cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protective Factors and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans With Spinal Cord Injury

This study examined the effects of putative protective factors, including current family structure (marital status and children), level of education, and perceived social support, upon posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in veterans with spinal cord injury (SCI). Participants were 124 veterans with traumatic spinal cord injuries, recruited from SCI services at Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in the Bronx, NY, Castle Point, NY, and East Orange, NJ. We found that the most consistent predictor of PTSD symptomatology was perceived social support from friends. In both univariate and multivariate analyses, it predicted current level of PTSD symptoms. Level of education was also a significant predictor of current PTSD symptoms in multivariate analyses. In contrast to the significant findings, perceived social support from family, marital status, and having children did not significantly correlate with the PTSD variables.
Deconfinement transition dynamics and early thermalization in quark-gluon plasma

We perform $SU(3)$ lattice gauge theory simulations of the deconfinement transition attempting to mimic conditions encountered in heavy-ion collisions. Specifically, we perform a sudden temperature quench across the deconfinement temperature, and follow the response of the system in successive simulation sweeps under spatial lattice expansion and temperature falloff. In measurements of the Polyakov loop and structure functions a robust strong signal of global instability response is observed through the exponential growth of low momentum modes. Development of these long range modes isotropizes the system which reaches thermalization shortly afterwards, and enters a stage of quasiequilibrium expansion and cooling till its return to the confinement phase. The time scale characterizing full growth of the long range modes is largely unaffected by the conditions of spatial expansion and temperature variation in the system, and is much shorter than the scale set by the interval to return to the confinement phase. The wide separation of these two scales is such that it naturally results in isotropization times well inside 1 fm/c.
AUTOMATIC KERNEL WIDTH SELECTION FOR NEURAL NETWORK BASED VIDEO OBJECT SEGMENTATION

Background modelling Neural Networks (BNNs) represent an approach to motion based object segmentation in video sequences. BNNs are probabilistic classifiers with non-parametric, kernel-based estimation of the underlying probability density functions. The paper presents an enhancement of the methodology, introducing automatic estimation and adaptation of the kernel width. The proposed enhancement eliminates the need to determine kernel width empirically. The selection of a kernel-width appropriate for the features used for segmentation is critical to achieving good segmentation results. Thus, the improvement results in a segmentation methodology truly general in terms of features used for segmentation.
A Machine-Learning Approach to Optimal Bid Pricing

We consider the problem faced by a seller in determining an optimal price to quote in response to a Request for Quote (RFQ) from a prospective buyer. The optimal price is determined by maximizing expected profit, given the underlying seller costs of the bid items and a computed probability of winning the bid as a function of price and other bid features such as buyer characteristics and the degree of competition. An entropy-based information-gain metric is used to quantify the contribution of the extracted features to predicting the win/loss label. A naive Bayes classification model is developed to predict the bid outcome (win or loss) as a function of these features. This model naturally generates the win probability as a function of bid price required to compute the optimal price. Results obtained by applying this model to a database of bid transactions involving computer sales demonstrate statistically significant lift curves for predicting bid outcome. A method for creating additional synthetic bids to improve computation of the win probability function is demonstrated. Finally, the computed optimal prices generated via this approach are compared to the actual bid prices approved by human pricing experts.
Detection of the t(2; 5)(p23; q35) and NPM-ALK Fusion in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma by Two-Color Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

The non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) subset commonly referred to as large cell lymphoma (LCL) has historically been characterized by it's marked cytological, immunological, and clinical heterogeneity. One potential defining feature of these lymphomas, the t(2;5)(p23;q35), occurs in 25% to 30% of anaplastic LCLs and is also found in cases with diffuse large cell or immunoblastic morphology. We recently identified nucleophosmin (NPM) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) as the genes on chromosomes 5 and 2, respectively, that are juxtaposed by this translocation. To provide a complementary approach to the use of classical cytogenetics or polymerase chain reaction-based methods for the detection of this abnormality, we have developed a two-color fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay for the t(2;5) that may be used for the analysis of both interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosomes. Three overlapping chromosome 5 cosmid clones located immediately centromeric to the NPM gene locus and an ALK P1 clone located telomeric to the chromosome 2 breakpoint were labeled with digoxigenin or biotin, respectively, and used to visualize the derivative chromosome 5 produced by the t(2;5), evident as juxtaposed or overlapping red and green fluorescent signals. This NPM-ALK FISH assay was initially validated by analysis of a series of cytogenetically characterized cell lines, with the presence of the der(5) chromosome showed specifically only in those lines known to contain the t(2;5). The assay was then applied in a blinded fashion to a series of eight cytogenetically t(2;5)-positive clinical specimens and seven known t(2;5)-negative cases, including three NHL and four Hodgkin's disease biopsy samples. Whereas the t(2;5)-negative cases were negative by FISH, all eight t(2;5)-positive cases were positive. One additional case, initially thought to be positive for the translocation by cytogenetics, was proven to not be a classic t(2;5) by interphase and metaphase FISH. These data indicate that the FISH assay described is a highly specific and rapid test that should prove to be a useful adjunct to the currently available methods for detection of the t(2;5).
Reconfigurable system for automated optimization of diverse chemical reactions

Chemical synthesis generally requires labor-intensive, sometimes tedious trial-and-error optimization of reaction conditions. Here, we describe a plug-and-play, continuous-flow chemical synthesis system that mitigates this challenge with an integrated combination of hardware, software, and analytics. The system software controls the user-selected reagents and unit operations (reactors and separators), processes reaction analytics (high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, vibrational spectroscopy), and conducts automated optimizations. The capabilities of this system are demonstrated in high-yielding implementations of C-C and C-N cross-coupling, olefination, reductive amination, nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr), photoredox catalysis, and a multistep sequence. The graphical user interface enables users to initiate optimizations, monitor progress remotely, and analyze results. Subsequent users of an optimized procedure need only download an electronic file, comparable to a smartphone application, to implement the protocol on their own apparatus.
Transfer Learning for Segmentation of Injured Lungs Using Coarse-to-Fine Convolutional Neural Networks

Deep learning using convolutional neural networks (ConvNets) achieves high accuracy across many computer vision tasks, with the ability to learn multi-scale features and generalize across a variety of input data. In this work, we propose a deep learning framework that utilizes a coarse-to-fine cascade of 3D ConvNet models for segmentation of lung structures obtained from computed tomographic (CT) images. Deep learning requires a large number of training datasets, which may be challenging in medical imaging, especially for rare diseases. In the present study, transfer learning is utilized for lung segmentation of CT scans in large animal models of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) using only 13 subjects. The method was quantitatively evaluated on a human dataset, consisting of 395 3D CT scans from 153 subjects, and an animal dataset consisting of 148 3D CT images from 5 porcine subjects. The human dataset achieved an average Jacaard index of 0.99, and an average symmetric surface distance (ASSD) of 0.29 mm. The animal dataset had an average Jacaard index of 0.94, and an ASSD of 0.99 mm.
Impacts of silvicultural prescriptions and implementation of best management practices on timber harvesting costs

Rising costs of forest operations and decreasing revenue generated from harvesting are becoming critical challenges in forest management throughout the Northeastern US. Along with this, the low mar...
A Typological Approach to Enduring Relationships: Children as Audience to the Parental Relationship

Married couples, using the Relational Dimensions Instrument, can reliably and unambiguously classify their relationships into one of three basic types: Traditional, Independent or Separate. These t...
Explicit subconvexity savings for sup-norms of cusp forms on PGLn(R)

Abstract Blomer and Maga [2] recently proved that, if F is an L 2 -normalized Hecke-Maass cusp form for SL n ( Z ) , and Ω is a compact subset of PGL n ( R ) / PO n ( R ) , then we have ‖ F | Ω ‖ ∞ ≪ Ω λ F n ( n − 1 ) / 8 − δ n for some δ n > 0 , where λ F is the Laplacian eigenvalue of F. In the present paper, we prove an explicit version of their result.
Alzheimer’s disease risk gene BIN1 induces Tau-dependent network hyperexcitability

Genome-wide association studies identified the BIN1 locus as a leading modulator of genetic risk in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). One limitation in understanding BIN1’s contribution to AD is its unknown function in the brain. AD-associated BIN1 variants are generally noncoding and likely change expression. Here, we determined the effects of increasing expression of the major neuronal isoform of human BIN1 in cultured hippocampal neurons. Higher BIN1 induced network hyperexcitability on multielectrode arrays, increased frequency of synaptic transmission, and elevated calcium transients, indicating that increasing BIN1 drives greater neuronal activity. In exploring the mechanism of these effects on neuronal physiology, we found that BIN1 interacted with L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (LVGCCs) and that BIN1–LVGCCs interactions were modulated by Tau in vitro and in vivo. Finally, Tau reduction prevented BIN1-induced network hyperexcitability. These data shed light on BIN1’s neuronal function and suggest that it may contribute to Tau-dependent hyperexcitability in AD.
Trends in Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use Among those at Risk for COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality in the United States

Importance: Assessment of the use of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in the United States provides insight into prescribing practices, and may inform guidelines, policy measures and research during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To evaluate trends in ARB use among adults in the United States who have preexisting conditions and sociodemographic risk factors that put them at a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-related complications and mortality. Design, setting and participants: This study uses the nationally representative cross-sectional data from the 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Participants included 39,749 non-institutionalized U.S. civilian adults who were 20 years and older and those with the most common preexisting conditions and risk factors reported among patients with COVID-19. Main outcomes and measures: Use of ARBs in the prior 30 days from survey interview. Results: ARB use ranged from 7.4% [95% CI, 6.5%-8.4%] to 26.2% [95% CI, 19.4%-34.4%] among those with one or two metabolic, renal, respiratory, and/or cardiovascular diseases. Among individuals with the three most common preexisting conditions in patients with COVID-19 including hypertension, diabetes and obesity, ARB use was higher among the elderly, females, non-Hispanic whites, and those with health insurance coverage. Conclusions and relevance: In this nationally representative survey, ARB use was found to be widespread, but unevenly distributed among individuals with conditions and sociodemographic risk factors that place them at a higher risk of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization with Vanadium(IV) Metal Centers

Summary Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) harnesses the large polarization of electron spins to dramatically increase nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensitivity. This study expands the scope of DNP beyond its traditional focus on hyperpolarizing the solvent network using exogenous polarizing agents (PAs). We introduce 1H DNP with endogenous V4+ centers positioned in a set of vanadyl complexes with tunable V4+-1H distances. We traced the polarization transfer from V4+ to 1H spins, specifically differentiating between direct V4+-1Hs polarization transfer and the 1H spin-diffusion-mediated bulk solvent 1H polarization buildup and illuminated the effect of the V4+-1H distance on these processes. These results deepen our understanding of polarization pathways and expand the catalog of PAs to broad-line transition metals. This study establishes crucial first steps toward employing strategically positioned endogenous paramagnetic metal centers for DNP and the conceptual framework of hyperfine DNP spectroscopy that merges both spatial and chemical diagnosis of target nuclear spins.
Monitoring contamination and component cleaning for the Hubble Space Telescope.

A program was developed for a large aerospace project to monitor airborne particulates and hydrocarbon levels in assembly facilities, to perform quantitative analyses of resultant fallout, and to assess its influence on system performance. This paper discusses the rationale for the varied instrumentation and analytical concepts which provide the basis for this responsive and sensitive monitoring program. In addition, a cleaning process is detailed with its primary consideration given to materials configuration, options for solvent selection, cleaning techniques and cleanliness verification.
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Glomerulonephritis in a Case of Scleroderma After Recent Diagnosis With COVID-19

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a rare occurrence in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. AAV is an inflammatory disease that can lead to kidney failure due to the infiltration of mononuclear cells and the destruction of blood vessels. Also, crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) has rarely been reported with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and acute tubular injury is the most common renal pathology lesion in these patients. We present a rare case of a 46-year-old woman with SSc with new onset of renal failure after a recent diagnosis of COVID-19. Her serology was positive for p-ANCA and myeloperoxidase antibodies. Kidney biopsy was done and showed crescentic GN. We suggest during this pandemic, patients with an immunological disorder that are infected with COVID-19 be closely monitored for any organ involvement.
Do Family Structure and Functioning Matter for Ethical and Other Values

Because family and the beliefs and values of people are important aspects of economic institutions, family structure and functioning might affect the values of family members. Four specific types of values are relevant to economic performance: ethical values, moral values, democratic values, and egalitarian values. Data from the U.S. wave of the World Values Survey are used to determine if there is a correlation between values and the structure and functioning of families. Generally, traditional family structures—married households—and households with a high level of family functioning have higher ethical and moral values than other household structures and households with weak levels of family functioning. However, the relationship between family and democratic and egalitarian values of individuals is more nuanced. The findings point to the continuing importance of the family as an economic institution in society.
Role of the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors in Hypertension

Nuclear receptors represent a large family of ligand-activated transcription factors which sense the physiological environment and make long-term adaptations by mediating changes in gene expression. In this review, we will first discuss the fundamental mechanisms by which nuclear receptors mediate their transcriptional responses. We will focus on the PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) family of adopted orphan receptors paying special attention to PPARγ, the isoform with the most compelling evidence as an important regulator of arterial blood pressure. We will review genetic data showing that rare mutations in PPARγ cause severe hypertension and clinical trial data which show that PPARγ activators have beneficial effects on blood pressure. We will detail the tissue- and cell-specific molecular mechanisms by which PPARs in the brain, kidney, vasculature, and immune system modulate blood pressure and related phenotypes, such as endothelial function. Finally, we will discuss the role of placental PPARs in preeclampsia, a life threatening form of hypertension during pregnancy. We will close with a viewpoint on future research directions and implications for developing novel therapies.
A Review of Neural Stem Cell Transplant Therapy for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Stem cell transplants, and neural stem cells (NSCs) in particular, hold tremendous potential in recreating axonal relays that bridge traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCIs). While currently there is no standardized transplant methodology, common themes emerge from reviewing recent studies. Current research focuses on injecting NSCs without damaging existing tissue, overcoming common hurdles such as glial scarring, immune reaction, and tumorigenesis and inducing proper differentiation into sensory and motor neurons. Notably, scaffolding holds promise in improving outcomes. Although animal trials have demonstrated NSC ability to improve motor function, human trials are mostly limited to verification of safety instead of efficacy. While controversy and debate surround the use of stem cells, NSCs for SCI merit further exploration.
Trends in Pain Medication Initiation among Patients with Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, 2014-2018

This cohort study assesses trends in the rates of initiation of pain medication among patients with newly diagnosed diabetic peripheral neuropathy and the types of pain medication prescribed from 2014 to 2018.
Teaching Electronically: The Chicago-Kent Experiment

Over the next few years, it will become routine for publishers to provide casebooks in an electronic format.' As a consequence, faculty members will, with increasing frequency, walk into classrooms where many, if not most, of the students have a notebook computer in front of them. The computer will contain an electronic version of the casebook; the students' pre-class preparation; in-class notes, and, toward the end of the semester, the course review outlines. Some instructors embrace this prospect enthusiastically and with a welcome sense of revolution; others are more or less indifferent; and, others, hostile. But no matter where on the continuum from love to hate our attitudes toward computers may happen to fall, one question confronts us all: can we use the technology that will inevitably arrive to improve the teaching of law?
INCREASED ENERGY PROMOTES SIZE‐BASED NICHE AVAILABILITY IN MARINE MOLLUSKS

Variation in chemical energy, that is food availability, is posited to cause variation in body size. However, examinations of the relationship are rare and primarily limited to amniotes and zooplankton. Moreover, the relationship between body size and chemical energy may be impacted by phylogenetic history, clade-specific ecology, and heterogeneity of chemical energy in space and time. Considerable work remains to both document patterns in body size over gradients in food availability and understanding the processes potentially generating them. Here, we examine the functional relationship between body size and chemical energy availability over a broad assortment of marine mollusks varying in habitat and mobility. We demonstrate that chemical energy availability is likely driving body size patterns across habitats. We find that lower food availability decreases size-based niche availability by setting hard constraints on maximum size and potentially on minimum size depending on clade-specific ecology. Conversely, higher food availability promotes greater niche availability and potentially promotes evolutionary innovation with regard to size. We posit based on these findings and previous work that increases in chemical energy are important to the diversification of Metazoans through size-mediated niche processes.
Digibind: Emergency treatment for digitalis toxicity

Abstract Digitalis is a commonly prescribed cardiovascular agent. The advent of Digibind constitutes an important pharmacologic breakthrough for the toxicities encountered with the use of this drug.
Energy efficient throughput optimization in multi-hop wireless networks

Throughput, fairness, and energy consumption are often conflicting objectives in multi-hop wireless networks. In this paper, we propose the notion of lexicographical maxmin energy efficiency throughput fairness that achieves throughput fairness per unit energy. Compared with maxmin throughput fairness and maxmin time fairness, the proposed scheme allocates more bandwidth to nodes with relay requirements and provides satisfactory bandwidth to nodes far from the sink. We design an optimal bandwidth allocation algorithm to achieve the proposed fairness objective. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme results in more balanced throughput among users when they exhaust energy resources, compared to other fairness schemes.
Moral Conviction and Political Engagement

The 2004 presidential election led to considerable discussion about whether moral values motivated people to vote, and if so, whether it led to a conservative electoral advantage. The results of two studies—one conducted in the context of the 2000 presidential election, the other in the context of the 2004 presidential election—indicated that stronger moral convictions associated with candidates themselves and attitudes on issues of the day uniquely predicted self-reported voting behavior and intentions to vote even when controlling for a host of alternative explanations (e.g., attitude strength, strength of party identification). In addition, we found strong support for the hypothesis that moral convictions equally motivated political engagement for those on the political right and left and little support for the notion that a combination of morality and politics is something more characteristic of the political right than it is of the political left.
Effectiveness of Plastinated Anatomical Specimens Depicting Common Sports Injuries to Enhance Musculoskeletal Injury Evaluation Education

Context: Plastination techniques have emerged as effective methods for preserving human tissue and enabling human specimens to be utilized in a fashion similar to anatomical models with much greate...
Student-Initiated Sexual Health Selective as a Curricular Tool

Abstract Introduction Patients' sexual health functioning is important for physicians in all fields of medicine to consider; however, this topic is lacking from almost half of U.S. medical school curricula. Aims This study aims to develop, implement, and assess the feasibility of a preliminary sexual health curriculum for medical students. Methods This Sexual Health Selective (SHS) was developed and implemented by a student and faculty champion for first year medical students. Its design incorporated a number of the guiding principles and recommendations from the 2012 Summit on Medical School Education in Sexual Health. Main Outcome Measures Feasibility was measured by limited-efficacy testing and participant acceptability of the SHS. Limited-efficacy testing was accomplished by conducting descriptive comparisons of responses to a sexual health attitudes and knowledge survey. These responses were compared between (i) participants vs. nonparticipants prior to the SHS, (ii) participants immediately after vs. participants prior to the SHS, (iii) participants 3 months after vs. participants prior to the SHS, and (iv) participants 3 months after vs. participants immediately after the SHS. Participant acceptability was assessed by asking qualitatively and quantitatively whether students enjoyed the SHS, found it beneficial to their learning, and would recommend it to their classmates. Results Immediately after the SHS and 3 months later, participants reported increased comfort and open-mindedness in their attitudes toward sexual health and demonstrated an increase in accurate knowledge about sexual health issues compared with baseline. Objective follow-up also revealed that most participants enjoyed the SHS, found it beneficial to their learning, and would recommend it to their classmates. Conclusions The 1-week SHS was successfully implemented through the teamwork of a medical student and faculty champion. It resulted in more accurate knowledge and more open attitudes toward sexual health among participating medical students. Potential benefits to undergraduate medical educators are reviewed. Johnson K, Rullo J, and Faubion S. Student-initiated sexual health selective as a curricular tool. Sex Med 2015;3:118–127.
POSITIVE‐CONTRAST RHINOGRAPHY

Contrast rhinography is a simple noninvasive procedure that may be a useful diagnostic method for positive-contrast radiographic evaluation of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses in the dog. A standardized and reliable technique was developed using healthy adult Greyhounds. The radiographic appearance of the regional anatomy after intranasal administration of positive-contrast medium was established. Four contrast media: 60% propyl iodine, 37% organically bound iodine, a 60% barium sulfate suspension, and a 30% barium sulfate suspension were evaluated on the basis of their radiographic contrast and detail, distribution, and degree of evoked tissue reaction as defined by clinical assessment. A 30% barium sulfate suspension was selected using these criteria. Contrast medium enhanced the radiographic appearance of the regional anatomy when compared with noncontrast techniques. A procedure for positive-contrast radiographic evaluation of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses is described in detail. Recommendations are made regarding methods of contrast medium administration and positioning to ensure uniform distribution within the area of interest.
The Geochemistry of Natural Waters

The recent increased interest in aqueous geochemistry courses is likely driven by our need to understand, as quantitatively as possible, processes controlling chemical compositions in polluted waters that require remediation. However, to understand anthropogenic influences, one must understand natural processes and environmental conditions. Most Earth science departments now offer courses that address the area described as low-temperature geochemistry or aquatic chemistry or environmental geochemistry. Drever's book is prominent among several texts available as resources for this type of course. The third edition of Drever's text is ideal for a first class in low-temperature geochemistry.
Computational electromagnetic methods for interconnects and small structures

Abstract The continual advances in speed and integration scale of electronic circuits have created enormous demands for high-speed, high-density packages which ensure reduced interconnection delays and improved electrical performance. Such structures usually involve a large number of planar transmission lines at various levels within the package, whereas the geometrical orientation of these lines is not necessarily uniform. Also, the existence of multiple dielectric layers, discontinuities, bends, and wire bounds adds considerable complexity to the package. It is therefore essential that full-wave computational electromagnetic (CEM) techniques, such as the finite element method (FEM) and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, be developed and used to accurately model the electrical performance of these devices and circuits.
Oxygen Electroreduction on FeII and FeIII Coordinated to N4 Chelates. Reversible Potentials for the Intermediate Steps from Quantum Theory

On the basis of spin-unrestricted hybrid gradient-corrected Becke, Lee, Yang, and Parr B3LYP density functional calculations and the reaction site models Fe(NH2)2(NH3)2 for FeII, and Fe(NH2)2(NH3)2OH for FeIII, FeII is predicted to be the active site for the four-electron reduction of oxygen by heat-treated iron macrocycles. It is favored over FeIII in the first step of the mechanism because of a site blocking effect: H2O bonds strongly to the FeIII site, blocking it against O2 adsorption, and it does not bond strongly to FeII. The stronger bonding of the product of the first reduction step, OOH, to FeII compared to FeIII also helps by contributing to a more positive reversible potential for its formation over FeII. Subsequent reduction steps have high reversible potentials over both centers, paralleling an earlier study of oxygen reduction over a single Pt site. However, the important difference compared to Pt is the hydrogen-bonding interaction between (OHOH) bonded to FeII and a nitrogen lone-pair orb...
Mechanism-Based Tumor-Targeting Drug Delivery System. Validation of Efficient Vitamin Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis and Drug Release

An efficient mechanism-based tumor-targeting drug delivery system, based on tumor-specific vitamin-receptor mediated endocytosis, has been developed. The tumor-targeting drug delivery system is a conjugate of a tumor-targeting molecule (biotin: vitamin H or vitamin B-7), a mechanism-based self-immolative linker and a second-generation taxoid (SB-T-1214) as the cytotoxic agent. This conjugate (1) is designed to be (i) specific to the vitamin receptors overexpressed on tumor cell surface and (ii) internalized efficiently through receptor-mediated endocytosis, followed by smooth drug release via glutathione-triggered self-immolation of the linker. In order to monitor and validate the sequence of events hypothesized, i.e., receptor-mediated endocytosis of the conjugate, drug release, and drug-binding to the target protein (microtubules), three fluorescent/fluorogenic molecular probes (2, 3, and 4) were designed and synthesized. The actual occurrence of these processes was unambiguously confirmed by means of c...
Copper in Dairy Products and its Solution in Milk Under Various Conditions

There are many flavor defects in milk products that have been attributed by investigators to the presence of copper or other metals. Seldom is the flavor directly from the metal itself but through what has been supposed to be a catalytic effect some of the milk constituents are broken down and compounds with disagreeable odor and taste are produced. In 1905 Golding and Feilman (1) described an "alkaline mealy flavor" which they found in certain samples of market milk. The trouble was traced to the Use of a cooler from which the t in was worn ~hus exposing a copper surface; the presence of small amounts of copper dissolved in the milk together with the activity of certain organisms was believed to be the cause of the development of the peculiar flavor. The fact that the flavor was noted only after about sixteen to eighteen hours gave proof that it was not due to the copper salt itself, but that the copper in some way caused or assisted in a change which resulted in the formation of a substance which rendered the flavor objectionable. Rogers, Berg, Potteiger and Davis (2) investigated very thoroughly the flavor of butter obtained from cream which had been allowed to become contaminated with copper as well as iron. They found that "in every instance the scores on the control butters were better than the scores on the butter made from cream to which copper had been added, even in the small amount of 1 mgm. of copper per kilo of cream." Hunziker and Hosman (3) by allowing butter to stand in contact with certain metals and their hydroxides found tallowiness developing invariably when copper was the metal. Palmer
Rates of rhizodeposition and ammonium depletion in the rhizosphere of axenic oat roots

A multiple split root chamber and artificial soil were developed which allowed for maintenance of axenic conditions and for the isolation of soil from specific regions of single roots. A sterile minirhizotron was used to measure patterns and rates of root extension under sterile conditions. Carbon and nitrogen distributions in the rhizosphere of sterile oat roots were measured in combination with rates of root elongation to calculate specific rates of rhizodeposition and ammonium nitrogen uptake. The highest rates of rhizodeposition C production and N depletion occurred at the root tip (first day segment). Rhizodeposited soluble and insoluble C compounds represented up to 50% of the standing root biomass C. Within 48 hours after root entry, levels of rhizosphere ammonium-N decreased by 40–50%. The results were summarized in a simple model of root growth, rhizodeposition, and NH 4 + −H uptake.
Effect of furosemide-induced hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis on renal transport enzymes

Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis is one of the most common complications of chronic furosemide administration. In this study we examined acid-base composition and ATPase enzyme activities in medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (MTAL) and collecting tubule (CCT and MCT) after seven days of chronic furosemide therapy. All of the studies were conducted in adrenal intact (AI) rats or in adrenalectomized (ADX) glucocorticoid replete rats replaced with a physiological dose of aldosterone (Aldo). Furosemide (F) was administered to each rat by mini-osmotic pump. In the AI+F group, plasma Aldo was high and obvious metabolic alkalosis occurred (HCO3- = 37 +/- 2 mEq/liter vs. 22 +/- 2 mEq/liter in controls, P < 0.005); activities of H-K-ATPase, H-ATPase, and Na-K-ATPase were increased approximately twofold in both CCT and MCT. In the ADX+F group (HCO3- = 28 +/- 2 mEq/liter, P < 0.05 from control), H-ATPase activity was normal in CCT and it was slightly increased in MCT. CCT and MCT H-K-ATPase activities were markedly increased (approximately twofold). Na-K-ATPase activity was the same as control in CCT but it was increased in MCT. In ADX+F+Vanadate (V) group which also had normal Aldo levels, acid-base changes were modest (20 +/- 2 mEq/liter, NS from control); in CCT and MCT H-K-ATPase and Na-K-ATPase activities were markedly reduced, but H-ATPase activity in MCT was increased. In all three experimental groups Na-K-ATPase activity in MTAL was reduced fivefold. Hypokalemia developed in both intact and ADX animals receiving furosemide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Representations of classical Lie superalgebras of type I

Abstract An explicit description of a generic irreducible module (possibly infinite dimensional and not necessarily diagonalizable over some Cartan subsuperalgebra) over a finite dimensional classical Lie superalgebra G of type I is given in terms of its irreducible G 0-submodules. For a finite dimensional module the result reduces to a character formula, proved earlier by J. Bernstein and D. Leites for the Lie superalgebras gl(1 + me), gl(m + e), osp(2 + ne). In the finite dimensional case a character formula for another class, of so-called relatively typical, irreducible modules is also proved and illustrated by explicit examples.
Volume Rendering For Display Of Multiple Organs, Treatment Objects, And Image Intensities

Volume rendering not only produces high quality 3D images of single organs directly from the intensity data in CT, MR, SPECT, PET, and ultrasound images, but it also can be used to show the relationship among multiple anatomic, treatment, and image objects. In this paper we will explain methods, show results, and discuss the effectiveness of 1. simultaneously volume rendering multiple organs from a single image data set, using transparency and color; 2. rendering polygonally defined treatment objects such as prostheses and radiation treatment beams with volume rendered anatomy. We will also discuss ongoing work in 1. rendering multiple image sets, e.g., radiation dose distributions and medical image data, into a single image via volume rendering, e.g., to show the relation between isodose surfaces and anatomic objects; 2. texture mapping grey scale slices onto clipping planes on volume rendered anatomy, to show the relationship between physiological and anatomic data, or to show the subtle anatomic intensity variations in its 3D context.
A Note on the Possible Ecological Significance of Chemotaxis in Certain Ciliated Protozoa1

Caracterisation d'un attractif isole a partir de bacterie et agissant a la fois sur Paramecium a alimentation bacterienne et sur son predateur naturel Didinium. Etude des relations ecologiques entre les cilies a alimentation bacterienne et leurs predateurs cilies en tenant compte du facteur bacterien chimiotactique commun
Psychopathic personality traits and temporal perspective: A test of the short time horizon hypothesis

A number of authors have proposed that psychopathic individuals possess an abnormally constricted time horizon (i.e., foreshortened sense of the future). This hypothesis was tested among 101 undergraduates, who were administered a battery of (1) self-report indices of psychopathic personality traits, antisocial behavior, and normal-range personality traits; (2) self-report indices of time perspective; (3) projective tests of time perspective; and (4) laboratory tasks assessing time estimation and capacity for foresight and impulse control. Measures of psychopathy/antisocial behavior tended to be negatively correlated with several self-report indices assessing preoccupation with the future and with a projective task assessing the frequency of thoughts concerning future events, although only one of the correlations with this latter task was significant. In most cases these correlations were not attributable to the variance shared by measures of psychopathy/antisocial behavior and measures of (low) anxiety-proneness, although several correlations decreased substantially after levels of harmavoidance were controlled. In contrast, measures of psychopathy/antisocial behavior were negligibly correlated with laboratory tasks. These results provide mixed support for the short time horizon hypothesis and suggest that further attention to the role of method factors in investigations of future time perspective is warranted.
Laser microfabrication of photonic crystal structures on silicon wafers

A new, versatile approach, applicable to virtually all substrate compositions on laser precision microfabrication of silicon wafers to achieve long-range ordering of colloidal crystals is proposed and demonstrated. In the absence of any surface pattern, the colloid spheres assemble in a randomly packed fashion. However, the presence of a surface pattern induces an ordered packing of the spheres on the lands with hexagonal packing. The colloidal crystal order can be controlled by choosing suitable spatial period of the laser micro-machined template.
Electron-Ion Recombination Rate Coefficients, Photoionization Cross Sections, and Ionization Fractions for Astrophysically Abundant Elements. II. Oxygen Ions

We present a comprehensive and self-consistent set of new atomic data for ionization balance in radi- atively and collisionally ionized astrophysical plasmas. Complex resonant phenomena resulting in rapid energy variation in the cross sections for photoionization and recombination require accurate and large- scale calculations, as reported. Another new development is the consideration of the uni-ed nature of the recombination process in an ab initio manner, via resonances embedded in the electron-ion continua, which have been heretofore considered as separate processes of radiative recombination and dielectronic recombination. A single set of total electron-ion recombination rate coefficients is thereby obtained as a function of electron temperature. The present calculations also meet the hitherto neglected, but theoreti- cally essential, criterion of self-consistency between the rates for the inverse processes of photoionization and recombination, ensured by describing all atomic processes with an identical set of eigenfunction expansion within the close-coupling approximation using the R-matrix method. Photoionization cross sections and total electron-ion recombination rate coefficients for the carbon and nitrogen isonuclear sequences, C IEC VI and N IEN VII, are presented. Ionization fractions in coronal equilibrium are also computed. The present photoionization cross sections have been calculated using more extensive eigen- function expansions than those in the Opacity Project. In addition to the total photoionization and recombination data, state-speci-c cross sections are also obtained for a large number of excited states for non-LTE models. Complete data sets are available electronically. Subject headings: atomic data E atomic processes E plasmas
Individual Differences in Inhibitory Control Skills at Three Years of Age

Sixty-eight 3-year-old children participated in an investigation of inhibitory control (IC). Child IC was measured using various tasks in order to determine the impact on child performance of manipulating task demands. Performance on a nonverbal IC task, but not performance on more difficult motivational or traditional IC tasks, was explained by medial frontal electroencephalographic activity and by language abilities. Because of the unique relations of nonverbal IC with concurrent developmental measures, and because of its potential to predict later social problems, we conclude that it is important to include nonverbal IC measures in investigative IC batteries in early childhood.
Breastfeeding Offers Protection Against Obesity in Children of Recently Immigrated Latina Women

Breastfeeding has been found to have a protective effect on subsequent development of obesity in childhood, particularly in white, non-Hispanic populations. The protective effect of nursing for more than 12 months in children of Latina women is less clear, which may be due to differences in levels of acculturation in previously studied populations. We evaluated the association between breastfeeding for 12 months or more and risk for obesity in a cohort of children of recently immigrated relatively unacculturated Latina mothers. Maternal characteristics at birth, including length of stay in the United States, breastfeeding habits at 4-6 weeks of age, 6 months, and 1 year, and anthropometric measurements were obtained for a cohort of 196 children participating in a prospective study. At 1 year of age 39.0% of infants were being breastfed. Being breastfed at 1 year of age was associated with a decreased risk of obesity in both univariate (odds ratio (OR) 0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21-0.83) and multivariate models (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.02-0.93) adjusting for maternal BMI, marital status, education level, country of origin, age, years of living in the United States, and child's birth weight at 3 years of age, regardless of mother's acculturation status using length of stay in the United States as a proxy for acculturation. The association with breastfeeding persisted at 4 years of age as a protective factor for obesity (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.11-0.80). Breastfeeding for longer than 12 months provides a significant protective effect on the development of obesity in early childhood in a cohort of children of high-risk recently immigrated Latina women in San Francisco who were relatively unacculturated to the United States.
Using c-fos to study neuronal ensembles in corticostriatal circuitry of addiction

Learned associations between drugs and environment play an important role in addiction and are thought to be encoded within specific patterns of sparsely distributed neurons called neuronal ensembles. This hypothesis is supported by correlational data from in vivo electrophysiology and cellular imaging studies in relapse models in rodents. In particular, cellular imaging with the immediate early gene c-fos and its protein product Fos has been used to identify sparsely distributed neurons that were strongly activated during conditioned drug behaviors such as drug self-administration and context- and cue-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. Here we review how Fos and the c-fos promoter have been employed to demonstrate causal roles for Fos-expressing neuronal ensembles in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens in conditioned drug behaviors. This work has allowed identification of unique molecular and electrophysiological alterations within Fos-expressing neuronal ensembles that may contribute to the development and expression of learned associations in addiction.
Adolescent victimization and subsequent use of mental health counseling services.

Abstract Purpose: To test the extent to which adolescent victimization predicts subsequent use of mental health services in a prospectively assessed nationwide sample of high school students. Methods: Data were analyzed from 4590 adolescents participating in Waves I and II of the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health. In-home self-report data were collected on four types of personal victimization, mental health service use, demographics, psychological symptoms/needs, and family connectedness. Using logistic regression analysis, adolescents' victimization and background variables at Wave I were entered as predictors of subsequent mental health service use, measured at Wave II. Results: In this national sample, 19.6% of the respondents stated that they had experienced at least one of four forms of personal victimization in the prior year. Of those reporting personal victimization, 11.0% stated they had used mental health services at 1-year follow-up, as compared to 9.2% of those who did not report any personal victimization. After controlling for background variables in logistic regression analyses, however, adolescents' victimization reported at Wave I was associated with significantly lower odds of subsequent mental health service use at Wave II. Conclusions: Evidence does not indicate that adolescents' victimization prompts mental health service use, and rather indicates that in some instances victimization is associated with lower odds of subsequent mental health service use. These findings raise questions about the degree to which adolescents receive needed professional mental health supports in the wake of serious violence exposure.
Market Reaction to ERP Implementation Announcements

The objective of this research is to examine how the capital market responds when a firm announces that it plans to implement an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. This is the first study t...
Interface resistance and reduction of IcR product in YBa2Cu3O7‐Ag‐Pb proximity junctions

Studies of the proximity coupling of YBa2Cu3O7 through Ag to a Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) superconductor have shown that the IcR product is systematically much smaller than the BCS limit of ∼5 mV. These IcR values range from 10 to 100 μV in the YBa2Cu3O7 a direction to apparently zero in the c direction. The reduced IcR in the a direction can be understood as arising from a large boundary resistance, consistent with the mismatch of carrier densities across the YBa2Cu3O7‐Ag interface. The same analysis gives an IcR in the c‐oriented junctions that is at least three orders of magnitude larger than observed.