cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transition Metal Diazoalkane Complexes. Synthesis, Structure, and Photochemistry of Rh[C(N_2)SiMe_3](PEt_3)_3

Reaction of RhCl(PR_3)_n (R = Me (n = 4), Et (n = 3)) and RhCl(CO)(PEt_3)_2 with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethyl lithium at −78 °C in ether yields the three complexes Rh[C(N_2)SiMe_3](PEt_3)_3 (1), Rh[C(N_2)SiMe_3](PMe_3)_4 (2), and Rh[C(N_2)SiMe_3](CO)(PEt_3)_2 (3). 2 could not be isolated as a solid at room temperature but 1 was precipitated as red crystals that were stable enough to be handled under argon. X-ray work on 1 reveals a tetrahedrally distorted square-planar geometry with the planar (trimethylsilyl)diazomethyl ligand roughly perpendicular to the P3RhC coordination plane. This distortion makes the PEt3 ligands nonequivalent in the crystal and produces an ABB‘X pattern in the solid-state ^(31)P NMR spectrum. Photolysis of Rh[C(N_2)SiMe_3](PEt_3)_3 leads quantitatively to the dimer [Rh{C(SiMe_3)(PEt_3)}(PEt_3)_2]_2 (4). The presence of the two ylide bridges and terminal phosphines is deduced from the COSY ^(31)P−^(31)P NMR spectrum. This photochemical reactivity suggests that the transient carbene (PEt_3)_3RhC(SiMe_3) is electrophilic, which is typical of a singlet carbene. We believe the singlet state is stabilized by the presence of the electron-rich low-spin Rh(PEt3)3 fragment. Reaction with ^nBuNC and ^tBuNC leads to stereo- and regioselective formation of a triazole that is σ bonded to the rhodium center. The X-ray structure of the ^tBuNC derivative Rh[CC(SiMe_3)N_2N^tBu](^tBuNC)_2(PEt_3) (5) shows a distorted square-planar geometry around Rh with the planar triazolato ligand roughly orthogonal to this plane. The probable reaction mechanism involves addition and substitution reactions of isocyanides at Rh followed by insertion into the Rh−C bond.
X-ray photoelectron diffraction at high angular resolution.

We present x-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) measurements at an angular resolution of \ensuremath{\sim}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} which is much higher than in any prior study. Emission from the Ni 2${p}_{3/2}$ core level of Ni(001) under Al K\ensuremath{\alpha} excitation is considered. The azimuthal XPD patterns are found to exhibit considerable fine structure not observed previously, including peaks whose full widths at half-maximum intensity are only a few degrees. The experimental data are found to be well described by single-scattering-cluster calculations with spherical-wave scattering. Fine structure due to Bragg-like scattering (Kikuchi bands) is also observed in both experiment and theory.
An exact and efficient first passage time algorithm for reaction-diffusion processes on a 2D-lattice

We present an exact and efficient algorithm for reaction-diffusion-nucleation processes on a 2D-lattice. The algorithm makes use of first passage time (FPT) to replace the computationally intensive simulation of diffusion hops in KMC by larger jumps when particles are far away from step-edges or other particles. Our approach computes exact probability distributions of jump times and target locations in a closed-form formula, based on the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the corresponding 1D transition matrix, maintaining atomic-scale resolution of resulting shapes of deposit islands. We have applied our method to three different test cases of electrodeposition: pure diffusional aggregation for large ranges of diffusivity rates and for simulation domain sizes of up to 4096x4096 sites, the effect of diffusivity on island shapes and sizes in combination with a KMC edge diffusion, and the calculation of an exclusion zone in front of a step-edge, confirming statistical equivalence to standard KMC simulations. The algorithm achieves significant speedup compared to standard KMC for cases where particles diffuse over long distances before nucleating with other particles or being captured by larger islands.
Renal tumors in solid organ recipients: Clinical and pathologic features

Abstract Objectives Solid organ recipients are several times more likely to develop renal cell carcinoma (RCC) compared with the general population, but little is known about the features of these tumors. The aim of this study is to report on the characteristics of renal tumors in solid organ recipients compared with the general population. Materials and methods Patients undergoing surgery for a localized renal mass between 2000 and 2008 were studied. Demographic, clinical, radiographic, and pathologic characteristics were compared between patients with and without a history of organ transplant. A subanalysis focused on the features of a kidney compared with another non-renal organ transplant. Results Of 950 patients identified, 19 were organ recipients. Transplant recipients were younger and had lower body mass indices. Most organ recipients (94.7%) were asymptomatic at presentation. Transplant recipients had higher incidence of malignant pathology (88.2% vs. 78.7%), but had smaller masses, of lower stage and grade, and a higher proportion of papillary histology (35.3% vs. 19.8%). Papillary subtype accounted for almost one-half of the RCCs in kidney recipients compared with 20% in other organ recipients. Over a median follow-up of 4 years, 1 (5.9%) local recurrence, no metastatic progressions, and no RCC-related deaths occurred in the transplant cohort. Conclusions Organ recipients typically present with incidental renal masses of smaller size. However, these are twice more likely to be malignant compared with the general population. RCC arising in transplant recipients tend to be of lower stage and grade, contributing to the apparently excellent oncologic outcomes of surgical treatment.
Analysis of βB1-crystallin unfolding equilibrium by spin and fluorescence labeling: Evidence of a dimeric intermediate

A central step in understanding lens aging is to characterize the thermodynamic stability of its proteins and determine the consequences of changes in the primary sequence on their folding equilibria. For this purpose, destabilized mutations were introduced in βB1-crystallin targeting the domain interface within the fold of a subunit. Global unfolding was monitored by tryptophan fluorescence while concomitant structural changes at the dimer interface were monitored by fluorescence and spin labels. Both spectral probes report explicit evidence of multi-state unfolding equilibrium. The biphasic nature of the unfolding curves was more pronounced at higher protein concentration. Distinct shifts in the midpoint of the second transition reflect the population of a dimeric intermediate. This intermediate may be a critical determinant for the life-long stability of the β-crystallins and has important consequences on interactions with α-crystallin.
Quantitative calculations of the excitonic energy spectra of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes within a $π$-electron model

Using Coulomb correlation parameters appropriate for $\ensuremath{\pi}$-conjugated polymers (PCPs), and a nearest neighbor hopping integral that is arrived at by fitting the energy spectra of three zigzag semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (S-SWCNTs), we are able to determine quantitatively the exciton energies and exciton binding energies of 29 S-SWCNTs within a semiempirical $\ensuremath{\pi}$-electron Hamiltonian that has been widely used for PCPs. Our work establishes the existence of a deep and fundamental relationship between PCPs and S-SWCNTs.
Low-Energy Coherent Transport in Metallic Carbon Nanotube Junctions

We study the low-energy electronic properties of a junction made of two crossed metallic carbon nanotubes of general chiralities. We derive a tight-binding tunneling matrix element that couples low-energy states on the two tubes, which allows us to calculate the contact conductance of the junction. We find that the intrinsic asymmetries of the junction cause the forward- and backward-hopping probabilities from one tube to another to be different. This defines a zero-field Hall conductance for the junction, which we find to scale inversely with the junction contact conductance. Through a systematic study of the dependence of the junction conductance on different junction parameters, we find that the crossing angle is the dominant factor that determines the magnitude of the conductance.
Radiofrequency tongue base reduction in sleep-disordered breathing

Radiofrequency has been an evolving technology in volumetric reduction of tissues in the upper airway, including the nasal turbinates, soft palate, and tongue. Radiofrequency tongue base reduction is an alternative technique of improving upper airway patency by reducing the size of the tongue in sleep-disordered breathing. This modality is a multiple-staged procedure separated by approximately 4 weeks, performed in an outpatient setting using local anesthesia with minimal discomfort and morbidity. Short-term results appear promising using the present treatment protocol, but our practice recommends caution using this new technology until long-term results and multicenter findings are available to determine the modalities efficacy.
Determination of the Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A and Its Derivatives in Canned Foods

Migration of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) to food from can enamels and can pull-top seals is reported. Derivatives of DGEBA are also determined in some foods. Levels of DGEBA in the foods surveyed in this study range from nondetected (<0.3 ppb) to 50 mg/kg as determined by liquid−liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction coupled with high-pressure liquid chromatography using fluorescence detection. Confirmation of the analytes is by gas and/or liquid chromatography with mass spectral analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with 30° specular reflectance/transmittance is used to characterize the coated food contact surfaces. Stability studies with DGEBA in water, acid, and saline solutions show conversion to the hydrolysis products and chloro adducts occurs readily. The presence of DGEBA derivatives in food demonstrates that analysis for DGEBA migration alone is not a good indicator of total migration from can coatings to foods. Keywords: Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A; epoxy; vi...
Aircraft noise - a threat to aviation

Almost five years ago, the Sixteenth Session of the ICAO Assembly adopted a resolution on aircraft noise in the vicinity of airports. The resolution was followed by a special international meeting on noise in Montreal in 1969 which called for recommendations for the development of noise requirements for existing subsonic jet aircraft “as a matter of the utmost urgency.” Despite increasing public, local and congressional demands for noise relief and the demonstrated technical feasibility of modifying current aircraft to afford significant noise reductions, nothing of a tangible nature, other than research, has been accomplished to date. While curfews and restrictive legislation limiting the growth of aviation have abounded, U.S. governmental agencies have failed to carry out the mandate given them by Public Law 90-411 in 1968 which directed the FAA to “... prescribe and amend such rules and regulations ... to provide for the control and abatement of aircraft noise ...”, as far as the existing fleet of aircraft is concerned.
Multidimensional Dipolar Exchange-Assisted Recoupling Measurements in Solid-State NMR

Abstract Aseries of uni- and multidimensional variants of the dipolar exchange-assisted recoupling (DEAR) NMR experiment is described and applied to determinations of 13C–14N dipolar local field spectra in amino acids and dipeptides. The DEAR protocol recouples nearby nuclei by relying on differences in their relative rates of longitudinal relaxation, and has the potential to give quantitative geometric results without requiring radiofrequency pulsing on both members of a coupled spin pair. One- and two-dimensional variants of this recoupling strategy on generic I–S pairs are discussed, and measurements of 13C–14N distances and 2D local field experiments sensitive to the relative orientation of CN vectors with respect to the 13C shielding tensor are presented. Since these measurements did not involve pulsing on the broad nitrogen resonance, their results were independent of the quadrupolar parameters of this nucleus. High-resolution 3D NMR versions of the 2D experiments were also implemented in order to separate their resulting local field patterns according to the isotropic shifts of inequivalent 13C sites. These high-resolution 3D acquisitions involved collecting a series of 2D DEAR NMR data sets on rotating samples as a function of spinning angle, and then subjecting the resulting data to a processing akin to that involved in variable-angle correlation NMR. Once successfully tested on l -alanine this experiment was applied to the analysis of a series of dipeptides, allowing us to extract separate local field 13C–14N spectra from this type of multisite systems.
From pragmatism to perfectionism Cheryl Misak's epistemic deliberativism

In recent work, Cheryl Misak has developed a novel justification of deliberative democracy rooted in Peircean epistemology. In this article, the author expands Misak's arguments to show that not only does Peircean pragmatism provide a justification for deliberative democracy that is more compelling than the justifications offered by competing liberal and discursivist views, but also fixes a specific conception of deliberative politics that is perfectionist rather than neutralist. The article concludes with a discussion of whether the `epistemic perfectionism' implied by the pragmatist argument could be endorsed by liberal democrats.
Quantitative risk analysis of damage to structures during windstorms: some multi-scale and system-reliability effects

Quantitative risk analysis enables rational accounting for the effect of spatial scale on estimates of damage to individual structures or to groups of closely spaced structures during severe windstorms. The case of window breakage on the facade of an iconic tall building, which motivated a series of such risk-based studies, is presented. The main part of the paper provides an overview of an integrated vulnerability model to estimate structural damage in clusters of residential buildings due to tropical-cyclone winds. This model accounts for the occurrence of a possible ‘chain reaction’ of events involving wind pressure damage and wind-borne debris damage, amplifying the aggregate losses. Several numerical examples are provided.
Logic-based MINLP algorithms for the optimal synthesis of process networks

Abstract In this paper, the MINLP problem for the optimal synthesis of process networks is modeled as a discrete optimization problem involving logic disjunctions with nonlinear equations and pure logic relations. The logic disjunctions allow the conditional modeling of equations (e.g. if a unit is selected, apply mass/heat balances; otherwise, set the flow variables to zero). It is first shown that this framework for representing discrete optimization problems greatly simplifies the step of modeling. The outer approximation algorithm is then used as a basis to derive a new logic-based OA solution method which naturally gives rise to NLP sub-problems that avoid zero flows and a disjunctive LP master problem. The initial NLP sub-problems, that provide linearizations for all the terms in the disjunctions, are selected through a set-covering problem for which we consider both the cases of disjunctive and conjunctive normal form logic. The master problem, on the other hand, is converted to mixed-integer form using a convex-hull representation. Furthermore, based on some interesting relations of outer approximation with generalized Benders decomposition, it is also shown that it is possible to derive a logic-based method for the latter algorithm. The proposed algorithm has been tested on several structural optimization problems, including a flowsheet example showing distinct advantages in robustness and computational efficiency when compared to standard MINLP models and algorithms.
Inhibitory products of the action of peroxyacetyl nitrate upon indole-3-acetic acid

Abstract Peroxyacetyl nitrate reacted in vitro with indole-3-acetic acid giving five products, three of which inhibited 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-induced growth of oat coleoptiles. One product was identified as 3-hydroxymethyloxindole.
The complexity of formulating diets for zoo animals: a matrix

The nutrition matrix presented here identifies a variety of factors that need to be considered when formulating diets for wild animals in captivity. The matrix is designed to be adapted so that it can be customized as required. Food consumption, nutritional requirements, health status and management constraints and opportunities are the four main categories to focus on when developing diets. Each of these categories may, in turn, be affected by other factors. (1) Food consumption is affected by the diet offered, client (zoo animal manager, keeper or veterinarian) wishes and animal preferences. (2) Nutritional requirements are defined by known species requirements and National Research Council recommendations, morphology and feeding ecology. Nutritional requirements may also be influenced by season, life‐stage, activity, health status, stress and body temperature. (3) Health status can be affected by nutritional deficiencies or toxicities in the diet offered. Certain health conditions may require specific dietary input. (4) Animal‐management protocols, such as housing, breeding opportunities and environment, are affected by other animals, food storage and preparation capacity, and feeding regime, which, in turn, can be affected by training, exercise and enrichment.
Estimation methods for passage times using one-dependent cycles

The lengths of certain passage-time intervals (random time intervals) in discrete-event stochastic systems correspond to delays in computer, communication, manufacturing, and transportation systems. Simulation is often the only available means for analyzing a sequence of such lengths. It is sometimes possible to obtain meaningful estimates for the limiting average delay indirectly, that is, without measuring lengths of individual passage-time intervals. For general time-average limits of a sequence of delays, however, it is necessary to measure individual lengths and combine them to form point and interval estimates. We consider sequences of delays determined by state transitions of a generalized semi-Markov process and introduce a recursively-generated sequence of realvalued random vectors, called start vectors, to provide the link between the starts and terminations of passage-time intervals. This method of start vectors for measuring delays avoids the need to “tag” entities in the system. We show that if the generalized semi-Markov process has a recurrent single-state, then the sample paths of any sequence of delays can be decomposed into one-dependent, identically distributed cycles. We then show that an extension of the regenerative method for analysis of simulation output can be used to obtain meaningful point estimates and confidence intervals for time-average limits. This estimation procedure is valid not only when there are no ongoing passage times at any regeneration point but, unlike previous methods, also when the sequence of delays does not inherit regenerative structure. Application of these methods to a manufacturing cell with robots is discussed.
The risks of pension plans

Abstract This paper identifies and describes the risks to which the prospective pensioner is exposed. An understanding of the types of plans and the risks associated with each will assist the individual pensioner with making a proper analysis of the safety of his/her plan and acquaint the pensioner with the role of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBCG) in safeguarding pension assets.
Repeatability of exercise behaviors in mice

Purpose Measurements of exercise behaviors in rodents such as maximal treadmill endurance and physical activity are often used in the literature; however, minimal data are available regarding the repeatability of measurements used for these exercise behaviors. This study assessed the repeatability of a commonly used maximal exercise endurance treadmill test as well as voluntary physical activity measured by wheel running in mice.
The Gentry of a Traditional Peasant Community Undergoing Rapid Technological Change: An Iranian Case Study

lives in two communities six kilometers apart in the northeastern part of Iran. Traditionally this lineage together with its collateral sections has acted as a gentry for an area composed of eighteen villages. They were and still are (both the lineage and its collateral segments) referred to as the "landlords" (arbab) of the area although their traditional economic status and political influence has been undermined by the Iranian land reform of 1962. The number of adults (above the age of fifteen) comprising the lineage is roughly between forty and fifty and is composed of the descendants of three brothers. These three brothers are in turn descended from one of three other brothers in the next ascending generation; the descendants of the latter set of brothers comprise the entire maximal lineage, the great majority of which lives in the two above-mentioned communities. Most members of the lineage between the ages of fifteen and twenty count the latter set of brothers as of the great-grandparental generation and the former set of brothers as of the grandparental generation.
Civil-Military Relations And Budgetary Politics In Latin America

Scholars have devoted considerable effort to exploring the possible connection between regime type and patterns of military spending in Latin America. This research has failed to demonstrate a significant relationship between them, in part because identifying regimes by whether they are civilian or military is not a useful way to measure military influence over decisions about budgetary allocations. This article rejects the use of regime type as an independent variable. Instead, a general definition of regime is proposed, and a number of Latin American regimes are categorized in terms of dominant patterns of civil-military relations. Statistical analysis of military budget shares between 1967 and 1980 for 26 regimes suggests that regimes are a useful unit of analysis and that patterns of civil-military relations can shed some light in accounting for trends in military spending. The data and analysis are used to pose a number of hypotheses about how explicitly political variables influence decisions over p...
Dosimetric aspects of inverse-planned modulated-arc total-body irradiation.

Purpose: To develop optimal beam parameters and to verify the dosimetric aspects of the recently developed modulated-arc total-body irradiation (MATBI) technique, which delivers an inverse-planned dose to the entire body using gantry rotation. Methods: The patient is positioned prone and supine underneath the gantry at about 2 m source-to-surface distance (SSD). Then, up to 28 beams irradiate the patient from different gantry angles. Based on full-body computed-tomography (CT) images of the patient, the weight of each beam is optimized, using inverse planning, to create a uniform body dose. This study investigates how to best simulate patients and the ideal beam setup parameters, such as field size, number of beams, and beam geometry, for treatment time and dose homogeneity. In addition, three anthropomorphic water phantoms were constructed and utilized to verify the accuracy of dose delivery, with both diode array and ion chamber measurements. Furthermore, to improve the accuracy of the new technique, a beam model is created specifically for the extended-SSD positioning for MATBI. Results: Low dose CT scans can be utilized for dose calculations without affecting the accuracy. The largest field size of 40 Multiplication-Sign 40 cm{sup 2} was found to deliver the most uniform dose in the leastmore » amount of time. Moreover, a higher number of beams improves dose homogeneity. The average dose discrepancy between ion chamber measurements and extended-SSD beam model calculations was 1.2%, with the largest discrepancy being 3.2%. This average dose discrepancy was 1.4% with the standard beam model for delivery at isocenter. Conclusions: The optimum beam setup parameters, regarding dose uniformity and treatment duration, are laid out for modulated-arc TBI. In addition, the presented dose measurements show that these treatments can be delivered accurately. These measurements also indicated that a new beam model did not significantly improve the accuracy of dose calculations. The optimum beam setup parameters along with the measurements performed to ensure accurate dose delivery serve as a useful guide for the clinical implementation of MATBI.« less
Comparison of the effects of superior colliculus and pulvinar lesions on visual search and tachistoscopic pattern discrimination in monkeys.

In order to investigate whether pulvinar lesions produce behavioral impairments similar to those that follow superior colliculus lesions, monkeys were tested on a visual search task before and after receiving radiofrequency lesions of either the superior colliculus or pulvinar. The animals searched for a small target pattern within an array of varying numbers of irrelevant patterns. After receiving colliculus lesions, the animals showed marked postoperative increases in either search time, percent errors, or both. By contrast, pulvinar lesions had little or no effect on visual search performance. Similarly, in learning to search for a target they had not previously seen, animals with colliculus lesions were impaired relative to unoperated controls, whereas pulvinar-lesioned animals did not differ from controls. In an attempt to confirm the finding that pulvinar lesions impair tachistoscopic pattern discrimination, we determined exposure-duration thresholds of pulvinar- and colliculus-lesioned monkeys for performance of a pattern discrimination. The thresholds of the colliculus-lesioned monkeys were elevated 20-fold relative to controls. By contrast, thresholds of the pulvinar-lesioned monkeys were normal. We conclude that the pulvinar is not critical for the attentional processes in which the superior colliculus participates.
Microevolution and Clone Structure in Spartina patens

Analysis of the clone structures within a population of Spartina patens reveals considerable adaptive genetic divergence among adjacent dune, swale, and marsh sites. The dune subpopulation includes a small number of frequently encountered, spatially isolated clones that follow microtopography and have high reproductive output and colonizing potential. The marsh subpopulation consists of a large number of infrequent interdigitating clones with high vegetative biomass and competitive success. The swale subpopulation is generally intermediate for these traits.
A compact wireless charging system development

In this paper, a high power density high efficiency wireless power transfer converter system via inductive coupling has been designed and developed. The detailed gate drive design, cooling system design and power stage development are presented.
A Combination-based Semantic Similarity Measure using Multiple Information Sources

The semantic similarity techniques are interested in determining how much two concepts, or terms, are similar according to a given ontology. This paper proposes a method for measuring semantic similarity/distance between terms. The measure combines strengths and complements weaknesses of existing measures that use ontology as primary source. The proposed measure uses a new feature of common specificity (CSpec) besides the path length feature. The CSpec feature is derived from (1) information content of concepts, and (2) information content of the ontology given a corpus. We evaluated the proposed measure with benchmark test set of term pairs scored for similarity by human experts. The experimental results demonstrated that our similarity measure is effective and outperforms the existing measures. The proposed semantic similarity measure gives the best correlation (0.874) with human scores in the benchmark test set compared to the existing measures.
Cytologic diagnosis of cat scratch disease (CSD) by fine‐needle aspiration

Cat scratch disease (CSD) is usually a benign, self-limited lymphadenitis, characterized by suppurative granulomas. It can, however, produce a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms and cytologic changes and be the source of diagnostic dilemmas. Identification of pleomorphic bacilli (PB) with silver impregnation stains aids in the diagnosis, but this has not been well documented in cytologic preparations or in cases without the classic morphologic changes. We reviewed 13 aspirations from eight patients (aged 13-36 yr) occurring over a 15 mo time period, all clinically or cytologically suspicious for CSD. Sites included: axilla (6), parotid (3), epitrochlear (1), neck (1), submental (1), and intraclavicular (1) nodes. Neoplasia was initially suspected clinically in 38% of the cases. All but two patients had cat exposure on subsequent interview. The cytologic differential included bacterial abscess and lymphoproliferative disorders in 31%. Neither granulomas nor suppurative inflammation were seen in all cases. Changes included: granulomas (77%), PMNs (62%), dispersed epithelioid histiocytes (46%), and suppurative granulomas (38%). A modified silver stain (Modified Steiner, Sigma Diagnostics, St. Louis, MO) was performed on all specimens. Silver positive organisms were seen in 69% of cases and were not limited to those preparations with suppurative granulomas. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is an effective method for diagnosing CSD despite its heterogeneous appearance; and, when combined with clinical information and silver staining, may obviate the need for excision.
How I treat myelofibrosis

It is currently assumed that myelofibrosis (MF) originates from acquired mutations that target the hematopoietic stem cell and induce dysregulation of kinase signaling, clonal myeloproliferation, and abnormal cytokine expression. These pathogenetic processes are interdependent and also individually contributory to disease phenotype-bone marrow stromal changes, extramedullary hematopoiesis, ineffective erythropoiesis, and constitutional symptoms. Molecular pathogenesis of MF is poorly understood despite a growing list of resident somatic mutations that are either functionally linked to Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription hyperactivation (eg JAK2, MPL, and LNK mutations) or possibly involved in epigenetic dysregulation of transcription (TET2, ASXL1, or EZH2 mutations). Current prognostication in primary MF is based on the Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System-plus model, which uses 8 independent predictors of inferior survival to classify patients into low, intermediate 1, intermediate 2, and high-risk disease groups; corresponding median survivals are estimated at 15.4, 6.5, 2.9, and 1.3 years. Such information is used to plan a risk-adapted treatment strategy for the individual patient, which might include observation alone, conventional or investigational (eg, JAK inhibitors, pomalidomide) drug therapy, allogenic stem cell transplantation with reduced- or conventional-intensity conditioning, splenectomy, or radiotherapy. I discuss these treatment approaches in the context of who should get what and when.
Opportunistic medical monitoring using bluetooth P2P networks

Remote medical monitoring with medical sensors and wireless communications has recently gained attention for the potential savings and improved quality in patient health-care. Currently, many mobile wireless medical infrastructures connect to the Internet in a point-to-point fashion, such as the cellular network. However, our research investigates new models for remote patient care that exploit P2P networking among patients and healthcare providers (nurses, doctors, emergency personnel). In this paper, we identify several medical applications based on P2P health networking focusing on two specific scenarios where nurses and patients are both equipped with Bluetooth devices. Nurses opportunistically collect, share and upload data in a P2P fashion. During an emergency, the nearest nurse is alerted via Bluetooth enhanced inquiry response mechanism. The simulation and test-bed experimentation demonstrate that Bluetooth P2P networking is both feasible and cost-effective in remote medical monitoring.
Long-Term Effects of Resource Room Programs on Learning Disabled Children's Reading

A follow-up study was conducted to ascertain if the rate of reading gain made during part-time placement in a resource room would be maintained following a year of full-time attendance in the regular classes. The Wide Range Achievement Test (WRA T) was administered to 62 learning disabled children. Statistical analyses were computed for children grouped by duration of intervention and chronological age and were compared among the three testing phases: pretest, posttest, and follow-up. It was found that the resource room intervention is effective for increasing reading rates of learning disabled children but that the increased rates do not appear to be maintained in the regular classrooms. The group with the shortest stay in the resource room made significantly greater rate gains during treatment and continued during follow-up to learn at a higher rate. Conversely there were no significant differences between the chronological age groups. However, the difference between the testing phases was statistically...
Can a research film be considered a stand‐alone academic publication? An assessment of the film Climate Change, Voices of the Vulnerable: The Fishers' Plight

While widely used as a form of data collection, the use of film as a stand-alone medium for the dissemination of research has not been fully realized in the social sciences. The hesitation on the part of many scholars to produce video is based on the lack of criteria for what constitutes a research-film. Each academic publication has underlying research-reporting characteristics. If these characteristics are evident then the medium of dissemination should not matter. This article argues that a research-film can serve as an academic publication because it reflects the reporting of research that contributes to new knowledge or theories in a particular discipline(s). Taking a reflective approach, this article uses the film Climate Change, Voices of the Vulnerable: The Fishers' Plight, which advances knowledge in the fields of Environmental Studies and Geography, to critically assess the research-reporting characteristics of research films. The film, based on fishers' perceptions to climate change in Trinidad and Tobago, meets some of the characteristics of research-reporting through the representation of the theoretical framework and demographic sample data, a clear representation of the findings and analysis through thematic transition slides, and presentation of a conclusion. However it falls short through a lack of systematic representation of the sampling process and a well-grounded theoretical frame with cited studies. The findings suggest that research-films can stand-alone as an output for academic research-reporting as the short-falls can be easily remedied in order to satisfy the characteristics of research-reporting. The article concludes by raising the opportunities and challenges for social researchers who use this method for disseminating academic research, including the lack of outlets to provide peer-reviews of research-films in the published literature.
Private Editing Using Untrusted Cloud Services

We present a general methodology for protecting the confidentiality and integrity of user data for a class of on-line editing applications. The key insight is that many of these applications are designed to perform most of their data-dependent computation on the client side, so it is possible to maintain their functionality while only exposing an encrypted version of the document to the server. We apply our methodology to Google Documents and describe a prototype extension tool that enables users to use a cloud application to manage their documents without sacrificing confidentiality or integrity. To provide adequate performance, we employ an incremental encryption scheme and extend it to support variable-length blocks. We analyze the security of our scheme and report on experiments that show our extension preserves most of the cloud application's functionality with less than 10% overhead for typical use.
Design of Survivable Hybrid Wireless-Optical Broadband-Access Network

The hybrid wireless-optical broadband-access network (WOBAN) is a promising architecture for access networks. Although the front-end wireless mesh networks in a WOBAN are self-healing, the back-end passive optical networks (PONs) do not have survivability due to their tree topology. We propose a costeffective protection method for WOBAN that deals with network element failures in the optical part of WOBAN. We define the maximum protection with minimum cost (MPMC) problem and show that the problem can be converted to the minimum cost maximum flow (MCMF) problem. We also present an ILP model for the MCMF problem. Numerical results are reported for applying our algorithm to obtain the optimal solutions for different instances of the MPMC problem.
Educating surgeons on intraoperative disposable supply costs during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a regional health system's experience

Abstract Background Surgeons play a crucial role in the cost efficiency of the operating room through total operative time, use of supplies, and patient outcomes. This study aimed to examine the effect of surgeon education on disposable supply usage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods Surgeons were educated about the cost of disposable equipments without incentives for achieved cost reductions. Surgical supply costs for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in fiscal year (FY) 2013 were compared with FY 2014. Results The average disposable supply cost per laparoscopic cholecystectomy was reduced from $589 (n = 586) in FY 2013 to $531 (n = 428) in FY 2014, representing a 10% reduction in supply costs ( P Conclusions Disposable equipment cost for laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be reduced by surgeon education. These techniques can likely be used to reduce costs in an array of specialties and procedures.
Optimal treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections

Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) are the main cause of skin and skin structure infections (SSSI). Treatment presents a clinical challenge to the physician, particularly with the increase in multidrug-resistant strains and widespread cross-resistance to antibiotic treatment. Initial treatment of SSSI involves the use of fluoroquinolones or penicillinase-resistant penicillins. If infection is caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci, therapy with glycopeptides is warranted. However, in the last few years several cases of infection caused by strains of S. aureus with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides have been reported. Quinupristin/dalfopristin is a new streptogramin that has shown efficacy in the management of multidrug-resistant gram-positive infections. Two major studies suggest that in the treatment of complicated SSSI, the clinical efficacy of quinupristin/dalfopristin is equivalent to that of vancomycin and/or oxacillin and vancomycin and/or cefazolin.
Computer simulation of aqueous block copolymer assemblies: Length scales and methods

Atomistic, coarse- grain, and mesoscopic computer simulation methods applied re- cently to the study of block copol- ymer assemblies in solution are reviewed. At the atomic level, par- ticle-based simulations have pro- vided insight into specific inter- actions such as hydrogen bond- ing between polymer and water. Coarse-grain models have given a generalized view of the conforma- tions of polymer chains in solvents of different qualities by grouping clusters of atoms into effective interaction sites. Mesoscopic self- consistent field theory allows for the study of the phase diagram of block copolymers in water using a mean-field continuum description.
Comparing two-level and ordered binary decision diagram representations of logic functions

An example is given of a class of functions with 2n+logn inputs that have two-level or sum-of-products representations containing n/sup 2/ product terms and ordered binary decision diagram representations that have at least Omega (1/sup n/2/) vertices under any possible variable ordering. >
A National Dissemination of an Evidence-based Self-management Program: A Process Evaluation Study

While evidence exists regarding the effectiveness of many health education interventions, few of these evidence-based programs have been systematically or widely disseminated. This paper reports on the dissemination of one such intervention, the 6-week peer-led Chronic Disease Self-Management Program, throughout a large health-care system, Kaiser Permanente. We describe the dissemination process and, using qualitative analysis of interviews and surveys, discuss the factors that aided and hindered this process and make recommendations for similar dissemination projects. Six years after the beginning of the dissemination process, the program is integrated in most of the Kaiser Permanente regions and is being offered to several thousand people a year.
An Intermittent Live Cell Imaging Screen for siRNA Enhancers and Suppressors of a Kinesin-5 Inhibitor

Kinesin-5 (also known as Eg5, KSP and Kif11) is required for assembly of a bipolar mitotic spindle. Small molecule inhibitors of Kinesin-5, developed as potential anti-cancer drugs, arrest cell in mitosis and promote apoptosis of cancer cells. We performed a genome-wide siRNA screen for enhancers and suppressors of a Kinesin-5 inhibitor in human cells to elucidate cellular responses, and thus identify factors that might predict drug sensitivity in cancers. Because the drug's actions play out over several days, we developed an intermittent imaging screen. Live HeLa cells expressing GFP-tagged histone H2B were imaged at 0, 24 and 48 hours after drug addition, and images were analyzed using open-source software that incorporates machine learning. This screen effectively identified siRNAs that caused increased mitotic arrest at low drug concentrations (enhancers), and vice versa (suppressors), and we report siRNAs that caused both effects. We then classified the effect of siRNAs for 15 genes where 3 or 4 out of 4 siRNA oligos tested were suppressors as assessed by time lapse imaging, and by testing for suppression of mitotic arrest in taxol and nocodazole. This identified 4 phenotypic classes of drug suppressors, which included known and novel genes. Our methodology should be applicable to other screens, and the suppressor and enhancer genes we identified may open new lines of research into mitosis and checkpoint biology.
Issues insufficiently resolved in Century 20 in the fault-tolerant distributed computing field

As the 21st Century has just opened up, it is a fitting time to reflect on the evolution of the fault-tolerant distributed computing technology that occurred in the last century. The author's view of that evolution is sketched in this paper, with emphasis on the major issues that were insufficiently resolved in the 20th Century. Such issues are naturally among what the author believes to be the prime subjects that need to be addressed in this decade by the research community. A substantial part of this paper deals with the issues that need to be resolved to advance the real-time fault-tolerant distributed computing branch into a mature practicing field.
An intercomparison of trace element excitation methods for energy‐dispersive fluorescence analyzers

The characteristics of commonly used trace element excitation methods are compared. Detection limits measured on four different instruments show that 15 kV broadband excitation is optimum for light element excitation, while monochromatic excitation is best for the 5–30 keV energy range. For simultaneous analysis of a wide range of elements, 50 kV broadband excitation is superior to monochromatic excitation. Three different monochromatic excitation methods were studied: the regenerative monochromator filter, the secondary fluorescer and the graphite monochromator. All three methods yielded approximately the same detection limits in the 5–30 keV range, with the Si(Li) X-ray spectrometer performance being the limiting factor.
A Comparative Study of Rainfall Retrievals Based on Specific Differential Phase Shifts at X- and S-Band Radar Frequencies

Abstract A comparative study of the use of X- and S-band polarimetric radars for rainfall parameter retrievals is presented. The main advantage of X-band polarimetric measurements is the availability of reliable specific differential phase shift estimates, KDP, for lighter rainfalls when phase measurements at the S band are too noisy to produce usable KDP. Theoretical modeling with experimental raindrop size distributions indicates that due to some non-Rayleigh resonant effects, KDP values at a 3.2-cm wavelength (X band) are on average a factor of 3.7 greater than at 11 cm (S band), which is a somewhat larger difference than simple frequency scaling predicts. The non-Rayleigh effects also cause X-band horizontal polarization reflectivity, Zeh, and differential reflectivity, ZDR, to be larger than those at the S band. The differences between X- and S-band reflectivities can exceed measurement uncertainties for Zeh starting approximately at Zeh > 40 dBZ, and for ZDR when the mass-weighted drop diameter, Dm,...
Libya, 'Hostilities,' the Office of Legal Counsel, and the Process of Executive Branch Legal Interpretation

The Obama Administration has faced substantial criticism for both the substance of, and the process leading to, its conclusion that U.S. military involvement in Libya does not constitute “hostilities” for purposes of the War Powers Resolution. This short essay focuses on the process question. Although press reports depict a highly anomalous decision-making process - especially as relates to the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) - it is not yet clear that those reports offer a completely accurate picture of what happened. Here I discuss what an appropriate process would have been, and underscore the short- and long-run institutional costs to the White House of departing from that process. In the course of doing so I also say a few things about my ongoing exchange with Bruce Ackerman over legal interpretation in the executive branch.
DAP12 Regulates the Osteoclast Cytoskeleton

The primary ITAM-containing signaling adapters, in osteoclast lineage cells, are DAP12 and the FceRIγ chain (FcRγ). Each associates with specific immunoreceptors. DAP12 associates with the receptors TREM2 and SIRPβ1 [1], while FcRγ recognizes OSCAR [2, 3]. Both molecules also contain an ITAM motif, within their cytoplasmic domains, whose phosphorylated tyrosines provide a high-affinity binding site for Syk family kinases.