cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The difficulty of measuring support for democracy in a changing society: evidence from Russia

Measuring support for democracy in societies where democratic institutions do not exist or do not function well is a challenge faced by many researchers around the world. In societies moving either toward or away from democracy, the very meaning of ‘democracy’ is often in question and institutions and practices that go by the label of ‘democratic’ may vary widely from accepted norms. As a result, respondents are likely to interpret survey questions on democratic concepts in unpredictable ways. This article examines some of the ways respondents in non-democratic or imperfectly democratic countries may misinterpret the meaning of survey questions and consequently how their answers may mislead researchers. Previous research has focused on problems with abstract concepts like ‘democracy’. Evidence presented here – from interviews with Russians – shows that the problem is broader and covers more kinds of questions than previously thought. A strong potential for miscommunication also exists with more concrete q...
Organization of the nematocyst battery in the tentacle of hydra: Arrangement of the complex anchoring junctions between nematocytes, epithelial cells, and basement membrane

Nematocytes (stinging cells) of hydra tentacles are anchored to the basement membrane by peculiar complex junctions in which a flattened tongue of an epithelial cell is interposed between the nematocyte and the basement membrane. In this paper we describe the arrangement of these junctions with emphasis on how they are related to the architecture of the epithelial cell. Each epithelial cell, called a battery cell, harbors 10–20 nematocytes and bears muscle processes that extend along the basement membrane. The epithelial cell component of the complex junction is usually a lateral extension of a muscle process. All nematocytes within a battery cell make junctions with muscle processes of the same (“resident”) epithelial battery cell despite the presence of numerous muscle processes from adjacent (“foreign”) cells. Some nematocytes make junctions with several resident processes, spanning the foreign processes to do so. Most junctions reside near the proximal ends of the muscle processes. New findings are reported on the substructure of the junctions. They are composed of aggregates of smaller elements, and the cytoskeleton within the complexes has a pronounced longitudinal organization. These observations are consistent with a suggestion that the complex junctions develop by aggregation of smaller junctional units originating elsewhere on the cells.
Neuronal Hyperexcitability: A Substrate for Central Neuropathic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury

Neuronal hyperexcitability produces enhanced pain transmission in the spinal dorsal horn after spinal cord injury (SCI). Spontaneous and evoked neuronal excitability normally are well controlled by neural circuits. However, SCI produces maladaptive synaptic circuits in the spinal dorsal horn that result in neuronal hyperexcitability. After SCI, activated primary afferent neurons produce enhanced release of glutamate, neuropeptides, adenosine triphosphate, and proinflammatory cytokines, which are known to be major components for pain transmission in the spinal dorsal horn. Enhanced neurochemical events contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability, and neuroanatomical changes also contribute to maladaptive synaptic circuits and neuronal hyperexcitability. These neurochemical and neuroanatomical changes produce enhanced cellular signaling cascades that ensure persistently enhanced pain transmission. This review describes altered neurochemical and neuroanatomical contributions on neuronal hyperexcitability in the spinal dorsal horn, which serve as substrates for central neuropathic pain after SCI.
A perspective on radioecological research

Radioecology began as an application of the concepts of the science of ecology to the problems of the new science of health physics - itself a product of the atomic age. The testing of atomic weapons created a need to understand the behaviour of radionuclides in the environment together with the necessity for developing data on the effects of ionizing radiation. Much current radioecological research has been directed toward enhancing our knowledge of radionuclide transport in major environments in order to derive transfer coefficients for radiological dose assessment codes. Most current radioecological research is centred on operating nuclear installations which provide major opportunities for developing new insights on nuclide behaviour and for training students. This type of effort should continue to be encouraged in the future because of the distinct advantages offered by such locations. Future radioecological research will be needed for predicting exposures resulting from the transport of radionuclides in agricultural food chains. Model validation using field studies and experiments is another pressing area of radioecology. There is a continuing need for data on the long-term impact of chronic low level ionizing radiation on species and populations in natural systems in relation to such problems as radioactive waste disposal. Lastly, there is an opportunity for the continuing use of radioisotopes as tools for research in basic ecology and for attacking non-radioactive pollution problems.
Succeeding in the Big Middle through technology

Abstract Big Middle retailers serve the mass market composed of mainstream consumers and face competition from both other Big Middle retailers and specialized (niche) retailers that want a share of the Big Middle consumer market. How can Big Middle retailers leverage technology to strengthen their competitive position? The authors explore this question by offering a framework for characterizing the Big Middle and a consumer-based taxonomy for classifying technology strategies in the retailing arena. In particular, the authors emphasize the following key points: (1) most technological advancements in retailing in the twenty-first century will relate to information technology; (2) many technologies have the potential to both cut the cost of retailer operations and enhance service to customers; (3) the adoption of these technologies requires significant upfront investments; (4) successful retailers in the Big Middle are in the best position to adopt these technologies because of their deep pockets and because they can pass on part of the costs to their vendors; (5) Big Middle retailers must take a longer term view with respect to returns on their technology investments; and (6) Big Middle retailers should consider consumers’ reactions to these technologies and be cautious about “overengineering.” In this regard, this editorial points to several directions for further research in the realm of technology investments by retailers.
Conservatism, creativity and social change: David Loye's dialogical perspective

David Loye's work has consistently shown a fascination with dualities and dyads. He has addressed race relations, left and right cerebral hemispheres, and the political left and right, among others. In this essay I point to the way in which Loye's work has reconceptualized the traditional political relationship between “left” and “right,” through the development of the terms norm‐changing and norm‐maintaining, and relate this to differentiation between dominator and partnership forms of organization and relation. I then propose a quadrant model of four types: dominator norm‐changers and norm‐maintainers, and partnership norm‐changers and norm‐maintainers.
5,5′‐DIURIDINYL, A MAJOR PHOTOPRODUCT FROM UV‐IRRADIATION OF POLYNUCLEOTIDES CONTAINING BROMOURACIL

— The major photoproduct from UV-irradiation of polynucleotides containing bromouracil has been identified as 5,5′-diuridinyl by comparing Rf values and UV and fluorescence spectra with a synthetic compound.
Continuing Medical Education Article—Facial Aesthetic Surgery: Nonablative Laser Resurfacing: State of the Art 2002☆

Background: Nonablative resurfacing, also referred to as subsurface or dermal remodeling, is a recently introduced technology for restoring damaged collagen without injuring or removing the overlying epidermis. To date there have been no published comparisons or reviews of these laser systems. Objective: The authors review the mechanisms of action of currently available nonablative laser technologies and published data on their performance. Methods: Literature concerning nonablative laser technology published between 2000 and 2002 was reviewed by use of Medline searches. Data on technical specifications were obtained from the manufacturers. Results: Significant improvement in skin elasticity and photodamage with few or no complications was noted after treatment with most of the systems reviewed. However, the results were generally more subtle than those achieved with ablative lasers. Conclusions: Nonablative technology is currently at the forefront of skin rejuvenation. Data on long-term results must await several more years of accumulated clinical treatment. Improvement in skin quality, tone, and texture can be expected, but patients and physicians who expect nonablative laser treatment results to be similar to those achieved by ablative techniques may be disappointed. # Continuing Medical Education Examination—Facial Aesthetic Surgery: Nonablative Laser Resurfacing: State of the Art 2002 {#article-title-33}
Use of somatosensory-evoked potentials and cognitive event-related potentials in predicting outcomes of patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

ABSTRACTLew HL, Dikmen S, Slimp J, Temkin N, Lee EH, Newell D, Robinson LR: Use of somatosensory-evoked potentials and cognitive event-related potentials in predicting outcomes of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2003;82:53–61.ObjectiveThis study was performed to ev
Consolidation of a double-porosity medium

The classical one-dimensional column consolidation boundary value problem is studied for a double-porosity material. Uniaxial strain and constant vertical stress conditions are applied to a column that is drained at the top and undrained at the bottom. An initial fluid pressure differential develops between the matrix and fracture phases in response to surface loading when variations in the mechanical and flow parameters of the matrix and fracture exist. The mean stress is shown to be a linear combination of the fluid pressure in the matrix and the fluid pressure in the fracture. The time dependent general analytical solution is given for the matrix and fracture pressure histories and surface displacements using fracture and matrix storage coefficients defined for constant stress (constant confining pressure) and the assumption that the cross-storage coefficient at constant stress is negligible. Pressure and displacement histories are controlled by the mechanical and flow properties of both the matrix and fracture and on the magnitude of the differences between the two phases. The double-porosity solution approaches the equivalent single porosity solution for closely spaced fractures, a small permeability contrast and a large cross-flow term. Pressures and displacements are also compared to previous results in the literature based on storage coefficients defined at constant volumetric strain and the assumption that the constant strain cross-storage coefficient is negligible. The previous results included small matrix fluid pressures and fracture fluid pressures in excess of the applied stress. The constant stress formulation of the double-porosity column consolidation problem produces physically intuitive results.
Lipase from egg of southern corn rootworm

The lipolytic activity in homogenates and aqueous extracts of acetone powders of eggs of the southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) was studied. The general properties were determined using as substrate olive oil in an emulsion stabilized by gum arabic. Bovine serum albumin or Triton X-100 were required in the assay system; they protected the enzyme from spontaneous denaturation. The lipase had activity optima at pH 7 and at 45 C. The preparation was inactive towards triacetin, and activity increased in the series tripropionin<tributyrin<trihexanoin< trioctanoin<tridecanoin. Activity towards tridecanoin. Triolein was hydrolyzed to oleic acid and glycerol with no marked accumulation, even transient, of partial glycerides.
Carcinoid tumor mistaken for persistent neurogenic bowel symptoms in a patient with paraplegia: a case report.

Abstract Poduri KR, Schnitzer EM. Carcinoid tumor mistaken for persistent neurogenic bowel symptoms in a patient with paraplegia: a case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:996-9. Neurogenic bowel in spinal cord injury (SCI) can present with constipation and diarrhea as ongoing problems. Usually, these manifestations are adequately controlled with modification in the bowel program. When these symptoms persist, other causes should be considered. This case report describes a jejunal carcinoid tumor with colonic extension that was diagnosed in a paraplegic patient with persistent constipation and diarrhea. A 39-year-old man sustained a T1 paraplegia with neurogenic bowel and bladder dysfunction from a gunshot wound. His bowels were initially managed adequately with digital disimpaction. Over the next 8 years, he had intermittent constipation that was managed with the addition of various suppositories. He then developed progressively worsening constipation, and other gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Although his symptoms initially resolved with medical management, the constipation worsened. Upper endoscopy revealed a submucosal bulge in the duodenal bulb. A month later, gallstones were found on renal ultrasound performed to evaluate recurrent urinary tract infections. He underwent cholecystectomy, but his GI symptoms persisted over the next several months. Repeat upper endoscopy subsequently revealed an ulcerated tumor at the duodenojejunal flexure. An upper-GI scan with small bowel follow through showed a proximal jejunal mass. The patient underwent laparotomy with resection of the mass. Final pathologic diagnosis was malignant carcinoid tumor. This case shows the importance of entertaining other clinical entities in patients with SCI when constipation and diarrhea persist despite adequate management. © 2001 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Radon exposure levels of the staff in the drinking water supply facilities in Bavaria, Germany

Abstract Within the framework of a study covering the whole of Bavaria, water supply facilities were investigated as to radon concentrations in groundwater and indoor air and as to the radon exposure levels to which the staff working in these buildings were subjected. An inquiry sheet was sent to all drinking water supply facilities in Bavaria (Germany). Two thousand six hundred facilities were asked to provide detailed information about their facility and the duration of stay and about typical work processes. Over 500 water supply facilities were selected to take a 1-l ground water sample and to expose track-etch detectors in order to get the mean room concentration of the main working places. In addition, for a period of 2 months, the personnel had to wear a track-etch detector whilst they were in the supply facilities in order to get an estimate of their individual exposure level. In the east Bavarian crystalline region, indoor radon gas concentrations of up to 300 kBq/m3 were observed. About 10% of the processing plant workers of this region get an annual effective dose of more than 20 mSv. The application of effective means to reduce the radon exposure levels of these persons is in progress.
Leadership, Rhetoric, and the Polis:

This article argues that leadership and rhetoric are intimately connected; therefore, rhetoric should include the explicit examination of all aspects of leadership (that is, including but not limited to rhetorical criticism of the speeches and writings of leaders), both as an area of research and an area of pedagogy. This is particularly important when helping students become active members of the citizenry is seen a central goal of what teachers are doing in the English or Communication class. The interconnections between leadership and the concept of the polis, the active assembly of citizens empowered to discuss and make public policy, is useful here, even though the polis may no longer exist in its original form. In particular, leadership through identification with the polis appears to be an approach with great potential.
An empirical model for inverted-velocity-profile jet noise prediction

An empirical model for predicting the noise from inverted-velocity-profile coaxial or coannular jets is presented and compared with small-scale static and simulated flight data. The model considered the combined contributions of as many as four uncorrelated constituent sources: the premerged-jet/ambient mixing region, the merged-jet/ambient mixing region, outer-stream shock/turbulence interaction, and inner-stream shock/turbulence interaction. The noise from the merged region occurs at relatively low frequency and is modeled as the contribution of a circular jet at merged conditions and total exhaust area, with the high frequencies attenuated. The noise from the premerged region occurs at high frequency and is modeled as the contribution of an equivalent plug nozzle at outer stream conditions, with the low frequencies attenuated.
Comparative geometry of the San Andreas Fault, California, and laboratory fault zones

Textural examination of fault gouge deformed in triaxial friction experiments has revealed differences in the orientations of secondary shear sets between the stably sliding and stick-slip samples. In order to determine whether such differences can be identified in natural faults, maps of recently active breaks along the San Andreas fault from Point Arena to Cajon Pass, California, were examined to compare the types and orientations of secondary structures mapped in the creeping and locked sections. The fault zone was divided into 52 geometrically defined segments of uniform strike, which were then grouped into 7 sections: 4 straight and 2 curved sections, and Cholame Valley. One of the straight sections is the creeping section between San Juan Bautista and Cholame in central California; the rest of the sections are locked. Many of the gross geometric characteristics of the individual segments, such as length, width, and stepover size, reflect their position in either a straight or a curved section. In contrast, with respect to the orientations of the recent breaks within the segments, the single creeping section differs from all of the locked sections, both straight and curved, as follows: (1) the traces of recent breaks with a more west-ward orientation than the local strike of the fault zone (P traces) dominate over those with a more northward orientation (R traces) in the creeping section, whereas the opposite relationship holds in the locked sections, and (2) the more northward-oriented (R) traces make larger angles to the local strike of the fault zone in the locked sections than in the creeping section. The latter result is consistent with the orientations of R shears in our various laboratory samples. The former result was unexpected, because of the predominance of R shears in most laboratory samples, but a small number of samples are analogous to the creeping section in terms of their P-shear abundances, R-shear orientations, and sliding behavior. The causes of these distinguishing characteristics are not yet understood.
A novel hPepT1 stably transfected cell line: establishing a correlation between expression and function.

Stably transfected MDCK/hPepT1-V5&His clonal cell lines expressing varying levels of epitope-tagged hPepT1 protein were established to quantify the relationship between transgene hPepT1 expression levels and its functional kinetics in facilitating peptide and peptide-like drug uptake and transport in vitro. The hPepT1 sequence was amplified from Caco-2 cell mRNA, inserted into the pcDNA3.1-V5&His TOPO plasmid, and transfected into MDCK cells. Transgene protein levels were quantified by Western Blot analysis utilizing a standard curve generated with a positive control protein containing a V5&His epitope. Three clones expressing different levels of the hPepT1 fusion protein (low, medium, and high) were selected for the functional characterization with [14C]Gly-Sar and [3H]carnosine. The MDCK/hPepT1 cells expressed a novel hPepT1/epitope tag protein with an apparent molecular mass of 110 kDa. The [14C]Gly-Sar uptake in the transfected cells was sodium-independent and pH-dependent, demonstrating enhanced upta...
I.P. Pavlov vs. N.I. Bukharin: the critical mind and the arrogance of power.

In 1923, Pavlov criticized the Marxist theses and the policy of the Soviet regime. In 1924, N.I. Bukharin, a Marxist theoretician and member of the Soviet government, responded to Pavlov’s passionate speech with a sarcastic diatribe. I suggest that Pavlov’s speech and Bukharin’s article represent a conflict between a scientist critical of the Marxist pseudotheory and a journalist’s abusive response to the realization that his theory was without much merit.
Monolithic Integration of Carbon Nanotube Devices with Silicon MOS Technology

An integrated circuit combining single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) devices with n-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) field effect transistors was fabricated. SWNTs were grown, using chemical vapor deposition, from catalyst islands located on an NMOS decoder circuit. Massive arrays of nanotube devices, each addressed individually using the NMOS circuit, were rapidly characterized. The successful monolithic integration of nanotube devices and MOS transistors creates many possibilities, including electronically addressable nanotube chemical sensor arrays.
Family planning decisions after prenatal detection of fetal abnormalities

Objective: Our purpose was to assess the family planning decisions made by women found to be carrying fetuses with chromosome abnormalities or neural tube defects. Study Design: We studied the family planning decisions of 132 women carrying fetuses with chromosome abnormalities (n = 91) or neural tube defects (n = 41) with regard to prenatal diagnosis, pregnancy management decision, patient's gravidity, and maternal and gestational age. Results: Twenty women (17 carrying fetuses with chromosome abnormalities and 3 with fetal neural tube defects) elected permanent sterilization after completion of the affected pregnancy. Only maternal age and fetal chromosome abnormalities were associated with a decision to obtain permanent sterilization. Conclusions: Most women carrying fetuses with chromosome abnormalities or neural tube defects will not choose permanent sterilization after completion of the pregnancy. Delaying such decisions until resolution of grief and depression is now facilitated by the availability of safe, reliable, and relatively long-term reversible contraceptive agents.
A quantitative kinetic analysis of CO elimination from phenoxy radicals

Phenoxy radicals are expected to play an important role in the thermal decomposition of lignin. At high enough temperatures, the dissociation to cyclopentadienyl radicals plus carbon monoxide dominates over bimolecular channels. While earlier experimental and theoretical studies agree on the mechanism, the experimental data suggest a substantially lower overall barrier than that found in theoretical studies. To address this discrepancy, we performed electronic structure calculations at the CBS-QB3 level of theory and at a modified version of it to construct the relevant portion of the C6H5O potential energy surface (PES). The new results are in good agreement with previous studies. We then used the molecular information to calculate thermodynamic properties of the reactants and activated complexes, the high-pressure rate constants, and the pressure dependence. Three different methods were employed for the last step: the quantum version of the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel/modified strong collision theory approach by Dean (J Phys Chem 1985, 89, 4600–4608), the stochastic treatment by Barker (Int J Chem Kinet 2001, 33, 232–245) using the MultiWell package, and the master equation program Unimol by Gilbert and coworkers. Theory of Unimolecular and Recombination Reactions. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications. All methods predict the experimentally determined phenoxy decomposition rate constant to be in the falloff region. This explains the almost 10 kcal mol−1 difference between reported activation energies and calculated barriers. Both the Lin and Lin (J Phys Chem 1986, 90, 425–431) and Frank et al. (Proc Combust Inst 1994, 25, 833–840) data can be reproduced within the assumed uncertainty limits without any adjustments of the PES. We also report on falloff behavior in the CO elimination from methyl-, hydroxy-, and methoxy-substituted phenoxy radicals in the para position and compare it to that of the unsubstituted phenoxy radical. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 75–89, 2012
Biological Applications and Transmission Electron Microscopy Investigations of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

The research presented and discussed within involves the development of novel biological applications of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) and an investigation of mesoporous material by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles organically functionalized shown to undergo endocytosis in cancer cells and drug release from the pores was controlled intracellularly and intercellularly. Transmission electron microscopy investigations demonstrated the variety of morphologies produced in this field of mesoporous silica nanomaterial synthesis. A series of room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) containing mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) materials with various particle morphologies, including spheres, ellipsoids, rods, and tubes, were synthesized. By changing the RTIL template, the pore morphology was tuned from the MCM-41 type of hexagonal mesopores to rotational moire type of helical channels, and to wormhole-like porous structures. These materials were used as controlled release delivery nanodevices to deliver antibacterial ionic liquids against Escherichia coli K12. The involvement of a specific organosiloxane function group, covalently attached to the exterior of fluorescein doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (FITC-MSN), on the degree and kinetics of endocytosis in cancer and plant cells was investigated. The kinetics of endocystosis of TEG coated FITC-MSN is significantly quicker than FITC-MSN as determined by flow cytometry experiments. The fluorescence confocal microscopy investigation showed the endocytosis of TEG coated-FITC MSN triethylene glycol grafted fluorescein doped MSN (TEG coated-FITC MSN) into both KeLa cells and Tobacco root protoplasts. Once the synthesis of a controlled-release delivery system based on MCM-41-type mesoporous silica nanorods capped by disulfide bonds with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was completed. The material was characterized by general methods and the dosage and kinetics of the antioxidant dependent release was measured. Finally, the biological interaction of the material was determined along with TEM measurements. An electron investigation proved that the pore openings of the MSN were indeed blocked by the Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles. The biological interaction investigation demonstrated Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}-capped MSN endocytosis into HeLa cells. Not only does the material enter the cells through endocytosis, but it seems that fluorescein was released from the pores most probably caused by disulfide bond reducing molecules, antioxidants. In addition to endocytosis and release, the Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}-capped MSN propelled the cells across a cuvette upon induction of a magnet force. Finally, an important aspect of materials characterization is transmission electron microscopy. A TEM investigation demonstrated that incorporating different functional groups during the synthesis (co-condensation) changed the particle and pore morphologies.
Video Laryngoscopy in the Pediatric Emergency Department: Advantages and Approaches

Gaining facility in pediatric advanced airway management is challenging. Inherent differences in the pediatric airway anatomy as well as the relative infrequency of clinical opportunities to develop these complex psychomotor skills are contributing factors. Videolaryngoscopy offers both technical and educational advantages over direct laryngoscopy. Data are emerging to support its growing use in emergency medicine. This review summarizes the relevant evidence regarding video laryngoscopy in emergent pediatric intubation. In addition, practical tips for the safe and effective use of 3 pediatric devices are provided.
Does Diabetes Mellitus Alter the Onset and Clinical Course of Vascular Dementia

Background: Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common dementing illness. Multiple risk factors are associated with VaD, but the individual contribution of each to disease onset and progression is unclear. We examined the relationship between diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM) and the clinical variables of VaD. Methods: Data from 593 patients evaluated between June, 2003 and June, 2008 for cognitive impairment were prospectively entered into a database. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 63 patients who fit the NINDS-AIREN criteria for VaD. T he patients were divided into those with DM (VaD-DM, n = 29) and those without DM (VaD, n = 34). The groups were compared with regard to multiple variables. Results: Patients with DM had a significantly earlier onset of VaD (71. 9 ± 6.54 vs. 77.2 ± 6.03, p < 0.001), a faster rate of decline per year on the mini mental state examination (MMSE; 3.60 ± 1.82 vs. 2.54 ± 1.60 points, p = 0.02), and a greater prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms at the time of diagnosis (62% vs. 21%, p = 0.02). Conclusions: A history of pre-morbid DM was associated with an earlier onset and faster cognitive deterioration in VaD. Moreover, DM was associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with VaD. A larger study is needed to verify these associations. It will be important to investigate whether b etter glycemic control will mitigate the potential effects of DM on VaD.
Intracellular structures containing vaccinia DNA: isolation and characterization.

Abstract A sucrose density gradient technique is described which is effective in the partial purification and analysis of vaccinia DNA complexes isolated from infected cells. The structures containing viral DNA are separated primarily on the basis of their densities. The viral DNA complexes undergo dramatic alterations in density as a function of time during the infection cycle. The low density of several components suggests that some viral DNA components are associated with cellular membranes.
Analysis of geosynthetic reinforcement in pile-supported embankments. Part I: 3D plate model

ABSTRACT: Geosynthetic reinforcement over a grid of piles in soft soil can help transfer loads to the piles, and reduce settlements. This first part of a three-part study utilises a three-dimensional thin-plate model of the geosynthetic. The von Karman theory, which includes the effects of bending and stretching, is used. The geosynthetic layer is represented using a linear stress–strain relationship. Owing to symmetry, a one-eighth triangular section of a square unit cell is considered, and the pile caps have either a square, diamond or circular shape. The soil between the pile caps and the geosynthetic, and the soft soil between the piles, are modelled as linear foundations with specified stiffnesses. The embankment stresses over the piles and over the soft soil are also specified. The numerical procedure involves finite differences and minimisation of the total energy. For two sets of parameter values, the effects of the shape of the pile caps on the displacements, strains and net stress reduction rati...
Nondeterministic Circuit Lower Bounds from Mildly De-randomizing Arthur-Merlin Games

Hardness against nondeterministic circuits is known to suffice for derandomizing Arthur-Merlin games. We show a result in the other direction - that hardness against nondeterministic circuits is *necessary* for derandomizing Arthur-Merlin games. In fact, we obtain an equivalence for a mild notion of derandomization: Arthur-Merlin games can be simulated in Sigma_2-SUBEXP (the sub exponential version of Sigma_2-P) with sub polynomial advice on infinitely many input lengths if and only if Sigma_2-E} (the linear-exponential version of Sigma_2-P) requires nondeterministic circuits of super polynomial size on infinitely many input lengths. Our equivalence result represents a full analogue of a similar result by Impagliazzo et al. in the deterministic setting: Randomized polynomial-time decision procedures can be simulated in NSUBEXP (the sub exponential version of NP) with sub polynomial advice on infinitely many input lengths if and only if NE (the linear-exponential version of NP) requires deterministic circuits of super polynomial size on infinitely many input lengths. A key ingredient in our proofs is improved Karp-Lipton style collapse results for nondeterministic circuits. The following are two instantiations that may be of independent interest: Assuming that Arthur-Merlin games can be derandomized in Sigma_2-P, we show that (i) PSPACE in NP/poly implies PSPACE in Sigma_2-P, and (ii) coNP in NP/poly implies PH in P^\Sigma_2-P.
The Effects of Age on Radiation Resistance and Oxidative Stress in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Parashar, V., Frankel, S., Lurie, A. G. and Rogina, B. The Effects of Age on Radiation Resistance and Oxidative Stress in Adult Drosophila melanogaster. Radiat. Res. 169, 707–711 (2008). Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) is a well-established model organism for genetic studies of development and aging. We examined the effects of lethal ionizing radiation on male and female adult Drosophila of different ages, using doses of radiation from 200 to 1500 Gy. Fifty percent lethality 2 days postirradiation (LD50/2) in wild-type 1-day-old adult fruit flies was ∼1238 Gy for males and 1339 Gy for females. We observed a significant age-dependent decline in the radiation resistance of both males and females. Radiation damage is postulated to occur by the generation of oxygen radicals. An age-related decline in the ability of flies to resist an agent that induces oxygen radicals, paraquat, was observed when comparing 10- and 20-day adults. Female flies are more resistant to paraquat than male flies. Oxidati...
Historical and Contemporary Occurrence of Cylindera (s. str.) celeripes (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) and Implications for Its Conservation

ABSTRACT New observations of Cylindera (s. str.) celeripes (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) are presented from Arkansas, Iowa, Missouri, and Oklahoma and discussed in the context of its historical occurrence in the eastern and central Great Plains. Once abundant in eastern Kansas and Nebraska and western Iowa, the species has declined below detectable levels in much of this area during the past century due to loss of its preferred native grassland habitats. On the other hand, robust populations have been found recently in the Red Hills of western Oklahoma, and the species is also reported in Missouri for the first time and confirmed from Arkansas (White River Hills). These recent observations suggest that the Oklahoma Red Hills population is healthy and not under immediate threat, while those in the Flint Hills and Loess Hills are vulnerable due to their small size and low numbers. The White River Hills population is documented by only a single specimen, thus its status currently cannot be ...
An algorithm for prediction of link lifetime in MANET based on unscented kalman filter

We propose an algorithm to predict the link lifetime in MANETs by the unscented Kalman filter (UKF). The algorithm recursively computes the UKF states, modeled as a nonlinear system, using periodically measured distances as inputs. The UKF states are then utilized to compute the estimates of the remaining link lifetime. Evaluation of the proposed algorithm demonstrates robust performance in computing the MANET link lifetime for various mobility models and in the presence of velocity changes.
Private Control Benefits and Earnings Management: Evidence from Insider Controlled Firms

We examine earnings management practices of insider controlled firms across twenty-two countries to shed light on the link between consumption of private benefits and earnings management. Insider controlled firms are associated with more earnings management than non-insider controlled firms in weak investor protection countries. Consistent with the private benefits motive, insider controlled firms with greater divergence between cashflow rights and control rights are associated with more earnings management in these countries. Growth opportunities attenuate the association between insider control and earnings management even in weak investor protection countries. We also find some weak evidence that insider controlled firms are associated with less earnings management in strong investor protection countries. Overall, our results highlight a strong link between private benefits consumption and earnings management.
A major autolysin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: subcellular distribution, potential role in cell growth and division and secretion in surface membrane vesicles.

A 26-kDa murein hydrolase is the major autolysin ofPseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1, and its expression can be correlated with the growth and division of cells in both batch and synchronously growing cultures. In batch cultures, it is detected primarily during the mid-exponential growth phase, and in synchronous cultures, it is detected primarily during the cell elongation and division phases. Immunogold labeling of thin sections ofP. aeruginosausing antibodies raised against the 26-kDa autolysin revealed that it is associated mainly with the cell envelope and in particular within the periplasm. It is also tightly bound to the peptidoglycan layer, since murein sacculi, isolated by boiling 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment, could also be immunogold labeled. SincedivisionisduetocellconstrictioninthisP.aeruginosastrain(septaarerarelyseen),wecannotcomment on the autolysin’s contribution to septation, although constriction sites were always heavily labeled. Some labelingwasalsofoundinthecytoplasm,andthiswasthoughttobeduetothedenovosynthesisoftheenzyme before translocation to the periplasm. Interestingly, the autolysin was also found to be associated with natural membrane vesicles which blebbed from the surface during cell growth; the enzyme is therefore part of the complex makeup of these membrane packages of secreted materials (J. L. Kadurugamuwa and T. J. Beveridge, J. Bacteriol. 177:3998‐4008, 1995). The expression of these membrane vesicles was correlated with the expression of B-band lipopolysaccharide. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria possess various kinds of endogenous murein hydrolases that cleave specific covalent bonds in the peptidoglycan of the cell wall. Most of these enzymes are autolysins, since their hydrolysis of pep
Maintenance of in vivo-like keratin expression, sex steroid responsiveness, and estrogen receptor expression in cultured human ectocervical epithelial cells.

In the present manuscript we demonstrate that ectocervical epithelial cells (ECE cells) retain a high degree of differentiated function when cultured using feeder layers. We characterize the cultured cells with respect to morphology, expression of cytokeratins, responsiveness to sex steroids, and the presence of estrogen-binding sites. Like ectocervical cells in vivo, the cultured cells display a typical epithelial cell morphology and undergo extensive stratification and envelope (superficial cell) formation. Like the in vivo ectocervical epithelium, the cultured ECE cells express type I cytokeratins K13, K14, K16, K17, and K19 and type II cytokeratins K5 and K6. Under normal culture conditions, however, cytokeratins Kl, K2, K4, Kll, and K15, which are expressed in vivo, are not expressed. An interesting finding is that ECE cells, in contrast to endocervix and epidermis in vivo and cultured epidermal keratinocytes, express very abundant levels of K13. In fact, K13 appears to be a specific marker of ECE ce...
FDM: a graph-based statistical method to detect differential transcription using RNA-seq data.

Motivation: In eukaryotic cells, alternative splicing expands the diversity of RNA transcripts and plays an important role in tissuespecific differentiation, and can be misregulated in disease. To understand these processes, there is a great need for methods to detect differential transcription between samples. Our focus is on samples observed using short-read RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Methods: We characterize differential transcription between two samples as the difference in the relative abundance of the transcript isoforms present in the samples. The magnitude of differential transcription of a gene between two samples can be measured by the square root of the Jensen Shannon Divergence (JSD*) between the gene’s transcript abundance vectors in each sample. We define a weighted splice-graph representation of RNA-seq data, summarizing in compact form the alignment of RNA-seq reads to a reference genome. The Flow Difference Metric (FDM) identifies regions of differential RNA-transcript expression between pairs of splice graphs, without need for an underlying gene model or catalog of transcripts. We present a novel non-parametric statistical test between splice graphs to assess the significance of differential transcription, and extend it to group-wise comparison incorporating sample replicates. Results: Using simulated RNA-seq data consisting of four technical replicates of two samples with varying transcription between genes, we show that (1) the FDM is highly correlated with JSD* (r = 0:82) when average RNA-seq coverage of the transcripts is sufficiently deep, (2) the FDM is able to identify 90% of genes with differential transcription when JSD* > 0:28, and coverage > 7. This represents higher sensitivity than Cufflinks (without annotations), and rDiff (MMD), which respectively identified 69% and 49% of the genes in this region as differential transcribed. Using annotations identifying the transcripts, Cufflinks was able to identify 86% of the genes in this region as differentially transcribed. Using experimental data consisting of four replicates each for two cancer cell lines (MCF7 and SUM102), FDM identified 1425 genes as significantly different in transcription. Subsequent study of the samples using qRT-PCR of several differential transcription sites identified by FDM, confirmed significant differences at these sites.
Perceived importance of information system success factors: a meta analysis of group differences

Abstract Factors influencing the success or failure of an information system (IS) have been discussed frequently in the literature. This study identifies several additional factors and proposes that the existing ones be classified into eight different dimensions. These encompass, not only the system aspect, but also the human aspect of IS success (ISS). The study further uses data from past ISS studies and also those collected from a field survey to analyze the differences in the perceived importance of ISS factors between four groups of subjects from North America, namely, the user staff, the IS staff, and the managers of the two groups. It reveals that the rank orders of ISS factors between IS staff and IS managers and between user staff and user managers are not significantly different. However, the rank orders between IS personnel and user personnel are significantly different. Based on these, the top and the least important ISS factors are identified. The findings have several implications for IS management practice.
Sustainable Development and Social Justice: Conflicting Urgencies and the Search for Common Ground in Urban and Regional Planning

This essay examines urban planning’s recent engagement with two social movements sustainability and social justice ‐ and the field’s efforts to simultaneously pursue both impulses. What arises from the juxtaposition of these two lofty goals? I develop three arguments. First, rather than prematurely speaking of a convergence between environmental sustainability and social justice, planners might better approach this encounter as a productive tension of two still incongruent movements. Second, before planners can negotiate a merger of sustainability and social justice, they first ought to directly confront the political imbalance between the two: middle-class environmental interests typically trump the interests of the poor and marginalized, too often leading to an exclusionary sustainability of privilege rather than a sustainability of inclusion. Third, despite the perhaps inevitable criticisms of immeasurability and vagueness, sustainability has endured as a central principle in urban planning because its oppositional engagement with social justice and economic development continually reinvigorates sustainability planning, keeps the term relevant and inclusive, and grants the task of urban planning greater urgency.
International Studies in the Global Information Age

The Global Information Age poses new and interesting questions for the study of international affairs. This Presidential Address surveys recent developments in commercialized and globalized information technologies that have and will continue to impact political and social relationships around the world. These new technologies affect power relationships among states, as well between states and civil society. They also present possibilities for new forms of global accountability and participation in governance. Finally, a range of technologies offer new and powerful ways to collect data for our research that allow us to ask new questions. President Simmons concludes as a result that exploratory empirical research is more enticing than ever before, but cautions that we should never think we can outsource the hard job of thinking to the very technologies that make innovative research possible in the first place.
Multilevel Entrepreneurship Research: Opportunities for Studying Entrepreneurial Decision Making

Entrepreneurship is a domain of research that can be investigated from different disciplines, functions, and contexts. As a result, there are ample opportunities for multilevel research. In this article, the author acknowledges a foundation of multilevel research on decision making in the entrepreneurial context and explores future research opportunities to build on it. This exploration is organized conceptually as a hierarchy of levels below and above that of the individual, and the author uses conjoint analysis as a methodological framework to keep these ideas anchored in what is empirically possible. Specifically, this article explores (a) multilevel research on decisions to explain how a sample of individuals makes a decision on an entrepreneurial task, (b) additional possibilities for cross-level research that explains variance in decision policies based on individual differences, and (c) research opportunities that bridge the levels of the decision, the individuals, and the contexts in which they ar...
Effects of β-adrenergic blockade on hepatic and renal glucose production during hypoglycemia in conscious dogs

To investigate the role of β-adrenergic mechanisms in the counterregulatory response of the liver and kidney to hypoglycemia, we studied 10 dogs before and after a 2-h constant infusion of insulin ...