cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Divine Foreknowledge, Harry Frankfurt, and ‘Hyper-Incompatibilism’

AbstractLinda Zagzebski refers to the denial of both determinism and PAP, the principle of alternate possibilities, as the newest solution to the problem of divine foreknowledge and moral responsibility. William Lane Craig and David Hunt have appealed to Frankfurt cases in support of the claim that libertarian freedom and moral responsibility do not presuppose the truth of PAP: a person is morally responsible only if she could have done otherwise. I argue that this so-called hyper-incompatibilist perspective has an absurd implication: one could be responsible for some of one’s essential properties. Thus, one cannot jettison the principle of alternate possibilities to reconcile divine foreknowledge with moral responsibility.
Quality control mechanisms exclude incorrect polymerases from the eukaryotic replication fork

The eukaryotic genome is primarily replicated by two DNA polymerases, Pol e and Pol δ, that function on the leading and lagging strands, respectively. Previous studies have established recruitment mechanisms whereby Cdc45-Mcm2-7-GINS (CMG) helicase binds Pol e and tethers it to the leading strand, and PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) binds tightly to Pol δ and recruits it to the lagging strand. The current report identifies quality control mechanisms that exclude the improper polymerase from a particular strand. We find that the replication factor C (RFC) clamp loader specifically inhibits Pol e on the lagging strand, and CMG protects Pol e against RFC inhibition on the leading strand. Previous studies show that Pol δ is slow and distributive with CMG on the leading strand. However, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pol δ–PCNA is a rapid and processive enzyme, suggesting that CMG may bind and alter Pol δ activity or position it on the lagging strand. Measurements of polymerase binding to CMG demonstrate Pol e binds CMG with a K d value of 12 nM, but Pol δ binding CMG is undetectable. Pol δ, like bacterial replicases, undergoes collision release upon completing replication, and we propose Pol δ–PCNA collides with the slower CMG, and in the absence of a stabilizing Pol δ–CMG interaction, the collision release process is triggered, ejecting Pol δ on the leading strand. Hence, by eviction of incorrect polymerases at the fork, the clamp machinery directs quality control on the lagging strand and CMG enforces quality control on the leading strand.
Toward Theoretical Techniques for Measuring the Use of Human Effort in Visual Analytic Systems

Visual analytic systems have long relied on user studies and standard datasets to demonstrate advances to the state of the art, as well as to illustrate the efficiency of solutions to domain-specific challenges. This approach has enabled some important comparisons between systems, but unfortunately the narrow scope required to facilitate these comparisons has prevented many of these lessons from being generalized to new areas. At the same time, advanced visual analytic systems have made increasing use of human-machine collaboration to solve problems not tractable by machine computation alone. To continue to make progress in modeling user tasks in these hybrid visual analytic systems, we must strive to gain insight into what makes certain tasks more complex than others. This will require the development of mechanisms for describing the balance to be struck between machine and human strengths with respect to analytical tasks and workload. In this paper, we argue for the necessity of theoretical tools for reasoning about such balance in visual analytic systems and demonstrate the utility of the Human Oracle Model for this purpose in the context of sensemaking in visual analytics. Additionally, we make use of the Human Oracle Model to guide the development of a new system through a case study in the domain of cybersecurity.
The potential effects of pre-settlement processes on post-settlement growth and survival of juvenile northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) in Gulf of Alaska nursery habitats

Abstract Early life history traits in marine fish such as growth, size, and timing of life history transitions often vary in response to environmental conditions. Identifying the potential effects of trait variation across life history stages is critical to understanding growth, recruitment, and survival. Juvenile northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) were collected (2005, 2007, 2009–2011) from two coastal nurseries in the Gulf of Alaska during the early post-settlement period (July–August) to examine variation in early life history traits in relation to water temperature and juvenile densities in nurseries as well as to evaluate the potential for carry-over effects. Size-at-hatch, larval growth, metamorphosis size and timing, and post-metamorphic and recent growth of juveniles were quantified using otolith structural analysis and compared across years and sites. Additionally, traits of fish caught in July and August were compared for evidence of selective mortality. Post-metamorphic and recent growth were related to temperatures in nurseries as well as temperatures during the larval period, indicating a direct influence of concurrent nursery temperatures and a potential indirect effect of thermal conditions experienced by larvae. Correlations between metamorphic traits and fish size at capture demonstrated that interannual variation in size persisted across life history stages regardless of post-settlement growth patterns. No evidence of density-dependent growth or growth-selective mortality were detected during the early post-settlement period; however, differences in hatch size and metamorphosis timing between fish collected in July and August indicate a selective loss of individuals although the pattern varied across years. Overall, variation in size acquired early in life and temperature effects on the phenology of metamorphosis may influence the direction of selection and survival of northern rock sole.
Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Pyrolysis Oxygenates with Vacuum Gas Oil Using a Davison Circulating Riser Reactor

We investigate and quantitate the changes in hydrocarbon product composition while evaluating the performance and operability of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Davison Circulating Riser (DCR) reactor system when biomass model compounds are cofed with traditional fluid catalyst cracking (FCC) feeds and catalyst: vacuum gas oil (VGO) and equilibrium zeolite catalyst (E-Cat). Three compounds (acetic acid, guaiacol, and sorbitan monooleate) were selected to represent the major classes of oxygenates present in biomass pyrolysis vapors. These vapors can contain 30–50% oxygen as oxygenates, which create conversion complications (increased reactivity and coking) when integrating biomass vapors and liquids into fuel and chemical processes long dominated by petroleum feedstocks. We used these model compounds to determine the appropriate conditions for coprocessing with petroleum and ultimately pure pyrolysis vapors only as compared with standard baseline conditions obtained with VGO and E-Cat only in th...
Problematic smartphone usage, emotion regulation, and social and non-social smartphone use

Problematic smartphone use (PSU), an addictive-like behavior characterized by excessive smartphone use related to negative daily-life outcomes, is associated with affect-related complications. Expressive suppression as an emotion regulation strategy predicts more smartphone use; in addition, PSU is associated with both social and non-social features of smartphone usage. However, it has not been investigated if different emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal/expressive suppression) are related to distinct types of smartphone use (for social/non-social purposes). Furthermore, it has not been studied if the relationships between emotion regulation strategies and PSU are mediated by these types of smartphone use. The aim of this study was to understand how emotion regulation strategies are related to PSU and types of smartphone use, and if social or non-social features mediate these relationships. Participants were 300 undergraduate students (76% female) from a Midwestern American university aged 18-38 (M = 19.45, SD = 2.17). They completed the Smartphone Addiction Scale, Social/Process Use Scale, and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. The bivariate correlation analyses showed that cognitive reappraisal was correlated to both social and non-social smartphone use but not PSU. Expressive suppression was correlated to PSU and non-social smartphone use, but not with social smartphone use. Furthermore, mediation analysis showed that non-social smartphone use mediated the relationship between expressive suppression and PSU. There were no statistically significant indirect effects for social/non-social smartphone use between PSU and cognitive reappraisal. It could be that people with more maladaptive, suppressive emotion regulation use more non-social features of smartphones, resulting in having higher levels of PSU.
A Fundamental Lemma on Point Modifications

A general point modification (proper) can be dominated by another point modification which has better properties than the given one. Some theorems of this nature have been announced in my paper [1] and applied to some problems in a joint paper [2]. For instance, the following is one of the most important ones.
Obesity-Related Legislation Meets American Individualism

Legal measures implemented to combat obesity in the U.S. include efforts to regulate the food supply, provide an incentive for the consumption of healthful foods, ban or restrict harmful ingredients, and alter or repurpose the built environment to encourage physical activity; such measures are least controversial when they apply specifically to children. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
EMDR and Mesmerism: A Comparative Historical Analysis

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is among the fastest growing interventions in the annals of psychotherapy. Although many psychologists have commented on its presumably unusual origins and dissemination, history reveals its many parallels with Mesmerism, a previous therapy that spread rapidly throughout 18th century Europe and America. The purpose of this article is to document the many striking similarities between the history of Mesmerism and the history of EMDR.
Neuroembryogenesis in the hippocampal formation of the rat. An autoradiographic study.

The prenatal ontogeny of the hippocampus, including the anterior continuation and induseum griseum, was examined in the rat by means of tritiated thymidine autoradiography. The neurons of the anterior continuation formed between the 16th and 18th days of embryonic development. The neurons of the induseum griseum were formed on the 16th and 17th days of gestation. The pyramidal cells of ammon's horn were formed during the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th days of embryogenesis but were preceded by the large interneurons of the stratum lacunosum-moleculare which formed on days 15 and 16 of embryonic life. The granule cells of the superficial layers of the stratum granulosum formed during the 20th, 21st, and 22nd days of gestation.
Synthesis and antitumor activities of aquayamycin and analogues of derhodinosylurdamycin A.

Total syntheses of aquayamycin (3) and a number of analogues of angucycline antitumor antibiotic derhodinosylurdamycin A bearing various 2-deoxy sugar subunits (4–7) have been achieved. These molecules (3–7) were synthesized based on a convergent strategy for the synthesis of derhodinosylurdamycin A (2) previously reported from our group. In particular, our recently developed mild cationic gold-catalyzed glycosylation with S-but-3-ynyl thioglycoside donors was employed for the synthesis of analogues (6 and 7) bearing disaccharide subunits containing α-L-olivoside and α-L-olioside moiety, respectively. Aquayamycin (3), analogues (4–7), and our previously synthesized derhodinosylurdamycin A (2) were then submitted to the Development Therapeutics Program of the National Cancer Institute of National Institutes of Health for the NCI-60 Human Tumor Cell Lines Screening using standard protocols. It was found that derhodinosylurdamycin A (2), aquayamycin (3), and three other analogues (5–7) bearing sugar subunits did not show significant antiproliferative activity against those cancer cell lines. Interestingly, analogue (4) bearing no sugar subunit demonstrates good potential for growth inhibition and cytotoxic activity against a variety of human cancer cell lines.
Cyclotron production of 68Ga in a liquid target: Effects of solution composition and irradiation parameters.

Abstract Objectives To optimize 68Ga production using a liquid cyclotron target, investigations were performed to compare production yields using different concentrations of [68Zn]Zn(NO3)2, nitric acid, and irradiation parameters. Methods Different concentrations of [68Zn]Zn(NO3)2 (0.6 M, 1.2 M and 1.42 M) in varying normality of nitric acid (0.8–1.5 N) were prepared and irradiated with protons (incident energy ~14 MeV) using a BMLT-2 liquid target at different beam currents (30–50 μA) and irradiation times (30–60 min). The 68Ga production and saturation yields were calculated and compared. [68Ga]GaCl3 was isolated using in-house developed hydroxamate resin and optimized for routine application. Recycling of [68Zn]Zn(NO3)2 from the recovered target solution was also investigated. Results On increasing concentration of [68Zn]Zn(NO3)2 from 0.6 M to 1.2 M in 0.8 N nitric acid, decay corrected yield of 68Ga at EOB was found to be 1.64 GBq (44.4 mCi) and 3.37 GBq (91.0 mCi), respectively at 30 μA beam current, indicating production yield was proportional to zinc nitrate concentration for a 30 min irradiation. However, when beam current was increased to 40 μA while maintaining nitric acid concentration at 0.8 N, the proportional relationship of 68Zn-concentration with 68Ga production yield was lost [0.6 M, 2.29 GBq (61.9 mCi); 1.2 M, 3.6 GBq (97.3 mCi)] for a 30 min irradiation. In fact, the effect was more profound for 60 min irradiations [0.6 M, 2.96 GBq (80.0 mCi); 1.2 M, 4.25 GBq (115 mCi)]. Increasing nitric acid concentration to 1.25–1.5 N improved 68Ga production yield for 40 μA, 60-min irradiations (1.2 M; 5.17 GBq (140 mCi)). MP-AES analysis showed metal impurities as 99% pure recycled [68Zn]zinc nitrate was obtained in 82.6 ± 13.6% yield. Conclusions 68Ga production yields were dependent on all four variables: concentrations of [68Zn]Zn(NO3)2 and nitric acid, beam current and duration of irradiation. Of note, increasing beam current and irradiation time may require increased concentrations of nitric acid to achieve expected increments in 68Ga production yield.
A Novel Myelin Protein Zero variant in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 2I (P3.4-038)

Objective: To describe the clinical presentation and a novel myelin protein zero (MPZ) pathogenic variant causing Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2I (CMT2I) in an index patient and his father. Background: Myelin protein zero is the major myelin structural protein made by schwann cells. MPZ mutations are known to cause autosomal dominant CMT2B, congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy, Distal Intermediate CMT (DI-CMT), and CMT2I/J. Design/Methods: A 45-year-old man with a past medical history of hyperlipidemia and hypertension, presented with a four-year history of progressive bilateral foot numbness. The numbness is up to ankles and is associated with intermittent sharp shooting pain in feet. The patient’s father (77 years of age), who has a well-controlled diabetes, had symptoms of neuropathy since his mid-sixties. Mother and a 3-year-old son have no symptoms of neuropathy but paternal grandmother had neuropathy. Examination of the index patient revealed high arched feet, stocking distribution sensory loss to pinprick, light touch, and vibration up to ankles. Muscle strength and reflexes were normal as was sensory examination in arms, gait, pupillary reflexes and cerebellar exam. Results: Vitamin B12, HbA1c, TSH, and serum protein electrophoresis/immunofixation were normal. Electrodiagnostic testing revealed mild sensory neuropathy and right chronic and mild S1 radiculopathy. MRI of the lumbar spine showed no significant central canal or foraminal narrowing. Genetic sequencing of 72 genes known to cause CMT identified a heterozygous (p.Tyr181Cys) variant in MPZ in the index patient. MPZ sequencing in parents revealed a similar heterozygous variant in MPZ in the patient’s father only. Conclusions: We presented a novel MPZ variant causing autosomal dominant CMT2I. The pathogenicity of this mutation is supported by its consistency with the clinical phenotype, segregation with disease in the patient’s family, and the male-to-male transmission. In addition, in silico analysis of the variant using SIFT and Polyphen algorithms identify the variant as deleterious and probably damaging respectively. Disclosure: Dr. Kushlaf has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Alexion, PTC therapeutics, Genzyme, and Strongbridge Biopharma.
Graphic novelisation effects on recognition abilities in students with dyslexia

Because of a focus on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), elementary school systems are implementing material that is more complex in nature. However, children with learning d...
Climate Metrics for C1–C4 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are potent greenhouse gases that are potential substitutes for ozone depleting substances. The Kigali amendment lists 17 HFCs that are currently in commercial use to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol. Future commercial applications may explore the use of other HFCs, most of which currently lack an evaluation of their climate metrics. In this work, atmospheric lifetimes, radiative efficiencies (REs), global warming potentials (GWPs), and global temperature change potentials (GTPs) for all saturated HFCs with fewer than 5 carbon atoms are estimated to help guide future usage and policy decisions. Atmospheric lifetimes were estimated using a structure activity relationship (SAR) for OH radical reactivity and estimated O(1D) reactivity. Radiative metrics were obtained using theoretically calculated infrared absorption spectra that were presented in a previous work. Calculations for some additional HFCs not included in the previous work were performed in this work. The HFCs display unique infrared spectra with strong absorption in the Earth's atmospheric infrared window region, primarily due to the C-F stretching vibration. Results from this study show that the HFC global atmospheric lifetimes and REs are dependent upon their H atom content and molecular structure. Therefore, the HFC radiative metric evaluation requires a case-by-case evaluation. A thorough experimental evaluation of a targeted HFC's atmospheric lifetime and climate metrics is always highly recommended. However, in cases where it is experimentally difficult to separate isomers, the new results from this study should help guide the experiments, as well as provide relevant climate metrics with uncertainties and policy relevant data.
Exploiting line-mixing effects for laser absorption spectroscopy at extreme combustion pressures

Abstract A unique spectroscopic strategy has been developed for laser absorption sensing of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) at extreme pressures (P > 50 atm) relevant to modern combustion devices. The strategy exploits the band narrowing effects of line mixing, which acutely impact spectrally dense regions, such as bandheads, where line spacing is small. Line mixing is shown to counter collisional line-broadening effects that reduce differential absorption at elevated pressures and often limit the pressure range of laser absorption methods. In this work, the R-branch bandheads of CO and CO2, which are only observed at high temperatures relevant to combustion, are targeted near 2.3 µm and 4.2 µm, respectively. Spectral line-mixing models were developed for each bandhead region to account for the collision-induced population transfer rates between rotational energy states over a wide range of elevated temperatures and pressures. Modified-exponential-gap models using the relaxation matrix formalism were shown to capture the thermodynamic dependence of the population transfer rates and enabled scaling. Differential absorption at the bandheads was observed to increase by up to a factor of ten at high gas densities, due to line-mixing effects, enabling detection with relatively narrow-band tunable semi-conductor lasers. With refined spectroscopic models, laser absorption measurements of temperature, CO, and CO2 were demonstrated over a range of high pressures (up to 104 atm) in a sub-scale rocket combustor operated with kerosene and supercritical methane.
Magnetic barriers and their q 95 dependence at DIII-D

It is well known that externally generated resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) can form islands in the plasma edge. In turn, large overlapping islands generate stochastic fields, which are believed to play a role in the avoidance and suppression of edge localized modes (ELMs) at DIII-D. However, large coalescing islands can also generate, in the middle of these stochastic regions, KAM surfaces effectively acting as ?barriers? against field-line dispersion and, indirectly, particle diffusion. It was predicted in Ali and Punjabi (2007 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 49 1565?82) that such magnetic barriers can form in piecewise analytic DIII-D plasma equilibria. In this work, the formation of magnetic barriers at DIII-D is corroborated by field-line tracing calculations using experimentally constrained EFIT (Lao et al 1985 Nucl. Fusion 25 1611) DIII-D equilibria perturbed to include the vacuum field from the internal coils utilized in the experiments. According to these calculations, the occurrence and location of magnetic barriers depend on the edge safety factor q95. It was thus suggested that magnetic barriers might contribute to narrowing the edge stochastic layer and play an indirect role in the RMPs failing to control ELMs for certain values of q95. The analysis of DIII-D discharges where q95 was varied, however, does not show anti-correlation between barrier formation and ELM suppression.
Teaching Digital Signal Processing by Partial Flipping, Active Learning, and Visualization: Keeping Students Engaged With Blended Teaching

The effectiveness of teaching digital signal processing (DSP) can be enhanced by reducing lecture time devoted to theory and increasing emphasis on applications, programming aspects, visualization, and intuitive understanding. An integrated approach to teaching requires instructors to simultaneously teach theory and its applications in storage and processing of audio, speech, and biomedical signals. Student engagement can be enhanced by having students work in groups during class, where they can solve short problems and short programming assignments or take quizzes. These approaches will increase student interest and engagement in learning the subject.
Postoperative Hospital Outcomes of Elective Surgery for Nonmalignant Colorectal Polyps: Does the Burden Justify the Indication?

Introduction Despite the increasing availability of advanced endoscopic resections and its favorable safety profile, surgery for nonmalignant colorectal polyps has continually increased. We sought to evaluate readmission rates and outcomes of elective surgery for nonmalignant colorectal polyps on a national level in the United States. Methods The Nationwide Readmissions Database (2010-2014 [International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision] and 2016-2018 [International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision]) was used to identify all adult subjects (age ≥18 years) who underwent elective surgical resection of nonmalignant colorectal polyps. Multivariable analyses were performed for predictors of postoperative morbidity and 30-day readmission. Results Elective surgery for nonmalignant colorectal polyps was performed in 108,468 subjects from 2010 to 2014 and in 54,956 subjects from 2016 to 2018, most of whom were laparoscopic. Postoperative morbidity and 30-day readmission rates were 20.5% and 8.5% from 2010 to 2014, and 13.0% and 7.6% from 2016 to 2018, respectively. Index admission mortality rates were 0.3-0.4%; mortality rates were higher in those with postoperative morbidity. Multivariable analyses revealed that male sex, ≥3 comorbidities, insurance status, and open surgery predicted an increased risk of both postoperative morbidity and 30-day readmission. In addition, postoperative morbidity (2010-2014 [odds ratio 1.58; 95% confidence interval 1.44-1.74] and 2016-2018 [odds ratio 1.55; 95% confidence interval 1.37-1.75]) predicted early readmission. Discussion In this investigation of national practices, elective surgery for nonmalignant colorectal polyps remains common. There is considerable risk of adverse postoperative outcomes, which highlights the importance of increasing awareness of the range of endoscopic resections and referring subjects to expert endoscopy centers.
Waveguide Sensor for Liquid and Slurry Properties

It is extremely important for operators of various chemical and manufacturing facilities to know the properties of the liquids and slurries they are processing. These processes can be found in the polymer, petrochemical, oil refinery, food, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper industries. Liquid and slurry property monitoring is also important in the processing of hazardous and radioactive wastes [1].
Financial modeling with heavy-tailed stable distributions

The aim of this article was to give an accessible introduction to stable distributions for financial modeling. There is a real need to use better models for financial returns because the normal (or bell curve/Gaussian) model does not capture the large fluctuations seen in real assets. Stable laws are a class of heavy-tailed probability distributions that can model large fluctuations and allow more general dependence structures. WIREs Comput Stat 2014, 6:45–55. doi: 10.1002/wics.1286 Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Complex N-linked glycans serve as a determinant for exosome/microvesicle cargo recruitment (788.5)

Exosomes, also known as microvesicles (EMVs), are nano-sized membrane particles secreted from nearly all mammalian cell types. These nanoparticles play critical roles in many physiological processes including cell-cell signaling, immune activation and suppression, and are associated with disease states such as tumor progression. The biological functions of EMVs are highly dependent on their protein cargo, which can dictate pathogenicity. While some mechanisms have been proposed for the regulation of EMV cargo selection, little attention has been paid to N-linked glycosylation as a potential sorting signal. Previous work from our laboratory found a conserved glycan signature for EMVs, which differed from the overall cellular membranes, suggesting a potential role for glycosylation in EMV biogenesis. In this study, we explore further the role of glycosylation in EMV cargo selection. We identify specific glycosylated targets and associated proteins and demonstrate alteration of their recruitment as a functio...
Platform leadership in business ecosystem: Literature-based study on resource dependence theory (RDT)

In business ecosystems, the platform leader takes on a role of overcoming main technological challenges and creating an innovative business model for the members of the ecosystem. Although the role of the platform leader and concepts of ecosystem have been developed by several authors, it still lacks a precise theoretical support to understand what enables the platform leader to obtain and maintain hegemony in the ecosystem. In this study, we develop a theoretical explanation to understand the fundamental strategic intentions of the platform leader based on the perspectives of resource dependence theory (RDT). Previous studies have greatly focused on technological leadership and sponsorship of the platform leader as a benevolent leader. However, we propose that the power of the platform leader depends on the degree of dependence of other agents in the ecosystem on platform leaders. We provide support for our proposition with examples observed in the U.S. IT industry where multiple platform leaders exist and manage different types of platform leadership. Our study provides an explanation to understand essential issues that the platform leader faces. Also, we synthesize the explanation with respect to the role of platform leader in the business ecosystem.
Apparent size choice of zooplankton: exceptions to the rule

Choice of the apparently largest prey has been implicated as an important component of the size choice behavior of several planktivorous fish species. In this study we describe the effect of several aspects of prey placement, apparent and absolute size, and motion on the choice behavior of bluegill or white crappie. In binary choice experiments, bluegill usually choose Daphnia prey on the basis of apparent size. However, when both prey were close to the fish and the absolutely larger prey was apparently smaller, the fish commonly chose the absolutely larger. The horizontal placement of two prey also altered choice such that the more forward directed prey was chosen even when apparently smaller. White crappie, when offered a choice between a diaptomid copepod or daphnid prey, chose the daphnid most of the time. Bluegill sunfish offered moving versus non-moving heat-killed daphnids commonly chose the one in motion. Apparent size choice is still a good overall describer of bluegill and white crappie prey choice, but it is not the only mechanism involved in prey choice behavior of these fish.
Architectures for packet classification caching

Emerging network applications require packet classification at line speed on multiple header fields. Fast packet classification requires a careful attention to memory resources due to the size and speed limitations in SRAM and DRAM memory used to implement the function. In this paper, we investigate a range of memory architectures that can be used to implement a wide range of packet classification caches. In particular, we examine their performance under real network traces in order to identify features that have the greatest impact. Through experiments, we show that a cache's associativity, replacement policy, and hash function all contribute in varying magnitudes to the cache's overall performance. Specifically, we show that small levels of associativity can result in enormous performance gains, that replacement policies can give modest performance improvements for under-provisioned caches, and that faster, less complex hashes can improve overall cache performance.
Measurement of the Doppler Temperature Effect in an EBR-I Type Assembly

A measurement of the Doppler temperature effect was made in the fast spectrum of a mockup of the EBR-I reactor in ZPR-III. The effect was measured by thermal cycling samples of enriched uranium, natural uranium, and plutonium and detecting the small changes in reactivity. The pile oscillation technique using a resonant detector was employed to measure the small oscillating component of the neutron flux. An upper limit of 0.5 x 10/sup -8/ DELTA k/ DELTA T was obtained for a 506-gm sample of U/sup 235/ in the spectrum of in EBR-I mockup, and for a 235-gm sample of Pu/sup 239/ in a plutonium-fueled assembly of the same configuration. The results for natural uranium were inconclusive. (auth)
Emil Theodor Kocher

Emil Theodor Kocher was born in 1841 in Bern, Switzerland. He served as full professor of surgery at the University Clinic, Inselspital, in Bern, where he started at age 31 years and served continuously on faculty until his death in 1917. His exceptional career and numerous discoveries helped most surgical specialties to significantly advance their field. However, his most glowing scientific achievements were made in thyroid physiology, pathology, and surgery; for all of these, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1909. His series of more than 5000 thyroid surgeries with a mortality rate of only 0.5 % in 1912 was groundbreaking. He was perhaps one of the earliest “high-volume” endocrine surgeons, and the first surgeon who demonstrated that with increasing experience, patient outcomes are optimized. His epidemiological findings on goiter prevalence and the relationship of goiter with iodine deficiency have daily relevance even now, as seen with iodine-supplemented salt.
Interspecific comparison of the transformer gene of Drosophila reveals an unusually high degree of evolutionary divergence.

The transformer (tra) gene of Drosophila melanogaster occupies an intermediate position in the regulatory pathway controlling all aspects of somatic sexual differentiation. The female-specific expression of this gene9s function is regulated by the Sex lethal (Sxl) gene, through a mechanism involving sex-specific alternative splicing of tra pre-mRNA. The tra gene encodes a protein that is thought to act in conjunction with the transformer-2 (tra-2) gene product to control the sex-specific processing of doublesex (dsx) pre-mRNA. The bifunctional dsx gene carries out opposite functions in the two sexes, repressing female differentiation in males and repressing male differentiation in females. Here we report the results from an evolutionary approach to investigate tra regulation and function, by isolating the tra-homologous genes from selected Drosophila species, and then using the interspecific DNA sequence comparisons to help identify regions of functional significance. The tra-homologous genes from two Sophophoran subgenus species, Drosophila simulans and Drosophila erecta, and two Drosophila subgenus species, Drosophila hydei and Drosophila virilis, were cloned, sequenced and compared to the D. melanogaster tra gene. This comparison reveals an unusually high degree of evolutionary divergence among the tra coding sequences. These studies also highlight a highly conserved sequence within intron one that probably defines a cis-acting regulator of the sex-specific alternative splicing event.
Convergence Properties of Dikins Affine Scaling Algorithm for Nonconvex Quadratic Minimization

We study convergence properties of Dikin?s affine scaling algorithm applied to nonconvex quadratic minimization. First, we show that the objective function value either diverges or converges Q-linearly to a limit. Using this result, we show that, in the case of box constraints, the iterates converge to a unique point satisfying first-order and weak second-order optimality conditions, assuming the objective function Hessian Q is rank dominant with respect to the principal submatrices that are maximally positive semidefinite. Such Q include matrices that are positive semidefinite or negative semidefinite or nondegenerate or have negative diagonals. Preliminary numerical experience is reported.
When money and principles clash: The ethics of a surgical teaching service

During your preoperative visit, a very wealthy patient, Gill Bates, who donated a wing to the large teaching hospital in which you practice, has an unusual request: He does not want any residents involved with his care. He is scheduled for an open infrarenal aneurysmectomy. He explains that his decision is based on the experience of a relative many years ago who was harmed by a resident's error. You clarify that you will do the procedure but that this is a teaching hospital and residents provide excellent assistance and postoperative care. He is resolute in demanding that only grown-up surgeons provide his care.
A method for intraoperative microneurographic recording of unitary activity in the trigeminal ganglion of patients with trigeminal neuralgia

The etiology of trigeminal neuralgia appears to be vascular compression of the nerve at the root entry zone. However, the physiologic mechanism of trigeminal neuralgia remains uncertain. To gain insight into the pathophysiology of the disorder, we developed a method for intraoperative microneurographic recordings from the trigeminal ganglion of patients with trigeminal neuralgia. The recordings are performed immediately prior to standard percutaneous trigeminal gangliolysis for pain relief. Spontaneous or evoked single- and multi-unit action potential activity can be recorded and the location of receptive fields determined. The method should facilitate the testing of hypotheses concerning the origin of this unique pain disorder.
Basics of the solar wind, by Nicole Meyer-Vernet

Book Review: Basics of the Solar Wind, Nicole Meyer-Vernet. Cambridge University Press (2007).
The novice and the expert: Knowledge-based strategies in political cognition

Abstract An experiment examined knowledge-based strategies in political cognition, as a function of expertise. Both experts and novices were predicted to use information that was consistent with their shared prior knowledge set. However, it was hypothesized that experts should have extra on-line processing capacity because of their tighter organization of the shared knowledge. Consequently, experts were predicted to use information inconsistent with the prior knowledge as well. To test this, subjects read a description of a previously unknown third-world country, Mauritius, under the expectation (prior knowledge set) that it was communist, democratic, or unspecified. Information processing depended on subjects' level of political sophistication. Political experts inferred and recalled on the basis of inconsistencies to a greater extent than did novices, as predicted. Correlational data indicated that for experts, but not for novices, knowledge-based inferences were mediated by their clustering of recall in terms of inconsistency. The results are discussed as one possible basis for predicting when people will process consistent or inconsistent information and as a possible way to predict judgments from recall. Expert/novice differences in the use of shared knowledge content encourages more focus on individual differences in strategies for the use of prior knowledge in social cognition.
Study of III-nitride laser diodes for solid-state lighting

III-nitride laser diodes are explored as a next-generation light source for solid-state lighting. State-of-the-art and improved laser diodes and light-emitting diodes are compared in the areas of color rendering, efficiency, and economics.
The Influence of the Side Chain Length on −OCH3−π Interactions Determining the Crystal Packing of Four Substituted 1,4-Bis(α-styryl)benzenes

The crystal structures of E,E-1,4-bis[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-2,5-dimethoxybenzene (1), E,E-1,4-bis[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-2,5-diisopropoxybenzene (2), E,E-1,4-bis[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-2,5-dihexoxybenzene (3), and E,E-1,4-bis[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-2,5-bis(2-phenylethoxy)benzene (4) are reported. A weak intramolecular hydrogen bond between protons on the olefinic link and the ortho-methoxy groups on the adjacent benzene rings is commented on. In general, however, the crystal packing for these structures is primarily determined by weak −OCH3−π interactions. Their numbers change with the structure and length of the side chains and with the accommodation of the extended chains in the lattice. A discussion on the effects of these interactions on the possibility of lattice formation explains why these four compounds crystallize and several similar ones with different alkoxy side chains do not.
General cusp conditions for Coulomb systems

Cusp conditions are obtained for the coalescence of any number of particles interacting Coulombically. This is an extension of the results of Hoffmann-Ostenhof and Seiler for atoms and molecules in the infinite-nuclear-mass approximation in two aspects: (1) the center of mass is first removed, and (2) the masses and charges are all allowed to differ.
Stopping Power and Luminescent-Response Calculation for Channeling in NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl)

Stopping powers of the most prominent axial channels in NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) are calculated for wellchanneled ions (${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$-${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$) over the velocity range $\frac{E}{A}=1\ensuremath{-}10$ MeV/amu. An electron-gas model is applied to a treatment of the excitation of valence electrons, and an additional term is constructed which accounts for core-electron excitation. Nonparticipating electrons are excluded by application of an adiabaticity criterion. The channel-stopping powers that result are typically 20-25% of those characteristic of random incidence, indicating a relatively pronounced channeling effect for the alkali iodides. The calculated curves are combined with appropriate scintillation-efficiency data ($\frac{\mathrm{dL}}{\mathrm{dE}}$ versus $\frac{\mathrm{dE}}{\mathrm{dx}}$) corresponding to bombardment of NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) scintillation counters, in order to obtain a prediction of the luminescent response ($L$ versus $E$) to the channeled particles, and thus to account quantitatively for a reported anisotropy in the scintillation spectra. Higher than normal scintillation efficiency is predicted for the channeled particles, indicating that the crystal channels in NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) are axes preferential for luminescence. This effect may be explained qualitatively by reduced ionization density for channeled particles, which favors radiative recombination of electrons and holes at ${\mathrm{Tl}}^{+}$ sites over competing non-radiative recombination.
THEORETICAL STUDIES ON THE MOBILITY-SHIFT ASSAY OF PROTEIN-DNA COMPLEXES

The theory of mass transport coupled to reversible macromolecular interactions under chemical kinetic control forms the basis for computer simulation of the electrophoretic mobility-shift behavior of protein-DNA complexes. Model systems include (i) specific binding of a univalent protein molecule to a single site on the DNA molecule; (ii) the putative cage effect; (iii) cooperative binding to multiple sites; (iv) formation of looped complexes of 1:1 and 2:1 stoichiometry; (v) noncooperative and cooperative, nonspecific binding modes; and (vi) binding of dimerizing transcriptional factors to response elements of target genes. Favorable comparison of simulated with experimental mobility-shift behavior indicates that the phenomenological mechanisms, whereby observed mobility-shift patterns are generated during electrophoresis, are embodied in the theory. These studies have provided guidelines for definitive interpretation of mobility-shift assays and for the design of experiments to develop a detailed understanding of the particular system under investigation.
Economic forecasting at high-frequency intervals

Forecasting on the basis of the daily flow of monthly or more frequent statistical reports on the economy can enhance the predictive accuracy of quarterly structural models. The high degree of serial correlation in economic data can be used advantageously in quarterly forecasting for a horizon as long as 6 months—perhaps somewhat longer. The model used for high-frequency (weekly) forecasting of the US economy has a national accounting structure and tries to follow the choice of indicators that are used in preparing early estimates of national income and product accounts (NIPA). Estimates are separately generated for the income side and the product side of NIPA. At the level of GDP and closely related aggregates a third prediction is also generated from estimates of the principal components of major monthly indicators. A simple average of three estimates of GDP, together with detail on NIPA components and scores of monthly indicators has been produced every weekend, summarizing the business week's flow of information. This procedure is followed not only for producing a steady stream of high-frequency forecasts but also for providing adjustment factors that can be used for model recalibration, without judgemental input. The tracking of the US economy is illustrated for the period starting before the invasion of Kuwait until the end of the Gulf War.
Oltipraz, an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication.

Abstract Glutathione depletion may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection. Since certain compounds prevent experimental carcinogenesis by elevating the levels of glutathione and phase II detoxication enzymes, we compared the potencies of several inducers with their ability to inhibit basal levels of HIV-1 replication in H9 cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells. All monofunctional inducers tested elevated the levels of glutathione and quinone reductase, a marker for phase II enzyme induction. However, only oltipraz [4-methyl-5-(2-pyrazinyl)-1,2-dithiole-3-thione] was effective at inhibiting HIV-1 replication (IC50 = 14.8 +/- 3.1 microM). The antiviral effect of oltipraz was potentiated by 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. Thus, 1,2-dithiole-3-thiones represent a hitherto unrecognized class of anti-HIV-1 agents. Oltipraz behaves kinetically as an irreversible inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in the template-primer binding domain. Oltipraz has been used to treat schistosomiasis in humans and is undergoing clinical evaluation as an anticarcinogen. Thus, oltipraz (and other 1,2-dithiole-3-thiones) may have therapeutic utility in HIV-1-infected individuals, not only because of their antiretroviral activity, but also by preventing the development of HIV-1-associated neoplasms.
Enterolithiasis : a case report and review

Abstract Background Enterolithiasis is an uncommon finding of intraluminal calcified meconium. Whereas extraluminal calcifications are commonly reported and usually indicate intrauterine intestinal perforation with intraperitoneal extravasation of meconium (meconium peritonitis), true intraluminal calcifications of meconium in newborns are rare. Case Report We report a case of a newborn boy with pneumothorax and pneumoperitoneum because of a transmediastinal air leakage who unfortunately died on the fifth postnatal day after a pneumopericard. The baby had lung hypoplasia and a hypoplastic thorax. Oligohydramnion was present because of urethral agenesis and anal atresia with rectourinary fistula. Enterolithiasis was found, distributed from the transverse to the rectosigmoid colon. Enterolithiasis was not diagnosed prenatally in this boy, and any of those preexisting pathologies were therefore not assumed before birth except the suspicion for urethral valves because of oligohydramnion. Discussion Approximately 48 cases of human neonatal enterolithiasis have been described in the medical literature. The etiology of enterolithiasis appears to be intraluminal mixture of meconium und alkaline urine—as it appears in anal atresia with enterourinary fistula. Most cases of enterolithiasis are associated with major urogenital and intestinal malformations—especially VACTERL association. With support of modern high-resolution imaging devices, enterolithiasis can be detected antenatally. We suppose that prenatal diagnosis of enterolithiasis is a warning sign of underlying pathologies.