cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The low temperature specific heat of κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2

We have measured the specific heat of κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2 from 4 to 14 K. The lattice specific heat is assumed to contain contributions due to 18 intra molecular coupled translational and libronic modes involving the two (BETF-TTF) molecules and the Cu(NCS)2, the phonon-libron contribution to the specific heat in our temperature range can be represented by a Debye integral expression with a Debye temperature of 95 K. This low value of the Debye temperature along with a Tc of 9.4 K indicates a strong coupling superconductor if the electron -phonon and libron coupling is responsible for the pairing.
Enhancers and Inhibitors of Teacher Risk Taking: A Case Study

Despite the frequent juxtaposition of the terms "risk taking" and "change" in literature on school reform, we know very little about risk-taking behavior. Research conducted in the field of a psychology of risk-taking behavior has identified three essential elements of risk: (a) loss, (b) significance of loss, and (c) uncertainty (Yates & Stone, 1992). In this case study, teacher risk taking was examined in the context of the development of a school-within-a-school (SWS) program, targeting sophomores at high risk for dropping out of school. Findings indicate that a psychology of risk-taking behavior provides a useful lens for understanding teacher risk taking in the context of this SWS innovation. The study also finds that the three essential elements of risk may not be sufficient to explain teacher risk taking. Constructs of emotion and gain, which appeared to be embedded in loss and significance of loss, need further identification and study. In addition, social interactions, organizational processes, a...
Effects of HgCl2 on the expression of autoimmune responses and disease in diabetes-prone (DP) BB rats.

Repeated exposure of Brown Norway (BN) rats to relatively low doses of HgCl2 induces autoantibodies to renal antigens (e.g., laminin) and a membranous glomerulonephropathy characterized by proteinuria. In contrast, Lewis (LEW) rats are "resistant" to the autoimmune effects of mercury and, when exposed to this metal, are protected against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and Heymann's nephritis. To date, there is no information on "suppressive" effects of mercury in naturally occurring (so-called "spontaneous") rat models of autoimmune disease. Therefore, we have administered HgCl2 to diabetes-prone (DP) BB rats, animals that spontaneously develop both insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and thyroiditis. We found that DP rats treated with mercury or water for a period of 40-125 days developed autoantibodies to thyroglobulin, with a higher incidence in HgCl2-injected animals (92% vs. 56% in H2O-injected controls). A novel finding of our study was the detection of autoantibodies to laminin in the same rats, again with an increased incidence after HgCl2 treatment (83% vs. 44%). IgG2a was the most frequently detected isotype of antibodies to laminin, followed by IgG1, IgG2b and IgG2c. The IgG isotype profile suggests that treatment with HgCl2 may activate both Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes in BB rats. In spite of these stimulatory effects on autoantibody responses, we found that there was no difference in the incidence of IDDM and thyroiditis between HgCl2-treated and control animals. We conclude that the suppressive effects of mercury previously observed in EAE and Heymann's nephritis of LEW rats do not occur in "spontaneous" autoimmune IDDM and thyroiditis of BB rats. Therefore, immune suppression caused by HgCl2 cannot be considered a common phenomenon, but may be a genetically determined characteristic of LEW rats, possibly related to a specific or unique cytokine profile of this particular rat strain. In contrast, while mercury does not seem to recruit, induce or rescue regulatory T cell function in DP rats, it does stimulate autoantibody responses in these animals.
Determination of optimal Chebyshev-expanded hydrophobic discrimination function for globular proteins

We describe the development of a scoring function designed to model the hydrophobic effect in protein folding. An optimization technique is used to determine the best functional form of the hydrophobic potential. The scoring function is expanded using the Chebyshev polynomials, for which the coefficients are determined by minimizing the Z-score of native structures in the ensembles of alternate conformations. (The Z-score is the score relative to the mean, measured in units of standard deviation.) The derived effective potential is tested on decoy sets conventionally used in such studies. The function is able to discriminate very well between correct and incorrect folds, despite the fact that it simply counts the number of neighbors of each amino acid. Our results show that the techniques of Z-score optimization and Chebyshev expansion work, and work well. Our results also confirm that hydrophobic effect is one of the principal driving forces in protein folding.
Investigation of InAs quantum dashes for 1.45-2.1 μm vertical external cavity surface emitting laser active regions

Lasers with emission wavelength around 2 _m have been traditionally based on InGaSb quantum wells grown on GaSb. An alternative is to use self assembled InAs Quantum Dashes grown on InP by the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode. More speci_cally, InAs quantum dashes embedded in strained GaInAs quantum wells, grown in InAlGaAs waveguides lattice matched to InP substrates have been successfully used as active medium in edge emitting lasers with wavelengths in the range from 1.45 _m to 2.1 _m. Advantages of this material system compared to the GaSb based system include easier lattice matching; i.e. only one group V element is involved. Many optoelectronic properties of the InAs/InP quantum dash material system are similar to those of InAs quantum dots grown on GaAs substrates. The latter material system has been very successfully used for VECSELs in the wavelength region around 1 _m, leading to the highest power VECSEL at this wavelength, mode locking, wide range tunability as well as intra cavity SHG to generate red light. A challenge in the material system based on InP substrates is to fabricate a DBR. A lattice-matched DBR can consist of GaAsSb/AlAsSb. Alternatively one can grow a metamorphic DBR based on either GaAs/AlAs or GaSb/AlSb. The latter requires the DBR to be grown after the active region. The resultant VECSEL is then a bottom emitter, where the substrate has to be removed. This can be achieved by introducing an etch stop layer between substrate and active region. Lastly, the DBR can be grown separately and subsequently wafer bonded to the active region. This paper will discuss details of these technologies and present results.
Secundum Atrial Septal Defect and Significant Mitral Regurgitation: Incidence, Management and Morphologic Basis

To better understand the association between mitral regurgitation and secundum atrial septal defect and to clarify the evaluation and management of these patients, the records of 235 adult patients with atrial septal defect were reviewed. Ten patients (4 percent) had significant mitral regurgitation defined by clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic criteria. Three patients required mitral valve replacement at the time of closure of the atrial septal defect and four patients had closure alone, one of whom required mitral valve replacement after five years. Three patients did not undergo closure of the atrial septal defect or mitral valve replacement because of severe coexisting medical problems. In six patients, the mitral valves were studied pathologically and all had thick, fibrotic leaflets and short, thick, fibrotic chordae tendineae. Three of these valves also had scattered areas of patchy myxomatous degeneration and three had areas of vascular ingrowth suggestive of rheumatic disease. Although both invasive and noninvasive studies have highlighted the coincidence between atrial septal defect and mitral regurgitation, particularly the frequent association of mitral valve prolapse, our data Indicate that this association rarely has clinical significance. Furthermore, the morphologic basis for mitral regurgitation in patients with atrial septal defect consists of leaflet and chordal thickening fibrosis and deformity rather than attenuation and ballooning as would be expected in mitral valve prolapse.
Insights into the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 on metallic silver surfaces

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 could allow for a sustainable process by which renewable energy from wind and solar are used directly in the production of fuels and chemicals. In this work we investigated the potential dependent activity and selectivity of the electrochemical reduction of CO2 on metallic silver surfaces under ambient conditions. Our results deepen our understanding of the surface chemistry and provide insight into the factors important to designing better catalysts for the reaction. The high sensitivity of our experimental methods for identifying and quantifying products of reaction allowed for the observation of six reduction products including CO and hydrogen as major products and formate, methane, methanol, and ethanol as minor products. By quantifying the potential-dependent behavior of all products, we provide insights into kinetics and mechanisms at play, in particular involving the production of hydrocarbons and alcohols on catalysts with weak CO binding energy as well as the formation of a C–C bond required to produce ethanol.
Drought in the Southeastern United States: Causes, Variability over the Last Millennium, and the Potential for Future Hydroclimate Change*

Abstract An assessment of the nature and causes of drought in the southeastern United States is conducted as well as an assessment of model projections of anthropogenically forced hydroclimate change in this region. The study uses observations of precipitation, model simulations forced by historical SSTs from 1856 to 2007, tree-ring records of moisture availability over the last millennium, and climate change projections conducted for the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. From the perspective of the historical record, the recent drought that began in winter 2005/06 was a typical event in terms of amplitude and duration. Observations and model simulations are used to show that dry winter half-years in the Southeast are weakly associated with La Ninas in the tropical Pacific but that this link varies over time and was possibly of opposite sign from about 1922 to 1950. Summer-season precipitation variability in the Southeast appears governed by purely internal atmosph...
Distribution and molecular characteristics of cardioactive peptides in the snail,Helix aspersa

1. Gel filtration of tissue homogenates fromHelix aspersa separates cardioactive agents into four peaks of activity. One peak inhibits an isolated heart ofHelix, the remaining three are excitatory. 2. Elution characteristics, enzymatic sensitivity, and pharmacological properties indicate that the active principle of the inhibitory peak is acetylcholine, while that of one of the excitatory peaks is 5-hydroxy-tryptamine. 3. The two remaining peaks lose their activity when incubated with Pronase, trypsin, or chymotrypsin. This indicates that the active substances in these peaks are peptides. 4. The active substance of one of these peaks has an apparent molecular weight of ca. 700, and has been termed small cardioactive peptide(s) (SCP). Its presence is essentially confined to the nervous system and it does not appear to play a physiological role in control of the heart. 5. The other peptide cardioexcitor had an apparent molecular weight of ca. 7000, and was termed large cardioactive peptide(s), (LCP). It is found primarily in the sub-esophageal ganglia, several nerve trunks, the hemolymph, and in particularly high concentrations in the auricle. 6. Kinetic and pharmacological results suggest that LCP uses a different receptor in theHelix heart than does 5-HT. 7. It was concluded that LCP demonstrates several of the characteristics expected of a cardioactive neurohormone.
Trends in nuclear reaction cross sections (III). The (n, α) reaction induced by 14.5 MeV neutrons for elements in the range 6 ≦ Z ≦ 30

Abstract In the first two papers in this series24, 25) is was noted that there exist certain strong trends in (n, p) cross section data for 14 MeV neutrons, and that these trends are reasonable from a statistical model point of view. An equation was derived that predicted the relative cross sections of the isotopes of any element, and was a function only of the energy of the incident neutron, the Q value, the pairing energy and the level density parameter. In the present work this equation is modified to include the effective Coulomb barrier for the emitted particle, and is used to predict the relative (n, α) cross section for 14.5 MeV neutrons of a number of isotopes of every element in the range 6 ≦ Z ≦ 30. In addition, an empirical equation is presented that predicts rather well the absolute (n, α) cross section for each of the above isotopes. The relative and absolute cross-section predictions are compared with a compilation of all reported experimental values for this range of elements.
Adhesive sealing of the pulp chamber.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate quantitatively the ability of four different filling materials to seal the orifices of root canals as a secondary seal after root canal therapy. Forty extracted human molar teeth were used. The top of pulp chambers and distal halves of the roots were removed using an Isomet saw. The canal orifices were temporarily sealed with a gutta-percha master cone without sealer. The pulp chambers were then treated with a self-etching primer adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond), a wet bonding system (One-Step), a 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride adhesive system (C&B Metabond), or a reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol (IRM). The specimens were randomly divided into four groups of 10 each. A fluid filtration method was used for quantitative evaluation of leakage. Measurements of fluid movement were made at 2-min intervals for 8 min. The quality of the seal of each specimen was measured by fluid filtration immediately and after 1 day, 1 wk, and 1 month. Even after 1 month the resins showed an excellent seal. Zinc oxide-eugenol had significantly more leakage when compared with the resin systems (p
Information processing in mammalian olfactory system.

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding how the olfactory system uses neural space to encode sensory information. In this review, we focus on recent studies aimed at understanding the organizational strategies used by the mammalian olfactory system to encode information. The odorant receptor gene family is discussed in the context of its genomic organization as well as the specificity of olfactory sensory neurons. These data have important consequences for the mechanisms of odorant receptor gene choice by a given sensory neuron. Division of the olfactory epithelium into zones that express different sets of odorant receptors is the first level of input organization. The topographical relationship between periphery and olfactory bulb represents a further level of processing of information and results in the formation of a highly organized spatial map of information in the olfactory bulb. There, local circuitry refines the sensory input through various lateral interactions. Finally, the factors that may drive the development of such a spatial map are discussed. The onset of expression and the establishment of the zonal organization of odorant receptor genes in the epithelium are not dependent upon the presence of the olfactory bulb, suggesting that the functional identity of olfactory sensory neurons is determined independently of target selection. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Creating and Validating Object-Oriented Geographic Data Models: Modeling Flow within GIS

Object-oriented geographic data models provide an organizational scheme to associate domain specific meaning to primitive GIS elements like points, polylines, and polygons. Although use of data models is widespread in the GIS community, the design process is not necessarily obvious and often ad hoc. This article outlines a procedure for the creation and validation of geographic data models through the examination and distillation of use cases. As an example, the article follows the development of a data model for the spatial concept of flow. Flow, the collective movements of people, materials, or ideas, is a common driver of geographic change, not generally supported by functionality within contemporary GIS, and an abstract dynamic entity that would presumably be difficult to model. Model design was facilitated through the distillation of flow cases of tabular human migration data, Minard's map of Napoleon's march on Moscow, and stream channel routes in a karst watershed. Unified Modeling Language diagrams are created for each case and the models' commonalities combined to yield a generic data model. As a means of validation, each use case was instantiated with the generic model and tested to re-create the fundamental components of flow and address predefined typical queries.
Synaptic Plasma Membrane Tubulin May Be an Integral Constituent

Mild detergent extraction of chick brain synaptic plasma membranes followed by gel electrophoresis suggests that synaptic plasma membrane tubulin is an integral component. Although some of the synaptic plasma membrane tubulin might be aggregates, that possibility is not supported by the observation that tubulin aggregates that are added to synaptosomes before synaptic subfractionation do not partition with synaptic plasma membranes during membrane isolation.
Psychological study of a school phobia in one of a pair of identical twins.

(1956). Psychological Study of a School Phobia in One of a Pair of Identical Twins. Journal of Projective Techniques: Vol. 20, Freud Commemoration Issue, pp. 78-87.
On positive definite hermitian forms

Kneser's method of constructing adjacent lattices will be used to determine class numbers of unimodular positive definite hermitian lattices of rank 2 and 3 over rings of integers in some imaginary quadratic fields. The same method will also be applied in order to construct indecomposable unimodular positive definite hermitian lattices of rank 2 and 3 over almost all orders in imaginary quadratic fields, even non-maximal ones. All exceptional cases will be determined explicitly.
Move, Stop, Learn: Illustrating Mitosis through Stop-Motion Animation

ABSTRACT Learning about microscopic things, such as cells, can often be mundane to students because they are not able to see or manipulate what they are learning about. Students often recall learning about cell division through memorization—thus they find it tedious and dull. Few opportunities exist that allow students to explore and manipulate cells or the process of cellular division. This activity attempts to combat the monotony that is often associated with learning mitosis by engaging students in creating a stop-motion animation video using iPads. Our students found the activity fun, enjoyed it more than learning mitosis through traditional methods, and believed making the video helped them understand cell division.
Particle trajectories, heating, and breakup in hypersonic shock layers

An analysis is made of the motion of small, spherical, noninteracting solid or liquid particles through hypersonic flowfields over spheres and cones. It is shown that the motion of the particles depends only on the density ratio across the shock and a dimensionless ballistic parameter. Approximate solutions to the particle equations of motion are obtained in closed form in terms of these parameters for two flow configurations, a sharpcone and the stagnation region of a sphere. A technique is derived for the determination of the aerodynamic heating and melting (or vaporization) of the particles as they traverse the shock layer. Results for the particle mass loss as a result of heating are presented for the stagnation region, the more severe heating environment. Existing correlations of experimental data on the breakup of drops due to aerodynamic forces are used to predict the extent of raindrop breakup in the shock layer.
Development of the Mouse Blastocyst following Injection with Newcastle Disease Virus

Newcastle disease virus was injected into the mouse blastocoele. Eleven or 272 (4.0%) injected eggs transferred to recipient mice survived to Day 17 of pregnancy. In contrast, 25.8% of blastocysts injected with allantoic fluid or phosphate-buffered saline before transfer were fully developed at Day 17. When virus-injected blastocysts were cultured for 48 h, 47 of 66 degenerated, while 14 of 15 control-injected blastocysts appeared normal. Electron microscopy of virus-injected blastocysts cultured for 24 h showed viral budding from the surface of the trophoblast cells facing the zona pellucida. In addition, the cells contained filamentous aggregates thought to be nucleocapsid. After 48 h in culture, the trophoblast cells also contained electron-dense granules. There was some degeneration of trophoblast and large numbers of pleomorphic viral forms were present. The inner cell mass did not show evidence of viral infection.
Crystallographic plasticity in fretting of Ti–6AL–4V

Abstract The deformation occurring under fretting conditions occurs over length scales of the same order as the grain size. Consequently, the crystallographic orientation of the grains plays a significant role in the deformation response. The cyclic deformation response in the region experiencing fretting predicted by a crystal plasticity model is compared to prediction of an initially isotropic J 2 cyclic plasticity theory with nonlinear kinematic hardening. The crystal plasticity model provides enhanced understanding of the fretting fatigue process, especially with regard to the shakedown and ratchetting limits.
The Division of Child Care Tasks in Same-Sex Couples

This research explores the division of child care tasks in same-sex couples. Forty-nine respondents in same-sex relationships with children answered survey questions regarding how they divide child care tasks. Social exchange theory is used as a theoretical perspective to predict the amount of child care tasks in which respondents participate based on how they compare to their partner on certain characteristics. The effects of the respondents’ relationship to the child (biological parent or not) were also examined. Social exchange theory was modestly supported, with employment having the most significant effect on amount of participation in child care tasks. Suggestions for future research are also discussed.
Evaluation of Onion Cultivars for Resistance to Enterobacter cloacae in Storage

Sixty-nine storage onion (Allium cepa) cultivars (seven white, five red, and 57 yellow cultivars) were evaluated in the Washington State University Onion Cultivar Trials in the semiarid Columbia Basin of central Washington in 2007-08 and/or 2008-09. Each cultivar was inoculated with Enterobacter cloacae, cured, stored under commercial storage conditions, and evaluated for bacterial storage rot symptoms approximately 4.5 months after storage. Noninoculated bulbs of each cultivar served as a control treatment in each experiment. In addition, bulbs injected with water served as a second control treatment in the 2008-09 experiment. Inoculation of onion bulbs with E. cloacae resulted in significantly higher incidence and severity of Enterobacter bulb decay compared to noninoculated bulbs and bulbs injected with sterile water. For bulbs inoculated with E. cloacae, mean severity of bacterial storage rot per cultivar ranged from 5 to 19% of the cross-section evaluated for each onion bulb in 2007-08 and from 9 to 29% in 2008-09. For noninoculated bulbs, mean severity ranged from 0 to 1% in 2007-08 and 0 to 3% in 2008-09. For bulbs injected with water in the 2008-09 experiment, severity of bulb rot ranged from 0 to 10% per cultivar, with four cultivars (OLYX05-26, RE-E, Redwing, and Talon) displaying bulb rot ratings significantly greater than 0%. For the 33 cultivars included in both experiments, a significant correlation in bulb rot severity ratings was detected for the 2007-08 versus 2008-09 experiments (r = 0.43 at P = 0.013). Redwing, Red Bull, T-433, Centerstone, and Salsa had low severity ratings in both experiments; whereas Montero, OLYS05N5, Caveat, and Granero had severe bulb rot ratings in both experiments. The results demonstrate that it should be possible to select for increased resistance to Enterobacter bulb decay in storage onion cultivars.
Radial stratification of ions as a function of mass to charge ratio in collisional cooling radio frequency multipoles used as ion guides or ion traps.

Collisional cooling in radio frequency (RF) ion guides has been used in mass spectrometry as an intermediate step during the transport of ions from high pressure regions of an ion source into high vacuum regions of a mass analyzer. Such collisional cooling devices are also increasingly used as ‘linear’, two-dimensional (2D) ion traps for ion storage and accumulation to achieve improved sensitivity and dynamic range. We have used the effective potential approach to study m/z dependent distribution of ions in the devices. Relationships obtained for the ideal 2D multipole demonstrate that after cooling the ion cloud forms concentric cylindrical layers, each of them composed of ions having the same m/z ratio; the higher the m/z, the larger is the radial position occupied by the ions. This behavior results from the fact that the effective RF focusing is stronger for ions of lower m/z, pushing these ions closer to the axis. Radial boundaries of the layers are more distinct for multiply charged ions, compared to singly charged ions having the same m/z and charge density. In the case of sufficiently high ion density and low ion kinetic energy, we show that each m/z layer is separated from its nearest neighbor by a radial gap of low ion density. The radial gaps of low ion population between the layers are formed due to the space charge repulsion. Conditions for establishing the m/z stratified structure include sufficiently high charge density and adequate collisional relaxation. These conditions are likely to occur in collisional RF multipoles operated as ion guides or 2D ion traps for external ion accumulation. When linear ion density increases, the maximum ion cloud radius also increases, and outer layers of high m/z ions approach the multipole rods and may be ejected. This ‘overfilling’ of the multipole capacity results in a strong discrimination against high m/z ions. A relationship is reported for the maximum linear ion density of a multipole that is not overfilled. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulmonary Effects of Machining Fluids in Guinea Pigs and Mice

Acute pulmonary effects of inhalation exposure to (unused) neat and in-use metalworking fluids (MWF) were studied to evaluate the potency of characterized MWF in terms of their effects on breathing and lung inflammation. Inhalation exposure of guinea pigs caused In-use MWF was consistently more toxic than the corresponding neat MWF. Significant predictors of respiratory responses were whether MWF was neat or in-use (p=0.0001), exposure concentration (p=0.022), MWF formulation (p=0.031), and the particular in-use sensory irritation responses. Guinea pig studies revealed significant inflammation resulting from MWF exposure marked by change in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from 3% neutrophils (controls) to 60–79% (MWF-exposed) and 25-fold increase in total BAL cells. The in-use MWF ranged in endotoxin concentration from 280 to 1.7×105 endotoxin units (EU)/mL. To investigate the role of endotoxin, studies were carried out in mice sensitive (SEN)and resistant (RES) to endotoxin. SEN mice revealed a dose-d...
Mars during the 1988 opposition

As far back as the 19th century the unmistakable orange-red color of Mars led to initial suppositions, since proven correct, that iron oxides must be dominant components of the martian surface soil and rock mineralogy. In September 1988 Mars passed within 59×106 km (37×106 miles) of Earth, affording ground-based astronomers their best view of the planet since 1971, and until 2001. During this opposition, for the first time, high resolution spectral studies of Mars are being carried out at the University of Hawaii's 88-inch telescope atop Mauna Kea. These measurements are concentrating on the 0.3–1.0 (Am wavelength region, where numerous absorption features long known to be associated with Fe2+ and Fe3+ mineralogies occur.
Nuclear Radii from Alpha-Particle Scattering and Alpha-Radioactivity

Important measurements from inelastic and elastic cross sections for alpha particle bombardnnents on complex nuclei are discussed. (W.D.M.)
Nasopalatine duct cyst with pigmented lining suggestive of olfactory epithelium.

Abstract A nasopalatine duct cyst from the biopsy files of the Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington School of Dentistry, was found to be lined with pigmented epithelium reminiscent of olfactory epithelium. Evidence of olfactory histogenesis was sought by a histologic comparison of the cyst with olfactory mucosa and by a histochemical comparison of the pigment of the cyst with similar pigments of other tissues. The epithelium of the cyst is strikingly similar to olfactory epithelium in areas where neurons and glands are scarce. The pigments of the cyst and olfactory epithelia and of midbrain neurons appear to be composed of a spectrum of lipofuscin and lipofuscin plus melanin. It was surmised that the cyst probably developed from nasopalatine duct epithelium which had differentiated into olfactory epithelium, the olfactory neurons degenerating because of inability to form functional connections.
On the time intersections of trajectories and manifolds

Abstract The set of times for which a trajectory can intersect a lower-dimensional submanifold contained in the range space of the trajectory is studied. It is shown that this set of times can be any closed subset of the time domain. The existence of trajectories having surprising time intersections with manifolds is shown.
Elucidation of Lean-NOxReduction Mechanism Using Kinetic Isotope Effect☆

The effect of an NO isotope on the kinetics of lean-NOx catalysis in (NO+C2H4+O2) reaction mixtures over Pt-ZSM-5 was theoretically analyzed and compared with experimental data obtained with a fixed-bed plug-flow reactor. The large kinetic isotope effect, as well as kinetic oscillations observed previously, was explained by NO decomposition kinetics on Pt surfaces which undergo phase transition between (1×1) and (hex) phases induced by adsorbed reactant species. Results indicate the importance of NO decomposition kinetics in lean-NOxcatalysis, lending further support to a lean-NOxreduction mechanism which involves NO decomposition accompanied by hydrocarbon oxidation.
910 EVIDENCE FOR REDUCTION OF CONTACT FACTORS IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE

Evidence supporting the existence of intravascular coagulation in homozygous sickle cell (HbSS) disease has been reported. In this study, surface-mediated reactions of clotting were compared in 21 black children with HbSS disease and 12 age-matched controls. Both the coagulant and antigen titers of Hageman factor were decreased (mean coagulant titer 0.49 ± S.D. 0.29 u/ml; mean antigen titer 0.77 ± 0.27 u/ml) in asymptomatic HbSS patients compared to the control group (mean coagulant titer. 1.01 ± 0.39 u/ml; mean antigen titer 0.94 ± 0.25 u/ml). A disparate relationship between the Hageman factor coagulant and antigen titers were observed in HbSS patients. These findings were associated with a slight decrease in the plasma titers of prekallikrein and HMW kininogen (mean 0.78 ± 0.14 and 0.75 ± 0.15 u/ml respectively in HbSS patients compared to 1.05 ± 0.22 and 0.86 ± 0.09 u/ml respectively in the control group). A further reduction from the initially low titers of these contact factors was observed during vaso-occlusive crises (mean Hageman factor titer 0.32 ± 0.15 u/ml; mean prekallikrein titer 0.38 ± 0.18 u/ml; mean HMW kininogen titer 0.56 ± 0.17 u/ml). These data indicate that the initial participants of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation are consumed in patients with HbSS disease. Further, these processes appear to accelerate during vaso-occlusive crises.
Electron Number Density Studies in Moderate-Power Argon and Helium Microwave-Induced Plasmas

The electron number density of atmospheric-pressure argon and helium microwave-induced plasmas operating in the power regime of 100 to 450 W has been examined. The resulting data demonstrate a trend of increasing electron density, ne, for both the Ar and He microwave-induced plasmas as forward power is increased. An examination of ne vs. plasma observation position demonstrates a maximum in ne at the central plasma observation position for both plasmas. Further, spatial dependence of electron density appears to be more pronounced at high power levels. Nebulization of aqueous solutions containing varying concentrations of an easily ionizable element into the Ar microwave-induced plasma, MIP, demonstrates little if any effect on ne. Moreover, this observation can be explained by the fact that there is a far greater quantity of water than easily ionizable element being introduced into the plasma in a given time period. Thus the electron contribution resulting from water degradation products in the plasma far outweighs that from the relatively small amount of easily ionizable element present. This last point is further substantiated by an examination of the Ar MIP with and without solution nebulization.
Development of an online biosensor for in situ monitoring of chlorine dioxide gas disinfection efficacy

A prototype bioluminescence-based biosensor was designed and constructed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas under various treatment conditions. The biosensor consisted of a bioluminescent bioreporter (Pseudomonas fluorescens 5RL), an optical transducer (photomultiplier tube), and a light-tight chamber housing, the bioreporter and the transducer. The bioluminescent recombinant P. fluorescens 5RL in the biosensor allowed for online monitoring of bioluminescence during ClO2 gas disinfection. Experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of the two key physical parameters associated with ClO2 disinfection: relative humidity (40, 60, 80%) and ClO2 gas concentration (0.5, 1.0, 1.6, 2.1 mg/l) on the bioreporter. Results showed that increasing concentrations of ClO2 gas corresponded to a faster decrease in luminescence. The rates of luminescence decrease from P. fluorescens 5RL, and the log reduction time (LRT, time required to obtain 1-log reduction in luminescence) were calculated for each treatment tested. The LRT values of luminescence were 103, 78, 53, and 35 s for 0.5, 1.0, 1.6, and 2.1 mg/l of ClO2 gas treatment, respectively, at 78% relative humidity. The gas concentration which caused a tenfold change in LRT (z value) for luminescence of P. fluorescens 5RL was 3.4 mg/l of ClO2. The prototype biosensor showed potential for many applications, such as monitoring real-time microbial inactivation and understanding parameters that influence the efficacy of gaseous decontamination procedures.
Residential location and scheduling of work hours

Abstract The choices of residential location and work-start time in a monocentric city are examined. Workers may choose to live either near or far from the city center, where work takes place; they may also choose to start at a peak work-start time with many other workers, or to start at an off-peak time with fewer workers. The theoretical results indicate that the relation between choice of work-start time and location depends upon the effects of staggered work hours on income and the transportation technology in the city.
Alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism and Parkinson's disease.

A particular alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) polymorphism (allele A1) in the promoter region of the gene has been recently demonstrated to be associated with increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). In a case control study, we examine frequencies of ADH A1 allele in 100 PD patients (i.e. 200 alleles), 100 diseased controls (i.e. 200 alleles), and 194 healthy controls (i.e. 388 alleles). In addition, we study possible association of a combined non-amyloid component of plaque (NACP-Rep 1) allele and ADH A1 allele with risk of PD. There was no statistical significance of the frequencies of ADH A1 allele between PD patients 12/200 (6%), diseased controls 13/200 (6.5%), and healthy controls 20/388 (5.2%). No strong evidence of an association was found between ADH A1 allele and PD susceptibility in our study patients. There was also no suggestion of linkage disequilibrium between NACP-Rep 1 and ADH A1 alleles.
Prognostic significance of serum alkaline phosphatase activity in canine appendicular osteosarcoma.

Sixty-one dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma were treated with amputation and chemotherapy of cisplatin and doxorubicin. Serum samples were obtained before and after treatment for determination of total alkaline phosphatase (TALP) activity as well as the activities of the constituent bone (BALP), liver (LALP), and corticosteroid-induced (CALP) isoenzymes. The relationship between alkaline phosphatase activities and survival was examined by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier log rank analysis. Mean activity of TALP, BALP, and LALP decreased significantly after treatment (P < .001). TALP and LALP activities before treatment were significantly correlated with survival (P = .006 and .001, respectively). The correlation between BALP activity before treatment and survival approached significance (P = .054). CALP activity and TALP, BALP, and LALP activities after treatment were not significantly correlated with survival. Dogs with normal pretreatment TALP and BALP activities survived significantly longer than dogs with increased pretreatment activities (P = .001 and .003, respectively). Median survival times for dogs with normal or increased TALP activities before treatment were 12.5 and 5.5 months, respectively; and median survival times for dogs with normal or increased BALP activities before treatment were 16.6 and 9.5 months, respectively. In the design of future clinical trials involving dogs with osteosarcoma, consideration should be given to stratifying the randomization according to alkaline phosphatase activity. In addition, alkaline phosphatase activity should be a factor considered by clinicians attempting to tailor the aggressiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy to the needs of individual patients or owners.
Interaction of triethyltin with cat hemoglobin: identification of binding sites and effects on hemoglobin function.

Abstract Binding of triethyltin to the cat hemoglobins (HbA and HbB) results in the “masking” of two of the freely reactive sulfhydryl groups (SH) within the hemoglobin tetramer. That the “masked” SH groups occur in position 13α of each α-subunit was demonstrated by the lack of labeling of cysteine 13α with [14C]N-ethylmaleimide when triethyltin is present. Studies with cat-human hybrid hemoglobins indicate that the α-subunit of the cat hemoglobins alone is involved in the formation of a complex with triethyltin. Using available data on the primary as well as three dimensional structures of animal hemoglobins, it is suggested the cysteine 13α and histidine 20α serve as axial ligands in the formation of a pentacoordinate triethyltin cat hemoglobin complex. The binding of triethyltin results in an increase in the oxygen affinity of the two cat hemoglobins.
Exploring the interface between metallo-proteinase activity and growth factor and cytokine bioavailability.

Metallo-proteinases are implicated in many processes involved in tissue remodeling, cell motility, morphogenesis, and cell and organ growth and differentiation. Recent data suggest that several members of the metzincin family including the matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs), adamalysin-related proteinases, and the newly described pappalysins, are intimately involved in the activation and/or release of cytokines and growth factors. We review how metzincins, working through unique mechanisms, influence the extracellular milieu of several important cytokines and growth factors including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), TNF-α, IGFs and HB-epidermal growth factor (EGF). Because metzincins can modulate the bioavailability of these peptides, they may serve as unique target molecules to control cytokine and growth factor action in the extracellular environment.
The spillover fraction of thallium photons in the I-123 energy window: Implications for post-exercise dual isotope simultaneous [123i] BMIPP and thallium imaging

Abstract Background: β-Methyl-ω-[p- 123 I-phenyl]pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) is a radiolabeled branched-chain fatty acid analog under clinical investigation in the United States for the detection of myocardial “ischemic memory”. In a recent Phase II clinical trial, BMIPP images acquired within 30 hours of an exercise-induced ischemia by Tl-201 SPECT, showed fatty acid disturbances at rest that were similar in extent and severity to the thallium perfusion defects on stress . The clinical relevance of these data is in the potential for uncoupling the treadmill portion of cardiac SPECT from BMIPP injection and imaging. This sets the stage for post-treadmill dual isotope simultaneous imaging of the ischemic metabolic signal (BMIPP) with rest perfusion signal (Tl-201). The current study, therefore, was undertaken to determine the spillover fraction of Tl-201 photons in the I-123 energy window of BMIPP. Methods: Spillover was calculated by acquiring SPECT data in both Tl-201 and I-123 energy windows for a phantom filled only with Tl-201. The phantom arrangement consisted of a water filled thorax phantom (300 × 230 mm) with a central cylindrical compartment (50 mm diameter) to simulate the heart. The background and heart regions had activity concentrations of 5.3 kBq/ml and 104.9 kBq/ml respectively. All image data were acquired on a dual-head DST gamma camera (SMV, Twinsburg, OH) with low-energy high-resolution collimators. Two separate SPECT acquisitions were performed immediately after one another using the Tl-201 (73 keV 30% + 167 keV 20%) and the I-123 (159 keV 20%) energy windows. The resulting pair of images were analyzed by placing regions-of-interest (ROIs) over corresponding parts of the heart compartment. The spillover fraction was defined as the ROI counts in the I-123 window divided by the ROI counts in the Tl-201 window. Results: The spillover fraction was 0.14 +- 0.01. Conclusion: The spillover fraction of Tl-201 photons in the I-123 energy window is only 14%. If confirmed in the clinical setting, post-treadmill dual isotope simultaneous imaging of BMIPP and thallium may become an attractive alternative to exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT.
Computer Based Instructional Systems

One of the means by which progress in a new technology can be accelerated is by bringing one of its systems into operational use at an early stage in the development of the technology. The U.S. Navy employed this strategy in the case of computer managed instruction. The result was a cost effective computer based instructional system and the prospect of both expansion of the operational system and rapid advancement of the basic technology.
Enhancing School Counselor Accountability: The Large Group Guidance Portfolio.

Professional school counselors (PSCs) are being asked to employ accountability measures to support the merit of their comprehensive, developmental programs. Further, to address the problem of PSC role ambiguity, it has been suggested that PSCs become proactive professional advocates and work to promote greater stakeholder engagement in their school counseling programs. The utilization of a large group guidance portfolio may address these issues. This article (a) reviews the need for PSC accountability measures and stakeholder engagement, (b) presents a case illustration of a PSC using a large group guidance portfolio, and (c) offers implications for PSCs.
Absence of neuroanatomical and behavioral deficits in L7/pcp-2-null mice

L7/pcp-2 is expressed exclusively in cerebellar Purkinje and retinal bipolar neurons. While the function of L7/pcp-2 is unknown, its mRNA is trafficked into dendrites, suggesting a role in dendritic physiology. To elucidate its function, L7/pcp-2-null mice were generated. These mice are neurologically normal with no signs of cerebellar or retinal dysfunction. The mice are indistinguishable from wild-type littermates with regards to gross neuroanatomy and fine structure of Purkinje cell dendrites.
Making Subjective Judgments in Quantitative Studies: The Importance of Using Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals.

At least twenty-three journals in the social sciences purportedly require authors to report effect sizes and, to a much lesser extent, confidence intervals; yet these requirements are rarely clear in the information for contributors. This article reviews some of the literature criticizing the exclusive use of null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) and briefly highlights the state of NHST reporting in social science journals, including Human Resource Development Quarterly. Included are an overview of effect sizes and confidence intervals—their definitions, a brief historical review, and an argument regarding their importance. The article concludes with recommendations for changing the culture of quantitative research within human resource development (HRD) to more systematically reporting effect sizes and confidence intervals as supplements to NHST findings.
The Lifetime Risk of Stroke Estimates From the Framingham Study

Background and Purpose— The lifetime risk (LTR) of stroke has not been reported for the United States population; such data would assist public education and health planning. Methods— Framingham Original cohort participants (n=4897) who were stroke- and dementia-free at 55 years of age were followed biennially for up to 51 years (115 146 person years). We estimated the sex-specific 10-, 20-, and 30-year risks and LTR of developing a stroke by baseline age and blood pressure (BP) and compared it with the risk of developing Alzheimer disease (AD). Results— A total of 875 participants (522 women) developed a first-ever stroke; 749 (448 women) had an ischemic stroke. LTR of stroke was high and remained similar at ages 55, 65, and 75 years, approximating 1 in 5 for women and 1 in 6 for men. Participants with a normal BP (<120/80 mm Hg) had approximately half the LTR of stroke compared with those with high BP (≥140/90 mm Hg). The LTR of AD at age 65 (292 participants; 211 women) approximated 1 in 5 for women an...
Modified maximum likelihood and modified moment estimators for the three-parameter weibull distribution

This article is concerned with modifications of both maximum likelihood and moment estimators for parameters of the three-parameter Wei bull distribution. Modifications presented here are basically the same as those previously proposed by the authors (1980, 1981, 1982) in connection with the lognormal and the gamma distributions. Computer programs were prepared for the practical application of these estimators and an illustrative example is included. Results of a simulation study provide insight into the sampling behavior of the new estimators and include comparisons with the traditional moment and maximum likelihood estimators. For some combinations of parameter values, some of the modified estimators considered here enjoy advantages over both moment and maximum likelihood estimators with respect to bias, variance, and/or ease of calculation.