cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Matching Task Difficulty to Patient Ability During Task Practice Improves Upper Extremity Motor Skill After Stroke: A Proof-of-Concept Study.

Abstract Objective To test the feasibility of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity "keyform," derived from Rasch analysis, as a method for systematically planning and progressing rehabilitation. Design Feasibility study, single group design. Setting University rehabilitation research laboratory. Participants Participants (N=10; mean age, 59.70±9.96y; 24.1±30.54mo poststroke) with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke >3 months prior, voluntarily shoulder flexion ≥30°, and simultaneous elbow extension ≥20°. Interventions The keyform method defined initial rehabilitation targets (goals) and progressed the rehabilitation program after every third session. Targets were repetitively practiced within the context of client-selected functional tasks not in isolation. Main Outcome Measures Feasibility was defined by subject's pain or fatigue, upper extremity motor function (Wolf Motor Function Test), and movement patterns (kinematics). Assessments were administered pre- and posttreatment and compared using paired t tests. Task-difficulty and patient-ability measures were calculated using Rasch analysis and compared using paired t tests ( P Results Ten participants completed 9 sessions, 200 movement repetitions per session in P =.01), improved shoulder-elbow coordination (index of curvature: pretreatment, 1.30±0.15; posttreatment, 1.21±0.11; P =.01), and exhibited reduced trunk compensatory movement (trunk displacement: pretreatment, 133.97±74.15mm; posttreatment, 108.08±64.73mm; P =.02). Task-difficulty and patient-ability measures were not statistically different throughout the program (person-ability measures of 1.01±0.05, 1.64±0.45, and 2.22±0.65 logits and item-difficulty measures of 0.93±0.37, 1.70±0.20, and 2.06±0.24 logits at the 3 testing time points, respectively; P >.05). Conclusions The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity keyform is a feasible method to ensure that the difficulty of tasks practiced were well matched to initial and evolving levels of upper extremity motor ability.
A new procedure for biopsy of a solid renal mass: transurethral approach under fluoroscopic control.

AbstractCystoscopically placed, fluoroscopically guided catheters were used to biopsy 3 solid renal tumors. One kidney had a renal cell carcinoma and 2 had transitional cell carcinoma invading the renal parenchyma, including 1 that had undergone various ureteroscopic biopsy techniques that failed to yield a diagnosis. The transurethral technique offers an alternative to open, laparoscopic or percutaneous biopsy in selected patients.
Bulimia, anorexia nervosa, and diabetes: Deadly combinations.

Bulimia, anorexia nervosa, and diabetes often coexist, and eating disorders among diabetics frequently go unrecognized. This combination of conditions can have life-threatening effects. Consequently, diagnosis and the medical and psychological management of these patients is of critical importance. The authors outline the complex interactions among the biologic, psychological, and social factors involved in these disorders.
Examining the costs and causes of cyber incidents

In 2013, the US President signed an executive order designed to help secure the nation’s critical infrastructure from cyberattacks. As part of that order, he directed the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop a framework that would become an authoritative source for information security best practices. Because adoption of the framework is voluntary, it faces the challenge of incentivizing firms to follow along. Will frameworks such as that proposed by NIST really induce firms to adopt better security controls? And if not, why? This research seeks to examine the composition and costs of cyber events, and attempts to address whether or not there exist incentives for firms to improve their security practices and reduce the risk of attack. Specifically, we examine a sample of over 12 000 cyber events that include data breaches, security incidents, privacy violations, and phishing crimes. First, we analyze the characteristics of these breaches (such as causes and types of information compromised). We then examine the breach and litigation rate, by industry, and identify the industries that incur the greatest costs from cyber events. We then compare these costs to bad debts and fraud within other industries. The findings suggest that public concerns regarding the increasing rates of breaches and legal actions may be excessive compared to the relatively modest financial impact to firms that suffer these events. Public concerns regarding the increasing rates of breaches and legal actions, conflict, however, with our findings that show a much smaller financial impact to firms that suffer these events. Specifically, we find that the cost of a typical cyber incident in our sample is less than $200 000 (about the same as the firm’s annual IT security budget), and that this represents only 0.4% of their estimated annual revenues.
Controversial cervical spine fractures: Classification and treatment

Abstract Cervical spine fractures remain a major source of morbidity and mortality but the treatment of many fractures is controversial. Recent studies have demonstrated that surgical treatment of many type II odontoid fractures leads to decreased morbidity and mortality. Controversy still remains about the treatment of C1 fractures, but the specific injury to the alar ligament can be helpful in guiding treatment. Subaxial cervical spine injury classification systems assess which injuries require surgery. These systems suggest burst fractures with neurologic deficits should be managed surgically, whereas those that lack neurologic symptoms and have an intact disco-ligamentous complex heal with orthotic treatment.
Risk and Epidemiology of Infections After Solid Organ Transplantation

Transplant recipients are uniquely susceptible to infectious diseases due to the nature of their underlying conditions and their immunosuppressed status; consequently infections in solid organ transplantation may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These patients are not only vulnerable to a broad range of infectious organisms including those not normally considered to be pathogenic, but also prone to unusual presentations and more severe manifestations of infection. Chapter 7 is an introduction to the risks and epidemiology of infections in solid organ transplantation. It provides an overview of pre-transplantation donor and candidate screening, reviews the classic timeline for infection, and discusses methods for disease prevention including immunizations, environmental control, and post-transplantation prophylaxis.
Assessing the reliability of computing ion pair lifetimes and self-diffusivity to predict experimental viscosity trends of ionic liquids

Self-diffusivities and ion pair lifetimes were calculated for 24 ionic liquids at 400 K. These values were then compared with the experimental viscosities of the ionic liquid at 298 K. Experimental viscosities were found to have a strong correlation with both the ion pair lifetime and the inverse diffusivity. For both properties, the ionic liquids were divided into two groups based on the nature of the anion. It was found that both the ion pair lifetime and the self-diffusivity can be used to predict the ionic liquids with a viscosity lower than a given threshold with an 80% success rate. This predictive capability would allow for rapid screening of ionic liquids to determine those with low viscosities.
Modulating Supramolecular Peptide Hydrogel Viscoelasticity Using Biomolecular Recognition

Self-assembled peptide-based hydrogels are emerging materials that have been exploited for wound healing, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and other applications. In comparison to synthetic polymer hydrogels, supramolecular peptide-based gels have advantages in biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ease of synthesis and modification. Modification of the emergent viscoelasticity of peptide hydrogels in a stimulus responsive fashion is a longstanding goal in the development of next-generation materials. In an effort to selectively modulate hydrogel viscoelasticity, we report herein a method to enhance the elasticity of β-sheet peptide hydrogels using specific molecular recognition events between functionalized hydrogel fibrils and biomolecules. Two distinct biomolecular recognition strategies are demonstrated: oligonucleotide Watson–Crick duplex formation between peptide nucleic acid (PNA) modified fibrils with a bridging oligonucleotide and protein–ligand recognition between mannose modified fibrils wi...
At the Intersections of Race, Poverty, Gender, and Science: A Museum Mortuary for Twentieth Century Fetuses and Infants

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the collection of fetal and infant skeletal remains was instrumental to the advancement of knowledge in anatomy, primatology, embryology, and anthropology. Within these disciplines, the commodification of fetal and stillborn remains was deemed essential to the progression of science. Bodies representing each stage of in utero and perinatal growth and development were sought. Following soft tissue dissection, the skeletons of these individuals were collected and analyzed, with much study focusing on understanding human variation with regard to racial typology and “normal” human development. Scholars depended upon miscarriages, stillbirths, and procedure-related pregnancy terminations to obtain their “specimens.” Agreements between government agencies, politicians, and anatomists became necessary to ensure the procurement of fetal and perinatal cadavers. Amassed by Adolph Hans Schultz (1891–1976), the Johns Hopkins Fetal Collection (1918–1951) is comprised of fetal remains but also stillbirths, newborns, and infants up to approximately one year of age. Similar to other US skeletal collections (e.g., Huntington, Terry, Hamann-Todd, Cobb), the Johns Hopkins Fetal Collection likely includes the skeletal remains of individuals from impoverished and marginalized populations. Intersectionality is used here as a tool for exploring the roles of gender, impoverishment, and race in the twentieth century acquisition of fetuses and infants for research. The sociopolitical value of the fetus and its relationship to the advancement of the twentieth century science and education is also addressed.
Tumor Molecular Profiling for an Individualized Approach to the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Patient Case Study.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in incidence, and the associated mortality rate remains among the highest. For advanced HCC, sorafenib has been shown to slightly prolong survival, and regorafenib and nivolumab, both recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), may produce clinical benefits to a limited extent. Systemic chemotherapy has been shown to produce a modest response, but there is no clinically valid biomarker that can be used to predict which patients may benefit. In this case study, we present two patients with metastatic HCC, they received systemic treatment using capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and either bevacizumab or sorafenib. The tumor response to treatment was determined by the progression-free survival (PFS). Molecular profiling of the tumors showed differential expression of biochemical markers and different mutational status of the TP53 and β-catenin (CTNNB1) genes. We hypothesize that the PFS correlates with the tumor molecular profiles, which may be predictive of the therapeutic response to systemic chemotherapy. Further investigation is indicated to correlate tumor biomarkers and treatment responses, with the objective of personalizing the therapies for patients with advanced HCC.
Data Mining Fundamental Concepts and Critical Issues.

Data mining is the process of extracting previously unknown information from large databases or data warehouses and using it to make crucial business decisions. Data mining tools find patterns in the data and infer rules from them. The extracted information can be used to form a prediction or classification model, identify relations between database records, or provide a summary of the databases being mined. Those patterns and rules can be used to guide decision making and forecast the effect of those decisions, and data mining can speed analysis by focusing attention on the most important variables.
Lasing without Inversion : An Experimental Reality

Lasing without inversion (LWI) [1] opens new horizons for laser physics not only because it overcomes a commonly accepted limitation for lasers, but also because it provides a new tool in the quest for ultra-violet and X-ray lasers. As one moves towards higher frequencies of lasers, the rate of spontaneous emission grows as the third power of frequency, so the pumping power required to create inversion scales as the forth power of frequency. LWI significantly decreases pumping power requirements and allows lasing with much higher frequency to the ground state (since otherwise it is difficult to create inversion).
Understanding cumulative risk perception from judgments and choices: an application to flood risks

Catastrophic events, such as floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, and tsunamis, are rare, yet the cumulative risk of each event occurring at least once over an extended time period can be substantial. In this work, we assess the perception of cumulative flood risks, how those perceptions affect the choice of insurance, and whether perceptions and choices are influenced by cumulative risk information. We find that participants' cumulative risk judgments are well represented by a bimodal distribution, with a group that severely underestimates the risk and a group that moderately overestimates it. Individuals who underestimate cumulative risks make more risk-seeking choices compared to those who overestimate cumulative risks. Providing explicit cumulative risk information for relevant time periods, as opposed to annual probabilities, is an inexpensive and effective way to improve both the perception of cumulative risk and the choices people make to protect against that risk.
Long-term impacts of exposure to high temperatures on human capital and economic productivity

Abstract Weather anomalies have a range of adverse contemporaneous impacts on health and socio-economic outcomes. This paper tests if temperature anomalies around the time of birth can have long-term impacts on individuals' economic productivity. Using unique data sets on historical weather and earnings, place and date of birth of all 1.5 million formal employees in Ecuador, we find that individuals who have experienced in-utero temperatures that are 1 °C above average are less educated and earn about 0.7% less as adults. Results are robust to alternative specifications and falsification tests and suggest that warming may have already caused adverse long-term economic impacts.
Comprehensive life cycle assessment of large wind turbines in the US

The goal of this study was to conduct a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) for large onshore wind turbines in the US, including all phases of the turbine’s life cycle separately (materials acquisition, manufacturing, transportation, installation, operation and maintenance, and end of life) and multiple impact categories (environmental, human health, resource consumption). Particular attention was given to make the installation and maintenance phases complete and transparent. The contribution of this study is that it is the first comprehensive LCA for large wind turbines in the US, where different transport distances (including overseas transport of turbine parts), truck emission standards, mixes of electricity sources, and waste disposal practices will affect impacts, compared to those conducted for other countries. It is also the first comprehensive LCA to examine separately all 6 phases of the turbine’s life cycle (in particular separating manufacturing from raw material acquisition/installation) and the first to evaluate turbine lifespan as a sensitivity parameter. The study was conducted for 200 Gamesa 2-MW wind turbines located near Abilene, Texas. SimaPro8 software was used for modeling, according to ISO 14040 standards. The manufacturing phase contributed the greatest overall impacts, which was consistent with other studies; hence, alternative methods of manufacturing should be explored to reduce impacts. Installation, transportation, maintenance, and raw materials acquisition ranked second through fifth, respectively. Consistent with other studies, end-of-life ranked last, which means that the disposal method (landfilling or combustion) for turbine parts which are not recycled makes little difference in terms of the overall turbine life cycle.
From Novice to Expert? A Panel Study of Specialization Progression and Change

The recreation specialization concept assumes that over time, participants in an activity move along a continuum of progression from beginner to expert. Past specialization research, however, has m...
Electronic Device Use and Academic Performance in Adolescents

Electronic Device Use and Academic Performance in Adolescents Background: Academic performance is dependent upon a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The availability and ownership of electronic devices has risen dramatically in recent decades. Popularity of these devices has increased, particularly amongst adolescents. Direct links have been made between technology use and physical inactivity as well as sleep insufficiency. However, the relationship between technology use and academic performance remains unclear. We hypothesized that there would be a significant association between academic performance and …
Changes in Opioid Use After Florida's Restriction Law for Acute Pain Prescriptions.

This quality improvement study assesses the number of new opioid users and the number of units dispensed per prescription before and after implementation of Florida’s 2018 restriction law on opioid prescribing.
Cellular deconvolution of GTEx tissues powers discovery of disease and cell-type associated regulatory variants

The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) resource has provided insights into the regulatory impact of genetic variation on gene expression across human tissues; however, thus far has not considered how variation acts at the resolution of the different cell types. Here, using gene expression signatures obtained from mouse cell types, we deconvolute bulk RNA-seq samples from 28 GTEx tissues to quantify cellular composition, which reveals striking heterogeneity across these samples. Conducting eQTL analyses for GTEx liver and skin samples using cell composition estimates as interaction terms, we identify thousands of genetic associations that are cell-type-associated. The skin cell-type associated eQTLs colocalize with skin diseases, indicating that variants which influence gene expression in distinct skin cell types play important roles in traits and disease. Our study provides a framework to estimate the cellular composition of GTEx tissues enabling the functional characterization of human genetic variation that impacts gene expression in cell-type-specific manners.
Consent for Acute Care Research and the Regulatory “Gray Zone”

In their article, “Partnering with Patients to Bridge Gaps in Consent for Acute Care Research,” Dickert and colleagues (2020) describe a vigorous and much-needed effort to improve informed consent ...
Real Time Effective Impedance Estimation for Power System State Estimation

This paper introduces two tools-the Effective Impedance State Estimator (EISE), and the Real Time Effective Impedance Estimator (RTEIE). The EISE is novel in that it is an entirely data-driven state estimator, and does not require a network model. Thus, the EISE is well suited for applications in which an accurate network model is not available. Instead of using a network impedance model, the EISE uses an effective impedance network model that is learned online by the RTEIE. The RTEIE recursively estimates the effective impedance network model using phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurements. The mathematical reasoning for using an effective impedance model, rather than a full network impedance model, is given. The recursive estimation framework allows the RTEIE to take the entire history of phasor measurements into account to produce a model estimate, while still adjusting to changes in the network impedance due to external factors such as topology changes and temperature. The merits of the RTEIE and EISE are demonstrated by comparing the accuracy of the EISE with a conventional state estimator on a toy network.
11 – Differential Encoding

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights different approaches that use the structure in the source output in a different manner, resulting in a significantly less complex system. When one designs a quantizer for a given source, the size of the quantization interval depends on the variance of the input. If one assumes the input is uniformly distributed, the variance depends on the dynamic range of the input. The chapter discusses adaptive differential pulse code modulation (DPCM). As DPCM consists of two main components—the quantizer and the predictor— making DPCM adaptive means making the quantizer and the predictor adaptive. One can adapt a system based on its input or output. The former approach is called “forward adaptation;” the latter is called “backward adaptation.” In the case of forward adaptation, the parameters of the system are updated based on the input to the encoder, which is not available to the decoder. Therefore, the updated parameters have to be sent to the decoder as side information. In forward adaptive quantization, the input is divided into blocks. The quantizer parameters are estimated for each block. These parameters are transmitted to the receiver as side information. In DPCM, the quantizer is in a feedback loop, which means that the input to the quantizer is not conveniently available in a form that can be used for forward adaptive quantization. Therefore, most DPCM systems use backward adaptive quantization.
Global health front-end medical device design: The use of prototypes to engage stakeholders

Abstract Availability, accessibility, affordability, and appropriateness are among several factors that significantly affect the adoption and diffusion of medical devices in low- and middle-income countries. Design processes that promote early and frequent engagement with stakeholders may increase the impact of medical devices aimed at addressing global health challenges by improving the uptake and sustained use of such devices. Prototypes are tools that can be leveraged to engage stakeholders during front-end design to define the problem, elicit requirements, and obtain feedback on early design concepts. Given the lack of literature that examines the practices for stakeholder engagement with prototypes during front-end design, this study was guided by the following research question: How do global health design practitioners approach stakeholder engagement with prototypes during front-end medical device design? Eleven design practitioners from industry were interviewed; transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis to uncover prototyping behaviors. Transcript level counts of stakeholder groups, prototype forms, and strategies leveraged during stakeholder engagement with prototypes are reported. Based on the analysis of stakeholders, prototypes, and strategies, engagement events that reflect how the global health setting influenced decisions of stakeholder, prototype, and strategy are presented. Participants described challenges associated with: cross-cultural and remote design; the elicitation of contextual requirements; and limited access to resources. Participants devised approaches to overcome these challenges such as: engaging a wide range of stakeholders including proxy users and government stakeholders; developing long-term relationships with community partners; leveraging communication technologies; engaging stakeholders in the real use environment with physical prototypes; using prototypes to bridge the language barrier; ‘polishing’ prototypes; and inviting stakeholders to create and select prototypes. These results could impact approaches to practicing and teaching prototype usage during front-end design in a development setting.
Cardiology Fellowship During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons From New York City.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had an impact on cardiology fellowships nationwide. This is particularly true in New York, which had more cases and more deaths per capita than any other U.S. state or country globally ([1][1]). Herein, we share the challenges and lessons learned
CP49 and filensin intermediate filaments are essential for formation of cold cataract

Author(s): Li, Yuxing; Liu, Xi; Xia, Chun-Hong; FitzGerald, Paul G; Li, Rachel; Wang, Jessica; Gong, Xiaohua | Abstract: PurposeTo investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cataract induced by cold temperatures in young lenses of wild-type C57BL/6J (B6), wild-type 129SvJae (129), and filensin knockout (KO) mice. To determine how lens intermediate filament proteins, filensin (BFSP1) and CP49 (BFSP2), are involved in the formation of cold cataract.MethodsThe formation of cold cataract was examined in enucleated lenses at different temperatures and was imaged under a dissecting microscope. Lens vibratome sections were prepared, immunostained with different antibodies and fluorescent probes, and then imaged with a laser confocal microscope to evaluate the protein distribution and the membrane and cytoskeleton structures in the lens fibers.ResultsPostnatal day 14 (P14) wild-type B6 lenses showed cataracts dependent on cold temperatures in interior fibers about 420-875 µm (zone III) and 245-875 µm (zone II and zone III) from the lens surface, under 25 °C and 4 °C, respectively. In contrast, wild-type 129 (with CP49 gene deletion) and filensin KO (on the B6 background) lenses did not have cold cataracts at 25 °C but displayed a reduced cold cataract, especially in zone III, at 4 °C. Immunofluorescent staining data revealed that CP49 and filensin proteins were uniformly distributed in fiber cell cytosols without cold cataracts but accumulated or aggregated in the cell boundaries of the fibers where cold cataracts appeared.ConclusionsCP49 and filensin are important components for the formation of cold cataract in young B6 mouse lenses. Accumulated or aggregated CP49 and filensin beaded intermediate filaments in fiber cell boundaries might directly or indirectly contribute to the light scattering of cold cataract. Cold cataract in zone II is independent of beaded intermediate filaments. CP49 and filensin intermediate filaments and other lens proteins probably form distinct high molecular organizations to regulate lens transparency in interior fibers.
A Case of Covid-19 Diagnosed at Home With Portable Ultrasound and Confirmed With Home Serology Test.

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has pushed us to find better ways to accurately diagnose what can be an elusory disease, preferably in a way that limits exposure to others. The potential for home diagnosis and monitoring could reduce infectious risk for other patients and health care providers, limit use of finite hospital resources, and enable better social distancing and isolation practices. Case Report We report a case of an otherwise healthy emergency physician diagnosed with COVID-19 at home using portable ultrasound, pulse oximetry, and antibody testing. Her clinical picture and typical lung findings of COVID-19 on ultrasound, combined with a normal echocardiogram and negative deep vein thrombosis study, helped inform her diagnosis. She then monitored her clinical course using pulse oximetry, was able to self-isolate for 4 weeks, and had an uneventful recovery. Her diagnosis was confirmed with a positive IgG antibody test after 3 weeks. Conclusions Novel times call for novel solutions and our case demonstrates one possible path for home diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19. The tools used, namely ultrasound and pulse oximetry, should be familiar to most emergency physicians. Ultrasound in particular was helpful in eliminating other potential diagnoses, such as pulmonary embolus.
The Employee Costs of Corporate Debarment

This paper studies an increasingly popular anti-corruption policy --- corporate debarment or blacklisting --- to understand how both disclosing illicit corporate practices and the sanctions for these practices affect firm and worker outcomes. I exploit a unique policy change in Brazil, implemented in 2014, that imposed stricter penalties for corrupt firms. I combine the universe of firms that were publicly debarred between 2014 and 2016 with detailed matched employer-employee administrative data. Using a matched difference-in-differences approach, I find that debarment is associated with a sizable decline in employment and an increase in the probability of exiting the formal sector. I also document that workers' annual earnings fall by about 26 percent after debarment. The impacts are driven by lost revenues from government contracts. Reputational effects are limited as workers who have previously worked in debarred firms only experience small earnings losses. The results shed light on the costs to workers when their employers are debarred in weighing the consequences of corruption crackdown.
A rare case report: Cutaneous Candida tropicalis infection disguised as a sacral decubitus rash in an immunocompetent individual

Candida infection is seen in patients with weak or disrupted host responses. Cutaneous candidiasis typically affects the intertriginous areas and presents with a red plaque surrounded by satellite lesions. Diagnosis of cutaneous candidiasis is made by visual inspection followed by potassium hydroxide normal saline microscopic preparation (wet mount) and polymerase chain reaction identification or culture of fungal organism. The following case describes a 38-year-old patient with limited mobility who presented with a peri sacral lesion that was first assumed to be a decubitus ulcer by nursing facility staff, but proved to be a cutaneous infection by Candida tropicalis, a less common Candida species. The unusual location as well as the characteristic C. tropicalis micro- and macroscopic appearance are described which ultimately led to the diagnosis of a cutaneous fungal infection in an otherwise immunocompetent individual that was resolved with fluconazole therapy. Our case report emphasizes the need for early diagnosis of cutaneous lesions in patients with limited mobility in consideration that not all Candida species thrive in similar environments and can present in unusual locations of the human body. Although rare, C. tropicalis could be found in this vulnerable population.
Online Advocacy Work: “Palatable” Platforms and Privilege in GUI features on Twitter and Instagram

In 2019 to early 2020, 33 white supremacist crimes occurred at Syracuse University. Several groups organized to call for accountability, including the Black student led NotAgainSU. Echoing previous scholarship, the protesters used hashtag activism to build networks of support through #NotAgainSU. Through these networks, they built coalitional advocacy networks, which are integral to social justice efforts. However, hashtags are embedded in interfaces which structure “micro-interactions” and mediate the circulation of political content; thus, designers also have a role to play in advocacy work. In this paper, I draw from survey and interview data to learn about people's experiences with the circulation of the hashtag, and what interface features of Twitter and Instagram were most useful to organizers in building coalitions. Combined with their responses, I conducted an interface analysis focused on “micro-interactions” of Twitter's “What's Happening” interface, and Instagram's Live Stream interface. I argue that though both may have helped to build coalitions, both interfaces falsely equate the stakes of different users, and perpetuate privilege and power. Finally, I suggest a series of heuristic questions and considerations for researchers and social media interface designers.
Targeted profiling of human extrachromosomal DNA by CRISPR-CATCH

Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a common mode of oncogene amplification but is challenging to analyze. Here, we present a method for targeted purification of megabase-sized ecDNA by combining in-vitro CRISPR-Cas9 treatment and pulsed field gel electrophoresis of agarose-entrapped genomic DNA (CRISPR-CATCH). We demonstrate strong enrichment of ecDNA molecules containing EGFR, FGFR2 and MYC from human cancer cells. Targeted purification of ecDNA versus chromosomal DNA enabled phasing of genetic variants and provided definitive proof of an EGFRvIII mutation on ecDNA and wild-type EGFR on chromosomal DNA in a glioblastoma neurosphere model. CRISPR-CATCH followed by nanopore sequencing enabled single-molecule ecDNA methylation profiling and revealed hypomethylation of the EGFR promoter on ecDNA compared to the native chromosomal locus in the same cells. Finally, separation of ecDNA species by size and sequencing allowed accurate reconstruction of megabase- sized ecDNA structures with base-pair resolution. CRISPR-CATCH is a new addition to the toolkit for studying focal amplifications in cancer and will accelerate studies aiming to explore the genetic and epigenetic landscapes of ecDNA.
MO-FG-BRD-02: Real-Time Imaging and Tracking Techniques for Intrafractional Motion Management: MV Tracking

Intrafraction target motion is a prominent complicating factor in the accurate targeting of radiation within the body. Methods compensating for target motion during treatment, such as gating and dynamic tumor tracking, depend on the delineation of target location as a function of time during delivery. A variety of techniques for target localization have been explored and are under active development; these include beam-level imaging of radio-opaque fiducials, fiducial-less tracking of anatomical landmarks, tracking of electromagnetic transponders, optical imaging of correlated surrogates, and volumetric imaging within treatment delivery. The Joint Imaging and Therapy Symposium will provide an overview of the techniques for real-time imaging and tracking, with special focus on emerging modes of implementation across different modalities. In particular, the symposium will explore developments in 1) Beam-level kilovoltage X-ray imaging techniques, 2) EPID-based megavoltage X-ray tracking, 3) Dynamic tracking using electromagnetic transponders, and 4) MRI-based soft-tissue tracking during radiation delivery. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the fundamentals of real-time imaging and tracking techniques 2. Learn about emerging techniques in the field of real-time tracking 3. Distinguish between the advantages and disadvantages of different tracking modalities 4. Understand the role of real-time tracking techniques within the clinical delivery work-flow
Acid rereflux: a review, emphasizing detection by impedance, manometry, and scintigraphy, and the impact on acid clearing pathophysiology as well as interpreting the pH record.

Acid clearing, the interval while intraesophageal pH is 1 unit fall while pH < 4) detected only 35% of acid rereflux REs. When a variety of patients and study conditions was examined, simultaneous manometry–pH monitoring found more frequent acid rereflux in the following situations: (1) patients with vs those without esophagitis; (2) recumbent vs upright posture, and (3) postprandial vs preprandial. Of pathophysiologic importance, acid rereflux in the blind spot is the most common cause of prolonged daytime acid REs in GERD patients. Of clinical importance, the 24-hr pH parameter “% acid exposure” should be relied upon most in interpreting the 24-hr pH record, because those parameters that relate to RE frequency may be inaccurate due to acid rereflux REs that are not counted. Furthermore, identifying as many REs as possible gives a more reliable indication of the severity of antireflux barrier incompetence, as well as more REs to correlate with patients symptoms that should improve sensitivity of the symptom index. Ambulatory simultaneous pH monitoring and MII will allow these and other roles for acid rereflux to be assessed during the patients normal day.
Justice Jackson's 1946 Nuremberg Reflections at Buffalo: An Introduction

This Essay introduces the 2011 James McCormick Mitchell Lecture, “From Nuremberg to Buffalo: Justice Jackson’s Enduring Lessons of Morality and Law in a World at War,” a commemoration of Jackson’s 1946 centennial convocation speech at the University of Buffalo. It discusses Jackson’s speech, breaks down its thematic components, and situates the distinguished Mitchell Lecturers’ responses to it in context. Unlike Justice Jackson’s commanding and historic opening and closing statements as U.S. chief prosecutor at Nuremberg, Jackson’s 1946 speech, delivered just days after his return from Germany where he heard the Nuremberg Tribunal deliver its final judgment and verdicts, has largely been lost to historical memory. The Mitchell Lecture symposium — held on October 4, 2011, 65 years to the day from Jackson’s speech — was an attempt to restore that memory, providing an opportunity to assess Nuremberg through the eyes of Justice Jackson immediately after the event, while the images and experiences were still fresh in his consciousness. Long lost to history, the speech and its lessons deserve renewed attention today.
Ultrastructural observations on germ cells in human fetal ovaries

Abstract Ovaries of 18 human fetuses from 7 to 20 weeks of age were examined with the electron microscope. Germ cells were observed at three distinct stages of maturation. Between 7 and 9 weeks, large, amoeboid-appearing primitive germ cells were scattered as single cells throughout the ovarian parenchyma. From 10 to 12 weeks, groups of dividing oogonia were observed. Oocytes in various stages of meiotic prophase were present from 12 weeks onward. The identical appearance of germ cells in a given area indicated the presence of local synchronization of development, attributed to the presence of intercellular bridges. During the period of oocyte maturation, there was extensive degeneration of germ cells. Cellular debris resulting from the degenerative process was phagocytized by granulosa cells. The number of granulosa cells containing phagocytized material correlated with the number of degenerating germ cells present. Both reached a peak between 16 and 20 weeks, at the time when the first primordial follicles began to appear.
Implications of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Proterozoic piercing lines for Laramide oblique-slip faulting in New Mexico and rotation of the Colorado Plateau: Discussion and reply: Discussion

[Cather (1999)][1] provided a useful compilation of stratigraphic data relevant to tests of models for possible dextral offset along the east side of the Colorado Plateau during the Laramide orogeny. His paper allowed the reader to judge whether this independent data set is consistent with
Search for genetic markers and functional variants involved in the development of opiate and cocaine addiction and treatment

Addiction to opiates and illicit use of psychostimulants is a chronic, relapsing brain disease that, if left untreated, can cause major medical, social, and economic problems. This article reviews recent progress in studies of association of gene variants with vulnerability to develop opiate and cocaine addictions, focusing primarily on genes of the opioid and monoaminergic systems. In addition, we provide the first evidence of a cis-acting polymorphism and a functional haplotype in the PDYN gene, of significantly higher DNA methylation rate of the OPRM1 gene in the lymphocytes of heroin addicts, and significant differences in genotype frequencies of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the P-glycoprotein gene (ABCB1) between "higher" and "lower" methadone doses in methadone-maintained patients. In genomewide and multigene association studies, we found association of several new genes and new variants of known genes with heroin addiction. Finally, we describe the development and application of a novel technique: molecular haplotyping for studies in genetics of drug addiction.
PATIENT DISCOMFORT DUE TO INDISCRIMINANT USE OF SPINAL IMMOBILIZATION

(2004). PATIENT DISCOMFORT DUE TO INDISCRIMINANT USE OF SPINAL IMMOBILIZATION. Prehospital Emergency Care: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 101-101.
Quantitative Mapping of Human Brain Vertical-Occipital Fasciculus.

PURPOSE The vertical-occipital fasciculus (VOF), historically named as “the fasciculus occipitalis verticalis of Wernicke,” has been recently brought to the attention of the neuroscience community. In this study, we delineated and quantified this tract with deterministic diffusion tensor imaging protocol. METHODS Five (all males aged 24-37 years) and 10 (7 males and 3 females aged 20-51 years) right-handed healthy subjects were studied with 1 and 2 mm DT-MRI data sets, respectively. The DTI attributes of this pathway along with its cortical representation (Brodmann areas) were presented in standard Montreal Neurological Institute space. Nearby pathways such as inferior fronto-occipital (IFOF) and inferior longitudinal fasciculi (ILF) were used as reference pathways. RESULTS The total volume of VOF has been found to be approximately .8-1% of whole brain in both data sets. The fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity of this tract have been found to be relatively 10-15% lower than adjacent pathways such as IFOF and ILF in both data sets. Although IFOF and ILF showed somewhat leftward asymmetry in diffusivity, no right-left asymmetry has been observed in VOF. CONCLUSION We believe that our work will pave the way for future imaging studies investigating VOF in different conditions such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis.
THE MOUNTAIN IRON DIFFUSION PROGRAM: PHASE 1 SOUTH VANDENBERG: VOLUME II

Abstract : The advent of Air Force missile operations at South Vandenberg brought the need for prediction of hazards involved in nonroutine circumstances. The purpose of the study was to determine an empirical diffusion equation for South Vandenberg. The scope of the operation included (1) tracer releases from two sites near two launch points and collection of diffusion and meteorological data over South Vandenberg; (2) reduction and analysis of diffusion and meteorological data for South Vandenberg. Beyond this, the analysis yielded additional information on trajectories and WIND system station suitability. (Author)
Lipid-ion channel interactions: increasing phospholipid headgroup size but not ordering acyl chains alters reconstituted channel behavior.

We have recently shown (Chang et al., 1995) that lipid-channel interactions, exemplified by the effects of cholesterol on the calcium-activated potassium (BK) channel, profoundly affect channel properties. The present study further explores such interactions by monitoring changes in BK channel behavior after reconstitution into bilayers where the size of phospholipid (PL) headgroups is increased and where the freedom of motion (inverse order) of fatty acid chains is incremented. Increasing the PL headgroup cross-sectional area, from that of N-meth-DOPE to that of DOPC (an increase from ca. 60 to 70 A2), is associated with a doubling of the channel mean opentime. Channel conductance, however, was unaffected. Increasing the order of the fatty acid chains, from that of DOPE to POPE and to that of DEPE, had no significant effect on channel properties (at 22°C). We interpret the changes reported here to reflect lipid-protein interactions through the induction of structural stress related to the headgroup structures of phospholipids.
Analytical, Communication, and Information Technology Directions in the Structural Industry

AbstractSince the advent of mainstream computer applications, the structural engineering community has strongly embraced technology. Furthermore, the structural community is a leader in the advancement of new software, hardware, and applications within the market. Developments over the last 10 years have greatly expanded structural engineering beyond the traditional analytical methods; essentially, information and communication technologies are changing the way people do business. To understand how these technologies are changing the design and construction of structural solutions to problems in building projects, a study was conducted to develop a deeper understanding into these areas. Industry experts across the United States were interviewed and surveyed on these directions to look at how structural engineering is changing and what to keep in mind when implementing technology on projects. The focus of this paper will be twofold. First, it will focus on information and communication technologies, in par...
The mosquito dihydrofolate reductase gene functions as a dominant selectable marker in transfected cells

Abstract An Aedes albopictus dihydrofolate reductase gene was used to construct two chimeric DNA vectors that functioned as dominant selectable markers in transfected, wild type mosquito cells. Stably transformed clones were recovered after 10–15 days in the presence of selective medium containing 1 μM methotrexate. The transformed clones contained an estimated 100–500 copies of transfected DNA per nucleus. Combined data from Southern blots and in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes indicated that transfected DNA was likely integrated into chromosomes both as repeated structures and as randomly integrated single copy molecules, with minimal rearrangement of coding sequences. Transfected DNA was stably maintained under selective conditions, but in some cases was lost when cells were maintained for prolonged periods in the absence of methotrexate. These observations provide a general framework for further development of stable gene transfer systems for mosquito cells in culture.
UAV Trajectory Design Using Total Field Collision Avoidance

A system of N navigating vehicles, each associated with a start position and a goal position, may involve a large number of potential conflicts that grows exponentially with N and calls for a distributed rather than centralized control approach. This paper investigates the feasibility of a total field sensing approach for collision avoidance as an alternative to previously published techniques which assume perfect information sharing between vehicles.
Surfactant protein D in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis.

Purpose: To determine the importance of surfactant protein D in Pseudomonas keratitis. Methods: The surfactant D status of wild-type and surfactant D-deficient Black Swiss mice was confirmed by PCR reactions and immunoblot assay. Mouse corneas were infected with one of three strains of P. aeruginosa. At 1, 2, 3, and 6 days postinfection, eyes were scored by slit-lamp examination and bacteria per cornea quantified. Results: Infected wild-type mice had slit-lamp scores on 3 and 6 days postinfection that were significantly lower than those of surfactant D-deficient mice (p ≤ .0185) and only wild-type mice recovered from the infection. On day 6 postinfection, the number of bacteria per cornea was found to be significantly lower in wild-type mice as compared to surfactant D-deficient mice (p ≤ .0233). Conclusions: Surfactant D is important to the ocular innate host defense against Pseudomonas keratitis.
The life history of one hundred patients with hypertensive vascular disease.

Abstract Data are presented concerning the life history of 100 patients with hypertensive vascular disease followed from the onset of hypertension until death. The average duration of the disorder in this group was 19 years, its onset occurring at an average age of 32 years. It is doubtful that pregnancy plays a significant part in initiating the permanent hypertensive state. Additional data are given which emphasize the effect on life span and frequency of certain signs, symptoms, and complications.