cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building a Thermostable Membrane Protein

The poor stability of membrane proteins in detergent solution is one of the main technical barriers to their structural and functional characterization. Here we describe a solution to this problem for diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), an integral membrane protein from Escherichia coli. Twelve enhanced stability mutants of DGK were obtained using a simple screen. Four of the mutations were combined to create a quadruple mutant that had improved stability in a wide range of detergents. Inn-octylglucoside, the wild-type DGK had a thermal inactivation half-life of 6 min at 55 °C, while the quadruple mutant displayed a half-life of 35 min at 80 °C. In addition, the quadruple mutant had improved thermodynamic stability. Our approach should be applicable to other membrane proteins that can be conveniently assayed.
Channelopathies: Decoding Disease Pathogenesis

The deconvolution of corrupted biological pathways in disease and the translation of patient-specific molecular mechanisms into tailored management algorithms have begun to extend the reach of individualized medicine from principles to practice. A case in point is the emergent deciphering of the pathobiology underlying life-threatening human diseases caused by dysfunction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels. In a recent paper in Science, researchers used humanized mouse models to recapitulate a pathogenic K(ATP) channel mutation and pinpoint tissue-restricted lesions that stratify the consequences of genetic variation on disease traits. Advances in the molecular medicine of K(ATP) channelopathies offer new perspectives for personalized diagnosis and therapy.
The load transfer mechanism in a glass ceramic composite reinforced with continuous metallic glass ribbons

Abstract The load transfer mechanism in a glass ceramic matrix composite reinforced with metallic glass ribbons has been investigated. The critical ribbon length required for effective load transfer between the matrix and the ribbon was found to be a function of the ribbon width. This dependence was attributed to the size of the long transverse side available for load transfer.
Effects of gaze manipulation on aesthetic judgments: hemisphere priming of affect.

Abstract Research has shown that in right-handers there is a preference for stimulus objects which draw one's attention toward the right. It was hypothesized that when one's gaze was directed toward the right, one would give a more positive evaluation of photographs which were placed in the line of vision than would others who looked at the same photographs while their gaze was directed leftward. Using 60 subjects, the hypothesis was confirmed for males but not females. This finding was discussed as providing an explanation for the previous preference research, based on an assumption of left hemisphere processing of positive affect. It also demonstrates the value of the manipulation of attentional orientation as a methodology for studying cerebral asymmetry.
Building the Implicit BSW Curriculum at a Large Southern State University

The Council on Social Work Education's Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards (EPAS) stresses the importance of the implicit curriculum in shaping a school's culture. This timely article de...
Survival from economic sanctions: a comparative case study of India and North Korea

Historically the United States has used economic sanctions as a foreign policy tool to punish states that do not meet international norms. Although this approach has not been very successful, yet it continues to be the cornerstone of US foreign policy. Therefore, this article adopts a comparative case study methodology to understand why US economic sanctions failed in the case of India, and whether there is any possibility of them achieving their proposed objectives against North Korea. During the course of this study, it was observed that at the time of the imposition of the economic sanctions, India's political ideology and the insular nature of its economy played a very important role in the failure of these sanctions. An analysis of the case of North Korea further highlights the existence of similar variables, enabling North Korea to maintain its regime and effectively negate the impact of these economic sanctions.
Managing Asthma in Expectant Mothers

Pregnancy does not appear to have a consistent effect on the frequency or severity of asthma. The most common cause of worsening asthma in pregnancy is likely to be noncompliance with medication. Emphasizing to the patient in advance that fetal well-being is dependent on maternal well-being may help prevent this. In general, well controlled asthma is not associated with a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Essential to successful asthma management is patient education that helps to ensure effective medication use, avoidance of triggers, and prompt treatment. This education should include measurement of peak expiratory flow rate and a written asthma action plan. Most of the medications that are used to control asthma in the general population can be safely used in pregnant women. Inhaled β-adrenoceptor agonists (β-agonists), cromolyn sodium (sodium cromoglycate), and inhaled and systemic corticosteroids all appear to be very well tolerated by the fetus. Budesonide and beclomethasone should be considered as the preferred inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of asthma in pregnancy. Use of the leukotriene receptor antagonists zafirlukast and montelukast in pregnancy is probably safe but should be limited to special circumstances, where they are viewed essential for asthma control. Zileuton should not be used in pregnancy. Acute asthma exacerbations in pregnant women should be treated in a similar manner to that in non-pregnant patients. Maternal blood glucose levels should be monitored periodically in pregnant women receiving systemic corticosteroids because of the deleterious effects of hyperglycemia upon embryos and fetuses. During pregnancy, maternal arterial oxygen saturations should be kept above 95% if possible for fetal well-being. Ambulatory oxygenation should be checked prior to discharge to ensure that women do not desaturate with their daily activities. Acute exacerbations of asthma during labor and delivery are rare. Dinoprost, ergometrine, and other ergot derivatives can cause severe bronchospasm, especially when used in combination with general anesthesia, and should be avoided in asthmatic patients. Pregnant women who have been treated with corticosteroids in the past year may require stress-dose corticosteroids during labor and delivery. Most asthma medications, including oral prednisone, are considered compatible with breast-feeding.
The Evolution of the Pauline Canon

The article aims at reviewing theories of how the Pauline Corpus first came to be. A taxonomy consisting of four families of theories is established: Paul himself collected his writings; after his death Paul lived forth in the form of a collection of his writings; an intercourse between one Pauline center and another gradually led to the exchange of copies of letters; the collection of Paul's letters gave him pothumously a centrality which he lacked in his own time until about 90 C E. The article concludes with the disputed question whether all of Paul's writings in the New Testament descend or diverge from a particular, definitive edition of the Pauline Corpus.
Developmental and behavioral effects of prenatal primidone exposure in the rat

Abstract Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were administered primidone (PRM) by oral gavage on gestation days 8–17 in doses of 0, 40, and 80 mg/kg. Although these doses of PRM did not produce significant differences in litter size, birth weight, mortality, date of attainment of developmental landmarks or measures of preweaning reflex and motor development, there were a number of significant differences that developed as the animals approached and entered adulthood. When tested as adults, the 80 mg/kg male rats showed a deficit in the performance of an eight-arm radial maze task. These same animals showed a significant reduction in open field activity when tested as adults. In addition, both male and female PRM-treated animals showed reduced body weights at different periods corresponding to onset of sexual maturation during development. These findings are consistent with the larger body of literature reporting on the neurobehavioral teratology of phenobarbital, including its ability to produce lesions in the hippocampus and endocrine dysfunction resulting in reproductive deficits. These results suggest that PRM produces its adverse effects as a result of its metabolism to phenobarbital, which in turn affects the limbic system.
Characterization of the Striga asiatica (Witchweed) Germination Stimulant from Zea mays L.

Isolation and characterization experiments were conducted on the Striga ger mination stimulant produced by corn (Zea mays L.). Preliminary studies showed the stimulant to be relatively stable to heating for short periods, but very labile in a basic medium and somewhat less labile in acid. The stimulant was not detected in ungerminated corn seeds, but appeared a few hours after germination began. Roots of corn seedlings grown in the dark appeared to exude more stimulant than those of seedlings grown in the light. Shoots and roots of corn seedlings grown in the light contained the stimulant, but none was detected in the shoots of dark grown seedlings. The stimulant in root exudates of corn seedlings was adsorbed on activated charcoal, eluted, and partially purified by charcoal-column and paper chromatography. Electrophoretic studies indicated the stimulant to be neutral, and by use of an agar-block diffusion procedure a molecular weight of slightly over ioo was estimated. The stimulant showed a bluish-white fluorescence under ultraviolet light. Reactions with classification reagents indicated that the stimulant possessed one or more hydroxyl or potential hydroxyl groups and possibly an ester or lactone bond. It appeared to be a nonacidic compound with no free amino or carbonyl groups. Results with Ehrlich and Salkowski reagents were characteristic of indole compounds, but none of the commonly occurring indoles were active in promoting germination. Final stimulant preparations did not give meaningful ultraviolet or infra-red spectra. Several of the findings in this study indicated the possibility that the stimulant from corn seedlings may be similar to certain coumarin-like derivatives or related compounds.
Optimized synthesis of specific sizes of maltodextrin glycosides by the coupling reactions of Bacillus macerans cyclomaltodextrin glucanyltransferase

Abstract Bacillus macerans cyclomaltodextrin glucanyltransferase (CGTase, EC 2.4.1.19), in reaction with cyclomaltohexaose and methyl α- d -glucopyranoside, methyl β- d -glucopyranoside, phenyl α- d -glucopyranoside, and phenyl β- d -glucopyranoside gave four kinds of maltodextrin glycosides. The reactions were optimized by using different ratios of the individual d -glucopyranosides to cyclomaltohexaose, from 0.5 to 5.0, to obtain the maximum molar percent yields of products, which were from 68.3% to 78.6%, depending on the particular d -glucopyranoside, and also to obtain different maltodextrin chain lengths. The lower ratios of 0.5–1.0 gave a wide range of sizes from d.p. 2–17 and higher. As the molar ratio was increased from 1.0 to 3.0, the larger sizes, d.p. 9–17, decreased, and the small and intermediate sizes, d.p. 2–8, increased; as the molar ratios were increased further from 3.0 to 5.0, the large sizes completely disappeared, the intermediate sizes, d.p. 4–8, decreased, and the small sizes, d.p. 2 and 3 became predominant. A comparison is made with the synthesis of maltodextrins by the reaction of CGTase with different molar ratios of d -glucose to cyclomaltohexaose.
Liapunov-type inequalities for third-order half-linear equations and applications to boundary value problems

Abstract We derive Liapunov-type inequalities for third-order half-linear differential equations. These inequalities utilize integrals of both q + ( t ) and q − ( t ) rather than those of | q ( t ) | as in most papers in the literature for higher-order Liapunov-type inequalities. Furthermore, by combining these inequalities with the “uniqueness implies existence” theorems by several authors, we establish the uniqueness and hence existence–uniqueness for several classes of boundary value problems for third-order linear equations. We believe that this is the first time for Liapunov-type inequalities to be used to deal with boundary value problems and expect that this approach can be further applied to study general higher-order boundary value problems.
Optimal control of strongly driven quantum systems: Fully variational formulation and nonlinear eigenfields.

The theory of optimal control of quantum systems is combined with a variational method for quantum-statistical dynamics to facilitate efficient nonperturbative calculations. The linear eigenfield approach is extended to the nonlinear regime to treat saturation and other higher-order effects. The application to a three-level \ensuremath{\Lambda} system generates, via an efficient iterative scheme, an eigenfield producing optimal constructive interference between direct and three-step excitation paths.
HISTOCHEMISTRY OF EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED FIBROSARCOMA IN RAT SUBMAXILLARY GLAND.

Abstract The effects of 3,4 benzpyrene administration included no change (normal tissue), inflammation, inflammation with connective tissue hyperplasia, early fibrosarcoma, and advanced fibrosarcoma. The type of response was dependent upon two factors—the number of injections and the length of time the animals were maintained. In Phase A, where the animals received a maximum of four injections and were maintained for a maximum of 8 weeks, the reactions observed were of a mild nature. In Phase B, where the animals also received from one to four injections but were maintained for 24 weeks, the reaction seen was more severe. Finally, in Phase C, where there was continuous administration of the carcinogen, seven of the nine experimental animals had fibrosarcomas. The histochemical evaluation of these tissues indicated that the enzyme activity pattern changed as the glands underwent alterations which eventually resulted in the formation of a malignant neoplasm. There was a marked decrease in the acid phosphatase activity. The nonspecific esterase, beta-D-galactosidase, and aminopeptidase activities markedly increased. Nonspecific esterases were present in the cytoplasm of the fibroblasts, as well as in the fibers themselves. The nuclei of the fibroblasts appeared to be nonreactive. Beta-D-galactosidase activity appeared to be localized chiefly in the cytoplasm of the fibroblasts, while aminopeptidase activity was observed to be present in the fibers as well as in cytoplasm of the fibroblasts.
Lack of evidence for direct involvement of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

To the editor: Koljonen et al described an association between chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV)–positive Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) in a recent large population-based survey from Finland.[1][1] CLL has been reported as a tumor significantly associated with
Quantitation of protein and DNA in silver-stained agarose gels

A silver stain for both proteins and DNA in agarose gels is described. Quantitation of proteins with this stain is possible, with individual proteins exhibiting characteristic responses, as observed with other stains. The advantage of the silver stain over Coomassie blue is its increased (50- to 100-fold) sensitivity, which allows samples containing very low protein concentrations to be analyzed without prior concentration. This silver stain, when applied to DNA, is at least as sensitive as ethidium bromide, and gives a linear response for the type of DNA and fragment sizes studied.
Safe conversion from cyclosporine to azathioprine with improved renal function in pediatric renal transplantation

Although cyclosporine has improved allograft survival in renal transplant patients, problems with drug toxicity remain, raising the question whether cyclosporine should be stopped at some point post-transplant. However, the relative safety of converting from cyclosporine to another immunosuppressive agent, or simply stopping cyclosporine remains an issue of debate and has not been evaluated in children. We have developed a protocol to convert children, who are 6 months post-transplant and have stable kidney function, from cyclosporine and prednisone to azathioprine and prednisone. Eleven children have undergone conversion because of suspected/potential nephrotoxicity or because of other difficulties with cyclosporine (expense, hirsutism). These children were compared with a control group of 12 children who met all criteria for conversion at 6 months but remained on cyclosporine. Allograft survival was similar in both groups but the children converted from cyclosporine experienced an improvement in renal function as measured by calculated creatinine clearance. There were no episodes of rejection for a period of 4 months postconversion and all rejection episodes that developed subsequently occurred during or after the change from daily to alternate-day prednisone. We believe that conversion from cyclosporine to azathioprine can be accomplished safely in children with stable allograft function but long-term risks and benefits need further evaluation.
On-Line Coupling of Gel Permeation Chromatography with MALDI Mass Spectrometry

Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was combined directly with aerosol matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of synthetic polymers. In the aerosol MALDI/GPC-MS experiment, effluent from the GPC column was combined with matrix solution and sprayed directly into a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). Ions were formed by irradiation of the aerosol particles with pulsed 355 nm radiation from a frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser. The ions were mass separated in a two-stage reflectron TOF-MS, and averaged mass spectra were stored every 11 s throughout the GPC-MS experiment. On-line GPC/MALDI-MS was performed with the commercially available polymers poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 1000) and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG 1000).
Two-dimensional multiple-quantum NMR spectroscopy of isolated half-integer spin systems. II. 35Cl examples

Abstract Two-dimensional double-quantum (2D2Q) 35 Cl NMR spectra of systems exhibiting electric quadrupolar effects have been obtained. Single-crystal type spectra ( type a ) result from magnetic field-oriented lyotropic liquid crystalline samples containing Cl − ions. Inhomogeneous powder patterns ( type b ) result from unoriented lyotropic liquid crystalline samples. A homogeneous biexponentially relaxed spectrum ( type c ) results from a sufficiently concentrated solution of a macromolecule in Cl − containing medium. The theory of the 2D2Q experiment on isolated spin-2 systems producing type a spectra has been elaborated. The effects of variation of the flip angle of the read pulse and offset of the excitation frequency have been derived. Experimental manifestations of these effects have been recorded. The recovery of the spectrum of an oriented lyotropic liquid crystalline sample after a sample rotation in the spectrometer magnetic field provides an example of transient, partial NMR invisibility in the one-dimensional single-quantum 35 Cl NMR spectrum.
Substrate-induced Acceleration of Lactase Synthesis in Fetal Rat Intestine

Extract: Twenty milligrams of lactose were injected into the amniotic sacs of fetuses in one uterine horn and 20 mg glucose were injected into the amniotic sacs of fetuses in the opposite uterine horn of six rats on days 17–19 of pregnancy. Two or 3 days later the pregnant animals were killed and segments of jejunum obtained from their fetuses were homogenized in water. Assays for lactase and protein determinations were performed on these homogenates. Lactase values were significantly higher in the lactose-injected, group than in fetuses receiving glucose (Table 2), P < 0.005. Thus, fetal intestinal lactase activity can be increased by exposure to the substrate lactose during late fetal life. Speculation: Administration of an appropriate substrate in utero may prove useful in selected cases of human fetal enzyme deficiency. The intra-amniotic route could be more effective than maternal injection because it provides direct access to the fetus and thereby permits the use of a smaller dose and minimizes or completely avoids possible maternal and/or placental inactivation of the substrate.
Stratigraphic Distribution of Hydrocarbons with Differing API Gravities in East Texas Basin: ABSTRACT

In studying the stratigraphic and geographic distributions of oils initially produced from seven East Texas Cretaceous formations, the effects of depth, temperature, and rate of burial on increasing hydrocarbon maturation, expressed as increasing API gravity, can be determined statistically. Analysis of both linear-regression and data-density trends indicates that API gravity increases as the oil matures during burial. Linear-regression analyses yield positive API-gravity gradients and low correlation coefficients for the data populations. Data-density trends show well-delineated and differing API-gravity gradients with ordinal and abscissal limits. From younger to older formations, there are two main trends of increasing API gravity. The oil from sub-Clarksville reservoirs, showing the best-delineated high API-gravity gradient, represents one main trend. The oils from Woodbine and Paluxy reservoirs show both main trends; API gravity increases rapidly, then slowly, as burial continues. The oils from Glen Rose, Rodessa, Pettet, and Travis Peak reservoirs show the second main trend, that is, a low API-gravity gradient. A composite plot for the seven formations, showing one curvilinear trend, with both high and low API-gravity gradients, implies different radiocarbon maturation rates tor the East Texas oils. Almost all maturation trends are within a temperature range of 110 to 250°F (43 to 121°C), which falls below the the retical temperature window of 250 to 350°F (121 to 177°C) for maximum hydrocarbon generation. For each formation, the geographic distributions of API gravity, depth of burial, and formation temperature establish a stratigraphic, geographic, and tectonic framework for studying the statistical distributions. Generally, high API gravity oils have been produced from the deep southern and shallow eastern parts of the basin. Lower API gravity oils are produced from the northern and western shallow parts of the basin. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1428------------
Current transport model of graphene nanoribbon tunnel transistor in variable and constant field

In our earlier work 1 , we have developed an analytical current transport model of a p-channel Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (T-FET) made from 2D atomically thick Graphene Nanoribbon (GNR). Considering drain-source voltage (V DS ), gate-source voltage (V GS ), carrier mobility (μ) and top gate dielectric (t OX ), the model demonstrates an ON current of 1605 μA/μm for a GNR width of 5nm at 0.275eV band gap. The calculated ON/OFF current ratio of 10 7 with a very steep Subthreshold-Slope (SS) of 7.07mV/decade is obtained from the I-V GS transfer characteristics. In the present work, current transport mechanism of graphene T-FETs considering constant and variable electric fields are proposed and corresponding I-V characteristics are obtained. The constant electric field model is based on tunneling mechanism of Esaki tunnel diode. The variable electric field model exhibits linear (Ohmic) I-V characteristics. Contrary to a variable electrical field, constant field model exhibits both linear and saturation regions of operation. Using back gated biasing, the n-channel TFET exhibits negative differential conductivity (NDC) for the variable electric field. The performance of GNR T-FET under constant electric field model is compared with the projected model of nMOSFETs in 2011 ITRS and found that the proposed model exhibits seven times lower power and eight times higher intrinsic speed in the upper GHz range. Such high performance makes graphene T-FET extremely suitable for design of ultra-low power RF integrated circuits.
An unusual exact, closed-form solution for axisymmetric vibration of inhomogeneous simply supported circular plates

Abstract Apparently for the first time in the literature, an exact closed-form solution is derived for an axisymmetrically vibrating inhomogeneous circular plate that is simply supported at its boundary. The solution is characterized here as an unusual one since for its counterpart—the homogeneous plate, transcendental functions are called for whereas here a solution is found in elementary functions, namely, polynomials. The analysis is based on an inverse vibration problem: Given a candidate mode shape and density distribution, we calculate the plate stiffness so that the governing equation for the plate mode shape is identically satisfied. We also are able to obtain the expression for the corresponding natural frequency.
Long-term treatment with antipsychotics does not alter the phosphoinositide response to muscarinic or D2 dopaminergic agonists in rat striatum

The effects of the muscarinic agonist carbachol and the D2 dopaminergic agonist quinpirole on phosphoinositide hydrolysis were studied in the corpus striatum of rats which had been treated for one year with either haloperidol or clozapine. In the presence of LiCl, carbachol increased the accumulation of inositol monophosphate (greater than 100%) and bisphosphate (greater than 20%). Quinpirole had no effect on either basal or carbachol-stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphates. There was no difference in these responses between the drug-treated animals and age-matched controls.
On the role of criticality in coastal flows over irregular bottom topography

Abstract A simple expansion technique is developed for predicting the response of a horizontally sheared oceanic coastal flow over uniform coastal topography to variations in that bottom topography. The technique is illustrated by application to supercritical and subcritical flows. The response of the supercritical flow is local, while that of the subcritical flow extends downstream to be eventually attenuated by frictional damping. However, the response of both flow types is weak unless the flow is nearly critical.
An Alternative Approach for Preparing and Standardizing Some Common Aqueous Reagents Used in an Undergraduate Laboratory

A guide for instructors and laboratory assistants to prepare some common aqueous reagents used in an undergraduate laboratory is presented. Dilute reagents consisting of H+(aq), I3–(aq), Ce4+(aq), and Ag+(aq) were prepared by electrolytic oxidation of respective precursors. Electrolysis was promptly stopped when potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) was completely neutralized by OH–(aq) resulting from an electrolytic reduction of water in the cathode compartment. The neutralization of KHP was monitored by a visual color change of an indicator. The amount of reagent produced in the anode compartment was directly determined from the mass of KHP added to the cathode compartment. The concentrations of reagents determined from the mass of KHP and from an independent volumetric titration were in agreement. The electrolysis cell, powered by an 18 V dc power supply, eliminated the requirement of a coulometer. Setup of an electrolysis cell and experimental details for preparing reagents are presented.
Stress-Strain Relations for Cracked Tensile Concrete from RC Beam Tests

A method for determining the stress-strain relations for concrete form short-term flexural tests of reinforced concrete members is proposed. The method is based on the smeared crack approach. Average stress-strain relations for concrete in tension (including the descending branch) and in compression are computed from experimental moment-average strain and/or moment-curvature curves. Computation of stress-strain relations is performed incrementally for the extreme surface fibers, and is based on a novel idea of using the previously computed portions of the stress-strain relations at each load increment to compute the current increments of the stress-strain relations. The proposed method has been applied to some experimental data reported in the literature. Average stress-strain curves for concrete in tension, where cracking, bond, and shrinkage effects were taken into account in an integrated manner, have been computed for beams with various depths, reinforcement ratios, and rebar diameters. These and othe...
B1-to-B2 phase transition of transition-metal monoxide CdO under strong compression

This paper reports the experimental research on the compressibility and phase transition of $\mathrm{CdO}$ up to $176\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ at room temperature using high-resolution angular-dispersive x-ray diffraction from synchrotron source combined with the diamond anvil cell technique. The phase transition from $\mathrm{NaCl}$ $(B1)$- to $\mathrm{CsCl}$ $(B2)$-type structure for $\mathrm{CdO}$ was observed at pressure about $90.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, which is uniquely observed in the transition-metal oxide family for the pressure-induced direct $B1\text{\ensuremath{-}}B2$ transition and in good agreement with the theoretical prediction. The bulk modulus of the $B1$ and $B2$ phases of $\mathrm{CdO}$ at zero pressure was estimated as 147 and $169\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, respectively. The $3d$ and $4d$ transition-metal monoxides $\mathrm{ZnO}$ and $\mathrm{CdO}$ were both predicted to undergo a $B1$-to-$B2$-type structural transformation under high pressure based on first-principles total energy calculations; the difference in the bulk moduli between the results of this experiment and simulations, and the possibility of a similar $B1$-to-$B2$ phase transition in $\mathrm{ZnO}$ are discussed.
Jorge Luis Borges's "Camden, 1892": A New Translation

A translation into English of Jorge Luis Borges' sonnet portraying Whitman on his deathbed.
Phenotype modification in horticultural crops through hormonal control

Abstract Technological advances in plant molecular genetics, especially in the areas of gene isolation and plant transformation, provide the opportunity to consider strategies which attempt to engineer important crop plants with controlled hormonal responses. Two important agronomic traits which determine crop productivity and which are controlled, at least in part, by plant hormones are postharvest qualities and plant architecture. This paper reviews two approaches for controlling specific physiological and developmental processes in horticultural plants through phytohormone manipulations. One strategy is the manipulation of the biochemistry of synthesis and perception of hormones. This approach is limited to instances where cloned and characterized genes are available. The second method is longer term and uses a genetic approach to define genes which control plant shape, specifically branching and internode elongation.
Plasma and renal renin concentrations in adult sheep after prenatal betamethasone exposure.

This study examined whether renin expression and secretion and plasma angiotensin II (Alg II) levels were altered in adult sheep exposed to antenatal betamethasone. Pregnant sheep received injections of 0.17 mg/kg betamethasone or vehicle, at 80 and 81 days of gestation, and offspring were studied at 6 and 18 months of age. At 6 months, plasma prorenin concentrations were significantly lower in betamethasone animals (4.63 ± 0.64 vs 7.09 ± 0.83 ng angiotensin I/mL/h, P < .01). The percentage of plasma active renin was significantly higher in the betamethasone group (31.93 ± 4.09% vs 18.57 ± 2.79%, P < .01). Plasma and renocortical renin levels were similar in both groups at 18 months, but plasma renin activity was lower than at 6 months. Ang II levels were suppressed by betamethasone. The data indicate that prenatal exposure to betamethasone alters processing and secretion of renin in offspring at 6 months, but that this difference is not apparent at 18 months.
High-performance superconducting windings for AC generators

Superconducting windings are susceptible to mechanical instabilities that degrade their performance. The problem, often referred to as training, results from, wire motion. A technical approach is presented to develop superconducting rotor windings for large generators that are capable of attaining the theoretical maximum current density of the superconductor without training. The winding is assembled from racetrack-shaped, epoxy-impregnated modules, Epoxy impregnation is used to restrict wire motion and frictional heating within the winding. A support structure is shrunk around the winding modules to provide support of the winding against centrifugal and magnetic forces, and restrict sliding movement of the winding relative to the support. Further, a winding interface material is employed to enhance friction so that compression at the winding interface results in frictional forces that are larger than the shear forces. Thus, sliding motion can be prevented. A model superconducting rotor for a 20 MVA generator has been developed according to this technique to simulate the winding electromagnetic loading and interface parameters. The winding was tested statically in a bath of liquid helium. It attained the theoretical maximum current repeatedly without training. The experiments have validated the analytical predictions.
Elevated dNTP levels suppress hyper-recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae S-phase checkpoint mutants

MEC1, the essential yeast homolog of the human ATR/ATM genes, controls the S-phase checkpoint and prevents replication fork collapse at slow zones of DNA replication. The viability of hypomorphic m ...
Calcium chondroitin 4-sulfate: Molecular conformation and organization of polysaccharide chains in a proteoglycan

Abstract X-ray diffraction data have been obtained from sodium and calcium salts of a proteoglycan rich in chondroitin 4-sulfate isolated from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma. When sodium is the only countercation associated with the proteoglycan, the oriented polysaccharide chains adopt a 3-fold helical conformation in the solid state and pack in a trigonal unit cell with dimensions a = b = 1.45 nm and c = 2.88 nm. Addition of small amounts of calcium or full conversion of the polyanion from a sodium to a calcium salt form results in a conformational transition to a somewhat more extended 2-fold structure. For the calcium salt X-ray intensity data were used to refine the polysaccharide conformation and packing arrangement in the unit cell. Two antiparallel chains were found to crystallize in an orthorhombic unit cell with space group P22121 and dimensions a = 0.745 nm, b = 1.781 nm and c = 1.964 nm. The individual helix axes intersect the base plane of the unit cell at (xf = 0, yf = 0) and ( x f = 0, y f = 1 2 ), and the polyanions are crystallographically equivalent, being related by the symmetry of the space group. The conformation of chondroitin 4-sulfate is stabilized intramolecularly by O.3 … O.5 hydrogen bonds across the β(1 → 4) linkage as well as by OSO−3 … Ca2+ … −OOC co-ordination across the β(1 → 3) linkage. Within the lattice adjacent parallel chains interact through COO− … Ca2+ … −OOC bridges, and each calcium co-ordination shell is completed with an additional five water molecules to form a distorted, square antiprism. These water molecules are hydrogen-bonded to neighboring polyanions, and all intermolecular interactions involve water bridges or calcium ion co-ordination. On the basis of the refined packing model and the known structural features of the proteoglycan, models are considered for proteoglycan organization in connective tissue. Consideration of the conformational directing influence and relative abundance of calcium in the intercellular matrix suggest that the secondary structure of chondroitin 4-sulfate in vivo is likely to be similar to the conformation described in this study.
Ubiquitin‐protein conjugates selectively distribute during early chicken embryogenesis

The major mechanism for proteloysis in eucaryotes involves an ATP-dependent pathway for which the covalent attachment of ubiquitin targets proteins for degradation. The involvement of ubiquitin conjugation in early embryonic vertebrate development was investigated by examinining the amounts and localization of ubiquitin conjugates at different stages of development in the chicken using an affinity-purified antibody specific for conjugated ubiquitin. Solid phase immunochemical assays measuring whole embryo pools of free and conjugated ubiquitin demonstrated a progressive increase increase in conjugate pools to stage 18, followed by a decline to stage 24. In contrast, levels of free polypeptide showed a dramatic increase after stage 5, indicating a change in the dynamics of the two pools during develoment. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the distribution of ubiquitin adducts between stages 3 and 22 was pronounced in regions undergoing extensive cellular remodeling. Ubiquitin conjugates were detected in the primitive streak where cells ingress during gastrulastion. The presence of these degradative intermediate in both neuroectodermal cells of the neural folds and subsquent neural crest cells migrating from the dorsum of the neural tube is consistent with an involvement in key morphogenetic events. The localization of ubiquitin conjugates at other selected tissue interfaces including limb bud ectoderm/mesoderm, and cardiac atrioventricular myocardium/endothelium suggests an active role for ubiquitin-mediated protein modification in similar developmental interactions. Conjugates were distributed first between somites, then in myotomes with a pattern spatially identical to that of the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, E214K, the major cognate isozyme for isopeptide ligase (E3)-dependent degradation. The potential involvement of ubiquitin conjugation at sites of epithelialmesenchymal associations was further analyzed ion culture using atrioventricular canal (AV) endothelium. Immunoreactivity was abundant in cells immediately prior to and during their transformation into mesenchyme. Collectively, the specific temporal and, spatial changes in ubiquitin conjugates during early vertebrate development suggest a regulatory role for this degradative pathway in the cellular remodeling accompanying embryonic growth and differentiation. © 1995 wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dimension independence in exterior algebra

Abstract The identities between homogeneous expressions in rank 1 vectors and rank n - 1 covectors in a Grassmann-Cayley algebra of rank n, in which one set occurs multilinearly, are shown to represent a set of dimension-independent identities. The theorem yields an infinite set of nontrivial geometric identities from a given identity.
Synthesis of trifluorovinylpolyhaloaryl compounds via polyhaloarylcopper complexes

Abstract The synthesis of some polyhaloarylcopper complexes (Ar x Cu; Ar x = C 6 F 5 , p -HC 6 F 4 , p -BrC 6 F 4 , C 5 NF 4 , C 5 NCl 4 and C 6 Cl 5 ) and their reactions with F 2 C = CFI to yield the F 2 C=CFAr x compounds are described. The copper coupling reaction between C 6 F 5 I and F 2 C=CFI as an alternate procedure for preparation of F 2 C=CFAr x has also been studied.
Some properties of Q-matrices

Abstract This paper deals with the class of Q-matrices, that is, the real n × n matrices M such that for every q ∈ R n×1, the linear complementarity problem Iw − Mz = q , w ⩾ 0, z ⩾ 0, and w T z = 0 , has a solution. In general, the results are of two types. First, sufficient conditions are given on a matrix M so that M ∈ Q. Second, conditions are given so that M ∉ Q.
Holographically steered millimeter wave antennas

A class of dynamic holographically addressed millimeter wave antennas becomes possible by combining the principle of holography with the notion of microwave transparency produced by excess carrier generation in semiconductor panels or preferably by reflectivity modulation of an interferometric structure consisting of a dielectric air gap metal structure. The theory of operation of the holographically addressed antenna is presented together with a discussion of possible methods for its implementation. The advantages of using a microwave Kinoform for this purpose are also pointed out.
Thermal Gelation of β-Lactoglobulin AB Purified from Cheddar Whey. 1. Effect of pH on Association As Observed by Dynamic Light Scattering

Thermal association of β-lactoglobulin AB (β-Lg) purified from Cheddar whey, a major source of commercial whey ingredients, was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The objective was to observe the effect of the process and/or possible micromolecules in this β-Lg source of commercial relevance. Protein solution (8%, w/v) was heated (25-90 °C) at pH 3.5, 7, and 9.0. DLS data were analyzed according to the method of Cumulants for apparent mean diameter and by the Contin method for percentile size distribution. Data indicated gradual change in mean size that started at 35 °C, much below the reported denaturation temperature of 70 °C. Moreover, the percentile distribution of various micrometer- and submicrometer-sized aggregates differed at the different pH values studied, conceivably indicating conformational alteration limiting spatial freedom for intermolecular association. Monomeric/dimeric form (1-9 nm range) was seen only at pH 3.5 at temperatures below 65 °C. The ubiquitous aggregate size range was 100-599 nm (Agg3), and greatest changes in aggregate size and distribution were detected around 70 °C. Micrometer-sized ( >1000 nm) aggregates were formed at this temperature and above, concomitant with disappearance of Agg3. On the basis of polydispersity data and rate kinetics dependent on the disappearance of Agg3, the association tendency between 25 and 70 °C was in the order pH 7.0 > pH 3.5 > pH 9.0.
Rhodobaca bogoriensis gen. nov. and sp. nov., an alkaliphilic purple nonsulfur bacterium from African Rift Valley soda lakes.

From enrichment cultures established for purple nonsulfur bacteria using water and sediment samples from Lake Bogoria and Crater Lake, two soda lakes in the African Rift Valley, three strains of purple nonsulfur bacteria were isolated; strain LBB1 was studied in detail. Cells of strain LBB1 were motile and spherical to rod-shaped, suggesting a relationship to Rhodobacter or Rhodovulum species, and the organism was capable of both phototrophic and chemotrophic growth on a wide variety of organic compounds. Phototrophically grown cultures were yellow to yellow-brown in color and grew optimally at pH 9 (pH range 7.5–10) and 1% NaCl (range 0–10%). In physiological studies of strain LBB1, neither photoautotrophy (H2- or sulfide-dependent) nor nitrogen fixation was observed. Absorption spectra revealed that all three strains contained bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the spheroidene pathway and synthesized only a light-harvesting (LH) I-type photosynthetic antenna complex. Electron microscopy of cells of strain LBB1 revealed a vesicular intracytoplasmic membrane system, although only a few vesicles were observed per cell. The G+C content of strain LBB1 DNA was 59 mol%, significantly lower than that of known Rhodobacter and Rhodovulum species, and its phylogeny as determined by ribosomal RNA gene sequencing placed it within the Rhodobacter/Rhodovulum clade yet distinct from all described species of either of these genera. The unique assemblage of properties observed in strain LBB1 warrants its inclusion in a new genus of purple nonsulfur bacteria and the name Rhodobaca bogoriensis is proposed herein, the genus name reflecting morphological characteristics and the species epithet referring to the habitat.
Chern Numbers and Green's Functions in Solid State Physics

Using the energy Green's function formulation proposed by Niu1 for particle densities, we construct and clarify the nature of the topological invariant assigned to the Hall conductance in the Hall system of 2-dimensional noninteracting electron gas; we identify this topological quantum number explicitly as the first Chern number of a complex vector bundle over a 2-torus parametrized by the magnetic potential (a1, a2); the fibres are finite dimensional spaces spanned by eigenfunctions of the system with energy eigenvalues below the Fermi energy. Other cases can be treated by a similar procedure, namely, by recognizing that some physical quantities are integrals of curvatures defined on a nontrivial finite dimensional complex bundle. Therefore, in suitable units, they take integer values. We treat, as an example, the electron density response to a dilation of a periodic potential. The integer in this case is the number of Bloch bands. The quantization of the Hall conductance and density response is also shown in the presence of disorder.
The role of the convoluted segment of the proximal tubule in the disposal of 131-I-insulin in the rat kidney.

It is generally accepted that in the kidney insulin is metabolized in the proximal tubule, but whether in the convoluted segment, the straight segment, or both has not been established. By means of autoradiography counting of radioactivity, and interrupted flow techniques, the following observations have been made. 131I-labelled porcine insulin is metabolized exclusively in the convoluted segment of the proximal tubule. Although the glomerular filtrate is the major source of insulin supply to the renal epithelia, the peritubular capillary plexuses provide as much as 30% or more of the total insulin delivered to the renal epithelia. The epithelium of the convoluted segment is capable of sequestering 131I-insulin from the peritubular capillary plexuses, a phenomenon which has not been established previously.
Childhood adversity and psychosocial adjustment in old age.

Objective The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that higher level of childhood adversity is associated with lower level of psychosocial adjustment in old age. Method Participants are 253 older persons (mean age: 79.8, standard deviation: 2.1; 73.9% women) from the Rush Memory and Aging Project, a clinicopathologic study of common chronic conditions of old age. Childhood adversity was assessed with a 16-item measure based on portions of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and other inventories. Psychosocial adjustment was assessed with multiple measures of neuroticism (i.e., proneness to negative emotions) and social engagement. Results Based in part on a factor analysis, composite measures of total adversity, emotional neglect, parental intimidation, parental violence, family turmoil, and financial need were developed. In a series of linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, own education, and parental education, the composite measure of childhood adversity was associated with all facets of neuroticism and accounted for more than 13% of the variance in the composite neuroticism measure. Emotional neglect and parental intimidation had the strongest associations with neuroticism. Childhood adversity was not related to frequency of participation in social activities, but more adversity was associated with having a smaller network (accounting for 3% of the variance) and feeling more emotionally isolated (accounting for 7% of the variance). Conclusion Childhood adversity is associated with less adaptive psychosocial functioning in old age.