cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning new gait patterns: Exploratory muscle activity during motor learning is not predicted by motor modules

The motor module hypothesis in motor control proposes that the nervous system can simplify the problem of controlling a large number of muscles in human movement by grouping muscles into a smaller number of modules. Here, we tested one prediction of the modular organization hypothesis by examining whether there is preferential exploration along these motor modules during the learning of a new gait pattern. Healthy college-aged participants learned a new gait pattern which required increased hip and knee flexion during the swing phase while walking in a lower-extremity robot (Lokomat). The new gait pattern was displayed as a foot trajectory in the sagittal plane and participants attempted to match their foot trajectory to this template. We recorded EMG from 8 lower-extremity muscles and we extracted motor modules during both baseline walking and target-tracking using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). Results showed increased trajectory variability in the first block of learning, indicating that participants were engaged in exploratory behavior. Critically, when we examined the muscle activity during this exploratory phase, we found that the composition of motor modules changed significantly within the first few strides of attempting the new gait pattern. The lack of persistence of the motor modules under even short time scales suggests that motor modules extracted during locomotion may be more indicative of correlated muscle activity induced by the task constraints of walking, rather than reflecting a modular control strategy.
Modeling Consumer Purchase Events: A Reply to Lawrence:

In the May 1980 issue of JMR, Lawrence replaces the gamma distribution on the purchasing rate component of the negative binomial model with the lognormal distribution. In this response the author s...
Bootstrap-based unit root tests for higher order autoregressive models with GARCH(1, 1) errors

ABSTRACTBootstrap-based unit root tests are a viable alternative to asymptotic distribution-based procedures and, in some cases, are preferable because of the serious size distortions associated with the latter tests under certain situations. While several bootstrap-based unit root tests exist for autoregressive moving average processes with homoskedastic errors, only one such test is available when the innovations are conditionally heteroskedastic. The details for the exact implementation of this procedure are currently available only for the first order autoregressive processes. Monte-Carlo results are also published only for this limited case. In this paper we demonstrate how this procedure can be extended to higher order autoregressive processes through a transformed series used in augmented Dickey–Fuller unit root tests. We also investigate the finite sample properties for higher order processes through a Monte-Carlo study. Results show that the proposed tests have reasonable power and size properties.
Section 5: Vibrations of a Rod or a Straight Strip

Transverse vibrations of a rod or a straight strip (that is to say a rigid body, straight, thread-like, where the changes in shape can be expressed by bent lines) are different, according to whether one or two ends are fixed (in a vise or in a wall), or supported (by a motionless body), or free. Here are the possible cases in which there is a difference in the changes in shape or the ratios of the sounds on which it depends:
Victor Pickard, America’s Battle for Media Democracy: The Triumph of Corporate Libertarianism and the Future of Media Reform

Victor Pickard’s book on the formative years directly after the Communications Act is a major contribution to media history research, and should be read by policy historians and media advocacy researchers. In America’s Battle for Media Democracy, pulling from rigorous archive work, Pickard examines the subsequent players and organizational framework of the FCC in the 1940s. Intriguingly, he has found that contrary to our received narrative, the 1940s saw liberally invested commissioners who authorized studies to increase access to public airwaves. Roosevelt’s New Deal technocrats were hired to implement a policy that favored privatization. But the work they actually conducted, Pickard argues, paved the way for alternative media practices to develop, from educational broadcasts to journalism ethics. And according to Pickard, this first U.S. debate, essentially regarding the federal deliberations over if public or private institutions were best prepared to steward the U.S. airwaves, still animates contemporary media studies debates. Is democracy better served by public or commercial broadcasting? What does a successful media advocacy look like in practice, and what impediments do progressive investments face when working to change policy? Pickard’s book shows that activism in the 1940s provides a case study of how progressive goals to encourage public service media materialized into specific administrative legacies. The posterity of these advocacies resulted in a failure to fully instigate a progressive framework for media policy, yet at the same time a tradition that can still be reclaimed by progressive advocates. Both outcomes were the result of this period of strategic interpretation after the Communications Act, and to understand these legacies, a dedicated and close study of these methods is necessary.
Climate and Sustainability| Dominant Visual Frames in Climate Change News Stories: Implications for Formative Evaluation in Climate Change Campaigns

We propose a rigorous basis for identifying and assessing visual frames as part of a pre-production phase of formative evaluation for climate change campaigns. We review research on images in climate change communication and examine the role of formative evaluation in communication campaigns in general and climate change campaigns in particular. From 350 images in 200 randomly selected climate change news articles from 1974–2009, manual content analysis generated over 100 highly reliable image themes, and cluster analysis generated 15 dominant visual frames. We discuss possible implications for use of those frames in climate change campaign messages. The dominant visual frames also provide bases for more structured and comprehensive formative evaluation research that could justify use or avoidance of certain visual frames in the pursuit of particular outcomes though communication with specific audiences.
Reactions to Paintings by Older and Younger Viewers

Studies of contemporary and historical old artists and late-life paintings (Parts III and IV) throw new light on the course of late-life cre-ativity, bring attention to a special feature of artistic creativity known as the old-age style, and offset pessimistic perspectives on aging, among other consequences, including the furthering of interdisciplinarity (Chapter 14). The relationship between aging and art is examined in this and the next chapter again, but this time more broadly, for its relevance to non-artists. Their reactions to paintings, examined in this chapter, and more generally, their participation in the arts, along with their atti-tudes and interests toward a variety of art activities, in Chapter 16, bear on both late-life abilities and late-life creativity.
Effects of metabolizable protein supplementation to ewes during late gestation on wether lamb feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and nitrogen balance

Abstract The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of maternal MP restriction or supplementation during late gestation on male offspring feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and nitrogen retention. In yr 1, maternal dietary treatments were applied at d 100 of gestation, were similar in total energy, and contained: 60MP1: 60% of MP requirements; 80MP1: 80% of MP requirements; and 100MP1: 100% of the MP requirements on a DM basis during late gestation. In yr 2, maternal dietary treatments were similar in total energy and contained: 60MP2: 60% of MP requirements; 100MP2: 100% of the MP requirements; and 140MP2: 140% of MP requirements on a DM basis during late gestation. In yr 1, there was no effect (P ≥ 0.14) of maternal dietary treatment on initial BW, final BW, ADG, G:F, or morbidity. There was a quadratic effect (P = 0.04) for days on feed, with the 80MP1 lambs being on feed longer than the 60MP1 and 100MP1 lambs. A quadratic effect (P = 0.05) was also observed for DMI, with the 80MP1 wethers consuming less feed than the 60MP1 and 100MP1 wethers. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.06) of maternal MP intake during late gestation on the carcass characteristics or the majority of N balance parameters of initial BW, DM, NDF, ADF, or N digestibility, daily fecal N excretion, or daily N balance of wethers in yr 1. However, daily urinary N excretion per unit of initial BW was linearly reduced (P = 0.02) as MP intake increased and daily digested N retained increased linearly (P = 0.04) as maternal MP increased. There was a treatment × day interaction (P = 0.004) for serum urea N concentrations. The 60MP1 wethers had greater serum urea N concentrations on d 16, 18, 19, and 20 (P ≤ 0.04) than 80MP1 and 100MP1 wethers; and on d 17 (P = 0.05) compared with 80MP1 wethers. In yr 2, there was no effect (P ≥ 0.18) of maternal dietary treatment on initial BW, final BW, ADG, G:F, or morbidity. There was a linear increase (P = 0.04) in DMI as maternal MP increased from 60 to 140% of MP requirements. Carcass characteristics (P ≥ 0.29) and N balance parameters (P ≥ 0.24) in yr 2 were not affected by ewe MP intake during late gestation. These results suggest that maternal MP intake above or below requirements during late gestation may not affect wether feedlot performance or carcass characteristics.
Treatment of psychiatric symptoms among offspring of parents with bipolar disorder

Purpose of review Bipolar disorder is highly familial and has a protracted and diagnostically confusing prodrome. This review critically evaluates recently published literature relevant to the treatment of psychiatric symptoms in high-risk offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Recent findings Non-pharmacological treatment options including psychotherapy, resilience promotion through good sleep, diet, and exercise hygiene, and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation are important first-line interventions for high-risk offspring. There has been some success in treating this population with open-label trials with mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics; however, these results have not been replicated in randomized controlled trails. Summary Despite some progress in early identification of symptoms in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder, there is scarce evidence supporting the treatment of these high-risk youth to prevent psychiatric symptoms from progressing to threshold bipolar or other psychiatric disorders. There is a need for prospective and randomized trials and research that identifies reliable biomarkers to individualize treatments for these youth.
Unrelated immunodeficiency states may impact outcomes and immune checkpoint molecule expression in patients with mycosis fungoides: A clinicopathologic case-control study.

Background Immunodeficiency (ID) correlates with worse outcomes and decreased immune checkpoint molecule expression in melanoma. The impact of ID in mycosis fungoides (MF) is unknown. Objective Our goal was to evaluate the impact of ID in MF. Methods We conducted a case-control study of 17 patients with MF and ID versus age-, stage-, and race-matched controls as a subset of a comparative analysis of 23 patients with MF with ID (prior lymphoma, recent/current pregnancy, HIV, hypogammaglobulinemia, and prior chemotherapy) versus without ID. Programmed cell death 1 (PD1), programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1), forkhead box p3, and interleukin 17 immunohistochemistry was performed on 12 patients with ID and 10 controls. Results Patients with ID had more treatment failure (14 of 23 vs 5 of 17 [ P = .028]), more treatment failure within 3 years of diagnosis (12 of 23 vs 4 of 17 [ P = .050]), more angiocentrism (6 of 12 vs 0 of 10 [ P = .005]), larger cells (1.92 ± 0.51 out of 3 vs 1.30 ± 0.48 out of 3 [ P = .009]), more cases with at least 10% PD1 positivity (9 of 11 vs 4 of 10 [ P = .031]) and at least 10% PDL1 positivity (7 of 12 vs 2 of 10 [ P = .042]), and a higher average percentage of PD1 + cells (43.27 ± 40.22 vs 11.2 ± 13.62 [ P = .028]). No differences in survival, forkhead box p3 expression, interleukin 17 expression, histologic depth, ulceration, granulomatous changes, or syringotropism were seen. Limitations This was a small single-center study with heterogeneous immunodeficiencies. Conclusion ID correlated with worse outcomes and increased PD1 and PDL1 expression in MF. Patients with MF and ID may be candidates for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, pending further investigation.
The Repaired Rotator Cuff: MRI and Ultrasound Evaluation

The purposes of this review were to provide an overview of the current practice of evaluating the postoperative rotator cuff on imaging and to review the salient imaging findings of the normal and abnormal postoperative rotator cuff, as well as of postoperative complications. The repaired rotator cuff frequently appears abnormal on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US). Recent studies have shown that while the tendons typically normalize, they can demonstrate clinically insignificant abnormal imaging appearances for longer than 6 months. Features of capsular thickening or subacromial-subdeltoid bursal thickening and fluid distension were found to decrease substantially in the first 6-month postoperative period. MRI and US were found to be highly comparable in the postoperative assessment of the rotator cuff, although they had a lower sensitivity for partial thickness tears. Imaging evaluation of newer techniques such as patch augmentation and superior capsular reconstruction needs to be further investigated. MRI and US are useful in the postoperative assessment of the rotator cuff, not only for evaluation of the integrity of the rotator cuff, but also for detecting hardware complications and other etiologies of shoulder pain.
Ionic Organic Small Molecules as Hosts for Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells

Light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEECs) from ionic transition-metal complexes (iTMCs) offer the potential for high-efficiency electroluminescence in a simple, single-layer device. However, LEECs typically rely on the use of rare metal complexes. This has limited their cost effectiveness and put constraints on their applicability. With a view to leveraging the efficient emission of these complexes while mitigating costs, we describe here a host/guest LEEC strategy that relies on the use of carbazole (Cz)-based organic small-molecule hosts and iTMC guests. Three cationic host molecules were prepared via the coupling of 1-(4-bromophenyl)-2-phenylbenzimidazole (PBI-Br) with Cz. This has allowed a comparison between the hosts bearing methoxy (PBI-CzOMe) and tert-butyl (PBI-CztBu) substituents, as well as an unsubstituted analogue (PBI-CzH). Cyclic voltammetry and UV–visible absorption revealed that all three host materials have wide band gaps characterized by reversible oxidation and irreversible reductio...
Performance technology for parallel and distributed component software: Research Articles

This work targets the emerging use of software component technology for high-performance scientific parallel and distributed computing. While component software engineering will benefit the construction of complex science applications, its use presents several challenges to performance measurement, analysis, and optimization. The performance of a component application depends on the interaction (possibly nonlinear) of the composed component set. Furthermore, a component is a ‘binary unit of composition’ and the only information users have is the interface the component provides to the outside world. A performance engineering methodology and development approach is presented to address evaluation and optimization issues in high-performance component environments. We describe a prototype implementation of a performance measurement infrastructure for the Common Component Architecture (CCA) system. A case study demonstrating the use of this technology for integrated measurement, monitoring, and optimization in CCA component-based applications is given. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Mental Health of Black Americans

When subjected to prolonged and unjust oppression, people are occupied with two overriding concerns: their physical survival, and the avoidance of, as much as is possible, the attendant psychosocial stress. On a worldwide basis, oppression may be the result of any one of a combination of conditions—e.g., the tyranny of a dictatorship, persecution on the basis of religion, behavior rooted in the belief in ethnic superiority, nationalism, or economic exploitation. For black Americans, the common or universal oppressive condition is racism. When survival in a racist society is less of a threat, however, more attention is directed to psychosocial concerns. In recent years, black persons in increasing numbers have sought relief of stress through the mental health system.
Satellite-Earth Quantum Communication: Modeling Daytime Free-Space Atmospheric Channels and Interfaces

Daytime sky radiance easily overwhelms quantum signals transmitted over satellite-to-Earth quantum channels. Recent demonstrations of satellite-Earth quantum communication were performed under nighttime conditions to avoid this problem. Restricting the ground terminal field of view (FOV) is an effective technique for spatially filtering sky noise. Atmospheric turbulence however limits the extent to which spatial filtering can reduce sky noise without introducing signal losses. Interfaces from the channel to quantum systems are also adversely affected by turbulence. In the case of single-mode-fiber-(SMF-) coupled components, turbulence leads to large mode-coupling losses. This applies to SMF-coupled quantum detectors, atomic systems, integrated photonics and fiber networks. This presentation reviews results from numerical simulations of daytime satellite-Earth quantum channels and SMF interfaces enabled by ultra-narrow spectral filtering and adaptive-optics-based techniques. Numerical simulations include low-Earth-orbit propagation losses, sunrise-to-sunset hemispherical distributions of sky radiance, the statistical nature of Kolmogorov turbulence, and the effects of an atomic-line spectral filter and an adaptive optics system under closed loop control. Quantum information metrics quantify the performance of daytime quantum channels over a range of sky angles where satellite passes can occur.
Network proteomics of human dermal wound healing

Objective The healing of wounds is critical in protecting the human body against environmental factors. The mechanisms involving protein expression during this complex physiological process have not been fully elucidated. Approach Here, we use reverse-phase protein microarrays (RPPA) involving 94 phosphoproteins to study tissue samples from tubes implanted in healing dermal wounds in seven human subjects tracked over two weeks. We compare the proteomic profiles to proteomes of controls obtained from skin biopsies from the same subjects. Main results Compared to previous proteomic studies of wound healing, our approach focuses on wound tissue instead of wound fluid, and has the sensitivity to go beyond measuring only highly abundant proteins. To study the temporal dynamics of networks involved in wound healing, we applied two network analysis methods that integrate the experimental results with prior knowledge about protein-protein physical and regulatory interactions, as well as higher-level biological processes and associated pathways. Significance We uncovered densely connected networks of proteins that are up- or down-regulated during human wound healing, as well as their relationships to microRNAs and to proteins outside of our set of targets that we measured with proteomic microarrays.
Electrochemical Activity Assay for Protease Analysis Using Carbon Nanofiber Nanoelectrode Arrays

There is a strong demand for bioanalytical techniques to rapidly detect protease activities with high sensitivity and high specificity. This study reports an activity-based electrochemical method toward this goal. Nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs) fabricated with embedded vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) are functionalized with specific peptide substrates containing a ferrocene (Fc) tag. The kinetic proteolysis curves are measured with continuously repeated ac voltammetry, from which the catalytic activity is derived as the inverse of the exponential decay time constant based on a heterogeneous Michaelis-Menten model. Comparison of three peptide substrates with different lengths reveals that the hexapeptide H2N-(CH2)4-CO-Pro-Leu-Arg-Phe-Gly-Ala-NH-CH2-Fc is the optimal probe for cathepsin B. The activity strongly depends on temperature and is the highest around the body temperature. With the optimized peptide substrate and measuring conditions, the limit of detection of cathepsin B activity and concentration can reach 2.49 × 10-4 s-1 and 0.32 nM, respectively. The peptide substrates show high specificity to the cognate proteases, with negligible cross-reactions among three cancer-related proteases cathepsin B, ADAM10, and ADAM17. This electrochemical method can be developed into multiplex chips for rapid profiling of protease activities in cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
New results for single-machine scheduling with past-sequence-dependent setup times and due date-related objectives

Abstract We show that the single-machine scheduling problem with past-sequence-dependent (p-s-d) setup times and either the minimum maximum lateness or the minimum maximum tardiness objective is solvable in O(n2) time by an index priority rule followed by backward insertions of certain qualifying jobs. We also show that the problem with the minimum number of tardy jobs objective is solvable in O(n2) time by a variant of Moore's algorithm. We then show how to modify a general purpose dynamic programming algorithm to solve the problem with other due-date related objectives such as the total weighted tardiness, the weighted number of tardy jobs and, in the case of an unrestricted common due date, the total weighted earliness/ tardiness. We also present heuristic decomposition algorithms for the NP-hard scheduling problems with p-s-d setup times and the objectives of total weighted tardiness, weighted number of tardy jobs and total weighted earliness/tardiness around an unrestricted common due date. These algorithms decompose the respective problem heuristically into smaller sub-problems which are then solved optimally by dynamic programming. We show experimentally that the heuristic performs well with extended job due dates close to the makespan because, in those cases, the heuristic is capable of locating the optimal solution with either zero total weighted tardiness or with only a few tardy jobs. In the remaining cases, the quality of the DS solutions is superior with normally distributed data compared to the corresponding solutions with uniformly distributed data. This is because sampling from the normal distribution reduces the variability among processing times and weights which in turn decreases the hardness of the problem. Finally, we show that the heuristic's performance deteriorates as the problem size increases.
Factors Associated with Preventive Dental Visits Before and During Pregnancy

Objective: Poor prenatal oral health has implications for maternal, fetal, and infant health. Studies have shown an association between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as p...
Justifying Recommendations using Distantly-Labeled Reviews and Fine-Grained Aspects.

Several recent works have considered the problem of generating reviews (or ‘tips’) as a form of explanation as to why a recommendation might match a customer’s interests. While promising, we demonstrate that existing approaches struggle (in terms of both quality and content) to generate justifications that are relevant to users’ decision-making process. We seek to introduce new datasets and methods to address the recommendation justification task. In terms of data, we first propose an ‘extractive’ approach to identify review segments which justify users’ intentions; this approach is then used to distantly label massive review corpora and construct large-scale personalized recommendation justification datasets. In terms of generation, we are able to design two personalized generation models with this data: (1) a reference-based Seq2Seq model with aspect-planning which can generate justifications covering different aspects, and (2) an aspect-conditional masked language model which can generate diverse justifications based on templates extracted from justification histories. We conduct experiments on two real-world datasets which show that our model is capable of generating convincing and diverse justifications.
Direct RNA sequencing enables m6A detection in endogenous transcript isoforms at base-specific resolution.

Direct RNA sequencing holds great promise for the de novo identification of RNA modifications at single-coordinate resolution; however, interpretation of raw sequencing output to discover modified bases remains a challenge. Using Oxford Nanopore's direct RNA sequencing technology, we developed a random forest classifier trained using experimentally detected N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) sites within DRACH motifs. Our software MINES (m6A Identification using Nanopore Sequencing) assigned m6A methylation status to more than 13,000 previously unannotated DRACH sites in endogenous HEK293T transcripts and identified more than 40,000 sites with isoform-level resolution in a human mammary epithelial cell line. These sites displayed sensitivity to the m6A writer, METTL3, and eraser, ALKBH5, respectively. MINES (https://github.com/YeoLab/MINES.git) enables m6A annotation at single coordinate-level resolution from direct RNA nanopore sequencing.
A Messaging Framework for Online Educators

Messaging is often used to inform or clarify course content or expectations, remediate or encourage student performance, or to build community. Drawing on research related to best practices in online education and student-teacher interactions, this paper provides a theoretical framework for messaging based on two dimensions: motivation for the message and content of the message. Instructors can use this framework to implement and more precisely target messaging to improve student learning outcomes.
Two Cases of Severe Erosive Pustular Dermatosis Mimicking Infection.

Introduction Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp (EPDS) is a noninfectious inflammatory disorder characterized by pustules, erosions, ulcerations, and crusted erythematous plaques that is often associated with mechanical or chemical trauma. While its appearance may mimic infection, its etiology is thought to have an autoimmune component based on responsiveness to immunomodulators. Case report Herein, the authors present 2 cases of EPDS that were initially treated as primary infections. In both cases, the wounds did not respond to antimicrobial treatment and led to severe ulceration, exposing cranial bone. Both wounds improved with topical corticosteroid therapy. Conclusions These cases represent the importance of considering topical steroid treatment and a diagnosis of EPDS after debridement for purulent scalp ulcers.
A Review of Research on Alumina Extraction from High-Alumina Fly Ash and a New Method for Preparing Alumina by Electrotransformation

When bauxite and alumina resources are limited, high-alumina fly ash becomes a potential aluminum resource. The comprehensive utilization of high value-added elements in high-alumina fly ash is of great significance to resource circulation. In order to solve the difficult comprehensive utilization of valuable components in high-alumina ash problem, the existing traditional research methods of high-alumina ash are firstly summarized and compared in this paper. Following the review, a new method for the treatment of high-alumina fly ash by electrotransformation is proposed. This new method can realize reduction in slag volumes, with no waste acid, no alkali input required. It can be concluded that this new method can effectively treat high-alumina fly ash and realize the comprehensive utilization of valuable components of high-alumina fly ash.
A Comparison between Cigarette Topography from a One-Week Natural Environment Study to FTC/ISO, Health Canada, and Massachusetts Department of Public Health Puff Profile Standards

Standardized topography protocols for testing cigarette emissions include the Federal Trade Commission/International Standard Organization (FTC/ISO), the Massachusetts Department of Health (MDPH), and Health Canada (HC). Data are lacking for how well these protocols represent actual use behavior. This study aims to compare puff protocol standards to actual use topography measured in natural environments across a range of cigarette brands. Current smokers between 18 and 65 years of age were recruited. Each participant was provided with a wPUM™ cigarette topography monitor and instructed to use the monitor with their usual brand cigarette ad libitum in their natural environment for one week. Monitors were tested for repeatability, and data were checked for quality and analyzed with the TAP™ topography analysis program. Data from n = 26 participants were analyzed. Puff flow rates ranged from 17.2 to 110.6 mL/s, with a mean (STD) of 40.4 (21.7) mL/s; durations from 0.7 to 3.1 s, with a mean (STD) of 1.5 ± 0.5 s; and volumes from 21.4 to 159.2 mL, with a mean (STD) of 54.9 (29.8) mL. Current topography standards were found to be insufficient to represent smoking across the wide range of real behaviors. These data suggest updated standards are needed such that emissions tests will provide meaningful risk assessments.
Transformation Elastography: Converting Anisotropy to Isotropy

Elastography refers to mapping mechanical properties in a material based on measuring wave motion in it using noninvasive optical, acoustic or magnetic resonance imaging methods. For example, increased stiffness will increase wavelength. Stiffness and viscosity can depend on both location and direction. A material with aligned fibers or layers may have different stiffness and viscosity values along the fibers or layers versus across them. Converting wave measurements into a mechanical property map or image is known as reconstruction. To make the reconstruction problem analytically tractable, isotropy and homogeneity are often assumed, and the effects of finite boundaries are ignored. But, infinite isotropic homogeneity is not the situation in most cases of interest, when there are pathological conditions, material faults or hidden anomalies that are not uniformly distributed in fibrous or layered structures of finite dimension. Introduction of anisotropy, inhomogeneity and finite boundaries complicates the analysis forcing the abandonment of analytically-driven strategies, in favor of numerical approximations that may be computationally expensive and yield less physical insight. A new strategy, Transformation Elastography (TE), is proposed that involves spatial distortion in order to make an anisotropic problem become isotropic. The fundamental underpinnings of TE have been proven in forward simulation problems. In the present paper a TE approach to inversion and reconstruction is introduced and validated based on numerical finite element simulations.
Derivations in minimalism

This pathbreaking study presents a new perspective on the role of derivation, the series of operations by which sentences are formed. Working within the Minimalist Program and focusing on English, the authors develop an original theory of generative syntax, providing illuminating new analyses of some central syntactic constructions. Two key questions are explored: first, can the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) be eliminated from Minimalist analysis without loss, and perhaps with a gain in empirical coverage; and second, is the construct 'A-Chain' similarly eliminable? The authors argue that neither EPP nor the A-chain is in fact a property of Universal Grammar, but rather their descriptive content can be deduced from independently motivated properties of lexical items, in accordance with overarching principles governing derivation. In investigating these questions, a range of new data is introduced, and existing data re-analyzed, presenting a pioneering challenge to fundamental assumptions in syntactic theory.
A two-stage optimization strategy for large-scale oil field development

The optimization of the locations of a large number of wells in an oil or gas field represents a challenging computational problem. This is because the number of optimization variables scales with the maximum number of wells considered. In this work, we develop and test a new two-stage strategy for large-scale oil field optimization problems. In the first stage, wells are constrained to lie in repeated patterns, and the reduced set of optimization variables defines the pattern type and geometry (e.g., well spacing, orientation). For this component of the optimization, we introduce several important modifications, including optimization of the drilling sequence, to an existing well-pattern optimization procedure. The solutions obtained in the first stage are then used to initialize the second stage optimization. In this stage we apply comprehensive field development optimization, where the well location, type (injection or production well), drill/do not drill decision, completion interval for 3D models, and drilling time variables are determined for each well. Pattern geometry is no longer enforced in this stage. Specialized treatments (consistent with actual drilling practice) are introduced for cases where multiple geomodels, used to capture geological uncertainty, are considered. In both stages optimization is achieved using a particle swarm optimization-mesh adaptive direct search (PSO-MADS) method. The two-stage procedure is applied to 2D and 3D models corresponding to different geological scenarios. Both deterministic and geologically uncertain systems are considered. Optimization results using the new procedure are shown to clearly outperform those from the single-stage comprehensive field development optimization approach. Specifically, for the same number of function evaluations, the two-stage treatment provides net present values that exceed those of the single-stage approach by about 15–18% for the cases considered. This suggests that this optimization strategy may indeed lead to improved results in practical problems.
Hemorrhage Rates After Implantation and Explantation of Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Reevaluating Patients' Risk.

Objective Stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG), despite its established usefulness, has not been thoroughly evaluated for its adverse events profile. In this study, hemorrhage rates were evaluated both per patient and per lead placed not only in the immediate postoperative period, but also over the course of admission and after explantation when available. Methods This is a single-center retrospective study of pediatric and adult patients undergoing sEEG lead placement at a large urban hospital. All available postoperative imaging was reviewed for the presence of hemorrhage, including any imaging occurring throughout admission as well as within 1 month of lead explantation. Age and number of leads placed per procedure were compared using an unpaired t test assuming unequal variance. Results A total of 1855 leads were placed in 147 cases. The mean age was 30.4 ±15.0 and the male/female ratio was 47:53. 9 leads (0.49%) in 9 cases (6.12%) were involved with postimplantation hemorrhage occurring on postoperative day 0.44 on average. Postexplantation imaging was available for 45 cases. Seven leads (1.40%) in 7 cases (15.56%) were involved with postexplantation hemorrhage occurring on average on postoperative day 1.42. There was a significant difference in mean age between patients with postexplantation hemorrhage versus control (45.0 vs. 32.2; P = 0.0277). No cases of hemorrhage required surgical intervention and no patients had permanent neurologic deficit. Conclusions Hemorrhage after sEEG lead implantation and explantation may be more common than previously reported. Consistent postexplantation imaging may be of clinical benefit in detecting hemorrhage that precludes patients from immediate discharge, particularly in older patients.
Effect of Preoperative Imaging and Patient Factors on Clinically Meaningful Outcomes and Quality of Life After Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation: A Machine Learning Analysis of Cartilage Defects of the Knee:

Background:Fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) is an effective method of treating symptomatic cartilage defects of the knee. This restoration technique involves the single-stage imp...
Isothermal Processes of Homogeneous Filaments

The approach to the First and Second Laws given in Chapters II through V is an abstract one, axiomatic in nature, and permits us to concentrate on those features of physical systems which are central to the formulation and analysis of these laws. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce elementary examples of systems whose state spaces are not of the type prescribed for homogeneous fluid bodies and yet whose structures are sufficiently simple to yield explicit results without undue effort. To simplify matters as much as possible, we restrict our attention to isothermal processes of one-dimensional, continuous bodies, here called filaments. (This terminology is convenient but somewhat misleading, because one generally regards a filament as being incapable of supporting compressive forces, whereas we do not wish to make such a restrictive assumption in the present treatment.) Each of the filaments to be studied can be imagined as a thin string or rod with fixed direction, but whose length 𝓁 may vary as an external force f parallel to the filament is varied. The length 𝓁 is required to be a positive number (Figure 39) and enters into the description of the states available to the filament. The force f represents the force which the environment exerts on the filament; f is a real number which, if positive, is called a tensile force and, if negative, is called a compressive force.
The peculiar star RX Puppis

We have obtained the first high dispersion observations of RX Puppis in the wavelength region 1200 – 3200 A with the “International Ultraviolet Explorer” (IUE). The anomalies we observed in lines such as He II, C III], C IV, N III], N IV], O III], and Si III], that show split line profiles, Doppler displaced component(s) suggest dynamic activity in circumstellar material that probably has the form of rings and/or gas streamers between the cool giant and the hot companion. the Mg II lines show P-Cygni structure arising in the Mira primary. The continuum cannot be due to a star earlier than AO II and it may arise in an accretion disk around the hot secondary. Moreover, the line emission requires photoionization either from a hot subdwarf or the inner accretion disk.
Airborne radar in-flight antenna pattern testing

This paper discusses the operation, the accuracy considerations, and the measurement process of an in-flight radar antenna pattern measurement. The in-flight tests performed for the Joint STARS multifunction airborne radar are summarized. >
Resisting accountability: transitional justice in the post-9/11 United States

The field of transitional justice has traditionally focused on accountability for human rights violations amid regime change, often accompanied by democratisation, rebuilding states and revitalising national communities. But concepts drawn from transitional justice can also shed light on the dynamics of accountability within the ordinary course of political change in a stable and mature democracy. This article utilises transitional justice as a heuristic to frame the post-9/11 United States’ effort to confront torture and other grave human rights violations committed in the war on terrorism. The article concludes that not seeking accountability in the face of political opposition and resistance carries significant costs. Terrorism poses particular concerns for adherence to human rights, even in mature democracies, given the multiple pressures to sacrifice liberty for security. A state's failure to pursue accountability may mitigate political controversy and avoid straining the social fabric, particularly ...
Interview with Professor Lenrie Olatokunbo Aina of the Department of Library and Information Science, University of Botswana

Purpose – To determine the views of one of the leaders in library education on the African continent and a prominent author and speaker.Design/methodology/approach – The article is based on an interview with Professor Lenrie Olatokunbo Aina of the Department of Library and Information Science, University Botswana.Findings – The interview covers opinions about professional publishing trends and challenges in Africa as well as professional curriculum in library science.Originality/value – Provides insights into the thinking of one of the leaders in the library profession in Africa.
Training the instructional development specialist to work in unfamiliar content areas

Most ID practitioners face the challenge of designing instruction in a content area about which they have little personal knowledge. To obtain a rudimentary understanding of the content, some peruse texts and journals and others interview experts in the field. But little is known (or at least published) about the specific techniques developers employ to gain an understanding of unfamiliar content or ways to teach such skills to ID graduate students. This article explores the ID skill of comprehending unfamiliar, specialized, and sophisticated subject matter by first noting the nature and characteristics of disciplines and knowledge. Second, self-reports of experienced developers are presented, particularly from those who employ the interview approach to gather information. Finally, the relatively new field of ethnography is examined for heuristics that may be helpful to developers who interview clients for information about content areas.
Use of CAMAC for computer interface in NMR

Abstract We point out that commercially available CAMAC modules, which are commonly used in particle physics experiments, are very well suited for interfacing minicomputers to NMR experiments.
Refining the relationships of perfectionism, self‐efficacy, and stress to dieting and binge eating: Examining the appearance, interpersonal, and academic domains

Objective: This study investigated domain-specific (appearance, interpersonal, and academic) interactive relationships of perfectionism, self-efficacy, and stress to dieting and binge eating, positing that the level of weight/shape self-efficacy would be pivotal in identifying elevated dieting versus elevated binge eating. Method: Participants were 406 randomly selected undergraduate women. At two time points (T1 and T2), 11 weeks apart, participants completed measures of dieting and binge eating attitudes/behaviors as well as domain-specific measures of perfectionism and self-efficacy (e.g., perfectionism related to appearance). Between T1 and T2, participants completed inventories weekly on the previous week's weight/shape, interpersonal, and academic stressors. Results: The combination of high interpersonal perfectionism, low interpersonal self-efficacy, high interpersonal stress, and high weight/shape self-efficacy was associated with the most elevated dieting. The hypothesized interactions related to the appearance and academic domains where not supported. Conclusion: These results highlight the interpersonal context for dieting and the unique relationship between weight/shape self-efficacy and dieting. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Developmental Trauma Disorder: A Provisional Diagnosis

Developmental trauma disorder is a provisional disorder that characterizes multiple trauma exposure that impairs certain domains of human development. These domains are attachment, cognition, behavior regulation, affect regulation, self-concept, dissociation, and biological functioning and maturation. This article reviews the literature and discusses the present understanding of these 7 domains. It discusses the effects of developmental trauma exposure on each domain and alludes to the importance of clinicians understanding the complexity and diversity of development trauma outcomes.
Clinical perspective of the treatment of fifth metatarsal fractures

The authors present a retrospective study of fifth metatarsal fractures. These fractures include Jones fractures, avulsion fractures, spiral and oblique midshaft fractures, and the author-termed "tulip" fracture (impaction fracture of the fifth metatarsal head). These fractures were fixated with the cannulated screw, Kirschner wires, and cerclage loop wires combined with Kirschner wires. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the data to test for any significant difference in the fixation type used and the overall healing time. The ANOVA was found to be nonsignificant, F(2,10) = 0.379, p < 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that all three types of fixation work equally well. Other analyses were performed on each of the three specific types of fractures to see if there was any difference in fixating the fracture versus no fixation and immobilization. This information was significant for only the Jones fracture, F(1,5)2.23, p < 0.05, meaning that Jones fractures heal in a significantly shorter amount of time when some type of open reduction internal fixation is used. Since there was no difference in healing time between the different types of fixation, the authors advise that the cannulated screw be strongly considered because of its efficiency of insertion. In addition, because of the vascularity, muscle insertions, and motion related to the fifth metatarsal, the authors recommend that most Jones fractures be fixated for a more rapid return to function.
A new class of biomimetically relevant ‘Scorpionate’ ligands III. The bis(pyrazolyl)methane(phen-2′-ol)s: Synthesis and structural characterization of mono and dinuclear copper(II) complexes

Abstract From the tridentate, mixed functionality ligands, bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane(phen-2′-ol) (L1OH), bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methane(phen-2′-ol) (L2OH), and bis(3-isopropylpyrazol-1-yl)methane(phen-2′-ol) (L3OH), the following Cu(II) complexes have been synthesized, Cu(L1OH)2(solvent)BF42·H2O (1·H2O), Cu(L2OH)(L2O)BF4·H2O (2·H2O), Cu(L2O)2·MeCN·H2O (3·MeCN·H2O), and Cu2(μ-L3O)(L3OH)(μ-OH)(H2O)BF42·0.5CH2Cl2 (4·0.5CH2Cl2). 1, 2 and 4 have been characterized by X-ray crystallography, giving the following structural parameters: 1(MeCN)·MeCN, C30H28N10B2Cu1F8O2, monoclinic, a = 16.581(3); b = 12.041(2); c = 18.111(3) A; β = 103.102(8)°, V = 3521.0(10) A3, space group P21/c, Z=4.2·H2O, C34H39N8B1Cu1F4O3, monoclinic, a=9.513(2); b=26.808(3); c=14.148(5) A; β=90.39(2)°, V=3608.1(12) A3, space group P21/c, Z=4. 4·2(CH3)2CO, C45H49N8B2Cu2F8O5, monoclinic, a = 10.934(3); b = 21.701(5); c = 22.646(6) A; β = 96.77(3)°, V = 5336.0(20) A3, space group P21/c, Z=4.
The effect of material loss on the axial ratio symmetry of circular microstrip patch antennas

Shorted annular ring patch antennas with two feeds supporting the first 4 modes are used to demonstrate the degradation of azimuthal axial ratio symmetry due to dielectric loss. An explanation of the effect is offered in terms of the attenuation of standing waves in a resonant cavity. A loss tangent comparable to common FR4 material (tan(δ) = 0.04) is shown to degrade axial ratio by 3 dB to 8 dB, depending on the mode number.