cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Residential particulate matter, proximity to major roads, traffic density and traffic volume as risk factors for preterm birth in California.

BACKGROUND While pollution from vehicle sources is an established risk factor for preterm birth, it is unclear whether distance of residence to the nearest major road or related measures like major road density represent useful measures for characterising risk. OBJECTIVE To determine whether major road proximity measures (including distance to major road, major road density and traffic volume) are more useful risk factors for preterm birth than other established vehicle-related measures (including particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5 ) and diesel particulate matter (diesel PM)). METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 2.7 million births across the state of California from 2011-2017; each address at delivery was geocoded. Geocoding was used to calculate distance to the nearest major road, major road density within a 500 m radius and major road density weighted by truck volume. We measured associations with preterm birth using risk ratios adjusted for target demographic, clinical, socioeconomic and environmental covariates (aRRs). We compared these to the associations between preterm birth and PM2.5 and diesel PM by census tract of residence. RESULTS Findings showed that whereas higher mean levels of PM2.5 and diesel PM by census tract were associated with a higher risk of preterm birth, living closer to roads or living in higher traffic density areas was not associated with higher risk. Residence in a census tract with a mean PM2.5 in the top quartile compared with the lowest quartile was associated with the highest observed risk of preterm birth (aRR 1.04, 95% CI 1.04, 1.05). CONCLUSIONS Over a large geographical region with a diverse population, PM2.5 and diesel PM were associated with preterm birth, while measures of distance to major road were not, suggesting that these distance measures do not serve as a proxy for measures of particulate matter in the context of preterm birth.
Fitting In, Standing Out: Navigating the Social Challenges of High School to Get an Education

Part I. High Schools as Contexts of Development: 1. Pressures on teenagers and their schools 2. A day in the life 3. The two sides of high school 4. Updating and expanding our perspective Part II. A Case Study of Social and Academic Experiences in High School: 5. The stakes of social marginalization 6. Teenagers at particular risk 7. How teenagers know what they know and why it matters 8. Sources of resilience Part III. Helping Teenagers Navigate High School: 9. Solutions within schools 10. Looking to parents and other adults 11. In search of theory and action.
The Role of Microblogging Capacities in Knowledge Sharing and Collaboration in Virtual Teams

To combat loss of knowledge, organizations are investing in social media technologies, such as microblogging platforms, to help facilitate knowledge transfer. While literature indicates that knowledge sharing and collaboration attitudes are impacted by many factors, there is a dearth of research investigating the relationships between technology capacities and individual attitudes toward knowledge sharing and collaboration in virtual teams. To narrow the research gap, this study explores five potential microblogging capacities, and proposes a model to test the impacts of these factors on employees’ attitudes to share knowledge. Specifically, the study identifies microblogging ubiquity, brevity, communication, subscription, and source identity and suggests these may positively influence knowledge sharing attitudes in virtual teams.
Reliability of the Scoring System of the American Board of Forensic Odontology for Human Bite Marks

In 1981, the Bite mark Standards Committee of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and the American Board of Forensic Odontology developed a method of scoring bite mark comparisons in an attempt to standardize a scientific approach to bite mark analysis. The various methods of determining the validity of the scoring guide are presented with statistical data generated from scores reported by recognized forensic science experts.
Self-help troubleshooting by Q-KE-CLD based on a fuzzy bayes model

The previous study [9], [10] showed the fuzzy Bayes model successfully predicted print defects with a 50% hit rate at the first top prediction and an 80% hit rate within the top five predictions. However, the previous study was limited to English. In this study, Korean and English descriptions in predicting print defects by Korean subjects were evaluated based on fuzzy Bayes models. For the study, Korean descriptions were collected in Korea, and Bayes models were developed and evaluated. The result shows that Korean subjects much more accurately predicted print defects when they used Korean descriptions than English descriptions. Afterwards, English descriptions by US subjects will be collected, and both Korean and English lexicon data will be compared. Finally, the study will investigate a Korean-English cross language diagnosis (Q-KE-CLD) system to identify print defects based on the fuzzy Bayes model.
Charge voltage, trigger voltage and gas dielectric effects on multi-channel closing of a Russian multi gap switch

The Z machine at Sandia National Laboratories is equipped with 30 spark gaps in each of its 36 Marx banks. It is crucial that each switch operate flawlessly to obtain the desired pulse and avoid pre fires. A Russian Multi Gap Switch (MGS) is being tested for several possible advantages over current technology. Air is the primary dielectric gas used in the MGS instead of SF/sub 6/, which is used in the existing spark gap system. It is triggered at low trigger voltages with a commercial trigger generator reducing wear on electrodes. Most interestingly, it is designed to produce multi-channels when fired, reducing the firing inductance and increasing pulse rise time. To analyze channel firing properties, the Russian MGS is fixed in single stage Marx, similar to the arrangement in the Z machine. Capacitor charge voltage and switch trigger voltage is varied over typical operating conditions to determine how these factors effect the closing of the MGS. Air, SF/sub 6/, SF/sub 6/-air, and SF/sub 6/-argon mixtures are used to study gas dielectric effects on MGS multi-channeling. The switch's opaque casing is replaced with clear casing so a very fast camera may document switch closing characteristics with an emphasis on multi-channel operation. The MGS is adapted so it may be opened with conventional tools. Results from all permutations of variables are obtained and correlated to multi-channeling of the switch. A complete description of the MGS is also presented.
A kinetic study of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract The steady state kinetics of pig liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is consistent with an ordered, sequential mechanism in which NADP is bound first and NADPH released last. Kia is 9.0 muM, Ka is 4.8 muM, and Kb is 36 muM. Glucosamine 6-phosphate, a substrate analogue and competitive inhibitor, is used to help rule out a possible random mechanism. ADP is seen to form a complex with the free form of the enzyme whereas ATP forms a complex with both the free and E-NADP forms of the enzyme. The KI for the E-ADP complex is 1.9 mM, while the Ki values for the E-ATP and E-NADP-ATP complexes are 7.2 and 4.5 mM, respectively.
Maximum-Likelihood estimation of biological growth variables

Shapes of biological objects, such as anatomical parts, have been studied intensely in recent years. An emerging need is to model and analyze changes in shapes of biological objects during, for example, growths of organisms. A recent paper by Grenander et al. [5] introduced a mathematical model, called GRID, for decomposing growth induced diffeomorphism into smaller, local deformations. The basic idea is to place focal points of local growth, called seeds, according to a spatial process on a time-varying coordinate system, and to deform a small neighborhood around them using radial deformation functions (RDFs). In order to estimate these variables – seed placements and RDFS – we first estimate optimal deformation from magnetic resonance image data, and then utilize an iterative solution to reach maximum-likelihood estimates. We demonstrate this approach using MRI images of human brain growth.
Investigating the Use of 3D Graphics, Haptics (Touch), and Sound for Highway Location Planning

Planning of transportation infrastructure requires analyzing combinations of many different types of geospatial information (maps). Conventional Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or Computer Aided Design systems limit the planner's ability to perceive and effectively use multiple data layers together. To improve the planner's ability to interact with multiple layers of disparate spatial information, this article presents a novel computer system, which combines vision with haptics (touch) and sound. In this new form of Multi-Sensory Information System (MSIS), visual information is augmented by a 3-D haptic device (PHANToM) and by sound (sonification). In a recent study, it was investigated how engineering students used this multi-sensory GIS for planning the location (the alignment) of a new road. The results indicate that certain forms of vision, haptics, and audio were used preferentially to represent certain types of spatial data. A generalization of such a multi-sensory approach could provide researchers with the basis for further development and, eventually, the augmentation of established procedures with the MSIS in highway location planning and related areas.
ee-Learning: The Best Road to Adulthood?

A cartoon in the March 2006 issue of the New Yorker pictured a disheveled young man staggering into a room uttering these words, "I went away on spring break a boy, I return an alcoholic." Funny? Well, yes, unless you have read of a student dead of alcohol poisoning or learned of a friend's daughter date-raped at a college party. Or, less dramatic but no less notable, if you have interviewed and hired recent college graduates and been struck by their inability to write and speak the English language correctly and and their lack of general knowledge that you would expect every college-educated person to have.
Expanding the SPECC1L mutation phenotypic spectrum to include Teebi hypertelorism syndrome

Teebi hypertelorism syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that has eluded a molecular etiology since first described in 1987. Here we report on two unrelated families with a Teebi hypertelorism-like syndrome and Teebi hypertelorism phenotype who have missense mutations in Sperm Antigen With Calponin Homology And Coiled-Coil Domains (SPECC1L), previously associated with oblique facial clefting and Opitz G/BBB syndrome. The first patient and his affected mother were previously-reported by Hoffman et al. in this journal as a new syndrome resembling Teebi hypertelorism and Aarskog syndromes in 2007. This patient had hypertelorism, sagittal and coronal craniosynostosis, ptosis, natal teeth, unusual umbilicus, shawl scrotum, small hands, and feet, with grossly normal development. Our second patient had classic Teebi hypertelorism syndrome with hypertelorism and a giant umbilical hernia. Patient one and his affected mother had a c.1260G>C:p.E420D variant and patient two had a de novo c.1198_1203delATACAC:p.I400_H401del variant in SPECC1L. We review the phenotypic findings in the previously-published Teebi hypertelorism syndrome patients, and the Opitz G/BBB patients with SPECC1L mutations. In addition we emphasize the findings of aortic root dilation and craniosynostosis in these patients, which should be considered in their management.
The Role of Magnesium in Normal and Abnormal Pregnancy

The formation of new tissue (maternal and fetal) during pregnancy requires higher magnesium intakes than that of the normal nonpregnant woman of comparable age. The most recent recommended dietary allowances in the United States and Canada is 450 mg/day (Food and Nutrition Boards, 1968), a figure that is probably based largely on magnesium balance determinations and calculations done with adult pregnant women from 1914–1942. The general statement that the dietary magnesium during pregnancy should substantially exceed the amount required by other adults has led to the selection of 450 mg/day as reasonable, exceeding that recommended for adolescent and young adult women in the United States by 100 mg/day and exceeding the amount recommended in Canada for women over 22 by 150 mg/ day. Since adolescent children require much higher magnesium intakes to meet their own growth and maturation needs, it is questionable whether the same amount deemed necessary for the mature pregnant woman is sufficient for a teenaged pregnant girl. Even the amount generally considered sufficient, but rarely met by the American woman, whether or not she is pregnant (Seelig, 1964; N. Johnson and Phillips 1976/1980; Ashe et al., 1979), should be reevaluated.
Abstract 2868: Depletion of colon macrophages prevents colitis and colon cancer triggered by commensal bacteria.

We have previously shown that selected commensal bacteria contribute to colorectal carcinogenesis through bystander effects. Specifically, Enterococcus faecalis, a human intestinal commensal, induces colitis and colon cancer in Il10 −/- mice. In this study, we hypothesized that tissue macrophages triggered by E. faecalis were exclusively responsible for epithelial cell transformation. We evaluated the role of macrophages by depleting them from the colon in these mice and observing their loss on colorectal carcinogenesis. To deplete colon macrophages in Il10 −/ − and control mice, we administered encapsulated clodronate liposomes (ECL) via weekly rectal enemas. Mice were colonized with E. faecalis strain OG1RFSS. Controls consisted of: 1) Il10 −/- mice given ECL enemas but not colonized with enterococci; 2) Il10 −/ − mice colonized with E. faecalis but given sham liposome enemas containing no clodronate (SL); and 3) Il10 +/+ mice colonized with E. faecalis and given ECL enemas. Mice were treated for 9 months and colon biopsies evaluated by immunohistochemical staining for numbers of macrophages; inflammation; cancer; presence of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal protein adducts; and expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, TNF-α, netrin-1, and WNT/β-catenin signaling. Staining of colon biopsies using F4/80 (a murine macrophage marker) showed significant decreases in numbers of macrophages for mice administered ECL enemas compared to mice given SL enemas (P +/+ mice. For E. faecalis-colonized Il10 −/ − mice administered SL enemas, severe colitis and colon cancer (5 of 12 mice) developed. In contrast, for E. faecalis-colonized Il10 −/ − mice administered ECL enemas, no colitis (P These findings strongly suggest that the activation of colon macrophages by E. faecalis is necessary for inflammation and cancer development in the IL-10 knockout model. The reduction or elimination of expression of COX-2, TNF-α, netrin-1, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal protein adducts further supports a key role for these innate immune cells in generating bystander effects. Our results provide potential new strategies for preventing colorectal cancer. Citation Format: Yonghong Yang, Xingmin Wang, Thomas Huycke, Danny Moore, Stanley Lightfoot, Mark Huycke, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Depletion of colon macrophages prevents colitis and colon cancer triggered by commensal bacteria. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2868. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2868
Energy Loss of Cosmic-Ray Mu-Mesons in Sodium Iodide Crystals

A scintillation counter telescope, employing three NaI(Tl) crystals in coincidence, has been used to study the energy losses experienced by mu-mesons in traversing one of the crystals. The magnitude of the light flash in NaI(Tl) has been assumed to be proportional to the energy lost in the crystal by the meson. The observed pulse distribution is compared with one calculated on the basis of the Bethe-Bloch theory without the density correction and also with the Halpern-Hall theory which includes the effect of the dielectric shielding. Each calculated curve employs a fold of the Landau straggling theory with the cosmic-ray mumeson spectrum. Comparison of the data with the two theories definitely favors the Halpern-Hall theory both in respect to absolute value of the most probable energy loss as well as the shape of the distribution.
Mitotic rate in the epidermis of warm- and cold-acclimated rats.

The effect of the environmental, temperature on the mitotic activity in the skin of warm- and cold-acclimated rats was estimated with the colchicine method. On rats kept at 30 °C for 3 months, the skin temperature was found to vary from 30.4 °C on the ear, to 35.3 °C on the back. Least-square linear relationships were established between log induction rate (rate at which cells start division), log mitotic duration, and tissue temperature. The colder the epithelium, the lower was the induction rate and the longer was the mitotic duration. Depending on their temperature, the different epithelia studied could be classified as far as their mitotic activity was concerned, in the following decreasing order: duodenum, back, tail, foot, and ear. For a 7 °C difference in temperature between duodenum and ear, there was a sevenfold difference in mitotic duration, which reveals an unusual Q10 of 10.The data obtained on similar epithelial tissues of cold-acclimated rats supplied some evidence of adaptation in the mito...
Stereoselective determination of R-(-)- and S-(+)-prilocaine in human serum by capillary electrophoresis using a derivatized cyclodextrin and ultraviolet detection

A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the quantification of R-(-)- and S-(+)-prilocaine in human serum was developed and validated. Stereoselective resolution was accomplished using 15 mM heptakis(2,6-di-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin and 0.03 mM hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) contained in 100 mM phosphate buffer, pH 2.5. Solid-phase extraction was used as a sample preparation technique to remove endogenous interferences. A 72-cm uncoated fused-silica capillary at a voltage of 25 kV and 30 degrees C was used for the analysis. The detection limits for R-(-)- and S-(+)-prilocaine were 38 ng/ml using 1 ml of human serum and the limits of quantitation were 45 ng/ml. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 45-750 ng/ml with procainamide as the internal standard. Precision and accuracy of the method were 2.86-8.50% and 3.29-7.40%, respectively, for R-(-)-prilocaine, and 3.94-9.17% and 2.0-6.73%, respectively, for S-(+)-prilocaine. The CE method was compared to an existing chiral HPLC method in terms of sensitivity and selectivity for the routine analysis of the drug.
Managing suicide risk in late life: access to firearms as a public health risk.

Objective The authors assessed the prevalence of gun availability for elderly patients to determine whether gun availability is related to the presence of suicidal or depressive symptoms. Methods This is a cross-sectional epidemiologic survey of firearm availability and safety practices. A random sample of older adults with a scheduled primary-care clinic appointment was selected and screened with the General Health Questionnaire and questions about suicidality and alcohol use. Participants were also asked about the availability of firearms in their home and about safe gun practices. Results Of 1,023 patients screened, 285 (27.9%) reported having some type of firearm in the home, and 202 (19.7%) reported having a handgun in the home. Patients with suicidal ideation or high levels of depression or psychological distress were not significantly more or less likely to have a gun in the home than those without these emotional stressors. The strongest predictors of firearm availability were being male and being married. Conclusions These preliminary data suggest that a significant proportion of elderly people have firearms available to them in their homes. Those patients with emotional distress did not differ from those without distress with respect to having firearms available to them. These data strongly suggest the need for screening for firearm availability and education about the safe storage of firearms as a potential means of prevention of suicide among elderly patients suffering from emotional distress or suicidal ideation.
Validation of nonlinear interferometric vibrational imaging as a molecular OCT technique by the use of Raman microscopy

We validate a molecular imaging technique called Nonlinear Interferometric Vibrational Imaging (NIVI) by comparing vibrational spectra with those acquired from Raman microscopy. This broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) technique uses heterodyne detection and OCT acquisition and design principles to interfere a CARS signal generated by a sample with a local oscillator signal generated separately by a four-wave mixing process. These are mixed and demodulated by spectral interferometry. Its confocal configuration allows the acquisition of 3D images based on endogenous molecular signatures. Images from both phantom and mammary tissues have been acquired by this instrument and its spectrum is compared with its spontaneous Raman signatures.
A reaction of the superoxide radical with tetrapyrroles

Bilirubin and biliverdin were bleached during exposure to the aerobic xanthine oxidase reaction. Enzymic scavenging of O2−, by Superoxide dismutase, inhibited, whereas enzymic scavenging of H2O2, by catalase, did not. Increasing the rate of production of O2− without increasing the turnover rate of xanthine oxidase, by increasing pO2, accelerated the bleaching of the biliverdin. Moreover, a scavenger of OH·, such as benzoate, or an inactivating chelating agent for iron, such as diethylenetriamine pentaacetate or desferrioxamine mesylate, did not inhibit. It follows that O2− can directly attack these tetrapyrroles. Kinetic competition between Superoxide dismutase and bilirubin yielded a value for kbilirubin, O2− = 2.3 × 104 M−1s−1 at pH 8.3 and at 23 °C. A similar experiment for biliverdin yielded a value for kbilirubin, O2− = 7 × 104 M−1s−1.
A high efficiency ion source for Kr and Xe isotopic measurements

Abstract We report tests performed on a microwave plasma ion source to determine its suitability for high sensitivity Kr and Xe isotopic analysis. The source consists of a 1.3 cm o.d. × 15 cm long ceramic discharge tube with excitation provided by a 2.45 GHz λ/4 cavity. We have developed a technique to generate ⩾ 2 × 10 −11 A of Xe ions directly from air, with an ionization efficiency of 2%. Measurements of the isotopic compositions of Kr and Xe in air samples agree with the atmospheric values to within 0.5%. This result implies good ion beam stability and lack of serious isobaric interferences. The memory effect when alternating between Xe samples with extremely different isotopic compositions is at the 1% level. The microwave ion source appears very promising for isotopic analysis.
Moments of the Riemann zeta function and Eisenstein series—II

Abstract The fourth moment of the Riemann zeta function and the second moment of the L-function of a Maass cusp form are studied using a construction of Epstein, Hafner and Sarnak.
Closed-loop terrain relative navigation for AUVs with non-inertial grade navigation sensors

Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN) has the potential to enable drift-free, low-cost navigation for a wide range of underwater vehicles. Current underwater TRN systems have demonstrated meter-level navigation accuracy by utilizing high-accuracy inertial navigation systems in combination with both low and high quality sonar sensors and bathymetry maps. No studies, however, have considered the application of underwater TRN to vehicles with non-inertial-grade navigation systems, an extension which would greatly increase its applicability. The use of low-grade motion sensors in TRN is problematic due to the presence of large errors which can cause highly inaccurate alignment of successive sonar pings. To address this, a TRN filter is developed in which information present in the terrain correlations is used to help identify and mitigate large motion sensor errors. The resulting filter consists of a tight coupling between TRN and the onboard navigation, yielding a significantly improved navigation solution. The development of this TRN system is detailed for an AUV with an Attitude, Heading and Reference System (AHRS)-based dead reckoning navigation, which has an observed accuracy of 5 — 25% distance traveled. Field trials in Monterey Bay, CA demonstrate the ability of the TRN filter to acheive 5 — 10m navigational precision. Field trials are also presented demonstrating successful real-time, closed-loop TRN on the AUV. For these trials, the combined TRN/AHRS system enabled the vehicle to fly to a known beacon location with ability comparable to an acoustic homing system. The presented results demonstrate that TRN technology can successfully be applied to non-inertial-grade vehicle platforms, greatly improving the navigation capabilities of such systems.
MESON PRODUCTION IN HIGH-ENERGY NUCLEON-NUCLEON COLLISIONS

A model for meson production in high-energy nucleon-nucleon collisions similar to a model suggested by Takagi is discussed. It is assumed that the primary collisions result in the formation of two highly excited nucleons which decay as free particles. Forward and backward center-of-mass collimation is a natural consequence. Angular momentum is discussed and treated quantitatively by means of thermodynamic arguments similar to those used by Fermi. The model implies a tendency for the mesons to be emitted in a plane. The multiplicities predicted are larger than those predicted from the Fermi model and depend upon an additional parameter related to angular momentum.
Synthesis and Characterization of (Di-tert-butylbipyridine)bis(pyridine-4-thiolato)platinum(II), Pt(dbbpy)(S-4-py)(2): A Synthon for Supramolecular Systems Containing the Platinum Diimine Bis(Thiolate) Chromophore.

A new diimine bis(thiolate) complex of Pt(II) that is capable of functioning as a synthon for extended and branched structures has been synthesized and characterized. The complex possesses a solvat...
Friction factors for powder flow

Abstract A new method of determining factors which inhibit the flow of dry particulate solids on inclined surfaces has been developed. The net effect of forces which act to inhibit flow is approximated by a frictional model. Two coefficients of resistance to flow: between particles and a smooth surface and between particles themselves, are determined. The experimental technique developed makes use of the fact that material flowing on an inclined surface will accelerate if the net gravitational force on any element is larger than the net resistive force acting on the same element to inhibit flow. This condition is analyzed, using a simple hopper and chute arrangement, by measurement of the material's velocity at various chute lengths. Velocities are determined from observations of the free-flight trajectories of the particles as they leave the end of the chute. The coefficient of resistance to flow is then calculated from the appropriate equations of motion. Experimentally it is found that the coefficients are independent of particle velocity and the inclination of the surface.
A comparison of estimation techniques for the three parameter pareto distribution

This paper compares minimum distance estimation with best linear unbiased estimation to determine which technique provides the most accurate estimates for location and scale parameters as applied to the three parameter Pareto distribution. Two minimum distance estimators are developed for each of the three distance measures used (Kolmogorov, Cramer‐von Mises, and Anderson‐Darling) resulting in six new estimators. For a given sample size 6 or 18 and shape parameter 1(1)4, the location and scale parameters are estimated. A Monte Carlo technique is used to generate the sample sets. The best linear unbiased estimator and the six minimum distance estimators provide parameter estimates based on each sample set. These estimates are compared using mean square error as the evaluation tool. Results show that the best linear unbaised estimator provided more accurate estimates of location and scale than did the minimum estimators tested.
Effective boundary conditions for Stokes flow over a rough surface

Ensemble averaging combined with multiple scattering ideas is applied to the Stokes flow over a stochastic rough surface. The surface roughness is modelled by compact protrusions on an underlying smooth surface. It is established that the effect of the roughness on the flow far from the boundary may be represented by replacing the no-slip condition on the exact boundary by a partial slip condition on the smooth surface. An approximate analysis is presented for a sparse distribution of arbitrarily shaped protrusions and explicit numerical results are given for hemispheres. Analogous conclusions for the two-dimensional case are obtained. It is shown that in certain cases a traction force develops on the surface at an angle with the direction of the flow.
A four-component attractant for the mexican fruit fly,Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae), from host fruit

Sixteen chemicals found in fermented chapote fruit odor were evaluated as attractants for hungry adult Mexican fruit flies. Ethyl octanoate, ethyl benzoate, terpinyl acetate, ethyl salicylate, and (−)-α-copaene proved slightly attractive. Several of the chemicals also were tested for their ability to increase the attractiveness of the previously developed chapote-derived attractant (CEH) consisting of 1,8-cineole, ethyl hexanoate, and hexanol. Combinations containing CEH with ethyl octanoate, ethyl benzoate, 4-terpineol, (−)-α-cubebene, orα-terpineol were significantly more attractive than CEH alone. The two most attractive four-component combinations were ethyl octanoate with CEH (CEHO) and ethyl benzoate with CEH. No combinations containing greater numbers of chemicals were significantly more attractive than CEHO. Therefore, CEHO was selected for further study in this paper. Of CEHO component ratios that were tested, the most attractive was 10∶1∶1∶100 for the chemicals 1,8-cineole, ethyl hexanoate, hexanol, and ethyl octanoate, respectively. Formulations of CEHO into rubber septa and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were aged 0–15 days and tested againstTorula yeast in competing McPhail traps in a flight chamber. Summed over all lure ages, rubber septa and PVC dispensers, respectively, were 1.2 and 1.5 times more attractive thanTorula yeast. PVC dispensers aged 10–15 days were approximately 2.1 times more attractive thanTorula yeast.
Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury, an Evolving Syndrome: The Road of Discovery, With Emphasis on the Role of the Mayo Clinic

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is characterized by acute hypoxemia and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. At the very least, descriptions of cases consistent with TRALI date back to the early 1950s. Early articles from the 1950s and 1960s documented transfusion-associated pulmonary edema without evidence of volume overload. Explanations for this phenomenon included hypersensitivity and transfused leukoagglutinins. Descriptions from the 1970s also implicated transfused antileukocyte antibodies and noted that blood products containing such antibodies often came from multiparous female donors. Cases implicating recipient anti–human leukocyte antigen antibody reacting with transfused donor leukocytes and donor antibodies reacting with another donor's leukocytes were also described. The 1980s marked the emergence of the Mayo Clinic as a leading contributor to the understanding of TRALI. The descriptions of the syndrome that was named “TRALI” by Mayo Clinic investigators were the most extensive and complete to date and are presented in detail. The Mayo Clinic has remained in the forefront of TRALI investigation, particularly as it pertains to the critically ill, and recent studies from this center are also presented in detail. The common thread connecting the Mayo Clinic's descriptions in the 1980s to the more contemporary studies is Dr S. Breanndan Moore. Dr Moore passed away recently, but his crucial work in the area of TRALI lives on.
Continuous precipitation polymerization of vinylidene fluoride in supercritical carbon dioxide: modeling the molecular weight distribution

The molecular weight distribution (MWD) of poly(vinylidene fluoride) synthesized continuously in supercritical carbon dioxide is bimodal under some circumstances. A homogeneous model that can account for this bimodality is presented in this paper. The model takes into account the decrease in the mobility of polymeric radicals as they grow in size. This decrease in mobility impacts the rates of the termination reactions. The model, although simple, can describe many features of the experimental MWDs. For example as monomer concentration increases, the MWD changes from unimodal to bimodal, the second peak increases in size at the expense of the first one, and the peaks shift to higher molecular weights. In addition, the model can describe the effect of residence time on the MWD for both low and high monomer concentration. Finally, the effect of temperature on the MWD can be described fairly well using only one adjustable parameter.
Learning probabilities of events: A discussion

Abstract A number of theoretical issues are discussed which pertain to the question of how people learn event probabilities. It is concluded that while classical probability learning studies provide inadequate answers to this question, such studies do suggest some interesting conceptual issues. It is suggested that new theoretical efforts are needed, and two recent theoretical developments are discussed and compared.
Symbolic Gesture versus Word: Is There a Modality Advantage for Onset of Symbol Use?

Researchers have hypothesized in the past that children learning sign languages develop signs at an earlier age than is typically expected for vocal words. This assumption, however, has recently been questioned on the grounds that researchers have not always guaranteed that words and gestures are being used in a comparable fashion. The present study was designed to shed light on this controversy by comparing the onset of symbolic use of signs and words in a group of 22 hearing children exposed to symbolic gestures from 11 months onward. Bimonthly interviews emphasizing contexts of use of gestures and vocal words indicated a smaller modality difference than early research had predicted, thus providing support for the hypothesis that strides in cognitive abilities such as memory, categorization, and symbolization underlie this milestone in both modalities. At the same time, however, the data also indicated that the small difference in onset time was reliable, thus providing support for the notion that the gestural modality is, in fact, easier for many infants to master once the requisite cognitive skills are in place.
Ortho-(1-naphthoyl)benzoic acid.

The title acid, C18H12O3, crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group C2/c and exhibits carboxyl group hydrogen bonding of the cyclic dimer type about a center of symmetry. The Odonor-Oacceptor distance in the hydrogen bond is 2.692 (2) A. In addition, seven C—H groups and the three O atoms in the molecule are involved in significantly attractive C—H⋯O interactions with 11 neighbors, forming a three-dimensional network. The carboxylic H atom is ordered, as are the carboxylic O atoms.
On grain boundary wetting during deformation

We use numerical experiments to analyze the kinetics of grain boundary wetting in polycrystalline aggregates under the influence of an external applied shear stress. Grain boundary wetting is driven by the stress concentration at the tip of the fluid front. The extent of wetting of favorably oriented grain boundaries depends on the fluid mobility number β, which is defined as the ratio of the rate of stress relaxation by grain boundary wetting to the rate of stress relaxation by grain boundary diffusion. The applied stress can be relaxed by grain boundary diffusion, by grain boundary wetting or by a combination of both. In the wetting regime, an anisotropic grain boundary fluid network will develop due to the external shear stress.
Measuring Phonological Awareness in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children

Purpose This study evaluated psychometric properties of 2 phonological awareness (PA) tests normed for hearing children when used with deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children with functional hearin...
Multiracial congregations: An analysis of their development and a typology

Although the overwhelming majority of religious congregations consist of members who share the same racial background, there are a significant number of multiracial congregations in the United States. We begin with an analysis of why most congregations remain uniracial despite racial integration in other institutions. Then, based on our two-year national study, we examine the key variables underlying the development of multiracial congregations. Specifically, we consider the primary impetus for change and the source of racial diversification. Based on the analysis of how some congregations have become multiracial, we present a typology of multiracial congregations. We find seven main types. It is our hope that the typology and analysis will illuminate the effects of racial diversity on the life cycle of congregations and serve as a useful framework to guide future studies of multiracial congregations. Ultimately, we intend this article to facilitate the development of formal theory and research on the genesis and sustainability of multiracial congregations. To that end, we conclude the article by offering hypotheses suggested by the typology and its underlying causes.
Patients’ knowledge of potential pelvic floor changes associated with pregnancy and delivery

Physicians cite pelvic floor injury as a major reason for Cesarean section as their personal preferred delivery mode. This study was undertaken to determine whether patients receive information about possible pelvic floor complications of pregnancy/delivery. Day 1 post-partum women completed a 52-item questionnaire assessing information given during routine antenatal care. Pelvic floor and general questions were intermixed. Of the 232 patients, the mean age was 26.9 years, with 59.5% white, 32.8% African-American and 7.7% other. Most (84.5%) had at least grade 12 education. The following percentage of patients reported receiving no information about: Kegel exercises 46.1%; episiotomy 51.3%; urinary incontinence 46.6%; fecal incontinence 80.6%; change in vaginal caliber 72.8%; neuropathy 84.9%. Counseling on all of these issues occurred significantly less frequently than education on general pregnancy topics. Our results suggest that knowledge and instruction of pelvic floor risks is very much lacking and provide us with an impetus to develop educational tools.
A needs assessment for mobile technology use in medical education

This study investigated how medical students perceived mobile technology as a component of their learning experience and identified barriers to the use of mobile technology in education.
Would You Want Machiavelli as your CEO? The Implications of Autocratic versus Empowering Leadership Styles to Innovation

The trend towards lessened hierarchy in business organizations is key to fostering the continuous innovation upon which competitiveness depends. Models of corporate leadership appropriate to this new organizational reality are not yet in place: business practitioners and scholars have questioned whether company leaders are recognizing the need to move away from traditional autocratic approaches towards styles that empower the modern knowledge worker. But what do autocratic and empowering leadership styles entail? And what do they imply to the manners in which corporations are controlled, not only by management, but by various stakeholders? Perhaps the corporate leadership of the future can learn from the past. The 15th century political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli and the ancient Chinese philosopher Lao-tzu represent archetypes of these leadership styles. When the two are compared in light of the control methods they elicit from employees, shareholders, and the government it becomes evident that the Machiavellian style attracts the very control it attempts to shun. The goals of the Taoist leaders, in contrast, are consistent with those of stakeholders; and many of the attributes of the Taoist approach are more suited to innovative climates. Theories of organizational learning offer insight into how the transition to a more empowering style might be accomplished.
Metal-semiconductor contacts for GaAs bulk effect devices

Abstract An alloy of Au, Ge and Ni has been shown to produce uniform linear electrical contacts to GaAs over a resistivity range useful for bulk effect devices. Batch fabrication of devices with contacts of controlled size and shape is readily accomplished by evaporating the contact material through masks onto the semiconductor surface. An eutectic alloy of Au and Ge also produces a linear contact but tends to produce nonuniform films. The preparation of the contact materials, surface treatment of the GaAs, and device fabrication procedures are described.
Postmortem Delay Time and Heating Rate Affect Tenderness and Ultrastructure of Prerigor Cooked Bovine Muscle

The response of prerigor bovine muscle to different heating conditions was determined. Samples were fast-heated at six postmortem times or at five heating rates at four early postmortem times. All samples were heated to 70°C internally. Prerigor muscle cooked at progressively shorter postmortem times and faster heating rates had correspondingly lower shear values. In prerigor fast-heated samples, phase contrast microscopy revealed transverse bright stripes along the myofiber while scanning electron microscopy showed transverse surface wrinkles, bulges, interior contraction bands, and stretched areas. Postmortem time and heating should be controlled to improve beef tenderness.
Comparison of surface contamination with cyclophosphamide and fluorouracil using a closed-system drug transfer device versus standard preparation techniques

Purpose. A comparison was conducted of the levels of surface contamination with two commonly used antineoplastic drugs, cyclophosphamide and fluorouracil, on countertops, floors, and hood surfaces in three oncology pharmacies following preparation with standard hazardous drug (HD) preparation techniques, or a closed-system drug transfer device (CSTD) in conjunction with standard HD preparation techniques, or a CSTD in conjunction with standard HD preparation techniques but prepared on a countertop outside the biological safety cabinet (BSC). Methods. Wipe samples of the various surfaces in each pharmacy were obtained biweekly for 12 weeks (six samples) to establish a baseline. Following implementation of the CSTD, an additional six biweekly samples were collected. The CSTD was then removed, and a final six samples were collected again using standard preparation techniques. During the CSTD Phase, fluorouracil was prepared on the countertop outside the BSC. Results. During the 36-week study, 342 samples were collected. A total of 8% positive fluorouracil wipe samples were found in the three pharmacies. The proportion of positive fluorouracil samples was significantly less in the CSTD Phase than in the control phases ( p = 0.0002). There were 324 (95%) positive cyclophosphamide wipe samples. The median surface contamination was significantly different across the three phases ( p < 0.00001). This was consistent at all sites, for both the BSC work surfaces and countertops. Contamination on floors adjacent to the BSCs was not consistently reduced. Conclusion. The use of a CSTD in the BSC in conjunction with standard HD preparation techniques significantly reduced cyclophosphamide surface contamination as compared to standard techniques alone. Preparation of fluorouracil outside the BSC using the CSTD did not result in significant analytically detectable contamination on the countertops.
Effects of FCC regulations on television profits.

Abstract The United States, by granting exclusive rights to portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, gave television stations billions of dollars in extra profits. Federal Communication Commission rules prohibiting cigarette advertising and restricting station ownership, programming, and syndication reduced these profits by about a third.
Studies of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compounds. II. Determination of the fusion level

Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compounds were prepared in a Haake torque rheometer using various blending conditions. The fusion levels of processed compounds were evaluated by a capillary rheometer and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), based on the entrance pressure drop and the heat of fusion, respectively. S-shaped fusion curves were obtained. Starting temperature of the mixer, rotor speed, and totalized torque are the three major factors that affect the fusion level of PVC compounds blended in the Haake torque rheometer. All three parameters have a significant effect; however, totalized torque has the greatest effect and this can be characterized using a torque rheometer. Both capillary rheological and DSC thermal analysis can be applied to determine the fusion level of a PVC compound. The morphological changes of the various fusion processes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Role of Platinum Deposited on TiO2 in Phenol Photocatalytic Oxidation

Photooxidation of phenol has been studied in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide Hombikat UV100 and Degussa P25 loaded with various amounts of Pt. The rates of phenol decomposition and total carbon removal rose by a maximum factor of 1.5 when Hombikat was loaded with 1 wt % Pt; further increase of Pt deposition did not increase the photoactivity any more. The electron movement across the Pt−anatase junction is discussed, and the positive influence of Pt on phenol oxidation over Hombikat is explained by the increase of charge separation in agglomerates of primary particles. The photocatalytic activity of P25 was higher than that of platinized and pure Hombikat. But loading P25 with Pt resulted in a decrease of phenol decomposition and total carbon removal rates. The decrease of Degussa P25 activity after platinization means that Pt cannot further increase the efficiency of charge separation in this TiO2, whose two-phase composition already provides a very efficient suppression of recombination in liqui...