cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information theoretics for the machine learning detection of functionally conserved and coordinated protein motions

The application of machine learning classification to the molecular dynamics of the functional states of protein allows for application of an information theoretic framework similar to traditional bioinformatics. The functional states of proteins involving binding interactions with partners comprised of protein, DNA or small molecules can first be defined in a binary fashion (i.e. bound vs unbound), subsequently simulated in molecular dynamics software, and then employed as a comparative training set for a binary machine learning classifier capable of discerning the complex dynamical consequences of binding interaction. This learner can subsequently be deployed on new simulations of the functionally bound state to validate its ability to recognize the molecular motions that are supporting binding function. Regions of proteins with functionally conserved dynamics will induce significant local correlations in learning performance across independent validation runs. Through case studies of Rbp subunit 4/7 interaction in RNA Pol II and DNA-protein interactions of TATA binding protein, we demonstrate this method of detecting functionally conserved protein dynamics. We also demonstrate how Shannon information, relative entropy and mutual information can be applied to these binary classification states of dynamic simulations in order to compare dynamics and identify coordinated motions involved in dynamic interactions across sites.
Distribution of Dermatologists in Wisconsin: How Are We Doing in Providing Care to Our Most Vulnerable Communities.

Background The specialty of dermatology has not been affected by initiatives to help recruit physicians rurally, even with the rising demand for dermatology services. The geographic density of dermatologists is distributed unevenly across the nation; however, the distribution has not been analyzed at the state level for Wisconsin. Methods We analyzed geographic distribution information obtained from the American Academy of Dermatology. Results The Southeastern region of Wisconsin has the greatest density of dermatologists, with 6.76 per 100,000 individuals. Northeastern, Southern, Western, and Northern regions follow with ratios of 4.32, 3.97, 3.53, and 3.50, respectively. Discussion Two of the 5 state public health regions are adequately served with a ratio of greater than 4 dermatologists per 100,000 individuals. Wisconsin's regions with the greatest rural counties contain the worst ratios.
A 2D Ultrasonic Transmit Phased Array Based on a 32x32 CMUT Array Flip-Chip Bonded to an ASIC for Neural Stimulation

In this paper, we present a 2D ultrasonic transmit beamformer based on a 32x32 CMUT array flip-chip bonded to a pitch-matched pulser ASIC. The target application of the presented beamformer is a wearable ultrasonic brain stimulator that requires a small form factor with the capability of electronically steering beams in a three-dimensional (3D) space. The aperture size of the array is 8 mm x 8 mm and the natural focus is around 2 cm. The transducer array was driven with 2-MHz-which is the center frequency of the CMUT—continuous square waves generated by the ASIC. We achieved a peak-to-peak pressure of 574 kPa and a 3-dB focal volume of 0.2 mm3 at a depth of 5 mm. We also demonstrated the beam focusing and steering capability of the array in a 3D space.
Homogeneous and isotropic charge densities to accelerate the universe

Various theoretical obstacles are associated with a homogeneous and isotropic distribution of `charge' which is subject to a repulsive, long-range force. We show how these can be overcome, for all practical purposes, by the simple device of endowing the particle which carries the force with a small mass. The resulting situation may be relevant to a phase of cosmological acceleration which is triggered by the approach to masslessness of such a force carrier.
Tobacco Advertising Features That May Contribute to Product Appeal Among US Adolescents and Young Adults

Author(s): Moran, Meghan Bridgid; Heley, Kathryn; Czaplicki, Lauren; Weiger, Caitlin; Strong, David; Pierce, John | Abstract: IntroductionCigarette advertising is a causal agent of smoking uptake among young people. Although prior research links ad receptivity to tobacco product interest and use, little is known regarding the specific advertising tactics associated with increased product appeal among young people.MethodsA national sample of 13-20 year-olds (N = 3688, youth) and 21-24 year-olds (N = 1556, young adults) in the US participated in an online survey in 2017 (mean age 18.1 years). The majority (72.0%) of youth and nearly half (44.8%) of young adults were never smokers. Participants were shown a cigarette ad, randomly assigned from a pool of 50 advertisements, and reported how much they liked the ad, and were curious about and interested in using the advertised product. All 50 advertisements were content analyzed for a variety of features. Data from the survey and content analysis were merged and mixed effects analyses used to identify the features associated with increased liking, curiosity, and interest in using, referred to collectively as product appeal.ResultsPresence of a sweepstakes offer was associated with increased liking, curiosity and interest among youth and curiosity and interest among young adults. Outdoors settings, flora imagery, natural descriptors, and environmental themes were associated with increased appeal. Price reductions (eg, coupons) were associated with decreased appeal among youth.ConclusionsThis study identified several advertising tactics associated with increased appeal among youth and young adults. If additional research confirms these findings, the U.S. Food and Drug Association should consider restricting use of these tactics in tobacco advertising.ImplicationsThis study's findings provide insight into features of cigarette ads that appeal to youth and young adults. Overall, the presence of sweepstakes appealed to youth and young adults and outdoors and environmental themes were particularly appealing to young adults. Such tactics could serve to further brand engagement, improve brand image and lead to initiation or escalation of use. If confirmatory studies further demonstrate the effects of the tactics identified in this study on youth product appeal, U.S. Food and Drug Administration should consider using its authority to restrict the use of youth-appealing tactics.
Marrow Stromal Mesenchymal Stem Cells

The broad definition of a stem cell is a population of cells that has the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into one or more types of specialized terminally differentiated cells. It has become evident that stem cells persist in and can be isolated from many organs postnatally. Stem cells isolated from various sources have been demonstrated to vary in their differentiation capacity or pluripotentiality. Differentiation causes stem cells to adopt the phenotypic, biochemical, and functional properties of more terminally differentiated cells. As such, the newly differentiated cells may replace and/or support cells damaged by disease. Investigators have begun to examine postnatal sources of pluripotent stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and adipose tissue for therapeutic applications. The anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and neurotrophic factors secreted by mesenchymal stem cells have increased interest in developing stem cell-based therapies for many devastating conditions such as myocardial infarction, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This chapter summarizes the origins, isolation, characterization, cell cycle properties, and differentiation potential of bone marrow stromal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
Single-Molecule Activation and Quantification of Mechanically Triggered Palladium–Carbene Bond Dissociation

Metal-complexed N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) mechanophores are latent reactants and catalysts for a range of mechanically driven chemical responses, but mechanochemical scission of the metal-NHC bond has not been experimentally characterized. Here we report the single-molecule force spectroscopy of ligand dissociation from a pincer NHC-pyridine-NHC Pd(II) complex. The force-coupled rate constant for ligand dissociation reaches 50 s-1 at forces of approximately 930 pN. Experimental and computational observations support a dissociative, rather than associative, mechanism of ligand displacement, with rate-limiting scission of the Pd-NHC bond followed by rapid dissociation of the pyridine moiety from Pd.
Modern Money Theory, and Interrelations Between the Treasury and Central Bank: The Case of the United States

One of the main contributions of modern money theory (MMT) has been to explain why monetarily sovereign governments have a very flexible policy space. Not only can they issue their own currency, but also any self-imposed constraint on budgetary operations can be easily bypassed. Through a detailed analysis of the institutions and practices surrounding the fiscal and monetary operations of the Treasury and central banks of several countries, MMT has provided institutional and theoretical insights into the inner workings of economies with monetarily sovereign and non-sovereign governments. In terms of theory, MMT argues that taxes and bond offerings are not best conceptualized as funding sources for the Treasury, but rather as reserve draining devices to maintain price and interest-rate stability. As such, they are necessary even if a government issues its currency to spend. This theoretical conclusion holds even if the Treasury may be required to tax and issue bond to fund itself. Another theoretical conclusion is that merging the central bank and the Treasury in a government sector can be done without loss of generality for monetarily sovereign governments. Separating the two adds complexity without bringing insights. The paper shows that the previous theoretical conclusions of MMT can be illustrated by providing evidence of the interconnectedness of the Treasury and the central bank in the United States.
Neural Coding: Axonal Delays Make Waves

Summary In songbirds, premotor activity is locked to song with millisecond precision. New results suggest that delayed signal propagation along local axons is critical for smooth sequencing. A cross-species analysis hints that such delays may be important in mammals too.
Morphology and gene expression profiling provide complementary information for mapping cell state

Deep profiling of cell states can provide a broad picture of biological changes that occur in disease, mutation, or in response to drug or chemical treatments. Morphological and gene expression profiling, for example, can cost-effectively capture thousands of features in thousands of samples across perturbations, but it is unclear to what extent the two modalities capture overlapping versus complementary mechanistic information. Here, using both the L1000 and Cell Painting assays to profile gene expression and cell morphology, respectively, we perturb A549 lung cancer cells with 1,327 small molecules from the Drug Repurposing Hub across six doses. We determine that the two assays capture some shared and some complementary information in mapping cell state. We find that as compared to L1000, Cell Painting captures a higher proportion of reproducible compounds and has more diverse samples, but measures fewer distinct groups of features. In an unsupervised analysis, Cell Painting grouped more compound mechanisms of action (MOA) whereas in a supervised deep learning analysis, L1000 predicted more MOAs. In general, the two assays together provide a complementary view of drug mechanisms for follow up analyses. Our analyses answer fundamental biological questions comparing the two biological modalities and, given the numerous applications of profiling in biology, provide guidance for planning experiments that profile cells for detecting distinct cell types, disease phenotypes, and response to chemical or genetic perturbations.
Die anthropologischen Grundlagen der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft und der Sozialpartnerschaft – unter besonderer Berücksichtigung neuerer Forschungsergebnisse (The Anthropological Foundations of Social Market Economy and Social Partnership)

German Abstract: Im Mittelpunkt des Gutachtens stehen die anthropologischen Grundlagen, das wirtschaftsethische Fundament und das Menschenbild der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft. Die Leitlinien des Wittenberg-Prozesses der Chemie-Sozialpartner dienen dabei als argumentative Grundstruktur. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, aufzuzeigen, dass die CSSA und der Wittenberg-Prozess auf den normativen und wirtschaftsethischen Pramissen der (originaren) Sozialen Marktwirtschaft ruhen und die Sozialpartnerschaft der chemischen Industrie ein wichtiger Baustein ist auf dem Weg hin zu einer Neubegrundung und Renaissance der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft vor dem Hintergrund der Globalisierung. Folgende Hypothesen sollen dabei eingehender untersucht werden: 1. Fundamental fur die Wirtschaftsethik der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft ist die Unterscheidung von Individual, Unternehmens-und Ordnungsethik. 2. Das Freiheitsverstandnis der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft enthalt sowohl negative (im Sinne der Abwesenheit von Willkur und Zwang) als auch positive Momente (im Sinne von rationaler Selbstbestimmung und kantischer Autonomie). Daruber hinaus inkorporiert es die aus der Konstitutionenokonomik bekannten Prinzipien der Diskriminierungs und Privilegienfreiheit. 3. Das Gerechtigkeitsverstandnis der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft ist synkretistisch und eklektisch; es verbindet kommutative mit distributiven Gerechtigkeitselementen. 4. Der Homo oeconomicus ist kein(!) Bestandteil der Wirtschaftsethik der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft. Diese weist vielmehr Parallelen zur Heuristik der Kulturellen Okonomik – dem sogenannten Homo culturalis – auf. 5. Eine bedeutende Funktion innerhalb der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft kommt der Sozialpartnerschaft zu. Diese leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Starkung der soziookonomischen Teilhabe und Inklusion auf der unternehmensethischen Ebene.English Abstract: The paper analyses the anthropological and economic-ethical foundations of German Social Market Economy. In particular, it deals with the respective ideas of man, liberty and justice as well as with the distinctions between individual ethics and regulatory ethics respectively Homo oeconomicus and Homo culturalis. The paper also tries to update the traditional concept of the Social Market Economy and combines it with the notion of 'Social Partnership'.
Determination of Temperature and Concentration Profiles Using (a Limited Number of) Absorption Measurements

Abstract Various methods for computing the inverse of Abel's integral equation, the underlying problem in the retrieval of temperature and concentration profiles from absorption measurements for axisymmetric spatially in homogeneous flows, have been reviewed. A nonlinear inversion method based on functional representation by cubic splines has been developed with a view to minimize the number of measurements required. Factors affecting this number, such as the choice of absorption frequencies and the phenomenon of error magnification inherent in the inversion process, have been studied. The efficacy of this inversion method has been demonstrated using absorption data synthetically generated from (previously reported) typical experimentally observed temperature and concentration profiles. The effect of pseudo-measurement error on the retrieval accuracy has been studied and the inversion method has been refined to limit error magnification in the solution process. The associated problem of low signal to nois...
Petrodollars and the State: The failure of state capitalist development in Venezuela

(1983). Petrodollars and the State: The failure of state capitalist development in Venezuela. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 7-27.
The challenging ultrasound diagnosis of perforated appendicitis in children: constellations of sonographic findings improve specificity.

Background Rapid and accurate diagnosis of appendicitis, particularly with respect to the presence or absence of perforation, is essential in guiding appropriate management. Although many studies have explored sonographic findings associated with acute appendicitis, few investigations discuss specific signs that can reliably differentiate perforated appendicitis from acute appendicitis prior to abscess formation.
Studies on the essential fatty acid requirement of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to characterize essential fatty acid deficiency in fingerling channel catfish and determine the qualitative requirement of channel catfish for essential fatty acids. Supplementation of 1% ethyl linoleate, 1% ethyl linolenate or 1% ethyl linoleate plus 1% ethyl linolenate to tristearin or ethyl oleate based diets (5% total lipid) did not improve the growth rate of catfish to the level obtained by feeding a 2.5% corn oil plus 2.5% cod liver oil diet during a 12-week study. Fish fed the lipid-free diet or the tristearin or ethyl oleate diets had a higher level of eicosatrienoic acid in their liver polar lipids. The growth rate of catfish was effectively improved by supplementation of 1% n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids to a tristearin based diet (5% total lipid). These data do not indicate whether linoleic and/or linolenic acid are essential for the catfish; the n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids appear to be responsible for the enhanced growth.
Demonstration of probabilistic-based durability analysis method for metallic airframes

Two different variations of a probabilistic-based durability analysis method are demonstrated and evaluated for countersunk fastener holes in the lower wing skin (7475-T7351 aluminum) of a fighter aircraft. The initial fatigue quality of the fastener holes is represented by an equivalent initial flaw size (EIFS) distribution/Probability of crack exceedance predictions at any service time are based on an EIFS distribution and two different service crack growth approaches. The service crack growth is divided into two segments. Segment 1 covers the small crack size region (e.g., 1.27 mm). Approach I treats the service crack growth as deterministic for both segments. In approach II, the service crack growth is treated as deterministic in segment 1 and stochastic in segment 2. Analytical predictions for the extent of damage (i.e., number of fastener holes exceeding specified sizes), based on approaches I and II, are compared and correlated with experimental results. Good correlations are obtained for both approaches. Approach II was found to be more conservative than approach I. Nomenclature #0 = reference crack size 0 (0) = EIFS at time t = 0 a(t) = crack size at time t AL, AU = lower and upper bound crack sizes, respectively, defining the range of fractographic data used for determining EIFS b\,b2 - crack-growth-rate exponents for crack growth segments 1 and 2, respectively (b\-bi=\\ used herein) fx(u) = probability density function of the lognormal random variable X
Correlation of Elevated Troponin and Echocardiography in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: Previous research has revealed a higher prevalence of elevated cardiac troponin Tor I levels amongst patients admitted with stroke, which has been associated with increased cardiovascular events, higher mortality rates, and poor inpatient prognosis. Because cardiac comorbidities account for almost 20% of deaths after ischemic stroke, it is important to understand the relationship between troponin elevation, cardiac events, and acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods: We evaluated 137 consecutive patients $18 years of age who presented within 48 hours of AIS onset. All patients had laboratory markers drawn on admission, including troponin and brain natriuretic peptide, along with transthoracic echocardiogram with Doppler. The mean age of our study population was 71.7 6 14.6 years. Results: Twenty-four of 137 patients (17.5%) had a positive troponin level. Sixteen of24 (67%) patients with a positive troponin level had a new wall motion abnormality on echocardiogram that was suggestive of unstable atherosclerotic disease. On statistical analysis, we found a significant association between troponin and brain natriuretic peptide elevation with positive segmental wall motion abnormality on echocardiogram. Conclusions: These study findings represent a new paradigm of interpreting
Beyond the Third World: imperial globality, global coloniality and anti-globalisation social movements

The increasing realisation that there are modern problems for which there are no modern solutions points towards the need to move beyond the paradigm of modernity and, hence, beyond the Third World. Imagining after the Third World takes place against the backdrop of two major processes: first, the rise of a new US-based form of imperial globality, an economic–military– ideological order that subordinates regions, peoples and economies world-wide. Imperial globality has its underside in what could be called, following a group of Latin American researchers, global coloniality, meaning by this the heightened marginalisation and suppression of the knowledge and culture of subaltern groups. The second social process is the emergence of self-organising social movement networks, which operate under a new logic, fostering forms of counter-hegemonic globalisation. It is argued that, to the extent that they engage with the politics of difference, particularly through place-based yet transnationalised political stra...
Thermodynamic properties and phase diagram of the graphite-diamond-liquid carbon system

Abstract We review work performed on a three-phase theoretical carbon equation of state. The algorithm has been used, with good success, in a chemical equilibrium code of mixtures (of solids, liquids, and gasses), in which the gas phase is modeled by a statistical mechanical theory of mixtures. We use simple Gruneisen models for the solid phases and compute the corresponding liquid phases with a “scaling” theory. A modified Lindemann model is used in the scaling theory to predict melting properties. The liquid carbon consists of a mixture of expanded graphitic and diamond-like forms. Terms that describe the electronic energy change of the liquid have been estimated with the INFERNO code. Both experimental and theoretical work has been used to determine the best equation of state parameters. The resulting model yields a phase diagram consistent with all known mutually consistent data. Significant uncertainties still exist in the melting data.
Photo-crosslinked copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) tetra-acrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate for improving biocompatibility of biosensors

A copolymer containing 88% 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 9% poly(ethylene glycol) (MW 18.5 kDa) tetra-acrylate and 3% ethylene dimethacrylate was prepared and evaluated for use as a biocompatible interface between glucose biosensors and tissue in the rat. The glucose sensor utilizes glucose oxidase that is electrically 'wired' to a gold current collector by a reduction-oxidation polymer. Coatings of the copolymer were crosslinked in situ on the sensors using long wavelength ultraviolet light and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone as the initiator. The effect these films had on the current response to glucose was measured. Over a glucose concentration range of 0-30 mM, the average percentage decrease in response was 45 +/- 28% (mean +/- 95% confidence interval) at 37 degrees C for films that were about 0.1 mm thick, an acceptable value. Copolymer-treated and control electrodes were implanted in the intrascapular subcutaneous tissue of male Sprague-Dawley rats for three days. The explanted samples were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The control electrodes were highly encapsulated with fibrous material, while the copolymer-treated electrodes induced much less encapsulation. The results show this copolymer to be a candidate as a biocompatible coating for electrically wired oxidoreductase-based subcutaneous biosensors.
Application of dithianylidene anions to the synthesis of de-ab-8-carbomethoxycholestan-9-one: a steroid and vitamin D synthon

Abstract The lithium anion of 2-(1-E-propenyl)-1,3-dithiane adds to 2-methyl cyclopent-2-en-1-one and produces, after alkylation, a useful steroid and vitamin D intermediate. The synthesis of de-AB-8-carbomethoxycholestan-9-one is detailed.
The Monty Hall Matrix

A general procedure for solving the ‘Monty Hall problem’ is demonstrated using probability matrices, and an n-dimensional extension is presented.
Differential phospholipase C activation by phenylalkylamine serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists

Experiments compared a series of phenethylamine hallucinogens with their phenylisopropylamine analogues for binding affinity and ability to stimulate serotonin 5-HT2A receptor-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol in cells expressing cloned rat and human 5-HT2A receptors. The (±)phenylisopropylamine analogues had significantly higher intrinsic activities for 5-HT2A receptor-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol compared to their phenethylamine analogues. With respect to the effects of the stereochemistry of the phenylisopropylamines, those with the (R) absolute configuration at the alpha carbon had higher intrinsic activities for hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol in a cell line expressing the human 5-HT2A receptor compared to those with the (S) absolute configuration. In virtual docking studies comparing the (R)- and (S)-phenylisopropylamines with their phenethylamine analogues, there were distinct differences in the orientations of key ligand binding domain residues that have been identified as important by previous mutagenesis studies. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that phenylisopropylamines have higher hallucinogenic potency than their phenethylamine analogues primarily because they have higher intrinsic activities at 5-HT2A receptors. Although virtual ligand binding led to significant perturbations of certain key residues, our results emphasize the conclusion reached by others that overall three-dimensional structural microdomains within the receptor must be considered.
Statistical analysis and graphical representation of the temporal and distributive properties of urodynamic data

A collection of programs are described to analyze and display urodynamic data on a digital plotter. Utilizing a small programmable calculator, routines have been written to characterize the temporal and distributive properties of experimentally observed ureteral peristalses and associated urine output. The encoding pricipals used are designed to optimally use limited calculator memory.
EUS-guided botulinum toxin injection of the internal anal sphincter in anorectal outlet obstruction.

EUS-Guided Botulinum Toxin Injection of the Internal Anal Sphincter in Anorectal Outlet Obstruction
Generation of ADA and PL/1 prototypes from abstract data type specifications

Abstract A software system prototype is an operational model that exhibits the behavioral and structural characteristics of the desired software product. We describe a prototyping system that automatically generates compilable prototypes by transforming an abstract data type specification into a program. The prototyping system consists of two versions: a compiler on MULTICS that generates PL/1 code, and a compiler on UNIX that generates ADA code. The proposed approach allows the specification developer to investigate the behavior of the specifications and define implementation models.
The role of coleoptile on barban sensitivity between wild oat and wheat

Abstract Differential sensitivity of wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) to barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl- m -chlorocarbanilate) was highest when barban was applied to the coleoptile. The coleoptile acts as a physical and physiological barrier to reduce the concentration of free barban in the stem section where the sensitive meristematic sites are located. Metabolism of barban was higher in the coleoptile of tolerant wheat than in that of susceptible wild oat. Free barban concentration was higher in the stem of wild oat than in the stem of wheat after 24 hr, but after 48 hr, concentrations were similar. The coleoptile appears to enhance the differential sensitivity to barban between wild oat and wheat.
Locoregional Outcomes of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Patients Treated With Standard Fractionation Radiation and Daily Skin Bolus in the Taxane Era

Purpose To assess locoregional outcomes of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) patients who received standard fractionation radiation with daily skin bolus and taxanes as part of combined-modality therapy (CMT). Methods and materials We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 107 patients diagnosed with IBC between January 1995 and March 2006 who presented to our department for adjuvant radiation therapy (RT). Results All patients received chemotherapy (95% anthracycline and 95% taxane), modified radical mastectomy, and RT to the chest wall and regional lymphatics using standard fractionation to 50 Gy and daily skin bolus. The RT to the chest wall was delivered via electrons (55%) or photons (45%) in daily fractions of 180 cGy (73%) or 200 cGy (27%). Scar boost was performed in 11%. A majority (84%) of patients completed the prescribed treatment. Median follow-up was 47 months (range, 10-134 months). Locoregional control (LRC) at 3 years and 5 years was 90% and 87%, respectively. Distant metastases-free survival (DMFS) at 3 years and 5 years was 61% and 47%, respectively. Conclusions Excellent locoregional control was observed in this population of IBC patients who received standard fractionation radiation with daily skin bolus and taxanes as part of combined-modality therapy. Distant metastases-free survival remains a significant therapeutic challenge.
Effects of preinjected helium in heavy-ion irradiated nickel and nickel-copper alloys

Pure nickel and two nickel-copper alloys (Ni-10 at. pct Cu and Ni-50 at. pct Cu) containing 50 appm preinjected helium have been irradiated with 14 MeV nickel ions at a constant homologous temperature of 0.45T m to 3 to 5 dpa at a depth of 1 μm from the surface. The radiationinduced lattice defects have been analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with samples prepared in cross section. In the helium preinjected region of the pure nickel specimen, a substantial density of voids with an average diameter of 35 nm was observed. The nickelcopper alloys were found to contain only a high density of small helium bubbles (under 5 nm in diameter) and dislocation loops. The density of both dislocation loops and helium bubbles increases with increasing copper content, while the size decreases. The observed resistance of the nickel-copper alloys to void formation regardless of the presence of helium bubbles is considered to be the result of local clustering of like atoms which generates a high density of traps, and, thereby, disperses vacancies and gas atoms.
‘Making do’: Teachers' coping strategies for dealing with textbook shortages in urban Zambia

Abstract Textbooks are a critical component of quality education in developing countries. This article investigates textbook availability and teachers' coping strategies in the face of poor textbook access in Zambia. Driven by change theory, the study concludes that teachers' educational beliefs, teaching approaches and use of alternative materials together determine the strategies used to handle shortages. Teachers need more textbooks, but there is little indication that provision will improve in the near future. We therefore argue for the integration of some of the positive teacher-developed adaptations into teacher training programs, with the goal of improving outcomes in the near term.
A laboratory study of high chromium alloy wear in phosphate grinding mill

Abstract Grinding mills are commonly used in the Florida phosphate industry to reduce particle size. The corrosion of metallic grinding media and mill liner is a very serious problem, particularly under acidic conditions as encountered in the Florida phosphate fertilizer industry. A statistical Box–Behnken Design (BBD) of experiments was performed to evaluate the effects of individual operating variables and their interactions on the wear rate of high chromium alloy during phosphate grinding. The variables examined in this study included grinding time, solution pH, rotation speed, mill crop load, and solids percentage. The wear tests were conducted using a specially designed grinding mill whose electrochemical potential can be controlled. The most significant variables and optimum conditions were identified from statistical analysis of the experimental results using response surface methodology (RSM). It has been shown that solution pH had the most significant effect on the wear rate. The optimum process parameters for minimum wear rate were solution pH at 8.7, rotation speed at 61 rpm, solid percentage at 65% and crop load at 58%.
Caffeine enhancement of digestion of DNA by nuclease S1.

Abstract The activity of Aspergillus orzae nuclease S 1 on DNA has been investigated under varying pH and metal ion conditions. Nuclease S 1 was found to preferentially digest denatured DNA. With native DNA as substrate the enzyme could only digest the DNa when caffeine was added to the reaction mixture. The enzyme was more active in sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5), than in either standard saline citrate (pH 7.0) or sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Caffeine was also found to affect the thermal stability of DNA, resulting in a melting profile characterized by two transitions. The first transition (poorly defined) was below the normal melting temperature of the DNA, while the next transition was at the normal melting temperature of the DNA. The susceptibity of caffeine-treated DNA to nuclease digestion seems to be a result of the local unwinding that caffeine causes in the regions of DNA that melt in the first transition. This selective destabilization presumably sensitizes the unwound regions to nuclease hydrolysis. The hydrolysates of the DNA digested by nuclease S 1 were subjected first to ion exchange chromatography followed by paper chromatography. The results from this partial characterization of the digestion products showed that they contain mononucleotides as well as oligonucleotides of varying lengths. The base composition of the mononucleotide digests suggests that caffeine has greater preference for interacting with AT base-pairs in DNA.
Managing environmental impacts of fishing : input controls versus outcome-oriented approaches

Fishery management has focused primarily on limiting the total catch of key target species to sustainable levels, but fishery managers and the public are becoming increasingly concerned with environmental impacts of fishing such as damage to habitat and bycatch of non-target species, particularly marine mammals and seabirds. There are two main approaches to managing environmental impacts of fishing. The first is to prohibit or prescribe use of particular fishing gears and methods in particular areas either year-round or at specific times. The primary alternative is an outcome-oriented approach under which the environmental impacts are regulated directly, either by setting and monitoring limits on impacts by individuals or groups or by taxing impacts. This paper explores the factors that determine relative effectiveness and efficiency of input versus outcome-oriented approaches to managing environmental impacts of fishing. This paper highlights the role of technology in determining the preferable regulatory methods.
All in the Family Family-Based Behavioral Treatment of Child Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder Within the Context of Marital and Family Discord

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is common in children with rates of 1% to 4% in children and adolescents. A prominent first-line treatment for pediatric OCD is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) using exposure and response prevention (ERP). However, it has also been suggested that family therapy be used as an adjunct treatment in pediatric OCD cases, as family members often accommodate or contribute to the maintenance of OCD symptoms. The following case study reviews the successful treatment of a 7-year-old with comorbid OCD and oppositional defiant disorder, in which traditional CBT and ERP for OCD was integrated with family-based approaches utilizing a family systems theory framework.
Fast display of well-tesselated surfaces

Abstract Well-tesselated surfaces are piecewise planar functions on the sphere. Their planar faces are triangles which must meet a local geometric constraint. The faces may have arbitrary properties of transparency or reflectivity. These surfaces admit of simple hidden-line and -surface algorithms. In a raster graphics environment, the algorithms yield a priority ordering for painting entire faces. This order depends only upon the 3-D directions of face vertices as seen from the origin, and is independent of the radial position of vertices. Hence the order is independent of the actual function realized by the surface. Since perspective distortion and an approximate version of object rotation may both be accomplished by changing only radial vertex positions, these useful transformations may be visualized without resorting. Specific methods for creating well-tesselated surfaces are given, and general constraints defining them are stated. An efficient hidden surface/line algorithm is presented, with a simpler method for the case of opaque faced polyhedra. Proofs of correctness are provided.
Process and characteristics for a surimi-like material made from beef or pork

Beef or pork was chopped, screened, and washed; water was removed by centrifugation to make surimi-like, water-washed beef or pork. Processing parameters were evaluated to develop the optimum processing techniques to yield the most functional material. Regardless of fat content in the starting material, water-washed beef or pork contained <1% fat. Water-washed muscle was lighter (reduced redness and yellowness) than the original starting material but had more color than fish surimi. Washed beef or pork formed gels with greater hardness than commercial fish surimi above 55°C after heating at 0.5°C/min. Salt soluble protein of water-washed beef or pork was higher than that of commercial fish surimi.
Effects of the group's knowledge of member satisfaction upon group performance

Five-person groups were run in each of three satisfaction feedback conditions: no feedback, overt feedback and covert feedback. In the overt condition all Ss publicly signalled their satisfaction to the group whereas in the covert condition satisfaction was signalled anonymously. Performance was best in covert, next best in overt, and poorest in the no feedback condition. Results were interpreted in terms of validity of feedback.
Dose-dependent induction of the microsomal monooxygenase system by phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene in the ad libitum and calorie-restricted female rat

1. We characterized the dose-dependent induction of the microsomal monooxygenase system by phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) in the female Fischer 344 rat, which was either calorie restricted (CR) or fed ad libitum (AL).2. Maximal induction of the major inducible isozymes (2B1/2B2 or 1A1) in rat was achieved at the lowest of the inducer doses employed (10mg/kg body weight) in both feeding groups.3. The patterns of dose-dependent PB induction and its magnitude differed between total P450 induction and induction of catalytic activities in AL and CR groups, whereas no differences between CR and AL rat were found in either spectrally detected P450 or EROD activity patterns of dose-dependent MC induction.4. Calorie restriction increased the inducibility of some hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activities.5. Monoclonal antibody-directed inhibition of MC-induced ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) was 55–60% at all induction levels in AL rat and 65–70% in CR rat, while MAb inhibition of PB-induc...
Looking into Cyberspace

Spatializing International Relations: Analysing Activism on the Internet. By Jayne Rodgers. New York: Routledge, 2003. 184 pp., $80.00 (ISBN: 0-415-25592-9). Theories of international relations are overwhelmingly based on territorialized accounts of geographical space. Even if individual states are not viewed as self-sufficient actors, they are still seen as territorial entities embedded in a hierarchy of nested territorial spaces, with power moving up and down the hierarchy from suprastate entities (such as alliances and customs unions) to local administrative units (such as municipalities and regions). What has generally been lacking is theoretical attention to alternative ways of spatializing power—beyond the territorial field-of-forces model that has long dominated the field. Various such alternatives exist—such as spatial network, ensemble-of-worlds, and world society models (see, for example, Agnew 2002). Moreover, the need for alternative models has become all the more urgent with the increased perception of the importance of economic, political, and cultural transactions that take place through space-spanning networks that cross state boundaries and that can no longer be easily restricted by states. Spatializing International Relations by Jayne Rodgers reviews some of the new ways in which scholars from a range of disciplines (predominantly geography, anthropology, and feminist political theory) have tried to “spatialize” our understanding of international relations. It does so in two ways. First, two chapters describe, respectively, the spatial theories of international relations and analogous theories drawn from feminist political theory. Second, Rodgers undertakes a sustained empirical examination of the politics of Internet political activism across five chapters, using the spatial theory of the French Marxist philosopher Henri Lefebvre as a rough-and-ready theoretical template. Rodgers's key contention is that “the Internet does not fit neatly … into …
The art and the science of British algebra: A study in the perception of mathematical truth

Abstract This paper investigates the origins of the concept of mathematical truth by focusing on the development of algebra in England in the early 19th century. In particular, it investigates the reasons why the English, despite their attention to the elements of abstract algebra, never produced a system comparable to modern algebra. Special consideration is given to the works of George Peacock, Augustus DeMorgan, William Whewell, and John Herschel. It is argued that what separated the early development of English algebra from modern algebra is a fundamental difference between 19th- and 20th-century views of truth.
The effect of antipsychotic drugs on driving and driving related psychomotor functions

Despite the extremely widespread use of antipsychotic medications, there is little evidence from the surveys conducted to date, that this class of psychoactive medications is significantly implicated in vehicular crashes or deaths. In five major surveys of vehicular fatalities, in which drug and alcohol analyses were obtained, only two of over 800 victims studied involved detection of antipsychotic medications. It is clear that the acute administration of antipsychotics in normal individuals does induce sedation and performance decrements in visual-motor coordination and specific attentional behaviors, which have a deleterious effect on driving behavior. On the other hand, it should be emphasized that antipsychotics are rarely used on an acute basis and tolerance to the sedation and decreased alertness does occur during chronic treatment. Antipsychotic drugs have the capacity to potentiate the effects of alcohol, sedative hypnotics, narcotics and antihistamines; therefore, the combination of antipsychotics with these substances increases the impairment of driving behavior. There is an indication that the less sedating piperazine phenothiazines and the butyrophenones may have little or no effect on psychomotor performance, and antipsychotic drugs of these two subclasses may have a distinct advantage, at least in terms of driving performance, over the other more sedating drugs. Antipsychotic drugs are almost never used for recreational or abuse purposes; therefore, more central to the focus of this review is the effect that antipsychotics may have on the driving behavior of those seriously disordered mentally ill patients who require continued maintenance on these medications. There is good agreement in the literature which suggests that schizophrenic patients demonstrate improved psychomotor performance during chronic treatment with antipsychotic drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROGRAMS IN THE UNIVERSITY

The systems engineer is the integrator in the process of design and manufacturing of products and services. The wealth generated by the manufacturing systems operating within a society is directly related to the quality of life. It is essential that the infrastructure underlying the wealth generating systems be capable of meeting the demands of our entire society. We are in an era of accelerating change. The education and training of future work forces, as well as the retraining of the present workers, must include interdisciplinary programs producing engineers capable of imparting knowledge integrated from a holistic view, and applying a systems approach to practical solutions. Students of such programs should be a mix of young graduate engineers in classes with seasoned industry experienced engineers sent by their companies for reeducation. Teamwork projects for this diverse group can prepare engineers to think in terms of the principle of concurrent engineering, and for work on project teams which gain strength through the combined talents of the group. Industrial leaders are actively changing traditional hierarchical management styles, and supporting retraining efforts. Meantime, academia must embrace interdisciplinary programs that teach engineering, manufacturing and business concurrently. This approach differs from traditional departmental programs which often focus on specific research. By industry and academia working together the ability to adapt to change will be taught; for change is inevitable and necessary for the future quality of life for our global society.
Impact of Market-Oriented Policies on China's International Tourism and Regional Economic Development

Abstract China's international tourism industry has expanded rapidly since its market-oriented economic reform started in 1978. This paper examines the national trends of China's international tourism since 1982, and analyzes its impacts on regional disparities as well as economic development since 1995. While the trend analysis suggests that China's international tourism is likely to keep growing at a significant rate, the analysis of the regional disparities based on Gini coefficient indicates that the regional inequality in the number of international tourists and income has been going down since 1995. Findings from this study suggest that China's new marketing strategies have stimulated the growth in international tourism, and the international tourism has made an increasing contribution to its economic growth and business development at the regional level.