cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transplant immunity to polyoma virus-induced tumor cells IV. A polyoma strain defective in transplant antigen induction☆

Abstract Differences in the capacity of polyoma virus strains to stimulate transplant resistance in hamsters as well as induce measurable quantities of the polyoma-specific transplant antigen in tumor cells were demonstrated. The large (Ip-D) and small plaque (sp-D) virus strains isolated by Dulbecco from the LID-1 polyoma virus isolated at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, were found to be defective in their capacity to stimulate transplant immunity against tumor cell lines known to contain the polyoma transplant antigen which had been induced by several other strains. Furthermore, both strains were defective in the quantity of transplant antigen induced in tumor cells. There was no correlation between the lack of transplant antigen activity and the neoplastic characteristics of the tumor cells induced by these virus strains; this finding suggests that the cell membrane alteration responsible for the transplant antigen function does not play a direct, mediating role in the neonlastic event.
Response of Cupressus funebris Tissue Cultures to Gibberellins

Gibberellins are a specific growth requirement of tissue cultures derived from the staminate cones of Cupressus funebris. The tissue originally required coconut milk for growth. However, a mixture of acid-hydrolyzed casein hydrolyzate and gibberellins replaces the coconut milk entirely and permits even better growth. It is tentatively suggested that coconut milk contains gibberellins or related substances and that these substances are involved in the nitrogen metabolism of the tissue.
Physician and Patient Factors Associated with Differences in use of New Versus Established Therapeutic Agents

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine a secondary source of data and attempt to identify physician and patient related factors which are associated with the prescribing of new prescription drugs. Eight drugs introduced to the general market between January, 1977 and December, 1980 were selected as “new drugs” for study. Study drug utilization was compared to that of established drugs of the same therapeutic categories to determine whether there were significant differences in the relative frequencies of use between the new drugs and the established drugs with respect to physician and patient characteristics. The major conclusions of the study were 1 that treatment variables (the drug(s) examined, patient’s disease and the treatment setting) are important considerations in establishing an association between prescribing behavior and physician and patient characteristics; (2) the use of secondary data sources to study these associations can serve a limited but useful function in an overall, compr...
Parametric study of an open-cycle adiabatic, solid, desiccant cooling system

Abstract The performance of an open-cycle, adiabatic, solid, desiccant cooling system operating in the ventilation mode is modeled numerically. The effects of nondimensional dehumidifier channel length, desiccant mass fraction and desiccant isotherm shape are investigated. The results yield conditions for which the system has an optimum thermal coefficient of performance (COP).
On the thermomechanics of materials that have multiple natural configurations Part I: Viscoelasticity and classical plasticity

Many bodies, both solid and fluid, are capable of being stress-free in numerous configurations that are not related to each other through a rigid body motion. Moreover, it is possible that these bodies could have different material symmetries in these different stress-free “natural” configurations. In order to describe the response of such bodies, it is necessary to know the manner in which these “natural” configurations evolve as well as a class of response functions for the stress that are determined by kinematical quantities that are measured from these evolving natural configurations. In this review article, we provide a framework to describe the mechanics of such bodies whose “natural configurations” evolve during a thermodynamic process. The framework is capable of describing a variety of responses and has been used to describe traditional metal plasticity, twinning, traditional viscoelasticity of both solids and fluids, solid-to-solid phase transitions, polymer crystallization, response of multi-network polymers, and anisotropic liquids. The classical theories of elastic solids and viscous fluids are included as special cases of the framework. After a review of the salient features of the framework, we briefly discuss the status of viscoelasicity, traditional plasticity, twinning and solid to solid phase transitions within the context of the framework.
TIME‐REVERSIBILITY, IDENTIFIABILITY AND INDEPENDENCE OF INNOVATIONS FOR STATIONARY TIME SERIES

. Weiss (J. Appl. Prob. 12 (1975) 831–36) has shown that for causal autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) models with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) noise, time-reversibility is essentially unique to Gaussian processes. This result extends to quite general linear processes and the extension can be used to deduce that a non-Gaussian fractionally integrated ARMA process has at most one representation as a moving average of i.i.d. random variables with finite variance. In the proof of this uniqueness result, we use a time-reversibility argument to show that the innovations sequence (one-step prediction residuals) of an ARMA process driven by i.i.d. non-Gaussian noise is typically not independent, a result of interest in deconvolution problems. Further, we consider the case of an ARMA process to which independent noise is added. Using a time-reversibility argument we show that the innovations of the ARMA process with added independent noise are independent if and only if both the driving noise of the process and the added noise are Gaussian.
Management of pregnancies complicated by anti-Fy(a) alloimmunization.

BACKGROUND: The objective was to evaluate the management and outcome of patients with anti-Fya at the Ohio State University. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A database search for patients with pregnancies complicated only by anti-Fya from 1959 to 2004. Collected information included maternal testing, fetal therapy, and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: The final data set included 18 pregnancies in 15 women where anti-Fya was the only maternal alloantibody present and the fetus was Fya antigen–positive. Maternal antibody titers of at least 32 and optical density at 450 nm values in modified Liley Zone IIB or III identified all fetuses or neonates with significant hemolytic disease (2/18, 11%). No fetuses had hydrops, and there were no deaths attributed to hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. CONCLUSION: Anti-Fya has the potential to lead to significant fetal hemolysis. Management guidelines developed for D sensitization are appropriate for pregnancies complicated by anti-Fya alloimmunization.
Disseminated hydatid disease mistaken for polycystic kidney disease by ultrasound.

A 75-year-old man presented with straining and increased frequency at micturition for a week and abdominal distension for 2 months. The swelling was diffuse but prominent over both the flanks. The abdomen showed bimanually palpable and ballotable masses in the loin suggestive of renal mass. The surface was irregular and a diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease was considered. An ultrasound of the abdomen confirmed the clinical suspicion of polycystic kidney with cysts in the liver also. Blood urea nitrogen level was 13.6 mmol/l, serum creatinine level was 247.5 μmol/l, and the electrolytes and liver function tests were normal. Serum albumin level was 33 g/l and the 24-h urine protein concentration was 0.37 g/day. The patient had dysuria, his urine showed leukocyturia, the culture grew Escherichia coli sensitive, and he was treated for urinary tract infection. He was catheterized with a per-urethral catheter for retention of urine. Two liters of urine was drained and his renal function improved with a serum creatinine concentration of 97.3 μmol/l.
An investigation of oscillating motions in a miniature pulsating heat pipe

A mathematical model for predicting the oscillating motion in a pulsating heat pipe is presented. The model considers the thermal energy from the temperature difference between the evaporator and condenser as the driving force for the oscillating motion, which will overcome both the frictional force and the force due to the deformation of compressible bubbles. The results show that the oscillating motion depends on the temperature difference between the condensing section and evaporating section, the working fluid, the operating temperature, the dimensions, and the filled liquid ratio. The results of this investigation will assist in the development of miniature pulsating heat pipes capable of operating at increased power levels.
The relationship between paranoid delusions and homosexuality

Freud predicted that paranoid delusions are motivated by unconscious homosexual impulses. The research conducted to test this hypothesis has been reviewed and it is concluded that the results do not support Freud's position. The results indicate an association between homosexual concerns and paranoid delusions but not in the manner that Freud predicted. For example, clinical studies indicate greater overt and conscious homosexual preoccupation in paranoid psychotics compared to nonparanoid psychotics, a finding not predicted by Freud. While psychological studies have tended to find more support for the Freudian position, several studies have failed to find supporting evidence and others are inconsistent in their results.
Impossibility of stable and nonbossy matching mechanisms

Abstract Stability is a central concept in matching theory, while nonbossiness is important in many allocation problems. We show that these properties are incompatible: there does not exist a matching mechanism that is both stable and nonbossy.
Non-aneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by a cavernous angioma.

Background Cavernous angiomas are responsible for intracranial hemorrhages, but bleeding is infrequently confined to the subarachnoid space.
Severe osteogenesis imperfecta in cyclophilin B-deficient mice.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a human syndrome characterized by exquisitely fragile bones due to osteoporosis. The majority of autosomal dominant OI cases result from point or splice site mutations in the type I collagen genes, which are thought to lead to aberrant osteoid within developing bones. OI also occurs in humans with homozygous mutations in Prolyl-3-Hydroxylase-1 (LEPRE1). Although P3H1 is known to hydroxylate a single residue (pro-986) in type I collagen chains, it is unclear how this modification acts to facilitate collagen fibril formation. P3H1 exists in a complex with CRTAP and the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase cyclophilin B (CypB), encoded by the Ppib gene. Mutations in CRTAP cause OI in mice and humans, through an unknown mechanism, while the role of CypB in this complex has been a complete mystery. To study the role of mammalian CypB, we generated mice lacking this protein. Early in life, Ppib-/- mice developed kyphosis and severe osteoporosis. Collagen fibrils in Ppib-/- mice had abnormal morphology, further consistent with an OI phenotype. In vitro studies revealed that in CypB–deficient fibroblasts, procollagen did not localize properly to the golgi. We found that levels of P3H1 were substantially reduced in Ppib-/- cells, while CRTAP was unaffected by loss of CypB. Conversely, knockdown of either P3H1 or CRTAP did not affect cellular levels of CypB, but prevented its interaction with collagen in vitro. Furthermore, knockdown of CRTAP also caused depletion of cellular P3H1. Consistent with these changes, post translational prolyl-3-hydroxylation of type I collagen by P3H1 was essentially absent in CypB–deficient cells and tissues from CypB–knockout mice. These data provide significant new mechanistic insight into the pathophysiology of OI and reveal how the members of the P3H1/CRTAP/CypB complex interact to direct proper formation of collagen and bone.
The action spectrum for chloroplast movements and evidence for blue-light-photoreceptor cycling in the alga Vaucheria

Local stimulation of the coenocytic alga Vaucheria sessilis D.C. by blue light resulted in accumulation of chloroplasts and other organelles. The photoresponse followed a well-defined, wavelength-and fluence-rate-dependent latency period (≧10 s), and could lead to a tenfold decrease in relative cellular transmittance to 675-nm light within 5 min. Light-induced aggregation of chloroplasts was examined at eight wavelengths of light between 385 and 528 nm. A fiber-optic microphotometer was employed and the response was quantitated on the basis of the rate of 675-nm transmittance change after correcting for changes in light scattering. Chloroplast aggregation exhibited a nearly identical quantum-flux-density dependence at all eight wavelenths tested; it showed an action spectrum with a sharp maximum near 470 nm, a trough at 430 nm, and action in the near-ultraviolet spectral region. Light at 454 nm was six times less effective than 473-nm light in stimulating aggregation, a difference which could not be accounted for by chlorophyll screening alone. Beyond the latency period reciprocity did not hold for chloroplast aggregation. Instead, aggregation could be fitted to a kinetic model involving steady-state photoreceptor cycling during continuous irradiation. Chloroplast aggregation in the light was compared with three growth-associated photoresponses in Vaucheria — phototropic bending, branching and apical expansion. Time course and kinetic similarities, and the presence of a cytoplasmic fiber network in growing tips of Vaucheria, indicate that these photoresponses may be related mechanistically.
Nocturnal swimming ofScolecolepides viridis (Polychaeta: Spionidae)

AdultScolecolepides viridis were collected by nocturnal plankton tows in the Lafayette River, Norfolk, Virginia. All adults (40–70 mm) were filled with ripe gametes. Swimming individuals were collected only at night on ebb tides. Large (36–60 setigers) post-metamorphic worms were also collected in the plankton. The occurrence of down estuary adult movement is used to explain paradoxical information concerning this species within estuary distribution and early development.
Tolerance-based process plan evaluation using Monte Carlo simulation

In the discrete part manufacturing industry, engineers develop process plans by selecting appropriate machining processes and production equipment to ensure the quality of finished components. The decisions in process planning are usually made based on personal experience and the verification of process plans is based on physical trial-and-error runs, which is costly and time-consuming. This paper proposes to verify process plans by predicting machining tolerances via Monte Carlo simulation. The basic idea is to use a set of discrete sample points to represent workpiece geometry. The changes of their spatial position are simulated and tracked as the workpiece undergoes a series of machining processes. Virtual inspections are then conducted to determine the dimensional and geometric tolerances of the machined component. Machining tolerance prediction is completed through: (1) manufacturing error synthesis, and (2) error propagation in multiple operations. In this way, engineers can quickly screen alternati...
The possible involvement of dietary fats in atherosclerosis.

Abstract Atherosclerosis, the basic cause for 90% of all heart disease, can be initiated in an animal model without the presence of cholesterol or saturated fat in its diet. The rate of development of atherogenesis can be accelerated by excessive vitamin D, by oxidized cholesterol, by rans fatty acids and by an excessive amount of cholesterol in the diet. The influence of any food item on serum cholesterol levels should not be per se used as a basis for labeling it as a “risk factor” in heart disease. Only an actual study of the pathology taking place in the coronary artery can establish such judgement. We must recognize that the present food supply is dependent on the best use of our farmland and that it is necessary to compare the total impact of nutrition on life expectancy as well as on heart disease.
A quantitative approach to the study of visual symmetry

An experiment was conducted to explore the quantitative relationship between "goodness" and the amount of symmetry in visual designs. Subjects arranged items in one, two, and three dimensions in an aesthetically pleasing manner. Each design was analyzed to determine its amount of symmetry, and the percent of subjects who created designs having each possible degree of asymmetry was calculated. Perfect symmetry was the most common condition for all three dimensions. Moreover, the goodness of patterns was inversely related to the quanti­ tative degree of asymmetry. The concept of symmetry has fascinated artists, philosophers, and mathematicians since the ancient Greeks, and it has long been recognized that a sym­ metric design is visually pleasing. Aristotle believed that "the chief forms of beauty are order and sym­ metry and definiteness, which the mathematical sciences demonstrate in a special degree" (Ross, 1940, p. 1078). The notion that symmetrical objects possess desirable qualities has since been a part of many quantitative theories of aesthetic measurement (Birkhoff, 1933; Bosanquet, 1917; Eysenck, 1942). Around the turn of the century, it was proposed that ocular movement or some similar character of the eye's performance explained the preference for symmetrical shapes. However, Stratton (1906) showed that the eye's behavior alone cannot account for the enjoyment of symmetrical forms. Lacking a physiological theory, many psychologists then turned to the concept of the "good Gestalt." According to Koffka, the term "good" was not clearly defined, but seemed to encompass "such properties as regularity, symmetry, simplicity and others" (1935, p. 110). One reason for this definitional vagueness was the lack of an adequate quantitative theory link­ ing aesthetic pleasure and symmetry (see Eysenck, 1940,1942). A major step toward quantifying this relationship was taken by Attneave (1955), who investigated the role of symmetry in the memory for patterns. He found that symmetrical patterns were more accurate­ ly reproduced from memory than were asymmetrical patterns only when the symmetrical designs con­ tained less information.' The concept of redundancy of information in a pattern was invoked to explain these results and to provide a unifying interpretation
Aging Effects on the Creep Behavior of the Near-Alpha Titanium Alloy Ti-1100

During aging of the silicon-bearing, near-alpha titanium alloy Ti-1100 at the service temperature of 593 °C, the precipitation of Ti3AI and silicide particles has been observed. The objective of this article is to determine the influence of these precipitates on creep behavior. Stress relaxation tests, with the advantage of needing only a short time to produce a complete creep curve, were used to determine the creep behavior of Ti-1100. These accelerated creep tests reduce the chance of metallurgical changes that could occur in the long time required to perform conventional creep tests. The creep results obtained from the stress relaxation tests were verified with those obtained from conventional monotonic creep tests. Aging of the material for 500 h at 593 °C, where full precipitation of Ti3AI is assumed to be incomplete, resulted in a small decrease in creep resistance compared to the unaged condition. Specimens aged for 1000 h, which corresponds to the averaged condition in which the precipitation of Ti3AI is expected to be completed, were also examined. It was observed that these specimens yielded creep resistance similar to that of the unaged condition. Material aging for 1000 h followed by a special heat treatment, which results in the dissolution of Ti3AI particles, although not affecting the silicide precipitates, resulted in the poorest creep resistance of the aging conditions investigated. The major conclusion of this study is that the presence of Ti3AI has a beneficial influence on the creep resistance of Ti-1100 alloy.
Patients with elevated baseline liver enzymes do not have higher frequency of hepatotoxicity from lovastatin than those with normal baseline liver enzymes.

ABSTRACT Background It is recommended that lovastatin be avoided in patients with unexplained elevation in transaminase levels. However, there are no studies that evaluated the risk of lovastatin hepatotoxicity in subjects with elevated liver enzymes. Our study tested the hypothesis that patients with elevated liver enzymes are not at higher risk for hepatotoxicity from lovastatin. Methods Our study consisted of the following three cohorts of patients seen between December 1987 and December 1998: cohort 1: 135 patients with elevated baseline enzymes (aspartate transaminase [AST] > 40 IU/L or alanine transaminase [ALT] > 35 IU/L) who received lovastatin; cohort 2: 620 patients without elevated liver enzymes who received lovastatin; and cohort 3: 2644 patients with elevated liver enzymes but not prescribed lovastatin. Elevations in liver biochemistries over a 12-month period after lovastatin was prescribed were categorized into mild-moderate or severe elevations and into "Hy's Rule" based on published criteria. Results The incidence of mild-moderate elevations and severe elevations in liver biochemistries in cohort 1 were 6.6% and 0%, respectively. Compared with cohort 2, individuals in cohort 1 had higher incidence of mild- moderate elevations (6.6% versus 3%; P — 0.03) but not severe elevations (0% versus 0.3%; P — 0.9). Compared with cohort 3, patients in cohort 1 had similar mildmoderate elevations (6.6% versus 11%; P — 0.2) but lower severe elevations (0% versus 5.5%; P P Conclusions Significant hepatotoxicity from lovastatin was very infrequent in this study, and individuals with elevated baseline liver enzyme levels did not have higher frequency of lovastatin hepatotoxicity than those with normal liver enzyme levels.
Specificities of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 sera.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Effective vaccine-elicited immunity against HIV-1 infection will likely require broadly neutralizing antibodies to interrupt the fusion-promoting functions of the viral envelope glycoprotein spikes. Efforts in this area have, however, been fraught with challenges. The handful of existing broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies has provided information on some of the virus' sites of vulnerability, fueling a decade of structure-informed vaccine design. The fact that very few bnmAbs have been recovered to date illustrates the poor immunogenicity of these epitopes. Recognizing that progress may require more basic information, there has been a notable shift in the field toward identifying new chinks in HIV-1's armor. These efforts are based on the observation that some infected patients develop exceptionally broad serum neutralizing antibodies responses, a better understanding of which would be valuable for vaccine efforts aimed at eliciting similar specificities. RECENT FINDINGS New mapping methodologies are now providing an appreciation of the incidence of specificities similar to the existing known bnmAbs as well as some intriguing insights into novel specificities. SUMMARY The new information emerging from mapping efforts should help to sharpen efforts to isolate new bnmAbs and moreover, may provide crucial information for the rational design of novel vaccine candidates.
Characteristics of a Nonvolatile SRAM Memory Cell Utilizing a Ferroelectric Transistor

The SRAM cell circuit is a standard for volatile data storage. When utilizing one or more ferroelectric transistors, the hysteresis characteristics give unique properties to the SRAM circuit, providing for investigation into the development of a nonvolatile memory cell. This paper discusses various formations of the SRAM circuit, using ferroelectric transistors, n-channel and p-channel MOSFETs, and resistive loads. With varied source and supply voltages, the effects on the timing and retention characteristics are investigated, including retention times of up to 24 hours.
A distinct trans-Golgi network subcompartment for sorting of synaptic and granule proteins in neurons and neuroendocrine cells.

Golgi-to-plasma-membrane trafficking of synaptic-like microvesicle (SLMV) proteins, vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and synaptophysin (SYN), and a large dense-core vesicle (LDCV) protein, chromogranin A (CgA), was investigated in undifferentiated neuroendocrine PC12 cells. Live cell imaging and 20°C block–release experiments showed that VAChT–GFP, SYN–GFP and CgA–RFP specifically and transiently cohabitated in a distinct sorting compartment during cold block and then separated into synaptic protein transport vesicles (SPTVs) and LDCVs, after release from temperature block. We found that in this trans-Golgi subcompartment there was colocalization of SPTV and LDCV proteins, most significantly with VAMP4 and Golgin97, and to some degree with TGN46, but not at all with TGN38. Moreover, some SNAP25 and VAMP2, two subunits of the exocytic machinery, were also recruited onto this compartment. Thus, in neuroendocrine cells, synaptic vesicle and LDCV proteins converge briefly in a distinct trans-Golgi network subcompartment before sorting into SPTVs and LDCVs, ultimately for delivery to the plasma membrane. This specialized sorting compartment from which SPTVs and LDCVs bud might facilitate the acquisition of common exocytic machinery needed on the membranes of these vesicles.
Low‐grade prostate cancer diverges early from high grade and metastatic disease

Understanding the developmental relationship between indolent and aggressive tumors is central to understanding disease progression and making treatment decisions. For example, most men diagnosed with prostate cancer have clinically indolent disease and die from other causes. Overtreatment of prostate cancer remains a concern. Here we use laser microdissection followed by exome sequencing of low- and high-grade prostate cancer foci from four subjects, and metastatic disease from two of those subjects, to evaluate the molecular relationship of coincident cancer foci. Seventy of 79 (87%) high-confidence somatic mutations in low-grade disease were private to low-grade foci. In contrast, high-grade foci and metastases harbored many of the same mutations. In cases in which there was a metastatic focus, 15 of 80 (19%) high-confidence somatic mutations in high-grade foci were private. Seven of the 80 (9%) were shared with low-grade foci and 65 (82%) were shared with metastatic foci. Notably, mutations in cancer-associated genes and the p53 signaling pathway were found exclusively in high-grade foci and metastases. The pattern of mutations is consistent with early divergence between low- and high-grade foci and late divergence between high-grade foci and metastases. These data provide insights into the development of high-grade and metastatic prostate cancer.
Effect of Liquid Smoke on the Growth of Lactic Acid Starter Cultures used to Manufacture Fermented Sausage

Fermented sausage was manufactured using a commercial lactic acid starter culture and varying levels of liquid smoke. Samples were taken during the 24 hr fermentation period and the lactic bacterial count, pH and titratable acidity determined. Final pH values, titratable acidity and lactic bacterial counts were not affected by recommended use levels of liquid smoke, although exponential growth was delayed. Growth studies in a broth medium containing liquid smoke suggest that liquid smoke has the potential for inhibiting the lactic starter cultures used to make fermented sausage.
Further studies on oxygenated tryptamines with LSD-like activity incorporating a chiral pyrrolidine moiety into the side chain

The enantiomers of 3-(N-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-5-methoxyindole, 1, and 3-(N-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-4-hydoxyindole, 3, were prepared using an asymmetric synthesis that employed (+)- or (−)-proline. A new approach was developed that had certain advantages over the synthesis originally reported for the isomers of 1. (±)-3-(N-Methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-hydroxyindole, 5, was also prepared as a rigid analogue of psilocin and compared with its 5-methoxy counterpart 4. Radioligand competition assays were used to assess the affinity of compounds for the 5-HT2A receptor labeled with the agonist ligand [125I]DOI and the antagonist ligand [3H]MDL100907. Two-lever drug discrimination assays in rats trained to discriminate either LSD or DOI from saline were employed to assess the hallucinogen-like behavioral properties of these rigid tryptamine analogues. The receptor binding assay results clearly demonstrated a stereochemical preference for the R enantiomers that did not discriminate the position of the oxyg...
A new method of incorporating systematic uncertainties in intensity-modulated radiotherapy optimization.

Uncertainties in tumor position during intensity-modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) plan optimization are usually accounted for by adding margins to a clinical target volume (CTV), or additionally, to organs at risk (OAR). The former approach usually favors target coverage over OAR protection, whereas the latter does not account for correlation in target and OAR movement. We investigate a new approach to incorporate systematic errors in tumor and organ position. The method models a distribution of systematic errors due to setup error and organ motion with displaced replicas of volumes of interest, each representing the patient geometry for a possible systematic error, and maximizes a score function that counts the number of replicas meeting dose or biological constraints for both CTV and OAR. Dose constraints are implemented by logistic functions of Niemierko’s generalized model of equivalent uniform dose (EUD). The method is applied to prostate and nasopharynx IMRT plans, in which CTV and OAR each consists of five replicas, one representing no error (the position in the planning CT) and the other four discrete systematic setup displacements in one dimension with equal probability. The resulting IMRT plans are compared with those from two other EUD-based optimizations: a standard planning target volume (PTV) approach consisting of a single replica of each OAR in the planned position and a single PTV encompassing all CTV replicas, and a PTV-PRV approach consisting of a single PTV and a single planning risk volume (PRV) for each OAR encompassing all replicas. When systematic error is present, multiple-replica optimization provides better critical organ protection while maintaining similar target coverage compared with the PTV approach, and provides better CTV-to-OAR therapeutic ratio compared with the PTV-PRV instances where there is substantial PTV-PRV overlap. The method can be used for other systematic errors due to organ motion and deformation.
Racial Identity, Generalized Self-Efficacy, and Self-Esteem: A Pilot Study of a Mediation Model for African American Women.

In this pilot study, the authors tested the hypothesis that a generalized sense of self-efficacy mediates the relationship between racial identity attitudes and self-esteem among African American women. The Racial Identity Attitude Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale were administered in counterbalanced order to 70 African American women volunteers from two local agencies: a church and a private misdemeanor probation institution. Generalized self-efficacy (GSE) mediated the relationship between pre-encounter racial identity attitude and self-esteem. Lower pre-encounter attitude predicted higher GSE, which predicted higher self-esteem. Higher emersion attitudes predicted higher self-esteem and GSE more strongly in the probation subsample. This and other significant differences among the subsamples suggest that racial identity attitudes may play a different role in self-esteem in different groups of African American women.
Comparative statics in general equilibrium models with a unionized sector

This paper uses a simple theory of union behavior to examine the consequences of unionization for the basic comparative-statics properties of the specific-factors and Heckscher-Ohlin trade models. Many of the standard results continue to emerge despite the union. However, in contrast to the competitive theory, an increase in the price of the unionized commodity can unambiguously lower the real wages of union workers in the short run and, in the long run, can raise the real rewards of all factors employed in the union sector.
The effects of electronic cigarette emissions on systemic cotinine levels, weight and postnatal lung growth in neonatal mice.

Background/Objective Electronic cigarette (E-cigarettes) emissions present a potentially new hazard to neonates through inhalation, dermal and oral contact. Exposure to nicotine containing E-cigarettes may cause significant systemic absorption in neonates due to the potential for multi-route exposure. Systemic absorption of nicotine and constituents of E-cigarette emissions may adversely impact weight and lung development in the neonate. To address these questions we exposed neonatal mice to E-cigarette emissions and measured systemic cotinine levels and alveolar lung growth. Methods/Main Results Neonatal mice were exposed to E-cigarettes for the first 10 days of life. E-cigarette cartridges contained either 1.8% nicotine in propylene glycol (PG) or PG vehicle alone. Daily weights, plasma and urine cotinine levels and lung growth using the alveolar mean linear intercept (MLI) method were measured at 10 days of life and compared to room air controls. Mice exposed to 1.8% nicotine/PG had a 13.3% decrease in total body weight compared to room air controls. Plasma cotinine levels were found to be elevated in neonatal mice exposed to 1.8% nicotine/PG E-cigarettes (mean 62.34± 3.3 ng/ml). After adjusting for sex and weight, the nicotine exposed mice were found to have modestly impaired lung growth by MLI compared to room air control mice (p<.054 trial 1; p<.006 trial 2). These studies indicate that exposure to E-cigarette emissions during the neonatal period can adversely impact weight gain. In addition exposure to nicotine containing E-cigarettes can cause detectable levels of systemic cotinine, diminished alveolar cell proliferation and a modest impairment in postnatal lung growth.
Multiplicity selection in high-energy heavy-ion collisions

The effect of multiplicity selection on coincident single-particle distributions has been simulated for a ''2..pi..'' multiplicity detector for several well-defined hypothetical events. It is shown that, in some instances, the single-particle distributions may be significantly distorted by the phase-space constraints of the multiplicity selection. The reaction /sup 20/Ne + U at E/A = 400 MeV has been simulated using a full fireball calculation which incorporates the kinematic effects of multiplicity selection. The calculation does not reproduce the recently observed enhanced sidewards emission of light particles.
Limited nucleosome migration can completely randomize DNA repair patches in intact human cells

Abstract Following irradiation of human cells with ultraviolet light, DNA repair patches are initially inserted near the 5′ and 3′ ends of nucleosome core DNA leaving a “gap” in repair synthesis (of ~ 50 bases) near the center of the core DNA. With time, however, these same repair patches become randomized, apparently by nucleosome migration. We have developed both an analytical expression and a computer algorithm (which simulates nucleosome migration along DNA) to determine the average distance nucleosomes must migrate to change the initial, non-uniform distribution of repair patches in nucleosomes to a random distribution. Both of these methods yielded the same result: nucleosomes must migrate an average of about 50 base-pairs in either direction to produce the randomization observed.
James Cone’s legacy in Africa: Confession as political praxis in the Kairos Document

This reflection sets out to achieve three goals: the key is to show the legacy of James Cone from a global perspective, specifically his contributions to the development of African theology. The second is the irony that Cone was influenced by Karl Barth’ s Barmen declaration in his response to the outrage against blacks in the United States in the violent late 1960s. This dimension has escaped scholarly attention. Thirdly, both Cone and the Barmen declaration influenced South African theologians who scripted the Kairos Document. Each party contextualized the use of the strategy; but for all, confession served as a form of political praxis.
Tracking properties of vector space adaptive filters

Tracking properties are considered for adaptive filters which are adjusted within a vector space of filtering operations. For a given vector space of systems, the adaptive filter structure is determined by a choice of basis for the vector space. Basis dependent expressions are developed for the asymptotic mean square error (MSE) under least-mean-square (LMS) and recursive-least-square (RLS) adaptation, when the optimal filter specification is subject to constant drift. For the idealized setting considered, it is shown that the minimum achievable MSE using LMS adaptation is less than or equal to that achievable under RLS adaptation. >
Capsule Commentary on Fortuna et al., Health Conditions and Functional Status in Adults with Autism: A Cross Sectional Evaluation.

S tate and federal policy prioritizes serving people with disabilities in the community as opposed to in institutions. But there has been little investment in developing the health services and trained workforce to deliver effective medical care in this setting. Many studies have shown that overall, community-based services and small, fully-integrated housing is superior to institutions in a variety of domains, including community participation, contact with family and community, and quality of life. However, the research is more mixed in the areas of medication, health, risks, and mortality. Social determinants of health and problems with access to medical, dental and behavioral health care contribute to health disparities. Fortuna and colleagues’ study expands our understanding of the health care and support needs of adults on the autism spectrum as they and their parents age. Autistic adults have higher rates of chronic medical conditions that require ongoing, medical attention, as well as significant, support needs for activities of daily living. Furthermore, most autistic adults live on their own or with family rather than in supervised residential settings. Due to advancements in federal Medicaid policy, the trend towards people with complex disabilities living in fully integrated homes will likely accelerate. The new Home and Community Based Settings regulation requires states to provide recipients of Medicaid-funded, long-term care with community options. Options must include the ability to choose service providers, housing, roommates and other relationships, supported employment in regular workplaces, and the ability to direct their own lives. Effective health care services and professional training requires the collaboration and leadership of autistic adults. To assist health care providers to serve the population, tools developed in collaboration with autistic adults have been developed by the Office of Developmental Primary Care (http://odpc.ucsf.edu) and the Academic-Autistic Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education (http://www. autismandhealth.org/). Also, review articles on primary care of transition age youth and adults are available to help clinicians and health systems provide culturally competent services to reduce health disparities and improve access to care.
Mechanisms for emergence from diapause of Calanoides carinatus in the Somali current

We studied mechanisms that might control the emergence of the last juvenile stage of Calanoides carinatus from diapause in the Arabian Sea. Diapaused copepods are modeled as Lagrangian particles that include a simplified means for lipid catabolism during diapause. The advective field for the particles, which are released at intermediate and deep layers off the Somali shelf, is determined by a regional version of the Miami isopycnic coordinate model (MICOM). Dormant copepods emerge from diapause in response to either onshore advection (physical upwelling) or depletion of lipid reserves to an assumed critical level (internal biological clock). The majority of the diapaused copepods that successfully complete their life cycle are those retained within the coastal upwelling zone and emerge as a consequence of depletion of the lipid reserves.
A rapid, microplate SNP genotype assay for the leptinob allele.

A nonsense mutation in the mouse leptin gene causes genetic obesity. As a result of extensive research in the field of obesity, the use of leptin ob mice is widespread. This mutation renders mice sterile, creating the need to breed heterozygous mice. For this reason, leptin ob geno- typing is necessary. To date, gel-based assays have been used for genotyping. Using the Invader Plus: assay for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection, we have devel- oped a gel-free microplate SNP assay for genotyping leptin wt and leptin ob alleles.—Oler, A. T. and A. D. Attie. A rapid, microplate SNP genotype assay for the leptin ob allele. J. Lipid Res. 2008. 49: 1126-1129.
Connectivity Restoration in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Steiner Tree Approximations

Wireless sensor nodes are symbiotic when deployed in an activity region and heavily rely on each other for successful transmission of data. Therefore, failure of some nodes can possibly partition the network. Since these networks often operate unattended, nodes need to collectively maintain connectivity and resolve any reachability problem. Most published approaches for restoring connectivity are based on a single underlying principle of replacing the failed node without considering the possible fact that the location of the failed node could have been the reason for its failure. These approaches also tend to trigger a cascaded relocation of many nodes resulting in increased overhead. This paper presents a novel solution that pursues rearrangement of nodes while limiting the scope of the recovery to the vicinity of the failed node. The connectivity restoration is modeled as a variant of the Steiner tree formation problem and solved using novel heuristics. The proposed approach is validated through simulation.
Immunohistochemical analysis and Epstein-Barr virus in the tonsils of transplant recipients and healthy controls

Objective To compare lymphocyte immunohistochemical markers and staining for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in tonsillectomy specimens from healthy children and pediatric transplant recipients. Design Analysis of pathology specimens. Setting Tertiary care medical center. Patients Consecutive sample of tonsillectomy specimens from 60 pediatric solid organ transplant recipients and 60 healthy children. Intervention Immunohistochemical staining of tonsillectomy specimens for κ and λ light chains, B and T lymphocytes, EBV-encoded small nuclear RNA (EBV-EBER), and EBV-encoded latent membrane protein (EBV-LMP). Main Outcome Measure Detection of a difference in EBV activity in transplant recipients vs healthy controls. Results There was 1 case of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). All other tonsillectomy specimens from both groups demonstrated follicular hyperplasia. Tonsillectomy specimens from both groups were polyclonal, expressing κ and λ light-chain activity, including the case of PTLD. The number of specimens staining positive for CD3 activity, a marker of T lymphocytes, was reduced in the transplant group (85%), compared with 100% in the control group ( P P Conclusions Adenotonsillar hypertrophy in transplant recipients with no prior exposure to EBV may be a sign of active EBV infection. A high incidence of EBV-EBER was found in the tonsils of transplant recipients. Active adenotonsillar EBV infection in the setting of T-lymphocyte suppression in transplant recipients may be a potential early precursor of PTLD.
Nadir CD4+ T Cell Count Predicts Response to Subcutaneous Recombinant Interleukin-2

Community Program for Clinical Research on AIDS 059 was a multicenter study conducted among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals with CD4+ cell counts > or =300 cells/mm3 who were randomly assigned to receive antiretroviral therapy with or without intermittent subcutaneously administered recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). To identify factors associated with a response to IL-2, a secondary analysis was performed that included the subset of rIL-2 recipients who were able to complete all 3 initial treatment cycles. Predictors of a change in CD4+ cell count between baseline and 1 month after the start of treatment cycle 3 were examined in a multivariate model that included sex, race, body surface area, rIL-2 dose, HIV load, and both baseline and nadir CD4+ cell count. The combination of race and sex (P=.027) and the nadir CD4+ cell count (P=.005) were significant predictors of mean CD4+ cell count response. Baseline CD4+ cell count had no significant effect. The strong association between nadir CD4+ cell count and CD4+ cell count response suggests that immunologic losses resulting from HIV-mediated CD4+ cell depletion may be irreversible.
A Putative Mediator of Insulin Action Which Inhibits Adenylate Cyclase and Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate- Dependent Protein Kinase: Partial Purificaton from Rat Liver: Site and Kinetic Mechanism of Action*

A novel putative mediator of insulin action which acts to inhibit adenylate cyclase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase has been purified from livers of insulin-treated streptozotocin-diabetic rats. It was increased by short term (5-min) insulin injections in vivo and purified several thousand-fold by Sephadex and HPLC. Its mol wt was somewhat larger (2500) than previous mediators identified, and it was more hydrophobic in character. Its mechanism of action or adenylate cyclase was determined and found to be chiefly directed against the catalytic subunit. Its action on the cAMP-dependent protein kinase was found to be competitive with regard to protein substrate, but noncompetitive with regard to ATP and cAMP. Its relationship to other putative insulin mediators and the mechanism of insulin action is discussed.
Width of the Hadley cell in simple and comprehensive general circulation models

[1] The width of the Hadley cell is studied over a wide range of climate regimes using both simple and comprehensive atmospheric general circulation models. Aquaplanet, fixed sea surface temperature lower boundary conditions are used in both models to study the response of the Hadley cell width to changes in both global mean temperature and pole-to-equator temperature gradient. The primary sensitivity of both models is a large expansion of the Hadley cell with increased mean temperature. The models also exhibit a smaller increase in width with temperature gradient. The Hadley cell widths agree well with a scaling theory by Held which assumes that the width is determined by the latitude where baroclinic eddies begin to occur. As surface temperatures are warmed, the latitude of baroclinic instability onset is shifted poleward due to increases in the static stability of the subtropics, which is increased in an atmosphere with higher moisture content.
Fermentation tubes for in vitro digestion of forages.

Abstract During in vitro digestion of forages by rumen microorganisms in polycarbonate centrifuge tubes, forage particles formed derise mats which were raised above the level of media by entrapped gas. This did not occur with polyethylene centrifuge tubes. In vitro organic matter digestion was higher in polyethylene than in polycarbonate tubes. Vacuum infiltration of water into samples prior to inoculation increased in vitro digestion with both types of tubes but to a greater extent with samples of high than of low digestion. Regression analysis of in vivo digestibility on in vitro digestion showed that the lowest residual standard deviation was with polyethylene tubes and vacuum infiltration, but omission of vacuum infiltration gave satifactory results.