cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promoting Social Skills in Young Children.

The literature reflects that numerous factors impact a young child's ability to have playmates and develop friendships. This in turn can influence health, happiness, and stability throughout life. Social relationships may be enhanced through a youngster's efforts and those of caring adults, especially teachers, parents, and other caregivers. Two checklists are provided, one to assist when observing and recording a child's personal behaviors and another to aid adults with the self-assessment of their child guidance techniques. These results are beneficial to those who teach, guide, train, and provide other essential experiences for children.
Government Outlays, Economic Growth and Unemployment: A VAR Model

This paper examines the dynamic effects of government outlays on economic growth and the unemployment rate in the context of vector autoregression. We utilize data from 20 OECD countries over three recent decades. Our main conclusions are: (1) positive shocks to government outlays will slow down economic growth and raise the unemployment rate; (2) different types of government outlays have different effects on growth and unemployment, with transfers and subsidies having a larger effect than government purchases; (3) causality runs one-way from government outlays to economic growth and the unemployment rate; (4) the above results are not sensitive to how government outlays are financed.
An RNA polymerase II transcription factor inactivated in poliovirus-infected cells copurifies with transcription factor TFIID.

Abstract Inhibition of host cell RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription by poliovirus infection was studied in vitro. Whole-cell extracts prepared from poliovirus-infected HeLa cells at 3 h postinfection were shown to be deficient in a factor required for specific transcription from the adenovirus major late promoter. Three lines of evidence suggest that transcription factor TFIID is deficient in poliovirus-infected cells. First, the activity required to specifically restore transcription in poliovirus-infected cell extracts was shown to copurify with TFIID through three chromatographic steps. Second, transcription reactions reconstituted with phosphocellulose-derived chromatographic fractions revealed a fourfold decrease in the specific activity of the TFIID-containing fraction prepared from poliovirus-infected cells compared with that of the same fraction prepared from mock-infected cells. Finally, TFIID and the activity required to specifically restore transcription in virus-infected cell extracts were shown to have the same kinetics of heat inactivation. Together, these results suggest that inactivation of TFIID is an early event in the inhibition of host cell RNA polymerase II transcription by poliovirus.
The IRAC Method of Case Study Analysis: A Legal Model for the Social Studies.

(1990). The IRAC Method of Case Study Analysis. The Social Studies: Vol. 81, No. 5, pp. 227-230.
Shear zone broadening controlled by thermal pressurization and poroelastic effects during model earthquakes

As a result of the comminution that takes place over numerous earthquake cycles, mature faults are characterized by thick layers of pulverized gouge with finite porosity that is saturated with water at seismogenic depths. The heat generated during earthquakes raises the gouge temperature and thermal expansion of the pore fluid, and surrounding solids produce elevated pore pressures that cause fault strength to decrease in the process known as thermal pressurization. Building upon this framework, we describe a model that imposes a plane-strain configuration and shows that the stress variations caused by porothermoelasticity promote the Mohr-Coulomb failure of previously undeformed regions. Except in special cases where the friction is rate strengthening, we find that the frictional strength must vary throughout the post-failure region, which we identify in our model with the shear zone. We introduce a strain rate function that describes the overall influence of distributed slip on energy dissipation and fault strength as the shear zone thickness expands. Using typical fault parameters at 7 km depth, the shear zone reaches several millimeters of thickness after 1 s sliding at an overall rate of 1 m/s. The expansion of the shear zone limits the temperature rise to several hundred degrees Celsius, and the average fault strength falls to about a tenth of the static frictional strength.
Cascaded systems analysis of noise and detectability in dual-energy cone-beam CT.

Purpose: Dual-energy computed tomography and dual-energy cone-beam computed tomography (DE-CBCT) are promising modalities for applications ranging from vascular to breast, renal, hepatic, and musculoskeletal imaging. Accordingly, the optimization of imaging techniques for such applications would benefit significantly from a general theoretical description of image quality that properly incorporates factors of acquisition, reconstruction, and tissue decomposition in DE tomography. This work reports a cascaded systems analysis model that includes the Poisson statistics of x rays (quantum noise),detector model (flat-panel detectors), anatomical background, image reconstruction (filtered backprojection), DE decomposition (weighted subtraction), and simple observer models to yield a task-based framework for DE technique optimization. Methods: The theoretical framework extends previous modeling of DE projection radiography and CBCT. Signal and noise transfer characteristics are propagated through physical and mathematical stages of image formation and reconstruction. Dual-energy decomposition was modeled according to weighted subtraction of low- and high-energy images to yield the 3D DE noise-power spectrum (NPS) and noise-equivalent quanta (NEQ), which, in combination with observer models and the imaging task, yields the dual-energy detectability index (d ′ ). Model calculations were validated with NPS and NEQ measurements from an experimental imaging bench simulating the geometry of a dedicated musculoskeletal extremities scanner. Imaging techniques, including kVp pair and dose allocation, were optimized using d ′ as an objective function for three example imaging tasks: (1) kidney stone discrimination; (2) iodine vs bone in a uniform, soft-tissue background; and (3) soft tissue tumordetection on power-law anatomical background. Results: Theoretical calculations of DE NPS and NEQ demonstrated good agreement with experimental measurements over a broad range of imaging conditions. Optimization results suggest a lower fraction of total dose imparted by the low-energy acquisition, a finding consistent with previous literature. The selection of optimal kVp pair reveals the combined effect of both quantum noise and contrast in the kidney stone discrimination and soft-tissue tumordetection tasks, whereas the K-edge effect of iodine was the dominant factor in determining kVp pairs in the iodine vs bone task. The soft-tissue tumor task illustrated the benefit of dual-energy imaging in eliminating anatomical background noise and improving detectability beyond that achievable by single-energy scans. Conclusions: This work established a task-based theoretical framework that is predictive of DE image quality. The model can be utilized in optimizing a broad range of parameters in image acquisition, reconstruction, and decomposition, providing a useful tool for maximizing DE-CBCT image quality and reducing dose.
Distillation Cascades Based on Differential Vaporization and Differential Condensation Stages. II. Four- and Six-Stage DCDV Cascades and Hybrid Cascades Containing DV Reboilers and DC Condensers

The conceptual design for N-stage cascades based on the differential condensation (DC), and differential vaporization (DV) processes is presented. Four and six stage “no-mix” and constant recycle DCDV cascades have been modeled to separate an arbitrary binary feed. The study suggests that cascades based on the differential processes could be significantly more efficient than cascades based on equilibrium stages (ordinary distillation). In no-mix DCDV cascades, all stage separation factors are equal and significantly greater than the equilibrium stage separation factors (i.e., relative volatility). In constant recycle DCDV cascades, the DV reboiler and DC (partial) condenser stages have stage separation factors much higher than the relative volatility and are significantly greater than the separation factors for the interior DCDV stages, although the stage separation factors for the interior stages are still higher than the relative volatility. Constant recycle hybrid cascades containing DV reboilers and D...
Molecular Structural Effects on Mesophase Behavior of Monomers and Polymers : Azo vs Olefinic

Abstract Two monomers containing two phenylene rings, two linking units, andone phenyl group have been synthesized. The linking units were ester and azo functionalities for one of the monomers, and ester and olefinic for the other. Phase transitions, range of mesophase stabilities, textures, enthalpy, and/or entropy changes of the two mesogens are compared for the monomeric and polymeric forms. Thermal transitions observed by differential scanning calorimetry were fonfirmed by optical microscopy. The results reveal that while there are markedly different structural effects in the monomers, such effects are considerably diminished in the polymers. However, the polymers had substantially different textures as confirmed by a solutions-cast miscibility study. The data illustrate that mesogenic systems containing three phenyl rings and two linking units as opposed to two phenyl rings and one linking unit to allow one to better assess molecular structural effects on mesophase behavior.
Oxidation of organics in retentates from reverse osmosis wastewater reuse facilities.

Abstract The use of membrane processes for wastewater treatment and reuse is rapidly expanding. Organic, inorganic, and biological constituents are effectively removed by reverse osmosis (RO) membrane processes, but concentrate in membrane retentates Disposal of membrane concentrates is a growing concern. Applying advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to RO retentate is logical because extensive treatment and energy inputs were expended to concentrate the organics, and it is cheaper to treat smaller flowstreams. AOPs (e.g., UV irradiation in the presence of titanium dioxide; UV/TiO 2 ) can remove a high percentage of organic matter from RO retentates. The combination of AOPs and a simple biological system (e.g., sand filter) can remove higher levels of organic matter at lower UV dosages because AOPs produce biologically degradable material (e.g., organic acids) that have low hydroxyl radical rate constants, meaning that their oxidation, rather than that of the primary organic matter in the RO retentate, dictates the required UV energy inputs. At the highest applied UV dose (10 kWh m − 3), the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the RO retentate decreased from ∼40 to 8 mg L − 1, of which approximately 6 mg L − 1 were readily biologically degradable. Therefore, after combined UV treatment and biodegradation, the final DOC concentration was 2 mg L − 1, representing a 91% removal. These results suggest that UV/TiO 2 plus biodegradation of RO retentates is feasible and would significantly reduce the organic pollutant loading into the environment from wastewater reuse facilities.
Management of the Mons Pubis and Labia Majora in the Massive Weight Loss Patient

The high incidence of female obesity and weight loss has resulted in common complaints of a large, protuberant mons pubis and labia majora (outer labial lips) related to unsightly fat deposits and skin ptosis. The author presents a technique to correct the protuberant mons and pubic descent by performing a pubic lift, fat excision, and liposuction, and then tacking the superficial fibrofatty tissue to the rectus fascia. The labia majora enlargement is treated by fat excision and/or liposuction and skin excision. These techniques eliminate difficulties with sexual intercourse, poor hygiene, and discomfort, while also improving self-esteem.
Infection control: Past, present, and future

• Laxton, APIC's Executive Director, in an article reprinted from the home care literature, Caring Magazine, outlines the short history of infection control as a specialty and the current status of education, standard setting through guidelines development and certification, and policy making. • In a special commentary, Jackson speculates on the future of the profession in this era of managed care. Her message implies that if we stand still, we will be behind in the future. • Cohen and Tartasky provide a state-of-the-science review of microbial resistance to drug therapy. • The Reviews and Comments at a Glance section highlights some infection control "classics."
Stress Wave Propagation in a Cloth- Laminate Carbon Phenolic

The mechanical response of a cloth-laminate carbon phenolic, 2D-CP, to stress waves is examined. Acoustic water-bath experiments are used to obtain data about the propagation characteristics of low-amplitude waves, and plate-slap experiments are used to obtain data for finite-amplitude waves. From the data gathered in these experiments, a constitutive equa tion is derived for this material which is used to model its "thin-pulse- attenuation" characteristics. The results of the modeling illustrate that although this material is composed of high modulus fibers embedded in a low modulus matrix, it behaves for all intents and purposes as a homoge neous material.
Forecasts of Future Vehicle Miles of Travel in the United States

Transportation infrastructure demand is driven by a need to replace existing infrastructure and to provide capacity to meet future travel demands. Thus, long-term transportation policy and financial planning benefit from an understanding of future investment needs. The hypothesis that the United States has reached a critical juncture in underlying sociodemographic conditions and travel behavior that will result in more moderate rates of future vehicle miles of travel (VMT) growth is explored. Two simple model formulations for predicting VMT are proposed, and historical trends for establishing inputs for scenario forecasts of future VMT are examined. An understanding of future VMT demand is critical for policy decision making and infrastructure investment planning. The VMT predicting formulas enable National Household Travel Survey information to be used to predict input components in forecasting future VMT. Two VMT predictions are provided and compared with a forecast reported in 2002 Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges, and Transit: Conditions and Performance. While this study builds a case for slowing VMT growth, it hypothesizes that there may continue to be declining system performance despite slower VMT growth because more of the roadway system is at or near critical congestion levels and hence more susceptible to performance deterioration with modest increases in travel demand. It also suggests that land use pattern effects on travel behavior and person travel time budget growth are the least understood factors and possibly weak links in reaching conclusions about the ultimate pace of VMT growth.
Transportation system sustainability issues in high-, middle-, and low-income economies : Case studies from georgia (U.S.), South Korea, Colombia, and Ghana

While there is no standard definition for sustainable transportation, several adopted definitions reflect that a sustainable transportation system should be effective and efficient in providing safe and equitable access to basic economic and social services, promote economic development and support environmental integrity. Critical priorities, standards, and constraints for attaining sustainable transportation may be different, however, in different countries depending on prevailing socioeconomic conditions and political and administrative institutions. This study develops four case studies to characterize some of the major transportation system sustainability issues in developed and developing economies. The cases demonstrate that while transportation sustainability issues revolve around similar issues, the actual process of identifying and addressing pertinent issues to promote transportation system sustainability may involve widely different priorities and constraints that should influence how standards are developed to promote successful movement toward sustainability in the international community.
Management of intraprocedural arterial thrombus in cerebral aneurysm embolization with abciximab: technical case report.

Objective and importance Thromboembolic complications after cerebral aneurysm treatment with Guglielmi detachable coils (Boston Scientific/Target, Fremont, CA) are not infrequent; in a University of California, Los Angeles institutional review of 720 treated aneurysms, thromboembolic complications occurred in 2.5% of cases. The development of intraluminal thrombus during the embolization procedure, however, may be diagnosed promptly and treated effectively with appropriate therapy. This report describes the use of intravenously administered abciximab for the treatment of intraprocedural arterial thrombus encountered during the coil embolization of a recently ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Clinical presentation A 45-year-old man presented with severe headache 12 days before transfer to our institution. He had no neurological deficits at admission. Previous computed tomography of the brain demonstrated subarachnoid hemorrhage, and magnetic resonance angiography from the other institution demonstrated a 4-mm anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Intervention The patient underwent Guglielmi detachable coil embolization of the aneurysm under systemic heparinization. During the embolization, however, a thrombus developed in the proximal left A2 segment. The patient was given an intravenous infusion (20 mg) of abciximab for 10 minutes, and within 15 minutes dissolution of the thrombus was observed with no angiographic evidence of distal emboli. After reversal of general anesthesia, the patient exhibited minimal right leg weakness, which resolved within 1 hour. Conclusion Abciximab may be a useful adjunct for endovascular treatment of patients with cerebral aneurysms in whom intraprocedural arterial thrombus is encountered.
Acid precipitation and surface-water vulnerability on the western slope of the high colorado rockies

Precipitation and surface waters in a high-elevation watershed on the western slope of the Colorado Rockies were studied over a three-year period. The volume-weighted average pH for summer events was 4.61, for winter events was 5.11 and for the entire period was 4.91. Within the watershed, both low- and medium-alkalinity surface waters exist. Weekly alkalinity measurements ranged from 10 to 70 μeq L−1 in the former and 100 to 900 μeq L−1 in the latter.
Activation of transgene-specific T cells following lentivirus-mediated gene delivery to mouse lung.

Integrating lentiviral vectors based on the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) can transduce quiescent cells, which in lung account for almost 95% of the epithelial cell population. Pseudotyping lentiviral vectors with the envelope glycoprotein from the Ebola Zaire virus, the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), the Mokola virus, and the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G) resulted in transduction of mouse alveolar epithelium, but gene expression in the lung of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice waned within 90 days of vector injection. Intratracheal delivery of the four pseudotyped lentiviral vectors resulted in transgene-specific T-cell activation in both mouse strains, albeit lower than that achieved by intramuscular injection of the vectors. We performed an adoptive transfer of luciferase-specific T cells, isolated from spleen or lung of donor mice injected with VSV-G-pseudotyped lentivirus vector expressing luciferase into the muscle or lung, respectively, into recipient recombination-activating gene (RAG)–deficient mice transduced in lung with adenovirus expressing firefly luciferase (ffluc2). Gene expression declined within 7 days of adoptive transfer approaching background levels by day 36. Taken together, our results suggest that the loss of transduced cells in lung is due to VSV-G.HIV vector–mediated activation of transgene-specific T cells rather than as result of normal turnover of airway cells.
Lessons from the gonadotropin-regulated long chain acyl-CoA synthetase (GR-LACS) null mouse model: A role in steroidogenesis, but not result in X-ALD phenotype

Gonadotropin-regulated long chain fatty acid Acyl-CoA synthetase (GR-LACS), is a member of the LACS family that is regulated by gonadotropin in the rat Leydig cell (LC). Its mouse/human homologs, lipidosin/bubblegum, have been suggested to participate in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), an adreno/neurodegenerative disorder with accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in tissues and plasma. To further gain insights into its regulatory function, a GR-LACS/lipidosin null mouse was generated. No apparent phenotypic abnormalities were observed in the X-ALD target tissues (brain, testis, adrenal). Nuclear inclusions seen in mice >15 month-old, were present in LC of 9 month-old GR-LACS(-/-) mice. LC of the null mice showed refractoriness to the gonadotropin-induced desensitization of testosterone production that is observed in adult animals. LCFAs were moderately increased in the testis, ovary and brain, but not in the adrenal gland of GR-LACS(-/-) mice, with no major changes in VLCFA. No change in LACS activity was observed in these tissues, suggesting a compensatory mechanism exhibited by other LACS members. The GR-LACS(-/-) model did not support its association with X-ALD. These studies revealed a role of GR-LACS in reducing the aging process of the LC, and its participation in gonadotropin-induced testicular desensitization of testosterone production.
Skin imaging with infrared thermography and confocal microscopy

The implementation of in vivo imaging technologies, such as digital photography, dermoscopy and confocal scanning laser reflectance microscopy (CSLM) in dermatology has led to recent improvements in recognizing skin lesions. Specifically, in the case of skin cancer, a key issue is that the rate of cancerous tissue growth and changes in its spatial extent with time are linked to the energy released locally by these uncontrolled metabolic processes. We believe that with a properly designed infrared (IR) imaging and measurement system combined with thermal analysis, one can characterize healthy and diseased tissue. This paper augments our previous work, in which we introduced a computational model to estimate the location and size of lesions using IR imaging data. In this paper, we focus on calibrating the IR camera and correcting its inherent artifacts. Calibration and corrections are first performed on a blackbody object and then on human skin images in order to acquire accurate surface temperature distributions. As future work, in addition to these correction steps, several other steps, such as accounting for emissivity variations will be developed for clinical studies. In addition to IR imaging, images acquired by in vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy are used to examine the structure of the human skin for different skin types. Our aim is to generate additional data necessary for the IR imaging model by further analyzing the 3D structure of healthy tissue and the lesion. Specifically, in clinical studies, confocal images will be used to describe thermal associations with skin lesion and its blood supply in order to refine our transient thermal model of skin tissue.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A New Toadfish Species from Somalia (Teleostei: Batrachoididae)

The second known species in Barchatus is described from Somalia, in the Gulf of Aden. Compared to the other known species, B. cirrhosus from the Red Sea, B. indicus has two tentacles above the eye, whereas B. cirrhosus only has one large tentacle, and the anterior nares with long and pointed tentacles (distal 70% narrow; shorter and wider [distal 35% narrow] in B. cirrhosus). Barchatus indicus is only known from the Gulf of Aden, Somalia.
Optical characteristics of artificial satellites

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive study of the observed optical characteristics of several hundred satellites. The primary data for the study were 22,000 optical observations gathered by volunteer observers. These observations were reduced to standard observing conditions and subjected to numerous statistical tests that verified the quality of the data and identified the principal sources of variance. For instance, it was found that the observations reported by individual observers tended to be internally consistent. However, there was considerable difference in the mean magnitude reported by different observers. In general the observations tended to be of very high quality, thus indicating the ability of volunteer observers to contribute valuable scientific data. The observational results were also compared with theoretical satellite brightness predicted by equations derived by the authors. Consistent agreement with theoretical calculations was found.
The effect of fluoride on the sol-gel process

Abstract Natural abundance 29 Si NMR spectroscopy and laser Raman scattering experiments were employed to investigate the effects of fluoride ion on the gelation process in tetramethylorthosilicate at pH = 6.4. In addition, the BET method was used to carry out a pore analysis of the dried gels. Both the NMR and Raman data show that the presence of fluoride anions not only accelerates the gelation process but leads to a different polymerization process. The condensation proceeds via the formation of higher branched polymers, and the dimers and trimers do not play a significant role in the polymerization process. A high percentage of organic-OCH 3 groups is present in the silicon network at the gelation point. The pore analysis of dried gels shows that the fluoride ion leads to the formation of a loose and relatively open silica network with a large fraction of mesopores.
Ramanujan Edge-Indexed Graphs

In this paper I study the spectrum of edge-indexed graphs. For any k, an explicit infinite family of k-regular finite Ramanujan edge-indexed graphs is given. Conditions for the grouping of this family are provided; fulfilling them would lead to an infinite family of k-regular Ramanujan graphs.
Transfer of the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC and nicotine from one operant response to another in rats

Transfer of the discriminative stimulus effects of two drugs from one operant (original-response) to a topographically different response (transfer-response) that was spared drug discrimination training was investigated. Eight rats were trained in a counterbalanced one manipulandum (lever press and nose poke) drug discrimination procedure. Counterbalanced IP administered nicotine (0.3 mg/kg) or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (3.0 mg/kg) functioned as discriminative stimuli. SD drugs occasioned sessions of food-reinforcement (variable-interval 30-s schedule); SΔ drugs occasioned non-reinforcement. The original-response (lever-pressing or nose-poking) was initially reinforced during 30-min SD drug sessions, and non-reinforced on the other alternating SΔ-drug sessions. Two separate 5-min non-reinforcement tests, counterbalanced by drug order, revealed stimulus control over the original-response by both drugs, which transferred to the transfer-response. Subsequent extinction training of the transfer-response attenuated the original-response response rates with the SD drug conditions but had little impact on discriminative control. Discriminative control was reversed for the transfer-response but had little impact on the original-response but, again, reduced response rate. These data demonstrate that (a) discriminative control by two distinct drug states can transfer and modulate a topographically different free-operant response and, (b) as is true for exteroceptive stimuli, drug states that function as antecedents embedded within the operant three-term contingency have differing relationships with the response and the primary reinforcer.
Developing a gaming concentration in the computer science curriculum at an HBCU (abstract only)

We propose a unique gaming concentration to reenergize computer science(CS) education at Winston-Salem State University (WSSU), an HBCU. Nationally, many gaming concentration programs in the CS curriculum have been successfully developed. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, none has been established at any of the HBCUs. The proposed gaming concentration aims to educate minority students with the skills necessary to participate as computer scientists in a game development team and other software development projects. The concentration will help the enrollment and retention of underrepresented students and increase the quality of graduates in this field. A successful gaming concentration at WSSU will advance the knowledge in developing curricula for HBCUs and other minority institutions.
Chest X‐rays and full lung tomograms in gynecologic malignancy

Four-hundred-seventy-one patients with gynecologic malignancy were studied. All of these had chest x-rays at the time of staging and 323 had concurrent full lung pleuridirectional tomography performed. In no instance were pulmonary parenchymal metastases identified by tomograms when the chest x-ray was negative and tomography led to more equivocal readings than did the chest x-ray. The current study indicates that there is extremely low diagnostic yield of full lung tomography in gynecologic malignancies. Full lung tomography was poor in assessing the presence of small pleural effusions. The yield of positive chest x-ray at varying follow-up times was also examined. The yield has been expressed by site of origin of the tumor as well as by stage at initial diagnosis. Some of these yields are quite high. There is a very poor prognosis when pulmonary findings become evident, regardless of the site of origin of the tumor. More than one half of the patients who develop pulmonary abnormalities will be dead within one year.
THE ANNEALING BEHAVIOR OF ION-IMPLANTED SINGLE-CRYSTALS OF THE TYPE YBA2CU3OX

Abstract Recent measurements have shown that the structural disorder induced by the implantation of ions into high-Tc superconducting oxides of the type YBa2Cu3Ox can lead to significant decomposition of the implanted region during subsequent thermal processing. We have used Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and ion channeling to examine the effects of ion implantation and thermal annealing on the near-surface composition of these materials. Our results indicate that the decomposition of the implanted region of YBa2Cu3Ox single crystals is associated with Ba migration and occurs for ion doses above a definite threshold when thermal anneals are carried out at temperatures greater than 500 °C in a variety of atmospheres (O2, O2 + H2O, Ar). Importantly, we have also observed that the implanted crystals can be annealed in O2 at a temperature of 850 ° C with little decomposition of the implanted region occurring and that, under these conditions, the implantation-induced disorder is substantially removed.
Kinetics of graphitization of carbon-felt/carbon-matrix composites☆

Abstract The kinetics of graphitization of two carbon/carbon composites, prepared by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of carbon within carbon felt substrates, were investigated over a temperature range of 2300 to 2660°C and time intervals of 5 to 360 min. Each of these carbon-felt/carbon-matrix (CVD/felt) materials graphitized at a more rapid rate than a massive chemically-vapor-deposited pyrolytic carbon. The graphitization rates of the CVD/felts were related to the observed microstructures: the composite which had a rough laminar matrix graphitized at two to three times the rate of one with a banded matrix. The activation energies of the CVD/felt composites fell within the range observed for a wide variety of pyrolytic carbons and petroleum cokes.
Effects of positive youth development programs on school, family, and community systems

A review of efforts at social system change in 526 universal competence-promotion outcome studies indicated that 64% of the interventions attempted some type of microsystemic or mesosystemic change involving schools, families, or community-based organizations in an attempt to foster developmental competencies in children and adolescents. Only 24% of the reports provided quantitative data on the change that occurred in targeted systems. However, studies containing the necessary information produced several mean effect sizes that were statistically significant, and ranged from modest to large in magnitude. These data indicate that attempts to change social systems affecting children and adolescents can be successful. Future work should measure more thoroughly the extent to which the systemic changes that are targeted through intervention are achieved, and investigate how such changes contribute to the development and sustainability of the outcomes that might be demonstrated by participants of competence-promotion programs.
Strength Through Coordinated Efforts—FAIR ‘95

Abstract Poultry, whether addressed as a commodity or an area of science and technology, is increasingly regarded as an integral part of the larger agriculture-agribusiness-food complex by industry, by public and government entities, and by society. Continuation of strong university poultry programs requires continued commitment of resources. Resources will be committed only if decisionmakers and the public are convinced of the benefits to be obtained from such programs. Coordinated efforts among all animal commodity areas will strengthen animal agriculture's position and are essential to maintain or enhance future support. The Food Animal Integrated Research for 1995 (FAIR ‘95) program is such an effort to increase research support. The FAIR ‘95 program will produce an integrated statement of animal agriculture research priorities and provide a means to communicate the benefits to decisionmakers who allocate resources. Stronger university poultry programs may be achieved, even in the face of limited resources, if multistate efforts in education and research are pursued. This may be the most effective way to capture a critical mass of the varied expertise needed to address the modern, highly integrated poultry industry. Extension programs are suggested as the place to begin multistate programming.
Validation of the knowledge of care options instrument to measure knowledge of curative, palliative, and hospice care.

Abstract Objective: Treatment decision-making may be hindered by a lack of knowledge about the care options of curative, palliative, and hospice care. Our purpose was to create and validate an instrument to measure knowledge of these care options, the Knowledge of Care Options (KOCO) instrument. Methods: We began by generating a pool of true-false items. Experts (n=32) evaluated items in two rounds of review. For each round, we calculated Content Validity Indexes for each item and for the total scale (S-CVI). Items were revised or dropped as indicated. The clarity and acceptability of KOCO were assessed through cognitive interviews with 10 men and women with cancer. We pilot-tested KOCO with a target population sample of 23 women with metastatic breast cancer as part of larger study testing self-management training materials that included a module on care options. Results: Following expert review, the S-CVI was 85.2%, and the KOCO consisted of 11 items. Cognitive interviews showed KOCO to be clear and acc...
The Evolution of Mobile Communications

One early application of the wireless telegraph developed by Marconi was ship-to-shore communications. This maritime version of mobile communications finally evolved into the ubiquitous cellular networks of today through a series of technology breakthroughs. This paper traces the evolution of this fascinating technology.
Effect of ether versus ester tethering on Heck cyclizations

Ether tethers allow Heck cyclizations to proceed in high yields. Ester tethers lead to low yields. Styrene trapping experiments indicate that ester reactions form viable organopalladium intermediates that cannot cyclize efficiently.
Assessing Accuracy and Precision of a Medical Lab Machine by Means of Cluster Analysis

A combination of cluster analysis and decision risk analysis is presented to treat the Medical Lab Manager's problem of deciding when to replace a machine result by a more accurate and precise but slower and more costly manual result. The measurements discussed are white blood cell counts. Blood samples were analyzed both by machine and manually. The variable analyzed statistically is the logarithm of the count, because the counts vary over several orders of magnitude. A mixture of two bivariate normal distributions is fitted to the log counts. In one distribution there is high correlation between the machine and manual results. In the other, corresponding to low machine counts, there is very low correlation between the two. Fitting the mixture model yields estimates of the distributional parameters. Taking into account the risks and costs, a suitable cut-off point is found in the marginal distribution of the decision variable, the log machine count.
Adaptive information dissemination

Computer dissemination of information offers significant advantages over manual dissemination because the computer can use strategies that are impractical and in some cases impossible for a human. This paper describes the Ames Laboratory Selective Dissemination of Information1 system with emphasis on the effectiveness of user feedback. The system will accept any document, abstract, keywords, etc., in a KWIC2 or Science Citation Index3-Source format. User profiles consist of words or word clusters each with an initially assigned significance value. These values are used in making the decision to notify a user that he may be interested in a particular document. According to responses, the significance values are increased or decreased and quickly attain an equilibrium which accurately describes the user's interests. The system is economical compared to other existing SDI systems and human intervention is negligible except for adding and deleting profile entries.
Discrete space charge aberrations in spherical photoelectric emission structures

Concentric spherical photoelectron diode structures can be used to generate high current densities when illuminated with intense laser beams. For applications in electron microscopy and for beam source applications, trajectory aberrations of the emitted particles are important. This paper describes Monte Carlo estimations of trajectory fluctuations produced by discrete-charge interactions in a laser-driven spherical photoemission structure. The trajectory of one photoelectron traveling in the presence of 125 randomly positioned neighbors is computed, and its apparent source position is determined as it arrives at the anode. Hundreds of such passes are averaged to estimate the aberration. Apparent source blur sizes range between 1 nm and 3.5 µm, for emitter radii between 160 µm and 2.82 mm, as the current density increases from 1 to 1000 A/cm2. Such small aberrations imply that discrete space charge effects do not significantly degrade the performance of these electron sources under most conditions.
Plume Dispersion Anomalies in a Nocturnal Urban Boundary Layer in Complex Terrain

Abstract The URBAN 2000 experiments were conducted in the complex urban and topographical terrain in Salt Lake City, Utah, in stable nighttime conditions. Unexpected plume dispersion often arose because of the interaction of complex terrain and mountain–valley flow dynamics, drainage flows, synoptic influences, and urban canopy effects, all within a nocturnal boundary layer. It was found that plume dispersion was strongly influenced by topography, that dispersion can be significantly different than what might be expected based upon the available wind data, and that it is problematic to rely on any one urban-area wind measurement to predict or anticipate dispersion. Small-scale flows can be very important in dispersion, and their interaction with the larger-scale flow field needs to be carefully considered. Some of the anomalies observed include extremely slow dispersion, complicated recirculation dispersion patterns in which plume transport was in directions opposed to the measured winds, and flow decoupl...
Developmental Changes in Attitudes toward Cigarette Smokers during Early Adolescence

Attitudes of 104 sixth, 137 seventh, and 110 eighth graders concerning the social image of cigarette smoking were examined to identify potential developmental differences. Significant differences were found between the attitudes of sixth, seventh, and eighth graders; sixth graders had the least positive attitudes and the eighth graders the most positive attitudes. A significant interaction of sex × grade was also evident; the sixth grade boys had the least favorable attitudes toward smokers. No significant differences were evident between students who had friends who smoke and those who did not. These findings suggest that, in addition to the many other developmental changes occurring during early adolescence, there is a shift toward a more positive social image of cigarette smoking that is unrelated to the smoking status of friends.
Spin dynamics in the strong spin-orbit coupling regime

We study the spin dynamics in a high-mobility two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) with generic spin-orbit interactions (SOIs). We derive a set of spin dynamic equations which capture the purely exponential to the damped oscillatory spin evolution modes observed in different regimes of SOI strength. Hence we provide a full treatment of the D'yakonov-Perel's mechanism by using the microscopic linear response theory from the weak to the strong SOI limit. We show that the damped oscillatory modes appear when the electron scattering time is larger than half of the spin precession time due to the SOI, in agreement with recent observations. We propose a new way to measure the scattering time and the relative strength of Rashba and linear Dresselhaus SOIs based on these modes and optical grating experiments. We discuss the physical interpretation of each of these modes in the context of Rabi oscillation.
Distribution of potential intermediate hosts for Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna in Montana, USA

Abstract A collection of lymnaeid snails in Montana was made over a 3 year period, in conjunction with a state-wide survey of the distribution of liver flukes in Montana. Collection areas were selected based on reports of infected cattle, sheep or wildlife, and with the intent of covering all geographic regions of the state. Snails were found at all 97 of the locations chosen for collections, with lymnaeids collected at 71 of the locations. The 97 sites were located in 28 of Montana's 56 countries. Nine lymnaeid species were collected, five of which have been reported either as natural or experimental intermediate hosts for Fasciola hepatica or Fascioloides magna . The two snail species most widely distributed over the areas enzootic for the flukes were Lymnaea modicella and Lymnaea caperata .
Institutional and ethical dimensions of resilience in fishing systems: Perspectives from co-managed fisheries in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract Resilience defines the ability of a system to retain control of function and structure despite changing conditions. In human-natural systems this is related to the capabilities of social institutions. This paper presents insights into institutional and ethical dimensions of resilience, focusing on case studies in the Pacific Northwest that involve cooperative management of Pacific salmon by tribal, state and federal governments. Several characteristics enhance resilience, including institutional nesting and linkages, responsiveness, flexibility, adaptive capacity, opportunities for cross-cutting cleavages, collaborative problem definition, routinization of conflict, knowledge generation, dissemination and feedback loops, and ethical underpinnings that enlarge the boundaries of community.
The impact of trauma on child development

A growing body of research links childhood experiences of abuse and neglect with serious life-long problems including depression, suicide, alcoholism and drug abuse, and major medical problems such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Two basic processes, neurodevelopment and psychosocial development, are affected by early abuse and neglect. Scientists have begun to understand the mechanisms through which these adverse experiences alter child development and produce pernicious mental, medical, and social outcomes. These insights have opened opportunities to intervene to prevent maltreatment and to mitigate its effects. Future success depends on the greater dissemination and refinement of these interventions.
Matrix metalloproteinases of vascular wall cells are increased in balloon-injured rat carotid artery * ** *

Abstract Purpose: Although matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression has been correlated with proliferation and migration of various tumor cells, the relation between MMP expression and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration has not been established. Methods: We measured MMP expression(gelatin, casein, and elastin zymography) by vascular wall cells in balloon-injured carotid artery during the period of medial SMC proliferation, migration of SMC from the media to the intima, and subsequent intimal SMC proliferation. Results: The 72 and 64-kd gelatinases (presumably 72 kd type IV collagenase or MMP 2) were constitutively expressed in normal carotid arteries, and the activated (59 and 54 kd) forms of this enzyme were increased at 5 days when SMCs start to migrate. A 92 kd gelatinase (presumably 92 kd type IV collagenase or MMP 9) was increased at 24 hours, when SMCs entered the growth cycle, and decreased thereafter. A low-molecular-weight metalloproteinase with elastolytic activity was present in the adventitia, and the activity was increased at 5 days after surgery. Conclusions: These results suggest that the 72 kd and 92 kd gelatinases may be involved in basement membrane and matrix degradation in the media in relation to SMC proliferation and migration, whereas the low-molecular-weight metalloproteinase may have a role in elastin turnover in the adventitia. (J VASC SURG 1994;20:209-17.)
Creatine supplementation alters the response to a graded cycle ergometer test

To determine the effects of creatine supplementation on cardiorespiratory responses during a graded exercise test (GXT) 36 trained adults (20 male, 16 female; 21–27 years old) performed two maximal GXTs on a cycle ergometer. The first GXT was done in a non-supplemented condition, and the second GXT was done following 7 days of ingesting either 5 g creatine monohydrate, encased in gelatin capsules, four times daily (CS, 13 male, 6 female), or the same number of glucose capsules (PL, 7 male, 10 female). CS significantly (P 0.05) on total test time [pre-PL=1037 (181) s versus post-PL=1047 (172) s]. In addition, both oxygen consumption (V˙O2) and heart rate at the end of each of the first five GXT stages were significantly lower after CS, but were unchanged after PL. Moreover, the ventilatory threshold occurred at a significantly greater V˙O2 for CS [pre-CS=2.2 (0.4) l · min−1 or 66% of peak V˙O2 versus post-CS=2.6 (0.5) l · min−1 or 78% of peak V˙O2; pre-PL=2.6 (0.9) l · min−1 or 70% peak V˙O2 versus post-PL=2.6 (1.1) l · min−1 or 68% of peak V˙O2]. Neither CS nor PL had an effect on peak V˙O2 [pre-CS=3.4 (0.7) l · min−1 versus post-CS=3.3 (0.7) l · min−1; pre-PL=3.7 (1.1) l · min−1 versus post-PL=3.7 (1.1) l · min−1]. Apparently, CS can alter the contributions of the different metabolic systems during the initial stages of a GXT. Thus, the body is able to perform the sub-maximal workloads at a lower oxygen cost with a concomitant reduction in the work performed by the cardiovascular system.