cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydroxamic acids III: Kinetics of acetohydroxamic acid formation from ethyl acetate

At pH 9.5, 40°, ethyl acetate simultaneously undergoes hydrolysis and hydroxyaminolysis to yield acetic acid and acetohydroxamic acid (N-hydroxyacetamide), respectively. The pseudo first-order rate constants for the overall reaction have been calculated from data based on the colorimetric determination of the hydroxamic acid-iron complex and by the pH-stat method. Yields of both products have been determined. Both O- and N-attack by NH2OH on ethyl acetate has been postulated to explain the observed reaction yields. In the case of the O-attack the resulting O-acetylhydroxylamine is a reactive intermediate which undergoes further hydrolysis and hydroxyaminolysis to yield acetic acid and acetohydroxamic acid, respectively.
An investigation of transmethylation from N1-methylnicotinamide.

SummaryN1-methylnicotinamide labeled in the methyl group with deuterium was fed to two rats for 6 days. Analysis of the body choline and creatine of these rats for deuterium showed that there was no detectable transmethylation from N1-methylnicotinamide to choline or creatine during this period.
A slow NMDA-mediated synaptic potential underlies seizures originating from midbrain.

Abstract After bath-perfusion with γ-aminobutyric acid antagonists, slices of the rat's colliculus were studied electrophysiologically. Synchronized epileptiform events were found to occur. The most prominent intracellular event was a sustained 30 mV depolarization which was pharmacologically and electrophysiologically characterized as anN-methyl- d -aspartate-mediated event. We propose that elicitation of this slow synaptic potential is the a priori basis of seizures arising in this midbrain nucleus.
Unoccupied surface states of (1×1) Sb overlayers on GaAs(110) and InP(110)

Unoccupied electronic states of an ordered (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) Sb overlayer on cleaved GaAs(110) and InP(110) surfaces are studied by angle-resolved inverse photoemission. A well-ordered overlayer is obtained by thermal annealing after room-temperature deposition of Sb onto freshly cleaved surfaces. At \ensuremath{\Gamma}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} we observe a clearly resolved Sb-derived surface resonance at 2.1 eV above the valence-band maximum for GaAs as well as for InP. An upward dispersion of the Sb state of 0.2 eV is found towards X\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}.
Continuous improvement framework: implications for academia

Purpose – To analyze the main elements of continuous improvement (CI) in higher education and the concerns of academia's stakeholders in the implementation of such an approach. Suggests guidelines for the development of a culture more receptive to the implementation and maintenance of a CI approach in higher education.Design/methodology/approach – A review of published literature (1982‐2004) facilitates identification of elements of CI, and concerns of academia's stakeholders for the adoption of a CI approach in higher education. The reviewed sources are grouped into three major sections: the CI approach, implications of CI, and an illustrative example – EQUIS.Findings – The adoption of a CI approach in higher education requires not only upper administration commitment, but also uncovering the current underlying culture and examining the appropriateness of the objectives to adopt CI. A culture of a long‐term commitment to CI implies engaging the administrative and academic systems and all the stakeholders...
Nanoscale morphologies at alloyed and irradiated metal-oxide bilayers

Individually, alloying and ion irradiation are two avenues for modifying the chemical and phase structure at solid-state interfaces. Both can lead to the phenomena of alloying, intermixing, and, when combined, radiation-induced elemental redistribution. Thus, understanding how each independently influences the structure of interfaces provides insight into the chemical morphologies at the interface, the possible formation of secondary phases, and the basic mechanisms necessary for understanding alloying. Within the analytical framework provided by electron microscopy, we study changes in structure and chemistry in connection with the formation of composite layered interfaces following alloying and ion irradiation at metal-oxide interfaces. In particular, the chemical evolutions of as-deposited Fe/Cr and irradiated Fe thin films on $$\hbox {TiO}_{2}$$ are characterized to reveal structural and chemical changes associated with physical interactions induced by either alloying or irradiation. The results of the study conclude by comparing the effects of alloying with radiation-induced intermixing. We find that the extent of Fe intermixing into the $$\hbox {TiO}_{2}$$ substrate is similar for both irradiated and alloyed films, indicating that both can lead to the formation of similar complex nanoscale morphologies at the interface. Our results highlight the complex and competing phenomena that dictate the structure and chemistry at these interfaces.
Power in the Southern Cone Borderlands: An Anthropology of Development Practice

Power in the Southern Cone Borderlands: An Anthropology of Development Practice. Carmen A. Ferradas. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 1998. ix. 226 pp., illustrations, maps, references, index.
Charting: Chaos theory in disguise?

The primary hypothesis of this article is that technical modeling methods may represent crude but useful ways of exploring nonlinear qualities in data. More specifically, it is proposed that graphical technical analysis may be restated in terms of attractors and strange attractors. Further, it is suggested that technical analysis methods may allow prediction on systems of higher dimension than nonlinear methods do at this time. An objective algorithm that identifies technical patterns is applied to highdimension nonlinear data, and provides support for the primary hypothesis. This article is distinguished from previous studies in that (a) a specific linkage/equivalence between technical analysis and nonlinear forecasting is proposed, and (b) statistically significant evidence in support of this specific linkage/equivalence is presented. If this link is valid, it has important implications for the future study of technical and nonlinear analysis, which should be studied jointly, and also suggests that other disciplines applying nonlinear analysis might benefit from applying technical methods.
Age-related differences in early novelty processing: Using PCA to parse the overlapping anterior P2 and N2 components

Previous work demonstrated age-associated increases in the anterior P2 and age-related decreases in the anterior N2 in response to novel stimuli. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine if the inverse relationship between these components was due to their temporal and spatial overlap. PCA revealed an early anterior P2, sensitive to task relevance, and a late anterior P2, responsive to novelty, both exhibiting age-related amplitude increases. A PCA factor representing the anterior N2, sensitive to novelty, exhibited age-related amplitude decreases. The late P2 and N2 to novels inversely correlated. Larger late P2 amplitude to novels was associated with better behavioral performance. Age-related differences in the anterior P2 and N2 to novel stimuli likely represent age-associated changes in independent cognitive operations. Enhanced anterior P2 activity (indexing augmentation in motivational salience) may be a compensatory mechanism for diminished anterior N2 activity (indexing reduced ability of older adults to process ambiguous representations).
Unveiling structural properties of self-assembled quantum dots

A better understanding of structural properties and growth kinetics of Stranski-Krastanov (SK) quantum dots is necessary for applying dot potential in optical and electronic applications. In fact, We have recently demonstrated theoretically and experimentally, the ability of reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) tool in quantitative analysis such as extracting average dot size, facet orientation and average dot density and real time monitoring of dot size during growth .As an extended study, in this work for the first time we present the experimental evidence on onset epitaxial quantum dot average shape evolution and theoretical predictions on QD facet orientations.
Constitutionalist Political Science: Rediscovering Storing’s Philosophical Moderation

AbstractIn an era concerned with dysfunction in American politics, polarization, and the relevance of academia for ameliorating these problems, the fiftieth anniversary of a debate about American political science permits rediscovery of the philosophical balance and breadth of Herbert Storing. His constitutionalist political science embodied a broad conception of American principles that emphasized founding debates and their continuing echoes in policies and thought, as well as a post-Progressive appreciation for assessing ends and enduring truths of free government. Storing’s science anticipates, but contrasts favorably with, the narrower methodological pluralism of the recent Perestroika movement; it developed a philosophical moderation that analyzed alternatives and extremes in both ideas and politics but appreciated intellectual and political blending that sought higher middle grounds; and it focused on leadership or statesmanship in a way that addresses worries over dysfunction, a leadership crisis, ...
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-anionic surfactant interactions in aqueous systems

The increase in the viscosity of an aqueous solution or gel of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) in the presence of an anionic surfactant is attributed to a two-step process: (a) the surfactant undergoes ion–dipole interaction with the ethereal oxygen in HPMC, in the absence or presence of water, and (b) hydrocarbon moieties in the now pendant surfactant molecules undergo hydrophobic bonding, in the presence of water, resulting in an apparent increase in the molecular weight of the HPMC. DSC of dry blends and dried gels or films confirmed HPMC–sodium lauryl sulfate interaction. Work-to-break measurements on films cast from aqueous solutions of HPMC, in the absence or presence of anionic surfactants, indicated an apparent increase in the molecular weight of HPMC in the presence of surfactants.
Chest roentgenograms in diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the aorta. Observer variation in interpretation.

A significant p value is not always a good measure of the clinical value of a diagnostic test. By examining interobserver agreement with respect to chest roentgenogram interpretation, we determined which of seven roentgenographic signs statistically associated with traumatic rupture of the aorta (TRA) are most likely to be useful in clinical practice. Four surgeons and two radiologists were asked to interpret individually, in blinded fashion, the initial chest films of 149 trauma patients who had undergone aortography to rule out TRA. Agreement between all observers, as well as between specialty groups, was examined by chi-square and by calculation of Cohen's kappa statistic, which estimates the extent of agreement. Statistically significant agreement (p = .0000) was found between all observers with regard to mediastinal widening and obscuration of the aortic knob, but other comparisons showed no better than random agreement. Of the seven roentgenographic signs associated with TRA, identification of mediastinal widening and obscuration of the aortic knob show the most consistent interobserver agreement and are the most likely to be useful in clinical practice.
Thermal conduction across neutron star crusts and cooling of young neutron stars

Abstract We calculate thermal conduction times in the crust and core of a neutron star and find that for certain neutron star models the surface remains thermally isolated from the core at initial times. The surface temperature of a few hundred year old neutron star in these models can be insensitive to the presence of a pion-condensed core and might well be within the limits of observability of the HEAO satellite which can help to distinguish between different neutron star models.
Modifications to formant tracking algorithm of april 1974

This correspondence describes an improved version of the linear prediction formant tracking algorithm which was described in [1]. The new algorithm, like the original one, applies continuity constraints and branches out from an anchor point in the middle of each vowel. The changes are that the initial estimates for the formant frequencies at the anchor are determined more carefully, and that the option of choosing a new anchor point near the original one is allowed if the original one caused problems.
The Response of a Panoramic Receiver to CW and Pulse Signals

An analysis of the response of a panoramic receiver to cw and pulse signals is presented. The receiver's response is studied quantitatively as a function of the parameters: signal-pulse length and frequency, receiver bandwidth, sweep-rate, and type of IF amplifier. The effect of these parameters on the relative output amplitude, output pulse width, and apparent bandwidth is emphasized. Two specific cases are considered. An electronic differential analyzer is used to study the response of a receiver with a single-tuned IF amplifier to pulses having rectangular envelopes. Theoretically the response of a receiver with a Gaussian shaped IF pass-band to pulses having Gaussian envelopes is derived. This answer is given in closed form. The agreement between these two cases justifies the application of the Gaussian case to most practical design problems.
Changes in quality-of-life scores in a population of patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Background : Quality of life levels fluctuate depending on treatment type and at various points throughout treatment. In patients with advanced head and neck cancer, quality of life is thought to be treatment dependent. The purpose of this study is to compare levels of patients self-reported quality of life across treatment. Patients and Methods : Preliminary data presented here are based on 24 patients enrolled so far in an experimental organ-preservation protocol. The two treatment groups consist of one group treated with chemotherapy (paclitaxel and carboplatin) followed by radiation therapy and the second group which is treated with chemotherapy (paclitaxel and carboplatin) followed by surgery and postoperative radiation. Data is collected pretreatment and at uniform points throughout the course of treatment. Results : Preliminary results suggest that quality of life is significantly higher in the nonsurgical group than in the surgical group at the last treatment point reported. Social distress/avoidance is also lower in the nonsurgical group. Because of the small number of patients represented in this study, results should be interpreted with caution and should be viewed as descriptive at this juncture. Conclusion : Quality of life seems to be preserved in patients who experience less invasive and disfiguring treatment, and who also have compromised eating and communication abilities. Data collection in this study is ongoing.
U^Th dating of single zircons from young granitoid xenoliths: new tools for understanding volcanic processes

Abstract Multiple U–Th isotopic analyses of individual zircon crystals by ion microprobe define isochrons that discriminate between different crystallization ages of granitoid xenoliths in lavas erupted 1065 and 2000 years ago from Medicine Lake volcano, CA, USA. Zircon ages indicate at least two intrusive episodes, ∼25 and ∼90 ka, at times when silicic volcanism was rare, but basaltic volcanism was prevalent. Ar–Ar spectra require that the granitoids were completely crystalline thousands of years prior to their mobilization and eruption. These techniques demonstrate that individual zircon crystals can form rapidly enough to provide unique U–Th ages, and allow dating of
Spin-Wave Evolution Crossing from the Ferromagnetic to Spin-Glass Regime of Fe x Cr 1 − x

Inelastic-neutron-scattering studies on ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{Cr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ for $x=0.34 \mathrm{and} 0.26$ reveal well-defined spin-wave excitations in the ferromagnetic regime and show a significant decrease of the spin-wave stiffness as the temperature is lowered towards the mictomagnetic or spin-glass regime. Within the spin-glass phase, no well-defined excitations are seen, but an intense quasielastic peak is observed.
Racial Trauma in the Lives of Black Children and Adolescents: Challenges and Clinical Implications

Despite continued efforts, racial trauma receives limited clinical attention within the field of psychology and social sciences. Consequently, racial trauma in the lives of Black children and adolescents is rarely, if ever, acknowledged by researchers, scholars, and practitioners. Schools, a common context for Black youths, are a consistent source of individual and systemic experiences of racism for Black youths. The authors use a developmental perspective to discuss the assessment and treatment of Black children and adolescents who inevitably experience racial trauma in their lives. The complexity of racial trauma is illustrated using case examples. Providers are encouraged to recognize the importance of assessment models and treatment interventions that incorporate the racial experiences of Black youths as an essential component of treatment.
PARAMETERS AFFECTING LAMELLAR FORMATIONS IN ER FLUIDS: AN ALTERNATIVE MODEL FOR ER ACTIVITY

Under static conditions, ER suspensions form columns under electric field. However under the combined stimulii of a shear and electric field, the particles assemble into lamellar structures. The morphology of these structures are complex functions of electric field, shear rate, time of shear, electrode gap, particle concentration, and others. In this paper we present information regarding the field dependence, the concentration dependence, and the sequence of application of the electric and shear fields. A alternative model for ER activity, other than chain breaking, is presented which incorporates this lamellar texture.
Prisoners of liberation: A psychoanalytic perspective on disenchantment and burnout among career women lawyers

Using a psychoanalytic perspective, this article addresses the roots and treatment of disillusionment and incipient burnout in female corporate lawyers. It suggests that one of the primary issues that needs to be addressed in therapy with this group is the tendency to be self-punishing, a characteristic that often may be traced back to insensitive parenting. This formulation, combined with the penchant of law firms to regard as “good and expected” the inclination of their workers (especially women) to work without respite and with little regard for their own needs, places individuals at high risk for burnout. A case example is used to illustrate this phenomenon. It is concluded that whereas psychoanalytic treatment greatly may help overstressed professionals, society at large must address the values that foster the attitude of high career achievement at any cost. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 56: 665–673, 2000.
Evaluating cognitive and motivational accounts of greater reinforcement effects among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is associated with cognitive deficits and dysregulated motivation. Reinforcement improves cognitive performance, often to a greater degree among children with ADHD compared to typically-developing controls. The current study tests the degree to which cognitive (individual differences in baseline cognition) and/or motivational (individual differences in Sensitivity to Reward; SR) processes can account for diagnostic group differences in reinforcement effects. Participants were 58 children (25 ADHD, 33 control) ages 9-12. Children completed measures of inhibitory control (Stop Signal Task), working memory (n-back), and sustained attention (Continuous Performance Task) during a baseline week and again one week later under reinforcement and no-reinforcement conditions; composites were computed across cognitive domains. Parent-and child-reported trait SR (SPSRQ; BIS/BAS) were combined to index a child’s response towards appetitive, rewarding stimuli. In separate analyses, diagnostic group, individual differences in baseline cognition, and individual differences in SR all moderated the impact of reinforcement on cognition. When considered together, the Diagnostic Group × Reinforcement and Baseline Cognition × Reinforcement interactions both remained robust. In contrast, neither the Diagnostic Group × Reinforcement nor the SR × Reinforcement interactions accounted for unique variance when evaluated together. Both baseline cognition and trait SR predict reinforcement effects on cognition, but only SR shares significant variance with diagnostic group. These results suggest that ADHD children’s greater response to reinforcement on cognition is strongly related to their heightened trait sensitivity to rewarding stimuli, consistent with motivational models of ADHD.
Impact of CO2-Induced Warming on Hurricane Intensities as Simulated in a Hurricane Model with Ocean Coupling

Abstract This study explores how a carbon dioxide (CO2) warming–induced enhancement of hurricane intensity could be altered by the inclusion of hurricane–ocean coupling. Simulations are performed using a coupled version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory hurricane prediction system in an idealized setting with highly simplified background flow fields. The large-scale atmospheric boundary conditions for these high-resolution experiments (atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles and SSTs) are derived from control and high-CO2 climatologies obtained from a low-resolution (R30) global coupled ocean–atmosphere climate model. The high-CO2 conditions are obtained from years 71–120 of a transient +1% yr−1 CO2-increase experiment with the global model. The CO2-induced SST changes from the global climate model range from +2.2° to +2.7°C in the six tropical storm basins studied. In the storm simulations, ocean coupling significantly reduces the intensity of simulated tropical cyclones, in accord with ...
Tri-band notched ultra-wideband antenna using capacitively loaded loops (CLLs)

Ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems have become an attractive wireless topic since the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) first approved in 2002 the rules for the 3.1 −10.6 GHz unlicensed band for commercial UWB communications utilization [1]. The high demands on such a communications system have stimulated research into many UWB antenna designs. Nonetheless, antenna designs for UWB applications face many challenges including their impedance matching, radiation stability, compact size, low manufacturing cost and electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems. The EMI problems are quite serious for UWB systems since there are several other existing narrowband services which occupy frequency bands within the designated UWB bandwidth. These include world interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) service from 3.3 to 3.6 GHz; wireless local area network (WLAN) services such as IEEE 802.11a in the USA (5.15 to 5.35 GHz, 5.725 to 5.825 GHz) and HIPERLAN/2 in Europe (5.15 to 5.35 GHz, 5.47 to 5.725 GHz); and satellite services near 8 GHz. To avoid the interference with these coexisting systems, a UWB antenna which has intrinsic filtering properties at such service frequencies is necessary to mitigate the potential interferences. It is highly desirable for them to be intrinsically handled rather than through an external band-stop filter device to minimize the footprint of the antenna system, the signal processing requirements, and the cost.
Security mechanisms, attacks and security enhancements for the IEEE 802.11 WLANs

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protocol was adopted to protect authorised users from unauthorised access and eavesdropping in the IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs. It has been proven that the WEP protocol fails to provide data confidentiality and authentication. This paper first introduces the WEP as well as all kinds of attacks. Then, two approaches to enhance the WEP are proposed to overcome some known vulnerabilities and thus to provide better data confidentiality and authentication. Finally, simulation methodology is presented and simulation results are provided. Our studies show that the proposed enhancements provide better data confidentiality with some degree of computing cost as the trade-off.
Safe interdomain routing under diverse commercial agreements

Commercial agreements drive the routing policies used in today's Internet. The two most extensively studied commercial agreements are transit and peering; however, they are only two of many diverse and continuously evolving commercial agreements that ISPs enter into. So far, the only known practical safe and robust routing policy is Gao and Rexford's policy guideline, which is applicable to transit and peering agreements only. It is, therefore, of importance to identify routing policies that are safe and robust and, at the same time, capable of accommodating the diverse commercial agreements existing in the Internet. In particular, this paper investigates the extent to which routing policies can be devised to accommodate complex mutual transit agreements. We propose a series of policy guidelines that allow mutual transit agreements with progressively broader semantics to be established. Those policy guidelines guarantee routing safety and robustness as long as the autonomous system (AS) graph satisfies a corresponding set of precise topological constraints. An experimental evaluation of the proposed policy guidelines demonstrates the benefits they would likely afford in terms of routing reliability if adopted in the current Internet.
The Relationship between Self-Management and Glycemic Control in a Cohort of Children with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Aim: Self-management of diabetes improves glycemic control. The development of a quick, objective questionnaire in the clinic setting may provide data to the clinician caring for the patient in overall evaluation. Objective: We developed a 23 question tool (clinic preparedness score) and administered it to type 1 and 2 (T1DM & T2DM) diabetes patients. Clinicians of patients were surveyed to determine their perception of adherence by patients. A total of 350 T1DM patients and families and 137 T2DM families were administered the questionnaire. Additionally, HbA1C was correlated to the various parameters that are related to improved glycemic control such as having a meter, carrying glucose tablets for hypoglycemia, and downloading/ writing blood sugars in log book in T1DM and T2DM. Results: T1DM subjects had a lower HbA1C with better clinic preparedness (8.2 ± 1.3 vs. 9.4 ± 1.9%) However, this did not hold true for T2DM (p NS). If T1DM subjects adjusted their insulin dose and reported that their parent was involved they had better HbA1C than those that did not change insulin dose and if parent was uninvolved in the care. Clinicians of patients were able to accurately predict that appropriate dose adjustments resulted in good glycemic control. Conclusions: Pediatric T2DM adherence measures do not mirror similar characteristics of T1DM in childhood. The variability in glucose monitoring, medication and insulin administration may affect T2DM differently than T1DM.
Predicting Extreme Returns and Portfolio Management Implications

We consider which readily observable characteristics of individual stocks (e.g., option implied volatility, accounting data, analyst data) may be used to forecast subsequent extreme price movements. We are the first to explicitly consider the predictive influence of option implied volatility in such a framework, which we unsurprisingly find to be an important indicator of future extreme price movements. However, after controlling for implied volatility levels, other factors, particularly firm age and size, still have additional predictive power of extreme future returns. Furthermore, excluding predicted extreme return stocks leads to a portfolio that has lower risk (standard deviation of returns) without sacrificing performance.
A Self Commutated Power Converter for Stabilizing Torsional Interactions

A recently proposed method of counteracting torsional interactions referred to as transmission current feedback involves the measurement of the transmission system currents from which the subsynchronous components that produce torsional interactions are extracted. Once extracted, these are suitably amplified by a power converter and injected into the generator bus of the affected steam turbine so as to cancel the original subsynchronous components which would otherwise produce torsional interactions. In this paper, a power converter capable of supplying the required subsynchronous currents is described. An analytic model relating the converter output currents to its controlling variables is derived and a suitable control strategy is formulated. A detailed hybrid computer simulation of the converter is used to verify the accuracy of the analytic representation of the converter and the effectiveness of the control strategy.
Measuring the value of treatment to patients: patient-reported outcomes in drug development

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) can be important measures of the impact and value of new drug treatments to patients. Recently, both multisector stakeholder groups and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have carefully considered and issued guidance on best practices for the use of PROs in measuring treatment impact. When best practices are followed and PRO data are appropriately included in drug development strategy and clinical trials, these data can be part of the evidence submitted for drug approval and included in drug labeling. One study showed that PRO data were included in 30% of a sample of new drug labels and were more concentrated in certain therapeutic areas, such as anti-inflammatory agents, vaccines, gastrointestinal agents, and respiratory and urologic agents. PRO data included in labeling, or generated in a similar scientific manner, may often then be used in other communication vehicles, such as formulary submission dossiers, journal or direct-to-consumer advertisements, publications, or continuing medical education. Meaningful and reliable PRO results regarding the effects of new treatments on how patients feel and function provide useful information to those who must make decisions about the availability and utilization of such treatments.
Analysis of a 1060-nm Nd:SiO/sub 2/ superfluorescent fiber laser

This CW source is made of a single-mode Nd-doped silica fiber end-pumped near 830 nm by a dye laser, with a thin high reflector placed against its input end for enhanced conversion. At the maximum output power of 13 mW, obtained with a pump power of 75 mW, the emission linewidth is still as broad as 16 nm, and the pump-to-signal conversion efficiency approaches the quantum limit of 78%. A simple model of superfluorescence in fibers, which relates the source emission characteristics to the fiber single-pass gain, is also presented. The single-pass gain, measured to be 0.27 dB/mW, was used to fit the model to the data. A good agreement is found for the nonlinear output versus input power curves of the sources, but it appears that the emission linewidth does not narrow with increasing pump power as fast as expected. Based on these results and an existing model of gain in single-mode fibers, it is suggested that simple improvements in the fiber design may reduce the pump requirement of this source and make laser-diode pumping possible. >
Chronic Reactive Airway Disease following Acute Chlorine Gas Exposure in an Asymptomatic Atopic Patient

While chlorine gas inhalation has previously been reported to cause temporary mucous membrane irritation, acute pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and transient ***bronchospasm, there is controversy about the existence of long-term pulmonary sequelae. We report the case of a 25-year-old man in whom chronic, recurrent asthma developed after exposure to a chlorine gas leak in an enclosed space. His course since the exposure has been notable for frequent exacerbations necessitating chronic corticosteroid therapy and multiple hospitalizations. To our knowledge, the persistence of symptoms years after the exposure is unique in the literature. (Chest 1991; 100:855-56)
Calcium Signaling: A Meeting of the Minds

STKE introduces a new feature called an "E-conference" within the Forums section of the site. The current E-conference is titled "Defining Calcium Entry Signals." With the outstanding assistance of conference chairs Don Gill and Randen Patterson, we have enlisted a group of leading experts on receptor-induced calcium entry signals to participate in a "virtual conference" at STKE. The E-conference is designed to focus upon current understanding on the function, control, and role of calcium entry signals in mammalian cells. One central question to be addressed is how calcium entry channels are activated in response to depletion of calcium from stores. Likewise, it is critical to know which channels contribute to such calcium entry. All STKE readers are encouraged to read the comments posted by the invited participants and to add their own comments and questions to the ongoing discussion.
Gender does not influence acute myocardial infarction in adult dogs

Abstract Mechanisms responsible for the well-documented "protection" against myocardial ischemia and infarction in young women and subsequent loss of protection after menopause remain speculative. One possibility is that gender-related variables (such as endogenous hormone levels or regular loss of stored iron) alter the susceptibility of the heart to ischemia: if so, then premenopausal women when compared with men may manifest endogenous protection against acute myocardial ischemic injury. Using the canine model we therefore sought to determine whether gender influences acute myocardial ischemia and infarction. Retrospective analysis was performed on data compiled from 60 mature adult dogs subjected to 1 hour of coronary artery occlusion and ≥4 hours of reperfusion. We first compared the incidence of lethal ventricular fibrillation in the male and female cohorts and then for survivors compared collateral blood flow during coronary occlusion (by injection of radioactive microspheres), infarct size (assessed by tetrazolium staining and expressed as a percentage of the myocardium at risk), and regional wall motion (by somomicrometry) in the infarct-related area. The incidence of lethal ventricular fibrillation was 23% in the male dogs and 19% in the female dogs ( p = 0.70, difference not significant). For survivors, the area at risk of infarction was comparable in males and females (23 ± 2% and 22% ± 1% of the total left ventricular weight), and the groups were equally ischemic during coronary occlusion, with collateral blood flow to the ischemic subendocardium averaging 0.05 ± 0.02 and 0.07 ± 0.01 ml/min/g tissue. There was no difference in infarct size between the two cohorts: area of necrosis was 17% ± 6% and 18% ± 3% of the myocardium at risk in the males and females, respectively. In addition, the groups were equally dyskinetic during occlusion and equally hypokinetic after reperfusion. We conclude that gender does not influence acute myocardial ischemia and infarction in the canine model.
Effects of Yb:Er-codoping on suppressing self-pulsing in Er-doped fiber lasers

The effective pump rate for Er-doped fibers by using Yb codoping is analyzed. We show that the level of the pump power required to suppress the ion-pair induced self-pulsing in Er-doped fiber lasers can be significantly decreased by using Yb:Er-codoped fibers due to the increased effective pump rate. Our results show the potentiality of developing stable single-frequency or high-repetition-rate mode-locked fiber lasers by using high-gain Yb:Er-codoped fibers with laser diodes as pump sources.
Hand involvement in schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia

Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (Schmid MCD, MIM 156500) is caused by mutations in the COL10A1 gene and is clinically characterized by short stature, bowed legs, and a waddling gait. Radiographic findings include anterior cupping, sclerosis and splaying of the ribs, diffuse metaphyseal flaring, and irregularity that is most pronounced at the knees, coxa vara, and femoral bowing. We reviewed the radiographs of Schmid MCD patients at the International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry in Los Angeles for evidence of hand involvement. We found hand involvement in 47% (7/15) of cases included in our analysis. These changes were subtle and consisted of shortening of the tubular bones and metaphyseal cupping of the proximal phalanges and metacarpals. Mild hand involvement is a common feature of Schmid MCD.
Studying intertextuality, discourse and narratives to conceptualize and contextualize online learning environments

To demonstrate how qualitative methods can be used to guide the planning of online learning within the cultural and intertextual milieu of the Internet, this project gives the data, methods and the results of the contextualization and conceptualization of an online learning environment. The learning environment addressed and invited people with cancer and their supporters to question circulating social and cultural discourses that shape and limit the experiences of and responses to cancer. Cancer‐related websites were analyzed in order to form understandings of how the learning environment would be situated amid similar websites. Four cancer support electronic mailing lists were studied for the types of narratives and discourses engaged with by people living with cancer and their supporters. The results of these two stages provided a basis with which to begin producing a website to support people living with cancer and their supporters in creating non‐linear, flexible, discursive spaces for rewriting soci...
Site potentials and valences in copper and silver oxides

Abstract Electrostatic potentials at atom sites have been calculated for a number of Cu and Ag oxides. It is shown that the potentials are approximately proportional to valence and may be used to determine valences in mixed-valence oxides. The data for Ag 3 O 4 are consistent with metallic behavior, and the data for Ba 2 YCu 3 O 7 suggest that holes may be in part localized on O atoms. The role of Ba and other large atoms in facilitating oxidation of O 2− by Cu(III) is identified. Valency fluctuations 2Cu(II) → Cu(I) + Cu(III) are found to be unlikely in oxides. The electron affinity of O − is reevaluated and a value of −7.7 eV suggested.
Taken Out of Context: Piecing Together College Guidance Information in Urban High Schools

Information and guidance about college is critical for students to pursue postsecondary education. However, students attending urban schools often have less information and less access to information about college pathways than their peers at wealthy suburban schools. High school counselors are a primary source of college guidance but little is known about the form and content of the information they provide. Based on analyses of participant observations and interviews with urban high school guidance counselors and students, this research investigated what types of college guidance information were offered to students and how that information was framed. The findings revealed that counselors emphasized facts about higher education and procedures involved in applying to colleges. However, this information was provided without the necessary context for interpreting it, as shown by: (1) mixed signals regarding high school performance and college standards, (2) missing pieces of information about grade point averages, and (3) communication barriers related to college admissions data. The incomplete academic framework hindered students in making effective use of college guidance and advancing along the path to college.
The Effect of Renal Neurotoxicity on Cognitive Development

Children and adolescents with dysfunctional kidneys are at risk of diminished cognitive functioning from the neurotoxic effects of chronic renal failure (CRF) and its treatment. The most severe cognitive impairment occurs when the onset of renal failure is during the first year of life and the duration of kidney dysfunction persists over a long period of time.1 Research studies link the developmental delays and neurological dysfunction seen in children with renal failure to four types of problems: 1) congenital defects and medical crises that cause both the renal failure and central nervous system disorders, 2) neurotoxicity caused by the failure of malfunctioning kidneys to maintain the normal balance of body chemistry, 3) the toxic side-effects of the treatment for renal failure, and 4) psychosocial and experiential deprivation during extensive hospitalization and severe illness. This chapter reviews the limited research on the causes and types of cognitive dysfunction common to children and adolescents with renal failure. The studies, while not conclusive, suggest methods for assessing and intervening to reduce the impact of cognitive dysfunction on the immediate and long-term demands on the developing child.
Entanglement entropy at holographic interfaces

In this note we calculate the holographic entanglement entropy in the presence of a conformal interface for a geometric conguration in which the entangling region A lies on one side of the interface. For the supersymmetric Janus solution we nd exact agreement between the holographic and CFT calculation of the entanglement entropy.
First line of defense: Innate cell-mediated control of pulmonary Aspergillosis

Mycotic infections and their effect on the human condition have been widely overlooked and poorly surveilled by many health organizations even though mortality rates have increased in recent years. The increased usage of immunosuppressive and myeloablative therapies for the treatment of malignant as well as non-malignant diseases has contributed significantly to the increased incidence of fungal infections. Invasive fungal infections have been found to be responsible for at least 1.5 million deaths worldwide. About 90% of these deaths can be attributed to Cryptococcus, Candida, Aspergillus, and Pneumocystis. A better understanding of how the host immune system contains fungal infection is likely to facilitate the development of much needed novel antifungal therapies. Innate cells are responsible for the rapid recognition and containment of fungal infections and have been found to play essential roles in defense against multiple fungal pathogens. In this review we summarize our current understanding of host-fungi interactions with a focus on mechanisms of innate cell-mediated recognition and control of pulmonary aspergillosis.
Sensitive and Selective Plasmon Ruler Nanosensors for Monitoring the Apoptotic Drug Response in Leukemia

Caspases are proteases involved in cell death, where caspase-3 is the chief executioner that produces an irreversible cutting event in downstream protein substrates and whose activity is desired in the management of cancer. To determine such activity in clinically relevant samples with high signal-to-noise, plasmon rulers are ideal because they are sensitively affected by their interparticle separation without ambiguity from photobleaching or blinking effects. A plasmon ruler is a noble metal nanoparticle pair, tethered in close proximity to one another via a biomolecule, that acts through dipole-dipole interactions and results in the light scattering to increase exponentially. In contrast, a sharp decrease in intensity is observed when the pair is confronted by a large interparticle distance. To align the mechanism of protease activity with building a sensor that can report a binary signal in the presence or absence of caspase-3, we present a caspase-3 selective plasmon ruler (C3SPR) composed of a pair of Zn0.4Fe2.6O4@SiO2@Au core-shell nanoparticles connected by a caspase-3 cleavage sequence. The dielectric core (Zn0.4Fe2.6O4@SiO2)-shell (Au) geometry provided a brighter scattering intensity versus solid Au nanoparticles, and the magnetic core additionally acted as a purification handle during the plasmon ruler assembly. By monitoring the decrease in light scattering intensity per plasmon ruler, we detected caspase-3 activity at single molecule resolution across a broad dynamic range. This was observed to be as low as 100 fM of recombinant material or 10 ng of total protein from cellular lysate. By thorough analyses of single molecule trajectories, we show caspase-3 activation in a drug-treated chronic myeloid leukemia (K562) cancer system as early as 4 and 8 h with greater sensitivity (2- and 4-fold, respectively) than conventional reagents. This study provides future implications for monitoring caspase-3 as a biomarker and efficacy of drugs.
Fibrous Dysplasia and Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw.

Purpose Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is an established side effect of intravenous bisphosphonates and other antiresorptive medications. Although bisphosphonates are frequently prescribed for patients with the skeletal disorder fibrous dysplasia (FD), there are no reports of ONJ in this population. This has led some to conclude that patients with FD are at low risk for the development of bisphosphonate-related ONJ. Patients and Methods Patients were evaluated as part of a longstanding FD natural history study at the National Institutes of Health. Results Of 76 patients with FD who were treated with bisphosphonates, 4 developed ONJ (5.4%). Three patients developed ONJ in areas of FD-affected bone and 1 in an area of normal bone. All 4 patients had features known to be associated with ONJ in the general population, including long-term high-dose intravenous bisphosphonate treatment, periodontal and endodontic infections, and dentoalveolar surgical procedures. Conclusions These cases establish ONJ as a potential complication of bisphosphonate treatment in patients with FD. The presence of established risk factors for ONJ in this group of patients with FD suggests that high-risk patients could be identified before the development of ONJ. Clinicians should use caution in prescribing bisphosphonates to patients with FD and should do so only for established indications.
Thermal Stability and Phase Transformation in Hfl-xCux Metallic Glasses

In this paper we report the difference in the structures, physical properties and thermal behaviors of two compositions of amorphous Hf-Cu. One (Hf50Cu50) is near the eutectic composition and the other (Hf67Cu33) corresponds to an intermetallic compound. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM, SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), electrical resistivity and high-angle X-ray diffraction have been used to study these glasses in detail. Amorphous Hf67Cu33 is structurally stable up to the crystallization temperature, while Hf50Cu50 undergoes a ductile to brittle transition associated with a chemical phase segregation at temperatures far below the glass transition. An anomalous behavior in the resistivity is associated with this phase transformation.
Start-up Control and Coordinated Control Strategy of 600 MWSupercritical Thermal Power Unit

The function and control of the 600 MW supercritical boiler's start-up system is presented.As an example,the inner separator with circulating pump of HG-1950/25.4-YM1 model is introduced.According to the commissioning experience of the 600 MW supercritical power unit,the control of the startup system and the coordinating control system(CCS) are analyzed involving the characteristics and strategy of the coordinating control system.In the end,some key points in the process of startup shutdown and normal operation of the supercritical unit are put forward.