cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Pathological Study in Poultry Diseases

Abstract ACCURATE diagnosis is the most important consideration in any poultry disease work. The mortality problem is of great concern to all who are interested in poultry. This problem, whether it is a study in statistics, an immediate danger in a farm flock, or a research project, depends almost entirely on accuracy of diagnosis. Differential diagnosis is just as important in poultry diseases as it is in any other group of livestock diseases. Many factors must be considered in arriving at an accurate diagnosis. Some of these factors are the history, feeding methods, environment, symptoms, and finally the information obtained from post-mortem examination. It is important to know the size of the group and the number of chickens affected. The prevalence and the intensity of the disease are increased in large-sized flocks by concentration of numbers. It is essential to know where trouble is occurring in one group and the relation . . .
A MAC layer power management scheme for efficient energy delay tradeoff in a WLAN

Energy efficient operation is of paramount importance for battery-powered wireless nodes. In an effort to conserve energy, standard protocols for WLANs have the provision for wireless nodes to ''sleep'' periodically. In this paper we first consider the problem of optimizing the timing and duration of the sleep state of a single wireless node (or user) with the objective of minimizing power consumption with respect to a QoS constraint. The QoS parameter that we have focused on is average packet delay. Using a Dynamic Programming formulation, coupled with a duality argument, we solve the optimization problem numerically. Using a branching process analysis, we were able to derive closed form expressions for the optimal sleep duration, as well as the associated minimal rate of power consumption. We show that the optimal power cost derived from the one-user Dynamic Programming (DP) formulation provides a lower bound to the average power consumption for the multiple user case. To gain better insight into the optimal sleep policy we also formulate and solve a two-user optimization problem, similar to the one user case. Although the complexity of the DP approach grows very quickly with the number of users, the insights gained from the DP approach led us to design a simple, centralized, adaptive algorithm for assigning the sleep duration of an arbitrary number of wireless nodes operating in an infrastructure mode served by a single Access Point (AP). Our algorithm adapts dynamically to the packet arrival rate and statistics, as well as the tolerable average packet delay. We describe two different service policies - the Round Robin scheme and the Shortest Sleep First (SSF) scheme. The Round Robin scheme is the preferred service policy when all wireless nodes in the system have the same packet arrival statistics and the same tolerable average delay. The SSF Scheme is designed mainly for a system where nodes are heterogeneous with different tolerable average packet delay. Simulation results show that the power efficiency of our algorithm is comparable to the bound on performance that is obtained from the one-user dynamic programming formulation.
Red and White Grape Juice Concentrate Component Ranges

Abstract A current topic throughout the American juice industry is what should be considered "natural" and what should be considered "modified" fruit juice. Grape juice concentrate is recognized as a dynamic rather than static commodity. A number of grape components, such as pigments, proteins, and certain salts are extracted from the grape skins, seeds, and pulp during crushing and pressing operations. These components have certain limits of solubility in fresh juice and generally less solubility in concentrated juice with solids reaching 68° Brix (percentage by weight). The data generated in this study are being presented to provide information on the character of "natural" grape juice and concentrate. The reported results were derived from three production years of California minimally processed (e.g., some pectinase/sulfur dioxide additions and solids separation) grape juice and concentrate samples. The wide ranges are due in part to varietal and cultural differences, as well as dynamic age of product.
Markov chain analysis of a situation where cannibalization is the only repair activity

This paper considers a group of S identical aircraft, each of which is partitioned into K parts which fail exponentially. The only way in which a failed aircraft can be repaired is by cannibalizing its out-of-commission parts from other failed aircraft. The evolution of the number of good aircraft over time is governed by the transient behavior of an absorbing Markov chain. We can therefore study this behavior by matrix multiplication although the computational problem grows large for K ≥ 3. Some numerical results and some approximations are also provided.
Impedimetric Estimation of Coliforms in Dairy Products

An impedance method was developed for the estimation of coliforms in raw and pasteurized milk, heavy cream, and ice cream mix. Impedance detection times (IDTs) in CM, a medium developed for the impedimetric detection of coliforms, were compared to confirmed Violet Red Bile Agar (CVRBA) plate counts. Correlations of 0.91–0.95 between the two methods were obtained for the four dairy products. The line equations of these relationships were similar for all products. An IDT shorter than 9 hr was indicative of coli- form levels >10/mL, while an IDT longer than 12 hr was indicative of levels <10/mL. The impedhnetric estimation of coliforms provided the same information as CVRBA counts from dairy products, offering a savings in time and labor.
On a reinterpretation of decay experiments

Abstract Discussion of the basic formula conventionally used to interpret decay measurements shows that it is incompatible with the accepted physical interpretation of quantum mechanics. Two alternative theoretical correlates of the actual experiments are discussed. The first assumes a sequence of observations performed on the same object, each causing a collapse of the wave function. The second theory constructs a time-of-sojourn operator on the assumption that the protracted interaction between object and measurement apparatus is “gentle.” The first theoretical formula is developed with the result that the decay probability shows an asymptotic decrease which is at least exponential, contrary to the conventional theory.
Chronic GABA exposure down-regulates GABA-benzodiazepine receptor-ionophore complex in cultured cerebral cortical neurons

Cerebral cortical cultured neurons were characterized for GABA-benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor complex, and the effect of chronic exposure of cortical neurons to GABA on GABA-BZ receptor system was investigated. In the intact cells, the [3H]flunitrazepam binding was rapid and saturable, with an apparent Kd of 4.2 +/- 1.5 nM and Bmax of 776 +/- 54 fmol/mg protein. Specifically bound [3H]flunitrazepam was displaced in a concentration-dependent manner by various BZ receptor ligands such as Ro15-1788, DMCM, Ro15-4513, clonazepam, alprazolam, diazepam and zolpidem, and enhanced by GABA, muscimol and pentobarbital. GABA induced enhancement of 36Cl-influx in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50 = 9 +/- 2 microM). Chronic exposure of the cultured neurons to GABA resulted in a reduced [3H]flunitrazepam, [3H]GABA, [3H]Ro15-1788, [3H]Ro15-4513 and [35S]TBPS binding, a reduced enhancement of [3H]flunitrazepam binding by GABA, and a reduced GABA-induced 36Cl-influx susceptible to reversal by concomitant exposure of the cultures to R 5135, a GABAA-receptor antagonist. These findings indicate that cerebral cortical cultured neurons provide an ideal model to study GABA-BZ receptor complex using binding and 36Cl-influx assays, and chronic exposure of cortical cultures to GABA leads to a down-regulation of GABA-BZ receptor system. It is a GABAA receptor-mediated slow process.
Tangentially distal flows

Using a modified version of Furstenberg’s suggested definition of tangential distality, a differentiable analogue of the Furstenberg Structure Theorem for distal transformation groups is proved. Examples are given which show tangential distality is of a rather different character to distality. Conditions are given under which tangential distality implies distality.
Synthesis of the pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine C-nucleoside isostere of inosine☆

Abstract The synthesis of “9-deazainosine,” a new C-nucleoside analog of inosine and of formycin B is described. It involves conversion of a ribosylated 3-amino-2-carboalkoxypyrrole intermediate to the desired pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine system.
Reconfigurable antenna solution for MIMO-OFDM systems

A reconfigurable microstrip dipole antenna solution for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems making use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is presented. When applied to closely spaced antenna arrays, this method can increase link capacity. The benefits of this novel antenna solution are demonstrated by channel capacity measurements taken in an indoor environment with a 2/spl times/2 MIMO system.
Cytokines modulate endothelial cell intracellular signal transduction required for VCAM-1-dependent lymphocyte transendothelial migration.

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) activates endothelial cell NADPH oxidase which catalyzes production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This activity is required for VCAM-1-dependent lymphocyte migration. The focus of our study was to determine whether these VCAM-1-dependent functions are modulated by cytokines. TGF-beta1 or IFN-gamma pretreatment of mouse endothelial cell lines inhibited VCAM-1-dependent B and T cell transendothelial migration without affecting initial lymphocyte adhesion. Neutralizing anti-TGF-beta1 blocked the effects of TGF-beta1 pretreatment of endothelial cells, whereas addition of anti-TGF-beta1 after TGF-beta1 pretreatment of the endothelial cells did not block TGF-beta1-mediated inhibition. Neutralizing anti-IFN-gamma also blocked the inhibitory effects of IFN-gamma. TGF-beta1 and IFN-gamma blocked migration by inhibiting the VCAM-1-stimulated production of low levels of ROS (0.1-0.9 microM H2O2). These results demonstrate that both TGF-beta1 and IFN-gamma directly affect the endothelial cells' ability to promote lymphocyte migration. IL-4 had differing effects on T and B cells during transmigration. IL-4 augmented T cell migration across the endothelial cell lines but did not affect T cell adhesion. Conversely, IL-4 increased B cell adhesion to the endothelial cell lines without affecting migration. In summary, cytokines can directly modulate microvascular endothelial cell intracellular signaling, demonstrating a new level of cytokine regulation of lymphocyte diapedesis.
The Role of Education and Verbal Abilities in Altering the Effect of Age-Related Gray Matter Differences on Cognition

Evidence suggests that individual variability in lifetime exposures influences how cognitive performance changes with advancing age. Brain maintenance and cognitive reserve are theories meant to account for preserved performance despite advancing age. These theories differ in their causal mechanisms. Brain maintenance predicts more advantageous lifetime exposures will reduce age-related neural differences. Cognitive reserve predicts that lifetime exposures will not directly reduce these differences but minimize their impact on cognitive performance. The present work used moderated-mediation modeling to investigate the contributions of these mechanisms at explaining variability in cognitive performance among a group of 39 healthy younger (mean age (standard deviation) 25.9 (2.92) and 45 healthy older adults (65.2 (2.79)). Cognitive scores were computed using composite measures from three separate domains (speed of processing, fluid reasoning, and memory), while their lifetime exposures were estimated using education and verbal IQ measures. T1-weighted MR images were used to measure cortical thickness and subcortical volumes. Results suggest a stronger role for cognitive reserve mechanisms in explaining age-related cognitive variability: even with age-related reduced gray matter, individuals with greater lifetime exposures could perform better given their quantity of brain measures.
Charge-injection devices. II. Multiple-pixel solutions with row injection

For pt.I see ibid., vol.ED-29, p.1483, 1982. The original 1-pixel theory has been reformulated for many pixels and solved numerically, almost exactly. Applicability to multiple-pixel charge-injection devices (CIDs) is supported by the consistency of the theory and comparison with measurements. Row-injection is only a small subset of possible multiple-pixel CID problems, but others may be relatively straightforward with the present calculations as an example. With these accurate results, approximations can be evaluated. >
Late-Onset Sepsis in Very Low Birth Weight Neonates: The Experience of the NICHD Neonatal Research Network

Objective. Late-onset sepsis (occurring after 3 days of age) is an important problem in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. To determine the current incidence of late-onset sepsis, risk factors for disease, and the impact of late-onset sepsis on subsequent hospital course, we evaluated a cohort of 6956 VLBW (401–1500 g) neonates admitted to the clinical centers of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network over a 2-year period (1998–2000). Methods. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network maintains a prospective registry of all VLBW neonates admitted to participating centers within 14 days of birth. Expanded infection surveillance was added in 1998. Results. Of 6215 infants who survived beyond 3 days, 1313 (21%) had 1 or more episodes of blood culture-proven late-onset sepsis. The vast majority of infections (70%) were caused by Gram-positive organisms, with coagulase-negative staphylococci accounting for 48% of infections. Rate of infection was inversely related to birth weight and gestational age. Complications of prematurity associated with an increased rate of late-onset sepsis included patent ductus arteriosus, prolonged ventilation, prolonged intravascular access, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Infants who developed late-onset sepsis had a significantly prolonged hospital stay (mean length of stay: 79 vs 60 days). They were significantly more likely to die than those who were uninfected (18% vs 7%), especially if they were infected with Gram-negative organisms (36%) or fungi (32%). Conclusions. Late-onset sepsis remains an important risk factor for death among VLBW preterm infants and for prolonged hospital stay among VLBW survivors. Strategies to reduce late-onset sepsis and its medical, social, and economic toll need to be addressed urgently.
Rotation-invariant projection-slice filter

In this paper the projection-slice SDF (PSDF) filter for rotation invariant response is discussed for pattern recognition applications. This method uses one half of a slice of the Fourier transform of the object to generate the transfer function of the filter. This is accomplished by repeating the half slice in the Fourier domain through 2(pi) radians about the zero-frequency point of the Fourier plane. This filter has the advantage of always matching at least one half of a slice of the Fourier transform of any rotation of the image. An analytical discussion of the filter transfer function and impulse response are presented along with simulated correlation results for a particular target scene including decoys. These results are evaluated using the peak correlation value, peak correlation energy, and the Fisher metric for performance.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Heme Oxygenase: A Font of Multiple Messengers

Neurotransmitters and related messenger molecules abound in the brain with numbers ranging between 50 and 100 depending on who is doing the counting. Their chemical structures vary from peptides and large proteins to metal ions such as zinc and the diatomic gases nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Most are formed by enzymatic processing although there are notable exceptions. The neurotransmitter pool of zinc comes from a zinc transporter that concentrates the metal into synaptic vesicles together with glutamate. Neurotransmitter pools of amino acids are probably sequestered largely by transporters although this is not altogether clear. For the most part, neurotransmitter peptides are not generated by selective enzymes but by generalized peptide-processing enzyme systems. Highly selective neurotransmitter forming enzymes exist for the biogenic amines; for D-serine, which is formed by serine racemase that converts L-serine to D-serine (Wolosker et al. 1999, 2000); for NO, generated from arginine by NO synthase (NOS); and for CO, formed from heme by heme oxygenase (HO). In most cases the biosynthetic enzyme or series of enzymes yield a single end product. For instance, tryptophan hydroxylase coupled with aromatic amino acid decarboxylase is solely concerned with forming serotonin, while tyrosine hydroxylase, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase together generate norepinephrine. The focus of this essay is a notable exception. Heme oxygenase gives rise to three discrete products, CO, ferrous iron and biliverdin-bilirubin. Only recently has there been an appreciation that all three of these products have important physiologic roles which may be complementary.
On the shock stress, substructure evolution, and spall response of commercially pure 1100-O aluminum

Abstract Plate impact shock and spall recovery experiments were conducted to study the effects of peak shock stress on the substructure evolution and spall response of fully annealed 1100 aluminum. The substructure of the material evolves substantially with increase in peak shock stress ranging from 4 GPa to 9 GPa with dislocation debris uniformly distributed throughout the interior of the subgrain. Observations from substructure evolution in conjunction with spall failure results suggest that ductile fracture by void nucleation, growth, and coalescence was perhaps the dominant fracture mode for shock stresses up to approximately 8.3 GPa. Whereas, beyond 8.3 GPa the material softened possibly due to dislocation reorganization (dynamic recovery) and brittle intergranular fracture by decohesion with isolated pockets of nanovoids was perhaps the dominant fracture mode. The contributions of nanovoids to the dynamic recovery process, if any, were unresolved. Microhardness measurements show an increase in residual hardness throughout the shock stress range studied implying shock hardening up to approximately 8.3 GPa. This observation also suggests that thermal softening was not operative throughout the shock stress range studied. However, dynamic recovery was thermally influenced during shock loading.
Surface reconstructions of the Sn/Si(111) system investigated by ion-scattering spectrometry and scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract We report the use of impact-collision ion scattering spectrometry (ICISS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to study the in-plane geometry of both the √3 × √3 and 2√3 × 2√3 reconstructions of Sn on Si(111). For the √3 × √3 reconstruction the Sn atoms are thought to sit in fourfold atop (T4) sites, or threefold hollow (H3) sites. ICISS polar angle scans show a definite agreement with computer simulations of the T4 model. The ICISS scans also determine the spacing between Sn and Si layers. Previous STM work reported a twofold symmetric structure for the 2√3 × 2√3 reconstruction with three possible orientations. We use ICISS and STM to provide information on both the geometry and registration of atoms on the surface in order to solve the structure of this particular surface.
Demyelinating encephalomyeloradiculitis with Balò-like lesions.

Dear Sirs,Inﬂammatory demyelinating diseases of the central ner-vous system (CNS) represent a broad spectrum of disor-ders, sometimes with overlapping features [1], that make itdifﬁcult to make an exact diagnosis.A 34-year-old male showed, in November 2008, opticneuritis, encephalopathy, trunk and gait ataxia thatimproved after high dose corticosteroid treatment. Thebrain and spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)showed multiple T2-weighted (T2-w) hyperintense lesionsin the white matter of cerebral hemispheres and in thebrainstem. In December 2008 brain MRI evidenced a newT2-w hyperintense lesion in the pons. In the followingmonths he showed mood and behavioural disturbances. InApril 2009 he developed encephalopathy, paraplegia andsensory loss with an upper thoracic level in a few days thatdid not improved after high dose corticosteroid, plasmaexchange and IVIg treatment. Brain and spinal cord MRIrevealed multiple T2-w hyperintense lesions, someresembling Balo`-like lesions, and two lesions extendedfrom C7 to D2 and from D9 to D11, with contrastenhancement. A cerebrospinal ﬂuid (CSF) sample did notshow any cells or oligoclonal bands. CSF and serum testsfor infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders werenegative. Serum anti-neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-IgGwere negative. The patient was then treated six times withcyclophosphamide 1 g/m
Scrape-off layer modeling of radiative divertor and high heat flux experiments on DIII-D

We use a new multispecies 1D fluid code, NEWT-ID, to model DIII-D scrape-off layer (SOL) behavior during radiative divertor and high heat flux experiments. The separatrix location and the width of the SOL are uncertain, and affect the comparison of the data in important ways. The model agrees with many of the experimental measurements for a particular prescription for the separatrix location. The model cannot explain the recent data on the separatrix T i with a conventional picture of ion and electron power flows across the separatrix. Radial transport of particles and heat in some form is required to explain the peak heat flux data before and after gas puffing. For argon puffing in the private flux region, entrainment is poor in the steady state. The calculations suggest that strike point argon puffing in a slot divertor geometry results in substantially better entrainment. Self-consistent, steady-state solutions with radiated powers up to 80% of the SOL power input are obtained in 1D. We discuss significant radial effects which warrant the development of a code which can treat strongly radiating impurities in 2D geometries.
Biochemical sensing in tissues: determination of fluorescent lifetimes in multiply scattering media using frequency-domain spectroscopy

Numerical solutions to the diffusion equation describing light propagation in tissues are presented. The results show that time- dependent measurements of light propagation can be used to monitor the fluorescent lifetimes of a fluorophore uniformly distrusted in tissues. With proper referencing, frequency-domain measurements of phase-shift, (Theta) , may allow quantitation of fluorescent lifetimes, (tau) , independent of changes in the local absorption and scattering properties. These results point to a new approach for noninvasive diagnostic monitoring through quantitation of fluorescent lifetimes, (tau) .© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Steric effects of phosphorus ligands: cis/trans distributions of W(CO)4L2 products

Abstract The cis/trans product distribution in the reaction of phosphines with W(CO)4(Me2N(CH2)3NMe2 depends on ligand size; the smaller the ligand the greater the cis/trans ratio. The ratios range from 2.9 to 0 for PPh2Me and P(o-Tol)3, respectively.
A multiplex two-color real-time PCR method for quality-controlled molecular diagnostic testing of FFPE samples

Background Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) tests support personalized cancer treatment through more clinically meaningful diagnosis. However, samples obtained through standard clinical pathology procedures are formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and yield small samples with low integrity RNA containing PCR interfering substances. RT-qPCR tests able to assess FFPE samples with quality control and inter-laboratory reproducibility are needed.
Synthesis of polycarbonates by a silicon-assisted alkoxy/carbonylimidazolide coupling reaction

The investigation of a silicon-mediated coupling reaction between hydroxyl and carbonylimidazolide functional groups in the preparation of carbonate linkages is described. Application of this reaction to the formation of aliphatic polycarbonates was accomplished by the polymerization of an AB monomer unit, which was composed of 1,4-cyclohexanediol, where one of the hydroxyl groups was protected as a dimethylphe-nylsilyl ether and the other carried the carbonylimidazolide functionality. Reaction of this monomer with cesium fluoride removed the silicon protecting group and the resulting alkoxy anion promoted polymerization. Poly(1,4-cyclohexanecarbonate)s with typical molecular weights of M ω , = 20,000 and M n =7300 a.m.u.(from GPC based upon polystyrene standards) were prepared in ca. 65% yield. The polymer showed a glass transition temperature at 138°C by DSC. TGA gave 85% mass loss between 275 and 350°C.
Ripening and quality responses of mamey sapote fruit to postharvest wax and 1-methylcyclopropene treatments

Abstract Mamey sapote (Pouteria sapote (Jacq.) H.E. Moore and Stearn) fruit is highly appreciated in the Caribbean region; however, marketable life is significantly limited by abrupt softening during postharvest handling. Postharvest wax and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments were evaluated for potential of extending mamey sapote postharvest life. Fruit of the cv. Magana were harvested at mature green (G), light orange (LO) and orange (O) stages of the pulp color, and brushed to remove excess epidermal fiber. Waxed (carnauba emulsion) and unwaxed fruit (G and LO stages) were held at 13 °C for 7 days, then transferred to 20 °C for ripening; those at O stage were held constantly at 20 °C. In a subsequent test, ‘Magana’ fruit were harvested at a preclimacteric stage (LO), brushed, and treated with ±carnauba wax and ±1-MCP (1 μl l−1 at 20 °C for 24 h). Fruit from all treatments were subsequently stored at 20 °C and 85–90% relative humidity. Unwaxed ‘Magana’ fruit reached climacteric maxima in 10–11 days, irrespective of harvest maturity or storage regime (Exp. 1). At 20 °C, peak CO2 production ranged from 90 to 137 ml kg−1 h−1 and peak ethylene production from 116 to 209 μl kg−1 h−1, respectively. Waxed fruit generally had higher CO2 and C2H4 production rates than unwaxed fruit. When LO fruit was stored continuously at 20 °C (Exp. 2), wax treatment alone hastened the onset of respiration and ethylene climacteric peaks by 5 days over unwaxed fruit. 1-MCP treatment alone delayed the onset of respiration and ethylene climacteric maxima by 6 and 5 days, respectively. Marketable life for wax-only fruit stored continuously at 20 °C was 10 days, while that for control, wax + 1-MCP and 1-MCP-only fruit was 13, 14, and 14 days, respectively. Mamey sapote fruit treated with wax lost less weight during continuous storage at 20 °C. At the full-ripe stage, no treatment effects were noted for pulp soluble solids content (23.4%) or pH (5.7). Mamey sapote fruit treated with wax + 1-MCP, however, retained total titratable acidity (0.25%) and lost less acid during storage than wax-only fruit (0.14%).
Use of Fermented Black Beans Combined with Rice To Develop a Nutritious Weaning Food

Common beans are an important source of energy and nutrients, but have significant amounts of antinutritional factors and a limited digestibility. A nutritious weaning food was developed by combining fermented black beans and rice. Raw beans were coarsely ground, soaked, cooked, fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus for 15, 20, or 25 h, and then homogenized to obtain a supernatant and a precipitate. Raw, cooked, and fermented beans, and the precipitates were chemically characterized and the data statistically analyzed to choose an optimum fermentation time to develop the weaning food product. Ash and mineral contents of the beans decreased after soaking and in the precipitates. Cooking improved protein digestibility and decreased the levels of lectin and trypsin inhibitor. The oligosaccharide content of beans fermented 25 h was lower than in the other treatments. The weaning food product (27% 25 h fermented beans, dry weight/73% cooked rice, dry weight) had an in vitro protein digestibility of 86% and a ver...
A model for the evaporation of a slowly moving droplet

Abstract The evaporation of a moving liquid drop has been investigated. The drop experiences an evaporation-induced radial velocity field while undergoing slow translation. In view of the large evaporation velocity, the flow field is not in the Stokes regime. Consequently, both the viscous and the inertial terms have been retained in the governing equations. While the flow and the transport processes in the gaseous phase and the droplet internal circulation are treated as quasisteady, the droplet heating is regarded as a transient process. The transport properties of the gaseous phase have been considered variable. The transport equations of the gaseous phase require analysis by a singular perturbation technique. The transient heating of the droplet interior is solved by a series truncation method. The solution of the total problem is obtained by coupling the results for the gaseous and liquid phases. The enhancement in the evaporation rate due to convective motion has been predicted. The friction, the pressure, and the evaporation drag coefficients have been individually predicted, and the total drag coefficient behavior has been discussed.
THE QUALITY OF MEDICAL TEXTBOOKS: BLADDER CANCER DIAGNOSIS AS A CASE STUDY

AbstractPurpose: This study was conducted to determine whether there is an inherent bias in medical texts that influences physicians to favor certain signs and symptoms over others when evaluating patients with bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: Numerous sources, primarily textbooks from various medical specialties, were reviewed (italics are added for emphasis). Attention was paid to the criteria the authors suggested for use in the diagnosis of bladder cancer.Results: Although most authors agree on a core of presenting signs and symptoms, some concentrate strongly on hematuria with the result of down playing the importance of other findings such as irritative voiding symptoms. The concern is that this approach may lead to delay in the diagnosis of tumors, some of which may be highly aggressive, which present with dysuria and pyuria but no hematuria.Conclusions: Inconsistencies do exist in the literature regarding which diagnostic criteria to use in selecting those patients to be evaluated for bladder...
MAGIC-LC/FT-IR spectrometry

The development of a new high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) interface with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry is currently being studied. This interface removes HPLC solvents prior to infrared detection. The solvent elimination properties of this interface make it possible to obtain spectra from reverse phase chromatography with no interferences from residual solvent.
Two Learning Models for Two-Choice Conditioning Experiments Involving Nonreinforced Trials

Summary.-Four groups of 24 Ss each were run for 480 trials to investigate the effects of nonreinforced trials in a rwo-choice contingent verbal conditioning experiment. Two hypotheses concerning the effeccs on response probability of nonreinforced trials were considered. The two hypotheses, (1) an identity hypothesis, which amounted to assuming no change in response probability on nonreinforced trials, and (2) a sharing hypothesis, which amounted to assuming a change estimated from the data, were expressed in a linear model and a two-state Markov model, respectively. With appropriate selection of reinforcement parameters, the two models yielded different predictions for asymptotic response probability. On the basis of observed asymptotic response proportions, the linear-identity model was found more acceptable. Further tests indicated that the linear-identity model predicted pre-asymptotic response proportions rather well but failed to account adequately for variability of the responses. The concern of the present study is the effect of nonreinforced trials on response probability in a Hurnphreys-type "verbal conditioning" experiment with contingent reinforcement. The experimental routine used may generally be described as follows: S is given repeated opportunity to predict, on the occurrence of a s~gnal, which one of two mutually exclusive events, El or E2, will occur. Immediately following his prediction, an A, response for an El event or an A2 response for an E2 event, one of the two events, El or E2, or neither event Eo (nonreinforcement) is presented. The reinforcing and nonreinforcing events are presented according co a probability which is fixed over trials and which depends probabili~ticall~ upon S's response. Stated symbolically, Pr (Ei event on trial n ( A, response on trial n) = xjL for all n; i = 0,1,2 and j = 1,2. In a number of previous studies involving the above routine without nonreinforced trials, the Al response proportions have been described fairly adequately by statistical learning theory (Estes, 1959; Estes & Straughan, 1954). However, when nonreinforced trials are introduced, the application of statistical learning theory becomes ambiguous, and assumptions concerning the effect of the nonreinforced trials on rcsponse probability must.be made. Atkinson ( 1956) examined three hypotheses for the effect of the nonreinforced trials: (1) The identity hypothesis assumed no change in the response probability on nonrein
Experimental control of the diaphragm and laryngeal abductor muscles by brain stem arousal systems.

Abstract The effect of mesencephalic central tegmental field (FTC) stimulation in barbiturate anesthetized cats on the activity of the diaphragm and the laryngeal abductors was studied. With brief stimulus trains, two effects were oberved: (1) a short latency, stimulus-specific activation of these muscles and (2) phase-switching of the respiratory cycle. The characteristics of short latency driving were as follows: (1) the latency and threshold for activation of the laryngeal abductors was less than for activation of the diaphragm; (2) driving continued for the duration of the stimulus only; and (3) during expiration, the threshold for short latency driving was lowest in the early part of the phase and progressively increased throughout it. Phase-switching had these characteristics: (1) expiration-to-inspiration (E-to-I) phase-switching was obtained in all cases and, in 17% of the cases, stimulation of the same FTC site also produced I-to-E phase-switching; (2) phase-switching was a function of stimulus intensity and the time of stimulation; and (3) during expiration, phase-switching showed a threshold profile opposite to that for short latency driving. These effects could be obtained after bilateral dorsolateral pontine lesions, bilateral vagotomy, and transection at the C8 level. It was concluded that the FTC could influence breathing by two systems. One is relatively direct to respiratory motoneurons and the other engages the oscillator.
The sociological imagination:Legacy of an intellectual craftsman

In 1953 C. Wright Mills wrote an introduction to the Mentor Edition of The Theory of the Leisure Class. In it he offered some important suggestions of his overall perspective. After reviewing the books that Veblen had written, Mills wrote: "There is no better set of books written by a single individual about American society" (1953, p. xi). One may regard this not only as high praise, coming from the man many consider to be the American sociologist of the twen tieth century, but also as marking his professional identity. Many of Mills's com ments on Veblen in the Mentor introduction shed considerable light on Mills's own value perspective:
Amorphous morphology, thermal stability and electronic structure of non-crystalline transition-metal elemental and binary oxides, and chalcogenides

The primary motivation for this research is to identify alternative high-k gate dielectrics for advanced crystalline Si complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices. A novel and systematic approach to the classification of candidate elemental and binary non-crystalline oxides that is based on relative bond ionicity separates these dielectrics into three groups with different amorphous morphologies: continuous random networks, modified continuous random networks in which metal atoms disrupt and modify the covalently bonded network structure, and random close packed ionic structures. This approach identifies the importance of the oxygen atom co-ordination, providing useful insights into the bonding in chalcogenide alloys as well.
The cytology of the irradiated ovary of Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract A cytological study was made of the ovaries of 12-day-old Drosophila melanogaster given 4000 r Co60 gamma rays shortly after emergence. Many severely damaged oocytes underwent pycnotic degeneration. The number of developing eggs was reduced to 85 per cent the control value. Many of the surviving oocytes showed abnormalities which are ascribed to radiation induced disturbances of cell growth, division, migration and differentiation.
A biomimetic three-dimensional woven composite scaffold for functional tissue engineering of cartilage

Tissue engineering seeks to repair or regenerate tissues through combinations of implanted cells, biomaterial scaffolds and biologically active molecules. The rapid restoration of tissue biomechanical function remains an important challenge, emphasizing the need to replicate structural and mechanical properties using novel scaffold designs. Here we present a microscale 3D weaving technique to generate anisotropic 3D woven structures as the basis for novel composite scaffolds that are consolidated with a chondrocyte-hydrogel mixture into cartilage tissue constructs. Composite scaffolds show mechanical properties of the same order of magnitude as values for native articular cartilage, as measured by compressive, tensile and shear testing. Moreover, our findings showed that porous composite scaffolds could be engineered with initial properties that reproduce the anisotropy, viscoelasticity and tension-compression nonlinearity of native articular cartilage. Such scaffolds uniquely combine the potential for load-bearing immediately after implantation in vivo with biological support for cell-based tissue regeneration without requiring cultivation in vitro.
Change of Course

The Democrats in control of Congress could redirect U.S. security policies, but only if they avoid political posturing.
Systematic electron crystallographic studies of self-assembled binary nanocrystal superlattices.

Multicomponent nanocrystal assemblies have received great attention due to their fundamental role in the study of self-assembly and novel physical properties arising from particle interactions. Here, we report the formation of the first binary nanocrystal superlattices (BNSLs) consisting of different-sized Fe3O4 nanocrystals. We establish a framework to systematically study the structure of BNSLs using a dual-axis tomography TEM holder. The tilt series obtained not only allows us to map the three-dimensional (3D) structure of icosahdedral AB13 (ico-AB13) and AlB2-type BNSLs but also uncovers the structural differences among the projections of ico-AB13, cuboctahedral AB13 (cub-AB13), and AlB2. This structural characterization method is general and is important for further exploration of structural diversity in BNSLs and in the development of rigorous structure−property relationships in BNSLs. The formation of ico-AB13 and AlB2 BNSLs from electrostatically neutral Fe3O4 nanoparticles is consistent with the ...
Reactivity of HTLV-transformed human T-cell lines to MHC class II antigens

T-cell lines established from individuals infected with human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV) or generated by co-cultivation of normal human T cells with HTLV-infected T-cells, express class II (HLA-D/DR or Ia) antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)1 and interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptors2. Because the expression of these markers characterizes the differentiation of immunologically activated T cells3, we have now explored the possibility that HTLV- infected T cells might be primed to autologous or allogeneic Ia antigens expressed by the infecting cells. Our studies on the capacity of HTLV-infected T cells to display responses on mixed lymphocyte culture indicate that such T cells as well as single-cell clones derived from them, react non-discriminatively to all known allelic variants of human HLA-D/DR antigens, including those expressed by the responding cells. This reaction is inhibited by antibody to human Ia and is not triggered by Ia-negative T-leukaemia cells. The structure recognized seems to be a common epitope determinant of human Ia antigens, as (HTLV-infected) T cells primed in vitro to one HLA-D/DR specificity display amplified responses to all other HLA-D/DR antigens. We therefore believe that autostimulation by a self-Ia determinant may trigger the clonal expansion of HTLV-infected T cells and potentiate autoimmune processes.
Neuregulin-1α and β isoform expression in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells and function in cardiac myocytes in vitro

Neuregulins (NRGs) are a family of alternatively spliced growth factors that act through receptor tyrosine kinases of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family in diverse tissues. The NRG-erbB signaling axis is a critical mediator of cardiac development, and growing evidence supports a role for this system in the intricate cross-talk between the microvascular endothelium and myocytes in the adult heart. The purpose of this study was first to examine the expression of splice variants of the NRG1 gene in adult rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells and second to compare the function of these variants in cardiac myocytes. We demonstrate that cardiac microvascular endothelial cells in rat culture express multiple Type I NRG1 gene products, including both alpha and beta variants. Comparison of the activity of recombinant NRG1alpha and NRG1beta EGF-like domain proteins in cardiac myocytes shows that the beta ligand is a more potent activator of receptor phosphorylation and intracellular signaling than the alpha ligand, and only the beta ligand stimulated glucose uptake and protein synthesis in these culture conditions. Thus, cardiac microvascular endothelial cells express multiple NRG1 isotypes, but only beta-variants are biologically active on cardiac myocytes.
Environmentally persistent free radicals induce airway hyperresponsiveness in neonatal rat lungs.

Background: Increased asthma risk/exacerbation in children and infants is associated with exposure to elevated levels of ultrafine particulate matter (PM). The presence of a newly realized class of pollutants, environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), in PM from combustion sources suggests a potentially unrecognized risk factor for the development and/or exacerbation of asthma. Methods: Neonatal rats (7-days of age) were exposed to EPFR-containing combustion generated ultrafine particles (CGUFP), non-EPFR containing CGUFP, or air for 20 minutes per day for one week. Pulmonary function was assessed in exposed rats and age matched controls. Lavage fluid was isolated and assayed for cellularity and cytokines and in vivo indicators of oxidative stress. Pulmonary histopathology and characterization of differential protein expression in lung homogenates was also performed. Results: Neonates exposed to EPFR-containing CGUFP developed significant pulmonary inflammation, and airway hyperreactivity. This correlated with increased levels of oxidative stress in the lungs. Using differential twodimensional electrophoresis, we identified 16 differentially expressed proteins between control and CGUFP exposed groups. In the rats exposed to EPFR-containing CGUFP; peroxiredoxin-6, cofilin1, and annexin A8 were upregulated. Conclusions: Exposure of neonates to EPFR-containing CGUFP induced pulmonary oxidative stress and lung dysfunction. This correlated with alterations in the expression of various proteins associated with the response to oxidative stress and the regulation of glucocorticoid receptor translocation in T lymphocytes.
Developing organo-Zintl deltahedral clusters as ligands for coordination to transition-metals via their organic tethers

Abstract Deltahedral Zintl ions Ge94- are disubstituted with organic fragments that have various functional groups. Some of the latter are appropriate for coordination to transition-metals to eventually form coordination compounds where the organo-Zintl species act as ligands. Examples of [Ge9R2]2- include R = –CH CH-Im(Me), –CH CH–C6H4–OMe, –CH CH-Fc, –CH CH–(CH2)4–C CH, –CH CH–C6H4–C CH, CH CH–C6H4–NH2, CH CH-Py, –CH CH–(CH2)3–C N, –CH CHCH(OEt)2, –C(CH3)2C CH. Furthermore, the reported coexistence of [Fe(en)3]2+ and [Ge9-(CH CH-Fc)2]2- in the structure of [Fe(en)3][Ge9-(CH CH-Fc)2]•3.5en shows that some transition metals in 2 + oxidation state may not oxidize the disubstituted clusters and could potentially coordinate to them.
Hot-carrier reliability comparison for pMOSFETs with ultrathin silicon-nitride and silicon-oxide gate dielectrics

The degradation of 100-nm effective channel length pMOS transistors with 14 /spl Aring/ equivalent oxide thickness Jet Vapor Deposition (JVD) Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ gate dielectric under hot-carrier stress is studied. Interface-state generation is identified as the dominant degradation mechanism. Hot-carrier-induced gate leakage may become a new reliability concern. Hot-carrier reliability of 14 /spl Aring/ Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ transistors is compared to reliability of 16 /spl Aring/ SiO/sub 2/ transistors.
Acculturation, depressive symptoms, estriol, progesterone, and preterm birth in Hispanic women.

We examined the effects of acculturation, depressive symptoms, progesterone, and estriol (E3) as predictors of preterm birth (PTB) in pregnant Hispanic women. This cross-sectional study recruited a sample of 470 Hispanic women between 22- and 24-week gestation from physician practices and community clinics. We used the CES-D to measure maternal depressive symptoms. We measured acculturation by English proficiency on the Bidimensional Acculturation Scale, residence index by years in the USA minus age, nativity, and generational status. Serum progesterone and E3 were analyzed by EIA. Ultrasound and medical records determined gestational age after delivery. In χ2 analysis, there were a significantly greater percentage of women with higher depressive scores if they were born in the USA. In a structural equation model (SEM), acculturation (English proficiency, residence index, and generational status) predicted the estriol/progesterone ratio (E/P), and the interaction of depressive symptoms with the E/P ratio predicted PTB. Undiagnosed depressive symptoms during pregnancy may have biological consequences increasing the risk for PTB.