cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Destruction of US Minority Urban Communities and the Resurgence of Tuberculosis: Ecosystem Dynamics of the White Plague in the Dedeveloping World

Techniques from population and community ecology and from conservation biology are applied to the growing tuberculosis (TB) epidemic now focused in many US urban minority communities. Modification of a simple spatial model of TB to include the effects of recurring social, political, economic, and other catastrophes shows that a sudden increase in the rate of such factors can markedly and synergistically lower the threshold area density of susceptible population needed for transmission of the disease from an epicenter into surrounding regions, triggering a sudden outbreak of disease from previously endemic or declining epicenters. Detailed application is made to New York City, where a recurrent process of fire, housing abandonment, and forced population displacement affecting poor minority communities threatens to spread multiple drug-resistant strains of the disease throughout a twenty-four-county metropolitan region containing nearly twenty million people. Our work is to be contrasted with that of Blower...
Working Couples Caring for Children and Aging Parents ‐ by Margaret B. Neal and Leslie B. Hammer

Foreword by Kathleen Christensen • Series Foreword PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1. The Sandwiched Generation: Introduction2. Employer and Governmental Initiatives Affecting Work and Family Life in the United States3. A Brief Overview of Supports Provided to Working Caregivers in Countries Other than the U.S. 4. Theoretical Perspectives on the Work-Family InterfacePART 2: FINDINGS FROM A NATIONAL STUDY5. Who are Working, “Sandwiched-Generation” Couples?6. How Couples are Doing: The Effects of Being Sandwiched On Work-Family Fit, Well-Being and Work 7. Development of a Model of Work-Family Coping Strategies and Advice from Couples8. Work-Family Coping Strategies: Effects on Work-Family Fit, Well-Being, and Work9.Title/School Workplace Supports: Effects on Work-Family Fit, Well-Being and Work 10. Changes in Work and Family Roles and Outcomes Over TimePART 3: EFFECTING CHANGE—WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE? 11. Summary of Major Findings and Recommendations for
Conceptualizing and Measuring Organizational Environments: A Critique and Suggestions:

This article reviews and critiques Sharfnan and Dean's (1991) approach to the conceptualization and measurement of organizational environments. We raise three major issues that need to be addressed in order to enhance the reliability and validity of their environmental measures. These are concerns about the dimensionality of environmental constructs, problems associated with the measurement of environmental variables, and limitations regarding the predictive validity of the study.
Prevalence of renal anomalies after urinary tract infections in hospitalized infants less than 2 months of age

Prevalence of renal anomalies after urinary tract infections in hospitalized infants less than 2 months of age
Unblocking as a function of shock reduction

Contrasting predictions from Mackintosh and Turner’s (1971) selective attention account and Rescorla and Wagner’s (1972) nonselective account of unblocking were tested within a CER procedure employing UCS magnitude reduction. Magnitude of the UCS remained constant throughout all training stages for a blocking control group. The associative strength of a CS (light) introduced concurrently with UCS reduction was assessed in the third training stage. In that stage, reinforced presentations of tone (a “neutral” stimulus) were randomly intermingled with nonreinforced presentations of the tone-light compound. Rate of acquisition of inhibition to the compound did not differ significantly for the two groups, a result which was discussed in terms of Mackintosh’s (1975) revision of attention theory. Suppression to tone was significantly greater in the unblocking group than in the blocking control group, a result which calls into question the adequacy of CER designs in which shock intensity is varied.
Design and optimization of high-frequency diode lasers

The design of high frequency lasers involves three issues. These are: a) Design and choice of structures with low parasitics. b) Low parasitics packaging techniques. c) Maximized intrinsic frequency response. The first two issues have been discussed at length in the literatures. We will concentrate on the third issue regarding the technique for maximizing the intrinsic frequency response and the possible bandwith limitation due to excessive damping cause by nonlinear gain.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fractionation of suspension cultures of wild carrot and kinetics of membrane labeling

Wild carrot (Daucus carota L.) cells, grown in suspension culture, were labeled with radioactive precursors and fractionated into constituent membranes to be analyzed for specific radioactivity. Results show rapid incorporation of [3H] leucine into endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-, Golgi apparatus-, and plasma membrane/tonoplast-enriched fractions. The time lag between incorporation into ER and its appearance in Golgi apparatus or plasma membrane/tonoplast were less than 5 minutes. With an average time of 3–4 minutes for cisternal formation estimated from studies with monensin, and an average of 5 cisternae per dictyosome (total transit time of 15–20 minutes), it was not possible to account for early incorporation of radioactivity into plasma membranes by passage of proteins from ER to plasma membrane via the Golgi apparatus. To account for the findings, it would appear that at least some proteins were delivered to the plasma membrane via the first membranes that exited (i.e., mature face vesicles) from the Golgi apparatus post-pulse and that some of these proteins had been translated and inserted into membranes at or near the mature face of the Golgi apparatus.
412-POSITIVE MESODERMAL CELLS AND THE GONADAL MESODERM ARE SEPARATE FROM THE FAT-CELL LINEAGE

The Drosophila retrotransposon, 412, is expressed in a cell-specifie manner during embryogenesis. At stage 11, 412 transcripts are present in bilateral clusters of cells within the mesoderm. The posterior clusters of 412-positive cells become associated with the gonads at stage 13; however, the fate of the cells in the remaining clusters is unknown. We have tested byin situ hybridization to whole-mount embryos the possible identity of these cells with known precursor cell types present in bilateral clusters. We simultaneously located the 412-positive cells and the precursor cells to visceral muscle or the fat body. We have determined that the 412-positive cells do not correspond to these precursor cells and that the development of the visceral muscle or fat body does not affect the expression of 412 during embryogenesis.
A novel algorithm for analysis of surface plasmon polaritons in metallic thin films

Electromagnetic scattering from periodic objects is of particular interest because they support waves bound to the surface of the structure. Specifically, dielectrics with negative real permittivity support charge density oscillations known as surface plasmons. The coupling between a surface wave and charge density oscillation is the so-called surface plasmon polariton (SPP). Research into nano-plasmon optics is growing into a rich research field, with far reaching implications. Metal films perforated by periodically distributed holes exhibit stronger transmission than that predicted by geometrical optics. Numerical modelling of perforated metal structures presents several computational challenges. Researchers have resorted to both volume and surface integral equations to model these effects. However, since the holes occupy only 5% of the area of the film, and the material itself has a large negative real permittivity, the discretization has to be sufficiently dense to capture the wave physics. We present an alternative method that is considerably more efficient, and requires only the region inside the hole to be meshed. The integral equation formulation of the scattering problem is presented. The periodic Green's function for a layered medium is described. A method of moments scheme is detailed and some preliminary results are presented.
A Negative Urinalysis Rules Out Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection in Trauma Patients in the Intensive Care Unit

Background Urinary tract infection (UTI) in trauma patients is associated with increased mortality. Whether the urinalysis (UA) is an adequate test for a urinary source of fever in the ICU trauma patient has not been demonstrated. We hypothesized that the UA is a valuable screen for UTI in the febrile, critically ill trauma patient. Study Design All trauma ICU patients in our surgical ICU who had a fever (temperature >38.0°C), urinary catheter, UA, and a urine culture between January 1, 2011 and December 13, 2011 were reviewed. A positive UA was defined as positive leukocyte esterase, positive nitrite, WBC > 10/high power field, or presence of bacteria. A positive urine culture was defined as growth of ≥10 5 colony forming units (cfu) of an organism irrespective of the UA result or ≥10 3 cfu in the setting of a positive UA. A UTI was defined as positive urine culture without an alternative cause of the fever. Results There were 232 UAs from 112 patients that met criteria. The majority (75%) of patients were men; the mean age was 40 (±16) years. Of the 232 UAs, 90 (38.7%) were positive. There were 14 UTIs. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the UA for UTI were 100%, 65.1%, 15.5%, and 100%, respectively. Conclusions A negative UA reliably excludes a catheter-associated UTI in the febrile, trauma ICU patient with a 100% negative predictive value, and it can rapidly direct the clinician toward more likely sources of fever and reduce unnecessary urine cultures.
Walter R.G. Baker and the advent of commercial television in 1941 [Scanning the Past]

The role of Walter R.G. Baker, who worked for the General Electric Company and served as chairman of the National Television System Committee (NTSC) and who played a major role in the resolution of conflicting views in the early development of the television industry is discussed. The NTSC standards that have lasted to the 1990s included a 525 line picture with interlaced scanning at 30 frames per second and a channel bandwidth of 6 MHz. Baker presided over the NTSC from July 1940 to March 1941 and also served as chairman of the second NTSC that formulated standards for color television in the early 1950s.
Defence and territorial behaviour dissociated by hypothalamic lesions in the rat.

IT has been pointed out that much of the literature on brain mechanisms of aggression fails to distinguish between different kinds of aggressive behaviour, and that this may account for some of the apparent contradictions in different publications1. In the experiments reported here the effects of hypothalamic lesions were measured on two different types of aggressive behaviour: defence behaviour, which consists of a defensive upright posture and boxing in the shock box; and territorial behaviour, which consists of the offensive side posture and the full attack posture with biting and kicking by a socially isolated home rat against an intruder. These postures associated with social interactions are quite stereotyped in the rat. They are also present in modified form in other rodents and have been illustrated and catalogued previously2.
Nuevos conceptos sobre los mecanismos de la fibrilación ventricular

La fibrilacion ventricular es la principal arritmia causante de muerte subita cardiaca; sin embargo, su mecanismo detallado es aun dificil de explicar. La fibrilacion ventricular ha sido definida como una actividad electrica cardiaca «turbulenta», termino que nos transmite la idea de una activacion desorganizada y totalmente aleatoria de los ventriculos. En este articulo se discuten los resultados de experimentos publicados recientemente en los que se utilizo un nuevo algoritmo, la «cartografia bidimensional de fases », que asigna un estado de fase a cada segmento del potencial de accion transmembrana y demuestra que la propagacion de ondas durante la fibrilacion ventricular no es aleatoria y puede, ademas, ser analizada cuantitativamente. Esta tecnica se basa en la grabacion en video de imagenes de la fluorescencia de un colorante sensible a los cambios de voltaje, que permite observar simultaneamente, en corazones de conejos y ovejas, los cambios del potencial transmembrana de miles de puntos en la superficie epicardica ventricular. En el analisis del electrocardiograma durante la fibrilacion ventricular se observa un componente predominante de frecuencia cercano a los 500 lat/min. El mapa de fases revela que la fibrilacion ventricular depende de la rotacion de lineas convergentes alrededor de «puntos singulares», en los que el estado de fase es indefinido, dando la apariencia de torbellinos electricos que rotan a frecuencias que pueden ser mas altas que las que se observan en el electrocardiograma. Dichos puntos singulares, formados como consecuencia de la interaccion de frentes de onda con obstaculos que encuentran en su camino, son escasos en numero y de vida relativamente corta. La observacion mas importante es la existencia de un alto grado de organizacion, tanto espacial como temporal, en la fibrilacion cardiaca. Estos resultados preparan el terreno para un mejor entendimiento de los mecanismos de la fibrilacion ventricular, tanto en corazones sanos como enfermos.
A relationship between circulating natural glucocorticoids and the mechanical responses of the heart in atricial and precocial rodents.

Abstract 1. 1. A comparison was made of the mechanical performance of heart muscle from mouse, an atricial mammal, with corticosterone as glucocorticoid and spiny mouse ( Acomys cahirinus ), a precocial mammal, with cortisol as glucocorticoid. 2. 2. Force-frequency responses were negative in mouse and positive in spiny mouse. 3. 3. During recovery, there was a gradual increase and an overshoot in the mouse, while in the spiny mouse there was an initial enhanced response, diminishing gradually with time. 4. 4. High calcium concentration inhibited contractile tension in mouse heart, while it was positively inotropic in spiny mouse heart. Changes in the concentration of calcium did not change the patterns of force-frequency response. 5. 5. Lowering the experimental temperature increased the time course and amplitude of the tension curve. However, various parameters exhibited different temperature sensitivity. 6. 6. There was a significant difference in the levels of circulating cortisol between male and female spiny mice. 7. 7. It is proposed that the differences in the mechanical responses of mouse and spiny mouse hearts may be explained in terms of the effects of the specific glucocorticoid hormone on the development of the sodium-calcium exchanger.
Educational initiatives in teaching membrane technology

Abstract Educational initiatives are important for the continued growth of membrane technology. Recent studies have documented the need to improve undergraduate science and engineering programs by incorporating more subject matter on modern separations. Membrane processes are vital to many of the emerging engineering fields. Scientists and engineers need to be knowledgeable in this area. Manhattan College has received funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to improve the infrastructure of undergraduate engineering education. We have integrated membrane technology into the chemical engineering curriculum and have developed model laboratory experiments. An NSF-sponsored Undergraduate Faculty Enhancement Workshop was held July 29–August 7, 1991, at Manhattan College. This was a unique workshop bringing together faculty from across the country with leading experts in the field to learn about the latest advances and investigate methods of curriculum/laboratory development. The workshop had sessions devoted to various membrane processes, and workshop participants obtained hands-on laboratory experience with bench and pilot-scale membrane systems.
Aristotle on Various Types of Alteration in De Anima II 5

In De Anima II 5,417a21-b16, Aristotle makes a number of distinctions between types of transitions, affections, and alterations. The objective of this paper is to sort out the relationships between these distinctions by means of determining which of the distinguished types of change can be coextensive and which cannot, and which can overlap and which cannot. From the results of this analysis, an interpretation of 417a21-b16 is then constructed that differs from previous interpretations in certain important respects, chief among which is its characterization of transitions from first potentiality to first actuality, e.g., learning, not as 'ordinary alterations', but rather as acquisitions of natural dispositions or faculties.
Altered regulation of epstein‐barr virus induced lymphoblast proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis lymphoid cells

An empiric observation of the rapid development of B lymphoblast cell lines after in vitro infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) led us to compare cellular regulation of EBV-induced lymphoblast outgrowth in RA and normal lymphoid cell populations. We found that RA PBM developed proliferating B lymphoblast colonies in a median time of 10 days after exposure to an EBV containing culture supernatant, while normal PBM took 18 days to grow out under the same conditions. The more rapid outgrowth of RA cells was not due to therapy with antiinflammatory or antirheumatic drugs. The time to outgrowth of the normal cells decreased to 11 days after T cell depletion. T cell depletion of the RA cells had less effect on the time to outgrowth but it was shortened to 8 days. B lymphoblast cell lines were established from “purified” T cell populations from 18 of 20 RA patients, while populations of T cells from normal donors with the same percentage of T and B cells did not produce lymphoblast cell lines when infected with EBV. In addition, we found that the non- T lymphoid cells from 7 of 20 RA patients established permanent B lymphoblast cell lines spontaneously without EBV infection. Spontaneous outgrowth of lymphoid cells from normal donors occurred only once in 48 experiments. These results indicate abnormalities in cell-mediated regulation of EBV-induced cell proliferation in lymphoid cells from patients with RA.
Larval Development of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Effects of Larval Density on Larval Mortality and Injury to Rhododendron

The 6 larval instars of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) completed development from eggs inoculated to container-grown rhododendron in 84 or 211 days when grown indoors or outdoors, respectively. Larval mortality was greatest during instars I–III. During instars IV–VI, mortality increased with increasing insect density. Underground stem tissue was fed on exclusively by instars IV–VI and the amount of tissue removed increased with larval density.
Propylene deep oxidation on the Pt(111) surface: temperature programmed studies over extended coverage ranges

Abstract Propylene oxidation was studied on the Pt(111) surface over a wide range of reaction stoichiometries using temperature programmed methods. Reaction of propylene with excess oxygen results in complete oxidation to water and carbon dioxide, with oxydehydrogenation to form water beginning at 290 K. The initiation of skeletal oxidation occurs after water formation begins, except for the highest propylene coverages. A stable dehydrogenated intermediate with a C 3 H 5 stoichiometry is formed in the 300 K temperature range during oxidation. Reaction of propylene with substoichiometric amounts of oxygen results in incomplete oxidation with hydrocarbon decomposition dominating after depletion of surface oxygen. Increasing oxygen coverage results in more complete oxidation. Oxidation processes result in water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, while decomposition results in hydrogen, propylene, and propane desorption with some surface carbon remaining. Propylene- d 6 and selectively labeled propylene-3,3,3- d 3 (CH 2 CHCD 3 ) experiments indicated initial water formation results from oxydehydrogenation of one of the olefinic hydrogens. At the highest propylene and oxygen coverages studied, we observed small amounts of partial oxidation which indicate that the vinyl hydrogen is removed initially, resulting in the formation of an adsorbed H 2 CCCH 3 intermediate. The partial oxidation products observed are acetone desorbing at 200 K and acetic acid at 320 K. Removal of the first skeletal carbon begins at 320 K, except for the highest propylene coverages. Preadsorption of molecular oxygen limits adsorption of propylene and preadsorption of propylene limits molecular oxygen adsorption at 110 K. Similar oxidation mechanisms are observed following initial adsorption of both molecular and atomic oxygen, which is expected since molecular oxygen dissociates and/or desorbs well below oxidation temperatures.
New applications of a generalized Hooke’s law for second gradient materials

We provide analytical solutions to the problems of a circular bending of a beam in plane strain and the torsion of a non-circular cross-section beam, the beams obeying a second-gradient elasticity law proposed by the author, following a previous suggestion of Dell’Isola et al. (2009). The motivation was to find benchmark analytical solutions that can serve to grasp the physical foundations of second gradient elasticity laws for heterogeneous materials. The analytical solution of the circular beam problem presents the additional advantage to establish some nice properties on the unknown second gradient elastic moduli introduced by Enakoutsa (2014) model and the classical elasticity constants for both incompressible and compressible heterogeneous elastic materials. A framework to find the elastic moduli of the new model is also proposed.
The academic achievement of American Indians

Abstract The academic achievement of American Indians has not been extensively studied. Using NAEP supplements, we find that the average achievement relative to white students resembles other disadvantaged groups. However, there are several differences. Family characteristics explain two times as much of the raw gap as for blacks. School factors also account for a larger portion of the gap than for blacks or Hispanics. The distribution is also strikingly different: low performing American Indian students have a substantially larger gap than high performing students. Finally, racial self-identification is more strongly related to achievement, especially as American Indian students age.
SU-FF-J-119: Accuracy of Using Deformable Image Registration to Map Computed Dose Distributions From Treatment Planning CT to Individual Phase CTs

Purpose: Current clinical practice assumes the treatment planningdose distribution is representative of the delivered dose distribution despite organ motion. We investigate the effect of respiratory motion on calculated four‐dimensional dose distributions, accuracy of only computing dose on a reference free‐breathing (FB) CT, and whether dose distributions mapped through deformable image registration (DIR) using a reference computed dose distribution can replace individually calculated dose distributions. Method and Materials: Data for this study was chosen from those patients undergoing radiation therapy for lungcancer, and accompanying 10‐phase 4DCT datasets. Two patients exhibited tumor motion >0.5cm, while two exhibited motion <0.5cm. Dose distributions were calculated on each phase of the 4D dataset. The Juggler DIR algorithm was used to calculate deformation vectors between the FBCT and each phase of the 4DCT for each patient. This vector field was then applied to the FB dose distribution to deform it onto each of the phases. Results: For individual phase dose distributions compared to their respective FB dose distributions, average agreement between dose voxels of 54.6%, 73.6%, and 84.7% were observed for 2%, 5%, and 10% dose difference thresholds. Differences between average calculated dose and average deformed dose ranged from 73.6%–78.5% dose voxels agreement for 5% dose difference, and 83.8–87.5% for 10% dose difference. Differences between average calculated dose and FB calculated dose ranged from 66.7%–79.6% for 5% dose difference, and 77.1%–89.1% for 10% dose difference. Conclusion: The accuracy of using the dose distribution computed on the FB CT only, which represents the standard clinical practice, as opposed to the ideal case of using the dose calculated on each individual phase is of the same accuracy as using DIR to remap the FB dose distribution onto individual phases. Accuracy of DIR for dose mapping was insensitive to range of tumor motion.
Ammonia induced decrease in glial fibrillary acidic protein in cultured astrocytes

Previous studies of human hepatic encephalopathy (HE) have shown decreased levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in Alzheimer type II astrocytes. In view of the important role of ammonia in the pathogenesis of HE, we carried out immunocytochemical and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) studies on the effect of ammonium chloride (10 mM) on GFAP content in primary astrocyte cultures. There was a 39% loss of GFAP after a four day treatment. There was no fall in total cell protein. Potential mechanisms for this apparent selective loss of GFAP are discussed.
Constancy of temperatures at Fish Springs, Utah

Comparison of recently recorded temperatures at Fish Springs, Tooele County, Utah, with a series of measurements made by Gilbert [1928, pp. 72–73 and pl. 31; Ives, 1946] in 1879, discloses that neither individual springs nor the group of thermal springs as a whole have changed temperature significantly during the elapsed 65 years.
Determination of Top-of-Atmosphere Longwave Radiative Fluxes: A Comparison Between Two Approaches Using ScaRaB Data

Two conceptually different approaches (broadband-based ERBE and narrowband-based ISCCP approaches), used to derive the TOA longwave radiative fluxes, are compared using the ScaRaB simultaneous narrowband and broadband measurements. This study directly shows that the ERBE MLE-derived cloud covers implicitly contain some information on the cloud optical properties. A spurious view-zenith-angle dependence of the MLE scene identification scheme is confirmed by this study. Except for very thin cirrus clouds, differences between the ERBE and ISCCP approaches are in general < 10 W/sq m for the TOA LW radiative fluxes. For clear pixels, the model calculated (ISCCP approach) TOA LW radiances are systematically smaller than the observations. Though the bias is found to be correlated on the column precipitable water amount, the exact source of this discrepancy remains undetermined and merits further study. Compared with the radiative transfer model used in this study, the ERBE LW ADMs are too weakly limb-darkened for optically thin clouds, but too strongly limb-darkened for optically thick clouds, indicating that more accurate instantaneous TOA LW flux estimations from the ERBE approach would require additional cloud classes based on cloud height and optical thickness.
Geographic size variation in rock pigeons, Columba livia

Abstract The rock pigeon Columba livia has a large Afro‐Eurasian distribution throughout which it shows significant variation in size. Individuals from the British Isles are of intermediate size, and those to the south and at eastern Mediterranean localities are smaller. East of Iraq, however, and extending through Pakistan to the Himalayas, sizes average from intermediate to decidedly large. Interior populations of the North African desert have small individuals, whether from low or high elevations. Current infraspecific taxonomy does not accurately reflect size variation.
Statecharts for Gene Network Modeling

State diagrams (stategraphs) are suitable for describing the behavior of dynamic systems. However, when they are used to model large and complex systems, determining the states and transitions among them can be overwhelming, due to their flat, unstratified structure. In this article, we present the use of statecharts as a novel way of modeling complex gene networks. Statecharts extend conventional state diagrams with features such as nested hierarchy, recursion, and concurrency. These features are commonly utilized in engineering for designing complex systems and can enable us to model complex gene networks in an efficient and systematic way. We modeled five key gene network motifs, simple regulation, autoregulation, feed-forward loop, single-input module, and dense overlapping regulon, using statecharts. Specifically, utilizing nested hierarchy and recursion, we were able to model a complex interlocked feed-forward loop network in a highly structured way, demonstrating the potential of our approach for modeling large and complex gene networks.
An efficient synthesis of 4,4′,5,5′-tetraiododibenzo-24-crown-8 and its highly conjugated derivatives

4,4′,5,5′-Tetraiododibenzo-24-crown-8 (9), a practical building block, was prepared under efficient and mild reaction conditions starting from the simple starting material, catechol (1). Highly conjugated 4,4′,5,5′-tetraethynyldibenzo-24-crown-8 (10a,b) were prepared via a Sonogashira coupling reaction from tetraiodocrown ether 9. These highly conjugated crown ethers form complexes in CD2Cl2 with dibenzylammonium hexafluorophosphate in a 1:1 ratio. Emission spectrum of pseudorotaxane 11 shows a dramatic shift from the non-complexed precursor.
User effort minimization through adaptive diversification

Ambiguous queries, which are typical on search engines and recommendation systems, often return a large number of results from multiple interpretations. Given that many users often perform their searches on limited size screens (e.g. mobile phones), an important problem is which results to display first. Recent work has suggested displaying a set of results (Top-k) based on their relevance score with respect to the query and their diversity with respect to each other. However, previous works balance relevance and diversity mostly by a predefined fixed way. In this paper, we show that for different search tasks there is a different ideal balance of relevance and diversity. We propose a principled method for adaptive diversification of query results that minimizes the user effort to find the desired results, by dynamically balancing the relevance and diversity at each query step (e.g. when refining the query or viewing the next page of results). We introduce a navigation cost model as a means to estimate the effort required to navigate the query-results, and show that the problem of estimating the ideal amount of diversification at each step is NP-Hard. We propose an efficient approximate algorithm to select a near-optimal subset of the query results that minimizes the expected user effort. Finally we demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of our solution in minimizing user effort, compared to state-of-the-art ranking methods, by means of an extensive experimental evaluation and a comprehensive user study on Amazon Mechanical Turk.
The Myth of Efficiency: Technology and Ethics in Industrial Food Production

In this paper, we explore how the application of technological tools has reshaped food production systems in ways that foster large-scale outbreaks of foodborne illness. Outbreaks of foodborne illness have received increasing attention in recent years, resulting in a growing awareness of the negative impacts associated with industrial food production. These trends indicate a need to examine systemic causes of outbreaks and how they are being addressed. In this paper, we analyze outbreaks linked to ground beef and salad greens. These case studies are informed by personal interviews, site visits, and an extensive review of government documents and peer-reviewed literature. To explore these cases, we draw from actor-network theory and political economy to analyze the relationships between technological tools, the design of industrial production systems, and the emergence and spread of pathogenic bacteria. We also examine if current responses to outbreaks represent reflexive change. Lastly, we use the myth of Prometheus to discuss ethical issues regarding the use of technology in food production. Our findings indicate that current tools and systems were designed with a narrow focus on economic efficiency, while overlooking relationships with pathogenic bacteria and negative social impacts. In addition, we find that current responses to outbreaks do not represent reflexive change and a continued reliance on technological fixes to systemic problems may result in greater problems in the future. We argue that much can be learned from the myth of Prometheus. In particular, justice and reverence need to play a more significant role in guiding production decisions.
Periodic Table: Historical Aspects

The periodic table effectively embodies a summary of the entire realm of chemistry. Because of this, the table is one of the most important classifications of the natural world. However, the table could not be constructed before the concept of the chemical element had been clarified in the mid-seventeenth century. Additionally, an ordering of the elements was not possible until a method had been devised of associating a number with each element, that is, the atomic weight or, nowadays, the atomic number. The periodic table evolved gradually over half a century, starting with the ordered triads of elements of Dobereiner in 1817 and culminating in the publication of the 63-element table of Mendeleev in 1869. After its appearance, the table was confronted with several problems, including the accommodation of the noble gases, allowance for the existence of elemental isotopes, and the placement of the lanthanide and actinide elements. In spite of many such challenges, the periodic table has stood the test of time and is now widely viewed as one of the greatest achievements of the human intellect. Keywords: periodic table; chemical elements; atomic number; history; classification; Mendeleev; periodicity
Cortical spatio-temporal dynamics underlying phonological target detection in humans

Selective processing of task-relevant stimuli is critical for goal-directed behavior. We used electrocorticography to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of cortical activation during a simple phonological target detection task, in which subjects press a button when a prespecified target syllable sound is heard. Simultaneous surface potential recordings during this task revealed a highly ordered temporal progression of high gamma (HG, 70-200 Hz) activity across the lateral hemisphere in less than 1 sec. The sequence demonstrated concurrent regional sensory processing of speech syllables in the posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG) and speech motor cortex, and then transitioned to sequential task-dependent processing from prefrontal cortex (PFC), to the final motor response in the hand sensorimotor cortex. STG activation was modestly enhanced for target over nontarget sounds, supporting a selective gain mechanism in early sensory processing, whereas PFC was entirely selective to targets, supporting its role in guiding response behavior. These results reveal that target detection is not a single cognitive event, but rather a process of progressive target selectivity that involves large-scale rapid parallel and serial processing in sensory, cognitive, and motor structures to support goal-directed human behavior.
Flavor and quality changes in sweet onions during storage at room temperature

Flavor and quality parameters of onions (Allium cepa ‘Walla Walla Sweet’) were monitored for up to 7 weeks following harvest. Shelf-life of bulbs harvested earlier in the season was shorter than that of onions harvested 3 weeks later. Soluble solids of inner scales and average pyruvate, 3,4-dimethyl thiophene and disulfides content increased during the 4 week shelf-life at 22C of the onions harvested in June. These increases resulted in the final contents to be comparable to those of onions harvested on July 2, 1992, which were relatively stable. The pyruvate concentration was comparable to that of a mild, nonpungent onion. Correlations between pyruvate, thiophene and soluble solids were not significant. The relationship between 3,4-dimethyl thiophene, disulfides and onion flavor is discussed.
Factors Influencing Simulated Changes in Future Arctic Cloudiness

AbstractThis study diagnoses the changes in Arctic clouds simulated by the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) in a transient 2 × CO2 simulation. Four experiments—one fully coupled and three with prescribed SSTs and/or sea ice cover—are used to identify the mechanisms responsible for the projected cloud changes. The target simulation uses a T42 version of the CCSM3, in which the atmosphere is coupled to a dynamical ocean with mobile sea ice. This simulation is approximated by a T42 atmosphere-only integration using CCSM3’s atmospheric component [the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3)] forced at its lower boundary with the changes in both SSTs and sea ice concentration from CCSM3’s 2 × CO2 run. The authors decompose the combined effect of the higher SSTs and reduced sea ice concentration on the Arctic cloud response in this experiment by running two additional CAM3 simulations: one forced with modern SSTs and the projected sea ice cover changes in CCSM3 and the other forced with moder...
This Is 1987, Not 1980: A Comment on a Comment

A comparison of Baker and de Kanter (1981, 1983) and Willig (1985) on three points relevant to current policy debates in bilingual education shows that issues driving the original report are moot in 1987 and that Willig provides more useful information, adheres more closely to accepted terminology, and restricts itself to a more relevant body of literature than does Baker and de Kanter. Baker’s “Comment” (1987) that Willig failed to replicate the original study misses the point; Willig represents a conceptual and methodological advance over that study. Moreover, in the years since Baker and de Kanter was issued, a new body of more technically sound research has been produced that is more relevant to current debates.
Gender-Bias Hate Crimes A Review

Currently, hate crimes and hate crime policy are receiving increased public and scholarly attention. Much of the attention has been focused on crimes committed out of bias toward a victim's membership in a group based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin. However, more recently, gender has been included as a status category, often causing heated debate. This article looks at the history of the initial exclusion, then inclusion, of gender in the hate crime domain. The reasons for the uneasy fit of gender as a status category are recounted, as well as arguments both for and against inclusion of gender within the hate crime model. The problem of gender essentialism is examined, which results in the marginalization of the multiple category statuses of many women. The article concludes with implications for research, policy, and practice.
Pro/Con Debate: Lung Allocation Should Be Based on Medical Urgency and Transplant Survival and Not on Waiting Time*

L ung transplantation is an acceptable therapy with which to palliate patients with a variety of endstage lung diseases, but there is a severe shortage of suitable donor lungs to meet the demand (Fig 1), which hinders broad application. In the last 5 years, approximately 2,500 potential lung recipients have died while on the UNOS lung transplant waiting list.1 Because of the shortage of lungs for transplantation, strict listing criteria have been espoused2; thus, the deaths of patients on the waiting list underrepresent the extent of the donor shortage. The discrepancy between the supply of organs and the demand for them as lifesaving therapies has resulted in the intense scrutiny of organ distribution systems and algorithms. In 1999, the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) published “the Final Rule” a directive to UNOS, the Organ Procurement and Tissue Network (OPTN) contractor, to examine organ distribution policies and make changes that would direct organs to patients who were most in need, minimizing effects of geography.3 A report was commissioned by the Institute of Medicine4 to respond to the publication of the final rule. Although the Institute of Medicine report4 focused on liver transplantation, it was the directive of the DHHS that the OPTN review all organ distribution algorithms and report to the DHHS on alterations to distribution algorithms or provide justification that the system met the objectives espoused in the rule. This resulted in the creation of the Lung Allocation Subcommittee of the UNOS Thoracic Organ Committee to make recommendations to UNOS and the transplant community at large concerning policies for the distribution of donated lungs. After several years of analyses, discussion, public comment, and forums, in June 2004 the UNOS Board of Directors accepted the recommendation of the subcommittee to replace the existing lung distribution system with an entirely new algorithm.) The current system, based primarily on the allocation of lungs by waiting time, gave way in the spring of 2005 to a system that allocates lungs by calculating a lung allocation score (LAS) [defined below] for each candidate.
Low-frequency laser noise of several commercial lasers

Noise spectra were measured for a number of argon ion and helium-neon lasers using a TI-XL59 avalanche photodiode.
Construing Misbehavior The Efficacy Connection in Responding to Misbehavior

The implementation of school-wide positive behavior support (PBS) initiatives has experienced considerable success. Student behaviors have improved, and teachers' attitudes about the remediation of misbehavior have become more positive when PBS is used. When teacher practice results in a positive outcome, there is a corresponding increase in personal teaching efficacy (PTE). Teachers with lower PTE may be under-prepared to adopt PBS initiatives as a suitable replacement for how they have formerly dealt with misbehaving students. The skill and disposition required to conduct Functional Behavioral Assessments and to implement a Behavioral Intervention Plans may be beyond the level of these teachers. In this current article, the case is made for intensifying the technical assistance offered to these teachers.
A Moving Meditation

The pioneering work of Bill Viola has long been concerned with perception and questions of spiritual connections to organic elements. Originally commissioned jointly by the Getty Museum, where it was shown last year, and the Getty Research Institute, Emergence is based on the fifteenth-century fresco, Piet~, by Masolino da Panicale. The compositional elements of the two works are in some ways similar. Masolino's painting shows Jesus rising from a sarcophagus, supported by Saint John and the Virgin Mary on either side. His upper body is seen, but his legs are still inside the walls of the tomb. The figure on his right kneels, while the one on the left is in a standing position. Emergence shows an altar visually analogous to the sarcophagus of Masolino's work, but with the element of water added to the scene. Two women are seen on the floor as the piece begins, one on each side of the altar. As water starts to flow from the altar, a male figure rises slowly from it. His skin is pale, his body limp, and the women rush (in extreme slow motion) to pull him from the structure, ultimately laying him out on the floor. This simple action is elongated, opening the space for the possibility of a deeper level of engagement for the viewer. At the Getty exhibition, the video is screened at eye level-larger than the viewer but not looming.
Transport properties of electrons in silicon drift detectors measured in large magnetic fields

Abstract A 45 × 45 mm rectangular n-type Silicon Drift Detector was studied in magnetic fields ranging from 0 to 4.7 T and for drift fields from 200 to 380 V/cm. Transport properties of electrons in silicon (Hall mobility, drift mobility and magnetoresistance) were determined by pulsing the detector with a Nd:YAG laser at different drift lengths and measuring both the transverse deflections of the signal and the increases in drift time versus an applied magnetic field. The width of the signal in both the drift and anode direction increased with magnetic field. The magnetic field was aligned parallel and normal to the drift direction. The detector was found to operate well for conditions expected in future experiments at the RHIC collider and experiment E896 at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
A unifying viewpoint of some clustering techniques using Bregman divergences and extensions to mixed data sets

We present a general viewpoint using Bregman divergences and exponential family properties that contains as special cases the three following algorithms: 1) exponential family principal component analysis (exponential PCA), 2) Semi-Parametric exponential family principal component analysis (SP-PCA) and 3) Bregman soft clustering. This framework is equivalent to a mixed data-type hierarchical Bayes graphical model assumption with latent variables constrained to a low-dimensional parameter subspace. We show that within this framework exponential PCA and SPPCA are similar to the Bregman soft clustering technique with the addition of a linear constraint in the parameter space. We implement the resulting modifications to SP-PCA and Bregman soft clustering for mixed (continuous and/or discrete) data sets, and add a nonparametric estimation of the point-mass probabilities to exponential PCA. Finally, we compare the relative performances of the three algorithms in a clustering setting for mixed data sets.
Effect of luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin on cell populations in the ovine corpus luteum.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or ovine luteinizing hormone (LH) on the number and size distribution of steroidogenic luteal cells. In Experiment 1, 27 cwes were assigned to one of three groups: 1) hCG (300 IU, iv.) administered on Days 5 and 7.5 of the estrous cycle (Day 0 = Estrus); 2) LH (120 ig, i.v.) administered at 6-h intervals from Days 5 to 10 of the cycle; 3) saline (iv.) administered as in the LH treatment group. Blood samples were drawn daily from the jugular vein for quantification of progesterone. On Day 10, corpora lutea were collected, decapsulated, weighed, and dissociated into single cell suspensions. Cells were fixed, stained for 3g3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (33HSD) activity, and the size distribution of 3$HSD-positive cells was determined. Treatment with hCG, but not LH, increased (p 22 pin in diameter and decreased the proportion of cells �22 pm (p<O.01). The ratio of small to large luteal cells decreased after treatment with either hCG or LH (p<0.05). In Experiment II, 9 ewes were assigned to one of two groups: 1) LH (120 pg. iv.) administered at 6-h intervals from Days 5 to 10 of the estrous cycle, and 2) saline (iv.) administered as in the LH treatment group. Corpora lutea collected on Day 10 were decapsulated, weighed, and a central slice was processed for morpho- metric analysis. The remainder of each corpus luteum was dissociated and the size distribution of 313HSD- positive cells determined. Treatment with LH increased (p<0.05) the number of large luteal cells per gram of tissue and decreased the ratio of small to large luteal cells (p< a 05). Treatment with LH was not associated with any change in mean cell volume or diameter for either small or large luteal cells. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that treatment of ewes with either LH or hCG results in the conversion of small luteal cells to large luteal cells.