cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The genomic organization of Ty3/gypsy-like retrotransposons in Helianthus (Asteraceae) homoploid hybrid species.

The origin of new diploid, or homoploid, hybrid species is associated with rapid genomic restructuring in the hybrid neospecies. This mode of speciation has been best characterized in wild sunfl ower species in the genus Helianthus , where three homoploid hybrid species ( H. anomalus , H. deserticola , and H. paradoxus ) have independently arisen via ancient hybridization events between the same two parental species ( H. annuus and H. petiolaris ). Most previous work examining genomic restructuring in these sunfl ower hybrid species has focused on chromosomal rearrangements. However, the origin of all three homoploid hybrid sunfl ower species also is associated with massive proliferation events of Ty3/gypsy -like retrotransposons in the hybrid species ’ genomes. We compared the genomic organization of these elements in the parent species and two of the homoploid hybrid species using fl uorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We found a signifi cant expansion of Ty3/gypsy -like retrotransposons confi ned to the pericentromeric regions of two hybrid sunfl ower species, H. deserticola and H. paradoxus . In contrast, we detected no signifi cant increase in the frequency or extent of dispersed retrotransposon populations in the hybrid species within the resolution limits of our assay. We discuss the potential role that transposable element proliferation and localization plays in the evolution of homoploid hybrid species.
Adaptive Control of Unknown Dynamical Systems via Neural Network Approach

The feasibility of using an artificial neural network for controlling an unknown dynamical plant is investigated. A layered neural network is employed to learn the inverse dynamics of the unknown dynamical plant and acts as a feedforward controller to control the plant. This inverse dynamics is represented by the connection weights between the layers; these weights are adjusted based on the difference between the actual control input to the plant and the estimated input for achieving an actual plant output according to the inverse-dynamics model. The error back propagation scheme and the delta rule are used in the learning process. Simulation results are in this paper.
A laboratory model of diffusion into the convective planetary boundary layer

A laboratory model of the convective planetary boundary layer has provided information concerning the evolution of concentration distributions downwind from a simulated continuous point source located near the ground. Results indicate that a Gaussian plume formulation adequately describes the model γ-concentration distributions, but is useful in predicting the z-concentration distributions only to a distance downstream of about x = 0.5zi/(w*/U), where zi is the mixed layer depth and w*/U is a dimensionless stability parameter. Near this distance an elevated concentration maximum appears at a height above the source release height. The elevated maximum rises to a height of about 0.8zi at x = 1.7zi/(w*/U) and retains its identity until the pollutants become vertically well mixed farther downstream. Use of the stability parameter w*/U permits the model results to be applied to a range of atmospheric conditions encompassing the Pasquill-Gifford stability classes A and B. Close agreement is found between the laboratory data and the atmospheric observations of ground-level lateral spread of Islitzer (1961) and Islitzer and Dumbauld (1963), where the latter measurements extended out to x≃ 3 km.
An optimal sequential feature selection and ordering procedure for the diagnosis of discrete medical data patterns

This paper describes a procedure for sequentially selecting and ordering features. It is applicable to sequential decision schemes for the computer-aided diagnosis of discrete-valued medical data patterns. The procedure is optimal in minimizing the diagnostic error probability. Preliminary application results are described.
Modeling average cycle lengths and green intervals of semi-actuated signal operations with exclusive pedestrian-actuated phase

Abstract The average cycle length and green intervals of a traffic-actuated signal operation are two parameters commonly used in a delay model for evaluating the level of service of the signal operation. The current method suggested in 1985 Highway Capacity Manual for estimating the values of these parameters is unreliable. This paper describes an improved analytical procedure for application on semi-actuated signal operations that have an exclusive pedestrian-actuated phase. The procedure is applicable to such signal operations that rely on long inductive loop detectors for presence detection of vehicles.
Combined Pharmacotherapy: An Emerging Trend in Pediatric Psychopharmacology

Increasingly, multiple agents are being used for the treatment of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. The need to use combinations of medications has arisen out of the often less than satisfactory response to single agents, an emerging awareness of the high rates of psychiatric comorbidity (Bird ct al., 1993), and the apparent synergy of combined agents for certain disorders. Gerald Klerman has noted "current medical thinking is driven by Thomas Kuhn's paradigm presupposing a nosologic concept of disease: each disease has its specific etiology, and hence, specific treatment. Given that in current psychiatric practice there is a lack of specific treatments (i.e., those directed at etiology), the practitioner is often left with the use of nonspecific treatments for syndromal disorders or target symptoms" (Meltzer, 1987, p. 1700). In addition, "specific" has often been misconstrued to mean single and may represent a set or combination of interventions. Finally, medications such as the selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRls) may have a narrow scope of activity addressing only a limited number of target symptoms. Although clinicians hope that patients will respond to single psychotherapeutic agents, with difficult cases this may be the exception as opposed to the rule. Given the vast array of potential combinations, clinicians should become familiar with commonly used medication regimens and those associated with adverse effects (c.g., excessive sedation) or drug interactions (i.c., Huoxcrinc plus tricyclic antidepressants). In the following sections, we will highlight some of
Development and testing of an analytic model to identify home healthcare patients at risk for a hospitalization within the first 60 days of care.

SUMMARY Preventing hospitalization is one of the major objectives of home health care. Accomplishing this goal is being able to identify patients at risk for hospitalization and intervening appropriately. The current study explored which factors place patients at risk at the start of care and are predictive over the first 60 days of care. Outcomes Assessment Information Set (OASIS), plan of care, medications and medical record information from an urban home health agency were used to build and validate a predictive hospitalization model. The model was developed and tested using a large set of patients (n = 46,366). Patients were classified into seven risk groups from very low to very high. Results revealed that a combination of demographic, financial, clinical and health status factors could accurately predict patients' likelihood for hospitalization and the model agreed with clinical judgments. Examples of how the risk model could be used in practice are provided.
Delayed Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism following Excision of a Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

Thyroglossal duct cysts can contain ectopic thyroid tissue, and in some cases this tissue may be the only functional thyroid gland. We present the case of a 6-year-old girl with delayed diagnosis of iatrogenic hypothyroidism that developed after excision of a thyroglossal duct cyst.
Single dielectric barrier discharge plasma enhanced aerodynamics: physics, modeling and applications

The term “plasma actuator” has been a part of the fluid dynamics flow control vernacular for more than a decade. A particular type of plasma actuator that has gained wide use is based on a single dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) mechanism that has desirable features for use in air at atmospheric pressures. For these actuators, the mechanism of flow control is through a generated body force vector that couples with the momentum in the external flow. The body force can be derived from first principles and the plasma actuator effect can be easily incorporated into flow solvers so that their placement and operation can be optimized. They have been used in a wide range of applications that include bluff body wake control; lift augmentation and separation control on a variety of lifting surfaces ranging from fixed wings with various degrees of sweep, wind turbine rotors and pitching airfoils simulating helicopter rotors; flow separation and tip-casing clearance flow control to reduce losses in turbines, to control flow surge and stall in compressors; and in exciting instabilities in boundary layers at subsonic to supersonic Mach numbers for turbulent transition control. New applications continue to appear through programs in a growing number of US universities and government laboratories, as well as in Germany, France, England, Netherland, Russia, Japan and China. This paper provides an overview of the physics, design and modeling of SDBD plasma actuators. It then presents their use in a number of applications that includes both numerical flow simulations and experiments together.
Stuck in the Middle: Impacts of Grade Configuration in Public Schools

We examine the implications of separating students of different grade levels across schools for the purposes of educational production. Specifically, we find that moving students from elementary to middle school in 6th or 7th grade causes significant drops in academic achievement. These effects are large (about 0.15 standard deviations), present for both math and English, and persist through grade 8, the last year for which we have achievement data. The effects are similar for boys and girls, but stronger for students with low levels of initial achievement. We instrument for middle school attendance using the grade range of the school students attended in grade 3, and employ specifications that control for student fixed effects. This leaves only one potential source of bias — correlation between grade range of a student's grade 3 school and unobservable characteristics that cause decreases in achievement precisely when students are due to switch schools — which we view as highly unlikely. We find little evidence that placing public school students into middle schools during adolescence is cost-effective.
A census of the US near-roadway population: Public health and environmental justice considerations

This study estimates the size and distribution of the population living near high volume roads in the US, investigates race and income disparities in these near roadway populations, and considers the coverage of the national ambient air quality monitoring network. Every US census block is classified by traffic density and proximity to roads falling within several traffic volume ranges using year 2008 traffic data and the 2010 and 2000 US Census. The results indicate that 19% of the population lives near high volume roads. Nationally, greater traffic volume and density are associated with larger shares of non-white residents and lower median household incomes. Analysis at the county level finds wide variation in the size of near roadway populations and the severity of environmental justice concerns. Every state, however, has some population living near a high volume road and 84% of counties show some level of disparity. The results also suggest that most counties with residents living near high volume roads do not have a co-located regulatory air quality monitor.
The impact of product category risk on service satisfaction evaluations

Abstract This study investigated how consumers’ perceptions of category-level product risk influence their satisfaction judgments and behavioral intentions with regard to services. One hundred and twenty two business travelers evaluated a hypothetical scenario displayed on computer monitors. The participants’ perceptions of risk for business hotels were measured on a previously established three-item risk scale. Based on the median perceived risk, the participants were assigned into high and low groups. The results of this investigation suggest that the primary consequences of high perceived risk are negative; elevated levels of perceived product-category risk translated into lower overall satisfaction ratings, weaker repurchase intentions, and less willingness to generate word-of-mouth referrals. The managerial implications of the findings are briefly discussed.
High-speed division unit using asymmetric neural network architecture

A neural network with symmetric synaptic connections has been shown to be an effective computational unit. However, this model does not always guarantee global convergence nor yield a fast settling time. An asymmetric model without these problems is introduced in the letter. A high-speed divider illustrates its computational capabilities.
Variance-stabilizing and Confidence-stabilizing Transformations for the Normal Correlation Coefficient with Known Variances

Fosdick and Raftery (2012) recently encountered the problem of inference for a bivariate normal correlation coefficient ρ with known variances. We derive a variance-stabilizing transformation y(ρ) analogous to Fisher’s classical z-transformation for the unknown-variance case. Adjusting y for the sample size n produces an improved “confidence-stabilizing” transformation yn(ρ) that provides more accurate interval estimates for ρ than the known-variance MLE. Interestingly, the z transformation applied to the unknown-but-equal-variance MLE performs well in the known-variance case for smaller values of |ρ|. Both methods are useful for comparing two or more correlation coefficients in the known-variance case.
Nonviolence is Two

The term “nonviolent resistance” is frequently assumed to refer to a single and coherent theory about the proper way to manage conflict. There are, however, two quite different theories subsumed by this general term. One assumes a basic human harmony and denies the morality of or necessity for either coercion or violence. The second regards conflict as normal, even healthy; nonviolence is perceived as an economic way of testing strength and the only limit set upon means is that of threatening or using physical force. Because activists, advocates, and observers often fail to distinguish these views, the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance is frequently impaired. This is because resisters of differing views fail to find a common basis for cooperation and because the spectator is confused by apparently contradictory professions and actions.
The distance to a similarity-invariant set of operators

A general argument is developed in order to construct approximants (and to obtain concrete expressions for the distance) for a given Hilbert space operator in a set of operators invariant under similarities and under compact perturbations. Several examples illustrate the main result.
Basal amygdaloid facilitation of midbrain periaqueductal gray elicited defensive rage behavior in the cat is mediated through NMDA receptors

The present study tested the hypotheses that: (1) defensive rage behavior elicited from the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) in the cat is facilitated from the basal complex of amygdala; and (2) such facilitation from this region of amygdala is mediated via a pathway in which excitatory amino acids acting upon NMDA receptors within the PAG are utilized as a neurotransmitter. In the first phase of this study, cannula electrodes were implanted into PAG sites for the elicitation of defensive rage behavior as well as for drug delivery. Then, a second monopolar electrode was implanted into the basal nucleus of amygdala from which facilitation of defensive rage could be obtained. As a result of dual stimulation of the basal amygdala and PAG, response latencies for defensive rage were significantly lowered relative to PAG stimulation alone (P < 0.01). In the second phase of this experiment, 3 doses of a selective NMDA receptor antagonist, AP-7 (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg), were peripherally (i.p.) administered in 5 animals. The results indicated a significant decrease in the facilitatory effects of amygdaloid stimulation in a dose and time dependent manner (P < 0.001). In the third phase, AP-7 was administered intracerebrally into PAG defensive rage sites in doses of 0.2 and 2.0 nmol. It was noted that intracerebral microinjections of AP-7 at the higher dose (2.0 nmol) also significantly suppressed the facilitatory effects of amygdaloid stimulation (P < 0.01); however, these effects were somewhat less potent then those observed following peripheral drug administration. A fourth phase of the study was conducted at the completion of the pharmacological experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Implementing New York State Department of Transportation's Pavement Preventive Maintenance Program

The New York State Department of Transportation developed and implemented an aggressive pavement preventive maintenance program in the early 1990s. The program was initiated in a bottom-up approach...
A Study of the Steady-State Performance of a Pressurized Air Wave Bearing at Concentric Position

The steady-state performance of a pressurized air wave bearing in concentric position is predicted using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. This code solves the three-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations in the turbulent regime, taking into account the real geometry of both the bearing fluid film and the supply regions. The code can provide detailed information about the flow (pressure, turbulent kinetic energy distributions, velocity profiles, etc.) in all bearing regions including the supply holes. This approach does not involve a correction of the flow rate with an empirical discharge coefficient. The predicted values of the supply flow rates are compared to the experimental values obtained with a dedicated wave bearing test rig located at NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio.
Segmental distribution of nucleotides in the DNA of bacteriophage lambda.

DNA molecules isolated from phage λ were fragmented by shear and fractionated in various ways, mainly with respect to buoyant density of mercury complexes in Cs2SO4. Six segments of different composition were found, ranging in G + C content from 37 to 57 mole %. The lengths and left-to-right sequence of segments were determined. The segments are reasonably homogeneous internally and the boundaries between segments rather sharp.
Co-modulation of acute ethanol-induced motor impairment by mouse cerebellar adenosinergic A1 and GABAA receptor systems

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that cerebellar adenosine modulates ethanol ataxia. Using Rotorod method, we investigated the role of cerebellar GABA A receptors in the adenosinergic modulation of ethanol ataxia in mice. Direct cerebellar microinfusion of GABA A agonist, muscimol (2.5, 5 and 10 ng) and antagonist, bicuculline (50, 100 and 200 ng), via permanently implanted guide cannulas, produced a marked and dose-dependent accentuation and attenuation, respectively, of ethanol (2 g/kg; IP) ataxia. The accentuation of ethanol ataxia by intracerebellar muscimol was through GABA A receptor because intracerebellar pretreatment with bicuculline virtually abolished muscimol effect. Intracerebellar microinfusion of adenosine A 1 agonist, N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine (CHA: 4 ng), and antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX: 100 ng) markedly accentuated and attenuated, respectively, ethanol ataxia consistent with our previously published data. Intracerebellar microinfusion of CHA (4 ng) or DPCPX (100 ng) markedly enhanced and reduced, respectively, muscimol (10 ng)-induced accentuation of ethanol ataxia suggesting co-modulation of ethanol ataxia by cerebellar adenosinergic A 1 and GABA A receptors. Similarly, intracerebellar bicuculline (200 ng) pretreatment not only prevented CHA-induced accentuation of ethanol ataxia, but caused further decrease in ethanol ataxia. No change in the normal coordination was observed when microinfusion of the highest dose of muscimol, bicuculline, DPCPX or CHA alone or in combination was followed by saline injection instead of ethanol. The results of the present study suggest a functional similarity between GABA A and adenosine A 1 receptors even though both receptor types are known to couple to different signaling system and their location is on the opposite ends of the cerebellar granule cells, axons and axonal terminals (i.e., GABA A at the granule cells and adenosine A 1 on axons and axonal terminals of the granule cells) and act as co-modulators of ethanol ataxia.
Helping and Voice Extra-Role Behaviors: Evidence of Construct and Predictive Validity

Results of this field study of 597 employees demonstrate the importance of extra-role behavior in explaining employee performance over a six-month period. Supervisors, peers, and employees differen...
Realistic expectations for cryoablation of liver tumors.

While cryoablation has been shown to be an effective method of destruction of primary and metastatic liver tumors, there is a disturbingly high incidence of recurrence at the cryoablated site and there are conflicting reports concerning long-term survival. For this reason, resection remains the preferred surgical treatment of liver tumors. However, there is a population of patients who, because of age, pre-existing liver disease, or likely systemic dissemination, present a higher risk for major resection, and for whom cryoablation may be favored. This study examined the safety and effectiveness of cryoablation in patients thought to be at higher risk for conventional hepatic resection, or in whom resection would not eradicate all known disease. Twenty-eight consecutive patients underwent cryoablation, with or without resection, of 39 hepatic tumors for primary (n = 9) or metastatic (n = 19) disease. Their postoperative course and long-term follow-up were examined for complications, survivability, and recurrence of disease. With the use of cryoablation, a major hepatic resection was avoided in 20 patients, 11 of whom were 70 years or older, 4 who likely had disseminated cancer even though the liver was the only site of detectable disease, 2 who were cirrhotic, and 2 with bilobar disease. An additional 7 patients had recurrence of disease in a previously resected liver, for whom additional resection would be hazardous. There was one operative death from an exaggerated systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Seven patients developed complications, including 2 patients with cryoablation-induced coagulopathy. Excluding 2 patients (including the postoperative death) the average hospital length of stay was 6.7 ± 2.8 days. Seven patients required some intensive care unit (ICU) care. Three patients with primary liver cancer are alive 29 to 47 months after cryoablation. Two patients with metastatic disease are alive without recurrence at 12 and 16 months, and 9 are alive with disease from 13 to 58 months after cryoablation. Fifteen patients developed liver recurrence, 5/27 (19%) at the cryoablated site. Cryoablation appears to be a safe treatment modality for primary and metastatic liver cancer. It is particularly appealing in those patients who may be at higher risk for major hepatectomy because of age, pre-existing liver disease, type of metastatic disease, previous resection, or bilobar tumors. Most disturbing is the high incidence of recurrence at the cryoablated site, which may reflect problems with ultrasound localization or proximity of tumors to major vasculature. Disease-free survival is low. From this standpoint the procedure should be considered palliative, even though all hepatic tumors can be eradicated. However, these limitations should not deter the use of cryoablation in selected patients. There is the potential for long-term survival, just as there is with resection.
Recent Developments in the Scintillation Counter Field

Rarely does a device having the conceptual simplicity of the scintillation counter gain the wide recognition accorded this detector. It has become an essential in most phases of nuclear research, and its usefulness extends beyond this into the fields of radiochemistry, biology, tracer technology, radiation and contamination protection, and prospecting for oil and fission fuel. This importance rests upon its extremely high sensitivity, its superior time resolution capabilities, and its ability to measure the energy of the incident nuclear particles. Furthermore, the instrument is rugged, reliable, and flexible. The scintillation counter consists of a clear phosphor scintillation, a multiplier phototube, and the required presentation circuitry. Incident nuclear radiation excites light from the phosphor. This light releases photoelectrons in the multiplier which, after secondary emission amplification by the cascaded dynodes, appear as a current pulse at the anode. The presentation circuitry analyzes and displays or records the results. The instrument's high sensitivity depends upon the availability of high-absorbing, efficient phosphors and upon photomultipliers which can detect very small light flashes. These requirements have been responsible for the development of scintillators of a wide range of sizes and characteristics, and of more sensitive multipliers ranging in cathode diameter from 3/4 inch to 16 inches. The very high speed of the scintillation counter is a consequence of the extremely short fluorescent lifetimes of certain organic phosphors and the very small time dispersion in multiplier phototubes. With presently available phosphors and multipliers, durations can be measured in the one-tenth millimicrosecond range.
Radiation dose reduction in pediatric CT-guided musculoskeletal procedures.

Background Computed-tomography-guided interventions are attractive for tissue sampling of pediatric bone lesions; however, it comes with exposure to ionizing radiation, inherent to CT and magnified by multiple passes during needle localization.
Enzymatic Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Water-Soluble Polyaniline: Poly(2,5-diaminobenzenesulfonate)

A novel water-soluble polyaniline has been synthesized by horseradish peroxidase catalyzed oxidative free-radical coupling of 2,5-diaminobenzenesulfonate. The polymerization reaction is rapid, and the average molecular weight of the resulting polymer is on the order of 18 000. Unlike the sulfonated polyanilines synthesized through posttreatment of polyaniline with fuming sulfuric acid, polyaniline reported here is fully sulfonated. This electrochemically active polymer shows strong pH dependence of absorption and other physical characteristics. This class of novel electroactive polyelectrolytes can be self-assembled into multilayer structures by interleaving with a variety of polyelectrolytes.
Embroidered textile circuits for microwave devices

A novel class of embroidered electrical textiles suitable for flexible circuits and radio frequency (RF) devices is introduced. These textiles were functionalized using electrically conductive fibers (E-fibers). The E-fibers consist of uniform metal coatings on high-strength polymer core, delivering excellent mechanical and electrical performance. These E-fibers were automatically and precisely embroidered onto textiles to form a conductive surface. High stitching density and multi-strand E-fibers were critical to achieving high conductivity for the embroidered surface. In the past, we reported on the performance of E-fiber antennas. Here, we examine the performance of RF and antenna matching circuits.
Characterization of the Passive State on Zinc

Despite intensive investigations, the nature of the passive state is one of the most complex and unresolved subjects in the electrochemistry of zinc in alkaline solutions. In this paper, we explore the electrochemistry of the passive state on zinc in 0.1 M sodium borate/1 M sodium hydroxide solution of pH 10.5. During the course of passivation, several characteristic features in the anodic region are observed, including a wide passive range extending over >2 V and a secondary passivation phenomenon that occurs at high anodic potentials. The steady-state current in the passive state is found to be independent of the applied voltage, which is consistent with the barrier layer being an interstitial zinc conductor or an oxygen vacancy conductor (or both) with interstitial zinc being the most likely defect. This model is also consistent with the well-known n-type character of the passive film on zinc.
G-protein-coupled receptor signaling and the EGF network in endocrine systems.

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) network is composed of a complex array of growth factors synthesized as precursors and expressed on the cell surface. These latent growth factors are activated by cleavage and shedding from the cell surface and act by binding to various homo- and hetero-dimers of the EGF receptors (ErbBs). Although the exact molecular steps are poorly understood, ligand binding to G-protein-coupled receptors as diverse as the β-adrenoceptors or the lysophosphatidic acid receptors leads to shedding of EGF growth factors and activation of EGF receptors. Recent observations from the pituitary and in the ovary are providing new insight into the role of this network in endocrine systems.
The effects of population structure on the spread of the HIV infection

A model for the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a population of male homosexuals is presented. The population is divided into five groups on the basis of degree of sexual activity. Within each group, the individuals are classified as (1) susceptible; (2) infective; or (3) removed because of a lack of sexual activity associated with advanced acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS). The infective individuals are further subdivided into four stages of infection. Analyses of the model address two questions with regard to the spread of HIV: (1) What is the effect of level of sexual activity on an individual's risk for infection, and (2) What is the effect that assumptions about mixing between groups have on both individual risk and transmission throughout a population? Results from analyses using a number of different parameter estimates show that increased levels of sexual activity increase the likelihood that an individual will become infected. In addition, the initial spread of the disease is markedly affected by variation in the amount of contact among individuals from different subpopulations. The steady-state incidence of the disease is not markedly affected by variation in the contact patterns, but the size of the steady-state population and therefore the proportion of infected individuals in the population does vary significantly with changes in the degree of mixing among subpopulations. These results show clearly the sensitivity of model outcomes to variation in the patterns of contact among individuals and the need for better data on such interactions to aid in understanding and predicting the spread of HIV.
Connectionless service for public ATM networks

The interconnection of connectionless LANs and MANs over a connection-oriented B-ISDN presents a dilemma with regard to efficient interoperability. In order to provide solutions to this dilemma, there have been many techniques proposed. We describe and evaluate the architectural and conceptual alternatives available for the implementation of a connectionless service for public ATM networks. We also suggest a scheme through which best-effort connectionless service may be provided in public ATM networks using connectionless servers and hop-by-hop flow control. There is as yet no consensus on issues such as bandwidth management, address resolution, connectionless server forwarding modes, or connectionless server topology, and therefore much of the area remains open for research. These research issues must be addressed, however, in order to realize the interoperability, and thereby the acceptance, of ATM. >
MALT Lymphoma Causing Gastric Outlet Obstruction.

A 63-year-old man with a 3-month history of nausea, vomiting, and mid-abdominal pain presented for evaluation. He had an associated 11-kg unintentional weight loss and low-grade fevers. Physical examination showed a heart rate of 101 beats per minute, blood pressure of 111/81 mm Hg, and body mass index (BMI) of 19 kg/m2. Blood work, including a complete blood count, basic metabolic panel, and liver enzymes, was normal.
Formation and transformation of calcium phosphates: relevance to vascular calcification

Only one phase, carbonate apatite, is present in the mineral phase of normal calcification while different calcium phosphate phases are found in the mineral phases of pathological calcifications. In vascular calcification, the mineral phase has been described as hydroxyapatite; carbonate apatite, amorphous calcium phosphate. It has also been speculated that octacalcium phosphate may be a precursor for the apatite. This paper provides a brief review of: (1) the different calcium phosphates in normal and pathological calcifications; (2) the conditions for the formation and transformation of biologically relevant calcium phosphates in synthetic systems and a concise discussion on the relevance of results from synthetic systems to the calcium phosphate phase(s) involved in vascular calcification.
High solids anaerobic methane fermentation of sorghum and cellulose

Abstract Sorghum and sorghum/cellulose mixtures were digested at 55°C at effluent solids contents over 25% total solids (TS). Sorghum alone as a feedstock led to excess NH 3 accumulation, while a sorghum/alpha-cellulose mix controlled NH 3 at acceptable levels. Trace nutrient supplementation was required for stable digestion. Stable performance at organic loading rates (OLR) of 18 and 24 gVS kg −1 day −1 resulted in steady methane production rates of 5.7 and 7.51 CH 4 kg −1 day −1 , respectively. The efficiency of volatile solids (VS) conversion to biogas was 74.8% and 72.1% at organic loading rates (OLR) of 18 and 24 gVS kg −1 day −1 , respectively.
Rites of Passage: Moving Hearts and Transforming Memories in Michael Ondaatje's "The Cat's Table"

In his latest novel, The Cat's Table (2011), Ondaatje continues the project, started in his memoir, Running in the Family (1982), of understanding his childhood and mapping a space that he can call home by revisiting, from the remove of decades and from another continent, the unforgettable three-week sea voyage from Colombo to London that he undertook in 1954. This essay explores the interplay between two modes of memorial expression--the first "sensory, perceptual, affective, and automatic", the second "verbal, purposeful, and reflective" (Pillemer 100)--and the implications they carry for the narrator's self-perception both as a boy and as an adult (writer). Partaking of the emotional waters that Michael (nicknamed Mynah) navigates in the course of his voyage is his fascination with the "ex-centric" (Hutcheon) individuals he encounters on board the Oronsay and whose stories become intertwined with his. Ove and against the power relations that structure modern society and that too often bespeak a "cold-blooded self-sufficiency" ( Cat's Table 257), Ondaatje pits those intimate bonds forged across differences of age, class, gender, race, and nationalilty that challenge the autonomy of the feeling self by foregrounding its deeply intersubjective nature.
The self-fulfilling influence of mother expectations on children's underage drinking.

This research examined whether mothers' expectations about their children's drinking behavior influenced their children's future alcohol use through self-fulfilling prophecies. It also investigated whether children's self-esteem, family social class, or the valence of mother expectations moderated this process. Analyses of longitudinal data from 505 mother-child dyads yielded results consistent with a self-fulfilling prophecy. The inaccurate portion of mother expectations predicted children's future alcohol use after accounting for relevant control variables. Moderation analyses indicated that this effect was stronger among higher self-esteem children and when mother expectations were positively valenced (i.e., when mothers underestimated their children's future alcohol use). The findings are discussed in terms of parent-child relationship quality, peer influences, self theories, and out-group stereotypes.
Cadmium bioavailability from edible sunflower kernels: A long-term study with men and women volunteers

Sunflower kernels (SFK) contain natural Cd in somewhat higher amounts than most other foods. This study was designed to determine if a change in the body burden of Cd could be measured in volunteers who consumed a controlled amount of SFK for 48 weeks. Healthy men and women between 23 and 59 years of age were divided into three groups each by age, sex, and weight. For 48 weeks, one group consumed 255 g (9 oz) of SFK/week, a second group consumed 113 g SFK and 142 g peanuts/week, and a third group consumed 255 g peanuts/week. SFK contained 0.52 μg Cd/g and peanuts contained 0.11 μg Cd/g. The consumption of 255 g SFK/week increased the average estimated intake of Cd from ∼65 to ∼175 μg/week. Although the consumption of Cd-containing SFK significantly increased the estimated Cd intake, there were no significant changes in Cd concentration in red blood cells, Cd excretion in the urine, or Cd concentrations in new hair growth. However, fecal Cd excretion significantly increased as the amount of SFK consumption increased. N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, a marker for kidney dysfunctions, was not significantly changed by consuming SFK-Cd. Overall, the results suggest that the consumption of Cd in the form of SFK at 9 oz (255 g)/week for 48 week had no adverse effect on the body burden of Cd.
A polycrystalline diamond thin-film-based hydrogen sensor

Abstract A new microelectronic gas sensor utilizing polycrystalline diamond film in conjunction with a catalytic metal has been developed for hydrogen detection. The sensor is fabricated in a layered Pd/i-diamond/p-diamond metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) Schottky-diode configuration on a tungsten substrate. The performance of the sensor for H 2 detection has been examined in the temperature range 27-300°C. The analysis of the steady-state reaction kinetics has confirmed that the hydrogen adsorption process is responsible for the barrier-height change in the diamond-based MIS Schottky diode. The use of diamond-film technology opens the door to the development of a microelectronic gas sensor that can operate at a wider and higher temperature range than the ones based on present silicon technology.
Micro Solid‐Contact Ion‐Selective Electrode Using a Carbon Nanotube Tower as Ion‐to‐Electron Transducer and Conductive Substrate

Solid contact (SC) ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) have been recognized as the next generation of ISEs. In this work, the electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of a carbon nanotube (CNT) tower enable it to play the dual roles of transducer and substrate for micro SC-ISEs. The electrode had a close to Nernstian slope of 35 mV/decade aCa2+, a linear range of four orders of magnitude of calcium ion activity (10−5.6 to 10−1.8 M), and a detection limit of 1.6×10−6 M. The simplified fabrication by a one-step drop casting makes miniaturizing SC-ISEs and fabricating sensor arrays easier to achieve.
Engineering the Sensitivity and Response Time of Edge-Emitting Laser Hydrogen Sensors

Simulation results and experimental measurements are presented for ridge waveguide edge-emitting lasers with a palladium thin film integrated for hydrogen gas detection. The palladium film experiences a refractive index change when in contact with hydrogen, causing a shift in the laser's output power and wavelength. It is found that the sensitivity of the device can be controlled by altering the width of the ridge waveguide, and the response time can be controlled by regulating the operating temperature of the device.
IS THERE AN ALLAIS PARADOX? A NOTE ON ITS RESOLUTION

Summary.-If a decision maker uses J. M. Keynes' "conventional coefficient of risk and weight" in making decisions under conditions of risk and/or uncertainty, then a consistent pattern of ranked outcome results is not paradoxical as proposed by Allais. Similarly, the paradoxical aspects of the "reflection effect" in Kahneman and Tversky's Prospect Theory analysis of the Allais' paradox, also vanishes. The dais Paradox can only exist when probabilities are used in a decision-making process without a measure of codidence. By incorporating an information base for calculated probabilities the Allais Paradox results are rendered nonparadoxical. Keynes' weighted monetary value (WMV) approach to decision making under risk or uncertainty effectively resolves the Allais Paradox if the decision maker is willing to use hs conventional coefficient of risk and weight. That coefficient, developed in Chapter 26 of Keynes' book, A Treatise on Probability (1921), is given as: osc, w, P, 951 where p and q are probability values that sum to 1.00, i.e., p + q = 1.00; w is the weight of evidence determined by the decision maker. The decision maker sets w according to the amount and quahty of information available about the probability p. Keynes argues that the more one knows about any phenomenon, the smaller the effect of additional information on the current opinion one holds. Hence, very stable probabilities will receive a w close to 1.00. Probabilities based on questionable data, such as those on nuclear reactors prior to Chernobyl, would receive a w close to zero. c is equal to 1.00 when p = 1 and tu = 1 and equal to 0.00 when p =0 and w = 0 and intermediate values in other cases. c is the resulting value to be used instead of p. Thus, Keynes advocates the use of WMV = cA as opposed to EMV =PA, where A is the outcome or payoff. The present paper examines every example of the Mais Paradox presented by Handa (1977) and by Kahneman and Tversky (1979). Neither Handa nor Kahneman and Tversky could provide a complete and logical explanation of the apparent paradox where decision makers make choices contrary to the predictions laid out by Von Neumann-Morgenstern-Savage Axioms. Through the use of Keynes' formula a logical explanation could be provided for the decision makers' choices. In Handa's Allais Paradox exam
Continuously tunable micromachined vertical cavity surface emitting laser with 18 nm wavelength range

A record wide continuous wavelength tuning range of 17.9 nm is demonstrated in a vertical cavity surface emitting laser using a monolithic micromachined deformable membrane top mirror and operating singlemode near 975 nm. A 6.5 mA threshold current and 26 dB mode suppression ratio are achieved, and tuning voltages for the micro-electromechanically movable mirror are below 20.5 V.
Coupled Antennas and Transmission Lines

The problem of coupled antennas is reviewed; unbalanced currents in and radiation from transmission lines are discussed briefly and resolved into transmission line and antenna problems. The use of sections of transmission line as coupling links between antennas is discussed qualitatively and illustrated in terms of a colinear array. The principles of phase reversing and of detuning stubs and sleeves are explained in terms of coupled circuits in which a section of transmission line may carry transmission-line currents, antenna currents, or both. Methods of driving transmission lines and of feeding antennas using transmission lines are discussed from the point of view of minimizing unbalanced currents on the line.
Using cognitive computing to extend the range of Grashof number in numerical simulation of natural convection

Natural convection in an enclosed cavity with conjugate effects in the walls was simulated over a broad range of Grashof number and the limits of convergence were investigated. A fuzzy controller was employed to adjust relaxation factors dynamically during code execution. The controller operates with a rule set that mimics human expert decision making on the appropriate choice of relaxation factor. Performance of the controller was compared to that of simulations with fixed relaxation factors. Cases investigated involved conjugate heat transfer in one or more walls of a rectangular cavity. Governing equations of continuity, momentum and energy in laminar flow were solved using a finite difference method. Simulating natural convection is more challenging at higher Grashof numbers and convergence is more difficult to attain. The controller was able to extend the range of convergence in all the cases, typically by 4 orders of magnitude, and in one case, by 6 orders of magnitude.
“Therefore, Get Wisdom”: What Should the President Know, and How Can He Know It?

The literature on the U.S. presidency offers analysis of how the presidential advice and information support function has been performed. Some studies go further to suggest certain principles for designing the advice- and information-giving process involved in presidential decision making, along with organizational features to implement such principles. A well-established principle, based on comparative case studies, is that presidents should institutionalize distrust. Implementation of this principle usually involves channeling competing options, along with supporting information, to the Oval Office before a president becomes committed to a course of action or policy choice. In designing how the presidential support function is to operate, the advantages and disadvantages of the institutionalized distrust principle should be carefully examined, taking into account circumstantial conditions. This article examines this practical issue from the perspective of a historically oriented presidency scholar, writing during the transition to the Barack Obama administration.
Evaluating algorithmic techniques in supporting situation awareness

How well does an algorithm support its purpose and user base? Has automation provided the user with the ability to augment their production, quality or responsiveness? In a number of systems today these questions can be answered by either Measures of Performance (MOP) or Measures of Effectiveness (MOE). However, the fusion community has not yet developed sufficient measures and has only recently devoted a concerted effort to address this deficiency. In this paper, we will summarize work in metrics for the lower levels of fusion (object ID, tracking, etc) and discuss whether these same metrics still apply to the higher levels (Situation Awareness), or if other approaches are necessary. We conclude this paper with a set of future activities and direction.
Nonequilibrium Phonon Dynamics In A Semiconductor Quantum Well

The description of the dynamics of nonequilibrium phonons in heterolayers, where the carriers are quasi-two-dimensional (2D), while the equilibrium lattice excitations are, to a first approximation, those of the bulk, require a new theoretical approach. We have derived a kinetic equation for the phonon one-body density matrix, and then transform it to a tractable set of equations by introducing a "phonon wavepacket" representation. Our result removes the spurious dependence on the size of the sample that results when the nonequilibrium phonons are represented in terms of decoupled 3D plane waves. Using this approach we have calculated the relaxation and the transport of carriers in both steady state and time dependent processes. The results show the importanc6 of considering the hot phonon effect, which explains the deviation between the recent experiments and previous theoretical calculations.