cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyber-attacks on unmanned aerial system networks: Detection, countermeasure, and future research directions

Abstract For an unmanned aerial system (UAS) to operate successfully, it has to communicate reliably with different entities within its network. These entities include other aircraft and UAS, ground control stations, navigation satellite systems, and air traffic control systems. However, these systems are vulnerable to different cyber-attacks including message injection, message modification, jamming, and GPS spoofing. These attacks can mislead not only UAS and aircraft, but also pilots and air traffic controllers, leading potentially to collisions and human casualties. Over the last decade, a number of technological solutions for multiple UAS problems have been developed. Yet, few works related to UAS cybersecurity have been done. This paper provides an overview of UAS vulnerabilities, cyber-attacks, and the state-of-the-art in detection and countermeasure techniques. Attacks are classified according to their types and defense strategies for the most important attacks are discussed and compared.
A novel method for robust markerless tracking of rodent paws in 3D

Studying animal locomotion improves our understanding of motor control and aids in the treatment of motor impairment. Mice are a premier model of human disease and are the model system of choice for much of basic neuroscience. Placement of the tips of appendages, here paws, is typically critical for locomotion. Tracking paws from a video is difficult, however, due to frequent occlusions and collisions. We propose a method and provide software to track the paws of rodents. We use a superpixel-based method to segment the paws, direct linear transform to perform 3D reconstruction, a 3D Kalman filter (KF) to solve the matching problem and label paws across frames, and spline fits through time to resolve common collisions. The automated method was compared to manual tracking. The method had an average of 2.54 mistakes requiring manual correction per 1000 frames with a maximum of 5.29 possible errors while these values were estimates of the expected errors. We present an algorithm and its implementation to track the paws of running rodents. This algorithm can be applied to different animals as long as the tips of the legs can be differentiated from the background and other parts of the body using color features. The presented algorithm provides a robust tool for future studies in multiple fields, where precise quantification of locomotor behavior from a high-speed video is required. We further present a graphical user interface (GUI) to track, visualize, and edit the tracking data.
Evaluation of iso-α-acid and β-acid extracts from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) on fermentation by rumen microbes in dual-flow continuous culture fermenters

Abstract Hops (Humulus lupulus L.), primarily used in the brewing industry, have been shown to have bacteriostatic properties against Gram-positive bacteria. Active antimicrobial compounds contained within hop flowers include iso-α-acids (isohumulones) and β-acids (lupulones). Previous experiments have demonstrated effects of hop extracts on rumen fermentation in batch culture. The objective of this study was to determine the direct effects of iso-α-acids and β-acids on rumen fermentation in continuous culture fermenters. Two experiments were conducted using dual-flow continuous culture fermenters. Each experiment utilized eight fermenters in two consecutive 10 d periods. Within both experiments, the same basal diet consisting of 44 % corn silage, 14 % alfalfa hay, 13 % ground corn, 11 % protein mix, 10 % corn gluten feed, 5 % cottonseed and 3 % liquid vitamin and mineral supplements on a DM basis was provided to the fermenters at a rate of 75 g of DM/L of fermenter volume/day. In experiment 1, hop beta-extract was added daily to the artificial saliva buffer to supply 0 (CON), 600 (LOW), 1200 (MED), or 1800 (HIGH) mg of β-acids/kg of diet DM/day. In experiment 2, hop iso-α extract was provided to fermenters via the artificial saliva buffer to supply 0 (CON), 600 (LOW), 1200 (MED), or 1800 (HIGH) mg of iso-α-acids/kg of diet DM/day. Data in both experiments were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with experimental period serving as a block and all treatments equally represented within each block. Data were statistically analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS with a model including the fixed effects of experimental period (block), treatment, and the interaction of treatment and period. In experiment 1, mean and maximum fermentation pH increased (P = 0.005) linearly with increasing levels of beta extract inclusion. Additionally, time spent below pH 5.8 increased and time between pH 5.8 and 6.2 decreased (P = 0.007) linearly with greater beta extract inclusion (P = 0.08). However, beta extract did not affect DM, OM, NDF or ADF digestion. Furthermore, beta extract did not modify VFA production or N metabolism. In experiment 2, iso-alpha extract also increased average pH, and tended to increase time above pH 6.2. Iso-α extract did not affect DM, OM, NDF and ADF digestion, VFA production, or N metabolism. Results indicate that increasing the concentration of beta extract or iso-α extract increase rumen pH within continuous culture, but neither extract affects rumen nutrient digestion.
A Genetic Algorithm Model for Financial Asset Diversification

Machine learning models can produce balanced financial portfolios through a variety of methods. Genetic algorithms are one such method that can optimally combine different funds that may occupy a portfolio. This study introduces a genetic algorithm model that finds optimal combinations of funds for a portfolio through a new approach to fitness formula calculation. Each fund in a given population has a base fitness score consisting of the sum of several technical analysis indicators. Each indicator chosen measures a different performance aspect of a fund, allowing for a balanced fitness score. Additionally, each fund has multiple category variables that determine diversity when combined into a portfolio. The base fitness score for each portfolio is the sum of its funds’ individual fitness scores. Portfolio fitness scores adjust based on the included funds’ category variable diversity. Portfolios that consist of funds with largely similar categories receive lower adjusted fitness scores and do not cross over. This process encourages strong and diversified portfolios to reproduce. This model creates diverse portfolios that outperform market benchmarks and demonstrates future potential as a diversification-aware investment strategy.
Food and the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement: re-reading the 1962-1963 Greenwood Food Blockade

The relationship between food and the American civil rights movement is often storied within the context of lunch counter sit-ins. Yet, food not only functioned as a backdrop to protests and demons...
Impact of Central Sleep Apnea on the Cost of Heart Failure Readmissions

Background Central sleep apnea (CSA) has a high prevalence in hospitalized patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and is independently associated with increased readmissions in these patients. However, the economic impact of previously undiagnosed CSA on heart failure related readmissions remains poorly understood. Methods We used an established inception cohort of heart failure patients who had surveillance inpatient sleep testing (The OSU-Sleep Heart Program) during their hospitalization. Patients were followed up post-discharge and the number and cost of readmissions and vital status were tracked. Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) status was classified based on the sleep study into CSA, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or no SDB. The primary comparisons were between the CSA and no SDB groups. Results Between 2008 and 2012, 1547 consecutive patients admitted for heart failure underwent sleep studies during hospitalization. Of those, 438 patients had CSA and 393 had no SDB. The 3-month readmission rate was 33.6% for CSA and 20.4% with no SDB (p Conclusions Previously undiagnosed CSA is associated with increased readmissions in heart failure patients regardless of underlying ejection fraction. Furthermore, CSA was independently associated with increased cost of heart failure readmissions at both 3 months and 6 months. Patients with HF and CSA represent a high cost cohort of patients admitted for heart failure and can be considered a target population for potential readmission reduction interventions.
Summit on Exercise Collapse Associated with Sickle Cell Trait: Finding the "Way Ahead".

ABSTRACT Although largely benign, sickle cell trait (SCT) has been associated with exertion-related events, to include sudden death. In 2011, a summit on SCT introduced the term exercise collapse associated with SCT (ECAST). A series of ECAST deaths in military personnel in 2019 prompted reevaluation of current efforts and led to a second summit in October 2019 hosted by the Consortium for Health and Military Performance of the Uniformed Services University in Bethesda, MD. The goals were to (1) review current service policies on SCT screening, (2) develop draft procedural instructions for executing current policy on SCT within the Department of Defense, (3) develop draft clinical practice guidelines for management of ECAST, (4) establish a framework for education on SCT and ECAST, and (5) prepare a research agenda to address identified gaps.
A cautionary tale about the impact of AI on human design teams

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) offer opportunities for integrating AI into human design teams. Although various AIs have been developed to aid engineering design, the impact of AI usage on human design teams has received scant research attention. This research assesses the impact of a deep learning AI on distributed human design teams through a human subject study that includes an abrupt problem change. The results demonstrate that, for this study, the AI boosts the initial performance of low-performing teams before the problem change but always hurts the performance of high-performing teams. The potential reasons behind these results are discussed and several suggestions and warnings for utilizing AI in engineering design are provided.
Spirometry

Pulmonary function testing is useful for the diagnosis and management of a variety of pulmonary conditions, and the most commonly obtained component is spirometry. Spirometry is most useful in the evaluation of obstructive airway disorders but can be a helpful tool in the management of patients with chest restriction or mixed disease. The utility of spirometry depends on reproducibility, standardization, and quality of testing. Accurate interpretation of test results depends on the availability of reference equations applicable to the subject undergoing testing. This paper reviews basic concepts, testing procedures, and interpretation of a single set of spirometry results as well as results obtained over time and gives an overview of previously published reference equations.
Political heterogeneity, subjective optimism, and stock market outcomes

We demonstrate that political heterogeneity, proxied by the spread in subjective optimism between Democratic and Republican investors, affects stock market returns and volatility. Our intuition, dr...
Crime and Punishment in Gold Country: A Historical Case-Study

This article provides a historical snapshot of the criminal justice system as it operated in El Dorado County, California, between 1951 and 1961. It examines the relationships between various elements of the criminal justice system as well as the relationships between the system and the larger society. This paper portrays a criminal justice system that, on the whole, dealt with crimes as a parent might deal with a disobedient child: firmly, but not harshly.
Review of "Information and Liberation: Writings on the Politics of Information and Librarianship" by S. Durrani

This book is an organized collection of nearly 30 years of essays, articles, papers presented, book reviews, and other documents authored or coauthored by Kenyan-born librarian and political/social...
Mutations in Type I Procollagen Genes That Cause Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Recent data from several laboratories have demonstrated that most forms of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) are caused by mutations in one of the two structural genes for type I procollagen. Few, if any, are in the many other genes expressed in bone. This surprising conclusion has several implications for other genetic diseases that involve connective tissues as well as several more common diseases.
Parallel Atmospheric Modeling with High-Order Continuous and Discontinuous Galerkin methods

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the parallel atmospheric modeling with high-order continuous and discontinuous Galerkin methods. The chapter reviews high-order finite element methods for the atmospheric shallow water equations. The accuracy and efficiency of nodal continuous and discontinuous Galerkin spectral elements are evaluated using standard test problems proposed by Williamson et al. The relative merits of strong-stability preserving (SSP) explicit Runge–Kutta and multistep time discretizations are discussed in the chapter. Distributed memory MPI implementations are compared on the basis of the total computation time required, sustained performance, and parallel scalability. Because a discontinuous Galerkin method permits the overlap of computation and communication, higher sustained execution rates are possible at large processor counts. The discontinuous Oalerkin method converges exponentially for smooth solutions, and standard error metrics compare favorably with the continuous Galerkin spectral element model.
Site-specific mutation of Tyr240----Phe in the catalytic chain of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase. Consequences for kinetic mechanism.

Abstract In the catalytic chain of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase, Tyr240 helps stabilize the T-state conformation by an intrachain hydrogen bond to Asp271. Changes in kinetic characteristics of ATCase that result from disruption of this bond by site-specific mutation of Tyr240----Phe have been investigated by isotopic exchanges at chemical equilibrium. The Tyr240----Phe (Y240F) mutation caused the rate of the [32P] carbamyl phosphate (C-P) in equilibrium Pi exchange to decrease by 2-8-fold, without altering the [14C]Asp in equilibrium N-carbamyl-L-aspartate (C-Asp) rate. The mutation also caused the S0.5 and Hill nH values to decrease in virtually every substrate saturation experiment. Upon increasing the concentrations of the C-P,Pi or C-P,C-Asp reactant-product pairs, inhibition effects observed with the C-P in equilibrium Pi exchange for wild-type enzyme were not apparent with the Y240F mutant enzyme. In contrast, upon increasing the concentrations of the Asp,C-Asp and Asp,Pi pairs, inhibition effects on C-P in equilibrium Pi observed with wild-type enzyme became stronger with the Y240F mutant enzyme. These data indicate that the Tyr240----Phe mutation alters the kinetic mechanism in two different ways: on the reactant side, C-P binding prior to Asp shifts from preferred to compulsory order, and, on the product side, C-Asp and Pi release changes from preferred to nearly random order. These conclusions were also confirmed on a quantitative basis by computer simulations and fitting of the data, which also produced an optimal set of rate constants for the Y240F enzyme. The Arrhenius plot for wild-type holoenzyme was biphasic, but those for catalytic subunits and Y240F enzyme were linear (monophasic). Taken together, the data indicate that the Tyr240----Phe mutation destabilizes the T-state and shifts the equilibrium for the T-R allosteric transition toward the R-state by increasing the rate of T----R conversion.
The Qualitative Interactions of Children With Conduct Problems and Their Peers: Differential Correlates With Self-Report Measures, Home Behavior, and School Behavior Problems

This study examined qualitative aspects of the peer relationships of children with conduct problems in a laboratory assessment procedure. The sample consisted of 101 children aged 4 to 7 years identified by parents as having oppositional behavior problems. Positive social skills and negative conflict tactics were coded. Additionally, two categories assessing the reciprocal nature of the relationship were also coded, including behavioral "escalation" and "failure" to use social skills successfully with peers. Relations between observed peer interactions, child self-reports of peer relationships, observed and parent reports of home behavior interactions, and teacher reports of school behaviors were examined. Positive skills and failure to use skills with peers were related to loneliness and teacher reports of social competence, whereas negative behavior and escalation with peers were associated with school problems and home problems, respectively. Results are discussed in a developmental framework that highlights the potential importance of social behaviors within the peer context to later adjustment.
Manifold matching using shortest-path distance and joint neighborhood selection

We propose a new manifold matching method, that is superior than existing methods based on single modality.Our method is robust against noise and different types of geometry in matching.The method is particularly useful for graph and network matching. Matching datasets of multiple modalities has become an important task in data analysis. Existing methods often rely on the embedding and transformation of each single modality without utilizing any correspondence information, which often results in sub-optimal matching performance. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear manifold matching algorithm using shortest-path distance and joint neighborhood selection. Specifically, a joint nearest-neighbor graph is built for all modalities. Then the shortest-path distance within each modality is calculated from the joint neighborhood graph, followed by embedding into and matching in a common low-dimensional Euclidean space. Compared to existing algorithms, our approach exhibits superior performance for matching disparate datasets of multiple modalities.
Bottoms up Betty

(1975). Bottoms up Betty. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 41-42.
Character image restoration based on characteristic points

Most of input images of characters are distorted by translating, scaling, rotating, tilting, or by any combination of the above transformations. In order to identify the characters by computers, a restoration transformation is needed. A novel image restoration method is proposed for characters under the above transformations. The restoration is based on the so-called characteristic points. Three characteristic points are required to construct the distorted characters. Some approaches to identify the characteristic points are developed. >
The influence of child, family, and community characteristics on change in children's body mass index: Mediating role of community-based physical activity trajectories

Researchers investigating the prevalence of childhood obesity have documented an upward trend. However, little research has focused on the processes that might explain changes in children’s Body Mass Index (BMI), a commonly used measure to determine overweight and obese status. The purpose of this dissertation is to elucidate the pathways in which child, family, and community characteristics might influence children’s BMI. Specifically, using an ecological framework, this study investigates how children’s participation in community-based physical activity mediates the influences of child, family, and community characteristics on change in BMI. Data from kindergarten through the fifthgrade from a national longitudinal dataset, the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Class of 1998 99 (ECLS-K), are utilized to address the research questions. Results from this study revealed that higher community disorder was associated with lower levels of physical activity participation and with greater parental restriction about the time children spent watching TV. Higher parental education was associated both direct, and indirectly—through feeding practices, with lower levels of BMI at kindergarten and with a subsequent decline in BMI. Higher parental education was also associated with greater parental restriction about the time children spent watching TV and higher levels of physical activity participation. The observed association between trajectories of community-based physical activity participation and trajectories of BMI diminished after controlling for family socioeconomic status. Different familial experiences in relation to factors that predict the risk for developing obesity were also found among different race/ethnic groups. Overall, findings
Prediction of Word-Recognition Thresholds on the Basis of Stimulus-Parameters*

The effect of stimulus-parameters on word-recognition thresholds was investigated. Fifty words were tachistoscopically administered to 24 subjects with an average age of 16 4 years. Of the 40 parameters analyzed, the following were the best predictors of the thresholds and were included in a multiple regression equation: (a) Classification of words into concrete nouns vs. all others; (b) Classification of words with vs. without prefixes; (c) Logarithms of word-frequencies; (d) Number of letters.The multiple correlation (0 74) and the correlation with the logarithms of word-frequencies (-0 50) are surprisingly low.The correlations could be raised considerably if counts of children's rather than adult's language were used. Based on this finding and the high correlation between thresholds and our classification of concrete nouns and other words, it was concluded that recognition of words is to a greater degree dependent on the frequency with which subjects had prior experiences with objects (or perceptual im...
The QUEST System in Intel Fab18: a web-based method for the management of quality

The QUEST System provides a web-based platform for the standardized management, tracking and assessment of quality excursion events across an entire Fab. The system has become the pivot of Intel Corporation Fab18's quality excursion event management and is now in the process of implementation in other factories.
A spark gap model for LTspice and similar circuit simulation software

In the past, the simulation of pulsed power circuits used specifically designed programs such as Sandia's SCREAMER, NRL's BERTHA, or the industry developed TL Code. These codes incorporated specialized models for many pulsed power components which captured key manifestations of the physical phenomena. Now, the simulation of pulsed power circuits is likely to be accomplished with the ubiquitous SPICE-based software. Of the available software, LTspice, a program developed by semiconductor manufacturer Linear Technology Corp, has become very prevalent due to its ease of use, continuous improvement, and free availability. However, LTspice — like all SPICE programs — does not include realistic models for key pulsed power circuit devices — including the spark gap switch. While simple switch models do exist in LTspice and other SPICE programs, these can only crudely approximate the behavior of a spark gap. This effort focuses on developing an LTspice circuit model for a gas-filled spark gap switch that is physically realistic while being simple enough as to permit simulations to run in reasonable times on typical personal computers. Efforts are made to create a model that is portable between different SPICE programs with minimal modification.
The East European debt crisis in the Latin American mirror

In these brief remarks addressed to the Latin American response to changing international conditions in the 1970s and 1980s, I shall focus on three issues: the relationship between the choice of debt as a policy instrument and state â€œstructure,â€ at least as loosely denned; the special problems posed by the debt option that most Latin American countries pursue; and the characteristics of enforced domestic adjustment to the absence of capital inflows beginning in 1982.
Preparation and properties of polycrystalline CdSxTe1-x Films

It is shown that a complete series of mixed CdSxTe1-x semiconductors can be produced in the form of polycrystalline films by co-evaporation of CdS and CdTe. This finding is in contrast to previous results on single crystals. The films are homogeneous and highly oriented. The structure changes from cubic to hexagonal around x = 0.5. The energy gap depends highly nonlinearly on composition: it is constant between x = 0 and x = 0.5, and increases from 1.4 to 2.4 eV in the second half of the interval. The native resistivity is about 107 Ωcm between x = 0 and x = 0.5, decreases six orders of magnitude around x = 0.5 and stays constant at about 10 Ωcm for the rest of the interval. Es wird gezeigt, das eine vollstandige Reihe des Mischhalbleiters CdSxT1-x in Form dunner Schichten durch gemeinsame Verdampfung von CdS und CdTe erzeugt werden kann. Dieses Ergebnis steht im Gegensatz zu fruheren Ergebnissen an Einkristallen. Die Schichten sind homogen und hochorientiert. Die Struktur wechselt von kubisch zu hexagonal bei etwa x = 0,5. Die Energielucke hangt stark nichtlinear von der Zusammensetzung ab: sie ist zwischen x = 0 und x = 0,5 konstant und steigt in der zweiten Halfte des Intervalls von 1,4 auf 2,4 eV an. Der spezifische Widerstand der nicht zusatzlich dotierten Schichten liegt bei 107 Ωcm zwischen x = 0 und x = 0,5, sinkt bei x = 0,5 um sechs Grosenordnungen auf etwa 10 Ωcm ab und bleibt im Rest des Intervalls konstant.
When trade hurts: Consumption indivisibilities and labor market distortions

We present a simple model where complementarities between wages and demand due to factor market distortions can make a transition economy worse off from trade. Prior to trade, a virtuous circle prevails: high wages in industry support a high demand for indivisible industrial goods, which in turn supports high wages. However, factor market distortions in the transition economy create a comparative disadvantage in industry. Opening up to trade results in the import of indivisibles and a fall in manufacturing wages, breaking this virtuous circle. Consequently, trade liberalization without structural reform can have serious adverse effects in a transition economy. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Topographic analysis of Devana Chasma, Venus: implications for rift system segmentation and propagation

Abstract Devana Chasma is a rift system on Venus formed in association with the Beta Regio and Phoebe Regio volcanic highlands, which are interpreted as mantle plumes. We present a new analysis of a 2500-km-long segment of Devana. Based on the rift topography, the horizontal extension across the rift boundary faults is 3–9 km. This is a lower bound on the total rift extension because the altimetry does not resolve the topographic relief across the numerous faults that are visible in radar images of the rift floor. The total extension across Devana is approximately 20 km, similar in magnitude to continental rift systems on Earth. Rift flank elevations are up to 3.1 km in the regions nearest the mantle plumes and decay strongly with increasing distance from the plumes, indicating a strong thermal component to the rift flank topography, unlike the situation usually reported for terrestrial rifts. As on Earth, there is also a flexural uplift component to the flank topography. Rift depths are up to 2.5 km below the surrounding plains, with considerable along-strike variability. There is a 600 km lateral offset along Devana Chasma near the mid-point between the two mantle plumes. Devana most likely formed as two distinct rifts due to the horizontal stresses created by outflow from the upwelling plumes. The offset zone formed as a result of the interaction between the two rift tips, which requires that upwelling at the two mantle plumes overlapped in time.
Size and access inference for data-parallel programs

Data-parallel programming languages have many desirable features, such as single-thread semantics and the ability to express fine-grained parallelism. However, it is challenging to implement such languages efficiently on conventional MIMD multiprocessors, because these machines incur a high overhead for small grain sizes. This paper presents compile-time analysis techniques for data-parallel program graphs that reduce these overheads in two ways: by stepping up the grain size, and by relaxing the synchronous nature of the computation without altering the program semantics. The algorithms partition the program graph into clusters of nodes such that all nodes in a cluster have the same loop structure, and further refine these clusters into epochs based on generation and consumption patterns of data vectors. This converts the fine-grain parallelism in the original program to medium-grain loop parallelism, which is better suited to MIMD machines. A compiler has been implemented based on these ideas. We present performance results for data-parallel kernels analyzed by the compiler and converted to single-program multiple-data (SPMD) code running on an Encore Multimax. This research was sponsored by the Avionics Laboratory, Wright Research and Development Center, Aeronautical Systems Division (AFSC), U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-6543 under Contract F33615-90-C-1465, ARPA Order No. 7597. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. government.
Modular curves of $\cD$-elliptic sheaves are asymptotically optimal

We prove that the series of modular curves of $\cD$-elliptic sheaves with appropriate level structures attain the Drinfeld-Vladut bound over $\F_{q^2}$.
Resin-Contact-Time Method for Determination of Protein-Bound Calcium in Milk and Model Systems

Abstract A theory for exchange of calcium between milk or model milk-protein system and an appropriately buffered weak cation-exchange resin was developed which could be used for determination of protein-bound or colloidal calcium. With suitable preconditioning of the resin, the resin-contact-time method yielded results for ionic and protein-bound calcium in a model β -casein system which not only conformed to the proposed theory but also agreed with those by the murexide method of Sundararajan and Whitney. β -Casein dispersions (3%) in calcium-potassium chloride solutions at pH 7.0, Γ/2 .14, and 2°C bound calcium as if there were 11.20 binding sites per molecule, each with an intrinsic association constant of 76.62 liters per mole. Data from skim milk samples at 23°C and 2°C by the resin-contact-time method also were consistent with the proposed theory and yielded protein-bound or colloidal calcium in reasonable agreement with reported results.
On the elementary theory of rings of Witt vectors with a multiplicative set of representatives for the residue field

We indicate a complete set of elementary invariants for the ring of Witt vectors over a perfect field of prime characteristic, where this ring is equipped with its unique multiplicative set of representatives for the residue field.
Differential effects of GTP and cations on binding of labeled dimeric and monomeric enkephalins to neuroblastoma-glioma cell delta opiate receptors

Abstract Binding of radio-labeled enkephalin monomers [D-Ala 2 ,Met 5 ]Enkephalin Amide (DAMEA) and [D-Ala 2 ,D-Leu 5 ]Enkephalin (DADLE) and a dimer of [D-Ala 2 ,Leu] Enkephalin Amide (DPE 2 ) to neuroblastoma-glioma (NG108-15) cells was examined in the presence and absence of GTP and/or cations. We found that: (1) binding occurs to a single class of homogeneous and non-interacting membane sites; (2) the affinity of the enkephalin dimer is reduced 50% in the presence of Mn 2+ and 65% in the presence of both Mn 2+ and GTP; (3) GTP alone either increases or does not change affinity of DPE 2 ; (4) Na + and GTP significantly decrease the affinities of monomers, but not that of the dimer; and (5) a higher concentration (0.1 mM) of GTP increases the binding of DPE 2 but significantly decreases binding of monomers. Conclusion: Changes in binding of a dimeric enkephalin by Na + , Mn 2+ and GTP are significantly and qualitatively different than those occurring for monomers.
WHITES WHO SAY THEY'D FLEE: WHO ARE THEY, AND WHY WOULD THEY LEAVE?*

Questions have been raised about whether white flight--one factor contributing to U.S. residential segregation--is driven by racial, race-associated, or neutral ethnocentric concerns. I use closed- and open-ended survey data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality to explore who says they would leave and their reasons for doing so. Thirty-eight percent of white respondents said they would leave one of the integrated neighborhoods, with Detroiters and those endorsing negative racial stereotypes especially likely to do so. When asked why they might leave, whites focused on the negative features of integrated neighborhoods. Expressions of racial prejudice were also common, but neutral ethnocentrism rare. The results of an experiment asking about integration with Asians and Latinos are also discussed.
The crystal and molecular structure of 5-N-methyl-β-d-arabinofurano[1′,2′:4,5]oxazolo-S-triazine-4,6-dione: Molecular modeling studies on the pattern of alkylation of β-D-arabinofurano[1′,2′:4,5]oxazolo-s-triazin-4-one-6-thione

The involvement of the 5′-hydroxyl group on β-D-arabinofurano[1′,2′:4,5]oxazolo-s-triazin-4-one-6-thione (1b), to form an intramolecular covalent adduct at C6, is postulated to explain the formation of almost equal amounts of 5-N-alkyl-β-D-arabinofurano[1′,2′:4,5]oxazolo-s-triazin-4-one-6-thione and 5-N-alkyl-β-D-arabinofurano[1′,2′:4,5]oxazolo-s-triazine-4,6-dione during alkylation of 1b. An X-ray crystallographic study was conducted on 5-N-methyl-β-D-arabinofurano[1′,2′:4,5]oxazolo-s-triazine-4,6-dione (2a) and its solid state structure was established. This was compared to the energy minimized structure of the same compound that was generated by the molecular modeling program, MACROMODEL. Force field calculations (Allinger's MM2) on this structure and other intermediates lend support to the concept of formation of the intramolecular covalent adduct.
The Monro–Kellie hypothesis: Applications in CSF volume depletion

More than two centuries ago, Alexander Monro applied some of the principles of physics to the intracranial contents and for the first time hypothesized that the blood circulating in the cranium was of constant volume at all times. This hypothesis was supported by experiments by Kellie. In its original form, the hypothesis had shortcomings that prompted modification by others. What finally came to be known as the Monro-Kellie doctrine, or hypothesis, is that the sum of volumes of brain, CSF, and intracranial blood is constant. An increase in one should cause a decrease in one or both of the remaining two. This hypothesis has substantial theoretical implications in increased intracranial pressure and in decreased CSF volume. Many of the MRI abnormalities seen in intracranial hypotension or CSF volume depletion can be explained by the Monro-Kellie hypothesis. These abnormalities include meningeal enhancement, subdural fluid collections, engorgement of cerebral venous sinuses, prominence of the spinal epidural venous plexus, and enlargement of the pituitary gland.
Susceptibility of hepatic microcirculation to reperfusion injury: a comparison of adult and suckling rats.

Abstract Primary graft failure and vascular thromboses are frequent complications of liver transplantation, yet the mechanisms responsible remain unclear. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that hepatic reperfusion injury results in damage at the microvessel level. The present study was performed to determine whether an increased susceptibility of immature animals to microvascular injury during reperfusion might be a contributing factor in these complications. Suckling (35 to 50 g) or adult (250 to 400 g) rats were subjected to 30 or 60 minutes of hepatic ischemia to the left and median lobes followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion. Control animals were sham-operated, time-matched rats. At the end of reperfusion, fluorescein-labeled albumin was injected systemically to mark perfused sinusoids. Frozen sections of liver biopsies were viewed under fluorescence microscopy. The perfused sinusoid density was determined by point count analysis and expressed as the number of intersections of perfused sinusoids with 25 randomly oriented points superimposed on the sinusoid field. In sham-operated rats, at both 30 and 60 minutes, there were no differences between sucklings and adults. After 30 minutes of ischemia and 90 minutes of reperfusion, adults showed a significantly decreased density of perfused sinusoids (4.5 ± 0.1 intersections per field) when compared with suckling rats (6.0 ± 0.3 intersections per field, P P
Early kinetics of human macrophage apolipoprotein E synthesis and incorporation of carbohydrate precursors.

Apolipoprotein E was detected in human macrophage lysates after 4–120-min pulses with [35 S]methionine. Significant levels of apolipoprotein E were not found in the media until 120 min. Incorporation of N-[3H]acctylmannosamine, a sialic acid precursor, into apolipoprotein E was measurable after 120 min, whereas no [3H]mannose incorporation could be observed. These methods will be useful for examining the regulation of apolipoprotein E secretion and carbohydrate processing.
Ultra low cost advanced package solution -Cu via microstar CSP (CV-u*CSP) development

This paper presents Texas Instruments (TI) MicrostarCSP™ (u*CSP™), and Cu Via MicrostarCSP (CV-u* CSP) packages developed in TI Taiwan.
Report from the land of the Olmec

Michael Coe and Richard Diehl, eds. In the Land of the Olmec, Volume I: The Archaeology of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1980. 416 pp. Michael Coe and Richard Diehl, eds. In the Land of the Olmec, Volume II: People of the River. Austin: The University of Texas Press. 1980. 198 pp. Maps. $100 (2 vols.).
Geometrical resonance in E H tunneling in normal metal diode

Abstract A geometrical resonance exists in special cases of E  H tunneling of Landau-electrons across a normal metal diode with thin film geometry when the applied magnetic field is sufficiently strong.
Genes outside the major histocompatibility complex control resistance and susceptibility to experimental Lyme arthritis

The mechanism controlling the development of experimental Lyme arthritis remains poorly understood. Mice with the H-2k haplotype have generally been thought to be more susceptible to Lyme arthritis development than those with the H-2d haplotype. In the present study the role of genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in determining resistance or susceptibility to the development of experimental Lyme arthritis was investigated. We found that C3H congenic mice were equally susceptible, and DBA congenic mice equally resistant, to arthritis development regardless of their H-2 haplotype (H-2k or H-2d). These results indicate that genes outside the murine MHC are the major determinants of both resistance and susceptibility to the development of experimental Lyme arthritis.
Identification and autoregulation of receptor for OX-LDL in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells.

Although macrophages scavenge oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) via specific receptors, the uptake of ox-LDL by endothelial cells is thought to be mediated by a different receptor (LOX-1). We examined the presence of LOX-1 on cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) by RT-PCR, radioligand blot, and binding assays. LOX-1 mRNA and protein were consistently identified in HCAECs. [125I]-ox-LDL binding assay also identified high affinity binding sites for LOX-1 on HCAECs (KD:1.71 × 10−8M: Bmax:29.7 ng/mg protein). There was no change in LOX-1 expression in HCAECs treated with native-LDL. In contrast, incubation of HCAECs with ox-LDL (10–40 μg/ml) increased LOX-1 expression (mRNA and protein). The upregulation of LOX-1 expression appeared to be dependent on ox-LDL concentration. Higher concentration (100 μg/ml) however, decreased LOX-1 expression, perhaps related to its cytotoxic effect. These observations indicate that ox-LDL upregulates its own receptor on HCAECs. This phenomenon may explain enhanced uptake of ox-LDL by HCAECs in hyperlipidemia resulting in cellular dysfunction.
When Yankee Comes Home: Factors Related to Expatriate and Spouse Repatriation Adjustment

This study examined anticipatory and in-country individual, job, organizational, and non-work variables and their relationship with work, interaction, and general repatriation adjustment for U.S. managers. The study also examined anticipatory and in-country individual and non-work variables and their relationship with interaction and general repatriation adjustment for the spouses of the managers who were married. Age, total time overseas, social status, and housing conditions were generally related to all facets of repatriation adjustment for both expatriates and spouses. Practical and research implications are explored.
Antineoplastic and Cytotoxic Activities of Nickel(II) Complexes of Thiosemicarbazones.

Nickel(II) complexes of thiosemicarbazons were observed to be potent cytotoxic agents in human and rodent tissue cultured tumor cells. Each compound demonstrated a slightly different profile in the various histological types of tumors. The nickel complex of Appip demonstrated the most potent in vivo activity in the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. This agent selectively inhibited L1210 DNA and purine syntheses, and DNA polymerase α, PRPP-amido transferase, IMP-dehydrogenase, dihydrofolate reductase, TMP-kinase and thymidylate synthetase activities. L1210 DNA strand scission was evident and DNA viscosity was reduced after 24 hr incubation. The nickel complexes were not L1210 DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors.
Photo Quiz: Confusing Bacteremia in a Crohn's Disease Patient

A 63-year-old Caucasian female with a history of Crohn's disease and recurrent gastrointestinal strictures requiring multiple surgeries, including end ileostomy, presented to our medical center in June 2012 with a 1-week history of fevers up to 104°F and rigors. She had also experienced acute
Discovering epistasis in large scale genetic association studies by exploiting graphics cards.

Despite the enormous investments made in collecting DNA samples and generating germline variation data across thousands of individuals in modern genome wide association studies (GWAS), progress has been frustratingly slow in explaining much of the heritability in common disease. Today’s paradigm of testing independent hypotheses on each SNP marker is unlikely to adequately reflect the complex biological processes in disease risk. Alternatively, modeling risk as an ensemble of SNPs that act in concert in a pathway, and/or interact non-additively on log risk for example, may be a more sensible way to approach gene mapping in modern studies. Implementing such analyses genome-wide can quickly become intractable due to the fact that even modest size SNP panels on modern genotype arrays (500k markers) pose a combinatorial nightmare, require tens of billions of models to be tested for evidence of interaction. In this article, we provide an in-depth analysis of programs that have been developed to explicitly overcome these enormous computational barriers through the use of processors on graphics cards known as Graphics Processing Units (GPU). We include tutorials on GPU technology, which will convey why they are growing in appeal with today’s numerical scientists. One obvious advantage is the impressive density of microprocessor cores that are available on only a single GPU. Whereas high end servers feature up to 24 Intel or AMD CPU cores, the latest GPU offerings from nVidia feature over 2,600 cores. Each compute node may be outfitted with up to 4 GPU devices. Success on GPUs varies across problems. However epistasis screens fare well due to the high degree of parallelism exposed in these problems. Papers that we review routinely report GPU speedups of over two orders of magnitude (>100x) over standard CPU implementations.
Equilibrium temperature distributions in uniform phantoms for superficial microwave applicators : implications for temperature-based standards of applicator adequacy

Equilibrium temperature distributions are computed using measured SAR distributions for five different superficial microwave (915 MHz) applicators. We assume a model with uniform conduction and blood flow. A Green's function approach is used to calculate equilibrium solutions which identically obey boundary conditions at the surface of the phantom and at infinite depth. The equilibrium solutions are categorized by surface temperature (TS), maximum allowed temperature (TM), and by a parameter (referred to as the diffusion length, lambda) which characterizes the contributions of thermal conduction relative to blood flow. The computed equilibrium temperature distribution at depths of 2 and 3 cm is strongly dependent on lambda and on TM. It is not strongly dependent on surface temperature for TS below 35 degrees C. In previous work we compared the SAR distribution with local control of 53 superficial tumours with over 1 year of follow-up. As an alternative to an SAR-based description of applicator adequacy we consider a temperature-based standard. Tumours are categorized by the minimum value of lambda that would allow full coverage of the tumour volume by the 42 degrees C contour, assuming a TM of 47.5 degrees C and a TS of 35 degrees C. Eighteen of 27 lesions (67%) were locally controlled for lambda less than 1 cm. The local control in 26 lesions with lambda greater than or equal to 1 cm was 31% (p = 0.016). The lesions with the best results were those with both good coverage in theory (lambda less than 1 cm) and with all monitored catheter tracks achieving at least one session with 30 min at or above 43 degrees C. We found that the temperature-based standard of applicator adequacy was not independent of an SAR-based standard, and in this cohort of patients either a minimum SAR criterion or a maximum diffusion length criterion would serve equally well as a screen for inappropriate applicators.
Composite sequence compaction for finite-state machines using block entropy and high-order Markov models

The objective of this paper is to provide an effective technique far accurate modeling of the external input sequences that affect the behavior of Finite State Machines (FSMs). Based on the block entropy concept, we present a technique for identifying the order of variable-order Markov sources of information. Furthermore, using dynamic Markov modeling, we propose an effective approach to compact an initial sequence into a much shorter equivalent one. The compacted sequence, can be subsequently used with any available simulator to derive the steady-state and transition probabilities, and the total power consumption in the target circuit. As the results demonstrate, large compaction ratios of orders of magnitude can be obtained without significant loss (less than 5% on average) in the accuracy of estimated values.
Infants born at the threshold of viability in relation to neonatal mortality: Colorado, 1991 to 2003.

Infants born at the threshold of viability in relation to neonatal mortality: Colorado, 1991 to 2003
Lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma

Lentigo maligna (LM) is a pigmented lesion that occurs on the sun-exposed skin, particularly the head and neck areas, of an older patient. The lesion increases in size and at some point, often many years after its onset, may become lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM). For this reason, most authors consider LM a form of melanoma in situ. Treatment includes surgical or destructive modalities; the preferred form of therapy is surgical removal. Histopathologic features include a proliferation of atypical melanocytes along the basal layer of the epidermis and adnexal structures. This article discusses the clinical, histopathologic, and epidemiologic features of LM. The prognosis and treatment of LM are reviewed. Although the lifetime risk of the development of LMM is unclear, LMM is discussed briefly.