cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation of cyclic nitroxide free radicals and their redox forms with dual microelectrochemical detection

Abstract A gradient elution method with conventional electrochemical detection was developed to separate four analogs of the nitroxide 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) free radical in less than 3 min. The corresponding hydroxylamines and oxoammonium ions of these free radicals were separated using the identical chromatographic method. A dual microelectrochemical detector was constructed that allowed for simultaneous anodic and cathodic detection of all three redox forms. This detector was superior to a conventional electrochemical detector because it could provide immediate information about the oxidation state of the nitroxide, it nearly eliminated post-column band broadening, and it was less susceptible to changes in oxygen concentration of the mobile phase during gradient elutions.
SIGNIFICANCE OF MEDIASTINAL MASS (MM) IN ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)

Children with T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (TLL)(J. Kaplan, et al. Cancer Res., 1974, in press) frequently present with MM and subsequently develop rapidly progressive leukemia. Four such children died between 3 and 14 months after onset of bone marrow involvement. Since childhood leukemia presenting with MM (ALL+MM) may actually be a generalized form of TLL, a retrospective study was conducted to compare the clinical course of 9 such patients and 74 children with typical ALL. Therapy of both groups was similar. The % of surviving patients and % in complete remission in both groups at 6, 12 and 18 months after diagnosis are shown in the following table: In comparison to other children with ALL, those presenting with MM had more frequent early relapses and shortened survival. These findings indicate that, with a representative mode of ALL therapy, children with ALL+MM do poorly when compared to children with typical ALL. This difference may be related to a T cell origin of tumor cells in ALL+MM. Therapeutic regimens different from those currently used for ALL may be indicated for children with ALL+MM.
Alkaloids and aromatics of Cyathobasis fruticulosa (Bunge) Aellen.

A β-carboline-, a tryptamine-, and two phenylethylamine-derived alkaloids and three known aromatic compounds were isolated from the aerial parts and roots of Cyathobasis fruticulosa (Bunge) Aellen, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. The one new alkaloid, N-methyl-N-formyl-4-hydroxy-β-phenylethylamine (1), showed marginal antifungal activity.
Mechanical collapse vs ideal glass formation in slowly vitrified solutions: A plausibility test

Homogeneous nucleation temperatures TH for binary solutions have been measured using the emulsion technique. From their composition dependence it is argued that the excess entropy paradox (Kauzmann paradox) for supercooling liquids cannot reasonably be resolved by postulating the intercession of a first order phase change (homogeneous nucleation anticipating mechanical instability) prior to the exhaustion of the excess entropy reservoir at T0. There are evidently composition ranges in which TH lies below T0. This observation implies that in certain ’’clean’’ solutions the ’’ideal glass’’ state can in principle be approached.
Calibration and depth matching accuracy with a table-mounted augmented reality haploscope

In many medical Augmented Reality (AR) applications, doctors want the ability to place a physical object, such as a needle or other medical device, at the depth indicated by a virtual object. Often, this object will be located behind an occluding surface, such as the patient's skin. In this poster we describe efforts to determine how accurately this can be done. In particular, we used a table-mounted AR haploscope to conduct two depth-matching experiments. Figure 1 shows our AR haploscope, which was originally designed and built by Singh [2013]. We experimented with different methods of calibrating the haploscope, with the goal of being able to place virtual AR target objects in space that can be depth-matched with an accuracy that is as close as possible to physical test targets. We eventually developed a calibration method that uses two laser levels to generate vertical fans of light (Figure 1). We shoot these light fans through the AR haploscope optics, where it bounces off of the optical combiners and onto the image generators. We first set the fans parallel, in order to properly model an observer's inter-pupillary distance (IPD). Next, we cant the fans inwards, in order to model different vergence distances. We validated this calibration with two AR depth-matching experiments. These experiments measured the effect of an occluding surface, and examined near-field reaching space distances of 38 to 48 cm. Experiment I replicated a similar experiment reported by Edwards et al [2004], and involved 10 observers in a within-subjects design. Figure 2 shows the results. Errors ranged from -5 to +3 mm when the occluder was present, -4 to +2 mm when the occluder was absent, and observers sometimes judged the virtual object to be closer to themselves after the presentation of the occluder. We can model the strong linear effect shown in Figure 2 by considering how the observers' IPD changes as they converge to different distances. Experiment II replicated Experiment I with three experienced psychophysical observers and additional replications. The results showed significant individual differences between the observers, on the order of 8 mm, and the individual results did not follow the averaged results from Experiment I. Overall, these experiments suggest that IPD needs to be accurately modeled at each depth, and the change in IPD with vergence needs to be tracked. Our results suggest improved calibration methods, which we will validate with additional experiments. In addition, these experiments used a highly salient occluding surface, and we also intend to study the effect of occluder salience.
Parents' Perspectives on Parental Notification of College Students' Alcohol Use.

Although many colleges and universities use “parental notification” to inform parents of students’ alcohol use, the impact of this intervention on student and parent behavior is unclear. Surveys were obtained from 326 parents of university undergraduates, 56 of whom had received a notification. Parent responses to the notification were largely positive, and the association of notification to parent and student drinking and to the quality of parent–student communication on alcohol and other topics was also investigated. This impact of parental notification on parents and students and the importance of parental involvement with college students are discussed.
Ludwig's angina. Report of a case and review of the literature.

• In the preantibiotic era, Ludwig's angina frequently caused asphyxiation and death. Recognized less often today, this rapidly progressive submaxillary cellulitis may still be fatal. A case associated with Haemophilus influenzae bacteremia in an adult is presented. Twelve additional cases of cellulitis of the neck in adults with H influenzae bacteremia are summarized. One hundred forty-one cases of Ludwig's angina reported since 1945 are reviewed and compared with 315 earlier cases. In the cases reported in the antibiotic era, the mean age of the patients was 29 years. Most patients were previously healthy but had evidence of dental disease. Submandibular swelling, elevation of the tongue, fever, dysphagia, and trismus were each present in more than one half of patients. Streptococci and anaerobes were most frequently isolated from soft-tissue cultures. Untreated, this illness is fatal in one half of patients. Early recognition is therefore essential. Appropriate therapy includes maintenance of the airway, antibiotics, and surgical drainage when indicated. ( Arch Intern Med 1988;148:461-466)
A Pilot Study of the Effect of Contrastive Instruction on tbe Standard English Proofreading Skills of Dialect Different Students

U From Labov's award winning The Study of Nonstandard English (1969) to the Center for Applied Linguistics' series on Dialects and Educational Equity (Wolfram and Christian 1979), much research in the last 15 years has served to validate the existence of systematic, rulegoverned varieties of nonstandard English. However, with some noteworthy exceptions (see Geuder 1972, Sternglass 1975, Duffin, Kroll, and Winkworth 1977, Scott 1981), there have been too few empirical studies identifying effective methods by which speakers of nonstandard English can acquire Standard English skills. The purpose of this pilot study was to implement a pretest/post-test, single-group design to see if contrastive instruction produced an educationally significant difference in the Standard English proofreading skills of dialect different students. Contrastive instruction was defined as instruction which contrasts linguistic features of Standard and nonstandard English. Proofreading was defined as the final stage of the writing process, in which the writer examines what has been written with reference to the grammatical rules of Standard English. Standard English was loosely defined as the variety of English customarily used by the prestige group, required by the professions, and promoted by educational institutions. Dialect different students were defined as those students whose form of English is characteristic of a specific race, social class, and/or ethnic background and differs from Standard English in such features as inflection, tense system, pronoun usage, use of the verb to be, and vowel succession. The subjects in this inquiry were 20 ethnic students (13 Blacks, 4 Hispanics, 3 Asians) enrolled in Student Academic Services (SAS) at California Polytechnic State University. (SAS provides academic support for students who are underrepresented in the California State University by virtue of race, ethnicity, and/or socioeconomic status-the same groups who are identified as dialect different.) These 20 subjects were also enrolled in English 106, an applied linguistics course designed to assist
Hyperspectral Imaging in the Thermal Infrared: Existing and Future Instruments

HyTES is a compact, high etendue, wide swath sensor which acquires both high spatial and spectral resolution. Future concepts utilize a similar architecture but expand the wavelengths region to include mid wave as well as long wave hyperspectral sensing in one instrument.
Localization and quantitation of human superoxide dismutase using computerized 2-D gel electrophoresis.

Summary The location of human superoxide dismutase has been identified on 2-D gels of cultured fibroblast extracts. Human superoxide dismutase was located on 2-D gels of a mouse-human somatic cell hybrid containing only human chromosome 21, and was absent in the mouse parental cell line. The native enzyme is a diner composed of two identical monomers present on 2-D gels as a single spot of molecular weight approximately 16,000 and isoelectric point of pH 6.2. Comparison of the density of the SOD spot on gels of a trisomy 21 cell strain to that of a monosomy 21 cell strain showed a 3 fold increase indicating agene dosage effect was present. This approach demonstrates the utility of quantitative 2-0 analysis for gene dosage studies.
Aristotle and Kant on the Source of Value

In this paper I discuss what I will call a "rationalist" account of the goodness of ends. I begin by contrasting the rationalist account to two others, "subjectivism' and "objectivism.' Subjectivism identifies good ends with or by reference to some psychological state. It includes the various forms of hedonism as well as theories according to which what is good is any object of interest or desire. Objectivism may be represented by the theory of G. E. Moore. According to Moore, to say that something is good as an end is to attribute a property, intrinsic goodness, to it. Intrinsic goodness is an objective, nonrelational property of the object, a value a thing has independently of anyone's desires, interests, or pleasures. The attraction of subjectivist views is that they acknowledge the connection of the good to human interests and desires. Most things that are good are good because of the interest human beings have in them, an interest that can be explained in terms of the physiological and psychological constitutions of human beings and the other conditions of human life. In Kantian language, we may say that just as means are "conditioned" goods because their value depends on the ends to which they are means, most of our ends are conditioned goods because their value depends on the conditions of human existence, and the needs and desires to which those conditions give rise. Objectivism reverses this relation between goodness and human interest. Instead of saying that what we are interested in is therefore good, the objectivist says that the goodness is in the object, and we ought therefore to be interested in it. This divorce of goodness from natural interest can make it seem too accidental that we are able to care about the things that are intrinsically good. The advantage of objectivism is that it explains certain of our beliefs about the good that a subjectivist account cannot readily accommodate. We believe that people sometimes fail to care about what is good and sometimes have interests in or desires for things that are not good. Yet in subjectivist theories it seems as if anything one enjoys or desires is
An Investigation of Copper Dissolution and the Formation of Intermetallic Compounds in Molten Tin and Tin-Silver Solders

This paper presents an experimental study of copper dissolution in molten tin and tin-silver (Sn-Ag) solders and the formation and presence of the Cu-Sn intermetallic compound at solder/copper interfaces. During the experiments, copper (99.9% pure) samples, coated with a RMA flux, were dipped vertically in a molten solder for different time periods ranging from 5 seconds to 10 minutes. The molten solder was maintained at temperatures of 232°C, 250°C and 300°C for pure tin and 221°C, 250°C, and 300°C for Sn-3.5%Ag respectively. The samples were then cut, cleaned and cold mounted in epoxy at ambient temperature. Mechanical grinding, finish polishing, etching, and optical metallographic procedures were utilized for examining the microstructures of the polished and etched samples. The average thickness of the intermetallic compound and the amount of copper dissolved was determined. Experimental results indicate the temperature of molten solder to control the rate of dissolution of copper and the formation and presence of intermetallic compounds at the interfaces. At a given temperature of the solder temperature, the rate of dissolution of copper in the solder revealed a rising trend with an increase in dwell time of copper in the solder. For short contact time periods, the dissolution rate is low and the thickness of the intermetallic compound is small. With an increase in dwell time, the dissolution rate of copper rapidly increases and eventually reaches a plateau. Initiation of dissolution of copper causes a layer of the Sn-Cu intermetallic compound to form around the copper substrate. This in turn prevents direct contact of the copper substrate with the molten solder. The rate of formation of the layer of intermetallic compound reveals a similar trend. Based on experimental results, the kinetic parameters involved in governing the growth of the intermetallic were determined for the two solders. The parameters can be used to estimate the kinetics of copper dissolution and intermetallic compound formation during soldering.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Gravitational Lensing of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey High‐Redshift Quasars

We predict the effects of gravitational lensing on the color-selected flux-limited samples of zs ~ 4.3 and zs 5.8 quasars, recently published by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Our main findings are the following: (1) The lensing probability should be 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than for conventional surveys. The expected fraction of multiply imaged quasars is highly sensitive to redshift and the uncertain slope of the bright end of the luminosity function, βh. For βh = 2.58 (3.43) we find that at zs ~ 4.3 and i* < 20.0 the fraction is ~4% (13%), while at zs ~ 6 and z* < 20.2 the fraction is ~7% (30%). (2) The distribution of magnifications is heavily skewed; sources having the redshift and luminosity of the SDSS zs 5.8 quasars acquire median magnifications of med(μobs) ~ 1.1-1.3 and mean magnifications of μobs ~ 5-50. Estimates of the quasar luminosity density at high redshift must therefore filter out gravitationally lensed sources. (3) The flux in the Gunn-Peterson trough of the highest redshift (zs = 6.28) quasar is known to be fλ < 3 × 10-19 ergs s-1 cm-2 A-1. Should this quasar be multiply imaged, we estimate a 40% chance that light from the lens galaxy would have contaminated the same part of the quasar spectrum with a higher flux. Hence, spectroscopic studies of the epoch of reionization need to account for the possibility that a lens galaxy, which boosts the quasar flux, also contaminates the Gunn-Peterson trough. (4) Microlensing by stars should result in ~ of multiply imaged quasars in the zs 5.8 catalog varying by more than 0.5 mag over the next decade. The median emission-line equivalent width of multiply imaged quasars would be lowered by ~20% with respect to the intrinsic value because of differential magnification of the continuum and emission-line regions.
Multiple forms of chicken kynurenine formamidase.

Abstract 1. Chicken yolk sac membrane (YSM) contains two forms of kynureni formamidase (KFase), one readily inhibited by eserine (B-KFase) and the other not (A-KFase). Our previous studies establish that avian teratogenesis produced by organophosphorus and methylcarbomate inseticidees is attributable to in ovo inhibition of YSM B-KFase. 2. The ∼2:1 activity ratio of liver A- to B-KFase throughout embryonic development shift following hatching until ultimately only B-KFase is present. 3. B-KFase of the YSM and Chicken liver appear by many criteria to be identical enzymes. 4. Chicken A- and B-KFases differ from the B-KFase(s) of mouse liver.
Localized Delivery of Dexamethasone-21-Phosphate via Microdialysis Implants in Rat Induces M(GC) Macrophage Polarization and Alters CCL2 Concentrations

Abstract Microdialysis sampling probes were implanted into the subcutaneous space on the dorsal side of male Sprague Dawley rats to locally deliver dexamethasone-21-phosphate (Dex) with the aim of altering in vivo macrophage polarization. Macrophage polarization is of significant interest in the field of biomaterials since wound-healing macrophages are a possible means to extend implant life as well as improve tissue remodeling to an implant. Quantitative analysis of CCL2 in collected dialysates, gene expression and immunohistochemistry performed on the tissue surrounding the microdialysis implant were used to evaluate if Dex polarized macrophages. Dex infusion down-regulated IL-6 and CCL2 gene expression and decreased CCL2 concentrations in dialysates collected at the implant site. Dex appeared to have no significant effect on the gene regulation of CD163, a commonly used M2c macrophage surface marker; Arg2; and iNOS2. However, Dex infusion was effective at increasing the number of CD163+ cells surrounding the implanted microdialysis probe. This work demonstrates the use of microdialysis sampling to deliver agents such as Dex to alter macrophage polarization in vivo while allowing the ability to collect cytokines in the surrounding microenvironment.
Outreach to student‐athletes through e‐mail reference service

This article explains why student‐athletes on college and university campuses are chosen as a special group for library instruction outreach programs. A brief history of the library instruction to athletes’ programs at the University of Wisconsin‐Madison is given, emphasizing the collaboration between the academic advisors of the athletes and the instruction librarians. With the inception of electronic library services and full‐text databases, the next logical progression in the program is e‐mail reference services. Such a program is described.
Laser-induced fluorescence detection in microcolumn separations

Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) has been used extensively in capillary separations due to its high sensitivity and selectivity. This article highlights the history and recent advances and applications of LIF detection in capillary electrophoresis and capillary chromatography.
Revitalizing the Engineering Curriculum Through Studio Based Instruction

Engineering curricula, regardless of the specific discipline, need to evolve. Realizing also that the pedagogical value of any educational artifact is closely linked to the methods of instruction used to interact with students, it is imperative that the development of new learning materials be accompanied by the implementation of innovative techniques with demonstrated success in knowledge transfer. This paper presents details of the development of studio styled modules associated with groups of courses within the mechanical and manufacturing engineering curriculum. Within each studio, newly developed activities engage students through experiential learning techniques. These activities, or learning exercises, represent a fusion of hands-on experimentation and computational simulation/analysis in key areas of engineering, such as dynamical systems, thermal sciences and materials. This endeavor is also intended to promote STEM education through enhancements in the quality of technical content, methods of instruction, training of student as effective educators, and the establishment of outreach activities expected to have an enduring effect on the preparation and recruitment of young talent into the sciences.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Corrosion-wear study of 304 stainless steel in various NaCl solutions

Abstract The corrosion-wear behaviour of 304 stainless steel in various NaCl solutions with various loading conditions was qualitatively studied. A ‘dynamic corrosion-wear cell’ was designed. This apparatus was pin-on-disk type and constructed to meet the purpose of this work. In the process of experiments, potentiostatic and potentiodynamic methods were utilized to determine the effects of the environments and rubbing motion under load on the wear and corrosion of 304 stainless steel. Optical microscopy and surface roughness measurements were conducted on the samples. It was observed, firstly, that chloride ions enhance the corrosion-wear. Secondly, increasing the loadings and quantity of chloride ions reduces the polarization resistances. It was stated that the higher loading created a larger metal surface, thus leading to the formation of more active regions.
Physicalism Without Reductionism: Toward a Scientifically, Philosophically, and Theologically Sound Portrait of Human Nature

This essay addresses three problems facing a physicalist (as opposed to dualist) account of the person. First, how can such an account fail to be reductive if mental events are neurological events and such events are governed by natural laws? Answering this question requires a reexamination of the concept of supervenience. Second, what is the epistemological status of nonreductive physicalism? Recent philosophy of science can be used to argue that there is rea sonable scientific evidence for physicalism. Third, the soul has traditionally been seen as that which enables human beings to relate to God. What accounts for this capacity in a physicalist theory of the person? This essay argues that the same faculties that enable higher cognitive and emotional experience also account for the capacity for religious experience.
Use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to study transmission of banana bunchy top virus by the banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa)

Summary Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is a ssDNA virus transmitted by the banana aphid, (Pentalonia nigronervosa). A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to study BBTV transmission efficiency, to determine the minimum acquisition-access period, the minimum inoculation-access period, the retention time, and to examine the possibility of transovarial transmission in this vector. BBTV was acquired by banana aphids within 4 h and was transmitted within 15 min feeding. On average, more than 65% of single viruliferous adult aphids transmitted BBTV. The aphids retained BBTV for their adulthood of 15–20 days. None of the 131 offspring from adult aphids reared on infected bananas were BBTV positive. Aphid transmission experiments were conducted to determine if taro and gingers are hosts of BBTV. None of the 87 taro and ginger plants exposed to aphid inoculation were infected by BBTV. The BBTV-free status of these plants was verified by PCR assay for 6 months post-inoculation. In addition, none of the taro and ginger samples collected from fields adjacent to BBTV-infected banana plants tested positive for BBTV.
Thromboxane synthetase inhibition with imidazole increases blood flow in ischemic penumbra.

Previous studies have indicated that the regional distribution of the arachidonic acid metabolites around a focal ischemic lesion may be important in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. To determine the functional significance of this regionalization, we examined the effect of imidazole (a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor) on the distribution of the vasoconstrictor thromboxane and the vasodilators prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and on the distribution of cerebral blood flow (CBF) around a focal ischemic lesion, middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in the cat. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase examined regional distribution of tissue arachidonic acid metabolites and the effect of imidazole treatment on that distribution. The second phase examined the effect of imidazole treatment on the distribution of blood flow about the focal ischemic lesion as well as on electrocortical function and edema production. MCA occlusion resulted in increased thromboxane, prostacyclin, and PGE2 levels in the ipsilateral hemisphere. These increases were greatest in the region of marginal ischemia and were present both 3 and 6 hours after occlusion. Imidazole pretreatment (50 mg/kg i.p.) significantly inhibited thromboxane production, but augmented production of prostacyclin and PGE2. In the blood flow studies, imidazole was without effect on regions of dense cerebral ischemia (CBF less than 20 ml/minute/100 g for more than 12 of 24 postocclusion hours). In regions of marginal ischemia (20 less than CBF less than 30 ml/minute/100 g for more than 12 of 24 postocclusion hours), imidazole pretreatment significantly increased blood flow in both gray and white matter compared with saline-treated controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Photonic chirp compression and arbitrary waveform generation for micro and millimeter-wave applications

A novel approach for the practical implementation of photonic arbitrary waveform generation of microwave signals is explored. Here we describe and demonstrate linear sideband chirp compression over 4 GHz bandwidth with a compression factor of < 15000.
Qualitative research on chronic illness: A commentary on method and conceptual development

This concluding essay discusses some crucial methodological issues raised by other papers in this issue. It also suggests directions for further conceptual development concerning the qualitative research on chronic illness.
High-performance low-power CMOS memories using silicon-on-sapphire technology

Complementary MOS silicon-on-sapphire inverters fabricated using silicon-gate technology and 5-/spl mu/m channel-length devices has achieved nanosecond propagation delays and picojoule dynamic power-x delay products. In addition to high switching speed and low dynamic power, inverters with low leakage currents and therefore low quiescent power have been obtained. Two complex CMOS/SOS memories that realize the performance attributes of the individual inverters have been fabricated. An aluminium-gate 256-bit fully decoded static random-access memory features a typical access time of 50 ns at 10 V with a power dissipation of 0.4 /spl mu/W/bit (quiescent) and 10 /spl mu/W/bit (dynamic). The access time at 5 V is typically 95 ns. A silicon-gate 256-bit dynamic shift register features operation at clock signals of 200 MHz at 10 V and 75 MHz at 5 V. The dynamic power dissipation at 50 MHz and 5 V is typically 90 /spl mu/W/bit.
Multiple atrial macro-re-entry circuits in adults with repaired congenital heart disease : Entrainment mapping combined with three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping

Abstract OBJECTIVES We sought to characterize re-entry circuits causing intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardias (IARTs) late after the repair of congenital heart disease (CHD) and to define an approach for mapping and ablation, combining anatomy, activation sequence data and entrainment mapping. BACKGROUND The development of IARTs after repair of CHD is difficult to manage and ablate due to complex anatomy, variable re-entry circuit locations and the frequent co-existence of multiple circuits. METHODS Forty-seven re-entry circuits were mapped in 20 patients with recurrent IARTs refractory to medical therapy. In the first group (n = 7), ablation was guided by entrainment mapping. In the second group (n = 13), entrainment mapping was combined with a three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system to precisely localize the scar-related boundaries of re-entry circuits and to reconstruct the activation pattern. RESULTS Three types of right atrial macro–re-entrant circuits were identified: those related to a lateral right atriotomy scar (19 IARTs), the Eustachian isthmus (18 IARTs) or an atrial septal patch (8 IARTs). Two IARTs originated in the left atrium. Radiofrequency (RF) lesions were applied to transect critical isthmuses in the right atrium. In three patients, the combined mapping approach identified a narrow isthmuses in the lateral atrium, where the first RF lesion interrupted the circuit; the remaining circuits were interrupted by a series of RF lesions across a broader path. Overall, 38 (81%) of 47 IARTs were successfully ablated. During follow-up ranging from 3 to 46 months, 16 (80%) of 20 patients remained free of recurrence. Success was similar in the first 7 (group 1) and last 13 patients (group 2), but fluoroscopy time decreased from 60 ± 30 to 24 ± 9 min/procedure, probably related to the increasing experience and ability to monitor catheter position non-fluoroscopically. CONCLUSIONS Entrainment mapping combined with three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping allows delineation of complex re-entry circuits and critical isthmuses as targets for ablation. Radiofrequency catheter ablation is a reasonable option for treatment of IARTs related to repair of CHD.
Benzoyl peroxide cytotoxicity evaluated in vitro with the human keratinocyte cell line, RHEK-1.

Abstract The human keratinocyte cell line, RHEK-1, was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of benzoyl peroxide (BZP). As determined with the neutral red (NR) cytotoxicity assay, the 24-h midpoint (NR50) toxicity values, in mM, were 0.11 for BZP and 29.5 for benzoic acid, the stable metabolite of BZP. Irreversible cytotoxicity occurred after a 1-h exposure to 0.15 mM BZP and greater. When exposed to BZP for 7 days, a lag in growth kinetics was first observed at 0.06 mM BZP. Damage to the integrity of the plasma membrane was evident, as leakage of lactic acid dehydrogenase occurred during a 4-h exposure to BZP at 0.05 mM and greater. Intracellular membranes were also affected, as extensive vacuolization, initially perinuclear but then spreading throughout the cytoplasm, was noted in BZP-stressed cells. The generation of reactive free radicals from BZP was suggested by the following: the intracellular content of glutathione was lowered in cells exposed to BZP; cells pretreated with the glutathione-depleting agent, chlorodinitrobenzene, were hypersensitive to a subsequent challenge with BZP; lipid peroxidation by BZP was inducible in the presence of Fe2+; and cells previously maintained in a medium amended with vitamin E, an antioxidant, were more resistant to BZP, showed less lipid peroxidation in the presence of BZP + Fe2+ and did not develop the extensive intracellular vacuolization as compared to non-vitamin E maintained cells.
Increased Severity of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in lyn−/− Mice in the Absence of Elevated Proinflammatory Cytokine Response in the Central Nervous System

lyn, a member of the src kinase family, is an important signaling molecule in B cells. lyn(-/-) mice display hyperactive B-1 cells and IgM hyperglobulinemia. The role of lyn on T cell function and development of Th1-mediated inflammatory disease is not known. Therefore, we examined the effect of disruption of the lyn gene on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a well-established Th1-mediated autoimmune disease. Following immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG) p35-55, lyn(-/-) mice had higher clinical and pathological severity scores of EAE when compared with wild type (WT). The increase in the severity of EAE in lyn(-/-) mice was not associated with a commensurate increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the CNS. lyn(-/-) mice with EAE showed elevation in serum anti-IgM MOG Ab levels over that seen in WT mice, along with a modest increase in the mRNA levels of complement C5 and its receptor, C5aR, in the spinal cord. Transfer of serum from MOG-immunized lyn(-/-) mice worsened EAE in WT mice, suggesting a pathogenic role for anti-MOG IgM Abs in EAE. These observations underscore the potential role of lyn in regulation of Th1-mediated disease and the role of autoantibodies and complement in the development of EAE.
Association Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci in Spring Wheat Landraces Conferring Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak and Spot Blotch

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa (Smith et al.) Bragard et al., and spot blotch (SB), caused by Cochliobolus sativus (S. Ito & Kurib.) Drechs. ex Dastur, are two emerging diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). To achieve sustainable disease management strategies and reduce yield losses, identifying new genes that confer quantitative resistance would benefi t resistance breeding efforts. The main objective of this study was to use association mapping (AM) with 832 polymorphic Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) markers to identify genomic regions associated with resistance to BLS and SB in 566 spring wheat landraces. From data analysis of this diverse panel of wheat accessions, we discovered fi ve novel genomic regions signifi cantly associated with resistance to BLS on chromosomes 1A, 4A, 4B, 6B, and 7D. Similarly, four genomic regions were found to be associated with resistance to SB on chromosomes 1A, 3B, 7B, and 7D. A high degree of linkage disequilibrium (LD) decayed over short genetic distance in the set of wheat accessions studied, and some of these genomic regions appear to be involved in multiple disease resistance (MDR). These results suggest that the AM approach provides a platform for discovery of resistance conditioned by multiple genes with quantitative effects, which could be validated and deployed in wheat breeding programs.
Efficient diagnosis of path delay faults in digital logic circuits

A novel methodology involving effect-cause analysis has been demonstrated for the diagnosis of path delay faults. We seek to provide an improved understanding of the methods introduced by Y.-C. Hsu and S.K. Gupta (1998), with the goal of devising efficient representations and algorithms for the diagnosis of path delay faults. Results indicate that the diagnostic resolution obtained is very high and includes all possible causes of the observed delay faults.
Predicted ages of dairy calves when colostrum-derived bovine viral diarrhea virus antibodies would no longer offer protection against disease or interfere with vaccination.

OBJECTIVE To develop models that could be used to predict, for dairy calves, the age at which colostrum-derived bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antibodies would no longer offer protection against infection or interfere with vaccination. DESIGN Prospective observational field study. ANIMALS 466 calves in 2 California dairy herds. PROCEDURE Serum BVDV neutralizing antibody titers were measured from birth through 300 days of age. The age by which colostrum-derived BVDV antibodies had decayed sufficiently that calves were considered susceptible to BVDV infection (ie, titer < or = 1:16) or calves became seronegative was modeled with survival analysis methods. Mixed-effects regression analysis was used to model colostrum-derived BVDV antibody titer for any given age. RESULTS Half the calves in both herds became seronegative for BVDV type I by 141 days of age and for BVDV type II by 114 days of age. Rate of antibody decay was significantly associated with antibody titer at 1 to 3 days of age and with whether calves were congenitally infected with BVDV. Three-month-old calves were predicted to have a mean BVDV type-I antibody titer of 1:32 and a mean BVDV type-II antibody titer of 1:16. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results provide an improved understanding of the decay of BVDV-specific colostrum-derived antibodies in dairy calves raised under typical field conditions. Knowledge of the age when the calf herd becomes susceptible can be useful when designing vaccination programs aimed at minimizing negative effects of colostrum-derived antibodies on vaccine efficacy while maximizing overall calf herd immunity.
Fast magnetic resonance diffusion‐weighted imaging of acute human stroke

Rapid MRI of the molecular diffusion of water demonstrated cerebral infarcts in 32 patients. We studied these patients at various times following the onset of ischemic symptoms and found that diffusion-weighted imaging revealed the infarcts sooner than conventional T2-weighted spin-echo imaging did; four hyperacute infarcts were shown only by diffusion-weighted imaging. Acute infarcts had lower apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) than noninfarcted regions did. This relative difference in ADC reached a nadir in the first 24 hours and rose progressively thereafter. Chronic infarcts showed a relative increase in diffusion and were readily distinguishable from acute infarcts. The technique takes less than 2 minutes to apply using a standard 1.5-tesla scanner in the clinical setting. Diffusion-weighted imaging has the potential to play a role in improving the early anatomic diagnosis of stroke and therefore in the development and implementation of early stroke interventions.
CVD tungsten metallization and electron beam lithography for fabricating submicron interconnects for advanced ULSI

CVD W (0.45- mu m-thick) and CVD W (0.25- mu m-thick) strapped by Al (0.5- mu m-thick) have been used as metal 1 systems. Electrical and physical data are presented from experiments exploring the effects of processing issued with both electron-beam and stepper lithography, as well as dry-etch chemistry on both metal systems. The special issues encountered with the thick tungsten processing were: (1) significant electron-beam proximity related problems as compared to the sandwich metal layers; and (2) multiple etch related problems due to mask failure and a lack of etch selectivity. A high-selectivity etch was developed that greatly reduced underlying dielectric damage and allowed the used of relatively thin organic and PEO (plasma-enhanced oxide) hardmask layers without mask failure. >
Die Herstellung von Dispersionswerkstoffen

Die verschiedenen Methoden zur Herstellung von Dispersionswerkstoffen werden mit der galvanischen Mitabscheidung von Feststoffen verglichen. Anwendungsmoglichkeiten und kunftige Entwicklungen werden diskutiert. The Production of Dispersion Materials The various methods forproducing dispersion materials are compared with the galvanic codeposition of composites. Problems of application technology parameters of galvanic codeposition and possibilities of future developments are discussed.
Phosphorus(V) Chloride

[10026-13-8] Cl5P (MW 208.22) InChI = 1S/Cl5P/c1-6(2,3,4)5 InChIKey = UHZYTMXLRWXGPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (chlorination of alcohols,2 carboxylic acids,3 amides,4 aldehydes, ketones, and enols; Bischler–Napieralski synthesis of 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines;5 Beckmann rearrangement of oximes6) Alternate Name: phosphorus pentachloride. Physical Data: mp 179–181 °C (sublimes); d 1.6 g cm−3. Solubility: sol CS2, CCl4. Typical solvents for reactions which use PCl5 are CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2, hexane, decane, benzene, toluene, and diethyl ether. Form Supplied in: white to pale yellow solid; widely available. In the solid state, PCl5 exists in the ionic form, [PCl4]+ [PCl6]−. Purification: by vacuum sublimation.7 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: reacts with moisture to liberate hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acids. It is extremely corrosive to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. It should be stored in a dry area in containers impervious to moisture and resistant to corrosion. Laboratory quantities may be stored in polyethylene bags placed within glass containers. This reagent should be used in a fume hood.
A survey of statistical software for analysing RNA-seq data

High-throughput RNA sequencing is rapidly emerging as a favourite method for gene expression studies. We review three software packages -- edgeR, DEGseq and baySeq -- from Bioconductor http://bioconductor.org for analysing RNA-sequencing data. We focus on three aspects: normalisation, statistical models and the testing employed on these methods. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of these software packages.
Transient Plasma Fuel–Air Ignition

Transient plasma ignition, a method of fuel-air ignition involving streamer discharges produced by nanosecond high-voltage pulses, is attractive, and that it reduces ignition delay, increases the burning rate, and can ignite leaner mixtures compared with the traditional spark ignition. In this paper, images of the transient plasma discharges and subsequent flame development in a C2H4-air mixture were captured using a single-lens reflex camera and a high-speed camera, respectively.
Developmental Programming: Contribution of Prenatal Androgen and Estrogen to Estradiol Feedback Systems and Periovulatory Hormonal Dynamics in Sheep

Prenatal testosterone excess leads to neuroendocrine and periovulatory disruptions in the offspring culminating in progressive loss of cyclicity. It is unknown whether the mediary of these disruptions is androgen or estrogen, because testosterone can be aromatized to estrogen. Taking a reproductive life span approach of studying control, prenatal testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone-treated offspring, this study tested the hypothesis that disruptions in estradiol-negative but not -positive feedback effects are programmed by androgenic actions of testosterone and that these disruptions in turn will have an impact on the periovulatory hormonal dynamics. The approach was to test estradiol-negative and -positive feedback responses of all three groups of ovary-intact females during prepubertal age and then compare the periovulatory dynamics of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during the first breeding season. The findings show that estradiol-negative but not estradiol-positive feedback disruptions in prenatal testosterone-treated females are programmed by androgenic actions of prenatal testosterone excess and that follicular phase estradiol and gonadotropins surge disruptions during reproductive life are consistent with estrogenic programming. Additional studies carried out testing estradiol-positive feedback response over time found progressive deterioration of estradiol-positive feedback in prenatal testosterone-treated sheep until the time of puberty. Together, these findings provide insight into the mechanisms by which prenatal testosterone disrupts the reproductive axis. The findings may be of translational relevance since daughters of mothers with hyperandrogenism are at risk of increased exposure to androgens.
Embedded FIR generalized eigenfilters using test inputs

A systematic approach is proposed for the individual or joint design of FIR filters to meet specifications on either a single filter or an embedding system (possibly multirate). System power gains in response to particular input spectra are optimized using a generalized eigenvector method. Numerical integration is avoided through a time-domain formulation. Real or complex filters with linear or nonlinear phase or N-th band properties are easily handled.
The Capital Structure of Sri Lankan Companies

This study examines the use and the determinants of leverage in a cross-section of quoted companies in Sri Lanka using a sample of firms listed in the Colombo Stock Exchange. The results indicate that the use of long-term debt is relatively low. The tangibility and growth opportunities are not related to leverage. Firm size is reliably positively related to leverage indicating a tendency for large firms to use more leverage. Profitability is reliably negatively correlated to leverage suggesting that more profitable firms tend to use less leverage.
Modeling exhaust-gas oxygen sensors

Catalytic converters cannot effectively burn off exhaust gases if the engine air-to-fuel ratio is either too rich or too lean. It is therefore necessary to control automobile engines to run at the stoichiometric point; that is, the air-to-fuel ratio at which all combustible gases can be burnt, leaving no oxygen at the end of the process.
Social Choice: Equilibrium or Catastrophe

This paper surveys the results in general equilibrium theory based on dynamical models, and emphasizes the role of structural stability. In this context it is natural to consider a preference field H for the society, combining economic fields, associated with the preferred changes wrought by agents in the economic market place, together with fields of preferred changes in the polity. A condition called half-openness of H is sufficient to guarantee existence of a local direction gradient,d, for the society, and thus of a social choice. The condition is equivalent to a dual property that the dual co-cones of H have non-empty intersection. This result is analogous to Chichilnisky's necessary and sufficient condition for market equilibrium.We then consider models of belief aggregation similar to Condorcet's Jury theorem. The half open property may fail for general dynamical processes and this feature is linked to the creation of belief cascades. Finally, Thom's notion of a structurally stable chreod is introduced. Even when a belief or preference field is locally chaotic because of a failure of half openness, it is possible to define a generalized social correspondence called the "heart." The heart is lower hemi-continuous and is characterized by a possible rapid expansion at a critical value of the parameters. It is suggest that events in the heart obey a power law distribution as is generally associated with "the edge of chaos."