cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulse Laser Sulfur-Hyperdoping of Germanium and High Quantum Efficiency Photodiodes

Germanium was successfully hyperdoped with sulfur by means of nanosecond pulse laser and SF6 gas. A photodiode was fabricated based on sulfur-hyperdoped germanium. Rectifying current-voltage characteristics were observed for the device. The sulfur-hyperdoped germanium photodiode showed an internal quantum efficiency close to 150 $\%$ from visible to near infrared and increased to 275 $\%$ for the ultraviolet region. The −3 dB bandwidth was measured to be 20 MHz. Sulfur was demonstrated to be an effective deep level dopant for realizing high-performance germanium photodiodes.
A closed form for false location injection under time difference of arrival

We consider a sensor network, which in the presence of a rogue sensor, is tasked with estimating emitter location under the time difference of arrival (TDOA) method. The rogue seeks to maximally degrade estimation accuracy by injecting a single false report of sensor position. Our closed form solution gives a set of false positions that minimize the network's Fisher Information Matrix (FIM). We find that the rogue sensor should report a false position along the vector pointing from the emitter to its valid paired sensor. Further, a method for finding the false location that not only minimizes the FIM but is also robust to the location network's ability to detect and reject erroneous TDOA measurements is developed.
Dissecting inherent intratumor heterogeneity in patient-derived glioblastoma culture models.

Background Molecular profile of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) revealed 4 subtypes, 2 of which, proneural and mesenchymal, have been predominantly observed, with the latter displaying a more aggressive phenotype and increased therapeutic resistance. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that multiple subtypes actually reside within the same tumor, suggesting cellular heterogeneity in GBM. Further, plasticity between these 2 subtypes is observed during tumor recurrence and in response to radiation therapy. Methods Patient-derived GBM stemlike cells were cultured as neurospheres. These cells were differentiated in serum by attaching to the culture dishes. The "floating" cells that were not attached/differentiated were harvested from the conditioned medium. The characteristics of these cells were studied with limiting dilution assays and immunofluorescence staining. Cell growth and nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkB) activation were monitored using bioluminescent assays as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. In vivo tumorigenesis was evaluated in orthotopic xenograft models using bioluminescence imaging. Results Patient-derived GBM stemlike cells undergo differentiation by attaching to the culture dish in serum-containing medium. We observed that a small subset of these cells escape this adhesion/differentiation and grow as floating cells. These cells displayed enhanced cancer stem cell properties with a molecular and phenotypic mesenchymal signature, including resistance to radiation and targeted therapies, a more aggressive tumor formation, and NFkB activation. Conclusion Our results endorse inherent intratumor molecular subtype heterogeneity in glioblastoma and provide a valuable approach to study phenotypic plasticity, which could be applied to find novel therapeutic strategies to eradicate this aggressive tumor and can be extended to other cancer types.
CHAPTER VII – AMINO ACIDS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes amino acids, their mechanism of action, and the oxidation reaction. Amino acids are readily oxidized by many organisms. The mechanisms used may be complex, involving transamination, deamination, or other alterations before the oxidative step. There are reactions in which amino acids serve as the immediate substrates for oxidative enzymes. Purification studies indicate that a single enzyme, D-amino acid oxidase, is responsible for essentially all oxidation of D-amino acids in animal preparations, although specific enzymes appear to attack D-aspartic and D-glutamic acids. The available information on relative rates of reaction is very difficult to interpret in terms of the nature of enzyme–substrate interaction. The substrate oxidized most rapidly is tyrosine, but many other amino acids with cyclic side chains are also attacked. The aromatic groups may be those of naturally occurring compounds, but synthetic compounds, such as quinolyl-, furyl-, and pyridylalanine, also serve as substrates. The sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine, are essential components of proteins and also participate in special reactions. The synthesis of these important amino acids occurs in plants and microorganisms by as yet undefined pathways.
Technical Details of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Leading to Lowered Leak Rate: Discussion of 1070 Consecutive Cases.

Introduction. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a widely utilized and effective surgical procedure for dramatic weight loss in obese patients. Leak at the sleeve staple line is the most serious complication of this procedure, occurring in 1–3% of cases. Techniques to minimize the risk of sleeve gastrectomy leaks have been published although no universally agreed upon set of techniques exists. This report describes a single-surgeon experience with an approach to sleeve leak prevention resulting in a progressive decrease in leak rate over 5 years. Methods. 1070 consecutive sleeve gastrectomy cases between 2012 and 2016 were reviewed retrospectively. Patient characteristics, sleeve leaks, and percent body weight loss at 6 months were reported for each year. Conceptual and technical changes aimed towards leak reduction are presented. Results. With the implementation of the described techniques of the sleeve gastrectomy, the rate of sleeve leaks fell from 4% in 2012 to 0% in 2015 and 2016 without a significant change in weight loss, as depicted by 6-month change in body weight and percent excess BMI lost. Conclusion. In this single-surgeon experience, sleeve gastrectomy leak rate has fallen to 0% since the implementation of specific technical modifications in the procedure.
Lessons Learned Recruiting Minority Participants for Research in Urban Community Health Centers

Abstract To help understand and mitigate health disparities, it is important to conduct research with underserved and underrepresented minority populations under real world settings. There is a gap in the literature detailing real-time research staff experience, particularly in their own words, while conducting in-person patient recruitment in urban community health centers. This paper describes challenges faced at the clinic, staff, and patient levels, our lessons learned, and strategies implemented by research staff while recruiting predominantly low-income African-American women for an interviewer-administered survey study in four urban Federally Qualified Health Centers in New Jersey. Using a series of immersion-crystallization cycles, fieldnotes and research reflections written by recruiters, along with notes from team meetings during the study, were qualitatively analyzed. Clinic level barriers included: physical layout of clinic, very low or high patient census, limited private space, and long wait times for patients. Staff level barriers included: unengaged staff, overburdened staff, and provider and staff turnover. Patient level barriers included: disinterested patients, patient mistrust and concerns over confidentiality, no-shows or lack of patient time, and language barrier. We describe strategies used to overcome these barriers and provide recommendations for in-person recruitment of underserved populations into research studies. To help mitigate health disparities, disseminating recruiters' experiences, challenges, and effective strategies used will allow other researchers to build upon these experience in order to increase recruitment success of underserved and underrepresented minority populations into research studies.
Racing Left and Right: Color-Blind Racism’s Dominance across the U.S. Political Spectrum

ABSTRACTTo date there has been very little scholarship that (1) traces the color-blind rhetoric of liberal or progressive communities, or (2) emphasizes the mainstream, color-blind rhetoric of far-right conservative movements. This article compares the racial politics at two ends of the U.S. political spectrum in order to demonstrate how color-blind ideology constitutes the dominant framework for understanding and discussing race and racial inequality in the United States. This racial ideology transcends political party and ideology, but also motivates individuals to do identity work constructing themselves as transcending racism. Grounded in a racial formations framework, I compare two distinct political locations, one consisting of liberal Democrats and progressives in a diverse urban community and the other among Tea Party organizers in one state, in order to demonstrate the similarities in racial discourse and identities, despite differing political orientations and goals.
First report of Cocksfoot mottle virus infecting wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Ohio

Cocksfoot mottle virus (CfMV) was discovered in Ohio wheat during a 2016 field survey utilizing RNA-Seq to identify virus-like sequences. Virus sequences were confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Sanger sequencing, and CfMV was transmitted to orchardgrass and passaged to wheat to isolate virus. This is the first report of CfMV in Ohio, and the first report of CfMV naturally infecting wheat.
Gender and Sexual Minorities’ Practice and Embodiment of Authentic Leadership: Challenges and Opportunities:

The ProblemThere are three barriers that might prevent gender and sexual minority (GSM) persons from putting the tenets of authentic leadership into practice. First, full authenticity with all social actors could carry risk in a world where heterosexuality and conformity to the gender binary remain the norm. Second, because of norms that surround the embodiment of leadership, GSM leaders who may wish to practice authenticity may not be able to be authentic in a way that is intelligible to others. Third, the very term authenticity is problematic: If authenticity is dependent on other’s interpretations of behavior as authentic, then there may be no such thing as an authentic self.The SolutionThis review of the literature outlines how human resource development (HRD) professionals may put authentic leadership principles into practice with GSM people—or to the ends of creating a more expansive understanding of what the authentic could be for us all. Interrogating the concept of authenticity and agitating for ...
Pulling a MAST1 on Cisplatin Resistance

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Jin and colleagues use a kinome-wide screen to identify MAST1 as a cause of cisplatin resistance. They demonstrate that this kinase is a novel activator of MEK1 and the MAPK cascade and that it can harness pathway output to block cisplatin-induced cell death.
The modulation of actin dynamics via atypical Protein Kinase-C activated Cofilin regulates metastasis of colorectal cancer cells.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the United States. The exact mechanism of CRC cells metastasis is poorly understood. Actin polymerization is thought to be an initial step...
Expanding the social capital ledger: The "dark side" of social capital symmetry in teams

We expand the social capital ledger by examining the organizational liabilities derived from social capital. Specifically, we draw on 36 teams, comprised of 182 team members, to investigate whether...
Clinical and genetic risk factors for AI-induced arthralgia.

e20601 Background: Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs) are associated with arthralgia development, leading to therapy non-adherence and premature discontinuation. Clinical and genetic risk factors have been...
Book Review: Good Booty by Ann Powers

Ann Powers, Good Booty: Love and Sex, Black and White, Body and Soul in American Music . New York, NY: Harper Collins, 2017. 448 pp. > “Dance Music Sex Romance” Anyone who follows popular music surely knows the work of journalist Ann Powers. For nearly 30 years Powers has plied her trade,
Re-Examining the Law of Crime Concentration: Between-and Within-City Evidence

In his 2014 Sutherland address to the American Society of Criminology, David Weisburd demonstrated that the share of crime that is accounted for by the most crime-ridden street segments is notably high and strikingly similar across cities, an empirical regularity referred to as the "law of crime concentration." In the large literature that has since proliferated, there remains considerable debate as to how crime concentration should be measured empirically. We suggest a measure of crime concentration that is simple, accurate and easily interpreted. Using data from three of the largest cities in the United States, we compare observed crime concentration to a counterfactual distribution of crimes generated by randomizing crimes to street segments. We show that this method avoids a key pitfall that causes a popular method of measuring crime concentration to considerably overstate the degree of crime concentration in a city. While crime is significantly concentrated in a statistical sense and while some crimes are substantively concentrated among hot spots, the precise relationship is considerably weaker than has been documented in the empirical literature. The method we propose is simple and easily interpretable and compliments recent advances which use the Gini coefficient to measure crime concentration.
A new type of artificial water channels.

Desalination membranes based on the water transport through transient channels shows a new way to achieve high permeability and selectivity
Consumer, cereals and health: trends, fads and reality.

ABSTRACT Consumers have a love-hate relationship with carbohydrates. This ambivalence colors their thoughts on the health benefits of cereal foods. While a segment of consumers has embraced whole grain foods and the health advantages that they offer, others still eschew these foods as calorie laden, blood glucose- and insulin-raising and nutritionally non-edifying. Studies continue to link ingestion of whole grains, fiber and low glycemic carbohydrate with a decrease in risk for diabetes, weight gain, coronary heart disease and diabetes and other conditions. Yet, numerous product introductions, which are partially or totally whole grain, have failed to change the eating patterns of many consumers. The problem is partially due to the fact that consumers still have significant difficulty identifying whole grain products and often misidentify them. Many consumers are still unaware of the health benefits of whole grain and fortified cereal products, especially the important role of folic acid. These issues will be addressed along with the importance of dietary fiber in cereal foods in helping to bridge the fiber consumption gap and in improving the glycemic response. Health benefits of cereal foods, along with strategies to help communicate these virtues to a public barraged with conflicting messages, will be proposed.
Ghrelin Protects Against Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia is a major limiting factor in maintaining optimal blood glucose in patients with type 1 diabetes and advanced type 2 diabetes. Luckily, a counterregulatory response (1) system exists to help minimize and reverse hypoglycemia, although more studies are needed to better characterize its components. Recently, we showed that the hormone ghrelin is permissive for the normal CRR to insulin-induced hypoglycemia when assessed in mice without diabetes. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ghrelin also is protective against insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the streptozotocin (2) mouse model of type 1 diabetes. STZ-treated ghrelin-knockout (KO) (3) mice as well as STZ-treated wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to a low-dose hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp procedure. The STZ-treated ghrelin-KO mice required a much higher glucose infusion rate than the STZ-treated WT mice. Also, the STZ-treated ghrelin-KO mice exhibited attenuated plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine responses to the insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Taken together, our data suggest that without ghrelin, STZ-treated mice modeling type 1 diabetes are unable to mount the usual CRR to insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
Raman-based cytopathology: an approach to improve diagnostic accuracy in medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare form of thyroid malignancy that can be diagnostically challenging on fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. Ancillary tests such as elevated serum or immunohistochemical positive calcitonin have been helpful, yet they can occasionally provide false positive results. In search for an alternative method to improve diagnostic accuracy (DA), we applied hyperspectral Raman spectroscopy to characterize the biochemical composition of single cells from MTC and compared their spectral information to cells from other types of thyroid nodules. Hyperspectral Raman images of 117 MTC single cells from digested tissue were obtained with a line-scan hyperspectral Raman microscope and compared to 127 benign and 121 classic variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (CVPTC) cells. When principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis were used to classify the spectral data, MTC cells were differentiated from benign and CVPTC cells with 97% and 99% DA, respectively. In addition, MTC cells exhibited a prominent Raman peak at 1003 cm−1, whose intensity is 84% and 226% greater on average than that observed in benign and CVPTC cells, respectively. When specifically utilizing only this peak as a spectral marker, MTC cells were separated from benign and CVPTC cells with 87% and 95% DA, respectively. As this peak is linked to phenylalanine, which is known to be associated with calcitonin release in thyroid parafollicular cells, the increased intensity further suggests that this Raman peak could potentially be a new diagnostic marker for MTC. Furthermore, preliminary data from MTC cells (n=21) isolated from a simulated FNA procedure provided similar Raman signatures when compared to single cells from digestion. These results suggest that “Raman-based cytopathology” can be used as an adjunct technique to improve the diagnostic accuracy of FNA cytopathology at a single cell level.
Immune Responses to EBV in the Immunocompromised Host

EBV is a γ herpesvirus that infects more than 95% of the world’s adult population. Primary EBV infection occurs during childhood when it usually is asymptomatic or during adolescence when it may manifest as infectious mononucleosis (IM). Regardless of the clinical manifestation of primary infection, EBV persists in the B cell compartment of the infected host in a latent state of infection that may be occasionally interrupted by episodic lytic viral reactivations. Although EBV elicits and maintains potent immune responses that successfully keep both its latency and reactivation phases under tight control in healthy humans, the virus may associate with several malignancies in individuals with immunodeficiencies or individuals whose cellular immunity is impaired, because of the growth-transforming function of some of the EBV latent genes, which are true oncogenes. This chapter will discuss the features of innate and adaptive immunity to EBV in healthy and in immunosuppressed organ transplant patients.
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Impact on Serotype 3: A Review of Surveillance Data

Limited changes in serotype 3 invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence rates after a decade of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) introduction into several national immunization programs (NIP) have raised questions about PCV13's effectiveness against this serotype. We analyzed the impact of pediatric PCV programs on serotype 3 IPD with two approaches. First, we reviewed the publicly available surveillance data from countries identified in two recently published reviews to describe the population impact of pediatric PCV13 or PCV10 vaccination programs on serotype 3 IPD. We then compared the observed trends in PCV10 and PCV13 countries to a previously described dynamic transmission model that simulates the spread of pneumococcal carriage and development of IPD in a population over time. When serotype 3 disease rates are compared from countries that have introduced either a 10-valent (PCV10) vaccine that does not contain serotype 3 in its formulation or PCV13 in their pediatric NIP, over time, serotype 3 incidence rate trends are markedly different. Countries with a PCV10 NIP showed a substantial linear increase in serotype 3 pneumococcal disease among all age groups since the time of PCV10 introduction, whereas countries with a PCV13 NIP experienced a modest decline during the 3–4 years after vaccine introduction followed by an inflection upward in subsequent years. These data suggest that PCV13 provides a certain degree of direct and indirect protection against serotype 3 at the population level and direct adult vaccination with a serotype 3-containing vaccine is likely to provide substantial benefit in the context of a pediatric PCV NIP. Further research around serotype 3 transmission patterns and epidemiology is nonetheless warranted.
The Legalization of Sports Gambling: An Irreparable Harm or the Beginning of Unprecedented Growth?

On December 21, 2012, Judge Michael Shipp issued the first ruling in NCAA v. Christie, finding that The National Collegiate Athletic Association (“NCAA”), National Basketball Association (“NBA”), National Football League (“NFL”), National Hockey League (“NHL”), and the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball doing business as Major League Baseball (“MLB”) (collectively “the Leagues”) had presented sufficient evidence to establish standing and survive summary judgment on a Motion to Dismiss filed by Christopher J. Christie, Governor of the State of New Jersey, David L. Rebuck, Director of the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement and Assistant Attorney General of the State of New Jersey, and Frank Zanzuccki, Executive Director of the New Jersey Racing Commission (collectively, “Defendants”). To establish standing, the Leagues relied on the holdings of Doe and Meese providing that a Plaintiff may establish standing on the grounds of perceived harm so long as the perceived harm is based in reality. The Leagues argued that several internal studies conducted by the NCAA and NBA established standing on the grounds of perceived harm in line with the holdings of Doe and Meese. There are serious questions as to whether the surveys offered by the Leagues demonstrate reputational injury amounting to real and immediate harm. This article will explore the pitfalls of the evidence relied on by the Leagues, establishing that any further reliance on these surveys, or arguments structured in similar fashion, must be viewed with a heightened level of scrutiny. Readers should note that this is a working paper and does not address in detail all of the arguments presented, including those set forth by the Department of Justice. As this case continues to develop, additional arguments and analysis will be supplemented.
Difference in Differences Analysis in Antitrust: What Does it Really Measure?

Merger retrospectives often use a difference in differences (DID) approach to measure the price effects of mergers. As used in these studies, this approach implicitly assumes that the price in the control market fully controls for supply and demand shocks in the treatment market if the two markets experience the same demand and supply shocks. In this paper, we first show that this is only true if the parameters that determine how supply and demand shocks affect price are the same in the two markets. We then show that in many plausible circumstances the DID approach could either overestimate or underestimate the price effects of a merger.
The 0 degree C closed complexes between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and two promoters, T7-A3 and lacUV5.

Abstract The promoter-specific binding of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase to the T7-A3 and the lacUV5 promoters at 0 degrees C was analyzed by DNase I footprinting. At 37 degrees C, the footprint from RNA polymerase bound to the A3 promoter is essentially the same as that reported by Galas, D.J., and Schmitz, A., (1978) Nucleic Acids Res. 5, 3157-3170 for the lacUV5 promoter. At 0 degrees C, the footprint for the A3 promoter is well defined but reduced in size. The principal difference between the 0 and 37 degrees C footprints is a region from -2 to +18 which is protected by polymerase at the higher but not at the lower temperature. In contrast, the 0 degree C footprint for the lacUV5 promoter differs substantially in character from the footprint for A3 at 0 degree C. The footprint is similar to the pattern of DNase I digestion of DNA bound to a surface; alternating regions of sensitive and protected DNA are spaced at intervals of about 10 base pairs. This region of DNase I-sensitive and -resistant DNA has the same boundaries as the 0 degree C footprint on T7-A3. Temperature shift experiments confirmed the sequence specificity of the RNA polymerase interaction with UV5 at 0 degree C. These results indicate that RNA polymerase binds specifically to each promoter sequence in a closed complex. The increased time and amounts of RNA polymerase required to form the 0 degree C footprint on the lacUV5 promoter indicate that it binds RNA polymerase more weakly than does the T7-A3 promoter. Therefore there is a correlation between the binding constant for closed complex formation estimated from kinetic measurements and the formation of the 0 degree C footprint. The -35 region of the promoter may be more important in establishing the 0 degree C footprint because the T7-A3 promoter is a better match to the consensus sequence. Conversely, the -10 region seems less important because lacUV5 is a perfect match to the consensus, whereas the T7-A3 promoter matches at only five out of seven positions. The 0 degree C footprints encompass both regions along with the spacer; the combination of these regions rather than an individual region may determine the character of the footprint and the magnitude of the binding constant.
A hybrid 6H-SiC temperature sensor operational from 25/spl deg/C to 500/spl deg/C

6H-SiC buried-gate n-channel depletion-mode junction field-effect transistors (JFETs) were characterized from 25/spl deg/C to 350/spl deg/C in terms of transconductance (g/sub m/), pinchoff voltage (V/sub P/), output resistance (r/sub o/), input resistance (R/sub in/), drain-to-source current at zero gate-to-source voltage (I/sub DSS/), gate-to-source reverse biased leakage current (I/sub GSS/), off-state drain-to-source current (I/sub DSS(off)/), and noise power spectral density (S/sub V/). The 6H-SiC JFET's were used in a hybrid temperature monitoring circuit (tested from -196/spl deg/C to 500/spl deg/C) fabricated at Auburn University for use in numerous industrial applications. Simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) simulations of the temperature monitoring circuit's output voltage corresponded well with measured data as a function of temperature. Linear regression (LR) analysis of measured data revealed a notably sensitive (/spl sim/2.3 mV//spl deg/), and an eminently linear (correlation coefficient =-0.0996...over 25/spl deg/C to 500/spl deg/C range) relationship between the measured output voltage and temperature. Below -50/spl deg/C, the output became nonlinear, presumably from carrier freeze-out effects. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first successful implementation of SiC active devices into a temperature sensor which demonstrated stable operation up to 500/spl deg/C.
The Advantages of Inter Partes Reexamination

Among patent lawyers, it is a widely held view that recommending an accused infringer seek inter partes reexamination borders on legal malpractice. Contrary to this view, I argue in this article that inter partes reexamination is frequently the best option for an accused infringer.Compared to litigation, inter partes reexamination is less costly, offers infringers the ability to obtain a favorable resolution quickly if the patent is invalidated, defers an unfavorable resolution until a judgment of infringement is entered, and provides relatively skilled decision-makers. Substantively, inter partes reexamination allows accused infringers to contest validity on equal ground, without a presumption of validity, and with the broadest possible claim construction. Finally, accused infringers benefit from an information advantage in reexamination, because the patentee will lack discovery regarding the accused product, and may unwittingly make a fatal prosecution disclaimer due to lack of information.The fear of inter partes reexamination is driven almost entirely by the fact that a losing party is precluded from recontesting validity in litigation. The fear of the estoppel, however, is overblown when all estoppel does is impose a "single bite at the apple" requirement. Accused infringers are merely faced with a choice: either contest validity before the PTO examiner, or contest validity before the patentee's cherry-picked jury, usually in Marshall, Texas. Once the choice is starkly articulated and rationally considered, is unlikely that many accused infringers will choose to forego the opportunity to contest validity in the PTO in favor of litigating in the Eastern District of Texas.
The Cultural Ecogram: A Tool for Enhancing Culturally Anchored Shared Understanding in the Treatment of Ethnic Minority Families

Ethnic and racial disparities in mental health care continue to exist, highlighting the increasing concern within the realm of clinical practice as to how clinicians are to effectively integrate the central role of culture and context into the treatment delivery process for culturally diverse children and families. The current paper presents the Cultural Ecogram, - a clinical engagement tool designed to facilitate the development of a culturally anchored shared understanding - as one method that may facilitate clinician-client shared understanding on the client's cultural, ethnic and racial context central to the effective implementation of treatments with ethnic minority children and families.
The effect of animation location and timing on visual search performance and memory

The current study investigated the effects of animation location and timing on visual search speed and accuracy and their effects on memory about the animated strings. Visual search accuracy was measured using the sensitivity measurement d' in signal detection theory (SDT) model. Results showed that black-and-white animations had no significant effect on visual search and color animations slowed down the search significantly but had no significant effect on search accuracy. The size of the effect that an animation had on the search speed did not depend on its location or timing. Nor did the ability to recognize the animated string or the preference judgment about the animated string depend on its location and timing. Animated strings were rated more preferable than new strings even in the absence of explicit memory about the animated strings.
CIRCUMSTELLAR AND INTERSTELLAR SYNTHESIS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

We review the formation and evolution of complex circumstellar and interstellar molecules. A number of promising chemical routes are discussed which may lead to the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules, fullerenes, and unsaturated hydrocarbon chains in the outflows from stars. Some of the problems with these chemical schemes are pointed out as well. We also review the role of grains in the formation of complex molecules in interstellar molecular clouds. This starts with the formation of simple molecules in an ice grain mantle. UV photolysis and/or thermal polymerization can convert some of these simple molecules into more complex polymeric structures. Some of these species may be released to the gas phase, particularly in the warm regions around newly formed stars. Methanol and formaldehyde seem to play an important role in this drive towards molecular complexity and their chemistry is traced in some detail.
Issues Related to Psychosocial Intervention with Hispanic Families in a Pediatric Cancer Setting

This article represents an effort to sensitize mental health professionals to the special needs of Hispanic families confronted with a diagnosis of childhood cancer. This diagnosis can be especially devastating to the family that lives in another country or in Puerto Rico and brings the child to the United States for treatment. The author provides pertinent information about the Hispanic family structure, culture, and belief systems. In addition, she discusses how Spanish-speaking mental health professionals in a cancer-care setting can help the family adjust to its new surroundings by (I) enlisting friends and members of the extended family as sources of emotional support and concrete assistance and (2) educating other staff about the need for flexibility when dealing with the family.
Students’ Suggestions for Food Systems Curricula at a Liberal Arts College

Food systems and related programs are increasingly offered at postsecondary schools. The purpose of this study was to obtain student input useful to shaping the development of food systems curricula within the context of liberal arts education. We administered a survey to students at a public liberal arts college. We asked students about coursework, careers, and past experience in food systems. Among respondents, there was a demand for interdisciplinary food systems courses. Students were interested in a notion of food systems that is alternative to what is conventional with a strong emphasis on organic methods. Students were also interested in connecting food systems to health, affordability, environmental sustainability, and social justice. The range of career interests demonstrates a need for food systems curricula that are broad in scope.
Neuroanatomy goes viral

The nervous system is complex not simply because of the enormous number of neurons it contains but by virtue of the specificity with which they are connected. Unraveling this specificity is the task of neuroanatomy. In this endeavor, neuroanatomists have traditionally exploited an impressive array of tools ranging from the Golgi method to electron microscopy. An ideal method for studying anatomy would label neurons that are interconnected, and, in addition, allow expression of foreign genes in these neurons. Fortuitously, nature has already partially developed such a method in the form of neurotropic viruses, which have evolved to deliver their genetic material between synaptically connected neurons while largely eluding glia and the immune system. While these characteristics make some of these viruses a threat to human health, simple modifications allow them to be used in controlled experimental settings, thus enabling neuroanatomists to trace multi-synaptic connections within and across brain regions. Wild-type neurotropic viruses, such as rabies and alpha-herpes virus, have already contributed greatly to our understanding of brain connectivity, and modern molecular techniques have enabled the construction of recombinant forms of these and other viruses. These newly engineered reagents are particularly useful, as they can target genetically defined populations of neurons, spread only one synapse to either inputs or outputs, and carry instructions by which the targeted neurons can be made to express exogenous proteins, such as calcium sensors or light-sensitive ion channels, that can be used to study neuronal function. In this review, we address these uniquely powerful features of the viruses already in the neuroanatomist's toolbox, as well as the aspects of their biology that currently limit their utility. Based on the latter, we consider strategies for improving viral tracing methods by reducing toxicity, improving control of transsynaptic spread, and extending t
Insulin-specific tolerance induction. II. Tolerant helper T cells can be rescued by insulin complexed to Brucella abortus.

Murine antibody responses to heterologous insulins are under H-2-linked immune response (Ir) gene control. We previously demonstrated that the immune response to insulin in Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) can be specifically inhibited by prior injection of soluble insulin i.v. Unresponsiveness requires at least 4 days after i.v. injection to develop, and once induced, it lasts 4 wk or more. Unresponsiveness is caused by T cell, but not B cell, tolerance; furthermore, we have been unable to demonstrate any role for suppressor T cells in this unresponsiveness. The following experiments examine the nature of the T cell tolerance induced by i.v. injection of insulin, and the data suggest that helper T cells were not clonally deleted by this procedure. The functional activity of the tolerized T cells can be rescued by stimulation with insulin covalently complexed to the type 1 T-independent (TI-1) antigen, Brucella abortus. This observation suggests that tolerance induced by soluble insulin is due to clonal anergy rather than clonal deletion of helper T cells; thus, this system could provide a model for determining the cellular events involved in tolerance induction and reversal in helper T cells.
Infrared Long Baseline Interferometry

During the last few years, two new instruments using long baseline interferometry have been constructed for high angular resolution astronomy in the mid-infrared spectral region (8–12 μm). One called SOIRDETE-Synthese d’Overture en InfraRouge a DEux TElescopes—was built by J. Gay and his collaborators at CERGA. SOIRDETE has a fixed E-W 15 m baseline and two 1 m diameter telescopes of conventional design. This instrument obtains interference fringes by adjusting an optical-precision delay line in discrete steps to compen-sate for the geometrical delay of the projected baseline. The interference fringe from the source is detected using HgCdTe photodiodes. Because the instrumental delay has discrete steps a time-domain interferogram is created. This interferogram, upon Fourier transformation to the frequency domain, yields information about the spectral characteristics of the source. First fringes have recently been obtained with this instrument (Gay, 1988).
“Fair Trade,” Market Failures, and (the Absence of) Institutions

This paper presents an analysis of Fair Trade using a general equilibrium model of an economy where externalities are present and where the institutional or legal framework needed to regulate these externalities may be weak. Weak institutions and externalities are common in the developing world, where Fair Trade is targeted, making perfect competition models inappropriate measures of the value of Fair Trade. Members of Fair Trade cooperatives are required to adopt sustainable production methods, and not employ other socially harmful practices such as child-labor. Thus, Fair Trade organizations can serve as a complement to the existing weak institutions in the economy, creating incentives for entrepreneurs to move from the informal to the formal sector. Specifically, the analysis confirms that in many cases an increase in the Fair Trade premium can reduce the overall level of harmful activities, even from those producers who are not Fair Trade certified, and thereby raise welfare.
Vascular Segmentation Using "Snake" Transforms And Region Growing

A new vascular segmentation technique is introduced, which is based on a morphological image processing tool, dilation, and a modification of a recently developed class of image algorithms, snake transformations. Results are presented that enlighten the nature and properties of the technique, and applications are discussed.
Criminalizing Health-Related Behaviors Dangerous to Others? Disease Transmission, Transmission-Facilitation, and the Importance of Trust.

Statutes criminalizing behavior that risks transmission of HIV/AIDS exemplify use of the criminal law against individuals who are victims of infectious disease. These statutes, despite their frequency, are misguided in terms of the goals of the criminal law and the public health aim of reducing overall burdens of disease, for at least three important reasons. First, they identify individual offenders for punishment, a paradigm that is misplaced in the most typical contexts of transmission of infectious disease and even for HIV/AIDS, despite claims of AIDS exceptionalism. Second, although there are examples of individuals who transmit infectious disease in a manner that fits the criminal law paradigm of identification of individual offenders for deterrence or retribution, these examples are limited and can be accommodated by existing criminal laws not devoted specifically to infectious disease. Third, and most importantly, the current criminal laws regarding HIV/AIDS, like many other criminal laws applied to infectious disease transmission, have been misguided in focusing on punishment of the diseased individual as a wrongful transmitter. Instead of individual offenders, activities that enhance the scale of disease transmission—behaviors that might be characterized as ‘transmission facilitation’—are a more appropriate target for the criminal law. Examples are trafficking in human beings (including sex trafficking, organ trafficking, and labor trafficking), suppression of information about the emergence of infection in circumstances in which there is a legally established obligation to disclose, and intentional or reckless activities to discourage disease treatment or prevention. Difficulties remain with justifications for criminalizing even these behaviors, however, most importantly the need for trust in reducing overall burdens of disease, problems in identifying individual responsible offenders, and potential misalignment between static criminal law and the changing nature of infectious disease.
Field Evaluation of Amitus bennetti (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae), a Parasitoid of Bemisia argentifolii (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), in Cotton and Bean

Abstract Field cage experiments were conducted in Riverside, California to quantify the impact of releases of the parasitoid Amitus bennetti Viggiani & Evans on mortality of the whitefly Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring. Single-row 50-m-long plots were planted with either cotton or bean. Cages were erected over the plants in each row, and adult whiteflies were released into the cages. Approximately 10 days later, adult parasitoids were released. Marked individual whiteflies were scored every 4 days for 6 weeks. Paired life tables were then constructed from census data from release and control cages over a single whitefly generation. Total whitefly mortality in release cages (71% in bean, 61% in cotton) was significantly greater than in control cages (25% in bean, 34% in cotton). The marginal rate for mortality attributable directly to the parasitism was 0.535 in the bean plots and 0.201 in the cotton plots. In addition, other mortality was greater in the release plots, possibly reflecting death of parasitized hosts before larval parasitoids could complete development. Parasitism was the greatest mortality factor in the study.
Modeling and Simulation of a Full Vehicle With Parametric and External Uncertainties

This paper presents the mathematical development of and simulation results for a full vehicle model with parametric uncertainties operating over unprepared terrain. The vehicle is modeled as a rigid multi-body dynamic system, consisting of chassis and four suspension and tire subsystems. The vehicle parameters considered uncertain are the suspension damping and the tire stiffness. The terrain profile is also modeled as a stochastic function. The uncertainties are explicitly represented using polynomial chaos decompositions. The computational technique presented in this study is more efficient than the traditional Monte Carlo approach, in modeling nonlinear multi-body dynamic systems with uncertainties. The numerical results presented here are very promising. The general computational tools discussed in this paper can be applied directly to any area that involves multi-body dynamic models, e.g., robotics, autonomous mechanical systems, actuator dynamics, and automatic control of systems with uncertainties.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Interstitial brachytherapy for malignant brain tumors

For nearly 20 years, interstitial brachytherapy has been used as adjuvant treatment for malignant brain tumors in both prospective clinical trials and as part of standard therapy. Numerous publications analyzing the results of this treatment seem to indicate an improvement in median survival for highly selected patients. Some newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme, recurrent malignant glioma, brain metastases and possibly low grade gliomas seem to benefit. While Iodine-125 (I-125) remains the most popular radionuclide for brachytherapy, there is a recent move away from temporary high-activity implants to permanent low-activity implants. This review article will concentrate on the results from the University of California, San Francisco, as well as recent series published since 1990. In spite of the increased availability of radiosurgery, interstitial brachytherapy still has a place in the management of these difficult tumors. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 14:79–87, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The intrinsic luminosity of γ-ray bursts and their host galaxies

THE Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory has shown that, although γ-ray bursts are distributed isotropically on the sky, there is an apparent dearth of weak events compared to those expected from a homogeneous distribution of sources1,2. This suggests that the bursts originate either in an extended galactic halo3 (that is, locally) or at cosmological distances4,5. The intensity distribution of the bursts can be used to constrain their source properties and spatial distribution, and here we address this question by considering the BATSE data with those from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, correcting for the different reponse of the two instruments. We show that the composite intensity distribution can after all be fitted by a simple, homogeneous model of γ-ray burst sources with identical intrinsic luminosities where the faintest BATSE events are at a redshift of z∼0.80±0.05. We obtain an upper limit of about −18 on the absolute magnitude of the host galaxies by assigning model-derived distances to the brightest extragalactic objects found15 within the error boxes of eight well localized γ-ray bursts. All but the faintest active galaxies are excluded as the source of the bursts. The bursts may instead be associated with normal galaxies, but only if the host-galaxy magnitudes are close to our upper limit.