cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of precursors in bacteriophage T4 baseplate assembly. III. The carboxyl termini of protein P11 are required for assembly activity.

Abstract The assembly activity and electrophoretic mobility of a T4 bacteriophage baseplate protein, P11, have been found to be affected by digestion with the proteases trypsin, subtilisin and carboxypeptidase Y. Analysis of the trypsin limit-digestion product of P11 by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and size analysis by high performance liquid chromatography indicate that there is a decrease of approximately 5000 in the molecular weight of the P11 molecule or a loss of 2500 in Mr from each of the gp11 subunits of the dimer. During protease treatment P11 demonstrates a time-dependent loss in the ability to interact with the baseplate protein P10 to form the P ( 10 11 ) complex, the first assembly intermediate of the T4 baseplate 1 6 th arm. Similar treatments of the P ( 10 11 ) complex indicate that P11 in the complex is not affected by these proteases. Concomitant with the loss of assembly activity is a change in the electrophoretic mobility of P11 on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels from a single band to a series of more mobile bands suggesting sequential loss of positive charge. P11 assembly activity is completely lost after removal of the first positive charge. These results suggest that the carboxyl termini of the two gp11 subunits of the P11 molecule are involved in the interaction of P11 with P10 to form the P ( 10 11 ) complex. Analysis of the portion of gp11 removed by carboxypeptidase Y demonstrates that there are up to 13 aliphatic and aromatic carboxyl-terminal amino acids.
Protein Specificity and Sexual Morphogenesis in Schizophyllum commune

Abstract Soluble proteins of a number of strains of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune were separated on polyacrylamide gel by disc electrophoresis. The presence or absence, RF values, and relative intensity of protein bands, observed on gel columns and densitometric tracings, were used as criteria for analysis and comparison. Eight mycelial types were studied, namely, normal homokaryon, dikaryon, homokaryons carrying primary mutation(s) at one or both of the Aβ and Bβ loci, and three mutant B homokaryons, each carrying a different type of modifier mutation. Similarities and dissimilarities in protein spectra among these mycelial types, observed with crude extracts, “total protein precipitates,” and protein fractions, were consistent with predictions based on an earlier genetic model for the action of the two incompatibility factors known to control “sexual morphogenesis” in this fungus.
Space and Space-Time Modeling using Process Convolutions

A continuous spatial model can be constructed by convolving a very simple, perhaps independent, process with a kernel or point spread function. This approach for constructing a spatial process offers a number of advantages over specification through a spatial covariogram. In particular, this process convolution specification leads to computational simplifications and easily extends beyond simple stationary models. This paper uses process convolution models to build space and space-time models that are flexible and able to accommodate large amounts of data. Data from environmental monitoring is considered.
A Computational Modeling Strategy for Levels

Rather than taking the ontological fundamentality of an ideal microphysics as a starting point, this article sketches an approach to the problem of levels that swaps assumptions about ontology for assumptions about inquiry. These assumptions can be implemented formally via computational modeling techniques that will be described below. It is argued that these models offer a way to save some of our prominent commonsense intuitions concerning levels. This strategy offers a way of exploring the individuation of higher level properties in a systematic and formally constrained manner.
Estimation of K Ic from Slow Bend Precracked Charpy Specimen Strength Ratios

Data are presented concerning strength ratios which have been derived from slow bend tests on 0.25-in.-thick precracked Charpy specimens of steels, aluminum alloys, and a titanium alloy for which valid K(Ic) values have been established. The K(Ic) values considered are plane strain fracture toughness values as defined in the ASTM Method E 399-74. The strength ratios are used to develop calibration curves which could be useful in estimating K(Ic) for the purposes of alloy development or quality control.
Age-associated B cells (ABC) cause reduced surrogate light chain expression and loss of B cell precursors in old age (HEM2P.269)

Age-associated B cells (ABC, CD21/35- CD23-) accumulate in spleen and bone marrow of ~2 yrs. old mice and induce TNF-α-dependent apoptosis of pro-B cells. The remaining B cell precursors in aged mice exhibit reductions in surrogate light chain (SLC) and compromise of the preBCR checkpoint. Notably, the residual pro-B cells in aged bone marrow are resistant to ABC/TNF-α-mediated apoptosis. SLC is associated with cadherin 17 on the surface of pro-B cells. Like SLC-low aged pro-B cells, pro-B cells from λ5 SLC-deficient young adult mice were also resistant to TNF-α-induced apoptosis. This implies that expression of the SLC/cadherin 17 complex is required for normal susceptibility to apoptosis in pro-B cells. Resistance to apoptosis in aged pro-B cells and λ5-deficient young pro-B cells coincided with increased phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim, a modification that tags Bim for degradation. We hypothesize that, in old mice, expanded pro-inflammatory ABC within the bone marrow cause apoptosis of pro-B cells. However, this cell death occurs preferentially in pro-B cells which express relatively high levels of SLC. The remaining pro-B cells in aged mice are consequently skewed to lower SLC expression. We suggest that ABC, by inducing the loss of “high SLC” pro-B cells, deviate B lymphopoiesis into an ”SLC low pathway” with inefficient B cell production and altered B cell antibody repertoire.
Preserving Privacy in Time Series Data Classification by Discretization

In this paper, we propose discretization-based schemes to preserve privacy in time series data mining. Traditional research on preserving privacy in data mining focuses on time-invariant privacy issues. With the emergence of time series data mining, traditional snapshot-based privacy issues need to be extended to be multi-dimensional with the addition of time dimension . In this paper, we defined three threat models based on trust relationship between the data miner and data providers. We propose three different schemes for these three threat models. The proposed schemes are extensively evaluated against public-available time series data sets [1]. Our experiments show that proposed schemes can preserve privacy with cost of reduction in mining accuracy. For most data sets, proposed schemes can achieve low privacy leakage with slight reduction in classification accuracy. We also studied effect of parameters of proposed schemes in this paper.
LFA-1 and CD62L dependent transient surface CCR5 expression in naïve CD8+ T cells enhances T cell immune memory (CCR3P.214)

The initiation of an effective adaptive immune response requires choreographed interaction among rare antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) with antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the lymph node (LN). This interaction is especially critical for the magnitude of memory T cell generation. We and others have previously demonstrated that CCL3/CCL4 secretion from productive interaction between antigen-specific T cell and antigen-bearing DCs promote local recruitment of naive CD8+ T cells in the inflamed LNs, implying that naive CD8+ T cells can express CCR5 in the inflamed LN microenvironment. Here, we examined the kinetics of CCR5 expression on naive T cells upon entering an inflamed LN. Maximum surface CCR5 expression occurs in 10-30% of newly arrived naive T cells within the first 6 hours via mobilization of pre-existing CCR5 protein found in intracellular vesicles, and this transient up-regulation of surface CCR5 expression in CD8+ T cells was dependent on direct physical contact with LFA and CD62L, as ligation of CD8+ T cells with anti-CD11a and/or anti-CD62L antibodies enhances surface CCR5 expression within 1 hour in the absence of TCR stimulation. More importantly, CCR5+ fraction of naive CD8+ T cells exhibit enhanced ability to become memory T cells. Our study implicates an important functional role for CCR5 expression by naive lymphocytes prior to cognate antigen recognition for enhanced memory T cell development.
The Non-MSW: Overlooked Conflicts in Undervalued Personnel

Intra-role conflict perceptions were found to exist among a sample of 409 non-MSW line public welfare workers, particularly for the following groups: (1) youngest, (2) white, (3) eligibility workers, and (4) least tenured. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age was the best predictor and was inversely correlated with the rate of perceived role conflict. Recommendations to reduce this conflict include: (1) improved matching of workers with job assignments; (2) upgrading orientation and training of new workers; (3) more involvement of welfare clients in the evaluation of workers; and (4) more client participation in the planning and program development processes which affect the nature of their social and eligibility services.
Bring back The Groves of Academe

There is a malaise creeping into the American tertiary education system. Shared governance of the academe is slowly becoming a dinosaur. Tuition costs are increasing at triple the general inflation rate. Tenure-track faculty are replaced by term teachers. Massive open online courses are mushrooming. And universities in the United States are no longer the envy of the world. Those interconnected vagaries will be raised in turn, but first the genesis, let there be light. The modern autonomous university traces its roots to the University of Bologna (1088), University of Paris (1150), University of Oxford (1167), and University of Modena (1175). Those followed the sixth century Christian cathedral schools and the Islamic Al-Azhar University (975), which emphasized the scholarly studies of their respective religions. Today’s universities are institutions of higher education and research that grant academic degrees in a variety of subjects and provide both undergraduate and graduate education. They can be public or private, with a handful of the latter type being for-profit institutes, a neo-circumstance. The word “university” is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which means community of teachers and scholars. Not community of teachers, scholars, and countless vice presidents. Universities are self-regulating guilds that determine the qualifications of their members. The original secular universities were specialized associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters granted by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located. To commemorate the 900 anniversary of founding the University of Bologna—which was the first to adapt an academic charter guaranteeing academic freedom, Constitutio
A quantitative approach to evaluating ecosystem services

Abstract Ecosystem services are benefits that humans receive from their environment. The amount of research that has been done on the concept of ecosystem services has increased substantially in recent years. However, the concept of ecosystem services has been slow to affect actual land management, economic and policy decisions. We argue that one reason for this lack of application is the disparity of methods to quantify ecosystem services. Much of the current ecosystem service research has been done on valuing ecosystem services, with little work done to quantify them so that they can be used as an end point of watershed management. We propose methods to quantify five provisional and regulatory ecosystem services with inputs related to ecosystem functions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these methods by applying them to a study watershed and then running three extreme land use scenarios for the watershed: all forested, all urban and all corn. Results show that the methods capture the differences in land use on ecosystem service provision. These methods can be a building block for quantification of the full suite of ecosystem services by incorporating more biophysical models and developing validation methods.
Intuitive 3D Computer-Aided Design (CAD) System With Multimodal Interfaces

The existing interfaces for 3D CAD modeling softwares use 2D subspace inputs such as x and y axes of mouse to create 3D models. These existing interfaces are inherently modal because one needs to switch between subspaces, and disconnects the input space from modeling space. This makes existing interfaces tedious, complex, non-intuitive and difficult to learn. In this paper, a multi-sensory, interactive, and intuitive 3D CAD modeling interface is presented to address these shortcomings. Three different modalities (gestures, brain-computer interface, and speech) have been used for creating interactive and intuitive 3D CAD modeling interface. DepthSense® camera from SoftKinetic is used to recognize gestures, EEG Neuro-headset from Emotiv® is used for acquiring, and processing neuro-signals and CMU Sphinx is used for recognizing and processing speech. Multiple CAD models created by several users using the proposed multimodal interface are presented. In conclusion, the proposed system is easier to learn and use as compared to the already existing systems.
Longitudinal Dynamic Analyses of Cognition in the Health and Retirement Study Panel.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight some classic issues in the measurement of change and to show how contemporary solutions can be used to deal with some of these issues. Five classic issues will be raised here: (1) Separating individual changes from group differences; (2) options for incomplete longitudinal data over time, (3) options for nonlinear changes over time; (4) measurement invariance in studies of changes over time; and (5) new opportunities for modeling dynamic changes. For each issue we will describe the problem, and then review some contemporary solutions to these problems base on Structural Equation Models (SEM). We will fit these SEM to using existing panel data from the Health & Retirement Study (HRS) cognitive variables. This is not intended as an overly technical treatment, so only a few basic equations are presented, examples will be displayed graphically, and more complete references to the contemporary solutions will be given throughout.
Aqueous leaching properties and environmental implications of cadmium, lead and zinc trimercaptotriazine (TMT) compounds.

2,4,6-Trimercaptotriazine, trisodium salt nonahydrate (TMT-55) is a commercial product that is widely used to chemically precipitate cadmium, lead, zinc and other heavy metals from wastewaters and contaminated natural waters. When mixed with aqueous solutions of TMT-55, aqueous solutions of either reagent-grade zinc, cadmium, or lead salts precipitate crystalline "Zn-TMT", amorphous or crystalline "Cd-TMT" or amorphous "Pb-TMT" (M3[S3C3N3]2.nH2O, where M=Cd2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ and n> or = 0) that may eventually crystallize if stored in air. Laboratory aqueous leaching studies over 78-106 days using pH 3 HCl, distilled water (pH 6) and pH 9-10 NaOH evaluated the stability of the Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-TMT precipitates. Under pH 3 conditions, the amorphous Cd- and Pb-TMT compounds converted to their crystalline forms and amorphous Cd-TMT also crystallized in distilled water. Otherwise, no decomposition products were detected in the leached solid residues. When compared with the aqueous solubilities of corresponding sulfides and most hydroxides, the TMT compounds were significantly more soluble in distilled water and pH 3 HCl.
Photometrische Bestimmung kleiner Eisenmengen mit Pyridin-2-aldoxim

Eisen(II)-ionen bilden mit Pyridin-2-aldoxim in schwach basischem Medium ein stabiles Chelat, dessen intensive, rote Farbe zur empfindlichen und weitgehend selektiven photometrischen Eisenbestimmung benutzt wird. Die Bestimmung wird von nur wenigen Substanzen gestort; sie ist gut reproduzierbar und unempfindlich gegen Veranderungen der Arbeitsbedingungen. Mit der beschriebenen Arbeitsweise lassen sich Eisengehalte von 50 ng/ml bis 7 μg/ml rasch und mit guter Genauigkeit bestimmen.
Mechanism of One-Electron Oxidation of β-, γ-, and δ-Hydroxyalkyl Sulfides. Catalysis through Intramolecular Proton Transfer and Sulfur−Oxygen Bond Formation

The mechanism of photoinduced electron transfer between sulfur-containing alcohols and the 4-carboxybenzophenone (CB) triplet state in aqueous solution was investigated using laser flash photolysis and steady-state photolysis techniques. Bimolecular rate constants for quenching of the CB triplet state by five hydroxyalkyl sulfides, 2-(methylthio)ethanol (2-MTE), 2,2‘-dihydroxydiethyl sulfide (2,2‘-DHE), 3-(methylthio)propanol (3-MTP), 3,3‘-dihydroxydipropyl sulfide (3,3‘-DHP), and 4-(methylthio)butanol (4-MTB), with varying numbers of OH groups and varying locations with respect to the sulfur atom, were determined to be in the range (3.3−4.8) × 109 M-1 s-1 for neutral solutions. The intermediates identified were the CB ketyl radical anion (CB•-), the CB ketyl radical (CBH•), and intermolecularly (S∴S)-bonded radical cations. An additional absorption band at approximately 400 nm in the transient spectra for some of the hydroxyalkyl sulfides was assigned to the intramolecularly (•S−O)-bonded species (only f...
Approximate steady-state analysis of large Markov models based on the structure of their decision diagram encoding

We propose a new approximate numerical algorithm for the steady-state solution of general structured ergodic Markov models. The approximation uses a state-space encoding based on multiway decision diagrams and a transition rate encoding based on a new class of edge-valued decision diagrams. The new method retains the favorable properties of a previously proposed Kronecker-based approximation, while eliminating the need for a Kronecker-consistent model decomposition. Removing this restriction allows for a greater utilization of event locality, which facilitates the generation of both the state-space and the transition rate matrix, thus extends the applicability of this algorithm to larger and more complex models.
A RAPID REFLECTANCE PROCEDURE FOR FOLLOWING MYOGLOBIN OXIDATIVE OR REDUCTIVE CHANGES IN INTACT BEEF MUSCLE

A simple, rapid reflectance method for following oxidative or reductive changes in meat myoglobin is proposed. The procedure is to measure the reflectance at 632 nm and 614 nm and record the difference. This procedure has been found to be more sensitive to slight color changes in intact beef semimembranosus slices caused by myoglobin oxidation than members of a visual panel. However, it does not predict or measure the percentage of metmyoglobin present in the sample. The experiment described here utilized reflectance readings on beef slices at various time periods after the samples were freshly cut, as well as visual evaluation of the beef slices for redness and for color desirability. The main utility of this method would be as an indicator to monitor chemical or biochemical changes occurring in a single piece of meat which affect the forms of myoglobin present.
Modeling Oxidation Kinetics of SiC‐Containing Refractory Diborides

Experimental data on the oxidation kinetics of SiC-containing diborides of Zr and Hf in the temperature regime of 1473–2273 K are interpreted using a mechanistic model. The model encompasses counter-current gas diffusion in the internal SiC depleted zone, oxygen permeation through borosilicate glass channels in the oxide scale, and boundary layer evaporation at the surface. The model uses available viscosity, thermodynamic and kinetic data for boria, silica, and borosilicate glasses, and a logarithmic mean approximation for compositional variations. The internal depletion region of SiC is modeled with CO/CO2 counter diffusion as the oxygen transport mechanism. Data reported for pure SiC in air/oxygen, for ZrB2 containing varying volume fractions of SiC, and for SiC–HfB2 ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) by different investigations were compared with quantitative predictions of the model. The model is found to provide good correspondence with laboratory-furnace-based experimental data for weight gain, scale thicknesses, and depletion layer thicknesses. Experimental data obtained from arc-jet tests at high enthalpies are found to fall well outside the model predictions, whereas lower enthalpy data were closer to model predictions, suggesting a transition in mechanism in the arc-jet environment.
Victims and aggression

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the role of the victim in the initiation of aggres­ sion. The three major factors of the semantic differential were used to construct scripts portray­ ing eight different target types. Scripts validated in Experiment 1 were reenacted live by targets in Experiment 2, in which subjects who overheard the scripts subsequently had the opportunity to aggress against the target in a competitive game. Male subjects shocked both the bad, strong, active and the bad, strong, passive targets much more than the good, strong, active targets. Females shocked all three targets at a low rate. Late in the game, all subjects shocked the bad, strong, passive target more often than the other targets. Sex differences in shocking were attrib­ uted to a sex difference in the disposition to behave aggressively. Current knowledge of target influences comes largely from laboratory studies manipulating only one aspect of a victim, and these studies have generally produced inconsistent outcomes. One example of these discrep­ ancies is research on sex of the victim. The modal outcome has been that males have been attacked more than females (Taylor & Epstein, 1967; Taylor & Smith, 1974). However, Levitt and Viney (1973) and Silverman (1971) found that males and females were attacked equivalently. In addition, targets of the opposite sex received more aggression in studies by Jaffe, Malamuth, Feingold, and Feshback (1974) and Titley and Viney (1969). Similar inconsistencies have been found with other target variables: physical handicap (Farina, Sherman, & Allen, 1968; Titley & Viney, 1969), level of the victim's psychological adjustment (Farina, Holland, & Ring, 1966; Ring & Farina, 1969), and the similarity of the target's attitudes to the aggressor's (Baron, 1971; Farina, Chapnick, Chapnick, & Misiti, 1972). These discrepancies may have been due to the iso· lated nature of the independent variables manipulated. Most investigators of target variables have structured their manipulations across a single dimension. However, aggression in these studies may have also been influenced by a variety of other target characteristics that were unspecified and uncontrolled. Recently, Hynan (1980) proposed a theory of hostile human aggression that addressed the issue of target influences by specifying cer­ tain target characteristics and their relationships to the
Confucian and Taiping “Heaven”: The Political Implications of Clashing Religious Concepts

In “The Suggestiveness of Vestiges: Confucianism and Monarchy at the Last”, I wrote of the draining of the monarchical mystique in modern China. Vestigial monarchism, it seemed to me, was related to an equally vestigial Confucianism — really related, that is, not just parallel in some modern course of corrosion. The relation was the thing, a novel one of untroubled association (in a common, new ideology of “national spirit”), unpromising departure from what seemed, more and more, the devious, uncertain, tense partnership of pre-Western days. The loss of this ambivalence, this Confucian-monarchical attraction-repulsion, comprised the Chinese state's attrition. And if in its time that traditional state was a prodigiously hardy perennial, perhaps its vitality, in a truly Nietzschean sense, was the measure of its tolerance of tensions: their release was the bureaucratic monarchy's death.
Pinhole Occulter Facility

The Pinhole Occulter Facility (POF) is designed for X-ray observations of solar activity, coronal structure and solar wind generation, and coronal transients. The four telescopes or positioning counters, the self-deployable 32-m boom, and the pointing-control actuator of the POF are described. The development of the facility is discussed. The configuration of the POF and means of maintaining its attitude control are examined.
Collaborative care at the crossroads

Collaborative care is a well-studied and effective model of integrating behavioural healthcare into primary care medical settings. Despite evidence of its effectiveness, it has been difficult to implement into the US healthcare system. The upcoming reorganisation of US healthcare will rely heavily on adaptations of this model to improve its uptake and cost-effectiveness.
Restricted host use by the herbivorous amphipod Peramphithoe tea is motivated by food quality and abiotic refuge

There is a growing list of marine invertebrate herbivores known to restrict their host choices to a subset of available species, yet the relative importance of the evolutionary forces that select for specialized feeding habits remain unclear. One such specialist is the gammaridean amphipod Peramphithoe tea (F. Ampithoidae) that restricts its distribution to the brown laminarian seaweed Egregia menziesii in Oregon. A field survey indicated that among available seaweeds in the low intertidal zone of Boiler Bay, Oregon, Egregia housed greater than 90% of P. tea individuals. A set of laboratory-based habitat and feeding choice assays revealed that this specialized host distribution is likely the consequence of choices made by adult P. tea. The restricted host choice is apparently maintained by at least two evolutionary forces. First, a juvenile performance assay indicates that both Egregia and the co-occurring seaweed Alaria marginata, provide high food quality relative to other seaweeds available in the low-intertidal zone. Second, a field transplantation experiment revealed that Egregia protects adult amphipods from becoming dislodged with wave energy more readily than did Alaria. Thus, Egregia’s value as good quality food and refuge from abiotic stress together explain the restricted host use of P. tea. A comparison with previous studies suggests that use of Egregia is not consistent across the geographic range of P. tea, suggesting the possibility that the host preferences of local populations may respond evolutionarily to geographic shifts in seaweed communities.
A One-Step Method for Detecting and Typing Human Papillomavirus DNA in Cervical Scrape Specimens from Women with Cervical Dysplasia

We studied 66 women with a previous dysplastic cervical cytological smear who were referred for colposcopy and biopsy for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, 18, and 31 DNA in cervical specimens. The specimens were analyzed by a novel hybridization method termed reverse blotting, in which cellular DNA is radiolabeled and used to probe a battery of cloned HPV DNAs immobilized on nitrocellulose. Reconstruction experiments demonstrated that this method could detect about one HPV genome equivalent per cell. HPV DNA sequences were detected in 52 (96%) of 54 patients who showed either condylomatous changes or dysplasia by cervical biopsy. HPV-16 was most commonly detected overall and was detected in 61% of moderate or severe dysplastic samples. HPV DNA was also detected in seven of 12 cervical scrapes from women with a history of dysplasia but with either normal or inflammatory changes noted on cervical biopsy. Our results indicate that the reverse-blot method can detect DNA homologous to various HPV types in a single experiment using DNA from the small numbers of cells obtained by cervical scraping.
Adhesion properties of camelina protein fractions isolated with different methods.

Abstract The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of protein extraction methods on the adhesion performance of different camelina protein fractions. Physicochemical properties were also studied, including the electrophoresis profile; rheological, thermal, and morphological properties; and crystallization. Two camelina protein fractions, globulin and glutelins, were isolated from defatted camelina meal using three different methods resulting in total of six protein fractions including globulin 0–2 and glutelin 0–2. Dry adhesion strength of camelina protein adhesives exhibited nearly 100% wood cohesive failure at the curing temperatures of 150–190 °C, except glutelin 2 and globulin 0. The overall adhesion performance of globulin fraction behaved better than glutelin fraction. The greatest wet shear strength of globulin 1 and 2 was around 3.3 MPa, curing at 190 °C. The wet shear strength of glutelin 2 was inferior to glutelin 1 due to the negative effects of NaCl. Glutelin had higher protein aggregation than globulin, as indicated by higher crystallinity, higher thermal stability, and dense protein aggregation. The compact structure of glutelins may partially contribute to their lower adhesion strength.
Electrical conductivity of molten basalt and andesite to 25 kilobars pressure: Geophysical significance and implications for charge transport and melt structure

Electrical conductivities of molten Hawaiian tholeiite and Crater Lake andesite were measured between 1200°C and 1400°C at atmospheric pressure and at pressures up to 17and 25 kbar, respectively. Isobaric plots of log σ versus 1/T (σ is electrical conductivity) are linear, with the exception of the zero pressure tholeiite melt data. Conductivities decrease with increasing pressure in both melts, with the andesitic melt exhibiting a greater pressure dependence. Between 5 and 10 kbar, abrupt decreases in the slopes of isothermal log σ versus P plots (i.e., decreases in activation volume) are observed for both rock melts. This discontinuity probably reflects changes in melt structure, as opposed to changes in conduction mechanism. In each pressure range, the data for each rock melt can be described reasonably well by an equation of the form σ = σ′0 exp[−(Ea + PΔV′σ)/kT], where σ′0 is a preexponential constant, Ea is the activation energy, and ΔV′σ is the activation volume. A qualitative model involving depolymerization of the melt with increased pressure leading to increased efficiency of packing can explain the observed discontinuity in activation volume as well as the observed pressure dependences of other melt physical properties such as viscosity and density. Conductivity versus melt fraction curves for partially molten peridotite are reevaluated using high pressure tholeiitic melt conductivities and crystalline conductivity values recently determined by other workers. Minimum melt fraction estimates of 5–10% are required to explain upper mantle regions of anomalously high electrical conductivity in terms of a partial melting hypothesis.
Nonlinear Internal Waves: A Numerical Investigation of 2D Sloshing

This paper examines internal sloshing motions in 2-D numerical wave tanks subjected to horizontal excitation. In all of the cases studied, the rectangular tank of liquid has a width-to-depth ratio of 2. The results presented are from simulations of internal waves induced by sloshing a density-stratified liquid. Non-linear, viscous flow equations of a Newtonian, Boussinesq liquid are solved. Some of the features of the evolution of sloshing in nearly two-layer and three-layer fluid systems are described. Initially, the middle of the two layers and the center of the middle layer of the three layers are horizontal and located at the center of the tank. The two-layer cases are forced at resonance. The evolution of sloshing from rest is examined. The maximum amplitude of sloshing occurs during the initial transient. If breaking occurs it is at the center of the container in the two-layer cases. The subharmonic forcing of a three-layer case induces a resonant response with the middle layer moving in such a way that motion is perpendicular to the isopycnals within this layer. These model problems provide some insights into the relatively complex sloshing that can occur in density-stratified liquids.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Exponential smoothing: Behavior of the ex-post sum of squares near 0 and 1

When using simple exponential smoothing on a given time series the nature of the relationship between the optimal smoothing constant and the autocorrelation structure of the series remains an unresolved question. Although numerical search routines can easily be used to find optimal values of the smoothing constant, they offer little insight into the nature of the relationship between the estimated smoothing constant and the structure of the underlying time series. We suggest that renewed investigations of the ex-post sum of squares function may prove helpful in this pursuit. Results are presented that illustrate how the optimal smoothing constant depends upon the value used to initialize the smoothing and upon the sample autocorrelation coefficients of the observed series. These results are based on a new formula for the derivative of the ex-post sum of squares function. In particular, the derivative is examined near 0 and 1, where great simplifications occur in its form, thereby facilitating investigations near these points. A necessary and sufficient condition is stated for when the ex-post sum of squares must have a positive derivative at 0 and the autocorrelation coefficients of the differenced series are shown to affect the sign of the derivative near 1. Based on these results, a general algorithm is presented as an alternative to grid search routines for minimizing the ex-post sum of squares.
A Short Synthesis of Tetraalkoxydiborane(4) Reagents

The synthesis of a series of bis(catecholato)diborane(4) compounds, B2(1,2-O2C6H4)2, B2(1,2-O2C6H3Me-4)2, B2(1,2-O2C6H2Me2-3,5)2, B2[1,2-O2C6H3But-4)]2, and B2[1,2-O2C6H2But2-3,5]2, is reported. The compounds have been synthesized by reaction of 1% sodium/mercury amalgam with the corresponding halocatecholboranes, which are cleanly formed from the reaction of BCl3 or BBr3 and catechol. Combining these two steps in one pot, B2[1,2-O2C6H3But-4)]2 was prepared from BCl3 and 4-tert-butylcatechol, and B2[1,2-O2C6H2But2-3,5]2 was prepared from 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol and BBr3 on a multigram scale. Bis(pinacolato)diborane(4) was not formed from reaction of chloropinacolborane and Na/Hg, but it was formed by in situ addition of pinacol to either B2[1,2-O2C6H3But-4)]2 or B2[1,2-O2C6H2But2-3,5]2. Cyclic voltammetry indicated that the reduction potentials of the chlorocatecholborane reactant and of the bis(catecholato)diborane(4) product are similar. These similar potentials make selective reduction of haloborane ...
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and outcomes in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Background Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance which leads to right ventricular failure. Serotonin and the serotonin transporter play an important role in animal and human studies of PAH. We therefore hypothesized that PAH patients treated with high-affinity selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) would have a reduced risk of death compared to PAH patients not treated with SSRIs. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 84 consecutive adult PAH patients who underwent initial evaluation from January 1994 to June 2002 at the Pulmonary Hypertension Center of the New York Presbyterian Hospital. Patient–time while receiving high-affinity SSRIs (Kd<1 nmol) (paroxetine, sertraline, or fluoxetine) was considered “exposed”. Patient–time while receiving tricyclic, atypical, or no antidepressants was considered “unexposed”. Results Thirteen of the 84 patients (15%) used high-affinity SSRIs during the study period. Five patients were taking high-affinity SSRIs at baseline and 8 initiated high-affinity SSRIs during the follow-up period. The median time from baseline evaluation until initiation of high-affinity SSRIs was 125 (0–1227) days. The median duration of high-affinity SSRI use was 482 (110–1624) days and the total at-risk time on high-affinity SSRIs was 18.1 person-years. Seventy-nine (94%) patients were treated with warfarin; 38 (45%) received continuous intravenous epoprostenol; 12 (14%) received continuous subcutaneous treprostinil, and 23 (27%) were treated with oral bosentan. The median follow-up was 764 days. Twenty-four patients died and one underwent lung transplantation during the study period. There were no differences in age, gender, diagnosis, hemodynamics, or incidence of acute vasoreactivity between SSRI users and non-users. The risk of death for high-affinity SSRI users was lower but not statistically significantly different from that of non-users (hazard ratio=0.53, 95% CI 0.07 to 3.9, p=0.53p=0.53). Adjustment for demographics, diagnosis, hemodynamics, or other therapies did not significantly change this result. Conclusions SSRI use was associated with a 50% reduction in the risk of death in a cohort of PAH patients which was not statistically significant. Larger cohort studies may better define this relationship; an adequately powered trial of high-affinity SSRIs in PAH patients may be warranted.
Ligand binding reactions of antibodies specific for folinic acid

Abstract Rabbit antibodies specific for formyltetrahydrofolic acid (folinic acid) were elicited by immunization with a covalent folinic acid-protein conjugate. The binding properties of the antifolinic acid antibodies for a number of ligands have been examined by fluorescence quenching, equilibrium dialysis, and hapten inhibition of specific precipitation. The binding of folic acid by these antibodies resulted in a hypochromic, bathochromic shift in the absorbance spectrum of the ligand which resembled the shift resulting from the binding of folate by chicken liver dihydrofolate reductase. The extensive cross-reaction with 5-methyltetrahydrofolate has been exploited in preliminary efforts to develop a radioimmunoassay for the reduced folates of animal and human serum.
Conceptual Gaps in Circuits Textbooks: A Comparative Study

Many university-level electrical engineering courses continue to use textbooks as curriculum scaffolds, prescribed texts, and/or reference volumes. Textbook reliance is even more pronounced in courses that teach foundational principles of the discipline, such as introductory circuit theory. This paper reports on the conceptual coverage of introductory electric circuit theory as presented in textbooks. More specifically, a comparative study of six texts was performed using an analytic framework based on prior research on conceptual understanding and organized around multiple criteria. The ideas of conceptual framework and conceptual links are used to identify potential conceptual gaps in each textbook. This analysis reveals that the majority of the books are missing many important conceptual features. Findings from this study can be beneficial for authors as they develop new editions of books, and for instructors as they evaluate and select texts for use in their courses. This study can also inform ongoing efforts to both develop more effective instructional materials and investigate how textbooks affect conceptual understanding.
Helicity and Thermal Convection with Shear

Abstract The relations between nonlinear energy transport and helicity of the flow are studied through simulations of thermal convection with mean shear. Parallel-plate convection with a rotating mean shear, a linear undirectional shear, a parabolic undirectional shear, and without background flow is simulated by performing direct numerical simulations with periodic boundary conditions in the horizontal directions and a no-slip condition in the vertical. The results indicate that the normalized three-dimensional nonlinear energy transfer among scales is inversely correlated with the squared relative helicity of the flow.The buoyancy-forced convective elements in parallel-plate convection with a curved mean shear are more likely to be helical than are those with other types of mean shear. The disturbance helicity budgets are then analyzed to study the sources of eddy helicity. The budgets show that the transfer of helicity from the mean flow and the enhancement by buoyancy are both dominant sources.
Adaptive linear prediction with power-of-two coefficients

When digital filters are designed with power-of-two coefficients, the multiplications can be implemented by simple shifting operations. For VLSI implementations, multiplierless filters are faster and more compact than filters with multipliers. In this paper, an algorithm is designed to find and update the power-of-two coefficients of an adaptive filter. The new method uses the well known genetic algorithm (GA) for this purpose. The GA is used in a unique way in order to reduce computations. Small blocks of data are used for the GA and only one new generation is produced per sample of data. This coupled with fact that the coefficients are power-of-two, yields a computational complexity of O(N) additions and no multiplications. Examples are given for adaptive linear prediction. The results are very promising and illustrate the performance of the new algorithm.
Points where univalent functions may coincide

Let be a Blaschke sequence of points in the unit disk, with , such that converges to a point ζon the unit circle. We prove that if then there exists a pair of bounded univalent functions f and g, with f(0)=g(0)=0 and f′(0)=g′(0)=1, such that f(z)=g(z) if and only if .This result, and another slight extension of this result, gives a partial solution to a problem of P. L. Duren and A. Obrock.
A concurrent processing framework for the set partitioning problem

A scheme for domain decomposition of the set partitioning problem is presented. Similar to the exploitation of special structure to improve algorithm performance, special structure can be exploited to divide the set partitioning problem into smaller subproblems. Real-world set partitioning problems from the airline industry are used to study the potential advantages of solving multiple subproblems to identify optimal solutions. The results of the study show that the decomposition is especially successful when applied to large problems that are difficult when solved using a single processor. For these cases, decomposition was able to produce smaller problems that, in the majority of cases, were far easier to solve than the original problem. Also, optimal solutions were identified in significantly less time than the time taken to solve the original problem. The results suggest that concurrent processing of subproblems should be investigated as an alternative method for solving large set partitioning problems typically encountered in real-world applications.
Variability in Couplon Size in Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes

Variation in couplon size is thought to be essential for graded Ca(2+) transients in cardiac myocytes. We examined this variation by investigating spark appearance in rabbit ventricular myocytes at various locations and at potentials from -20 to 0 mV. At 0 mV, sparks appeared at the beginning of the voltage step with a probability of unity. On the other hand, at -20 mV, sparks appeared later during the voltage step with a lower probability. The cumulative spark probabilities at various potentials were fitted with exponential functions of both time and voltage. Spark latency became longer as spark probability decreased at more negative potentials. At -20 mV, the cumulative spark probability and the mean spark latency were not only variable among locations but also inversely related. Under the assumption that a single opening of an L-type Ca(2+) channel triggers a spark, we suggest a simple mathematical explanation for the distribution of spark appearance. The variation in spark probability and latency with location suggests that the couplon size, and hence the number of L-type Ca(2+) channels in a couplon is variable.
Cancer-Preventive Peptide Lunasin from Solanum nigrum L. Inhibits Acetylation of Core Histones H3 and H4 and Phosphorylation of Retinoblastoma Protein (Rb)

Lunasin, a unique 43 amino acid, 4.8 kDa cancer-chemopreventive peptide initially reported in soybean and now found in barley and wheat, has been shown to be cancer-chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model against oncogenes and chemical carcinogens. To identify bioactive components in traditional herbal medicines and in search for new sources of lunasin, we report here the properties of lunasin from Solanum nigrum L. (SNL), a plant indigenous to northeast Asia. Lunasin was screened in the crude extracts of five varieties of the medicinal plants of Solanaceae origin and seven other major herbal plants. An in vitro digestion stability assay for measuring bioavailability was carried out on SNL crude protein and autoclaved SNL using pepsin and pancreatin. A nonradioactive histone acetyltransferase (HAT) assay and HAT activity colorimetric assay were used to measure the inhibition of core histone acetylation. The inhibitory effect of lunasin on the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) was determined by immunoblotting against phospho-Rb. Lunasin isolated from autoclaved SNL inhibited core histone H3 and H4 acetylation, the activities of the HATs, and the phosphorylation of the Rb protein. Lunasin in the crude protein and in the autoclaved crude protein was very stable to pepsin and pancreatin in vitro digestion, while the synthetic pure lunasin was digested at 2 min after the reaction. We conclude that lunasin is a bioactive and bioavailable component in SNL and that consumption of SNL may play an important role in cancer prevention.
Specific Heats Cv of Fluid Oxygen from the Triple Point to 300 K at Pressures to 350 Atmospheres.

Experimental specific heats at constant volume for oxygen in single phase domains are reported from the triple point to 300 K at pressures to 350 atmospheres. An empirical equation with seven constants describes these specific heats over the entire domain of ρ-T coordinates to within the experimental accuracy of 1 to 2 percent. Values for the terminal slopes of PVT isochores at the coexistence boundary, (∂P/∂T) υ , are derived for the liquid.
A communal model for presumed consent for research on the neurologically vulnerable.

(1996). A communal model for presumed consent for research on the neurologically vulnerable. Accountability in Research: Vol. 4, No. 3-4, pp. 227-239.
Denervation supersensitivity of 5-HT-1c receptors in rat choroid plexus

Serotonin (5-HT)-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the choroid plexus is mediated by the 5-HT-1c receptor. The current study demonstrates that treatment of rats with the serotonergic neurotoxin, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, caused a marked depletion of 5-HT and a supersensitive 5-HT-1c mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis response. These data suggest that the 5-HT-1c site in choroid plexus receives tonic serotonergic input.
Some properties of convex hulls of integer points contained in general convex sets

In this paper, we study properties of general closed convex sets that determine the closedness and polyhedrality of the convex hull of integer points contained in it. We first present necessary and sufficient conditions for the convex hull of integer points contained in a general convex set to be closed. This leads to useful results for special classes of convex sets such as pointed cones, strictly convex sets, and sets containing integer points in their interior. We then present a sufficient condition for the convex hull of integer points in general convex sets to be a polyhedron. This result generalizes the well-known result due to Meyer (Math Program 7:223–225, 1974). Under a simple technical assumption, we show that these sufficient conditions are also necessary for the convex hull of integer points contained in general convex sets to be a polyhedron.