cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multi-perspective approach to knowledge production

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss a Multi-perspective approach to knowledge production in terms of a set of cybernetic concepts relevant to the approach; to describe a software system that computationally embodies the approach; and to articulate a research project that pragmatically employs the approach. Design/methodology/approach – A definition is provided. The paper uses a survey methodology, exploring relevant cybernetic and contemporary technological concepts. An operational software mechanism (The Insight Engine) is discussed that enables the bridging of transdisciplinary concepts by a user in the service of accretive research –Recombinant Informatics. Findings – Many cybernetic concepts are relevant to contemporary research into cognition and Neosentience research. More study needs to be undertaken related to historical BCL projects in terms of articulating relevance to contemporary research. Research limitations/implications – Future research seeks to extend the computational funct...
Low-pressure sputtering of high- T c Nb 3 Ge

A modified technique for the sputtering of high-T c Nb3Ge using low Ar pressure is reported. The experimental arrangement involved only conventional equipment and ordinary vacuum conditions. Nb3Si with the A-15 structure was also prepared in a similar manner.
Energy dispatch schedule optimization for demand charge reduction using a photovoltaic-battery storage system with solar forecasting

Abstract A battery storage dispatch strategy that optimizes demand charge reduction in real-time was developed and the discharge of battery storage devices in a grid-connected, combined photovoltaic-battery storage system (PV+ system) was simulated for a summer month, July 2012, and a winter month, November 2012, in an operational environment. The problem is formulated as a linear programming (LP; or linear optimization) routine and daily minimization of peak non-coincident demand is sought to evaluate the robustness, reliability, and consistency of the battery dispatch algorithm. The LP routine leverages solar power and load forecasts to establish a load demand target (i.e., a minimum threshold to which demand can be reduced using a photovoltaic (PV) array and battery array) that is adjusted throughout the day in response to forecast error. The LP routine perfectly minimizes demand charge but forecasts errors necessitate adjustments to the perfect dispatch schedule. The PV+ system consistently reduced non-coincident demand on a metered load that has an elevated diurnal (i.e., daytime) peak. The average reduction in peak demand on weekdays (days that contain the elevated load peak) was 25.6% in July and 20.5% in November. By itself, the PV array (excluding the battery array) reduced the peak demand on average 19.6% in July and 11.4% in November. PV alone cannot perfectly mitigate load spikes due to inherent variability; the inclusion of a storage device reduced the peak demand a further 6.0% in July and 9.3% in November. Circumstances affecting algorithm robustness and peak reduction reliability are discussed.
Interaction between flow, transport and vegetation spatial structure

This paper summarizes recent advances in vegetation hydrodynamics and uses the new concepts to explore not only how vegetation impacts flow and transport, but also how flow feedbacks can influence vegetation spatial structure. Sparse and dense submerged canopies are defined based on the relative contribution of turbulent stress and canopy drag to the momentum balance. In sparse canopies turbulent stress remains elevated within the canopy and suspended sediment concentration is comparable to that in unvegetated regions. In dense canopies turbulent stress is reduced by canopy drag and suspended sediment concentration is also reduced. Further, for dense canopies, the length-scale of turbulence penetration into the canopy, δe, is shown to predict both the roughness height and the displacement height of the overflow profile. In a second case study, the relation between flow speed and spatial structure of a seagrass meadow gives insight into the stability of different spatial structures, defined by the area fraction covered by vegetation. In the last case study, a momentum balance suggests that in natural channels the total resistance is set predominantly by the area fraction occupied by vegetation, called the blockage factor, with little direct dependence on the specific canopy morphology.
Unraveling V(D)J Recombination: Insights into Gene Regulation

V(D)J recombination assembles antigen receptor genes from component gene segments. We review findings that have shaped our current understanding of this remarkable mechanism, with a focus on two major reports--the first detailed comparison of germline and rearranged antigen receptor loci and the discovery of the recombination activating gene-1.
Gauge-invariant perturbations of Schwarzschild black holes in horizon-penetrating coordinates

We derive a geometrical version of the Regge-Wheeler and Zerilli equations, which allows us to study gravitational perturbations on an arbitrary spherically symmetric slicing of a Schwarzschild black hole. We explain how to obtain the gauge-invariant part of the metric perturbations from the amplitudes obeying our generalized Regge-Wheeler and Zerilli equations, and vice-versa. We also give a general expression for the radiated energy at infinity, and establish a relation between our geometrical equations and the Teukolsky formalism. The results presented in this paper are expected to be useful for the close-limit approximation to black hole collisions, for the Cauchy perturbative matching problem, and for the study of isolated horizons.
Adaptive Protocol for Worsening Communication Line Conditions

Standard link protocols have been designed for typical long term bit error rates. A degraded line results in service interruption, requiring end-to-end coordination to effect manual recovery. The minimum throughput could be maintained for exchanging the vital housekeeping and link maintenance information by use of an automatic line recovery scheme. An adaptive data link control protocol is designed for this purpose. As a key feature, the real-time throughput monitoring is performed by correlating several variable parameters, such as: block size, transmission speed, overhead ratio, etc.. Within this paper, the adaptive protocol operational procedure is described in great detail using the ADA design language. Analysis for justifying protocol performance is also provided.
Structure reactivity relationship in the reaction of DNA guanyl radicals with hydroxybenzoates

Abstract In DNA, guanine bases are the sites from which electrons are most easily removed. As a result of hole migration to this stable location on guanine, guanyl radicals are major intermediates in DNA damage produced by the direct effect of ionizing radiation (ionization of the DNA itself and not through the intermediacy of water radicals). We have modeled this process by employing gamma irradiation in the presence of thiocyanate ions, a method which also produces single electron oxidized guanyl radicals in plasmid DNA in aqueous solution. The stable products formed in DNA from these radicals are detected as strand breaks after incubation with the FPG protein. When a phenolic compound is present in the solution during gamma irradiation, the formation of guanyl radical species is decreased by electron donation from the phenol to the guanyl radical. We have quantified the rate of this reaction for four different phenolic compounds bearing carboxylate substituents as proton acceptors. A comparison of the rates of these reactions with the redox strengths of the phenolic compounds reveals that salicylate reacts ca. 10-fold faster than its structural analogs. This observation is consistent with a reaction mechanism involving a proton coupled electron transfer, because intra-molecular transfer of a proton from the phenolic hydroxyl group to the carboxylate group is possible only in salicylate, and is favored by the strong 6-membered ring intra-molecular hydrogen bond in this compound.
Strong influence of medium pH condition on gas-phase biofilter ammonia removal, nitrous oxide generation and microbial communities.

� Examination of pH effects on gas-phase biofilter performance. � Acidified biofilters showed higher ammonia removal efficiency than alkalized biofilters. � Acidified biofilters generated 0.5-1.5 ppm nitrous oxide. � Structures of amoA and nosZ communities were altered at low pH conditions. � Change in nosZ abundance supported the observation of nitrous oxide generation. abstract Effects of pH on gas-phase biofilter performance including NH3 removal efficiency (RE), N2O generation, and microbial communities of ammonia oxidizers and denitrifies, are examined. A two-step experiment was carried out on four biofilters for 130 days. In step 1 with pH 8.0, NH3 REs were 85-95% and N2O con- centrations were 0.1-0.4 ppm. In step 2, pH was adjusted to 4.5, 6.0, 8.0, and 9.5 in four biofilters, respec- tively. The acidified biofilters showed higher NH3 REs than the alkalized biofilters. N2O concentration in biofilters with pH 4.5 and 6.0 was increased to 1.5 and 0.5 ppm, respectively, while no change in the alk- alized biofilters. Comparing to communities in step 1, the amoA and nosZ structures were altered when pH was changed to 4.5 and 6.0, but not at 9.5. Abundance of amoA was reduced at pH 4.5, while nosZ abundance was increased with considerably less changes in acidified biofilters compared to alkalized biofilters.
Coastal Circulation Caused by an Isolated Storm

Abstract The strength of storm generated coastal current and the intensity of coastal upwelling depend on the scales of the storm and the position of the storm with respect to the position or measurement. It is known that long coastal trapped waves travel poleward along eastern ocean boundaries and that a storm may generate these waves at its equatorward and poleward edges. If a storm lasts longer than coastal trapped waves take to propagate from the equatorward edge of the storm to the position of measurement, then the strongest current and upwelling occur poleward of the storm. If the storm is brief in this sense, then the strongest current and upwelling appear within the storm region after the storm decays. A single storm with equatorward winds will generate a poleward traveling upwelling event followed by a more slowly traveling undercurrent event. The alongshore scale and time scale of the upwelling event bear a strong correspondence to the scales of the storm only if the storm starts and stops abrup...
Effects of major depression diagnosis and cortisol levels on indices of neurocognitive function.

Summary Although many studies have examined separately the effects of depression and cortisol on cognition, no study has examined their relative or potentially additive effects. Our study simultaneously investigated the contributions of clinical status [major depression (MD) versus psychiatrically healthy controls (HC)] and cortisol on a hippocampal/mediotemporal mediated verbal memory task (Paragraph Recall) and a prefrontal cortex/cingulate mediated executive functioning task (Stroop). Thirty-seven unmedicated nondelusional MDs and 18 HCs underwent psychiatric ratings, hourly assessments of cortisol activity over 24 h, and neuropsychological assessments. Hierarchical multiple regressions indicated a significant effect of cortisol but not of diagnosis on verbal memory. Greater cortisol levels were related to poorer memory performance independent of group. In contrast, a significant interaction between cortisol and diagnosis was found for a color-word index of response inhibition. This interaction suggests that the detrimental effect of elevated cortisol level on this type of executive functioning exists only in the healthy control group but not in MDs. On an Interference score, another measure of response inhibition, cortisol had a significant independent effect, but neither the effects of diagnosis and the interaction attained full significance. Our study suggests that cortisol has an independent effect on verbal memory. Also, our study produced evidence of an interaction between diagnosis and cortisol on response inhibition.
Recovery of single word comprehension: CT-scan correlates.

Abstract Auditory comprehension for single words, as measured by the BDAE Word Discrimination subtest, was studied longitudinally in a group of 37 aphasic patients. The majority of the patients had impaired performance at 1 month postonset, but recovery by Month 6 postonset was quite striking. Damage to Wernicke's area did not preclude recovery of single word comprehension to within the normal range. Only patients with very extensive left hemisphere lesions had incomplete recovery of single word comprehension.
DNA Synthesis and Cell Movement during Regeneration in Tubularia

After hydranth removal of Tubularia the level of DNA synthesis, measured by nuclear incorporation of thymidine-H3. is uniform throughout the caulus from the time of hydranth amputation through wound healing. Synthesis is then suspended during massive cell movements until the primordium begins to form; activity resumes in both the ectodermis and endodermis in all subsequent regenerative stages with qualitative and quantitative differences along the caulus. Incorporation is highest in the proximal ectodermis and grades off distally; in the endodermis uptake increases in a distal direction and becomes highest in the primordium. As differentiation continues, synthesis appears in the future gonophore region, the inter-tentacular zone, and the developing tentacles. When differentiation is completed, further uptake occurs in the peduncle, basal hypostome, and both cell layers of the tentacles. Monitoring the movement of hydrocaular cells, labeled at amputation, confirms that there is a general shift of the coenosarc along the entire length of the caulus toward the distal end. Cells continue to migrate from both cell layers of the caulus into the hydranth primordium even after it is formed. Labeled proximal cauli grafted to unlabeled distal halves indicate that cells from the ectodermis and endodermis still contribute to the hydranth regenerate. There is no evidence for reverse cell movement. Incorporation of thymidine-H3 (suspended during massive cell movements) does accompany individual cell migration.
Managing Electronic Journals in Times of Change

Abstract One response to a serials cut at Bowling Green State University (BGSU) was to develop an e-journal Web page showcasing free full-text resources to support the curriculum and faculty research. The project provides links through the Web page and through a Web-based catalog to the titles selected. As a participant in OhioLINK, BGSU has access to “paid” resources including Academic Press titles. In addition, links to other comprehensive Web sites are planned.
A deep architecture with bilinear modeling of hidden representations: Applications to phonetic recognition

We develop and describe a novel deep architecture, the Tensor Deep Stacking Network (T-DSN), where multiple blocks are stacked one on top of another and where a bilinear mapping from hidden representations to the output in each block is used to incorporate higher-order statistics of the input features. A learning algorithm for the T-DSN is presented, in which the main parameter estimation burden is shifted to a convex sub-problem with a closed-form solution. Using an efficient and scalable parallel implementation, we train a T-DSN to discriminate standard three-state monophones in the TIMIT database. The T-DSN outperforms an alternative pretrained Deep Neural Network (DNN) architecture in frame-level classification (both state and phone) and in the cross-entropy measure. For continuous phonetic recognition, T-DSN performs equivalently to a DNN but without the need for a hard-to-scale, sequential fine-tuning step.
Photosynthesis, carboxylation and leaf nitrogen responses of 16 species to elevated pCO2 across four free‐air CO2 enrichment experiments in forest, grassland and desert

The magnitude of changes in carboxylation capacity in dominant plant species under long-term elevated CO2 exposure (elevated pCa) directly impacts ecosystem CO2 assimilation from the atmosphere. We analyzed field CO2 response curves of 16 C3 species of different plant growth forms in favorable growth conditions in four free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments in a pine and deciduous forest, a grassland and a desert. Among species and across herb, tree and shrub growth forms there were significant enhancements in CO2 assimilation (A )b y140 � 5% in elevated pCa (49.5‐ 57.1Pa), although there were also significant reductions in photosynthetic capacity in elevated pCa in some species. Photosynthesis at a common pCa (Aa) was significantly reduced in five species growing under elevated pCa, while leaf carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) was significantly reduced by elevated pCa in seven species (change of � 19 � 3% among these species) across different growth forms and FACE sites. Adjustments in Vcmax with elevated pCa were associated with changes in leaf N among species, and occurred in species with the highest leaf N. Elevated pCa treatment did not affect the mass-based relationships between A or Vcmax and N, which differed among herbs, trees and shrubs. Thus, effects of elevated pCa on leaf C assimilation and carboxylation capacity occurred largely through changes in leaf N, rather than through elevated pCa effects on the relationships themselves. Maintenance of leaf carboxylation capacity among species in elevated pCa at these sites depends on maintenance of canopy N stocks, with leaf N depletion associated with photosynthetic capacity adjustments. Since CO2 responses can only be measured experimentally on a small number of species, understanding elevated CO2 effects on canopy Nm and Na will greatly contribute to an ability to model responses of leaf photosynthesis to atmospheric CO2 in different species and plant growth forms.
The Intimate Entrenchment of Philadelphia's Drug War

AbstractThe ‘war on drugs’ has been an important discursive and juridical tool for maintaining a spatialized order in the city. Scholars have gone to great lengths to document the victimization and exploitation of this war's ‘victims’ – primarily black and brown young men in cities across the globe. While applying a spatial analytic to understand the global effects of the ‘war on drugs’, it is also necessary to attend to the drug economy's situated, micro-practices of territory, politics, and governance. This paper contributes such an understanding by applying a feminist and urban geopolitical frame to understand the intimate practices of the drug war in US inner cities. It draws from a combination of ethnographic fieldwork and oral histories collected in Grays Ferry, Philadelphia, and offers a discursive analysis of local newspapers and policy documents to understand the framing of Grays Ferry as the front line of the ‘war on drugs’. Through such a framing the city block becomes a site of contestation as...
Genetic evidence for the cryptic species pair, Lottia digitalis and Lottia austrodigitalis and microhabitat partitioning in sympatry

It has been proposed that the common West Coast limpet, Lottia digitalis, is actually the northern counterpart of a cryptic species duo including, Lottia austrodigitalis. Allele frequency differences between southern and northern populations at two polymorphic enzyme loci provided the basis for this claim. Due to lack of further evidence, L. austrodigitalis is still largely unrecognized in the literature. Seven additional enzyme loci were examined from populations in proposed zones of allopatry and sympatry to determine the existence of L. austrodigitalis as a sibling species to L. digitalis. Significant allele frequency differences were found at five enzyme loci between populations in Laguna Beach, southern California, and Bodega Bay, northern California; strongly supporting the existence of separate species. Both species exhibit two microhabitat morphotypes, a gooseneck barnacle morph in the mid-intertidal zone and a rock morph in the high-intertidal zone. In sympatry, L. austrodigitalis was more abundant higher in the intertidal on rocks, whereas L. digitalis was more abundant lower in the intertidal on barnacles. This finding supports earlier claims of microhabitat partitioning in this sibling species pair. In addition to this finding, the transition zone between the species was found to have shifted substantially northward in only two decades, from Monterey Peninsula, CA to near Pigeon Point, CA, where L. digitalis previously dominated.
Developmental Modes and Developmental Mechanisms can Channel Brain Evolution

Anseriform birds (ducks and geese) as well as parrots and songbirds have evolved a disproportionately enlarged telencephalon compared with many other birds. However, parrots and songbirds differ from anseriform birds in their mode of development. Whereas ducks and geese are precocial (e.g., hatchlings feed on their own), parrots and songbirds are altricial (e.g., hatchlings are fed by their parents). We here consider how developmental modes may limit and facilitate specific changes in the mechanisms of brain development. We suggest that altriciality facilitates the evolution of telencephalic expansion by delaying telencephalic neurogenesis. We further hypothesize that delays in telencephalic neurogenesis generate delays in telencephalic maturation, which in turn foster neural adaptations that facilitate learning. Specifically, we propose that delaying telencephalic neurogenesis was a prerequisite for the evolution of neural circuits that allow parrots and songbirds to produce learned vocalizations. Overall, we argue that developmental modes have influenced how some lineages of birds increased the size of their telencephalon and that this, in turn, has influenced subsequent changes in brain circuits and behavior.
Whatever Is Willed Will Be A Temporal Asymmetry in Attributions to Will

Why do people neglect or underweight their past failures when thinking about their prospects of future success? One reason may be that people think of the past and future as guided by different causal forces. In seven studies, the authors demonstrate that people hold asymmetric beliefs about the impact of an individual’s will on past versus future events. People consider the will to be a more potent determinant of future events than events that happened in the past. This asymmetry holds between- and within-subjects, and generalizes beyond undergraduate populations. The authors contend that this asymmetry contributes to the tendency for people to remain confident about their future performance in domains in which they have largely failed in the past. This research thus contributes to a growing body of literature exploring how thoughts about events in the past differ from thoughts about the same events set in the future.
Relation of Phospholipids to Other Tissue Components in Two Beef Muscles

SUMMARY— The relation of phospholipids to other tissue components was studied in the extensor carpi radialis and psoas major muscles of beef. Total lipid, phospholipid, desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and total nitrogen were determined in each muscle. The distribution of total N among the fibrillar protein N, sarcoplasmic protein N, nonprotein N (NPN), and stroma N was determined. Phospholipids were separated from neutral lipids and fractionated into lecithin, cephalins, and sphingomyelin by thin-layer chromatography. The quantity of each class was estimated by phosphorus analysis. The concentrations of total lipid and phospholipid were higher in the psoas than in the extensor muscle. The amount of phospholipid per unit weight of‘DNA, total N, protein N, and fibrillar protein N also was higher in the psoas major than in the extensor carpi radialis. In terms of sarcoplasmic protein N, the concentration of phospholipid was similar in the 2 muscles. In both muscles, lecithin accounted for about 62%, cephalins 30%, and sphingomyelin less than 10% of the lipids recovered.
Renal artery rupture following cutting balloon angioplasty for fibromuscular dysplasia: a case report

Angioplasty with the use of cutting balloons has been suggested by some case reports and small series for the treatment of renal artery stenoses that are resistant to conventional balloon catheters. Based on this limited experience, the use of this technology has been suggested as safe. Herein, we report a renal artery rupture following angioplasty with a cutting balloon. The complication was salvaged with a stent graft. A 30-year-old white female patient with resistant hypertension caused by a severe renal artery stenosis attributed to fibromuscular dysplasia, was submitted to conventional balloon angioplasty without success. Dilatation of the lesion with a cutting balloon resulted in arterial rupture, with concomitant retroperitoneal hematoma. Cutting balloon angioplasty of renal artery lesions resistant to conventional balloon angioplasty should not be considered as safe as previously thought. When proceeding with such a procedure, a stent graft should be available for immediate use.
An electron microscopic study of incomplete virus formation; infection of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells with chick embryo-adapted Newcastle disease virus (NDV).

The morphologic changes occurring in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells infected with chick embryo-adapted Newcastle disease virus were studied with phase microscope, conventional light microscope, and electron microscope. Intracytoplasmic inclusions appeared 2 to 4 hours following infection and progressively increased in size and numbers until cytolysis occurred. No significant alterations in mitochondria or other cell organelles were detected during the initial period of inclusion development. The inclusions were composed of a multilaminated shell, probably derived from the agranular reticulum of the EAT cell, surrounding an inner core packed with dense particles, measuring 3 to 14 mµ in diameter. These particles were tentatively identified as the newly synthesized "incomplete virus" which had been previously demonstrated by fluorescent antibody techniques. The possible role of the inclusions is discussed.
Reduced Phase Spaces and Riemann-Roch

We will be concerned in this article with the conjecture $$ Q({M_G}) = Q{(M)^G} $$ (0.1) where G is a compact Lie group, M a pre-quantizable Hamiltonian G-space, M G the associated reduced space, Q the “quantization functor” and Q/Emphasis>(M) G the G-fixed vectors in Q (M). It is customary to think of Q (M) and Q (M G ) as Hilbert spaces; however, in this article they will be defined to be elements of the K-groups, K G (pt) and K(pt). More explicitly, Q (M) will be defined to be π!L M where L M is the pre-quantum line bundle on M, π is the map, M → pt, and π! is the “lower-shriek” operation in the equivariant K-theory. (see §6. Q (M G ) will be defined similarly.)
A hydrological continuum in permafrost environments: The morphological signatures of melt-driven hydrology on Earth and Mars

Abstract This paper examines relationships between the morphology of cold desert hydrological features and the water sources, and it relates the formation of diagnostic deposits and erosion patterns to environmentally controlled patterns of discharge. In particular, three sets of landforms found in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica are compared to similar features on Mars: Antarctic streams/rivers to Amazonian valleys, terrestrial gullies to Martian gullies, and water tracks to recurring slope lineae. Similarities in landform morphology are highlighted for each set. Hydrological characteristics are aggregated or calculated, and they are shown to scale comparably across the landforms for the terrestrial and Martian groups. Accordingly, a hydrological continuum is proposed, linking the magnitude and the persistence of water sources in cold desert environments to flow response and the formation of diagnostic landforms. This concept provides a framework for examining the relationships between climate, hydrology, and geomorphology in the cold desert environments of these two worlds.
Stalk-dependent and Stalk-independent Signaling by the Adhesion G Protein-coupled Receptors GPR56 (ADGRG1) and BAI1 (ADGRB1)

The adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are a large yet poorly understood family of seven-transmembrane proteins. A defining characteristic of the aGPCR family is the conserved GAIN domain, which has autoproteolytic activity and can cleave the receptors near the first transmembrane domain. Several aGPCRs, including ADGRB1 (BAI1 or B1) and ADGRG1 (GPR56 or G1), have been found to exhibit significantly increased constitutive activity when truncated to mimic GAIN domain cleavage (ΔNT). Recent reports have suggested that the new N-terminal stalk, which is revealed by GAIN domain cleavage, can directly activate aGPCRs as a tethered agonist. We tested this hypothesis in studies on two distinct aGPCRs, B1 and G1, by engineering mutant receptors lacking the entire NT including the stalk (B1- and G1-SL, with "SL" indicating "stalkless"). These receptors were evaluated in a battery of signaling assays and compared with full-length wild-type and cleavage-mimicking (ΔNT) forms of the two receptors. We found that B1-SL, in multiple assays, exhibited robust signaling activity, suggesting that the membrane-proximal stalk region is not necessary for its activation. For G1, however, the results were mixed, with the SL mutant exhibiting robust activity in several signaling assays (including TGFα shedding, activation of NFAT luciferase, and β-arrestin recruitment) but reduced activity relative to ΔNT in a distinct assay (activation of SRF luciferase). These data support a model in which the activation of certain pathways downstream of aGPCRs is stalk-dependent, whereas signaling to other pathways is stalk-independent.
Natural Resources and Economic Development: Explaining land use change in developing countries

T he main aim of the first four chapters comprising Part One of this book was to address a key paradox facing present-day low and middle-income economies: why is it that, despite the importance of natural capital for sustainable economic development, increasing economic dependence on natural resource exploitation appears to be a hindrance to growth and development in poor countries? Chapter 1 explained the importance of natural capital to sustainable economic development, and presented four key “stylized facts” of natural resource use in developing economies. Chapter 2 provided a historical overview of the role of natural resources in economic development. Chapter 3 reviewed current theories and hypotheses that attempt to explain why natural resource wealth may not be producing development benefits for poor countries. Finally, Chapter 4 was concerned with a new perspective on the resource-development paradox, which is termed the frontier expansion hypothesis . As emphasized in these chapters forming Part One, deforestation, land conversion and agricultural land expansion in low and middle-income countries are major features of the economic development occurring in these economies. Much of the “frontier expansion” in these economies consists of rapid land use change, mostly the conversion of forests, woodlands and other natural habitats to agriculture and other land-based development activities. The purpose of the following chapter is to explore in more detail the process of land conversion and agricultural land expansion itself as well as recent economic explanations as to the possible causes underlying this process.
Interaction of Deoxyguanosine Nucleotide Analogs with Human Telomerase

To maintain the telomeres at the ends of the chromosomes, telomerase in human cells adds a repeating sequence of nucleotides (TTAGGG) to the 3'-end of each chromosome using an RNA component of the enzyme as the template for DNA synthesis. Because of the selective expression of this enzyme in cancer cells, we have evaluated the interaction of human telomerase with several deoxyguanosine nucleotides of clinical importance. 2',3'-dideoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate, 6-thio-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate (T-dGTP), carbovir 5'-triphosphate, and D-carbocyclic-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate (D-CdG-TP) inhibited telomerase activity by 50% when these analogs were present at only 2 to 9 times the dGTP concentration. The L-enantiomer of CdG-TP was far less inhibitory, thereby demonstrating the stereoselectivity of telomerase for nucleotide substrates. T-dGTP was incorporated into the DNA by telomerase in the absence of dGTP, but unlike dGTP there was little extension of the DNA chain after its incorporation. These results indicate that the metabolites of three clinically useful agents (6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, and Abacavir) can inhibit human telomerase activity, and it is possible that the effect of these nucleotides on telomerase activity or telomere function could contribute to the mechanism of action of these agents.
Paracas in Nazca: New Data on the Early Horizon Occupation of the Rio Grande de Nazca Drainage, Peru

Nasca culture and, particularly, Nasca ceramic iconography are held to evolve directly and smoothly out of antecedent Paracas. Yet the data reviewed in this article indicate that Paracas remains in the Rio Grande de Nazca drainage, the heartland of Nasca culture on the south coast of Peru, are limited in nature, a fact that makes it difficult to derive Nasca from Paracas in Nazca. In contrast, there are rich and abundant Paracas remains in the Ica, Pisco, and Chincha valleys, at the Paracas type site itself, and along the Bahia de la Independencia. I look to the Ica Valley for the origins of the Nasca style.
Lady Hester Pulter's The Unfortunate Florinda: Race, Religion, and the Politics of Rape *

In the mid-1990s a manuscript was discovered containing the poetry and prose of a previously unknown female author, Lady Hester Pulter. The poems, likely written during the 1640s–'50s, demonstrate Pulter's wide reading and her near-fanatical Royalism. The prose romance, The Unfortunate Florinda, however, displays a very different politics. Basing her fiction on the legends surrounding the Muslim conquest of Spain, I argue that Pulter adjusts her sources to present an alternative, Augustinian view of rape, one that blames the rapist, not the victim. The monarchs in Pulter's fiction use absolutist rhetoric to justify rape, and, contra her earlier poetic denunciations of Charles I's execution, rape now justifies regicide. I suggest that the sexual corruption of Charles II's court prompted Pulter to create a romance with distinctly republican overtones in which chastity is the highest value, sexual corruption the lowest vice, and rulers who commit such crimes forfeit both their right to rule and their right t...
Obesity, insulin resistance and oxidative stress: implication for breast carcinogenesis.

Abstract #6025 Background: Obesity is associated with a modest increase in the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (RR = 1.5 – 2.0); but, because nearly a third of the U.S. population is obese, the population attributable risk is estimated at 15%. Obesity can cause insulin resistance culminating in Type II diabetes. Notably, breast cancer incidence is significantly increased in the years preceding a diagnosis of type II diabetes. Because IGFBP-1 expression is tightly regulated by insulin, it is an excellent marker of insulin resistance in healthy individuals. Methods: These data are based on well-annotated prospectively acquired baseline blood and breast tissue samples from 72 high risk women between the ages of 37 and 86 years who participated in a chemoprevention trial. None of the women had been diagnosed with Type II diabetes. Women with plasma IGFBP1 levels in the lowest tertile (mean 2.1 ng/ml) were classified as insulin-resistant. Results: Plasma IGFBP1 was strongly inversely correlated with BMI (R2 = 0.247, P Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6025.
Improved outcomes with dose-dense paclitaxel-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

Abstract Objective We compared tolerability, toxicity, response, and interval debulking surgery (IDS) outcomes between patients who received weekly dose-dense paclitaxel (DDP) and every three-week platinum to standard every three-week taxane plus platinum neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients receiving NACT at our center between June 1, 2012 and July 31, 2015. Patients with stage III/IV EOC who received at least one cycle of DDP (weekly paclitaxel plus every three-week carboplatin) or standard taxane (every three-week paclitaxel or docetaxel plus carboplatin) therapy were included. Abstracted data included demographics, tolerability, grade 3/4 toxicity, response, and IDS outcomes. Fisher's exact and student t -test were used for statistical significance. Results Twenty-one patients received DDP and 40 received standard taxane. Tolerability was comparable. More patients receiving DDP experienced grade 3 or 4 toxicity when considered in aggregate (86% vs. 40%; p=0.001). Pathologic complete response (pCR) was achieved in 14% of DDP patients versus 3% of standard (p=0.11). 48% of patients in the DDP group were debulked to no residual disease (NRD) versus 28% in the standard group (p=0.16). Conclusions While associated with an increase in severe toxicity compared to standard three-week taxane, DDP appears to facilitate higher rates of pCR and NRD for patients receiving NACT in this preliminary study. These results warrant further investigation of DDP for patients with advanced EOC and assessment of impact on long-term survival outcomes.
Variceal ligation with bands and clips.

While endoscopic sclerotherapy is effective for management of variceal bleeding, significant local and systemic side effects promoted the development of alternative endoscopic therapies. Endoscopic band ligation has emerged as a technique with equal or greater efficacy and fewer local and systemic complications. New multibanded ligation systems have enhanced the speed and efficiency of endoscopic variceal ligation therapy and eliminated the need for an esophageal over tube. Endoscopic hemostatic clipping is another means of achieving directed, mechanical endoscopic hemostasis that has a limited role in variceal bleeding.
Bilateral Two-Stage Tissue Expander/Implant Breast Reconstruction

The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in the number of bilateral implant-based breast reconstructions performed in the United States. This increase correlates with the exponential rise in bilateral mastectomies. Prosthesis-based reconstruction remains the leading modality used by reconstructive surgeons. Bilateral two-stage reconstruction has a low rate of both short- and long-term complications, comparable to unilateral reconstructions. Staged bilateral implant-based reconstruction confers several advantages. Bilateral two-stage expander/implant reconstruction is often favored as it can decrease operative time and recovery, create a desired breast size in women without adequate autologous tissue, and provide higher overall cosmesis compared with unilateral reconstruction due to enhanced control over inframammary fold positioning, breast contour, and ptosis. Two-stage reconstruction affords the patient a greater degree of input over final breast appearance and allows for collaboration between patient and surgeon during the expansion period. Additional procedures at the second stage can then be implemented to focus on recreating the IMF and maximizing symmetry in order to improve patient satisfaction and long-term outcomes.
Septic shock in a pregnant or recently pregnant woman.

Success in management of septic shock depends in large measure on early recognition. Obstetric patients at high risk should receive vigorous antibiotic therapy and should be watched closely for signs of impending shock.
Toward greater specificity of the concept of positive regard

ABSTRACTThis study investigated positive regard (PR) in the psychotherapeutic relationship, seeking to identify its primary components. A total of 540 psychotherapy clients completed several web-based measures of PR and the therapeutic alliance, including two Likert-type instruments designed for this study, reflecting a variety of therapist behaviors and statements: a scale assessing clients’ perceptions of the affirming potential (PEPR-A) of each of these items and a corresponding scale assessing client perceptions of the likelihood of occurrence of each item in their therapy (PEPR-L). Each was subjected to PCA and EFA to identify underlying dimensions. PCA and EFA yielded near-identical three-factor structures. Supportive/Caring Statements and Unique Responsiveness were endorsed as more affirming and likely to occur in the therapeutic relationship than Intimacy/Disclosure Behaviors; these first two factors also bore the greatest associations to established measures of PR and working alliance. Results su...
Evolution of Cognition

Researchers have rigorously investigated the cognitive capacities of various nonhuman primate species in an attempt to elucidate the factors that define human uniqueness and that are responsible for the emergence of these traits. It is proposed that humans can be distinguished from other primates by their heightened capacity for abstraction, which permits reasoning about unobservable social and physical forces and prompts the capacity to seek causal explanations for events. It is suggested that these capacities arose as a result of the distinctly cooperative and communicative societies that humans occupy as well as the need to outcompete more physically formidable species.
The Nature of the Reactions between Chlorine and Purine and Pyrimidine Bases: Products and Kinetics

The reactions between chlorine and the bases uracil, cytosine and caffeine in aqueous solutions are under investigation. Caffeine yields a complex array of ring cleavage and rearrangement products in a relatively slow reaction. True ring chlorination with the production of 8-chlorocaffeine occurred in these systems but was a relatively minor process. The reaction was fairly slow, highly pH dependant, and yielded an array of labile combined chlorine species and chloride. Chlorine species analysis gave little evidence of the formation of carbon chlorine bonds. Uracil reacted rapidly with chlorine undergoing considerable true chlorination with the formation of a product consistant in character with 5-chlorouracil. Kinetically, the reaction was strongly pH dependant. While small quantities of chloramines were produced they were labile arising most likely as a result of ring cleavage. Cytosine produced a complex array of products including chromatographable organic chloramines. Fifty percent of chlorine added to cytosine was manifested as combined chlorine of high stability. Evidence for various N-chlorocytosines is presented.
Time trends in the health care burden and mortality of acute on chronic liver failure in the United States

Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) is associated with multi-system organ failure and poor prognosis in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. We aimed to determine time trends in the epidemiology, economic burden and mortality of ACLF in the United States. The National Inpatient Sample database was queried between 2001 and 2011. ACLF was defined as 2 or more extrahepatic organ failures in patients with cirrhosis. The primary outcomes were trends in hospitalizations, hospital costs and inpatient mortality in ACLF. The number of hospitalizations for cirrhosis in the US nearly doubled from 371,000 in 2001 to 659,000 in 2011. The prevalence of ACLF among those hospitalizations increased from 1.5% (n=5,400) to 5% (n=32,300). The inpatient costs increased 2-fold for cirrhosis ($4.8 billion to $9.8 billion) and 5-fold ($320 million to $1.7 billion) for ACLF. In 2011, the cost per hospitalization for ACLF was 3.5-fold higher than that for cirrhosis ($53,570 vs $15,193). The in-hospital fatality rates decreased from 65% to 50% for ACLF and from 10% to 7% for cirrhosis. The organ failure trends in ACLF showed an increasing proportion of cardiovascular and cerebral and decreasing proportion of respiratory and renal failure. Age, male sex, and the number and types of organ failure were predictors of death in ACLF. Conclusion: Cirrhosis and ACLF represent a substantial and increasing health and economic burden in the US. These data highlight an urgent need for research for pathophysiological mechanisms, effective therapy, as well as for education of healthcare providers of its importance in the care of patients with cirrhosis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A Covert Operation by a Plant Pathogen

Phytopathogens have mastered the ability to evade plant innate immunity. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Zhou and colleagues (Li et al., 2016) uncover a strategy whereby a bacterial pathogen disables the plant immune system with such precision as to avoid triggering alarms that could potentially reveal its presence.
Comment on Avraham and Yuracko: Torts and the Paradox of Conservative Justice

This paper comments on Ronen Avraham & Kim Yuracko, Torts and Discrimination forthcoming in the Ohio State Law Journal. Professors Avraham and Yuracko’s fine article, Torts and Discrimination, calls our attention to the fact that the entrenched fact of race and gender discrimination exerts a powerful, structural influence on tort damages, especially in bodily injury and wrongful death cases. Damages in tort — and in private law more generally — are reparative. Their role is to put the plaintiff in the position he would have been in but for the defendant’s wrong. Making the plaintiff whole requires that courts determine how the plaintiff’s life would have gone had she not been wrongly harmed. State of the art methods for doing incorporate the effects of objectionable racial and gender discrimination and carry those effects forward. The life expectancy, work-life expectancy, and average wage tables are tailored to the circumstances of men and Caucasians, the more they reflect the legacy of long-term race and gender discrimination and the more they project past discrimination forward.Like a Gordian knot, this problem is difficult to untangle, but easy to cut through. We might end this practice of projecting past discrimination forward by using blended life expectancy, work-life expectancy, and average wage expectancy tables, instead of tailored ones. Administratively, this is a simple change. Judges haves the authority to require the use of blended tables and the tables are there for the using. The hard questions that this remedy raises are not practical or administrative, but theoretical and normative. Why is tort law drawn to project past discrimination forward? And how deeply embedded, normatively, is its commitment to doing so? This Comment argues that the feature of tort law at work here is basic, but not backed by immense normative weight. The feature at issue is central to the law of torts because reparation is central to tort and the use of tailored tables furthers reparation. However, reparation mechanisms which undermine equal right themselves offend important tort values, and cannot claim strong support from justified reliance.