cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conceptual issues in organizational communication research: Elements of a model of conceptual authenticity

Because concepts are the building blocks of theory, concerns for theoretical adequacy in organizational communication research blur a more fundamental concern for the authenticity of the concepts upon which organizational communication theory is based. Organizational communication scholars must strive to achieve greater conceptual authenticity in their efforts to construct theory of high integrity. After a discussion of the role of concepts in theory construction, definitions for the notions of authenticity and integrity are provided. Next, six criteria that may be used to assess conceptual authenticity are proposed. These criteria: 1) communication relatedness; 2) rigor; 3) uniqueness; 4) impact; 5) depth; and 6) relevance, represent elements of a criterion model for assessing the authenticity of new and current concepts in organizational communication theory and research.
Immigrants and Minorities: Old Questions for New Directions in Research.

This article examines the questions and issues that should be included in the study of immigrant and ethnic group socioeconomic progress. Assimilation, opportunity structures and institutional resp...
Assessing the proposed IAM, UAW, and USW merger: Critical issues and potential outcomes

Excerpt] We examine the many difficult issues facing the IAM, UAW, and USW as they move toward the creation of a single organization. In order to place this merger in context, the larger issue of mergers in the American labor movement will be addressed, as will the origins and history of each of the three unions. The specific issues confronting the unions will be examined in three categories — structure, administration, and functions and services. We conclude with an assessment of the current status of the unification effort and the prospects for its realization.
Search trees for subject searching in online catalogs

Search trees presented in this article control system responses and determine appropriate subject searching approaches to user queries. Users do not explicitly choose a particular approach. Rather, systems respond with an approach based on the extent to which queries match the catalog's controlled vocabulary and produce retrievals. The benefit of incorporating search trees into online bibliographic systems is the ability to place the responsibility of determining which approach produces the best results on the system.
Nonparametric Bayes Estimation of Contamination Levels using Observations from the Residual Distribution

Abstract Data on contamination concentrations for chromium from one of the EPA's toxic waste sites consist of independent and identically distributed (iid) measurements along with additional observations from the residual distribution. The residual sample is obtained by sampling from hot spots, where contamination concentrations are assumed to be above a given threshold value. The data are modeled using a nonparametric Bayes estimator of the distribution function. The Dirichlet process is used to formulate prior information about the chromium contamination, and we compare the Bayes estimator of the mean concentration level to other estimators currently considered by the EPA and other sources. The Bayes estimator of the mean generally outperforms competing estimators under various cost functions. The Bayes estimator of the distribution function is derived assuming the possibility of right-censored contamination measurements along with left-truncated hot spot data. For the case in which the prior becomes no...
Refinement types for ML

Programming computers is a notoriously error-prone process. It is the job of the programming language designer to make this process more reliable. One approach to this is to impose some sort of typing discipline on the programs. In doing this, the programming language designer is immediately faced with a tradeoff: if the type system is too simple, it cannot accurately express important properties of the program; if it is too expressive, then mechanically checking or inferring the types becomes impractical. This thesis describes a type system called refinement types, which is an example of a new way to make this tradeoff, as well as a potentially useful system in itself. Refinement type inference requires programs to have types in two type systems: an expressive type inference system (intersection types with subtyping) and a relatively simple type system (basic polymorphic type inference). Refinement type inference inherits some properties from each of these: as in intersection types with subtyping, we can use the type system to do abstract interpretation; as in basic polymorphic type inference, refinement type inference is decidable (preliminary experiments suggest refinement type inference may be practical as well). We have implemented refinement type inference for a subset of Standard ML to test these ideas. We have added new syntax, called rectype declarations, to allow the programmer to specify relevant domains for the abstract interpretation. A prototype implementation of refinement type inference can do some interesting case analysis for Standard ML programs; for example, if the programmer uses a rectype declaration to declare interest in whether a boolean expression is in conjunctive normal form (CNF), refinement type inference can efficiently prove that a function for converting boolean expressions to CNF does indeed always return a boolean expression in CNF. Rectype declarations and refinement type inference seem flexible and efficient enough to practically enforce many other useful program properties as well.
Development and Application of Wood Shear Wall Reliability Model

This study combines a new hysteretic model for dynamic analysis of wood shear walls, ground motion suites, and an extreme value distribution in order to estimate the seismic reliability of a wood shear wall for varying levels of displacement at various sites around the U.S. Existing suites of ground motions for Los Angeles, Boston, and Seattle, believed to have the same probability of exceedance over a 50 year period, were used to introduce some level of uncertainty in the loading. Multiple wood shear wall experiments were performed at the Peter Grant Timber Engineering Laboratory at Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, to calibrate the new hysteretic model and introduce some level of uncertainty into the resistance, or hysteresis. Time domain analysis was used to simulate the seismic response of the shear wall. The peak drift of each time domain analysis was recorded and the data points fit to an extreme value distribution ~Weibull!. The probabilities of failure, and subsequently the reliability indices, were then easily deter- mined from this distribution of the extremes, based on various limit states of excessive drift. The uncertainty in the hysteresis was found to have a negligible affect on the reliability estimates for the Boston site, but had a significant effect for the Los Angeles and Seattle sites. The reliability indices ranged from less than zero to over seven, depending on the site and limit state.
A multicenter comparison of the safety of oral versus intravenous acetylcysteine for treatment of acetaminophen overdose.

UNLABELLED Oral and intravenous (IV) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) are used for the treatment of acetaminophen poisoning. The objective of this multicenter study was to compare the safety of these two routes of administration. METHODS We conducted a multicenter chart review of all patients treated with NAC for acetaminophen poisoning. The primary safety outcome was the percentage of patients with NAC-related adverse events. RESULTS A total of 503 subjects were included in the safety analysis (306 IV-only, 145 oral-only, and 52 both routes). There were no serious adverse events related to NAC for either route. Nausea and vomiting were the most common related adverse events and were more common with oral treatment (23 vs. 9%). Anaphylactoid reactions were more common with IV administration (6 vs. 2%). CONCLUSIONS IV and oral NAC are generally mild adverse drug reactions.
A 3-D motion control system for simulation of CT motion artifacts

In order to gain a better understanding of X-ray computed tomography (CT) motion artifacts, a 3-D motion control system is described. Two preliminary experiments were performed in which the system was scanned while simulating physiological motion. The motion artifacts seen in the experimental images are shown to closely parallel artifacts seen in human subjects. These early results provide a basis for an in-depth study of motion artifacts. >
Fluvial Landscape Response Time: How Plausible Is Steady-State Denudation?

Whether or not steady-state topography and denudation are probable states depends on the timescale of system response to tectonic and climatic perturba- tions relative to the frequency of those perturbations. This paper presents analytical derivations of algebraic relations for the response time of detachment-limited fluvial bedrock channel systems both to tectonic and climatic perturbations. Detachment- limited fluvial erosion is described by the stream-power incision model, and the derivations are limited to the applicability of that model. All factors likely to influence system response time that are not adequately captured by the stream-power incision model will tend to increase the response time. The calculations presented thus provide minimum estimates of landscape response time and therefore over-predict the prob- ability of attaining and sustaining steady-state topography and denudation. The Central Range of Taiwan is used as a case study to estimate response times in a landscape often argued to be in steady state. Model parameters are fit to modern stream profiles by assuming that the topography represents a quasi-steady-state form. Estimated response times generally range from 0.25 to 2.5 Ma, depending on the non-linearity of the incision rule and the magnitude and type of perturbation. Thus it may be reasonably argued that steady-state topography and denudation are likely to prevail during periods of climatic stability (response time is sufficiently short compared with plate tectonic timescales). However, rapid climatic fluctuation in the Quaternary appears to preclude the attainment of steady-state conditions in modern orogens. motivation
DNA barcoding of the Lemnaceae, a family of aquatic monocots

Members of the aquatic monocot family Lemnaceae (commonly called duckweeds) represent the smallest and fastest growing flowering plants. Their highly reduced morphology and infrequent flowering result in a dearth of characters for distinguishing between the nearly 38 species that exhibit these tiny, closely-related and often morphologically similar features within the same family of plants. We developed a simple and rapid DNA-based molecular identification system for the Lemnaceae based on sequence polymorphisms. We compared the barcoding potential of the seven plastid-markers proposed by the CBOL (Consortium for the Barcode of Life) plant-working group to discriminate species within the land plants in 97 accessions representing 31 species from the family of Lemnaceae. A Lemnaceae-specific set of PCR and sequencing primers were designed for four plastid coding genes (rpoB, rpoC1, rbcL and matK) and three noncoding spacers (atpF-atpH, psbK-psbI and trnH-psbA) based on the Lemna minor chloroplast genome sequence. We assessed the ease of amplification and sequencing for these markers, examined the extent of the barcoding gap between intra- and inter-specific variation by pairwise distances, evaluated successful identifications based on direct sequence comparison of the "best close match" and the construction of a phylogenetic tree. Based on its reliable amplification, straightforward sequence alignment, and rates of DNA variation between species and within species, we propose that the atpF-atpH noncoding spacer could serve as a universal DNA barcoding marker for species-level identification of duckweeds.
Desensitizing glutamate receptors shape excitatory synaptic inputs to tiger salamander retinal ganglion cells

AMPA/kainate (KA) receptors mediate a component of ganglion cell excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). We investigated whether desensitization at these receptors contribute to the shape of transient EPSCs in ON-OFF ganglion cells. Whole-cell, voltage-clamp recordings were made from ganglion cells in the retinal slice or in isolation. EPSCs were evoked by either stimulating the slice with light or puffing K+ at the outer plexiform layer (OPL). The AMPA/KA receptor-mediated component of the EPSCs was isolated by including NMDA receptor antagonists in the bath. Strychnine and picrotoxin blocked inhibitory inputs. In isolated ganglion cells, cyclothiazide (10 microM), which blocks desensitization in non-NMDA receptors, enhanced both the amplitude and the duration of currents evoked by puffs of AMPA or glutamate. EPSCs evoked by K(+)-puffs in the OPL were also enhanced by cyclothiazide (30 microM). When AMPA/KA receptors were blocked with NBQX (10 microM), no enhancement of the EPSCs by cyclothiazide was observed, indicating that cyclothiazide did not act presynaptically. Cyclothiazide also enhanced the amplitude and duration of both the ON and OFF light-evoked (L-) EPSCs recorded in ON-OFF ganglion cells. Current-voltage relationships showed the enhancement was not voltage dependent. When control and enhanced responses where normalized, it was observed that the rate of desensitization of both the ON and OFF L-EPSCs was decreased by cyclothiazide. Cyclothiazide selectively enhanced the AMPA/KA receptor-mediated component of ganglion cells EPSCs, suggesting that desensitization of AMPA/KA receptors shape transient L-EPSCs.
Integrative Genetic Element That Reverses the Usual Target Gene Orientation

A genetic element integrating site specifically into a prokaryotic gene usually carries a copy of the 3' portion of that gene that restores the active gene even as the original is disrupted. A cryptic element in Mesorhizobium loti instead carries a copy of the 5' end of the tRNA gene into which it integrated. This has implications for the evolution of new integrase-site combinations.
Mechanisms of Reinforcement of Elastomers by Polymeric Fillers

Two systems have recently been studied involving elastomeric networks reinforced by finely-divided glassy polymeric fillers. One of these was prepared by blending latices of polystyrene, or other glassy polymers, with SBR, and vulcanizing the resulting elastomer. It was found that the tensile strength of the SBR increased with higher filler content, lower particle size and increase in rigidity of the filler, and was virtually unaffected by filler-elastomer bonds. The other system studied consisted of the "thermoplastic elas tomers" prepared from styrene-diene-styrene triblock polymers. Here the polystyrene forms small "domains" (∼200A) which act both as network junctions and reinforcing filler. These glassy par ticles yield at high stresses, thus relieving high stress concentra tions and resulting in high tensile strength but large inelastic de formations.
Mortality in captive baboons (Papio spp.): a-23-year study

Background We report the causes of mortality for 4350 captive baboons that died or were euthanized due to natural causes during a 23 year period at the Southwest National Primate Research Center. Methods Necropsy records were retrieved and reviewed to determine a primary cause of death or indication for euthanasia. Data was evaluated for morphological diagnosis, organ system, and etiology. Results The 20 most common morphologic diagnoses accounted for 76% of the cases, including stillborn (10.8%); colitis (8.6%); hemorrhage (8.4%); ulcer (5.2%); seizures (4.7%); pneumonia (4.2%); inanition (4.1%); dermatitis (3.8%); spondylosis (3.3%); and amyloidosis (3.0%). The digestive system was most frequently involved (21.3%), followed by the urogenital (20.3%), cardiovascular (12.2%), and multisystem disease (10.3%). An etiology was not identified in approximately one-third of cases. The most common etiologies were trauma (14.8%), degenerative (9.5%), viral (8.7%), and neoplastic/proliferative (7.0%). Conclusion This information should be useful for individuals working with baboons.
Quantitative trait locus analysis of tuber dormancy in diploid potato (Solanum spp.).

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for tuber dormancy was performed in a diploid potato population (TRP133) consisting of 110 individuals. The female parent was a hybrid between haploid S. tuberosum (2x) and S. chacoense, while the male parent was a S. phureja clone. The population was characterized for ten isozyme loci, 44 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and 63 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Eighty-seven of these loci segregating from the female parent were utilized to develop a linkage map that comprised 10 of the 12 chromosomes in the genome. Dormancy, as measured by days-to-sprouting after harvest, ranged from 10 to 90 days, with a mean of 19 days. QTLs were mapped by conducting one-way analyses of variance for each marker locus by dormancy combination. Twenty-two markers had a significant association with dormancy, identifying six putative QTLs localized on each of chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8. The QTL with the strongest effect on dormancy was detected on chromosome 7. A multilocus model was developed using the locus with highest R2 value in each QTL. This model explained 57.5% of the phenotypic variation for dormancy. Seven percent of possible epistatic interactions among significant markers were significant when tested through two-way analyses of variance. When these were included in the main-effects model, it explained 72.1% of the phenotypic variation for dormancy. QTL analysis in potato, the methodology to transfer traits and interactions into the 4x level, and QTLs of value for marker-assisted selection, are discussed.
1550-nm superprism demultiplexers in 2-D silicon-on-insulator slabs

Superprism phenomena are demonstrated in the 1550 nm range with SOI-based 2D photonic crystal slab. An angular swing of up to 10/spl deg/ is observed as the input wavelength is changed from 1528 nm to 1557 nm.
The Apache Longbow–Hellfire Missile Test at Yuma Proving Ground: Introduction and Problem Formulation for a Multiple Stressor Risk Assessment

ABSTRACT An ecological risk assessment was conducted at Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona, as a demonstration of the Military Ecological Risk Assessment Framework (MERAF). The focus of the assessment was a testing program at the Cibola Range, which involved an Apache Longbow helicopter firing Hellfire missiles at moving targets, that is, M60-A1 tanks. The problem formulation for the assessment included conceptual models for three component activities of the test, helicopter overflight, missile firing, and tracked vehicle movement, and two ecological endpoint entities, woody desert wash communities and desert mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus crooki) populations. An activity-specific risk assessment framework was available to provide guidance for assessing risks associated with aircraft overflights. Key environmental features of the assessment area include barren desert pavement and tree-lined desert washes. The primary stressors associated with helicopter overflights were sound and the view of the aircraft. The p...
Superviews: Virtual Integration of Multiple Databases

An important advantage of a database system is that it provides each application with a custom view of the data. The issue addressed in this paper is how to provide such custom views to applications that access multiple databases. The paper describes a formal method that generates such superviews, in an interactive process of schema editing operations. A mapping of the superview into the individual databases is derived from the editing process, and is stored together with the superview as a virtual database. When this database is interrogated, the mapping is used to decompose each query into a set of queries against the individual databases, and recompose the answers to form an answer to the original query. As this process is transparent to the user, virtual databases may be regarded as a more general type of databases. A prototype database system, that allows users to construct virtual databases and interrogate them, has been developed.
Abstract 57: Impaired Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Activity Contributes To Inhibition Of Mitochondrial Respiration In Hyperglycemic Rats

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 2 is a mitochondrial isozyme of the heart involved in the metabolism of toxic aldehydes produced from oxidative stress. A decrease in ALDH2 levels and activity was reported in the hearts of experimental hyperglycemia along with an increase in 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE). 4HNE is produced in the mitochondria upon lipid peroxidation and known to form adduct with mitochondrial proteins. We hypothesize that reduced ALDH2 activity impairs mitochondrial respiration due to 4HNE adducts formation, ultimately resulting in cardiac damage in hyperglycemia. A single dose (65 mg/kg; i.p.) of streptozotocin in rats resulted in hyperglycemia with a blood glucose level of 443 ± 9 mg/dl versus 121 ± 7 mg/dl in control animals, p<0.0001. N=7-11 in both groups. After 6 months of hyperglycemia, heart function was recorded and the rats were sacrificed. Increases in cardiomyocyte cross sectional area (446 ± 32 μm2 Vs 221 ± 10 μm2; p<0.0001) indicated cardiac hypertrophy in diabetic rats. Both diastolic and systolic dysfunctions were recorded with diabetic rats compared to controls. For instance, % fractional shortening was lower in diabetic group versus control; (p<0.0001). Most importantly, myocardial ALDH2 activity and levels were reduced and immunostaining for 4HNE protein adducts was increased in diabetic hearts compared to controls. The mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR), an index of mitochondrial respiration, was decreased in mitochondria isolated from diabetic hearts compared to controls (p<0.0001). To check the direct effect of 4HNE and ALDH2 inhibition, we treated H9C2 cardiomyocytes with 4HNE and disufiram, an ALDH inhibitor, respectively, which reduced mitochondrial respiration (p<0.0001) and cell viability (p<0.0001) along with reduced ALDH2 activity and increased 4HNE adducts formation. We conclude that chronic hyperglycemia-induced 4HNE accumulation due to low ALDH2 activity in the heart leads to defective mitochondrial respiration and cardiac damage and dysfunction.
TEXTURE PROPERTIES OF GELLAN GELS AS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE

Gellan gels can be made very brittle, similar to agar gels, or very flexible, like gelatin gels. The entropy or enthalpy nature governing those gellan gel behaviors was studied by mechanical testing at temperatures varying from 2 to 62C. Both failure stress and strain for 1% low acyl and low acyl/high acyl mixed gellan gels decreased with increasing temperature, indicating that the hydrogen bonding contributed significantly to the stabilization of gellan gels in addition to the polyanion-calcium-polyanion bonding. Hydrophobic interactions were less important. The initial Young's modulus for two mixed high and low acyl gellan gels containing 2 mM Ca + + increased with temperature from 2-42C, indicating entropy elasticity. Average molecular weight between adjacent crosslinks for these two mixed gels was larger than 10 4 . For other gels, the entropy elasticity was not a dominant mechanism for elastic force because of molecular weights between crosslinks and from the observation of negative temperature dependence of the modulus.
Micromachined LCP Connectors for Packaging MEMS Devices in Biological Environments

Micro- and nano-MEMS technology is being increasingly exploited in biological applications, such as large electrode-count neural prosthesis probe arrays. However, a bottleneck in fully utilizing this technology has been the interconnect between the implanted MEMS device and the external system connected to the implanted device. Since the implanted MEMS device is capable of having a large number of elements, the interconnect must have a sufficient number of electrical connections to communicate with each and every element. Complicating this is the fact that the interconnect requirements may include electrical signals, microfluidics transport and optical signals, all packaged in a miniature biocompatible interconnect cable. Micromachined liquid crystal polymer (LCP) is a promising technology for this application, due to LCP's biocompatibility, chemical inertness, electromechanical properties and its ability to be micromachined. This paper presents the results from the development of MEMS packaging technolog...
REVIEW OF ANTI-TNF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY USE

Background Anti-tumour necrosis monoclonal antibodies are being used increasingly in both gastroenterology and rheumatology services at Southampton Children9s Hospital. Concern has been raised that initiation may be outside the boundaries of the relevant National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) technology assessments or licensed indications. In addition, patients should be investigated for latent or active tuberculosis prior to starting treatment, usually with a Quantiferon Gold test and, if this is positive, then a chest x-ray should be requested. Aim To review the use of infliximab and adalimumab at Southampton Children9s Hospital. Objectives Determine whether infliximab and adalimumab are being used according to NICE guidelines for IBD. Determine whether adalimumab is being used within its licensed indications for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Establish whether all patients have a Quantiferon Gold test and/or a chest x-ray prior to starting treatment. Method A retrospective review of electronic records for all patients administered infliximab and adalimumab between April 1st 2013 and March 31st 2014. A modified NICE audit tool was used to collect the data. Electronic records accessed included clinic letters, microbiology and radiology reports and pharmacy dispensing records. Results Sixty two children met the criteria for inclusion in the audit. Fifty four received infliximab, 16 received adalimumab and 12 children received both. Forty-five children had a diagnosis of Crohn9s disease, 12 had Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) and five had another diagnosis. Fifty seven children had not responded to conventional immunosuppression, six were intolerant of first-line therapy and seven had another rationale for treatment e.g. severity of disease at diagnosis. All the patients prescribed infliximab or adalimumab for an inflammatory bowel disease met the relevant NICE criteria for initiation of therapy. Use for JIA was within the licence. Prior to starting treatment 15 (24%) patients had a Quantiferon Gold test, two of which were positive, 49 (79%) of patients had a chest x-ray and 15 (24%) patients had neither. Conclusion Whilst, there are no NICE technology assessments for JIA, adalimumab is licensed for this indication, whereas infliximab is not. Six of the children who received infliximab for JIA had not responded to or had had an adverse reaction to adalimumab. It is of significant concern that 15 children received either infliximab or adalimumab without apparently being assessed for tuberculosis (TB). There is confusion about the most appropriate test to perform to investigate a patient9s TB status, with some having a chest x-ray and others a Quantiferon Gold. We are instigating a “No negative test – No Dispensing” rule, where clinical pharmacists will confirm a negative test result prior to ordering therapy. The gastroenterologists, rheumatologists and infectious diseases clinicians are writing a guideline to improve the safe use of these treatments and clarify the most appropriate testing procedure prior to starting therapy.
Structural Basis for Ligand Exchange on Au25(SR)18

The single-crystal X-ray structure of Au25(SC2H4Ph)16(pBBT)2 is presented. The crystallized compound resulted from ligand exchange of Au25(SC2H4Ph)18 with pBBT as the incoming ligand, and for the first time, ligand exchange is structurally resolved on the widely studied Au25(SR)18 compound. A single ligand in the asymmetric unit is observed to exchange, corresponding to two ligands in the molecule because of the crystallographic symmetry. The ligand-exchanged Au25 is bonded to the most solvent-exposed Au atom in the structure, making the exchange event consistent with an associative mechanism. The apparent nonexchange of other ligands is rationalized through possible selective crystallization of the observed product and differential bond lengths.
Coupling chemical transport model source attributions with positive matrix factorization: application to two IMPROVE sites impacted by wildfires.

Source contributions to total fine particle carbon predicted by a chemical transport model (CTM) were incorporated into the positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model to form a receptor-oriented hybrid model. The level of influence of the CTM versus traditional PMF was varied using a weighting parameter applied to an object function as implemented in the Multilinear Engine (ME-2). The methodology provides the ability to separate features that would not be identified using PMF alone, without sacrificing fit to observations. The hybrid model was applied to IMPROVE data taken from 2006 through 2008 at Monture and Sula Peak, Montana. It was able to separately identify major contributions of total carbon (TC) from wildfires and minor contributions from biogenic sources. The predictions of TC had a lower cross-validated RMSE than those from either PMF or CTM alone. Two unconstrained, minor features were identified at each site, a soil derived feature with elevated summer impacts and a feature enriched i...
The politicization of indigenous identities in Peru

Until now, scholars have argued that, unlike other Latin American countries with sizable indigenous populations, indigenous politics are largely unimportant in Peru because indigenous-based parties...
Standard Nomenclature: Why Bother?

Using different names for the same entity has bred confusion as the message is not often clear when different aliases/colloquial terms are used to describe the same entity. The use of standard nomenclature is critical. “Calling things by their right names is the beginning of wisdom.” In clinical medicine/medical research/molecular pathology, precision of terms or standardized terminology is necessary to reduce ambiguities. Naming the gene product (protein) based on the gene from which it derives removes the complexity that may arise from names attempting to capture the gene product/protein functions or processes. The use of standard nomenclature developed by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC), Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS) and International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN) is now a requirement for laboratory accreditation by the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Laboratory Accreditation Program (LAP).
A Randomized Study of Incentivizing HIV Testing for Parolees in Community Aftercare

HIV risk-behaviors are high in criminal justice populations and more efforts are necessary to address them among criminal justice-involved substance abusers. This study examines the role of incentives in promoting HIV testing among parolees. Participants were randomly assigned to either an incentive (n = 104) or education group (control; n = 98), where the incentive group received a voucher for testing for HIV. Bivariate comparisons showed that a larger proportion of those in the incentive group received HIV testing (59% versus 47%), but this was not statistically significant (p = .09). However, in a multivariate logistic regression model controlling for covariates likely to influence HIV-testing behavior, those in the incentive group had increased odds of HIV testing in comparison to those in the education group (OR = 1.99, p < .05, CI [1.05, 3.78]). As a first of its kind, this study provides a foundation for further research on the utility of incentives in promoting HIV testing and other healthy behaviors in criminal justice populations.
Surveillance of Schistosomiasis between 1995 and 2004 in Yingde of Guangdong Province

Objective To understand the trends of endemic situation after the elimination of schistosomiasis in Yingde. Method The snails and infection sources surveillance were carried out in the former endemic areas. Results From 1995 to 2004, 9 out of 883 (1.02%) floating population and 34 out of 25518(0.13%) young people living in the endemic areas showed positive in the schistosomal skin test. However, they showed a negative result in the examination for schistosome eggs in the stools. No living snails were found and no infected cattle were detected in the same areas. Conclusions The success of schistosomiasis control was effective in Yingde. Continued surveillance should be carried out, especially of snails and import infection sources.
Primary closure of open injuries of the hand.

Practically all open wounds of the hand may be closed by suture or skin graft at the initial operation. This insures prompt healing, minimizes contracture and permits early function. If secondary operations are required, they may be undertaken at an earlier date.
Emotional Response to Gaming Producing Rosenblatt’s Transaction

Emotion is an integral part of understanding the connection between a reader and the response according to Louise Rosenblatt’s reader response theory. The transaction that occurs between reader and text can also occur between a gamer and a video game. This collective case study was used to examine the gaming experience of participants with three commercial video games falling into three separate genres: Sims FreePlay (simulation); Halo 1 (First Person Shooter); and World of Warcraft (Role Playing Game). By using Rosenblatt’s reader response theory, this study examined how participants perceived their “gaming experience,” and emotion was the key to understanding the transaction. This analysis of the experience demonstrated substantial parallels between the gaming experience and the reading transaction.
Sex differences in the molecular signature of the developing mouse hippocampus.

A variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, major depressive disorder, dyslexia and autism, are differentially prevalent between females and males. To better understand the possible molecular basis for the sex-biased nature of neurological disorders, we used a developmental series of female and male mice at 1, 2, and 4 months of age to assess both mRNA and protein in the hippocampus with RNA-sequencing and mass-spectrometry, respectively. The transcriptomic analysis identifies 2699 genes that are differentially expressed between animals of different ages. The bulk of these differentially expressed genes are changed in both sexes at one or more ages, but a total of 198 transcripts are differentially expressed between females and males at one or more ages. The number of transcripts that are differentially expressed between females and males is greater in adult animals than in younger animals. Additionally, we identify 69 transcripts that show complex and sex-specific patterns of temporal regulation through postnatal development, 8 of which are heat-shock proteins. We also find a modest correlation between levels of mRNA and protein in the mouse hippocampus (Rho = 0.53). This study adds to the substantial body of evidence for transcriptomic regulation in the hippocampus during postnatal development. Additionally, this analysis reveals sex differences in the transcriptome of the developing mouse hippocampus, and further clarifies the need to include both female and male mice in longitudinal studies involving molecular changes in the hippocampus.
A Study of Women, HIV, and Reproductive Decision-Making

Counselors and HIV-spectrum disease professionals who work with HIV-positive women recognize that these women have unique concerns and needs. Reproduction is one such area. This article discusses t...
Sampling strategies to capture single-cell heterogeneity

Advances in single-cell technologies have highlighted the prevalence and biological significance of cellular heterogeneity. A critical question researchers face is how to design experiments that faithfully capture the true range of heterogeneity from samples of cellular populations. Here we develop a data-driven approach, illustrated in the context of image data, that estimates the sampling depth required for prospective investigations of single-cell heterogeneity from an existing collection of samples.
Scaling of THz Generation in DSTMS to High Repetition Rates

We explore the scaling behavior of THz generation through optical rectification in DSTMS as function of repetition rate from 100 Hz to 200 kHz. We observe a strong drop-off in conversion efficiency above 10 kHz.
Pro-Market Versus Anti-Market Approaches to Business Ethics 62

Within the field of business ethics there is a conflict or at least a tension between those who have a favorable attitude toward business and those who exhibit an adversarial attitude toward business. More precisely, we summarize the conflict between pro-market and anti-market approaches to business or commerce.
Bayesian Analysis of Reverberation Mapping Data

Reverberation mapping is a powerful technique for studying the broad line regions (BLR) and the masses of the central black holes in distant active galactic nuclei (AGN). By monitoring the temporal variations of the continuum emission and the broad emission lines, it is possible to measure the size of the broad line region, and combining this with velocity information from the line widths yields an estimator for the black hole mass. However, this estimator depends on an unknown dimensionless proportionality constant called the virial coefficient. Recently, we have developed an alternative, direct approach to analyzing reverberation mapping data that infers details of the astrophysical situation from the data, bypassing the need for a virial coefficient and providing information about the physical configuration of the BLR. In this contribution I will outline the method and discuss how it differs from traditional reverberation mapping analysis.
Industrial Uses of Sulfur and Its Compounds

This chapter explains the correlation between GNP and sulfur use. The present sulfur use is almost 100 lbs per capita per year in the United States. The sulfur consumption world-wide is related to industrial production. Normally, sulfur dioxide is only used as an intermediate for the production of sulfuric acid because in other applications, it can be substituted by elemental sulfur that is far easier to store and can be shipped at exactly half the weight of sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide can be produced from hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur by burning. Sulfur dioxide is a large scale by-product of the smelting of sulfide ores and of combustion of all fossile fuels, but it is almost always converted to sulfuric acid or elemental sulfur, or released as a waste. A family of processes for preparing sulfur dioxide from smelter gas has been patented by American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO).
Role of hepatic nerves in response of liver to intraportal glucose delivery in dogs.

Net hepatic glucose uptake (NHGU) is much greater during oral or intraportal glucose loading than during peripheral intravenous glucose delivery even when similar glucose loads and hormone levels reaching the liver are maintained. To determine whether this difference is influenced by the hepatic nerves, nine conscious 42-h-fasted dogs in which a surgical denervation of the liver (liver norepinephrine levels postdenervation averaged 2.4% of normal) had been performed were subjected to a 40-min control period and two randomized 90-min test periods during which somatostatin (0.8 microgram.kg-1.min-1), intraportal insulin (1.2 mU.kg-1.min-1), and intraportal glucagon (0.5 ng.kg-1.min-1) were infused. The glucose load to the liver was increased twofold by infusing glucose into a peripheral vein (Pe) or the portal vein (Po). Arterial insulin and glucagon concentrations were 39 +/- 2 and 39 +/- 3 microU/ml and 55 +/- 5 and 54 +/- 7 pg/ml during Pe and Po, respectively. The hepatic glucose loads were 50.3 +/- 4.4 and 51.4 +/- 5.8 mg.kg-1.min-1 while NHGU was 2.1 +/- 0.5 and 2.2 +/- 0.7 mg.kg-1.min-1 during Pe and Po, respectively. Similar hormone levels and glucose loads reaching the liver in dogs with intact hepatic nerve supplies were previously shown to be associated with NHGU of 1.4 +/- 0.7 and 3.5 +/- 0.8 mg.kg-1.min-1 in the presence of peripheral and portal glucose delivery, respectively. In conclusion, an intact nerve supply to the liver appears to be vital for the normal response of the liver to intraportal glucose delivery.
Risk Factors Associated With Attempted Suicide Among US Army Soldiers Without a History of Mental Health Diagnosis.

Importance The US Army suicide attempt rate increased sharply during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Although soldiers with a prior mental health diagnosis (MH-Dx) are known to be at risk, little is known about risk among those with no history of diagnosis. Objective To examine risk factors for suicide attempt among soldiers without a previous MH-Dx. Design, Setting, and Participants In this retrospective longitudinal cohort study using administrative data from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS), person-month records were identified for all active-duty Regular Army enlisted soldiers who had a medically documented suicide attempt from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2009 (n = 9650), and an equal-probability sample of control person-months (n = 153 528). Data analysis in our study was from September 16, 2017, to June 6, 2018. In a stratified sample, it was examined whether risk factors for suicide attempt varied by history of MH-Dx. Main Outcomes and Measures Suicide attempts were identified using Department of Defense Suicide Event Report records and International Classification of Diseases , Ninth Revision , Clinical Modification E95 × diagnostic codes. Mental health diagnoses and related codes, as well as sociodemographic, service-related, physical health care, injury, subjection to crime, crime perpetration, and family violence variables, were constructed from Army personnel, medical, legal, and family services records. Results Among 9650 enlisted soldiers with a documented suicide attempt (74.8% male), 3507 (36.3%) did not have a previous MH-Dx. Among soldiers with no previous diagnosis, the highest adjusted odds of suicide attempt were for the following: female sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.6; 95% CI, 2.4-2.8), less than high school education (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.8-2.0), first year of service (OR, 6.0; 95% CI, 4.7-7.7), previously deployed (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 2.1-2.8), promotion delayed 2 months or less (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.7-2.6), past-year demotion (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-1.8), 8 or more outpatient physical health care visits in the past 2 months (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 2.9-3.8), past-month injury-related outpatient (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.8-3.3) and inpatient (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.3-6.3) health care visits, previous combat injury (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0-2.4), subjection to minor violent crime (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.4), major violent crime perpetration (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-3.0), and family violence (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.9-4.4). Most of these variables were also associated with suicide attempts among soldiers with a previous MH-Dx, although the strength of associations differed. Conclusions and Relevance Suicide attempt risk among soldiers with unrecognized mental health problems is a significant and important challenge. Administrative records from personnel, medical, legal, and family services systems can assist in identifying soldiers at risk.
A computational investigation of length-scale effects in the fracture behaviour of a graphene sheet using the atomistic J-integral

Abstract The overarching objective of this paper is to investigate the validity of application of continuum-based linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) methodology, which is often employed by researchers to model fracture processes at the “discrete” atomic scale. The potential sources of error in the application of LEFM at the nanoscale are: (a) Length-scale effects, (b) non-local effects due to long range inter-atomic forces, and (c) entropic effects due to random thermal motion of atoms. The material selected for this study is monolayer graphene, primarily because extensive data, both experimental and analytical, already exist for this material in the literature for model validation. Further, an atomistic J-integral is implemented as a nano-scale fracture metric to investigate flaw-tolerance at the nanoscale reported by many researchers, and to develop a methodology to predict the initiation fracture toughness of the material. For this purpose, a bond-order based potential (ReaxFF) available in LAMMPS molecular dynamics (MD) software is utilized to accurately pinpoint bond separation. Predictions obtained using the atomistic J are compared with LEFM predictions for the case of a single (zig-zag) graphene sheet with a center-crack under tensile loading at room temperature, and show significant deviation from LEFM for crack lengths below a certain threshold.
A New Manufacturing Process for Soft Robots and Soft/Rigid Hybrid Robots

We present a novel manufacturing process for creating monolithic, multi-chambered inflatable structures including both soft and rigid components. Specifically, our process involves stacking layers of textiles or plastics and thermal adhesive film, then bonding the structure with a heat press or in an oven. Several different ways of arranging textiles and thermal adhesive film in order to achieve airtight structures are presented. Since this process only uses materials that bend, but do not stretch, it permits the easy inclusion of rigid structures such as circuit boards, plates that constrain inflatable chambers to bend in specified locations, and rigid pieces that enable sections of a robot to be connected in a modular fashion. Additionally, the process permits folding layers before their assembly, leading to more complex geometries. We present three different possible seam types, and enumerate the different types of corners that can be constructed without leaking. We present measurements of the ability of these structures to support pressure and measurements of the strength of bonds between textiles and other materials. Finally, we present two examples of robots constructed using this manufacturing method, including a hybrid soft/rigid robotic arm and a soft robot that can roll along the ground.
Lieb-Schultz-Mattis-type theorems and other nonperturbative results for strongly correlated systems with conserved dipole moments

Nonperturbative constraints on many-body physics, such as the famous Lieb-Schultz-Mattis theorem, are valuable tools for studying strongly correlated systems. To this end, we present a number of nonperturbative results that constrain the low-energy physics of systems having conserved dipole moments. We find that for these systems, a unique translationally invariant gapped ground state is only possible if the polarization of the system is integer. Furthermore, if a lattice system also has $\text{U}(1)$ subsystem charge conservation symmetry, a unique gapped ground state is only possible if the particle filling along these subsystems is integer. We also apply these methods to spin systems, and determine criteria for the existence of a different type of magnetic response plateau in the presence of a nonuniform magnetic field. Finally, we formulate a version of Luttinger's theorem for one-dimensional systems consisting of dipoles.