cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFRAIM KARSH AND INARI KARSH, Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999). Pp. 419. $29.95 cloth.

The subject of a promotional campaign by Harvard University Press, Empires of the Sand purports to challenge established scholarship with respect to the drawn-out demise of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1923. The Karshes argue that European imperialism was more benevolent than threatening and coexisted with Middle Eastern imperialisms—Ottoman, Egyptian, or Arab. In their view, European imperial powers “shored up” the Ottoman Empire rather than sought to deprive it of territories under its domain during the 19th century. To be sure, there was some European “nibbling at the edges of empire” (Algeria, Tunisia, Libya), but these incursions had little impact on the Ottomans; Cyprus (1878) is ignored. The only true “infringement on Ottoman territorial stability,” the British takeover of Egypt, happened by “chance not design,” with the blame attributed to Sultan Abdul Hamid's mismanagement of the crisis. The same story of Ottoman incompetence and attempts to manipulate European powers explains Ottoman loss of territory in the Balkans.
Crystal-field effects and the magnetic properties of rare-earth rhodium borides

The magnetic properties of the $R{\mathrm{Rh}}_{4}{\mathrm{B}}_{4}$ ($R$ represents rare-earth metal) compounds are discussed in terms of a combined crystalline-electric-field and molecular-field approach. Magnetization data taken on single-crystal Er${\mathrm{Rh}}_{4}$${\mathrm{B}}_{4}$ in five orientations are used to obtain the crystal-field and molecular-field coefficients, resulting in a complete analysis for the paramagnetic properties of this compound. The crystal-field parameters are additionally used to discuss all previously published magnetic data for polycrystalline $R{\mathrm{Rh}}_{4}{\mathrm{B}}_{4}$ compounds. For these highly anisotropic materials, the effect of preferential crystallite orientation on the observed data is pointed out. Consideration of the variation of the magnetic transition temperature ${T}_{m}$ between different constituent rare earths has verified a previous conclusion that the crystal field has a pronounced effect on ${T}_{m}$, but this alone does not fully explain the observations.
Serum Copper in Psoriasis and Other Dermatoses

Serum copper levels were determined in patients with psoriasis, a wide variety of other dermatoses, and normal controls by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In Series I, comprising 73 psoriatics and 66 normal controls of both sexes, serum copper levels were elevated in the psoriatics of both sexes but the elevation was not significant statistically. In Series II, using a more sensitive technic, serum copper levels were significantly higher in 60 psoriatic men as compared to 73 healthy male controls. Serum copper levels are higher in psoriatic and normal women as compared to their male counterparts, and tend to rise with age in both psoriatics and healthy controls. A screening survey of 79 patients with 38 various other dermatoses, including 10 patient with contact dermatitis, failed to reveal significant abnormalities.
Comparing Mindfulness-Based Intervention Strategies: Differential Effects of Sitting Meditation, Body Scan, and Mindful Yoga

We investigated whether three different meditation practices that are commonly used in mindfulness-based interventions lead to differential changes in psychological health outcomes when presented separately. Participants included 141 undergraduates assigned to a sitting meditation, body scan, or mindful yoga condition. Participants in all conditions attended three weekly 1-h sessions (105 min of guided meditation and 75 min of discussion) in addition to pre- and post-intervention questionnaires collected in separate sessions. Participants reported significant improvements in the tendency to describe one’s experience, rumination, self-compassion, and psychological well-being regardless of condition. The following between-group differences in change over time emerged: (1) mindful yoga was associated with greater increases in psychological well-being than the other two practices, (2) sitting meditation and mindful yoga were both associated with greater decreases in difficulties with emotion regulation than the body scan, and (3) sitting meditation was associated with greater increases in the tendency to take a nonevaluative stance toward observed stimuli than the body scan.
Statistically robust approaches for sib-pair linkage analysis

Many traits that distinguish one individual from another, such as height or weight, are clearly heritable and yet vary continuously in populations. Continuous, heritable variation in trait levels presumably reflects the segregation of multiple genes, but elucidation of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits has been limited. Haseman & Elston (1972) developed a genetically robust method (HE) for detecting linkage to quantitative trait loci using sib-pairs. The method is based on a simple linear regression of the squared sib-pairs trait difference on the proportion of alleles shared identical by descent at a marker locus. Linkage is detected by a negative slope which has been traditionally assessed by a standard t-test. Wan, Cohen & Guerra (1997) have shown that the standard t-test is robust to the violations of the stochastic assumptions underlying the test. In practice, however, the standard t-test, based on least-squares regression, is sensitive to outliers. The presence of outliers in the data can lead to false positive and false negative linkage results. Accordingly we have developed and evaluated a statistically robust procedure for the HE approach to linkage. The procedure is based on robust regression. Simulation studies show that this robust procedure has greater power than the standard t-test in the presence of outliers, and has similar power to the standard t-test in the absence of outliers. This robust procedure also shows greater power than rank-based approaches either in the absence or presence of outliers. To illustrate the methods using real data we reanalyse data from two lipoprotein systems that motivated this work.
Personality influences alarm calling behaviour in song sparrows

Alarm calls are a communication system in which the interests of senders and receivers often overlap, such that there may be little benefit to deception for senders, and yet, the potential cost of ignoring an alarm call can lead to a high number of false alarms. Increased frequency of false alarms may also be influenced by variation in personality traits such as boldness, which underlie all responses to dangerous or threatening situations. In this study, we investigated alarm calls in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), and found a behavioural syndrome linking territorial aggression and boldness, such that more aggressive males respond more strongly to both conspecific and heterospecific alarm calls. In addition, those males that respond more strongly are also more likely to produce more alarm calls in response to playback. These results suggest that the strength of response to an alarm call by an individual could result from both the information in the signal and the personality of the receiver, and that the information in the signal may be influenced by the personality of the sender.
109. Please Drink Responsibly: Older Adolescents' Recollection of Health Marketing Alcohol Messages

Purpose: Alcohol advertisements are frequently seen by adolescents and can be influential towards alcohol use. Females are traditionallymore influenced by certain types of advertisements, and despite prevention efforts college females continue to be affected by the consequences of dangerous alcohol use. Alcohol health marketing messages (HMM) aim to promote reduced alcohol consumption or abstention; however, it is challenging to create messages which specifically targeting college females that are both memorable and influential. The purpose of this study was to evaluate female college student’s recall of alcohol HMM in order to enhance future development of HMM. Methods:A convenience sample of female undergraduate colege students were recruited for focus groups at a large Midestern university from February to July of 2010. A trained emale facilitator asked participants to recall alcohol HMM hey had seen and to elaborate on their views of those mesages. All tape-recorded data was fully transcribed. Analysis as conducted by three investigators using an iterative proess in which all investigators first reviewed transcripts indiidually and then discussed together to determine consensus n themes. esults: A total of 43 students participated in 10 focus groups. womainmessageswere recalled. First, themajority of groups eported recollection of televised drunk driving HMM which hey recalled in detail. Example quotes include where the erson is pulled over and opens up his door and a bunch of ine or something comespouring out and theperson that puts own his window and the olives and vodka spill out. Though emorable, participants in each group mentioned this HMM ad little influence on their views of alcohol use, and stated runk driving messages were more compelling when learned rom other resources such as parents or schools. The second essage discussed in most groups was not created primarily s an HMM, but a tagline to alcohol commercials stating, drink esponsibly. The use of this line at the conclusion of alcohol ommercials was considered humorous and ironic by particiants. This message also had little perceived impact, as particpants stated, I notice it, but it does not change how I drink. onclusions: Current HMM campaigns are memorable but ot influential, and the messages embedded within alcohol dvertisements were viewed by students as irrelevant. As hese visual ads were well remembered among this at-risk opulation, future research could aim to understand why hese campaigns are memorable yet non-influential. HMM ampaigns may consider focusing on topics less targeted by urrent efforts that are relevant to this population, such as egative social consequences related to excessive drinking. ources of Support: The work described was supported by ward K12HD055894 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Child ealth, Behavior and Development Institute and by a grant rom the Center for Democracy in Action.
Cardiovascular responsivity, type A behavior, and parental history of heart disease in young women.

The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological responsiveness of Type A and Type B women during interpersonal and individual, competitive stressors. Extreme groups of Types A and B college-age women were monitored on heart rate and blood pressure while they engaged in an oral history quiz and the Stroop color/word test. Subjects were also subdivided by presence or absence of family history of coronary heart disease. Types A and B women did not differ on blood pressure levels or reactivity; Type A women did show a trend toward a greater increase in heart rate to the color/word task. Women with a positive family history had higher levels of systolic and a trend toward higher levels of diastolic blood pressure. There were no significant interactions of Type A/B with family history. Our conclusion is that Type A behavior is only very weakly, if at all, associated with physiological responsivity in young adult women.
Natural and immune hemagglutinin forming capacity of immature chickens.

The level of natural hemagglutinins for several mammalian erythrocytes was low in embryos 12 to 20 days of age and in baby chicks up to two weeks of age. The antibody level increased rapidly during the third and fifth week after hatching and at a slower rate thereafter with age. The agglutinin levels were highest for rabbit and rat erythrocytes, intermediate for mouse and hamster cells, and lowest for sheep red cells. The level of immune antibody in the blood during the primary responses to sheep, mouse and hamster erythrocytes (1) reached a peak about 6 days after antigen injection, (2) was higher when antigen was injected intravenously as compared with the intraperitoneal route, (3) varied with antigen dose and, (4) increased with the age of the bird. Moreover, the antibody forming capacity was drastically reduced by x-irradiation or cyclophosphamide treatment of embryos or baby chicks. Employing approximately optimum antigen doses, it was found that 14- to 18-day embryos were unresponsive, whereas some newly hatched chicks and practically all week-old chicks were capable of producing hemagglutinins to five mammalian erythrocytes. Associated with this change in competence, there is an increase in number of germinal centers in the spleen. The antibody forming potential increased with age, growing most rapidly during the first month and slowly thereafter. The possible relationship between the growth of the primary antibody forming potential and the occurrence of natural antibodies has been discussed.
A HAUSDORFF–YOUNG INEQUALITY FOR LOCALLY COMPACT QUANTUM GROUPS

Let G be a locally compact abelian group with dual group Ĝ. The Hausdorff–Young theorem states that if f ∈ Lp(G), where 1 ≤ p ≤ 2, then its Fourier transform belongs to Lq(Ĝ) (where (1/p) + (1/q) = 1) and . Kunze and Terp extended this to unimodular and locally compact groups, respectively. We further generalize this result to an arbitrary locally compact quantum group &#x1d53e; by defining a Fourier transform and showing that this Fourier transform satisfies the Hausdorff–Young inequality.
Integrated or isolated? The impact of public housing redevelopment on social network homophily

Do mixed income housing programs increase the poor's social network diversity? Using unique, longitudinal, egocentric social network data, this research investigates changes in social network homophily for both Vietnamese and English-speaking original residents of a public housing redevelopment site. Changes in mixing occur for both those who return and those who moved away, but only increases in ethnic mixing were associated with returning to the new site. Thus, changes in social networks may be associated with disruption rather moving to a mixed-income site. Vietnamese residents also experienced increases in ethnic diversity compared to English-speaking respondents. The results raise questions about the social mixing intent of such programs. The high expectations for social network benefits of income mixing housing programs should be tempered.
ZnO as a tunable metal: New surface plasmon polaritons at telecommunication wavelengths

Ga doping of ZnO allows for generation of free electrons up to concentrations of about 10 21 cm -3 without significant deterioration of the crystal structure. In this way, a metallic dielectric function is formed with a negative-to-positive crossover of the real part tunable from mid infrared up to telecommunication wavelengths. The losses are at least one order of magnitude lower than for traditional metals. We demonstrate surface plasmon polaritons with dispersion relations that can be engineered in a unique way by utilizing epitaxial multi-layer structures of different doping level.
Feedback control of limb stiffness and scaled phase invariance properties of skilled high-speed arm flexion movements of a loaded manipulator.

Abstract In this and a previous experiment it has been observed that subjects produce innervation patterns (EMG) that are load specific, i.e. they produce cocontraction patterns for movements made with inertial loads and triphasic patterns for movements made with elastic loads. The protocol of these experiments prevented any adaptive responses to the load changes, therefore, it was assumed that pattern matching to load type was a real time updating response of the peripheral feedback systems. This updating response was assumed to be a mechanism for fine tuning the muscle torque by regulation of the mechanical impedance (stiffness) of the limb. Using a standard equation of motion, it was shown that the velocity is equal to the ratio of the muscle torque to the mechanical impedance. Substitution of this ratio for the ordinate of the scaled phase diagrams was then suggested as a real time updating mechanism to account for the scaled phase invariance recorded in this experiment and in the experiment reported by Ruitenbeek, J.C., Biol. Cybernetics , 51 (1984) 11–20.
Programmatic intent of IAIMS--past and future. The National Library of Medicine's IAIMS grant program: experiences and futures.

The National Library of Medicine awards grants for the planning and development of Integrated Academic Information Management Systems (IAIMS). The goal is to create mechanisms in health institutions and organizations to more effectively manage the knowledge of medicine. A background and description of the IAIMS Grant Program is given with emphasis on the planning phase. General observations and comments are made about IAIMS activities to date. A brief discussion about IAIMS futures is also included. © 1988 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Will They Hate Us? Anticipating Unacceptable Risks

Risks can be judged unacceptable for instrumental reasons, because they appear too large, relative to the associated benefits. They can also be judged unacceptable for fundamental reasons, because it is deemed morally or ethically wrong to incur them. With novel risks, these two sets of judgments are interrelated, as individuals look at the risk and at one another's behavior for guidance. After sketching these processes in general terms, we consider their expression in the context of a technology whose acceptability is currently being decided: genetically modified organisms in agriculture. We suggest some simple indicators of how well the technology is faring, as ways to gain insight into its future.
Modeling individual and aggregate victimization rates

A set of gamma-Poisson models are used to (1) find a parsimonious description of the univariate distributions of events recorded for several aggregates of persons and (2) interpret differences between individual rates for persons both within and across the aggregates. The selection and interpretation techniques are applied to the criminal victimization data reported in the National Crime Survey. Models were fitted to the distributions of individual victimizations reported in 16 aggregates. The most parsimonious model suggests that sex, age, and interview status were far more predictive of differences between aggregate rates than they were of differences between individual rates because the aggregate rates did not represent typical rates for individuals within any aggregate. The model selection and interpretation techniques appear to be applicable to a wide variety of problems.
Group-theoretic intrepetation of the bound states of Morse oscillators.

Using operators of the invariance group of their time-dependent Schr\"odinger equations it is shown that the bound states of Morse oscillators are bases for discrete nonunitary irreducible representations (non-UIRs) of the groups $\mathrm{Sp}(2, R)$, SU(1,1), and SO(2,1). Hermiticity requirements and the dependence of the group generators on the dynamical variables determine the operator of an isometry which connects these non-UIRs of the noncompact invariance groups to UIRs of the compact groups SU(2) and SO(3) that have been used as spectrum-generating groups for Morse systems.
Web-based optimization of milling operations for the selection of cutting conditions using genetic algorithms:

AbstractThis paper presents a new methodology involving the use of genetic algorithms for the selection of cutting conditions in single-pass milling operations based on a comprehensive optimization...
Noise Suppression for Dual-Energy CT Through Entropy Minimization

In dual energy CT (DECT), noise amplification during signal decomposition significantly limits the utility of basis material images. Since clinically relevant objects typically contain a limited number of different materials, we propose an Image-domain Decomposition method through Entropy Minimization (IDEM) for noise suppression in DECT. Pixels of decomposed images are first linearly transformed into 2D clusters of data points, which are highly asymmetric due to strong signal correlation. An optimal axis is identified in the 2D space via numerical search such that the projection of data clusters onto the axis has minimum entropy. Noise suppression is performed on each image pixel by estimating the center-of-mass value of each data cluster along the direction perpendicular to the projection axis. The IDEM method is distinct from other noise suppression techniques in that it does not suppress pixel noise by reducing spatial variation between neighboring pixels. As supported by studies on Catphan©600 and anthropomorphic head phantoms, this feature endows our algorithm with a unique capability of reducing noise standard deviation on DECT decomposed images by approximately one order of magnitude while preserving spatial resolution and image noise power spectra (NPS). Compared with a filtering method and recently developed iterative method at the same level of noise suppression, the IDEM algorithm obtains high-resolution images with less artifacts. It also maintains accuracy of electron density measurements with less than 2% bias error. The IDEM method effectively suppresses noise of DECT for quantitative use, with appealing features on preservation of image spatial resolution and NPS.
Infants and atropine: A dangerous mixture

Colic in infants is a common but short-lived problem. Many different theories and treatment for this distressing ailment have been tried over the years, yet the definitive cure remains elusive. Although the risks associated with the use of atropine and its derivatives are well known, they are still prescribed by some in the management of colic. We report a case of serious side effects from the treatment of colic with an atropine containing mixture, in which an error in preparation was identified. In view of the potential for serious toxicity resulting from either inappropriate prescription, preparation or administration, alternative methods of treatment should be employed.
State-space representation of the unsteady aerodynamics of flapping flight

Abstract A state-space formulation for the aerodynamics of flapping flight is presented. The Duhamel's principle, applied in linear unsteady flows, is extended to non-conventional lift curves to capture the LEV contribution. The aspect ratio effects on the empirical formulae used to predict the static lift due to a stabilized Leading Edge Vortex (LEV) are provided. The unsteady lift due to arbitrary wing motion is generated using the static lift curve. Then, state-space representation for the unsteady lift is derived. The proposed model is validated through a comparison with direct numerical simulations of Navier–Stokes on hovering insects. A comparison with quasi-steady models that capture the LEV contribution is also performed to assess the role of unsteadiness. Similarly, a comparison with classical unsteady approaches is presented to assess the LEV dominance. Finally, a reduced-order model that is more suitable for flight dynamics and control analyses is derived from the full model.
Jurors' knowledge of battered women

An increasing number of psychologists with expertise in the area of battered women are participating in the legal system as expert witnesses and occasionally testify on behalf of a battered woman who has injured or killed her partner. Testimony about the battered woman syndrome has been offered to help the jury understand why the defendant reasonably perceived that she was in danger of harm. One of the requirements of expert testimony is that it be beyond the common understanding of the jury. Many commentators assume that jurors are uninformed or misinformed about battered women and, thus, that expert testimony is necessary to educate them. This study evaluated what jurors know about violent relationships. Approximately 300 jurors read scenarios about spousal violence and answered a questionnaire dealing with circumstances surrounding such abuse. Results suggest that on certain dimensions of spousal violence, jurors are aware of empirical research findings. On other dimensions, jurors are less well-informed and could potentially benefit from the testimony of an expert.
Biocomputing Security System: Concatenated Enzyme-Based Logic Gates Operating as a Biomolecular Keypad Lock

A biomolecular security system mimicking a keypad lock device was developed using enzyme-based concatenated AND logic gates resulting in the implication logic network.
Metamorphic testing of a Monte Carlo modeling program

Photon propagation in biological tissue can be equivalently modeled with Monte Carlo simulations numerically or by the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) analytically. However, testing of a Monte Carlo program modeling photon propagation in biological tissue is difficult due to the unknown character of the test oracles. Although approaches based on Beer-Lambert law, van de Hulst's table or RTE can be used for testing the Monte Carlo modeling program, these approaches are only applied to the program that is designed for homogeneous media. A rigorous way for testing the Monte Carlo modeling program for heterogeneous media is needed. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of the metamorphic testing approach to test a Monte Carlo modeling program for heterogeneous media. In addition, the metamorphic testing is extended with the evaluation of the adequacy of testing coverage criteria to measure the quality of the metamorphic testing, to guide the creation of metamorphic relations, to generate testing inputs, and to investigate the found exceptions. The effectiveness of the approach has been demonstrated through testing a Monte Carlo modeling program we developed for simulating photon propagation in human skins.
Temporal Instabilities Of Spatially Stable Counterpropagating Vector Fields

The simple optical interaction of two counterpropagating waves in a nonlinear medium with no exter-nal feedback has been shown to exhibit complicated behavior. Silberberg and Bar-Joseph [1] have shown that that in the scalar approximation the output of two waves counterpropagating in a nonlinear Kerr medium whose response time is approximately equal to the transit time of the light through the medium can exhibit oscillatory and chaotic behavior in time. The origin of this instability arises from gain at the sidemodes of the two strong waves which in turn experience distributed feedback (DFB) due to the standing-wave pattern created by the two strong waves. The steady-state behavior of the polarizations of counterpropagating waves in a nonlinear Kerr medium has been shown to be quite complex [2,3]. However, for an isotropic Kerr medium there exist in steady-state four polarization configurations for the two beams that do not change upon propagation through the material [4]. Wabnitz and Gregori [5] have shown that only two of these these eigenpolarizations will be spatially stable in steady-state; the stable polarizations are those in which both fields are linearly polarized with parallel polarizations and in which the fields are circularly polarized and corotating. In this paper we will demonstrate that one these spatially stable eigenpolarizations is actually temporally unstable.
Enabling Tablet Product Development of 5-Fluorocytosine Through Integrated Crystal and Particle Engineering

The antifungal drug, 5-fluorocytosine (FC), is marketed as a capsule (250 or 500 mg strength) instead of the preferred tablet dosage form. Through systematic characterization of solid-state properties, including mechanical properties, we identify tabletability and poor physical stability of FC as the problems that likely have prevented the successful development of a FC tablet product. We then design an FC oxalate 2:1 salt (FCOXA21), based on established relationship between crystal structure and properties, to address these deficient properties. FCOXA21 is subsequently used to develop a direct compression tablet product using predictive and material-sparing powder characterization tools, that is, ring shear cell for powder flowability and compaction simulator for powder tabletability. The initial tablet formulation, which contains 84.5% (wt %) FCOXA21, exhibits excellent tabletability but inadequate flowability. We solve the powder flowability problem through controlling the particle size of FCOXA21. A batch of FCOXA21 tablets (500 mg FC equivalent dose) is then prepared. Finally, systematic evaluation on tablet weight variation, content uniformity, friability, and dissolution using standard methods confirms the commercial manufacturability of FC tablets. Through this work, we have demonstrated the potential of integrated crystal and particle engineering in expediting the development of tablet products of challenging drugs using the economical direct compression process. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:1126–1132, 2014
Spectroscopic characterization of some rare earth complexes of triethylenetetraaminehexaacetic acid

Abstract The Eu 3+ complexes formed with triethylenetetraaminehexaacetic acid (TTHA) were characterized in solution by laser-induced Eu 3+ luminescence spectroscopy. Both 2:1 and 1:1 metal:ligand complexes were detected at pH 6.0 depending on the metal- ligand stoichiometry. These two species exhibit distinct excited-state lifetimes of 260 and 1210 μs, respectively. The 2:1 complex coordinates three or four water molecules at each Eu 3+ ion while the 1:1 complex has no coordinated water molecules. The 7 F 0 → 5 D 0 excitation spectra revealed multiple isomeric forms for both the 2:1 and 1:1 complexes. Spectra and excited-state lifetimes were taken as a function of pH for a 1:1 metal:ligand solution. As the pH increases, an equilibrium shift from the 2:1 species to the 1:1 species occurs. 1 H and 13 C spectra of the diamagnetic La 3+ , Y 3+ and Lu 3+ complexes were recorded. The La 3+ chelate of TTHA exhibits long- lived nitrogen and short-lived oxygen bonds, on the NMR time scale, while the Y 3+ and Lu 3+ adducts spectra are complicated due to fluctional processes.
A New Computer-Based Flux-Restrained Current-Differential Relay for Power Transformer Protection

The paper begins with a review of techniques for computer based protection of multi-winding three-phase power transformers. After reviewing the principles of harmonic-restraint and voltage-restraint current differential protection, the paper develops a technique which computes and uses flux-current relationship of the transformer to obtain. the restraint function. It is shown that this protection technique requires fewer computations as compared to the harmonic current computation, and hence can be implemented on a microcomputer of modest. capability. The principle has been tested. in the'laboratory on a model power transformer. The relay based on this flux-restraint principle performs well on all the system phenomena simulated in the laboratory. It is expected that a relay based on this principle will be tested in the field on a power transformer.
The Active State of Mammalian Skeletal Muscle

A new technique is proposed for computing the active state of striated muscle, based on the three component model of Fenn and Marsh (8) and of Hill (7). The method permits calculation of the time course of the active state from its peak to the time at which maximum isometric twitch tension is reached. The intormation required for the calculation can be obtained from a single muscle without moving it from its mount in the lever system. The time course of the active state proved to be a function of the length of the muscle. This length dependency led to the predictions that (a) the length at which maximum force is developed during tetanic stimulation is different from that at which it is developed during a twitch, and (b) the tetanus-twitch tension ratio is a function of length. Both predictions were verified in a series of experiments on the rat gracilis anticus muscle at 17.5°C.
Male Genital Tuberculosis: A Review of the Literature with Instructive Case Reports

The prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, including cases at male genital sites, has remained relatively constant during the past two decades in the United States. The most common genital sites of tuberculous infection are the epididymis and prostate; the testicle is infected in a lower proportion of cases. The usual modes of genital involvement include descending infection from the kidneys, intracanalicular or direct extension from neighboring foci in the genital tract, and hematogenous seeding. Local symptoms are usually insidious and progressive. Systemic manifestations such as fever, chills, and sweats are infrequently present in isolated genital tuberculosis. Tuberculous genital infection can be confused with other bacterial (including nontuberculous mycobacterial) infections, fungal disease, tumors, and cysts as well as with a number of less common illnesses. Although some diagnostic and therapeutic indications for surgical excision still exist, the preferred approach to treatment is primarily multiple-drug antituberculous chemotherapy.
A 78-megadalton plasmid occurs in avirulent strains as well as virulent strains ofCorynebacterium fascians

Ten wild-type strains ofCorynebacterium fascians, which differed in degree of virulence as measured by ability to cause hyperplasias (multiple stems; fasciation) in pea seedlings, were examined for the presence of plasmids. Four strains were highly virulent, three were avirulent, and three were intermediate in virulence. All of these wild-type strains harbored one plasmid each of approximately 78 megadaltons, as estimated from electrophoretic mobilities in agarose gels capable of resolving reference plasmids ranging from 8.8 to 350 Mdal. Restriction endonuclease (EcoRI andBamHI) cleavage patterns of these nominally 78-MdalC. fascians plasmids suggest that the plasmids are not uniformly of high homology, although similar or identical in electrophoretic mobility in the system used. The relationship of the 78-Mdal plasmids to the phytopathogenicity ofC. fascians remains uncertain, although the restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns do indicate that the plasmids from the highly virulent strains are more closely related to the plasmids from the strains intermediate in virulence than they are to the plasmids from the avirulent strains.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF A DIPLOGRAPTUS SPECIES

Specimens of Diplograptus sp. from the late Middle Ordovician Lebanon Limestone in central Tennessee have been isolated from the matrix and examined with transmission electron microscopes at 60 and 650 kv. The fine structure of the fusellar layer in the metasicula and in the thecae is a mesh formed from fibers. The cortical layer has two sublayers, one of which is a mesh that is closely similar to the mesh of the fusellar layer and the other is formed from two sets of long fibers that are oriented at moderate to high angles to each other. The prosicula outer wall is a loosely-woven, open mesh formed of fibers that are 0.080–0.165 microns in diameter. The spiral thread appears to be a band that is also formed of interwoven fibers. The longitudinal rod is a bundle of long fibers. Prosicula microstructures of this Diplograptus are significantly different from those in an Orthograptus of the O. quadrimucronatus (Hall) group.
Synthesis and characterization of iridium polypyridyl complexes with ester groups with potential applications in covalent attachment to metal oxide surfaces

We report the synthesis and characterization of two iridium polypyridyl complexes, [Ir(deeb)2Cl2](PF6) and [Ir(deeb)2(dpp)](PF6)3, where deeb = diethyl-2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylate and dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine. From 1H NMR spectral data, the two deeb ligands are attached to Ir cis to each other. Mass spectra contain fragmentation patterns of the (M-PF6)+ and (M-3PF6)3+ molecular ions for [Ir(deeb)2Cl2](PF6) and [Ir(deeb)2(dpp)](PF6)3, respectively. The electronic absorption spectrum of [Ir(deeb)2Cl2](PF6) shows maxima at 308 nm and 402 nm, which are assigned as 1π → π* and metal-to-ligand charge transfer transitions, respectively. [Ir(deeb)2(dpp)](PF6)3 exhibits peaks due to 1π → π* transitions at 322 nm and 334 nm. [Ir(deeb)2Cl2](PF6) has emission peaks at 538 nm in acetonitrile and 567 nm in the solid state, with lifetimes of 1.71 µs and 0.35 µs, respectively. [Ir(deeb)2Cl2](PF6) has an unusually higher quantum yield than analogous compounds. [Ir(deeb)2(dpp)](PF6)3 has emission peaks at 54...
Engineering plastics from lignin II. Characterization of hydroxyalkyl lignin derivatives

Several types of hydroxyalkyl lignin derivatives were synthesized from milled wood, organosolv, steam explosion, acid (H2SO4) hydrolysis, and kraft lignin with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and butylene oxide by either batch reaction in toluene at 180°C using KOH as catalyst, or in aqueous alkali at room temperature. The isolated derivatives were characterized in terms of their chemical structures by H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Thermal properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Molecular weights were measured by gel permeation chromatography on polystyrene/lignin model compound calibrated high pressure μ-spherogel columns. Solubilities in various organic solvents spanning a solubility parameter (δ) range from 9.3 to 14.5 and a hydrogen bonding index (γ) range from 1.5 to 18.7 were tested using UV280 absorption of solutions of up to with degrees of substitution of between 1 and 2.6 (except for ethylene oxide derivatives which were higher) and with lignin contents of around 60%. The drastic reduction of glass transition temperature of between 50° and 100° is explained with increased free volume of the copolymer and with disruption of hydrogen bonds involving especially phenolic hydroxy groups. The greatly enhanced solubility in organic solvents indicates absence of the gel structure typical of network polymers. No molecular breakdown was observed as a consequence of oxyalkylation. The derivatives had molecular weights (Mw) of between 2000 and 50,000 at dispersity factors of between 2.5 and 25. The derivatives seem to constitute useful prepolymers for thermosetting engineering plastics.
Toward Peace in the World of Business through International Criminal Justice

In response to the concerns of the world community over the interlockings between the abuse of economic and political power and its potential negative effect on national socio-economic development efforts, the United Nations has undertaken several major strategic programs. The recent Sixth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders focused on this topic, with a global strategy beginning to emerge. Yet that strategy could be on a collision course with the policies of the new American administration. The author reasons that support for an international control strategy is in the best interests of the United States and other Western nations, that it need not collide with a laissez-faire domestic policy, and that it provides an alternative to violent acts of aggression and other non-negotiated mechanisms for achieving world economic justice.
Chemical Trapping of Ternary Complexes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase, Divalent Metal, and DNA Substrates Containing an Abasic Site: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ROLE OF LYSINE 136 IN DNA BINDING

We report a novel assay for monitoring the DNA binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase and the effect of cofactors and inhibitors. The assay uses depurinated oligonucleotides that can form a Schiff base between the aldehydic abasic site and a nearby enzyme lysine ϵ-amino group which can subsequently be trapped by reduction with sodium borohydride. Chemically depurinated duplex substrates representing the U5 end of the HIV-1 DNA were initially used. We next substituted an enzymatically generated abasic site for each of 10 nucleotides normally present in a 21-mer duplex oligonucleotide representing the U5 end of the HIV-1 DNA. Using HIV-1, HIV-2, or simian immunodeficiency virus integrases, the amount of covalent enzyme-DNA complex trapped decreased as the abasic site was moved away from the conserved CA dinucleotide. The enzyme-DNA complexes formed in the presence of manganese were not reversed by subsequent addition of EDTA, indicating that the divalent metal required for integrase catalysis is tightly bound in a ternary enzyme-metal-DNA complex. Both the N- and C-terminal domains of integrase contributed to efficient DNA binding, and mutation of Lys-136 significantly reduced Schiff base formation, implicating this residue in viral DNA binding.
Indoor positioning with maximum likelihood classification of Wi-Fi signals

There are many applications for indoor positioning, from navigating hospitals, airports and shopping malls, to mining and disaster response. Despite intensive research, the problem of developing an accurate indoor location system remains largely unsolved. GPS is widely used for outdoor navigation, but its signals are attenuated and useless indoors. Augmented GPS, ultrasound, and inertial navigation systems have been proposed but remain impractical. The solution presented in this paper makes use of commonly available Wi-Fi networks. Implemented as an Android app on an ordinary smart phone, it comprises a calibration stage and a navigation stage. In the calibration stage, the system creates a Wi-Fi fingerprint for each room of a building, where the received signal power of multiple signals are collected over time and space and stored as multivariate Gaussian distributions. During the navigation stage, the system determines its position by matching Wi-Fi signal strengths to the fingerprints with maximum-likelihood classification. Evaluation results in home and commercial environments show that this classification method outperforms the more conventional nearest neighbor algorithm. The resulting system can determine its position in only a few seconds.
Dietary Interrelations Between Methionine, Glycine, Choline, Protein Level and Energy Content of the Chick Diet

Abstract METHIONINE and choline have been shown to be beneficial additives to a broiler diet by several workers; however, there are differences of opinion concerning the level required and the degree of response obtained from these materials. Information concerning glycine is even more controversial since workers fail to agree as to whether or not glycine is a beneficial additive. Many workers in the field of nutrition today feel that the requirement of a bird for a given nutrient is not a definite figure, but that it varies with the level of other nutrients in the diet. This is particularly true with respect to protein level and energy content. Rosenberg et al. (1955a) reported that the benefits obtained from the addition of fish meal and methionine together to chick diets, that contained protein levels which were calculated to supply the chick's requirement of sulfur containing amino acids, were greater than would be …
Canine growth hormone responsiveness during pentobarbital anesthesia: a method for evaluating serotoninergic stimulatory action.

Because of the finding that a 25-mg/kg dose of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) causes stressful behavior in eliciting an increase in canine GH (cGH) and corticosteroid levels, we compared it to the stimulatory action of another stress, insulininduced hypoglycemia. In five unanesthetized adult bitches given an iv injection of insulin, there was a rapid fall in blood glucose (from 77 to 25 mg/dl at 30 min), with increases in both corticosteroid and cGH concentrations (of 17.1 μg/dl and 7.9 ng/ml, respectively, at 60 min). Pentobarbital anesthesia (30 mg/kg) did not modify the decrease in glucose after insulin administration, although it abolished the increases in corticosteroids and cGH concentrations. 5-HTP (25 mg/kg) produced significant increments in plasma cGH in pentobarbital-anesthetized animals, although it failed to stimulate corticosteroids. This failure of pentobarbital to modify the cGH response to 5-HTP suggests that the serotoninergic mechanism of stimulation may differ from the stress-related meha...
Toxicity and sphinganine levels are correlated in rats fed fumonisin B1 (FB1) or hydrolyzed FB1

Nixtamalization of Fusarium moniliforme culture material reduced, but did not eliminate, its toxicity to rats. Liver and kidney sphinganine concentration and sphinganine to sphingosine ratio of the animals fed diets containing water extracted (8 ppm fumonisin B1 (FB1)), nixtamalized (58 ppm hydrolyzed FB1), or unprocessed culture material (71 ppm FB1) were increased compared to those fed a diet lacking detectable fumonisins. Increases were generally correlated with the severity of hepatic and renal lesions and were highly correlated (P<0.0001) with body weight effects and serum chemical indications of hepatotoxicity. The findings are further evidence that inhibition of the enzyme ceramide synthase may be a key event in fumonisin toxigenesis.
APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF THE SYMMETRIC GROUP TO THE SEVERAL-NUCLEON PROBLEM

Abstract The problem of separating the spin and isospin dependence from the equation of motion of a system consisting of a small number of nucleons is considered. Certain coefficients, analogous to those used in the theory of angular momentum, are introduced and it is demonstrated that with their use the equation of motion may be reduced to a system of coupled differential equations involving the position coordinates only. Some of the properties of these coefficients and their connection with the permutation group are discussed. Tables of coefficients for three-nucleon and four-nucleon problems are also included.
A new micro method for determination of cholesterol in serum

Abstract 1. 1. A rapid serum cholesterol method having the accuracy of longer methods is described. Forty samples, run in duplicate, may be processed in under 3 hr. 2. 2. There is a 45% increase in sensitivity over other methods. 3. 3. Determination of total, esterified, and free cholesterol may be done. 4. 4. Interfering substances are removed without lengthy saponification or solvent extraction and evaporation. 5. 5. The chromogen is stable for 2 hr after extraction. 6. 6. No unstable reagents are used. 7. 7. Optical density readings on a corrosive acid with possible bubble formation are eliminated. 8. 8. Minimal equipment and glassware are required; a colorimeter may be used for routine determinations.
A comparison of theoretical models for anomalous water

Abstract This paper is primarily concerned with a comparison of quantum mechanical results and essentially all of this work has been directed toward the relative stability and geometry of (H2O)n. The three different levels of approximate quantum mechanical theory currently in use are critically examined in the light of their successes and failures in quantitatively describing typical covalent and conventional hydrogen bonds. Criteria found from this analysis are employed in a comparison of proposed theoretical models for anomalous water as (H2O)n. New computational results are presented for some structural models that have been heretofore only suggested qualitatively. Two of the models that have been proposed are modifications of qualitative normal liquid theories, and in these cases spectroscopic evidence must be employed for their evaluation.