cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case Report: Pediatric Robotic Adrenalectomy for Virilizing Adrenal Tumor in a 4-year-old Female.

Adrenocortical tumors in children are rare, with approximately 90% of children presenting with endocrine syndromes, most commonly virilization. The standard treatment remains an open resection, although there is increasing use of the minimally invasive approach. With the advent of robotic surgery, its advantages over open and conventional laparoscopy make it a viable option in select patients. Despite the adoption of robot-assisted surgery in pediatric urology, limited literature regarding robotic pediatric adrenal surgery exists, with only a few small case series. We present a female child with virilizing features due to a large functional adrenal tumor managed by robot-assisted adrenalectomy.
Highlights and Perspectives From a Collaborative Global Health Pathology Experience in Trinidad and Tobago.

Objectives Global health education is important during residency training in exposing doctors to conditions that are not common in the United States and developing their awareness of global health care disparities. Most medical decisions are based on results from anatomic or clinical pathology laboratories, which are essential services for appropriate medical care in international settings. Nevertheless, US pathology residency trainees have limited global health exposure and thus are rarely exposed to diagnostic services in these settings. Moreover, literature documenting what is needed to create a global health elective in pathology is limited. Methods We designed an international pathology elective in Trinidad and Tobago involving one main public hospital site and several off-site laboratories. Objectives and goals were established before the rotation. Apart from daily mentor-led education sessions, the trainee participated in teaching, quality improvement projects, and cultural experiences. Engagement with medical officers, personnel staff, and people in the community was encouraged.Results: Challenges encountered included funding, transportation, limited laboratory resources, medical registration, and malpractice insurance. These were mitigated through carefully planned steps, including communicating with registration bodies and liaising with pathology organizations for funding. Conclusions Overall, the global health rotation was successful. We provide a detailed roadmap for other pathology training programs interested in establishing similar global health electives.
Solutions and Hints to Exercises

The result is clear when M is free. In general, there is an exact sequence P → Q → M → 0 where P and Q are finite free.
Heart transplantation outcomes in cardiac sarcoidosis.

Background Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a progressive inflammatory cardiomyopathy that can lead to heart failure, arrhythmia, and death. There is limited data on Orthotopic Heart Transplantation (OHT) outcomes in patients with CS. Here we examine outcomes in patients with CS who have undergone OHT at centers throughout the United States from 1987 to 2019. Methods This was an analysis of 63,947 adult patients undergoing OHT captured in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry. Patients were characterized as cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) or Non–CS. Baseline characteristics were compared using chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis Tests. Outcomes of interest included primary graft failure , patient survival, treated graft rejection , hospitalization for infection, and post-transplant malignancy. Results During the study period 227 patients with CS underwent OHT. Patients with CS were younger, had higher proportion of non–white patients, and received transplants at more urgent statuses. After multivariable modeling there was no difference in survival (HR 0.86, CI 0.59-1.3, p = 0.446) or graft failure (HR 0.849, CI 0.58-1.23, p = 0.394) between patients with CS and Non–CS. Patients with CS had lower odds of rejection (OR 0.558, CI 0.315- 0.985, p = 0.0444). Patients with CS had similar odds of hospitalization for infection and post-transplant malignancy, as Non–CS patients. Conclusions Patients with CS and Non–CS had similar post OHT survival, odds of graft failure, hospitalizations for infection, and post-transplant malignancy. Results of this study confirm the role of heart transplantation as a viable option for patients with CS.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EPORTFOLIOS IN AN ONLINE GRADUATE PROGRAM

A myriad of research has documented that an ePortfolio provides a comprehensive platform for learners to record their mastery of practical skillsets, create meaning from their learning, and reflect upon years of experiences. An ePortfolio also serves as a powerful digital resume and useful marketing vehicle to attract prospective employers. This case study examined the impacts of implementing ePortfolios in a capstone course of an online master’s program in health care administration. Students’ perceptions of this powerful pedagogical tool and the process of creating a Portfolio were explored. The findings supported previous research on the implementation of ePortfolios in various programs. Students enjoyed the ePortfolio process, critically evaluated their academic work and accomplishments, and valued peer-reviewed feedback offered by their peers. There were challenges observed in this study. While some challenges were unique to the study population, others were also disclosed in previous empirical studies. Recommendations were made for better integration of ePortfolios into the curricula of a program. Limitations and future research were also presented in this paper. Article visualizations:
Ranking trade resistance variables using data envelopment analysis

Abstract In the context of Justus von Liebig's Law of the Minimum, this study assesses the impacts that trade barriers have on trade resistance between United States (U.S.) manufacturing industries and their trade partners. An undesirable trade resistance model is presented, where trade barriers are (undesirable) inputs into the production of the (undesirable) output, trade resistance. It is then presented how Johansen's notion of Capacity is utilized to assess trade barriers’ impacts. Estimation takes place by employing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Results suggest that U.S. trade partners’ port logistics are the most limiting trade barrier for the U.S. manufacturing industries, followed by the distance between the U.S. and its trade partners, the tariff imposed by the U.S., and the tariff imposed by the trading partner.
Molecular cloning and analysis of the endogenous retrovirus chemically induced from RFM/Un mouse cell cultures

Abstract We molecularly cloned and analyzed an N-tropic ecotropic retrovirus induced with iododeoxyuridine from RFM/Un mouse cell cultures. Based on the restriction map, the RFM/Un virus appears to be indistinguishable from other induced N-tropic retroviruses. A nucleotide sequence analysis of the long terminal repeat of an infectious clone revealed structural features characteristic of murine type C retrovirus long terminal repeats. The U3 region of the RFM/Un virus long terminal repeat, however, contained no short sequence duplication or insertion found in other murine leukemia virus isolates.
Diet Soft Drink Consumption is Associated with an Increased Risk of Vascular Events in the Northern Manhattan Study

BACKGROUND Diet and regular soft drinks have been associated with diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, and regular soft drinks with coronary heart disease.
Comparative analysis of three tetrachloroethene to ethene halorespiring consortia suggests functional redundancy.

Three anaerobic, dechlorinating consortia were enriched from different sites using methanol and tetrachloroethene (PCE) and maintained for approximately 3 years. These consortia were evaluated usin...
Solitary Primary Chemodectomas of the Lung

Although chemodectomas of microscopic size have been described in lung, larger solitary primary chemodectomas have not been recognized frequently. It is possible that some of the lesions reported as atypical bronchial adenomas may actually represent such tumors. Two instances of probable primary pulmonary chemodectoma are presented.
Ab initio calculation of the inversion barrier in ammonia

Abstract A configuration interaction calculation of the inversion barrier in ammonia, using an extended Slater-type basis set and including all singly and doubly excited configurations relative to the SCF configuration, indicates that as much as half the barrier may be due to correlation effects.
Digital image subtraction of temporally sequential chest images for detection of interval change

An automated digital image subtraction technique for temporally sequential chest images has been developed in order to aid radiologists in the detection of interval changes. A number of small regions of interest (ROIs) are selected automatically in the lung areas of two temporally sequential chest images. A local matching, based on a cross‐correlation method, is performed on each pair of corresponding ROIs in order to determine shift values for the coordinates of two images. A proper warping of x,y coordinates is obtained by fitting two‐dimensional polynomials to the distributions of shift values. One of the images is warped and then subtracted from the other. Forty six pairs of chest images (42 with interval changes and 4 without interval change) were processed using this method. The subtraction images were able to enhance various important interval changes, such as differences in the size of tumor masses, changes in heart size, and changes in pulmonary infiltrates or pleural effusions. Approximately 70% of the pairs showed reasonably good registration.
Propagation-induced escape from adiabatic following in a semiconductor.

Breakup of a below-resonance femtosecond pulse is observed in a room-temperature GaAs/AlGaAs multiple-quantum-well waveguide using cross-correlation techniques. The breakup is due to neither self-induced transparency nor temporal solitons. Instead, calculations based on the coupled semiconductor Maxwell-Bloch equations show that coherent self-phase-modulation during propagation drives the system out of the initial adiabatic following regime into excitation density oscillations and eventually pulse-shape modulations.
Implementation of a hybrid multimedia general education course in engineering

Technology and Civilization is an advanced general education course (Area V: Culture, Civilization & Global Understanding) in the College of Engineering at San Jose State University that is designed to introduce students to the realm of history and usage of technology in society from an international perspective and to increase their awareness of both the uncertainties as well as the promises of the utilization of technology as a creative human enterprise. We offer two different versions of this course: a fully online course and a hybrid in-class lecture/self-paced course. Both versions of the course use multimedia learning materials on CD. The goal of these multimedia modules is to have the students use technology as they explore its impact on our society over time. This paper will describe the structure and content of this course and discuss how the course is taught in both the online version and the hybrid version. As hundreds of students have taken this course over the past five years, we have significant experience in providing online learning to students. In addition, we will discuss the assessment plan for this course and how we conduct continuous assessment to improve the content and delivery of this course.
The laryngeal mask airway: A comprehensive review for the Emergency Physician

The Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) was developed in the 1980s, but has only recently begun to be used in Emergency Medicine. The LMA affords effective assisted ventilation without requiring endotracheal intubation or visualization of the glottis. In doing so, it is more efficacious than a bag-valve-mask apparatus, although the risk of aspiration of gastric contents persists, particularly if the device is not properly placed. The LMA also has significant potential utility in management of the difficult airway. Most reported clinical experience with the LMA has come from the operating room. This article provides an overview of the extensive potential utility of the LMA in the Emergency Department and prehospital settings as well as a comprehensive review of the pertinent advantages, disadvantages, and complications associated with its use.
Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections in Patients With Cancer

Patients with cancer are at high risk for infections caused by antibiotic resistant gram-negative bacteria. In this review, we summarize trends among the major pathogens and clinical syndromes associated with antibiotic resistant gram-negative bacterial infection in patients with malignancy, with special attention to carbapenem and expanded-spectrum β-lactam resistance in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia—all major threats to our cancer patients. Optimal therapy for these antibiotic-resistant pathogens still remains to be determined.
Riding the crest of a wave: the national performance review and public management reform

This article takes an eclectic look at the National Performance Review phenomenon by focusing on the various reform trends that are encompassed within the NPR agenda. After detailing the many catalysts for administrative reform, the authors describe numerous “megatrends” that permeate the contemporary public management literature. The anti-bureacratic biases of today's efforts to reform government are examined, along with the resulting themes for change. Privatization, downsizing, decentralization, debureaucratization, productivity enhancement, and managerialism are some of the reform goals that pre-existed the NPR, but which are clearly evident in the Report's recommendations. Each of these goals is briefly assessed in terms of its rationale, content, and potential implications for public managers. The article concludes with a few cautionary observations concerning the outcomes -- both expected and unanticipated -- that are likely to accrue to public management as (or if?) the NPR bandwagon accelerates.
Atomic force microscopy based nanoindentation study of onion abaxial epidermis walls in aqueous environment

An atomic force microscopy based nanoindentation method was employed to study how the structure of cellulose microfibril packing and matrix polymers affect elastic modulus of fully hydrated primary plant cell walls. The isolated, single-layered abaxial epidermis cell wall of an onion bulb was used as a test system since the cellulose microfibril packing in this cell wall is known to vary systematically from inside to outside scales and the most abundant matrix polymer, pectin, can easily be altered through simple chemical treatments such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and calcium ions. Experimental results showed that the pectin network variation has significant impacts on the cell wall modulus, and not the cellulose microfibril packing.
Acid catalysis of the retro-diels alder reaction. Formation and electrophilic reactivity of 2-methylene-1,3-cyclopentanedione.

Abstract The acid mediated decomposition of the Diels-A1der adduct of 1,3-cyclopentanedione with anthracene was studied. An extremely facile, acid catalyzed retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation produces 2-methylene-1,3-cyclopentanedione, which undergoes twofold electrophilic substitution on the cognate anthracene nucleus.
Structural Determinants for the Intracellular Localization of the Isozymes of Mammalian Hexokinase: Intracellular Localization of Fusion Constructs Incorporating Structural Elements from the Hexokinase Isozymes and the Green Fluorescent Protein

Fusion constructs incorporating structural elements from mammalian isozymes of hexokinase, Types I-IV, in frame with sequence encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) have been made and expressed in hexokinase-deficient M + R 42 cells. Fusion proteins incorporating catalytically active regions from the Type II isozyme, or the entire Type IV sequence, were expressed in catalytically active form. The intracellular localization of the fusion proteins was determined using confocal microscopy. Fusion proteins including the N-terminal halves of the Type I or Type II isozymes were targeted to mitochondria, while the N-terminal half of the Type III isozyme did not confer mitochondrial targeting. The mitochondrial targeting signal was represented by the hydrophobic sequence at the extreme N-termini ("binding domain") of the Type I and Type II isozymes. Inclusion of the binding domain from the Type I isozyme was sufficient to confer mitochondrial binding on GFP itself as well as on constructs including the N-terminal half of Type III hexokinase. However, the Type I hexokinase binding domain was not sufficient to cause mitochondrial targeting of a construct containing the Type IV sequence. These results suggest that, although the binding domain is critical for mitochondrial targeting, other interactions involving an adjacent structure might also play a role. Fusion proteins including the N-terminal half of Type I hexokinase became dissociated from mitochondria under conditions favorable for accumulation of intracellular Glc-6-P. The 2-deoxy analog was much less effective than Glc in causing mitochondrial dissociation of the fusion construct, in accord with previous studies showing 2-deoxy-Glc-6-P to be much less effective than Glc-6-P at promoting release of Type I hexokinase from mitochondria. Dissociation, induced by formation of Glc-6-P or 2-deoxy-Glc-6-P, did not occur with the fusion protein including only the binding domain of Type I hexokinase. This is consistent with previous studies indicating that Glc-6-P-dependent dissociation results from binding of this ligand to a site in the N-terminal half of the enzyme, but which is not likely to be present in the small segment represented by the binding domain. These studies demonstrate the usefulness of this approach in defining structural elements involved in targeting hexokinase isozymes to specific subcellular locations and modulation of that intracellular location by perturbations of metabolic status.
Erythrocyte Organic Phosphates and Hemoglobin Function in Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes

Studies on the role of red blood cell organic phosphates in regulating oxygen transport and hemoglobin function in various species have emanated from several laboratories in the past few years. These data reveal that the organic phosphate composition of erythrocytes is certainly more diverse between classes of animals than previously recognized, that the kind and concentration of red cell organic phosphate modulator changes during development of the species and that the role of organic phosphates in modulating hemoglobin function is variable. For example in birds we believe that the changes in amounts and distribution of the intraerythrocytic organic phosphates account for the sudden changes in whole blood oxygen affinity during development of the embryo and young bird as well as in the mature bird. In the loggerhead and green sea turtle it appears that organic phosphate modulators regulate whole blood oxygen affinity during embryonic development but it is unlikely that whole blood oxygen affinity is controlled by organic phosphate modulation of hemoglobin function in the adult turtle. From the data now available on air-breathing fishes, it appears reasonable to consider that whole blood oxygen affinity may be regulated by a combination of organic phosphates that is the relative concentrations of the primary regulator (inositol-P2 2,3-DPG, or inositol P5) may be rather stable whereas the nucleotide triphosphate (ATP and GTP) concentrations may fluctuate depending upon physiological demands upon the animal for oxygen.
Plastids of sieve tube members in the stamen vascular bundle ofSorghum bicolor (Gramineae)

The plastids in sieve tube members of the stamen vascular bundles ofSorghum bicolor, fixed in glutaraldehyde with postfixation in osmium tetroxide, are of the P-type containing cuneate crystalloids of a proteinaceous nature surrounded by a double envelope. Secondary inclusions are present in these P-type plastids. P-type plastids inSorghum often remain intact in the mature sieve tube members.
Magnetic and Thermal Properties of Dysprosium Aluminum Garnet. I. Experimental Results for the Two-Sublattice Phases

In a magnetic field along a $〈111〉$ axis, dysprosium aluminum garnet (DAG) closely resembles a two-sublattice Ising antiferromagnet, and it undergoes a transition to the paramagnetic state without spin flopping. To investigate the nature of this transition, high-resolution measurements have been made of the isothermal magnetization and the specific heat ${C}_{H}$ as a function of temperature from 1.1 to 4.2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in magnetic fields up to 14 kOe. A number of additional measurements have also been made down to 0.5 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and between 4.2 and 8 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Small lattice contributions to the specific heat were estimated from separate measurements on yttrium and lutetium aluminum garnets. The magnetic measurements were made on a small spherical crystal and the thermal measurements were made on a large ellipsoidal single crystal with a demagnetizing factor $N=5.35$. The two sets of data are shown to be consistent if the expected shape dependence is taken into account, and the principal results are converted to correspond to the ideal case of $N=0$. The analysis indicates that the transition is of first order below 1.66 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, with a region of coexistence between the antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases, depending on sample shape. The corresponding latent heat was measured directly and compared with the predictions of the magnetic Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Between 1.66 and 2.53 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the transition is higher than first order and unusual in form, with fairly sharp but finite maxima in the specific heat and only mild inflections in the magnetic isotherms. A complete phase diagram was constructed, and the principal thermodynamic functions (internal energy, entropy, and enthalpy) were derived. Possible applications of DAG to low-temperature heat engines are discussed briefly. The phase diagram corresponding to $N=0$ shows a general similarity to the phase diagram for ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$-${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ mixtures, but the analogy is complicated by long-range dipolar forces, known to be significant in the present case.
1. History, evolution, and evolving standards of contact lens care

Contact lenses and lens care regimens are an important part of eyecare practices and vital to lens-wearing patients. New contact lens materials and cleaning options continue to come to market and affect how patients wear and care for their lenses. In this section we look at how the contact lens and lens solution revolution started, how it has evolved over the last 40 years, and how standards have evolved and impacted these new offerings.
Kinetic parameters of the rhodanese reaction in soils

Abstract Studies to determine the kinetic parameters of the rhodanese-catalyzed reaction in soils showed that the K m values of thiosulfate and cyanide for this enzyme are similar to those for the same enzyme isolated from other biological systems. Application of the three linear transformations of the Michaelis-Menten equation indicated that the apparent K m constants of thiosulfate and cyanide varied among the soils used, but the results obtained by the three plots were similar. By using the Lineweaver-Burk plot. the K m values of S 2 O 3 −2 and CN − for rhodanese activity in five soils ranged from 1.20 to 10.3 (av 5.46) and from 2.48 to 10.20 (av 5.81) mM, respectively. The V max values ranged from 511 to 1431 (av 759) nmoles SCN − produced · g −1 soil · h −1 . The activation energy values ranged from 21.6 to 34.0 (av 28.0) kJ · mole −1 , and the average Q 10 for temperatures ranging from 10 to 60 C ranged from 1.25 to 1.45 (overall average. 1.37).
The decerebrate human: associative learning.

Abstract Phasic changes in cardiac reactivity to innocuous stimuli, presented in a sensory disparity paradigm, were used to evaluate habituation and learning processes in five decerebrate subjects. Three subjects showed systematic changes over trials in the pattern of cardiac response to simple auditory or visual stimuli, indicative of habituation. In addition, tests for associative learning were given after repeated presentations of two paired stimuli. The appearance of a marked cardiac orienting response, to the unpredictable omission of the second stimulus, documented the development of a conditioned association in these same three subjects. One additional subject failed to show a consistent pattern of response to the stimuli, and another demonstrated a consistent response which was not subject to habituation. Overall, these findings support the view that learning processes are not solely the product of the cerebral hemispheres, but feflect general integrative features of the human neuraxis.
Impact resistance of common building materials to tornado missiles

Abstract Objects and debris picked up and transported by tornado winds range in size from roof gravel to railroad cars. The objectives of this project were to identify the most probable missiles transported by tornadoes, to estimate the speeds achieved by these missiles, and to determine the speeds required to perforate walls used in ordinary construction. The two most relevant missiles were identified as a 2 × 4 in. timber plank weighing 15 lbs and a 3 in. diameter steel pipe weighing 75 lbs. The two missiles are typical of a wide variety of objects and debris found in tornado paths passing through residential neighborhoods. The plank and pipe can be accelerated to speeds up to 170 mph and 90 mph, respectively in a tornado rated F5 on the Fujita Scale. Impact tests using an air-actuated missile cannon revealed that residential stud walls consisting of exterior materials other than masonry could not stop the plank at speeds above 50 mph. Most wall configurations defined in Architectural Graphic Standards were tested. Both 8-in. and 12-in. reinforced concrete masonry walls were able to stop the 2 × 4 in. plank, if the cells in the block were reinforced and grouted. At speeds above 100 mph, the planks disintegrated, but the walls remained intact. The 2 × 4 in. plank perforates the face shell of unreinforced concrete masonry at about 65 mph. There-in. diameter pipe impacts have not been tested to date.
An Elementary View of Euler's Summation Formula

(1999). An Elementary View of Euler's Summation Formula. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 5, pp. 409-418.
Etched in-fiber Bragg gratings for temperature sensing at high temperatures

We present a new type of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in which we etch the grating into the flat surface of a D-shaped optical fiber. Instead of being written in the core of the fiber, as are standard FBGs, these surface relief fiber Bragg gratings (SR-FBGs) are placed in the cladding above the core. These gratings are a viable alternative to standard FBGs for sensing applications. In this work we describe the fabrication process for etching Bragg gratings into the surface of D-fibers and demonstrate their performance as temperature sensors. We show that SR-FBGs resist much higher temperatures than standard FBGs by demonstrating their operation up to 1100 degrees Celsius.
Radioluminescent Light Source for Optical Oxygen Sensors

A self-powered radioluminescent (RL) light source is evaluated as a means of supplying incident radiation for optical chemical sensors. The light source consists of 147Pm (a β-emitting radionuclide) and ZnS:Ag phosphor. Blue light (450 nm) is produced following the excitation of ZnS:Ag from β particles released by the 147Pm. The utility of this source is judged by evaluating the analytical performance of optical oxygen sensors, where the blue light from the RL source excites a ruthenium complex immobilized in a plasticized PVC or silicon membrane. Analytical information is acquired by measuring the magnitude of oxygen-induced fluorescence quenching of the ruthenium complex. The resulting RL oxygen sensors show good stability and reversibility, with detection limits of 0.25 Torr in gaseous samples and 0.028 ppm in aqueous samples. Although the RL light source is not as bright as conventional electrical-powered sources, RL sources offer the advantages of compact size, simple configuration, low power consump...
Populations of Radial Glial Cells Respond Differently to Reelin and Neuregulin1 in a Ferret Model of Cortical Dysplasia

Radial glial cells play an essential role during corticogenesis through their function as neural precursors and guides of neuronal migration. Both reelin and neuregulin1 (NRG1) maintain the radial glial scaffold; they also induce expression of Brain Lipid Binding Protein (BLBP), a well known marker of radial glia. Although radial glia in normal ferrets express both vimentin and BLBP, this coexpression diverges at P3; vimentin is expressed in the radial glial processes, while BLBP appears in cells detached from the ventricular zone. Our lab developed a model of cortical dysplasia in the ferret, resulting in impaired migration of neurons into the cortical plate and disordered radial glia. This occurs after exposure to the antimitotic methylazoxymethanol (MAM) on the 24th day of development (E24). Ferrets treated with MAM on E24 result in an overall decrease of BLBP expression; radial glia that continue to express BLBP, however, show only mild disruption compared with the strongly disrupted vimentin expressing radial glia. When E24 MAM-treated organotypic slices are exposed to reelin or NRG1, the severely disrupted vimentin+ radial glial processes are repaired but the slightly disordered BLBP+ processes are not. The realignment of vimentin+ processes was linked with an increase of their BLBP expression. BLBP expressing radial glia are distinguished by being both less affected by MAM treatment and by attempts at repair. We further investigated the effects induced by reelin and found that signaling was mediated via VLDLR/Dab1/Pi3K activation while NRG1 signaling was mediated via erbB3/erbB4/Pi3K. We then tested whether radial glial repair correlated with improved neuronal migration. Repairing the radial glial scaffold is not sufficient to restore neuronal migration; although reelin improves migration of neurons toward the cortical plate signaling through ApoER2/Dab1/PI3K activation, NRG1 does not.
An improved method for solving multiple criteria problems involving discrete alternatives

An approach is presented for solving a discrete-multiple-criteria problem. The approach asks pairwise comparisons of a decision-maker. Under mild assumptions, the method obtains the most preferred alternative. The required number of pairwise comparisons is generally modest. The authors' experience with the method indicates that for reasonable underlying utility functions, a heuristic stopping rule generally yields the most preferred alternative after several comparisons, usually fewer than 20.
Semisynthesis, Cytotoxicity, Antiviral Activity, and Drug Interaction Liability of 7-O-methylated Analogues of Flavonolignans from Milk Thistle

Silymarin, an extract of the seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum), is used as an herbal remedy, particularly for hepatoprotection. The main chemical constituents in silymarin are seven flavonolignans. Recent studies explored the non-selective methylation of one flavonolignan, silybin B, and then tested those analogues for cytotoxicity and inhibition of both cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 activity in human liver microsomes and hepatitis C virus infection in a human hepatoma (Huh7.5.1) cell line. In general, enhanced bioactivity was observed with the analogues. To further probe the biological consequences of methylation of the seven major flavonolignans, a series of 7-O-methylflavonolignans were generated. Optimization of the reaction conditions permitted selective methylation at the phenol in the 7-position in the presence of each metabolite’s 4–5 other phenolic and/or alcoholic positions without the use of protecting groups. These 7-O-methylated analogues, in parallel with the corresponding parent compounds, were evaluated for cytotoxicity against Huh7.5.1 cells; in all cases the monomethylated analogues were more cytotoxic than the parent compounds. Moreover, parent compounds that were relatively non-toxic and inactive or weak inhibitors of hepatitis C virus infection had enhanced cytotoxicity and anti-HCV activity upon 7-O-methylation. Also, the compounds were tested for inhibition of major drug metabolizing enzymes (CYP2C9, CYP3A4/5, UDP-glucuronsyltransferases) in pooled human liver or intestinal microsomes. Methylation of flavonolignans differentially modified inhibitory potency, with compounds demonstrating both increased and decreased potency depending upon the compound tested and the enzyme system investigated. In total, these data indicated that monomethylation modulates the cytotoxic, antiviral, and drug interaction potential of silymarin flavonolignans.
Improvements to regional explosion identification using attenuation models of the lithosphere

[1] Regional P/S amplitudes have been recognized as an effective discriminant between earthquakes and explosions. While closely spaced events generally discriminate easily, the application of this technique to broad regions has been hampered by large variations in the amplitude of phases due to the attenuation of the crust and upper mantle. Making use of a recent P-wave and S-wave attenuation model of the lithosphere, we have found that correcting the events using our amplitude methodology significantly reduces the scattering in the earthquake population. We demonstrate an application of this technique to station NIL using broad-area earthquakes and the 1998 Indian nuclear explosion using the Pn/Lg discriminant in the 1–2 Hz passband. We find that the explosion, which is lost in the scatter of the earthquakes in the uncorrected discriminant, clearly separates by correcting for attenuation structure. We see a similar reduction in scatter and separation for the Pn/Sn and Pg/Lg discriminants.
Human dendritic cell 1 and dendritic cell 2 subsets express FcεRI: Correlation with serum IgE and allergic asthma

Abstract Background Type 1 dendritic cells (DC1) express the high-affinity IgE receptor (FceRI); however, the regulation of FceRI expression by DCs is not well understood. Type 2 DC (DC2) expression of FceRI has not been demonstrated. Objective We hypothesized that DC2 cellsalso express FceRI and that expression of FceRI by the DC1 and DC2 subsets correlates with serum IgE and allergic asthma disease status. Methods To test these hypotheses, we quantitated FceRI α chain expression by the peripheral blood precursor DC1 (pDC1) and pDC2 subsets by using flow cytometry. Results FceRI was expressed by the pDC1 and pDC2 subsets, as well as tissue DCs from tonsils. Relative FceRI expression by basophil, pDC1, and pDC2 subsets was 12:6.5:1, respectively. In both pDC subsets, FceRI expression was significantly greater in allergic asthmatic subjects than in nonatopic control subjects. pDC1 and pDC2 expression of FceRI was highly correlated to serum IgE concentration. The pDC1, pDC2, and basophil subsets demonstrated a similar magnitude of increase in FceRI expression relative to changes in serum IgE. Conclusions FceRI expression is characteristic of both the DC1 and DC2 subsets. Furthermore, FceRI expression by these cells is highly correlated to serum IgE and to basophil FceRI expression and is greater in subjects with allergic asthma. These data support the concept that novel therapeutic approaches directly targeted at FceRI expression would affect both the sensitization and the effector phases of the allergen-specific immune response.
Evidence-Based Accommodation Decision Making at the Postsecondary Level: Review of the Evidence for Foreign Language Learning

This article reviews empirical evidence related to college students classified as learning disabled (LD) and foreign language (FL) learning by examining whether there are differences between: (a) students classified and not classified as LD enrolled in FL courses; (b) LD students with and without IQ-achievement discrepancies and FL aptitude, proficiency, and achievement; and (c) students classified as LD who pass FL courses or receive course substitutions. Findings show that there are no cognitive and achievement differences between students classified as LD and non-LD students enrolled in FL courses or between students classified as LD who pass FL courses or receive course substitutions. Findings have shown that there are no differences in FL outcomes between students classified as LD with and without discrepancies. Research findings over several years show that classification as LD is unimportant for determining whether or not a student will exhibit FL learning problems or fail FL courses.
Comparing fuzzy logic with classical controller designs

A unified approach for comparing the performance of fuzzy and nonfuzzy controller designs is presented. Relationships are established between the gain parameters for the two classes of controller designs. The methods presented apply equally well to proportional-plus-integral, linear multiband, and multilevel relay controllers.
Progressive elevation of plasma thyrotropin during adaptation to simulated jet lag: effects of treatment with bright light or zolpidem.

It is well known that TSH secretion is modulated by sleep and circadian rhythmicity, but effects of abrupt shifts of the sleep-wake and dark-light cycles such as occur in jet lag and shift work have not been investigated. The present study examines alterations in the 24-h profiles of plasma TSH and thyroid hormones following an 8-h advance shift achieved without enforcing prolonged sleep deprivation. The effects of bright light exposure or sleep facilitation with zolpidem were investigated in separate studies performed in the same subjects. Each study involved blood sampling at 20-min intervals for 68 h and included a baseline period with dim light during waking hours and 2300-0700 h bedtimes in total darkness. The 8-h shift was achieved by advancing bedtimes to 1500-2300 h. In the course of adaptation to the shift, TSH levels increased progressively in all three studies because daytime sleep failed to inhibit TSH and nighttime wakefulness was associated with large TSH elevations. The overall elevation of...
Virulence Characterization of Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Wholesale Produce

The 13 Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from wholesale spinach and lettuce consisted mostly of serotypes that have not been implicated in illness. Among these strains, however, were two O113:H21 that carried virulence genes common to this pathogenic serotype (stx2, ehxA, saa, and subAB), suggesting that their presence in ready-to-eat produce may be of health concern.
Ibogaine pretreatment dramatically enhances the dynorphin response to cocaine

Abstract Ibogaine (Endabuse™) is a psychoactive indole alkaloid found in the shrub, Tabernanthe iboga, which has been used to treat stimulant addiction. Because ibogaine influences the activity of neurotensin systems, a dopamine-linked neuropeptide, the present study investigated if ibogaine also influences dynorphin (DYN) pathways. Unlike neurotensin responses, ibogaine alone did not alter DYN levels in the striatum, substantia nigra or nucleus accumbens. Interestingly, ibogaine pretreatment dramatically enhanced cocaine-induced increases in DYN content in these structures.
Is a Global History of Architecture Displayable? A Historiographical Perspective on the 14th Venice Architecture Biennale and Louvre Abu Dhabi

This article comparatively discusses the 14th International Architecture Biennale of Venice, directed by Rem Koolhaas, and the pilot exhibit and architectural design of Louvre Abu Dhabi undertaken by Jean Nouvel, in the context of recent big art events and world museums. Curatorial, historiographical, and installation strategies in these venues are differentiated in order to think through the question of displaying a global history of architecture. I make a distinction between the curatorial practices carried out in the Fundamentals and Absorbing Modernity sections of Venice's Central and National Pavilions as curator-as-author and curators-as-chorus, which I map onto recent historiographical and museum design practices, including the Louvre Abu Dhabi, to discuss the geopolitical implications of its installation strategies. I also argue that six methodological perspectives for displaying architectural history emerge from the curator-chorus of Absorbing Modernity, which can be identified as survey, nationa...
Physical properties of crystalline fluorokinase.

Abstract The physical properties of the crystalline enzyme “fluorokinase” were examined by sedimentation, diffusion, and electrophoresis.
Understanding aggregate crime regressions

Abstract This paper provides a general description of the relationship between individual decision problems and aggregate crime regressions. The analysis is designed to elucidate the behavioral and statistical assumptions that are implicit in the use of aggregate crime regressions for both the analysis of crime determinants as well in counterfactual policy evaluation. We apply our general arguments to the question of the deterrent effect of capital punishment and show how alternative assumptions affect estimates of the deterrent effect.
Hydromineral balance in the chick embryo: effects of hypophysectomy.

The developing chick embryo exhibits a regular pattern of accumulation and reabsorption of fluid in its extraembryonic compartments. Fluid volume (measured by dye dilution) peaks at Day 14 in both the allantois (12.4 ml) and the amnion (5.1 ml). The standard experimental procedure of removing 2 ml of albumen at 33–36 hr of incubation does not alter this pattern, but leads to a maximum decrease in fluid volume of ca. 1 ml in both amniotic and allantoic compartments. Although [Na] and [Cl] remain essentially constant in the serum, they steadily decrease in the allantois (remaining substantially below serum levels). In the amnion, [Cl] is maintained above that of serum, whereas [Na] falls below serum [Na] by Day 14. In the Day 12 (stage 38) embryo, hypophysectomy (HX) causes a substantial increase in the allantoic fluid volume and [Na] and [Cl], thus resulting in a 166% increase in total Na and Cl over that of sham-operated embryos. By contrast, HX did not alter amniotic fluid volume, although it did decrease [Na] and to a lesser degree, [Cl]. Serum [Na], but not [Cl], was reduced by HX. HX abolished the normally steep ionic gradients maintained between the allantois and both serum and amnion. Thus, the most dramatic effects of HX at Day 12 are on the allantois, which accumulates both Na and Cl at the expense of the amnion and serum. This suggests that pituitary hormones may normally act by Day 12 to reduce urinary volume and electrolyte excretion and/or to increase fluid and electrolyte reabsorption from the allantois.
Ameboid microglia as effectors of inflammation in the central nervous system

Techniques for selective isolation, labeling, stimulation, and destruction of ameboid microglia allow study of some fundamental questions in neuroimmunology. Examination of surface morphology, proliferative capacity, and cytochemistry suggests that microglia are a class of brain mononuclear phagocytes distinct from blood monocytes, spleen macrophages, or resident peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, cultured ameboid microglia isolated from newborn brain can be induced to grow thin cytoplasmic projections several hundred microns in length; these process-bearing cells resemble a differentiated form of microglia found in adult brain. Ameboid microglia may contribute to brain inflammation by engulfing debris, by releasing cytotoxins, by killing neighboring cells, and by secreting astroglial growth factors. Importantly, ameboid microglia are closely tied to a network of immunomodulators that include colony-stimulating factors and Interleukin-1. The presence of activated microglia during normal embryogenesis and at sites of penetrating brain injury suggests that these cells serve as important effectors linking the immune system with growth and repair of the CNS.
The Urethral Closure Pressure Profile: A new technique using gas and simultaneous EMG‐recording from the urethra

Summary A new technique for recording of the urethral closure pressure profile using gas-inflation and simultaneous EMG-recording from the urethra is described. With the present technique, the parameters of the urethral closure pressure profile in healthy volunteers were in accordance with previous reports using water-infusion. The effect of α-adrenergic blockade on the pressure profile was studied in a series of patients. Half of the patients showed a marked reduction of the intraurethral pressure in the presphincteric part of the profile after α-adrenergic blockade. This indicated that sympathetic innervated smooth musculature gives a significant contribution to the total intraurethral pressure.
Double-channel endoscopic polypectomy technique for the removal of large pedunculated polyps

John F. Valentine, MD The double-channel endoscopic technique is an effective means of removal of large pedunculated polyps that is suitable for excision of polyps that cannot be removed by standard endoscopic techniques. The removal of large pedunculated polyps may be technically difficult in a tortuous sigmoid colon. The procedure may become more challenging because of the size of the polyp, thus making it difficult to get a standard elliptical or hexagonal snare over the head of the polyp. The large polyp on a long stalk adds further difficulty as the polyp may move relatively freely within the lumen, again making it From the University of Florida, Department of Medicine and the Gainesville Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida.
Dental attrition models predicting temporomandibular joint disease or masticatory muscle pain versus asymptomatic controls

summary Aims: To determine whether patients with temporomandibular joint disease or masticatory muscle pain can be usefully differentiated from asymptomatic controls using multifactorial classification tree models of attrition severity and/or rates. Methods: Measures of attrition severity and rates in patients diagnosed with disc displacement (n = 52), osteoarthrosis (n = 74), or masticatory muscle pain only (n = 43) were compared against those in asymptomatic controls (n = 132). Cross-validated classification tree models were tested for fit with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and log likelihood accountability. Results: The model for identifying asymptomatic controls only required the three measures of attrition severity (anterior, mediotrusive and laterotrusive posterior) to be differentiated from the patients with a 74·2 ± 3·8% cross-validation accuracy. This compared with cross-validation accuracies of 69·7 ± 3·7% for differentiating disc displacement using anterior and laterotrusive attrition severity, 68·7 ± 3·9% for differentiating disc displacement using anterior and laterotrusive attrition rates, 70·9 ± 3·3% for differentiating osteoarthrosis using anterior attrition severity and rates, 94·6 ± 2·1% for differentiating myofascial pain using mediotrusive and laterotrusive attrition severity, and 92·0 ± 2·1% for differentiating myofascial pain using mediotrusive and anterior attrition rates. The myofascial pain models exceeded the ≥75% sensitivity and ≥90% specificity thresholds recommended for diagnostic tests, and the asymptomatic control model approached these thresholds. Conclusion: Multifactorial models using attrition severity and rates may differentiate masticatory muscle pain patients from asymptomatic controls, and have some predictive value for differentiating intracapsular temporomandibular disorder patients as well.