cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Measures of Economic Development

SINCE the essence of economic development focuses on people, it is appropriate to define development in terms of people. Economic development is the improvement in the quantity or quality of the goods and services available per person in a society. Thus, to measure development it is necessary to measure the improvement in the quantity and quality of goods and services available, that is, the real level of living (in physical terms) of the inhabitants of a region. Present measures of development are not exact measures of the real level of living. They can be criticized in two ways. First, these measures often do not focus on people, but upon some other resource. How often have conservationists been typified as preserving a resource rather than using it for the welfare of people? The focal point of the human resource is eloquently attested to by J. L. Fisher. "It is easy for enthusiasts for forests, pure water, and wildlife to become so engrossed in the preservation and conservation of these resources that they forget the human resources side. But it is primarily for people that resources are conserved and developed; and it is people who do the conserving and developing insofar as these do not take place through processes of nature. More than this, people give to natural resources their very definition" [4, p. 1]. Second, present measures of development are statistics which only approximate in a very rough manner changes in the real level of living of people. While the real level of living is the heart of the development problem, present measures of development, such as income per capita, gross national product, and indexes of consumption levels, do not precisely measure the real level of living. The use of these approximate measures should not be criticized too severely. M. Bailey suggests that "generally speaking no data are available on the exact variable that the investigator wishes to measure, but only data covering more or less the things he wants to measure" [1, p. 192]. The following discussion examines in detail the second criticism outlined above by specifying the weaknesses and strengths of the presently used measures of development. It suggests an improved measure which would more adequately reflect the real level of living of the people in a region by introducing regional differences in the cost of living.
Structure and Market Organization of Florida's Landscape Plant Industry

Abstract A comprehensive survey of the Florida landscape plant nursery industry was conducted in 1989 in order to document its characteristics. Responses to a mailed-out questionnaire were received from 104 firms. Questions addressed in the survey included product sales, marketing practices, distribution areas, pricing and exchange arrangements. Sales reported by responding firms totaled $125 million, representing an estimated 59% of total industry sales. Current problems of the industry are discussed in relation to its structural characteristics: larger firms as compared to smaller firms had higher labor productivity, more seasonal sales, greater emphasis on container production rather than field production, more deciduous products, more distant and indirect market outlets, and more negotiable sales arrangements with a higher percentage of repeat customers. Also, within the past decade, an increasing proportion of Florida's landscape plants have been marketed within the state, while the share of sales to...
Abstract 3306: Inhibition of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) phosphorylation and cell proliferation by a novel chloroquine analog in lung cancer cells

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved self-defense mechanism that allows tumor cells to overcome stress during oncogenesis and after treatment with chemotherapy. It is the basis of clinical trials using the autophagy inhibitors chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). While searching for novel agents targeting autophagy, we discovered a compound, named EAD1, that is structurally related to CQ but is up to 16-fold more potent an inhibitor of autophagy and of lung cancer cell proliferation than CQ. Interestingly, one of the cell lines whose proliferation was inhibited by EAD1 were H1650 NSCLC cells. This was surprising as H1650 cells have a biallelic deletion within the Atg7 locus. Atg7 is a critical component of the canonical autophagy pathway and its loss renders cells autophagy-deficient. This observation was confirmed in H460 Atg7-knockout cells. That these cells had the same sensitivity to EAD1 (and HCQ) as did cells with an intact autophagy pathway suggests that inhibition of autophagy was not the mechanism by which those drugs inhibit cell proliferation. We therefore conducted exploratory experiments to identify other possible sites of action of EAD1. The only molecular change we observed with EAD1 was the selective inhibition of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) phosphorylation, which correlated with its inhibition of cell proliferation. rpS6 is a component of the 40S ribosome subunit, and is only one of two ribosomal proteins known to be phosphorylated in a regulated manner. The decrease in rpS6 phosphorylation also occurred in the Atg7-deficient cells, indicating it was not a consequence of autophagy inhibition. rpS6 regulates cell size, survival, and migration. Consistent with these reports, we found that EAD1 caused a significant decrease in the size of the H460 cells (when controlled for cell cycle distribution), and this decrease was not seen with HCQ. rpS6 is phosphorylated and activated by two known families of kinases, p70 S6K and p90 RSK, that are downstream targets of the mTORC1 and the RAS/MEK/ERK pathways, respectively. However, we have not seen any changes in the expression or phosphorylation of the members of these pathways, leading us to hypothesize that EAD1 is either having a direct effect on rpS6, or that it is blocking the kinase activity of an already activated p70S6K or p90RSK. Further studies are needed to determine the role of rpS6 in cancer cells, and to assess if it is a viable target for future drug development. Citation Format: Juan Sironi, Evelyn Aranda, Lars Nordstroem, Roman Perez Soler, Edward L. Schwartz. Inhibition of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) phosphorylation and cell proliferation by a novel chloroquine analog in lung cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3306. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3306
ICRF mode conversion in three-ion species heating experiment and in flow drive experiment on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak

United States. Department of Energy. Office of Fusion Energy Sciences (Award DE -FC02 -99ER54512)
Delirium is a Common and Early Finding in Patients in the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit.

Objective To determine incidence, associated risk factors, and characteristics of delirium in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (CICU). Delirium is a frequent and serious complication in adults after cardiac surgery, but there is limited understanding of its impact in children with critical cardiac disease. Study design Single-center prospective observational study of CICU patients ≤21 years old. All were screened for delirium using the Cornell Assessment for Pediatric Delirium each 12-hour shift. Results Ninety-nine patients were included. Incidence of delirium was 57%. Median time to development of delirium was 1 day (95% CI 0, 1 days). Children with delirium were younger (geometric mean age 4 vs 46 months; P Conclusions Delirium is common in patients in the pediatric CICU and is associated with longer length of stay. There may be opportunities for prevention of delirium by targeting modifiable risk factors, such as use of benzodiazepines.
Boredom-Induced Switching Behavior in the Restaurant Industry: The Mediating Role of Attachment:

While it is well documented that boredom with a particular product or service can result in switching behavior, the extent to which emotional attachment can affect this relationship is not well und...
Timing Embryo Preservation for a Patient with High-Risk Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Great strides have been made in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) resulting in increased number of survivors over all age groups, but especially in patients of reproductive age. Given the gonadotoxicity of high-dose induction chemotherapy and subsequent allogeneic stem cell transplant, it is paramount that fertility preservation options are discussed and explored at the time of diagnosis as fertility preservation has been associated with greater quality of life in survivors. Starting the conversation early is especially important for female patients given the time needed for all currently available fertility preservation techniques. Furthermore, due to a lack of current guidelines for the optimal timing of treatment, patients often encounter difficulties trying to balance life-saving treatment and fertility preservation. We present a case of female patient of reproductive age diagnosed with AML who opted for ovarian stimulation, oocyte retrieval, and subsequent IVF following a cycle of induction chemotherapy with satisfactory results for both embryo generation and disease treatment.
Promising digital practices for nondominant learners

This case study took place during an after-school program in a public Texas school district along the U.S./Mexico border. We explore a focal participant’s technology access and use as part of our larger digital literacy research. We asked: What in- and out-of-school digital literacy skills, access, and experiences did Robot Boy (pseudonym) possess? How did he behave as a rhizome? Overarching theoretical frameworks were postmodernism and New Literacy Studies; within these theories, we focused on rhizomic principles and digital literacies. This research is part of a larger mixed methods research study (Bussert-Webb & Henry, 2016) focused on an exploration of Latino children’s digital literacy and online reading. Data sources included participant observation, interviews, and the Digital Divide Measurement Scale for Students (DDMS-S). Interviewees included 16 children (including Robot Boy) and six Latino staff; 310 children (87% Latino) responded to the DDMS-S. Emerging qualitative themes were Robot Boy’s responses to rhizomic rupture. Robot Boy, a bilingual and biliterate middle school youth, demonstrated promising digital practices, which we can apply to other nondominant learners. He assigned rupture by reworking restrictive maps, collaborating with others, and valuing diversity to create multiple pathways.
Answer Reliability on Q&A Sites

Similar to other Web 2.0 platforms, user-created content on question answering (Q&A) sites raises concerns about information quality. However, it is possible that some of these sites provide accurate information while others do not. This paper evaluates and compares answer reliability on four Q&A sites. Content analysis of 1,522 transactions from Yahoo! Answers, Wiki Answers, Askville, and the Wikipedia Reference Desk, reveals significant differences in answer quality among these sites. The most popular Q&A site (that attracts the largest numbers of users, questions, and answers) provides the least accurate, complete, and verifiable information.
The effect of renal transplantation on left ventricular function, electrocardiography, and mechanical synchrony by gated myocardial perfusion imaging.

Depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), LV mechanical dyssynchrony (LVMD), and prolonged QTc interval predict poor outcomes in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal transplantation improves mortality in ESRD patients but the effects of transplantation on these indices remain undefined. We identified patients with myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) before and after renal transplantation. A control group consisted of ESRD patients who underwent 2 MPIs but did not receive a transplant. Changes in LVEF, LVMD indices [phase standard deviation (SD) and bandwidth (BW)] by MPI, and electrocardiogram (ECG) indices were determined. The study population consisted of 32 ESRD patients (53% male, 50 ± 11 years, 59% African American, 65% diabetic). The second MPI was performed 31 months (13-59 months) after renal transplantation. LVEF (72 ± 10% vs. 67 ± 10%, P < 0.001) but not SD (22 ± 15° vs. 22 ± 11°, P = 0.9) or BW (58 ± 35° vs. 57 ± 29°, P = 0.9) improved after transplantation. There were no changes in these indices in the control group. QTc (425 ± 30 ms vs. 447 ± 32 ms, P = <0.001) but not QRS (90 ± 21 ms vs. 90 ± 21 ms, P = 0.9) improved significantly after renal transplantation. LVEF and QTc improved after renal transplantation but LVMD indices and QRS did not change, which suggests that LVMD and electrical dyssynchrony may be irreversible in ESRD.
A critical review of how communication scholarship is represented in textbooks: the case of organizational communication and CCO theory

A significant issue for any academic field is how key theories are represented in textbooks. Textbooks are important institutional artifacts that organize entire subject areas, and thus key...
Narratives of death: Systemic determinants of the coverage of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern:

This study used the 2014 Ebola outbreak as a case study to compare news coverage of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) between the Polarized Pluralist media system and the L...
Nonnative invasive plants: Maintaining biotic and soceioeconomic integrity along the urban-rural-natural gradient

In this chapter, we evaluate nonnative invasive plant species of the urban-rural-natural area gradient in order to reduce negative impacts of invasive plants on native species and ecosystems. This evaluation includes addressing (i) the concept of urban areas as the primary source of invasive plant species and characteristics of urban nonnative plants, including their documented impacts on associated native plants and biodiversity along the urban-rural-natural area gradient, (ii) the most vulnerable land uses and potential barriers to invasion along the urban-rural-natural area gradient, and (iii) possible mitigation of invasions and urbanization using restoration or rehabilitation. Finally, we introduce three possible solutions: (i) use of spatially explicit land use planning and management that places invasion barriers between the urban core and the rural-natural area interfaces, (ii) increasing native and exotic species interactions within the urban core and rural-natural area interface, thereby increasing the number of pathogen and enemy interactions or the loss of novel weapons, and (iii) changing the horticultural trade and people’s behavior, such that propagule pressure is kept below threshold levels required by growing invasive plant populations.
Systematic Review of Digital Interventions for Pediatric Asthma Management.

Background Pediatric patients with asthma take only approximately half of their prescribed medication. Digital interventions to improve adherence for youth with asthma exist and have the potential to improve accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and customizability. Objective To systematically review published research examining digital interventions to promote adherence to the treatment of pediatric asthma. Methods A systematic search of the PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and reference review databases was conducted. Articles were included if adherence was an outcome in a randomized controlled trial of a digital intervention for children with asthma. We compared samples, intervention characteristics, adherence measurement and outcomes, as well as additional health outcomes across studies. Results Of the 264 articles reviewed, 15 studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Overall, 87% of the digital interventions demonstrated improved adherence and 53% demonstrated improved health outcomes. All the promising interventions included a behavioral component and most were 3 to 6 months in length, delivered through a digital stand-alone medium (eg, automated personalized texts, mobile health apps, and website), and assessed adherence to controller medication. Conclusions Overall, digital interventions aimed at improving adherence are promising and also improve health outcomes in addition to medication adherence. Although future studies using evidence-based adherence assessment and multifactorial design should be conducted, the current literature suggests that both digital stand-alone interventions and interventions combining digital technology with support from a health care team member result in improved adherence and asthma outcomes. Recommendations for digital interventions for pediatric patients with asthma with adherence concerns are provided.
Emergency department encounters, hospital admissions, course of treatment, and follow-up care for behavioral health concerns in patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.

Abstract Background The benefits of bariatric surgery are well-established, however, concerns surrounding postoperative psychiatric destabilization and alcohol misuse remain. Research has initiated the process of identifying risks associated with bariatric surgery, although less is known regarding when or why psychiatric hospitalizations occur postoperatively. Objectives The goal of the current study was to examine the incidence of, and contributing factors to, behavioral health-related emergency room (ER) encounters and hospitalization after bariatric surgery. Setting Integrated multispecialty health system with an accredited bariatric surgery program. Methods Retrospective review of patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery and had been readmitted to the hospital or presented to the ER after bariatric surgery at least once for a behavioral-health related reason. Results Of 1449 patients, 93 had at least 1 psychiatric or substance use–related ER visit/hospitalization post-surgery and were included in the study; 53% had 1 ER/hospital encounter after bariatric surgery; 24% had 2 encounters, 11% had 3–4 encounters, and 10% of patients had ≥5 encounters. Across 267 postbariatric surgery encounters, 42.4% were due to alcohol-related problems. The index presentation for alcohol-related reasons occurred at a mean of 1942 days (approximately 5.3 yr; SD = 1217 d). Patients’ index presentation for a psychiatric concern (41.3%) occurred at a mean of 1278 days (3.5 yr; SD = 1056 d) post-surgery. Conclusion A significant percentage of patients who present to the ER or hospital for behavioral health reasons after RYGB surgery had alcohol-related problems, long after their surgery. Psychologists working with bariatric surgery teams should prioritize ongoing assessment of and education on alcohol misuse in those seeking RYGB and in the long-term postoperative period.
A comparative analysis of photovoltaic solar and geothermal heating and cooling systems

This report will focus primarily on geothermal heating and cooling systems and photovoltaic heating and cooling systems. Geothermal in the United States varies from region to region. For the state of Georgia, geothermal energy is mostly used for geothermal heat pump applications to either heat or cool a residential or commercial property. Similarly, photovoltaic (PV) solar energy is most effective in certain regions of the United States. Solar energy is extremely popular in places with plenty of sun, such as Southern California. Taking two studies focusing on geothermal and PV solar cooling, This report will take two studies focusing on geothermal and PV solar cooling and compare the findings to provide a breakdown of the most cost effective and efficient alternative energies for a Georgia household wanting to save on monthly utility costs.
Regulation of membrane homeostasis by TMC1 mechanoelectrical transduction channels is essential for hearing

The mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) channel complex of auditory hair cells converts sound into electrical signals, allowing us to hear. After decades of research, the transmembrane-like channel 1 and 2 (TMC1 and TMC2) have been recently identified as pore-forming subunits of the MET channels, but the molecular peculiarity that differentiates these two proteins and makes TMC1 essential for hearing remains elusive. Here, we show that TMC1, but not TMC2, is essential for membrane remodeling triggered by a decrease in intracellular calcium concentration. We demonstrate that inhibition of MET channels or buffering of intracellular calcium lead to pronounced phosphatidylserine externalization, membrane blebbing and ectosome release at the hair cell sensory organelle, culminating in the loss of TMC1 protein. Moreover, three TMC1 deafness-causing mutations cause constitutive phosphatidylserine externalization that correlates with the deafness phenotype, suggesting that the mechanisms of hearing loss involve alterations in membrane homeostasis.
A synthetic hydrogel for the high-throughput study of cell–ECM interactions

It remains extremely challenging to dissect the cooperative influence of multiple extracellular matrix (ECM) parameters on cell behaviour. This stems in part from a lack of easily deployable strategies for the combinatorial variation of matrix biochemical and biophysical properties. Here we describe a simple, high-throughput platform based on light-modulated hyaluronic acid hydrogels that enables imposition of mutually independent and spatially continuous gradients of ligand density and substrate stiffness. We validate this system by showing that it can support mechanosensitive differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. We also use it to show that the oncogenic microRNA, miR18a, is nonlinearly regulated by matrix stiffness and fibronectin density in glioma cells. The parallelization of experiments enabled by this platform allows condensation of studies that would normally require hundreds of independent hydrogels to a single substrate. This system is a highly accessible, high-throughput technique to study the combinatorial variation of biophysical and biochemical signals in a single experimental paradigm.
Imaging DOAS detection of primary formaldehyde and sulfur dioxide emissions from petrochemical flares

[1] Metropolitan areas with a high number of petrochemical facilities are often struggling to meet current and future air quality standards. The Houston-Galveston area, for example, continues to be in noncompliance with the U.S. federal air quality standard of ozone, despite significant progress in mitigating air pollution. In recent years, the magnitude and role of primary emissions of ozone-forming chemicals, and in particular formaldehyde, from flares in petrochemical facilities have been discussed as a potential factor contributing to ozone formation. However, no direct observations of flare emissions of formaldehyde have thus far been reported. Here we present observations of formaldehyde and sulfur dioxide emissions from petrochemical flares in the Houston-Galveston area during the 2009 Formaldehyde and Olefin from Large Industrial Sources campaign using a new imaging differential optical absorption spectrometer (I-DOAS). Formaldehyde emissions from burning flares were observed directly above the flare stack and ranged from 0.2 to 8.5 kg/h. Unlit flares were found not to emit formaldehyde. SO2 emission rates from a burning acid gas flare ranged between 2 and 4 kg/h. None of the sampled flares coemitted HCHO and SO2. Comparison of the emission fluxes measured by the I-DOAS instrument with those from emission inventories and with fluxes calculated from plumes detected by the long-path DOAS over downtown Houston shows that the flares observed by the I-DOAS were relatively small. While burning flares clearly emit HCHO, a larger observational database is needed to assess the importance of flare emissions for ozone formation.
Mouse II: Public Policy Issues in Arkansas Insurance Law

Using Arkansas insurance law as a jumping off point, this group of annotations focuses on issues of timely relevance to an insurance practice. As of January 16, 2009, it includes updates from the Arkansas Insurance Department which regulates in some of the areas discussed in the annotation. The annotation includes article summaries and Arkansas state law updates on a variety of cutting edge topics including, e.g., tort reform, charitable immunity, subrogation, and insurability of punitive damages. It also features very specific issues related to health insurance, with treatment of clinical trial coverage, genetic discrimination, and insurance issures regarding infertility and anorexia. Further, it includes a discussion of title insurance as well as causation analysis in property insurance. Finally,it includes the employment insurance topics of Corporate Owned Life Insurance (COLI) and workers compensation. The form and purpose of this publication is similar to The Mouse in the Annotated Bibliography: An Insurance Law Primer, (http://ssrn.com/abstract=1182543). However, as to content, Mouse I focuses on basic doctrinal points, like the difference between first party and third party insurance, betweeen coverage and exclusions, and the conflicts of interest that inhere in an insurance defense relationship. This article, Mouse II, by contrast, focuses on more subtle points drawn from insurance practice, with a dominant public policy focus.
Law Free Zones: A Panel Discussion

Professor Gottlieb prepared this essay for a panel discussion held at the University of Kansas School of Law on September 9, 2005.
MGluR5 expression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

395 Objectives: The pathological changes linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are glutamatergic neurotoxicity as a result of deficit in glutamate transporter or receptor function and mitochondrial dysfunction as a result of failure in oxidative metabolism. Recent advances in molecular engineering provide a direct link between human ALS disease and gene-modulated animal models, which express a mutation of superoxidase dismutase type 1 (SOD-1) gene. We used rat model of ALS carrying the SOD1 gene mutation to investigate metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 receptors (mGluR5) and glucose metabolism. Methods: PET imaging studies (MicroPET P4, Concord Microsystems) were conducted of mGluR5 function with [11C]M-PEPy (3-methoxy-5- [(2-pyridyl)ethyl] pyridine) and glucose metabolism with [18F]FDG in 4 ALS rats and 4 age matched control Sprague Dawley rats. Anesthetized (1-1.5% isoflurane, 2% nitrous oxide and oxygen flow of 1 L/min) rats were injected in the camera with mGluR5 ligand (37MBq) or with [18F]FDG (15 MBq) and the volumetric dynamic data were acquired for an hour. In these preliminary studies accumulation was determined in standard unit values in time interval 5-20 min for [11C]M-PEPy and 40-60 min for [18F]FDG. Results: In the ALS rats mGluR5 expression was significantly enhanced in the spinal cord as well as in several brain areas related to motor function compared to the control rats. Glucose metabolism was also enhanced in the ALS rats in the spinal cord. However, glucose metabolism was decreased in cortical areas, especially in the cingulate cortex. Conclusions: These preliminary studies are the first in vivo studies to show glutamatergic function in the ALS–like degeneration. Since, Riluzole, the only approved drug for ALS is based on glutamatergic responses, it is obvious that PET imaging of glutamate receptors could provide invaluable information for drug development. Research Support (if any): NIH-NIBIB R01-EB001850
Atomic g J Values for Neon and Argon in Their Metastable P 2 3 States; Evidence for Zero Spin of Ne 20 10

The gyromagnetic ratios of neon and argon in their metastable $^{3}P_{2}$ states have been measured by the atomic beam magnetic resonance method. The results are ${g}_{J}(\mathrm{Ne}, ^{3}P_{2})=1.500888\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000005$ and ${g}_{J}(\mathrm{A}, ^{3}P_{2})=1.500964\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000008$, in agreement with the less precise optical spectroscopic measurements. Theoretical values, including radiative and relativistic effects, are ${g}_{J}(\mathrm{Ne}, ^{3}P_{2})=1.50088$ and ${g}_{J}(\mathrm{A}, ^{3}P_{2})=1.50095$, in good agreement with the experimental values. In addition, the Zeeman transition frequency for neon has been measured as a function of magnetic field to obtain evidence that the magnetic moment of ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$ is less than 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ nuclear magneton and hence that the spin of ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$ is probably zero.
Constraints and interpretation of 87Sr/86Sr ratios in Cenozoic dolomites

Replacement dolomitization by seawater has been modeled in order to quantify the Sr-isotope signature in Cenozoic dolomites as a function of precursor mineralogy and 87Sr/86Sr ratio, reaction stoichiometry and 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the dolomitizing fluids. High Sr carbonates, such as aragonite, may introduce a significant precursor memory into an otherwise seawater dominated Sr-isotope signature if small quantities of seawater per unit volume of precursor carbonate are involved. Dolomitization of low Sr carbonates (i.e. low-Mg calcite) are shown to create an isotopic signature indistinguishable from that of the seawater involved in the reaction. Therefore, by comparison with the Sr-isotope evolution curve of seawater, the- 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the dolomites can be used to record the oldest possible age of dolomitization and the youngest age of deposition. The implications for this approach have been applied to data obtained from a dolomitized core from Little Bahama Bank, Bahamas. Two periods of dolomitization are recognized, one in the early Late Miocene involving Middle Miocene or older rocks, and a second one around 2.4 Ma ago affecting early Pliocene carbonates.
Ultra high density logic designs using transistor-level monolithic 3D integration

Recent innovations in monolithic 3D technology enable much higher-density vertical connections than today's through-silicon-via (TSV)-based technology. In this paper, we investigate the benefits and challenges of monolithic 3D integration technology for ultra high-density logic designs. Based on our layout experiments, we compare important design metrics such as area, wirelength, timing, and power consumption of monolithic 3D designs with the traditional 2D designs. We also explore various interconnect options for monolithic 3D ICs that improve design density and quality. Depending on the interconnect settings of monolithic 3D ICs and the benchmark circuit characteristics, we observe that our two-tier monolithic 3D design provides up to 40% reduced footprint, 27.7% shorter wirelength, 39.7% faster operation, and 9.7% lower power consumption over the 2D counterpart.
How Anecdotal Accounts in News and in Fiction Can Influence Judgments of a Social Problem’s Urgency, Causes, and Cures

This study examined whether accounts about individuals in concrete situations—read as news or fiction—influenced judgments about society at large. Participants (N = 95) read either no story or one of two anecdotal accounts about a teenager who was planning to drop out of high school. Whereas one account focused on problems stemming from the student’s inner-city high school, the other account emphasized the boy’s emotional and motivational problems. Results showed that both news and fictional stories influenced participants’ judgments about the causes of and solutions to the dropout problem in the United States (causal generalization) and about the urgency with which policy makers should attend to educational and health care reform (agenda setting). Among the mechanisms shown to facilitate causal generalization was the extent to which the accounts cued remindings from the readers’ stores of personal or mediabased experience. The role of stories in the judgment of social issues is discussed.
Design Of Photopolymer Holograms For Optical Interconnect Applications

A new photopolymer from Polaroid has been investigated for producing holographic lens arrays. Arrays such as this may be important elements in optical computing architectures requiring large numbers of parallel interconnections.
Shaping particles for ultramicrotomy

A technique for preshaping large particles of reacted glass for ultramicrotomy is described. This technique preserves delicate surface layers and results in more sections per block extending deeper into the sample than other techniques.
Synthesis and reactions of a 2-chlorocalix[4]arene and a 2,2′-coupled dicalixarene

Treatment of tetramethoxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene with n-butyllithium in THF gives a monolithiated intermediate that reacts with CCl4 to afford 2-chlorotetramethoxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene. The intermediate reacts with BrCH2CH2Br to produce a putative, not isolable, 2-bromotetramethoxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene, which couples in situ with another unit of the lithiated species resulting in a 2,2′-coupled dicalixarene. The chlorocalixarene reacts with nucleophiles (water, isopropylamine, and ethanol) to give 2-hydroxy-, 2-isopropylamino-, and 2-ethoxytetramethoxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene. The 2,2′-coupled dicalixarene undergoes reactions typical of monocalixarenes, being fully demethylated to an octahydroxy species by reaction with HI (generated from iodocyclohexane in situ) in DMF at reflux. This octahydroxy species is fully de-tert-butylated by treatment with AlCl3 and phenol in toluene.
Volume Hologram Optical Memories: Mass Storage Future Perfect?

The world's appetite for high-performance mass storage grows exponentially. Today's advanced computing systems are only marginally served by existing mass storage products, despite the remarkable advances in the 1980s of magnetic, optical, and semiconductor devices. Hence, great interest is focused on beam-addressable and wavelength or frequency-selectable optical memories that simultaneously provide very large capacities, fast random access, and very high I/O rates.Like never being too thin or too rich, one can never have enough storage. Over the years, a consistent refrain has been that the demand for storage would moderate and the capabilities of semiconductor and magnetic storage technologies would soon reach their limits. Yet during the past decade, demand for storage has had an average annual growth rate of over 30%; the price/performance of every type of memory has improved remarkably and is still doing so at a phenomenal pace.
The impact of an abusive family context on childhood animal cruelty and adult violence

This paper reviews the literature that addresses the impact of an abusive family context on childhood animal cruelty and adult violence. In the first section, literature is presented that outlines possible abusive family contextual factors associated with childhood animal cruelty and adult violence. In the second section, theories presented in the literature conjecturing about the impact of an abusive family context on childhood animal cruelty and adult violence are reviewed. Section 3 addresses the predictive validity of an abusive family context on adult violence. In the final section, assessment measures and interventions of childhood animal cruelty are discussed. Such discussion focuses on the acknowledgement of an abusive family context in the assessment and intervention of childhood animal cruelty. Overall, the literature suggests that an abusive family context may be a better predictor of adult violence than childhood animal cruelty.
DRUG TESTING IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE WORK PLACE

This article investigates the use of drug testing to combat drug use and abuse by criminal justice personnel. Arguments for and against drug testing are discussed, as well as the current legal status of employees. The implications and future legal trends of drug testing of criminal justice personnel are analyzed.
Synthesis of the 2-deoxy analogue of the methyl α-glycoside of the monosaccharide repeating unit of the O-polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O:1

The serological specificity of pathogenic Gram-negative organisms often resides in one of the structural constituents of their cell-surface lipopolysaccharides, namely the O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP), or the O-antigen. The intracatenary part of the O-SP of the two main strains of Vibrio cholerae O:1, Ogawa and Inaba, is identical and consists [2-4] of a relatively short [3] chain of (1 ~ 2)-linked moieties of 4-amino-4,6dideoxy-a-D-mannopyranose (o-perosamine), the amino groups of which are acylated with 3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronic acid. Only the Ogawa strain has its nonreducing residue in the O-SP methylated at 0-2. We are interested in understanding the interaction of polysaccharide antigens and antibodies on the molecular level. To obtain information on the involvement of hydrogen bonding in the binding process, we have synthesized specifically deoxygenated fragments of polysaccharides and studied their binding in systems involving, for example, (1 ~ 6)-/3-o-galactanand (1 ~ 6)-a-D-glucan-specific antibodies [5,6]. For similar investigations involving Vibrio cholerae O: 1, we have previously synthesized [7] methyl a-glycosides of the intracatenary repeating unit of the O-PS deoxygenated at each of the theoretically possible positions, namely 3, 2', and 4'. These substances are also useful as specifically deoxygenated models for the nonreducing end-group of both strains of the O-PS of Vibrio cholerae O: 1. To be able to ascertain the occurrence of
Laser-ion beam photodissociation studies of C3H3Br+ and C3H3Cl+

The photodissociation reactions of the 3-chloro-1-propyne and 3-bromo-1-propyne radical ions have been studied using a laser-ion beam photodissociation apparatus. The photodissociation spectra reflect the spin-orbit splitting of the ground electronic states of the ion. The C3H3Cl+ and C3H3Br+ systems dissociate to yield exclusively C3H3+ in the total energy range 12.9–13.7 eV. This reaction channel is assigned to a direct dissociation from a repulsive electronic state. Finally, comparisons between the unimolecular and the photofragment kinetic energy release values suggest a propargyl structure for the C3H3+ photofragment ion.
Composite Thermal Micro-Actuator Array for Tactile Displays

Tactile perception of complex symbols through tactile stimulation is an exciting application of a phenomenon known as tactile illusion (TI). Sensation of motion on the skin can be produced by a limited number of discrete mechanical actuators applying light pressure over the skin. This phenomenon can thus be used as a neurophysiological testing tool to determine central and peripheral nervous system injury as well as providing an additional human-machine communication channel. This paper describes the development of a 4 x 5 actuator array of individual vibrating pixels for fingertip tactile communication. The array is approximately one square centimeter and utilizes novel micro-clutch MEMS technology. The individual pixels are turned ON and OFF by pairs of microscopic composite thermal actuators, while the main vibration is generated by a vibrating piezo-electric plate. The physiological parameters required for inducing tactile illusion are described. The fabrication sequence for the thermal micro-actuators along with actuation results are also presented.
Drought response of a native and introduced Hawaiian grass

The alien grass, Pennisetum setaceum, dominates many of the lowland arid regions that once supported native Heteropogon contortus grassland on the island of Hawaii. Response to drought in a glasshouse was compared between these C4 grasses to test if success as an invader is related to drought tolerance or plasticity for traits that confer drought tolerance. Pennisetum produced 51% more total biomass, allocated 49% more biomass to leaves, and had higher net photosynthetic rates (P n) on a leaf area basis than Heteropogon. Plants of both species under drought produced less total biomass and increased their allocation to roots compared to well-watered plants, but there was no difference between the two species in the magnitude of these responses. The decline in P n with decreasing leaf water potential (ψ1) was greater for Pennisetum compared to Heteropogon. Plasticity in the response of P n to ψ1, osmotic potentials, and the water potentials at turgor loss in response to drought were not different between the two species. Stomata were more responsive to Δw in Heteropogon than in Pennisetum and for well-watered plants compared to droughted plants. Plasticity for the stomatal response to Δw, however, was not different between the species. There was no evidence that the alien, Pennisetum, had greater plasticity for traits related to drought tolerance compared to the native, Heteropogon. Higher P n and greater biomass allocation to leaves resulted in greater growth for Pennisetum compared to Heteropogon and may explain the success of Pennisetum as an invader of lowland arid zones on Hawaii.
The impact of RSV, adenovirus, influenza, and parainfluenza infection in pediatric patients receiving stem cell transplant, solid organ transplant, or cancer chemotherapy

RVIs are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised children. We analyzed the characteristics and outcomes of infection by four respiratory viruses (RSV, adenovirus, influenza, and parainfluenza) treated at a pediatric tertiary care hospital in a retrospective cohort of patients who had received cancer chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell, or SOT. A total of 208 infections were studied among 166 unique patients over a time period of 1993-2006 for transplant recipients, and 2000-2005 for patients with cancer. RSV was the most common respiratory virus identified. There were 17 (10% of all patients) deaths overall, of which 12 were at least partly attributed to the presence of a RVI. In multivariate models, LRT symptoms in the absence of upper respiratory symptoms on presentation (OR 10.2 [2.3, 45.7], p = 0.002) and adenoviral infection (OR 3.7 [1.1, 12.6], p = 0.034) were significantly associated with poor outcome, defined as death or disability related to RVI. All of the deaths occurred in patients who had received either solid organ or HSCT. There were no infections resulting in death or disability in the cancer chemotherapy group.
The Future of Web-based Clinical Research in Dentistry

Clinical research is a growing industry in dentistry, requiring more efficient methods for research conduct. The Internet provides an opportunity for investigators to expand, enhance, and potentially redefine the way they conduct clinical research. A prime area for improved research is in clinical trials processes, due to their current high cost and inefficiencies. The Web offers the advantages of both centralization of information and coordination of multiple clinical trials processes. The result is improvements for the investigator sites, the sponsor, and subject safety. Observational studies also provide the opportunity for investigators to collect greater amounts of information in a more realistic dental environment. The Internet offers investigators the opportunity to collect outcomes information from sources worldwide, and more efficiently, accurately, and quickly, providing new valuable research answers. The tremendous explosion of genetic and gene therapy research will substantially increase the need for research methods that can manage the vast amount of complex new data, depending on the Internet to manage these research needs. The Internet holds promise for improving dental clinical research through its gains in efficiency, accuracy, and safety.
The influence of amphibole fractionation on the evolution of calc-alkaline andesite and dacite tephra from the central Aleutians, Alaska

Petrologic studies of tephra from Kanaga, Adak, and Great Sitkin Islands indicate that amphibole fractionation and magma mixing are important processes controlling the composition of calc-alkaline andesite and dacite magmas in the central Aleutians. Amphibole is ubiquitous in tephra from Kanaga and Adak Islands, whereas it is present only in a basaltic-andesite pumice from Great Sitkin. Dacitic tephra from Great Sitkin do not contain amphibole. Hornblende dacite tephra contain HB+PLAG+OX±OPX±CPX phenocrysts with simple zoning patterns, suggesting that the dacites evolved in isolated magma chambers. Andesitic tephra from Adak contain two pyroxene and hornbelende populations, and reversely zoned plagioclase, indicating a more complex history involving mixing and fractional crystallization. Mass balance calculations suggest that the andesitic tephra may represent the complements of amphibole-bearing cumulate xenoliths, both formed during the evolution of high-Al basalts. The presence of amphibole in andesitic and dacitic tephra implies that Aleutian cale-alkaline magmas evolve in the mid to lower crust under hydrous (>4 wt.% H2O) and oxidizing (≈Ni−NiO) conditions. Amphibole-bearing andesites and pyroxene-bearing dacites from Great Sitkin indicates fractionation at several levels within the arc crust. Despite its absence in many calc-alkaline andesite and dacite lavas, open system behavior involving amphibole fractionation can explain the trace element characteristies of lavas found on Adak Island. Neither open nor closed system fractionation involving a pyroxene-bearing assemblage is capable of explaining the trace element concentrations or ratios found in the Adak suite. We envision a scenario where amphibole was initially a liquidus phase in many calc-alkaline magmas, but was later replaced by pyroxenes as the magmas rose to shallow levels within the crust. The mineral assemblage in these evolved lavas reflects shallow level equilibration of the magma, whereas the trace element chemistry provides evidence for a earlier, amphibole-bearing, mineral assemblage.
Co-extruded mechanically tunable multilayer elastomer laser

We have fabricated and studied mechanically tunable elastomer dye lasers constructed in large area sheets by a single-step layer-multiplying co-extrusion process. The laser films consist of a central dye-doped (Rhodamine-6G) elastomer layer between two 128-layer distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) films comprised of alternating elastomer layers with different refractive indices. The central gain layer is formed by folding the coextruded DBR film to enclose a dye-doped skin layer. By mechanically stretching the elastomer laser film from 0% to 19%, a tunable miniature laser source was obtained with ~50 nm continuous tunability from red to green. Optically pumped by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser, the elastomer laser showed a lasing threshold of 0.9 mJ/cm2 at 600 nm.
Transition probabilities in OH A2Σ+-X2Πi: bands with ν' = 0 and 1, ν″ = 0 TO 4

Abstract Experimental results for relative vibrational band transition probabilities for ν' = 0 and 1, and ν″ = 0 to 4 in the A-X electronic system of OH are presented. The measurements, part of a larger set involving ν' = 0 to 4 and ν″ = 0 to 6, were made using spectrally dispersed laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) in the burnt gases of a flame. These Einstein coefficients will be usefull in dynamics experiments for quantitative LIF determinations of OH radical concentrations in high ν″.
Assessment measures that discriminate between levels of DUI clients.

The Adjective Checklist, Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist, Depression Adjective Checklist, and Profile of Mood States were administered to 166 males enrolled in an Alcohol Safety Action Program....
Microscopy of lead iodide crystals

A method for the preparation of pure crystalline PbI2 is described. The optical properties of these crystals are investigated.
A variation on the zero-one law

Abstract Given a decision problem P and a probability distribution over binary strings, for each n, draw independently an instance xn of P of length n. What is the probability that there is a polynomial time algorithm that solves all instances xn of P? The answer is: zero or one.