cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4526: BIBF1120, an investigational triple angiokinase inhibitor, in combination with inhibitors of mTOR signaling shows potent antitumor activity in preclinical models of sarcoma

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA BIBF1120 (Nintedanib), an investigational potent small molecule angiokinase inhibitor, selectively binds to and blocks receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, (VEGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). Nintedanib has shown promising results in preclinical as well as clinical studies of non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal, ovarian cancer and other solid tumors. We tested the in vitro anti-proliferative activity of BIBF1120 in a panel of sarcoma cell lines including malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), synovial (SYO-I), Ewing's (CHP100), osteo (SaOS2) and liposarcoma (LS141). Our results indicate that when compared to other potent RTK inhibitors such as Imatinib and Pazopanib, BIBF1120 is highly efficient at nanomolar to low micromolar concentrations in blocking proliferative activity of sarcoma cell lines, specifically, SYO-I and MPNST, which are highly dependent on PDGFR signaling. Western blot analysis to test the efficacy of BIBF1120 confirmed significant blockade of RTK signaling pathways. Ras activation and/or activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been shown to be critical in sarcomas including MPNST and synovial sarcomas. Unlike Imatinib and Pazopanib, BIBF1120 also blocked MAPK signaling pathway as demonstrated by p-ERK1/2 blockade. In addition to the RTKs, mTOR (mammalian Target of Rapamycin) protein plays a key role in AKT activation and downstream survival signaling. Combination of RTK blockade by BIBF1120 and mTOR blockade by TORC1 inhibitor rapamycin resulted in significantly stronger inhibition of in vitro cellular proliferation compared to single agent treatments. Taken together, our data strongly supports further clinical research of BIBF1120 in sarcoma. Combining potent inhibitors of tyrosine kinase signaling, MAPK signaling and inhibitors of mTOR pathway such as rapamycin could provide a new therapeutic approach in this disease. Citation Format: Parag P. Patwardhan, Elgilda Musi, Kathryn S. Ivy, Natalie Giovino, Gary K. Schwartz. BIBF1120, an investigational triple angiokinase inhibitor, in combination with inhibitors of mTOR signaling shows potent antitumor activity in preclinical models of sarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4526. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4526
The Political Economy of the Middle Class in the Dominican Republic : Individualization of Public Goods, Lack of Institutional Trust and Weak Collective Action

This paper tries to uncover some of the hidden factors behind poor public service delivery in the Dominican Republic. By looking at three sector cases, education, health and electricity, it is possible to observe that in this setting of low quality of public services the "middle class" is opting out from the system and adopting private solutions to collective problems. The combination of this opting out behavior with low levels of institutional trust, especially among "middle class" members, fragmented interests and clientelism, among other factors, results in weak collective action and lack of effective demand for improvements in service provision. Some of the tentative policy options to break this sub-optimal equilibrium are i) to build capacity in civil society organizations and help them forming a pro-reform coalition, ii) reduce the gap between the middle class and the poorer by trying to improve the provision of public goods and enlarging the welfare state, and (iii) increase transparency mechanisms and introduce e-government formulas in order to optimize the allocation of public resources.
A computerized transcription system for cursive shorthand writing

A structural recognition approach to the problem of computerized transcription of cursive shorthand (SH) writing is described. Methods of extracting critical points and segmentations of SH outlines are presented. Critical points are cusps, self-intersections, and corners (discontinuities in curvature). The authors have designed a software that recognizes SH words written separately and made up of SH characters separated by permutations of critical points. The results show that computerized transcription of cursive SH is a practical possibility. >
Delay Spread Reduction in Mode-Division Multiplexing: Mode Coupling Versus Delay Compensation

Reduction of the group delay (GD) spread is crucial for minimizing signal processing complexity in mode-division multiplexing. Strong mode coupling and GD compensation (concatenating different fibers with opposing GD ordering) are two approaches for reducing the end-to-end GD spread. In this paper, we study the GD behavior in systems where mode coupling and GD compensation are both present. Using a propagation model in generalized Stokes space, we describe the evolution of the GD variance by coupled differential equations. By integration of these equations, we evaluate the GD variance in GD compensated systems with different mode coupling lengths and GD compensation lengths. When the mode coupling length is much longer than the GD compensation length, a low GD variance can be obtained as a result of GD compensation. By contrast, when the mode coupling length is much shorter than the GD compensation length, GD compensation becomes ineffective, but a low GD variance can be obtained as a result of strong mode coupling. The largest GD variance is obtained when the mode coupling length is comparable to the GD compensation length.
The Woman in the Surgeon's Body

The Woman in the Surgeon's Body. Joan Cassell. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. 267 pp.
The Social Life of Health Insurance in Low‐ to Middle‐income Countries: An Anthropological Research Agenda

The following article identifies new areas for engaged medical anthropological research on health insurance in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Based on a review of the literature and pilot research, we identify gaps in how insurance is understood, administered, used, and abused. We provide a historical overview of insurance as an emerging global health panacea and then offer brief assessments of three high-profile attempts to provide universal health coverage. Considerable research on health insurance in LMICs has been quantitative and focused on a limited set of outcomes. To advance the field, we identify eight productive areas for future ethnographic research that will add depth to our understanding of the social life and impact of health insurance in LMICs. Anthropologists can provide unique insights into shifting health and financial practices that accompany insurance coverage, while documenting insurance programs as they evolve and respond to contingencies.
Cutting Edge: Drebrin-Regulated Actin Dynamics Regulate IgE-Dependent Mast Cell Activation and Allergic Responses

Mast cells play critical roles in allergic responses. Calcium signaling controls the function of these cells, and a role for actin in regulating calcium influx into cells has been suggested. We have previously identified the actin reorganizing protein Drebrin as a target of the immunosuppressant 3,5-bistrifluoromethyl pyrazole, which inhibits calcium influx into cells. In this study, we show that Drebrin(-/-) mice exhibit reduced IgE-mediated histamine release and passive systemic anaphylaxis, and Drebrin(-/-) mast cells also exhibit defects in FceRI-mediated degranulation. Drebrin(-/-) mast cells exhibit defects in actin cytoskeleton organization and calcium responses downstream of the FceRI, and agents that relieve actin reorganization rescue mast cell FceRI-induced degranulation. Our results indicate that Drebrin regulates the actin cytoskeleton and calcium responses in mast cells, thus regulating mast cell function in vivo.
Energy randomization in the reactions of F atoms at the carboxyl sites of CH3COOH and CF3COOH

Abstract The HF and DF vibrational distributions for the hydrogen abstraction reactions between F atoms and CH3COOD, CD3COOH, CF3COOD and CF3COO have been measured by arrested relaxation infrared chemiluminescence. Phase space calculations have been carried out which accurately reproduce the dis observed for the reactions at the carboxyl site in each case. The calculations suggest that the energy is not completely randomised during the acetic a whereas the trifluoroacetic acid reactions show ergodic behaviour.
Lateral mass screw fixation for cervical spine trauma: associated complications and efficacy in maintaining alignment.

Abstract Background context Many studies have documented the efficacy of lateral mass screws, but there are no studies examining the alignment maintenance capability and few large studies examining the complications associated with the use of these devices in cervical spine trauma. Purpose To evaluate complications and alignment maintenance capability associated with lateral mass screw placement for cervical spine trauma by one surgeon at one institution. Study design A retrospective chart and radiograph review of adult patients who underwent lateral mass screw fixation after traumatic injuries to the cervical spine. Patient sample Of 34 consecutive patients with cervical spine injuries who were treated surgically at a level-I regional trauma center, 29 met the inclusion criteria and formed the study group. Outcome measures Sagittal alignment, screw placement, and fusion were assessed on postoperative radiographs. Methods Inclusion criteria included an unstable cervical vertebral fracture or a fracture-dislocation treated with posterior spine fusion and lateral mass instrumentation and a minimum follow-up of 24 months. A review of hospital charts, operative reports, clinic notes, and plain radiographs for the 29 patients was performed, with an emphasis on operative and postoperative complications and alignment maintenance. Results For 28 of the 29 patients, the mean change in sagittal alignment from the immediate postoperative to the most recent follow-up radiographic examination was 2° (range, 0° to 6°). Radiographically, there was one case of instrumentation/fixation failure and loss of sagittal alignment 3 months postoperatively. Other complications included one case of C5 nerve root injury and four wound infections. Conclusions The use of lateral mass screws for traumatic injuries of the cervical spine is associated with excellent maintenance of alignment and minimal complications.
Glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase during fetal and neonatal life in the rat.

Abstract The pyrimidine-synthesizing enzyme, carbamyl phosphate synthetase II (CP synthetase II) was examined in the rat during normal fetal development and in the fed and calorically deprived neonate. CP synthetase II in the placenta, liver, gut, carcass, and brain showed the following common properties; ability to utilize ammonia as well as l -glutamine as a substrate; negligible enhancement of activity by N -acetyl l -glutamate; inhibition of activity by the glutamine analog, 6-diazo-5-oxo- l -norleucine; and by the phosphorylated pyrimidine uridine 5′-triphosphate. Apparent K m values for l -glutamine of CP synthetase II in placenta and extrahepatic fetal structures were found to vary from 1.1 to 2.3 × 10 −5 M . In the brain and placenta, tissue concentrations of l -glutamine obtained at serial time points during gestation were at least 200-fold higher. Relative activities for the enzymes catalyzing the subsequent two steps in pyrimidine biosynthesis, aspartate transcarbamylase and dihydroorotase, were substantially greater than CP synthetase II at all times measured and therefore were consistent with the possibility that CP synthetase II may be one of the rate-limiting steps in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines in the placenta and extrahepatic fetal tissues. Serial observations were obtained in placenta, brain, and neonatal muscle to see whether correlations could be demonstrated between concentrations of CP synthetase II per milligram of tissue DNA and daily increments in total tissue DNA. In all these structures, higher concentrations of enzyme were observed during periods of more rapid DNA accumulation. Certain exceptions were also demonstrable. Thus, manifest CP synthetase II activity persisted in the placenta beyond day 16 of gestation (when placental DNA no longer increases); and neonatal muscle exhibited CP synthetase II activity when all net increments in DNA were abolished by caloric deprivation. The latter observations have suggested that the enzyme may be operative (and of possible regulatory significance) even in the absence of cellular proliferation.
A sensitive gonadotropin responsive system: radioimmunoassay of testosterone production by the rat testis in vitro.

The steroidogenic response of the isolated rat testis to gonadotropic hormones was measured by radioimmunoassay of testosterone released during incubation in vitro with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Measurement of testosterone production by radioimmunoassay of incubation media was validated by reference to specific testosterone assays employing extraction and chromatography prior to measurement by competitive protein binding and radioimmunoassay. During incubation of individual testes in vitro, testosterone production rose slowly to the basal level of 100-200 ng/testis/4 hr. Addition of 20 ng (7.2 X 10-11M) HCG or 10-3M dibutyryl cyclic AMP caused a marked rise in testosterone production, detectable after IS min and increasing throughout the period of incubation. The decapsulated adult rat testis was extremely sensitive to gonadotropin stimulation in vitro, responding with increased testosterone release to as little as 1 mlU (0.2 ng) HCG, 2.5 mlU (0.7 ng) human LH, and 0...
Product platform problem taxonomy: Classification and identification of benchmark problems

Many companies are using product platform concepts to gain economies of scale and to identify new market opportunities. Though the area of product platforming continues to be actively investigated by both industry and academia, there is no comprehensive classification scheme that can provide a clear picture of the existing problems and possible future research directions. Hence, in the present paper, we introduce a broad taxonomy that classifies product platform problems based on the product development stages. This can serve as a basis to: (1) Extract and categorize problems from research literature; (2) Identify potential extensions and/or new problems that have not been addressed in the literature; and (3) Identify existing problem sets and/or develop new problem sets for benchmarking purposes. We introduce a Conditions and Assumptions Code (CAC) scheme and use it in the identification of benchmark problems as well as in analyzing two classes of evaluation methods adopted for the platform problems: metrics-based and optimization-based. Thus, we have not only categorized existing problems but also identified possible future research problems in each of the categories. This categorization serves as a navigation tool to understand the progress made in this field so far and to identify new research directions.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Localized delaunay refinement for piecewise-smooth complexes

Delaunay refinement, a versatile method of mesh generation, is plagued by memory thrashing when required to generate large output meshes. To address this space issue, a localized version of Delaunay refinement was proposed for generating meshes for smooth surfaces and volumes bounded by them. The method embodies a divide-and-conquer paradigm in that it maintains the growing set of sample points with an octree and produces a local mesh within each individual node, and stitches these local meshes seamlessly. The proofs of termination and global consistency for localized methods exploit recently developed sampling theory for smooth surfaces. Unfortunately, these proofs break down for a larger class called piecewise smooth complexes (PSCs) that allow smooth surface patches that are joined along ridges and corners. In this work, we adapt a recently developed sampling and meshing algorithm for PSCs into the localization framework. This requires revisiting the original algorithm, and more importantly re-establishing the correctness proofs to accommodate the localization framework. Our implementation of the algorithm exhibits that it can indeed generate large meshes with significantly less time and memory than the original algorithm without localization. In fact, it beats a state-of-the-art meshing tool of CGAL for generating large meshes.
Biosynthesis of hydroxycinnamate conjugates: Implications for sustainable biomass and biofuel production

Hydroxycinnamic acids constitute a large class of phenylpropanoid metabolites that are distributed ubiquitously in terrestrial plants. They occur most frequently as esters, amides or glycosides within the cytosol, the particular subcellular compartments such as the vacuole or the cell wall. Hydroxycinnamate conjugates play a vital role in the plant’s growth and development and in its defense responses against biotic- and abiotic-stresses. Furthermore, the incorporation of hydroxycinnamate conjugates into the cell wall is a major factor attenuating the wall’s biodegradability. Understanding the biosyntheses of hydroxycinnamate conjugates and its molecular regulation may well facilitate the sustainable production of cell wall biomass, and the efficient conversion of lignocellulosic materials. This paper reviews our current molecular and biochemical understandings on the formation of several classes of hydroxycinnamate esters and amides, including the soluble conjugates and the ‘wall-bound’ phenolics. It als...
SRI International: description of the FASTUS system used for MUC-4

FASTUS is a (slightly permuted) acronym for Finite State Automaton Text Understanding System. It is a system for extracting information from free text in English, and potentially other languages as well, for entry into a database, and potentially for other applications. It works essentially as a cascaded, nondeterministic finite state automaton.
Characterization with antibodies of the γ-aminobutyric acidA/benzodiazepine receptor complex during development of the rat brain

The postnatal development of the gamma-aminobutyric acidA/benzodiazepine receptor (GABAR/BZDR) complex of the rat brain has been investigated using the monoclonal antibody 62-3G1 and the polyclonal rabbit antiserum A, specific for the 57,000 and 51,000 Mr receptor subunits, respectively. Both GABAR and BZDR binding activities co-precipitated during all postnatal ages. Adult rats showed a main 51,000 Mr[3H]flunitrazepam photoaffinity-labeled peptide, whereas newborn rats showed several photolabeled peptides of higher Mr. All the photolabeled peptides could be immunoprecipitated with each antibody regardless of the age of the rats. These results suggest that the physical coupling between the GABAR and the BZDR is already present in newborn animals and it is maintained afterwards during development. Glycosidase and peptidase treatments of the immunoprecipitated GABAR/BZDR complex indicated that all the [3H]flunitrazepam-photolabeled subunits are different peptides, although they seem to conserve a high degree of homology. In addition to the age-dependent heterogeneity, the results also suggest that for each age, there is heterogeneity in the subunit composition of the GABAR/BZDR complex.
Response surface modeling of factors influencing the production of chitinolytic and β-1,3-glucanolytic enzymes in Trichoderma atroviride strain P1

Abstract The relationships between five culture factors (glucose, ammonium ion, chitin, scleroglucan, and initial inoculum concentration) and the production of N -acetylhexosaminidase, endochitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase enzymatic activities by Trichoderma atroviride strain P1 were studied using response surface modeling. Experiments were performed using a 5-factor, 3-level, central composite face-centered design. Enzyme activity levels were modeled using partial least-squares regression (PLS). Enzyme activity levels were strongly affected by both glucose concentration and pH. When the enzyme activity levels were modeled over a range of four factors that excluded wide changes in pH, the most influential factors were chitin and inoculum. The highest production of all three enzyme activities was predicted at glucose concentrations between 0.01 and 0.1%, ammonium ion between 18 and 25 mM, and chitin, scleroglucan, and initial inoculum, at the highest levels tested (0.8, 0.2 and 1 × 10 7 conidia/50 ml starter culture, respectively).
Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer results in significant loss of bone density.

Objectives. Advanced prostate cancer is a frequently diagnosed condition in the aging male population, and many men will ultimately be treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Long-term consequences of ADT on bone mineral density (BMD) have not been systematically studied. We performed a pilot study to test the hypothesis that ADT in patients with prostate cancer results in the measurable loss of BMD. Methods. A cross-sectional study of 32 men with prostate cancer who were about to begin ADT or who had been receiving ADT for more than 1 year was conducted. BMD was measured by single and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in the lumbar spine, hip, and forearm. Linear regression analysis was used to estimate the time necessary to develop significant BMD loss in the spine, hip, and forearm regions. Results. Five (63%) of 8 men who had not received ADT and 21 (88%) of 24 men who had received ADT for more than 1 year fulfilled the BMD criteria for osteopenia or osteoporosis at one or more sites. When BMD was compared at each site, men who received ADT for more than 1 year had significantly lower BMD in the lumbar spine than men who had not started treatment (P <0.05). On the basis of regression analysis, an estimated 48 months of ADT would be necessary to develop BMD criteria for osteopenia in the lumbar spine for a man with average BMD at the initiation of therapy. Conclusions. Pre-existing osteopenia and osteoporosis were common in men with prostate cancer before initiating ADT. Both ADT and the duration of ADT were significantly associated with the loss of BMD in men with prostate cancer.
Raffinose-induced mutanase production from Trichoderma harzianum.

Abstract The enzyme α(1 → 3),3-glucanohydrolase (referred to as mutanase) from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma harzianum OMZ 779 is capable of degrading the water-insoluble glucan in dental plaque. Previously, it was necessary to produce the glucan (referred to as mutan) in vitro for use as the sole carbon source and inducer of mutanase synthesis in fungal cultures. We report here that raffinose also induces the production of mutanase. The metabolism of raffinose differed from that of other sugars in metabolic end products and secreted protein profile. In addition to mutanase, we observed an approximately 15 000 Mr protein that was also regulated by carbon source and by illumination conditions.
Deep-sea benthonic foraminiferal faunal turnover near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary

Abstract Eocene-Oligocene deep-sea benthonic foraminifera in D.S.D.P. Site 277 in the southwest Pacific have been analyzed to determine the benthonic foraminiferal response to the development of the psychrosphere near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Biostratigraphic ranges of 41 taxa show that 23 taxa are found throughout the Late Eocene to Early Oligocene sequence, while 18 taxa exhibit first or last occurrences. Comparison of the faunal changes in Site 277 with a benthonic foraminiferal oxygen isotope record shows that the development of the psychrosphere did not have a profound effect upon the benthonic foraminifera, and the overall faunal change preceding and subsequent to the bottom-water circulation event occurred gradually. The inferred water-mass event affected the relative abundance of one species, Epistominella umbonifera . The lack of major faunal changes at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary in Site 277 probably reflects either wide environmental tolerances of the benthonic foraminifera, or a bottom-water temperature change less than 3°C. Examination of previously published benthonic foraminiferal biostratigraphic data from D.S.D.P. Sites 167, 171, 357, 360, 363, and 400A, and deep-sea ostracode data from D.S.D.P. Leg 3 show faunal changes occurred during discrete intervals in the Middle Eocene-Early Oligocene. The faunal patterns from these data and from Site 277 show that the Eocene/Oligocene cooling event did not cause rapid, catastrophic changes of the benthonic faunas of the open ocean, although significant faunal changes are associated with the water mass event in Sites 167, 171 and 400A. The benthonic faunal changes in Middle Eocene-Early Oligocene time are consistent with the gradual decrease of inferred bottom-water temperatures, based on previously published oxygen isotopic data. The δ 18 O Eocene/Oligocene enrichment of 0.76‰ is a major event in the Southern Ocean oxygen isotopic record, but is considerably less in magnitude than the 1.75-2.00‰ change that occurred gradually from mid-Early Eocene to the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. The benthonic foraminiferal and isotopic data indicate that bottom-water circulation may have developed during the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene interval, with the 3°C bottom-water cooling near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary representing part of this development.
Ab Initio Computational Examination of Carbonyl Reductions by Borane: The Importance of Lewis Acid−Base Interactions

Calculations of the energies and geometries of various complexes of diborane and borane with acetaldehyde, acetone, acetyl chloride, formaldehyde, methyl acetate, THF, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and ammonia have been performed. Adducts and transition states involving methoxyborane, dimethoxyborane, and trimethyl borate have also been examined. The 6-31+G(d,p) basis set was used to optimize geometries with the Moller−Plesset (second order, MP2) perturbation method. These calculations characterize the probable intermediates and transition states involved in borane, diborane, THF·BH3, and DMS·BH3 reductions of carbonyl compounds as well as THF- and DMS-catalyzed diborane reductions. Four-centered transition states were located for borane reductions of acetaldehyde, acetone, acetyl chloride, formaldehyde, and methyl acetate, the accessibility of which correlates to carbonyl π-orbital energies. Diborane adducts of acetone, acetaldehyde, DMS, THF, and ammonia were also located. The ability to form such adducts dep...
Measurements of L-Auger spectra of Pu, Am, Cf, and Fm and comparison with theory

The $L$-Auger spectra of $_{94}^{239}\mathrm{Pu}$ (64 lines), $_{100}^{254}\mathrm{Fm}$ (54 lines), $_{95}^{241}\mathrm{Am}$ (41 $\mathrm{LMM}$ lines only), and $_{98}^{250}\mathrm{Cf}$ (35 $\mathrm{LMM}$ lines only) were scanned over the range 6-19 keV at high resolution (${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\ensuremath{\le}\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}E}{E}\ensuremath{\le}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$) in the Argonne National Laboratory iron-free double toroidal spectrometer using thin (\ensuremath{\le}1 \ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) isotopically separated radioactive sources. The observed energies of lines or line complexes agreed with Larkins's semiempirical predictions within the combined (theoretical plus experimental) standard deviations $(1\mathrm{s}.\mathrm{d}.=10\ensuremath{-}20$ eV in 10-20 keV) in 78% of the comparisons, and 19% were within 1-2 s.d. The measured intensities (relative to ${L}_{3}{M}_{4}{M}_{5}$) for Pu were compared to nonrelativistic predictions of McGuire for $Z=90$, with the relativistic predictions of Chen et al. for $Z=94$, and with a mixed system using Chen et al. for Coster-Kronig and McGuire for $L$-Auger transitions. Fm intensities (and Am and Cf qualitatively) could be compared only to relativistic theories. Relativistic predictions are clearly better for Pu, but are not, in general, satisfactory for either Pu or Fm; for all Pu and Fm lines, taken together, 58% are within 1 s.d., 30% in the range 1-2 s.d., and 12% greater than 2 s.d., with the relativistic predictions generally low except for the ${L}_{3}\mathrm{MM}$ band, which is in acceptable agreement. The ratio of the intense lines $\frac{{I}_{{L}_{2}{M}_{4}{M}_{5}}}{{I}_{{L}_{3}{M}_{4}{M}_{5}}}$ averaged for all four spectra is $(27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7)%$ above the relativistic prediction. The first clearly resolved spectator vacancy satellites of Auger lines were seen in $^{241}\mathrm{Am}$ and $^{250}\mathrm{Cf}$, and Coster-Kronig coefficients were deduced from their intensities relative to the main line. Their displacements in $^{241}\mathrm{Am}$ agree with calculations of Shirley. Intermediate coupling components of some Auger lines were also first resolved and their relative intensities observed to fit the nonrelativistic calculations of Haynes. From the relative intensities of $M$- and $N$-shell internal conversion lines of the 18.249-keV transition in $^{239}\mathrm{Pu}$, an $M1$ multipolarity is assigned.
Progress against the law Anime and fandom, with the key to the globalization of culture

The medium of Japanese animation is a powerhouse in the world of alternative entertainment. Proselytization by fans ignited the anime movement in America, despite Japanese copyright holders’ abandonment of the American market. This historical and cultural analysis demonstrates that fans’ continual infringement of copyright between 1976 and 1993 spurred the progress of commerce and the arts. Introducing the concept of cultural sinks, this analysis explains these phenomena in terms of demand formation, the role of commons and the causational links between the fans, artists, rights holders and markets that characterize the globalization of culture.
Estrogen affects development of alveolar structures in whole-organ culture of mouse mammary glands.

Abstract In order to determine if estrogen affects lobulo-alveolar development, and to determine if whole organ culture of mouse mammary glands is an appropriate model of estrogen effects on mammary development, mouse mammary glands were cultured in the presence or absence of phenol red and estrogen. Lobulo-alveolar development did not occur in vitro when phenol red was eliminated from culture medium. Lobulo-alveolar development was stimulated by 17β-estradiol in a dose dependent manner over a physiological range. These results support the hypothesis that estrogen plays a critical role in alveolar development in the mammary gland. In this report an in vitro model of mammary development is identified in which the effects of estrogen are morphologically described and quantified.
Variation in thermal tolerance and routine metabolism among spring- and stream dwelling freshwater sculpins (Teleostei: Cottidae) of the southeastern United States

— Evolutionary theory predicts that some aquatic organisms may adapt by directional selection to limiting physical environmental conditions, yet empirical data are conflicting. We sought to test the assumption that sculpins (family Cottidae) inhabiting thermally stable springs of the southeastern United States differ in temperature tolerance and metabolism from populations inhabiting more thermally labile stream habitats. Spring populations of pygmy sculpins (Cottus pygmaeus) and Ozark sculpins (C. hypselurus) differed interspecifically in thermal tolerance from populations of stream-dwelling mottled (C. bairdi) and Tallapoosa sculpins (C. tallapoosae), and both stream and spring populations of banded sculpins (C. carolinae). No intra- or interspecific differences in thermal tolerance were found among populations of C. bairdi, C. talla poosae, or C. carolinae. Cottus pygmaeus acclimated to 15°C differed intraspecifically in routine metabolism from fish acclimated to 20° and 25°C. Cottus pygmaeus and stream-dwelling C. bairdi and C. carolinae acclimated to temperatures of 20° and 25°C showed no interspecific differences in routine metabolism. Our results suggest that some spring-adapted populations or species may be more stenothermal than stream-dwelling congeners, but a greater understanding of the interactions of other physical and biological factors is required to better explain micro- and macro habitat distributions of eastern North American sculpins.
Treatment and Outcomes of First Troponin-Negative Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Little is known about non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with an initial negative troponin finding. The aim of this study was to determine in post hoc analysis of a large regional medical center presenting clinical characteristics, treatment differences, and in-hospital and 6-month outcomes of first troponin-negative MI (FTNMI). In this study, 659 of 1,855 consecutive patients with non–ST-segment elevation MI (35.5%) were classified as having FTNMI. In-hospital cardiac catheterization rates were similar between the 2 groups (70.1% vs 71.5%, p = 0.53) In hospital, patients with FTNMI were less likely to receive statins (48.9% vs 59.9%, p
A class of dynamic memory allocation algorithms

A new dynamic memory allocation algorithm, the Fibonacci system, is introduced. This algorithm is similar to, but seems to have certain advantages over, the “buddy” system. A generalization is mentioned which includes both of these systems as special cases.
Staying the Course: Assessing the Durability of Peacekeeping Operations*

The use of peacekeeping to manage conflicts in the international system has grown since the end of the Cold War. While much attention has been devoted to what makes peacekeeping successful, the outcome of peacekeeping is ultimately tied to the willingness of the intervening actor(s) to “stay the course” and continue the mission until its objectives are complete. In this article we focus upon the empirical puzzle of peacekeeping missions’ sustainability. After states and international organizations overcome the collective action problem of forming a mission and deploying it, it is puzzling that so many missions drop out before completion. We adopt a competing risks framework in our analysis to identify the forces that determine whether peacekeepers stay until the end of a conflict or withdraw early. Our explanation argues that peacekeepers are more likely to stay the course as the capacity of the mission increases, the costs and risks of peacekeeping diminish, and traction towards peace is observed.
The Lagrangian Parcel Dynamics of Moist Symmetric Instability

Abstract A simple model describing the slantwise ascent of a two-dimensional horizontal air tube Subject to moist symmetric instability is developed under the assumptions that the Froude number is small and that mixing is absent. It is shown that, in general, the horizontal velocities attained by the tube are comparable to those of the mean flow and that vertical velocities of up to a few meters per second are possible. The tube ascends slantwise in such a way that its buoyancy remains nearly zero, unless the environment is my very nearly moist adiabatic, in which case ascent at an angle of 45° to the vertical is preferred. Results of the analysis support the contentions of Bennetts and Hoskins and Emanual that moist symmetric instability is the cause of some mesoscale rainbands. In a companion paper, it is demonstrated that the stability of the moist baroclinic atmosphere to two-dimensional slantwise displacements of arbitrary magnitude can be approximately assessed by reversibly lifting parcel along sur...
Structural properties, superconductivity, and magnetism of metallic hydrogen

The electronic band structure and structural properties of paramagnetic metallic hydrogen in the simple cubic (sc), fcc, bcc, and hcp phases have been determined theoretically using our bulk fullpotential total-energy linearized augmented-plane-wave method. In the density range corresponding to $1l{r}_{s}l2$ we find a phase transition from sc to hcp at high pressure which indicates the importance of the hcp structure in phase transformations of molecular hydrogen under pressure. Superconducting transition temperatures up to 250 K are predicted within the framework of the rigid-ion approximation. An analysis of the Stoner factor shows the expected magnetic instability in the low-density region.
Structure-Function Analysis of CYP2A10 and CYP2A11, P450 Cytochromes That Differ in Only Eight Amino Acids But Have Strikingly Different Activities toward Testosterone and Coumarin

Cytochrome P450 NMa, which was first identified in this laboratory in rabbit nasal microsomes, is now known to represent two distinct gene products, P450s 2A10 and 2A11. In the present study, chimeric and site-directed mutants of 2A11 were constructed to determine which of the eight different amino acid residues are responsible for the much greater activity of 2A10 toward coumarin and testosterone. Mutation of Arg62 and Asp63 of 2A11 to the corresponding residues in 2A10, or mutation of Thr120 to Ser, as found in 2A10, did not change the activities. However, mutation of Arg62, Asp63, Gln104, Ala117, and Thr120 of 2A11 to the corresponding residues in 2A10 resulted in a protein that is as active as 2A10 in coumarin hydroxylation and approximately half as active as 2A10 in androstenedione formation. Mutation of Arg372 in 2A11 to His, as found in 2A10, resulted in a significant increase in the rate of hydroxylation of testosterone, but not of coumarin. Our findings indicate that the identify of the amino acid at position 104 and/or 117 is important for activity with testosterone and for regioselectivity at the 17 position, as well as for optimal activity with coumarin. In contrast, the identity of the residue at position 372 is important for optimal activity with testosterone but not the regioselectivity at the 17 position and does not influence the activity with coumarin.
Competitive Adsorption of Mixed Anionic Polysaccharides at the Surfaces of Protein-Coated Lipid Droplets

Charged polysaccharides can improve the stability of protein-coated lipid droplets by forming a protective coating around them. Potentially, the interfacial characteristics of these coatings can be controlled by assembling them from mixed polysaccharides with different molecular characteristics. The purpose of this study was to examine the competitive adsorption of two anionic polysaccharides (carrageenan and pectin) to β-lactoglobulin coated-lipid droplets. Carrageenan has a higher charge density than pectin, and carrageenan has a linear backbone whereas pectin has a linear backbone with branches. Emulsions (ϕ = 1 wt % oil, d43 = 0.40 ± 0.03 μm) were mixed with polysaccharide solutions (0 or 0.04 wt%) at pH 7, then the pH was decreased to promote polysaccharide adsorption. The adsorption of the polysaccharide molecules to the droplet surfaces occurred at a higher pH for carrageenan (pH ≈ 5.85) than for pectin (pH ≈ 5.45). When polysaccharide mixtures were added at pH 7, the carrageenan molecules preferen...
Monitor Surveillance and Vigilance of Anesthesia Residents

Background: Anesthesia residents take longer to detect changes in electronically monitored data during the induction phase of anesthesia than during the maintenance phase. This study was performed to investigate the reasons for this delay and to validate a method of measuring vigilance. Methods: The activity of ten residents was studied during 73 surgical procedures. Data were collected during three 15-min periods from each case: induction, starting with application of the electrocardiograph; maintenance, an arbitrary period between induction and emergence; and emergence, ending with detachment of the electrocardiograph. Vigilance was measured as the time taken to detect a change, from normal to abnormal, of an artificial parameter displayed on the physiologic monitor (response time). An observer simultaneously recorded each time that the resident looked toward the monitors. Results: Vigilance to the monitor display was less during induction and emergence than during maintenance (P<0.005). Residents spent less total time watching monitors during induction than during maintenance (P<0.005), and the duration of each monitor observation was shorter (P<0.0005). Anesthesia residents usually looked at the monitors several times before detecting the abnormal value. The measure of anesthesia vigilance correlated with independent measures of monitor watching time and frequency. Conclusions: The results suggest that during induction of anesthesia, which is a period of high anesthesiologist workload, residents glance toward monitors to gather data rather than scan displays. The results help to validate the method for measuring anesthesia vigilance
Toroidal black holes and topological censorship

Recent theorems regarding topological censorship are in apparent conflict with simulations of the collapse of rotating matter to form toroidal black holes. The geometry of a temporarily toroidal event horizon is analyzed and shown to be completely consistent with the theorems. A simple flat space model provides insight into the geometry of a toroidal black hole.
Changes in synthesis of specific proteins in axotomized dorsal root ganglia.

Abstract Changes in the relative synthesis rates of a number of specific proteins from rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were observed in response to transection of the sciatic nerve. The pattern of these changes was compared to that in rat sympathetic ganglia after transection of the postganglionic nerves. Although the overall pattern of proteins synthesized, and the pattern of changes seen after nerve transection, were quite similar in both ganglia, some specific differences were observed.
The classical mechanics of one-dimensional systems of infinitely many particles. I. An existence theorem

We prove a global existence and uniqueness theorem for solutions of the classical equations of motion for a one-dimensional system of infinitely many particles interacting by finite-range two-body forces which satisfy a Lipschitz condition.
Iron Nutrition for Growth and Chlorophyll Development of some Plant Tissue Cultures

A NUMBER of edible green plant tissues have been successfully cultured on synthetic media in tissue culture. The amount of growth and degree of differentiation varied with the composition of the medium and other environmental conditions. Growth and chlorophyll development of some cultures were correlated with the type and amount of sugar in the medium1. Iron holds a key position in intact plants in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and, therefore, comparisons of iron sources for growth and chlorophyll formation in isolated tissues were also recently examined2. This communication describes effects of several iron sources and of a pancreatic digest of lactalbumin (‘Edamin’) on the growth and chlorophyll content of several species of callus tissue.
The importance of the riparian zone and in-stream processes in nitrate attenuation in undisturbed and agricultural watersheds - a review of the scientific literature.

Summary We reviewed published studies from primarily glaciated regions in the United States, Canada, and Europe of the (1) transport of nitrate from terrestrial ecosystems to aquatic ecosystems, (2) attenuation of nitrate in the riparian zone of undisturbed and agricultural watersheds, (3) processes contributing to nitrate attenuation in riparian zones, (4) variation in the attenuation of nitrate in the riparian zone, and (5) importance of in-stream and hyporheic processes for nitrate attenuation in the stream channel. Our objectives were to synthesize the results of these studies and suggest methodologies to (1) monitor regional trends in nitrate concentration in undisturbed 1st order watersheds and (2) reduce nitrate loads in streams draining agricultural watersheds. Our review reveals that undisturbed headwater watersheds have been shown to be very retentive of nitrogen, but the importance of biogeochemical and hydrological riparian zone processes in retaining nitrogen in these watersheds has not been demonstrated as it has for agricultural watersheds. An understanding of the role of the riparian zone in nitrate attenuation in undisturbed watersheds is crucial because these watersheds are increasingly subject to stressors, such as changes in land use and climate, wildfire, and increases in atmospheric nitrogen deposition. In general, understanding processes controlling the concentration and flux of nitrate is critical to identifying and mapping the vulnerability of watersheds to water quality changes due to a variety of stressors. In undisturbed and agricultural watersheds we propose that understanding the importance of riparian zone processes in 2nd order and larger watersheds is critical. Research is needed that addresses the relative importance of how the following sources of nitrate along any given stream reach might change as watersheds increase in size and with flow: (1) inputs upstream from the reach, (2) tributary inflow, (3) water derived from the riparian zone, (4) groundwater from outside the riparian zone (intermediate or regional sources), and (5) in-stream (hyporheic) processes.
Electronic-Structure calculation of ordering and segregation energies of transition metal alloys

Abstract A model tight-binding Hamiltonian including diagonal and off-diagonal disorders is used to calculate the enthalpy of formation for the binary refractory alloys composed of V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and W, and for the binary alloys obtained by mixing Ti, Zr, and Hf with Ni, Pd, and Pt. The energy of formation of the random alloys is calculated self-consistently in the Hartree-Fock scheme using the coherent potential approximation. Short-range order effects are included using the generalized perturbation method. The approach is parameter free and uses only the results of elemental electronic band structure calculations as input. The predictions of the model are in good agreement with available experimental data.
Oxidation rates of niobium and tantalum alloys at low pressures

Niobium and tantalum alloys have excellent properties for use in high-temperature, space-power applications, but must be protected from oxidation that would result from exposure to air in ground-evaluation tests. The oxygenuptake/oxidation rates of three alloys, Nb-1Zr, PWC-11, and ASTAR-811C were measured at oxygen partial pressure of 10−6 and 10−7 torr at temperatures up to 1350 K. No visible oxide film was observed, and the oxidation rate was found to be linearly proportional to pressure and exponentially proportional temperature. A thin molybdenum coating on Nb−1Zr was a barrier to lowpressure oxidation at 773 K.