cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY R&D IN THE CONTEXT OF A PROPULSION SYSTEM

A battery system for an electric vehicle should be designed and developed in concert with the components of the propulsion system. Technology development efforts sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy are addressing all the constituent electric vehicle component technologies, including the battery subsystem technologies, from the perspective of the complete propulsion system. The approach is considered to be essential for three reasons. First, the ultimate viability of a given battery technology can be only assured in the context of a complete propulsion system. Second, many required battery subsystem technology advancements can only be addressed in concert with the other propulsion system components. Third, development and testing of battery subsystem technologies in conjunction with powertrain subsystem technology development is necessary in order to provide essential information to the battery developer and to the vehicle developer that can not be obtained when battery development is performed as a discrete activity.
Problem-solving in history: strategy games and schema

This paper connects the conclusions of recent research on video games and learning to prior research on problem schemata and problem-solving. This study examines the problem-solving practices of expert and novice young players of Civilization III in a game-based learning program, and concludes that the problem schemata framework has power and utility in analyzing problem-solving in game-based environments.
Mechanisms mediating the muscle metaboreflex pressor response during post-exercise muscle ischemia are altered in hypertension (1170.2)

During dynamic exercise, muscle metaboreflex activation (MMA; induced via partial hindlimb ischemia) markedly increases mean arterial pressure (MAP) and MAP is sustained when the ischemia is maintained following the cessation of exercise (post-exercise muscle ischemia - PEMI). We previously reported that the sustained pressor response during PEMI in normal individuals is driven by a sustained increase in cardiac output (CO) with no peripheral vasoconstriction. However, we have recently shown that the rise in CO with MMA is significantly blunted in hypertension (HTN). The mechanisms sustaining the pressor response during PEMI in HTN are unknown. In six chronically instrumented canines, hemodynamic responses were observed during rest, mild exercise (3.2 kph), MMA and PEMI in the same animals before and after the induction of HTN (2K1C). In control, MAP, CO and HR increased with MMA (+52 ± 6 mmHg, +2.1 ± 0.3 l/min and +37 ± 7 bpm). After the induction of HTN (MAP at rest increased from 97 ± 3 to 130 ± 4 mmHg...
Isoniazid Hepatotoxicity with Clinical and Histopathology Correlate

Abstract A fifteen-year-old girl was treated with isoniazid (INH) for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), and subsequently developed epigastric pain, vomiting, and jaundice after three months of treatment. Acute fulminant hepatic failure was diagnosed. INH was stopped, and she received N-acetyl cysteine and Vitamin K. Liver biopsy showed moderate to severe lymphocytic and plasmacytic portal and lobular inflammation, prominent ductal proliferation, moderate cholestasis (predominantly hepatocellular and canalicular), hepatocellular damage, and stage 3 bridging fibrosis. She was treated with steroids and azathioprine for probable autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). She received six months of rifampicin treatment for LTBI. Liver biopsy two years later showed mild portal inflammation, predominantly lymphocytitic, mild portal fibrosis without bridging, irregular bile ducts without cholestasis, and no significant hepatocellular damage; overall the later biopsy demonstrated significant improvement. This case illustrates overlapping morphologic presentation in INH hepatotoxicity with hepatocellular injury and plasma cell infiltrate (due to probable AIH), as well as cholestatic features. Although her follow-up liver biopsy indicated lymphocytic inflammation, she is now asymptomatic with normal hepatic transaminases.
The syndrome of papillary muscle dysfunction

Abstract The function of the papillary muscles to restrain the mitral valves is obvious. However, the dynamic nature of this function is not always appreciated. Failure of one or both papillary muscles to shorten during the ejection phase of ventricular systole, fibrosis, and atrophy of a papillary muscle or centrifugal migration of the papillary muscles due to left ventricular dilatation result in mitral incompetence. Depending upon the etiology of the papillary muscle dysfunction, apical systolic murmurs of varying characteristics may be heard. In general, a noncontracting papillary muscle in a normal-sized heart is associated with a murmur which is late in onset and crescendo-decrescendo in quality, whereas in the dilated heart the murmur is early, beginning with the first heart sound, and may be decrescendo, plateau, or crescendo-decrescendo in quality. Obviously, the murmurs of papillary muscle dysfunction may vary considerably depending upon the nature of the dysfunction and time course of activation of the muscle and other portions of the ventricular musculature. Associated electrocardiographic abnormalities may also occur. Mitral insufficiency due to acquired or congenital valvular disease has been exhaustively studied. On the other hand, mitral insufficiency secondary to disease of the papillary muscles has been almost completely neglected. Nevertheless, since our description of the papillary muscle syndrome in 1963, 1 more than 20 papers dealing directly or indirectly with this syndrome have appeared. In the present review we have extended the original description of the papillary muscle syndrome to include a number of diseases which either clinically or at necropsy have been implicated in the production of papillary muscle dysfunction in the hope that attention will be focused on those diseases, in addition to circulatory insufficiency, which may result in papillary muscle dysfunction.
Daily Susceptibility Rhythm to Morphine Analgesia

Mice exhibit a daily susceptibility to morphine-induced analgesia, that is, maximum sensitivity (crest) at 2100–2400 hr. in the dark phase and a minimum (trough) at 1500 (light phase). Shifts in the crest and/or trough of from 3 to 6 hr. were evident on three experimental dates; however, the crests and troughs always remained within their respective light phases. A discussion is presented on the interrelationships among the rhythms for catecholamine metabolism, motor activity, and susceptibility to stimulant and depressant drugs, particularly morphine.
Functional expression of renal organic anion transport in Xenopus laevis oocytes.

Secretion of organic anions by the kidney plays a critical role in the elimination of toxic agents from the body. Recent findings in isolated membranes and intact tissue have demonstrated the participation of multiple transport proteins in this process. As a first step toward molecular characterization of these proteins through expression cloning, the studies reported below demonstrate functional expression of both fumarate- and lithium-sensitive glutarate and probenecid-sensitive p-aminohippurate transport in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat kidney poly(A)+RNA. Maximal increase in substrate uptake over buffer-injected controls was reached by 5 days after mRNA injection. Expression of size-fractionated mRNA indicated that the active species with respect to both transport activities were in the range of 1.8 to 3.5 kb.
Exploring long-range connectivity of the hard segment phase in model tri-segment oligomeric polyurethanes via lithium chloride

Abstract The influence of the extent of hydrogen bonding in mediating the long-range connectivity and percolation of the hard segment phase in model tri-segment oligomeric polyurethanes (PU) was explored by using LiCl as a molecular probe. A 22 wt% hard segment containing model PU plaque based on a mono-functional oligomeric polyether, 80:20 2,4:2,6 isomeric mixture of toluene diisocyanate, and water as a chain extender was employed. Samples cast from 20 wt% solutions in dimethyl acetamide were utilized. The tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) phase image of the solution cast film sample (soft segment Tg −63 °C) without LiCl exhibited the presence of long interconnected ribbon-like hard domains. The long-range connectivity and percolation of the hard phase that arose during plaque formation gave rise to a brittle rigid solid. A systematic break-up of the hard domains was also observed by AFM when the concentration of LiCl was increased from 0.1 to 1.5 wt%. DSC analysis indicated that the samples were able, however, to maintain a microphase separated morphology even at the highest LiCl concentration utilized in the study. FT-IR data confirmed that LiCl interacts with the hard domains of the model PU samples by disrupting the hydrogen bonding capability of the urea hard segments. A systematic softening of the samples was observed with increasing LiCl content as confirmed by thermomechanical analysis. Thus, this study indicates that hydrogen bonding plays an important role in assisting the hard segments in PU to develop long-range connectivity and percolation of this phase through the soft matrix.
Electrostatic self-assembly of a ruthenium-based oxygen sensitive dye using polyion–dye interpolyelectrolyte formation

Abstract The dye tris(2,2′-bipyridyl dichlororuthenium) hexahydrate has been successfully applied to glass and silica surfaces using the technique of layer by layer self-assembly. Solutions of both admixed polyion–dye and pure dye were used to attempt adsorption of the dye onto the substrates. Characterization of the constructed dye layers was performed using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), UV-Vis absorbance spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. Successive, controlled addition of multiple dye layers has been demonstrated, and exposure to different levels of dissolved oxygen shows that the films containing entrapped dye molecules retain sensing properties.
Assessment of stable nitrogen isotopes in fingerprinting surface water inorganic nitrogen sources

In many coastal areas of Louisiana, surface water quality is deteriorating rapidly due to elevated nutrient input from agricultural, domestic and industrial sources. This study investigates the potential use of natural abundance variations in 15N/14N ratios for identification and tracing surface water inorganic N sources. Surface water samples were collected from streams and point sources in Louisiana and analyzed for NH4 +-N, NO3 −-N and associated 15N/14N (δ15N ‰) concentrations. Ammonium-N from domestic sewage and industrial discharge point sources was found to have distinct δ15N ranges. Domestic sewage discharge into a slow flowing stream was traced for about 30 km downstream using 15N/14N ratios. At the sewage point source NH4 +-δ15N values averaged +43%o and increased linearly to +162‰ with distance from the discharge. In a larger stream with a greater flow velocity the NH4 +-δ15N surface water signature of an industrial discharge source was identifiable for approximately 1 km from the point source. Surface water NO3 −-°15N values generally ranged from +1 to +99‰ and no significant association was observed between δ15N values with distance from the domestic sewage and industrial point sources. The discrete NH4 +-δ15N signatures of domestic sewage and industrial point sources compared to downstream surface water NH4 +-δ15N values suggest that N isotopic ratios have the potential to be used as tracers in surface waters contaminated with inorganic N.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus

This is a review of 418 patients with cancer of the pyriform sinus who had complete treatment at University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital, treated over a 28-year time span. Treatment modalities used included radiation therapy, surgery, and planned combined treatment, primarily in the form of surgery and postoperative radiation therapy. Superficial lesions, with no impairment of laryngeal motility, are suitable for irradiation therapy planned for cure. (The policies of treatment have changed throughout the years). Analysis is made comparing the results of the larger groups of patients treated by surgery only, or surgery followed by postoperative radiation therapy. There is a significant lower incidence of failure above the clavicle in the combined treatment group, and a better 5-year survival. Rate of recurrences and the specific sites of failure above the clavicles are discussed, as well as the means of preventing such. The causes of death between 2 and 5 years are presented.
EMOTION-II Model: A Theoretical Framework for Happy Emotion as a Self-Assessment Measure Indicating the Degree-of-Fit (Congruency) between the Expectancy in Subjective and Objective Realities in Autonomous Control Systems

The second phase of the "EMOTION-II" model ("Emotional Model Of the Theoretical Interpretations Of Neu- roprocessing") introduces the theoretical framework for the evolution of emotion as an internal measure of modeling er- rors (discrepancy signals) for assessing the degree-of-fit (congruency) between internal model and external world in autonomous control systems. It is derived based on the inevitable real-world consequence that modeling errors often occur in the internal model that represents the external world. When the contextual abstraction of the external world is compared with the internal world model, the discrepancy between the two models (objective reality and subjective reality) serves as a feedback for self-corrective actions. The assessment and recognition of these internally generated signals representing modeling errors of expectancy (and conversely, congruency between the two realities) form the basis for emotion forma- tion in animals and other self-correcting autonomous control systems.
The rearrangement of 4,4-diphenylcyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene

Abstract Pyrolytic decomposition of the Li salt of the tosylhydrazone of 4,4-diphenyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone produces a mixture of biphenyl, o -terphenyl, p -terphenyl, methyl- o -terphenyl and the azine of 4,4-diphenyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone ( 13 ). Insight into the reaction pathway was provided by the pyrolytic decomposition of 2-deuterio tosylhydrazone 8a which generates o -terphenyl 10a and 10b in ratio of 69:31. These results are interpreted in terms of the carbene rearrangements of Schemes 2, 3 and 5.
Renormalization group study of Mullins’ equation for molecular beam epitaxy with conserved noise

Abstract The dynamics of driven interfaces under conserved noise in a continuum model of growth by a molecular beam has been studied by means of the Nozieres–Gallet dynamic renormalization group technique, using the results of Sun and Plischke for the case of non-conserved noise. Relaxation of the growing film is due to both surface tension and surface diffusion. In (1+1) dimensions, four growth regimes have been found. None of these are purely diffusive. One of these fixed points has negative surface tension and is stable with respect to renormalization group flow. This is an unstable growth state in which the creation of large slopes in the interface configuration is expected. In (2+1) dimensions, seven growth regimes have been found, in which three are purely diffusive. There is also one fixed point with a negative surface tension. However, this fixed point is unstable with respect to renormalization group flow, and is therefore expected to crossover into the other growth regimes at large system size and long times.
Computational and experimental studies of the mechanism of (PCP)Ir-catalyzed acceptorless dehydrogenation of alkanes

(PCP)IrH2 efficiently catalyzes the “acceptorless” dehydrogenation of alkanes. The key step in the reaction cycle is calculated (DFT/B3LYP) to be dissociative loss of H2 to afford an Ir(I) intermediate; this conclusion is supported by experimental results.
Using the discrete element method to predict collision-scale behavior: A sensitivity analysis

Discrete element method (DEM) simulations have recently been used to investigate collision-scale measurements such as collision frequency and impact velocity distributions. These simulations are typically validated against particle velocity fields using experimental techniques such as particle image velocimetry or positron emission particle tracking. An important question that has not been addressed is whether validation of a macroscopic velocity field or solid fraction field also implies a validation of collision-scale measurements such as collision frequency. In this study, DEM measurements of solid fraction, shear rate, collision frequency, and impact velocity are made in a small region just beneath the free surface in a rotating drum. The effects of periodic drum length, particle stiffness, coefficient of restitution, and particle size are investigated. The solid fraction and shear rate do not vary with particle stiffness or coefficient of restitution over the range of values studied. However, the collision rate increases with increasing particle stiffness and coefficient of restitution. In addition, the average collision speed decreases as particles become stiffer or less elastic. The shear rate varies with particle size, but the average collision velocity remains constant. These findings indicate that validation against particle velocity and solid fraction fields does not necessarily imply validation of collision frequency and impact velocity. Indeed, the velocity and solid fraction fields were found to be relatively insensitive to a range of DEM contact stiffnesses and coefficients of restitution while the collision distributions were sensitive.
Ab initio study of naphtho-homologated DNA bases.

Naphtho-homologated DNA bases have been recently used to build a new type of size-expanded DNA known as yyDNA. We have used theoretical techniques to investigate the structure, tautomeric preferences, base-pairing ability, stacking interactions, and HOMO−LUMO gaps of the naphtho-bases. The structure of these bases is found to be similar to that of the benzo-fused predecessors (y-bases) with respect to the planarity of the aromatic rings and amino groups. Tautomeric studies reveal that the canonical-like forms of naphtho-thymine (yyT) and naphtho-adenine (yyA) are the most stable tautomers, leading to hydrogen-bonded dimers with the corresponding natural nucleobases that mimic the Watson−Crick pairing. However, the canonical-like species of naphtho-guanine (yyG) and naphtho-cytosine (yyC) are not the most stable tautomers, and the most favorable hydrogen-bonded dimers involve wobble-like pairings. The expanded size of the naphtho-bases leads to stacking interactions notably larger than those found for the ...
Epidemiology of Cytomegaloviral Infection in a Heterogeneous Population of Pregnant Women

Cervical cultures for cytomegalovirus (CMV) and samples of blood for antibody to CMV were obtained from 1,129 pregnant women: 57% of the women had antibody to CMV, and 14% of seropositive women shed virus. Logistic regression analysis showed that seropositivity correlated with lower socioeconomic status, birth outside North America, multigravidity, older age, history of abnormal cervical cytology, infection with Trichomonas vaginalis, a first pregnancy at less than or equal to 15 years of age, and greater total numbers of sex partners. Thus, past exposure to CMV relates both to sociocultural factors and to sexual behavior. Absence of such risk factors identifies women who are at highest risk for primary infection with CMV during pregnancy. Culture positivity in seropositive women was independently associated with younger age, later stages of pregnancy, and race. Among seropositive women less than or equal to 21 years of age, 35% shed CMV in the third trimester, a finding of epidemiological importance with regard to perinatal transmission.
Planar formation of 3D highly parallel optical fan-out interconnects for wafer scale optical clock signal distribution

In this paper, we present a miniaturized compact 3-D optical fan-out interconnect suitable for wafer scale VLSI multichip module optical clock signal distribution. The demonstrated device employs a thin light-guiding substrate in conjunction with a 2-D optical hologram array. The parallel feature among fan-out beams and the planar compact structure convert the unsolvable three spatial and three angular multiple alignment problem into a single-step 2-D planar one, which greatly enhances the packaging reliability. A new design scheme for minimizing throughput power non-uniformity is presented for the first time. A 25 GHz 1-to-42 highly parallel fan-out interconnect was demonstrated with a signal to noise ratio of 10 dB.
Effects of hypophysectomy on alloxan-diabetic, arteriosclerotic, breeder vs non-arteriosclerotic, virgin rats☆

Abstract A single s.c. injection (10 mg/100 g bw of alloxan) was given to nonarteriosclerotic, virgin, Sprague-Dawley rats and to breeder rats with preexisting arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. All of the animals promptly developed severe diabetes with ketosis, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. Insulin therapy was deliberately withheld. Mortality was high. Seven days later, one group was subjected to hypophysectomy and 30 days later, all of the animals were autopsied. The diabetes + hypophysectomy animals maintained their body weight better, did not have hypertrophied adrenal glands, showed the least elevation of serum enzymes, e.g., CPK, SGOT, SGPT and LDH, less hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia and reduced corticosterone production than the animals with untreated severe diabetes. Despite the relative amelioration of metabolic derangements prognostic of cardiovascular degenerative changes, the diabetes + hypophysectomy animals manifested extensive renovascular damage and the breeder rats with pre-existing arteriosclerosis showed definite exacerbation of their arterial disease in response to the severe alloxan diabetes regardless of hypophysectomy. It is suggested that although hypophysectomy may alleviate certain metabolic derangements attributed to growth hormone, ACTH and adrenal steroids, the angiopathic damage proceeds inexorably.
Injury severity, vehicle safety features, and intersection crashes.

Objective: This article examines injury severity in crashes that occur within signalized intersections and identifies some factors that explain them. Method: It uses a random effect ordered logit model and an unbalanced longitudinal panel data for 303 intersections for one medium-size city. Results: Among its findings are 3% and 0.29% lower probabilities of sustaining evident and disabling injuries respectively when vehicle occupants wear three-point seat belts and corresponding 1.71% and 0.16% lower probabilities when they wear only shoulder belts. Also, the probabilities of sustaining evident and disabling injuries reduce by 0.87% and 0.08% when vehicles with airbags are involved in crashes. But, when front airbags deploy the probabilities of sustaining disabling, evident, and possible injuries increase by 1.3%, 11.93%, and 26.80%, respectively. Similarly, both side airbags deploying increases disabling and evident injuries by 1.8% and 15.53%, respectively. In addition, we find that the probability of s...
Changes in the visual system of monocularly sutured or enucleated cats demonstrable with cytochrome oxidase histochemistry

Endogenous cytochrome oxidase activity within the mitochondria of neurons and neuropil was demonstrated histochemically under normal and experimental conditions. Since enzymatic changes were noted with chronic neuronal inactivity in the auditory system (Wong-Riley et al), the present study sought to examine functionally induced enzymatic changes in the visual system of kittens. Eight kittens were used experimentally: 5 had monocular lid suture for varying periods of time; one had binocular lid suture followed by monocular suture followed by binocular opening; two had monocular enucleation. All initial procedures were performed before eye opening. Materials from other normal kittens and cats were also used as controls. At the end of the experiments, the animals were perfused with aldehyde solutions and frozen sections of the brains were incubated for cytochrome oxidase activity (a detailed protocol was outlined). The results indicated that the deprivation caused by monocular suture produced a decrease in the cytochrome oxidase staining of the binocular segment of the deprived geniculate laminae. Enucleation yielded a greater decrease in the cytochrome oxidase activity in the affected geniculate laminae. However, the staining in the 'normal' lamina extended across the interlaminar border to include a row of surviving large cells in the 'denervated' lamina. The staining of the monocular segment appeared not to be affected by lid suture, but was decreased by enucleation. At the cortical level, lamina IV in area 17 of normal cats was stained darkly as a continuous band. Following lid suture, this pattern was replaced in part by alternating columns of light and dark staining, suggestive of ocular dominance columns. Thus, a decrease in neuronal activity due to reduced visual stimulation or destruction of the primary afferent nerves led to a significant decrease in the level of oxidative enzyme activity one to several synapses away.
Habitat Restoration as a Means of Controlling Non-Native Fish in a Mojave Desert Oasis

Non-native fish generally cause native fish decline, and once non-natives are established, control or elimination is usually problematic. Because non-native fish colonization has been greatest in anthropogenically altered habitats, restoring habitat similar to predisturbance conditions may offer a viable means of non-native fish control. In this investigation we identified habitats favoring native over non-native fish in a Mojave Desert oasis (Ash Meadows) and used this information to restore one of its major warm water spring systems (Kings Pool Spring). Prior to restoration, native fishes predominated in warm water (25–32°C) stream and spring-pool habitat, whereas non-natives predominated in cool water (≤23°C) spring-pool and marsh/slack water habitat. Native Amargosa pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis) and Ash Meadows speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis) inhabited significantly faster mean water column velocities (MWCV) and greater total depth (TD) than non-native Sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna) and Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) in warm water stream habitat, and Ash Meadows speckled dace inhabited significantly faster water than non-natives in cool water stream habitat. Modification of the outflow of Kings Pool Spring from marsh to warm water stream, with MWCV, TD, and temperature favoring native fish, changed the fish composition from predominantly non-native Sailfin molly and Mosquitofish to predominantly Ash Meadows pupfish. This result supports the hypothesis that restoring spring systems to a semblance of predisturbance conditions would promote recolonization of native fishes and deter non-native fish invasion and proliferation.
The Mg, Ca, EDTA and ATP dependence of Na binding by rat liver microsomes

The role of ionic interactions in the adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) dependent Na binding by rat liver microsomes was investigated. In the concentration range of 0 to 20 mM, Mg and Ca are demonstrated to compete strongly against Na for microsome binding sites. In the presence of Ca, the nonbiological complexing agent ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) produced a marked increase in Na binding accompanied by a concomitant decrease in Ca binding. Under similar conditions ATP, which is a weaker complexing agent than EDTA, produced quantitatively smaller but qualitatively similar changes in binding. The data show that the effect of ATP on Na binding is not dependent upon the formation of a hypothetical Na binding intermediate in the hydrolysis of ATP as other investigators have postulated. Rather, the effect of ATP is demonstrated to depend upon the presence of unhydrolyzed ATP and its ability to complex divalent cations, and thereby to reduce divalent cation competition against monovalent cations for membrane binding sites.
Rat alpha(2)-macroglobulin inhibits NGF-promoted neurite outgrowth, TrK phosphorylation, and gene expression of pheochromocytoma PC12 cells.

Rat alpha-1-macroglobulin (alpha(1)M) and alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha(2)M) are murine homologs of human alpha(2)M, and rat alpha(2)M is generally known as an acute-phase protein. Monoamine-activated forms of human alpha(2)M have been shown to inhibit various neuronal functions, but the effect of rat alpha(1)M and acute-phase alpha(2)M on neurons is largely unknown. In this report, rat serotonin-activated alpha(2)M (5HT-alpha(2)M) has been demonstrated to inhibit nerve growth factor (NGF)-promoted neurite extension in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, and we investigated its possible mechanism of action including its effect on NGF-promoted signal transduction and gene expression in these cells. Especially in the absence of NGF, 5HT-alpha(2)M was found to bind to TrkA (the high-affinity receptor for NGF) much better than normal alpha(2)M (N-alpha(2)M). 5HT-alpha(2)M dose-dependently inhibited NGF-promoted autophosphorylation of TrkA, and decreased the expression of two immediate-early genes (NGFI-A and c-jun) and two delayed-response genes (SCG10 and transin) which are associated with neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. The unmodified N-alpha(2)M, on the other hand, exhibited very little or no inhibitory effects on neurite extension, Trk phosphorylation, or expression of these genes. The results of this study taken together suggest that monoamine-activated acute-phase rat alpha(2)M appears to inhibit neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells possibly via its direct binding to TrkA and subsequent blocking of TrkA-mediated signal transduction and gene expression.
Calf 5' to 3' exo/endonuclease must slide from a 5' end of the substrate to perform structure-specific cleavage.

Calf 5′ to 3′ exo/endonuclease, the counterpart of the human FEN-1 and yeast RTH-1 nucleases, performs structure-specific cleavage of both RNA and DNA and is implicated in Okazaki fragment processing and DNA repair. The substrate for endonuclease activity is a primer annealed to a template but with a 5′ unannealed tail. The results presented here demonstrate that the nuclease must enter the 5′ end of the unannealed tail and then slide to the region of hybridization where the cleavage occurs. The presence of bound protein or a primer at any point on the single-stranded tail prevents cleavage. However, biotinylation of a nucleotide at the 5′ end or internal to the tail does not prevent cleavage. The sliding process is bidirectional. If the nuclease slides onto the tail, later binding of a primer to the tail traps the nuclease between the primer binding site and the cleavage site, preventing the nuclease from departing from the 5′ end. A model for 5′ entry, sliding, and cleavage is presented. The possible role of this unusual mechanism in Okazaki fragment processing, DNA repair, and protection of the replication fork from inappropriate endonucleolytic cleavage is presented.
Traveling-wave solutions to thin-film equations

Thin films can be effectively described by the lubrication approximation, in which the equation of motion is ${\mathit{h}}_{\mathit{t}}$+(${\mathit{h}}^{\mathit{n}}$${\mathit{h}}_{\mathit{x}\mathit{x}\mathit{x}}$${)}_{\mathit{x}}$=0. Here h is a necessarily positive quantity which represents the height or thickness of the film. Different values of n, especially 1, 2, and 3 correspond to different physical situations. This equation permits solutions in the form of traveling disturbances with a fixed form. If u is the propagation velocity, the resulting equation for the disturbance is ${\mathit{uh}}_{\mathit{x}}$=(${\mathit{h}}^{\mathit{n}}$${\mathit{h}}_{\mathit{x}\mathit{x}\mathit{x}}$${)}_{\mathit{x}}$. Here, quantitative and qualitative solutions to the equation are presented. The study has been limited to the intervals in x where the solutions are positive. It is found that transitions between different qualitative behaviors occur at n=3, 2, 3/2, and 1/2. For example, if u is not zero, solitonlike solutions defined on a finite interval are only possible for n3. More specific results can be obtained. In the case in which the velocity is zero, solitons occur for n2. For n=1, the region 3/2n is characterized by the presence of advancing-front solutions, with support on (-\ensuremath{\infty},t). For ng1/2, single-minimum solutions diverging at \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\infty} are possible. The generic solution, present for all positive values of n, is a receding front, which diverges at finite x for n0.
Species diversity in aquatic angiosperms: latitudinal patterns

Abstract Preliminary studies of aquatic plants in numerous tropical aquatic habitats in Costa Rica indicate a low level of diversity, and such a level of species richness appears to be in direct conflict with the general viewpoint that tropical ecosystems are exceedingly diverse. Furthermore, there is a strong tendency for dominance of particular plant species within tropical aquatic ecosystems, whereas in tropical forest ecosystems, individuals of a species tend to be scattered rather than to express dominance. A comparison of aquatic plant diversity on a latitudinal basis reveals a higher level of diversity at warm temperature latitudes and a surprisingly high, if not highest, level at cool temperature latitudes. This appears to be true when comparing representative aquatic families as well as aquatic habitats. Standardized data on biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems are needed for further comparative purposes. Additionally, aquatics are poorly known for tropical regions; thus, there is a great need for field work to be conducted in aquatic habitats of the tropics.
ACCUMULATION OF PHOSPHORUS, DRY MATTER AND BETAINE DURING NaCl STRESS OF SPLIT-ROOT CITRUS SEEDLINGS COLONIZED WITH VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON ZERO, ONE OR TWO HALVES.

SUMMARY Sodium chloride tolerance and phosphorus content were examined in split-root Carrizo citrange seedlings [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. x Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] colonized with a vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith) on zero, one or two root halves. Plants were treated with NaCl at 0, 25, 50 or 100 mm, and the degree of stress was measured as reduction of dry matter accumulation and rise in level of leaf proline-betaine (stachydrine). Shoot and root dry weight production during this period decreased with increasing levels of salt. Absolute reductions were similar for plants inoculated on one vs two half-root systems, but percentage decreases were less in the latter due to greater overall growth in all treatments. Betaine levels in leaf tissues were positively related to soil salt levels for each mycorrhizal treatment. Significant differences in betaine levels were also detected in plants with and without mycorrhizal fungi, and mean levels tended to be higher for those colonized on one vs two halves of their root system. In contrast, a half-root system and its fungal symbiont supplied enough phosphorus to allow concentrations of leaf P to equal those of fully infected root systems, yet the two groups did not show equal growth under control conditions or percentage reductions with NaCl stress.
Efficacy of gamma-hydroxybutyrate versus placebo in treating narcolepsy-cataplexy: double-blind subjective measures.

The efficacy of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) versus placebo for treating narcolepsy was evaluated in 20 patients with narcolepsy, 10 men and 10 women, using a double-blind counterbalanced crossover design. Each patient completed a daily sleep-wake log and questionnaire during a 14-day baseline, a 29-day placebo period, a 29-day GHB period (50 mg GHB/kg/night given 25 mg/kg h.s. and 25 mg/kg 3 hr later), and a 6-day washout period after each treatment. Cataplexy frequency was significantly lower during GHB treatment than during placebo treatment (p = 0.022). Compared to baseline values, the number of cataplexy attacks per day declined by 52% and 69% during GHB treatment weeks 1 and 4, respectively. The number of subjective arousals from sleep was less with GHB than with placebo (p = 0.035), and the number of sleep attacks was not significantly different during GHB versus placebo treatment. GHB did not have a significant effect on subjective estimates of sleep onset latency, total sleep time, Stanford Sleepiness Scale ratings at morning wake-up, methylphenidate usage, or the number of naps per day. The results indicate that GHB is efficacious for reducing the frequency of cataplexy attacks and subjective nocturnal arousals in patients with narcolepsy within the first 4 weeks of treatment.
Pulmonary metastasectomy in pediatric/adolescent patients with synovial sarcoma: an institutional review.

Abstract Purpose Synovial sarcoma (SS) often metastasizes to the lung; however, the indications for and outcomes of pulmonary metastasectomy have not been evaluated in pediatric/adolescent patients. Methods The records of pediatric patients (age Results Forty-one patients (mean age: 15.9years) were identified and 31 (76%) underwent at least one metastasectomy. Seventy-two resections (range, 1–8/patient) were performed. Two- and 5-year survival rates after metastasis diagnosis were 65% and 24% for patients who underwent metastasectomy. Patients who did not undergo a metastasectomy survived no more than 2years from the diagnosis of pulmonary disease ( P 1year) and complete resection of pulmonary disease correlated with greater OS ( P =0.02 and P Conclusion Pulmonary metastasectomy may be associated with improved survival in pediatric/adolescent patients with SS and pulmonary metastases if complete resection is achieved.
Radiofrequency ablation for long- and ultralong-segment Barrett's esophagus: a comparative long-term follow-up study.

Background The safety, efficacy, and durability of radiofrequency ablation (RFA), with or without EMR, have been established for long-segment Barrett's esophagus (LSBE). Ablating ultralong-segment Barrett's esophagus (ULSBE) may be associated with increased stricture formation, eradication failure, and treatment session requirements. Objectives Our primary objective was to compare eradication and stricture rates between LSBE (≥3 to Design Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Setting Tertiary care facility. Patients A total of 72 patients (34 ULSBE, 38 LSBE; mean Barrett's segment length of 10.8 and 4.7 cm) underwent RFA between August 2005 and September 2010. Mean follow-up was 45 and 34 months, respectively. Main Outcome Measurements Eradication and complication rates for ULSBE and LSBE. Results Eradication rates for dysplasia (90% vs 88%, P = 1.0) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) (77% vs 82%, P = .77) were similar. ULSBE patients required more overall ( P P P = .52). At 3 years, IM remained eradicated in 65% of ULSBE and 82% of LSBE, without maintenance RFA. On multivariate regression analysis, increasing Barrett's length was associated with a reduced likelihood for eradicating IM (odds ratio 0.87; 95% CI, 0.75-1.00), but not dysplasia (odds ratio 1.13; 95% CI, 0.95-1.35). Limitations Single center. Conclusion ULSBE can be treated in its entirety at each session with efficacy and safety comparable to LSBE. ULSBE requires more effort to achieve IM eradication, and RFA is less durable in maintaining this eradication at 3-year follow-up.
Introduction to Social Cohesion: An International Perspective

One important purpose of schooling is to prepare the students to contribute to a socially cohesive society. A cohesive society is the product of social and human capital. It is one that can withsta...
Zum „Hofmann'schen Abbau„ des Gelsemins

Die durch die thermische Spaltung aus quaternaren Ammonium-Basen von Gelsemin und seinen Hydrierungsprodukten erhaltenen des-N-Methyl-Basen5) erwiesen sich als identisch mit den entsprechenden N(a)-Methyl-gelsemin-Derivaten.
A Polemic on Principles: Reflections on the Pittsburgh Protocol

The Pittsburgh protocol relies heavily on traditional moral distinctions, particularly the principle of double effect, to justify "managing" the dying process of a prospective organ donor in order to yield viable organs for transplantation. These traditional moral distinctions can be useful, particularly in casuistic or case- specific moral analysis, but their invocation here is unpersuasive, and potentially dangerous. The protocol relies on elaborate apologetics to avoid a candid con- frontation with the moral challenge it posesÂ—society's willingness to bring about the death of one patient (in isolation and with potential discomfort) in order to benefit another patient. Not only will this protocol fail to solve the problem it purports to address, it threatens to undermine the delicate social accommodations by which we distinguish the living from the dead, permissible "allowings to die" from impermissible killings, and those from whom organs may be removed from those whose bodies must remain inviolate.
New Directions in Information Resources at Chemical Abstracts Service

Abstract Chemical Abstracts Service monitors about 12,000 primary journals in over 50 languages, coming from approximately 100 countries, plus the patent literature of 24 countries. Last year, Chemical Abstracts contained 240,000 abstracts. CAS is now in the second five-year period in its shift to computer base built on “single analysis/multiple use.” Both retrospective search and current awareness services are offered. The same data base can be machine-manipulated to turn out products directed to the interests of specific groups. Since 1963, the Chemical Compound Registry System has been in use. Examples of current awareness services are: Chemical Titles, Chemical-Biological Activities, Polymer Science and Technology, and CA Condensates.
Who merits a neck dissection after definitive chemoradiotherapy for N2-N3 squamous cell head and neck cancer?

Background. The role of neck dissection (ND) after definitive chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell head and neck cancer is incompletely defined. We retrospectively reviewed 109 patients with N2–N3 disease treated with chemoradiotherapy to identify predictors of a clinical complete response in the neck (CCR-neck), pathologic complete response after ND (PCR-neck), and regional failure. Method. All patients were given 4-day continuous infusions of 5-fluorouracil (1000 mg/m2/d) and cisplatin (20 mg/m2/d) during the first and fourth weeks of either once daily (n = 68) or twice daily (n = 41) radiation therapy. ND was considered for all patients after completion of chemoradiotherapy and was performed in 32 of the 65 patients achieving a CCR-neck after chemoradiotherapy and in all 44 patients with residual clinical evidence of neck disease. CCR-neck, PCR-neck, and regional failure were then correlated with potential predictors, including T, N, largest lymph node size (<3 cm, ≥3 cm), primary tumor site, and radiation fractionation schedule. Results. Achievement of a CCR-neck was predicted by N, N2 vs N3 (53 of 80 vs 12 of 29, p = .019) and by largest lymph node size, <3 cm vs ≥3 cm (19 of 25 vs 46 of 84, p = .06). Achievement of a PCR-neck could not be predicted by any clinical parameter. Regional failure occurred both in patients undergoing ND and those not dissected (5 of 76 vs 4 of 33, p = .33) and proved more likely only in the ND patients with residual positive pathology compared with those achieving a PCR-neck (5 of 25 vs 0 of 51, p < .001). Primary site was not a useful predictor of CCR-neck, PCR-neck, or regional failure. Most importantly, CCR-neck (vs <CCR-neck) did not predict either a PCR-neck (24 of 32 vs 27 of 44, p = .21) or regional failure (5 of 65 vs 4 of 44, p = .80). Conclusions. After chemoradiotherapy, clinical parameters do not identify those patients with residual neck node disease or those at risk for regional failure, suggesting that ND be considered for all N2–N3 patients. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head and Neck 25: 791–798, 2003
First CDF II heavy flavor physics results with the silicon vertex trigger

The renewed CDF II experiment recently re-started data taking. The data collected lately already provides insight in the heavy flavor capabilities of this p{bar p} experiment. As a benchmark of these possibilities we present two preliminary results: the measurement of the branching fractions BR(D{sup o} {yields} {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}) and BR(D{sup o} {yields} K{sup +}K{sup -}) relative to BR(D{sup o} {yields} K{sup {+-}} {pi}{sup {-+}}) and the measurement of the invariant mass difference between D{sub s}{sup {+-}} {yields} {phi}{pi}{sup {+-}}, {phi} {yields} K{sup +}K{sup -} and D{sup {+-}} {yields} {phi}{pi}{sup {+-}}, {phi} {yields} K{sup +}K{sup -}. The preliminary results are BR(D{sup o} {yields} {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -})/BR(D{sup o} {yields} K{sup {+-}} {pi}{sup {-+}}) = 3.37 {+-} 0.20(stat) {+-} 0.16(sys)%, BR(D{sup o} {yields} K{sup +}K{sup -})/BR(D{sup o} {yields} K{sup {+-}} {pi}{sup {-+}}) = 11.17 {+-} 0.98(sys) % and {Delta}m (D{sub s} - D{sup +}) = 99.28 {+-} 0.43(stat) {+-} 0.27(sys) MeV/c{sup 2}. All results are consistent with PDG expectations.
A Robust Approach to Markov Decision Problems with Uncertain Transition Probabilities

Abstract This paper considers a discrete-time infinite horizon discounted cost Markov decision problem in which the transition probability vector for each state-control pair is uncertain. A popular approach to this problem has been to find a policy that performs best in the worst-case scenario. A policy obtained in this manner, however, tends to be conservative. We construct a robust formulation for the problem, which produces a less conservative policy. We characterize the performance of the robust formulation via the probability that the optimal cost of a random instance of the problem is at most that of the robust formulation. A congestion-dependent pricing problem for network services is examined as a numerical example.
Probabilistic reinforcement of reversal and dimensional shifts

Abstract Thirty subjects learned 120 two-dimensional, 2-valued concept-identification (CI) problems over 5 days. After each problem was learned, the solution was shifted by interchanging responses (reversal shift, RS) or by picking a new dimension (dimensional shift, DS). Two groups with complementary probabilities of the type of shift were run. The probabilities of an RS for one group on the 5 days were: 1, 0, .7, .7, .7. The shift was so introduced that the subject's first response indicated the type of shift expected. The subjects learned to predict the shift and showed a tendency to follow the probability of the shift but with a bias toward the RS prediction. Negative recency and alternation tendencies occurred, but seemed to adapt out. The subjects improved greatly in trials to solution for each CI problem. A generalization of the cue-selection model designed to handle initially correct concept selection did not adequately describe the statistic of the trial of the last error, but a restricted randomization procedure accounted for the major deviations. The error distributions were more accurately described. The parameter which measured the initial probability of selecting the correct concept on the first trial also indicated that subjects approached probability matching in their expectations of the type of shift.
Variable features on Mars. VII. Dark filamentary markings on Mars

The paper discusses the location, variability, and possible nature of well-developed patterns of dark filamentary markings in the Mariner 9 photographic records. Although not common on Mars, the markings are concentrated in at least two areas: Depressio Hellespontica and Cerberus/Trivium Charontis. In certain localities, strong winds are required to bring these markings into prominence. The dark filamentary markings seem to be true albedo features controlled by local topography, it being unlikely that they are free linear dunes. The distinctive criss-cross pattern seen in many of the pictures suggests that jointing provides the controlling topographic grid. At this stage it cannot be inferred whether the markings are erosional or depositional in character.