cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quasi-periodic decadal cycles in levels of lakes Michigan and Huron

While Great Lakes' seasonal water-level variations have been previously researched and well documented, few studies thus far addressed longer-term, decadal cycles contained in the 143-yr lake-level instrumental record. Paleo-reconstructions based on Lake Michigan's coastal features, however, hinted to an approximate 30-yr quasi-periodic lake-level variability. In the present study, spectral analysis of 1865–2007 Lakes Michigan/Huron historic levels revealed 8 and 12-yr period oscillations; these time scales match those of large-scale climatic signals previously found in the North Atlantic. While the existing paleodata are inadequate to the task of asserting significance of the 30-yr signal, it is suggested here that this cycle is due to intermodulation of the two near-decadal signals. Furthermore, water budget analysis argues that the North Atlantic decadal climate modes translate to the lake levels primarily through precipitation and its associated runoff.
Modeling and Simulative Performance Analysis of SMP and Clustered Computer Architectures

The performance characteristics of several classes of parallel computing systems are analyzed and compared using high-fidelity modeling and execution-driven simulation. Processor, bus, and network models are used to construct and simulate the architectures of symmetric multiprocessors (SMPs), clusters of uniprocessors, and clusters of SMPs. To demonstrate a typical use of the models, the performance of ten systems with one to eight processors and the Scalable Coherent Interface interconnection network is evaluated using a parallel matrix-multiplication algorithm. Because the performance of a parallel algorithm on a specific architecture is dependent upon its communication-to-computation ratio, an analysis of communication latencies for bus transactions, cache coherence, and network transactions is used to quantify the communication overhead of each system. While low-level performance attributes are difficult to measure on experimental testbed systems, and are far less accurate from purely analytical models, with high-fidelity simulative models they can be readily and accurately obtained. This level of detail gives the designer the ability to rapidly prototype and evaluate the performance of parallel and distributed computing systems.
The role of the components of knowledge of results information in error correction.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of the components of a knowledge of results (KR) statement for organizing response correction. Forty-eight subjects learned to move a handle to a criterion location on a linear positioning apparatus. Error direction and distance components of the KR statement were manipulated across four independent groups. Two 4 × 15 Analyses of Variances were calculated on absolute error (AE) and constant error (CE) scores. The groups main effect, trials main effect, and the interaction groups × trials effect were significant for both analyses. Groups receiving directional information were more accurate in error correction than was the distance only group. Manipulation of distance information also influenced error correction on the initial trials. The results were interpreted as an indication that the learner's initial error corrections are based on directional information and that the distance of the error information which initially lacks meaning inter...
Trends and Transitions in the Long Run Growth of Nations

Empirical work on cross-country growth has focussed almost exclusively on the speed of convergence to steady state and the variations in steady state levels. This paper examines the estimated long-run growth rate, i.e. the rate of steady state growth, in a Solow growth model. All estimates of common world steady state growth are shown to be zero or significantly negative under the null model. The null of a common world steady state growth rate is rejected in favor of a modifications of the basic Solow model to allow for heterogeneous long run growth rates across countries. This alternative yields plausible estimates of the capital share and speed of convergence but shows that steady states for different countries are quite diverse in both levels and growth rates. An alternative framework is presented to relate long run growth rates to fundamentals.
Basic Concepts of Moving-Magnet-Instrument Rotors

DURING RECENT YEARS the progress made in the development of permanent-magnet materials has brought about a considerable increase in the use of permanent-magnet rotors in d-c instruments. One such application is in the d-c Selsyn position indicator,1 another in a newly developed electric instrument,2 and a third in a new ratio-type instrument.3 The space limitations in these designs predicated small actuating elements which were obtained by using permanent-magnet moving systems.
Extensive mitochondrial DNA transfer in a rapidly evolving rodent has been mediated by independent insertion events and by duplications.

Mitochondrial DNA translocations to the nucleus (numt pseudogenes) are pervasive among eukaryotes, but copy number within the nuclear genome varies widely among taxa. As an increasing number of genomes are sequenced in their entirety, the origins, transfer mechanisms and insertion sites of numts are slowly being characterized. We investigated mitochondrial transfers within a genetically diverse rodent lineage and here report 15 numts totaling 21.8 kb that are harbored within the nuclear genome of the vole Microtus rossiaemeridionalis. The 15 numts total 21.8 kb and range from 0.39 to over 3.0 kb in length. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that these numts resulted from three independent insertions to the nucleus, two of which were followed by subsequent nuclear duplication events. The dates of the two translocations that led to subsequent duplications were estimated at 1.97 and 1.19 MYA, which coincide with the origin and radiation of the genus Microtus. Numt sequence data from five Microtus species were used to estimate an average rate of nucleotide substitution as 2.6×10 −8 subs/site/yr. This substitution rate is higher than in many other mammals, but is concordant with the elevated rate of mtDNA substitution in this lineage. Our data suggest that numt translocation in Microtus is more extensive than in either Mus or in Rattus, consistent with the elevated rate of speciation, karyotypic rearrangement, and mitochondrial DNA evolution in Microtus. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Spin force dependence of nucleon structure functions.

Deep inelastic structure functions for the nucleon are obtained in a constituent quark model on the light cone. In the Bjorken limit the parton model is derived. Structure functions from the hadronic tensor at the scale [mu][similar to]0.25 GeV are evolved from (0.6 GeV)[sup 2] to [minus][ital q][sup 2][similar to]15 GeV[sup 2]. The model incorporates the quark boosts, is designed to describe form factors and structure functions and to provide a link between the parton and constituent quark models. The main effect of the spin force between quarks is described in terms of smaller (and lighter) scalar [ital u]-[ital d] quark pairs in the nucleon. To account for the negative slope of [ital F][sub 2][sup [ital n]]([ital x])/[ital F][sub 2][sup [ital p]]([ital x]), attraction between scalar [ital u]-[ital d] quark pairs and incorporation of boosts are required. The two-body spin force between quarks from color magnetism leads to a negative slope. The polarization asymmetry [ital A][sub 1][sup [ital p]] agrees with the EMC data also in the valence quark region.
Extending Sets of Idempotents to Ring Extensions

In this paper the idea of an intrinsic extension of a ring, first proposed by Faith and Utumi, is generalized and studied in its own right. For these types of ring extensions, it is shown that, with relatively mild conditions on the base ring, R, a complete set of primitive idempotents (a complete set of left triangulating idempotents, a complete set of centrally primitive idempotents) can be constructed for an intrinsic extension, T, from a corresponding set in the base ring R. Examples and applications are given for rings that occur in functional analysis and group ring theory.
Growing up lightly: Rascal-gurus and American educational thought.

(1988). Growing up lightly: Rascal‐gurus and American educational thought. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 37-49.
The relative Brauer group and generalized cyclic crossed products for a ramified covering

Let T/A be an integral extension of noetherian integrally closed integral domains whose quotient field extension is a finite cyclic Galois extension. Let S/R be a localization of this extension which is unramified. Using a generalized cyclic crossed product construction it is shown that certain reflexive fractional ideals of T with trivial norm give rise to Azumaya R-algebras that are split by S. Sufficient conditions on T/A are derived under which this construction can be reversed and the relative Brauer group of S/R is shown to fit into the exact sequence of Galois cohomology associated to the ramified covering T/A. Many examples of affine algebraic varieties are exhibited for which all of the computations are carried out.
Avid Editing: A Guide for Beginning and Intermediate Users

Completely updated for current HD, UHD, 2K, and 4K workflows, Avid Editing blends the art and aesthetics of motion picture editing with technical, hands-on instruction. Appropriate for beginners and intermediate users who need to refresh their knowledge of essential post-production techniques, this fully revamped and full-color sixth edition is also an excellent tool for editors coming to Avid from other non-linear editing platforms. Topics covered include trimming, audio, effects, titles, color correction, customization, inputting, and outputting. A robust accompanying online eResource features professionally shot footage and Avid project files, allowing readers to work alongside the lessons taught in the book. The new edition covers: Avid Media Composer licensing choices Changes to the Avid user interface Basic and advanced visual effects Mastering Avid’s audio tools Exploring Avid’s Title Tool and NewBlue Titler Pro Understanding double-system sound techniques Syncing picture and sound files Understanding and applying LUTs The latest HD, UHD, 2K, and 4K Workflows
Electromicrobiology: Electron Transfer via Biowires in Nature and Practical Applications

One of the most exciting developments in the field of electromicrobiology has been the discovery of electrically conductive pili (e-pili) in Geobacter species that transport electrons with a metallic-like mechanism. The e-pili are essential for extracellular electron transport to Fe(III) oxides and longrange electron transport through the conductive biofilms that form on the anodes of microbial fuel cells. The e-pili also facilitate direct interspecies electron transfer between Geobacter and Methanosaeta or Methanosarcina species. Metatranscriptomic studies have demonstrated that Geobacter/Methanosaeta DIET is an important process in anaerobic digesters converting brewery wastes to methane. Increasing e-pili expression through genetic modification of regulatory systems or adaptive evolution yields strains with enhanced rates of extracellular electron transfer. Measurement of the conductivity of individual e-pili has demonstrated that they have conductivities higher than those of a number of synthetic conducting organic polymers. Multiple lines of evidence have demonstrated that aromatic amino acids play an important role in the electron transport along e-pili, suggesting opportunities to tune e-pili conductivity via genetic manipulation of the amino acid composition of e-pili. It is expected that e-pili will be harnessed to improve microbe-electrode processes such as microbial electrosynthesis and for the development of novel biosensors. Also, e-pili show promise as a sustainable ‘green’ replacement for electronic materials that contain toxic components and/or are produced with harsh chemicals.
Convergence of Self-Reports and Informant Reports on the Personality Assessment Screener:

The present study is the first to investigate the Personality Assessment Screener, a brief self-report measure of risk for emotional and behavioral dysfunction, in relation to the informant report version of this instrument, the Personality Assessment Screener-Other. Among a sample of undergraduate roommate dyads ( N = 174), self-report and informant report total scores on the Personality Assessment Screener/Personality Assessment Screener-Other moderately converged ( r = 0.45), with generally greater agreement between perspectives observed for externalizing behaviors compared with internalizing distress. In addition, selves tended to report more psychological difficulties relative to informant ratings ( d = 0.45) with an average absolute discrepancy between sources of 6.31 ( SD = 4.96) out of a possible range of 66. Discrepancies between self-report and informant report were significantly associated with characteristics of the dyadic relationship (e.g., length of acquaintanceship) as well as the severity of self-reported psychological difficulties and positive impression management.
An FFT-Accelerated Integral-Equation Solver for Analyzing Scattering in Rectangular Cavities

An efficient integral-equation method is presented for the fast analysis of scattering from arbitrarily shaped 3-D structures in a rectangular cavity. The proposed method employs: 1) the frequency-domain surface-volume electric field integral equation to model scattering from conductors and dielectrics; 2) the rectangular-cavity Green functions to account for the cavity walls; 3) the Ewald method and 3-D spatial interpolation to accelerate the Green function computations; and 4) the adaptive integral method (AIM) to reduce the computational complexity of the iterative method-of-moments solution procedure. The structure of interest is first meshed with arbitrary triangular/tetrahedral elements. The mesh is then enclosed with an auxiliary regular grid. Next, a four-step algorithm is executed: interpolation (mesh-to-grid), propagation (grid-to-grid), interpolation (grid-to-mesh), and correction (mesh-to-mesh). The computationally dominant propagation step of the AIM is accelerated by decomposing the Green functions into eight components that are in convolution or correlation form in the three Cartesian directions. This results in eight types of propagation matrices; these are in nested Toeplitz or Hankel form and are efficiently multiplied with the necessary vectors using 3-D fast Fourier transforms. Numerical results validate the method, quantify its costs, and demonstrate its utility.
STRENGTH-BASED PREDICTIVE METHODS FOR LARGE-SCALE COMBINED DEGRADATION EFFECTS

The growing use of composite materials in engineering components has created a need for a fundamentally new philosophy to support and define the engineering concepts of durability and damage tolerance. That philosophy is often discussed under the general topic life prediction. Taken in a fairly general sense, that will be the subject of the present discussion. The physical behavior that drives the pursuit of this subject is damage accumulation, the widely distributed, various damage modes and failure modes that act and interact to progressively reduce the strength and life of inhomogeneous composite materials with complex microstructure. Questions addressed include how to define strength in the presence of widely distributed damage, how to introduce process and rate variables, and how to combine mechanics representations to predict remaining strength (damage tolerance) and life (durability) for engineering components. Examples are presented, using the MRLife simulation code published by the Materials Response Group.
Ground Cover Plants and Selective Insecticides as Pest Management Tools in Apple Orchards

The quantity and quality of fruit in 2 adjacent apple orchards in eastern West Virginia were compared between 1 conventionally managed orchard and 1 with ground cover plantings underneath apple trees and reduced insecticide applications. Four species of plants [dill, Anethum graveolens L.; buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench; dwarf sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; and rape, Brassica napus L.] were planted in alternating, single-species strips under the tree canopy, and only 1 broad-spectrum insecticide (phosmet) plus Bacillus thuringiensis was applied in the ground cover orchard over the 2-yr period (1995–1996) of the study. The conventional orchard received 5 applications of an organo-phosphate each year. Disease management was the same for both orchards. The ground cover orchard had significantly greater populations of spirea aphid ( Aphis spiraecola Patch) and leafhoppers [ Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee, Edwarsiana rosae (L.), and Emposaca fabae (Harris) ] than the conventional orchard. The conventional orchard had more damage from fire blight than the ground cover orchard. Total yield of apples from the ground cover orchard was significantly less than in the conventional orchard, probably because of competition by the ground cover plants for water and nutrients. Fruit quality was lower in the ground cover orchard in 1995 (76% undamaged fruit compared with 80% undamaged in the conventional orchard), but in 1996 there was no difference in fruit quality between orchards (75% undamaged fruit). Plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), damage was significantly different between orchards, but different orchards had greater damage in each year. In 1996, fruit in the conventional orchard had more apple scab, but in the ground cover orchard fruit had higher levels of summer rots and other diseases. In this study, ground covers and reduced insecticide use were not an acceptable alternative to conventional pest management because of reduced yield. However, with better management of ground cover plantings to avoid excessive competition with the apple trees, this strategy of pest management shows promise for reducing insecticide use in apple orchards.
Clinical Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy II. Identification of Pathologic Concretions and Other Substances

The infrared absorption spectra of typical prostatic, dental, and salivary gland calculi are presented. Similarly, the spectrum given by typical biliary tract calculi is demonstrated. Examples of the extension of this method of identification to common toxicologic problems are shown. The advantages of the potassium-bromide presseddisk preparation for analyses of these substances in the solid state are indicated and discussed.
Differentiable involutions and bundles

We come back to involutions to make some observations that did not fit into the framework of Chapter IV. Given a fixed point free involution (T, B) and an n-plane bundle r:E → B/T, we define another n-plane bundle ř: Ě → B/T, which we call the twist of r by (T, B). In the manner of Borel-Hirzebruch, we compute its Whitney class. In section 32, we make one application showing some of the influence of the homology of the total space on the Whitney classes of normal bundles to the fixed point set. In section 33, we give some generalizations of the famed Borsuk antipode theorems.
Exploration in the Reform of the Civil Tech for the National Defence

Reforming the system of our national defence technologies in the new period is building up the integration between the war industry and the civil industry,improving the development of the new science and technology,and forming the transformation of the two new technologies mutually.At present,the technologies for the military are quickly transformed to serve in the civil,but the resources and the superiority of the civil technologies are of the great potential for the military.Therefore,some problems;such as certificate edification,inviting tenders,maintain secrecy,military standards,military purchases and preferential tax,should be solved to encourage the civil technologies with a good condition to serve in the national defence.
PCR Based Determination of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Multiple Species

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number is a critical component of overall mitochondrial health. In this chapter, we describe methods for simultaneous isolation of mtDNA and nuclear DNA (nucDNA), and measurement of their respective copy numbers using quantitative PCR. Methods differ depending on the species and cell type of the starting material, and availability of specific PCR reagents. We also briefly describe factors that affect mtDNA copy number and discuss caveats to its use as a biomarker.
Diversity is at the core of who we are

In an effort to become a more fully diverse organization, St. Louis-based SSM Health Care (SSMHC) implemented a plan called "Strategic Goals for Diversity for 1998 to 2004." The plan called for Increasing diversity among SSMHC employees. Improving support to, and alliances with, organizations that pursue fairness and equality for all people. Establishing a work environment that rewards and recognizes excellence and attracts and retains the best people, regardless of factors like race, religion, disability, and gender. Increasing business partnerships with minority and women suppliers. Having established strategic goals, SSM launched a Diversity Forum: a corporate-sponsored gathering designed to develop the careers of people of color, of different ethnic backgrounds, or with disabilities. Diversity Forum participants suggested that mentoring minority employees would help SSM reach its goals. In 2000, the system launched its Diversity Mentoring Program, designed to last four years. The program had two main purposes: To increase the number of people of color, of different ethnicity, or with disabilities in the system's professional and managerial ranks. To prepare these minority professionals and managers for upward mobility by pairing them with executive leaders. Along with the focus on SSM's employees, the system looked outside as well, to its relationships with local communities. The organization worked toward expanding its commitment to purchase from local, small, and minority-owned businesses. In 2005, to help SSM entities meet new goals for 2005-2010 (with a new emphasis on minority patients and customers), the system introduced a new measurement tool, the Diversity Scorecard, which is a comprehensive measuring tool that allows SSM leaders to benchmark their efforts.
Racial/ethnic differences in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder

In light of the recent incorporation of the DSM-5, this updated comprehensive review of racial/ethnic differences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) makes a significant and timely contribution for clinicians and researchers. Racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence and symptom expression of PTSD are the focus of the current review. In particular, this review examines differences in PTSD expression and prevalence among three major racial/ethnic groups in the United States: African American, Hispanic/Latino, and Asian/Asian Americans. Further, cultural factors believed to influence the epidemiology and phenomenology of PTSD, such as differential rates of trauma exposure, acculturation, racism, and stigma, are discussed within the context of PTSD expression and symptom disclosure. The current review examines empirical literature published since 2000 on academic databases including PsychInfo, PubMed, PsychARTICLES, Psychiatry Online, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, with aggregate data prioritized when possible. After a general summary of the major findings of the breadth of topics described above, implications for improving treatment utilization, retention and outcomes across diverse racial/ethnic groups based on research findings are discussed. Finally, directions for future empirical examination into this important area are offered.
Monitoring gravity for the NIST-4 watt balance

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) new watt balance (NIST-4) has been constructed for the realization of mass through an exact value of the Planck constant in the new International System of Units (SI). The total relative uncertainty goal for the instrument of a few parts in 108 requires the determination of the local acceleration of gravity, g, with parts in 109 accuracy at the location of the mass at the time mechanical and electrical forces are being compared. We describe the procedures used and give results for the measurements of the local acceleration of gravity in the new watt balance facility.
The Growth of Semiconductors

The growth of crystals through transport, diffusion and attachment of each particle, as well as dissipation of heat is discussed. Nucleation and growth habit, are discussed Typical growth techniques from vapor, melt, and chemical reactions are exemplified. Recrystallization, including means of purification are given, stress and flux enhanced crystallization and local heating is discussed.
High-Throughput Resequencing of Maize Landraces at Genomic Regions Associated with Flowering Time.

Despite the reduction in the price of sequencing, it remains expensive to sequence and assemble whole, complex genomes of multiple samples for population studies, particularly for large genomes like those of many crop species. Enrichment of target genome regions coupled with next generation sequencing is a cost-effective strategy to obtain sequence information for loci of interest across many individuals, providing a less expensive approach to evaluating sequence variation at the population scale. Here we evaluate amplicon-based enrichment coupled with semiconductor sequencing on a validation set consisting of three maize inbred lines, two hybrids and 19 landrace accessions. We report the use of a multiplexed panel of 319 PCR assays that target 20 candidate loci associated with photoperiod sensitivity in maize while requiring 25 ng or less of starting DNA per sample. Enriched regions had an average on-target sequence read depth of 105 with 98% of the sequence data mapping to the maize ‘B73’ reference and 80% of the reads mapping to the target interval. Sequence reads were aligned to B73 and 1,486 and 1,244 variants were called using SAMtools and GATK, respectively. Of the variants called by both SAMtools and GATK, 30% were not previously reported in maize. Due to the high sequence read depth, heterozygote genotypes could be called with at least 92.5% accuracy in hybrid materials using GATK. The genetic data are congruent with previous reports of high total genetic diversity and substantial population differentiation among maize landraces. In conclusion, semiconductor sequencing of highly multiplexed PCR reactions is a cost-effective strategy for resequencing targeted genomic loci in diverse maize materials.
The Biology of Bifurcation

At one point, Murray looks toward a future date where the sociological variables that serve as the fodder of his book will be contextualized within a biological framework. This chapter argues that life history theory, though it has successfully explained variation in human behavior since 1985, is the biological framework for which Murray expectantly waits. After briefly stating what life history theory is, this section moves on to outline the remainder of the book.
Advertising Standardization: A Re-examination

The use of standardized international advertising by multinational corporations has long been a dominant topic in the advertising literature. To date, however, no study has comprehensively investig...
Alaska Gas Hydrate Research and Field Studies

Natural gas hydrates are solid, crystalline, ice-like materials made up of small molecules of gases, mainly methane confined inside cages of water molecules.
A Low-Power High-Speed Hybrid ADC With Merged Sample-and-Hold and DAC Functions for Efficient Subranging Time-Interleaved Operation

An 8-bit 1-GS/s hybrid analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for high-speed low-power applications is introduced. It has a subranging architecture with a 3-bit flash ADC as a first stage and a 5-bit four-channel time-interleaved comparator-based asynchronous binary search (CABS) ADC as a second stage. In each channel, a merged sample-and-hold and capacitive digital-to-analog converter (SHDAC) performs the sampling and residue generation for the subranging operation. The effects of the parasitic capacitances on the SHDAC linearity are analyzed, and a linearity correction method is introduced to enable power-efficient high-speed operation in the presence of parasitics because the design approach allows reducing the sampling capacitance in the SHDAC. Furthermore, the sampling network configuration incorporates an error reduction technique to alleviate the clock feedthrough of bootstrap switches. The offsets of the comparators in the flash ADC are calibrated using a built-in reference signal via an extra sampling channel. According to postlayout simulations at 1 GS/s in 130-nm CMOS, the ADC has an effective number of bits higher than 7.37 bits up to the Nyquist frequency while consuming 13.3 mW from a 1.2-V supply.
A History and Overview of the Behavioral Neuroscience of Learning and Memory

Here, I provide a basic history of important milestones in the development of theories for how the brain accomplishes the phenomenon of learning and memory. Included are the ideas of Plato, Rene Descartes, Theodule Ribot, William James, Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, Karl Lashley, and others. The modern era of learning and memory research begins with the description of H.M. by Brenda Milner and the gradual discovery that the brain contains multiple learning and memory systems that are supported by anatomically discrete brain structures. Finally, a brief overview is provided for the chapters that are included in current topics in Behavioral Neuroscience-Learning and Memory.
Energy Transfer Processes in ZnSe:Ni, Fe

A photoluminescence band exhibiting fine structure with no-phonon line at 11178 cm-l was recorded in ZnSe:Ni crystals. In view of the coincidence of this no-phonon line with the corresponding no-phonon line of the absorption, this luminescence was interpreted as a 3T1 (P) → 3T1 (F) transition of the Ni2+ ions. Coincidence between absorption and emission exists also for the 3T1 → 3T1 (F) transition, indicating that T2 is the lowest level of the 3T2 (F) term. Iron doped ZnSe shows a luminescence band with two no-phonon lines at 11154 and 11128 cm-l. In analogy to similar results in ZnS:Ni (1) this band was interpreted as due to the 3T1 (H) 5E(D) transition of the Fe2+ ions. In the case of the Fe doped ZnSe a quenching of the Ni2+ luminescence was observed even at very low Fe concentrations (Fe:6 ppm; Ni:25 ppm). Because of the frequency overlapping of the two transitions [3T1 (F) → 3T1 (P) in Ni2+: 11178 cm-1; 3T1 (H) → 5E(D) in Fe2+: 11154 cm-l] at energy transfer mechanism was suggested as a possible explanation for the quenching. Further investigations concerning selective excitation and lifetime measurements are goind to follow.
Providing accountability and liability protection for UAV operations beyond visual line of sight

Current off-the-shelf Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Flight Data Recorders do not address liability and accountability in the event of an accident. This limitation makes it difficult for necessary stakeholders to determine parties at fault, especially when future operations are expected to be conducted Beyond Visual Line-of-Sight (BVLoS). While both on-board and off-board recorders currently exist, the data collected is unsuitable for insurance claims and other legal matters since non-repudiation and tamper-proof mechanisms are not implemented. At the same time, with ongoing developments and improvements to Internet of Things (IoT) telecommunications infrastructure such as LTE-M, 5G, SigFox and NB-IoT protocols, usage of TCP/IP channels and cloud services for UAV Command and Control systems is increasing. This research proposes a real-time, off-board flight logging service using a secure graph database scheme for storage and analysis of flight data recordings. By representing series of logs as an encrypted block chain in graph nodes of a database, it is possible to construct accurate time-lines and enable non-repudiation of operator-UAV and UAV-UAV interactions that provide irrefutable evidence. For proof of concept, this design integrates into the UAV as a Service architecture for BVLOS operations we have proposed in previous publications. The details of the recording protocol, integration into the UAV as a Service platform, data generation simulation and performance results are discussed.
Comparison of the clearances of serum chylomicron triglycerides enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid or oleic acid

Rat mesenteric lymph chylomicrons containing triglycerides enriched with either [14C]oleic acid (OA) or [14C]-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were prepared by ultracentrifugation of lymph samples collected for 6 hr after a single duodenal infusion of an emulsion containing either fatty acid. These chylomicrons were injected into the jugular vein of recipient rats and, at various time intervals, blood was drawn and serum was assayed for radioactivity. In separate animals, serum lipoprotein fractions were separated by ultracentrifugation, and the redistribution of labeled fatty acid among circulating lipoproteins was determined by liquid scintillation spectrometry. When the early disappearance rates (10 min) of either total serum radioactivity or specifically the chylomicron fraction were compared, there were no differences between the groups receiving OA-or EPA-enriched chylomicrons. However, disappearance rates of EPA-enriched chylomicrons were slower than those of OA-enriched chylomicrons from 25 to 90 min. The small but significant differences in the disappearance rates for the longer time periods cannot be ascertained without further studies. At 5 min after injection of either type of chylomicron, the d<1.006 g/ml lipoprotein fraction of serum chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins contained almost 90% of the original radioactivity. By 240 min, when less than 2% of the radioactivity remained, this radioactivity in the d<1.006 g/ml fraction was 43–46%, with concomitant increases in the low and high density lipoprotein fractions and in the lipoprotein-free serum.
Approach to Equilibrium in Quantum Mechanics

A motivating purpose for the study of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics is to obtain equations governing transport processes and to relate the value of the transport coefficients to the microscopic structure of the materials considered — matter or radiation. In this sense, non-equilibrium statistical mechanics is a continuation of the Boltzmann kinetic theory of gases; see Chap. 3. In another sense, it is also an extension of the theory, which takes into account the empirical fact that at the microscopic level the laws of quantum mechanics prevail over their classical precursors. Recall in this context the equilibrium counterpart provided by the Einstein-Debye quantum theory of the specific heat of solids, which we reviewed at the end of Chap. 10.
State-space and I/O stability for nonlinear systems

This paper surveys several alternative but equivalent definitions of “input to state stability” (ISS), a property which provides a natural framework in which to formulate notions of stability with respect to input perturbations. Relations to classical Lyapunov as well as operator theoretic approaches, connections to dissipative systems, and applications to stabilization of several cascade structures are mentioned. The particular case of linear systems subject to control saturation is singled-out for stronger results.
POLO: a gigabyte/s parallel optical link

The Parallel Optical Link Organization (POLO) is an ARPA sponsored industry consortium consisting of four companies and one university. The members are Hewlett- Packard, AMP, Du Pont, SDL, and the University of Southern California. The consortium’s goal is to develop a high speed (1 Gbyte/s) parallel optical interconnect module for applications in central office switching environments and clustered computing. Previous reports1 have described the general layout of the POLO interconnect module and reported preliminary results. In this paper, we discuss further progress to date on the POLO module and show results for a 10 channel module operating at 622 Mb/s per channel. In addition, we discuss the current performance limitations of the module, packaging issues associated with assembly, a testbed which utilizes the POLO interconnect for the transmission of high resolution images between workstations, and plans for the 2nd generation POLO module.
Mary’s Story

In this chapter I describe Mary’s story, beginning in the FLDS community of Colorado City/Short Creek and describing the life events that led to her exodus from polygamy. Prioritizing Mary’s voice, I describe Mary’s life, highlighting key events that contributed to her readiness for higher education. Exploration of her life story indicated that while Mary’s work experience provided rich experience that positively contributed to higher education success, she needed more academic experience before she would have the academic background needed for success in a higher education setting.
Assessing a Moving Target: Research on For-Profit Higher Education in the United States

Interest in for-profit higher education has increased over the past decade, with the rise and fall of large for-profit institutions. A growing body of research examines the many aspects of for-profit higher education, including business models, students, and financial aid. Studies also offer a range of assessments of how the sector is growing or shrinking, earning or losing financial standing, serving the needs of their students and society or bilking them for profit. The literature is often quite critical of the for-profit sector, though the bias is not always supported by empirical evidence. For-profit institutions are fast-changing entities, highly responsive to new regulations and oversight. This makes the sector difficult and creates a moving target of scholarship. This chapter explores a decade of the literature to assess the research that has been conducted and identify conclusions and gaps in scholarship. It is not designed to evaluate the for-profit sector, but rather to explore the scholarly work and highlight the place of for-profit higher education in the landscape of American higher education.
Dynamic multi-outcome prediction after injury: Applying adaptive machine learning for precision medicine in trauma.

Author(s): Christie, S Ariane; Conroy, Amanda S; Callcut, Rachael A; Hubbard, Alan E; Cohen, Mitchell J | Abstract: ObjectiveMachine learning techniques have demonstrated superior discrimination compared to conventional statistical approaches in predicting trauma death. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether machine learning algorithms can be used to assess risk and dynamically identify patient-specific modifiable factors critical to patient trajectory for multiple key outcomes after severe injury.MethodsSuperLearner, an ensemble machine-learning algorithm, was applied to prospective observational cohort data from 1494 critically-injured patients. Over 1000 agnostic predictors were used to generate prediction models from multiple candidate learners for outcomes of interest at serial time points post-injury. Model accuracy was estimated using cross-validation and area under the curve was compared to select among predictors. Clinical variables responsible for driving outcomes were estimated at each time point.ResultsSuperLearner fits demonstrated excellent cross-validated prediction of death (overall AUC 0.94-0.97), multi-organ failure (overall AUC 0.84-0.90), and transfusion (overall AUC 0.87-0.9) across multiple post-injury time points, and good prediction of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (overall AUC 0.84-0.89) and venous thromboembolism (overall AUC 0.73-0.83). Outcomes with inferior data quality included coagulopathic trajectory (AUC 0.48-0.88). Key clinical predictors evolved over the post-injury timecourse and included both anticipated and unexpected variables. Non-random missingness of data was identified as a predictor of multiple outcomes over time.ConclusionsMachine learning algorithms can be used to generate dynamic prediction after injury while avoiding the risk of over- and under-fitting inherent in ad hoc statistical approaches. SuperLearner prediction after injury demonstrates promise as an adaptable means of helping clinicians integrate voluminous, evolving data on severely-injured patients into real-time, dynamic decision-making support.
Electric Double Layers with Surface Charge Regulation Using Density Functional Theory

Surprisingly, the local structure of electrolyte solutions in electric double layers is primarily determined by the solvent. This is initially unexpected as the solvent is usually a neutral species and not a subject to dominant Coulombic interactions. Part of the solvent dominance in determining the local structure is simply due to the much larger number of solvent molecules in a typical electrolyte solution.The dominant local packing of solvent then creates a space left for the charged species. Our classical density functional theory work demonstrates that the solvent structural effect strongly couples to the surface chemistry, which governs the charge and potential. In this article we address some outstanding questions relating double layer modeling. Firstly, we address the role of ion-ion correlations that go beyond mean field correlations. Secondly we consider the effects of a density dependent dielectric constant which is crucial in the description of a electrolyte-vapor interface.
Disability and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Using Twitter to Understand Accessibility during Rapid Societal Transition

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced institutions to rapidly alter their behavior, which typically has disproportionate negative effects on people with disabilities as accessibility is overlooked. To investigate these issues, we analyzed Twitter data to examine accessibility problems surfaced by the crisis. We identified three key domains at the intersection of accessibility and technology: (i) the allocation of product delivery services, (ii) the transition to remote education, and (iii) the dissemination of public health information. We found that essential retailers expanded their high-risk customer shopping hours and pick-up and delivery services, but individuals with disabilities still lacked necessary access to goods and services. Long-experienced access barriers to online education were exacerbated by the abrupt transition of in-person to remote instruction. Finally, public health messaging has been inconsistent and inaccessible, which is unacceptable during a rapidly-evolving crisis. We argue that organizations should create flexible, accessible technology and policies in calm times to be adaptable in times of crisis to serve individuals with diverse needs.
Simultaneous Constraints on the Spectrum of the Extragalactic Background Light and the Intrinsic Tev Spectra of Mrk 421, Mrk 501, and H1426+428

Very high energy (~ TeV) $\gamma$-rays from blazars are attenuated by photons from the extragalactic background light (EBL). Observations of blazars can therefore provide an ideal opportunity for determining the EBL intensity if their intrinsic spectrum is known. Conversely, knowledge of the EBL intensity can be used to determine the intrinsic blazar spectrum. Unfortunately, neither the EBL intensity nor the intrinsic blazar spectrum is known with high enough precision to accurately derive one quantity from the other. In this paper we use the most recent data on the EBL to construct twelve different realizations representing all possible permutations between EBL limits and the detections in the different wavelength regions. We use these realizations to explore the effects of the EBL on the inferred spectra of blazars. In particular, we show that the frequently cited "IR background-TeV gamma-ray crisis" does not exist, and derive the intrinsic spectra and peak energies of the blazars Mrk 421, 501 and H1426+428 for EBL realizations that give rise to physically viable intrinsic blazar spectra. We also show that the intrinsic spectrum of Mrk~421 during a period of intense flaring activity has a peak energy that seems to shift to higher energies at higher flux states. Finally, we also explore the effect of the uncertainties in the absolute calibration of the gamma-ray energies on derived TeV opacities and the intrinsic blazar spectra.
Teaching the History of the Reconstruction Amendments: Syllabus and Teachers Manual for 'The Reconstruction Amendments: Essential Documents'

The publication of “THE RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS: ESSENTIAL DOCUMENTS” (2 volumes) presents teachers and scholars a unique and unprecedented opportunity to construct a course around the original historical documents relating to the framing and ratification of the three “Reconstruction Amendments,” the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the American Constitution. The two volumes contain hundreds of original documents illustrating the grand public debate which took place from 1865 to 1870 and resulted in the abolition of slavery, the protection of the rights of national citizenship and the guarantee of the right to vote free from racial discrimination. The voices participating in this extraordinary constitutional event include U.S. presidents, military generals, radical abolitionists, pragmatist Republicans, obstructionist Democrats, black civil rights activists like David Walker and Frederick Douglass, the participants in freedmen conventions and equal rights conventions, petition writers, newspaper essayists, and women’s rights activists like Francis Watkins Harper, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. This syllabus and teachers manual present a fourteen-week model course studying the antebellum arguments that formed the historical background to constitutional reconstruction (slavery, federalism and the nature of the original constitution) and the congressional and public debates which accompanied the framing and ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. In addition to a model syllabus, the teachers manual includes specific weekly reading assignments and suggested questions for class discussion. The manual also includes instructor notes providing the historical context surrounding each week’s assigned materials and their importance to the overall course.
Attribution Across Cyber Attack Types: Network Intrusions and Information Operations

The objective of this paper is to articulate the problem of attribution in cyber warfare incidents, including, surveillance, data theft, espionage, and misinformation campaigns. As the stakes increase, concerted efforts are being made by intelligence and law enforcement agencies to identify the perpetrators with much painstaking effort. Attribution tools and techniques for malicious activities on the Internet are still nascent, relying mainly on technical measurements, the provenance of malicious code, and non-technical assessments of attack and attacker characteristics to link attack activities to individuals or groups. Attribution of attacks is typically done through a burdensome manual process that relies on both technical analysis and ground intelligence. As a result, this cumbersome and laborious process of attribution is primarily reserved for the most egregious cyber attack cases and those conducted against well resourced organizations. Over time, our attribution abilities have improved, however, this improvement is a two-edged sword: as attribution capabilities improve, Internet privacy is increasingly diluted. This paper discusses attribution for two vastly different types of attacks that are central to cyber conflict today: network intrusions and social bot-led misinformation campaigns. The paper discusses the state of the art regarding attribution abilities across both types of attack, provides recommendations for improved attribution, and lays out future research directions.