cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of ion effects on high current relativistic diodes

The influence of ion effects on high-current relativistic diodes has been theoretically investigated by E.H. Choi et al. (J. Appl. Phys., vol.61, p.2160, 1987). Experimental observations of ion effects on a relativistic diode have been carried out by the present authors by forming ions in the diode region or by using a preformed plasma in the diode. It was found that the presence of ions in the diode region suppresses the space charge and can significantly enhance the electron current (up to a factor of two). This agrees well with the theoretical results. It was also found that the relativistic electron beam within the diode may be subject to instabilities due to the presence of background ions. >
Issue Salience, Party Strength, and the Adoption of Health‐Care Expansion Efforts

This article studies the joint effects of issue salience and party strength on health-care expansion efforts in the American states. We contend that Democrats and Republicans fall back on their traditional policy stances when an issue is highly salient, but when it is less so, policy makers move to the more politically practical policy alternatives. We find that when health care is highly salient, Democrat-controlled states will be more likely to support direct coverage programs, while a Republican-controlled state will be more likely to support tax incentives. During periods of low-issue salience, policy makers are more open to pursuing options less consonant with traditional partisan policy preferences to make progress on the issue. This important contribution to the literature indicates that the level of attention an issue receives can not only affect whether effort is made to address the problem, but the substance of the policy too. Este articulo estudia los efectos conjuntos de la relevancia de un problema y la fuerza de un partido respecto a los esfuerzos de expansion de la cobertura medica en los estados de la union americana. Nosotros argumentamos que Democratas y Republicanos mantienen sus posturas politicas tradicionales cuando un problema es altamente relevante, de lo contrario, los legisladores toman una alternativa politica mas practica. Hallamos que cuando la cobertura medica es altamente relevante, los estados Democratas seran mas propensos a apoyar programas de cobertura directa, mientras que los estados Republicanos seran mas propensos a apoyar incentivos fiscales. Durante periodos de poca relevancia, los legisladores estan mas abiertos a considerar medidas con una menor consonancia politica a la de su partido con el fin de lograr avances en el tema. Esta importante contribucion a la literatura indica que el nivel de atencion que recibe un problema no solo afecta si se toman medidas para resolver el problema sino la solidez de la politica implementada tambien. Related Articles:“Implementation Theory Revisited . . . Again,” (2009): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00174.x/abstract“National Health Insurance in the U.S. and Canada,” (2009): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00211.x/abstract“Issue Salience, News Coverage, and Attention Cycles,” (1999): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00113.x/abstract
Proceedings of the 21st annual international conference on Documentation

Welcome to San Francisco and SIGDOC 2003. This year's theme, "Finding Real-World Solutions for Documentation: How Theory Informs Practice and Practice Informs Theory" continues conversations from years past that evoke our deep concerns with understanding users and their needs, seeking and creating technical solutions to make our work easier, learning new ways to work better in teams. We have stories from the field and theory from the academy.The conference provides a venue for the stories and the theories to improve each other. In the broad field of design of communication, the circle of experience, abstraction, testing and use can be completed in both directions. So SIGDOC 2003 provides a forum in which documentation specialists, researchers, and educators can contribute to a field in which theory informs practice and practice informs theory. Together we work to answer some of the following questions: How can we bring new theoretical or methodological frameworks to bear on old problems? How can we take advantage of practitioners' experience to advance, improve, or combine the methods and methodologies used in documentation? What are the benefits and costs if practitioners just ignore user modeling and charge ahead? How can we productively model context, activity, documents, and users? How does documentation experience affect user modeling? What tools enable quick and effective production of documentation and allow writers to own the content longer? .To help us understand the complexity of these issues, our 2003 Rigo Award winner, JoAnn Hackos will deliver the Keynote Address on how might academe and industry work more closely together to understand how people need and use technical information. We will also hear from Susan Mills, IBM Director, Corporate User Technologies, who will accept the Diana Award for IBM.
Death of the Blues

Blind Lemon Jefferson, plump little boy, sixth and last, with sort of a gift for wandering far from the porch and not getting lost, chased rabbits across the black oil waste and shrieked at the false disasters, his brothers and sisters, those voices that couldn't hear the wind sear and sing through scrub as he could hear it, blues in the sky, blues in the kitchen, blues in the stars on high, blue night, blue future, blue infuckingcredible guitar, blue Wortham, blue Dallas, blue Chicago bus stop, blue blind snow, blue headlights who knows whose, blue fingers cupped and breathed into and steaming the same blue steam rising through sewer gratings, blue face. It goes. The lonely go. Blue everything.
Feeding, diet, and jaw form in West African Colobus and Procolobus

The functional link between mandibular morphology and masticatory stress has been documented by both experimental and comparative investigation. Somewhat more tenuous is the purported connection between dietary variation and the form of the jaws in primates. Several factors complicate the inference of such a connection, including anecdotal or incomplete dietary data from field studies and allometric effects on skeletal form that may have little to do with diet per se. We compared the jaws of sympatric colobines from West Africa to test the effect of diet on mandibular form. Procolobus badius and Colobus polykomos occupy the same habitat yet differ in diet primarily due to the exploitation of hard seeds by C. polykomos. The fact that the two taxa are comparable in body size also obviates the need for allometric qualifications. Colobus polykomos is expected to possess more robust mandibular corpora than Procolobus badius. In fact, the jaws of Colobus polykomos do not differ consistently from those of Procolobus badius in terms of biomechanical function. This apparent failure of mandibular morphology to reflect differences in diet and feeding behavior may be due to a variety of factors. We suspect that functional demands related to canine tooth support are contributing to obliteration of the expected biomechanical signal. Successful prediction of dietary effects on mandibular form requires consideration of competing structural and functional demands. The influence of diet on mandibular corporeal morphology is not equivalent across different primate species.
Battery Aware Video Delivery Techniques Using Rate Adaptation and Base Station Reconfiguration

With mobile video increasingly becoming an important driver of mobile device usage, the battery consumption of mobile devices will be dominated by video delivery and playback . In this paper, we develop battery efficient video download techniques that vary video download rate dynamically, including stopping video download at times, depending on mobile device buffer levels and the channel conditions experienced, to maximize battery life while ensuring no degradation in user experience. The proposed dynamic download rate adaptation techniques enable the base station to adapt the MIMO transceiver configurations to reduce battery load required by MIMO components on the mobile device. In order to further enhance battery life, we propose to utilize video bit rate adaptation, in addition to download rate adaptation and MIMO reconfiguration. The proposed battery aware bit rate adaptation techniques take into account the mobile device battery and buffer levels, and network load and channel conditions experienced, to maximize battery lifetime (hence video viewing time) while ensuring desired level of video experience (measured in terms of video quality and stalls experienced). We propose a new metric termed “video experience longevity (VEL)” which quantifies the performance of the proposed bit rate adaptation techniques in terms of video viewing time and video experience. Extensive experiments conducted under variable channel conditions and network load demonstrate that the proposed battery aware video delivery techniques can significantly outperform other video delivery techniques in terms of battery lifetime and VEL metric (for bit rate adaptation techniques) while ensuring desired level of video experience.
Cyclic mechanical strain regulates the development of engineered smooth muscle tissue

We show that the appropriate combinations of mechanical stimuli and polymeric scaffolds can enhance the mechanical properties of engineered tissues. The mechanical properties of tissues engineered from cells and polymer scaffolds are significantly lower than the native tissues they replace. We hypothesized that application of mechanical stimuli to engineered tissues would alter their mechanical properties. Smooth muscle tissue was engineered on two different polymeric scaffolds and subjected to cyclic mechanical strain. Short-term application of strain increased proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and expression of collagen and elastin, but only when SMCs were adherent to specific scaffolds. Long-term application of cyclic strain upregulated elastin and collagen gene expression and led to increased organization in tissues. This resulted in more than an order of magnitude increase in the mechanical properties of the tissues.
Vistas in Common: Sharing Stories about Heritage Landscapes

Rural communities in the United States have faced mounting pressure to develop their local economies in ways that threaten their historic agrarian landscapes and cultural practices. However, these communities are often wary of, if not hostile to, top–down approaches to historic preservation and landscape conservation. Community-engaged heritage protection strategies shift the focus from managing cultural and natural heritage as discrete resources to envisioning heritage and its protection as a form of community development. This paper presents a case study from rural New England in which the intergenerational sharing of narratives about heritage landscapes moves beyond simply commemorating the past, to contributing to the present and future welfare of community members. In this case, heritage narratives shed light on residents’ changed relationships toward their land and each other, while also revitalizing a sense of a collective past and, more importantly, a shared future.
Trends in otolaryngologic utilization of computed tomography for sinonasal disorders.

Objectives/Hypothesis Determine temporal trends in otolaryngologists' utilization of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of sinonasal disorders. Study Design Cross-sectional analysis of national health-care database. Methods The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey was examined from 2005 to 2010, and all visits to otolaryngologists with a chronic sinonasal diagnosis code (e.g., chronic sinusitis, chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, and septal deviation) were extracted. The demographics and proportion of otolaryngology visits at which a CT scan was ordered were determined for each calendar year, and trends were determined for the 6-year period. Results An estimated 31.1±2.8 million otolaryngology visits with sinonasal diagnoses were extracted (unweighted N=2,099). The average patient age was 43.2±0.6 years, with a female predominance (57.1%±1.8%). The most common diagnoses were chronic rhinosinusitis (10.9 million visits, unweighted N=819) and allergic rhinitis (10.7 million visits, unweighted N=639). Overall, 10.4%±2.2% of sinonasal diagnosis visits involved CT (unweighted N=232), ranging from 8.4%±3.0% in 2007 to 12.3%±2.6% in 2008; in 2010, 11.7%±2.9% of visits included CT. There was no statistically significant difference in CT rates over the course of these 6 calendar years (P=.798). Conclusions Despite widespread availability of imaging and a strong prevalence of sinonasal diagnoses, otolaryngologists' CT ordering patterns have not resulted in increased utilization over the past 6 years. This suggests that otolaryngologists are remaining consistent in their ordering patterns for sinonasal CT. Level of Evidence 2c. Laryngoscope, 123:1837–1839, 2013
System-level design: a strategic investment for the future of the electronic industry

A rigorous and well-supported system-level design methodology is essential to solve some of the pressing problems of the electronics. In the electronic system industry (e.g., automotive, consumer, defense, telecommunication), the reduction of the life time of products, the increasing market demands in terms of cost and features, the complexity of the design problem have created problems that are causing severe inefficiencies and may even jeopardize the economic viability of a company. In the semiconductor industry, the deep submicron effects, the increasing manufacturing and NRE costs, make the design of new circuits a very challenging proposition. These combined effects require a novel way of approaching the design problems. We present some issues and potential solutions stressing the strategic nature of system level design. Investing in methodologies, environments and tools for system-level design has to be considered strategic by all players in the electronic industry.
Enthalpy (ΔH) and Entropy (ΔS) for π-Stacking Interactions in Near-Sandwich Configurations: Relative Importance of Electrostatic, Dispersive, and Charge-Transfer Effects

Interactions between two aromatic rings with various substituents in a near-sandwich configuration have been quantitatively studied by using the triptycene derived molecular models. This model system allows a stacking arrangement of two arenes to assume a near-perfect face-to-face configuration in its ground state conformation. Comparing to our previous study of the parallel displaced configuration, repulsive interactions are predominant for most arenes currently studied. However, if one arene is strongly electron deficient (Ar2 = pentafluorobenzoate), attractive interactions were observed regardless of the character of the other arene (Ar1). For stacking interactions between Me2NC6H4 and C6F5CO groups, a ΔH of −1.84 ± 0.2 kcal/mol and a ΔS of −2.9 ± 0.8 cal/(mol·K) were determined. The general trend in the attractive stacking interaction toward a pentafluorobenzoate is Me2NC6H4 > Me3C6H2 > Me2C6H3 > MeC6H4 > MeOC6H4 > C6H5 > O2NC6H4. The observed trend is consistent with a donor−acceptor relationship and...
Corn Gluten Meal and Blood Meal Mixture for Dairy Cows in Midlactation

Abstract Twelve midlactation Holstein cows were assigned to a switchback design with 4-wk periods to compare a corn gluten meal and blood meal mixture with soybean meal as supplemental protein sources. All experimental diets contained 60% ammoniated corn silage, on a dry basis, and a corn and oats (2:1) basal concentrate mixture. Diets were: urea control (12.5% CP); soybean meal (16.1% CP); low protein (14.3% CP) corn gluten and blood meal mixture; and high protein (16.8% CP) corn gluten and blood meal mixture. Cows fed the control diet consumed less DM, and produced less milk containing a lower percentage of protein than cows fed other diets. Protein efficiency and milk fat percentage were higher for cows fed the control diet than for cows fed the natural protein diets. Fat-corrected milk and fat yields did not differ among diets. The high protein diets (16.1 and 16.8% CP) decreased protein efficiency and increased SNF percentage. Milk yield per unit of DM intake was higher when cows were fed the lower degradable protein source (corn gluten-blood meal) than when they were fed soybean meal. The low degradable protein mixture produced a similar lactation response to soybean meal at both the high and low concentrations of total dietary protein. This study indicates that the dietary protein and undegradable protein concentration needed by midlactation Holstein fed complete mixed diets may be lower than generally recommended.
Effects of bacterial dynamics on organic matter decomposition and nutrient release from sediments: A modeling study

Nutrient inputs to lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, and continental shelf waters are often dominated by nutrient release from sediments. Rates of nutrient release from the decomposition of sedimentary organic matter are determined by bacterial demands for food and energy. This dependence of decomposition kinetics on bacterial dynamics, however, is not explicitly considered in current models of early diagenesis. Here, we present a new model of early diagenesis that is based on soil decomposition models and that explicitly includes bacterial biomass as a state variable. Using the new model, we perform steady-state sensitivity analyses and integrate two time-dependent scenarios to determine the major controls on the abundance of bacteria in sediments and on sediment nutrient release. First, we test the sensitivity of bacterial biomass and nutrient release to substrate quantity and quality, and to bacterial growth parameters, growth efficiency and mortality. The model predicts that bacterial abundance in the sediments and nutrient release rates increase significantly with higher substrate inputs and higher quality of organic substrate. High growth efficiencies, on the other hand, reduce nutrient release rates and lead to more nutrient immobilization into bacterial biomass. Efficiency driven increases in bacterial abundances must be counteracted by higher mortality rates, if bacterial pool sizes are to remain within the range of values reported in the literature. Second, we simulate eutrophication and lake recovery over a 20-year period and the effect of a short-term peak in substrate input from an algal bloom. The model predicts that nutrient immobilization in the bacterial pool during eutrophication reduces nutrient release, while the decline of bacterial biomass in response to reduced substrate loadings prolongs lake recovery. The model further suggests that bacterial dynamics dampen the response of nutrient release to short-term peak inputs of organic matter. When bacterial biomass is allowed to vary over time, nutrient release rates are suppressed at their peak but remain elevated for a longer time. Models that do not consider the role of bacterial growth dynamics for organic matter decomposition are not able to simulate the potentially important effects of nutrient immobilization and variable decomposition rates on nutrient release.
WATER QUALITY PATTERNS DURING A STORM ON A MALL PARKING LOT

: Intensive temporal sampling of rainfall, surface runoff and subsurface drainage, and stream flow upstream and downstream of a suburban mall parking lot yielded expected patterns in time and space. Variations in temperature and conductivity showed strong dilution effects, while patterns of nine elemental concentrations in surface runoff showed a flushing effect early in the storm, following by dilution. Heavy nitrate loads in surface runoff were apparently from rainfall, not surficial sources. For the magnitude of storm studied and the existing study site, local impact on stream flow and water quality, like the run-off itself, is rather ephemeral, and dissipates after about five hours.
Clustering of binary colloidal suspensions: Experiment

Abstract The stability of binary colloidal suspensions is examined and compared to that of particle—polymer systems. In particle—polymer systems, it is known that the addition of free polymers within a concentration range of polymers to a stabilized dispersion leads to flocculation. Similar to particle—polymer systems, we have observed that in binary colloidal suspensions, particles of the first kind can be induced to flocculate by the presence of particles of the second kind, within a certain range of concentration of the second kind of particles. Moreover, we have observed the growth of clusters of particles 1 at a later time in the initially restabilized regime. This slow growth of clusters in the initially restabilized suspensions is associated with the slowing of particle movement due to higher particle 2 concentrations. The aging phenomenon (growth of clusters) that occurs at high particle 2 concentrations clearly indicates that the seemingly restabilized suspension at high particle 2 concentrations is not due to thermodynamics, but to slow kinetics associated with slow particle movements at high densities. A similar aging phenomenon was observed with a particle—polymer (α-Al2O3/PAA) system in the seeming restabilization regime at high polymer concentrations.
Convergently Recruited Nuclear Transport Retrogenes Are Male Biased in Expression and Evolving Under Positive Selection in Drosophila

The analyses of gene duplications by retroposition have revealed an excess of male-biased duplicates generated from X chromosome to autosomes in flies and mammals. Investigating these genes is of primary importance in understanding sexual dimorphism and genome evolution. In a particular instance in Drosophila, X-linked nuclear transport genes (Ntf-2 and ran) have given rise to autosomal retroposed copies three independent times (along the lineages leading to Drosophila melanogaster, D. ananassae, and D. grimshawi). Here we explore in further detail the expression and the mode of evolution of these Drosophila Ntf-2- and ran-derived retrogenes. Five of the six retrogenes show male-biased expression. The ran-like gene of D. melanogaster and D. simulans has undergone recurrent positive selection. Similarly, in D. ananassae and D. atripex, the Ntf-2 and ran retrogenes show evidence of past positive selection. The data suggest that strong selection is acting on the origin and evolution of these retrogenes. Avoiding male meiotic X inactivation, increasing level of expression of X-linked genes in male testes, and/or sexual antagonism might explain the recurrent duplication of retrogenes from X to autosomes. Interestingly, the ran-like in D. yakuba has mostly pseudogenized alleles. Disablement of the ran-like gene in D. yakuba indicates turnover of these duplicates. We discuss the possibility that Dntf-2r and ran-like might be involved in genomic conflicts during spermatogenesis.
Effects of social and intellectual instruction on achievement motivation as a function of role orientation

University women preselected for traditionality of role orientation were administered a task described as a test either of intelligence or social skills. Results generally supported the hypothesis that instructions interact with a women's role orientation in determining both her achievement motivation, as measured projectively, and her performance. Differences in motivation and performance were interpreted in terms of women's definitions of appropriate achievement situations. Nontraditional women displayed achievement motivation on a projective measure under standard intellectual arousal conditions. Traditionally role-oriented women displayed greater achievement motivation under affiliative arousal conditions. The importance of measuring achievement in traditionally feminine areas, in addition to more traditionally masculine intellectual achievement, was stressed.
Training Baldi to be multilingual: A case study for an Arabic Badr

In this paper, we describe research to extend the capability of an existing talking head, Baldi, to be multilingual. We use parsimonious client/server architecture to impose autonomy in the functioning of an auditory speech module and a visual speech synthesis module. This scheme enables the implementation and the joint application of text-to-speech synthesis and facial animation in many languages simultaneously. Additional languages can be added to the system by defining a unique phoneme set and unique phoneme definitions for the visible speech for each language. The accuracy of these definitions is tested in perceptual experiments in which human observers identify auditory speech in noise presented alone or paired with the synthetic versus a comparable natural face. We illustrate the development of an Arabic talking head, Badr, and demonstrate how the empirical evaluation enabled the improvement of the visible speech synthesis from one version to another.
An Experimental Analysis of the Impact of Intermediaries on the Outcome of Bargaining Games

We conduct an experimental analysis of the bargaining between a buyer and a seller of the exchange of a single good by means of an intermediary or broker. We examine how an intermediary affects the price, the likelihood of a successful negotiation, and the time it takes to complete a negotiation. We first examine the impact of the intermediary as a pure middleman, and then as an information source about the distribution of seller and buyer reservation prices. The results show that an intermediary, whether or not informed, increases the sale price, reduces the likelihood of an agreement, and increases the time to reach an agreement (though the number of bargaining rounds declines). The results suggest that the benefits of brokerage may be predominantly in the matching of buyers and sellers rather than in facilitating bargaining.
Sitting pose generation using genetic algorithm for NAO humanoid robots

Humanoid robots are increasingly used to perform human mimicking tasks, such as walking, grasping, standing and sitting on objects. To generate poses interactively using a humanoid robot, the performed poses should be controlled to satisfy any potential interaction with the surrounding environment. In this paper, a simulated humanoid robot “NAO” is used to discover a fitness-based optimal sitting pose performed on various types of sittable-objects, varying in shape and height. Using an initial set of random valid sitting poses as the input generation, genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to construct the fitness-based optimal sitting pose for the robot to fit well on the sittable-object (i.e. box and ball). The used fitness criteria reflecting pose stability (i.e. how feasible the pose is based on real world physical limitation), converts poses into numerical stability level. The feasibility of the proposed approach is measured through a simulated environment using V-Rep simulator which shows how the GA is able to generate a fitness-based optimal sitting-pose. The real “NAO” robot is used to perform results generated by the simulation.
Altered whole kidney blood flow autoregulation in a mouse model of reduced β-ENaC

Renal blood flow (RBF) autoregulation is mediated by at least two mechanisms, the fast acting myogenic response (∼5 s) and slow acting tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF; ∼25 s). Previous studies sugge...
Exploring Sandplay Therapy: Application to Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury

Estimates of the incidence of childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) indicate that it is a major cause of physical, emotional, social, and learning problems among children. In any one year, an estimated 250 in 100,000 children in the United States experience traumatic brain injury (Anderson, Northam, Hendy, & Wrennall, 2001). As many as 15% of individuals with mild TBI continue to have significant problems after the injury, even though physicians, parents, and teachers may not anticipate complications from mild head injuries (Hibbard, Gordon, Martin, Raskin, & Brown, 2001). Of particular concern is the dynamic nature of brain development during childhood and adolescence. The impact of TBI on social and emotional adjustment varies greatly, in part as a function of age at injury, nature and severity of injury, premorbid functioning, and the psychosocial
Remarks on "Constant-temperature molecular dynamics with momentum conservation"

In a recent paper [K. Cho, J. D. Joannopoulos, and L. Kleinmann, Phys. Rev. E 47, 3145 (1993)], the Nos\'e-Hoover canonical dynamics method was shown to generate the canonical ensemble in systems with no external forces only for the special case of zero total linear momentum. Here, it is demonstrated that this is not a general failing of Nos\'e-Hoover--type methods but a specific feature of the simple Nos\'e-Hoover scheme. The slightly more complex Nos\'e-Hoover chain method which includes a linear chain of coupled variables to control the temperature rather than a single variable is sufficient to yield the canonical ensemble for the case of nonzero linear momentum.
Moleskin is essential for the formation of the myotendinous junction in Drosophila

It is the precise connectivity between skeletal muscles and their corresponding tendon cells to form a functional myotendinous junction (MTJ) that allows for the force generation required for muscle contraction and organismal movement. The Drosophila MTJ is composed of secreted extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins deposited between integrin-mediated hemi-adherens junctions on the surface of muscle and tendon cells. In this paper, we have identified a novel, cytoplasmic role for the canonical nuclear import protein Moleskin (Msk) in Drosophila embryonic somatic muscle attachment. Msk protein is enriched at muscle attachment sites in late embryogenesis and msk mutant embryos exhibit a failure in muscle-tendon cell attachment. Although the muscle-tendon attachment sites are reduced in size, components of the integrin complexes and ECM proteins are properly localized in msk mutant embryos. However, msk mutants fail to localize phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (pFAK) to the sites of muscle-tendon cell junctions. In addition, the tendon cell specific proteins Stripe (Sr) and activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are reduced in msk mutant embryos. Our rescue experiments demonstrate that Msk is required in the muscle cell, but not in the tendon cells. Moreover, muscle attachment defects due to loss of Msk are rescued by an activated form of MAPK or the secreted epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) ligand Vein. Taken together, these findings provide strong evidence that Msk signals non-autonomously through the Vein-Egfr signaling pathway for late tendon cell late differentiation and/or maintenance.
Acetylcholinesterase and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone distinguish separate populations of terminal nerve neurons.

Abstract The terminal nerve is composed of a morphologically heterogeneous population of unipolar, bipolar and multipolar neurons located in the nasal and intracranial cavities of vertebrates. The question has arisen as to whether these neurons are neurochemically heterogeneous and therefore possibly functionally different as well. Among the substances localized in the terminal nerve are acetylcholinesterase and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-like immunoreactive material. We have developed a double-label procedure, combining immunocytochemistry and enzyme histochemistry to determine whether these two substances are localized within different populations of terminal nerve neurons. Compatibility of the two procedures was accomplished by modifications of the fixative and primary antibody solutions. In the immunocytochemical step, the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex coupled to a new chromogen, Chromored, produced a bright red reaction product in neurons containing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-like material. This reaction product was easily differentiated from the black silver-intensified acetycholinesterase label. In both neonatal and adult preparations, a large popualtion of terminal neurons contained the acetycholinesterase label only, whereas a smaller population contained both acetylcholinesterase and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-like material. The acetylcholinesterase-containing population of neurons was concentrated peripherally and included multipolar neurons. In contrast neurons with the two substances co-localized were unipolar or bipolar and were concentrated centrally. The simultaneous visualization of acetycholinesterase and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-like material in the same tissue section enable the differentation of two separate neurochemically defined populations of terminal neurons. The distribution of these two neuronal types was the same in neonatal and adult animals. These data provide support for a functional diversity of terminal neurons.
Myogenic tone and cerebral vascular autoregulation: the role of a stretch-dependent mechanism.

Cerebral vessels of many mammalian species exhibit stretch-dependent or myogenic tone which would be expected to contribute to autoregulation. This tone is dependent on extracellular calcium and probably involves mechanisms other than those associated with agonist and potassium-induced tone. This tone may be contingent upon the redistribution of strategic substances within the cell membrane.
Mechanism of a Reaction in Vitro Associated with Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity

The cell type responsible for inhibition by antigen of migration in vitro of peritoneal exudate cells obtained from tuberculin-hypersensitive guinea pigs was studied. Exudate populations were separated into component cell types, the lymphocyte and the macrophage. Peritoneal lymphocytes from sensitive donors were the immunologically active cells in this system, the macrophages, being merely indicator cells which migrate. Sensitized peritoneal lymphocyte populations, upon interaction with specific antigen in vitro, elaborated into the medium a soluble material capable of inhibiting migration of normal exudate cells.
The emerging role of bronchoprovocation.

Bronchoprovocation may be defined as the administration of a stimulus in susceptible individuals, followed by measurements of the resulting bronchospasm. Inhalation challenge is a method of testing for bronchial reactivity following inhalation of specific antigen to which the patient may be sensitive or, alternatively, following more “nonspecific” pharmacologic agents such as histamine, methacholine, and carbacholine. The method of inhalation challenge has been refined in our laboratory to a semiquantitative technique, enabling us to identify dose-response relationships between inhaled agonists and selected pulmonary function parameters. Central to the technology was the development of the “Nebulization Dosimeter,” an automatic air metering device that delivers consistent and reproducible amounts of aerosolized material from a standard nebulizer (Fig. 1). The instrument consists of an electronic variable timing circuit that is used to open a solenoid valve. The timing valve opening is automatically initiated by patient inspiration or, alternatively, by an operator-controlled electronic trigger. The open valve allows air to flow at 20 psi from a compressed air tank to the nebulizer for an interval that is determined by the selected setting of the timing circuit. Once activated, the device delivers aerosol for the predetermined length of time, helping to ensure that the inhalation will contain a consistent amount of aerosol. An interval of 0.6 set was emperitally determined to be comfortable for adult patients to inhale to total lung capacity from functional residual capacity and so was selected. Since nebulization occurs during most of inhalation, the dispersion
Size overlap between benign melanocytic choroidal nevi and choroidal malignant melanomas.

Purpose To estimate size overlap between large choroidal nevi and small choroidal melanomas by using plotted frequency distributions of tumor size. Methods Frequency distributions of largest linear basal diameter (LBD) and thickness (TH) of choroidal nevi and melanomas were plotted from published data and cases in the senior author's practice. Relative frequencies of choroidal nevi and melanomas were estimated from published data. Relative frequency distributions of the tumors were plotted to illustrate the extent of overlap between them. Results Comparison of plotted frequency distribution curves for thickness indicated that there were approximately 125 nevi for every melanoma in the TH range 1.5 to 2 mm, approximately 25 nevi for every melanoma in the TH range 2 to 2.5 mm, and approximately 5 nevi for every melanoma in the TH range 2.5 to 3 mm. Similarly, comparison of the plotted frequency distribution curves for LBD of these tumor types indicated that there were approximately 70 nevi for every choroidal melanoma in the LBD range 5 to 6 mm, approximately 10 nevi for every melanoma in the LBD range 6 to 7 mm, and approximately 3 nevi for every melanoma in the LBD range 7 to 8 mm. Conclusions Because of the markedly greater cumulative lifetime incidence of choroidal nevi, the results of this analysis suggest considerable size overlap between larger nevi and smaller melanomas. Attempts to classify small melanocytic choroidal tumors clinically as benign nevi versus malignant melanomas on the basis of tumor size appear likely to result in multiple misclassifications.
Thrust Augmentation Measurements for a Pulse Detonation Engine Driven Ejector

Thrust augmentation results of an ongoing study of pulse detonation engine driven ejectors are presented and discussed. The experiments were conducted using a pulse detonation engine (PDE) setup with various ejector configurations. The PDE used in these experiments utilizes ethylene (C2H4) as the fuel, and an equi-molar mixture of oxygen and nitrogen as the oxidizer at an equivalence ratio of one. High fidelity thrust measurements were made using an integrated spring damper system. The baseline thrust of the PDE engine was first measured and agrees with experimental and modeling results found in the literature. Thrust augmentation measurements were then made for constant diameter ejectors. The parameter space for the study included ejector length, PDE tube exit to ejector tube inlet overlap distance, and straight versus rounded ejector inlets. The relationship between the thrust augmentation results and various physical phenomena is described. To further understand the flow dynamics, shadow graph images of the exiting shock wave front from the PDE were also made. For the studied parameter space, the results showed a maximum augmentation of 40%. Further increase in augmentation is possible if the geometry of the ejector is tailored, a topic currently studied by numerous groups in the field.
Cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate response in the rabbit lung--adult properties and development.

Abstract When various doses of catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine and isoproterenol) and histamine were added to incubated rabbit lung slices, there was a dose-related increase in levels of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Isoproterenol was the most potent and histamine the least potent agent capable of eliciting this response. The time course of this hormonally induced cAMP response was maximal from 6–36 min. Propranolol but not phentolamine significantly antagonized the catecholamine-induced cAMP response, while tripelennamine blocked the effects of histamine. Aminophylline enhanced the catecholamine and histamine stimulation of cAMP. During lung development, a cAMP response to epinephrine was detected at fetal day 21. By fetal day 25 a prominent cAMP response to epinephrine, norepinephrine and histamine occurred. The response to catecholamines dropped slightly at birth, and the highest cAMP levels were seen at 4 days postpartum. The histamine-induced response was maximal at fetal day 28, was diminished at birth and another peak response was observed at 20 days postpartum.
Outcomes Assessment in Engineering Education

Outcomes assessment is a method for determining whether students have learned, have retained, and can apply what they have been taught. Assessment plans have three components: a statement of educational goals, multiple measures of achievement of the goals, and use of the resulting information to improve the education process. The results of outcomes assessment are part of a feedback loop in which faculty are provided with information that they can use to improve both their teaching and student learning. The experience of the Department of Chemical Engineering at West Virginia University is used as an example of how an assessment plan is developed and implemented. Examples of multiple measures of student learning outcomes and how the resulting information is used are presented. The resulting feedback loop allows for corrections to be made in specific classes if deficiencies are found, and indicates when remedial action should be taken to ensure that students do not graduate until a minimum level of competency is achieved.
INCORPORATION OF TRITIATED THYMIDINE IN THE CELLS OF CAENORHABDITIS BRIGGSAE (NEMATODA) REARED IN AXENIC CULTURE.

In the rhabditid nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae the incorporation of thymidine-H3 has been studied by autoradiography after Feulgen staining, with animals maintained under axenic conditions in a medium of only partly defined composition. Labeling has been followed in adults left in the presence of thymidine-H3 for periods of from ½ to 24 hours, as well as in adults reared from larvae in the presence of the tritiated nucleoside. A massive incorporation is found in the nuclei of the gonads and intestine; also a less intense particulate cytoplasmic incorporation is clear in certain cells, especially those of the intestine. In general, all labeling has proved to be sensitive to DNase, but resistant to RNase. The label's stability has been tested by the transfer of adults into a medium containing "cold" thymidine. They remain there for up to 48 hours. A transfer for 24 hours results in a considerable decrease in the intensity of nuclear and cytoplasmic labeling; a stay of 48 hours leads to its complete disappearance from non-dividing (intestinal) as well as dividing (gonadal) nuclei. A phenomenon of DNA turnover is envisaged and discussed as a possible physiological attribute of C. briggsae.
Establishment and characterization of continuous cell lines derived from temperature-sensitive mutants of Drosophila melanogaster.

Embryos of 21 temperature-sensitive Drosophilamutants were used to set up 232 primary cultures. From these, 57 cell lines are being subcultured, and we consider 33 of them to be continuous. Nineteen of the 21 mutants are represented in these 57 lines. Four characteristics of each of the continuous lines are described: morphology, ecdysterone response, karyotype, and response to a restrictive temperature. We discuss the potential uses of such cell lines.
Can Robots Help the Learning of Skilled Actions

Learning to move skillfully requires that the motor system adjusts muscle commands based on ongoing performance errors, a process influenced by the dynamics of the task being practiced. Recent experiments from our laboratories show how robotic devices can temporarily alter task dynamics in ways that contribute to the motor learning experience, suggesting possible applications in rehabilitation and sports training.
Disturbance sensitivity reduction via velocity loop feedback

Abstract This article discusses an approach for reducing a systems sensitivity to external disturbances. Relationships developed relating the process variable output to external disturbance inputs suggest that employing velocity feedback can greatly reduce the influence external disturbances imposed on the closed loop performance. A recent design example is provided illustrating this practical design philosophy.
Cosmology: A monster in the early Universe

The most distant quasar yet discovered sets constraints on the formation mechanism of black holes. Its light spectrum has tantalizing features that are expected to be observed before the reionization epoch ended. See Letter p.616 Quasars have historically been identified in optical surveys, which are insensitive to sources at z > 6.5. Infrared deep-sky survey data now make it possible to explore higher redshifts, with the result that a luminous quasar (ULAS J1120+0641) with a redshift z = 7.085, beyond the previous high of z = 6.44, has now been identified. Further observations of this and other distant quasars should reveal the ionization state of the Universe as it was only about 0.75 billion years after the Big Bang.
Optical multistability in a silicon-core silica-cladding fiber

We fabricate a novel silicon-core silica-cladding optical fiber using high pressure chemical fluid deposition and investigate optical transmission characteristics at the telecommunications wavelength of 1550 nm. High thermo-optic and thermal expansion coefficients of silicon give rise to a thermal phase shift of 6.3 rad/K in a 4 mm-long, 6.9 microm diameter fiber acting as a Fabry-Perot resonator. Using both power and wavelength modulation, we observe all-optical bistability at a low threshold power of 15 mW, featuring intensity transitions of 1.4 dB occurring over <0.1 pm change in wavelength. Threshold powers for higher-order multistable states are predicted. Tristability is experimentally confirmed.
A Dynamic Social Network Experiment with Multi-team Systems

This paper describes the use of VBS High-Fidelity 3D Game to perform experiments on multi-team systems. Multi-team systems (MTS) are a natural part of human social phenomena and online social networks as people form groups with shared goals and interests. We gathered data on human players (on communications and interactions) who were engaged in a VBS game scenario. Using Relational Event Modeling (REM), we analyzed the results. The results suggest some synchronization and cross-team communication have both direct effects with team performance and, in some cases, can moderate the effect of false information in environments of uncertainty.
The dangers of diagnostic monopolies.

In the first of two commentaries on intellectual property, Robert Cook-Deegan, Subhashini Chandrasekharan and Misha Angrist show how the United States can address glitches with exclusive licences.