cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite Size Scaling and Lattice Gauge Theory

Finite size (Fisher) scaling is investigated for four dimensional SU(2) and SU(3) lattice gauge theories without quarks. It allows to disentangle violations of (asymptotic) scaling and finite volume corrections. Mass spectrum, string tension, deconfinement temperature and lattice β-function are considered. For appropriate volumes, Monte Carlo investigations seem to be able to control the finite volume continuum limit. Contact is made with Luscher’s small volume expansion and possibly also with the asymptotic large volume behaviour.
Vagotomy and antrectomy impairs canine fat absorption from solid but not liquid dietary sources

Mild steatorrhea is common after all ulcer operations except parietal cell vagotomy. As these operations impair the grinding and sieving of solid food, we sought to determine the effect of vagotomy and antrectomy on fat absorption from solid (e.g., liver) as compared with liquid (e.g., margarine) dietary sources in the proximal small intestine. Midgut fistulas were placed in 13 dogs; 7 were controls and 6 underwent concurrent vagotomy and antrectomy. To label solid fat, the livers of live chickens were labeled with intravenous [14C]triolein and [3H]glycerol triether, an absorbable and nonabsorbable fat label, respectively. For the liquid fat label, these markers were mixed with margarine. A standard meal of steak, liver, bread, margarine, and water, with either the liver or margarine fat labeled, was fed and the midgut effluent was sieved and centrifuged to obtain four phases: large particles (greater than 0.5 mm), small particles (less than 0.5 mm), aqueous, and oil, which were extracted and counted for 14C and 3H. The ratio of 14C to 3H in each fraction was used to determine how much fat was absorbed from each phase of chyme. With liver fat labeled, 48.3% +/- 8.1% of the [3H]glycerol triether remained in large particles after vagotomy and antrectomy compared with 3.1% +/- 1.0% in controls at midintestine (p less than 0.001). After vagotomy and antrectomy, more than half of the liver fat (solid fat) was malabsorbed (57.1% +/- 6.5% vs. 23.1% +/- 6.6% malabsorbed, p less than 0.01, vagotomy and antrectomy vs. controls), whereas fat absorption from margarine (liquid fat) was not reduced compared with controls (8.8% +/- 2.5% vs. 13.6% +/- 5.5% malabsorbed, p greater than 0.05, vagotomy and antrectomy vs. controls). These observations indicate that by reducing gastric trituration and releasing large particles of poorly digested food into the intestine, vagotomy and antrectomy impairs the absorption of fat selectively from solid, but not from liquid, dietary sources.
Devices for silicon microphotonic interconnection: photonic crystals, waveguides and silicon optoelectronics

Silicon microphotonics is the optical equivalent of microelectronics for integrated circuits. Photonics enables interconnection that is not limited by transmission bandwidth. Photonic switching promises ultrafast routing and encoding of information for telecommunications and data transmission. The key implementation issue is the integration of photonic components with integrated circuit electronics. Silicon microphotonics utilizes silicon-based materials that are process compatible with standard integrated circuit fabrication methods.
Capillary zone electrophoresis at subzero temperatures II: Chiral separation of biogenic amines

The separation of enantiomer pairs of eight biogenic amines by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was investigated with heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin as the chiral selector at temperatures ranging from -20 degrees to 40 degrees C by using a commercial electrophoresis unit retrofitted with an external thermostated refrigerated circulating bath in order to assist the original cooling system. Sodium phosphate in both neat aqueous and methanolic media at pH 2.5, as measured by the glass pH electrode, were used with the fused silica capillary from 1.5 degrees to 40 degrees C and -20 degrees to 40 degrees C, respectively. The effect of temperature on enantioselectivity was found to depend on the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the molecule. Upon lowering the temperature from 40 degrees to -20 degrees C, the chiral selectivity of the system, as measured by the relative mobility difference, increased tenfold for the amines with two vicinal phenolic hydroxyls, whereas the increase was insignificant for those having no phenolic hydroxyl groups. The complex formation constants of three amines which have the same molecular structure but the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups were determined at different temperatures and the thermodynamic parameters as well as compensation temperatures for the process were evaluated. Whereas the compensation temperature was 690 K for the amine without phenolic hydroxyl group, it was < 400 K for the amines with one or two phenolic hydroxyl groups. The difference in the compensation temperatures indicates that the intrinsic mechanisms of their complexation with the chiral selector are not the same; this may account for the discrepancies observed in the temperature dependency of the chiral selectivity. The enthalpy change per phenolic hydroxyl group was 2.5 kcal mol(-1), which compares favorably with the typical value for a single hydrogen bond. Therefore, when the amines have phenolic hydroxyl groups, the strong increase in chiral selectivity with decreasing temperature may be due to enhanced H-bonding between the cyclodextrin and the phenolic hydroxyls under the conditions employed in this study.
Comparison of epidemiologic data from multiple sources

We compared epidemiologic data collected from medical records and by interview for 462 subjects who were part of a case-control study of a chronic disease (cancer of the breast). The collected data included such clinical and pharmaceutical features as history of lactation, hysterectomy, diabetes mellitus, type of menopause, and whether a woman had used exogenous estrogens. We found that agreements between medical record and interview data are variable, and depend on the type of data examined and the strategy for handling incomplete or ambiguous (indeterminate) responses. For variables that represent inherent features of the patients' clinical condition, such as gynecologic surgical procedures and a family history of breast cancer, we found excellent agreement between the medical record and interview. For pharmaceutical features, however, we discovered considerable variability between the two data sources. We also detected substantial problems with a common tactic in which information from individual data sources are pooled to form a new "combined data source". In this analysis, combining data sources creates estimates for the proportion exposed that are different from estimates in either of the original information sources.
The specificity of allergic reactions. VI. Unresponsiveness to simple chemicals.

"Gastric feeding" of adult guinea pigs with dinitrochlorobenzene (DCB) resulted in a specific unresponsiveness to sensitization with the specific contact hapten. The more DCB gastric-fed to a guinea pig, the more complete the unresponsiveness to the hapten. When mycobacteria were incorporated into the sensitizing emulsion, the state of unresponsiveness to the dinitrophenyl (DNP) group was less apparent. When animals gastric-fed with DCB were later sensitized with an in vitro conjugate of the hapten combined with a heterologous protein such as dinitrophenyl-hen egg albumin (DNP·HEA), an immune response similar to that in the controls occurred both to the hapten and to the protein carrier. However, when the tolerant animals were sensitized with a conjugate containing a homologous protein carrier such as dinitrophenyl guinea pig serum (DNP·GPS), they showed diminished immune responses in comparison with those in the non-tolerant controls. The presence of circulating anti-DNP antibodies from sensitization with DNP-HEA did not affect the unresponsiveness to the specific contact hapten, regardless of whether these antibodies are present before or after induction of tolerance. Sensitization with picryl chloride (PiCl) (a cross-reacting hapten), either before or after gastric feeding of DCB, did not affect the state of unresponsiveness to DNP. Similarly when the DNP-tolerant animal was sensitized with PiCl, the subsequent immune response was similar to that in the controls; cross-reactions with the DNP group both in the contact and circulating antibody phase occurred at a rate similar to that in the controls. The foregoing relationships can be explained by presuming that, upon the gastric feeding of DCB, an in vivo conjugate is formed with a somatic protein, which determines the basic specificity of the tolerance. Acquired tolerance seems to manifest an immunologic specificity similar to that of delayed hypersensitivity, a relationship not unexpected if delayed hypersensitivity is an early phase of the immune response.
Resonant absorption in semiconductor nanowires and nanowire arrays: Relating leaky waveguide modes to Bloch photonic crystal modes

We present a unified framework for resonant absorption in periodic arrays of high index semiconductor nanowires that combines a leaky waveguide theory perspective and that of photonic crystals supporting Bloch modes, as array density transitions from sparse to dense. Full dispersion relations are calculated for each mode at varying illumination angles using the eigenvalue equation for leaky waveguide modes of an infinite dielectric cylinder. The dispersion relations along with symmetry arguments explain the selectivity of mode excitation and spectral red-shifting of absorption for illumination parallel to the nanowire axis in comparison to perpendicular illumination. Analysis of photonic crystal band dispersion for varying array density illustrates that the modes responsible for resonant nanowire absorption emerge from the leaky waveguide modes.
Angiotensin type 1 receptor antisense in the subfornical organ attenuates the drinking and corticosterone response to isoproterenol.

Antisense (AS) oligodeoxynulceotides are single-stranded DNA molecules that are used to inhibit the expression of targeted genes. In this study we used AS oligodeoxynulceotides directed against angiotensin type 1 receptors (AT1R) to inhibit expression of these receptors within specific circumventricular organs. Subsequently, we evaluated the contribution of these AT1R to water intake and corticosterone release after hypotension. Rats were stereotaxically implanted with guide cannulae terminating in the subfornical organ (SFO) or the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and given a week to recover. Cannulae placement was confirmed by measuring water intake after injection of angiotensin II or 1 M NaCl into the SFO or OVLT respectively. One week later, AT1R AS or scrambled oligonucleotides (scram) were injected into the SFO or OVLT for three consecutive days. Three hours after the last injection, rats were treated with isoproterenol, given water, and intake was measured every 15 min for 2 h. To evaluate the contribution of AT1R to hypotension-induced corticosterone secretion rats were treated as previously described. However, after administration of isoproterenol rats were not given water, but instead were placed in restrainers and tail blood samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min.Administration of AT1R AS into the OVLT had no effect on isoproterenol-induced water intake or corticosterone secretion. In contrast, AT1R AS administered into the SFO attenuated the drinking and corticosterone responses to isoproterenol. These results suggest that AT1R within the SFO mediate drinking and corticosterone responses to hypotension. Support DK4806110 and DK6659603.
Expressive language in the surgically separated minor hemisphere.

Summary The ability of the disconnected minor hemisphere in two commissurotomy patients to express language was investigated. It was found that words could be expressed via left hand motor mechanisms when stimulus input was confined to the right hemisphere, either by arranging tactually perceivable plastic letters in proper sequence to spell a word or by printing or writing while the left hand was hidden from view. Techniques which minimized possible interference from the major hemisphere resulted in better performance than when such interference was possible, suggesting that at least part of the minor hemisphere;s linguistic deficiences is due to the major hemisphere's dominance over the motor mechanisms for language expression. However, the minor hemisphere also suffers from an intrinsic limitation in linguistic processing as evidenced by its inferiority in writing words as compared with drawing pictures and its inferiority in writing verbs as compared with writing nouns. Our results suggest that though there are two aspects of language expression — central conceptual dominance and peripheral motor dominance — there is a fairly direct relationship between the two. When a hemisphere is intrinsically better equipped to handle some task, its is also easier for that hemisphere to dominate motor pathways.
Adiabatic flow of hydrogen gas through a rocket nozzle with and without composition change

Abstract A procedure is described for determining the characteristics of adiabatic flow through a rocket nozzle with and without composition change. The method of calculation is illustrated for the expansion of pure hydrogen gas from a chamber temperature of 306° K. and a pressure of 20.42 atm. to atmospheric pressure. The study indicates that the exhaust velocity and temperature are highest for flow where complete equilibrium is reached at each temperature with respect to the reaction H 2 ⇋2H Flow with composition change requires a nozzle exit to nozzle throat area ratio somewhat greater than that determined for adiabatic flow without composition change for the same ratio of chamber pressure to exit pressure. The residence time in a given temperature range is computed as a function of gas temperature for the two types of flow. The results of this calculation may be used to determine the minimum required reaction rates which allow composition changes during flow through the nozzle.
EFFECT OF ANTENATAL AND POSTNATAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS (PG) ON THE SEVERITY OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY (ROP). 1144

EFFECT OF ANTENATAL AND POSTNATAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS (PG) ON THE SEVERITY OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY (ROP). 1144
Combined effects of mild hypothermia and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists on platelet–platelet and leukocyte–platelet aggregation

Endovascular cooling was assessed as a potential treatment for percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Here we show that mild hypothermia: (1) inhibits platelet aggregation; (2) augments eptifibatide- and tirofiban- but not abciximab-induced inhibition of platelet aggregation; (3) increases the formation of adenosine diphosphate-induced leukocyte-platelet aggregates; and (4) diminishes the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist-induced decrease in leukocyte-platelet aggregates.
Lifetimes and quenching constants of perturbed rotational levels of A1Σ+ BaO

Abstract Perturbed, single rotational levels of A 1 Σ + (ν = 2, 3) BaO are excited by a pulsed, tunable dye laser and their lifetimes and fluorescence quenching constants measured. Lifetimes of perturbed levels are lengthened principally because of interaction and mixing with components of the b 3 Π state. The quenching constant for ν = 2. J = 28 is enhanced by the perturbation.
Fluorescence sensing based on cation-induced conformational switching: copper-selective modulation of the photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer of a donor–acceptor biphenyl fluorophore

Abstract The fluorescence emission energy of donor–acceptor substituted biphenyls is highly sensitive towards conformational changes of the interannular twist angle. By integrating 4-dimethylamino-4′-cyano-biphenyl into the ligand backbone of a thioether-rich metal receptor we designed a fluorescence sensor that exhibits high selectivity towards copper. Upon metal binding the ligand undergoes a significant conformational change, which induces a strong hypsochromic shift of the photoinduced charge-transfer emission. Steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed a high affinity towards Cu(I) with a well-defined 1:1 metal–ligand complex stoichiometry. The nature of the conformational changes upon Cu(I) coordination were analyzed in detail by 1 H NMR and 2D NOESY experiments. The spectroscopic data provide a coherent picture, which is consistent with a Boltzmann ground-state distribution of several rotamers that are locked into a more flattened geometry upon coordination of Cu(I).
Rational inattention in controlled Markov processes

The paper poses a general model for optimal control subject to information constraints, motivated in part by recent work on information-constrained decision-making by economic agents. In the average-cost optimal control framework, the general model introduced in this paper reduces to a variant of the linear-programming representation of the average-cost optimal control problem, subject to an additional mutual information constraint on the randomized stationary policy. The resulting optimization problem is convex and admits a decomposition based on the Bellman error, which is the object of study in approximate dynamic programming. The structural results presented in this paper can be used to obtain performance bounds, as well as algorithms for computation or approximation of optimal policies.
Multiple abnormalities in immunoregulatory function of synovial compartment T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Recognition of a helper augmentation effect.

Analyses of the synovial tissue and fluid T lymphocytes obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis revealed multiple functional defects in the regulation of autologous blood B cell differentiation into cells secreting immunoglobulin. These abnormalities were not found in peripheral blood T lymphocytes from the same patients. Although the patients selected showed elevated levels of T cells expressing the T8 differentiation antigen as well as Ia antigens there was little demonstrable suppression of the blood B cell differentiation. Furthermore, the synovial T cells exhibited only minimal helper or inducer activity when tested in the same system. In contrast, patient's blood T lymphocytes gave levels of help and suppression that were not distinguishable from that of normal individuals. Co-culture experiments of blood and synovial T lymphocytes did not reveal any evidence for enhanced suppression; indeed, in most patients these cocultures resulted in marked augmentation of helper function, a phenomenon designated “helper augmentation”. These data provide evidence that rheumatoid synovial lymphocytes are characterized by marked abnormalities in immunoregulatory T cell function, including divergence of cellular activity from the immune function predicted by surface phenotype and a capacity for “helper augmentation”, a novel T cell function in man.
Next-step spherical torus experiment and spherical torus strategy in the course of development of fusion energy

A spherical torus (ST) fusion energy development path which is complementary to the proposed tokamak burning plasma experiments such as ITER is described. The ST strategy focuses on a compact component test facility (CTF) and high performance advanced regimes leading to more attractive Demo and power plant scale reactors. To provide the physical basis for the CTF an intermediate step needs to be taken, which we refer to as the 'next-step spherical torus' (NSST) device and which we examine in some detail herein. NSST is a 'performance extension' stage ST with a plasma current of 5?10?MA, R = 1.5?m, BT ? 2.6?T and the possibility of varying physical parameters. The mission of NSST is to (1) provide a sufficient physical basis for the design of a CTF; (2) explore advanced operating scenarios with high bootstrap current fraction and high performance which can be utilized by CTF, Demo, and power plants; and (3) contribute to the general science of high ? toroidal plasmas. The NSST is designed to utilize a TFTR-like site to minimize the cost and time required for design and construction.
Potentially preventable premature lung cancer deaths in the USA if overall population rates were reduced to those of educated whites in lower-risk states.

Purpose Death rates for lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death in the USA, vary substantially by the level of education at the national level, but this has not previously been analyzed by state.
Elastic structural response of anisotropic sandwich plates with a first-order compressible core impacted by a Friedlander-type shock loading

Abstract The foundation of the non-linear theory of asymmetric anisotropic sandwich plates with a first order compressible weak orthotropic core under a Friedlander-type explosive blast is presented. The equations of motion are developed by means of Hamilton’s Principle. Within the theory, the face sheets are asymmetric while adopting the Love-Kirchoff model. In addition, the core layer is assumed to be compressible (extensible) in the transverse direction thereby capturing any wrinkling or global instabilities. The theory is then simplified and applied for the case of sandwich plates with symmetric unidirectional fiber reinforced laminated composite facings with the axes of orthotropy not necessarily coincident with the geometrical axes. The governing solution is developed using the Extended-Galerkin method resulting in two coupled non-linear second order ordinary differential equations which are then solved using the 4th-order Runge–Kutta method for a system of differential equations.
A first course in electronics

A top-down circuits course introduces students to electronic circuit design, teaching the formulation, evaluation and implementation of design objectives and solutions. Course topics include analog and digital signals and circuits, conversion, sensors, and energy storage and are introduced on the basis of concrete design examples. A comprehensive design project and custom PCB design expose students to physical aspects of design. The syllabus emphasizes topics of critical importance such power dissipation limits and is relation to technology and Moore's Law, relegating topics such as semiconductor device operation to follow-up elective courses.
Real-time video fusion using a distributed architecture in robotic surgery

The use of medical robotics has been increasing in recent years. This increase in popularity can be attributed to the improvement in dexterity robots provide over traditional laparoscopy, as well as the increasing number of applications of robotic surgery. The daVinci from Intuitive Surgical, one of the more commonly used robotic surgery systems, relies on stereo laparoscopic video for guidance, which restricts visualization to only surface anatomy. Oftentimes the localization of subsurface anatomic structures is critical to the success of surgical intervention. The implementation of image guidance in medical robotics adds the ability to see into the surface; however, current implementations are restrictive in terms of flexibility or scalability, especially in the ability to process real-time video data. We present a system architecture which allows for use of multiple computers through a centralized database; which can fuse additional information to the real-time video stream. This architecture is independent of hardware or software and is extensible to a large number of clinical applications.
The resistive transition in type-II superconductors

Abstract We calculate the fluctuation conductivity σ of a type-II superconductor in a magnetic field greater than H c2 ( T ). We consider a bulk superconductor with E ⊥ H and E ‖ H and a thin film in a perpendicular field with E ⊥ H . The conductivity diverges like ( T − T c ) - n with n= 1 2 , 3 2 and 1 in the three cases. In a bulk superconductor, the anisotropy results from an anisotropic life-time of fluctuations. This also results in an anisotropy in the frequency dependence of σ. Close to T c , the conductivity is changed drastically by small magnetic fields. The temperature range of this sensitivity is broadest for materials having small κ. We estimate the width of the critical region near T c where our theory breaks down and discuss our prediction of a dip in flux-flow resistance at H c2 ( T ).
State Debt Management Policy: A National Survey

The amount of outstanding, long-term, tax-exempt state debt has grown precipitously over the last decade, from $87 billion in 1977 to $264 billion in 1987. But there have been few attempts to carry out broad studies of basic state debt management policies, using comparative state data. As a result, policy-makers lack guidance as they attempt to adjust policies and procedures to meet the rapidly evolving requirements associated with public borrowing. This paper reports on a national survey of state debt manage ment policies - policies devoted to the planning, preparation, sale, and repayment of debt for which states consider themselves responsible.
Living Crystals of Light-Activated Colloidal Surfers

Spontaneous formation of colonies of bacteria or flocks of birds are examples of self-organization in active living matter. Here, we demonstrate a form of self-organization from nonequilibrium driving forces in a suspension of synthetic photoactivated colloidal particles. They lead to two-dimensional "living crystals," which form, break, explode, and re-form elsewhere. The dynamic assembly results from a competition between self-propulsion of particles and an attractive interaction induced respectively by osmotic and phoretic effects and activated by light. We measured a transition from normal to giant-number fluctuations. Our experiments are quantitatively described by simple numerical simulations. We show that the existence of the living crystals is intrinsically related to the out-of-equilibrium collisions of the self-propelled particles.
Apparent new phase of monolayer 3 He and 4 He films adsorbed on Grafoil as determined from heat capacity measurements

Heat capacity measurements in monolayer3He and4He films adsorbed on Grafoil at densities higher than the one corresponding to the substrate lattice registered phase show a series of sharp, narrow peaks at 1 K for densities between 0.072 and 0.077A−2. The exact nature of the transition cannot be determined from this measurement alone, but several possibilities are discussed. It has been determined that the melting line of two-dimensional solid films starts atn=0.078A−2 for both isotopes. Extensive heat capacity measurements at and above this density are presented for3He, and some new measurements for4He are shown to complement measurements reported elsewhere. The solid3He measurements are compared to predictions of recent models for melting in two dimensions.
Ammonia-specific Regulation of Gln3 Localization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Protein Kinase Npr1

Events directly regulating Gln3 intracellular localization and nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR)-sensitive transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are interconnected with many cellular processes that influence the utilization of environmental metabolites. Among them are intracellular trafficking of the permeases that transport nitrogenous compounds and their control by the Tor1,2 signal transduction pathway. Npr1 is a kinase that phosphorylates and thereby stabilizes NCR-sensitive permeases, e.g. Gap1 and Mep2. It is also a phosphoprotein for which phosphorylation and kinase activity are regulated by Tor1,2 via Tap42 and Sit4. Npr1 has been reported to negatively regulate nuclear localization of Gln3 in SD (ammonia)-grown cells. Thus we sought to distinguish whether Npr1: (i) functions directly as a component of NCR control; or (ii) influences Gln3 localization indirectly, possibly as a consequence of participating in protein trafficking. If Npr1 functions directly, then the ability of all good nitrogen sources to restrict Gln3 to the cytoplasm should be lost in an npr1Delta just as occurs when URE2 (encoding this well studied negative Gln3 regulator) is deleted. We show that nuclear localization of Gln3-Myc(13) in an npr1Delta occurred only with ammonia as the nitrogen source. Other good nitrogen sources, e.g. glutamine, serine, or asparagine, restricted Gln3-Myc(13) to the cytoplasm of both wild type and npr1Delta cells. In other words, the npr1Delta did not possess the uniform phenotype for all repressive nitrogen sources characteristic of ure2Delta. This suggests that the connection between Gln3 localization and Npr1 is indirect, arising from the influence of Npr1 on the ability of cells to utilize ammonia as a repressive nitrogen source.
A simple method for enriching populations of transfected CHO cells for cells of higher specific productivity

To establish a simple and rapid method for the screening of stable recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, we have developed a cell surface labeling technique using fluorescently tagged antibodies that bind to secreted target proteins at low temperature. Using fluorescence intensity as the sole criterion for selection of cells, we are able to enrich populations of highly productive cells using preparative flow cytometry sorting. Reiterative sorting based on selection of cells having the highest fluorescence intensity of cell surface labeled protein results in dramatic increases in specific cellular productivity. Using lymphotoxin-beta receptor IgG fusion protein as a model system, we have demonstrated a greater than 20-fold increase in specific productivity (0.49-11.5 pg cell(-1) day(-1)) (pcd) without the use of methotrexate (MTX)-mediated selection or amplification. In addition, the flow cytometry used to enrich for and clone high producer cell lines has reduced development time by more than 50% and the number of screening assays by more than 10-fold. When a transfected population of CHO cells expressing a humanized version of the murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) AQC2 directed against human alpha 1 beta 1 integrin was subjected to the same treatment, a 25-fold improvement in specific productivity (0.3-8.0 pcd) was observed. Furthermore, similar application of this technique to MTX-amplified clones resulted in up to 120-fold overall improvement in specific productivity (up to 42 pcd). Greater than 20 examples are also presented to demonstrate the robustness and performance of this technique.
Spatial compensator design for active vibration damping with links to temporal compensator design

A technique for spatial compensator design is developed for the active vibration damping of interconnected flexible structures. Spatially gain weighted distributed transducers are utilized in order to `shape' the system's forward-loop transfer function, thereby increasing control effectiveness by increasing loop gain over a specified bandwidth. Colocated transducer locations and spatial distributions are chosen to shape the system's loop transfer function, making modal coefficients `large' within the control bandwidth, and `small' for higher frequency modes of vibration while remaining simple to implement in hardware. Temporal compensator design is linked to spatial compensator design by showing the dependency of the maximum velocity feedback gain on transducer modal coefficients. Closed-loop control experiments were performed in order to demonstrate the utility of the compensator design technique on a dynamically complex, interconnected structure: a 56' by 59' nine-bay aluminum grillage. A velocity feedback dissipative temporal compensator design was evaluated. For a band-limited transient disturbance exciting the first twelve modes of vibration (up to 40 Hz), the experiment showed a decrease in settling time from over 30 seconds to less than 8 seconds. For a band-limited stochastic input with a 2 - 22 Hz bandwidth, disturbance attenuation up to 8 dB was shown. In order to assess the model robustness of the compensator design, modifications were made to the experimental plant, changing plant natural frequencies up to 21.2%. Without changing the temporal compensator used in the previous tests, similar closed-loop vibration damping performance was observed, exhibiting significant compensator robustness to plant variations.
Christianity, Fat Talk, and Samoan Pastors: Rethinking the Fat-Positive-Fat-Stigma Framework

Anthropology, public health, and epidemiology have long researched meanings of body size and factors that contribute to epidemiological transition. The author draws attention to a dichotomous framework operating with these fields where fat-positive and fat-negative cultures are represented as oppositional. Drawing from fieldwork among Samoan evangelical Christians, the author argues that contextual analysis of fat reveals ambiguity and ambivalence. In Samoa, negative and positive meanings associated with fat are dynamically engaged. In conclusion, she argues that representing fat in dichotomous terms is Othering because “the West” is represented as the fat-negative while “the rest” is represented as fat-positive.
Population variation in growth response to flooding of three marsh grasses

Comparative studies were conducted to evaluate intraspecific variation in leaf elongation and biomass partitioning in response to flooding stress in populations of Spartina alterniflora, S. patens, and Panicum hemitomon. These populations were collected along the Louisiana and Texas coasts and grown for four to six vegetative propagations in the greenhouse. Plants were flooded to a maximum water level of 39 cm above the soil surface for approximately 2 months and leaf elongation rates, soil redox potentials, and final biomass of each population were measured. Tests of flooding response between the populations indicated significant ecotypic differentiation in biomass partitioning. Using a rotated principal components analysis, we identified the three most flood tolerant and the three least flood tolerant populations for each species, with greater below-ground and below-water biomass or total biomass production characterizing greater flood tolerance. The ability to select more flood tolerant populations has direct application in wetland creation and restoration.
USING LABVIEW UNDER WINDOWS IN ADVANCED ULTRASONIC TESTING

Abstract Ultrasonic testing is used in a variety of applications. One application, the measurement of residual stress, utilizes acoustoelastic testing. In acoustoelastic testing, very small changes in ultrasonic wave speed are measured as a function of applied load. In this study, a testing setup has been implemented which utilizes National Instruments' LabVIEW software on a digital computer to control and analyze the acoustoelastic responses of various engineering materials. The high quality acoustoelastic results are indicative of the high resolution in ultrasonic wave speed measurements that is attained using this setup.
Light from tungsten on core construction

The Earth's iron core is thought to be almost as old as the Earth itself (approaching 4.6 billion years) but there are different opinions as to how quickly and in what manner it formed. Core formation times as short as 10 million years or longer than the time to accrete the Earth (around 100 Myr) have been suggested. This question is very relevant to how planets are assembled and how all the terrestrial reservoirs (ocean, atmosphere and mantle as well as core) are established, and it can only be addressed by radioisotopic dating methods. In this regard, a promising development is hafnium- tungsten chronometry, and on page 771 of this issue, Lee and Hallidai use this approach to infer that the core formation took longer than about 60 million years. Moreover, their interpretation of new meteoritic data implies that there must have been an unexpectedly high level of ^(182)Hf in the early Solar System.
Increased numbers of thoracic dorsal root axons in rats given antibodies to nerve growth factor

Sensory axons were counted in untreated 1-month-old rats and in littermates that were injected with antibodies to nerve growth factor. There were 45 percent more unmyelinated and 17 percent more myelinated axons in dorsal roots of the fifth thoracic spinal segment in treated rats. This suggests that the number of sensory axons can be changed by postnatal inactivation of nerve growth factor.
Separation of proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate : polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of soluble, aqueous polymers : ficoll and polyvinylpyrrolidone

In previous studies we have demonstrated that water soluble polymers of dextran and methylcellulose, when incorporated into sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels, can be used to sharpen the protein bands. We have extended these studies to enhance the separations in the mid-molecular weight range. Enhanced separation of protein molecular weight markers between 30,000-67,000 was best achieved in SDS-gels containing 2.5% polyvinylpyrrolidone (average molecular weight 10,000).
Antigenic Variation of Bloodstage Malaria Parasites

An antigen on the surface of erythrocytes infected with mature asexual malaria parasites has been shown to undergo antigenic variation in two malaria species. Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes from squirrel monkeys express a new antigen that is identified by reactivity with antibody from infected animals in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Cloned P. knowlesi parasites in rhesus monkeys undergo antigenic variation of an erythrocyte surface antigen as defined by antibody-mediated cell agglutination (the SICA test) and indirect immunofluorescence. This variant antigen is a malarial protein that changes both in size (Mr 185 000-225 000) and antigenicity in cloned parasites derived by antigenic variation in vivo. Antigenic variation on the erythrocyte surface probably contributes to the capacity of malaria parasites to establish chronic infections with multiple recrudescences and to the finding that individuals can be repeatedly reinfected. The fundamental reasons for expression of these highly immunogenic antigens on the erythrocyte membrane remain obscure. Other major questions remain to be explored: the repertoire of variant antigens; the genetic basis of antigenic variation and the structural basis for the antigenic uniqueness of each variant antigen. Some properties of malarial antigenic variation indicate that control of antigenic variation in plasmodia will be quite different to antigenic variation in the African trypanosomes. The host spleen is required both for variant antigen expression and antigenic variation, and variant-specific antibody appears to induce antigenic variation rather than select pre-existing variants.
Studies of carcinogenicity of sodium chlorite in B6C3F1 mice.

The carcinogenic activities of sodium chlorite in B6C3F1 mice were examined. Sodium chlorite was given at concentrations of 0 (control), 0.025% (low dose), or 0.05% (high dose) in the drinking wate...
Postpartum depressed women's explanation of depression.

Purpose: To gain empirically derived knowledge of postpartum depression upon which to base detection and intervention strategies. Design: From 1997 through 2000, a sample of 30 nonhospitalized women, self-identified as postpartum depressed was recruited by network and “snowball sampling” to discuss their beliefs about postpartum depression. With reference to the Kleinman explanatory model of illness, their beliefs about postpartum depression and its treatment were contrasted to the biomedical model of postpartum depression. Methods: Content analysis was done to classify data into cause, effect, severity, expectations, fears, and suggestions for treatment. Results were compared with DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Results: Postpartum depressed mothers' explanatory model of depression differed from the DSM-IV criteria for depression in that mothers' depiction was generally milder in form and consisted of sleep deprivation instead of sleep disorders. Also, mothers were confused, overwhelmed, and guilty about thoughts of hurting their babies. The mothers did not exhibit suicidal ideation. Mothers described the illness as severe and long lasting, causing multiple problems including marital discord. Implications: Mothers suggested more public education and support for new mothers to prevent and treat the disorder.
TREATMENT PLANNING MODELS: AN APPLICATION *

This paper presents a systematic approach to treatment planning using an analytical model of the underlying decision-making activity. Patient diagnostic classifications, augmented by a history of prior treatment applications, provide the state descriptions for a Markovian decision model of the treatment-selection process. Patient records from four university dental clinics serve as the data base for model construction and validation. This analytical model provides a means of duplicating the treatment plans of experts. Approximately 93% of the treatment planning model's treatment selections concurred with decisions made by two dental educators. Moreover, the models permit an examination of the critical considerations associated with therapy selection. This capability is discussed in terms of possible applications of the model in the practice of dentistry and in teaching.
Calcium Segregation to Grain Boundaries in Alumina

The fracture surfaces of a series of CaO-doped polycrystalline aluminas are examined by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The AES results show a maximum in the detected calcium over the range of materials, whereas the SEM observations show a monotonic increase in the proportion of transgranular failure over the same range. AES measurements from as-fractured and sputtered surfaces suggest that Ca is substituting for Al at the grain boundaries. By combining the AES and SEM measurements and compensating for the proportion of transgranular failure exposed on the fracture surfaces, the grain-boundary concentrations of calcium are determined and are shown to be very different from the apparent concentrations suggested by AES measurements alone. The proportion of transgranular failure increases rapidly with grain-boundary calcium concentration, although this concentration changes only slowly with changes in CaO-dopant concentration and heat treatment. The driving force for segregation is concluded to be dominated by the misfit strain of the calcium ions substitutionally incorporated into the alumina lattice.
Auger lineshape analysis

Abstract Auger transitions occurring at solid surfaces give spectra containing information on the energy distribution of valence electrons involved in the transition. Thus Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) can be used as a valence band (VB) Spectroscopy that is surface sensitive. Analyses of a number of core-valence-valence (CVV) Auger spectra are reviewed to illustrate the VB information contained in their lineshapes and to indicate current understanding of the physics of the Auger process as it applies to solids. The KVV spectrum from elemental beryllium is an example of a CW line that can be analyzed simply in terms of the sum of convolution products of independent-particle VB density-of-states (DOS) components. Other elemental solids for which such simple arguments suffice include Al, Si, Li, Ti, Co and B. The CW spectra from copper are discussed as examples of CW lineshapes that are distorted from those expected from simple VB DOS arguments because localization in the two-hole Auger final state for Cu makes hole-hole interactions important in determining the Auger lineshapes. Initial state screening is shown to influence the CVV lineshapes from Be as well as Cu. CVV spectra from the compound surfaces BeO and SiO2 are analyzed using concepts of interatomic transitions as well as independent-parsite. ticle VB arguments. These spectra show that AES is a probe of the local DOS about the core-hole This ability of AES to give local bonding information is illustrated by analyses of CW spectra from multi-component surfaces which may be made in terms of the simple superposition of local-bonding signals. Thus the Si-L23VV signal from silicon oxynitride is shown to be the superposition of signals representing elemental Si, Si-H, Si-N and Si-O bonding.
Echocardiographic prediction of left-to-right shunt with atrial septal defects.

Abstract We investigated the ability of transthoracic echocardiography to predict a ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow (Qp/Qs) ≥1.5 in patients with secundum atrial septal defects. The 44 study patients included 31 patients undergoing catheterization for device closure of atrial septal defects and 13 additional control patients with normal echocardiograms (median age 7.8 years, mean age 15.9 years, range 1.5 to 69 years). Right atrial end-systolic area, right ventricular end-diastolic volume, and the ratio of pulmonary annulus diameter to aortic annulus diameter were determined from standard transthoracic echocardiographic views. The 26 subjects in the shunt group had Qp/Qs between 1.5 and 3.0. The control subjects included the 5 catheterization patients with Qp/Qs between 0.9 and 1.2 and the 13 patients that did not undergo catheterization with assumed Qp/Qs = 1. The shunt patients had significantly increased median-indexed right atrial area (13.8 versus 8.5 cm 2 /M 2 , P 2 , P P =.008) compared with controls. Indexed right ventricular volume was the best predictor of significant shunt. A combination of right ventricular volume and right atrial area identified subjects with Qp/Qs >1.5 with 96% sensitivity, 94% specificity, and 96% positive and 94% negative predictive value. We conclude that quantitative transthoracic echocardiography can be used to screen for a significant shunt in patients with atrial septal defects. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:1038-42.)
Evaluation of professional scouting programs in cotton production

Producers of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) who participate in commercial scout programs have significantly higher yields than producers that do not participate. A chi-square statistical inference test of data from a survey of cotton pesticide use in 1989 indicated that nonchemical pest control practices, such as resistant plant varieties, stalk destruction, and pheromone traps, are more commonly used on acreage in a professional scouting program. Producers in a commercial scout program, however, also treat a higher proportion of planted acres with pesticides and apply more treatments per acre. The study highlights the need for ongoing examination of integrated pest management programs to encourage reduction in the use of pesticides. The decision by producers to participate is correlated with the producer's education, age, tenure, and cropland value []
Direct experimental lower bound on the radiative lifetime of the muon neutrino.

A sensitive search for ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ decay into photons was performed in a high-intensity beam of neutrinos from ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ decay at rest. An upper limit of 68 possible $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray events was established, leading to a lower bound on the radiative lifetime of the muon (anti)neutrino of $\frac{\ensuremath{\tau}}{{m}_{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}}\ensuremath{\ge}15.4$ sec/eV (90% C.L.). This result represents more than a factor of 100 improvement over previous direct laboratory searches.