cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of compactability of asphalt mixture utilizing asphalt vibratory compactor

Abstract Compaction is a crucial topic for asphalt mixture in that the success of mix design greatly depends on the compaction method being used, and the asphalt pavement achieves the required density also through sufficient compaction efforts in the field. Therefore, understanding the compaction characteristics of asphalt mixture is necessary. In this study, the compactability of asphalt mixture was evaluated utilizing lab asphalt vibratory compactor and three types of mixtures, and an accelerometer was utilized to monitor the vibration properties of vibrator-mixture system. Stiffness measurement values derived from Intelligent Compaction were employed to characterize and identify the compaction stages of asphalt mixture. Results indicated that the vibratory compaction of asphalt mixture can be classified into three stages for all the mixtures, and stiffness parameters can differentiate the compactability of asphalt mixtures. Linear relationships were found between air voids and stiffness parameters with most R square values greater than 0.5 for three mixtures. The influences of compaction temperature (120 °C vs. 140 °C) and underlying layer on the compactability of asphalt mixture were further discussed.
Solid-State-Transformer-Interfaced Permanent Magnet Wind Turbine Distributed Generation System With Power Management Functions

The higher penetration of wind energy poses increasing demand for grid support and power management functions of a wind energy conversion system (WECS). This paper investigates a medium-voltage solid-state transformer (SST)-interfaced permanent magnet synchronous generator system with integrated active power management and reactive power compensation functions. Specifically, a WECS consisting of wind turbines, SSTs, and dc loads is presented. In addition, a distributed power management algorithm is proposed for a dc network with local wind turbine controls incorporated to achieve a self-contained power-balanced condition without the need for energy storage or communication devices. Scenarios considered include the grid-connected mode, the islanding mode, and the mode transitions. Simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Additionally, the concept is experimentally verified using a scaled-down laboratory prototype.
Description of membership and enacting membership: Seeing-a-lift, being a team

Abstract Researchers in ethnomethodology have found that accounts of action are not identical to actions themselves. This investigation uses video technology to examine the enactment of membership, distinct from the description of membership. This paper takes up this line of inquiry by examining the way in which in situations of team training, in the sport of powerlifting coming together for seeing-the-lift, gazing on a lifter for an extended period, is an affiliative act. Using video data from several different team training settings, in conjunction with Instagram posts, and drawing on the authors’ ethnography and experience in strength training settings, this paper demonstrates that the differing organization of accountabilities in seeing-the-lift highlight that in team settings watching exercise is a collective matter of membership in the team. Thereby this article highlights a practice of embodied action which enacts membership roles in a powerlifting setting.
Preparing for the Next Harvey, Irma, or Maria — Addressing Research Gaps

Extreme events often cast in bold relief what we do and don’t know about medicine and public health. In recent weeks, Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria have illuminated our knowledge gaps regarding the consequences of disasters and their mitigation.
Teacher–child relationships make all the difference: constructing quality interactions in early childhood settings

High-quality teacher–child relationships provide protective and supportive environments that provide social support for children to engage in curriculum and take risks that result in overall school...
Saccharin and aspartame. Are they safe to consume during pregnancy

Saccharin and aspartame are commonly used artificial sweeteners. Some of the currently available information on their safety in pregnancy was reviewed, with recommendations formulated on their use in the periconceptional period and pregnancy.
alpha-L-Fucosidase in normal and deficient individuals.

Fucosidosis is a mucolipidosis involving the accumulation in tissues of fucose-containing sphingolipids, glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides (10,16). The disease is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and the basic metabolic defect has been found to be deficiency of α-L-fucosidase (24). The enzymatic defect has been reported in various organs (25,16,14), serum (4,27), cultured skin fibroblasts (16,28) and peripheral blood leukocytes (16,7,4). Genetic heterogeneity of the disease has been identified and we have designated the two distinct forms as types 1 and 2 (13).
Internationale Systemvergleiche im Gesundheitswesen

Wenn Sie dieses Kapitel durchgearbeitet haben, konnen Sie: prazise definieren, welche Aspekte ein internationaler „Systemvergleich“ beachten sollte; erklaren, was Charakteristiken von Gesundheitssystemen sind und mit ihrer Hilfe bestimmen, was man in einer konkreten Situation bei Vergleichen mit dem Ausland beachten muss (Welche Strukturmerkmale im Gesundheitswesen gibt es? Welche Auspragungen werden vielfach unterschieden?); erlautern, wie sich Gesundheitssysteme in ihrer Regulierung unterscheiden, und welche Rolle das Marktprinzip in Gesundheitssystemen spielt; verstehen, wie Summenindikatoren fur die Messung der Systemperformance gebildet werden und umreisen, welche Faktoren die Dynamik von Gesundheitssystemen beeinflussen.
Laparoscopic Treatment in Acute Complicated Diverticulitis: A Review of 11 Cases

Aims : We wanted to test the role of laparoscopy in complicated diverticulitis. Methods: All acute complicated sigmoid diverticulitis cases were reviewed during the last 6 years (December 1999 to 2006). Patients whose medical treatment had failed and patients admitted with peritonitis underwent emergency surgery. However, only laparoscopic procedures were included in the study. Patients were programmed 2 to 4 months later for laparoscopic elective colon resection if they underwent first lavage and drainage of the peritoneal cavity. Results : Eleven patients were treated by laparoscopic procedures out of a total of 37 who underwent emergency surgical therapy for acute perforated diverticulitis. Laparoscopic resection with primary anastomosis was performed in 2 patients (Hinchey I and IIA). Laparoscopic lavage and drainage was performed in the remaining 9 patients (one stage IIA, three stage IIB and five stage III). Three conversions into open Hartmann were needed (stage III). One patient (stage IIB) was lost during follow-up and reappeared 16 months later in general peritonitis. Two patients needed earlier resection because of persistent symptoms. Three remaining patients had a 2 nd stage resection at the allocated time. No post-operative death was encountered. Long-term follow-up (mean 6 months) showed one incisional hernia in a converted patient. Discussion : In perforated diverticular disease, even though laparoscopic lavage and drainage avoids a colostomy and facilitates a 2 nd stage resection, few patients have complete resolution of the inflammatory process. Resection remains mandatory after 8 to 12 weeks. In Hinchey stage III, the success rate still remains to be investigated and weighed against the Hartmann procedure or primary resection. Faecal peritonitis and instable patients should not be considered for laparoscopy.
Acellular and Cellular Lung Model to Study Tumor Metastasis

It is difficult to isolate tumor cells at different points of tumor progression. We created an ex vivo lung model that can show the interaction of tumor cells with a natural matrix and continual flow of nutrients, as well as a model that shows the interaction of tumor cells with normal cellular components and a natural matrix. The acellular ex vivo lung model is created by isolating a rat heart-lung block and removing all the cells using the decellularization process. The right main bronchus is tied off and tumor cells are placed in the trachea by a syringe. The cells move and populate the left lung. The lung is then placed in a bioreactor where the pulmonary artery receives a continual flow of media in a closed circuit. The tumor grown on the left lung is the primary tumor. The tumor cells that are isolated in the circulating media are circulating tumor cells and the tumor cells in the right lung are metastatic lesions. The cellular ex vivo lung model is created by skipping the decellularization process. Each model can be used to answer different research questions.
Reactivity between monoclonal anti-HLA-B27 antibodies and bacterial components: is there a consensus of findings?

Studies addressing the molecular aspects of the postulated cross-reactivity between the HLA-B27 antigens and the bacteria known to precipitate arthritis (e.g., Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia and Campylobacter) are reviewed. In conclusion, the necessity for further research into the pathogenesis of arthritis is stressed.
Symmetry in the diffraction of beams carrying orbital angular momentum

NSF-REU program (NSF) at the University of Arkansas [1460754]; Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) at Ulm University, Germany
Understanding Clinical Trials in Malignant Mesothelioma

Clinical trials are essential to improving outcomes for patients with mesothelioma. There are many phases of drug development that are necessary for the stepwise testing of novel therapeutics. Additionally, novel technologies that are used to screen for mutations or detect biomarkers have changed the clinical trial landscape significantly over the last few years. In the chapter that follows, we describe the basics of the drug development process to help patients and their caregivers make informed decisions about participation in clinical trials and other research opportunities.
QWIP Performance and Polarization Selection Rule

In this paper, we address two separate topics related to quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs). First, we discuss the key parameters that determine the performance of QWIP, and point to the direction for future work to improve the performance. Analytical expressions for detectivity and background limited operating temperature are given. This enables a easy identification of key parameters and their relations to the performance characteristics. Second, using GaAs based QWIPs with either GaAs or InGaAs wells, we experimentally investigate the accuracy of the polarization selection rule for conduction band intersubband transitions. We employ a device structure and a light coupling geometry where the parasitic light scattering is negligible. The experiments imply that the selection rule is followed to an accuracy of 0.2% for a 8.1 μm QWIP with GaAs wells; while this degrades to 3% for a 4.6 μm QWIP with In0.1Ga0.9As wells.
Link between prescribing and gifting of educational materials should be studied.

It would be interesting if Fleischman and colleagues undertook additional analyses of the link between drug manufacturers’ payments to physicians and regional prescribing.1 Particularly interesting would be the …
The impact of peer corrective feedback on vocabulary development

This study explored whether form‐focused instruction (FFI) and peer corrective feedback (CF) facilitated vocabulary development during peer interaction (PI). Third‐semester learners of German were assigned to a PI group (peer interaction only), PI FFI group (peer interaction and form‐focused instruction), or PI FFI CF group (peer interaction, form‐focused instruction, and peer corrective feedback). Participants in all groups engaged in peer interaction activities, but only the PI FFI group and the PI FFI CF group received form‐focused vocabulary instruction on German nouns, along with their grammatical genders and plural forms. Only the PI FFI CF group was taught to provide feedback to peers during peer interaction. Results from a pretest and two posttests revealed that both experimental groups outperformed the control group on measures of productive and receptive vocabulary, grammatical genders, and noun plurals. In addition, the PI FFI CF group outperformed the PI FFI group on measures of productive and receptive vocabulary. These results highlight the importance of metacognitive instruction for vocabulary development during peer interaction.
Counterpoint: A Sur-Rebuttal to Professor Jensen on the Constitutionality of an Unapportioned Wealth Tax

The Constitution requires that direct taxes must be apportioned among the states by population. Under Hylton v. United States (1796), if apportionment is not reasonable, the tax is not direct and apportionment is not required. If the tax base per capita is equal among the states, then apportionment by population yields uniform rates across the states, which is a just rule. But wealth and real estate is not now equal per capita. Tax rates under apportionment would now have to be twice as high in Mississippi as in DC, and that is idiocy, so the taxes are not direct.
Initiation of Protein Synthesis with Non-Canonical Amino Acids In Vivo.

By transplanting identity elements into E. coli tRNAfMet , we have engineered an orthogonal initiator tRNA (itRNATy2 ) that is a substrate for Methanocaldococcus jannaschii TyrRS. We demonstrate that itRNATy2 can initiate translation in vivo with aromatic non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) bearing diverse sidechains. Although the initial system suffered from low yields, deleting redundant copies of tRNAfMet from the genome afforded an E. coli strain in which the efficiency of non-canonical initiation equals elongation. With this improved system we produced a protein containing two distinct ncAAs at the first and second positions, an initial step towards producing completely unnatural polypeptides in vivo. This work provides a valuable tool to synthetic biology and demonstrates remarkable versatility of the E. coli translational machinery for initiation with ncAAs in vivo.
Total synthesis reveals atypical atropisomerism in a small-molecule natural product, tryptorubin A

Molecular shape defines function in both biological and material settings, and chemists have developed an ever-increasing vernacular to describe these shapes. Noncanonical atropisomers-shape-defined molecules that are formally topologically trivial but are interconvertible only by complex, nonphysical multibond torsions-form a unique subset of atropisomers that differ from both canonical atropisomers (e.g., binaphthyls) and topoisomers (i.e., molecules that have identical connectivity but nonidentical molecular graphs). Small molecules, in contrast to biomacromolecules, are not expected to exhibit such ambiguous shapes. Using total synthesis, we found that the peptidic alkaloid tryptorubin A can be one of two noncanonical atropisomers. We then devised a synthetic strategy that drives the atropospecific synthesis of a noncanonical atrop-defined small molecule.
Historical Dictionary of the American Music Industry: by Keith Hatschek and Veronica A. Wells (Historical Dictionaries of Professions and Industries series), Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield, 2018, 361 pp., $95.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-5381-1143-7

Historical Dictionary of the American Music Industry is exactly what its title states. Keith Hatschek and Veronica A. Wells describe and define unions, trade associations, contract terms, record la...
12 – Dynamic stability

Publisher Summary The term dynamic stability encompasses many classes of problems and many different physical phenomena; in some instances, the term is used for two distinctly different responses for the same configuration subject to the same dynamic loads. The class of problems falling in the category of parametric excitation, or parametric resonance, includes the best defined, conceived, and understood problems of dynamic stability. Examples of parametric resonance include a thin flat plate parametrically loaded by inplane forces, which may cause transverse plate vibrations; parametrically loaded shallow arches (symmetric loading), which under certain conditions vibrate asymmetrically with increasing amplitude; and long cylindrical, thin shells (or thin rings) under uniform but periodically applied pressure that can excite vibrations in an asymmetric mode. Thus, in parametric excitation, the loading is parametric with respect to certain deformation forms. This makes parametric resonance different from the usual forced vibration resonance. Based on these examples, it is realized that systems that exhibit bifurcational buckling under static conditions (regardless of whether the bifurcating static equilibrium branch is stable or unstable) are subject to parametric excitation. Moreover, there exists a large class of problems for which the load is applied statically but the system is nonconservative.
Construction of Manifolds from Gluing Data \(\circledast \)

The definition of a manifold given in Chapter 8 assumes that the underlying set M is already known. However, there are situations where we only have some indirect information about the overlap of the domains Ui of the local charts defining our manifold M in terms of the transition functions $$\displaystyle \varphi _i^j = \varphi _{j i}{\colon } \varphi _i(U_i\cap U_j)\rightarrow \varphi _j(U_i\cap U_j), $$ but where M itself is not known. For example, this situation happens when trying to construct a surface approximating a 3D-mesh. If we let Ωij = φi(Ui ∩ Uj) and Ωji = φj(Ui ∩ Uj), then φji can be viewed as a “gluing map” $$\displaystyle \varphi _{j i}{\colon } \Omega _{i j}\rightarrow \Omega _{j i} $$ between two open subsets of Ωi and Ωj, respectively.
Anomaly Detection Using Bidirectional LSTM

This paper presents an anomaly detection approach based on deep learning techniques. A bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) was applied on the UNSW-NB15 dataset to detect the anomalies. UNSW-NB15 represents raw network packets that contains both the normal activities and anomalies. The data was preprocessed through data normalization and reshaping, and then fed into the Bidirectional LSTM model for anomaly detection. The performance of the BLSTM was measured based on the accuracy, precision, F-Score, and recall. The Bi-LSTM model generated high detection results compared to other machine learning and deep learning models.
Efficacy and Safety of Biologic Agents in Chronic Urticaria, Asthma and Atopic Dermatitis - A Real-life Experience.

Introduction Several biologic agents have been approved for the treatment of asthma, chronic urticaria and atopic dermatitis. These therapeutic agents are especially useful for patients with severe or refractory symptoms. We present the real-life experience of four of the commonly used biologic agents in the United Arab Emirates. Methods In this retrospective observational study, we reviewed the demographic, clinical, laboratory and treatment parameters for all patients treated with biologic agents. Results 270 patients received biologics at our centre between May 2015 and December 2019 with a median age of 36.5 years. Omalizumab was the most prescribed agent (n=183, 67.8%) followed by dupilumab (n=54, 20%), benralizumab (n=22, 8.1%) and mepolizumab (n=11, 4.1%). Urticaria was the commonest treatment indication (n=148, 55%) followed by asthma (n=105, 39%) and atopic dermatitis (n=13, 5%). All chronic urticaria patients were treated with omalizumab and showed improvement in the mean urticaria control test score from 6.7±4.47 to 12.02±4.17, with a p-value of 0.001. Dupilumab was found to be the most commonly prescribed drug for asthma (37%), followed by omalizumab (32%), benralizumab (21%) and mepolizumab (10%). The mean Asthma control test score for all asthmatics combined increased from 17.06 ± 5.4 to 19.44 ± 5.6, with p-value 0.0012 with treatment; FeNO reduced from 60.02 ± 45.74 to 29.11 ± 27.92, with p-value 0.001 and mean FEV1 improved from 2.38L ± 0.8 to 2.67L ± 0.78, with p-value 0.045. Only 4 patients in the entire cohort reported adverse events. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that biological agents are a safe and effective treatment for atopic asthma, chronic urticaria and atopic dermatitis.
Muslim American City: Gender and Religion in Metro Detroit

This theoretically strong volume offers a multifaceted look at how Muslims have made an ideological and political place for themselves in Hamtramck, a small town in the Detroit metro area that was ...
A study of 250 cases of placenta previa

Abstract For a ten-year period, 1933 to 1942, there were 31,996 deliveries at Harper and Herman Kiefer Hospitals, among which there occurred 250 cases of placenta previa, 1 in 128. Placenta previa is found in primiparas and multiparas in the ratio of 1 to 5. It is more common in whites than colored. It occurs most commonly in the middle childbearing age. A high percentage of twin pregnancies and fetal malformations is to be expected. A large group was satisfactorily managed by expectant treatment during the stage of dilatation, or by simple rupture of the membranes. The insertion of the dilatable bag gives good results in cases adapted to its use. In properly selected cases cesarean section can be used to the advantage of both mother and child. Seventy-five per cent of cases were correctly diagnosed by x-ray in the group in which it was used. Blood transfusion should be available to all patients with placenta previa. An acceptable mortality rate cannot be expected without it. Maternal mortality in 250 cases of placenta previa taken from a large metropolitan area was 2.8 per cent. Gross fetal mortality was 34.6 per cent, net 14.4 per cent.
0.5 /spl mu/m AlGaAs/GaAs HMESFET technology for digital VLSI products

A 0.5 /spl mu/m AlGaAs/GaAs HMESFET technology has been developed and used to fabricate several high speed, high density circuits, such as a 2.5 ns 16 K static RAM and 1 GHz gate array and standard cell circuits. A family of channel-less DCFL/SBFL gate arrays with raw gate count ranging from 10 K to 100 K for commercial and military applications are currently in production. >
Direct evidence for the conversion of dethiobiotin to biotin in Aspergillus niger.

Conversion of dethiobiotin to biotin in Aspergillus niger was shown by supplying 14C-dethiobiotin to the growth medium, concentrating the biosynthesized 14C-biotin and its sulfoxide on charcoal, and peroxidizing these latter to 14C-biotin sulfone which was purified by column chromatography and recrystallized to constant specific activity.
Lessons Learned Deploying a Digital Classroom

A number of university campuses have undertaken the development of digital classrooms that enable presentation of digital media and digital lecture recording. While educators from across disciplines are interested in using the facilities these classroom spaces provide, deploying the infrastructure for a digital classroom is difficult at best, even for a technically savvy person. As people from many disciplines become interested in building similar digital classroom spaces, there is a need to produce a useful set of design and implementation guidelines for determining the functionality of such a space and selecting and installing the equipment to achieve that functionality. The goal of this article is to report on the deployment of the UCSB digital classroom. By using this article as a guide, future digital classroom architects can reduce the project risk and steepness of the deployment curve. This article: (a) motivates the use of technology in the classroom by discussing the impact of technology on education; (b) presents a phased model for classroom deployment; and (c) categorizes the set of lessons we have learned during our deployment efforts.
Awareness and Knowledge of Cardiovascular Risk Through Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Testing in College Freshmen

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, yet knowledge of CVD risk factors is surprisingly low in college students. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an individualized blood pressure, cholesterol, and CVD education intervention on college freshmen. Methods: Twenty-five college freshmen (mean age 18.3 ± 0.4 years) completed the study. Participants underwent blood pressure and blood cholesterol screening and completed 3 questionnaires (BLOCK Fat Dietary Screener, Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire, and Heart Disease Knowledge Questionnaire [HDKQ]). Feedback reports containing participants' cholesterol and blood pressure data with normative guidelines and physical activity and heart-healthy diet pamphlets were distributed at a one-on-one 15-minute feedback session. Approximately 2 months after receiving this information, all 3 questionnaires were repeated. Results: Participants improved their HDKQ scores (15....
MOBY: a semi-custom make or buy decision advisor

The authors discuss elements of the make-or-buy decision process and present a description of an expert system called MOBY which is a generic customizable make-or-buy decision advisor. MOBY was developed using the expert system environment/VM shell. The purpose of MOBY is to provide a framework for the make-or-buy decision and to allow a site developer to customize MOBY's generic knowledge base for a given location. This customizing is necessary because each make or buy decision is site- and product-specific. The customization is done by the addition and/or modification of focus control blocks, rules, and site-specific database. >
Computer-aided diagnosis in thoracic CT

ABSTRACT Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) provides a computer output as a second opinion in order to assist radiologists in the diagnosis of various diseases on medical images. Currently, a hot topic in CAD is the development of computerized schemes for detection of lung abnormalities, such as lung nodule and interstitial lung disease, in computed tomography (CT) images. The author describes in this article the curren t status of the CAD schemes for the detection of lung nodules and interstitial lung disease in CT developed by the author and his colleagues at the Univ ersity of Chicago and Duke University. Keywords: nodule, interstitial lung disease, computer-aided diagnosis, detection, CT 1. INTRODUCTION Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) has become one of the major research topics in medical imaging and diagnostic radiology, and has been applied to various medical imaging modalities including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, and nuclear medicine [1-4]. CAD is especially useful for volumetric imaging modalities such as CT , because a thin-section CT scan incl udes hundreds of s ections and thus requires considerable time and effort fo r radiologists to interpret CT images. One of the most important applications of CAD is the detection of lung cancer, because lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S. In fact, the total number of deaths caused by lung cancer is greater than that resulting from colon, breast, and prostate cancers combined [5]. Theref ore, many investigators have attempte d recently to develop CAD schemes for detection of lung cancer in thin-section CT [6-16], which is one of the topics of this article. Please see [17] for details regarding current status of lung nodule detection in thin-section CT. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common abnormality [18] that occurs in lung parenchyma and can cause fatal illnesses [19, 20]. The correct diagnosis of ILD is one of the most difficult tasks for radiologists, because the contrast of ILD lesions is often low and the disease patterns are very complex [21]. It is for this reason that CAD schemes have been developed for assisting radiologists in the detection and diagnosis of interstitial lung disease [22]. The existing CAD schemes generally employed statistical texture features [23-34], Fourier transform-based texture features [35-39], geometric features [38,40,41], fr actal features [42,43], and rule-based expert features [44] for detection and diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases. This paper describes the current status of the CAD schemes for the detection of lung nodul es and interstitial lung disease in thin-section CT developed by the author and his colleague s at the University of Chicago and Duke University.
Vasoconstrictive effects of tall fescue alkaloids on equine vasculature

Summary The in vitro vasoconstrictive effects of equine arteriovenous tissues to alkaloids found in Acremonium coenophialum-infested fescue grass (ergotamine tartrate, ergonovine maleate, and N-acetyl loline) were compared to those of various biogenic amines, including norepinephrine, phenylephrine, BHT-920, and serotonin. In this initial study, both the loline and the ergot compounds were vasoactive, although the contractile effect was less than that of the biogenic amine compounds. The study demonstrates the potential for decreased perfusion of peripheral tissues in horses consuming A. coenophialum-infested fescue grass or hay.
Comparative measurements with the ASRC aerosol detector

EXPERIMENTAL measurements of aerosols using the ionometric counter (described on page 137 of this journal) were conducted to evaluate the relative performance of this instrument with that of two commercially available aerosol detectors. Ideal calibration procedures for a small particle detector would include the comparison of the instrument’s response to particle concentration with that of a suitable standard using a monodisperse aerosol of known size. However, such an aerosol is difficult to generate for the submicroscopic size range. Since the instrument under test is monitoring the natural aerosol concentration, the use of a polydisperse aerosol for response comparisons is indicated. For these reasons, a source of particles with a wide size spectrum as might occur naturally was used in the tests. References regarding aerosol sizes are made here with some trepidation due to the difficulty of assigning a single number to describe any population as complex as a polydisperse aerosol. Some size figures which have previously been described will be used. It should be understood, however, that radius measurements do not imply that an aerosol consists of monodisperse spheres, but that the particles, regardless of their actual geometry, respond to certain conditions in the way spheres of a given radius might be expected to behave. An equivalent radius thus determined may be useful in obtaining information about the size distribution of a particular aerosol.
And that's the way it was...

Vigorous geophysical exploration programs to locate petroleum, natural gas, and coal will be high priority for the next 30 years if the recommendations of a National Academy of Science committee are followed. NAS's Committee on Nuclear and Alternative Energy Systems (Conaes) published its 4-year, $4.1-million report, ‘Energy in Transition: 1985–2010,’ in March 1980 (EOS, 2/19/80).…The American Geological Institute, the Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minteres, and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique agreed to pool their resources to compile a common geological bibliographic data base (8/5/80) In 1979, the Journal of Geophysical Research and Water Resources Research together contained over 10,000 pages, more than 30% above the previous high for a single year…. The last total solar eclipse visible in North America this century occurred February 26, 1979 (2/13/79)…. The oldest organisms yet discovered were probably advanced enough on the evolutionary scale to have manufactured their own food. The microorganisms were discovered in the Warrawoona group of western Australia (8/12/80) AGU celebrated its 60th anniversary at the 1979 Spring Meeting in Washington, D.C., May 28–June 1. …The Zurich Relative Sunspot Numbers, one of the oldest continuous series of astronomical data, will cease to be collected at the end of 1980 (4/15/80).
Do percutaneous renal tumor biopsies at initial presentation affect treatment strategies

As outlined by Remzi and Marberger [1] in the current issue, the use of percutaneous biopsies in the evaluation and management of small renal tumors is currently being reevaluated for several reasons, including the observed stage migration, improved biopsy techniques, alternative treatment strategies, and an improved understanding of the natural history of small renal tumors. However, the most important question regarding the use of percutaneous biopsy remains: How will the biopsy results alter eventual treatment? A major impetus for changing the approach to the management of small renal tumors has been the observed stage migration of renal tumors at initial presentation. A review of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries demonstrated a 52% increase in the incidence of kidney cancer between the years 1983 and 2002 [2]. Interestingly, the largest increase in was noted in tumors 6000 tumors noted a significant difference in the occurrence of pathologic evaluation between excisional, ablative, and observational therapies. Tumors treated with cryoablation,radiofrequencyablation,andobservationlacked pathologic evaluation in 18%, 43%, and 54% of patients, respectively. Furthermore, it is important to realize that of the tumors undergoing observation with available pathology, the vast majority of pathologic assessment was performed at the termination of a course of observation, and few tumors underwent pathologic assessment prior to initiating or during a period of observation. Regardless of the type of treatment employed, the lack of pathologic datahasobviousimplicationsforthetimingandtype
Air-Lubricated Thermal Processor For Dry Silver Film

Since dry silver film is processed by heat, it may be viewed on a light table only seconds after exposure. On the other hand, wet films require both bulky chemicals and substantial time before an image can be analyzed. Processing of dry silver film, although simple in concept, is not so simple when reduced to practice. The main concern is the effect of film temperature gradients on uniformity of optical film density. RCA has developed two thermal processors, different in implementation but based on the same philosophy. Pressurized air is directed to both sides of the film to support the film and to conduct the heat to the film. Porous graphite is used as the medium through which heat and air are introduced. The initial thermal processor was designed to process 9.5-inch-wide film moving at speeds ranging from 0.0034 to 0.008 inch per second. The processor configuration was curved to match the plane generated by the laser recording beam. The second thermal processor was configured to process 5-inch-wide film moving at a continuously variable rate ranging from 0.15 to 3.5 inches per second. Due to field flattening optics used in this laser recorder, the required film processing area was plane. In addition, this processor was sectioned in the direction of film motion, giving the processor the capability of varying both temperature and effective processing area.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
WireFET Technology for 3-D Integrated Circuits

A novel method to fabricate a transistor directly within a wire is presented. The phenomenon of aluminum-induced crystallization of silicon is used to embed crystalline Si regions within an aluminum wire, enabling FETs to be fabricated directly within interconnects. The wireFET fabrication process is relatively simple, does not require unconventional materials or processing methods, and has low associated thermal budget (Tmax les 400 degC), so that it can be a cost-effective method for implementing 3-dimensionally integrated circuits
Comparison of T1rho relaxation times between ACL-reconstructed knees and contralateral uninjured knees.

Purpose The goal of this study is to compare the cartilage of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-reconstructed and uninjured contralateral knees using T1ρ MRI 12–16 months after ACL reconstructions.
Review: mifepristone is more effective for emergency contraception than levonorgestrel.

Source Citation Cheng L, Gulmezoglu A, Piaggio G, Ezcurra E, Van Look P. Interventions for emergency contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD001324. 18425871
Subjective Assessment of Interline Flicker in Television Displays—A First Approach

Abstract Interline flicker is generally most noticeable in small high luminance areas and at high contrast transitions occurring across the television line structure. A subjective experiment was conducted to determine the impairment arising from interline flicker for simple counterphase rectangular patterns whose width and height was varied. A rapid dimunition in picture quality was found to occur as soon as the counterphase format of the pattern (corresponding to the line structure) became readily discernible. Possible methods of reducing the visibility of interline flicker are discussed.
An examination of private intermediaries' roles in software vulnerabilities disclosure

Software vulnerability disclosure has generated much interest and debate. Recently some private intermediaries have entered this market. This paper examines the effects of such private intermediaries on optimal timing of disclosure policy made by public intermediaries and vendors' reactions. Our analysis of private intermediaries' role suggests that public intermediary's optimal disclosure time does not change with private intermediary's participation. However, a vendor's patch time increases when the probability of information leakage is low, if not non-existent. In other words, private intermediaries' service decreases a vendor's willingness to deliver quick patches. Empirical evidence with 1493 vulnerability observations from CERT/CC and other 326 different vulnerability observations from iDefense provided support for our analytical results.
Kitt Peak speckle camera

The speckle camera in regular use at Kitt Peak National Observatory since 1974 is described in detail. The design of the atmospheric dispersion compensation prisms, the use of film as a recording medium, the accuracy of double star measurements, and the next generation speckle camera are discussed. Photographs of double star speckle patterns with separations from 1.4 sec of arc to 4.7 sec of arc are shown to illustrate the quality of image formation with this camera, the effects of seeing on the patterns, and to illustrate the isoplanatic patch of the atmosphere.
Fate of Germ Cells in 2,5-Hexanedione-Induced Testicular Injury: I. Apoptosis Is the Mechanism of Germ Cell Death

2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) is a Sertoli cell toxicant which causes germ cell loss and testicular atrophy in the rat. The mechanism of germ cell death over the course of 2,5-HD treatment is not known nor is the reason why residual germ cells do not repopulate the seminiferous epithelium following toxicant withdrawal. In the current study, the role of apoptosis in germ cell loss was studied. Male Fischer rats were treated for up to 5 weeks with 1% 2,5-HD in the drinking water and killed between 0 and 12 weeks after the start of toxicant exposure. Apoptosis was assessed in control and treated animals by (1) DNA fragmentation detected by gel electrophoresis, (2) cellular morphology on plastic sections, and (3) DNA fragmentation in situ by terminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-UTP nick end label (TUNEL) staining of testis cross sections. All three indices demonstrated a substantial increase in apoptosis which peaked at 5 weeks of 2,5-HD treatment. Morphological analysis determined that apoptosis occurred in germ cells of the seminiferous epithelium. DNA fragmentation determined by gel electrophoresis was barely detectable until 5-6 weeks of toxicant exposure. However, TUNEL staining of testis cross sections indicated that germ cell apoptosis increased after as early as 2 weeks of toxicant exposure, providing a highly sensitive biological marker of toxicant-induced testicular injury. These data also suggested a differential sensitivity of germ cells to toxicant exposure with spermatid apoptosis occurring first at 4-5 weeks of treatment followed by apoptosis of spermatocytes and spermatogonia between 6 and 12 weeks. Together, these data demonstrate that apoptosis is the mechanism of germ cell loss in 2,5-HD-induced testicular injury.
Citizen participation in digital government: a new model identifying levels of expertise and responsibility in collaborations

This paper reviews existing models of citizen participation and proposes a new model to facilitate the shared understanding necessary for successful collaborations such as the coproduction of digital government products and services by citizens and government. The proposed new model is intended for use in citizen and government collaborations at the implementation stage of the policy process and includes categories for both citizen participation and citizen expertise. The new model also implies that citizens or citizens and government together are making decisions regarding the amount of citizen's participation in the collaboration.
Hydroxyurea: Suppression of Two-Stage Carcinogenesis in Mouse Skin

Hydroxyurea, a selective cytotoxic agent for cells in DNA synthesis, injected intraperitoneally at 24 and 48 hours after the first painting with 1 percent croton oil, significantly reduced the tumor yield in the two-stage chemical carcinlogenesis in mouse skin. A comparable group of mice receiving hydroxyurea only once at 24 hours had a tumor induction similar to that in controls.
Complicating factors in safety testing of drug metabolites: Kinetic differences between generated and preformed metabolites

This paper aims to provide a scientifically based perspective on issues surrounding the proposed toxicology testing of synthetic drug metabolites as a means of ensuring adequate nonclinical safety evaluation of drug candidates that generate metabolites considered either to be unique to humans or are present at much higher levels in humans than in preclinical species. We put forward a number of theoretical considerations and present several specific examples where the kinetic behavior of a preformed metabolite given to animals or humans differs from that of the corresponding metabolite generated endogenously from its parent. The potential ramifications of this phenomenon are that the results of toxicity testing of the preformed metabolite may be misleading and fail to characterize the true toxicological contribution of the metabolite when formed from the parent. It is anticipated that such complications would be evident in situations where (a) differences exist in the accumulation of the preformed versus generated metabolites in specific tissues, and (b) the metabolite undergoes sequential metabolism to a downstream product that is toxic, leading to differences in tissue-specific toxicity. Owing to the complex nature of this subject, there is a need to treat drug metabolite issues in safety assessment on a case-by-case basis, in which a knowledge of metabolite kinetics is employed to validate experimental paradigms that entail administration of preformed metabolites to animal models.
Effect of preheat temperature on the location of the minimum state of cure in a molded component

The distribution of state of cure in a molded rubber component is usually nonuniform due to the slow heat transfer processes involved in the molding–cooling cycle. The minimum in the distribution usually occurs in the center of the rubber section. For large components, one method of reducing molding time is to preheat the uncured rubber prior to molding, thus carrying out a portion of the required heat transfer in a more favorable geometry than the molded shape. In this work, computation of the state of cure distribution in preheat–molding–cooling cycles for one-dimensional rectangular geometry shows that as the preheat temperature is increased, the locus of the minimum state of cure will move outward from the center toward the surface of the component. This has important implications for the range of cure states existing in an article and calls into question the convention of removing samples for state of cure tests from the center of the component. The variables considered in this work are the preheat temperature, the component thickness, and the target state of cure of the rubber compound. A design curve is developed whereby the preheat temperature to optimize the distribution of the cure can be established. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25:195–207, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20070
Effect of host deprivation on egg quality, egg load, and oviposition in a solitary parasitoid,Chetogena edwardsii (Diptera: Tachinidae)

Solitary parasitoids are limited to laying one egg per host because larvae compete within hosts. If host encounter rate is low, females should not increase the number of eggs/host in response. The tachinid fly, Chetogena edwardsii,was used to evaluate the effect of host deprivation on egg accumulation, oviposition behavior, and egg quality in a solitary parasitoid. Females deprived of hosts for 2– 7 days accumulate about 1 day's supply of eggs. Egg output of deprived females once hosts are restored does not differ from that of control females. Deprived females retain one egg in the uterus where it undergoes embryogenesis. Maggots emerging from retained eggs are more likely to survive in hosts molting in 40 h or less after receipt of an egg than are maggots emerging from eggs fertilized shortly before oviposition. Egg retention is a consequence of host deprivation that permits females to broaden the range of hosts they can exploit to include soon-to-molt hosts and possibly multiply parasitized hosts.