cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A unified mechanics model of wettability gradient-driven motion of water droplet on solid surfaces

Abstract Wettability gradient-driven motion of a liquid droplet on solid surfaces is a ubiquitous phenomenon, and understanding the unidirectional movement is of fundamental importance in surface engineering. By probing the wettability gradient-induced driving force and the friction force at the solid–liquid interface, we present a unified mechanics model in theory that integrates the static configuration of droplets at equilibrium and the dynamic configuration of droplets at movement. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show the configuration of water droplets on the surface of solids will relax during movement, and a dimensionless parameter is proposed to describe their dynamic contact area. Moreover, our analysis reveals that the friction coefficient of a water droplet on solid surfaces is significantly different from that of water film, and a geometry factor associated with surface wettability of solids is formulated to calibrate the movement friction force of water droplet. The full velocity trajectory of the droplet movement is extracted and the predictions show excellent agreement with extensive MD simulations in a full range of surface wettability gradients across from superhydrophobicity to superhydrophilicity.
Self-reported impulsivity in Huntington's disease patients and relationship to executive dysfunction and reward responsiveness.

Introduction: Few studies have directly investigated impulsivity in Huntington’s disease (HD) despite known changes in dopaminergic and frontal functioning, changes that have been associated with i...
AMIP Diagnostic Subproject on Cloud Forcing: Some Preliminary Findings

Model output from a selected set of AMIP models shows that the tropical shortwave cloud radiative forcing is systematically too strong when compared to satellite observations. The models also produce a negative systematic error in cloud amount when compared to ISCCP in the extratropics. The cloud amount error accounts for much of the error in short-wave cloud forcing because short-wave cloud forcing has a linear dependence on cloud amount. Some of the errors in short-wave cloud radiative forcing cannot be explained by errors in cloud amount and may be due to errors in cloud optical properties.
Hormonal and Neuromuscular Responses to Breastfeeding: A Pilot Study.

Objectives:Difficult breastfeeding in the first weeks after birth may result in muscle tension in infants and activation of the maternal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic ne...
Forecasting Influenza Levels Using Real-Time Social Media Streams

Seasonal influenza is a contagious respiratory illness that can cause various complications, worsen chronic illnesses, and sometimes lead to deaths. During 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic, up to 203,000 deaths occurred worldwide. Early detection and prediction of disease outbreak is critical because it can provide more time to prepare a response and significantly reduce the impact caused by a pandemic. The traditional influenza surveillance system by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collects U.S. Influenza-Like Illness related physicians visits data from sentinel practices and provides a retrospective analysis delayed by two weeks. Google Flu Trends proposed a method that uses online search queries data to estimate current (real-time) influenza activity. Here we present a system that (1) predicts future influenza activities, (2) provides more accurate real-time assessment than before, and (3) combines real-time big social media data streams and CDC historical datasets for predictive models to accomplish accurate predictions. Although retrospective analysis and observations are important, prediction of future flu levels can represent a big leap because such predictions provide actionable insights for public health that can be used for planning, resource allocation, treatments and prevention. Thus, compared to previous work, our work represents an advancement in accuracy of assessments, prediction of future flu activity accurately and an ability to combine big social data and observed CDC data to build predictive models.
Drag-and-Drop Games

In this chapter, you will learn how to add drag-and-drop functionality to your games: the ability to click on an object and, while the mouse button is held down, have the selected object move along with the mouse until the button is released. Since this functionality is useful in many contexts, you will create an extension of the BaseActor class, called DragAndDropActor, containing the related code. To demonstrate the flexibility of this new class, you will create two new games that make use of this class. The first will be a jigsaw-puzzle game, shown in Figure 9-1, which consists of an image that has been broken into pieces and must be rearranged correctly on a grid. The second will be a solitaire card game called 52 Card Pickup, shown in Figure 9-2, where a standard deck of playing cards must be correctly arranged in a set of piles.
Optimal Codesign of Control Input and Triggering Instants for Networked Control Systems Using Adaptive Dynamic Programming

The problem of codesign or simultaneous synthesis of triggering and input policies is investigated. The policies are synthesized to minimize a cost function incorporating a data transmission cost. This is unlike the common practice of utilizing an a priori -designed stabilizing control policy and designing a triggering policy, which retains stability. Initially, a finite-horizon cost function that penalizes the state, the control input, and each data transmission is selected. The optimal actions comprised of the control input and the triggering decision, under the operation choice of zero-order hold (ZOH), are approximately obtained in a feedback form, using adaptive dynamic programming. Afterward, the design is extended to the case of generalized ZOH, where the last transmitted state information is updated using a possibly imperfect model. Extension to infinite-horizon cost functions is presented. After analysis of convergence and optimality, the performance of the method is demonstrated through some numerical examples.
Socially-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Personalized Human-Robot Interaction

This research in the context of Human-Robot Interaction explores how to tailor the robot behavior to the human's individual preferences in real-time. Algorithmically, Reinforcement Learning is the method of choice as it allows the robot to explore and learn autonomously. Instead of relying on task-related data, the proposed approach is primarily based on human social signals, which occur all the time and provide valuable information which cannot be extracted from the task itself. Including social signal data in the Reinforcement Learning framework enables us to adapt robot behavior depending on the current user behaviors without additional interaction.
Investigations of complement resistance factors in Leishmania chagasi

46 Introduction 47 Materials and Methods 48 Results and Discussion 49 Acknowledgments 51 References 51 Figures 52 CHAPTER 4: Trans-effects of leishmania vector cLHYG on Major Surface Protease (MSP) RNA and protein expression in high passage Leishmania chagasi 55 Introduction 55 Materials and Methods 56 Results 59 Discussion 63 References 65 Figures 68 CHAPTER 5: General Conclusions 73 APPENDIX I 75 Further characterization of cosmid 51 deletion constructs 75 Characterization of complement assays and time course experiments 78 Figures 80 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 87
The Next Era of Sentencing Reform

This article charts a path for criminal sentencing in the wake of the Supreme Court's recent bombshell decision in Blakely v. Washington. Blakely has thrust sentencing systems across the country into turmoil. But Justice O'Connor was fundamentally wrong when, in her Blakely dissent, she exclaimed that Over 20 years of sentencing reform are all but lost. All is most assuredly not lost. Blakely, properly viewed, is an opportunity - albeit a disruptive one - to re-think and improve our sentencing systems. The Blakely court interpreted the Sixth Amendment to require that any fact, other than the fact of prior conviction, increasing the potential statutory maximum punishment - including the punishment available pursuant to an unenhanced sentencing guideline range - be proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. The Supreme Court will soon decide whether this rule applies to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. Regardless of what the Court chooses to do, Congress and the state legislatures are re-evaluating their sentencing systems and looking for Blakely-compliant options. This article does not seek to shape the Court's opinion, or to predict its decision. Instead, it charts a path for legislatures, sentencing commissions, and sentencing scholars. In this article, I set the groundwork for understanding fundamental elements of sentencing, and show the pieces moved by Blakely. I then examine several popular systemic responses to Blakely. Ultimately, I find their various strengths outweighed by their substantial weaknesses. In the final section, I propose a new approach that would not only survive Blakely's constitutional commands but can lead us into the next era of sentencing reform. This proposal is not merely a Blakely fix, but a proposal that retains fidelity to the concerns and principles that led, over the past 30 years, to the modern sentencing reform revolution, and to structured sentencing systems. I propose a system of Indeterminate Structured Sentencing (ISS). ISS is an indeterminate sentencing system (that is, a system that includes parole release authority) in which a Super Commission guides both the sentencing and release functions. An ISS system honors judicial discretion but acknowledges the value of structural checks and balances. It permits high sentences in cases where a judge believes them appropriate while limiting the pressure to increase sentences across the board. ISS offers a balanced approach to sentencing that satisfies Blakely while simultaneously being sensible, just, and grounded in sentencing history, theory and practice.
Electrostatic Contributions to the Stabilities of Native Proteins and Amyloid Complexes

The ability to predict electrostatic contributions to protein stability from structure has been a long-standing goal of experimentalists and theorists. With recent advances in NMR spectroscopy, it is possible to determine pKa values of all ionizable residues for at least small proteins, and to use the pKa shift between the folded and unfolded states to calculate the thermodynamic contribution from a change in charge to the change in free energy of unfolding. Results for globular proteins and for α-helical coiled coils show that electrostatic contributions to stability are typically small on an individual basis, particularly for surface-exposed residues. We discuss why NMR often suggests smaller electrostatic contributions to stability than X-ray crystallography or site-directed mutagenesis, and discuss the type of information needed to improve structure-based modeling of electrostatic forces. Large pKa shifts from random coil values are observed for proteins bound to negatively charged sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles. The results suggest that electrostatic interactions between proteins and charges on the surfaces of membrane lipid bilayers could be a major driving force in stabilizing the structures of peripheral membrane proteins. Finally, we discuss how changes in ionization states affect amyloid-β fibril formation and suggest that electrostatic repulsion may be a common destabilizing force in amyloid fibrils.
Morphology, Physical, and Mechanical Properties of Particleboard Made from Rape Straw and Wood Particles Glued with Urea-Formaldehyde Resin

The morphology, physical, and mechanical properties were investigated for single-layer particleboard made with various proportional contents of wood and rape stalk particles glued with urea-formaldehyde resin. Fine crushed rape stalk particles were used for the experimental particleboards. The weight ratios of rape-to-wood particles were 0:100, 10:90, 30:70, 50:50, and 70:30. Mixed beech and spruce wood particles with percentages of 30% for beech wood and 70% for spruce wood were considered for the configuration. Urea-formaldehyde resin with a solid content of 66 ± 1% was added to the single-mat configuration at a level of 12%, based on the weight of the particles. Physical (density, water absorption, and thickness swelling) and mechanical (modulus of elasticity, bending strength, internal bond strength) investigations on the particleboards obtained in the laboratory conditions were conducted. The results were compared to the requirements of the EN 312 (2004) standard. In addition, morphological observation at macro- and micro-scale and vertical density profile analysis was conducted on particleboards in order to characterize the interaction between wood-rape particles and resin. Variations of the structure and density were observed relative to thickness, providing information concerning to the internal bond performance of the panels.
Probability in HPLC-MS Metabolomics

This article is pinpointing the importance of the probabilistic methods for the analysis of the HPLC-MS measurement datasets in metabolomics research. The approach presents the ability to deal with the different noise sources and the process of the probability assignment is demonstrated in its general form.
Nanoparticle Scaffolds for Devices and Sensors

Modified metal and semiconductor nanoparticles have become the subject of an extremely active field of chemical research in the last few years. This widespread interest is understandable considering the proliferation of simple chemical methods for the preparation of metal and semiconductor particles with sizes in the range 1–100 nm, 1 which is of great interest in emerging nanotechnologies. The properties of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles in this size range differ from those of the corresponding bulk materials and approach the molecular limit.2 For the smallest nanoparticles, the distribution of electronic states departs from the usual band structure and discrete states will appear at the band edges. Electrons may undergo quantum confinement and these systems may exhibit unique electronic, magnetic and optical properties associated with the socalled quantum dots. Furthermore, as the size of the nanoparticle decreases, a larger fraction of the constituent atoms are located on its surface. This is particularly important when dealing with metals with applications in catalysis, because of the high cost associated with these materials.
Hierarchical Semantic Labeling with Adaptive Confidence.

In real-world applications with semantic classification labels (‘dog’, ‘car’, ‘chair’, etc.), it would be advantageous to identify any unconfident classification and then determine if a less specific label could instead be reliably established. In this work, we present a hierarchical estimation and inference approach using a semantic concept tree to provide an appropriate generalized label when needed. The proposed method has several advantages, including the ability to work with any logit/softmax-based semantic label classifier, the ability to correct many misclassified labels while not introducing any new errors, and a statistical guarantee of confidence for the final labels. We additionally provide a new set of hierarchical metrics to properly evaluate the approach. Multiple synthetic and real datasets are examined to demonstrate how the framework can quickly and efficiently resolve unconfident predictions.
Outcomes of Treatment Options for Acetabular Fractures in Older Patients

Four treatments for geriatric acetabular fractures have been described in the literature to date: nonoperative, percutaneous fixation, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), and acute arthroplasty. Data on nonoperative treatment and percutaneous fixation are limited. There are more studies on ORIF and a fair number of small studies on acute arthroplasty. These studies do provide some guidance to clinicians and an excellent starting point for further work. However, the current literature is flawed by small sample size, retrospective methodology, and obvious selection bias that render comparison between techniques impossible. Future work is needed to address this obvious knowledge gap as clinicians currently have significant decisional uncertainty regarding the ideal treatment for any individual patient.
Droxidopa as an effective treatment for refractory neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and reflex bradycardia in amyloid light-chain amyloidosis: a case report.

Droxidopa is an oral treatment for the stepwise treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension from autonomic dysfunction. It has been shown to be useful predominantly with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension secondary to Parkinson’s disease, but only a few cases have documented its usefulness in patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension due to amyloidosis, which is often severe and refractory. In addition, only one source in the literature reports the concomitant use of midodrine and droxidopa for such patients. Finally, we argue that droxidopa seems to have a protective effect against episodes of reflex bradycardia, which is not previously reported. A 64-year-old white man was admitted for 1 year of worsening syncopal episodes, diarrhea, failure to thrive, heart failure, and neuropathy. Medical emergencies were called five times on the overhead hospital intercom over a 4-day period in the beginning of his admission due to severe hypotension and bradycardia. He was eventually diagnosed as having amyloid light-chain amyloidosis and myeloma. After starting droxidopa, both his systolic blood pressure and reflex bradycardia improved, and no more medical emergency events were called during the remaining 30 days of admission. He felt much better subjectively and was able to sit upright and engage in physical therapy. We show that droxidopa is effective when used with midodrine to treat refractory neurogenic orthostatic hypotension in patients with amyloidosis. There are very few cases reporting the use of droxidopa in amyloidosis, with only one study that uses droxidopa and midodrine concomitantly. In addition, our patient’s reflex bradycardia improved drastically after starting droxidopa, which we believe is mediated by increased systemic norepinephrine. There were no side effects to droxidopa, and the benefits lasted well beyond the reported duration of 1–2 weeks that was noted to be a limitation in some studies.
A Perspective on interfacial engineering of lithium metal anodes and beyond

This Perspective reviews interfacial engineering of lithium metal anodes. Critical issues and open scientific questions related to coatings on the lithium metal anode are discussed. Essential features for ideal coatings, especially those that can potentially enable lithium plating underneath the coating, are highlighted. While most existing approaches use kinetic control to regulate the coating thickness, here we offer a Perspective on thermodynamically controlled interfacial engineering, focusing on spontaneously formed 2D interfacial phases (also known as “complexions”). This approach has been applied to other battery systems but has yet to be realized for lithium metal anodes.
Rendezvous algorithms for large-scale modeling and simulation

Abstract Rendezvous algorithms encode a communication pattern that is useful when processors sending data do not know who the receiving processors should be, or vice versa. The idea is to define an intermediate decomposition where datums from different sending processors can ”rendezvous” to perform a computation, in a manner that both the senders and eventual receivers of the results can identify the appropriate rendezvous processor. Originally designed for interpolating between overlaid grids with independent parallel decompositions (Plimpton et al., 2004), we have recently found rendezvous algorithms useful for a variety of operations in particle- or grid-based simulation codes when running large problems on large numbers of processors. In particular, we show they can perform well when a load-balanced intermediate decomposition is randomized and not spatial, requiring all-to-all communication to move data between processors. In this case rendezvous algorithms leverage the large bisection communication bandwidths which parallel machines provide. We describe how rendezvous algorithms work in a scientific computing context and give specific examples for molecular dynamics and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo codes which result in dramatic performance improvements versus simpler algorithms which do not scale as well. We explain how a generic rendezvous algorithm can be implemented, and also point out similarities with the MapReduce paradigm popularized by Google and Hadoop.
Creating virtual H&E images using samples imaged on a commercial CODEX platform

Multiparametric fluorescence imaging via CODEX allows the simultaneous imaging of many biomarkers in a single tissue section. While the digital fluorescence data thus obtained can provide highly specific characterizations of individual cells and microenvironments, the images obtained are different from those usually interpreted by pathologists (i.e., H&E slides and DAB-stained immunohistochemistry slides). Having the fluorescence data plus co-registered H&E or similar data could facilitate adoption of multiparametric imaging into regular workflows, as well as facilitate the transfer of algorithms and machine learning previous developed around H&E slides. Since commercial CODEX instruments do not produce H&E-like images by themselves, we developed a staining protocol and associated image processing to make "virtual H&E" images that can be incorporated into the CODEX workflow. While there are many ways to achieve virtual H&E images, including use of a fluorescent nuclear stain and tissue autofluorescence to simulate eosin staining, we opted to combine fluorescent nuclear staining (via DAPI) with actual eosin staining. We also output images derived from fluorescent nuclear staining and autofluorescence images for additional evaluation.
Immunohistochemical Test on Skin Biopsies as a Method for Detection of Cattle Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

A novel rapid method for identification of cattle persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was examined. Individual cattle PI with BVDV serve as a source of infectious virus within cattle herds. Identification of cattle which are PI with BVDV is a clinical challenge, since many PI cattle appear clinically normal. BVDV infects a wide variety of tissues and cell types, particularly cells of the monocyte macrophage lineage. Cells of this lineage are present in the skin. BVDV antigen can be readily detected by the immunohistochemical (IHC) method.
The Moore Method: Evaluation and Assessment: Effectiveness of the Method

“All the instruments have been tried save one, the only one precisely that can succeed: well-regulated freedom.” —Jean-Jacques Rousseau In this chapter, we discuss the results of educational research that has been conducted evaluating the impact of the Moore Method and describe the results of educational research on similar teaching approaches, draw parallels to the Moore Method, and make suggestions for further assessment of the effectiveness of the Moore Method for interested readers. Introduction Whenever an innovation emerges in teaching, there are important questions to be asked. Does the innovation actually work? That is, does it truly improve students' learning, or does it just give the appearance of doing so? Is it feasible that the innovation can be implemented by other instructors in other educational settings, or does it rely upon the talent of a few gifted instructors in a particular context? Is the innovation appropriate for all learners, or just for a particular subgroup? Though the proponents of such innovations are often quite enthusiastic in their efforts to describe and promote the innovation, they are often only able to provide anecdotal evidence for its success. While important and frequently convincing, such evidence is not sufficient to answer the questions posed above. Rather, careful, systematic research should be done to establish the effectiveness of the innovation.
Mapping of partial reconfigurable data flows to Xilinx FPGAs

Recently, commercially available Xilinx FPGAs have started to support partial run time reconfiguration (RTR) wherein part of the FPGA can be reconfigured while the rest of the FPGA logic is functioning. However, access to the FPGA for RTR is not completely flexible and needs a systematic partitioning of the FPGA fabric into static and reconfigurable partitions within certain pretty tight constraints. Modules mapped to different partitions need to communicate using specialized macros. In this paper, we present a method for mapping a data flow requiring partial RTR to the Xilinx FPGAs. We develop a cost function that guides the mapping of nodes to these partitions by attempting to minimize the communication cost while ensuring that the required RTR is completed within certain time constraints
Synchronization of Bacteria by a Stationary-Phase Method

Cutler, Richard G. (University of Houston, Houston, Tex.), and John E. Evans. Synchronization of bacteria by a stationary-phase method. J. Bacteriol. 91:469–476. 1966.—Cultures of Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris have been synchronized, with a high percentage phasing, in large volumes and at high cell densities by a method which takes advantage of a tendency of cells to synchronize themselves when entering the stationary phase of growth. The method consists of growing the bacteria to an early stationary phase, harvesting them quickly under minimal conditions of stress, and inoculating them into fresh medium at a dilution of about sevenfold. Cellular division is then partially synchronized. Four-generation cycles of a high percentage of phasing are obtained by repeating this procedure on the partially synchronized culture. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein analyses were made throughout all phases of the growth curve. Advantage has been taken of this method of synchrony to isolate selected segments of the bacterial genome in significant amounts. A working hypothesis to explain the synchrony suggests that the unfavorable conditions of growth as the bacteria near the stationary phase are detected by a decrease in the amino acid pool size, and that this results in a gradual decrease of DNA transcription activity through the inhibition of RNA polymerase by transfer RNA. The synchronizing method may be unique in producing cultures that grow both in cellular division and in genomic synchrony.
Reprint of Grosse, C. U., & Voght, G. M. (1991). The evolution of languages for specific purposes in the United States. Modern Language Journal, 75, 181–195.

A reprint of the article "The evolution of languages for specific purposes in the United States," by Christine Uber Grosse and Geoffrey M. Voght, which appeared in volume 75 of the "Modern Language Journal" periodical, is presented.
Children, the Great Recession and Shifting Calculi of Risk

In 1881, Frederick Winslow Taylor, a relatively obscure foreman from the Midvale Steel Works in Philadelphia, published an essay on metal cutting that rigorously analyzed the individual steps involved in fashioning metal. It marked Taylor’s first foray into an emerging engineering field where industrial processes were studied systematically in order to eliminate waste, increase worker output, and lower costs in the production process.
A self-healing approach to designing and deploying complex, distributed and concurrent software systems

Software systems have become too complex to manage and fix manually. An emerging approach to overcome this problem is software self-healing. Studies in related disciplines have offered several self-healing solutions, however these usually address a single class of problems, or they are not applicable in fielded systems. To address the industrial need for software self-healing, we have initiated the EU SHADOWS project. This project concentrates on self-healing of complex systems, extending the state-of-art in several ways. It introduces pioneering technologies to enable the systematic self-healing of classes of failures which are not solved by other approaches. It additionally introduces an approach to the integration of several self-healing technologies in a common solution framework. It also adopts a model-based approach, where models of desired software behavior direct the self-healing process. Combined, these allow for lifecycle support of software self-healing, applicable to both academic and industrial systems.
Quantum Monte Carlo study of a magnetic-field-driven two-dimensional superconductor-insulator transition

We numerically study the superconductor-insulator phase transition in a model disordered two-dimensional (2D) superconductor as a function of applied magnetic field. The calculation involves quantum Monte Carlo calculations of the $(2+1)\text{D}$ $XY$ model in the presence of both disorder and magnetic field. The $XY$ coupling is assumed to have the form $\ensuremath{-}J\text{ }\text{cos}({\ensuremath{\theta}}_{i}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{j}\ensuremath{-}{A}_{ij})$, where ${A}_{ij}$ has a mean of zero and a standard deviation $\ensuremath{\Delta}{A}_{ij}$. In a real system, such a model would be approximately realized by a 2D array of small Josephson-coupled grains with slight spatial disorder and a uniform applied magnetic field. The different values $\ensuremath{\Delta}{A}_{ij}$ then correspond to an applied field such that the average number of flux quanta per plaquette has various integer values $N$: larger $N$ corresponds to larger $\ensuremath{\Delta}{A}_{ij}$. For any value of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{A}_{ij}$, there appears to be a critical coupling constant ${K}_{c}(\ensuremath{\Delta}{A}_{ij})=\sqrt{{[J/(2U)]}_{c}}$, where $U$ is the charging energy, below which the system is a Mott insulator; there is also a corresponding critical conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}(\ensuremath{\Delta}{A}_{ij})$ at the transition. For $\ensuremath{\Delta}{A}_{ij}=\ensuremath{\infty}$, the order parameter of the transition is a renormalized coupling constant $g$. Using a numerical technique appropriate for disordered systems, we show that the transition at this value of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{A}_{ij}$ takes place from an insulating (I) phase to a Bose glass (BG) phase, and that the dynamical critical exponent characterizing this transition is $z\ensuremath{\sim}1.3$. By contrast, $z=1$ for this model at $\ensuremath{\Delta}{A}_{ij}=0$. We suggest that the superconductor-to-insulator transition is actually of this I to BG class at all nonzero $\ensuremath{\Delta}{A}_{ij}$'s, and we support this interpretation by both numerical evidence and an analytical argument based on the Harris criterion [A. B. Harris, J. Phys. C 7, 1671 (1974)]. ${K}_{c}$ is found to be a monotonically increasing function of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{A}_{ij}$. For certain values of $K$, a disordered Josephson array may undergo a transition from an ordered, Bose glass phase to an insulator with increasing $\ensuremath{\Delta}{A}_{ij}$.
Proteases and the emerging role of protease inhibitors in prohormone processing.

Peptide hormones and neurotransmitters constitute a large class of neurohumoral agents that mediate cell-cell communication in neuroendocrine systems. Their biosynthesis requires proteolytic processing of inactive protein precursors into active neuropeptides. Elucidation of the proteolytic components required for prohormone processing is important for identifying key proteases that may control the production of neuropeptides. This article compares the subtilisin-like PC1/3 and PC2 processing enzymes identified through molecular biological approaches, and several candidate processing enzymes identified biochemically, including the 'proopiomelanocortin converting enzyme' (PCE) and the 'prohormone thiol protease' (PTP), as well as others of different classes (aspartyl, cysteine, metallo, and serine proteases). A role for PTP in cellular proenkephalin processing is suggested by blockade of forskolin-stimulated (Met)enkephalin production by Ep453 that is converted intracellularly to E-64c, a selective cysteine...
Coping with transition: Offspring risk and maternal behavioural changes at the end of the hiding phase

Hiding is a cooperative mother–infant behavioural strategy used by many ungulate species to mitigate infant predation risk. During the late stages of the hiding phase, infants begin a transition out of hiding and show behavioural changes that increase their exposure to predators. Mothers in many hider species are known to show potentially costly changes in habitat use, gregariousness and vigilance behaviour at the onset of the hiding phase. However, the effects of infant transitional behaviour on maternal behavioural patterns are understudied. In this study, we compare the behavioural patterns of Thomson's gazelle, Eudorcas thomsonii, females with young and transitioning fawns to determine the effect of fawn behavioural changes on maternal behaviour. We found that, although transitioning fawns were at greater risk than younger fawns while hidden, mothers of transitioning fawns were less vigilant than mothers of younger fawns during hiding periods. Mothers and fawns relied on group membership rather than heightened maternal vigilance to mitigate fawn risk during the transition. Group membership is apparently made possible by the shorter hiding bouts of transitioning fawns relative to younger fawns: more frequent activity bouts probably enable mothers to relocate their fawns more frequently, which helps the mother and fawn to keep up with group movements.
Dev Mazumdar and Hannu Savolainen Interview

Mr. Phillips gets the low down on 4Front technologies and what's happening in the world of sound
Character of the insulating state in NiO : A mixture of charge-transfer and Mott-Hubbard character

Using site-specific soft x-ray emission and absorption spectroscopy in conjunction with site-specific x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we present measurements of the valence and conduction band states of NiO. Significant hybridization between the Ni and the O electronic states near the Fermi energy is observed throughout both the valence and conduction bands, in accordance with density-functional theory calculations also presented. The relationship between our emission and absorption measurements also shows direct similarities to other techniques used to measure the non-dipole-allowed $d\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}d$ transitions within NiO, addressing questions concerning the character of the insulating band gap of this system. NiO has previously been described as a large-gap, charge-transfer insulator, while our data show the valence and conduction states at the Fermi energy to be primarily of Ni $d$--character hybridized with a small amount of O $p$--character states, suggesting a mixture of charge-transfer and Mott-Hubbard character as described by the Zaanen-Sawatzky-Allen model.
Gross infestation of the littleneck clam, Venerupis staminea, with a larval cestode (Echeneibothrium sp.)☆☆☆

Abstract Numerous specimens of the littleneck clam, Venerupis staminea, were found exposed on the surface beds in Humboldt Bay, California. Because of their abnormal location, they were examined for possible disease organisms and were found to be heavily infested with plerocercoid larvae of a tetraphyllidian cestode, Echeneibothrium sp. The host cyst was studied and the possible irritative effect causing the clams to leave their natural habitat to facilitate completion of the parasite's life cycle by consumption by skates or rays is discussed. An attempt was made to identify the larval Echeneibothrium to species, since the complete life cycle of no tetraphyllidian is known. Although identification was not certain, the plerocercoid larvae most closely resembled E. myzorhynchum. Adult bat sting rays, Holorhinus californicus, were autopsied and found to harbor specimens of Echeneibothrium identified as E. minimum but which had bothridia similar to those of the larval forms in the clam.
Exploiting dynamic phase distance mapping for phase-based tuning of embedded systems

Phase-based tuning increases optimization potential by configuring system parameters for application execution phases. Previous work proposed phase distance mapping (PDM), which relied on extensive a priori analysis of executing applications to dynamically estimate the best configuration using the correlation between phases. We propose DynaPDM, a new dynamic phase distance mapping methodology that eliminates a priori designer effort, dynamically analyzes phases, and determines the best configurations, yielding average energy delay product savings of 28%-an 8% improvement on PDM-and configurations within 1% of the optimal.
Necrotizing primary carcinoma of the right adrenal causing fever "of unknown origin" in a 71-year-old male: clinico-pathologic study.

: The case of a 71-year-old male veteran who had remittent fever (101–103°F) for six weeks is described in detail. The underlying cause for this perplexing symptom remained undiscovered until his death, despite exhaustive investigations. Autopsy revealed a necrotizing primary adenocarcinoma of the right adrenal gland, with metastasis to the right cerebellar hemisphere. Only one other similar case has been described before in the literature.
MIDDLE EAR ACTIVITY DURING SPEECH IN NORMAL SPEAKERS AND STUTTERERS.

Middle ear muscle activity of five normal speakers and five stutterers was recorded during speech production by means of the Zwislocki acoustic impedance bridge. Acoustic impedance change preceded ...
Origin and effect of nonlocality in a composite

A simple demonstration of nonlocality in a heterogeneous material is presented. By analysis of the microscale deformation of a two-component layered medium, it is shown that nonlocal interactions necessarily appear in a homogenized model of the system. Explicit expressions for the nonlocal forces are determined. The way these nonlocal forces appear in various nonlocal elasticity theories is derived. The length scales that emerge involve the constituent material properties as well as their geometrical dimensions. A peridynamic material model for the smoothed displacement field is derived. It is demonstrated by comparison with experimental data that the incorporation of nonlocality in modeling dramatically improves the prediction of the stress concentration in an open hole tension test on a composite plate.
Image enhancement techniques for quantitative investigations of morphological features in cometary comae: A comparative study

Abstract Many cometary coma features are only a few percent above the ambient coma (i.e., the background) and therefore coma enhancement techniques are needed to discern the morphological structures present in cometary comae. A range of image enhancement techniques widely used by cometary scientists is discussed by categorizing them and carrying out a comparative analysis. The enhancement techniques and the corresponding characteristics are described in detail and the respective mathematical representations are provided. As the comparative analyses presented in this paper make use of simulated images with known coma features, the feature identifications as well as the artifacts caused by enhancement provide an objective and definitive assessment of the various techniques. Examples are provided which highlight contrasting capabilities of different techniques to pick out qualitatively distinct features of widely different strengths and spatial scales. On account of this as well as serious image artifacts and spurious features associated with certain enhancement techniques, confirmation of the presence of coma features using qualitatively different techniques is strongly recommended.
Octet baryon masses in partially quenched chiral perturbation theory

Abstract The mass spectrum of the lowest lying octet baryons is calculated to next-to-next-to-leading order in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory and partially quenched heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory. We work in the isospin limit and treat the decuplet baryons as dynamical fields. These results are necessary for extrapolating QCD and partially quenched QCD lattice simulations of the octet baryon masses.
AN EMPIRICAL EXPLORATION OF MEASURES OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ACROSS THE SPECTRUM OF ORGANIZATIONAL TYPES

This large‐scale exploratory research explores the manner in which various organizational types view their social obligations in terms of the tradeoffs (or potential symbioses) between economic and non‐economic (social) goals. Historically, this issue has been researched only in the context of business firms. Given the increased scope and visibility of nonprofit organizations, it becomes particularly relevant to explore a broad range of organizational types. To proceed with this research, this study proposes a 5‐class typology describing the organizational spectrum from the fully for‐profit to the fully nonprofit organizations. This paper also contributes to the emerging empirical research stream in the area by undertaking a systematic assessment of the way in which all organizational types value their economic versus social orientations as gauged by several measures. Across the two top executive levels, a regular progression of statistically significant differences are found between the five organizational types with respect to their social and economic orientations. A by‐product of this research is that we reveal how the economic or social orientation of organizations can be systematically investigated by undertaking large‐scale empirical studies with appropriately designed research instruments.
AN APPLICATION OF GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING TO MACHINING VARIABLE SELECTION

SUMMARY This paper discusses the use of the geometric programming technique to determine the cutting speed and Teed which yield minimum production cost. The method provides for simultaneous determination of the cost optimum values of speed and feed and allows for the incorporation of restrictions on the allowable levels of the machining variables.
Sustained off-resonance irradiation and collision-induced dissociation for structural analysis of polymers by MALDI-FTMS

Abstract A method is presented for collision-induced structure analysis of polymer samples using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation (SORICID) can impart the energy required to initiate fragmentation of intractable low mass polymers with masses below 3000 Da. The method has been applied to both polar poly(ethylene glycol) polymers and nonpolar hydrocarbon polymers such as polyisoprene and polystyrene. For low-mass polymers, single oligomers are selected for SORI dissociation and the remainder of the polymer distribution is left intact, allowing the other oligomer ions to be used for internal calibration. Ions resulting from SORI-CID consist of lower mass intact oligomer species and, equally important, distributions of the oligomer fragments which have lost an end group through chain cleavage. This latter feature facilitates identification of the end groups. The upper mass limit of this technique is determined by cyclotron frequency spacing as one moves to higher masses. Decreased frequency spacing translates to SORI ‘spill-over’ to neighboring oligomers causing retention of some while ejecting others, rendering data interpretation more ambiguous.
Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (codon 200 mutation) with supranuclear palsy.

Objective. —To identify a possible gene defect in a large kindred with atypical Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Subjects. —Over 360 kindred members, with and without progressive dementia. Methods. —Family, hospital, and clinic records were reviewed. The DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded brain tissue of two deceased patients, and from blood leukocytes of nine healthy persons at risk. DNA was subjected to polymerase chain reaction and then analyzed by restriction endonuclease and single nucleotide primer extension. Results. —Nine family members had progressive fatal neurological disease consistent with CJD without myoclonus or typical electroencephalographic findings. Supranuclear gaze palsy was present in all five patients who underwent eye examinations. Two neuropathologically confirmed cases and five of nine at-risk family members had an identical mutation (GAG to AAG, glutamic acid to lysine) in codon 200 of the amyloid gene ( PRNP ) on chromosome 20. Conclusions. —Clinically atypical CJD with early supranuclear gaze palsy but without myoclonus or characteristic electroencephalographic periodicity patterns is associated with the codon 200 Lys mutation in the largest CJD kindred yet reported. The clinical concept of familial CJD should be enlarged to include this unusual phenotype. ( JAMA . 1992;268:2413-2415)
Studies of action mechanism of antiglaucoma drugs with a newly developed cat model

Abstract A variety of ocular hypotensive drugs were tested in a new cat model that allows continuous, simultaneous and instantaneous determinations of aqueous humor (AH) formation and outflow to be made. Aside from pilocarpine, which only increased AH outflow, or acetazolamide and timolol, which only decreased AH formation other adrenergic agents tested decreased both AH formation and AH outflow. These findings are compared with previous results reported in the literature and their significance for glaucoma therapy is discussed.
Penetration of methyl isocyanate through organic vapor and acid gas respirator cartridges.

Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is a volatile, toxic chemical [Threshold Limit Value (TLV®)=0.02 ppm] used to manufacture carbamate pesticides. The principal manufacturer of MIC is Union Carbide, and the site of production is Institute, West Virginia. In light of the December 1984 Bhopal, India disaster and possible safety problems at the Institute facility, NIOSH conducted this research as a basis upon which to recommend protective equipment that might be used in an emergency situation where extremely high MIC concentrations might be encountered. Both protective clothing and respirators were evaluated. In particular, NIOSH studied air-purifying respirators in order to assess their effectiveness against MIC vapor penetration. NIOSH does not recommend any air purifying respirator for MIC because of its high toxicity and lack of warning properties and because no effective end of service life indicator currently is available for MIC. This report addresses only MIC penetration through air-purifying cartridges at chal...
Effect of age on the intrinsic regulation of murine hemopoiesis.

Abstract As a part of studies conducted to determine the cause(s) of the decline in hemoglobin and peripheral blood lymphocytes observed in old mice, young mice were lethally irradiated and protected with bone marrow cells from young and old donors. Four months later the recipients of marrow from old mice had depressed hemoglobin and absolute lymphocyte levels in 4 of 6 and 5 of 6 experiments, respectively. Six months after lethally irradiated 20-month-old hosts were given marrow from young or 20-month-old donors, the recipients of old marrow had decreased lymphocyte counts but their hemoglobin levels were not different from those observed in mice given marrow from young donors. These results suggest that peripheral blood lymphocyte counts and to a lesser degree hemoglobin levels are at least partially controlled by mechanisms intrinsic to the marrow itself.