cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory ahead of business cycle measurement A comment on Prescott

Ed Prescott surveys a line of business-cycle research which is both positive and important. Even if one has reservations about the predominance of real disturbances, it is still possible to appreciate the general methodological approach. The basic premise of this paper, and of Kydland and Prescott (1982), is that it is a mistake to analyze separately business cycles and trend economic growth. This separation has been conventional since Keynes and was thought to be a useful simplifying device. Kydland and Prescott argue that,the simplification is not only wrong in principle, but that in ignoring trend growth patterns, macroeconomists have also been throwing out information which would be very useful in identifying and estimating key business-cycle parameters. Throwing out this information can lead to the kind of identification problems illustrated by Sargent's (1976) result on the observational equivalence of Keynesian and classical models of the monetary transmission mechanism. By re-emphasizing the relationship between factors which govern growth patterns and factors which determine the transmission of productivity disturbances, Kydland and Prescott are able to draw on a large body of microeconomic evidence pertaining to the parameters of growth models. In some loose sense, Kydland and Prescott's framework involves a correspondence principle. The parameter values used to explain business cycle fluctuations must also be consistent with the growth observations. Prescott's approach to quantification involves bringing to bear information from many difference sources, more than would be possible with any standard estimation technique. In this sense, his approach involves using "full information" quantification. The drawback to Prescott's methods is that they are not completely algorithmic and therefore not useful for formal hypothesis testing. It is possible, in principal, to apply standard estimation techniques to his model [see Altug (1983)], though it would be extremely difficult to formally incorporate all the information sources
Design of future integrated systems: A cyber-physical systems approach

Summary form only given. In this talk, we address some fundamental issues related to the modeling and optimization of power and performance of next generation of integrated systems while taking a cyber-physical approach. As such, the focus of the design methodology is not only on establishing a reliable communication infrastructure between the computational elements, but also on in-cluding time, communication, and feedback-based control as intrinsic components of the programming model; this goal allows us generalize the classical computational paradigm such that more direct interaction between the cyber-system and physical world becomes possible. Starting from these overarching ideas, we argue that the complex requirements for high-performance and low-power design, as well as reliable and safe operation of future integrated systems call for a truly multidisciplinary approach which brings together concepts and techniques from real-time computing and signal processing, multiprocessor architecture and OS design, as well as distributed and self-organized control.
Base excision repair enzyme family portrait: integrating the structure and chemistry of an entire DNA repair pathway

DNA base excision repair (BER) is essential to preserving the integrity of the genome. Recent crystallographic studies of representatives from each enzyme class required for BER reveal clues to the structural basis of an entire DNA repair pathway.
Procedural method for terrain surface interpolation

Abstract A procedural method for scattered data interpolation is presented. The interpolating surface represents terrain surfaces used in Digital Terrain Modeling (DTM). The construction provides visually continuous surfaces whose shape can be locally or globally controlled, can interpolate disconnected domains, and can maintain break lines or break triangles, i.e. they can be forced locally to interpolate edges and triangles. Shape control and local interpolation properties are achieved through swung surfaces as basis functions defined for each data point over a small triangulated region.
The effect of moisture on air classification of municipal solid waste

Abstract The effect of moisture on the air classification of municipal solid waste (MSW) is analysed using a 23 factorial design. A synthetic MSW is used in the laboratory to facilitate controlled variation of composition and moisture content. A pilot scale 120 ° zig-zag air classifier is used to perform the classification tests. Ten system response variables are evaluated including six recoveries, two purities and two efficiencies, to elucidate the impacts of (1) increased particle density resulting from moisture absorption and (2) particle adhesion. Results indicate a significant decrease in paper recovery and efficiency with increasing moisture. However, no significant reduction in aluminum and iron recovery is observed. This suggests that adhesion of these particles to extracted combustible materials is not a significant factor in reducing extract purity. Instead, extract purity reduction is a result of paper recovery losses from increasing particle density. The degree of moisture effect for varied MSW composition is greater for feeds with lower fractions of adsorbent materials. A redefination of percent moisture based on the MSW absorbent fraction is suggested in order to account for this varied impact. The new definition, moisture absorbancy ratio, is the weight of the moisture in the MSW divided by the dry weight of the absorbent materials in the MSW.
CFD Analysis of Liquid Spray Combustion in a Gas Turbine Combustor

A numerical method is presented for predicting steady, three-dimensional, turbulent, liquid spray combusting flows in a gas turbine combustor. The Eulerian conservation equations for gas flow and the Lagrangian conservation equations for discrete fuel liquid droplets were solved. The trajectory computation of the fuel droplets provided the source terms for all the gas-phase equations. A standard k-e submodel was used for turbulence. The combustion submodel used was a global local equilibrium model, where chemical species (CxHy, O2, CO2, H2O, CO, H2 and N2) approached local thermodynamic equilibrium with a rate determined by a combination of local turbulent mixing and global chemical kinetics times. The numerical methodology for gas-phase calculations involved a staggered finite-volume formulation with a multi-block curvilinear orthogonal coordinate computational grid, and the PISO algorithm. This numerical code was applied to a model gas turbine combustor similar to that of the Allison 570KF currently in use by the Canadian Navy. The combustor was equipped with an advanced airblast fuel nozzle. The calculations included the analysis of the internal passages of the fuel nozzle. Through the numerical study at full-power and low-cruise operating conditions, a better understanding of the physical processes of flow and temperature fields inside the primary zone was obtained. Predicted hot spots corresponded to locations where deterioration of the combustor liner has been observed in practice.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Some Reflections on Explanation in Negative Messages

Scant research exists about explanation in negative messages. An important cause of this is the lack in extant literature of theory or conceptualization of explanation. This commentary provides two conceptual frameworks for thinking about explanation in negative messages: opportunity cost, from economic theory, and attribution, from marketing theory. Both frameworks help define the situations in which explanations for rejection should be provided to the targets of bad news. When applications are solicited, for instance, opportunity costs incurred by targets of bad news should be offset by senders with an offer to provide explanation. The construct of attribution is adapted here to suggest that senders of negative messages can benefit by supplying reasons for their denial of requests because, in the absence of the reasons, the rejectees will attribute motives and create reasons, thus depriving the senders of their control over the explanation portion of the messages.
Pulsed ionization chamber methodology applied to reactor power measurement revisited

Since 1985, the plasma diagnostic PIC (pulsed ionization chamber) system has been repeatedly upgraded. A complete system incorporating microcomputer-based control and data acquisition, analysis, and hard copy output has been recently reported. The new features, implemented with IEEE-488 (GPIB) compatible NIM instruments, a Macintosh 17 series microcomputer, and National Instrument, Inc.'s LabVIEW software, modules, and plug-in I/O boards, are readily applicable to reactor instrumentation systems. A preliminary design of such a system has been recently completed and tests have been conducted at the University of Florida Training Reactor. Recent encouraging results, the advantages of the PIC mode ionization chamber, the possibility of full implementation of a microcomputer-based system, the system's promises of further enhancements, and the instrumentation requirements for reactors of advanced design indicate that additional development work in this field would be a productive undertaking. >
EvoDesign: de novo protein design based on structural and evolutionary profiles

Protein design aims to identify new protein sequences of desirable structure and biological function. Most current de novo protein design methods rely on physics-based force fields to search for low free-energy states following Anfinsen’s thermodynamic hypothesis. A major obstacle of such approaches is the inaccuracy of the force field design, which cannot accurately describe the atomic interactions or distinguish correct folds. We developed a new web server, EvoDesign, to design optimal protein sequences of given scaffolds along with multiple sequence and structure-based features to assess the foldability and goodness of the designs. EvoDesign uses an evolution-profile–based Monte Carlo search with the profiles constructed from homologous structure families in the Protein Data Bank. A set of local structure features, including secondary structure, torsion angle and solvation, are predicted by singlesequence neural-network training and used to smooth the sequence motif and accommodate the physicochemical packing. The EvoDesign algorithm has been extensively tested in large-scale protein design experiments, which demonstrate enhanced foldability and structural stability of designed sequences compared with the physics-based designing methods. The EvoDesign server is freely available at http://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/ EvoDesign.
Reflections on Mawdūd? and Human Rights

Le but de cette etude est d'examiner les idees de Mawdudi en ce qui concerne les droits de l'homme dans le monde moderne. L'A. commente quelques aspects de ses pensees et les classifie en vue de les comparer a la sharia classique, en ce qui concerne notamment les droits des femmes et les statuts des non-musulmans dans un Etat islamique
Massive Penoscrotal Hematoma and Testicular Ischemia from Failed Vascular Closing Device

Abstract Vascular closing devices (VCD) were developed as an alternative to mechanical compression devices for hemostasis at arterial access site after cardiac catheterization (CC). We report a case of expanding penoscrotal hematoma compromising blood flow to ipsilateral testicle following a VCD use, an unusual presentation of access site hematoma. The patient was explored emergently and the testicle was salvaged by evacuating the hematoma. This case highlights the importance of early investigation and where indicated, exploration of arterial access site hematomas and reviews the current role of various VCDs and alternative arterial access in CC.
Direct synthesis of timed asynchronous circuits

This paper presents a new method to synthesize timed asynchronous circuits directly from the specification without generating a state graph. The synthesis procedure begins with a deterministic graph specification with timing constraints. A timing analysis extracts the timed concurrency and timed causality relations between any two signal transitions. Then, a hazard-free implementation of the specification is synthesized by analyzing precedence graphs which are constructed by using the timed concurrency and timed causality relations. The major result of this work is that the method does not suffer from the state explosion problem, achieves significant reductions in synthesis time, and generates synthesized circuits that have nearly the same area as compared to previous timed circuit methods. In particular, this paper shows that a timed circuit — not containing circuit hazards under given timing constraints — can be found by using the relations between signal transitions of the specification. Moreover, the relations can be efficiently found using a heuristic timing analysis algorithm. By allowing significantly larger designs to be synthesized, this work is a step towards the development of high-level synthesis tools for system level asynchronous circuits.
Coupled nonlinear dynamical systems: asymptotic behavior and uncertainty propagation

We discuss asymptotic behavior and uncertainty propagation in nonlinear dynamical systems on graphs. We utilize digraph decomposition theory of the system employed here in its Markov chain theory realization, to prove several results on asymptotic dynamics of large systems that depend only on their structural properties. We discuss disturbance propagation in such systems and show that it depends on the node distance in the associated graph. We use the framework to refine the recent symmetry grupoid theory of interconnected dynamical systems.
Short Interests, Fundamental Analysis, and Stock Returns

Firms with low ratios of fundamentals (such as earnings and book values) to market values are known to have systematically lower future stock returns. We document that short-sellers position themselves in the stock of such firms, and then cover their positions as the ratios revert to normal levels. We also show that short-sellers avoid firms where the transaction costs of short-selling are high and where the low ratios are due to temporarily low fundamentals, rather than temporarily high prices. Our evidence suggest that short-sellers use information in these ratios about either (i) temporary mispricing, or (ii) unknown risk factors, to boost their investment returns.
On-chip gradient generation in 256 microfluidic cell cultures: simulation and experimental validation

A microfluidic diffusion diluter was used to create a stable concentration gradient for dose response studies. The microfluidic diffusion diluter used in this study consisted of 128 culture chambers on each side of the main fluidic channel. A calibration method was used to find unknown concentrations with 12% error. Flow rate dependent studies showed that changing the flow rates generated different gradient patterns. Mathematical simulations using COMSOL Multi-physics were performed to validate the experimental data. The experimental data obtained for the flow rate studies agreed with the simulation results. Cells could be loaded into culture chambers using vacuum actuation and cultured for long times under low shear stress. Decreasing the size of the culture chambers resulted in faster gradient formation (20 min). Mass transport into the side channels of the microfluidic diffusion diluter used in this study is an important factor in creating the gradient using diffusional mixing as a function of the distance. To demonstrate the device's utility, an H2O2 gradient was generated while culturing Ramos cells. Cell viability was assayed in the 256 culture chambers, each at a discrete H2O2 concentration. As expected, the cell viability for the high concentration side channels increased (by injecting H2O2) whereas the cell viability in the low concentration side channels decreased along the chip due to diffusional mixing as a function of distance. COMSOL simulations were used to identify the effective concentration of H2O2 for cell viability in each side chamber at 45 min. The gradient effects were confirmed using traditional H2O2 culture experiments. Viability of cells in the microfluidic device under gradient conditions showed a linear relationship with the viability of the traditional culture experiment. Development of the microfluidic device used in this study could be used to study hundreds of concentrations of a compound in a single experiment.
Load measurement accuracy from sensate scaffolds with and without a cartilage surface.

ABSTRACTThe use of “sensate” scaffolds covered with tissue-engineered cartilage has emerged as a possible treatment option for focal articular cartilage defects. The ability to monitor joint loading provides several benefits that can be useful in both clinical and research situations. Previous studies have shown that these scaffolds can accurately monitor in vivo joint loading during various activities. However, the effect that an articular cartilage layer or soft tissue overgrowth has on scaffold sensitivity has not been tested. Eight scaffolds were tested with cartilage samples taken from four hounds. Three strain gauges were attached to each scaffold and a servo hydraulics system was used to test sensitivity while the scaffold was in contact with cartilage, metal, or silicone surfaces. Strain gauge sensitivity was calculated from load and strain measurements collected during testing. There was no significant difference between the mean strain gauge sensitivities when the scaffolds were in contact with ...
Effect of Raman scattering on the average cosine and diffuse attenuation coefficient of irradiance in the ocean

We have investigated the effect of Raman scattering on the average cosine of underwater irradiance, ,%, the diffuse attenuation coefficient of irradiance, K, and the Raman scattering source coefficient, P*, throughout the water column and into the asymptotic field. The Raman scattering source coefficient is the fractional gain in the scalar irradiance from local Raman scattering at a given depth, and it can be found from the Gershun equation with a Raman source term. In particular, by using calculations from a radiative transfer model (Hydrolight 3.0), we compare ,%, K, and P* from simulations that include and that omit Raman scattering. These simulations are performed at wavelengths between 355 and 665 nm in a vertically homogeneous ocean with inherent optical properties (IOPs) determined from case 1 bio-optical models for three different chlorophyll concentrations (0.05, 0.5, and 5 mg m-j). We also investigated several two-layered oceans that assumed different inherent optical properties in the surface and deep layers. Our calculations showed that when Raman scattering is present, there may exist strong vertical gradients in the average cosine and the diffuse attenuation coefficient, especially at long wavelengths for low chlorophyll concentrations. In addition, a quasi-asymptotic field may be a feature of the vertical profiles of the average cosine and the diffuse attenuation coefficient. In the asymptotic field, there is no effect of Raman scattering at shorter wavelengths, there is a strong effect of Raman scattering at longer wavelengths and between these two spectral regions, and there is a transition that increases from 500 to 590 nm as the concentration of chlorophyll increases from 0.05 to 5 mg m-2. Over a broad range of IOPs, the asymptotic parameters pm*, K,*, and P*, are related by a quadratic relationship. Neither the magnitude or angular distribution of surface light nor changes in the absorption and scattering coefficients in the surface layer of a two-layered ocean have auy effect on the values of ,%=*, K,*, and P*,; the values of these parameters depend only upon the IOPs in the deepest layer.
Uterine Neoplasia in 13 Cats

Thirteen uterine tumors were diagnosed in 13 cats and accounted for 0.29% of all feline neo- plasms received during a 9.6-year period. Age at diagnosis ranged from 3 to 16 years; median 9 years. Six were Domestic Shorthair cats, and 7 were purebred cats of 5 different breeds. Eight adenocarcinomas and 1 mixed Mullerian tumor (adenosarcoma) comprised the endometrial tumors. Myometrial tumors included 3 leio- myomas and 1 leiomyosarcoma. One of the adenocarcinomas developed in the uterine stump of an ovario- hysterectomized cat; the other cats were sexually intact. Concurrent mammary adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 1 cat with uterine adenocarcinoma and in another with uterine leiomyoma. Tumors were discovered during elective ovariohysterectomy in 2 cats, but at least 3 others had experienced reproductive problems (infertility or pyometra). Five cats presented for abdominal or pelvic masses. Endometrial adenocarcinomas were positive immunohistochemically for cytokeratins and negative for smooth muscle actin (SMA); 1 of 6 cats was positive for vimentin and 4 of 8 were positive for estrogen receptor- a (ERa). Adenosarcoma stromal cells were positive for vimentin and ERa but negative for cytokeratins and SMA. Smooth muscle tumors were positive for vimentin and SMA and negative for cytokeratins. Leiomyomas, but not the leiomyosarcomas, were positive for ERa. Adenocarcinomas in 4 cats had metastasized by the time of ovariohysterectomy. Two other cats were euthanized 5 months after ovariohysterectomy; at least one of these cats had developed an abdominal mass that was not examined histologically. Only 2 cats with endometrial adenocarcinoma had disease-free intervals longer than 5 months after surgery. Metastasis was not detected in any mesenchymal tumor; however, these cats were either euthanized on discovery of the tumor or the tumor was first detected at necropsy.
Differences in allele frequencies of Aat between high- and mid-rocky shore populations of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) suggest selection in this enzyme locus

Distribution en gradients microenvironnementaux du littoral eloigne au littoral moyen de la frequence allelique de l'enzyme Aat (Aspartate aminotransferase) dans des populations de L. saxatilis mis en evidence par electrophorese enzymatique
Synthesis and structure-property relations of polymers for light emitting diodes based on isolated chromophore units

New fluorescent polymers for electroluminescent devices were synthesized and characterized. In order to obtain polymers for blue light emitting diodes (LEDs), two different structural concepts based on isolation of the active chromophore units within the polymer main chain were investigated. In the first approach non-coplanar units were used to reduce the conjugation length in poly(arylenevinylene)s. In a second approach copolymers having isolated chromophore units in the polymers main chain were investigated. For this purpose, copolyesters containing isolated 1,2-dinaphthylethene chromophore units were synthesized and characterized. The influence of the chemical structure on the photo- and electroluminescence is discussed. On the example of copolyester 2b, which shows bluegreen electroluminescence (λmax = 497 nm) in a LED configuration, it was demonstrated that these polyesters can be used as light emitting layer in electrooptical devices.
Arginine-rich regions mediate the RNA binding and regulatory activities of the protein encoded by the Drosophila melanogaster suppressor of sable gene.

The Drosophila melanogaster suppressor of sable gene, su(s), encodes a novel, 150-kDa nuclear RNA binding protein, SU(S), that negatively regulates RNA accumulation from mutant alleles of other genes that have transposon insertions in the 5′ transcribed region. In this study, we delineated the RNA binding domain of SU(S) and evaluated its relevance to SU(S) function in vivo. As a result, we have defined two arginine-rich motifs (ARM1 and ARM2) that mediate the RNA binding activity of SU(S). ARM1 is required for in vitro high-affinity binding of SU(S) to small RNAs that were previously isolated by SELEX (binding site selection assay) and that contain a common consensus sequence. ARM1 is also required for the association of SU(S) with larval polytene chromosomes in vivo. ARM2 promotes binding of SU(S) to SELEX RNAs that lack the consensus sequence and apparently is neither necessary nor sufficient for the stable polytene chromosome association of SU(S). Use of the GAL4/UAS system to drive ectopic expression of su(s) cDNA transgenes revealed two previously unknown properties of SU(S). First, overexpression of SU(S) is lethal. Second, SU(S) negatively regulates expression of su(s) intronless cDNA transgenes, and the ARMs are required for this effect. Considering these and previous results, we propose that SU(S) binds to the 5′ region of nascent transcripts and inhibits RNA production in a manner that can be overcome by splicing complex assembly.
Microoptical characterization of piezoelectric vibratory microinjections in drosophila embryos for genome-wide RNAi screen

In this paper, we study the effect of acoustic agitation on the penetration force for microinjections in Drosophila embryos for genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screens, using an integrated optical MEMS force encoder for in vivo characterization of the dynamic penetration forces. Two modes of operation are investigated. In the first mode of operation, the injector is brought into contact and acts on the embryo with a fixed force, and the vibration amplitude of the microinjector is increased till penetration occur. We observed a linear decrease in the penetration force of 1.6 /spl mu/N with every 0.1 m/s tip velocity increase. In the second mode of operation, the vibration amplitude is kept constant and the injector is pushed into the embryo until penetration. We simulate the optical force encoder eigenmodes and measure the injection force over the frequency range from 0 to 16 kHz with actuation voltages up to 150V. Among the eight encoder eigenmodes with resonant frequency up to 16 kHz, the longitudinal vibration along the injector is shown to dominate the force reduction at 14 kHz. Two other modes, both involving significant out-of-plane injector motion, reduce the penetration force by 52% around 3.1 kHz. The average penetration force is calculated based on injections into multiple embryos for each experimental condition. For each microinjection, the peak (or average) penetration force can be derived from the peak (or average) relative displacement of the two gratings upon penetration. The achieved minimum peak penetration force was 15.6 /spl mu/N (/spl sim/29.7% of the static penetration force), while the minimum average penetration force was 2.7 /spl mu/N (5.1% of the static penetration force).
F 17 Level Parameters

${\mathrm{O}}^{16}(p, p){\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ differential cross-section data for ${E}_{p}=2\ensuremath{-}7.6$ Mev have been used to fix parameters of ${\mathrm{F}}^{17}$ levels. The cross-section data were first fitted to a partial-wave phase-shift expansion by a least-squares method using an IBM 704. The level parameters were then obtained by application of dispersion formalism to the extracted phase shifts. The two-level approximation was used where appropriate. Four very narrow levels and the well-known $\frac{7}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ level at ${E}_{p}=3.47$ Mev were ignored in the present analysis. However, resonant energies and limits on widths (obtained by inspection) for these and higher energy ${\mathrm{F}}^{17}$ states are given. Level schemes of ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ and ${\mathrm{F}}^{17}$ are compared. Assignment of levels to particular nuclear configurations is attempted. An appendix is included, giving illustrations of branching solutions in the phase-shift analysis.
Grassroots Innovation and Collaboration through Enterprise Crowdfunding

We describe a first experiment in enterprise crowdfunding –i.e., employees allocating money for employee-initiated proposals in an Intranet site, including a trial of this system with 511 employees in a large multinational company. Major outcomes include employee proposals addressing diverse individual and organizational needs, high participation rates, extensive inter-departmental, and the development of goals and motivations based on collective concerns.
Age distributions for flow systems

A generalized treatment of age distributions in a flow system is proposed. In this work the inflowing stream is allowed to have an arbitrary but stationary age distribution before entering the system. The inventory material may also have an arbitrary age distribution initially. The flow rate of inflowing stream may be a variable with respect to time in certain special cases. Une etude generale du probleme de la repartition d'ǎge des particules d'un fluide en ecoulement est presentee. Pour les fins de cet expose, on assigne au fluide une distribution d'ǎge quelconque mais permanente (independante du temps) a l'entree du systeme. Le taux d'ecoulement peut ětre variable en fonction du temps dans certains cas particuliers.
Public missiology and anxious tribalism

It is beginning to appear that modernity and postmodernity have undermined the strength and meaning of a personal identity that participates in and yet is distinct from a universal humanity. Such a shared humanity has been steadily reduced to a barely unique set of biological and social tendencies. The individual, the self, is both accidental and incidental. Trapped between the meaninglessness of the individual biological machine and the fissiparousness of the concept of the human, people are vesting meaning into group identities that promise both endurance and particularity. And just as these groups offer some a more enduring locus for a sense of self, they equally come under threat of dissolution and destruction. We are mercilessly conscious of history, and of all the lost tribes for whom it is the graveyard. The result is a new anxious tribalism. The sense that a tribal identity is crucial for a meaningful life, lived out in the threat of the destruction of the tribe. A public missiology must understan...
SIMULATION OF A RANDOM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The problem considered is that of a second-order differential equation with stochastic parameters. Time-dependent random coefficients may assume both positive and negative values when modeling parametric excitations. As there is no exact solution in the case of colored noise random coefficients, one must use approximate techniques. We presently investigate an iterative procedure. The quality of this approximation to the exact solution is verified with a Monte Carlo simulation. The particular example considered is that of a harmonic oscillator with a time-dependent random stiffness and excited by an external random forcing function. After a brief review of the iterative method, and an outline of the design of the Monte Carlo simulation, an extensive parametric study is presented to establish ranges of parameter values for which the approximation is valid. This comparison study leads to a design criterion for the mathematical modeling of structures with parametric uncertainties. We are interested in using information from studies such as this to understand the behavior of large-scale structures.
A Socio-Economic Analysis of the Functions and Attitudes of Wartime Youths

Anxieties of wives may be kindled by observing civilians who seem to be better off because of the war. Most war wives realize the need for men in industry; nevertheless, they are resentful of the family unity, family stability, the emotional, financial, and social security of those not separated by war. Wives of soldiers may on occasion feel contemptuous toward people who are going through this period too easily; yet they envy the state of security and unity they despise. Thoughtless civilians irritate the soldier's wife by bragging about their present income and complaining about minor inconveniences. Some service men's wives report that they feel like flinging some uncomplimentary epithet at men of military age, such as "why aren't you in uniform?" or "look at the 4F!" Perhaps these feelings are a result of war nerves and merely manifest the tenseness under which many war wives live. They are proud, even though unhappy, of their husbands' membership in the armed forces, but demonstrate that the old adage "misery loves company" still holds. Some soldiers and their wives seem to worry more than others, and those have a fertile field upon which to let imagination feed during this war. Yet, no one would deny that the persons involved have a great deal to worry about. Civilians can aid by trying to understand the plight of families torn apart by war, by helping to build toward goals of world peace, and by acknowledging the gratitude due all soldiers and their wives for the sacrifices of service on the war and home fronts.
INTERSEXUAL SELECTION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY: DOES FEMALE CHOICE ENHANCE FITNESS?

Adaptive hypotheses of female choice predict that females use male courtship displays as an indicator of male quality. A test of whether female choice is adaptive measuring direct and indirect effects of mate choice on females was made using a laboratory population of a lek-mating species, the Mediterranean fruit fly. The nonrandom mating observed in this species is thought to be strongly influenced by female choice. Whether female choice acts to increase fecundity or offspring quality was assessed using two different statistical tests. Multiple regression showed that females generally do not receive direct benefits as a result of mating with males which are successful in copulating with many females. However, in one trial the relationship between male quality and female benefit was nonlinear. Females which mate with males that obtain few matings ( 6) enjoy increased fecundity. Mate choice does not, however, appear to enhance offspring quality as father/son correlation and sibling analysis showed no heritable component to male copulatory success.
Photoelectric Response from Nanofibous Membranes

Electrospinning has been used to prepare nanofibrous composite membranes of semi-conducting particles (TiO2) and photovoltaic dyes. Electrospinning is a relatively simple technique where electrical forces are used on polymeric solutions to produce nanoscale fibers. The resulting nanofibrous membranes have surface areas that are roughly one to two orders of magnitude higher than conventional thin films. It is believed that this higher surface will allow for more efficient light harvesting in photovoltaic devices. Our research has focused on the fabrication of organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells featuring dye sensitized nanocrystalline semiconductor particles using electrospinning. Phthalocyanine and N3 (cisdi(thiocyanato)bis(2, 2’-bipyridyl-4, 4’-dicarboxylate) ruthenium(II)) photoactive dyes were electrospun with semi-conductive TiO2 nanoparticles into a matrix polymer, polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Electron microscopy and elemental analysis of the electrospun membranes shows that each component is present and uniformly dispersed in the nanofibrous membranes. In general, the dye membranes electrospun with the TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited a greater photoelectric response than the membranes with dye only. The N3 dye membranes however showed the greatest photoresponse in comparison to the phthalocyanine dyes, with or without the TiO2 nanoparticles. Photoelectric responses on the order of 30 μA and 280 mV were achieved with dye-sensitized membranes and are believed to be the first demonstration of a photoelectric response from an electrospun nanofibrous membrane.
Living in a web of trauma: An ecological examination of violence among African Americans

According to the 2010 US Census Bureau, 42 million people, self‐identify as Black or African American, either alone or in combination with one or more races1 (DeNavas‐ Walt & Proctor, 2014). This richly diverse, resilient population is overrepresented among victims and perpetrators of nonfatal and fatal community, family, and intimate partner violence. For example, in the National Crime Victimization Survey, the rate of violent victimization for Blacks was 25.1 per 1000 in 2013. Rape, robbery, and physical assaults were perpetrated by intimate partners, family members, and strangers (Truman & Langton, 2014). Moreover, African Americans, whether as individuals or couples, consistently reported higher rates of overall, severe, mutual, and recurrent past year and lifetime intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and perpetration than their White and Hispanic counterparts in general population, community, and university samples2 (West, 2012). Although they were 13.6% of the population, African Americans accounted for one‐half of the nation’s homicide victims in 2005 (Harrell, 2007). However, Black Americans are not inherently more violent than other ethnic groups. In fact, many of the racial differences disappear, or become less significant, when researchers control for socioeconomic status (West, 2012). The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature to explore reasons why African Americans are overrepresented among victims and perpetrators of interpersonal violence. In the first section, I will define historical trauma and discuss gender differences in prevalence rates of fatal and nonfatal violent criminal victimization and prevalence rates of physical, sexual, and psychological intimate partner violence. In the next section, I will describe the ecological model and discuss risk factors for interpersonal violence at the individual, relationship, community, and societal levels. To conclude, Living in a Web of Trauma An Ecological Examination of Violence among African Americans Carolyn M. West
Lymphocytic variant of hypereosinophilic syndrome mimicking peripheral T-cell lymphoma in a young woman.

![Figure][1] A 25-year-old woman presented with diffuse “lumps” under the skin and was found to have peripheral eosinophilia and an atypical circulating lymphocyte population (white blood cells, 10.8 × 109/L; 22% lymphocytes; and 12% eosinophils) (panel A). No history of atopy was noted
42 ACCULTURATION AND ALZHEIMER DISEASE RISK AMONG JAPANESE-AMERICAN ELDERLY: THE KAME STUDY.

Background Cross-cultural studies of Alzheimer disease (AD) in genetically similar populations have been designed to detect possible environmental risk factors. It may be possible to perform similar analyses on a single population by examining acculturation, which is the extent to which individuals moving into a host society adapt to changes in lifestyle. Our objective was to determine whether acculturation to Western society was a risk factor for developing AD in an elderly population of Japanese-Americans. Study Design and Methods A cohort of 1,622 dementia-free individuals with baseline acculturation scores was followed for 8 years with biennial cognitive screening assessments using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument. Individuals scoring Results In unadjusted models, the relative hazard associated with higher levels of acculturation was 0.6 (95% CI 0.4-0.97). With adjustments for demographic characteristics, the relative hazard associated with higher levels of acculturation was 1.84 (95% CI 0.5-6.6). With further adjustments for vascular disease risk factors and apolipoprotein E genotype, the relative hazard associated with higher levels of acculturation was 1.83 (95% CI 0.4-8.5). Conclusion Japanese-Americans in the highest acculturation group appear to have an increased risk for acquiring AD, though the confidence interval includes the null value. This finding suggests further research to determine a biological rationale.
Rigidity-Based Multiagent Layered Formation Control

This paper provides a solution to the nonplanar multiagent formation control problem using graph rigidity. We consider a 3-D multiagent formation control where multiple agents are operating in one plane and some other agents are operating outside of that plane. This can be referred to as a layered formation control where the objective is for all agents to cooperatively acquire a predefined formation shape using a decentralized control law. The proposed control strategy is based on regulating the interagent distances. A rigorous stability analysis is presented that guarantees convergence of these distances to desired values. Simulation results are presented to support the theoretical results.
Novel green and red autofluorescent protein nanoparticles for cell imaging and in vivo biodegradation imaging and modeling

Albumins are widely used in bioengineering due to their low-cost, good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Herein we report that cross-linked bovine serum albumin (BSA) forms a suspension of novel fluorescent nanoparticles with an average size of ∼40 nm, exhibiting strong green/red autofluorescence. UV-vis spectra, in conjunction with fluorescence emission spectra, suggest that three classes of fluorescent compounds presumably formed during the preparation. The size distribution and surface morphology of the autofluorescent BSA nanoparticles were characterized using various advanced techniques. After removal of excessive cross-linking agent through dialysis, the autofluorescent BSA nanoparticles were first demonstrated for cell bioimaging application using 293FT human kidney cell line. Its good biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity were further validated by an in vitro cytotoxicity assay and an in vivo histological study. The strong red autofluorescence of the BSA nanoparticles was further exploited in the realization of convenient and non-invasive tracking/modeling of its in vivo degradation based on real-time fluorescence imaging. A mathematical model was proposed and in good agreement with the experimental results. This study indicates that the as-prepared functional, biocompatible and biodegradable autofluorescent protein nanoparticles are suitable for a range of biomedical applications.
The Significance of Bile Salts Metabolism

A complex system of physical and chemical controls governs the reabsorption processes through which the body seeks to conserve and reuse each bile salt molecule. Particularly important in this system is the balance between nonionized bile acid molecules and ionized bile salts. When the normal circulation of bile salts is disrupted in various clinical syndromes, disturbances in fat metabolism may result.
Between Relative Deprivation and Entitlement: An Historical Analysis of the Battle for Same-Sex Marriage in the United States

In this chapter, we use key analytical concepts from the justice research literature, such as entitlement, relative deprivation, restorative and procedural justice, to analyze the history of gay and lesbian rights in the United States. We argue that social movements, such as the civil rights movement and the feminist movement inspired the gay and lesbian liberation movement. This movement effectively functioned to change a sense of entitlement among gays and lesbians, from seeing their sexuality as an illness to framing it in liberatory terms. The 1980s governmental neglect of the AIDS epidemic and the lesbian baby boom increased a sense of relative deprivation among same-sex couples in comparison to straight couples. This led to a campaign to legitimize same-sex marriage. The victory of same-sex marriage rights in the United States was based on two types of justifications endorsed by people with different positions on the political map. Judges and people with libertarian orientation justified same-sex marriage based on procedural justice reasoning (government should not police marriage). On the other hand, judges and people with liberal orientation justified same-sex marriage based on restorative justice reasoning (marriage is a human right). Our analysis shows the utility of concepts from the justice research paradigm in explaining the dramatic shift in support for gay and lesbian rights in the United States.
Studies of the Anodic Oxidation of 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Reactions of the Radical Cation

The title compound (1) was studied at platinum and gold electrodes in acetonitrile. A reversible oxidation peak occurs at +0.30 V vs the standard potential for ferrocenium ion/ferrocene. This process is followed by a second irreversible anodic peak that is due to the oxidation of the initially formed radical cation to the dication. The principal ultimate product of the first oxidation, the conjugate acid of 1, is also oxidized over the range of potentials corresponding to the second anodic peak. The rate of disappearance of the radical cation of 1 has been determined by cyclic voltammetry. The results are best interpreted in terms of parallel pseudo-first-order decay (k1 = 0.6 s-1) and second-order reactions. The first of these second-order reactions is either proton transfer from the radical cation to neutral 1 or hydrogen atom abstraction by the radical cation from neutral 1, reactions that give the same products (k2 = 100 M-1 s-1) and are kinetically indistinguishable. The other second-order reaction i...
Combination therapy and function-sparing surgery for muscle-invasive bladder cancer

The American Cancer Society has estimated that there will be 53,200 new cases of bladder cancer diagnosed in the United States this year.1 Of these, approximately 70% will be of the superficial subtype that can frequently be managed with transurethral resection (TUR), intravesical therapy in selected cases, and careful surveillance for recurrence or progression. The remaining 30% of patients, however, are diagnosed with a far more virulent phenotype of bladder cancer that is invasive into the muscular wall of the bladder, demonstrates significantly increased metastatic potential, and is responsible in large part for the considerable morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Over 12,200 people are estimated to die from bladder cancer this year, and the overwhelming majority of these patients represent those who present with an invasive phenotype that progresses to metastatic disease.1
Mental Development in the Young Athlete

This chapter examines the mental development of young tennis players. Sport and exercise psychology is defined as the need for developmentally appropriate tennis discussed, stages or athletic development delineated, and psychosocial characteristics of children at various chronological stages summarized. Key topics pertaining to the development of the young player are discussed and include motivation for participation and withdrawal, stress and burnout effects, and best coaching and sport-parenting practices. Lastly, psychological skills development for young athletes is discussed.
Computer concepts possessed by seventh-grade children

I advocate that every educable person should jbe exposed to a short educational experience in the programming of computers. Subsequent to this course, use of a computer throughout the mathematics curriculum as well as in other subject areas will give students greater insights into the other subjects being taught. Accordingly, the initial computer programming experience should be introduced at the earliest possible moment.