cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Graded-Index Surfaces And Films

Reducing or eliminating reflectance of electromagnetic radiation from surfaces has important technical and commercial applications. Graded-index surfaces are of interest because they have low reflectivity over much broader spectral regions and angles of incidence than conventional thin film coatings. This paper reviews methods to calculate the reflectivity and to estimate the refractive-index profile of graded-index surfaces. Charactertistic properties and techniques to produce graded-index surfaces are reviewed. The results of recent measurements of laser-induced damage to graded-index surfaces are summarized.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Incipient “Wonder Drug” Movement: DMSO and the Food and Drug Administration

In 1962 a cheap industrial solvent was accidentally found to have several medical uses, including pain relief. As researchers rushed to investigate its potential, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was given a “wonder drug” image by the press. Guided by the evolving constructs of drug “safety,” “effectiveness,” and “approval,” the U.S. Food and Drug Administration temporarily banned all human testing of DMSO. A movement of lay and scientific groups emerged; however, they found it difficult to unite as relations with the agency grew complicated, and as definitional differences developed between the two groups. The history of DMSO in the United States illustrates how differences among advocacy groups and the restrictions of a research and regulatory bureaucracy can undermine a movement's continuity. It also underlines the importance of historical, political, and media influences on the drug approval process.
W Ursae Majoris star models: Observational constraints

W Ursae Majorls stars can be understood as contact binary stars with a common envelope (Lucy 1968). They subdivide into two types: The A-type are earlier in spectral class than about F5, are believed to have radiative envelopes, and associate primary (deeper) eclipse minimum with transit eclipse. The W-type have spectral classes later than F5, are believed to have convective envelopes, and associate primary minimum with occultation eclipse. Controversy has surrounded the explanation of W-type light curves. Four distinct models have been introduced to describe the envelopes or photospheres of W UMa stars. (I) The Ruclnskl hot secondary model directly explains W-type light curves on a postulatlonal basis. Since 70%-90% of the emitted radiation from the secondary (less massive) component is believed to reach the secondary via circulation currents from the primary, there is an apparent thermodynamic mystery why the secondary should be hotter. (2) The Lucy Thermal Relaxation Oscillation (TRO) model argues that the secondary component is perpetually out of thermal equilibrium and that the components are in contact only during part of a given TRO cycle. During contact the photosphere is supposed to be barotroplc. In this case primary minimum always associates with transit eclipse, in disagreement with observation for W-type systems. (3) The Shu et al. thermal discontinuity (DSC) model als0 argues for a barotropic photosphere but differs from Lucy on the gravity brightening exponent. The changes are insufficient to produce W-type light curves. (4) Webblnk (1977), and, separately, Narlal (1976), argue for a barocllnlc envelope. If the barocllnlclty extends to the photosphere there is a possibility that W-type light curves could be explained. In particular, the Webblnk scenario produces a hot secondary.
Working Memory for Complex Scenes: Age Differences in Frontal and Hippocampal Activations

Age differences in frontal and hippocampal activations in working memory were investigated during a maintenance and subsequent probe interval in an event-related fMRI design. Younger and older adults either viewed or maintained photographs of real-world scenes (extended visual or maintenance conditions) over a 4-sec interval before responding to a probe fragment from the studied picture. Behavioral accuracy was largely equivalent across age and conditions on the probe task, but underlying neural activations differed. Younger but not older adults showed increased left anterior hippocampal activations in the extended visual compared with the maintenance condition. On the subsequent probe interval, however, older adults showed more left and right inferior frontal activations than younger adults. The increased frontal activations at probe in older adults may have been compensatory for the decreased hippocampal activations during maintenance, but alternatively could have reflected the increased difficulty of the probe task for the older subjects. Thus, we demonstrate qualitatively different engagement of both frontal and hippocampal structures in older adults in a working memory task, despite behavioral equivalence.
Experimental and computational models of neurite extension at a choice point in response to controlled diffusive gradients.

Ojective. Axons are guided toward desired targets through a series of choice points that they navigate by sensing cues in the cellular environment. A better understanding of how microenvironmental factors influence neurite growth during development can inform strategies to address nerve injury. Therefore, there is a need for biomimetic models to systematically investigate the influence of guidance cues at such choice points. Approach. We ran an adapted in silico biased turning axon growth model under the influence of nerve growth factor (NGF) and compared the results to corresponding in vitro experiments. We examined if growth simulations were predictive of neurite population behavior at a choice point. We used a biphasic micropatterned hydrogel system consisting of an outer cell restrictive mold that enclosed a bifurcated cell permissive region and placed a well near a bifurcating end to allow proteins to diffuse and form a gradient. Experimental diffusion profiles in these constructs were used to validate a diffusion computational model that utilized experimentally measured diffusion coefficients in hydrogels. The computational diffusion model was then used to establish defined soluble gradients within the permissive region of the hydrogels and maintain the profiles in physiological ranges for an extended period of time. Computational diffusion profiles informed the neurite growth model, which was compared with neurite growth experiments in the bifurcating hydrogel constructs. Main results. Results indicated that when applied to the constrained choice point geometry, the biased turning model predicted experimental behavior closely. Results for both simulated and in vitro neurite growth studies showed a significant chemoattractive response toward the bifurcated end containing an NGF gradient compared to the control, though some neurites were found in the end with no NGF gradient. Significance. The integrated model of neurite growth we describe will allow comparison of experimental studies against growth cone guidance computational models applied to axon pathfinding at choice points.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials of the impact of sleep duration on adiposity and components of energy balance

Summary Recent epidemiological and ecological trends in humans indicate a possible causal relationship between sleep duration and energy balance. We aimed to find experimental evidence that has tested this relationship between sleep duration and measures of body composition, food intake or biomarkers related to food intake. We conducted a systematic literature review using six databases throughout 7 August 2014. We sought reports of randomized controlled trials where sleep duration was manipulated and measured outcomes were body weight or other body composition metrics, food intake, and/or biomarkers related to eating. We found 18 unique studies meeting all criteria: eight studies with an outcome of body weight (4 – increased sleep, 4 – reduced sleep); four studies on food intake; four studies of sleep restriction on total energy expenditure and three of respiratory quotient; and four studies on leptin and/or ghrelin. Few controlled experimental studies have addressed the question of the effect of sleep on body weight/composition and eating. The available experimental literature suggests that sleep restriction increases food intake and total energy expenditure with inconsistent effects on integrated energy balance as operationalized by weight change. Future controlled trials that examine the impact of increased sleep on body weight/energy balance factors are warranted.
Retrievals of carbon monoxide profiles from MOPITT observations using lognormal a priori statistics

[1] Optimal estimation methods, such as the “maximum a posteriori” solution, are commonly employed for retrieving profiles of atmospheric trace gases from satellite observations. To complement the information actually contained in the measured radiances, such methods exploit a priori information describing the gases’ variability characteristics. We show that in situ surface-based data sets for carbon monoxide (CO) volume mixing ratio (VMR) indicate that the variability of CO is more accurately modeled in terms of a “lognormal” probability distribution function (PDF) than a “VMR-normal” PDF. The VMR-normal PDF is particularly poor at describing CO variability in unpolluted conditions. We also compare retrievals of carbon monoxide (CO) vertical profiles based on Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) observations for 1 day using both VMR-normal and lognormal statistical models. Use of the lognormal model improves retrieval convergence and yields fewer profiles with unphysically small VMR values. Generally, these results highlight the importance of properly representing the variability of trace gas concentrations in optimal estimation-based retrieval algorithms.
The Relationship Between Bible Literacy and Academic Achievement and School Behavior

This study assessed the relationship between Bible literacy among secondary school students and their academic achievement and school behavior. One hundred and forty students in the 7th to 12th grade were randomly selected from a Christian school. Four measures of Bible knowledge were combined to obtain an overall measure of Bible literacy. They included a brief Bible test, the ease with which students declared that they could recite the 66 books of the Bible in order, the final grade from the last Bible course taken, and the results of previous Bible testing. The results indicate that of the three groups of students, those with the highest level of Bible literacy also had the highest average GPA. the highest ranking in test and grade results, and the best school behavior of the three groups. In contrast, those with the lowest level of Bible literacy also had the lowest average GPA, the lowest ranking in test and grade results, and the worst school behavior of the three groups.
Peptide permeases modulate transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae

To identify elements participating in the process of transformation, a bank of genetically altered mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae with defects in exported proteins was assessed for a decrease in transformation efficiency. One mutant consistently transformed 10-fold less than the parent strain. Sequence analysis and reconstitution of the altered locus revealed a gene, plpA (permease-like protein), which encodes a putative substrate-binding protein belonging to the family of bacterial permeases responsible for peptide transport. The derived amino acid sequence for this gene was 80% similar to AmiA, a peptide-binding protein homologue from pneumococcus, and 50% similar over 230 amino acids to Spo0KA which is a regulatory element in the process of transformation and sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. PlpA fusions to alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) were shown to be membrane associated and labelled with [3H]-palmitic acid, which probably serves as a membrane anchor. Experiments designed to define the roles of the plpA and ami determinants in the process of transformation showed that: (i) mutants with defects in plpA were > 90% transformation deficient while ami mutants exhibited up to a fourfold increase in transformation efficiency; (ii) compared to the parental strain, the onset of competence in an ami mutant occurred earlier in logarithmic growth, whereas the onset was delayed in a plpA mutant; and (iii) the plpA mutation decreases the expression of a competence-regulated locus. Since the permease mutants would fail to bind specific ligands, it seems likely that the substrate-permease interaction modulates the process of transformation.
Do individuals with autism process categories differently? The effect of typicality and development

This study examined the effect of exemplar typicality on reaction time and accuracy of categorization. Highfunctioning children (age 9–12), adolescents (age 13–16), and adults with autism (age 17–48) and matched controls were tested in a category verification procedure. All groups showed improved processing throughout the lifespan for typical and somewhat typical category exemplars. However, individuals with autism responded more slowly than matched controls to atypical exemplars at all ages. The results are discussed in terms of potential differences in the type of processing that may be required for categorizing typical and atypical category exemplars. Parallels are also drawn to the results of previous studies on face processing in individuals with autism. Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by qualitative impairments in social interaction and communication and repetitive stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). To date, most research on autism has focused on social deficits, because they are both necessary and unique to the diagnosis. More recently, researchers have suggested that individuals with autism may also have significant cognitive deficits (e.g., Frith & Happe,
Development of Stem Rot (Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii) in Peanut in Alabama

Abstract Stem rot, or southern blight, caused by the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii, is an important disease of peanut in the southeastern U.S. Incidence and apparent onset of stem rot varies from year to year depending on planting date, weather conditions, and other factors. In order to more fully understand the effects of weather on stem rot, disease progress was evaluated through the 1995, 1996, and 1997 cropping seasons. Evidence of S. rolfsii was observed on peanut roots and crowns as early as 20 d after planting (DAP), which was 1 to several wk before stem rot lesions or plant wilt were observed. Disease measures tended to be lower in 1997 than in preceding years even though more rainfall and more consistent soil moisture were noted in 1997. Soil moisture was frequently in excess of field capacity from rainfall and may have contributed to suppressing stem rot development in 1997, perhaps by limiting oxygen availability. In 1995 and 1996, rainfall patterns were more normal and irrigation contributed to gr...
The Portrayal of Men and Women in American Television Commercials.

Summary The characteristics of adult male and female models in randomly selected television commercials were systematically coded, and several significant sex differences were discovered. More men than women are presented in television commercials, the basis for the credibility of those men and women who are presented differs as do their roles, their location, their arguments on behalf of a product, and the rewards they reap for using a product. These sex differences, which tend to portray women in a relatively unfavorable manner, are discussed in the context of research which suggests that peoples' sex-role behaviors and attitudes may be influenced by televised models.
Power Grid Physics and Implications for CAD

This article describes a full-die dynamic model of an Intel Pentium IV microprocessor design. The authors show that transient supply noise is sensitive to nonuniform decoupling-capacitor distribution, and that supply-drop locality is a tight function of frequency and package-die resonance, leading to significant localized resonant effects.
Cystic hemispheric medulloepithelioma

Medulloepithelioma is a rare primitive embryonal tumour of the central nervous system which typically occurs in early childhood. The histopathological appearance has been confused with primitive neuroectodermal tumours (PNETs), but medulloepitheliomas have a more aggressive clinical course. Imaging typically demonstrates a well-circumscribed, poorly or non-enhancing solid mass, with cyst formation being infrequent. We report the imaging findings in a case of a cystic hemispheric medulloepithelioma. The importance of considering this diagnosis is discussed in view of the propensity to aggressive recurrence in subtotal resection.
Structure and Reciprocity in Technology-Centered Q&A Communities.

In this paper we examine the network structure of the MythTV mailing list, an online technology Q&A user community, and we use time-series analysis techniques to study users’ reciprocity behavior in this community. We find that the amount of help users provide is strongly correlated to the amount of help they receive. Further, by conducting the Granger Causality test on the time series data of active users’ activity, we find that the amount of help given is actually the reason why one gets a lot of help. This finding corresponds to the concept of directed reciprocity in social networks and provides insights into social dynamics in technology-centered online communities.
Detecting and Evaluating Local Text Reuse in Social Networks

Texts propagate among participants in many social networks and provide evidence for network structure. We describe intrinsic and extrinsic evaluations for algorithms that detect clusters of reused passages embedded within longer documents in large collections. We explore applications of these approaches to two case studies: the culture of free reprinting in the nineteenth-century United States and the use of similar language in the public statements of U.S. members of Congress.
Distributed caching in device-to-device networks: A stochastic geometry perspective

Increasing spatio-temporal correlation in the data demand makes it attractive to cache popular content directly on the user devices so that it can be delivered on demand to the neighboring devices through device-to-device (D2D) communications. Due to the limited storage capacity, each device can only cache a part of the popular content resulting in a distributed caching network. With device locations modeled as a Poisson Point Process (PPP), we assume that the file of interest for a typical device is partitioned into several file portions with each device caching one of the portions randomly. Two equivalent viewpoints for the analysis of coverage probability and average delay in a distributed caching network are discussed for varying cache probabilities and device activity factors.
Periodic Patterns in the EEG

ABSTRACT.Periodic patterns are some of the most distinctive and, in some circumstances, diagnostic findings in the EEG. They can be classified as generalized or focal. The generalized patterns may be seen in patients in hepatic coma or with other metabolic encephalopathies, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, anoxia, or drug toxicity and during sleep in infants. Focal periodic discharges may be seen in association with vascular lesions, herpes simplex encephalitis, mass lesions, and other acute or subacute cerebral insults. Periodic myogenic artifacts are seen with facial myokymia and palatal myoclonus.
Stimulating dialogue: measuring success of the "Smoke Free Horry" campaign.

Smoke Free Horry was an anti-secondhand smoke media campaign that ran in Horry County, South Carolina in 2011 and 2012. The present study assessed the campaign's ability to stimulate interpersonal dialogue about the campaign—specifically its four television public service announcements (PSAs)—as well as about other smoking-related topics, among a sample of 285 Horry County young adults. Survey data suggested talking about anti-smoking PSAs was related to subsequent discussion about smoking-related topics and positive perceptions of the campaign's effectiveness. PSAs using emotional appeals and that discussed the negative health effects of smoking/secondhand smoke were related to the most interpersonal discussions about smoking, secondhand smoking, and smoking bans. Implications for future anti-smoking campaign design are discussed.
SAND-BYPASS AND SHORE EROSION, BRIDGMAN, MICHIGAN

The objectives of this paper are two-fold: a. Demonstrate by means of a well-documented full-scale case history in the Great Lakes that beach nourishment can mitigate shore damage due to a littoral barrier; b. Detail a methodology for analysis of the effectiveness of mitigation measures which lead to conclusions on the needed frequency of nearshore soundings as a tool for monitoring. In 1970 a temporary harbor was installed by private interests along the southeastern Lake Michigan shoreline near Bridgman, Michigan, (Figure 1). The harbor was necessary to protect floating plant involved in building a large privately-owned electric generating facility. The harbor was constructed of steel sheet pile and extended lakeward about 125 meters from the water's-edge to a depth about 3 meters below low water datum (LWD)2. Net littoral transport is about 75,000 cubic meters per year southward. The updrift and downdrift lakebed and bluff materials consist of sand. To ensure that this littoral barrier would not have an adverse effect on adjacent properties it was necessary for the Corps of Engineers to impose stringent requirements for issuance of a Federal permit for the installation. Bypass of at least 75,000 cubic meters per year of sand was required to mitigate potential erosion of downdrift beaches due to interruption of littoral transport. The permit also required intensive monitoring of the shoreline to ensure that any adverse effects of the harbor would be promptly detected and remedied. The monitoring consisted of: a. Monthly 1:3000 scale aerial photographs of the shoreline sixteen kilometers north (updrift) to sixteen kilometers south (downdrift) ro\-fF tthheo htla'i rVtbt-lof\rv>. b. Monumenting and thrice-yearly measurement of backshore-nearshore profiles spaced 150 meters apart, for a distance of 2450 meters north and 2450 meters south of the harbor, extending about 900 meters lakeward to about -8 meters LWD (Figure 2). The nearshore soundings were made by acoustic sounder every 30 meters along each profile. The survey boat was located along the profile by triangulation. Backshore profiles were provided by photogrammetric mapping.
Survival after cryogenic freezing of Campylobacter species in ground Turkey patties treated with polyphosphates.

The use of polyphosphate-based marinades in the processing of poultry has been previously shown to increase the survival of Campylobacter species present in the exudates derived from these products. This study investigates the effects that some of the same polyphosphates have on the survival of Campylobacter species within a ground turkey product subjected to cryogenic freezing. Ground turkey patties with two different polyphosphate formulations added in two different concentrations were artificially contaminated with known concentrations of Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli. The patties were cryogenically frozen at −80°F (−62.2°C) with liquid nitrogen vapor and held at −20°C for 7 or 33 days, after which the number of Campylobacter surviving in the patties was determined. On average the cryogenic freezing resulted in a 2.5-log decrease in the survival of C. jejuni cells and a 2.9-log decrease in C. coli cells present in the turkey patties. Additionally, the presence of polyphosphates in the turk...
NEURONS TO CONTROL MATE-FINDING BEHAVIOR IDENTIFIED

![Figure][1] Some problems are so universal that even insects' brains must be able to solve them. Male crickets croon a species-specific song, and female crickets meet up with attractive-sounding males by following a song to its source. A cricket's ears (located on the front legs) connect to
Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa)

Abstract The second volume in this landmark series includes an introductory chapter followed by 15 taxonomically specific chapters with identification keys to Nearctic freshwater invertebrates (protozoa through arthropods). Other than the second chapter's treatment of the diverse, multi-phyla array of protozoa (ciliates, flagellates, and amoebas), each of the remaining 14 chapters is limited to a single phylum. Chapters include the following six sections: Introduction, Limitations (to taxonomic identification of that group), Terminology and Morphology (information needed to use the keys), Material Preparation and Preservation, Identification Keys, and References. This volume complements Volume I's global coverage of “Ecology and General Biology,” and thus, only minimal information on those topics is included here. Volume II is devoted to the identification of inland water invertebrates of the Nearctic Bioregion including Canada, the continental United States, Mexico north of the Tropic of Cancer, Bermuda, and Greenland. Most keys terminate at either the level of genus or species, and generalized distribution data is included.
Lower Trapezius Flap for Reconstruction of Posterior Scalp and Neck Defects after Complex Occipital-Cervical Surgeries.

Objectives To review the indications, techniques, and outcomes for a series of patients in whom the lower trapezius flaps was used for repair of complex posterior scalp and neck defects after posterior occipital-cervical surgeries. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Tertiary academic hospital. Participants A retrospective review of cases that required complex occipital-cervical repair was performed to identify patients who underwent reconstruction using the lower trapezius flap. Data collected included demographics, clinical presentations, surgical anatomy, operative techniques, and outcomes with review of the pertinent literature. Outcomes Nine patients who underwent reconstruction using the lower trapezius flap were identified. Prior surgical interventions included five complex tumor resections, two patients with multiple instrumented cervical spine surgeries, one patient with a craniotomy for attempted extracranial to intracranial arterial bypass for a basilar aneurysm repair, and a posterior occipital-cervical decompression after trauma. During the median follow-up period of 7 months, all nine single-stage reconstructions resulted in successful healing without major surgical complications. Conclusion Lower trapezius island flaps provide a reliable option for the reconstruction of complex scalp and neck defects that develop after complex occipital-cervical surgeries.
Benford's Law, A Growth Industry

Often data in the real world have the property that the first digit 1 appears about 30% of the time, the first digit 2 appears about 17% of the time, and so on with the first digit 9 appearing about 5% of the time. This phenomenon is known as Benford's law. This paper provides a simple explanation, suitable for nonmathematicians, of why Benford's law holds for data that have been growing (or shrinking) exponentially over time. Two theorems verify that Benford's law holds if the initial values and rates of growth of the data appear at random. INTRODUCTION. To get started, consider the sequence 2; 4; 8; 16; 32; 64; 128; :::; 2 1000 . Each of these numbers has a first digit, starting out with 2; 4; 8; 1; 3; 6; 1. About how many of these numbers do you think have first digit 1? What about the other eight possible first digits? Consider the same questions for 9; 81; 729;:::; 9 1000 , where the first few first digits are 9; 8; 7; 6; 5; 5; 4; 4; 3; 3; 3; 2; 2; 2; 2. We will return to these questions after Table 3. Way back in 1881, Simon Newcomb observed that certain sets of data from the real world have the property that the first digits of the numbers do not appear uniformly often. In fact, the first digit 1 appears about 30% of the time, while the first digit 9 appears about 5% of the time. As often happens in science, this observation was forgotten and rediscovered later. Frank Benford observed this phenomenon in 1938 (2), and it has become known as Benford's law or the "first-digit law." He gave numerous examples of data from many sources, including newspaper items, areas of rivers, street addresses, cost data, and populations. We give another example in Table 1, namely data based on the populations of 117 cities in Indiana, from Wikipedia based on the 2000 census. 1 For a good history up to 1975 with many references, see Raimi (18). More references will be given at the end of the paper.
Lethal aid--physician or lawyer-assisted suicide?

This article will provide information about the current legal status of the right of a person to request physician-assisted suicide. It will provide a background on two appellate court cases which dealt with this issue and the significance of the U.S. Supreme Court's intervention.
First report of Meloidogyne partityla parasitizing pecan in Arkansas and confirmation of Quercus stellate as a host

Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is a valuable tree-nut and lumber crop in the USA. Pecan orchards of Georgia, New Mexico, Florida, Texas, Arizona, and Oklahoma have been reported to be infested by the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne partityla. A survey was conducted from several pecan orchards in Arkansas to look for M. partityla. Soil and root samples were collected from one established pecan orchard in each of six different counties in the state. Pecan roots showing galling, and second-stage juveniles (J2) of a Meloidogyne species were detected in a Logan County orchard. Molecular and morphometric studies using both J2 and females confirmed the presence of M. partityla. This is the first report of M. partityla in Arkansas. Additionally, greenhouse studies with Quercus stellate confirmed post oak as a suitable host of M. partityla.
Piaget, Adorno, and Dialectical Operations

In an earlier article (Buck-Morss, 1975) I brought together two previously separate areas of discourse, Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and Adorno’s philosophy of negative dialectics. The essay was an attempt to account for the fact that in the cross-cultural application of Piaget tests, non-Western children score significantly lower than their Western peers, implying that the cognitive development of the former, particularly in Third World countries, is in some way retarded (see Dasen, 1972).
Signature of induced transparency in metals and conductors under bichromatic irradiation

The theory of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a nonlinear conductive medium, which utilizes the classical approach instead of the traditional quantum optics scheme, has been recently suggested. We present the results of the bichromatic parametric irradiation experiments which validate the EIT effect within the mid-infrared spectrum. The studied materials include a highly dispersive gold (Au) and a low dispersive semiconductor zinc telluride (ZnTe). When the irradiation parameters satisfy the requirements of the EIT theory, the effect was shown to be strongly pronounced in both Au and ZnTe despite the very different optical properties of these conductors. The predictions of the theory regarding the existence of the EIT effect are shown to be in agreement with the experiment.
Longitudinal Trajectories of Food Insecurity Among Children of Immigrants.

Although research consistently points to higher rates of food insecurity (FI) among children of immigrants (COI), this is the first study to examine longitudinal trajectories of FI for this group. We used growth curve modeling and data from the 1998 Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort to compare trajectories of FI for COI and children of U.S.-born parents. After controlling for socioeconomic status and participation in nutrition programs, first- and second-generation COI had significantly higher initial and ongoing rates of FI compared to children of U.S.-born parents. Additional analyses found that all differences between COI and children of U.S.-born parents occurred for families in poverty. We find that COI from poor families have higher rates of FI, with some differences among COI by immigrant generation. Policymakers may need to focus on avenues other than public assistance to reduce FI among COI living in poverty.
Controlling shareholders and market timing: Evidence from cross-listing events

Abstract We find partial support for a permanent increase in firm value following U.S. cross-listings. Cross-listed firms with capital-raising intentions on U.S. exchanges and firms cross-listing after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act exhibit an increase in firm value. Yet, investors are worse off in the long run when owning insider-controlled cross-listings. Compared to non-insider-owned cross-listings, insider-owned firms have a greater rise in value around the cross-listing year but also a larger decline in the post-cross-listing years. In fact, insider-owned firms lose value by the fifth year, compared with their value before cross-listing. Lastly, we show that liquidity and visibility enhance the value of cross-listings.
Mapplethorpe, Morals, Money, and Museums

(1991). Mapplethorpe, Morals, Money, and Museums. Journal of Museum Education: Vol. 16, Current Issues in Museum Learning, pp. 15-16.
CT Scan and Neuropsychological Relationships in Aging and Dementia

Prior to the availability of CT scanning, the study of age-related and disease-related changes of the brain was primarily accomplished by two means: pneumoencephalography and autopsy. These techniques have serious limitations, particularly in relation to the study of normal aging and the early stages of dementia. With pneumoencephalography (PEG), the risk to the patient was such that the technique was limited only to cases where it could be clinically justified. This resulted in a heterogeneous database, especially in the older age ranges. Furthermore, artifacts associated with PEG raised questions about its reliability for measuring many of the cerebral changes of interest such as the size of the sulci and the size of the fissures. Information provided from autopsy is also limited in that it is based on the state of the brain just prior to death. Efforts to identify parameters of normal aging or markers of disease that might be diagnostically useful during life were therefore limited. With the advent of the CT scanner, many of these methodological and analytical problems could be avoided.
Thermal Inspection of a Composite Fuselage Section Using a Fixed Eigenvector Principal Component Analysis Method

A composite fuselage aircraft forward section was inspected with flash thermography. The fuselage section is 24 feet long and approximately 8 feet in diameter. The structure is primarily configured with a composite sandwich structure of carbon fiber face sheets with a Nomex(Trademark) honeycomb core. The outer surface area was inspected. The thermal data consisted of 477 data sets totaling in size of over 227 Gigabytes. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to process the data sets for substructure and defect detection. A fixed eigenvector approach using a global covariance matrix was used and compared to a varying eigenvector approach. The fixed eigenvector approach was demonstrated to be a practical analysis method for the detection and interpretation of various defects such as paint thickness variation, possible water intrusion damage, and delamination damage. In addition, inspection considerations are discussed including coordinate system layout, manipulation of the fuselage section, and the manual scanning technique used for full coverage.
Outcome summaries of latency‐based functional analyses conducted in hospital inpatient units

Latency-based functional analysis (FA) may be a viable alternative to the standard, rate-based, FA when frequently evoking problem behavior is not advisable. We conducted 18 latency-based FAs of the problem behavior of children diagnosed with autism in inpatient hospital settings and identified functional relations during 44.4% (8 of 18) of latency-based FAs. Implications for conducting FAs of severe problem behavior are discussed.
Cellular Actions of PTH: Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and Osteocytes

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is essential for the maintenance of calcium homeostasis through direct actions on bone and kidney, and indirect actions on the gastrointestinal tract. In the skeleton, PTH directly affects osteoblasts and osteocytes, and indirectly affects osteoclasts through actions on osteoblasts and osteocytes. These PTH actions on bone cells promote both bone formation and bone resorption, and the final outcome on bone mass, either anabolic or catabolic, depends on the dose of PTH and the periodicity of the PTH signal during exposure. PTH favors bone formation by controlling osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Moreover, it increases bone resorption by indirectly stimulating osteoclast formation and activity. The ability of PTH to increase bone remodeling is to a large extent mediated by its actions on osteocytes. This chapter reviews the effects of PTH on bone cells.
Strain Measurement in the Spallation Target Using High-Radiation-Tolerant Fiber Sensors

We describe the measurement of fast dynamic strains in the mercury target module of the spallation neutron source using customized high-radiation-tolerant fiber-optic strain sensors. The sensors are made from fluorine-doped single-mode optical fibers that demonstrated high radiation tolerance at 1300 nm. A digital phase demodulation scheme is employed in the signal interrogation system, which enables high bandwidth measurement and has an excellent adaptability to sensor output power fluctuations and sensor gap variations. Fast transient strain waveforms induced by high-energy, high-intensity proton pulses are successfully measured. The sensors have survived radiation doses of 109 Gy. Both measurement bandwidth and radiation tolerance of the sensors are an order of magnitude higher than their commercial counterparts.
Learning from those who no longer teach: Viewing teacher attrition through a resistance lens

Abstract Most public school teachers in the United States now leave the classroom before reaching retirement. Research on teacher attrition has tended to focus on novice teachers, using human capital or organizational theories to understand trends in teacher exit. This study examines the accounts of certified, experienced teachers who left teaching after making significant investments in the career. The accounts of these invested leavers are examined through a lens of resistance, illuminating issues of power as well as the ideals of teaching that may be expressed through the decision to leave.
Statistical Relational Learning With Unconventional String Models

This paper shows how methods from statistical relational learning can be used to address problems in grammatical inference using model-theoretic representations of strings. These model-theoretic representations are the basis of representing formal languages logically. Conventional representations include a binary relation for order and unary relations describing mutually exclusive properties of each position in the string. This paper presents experiments on the learning of formal languages, and their stochastic counterparts, with unconventional models, which relax the mutual exclusivity condition. Unconventional models are motivated by domain-specific knowledge. Comparison of conventional and unconventional word models shows that in the domains of phonology and robotic planning and control, Markov Logic Networks With unconventional models achieve better performance and less runtime with smaller networks than Markov Logic Networks With conventional models.
Voxel cores: efficient, robust, and provably good approximation of 3D medial axes

We present a novel algorithm for computing the medial axes of 3D shapes. We make the observation that the medial axis of a voxel shape can be simply yet faithfully approximated by the interior Voronoi diagram of the boundary vertices, which we call the voxel core. We further show that voxel cores can approximate the medial axes of any smooth shape with homotopy equivalence and geometric convergence. These insights motivate an algorithm that is simple, efficient, numerically stable, and equipped with theoretical guarantees. Compared with existing voxel-based methods, our method inherits their simplicity but is more scalable and can process significantly larger inputs. Compared with sampling-based methods that offer similar theoretical guarantees, our method produces visually comparable results but more robustly captures the topology of the input shape.
Covalent Linkage: II. Intramolecular Linkages

In this section on immobilized enzymes a consideration of covalent intramolecular linkages may appear somewhat irrelevant in that very little, if any, immobilization can be achieved by intramolecular cross-linking reactions. However, since most of the techniques and reagents used for intermolecular cross-link formation are the same as those used to form intramolecular bonds, it is safe to conclude that intramolecular linkages are natural side reactions of many of the immobilization reactions. This, in turn, means that in assessing the properties of an immobilized enzyme, one needs to consider the effects of intramolecular cross-links as well as the effects of the immobilization, and such considerations should therefore justify the inclusion of this chapter. A brief review of nature’s own intramolecular protein cross-links should provide convincing evidence that the cross-link effects indeed can be quite substantial. The most obvious natural cross-link is the disulfide bond, which in most globular proteins imparts unique permanence to the proper three-dimensional folded structure. Especially in cases where the native molecule is composed of multiple polypeptide chains linked by interchain disulfide bonds is the cross-link an essential feature of the structural integrity of the molecule. In the case of some of the structural proteins, multiple disulfide bonds contribute structural rigidity and inertness to the molecular complexes. Similarly, in the case of the very stable and metabolically inert proteins of connective tissue, collagen and elastin, a whole group of unique cross-links derived from oxidatively deaminated lysines and hydroxylysines contribute to the structural properties and undoubtedly also to the metabolic intractability of these proteins. In the formation of the final product of the blood-clotting cascade, the fibrin network is cross-linked by intra- and intermolecular amide bonds between lysine ∈-amino groups and glutamic acid γ-carboxyl groups through the action of the enzyme transglutaminase (factor XIII in the series of plasma clotting factors). Again the role of the cross-links appears to be to fix and stabilize specific molecular conformations and associations. Since the transglutaminase enzyme now has been found to be present in other tissues as well as in the plasma, it seems reasonable to conclude that this cross-linking reaction must be important to processes other than just coagulation.
Superaccelerated pavement testing on full-scale concrete slabs

Several full-scale rigid pavement slabs were constructed and tested under constant cyclic loading for fatigue. To provide the comparable maximum applied stress to number of cycles to failure (S-N) relationships for the full-scale field slabs, laboratory beam fatigue testing was conducted before field testing with the use of the same concrete mix designs. The superaccelerated pavement testing technique that was developed at the University of Texas was used in the field. The stationary dynamic defiectometer (SDD) was used to load the full-scale concrete slabs. To monitor the response of the rigid pavements, accelerometers and linear variable differential transformers were installed, and dynamic and permanent displacements of slabs were recorded during the entire testing period. All test slabs reached fatigue failure under the interior loading configuration using the SDD. This field loading system was found to be a practical and effective tool for testing the full-scale rigid pavement system. During fatigue loading, cracks began at the bottom of the slabs at the loading locations and propagated along the bottom of the slab centerline, which was the maximum stress path. Vertical crack propagation at the edge and stress redistribution occurred for the part of the slab's fatigue life. The concept of equivalent fatigue life was applied to correct the effect of the different stress ratios between the field and the laboratory testing. The laboratory beams and full-scale field slabs showed an almost identical S-N relationship after the correction for the variance of stress ratio.
"People Say It's a Little Uncomfortable": Prenatal Genetic Counselors' Use of Constructed Dialogue to Reference Procedural Pain.

Prenatal genetic counseling involves an exchange of information between counselors and clients, including verbal descriptions of the potential pain of invasive prenatal diagnosis procedures such as amniocentesis. This paper describes the use of one linguistic feature in one context. It considers how two counselors describe procedural pain in 17 prenatal genetic counseling sessions, audiotaped as part of a larger data-driven study using sociolinguistic methodologies to characterize the discourse of genetic counseling. Analysis reveals that “constructed dialogue,” or reporting something another person said, is a strategy used frequently by the counselors for describing procedural pain. Examination of the content and form of the constructed dialogue uncovered three recurring patterns that relate to its functions in the sessions: (1) inclusion of colloquial vocabulary; (2) references to common experiences through similes; and (3) explicit downplaying of pain. This analysis suggests that the naturally occurring phenomenon of quoting the words of others can be used in genetic counseling to impart information while simultaneously reassuring the client and creating counselor–client rapport. The complex relationship between the use of constructed dialogue and the enactment of genetic counseling principles through talk is also discussed.
Arsenate-dependent growth is independent of an ArrA mechanism of arsenate respiration in the termite hindgut isolate Citrobacter sp. strain TSA-1.

Citrobacter sp. strain TSA-1 is an enteric bacterium isolated from the hindgut of the termite. Strain TSA-1 displays anaerobic growth with selenite, fumarate, tetrathionate, nitrate, or arsenate se...