for the first time that, in addition to C1q, PB monocytes and the monocyte-derived U937 cells express C1s and C1r, as well as Factor B and C1-Inh on their surface. C1s and C1r immunoprecipitated with C1q, suggesting that at least some of the C1q on these cells is part of the C1 complex. Furthermore, the C1 complex on U937 cells was able to trigger complement activation via the classical pathway. The presence of C1-Inh may ensure that an unwarranted autoactivation of the C1 complex does not take place. Since C1-Inh closely monitors the activation of the C1 complex in a sterile or infectious inflammatory environment, further elucidation of the role of C1 complex is crucial to dissect its function in monocyte, DC and T cell activities, and its implications in host defense and tolerance.
The DELPHI interactive analysis and TANAGRA

Abstract The DELPHI interactive data analysis must, with regard to its complexity, be structured in a modular way. Each module is as far as possible independent of the others limiting the contact to the data transmission. The coherence of the program is insured by the data structure itself, only accessible through a buffer processor TANAGRA protecting it. The command processor ICI allows to perform the data analysis in an asynchronous way, which is indispensable to the permanent adjustment of the logic to the complex behavior of the multifunctional detector DELPHI. The TANAGRA package keeps the history of the events allowing a complete remake of the procedure at any moment.
Binding sites for maize nuclear proteins in the terminal inverted repeats of the Mu1 transposable element.

Nuclear protein extracts from Mu-active, Mu-inactive and non-Mutator lines of maize were used to identify the binding sites for maize nuclear proteins in the terminal inverted repeats (TIR) of the Mu1 transposable element. We found binding activities of nuclear proteins that specifically interact with both TIRs of the Mu1 element. DNase I footprinting was performed to localize the binding sites. We found that the nuclear proteins from Mu-active lines and non-Mu lines bound to the Mu1 TIR at two different sites, i.e. a 13 bp sequence (CGGGAACGGTAAA, designated as site I) and another 8 bp sequence (CGGCGTCT, designated as site II). However, the nuclear proteins from Mu-inactive lines bound only one of these sites, i.e. site I. Mobility shift assays with synthetic oligonucleotides containing site I and II respectively confirmed the specificities of these binding activities. Site I was shown to be an imperfect direct repeat of a hexamer binding site (CGGGAACGGTAA). Oligonucleotides containing either of the hexamers showed specific binding activity to nuclear protein from both Mu-active and Mu-inactive lines. The possible role of these proteins in Mu transposition is discussed.
Needle and stem injuries of Picea rubens (Pinaceae) in the Adirondack Mountains, USA

Abstract During the past several decades, red spruce (Picea rubens) in the northeastern US has undergone a large decline in both number and vigor. The purpose of this study was to determine quantitative relationships between visible and histological characteristics of both stems and needles of first-year shoots of red spruce trees from four high elevation mountain sites in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, before, during, and after an overwintering period, 1994–1995. Most shoot elongation was completed and phellem formation began by September 1994. In samples of November/December 1994, needles of current-year stems exhibited between 3 and 50% dead mesophyll cells, there was a nearly full complement of needles and 1.2–2.0 phellem layers were present within current-year stems. Anatomical injuries to mesophyll cells of autumn (November/December) 1994 needle samples were identical to ozone injuries to conifers from published reports. None of the stem and needle samples in the forest (in situ) and none of the preserved stem and needle samples from 1994 showed any visible symptoms of injury. However, preserved samples of needles and stems from March and May 1995 exhibited extensive visible injuries. For March and May samples, most visible injuries on needles were located near shoot terminals and most visible injuries to stems occurred near needle bases. For March needle samples between 38 and 94% of all mesophyll cells were dead. By May 1995, only about 66% of all needles were present on shoots. The mean numbers of phellem layers were 3.6 and 4.0, for March and May 1995 samples, respectively. In March and May samples, percentages of discolored needles were negatively correlated with numbers of phellem layers. Stem segments exhibited between two and six localized areas of internal tissue injury per twig. The two to six areas of injury in stem segments may have resulted because only 1.2–2.0 (mean=1.6) phellem layers were present in November/December samples. These extensive injuries occurred in needles and stems during a winter in which temperatures were not unusual for the region. These results suggest that visible injuries to foliage of red spruce so predominant during and after winter may occur prior to overwintering and that the overall damages may be attributed to cellular injuries that are not visible in needles and/or stems.
Fuel spray vaporization in humid environment

Abstract The vaporization and transport of a monodisperse fuel spray in a cold, humid environment are analyzed, allowing for the possibility that the water vapor may condense, either heterogeneously at the droplet surface or homogeneously in the gas medium, as the spray interior is chilled through fuel vaporization. Results show that the associated condensation heat release is substantial and can significantly enhance the fuel vaporization rate, especially for the heterogeneous mode. It is further found that after initiation of vaporization the droplet temperature rapidly approaches a characteristic, constant value with heterogeneous condensation; this renders analytical solution possible. Potential complications caused by water condensation during spray experimentation are also discussed.
Searching Data for Predictive Variables: A Set-Theoretical Approach*

A common task of the scientific investigator is to search out factors which will predict the presence or absence of some variable attribute in which he is interested. Procedures for such searches are spelled out in Mill's famous canons of discovery. A set-theoretical analysis of these, however, discloses unnecessary inconsistency and difficulty, and leads to a single canon which extracts maximal information concerning causal factors from arbitrary sequences of cases, while reminding the researcher of the limitations of finite samples of both subjects and measures.
An implicit enumeration algorithm for the all integer programming problem

Abstract In this paper an implicit enumeration algorithm is presented for solving the general integer programming problem. The algorithm is a generalization of algorithms of Balas and Geoffrion for solving 0-1 problems. In order that each variable may be treated directly, a special data structure has been designed. Based on this data structure, a procedure is developed which efficiently keeps track of the status of the algorithm and of the potential actions to be taken at any stage in the procedure. The concept of a ‘best’ surrogate constraint is extended and incorporated into the algorithm. The algorithm can be modified for solving mixed integer programming problems.
Attenuated plaque at nonculprit lesions in patients enrolled in intravascular ultrasound atherosclerosis progression trials.

Objectives We investigated attenuated plaque (hypoechoic plaque with deep ultrasonic attenuation despite absence of bright calcium) in nonculprit lesions. Background Recent intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) studies describe acoustic shadowing behind large, echolucent, acute culprit lesion sites in the absence of bright calcium. Such “attenuated plaque” is considered a characteristic of high-risk lesions, but its prevalence in stable nonculprit lesions is incompletely known. Methods We reviewed IVUS pullback data from nonculprit vessels in 159 patients from the ASTEROID (A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Rosuvastatin on Intravascular Ultrasound-Derived Coronary Atheroma Burden) trial. We identified attenuated plaque and compared volumetric IVUS data in the segments with and without attenuation. In addition, we described plaque morphology in segments with attenuation at baseline and follow-up. Results Attenuated plaque was found in 17 of 159 patients (10.7%, 95% confidence interval: 6% to 17%). At baseline, there were no significant differences in clinical presentation and cardiovascular risk factors between patients with and without attenuation. Other than a greater plaque eccentricity index (p = 0.008), there were no significant differences between segments with and without attenuation. In segments with attenuated plaque, expansive remodeling was observed in 53%, and calcified plaque adjacent to the attenuation site in 70% of patients. During follow-up, attenuation remained stable, and no events occurred in the patients with attenuation. Conclusions Attenuated plaque is present in a significant number of nonculprit segments in patients enrolled in IVUS progression trials and remains stable during follow-up. There is a relationship with mixed calcified lesions. These findings challenge the prior assumption that attenuated plaque is a finding limited to culprit lesions associated with acute clinical presentation.
EFFECT OF ATKOPINE ON THE RESPONSE OF NEWBORN LAMBS TO MASSIVE HEMORRHAGE

Top of pageAbstract We studied 30 spontaneously breathing newborn lambs who were bled to 50% their blood volume(measured with CsCl labeled red blood cells) in 30 min. time. In each case heart rate, blood pressure, pH, blood gases, hematocrit and coloidoncotic pressure were determined. Cardiac output (CO) and organ blood flow(Q) were determined by microsphere method. No volume was re--infused. In 19 lambs (Group I) there was severe hypotension and bradycardia at 20 min. during hemorrhage (HEM). Miocardic blood flow(QM) changed with changes in blood pressure, falling to 40% of baseline values. Eight lambs survived(Pediat.Res. 17:70-76, 83). In 6 lambs, atropine(0.2mg/Kg) was administered twice before and 3 times during HEM, every 10min. None developed bradycardia. Decreases in blood pressure and CO were similar to those observed in Group I. QM only decreased by 7%, Cerebral Q remained stable as in survivors from Group I. All 6 lambs survived. In 5 lambs, atropine was only administered during HEM, when bradycardia and hypotension had already developed. Brady oould not be reverted by repeating atropine or by increasing doses (0.4mg/Kg). Two lambs survived. We conclude that unanesthetized newborn lambs develop bradycardia during HEM. Bradycardia can be prevented by administering atropine before and during HEM. This treatment modifies physiologic responses especially QM. However, atropine cannot revert bradycardia once it has developed. This suggests that there are probably other issues involved in HEM induced bradycardia, other than vagal stimulation.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone mediates serotonin-induced secretion of GH in cattle.

Abstract Serotonin stimulates secretion of growth hormone (GH) in cattle, but the mechanism is unknown. In rats, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mediates serotonin-induced secretion of GH. We hypothesized that the same is true in cattle. Cattle were fed for 2h daily to synchronize secretion of GH, such that concentrations of GH were high before and low after feeding. Our first objective was to determine whether or not feeding suppresses serotonin receptor agonist (quipazine) induced secretion of GH. Holstein steers were injected with quipazine (0.2mg/kg BW) either 1h before or 1h after feeding. Quipazine-induced secretion of GH which did not differ in magnitude before and after feeding. If TRH mediates serotonin-induced secretion of GH, then magnitude of TRH-induced secretion of GH should not be different before and after feeding (our second objective). Sixteen meal-fed Holstein steers were injected with 0.3μg TRH/kg BW either 1h before or 1h after feeding. Indeed, magnitude of TRH-induced secretion of GH before and after feeding was not different. Our third objective was to inhibit endogenous TRH with 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and examine basal, GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)-, TRH- and quipazine-induced secretion of GH. Sixteen Holstein steers were injected daily with either T 3 (3 or 6μg/kg BW) or vehicle for 20 days and then challenged sequentially with vehicle or GHRH, TRH, or quipazine. T 3 did not affect basal, GHRH- or TRH-induced secretion of GH, but reduced basal secretion of thyroxine. T 3 reduced but did not completely block quipazine-induced secretion of GH. In conclusion, TRH mediates, in part, serotonin-induced secretion of GH in cattle.
Confirmatory Analysis of the Athletic Team Merchandise Model

Although sales of athletic team merchandise (ATM) contribute to the overall consumption of sport, a research effort that comprehensively measures aspects that trigger the consumption of ATM is lacking. In light of the gap, utilizing multiple theories and other concepts that describe product consumption, the authors of this article empirically examined a theoretical model to explain ATM purchasing intention. Seven hundred thirty-six individuals who had previously purchased ATM participated in the surveys. The confirmatory factor analyses suggests that the ATM model, consisting of personal values, team identification, brand attitude, past expenditure, perceived product attributes, expectancy disconfirmation, satisfaction, and purchase intention, has good psychometric properties, and is a good measurement for the purchase intention of ATM. Comprehensiveness of the model suggests researchers should measure factors explaining various commonly occurring consumption activities at a domain level.
Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: a clinical perspective.

This review covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in diabetes and discusses current evidence on approaches to prevention and treatment of CAN. A 26-year-old woman with “brittle” type 1 diabetes and severe CAN experienced sudden cardiac death. She had a 16-year history of poor diabetes control presenting with wide blood glucose fluctuations, recurrent episodes of severe hypoglycemia, and hypoglycemia unawareness. Over time she developed persistent orthostatic hypotension with daily falls in systolic blood pressure ranging from 30–60 mmHg. These episodes had significant impact on her daily activities and required intermittent therapy with the α-1 agonist midodrine. Other complications included severe gastroparesis, refractory diarrhea, and painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Her last clinical examination revealed resting tachycardia with a fixed rate of 115 bpm, supine blood pressure of 110/78 mmHg, which dropped to 70/48 mmHg while standing, symmetrical absent pinprick and temperature discrimination in stocking distribution, and left Charcot joint. Her last pertinent laboratory findings were A1C 8.7%, creatinine 1.9 mg/dl, microalbumin/creatinine 496 mg/g, and hemoglobin 10.8 g/dl. CAN represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients and is associated with a high risk of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death, possibly related to silent myocardial ischemia. Therefore, it has important clinical and prognostic relevance. Recent reports of major clinical trials undermine established thinking concerning glycemic control and cardiac risk. Thus, a review of this topic is both timely and important for physicians to better understand how to assess the complexity of conditions present in patients with diabetes in order to establish safe treatment targets. Diabetes affects more than 23 million people in the U.S. (www.diabetes.org) and an estimated 250 million worldwide (www.who.int/diabetes). Diabetic neuropathies, including CAN, are a common chronic complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and confer high morbidity …
484 Combined Heart and Liver Transplant Attenuates Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy with Decreased Coronary Related Cardiac Events Compared to Isolated Heart Transplantation

with ID. Conclusions: ID is highly prevalent in hospitalized HF patients and is associated with lower glucose and creatinine and higher albumin level. Based on our study model, iron deficiency didn’t correlate with outcomes pertaining to both in-hospital and all-cause mortality. There were no significant clinical indicators to suggest ID and thus iron values should be routinely measured in hospitalized patients with HF.
Effect of lecithin on jejunal absorption of micellar lipids in man and on their monomer activity in vitro.

The effect of lecithin on jejunal absorption of fatty acids and octadecenoylglycerol was studied in healthy volunteers with a jejunal perfusion system which excluded pancreatic and biliary secretions from the test segment. Lecithin significantly reduced the absorption of oleic acid (P<0.05) and octadecenoylglycerol (P<0.01), while it had no effect on the absorption of ricinoleic acid. In vitro, lecithin reduced monomer activities of all three lipids; the changes were greater for oleic acid and octadecenoylglycerol than for ricinoleic acid (P<0.02). From these data it is concluded that lecithin reduces monomer activity of fatty acids in mixed micellar solutions and that it can thereby reduce the absorption rates of micellar lipids. Intact lecithin is not absorbed under these conditions. Maldigestion of lecithin in pancreatic insufficiency may, therefore, aggravate the steatorrhea observed in this condition.
Pictorial Essay: Nonmalignant FDG Uptake in the Head and Neck Regions

Positron emission tomography (PET) with FDG plays an important growing rule in staging, restaging, monitoring treatment, and predicting prognosis in patients who have head and neck cancers. This article provides various examples of nonmalignant causes for FDG-avidity in the head and neck area.
Human Lactation II: Endogenous Fatty Acid Synthesis by the Mammary Gland

ABSTRACT: We studied the effects of a diet that was low in fat, high in carbohydrate (CHO) on milk lipid composition and de novo endogenous fatty acid synthesis by the mammary gland in five lactating women. The women consumed either a low fat (LF) (5% fat, 80% CHO) diet or a high fat (HF) (40% fat, 45% CHO) diet. Fat synthesis was determined after an oral dose of 500 mg/kg D2O by measuring the incorporation of deuterium into C10:0 to C18:0 saturated fatty acids of milk fat and plasma triglycerides by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Synthesis of plasma C16:0 and C18:0 triglycerides was barely detectable while women consumed the HF diet, but was increased 6-fold during the LF diet. Medium chain fatty acids secreted by the mammary gland increased from 12.8% (HF diet) to 16.3% (LF diet) in milk fat from four of five subjects (p=0.027). Medium chain fatty acid secretion, however, increased from 13.9% (HF diet) to 29.9% (LF diet) in one subject. The primary fatty acids synthesized during lactation were C10:0, C12:0, and C14:0 in the majority of women studied. The LF diet significantly increased the apparent synthesis of C14:0 (p=0.05), whereas no changes were observed in C12:0, C16:0, or C18:0. One subject had highly enriched C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids in her milk on the LF diet, which could have been the result of mammary synthesis or of transport and secretion of hepatically synthesized lipids.
Antisaccade costs with static and dynamic targets.

In the present study we examined the antisaccade cost (latency difference between antisaccades and prosaccades) in a variety of search tasks. In a series of experiments participants searched for a target and were required to execute a saccade toward (prosaccade) or away (antisaccade) from the target. The results revealed that the antisaccade cost was greater for static targets than for dynamic targets, and it was greater for onset targets than for offset targets. Furthermore, the offset of an onset target interfered with prosaccades, but facilitated antisaccades, resulting in a reduction of the antisaccade cost. To account for the data a model is presented, in which attentional control and working memory processes play an important role in the generation of antisaccades.