cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The price of gold : A simple model

Abstract Using regression techniques and seeking a simple predictive model the authors derived a formula for the annual price of gold based on changes in the rate of inflation in the USA, an index of the US dollar exchange rate and the annual world production of gold. Statistically the model shows a high correlation between the formula price and the market price over the past 16 years although many variables often considered important to the price of gold are ignored.
The Coca Connection: Conflict and Drugs in Colombia and Peru

Analysis of the connection between the narcotics economy and insurgent movements in Peru and Colombia shows that access by belligerents to the illicit economy greatly strengthens the insurgent movements. However, the belligerents' gains are not simply in the form of financial assets and enhanced military capabilities as frequently assumed, but are also in the form of expanded strategic and tactical options and, crucially, improved relations with local popu lations. Premised on the desire to reduce the physical capabilities of the belligerents, government attempts to defeat the insurgency through crop eradication not only fails to significantly reduce the belligerents' capabilities, but are also often counterproductive. Crop eradication only strengthens the bond between the belligerents and the local population, and deprives the government of vital intelligence on the belligerents.
Monitoring human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients by ratio of antibodies to gp41 and p24.

Antibody responses of 85 patients to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antigens were quantitated by densitometric analysis of Western blot (immunoblot) assays. All patients had been classified into the following three clinical categories: asymptomatic (ASY), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex (ARC), or AIDS. Fifty of the patients were monitored for 6 to 29 months. The gp41/p24 antibody ratio was examined in three studies. In the first study, initial specimens from each patient were analyzed. The mean gp41/p24 antibody ratios were 1.5 (ASY), 3.2 (ARC), and 5.4 (AIDS). Of ASY patients, 79% had antibody ratios of less than 2.0. In contrast, 72% of patients with AIDS had ratios of greater than or equal to 2.0. In the second study, serially obtained specimens from ASY, ARC, and AIDS patients were analyzed. These patients were further grouped according to progression of their clinical condition. Of ASY patients whose clinical condition progressed to ARC, 80% consistently had ratios of greater than or equal to 2.0. Of ARC patients whose clinical condition progressed to AIDS, 71% consistently had ratios of greater than or equal to 2.0. Of AIDS patients who died during the study, 100% consistently had ratios of greater than or equal to 2.0. No patients were treated with azidothymidine during the first two studies. In the third study, AIDS patients were monitored before and during treatment with azidothymidine. During treatment, ratios stabilized or improved transiently in five of seven patients. In these three studies, a gp41/p24 antibody ratio of less than 2.0 correlated with a benign clinical state and a ratio of greater than or equal to 2.0 correlated with AIDS or progression to AIDS. Images
An ionospheric error model for time difference of arrival applications

[1] The geolocation accuracy of satellite-borne time difference of arrival systems is limited by the uncompensated differential delay experienced by each pair of satellite-to-ground paths. We have measured the ionospheric component of this differential delay using two-frequency GPS receivers at seven ground sites; one in the high-latitude region, four at midlatitudes, and two in the equatorial region. The measurements were expressed as differential total electron content (ΔTEC) so that they could be used at frequencies other than the 1.6 and 1.2 GHz GPS values and be readily compared with ionospheric models. Three models were used to account for the measured ΔTEC values: a climatological model (RIBG) and two modified versions of Jet Propulsion Laboratory's GIM model (a postanalysis and a near-real-time implementation using a subset of reporting stations). All three models reduced the ΔTEC differences significantly. The postanalysis GIM model performed better than the other two in the tails of the residual error distribution, but there was no clear difference among the three in about 75% of the cases. However, when the data were binned according to local time and angle between the two rays, both GIM models were more accurate than RIBG between about 0600 and 1900 LT at angles greater than about 50°.
Phylogenetic relationships in the subgenus Mus (genus Mus, family Muridae, subfamily Murinae): examining gene trees and species trees

Over eight kilobases (kb) of sequence from eight genes including two mitochondrial loci, Cyt b and 12S, and six nuclear loci, B2m , Zp3 , Tcp1, Sry, Smcx and Smcy , were used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among 11 taxa representing eight species within the rodent genus Mus . Particular attention was given to discerning relationships among species within the subgenus Mus including members of a Palearctic clade ( M. musculus , M. spicilegus , M. macedonicus and M. spretus ) and members of an Asian clade ( M. caroli , M. cookii and M. cervicolor ), as previous studies using different datasets have produced different topologies for taxa within these two groups. While parsimony analyses of the combined eight-gene dataset yielded a single, fully resolved tree, support values were lower for nodes resolving relationships within the Palearctic and Asian clades than they were elsewhere in the tree. In addition, a maximum likelihood analysis of the same eight-gene dataset yielded different topologies for both the Palearctic and the Asian clades. Both observations are indicative of clade instability. The nature of this instability was explored through a comparison with our previous study in which we included the two mitochondrial loci and only four of the six nuclear genes, and through an analysis of partitioned data, specifically mitochondrial vs. nuclear genes. This study underscores the importance of considering among-site rate variation in phylogeny reconstruction. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 84 , 653‐662.
Some consequences of adding fertilizer to five Michigan trout lakes

Abstract Inorganic fertilizer was applied to four of a group of six Michigan trout lakes. The thermocline in the three lakes receiving the most fertilizer shifted to a more shallow position. Three of the fertilized lakes decreased in total alkalinity at a greater rate than did the two lakes not fertilized. Fertilization resulted in the oxygen being depleted from the hypolimnion and some oxygen reduction occurred in the thermocline. The volume of oxygenated water remaining under the ice during the critical period of late winter was reduced in the fertilized lakes, and lakes fertilized at the highest rate very nearly approached winterkill conditions. The reduction of oxygen both in summer stagnation periods and in late winter was more severe after the second season of fertilization.
A general framework for multi-flow multi-layer multi-project reticles design

The aggressive scaling of VLSI feature size and the pervasive use of advanced reticle enhancement technologies leads to dramatic increases in mask costs, pushing prototype and low volume production designs at the limit of economic feasibility. Multiple project wafers (MPW), or "shuttle" runs, provide an attractive solution for such designs, by providing a mechanism to share the cost of mask tooling among up to tens of designs of the same technology flow. However, delay cost associated with schedule alignment is ignored in previous work. The saving on mask cost may be easily surpassed by the profit loss due to the schedule alignment. Therefore, Multi- flow Multi-layer Multi-project Reticles (MFMLMPR) become a more viable mask-cost saving technique for low volume production since it share the mask cost between different layers of the same design and between designs of different technology flows. However, MFMLMPR design introduce complexities not encountered in traditional single-flow or single-layer reticles. In this paper we propose the first design flow for MFMLMPR aimed at minimizing the total manufacturing cost (including mask cost, wafer cost and delay cost) to fulfill given die production volumes. Our flow includes three main steps: (1) schedule-aware project partitioning with multi-flow embedding (2) multi-frame reticle design, and (3) multi-project frame floorplanning. Our contributions are as follows. For the first step, a fast iterative matching algorithm is proposed to calculate the mask cost for multi-flow embedding with consideration of all practical manufacturing costs. We then propose an integer linear programming (ILP) based method for optimal manufacturing cost minimization. Since ILP suffers from impractically long runtimes when the number of projects is large, we propose a sliding time window heuristic to exhaustively search the solution space for the best tradeoff between mask cost and delay cost. For the second step, we propose an ASAP frame embedding heuristic to minimize the mask cost. Finally, a "generalized chessboard" floorplan with simulated annealing is proposed to generate more dicing friendly frame floorplans for multi-flow projects, observing given maximum reticle sizes. We have tested our flow on production industry testcases. The experimental results show that our schedule-aware project partitioner yields an average reduction of 58.4% in manufacturing cost. The reduction of mask cost is around 46.3% compared with use of traditional layer-by layer checking methods. Our generalized chessboard floorplanner leads to an average reduction of 22.8% in the required number of wafers compared to the previous best reticle floorplanner.
Binge drinking in women at risk for developing eating disorders.

Objective: To determine binge drinking rates in college-age women at risk for eating disorders and to examine factors related to binge drinking over time. Method: Participants were 480 college-age women who were at high risk for developing an eating disorder (ED) and who had a body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 32. Participants were assessed annually for 4 years. Results: Participants reported high rates of binge drinking and frequent binge drinking throughout college. Binge drinking was positively correlated with dietary restraint, coping using substances, coping using denial, and life events. Discussion: The study's findings suggest that binge drinking is highly prevalent in women at high risk for developing eating disorders. Results also indicated that binge drinking was related to dieting and maladaptive coping patterns. Intervention for women with strong weight and shape concerns should also address problematic alcohol use. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord, 2009
Drosophila Mitotic Domain Boundaries as Cell Fate Boundaries

Fate determination in Drosophila embryos is evidenced by the appearance of mitotic domains. To identify fate or fates of cells, individual cells in mitotic domains 2, 8, and 15 were marked and monitored through development. Comparison of the different fates indicated that domain boundaries are cell fate boundaries. Cells were marked by expression of GAL4-dependent transgenes after photoactivation of a caged GAL4VP16 analog that had its DNA binding activity inhibited with a photolabile blocking reagent. Caged GAL4VP16 was also used to induce gene expression in Xenopus embryos. Thus, photoactivated gene expression is a versatile tool for spatiotemporal control of gene expression.
Structure and function of complement C5 convertase enzymes.

The multisubunit enzymes of the complement system that cleave C5 have many unusual properties, the most striking of which is that they acquire their specificity for C5 following cleavage of another substrate C3. C5 convertases are assemblies of two proteins C4b and C2a (classical or lectin pathways) or C3b and Bb (alternative pathway) and additional C3b molecules. The catalytic complexes (C4b, C2a or C3b, Bb) are intrinsically unstable ( t 1,2 = 1–3 min) and the enzymes are controlled by numerous regulatory proteins that accelerate this natural decay rate. Immediately after assembly, the bi-molecular enzymes preferentially cleave the protein C3 and exhibit poor activity toward C5 (a K m of approx. 25 μM and a C5 cleavage rate of 0.3-1 C5/min at V max ). Efficient C3 activation results in the covalent attachment of C3b to the cell surface and to the enzyme itself, resulting in formation of C3b-C3b and C4b-C3b complexes. Our studies have shown that deposition of C3b alters the specificity of the enzymes of both pathways by changing the K m for C5 more than 1000-fold from far above the physiological C5 concentration to far below it. Thus, after processing sufficient C3 at the surface of a microorganism, the enzymes switch to processing C5, which initiates the formation of the cytolytic membrane attack complex of complement.
Mechanism of plasmid delivery by hydrodynamic tail vein injection. I. Hepatocyte uptake of various molecules

Background The hydrodynamic tail vein (HTV) injection of naked plasmid DNA is a simple yet effective in vivo gene delivery method into hepatocytes. It is increasingly being used as a research tool to elucidate mechanisms of gene expression and the role of genes and their cognate proteins in the pathogenesis of disease in animal models. A greater understanding of its mechanism will aid these efforts and has relevance to macromolecular and nucleic acid delivery in general. Methods In an attempt to explore how naked DNA enters hepatocytes the fate of a variety of molecules and particles was followed over a 24-h time frame using fluorescence microscopy. The uptake of some of these compounds was correlated with marker gene expression from a co-injected plasmid DNA. In addition, the uptake of the injected compounds was correlated with the histologic appearance of hepatocytes. Results Out of the large number of nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, inert polymers and small molecules that we tested, most were efficiently delivered into hepatocytes independently of their size and charge. Even T7 phage and highly charged DNA/protein complexes of 60-100 nm in size were able to enter the cytoplasm. In animals co-injected with an enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) expression vector and fluorescently labeled immunoglobulin (IgG), hepatocytes flooded with large amounts of IgG appeared permanently damaged and did not express EYFP-Nuc. Hepatocytes expressing EYFP had only slight IgG uptake. In contrast, when an EYFP expression vector was co-injected with a fluorescently labeled 200-bp linear DNA fragment, both were mostly (in 91% of the observed cells) co-localized to the same hepatocytes 24 h later. Conclusions The appearance of permanently damaged cells with increased uptake of some molecules such as endogenous IgG raised the possibility that a molecule could be present in a hepatocyte but its transport would not be indicative of the transport process that can lead to foreign gene expression. The HTV procedure enables the uptake of a variety of molecules (as previous studies also found), but the uptake process for some of these molecules may be associated with a more disruptive process to the hepatocytes that is not compatible with successful gene delivery. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complement fixation with tissue culture and liver antigens of mouse hepatitis.

HOST-SPECIFIC viruses associated with hepatitis of duck1, dog2, mouse3–6, and man7 have been described. The agents of duck8, dog9 and mouse10,11 hepatitis have been propagated in tissue culture. Complement-fixing antigens have been prepared from infected livers of mouse12 and dog13. However, studies on propagation and serology of human hepatitis viruses have as yet yielded equivocal results14. By means of virus-neutralization tests in mice, Gledhill et al. 15 noted an antigenic relationship among strains of murine hepatitis virus. They stated that JHM, Nelson, and MHV strains probably form a related group of viruses.
Identification and location of 14C-bearing species in thermally treated neutron irradiated graphites NBG-18 and NBG-25: Pre- and post-thermal treatment

Abstract Recent studies have been performed to determine the effectiveness of thermal treatment as a method for removing 14C contamination from irradiated graphite surfaces. Samples of two grades of irradiated nuclear graphite (NBG-18 and NBG-25) were thermally treated to determine the amount of 14C contamination on irradiated graphite surfaces. The results of these analyses indicate that specific chemical forms of 14C (namely, 14CO and 14CO2) may be selectively removed based on the temperature used during thermal treatment. Characterization studies utilizing various surface analysis techniques (XPS, SIMS, SEM/EDS) were employed to investigate the chemical speciation, bond structure, and morphology of the surfaces of pre- and post-thermally treated irradiated graphite.
The Negotiation of Compulsory Romance in Young Women Friends' Stories about Romantic Heterosexual Experiences

For young women in western cultures, satisfying the dictates of traditional romantic norms while sustaining intimacy with same-sex friends and a sovereign sense of self can be daunting. The present...
Microwave valves: a survey of evolution, principles of operation and basic characteristics

After a brief description of the evolution of the different classes of microwave valves, the principal modern types are discussed under the headings of their mode of operation : ‘O’ type interaction, ‘M’ type (crossed field), variable reactance amplifiers; and the maser. A brief survey is given of the performances obtained. 89 references.
Incoherent scatter radar observations during August 4–7, 1972

E- and lower F-region data obtained by the incoherent scatter radar of Chatanika, Alaska were used to analyze the height-integrated Hall and Pedersen conductivities, electric fields, ionospheric currents, electron densities, and rate of heating of the neutral atmosphere by particle precipitation and by electric current dissipation during the period of intense solar flares, August 4-7, 1972. Although the magnetosphere was unusually disturbed magnetically, the radar data were in general not particularly larger than those seen during more quiet periods. Chatanika seemed to be in the auroral oval during nearly the whole of the time period studied, implying a greatly expanded size of the oval.
Social distress theory and teaching about homelessness: A retrospective analysis

This paper provides a retrospective analysis of our course: “Homelessness in the United States: An Interdisciplinary Approach.” It analyzes how such a course reveals social distress on two distinct levels: course content and course process. We deploy the concepts, tenets and insights of social distress theory to provide a retrospective analytical framework for the course. In addition, we extend the theory by presenting two corollaries to it and show how the literature on homelessness provides alternative connections among the major elements of social distress theory. Thus, we raise new questions for the theory to consider. We also make recommendations for potential teachers of courses on homelessness.
Current Themes in Understanding Children’s Emotion Regulation as Developing from within the Parent-Child Relationship

A large existing literature has established that children's emotion regulation (ER) behaviors and capacities emerge from within the parent–child relationship. This review identified very recently published studies that exemplify contemporary themes in this area of research. Specifically, new research suggests that the influence of fathers, above and beyond that of mothers, becomes more pronounced across development. Further, culture influences how parents socialize emotion and how specific parenting behaviors relate to children's developing ER. Lastly, studies find child-elicited effects, such that children's ER predicts parents’ emotion socialization and other relevant behaviors. We suggest several future directions, including understanding the nature of situations that elicit ER patterns, as well as both expanding upon and integrating the areas highlighted in the review.
Conducting Outcomes Research in Pediatric Palliative Care

Around the globe, health care costs continue to rise resulting in the emphasis on allocating scarce resources toward interventions that have been found to be cost- and clinically effective. Palliative care is no exception, yet the science of outcomes measurement in palliative care, and especially in pediatric palliative care, lags behind other disciplines. National and international experts and organizations have recognized the importance of outcomes measurement and have included this as a research priority. This article outlines some of the complexities of measuring outcomes in pediatric palliative care. It is recommended that national and international collaborations include representatives of the pediatric palliative care community.
Role of computer graphics in space telerobotics: preview and predictive displays

The application of computer graphics in space telerobotics research and development work is briefly reviewed and illustrated by specific examples implemented in real time operation. The applications are discussed under the following four major categories: preview displays, predictive displays, sensor data displays, and control system status displays.
Site specific reduction of colon cancer incidence, without a concomitant reduction in cryptal cell proliferation, in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine treated rats by diets containing 10% pectin with 5% or 20% corn oil.

The effects of specific dietary interventions on incidence of carcinogen-induced cancer and on cryptal cell proliferation in areas of the colon located either over aggregates of lymphoid nodules (ALN) or away from ALN was investigated. Groups of dimethylhydrazine (DMH) treated rats or non-DMH-treated rats were fed a basal AIN-76 diet less fiber of any type, or the basal fiber free diet supplemented with 10% pectin and with 5%, 10%, or 20% corn oil. The adenocarcinoma (AC) incidence was determined in regions of the colon, i.e. ascending, descending, descending over the ALN and descending away from the ALN. The results indicate that: (i) factors associated with ALN promote AC formation, (ii) dietary modifications (addition of pectin and of 20% corn oil to the diet) each cause significant site specific suppression of AC incidence, (iii) DMH-treatment rendered crypts non-responsive to the suppression of cryptal cell proliferation which occurred in the rats not treated with DMH (suggestive of a DMH-induced loss in the regulation of cell proliferation) and (iv) reduction of AC incidence was not always accompanied by reduction in crypt cell proliferation. Studies of intervention procedures designed to prevent colon cancer should take into account the colon site specific tumorigenic response to the preventive agent and should not rely on a single biomarker to predict the efficacy of the intervention.
The HTLV-1 hbz antisense gene indirectly promotes tax expression via down-regulation of p30II mRNA

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) is transcribed from the antisense genomic DNA strand and functions differently in its RNA and protein forms. To distinguish between the roles of hbz mRNA and HBZ protein, we generated mutants in a proviral clone that specifically disrupt the hbz gene product. A proviral clone with a splice acceptor mutation that disrupts expression of the predominant hbz mRNA resulted in lower levels of tax mRNA. Heterologous hbz expression restored Tax activity in cells expressing this mutant clone. In contrast, proviral mutants that disrupt HBZ protein did not affect levels of tax mRNA. Expression of hbz resulted in lower levels of p30II mRNA. Mutation of p30II overcame the effects of the splice acceptor mutation of hbz, and restored tax expression. Thus, there is a complex interplay of viral regulatory proteins controlling levels of HTLV-1 gene expression.
The significance and prognosis of chronic bifascicular block

The clinical course of 303 patients with bifascicular block was reviewed. Initially, 62 percent of the total group had evidence of heart disease. The highest frequency of heart disease was in patients with left bundle-branch block and first-degree atrioventricular block (78 percent or 22/28), while the lowest was in those with right bundle-branch block and left axis deviation (56 percent or 55/98). During the subsequent clinical course the occurrence of cardiovascular morbidity was greatest in patients who had left bundle-branch block and heart disease (55 percent or 49/89). Complete heart block occurred in only 11 patients. The highest incidence of complete heart block occurred in right bund$$e-branch block and left axis deviation when associated with heart disease, but the annual rate was only 4 percent/yr. Mortality was highest in those with left bundle-branch block, first-degree atrioventricular block, and left axis deviation (43 percent/yr). A one-year mortality of 65 percent (11/17) was noted for patients who had bifascicular block prior to the time of acute myocardial infarction.
Fully implicit ADI schemes for solving the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation

The Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) model is an eective approach for the electrostatics analysis of solvated biomolecules. The nonlinearity associated with the PB equation is critical when the underlying electrostatic potential is strong, but is extremely dicult to solve numerically. In this paper, we construct two operator splitting alternating direction implicit (ADI) schemes to eciently and stably solve the nonlinear PB equation in a pseudo-transient continuation approach. The operator splitting framework enables an analytical integration of the nonlinear term that suppresses the nonlinear instability. A standard finite dierence scheme weighted by piecewise dielectric constants varying across the molecular surface is employed to discretize the nonhomogeneous diusion term of the nonlinear PB equation, and yields tridiagonal matrices in the Douglas and Douglas-Rachford type ADI schemes. The proposed time splitting ADI schemes are dierent from all existing pseudo-transient continuation approaches for solving the classical nonlinear PB equation in the sense that they are fully implicit. In a numerical benchmark example, the steady state solutions of the fully-implicit ADI schemes based on different initial values all converge to the time invariant analytical solution, while those of the explicit Euler and semi-implicit ADI schemes blow up when the magnitude of the initial solution is large. For the solvation analysis in applications to real biomolecules with various sizes, the time stability of the proposed ADI schemes can be maintained even using very large time increments, demonstrating the eciency and stability of the present methods for biomolecular simulation.
Loss of the tailless gene affects forebrain development and emotional behavior

We are studying the role of the evolutionarily conserved tlx gene in forebrain development in mice. Tlx is expressed in the ventricular zone that gives rise to neurons and glia of the forebrain. We have shown by mutating the tlx gene in mice, that in the absence of this transcription factor, mutant animals survive, but suffer specific anatomical defects in the limbic system. Because of these developmentally induced structural changes, mice with a mutation in the tlx gene can function, but exhibit extreme behavioral pathology. Mice show heightened aggressiveness, excitability, and poor cognition. In this article, we present a summary of our findings on the cellular and behavioral changes in the forebrain of mutant animals. We show that absence of the tlx gene leads to abnormal proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells (PCs) in the forebrain from embryonic day 9 (E9). These abnormalities lead to hypoplasia of superficial cortical layers and subsets of GABAergic interneurons in the neocortex. We examined the behavior of mutant animals in three tests for anxiety/fear: the open field, the elevated plus maze, and fear conditioning. Mutant animals are less anxious and less fearful when assessed in the elevated plus and open-field paradigm. In addition, mutant animals do not condition to either the tone or the context in the fear-conditioning paradigm. These animals, therefore, provide a genetic tool to delineate structure/function relationships in defined regions of the brain and decipher how their disruption leads to behavioral abnormalities.
NUMERICAL CALCULATION AND COMPUTER DESIGN

Abstract In this paper we present a brief survey of the interaction between computer and algorithm design. Our exploration centers around parallel computers such as SOLOMON, the ILLIAC IV, and their successors. Examples of numerical algorithms illustrative of the impact of such computers are also given as are some more general reflections.
Congestion control policy for automated manufacturing systems

Abstract All manufacturing systems have a finite capacity beyond which the flow of parts offered to the system must be rejected or congestion would result. Congestion level in the system increases due to high levels of work in process. The consequence of congestion is inefficient part flow and machine blockage resulting in poor system performance and low productivity. This paper presents several methods of congestion control and their effect on throughput of the manufacturing system. Simulation is used to study the effectiveness of the proposed congestion control.
Adaptive Control of Woofer-Tweeter Adaptive Optics

Adaptive optics applies advanced sensing and control to improve the ability of optical systems to collect images through a turbulent atmosphere. The results of this research effort demonstrate that the combination of two recent approaches improves the performance of adaptive optics in directed energy and laser communication scenarios. The first approach is adaptive control, which offers improved performance over fixed-gain controllers in the presence of rapidly changing turbulence. The second approach incorporated into the study is a dual-mirror system. The two mirrors are a high-bandwidth, low-actuator-stroke (tweeter) mirror and a low-bandwidth, large-actuator-stroke (woofer) mirror. The woofer-tweeter combination allows for better compensation of the large-variance, high-spatial-frequency phase distortion generated by strong turbulence. Two different adaptive controllers are presented, one using a relatively simple model reference adaptive system controller and one using a lattice filter controller. The lattice filter is implemented in two ways. In one implementation the filter operates on the individual actuators, while in the other it operates on frequency-weighted modes. The modal implementation reduces the computational burden of the filter. The performance of the different adaptive controllers is compared to both each other and to a traditional fixed-gain controller. Simulations show that adaptive control of woofertweeter adaptive optics can increase the mean Strehl ratio by up to 20%. In general, the lattice filter controllers outperform the model reference adaptive system controller. However, in cases where the lattice filter cannot use a sufficient number of modes, the model reference adaptive system can outperform the lattice filter.
HOLISTIC AND INTENTIONAL STUDENT CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT PROCESS: LEARNING FROM WEST POINT

Facing continued criticisms regarding ethical development of students in schools of business, we expose an innovative, but underresearched, approach to student character development exercised at th...
Effect of alpha-isopropylmalate on the synthesis of RNA and protein in Neurospora.

The leu-3/α-IPM (α-isopropylmalate) regulatory system, previously shown to control several genes of leucine, isoleucine, valine, and histidine biosynthesis, appears likely to be involved also in the regulation of overall RNA and protein synthesis in Neurospora. Upon addition of α-IPM the synthesis of all major species of stable RNA was found to be transiently inhibited by approximately 50%. A similar reduction was observed in overall protein synthesis. The inhibition was dependent in both cases on a functional leu-3 gene product, in conformance with previously established patterns of α-IPM dependent gene regulation. The overt resemblance of the phenomenon described here to the ‘stringent response’ of bacteria is noted but neither the mechanism of inhibition nor the precise role of α-IPM in the process has been established.
Real-time interaction with supervised learning

My work concerns the design of interfaces for effective interaction with machine learning algorithms in real-time application domains. I am interested in supporting human interaction throughout the entire supervised learning process, including the generation of training examples. In my dissertation research, I seek to better understand how new machine learning interfaces might improve accessibility and usefulness to non-technical users, to further explore how differences between machine learning in practice and machine learning in theory can inform both interface and algorithm design, and to employ new machine learning interfaces for novel applications in real-time music composition and performance.
Reduced gravity flight demonstration of the Dust Shield technology for optical systems

The Electrodynamic Dust Shield (EDS), an active dust mitigation technology for lunar exploration systems, has been under development in our laboratory at the Kennedy Space Center for the last three years. The EDS uses electrostatic and dielectrophoretic forces to remove dust from opaque, transparent, rigid, and flexible surfaces. The EDS consists of an array of electrodes on a substrate that are coated with a material possessing a high dielectric constant. The EDS has been tested with JSC-1A lunar dust simulant at high vacuum pressures of the order of 10−6 kPa. In this paper, we report on our demonstration of the EDS at high vacuum (10−6 to 10−7 kPa) and under lunar gravity (g/6) during a Reduced Gravity Flight. Over one hundred and twenty experiments were performed to test the removal of different dust particle sizes using several EDS configurations and coatings. Particle sizes ranged from under 10 micrometers to 450 micrometers, separated in four different size fractions.
Ultrastructure of the developing vascular system in the puppy kidney

The present study defined the ultrastructural features of peritubular capillary development. Two-day-old beagle puppies and adult dogs were perfused with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and routinely prepared for light and transmission electron microscopy. Some of the fixed tissue was subsequently used to make freeze-fracture replicas. The outer cortex of the puppy kidney possessed large, thick-walled vessels best termed sinusoidal capillaries instead of the small caliber vessels (peritubular capillaries) noted in the adult. These sinusoidal vessels showed extensive overlapping of the endothelium with isolated patches of fenestrae. Their luminal surfaces were irregular, owing to prominent ridges and sporadic bulges of endothelium. The basement membrane of most vessels was not present. Interstitial spaces were filled with mesenchymal cells and cells closely resembling pericytes. The diameter of the fenestrae of vessels throughout the cortex was similar; however, the number of fenestrae per micrometer of endothelium increased significantly from outer to inner cortex. Vessels of the inner cortex were also immature when compared to the adult. From these morphological findings, it was apparent that a true peritubular capillary system does not exist in the two-day-old puppy. Ultrastructural features of these vessels suggested reduced permeability characteristics.
Estimation of other coefficients of correlation from the phi coefficient

Formulas are developed for estimating a point-biserialr or a tetrachoricr from an obtained phi coefficient. The estimate of a tetrachoricr, which is calledrφ, is shown to be equivalent to that obtained from first-order use of the tetrachoricr series. A tabulation is made of corrections needed to makerφ equivalent numerically to the tetrachoricr. In spite of its greater generality than estimates of tetrachoricr by previous methods, there are limitations, which are pointed out.
Zero temperature series expansion for an easy-plane spin-one ferromagnet

Abstract The first six coefficients in the susceptibility series have been obtained for an easy-plane spin-one ferromagnet at zero temperature. The results are for a general lattice and for arbitrary range of interaction. We, however, present only the series for the fcc and the triangular lattices. Estimates of the critical points and the critical exponents are given.
Morphology of hemocyte lysis and clotting in the ridgeback prawn, Sicyonia ingentis

Coagulation of hemolymph in the shrimp Sicyonia ingentis was studied using light and electron microscopy. Differential counts of unclotted hemolymph show that 54% of the hemocytes are deposit cells characterized by a high nucleocytoplasmic ratio, a few granules, and cytoplasm filled with distinctive deposits. The remaining hemocytes have numerous large or small granules filling the cytoplasm. Examination of clotted hemolymph to which trypan blue had been added shows that deposit cells lyse, whereas the granulocytes exclude the dye, attach to slides, and extend filopodia. This suggests that deposit cells, not granulocytes, initiate coagulation. Ultrastructural changes in deposit cells were studied at specific times after mixing hemolymph and seawater. Deposit cells fixed immediately after removal from shrimp were shaped like elliptical discs and contained abundant, ∼ 50 nm diameter cytoplasmic deposits. After 30 s in seawater, deposit cells displayed several cytoplasmic blebs, and had aggregated the deposits. Cytolysis occurred by 45 s. Linear arrays of deposit appeared to extend through breaks in the plasma membrane, forming filamentous strands that hydrated to produce the clot. At 1 min after withdrawal, spheres of clotted hemolymph were seen, each surrounding a lysed deposit cell. Granulocytes remained relatively unchanged and trapped between adjacent expanding clots. Coagulation via hemocyte lysis is compared with other clotting mechanisms observed in various crustaceans and arthropods.
Exploring Possibilities for Using UV/Vis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to Directly Differentiate Soil Organic Matter in a Soil Profile

ABSTRACT In this study, soil samples taken from a wetland from the surface to a depth of 160 cm were analyzed for water extracted organic matter (WEOM) fractions by UV/Vis and for lignin and polysaccharide components directly by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Our results indicate that lignin-derived phenolic compounds in the WEOM fractions decreased with increasing soil depth at three different wavelengths. This decrease was consistent with our FTIR results and was accompanied by a decrease of polysaccharides. Our study demonstrates the application of UV/Vis and FTIR to directly differentiate lignin and polysaccharide concentration gradients in a soil profile.
Bacterial deposition in unsaturated porous media as related to surface properties

Transport of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis in silica sand under water-unsaturated conditions was investigated using column experiments. It was hypothesised that bacterial deposition was due to their interactions within the pore environment, which was a function of their surface physicochemical properties as well as pore water chemistry. Surface thermodynamic properties of these bacterial strains were measured independently by means of contact angle measurements under different water saturation conditions using variable lawn moisture contents. Bacterial interactions with the liquid-gas interface and the porous media were calculated based on their surface properties and were related to their transport observations.
Solar Central Receiver Thermal Loss Test Method

This paper presents a test method for determining the thermal loss from a solar central receiver at normal operating conditions. The thermal loss determined by this test method is independent of knowing the incident solar power onto the receiver. Thermal loss includes losses from emitted radiation, convection, and conduction. Reflected radiation is accounted for by an effective solar absorptance. The paper describes the test method and derives the equations used to evaluate the receiver thermal loss from the test.
Spermine Oxidase SMO(PAOh1), Not N1-Acetylpolyamine Oxidase PAO, Is the Primary Source of Cytotoxic H2O2 in Polyamine Analogue-treated Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines

The induction of polyamine catabolism and its production of H2O2 have been implicated in the response to specific antitumor polyamine analogues. The original hypothesis was that analogue induction of the rate-limiting spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) provided substrate for the peroxisomal acetylpolyamine oxidase (PAO), resulting in a decrease in polyamine pools through catabolism, oxidation, and excretion of acetylated polyamines and the production of toxic aldehydes and H2O2. However, the recent discovery of the inducible spermine oxidase SMO(PAOh1) suggested the possibility that the original hypothesis may be incomplete. To examine the role of the catabolic enzymes in the response of breast cancer cells to the polyamine analogue N1,N1-bis(ethyl)norspermine (BENSpm), a stable knockdown small interfering RNA strategy was used. BENSpm differentially induced SSAT and SMO(PAOh1) mRNA and activity in several breast cancer cell lines, whereas no N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase PAO mRNA or activity was detected. BENSpm treatment inhibited cell growth, decreased intracellular polyamine levels, and decreased ornithine decarboxylase activity in all cell lines examined. The stable knockdown of either SSAT or SMO(PAOh1) reduced the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells to BENSpm, whereas double knockdown MDA-MB-231 cells were almost entirely resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of the analogue. Furthermore, the H2O2 produced through BENSpm-induced polyamine catabolism was found to be derived exclusively from SMO(PAOh1) activity and not through PAO activity on acetylated polyamines. These data suggested that SSAT and SMO(PAOh1) activities are the major mediators of the cellular response of breast tumor cells to BENSpm and that PAO plays little or no role in this response.
Sale price decision in the supply chain of one product family with linear price-dependent demand

In response to different customer preferences, manufacturers add numerous product variants to compose one product family. Some components in one product family can be shared for time and cost reduction. The paper provides mathematical models for the sale price decision in the multistage supply chain of one product family under the stochastic and price-dependent demand environment. With proposed models and one specific case, the paper studies how different decision-making leaders including the manufacturer, the retailer or both with negotiation on the profit sharing rate, how different linear price-demand functions and how component commonality affect the sale price decision and the supply chain performance in profit. Results show that the quality of price-dependent demand information available at the decision maker has a significant impact on the supply chain performance in profit. Procedure cost reduces and quantity discount of sharing components could benefit the retailer, the manufacturer and customers.
The non-bleeding visible vessel versus the sentinel clot : natural history and risk of rebleeding

Non-bleeding visible vessel and sentinel clot are terms used interchangeably to describe protuberances in the base of ulcers that have recently bled, but a consensus as to their definition or natural history does not exist. In patients with severe ulcer hemorrhage, non-bleeding protuberances were classified as vessels, with or without a small attached clot, or as sentinel clots, according to a schema based on the appearance of the protuberance at endoscopy but not subjected to pathologic correlation. Endoscopic therapy was not performed at the index endoscopic evaluation, and natural evolution was prospectively documented with daily videoendoscopy. Eleven (46%) of 24 patients with non-bleeding protuberances had rebleeding. Independent classification by three authors concurred in 18 (75%) of 24 lesions. Ten (91%) of 11 vessels with or without attached clot rebled versus 0 (0%) of 7 sentinel clots and 1(17%) of 6 lesions without unanimous classification (p
SU‐GG‐T‐172: Dosimetric Comparison of Low Dose Region (V5) for Tomotherapy versus Conventional IMRT Plans of Lung Cancer

Purpose: To compare clinical Tomotherapy plans for lungcancer with conventional IMRT plans in terms of mean lung/ventricle dose, heterogeneity index, V5, V10, V15, and V20 for total lung. Method: The conventional IMRT plans for 16 patients treated with clinical Tomotherapy plans were made retrospectively with Pinnacle 8.0 for Varian 6EX. We designed the conventional plans to achieve comparable target coverage as well as maximum spinal cord dose of the clinical Tomotherapy plans. To minimize any planning‐related subjective issue, nine‐beam angles aligned through anterior‐posterior directions were chosen for all cases. Multiple iterative processes were performed until the objective functions were minimized and the treatment planning goals were met. Dosimetric parameters of the two types of plans were compared in terms of avoidance of normal tissues (i.e., total lung and ventricle). Results Median differences in lung between the Tomotherapy plans and conventional IMRT plans for 16 patients were 7.4%, 4.4%, 3.0%, and 1.9% for V5, V10, V15, and V20, respectively. Median ratios of mean lung dose and mean ventricle dose between the Tomotherapy plans and conventional IMRT plans were 1.2 (range, 0.97∼1.41) and 1.6 (range, 0.86∼2.55), demonstrating that dose to normal tissues for conventional IMRT plans, especially in low dose region (V5∼V10), was considerably lower than Tomotherapy plans for lungcancer. However, median ratio of heterogeneity index defined as D5%/D95% was 0.96 (range, 0.86∼2.55) indicating better dose‐uniformity of Tomotherapy plans, which resulted from the difference in number of beam angles for the two different plans. Conclusions Median V5 of conventional IMRT plans was lower than that of Tomotherapy plans, showing that conventional IMRT plan appears to be effective in low dose region (V5) for lungcancer. However, Tomotherapy plans showed better dose‐uniformity in terms of target coverage.
Satisfaction survey of patients with GERD with different proton pump inhibitor

Purpose: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is notable for its prevalence, variety of clinical presentations and underrecognized morbidity. Currently there are various over the counter H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors that are used by the patients and physicians to treat this condition. This satisfaction survey was carried out to identify preferences for different acid suppressor medications, response to symptom relief and endoscopic findings.
Growing a photonics program in good times and bad

Three Rivers Community College began an associate degree program in Photonics Engineering Technology in 1998 when telecommunications was booming. Five years later the program continues to grow. Support from industry and from the National Science Foundation have been key to keeping the program moving forward. Creating a pipeline of entering students remains a challenge.
Property maintenance and residential integration

While much evidence has been compiled to dispel the common fear of value depreciation subsequent to entry of blacks into previously white neighborhoods, little is known of the effect of racial resi...