cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Desktop Computer Flow Routing

A minimum storage convolution scheme is presented whereby the diffusion analogy or Harley routing models may be applied with desktop computers. The technique reduces the required storage for matrix convolution from (n² + nj + j + n - 1) to 2n, in which n is the number of response function ordinates and j is the number of input values. An extension of the technique may be used for multiple linearization routing.
Contesting Slavery: The Politics of Bondage and Freedom in the New American Nation

Recent scholarship on slavery and politics between 1776 and 1840 has wholly revised historians' understanding of the problem of slavery in American politics. "Contesting Slavery" builds on the best of that literature to reexamine the politics of slavery in revolutionary America and the early republic.The original essays collected here analyze the Revolutionary era and the early republic on their own terms to produce fresh insights into the politics of slavery before 1840. The collection forces historians to rethink the multiple meanings of slavery and antislavery to a broad array of Americans, from free and enslaved African Americans to proslavery ideologues, from northern farmers to northern female reformers, from minor party functionaries to political luminaries such as Henry Clay.The essays also delineate the multiple ways slavery sustained conflict and consensus in local, regional, and national politics. In the end, "Contesting Slavery" both establishes the abiding presence of slavery and sectionalism in American political life and challenges historians' long-standing assumptions about the place, meaning, and significance of slavery in American politics between the Revolutionary and antebellum eras. "Contributors" Rachel Hope Cleves, University of Victoria * David F. Ericson, George Mason University * John Craig Hammond, Penn State University, New Kensington * Matthew Mason, Brigham Young University * Richard Newman, Rochester Institute of Technology * James Oakes, CUNY Graduate Center * Peter S. Onuf, University of Virginia * Robert G. Parkinson, Shepherd University * Donald J. Ratcliffe, University of Oxford * Padraig Riley, Dalhousie University * Edward B. Rugemer, Yale University * Brian Schoen, Ohio University * Andrew Shankman, Rutgers University, Camden * George William Van Cleve, University of Virginia * Eva Sheppard Wolf, San Francisco State University
Glypican Is a Modulator of Netrin-Mediated Axon Guidance.

Netrin is a key axon guidance cue that orients axon growth during neural circuit formation. However, the mechanisms regulating netrin and its receptors in the extracellular milieu are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that in Caenorhabditis elegans, LON-2/glypican, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, modulates UNC-6/netrin signaling and may do this through interactions with the UNC-40/DCC receptor. We show that developing axons misorient in the absence of LON-2/glypican when the SLT-1/slit guidance pathway is compromised and that LON-2/glypican functions in both the attractive and repulsive UNC-6/netrin pathways. We find that the core LON-2/glypican protein, lacking its heparan sulfate chains, and secreted forms of LON-2/glypican are functional in axon guidance. We also find that LON-2/glypican functions from the epidermal substrate cells to guide axons, and we provide evidence that LON-2/glypican associates with UNC-40/DCC receptor–expressing cells. We propose that LON-2/glypican acts as a modulator of UNC-40/DCC-mediated guidance to fine-tune axonal responses to UNC-6/netrin signals during migration.
Early life nutrition influences physical activity level and the contractile and metabolic phenotype of the mouse plantaris (706.17)

The objective was to determine the effects of postnatal nutrition on skeletal muscle composition and voluntary physical activity. Newborn FVB female pups (n=18) were fostered by dams fed a control ...
AUV path planning: an A* approach to path planning with consideration of variable vehicle speeds and multiple, overlapping, time-dependent exclusion zones

The authors describe an implementation of a path planner suitable for an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The path planning unit is capable of maintaining a quadtree database of depth information, obstacles, and exclusion zones: verifying a previously planned path; generating a new path between successive goal points; and generating a path to the nearest point of a safe region. If a path does not exist within the given constraints, the path planner returns a reason for the failure. The path planner attempts to find a 3D corridor that does not intersect any nonentry zones. An A* algorithm is used to generate path corridors along great circle routes. The path planner's real-time performance in open, constricted, and real-world situations is discussed. Additional factors affecting performance such as the number of different vehicle speeds, the quadtree resolution, and the number of nonentry zones blocking the goal are considered. >
Extension of scaled particle theory to inhomogeneous hard particle fluids. III. Entropic force exerted on a cavity that intersects a hard wall.

We present a further development of an inhomogeneous scaled particle theory (I-SPT) for hard particle fluids confined by hard walls, such that the reversible work of cavity insertion can now be determined for all cavities that intersect one of the walls. Building upon a previous version of I-SPT [D. W. Siderius and D. S. Corti, Phys. Rev. E, 71, 036141 (2005)], a new function, $\overline{F}$, is introduced, which is proportional to the net force on the surface of the cavity in the direction normal to the wall. The reversible work of cavity insertion is then determined by an integral over the force required to ``push'' the cavity of fixed size into the fluid starting from a position behind the wall. An exact relation for $\overline{F}$ at certain cavity locations and radii is derived and an accurate interpolation scheme is proposed for the computation of $\overline{F}$ beyond these exact limits. The chosen interpolation incorporates a large number of exact and nearly exact conditions, several of which follow from the surface thermodynamics of macroscopic cavities. Work predictions using $\overline{F}$ are highly accurate as compared to simulation results at low to moderate fluid densities. Good agreement still persists at densities near the hard-sphere freezing transition. The interpolation of $\overline{F}$ is also used to estimate the depletion force between a hard sphere solute and the wall. The I-SPT entropic force predictions are in good agreement with simulation results presented in the literature. Due to its reliance upon physical and geometric arguments, I-SPT provides important insights into the origin of various depletion effects such as how the interplay between geometry and the varying local density at the cavity surface gives rise to the appearance of multiple attractive regions at intermediate solute sizes and a universal repulsive region, both within solute to wall separations that are less than the diameter of a solvent particle. Finally, all of the scaled particle theory-based methods presented here can, in principle, be extended to describe hard particle fluids confined by nonplanar surfaces, thereby providing estimates of the depletion force between a solute and a variety of surfaces of interest.
Isochoric (p, ρ,T) measurements for five natural gas mixtures fromT=(225 to 350) K at pressures to 35 MPa

Abstract Measurements of the ( p , ρ, T ) properties of five natural gas mixtures were carried out at temperatures from (225 to 350) K at pressures to 35 MPa using an isochoric gas expansion apparatus. Ten isochores have been determined for each mixture at densities ranging from 1 mol·dm −3 to 16 mol·dm −3 . The gas samples were prepared gravimetrically from pure gases of verified research-grade purity. The uncertainty of the density measurements arises primarily from uncertainties involved in the determination of the experimental cell volume and of the amount of substance contained in the experimental volume. When all components of experimental uncertainty arising from random effects are considered, the expanded uncertainty (comprising 95 per cent confidence interval) of the density measurements is estimated to be 0.044 per cent.
Dreaming and the Cinema of David Lynch

This essay explores the influence of dreams and dreaming on the filmmaking of DavidLynch. Focusing particular attention on Mulholland Drive (2001), Lost Highway (1997), Blue Velvet (1986), and the television series Twin Peaks (1990–91), the essay will discuss the multiple dream elements in Lynch's work and how they have contributed to the broad cultural influence of his films. Lynch's filmmaking offers an excellent case study of the powerful connection between dreaming and movies in contemporary American society.
Comparison of algal assay systems for detecting waterborne herbicides and metals

Abstract The EPA Bottle Test was compared to a short-term algal bioassay method (Oxygen Evolution Assay) for detecting waterborne herbicides and metals. Although the Bottle Test proved to be a more sensitive assay system, the responses of the two bioassays correlated well. The Oxygen Evolution Assay may be useful as a rapid preliminary screening method for determining which chemicals should undergo further testing. In both bioassays, differences were observed in the results of experiments conducted in the standard algal growth medium and in nutrient-enriched water samples, suggesting that water chemistry plays an important role in the determination of specific toxicity thresholds for algae.
Ewing's sarcoma.

Purpose The current treatments of and new therapeutic options for the management of Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) are reviewed. Summary ES is the second most common primary bone malignancy in pediatric patients and is numbered among the cancers that result in the greatest risk of mortality and morbidity in children and young adults. Much progress has been made in the treatment of ES since the disease was first described in the 1920s. With current multimodality treatment including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, patients with localized disease have a long-term survival rate of approximately 50%. Survival rates for patients with metastatic disease or those with early relapse remain poor. New combinations of cytotoxic agents such as cyclophosphamide, topotecan, irinotecan, and temozolomide have shown efficacy and tolerability in patients with relapsed or refractory disease. To date, the role of high-dose chemotherapy supported by stem cell rescue as a consolidation therapy for high-risk ES tumors has yet to be conclusively determined. Much effort is being invested in treating cancer with targeted therapies, and the EWS-ETS fusion gene would likely provide an important tumor-specific target. Tyrosine kinases (TKs) are overexpressed in human sarcoma tumors, and cell lines may serve as potential targets for new therapies. One TK receptor that is a promising therapeutic target is insulinlike growth factor-1 receptor. Conclusion Treatments for ES include surgery, radiation, and cytotoxic regimens, many of which include vincristine. Treatment for recurrent ES has included topotecan, cyclophosphamide, temozolomide, and irinotecan. Angiogenesis inhibitors, TK inhibitors, and bisphosphonates have also been studied.
Limited value of haptics in virtual reality laparoscopic cholecystectomy training

Background Haptics is an expensive addition to virtual reality (VR) simulators, and the added value to training has not been proven. This study evaluated the benefit of haptics in VR laparoscopic surgery training for novices.
Stochastic modeling of animal epidemics using data collected over three different spatial scales

A stochastic, spatial, discrete-time, SEIR model of avian influenza epidemics among poultry farms in Pennsylvania is formulated. Using three different spatial scales wherein all the birds within a single farm, ZIP code, or county are clustered into a single point, we obtain three different views of the epidemics. For each spatial scale, two parameters within the viral-transmission kernel of the model are estimated using simulated epidemic data. We show that simulated epidemics modeled using data collected on the farm and ZIP-code levels behave similar to the actual underlying epidemics, but this is not true using data collected on the county level. Such analyses of data collected on different spatial scales are useful in formulating intervention strategies to control an ongoing epidemic (e.g., vaccination schedules and culling policies).
Reactions of (Et2NCH2CH2NEt2)·H2SiCl2with Selected Diorganometallic Reagents of Magnesium and Lithium†

Addition of the THF-insoluble di-Grignard reagent from 2,2′-dibromo-4,4′-tert-butylbiphenyl (1) to a solution of [(teeda)·H2SiCl2] in CH2Cl2/THF produced 2,7-di-tert-butyl-9H-9-silafluorene (3) in isolated, recrystallized yields of <20%. The related soluble dilithio reagent from bis(2-bromo-4-methylphenyl)methylamine (2) formed in Et2O, when reacted with [(teeda)·H2SiCl2] in CH2Cl2/Et2O, gave similar yields of 5,10-dihydro-2,5,8-trimethylphenazasiline (4). In the absence of CH2Cl2 the major product produced from 1 was the spirocycle 2,2′,7,7′-tetra-tert-butyl-9,9′-spirobi[9H-9-silafluorene] both in a solvent-free form (5′) and as an ethanol solvate (5), both of which were crystallographically characterized. The spirocycle 2,2′,5,5′,8,8′-hexamethyl-5,10-dihydro-10,10-spirobiphenazasiline (6) was formed from the reaction of the dilithio reagent of 2 in the absence of CH2Cl2.
Ibotenic acid lesions of the lateral substantia nigra restore visual orientation behavior in the hemianopic cat.

Transaction of non-tectotectal fibers in the caudal one-half of the commissure of the superior colliculus restores visual orienting to a cat previously rendered hemianopic by a large unilateral visual cortical lesion. Other observations related to this recovery phenomenon (i.e., the Sprague effect) have suggested that the caudal commissural fibers whose destruction produces the recovery (1) are contralateral afferents to the superior colliculus on the side of the cortical lesion, and (2) profoundly influence visuo-motor processing in this superior colliculus. We performed anatomical and behavioral experiments to determine which of the more than 40 contralateral collicular afferents are directly involved in the Sprague effect. To guide subsequent behavioral studies, we performed a pilot anatomical experiment in which we injected WGA-HRP unilaterally into one superior colliculus at identical retinotopic loci in each of a pair of cats. One cat was normal (control), and the other (experimental) had previously received a caudal transection of the collicular commissure. Quantitative comparison of the retrograde labeling in collicular afferents revealed that a number of mesencephalic regions contain neurons that project to the colliculus via the caudal collicular commissure. Additional collicular injections of WGA-HRP demonstrated the exact location and distribution of collicular afferent neurons within these nuclei. In the behavioral experiments, we attempted to replicate the Sprague effect by destroying the neurons giving rise to the axons in the caudal collicular commissure. Ibotenic acid lesions of these neurons were performed in cats that were hemianopic following the removal of the contralateral visual cortex. Small lesions of a “critical zone” in the rostro-lateral substantia nigra pars reticulata and possibly the overlying ventral zona incerta consistently produced a visual recovery whereas lesions, of the other collicular afferents did not. Paradoxically, large nigral lesions that also included the critical zone did not result in a recovery. A conceptual framework for these findings involving striato-nigro-tecto-preoculomotor interactions is presented.
Enthalpy based approach to capture heat transfer effects in premixed combustion

Mitigating the risk of explosion by hot-surface ignition of a flammable mixture has motivated experimental and numerical studies to characterize this phenomenon. The current numerical approach involves the solution of the low Mach-number Navier–Stokes equations coupled with detailed chemistry of n-heptane using a flamelet approach. Previous work with flamelets characterized by total enthalpy has allowed the inclusion of heat transfer effects (conduction and radiation) on ignition, flame propagation, and flame extinction. Unfortunately, total enthalpy and the progress variable (extent of reaction), typically used for the chemistry tabulation, are not independent. The current work details the development of a novel technique based on modeling enthalpy variations through the use of unburned gas temperature. A transport equation for the unburned gas temperature which forms a key component of this technique is derived from an energy balance for a reacting flow problem. After verifying the technique for 1-D freely propagating adiabatic flames, the improved model is used to study 2-D flame propagation in the presence of a thermal plume initiated by a hot-surface. A comparison of the simulation results with experimental data shows that the enthalpy based approach successfully captures finite-rate chemical kinetics in a thermally stratified mixture.
NF-κB regulates phagocytic NADPH oxidase by inducing the expression of gp91phox

The superoxide-generating phagocytic NADPH oxidase is an important component of the innate immune response against microbial agents, and is involved in shaping the cellular response to a variety of physiological and pathological signals. One of the downstream targets of NADPH oxidase-derived radicals is the ubiquitous transcription factor NF-κB, which controls the expression of a large array of genes involved in immune function and cell survival. Here we show that NF-κB itself is a key factor in controlling NADPH oxidase expression and function. In monocytic and microglial cell lines, the expression of the NADPH oxidase subunit gp91phox was induced by lipopolysaccharide/interferon γ treatment and was inhibited in cells constitutively expressing IκBα. Furthermore, inducible reactive oxygen species production was inhibited in IκBα overexpressing cells. gp91phox expression was very low in RelA-/- fibroblasts and could be induced by reconstituting these cells with p65/RelA. Thus, gp91phox expression is dependent on the presence of p65/RelA. We also found that gp91phox transcription is dependent on NF-κB and we identified two potential cis-acting elements in the murine gp91phox promoter that control NF-κB-dependent regulation. The findings raise the possibility of a positive feedback loop in which NF-κB activation by oxidative stress leads to further radical production via NADPH oxidase.
Use of continuous glucose monitoring in young children with type 1 diabetes: implications for behavioral research

Patton SR, Williams LB, Eder SJ, Crawford MJ, Dolan L, Powers SW. Use of continuous glucose monitoring in young children with type 1 diabetes: implications for behavioral research. Objective: This study presents data on the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in young children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). CGM provides moment-to-moment tracking of glucose concentrations and measures of intra- and interday variability, which are particularly salient measures in young children with T1DM. Methods: Thirty-one children (mean age = 5.0 yr ) with T1DM wore the Medtronic Minimed CGM for a mean of 66.8 h. The CGM was inserted in diabetes clinics, and parents were provided brief training. Results: Few difficulties were experienced and families cited the acceptability of CGM. Participants' CGM data are compared with self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) data as well as data from older children with T1DM to illustrate differences in methodology and variability present in this population. CGM data are used to calculate glucose variability, which is found to be related to diabetes variables such as history of hypoglycemic seizures. Conclusions: CGM is an acceptable research tool for obtaining glucose data in young children with T1DM and has been used previously in older children and adults. CGM may be particularly useful in young children who often experience more glucose variability. Data obtained via CGM are richer and more detailed than traditional SMBG data and allow for analyses to link blood glucose with behavior.
Intel® Turbo Memory: Nonvolatile disk caches in the storage hierarchy of mainstream computer systems

Hard-disk drives are a significant bottleneck to system performance and are also responsible for a significant fraction of total system power consumption. Intel Turbo Memory addresses these problems by adding a new layer to the storage hierarchy: a platform-based and nonvolatile, disk cache. In this article, we describe the hardware and software elements of the Intel Turbo Memory architecture. We show how it supports the new ReadyBoost and ReadyDrive features in Microsoft Vista and describe its key caching algorithms. We present performance, power savings, and wear-leveling results achieved by Intel Turbo Memory.
Balancing Conflicts of Interest when Employing Spouses

Employees can be put in situations where they are required to make decisions on behalf of the organization as part of their job duties. In these situations, organizations desire that employees make these decisions in the organization’s best interest. In an attempt to ensure that decisions are made in the best interest of the organization, some organizations implement anti-nepotism policies and no spouse rules. While the intent is to minimize conflicts of interest among employees, these policies exact costs to organizations. The present paper examines the costs and benefits of these types of policies, as well as the effects of family-friendly benefits, on organizations. The examination is further laid out in terms of four examples of how these policies and rules can be reframed into conflict of interest policies, allowing organizations to fully experience the benefits of increasing the size of the labor pool by being able to consider spouses and family members as potential applicants, while minimizing conflicts of interest. Finally, recommendations concerning the use of focused conflict of interest policies are made.
Further solutions of the Falkner-Skan equation

In an attempt to understand the mechanism governing separation the possibility of there being further solutions to the Falkner-Skan equation f′′′ + ff″ + β(1 − f′2) = 0, in addition to those found by Hartree, is investigated.It is found that when β β> − 0·1988 there are two acceptable solutions, one with f″(0) < 0. The new ones are computed to three places of decimals for various values of β and tabulated. In addition, it is shown that if − 0·5 < β < 0 there is a family of solutions corresponding to boundary layers bounded on one side by free streamlines. These are also computed and graphs of f′(0) and δ1 are displayed. The impact of these solutions on the theory of separation is discussed.
Retention of Verbal Materials Perceived Immediately Prior to Onset of Non-Rem Sleep

During the night Ss were awakened a number of times and shown verbal learning materials. Latency of subsequent onset of non-REM sleep was experimentally manipulated. In the morning, retention for the materials perceived was tested. Retention for words perceived immediately prior to sleep onset was significantly worse than for those followed by a period of enforced wakefulness. This finding suggests that non-REM sleep may impede the consolidation of memory traces.
Heavy element chemistry facilities at Texas A&M University

A new program to study the chemistry of the homologs of the transactinide elements is under development, and is centered at the Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute. New facilities have been designed and/or implemented to enable this research. These include equipment for the production of lanthanide and other targets, a rotating target wheel, an improved recoil transfer chamber, and a customized on-line radiochemical laboratory. Additional target development is being performed at Argonne National Laboratory. The new facilities and equipment are discussed.
über die Intensität der Röntgenspektrallinien, insbesondere der K -Serie des Aluminiums, in Abhängigkeit von der Röhrenspannung

Bisherige Messungen der Intensitatsspannungsknrve von Rontgenspektrallinien haben ergeben, das anfangs der Intensitatsanstieg ungefahr ∼ (V−V0)2 (V0=Anregungsspannung) erfolgt. Weiterhin wird der Anstieg langsamer und nahert sich einem Maximum. Die hier vorliegenden Versuche befassen sich mit dem Intensitatsverlauf bis zu sehr hohen Spannungen (30- bis 40 fache Anregungsspannung). Zunachst werden qualitative Angaben hieruber aus dem Spektrum der sogenannten Stielstrahlung einer Rontgenrohre gewonnen. Es zeigt sich namlich, das diese Stielstrahlung, die an einer Wolframantikathode gemessen wurde, eine kurzeste Wellenlange besitzt, deren Ursprung durch aus dem Brennfleck stammende Sekundarelektronen erklart wird. Aus der Spannungsdifferenz der kurzesten Wellenlange der Brennfleckstrahlung und der Stielstrahlung lassen sich Aussagen daruber gewinnen, von welchem Niveau des W-Atoms die Sekundarelektronen stammen. Weiter last sich zeigen, das die Auslosung von Sekundar- durch Primarelektronen aus irgend einem Niveau verschwindend wird, wenn die Spannung an der Bohre etwa den 40 fachen Betrag der Anregungsspannung des Niveaus erreicht. Fur die Intensitat der zugehorigen Serie bedeutet dies, das diese ebenfalls beim etwa 40 fachen Betrag der Anregungsspannung sich dem Wert Null nahern mus. Diese Schlusse werden dann durch Messungen des Intensitatsverlaufs der K-Serie des Al in Abhangigkeit von der Spannung bis zum 33 fachen der Anregungsspannung gepruft. Verwendet wird einmal eine massive Al-Anode und dann eine Al-Folie von 8.10−5 cm Dicke als Anode. Es ergibt sich, das die Intensitatsspannungskurve anfangs bis etwa zum Doppelten der Anregungsspannung ∼ (V−V0)2 ansteigt. Dann erfolgt der Anstieg langsamer und erreicht ein Maximum beim 11 fachen der Anregungsspannung. Bei noch hoheren Spannungen nimmt die Intensitat wieder ab. Der Abfall der Kurve bei der Folie erfolgt rascher als bei der massiven Anode, weil bei letzterer sich mit steigender Rohrenspannung mehr und mehr charakteristische Emission, hervorgerufen durch Absorption von aus tieferen Schichten der Anode stammender kontinuierlicher und Sekundarelektronenstrahlung, bemerkbar macht. Die Extrapolation der Intensitatsspannungskurve der Folie ergibt, das die Intensitat der Linien fur die etwa 40 fache Anregungsspannung als Rohrenspannung sich dem Werte Null nahert.
Competency-based evaluation tools for integrative medicine training in family medicine residency: a pilot study

As more integrative medicine educational content is integrated into conventional family medicine teaching, the need for effective evaluation strategies grows. Through the Integrative Family Medicine program, a six site pilot program of a four year residency training model combining integrative medicine and family medicine training, we have developed and tested a set of competency-based evaluation tools to assess residents' skills in integrative medicine history-taking and treatment planning. This paper presents the results from the implementation of direct observation and treatment plan evaluation tools, as well as the results of two Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) developed for the program. The direct observation (DO) and treatment plan (TP) evaluation tools developed for the IFM program were implemented by faculty at each of the six sites during the PGY-4 year (n = 11 on DO and n = 8 on TP). The OSCE I was implemented first in 2005 (n = 6), revised and then implemented with a second class of IFM participants in 2006 (n = 7). OSCE II was implemented in fall 2005 with only one class of IFM participants (n = 6). Data from the initial implementation of these tools are described using descriptive statistics. Results from the implementation of these tools at the IFM sites suggest that we need more emphasis in our curriculum on incorporating spirituality into history-taking and treatment planning, and more training for IFM residents on effective assessment of readiness for change and strategies for delivering integrative medicine treatment recommendations. Focusing our OSCE assessment more narrowly on integrative medicine history-taking skills was much more effective in delineating strengths and weaknesses in our residents' performance than using the OSCE for both integrative and more basic communication competencies. As these tools are refined further they will be of value both in improving our teaching in the IFM program and as competency-based evaluation resources for the expanding number of family medicine residency programs incorporating integrative medicine into their curriculum. The next stages of work on these instruments will involve establishing inter-rater reliability and defining more clearly the specific behaviors which we believe establish competency in the integrative medicine skills defined for the program.
Comparison of hydrogen sulfide transport properties in fluorinated and nonfluorinated polymers

Permeability coefficients of hydrogen sulfide in fluorinated polymers are anomalously low when compared to its permeability in nonfluorinated polymers. As a result, fluoropolymer membranes have unusual selectivities for gas pairs involving H2S. For example, while the mixture CO2/H2S selectivity is 0.66 for nonfluorinated, rubbery poly(dimethylsiloxane), this selectivity is 8.0 for a fluoroelastomer composed of tetrafluoroethylene, perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, and perfluoro-8-cyano-5-methyl-3,6-dioxa-1-octene (TFE/PMVE/8CNVE) and 27 for a glassy, cyclic perfluoroether (Cytop) under similar test conditions. The low H2S permeability in fluoropolymers is caused primarily by unexpectedly low H2S solubility in the fluorinated polymer matrices. For instance, H2S solubility in a Teflon AF copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole is approximately 5 times lower than the value predicted by a correlation of solubility with gas critical temperature. This low solubility is ...
Initial-value predictability of prominent modes of North Pacific subsurface temperature in a CGCM

Three 40-member ensemble experiments and a 700 year control run are used to study initial value predictability in the North Pacific in Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3). Our focus is on the leading two empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of subsurface temperature variability, which together produce an eastward propagating mode. Predictability is measured by relative entropy, which compares both the mean and spread of predictions of ensembles to the model’s climatological distribution of states. Despite the fact that EOF1, which is structurally similar to the observational Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), has pronounced spectral peaks on decadal time scales, its predictability is less than 6 years. Additional predictability resides in the tendency of EOF1 to evolve to EOF2, primarily through simple advective processes. The propagating mode represented by the combination of EOF1 and EOF2 is predictable for about a decade. Information in both the mean and spread of predicted ensembles contribute to this predictability. Among the leading 15 EOFs, EOF1 is the least predictable mode in terms of the rate at which the corresponding principal component disperses in the ensemble experiments. However, it can produce enhanced predictability of the whole system by inducing EOF2, which is one of the two EOFs with the slowest dispersion rate. The first two EOFs can also enhance the ensemble mean (or “signal”) component of predictability of the entire system. For typical amplitude initial states, this component contributes to predictability for about 6 years. For initial states with unusually high amplitude projections onto these two EOFs, this contribution can last much longer. The major findings from the three ensemble experiments are replicated and generalized when the initial condition predictability for each of many hundreds of different initial states is estimated. These estimates are derived from the behavior of a linear inverse model (LIM) that is based on the intrinsic variability present in the control run.
Alterations of functional subsets of T helper and T suppressor cell populations in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and chronic unexplained lymphadenopathy.

We have studied the distribution of Leu8 and Ia on T cells of the helper (T4) and suppressor (T8) phenotype in homosexual men with chronic unexplained lymphadenopathy, homosexual men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and homosexual and heterosexual controls. Decreased numbers of helper T cells in lymphadenopathy patients are due to a decrease in the T4:Leu8+ subset, whereas in AIDS patients, both the T4:Leu8+ and the T4:Leu8− subsets were decreased.
Heterogeneity in the growth and finance relationship: How does the impact of bank finance vary by country and type of lending?

Abstract We explore heterogeneity in the finance-growth relationship by considering the effects of foreign and domestic lending separately. Estimating finite mixture models, we find that the effects of bank finance and foreign bank involvement on growth depend on 1) how well-developed the banking sector is, and 2) if foreign banks are involved via affiliates within the country or via cross-border loans. The experience of lenders with a local presence is important, but only once a threshold level of financial sector development is reached. In countries with underdeveloped banking sectors, the influence of foreign-owned lenders relative to locally-owned banks can hinder growth.
The NHTSA emergency medical services communications program

The expansion of emergency medical services is limited by residual problems of inadequacy of communications systems developed using insufficient and inadequate VHF frequency channels. The promise of correcting these inadequacies by making available a block of UHF channels for use with a common frequency allocation structure is being diluted by short-sighted planning permitted by inadequacies in applicable FCC rules. There is a need to revisit Docket 19880 to consider issuance of additional rules needed to foster the most effective use of the block of UHF frequency channels available for emergency medical services. Technology is available which offers promise for application to expand the coverage of EMS communications with appropriate concessions to cost-effectiveness. Before much additional investment is made, in improving or expanding EMS communications, it is necessary that the coordination of system planning is improved. Improved coordination in federally funded projects is required but is not sufficient to prevent unnecessary and detrimental diversity in EMS communications systems implementation. There is also a need for state level supervision of local level EMS communications system planning and implementation to assure that all elements of the system, regardless of funding source, are compatible, interoperable, and in compliance with statewide plans.
Trophoblastic invasion and modification of uterine veins during placental development in macaques

Trophoblast cells invade and modify the uterine vasculature to provide circulation of maternal blood through the placenta. Although evidence indicates fundamental differences between trophoblast modification of arteries and veins, interactions between trophoblast cells and uterine veins have not been addressed. In this report we describe the processes by which trophoblast cells invade and restructure uterine veins during placentation in the macaque. Antibodies were used to identify trophoblast, endothelium, and basement membranes. During early gestation, trophoblast migrated from the trophoblastic shell and, by intravasation, replaced portions of the wall and endothelium of veins in the vicinity of the shell; this is in contrast to invasion by extravasation reported for the arteries in this species. These areas had discontinuous endothelial basement membranes and the endothelial cells were variably hypertrophied. Deeper portions of veins were not invaded; this too is in contradistinction to the spiral arteries where trophoblastic modification extends to the myometrial segments. Later in gestation, those portions of veins interacting with trophoblast were contained within the trophoblastic shell or situated such that one side abutted the shell. These regions of the veins were lined by endothelium, but it could not be determined whether this represented re-endothelialization of regions formerly lined by trophoblast or if these endothelial cells were never displaced.
Riboswitches: discovery of drugs that target bacterial gene-regulatory RNAs.

Riboswitches are messenger RNA (mRNA) domains that regulate gene function in response to the intracellular concentration of a variety of metabolites and second messengers. They control essential genes in many pathogenic bacteria, thus representing an inviting new class of biomolecular target for the development of antibiotics and chemical–biological tools. In this Account, we briefly review the discovery of riboswitches in the first years of the 21st century and their ensuing characterization over the past decade. We then discuss the progress achieved so far in using riboswitches as a focus for drug discovery, considering both the value of past serendipity and the particular challenges that confront current researchers.Five mechanisms of gene regulation have been determined for riboswitches. Most bacterial riboswitches modulate either transcription termination or translation initiation in response to ligand binding. All known examples of eukaryotic riboswitches, and some bacterial riboswitches, control ge...
Spectral-band engineering with interacting resonant leaky modes in thin periodic films

This paper addresses guided-mode resonance elements with binary profiles and their spectral and physical properties. It is shown that these subwavelength periodic waveguide films yield rich spectra that are critically influenced by the shape of the grating profile. The symmetry of the profile controls the resonance spectral density. Symmetric profiles generate a single resonance on either side of the second stopband whereas two resonances arise, one on each side of the band, for asymmetric structures. The profile's Fourier harmonic content, along with the absolute value of the grating modulation strength, affects the resonance linewidths and their relative locations. Computed Brillouin diagrams illustrate key properties of the resonant leaky-mode spectra in relation to modulation strength and profile symmetry at the second stopband. Associated mode plots elucidate the spatial distribution of the leaky-mode field amplitude at resonance and show that at higher modulation, the shape appears as a complex mixture of modes. The results presented include wavelength and angular spectra for several example devices including narrowband transmission filter, wideband reflectors and transmission elements for TE and TM polarization, and a wideband polarizer. Effects of fabrication errors are considered for the polarizing device and an example of a fabricated narrow-band reflector is provided. These results demonstrate new dimensions in optical device design and may provide complementary capability with the field of thin-film optics.
STANDARDS‐MAKING ORGANIZATIONS AND THE RATIONALIZATION OF AMERICAN LIFE

Standards for products and procedures shape every facet of contemporary American life. Yet despite their pervasiveness and their centrality to the process of rationalization, standards have been vi...
Thermal Stability of Fe Filaments in Deformed Cu-Fe Composites

The Cu-12.8wt%Fe alloys are prepared in a vacuum induction furnace and then drawn to Cu-Fe composite wires with the drawing ratio of 8.2. The thermal stability of Fe filaments in the deformed Cu-12.8wt% Fe composite wires under different annealed temperature is investigated. The results show that the instability of the Fe filaments in the Cu-Fe composites is controlled by the longitudinal boundary splitting, then the splitting Fe filaments subsequently evolve into the cylinders. The thermal instability of the cylindrical Fe filaments is controlled by the two instability modes of Rayleigh perturbation and two dimensional Ostwald coarsening. The model calculations of two modes indicate that the perturbation breakup of cylindrical Fe filaments firstly occurs at the ones with smaller diameter. The breakup time of cylindrical Fe filaments decreases with the increasing of the annealing temperature. The coarsening diameters of cylindrical Fe filaments increase in linear proportion with the holding time. The smaller is the diameter of cylindrical Fe filaments, the larger is the coarsening rate.
Impingement Heat Transfer Measurements Under an Array of Inclined Jets

References 1Marotta, E. E., and Fletcher, L. S., “Thermal Contact Conductance of Selected Polymeric Materials,” Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1996, pp. 334–342. 2Mikic, B. B., “Thermal Contact Conductance; Theoretical Considerations,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 17, 1974, pp. 205–214. 3Cooper, M., Mikic, B. B., and Yovanovich, M. M., “Thermal Contact Conductance,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 12, 1969, pp. 279–300. 4Parihar, S. K., and Wright, N. T., “Thermal Contact Resistance at Elastomer toMetal Interfaces,” InternationalCommunicationsinHeat andMass Transfer, Vol. 24, No. 8, 1997, pp. 1083–1092. 5Makushkin, A. P., “Study of Stress-Strain of Polymer Layer During Spherical Indenter Penetration,” Trenie I Iznos, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1984, pp. 823–832. 6Greenwood, J. A., and Williamson, J. B. P., “Contact of Nominally Flat Surfaces,” Proceeding of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. A295, 1966, pp. 300–319.
Mixed Rejection Is a Low Frequency Event and Not Just Cellular Rejection and C4d Deposition in the Cardiac Allograft

s S113 2012. H&E, C4d and CD68 of paraffin embedded sections were analyzed. We scored C4d and CD68 according to ISHLT 2011 classification and Acute cellular Rejction (ACR) according to ISHLT 1990 and 2005 . C4d EMBs positive were 182, with a prevalence of 6.4% in our population study. We calculated the rejection score and severe rejection score in all patients included in the study. Results: Results. In C4d positive EMBs ACR 0 was 71/136 (52%), 1A 40/136 (29%), 1B 13/136 (10%) grade 2 1/136 (1%), 3A 8/136 (6%), 3B 3/136 (2%). In C4d negative group ACR 0 was 1070/1767 (61%), 1A 477/1767 (27%), 1B 41/1767 (2%), 2 42/1767 (2,3%), 3A 130/1767 (7,3%), 3B 7/1767 (0,4%). The severe rejection score was higher in C4d positive patients 0,49±0,50 vs C4d negative patients0,27±0,26 (p= 0,04) . In patients with recurrent C4d positivity severe rejection score was higher 0,68±0,20 than in C4d negative patients 0,24±0,43 (p= 0,015). Conclusion: Conclusions. ACR and AMR coexist in HTx patients and are strictly related. In C4d positive EMBs a diffuse pattern of ACR (1B and 3B) was more frequently observed compared to C4d negative EMBs. Higher severe rejection score in AMR patients indicates that the two types of rejection interact and represent a new distinct pathological entity.
Methotrexate resistance in human uroepithelial cells with p53 alterations.

AbstractPurpose: Bladder cancers are frequently treated with combination chemotherapy that includes methotrexate (MTX). The development of drug resistance is a common problem in treatment of bladder cancers. We tested if the status of p53 and/or pRb affects the development of MTX resistance in bladder epithelial cell lines.Materials and Methods: We used two isogeneic sets of cell lines in which we manipulated the status of p53 and/or pRb by transformation with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and/or E7 or with a transdominant TP53 mutant (TP53 sup 143). One series of isogeneic origin was derived from normal human uroepithelial cells (HUC), and the other was derived from a human transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Cell lines with p53 and/or pRb alterations were cultured for six months while increasing the MTX concentration in each line, as resistance developed.Results: Two cell lines with both pRb and p53 alterations, alpha E6/E7-HUC and alpha E7-HUCp53mu, acquired the greatest resistance (750 nM) to MTX. One ...
Interaction between attitude libration and orbital motion of a rigid body in a near keplerian orbit of low eccentricity

Interaction between orbital motion and attitude libration dynamics of an arbitrary rigid body moving in a central Newtonian field is considered to second order. Advantage is taken of the decoupling between inplane-pitch and roll-yaw out-of-plane motion to restrict the motion to the orbital plane by an appropriate choice ofinitial conditions. An averaged solution to the nonlinear inplane-pitch equations whose accuracy is determined by ignoring terms of order {e·G32/a 2, e2,αe2,G32/a 2} and higher is presented. The results show that the near-resonant motion is characterized by a periodic interchange of energy between the attitude and orbital motion.
Web-Based Interactive System for Analyzing Achievement Gaps in Public Schools System.

The National Office for Research on Measurement and Evaluation Systems (NORMES) at the University of Arkansas developed a web-based interactive system to provide information on state, district, and...
Cervical extensor endurance test: a reliability study.

Summary Background & purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the inter-rater reliability in detecting the presence of weakness of the neck extensors and differentiate the presence of weakness of the superficial versus the deep neck extensors in a symptomatic population. The presence of weakness of the neck extensors has been described to cause pain and dysfunction in the cervical region. Methods 30 patients with a diagnosis of neck pain were randomly assigned and examined by two musculoskeletal physical therapists at a time, in order to determine the presence of weakness of the superficial versus the deep neck extensors. With the patient lying prone and head and neck past the edge of the table and the cervico-thoracic junction stabilized, the ability of the individual to sustain a chin tuck position in neutral for 20 s was evaluated. A positive finding for weakness of the deep neck extensors is the ‘chin length' increasing with neck extension, as observed on the inclinometer, indicating a dominance of the superficial extensors of the neck. Weakness of both deep and superficial neck extensors was identified by the presence of neck flexion indicating an inability to hold the head up. Inter-rater reliability was determined using the Cohen's un-weighted kappa statistic. Results For the cervical extensor endurance test, the inter-rater reliability was ‘very good' ( k = 0.800, SE of kappa = 0.109, 95% CI). Conclusion The cervical extensor endurance test may be incorporated as a simple yet effective test to determine the presence of weakness of the neck extensors and differentiate the presence of weakness of the superficial versus the deep neck extensors in a symptomatic population. The accuracy of the CEET as a test is still debatable, as it has not been compared to a diagnostic gold standard. Based on the results of this study, we speculate the CEET may still offer an initial sense of direction for clinicians treating neck dysfunction.