cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salivary alpha amylase diurnal pattern and stress response are associated with body mass index in low-income preschool-aged children

Summary Physiological stress responses are proposed as a pathway through which stress can “get under the skin” and lead to health problems, specifically obesity. We tested associations of salivary alpha amylase (sAA) diurnal patterns and stress responses with body mass index (BMI) in young, low-income children (51% male; 54% non-Hispanic white). Diurnal saliva samples were collected three times per day across three days for 269 children (M age 50.8 months, SD 6.3). Individual sAA intercept and slope values were calculated using random effect models to represent morning sAA levels and rate of sAA change across the day. A subset of children (n = 195; M age 56.6 months, SD 6.9) participated in a lab-based behavioral stress protocol. Area under the curve increase (AUCI) across four timepoints was calculated to represent increase in sAA output during stress elicitation. Children were weighed and height measured and BMI z-score was calculated. Linear regression was used to evaluate associations of sAA intercept, sAA slope, and sAA AUCI with BMI z-score, controlling for child age, sex, and race/ethnicity; maternal weight status; and family income-to-needs ratio. Diurnal and stress–response sAA patterns were related to child adiposity: for each 1-standard deviation unit (SDU) decrease in morning sAA level, the child's BMI z-score increased by 0.11 (SE 0.05) SDU's (p
Evidence for variable rates of ribosome movement in Escherichia coli.

Abstract After addition of kasugamycin, which specifically blocks translation initiations, Escherichia coli synthesizes β-galactosidase for a significantly longer time than the induction lag time. This additional period does not result from variable assembly time of the enzyme or from variable rates of transcription, but rather from the fact that ribosomes are translating at different rates, ranging from 8 to 15 amino acids/second at 37 °C.
The role of magnetic resonance angiography for endoprosthetic design.

Abstract Objectives: Many patients with aortic aneurysms have renal insufficiency and may be at increased risk when conventional imaging modalities (contrast-enhanced computed tomography and arteriography) are used for aortic endograft design. Our objective was to determine if magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) could be used as the sole imaging modality for endoprosthetic design. Methods: A total of 96 consecutive patients who underwent endovascular repair of thoracic (5) and abdominal (91) aortic aneurysms (April 1998–December 1999) were included in this study. Data were collected prospectively. Gadolinium-enhanced MRA was used preoperatively in place of conventional imaging if renal insufficiency or a history of severe contrast reaction was present. The control group underwent conventional imaging. Endografts used included Ancure, AneuRx, and Talent. Results: Fourteen patients (14.6%) had their endografts designed solely with MRA. Intraoperative access failure; proximal and distal extensions (unplanned); conversion to open, aborted procedures; and endoleaks occurred with equal frequency in both the MRA-designed and control groups (16.7% vs 18.3%, respectively; P =.33). Despite baseline renal insufficiency, there was no significant rise in the creatinine level after endograft implantation in patients with an MRA design (preoperative level, 1.8; postoperative level, 1.9; P =.5). Conclusion: MRA may be successfully used as the sole modality for aortic endograft design. The use of MRA for this purpose is noninvasive and minimizes nephrotoxic risk. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:488-94.)
Singular value decomposition of the radial distribution function for hard sphere and square well potentials.

We compute the singular value decomposition of the radial distribution function for hard sphere, and square well solutions. We find that decomposes into a small set of basis vectors allowing for an extremely accurate representation at all interpolated densities and potential strengths. In addition, we find that the coefficient vectors describing the magnitude of each basis vector are well described by a low-order polynomial. We provide a program to calculate in this compact representation for the investigated parameter range.
Influenza virus A infection induces interleukin-8 gene expression in human airway epitheial cells

To determine the role of the airway epithelial cell in mediating virus-induced inflammation, we infected primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells with human influenza type A/Port Chalmers/72 (H3N2). After two days, the medium was collected for measurement of the chemstactic cytokine interleukin-8 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The RNA was extracted from the cells for analysis of interleukin-8 mRNA by Northern blot analysis. Interleukin-8 production was more than doubled by viral infection, while interleukin-8 mRNA was increased four-folsd. Thus induction or interleukin-8 gene expression in virus-infected airway epithelium may be an important early step lending to virus-induced airway inflammation.
24-Hour plasma secretin level and pancreatic secretion in dog

Abstract Plasma secretin concentrations were determined and duodenal pH was recorded continuously for a period of 24 hours after ingestion of a meal in 3 dogs with gastric cannula and duodenal cannula and in 4 dogs with pancreatic fistulae. The mean plasma secretin concentration increased significantly after a meal and it remained elevated for the first 12-hour period (peak at 30 min). Duodenal pH frequently decreased below 4.5 during the first 12-hour postprandial period, but it remained above 5.0 during the second 12 hours. Pancreatic secretion peaked during the first hour of meal ingestion and remained elevated until the end of 12 hours. The increased plasma secretin level in pancreatic fistula dog during the postprandial period was significantly greater than that of duodenal cannula dog, but the trends of increase in the secretin levels were quite identical. The present study indicates that: (1) plasma secretin concentration increases significantly within 30 min after a meal and remains increased during the first 12-hour period, (2) duodenal pH frequently decreased below 4.5 during the same 12 hours but more frequently during the first 6 hours, and (3) a significant increase in pancreatic water, HCO 3 − and protein occurred during the same time period.
ACOUSTIC ECOLOGY OF FORAGING BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS), HABITAT‐SPECIFIC USE OF THREE SOUND TYPES

The function(s) of a particular sound can be explored in detail only if the context of its use is well understood. The behavior of the signaler, and the habitat in which that behavior is observed, are two of the most important components of understanding context specific use of a sound. Bottlenose dolphin foraging behavior is often inferred from relatively few behavioral cues that are visible from the surface. To investigate the use of three specific sound types: echolocation, whistles, and pops during foraging, I recorded sound use by animals engaged in a set of previously defined specific foraging behaviors using a system that allowed me to see animals throughout the water column. Lone foraging animals produced all three sounds at significantly higher rates than animals foraging in groups, and the rate of sound production per animal in multi-animal foraging groups did not vary even as the groups reached up to five individuals. Production of echolocation and pops by lone foraging animals accounted for much of the difference. Foraging dolphins also displayed habitat-specific use of particular sound types. They preferentially produced echolocation and pops in the sand habitat and, at least for lone animals, in the seagrass edge habitat.
INVESTIGATIONS ON NITROSAMINE REDUCTION IN BONELESS HAMS PROCESSED IN ELASTIC RUBBER NETTINGS

N-Nitrosamines have been found in a wide variety of rubber-containing products. Since many types of boneless hams are processed in elastic nettings made with rubber, the potential exists for forming nitrosamines. In this paper we report that addition of excess nitrite to outer surface ham and netting samples results in a significant increase in N-nitrosodibenzylamine (NDBzA). Hams were then prepared with 100 ppm ingoing NaNO2 and compared to a standard cure of 200 ppm NaNO2. A highly significant reduction (p <0.01) in NDBzA (31 %) was noted in those made with the lower level of nitrite. In another series of experiments, hams were stored at either −2.2C or 2.2C, for up to six or 12 weeks, with the nettings on or off the ham. The overall results suggest that the level of NDBzA increased with netting contact time. Therefore it is advisable to remove the nettings after processing.
Large deformations of viscoelastic squeeze films

The large deformation behavior of a viscoelastic squeeze film being compressed or extended between two parallel circular plates is studied from a Lagrangian viewpoint. A single integro-differential equation is shown to govern the flow of a rubberlike liquid in this geometry, and the solution is compared with results for a Newtonian squeeze film. Instantaneous solid-like response, small amplitude oscillations, and creep-recovery calculations are presented.
Urinary lipocalin-2 is associated with renal disease activity in human lupus nephritis.

Objective Pathogenic monoclonal anti–double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies up-regulate the expression of lipocalin-2 in glomerular mesangial cells. This study was undertaken to investigate whether polyclonal anti-dsDNA antibodies promote the local secretion of lipocalin-2 in the kidneys of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and whether urinary lipocalin-2 represents a marker of kidney involvement in SLE. Methods Hispanic, African American, and white patients with SLE and normal healthy control subjects from affiliated hospitals of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Patients were classified based on the presence of active renal disease according to the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Correlations of clinical and laboratory data with urinary and serum levels of lipocalin-2 were assessed. Results Among SLE patients, urinary lipocalin-2 levels were significantly higher in those with lupus nephritis (LN) (median 17.1 ng/mg creatinine, interquartile range [IQR] 10.3–45.4; n = 32) than in those without LN (median 11.2 ng/mg creatinine, IQR 3.1–20.3; n = 38) (P = 0.023). Compared with the values in normal controls (median 4 ng/ml, IQR 0–11.1; n = 14), urinary levels of lipocalin-2 in SLE patients were significantly higher (non-normalized median 19.3 ng/ml, IQR 8–34.2) (P = 0.004). The presence of lipocalin-2 in the urine of patients with LN correlated significantly with the renal SLEDAI score (r = 0.452, P = 0.009), but not with extrarenal disease activity. Conclusion The high prevalence of LN in SLE patients and the prognostic significance of kidney disease support the need for identifying early biomarkers to assess the risk of nephritis development and for following up patients with established disease. These findings indicate that urinary lipocalin-2 is a potential marker of the presence and severity of renal involvement in adult patients with SLE.
Susceptibility testing of group D streptococci

Lancefield group D streptococci are classified as either enterococci or nonenterococci. The enterococci include Streptococcus faecalis, S. faecium, and S. durans. S. faecalis can be further divided into S. faecalis var. zymogenes and S. faecalis var. liquefaciens. S. avium, a species not reported as pathogenic for humans, has a confusing taxonomic status. Some strains contain cell wall antigens that cross-react with Lancefield group Q, however, the majority of strains also contain group D antigens and are most often classified with the enterococci (7, 15, 25). The nonenterococci include S. bovis and S. equinus. Recently, a change in the taxonomy of group D streptococci has been proposed. A new genus, Enterococcus, would include the group D enterococci (2, 31). Under this proposal, the nonenterococci would remain in the genus Streptococcus. Biochemically, all group D streptococci hydrolyze esculin and grow in media which contain 40% bile. The enterococci can be differentiated from the nonenterococci by their ability to grow in media containing 6.5% NaCI. S. faecalis, S. faecium, and S. durans are normal inhabitants of the human gastrointestinal tract and can be isolated from the genital and urinary tracts of humans. This flora can act as the endogenous source for urinary tract infections, wound infections, bacteremia, and endocarditis. Approximately 10% of urinary tract infections and from 5 to 20% of the cases of infective endocarditis are caused by these ogranisms (7, 15). Although rare, enterococci have also been reported as the cause of meningitis (1) as well as the cause of an outbreak of sepsis and meningitis in a neonatal unit (3). S. bovis has been reported in association with cases of endocarditis (12, 30, 32, 34), while S. equinus, a normal inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract of horses, has rarely been associated with human disease. (7, 34). S. faecalis is the group D species most often isolated from human infections, followed in frequen-
Dietrich Bonhoeffer - Christian existence on the edge of the future

This paper deals with reflections on the relevance of Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s legacy for Christian existence in our present world. To do so, the author first concentrates on a specific aspect of Bonhoeffer’s life, the continuous movement of return and new beginning, which is displayed by three stations of his life. Following, the author describes a single characteristic of Bonhoeffer’s theology, the priority of questions over answers, shown likewise by three of his central questions. As in present times Christians are confronted with innumerable challenges that ask for an answer, this paper concludes by taking Bonhoeffer’s three just interpreted questions as indicators for three case studies en miniature on Christian responsibility with regard to the future. In this way, the author wishes to present suggestions for an ethics of responsibility as part of public theology, inspired by the legacy of Dietrich Bonhoeffer.
Hierarchical system for content-based audio classification and retrieval

A hierarchical system for audio classification and retrieval based on audio content analysis is presented in this paper. The system consists of three stages. The audio recordings are first classified and segmented into speech, music, several types of environmental sounds, and silence, based on morphological and statistical analysis of temporal curves of the energy function, the average zero-crossing rate, and the fundamental frequency of audio signals. The first stage is called the coarse-level audio classification and segmentation. Then, environmental sounds are classified into finer classes such as applause, rain, birds' sound, etc., which is called the fine-level audio classification. The second stage is based on time-frequency analysis of audio signals and the use of the hidden Markov model (HMM) for classification. In the third stage, the query-by-example audio retrieval is implemented where similar sounds can be found according to the input sample audio. The way of modeling audio features with the hidden Markov model, the procedures of audio classification and retrieval, and the experimental results are described. It is shown that, with the proposed new system, audio recordings can be automatically segmented and classified into basic types in real time with an accuracy higher than 90%. Examples of audio fine classification and audio retrieval with the proposed HMM-based method are also provided.
Reconstruction of layered one-dimensional dielectric media using the wavelet transform

This paper applies wavelets to the inverse scattering problem of reconstructing the permittivity of a one-dimensional dielectric medium from its reflection response to an electromagnetic plane wave. All multiple scattering effects, which can be significant in a sharply-varying medium, are included. The significance of this algorithm is that it works even in the presence of time and frequency support-limited noise or interference, as long as a single noise free wavelet component can be isolated (we can also switch from one scale to another). This differs from previous approaches, in which noise filtering is restricted to Fourier domain filtering. The added freedom of choice of the wavelet basis function makes it much easier to isolate a noise-free wavelet component; one such suffices to reconstruct the medium. Alternatively, if a noise-free wavelet component cannot be found, orthogonality of the wavelet components allows different noisy reconstructed permittivities to be combined to yield less-noisy reconstructed permittivities. >
3D display: A survey from theory to applications

Abstract We survey some of the literature on three-dimensional medical imaging. We report both on technical developments and on medical applications, with a concentration on material that has been published within the years 1990–1992.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE KINETICS OF OSMOSIS IN LIVING CELLS

Using unfertilized eggs of Arbacia punctulata as natural osmometers an attempt has been made to account for the course of swelling and shrinking of these cells in anisotonic solutions by means of the laws governing osmosis and diffusion. The method employed has been to compute permeability of the cell to water, as measured by the rate of volume change per unit of cell surface per unit of osmotic pressure outstanding between the cell and its medium. Permeability to water as here defined and as somewhat differently defined by Northrop is approximately constant during swelling and shrinking, at least for the first several minutes of these processes. Permeability is found to be independent of the osmotic pressure of the solution in which cells are swelling. Water is found to leave cells more readily than it enters, that is, permeability is greater during exosmosis than during endosmosis.
Use of a thermoplastic vacuum-formed matrix for secure engagement of an implant surgical template

Oh and Saglik Oh and Saglik Endosseous dental implants should be placed to permit the ideal contour and thickness of the definitive prosthesis.1,2 A diagnostic waxing is developed to plan the optimal position and inclination of the implants to maximize esthetics, facilitate framework design, minimize the cantilever effect, and enhance hygiene access.1-4 The surgical template is fabricated to duplicate the waxing and incorporate plastic or metal tubes to accommodate drills of different sizes for precise implant placement.3,4 However, the surgeon may elect not to use the surgical template if its intraoral placement is not adequately stable or rigid, or if it limits accessibility to the surgical field.5 An interim removable partial denture (IRPD) is a provisional prosthesis fabricated to accommodate the patient’s need and desire for esthetics and function until definitive treatment is rendered.6 The prosthesis may be duplicated in clear acrylic resin and modified to serve as a guide for implant placement.7-9 However, intraorally, the guide may not be secure and stable due to the lack of support provided by the soft tissue of the residual ridge. Reflection of the mucoperiosteum for implant placement further interferes with adequate seating of the guide and restricts accessibility to the surgical field. Engagement of the remaining dentition would assist an accurate orientation and maintain the duplicate IRPD (DRPD) to serve as a surgical template. This paper deUse of a thermoplastic vacuum-formed matrix for secure engagement of an implant surgical template
Transfer operator approach for computing domain of attraction

In this paper, we propose a linear transfer operator-based approach for the computation of domain of attraction of an attractor set. The almost everywhere notion of stability of an attractor set is used for the computation of domain of attraction. The proposed method is applicable to autonomous dynamical systems with the only requirement that the system mapping is a differentiable function of states. Furthermore domain of attraction of any general attractor set can be computed. Set oriented numerical scheme and iterative procedure based on the solution of finite dimensional linear program is proposed for the computation of domain of attraction. The application of the proposed method is demonstrated on two and three dimensional continuous and discrete-time systems.
Routing schemes for network recovery under link and node failures

Routing schemes combined with link-state detection mechanisms can be used to recover connection paths or network connectivity under the cases of link and node failures. Some schemes have large computation and state-update overhead as re-routing is performed throughout the network. Moreover, as soon as new routes are found, some link may become congested with flows under recovery. This congestion may add extra recovery delays and even further link or node failures. In this paper, we propose proactive routing recovery schemes that perform rerouting on links affected by the failure, therefore, minimizing the computation overhead. Congestion avoidance is also achieved in these schemes by calculating the distribution of re-routed traffic in a proactive fashion. We compare our proposed schemes with the open shortest path first (OSPF) scheme and show that our schemes can provide higher utilization of links and nodes for large networks in post-recovery. We show simulation results under link and node failures.
The Effects of Post-Oxidation Anneal Conditions on Interface State Density Near the Conduction Band Edge and Inversion Channel Mobility for SiC MOSFETs

Results are reported for the passivation of interface states near the conduction band edge in n-4H-SiC using post-oxidation anneals in nitric oxide, ammonia and forming gas (N2/5%H2). Anneals in nitric oxide and ammonia reduce the interface state density significantly, while forming gas anneals are largely ineffective. Results suggest that interface states in SiO2/SiC and SiO2/Si have different origins, and a model is described for interface state passivation by nitrogen in the SiO2/SiC system. The inversion channel mobility of 4H-SiC MOSFETs increases with the NO annealing.
Newer Techniques of Cerebral Blood Flow Measurement

A variety of methods for measuring cerebral blood flow have been developed in the past 25 years since Kety and Schmidt developed their method based on the Fick principle. None of the currently used methods approaches the clinical ideal, since none of the techniques are accurate, reproducible and noninvasive. Most accurate techniques involve catheterization of internal carotid artery and/or jugular vein with those attendant risks. There has been considerable enhancement of our understanding of the pathophysiology of cerebral circulation, particularly in the areas of brain injury and disordered systemic metabolism, but the clinical usefulness of the test at the present time is limited.
Response to a Possible Role of Visceral Fat-Related Inflammation in Linking Obstructive Sleep Apnea to Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

We thank Drs Cereda and Malavazos1 for their comments regarding our article “Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Severe Obesity. Interactions Among Blood Pressure, Nocturnal Hypoxemia, and Body Mass.”2 They point out a potential role for inflammation mediated by visceral adipose tissue as a contributing factor for the cardiac abnormalities that we observed in …
Data processing in infrared astronomy.

Infrared astronomy is often carried out with rocket probes or orbiting satellite telescopes in order to escape the effects of atmospheric absorption. The data returned from such missions is a highly abstracted digital representation of measurements made by analog detectors. The ability to extract infrared-emission information from these data streams depends on a thorough understanding of the information flow from the telescope aperture to the computer center. This paper reviews the primary elements of this end-to-end concept and the impact of each of these elements on the data processing algorithms, including the division between onboard and ground processing for scientific measurements.
Ibuprofen Release from Beads Coated with an Experimental Latex: Effect of Certain Variables

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of factors such as drug loading, particle size, plasticizer type, antiadherent type, and annealing method on the release of ibuprofen from controlled-release beads coated with an experimental latex. Further, the in vitro release kinetics and mechanism of drug transport across the polymeric membrane have been investigated. Ibuprofen-loaded beads were coated with the experimental latex using a fluidized-bed coating machine (Uniglatt). The drug release from these spherical membrane reservoir systems appeared to be diffusion controlled. Evaluation of the effect of osmotic pressure by using dissolution media of various osmolal concentrations indicated that it has no significant effect on the drug release. To further elucidate the mechanism of release from these polymeric membranes, the permeation of drug through free films was studied.
On-line measurement of equivalent parameters for harmonic frequencies of a power distribution system and load

A method is discussed for on-line measurements of parameters of a power distribution system and its associated load. Four parameters are measured: the complex impedances of the distribution system and the load for harmonic frequencies; the complex rms (crms) values J/sub n/ of the harmonics of the load current j and the crms values E/sub n/ of the harmonics of the distribution system voltage e. The measurements are performed on two states of the system before and after it is disturbed by either connecting to it a capacitor or a harmonic generating device. The results of physical measurements are compared with those calculated from a model.
Advanced Batteries for Vehicle Applications

This chapter is concerned with the research and development on advanced batteries for plug-in electric vehicles in the next 10–20 years. The primary motivation for the development of the advanced batteries is to permit the design of electric vehicles having ranges comparable to conventional ICE vehicles—300–500 miles. By advanced batteries are meant cell chemistries having energy densities significantly higher than those presently available. These chemistries include (i) lithium-ion cells using layered–layered composites of metal oxides in the cathode, mixtures of carbon and silicone in the anode, and advanced electrolytes permitting cell voltages of 4.5–5 V and (ii) metal–air cells utilizing zinc or lithium in the anode and an air cathode. It is expected that some of the new lithium chemistries will be the first of the advanced battery technologies to be marketed in the next 5–10 years. The metal–air batteries are much further in the future and likely will be required to approach the 300–500-mile range goal. Spreadsheet models of cells using the various chemistries were developed to calculate their energy densities and power capability. In the case of the advanced lithium-ion chemistries, it was found that the largest improvements in cell performance will result from significant increases in cathode charge capacity mAh/g and increases in the cathode voltage. The model results for the advanced lithium-ion cells indicate that energy densities of 350–400 and 750–800 Wh/kg (unpackaged) are possible at power capabilities suitable for vehicle applications. With improvements in plug-in vehicle design (lower weight and energy consumption-Wh/mi), the advanced lithium batteries could be used in 250–300-mile range vehicles. Zinc–air and lithium–air cells were also modeled to project their performance. Both metal–air systems were modeled using an aqueous electrolyte (KOH) and a carbon/catalyst air cathode. In the case of the zinc–air cells, the projected energy densities were 500–600 Wh/kg and 2000–2400 Wh/L (unpackaged) depending on the discharge time and air cathode current density assumed. The power capability of the Zn–air cells was relatively low in the range of 150–300 Wh/kg. The projected energy densities of the lithium–air cells were 2000–3000 Wh/kg and 2000–2500 Wh/L (unpackaged) depending on the resistance (Ohm-cm2) assumed for the anode protective film and the current density of the air cathode. In all cases for the lithium–air calculations, it was assumed that large reductions in the present high resistance of the anode protective film would occur in the future. The power capability of the lithium–air cells with the improved protective film was 1000–1500 W/kg, which was much higher than that for the Zn–air cells. The higher power capability of the Li–air cells is primarily due to their higher cell voltage. Keywords: batteries; lithium; metal-air; electrolytes; 300 mile electric vehicles
PDLC-based VOA with a small polarization dependent loss

A polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC)-based variable optical attenuator (VOA) was demonstrated to exhibit a relatively small polarization dependent loss (PDL) in the optical communication C band. The influence of the PDLC characteristics, the temperature, as well as the wavelength of the laser irradiation, on the PDLC VOA performance was analyzed. The PDL, the insertion loss at saturated voltage, and the operating voltage of the PDLC-based VOA were reduced by optimizing the fabrication conditions and applying a bias voltage to the PDLC cells during polymerization-induced phase separation.
LASS: a tool for the local analysis of self-similarity

The Hurst parameter H characterizes the degree of long-range dependence (and asymptotic self-similarity) in stationary time series. Many methods have been developed for the estimation of H from data. In practice, however, the classical estimation techniques can be severely affected by non-stationary artifacts in the time series. In fact, the assumption that the data can be modeled by a stationary process with a single Hurst exponent H may be unrealistic. This work focuses on practical issues associated with the detection of long-range dependence in Internet traffic data and proposes two tools that can be used to address some of these issues. The first is an animation tool which is used to visualize the local dependence structure. The second is a statistical tool for the local analysis of self-similarity (LASS). The LASS tool is designed to handle time series that have long-range dependence and are long enough that some parts are essentially stationary, while others exhibit non-stationarity, which is either deterministic or stochastic in nature. The tool exploits wavelets to analyze the local dependence structure in the data over a set of windows. It can be used to visualize local deviations from self-similar, long-range dependence scaling and to provide reliable local estimates of the Hurst exponents. The tool, which is illustrated by using a trace of Internet traffic measurements, can also be applied to economic time series. In addition, a median-based wavelet spectrum is introduced. It yields robust local or global estimates of the Hurst parameter that are less susceptible to local non-stationarity. The software tools are freely available and their use is described in an appendix.
Identification by mass spectrometry of a new α-tubulin isotype expressed in human breast and lung carcinoma cell lines

The extensive C-terminal molecular heterogeneity of R- and ‚-tubulin is a consequence of multiple isotypes, the products of distinct genes, that undergo several posttranslational modifications. These include polyglutamylation and polyglycylation of both subunits, reversible tyrosination and removal of the penultimate glutamate from R-tubulin, and phosphorylation of the ‚III isotype. A mass spectrometry- based method has been developed for the analysis of the C-terminal diversity of tubulin from human cell lines. Total cell extracts are resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose, and the region of the blot corresponding to tubulin (50 kDa) was excised and digested with CNBr to release the highly divergent C-terminal tubulin fragments. The masses of the human R- and ‚-tubulin CNBr-derived C-terminal peptides are all in the 1500-4000 Da mass range and can be analyzed directly by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode without significant interference from other released peptides. In this study, the tubulin isotype diversity in MDA-MB-231, a human breast carcinoma cell line, and A549, a human non-small lung cancer cell line, is reported. The major tubulin isotypes present in both cell lines are k-R1 and ‚1. Importantly, we report a previously unknown R isotype present at significant levels in both cell lines. Moreover, the degree of posttranslational modifications to all isotypes was limited. Glu- tubulin, in which the C-terminal tyrosine of R-tubulin is removed, was not detected. In contrast to mammalian neuronal tubulin which exhibits extensive polyglutamylation, only low-level monoglutamylation of the k-R1 and ‚1 isotypes was observed in these two human cell lines.
Guyanagaster, a New Wood-Decaying Sequestrate Fungal Genus Related to Armillaria (Physalacriaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota)

 Premise of the study : Sequestrate basidiomycete fungi (e.g. “ gasteromycetes ” ) have foregone ballistospory and evolved alternative, often elaborate mechanisms of basidiospore dispersal with highly altered basidioma morphology. Sequestrate fungi have independently evolved in numerous Agaricomycete lineages, confounding taxonomic arrangements of these fungi for decades. Understanding the multiple origins and taxonomic affi nities of sequestrate fungi provides insight into the evolutionary forces that can drastically alter basidioma morphology. In the neotropical rainforests of the Guiana Shield, we encountered a remarkable sequestrate fungus fruiting directly on decaying hardwood roots. The fungus ’ singular combination of traits include a wood-decaying habit; black, verrucose peridium; reduced stipe; and gelatinized basidiospore mass.  Methods : Guyanagaster necrorhiza gen. et sp. nov. is described. Macro- and micromorphological characters were assessed and compared to most similar taxa. To determine the phylogenetic affi nities of the fungus, DNA sequence data were obtained for the 18S, ITS, and 28S rDNA, RBP2 , and EF1 α regions and subjected to single- and multi-gene analyses. DNA sequences from fungal vegetative organs growing on decaying woody roots confi rmed the wood-inhabiting lifestyle of Guyanagaster .  Key results : Guyanagaster is morphologically unique among sequestrate fungi worldwide. Phylogenetic evidence places Guyanagaster in close relation to the wood-decaying mushroom genus Armillaria in the Physalacriaceae (Agaricales, Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota).  Conclusions : Guyanagaster represents an independently evolved sequestrate form within the Physalacriaceae. Although molecular data confi rm that Guyanagaster is closely related to Armillaria , the unusual features of this fungus suggest a case of radically divergent morphological evolution.
Indoor tanning knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among young adults from 1988-2007.

Objective To compare knowledge, attitudes, and behavior about indoor tanning and sources of information among young adults in the summer of 1988, 1994, and 2007. Design Convenience survey of 100 Chicago, Illinois, beachgoers aged 18 to 30 years who were age- and sex-matched with Chicago-area residents who participated in random-digit–dialed telephone interviews in 1988 and 1994. Setting Lakefront beach on weekday afternoons in July 2007. Main Outcome Measures Knowledge of melanoma/skin cancer link with tanning, and limiting tanning to help prevent melanoma/skin cancer; attitude about the appearance of tanned people; and knowledge of relevant information sources; and UV indoor tanning use in the past year. Results Knowledge of the melanoma/skin cancer link with tanning changed from 1988 (42%) to 1994 (38%) to 2007 (87%). Knowledge of limiting tanning to help prevent melanoma increased from 1988 (25%) to 1994 (77%), but decreased from 1994 to 2007 (67%). This decline in knowledge about limiting tanning was concurrent with an increase in the attitude that having a tan looks better (1994, 69%; 2007, 81%). Use of indoor tanning beds increased from 1988 (1%) to 1994 (26%) and remained at the same level in 2007 (27%). Although physicians, especially dermatologists, were sources of information about tanning (1988, 2%; 1994, 18%; 2007, 31%) and were considered the most trusted source, only 14% of respondents in 1994 and 2007 reported ever talking to a doctor about indoor tanning. Conclusion Because young adults report that physicians are their most trusted source of information about tanning, a potential opportunity exists for physicians to influence indoor tanning behavior by counseling their patients.
Hispanic maternal and children's perceptions of neighborhood safety related to walking and cycling.

Abstract This study examined neighborhood safety as perceived by children (mean age=10 years) and their mothers, and its association with children's physical activity. For all eight safety items examined, children perceived their environment as less dangerous than mothers ( p p >0.10). The maternal perception model explained the highest percentage of variance ( R 2 =0.26), compared to the children's perception model ( R 2 =0.22). Findings suggest that future studies should explore relations between self-reported and objectively measured safety barriers to Hispanic youth walking and cycling.
What's New in Shoulder and Elbow Surgery?

This update is a review of the most impactful studies related to shoulder and elbow surgery from April 2015 to March 2016. Included are clinical and basic science studies primarily from The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery , the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery , and The American Journal of Sports Medicine . Specific emphasis has been placed on higher-quality research (Level-I and II studies) and particularly relevant Level-III and IV studies. The level of evidence is provided. ### Shoulder Arthroplasty Increased length of hospital stay, early readmission, and revision surgical procedures are adverse events that increase the cost of shoulder arthroplasty. Matsen et al. analyzed data from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System on more than 17,000 primary shoulder arthroplasties performed over a 13-year period to identify factors associated with prolonged hospitalization and perioperative adverse events requiring readmission or revision procedures1. Longer hospital stays were associated with female sex, advanced patient age, Medicaid insurance, medical comorbidities, arthroplasties to treat fracture, and lower surgeon case volumes. The need for readmission was more likely with advanced patient age and select medical comorbidities related to heart and lung disease or electrolyte imbalance. Revision procedures were more common in younger patients and in patients with a diagnosis of primary or posttraumatic glenohumeral arthritis. That study demonstrated medical comorbidities as the primary reason for readmission following shoulder arthroplasty. Wirth reported successful short-term results of hemiarthroplasty and biologic glenoid resurfacing with meniscal allograft in 20092. Given concerns for deterioration of results over time, Bois et al. obtained intermediate-term follow-up on the same series of patients at a mean follow-up of 8.3 years3. The authors reported that radiographic indices of posterior subluxation did not significantly increase from the immediate postoperative imaging to the latest radiographs, but the glenohumeral …
Modeling of surfactant release from polymer-clay nanocomposites into ethanol

Abstract A kinetic study was carried out of the release of surfactants from two types of nanocomposites: polypropylene (PP) and nylon 6 compounded with nanoclay. The migration experiment was performed in accordance with ASTM 4754-11 with the nanocomposite films exposed to ethanol as a fatty-food simulant at 22, 40, and 70 °C. The surfactant release from the nanocomposite films followed a migration behavior as described by Fick's second law of diffusion. Diffusion coefficients derived from the model were in the range of 10−13 to 10−12 cm2 s−1 for the surfactant release from the PP-clay film and 10−13 to 10−11 cm2 s−1 for the surfactant release from the nylon-clay film between 22 and 70 °C. The rate of surfactant release was greater from both nanocomposite films at the higher temperatures. At the same temperature, the rate of surfactant release was greater from the nylon-clay film than from the PP-clay film. Moreover, the surfactant was more likely to be released from the nylon-clay film, as indicated by the smaller partition coefficients (i.e., the ratio of surfactant in the polymer vs in ethanol). The difference in surfactant release between the two nanocomposites was explained by considering the affinity among the surfactant, polymer, and solvent.
Comparative Physical and Numerical Modeling of Riser-Seabed Interaction

Offshore steel catenary riser-seabed interaction is complex with uncertainty in design for riser fatigue and longevity of the riser system. A numerical finite element tool was developed to capture the non-linear, hysteretic behaviour of riser-seabed interaction capturing trench formation with successive riser motions. The design and centrifuge testing of a three axis (translational degrees of freedom) actuator are also presented. This paper presents finite element analysis comparisons to physical test data as well as the influence the trench formation has on altering riser bending moment in the touchdown zone.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Evaluating Harms in the Assessment of Net Benefit: A Framework for Newborn Screening Condition Review

Background The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children (“Advisory Committee”) makes recommendations to the HHS Secretary regarding addition of new conditions to the national Recommended Uniform Screening Panel for newborns. The Advisory Committee’s decision-making process includes assessing the net benefit of screening for nominated conditions, informed by systematic evidence reviews generated by an independent Condition Review Workgroup. The evidence base regarding harms associated with screening for specific conditions is often more limited than that for benefits. Procedures The process for defining potential harms from newborn screening reviewed the frameworks from other public health evidence-based review processes, adapted to newborn screening by experts in systematic review, newborn screening programs and bioethics, with input from and approval by the Advisory Committee. Main findings To support the Advisory Committee’s review of nominated conditions, the Workgroup has developed a standardized approach to evaluation of harms and relevant gaps in the evidence. Types of harms include the physical burden to infants; psychosocial and logistic burdens to families from screening or diagnostic evaluation; increased risk of medical treatment for infants diagnosed earlier than children with clinical presentation; delayed diagnosis from false negative results; psychosocial harm from false positive results; uncertainty of clinical diagnosis, age of onset or clinical spectrum; and disparities in access to diagnosis or therapy. Conclusions Estimating the numbers of children at risk, the magnitude, timing and likelihood of harms will be integrated into Workgroup reports to the Advisory Committee.
The Role of Mothers' Communication in Promoting Motivation for Math and Science Course-Taking in High School

In the context of concerns about American youths' failure to take advanced math and science (MS) courses in high school, we examined mothers' communication with their adolescent about taking MS courses. At ninth grade, U.S. mothers (n = 130) were interviewed about their responses to hypothetical questions from their adolescent about the usefulness of algebra, geometry, calculus, biology, chemistry, and physics. Responses were coded for elaboration and making personal connections to the adolescent. The number of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics courses taken in 12th grade was obtained from school records. Mothers' use of personal connections predicted adolescents' MS interest and utility value, as well as actual MS course-taking. Parents can play an important role in motivating their adolescent to take MS courses.
Fitness and neural complexity of animats exposed to environmental change

We recently showed that adaptive logic-gate networks ('animats') increase their capacity to integrate information as they adapt to environments of increasing complexity [1]. The animats' task environments consisted of falling blocks of different sizes, which had to be either caught or avoided. When the animats were exposed to more difficult task environments that required more internal memory, they developed more complex networks ('brains'), as indicated by a larger number of irreducible internal mechanisms ('concepts') and higher integrated conceptual information (Φ) [2,3]. Animats with brains of high Φ outperformed animats with modular or feedforward brains because they could pack a larger number of mechanisms for the same number of nodes and connections. Here we investigate whether this key feature of animats of high Φ leads to greater flexibility in adapting to environmental changes. We selected animats with integrated (Φ > 0) or modular (Φ = 0) structures that had adapted perfectly, within 30,000 generations, to a particular task environment. We then enhanced the difficulty of the task environment by adding blocks of various sizes that were to be caught or avoided in a way that was either: i) congruent with the old task, ii) neutral to the old task, or iii) incongruent with the old task, reversing the previous rules. For congruent changes in the task environment, the fitness of animats with integrated brains and many irreducible mechanisms, as compared to modular animats, (1) dropped less right after the change, (2) recovered faster, and (3) maintained higher values even after 30,000 generations in the new environment. These results corroborate the hypothesis that brains with high capacity for information integration may provide an evolutionary advantage in complex, changing environments.