cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Special issue on advanced flexible electronics for sensing applications [Scanning the Issue]

This articles in this special issue on flexible hybrid electronics provides insight into the technical problems that must be overcome as well as the new capabilities they will provide. The term, 'flexible hybrid electronics' means different things based on the context in which it is being discussed. It could mean adaptable for multiple applications, but, here the term refers to mechanical properties, although not necessarily precisely defined. Mechanically flexible might mean anything from conformable (nonlinear shape) to bendable or rollable (around a defined radius of curvature), or even foldable and stretchable. Although not well defined, the intent is to differentiate from the rectangular, rigid form factor of conventional semiconductor electronics. Hybrid means heterogeneous integration of conventional electronics with other electronic components (passive devices, sensors, etc.) that could be fabricated using conventional thin-film transistor (TFT) process technology by additive printing (ink jet, gravure, etc.). The purpose is to provide an electronics solution that has adequate performance, but in a low cost, novel form factor because printing offers the ability to inexpensively fabricate structures over large areas on mechanically flexible substrates (plastics, metal sheets, bendable glass). However, integration with conventional electronics such as silicon CMOS is necessary to achieve required performance because TFT and printed devices are ignificantly inferior to conventionally fabricated devices.
Functional dissection of in vivo interchromosome association in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Homologue pairing mediates both recombination and segregation of chromosomes at meiosis I. The recognition of nucleic-acid-sequence homology within the somatic nucleus has an impact on DNA repair and epigenetic control of gene expression. Here we investigate interchromosomal interactions using a non-invasive technique that allows tagging and visualization of DNA sequences in vegetative and meiotic live yeast cells. In non-meiotic cells, chromosomes are ordered in the nucleus, but preferential pairing between homologues is not observed. Association of tagged chromosomal domains occurs irrespective of their genomic location, with some preference for similar chromosomal positions. Here we describe a new phenomenon that promotes associations between sequence-identical ectopic tags with a tandem-repeat structure. These associations, termed interchromosome trans-associations, may underlie epigenetic phenomena.
Future developments in forecasting: The time series connexion

Abstract Relations between forecasting and time series analysis have been somewhat strained in the past; this paper attempts to point some of the benefits which could accrue from a closer liaison. Among the issues discussed are the behefits (if any) of including explanatory variables, the need for more systematic updating of forecasting models, and issues of forecasting horizons and method selection. Developments in multiple series modeling and in forecasting intrinsically nonlinear systems are also examined.
Filament Statistics: A Quantitative Comparison of Cold + Hot and Cold Dark Matter Cosmologies with CfA1 Data

A new class of geometric statistics for analyzing galaxy catalogs is presented. {\it Filament statistics} quantify filamentarity and planarity in large scale structure in a manner consistent with catalog visualizations. These statistics are based on sequences of spatial links which follow local high-density structures. From these link sequences we compute the discrete curvature, planarity, and torsion. Filament statistics are applied to CDM and CHDM ($\Omega_\nu = 0.3$) simulations of Klypin \etal (1995), the CfA1-like sky catalogs of Nolthenius, Klypin and Primack (1994, 1995), and the CfA1 catalog. For 100 Mpc periodic simulation boxes ($H_0 = 50$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$), we find robust discrimination of over 4$\sigma$ (where $\sigma$ represents resampling errors) between CHDM and CDM. The {\it reduced filament statistics} show that CfA1 data is intermediate between CHDM and CDM, but more consistent with the CHDM models. Filament statistics provide robust and discriminatory shape statistics with which to test cosmological simulations of various models against present and future redshift survey data.
Burn injury: what's in a name? Labels used for burn injury classification: a review of the data from 2000-2012

Through the years, the burn injury has been described using a variety of labels. These labels have ranged from one word terms to phrases including degrees of injury or more descriptive terms. A search was conducted relying on a common general internet search engine. After multiple searches varying the keywords, the top 100 searches identified the most prevalent terms or phrases, ranging from the common to the more obscure. The search was repeated using the most prevalent terms or phrases identified in the common internet search engine, focusing on either the title or abstract for all papers indexed in PubMed. This process narrowed the attention to the most common terms or phrases used by the academics in their published work. This work therefore focused on measuring the specific terms being used today and their frequency of use in the peer reviewed papers indexed in the PubMed system. It is difficult to focus on the unique aspects of any given profession when there is confusion surrounding a common vocabulary. By identifying and noting in the academic literature the most commonly used labels, a point of reference can be created for future work. Furthermore, having a common and accurate set of labels that are uniformly applied across the profession is critical for academia to include in training and education programs for physicians, nurses, and paramedical staff.
Applying Jump Systems Control Theory to Discrete Event-Driven Hybrid Systems

For over twenty years, hybrid systems, involving both a discrete-valued state component and a continuous-valued state component (evolving in either discrete or continuous time), have challenged control engineers interested in expanding the applications of control theory. In particular, the hybrid system representation has motivated the formulation of "fault-tolerant" optimal control problems for systems subject to abrupt changes in their structure, parameters or operating environment. One approach has been the development of optimal controllers for jump linear systems. Strong theoretical results are currently limited, however, to Markov and semi-Markov jump processes, when change in the system structure are perfectly observed. During the same two decades, theory and methods for the analysis of discrete event systems have been developed. Recently the control of discrete event systems has received significant attention. This paper is directed toward the application of jump systems control theory to the control of continuous variable processes driven by discrete event systems.
Capital and Natural Resource Markets

Firms regulate their use of inputs depending upon the marginal costs of those productive resources and their marginal revenues. The profit-maximizing firm uses any given resource until its marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Changes in either marginal costs or marginal revenues alter the firm's demand for inputs. The demand for capital is complicated because capital must be purchased, but revenues are earned in the future. Firms must use the tool of present value to compare these costs and revenues. The firm purchases capital to the point where its current marginal cost equals the present value of its future marginal revenues. Most inputs are supplied along the lines of the producer decision. Natural resources supplies might be affected by other economic events. In the case of a finite natural resource, opportunity costs must be considered. This makes the production decision different from that for a good without a finite production limit. Some resource markets experience boom and bust cycles because of the lag between the time when production decisions are made and when the product itself can be brought to market. The cobweb model describes these cycles in markets for agricultural products, natural resources, and specific occupational groups labor markets.
Международный Опыт Эволюции Методик Распределения Выравнивающих Трансфертов (International Experience the Evolution of Techniques Distribution of Equalization Transfers)

В Российской Федерации в очередной раз встает задача формирования системы межбюджетных трансфертов, способствующих появлению устойчивой заинтересованности и стимулов органов власти в проведении ответственной экономической и бюджетной политики. В этой связи особое значение представляет исследование международного опыта эволюции методик распределения выравнивающих трансфертов. В данной работе рассматриваются теоретические предпосылки выравнивания бюджетной обеспеченности субнациональных органов власти, а также различные типы моделей бюджетного выравнивания. Особое внимание уделяется анализу стимулов и антистимулов выравнивающих трансфертов, а также их административно-организационной структуре распределения с соответствующей оценкой объема фонда выравнивания. В заключительной главе производится оценка возможностей использования международного опыта бюджетного выравнивания для Российской Федерации с анализом стратегии действий на перспективу.In the Russian Federation once again faced with the task of forming the system intergovernmental transfers that contribute to the emergence of resistant interest and incentives governments on responsible economic and fiscal policy. In this connection particular importance is study of international experience evolution of distribution methods equalization transfers. This paper discusses the theoretical Background equalization schemes subnational authorities, as well as different types of models of budget balancing. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the alignment of incentives and disincentives transfers, as well as their administrative and organizational structure distribution with the corresponding value of the equalization fund. In the final chapter evaluates the use of international experience balancing the budget for the Russian Federation analysis of the strategy for the future.
Conditional cash transfers and improved education quality: A political search for the policy link

Abstract Conditional Cash Transfer programs (CCTs) provide cash to poor families upon the fulfillment of conditions related to the education of their children. Even though CCTs have been increasingly expected to improve educational attainment – besides their proven impact on greater enrollment and attendance, it is not clear whether they have had any impact on education policies. In order to explore that, this article builds upon a comparative study of three programs: Opportunity NYC, Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Colombia), and Bolsa Famila (Brazil). The article concludes that, when it comes to policy-making, the link between CCTs and education policies has been weak, contrary to high international expectations.
Corticosterone modulates behavioral and metabolic effects of lipopolysaccharide

The behavioral and neuroendocrine responses following infection are important mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis and promoting recovery. The purpose of this study was to determine if glucocorticoids modulate the behavioral and metabolic effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats. A single injection of LPS (10 micrograms/kg ip) increased plasma corticosterone at 4 h, but had no effect on social behavior, body temperature, or body weight. To determine if behavioral and metabolic effects of LPS were precluded by the increase in corticosterone, adrenalectomized (ADX) and sham-operated rats were injected with LPS. Whereas ADX rats expressed symptoms of sickness, intact controls did not. To verify that corticosterone was the adrenal hormone responsible for inhibiting these effects of LPS, corticosterone pellets or placebos were implanted intraperitoneally in ADX rats. Following injection of LPS, ADX rats with placebos expressed behavioral symptoms characteristic of sickness, including depressed social behavior. Corticosterone pellets, however, entirely reversed these effects in ADX rats. These results indicate that corticosterone modulates the behavioral and metabolic effects of LPS, suggesting that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is important in preventing profound behavioral disturbances in response to low-grade immune stimulation by infectious and noninfectious agents.
Influence of background ions on the audio streaming potentials produced by human hairs

Summary form only given. Human hair, unaltered by dyes or permanents, was collected to study the influence of various cations on the streaming potentials produced by pressure waves in the audio frequency range. The movement of potassium and sodium cations at the hair interface produced potentials which were markedly different for the two cations. It appears that the increased permeability and binding of K/sup +/ lowers the streaming potential obtained for a given concentration compared to the Na/sup +/ cations which can remain unbound in the diffuse layer of the interfacial double layer. >
Phospholipase D is required in the signaling pathway leading to p38 MAPK activation in neutrophil-like HL-60 cells, stimulated by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine.

Human acute myelogenous leukemia cells (HL-60 cells) can be induced to differentiate to neutrophils by exposure to dibutyryl-cyclic AMP. The differentiation of HL-60 cells allowed the mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and p44/p42 to be rapidly and transiently activated upon stimulation withN-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Western blot analysis using phosphospecific p38 and p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase antibodies showed that increasing concentrations of ethanol or 1-butanol but not 2-butanol (0.05–0.5%) inhibited fMLP-induced p38 activation but did not inhibit p44/p42 activation. These data indicated that activation of phospholipase D (PLD) was required for activation of p38 but not p44/p42. We compared the effect of fMLP with those of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We found that ethanol did not inhibit p38 phosphorylation upon stimulation with either GM-CSF or TNFα. These results suggested that in cells stimulated with fMLP, PLD was upstream of p38. To further test the involvement of PLD, we used antisense inhibition of human PLD1 expression. Treatment with antisense oligonucleotides inhibited p38 but not p44/p42 phosphorylation. These data supported a role for human PLD1 in fMLP-induced p38 activation in neutrophil-like HL-60 cells. In addition, the results obtained with TNFα and GM-CSF demonstrated that p38 activation occurred independently of PLD activation.
Co-rotating structures of the inner heliosphere from helios photometer and in-situ data

Abstract We have compiled a list of all major co-rotating structures in the inner heliosphere detected by the white light photometers of both HELIOS spacecraft from 1975–1982. We compare the three-dimensional extents of these remotely-sensed structures over their times of observation. We pay particular attention to the spatial extent of these structures and their variability. We can measure the in-situ characteristics of the subset of structures as they envelop the spacecraft. The advantages of this data set include the association of the three-dimensional extent of these co-rotating structures with in-situ observations of the same features.
Nuclear Spin Statistics of the Tetravalent C28Fullerene and Its Derivatives

Abstract Nuclear spin statistics and generating functions for nuclear spin species of the recently generated tetravalent C 28 fullerene cage are obtained. The nuclear spin statistical weights of the 13 C fullerene are shown to be A 1 (l l 154 400), A 2 (l l 220 000), E (22 373 376), T 1 (33 585 120), and T 2 ( 33 519 648), respectively.
The Optical Properties and Processing of Lithium Niobate Optical Waveguides

The laser-power-handling properties of planar out-diffused and in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides are considered in terms of fabrication process characteristics. The percentage of laser induced power-loss is found to increase as the square of both the input-coupled laser power and the beam's transmission distance in the guide, regardless of the fabrication details. Titanium in-diffused waveguides are found not to exhibit laser-induced power-loss for beams proloaaatina along their z-axis.
Squeezing a single polypeptide through a nanopore

We have already seen a decade of single-molecule science involving protein nanopores, and many lessons have been learned from the extensive studies in this exciting realm. Given the promise of the single-molecule nanopore technique for ultra-rapid sequencing of nucleic acids, most of these investigations have been focused on understanding the transit of single-stranded DNA through a protein nanopore. In contrast, the biophysical and biotechnological applications of polypeptide translocation through a protein nanopore have not been pursued as aggressively. However, recent explorations have shown that a mechanistic understanding of polypeptide translocation at unprecedented single-molecule resolution can be achieved using high-resolution, time-resolved single-channel electrical recordings with nanopores and protein design. Moreover, these efforts have begun to unravel the complexity of the protein-pore interactions that involve various thermodynamic forces. Finally, combining recordings of single-channel electrical currents through nanopores with protein engineering proves to be not only a novel single-molecule analytical tool for the detection, examination, and characterization of polypeptides, but also a critical element for prospective high-throughput screening devices in drug design and proteomics.
Dietary Restraint Influences Accuracies in Estimating Energy Expenditure and Energy Intake Among Physically Inactive Males

Inaccurate estimations of energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) may ultimately affect body weight. The purpose of this study was to evaluate accuracy of estimated EI and EE among males in reference to exercise and rest using a counterbalanced, crossover, repeated-measures design. Participants (N = 80) were recruited from a large, urban university in South Florida. Exercise consisted of walking on a treadmill for 60 min at 65% age-predicted maximum heart rate. Food intake was evaluated immediately following exercise and rest. Participants underestimated EI (kcal) on both the exercise (M = 435, SEM = 69) and rest days (M = 439, SEM = 54), overestimated EE (kcal) for exercise (M = 129, SEM = 44), and underestimated EE for rest (M = 54, SEM = 10). Greater accuracy in estimating EE for exercise was significantly (p < .05) associated with higher dietary restraint. The findings suggest that among sedentary males, there is an inability to accurately estimate calories, which has the potential to influence behaviors that affect weight management.
Are immigrant enclaves healthy places to live? The Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

The growing size and changing composition of the foreign-born population in the USA highlights the importance of examining the health consequences of living in neighborhoods with higher proportions of immigrants. Using data from the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis in four US cities, we examined whether neighborhood immigrant composition was associated with health behaviors (diet, physical activity) among Hispanic and Chinese Americans (n = 1902). Secondarily we tested whether neighborhoods with high proportions of immigrants exhibited better or worse neighborhood quality, and whether these dimensions of neighborhood quality were associated with healthy behaviors. Neighborhood immigrant composition was defined based on the Census 2000 tract percent of foreign-born from Latin-America, and separately, percent foreign-born from China. After adjustment for age, gender, income, education, neighborhood poverty, and acculturation, living in a tract with a higher proportion of immigrants was associated with lower consumption of high-fat foods among Hispanics and Chinese, but with being less physically active among Hispanics. Residents in neighborhoods with higher proportions of immigrants reported better healthy food availability, but also worse walkability, fewer recreational exercise resources, worse safety, lower social cohesion, and lower neighborhood-based civic engagement. Associations of neighborhood immigrant composition with diet persisted after adjustment for reported neighborhood characteristics, and associations with physical activity were attenuated. Respondent-reported neighborhood healthy food availability, walkability, availability of exercise facilities and civic participation remained associated with behaviors after adjusting for immigrant composition and other covariates. Results show that living in an immigrant enclave is not monolithically beneficial and may have different associations with different health behaviors.
The relation of late blight development on potato foliage to temperature and humidity

During four seasons, late blight on the foliage of potato plants spread to nearby plants during periods described by Wallin and his coworkers as “favorable,”i.e. 10 or more hours of relative humidity above 90 per cent and temperatures between 60° and 77° F.
The determination of part-per-billion levels of citric and nitrilotriacetic acids in tap water and sewage effluents.

Abstract Citric and nitrilotriacetic acids can be determined at the 1–10,000 p.p.b. 1 levels in aqueous systems ranging from tap water to sewage effluents by use of anion-exchange clean-up, derivatization with butanol—HCl and gas chromatography. A variety of metals present at legal tolerance limits do not interface. The two esterfied acids separate well on a special gas chromatographic phase; however, citric acid can also be separated from nitrilotriacetic acid by ion exchange prior to derivatization, if so desired.
Left Atrial Appendage Contractile Function in Atrial Fibrillation: Influence of Heart Rate and Cardioversion to Sinus Rhythm

Background A high incidence of embolic phenomena is associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) and the left atrial appendage (LAA) is frequently the source of the emboli. Thrombus formation may be due to stasis within the fibrillating and inadequately emptying LAA. Because LAA emptying in AF may be the result of mechanical compression by the adjacent left ventricle, it is possible that left ventricular diastolic filling duration will importantly influence passive emptying of the LAA. We hypothesized that the magnitude of emptying of the LAA in AF is related to the duration of left ventricular diastolic filling which is determined by the ventricular response rate in AF. Objective The objective of our study was to determine the relationship of ventricular response rate in AF to LAA emptying and to assess the influence of sinus rhythm and heart rate on LAA emptying immediately after direct current cardioversion to sinus rhythm. M ethods To study this, we used transesophageal echocardiography to measure LAA ejection fraction ([LAAmax—LAAmin]/LAAmax×100%) and evaluated its relationship to left ventricular response rate (VRR) in 26 patients with AF (mean age, 65 ± 7 [1 SD] years). Results There was a strong inverse relationship between LAA ejection fraction and VRR in AF (r= −0.73; p Conclusion These results indicate that the magnitude of LAA emptying in AF is strongly and inversely influenced by ventricular rate. Direct current cardioversion to sinus rhythm is associated with an increase in the magnitude of LAA emptying that is not influenced by heart rate. The magnitude of LAA emptying may be an important factor in the formation of thromboemboli in AF. The extent to which controlling the VRR in chronic AF will prevent stasis and LAA thrombus formation remains to be determined.
Rod photoreceptor disc shedding in eye cups: relationship to bicarbonate and amino acids.

Abstract We previously demonstrated that disc shedding in eye cups from Xenopus laevis depends on medium bicarbonate concentration, but also found that other unidentified medium components influenced the response. Here, in order to determine which medium components influence shedding, we used high bicarbonate salt solutions supplemented with medium components in amphibian tissue culture medium. Compared to the high bicarbonate salt solution alone, addition of fetal bovine serum or whole egg ultrafiltrate enhanced disc shedding. However, a response fully comparable to that in intact animals was obtained on addition of a mixture of 14 amino acids. The full light-evoked response depended on the simultaneous presence of high bicarbonate (35 m m ) and amino acids. In the presence of amino acids, photoreceptor tips and RPE showed tight interdigitation and less tendency for in vitro separation, suggesting that these medium components promote such interdigitation. Using the defined medium we have additionally shown that shedding is related to HCO 3 − concentration under conditions of controlled medium pH, Cl − content and osmolality.
Propagator for a general form field in AdS d+1 space

Using the known propagator equations for 0, 1, and 2 forms in ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{d+1},$ we find the p-form field propagator equations in dimensions where the forms are Poincar\'e dual. Since the general equation obeyed by the propagators is linear in dimension, this gives us the equation obeyed by the propagators for any d. Furthermore, based on the Poincar\'e duality formulas for 0, 1, 2, and 3 forms we conjecture the general form of the Poincar\'e duality formulas, and check them against the previously found propagator equations. The whole structure is self-consistent. Once we have the equations, we can easily obtain all the p-form field propagators in ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{d+1}.$ The generalization to massive p-forms can be also easily done.
Prostate cancer microvessels: a novel method for three-dimensional reconstruction and analysis.

BACKGROUND Studies of prostate cancer microvessels to date have relied on routine two-dimensional images from histologic tissue sections, and there have been no previous reports of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and analysis of prostatic microvessels in benign or malignant specimens. Knowledge about the 3D architecture of microvessels would be useful for determining the utility and limitations of two-dimensional (2D) measures, as well as for determining the usefulness of 3D measures to predict pathologic stage and patient outcome in prostate cancer. However, the ability to study microvessels in 3D must first be demonstrated. METHODS We developed a novel method to visualize and analyze prostate microvessels in three dimensions from serially-sectioned prostate specimens, including tissue preparation, reconstruction of serial histologic sections into 3D volumes, extraction of vessels from this data set, and calculation of geometric characteristics. Eleven regions of benign and cancer tissue were studied and compared in an effort to validate our methodology. RESULTS Microvessels and glandular elements from benign and malignant tissue were visualized together in three dimensions. In the 3D visualizations, microvessels associated with cancer were seen to have more arbitrary pathways, increased tortuosity, and a more casual relationship with glandular elements than microvessels associated with benign tissue. A quantitative measure, the volume length density, discriminated between benign tissue and cancer better than simple microvessel density in this exploratory study. CONCLUSIONS Microvessels in prostate cancer have a more homogeneous distribution and greater tortuosity than those in benign tissue. Volume length density of microvessels shows promise as a 3D marker in prostate cancer. Prostate 37:270–277, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
D-region positive and negative ion concentration and mobilities during the February 1979 eclipse

Abstract Positive and negative ion concentrations and mobilities have been obtained from an analysis of Gerdien condenser measurements on rocket flights, A10.802-1 and A1O.802-2, during and after eclipse totality. The aerodynamic instrument calibration and the data analysis techniques are discussed. The measured concentrations on both flights were about 104 cm−3 in the altitude range, 45–80 km. These high concentrations at very low altitudes suggest that a relativistic electron precipitation event was occurring during the measurements. The ion concentration measurements along with electron density measurements made by other groups during the eclipse were used to calculate the negative ion: electron ratio, and the lumped parameter detachment rate. These results are compared with prior measurements during eclipse and solar proton events and code results. The analysis shows that the present negative ion model is incomplete. The reduced mobilities (K0) were also determined. The mobility distributions show that the heavy ions of both the positive and negative species dominate from 45 to 70 km. The data reveal more massive ions at higher al titudes than at low altitudes (1000 vs 300 a.m.u.) as well as possible evidence for multiply charged ions below about 60 km.
Multimodal Interaction: Multi-Capacity Processing Beyond 7 +/− 2

Multiple resource theory suggests that enhancements in human information management capacity may be realized via multimodal interaction. The possibility of leveraging multiple sensory systems to maximize working memory (WM) throughput becomes essential as the information age conveys volumes of data that would overburden the visual channel alone. The current study proposes an expansion of the current bi-modal (verbal, visual/spatial) model of WM to a multimodal WM system, which includes verbal, visual, spatial, kinesthetic, tactile, and tonal component subsystems. Single modality capacity was measured for each proposed subsystem. In addition, multimodal capacity was calculated for combined modalities. Results demonstrated that multimodal WM capacity surpasses that of single modality capacity. Most notably, multimodal WM capacity averaged nearly three times the ‘magic number’ seven.
Electrocatalytic Detection of Pathogenic DNA Sequences and Antibiotic Resistance Markers

The detection of specific DNA sequences using electrochemical readout would permit the rapid and inexpensive detection and identification of bacterial pathogens. A new assay developed for this purpose is described that harnesses a sensitive electrocatalytic process to monitor DNA hybridization. Two sequences belonging to the pathogenic microbe Helicobacter pylori are used to demonstrate the versatility and specificity of the assay: one that codes for an unique H. pylori protein and one that represents a small portion of the 23S rRNA from this organism. Both sequences can be monitored into the nanomolar concentration range. Target sequences introduced to the electrode surface as synthetic oligonucleotides, PCR products, and RNA transcripts are all detected with high specificity. In addition to reporting the presence of pathogen-related sequences, this assay can accurately resolve single-base changes in target sequences. An A2143C substitution within the H. pylori rRNA that confers antibiotic resistance significantly attenuates hybridization to an immobilized probe corresponding to the WT sequence. The single-base mismatch introduced by this mutation slows the kinetics of hybridization and permits discrimination of the two sequences when short hybridization times are employed. The remarkable sensitivity of this label-free assay to small sequence changes may provide the basis of a new method for the detection and genotyping of infectious bacteria using electrochemical methods.
Relation algebras and Schro¨der categories

Abstract We describe a construction that embeds a finite system of simple relation algebras A,i, i ∈ I , in a simple relation algebra A, not as subalgebras of A, but as relative subalgebras. Schroder categories will play a useful role in this construction. As an application, it is shown that every relation algebra that is generated by a single equivalence element is finite and representable.
A note on Futia (1981)’s non-existence pathology of rational expectations equilibria☆

Abstract We resolve the non-existence pathologies of dynamic rational expectations equilibria attributed to signal extraction from endogenous variables first discovered by Futia (1981) . Non-existence is overturned once it is recognized that rational agents take into account the structure of the model when generating equilibrium outcomes. We show that where Futia (1981) thought an equilibrium did not exist, a Rational Expectations equilibrium identical to the Full Communication equilibrium does exist, thereby resolving the long-standing non-existence pathology.
Electrical and Mechanical Alternation in Pericardial Effusion

In a case of traumatic pericardial effusion with electrical and mechanical alternation, ultrasonic cardiography demonstrated excessive oscillatory motion of the heart. This motion occurred in both anteroposterior and left-to-right directions. The frequency of the motion was half the pulse rate and thus readily explains the electrical alternation. Pericardiocentesis abolished both of these phenomena.
Competitive Adsorption of Divalent Cations and Cationic Polyelectrolytes on Phosphatidylglycerol Bilayer Membranes

Adsorption of cationic polyelectrolytes on acidic phospholipid membranes can trigger profound changes in membrane organization. For example, treatment of a phosphate-buffered suspension of the acidic lipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG, 1) with ionene-6,6 bromide (2) converts the normal Ld DPPG bilayer to an unusual interdigitated arrangement (Scheme 1). We are currently exploring the relation between the structure of the adsorbed polyelectrolyte and the induction of acyl chain interdigitation in DPPG and related bilayers.
Monte Carlo Study of the Critical Behavior of Random Bond Potts Models

We present results of Monte Carlo simulations of random bond Potts models in two dimensions, for different numbers of Potts states q. We introduce a simple scheme which yields continuous self-dual distributions of the interactions. As expected, we find multifractal behavior of the correlation functions at the critical point and obtain estimates of the exponent ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{n}$ for several moments n of the correlation functions, including typical $(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{n}0)$, average $(n=1)$, and others. In addition, for $q=8$, we find that there is only a single correlation length exponent $\ensuremath{\nu}$ describing the correlation length away from criticality. This is numerically very close to the pure Ising value $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$.
Relationship of cues to assessed infant pain level.

Cues that 46 pediatric nurses with a BS in Nursing reported as key to their pain assessments of 88 videotaped infants, ages 0 to 12 months, are identified. Frequencies with which these cues were used for infants of different ages and the relationships between key cues and assessed levels of pain are described. Greater pain was strongly associated with tears, stiff posture, guarding, and fisting. Greater pain was moderately associated with inadequate type or dosage of analgesia, more recent surgery, inconsolability, difficult to distract, does not focus on surroundings, frown, grimace, wrinkled face, flushed face, pain cry, and increased arousal in response to touch of sore area. Internurse variability in cue use was sizable. Most of the often-used cues had weak or no association with assessed pain level. Only consolability, pain cry, grimace, and stiff posture were frequently used and correlated > .51 with assessed level of pain.
The influence of precipitant concentration on macromolecular crystal growth mechanisms

Abstract Atomic force microscopy was applied to investigate the influence of protein and precipitant (sodium-potassium tartrate) concentration on thaumatin crystal growth mechanisms. At constant protein concentration, a decrease of salt concentration from 0.8 to 0.085 M caused a transition of the crystal growth mechanism from two-dimensional nucleation to dislocation growth. At different, fixed concentrations of salt, the protein concentration, which does not induce multiple crystal nucleation, was increased from 8 to 60 mg/ml with corresponding increases in the tangential velocity of growth steps from 5 to 17.5 nm/s. Results from these experiments suggest that a highly concentrated protein solution, as might be found in a protein rich phase, may not induce crystal nucleation, but can promote crystal growth if screw dislocations are present in the crystal.
Lignin−Quinone Interactions: Implications for Optical Properties of Lignin

Charge transfer (CT) excited states are well-known and examined for artificial solution and solid-state donor−acceptor systems. Their possible existence in lignin has, however, not been considered before. In the present work we have studied the optical modifications resulting from the co-adsorption of the acceptor p-benzoquinone with selected donor compounds, some of which are related to lignin, onto filter paper. The quinone was also incorporated into the lignin of beech and spruce thermomechanical pulp fibers, and their optical absorption and emission properties were then examined. Evidence for the formation of CT states of donor compounds−quinone or (wood fiber) lignin−quinone is presented. Most notable is the formation of a broad-band visible absorption, at lower energies than what can be explained by quinone absorption alone, and the significant wood fiber emission quenching caused by these CT states. Since quinones commonly occur in various lignin types (e.g., wood pulps), this has the implication t...
Cost effective ROF communication system for CATV channels over WDM network and fuzzy modeling of the system

A radio over fiber (RoF) communication system is considered for cable television (CATV) channels over wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network using an optical direct modulator (DM). Since the DM bandwidth is limited, increasing bandwidth efficiency of the system using M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) schemes will improve the link symbol error rate (SER) performance. Radio frequency (RF) signals with constellations of 16-64-256 QAM were simulated for CATV channels and the effect of using higher bit per symbol on the link performance was studied in order to reduce the cost of the network through utilizing financially feasible optical modulator. The 64-QAM scheme which is the most appropriate is used for the system of CATV channels. The link performance is studied for different combinations of effective parameters such as AC electrical power and Module to Bias ratio, which are crucial to be set properly, and SER is obtained at the front end of the receiver. The best setting options are proposed for 30 CATV channels with 64-QAM constellation with direct modulation transmitted over the 4-WDM link. Moreover, communication system is modeled by fuzzy logic using data-base obtained from simulation. Fuzzy reverse modeling of the system is also implemented in order to provide reasonable estimate of electrical power required to achieve a desired SER. Characteristics of forward and reverse fuzzy modeling are discussed. Simulation results represent satisfactory performance of the models.
Nonlinear filtering and smoothing for maneuvering trajectories

This paper considers the problem of estimating the state variables and maneuvering parameters for a re-entry vehicle. The non-linear filtering results based upon a tuned nine state extended Kalman filter (for realtime applications) are compared with those obtained by a linearized fixed interval smoother (for non-realtime applications) using Monte Carlo simulation experiments.
Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of bone: unusual manifestation of lymphoproliferative disease following liver transplantation

We present the case of a 66-year-old man with primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the right femur that developed following orthotopic liver transplant, while on immunosuppressive therapy. The diagnosis was suggested on the basis of the MRI findings and confirmed by open biopsy. He was treated successfully with local radiotherapy and has remained disease free for 14 months after the onset of the disease.
Detection of conformational and net charge differences in DNA-protein complexes by quantitative electrophoresis on polyacrylamitie-agarose copolymer gels

The Galactosidase repressor (GalR) of Escherichia coli modulates the expression of the gal operon by binding to two DNA operators, OE and O1. The OE and O1 elements are 16 by pallindromic DNA sequences, differing in four of the base pairs (Fig. 1). OE and O1 DNA fragments, both free and complexed with repressor, were analyzed by “quantitative gel electrophoresis”. By the criteria of that method, applied to the linear Ferguson plots of both DNA fragments and the linear ranges of those of the DNA-GalR complexes, it was shown that the apparent size of DNA increases upon repressor binding. Moreover, this size increase is greater for the complex with the O1 operator than for the complex with the OE operator in the case that GalR is located in the center of a 155 bp DNA fragment. This is not the case when GalR is located in a peripheral position. By contrast with their size differences, the centrally located GalR-O1 and GalR-OE complexes appear to possess indistinguishable net surface charge densities as judged from the intercepts with the mobility axis. The larger size of the complex with centrally located O1 fragment, as compared with that bearing the OE fragment, is interpreted as being due to bending of the DNA-protein complex, since an authentically bent fragment of a plasmid with bent upstream activator sequence also exhibits a larger slope of the Ferguson plot, and thus the larger size, than predicted on the basis of its DNA chain length (bp). Thus, the apparently larger size of the GalR-O1 complex at the center of DNA, compared to that of the GalR-OE complex, supports the previous conclusion that the Gal repressor induces a larger degree of bending in O1 DNA than in OE DNA. DNA fragments bearing OE and O1 when complexed with the Gal repressor show convex Ferguson plots at polyacrylamide concentrations below that of gelation and in the presence of 0.5 % agarose, while the plots of the corresponding free 155 bp DNA fragments are linear in that range. The curvature presumably reflects the size increase concomitant with complex formation, since DNA larger than 155 bp also exhibits that curvature on polyacrylamide stabilized by nonrestrictive agarose gels.
NusA contacts nascent RNA in Escherichia coli transcription complexes

We have examined the interaction between NusA and the nascent RNA in Escherichia coli transcription complexes on four different templates. Photocrosslinking CTP and UTP analogs were incorporated internally and at the 3′ end of the RNA. Identical templates with and without boxA sequences were compared. We found that NusA did not contact the ten nucleotides nearest to the 3′ end of the RNA in complexes containing RNA up to 20 nucleotides long. Longer RNA did crosslink to NusA with all four templates examined, however. We reported that RNA 80 nucleotides long from the bacteriophage T7 A1 promoter substituted in two RNA stem-loops with photocrosslinking UMP analogs did not crosslink to NusA, even though interaction between NusA and the transcription complex were demonstrated. Here, we report that when this same RNA is substituted at CMP residues, it does crosslink to NusA. Templates containing the E. coli ribosomal RNA promoter rrnG P2, with and without a boxA sequence downstream, were compared. Long RNAs from both crosslinked to NusA, and thus boxA RNA sequences are not required for interaction with NusA. NusA did not interact with the free RNA containing boxA once released from the transcription complex, nor did it interact with RNA in a binary complex containing only RNA polymerase and RNA, without the DNA template.
OLDER-DRIVER PERCEPTION OF PROBLEMS AT UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS ON DIVIDED HIGHWAYS

West Virginia has one of the oldest populations in the country. As the Appalachian Development Highway System expands, many older drivers are, for the first time in their driving experience, encountering at-grade intersections on high-speed divided roadways. Because older drivers generally demonstrate an increased accident involvement at at-grade intersections, a study was undertaken to assess understanding by West Virginia's older drivers of the associated geometric design features and traffic control devices. A self-administered survey was completed by 172 participants at 15 senior centers in counties that have corridor highways within their boundaries. Respondents ranged in age from 50 to 91. Almost two-thirds of the respondents were female. About 44% of respondents indicated that they voluntarily limited their driving, mainly because of difficulties driving at night. Overall, crossing the divided highway was perceived as less difficult than making left turns. Making left turns onto the divided highway was perceived as the more difficult of the turning movements. Approximately one-half of the participants indicated that they did not have problems making left turns onto the divided highway. Large trucks and rudeness or dangerous actions of other drivers were the most commonly cited dislikes about sections of divided highway. Responses indicated a lack of understanding about how to drive through the middle of the at-grade intersection. This issue can be addressed through traffic engineering techniques such as delineation or channelization and through development of driver educational materials.
Pressure drops and void fractions in horizontal two-phase flows of potassium

Vapor-liquid flow of a potassium-8% sodium mixture was studied with the use of o boiling heat transfer test loop. Pressure drop data were obtained from a 36-in. long, 0.495-in. I.D. unheated test section. Void fractions were measured at the midpoint of the test section with gamma ray attenuation. Flows were essentially frictional. Quality, total flow rate, and absolute pressure were the principal variables affecting the pressure drop results, which were correlated in terms of a two-phase friction factor. A metallic void fraction correlation was developed from previously reported data for other metollic fluids together with the potassium data of this study. The potassium two phase friction factors fall substantially lower than volues predicted by wellknown frictional pressure drop correlations. Metallic void friction values are appreciably lower than data for other fluid systems. Velocity slip ratios appear to be much higher than for other fluid systems due to high liquid-to-vapor density ratios and low void fractions. In recent years metallic fluids have received consideration as possible heat transfer media in space electrical power generation cycles which involve boiling and condensing of the carrier fluid. The rigorous designs required in such applications necessitate the ability to make highly accurate predictions of two-phase flow phenomena. Although a voluminous literature exists on the subject of two-phase fluid flow, little has been reported on flow of metallic systems. The two-phase pressure drop along a tube in general is the summation of losses due to friction, acceleration effects, and hydrostatic head. Two-phase values usually are greater than those experienced in singlephase flows with comparable fluid throughputs. Frictional losses are always present and occur for any orientation of the flow channel and for adiabatic or heated conditions. Acceleration losses occur in forced-circulation boiling flows, where the continuous phase chan e causes the mix