cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
5α-Cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol-15-one. In vivo conversion to cholesterol upon oral administration to a nonhuman primate

The metabolism of 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol-15-one (I), a potent inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis with marked hypocholesteremic activity, has been studied in a nonhuman primate. A mixture of (2,4-/sup 3/H)-I and (4-/sup 14/C)-cholesterol was administered to a male baboon in the form of a feedball. Blood was samples at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 hr. Detailed analyses of the plasma lipids indicated very rapid absorption of I (relative to cholesterol) and metabolism to cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, and esters of I. The labeled cholesterol was characterized by chromatographic techniques and by purification by way of its dibromide derivative. The levels of /sup 3/H in plasma associated with I, esters of I, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters each showed a different time course. By 24 hr after the administration of (2,4-/sup 3/H)-I, most of the /sup 3/H in plasma was associated with cholesterol and cholesteryl esters. The levels of total /sup 3/H and /sup 14/C in plasma at various times after the administration of the mixture of (2,4-/sup 3/H)-I and (4-/sup 14/C)-cholesterol differed markedly with /sup 3/H showing a maximum value at 4 hr and /sup 14/C showing a maximum value at 24 hr.
Information and Knowledge, Organizational

Information is data that have meaning. In organizational contexts, meaning derives from sense-making frameworks that reflect organizations’ properties, including communication within and between organizations. Organizations transmit different messages internally than externally.
The Cerebellum and Adaptive Control: Anatomy and Physiology of the Cerebellar Cortex

There has been a successful analysis of the neuronal interactions in the cerebellar cortex (Eccles 1973), but this does not help to any appreciable extent in the attempt to develop an understanding of the mode of operation of the cerebellum in the control of movement. At the best it can form the basis for building models. (Eccles 1977b) In view of the limited scope of this book and the correspondingly limited treatments of cerebellar anatomy and physiology, the following books and papers may be cited as supplementary sources: Brodal (1981); Brodal (1998); Eccles (1973, 1977b); Gilman, Bloedel, and Lechtenberg (1981); Ito (1984); Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessell (1991); Lechtenberg (1981); and Rothwell (1994). The anatomical aspects of this chapter are based primarily on Brodal (1981); Eccles, Ito, and Szentagothai (1967); Ghez (1991); Ito (1984); Paley and Chan-Palay (1974); Palkovits, Magyar, and Szentagothai (1972); Parent (1996); and Ramon y Cajal (1995), supplemented in many instances from more recent publications. A synopsis of cerebellar anatomy appears in Voogd and Glickstein (1998). Further aspects of cerebellar system anatomy that are particularly relevant to the topic of adaptive control are considered in subsequent chapters: the mossy fibers (Chapter 4), the climbing fibers and their source, the inferior olive (Chapter 5), and the cerebellar nuclei and their efferent pathways (Chapter 6).
Karma and Ayurveda

Belief in the role of Karma explains a variety of Phenomena in India. For a traditional medical system such as Ayurveda, the conflict between simultaneously held beliefs in fatalism and the efficacy of medical interventions poses an interesting dilemma that the tradition has taken pains to consider. Caraka Samhita discusses the role of karma as a determinant of the qualities and personality of the individual, lifespan, etiology of illness, and otherwise personality of the individual, lifespan, etiology of illness, and otherwise incomprehensible epidemics. Such speculations produce practical solutions to the dilemma, and these solutions in turn enhance the medical doctrine.
Assessing proximal risks for acute traumatic events: the case-crossover design

When assessing risk factors for injuries, one can focus on trait-like factors (e.g., static or time-independent characteristics of the individual, agent or environment) or on state-like factors (e....
Ribosome Hibernation Facilitates Tolerance of Stationary-Phase Bacteria to Aminoglycosides

Upon entry into stationary phase, bacteria dimerize 70S ribosomes into translationally inactive 100S particles by a process called ribosome hibernation. Previously, we reported that the hibernation-promoting factor (HPF) of Listeria monocytogenes is required for 100S particle formation and facilitates adaptation to a number of stresses. Here, we demonstrate that HPF is required for the high tolerance of stationary-phase cultures to aminoglycosides but not to beta-lactam or quinolone antibiotics. The sensitivity of a Δhpf mutant to gentamicin was suppressed by the bacteriostatic antibiotics chloramphenicol and rifampin, which inhibit translation and transcription, respectively. Disruption of the proton motive force by the ionophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone or mutation of genes involved in respiration also suppressed the sensitivity of the Δhpf mutant. Accordingly, Δhpf mutants had aberrantly high levels of ATP and reducing equivalents during prolonged stationary phase. Analysis of bacterial uptake of fluorescently labeled gentamicin demonstrated that the Δhpf mutant harbored increased intracellular levels of the drug. Finally, deletion of the main ribosome hibernation factor of Escherichia coli, ribosome modulation factor (rmf), rendered these bacteria susceptible to gentamicin. Taken together, these data suggest that HPF-mediated ribosome hibernation results in repression of the metabolic activity that underlies aminoglycoside tolerance. HPF is conserved in nearly every bacterial pathogen, and the role of ribosome hibernation in antibiotic tolerance may have clinical implications.
Brain orexin promotes obesity resistance

Resistance to obesity is becoming an exception rather than the norm, and understanding mechanisms that lead some to remain lean in spite of an obesigenic environment is critical if we are to find new ways to reverse this trend. Levels of energy intake and physical activity both contribute to body weight management, but it is challenging for most to adopt major long-term changes in either factor. Physical activity outside of formal exercise, also referred to as activity of daily living, and in stricter form, spontaneous physical activity (SPA), may be an attractive modifiable variable for obesity prevention. In this review, we discuss individual variability in SPA and NEAT (nonexercise thermogenesis, or the energy expended by SPA) and its relationship to obesity resistance. The hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin (hypocretin) may play a key role in regulating SPA and NEAT. We discuss how elevated orexin signaling capacity, in the context of a brain network modulating SPA, may play a major role in defining individual variability in SPA and NEAT. Greater activation of this SPA network leads to a lower propensity for fat mass gain and therefore may be an attractive target for obesity prevention and therapy.
The radial capillary

Abstract The radial capillary model, which describes radial penetration of a liquid between two flat plates, is developed and analyzed. This model is useful in studying the effect of the radial motion of a liquid which penetrates a thin porous medium on the kinetics of the process. A thermodynamic analysis reveals that the radial capillary has to be primed before spontaneous penetration can proceed. A differential equation for the kinetics of penetration is developed, and an approximate analytical solution is presented for the case of an infinite liquid reservoir. For this case it is found that the rate of penetration into the radial capillary is slower than that into either a cylindrical capillary or a unidirectional flat plate capillary. The rate of penetration of a drop increases as the size of the drop decreases. Two limiting cases are presented with respect to hysteresis of the contact angle which the drop makes with the outside surface of the plate: (a) no hystereis and (b) constant basal radius. It is shown that hysteresis counteracts the effect of the finite drop size for very small drops. Capillary penetration is shown to be possible for contact angles higher than 90° when the drop is sufficiently small and when hysteresis is not dominant.
Aging-Related Cocontraction Effects During Ankle Strategy Balance Recovery Following Tether Release in Women

Increased antagonistic muscle activation during balance recovery has been documented during proprioceptive reliant responses in older adults. The authors examined ankle muscle cocontraction levels in young and older adults during balance recovery from a tether-release-induced, vestibular-input-reliant perturbation. Nine healthy young adult and 9 older women without history of falls performed maximum isometric plantar flexion and dorsiflexion trials followed by balance recovery trials using the ankle strategy. Surface electromyography data normalized to isometric conditions were analyzed during the 100 ms prior to release, the 50 ms immediately after release, and the 100-ms epochs from 100-400 ms following release. No differences existed in gastrocnemius and soleus activity levels (p > .05), though antagonistic tibialis anterior activity was greater in the older adults during the 300-400 ms epoch (young: 23.5 ± 5.8%, older: 38.7 ± 9.4%; p = .001). Vestibular-dominated perturbations may increase antagonistic activity during the recovery phase in older adults, inhibiting efficient balance recovery during proprioceptive and vestibular reliant perturbations.
Quantitative Determination of Dextromethorphan and Three Metabolites in Urine by Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the quantitation of dextromethorphan (I) and its three metabolites, dextrorphan (II), 3-hydroxy-9 alpha,13 alpha,14 alpha-morphinan (III), and 3-methoxy-9 alpha,13 alpha,14 alpha-morphinan (IV), in urine was developed. For the analysis of nonconjugated compounds, urine samples at pH 11-11.5, containing 3-methoxy-17-methyl-10-oxo-9 alpha,13 alpha,14 alpha-morphinan as an internal standard, were applied to an extraction column, and the compounds were eluted with 10% n-butyl alcohol-hexane. The organic eluant was extracted with 0.1 M HCl, and an aliquot of the acidic extract was analyzed by HPLC utilizing a 5-micron phenyl column (25 X 0.46-cm i.d.) with a mobile phase of 10 mM potassium phosphate-acetonitrile (45:55, pH 4.0); the column effluent was monitored by UV detection at 280 nm. Free and conjugated metabolites in the enzyme-treated urine were analyzed by selective extraction of I and IV with hexane from urine samples at pH greater than 12 and extraction of II and III with 10% n-butyl alcohol-hexane from urine samples at pH 11-11.5. The minimum quantifiable levels of I-IV ranged from 0.017 to 0.09 micrograms of base/mL and from 0.11 to 0.21 micrograms of base/mL in nonhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed urine, respectively.
Analysis of a Set of Failed Accelerated Life Test DMA Bearings

The DESPIN MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY (DMA) is that mechanism by which satellite antenna platforms are despun with respect to the remainder of the vehicle in order to permit data transfer as well as navigational command and control. A major component of this assembly is a set of DMA bearings. Because of the extended duration of most satellite missions, the DMA itself as well as the individual components undergo rigorous life and accelerated life testing. On occasion, a test article fails to meet the desired or anticipated performance level. This paper describes the analysis of a set of specially fabricated DMA type bearings which experienced such a failure during an accelerated life test. Physical, chemical and pictorial evidence is presented to support the postulated cause of failure. Presented at the 33rd Annual Meeting in Dearborn, Michigan, April 17–20, 1978
Single-Channel Multitalker Speech Recognition

We have described some of the problems with modeling mixed acoustic signals in the log spectral domain using graphical models, as well as some current approaches to handling these problems for multitalker speech separation and recognition. We have also reviewed methods for inference on FHMMs (factorial hidden Markov model) and methods for handling the nonlinear interaction function in the log spectral domain. These methods are capable of separating and recognizing speech better than human listeners on the SSC task.
Histamine receptor H1 and dermatopontin: new downstream targets of the vitamin D receptor.

In this study, we used multipotential MSCs and microarray assays to follow the changing patterns of gene expression as MSCs were differentiated to osteoblasts. We analyzed co-expressed gene groups to identify new targets for known transcription factor VDR during differentiation. The roles of two genes (histamine receptor H1 and dermatopontin) as downstream targets for the VDR were confirmed by gel electromotility shift, siRNA inhibition, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Introduction: Osteogenesis is stringently controlled by osteoblast-specific signaling proteins and transcription factors. Mesenchymal stem or multipotential stromal cells from bone marrow (MSCs) have been shown to differentiate into osteoblasts in the presence of vitamin D3. Materials and Methods: We used MSCs and microarray assays to follow the changing patterns of gene expression as MSCs were differentiated to osteoblasts. The data were analyzed with a previously developed strategy to identify new downstream targets of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), known osteogenesis transcription factor. Hierarchical clustering of the data identified 15 distinct patterns of gene expression. Three genes were selected that expressed in the same time-dependent pattern as osteocalcin, a known target for the VDR: histamine receptor H1 (HRH1), Spondin 2 (SPN), and dermatopontin (DPT). RT-PCR, electromotility shift, siRNA inhibition assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to analyze the role of VDR in activation of DPT and HRH1 during differentiation. Results and Conclusions: RT-PCR assays confirmed that the genes were expressed during differentiation of MSCs. The roles of two genes as downstream targets for the VDR were confirmed by gel electromotility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays that showed the presence of VDR complex binding sequences. Overexpression of VDR in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells induced the expression of HRH1 and DPT. Inhibition studies with siRNA to DPT and HRH1 showed a decrease in MSC differentiation to osteogenic lineage. In addition, osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was inhibited by the HRH1 inhibitor mepyramine but not the HRH2 inhibitor ranitidine. In conclusion, we show that analysis of co-expressed gene groups is a good tool to identify new targets for known transcription factors.
Managing scab diseases of potato and radish caused by Streptomyces spp. using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BAC03 and other biomaterials

Streptomyces spp. cause scab in plants like potato and radish. To effectively control this disease, biolog- ically based materials were examined for their efficacies. In greenhouse or growth chamber tests, potting mix was infested with Streptomyces scabies (10 6
Evaluation of natural killer cell expansion and activation in vivo with daily subcutaneous low-dose interleukin-2 plus periodic intermediate-dose pulsing.

Natural killer (NK) cells may be expanded in vivo with a prolonged course of daily subcutaneous interleukin-2 (IL-2). However, cellular activation requires higher concentrations of IL-2 than are achieved with low-dose therapy. The objective of the current trial was to determine the toxicity and immunological effects of periodic subcutaneous intermediate-dose IL-2 pulses in patients receiving daily low-dose therapy. A group of 19 patients were treated with daily subcutaneous low-dose IL-2 at 1.25 x 10(6) International Units (1.25 MIU) m(-2) day(-1). After 4-6 weeks, patients received escalating 3-day intermediate-dose IL-2 pulses administered as single daily subcutaneous injections, repeated at 2-week intervals. The maximum tolerated pulse dose was 15 MIU m(-2) day(-1), with transient hypotension, fatigue, and nausea/vomiting dose-limiting. Subcutaneous IL-2 resulted in in vivo expansion of CD56+ NK cells (796+/-210%) and CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells (3247+/-1382%). Expanded NK cells coexpressed CD16, and showed lymphokine-activated killer activity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in vitro. Intermediate-dose pulsing resulted in serum IL-2 concentrations above 100 pM. Cellular activation was suggested by rapid margination of NK cells following pulsing, coincident with peak IL-2 levels, with return to baseline by 24 h. In.addition, interferon gamma production in response to lipopolysaccharide was augmented. Subcutaneous daily low-dose IL-2 with intermediate-dose pulsing is a well-tolerated outpatient regimen that results in in vivo expansion and potential activation of NK cells, with possible application in the treatment of malignancy and immunodeficiency.
Five-coordinate cobalt(II), four- and five-coordinate nickel(II), and six-coordinate cobalt(III) complexes of the flexible diphosphine ligand 1,3-bis(dimethylphosphino)propane☆☆☆

Abstract The flexible, aliphatic, diphosphine ligand (CH3)2PCH2CH2CH2P(CH3)2, dmp, forms the five-coordinate complexes [M(dmp)2X]+ (M = Ni, X = Cl, Br, I, NCS; M = Co, X = Cl, Br, I), as well as the four-coordinate, planar Ni(dmp)X2 and six-coordinate trans-[Co(dmp)2X2]+ complexes. In the case of nickel cyanide, the only isolatable five-coordinate compound corresponded to the dinuclear Ni2(dmp)3(CN)4, which contains a bridging diphosphine ligand. All of the complexes were characterized by elemental analyses and by conductance, magnetism, infrared, and electronic spectral measurements. In the five-coordinate nickel series [Ni(dmp)2X]+, the bromide and iodide complexes appear to possess trigonal-bipyramidal structures, whereas the analogous chloride and thiocyanate complexes have distorted structures of approximately Cs microsymmetry.
The Dead Donor Rule: Should We Stretch It, Bend It, or Abandon It?

The dead donor ruleÂ—that persons must be dead before their organs are takenÂ—is a central part of the moral framework underlying organ procure- ment. Efforts to increase the pool of transplantable organs have been forced either to redefine death (e.g., anencephaly) or take advantage of ambiguities in the current definition of death (e.g., the Pittsburgh protocol). Society's growing acceptance of circumstances in which health care professionals can hasten a patient's death also may weaken the symbolic importance of the dead donor rule. We consider the implications of these efforts to continually revise the line between life and death and ask whether it would be preferable to abandon the dead donor rule and rely entirely on informed consent as a safeguard against abuse.
Biological taxonomic problem solving using fuzzy decision-making analytical tools

Biological taxonomy is at the heart of species identifications. Such identifications are instrumental in biodiversity studies, ecological assessment, and phylogenetic analysis, among other studies. Fuzzy measures and classification integration was used to analyze shape groups of the diatom Asterionella using fuzzy Fourier shape coefficients and fuzzy morphometric measures. Based on this analysis, six shape groups were determined with specimen membership assignments at or exceeding the crossover point (0.5). Fuzzy average overlap values were approximately at or just over the crossover point, indicating similarity in developmental stages. In further analysis, spatial and temporal data from specimen samples were used in conjunction with fuzzy membership assignment values. Spatial and temporal variables were ranked and fuzzified based on the mode. The modes were then weighted by degree of importance as determined by an expert in diatom research. The weighted fuzzy modes for each specimen in each shape group were aggregated as a weighted sum. The normalized relative cardinality for each specimen defined the degree of suitability that a specimen belonged to a shape group, and the expert evaluated the result. While morphological data specifies inheritance (shape) and development (morphometry), spatial and temporal data were proxies for reproductive isolation. These biological principles constrained and defined the direction of analysis and defined each shape group as a species to the degree specified by each specimen. This fuzzy decision-making process provided a simple way to aggregate scant available data and a linguistic solution in a taxonomic study understandable to a biologist.
Does secure land tenure save forests? A meta-analysis of the relationship between land tenure and tropical deforestation

Abstract Deforestation and degradation are tied to a complex array of socioeconomic and political factors. Many assume that among the most important of these are the particular bundles of rights regulating who can benefit from land (tenure form) and the overall assurance that those rights will be upheld (tenure security). This paper reviews literature that connects forest outcomes and land tenure to better understand broad interactions between tenure form, security and forest change. Papers from economic theory suggest tenure is embedded in a broader socioeconomic context, with the potential for either a positive or negative conservation impact on forested land. Empirically, we find 36 publications that link land cover change to tenure conditions while also controlling for other plausibly confounding variables. Publications often investigate more than one site and more than one form of tenure, so from these we derive 118 cases linking forest change with a specific tenure form in a particular location. From these cases, we find evidence that protected areas are associated with positive forest outcomes and that land tenure security is associated with less deforestation, regardless of the form of tenure. We conclude with a call for more robust identification of this relationship in future research, as well as set of recommendations for policymakers, particularly as forest carbon incentive programs such as REDD integrate further into national policies.
Argonne Automatic, Meteorological Data Processing System

Abstract This paper describes a data processing system for recording automatically on paper punch tape and a teletypewriter 29 different meteorological variables measured at the Argonne National Laboratory. The meteorological sensors are coupled to the data system either directly or through analog-to-digital converters attached to the recorders. Average values of the meteorological variables over periods of 2, 10, or 60 min are obtained by modified ball and disc integrators and pulse accumulators. Other characteristics of the data processing system and an enumeration of difficulties encountered and their solutions are discussed.
Benefit-cost analysis of fuelwood management using native alder in Ecuador

The profitability of four farm-level fuelwood management alternatives were examined using benefit-cost analysis. The value of alder wood is based on the market price of a cubic meter of fuelwood sold in Saraguro, Loja, Ecuador. A sensitivity analysis of wage rate, fuelwood price, and project subsidies tests the effects of changes in key economic parameters on project profitability. Present trends in fuelwood demand and social externalities are examined and the subsidy bill is estimated for implementing an alder management plan.
A comparative study of unrelaxed surfaces on quartz and kaolinite, using the periodic density functional theory.

To investigate surface properties of fractured silica particles, which are commonly connected to the etiology of silica toxicity, models of low-index unrelaxed surfaces of quartz and kaolinite were...
Importance of angiography in the management of massive hemorrhage from colonic diverticula

Abstract 1. 1. A review of the documented cases of massive bleeding from diverticular disease of the colon reported in the literature reveals a disproportionately high incidence of bleeding from diverticula of the ascending colon. 2. 2. In those patients with continued or recurrent bleeding, we believe that angiography is very important in the diagnosis and treatment of the condition. 3. 3. Bleeding can be arrested by adrenalin perfusion through an arterial catheter. 4. 4. In case bleeding does not stop, localization of the bleeding site by angiography greatly simplifies the operative procedure in those patients who come to surgery. 5. 5. Barium enema studies should be performed in all patients with massive colonic bleeding, but should be delayed until after angiographic studies have been completed. 6. 6. Emergency subtotal colectomy is indicated in only those patients who continue to have bleeding or have recurrent bleeding and in whom the bleeding site has not been accurately localized by angiography. 7. 7. Rarely, elective colectomy may be indicated in those patients with repeated massive hemorrhage when bleeding has been controlled by nonoperative means. In this situation, if the bleeding site has been localized angiographically, limited resection of the involved area should be adequate. In the absence of localization of the bleeding site, subtotal colectomy with ileoproctostomy should be seriously considered.
Comparative virogenesis of filamentous virus and polydnavirus in the female reproductive tract of Cotesia marginibentris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Abstract A nonoccluded filamentous virus (CmFV) was found in the reproductive tract of females in two of five laboratory colonies of Cotesia marginiventris established from parasitized lepidopteran larvae collected in the southeastern United States. Nucleocapsids of CmFV were 35–39 nm in diameter and had electron-dense cores 21–24 nm in diameter. CmFV virions with a single envelope measured 60–70 nm in diameter; doubly enveloped virions were approximately 90 nm in diameter. The unit length was not determined. CmFV replicated in epithelial cells of the common and lateral oviducts and rarely in small nests of cells in the calyx. CmFV was also transmitted to larvae of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda , during parasitization. The ability of C. marginiventris to transmit CmFV increased from Day 1 to Days 3–4 postemergence. A polydnavirus (PV) containing multiple nucleocapsids per envelope occurred in the reproductive tract of females in all five colonies of C. marginiventris . PV replication was limited to the portion of the calyx adjacent to the ovarioles.
A four-phase model of the evolution of clinical decision support architectures

Abstract Background A large body of evidence over many years suggests that clinical decision support systems can be helpful in improving both clinical outcomes and adherence to evidence-based guidelines. However, to this day, clinical decision support systems are not widely used outside of a small number of sites. One reason why decision support systems are not widely used is the relative difficulty of integrating such systems into clinical workflows and computer systems. Purpose To review and synthesize the history of clinical decision support systems, and to propose a model of various architectures for integrating clinical decision support systems with clinical systems. Methods The authors conducted an extensive review of the clinical decision support literature since 1959, sequenced the systems and developed a model. Results The model developed consists of four phases: standalone decision support systems, decision support integrated into clinical systems, standards for sharing clinical decision support content and service models for decision support. These four phases have not heretofore been identified, but they track remarkably well with the chronological history of clinical decision support, and show evolving and increasingly sophisticated attempts to ease integrating decision support systems into clinical workflows and other clinical systems. Conclusions Each of the four evolutionary approaches to decision support architecture has unique advantages and disadvantages. A key lesson was that there were common limitations that almost all the approaches faced, and no single approach has been able to entirely surmount: (1) fixed knowledge representation systems inherently circumscribe the type of knowledge that can be represented in them, (2) there are serious terminological issues, (3) patient data may be spread across several sources with no single source having a complete view of the patient, and (4) major difficulties exist in transferring successful interventions from one site to another.
When is a global currency optimal

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine what factors make an individual, exporting firm choose to denominate its price(s) in the same currency for multiple markets in different countries. The unique model herein maintains an endogenous frequency of price adjustment, price discrimination and currency of denomination. The representative firm is likely to choose a global price (one price in one currency for all countries) based mostly on macro economic and industry-specific characteristics. Exchange rate transaction costs, exchange rate volatility and market size consistently impact the optimality of the use of a global currency.
Going Virtual to Engage a Global Museum Community

AbstractCreated at the dawn of the social networking era, the International Museum of Women (IMOW) is an online museum that has consistently harnessed online technology in the service of its mission. Recognizing that online technology is evolving and ever changing, the museum must be flexible, adapting delivery of its content to the tools available at that moment. In this vein, IMOW's latest exhibition Young Women Speaking the Economy employs social media technology to reach into the far corners of the world, fulfilling its mission of social change and extending its community beyond where it has previously been.
Methods to Calculate Corrosion Rates for Alloy 22 from Polarization Resistance Experiments

The general corrosion rate may be measured using immersion tests or electrochemical tests. Electrochemical tests are fast and can be used for a rapid screening of environmental effects such as temperature and electrolyte composition. Electrochemical tests are described in ASTM standards G 59 and G 102. The basis of these tests is to calculate the resistance to polarization (R{sub p}) in a voltage vs. current plot and to convert these values to corrosion rates using Faraday's law. Commercial software can calculate the corrosion rate based on inputs from the operator. This paper discusses three ways of calculating the corrosion rate (Methods 1, 2, and 3) based on a fixed set of acquired data of voltage vs. current. It is concluded that the way the corrosion rate is calculated does not greatly impact the absolute value of the corrosion rate. Variations in the acquired data (current, potential) from one experiment to another seem more important than the manner in which data is fitted with the R{sub p} slope.
Enhanced wavelength conversion and photon pair generation using slow light effects and electronic carrier sweepout in silicon photonics devices

Silicon photonics has drawn a lot of attention over the last decades, mainly in telecom-related application fields where the nonlinear optical properties of silicon are ignored or minimized. However, silicon’s high χ (3) Kerr optical nonlinearity in sub-micron-scale high-confinement waveguides can enable significant improvements in traditional nonlinear devices, such as for wavelength conversion, and also enable some device applications in quantum optics or for quantum key distribution. In order to establish the viability of silicon photonics in practical applications, some big challenges are to improve the optical performance (e.g., optimize nonlinearity or minimize loss) and integration of optics with microelectronics. In this context, we discuss how electronic PIN diodes improve the performance of wavelength conversion in a microring resonator based four-wave mixing device, which achieves a continuous-wave four-wave mixing conversion efficiency of −21.3 dB at 100 mW pump power, with enough bandwidth for the wavelength conversion of a 10 Gbps signal. In the regime of quantum optics, we describe a coupled microring device that can serve as a tunable source of entangled photon pairs at telecommunications wavelengths, operating at room temperature with a low pump power requirement. By controlling either the optical pump wavelength, or the chip temperature, we show that the output bi-photon spectrum can be varied, with implications on the degree of frequency correlation of the generated quantum state.
Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, Decaying States, and Perturbation Theory

The conventional time-independent perturbation theory and projection-operator techniques are generalized to systems propagating under the influence of an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian, e.g., an optical-model potential. The mathematical complications which can arise due to lack of orthogonality and completeness for the eigenstates of such a Hamiltonian are discussed on an elementary level. Examples of the various techniques involved are taken from considerations of models for exotic atoms and cascade processes.
Antisense attenuation of Wnt‐1 and Wnt‐3a expression in whole embryo culture reveals roles for these genes in craniofacial, spinal cord, and cardiac morphogenesis

Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a proto-oncogenes have been implicated in the development of midbrain and hindbrain structures. Evidence for such a role has been derived from in situ hybridization studies showing Wnt-1 and -3a expression in developing cranial and spinal cord regions and from studies of mutant mice whose Wnt-1 genes have undergone targeted disruption by homologous recombination. Wnt-1 null mutants exhibit cranial defects but no spinal cord abnormalities, despite expression of the gene in these regions. The absence of spinal cord abnormalities is thought to be due to a functional compensation of the Wnt-1 deficiency by related genes, a problem that has complicated the analysis of null mutants of other developmental genes as well. Herein, we describe the attenuation of Wnt-1 expression using antisense oligonucleotide inhibition in mouse embryos grown in culture. We induce similar mid- and hindbrain abnormalities as those seen in the Wnt-1 null mutant mice. Attenuation of Wnt-1 expression was also associated with cardiomegaly resulting in hemostasis. These findings are consistent with the possibility that a subset of Wnt-1 expressing cells include neural crest cells known to contribute to septation of the truncus arteriosus and to formation of the visceral arches. Antisense knockout of Wnt-3a, a gene structurally related to Wnt-1, targeted the forebrain and midbrain region, which were hypoplastic and failed to expand, and the spinal cord, which exhibited lateral outpocketings at the level of the forelimb buds. Dual antisense knockouts of Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a targeted all brain regions leading to incomplete closure of the cranial neural folds, and an increase in the number and severity of outpocketings along the spinal cord, suggesting that these genes complement one another to produce normal patterning of the spinal cord. The short time required to assess the mutant phenotype (2 days) and the need for limited sequence information of the target gene (20-25 nucleotides) make this antisense oligonucleotide/whole embryo culture system ideal for testing the importance of specific genes and their interactions in murine embryonic development.
Multiscale Influences of Climate on Upper Treeline Dynamics in the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA: Evidence of Intraregional Variability and Bioclimatic Thresholds in Response to Twentieth-Century Warming

We examined the influence of twentieth-century climate on upper treeline dynamics in the southern Rocky Mountains to better understand the role of temperature and precipitation on tree establishment and to determine whether bioclimatic thresholds have been exceeded as a result of warming during the twentieth century. By using dendrochronological techniques, we reconstructed tree establishment at upper treeline on six mountain peaks within the Front Range and Sangre de Cristo Mountains. We compared age–structure data with climate using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between annual and seasonal climate indexes and tree establishment dates at both regional (southern Rockies) and landscape scales (mountain range). Regime-shift analysis detected thresholds in temperature, precipitation, and tree establishment data. Tree establishment has increased substantially at upper treeline throughout the southern Rockies, leading to varying degrees of treeline advance upslope. Tree establishment in the Front Ra...
The ionic permeability of the amphibian oocyte in the presence or absence of external calcium.

The membrane potential of the Rana oocyte, as determined by intracellular microelectrodes, ranges from approximately −40 to −70 mV (inside negative). Upon removal of external Ca, a large, rapid depolarization in membrane potential occurs. The depolarization is reversible by both Ca and Mg. In the presence of Ca, the magnitude of the membrane potential is primarily dependent on the K distribution across the oocyte membrane with a lesser but significant Na dependence. Upon Ca removal, the Na dependence is greatly increased, indicating an increased Na permeability. Direct measurements of Na, K and Cl permeability by tracer-flux analysis indicate the following. In the presence of Ca the permeabilities are approximately: Na (1.0 × 10−6 cm/sec); K (5.6 × 10−6 cm/sec); Cl (1.4 × 10−6 cm/sec). Upon Ca removal the K and Cl permeabilities are not significantly altered. However, there is an approximately four-fold increase in Na permeability (4.5 × 10−6 cm/sec). This increase explains the observed depolarization in membrane potential upon Ca removal. It has been suggested previously that Ca may regulate the in vivo depolarization observed during transition from oocyte to ovulated egg in the amphibian. The present experiments indicate that, if Ca does play a role, its role is not analogous to the in vitro effect on the oocyte, since the ovulated egg has reduced Na as well as K permeability.
An empirical test of using counts of individuals captured as indices of population size

Abstract Simple counts of individuals are commonly used in studies of mammalian populations. However, such counts are known to routinely underestimate population size. When used, counts are assumed to be proportional to population size. We tested the validity of that assumption by analyzing capture–recapture data on 5 species of rodents trapped at a single site during monthly sessions from 1973 through 1993. For each 3-day trapping session, we estimated numbers of animals of each species residing on our trapping grid with selected-model and interpolated-jackknife estimators from the program CAPTURE, the modified Lincoln–Petersen estimator, and the Jolly–Seber estimator. We tested for proportionality by fitting a regression line, constrained to pass through the origin, of estimated population size to each of 3 “counts”: numbers of individuals, numbers of captures, and minimum number known alive (MNKA). We then tested validity of these equations by predicting estimated population size from counts from 1994 ...
Amino Acids in Amniotic Fluid: Changes in Concentrations During the First Half of Pregnancy

Extract: The free amino acids in amniotic fluid were quantitated by ion-exchange chromatography in human fetuses of 48− to 140-day gestation (mean, 91 days). Gestational age was estimated by crown-rump measurement. The amino acid pattern was more similar to that found in normal plasma than to that usually observed in urine. Fourteen of 26 amino acids (lysine, leucine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, valine, ornithine, alanine, tyrosine, methionine, arginine, serine, histidine, proline, and taurine) showed a statistically significant change in concentration (P < 0.005) which correlated inversely with fetal age (Fig. 1). Alanine had the highest average concentration during early gestation, 0.437 mM. The concentration of lysine showed the highest degree of correlation with fetal age (P × 0.001), with a correlation coefficient of 0.89. The most highly correlated single-regression curve was for lysine; where [lys] = 0.796–0.0052 (fetal age). None of the amino acid concentrations increased during the period of observation. Speculation: It has been suggested that the concentrations of constituents in amniotic fluid may serve as an indicator of fetal genotype and be of value in antenatal diagnosis. Because of the magnitude of the changes in amino acid concentration in amniotic fluid that occur during early gestation, accurate methods of fetal dating will be necessary if amino acid concentration is to be used for antenatal diagnostic purposes. The results of this study would suggest that regression analysis of amino acid concentration in amniotic fluid may prove to be an independent and reliable estimator of fetal age.
The cognitive underpinnings of coronary-prone behaviors.

Research on the cognitive underpinnings of coronary-prone behaviors is important to the development of sophisticated transactional models to explain coronary-prone behaviors, and to the successful promotion of an enduring change in them. The cognitive literature has been organized around three central coronary-prone behaviors—hostility/competitiveness, low self-esteem, and low perceived control—and for each behavior, the literature on basic beliefs, attitudes, overt behaviors, and person-environment reciprocal interactions is reviewed. A new hypothesis concerning the beliefs and attitudes underlying low perceived control is presented. According to this hypothesis, low control emerges from a belief in pure environmental determinism, where the environment is blamed for problems, and a related belief that the environment is malleable and can always be changed with persistence. Alternatively, high control emerges from a belief in reciprocal determinism which de-emphasizes blame and considers causes of problems from multiple perspectives, and a related belief that the environment may not be malleable despite persistence. Thus, low perceived control emerges from persisting in attempts to control the uncontrollable, while high perceived control emerges from knowing when and how to switch from trying to bringing the environment in line with one's wishes to bringing oneself in line with the environment.
The accuracy of the amblyopia treatment study visual acuity testing protocol.

Abstract Purpose To study the accuracy of the newly proposed Amblyopia Treatment Study (ATS) visual acuity testing protocol for 3- to 6-year-old children. Because no “gold standard” is available for acuity testing in pediatric patients, accuracy was evaluated using computer simulations based on a psychometric model. Methods Monte Carlo simulations of ATS acuity data were generated using a psychometric model that accounts for true acuity, noise in the visual system, and the rate of inadvertent misses. We varied true acuity from 20/15 to 20/400 (−0.1 to 1.3 logMAR). Visual system noise was represented by the slope β of the psychometric function and ranged from 1 (noisy) to 8 (not noisy). The rate of inadvertent misses ranged from 0% to 10%. Accuracy of the ATS protocol was evaluated in terms of precision, bias, and stimulus range limitations. The same model was fitted to experimental ATS acuity data, thus allowing us to study the distributions of acuity, visual system noise, and level of attentiveness in 126 children ages 3 to Results For conditions with little noise in the visual system (β > 2), precision was well within 0.1 logMAR (corresponding to one line on a logMAR letter chart), except for acuities worse than 1.2 logMAR, and decreased to 0.15 to 0.2 logMAR for β = 1. Bias was negligible, except in noisy conditions, where the ATS protocol tended to overestimate acuity by one line at the poor end of the true acuity range and underestimate acuity at the good end of the true acuity range. Effects of the rate of inadvertent misses were small. Fits to the real data showed a wide range of slope parameters, but only 11% had β ≤ 2. The rate of inadvertent misses was ≤ 2% in 89% of cases. Conclusion The simulations suggest that the ATS protocol offers an accurate method for assessing visual acuity in children in the range of 3 to 6 years of age with both precision and bias within 0.1 logMAR for typical values of the psychometric parameters.
Edge measurements during Alfven wave heating and current drive on the Phaedrus-T tokamak

Summary form only given, as follows. The properties of tokamak boundary plasmas play an important role in the success of using waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequency for heating and current drive. Edge measurements have been conducted on the Phaedrus-T tokamak under a variety of operating conditions to study the relevant processes in coupling Alfven wave power to plasma and the effects of Alfven waves on the plasma boundary. With the adjustment of gas puffing, the line density during rf can be successfully controlled and kept at the same constant level as ohmic on the Phaedrus-T tokamak. The edge density is then found to have no significant change with the application of Alfven waves. Edge electron temperature, however, is found to increase with increasing rf power and the rise time is much shorter than the energy confinement time, which indicates direct power deposition in the boundary of the plasma. Some data suggest less edge heating corresponds to better rf power coupling to the bulk plasma. Edge electrostatic fluctuation measurements show increases in the fluctuation induced particle flux and heat flux during rf, indicating a degradation of particle and energy confinement time by the Alfven waves. The effects of rf phasing will also be discussed.
Tweed and Nanoscale Cubic / Tetragonal Phase Mixtures in Decomposing Alloys: the Pseudospinodal Concept

In this paper the concept of pseudospinodal decomposition introduced by Ni and Khachaturyan [1] as a symmetry-lifting continuous phase separation, which can produce coherent nanoscale morphologies ranging from nanowires to nanolaminates, is reviewed. The term spinodal arises from the continuous change in the compositions of emerging cubic and tetragonal phases resulting in quasi-periodic microstructures stemming from the attendant transformation strain and surface energy anisotropies. It is argued here that important features of the pseudospinodal mechanism can be understood in terms of conventional classical and non-classical nucleation and that the behaviour is more general than the cubic → tetragonal transformation context articulated by its authors. Also, the possible relevance of the pseudospinodal mechanism to studies of decomposition of hypostoichiometric Fe-Pd alloys will be presented.
Combustion of fuel-lean mixtures in adiabatic, well-stirred reactors

The use of a well-insulated, well-stirred reaction volume as a combustor allows one to investigate a hitherto-unused combustion regime beyond the lean flammability limit. The combustion of H 2 , CO, CH 4 , C 2 H 4 , C 3 H 8 , and mixtures of these has been studied in this regime at pressures up to 2 atm in three quite different reactors. The reaction responsible for releasing most of the heat of combustion has a large apparent activation energy in all cases and is very fast. The activation energies and relative rates for different fuels agree with those determined in flames at higher temperatures. The rate of heat release with hydrogen does not depend on the partial pressure of oxygen when the latter is present in large excess, and is proportional to the total pressure. Mixtures of hydrogen with other fuels exhibit lower rates of combustion than does hydrogen alone. A qualitative explanation of the results in terms of the currently accepted mechanism of hydrogen combustion is presented.