cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contrasting landscapes: A comparison of the impact of different induction programs on beginning secondary science teachers' practices, beliefs, and experiences

Induction programs are essential in addressing the unique pedagogical and content needs of secondary science teachers. Yet most secondary science teachers have little access to general induction programs, and even less opportunity to participate in specialized science induction programs. This study examines the impact of three different induction programs on secondary science teachers. The teachers were matched by grade level among three groups; one group participated in a science-focused support program, another participated in a general support program, and a third had no formal support. All teachers were monitored during the spring semester to understand their teaching beliefs, instructional practices, and experiences in the classroom. The analysis of data revealed that the secondary science teachers in the science-focused support program implemented more student-centered inquiry lessons, held beliefs aligned with student-centered practices, and felt fewer constraints in their teaching than did the other two groups of teachers. This study reinforces the importance of induction programs for teachers, suggests there is a need for specialized support programs for beginning science teachers, and recommends that universities and school districts work together to develop such programs. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 77–97, 2003
Cardiovascular changes induced by rapid expansion of the extracellular fluid.

SummaryThe intravenous infusion of 1100 to 1600 cc of a modified Locke's solution at rates of 140 to 220 cc/min. in dogs causes only a transient increase in venous and arterial pressure and pulse rate. These values usually return to control levels within half an hour. Plasma and blood volume as measured by changes in plasma protein concentration and hematocrit are increased markedly at first, but return to within 20% of control values 70 minutes after the infusion.These systemic changes do not coincide in time with the increase in filtration rate and renal plasma flow induced by such infusions, and it is concluded that the changes in renal function cannot be attributed to them.
Radiation-induced Adiposis of the Parotid Gland

Radiation-induced changes to the parotid gland may complicate later surgery for new or recurrent tumors of the area. Radiation commonly causes the replacement of parotid parenchyma by adipose cells as well as fibrosis and glandular atrophy. If the Mohs micrographic surgeon is not prepared for the gross and microscopic changes which may be present in the parotid gland, neighboring structures such as the facial nerve may be inadvertently encountered and tumor depth and extent may be poorly estimated. By discussing and illustrating this situation, we hope to make other surgeons aware of the difficulties which may be present after radiation to the parotid gland.
Artisanal Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas, Fishery of Caribbean Nicaragua: I. Catch Rates and Trends, 1991–2011

This is the first assessment of catch rates for the legal, artisanal green turtle, Chelonia mydas, fishery in Caribbean Nicaragua. Data were collected by community members, monitoring up to 14 landing sites from 1991 to 2011. We examined take levels, and temporal and spatial variability in catch rates for the overall fishery, by region, and community using General Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs). More than 171,556 green turtles were killed during the period, with a mean estimated minimum 8,169±2,182 annually. There was a statistically significant decline in catch rates overall. Catch rates peaked in 1997 and 2002, followed by a downward trend, particularly from mid-2008 to the end of the study period. Similar downward trends were evident in both study regions. Community specific catch rate trends also indicated declines with decreases ranging from 21% to 90%. Decrease in catch rates in Nicaragua is cause for concern even though the principal source rookery at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, shows an increase in nesting activity. Explanations for the apparent discrepancy between the increasing trend at Tortuguero and decreasing catch rate trends in Nicaragua include: i) an increase in reproductive output, ii) insufficient time has passed to observe the impact of the fishery on the rookery due to a time lag, iii) changes in other segments of the population have not been detected since only nesting activity is monitored, iv) the expansive northern Nicaragua foraging ground may provide a refuge for a sufficient portion of the Tortuguero rookery, and/or v) a larger than expected contribution of non-Tortuguero rookeries occurring in Nicaragua turtle fishing areas. Our results highlight the need for close monitoring of rookeries and in-water aggregations in the Caribbean. Where consumptive use still occurs, nations sharing this resource should implement scientifically based limits on exploitation to ensure sustainability and mitigate impacts to regional population diversity.
THE APPLICATION OF RISK MANAGEMENT TO THE NEO THREAT

In the spring of 1995, the author, as Adjunct Professor of Engineering at the University of Southern California, developed a new graduate level course in risk management applied to problems in systems engineering and program management. The class project for this course was the near-earth-object (NEO) threat. Risk management has been one of the most recent arrivals to be recognized within systems engineering, but it is usually ad hoc and qualitative. The core of this new course established risk management on the foundation of probabilistic decision theory. For the class project, the students were asked to develop decision networks, probability assessments, and alternative criteria relating to the conduct of a planetary defense program. A good consensus was obtained: all investments for acceleration of NEO detection and characterization as well as preliminary design of mitigation systems were shown to be very cost effective, key risk reduction tests on mitigation technologies were recommended within limits, and the full deployment of actual mitigation systems should be paced by the results of the NEO detection program.
Fast set operations using treaps

We present parallel algorithms for union, intersection and difference on ordered sets using random balanced binary trees (treaps [26]). For two sets of size n and m (m ≤ n) the algorithms run in expected O(mlg(n=m)) work and O(lg n) depth (parallel time) on an EREW PRAM with scan operations (implying O(lg2 n) depth on a plain EREW PRAM). As with the sequential algorithms on treaps for insertion and deletion, the main advantage of our algorithms are their simplicity. In fact, our algorithms for set operations seem simpler than previous sequential algorithms with the same work bounds, and might therefore also be useful in a sequential context. To analyze the effectiveness of the algorithms we implemented both sequential and parallel versions of the algorithms and ran several experiments on them. Our parallel implementation uses the Cilk [5] shared memory runtime system on a 16 processor SGI Power Challenge and a 6 processor Sun Ultra Enterprise 3000. It shows reasonable speedup: 6.3 to 6.8 speedup on 8 processors of the SGI, and 4.1 to 4.4 speedup on 5 processors of the Sun.
Kinetics of Drug Action in Disease States. XLIII: Potentiating Effect of l-Tryptophan on the Hypnotic Action of Phenobarbital and Ethanol in Rats

Abstract The essential amino acid l -tryptophan has been widely used as a sleeping aid because it can produce drowsiness and decrease sleep latency. Its concentrations in plasma and brain and its binding to plasma protein are markedly altered in hepatic encephalopathy and renal failure. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if l -tryptophan can enhance the sensitivity of the central nervous system to the hypnotic actions of a barbiturate and an alcohol. Female rats weighing ∼ 200 g received an intravenous infusion of l -tryptophan (0.8 or 0.08 mg/min) for 30 min and then an infusion of phenobarbital (0.824 mg/min) with l -tryptophan (0.8 or 0.08 mg min − 1 ) until the onset of loss of righting reflex (LRR). Control animals received an infusion of saline solution for 30 min and then phenobarbital without the amino acid. Similar experiments were performed with ethanol (16.3 mg/min), with and without l -tryptophan (0.8 mg/min). L-Tryptophan infused alone at a rate of 3.8 mg/min for 84 min did not cause LRR. Administration of l -tryptophan at a rate of 0.8 mg/min with phenobarbital was associated with statistically significant reductions in the total dose and concentrations of phenobarbital in serum, serum water, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at onset of LRR. The 0.08 mg/min infusion of l -tryptophan had a less pronounced effect, with statistically significant reductions of phenobarbital concentrations at onset of LRR in brain and CSF. L-Tryptophan also significantly reduced the total dose and the concentrations of ethanol in serum, brain, and CSF required to produce LRR. It is concluded that l -tryptophan can potentiate the central nervous system depressant effects of phenobarbital and ethanol.
Occurrence and Correlates of Postpartum Depression in Overweight and Obese Women: Results from the Active Mothers Postpartum (AMP) Study

Objective Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant concern for new mothers and their infants, as well as the health professionals who care for them. Obesity may be a risk factor for depression, and therefore, for PPD specifically. We examined the occurrence and risk factors for PPD in a sample of overweight and obese new mothers. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 491 women who were overweight or obese prior to pregnancy completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) 6 weeks postpartum, along with a number of other health- and pregnancy-related measures. Occurrence of depression was investigated, as well as bivariate and multivariate relationships between depression and demographic and health-related characteristics. Results As determined by an EPDS score of 13 or higher, the prevalence of PPD was 9.2%. Three items on the scale stood out as drivers of the total score (“blame myself unnecessarily”, “anxious or worried,” “feel overwhelmed”). Bivariate correlates of depression included education, income, marital status, and self-reported chronic illness; income remained significant in the multivariate logistic regression model. BMI was not related to postpartum depression. Discussion In this group of overweight and obese women, there was no association between BMI group and postpartum depression.
A 60-Year-Old Woman Considering Acupuncture for Knee Pain

Mrs A, an active 60-year-old woman, has a history of degenerative osteoarthritis of her knee with pain that has progressed over the past 8 years. She has undergone arthroscopic surgery for a meniscal tear and has taken nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucosamine, and chondroitin sulfate occasionally, but generally does not like taking medications. She is open to other therapeutic approaches and wants to know if acupuncture can help the pain, improve function, and stop her condition from progressing. The evidence for the effectiveness of acupuncture for knee pain and other common treatments, including exercise, NSAIDs, glucosamine and chondroitin, and intra-articular knee injections are compared, and costs and methods of acupuncture and selecting an acupuncturist are discussed.
Teaching Psychosomatic Medicine Using Problem-Based Learning and Role-Playing

Problem-based learning (PBL) has been implemented in medical education world-wide. Despite its popularity, it has not been generally considered useful for residency programs. The author presents a model for the implementation of PBL in residency programs. The author presents a description of a PBL curriculum for teaching psychosomatic medicine to PGY 2 members in a psychiatry training program. The goals of PBL are to encourage self-directed learning; enhance curiosity, using case-based, con-textualized learning; promote collaborative practice; and support patient-centered care. The addition of role-playingexercises helps PGY 2 residents to develop their skills from simply developing a differential diagnosis to being able to construct biopsychosocial formulations, and it provides these residents an opportunity to practice presenting case formulations to the patient and family. Residents and faculty enjoyed the PBL role-playing sessions. Residents wanted the learning objectives given to them rather than generating their own learning objectives, to move through the cases faster, and to receive more information and more cases. Teaching psychosomatic medicine, using PBL and role-playing, allows many of the proposed Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine residency core competencies to be met. However, further refinement of the PBL method needs to take place in order to adapt its use to residency programs.
Does visual speech information affect word segmentation

We present an experiment in which we explored the extent to which visual speech information affects learners' ability to segment words from a fluent speech stream. Learners were presented with a set of sentences consisting of novel words, in which the only cues to the location of word boundaries were the transitional probabilities between syllables. They were exposed to this language through the auditory modality only, through the visual modality only (where the learners saw the speaker producing the sentences but did not hear anything), or through both the auditory and visual modalities. The learners were successful at segmenting words from the speech stream under all three training conditions. These data suggest that visual speech information has a positive effect on word segmentation performance, at least under some circumstances.
Mental Health Issues Among College Students: Who Gets Referred for Psychopharmacology Evaluation?

AbstractObjective: To describe diagnostic and psychotropic medication prescription characteristics among college students referred by college counseling centers for psychopharmacologic evaluation. Participants: Participants were 540 college students referred by 6 college counseling centers in Massachusetts between November 2005 and May 2011. Methods: Students completed self-report measures of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation and attempts, and substance use. Information regarding DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition) diagnosis, previous history of medication prescription, and current psychotropic medication(s) prescribed by the consulting psychiatrist was obtained from medical records. Results: Depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were the most common psychiatric problems identified in students. Half of these students had been prescribed mediation prior to evaluation. Antidepressant medication was the most frequently prescribed...
The National Tale and the Pseudonymous Author: Mobile Identity in the “Rosalia St. Clair” Novels

The novels of Scottish writer Agnes C. Hall, pseud. “Rosalia St. Clair,” have received no critical attention. Hall, however, interestingly revises the national tale to envision a flexible familial and national identity, chosen in a cosmopolitan context. Hall's vaguely but non-specifically ethnic pseudonym presents her first argument for such an identity. Hall adopts from Sydney Owenson's novels an interest in the ways in which characters move across boundaries in order to recover their birthright, but rejects the national tale's use of history and inheritance to define cultural identity. She suggests that only the freedom to change family name and nationality will allow individuals to evade tyrannical parents and governments. In deemphasizing history, she also redefines authenticity to privilege sympathy with one's audience over verisimilitude or faithfulness to origins. Her changing portrayal of characters named “St. Clair” and “Byron” demonstrates her increasing advocacy for a cosmopolitan, freely chose...
Lack of D2 receptor mediated regulation of dopamine synthesis in A11 diencephalospinal neurons in male and female mice.

Dopamine (DA) neurons comprising the A11 diencephalospinal system represent the major source of DA innervation to the spinal cord. These neurons project axons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the spinal cord, terminating predominantly in the dorsal horn. Loss of DA-mediated sensorimotor function in the lumbar segment of spinal cord is implicated in the etiology of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), which is more prevalent in females as compared with males. The purpose of the present study was to compare the density (DA concentrations) and catabolic activity (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; DOPAC) of A11 DA neurons innervating the lumbar spinal cord of male and female C57/BL6 mice, and to determine if there is a sexual difference in the regulation of these neurons by D2 autoreceptor-mediated mechanisms. DA concentrations in the lumbar spinal cord were higher in males, suggesting a greater A11 DA innervation as compared with females, whereas there was no sexual difference in the activity (DOPAC/DA ratio) of these DA neurons under basal conditions. Blockade of D2 receptors with raclopride caused a significant increase in the DOPAC/DA ratio in the striatum and nucleus accumbens in both males and females, but had no effect in the spinal cord. Blockade of neuronal impulse flow and DA release with γ-butyrolactone (GBL) increased DA concentrations in the spinal cord, but this increase was not prevented by pretreatment with the D2 agonist quinelorane. These results are consistent with the conclusion that A11 diencephalospinal DA neurons in both males and females lack presynaptic synthesis modulating D2 autoreceptors.
The origins of concepts

Certain of our concepts are innate, but many others are learned. Despite the plausibility of this claim, some have argued that the very idea of concept learning is incoherent. I present a conception of learning that sidesteps the arguments against the possibility of concept learning, and sketch several mechanisms that result in the generation of new primitive concepts. Given the rational considerations that motivate their deployment, I argue that these deserve to be called learning mechanisms. I conclude by replying to the objections that these mechanisms cannot produce genuinely new content and cannot be part of genuinely cognitive explanations.
Kinetics of low-temperature homogeneous SO3 formation for use in flue gas conditioning for improved electrostatic precipitator performance

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the kinetics of homogeneous SO 3 formation used as an alternative to external SO 3 injection for reducing fly ash resistivity. While homogenous SO 2 to SO 3 conversion has been previously studied, primarily for boiler corrosion control, little data exist for low gas temperatures. This work was based on recent studies demonstrating that hydrocarbon flames introduced in relatively low temperature gas streams could provide sufficient O atoms to promote the formation of SO 3 from existing SO 2 . For this study, a premixed natural gas flame was used to promote the conversion of SO 2 to SO 3 in a drop tube furnace with free stream gas temperatures ranging from 450 to 1000 K. SO 2 and SO 3 concentration measurements via wet chemistry and gas chromatography, coupled with numeric modeling of reactions and species concentrations, indicated that lower free stream temperatures reduce the maximum conversion percentage of SO 2 to SO 3 while extending the duration of elevated SO 3 concentration. In addition, the effects of SO 2 and excess O 2 on this conversion process were explored to understand potential ramifications on practical systems. Finally, calculated kinetic parameters of the assumed conversion mechanisms indicate both a greater rate coefficient for H-atom-based decomposition of SO 3 than previously reported and a possible temperature dependence in the collisional dissociation of SO 3 . Other kinetic parameters were in general agreement with studies conducted at higher temperatures.
Perfect page placement

Careful page placement policies are memory management heuristics that map virtual pages to physical memory in a manner that tends to reduce the average CPU cache conflict miss rate compared to random placement. Careful placement is particularly well-suited to large direct-mapped caches. Perfect page placement is the limiting case of careful placement and is achieved by a virtual page mapping that minimizes the conflict miss rate. Cache performance curves for perfect page placement are useful benchmarks for estimating the relative error of other careful placement policies. On-line perfect placement is not realizable because the computation requires future knowledge of the memory reference string. However, off-line perfect placement is a systems modeling tool analogous to the OPT page replacement policy for virtual memory systems; both policies are tools for computing upper bounds on memory system performance. In this paper, perfect page placement is presented and proved NP-hard for demand-paged virtual memory systems with direct-mapped caches and infinite physical memory capacity. A class of perfect placement approximation algorithms is also presented and proved NP-hard.
Local Elections and the Politics of Small-Scale Democracy. By J. Eric Oliver with Shang E. Ha and Zachary Callen. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. 234p. $75.00 cloth, $29.95 paper.

In this creative and important book, Eric Oliver and his coauthors offer a comprehensive analysis of a largely overlooked phenomenon, electoral behavior in smaller communities, here defined as jurisdictions with populations under 100,000. In the broadest sense, the central theme of the book is that elections are different in these small jurisdictions from what theories and empirical analyses of national, state, and big-city elections have made familiar. More specifically, they argue that a triumvirate of jurisdictional characteristics—1) population size, 2) scope (i.e., the extent to which institutional arrangements provide government officials with powers on a broad array of matters), and 3) bias (i.e., the extent to which government distributes resources in something other than an evenhanded fashion)—are crucial factors shaping the behavior of voters and candidates and, hence, are the essential character of elections. In separate chapters analyzing who votes, who runs for office, what shapes incumbent advantage, and what shapes voter choice, the authors explore hypotheses developed in their overview chapter about how size, scope, and bias impact each of these aspects of local elections.
Depression and anxiety in adults with congenital heart disease: a pilot study.

Abstract Objective To examine the presence of depression and anxiety in adults with congenital heart disease and the association of medical severity with depression and anxiety. Design Prospective, pilot study. Setting An adult outpatient cardiology clinic in university-affiliated children's hospital in Northeast. Patients Twenty-two adult patients with congenital heart disease followed in an adult cardiology clinic. Patients were selected who had no evidence of emotional or behavioral difficulties, (ie, no symptoms of depression or anxiety). Outcome Measures Standardized semi-structured psychiatric interview with structured checklist eliciting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria for depressive and anxiety disorders, Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and the Cardiologist's Perception of Medical Severity scale. Results Among patients who had been assumed to be “well adjusted,” 36.4% were experiencing a diagnosable psychiatric disorder, with anxiety or depressive symptoms being prominent. There were 6 patients (27.3%) who had BSI scores above 63 indicating pathological emotional functioning. There was significant convergent validity between the clinical diagnoses of depression and anxiety using both diagnostic interviews to identify DSM-IV diagnostic conditions and the BSI. There were significant associations between patient's medical severity scores and with the DSM-IV diagnosis of depression and the BSI global index score and depression subscale. Conclusions This pilot study raises important concerns about the emotional functioning of many adults facing congenital heart disease, particularly those with complex lesions. From a clinical perspective, this work suggests that health care professionals should be alert for emotional difficulties and the possible need for psychological intervention for adult survivors of congenital heart disease even among those that are seemingly emotionally well adjusted. (Heart Lung® 2003;32:105-10.)
Classical and quantum dynamics of the Faraday lines of force.

We study the vacuum Maxwell theory by expressing the electric field in terms of its Faraday lines of force. This representation allows us to capture the two physical degrees of freedom of the electric field by means of two scalar fields. The corresponding classical canonical theory is constructed in terms of four scalar fields, is fully gauge invariant, has an attractive kinematics, but a rather complicated dynamics. The corresponding quantum theory can be constructed in a well-defined functional representation, which we refer to as the Euler representation. This representation turns out to be related to the loop representation. The resulting quantization scheme is, perhaps, of relevance for non-Abelian theories and for gravity.
The anatomy of diplodinium medium

In this paper evidence is given in support of the author's statements (Rees, '30) that in ciliates in the genus Diplodinium a neuromotor apparatus, as described and figured by Sharp ('14), could not be differentiated. For the study of minute anatomy ciliates were cut into serial sections 3 μ thick. The body which in D. medium appeared to correspond to the motorium of D. ecaudatum was shown to be a fold of the middle layer of ectoplasm. Fibers, described and figured by Sharp as connecting the motorium to the organelles of locomotion and of food taking and to a ring about the esophagus, could not be differentiated. Other fibers which Sharp designated as opercular were shown to be part of a fibrillar complex extending throughout the middle layer and the inner boundary layer of ectoplasm. The walls of the esophagus were shown to be formed by the fused middle and inner layers of the ectoplasm. The esophageal fibers therefore belong also to the above-mentioned fibrillar complex. In D. medium a system of esophageal membranelles was differentiated, described, and figured. The ciliary systems of Paramaecium ecaudatum and of Diplodinium medium were shown to be strikingly similar. The principle of descent from a common ancestor adequately explains the above similarity, but is out of harmony with the discrepancies between Sharp's account of D. ecaudatum and this account of D. medium.
Principles for designing hospital intranets for hand‐held computer users

This paper discusses Web design for compatibility with hand‐held computers, illustrated with examples from medical contexts. Hand‐helds’ small screens make them a challenge. Horizontal scrolling is a particular problem. PIE is recommended as a lowest common denominator browser to test Web designs. Particular pitfalls are the COLSPAN element in tables, pdf and frames. The paper reviews examples of good design and useful tools to support good Web design. In fact, designs accessible for hand‐helds tend also to be good for disabled users, another reason for taking such design issues seriously.
The Effects of Task-Specific Divergent-Thinking Training

Although there is a growing body of evidence indicating that divergent-thinking skills may be very task specific, there has been no research testing how narrowly divergent-thinking training can be targeted. Seventy-nine seventh-grade students received training in poetry-relevant divergent-thinking skills. These subjects and a matched control group later wrote poems and stories, the creativity of which was judged by experts. There was a significantly greater impact on poetry-writing creativity. Implications for creativity theory and training programs are discussed. Numerous research reports (Baer, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994a, 1994b, in press-a; Runco, 1987, 1989) have shown that the skills underlying creative performance may be quite task specific, and this suggests possible limitations on the potential benefits of divergent-thinking training. One response to this task-specific understanding of divergent thinking has been to design divergent-thinking training programs that include practice in a wide range of task-specific divergent-thinking skills. This approach has been shown to have a general effect of enhancing creativity in diverse domains (Baer, 1988, 1992, 1993). An alternate approach would be to target training to specific kinds of creativity; however, there has been no research investigating just how narrowly such divergent-thinking training can be targeted. The present investigation was designed to test what effect divergent-thinking training focusing on a single task would have on creative performance on that task and on a different, but closely related, task. The larger goals were (a) to help creativity researchers better understand the nature of divergent thinking as it impacts creative performance and (b) to be of practical value in helping educators design training programs better suited to specific training objectives. Seventh-grade students were trained in divergent- thinking skills hypothesized to be related to poetry — writing creativity. Following this training, trained subjects and a matched sample of untrained subjects wrote both poems and stories in their regular English classes. Poems and stories were judged for creativity by experts who did not know the subjects. It was predicted that training in poetry-relevant divergent thinking would result in a greater increase in creativity on a poetry-writing task than on a story-writing task.
Comparison of three primary aggregator databases

This article explores the results of a study conducted by Louisiana State University Libraries to determine the strengths and weaknesses of three aggregator databases: EBSCO Academic Search Premier, Gale Expanded Academic ASAP, and ProQuest Research Library Core. Main ideas discussed are title coverage, full-text availability, and search features. It is hoped that this article will aid institutions in determining the acquisition of an aggregator database that best meets their institutional needs.
Measurement and Replication: Evaluating the Consistency of Eight U. S. Fertility Surveys

This paper addresses the comparability of data from eight national fertility surveys conducted in the United States between 1955 and 1980. We examine the extent to which substantive conclusions about the levels and correlates of the timing offirst birth vary across these data sources by comparing samples of women who were eligible to be included in more than one study. Results obtained from Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and logistic regression analyses of several measures of timing indicate few study effects. Thus findings based on data from one survey can be replicated with comparable data from another. One notable exception is the relationship between contraceptive use prior to the first birth and the timing of that birth. The contraceptive variable appears to be poorly measured, leading to unstable estimates of the relationship. In general, our results suggest: (1) the feasibility of pooling data from the various surveys when modeling delayed childbearing; and (2) reasonable accuracy in assessing trends in the timing of first birth from multiple data sources.
Synthesis, Thermal Behavior, and Structure of Hexaaquanickel(II) Chloro(hydrogenethylenediaminetetraacetato)ferrate(III): A Molecular Precursor for Stoichiometric Nickel Ferrite

Hexaaquanickel(II) chloro(hydrogenethylenediaminetetraacetato)ferrate(III), [Ni(H2O)6][FeCl(EDTA)H]2·4H2O, was prepared by the reaction of nickel(II) chloride with (hydrogenethylenediammine)iron(III) in water at room temperature. The compound readily loses water at room temperature depending on drying conditions and the relative humidity. The molecular structure of the dihydrate was determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The compound decomposes in stages involving, successively, loss of water, pyrolysis of the EDTA ligand, and loss of HCl to yield, finally, stoichiometric nickel ferrite. Crystal data: C20H42N4O24Cl2Fe2Ni, M = 963.88, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 20.548(3) A, b = 7.401(1) A, c = 12.827(1) A, β = 101.78(1)°, V = 1909.6(7) A3, Z = 2, Dcalc = 1.68 g cm-3, R = 0.028, and Rw = 0.040.
A robust perturbation theory for degenerate states based on exact constants of the motion

Infinite summations over unperturbed degenerate and nondegenerate states are a common feature when calculating corrections induced by a perturbation to degenerate states. We present an innovative mapping which simplifies these summations drastically when the perturbed problem is known to have an exact constant of the motion.
Development of a large animal model of cirrhosis and portal hypertension using hepatic transarterial embolization: a study in swine.

Abstract Purpose To develop a clinically relevant porcine model of liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension by means of hepatic transarterial embolization. Materials and Methods Institutional animal care and use committee approval was obtained for all experiments. Pigs received transcatheter arterial infusion of a 3:1 mixture of iodized oil and ethanol into the hepatic artery in volumes of 16 mL in group 1 (n = 4), 28 mL in group 2 (n = 4), and 40 mL in group 3 (n = 4) with intent of bilobar distribution. Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement, liver function tests, and volumetry were performed at baseline, at 2 weeks, and before necropsy. Results Cirrhosis was successfully induced in three animals that received 16 mL of the embolic mixture and in all four animals that received 28 mL. The animals in the 40-mL group did not recover from the procedure and were euthanized within 48 h. Increases in HVPG after 6–8 weeks versus baseline reached statistical significance ( P Conclusions Transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization can be used to create a reliable and reproducible porcine model of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
Preventive services for breast and cervical cancer in U.S. office-based practices.

Abstract Background. This study was undertaken to examine patterns of delivery of preventive services for breast and cervical cancer and the bundling of several preventive services. Methods. Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey on visits by women ages ≥45 years to office-based physicians during 1989 and 1990 were analyzed for delivery of clinical breast examination, mammography, breast self-examination counseling, pelvic examination, and Pap smear. Results. An estimated 38.7 million office visits included one or more preventive services for breast and cervical cancer (46.7 visits per 100 women per year). Visits that included clinical breast examination, Pap smear, and mammography together were largely provided by obstetricians and gynecologists, less by general/family practice and general internal medicine physicians, and rarely by subspecialists. Twenty-two percent of these visits were periodic preventive visits, lowest for subspecialists and highest for general internists. Major sources of payment included insurance and personal resources at younger ages and Medicare at ages ≥65. Conclusions. The periodic preventive visit has received only limited acceptance by physicians who provide preventive care for adult women. Payment for preventive visits changes with age and may affect the appropriate provision of services.
Analysis of elevation changes in relation to surface characteristics for six glaciers in Northern Labrador, Canada using advanced space-borne thermal emission and reflection radiometer imagery

Advanced space-borne thermal emission and reflection radiometer imagery and Digital Elevation Models were used to analyse surface elevation changes of six glaciers in Northern Labrador. Results indicate an average surface thinning of0.94 ± 0.49 m y−1 (water equivalent) between 2000 and 2009. Three glaciers had an average elevation change of −1.16 ± 0.55 m y−1 (water equivalent) whichis three times the thinning rate found in a study from 1981 to 1983 −0.36 ± 0.10 m y−1 water equivalent). Analysis of surface characteristics in relation to elevation changes shows expected results of rapid thinning in bare ice areas and near zero change in accumulation areas. Debris covered areas of three glaciers show expected results of moderate thinning, but three other glaciers indicate high rates of thinning. Variability in thinning rates suggests possible influences in the type ofdebris and/or variations in climate such as increased rainfall.
SPACRCAN, a novel human interphotoreceptor matrix hyaluronan-binding proteoglycan synthesized by photoreceptors and pinealocytes

The interphotoreceptor matrix is a unique extracellular complex occupying the interface between photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium in the fundus of the eye. Because of the putative supportive role in photoreceptor maintenance, it is likely that constituent molecules play key roles in photoreceptor function and may be targets for inherited retinal disease. In this study we identify and characterize SPACRCAN, a novel chondroitin proteoglycan in this matrix. SPACRCAN was cloned from a human retinal cDNA library and the gene localized to chromosome 3q11.2. Analysis of SPACRCAN mRNA and protein revealed that SPACRCAN is expressed exclusively by photoreceptors and pinealocytes. SPACRCAN synthesized by photoreceptors is localized to the interphotoreceptor matrix where it surrounds both rods and cones. The functional protein contains 1160 amino acids with a large central mucin domain, three consensus sites for glycosaminoglycan attachment, two epidermal growth factor-like repeats, a putative hyaluronan-binding motif, and a potential transmembrane domain near the C-terminal. Lectin and Western blotting indicate an M r around 400,000 before and 230,000 after chondroitinase ABC digestion. Removal ofN- and O-linked oligosaccharides reduces theM r to approximately 160,000, suggesting that approximately 60% of the mass of SPACRCAN is carbohydrate. Finally, we demonstrate that SPACRCAN binds hyaluronan and propose that associations between SPACRCAN and hyaluronan may be involved in organization of the insoluble interphotoreceptor matrix, particularly as SPACRCAN is the major proteoglycan present in this matrix.
RAFT-synthesized diblock and triblock copolymers: thermally-induced supramolecular assembly in aqueous media

This review highlights recent advances in the synthesis of functional, temperature-responsive, water-soluble block copolymers, including particular focus on the results obtained by employing reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The applicability of the RAFT process for the polymerization of functional monomers under a diverse range of experimental conditions has facilitated the synthesis of water-soluble (co)polymers that were previously inaccessible. Unprecedented control afforded by RAFT in homogeneous aqueous media allows well-defined polymeric systems to be prepared without stringent purification techniques and under increasingly “green” conditions while maintaining the ability to tailor many of the macromolecular characteristics (molecular weight, chain topology, copolymer composition, functionality, etc.) that affect self-assembly in solution. Block copolymer formation and postpolymerization modification utilizing crosslinking and copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne “click” chemistry are described, with attention being paid to their ability to control copolymer structure for subsequent self-assembly in response to changes in temperature.
Boolean analysis of histocompatibility data and genetic mapping

Abstract We present a new and simple set-theoretic analysis of a special class of antigen-antibody reaction data as an essential step toward the consistently successful transplantation of human tissue. The analysis is shown to determine the most “elementary” biochemical antigenic components at the genetic level, including the determination of the number of chromosomal loci and alleles that are responsible for histocompatibility. The results of such analysis of preliminary data are given.
Who chooses to teach (and why)

Abstract Decisions of college students determine who is prepared to teach. Analysis of a college cohort from the early 1980s indicates that graduates completing teacher training have roughly the same distribution of cognitive skills as all entrants into college. Yet, since college graduates are a select group, potential teachers fall low both in the overall graduate distribution and in the distribution by gender and race. Teacher training completion is significantly lowered by state requirements for courses and teacher tests, even though their effect on teacher performance is unclear. Surprisingly, participation in teacher training is not significantly affected by relative teacher earnings.
Persistent cough and sputum: prevalence and clinical characteristics in south east England.

In order to measure the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms in the population and to identify subjects fora case-referent study of aetiologic factors, 10 000 persons registered with general practices in south east England were surveyed. Responses to an initial postal questionnaire were validated by telephone interview; clinical interviews and simple spirometry were subsequently carried out on a sample of persons aged 5-54 years, reporting persistent sputum production. Results indicated that the postal questionnaire was an effective and sensitive method of surveying respiratory symptoms in the population. Comparison with earlier surveys suggests that the prevalence of chronic cough and sputum in Great Britain has fallen in males but not in females. Of those adults reporting persistent sputum production, high proportions reported associated symptoms of wheezing (54%), breathlessness (45%) or upper respiratory tract symptoms (54%). Thirty percent recalled a serious respiratory infection in childhood and 52% were current cigarette smokers although 34% reported that they had never been regular smokers. Overall there was little evidence of serious airflow obstruction in this group.
Shingles, spin-off eddies and an hypothesis

Abstract A shingle, or spin-off eddy, is a circulation system underpinned by an upwelling of cold water. Such a shingle is described by Lee, Atkinson and Legeckis (1981 Deep-Sea Research, 28, 347–378). Following Lee (1975 Deep-Sea Research, 22, 753–765) and Lee and Mayer (1977 Journal of Marine Research, 35, 193–220), they consider it to be a cyclonic vortex. At the sea surface, in particular, the warm filament part of the shingle it thought to merge into a cyclonic vortex. As revealed by satellite imagery, however, for as long as a shingle can be identified, the merging of the filament has never been observed. As an explanation, it is hypothesized that their measurement corresponds to a growing stage in a developing shingle in which local circulation within the filament is anticyclonic.
THE STAHL-ALEXEEV PARADOX - A NOTE

Abstract We offer a simple proof of the paradox discovered by Stahl and Alexeev that the introduction of black markets in a fixed price economy with a rationing mechanism consisting of waiting line queues is not necessarily a Pareto improvement. We show that the paradoxical result arises from the fact that queue length is endogenous and illustrates the general principle that permitting an additional market may be undesirable in an economy which has other distortions.
Luminescence Decay Dynamics and Trace Biomaterials Detection Potential of Surface-Functionalized Nanoparticles

We have studied the luminescence decay and trace biomaterials detection potential of two surface-functionalized nanoparticles, poly(ethylene glycol) bis(carboxymethyl) ether-coated LaF(3):Ce,Tb (~20 nm) and thioglycolic acid-coated ZnS/Mn (~5 nm). Upon UV excitation, these nanoparticles emitted fluorescence peaking at 540 and 597 nm, respectively, in solution. Fluorescence imaging revealed that these nanoparticles targeted the trace biomaterials from fingerprints that were deposited on various nonporous solid substrates. Highly ordered, microscopic sweat pores within the friction ridges of the fingerprints were labeled with good spatial resolutions by the nanoparticles on aluminum and polymethylpentene substrates, but not on glass or quartz. In solution, these nanoparticles exhibited multicomponent fluorescence decays of resolved lifetimes ranging from nano-to microseconds and of average lifetimes of ~24 and 130 micros for the coated LaF(3):Ce,Tb and ZnS:Mn, respectively. The long microsecond-decay components are associated with the emitters at or near the nanocrystal core surface that are sensitive to the size, surface-functionalization, and solvent exposure of the nanoparticles. When the nanoparticles were bound to the surface of a solid substrate and in the dried state, a decrease in the microsecond decay lifetimes was observed, indicative of a change in the coating environment of the nanocrystal surface upon binding and solvent removal. The average decay lifetimes for the surface-bound ZnS:Mn in the dried state were ~60, 30, and 11 micros on quartz, aluminum, and polymethylpentene, respectively. These values were still 2 orders of magnitude longer than the typical fluorescence decay background of most substrates (e.g., ~0.36 micros for polymethylpentene) in trace forensic evidence detections. We conclude that coated ZnS: Mn nanoparticles hold great promise as a nontoxic labeling agent for ultrasensitive, time-gated, trace evidence detections in nanoforensic applications.
Cultures of segments of human fetal intestine: applications to cytologic and virologic investigations.

SummaryCultures of human fetal intestine have been established and their usefulness for the study of the cellular elements and for the propagation of viruses have been indicated.
Evaluation of a high-dose chemotherapy protocol with no maintenance therapy for dogs with lymphoma.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of an intensified dose protocol with no maintenance phase for the treatment of canine lymphoma. Forty-nine dogs all weighing more than 15 kg were entered. Dogs were staged and treated with a modified version of the University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison protocol for lymphoma. Modifications included increased dosages of cyclophosphamide (250 mg/m2 compared to 200 mg/m2) and doxorubicin (37.5 mg/m2 compared to 30 mg/m2), with no crossover to chlorambucil or methotrexate. After 25 weeks on protocol (17 treatments), therapy was discontinued and dogs were monitored for relapse on a monthly basis. Disease-free interval (DFI) and overall survival were compared to 55 historical controls treated with the UW-Madison protocol. The 2 groups were comparable with respect to age, sex, breed, stage, presence of hypercalcemia, and CD3 status; a trend toward more substage b dogs was present in the high-dose group (P = .076). When comparing response rate, DFI, death due to disease, and death due to treatment-related toxicity, more dogs were dead due to toxicity (P < .001; odds ratio = 8.8) in the high-dose group. Overall survival between the high-dose and control groups did not differ significantly (P = .55) at 270 and 318 days, respectively. The intensified dose protocol is an option for owners who are willing to risk higher toxicity for a shorter protocol with no statistical difference in survival from the UW-Madison protocol.