cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in levonorgestrel emergency contraception use, births, and abortions: the Utah experience.

CONTEXT: Published reports to date have failed to demonstrate a decrease in abortion rates with increased dispersal of levonorgestrel emergency contraception (LNG EC). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether there is an association between statewide increases in LNG EC use and birth, fertility, and abortion rates. DESIGN: Ecological study. The number of LNG EC doses dispensed at all Planned Parenthood Association of Utah (PPAU) sites (n = 6) were obtained for 2000-2006. For this time period, birth and abortion data were obtained from the Utah Department of Health. SETTING: State of Utah. PATIENTS: Women of childbearing age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Birth rates were calculated as the number of live births per 1000 population; general fertility rates, abortion rates, and LNG EC rates were calculated per 1000 women of childbearing age (15-44 years). RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2006, yearly distribution of LNG EC increased from 11,263 to 52,083 doses. Over this period, the rate of Plan B use per 1000 women age 15-44 years increased from 21.30 doses/1000 to 87.82 doses/1000, an increase of 312%. During the same period, there were corresponding changes in the statewide birth rate (-2.94%), general fertility rate (0.73%), and abortion rate (-6.36%). Pearson correlation coefficients were statistically significant for the association between the LNG EC rate and the birth rate (-0.9053; P = .0050) and the abortion rate (-0.8749; P < .001), but not between the Plan B rate and the general fertility rate (0.2446; P = .5970). CONCLUSION: This ecological study represents, to the authors' knowledge, the first statistically significant association between increasing rates of LNG EC distribution and decreasing abortion rates.
Unsupervised learning based jump-diffusion process for object tracking in video surveillance

This paper presents a principled way for dealing with occlusions in visual tracking which is a long-standing issue in computer vision but largely remains unsolved. As the major innovation, we develop a unsupervised learning based jump-diffusion process to jointly track object locations and estimate their visibility statuses over time. Our method employs in particular a set of jump dynamics to change object's visibility statuses and a set of diffusion dynamics to track objects in videos. Different from the traditional jump-diffusion process that stochastically generates dynamics, we utilize deep policy functions to determine the best dynamic at the present step and learn the optimal policies from raw videos using reinforcement learning methods. Our method is capable of tracking objects with severe occlusions in crowded scenes and thus recovers the complete trajectories of objects that undergo multiple interactions with others. We evaluate the proposed method on challenging video sequences and compare it to other methods. Significant improvements are obtained for the videos including frequent interactions.
Teacher Language Awareness Development and Its Implications for New Educators.

The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate how new educators respond to pedagogical tasks that require them to use and reflect upon their Teacher Language Awareness (TLA). TLA is defin...
Reverse column flotation of iron ore

The use of column flotation was considered for the “reverse flotation” of iron ore, where the gangue (quartz) was recovered in the froth product. This use of the froth for carrying the gangue mineral rather than carrying the valuable concentrate significantly changes the operational requirements of the column. The objective of this work was to determine which of several column flotation technologies would be most suitable for this type of flotation operation. Studies were carried out using both the Jameson column and the Deister column. Comparative results are presented that show the capabilities of both column types in this application relative to conventional Wemco flotation cells. Columns were demonstrated to have grade-recovery performance superior to what could be achieved with conventional cells. Two-stage flotation with the columns could produce a concentrate that was up to 70.2% Fe at 87.5% iron recovery, compared to 70.4% Fe at only 77.7% iron recovery for four stages of flotation in conventional cells. It was shown to be particularly important to operate the columns to recover a maximum of the quartz gangue into the froth. It was noted that there are often problems in scale-up of laboratory columns to plant scale, because the increase in height and the decrease in the ratio of height to diameter at the larger scale allows more axial mixing and bubble coalescence, both of which degrade the column performance. Horizontal baffling was shown to improve column performance by reducing axial mixing and breaking up large bubbles, and so the use of such baffles in the reverse flotation application was investigated.
Computational Characterization of the Cellular Origins of Electroencephalography

Despite the widespread use of Electroecephalography (EEG) as an imaging modality, neural generators of current dipoles measured by EEG at the scalp are not fully understood. Here, we use two morphologically accurate multicompartments neuron models (layer IV pyramidal cell and layer V spiny stellate cell) to characterize how spiking neurons generate current dipoles in response to synaptic input. The simulations indicate that the dipole generated by synaptic inputs required to drive a pyramidal cell to threshold is smaller than the dipole associated the action potential itself. These results suggest a greater role of spiking neural activity toward EEG signals measured at the scalp than typically assumed.
Drosophila as a Model for Understanding the Insect Host of Yersinia pestis

With the limited availability of genomic sequence information and no established methods for genetic knockdowns or the creation of transgenic fleas and flea cell lines, we have adopted Drosophila melanogaster as a model for the study of the insect life cycle of Yersinia pestis. Infection of Drosophila larvae can be used to model early colonization of fleas, while the established embryonic cell lines can be used to model insect-pathogen interactions that underlie the unique capacity of Y. pestis to colonize the gut of its flea host. In this chapter, we present the methods we developed for infection of Drosophila in vivo and in vitro.
Deep Classification Network for Monocular Depth Estimation

Monocular Depth Estimation is usually treated as a supervised and regression problem when it actually is very similar to semantic segmentation task since they both are fundamentally pixel-level classification tasks. We applied depth increments that increases with depth in discretizing depth values and then applied Deeplab v2 and the result was higher accuracy. We were able to achieve a state-of-the-art result on the KITTI dataset and outperformed existing architecture by an 8% margin.
Abstract 2530: Modulation of Renal Medullary Superoxide, Natriuresis and Diuresis by Lymphocytes

Angiotensin (Ang) II increases production of superoxide by the NADPH oxidase in the renal medulla, which in turn can reduce medullary blood flow, inducing water and salt retention and promoting hypertension. We recently observed that mice lacking T and B cells (RAG-1c) have blunted hypertension during Ang II infusion and do not develop abnormalities of vascular function. Adoptive transfer of T but not B cells completely restored these abnormalities. Accordingly we investigated the role of T cells in regulation of renal superoxide production, diuresis and natriuresis. The increase in blood pressure caused by two weeks of Ang II infusion (500ng/kg/min), as measured by tail cuff, was markedly reduced in RAG-1-/- vs. WT animals (14±5 vs. 163±5 mmHg; P
Starting Dynamics of a Linear Mamyshev Oscillator

We investigate the starting dynamics of an environmentally-stable linear Mamyshev oscillator that is started by modulation of the pump power. A moving filter is implemented to generate 21-nJ and 65-fs pulses.
Closed-form solutions of the Schroedinger equation for a class of smoothed Coulomb potentials

An infinite family of closed-form solutions is exhibited for the Schroedinger equation for the potential $V(r) = -Z/\sqrt{|r|^{2} + a^{2}}$. Evidence is presented for an approximate dynamical symmetry for large values of the angular momentum $l$.
'Nativism' the Concept: Some Reflections (1997)

This chapter (published in 1997) considers the role and significance of the concept of "nativism" in US national debates over immigration policy. It argues that to characterize a position or practice as "nativist" is an effort to disable it through condemnation. The term has come to represent a species of anti-foreignism which is normatively out of bounds in U.S. national immigration debates. Nevertheless, this discursive consensus leaves us with disputes over what sorts of immigration-related discourses or policies fall within nativism's forbidden domain. In (pre-Trump era) neo-liberal democratic discourse, arguments to the effect that new immigration threatens the racial or ethnic identity of the U.S. (a la Patrick Buchanan) were fairly easily designated as nativist (although there were always boundary disputes about the scope of illiberal ethno-racialism itself). Conversely, immigration restrictionist arguments articulated in terms of national self interest and motivated by the conviction that "compatriots take priority," were and are generally deemed to avoid the disabling taint of nativism. That is, formally race-neutral stances invoking versions of nation-based ethical particularism and sovereignism have functioned as legitimate and legitimizing bases for immigration restrictionism. From the chapter: "Although Patrick Buchanan's 'America First' platform was widely regarded as an exemplary form of nativism, the assumption that immigration policy should be shaped by a commitment to Americans first is not ordinarily viewed in such terms at all. Far from being illegitimate, in fact, the assumed priority of citizens over foreigners, of nationals over strangers, lies at the absolute core of contemporary political thought."
Progression Of Changes In Vascular Surgery Practices During The Novel Corona Virus SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

Abstract Introduction The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly since it was identified. We sought to understand its effects on vascular surgery practices stratified by VASCON surgical readiness level and determine how these effects have changed during the course of the pandemic. Methods All members of the Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Society were sent electronic surveys questioning the effects of COVID-19 on their practices in the early pandemic in April (EP) and four months later in the pandemic in August (LP) 2020. Results Response rates were 206/731 (28%) in the EP group and 108/731 (15%) in the LP group (P Conclusions COVID-19 had a profound effect on vascular surgery practices earlier in the pandemic, resulting in continued detrimental effects on the provision of vascular care as well as compensation received by vascular surgeons.
The Sensitivity of the Electrically Stimulated Auditory Nerve to Amplitude Modulation Cues Declines With Advanced Age.

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate effects of aging and duration of deafness on sensitivity of the auditory nerve (AN) to amplitude modulation (AM) cues delivered using trains of biphasic pulses in adult cochlear implant (CI) users. DESIGN There were 21 postlingually deaf adult CI users who participated in this study. All study participants used a Cochlear Nucleus device with a full electrode array insertion in the test ear. The stimulus was a 200-ms pulse train with a pulse rate of 2000 pulses per second. This carrier pulse train was sinusodially AM at four modulation rates (20, 40, 100, 200 Hz). The peak amplitude of the modulated pulse train was the maximum comfortable level (i.e., C level) measured for the carrier pulse train. The electrically evoked compound action potential (eCAP) to each of the 20 pulses selected over the last two AM cycles were measured. In addition, eCAPs to single pulses were measured with the probe levels corresponding to the levels of 20 selected pulses from each AM pulse train. There were seven electrodes across the array evaluated in 16 subjects (i.e., electrodes 3 or 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21). For the remaining five subjects, 4 to 5 electrodes were tested due to impedance issues or time constraints. The modulated response amplitude ratio (MRAR) was calculated as the ratio of the difference in the maximum and the minimum eCAP amplitude measured for the AM pulse train to that measured for the single pulse, and served as the dependent variable. Age at time of testing and duration of deafness measured/defined using three criteria served as the independent variables. Linear Mixed Models were used to assess the effects of age at testing and duration of deafness on the MRAR. RESULTS Age at testing had a strong, negative effect on the MRAR. For each subject, the duration of deafness varied substantially depending on how it was defined/measured, which demonstrates the difficulty of accurately measuring the duration of deafness in adult CI users. There was no clear or reliable trend showing a relationship between the MRAR measured at any AM rate and duration of deafness defined by any criteria. After controlling for the effect of age at testing, MRARs measured at 200 Hz and basal electrode locations (i.e., electrodes 3 and 6) were larger than those measured at any other AM rate and apical electrode locations (i.e., electrodes 18 and 21). CONCLUSIONS The AN sensitivity to AM cues implemented in the pulse-train stimulation significantly declines with advanced age. Accurately measuring duration of deafness in adult CI users is challenging, which, at least partially, might have accounted for the inconclusive findings in the relationship between the duration of deafness and the AN sensitivity to AM cues in this study.
From Facebook Regrets to Facebook Privacy Nudges

As social networking sites (SNSs) gain in popularity, instances of regrets following online (over)sharing continue to be reported. In June 2010, a pierogi mascot for the Pittsburgh Pirates was fired because he posted disparaging comments about the team on his Facebook page. More recently, a high school teacher was forced to resign because she posted a picture on Facebook in which she was holding a glass of wine and a mug of beer. These incidents illustrate how, in addition to fostering socialization and interaction between friends and strangers, the ease and immediacy of communication that SNSs make possible can sometimes also negatively impact their users.
Cuprous or cupric? How substrate polarity can select for different phases of copper sulfide films in chemical bath deposition.

Copper sulfides have many applications from thermoelectrics to biotechnology. While the properties of different copper sulfide phases are well understood, controlling the deposited copper sulfide stoichiometry remains a significant challenge, especially in solution-phase synthesis techniques. In this work, we investigate the chemical bath deposition of CuxS on functionalized self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are employed to analyze the deposited films. We show that the use of thiourea as a sulfur source leads to the deposition of different copper sulfide phases and is controlled by the interaction of sulfur-containing ions in solution with the functionalized SAMs. For –COOH terminated SAMs, copper sulfide deposition is controlled by the surface polarity of the substrate. At the bath pH used in these experiments, the –COOH terminal groups are deprotonated. The resulting –COO− terminated SAM surface repels negatively charged sulfur-containing ions, leading to the deposition of Cu2S. For –CH3 terminated SAMs, which are non-polar, there is no specific interaction between the SAM terminal group and sulfur-containing ions and CuS is deposited. For –OH terminated SAMs, which have a polar terminal group, there are two competing effects: the repulsion of S-containing ions by the small negative charge of the terminal –OH group and the increase in the concentration of sulfur-containing ions in solution as the bath pH increases. This competition leads to the deposit stoichiometry changing from Cu2S at pH 9 to CuS at pH 12.
Implementing Volume-targeted Ventilation to Decrease Hypocarbia in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants during the First Week of Life: A Quality Improvement Project.

Hypocarbia in neonates increases the risk of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. Volume-targeted ventilation (VTV) is associated with decreased hypocarbia and other respiratory morbidities. We noticed a high incidence of hypocarbia in extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1,000 g) neonates in our Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Thus, we undertook a quality improvement project to decrease the incidence of hypocarbia (the occurrence of PCO2 < 35 mm Hg) in ELBW neonates during the first week of life by 50% over 1 year. Methods Our major interventions were employing VTV as the primary mode of mechanical ventilation in neonates less than 28 weeks of gestation or ELBW at birth and increasing staff knowledge regarding hypocarbia. The baseline period spanned May-August 2016. We implemented the interventions in October 2016 and tracked the use of VTV and the incidence of hypocarbia during the first week of life for 12 months. Results We analyzed data on 28 and 77 patients in the baseline and postintervention periods, respectively. The use of VTV increased from 39% to 65%. However, the incidence of hypocarbia was not reduced (57% preintervention vs. 64% postintervention). In the postintervention cohort, the incidence of hypocarbia was comparable between VTV and other modes (60% vs. 70%; 95% confidence interval: -32%, 12%; P = 0.367), but we noted decreased blood gas sampling and earlier extubation in the VTV group (P = 0.002 and P = 0.046, respectively). Conclusions Successfully increasing VTV in our Neonatal Intensive Care Unit did not decrease hypocarbia during the first week of life. However, we observed the safety of VTV and obtained other desirable results.
The Technology Management Handbook

Currently, one of two engineers will become managers within the first ten years of their professional employment - an increasing trend according to the Bureau of Statistics. The fastest growing areas of employment for engineers are in engineering/science management. The Technology Management Handbook informs and assists the more than 1.5 million engineering managers in the practice of technical management, accommodating this growing employment trend. Written from the technical managers perspective and written for technologists who are managers, the Technology Management Handbook outlines information on management science and practice applying to all aspects of the production and operation of technical components and systems.
Abstract A26: Protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) as a potential therapeutic target gene for BRAF wild type melanoma

Protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) participates in cell cycle progression and regulation of centrosome maturation. Gene expression of PP4 is elevated in cancerous tissues of various origins and its overexpression in pancreatic cancer is of prognostic importance. Microarray analysis from primary and metastatic melanoma tissues (N=89) showed that PP4 mRNA expression was up-regulated in metastatic melanoma as compared to primary melanoma of any thickness (relative expression: 1.12 ±0.14, p 2 mm), and varied for the site of metastases from lung> intestine> skin and subcutaneous tissue. Human melanoma cell lines also demonstrate PP4 gene expression with variable levels. We hypothesized that PP4 may be a novel target for treatment of metastatic melanoma through a BRAF and MEK independent pathway. We performed western blot analysis of human melanoma cell lines: M275 (BRAF wild-type) that had a high level of PP4 gene expression and demonstrated its resistant to BRAF inhibitor (PLX4032) and MEK inhibitor (MEK162) treatment. M275 were chosen for PP4 siRNA gene silencing because of its high level of PP4 protein expression. PP4 protein level was reduced by 20% and 60%, respectively in this cell line at day 4 and 6, respectively; and PP4 siRNA gene silencing reduced cell proliferation by 19.9% and 63.6%. Flow cytometry demonstrated there was higher percentage of apoptotic cells after PP4 siRNA gene silencing as compared to controls (54.4% vs. 15.5%, p, 0.05). PP4 is overexpressed in melanoma as it advances from the skin primary to metastases, and varies to the site of the metastases. We demonstrated that PP4 gene silencing leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. PP4 may be a novel target for BRAF wild type melanoma. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Richard Essner, Ke Wei Gong, David Kaufman, Hsiaowang Chen, Charles Ginther, Judy Dering, Erika von Euw, Bartosz Chmielowski, Richard Finn, Dennis Slamon. Protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) as a potential therapeutic target gene for BRAF wild type melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Melanoma: From Biology to Therapy; Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(14 Suppl):Abstract nr A26.
An assessment of ocean margin anaerobic processes on oceanic alkalinity budget

[1] Recent interest in the ocean's capacity to absorb atmospheric CO2 and buffer the accompanying “ocean acidification” has prompted discussions on the magnitude of ocean margin alkalinity production via anaerobic processes. However, available estimates are largely based on gross reaction rates or misconceptions regarding reaction stoichiometry. In this paper, we argue that net alkalinity gain does not result from the internal cycling of nitrogen and sulfur species or from the reduction of metal oxides. Instead, only the processes that involve permanent loss of anaerobic remineralization products, i.e., nitrogen gas from net denitrification and reduced sulfur (i.e., pyrite burial) from net sulfate reduction, could contribute to this anaerobic alkalinity production. Our revised estimate of net alkalinity production from anaerobic processes is on the order of 4–5 Tmol yr−1 in global ocean margins that include both continental shelves and oxygen minimum zones, significantly smaller than the previously estimated rate of 16–31 Tmol yr−1. In addition, pyrite burial in coastal habitats (salt marshes, mangroves, and seagrass meadows) may contribute another 0.1–1.1 Tmol yr−1, although their long-term effect is not yet clear under current changing climate conditions and rising sea levels. Finally, we propose that these alkalinity production reactions can be viewed as “charge transfer” processes, in which negative charges of nitrate and sulfate ions are converted to those of bicarbonate along with a net loss of these oxidative anions.
Hospital-Level Factors Associated With Mortality After Endovascular and Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

Importance Endovascular technology has become ubiquitous in the modern care of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), yet broad estimates of its efficacy among variable hospital and regional settings is not known. Objective To perform a preliminary analysis of hospital effects on mortality following open AAA repair (OAR) and endovascular AAA repair (EVAR). Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective analysis of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was conducted on all patients undergoing OAR or EVAR from July 1, 2010, to November 30, 2012, using Current Procedural Terminology codes. Main Outcomes and Measures Weight-adjusted 30-day observed to expected mortality ratios were compared based on hospital type (academic vs community) and size (100-299 beds vs 300-500 beds vs >500 beds). Results Data on 11 250 patients (2466 underwent OAR and 8784 underwent EVAR) were analyzed. Endovascular AAA repair was performed more frequently than OAR at both academic (78.8%) and community (68.2%) hospitals. Overall 30-day mortality was 14.0% for OAR and 4.3% for EVAR ( P 500 beds, 0.88 vs 300-500 beds, 1.11 vs 100-299 beds, 1.59; P = .01) but not for EVAR ( P = .27). In contrast, hospital type was significantly associated with mortality for EVAR (observed to expected mortality ratio: academic, 0.60 vs community, 2.60; P P = .46). Multivariable analysis of hospital-level factors suggested that, for all outcomes, academic hospital type was the single most significant predictor of reduced mortality following AAA repair (observed to expected mortality ratio: academic, 0.91 vs community, 2.00; P = .05). Conclusions and Relevance Based on this preliminary report, outcomes for both OAR and EVAR appear to depend greatly on hospital-level effects. The relative safety of EVAR vs OAR may depend on appropriate patient selection and adequate access to multidisciplinary care in order to minimize failure to rescue rates and improve survival.
'Nobody Goes There Anymore - It's Too Crowded:' Level- k Thinking in the Restaurant Game

A game of herding with capacity constraints is studied experimentally. Differences between Level-k strategies depend on the cost of choosing an alternative that has reached capacity, with a maximum difference between Level-1 and higher levels when the cost is high. This design makes Level-1 behavior relatively easy to distinguish from that of higher levels, compared to standard herding games. A substantial proportion of observed strategies are consistent with Level-1, while many of the remaining strategies are consistent with higher levels. Within-subject correlations across settings provide evidence that Level-1 thinking can explain the overweighting of private information commonly observed in herding games. In addition, evidence of a correlation between cognitive ability and level of thinking is found.
Is “Generic Utility Theory” a Suitable Theory of Choice Behavior for Gambles with Mixed Gains and Losses?

Miyamoto's (1988, 1992) generic utility theory (GUT) subsumes a broad class of bilinear utility models. Chechile and Cooke (1997) tested the GUT class of models and found model failure due to the systematic variation of a parameter that should be a positive constant across a range of contexts. In the current study, an improved experimental design is employed to evaluate utility theory. The current study provides further evidence against the GUT class of models for mixed gambles. Moreover, evidence is also provided to demonstrate individual behavior that is incompatible with a coherent bilinear utility theory of choice behavior in the context of mixed gambles with gains and losses.
Three generations of participation rights in European administrative proceedings

This paper develops a conceptual framework for analyzing the development of participation rights in Community administration from the early 1970’s to the present day. Procedural rights can be divided into three categories, each of which is associated with a distinct phase in Community history and a particular set of institutional actors. The first set of rights, the right to a fair hearing when the Commission inflicts sanctions or other forms of hardship on individuals, first emerged in the 1970's in the context of competition proceedings and later in areas such as anti-dumping and structural funds. This phase was driven by the Court of Justice and an English, and to a lesser extent, German conception of the value of a fair hearing. The rise of transparency in the 1990's-the requirement of openness in all Community institutions, including administration--marks the second stage. The drive for transparency was led by certain member countries with longstanding traditions of open government--the Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden--as well as the European Parliament. The most recent phase in the development of process rights is the debate on whether and under what conditions, individuals, firms, and their associations, billed "civil society," should take part in Community legislative and rulemaking proceedings. The Commission and now the Convention on the Future of Europe have been the keenest proponents of giving citizens and their associations a right to participate in rulemaking and legislative proceedings. Civil society participation is then critically examined. Representation--not expertise or good management practices--is the only justification for allocating power, within the Community policymaking process, to individual citizens and their organizations. Yet there is no consensus in Europe, where republican, corporatist, and liberal traditions continue to flourish, on the legitimacy of representation outside of political parties and the electoral process. Without wider consensus, I conclude that associational participation in Community policymaking should not be entrenched and that the Commission should, in mediating the informal influence of civil society actors, act in awareness of its innate institutional bias toward liberal interest group pluralism.
Preserving Digital Records and the Life Cycle of Information

Abstract In the Information Age, digital records are prevalent in every day life, from government, business, and education to banking, healthcare, and entertainment. While we have invested significant time and effort to create and capture information in the digital form, and are making great strides towards making digital information available in every community across the world, we do not have the ability to make this information available across generations of information technology, making it accessible with future technology and enabling people to determine whether it is authentic and reliable. This paper reports on the current status of digital preservation, an emerging field involving computer science, information technology, library science, and archival science. Digital preservation must be considered in a broader context, namely the life cycle of information. In the life cycle of information, we describe all essential factors for preserving digital records, including not only formats, structures, and types of digital records but also access software services, computing environments, even security keys and authenticity signatures and certificates of the records. Our finding is that preservation of digital records will be a major undertaking, but feasible solutions do exist.
No one is naive: the significance of heterologous T-cell immunity

Memory T cells that are specific for one virus can become activated during infection with an unrelated heterologous virus, and might have roles in protective immunity and immunopathology. The course of each infection is influenced by the T-cell memory pool that has been laid down by a host's history of previous infections, and with each successive infection, T-cell memory to previously encountered agents is modified. Here, we discuss evidence from studies in mice and humans that shows the importance of this phenomenon in determining the outcome of infection.
Experiments on Parametric Instabilities in Laser-Plasma Interactions

Recent experiments in laser-fusion laboratories have indicated the importance of non-classical processes in the absorption of intense laser radiation by solid targets. For instance, back-scattered light typically ranges from 10% to 50% of the incident intensity, larger than can be explained by classical reflection at the critical layer; and the excess has often been attributed to a parametric instability such as stimulated Brillouin or Raman scattering. Absorption of light—typically 40%—is lower than classical inverse bremsstrahlung in some experiments and higher in others. The parametric decay and OTS (oscillating two-stream) instabilities are supposed to occur near the critical layer to enhance the absorption. Even when classical processes are sufficient to explain the observed absorption, anomalous effects are indicated by the appearance of suprathermal electrons, as revealed by x-ray spectra. An even more serious effect is the generation of fast ions, which have in some instances accounted for as much as 80% of the absorbed energy. Acceleration of ions by electric fields generated in nonlinear processes has been conjectured. Finally, experiments on transmission through and fast ions from plastic foils have shown that heat conductivity is anomalously low, thus raising the possibility of large, self-generated magnetic fields.
Putting on a Bold-Face

AbstractThis article will examine how artists Renee Cox and Sonia Boyce are visually problematizing notions of civilized society by re-presenting eighteenth- and nineteenth-century black women as the unorthodox, unusual, and, thus, transgressive embodiment of modernity. In Queen Nanny of the Maroons (2004) series and From Tarzan to Rambo: English Born ‘Native’ Considers her Relationship to the Constructed/Self Image and her Roots in Reconstruction (1989) respectively, Cox and Boyce re-present these black women, creating images of them that reflect a multi-valenced black female subjectivity. These artworks challenge the incessant need to study and contain the black masses, and particularly black women, which was so characteristic of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Both artists offer with postcolonial rigour a counter-history of those who came before them, confronting how colonial authorities of the Americas viewed black women of the nineteenth century: as the antithesis of civilized society.
Aufbau to Animism: A sketch of the alternate methodology and major discovery in Dorion Cairns's revision of Edmund Husserl's “Fifth Cartesian Meditation”

After a review of his revisions of Husserl's methodology, Cairns's new version of the procedure of Abbauor unbuilding is followed from the Objective world down to the primordial world and then from there down to the phantom world within which sensa fields can be analyzed. Then the abstractive epochēs by which lower strata were reached are successively relaxed in the Aufbau or upbuilding procedure and, most interestingly, the sense “psychophysical thing” originally constituted within primordial automaticity is found to be transferred automatically and with presumptive certainty to everything in the Objective world. Any differences between “animate” and “inanimate” things are only constituted at a higher level and pertain then to culture and not nature.
Determination of chlorophyll derivatives in marine sediments

Abstract A rapid method is given for routine determination of acetone-soluble chlorophyll derivatives in marine sediments. The pigments are extracted from 10–100 g of wet sediment by acetone and transferred to chloroform for spectrophotometric determination. Major pigments have absorption maxima at ca. 668 mμ from which the pigment content is calculated as pheophytin a . Analysis requires about four hours per sample and can be carried out with a precision of about 3 per cent in sediments containing 1–100 p.p.m. of pigments. Analysis of surface samples of basin sediments off southern California shows a range of 4–100 p.p.m. based on dry sediment. Some shallow sediments and deep sea sediments are below 1 p.p.m.
Changes in osteoarthritis associated with the development of a maritime economy among southern California Indians

The severity of osteoarthritis was studied in human skeletal remains from archaeological sites in the Santa Barbara Channel area of southern California. These remains were analyzed to better understand changes in activity patterns associated with the economic shift from hunting and gathering to intensive fishing and craft specialization that occurred in this area. The joints of 967 burials from seven archaeological sites occupied between 3500 B.C. and the time of European contact were scored for osteoarthritis. These data show that the rate at which people developed osteoarthritis increased through time. This suggests that the adaptive shift toward more intensive exploitation of the marine environment resulted in an increase in the time people spent in strenuous physical activity. The increase in osteoarthritis affected males to a greater extent than females. One interpretation of this is that the work load of men increased with the economic importance of fishing.
How's my mood and stress?: an efficient speech analysis library for unobtrusive monitoring on mobile phones

The human voice encodes a wealth of information about emotion, mood, stress, and mental state. With mobile phones (one of the mostly used modules in body area networks) this information is potentially available to a host of applications and can enable richer, more appropriate, and more satisfying human-computer interaction. In this paper we describe the AMMON (Affective and Mental health MONitor) library, a low footprint C library designed for widely available phones as an enabler of these applications. The library incorporates both core features for emotion recognition (from the Interspeech 2009 Emotion recognition challenge), and the most important features for mental health analysis (glottal timing features). To comfortably run the library on feature phones (the most widely-used class of phones today), we implemented the routines in fixed-point arithmetic, and minimized computational and memory footprint. On identical test data, emotion and stress classification accuracy was indistinguishable from a state-of-the-art reference system running on a PC, achieving 75% accuracy on two-class emotion classification tasks and 84% accuracy on binary classification of stressed and neutral situations. The library uses 30% of real-time on a 1GHz processor during emotion recognition and 70% during stress and mental health analysis.
Proactive and Reactive Aggression and Physical Activity

The current study examined relations between physical activity and proactive and reactive aggression. Additionally, physical activity was examined as a potential moderator of the associations between these subtypes of aggression and peer delinquency. Relations were examined in a community recruited sample of 89 children (56% male, 74% Caucasian) ranging from 9 to 12 years of age (M = 10.44, SD = 1.14). As expected, physical activity was negatively related to proactive aggression and unrelated to reactive aggression. Moreover, physical activity moderated the relation between proactive aggression and peer delinquency, such that at high levels of physical activity, proactive aggression was unrelated to peer delinquency but at low levels of physical activity, proactive aggression was positively associated with peer delinquency. Thus, physical activity may be an important factor to consider when understanding the link between aggression and other problem behavior, as physical activity appears to impact the link between proactive aggression and delinquent peer affiliations.
Electron capture by and electron excitation of two-electron fluorine ions incident on helium

It is demonstrated that the total F $K$ x-ray production cross section for ${\mathrm{F}}^{7+}$ + He collisions comes predominantly from three types of processes. These processes are $1s$-electron excitation of the $1{s}^{2}^{1}S$ ground state of ${\mathrm{F}}^{7+}$, $2s$ electron excitation of the $1s2s^{3}S$ metastable state of ${\mathrm{F}}^{7+}$, and $\mathrm{nl}$ electron capture by the $1s2s^{3}S$ metastable state of ${\mathrm{F}}^{7+}$. All three of these processes have one thing in common, namely, they result in F $K$ x rays. By using a high-resolution x-ray spectrometer, the cross sections for the three processes are measured separately as a function of projectile energy in the range of 6 to 40 MeV. The assignment of the three different processes of $1s$ electron excitation, $2s$ electron excitation, and $\mathrm{nl}$ electron capture is corroborated by comparing the measured energy dependences of the various $K$ x-ray transitions with theory and other experimental measurements with ${\mathrm{F}}^{8+}$ and ${\mathrm{F}}^{9+}$ beams.
Elongation of Stem Internodes in the Japanese Morning Glory (Pharbitis nil) in Relation to Auxin Destruction

The relationship between auxin destruction and stem internode elongation was investigated in the vines of the Japanese morning glory (Pharbitis nil Choisy). In young plants an age-dependent gradient was demonstrated in which the decreasing rate of elongation of older internodes correlated with an increasing ability of such tissue to destroy indoleacetic acid. Fragments of tissue from old internodes when incubated with indoleacetic acid (IAA), destroyed the hormone immediately and rapidly; in contrast, young, rapidly elongating internode tissue destroyed IAA only after a lag of several hours. In older plants the gradient was more erratic towards the middle of the plant but old and young tissue behaved as in young plants, i.e., old internodes destroyed IAA rapidly whereas young internodes did not. It appears reasonable to conclude that cessation of elongation in maturing internodes is brought about by developing an internal environment in which auxin is rapidly destroyed.
Leslie White and evolutionary theory

Leslie A. White was a pivotal figure in the development of American anthropological theory, as the proponent of an evolutionary materialism that focused attention on systems of production that harnessed ever more powerful forms of energy. Placed in historical context, the A. documents the political influences that affected White's career therby demonstrating that this research was embedded in the broader social and ideological milieu in wich he lived.
Antithyroid and antiadrenocortical activity of aminoglutethimide.

In 1964, Rallison et al. reported that aminoglutethimide [α-(p-aminophenyl)-α-ethyl-glutarimide, Elipten, Ciba], an anticonvulsant drug, caused goiters and hypothyroidism in children (1). Because of our interest in aminophenyl drugs which are in clinical use and might have antithyroid activity (2, 3), we evaluated aminoglutethimide for such activity.
Malignant and Corticosteroid-Dependent Idiopathic Anaphylaxis: Successful Responses to Ketotifen

Background Malignant idiopathic anaphylaxis refers to the most severe form of idiopathic anaphylaxis where defined episodes of idiopathic anaphylaxis are not controlled when the prednisone is reduced below at least 60 mg every other day or 20 mg daily. Corticosteroid-dependent idiopathic anaphylaxis refers to patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis who require continuous daily or alternate day prednisone at threshold doses for control of idiopathic anaphylaxis. Ketotifen has been reported to help induce remission in some patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis and has steroid sparing effects in other patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis. Methods We present five patients, two with malignant idiopathic anaphylaxis and three with corticosteroid-dependent idiopathic anaphylaxis, who responded to the administration of ketotifen. Results All five patients, while receiving ketotifen, had a reduction or resolution of their episodes of idiopathic anaphylaxis and prednisone was tapered and discontinued. Conclusion Ketotifen is shown to be successful in inducing remission in two patients with malignant idiopathic anaphylaxis and in three additional patients with corticosteroid-dependent idiopathic anaphylaxis. An additional patient with malignant idiopathic anaphylaxis had prednisone stopped after elective hip surgery.
Coal-ash corrosion of monolithic silicon carbide-based refractories

Abstract Several silicon carbide-based monolithic refractories were subjected to static coal ash corrosion tests to determine corrosion mechanisms and rates. Two castable refractories with 75% and 85% SiC were exposed to two types of coal ash at temperatures from 1090°C to 1430°C. Several plastic refractories were exposed to a high-calcium coal ash at 1430°C for over 100 h. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis were used to determine the corrosion mechanisms and rates of these materials.
Retrieval of an Embolized Polyethylene Catheter: A New Use for the Schultze Endomyocardial Bioptome

Abstract The Schultze endomyocardial bioptome was used to retrieve an embolized portion of plastic catheter from the right ventricle of a 5-month-old child. The retrieval was accomplished using fluoroscopy and took no more than two minutes after placement of the bioptome in the right internal jugular vein.
Radiation-Induced Neoplastic Transformation and Cancer Risk Assessment at Low Doses of Low-LET Radiation

Epidemiologic studies of cancer incidence are insensitive at low doses (<10 cGy). For this reason it is necessary to turn to relevant experimental systems in order to shed light on what may be happening regarding cancer risk at these low doses. In terms of in vitro studies, a cancer-relevant endpoint is neoplastic transformation. Over the past 10 years we have investigated the effects of a range of doses for a variety of sources of low-LET radiation with the goal of determining the shape of the dose-response curve, and underlying biologic responses, at low doses. The first conclusion we have arrived at is the dose-response for high dose-rate radiation is not linear but J-shaped. The transformation frequency only begins to rise above background at doses above 10 to 20 cGy. Secondly, we have evidence that the low dose suppression is most likely a consequence of multiple mechanisms (upregulation of DNA repair and antioxidant status as well as hyper-radio-sensitivity of cells destined to become neoplastically transformed). Thirdly, we have evidence that this suppression of transformation also occurs for radiation delivered at low (mGy/min) to very low (mGy/day) dose-rates. In addition, we have shown that exposure to very low dose-rate radiation (mGy/day) over 2 to 3 months confers a resistance to neoplastic transformation by a subsequent challenge dose, i.e. an adaptive response as classically defined. It would therefore appear that low doses of low-LET radiation mount responses that protect cell populations against neoplastic transformation in vitro. Clearly, in vitro systems have limitations compared the in vivo situation, nonetheless, they have historically given comparable conclusions at high radiation doses to those seen in vivo in terms of the effect of dose-fractionation, dose-rate, LET and chemical modifiers. A priori, there is therefore no reason to doubt that the same will be true at low doses. Indeed, there are several in vivo studies that would support this contention. Additionally, the relative risk for neoplastic transformation determined from our studies agrees well with those for cancer incidence from radiation epidemiology in the case of breast cancer and leukemia. Based on the above, and other extensive evidence in the literature, it is unlikely that cancer risk from low-LET radiation has a linear-no-threshold dose-response and that threshold, or even hormetic, responses are more probable. Acknowledgement. Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Low Dose Radiation Research Program.