cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimates of vertical turbulent mixing used to determine a vertical gradient in net and gross oxygen production in the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre

Mixed layer (ML) gross (GOP) and net (NOP) oxygen production rates based on in situ mass balances of triple oxygen isotopes (TOI) and O2/Ar are influenced by vertical transport from below, a term traditionally difficult to constrain. Here, we present a new approach to estimate vertical eddy diffusivity (Kz) based on density gradients in the upper thermocline and wind-speed based rates of turbulent shear at the ML depth. As an example, we use this Kz, verified by an independent 7Be-based estimate, in an O2/TOI budget at a site in the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG). NOP equaled 0.31 ± 0.16 mmol m-2 d-1 in the ML (~55-65 m depth) and 1.2 ± 0.4 mmol m-2 d-1 (80%) beneath the ML, while GOP equaled 74 ± 27 mmol m-2 d-1 (86%) in the ML and 12 ± 4 mmol m-2 d-1 (14%) below, revealing a vertical gradient in production rates unquantifiable without the Kz estimate.
Neural networks in civil engineering: a review

The Chapter provides an introduction to the diverse range of alternative artificial neural networks (ANNs) currently available and the types of application they have been adopted for in civil and structural engineering. The presentation is made with reference to a classification and decomposition of the main features of ANNs. An introduction is first provided of the essential features of a typical ANN, and its mode of operation. A brief graphical interpretation is presented to illustrate how ANNs model data, and to help gain insight to their scope of application, merits and drawbacks. An identification is then made of the different types of processing that can be performed at the neuron level, the lowest level in an ANN. This is followed by an identification of the different ways in which neurons can be combined into an integral processing device capable of solving non-trivial problems. The range of alternative function types that can be implemented by ANNs are then examined. Finally, a review is provided of the primary methods of developing/training ANNs to solve specific problems. At each stage in the chapter, relevant neural paradigms are referenced and areas of application in civil and structural engineering are identified.
Communications coopératives dans les réseaux autour du corps humain

Cette these a pour but d'evaluer la performance theorique des approches cooperatives pour la fiabilisation des transmissions dans les reseaux autour du corps humain. Ces reseaux sont formes d'un nombre limite de capteurs communicants disposes sur et dans le corps. Les techniques de cooperation dans les reseaux de cette taille sont extremement dependantes de l'information disponible quand a la qualite des canaux de communication au moment de la transmission. Sous une hypothese de connaissance de la valeur moyenne a moyen et long terme de l'affaiblissement de ces canaux, nous derivons une approximation du taux d'erreur paquet de bout en bout pour des techniques de relayage. Nous presentons egalement, pour certains de ces modeles, une allocation de puissance asymptotiquement optimale, fournissant un gain sur une large plage des puissances d'emission. En supposant ensuite que les noeuds ont une connaissance parfaite de l'etat du reseau, nous etudions la capacite de Shannon sur des canaux a relais, et des canaux comprenant deux emetteurs cooperant entre eux. Pour ces deux modeles, nous montrons que lorsque l'on cherche a optimiser la repartition de puissance totale disponible a l'emission, l'etude se reduit a celle d'un modele de canal equivalent simplifiant grandement l'analyse de la capacite et fournissant des solutions analytiques aux problemes d'allocation de ressources. Nous presentons enfin une plate-forme de mesures pour les reseaux autour du corps humain, permettant de relever de maniere quasi-simultanee l'integralite des affaiblissements des liens entre les nœuds du reseau. Cette plateforme nous permet de traiter de la stabilite de ces liens et de la validite de l'hypothese de reciprocite. Nous evaluons egalement la correlation spatiale de l'affaiblissement des liens et nous montrons en particulier que celle-ci varie fortement au cours du mouvement, mais de facon suffisamment lente pour etre estimee au fil de l'eau.
Long-term results after robotically assisted coronary bypass surgery

Background: Robotically-assisted coronary bypass grafting (CABG) was introduced in 1998 and dedicated centers have continuously applied and developed this minimally invasive method of coronary bypass surgery. While short-term results are relatively well published, data on long-term outcome are limited. In this literature review, we assessed the outcomes after robotic CABG following the first postoperative year. Methods: We searched PubMed for articles containing the terms “robotic” or “robotically assisted” and “coronary bypass”. A total of 11 papers contained long-term results. We specifically investigated survival, graft patency, freedom from angina and re-intervention, as well as freedom from major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). Results: Five-year survival after robotic CABG was consistently consistently greater than 90% and graft patency between 3 and 5 years was reported to be above 90%. Fifteen percent to 26% of patients re-experienced angina at 3 to 5 years postoperatively. Long-term freedom from re-intervention reached the range and the 5-year freedom from MACCE rate was approximately 75%. Conclusions: According to data in the literature, long-term results after CABG carried out with the assistance of a surgical robot appear to be in line with results achieved after conventional CABG.
Unilateral Conduct and Standards

This chapter examines how antitrust law and patent law have responded to unilateral conduct by patentees in the standards context. A patentee who legitimately wins the market may improperly leverage on its monopoly power to exclude rivals. Similarly, providing the best-in-breed technology cannot excuse patentees who practice patent ambush. Deception corrupts the competitive process by which SSOs select the best-in-breed technology at a competitive price. If patentees seek to leverage on collaborative standardization, they must accept both the benefit and burdens of that process.
Anthropogenic nickel supply, demand, and associated energy and water use

Abstract Concerns about the long-run availability of metals have led to speculation that resources that have traditionally been available may become increasingly scarce in the future. To investigate this possibility in the case of nickel, we have built upon the history of nickel flows into use for the period 1988 to the present to develop plausible scenarios for the potential future supply and demand of nickel for the planet, and the associated energy and water use. As in other work, these scenarios are not predictions, but rather stories of possible futures that have the purpose of providing perspective and contemplating policy options. We report herein on our results for nickel supply and demand under four scenarios. We find that calculated nickel demand increases by 140–175% by 2025 and 215–350% by 2050, depending on the scenario. The scenario with the highest prospective demand is termed Equitability World, a scenario of transition to a world of more equitable values and institutions. From the perspective of the results for the four scenarios, we conclude that nickel demands could be met until at least 2050 given known geological nickel resources. The energy and water required for nickel production are anticipated to increase to as much as 0.3% and 0.035% of projected 2050 overall global energy and water demands.
Abstract TP349: Recombinant Slit2 Reduces Brain Water Content and Attenuates Neurobehavioral Deficits Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage in a Murine Model

Introduction and Hypothesis: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains the least treatable and most fatal stroke subtype, being associated with significant vascular disruption, which leads to edema de...
Experiences in the Use of Guided Ultrasonic Waves to Scan Structures

The use of guided ultrasonic waves to rapidly interrogate large structures is a topic that is currently receiving considerable attention. The purpose of this paper, and the companion paper by Alers [1], is to briefly review some past experience that may not be readily available to current researchers since many of the results were not presented in archival publications. The work described in this paper was conducted in the context of exploring applications of electromagnetic-acoustic transducers (EMATs) [2,3] as a part of the NDE effort at the Rockwell International Science Center in the period 1970–1980. In addition to the author, others playing key roles in various parts of this effort included G. A. Alers, R. K. Elsley, C. M. Fortunko, M.W. Mahoney and C. F. Vasile. The companion paper by Alers includes subsequent developments at the private company, Magnasonics, Inc. as well as more recent work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Although EMAT’s were used in all of this work as the sensors to excite and detect the guided ultrasonic modes, the basic ideas apply to the use of guided modes excited by any kind of sensor to scan structures.
Advising - and Suing - Tribal Officials: On the Scope of Tribal Official Immunity

This research paper, prepared for the 2009 Federal Bar Association Annual Indian Law Conference, offers a comprehensive overview of the law of tribal official immunity in federal courts. Federal courts apply the Ex parte Young doctrine to tribal officials. Tribal officials tend to be immune from suit in federal court unless a plaintiff alleges a violation of federal law and there is an independent federal court cause of action. Tribal officials are immune if the plaintiff alleges a violation of tribal law, or otherwise merely seek to reach the tribal coffers.
Update on the PHA Pulmonary Hypertension Care Center Network: Early Experience With the National Accreditation Program

World Health Organization (WHO) Group 1 pulmonary hypertension (PH) (PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension) and WHO Group 4 PH (CTEPH, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension) are rare disease...
Glycerol permeability of rye leaf protoplasts as affected by temperature and electroporation

The permeability of rye leaf protoplasts to glycerol was determined using 1,3-14C glycerol and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Estimates were 1.0×10−8 m s−1 at 0°C and 4.1×10−8 m s−1 at 22 and 31°C. The activation energy for glycerol permeability was 32.8 kJ/mol. The effect of electroporation on glycerol uptake was also explored. Treatments were performed with a field strength of 100 V/cm and an exponential decay constant of 5.8 ms. At 22 °C, electroporation affected the rate and extent of glycerol permeation, causing an increase in the intercept of the glycerol uptake curve and a decrease in the slope. Electroporation had no significant effect on glycerol uptake when performed at 0°C, when the cells were electroporated at 0°C then warmed to 31 °C, or when the cells were electroporated at 22 °C then cooled to 0°C. The results at 22°C were consistent with an influx of glycerol during electroporation.
Designing Electronic Market Institutions for Bond Trading

Recently, there has been a growing interest in electronic bond trading. Unlike for stocks, there does not exist a central exchange for bonds. The markets for debt securities, including U.S. Treasury securities, municipal bonds, and corporate bonds have trailed the equity markets in the use of technology (SEC, 1998b). The efficiency of the bond market is of great importance to all aspects of the economy. The significance of today’s bond market is demonstrated by its sheer size. U.S. Treasury securities outstanding alone account for more than $3.4 trillion, and for trade of more than $200 billion per day in 1998, compared to the daily trading value of about $28 billion on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 1998 (SEC, 1998a). But, it is estimated that only one to three percent of the U.S. Treasury securities are traded electronically (Wall Street & Technology, 1997). Most of the brokers/dealers in the bond market execute trades by using the telephone and fax machine. This “people-intensive” trading is not very efficient and hinders real-time market information collection and dissemination.
5.05 – Chromium Compounds without CO or Isocyanides

This chapter reviews the synthesis, structure, and reactivity of organochromium compounds, excluding those containing carbonyl or isocyanide ligands, for the period covering 1993–2004. Specifically, the chapter covers complexes wherein the carbon ligands are primarily σ-donating alkyl and aryl groups, followed by the large family of compounds supported by π-donating carbon ligands (e.g., η3-allyl, η5-cyclopentadienyl (Cp), and η6-arene). In addition, organochromium complexes ligated by imido and nitrido functionalities are summarized as are compounds supported by ligands containing σ-donating oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur atoms; these latter ligands often contain multiple donors and bind in a multidentate fashion. The synthesis and reactivity of discrete heterogeneous organochromium complexes is also reviewed, which is followed by a synopsis of theoretical work on chromium model systems related to olefin polymerization. Finally, selected organometallic chromium complexes involved in oxidation chemistry and organic synthesis are briefly outlined.
Automated speech technology for gastrointestinal endoscopy reporting and image recording

Endoscopic databases will not be used until they are more efficient than (but as easy for physicians to use as) traditional dictate-and-transcribe methods. VoiceGI, a voice recognition system for endoscopic data entry, editing, storage and retrieval, and for capturing and storage of endoscopic images, is efficient and easy to use.
Incidence and management of autonomic dysreflexia and other intraoperative problems encountered in spinal cord injury patients undergoing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy without anesthesia on a second generation lithotriptor.

AbstractSpinal cord injury patients are at increased risk for urolithiasis and many will require treatment, most commonly with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. New, second generation lithotripsy devices allow treatment without tub immersion, and without general or regional anesthesia for most patients. Spinal cord injury patients, with loss of sensation below the level of injury, would seem to be ideal candidates for such treatment. We present our experience with 20 consecutive spinal cord injury patients treated without anesthesia on the Medstone STS second generation lithotriptor.All patients were awake and experienced no direct sensation from the shock waves. All but 1 patient (T12 level), however, experienced autonomic dysreflexia, with significant elevations in systolic blood pressure (mean increase 44mm. Hg, maximum 74) and diastolic blood pressure (mean increase 24mm. Hg, maximum 61), with reflex bradycardia (mean decrease —22 beats per minute). Autonomic dysreflexia was successfully treated ...
Effects of oral contraceptives on lipoprotein triglyceride and cholesterol: Relationships to estrogen and progestin potency

Hormone formulation and estrogen/progestin potency were evaluated in relation to triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations in total plasma and lipoprotein fractions and in relation to lipid composition among a random sample of female telephone company personnel. Triglyceride concentrations in whole plasma, very low–density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were elevated in response to increasing estrogen potency as were triglyceride concentrations in low-density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL cholesterol rose with increasing estrogen potency in contraceptive users but was slightly lower in postmenopausal estrogen-treated women. Plasma HDL cholesterol varied according to estrogen and progestin levels. The LDL cholesterol/triglyceride ratio was reduced for all combination oral contraceptives examined. Sequential oral contraceptives or postmenopausal estrogens did not significantly alter the cholesterol/triglyceride ratio in any lipoprotein fraction. Potential arteriosclerotic risk from sex hormone use may vary among oral contraceptive formulations.
Computer Productivity Initiative: Past, Present, Future

The Computer Productivity Initiative (CPI) is a jointly funded effort by Old Dominion University and the National Science Foundation to address some shortcomings of the traditional CS curriculum. In CPI students apply CS knowledge in the context of a broad range of issues affecting the productive employment of CS technology. The CPI program is also directed towards the development of career skills including group interaction, technical communications, and interviewing as well as domain analysis. This paper discusses the lessons learned from the two year effort to implement this new program. These include: using an external board of industry executives for the final review of senior-level course projects is highly motivating and effective; students take longer than expected to gain competence but then become more competent than expected; a relatively small class size is necessary to implement a “learn by doing” approach; building a prototype to demonstrate concept and assess risks is very effective but can be time consuming; evaluation of a proposed implementation is difficult in the absence of a “real” customer; a better method of reality checks is needed; tight schedules are difficult to fit into traditional semester boundaries; students are enthusiastic about the program and gain confidence in their ability to enter their careers; the level of effort is comparable to that in project oriented courses for both students and instructors; CPI graduates report increased responsibilities and pay as compared to their counterparts.
Linear-Time Algorithms for Some Phylogenetic Tree Completion Problems Under Robinson-Foulds Distance

We consider two fundamental computational problems that arise when comparing phylogenetic trees, rooted or unrooted, with non-identical leaf sets. The first problem arises when comparing two trees where the leaf set of one tree is a proper subset of the other. The second problem arises when the two trees to be compared have only partially overlapping leaf sets. The traditional approach to handling these problems is to first restrict the two trees to their common leaf set. An alternative approach that has shown promise is to first complete the trees by adding missing leaves, so that the resulting trees have identical leaf sets. This requires the computation of an optimal completion that minimizes the distance between the two resulting trees over all possible completions.
Quantum Dot Laser Diodes emitting 1.57∼1.67μm at Room Temperature Grown by Block Copolymer Lithography and Selective Area MOCVD

Semiconductor Laser diodes (LD) employing quantum dot (QD) active regions have attracted attention due to the theoretical predictions: low threshold current density and low temperature sensitivity originated from the delta-function-like density of states and small active volume [1]. However, while high performance devices have been demonstrated, the realization of all the predicted advantages has remained challenging. Self-assembled QDs grown by Stranski-Krastanov (SK) growth mode can suffer from an inhomogeneity in the QD size distribution, as well as an inherent wetting layer [2]. In particular, the InAs QD formation on InP substrates for the emission wavelength near the telecom C-band (1.55μm) remains quite challenging, compared to that emitting near telecom O-band (1.3 μm) grown on GaAs substrate because of the smaller driving force for the nucleation of InAs QDs, stemming from the smaller lattice mismatch on InP [3]. On the other hand, nanopatterning and selective metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth offer a more controllable pathway for QD formation, allowing the QD size to be decoupled from the strain state of the material. This process results in the formation of dense arrays of wetting-layer-free QDs, although the challenges stemming from surface state formation and efficient carrier injection into the QDs have remained problematic issues [4]. Here, we report the first demonstration of laser diodes operating at RT, employing an In 0.8 Ga 0.2 As QD active region formed by nanopatterning and selective growth on InP substrate. The QDs are formed in close proximity to an In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As carrier collecting QW, which are schematically represented in Fig. 1 (a). The LDs employ an active region consisting of a dense single-layer array of compressively-strained In 0.8 Ga 0.2 As QDs (Density ∼ 5–6× 1010 cm−2), as shown in Fig. 1. (b)
Graphene-Based Nanomaterials Toxicity in Fish

Due to their unique physicochemical properties, graphene-based nanoparticles (GPNs) constitute one of the most promising types of nanomaterials used in biomedical research. GPNs have been used as polymeric conduits for nerve regeneration and carriers for targeted drug delivery and in the treatment of cancer via photothermal therapy. Moreover, they have been used as tracers to study the distribution of bioactive compounds used in healthcare. Due to their extensive use, GPN released into the environment would probably pose a threat to living organisms and ultimately to human health. Their accumulation in the aquatic environment creates problems to aquatic habitats as well as to food chains. Until now the potential toxic effects of GPN are not properly understood. Despite agglomeration and long persistence in the environment, GPNs are able to cross the cellular barriers successfully, entered into the cells, and are able to interact with almost all the cellular sites including the plasma membrane, cytoplasmic organelles, and nucleus. Their interaction with DNA creates more potential threats to both the genome and epigenome. In this brief review, we focused on fish, mainly zebrafish (Danio rerio), as a potential target animal of GPN toxicity in the aquatic ecosystem.
Photonics for Neuromorphic Computing

An emerging field at the nexus of photonics/neuroscience, neuromorphic photonics combines the advantages of optics/electronics. In this tutorial, we will look at challenges of photonic information processing, describe photonic neural-network approaches, and offer a glimpse at this field's future.
Seeking Inspiration through Health Testimonials: Improving Mothers' Self-Efficacy, Outcome Expectations, and Behavior in Handling Children's Sleep Behavior.

ABSTRACTIndividuals often seek health information in the form of online personal testimonials from others facing similar medical issues rather than only relying on medical experts’ advice. However,...
MOSCED parameters for 1-n-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids: Application to limiting activity coefficients and intuitive entrainer selection for extractive distillation processes

Abstract Solubility parameter based methods have long been valuable design tools due to their ability to make both quantitative predictions and to shed insight into the underlying intermolecular interactions. The use of MOSCED (modified separation of cohesive energy density) is particularly attractive due to its advanced treatment of association interactions. Nonetheless, the use of MOSCED is limited due to its relatively small parameter matrix. Here, we work to expand MOSCED to cover room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) by regressing parameters for 33 ILs with the common imidazolium based cation. The ability to use MOSCED for intuitive solvent selection is demonstrated by identifying promising IL entrainer candidates to break an example minimum and maximum boiling binary azeotropic system using extractive distillation.
Combining Unsupervised Pre-training and Annotator Rationales to Improve Low-shot Text Classification

Supervised learning models often perform poorly at low-shot tasks, i.e. tasks for which little labeled data is available for training. One prominent approach for improving low-shot learning is to use unsupervised pre-trained neural models. Another approach is to obtain richer supervision by collecting annotator rationales (explanations supporting label annotations). In this work, we combine these two approaches to improve low-shot text classification with two novel methods: a simple bag-of-words embedding approach; and a more complex context-aware method, based on the BERT model. In experiments with two English text classification datasets, we demonstrate substantial performance gains from combining pre-training with rationales. Furthermore, our investigation of a range of train-set sizes reveals that the simple bag-of-words approach is the clear top performer when there are only a few dozen training instances or less, while more complex models, such as BERT or CNN, require more training data to shine.
The Ironic Interplay of Free Speech and Silencing: Does Workplace Bullying Compromise Free Speech in Higher Education?.

Free speech is one of the cornerstones of higher education. Professors and other knowledge workers should have the freedom to speak reasonably and collegiately about a wide range of topics, even if their ideas are controversial or unpopular. However, just like any other tool, if misused, free speech can have results very different from those intended, restricting speech by silencing others. Workplace bullying, harassment, and hostile speech chill the environment and motivate those facing abuse to withhold valuable contributions. Stating that bullying and coercing others is one’s right as free speech is an excuse to sidestep the actions of the bully, instead of addressing the impact of bullying on the educational environment. This essay explores the right to free speech and its interplay with aggressive bullying speech. The discussion also reflects on how abusive free speech, whether in person or in cyberspace, hurts the academic environment and suppresses the expression of those it is meant to support.
Response to the Commentary from Bevelacqua et al.

This response clarifies certain misconceptions published in the commentary by Bevelacqua et al. (2019). We are pleased that our article entitled “New concerns for neurocognitive function during deep space exposures to chronic, low dose rate, neutron radiation” (Acharya et al., 2019) has stimulated interesting discussions and different perspectives on what may or may not be relevant to estimating the risks of CNS dysfunction following exposure to the space radiation environment. Here we provide our response to the commentary from Bevelacqua et al. (2019). Bevelacqua et al. (2019) stated that there were a few major shortcomings with our approach, and we would like to clarify our stance regarding those statements. The first and perhaps most disconcerting statement was their assertion that we have ignored “…that in a realistic space environment, cells will be exposed to multiple low LET (linear energy transfer) protons before being traversed by intermediate and high-LET HZE (high charge and energy) particles.” The authors of Acharya et al. (2019) have conducted research at heavy ion particle accelerators around the world for more than a decade, and the implication that we might be unaware of the complexities of the radiation fields in space is misguided (Parihar et al., 2015, 2016, 2018; Lee et al., 2017). During long-term missions into deep space, astronauts will be exposed to a complex radiation field that includes high LET components from high energy, heavy ions (HZE particles) at low dose rates of ∼0.5 mGy/d for long durations. About 20% of the dose is delivered with LET >10 keV/μm. Particle accelerators are capable of simulating components of the galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) spectrum. The main impediment to performing accelerator-based experiments, which are designed to simulate exposures to …
IoT Application Development Using MIT App Inventor to Collect and Analyze Sensor Data

The rapid development of low-cost sensors, smart devices, communication networks, and learning algorithms has enabled data-driven decision making in large-scale systems. However, the development platforms for such Internet of Things (IoT) applications and collecting the data in a cohesive, yet simple manner is not very well understood. MIT App Inventor [1] is an open-source, user-friendly interface to develop mobile applications and has been used by over ten million users worldwide. We have added IoT capability to the MIT App Inventor platform where people can build applications using various sensors and IoT platforms such as Raspberry Pi [2] and Android Things [3] to collect the data through mobile applications. This poster paper presents a realization of easy to program IoT applications in the mobile application space with a focus on collecting data from the connected sensors. We have integrated the Android Things platform with the MIT App Inventor and introduced the existing MIT App Inventor community to the IoT based App development. This integration allows not only the seasoned developers, but also the novice developers to make interesting IoT applications with minimal programming knowledge.
M/L ORBITAL-ELECTRON-CAPTURE RATIO IN $sup 37$Ar DECAY AND THE FRACTION OF K/sub $alpha$/ X RAYS IN THE K SERIES OF CHLORINE.

The ratio of $M$- to $L$-orbital electron capture in the decay of 35-day ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{37}$ has been measured in a single-wire proportional counter containing the gaseous source. This counter was operated with variable paralysis times, 2.0 and 3.8 msec being used in the present experiments to minimize the contribution from afterpulses. Recent investigations of the pulse-height distribution from proportional counters due to single-and multiple-electron events make it possible to measure single-electron spectra down to essentially zero energy with much greater accuracy than heretofore. The experiment was undertaken because of the considerable disagreement between experimental and theoretical $\frac{M}{L}$ capture ratios, particularly in the low-$Z$ region. A survey of all experimental work on $M$ capture is included for comparison with available theoretical results. In the decay of ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{37}$ the experimental value for the $\frac{M}{L}$ capture ratio is $\frac{{P}_{M}}{{P}_{L}}={{0.104}_{\ensuremath{-}0.003}}^{+0.006}$, where the error limits have been subjected to careful detailed analysis. From this result, a value of ${k}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}=0.980\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$ for chlorine was determined, where ${k}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ is the fraction of ${K}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ x rays in the $K$ series of chlorine. The theoretical predictions of Bahcall for $\frac{{P}_{M}}{{P}_{L}}$ lie about 23% above the experimental point, for a theory with exchange correction. The older theoretical value due to Wapstra et al. is in no better agreement with experiment, even if a correction for exhange is applied. An intensive effort is reported to measure the $\frac{L}{K}$ capture ratio in the decay of 53.5-day ${\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$, as gaseous ${({\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5})}_{2}$${\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$ in the single-wire proportional counter, but owing to the low energy of the $K$-capture events (55 eV) and very low counting statistics, this measurement appears to be beyond the present state of the proportional-counter art.
“Lies My Teacher [Educator] Still Tells”: Using Critical Race Counternarratives to Disrupt Whiteness in Teacher Education

The purpose of this study was to disrupt whiteness through the use of critical race counternarratives during a critical literacy workshop with middle-school preservice teachers. Over two years, 57 ...
Controversy and debate on credibility ceilings. Paper 1: Fundamental problems with the "credibility ceiling" method for meta-analyses.

Abstract Background and Objectives The “credibility ceiling” method was proposed to conduct sensitivity analysis for unmeasured confounding and other forms of bias in meta-analyses and has been used in umbrella reviews to grade evidence strength. However, we explain that the method has fundamental statistical flaws. Methods We use statistical reasoning to assess the method’s validity, providing intuition for our findings by presenting simple applied examples in which the method yields clearly incorrect conclusions. Results The credibility ceiling is not a valid bias correction, as we show mathematically and illustrate using examples in which, for example, the method incorrectly “adjusts” the meta-analytic point estimate in the wrong direction. Although the originators describe the method as limiting the credibility of any given observational study to a fixed ceiling, we show why this interpretation in fact bears little relation to what the method actually does. Conclusion Given the fundamental problems with the credibility ceiling method and its demonstrated potential for misleading conclusions, we recommend against its use.
Can an understanding of data use in academic libraries assist in public service efforts

More research is needed on data analytics projects in smaller academic libraries. Every academic library generates its own data, gathers that data, manages the storage of that data, and even may co...
Gray matter volume in left intraparietal sulcus predicts longitudinal gains in subtraction skill in elementary school

Abstract Although behavioral studies show large improvements in arithmetic skills in elementary school, we do not know how brain structure supports math gains in typically developing children. While some correlational studies have investigated the concurrent association between math performance and brain structure, such as gray matter volume (GMV), longitudinal studies are needed to infer if there is a causal relation. Although discrepancies in the literature on the relation between GMV and math performance have been attributed to the different demands on quantity vs. retrieval mechanisms, no study has experimentally tested this assumption. We defined regions of interests (ROIs) associated with quantity representations in the bilateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and associated with the storage of arithmetic facts in long-term memory in the left middle and superior temporal gyri (MTG/STG), and studied associations between GMV in these ROIs and children's performance on operations having greater demands on quantity vs. retrieval mechanisms, namely subtraction vs. multiplication. The aims of this study were threefold: First, to study concurrent associations between GMV and math performance, second, to investigate the role of GMV at the first time-point (T1) in predicting longitudinal gains in math skill to the second time-point (T2), and third, to study whether changes in GMV over time were associated with gains in math skill. Results showed no concurrent association between GMV in IPS and math performance, but a concurrent association between GMV in left MTG/STG and multiplication skill at T1. This association showed that the higher the GMV in this ROI, the higher the children's multiplication skill. Results also revealed that GMV in left IPS and left MTG/STG predicted longitudinal gains in subtraction skill only for younger children (approximately 10 years old). Whereas higher levels of GMV in left IPS at T1 predicted larger subtraction gains, higher levels of GMV in left MTG/STG predicted smaller gains. GMV in left MTG/STG did not predict longitudinal gains in multiplication skill. No significant association was found between changes in GMV over time and longitudinal gains in math. Our findings support the early importance of brain structure in the IPS for mathematical skills that rely on quantity mechanisms.
On the Search for Brain Bifurcation Parameters: Lessons From FMRI Studies on Visual Illusions

Data from three functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that involved in total about 100 participants and showed that the strength of several visual illusions such as the Ebbinghaus, P...
Aseptic and septic prosthetic joint loosening: Impact of biomaterial wear on immune cell function, inflammation, and infection

The success of total joint replacements has led to consistent growth in the use of arthroplasty in progressively younger patients. However, more than 10 percent of patients require revision surgeries due to implant failure caused by osteolytic loosening. These failures are classified as either aseptic or septic and are associated with the presence of particulate wear debris generated by mechanical action between implant components. Aseptic loosening results from chronic inflammation caused by activation of resident immune cells in contact with implant wear debris. In contrast, septic loosening is defined by the presence of chronic infection at the implant site. However, recent findings suggest that subclinical biofilms may be overlooked when evaluating the cause of implant failure, leading to a misdiagnosis of aseptic loosening. Many of the inflammatory pathways contributing to periprosthetic joint infections are also involved in bone remodeling and resorption. In particular, wear debris is increasingly implicated in the inhibition of the innate and adaptive immune response to resolve an infection or prevent hematogenous spread. This review examines the interconnectivity of wear particle- and infection-associated mechanisms of implant loosening, as well as biomaterials-based strategies to combat infection-related osteolysis.
Biocompatible FePO4 Nanoparticles: Drug Delivery, RNA Stabilization, and Functional Activity.

FePO4 NPs are of special interest in food fortification and biomedical imaging because of their biocompatibility, high bioavailability, magnetic property, and superior sensory performance that do not cause adverse organoleptic effects. These characteristics are desirable in drug delivery as well. Here, we explored the FePO4 nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle for the anticancer drug, doxorubicin, with an optimum drug loading of 26.81% ± 1.0%. This loading further enforces the formation of Fe3+ doxorubicin complex resulting in the formation of FePO4-DOX nanoparticles. FePO4-DOX nanoparticles showed a good size homogeneity and concentration-dependent biocompatibility, with over 70% biocompatibility up to 80 µg/mL concentration. Importantly, cytotoxicity analysis showed that Fe3+ complexation with DOX in FePO4-DOX NPs enhanced the cytotoxicity by around 10 times than free DOX and improved the selectivity toward cancer cells. Furthermore, FePO4 NPs temperature-stabilize RNA and support mRNA translation activity showing promises for RNA stabilizing agents. The results show the biocompatibility of iron-based inorganic nanoparticles, their drug and RNA loading, stabilization, and delivery activity with potential ramifications for food fortification and drug/RNA delivery.
Vitreous structure. VI. Age-related changes in the thermal stability and crosslinks of vitreous, articular cartilage and tendon collagens.

Abstract Thermal stability studies were performed on samples of fetal, young and adult bovine vitreous, articular cartilage and tendon collagens. The major age-related change observed was a decrease in the quantity of tendon collagen solubilized by heat alone, whereas very small quantities of vitreous and articular cartilage collagens were rendered soluble by heat alone at all ages. Vitreous collagen and tendon collagens had similar heat-denaturation profiles, although at all ages vitreous was slightly more stable than tendon. The denaturation of articular cartilage collagen occurred at significantly higher temperatures that that of vitreous and tendon collagens. The relative proportions of reducible crosslinks in fetal and adult vitreous, articular cartilage and tendon collagens were also determined. In all fetal collagens dihydrolysinonorleucine was the major reduced crosslink detected. Fetal articular cartilage and tendon collagen had about twice the amount of dihydroxylysinonorleucine as vitreous collagen but when the adult samples were compared vitreous collagen contained a 3.4-times higher content of dihydroxylysinonorleucine than articular cartilage and only trace amounts of this crosslink were detected in tendon collagen. The 3-hydroxypyridinium content of adult vitreous collagen was also determined and was found to be about half that of articular cartilage collagen. These results indicate that there is maturation of hydroxylysino-5-ketonorleucine to 3-hydroxypyridinium crosslinks in a similar manner to that proposed for cartilage collagen. The presence of dihydroxylysinonorleucine crosslinks in the adult vitreous collagen, however, indicates that either the maturation process is much slower or incomplete or that there is a much more active synthesis of collagen containing immature hydroxylysino-5-ketonorleucine crosslinks in the vitreous than in articular cartilage.
A SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE NEW YORK DRUMLIN FIELD

This study spatially evaluates the applicability of a deformation approach to drumlin genesis for the New York drumlin field. It also assesses whether the Onondaga Escarpment, Appalachian Plateau, and Glacial Lake Iroquois influenced the spatial characteristics of drumlins. Spatial and morphometric analyses generally show a random drumlin distribution, down-ice increases in drumlin density, and down-ice decreases in drumlin elongation. These patterns are consistent with the deformation model. The Onondaga Escarpment, located transverse to ice flow, superimposed additional patterns. Compressive ice flow conditions near the escarpment: (1) nucleated drumlins through variable rates of clast deformation, drumlin densities thus increase and become clustered; and (2) reduced ice velocity so that drumlin streamlining was retarded. As the glacier advanced onto the Appalachian Plateau, drumlin-forming conditions declined because ice was nearly immobile on interfluves. Active ice was instead funneled into valleys n...
Pincer ligand coordination at a triosmium cluster : X-ray structures of 1,2-OS3(CO) 10[4,6 -bis (diphenylphosphinomethyl ) -m -xylene] and 1,2-Os3(CO) 10[1 -diphenylphosphino-1-{(2,4 -dimethyl -5 -diphenylphosphinomethyl )phenyl }-propan-2-ol]

The reaction between the triosmium cluster l,2-Os3(CO) 10 (MeCN)2 and the diphosphine pincer ligand 4,6-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)-m-xylene (dppx) has been examined and found to yield the pincer-bridged cluster 1,2-Os 3 (CO) 10 (dppx) (2) as the major product, in addition to the pincer-bridged cluster l,2-Os3(CO)io[l-diphenylphosphino-1-{(2,4-dimethyl-5-diphenylphosphinomethyl)phenyl}-propan-2-ol] (3) in trace amounts (<2% yield). Both cluster products have been isolated and their molecular structures determined by crystallographic analyses. The structural highlights of compounds 2 and 3, which represent the first examples of pincer-ligated metal clusters, are discussed. The origin of the functionalized diphosphine ligand in 3 is traced to the ethanol solvent that was used in the recrystallization of the dppx ligand.
Development of antipredator responses in snakes. III: Stability of individual and litter differences over the first year of life

Individual and litter differences in the number of attacks directed by Mexican garter snakes (Thamnophis melanogaster) at a threatening stimulus were studied over the first year of life. Newborn snakes born to wildcaught females from the same population were tested the day after they were born and at 7, 16, 31, and 54 weeks of age on reactivity to a potent nonmoving and moving stimulus (a human finger). There were significant individual and interlitter differences in number of strikes directed at both stimuli but no significant effect of sex. Intercorrelations among the strike scores of individuals across test days averaged .54 for the nonmoving stimulus presentations and .63 for trials with the moving stimulus. Strike scores to the moving and nonmoving stimuli were significantly correlated at each age, however, attack responses to the moving stimulus declined over the year while those to the nonmoving stimulus remained constant. Measures of concordance showed that both individual strike scores and litter means were highly consistent, whereas consistency within litters was reduced. The results indicate that litter and individual differences among newborn snakes in the tendency to engage in antipredator behavior (“defensive temperament”) remain relatively stable from the first day after birth throughout the first year of life.
Liquid crystal display microperimetry in eyes with reduced visual acuity from macular pathology.

PURPOSE: To correlate fixation stability and retinal sensitivity measured by liquid crystal display (LCD) microperimetry to visual acuity in eyes with macular pathology. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review METHODS: The cohort included 26 eyes of 26 patients, divided into two groups according to visual acuity (Group 1 eyes 6/15 - 6/48, Group 2: < or = 6/60). Macular sensitivity and fixation stability were measured using the LCD microperimeter. Mean retinal sensitivity (at central 12 degrees) and fixation stability (at 2 degrees and 4 degrees) were correlated with best-corrected visual acuity. RESULTS: Mean retinal sensitivity correlated with the visual acuity in both groups [Group 1 eyes: 28 point central 12 degrees (9.0 dB); Group 2: central 12 degrees (4.183 dB)] (P < 0.05). The fixation stability correlated similarly with the visual acuity for the groups [Group 1 eyes: 2 degrees (81.2%) and 4 degrees (94.6%); Group 2 eyes: 2 degrees (44.1%) and 4 degrees (80.7%] (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In the present study, the mean retinal sensitivity and fixation stability measured with LCD microperimeter correlated with visual acuity. LCD microperimetry reliably measures fixation stability and retinal sensitivity in eyes with various macular pathologies.
Use of Peer Instruction in an interactive medical histology laboratory (721.16)

Our previous study exploring the use of an Audience Response System (ARS) to promote active learning and group interactivity in a medical school histology laboratory determined the method to be effective in stimulating discussion, enhancing peer interaction, and applying the material. Separately, the instructional strategy known as Peer Instruction (PI) provides a model for student interaction using a controlled questioning process. Upon implementation of PI, published studies report increases in students’ conceptual reasoning and quantitative problem solving skills. Our study seeks to further develop the concept of ARS in a histology course by implementing the use of PI in a medical histology laboratory setting. Presenting clinically-relevant questions associated with microscope images using the PI model provides a system through which visual learning, pattern recognition, group interaction, and clinical application are simultaneously addressed. The benefits of Peer Instruction Laboratory Sessions (PILS)...
Induction and Properties of a Temperate Bacteriophage from Bacillus stearothermophilus

Welker, N. E. (University of Illinois, Urbana), and L. Leon Campbell. Induction and properties of a temperate bacteriophage from Bacillus stearothermophilus. J. Bacteriol. 89:175-184. 1965.-Bacillus stearothermophilus 1503-4R growing at 55 C was induced to lyse either when 0.05 mug/ml of mitomycin C was added or when it was exposed to ultraviolet light for 30 sec. Lysis of the induced cultures occurred 45 to 60 min after induction. Phage were assayed on B. stearothermophilus 4S giving turbid plaques 0.05 to 0.3 cm in diameter. Noninduced cultures of 1503-4R spontaneously produced one phage per 2.8 x 10(6) bacterial cells. The optimal temperature for phage production and assay was found to be 55 C. B. stearothermophilus 1503-4R was immune to the isolated temperate phage (TP-1) and to a clear-plaque mutant phage (TP-1C), even when tested at phage mutliplicities of 100. TP-1 and TP-1C phage were identical morphologically having a head 65 mmu in diameter and a tail 240 mmu long and 12 mmu wide. TP-1C phage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) had an S(20,w) value of 24.1 and a calculated molecular weight of 1.21 x 10(7). DNA base compositions of TP-1 and TP-1C phage were identical (42% guanine + cytosine), but differed significantly from those of the lysogenic or indicator strains of B. stearothermophilus (50% guanine + cytosine). No unusual bases were detected in either the bacterial or phage DNA.