cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbocyclic Thymidine Analogues for Use as Potential Therapeutic Agents

The discovery of azidothymidine's (AZT) activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) provided strong rationale for the design of additional thymidine analogues. One drawback of many nucleosi...
Coping Resources and Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Among Frail Older Ethnic Women

ABSTRACT This study uses data from the 1982-84 National Long-Term Care Channeling Demonstration to model the additive and interactive effects of health-related and social stressors and coping resources on self-reported depressive symptoms of frail, elderly African American (n = 900) and Hispanic (n = 146) women. Older white women are included as a reference group. Results indicate that older African American women report fewer depressive symptoms than their white counterparts in the study and that symptom levels reported by older Hispanic and white women did not differ. Parallel regression analyses revealed that physical illnesses, perceptions of unmet need, and low sense of control were common predictors of depressive symptoms for all three groups and that there were also unique predictors for each group.
On the nature of electron and energy transport in mitochondria. II. Multiple activation of mitochondrial respiration.

Abstract 1. A series of eight classical respiratory-chain inhibitors was studied. The slopes of State-3 respiratory rate versus dose plots are convex for antimycin, 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HOQNO), rotenone and sulfide, and concave for malonate, Amytal, cyanide and azide. 2. Plots of ADP: O ratio versus dose indicate uncoupling effects at higher concentrations of antimycin, HOQNO, cyanide and azide. On the other hand, sulfide and rotenone have no effect on the phosphorylating efficiency. Malonate increases the ADP: O ratio. 3. Two inhibitors can be combined in such a way that the total inhibition should be equal to the inhibition caused by the single inhibitors if each inhibitor affects respiration independently (additivity of inhibition). In practice, however, antagonism and synergism are also found. 4. Additivity of combined inhibition occurs where both inhibitors act on the same enzyme. 5. Antagonism is observed where the two inhibitors act on different enzymes of the same chain. 6. Synergism is found where the two inhibitors act on enzymes in different branches of a forked chain. This turns into normal additivity when the electron flow through both branches is made equal. 7. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that respiratory enzymes are arranged in chains. The possibility that the chains may be cross-linked or branched is discussed.
A CASE STUDY OF THE FAILURE OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION TO CROSS KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARIES IN VIRTUAL CONSTRUCTION

When can digital artefacts serve to bridge knowledge barriers across epistemic communities? There have been many studies of the roles new information and communication technologies play within organizations. In our study, we compare digital and non-digital methods of inter-organizational collaboration. Based on ethnographic fieldwork on three construction projects and interviews with 65 architects, engineers, and builders across the USA, we find that IT tools designed to increase collaboration in this setting instead solidify and make explicit organizational and cultural differences between project participants. Our study suggests that deeply embedded disciplinary thinking is not easily overcome by digital representations of knowledge and that collaboration may be hindered through the exposure of previously implicit distinctions among the team members’ skills and organizational status. The tool that we study, building information modelling, reflects and amplifies disciplinary representations of the buildi...
Fundamental arthroscopic skill differentiation with virtual reality simulation.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the use and validity of virtual reality modules as part of the educational approach to mastering arthroscopy in a safe environment by assessing the ability to distinguish between experience levels. Additionally, the study aimed to evaluate whether experts have greater ambidexterity than do novices. Methods Three virtual reality modules (Swemac/Augmented Reality Systems, Linkoping, Sweden) were created to test fundamental arthroscopic skills. Thirty participants—10 experts consisting of faculty, 10 intermediate participants consisting of orthopaedic residents, and 10 novices consisting of medical students—performed each exercise. Steady and Telescope was designed to train centering and image stability. Steady and Probe was designed to train basic triangulation. Track and Moving Target was designed to train coordinated motions of arthroscope and probe. Metrics reflecting speed, accuracy, and efficiency of motion were used to measure construct validity. Results Steady and Probe and Track a Moving Target both exhibited construct validity, with better performance by experts and intermediate participants than by novices ( P Conclusions This study represents a new way to assess basic arthroscopy skills using virtual reality modules developed through task deconstruction. Participants with the most arthroscopic experience performed better and were more consistent than novices on all 3 virtual reality modules. Greater arthroscopic experience correlates with more symmetry of ambidextrous performance. However, further adjustment of the modules may better simulate fundamental arthroscopic skills and discriminate between experience levels. Clinical Relevance Arthroscopy training is a critical element of orthopaedic surgery resident training. Developing techniques to safely and effectively train these skills is critical for patient safety and resident education.
Penetration enhancement effect of Pz-peptide, a paracellularly transported peptide, in rabbit intestinal segments and Caco-2 cell monolayers

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Pz-peptide (4-phenylazobenzyloxycarbonyl-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro- d -Arg) on the permeability of the rabbit intestinal segments and Caco-2 monolayers to hydrophilic paracellular transport markers. Concentration-dependent penetration of Pz-peptide and Pz-peptide-induced increase in the transport of paracellular markers up to molecular radius 14 A were seen in both the lower intestinal segments and Caco-2 monolayers. In Caco-2 monolayers, the increase in transport of paracellular markers with increasing Pz-peptide concentrations was correlated with the decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Moreover, the decrease in TEER induced by Pz-peptide, which was less prominent than that induced by equimolar concentrations of EDTA and cytochalasin B, was fully reversible upon both short-and long-term exposure. Pz-peptide acted additively with EDTA and cytochalasin B to increase tight junctional permeability. The above characteristics of Pz-peptide are consistent with those of an enhancer that is transient, reversible, and size-discriminant in its action.
Cross-country prediction of changes in consumption patterns☆

Abstract Changes in consumption patterns in 16 countries from 1970 to 1973 are predicted in a cross-sectional context. The method is successful (in the sense that it beats no-change extrapolation of budget shares) for the U.S. and six Western European countries, but it is not successful for most countries outside the North-Atlantic region.
Characterization of heat-induced lactosylation products in caseins by immunoenzymatic and mass spectrometric methodologies

Abstract Nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins occur during milk thermal treatment through the Maillard reaction. Immunoenzymatic and spectrometric methodologies were used to investigate caseins modification in samples submitted to different processing. As expected, protein-bound carbonyl content in raw and thermal-treated milks was positively correlated with the severity of the treatment. When immunoblotting and ELISA experiments were carried out either on isolated or whole milk proteins, carbonyl accumulation on caseins and macromolecular aggregates produced by thermal processing was evidenced. A comparative electrospray-mass spectrometry (ES-MS) analysis of different milks allowed verifying the extent of Amadori adducts on the more abundant protein components (αs 1 - and β-casein (αs 1 - and β-CN)). A combined matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-MS/Edman degradation approach on enzymatic digests identified caseins modification sites. In moderately heat-treated milks, we observed that lactosylation occurred specifically at Lys-34 (αs 1 -CN) and Lys-107 (β-CN); whereas, samples subjected to more severe conditions presented modification at Lys-7, Lys-34, Lys-83, Lys-103, Lys-105, Lys-132 and Lys-193 (αs 1 -CN) and at Lys-32, Lys-48, Lys-107, Lys-113 and Lys-176 (β-CN). Differences in secondary structure of these components was assayed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy.
Development of a new scintillator containing uranium

Abstract We built and measured the performance of a prototype fission detector. This detector, based on an inorganic solid-solution single-crystal scintillator containing uranium, provides several advantages over parallel-plate fission chambers: an order-of-magnitude improvement in uranium-to-substrate ratio, no fission-fragment losses, and ease of construction.
The embryo project : an integrated approach to history, practices and social contexts of embryo research

This essay describes the approach and early results of the collaborative Embryo Project and its on-line encyclopedia (http://embryo.asu.edu). The project is based on a relational database that allows federated searches and inclusion of multiple types of objects targeted for multiple user groups. The emphasis is on the history and varied contexts of developmental biology, focusing on people, places, institutions, techniques, literature, images, and other aspects of study of embryos. This essay introduces the ways of working as well as the long-term goals of the project. We invite others to join the effort, both in this particular project and in joining together in digital collection, archiving, and knowledge generation at the borders of biology and history.
The effect of temperature on the digestive efficiency of three species of lizards, cnemidophorus tigris, rrhonotus multicarinatus and Sceloporus occidentalis

1. 1. The mean Apparent Digestibility Coefficient (ADC) of force-fed Sceloporus increased from 83.3% to 90.5%, over a temperature range from 26.2–33.4 C. 2. 2. Peristalsis was stopped and no food passed through the gastro-intestinal tract of Sceloporus kept at 20.8°C and Gerrhonotus kept at 14.9X. 3. 3. The mean ADC of force-fed Cnemidophorus increased from 88.7% at 25.1°C to 93.5% at 38.4°C. 4. 4. Gerrhonotus had relatively constant ADC's (ca. 92–94%) over a temperature range of 18.1–29.9°C; ADC at 32.4°C was reduced to 90.2%. 5. 5. The ADC's for free-feeding Sceloporus, Cnemidophorus and Gerrhonotus were generally comparable to those of force-fed conspecifics in similar thermal regimes.
Revisiting minimum cost reliable routing in wireless mesh networks

We revisit the problem of computing the path with the minimum cost in terms of the expected number of link layer retransmissions in wireless mesh networks. Unlike previous efforts (such as the popular ETX) we account for the fact that link layer protocols (such as the IEEE 802.11 MAC) incorporate a non-zero but finite number of retransmission attempts per packet. A key observation that motivates this work is that the performance of a path depends not only on the number of links on the path and their qualities, but also on the relative positions of the links on the path. In particular, the closer a lossy link to the destination, the higher is its impact on the performance of that path. We design a new path metricthat captures all of the above factors and we call this metric ETOP. In this paper, we provide a synopsis of the analytical computation of ETOP. We also implement a routing strategy based on ETOP on a 25-node experimental testbed and provide sample results to showcase the performance with ETOP.
CMOS Sensor Arrays for High Resolution Die Stress Mapping in Packaged Integrated Circuits

This paper reports the design, calibration and application of multiplexed arrays of piezoresistive field-effect transistor stress sensors fabricated in a standard complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. Two complementary arrays of 256-current mirror sensor cells provide high spatial density stress mapping with approximately 300 pts/mm2 using only a 1.5 μm process. The arrays are sequentially scanned by an on-chip counter, producing efficient stress measurement, and the sensors resolve normal and shear stresses on the surface of the die with resolution below 1 MPa. The CMOS sensor chips have been used to map stress over a large portion of the die in chip-on-beam and encapsulated chip-on-beam samples, as well as a ceramic dual-in-line package with its cavity filled with underfill material. Finite-element simulation results correlate well with the measured stress distributions. The experimental results from these chips are used to validate finite-element simulation models, and the array designs can be used as subarrays in much larger test chips.
Sustaining the silicon revolution: From 3-D transistors to 3-D integration

Technological pathways for sustaining continual improvement in silicon integrated-circuit “chip” functionality at ever lower cost and energy per function, toward the vision of the Internet of Everything, are discussed.
Computation of signal propagation from distributed sources on power distribution feeders

The extension of a computer model developed for the analysis of continuous wave operation of distribution feeders is described. The extension permits computation in an efficient manner of the effects of multiple sources distributed on the feeder. The theory underlying the extension is given, along with applications of this model to the study of the propagation of harmonics and for communication system design on radial feeders. >
Prediction of T-cell reconstitution by assessment of T-cell receptor excision circle before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients

The extent and rapidity with which T cells are regenerated from graft-derived precursor cells directly influences the incidence of infection and the T-cell–based graft-versus-tumor effect. Measurement of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in peripheral blood is a means of quantifying recent thymic T-cell production and has been used after transplantation in many studies to estimate thymus-dependent T-cell reconstitution. We hypothesized that the quality of thymic function before transplantation affects thymus-dependent T-cell reconstitution after transplantation. We used real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to quantify signal-joint TRECs (sjTRECs) before and after transplantation. T-cell reconstitution was evaluated by T-cell receptor β (TCRβ) CDR3 size spectratyping. We tested 77 healthy sibling donors and 244 samples from 26 pediatric recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT). Blood from the healthy donors contained 1200 to 155 000 sjTREC copies/mL blood. Patients who had greater than 1200 copies/mL blood before transplantation showed early recovery of sjTREC numbers and TCRβ repertoire diversity. In contrast, patients who had fewer than 1200 copies/mL blood before transplantation demonstrated significantly slower restoration of thymus-dependent T cells. We conclude that the rate of reconstitution of thymus-dependent T cells is dependent on the competence of thymic function in the recipients before transplantation. Therefore, pretransplantation measurement of sjTREC may provide an important tool for predicting thymus-dependent T-cell reconstitution after transplantation.
Neisseria meningitidis PorB, a Toll-like receptor 2 ligand, improves the capacity of Francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide to protect mice against experimental tularemia.

Francisella tularensis causes severe pneumonia that can be fatal if it is left untreated. Due to its potential use as a biological weapon, research is being conducted to develop an effective vaccine and to select and study adjuvant molecules able to generate a better and long-lasting protective effect. PorB, a porin from Neisseria meningitidis, is a well-established Toll-like receptor 2 ligand and has been shown to be a promising vaccine adjuvant candidate due to its ability to enhance the T-cell costimulatory activity of antigen-presenting cells both in vitro and in vivo. BALB/c mice were immunized with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from the F. tularensis subsp. holarctica live vaccine strain (LVS), with or without PorB from N. meningitidis, and the antibody levels induced during the vaccination regimen and the level of protection against intranasal challenge with LVS were determined. Antigen administered alone induced a specific F. tularensis LPS immunoglobulin M (IgM) response that was not maintained over the weeks and that conferred protection to only 25% of the mice. In contrast, F. tularensis LPS given in combination with neisserial PorB induced consistent levels of specific IgM throughout the immunization and increased the proportion of surviving mice to 70%. Postchallenge cytokine analysis showed that interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and gamma interferon were markers of mortality and that IL-1β was a correlate of survival, independent of the presence of PorB as an adjuvant. These data indicate that neisserial PorB might be an optimal candidate adjuvant for improving the protective effect of F. tularensis LPS and other subunit vaccines against tularemia, but there is still a need to test its efficacy against virulent type A and type B F. tularensis strains.
Airport troughput capacity limits for demand management planning

The success of demand management approaches to curbing flight delays is predicated on an accurate and reliable a-priori determination of airport arrival and departure capacity. The assignment of declared capacity, completed more than one year in advance, must consider the inherent variability in the actual throughput capacity for each 15 minute period during the day. For airports with large variations in airport capacity, the capacity limit must be set to high enough avoid long periods of under utilization of the airport resources and low enough to avoid extended periods of excessive delays. This paper examines: (i) the variability of throughput capacity at the OEP-35 airports during the convective weather season in 2008, (ii) established the average costs of delays due to reduced capacity and the average profits per flight at each airport, (iii) given the cost of delays and lost profits, an optimum capacity is determined at each airport to minimize both the under-utilization of airport capacity and flight delays due to variability in the available throughput capacity
EFFECT OF CLONIDINE ON PLATELET ALPHA2‐ADRENORECEPTORS AND PLASMA NOREPINEPHRINE OF CHILDREN WITH TOURETTE SYNDROME

SUMMARY Clonidine, an alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist, is useful for treating some patients with Tourette syndrome, and it has been suggested that their noradrenergic receptors are ‘subsensitive’. The authors measured plasma norepinephrine and specific binding of 3H-clonidine and 3H-yohimbine, an alpha2-adrenoreceptor antagonist, to receptors on platelet membranes from children with Tourette syndrome. Before clonidine treatment, plasma norepinephrine, the maximum number of binding sites and the dissociation constants for both ligands were the same as for the controls. After two weeks of treatment there was little clinical improvement, but the number of binding sites for 3H-yohimbine decreased and plasma norepinephrine also decreased in four of the five patients. Over the next six months all five patients continued to improve clinically, but both indices of noradrenergic activity returned towards baseline values. The data suggest that clonidine's action may be independent of its prominent effects on alpha2-adrenergic receptors and norepinephrine release. RESUME Effet de la clonidine sur tes alpha2-adrenorecepteurs plaquettaires et sur la noradrenaline plasmatique chez les enfants presentant un syndrome de Tourette La clonidine, agoniste des alpha2-adrenorecepteurs, est utile dans le traitement de quelques sujets atteints d'un syndrome de Tourette et il a ete suggere que leur recepteurs noradrenergiques sont “sous-sensibles”. Les auteurs ont mesure la noradrenaline plasmatique et la lesion specifique de la 3H-clonidine et de la 3H-yohimbine, antagoniste des alpha2-adrenorecepteurs, aux recepteurs des membranes plaquettaires chez des enfants atteints d'un syndrome de Tourette. Avant le traitement par clonidine, la noradrenaline plasmatique, le nombre maximum de sites de liaison et les constantes de dissociation pour les deux ligands etaient identiques a ceux des controles. Apres deux semaines de traitement, il y avait peu d'amelioration clinique, mais le nombre des sites de liaison pour la 3H-yohimbine avait decru et les taux de noradrenaline plasmatique avaient egalement decrus chez quatre des cinq malades. Passes les six mois suivants, les cinq patients avaient continuea s'ameliorer cliniquement mais tous les indices de l'activite noradrenergique etaient revenus a des valeurs normales. Ces donnees suggerent que l'action de la clonidine pourrait etre independante de ses effets predominants sur les recepteurs alpha2-adrenergiques et la liberation de noradrenaline.
Social Welfare Based Routing in Ad hoc Networks

Due to resource scarcity, a paramount concern in ad hoc networks is to utilize the limited resources efficiently. The self-organized nature of ad hoc networks makes the social welfare based approach an efficient way to allocate the limited resources. However, the effect of instability of wireless links has not been adequately addressed in the literature. To efficiently address the routing problem in ad hoc networks, we introduce a new metric, maximum expected social welfare, and integrate the cost and stability of nodes in a unified model to evaluate the optimality of routes. The expected social welfare is defined in terms of expected benefit (of the routing source) minus the expected costs incurred by forwarding nodes. Based on our new metric, we design an optimal and efficient algorithm, and implement the algorithm in both centralized (optimal) and distributed (near-optimal) manners. We also extend our work to incorporate retransmission and study the effect of local and global retransmission restrictions on the selection of routes.
Vertically Integrated Broadband Duplexer for Erbium-Doped Waveguide Amplifiers Made by Ion Exchange on Glass

The hybrid integration of optical amplifier modules requires the development of a new kind of pump/signal duplexers. In this letter, a new structure highly compatible with pump diode waveguides (λ = 0.98 μm), optical fibers (λ = 1.55 μm), and hybrid erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers is proposed. The device, based on a vertically integrated asymmetric Y-junction, has been realized by cascading three ion exchanges on a glass substrate. Bandwidth of more than 200 nm around the two working wavelengths has been demonstrated with isolations between the two outputs reaching (21 ± 0.4) dB at λ = 0.98 μm and (44 ± 0.4) dB at λ = 1.55 μm and low losses.
A direct measurement of interfacial contact resistance

A method is described for directly measuring interfacial contact resistance and estimating the degree of uniformity of the interfacial layer in metal-semiconductor contacts. A two-dimensional resistor network model is used to obtain a relationship between the specific contact resistance and the measured interfacial contact resistance for contacts with a homogeneous interfacial layer. Measurement results are given for 98.5% Al/1.5% Si and 100 % Al contacts on n-type silicon.
Stem-Loop IV of Tetrahymena Telomerase RNA Stimulates Processivity in trans

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme responsible for the addition of telomeres onto the ends of chromosomes. Short or dysfunctional telomeres can lead to cell growth arrest, apoptosis, and genomic instability. Telomerase uses its RNA subunit to copy a short template region for telomere synthesis. To probe for regions of Tetrahymena telomerase RNA essential for function, we assayed 27 circularly permuted RNA deletions for telomerase in vitro activity and binding to the telomerase reverse transcriptase catalytic protein subunit. We found that stem-loop IV is required for wild-type telomerase activity in vitro and will stimulate processivity when added in trans.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Role of Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by recurrent distressing memories of an emotionally traumatic event. In this review, the authors present neuroscientific data highlighting the function of two brain areas--the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)--in PTSD and related emotional processes. A convergent body of human and nonhuman studies suggests that the amygdala mediates the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear and the enhancement of emotional memory, whereas the vmPFC mediates the extinction of conditioned fear and the volitional regulation of negative emotion. It has been theorized that the vmPFC exerts inhibition on the amygdala, and that a defect in this inhibition could account for the symptoms of PTSD. This theory is supported by functional imaging studies of PTSD patients, who exhibit hypoactivity in the vmPFC but hyperactivity in the amygdala. A recent study of brain-injured and trauma-exposed combat veterans confirms that amygdala damage reduces the likelihood of developing PTSD. But contrary to the prediction of the top-down inhibition model, vmPFC damage also reduces the likelihood of developing PTSD. The putative roles of the amygdala and the vmPFC in the pathophysiology of PTSD, as well as implications for potential treatments, are discussed in light of these results.
Controversies in the management of central nervous system leukemia.

The central nervous system (CNS) has long been recognized as a site, indeed a sanctuary, for leukemic cells. Although few (<5%) patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) actually present with overt CNS leukemia, without prophylactic CNS-directed treatment, over 50% will develop CNS disease. However, with modern CNS prophylaxis, the incidence of CNS relapse has been reduced to 6% or less. Although great progress has been made, we continue to struggle with management of CNS leukemia. This commentary will address issues of CNS leukemia treatment at diagnosis and at relapse. Topics that will be addressed include (1) CNS 2 status at diagnosis—definition and treatment; (2) CNS leukemia at diagnosis —treatment with radiation therapy; (3) isolated relapse of leukemia in the CNS —treatment of early and late relapse; and (4) opportunities for future research in CNS relapse of ALL.
The Pragmatics of Memo Writing Developmental Differences in the Use of Rhetorical Strategies

This study examined developmental differences in adolescents' and adults' use of rhetorical strategies in memos written during a role-play session. Ninth graders, twelfth graders, college juniors, ...
Measures and Models to Assess the Impact of Information on Complex Problem Solving

This paper focuses on the impact of information on one important set of decision making or problem solving activities: those which take place within the process of innovation. Innovation has been defined as the process by which an idea or practice is applied for the first time by an individual or organization (Rogers and Rogers, 1976). Even in the simplest terms, it is usually described as complex and consisting of three overlapping steps or phases: (1) idea generation (the innovation must have an idea that generates it); (2) problem solving (the innovation must be developed out of that idea; and (3) implementation (the innovation must be applied or used in some socially or economically profitable way). That is problem solving as viewed within the context of a multi-phase process. In addition, movement or transfer must occur between the phases: the idea generated in the first phase must be developed in the second phase, and the problems involved in its implementation solved, while its actual implementation must occur in the third phase. When such a movement between phases does not occur, the innovation process is unsuccessful. Therefore, unlike the self-contained problem solving, say, in doing puzzles, within the innovation process, conditions and criteria for successful problem solving turn out to be multiple and complex. Both the statement of the problem and the utilization of its results are going to be influenced by factors external to the problem solving unit.
Altitude, Attitude and Adaptation

The fetus has the extraordinary capacity to respond to stress during development, which, in a large part, is mediated by the hypothalamo- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Hypoxia represents a significant risk to fetal homeostasis and can occur in a wide range of settings including maternal smoking, preeclampsia, preterm labor and high altitude. To study fetal adaptation to chronic, gestational hypoxia, we developed a model of high-altitude, long-term hypoxia (LTH) in pregnant sheep. We discuss the role of LTH on the HPA axis and potential programming of adaptive responses. LTH causes significant activation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and anterior pituitary. In marked contrast, there is an adaptive inhibition in the adrenal, thus balancing the potentially maladaptive centrally mediated responses to LTH. Additionally, we discuss effects of LTH on adipose tissue development. LTH enhances leptin production, which in turn has a regulatory role on the adrenal cortex. Importantly, LTH also has a significant impact on programming of adipose tissue function. Together, our studies show that LTH induces a number of adaptive responses in the ovine fetus. Although they may be beneficial during fetal life, these adaptations could prove to be deleterious in the postnatal period and adulthood.
An Overlooked Population in Community College International Students’ (In)Validation Experiences With Academic Advising

Objective: Guided by validation theory, this study aims to better understand the role that academic advising plays in international community college students’ adjustment. More specifically, this s...
The development and use of varieties of beans resistant to certain insect pests of legumes

This is perhaps the classic example of insect control by the use of resistant plant varieties and has remained a major means of control for this insect since late in the nineteen century. There are many less well known examples of control of insect damage by the use of resistant plant varieties which have saved enormous amounts of money for farmers. Painter (1951) in his unique book on this subject "Insect Resistance in Crop Plants” describes the development of wheat varieties resistant to hessian fly in Kansas, California and Indiana, Which are now being grown on several million acres.
Effect of Urine from Gastrectomized and Duodenectomized Dogs on Gastric Secretion

ConclusionAn extract can be prepared from the urine of normal dogs which inhibits gastric secretion. The inhibitory principle is still present in the urine after removal of either the stomach or duodenum.
Antenna and frequency diversity in the unmanned aircraft systems bands for the over-sea setting

The use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is expected to grow rapidly in the next decade, and because of this, there are many UAS research, development, testing, and standardization efforts underway. A key concern in all this work is safety, and this has direct implications for the control and non-payload communication (CNPC) systems that must be used to operate UAS in the national airspace. Another key concern is sufficient (and protected) spectrum for UAS, and at present there are two bands in the United States, and potentially internationally: the L-band (960-977 MHz) and C-band (5030-5091 MHz). In any wireless system, the wireless channel can severely impair performance because of dispersion and time variation. Thus in order to design highly reliable CNPC systems, a thorough quantitative knowledge of the air-ground (AG) channel is required. Historically, AG channel research addressed simple cases and short duration, narrowband signals. Yet for UAS that may operate in more complex settings (e.g., low elevation angles, near ground clutter, etc.) and use wider bandwidth CNPC signals, more accurate representations of the AG channel are required. This paper addresses this topic via the quantification of channel characteristics for one of the simplest AG channels: the over-sea setting. We report on measurements conducted as part of a project sponsored by NASA. These measurements in the over-sea environment collected simultaneous wideband channel characteristics (impulse responses) in both L-band and C-band. This was done with a ground based transmitter, and two separate antennas in each band on the aircraft. Thus these measurements allow us to assess both spatial and frequency diversity for both straight and curved flight trajectories. We briefly describe the project and the measurements, and provide a short overview of our recently-published results for propagation path loss, delay spread, and correlations across antennas. We also quantify small-scale fading effects and the diversity attainable across both frequencies and antennas. We conclude with a short description of the statistical models being developed for the various AG channel settings.
From Colonist to Creole: Archaeological Patterns of Spanish Colonization in the New World

Creolization theory has recently been adopted and adapted by archaeologists as a useful tool for the study of culture contact and culture change. Another term, acculturation, has a much longer history and appears to examine the same phenomena. An examination of how this approach was applied in the study of the development of a Hispanic creole culture demonstrates its utility regardless of the terminology used.
Microscopic Study of Hydroxyapatite Dissolution As Affected by Fluoride Ions

Fluoride ions play a critical role in preventing tooth decay. We investigated the microscopic effects of fluoride ions on hydroxyapatite (100) surface dissolution using in situ atomic force microscopy. In the presence of 10 mM NaF, individual surface step retraction velocities decreased by about a factor of 5 as compared to NaF-free conditions. Importantly, elongated hexagonal etch pits, which are characteristic of (100) surface dissolution, were no longer observed when NaF was present. The alteration of pit shape is more distinct at a higher NaF concentration (50 mM) where triangular etch pits evolved during dissolution. Furthermore, in a fluoride concentration typical for tap water (10 μM), we observed roughening of individual step lines, resulting in the formation of scalloped morphologies. Morphological changes to individual steps across a wide range of fluoride concentrations suggest that the cariostatic capabilities of fluoride ions originate from their strong interactions with molecular steps.
Long-term treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetes by continuous insulin minipump in the Syrian hamster.

It is difficult to normalize plasma glucose for a prolonged period of time by s.c. injection in experimental animals. The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility and the dosage of insulin needed to maintain 24-h normoglycemia in streptozotocin-diabetic Syrian hamsters with a s.c.-implanted osmotic minipump. The pumps, which release insulin at a constant rate, were replaced every 14 days with fresh pumps for as long as 52 days. A high insulin dose (1 U/kg/h) was required to normalize plasma glucose and fatty acid concentrations, water and food consumption, urine output, and body weight.
Explaining the Closure of Calculated HOMO-LUMO Gaps in Biomolecular Systems

It is quite alarming that several publications exist in the literature raising serious questions about the applicability of DFT techniques to large-scale systems such as water clusters and proteins [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
Ultra Low Threshold Quantum Well Lasers

Using basic optical considerations which apply to quantum confined electron media, we derive the following values for the transparency densities of conventional (3D), quantum well (2D) and quantum wire semiconductor lasers.
The Costs of Inequality and the Affordability of Solutions

In his far-reaching book, Inequality: What Can Be Done?, Anthony Atkinson’s message is clear—inequality is neither inevitable nor immutable. Atkinson’s (2015) evidence-based optimism that something...
Evidence for cost-effectiveness of ultrasound in evaluation of blunt trauma patients

The evaluation of the blunt trauma patient frequently includes the focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) exam. Additional point-of-care applications for ultrasound in blunt trauma patients are emerging. Ultrasound is a noninvasive diagnostic technique generally considered to be relatively inexpensive, offering the potential for improved outcomes and lower costs. However, formal evaluation of ultrasound’s effect on cost-effectiveness has occurred in a piecemeal fashion. The aim of this review is to evaluate the available evidence regarding whether ultrasound is cost-effective for evaluation of blunt trauma patients, and what factors may affect its cost-effectiveness.
History and Physical Exam of Acute Limb Ischemia

Acute limb ischemia occurs when there is a sudden arterial occlusion resulting in an abrupt cessation of flow to an extremity. Acute limb ischemia is a surgical emergency mandating urgent extremity revascularization to avoid the need for amputation. The potential sources of acute limb ischemia are: 1. Arterial embolus 2. In situ arterial thrombosis in the setting of advanced chronic arterial occlusive disease 3. Acute occlusion of previous vascular reconstruction 4. Peripheral artery aneurysm with distal embolization or thrombosis 5. Major arterial trauma
Florida Sleeve Procedure Is Durable and Improves Aortic Valve Function in Marfan Syndrome Patients

Background The Florida sleeve (FS) procedure was developed as a simplified approach for repair of functional type I aortic insufficiency secondary to aortic root aneurysm. We evaluated postoperative aortic valve function, long-term survival, and freedom from reoperation in Marfan syndrome patients who underwent the FS procedure at our center. Methods All Marfan syndrome patients undergoing FS procedure from May 2002 to December 2014 were included. Echocardiography assessment included left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), ejection fraction, and degree of aortic insufficiency (none = 0, minimal = 1, mild = 2, moderate = 3, severe = 4). Social Security Death Index and primary care physicians' report were used for long-term follow-up. Results Thirty-seven Marfan syndrome patients, 21 (56.8%) men and 16 (43%) women with mean age of 35.08 ± 13.45 years underwent FL repair at our center. There was no in-hospital or 30-day death or stroke. Two patients required reoperation due to bleeding. Patients' survival rate was 94% at 1 to 8 years. Freedom from reoperation was 100% at 8 years. Twenty-five patients had postoperative follow-up echocardiography at 1 week. Aortic insufficiency grade significantly decreased after the procedure (preoperative mean ± SD: 1.76 ± 1.2 versus 1-week postoperative mean ± SD: 0.48 ± 0.71, p p = 0.086). Changes in LVESD (35.33 ± 9.97 mm to 36.58 ± 9.82 mm, p = 0.58) and ejection fraction (57.65% ± 6.22% to 55% ± 10.83%, p = 0.31) were not significant. Conclusions The FS procedure can be performed safely in Marfan syndrome patients with immediate improvement in aortic valve function. Long-term survival and freedom from reoperation rates are encouraging.
Book Review: Amazonite: Mineralogy, Crystal Chemistry, and Typomorphism

Book Review: Amazonite: Mineralogy, Crystal Chemistry, and Typomorphism. (2016) By Mikhail Ostrooumov. Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0-1280-3721-8, 228 p. $120. This new book is a translation of the original Russian language edition, which the author Mikhail Ostrooumov published in 2008 together with his colleagues A. Platonov and V. Popov (Ostrooumov et al. 2008). The Russian version was based on a precursor volume, which became a bibliographic rarity shortly after its publication in 1989 (Vochmentzev et al. 1989). The 2008 version, and the English translation reviewed here, expand upon the 1989 edition of the monograph by including subsequent research results, making corrections, and by adding more recent references. The book is dedicated to amazonite, a variety of potassium feldspar that, due to its distinct colors, has intrigued humans since antiquity, as has been noted by the renowned mineralogist Alexander Fersman. The recent discovery of Neolithic, and possibly even older, amazonite beads in archeological sites in Israel (Bar-Yosef Mayer and Porat 2008) highlights the fascination with this green, greenish-blue, or blue mineral. At that time (10 500–8200 B.P.), i.e., during the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture in the Near East, the earliest farmers had to make great efforts at obtaining the raw materials from far-away places. It is clear why this variety of potassium feldspar presents …
Motivating the Kidney Disease Patient to Nutrition Adherence and Other Healthy Lifestyle Activities

Patients with kidney disease must implement and sustain nutritional and other lifestyle changes and adhere to prescribed medical treatments to best manage their health. An important strategy for healthcare providers to promote these activities is to activate the patients’ motivation for behavior change. This chapter describes an approach for talking with patients, called motivational interviewing (MI), to achieve this purpose. MI is an evidence-based practice that is widely used in healthcare settings to counsel patients with chronic diseases. This chapter describes what MI is and is not, its basic principles and techniques, empirical support, published applications of MI for improving kidney disease patients’ self-management, how to learn MI, dissemination of the approach, and future research directions for studying MI for use with kidney disease patients. Research is needed to determine the efficacy of MI for the promotion of self-management among patients with kidney disease and to develop innovative ways to train busy healthcare providers in the approach.
Brand Personality Self-Congruity and the Product Life Cycle: Assessment of Behavioral Intentions Toward Tourism Destinations: An Abstract

Previous studies have assessed the effects of brand personality in various product categories (Freling & Forbes, 2005; Lin 2010), including tourism destinations (Bekk et al., 2016; Ekinci & Hosany, 2006). However, no known research has examined the effects of brand personality self-congruency on consumers in the context of destination brands across different stages of the product life cycle (PLC). The consideration of brands’ life cycle positions is critical for marketing strategy to maintain the desired brand recognition, given the relationship between product evolution and performance in the market (Lau, 2014; Shankar et al., 1999). Therefore, this research investigated the role of brand personality self-congruency in predicting behavioral intentions toward tourism destinations, considering two different positions in the PLC (introductory vs. maturity). The study also examined the effects of social needs (Sheth et al., 1991) and venturesomeness (Plog, 2002), a psychographic construct from the travel and tourism literature.
Compositional effects on the ignition and combustion of low octane fuels under diesel conditions

Abstract The amount of non-paraffinic components is directly associated with fuel sensitivity (S), which is an important property for using low-octane and low-cetane fuels in direct injection engines. In this paper, we examine the effects of S and RON (research octane number) on the ignition and combustion behavior of naphtha fuel surrogates in homogeneous mixtures and diesel sprays. Two binary blends (PRF70 and PRF80) and four ternary blends (TPRF70-a, TPRF70-b, TPRF80-a, TPRF80-b), with varying amounts of iso-octane, n-heptane and toluene, are considered. Simulations are performed using a reaction mechanism with 109 species and 543 reactions. The mechanism is validated against the shock tube and rapid compression machine ignition data, and non-reacting spray data. Ignition simulations in homogeneous mixtures are performed using CHEMKIN-Pro for temperature range of 625–1250 K, equivalence range of ɸ = 0.5–2.0, and pressure of 55 bar. The study is then extended to examine the transient ignition and flame structure in liquid fuel sprays in a constant-volume combustion vessel using the CFD software CONVERGE. Results indicate that the temperature dependence of ignition characteristics in both homogeneous mixtures and sprays is strongly influenced by fuel sensitivity. In particular, it affects the NTC behavior and temperature dependence of the 1st and 2nd stage ignition processes. The ignition kernel structure in sprays is also strongly modified by fuel sensitivity, as the ignition kernel in ternary sprays involves richer mixtures, while that in binary sprays contains near stoichiometric mixtures. Consequently, the spray flame structure is also modified by fuel sensitivity. While the spray flame is characterized by partially premixed combustion involving a lean premixed zone (LPZ), a rich premixed zone (RPZ), and a nonpremixed zone (NPZ), the effect of sensitivity is to enhance the relative contribution of RPZ compared to those of NPZ and LPZ. In addition, due to enhanced ignitability, the flame in ternary sprays is located closer to the injector compared to that in binary sprays. The effect of higher RON is to increase the ignition delay time. Consequently, the ignition kernel involves relatively leaner mixtures, and the flame structure is characterized by increased contributions from LPZ compared to RPZ, and the flame liftoff length is increased. Increasing the initial reactor temperature has the opposite effect. A sensitivity analysis is performed to identify reactions that characterize the reduced and enhanced ignitability of ternary blends at low and high temperatures, respectively.
Should Science Survive Its Success

If we could project ourselves briefly back to the year 1600, and take a look at the shape of the world and those things which we might identify as the proto-sciences of the day, and if we were to attempt to predict from them the shape that science would take, I suspect that we would be hard pressed to know which elements to include and which to exclude. Would science look like the world that Giordano Bruno had created, the world that Paracelsus had created, or the world that the alchemists and hermetic philosophers had created? Would the believers in magic, miracle, and ritual continue to deal with natural phenomena and the natural world? For in the year 1600 these outlooks stood side by side with an emergent rationalism linked to emergent empiricism. It would be very hard to say in 1600 that the die was cast and that a way of knowing and dealing with nature was clear. It certainly was not at all clear what the scientific way of knowing and acting would be, and what limits on knowledge would be imposed and which would be forgotten.