cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Mixed-Methods Examination of Acculturation and African Immigrants’ Perceptions of Black American Culture

Grounded in Bioecological Systems Theory, this mixed-method study used the Relative Acculturation Extended Model to examine African immigrants’ (N = 122) perceptions of and preferences for their acculturation to Black American culture and maintenance of their own culture(s) of origin in seven life domains (i.e., social relationships, values, spending, family dynamic, group educational concern, race relations, and political engagement). Participants also defined Black American culture in order to determine differences in acculturation by the participants’ conceptualizations of their host culture. Qualitative analyses revealed three major themes in their definitions of Black American culture: the African continent, uniquely American, and a legacy of enslavement. Survey analyses showed that African immigrants perceive themselves as integrating Black American and native cultures, but there were differences across domains. Except for one domain (family dynamic), there were no definitional differences in acculturation strategy. Focusing on Black American culture as one immigrant macrosystem sheds light on the different cultural influences on African immigrants.
The Impact of TimeSlips on Undergraduate Students in Service Learning With Older Adults

Purpose Future speech-language pathologists are often unprepared in their academic training to serve the communicative and cognitive needs of older adults with dementia. While negative attitudes to...
The impact of the Regional Partnership Grant program on adult recovery and well-being, and child safety, permanency, and well-being outcomes.

Abstract Background Adult substance use contributes to high rates of child maltreatment, adverse parenting, and poor child well-being outcomes. The Children’s Bureau in the Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services funded the Regional Partnership Grant (RPG) program to improve safety, well-being, and permanency outcomes for children at risk of or in out-of-home placements because of caregivers’ substance use. Objective This study estimates the effect of the RPG program on adult parenting and recovery outcomes, as well as child safety, permanency, and well-being outcomes. Participants and setting This study included samples from three RPG projects funded in 2014. A total of 437 families were included in the evaluation: 198 enrolled in RPG and 239 in the comparison group. Methods Outcomes included both administrative data and standardized instruments collected at program entry and exit. Impacts were calculated by comparing regression-adjusted differences between RPG participants and a well-matched comparison group. Results The RPG program showed two favorable and statistically significant impacts on adult outcomes: reduced trauma symptoms (ES = −0.25, p = 0.02), and depressive symptoms (ES = −0.25, p = 0.03). In addition, children enrolled in RPG had reduced behavior problems (ES = −0.31, p = 0.02) and reduced executive functioning deficits (ES = −0.31, p = 0.04). There were no significant impacts observed for child safety and permanency outcomes. Conclusions The RPG approach has produced several favorable impacts on key mental health needs of caregivers and children, establishing foundational evidence of program effectiveness. Additional evaluation research is necessary to understand the effectiveness on additional outcomes with a larger, more generalizable sample.
Testing the Sponge Biomarker Hypothesis Through Identification of 24-Isopropenylcholesterol Biosynthesis Enzymes

Summary In order to improve interpretations of the demosponge biomarker 24-isopropylcholestane (24-ipc), we examine the biosynthesis of side chain alkylated sterols, including 24-isopropenylcholesterol, through functional analysis of sterol methyltransferases (SMTs). We experimentally demonstrate sponge SMTs are capable of multiple rounds of methylation as previously hypothesized. We also identify functional SMTs of probable bacterial origin capable of producing 24-methyl, 24-ethyl, and 24-isopropyl sterols, suggesting bacteria may be an overlooked source of side chain alkylated steranes in the geologic record, including 24-ipc.
Racial and Ethnic Bias Impact Perceptions of Surgeon Communication.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate patient satisfaction scores as a function of physician and patient race and sex. BACKGROUND Patient satisfaction is increasingly used as a surrogate for physician performance. How patient and surgeon race and ethnicity affect perceptions of surgeon communication and care is not widely explored. METHODS Press Ganey patient satisfaction surveys collected from January 2019 to September 2020 were studied. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with favorable surgeon performance as a function of patient and surgeon demographics. RESULTS A total of 4732 unique outpatient satisfaction survey responses were analyzed. The majority of patients were White (60.5%), followed by Asian (8.6%), Black (4.2%), and Hispanic (4.3%). URM accounted for 8.9% of the 79 surgeons evaluated, and 34% were female. Black, Hispanic, and Asian patients were more likely to report unfavorable experiences than their White counterparts (P < 0.01). Spanish-speaking patients were most likely to perceive that surgeon show less respect for patient concerns (13.9% vs 9.3%, P = 0.004) and inadequate time spent explaining health concerns (12.6% vs 9.2%, P < 0.001). Female surgeons were more likely to achieve the highest overall ratings for effective communication, whereas Asian surgeons received lower scores. Asian surgeons were more likely than non-Asian surgeons to receive lower scores in explanation (37.3% vs 44.1%, P = 0.003). After adjusting for confounding factors, Asian surgeons had 26% lower odds of receiving favorable scores for overall communication (odds ratio: 0.736, 95% confidence interval: 0.619-0.877, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Both patient and surgeon race and sex drive negative perceptions of patient-physician communication. As URM report more negative experiences, further studies should focus on effects of surgeon cultural awareness on underrepresented patient satisfaction.
Neural representations of stereotype content predict social decisions

Perceptions of others' traits based on social group membership (stereotypes) are known to affect social behavior, but little is known about the neural mechanisms mediating these effects. Here, using fMRI and representational similarity analysis (RSA), we investigated neural representations of others' traits and their contributions to social decision making. Behaviorally, perceptions of others' traits, captured by a two-dimensional framework, biased participants' monetary allocation choices in a context-dependent manner: recipients' perceived warmth increased advantageous inequity aversion and competence increased disadvantageous inequity aversion. Neurally, RSA revealed that stereotypes about others' traits were represented in activity patterns in the temporoparietal junction and superior temporal sulcus, two regions associated with mentalizing, and in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), known to represent latent environmental features during goal-directed outcome inference. Critically, only the latter predicted individual choices, suggesting that the effect of stereotypes on behavior is mediated by inference-based, goal-directed decision-making processes in the OFC.
A remotely controlled Marangoni surfer.

Inspired by creatures that have naturally mastered locomotion on the air-water interface, we developed and built a self-powered, remotely controlled surfing robot capable of traversing this boundary by harnessing surface tension modification for both propulsion and steering through a controlled release of isopropyl alcohol. In this process, we devised and implemented novel release valve and steering mechanisms culminating in a surfer with distinct capabilities. Our robot measures about 110 mm in length and can travel as fast as 0.8 body length per second. Interestingly, we found that the linear speed of the robot follows a 1/3 power law with the release rate of the propellant. Additional maneuverability tests also revealed that the robot is able to withstand 20 mm/s2 in centripetal acceleration while turning. Here, we thoroughly discuss the design, development, performance, overall capabilities, and ultimate limitations of our robotic surfer.
Performance evaluation of a new 3D printed dry-contact electrode for EEG signals measurement

Traditional wet silver/silver chloride electrodes are used to record electroencephalography (EEG) signals mainly because of their potential repeatability, excellent signal to noise ratio and biocompatibility. This type of electrode is only suitable for conductive glue, which can irritate the skin and cause injury. In addition, as time goes the conductive gel will be dehydrated so the quality of the EEG signal will decrease. To overcome these problems, 3D printed dry-contact electrodes with multi-pins are designed in this work to measure brain signals without prior preparation or gel application. 3D printed electrodes are made from polylactic acids polymer and coated with suitable materials to enhance the conductivity. Electrode-scalp impedance on human was also measured. To evaluate the dry-contact electrode, EEG measurement are performed in subjects and compared with EEG signals acquired by wet electrode by using linear correlation coefficient. Experimentally results showed that the average electrode-skin impedance change of dry electrode in frontal site (9.42-7.25KΩ) and in occipital site (9.56-8.66KΩ). The correlation coefficient between dry and wet electrodes in frontal site (91.4%) and in occipital site (80%). To conclude, the 3D printed dry-contact electrode can be will promising applied on hairy site and provide a promising solutions for long-term monitoring EEG.
Propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis following transplantation of contaminated Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty graft

Abstract Purpose To report the clinical outcomes of a case of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) endophthalmitis following Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) surgery. Observations Transplantation of non-sterile DMEK tissue led to development of a retrolenticular white plaque confirmed through PCR testing to be the result of P. acnes endophthalmitis. Intraocular antimicrobial therapy, surgical scraping of the white plaque, and repeat DMEK tissue transplantation resulted in an excellent visual outcome (20/20). Conclusion This is the first reported case of P. acnes endophthalmitis following DMEK surgery. Re-transplantation may be a viable option for DMEK patients who experience post-operative endophthalmitis.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 4,4-(Methylenediimino)bis-1,2,5-Oxadiazole-3-carboxylic Acid and Carboxamide

4,4′-(Methylenediimino)bis-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboxylic acid and 4,4′-(methylenediimino)bis-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboxamide have been synthesized by the acid-catalyzed condensation of 4-amino-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboxylic acid and 4-amino-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboxamide with formaldehyde. The crystal and molecular structures of the compounds have been determined by X-ray crystallography. 4,4′-(Methylenediimino)bis-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboxylic acid crystallizes in space group C2/c, and its measured density is 1.800 g/mL, significantly above the calculated value of 1.68 g/mL. 4,4′-(Methylenediimino)bis-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboxamide crystallizes in space group P21/c, and its measured density is 1.623 g/mL, in close agreement with the calculated value of 1.64 g/mL. The structure of the starting amide 4-amino-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboxamide has also been determined. These data, combined with literature data, suggest that ortho-aminocarboxylic acids have unusually high densities, but the reasons for this are unclear.
The Cytoskeleton As a Modulator of Gastric Secretion

Within the gastric parietal cell, actin and the membrane-cytoskeletal linker protein ezrin are localized to the apical canalicular membrane. Drugs that inhibit the translocation of H+,K+-ATPase (HK) containing tubulovesicles can also have the effect to disrupt either the actin cytoskeleton or membrane localization of ezrin.
Produkt- und marktspezifisch bedingte Erlösplanung und -kontrolle im Großmaschinen- und Anlagenbau

Die vorangegangenen Ausfuhrungen haben erkennen lassen, das das Instrumentarium der Erlosplanung in seiner Funktion als Teilgebiet mittel- und langfristiger Unternehmensplanung einem breiten Spektrum unterschiedlicher Bestimmungsfaktoren unterliegt. Diese konnen von ubergeordneten und allgemeingultigen okonomischen Erwagungen bis hin zu produkt- und marktspezifischen Merkmalen reichen.
Creating Trustworthy Robots: Lessons and Inspirations from Automated Systems

One of the most significant challenges of human-robot interaction research is designing systems which foster an appropriate level of trust in their users: in order to use a robot effectively and safely, a user must place neither too little nor too much trust in the system. In order to better understand the factors which influence trust in a robot, we present a survey of prior work on trust in automated systems. We also discuss issues specific to robotics which pose challenges not addressed in the automation literature, particularly related to reliability, capability, and adjustable autonomy. We conclude with the results of a preliminary web-based questionnaire which illustrate some of the biases which autonomous robots may need to overcome in order to promote trust in users.
Electromagnetic induction by ferrofluid in an oscillating heat pipe

Thermal-to-electrical energy conversion was demonstrated using an oscillating heat pipe (OHP) filled with ferrofluid and equipped with an annular-type solenoid. The OHP was subjected to a 100 °C axial temperature difference allowing the ferrofluid to passively oscillate through the solenoid, thus accomplishing electromagnetic induction. The measured solenoid voltage consisted of aperiodic pulses with dominant frequencies between 2 and 5 Hz and peak-to-peak amplitudes approaching 1 mV. Despite exposure to the thermal and phase change cycling within the OHP, nanoparticle morphologies and magnetic properties of the ferrofluid remained intact. This energy harvesting method allows for combined thermal management and in-situ power generation.
Sphingosine kinase 1 and its role in modulation of anti-tumor T-cell responses (VAC3P.951)

Sphingosine kinase 1(Sphk1) is a key enzyme in sphingolipid metabolism that is involved in the production of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P controls many cellular processes such as cell proliferation, migration and cytokine production. We sought to address the role of Sphk1 in regulating T cell responses to a tumor specific ‘self’ antigen gp100, in a mouse model of melanoma by generating TCR transgenic mice pMel on Sphk1 deficient background. We found that Sphk1-/-pMel mice showed reduced tumor progression on subcutaneous administration of B16-melanoma. Tumor progression was slower when T-cells from Sphk1-/-pMel mice were adoptively transferred to treat Rag-/- mice with established subcutaneous tumors. There was an increased infiltration of Sphk1-/-pMel T-cells at the tumor site as compared to pMel cells. This suggests that loss of Sphk1 from T-cells enhanced their ability to target the tumor site. We also found TGF-β mediated suppression of IFN-γ secretion was poorer in Sphk1-/- T-cells suggesting better functionality of effector T cells infiltrating the tumor site. A comparative evaluation of T cells from WT and Sphk1-/-pMel showed similar cell surface markers, activation status and proliferation and Tc1 cytokine response. However, we found that Sphk1-/- T-cells showed greater IL-17 secretion. It is possible that the enhanced anti-tumor T cell immunity noticed in Sphk1-/- mice is dependent on the innate Tc17 phenotype and lesser susceptibility to suppression.
The evolution of orgasmic pain (dysorgasmia) following radical prostatectomy.

ABSTRACT Introduction It is recognized that some patients experience painful orgasms known as dysorgasmia after radical prostatectomy (RP). This problem poses a barrier to satisfactory sexual relations for some couples. However, the natural history of this condition remains unknown. Aim To assess the evolution of dysorgasmia in patients who underwent RP. Methods The study population included men who had been seen initially within 6 months after RP and complained of postoperative dysorgasmia and opted for no medical therapy with postoperative follow‐up at least 24 months, and were seen at least twice over 2 years. Main Outcome Measures A proprietary dysorgasmia frequency scale and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain were used at each visit. Results Data from 702 patients who had RP and presented for sexual function evaluation between 2002 and 2008 were prospectively collected and analyzed at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center. Of the 702 patients, 84 (12%) complained of dysorgasmia. Mean patient age was 64 ± 16 years. Mean time interval since RP to initial sexual medicine interview was 2.2 ± 3.2 months. Mean number of visits was 4 ± 1.4. For the 84 patients who had dysorgasmia, mean dysorgasmia frequency and VAS score for pain at initial interview were 3.9 and 4.1, respectively. At 24 months, a statistically significant decrease in symptoms occurred, with 72%, 26%, and 7% of patients still complaining of pain at 12, 18, and 24 months, respectively. At 6 months, 26% of patients had a VAS score ≥6/10 and at 24 months this figure was 16%. Conclusions Our data provide evidence that dysorgasmia decreases in frequency and degree over time after RP. These data are in support of a surveillance strategy for all but the most bothered patients with dysorgasmia after RP. Matsushita K, Tal R, and Mulhall JP. The evolution of orgasmic pain (dysorgasmia) following radical prostatectomy. J Sex Med 2012;9:1454–1458.
New Manzamine Alkaloids with Activity against Infectious and Tropical Parasitic Diseases from an Indonesian Sponge

Eleven manzamine type alkaloids, two beta-carbolines, and five nucleosides have been isolated from an Indonesian sponge. Among these are the previously characterized 12,34-oxamanzamine A, 12,34-oxamanzamine E, manzamine A (1), 8-hydroxymanzamine A, 6-deoxymanzamine X, manzamine E (2), manzamine X, manzamine F (4), norharman, thymine, 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine, uracil, thymidine, and 2'-deoxyuridine. The structures for the five new compounds have been assigned as 32,33-dihydro-31-hydroxymanzamine A (3), 32,33-dihydro-6-hydroxymanzamine A-35-one (5), des-N-methylxestomanzamine A (6), 32,33-dihydro-6,31-dihydroxymanzamine A (7), and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronorharman-1-one (8), on the basis of NMR and X-ray data. The bioactivity and SAR of the manzamines against malaria, TB, and leishmania are also presented. The structural revision of two previously reported pyrazoles as uracil and thymine is also discussed.
Tillage and wind effects on soil CO2 concentrations in muck soils

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations from agricultural activities prompted the need to quantify greenhouse gas emissions to better understand carbon (C) cycling and its role in environmental quality. The specific objective of this work was to determine the effect of no-tillage, deep plowing and wind speeds on the soil CO2 concentration in muck (organic) soils of the Florida Everglades. Miniature infrared gas analyzers were installed at 30 cm and recorded every 15 min in muck soil plowed with the Harrell Switch Plow (HSP) to 41 cm and in soil Not Tilled (NT), i.e., not plowed in last 9 months. The soil CO2 concentration exhibited temporal dynamics independent of barometric pressure fluctuations. Loosening the soil resulted in a very rapid decline in CO2concentrationasaresultof‘‘wind-induced’’gasexchangefromthesoilsurface.Higherwindspeedsduringmid-dayresultedin a more rapid loss of CO2 from the HSP than from the NT plots. The subtle trend in the NT plots was similar, but lower in magnitude. Tillage-induced change in soil air porosity enabled wind speed to affect the gas exchange and soil CO2 concentration at 30 cm, literally drawing the CO2 out of the soil resulting in a rapid decline in the CO2 concentration, indicating more rapid soil carbon loss with tillage. At the end of the study, CO2 concentrations in the NT plots averaged about 3.3% while that in the plowed plots was about1.4%.Windandassociated aerodynamicpressurefluctuationsaffectgasexchangefromsoils,especiallytilledmucksoilswith low bulk densities and high soil air porosity following tillage. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Conventional care of fulminant hepatic failure: medical and surgical aspects.

: Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a clinical syndrome with a poor outcome. Survival rates are between 10% and 40% depending on the etiology of hepatic necrosis. Multiple supportive modalities have been tried to improve patient outcome. However, orthotopic liver transplantation has been shown to be the most effective therapy at improving survival. Management of these patients requires invasive monitoring, mechanical ventilation, and infection prophylaxis, all of which are conducted most efficiently in specialized units. The goal is to allow the native liver to regenerate and to prevent the development of complications while maintaining the patient in a condition suitable for orthotopic liver transplantation. Therapeutic plasma exchange improves survival in patients with sufficient residual capacity for regeneration. It is effective in restoring hemostasis, improving neurological function, and prolonging biochemical stability of patients awaiting liver transplantation. Hepatoprotective and hepatotrophic substances are still in the experimental stage. Auxiliary liver grafting and artificial liver support devices have proved to be an adjunct or a bridge to transplantation; however, they are not yet widely available.
Preparing Medical Students for Clinical and Clerical Tasks Following the Death of a Patient

We developed a workshop to train third year medical students for clinical and clerical tasks following the death of a patient. Pre- and post-workshop surveys were completed and results analyzed. Both student knowledge and confidence in what to do following a patient’s death increased significantly following participation in the workshop.
Scientific Journals of Universities of Chile, Colombia, and Venezuela: Actors and Roles

A qualitative study was carried to identify the roles of actors associated with the publication of scientific journals in Chilean, Colombian, and Venezuelan universities. Twenty-four semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with journal editors, university authorities, and other experts. The categories of analysis included university leaders (journal directors/coordinators), institutional actors (university presses and libraries), and journal editors. Changes emphasizing open access journals and salary incentives to increase productivity among university professors are creating new roles for those involved in the publication of journals. University journal directors and coordinators are being challenged to provide support and to seek inclusion in national and international indexes. Although university presses have not played an important role in this process, libraries have gained new responsibilities associated with data processing and the creation of repositories. Challenges exist for individual editors to obtain supporting personnel, as journal publication work grows and demands more.
Practitioners in Russia's provinces: Affectionate and unpredictable

Abstract Using in-depth interviews and focus groups with 34 Russian regional PR managers, this longitudinal study examines their perceptions of the specifics of provincial public relations. It appeared that the degree of economic development impacts public relations practices in Russian regions. Compared to donor-regions, public relations practitioners in recipient-regions more likely perceive PR as an artistic and spontaneous activity. Moreover, residents in recipient-regions still associate public relations with past electoral campaigns, while businesses see public relations as subordinated to advertising and marketing.
Density functional study of Ag in Ge 2 Se 3

We present density functional calculations of isolated Ag atoms in a crystalline model for Ge2Se3. We present defect levels for interstitial and substitutional sites. Absent other defects, we show that interstitial Ag donates an electron to the conduction band of Ge2Se3 because the highest occupied atomic level is well above the Kohn-Sham conduction band edge. Thus, we predict that Ag is always positively charged, although its charge state is fractional and significantly below +1. This results accounts for both the conductive properties of Ge2Se3:Ag and the persistence of field-driven Ag motion. The presence of three fold-coordinated Ge alters the physics considerably. The midgap Ge states are electron sinks for the conduction electrons donated by Ag. Finally, we present evidence that Ag will displace Ge into interstitial sites, creating both dangling Ge orbitals and substitutional Ag with a strong Ag-Ge bond.
Effects of the serotonin receptor ligand methiothepin on reproductive behavior of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata: reduction of egg laying and induction of penile erection.

The biogenic monoamine serotonin (5-HT) has been reported to enhance egg laying in the freshwater gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata, an intermediate host for human blood flukes. Methiothepin, a vertebrate 5-HT(1/2) receptor ligand which binds with high affinity to a 5-HT receptor (5-HTlym) in Lymnaea stagnalis was tested for its ability to block egg laying in B. glabrata as a possible target for snail control. A single 30-min application of methiothepin (1 microM) was sufficient to prevent egg laying for over 1 week and did so in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, single applications of methiothepin (1 microM and 10 microM) induced penile erection in a high percentage of snails tested. Latency to erection was long (at least 8 hr), but the duration of erection was long-lasting (up to 48 hr). Despite the erections, methiothepin-treated snails failed to achieve copulations. The pharmacological effect of methiothepin on both male and female reproductive processes is similar to that produced in other molluscs, and points to the gene for the 5-HT receptor mediating or modulating both or either processes as a potential target of snail control strategies. J. Exp. Zool. 289:202-207, 2001.
Condensed tannins in the diets of primates: a matter of methods?

To understand the ways in which condensed tannins (CT) affect primate diet selection and nutritional status, correct measurements are essential. In the majority of studies of the CT contents of primate foods, a tannin source such as “quebracho” is used to standardize CT assays, but the CT in quebracho tannin may not be similar to those in the plants of interest. We investigated how the choice of standard to calibrate CT assays affects the estimation of CT in the diets of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei). We purified the CT from gorilla foods and compared the actual amounts of CT in the foods with estimates produced by using the quebracho tannin. When quebracho was used, the estimates of CT contents of gorilla foods were, on average, 3.6 times the actual content of CT so that the amounts in frequently eaten gorilla foods were substantially overestimated. The overestimation for a given plant could not be predicted reliably and the ranking of plants by tannin content differed according to the standard used. Our results demonstrate that accurate measurements of CT necessitate the use of tannins purified from the plant species of interest. A reevaluation of primatology studies using interspecific comparisons of tannin content will provide new insights into primate food selection and nutritional ecology. Am. J. Primatol. 71:70–76, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cardiac conduction system: fetal and postnatal development.

Abstract Development of the cardiac conduction system is considered from the standpoint of its fetal, neonatal and adult anatomy, histology and pathology. The perspectives provided by these multiple approaches indicate that postnatal developmental changes in the conduction system are extensive and important. The sinus node originates in the sinus venosus but subsequently a dense collagen framework develops, directly attached to a disproportionately large and consistently located central artery. Partitioning of the sinus node by collagen is important relative not only to the nature of its cellular development but also to its pacemaking function. A functional relation between pulse and impulse in the sinus node and a balancing postnatal maturation of its autonomic innervation are two of the important stabilizing influences in the optimal development of the adult sinus node as a pacemaker. The interatrial and internodal pathways develop precisely in the region of the primitive sinus venosus and provide the efficient means for selective conduction within the atria. The postnatal closure of the foramen ovale establishes the final form of the atrial septal route of these pathways, and malformation of the septum or the venous valves will lead to altered atrial conduction routes. Evidence is cited to support the concept that the atrioventricular (A-V) node and His bundle originate as separate structures that join together very early in fetal development. Histologic differences between the internal structure of the sinus node and A-V node are discussed, particularly as they relate to the pacemaking function of the nodes. Postnatal molding and shaping of His bundle is associated with cell death, just as morphogenesis usually is, but because of the small size and critical importance of the His bundle, this postnatal developmental change is fraught with potentially dangerous functional consequences.
Foams, fibers, and composites: Where do we stand?

Abstract As of 2012, I am officially a septuagenarian. This means that in the eighth decade of my life, much of which has been devoted to fibers, foams, and composites, I am allowed to indulge in some crystal gazing. I would like to take this occasion to reflect on the progress made in these fields of materials. Materials in the form of foams, fibers, and composites cover a very wide range: in biological and manmade materials. In the area of foams, functional and fiber reinforced foams are likely to see a lot of research activity. In the area of fibers, besides carbon fibers based on nanotubes and natural fibers, the real action is in the materials science and engineering of silk fibers. In the larger field of composites, the success of carbon/epoxy composites is epitomized by Boeing 787. Particle reinforced metal matrix composites, continuous alumina fiber reinforced aluminum composites seem very promising, as are techniques such as application of tomography to investigate the material behavior of these composites.
Trypanosoma cruzi: in vitro interactions between cultured amastigotes and human skin-muscle cells.

Abstract Established cultures of human skin-muscle cells were used for determining the parasite—host cell relationship of Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes (12–16 passages) cultured in a cell-free medium (F-69) at 37 C. The medium used for this experiment was tissue culture fluid M-199 enriched with 10% fetal bovine serum and relatively high concentrations of ATP, ADP and AMP. Amastigotes entered skin-muscle cells incubated at 32 or 35 C, multiplied and completed their intracellular life cycle in about 7 days. At 35 C, 23.6% of cells became infected in 7 days and at 32 C, 43.6% were infected in 5 days. The higher infection rate of cultured cells at 32 C was probably due to more frequent and prolonged cell-parasite contact, as amastigotes multiplied in the tissue culture medium and remained viable for a longer period at the lower temperature. As a control, epimastigotes were used to infect skinmuscle cells. Epimastigotes transformed into metacyclic trypomastigotes before entering host cells, multiplied, and completed the intracellular life cycle. We conclude that the amastigotes cultured in F-69 at 37 C are biologically similar to intracellular amastigotes from the vertebrate host, in that both can multiply and complete the life cycle intracellulary.
Oxidation Inhibition Mechanisms in Coated Carbon–Carbon Composites

The mechanism of oxidation resistance in SiC-coated carbon-carbon composites containing boron-based inhibitors has been investigated using thermodynamic calculations, thermogravimetric analysis, and electron microscopy. A model is developed based on the formation of a volatile B2O2 sub-oxide in the interior of the composite which condenses to B2O3 upon encountering a locally high oxygen partial pressure in coating cracks. The active-to-passive transition for the oxidation of elemental boron has been determined.
Langzeitbeatmung respirator-abhängiger Kinder mit schweren Atemregulationstörungen bei Myelomeningozele und Chiari-II-Malformation

Kasuistik: Wir berichten uber 3 Patientinnen mit Myelomeningozele und symptomatischer Chiari-II-Malformation, die trotz operativer Hirnstammdekompression und effektiver Hydrozephalusdrainage schwere Atemregulationsstorungen aufwiesen. Nach reanimationspflichtigen Apnoen (2 Patientinnen) und negativer Entwohnung vom Respirator (1 Patientin) wurde im Alter von 5 Monaten, 3,1 bzw. 10,1 Jahren die Indikation fur eine Langzeitbeatmung mittels druckunterstutzter nasaler Maskenbeatmung (1 Patientin) bzw. volumenkontrollierter Beatmung uber ein Tracheostoma (2 Patientinnen) gestellt. Uber einen Zeitraum von 2,7 bzw. 5,2 Jahren konnten lebensbedrohliche Ereignisse bei 2 Patientinnen verhindert werden. Die 3. Patientin erlitt wahrend ihrer 7,3 Jahre langen Nachbeobachtungszeit einen generalisierten Krampfanfall, der zu einer schweren neurologischen Verschlechterung fuhrte. Eine positive neurologische Entwicklung und soziale Integration zeigten 2 von 3 Patientinnen. Diskussion. Eine Langzeitbeatmung kann die Lebenserwartung und z. T. die psychomotorische Entwicklung und soziale Integration von Patienten mit Myelomeningozele und schweren therapierefraktaren Atemregulationsstorungen verbessern. Aufgrund der komplexen und prognostisch unklaren neurologischen Situation sowie der hohen Belastung der Patienten und ihrer Familien muss die Entscheidung fur eine Langzeitbeatmung individuell und indikationsbezogen getroffen werden.
Optimal Routing and Scheduling in Multihop Wireless Renewable Energy Networks

We design routing and scheduling policies that optimize network throughput in multi-hop wireless networks where nodes are powered by renewable energy sources. The policies that we propose deliver maximum throughput, and yet do not require explicit knowledge of the statistics of the energy harvesting or the traffic generation processes. We consider both the cases of infinite and finite energy storage capacity at nodes. The results in the latter case provide bounds on the capacity of the energy storage devices at the individual nodes that is minimally required for obtaining maximum throughput.
Strategy and Etiquette for Graduate Students Entering the Academic Job Market

This article highlights important issues for graduate students seeking academic employment in agricultural economics. Emphasis is placed on developing a strategy to provide clear and reliable signals that the candidate will be a successful assistant professor, not just a successful graduate student. Publishing, teaching, and grant writing are identified as three important areas in which credible signals must be delivered. Advice regarding the interview process is also provided.
Biosorption of chromium(VI) ions from aqueous solutions by iron oxide-impregnated alginate nanocomposites: batch and column studies

This study evaluates the feasibility of using iron-oxide-impregnated nanoparticles of alginate (FeO–Alg) in removing hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solutions by batch and continuous (fixed bed) column adsorption methods. In the batch mode experiments, the influence of contact time, chromium(VI) concentration, pH, and adsorbent were studied while in the fixed-bed column mode, bed height, flow rate, and initial metal ions concentration on the adsorption profiles of the metal ions employing FeO–Alg as nanoadsorbents (0.02 g 20 mL−1) were investigated. The maximum adsorption was observed at 2.3 pH for an initial metal ion concentration of 10 mg L−1. The results suggest that adsorption is due to electrostatic attraction between chromate ions ( ) and protonated surface ( ) groups. At a bed height of 0.82 cm and a flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1, the metal removal capacity of FeO-alginate for chromium(VI) was found to be 85%. The bed depth service time (BDST) model was used to analyze the data of the column mod...
The role of surface stress in fracture

Abstract Because of surface atomic structure changes relative to the bulk, intrinsic mechanical stresses are found in a general free surface, including surfaces of internal cracks. This paper presents a theoretical study of the elastic fracture behavior under the influence of these stresses. The inter relationships between surface stress, free energy and substrate volume stress are derived from the principles of thermodynamics and mechanics. It is shown that 1 r and 1 √r (k-field) singularities can be generated in the near tip region by model stress distributions. The forces on cracks and near by dislocations are calculated. The crack force is found to depend solely on the cleavage work term, γ, provided that the crack moves in a self-similar way. The criteria for dislocation emission from crack tips is found to be altered by the presence of surface stresses, with possible implications for environmental embrittlement. However, because of the lack of data on surface stress parameters, no quantitative predictions are possible for specific materials.
Packaging Capacity of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotypes: Impact of Larger Genomes on Infectivity and Postentry Steps

The limited packaging capacity of adeno-associated virus (AAV) precludes the design of vectors for the treatment of diseases associated with larger genes. Autonomous parvoviruses, such as minute virus of mice and B19, while identical in size (25 nm), are known to package larger genomes of 5.1 and 5.6 kb, respectively, compared to AAV genomes of 4.7 kb. One primary difference is the fact that wild-type (wt) AAV utilizes three capsid subunits instead of two to form the virion shell. In this study, we have characterized the packaging capacity of AAV serotypes 1 through 5 with and without the Vp2 subunit. Using reporter transgene cassettes that range in size from 4.4 to 6.0 kb, we determined that serotypes 1 through 5 with and without Vp2 could successfully package, replicate in, and transduce cells. Dot blot analysis established that packaging efficiency was similar for all vector cassettes and that the integrity of encapsidated genomes was intact regardless of size. Although physical characterization determined that virion structures were indistinguishable from wt, transduction experiments determined that all serotype vectors carrying larger genomes (5.3 kb and higher) transduced cells less efficiently (within a log) than AAV encapsidating wt size genomes. This result was not unique to reporter genes and was observed for CFTR vector cassettes ranging in size from 5.1 to 5.9 kb. No apparent advantage in packaging efficiency was observed when Vp2 was present or absent from the virion. Further analysis determined that a postentry step was responsible for the block in infection and specific treatment of cells upon infection with proteasome inhibitors increased transduction of AAV encapsidating larger DNA templates to wt levels, suggesting a preferential degradation of virions encapsidating larger-than-wt genomes. This study illustrates that AAV is capable of packaging and protecting recombinant genomes as large as 6.0 kb but the larger genome-containing virions are preferentially degraded by the proteasome and that this block can be overcome by the addition of proteasome inhibitors.
Asymptotic Normality of the Least-Squares Estimates for Higher Order Autoregressive Integrated Processes with Some Applications

Using the asymptotic normality of the least-squares estimates for the autoregressive (AR) process with real, positive unit roots and at least one stable root, we consider the asymptotic distributions of the Wald and t ratio tests on AR coefficients. In addition, we propose a method of constructing confidence intervals for the sum of AR coefficients possibly in the presence of a unit root. Using simulation methods, we compare the finite-sample cumulative distributions of the t ratios for individual autoregressive coefficients with those of standard normal distributions, and investigate the finite-sample performance of our confidence intervals and t ratios. Our simulation results show that the t ratios for nonstationary processes converge to a standard normal distribution more slowly than those for stationary processes. Further, the confidence intervals are shown to work reasonably well in moderately large samples, but they display unsatisfactory performance at small sample sizes.
An Investigation of Knowledge Management within a University IT Group

In today's competitive global economy characterized by shorter product life cycles, increased employee turnover, and ubiquitous information technologies, an organization's ability to manage knowledge may be the only remaining source of competitive advantage Drucker, 1995; 1999. Even though a number of researchers have outlined the importance of adopting knowledge management KM practices and many organizations have given lip service to the term, there is still some ambiguity concerning what KM actually is and little attention has been paid to factors that enable effective KM to occur. This research uses technical and human-centric approaches combined with Holsapple and Joshi's 1998 Kentucky Initiative to investigate KM within a small information technology group. Based on the findings of our case study, we propose some factors that seem to enable effective KM and a modification to Holsapple and Joshi's architecture of a KM episode.
Geochemistry and provenance of the Middle Ordovician Austin Glen Member (Normanskill Formation) and the Taconian Orogeny in New England

The Austin Glen Member of the upper Middle Ordovician Normanskill Formation is a sandstone-shale ¯ysch succession deposited in the foreland of the Taconian Orogen. Petrographic, major and trace element, and Nd±Pb isotopic data provide substantial constraints on its provenance. Lack of K-feldspar and paucity of plagioclase, in addition to the dominance of sedimentary rock fragments, indicate that the source was dominated by recycled, sedimentary components. Major and trace element data support this conclusion and indicate that the provenance of both shales and sandstones was the same. No evidence of an ophiolitic or volcanic component was observed. Interpretation of Nd isotopic characteristics are complicated by a partial resetting of the Nd isotope system at about the time of sedimentation but indicate that the provenance of the Austin Glen Member had a long-term history of light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment (average TDM = 1a8 Ga). Furthermore, Nd isotopic compositions are extremely homogeneous (eNd = ±8a1 = 0a6; 1 s.d.; n = 23) at 450 Ma, the approximate depositional age, indicating either a single source or very well-mixed sources. 207Pb/204Pb ratios are variable but within the range of Pb isotopic compositions typically described as Grenvillian. The range of 207Pb/204Pb is greater than expected for the range of 206Pb/204Pb and suggests an additional component of Pb, possibly introduced during diagenesis. The immediate source of the Austin Glen Member may have been the accretionary prism that developed as older sediments of the Laurentian margin were scraped off the basin ¯oor, incorporated within the accretionary prism and shed into the basin. No evidence indicating the arrival of an undifferentiated island arc or continental fragment during the Taconian Orogeny has been found. The data acquired during this study can be explained almost exclusively by Grenville Province source components but with possible additional contributions from older Laurentian terranes and Late Proterozoic rift volcanics that are not readily quanti®ed but likely to have been minor. Accordingly, we conclude that the Taconian Orogeny in New England involved either: (1) a continental arc that involved exclusively Laurentia; (2) collision of a continental block with identical geochemical characteristics as Laurentia; or (3) essentially no detritus from any exotic colliding block (island arc or continental fragment) reached the foreland basin at the time of Austin Glen deposition.
Stimulation of adipose differentiation related protein (ADRP) expression in adipocyte precursors by long-chain fatty acids.

Adipose differentiation related protein (ADRP) is a 50-kDa protein expressed in adipocytes and transcriptionally activated when adipocyte precursors differentiate into mature adipocytes. Recent experiments have demonstrated that ADRP is a fatty acid binding protein that specifically facilitates the uptake of long-chain fatty acids. The present investigation provides evidence that ADRP mRNA and protein expression in preadipocytes is stimulated by fatty acids in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. ADRP mRNA expression was maximally stimulated at fatty acid concentrations of or above 10–5 M. Stimulation of ADRP expression was observed with the nonmetabolizable fatty acid 2-bromopalmitate and with natural fatty acids. Stimulation of ADRP mRNA expression by fatty acids peaked between 5 and 8 hr and decreased by 24 hr. Stimulation of ADRP expression by fatty acids was completely inhibited by treatment with actinomycin D, suggesting that fatty acid stimulates ADRP gene expression at the transcriptional level. Comparison of the effect of several fatty acids with varying carbon chain lengths indicated that long-chain fatty acids were active in stimulating ADRP, whereas short-chain fatty acids such as caproate and 2-bromooctanoate had no effect. The degree of saturation of fatty acids did not influence their ability to stimulate ADRP expression. These studies provide new information on the regulation of ADRP and identify a new target regulated by fatty acids during adipose differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 182:297–302, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of a dual-color flow cytometry immunophenotyping panel in a multicenter quality assurance program.

A basic immunophenotyping panel that employed dual-color combinations of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and phycoerythrin (PE) conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAb; FITC-CD45/PE-CD14, FITC-IgG1/PE-IgG2, FITC-CD3/PE-CD8, FITC-CD3/PE-CD4, FITC-CD3/PE-CD16+PE-CD56, and PE-CD19) was utilized in a quality assurance program to determine whether the 4 laboratories participating in a multicenter AIDS study obtained similar lymphocyte subset percentage values for T cells, B cells, NK cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Over a 1½ year period, 78 shared peripheral blood specimens Were prepared and analyzed in each laboratory. The CD45brightCD14− percentage for each specimen was used to correct that individual's lymphocyte subset values. Interlaboratory coefficients of variation (CV) for the human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV) seronegative (n = 38) and HIV-seropositive (n = 40) specimens using this panel were <3% for total T cells; <5% for CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells; ≤17% for B and NK cells; and <8% for CD4T/CD8T ratios. The 6-tube basic immunophenotyping panel has several notable features: (a) for clinical studies, it permits comprehensive evaluation of an individual's major lymphocyte subsets, i.e., T, B, NK, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells; (b) for interlaboratory proficiency testing programs, it allows the detection of differences among laboratories in measurements of several functionally distinct cell populations; and (c) for within-sample quality assurance, it provides several quality control checks, including the lym-phosum, i.e., the sum of an individual's corrected T + B + NK values, a sum that was generally 100 ± 5% on the HIV-seronegative specimens analyzed in this study. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, INc.