cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaboration and complexity: an experiment on the effect of multi-actor coupled design

Design of complex systems requires collaborative teams to overcome limitations of individuals; however, teamwork contributes new sources of complexity related to information exchange among members. This paper formulates a human subjects experiment to quantify the relative contribution of technical and social sources of complexity to design effort using a surrogate task based on a parameter design problem. Ten groups of 3 subjects each perform 42 design tasks with variable problem size and coupling (technical complexity) and team size (social complexity) to measure completion time (design effort). Results of a two-level regression model replicate past work to show completion time grows geometrically with problem size for highly coupled tasks. New findings show the effect of team size is independent from problem size for both coupled and uncoupled tasks considered in this study. Collaboration contributes a large fraction of total effort, and it increases with team size: about 50–60 % of time and 70–80 % of cost for pairs and 60–80 % of time and 90 % of cost for triads. Conclusions identify a role for improved design methods and tools to anticipate and overcome the high cost of collaboration.
Propagation of Quercus phillyreoides by stem cuttings

Abstract Stem cuttings of two clones (clones 1 and 2) of seedling origin of Quercus phillyreoides A. Gray (ubame oak) in the adult growth phase were taken on four dates that represented four growth stages (semi-hardwood, hardwood, softwood, and transitional growth between softwood and semi-hardwood). All cuttings were treated with selected concentrations and formulations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and placed under intermittent mist for rooting. Greatest rooting for both clones was achieved with softwood cuttings with 97% and 56% rooting for clones 1 and 2, respectively, treated with 8000 ppm (0.8%) IBA in talc. Six weeks later when cuttings were in a softwood/semi-hardwood condition, rooting of clone 1 was still comparable to softwood cuttings whereas clone 2 rooted poorly. For both clones, rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings was poor, which was the same for hardwood cuttings of clone 2. Moderate rooting of 58% was noted for nontreated hardwood cuttings of clone 1. Auxin treatments generally increased root...
Epistemic Networks and the Diffusion of Legal Institutions: The Case of Criminal Private Prosecution in Latin America

How do legal institutions travel across countries? I address this question by tracing the evolution of the right to private prosecution in the criminal procedure codes in three Latin American countries. Contrary to a popular perception that Latin America is only mimicking accusatory systems by introducing oral trials and improving the rights of the accused in their penal processes, a closer look at the reforms made to criminal procedure codes reveals that these countries are also strengthening the rights of victims, by either introducing or empowering a medieval figure that is not well known within common law systems, i.e., the institution of criminal private prosecution. Through this procedural right, victims of crime have the right to initiate and participate in the penal proceedings, and even to participate in the investigations and trial. In this paper I show preliminary evidence from a comparative study on Chile, Guatemala, and Mexico, on the role of an epistemic network in diffusing this legal institution.
Slavery and Freedom: The American Paradox

A MERICAN historians interested in tracing the rise of liberty, democracy, and the common man have been challenged in the past two decades by other historians, interested in tracing the history of oppression exploitation, and racism. The challenge has been salutary, because it has made us examine more directly than historians have hitherto been willing to do, the role of slavery in our early history. Colonial historians, in particular, when writing about the origin and development of American institutions have found it possible until recently to deal with slavery as an exception to everything they had to say. I am speaking about myself but also about most of my generation. We owe a debt of gratitude to those who have insisted that slavery was something more than an exception, that one fifth of the American population at the time of the Revolution is too many people to be treated as an exception.' We shall not have met the challenge simply by studying the history of that one fifth, fruitful as such studies may be, urgent as they may be. Nor shall we have met the challenge if we merely execute the familiar maneuver of turning our old interpretations on their heads. The temptation is already apparent to argue that slavery and oppression were the dominant features of American history and that efforts to advance liberty and equality were the exception, indeed no more than a device to divert the masses while their chains were being fastened. To dismiss the rise of liberty and equality in American history as a mere sham is not only to ignore hard facts, it is also to evade the problem presented by those facts. The rise of liberty and equality in this country was accompanied by the rise of slavery. That two
Foreign Policy Makers, Personality Attributes, and InterviewsA Note on Reliability Problems

Content analytic procedures for operationalizing 6 personality attributes (Hermann, 1974, 1980) are applied to 92 (1950–1978) interviews with 10 heads of state and government. Focusing on data reliability, a test of temporal consistency is examined. The outcome suggests that the trait scores are not sufficiently consistent across time to be considered highly reliable. Two possible sources of trait score variance (data source and situation) are considered, and data for one source are investigated through an analysis of variance. In general, the findings cast some doubt on the utility of analyzing interviews to obtain measures of foreign policy makers' personality attributes. Further attention must be devoted to the multiple problems of source bias, situational circumstances, and temporal inconsistency.
The AT&T Settlement: Legal Summary, Economic Analysis, and Marketing Implications

A review of one of the most significant events in modern economic history, the restructuring of American Telephone and Telegraph Company, this article gives a concise summary of the legal issues, f...
Bond coatings with high rumpling resistance: Design and characterization

Abstract The behavior of two new high-strength γ'-Ni3Al-base bond coats have been compared to a baseline β-(Pt,Ni)Al bond coat via thermal cycling to a maximum temperature of 1204 °C. The rumpling amplitude of the γ' coating is significantly lower than the (Pt,Ni)Al as characterized by a nondestructive optical profilometry technique. The γ' coatings resist rumpling and spallation of the thermally grown oxide in spite of faster oxidation compared to Pt-modified NiAl. This behavior is analyzed using an analytical rumpling model to explain that the improved bond coat strength is the major contributing factor to rumpling inhibition.
Evolution from Fixed Softswitch to IP Multimedia Subsystem

The evolution from fixed Softswitch to IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) requires reasonable methods, steps and strategies. IMS as a smooth evolution can preserve the Softswitch-based PSTN Emulation Subsystem (PES), and realize Fixed and Mobile Convergence (FMC) at the core with the introduction an proliferation of multimedia and mobile services. Therefore, Softswitch as the core control layer of Next Generation Network (NGN) is not contradictory with IMS as it can be mapped into the IMS architecture. While Softswitch can provide PSTN emulation services, IMS mainly designed for FMC and multimedia services is capable of supporting mobility, security, QoS and open services architecture. The evolution from Softswitch to IMS is technologically feasible. For operators who have already adopted Softswitch technology, they can evolve their networks to IMS-based full-service NGN, to reduce their investments, risks of network modification, and operational costs.
Study on the relationship between diabetic nephropathy and fibrinogen,C-reactive protein

Objective:To understand the sensitive and correlation of diabetes nephrosis early diagnosis,to find a better diagnosis method of diabetic nephropathy,to reach the purpose of early treatment.Methods: 68 cases of diabetes patients from December 2008 to December 2010 in our hospital were divided into 3 groups according to urinary albumin excretion rate(UAER),the normal albuminuria group(group A,UAER20 μg/min) had 30 cases,the Micro-albuminuria group(group B,UAER 20-200 μg/min) had 22 cases,and the clinical proteinuria group(group C,UAER200 μg/min) had 16 cases.In the same period,40 cases of healthy people were selected as the normal control group(group D).General informa-tion,CRP,fibrinogen,renal function,urine micro albuminuria and β2 microspheres proteinuria of all patients were deter-mined.Results: The course of disease between group A,group B and group C were significantly different(P0.05).CRP and fibrinogen levels in group A,group B and groups C were significantly higher than that in the group D(P0.05),which were higher with UAER imcreasing.The levels of each index among each groups were significantly different(P0.05).CRP and FIB was significantly correlated with UAER(r=0.626,0.812,P0.05),the positive rate in the both combined test was signifi cantly higher than it in the single-item test.Conclusion: For the diabetes nephrosis patient,CRP and fibrin quantitative were higher than normal people,above indexes also show ascendant trend with aggravating of kidney disease.Observation on the index of CRP and fibrinogen may improve the early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy damage,and as soon as possi-ble to take effective measures to prevent deterioration of renal function to end-stage renal disease.
Blood flow response to treadmill running in the rat spinotrapezius muscle.

The rat spinotrapezius muscle has been utilized to investigate the microcirculatory consequences of exercise training. It was the purpose of this investigation to determine whether, and to what ext...
Prognosis of Mucosal, Uveal, Acral, Nonacral Cutaneous, and Unknown Primary Melanoma From the Time of First Metastasis

Background Subtypes of melanoma, such as mucosal, uveal, and acral, are believed to result in worse prognoses than nonacral cutaneous melanoma. After a diagnosis of distant metastatic disease, however, the overall survival of patients with mucosal, uveal, acral, nonacral cutaneous, and unknown primary melanoma has not been directly compared. Materials and methods We conducted a single-center, retrospective analysis of 3,454 patients with melanoma diagnosed with distant metastases from 2000 to 2013, identified from a prospectively maintained database. We examined melanoma subtype, date of diagnosis of distant metastases, age at diagnosis of metastasis, gender, and site of melanoma metastases. Results Of the 3,454 patients (237 with mucosal, 286 with uveal, 2,292 with nonacral cutaneous, 105 with acral cutaneous, and 534 with unknown primary melanoma), 2,594 died. The median follow-up was 46.1 months. The median overall survival for those with mucosal, uveal, acral, nonacral cutaneous, and unknown primary melanoma was 9.1, 13.4, 11.4, 11.7, and 10.4 months, respectively. Patients with uveal melanoma, cutaneous melanoma (acral and nonacral), and unknown primary melanoma had similar survival, but patients with mucosal melanoma had worse survival. Patients diagnosed with metastatic melanoma in 2006-2010 and 2011-2013 had better overall survival than patients diagnosed in 2000-2005. In a multivariate model, patients with mucosal melanoma had inferior overall survival compared with patients with the other four subtypes. Conclusion Additional research and advocacy are needed for patients with mucosal melanoma because of their shorter overall survival in the metastatic setting. Despite distinct tumor biology, the survival was similar for those with metastatic uveal melanoma, acral, nonacral cutaneous, and unknown primary melanoma. Implications for practice Uveal, acral, and mucosal melanoma are assumed to result in a worse prognosis than nonacral cutaneous melanoma or unknown primary melanoma. No studies, however, have been conducted assessing the overall survival of patients with these melanoma subtypes starting at the time of distant metastatic disease. The present study found that patients with uveal, acral, nonacral cutaneous, and unknown primary melanoma have similar overall survival after distant metastases have been diagnosed. These findings provide information for oncologists to reconsider previously held assumptions and appropriately counsel patients. Patients with mucosal melanoma have worse overall survival and are thus a group in need of specific research and advocacy.
Failure of Photoperiod to Alter Body Growth and Carcass Composition in Beef Steers

In each of two experiments, 70 crossbred steers were blocked by BW and assigned to initial slaughter groups or to treatments in a 2 x 2 design. In Exp. 1, treatments were 168 d of photoperiod (8 h of light [L]:16 h of dark [D] or 16L:8D) and plane of nutrition (high energy [HPN] or low energy [LPN]). On d -22, 67 and 155, blood was sampled every 20 min for 8 h. Relative to LPN, HPN increased (P less than .01) ADG by 28%, carcass weight by 26% and accretion of carcass fat by 109% and carcass protein by 20%. On d 155, compared with LPN, HPN increased (P less than .01) serum insulin (INS; 1.09 vs .64 ng/ml) and lowered (P less than .05) growth hormone (GH; 2.14 vs 3.70 ng/ml), but prolactin was not affected. Photoperiod did not affect BW gains, carcass composition or serum hormones. In Exp. 2, treatments were 113 d of photoperiod (8L:16D or 16L:8D) and Synovex-S implant (presence [IMP] or absence [NONIMP]). On d 93, blood was sampled every 30 min for 10 h. Relative to NONIMP, IMP increased (P less than .01) ADG by 12% and accretion of carcass protein by 16%. Implants did not affect carcass weight or accretion of fat. Compared with NONIMP, IMP increased (P less than .05) GH (3.16 vs 2.39 ng/ml) and INS (.68 vs .46 ng/ml) but did not affect PRL. Photoperiod did not affect BW gain, carcass composition or serum hormones. We conclude that photoperiod fails to influence growth and carcass composition of steers.
An Augmented ADMM Algorithm With Application to the Generalized Lasso Problem

ABSTRACTIn this article, we present a fast and stable algorithm for solving a class of optimization problems that arise in many statistical estimation procedures, such as sparse fused lasso over a graph, convex clustering, and trend filtering, among others. We propose a so-called augmented alternating direction methods of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm to solve this class of problems. Compared to a standard ADMM algorithm, our proposal significantly reduces the computational cost at each iteration while maintaining roughly the same overall convergence speed. We also consider a new varying penalty scheme for the ADMM algorithm, which could further accelerate the convergence, especially when solving a sequence of problems with tuning parameters of different scales. Extensive numerical experiments on the sparse fused lasso problem show that the proposed algorithm is more efficient than the standard ADMM and two other existing state-of-the-art specialized algorithms. Finally, we discuss a possible extension and...
Engineering platelets for tumour-targeting.

Human platelets are small (2μm), anucleate, discoid-shaped living cells that play essential roles in vascular haemostasis, thrombosis and inflammation [1]. While platelets are primarily confined to blood vessels, they may also accumulate in tumour microenvironments where they modulate functions of both tumour and immune cells [1]. It is known that platelets gain access to tumour microenvironments by passive diffusion across leaky capillaries, and through associations with activated immune cells [1]. Given this privileged access, one could, by imparting human platelets with new molecular functions, repurpose them as vehicles for tumour cell-targeting, in vivo imaging and delivery of therapeutic agents. This idea however, is undermined by the fact that human platelets aggregate easily in response to the types of chemical and physical manipulations envisaged for their repurposing. We have found a simple solution to address this issue that involves incubating freshly acquired human platelets with a membrane-permeable natural product drug that inhibits actin polymerization or blocks platelet activation [2]. Moreover, we have developed robust protocols to introduce aggregation incompetent human platelets with surface-coupled antibodies against tumor biomarkers, and with cytosol-trapped small molecule probes for magnetic resonance- or near infra-red fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, and also with cytotoxins for tumour therapy. The reactions used to repurpose the platelets as vehicles for in vivo imaging and therapy are typically complete within 60-minutes, and may be conducted within a custom-built automated device. Significantly, we have shown that the repurposed platelets engage in specific interactions with tumour cells in xenotransplants where they can generate an intense Cy7-fluorescence signal, allowing for high-contrast NIRF imaging of early stage tumours [2].
Terahertz Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation of Failure Modes in Polymer-Coated Steel

Terahertz reflective imaging is applied to characterize the failure modes in a polymer coating on a steel plate. The coating was initially scratched, then after accelerated aging, several types of failure have occurred. In order to resolve the thin coating ( $\sim$ 50 $\mu$ m), terahertz frequency-wavelet domain deconvolution is implemented. With the deconvolved signals, the temporally overlapping echoes of the incident, roughly single-cycle terahertz pulse are clearly resolved, and three important failure modes, viz. corrosion, delamination, and blistering, are characterized quantitatively. Terahertz images in three dimensions clearly exhibit the coating thickness distribution across the entire damaged coating, highlighting the terahertz features associated with different failure modes, thus demonstrating that terahertz imaging can be considered as an effective modality for characterizing damage mechanisms in polymer coatings on metals.
Understanding Socioenvironmental Contributors to Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Disability Among Older Americans

Our understanding of the mechanisms through which racial/ethnic disparities in disability in older adults develop and are maintained is limited. We examined the role of physical impairment, socioeconomic factors and health for racial/ethnic disparities in activities of daily living (ADL), and the modifying role of the indoor home environment. Data come from the National Health and Aging Trends Study ( N = 5,640), and negative binomial regression models were specified separately for men and women. Blacks and Hispanics reported more ADL difficulty than Whites. Living in homes with clutter was associated with higher rates of ADL difficulty, but it was not related to racial/ethnic disparities. Racial/ethnic differences were explained by physical impairment for men, but not for women. Socioeconomic factors and health accounted for remaining disparities for Black, but not for Hispanic women. Attention to individual and environmental factors is necessary to fully understand and address race/ethnic disparities in disability in older Americans.
Roosting Ecology of Amazonian Bats: Evidence for Guild Structure in Hyperdiverse Mammalian Communities

ABSTRACT The ecological mechanisms that sustain high species richness in Neotropical bat communities have attracted research attention for several decades. Although many ecologists have studied the feeding behavior and diets of Neotropical bats on the assumption that food is a limiting resource, other resource axes that might be important for species coexistence are often ignored. Diurnal refugia, in particular, are a crucial resource for bats, many of which exhibit conspicuous morphological or behavioral adaptations to the roost environment. Here we report and analyze information about roost occupancy based on >500 field observations of Amazonian bats. Statistical analyses of these data suggest the existence of distinct groups of species roosting (1) in foliage, (2) exposed on the trunks of standing trees, (3) in cavities in standing trees, (4) in or under fallen trees, (5) beneath undercut earth banks, and (6) in arboreal insect nests; additionally, we recognize other groups that roost (7) in animal bur...
METHODS, APPROACHES, PRINCIPLES, GUIDELINES AND APPLICATIONS ON MULTILINGUAL ONTOLOGIES: A SURVEY

Ontologies are used in various domains to provide meaningful knowledge from data. The data can be in different natural languages. Ontologies with a lexical layer in different natural languages are needed essential to access the multilingual data by the users. Multilingual ontologies are needed to overcome this defect. Most of the multilingual ontologies are built up in English language and translated into the desired native languages. Many approaches are proposed to develop multilingual ontology applications. The aim of this article is to review the various approaches, methods for developing multilingual ontologies. The principles and guidelines for developing multilingual lexical layer are discussed. The different techniques adopted in the use and developments of multilingual ontologies are enumerated. The multilingual applications are compared using several dimensions.
Functional electrical stimulation for walking in paraplegia: 17-year follow-up of 2 cases.

Objective: To assess the safety and effectiveness of long-term use of functional electrical stimulation (FES) for exercise, standing, and walking in individuals with paraplegia, using percutaneous ...
Enhanced coal-dependent methanogenesis coupled with algal biofuels: Potential water recycle and carbon capture

Abstract Many coal beds contain microbial communities that can convert coal to natural gas (coalbed methane). Native microorganisms were obtained from Powder River Basin (PRB) coal seams with a diffusive microbial sampler placed downhole and used as an inoculum for enrichments with different nutrients to investigate microbially-enhanced coalbed methane production (MECoM). Coal-dependent methanogenesis more than doubled when yeast extract (YE) and several less complex components (proteins and amino acids) were added to the laboratory microcosms. Stimulated coal-dependent methanogenesis with peptone was 86% of that with YE while glutamate-stimulated activity was 65% of that with YE, and a vitamin mix had only 33% of the YE stimulated activity. For field application of MECoM, there is interest in identifying cost-effective alternatives to YE and other expensive nutrients. In laboratory studies, adding algal extract (AE) with lipids removed stimulated coal-dependent methanogenesis and the activity was 60% of that with YE at 27 d and almost 90% of YE activity at 1406 d. Analysis of British Thermal Unit (BTU) content of coal (a measure of potential energy yield) from long-term incubations indicated > 99.5% of BTU content remained after coalbed methane (CBM) stimulation with either AE or YE. Thus, the coal resource remains largely unchanged following stimulated microbial methane production. Algal CBM stimulation could lead to technologies that utilize coupled biological systems (photosynthesis and methane production) that sustainably enhance CBM production and generate algal biofuels while also sequestering carbon dioxide (CO 2 ).
Multi-functional fiber optic sensors based on mode division multiplexing

There is an upward trend in applying the spatial division multiplexing (SDM) technologies from the telecom field towards multi-functional optical sensing applications attributable to enhanced spatial sensitivity and multi-parameter discriminative proficiency. In addition to our preliminary experimental demonstrations, in this paper we analytically evaluated the performance of few-mode Brillouin sensors via diverse refractive index profiles and dopant material compositions. Our results show five to ten folder improvements on the measurement accuracy associated with the intermodal differential Brillouin frequency shifts, which would be of great importance for sensing in sophisticated target environments. This work pave the way for next-generation mode division multiplexed sensing system design and corresponding high nonlinearity specialty fiber fabrication for structure health monitoring as well as oil and gas pipeline monitoring.
A Description of External Penetration Testing in Networks

This paper synthesizes multiple sources in order to describe external penetration testing. In a world of ever more sophisticated network attacks this type of knowledge is useful for both security professionals and the laymen. This paper describes some general history of, uses of, and processes of external penetration testing, and communicates the philosophy behind it. This paper concludes by summarizing some potential weaknesses of penetration testing, but also communicates its importance in establishing the security of any system.
Studies of the aromatic β-diketones as extractant of copper ions

Benzoylacetone 2 , dibenzoylmethane 3 and acetylacetone 1 were studied as extractants of copper ions by liquid-liquid partition and spectrophotometric methods. Extraction ability increase in order 1 . The values of pH1/2 , corresponding to 50% of the extraction of copper, are equal to 10.75, 10.08 and 9.85 for 1 , 2 , 3 , respectively. The extraction process is the most effective when 3 was used as extractant, the maximum amount of copper ions passed to the organic phase is 50% and 99% for 1 and 3 , respectively. The spectra have shown that in the aqueous and in the organic phase β-diketone form two chelated complexes [CuL]+ and [CuL2 ]. Partition ratios (P2 ) of [CuL2 ] complexes have very high values, much higher than P1 . That complexes determine the efficiency of extraction process of Cu(II) ions, what confirm the electron absorption spectra.
Towards Replicability in Parsing

We investigate parsing replicability across 7 languages (and 8 treebanks), showing that choices concerning the use of grammatical functions in parsing or evaluation, the influence of the rare word threshold, as well as choices in test sentences and evaluation script options have considerable and often unexpected effects on parsing accuracies. All of those choices need to be carefully documented if we want to ensure replicability.
Metal-organic materials: A reversible step forward.

Complete control over the composition, structure, scale and bulk properties of crystalline materials remains a generally elusive but worthwhile dream. The reversible stepwise assembly of a new porous, crystalline metal–organic material with large chambers now takes us closer to this goal.
African American women perceptions of physician trustworthiness: A factorial survey analysis of physician race, gender and age

Background/Objective: Physical concordance between physicians and patients is advocated as a solution to improve trust and health outcomes for racial/ethnic minorities, but the empirical evidence is mixed. We assessed women’s perceptions of physician trustworthiness based on physician physical characteristics and context of medical visit. Methods: A factorial survey design was used in which a community-based sample of 313 African American (AA) women aged 45+ years responded to vignettes of contrived medical visits (routine versus serious medical concern visit) where the physician’s race/ethnicity, gender, and age were randomly manipulated. Eight physician profiles were generated. General linear mixed modeling was used to assess separately and as an index, trust items of fidelity, honesty, competence, confidentiality, and global trust. Trust scores were based on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating higher trust. Mean scores and effect sizes (ES) were used to assess magnitude of trust ratings. Results: No significant differences were observed on the index of trust by physician profile characteristics or by medical visit context. However, the white-older-male was rated higher than the AA-older-female on fidelity (4.23 vs. 4.02; ES = 0.215, 95% CI: 0.001–0.431), competence (4.23 vs. 3.95; ES = 0.278, 95% CI: 0.062–0.494) and honesty (4.39 vs. 4.19, ES = 0.215, 95% CI: 0.001–0.431). The AA-older male was rated higher than the AA-older-female on competence (4.20 vs. 3.95; ES = 0.243, 95% CI: 0.022–0.464) and honesty (4.44 vs. 4.19; ES = 0.243, 95% CI: 0.022–0.464). The AA-young male was rated higher than AA-older-female on competence (4.16 vs. 3.95; ES = 0.205, 95% CI: 0.013–0.423). Conclusions: Concordance may hold no salience for some groups of older AA women with regards to perceived trustworthiness of a physician. Policies and programs that promote diversity in the healthcare workforce in order to reduce racial/ethnic disparities should emphasize cultural competency training for all physicians, which is important in understanding patients and to improving health outcomes.
Effects of Genotype, Social Interaction, and Testosterone on Esterases in Male Mouse Urine

Pregnancy blocking (Bruce effect) may result when a recently inseminated female mouse is introduced to an unfamiliar male or to pheromone(s) from his urine. Depending on the species, females may terminate pregnancies before (Bruce, 1959) or after implantation (Stehn and Richmond, 1975; Schadler, 1981). Pheromone production can be influenced by androgen levels, genotype, and social environment. C57BL/6J males do not release sufficient pheromone to induce estrus or the Bruce effect (e.g., Hoppe, 1975). Social subordination suppresses pheromone production in strains otherwise capable of pregnancy block (Lombardi and Vandenbergh, 1977; Huck, 1982). Although its chemical identity has not been established, the pheromone may be a polypeptide, a small protein, some moiety attached to a small protein, or a lipid (reviewed by Marchlewska-Koj, 1983).
Flux-pinned dynamics model parameterization and sensitivity study

Flux-pinned interfaces for spacecraft are an action-at-a-distance technology that can maintain a passively stable equilibrium between two spacecraft in close-proximity using the physics of magnetic flux pinning. Although flux pinning dynamics have been studied from a material-science perspective and at an interface level, there is a need to better understand the sensitivities and implications of system-level designs on the flux-pinned interface dynamics, especially in designs with multiple magnets and superconductors. These interfaces have highly nonlinear, coupled dynamics that are influenced by physical parameters including but not limited to strength of magnetic field sources, field-cooled position, and superconductor geometry. This paper addresses that gap by codifying parametric terms into an improved dynamics model, which can then be used to simulate the interaction of a multiple-superconductor-multiple-magnet interface. A standard starting point for modeling flux pinning dynamics is Kordyuk's frozen image model, which defines a geometric mapping between magnetic field sources and their corresponding magnetic point source “images inside the volume of the superconductor.” The frozen image model successfully approximates the characteristics of flux pinning dynamics, but could provide more precise position and orientation predictions with the addition of various physical parameter refinements. The sensitivity of the general flux-pinned dynamics model is studied by varying the physical parameters and simulating the systems level dynamics. A predictive dynamics model is crucial to the maturation of this technology so it can be utilized in spacecraft systems, and this work represents a critical step in the development of that model.
Biofilms on Central Venous Catheters: Is Eradication Possible?

Biofilms on indwelling medical devices such as central venous catheters result in significant morbidity and mortality and have a substantial impact on healthcare delivery. Because routine systemic treatment of patients with catheter-associated bloodstream infections is often ineffective, due to the tolerance of biofilm organisms on these devices, other strategies such as the antimicrobial lock treatment (ALT) have been used. This approach involves the instillation of high concentrations of the antimicrobial agent directly into the biofilm-containing catheter for exposure (i.e., dwell) times sufficient to eradicate the biofilm. Results from human studies, animal studies, and laboratory studies using in vitro model systems have suggested that eradication of a biofilm is possible, depending on the organisms in the biofilm, biofilm age, the antimicrobial agent used, and the dwell/ duration of the treatment. The most effective antimicrobial agents are those (1) that are less affected by the extracellular polymeric substance matrix of the biofilm, (2) that have a more rapid bactericidal effect, or (3) for which the mechanism of action is not dependent upon the growth rates of the organisms. Combining agents may also provide synergy. Fungal biofilms have proven to be much more difficult to treat using the ALT, though newer fungicidal drugs such as the echinocandins hold promise in this regard. However, a serious drawback with the ALT is the potential for the development of resistance. Newer treatments, incorporating agents not classified as antibiotics, appear to effectively eradicate biofilms in in vitro models and should be evaluated in animal and patient studies. Promising technologies that incorporate novel approaches such as ultrasound, bacteriophage, quorum-sensing inhibitors, or enzymes may also provide useful approaches in the future.
QUANTUM 1/F NOISE IN SEMICONDUCTORS INVOLVING IONIZED IMPURITY SCATTERING AND VARIOUS TYPES OF ELECTRON-PHONON SCATTERING

The basic results for electron scattering in k -space, under soft photon emission leading to infrared divergent coupling of the system to “the electromagnetic field, are reviewed. The resulting fluctuations in scattering rates lead to mobility fluctuations which satisfy Hooge's formula. Explicit expressions for the Hooge parameter have been derived for scattering with ionized impurities and for acoustical phonon, optical phonon, polar optical phonon, and intervalley scattering. The results are evaluated by computer, and the overall mobility and weighted Hooge parameter are determined for n-type silicon and n-type gallium arsenide from cryogenic temperatures up to 300K. Good agreement with available experimental data mainly based on measurements by Bisschop (Eindhoven), van der Ziel (Minnesota), and Andrian (Florida) is obtained. This is the first detailed computation of the Hooge parameter and derivation of Hooge's law.
Spatial distribution of marker gene activity in the mouse lung during alveolarization

This data is a curated collection of visual images of gene expression patterns from the pre- and post-natal mouse lung, accompanied by associated mRNA probe sequences and RNA-Seq expression profiles. Mammalian lungs undergo significant growth and cellular differentiation before and after the transition to breathing air. Documenting normal lung development is an important step in understanding abnormal lung development, as well as the challenges faced during a preterm birth. Images in this dataset indicate the spatial distribution of mRNA transcripts for over 500 different genes that are active during lung development, as initially determined via RNA-Seq. Images were systematically acquired using high-throughput in situ hybridization with non-radioactive digoxigenin-labeled mRNA probes across mouse lungs from developmental time points E16.5, E18.5, P7, and P28. The dataset was produced as part of The Molecular Atlas of Lung Development Program (LungMAP) and is hosted at https://lungmap.net. This manuscript describes the nature of the data and the protocols for generating the dataset.
Upper extremity neuropathies.

Abstract This chapter covers the electrodiagnostic (EDX) evaluation of upper extremity nerves and the brachial plexus. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common peripheral nerve disorder of the upper extremity. A number of techniques are used but there is no gold standard approach for its diagnosis. Needle EMG aids in the differentiation of proximal and distal median neuropathies. Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow and ulnar neuropathy at or distal to the wrist can be distinguished by EDX techniques. Radial neuropathy at the spiral groove has a specific EDX pattern. EDX assessment of proximal upper extremity nerve lesions such as brachial plexopathy is a valuable tool for exploring the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of this complex disorder.
Description of two new species of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) from the H. (Rhipistoma) spinulosa subgroup, parasites of carnivores and other mammals in Africa

Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) latitudinis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) and H. (R.) setosa n. sp. are described based on adults. Adults of H. (R.) latitudinis n. sp. were mostly collected from carnivores (Carnivora: Canidae, Felidae, Herpestidae, Mustelidae, Viverridae), few specimens were found on rodents (Rodentia: Muridae), bat (Chiroptera: Molossidae) and domestic cattle (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in Benin, Central African Republic, Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Sudan and Uganda. Adults of H. (R.) setosa n. sp. were mostly found on carnivores (Carnivora: Felidae, Herpestidae, Viverridae), few specimens were found on rodents (Rodentia: Muridae), hare (Lagomorpha: Leporidae), hyrax (Hyracoidea: Procaviidae) and human (Primates: Hominidae) in Kenya. Males and females of both species can be differentiated from each other and other H. spinulosa-like ticks by their size, pattern of punctations on conscutum/scutum, size of setae, shape of genital structures, size and shape of spiracular plates, dorsal cornua, posterodorsal and posteroventral spurs on palpal segment II and spur on coxae and dentition on hypostome.
En-Gendering Power and Empowerment in Advertising: A Content Analysis

To understand the growing trend of gender-themed empowerment advertising, such as “femvertising” and “dadvertising,” this content analysis evaluates the scope and configuration of power and empower...
Transcritique versus basho: Framing the debate between Nishida Kitarō’s and Kōjin Karatani’s standpoint of the ‘third’

Japanese philosopher and literary critic, Kōjin Karatani, introduces a ‘third position’ that seeks to correct the limitations of post-modern thought and the problems of global capitalism. By restor...
Management of Impacted Third Molars

Impacted third molars occur in a significant number of patients and often require treatment because of presence of symptoms and/or disease. Management of these teeth typically involves referral to oral and maxillofacial surgeons for diagnosis, treatment planning, and ultimate removal if indicated. Proper diagnosis and treatment planning helps optimize surgical results at each stage of the procedure, and ultimately patient outcomes. Adherence to proper surgical techniques helps minimize risks and complications associated with the procedure. Multiple alternative surgical techniques also exist for uncommon, but potentially complicated, situations that arise with some impacted third molars.
Long-Term Progress and Behavior Complexification in Competitive Coevolution.

The possibility of using competitive evolutionary algorithms to generate long-term progress is normally prevented by the convergence on limit cycle dynamics in which the evolving agents keep progre...
Sources of Intraspeaker Variation in Parkinsonian Speech Related to Speaking Style

Data from several studies suggest that individuals with PD exhibit improvements in motor control when cued to increase attention and effort when performing several activities of daily living. The variability in speech motor impairment reported across studies and patients may be influenced by the extent to which a speaker relies more heavily on either goal-directed or habitual control in a given speaking environment. The current paper will briefly review changes in acoustic features of articulation associated with adopting more goal-directed speaking styles such a clear or loud speech and discuss related implications for the automatic assessment of parkinsonian speech.
Con: Pediatric anesthesiologists should not be the primary echocardiographers for pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures.

Major errors were found in 44%, moderate errors in 28%, and minor errors in 12% in the adult laboratories. In the pediatric echocardiography laboratory, there were major errors in 0%, moderate errors in 4%, and minor errors in 4% of patients. When duplicate echocardiographic studies were available, the rates of major, moderate, and minor errors in adult laboratories were 12%, 29%, and 12%. There were no errors in the studies performed by pediatric echocardiographers. Of the errors made in the adult echocardiography laboratories, 71% were interpretive, 17% were technical, and 11% were both. Error incidences were not related to patient age, study year, use of color Doppler, or complexity of diagnoses. In total, moderate or major errors were noted in 35 of 65 patients. In 29 of the 35 patients, subsequent echocardiograms performed in a pediatric laboratory resulted in altered clinical management, including 12 surgeries and 2 averted cardiac operations. In 3 of the 29 patients, delayed diagnoses were associated with fixed pulmonary vascular disease, hypoxemic spells, and vascular collapse with severe metabolic acidosis. These findings support the importance of thorough training in pediatric echocardiography in a suitable high-volume laboratory.
A high-speed silicon optical modulator based on a metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitor

Silicon has long been the optimal material for electronics, but it is only relatively recently that it has been considered as a material option for photonics1. One of the key limitations for using silicon as a photonic material has been the relatively low speed of silicon optical modulators compared to those fabricated from III–V semiconductor compounds2,3,4,5,6 and/or electro-optic materials such as lithium niobate7,8,9. To date, the fastest silicon-waveguide-based optical modulator that has been demonstrated experimentally has a modulation frequency of only ∼20 MHz (refs 10, 11), although it has been predicted theoretically that a ∼1-GHz modulation frequency might be achievable in some device structures12,13. Here we describe an approach based on a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitor structure embedded in a silicon waveguide that can produce high-speed optical phase modulation: we demonstrate an all-silicon optical modulator with a modulation bandwidth exceeding 1 GHz. As this technology is compatible with conventional complementary MOS (CMOS) processing, monolithic integration of the silicon modulator with advanced electronics on a single silicon substrate becomes possible.
Gender-Based Asylum

Neither the United Nations Refugee Convention nor the US Refugee Act of 1980 take into account the particular experiences of women in framing the rules for granting refugee status. Gender is not among the protected grounds in the Convention or the federal statute, so to qualify for asylum a woman who suffered gender-related persecution has had to fit her experience within one of the male-normative grounds. Starting in the mid-1990s, however, a series of important developments occurred that culminated years later in the Board of Immigration Appeals' (BIA) decision recognizing domestic violence as a basis for asylum. This piece is a brief overview of the long backstory. In1995, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) adopted Considerations for Asylum Officers Adjudicating Asylum Claims from Women. The considerations were persuasive authority for immigration judges, and eventually led the BIA to issue a precedent decision in the Kasinga case recognizing female-genital mutilation as a basis for asylum. The Kasinga case opened the door to other claims involving the particular harms faced by women and girls and eventually led the government to recognize domestic violence as a basis for asylum, but not until over a decade of litigation and advocacy. In 1999, in Matter of RA, the BIA overturned an immigration judge’s decision granting asylum to a Guatemalan woman who fled Guatemala after suffering years of violence at the hands of her spouse. Over the next ten years, immigrant advocacy groups, in dialogue with sympathetic insiders at the INS and later DHS, worked to develop a legal framework to guide adjudicators in deciding these claims. RA, however, became a hot potato politically. In 2009, in a different case, DHS filed a brief outlining a framework for deciding domestic violence asylum claims and then asked the BIA to remand RA to the immigration judge, who granted asylum. Finally, in August 2014, in ARCG, a precedent setting decision, the BIA recognized that domestic violence can be a basis for asylum, finding that the applicant was a member of a particular social group defined by her gender and marital status. This backstory reflects evolving understandings of the gendered nature of asylum law, and the results of an over ten-year behind-the-scenes dialogue between immigrant advocates and government insiders who were eventually able to agree on a legal framework that was consistent with asylum law and acceptable to policymakers.
Using simulation in the design process: a case study

Our experience using a logic simulator to link design and test is summarized. Data is examined with reference to which simulator features are necessary for different elements of design verification and test integration. The relationship between simulator features, errors isolated, associated costs and values is examined in detail.
Capturing protein sequence-structure specificity using computational sequence design.

It is well known that protein fold recognition can be greatly improved if models for the underlying evolution history of the folds are taken into account. The improvement, however, exists only if such evolutionary information is available. To circumvent this limitation for protein families that only have a small number of representatives in current sequence databases, we follow an alternate approach in which the benefits of including evolutionary information can be recreated by using sequences generated by computational protein design algorithms. We explore this strategy on a large database of protein templates with 1747 members from different protein families. An automated method is used to design sequences for these templates. We use the backbones from the experimental structures as fixed templates, thread sequences on these backbones using a self-consistent mean field approach, and score the fitness of the corresponding models using a semi-empirical physical potential. Sequences designed for one template are translated into a hidden Markov model-based profile. We describe the implementation of this method, the optimization of its parameters, and its performance. When the native sequences of the protein templates were tested against the library of these profiles, the class, fold, and family memberships of a large majority (>90%) of these sequences were correctly recognized for an E-value threshold of 1. In contrast, when homologous sequences were tested against the same library, a much smaller fraction (35%) of sequences were recognized; The structural classification of protein families corresponding to these sequences, however, are correctly recognized (with an accuracy of >88%). Proteins 2013; © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ossifying fibroma of the maxilla occurring with hyperthyroidism. Report of a case.

Abstract A case of ossifying fibroma occurring with hyperthyroidism is reported. The tumor was tested for thyroid-stimulating properties and T 3 and T 4 (T 7 ) content, with negative results. The association between neoplasms and hyperthyroidism is discussed.