cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Lady Vanishes …. or Getting Rid of the Body:

When a death occurs in a public institution such as a hospital, one of the problems that arises is how to dispose of the body in a manner congruent with the way in which death itself is conceptualized and handled in the institution. There is general agreement that the body should be prepared and moved in a seemly and proper fashion, and according to due procedure. By looking at these procedures, we can gain a clearer conception of current professional attitudes towards death.
The production of anthraquinones by cell suspension cultures of Cinchona ledgeriana

In a suspension culture of Cinchona ledgeriana a range of anthraquinones accumulate. Fifteen aglycone components of this fraction have been identified, six of which (anthragallol-1,2,3-trimethyl ether, 1,4,5-trihydroxy-2 methylanthraquinone, 5-hydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone, 1,5-dimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxyanthraquinone, 2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3-dimethoxyanthraquinone and 1,2,5,6-tetramethoxyanthraquinone) have not previously been found in this species. The time course of anthraquinone production follows neither the growth of the cells nor alkaloid synthesis The anthraquinones are exported from the cells, with about 80 % of the aglycones present normally being recovered from the medium. High levels in the medium are found to inhibit growth of the culture. The final level accumulated shown to be dependent on a number of nutritional factors, the best yield being obtained when cells are grown with the growth regulators IBA (0.5 mg/l) and ZR (0.1 mg/l) present. Effectors ofthe shikimic acid pathway such as tryptophan and glyphosate are found to inhibit anthraquinone accumulation.
Effects of Watershed Land use on Nitrogen Concentrations and δ15 Nitrogen in Groundwater

Eutrophication is a major agent of change affecting freshwater, estuarine, and marine systems. It is largely driven by transportation of nitrogen from natural and anthropogenic sources. Research is needed to quantify this nitrogen delivery and to link the delivery to specific land-derived sources. In this study we measured nitrogen concentrations and δ15N values in seepage water entering three freshwater ponds and six estuaries on Cape Cod, Massachusetts and assessed how they varied with different types of land use. Nitrate concentrations and δ15N values in groundwater reflected land use in developed and pristine watersheds. In particular, watersheds with larger populations delivered larger nitrate loads with higher δ15N values to receiving waters. The enriched δ15N values confirmed nitrogen loading model results identifying wastewater contributions from septic tanks as the major N source. Furthermore, it was apparent that N coastal sources had a relatively larger impact on the N loads and isotopic signatures than did inland N sources further upstream in the watersheds. This finding suggests that management priorities could focus on coastal sources as a first course of action. This would require management constraints on a much smaller population.
The Role of Pleurodesis in the Management of Chylous Pleural Effusion After Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease

This study aimed to determine the incidence and outcome of postoperative chylous pleural effusion as well as the efficacy of pleurodesis for its management after surgery for congenital heart disease. Medical and surgical databases were used to identify all patients who had surgery for congenital heart disease and subsequently experienced postoperative chylous pleural effusion. Medical records were reviewed and daily chest drainage and management strategies were recorded. From January 2000 to June 2006, 1,166 cardiac operations were followed by 19 cases of chylous pleural effusion, for an incidence of 1.6%. The diagnosis was made a mean of 9 days after the operation. The patients were divided into two groups according to treatment strategy. Group 1 included 9 patients who had received only conventional medical treatment consisting of parenteral nutrition and/or medium-chain triglyceride formula and/or a low-fat diet and/or somatostatin. Group 2 included 10 patients who initially received conventional medical treatment, then subsequently received chemical or mechanical pleurodesis. The amount of the chylous drainage was significantly less in group 1 (14 ml/kg/day) than in group 2 (24 ml/kg/day) (P < 0.05), suggesting a more severe problem in group 2. For group 2, the amount of drainage was significantly less after chemical or mechanical pleurodesis (8 vs 24 ml/kg/day; P < 0.05) than before. Seven patients (70%) responded favorably to the first pleurodesis, and two patients (20%) required more than one pleurodesis. One patient (10%) did not respond to pleurodesis but was treated successfully with thoracic duct ligation. There were no deaths. Pleurodesis is a safe and effective method for treating chylous effusion after surgical treatment of congenital heart disease, especially after failed conservative treatment. However, some patients may need more than one pleurodesis.
Electromyographic biofeedback in the treatment of voluntary posterior instability of the shoulder

Three cases of voluntary posterior instability of the shoulder are presented. They have all responded well to a program of electromyographic monitored biofeed back. This method offers a means of enhancing the results of nonoperative treatment.
Destructive Analysis-Based Testing for Cured-in-Place Pipe

AbstractTrenchless rehabilitation techniques such as cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) had been adopted by many municipalities in the province of Quebec to renew their aging sewer systems. Currently CIPP represents the largest market share of the utilized trenchless rehabilitation techniques in the province of Quebec. Considerable funding is being directed towards sewer systems rehabilitation projects. However, there have been little studies on the performance of the rehabilitated sewers, expected life of the liner, and its structural properties. Therefore, in an effort to address this shortcoming, this paper presents the outcome of a destructive testing protocol conducted on liners samples extracted from sewers rehabilitated using CIPP. Samples used in the testing process were collected from two locations in the sewer network that were rehabilitated over 1 decade ago. Testing the liner included examining the physical properties (e.g., thickness, annular gap, and so on), flexural properties, and tensile properti...
Thermal properties of the Galilean satellites

Radiometry in the 20-micron band of eclipses of each of the four Galilean satellites of Jupiter provides information about the thermal properties of the uppermost surface layers of these bodies. Their thermal inertias are all smaller than those of the moon or of Mercury; there is no evidence for atmospheres, and where the data are of high quality vertically homogeneous thermal properties are excluded. The thermal properties, together with other observational evidence, suggest that the surfaces of these satellites are largely composed of ices. A thin coating of frost provides the upper, low-conductivity layer, while the subsurface material maintains a high thermal conductivity by fusion of a mixture of ice and rock.
Evaluated community fire safety interventions in the United States: a review of current literature.

The purpose of the study was to assess the state of fire prevention research, provide an updated synthesis of evaluated fire prevention programs, and discuss the role of fire fighters and data systems in prevention efforts. The review included all evaluations of U.S. based fire prevention interventions published between January 1998 and September 2004 and any earlier articles about U.S. fire prevention interventions not included in two prior review articles. We retrieved information from each identified study including evaluation findings, involvement of fire service personnel and use of existing data systems. We identified twelve articles: seven reported on smoke alarm interventions, three on multi-faceted programs, and two other programs. Five programs involved fire service personnel in the design, implementation, and/or evaluation, and three used existing data systems. Studies reviewed suggest that canvassing and smoke alarm installations are the most effective means of distributing alarms and increasing the functional status of distributed alarms. The functionality of smoke alarms, an issue noted in earlier reviews, remains a problem. Programs involving partnerships with fire departments have indicated success in preventing fires and deaths, improving smoke alarm ownership and functional status, and improving children’s fire safety knowledge. Using existing data systems to target and to evaluate interventions was effective. In the years since prior reviews, some improvements in the rigor of evaluation designs have been made, but there is still a need for high quality evaluations that will inform fire injury prevention efforts.
Dynamics of phase separation of binary fluids

The results of molecular-dynamics studies of surface-tension-dominated spinodal decomposition of initially well-mixed binary fluids in the absence and presence of gravity are presented. The growth exponent for the domain size and the decay exponent of the potential energy of interaction between the two species with time are found to be 0.6 +/- 0.1, inconsistent with scaling arguments based on dimensional analysis.
Textual Corruption in the Civil Rights Cases

The Civil Rights Cases1 do not quite rival Plessy v. Ferguson2 for notoriety as the decision that most clearly confirmed the failure of Reconstruction and the rise of Jim Crow. Yet the Civil Rights Cases did far more than Plessy to limit federal power to address the continuing consequences of slavery. They declared unconstitutional the Civil Rights Act of 1875 insofar as it prohibited discrimination in public accommodations operated by private parties. Congress passed that act under its powers to enforce the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, but the Court held the act unconstitutional on the ground that private discrimination was neither a badge or incident of slavery under the Thirteenth Amendment nor a manifestation of state action under the Fourteenth. Although the Court's holding under the Thirteenth Amendment was effectively overruled by the Warren Court,3 its holding under the Fourteenth Amendment continues to be influential, supporting a decision of the Rehnquist Court striking down the Violence Against Women Act.4
A rapid method for chemical fingerprint analysis of Hoodia species, related genera, and dietary supplements using UPLC–UV–MS

Recently, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) has proven to be one of the most promising developments in the area of high-speed chromatographic separations with increased sensitivity and resolution. In this work, a reverse phase chromatographic method was developed using UPLC for the chemical fingerprint analysis of 12 hoodigosides, related genera and dietary supplements. The method is also used for the quantification of P57 in Hoodia species and dietary supplements that claim to contain Hoodia. The analysis was performed on a Waters Acquity UPLC system with an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm x 2.1mm I.D., 1.7 microm) and a gradient elution of water and acetonitrile, both containing 0.05% formic acid with a run time of 15 min. The calibration curve of P57 showed good linearity (r(2)>0.999) within the established range (1-100 microg/mL). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.3 and 0.9 microg/mL, respectively. The RSD for intra- and inter-day were less than 3.0%, and the recovery efficiency as 97-103%. LC-mass spectrometry coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) interface method is described for the identification of P57. The developed method was successfully applied to the identification of 12 oxypregnane glycosides in four different species of Hoodia, 23 related genera and 35 dietary supplements that claim to contain H. gordonii. The UPLC profiles of various plant samples were compared for the presence of oxypregnane glycosides. Different sample matrices were successfully analyzed, providing the wide range of applicability of this method, including gels, capsules, tablets, sprays, tea bags, snack bars, powders and juices.
Zircon age episodicity and growth of continental crust

Granites form when silica-rich magma intrudes into the crust and slowly crystallizes. Such intrusions are discontinuous in space and episodic in time, resulting in a mosaic of ages for granites from a given region. Although the episodicity of granitoid ages is well known [Condie, 1998; Kemp et al., 2006], how representative samples are of age distributions in the preserved continental crust is unclear. This is because sampling strategies are generally dictated by mineral exploration, accessibility of outcrops, or availability of geologic maps, none of which necessarily leads to an unbiased representation of age distributions in the continental crust. For instance, large age peaks at 2.7 and 1.9 billion years ago in the Canadian and Baltic shields may reflect extensive sampling of these shields [Condie et al., 2009a].
Sensing and three-dimensional imaging of cochlea and surrounding temporal bone using swept source high-speed optical coherence tomography

We describe a novel dual-functional optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with both a fiber probe using a sapphire ball lens for cross-sectional imaging and sensing, and a 3-D bulk scanner for 3-D OCT imaging. A theoretical sensitivity model for Common Path (CP)-OCT was proposed to assess its optimal performance based on an unbalanced photodetector configuration. A probe design with working distances (WD) 415μm and lateral resolution 11 μm was implemented with sensitivity up to 88dB. To achieve high-speed data processing and real-time three-dimensional visualization, we use graphics processing unit (GPU) based real-time signal processing and visualization to boost the computing performance of swept source optical coherence tomography. Both the basal turn and facial nerve bundles inside the cadaveric human cochlea temporal bone can be clearly identified and 3D images can be rendered with the OCT system, which was integrated with a flexible robotic arm for robotically assisted microsurgery.
Popular Education as Community Organizing in El Salvador

Popular education played a major role in the 12-year war waged by the Frente Farabundo Marti para la Liberacion Nacional (Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front-FMLN) in El Salvador. One of the most sustained experiences of popular education anywhere occurred in FMLNcontrolled zones. Most combatants and civilians were peasants, and few had had much opportunity for schooling in the communities where they grew up. Using the methods of popular education, the insurgent movement strove to fill the gap and provide them the education they had never had. Educacion popular means education of, by, and for the people-organized by people in their own community, outside of the control of the official education system. Communities organized popular education in FMLNcontrolled and contested zones and also in cities and relatively peaceful rural areas. Popular schools lacked the most basic supplies-books, notebooks, and pencils, not to speak of buildings and desks. The teachers themselves were poorly educated-many had only a year or two of formal schoolingand had to improvise as they went along. The war constantly interrupted their work, not only when combat fell nearby but when organizing and defense demanded priority over holding classes. But the setting of education in poor communities and in a war zone also created an opportunity. The will to teach and learn grew out of the commitment to struggle together for economic justice and dignity. Popular education was always a political and organizational process as much as an educational process. It created a focus for organizing, provided trained personnel to carry out political tasks, and put into practice
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the pituitary presenting with hyperprolactinemia

Metastases to the pituitary gland from systemic cancers is a rare phenomenon and usually occurs in patients with disseminated disease. The neurohypophysis is the most commonly involved site, and diabetes insipidus is the most common presentation in these patients. Breast and lung cancer are the most common cancers metastasi-zing to the pituitary. Involvement of the pituitary by renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is exceedingly rare. Mild-to-moderate degree of hyperprolactinemia is a rare presentation of pituitary metastases. We report the case of a woman with metastatic RCC to the pituitary presenting an unusually high degree of hyperprolactinemia.
Integrated Debugging of Large Modular Robot Ensembles

Creatively misquoting Thomas Hobbes, the process of software debugging is nasty, brutish, and all too long. This holds all the more true in robotics, which frequently involves concurrency, extensive nondeterminisism, event-driven components, complex state machines, and difficult platform limitations. Inspired by the challenges we have encountered while attempting to debug software on simulated ensembles of tens of thousands of modular robots, we have developed a new debugging tool particularly suited to the characteristics of highly parallel, event- and state-driven robotics software. Our state capture and introspection system also provides data that may be used in higher-level debugging tools as well. We report on the design of this promising debugging system, and on our experiences with it so far.
Equation of state for cesium metal to 23 kbar

Abstract An experimental equation of state has been determined for cesium metal at temperatures from 20° to 280°K and at pressures up to 23 kbar. The results can be expressed analytically over the range 41–67 cm3/mole to an accuracy of 0.2 cm3 by the relationship P(V, T) = ( 21.5 2.84 ) [( 66.5 V ) 2.84 −1] + 3.65 × 10 −3 (T− 10°K) kbar , where V is measured in cm 3 mole . This relationship assumes that the isothermal bulk modulus is a function of volume only, that (∂BT/∂P)T = 2.84, independent of temperature and volume, and that the molar volume and bulk modulus at T = 0 and P = 0 are respectively V0 = 66.5 cm3 and B0 = 21.5 kbar. A summary is given of similar parameters for the other alkali metals. This summary emphasizes the differences (on a reduced scale) between the equations of state for Li, Na, K and Rb (for which (∂BT/∂P)T ∼ 3.8), and for cesium. The relatively greater softness of the P−V relation for cesium possibly is due to the extreme sensitivity to compression of the electronic band structure of this metal. Transition parameters are given also (from 77° to 300°K) for the CsI-II transition which occurs at approximately 22.4 kbars at room temperature.
SNNAP: Approximate computing on programmable SoCs via neural acceleration

Many applications that can take advantage of accelerators are amenable to approximate execution. Past work has shown that neural acceleration is a viable way to accelerate approximate code. In light of the growing availability of on-chip field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), this paper explores neural acceleration on off-the-shelf programmable SoCs. We describe the design and implementation of SNNAP, a flexible FPGA-based neural accelerator for approximate programs. SNNAP is designed to work with a compiler workflow that configures the neural network's topology and weights instead of the programmable logic of the FPGA itself. This approach enables effective use of neural acceleration in commercially available devices and accelerates different applications without costly FPGA reconfigurations. No hardware expertise is required to accelerate software with SNNAP, so the effort required can be substantially lower than custom hardware design for an FPGA fabric and possibly even lower than current “C-to-gates” high-level synthesis (HLS) tools. Our measurements on a Xilinx Zynq FPGA show that SNNAP yields a geometric mean of 3.8× speedup (as high as 38.1×) and 2.8× energy savings (as high as 28 x) with less than 10% quality loss across all applications but one. We also compare SNNAP with designs generated by commercial HLS tools and show that SNNAP has similar performance overall, with better resource-normalized throughput on 4 out of 7 benchmarks.
The Fifth Column: Working for Free So You Can Work for Money So You Can Work for Free Again

A Common Question Over the years, I have had numerous people ask me how I ever got started as a consultant. They are espe cially curious because I do not appear to be a member of the "button-down brigade" and I certainly don't fit the profile of Andersen Consulting or Deloitte & Touche. Since my attainment of near perfection in pomposity, it makes no sense that I would ever be brought in as a consultant. So what is going on? Sit back and relax. Because I only do pro bono work now, I'm no threat to anyone. All will be finally revealed by the man behind the curtain. First, I clearly understand that I am never called in early on a problem. I'm not the starting pitcher. I'm the closer. In short, I am not called in to heal the sick. I am only brought in to raise the dead. Bluntly, my phone rings after the engagement has been completely blown and all other legal remedies are exhausted. As I mentioned before, I have been paid very well to be brought in a closed car at "O dark thirty" in the morning, fix the problem, leave, and agree (contractually) that I was never there. For similar reasons, some of my best pro bono work for various military establishments will still be classified after I am long gone. Second, I have persisted in the quaint notion that you cannot improve anything you haven't done. And, as my friends know, I mean: "DO IT," not watch it. I have turned down a plethora of possible consulting en gagements because I, or one of my students, would not be allowed to "work the line." Most recently, I turned down the Home Security Office of a name less country. I turned it down because this country wanted me to improve the length of its queues but would not allow either me or my students to take the training, become a search and wand person, and DO the job. (Remember, I and my students work on a pro bono basis for government agencies I approve of.)
Ion Mobility of Precritical Clusters in Supersaturated Vapors: Condensation of Supersaturated Methanol Vapor Induced by Toluene and Styrene Ions

A new method for measuring the ion mobility of precritical clusters in supersaturated vapors is reported. The method is based on the REMPI (Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization) nucleation technique, which allows the generation of selected ions within a supersaturated host vapor held in a diffusion cloud chamber. The precritical cluster ions drift under the influence of a uniform electric field to the nucleation zone, where they become condensation nuclei and rapidly grow into macroscopic liquid droplets that can be detected by light scattering. The reduced mobility of the precritical clusters in the toluene+/methanol and styrene+/methanol systems decreases with increasing methanol supersaturation, which reflects the increase in the size of the solvated ion in agreement with Thomson's model for ion-induced nucleation.
Observations on "reactive (follicular) hyperplasia" as encountered in repeat lymphography in the lymphomas.

A phenomenon encountered in some patients undergoing repeat lymphography is described, which consists of an interval substantial increase in size and granularity of the opacified lymph nodes on the repeat study when compared to the initial study. These findings are diffuse and symmetrical, with the exception that they do not involve previously irradiated lymph node groups. This increase in lymph node size and coarsening of internal architecture is caused by a non-specific lymph node reactive follicular hyperplasia. Such findings on repeat lymphography should not be mistaken for relapsing disease occurring in previously normal lymph nodes, but rather should be recognized as simply representing a non-specific lymph node reactive hyperplasia.
Community Service-Learning in the Social Studies: Historical Roots, Empirical Evidence, Critical Issues.

Abstract How are social studies educators to prepare future citizens for living in a society fraught with social, environmental, and economic problems? We propose that community service-learning—the integration of service with academic skills and content—holds promise for enhancing students' future involvement in the social and political life of their communities. We discuss the historical roots of service in social studies education and offer a critical analysts of the empirical evidence on student outcomes in K-12 service-learning programs. The discussion of critical issues centers on differing views of citizenship and the complexities of service and social action. We conclude with recommendations for further research on service-learning programs.
Using a Theory of Change to Drive Human Resource Development for Wraparound.

Achieving coherence and integration across staff professional development activities is facilitated when training, coaching and staff evaluation are guided by a clearly articulated program theory or “theory of change” that describes how skillful practice promotes desired outcomes. We focus on a theory of change for wraparound, a widely implemented approach to providing community-based care for children with high levels of mental health and related needs. Training, coaching and staff evaluation efforts within wraparound programs have typically been linked only very loosely to theory. We argue that wraparound’s unique history allowed it to evolve with limited theoretical grounding, and we then describe a theory of change for wraparound, focusing on the major causal routes that are hypothesized to lead to outcomes. Finally, we provide an extended illustration of how the theory can provide the basis for a coherent and integrated approach to developing the skills and capacities of staff members playing key roles in wraparound implementation.
Daily Marijuana Use Is Not Associated with Brain Morphometric Measures in Adolescents or Adults

Recent research has suggested that marijuana use is associated with volumetric and shape differences in subcortical structures, including the nucleus accumbens and amygdala, in a dose-dependent fashion. Replication of such results in well controlled studies is essential to clarify the effects of marijuana. To that end, this retrospective study examined brain morphology in a sample of adult daily marijuana users (n = 29) versus nonusers (n = 29) and a sample of adolescent daily users (n = 50) versus nonusers (n = 50). Groups were matched on a critical confounding variable, alcohol use, to a far greater degree than in previously published studies. We acquired high-resolution MRI scans, and investigated group differences in gray matter using voxel-based morphometry, surface-based morphometry, and shape analysis in structures suggested to be associated with marijuana use, as follows: the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum. No statistically significant differences were found between daily users and nonusers on volume or shape in the regions of interest. Effect sizes suggest that the failure to find differences was not due to a lack of statistical power, but rather was due to the lack of even a modest effect. In sum, the results indicate that, when carefully controlling for alcohol use, gender, age, and other variables, there is no association between marijuana use and standard volumetric or shape measurements of subcortical structures.
Insights from preferability letters

Abstract Scholarly literature has discussed why entities make voluntary accounting changes, and practice grapples with which change might be appropriate and when. Regulators have set forth a requirement that public companies file preferability letters with the Securities and Exchange Commission indicating the auditor's support for the particular change. Descriptive profiling of these letters from 1992 through 2004 leads to prescriptions that address practice challenges and regulators' expectations. Broad policy questions involve whether such changes ought to be permitted and what independence considerations arise as managers, directors, auditors, and regulators discuss and sometimes disagree on the preferred accounting principles.
Applications of health status assessment measures in clinical practice. Overview of the third conference on advances in health status assessment.

To what purposes can the measurement of health status and health-related quality of life in clinical practice be put? What success might be expected from such endeavors? What obstacles lie in the way of that success? This monograph reports on the proceedings of a conference (the third in a series on
Exploring traffic flow databases using space-time plots and data cubes

Local departments of transportation and metropolitan planning organizations have been collecting traffic data for many decades. However, these data are rarely exploited to their full potential. In this paper, we describe an exploratory visualization toolkit for large traffic flow databases. The visualization toolkit is based on the concept of the traffic cube: an extension of the data cube in data mining. The traffic cube organizes traffic flow data across different spatial and temporal dimensions and with respect to user-specified aggregation levels. The toolkit allows the user to perform data cube operations to select, summarize and cross-tabulate the traffic data prior to visualization as two-dimensional space-time plots. We demonstrate a prototype system using MATLAB, ArcGIS and MS Access database software. Example visualizations of a large database of hourly traffic flows along major highways in the state of Utah (USA) over a 10-year period illustrate the potential for the toolkit to reveal patterns about traffic flows and trends hidden in the database.
Heritable Fragile Site on Chromosome 16: Probable Localization of Haptoglobin Locus in Man

We have found recurrent chromosome breaks at a site (the "fragile site") on the long arm of chromosome 16. This site segregates in simple Mendelian dominant fashion in a large family. The distal portion of the chromosome sometimes shows selective endoreduplication. Preliminary linkage results reveal only 3 recombinants in 33 opportunities for recombination between the fragile site and the alpha locus of haptoglobin, an indication that the alpha-Hp gene is located near this region on chromosome 16.
Detection and characterization of ancient fungi entrapped in glacial ice

Glacial ice is a unique matrix that is ca- pable of protecting microorganisms for long-term preservation. The organisms entrapped in glacial ice can provide information on evolutionary processes and ancient biodiversity. The major objective of this study was to detect and characterize ancient fungi in glacial ice and determine their viability. We devel- oped a protocol using rigorous decontamination pro- cedures, conventional cultural methods, and molec- ular techniques (polymerase chain reaction amplifi- cation of fungal ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers, followed by sequence analyses) to examine the ancient fungi entrapped in glacial ice. Fifteen gla- cial ice subcores, ranging in age from several hun- dred to 140 000 yr, from two locations in Greenland were used in this study. One hundred ninety fungal isolates were obtained using conventional cultural methods. In this paper we report the morphological and molecular characteristics of eight isolates, includ- ing two Penicillium spp., three Cladosporium spp., one Ulocladium sp., one basidiomycete (Pleurotus sp.), and one unknown ascomycete. In addition, ten fun- gal sequences were amplified and sequenced directly from ice meltwater. One of them was identified as a basidiomycete. The other nine were classified as as- comycetes, of which three sequences had very low similarities with contemporary sequences in Gen- Bank. The results from this study may facilitate the future use of ancient fungi in studies of fungal ecol- ogy, distribution, epidemiology, phylogeny, and evo- lution.
Asian industrialization: Is there a paradigm?

This paper attempts to answer three questions: Is there a paradigm or model of Asian industrialization? If so, what are its main features? If there is a model and it has been associated with successful economic performance, as in East Asia, why have other, less successful countries not adopted the model? The answers, briefly, are that there is a model of Asian industrialization if one emphasizes similarities rather than differences among East Asian market economics like Japan, Taiwan and South Korea. The main features of the model have been high investment rates, export expansion, competitive labor markets, and "developmental" or interventionist governments. The model and its success have been limited to a handful of East Asian countries because differences in underlying circumstances have prevented other countries from adopting the model.
Social sciences: a New World of differences.

For richer, for poorer — the countries of the Americas and those of the Caribbean present stark contrasts in fortune. An explanation of those contrasts invokes branching chains of cause and effect.
Returns to Scale and Input Elasticities for Sugarcane: The Case of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Returns to scale and input elasticities are estimated from cost functions based on standard and generalized Cobb-Douglas production functions. Returns to scale increased up to 161 thousand tons and decreased thereafter. Elasticities were. 340 for labor, .285 for land, .351 for fertilizer, .113 for pesticides, and —.089 for machinery and equipment.
A Burr Type X Chain-of-Links Model for Carbon Fibers

A model for application to carbon fibrous composites is proposed based on the Burr type X (BurrX) distribution first proposed by Burr (Burr, I.W. (1942). Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 13: 215-...
Control of porosity in SiO2:PDMS polycerams through variations in sol-gel processing and polymer content

A series of optically transparent SiO2: polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polyceram monoliths have been synthesized by two-step acid/base sol-gel processes. Two different processing routes are discussed and compared; one synthetic route (Route 1) utilizes lower water content, shorter reflux times, and faster drying conditions compared to the other synthetic route (Route 2). The Route 1 polycerams were all essentially non-porous at all PDMS contents examined (20 - 80 volume % PDMS). In contrast, the porosity of the Route 2 polycerams varied dramatically as a function of PDMS content. The surface area and pore volume for a 0% PDMS Route 2 polyceram were 573 m2/gm and 0.59 cm3/gm, respectively; the surface area and pore volume decreased with increasing PDMS content. The amount of porosity within the polycerams is proposed to be controlled by the relative rates of condensation and evaporation during processing and by the amount of PDMS trapped in the pores. This idea is supported by the differences in the drying behavior with processing and by the structural information obtained by magic angle spinning solid-state 29Si NMR of the polyceram monoliths. Quantitative evaluation of the 29Si NMR and porosity data are utilized to formulate structural models of these polycerams. The structural models are then specifically used to describe the effect of porosity on the photostabilization of a laser dye doped within these polyceram monoliths.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
MAPPING THE WORLD'S OCEAN TRADE: A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

(1949). MAPPING THE WORLD'S OCEAN TRADE: A RESEARCH PROPOSAL. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 19-22.
A multimedia, multiple pathway exposure assessment of atrazine: fate, transport and uncertainty analysis

Abstract The potential danger posed to human health from pesticides and herbicides has been a growing national concern due to the increased frequency of agrochemical residues found in food and water. It is becoming critical to determine the concentration in all environmental media for a complete picture of potential human exposure. A multimedia transport model is used to determine the concentration of atrazine in surface water, ground water, surface soil, root zone soil, plants, and air at a typical mid-western location. A range of values is used for each model input, resulting in a distribution of possible concentrations in each medium. A sensitivity analysis determines the influence each parameter has on the outcome variance for each environmental media concentration. The concentrations determined for ground and surface water are then compared to measured concentrations in the region to validate the model. The concentrations are then compared to measured concentrations in the region to validate the model. A companion paper utilizes these concentrations and translates them into human exposure and risk.
Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Lemierre Syndrome

Lemierre syndrome is usually caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, but we recently encountered a case due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and complicated by sigmoid sinus thrombosis and cranial neuropathies. Therapy may be made more difficult by unusual organisms and also create the need for therapy that penetrates into the central nervous system.
An Experimental Study for Determining Optimum Antenna Placement Within a Metallic Enclosure

The problem of placing an antenna inside a metallic room in order to receive a signal originating outside the room is studied. The limitations of a theoretical analysis of the problem are noted. Some general conclusions are drawn from the experiments performed in a shielded enclosure.
Length-tension relationship of the external anal sphincter muscle: implications for the anal canal function

The length at which a muscle operates in vivo (operational length) and the length at which it generates maximal force (optimal length) may be quite different. We studied active and passive length-t...
The work impact of dysthymia in a primary care population

Physicians regard individuals with dysthymia as having relatively normal levels of functioning. This study examines in detail the work impact of dysthymia in a population of employed primary care patients. As part of an observational study conducted between 2001 and 2003 in clinics associated with three health plans in Massachusetts, we compared 69 patients diagnosed with DSM-IV dysthymia without concurrent major depressive disorder to 175 depression-free controls. Patients were employed at least 15 h per week, had no immediate plans to leave the labor market, and no major comorbid medical conditions. We assessed work absences and productivity loss due to on-the-job performance limitations ("presenteeism"). Patients with dysthymia, compared with controls, had less stable work histories and a greater frequency of significant problems at work. While absence rates were not significantly different (1.2 vs. 0.74 days, P<.09), individuals with dysthymia experienced significantly greater on-the-job productivity loss (6.3% vs. 2.8%, P<.0001). Dysthymia is an unrecognized cause of work impairment that has long-term negative consequences for individuals and their employers. The persistence of dysthymia with its serious impact on work functioning calls out for the development of new interventions.
Translation invariant ideals

Translation invariant ideals of subsets of groups and their invariant extensions are studied.
Orientation gradients in relation to grain boundaries at varying strain level and spatial resolution

Abstract The resolution dependence of orientation gradients was studied in a well-annealed 99.9995% pure polycrystalline copper pulled to failure in tension. Owing to the well developed neck, different regions in the sample correspond to different tensile strains. Post-mortem characterization was performed using EBSD on cross-sections containing the tensile axis. Kernel average misorientation (KAM) was calculated as a metric to establish correlation between defect accumulation and microstructural features, with a threshold of 5° to focus on intra-granular gradients. The region with the lowest strain (2%) showed high KAM values adjacent to grain boundaries compared to the grain interior, regardless of the point spacing, i.e. the spatial resolution. However, in the region with the highest strain (13%) a strong dependence on resolution was found. For point spacings of 0.5 μm or smaller, the same correlation of high KAM with locations near boundaries was found. At coarse spacings i.e. low spatial resolution, by contrast, the reverse was found in that the highest KAM values appear in the grain interiors, as previously observed in X-ray microscopy on the same sample which had a similar coarse resolution. An analysis of orientation gradients parallel to, and perpendicular to boundaries suggested that the latter tend to be the larger of the two. This helps to explain why boundary-adjacent points have low KAM values. The conclusion is that measurement of local orientation gradient requires a resolution that is comparable to the dislocation substructure.
Mathematical modeling of internal centrifugal zone growth of ceramics and ceramic-metal composites

Abstract The process of Internal Centrifugal Zone Growth (ICZG) is modeled mathematically by numerical solution of the coupled partial differential equations for the electromagnetic and thermal fields that accompany RF heating. Solutions obtained for infinitely long samples with molten cores display additional instabilities and multiple steady states similar to those reported previously for solid samples. Curves of sample temperature versus applied power can be S-shaped with additional cusps related to the presence of a molten core; as a function of RF skin depth, these curves form a catastrophe surface that becomes smooth (normal RF heating) at sufficiently low values of the skin depth, practically attainable by the use of high frequencies. Two-dimensional models for samples of finite length illustrate how the molten zone shape varies with induction coil configuration and skin depth and how the surface temperature of the sample is related to the thermal conductivity and surface losses. Some simple practical criteria for ICZG are presented and illustrated for a number of non-metallic materials.
The conversational practicality of value judgement

Analyses of moral value judgements must meet a practicality requirement: moral speech acts characteristically express pro- or con-attitudes, indicate that speakers are motivated in certain ways, and exert influence on others' motivations. Nondescriptivists including Simon Blackburn and Allan Gibbard claim that no descriptivist analysis can satisfy this requirement. I argue first that while the practicality requirement is defeasible, it indeed demands a connection between value judgement and motivation that resembles a semantic or conceptual rather than merely contingent psychological link. I then show how a form of descriptivism, the interest-relational theory, satisfies the requirement as a pragmatic and conversational feature of value judgement – thereby also accommodating its defeasibility. The word ``good'' is always indexed to some set of motivations: when this index is unarticulated in many contexts the speaker conversationally implicates possession of those motivations.
A monoclonal autoantibody which promotes central nervous system remyelination is highly polyreactive to multiple known and novel antigens

Abstract A monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated SCH94.03, which promotes central nervous system remyelination in susceptible mice infected with Theiler's virus, has been proposed to be a natural autoantibody based on its germline immunoglobulin sequence. To identify the potential antigens recognized by mAb SCH94.03, a rat brain λgt11 cDNA expression library was screened with this antibody. Nine independent clones were identified. Five clones were identical or highly similar to known cDNAs or proteins (rat kinesin light chain, mouse thrombospondin 1, mouse oncofetal antigen, RNA polymerase beta subunit and nuclear phosphoprotein). Four clones, designated REM#1, REM#2, REM#3 and REM#4, contained open reading frames, but were not homologous to any known genes or proteins. The reactivity of SCH94.03 with all nine clones was specific in that all nine clones identified contained continuous open reading frames and none of nine control IgM mAbs showed reactivity with any of the nine cDNA clones. The precise specificity of binding of mAb SCH94.03 was demonstrated by the absence of reactivity to the identified clones with IgM Ab from B cell lymphoma (CH12) which has identical cDNA sequences with mAb SCH94.03, but differ only in the heavy chain CDR3 N region. Our studies support the hypothesis that highly polyreactive natural autoantibodies can play a role in promoting central nervous system remyelination.
Exchange potentials at a metal surface

In this article we have determined the structure of the exchange potential v(0)x(r) at a jellium metal surface previously derived by restricted functional differentiation of the exchange energy functional. The potential, which depends on the Slater potential due to the Fermi hole, the density, and their gradients, is obtained analytically for the orbitals of the infinite barrier model. We have also determined the exchange potential Wx(r) of the work formalism, which is the work done to move an electron in the forcefield of the Fermi hole, for the same model effective potential, the field being derived analytically. A comparison of these potentials shows them to be close approximations. The functional derivative v(0)x(r) is further provided a physical interpretation by rewriting it in Slaterpotential form. The corresponding effective Fermi hole charge distribution, also determined analytically, has a dynamic structure as a function of electron position similar to that of the Fermi hole but smaller in magnitude. Finally, proofs are provided of the satisfaction by vX(0)(r) of the virial theorem sum rule, the second functional derivative condition, and the sum rule relating the exchange potential to its functional derivative. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Statistically Based Determination of the Depth of the Machining Affected Zone in Nickel-Based Superalloys Using MATLAB

The surface integrity of a machined surface is a critical requirement in high performance applications such as gas turbine foils. Multiple aspects are incorporated in surface integrity, such as surface finish, changes in microstructure, and consequently residual stresses. This research focuses on detection of the presence of the subsurface damage and estimation of the depth of the damage, as related to the changes in microstructure. A statistically-based methodology for estimation of the depth of the machining affected zone (MAZ) using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images is developed and incorporated in MATLAB software, with the objective of having an automated and also more exact method than optical evaluation. The method is applied for estimation of the depth of the MAZ for nickel-based superalloys. The results of this work are being extended to correlate the MAZ with cutting parameters and conditions to determine the onset of subsurface damage, predict the extent of the MAZ and, ultimately, control its characteristics. Furthermore, this method can be extended for the analysis of different aspects of the microstructure (i.e., dimensions of grains) and estimating the amount of strain and residual stress in the damaged layer.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Assignment of the Raman‐active modes of the antitumor agent azathioprine by normal‐mode calculations

Azathioprine is a slow-release prodrug of 6-mercaptopurine and an established clinical agent for the treatment of human leukemias and other immunologically mediated diseases. The Raman spectra (1600–600 cm−1) of solid and solution azathiopurine were recorded and are presented along with results from normal-mode calculations. The band assignments were derived from semi-empirical and ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The ab initio calculations were performed with the restricted Hartree–Fock method and the semi-empirical methods utilized the AM1, PM3 and MNDO-d methods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.