cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimum Design Problem Formulation

A key step in the solution process is the formulation of a given problem as an optimization problem. This process is described in five well-defined steps. At the end of this process, a well-defined optimization problem is obtained that has three main ingredients: optimization (design) variables that describe design of the system, an objective (cost) function that measures worth of the system, and a set of performance constraints that the system must meet. This five-step procedure is developed and discussed using an example problem. The five-step procedure is demonstrated by formulating several design optimization problems from different areas. Some problems can be formulated in several different ways depending on the definition of design variables. This is demonstrated in some example problems. Then a general design optimization model is defined as minimizing a cost function subject to equality constraints and inequality constraints expressed in the “less than or equal to” form. Active, inactive and violated constraints, feasible set, and some other terms used in the optimization process are defined. Types of optimization problems encountered in practice are discussed. The numerical process needed to develop a proper optimization formulation for a practical design problem is explained.
Rhymed Circumstances in Aragon's Musée Grévin

ABSTRACTBuilding on work by scholars such as Michel Murat and Philippe Forest, I argue for the interrelation of two notions—circumstance and rhyme—in Aragon's Occupation-era essays. These essays defend “circumstantial” over “pure” poetry and promote rhyme and reason's compatibility. In keeping with those values, historical and visual analogies (“rhymes”) abound in the Resistance poetry of Aragon's Musee Grevin (1943), whose title foretells fascist leaders' derisory future as immobile, waxen afterimages. Its central poem, by casting Hitler as Goethe's “Sorcerer's Apprentice,” depicts language's power to enchant or immobilize. Furthermore, Aragon's poem itself develops an illusion of imprecatory power exerted over the Fuhrer. It does so, I argue, by engaging with readers' memory for sound, idiom, and history. Rhymes and familiar fixed expressions lend inexorability to the poet's pronouncements. And by “rhyming” historical circumstances (downfallen autocrats) with contemporary circumstances (fascists in powe...
Pharmacological targeting of GLI1 inhibits proliferation, tumor emboli formation and in vivo tumor growth of inflammatory breast cancer cells.

Activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway effector GLI1 is linked to tumorigenesis and invasiveness in a number of cancers, with targeting of GLI1 by small molecule antagonists shown to be effective. We profiled a collection of GLI antagonists possessing distinct mechanisms of action for efficacy in phenotypic models of inflammatory and non-inflammatory breast cancer (IBC and non-IBC) that we showed expressed varying levels of Hh pathway mediators. Compounds GANT61, HPI-1, and JK184 decreased cell proliferation, inhibited GLI1 mRNA expression and decreased the number of colonies formed in TN-IBC (SUM149) and TNBC (MDA-MB-231 and SUM159) cell lines. In addition, GANT61 and JK184 significantly down-regulated GLI1 targets that regulate cell cycle (cyclin D and E) and apoptosis (Bcl2). GANT61 reduced SUM149 spheroid growth and emboli formation, and in orthotopic SUM149 tumor models significantly decreased tumor growth. We successfully utilized phenotypic profiling to identify a subset of GLI1 antagonists that were prioritized for testing in in vivo models. Our results indicated that GLI1 activation in TN-IBC as in TNBC, plays a vital role in promoting cell proliferation, motility, tumor growth, and formation of tumor emboli.
Stiff-Person Syndrome

Stiff-person syndrome is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive rigidity, stiffness, and intermittent spasm of axial and extremity muscles …
The adenosine A2A receptor agonist, CGS 21680, attenuates a probabilistic reversal learning deficit and elevated grooming behavior in BTBR mice.

Restricted interests and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a defining feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To date there are limited options for treating this core symptomology. Treatments that stimulate adenosine A2A receptors may represent a promising approach for reducing RRBs in ASD. This is because A2A receptors are expressed on striatal neurons of the basal ganglia indirect pathway. Under activation of this pathway has been associated with RRBs while activation of A2A receptors leads to increased activity of the indirect basal ganglia pathway. The present studies investigated whether acute, systemic treatment with CGS21680, an A2A receptor agonist attenuates elevated self-grooming and a probabilistic reversal learning deficit in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf /J (BTBR) mouse model of idiopathic autism. The effects of this treatment were also investigated in C57BL/6J (B6) mice as a comparison strain. Using a spatial reversal learning test with 80/20 probabilistic feedback, comparable to one in which ASD individuals exhibit deficits, CGS 21680 (0.005 and 0.01mg/kg) attenuated a reversal learning deficit in BTBR mice. Enhancement in probabilistic reversal learning performance resulted from CGS 21680 improving the consistent maintenance of new adaptive behavioral choice patterns after reversal. CGS 21680 at 0.01 mg, but not 0.005 mg, also reduced self-grooming behavior in BTBR mice. CGS 21680 did not affect self-grooming or reversal learning in B6 mice. These findings demonstrate that A2A receptor agonists may be a promising receptor target in the treatment of RRBs in ASD. Autism Res 2018, 11: 223-233. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay summary The present experiments determined whether the drug, CGS 21680, that facilitates activation of adenosine A2A receptors in the brain, would reduce repetitive and inflexible behaviors in the BTBR mouse model of idiopathic autism. CGS 21680 treatment in BTBR mice reduced repetitive and inflexible behaviors. In the control C57BL/6J (B6) mouse strain, CGS 21680 did not affect performance. These findings suggest that stimulation of brain adenosine A2A receptors may be a promising therapeutic strategy in ASD.
Criteria for the Diagnosis of Malignant Melanoma

The diagnosis of nevi and melanomas is currently achieved through the recognition of particular histological details (the so called criteria) that, when taken together, should allow us to reach the correct diagnosis. Unfortunately, this procedure is not so simple because many criteria are of low specificity and sensitivity. Criteria are evaluated differently by different observers. They are derived from typical, not difficult cases, and are seldom tested. In sum, none of the criteria useful for the diagnosis of melanomas are specific and diagnostic and they are all subject to contrasting interpretations by different observers (or even by the same observer, when in a different mood...). Conflicting criteria can be present in the same lesion. The final diagnosis can depend on which criteria we consider significant and on which we decide to ignore.
THE MAIN PROBLEM OF BLOCK THEORY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses block theory, the primary aim of which is the discovery and verification of properties of the character table of a finite group. The method is that of congruences, of reduction modulo a prime p. It is often useful in character theory to rephrase statements in terms of the character table. In this case, the chapter discusses the submatrix consisting of the columns indexed by the conjugacy classes of p-singular elements and describes it readily in terms of the p-local subgroups. The chapter focuses on the extent to which the size of this submatrix of the character table is determined by the p-local subgroups.
Victor A. McKusick and Medical Genetics Among the Amish

In 1962, two events led Dr. Victor McKusick to embark on what became a lifelong connection to the Amish people. His work among the Amish sparked a whole new branch of genetics, namely, that of the genetics of inbred populations, and led to the recognition and characterization of dozens of new Mendelian disorders, blood groups, and chromosomal variants. He and his colleagues initiated studies of blood pressure, diabetes, and cervical carcinoma, demonstrating the potential of the Amish communities for analysis of common disorders. As time went on, other investigators came to recognize that the very characteristics of Amish society that made it an ideal laboratory for the study of Mendelian disorders also lent themselves to the dissection of quantitative and common traits such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Along the way, McKusick’s interactions with the Amish people gave them additional insight into the risks of recessive disorders and led to some changes in the social mores of the society.
A Just-In-Time/Group Technology Based Scheduling Model

A mathematical programming model is developed for short term planning and scheduling of a batch manufacturing system. This model is based on the Just-in-Time manufacturing philosophy and the Group Technology. Furthermore, job splitting is allowed and the processing order of jobs is prespecified based on a dispatching rule. In this model, the makespan during the short term planning time horizon is minimized such that production of each job will be equal to its demand.
Molecular Indicators of the Bioavailability of Dissolved Organic Matter

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the influence of chemical composition on the bioreactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM), but the relationships between composition and reactivity described here are also applicable to particulate material. In aquatic ecosystems, Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) is typically the most abundant form of detrital organic matter. These aquatic systems have wide ranges of concentrations and sources of DOM, and it is unrealistic to present average characteristics of DOM for such a diverse group of ecosystems. Relatively few biochemicals can be measured directly in natural waters because concentrations of individual compounds are low (nanomolar) and salts and other components often interfere with these analyses. The most common approach for the estimation of DOM bioreactivity is the use of natural water samples in bioassay experiments. The strength of the bioassay approach is that it directly estimates the fraction of natural DOC that can be used by a natural microbial assemblage under defined conditions. The neutral sugar and amino acid components of organic matter are not uniformly bioavailable. This is an area of research that has a bright future, as it is now apparent that the chemical composition of natures' most abundant organic matter reservoirs helps tailor the structure and function of ecosystems.
The Dynamical Theory of Diffraction

If an incident beam is scattered from atoms at some depth in a crystal, it is not at all clear why we have been assuming that the scattered beam can leave the crystal without rescattering. Consider a small crystal in the shape of a cube, 10−3 m on an edge, entirely bathed by an x-ray beam. The peak intensity from such a crystal can be written as follows, for unpolarized radiation and receiving slits of dimensions w × h (see Sect. 4.9).
Targeting Signal Transduction Pathways for the Treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a multi-focal angioproliferative disease driven by infection of cells by Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8 (KSHV/HHV8). KSHV/HHV8 infection activates numerous sequential and parallel signaling pathways creating an angiogenic–inflammatory state that leads to the development of Kaposi sarcoma. These pathways can be grouped into KSHV/HHV8- specific pathways and cellular growth/angiogenic pathways that are “pirated” by KSHV/HHV8. Advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of KS parallel the clinical development of signal transduction inhibitors. This chapter reviews the signaling pathways active in KSHV/HHV8-infected cells and discusses the use of clinical inhibitors of these pathways in the treatment of KS.
Examining the Interrelation Among Change Processes: Decentering and Anticipatory Processing Across Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder.

Abstract As evidence grows supporting certain mechanisms of change in psychological treatments and we improve statistical approaches to measuring them, it is important that we also explore how mechanisms and processes are related to each other, and how they together affect treatment outcomes. To answer these questions about interrelating processes and mechanisms, we need to take advantage of frequent assessment and modeling techniques that allow for an examination of the influence of one mechanism on another over time. Within cognitive behavioral therapy, studies have shown support for both decentering, the ability to observe thoughts and feelings as objective events in the mind, and anticipatory processing, the repetitive thinking about upcoming social situations, as potentially related mechanisms of change. Therefore, the current study examined weekly ratings of decentering and a single-item anticipatory processing question to examine the interrelation among these change mechanisms in 59 individuals who received a 12-weeks of Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy for social anxiety disorder. Overall, these results found that both anticipatory processing and decentering changed over the course therapy for clients. Change in both anticipatory processing and decentering was related to outcome. The bivariate latent difference score analysis showed that anticipatory processing was a leading indicator of change in decentering, but not the reverse, indicating that change in anticipatory processing is leading to change in decentering. It may be that with the focus on cognitive reappraisal in this treatment, that reducing anticipatory processing is freeing up the cognitive resources for decentering to occur.
The Real Reasons Peacekeeping Fails

Previous chapters have largely focused on the way the UN conducts peacekeeping and the limitations the organization faces as it attempts to be successful in those operations. While those internal factors affect how well the peacekeepers do their job, this chapter will argue that the most significant obstacles to success are the external factors that are beyond the scope of the peacekeeping mission. They can be influenced by the UN, if it has political will and the support of the member states, but are beyond the UN’s control. The three most important of these external factors are the conduct of the parties to the conflict, the attitude and interests of other countries and the resources of the country where the conflict has taken place. To look at these external factors systematically requires considering separately each kind of peacekeeping that have come about in response to wars between states over territory (classical peacekeeping), civil wars (multidimensional peacekeeping), and violent extremism (protection and stabilization missions).
A natural killer cell receptor takes sharp aim at the world of bacteria.

Killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) are expressed on natural killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes of innate immunity and reproduction. The principal KIR ligands are the polymorphic HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C glycoproteins of the human major histocompatibility complex. The KIR form 4 phylogenetic lineages. Lineage III KIR are most numerous and include all KIR that recognize epitopes of HLA-C, the most important KIR ligands. Well established is the role of inhibitory lineage III KIR in educating NK cells to be tolerant of healthy cells and ready to kill infected or malignant cells. By comparison, functions for the activating lineage III KIR have proved elusive, particularly for KIR2DS4, the most common activating KIR. As reported in PNAS (1), Sim et al. find KIR2DS4 has a binding site with much narrower specificity for HLA-C and peptide than the inhibitory KIR. In prokaryote genomes, they identify a highly conserved nonamer sequence in bacterial recombinase A. The corresponding peptide binds HLA-C*05:01, forming a ligand that activates human NK cells bearing KIR2DS4. The potential of this ligand−receptor combination is to make NK cell responses against many different bacterial infections. That the KIR2DS4 ligand is now clearly seen to be a combination of HLA-C*05:01 and a common bacterial peptide is a discovery that should encourage and invigorate future research on other orphan KIR. NK cells were first studied in the context of killing tumor cells that escaped CD8 T cell attack by reducing their surface expression of MHC class I (2). During development, human NK cells acquire activating and inhibitory receptors that recognize variable HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, and conserved HLA-E. Inhibitory HLA class I receptors educate developing NK cells (3), creating a dynamic intracellular balance between activating and inhibitory signals. This balance ensures that NK cells do not disturb healthy cells but promptly respond to the lower … [↵][1]1Email: peropa{at}stanford.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Identification of functionally important amino acid sequences in cobra venom factor using human C3/Cobra venom factor hybrid proteins

Cobra venom factor (CVF) is the complement-activating protein in cobra venom. CVF is a structural and functional analog of complement component C3. CVF, like C3b, forms a convertase with factor B. This bimolecular complex CVF,Bb is an enzyme that cleaves C3 and C5. However, CVF,Bb exhibits significantly different functional properties from C3b,Bb. The CVF,Bb convertase is physico-chemically very stable, and completely resistant to an activation by Factors H and I. These two properties, in contrast to C3b,Bb, allow continuous activation of C3 and C5, and complement depletion in serum. In order to understand the structural basis for the functional differences between CVF and C3, we have created several hybrid proteins of CVF and human C3. Here we report that replacing the C-terminal 168 amino acid residues of human C3 with the corresponding residues from CVF results in a hybrid protein (HC3-1496) which is essentially a human C3 derivative exhibiting the functional properties of CVF. This result demonstrates that the important structures for the CVF-specific functions reside within the C-terminal 168 amino acid residues of CVF. We further demonstrate that reverting the 46 C-terminal CVF residues of HC3-1496 to human C3 sequence results in a hybrid protein (HC3-1496/1617) that exhibits a physico-chemically unstable convertase with only residual complement depleting activity. This result demonstrates that most, but not all, structural requirements for CVF activity reside within the 46 C-terminal amino acid residues. We also investigated the potential role of position 1633, which is an acidic residue in human C3 (glutamic acid) but a basic amino acid residue (histidine) in CVF. However, the charge at position 1633 appears to be of no functional relevance. Exchanging the neutral amino acids present in CVF at positions 1499 and 1501 with the two charged amino acids at these positions in human C3 (aspartic acid and lysine) resulted in a hybrid protein that exhibited significantly slower convertase formation although both binding to Factor B and C3 cleavage was not affected, demonstrating that the charged amino acid residues at these two positions interfere with the formation of the convertase. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that hybrid proteins of human C3 and CVF present valuable tools to identify functionally important amino acid residues in CVF.
Multiple metrics of latitudinal patterns in insect pollination and herbivory for a tropical-temperate congener pair

The biotic interactions hypothesis posits that biotic interactions are more important drivers of adaptation closer to the equator, evidenced by “stronger” contemporary interactions (e.g. greater interaction rates) and/or patterns of trait evolution consistent with a history of stronger interactions. Support for the hypothesis is mixed, but few studies span tropical and temperate regions while experimentally controlling for evolutionary history. Here, we integrate field observations and common garden experiments to quantify the relative importance of pollination and herbivory in a pair of tropical‐temperate congeneric perennial herbs. Phytolacca rivinoides and P. americana are pioneer species native to the Neotropics and the eastern USA, respectively. We compared plant‐pollinator and plant‐herbivore interactions between three tropical populations of P. rivinoides from Costa Rica and three temperate populations of P. americana from its northern range edge in Michigan and Ohio. For some metrics of interaction importance, we also included three subtropical populations of P. americana from its southern range edge in Florida. This approach confounds species and region but allows us, uniquely, to measure complementary proxies of interaction importance across a tropical‐temperate range in one system. To test the prediction that lower‐latitude plants are more reliant on insect pollinators, we quantified floral display and reward, insect visitation rates, and self‐pollination ability (autogamy). To test the prediction that lower‐latitude plants experience more herbivore pressure, we quantified herbivory rates, herbivore abundance, and leaf palatability. We found evidence supporting the biotic interactions hypothesis for most comparisons between P. rivinoides and north‐temperate P. americana (floral display, insect visitation, autogamy, herbivory, herbivore abundance, and young‐leaf palatability). Results for subtropical P. americana populations, however, were typically not intermediate between P. rivinoides and north‐temperate P. americana, as would be predicted by a linear latitudinal gradient in interaction importance. Subtropical young‐leaf palatability was intermediate, but subtropical mature leaves were the least palatable, and pollination‐related traits did not differ between temperate and subtropical regions. These nonlinear patterns of interaction importance suggest future work to relate interaction importance to climatic or biotic thresholds. In sum, we found that the biotic interactions hypothesis was more consistently supported at the larger spatial scale of our study.
Deep learning-based sensing of viruses using a particle aggregation assay (Conference Presentation)

We demonstrate an automatic, high-throughput and high-sensitivity particle aggregation-based sensor that uses wide-field, compact and cost-effective lens-less microscopy, powered by deep neural networks. In this method, the post-reaction assay is imaged by a snapshot hologram over a wide field-of-view (20mm²). Using a deep learning-based holographic reconstruction, all the particle clusters are simultaneously reconstructed in ~30s. Using this method, we demonstrated accurate and rapid readout of an immunoassay to detect herpes simplex virus, which affects >50% of the adults in US, and achieved a clinically-relevant detection limit (~ 5viruses/µL). This method can be broadly used to quantify other particle-aggregation based immunoassays.
Removing riparian Rhododendron maximum in post-Tsuga canadensis riparian forests does not degrade water quality in southern Appalachian streams.

Abstract In the past century, the evergreen woody shrub, Rhododendron maximum, has experienced habitat expansion following foundational tree species die-off in eastern US deciduous forests. Rhododendron can potentially alter stream chemistry, temperature, trophic dynamics, and in-stream decomposition rates, given its dominance in riparian areas. Here we conducted two operational-scale (3 ha) riparian treatments that removed rhododendron through cutting alone (CR, canopy removal), or removing both the rhododendron canopy and forest floor using cutting and prescribed fire (CFFR, canopy and forest floor removal). We expected that rhododendron shrub removal, with or without soil organic horizon removal, would increase soil nutrient availability and subsequently alter stream pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), inorganic nitrogen (NO3-N, NH4-N), total dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg). We hypothesized that responses would occur more quickly in the CFFR treatment. Treatments reduced shrub-, but not tree basal area. Treatments lowered soil N, but not C. Stream chemistry responses to treatments varied between CR and CFFR and were transient, generally with pH, N, and some cations declining, and aluminum (Al) and DOC showing a pulse increase. By removing rhododendron, the remaining deciduous trees likely accelerated N uptake as soil moisture availability increased. This could partially explain why we observed lower than expected stream nutrients (NO3-N, Ca, and Mg) after treatments. Initial rhododendron slash on the forest floor coupled with incomplete consumption of the O-horizon on the CFFR treatment likely elevated DOC in the upper soil horizons and mobilized Al. From a management perspective, using these treatments to restore structure and function to riparian forests in the wake of eastern hemlock mortality, with or without fire, would most likely not result in short-term diminished water quality that is common when overstory trees are harvested and may even lower stream NO3-N concentrations long term.
Use of cognitive techniques is associated with change in positive compensatory skills in the treatment of major depressive disorder in a community mental health setting

To examine the association between adherence and competence in cognitive therapy (CT) techniques and change in positive compensatory skills and depressive symptoms within a community mental health ...
Was trade openness with China an initial driver of cross-country human coronavirus infections?

Purpose: This paper aims to consider if an initial driver of the cross-country global coronavirus pandemic was trade openness with China Design/methodology/approach: The authors estimate simple, seemingly unrelated and zero-inflated count data specifications of a gravity model of trade between China and its trading partners, where the number of human coronavirus infections in a country is a function of the number of distinct good/services exported and imported from China Findings: Parameter estimates reveal that the number of early cross-country human coronavirus infections increased with respect to trade openness with China, as measured by the number of distinct Chinese exported and imported goods/services, and can account for approximately 24% of early infections among China's trading partners The findings suggest that one of the costs of trade openness and globalization is that they can be a driver of cross-country human disease pandemics Originality/value: This inquiry constitutes a first approach at embedding the possible disease pandemic costs of free trade, trade openness and globalization within a trade gravity model © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited
Web site blocking as a proxy of policy alignment

This work introduces a new metric of policy alignment between states: Web site blocking. Intuitively, we measure the degree to which states block similar content. This metric speaks to the flow of information in the digital layer of international politics, an element of international trade and cooperation that existing metrics fail to capture. In addition, our measure can be constantly scraped and updated, offering a higher temporal resolution than existing metrics. Our work suggests a link between Internet governance and other issues in international relations (e.g., trade). Since our metric can be updated in real time, future work could use our metric to detect geopolitical shifts more rapidly than would otherwise be possible.
Significance of HER2 in Microinvasive Breast Carcinoma.

Objectives We compared the clinicopathologic features, clinical management, and outcomes of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-expressing and nonexpressing microinvasive breast carcinomas (MiBC) to explore the significance of HER2 in MiBC. Methods Clinicopathologic and follow-up information of cases with final diagnosis of MiBC with known HER2 status between 2007 and 2019 were analyzed. Results Nineteen (41.3%) HER2-positive (HER2+) and 27 (58.7%) HER2-negative (HER2-) MiBCs were identified. HER2 positivity was likely to be associated with high nuclear grade, presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, hormonal receptor negativity, and increased Ki-67 in both microinvasive and associated in situ carcinomas. Nodal metastases were found in 2 ER+/HER2- cases (5.3%). One HER2+ case was found to have isolated tumor cells in the axillary node. The majority of patients with HER2+ MiBCs (76.5%) did not receive HER2-targeted therapy. All patients with available follow-up were alive without recurrence or distant metastasis, with a median follow-up of 38 months. Conclusions Similar to the larger size of invasive breast carcinomas, HER2 positivity is associated with high-grade morphologic features in MiBCs. However, HER2 overexpression in MiBCs does not appear to be associated with nodal metastasis or worse outcome in our study cohort. The role of HER2-targeted therapy in this clinical setting merits additional study.
Finding Place in a Design Space: Challenges for Supporting Community Design Efforts at Scale

Many organizations have adopted design processes that integrate community voices to discover the real problems that communities face. Online discussion forums offer a familiar and flexible technology that can help facilitate discussion around problems and potential solutions. However, we lack understanding about what information community members share, how that information is structured, and how social interactions affect design processes at scale. This paper presents a mixed-methods analysis of Canvas, a learning management system, which enables users to contribute to the design of the platform by sharing and deliberating on problems and solutions in a discussion forum. We collected and analyzed 1412 ideas and 18,335 associated comments shared on the Canvas discussion forum. We found that the distributed nature of design information, the presence of duplicate ideas, and contributors' gaming behaviors made it difficult for the community to make sense of the design discussion. These gaming behaviors also constitute a new concern for participatory design research. Finally, we reflect on how Canvas community members contribute information to a shared design space and how future systems could more effectively coordinate community design efforts.
Nationalist-Populism in the Global South and Middle East

This chapter deals with nationalist-populism in the global south. The term “global south,” refers to states, many of which are less-developed in the southern hemisphere. This vast region harbors both left-wing and right-wing populists with traits similar to populists in the United States, Europe, and Great Britain such as extreme nationalism, dislike of globalization, anti-liberal and authoritarian tendencies, and preoccupation with identity politics. We look at populism’s spread by region and then in particular countries. Hence, we start with right-wing and left-wing populism in Latin America, emphasizing its evolution from Peronism in Argentina, Cuba under the Castros, anti-American under Hugh Chavez and Nicolas Maduro, and Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in Brazil and a later Trumpist version in Jair Bolsonaro as well as brief discussions of Nicaragua’s Daniel Ortega, Bolivia’s Evo Morales, and Ecuador’s Rafael Correa. We then turn to Asia where nationalist-populist leaders in China, the Philippines, Myanmar, and India and leaders such as Xi, Duterte, Aung San Suu Kyi. and Narendra Modi have fostered populism in reaction to Muslim minorities, and Iran where dominant Shia Muslims Persians dominated Sunni and Arab minorities. We conclude by looking at the nationalism of Egypt’s President Gamal Abdel Nasser in the 1950s, and Israel’s Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu were nationalist-populists.
Characterization of the First Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolate Harboring blaSIM-1 from the United States.

The emergence and transmission of metallo-β-lactamases are significant public health concerns that threaten the utility of antimicrobial therapy (1, 2).….
Severe recurrent hypoglycaemia in a patient with aggressive melanoma

We present a case of hypoglycemia in a young patient without diabetes mellitus who presented initially with enlarging neck mass and weight loss, and was found to have aggressive melanoma with metastasis to multiple organs and diffuse lymphadenopathy. He had presented to the emergency room two times with neuroglycopenic symptoms that required admission and intravenous dextrose continuously. Evaluation of hypoglycemia included C-peptide, insulin levels, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) -I and -II, and s- hydroxybutyrate. Insulin levels were suppressed appropriately during hypoglycemia, however, IGF-II:IGF-I ratio was high, suggesting non-islet tumour induced hypoglycemia. The presence of IGF-II produced by large tumors results in a low hepatic glucose output and increased uptake by skeletal muscle, resulting in hypoglycemia especially in a patient with extremely low appetite such as our patient. Treating the culprit malignancy leads to resolution of hypoglycemia, but corticosteroids have been used to suppress IGF-II levels and alleviate symptoms.
Treatment of May-Thurner's Syndrome and Associated Complications: A Multicenter Experience

Objective To assess the treatment options and associated complications in patients with May-Thurner's syndrome (MTS). Methods We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients diagnosed with MTS. Thorough review was completed and data relevant to methods of diagnosis, treatment, complications, hospital readmission, and mortality were extracted from patient charts. The patients were followed for two years after diagnosis. Results Of the 47 patients identified as having "MTS", 32 (70%) were diagnosed formally with either magnetic resonance venography, computed tomography venography, or ultrasound. Two patients were excluded for insufficient availability of follow-up records. Mean age of the population included (N = 30) was 50.24 ±15.33 years and 83% (N = 25) had female gender. The majority (40%) of patients were treated with anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and stent placement, and 13.3% received a combination of anticoagulation, antiplatelet agent, thrombolysis, and stent placement. Overall, we found 28 patients (93%) who underwent endovascular stenting. However, 39.3% (11/28) had stent-related complications that included stent thrombosis, stenosis, and migration. One patient underwent open heart surgery for stent retrieval. Duration of anticoagulation therapy ranged from 6 months to lifelong. Two patients (6.7%) suffered major bleeds requiring transfusion. Fourteen patients (46.6%) developed post-thrombotic syndrome. Seven (23.3%) patients required MTS-related readmission within 30 days. No mortality was noted at two-year follow-up. Conclusion Although our study only included 30 patients, it was evident to us that there is no consensus in the management of MTS. Furthermore, endovascular stenting, which has a major role in the management of MTS, has complication rates that hover close to 40%. Further research is needed to help develop a standardized evidence-based approach in the management of MTS that ensures a decreased risk of immediate and long-term complications.
Combination of SAR and Radar Altimeter Data: Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf

It has been noted previously that a maximum of information can be obtained from a combination of data from two sources, elevation and backscatter data (see for instance, section F.10). The maps of Lambert Glacier / Amery Ice Shelf presented here are examples of such a data combination; they are based on ERS-1/2 radar altimeter data and SAR data from the Canadian RADARSAT (Antarctic Mission). During the Antarctic Mission, the SAR sensor aboard RADARSAT was rotated such that it looked toward the South Pole — hence it covered the area that had been a gap in coverage in altimeter and SAR data from previous satellite missions. There were two Antarctic Missions, data here stem from the first Antarctic Imaging Campaign, which lasted from 9 September to 20 October 1997.
Chapter 1 General Detection Problems in SFC

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the general detection problems faced in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). When the separation stage of a hyphenated system is SFC, special interfacing problems exist between the SFC and the spectrometer due to the unique properties of super critical fluids. Phase changes, varying sample introduction rates, mobile phase compatibility, mobile phase elimination, integrity of the SFC separation, and ambiguous detector terminology are all problems with SFC hyphenated analytical methods. Perhaps the most difficult problem associated with SFC detection is compatibility with the mobile phase. Carbon dioxide has emerged as one of the principal mobile phases used in SFC not only because of its convenient critical parameters and non-toxicity but also because of its compatibility with both flame ionization and UV absorption detection. Nevertheless, the use of modifiers with CO 2 to increase polarity is severely limited by the detection method employed. Comparative evaluation of hyphenated detection methods for SFC can also present a problem since such a wide variety of analytical methods can be interfaced with SFC.
Die Wirkung der Positionierung eines Zulieferunternehmens auf das Vertrauen des Kunden

Aus bisherigen Studien lassen sich kaum Handlungsempfehlungen ableiten, welche Positionierung eines Zulieferunternehmens sich besonders vorteilhaft auf das Vertrauen eines Kunden auswirkt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Wirkungen von vier Positionierungsstrategien, die Zulieferunternehmen zur Verfugung stehen, auf das Vertrauen ihrer Abnehmer aus der Automobilindustrie untersucht. Diese Strategien bestehen in der Anpassung an Kundenprozesse, in Serviceorientierung, in Flexibilitat und in der Verwendung von Kompetenzsignalen gegenuber dem Markt. Wir zeigen, dass die Anpassung an Kundenprozesse auf Grund der hohen Spezifitat der damit verbundenen Investitionen die starkste positive Wirkung auf das Vertrauen des Kunden aufweist und dass Kompetenzsignale gegenuber dem Markt kein geeignetes Instrument zur Forderung des Kundenvertrauens sind, wenn das Zulieferunternehmen fur den Abnehmer eine hohe Bedeutung besitzt.
H1-receptors: localization and role in airway physiology and in immune functions.

Abstract Histamine H 1 -receptors are involved in the pathologic processes of allergy. Clinical trials of H 1 -receptor antagonists have demonstrated the efficacy of these agents in reducing the sneezing, pruritus, and rhinorrhea associated with allergic rhinitis. In the lung, H 1 -receptors mediate the bronchoconstrictive effects of histamine and increase vascular permeability, which lead to plasma exudation. H 1 -receptors are present on T cells, B cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes, and stimulation of these receptors induces pro-inflammatory effects. It has been suggested that a signal from the H 1 -receptor contributes to the antigen receptor–mediated signaling pathways that induce proliferative responses and lead to the production of cytokines and antibodies by T cells and B cells, respectively. It would appear, therefore, that the H 1 -receptor has a wider role in inflammatory processes than simply mediating the actions of histamine. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112:S60-8.)
A Review of: “Sidney Ochs. A History of Nerve Functions, from Animal Spirits to Molecular Mechanisms”

Tracing the history of pre-Galenic concepts of the conveyance of “animal spirits” via nerves to an account of modern knowledge of molecular transport mechanisms and the structure of ion channels in...
Transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the physiological properties of transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and its cell biological underpinnings and considers the individual proteins and their genetic analysis. The Drosophila NMJ has played a significant role in the understanding of neurotransmitter release. Genetic strategies have been used to test hypotheses concerning the function of proteins that had been implicated in this process by biochemistry or by yeast genetics. These studies have also led to physiological insights into the nature of the exocytotic event, distinctions among exocytotic pathways in neurons, and the mechanisms of modulating synaptic strength. The knowledge of the mechanism of transmitter release is important as a basis for understanding how synaptic function develops and how synaptic activity can in turn shape development. As investigators increasingly turn their attention to the functions of the central nervous system (CNS), including the circuits that govern behavior, synaptic proteins have gained further importance as a means of manipulating neurons within a circuit.
Demonstration of Transforming Deoxyribonucleic Acid in an Autolysate of a Group H Streptococcus

Highly active transforming deoxyribonucleic acid was obtained from an autolysate of competent strain Wicky group H streptococcal cells that were resistant to both dihydrostreptomycin and rifampin.
Determining the survival benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with node-positive head and neck cancer

Whether postoperative radiotherapy improves survival compared with surgery alone in patients with head and neck cancer remains unclear. This Practice Point commentary discusses the findings of a study by Kao et al. who used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database to look for evidence of improved overall survival in patients with node-positive head and neck cancer. The analysis included 5,297 eligible patients who were treated with first-line surgery, of whom 4,307 (81%) received adjuvant radiotherapy. On multivariate analysis, adjuvant radiotherapy, age, primary tumor site, tumor and nodal stage were significant predictors of overall survival. While these results show an association between the use of adjuvant radiotherapy and improved overall survival in a selected group of patients, several aspects of the study limit its interpretation. Whether there is a causal relationship between postoperative radiotherapy and the observed overall survival benefit remains undetermined.
Sustaining fantasies, daydreams, and psychopathology

This study compared daydreaming to fantasies used for self-comfort at times of stress in order to assess the degree of overlap in content between the two types of fantasy and to determine what types of daydreams are associated with indices of psychopathology. One hundred nineteen college undergraduates completed the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire (Zelin et al., 1983) and the Imaginal Processes Inventory (Singer & Antrobus, 1972), along with five general measures of maladjustment, which reflect ideational deviance, low or unstable self-concept, and reliance upon regressive defenses. The results supported the hypotheses of considerable overlap in content and of parallels between the two types of fantasy. Three IPI scales - Fear Reaction, Bizarre, and Hostile - were observed to be particularly linked to psychopathology.
The effect of hydrogel charge density on cell attachment.

Abstract The competitive growth patterns of osteoblasts and fibroblasts can determine if healthy bone or pathologic scar tissue is formed at a wound site. Cell interactions with various alloplastic biomaterials used for tissue-engineering applications is complex. Defined synthetic mediums are valuable for studying ionic and cell receptor–specific interactions. The objectives of this study were to determine if fibroblasts and osteoblasts differentially attached to HEMA and PEG hydrogels copolymerized with positive, negative, or neutral charge densities, or when grafted with specific integrin receptor RGD adhesion ligand. Cytoskeletal phenotypes were assessed with immunofluorescent microscopy and cell attachment assays. Osteoblast cell attachment to both HEMA and PEG hydrogels was significantly higher (P
Intelligent software: easing the burdens that computers put on people

Computers currently respond only to what interface designers call direct manipulation. Nothing happens unless a person gives commands from a keyboard, mouse or touch screen. The computer is merely a passive entity waiting to execute specific, highly detailed instructions: it provides little help for complex tasks or for carrying out actions (such as searches for information) that may take an indefinite time. If untrained consumers are to employ future computers and networks effectively, direct manipulation will have to give way to some form of delegation. Researchers and software companies have set high hopes on so called software agents, which "know" users' interests and can act autonomously on their behalf. This change in functionality will most likely go hand in hand with a change in the physical ways people interact with computers, Rather than manipulating a keyboard and mouse, people will speak to agents or gesture at things that need doing. In response, agents will appear as "living" entities on the screen, conveying their current state and behavior with animated facial expressions or body language rather than windows with text, graphs, and figures.
Overexpression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase does not prevent neonatal lethality in mutant mice that lack manganese superoxide dismutase

There are two types of intracellular superoxide dismutases: the mitochondrial manganese SOD (MnSOD) and the cytoplasmic copper/zinc SOD (CuZnSOD). Mutant mice that lack MnSOD die shortly after birth because of cardiomyopathy and mitochondrial injury. In order to verify if CuZnSOD could compensate for MnSOD deficiency, a new mutant mouse that overexpresses CuZnSOD but is deficient in MnSOD was generated by crossing MnSOD knockout mice with CuZnSOD transgenic mice. CuZnSOD activity was significantly increased in the blood, brain, liver, and heart of MnSOD knockout, CuZnSOD transgenic mice when compared with nontransgenic mice. However, overexpression of CuZnSOD did not prevent neonatal lethality in mice that lack MnSOD, nor did it prevent oxidative aconitase inactivation, nor did it rescue MnSOD-deficient astrocytes in culture. Based on our findings, which emphasize the strong enzymatic compartmentalization of CuZnSOD and MnSOD, therapeutic antioxidant strategies should consider the final intracellular localization of the antioxidant used, especially when those strategies are directed against mitochondrial diseases.
Neural basis of maternal behavior in the rat

This article presents a review of the neural and neurochemical regulation of maternal behavior in the rat, emphasizing the role of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and its neural connections in this regulation. Evidence for the role of the MPOA includes the following and will be discussed: (1) Axon-sparing lesions of the MPOA disrupt maternal behavior, indicating the involvement of MPOA neurons rather than fibers of passage. (2) Estradiol acts on the MPOA to facilitate maternal behavior. (3) An MPOA-to-lateral preoptic area-to-ventral tegmental area circuit may be part of the output pathway by which the MPOA influences maternal behavior. (4) MPOA neural circuitry may interact with olfactory neural circuitry and with the motor system to influence maternal responsiveness. (5) Opioid neural pathways appear to inhibit, and oxytocinergic neural pathways appear to promote, maternal behavior.
Worldliness: Helmut Thielicke's quest for relevant preaching

When a preacher attracts huge congregations during the disarray produced by war and the tensions brought on by an unsteady peace, his philosophy and practice of rhetoric merit analysis by members of the speech profession. This article focuses on the rhetoric of Helmut Thielicke, a German preacher who defied Hitler's tirades against religion and exerted wide influence during World War II and who now speaks to thousands of postwar churchmen.