cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Work in progress - Comparing the use of a graphical programming language to a traditional text-based language to learn programming concepts

Programming has traditionally been taught using a text-based language where the students use an editor to type in language statements. The program is then compiled or interpreted using system commands. In these courses there are programming concepts that we want students to learn, such as declarations, math operations, loops, conditional statements, arrays, file manipulation, functions, etc. This project will attempt to determine the effectiveness of a graphical programming language (icon based) where a computer program is constructed with graphical icons. The test bed for this project will be Engineering H192 (Engineering Fundamentals and Laboratory II) at Ohio State. This course is the second course of a three-course sequence for first-year honors engineering students. The languages for this course are C/C++ and MATLAB. The course is taught to eight sections of 36 students. For a pilot section of H192, the C/C++ problems and the instructor notes will be re-written for the graphical icon development environment. The remaining sections will be the control group. A concept inventory will be completed by all students in the pilot and control sections at the beginning and at the end of the quarter. This work will begin in Winter Quarter 2007 and will be completed at the end of Winter Quarter 2008. This project is being funded by the National Instruments Foundation.
EVIDENCE FOR COVALENT BONDING IN CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS As, Sb, AND Bi FROM VALENCE BAND PHOTOELECTRON SPECTRA

X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of the valence bands of crystalline and amorphous As, Sb, and Bi have been measured. The results are compared with band-structure calculations for the crystalline materials. A splitting, $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$, of the "$s$-like" peak for the crystalline phase disappears in the amorphous phase and the "$p$-like" peak is shifted towards higher energies. This similarity to tetrahedrally coordinated covalent semiconductors is explained by describing the semimetals as layers of distorted covalently bonded hexagonal rings. This generalizes the "even-odd" ring effect previously observed in group-IV semiconductors to the $A7$ lattice of As, Sb, and Bi. The relation of $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ to the interatomic distance is described by a universal curve, which applies to the group-V semimetals as well as group-IV semiconductors.
The effect of knowledge of another’s accuracy on two-choice probability learning

Ss performed on a 70-30 probability learning task. Ss in experimental groups could see that another S was correct either 20% of the time (Group E-20) or 80% of the time (Group E-80). Control(C) Ss had no knowledge of another’s accuracy. Male Ss in the E-80 group chose the more frequently correct response more often than male E-20 or C Ss. No differences among conditions were found with females. It was suggested that knowledge of another’s high competence has motivating effects for males.
TEST OF THEORY OF DRIVER BEHAVIOR ON HOMOGENEOUS FREEWAYS

A theory that can explain even some of the more puzzling aspects of freeway traffic flow is tested here. Some of the observations furnished to this end pertain to dynamic features of traffic that have not been previously verified with data. These include findings that (a) freeway traffic can enter a semicongested state marked by a fast-moving queue in the passing lane with unqueued flow in the shoulder lane; (b) the possible devolution of traffic to a fully congested state when vehicle speeds in the passing lane drop below those in the shoulder lane supports the contention that freeway capacity reductions can be caused by loss of driver motivation; and (c) the transition between semicongested and fully congested traffic can propagate upstream at velocities much higher than those of ordinary kinematic waves. These and other findings are in agreement with the theory, which suggests that the theory is a reasonable description of certain driver behavior.
Differences Between Conventionally Cooked Top Round Roasts and Semimembranosus Muscle Strips Cooked in a Model System

Roasts cooked at 177°C by dry (OR) or moist (OFB) heat to 60°C were compared with muscle strips cooked in a model system to 60°C at a rate similar to oven raosting 1.4-kg roasts at 177°C. OFB roasts were less tender, less juicy, had less rare beef flavor, less red and yellow color, more total cooking loss, and shorter cooking time than did OR roasts. Strips had lower values for Instron measurements of hardness, chewiness, shear cohesiveness, and firmness than did OR or OFB roasts. Although strips were cooked in a moist atmosphere, they were more like OR roasts than like OFB roasts. Variance for a given measurement was similar between roasts and strips.
Daily activity schedule of captive opossums

A stratified time-sampling technique was used to describe quantitatively, in terms of observed probabilities, the time of occurrence and variety of activities in captive opossums. Opossums are awake and grooming between 6:00 PM and 8:00 AM, with most types of other activities occurring between 10:00 PM and 8:00 AM. The opossums spend the rest of the day, 8:00 AM through 6:00 PM, resting or sleeping.
Development of general multivariable run-by-run control methods with application to a sheet metal forming process

Abstract The problem of flexible-tool sheet metal forming and in-process shape control has been confounded by the lack of available measurements during the process. Run-by-run (rbr) control has been developed to achieve feedback control advantages in processes that do not lend themselves to in-process sensing and actuation. While the process cycle time sampling interval limits the performance, rbr can still achieve zero mean error and predictable variance on the output. This paper demonstrates a novel extension of typically single input–single output (SISO) rbr control to the control of discrete-die sheet metal forming which is a multivariable, regionally-coupled process; one where a single input affects a limited region of outputs and a single output is affected by multiple independent inputs. To this end, an easily calibrated, generic plant model is first reviewed. This model, along with others describing regional coupling, proves to be ill-conditioned for even moderately-sized processes. This renders the direct plant inversion used in SISO rbr control impractical. As a result, three controllers that do not rely on inverting the plant are considered: the linear-quadratic regulator (LQR), linear-quadratic Gaussian (LQG), and H-infinity. All three of these controllers are applicable to both square and non-square plants, and they are not limited to the class of plant explicitly considered in this paper. Next, the concept of robustness is introduced by establishing stability limits through structured singular values. All three controllers are experimentally tested on a discrete-die sheet metal forming press. In this stretch forming process, the traditionally monolithic die is divided into many small segments. These segments can then be rearranged to form a new die shape between sheet metal stretching cycles. The proper rearrangement of these inputs in response to output shape error is the goal of the three controllers. Experimental results are in close agreement with theoretical predictions, showing the validity of the modeling and control approaches.
The insulin receptor is essential for virus-induced tumorigenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma

Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a multifocal neoplasm of the skin that can spread to visceral organs, is the most prevalent malignant tumor in acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8) is considered the primary etiological factor of this malignancy, as well as of primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. KS lesions are characterized by proliferating spindle cells of endothelial cell (EC) origin. The action of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has been implicated in many malignancies, and recent data have demonstrated that the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) is required for in vitro growth of the KS-derived KSIMM cell line. To examine whether the IGF pathway is also involved in KSHV-mediated transformation of ECs, we examined the expression and function of the IGF system in KSHV-infected, immortalized dermal microvascular EC (E-DMVEC). The expression of the insulin receptor (IR) was strongly induced in latently infected E-DMVEC, whereas the expression levels of the IGF-IR remained unchanged. Gene knockdown of IR, but not IGF-IR, prevented the characteristic focus formation seen in KSHV-infected E-DMVEC. Similarly, treatment with the IR-specific small-molecule inhibitor HNMPA-(AM3) inhibited postconfluent growth. These data suggest a role for the IR, but not the IGF-IR, in KSHV-induced transformation of vascular ECs.
Family planning and reproductive health: the link to environmental preservation

This paper seeks to refocus the attention of environmentalists on the importance of population trends to environmental sustainability and identifies prevention of unintended pregnancy as potential common ground for environmentalists and family planning advocates. The health and other welfare benefits of preventing unintended pregnancy are felt most keenly by individual women, men, and their families. At the same time, however, preventing unwanted pregnancies usually results in smaller family size, an important factor in slowing population growth and, as a result, a source of broader benefits—including environmental benefits—to society.
Techniques for stimulated Raman excitation and CARS detection of radicals created by photodissociation

Abstract CARS and SRE of radicals created by photodissociation were attempted using a laser system with a 1 cm −1 bandwidth. The difficulty of observing these spectra due to interference from non-resonant background and the resulting asymmetric CARS lineshape is discussed and demonstrated with N 2 O, HS and OH. Polarization filtering techniques are described and improvements resulting from their use are presented. The HS radical, which has a Raman frequency on the low energy side of the H 2 S precursor molecule, could not be detected, while OH, which has a Raman frequency on the high energy side of the HNO 3 precursor molecule, was easily observed.
Atomic pseudopotentials for soft X-ray excitations

Abstract A new method for determining atomic pseudopotentials from photoemission angular distributions is proposed and applied to the soft X-ray 3p-to-continuum transitions of Ar.
Stimulus spacing, attention, and dimensional contrast

We examine some implications of an attentional model designed to explain dimensional contrast. Pigeons were trained to discriminate rectangular forms under conditions that produced positive dimensional contrast. In two experiments, the spacing of training stimuli was manipulated in ways that should have changed the allocation of attention. Experiment 1 compared the effect of an increased spacing between negative and positive stimuli with the effect of a decreased overall range of positive stimuli. Both manipulations increased the quality of discrimination performance. Experiment 2 demonstrated that dimensional contrast continued to occur under conditions that minimized the difficulty of the task. Results from these experiments were consistent with quantitative predictions of the attentional model concerning the interaction of discriminability factors and factors related to the allocation of attentional resources.
Influence of fiber and grain bridging on crack profiles in SiC fiber-reinforced alumina-matrix composites

Abstract Initial crack extension and crack propagation in sintered SiC fiber reinforced alumina matrix composites were observed in situ in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). In these composites, coupled toughening mechanisms associated with both grain and fiber bridging are operative in the crack wake. Their contribution to toughness were obtained from crack profiles measured in the crack wake at various applied loads and crack lengths. The crack profiles of the fiber reinforced samples reveal much smaller crack opening displacements compared to the monolithic samples. The fibers act as ligaments which bridge and thereby exert closure stresses on the crack surfaces. The profiles revealed pronounced reduction in the crack opening displacement (COD) around the fiber positions. Accordingly, grain bridging in the vicinity of the fibers was still operative up to an applied stress intensity factor of 5.7 MPa m 1/2 which is 30% above the maximum toughness that could be obtained with the monolithic samples for the same crack length.
Abstract 4629: Expression of cancer-associated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (caPCNA) in various stages and types of neoplasia (breast, cervix, colon, gastric, lung, ovary, thyroid, and uterus)

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Novel immunohistochemistry biomarkers that target specific cellular proteins that are either uniquely or primarily expressed by cancer cells are being developed. One of these biomarkers, caPCNA, [the cancer associated isoform of PCNA] may be useful as an aide for distinguishing early stage neoplasia from hyperplasia in clinical cases that are often difficult to interpret. The caPCNA isoform appears to be expressed almost exclusively in a large variety of cancer cells and at all Stages [1 to 4] of the disease. It is not consistently observed in most normal adjacent tissues. This study analyzed the expression of caPCNA, by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using an automated Ventana immunostaining platform. In the present study, IHC was performed on neutral buffered formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues obtained from various pathology labs. Evaluation of carcinomas (120 cases) from various organs and clinical stages as well as normal adjacent tissue was performed. Immunostaining was localized in tumor cells only to the cell nucleus. CaPCNA expression was seen in 10 of 10 cervical Ca, 20 of 20 colon Ca, 10 of 10 thyroid Ca, 10 of 10 gastric Ca, 10 of 10 ovarian Ca, 25 of 25 breast Ca, 10 of 10 lung Ca, 11 of 12 uterine Ca, and 15 of 15 DCIS Ca. On a normal tissue panel, caPCNA immunostaining was seen in macrophages, syncytial trophoblasts in the placenta, GI tract crypt epithelial cells, and scattered staining in the basilar layer of the skin. Immunostaining of normal macrophages and most of the other reactive cell types was abolished by removal of the heavy chain of the primary antibody during creation of an Fab2' fragment of the anti-caPCNA antibody. In summary, the present results illustrate the localization of caPCNA at all stages, in many different types of neoplasms. CaPCNA may therefore be a useful biomarker for early stage cancer diagnosis and potentially maybe a predictor of patient outcome. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4629.
Low-Lying Energy Levels of Lanthanide Atoms and Intermediate Coupling

A detailed examination of the effects of intermediate coupling on the properties of the low-lying levels of lanthanide atoms has been made. Particular attention has been given to the effects of a breakdown of Russell-Saunders coupling on the energies and magnetic properties of the levels of the ground multiplets. The energy levels were calculated by diagonalization of the combined electrostatic and spin-orbit matrices of the ${f}^{n}$ configurations. It is found possible to fit the energy levels of the ground multiplets of Nd i and Sm i to within 2 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of their observed energies using $4f$-hydrogenic ratios for the Slater ${F}_{k}$ integrals. The $g$ values are found to agree within the experimental errors of the atomic beam measurements. An explanation for the apparent success of the $4f$-hydrogenic eigenfunctions is offered and it is demonstrated that the success of these eigenfunctions does not imply that the actual eigenfunctions are hydrogen-like. Tables of the calculated energies and eigenvectors for low-lying levels are given together with the $g$ values calculated in intermediate coupling. The effects of intermediate coupling on the realtivistic and diamagnetic corrections to the $g$ values are examined and shown to fall within the range of atomic beam measurements. The importance of intermediate coupling in the actinides is noted.
Is optical coherence tomography indicated for the evaluation of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1

technically demanding, and not widely available. 9-13 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive test that objectively measures structural markers of vision loss and has been used to evaluate optic nerve dysfunction in patients with glaucoma and optic neuritis. 14,15 In this issue of the Journal of AAPOS, Chang and colleagues 16 explore the utility of OCT for the detection and management of OPG in children with NF-1. They prospectively compared OCT measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and macular thickness in 9 children with NF-1 and OPG, 6 patients with NF-1 and no OPG, and 15 apparently normal age-matched control patients without NF-1. The children with OPG had statistically significant thinner RNFL and maculae compared with NF-1 patients without OPG and control patients. Although Chang and colleagues 16 show that OCT measurements correlate with visual pathway dysfunction in patients with OPG, their findings do not show that OCT would alter the clinical management of patients with NF-1. They suggest that OCT measurements of RNFL thickness could be used to determine whether an MRI is indicated in children with NF-1; however, their data do not support
Global and Regional Decreases in Tropospheric Oxidants from Photochemical Effects of Aerosols

We evaluate the sensitivity of tropospheric OH, O3, and O3 precursors to photochemical effects of aerosols not usually included in global models: (1) aerosol scattering and absorption of ultraviolet radiation and (2) reactive uptake of HO', NO2, and NO3. Our approach is to couple a global 3-D model of tropospheric chemistry (GEOS- CHEM) with aerosol fields from a global 3-D aerosol model (GOCART). Reactive uptake by aerosols is computed using reaction probabilities from a recent review (gamma(sub HO2) = 0.2, gamma(sub NO2) = 10(exp -4), gamma(sub NO3) = l0(exp -3). Aerosols decrease the O3 - O((sup 1)D) photolysis frequency by 5-20% at the surface throughout the Northern Hemisphere (largely due to mineral dust) and by a factor of 2 in biomass burning regions (largely due to black carbon). Aerosol uptake of HO2 accounts for 10-40% of total HOx radical ((triple bonds)OH + peroxy) loss in the boundary layer over polluted continental regions (largely due to sulfate and organic carbon) and for more than 70% over tropical biomass burning regions (largely due to organic carbon). Uptake of NO2 and NO3 accounts for 10-20% of total HNO3 production over biomass burning regions and less elsewhere. Annual mean OH concentrations decrease by 9% globally and by 5-35% in the boundary layer over the Northern Hemisphere. Simulated CO increases by 5- 15 ppbv in the remote Northern Hemisphere, improving agreement with observations. Simulated boundary layer O3 decreases by 15- 45 ppbv over India during the biomass burning season in March and by 5-9 ppbv over northern Europe in August, again improving comparison with observations. We find that particulate matter controls would increase surface O3 over Europe and other industrial regions.
Proteomic Profiling in Drosophila Reveals Potential Dube3a Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton and Neuronal Homeostasis

The molecular defects associated with Angelman syndrome (AS) and 15q duplication autism are directly correlated to expression levels of the E3 ubiquitin ligase protein UBE3A. Here we used Drosophila melanogaster to screen for the targets of this ubiquitin ligase under conditions of both decreased (as in AS) or increased (as in dup(15)) levels of the fly Dube3a or human UBE3A proteins. Using liquid phase isoelectric focusing of proteins from whole fly head extracts we identified a total of 50 proteins that show changes in protein, and in some cases transcriptional levels, when Dube3a fluctuates. We analyzed head extracts from cytoplasmic, nuclear and membrane fractions for Dube3a regulated proteins. Our results indicate that Dube3a is involved in the regulation of cellular functions related to ATP synthesis/metabolism, actin cytoskeletal integrity, both catabolism and carbohydrate metabolism as well as nervous system development and function. Sixty-two percent of the proteins were >50% identical to homologous human proteins and 8 have previously be shown to be ubiquitinated in the fly nervous system. Eight proteins may be regulated by Dube3a at the transcript level through the transcriptional co-activation function of Dube3a. We investigated one autism-associated protein, ATPα, and found that it can be ubiquitinated in a Dube3a dependent manner. We also found that Dube3a mutants have significantly less filamentous actin than wild type larvae consistent with the identification of actin targets regulated by Dube3a. The identification of UBE3A targets is the first step in unraveling the molecular etiology of AS and duplication 15q autism.
Statistical Multi-Object Shape Models

The shape of a population of geometric entities is characterized by both the common geometry of the population and the variability among instances. In the deformable model approach, it is described by a probabilistic model on the deformations that transform a common template into various instances. To capture shape features at various scale levels, we have been developing an object-based multi-scale framework, in which a geometric entity is represented by a series of deformations with different locations and degrees of locality. Each deformation describes a residue from the information provided by previous steps. In this paper, we present how to build statistical shape models of multi-object complexes with such properties based on medial representations and explain how this may lead to more effective shape descriptions as well as more efficient statistical training procedures. We illustrate these ideas with a statistical shape model for a pair of pubic bones and show some preliminary results on using it as a prior in medical image segmentation.
Mutants with decreased differentiation to plasmodia in Physarum polycephalum

Mutant (“APT”) amoebae that display reduced ability to form plasmodia asexually were isolated by the use of an enrichment procedure. The results of reconstruction experiments show that the procedure enriches only for mutants blocked early in the pathway from amoeba to plasmodium. Mutants were isolated from four parents, two of which produce plasmodia asexually because they carry the allele mth of the mating type locus, and two because they carry gad (greater asexual differentiation) mutations. The APT mutants varied widely in the frequency of residual plasmodium formation, which occurred, in some cases, by reversion. The mutants, called apt (amoeba to plasmodium transition), were recessive in diploids and linked to the mating type (mt) locus. Mutants derived from the gad parents, unlike the parents themselves, crossed readily with heterothallic amoebae. Progeny analysis from such crosses indicates that both gad mutations are linked to mt. The mutants derived from one of the mth parents fell into two groups on the basis of their ability to cross with the mutants derived from the mt2 gad-8 parent. The result suggests that the mth-derived mutants represent two or more complementation groups. Mutants derived from the mt2 gad-8 parent cross with mt2 amoebae and hence display an altered mating specificity.
A Personnel Detection Algorithm for an Intermodal Maritime Application of ITS Technology for Security at Port Facilities

With an overwhelming number of containers entering the United States on a daily basis, ports of entry are causing major concerns for homeland security. The disruption to commerce to inspect all containers would be prohibitive. Currently, fences and port security patrols protect these container storage yards. To improve security system performance, the authors propose a low cost fully distributed Intelligent Transportation System based implementation. Based on prior work accomplished in the design and fielding of a similar system in the United States, current technologies can be assembled, mixed and matched, and scaled to provide a comprehensive security system. We also propose the incorporation of a human detection algorithm to enhance standard security measures. The human detector is based on the histogram of oriented gradients detec- tion approach and the Haar-like feature detection approach. According to the conducted experimental results, merging the two detectors, results in a human detector with a high detection rate and lower false posi- tive rate. This system allows authorized operators on any console to control any device within the facility and monitor restricted areas at any given time.
Immunocytochemistry of sequence-related neuropeptides in Drosophila

Based on structure, activity, and expression, the Drosophila drosulfakinin I peptide (DSK I; FDDY(OS03H)GHMRFamide) is similar to the vertebrate peptide, cholecystokinin.' Dromyosuppressin (DMS; TDVDHVFLRFamide) is an abundant peptide isolated from adult Drosophila* which shares a high degree of sequence homology with peptides isolated from chicken, cockroach, fleshfly, and locust. DSK I and DMS, encoded by different precursors, have similar expression patterns in larval brain tissue; each localizes to cells in the anterior and medial protocerebrum. Because of the precedence for coexistence of neural messengers,3 it was of interest to determine the cellular expression patterns relative to one another. The question of whether the two peptides were expressed in the same cells was resolved using an immunofluorescent double-labeling technique developed for sequence-specific antisera raised in separate animals of the same species. Double labeling was done using a combination of indirect and direct immunofluorescence. DSK I and DMS were shown to localize to different cells in close proximity to one another in the larval brain. The non-overlapping expression patterns of these peptides illustrate the complete lack of cross-staining with this technique.
Quantification of damage evolution in a 7075 aluminum alloy using an acoustic emission technique

The use of acoustic emission for quantifying the microstructural damage evolution under tensile loading is studied for a 7075 aluminum alloy. First, the cracking of intermetallic particles present in the material was evaluated using interrupted tensile tests combined with digital image analysis of large optical image montages. Subsequent acoustic emission tests under tensile monotonic loading produced an in situ signature that correlated with the quantitative stereology results obtained destructively. Acoustic emission is a viable option for quantifying the evolution of microstructure damage in terms of particle cracking for the 7075 alloy.
Scattering from a soft slightly rough surface

Abstract An elementary expression for the scattered field is obtained for the acoustic field scattered from a slightly rough pressure release surface. The source is a line source located at depth z 0 , below the surface which is described by z = ϵh ( x ) where ϵ is a small parameter and h ( x ) describes the roughness. An approximate boundary condition is obtained which is valid to O ( ϵ 3 ) and o ( z −1 0 . This approximate boundary condition then yields a reflection coefficient which is formally valid to all orders in ϵ and has an elementary physical interpretation. The results are believed to be new, and the method appears extendible to other rough surface scattering problems. A stationary phase argument also suggests that the specular reflection can be large when h ″( x ) is locally very large and negative.
Ischemic damage and repair in the rat proximal tubule: Differences among the S1, S2, and S3 segments

Ischemic damage and repair in the rat proximal tubule: Differences among the S 1 , S 2 , and S 3 segments. Rats were subjected to 25 min of unilateral renal artery occlusion and were studied at 5, 15, and 30 min and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 hr following ischemia. The patterns of epithelial injury and repair in proximal tubule (PT) segments S 1 , S 2 , and S 3 were followed, and associated changes in renal function were determined. We found that S 1 and S 2 cells alike are only reversibly injured and recover completely to normalcy within 4 hr, whereas S 3 cells selectively undergo progressive cell injury and death and are exfoliated into tubular lumina. The necrotic S 3 cells are replaced by mitotic division of survivor cells 24 to 48 hr following the ischemic insult. In addition, there was selective damage within tubular cells. Within 5 min of blood reflow following ischemia, the majority of brush border microvilli (MV) in all three PT segments underwent coalescence by membrane fusion and thus were interiorized into the cytoplasm of PT cells. A minority of MV fragmented and were shed into PT lumina, but nephron obstruction by shed membranes was only mild and transient, unlike in the 1-hr ischemia model. Loss of MV reached a maximum at 15 min. By 30 min, MV began to reappear; by 2 hr, large numbers of MV had been regenerated; and by 4 hr, S 1 and S 2 cells appeared normal. The regenerative process included the luminal repositioning of previously interiorized MV membrane. MV regeneration occurred in S 3 segments also, but before the process was complete, the cells developed features of irreversible cellular injury. Glomerular nitration rate (GFR) was 22% of control at 30 min of reflow, rose progressively to 55% of normal by 7 to 8 hr, and was normal at 24 hr. Single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) was not significantly different from normal throughout. Proximal tubular sodium reabsorption was depressed and urinary sodium excretion increased at 30 min and at 2 to 3 hr, i.e., at times when MV alterations were prominent, but both were normal by 7 to 8 hr when MV in S 1 and S 2 cells had been fully reconstituted. Our major conclusions are: 1) There is differential susceptibility by cell type to ischemic injury in rat PT. 2) A rapid brush border loss/ regeneration cycle occurs after ischemic injury. 3) Intact brush border may be required for normal sodium reabsorption by PT. Reasons for the GFR/SNGFR discrepancy are unclear, but tubular malfunction may partly explain the phenomenon.
Collective modes in quantum-dot arrays in magnetic fields

We study collective excitations in a model array of parabolically confined quantum dots in an applied magnetic field. Treating the interactions between electrons on the same dot exactly and those between electrons on different dots in a simple approximation, we find that the Hamiltonian separates into a term involving center-of-mass coordinates of the electrons on each dot and a term that depends on the relative coordinates on each dot. We diagonalize the center-of-mass Hamiltonian exactly and discuss retardation effects and interactions between the array and far-infrared radiation.
Characterization of oligosaccharides that bind to human anti-MAG antibodies and to the mouse monoclonal antibody HNK-1.

Abstract In some patients with neuropathy and IgM M-proteins the M-proteins bind to a carbohydrate determinant that is shared by the CNS and PNS myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and by several additional glycoproteins and 2 glycolipids in peripheral nerve. The HNK-1 mouse monoclonal antibody binds to the same glycoproteins and glycolipids as well as to a number of other neuronal adhesion molecules and to human natural killer cells. To isolate the epitope-bearing oligosaccharides from their respective glycoproteins we digested delipidated spinal cord and peripheral nerve with pronase. The resulting glycopeptides were fractionated by concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography to yield tri- and tetraantennary-complex, biantennary-complex and high mannose-type glycopeptides. Glycopeptides bearing the antigenic determinant were identified by their ability to block binding of M-proteins and HNK-1 antibodies to MAG-coated microwells by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blocking activity was detected in the tri- and tetraantennary glycopeptide fraction from both CNS and PNS. The blocking activity was destroyed by pretreatment of the isolated glycopeptides with mild acid hydrolysis. Further fractionation by gel filtration chromatography indicated that the reactive glycopeptides from peripheral nerve and spinal cord eluted in the same position. The data suggest that CNS and PNS MAG and other peripheral nerve glycoproteins share similar oligosaccharides, and that the M-proteins and HNK-1 bind to the same structures.
SNAPPS: a learner-centered model for outpatient education.

The unique character of medical education in the outpatient setting has created challenges in teaching and learning that cannot be solved by the adaptation of traditional inpatient approaches. Previous work and the authors’ own observational study describe a relatively passive learner focused on reporting history and physical examination data to the preceptor. Based on the work of Bordage in cognitive learning, and that of Osterman and Kottkamp on reflective practice for educators, the authors have developed a collaborative model for case presentations in the outpatient setting that links learner initiation and preceptor facilitation in an active learning conversation. This learner-centered model for case presentations to the preceptor follows a mnemonic called SNAPPS consisting of six steps: (1) Summarize briefly the history and findings; (2) Narrow the differential to two or three relevant possibilities; (3) Analyze the differential by comparing and contrasting the possibilities; (4) Probe the preceptor by asking questions about uncertainties, difficulties, or alternative approaches; (5) Plan management for the patient’s medical issues; and (6) Select a case-related issue for self-directed learning. The authors conducted a pilot study of SNAPPS, introducing the model to both thirdyear medical students and their preceptors. Feedback was enthusiastic and underscored the importance of the paired approach. SNAPPS represents a paradigm shift in ambulatory education that engages the learner and creates a collaborative learning conversation in the context of patient care. Acad Med. 2003;78:893– 898.
Observation of frequency doubling in tantalum doped silica fibres

Second harmonic conversion efficients of 3 x 0,0001 in tantalum-doped silica fibers prepared by the seeding technique are reported. A series of experiments were conducted to characterize the frequency doubling in this fiber and to compare the results to the behavior observed in germanosilicate and rare earth-doped aluminosilicate fibers.
Another step toward global convergence

The Financial Accounting Standards Board and the International Accounting Standards Board have worked together to develop a single set of accounting standards for business combinations. It will make things easier for corporate finance and accounting professionals when dealing with domestic versus international acquisitions. However, at first glance, the new FASB standard looks like a total revision of SFAS No. 141. What are the latest changes? © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Iterative Regression Model for Estimating Soybean Yields from Environmental Data

Abstract A model was developed for using weather data, to estimate the yields of soybeans for varieties adapted to the central United States. The model utilized an iterative regression analysis for relating soybean yields to environmental variables. This technique evaluated the simple and interacting contributions to soybean yield of environmental variables in terms of a time scale related to soybean development (biometeorological time). The environmental variables tested were daily climatological data (rainfall and maximum and minimum air temperatures), derived agrometeorological variables (actual and potential evapotranspiration) and a soil moisture index. The maximum air temperature, potential evapotranspiration and soil moisture index accounted for more of the variability in soybean yields (coefficient of determination of 0.75) than other combinations of the tested variables. For verification of the model, a sample of 20 yields were withheld from the iterative regression analysis and comparisons were ...
The RNA of the human syncytium-forming (foamy) virus.

Human syncytium-forming (foamy) virus was labeled with3H-uridine and banded isopycnically in sucrose gradients (buoyant density = 1.16 to 1.18 g/cm3). Viral RNA extracted from the banded virus was analyzed either by rate zonal separation in sucrose gradients or by polyacrylamide-agarose gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that purified HSFV contains a 60S RNA component plus several smaller molecular weight RNA components. On dissociation with heat, smaller RNA structures were released from the 60S component. These results indicate that the genome of HSFV, like the other members of theRetroviridae family, is composed of an aggregate of several RNA species.
Monolithic integrated microfluidic DNA amplification and capillary electrophoresis analysis system

Abstract A monolithic integrated DNA analysis system comprised of microfluidic valves and vents, PCR amplification chambers, and capillary electrophoretic separation channels has been microfabricated in a glass sandwich structure. Valves and hydrophobic vents provide controlled and sensorless sample loading into 280 nl PCR chambers; the low volume reactor and the use of thin film heaters permit thermal cycle times as fast as 30 s. The amplified product is labeled with an intercalating fluorescent dye and directly injected into a microfabricated capillary electrophoresis channel. Analyses with this device have produced and detected PCR products from reactions with as few as 20 starting DNA template copies/μl, (five to six copies/chamber). The extrapolated limit of detection based on data using 20 cycles is two copies/chamber. The optimization of heater placement, thermal anisotropy measurements, and the optimization of thermal profiles are also discussed.
Cesium Fluoride: A New Detector for Positron Emission Tomography

The ideal scintillation detector for positron tomography would be a very high Z material, nonhygroscopic, have a fast decay time, and copious light output. NaI(Tl) has good light output, and even though it is hygroscopic has found acceptance as a good scintillator. Recently BGO has been shown to satisfy the first two requirements for tomography, and has replaced NaI(Tl) as the detector of choice in tomography. However, its low light yield and poor coincidence timing make it unsuitable for fast scanners. Cesium fluoride (CsF) has been investigated by us as a possible scintillation detector for positron tomography, and shows great promise even though it is extremely hygroscopic and exhibits low scintillation efficiency as compared to NaI(Tl). Its very fast decay time, good detection efficiency, and fast coincidence timing make it an ideal detector for tomographs designed for fast dynamic studies. Moreover, it permits the incorporation of time of flight information with conventional tomography for improved signal to noise ratio in the image.
Spatial Adaptation on Video Display Terminals

Spatial adaptation, in the form of a frequency-specific reduction in contrast sensitivity, can occur when the visual system is exposed to certain stimuli. We employed vertical sinusoidal test gratings to investigate adaptation to the horizontal structure of text presented on a standard video display terminal. The parameters of the contrast sensitivity test were selected, on the basis of waveform analysis of spatial luminance scans of the text stimulus. We found. that subjects exhibited a small, but significant, frequency-specific adaptation consistent with the spatial frequency spectrum of the stimulus. Theoretical and practical significance of this finding are discussed.
The influence of surface coverage on catalytic effectiveness and selectivity. The isothermal and nonisothermal cases

Both nonisothermal and isothermal catalytic effectiveness factors are computed for kinetic rate laws of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood, Hougen-Watson type, involving surface coverage by reactant and products. Selectivity taxation is also treated and the significant influence of interphas heat and mass gradients surrounding the catalyst is displayed. The complexities of these real kinetic systems suggest caution in the use of prior generalizations based upon simpler rate laws.
On movement of muscles by Galen of Pergamon.

Galen begins with definitions, giving the special differentiating characteristics of nerves, muscles, tendons, aponeuroses, fascia, and other connective tissue elements. He demonstrates that contraction is the specific activity of muscles. It occurs voluntarily through impulses from the brain carried by the nerves. Protagonists and antagonists are described and demonstrated by experiments with severing individuals and groups as well as with a model made of articulated bones and thongs attached in proper places to represent muscles. Attention is called to passive motion of muscles. The action of gravity is related to muscular action. Sustained contraction of muscles is called tonic activity. The effect of habit on muscles and the subconscious control of voluntary muscles are explained. Visceral organs and blood vessels are under the control of nature rather than the brain, and are thus contrasted with the muscles.
Vertigo in Children: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment

A study of vertigo in 50 children showed that a careful neurological examination should be performed for all patients. A detailed family and personal history to find possible episodes of loss of consciousness or seizures should be obtained; 13 children with vertiginous seizures had a positive family history for seizures and 5 had febrile seizures in infancy. Electroencephalograms should be obtained in all instances of vertigo occurrence.
AirMOSS P-band RF interference experience

The NASA AirMOSS instrument is a P-band (UHF) fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar designed to measure root-zone soil moisture. The radar currently operates in the 420-440 MHz band in North America. Narrowband communications signals are secondary users of this spectrum and contribute RF interference to the radar's operation. An adaptive RF interference filter based on the least-mean squares (LMS) algorithm developed for the GeoSAR UHF airborne SAR program has been adopted for use by AirMOSS. Characterization of the algorithm's effects on simulated point targets finds a 1.2 dB average amplitude error. Though this is within the 1.5 dB absolute calibration specification for the AirMOSS radar, RFI removal can be a large contributor to the total radiometric error budget. Experience during the first nine months of AirMOSS operations has applied the adaptive RFI removal on an as-needed basis due to multiplicative noise (MNR) increase and calibration concerns.
Dynamics of rigid bodies undergoing multiple frictional contacts

Two key problem areas in the dynamics of rigid bodies with multiple frictional contacts are solved. First, the modeling of rigid body collisions is addressed. Second, an accurate model that will predict the contact forces is sought. The emphasis is on correct phenomenological and quantitative modeling. An approach to the simulation of mechanical systems with multiple, frictional constraints is proposed which is free of inconsistencies. This method is illustrated with the help of a simple planar example. >
A Wideband Injection-Locking Scheme and Quadrature Phase Generation in 65-nm CMOS

A novel technique for wideband injection locking in an LC oscillator is proposed. Phased-lock-loop and injection-locking elements are combined symbiotically to achieve wide locking range while retaining the simplicity of the latter. This method does not require a phase frequency detector or a loop filter to achieve phase lock. A mathematical analysis of the system is presented and the expression for new locking range is derived. A locking range of 13.4-17.2 GHz and an average jitter tracking bandwidth of up to 400 MHz were measured in a high- Q LC oscillator. This architecture is used to generate quadrature phases from a single clock without any frequency division. It also provides high-frequency jitter filtering while retaining the low-frequency correlated jitter essential for forwarded clock receivers.
Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical Studies of the Triosephosphate Isomerase-Catalyzed Reaction: Verification of Methodology and Analysis of Reaction Mechanisms

Three possible mechanisms for the reactions catalyzed by triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) have been studied by the combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) approach at a number of QM levels including AM1, AM1 with specific reaction parameters (SRP), and B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p). The comparison of the various QM levels is used to verify the adequacy of our recent B3LYP/MM analysis of the reaction mechanism (Cui et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 2284), which showed that the intramolecular proton transfer pathway is ruled out, due largely to the unfavorable interaction between the transition state and His 95. The relative contributions from the two other proposed pathways, however, are difficult to determine at the present level of theory; both pathways are also consistent with available experiments. To obtain information about the role of the enzyme, density functional calculations were made for model systems in the gas phase and in solution; selected models were also studied with ab initio calcul...
Epilepsy in autism

Summary There is an increased but variable risk of epilepsy in autism. Three main factors—age, cognitive level, and type of language disorder—account for variability in the reported prevalence of epilepsy. The prevalence is highest in studies that have included adolescents and young adults, individuals with moderate to severe mental retardation and those with motor deficits, and individuals with severe receptive language deficits. The association of autism with clinical or subclinical epilepsy might denote common genetic factors in some cases. Whether subclinical epilepsy has adverse effects on cognition, language, and behaviour is debated, as is the relation of autistic regression with an epileptiform electroencephalogram to Landau-Kleffner syndrome. There is no evidence-based treatment recommendation for individuals with autism, regression, and subclinical epilepsy. Double-blind studies with sufficient power to resolve this issue are urgently needed.
Effect of lattice-mismatched growth on InAs/AlSb resonant-tunneling diodes

Nominally identical InAs/AlSb resonant-tunneling diodes are fabricated on InAs and GaAs substrates to ascertain the effect of dislocations on the resonant-tunneling process. Although the diode on the GaAs substrate had a much higher dislocation density, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction measurements, it displayed only a small decrease in peak-to-valley current ratio. >