cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview of chem-bio sensing

The US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center is the leader in development of military systems for chemical and biological defense, in collaboration with all Services, other Government laboratories, academia, and industry. Chemical and biological optical sensing principles, unique capabilities, state-of-the-art sensors, and emerging technologies will be discussed. Exciting new results will be presented on standoff biodiscrimination using infrared (IR) depolarization lidar and long-wave IR (LWIR) lidar.
I. Epistemological relativism in its latest form

Gerald Doppelt's recent ‘Kuhn's Epistemological Relativism: An Interpretation and Defense’ (Inquiry, Vol. 21 [1978], pp. 33–86) offers a reconstruction of Thomas Kuhn's views concerning theory choice in science in which Kuhn's ‘incommensurability thesis’, and his epistemological relativism, are defended. It is argued that Doppelt's reconstruction fails to provide an adequate defense, and that both Kuhn's incommensurability thesis, and his epistemological relativism, as reconstructed by Doppelt, remain philosophically unacceptable.
A novel technique for ureteral catheterization and/or retrograde ureteroscopy after cross-trigonal ureteral reimplantation.

ABSTRACTPurpose: A criticism of the Cohen cross-trigonal reimplantation is the potential difficulty of retrograde access to the ureter. With the advent of modern endourological equipment, we devised a novel technique that obviates the aforementioned difficulty and permits even retrograde ureteroscopy.Materials and Methods: Cystoscopy is performed and a curved tip vascular access catheter is directed towards the ureteral orifice. An angle tipped glide wire with a torque device attached is passed through the catheter and directed into the orifice. The combination of the curved catheter and angled glide wire permits passage of the wire in an axis perpendicular to that of the cystoscope. Once the glide wire has been passed into the proximal ureter it is exchanged for a super stiff guide wire. The latter literally straightens the ureter permitting direct retrograde passage of a catheter, stent or rigid ureteroscope.Results: This technique was successful in 6 children. Of the patients 4 underwent retrograde ure...
Evolvable block-based neural network design for applications in dynamic environments

Dedicated hardware implementations of artificial neural networks promise to provide faster, lower-power operation when compared to software implementations executing on microprocessors, but rarely do these implementations have the flexibility to adapt and train online under dynamic conditions. A typical design process for artificial neural networks involves offline training using software simulations and synthesis and hardware implementation of the obtained network offline. This paper presents a design of block-based neural networks (BbNNs) on FPGAs capable of dynamic adaptation and online training. Specifically the network structure and the internal parameters, the two pieces of the multiparametric evolution of the BbNNs, can be adapted intrinsically, in-field under the control of the training algorithm. This ability enables deployment of the platform in dynamic environments, thereby significantly expanding the range of target applications, deployment lifetimes, and system reliability. The potential and functionality of the platform are demonstrated using several case studies.
Direct correlation between work function of indium-tin-oxide electrodes and solar cell performance influenced by ultraviolet irradiation and air exposure.

We report on reversible changes of the work function (WF) values of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) under prolonged ultraviolet (UV) and air exposure. The WF of ITO is reduced from 4.7 eV to 4.2 eV by photon absorption in ITO under UV illumination or an air mass 1.5 solar simulator (100 mW cm−2). Air or oxygen exposure is found to increase the WF of ITO (UV-exposed) to a value of 4.6 eV. These changes of ITO's WF lead to reversible variations of the performance of organic photovoltaic devices where ITO acts primarily as the electron collecting or hole collecting electrode. These variations can be reflected in the disappearance (or appearance) of an S-shaped kink in the J–V characteristics upon continuous UV or solar simulator illumination (or air exposure). This reversible phenomenon is ascribed to the adsorption and desorption of oxygen on the surface and grain boundaries of ITO. The use of surface modifiers to either decrease or increase the WF of ITO in organic photovoltaic devices with inverted and conventional geometries is also shown to be an effective route to stabilize the device performance under UV illumination.
Some reactions and responses of stutterers to a miniaturized metronome and metronome-conditioning therapy: Three case reports

This paper reports on three adult stutterers' reactions to a miniaturized metronome and a metronome-conditioning stuttering rehabilitation program. In two of the cases described, primary significance is attached to the patients' responses to the transistorized metronome (pacer) itself. The remaining stutterer is notable for his almost immediate failure to monitor the device's stimulus while attempting to produce paced speech in the clinic setting.
Modeling Subcloud Layer Structure and Interaction with a Shallow Cumulus Layer

Abstract This paper couples a mixed subecloud layer model developed by several authors with the cumulus flux parameterization proposed by Betts (1975). Cloud base mass flux and mass flux gradient are related to sub-cloud layer parameters and cumulus layer gradients using two parameters, α and β. The α symbol is the ratio of a model transition layer depth to the subcloud layer depth, and β is the ratio of a model cloud base static energy flux to the surface flux. For the simple case of a steady-state transition layer, the subecloud layer beat and moisture budgets are predicted. Data from a field experiment over Venezuela are used to illustrate mean subcloud layer structure and to derive heat and moisture flux profiles and model parameters from a simple budget analysis. The data give (α,δ)=(0.11, 0.41) and correspondingly, (αv1βv based on virtual static energy fluxes and profiles. During the budget time period (centered on local noon over land) the subeloud layer war and dries with a corresponding rise of c...
The photochemical decomposition of cellulose acetate-butyrate

The chief result of irradiation of cellulose acetate–butyrate with ultraviolet light is cleavage of the cellulose chains so that the average molecular weight is lowered. The exposed material dissolves more slowly in common solvents than the unexposed. The acyl content and carbon and hydrogen contents are not altered appreciably. The rate of the reaction is independent of the type of common mineral impurities, the concentration of expected decomposition products, such as acetic and butyric acids, and the molecular weight of the cellulose ester. Ultraviolet light is necessary for appreciable reaction. Wave lengths shorter than 3500 A. are most effective; longer wave lenghts are much less active.
Shear-Induced Reorganization of Deformable Molecular Assemblages: Monte Carlo Studies

The influence of hydrodynamic shear on the shape of deformable molecular assemblages is studied using Monte Carlo simulations. Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations are performed to generate spherical assemblages of amphiphilic molecules by considering coarse statistical mechanical models for the various constituent subunits of the amphiphiles and by avoiding explicit consideration of the solvent molecules. The resulting assemblage is subjected to a unidirectional hydrodynamic shear, and the transition of the system to a secondary equilibrium is studied using a modified Monte Carlo simulation technique that accounts for the systematic force on the assemblage due to the hydrodynamic shear. The influence of hydrodynamic shear on the shape of the assemblage is described qualitatively through several simulation snapshots. The quantitative analysis suggests that the aggregate size, intermolecular interactions between various subunits, and shear rate govern the extent of shear-induced deformation. The three parame...
A cancer staging primer: esophagus and esophagogastric junction.

Staging cancer of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction has been extensively changed and improved in the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), Cancer Staging Manual. Changes address problems of empiric stage grouping and lack of harmonization with stomach cancer. This was accomplished by assembling worldwide data and using modern machine learning techniques for data-driven staging. Improvements include new definitions of Tis, T4, regional lymph node, N classification, and M classification, and addition of the nonanatomic cancer characteristics: histopathologic cell type, histologic grade, and cancer location. Stage groupings were constructed by adherence to principles of staging, including monotonic decreasing survival with increasing stage group, distinct survival between groups, and homogeneous survival within groups.
The role of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in otitis media with effusion

Introduction: The role of immunoglobin (Ig) E-mediated hypersensitivity in otitis media with effusion (OME) has been the subject of much controversy and personal bias. Uncontrolled studies report the incidence of respiratory allergy in children with OME to range from 4% to over 90%. Materials and Methods: Children 1 to 18 years old who had OME requiring a myringotomy and tubes from January 1, 1987, through July 1, 1988, were the subjects of this study. The history of allergic and radioallergosorbent test (RAST) analysis of specific serum IgE levels was undertaken for 26 allergens on 89 children in the study group and 59 children in the control group. Result: The incidence of allergen as diagnosed by RAST score was higher in children with OME than children in the control group (P >f .05). There was no correlation between positive RAST scores and the number of polyethylene-ventilating (PE) tubes previously placed, history of tonsillectomy, history of adenoidectomy, or the character of the effusion (mucous v serous). Conclusion: Respiratory allergy is a factor involved in the pathogenesis of OME.
The effects of token reinforcement on the wardrobe care behavior of emotionally disturbed children

The effectiveness of token reinforcement for improving appropriate wardrobe care in five emotionally disturbed children at a residential treatment center was investigated. In a multiple baseline across subjects design, subjects received token reinforcement for completing six component wardrobe care behaviors. The results indicated that all five subjects increased their appropriate wardrobe behavior during treatment. All but one of the subjects maintained an increase in appropriate wardrobe care behavior during the follow-up.
Neural-network-based object recognition scheme directly from the boundary information

We describe a neural network based recognition scheme for 2-D objects directly from the boundary information. The encoded boundary of the object is directly fed as input to the neural network cutting short the feature extraction stage and hence making the scheme computationally simpler. Also, the described scheme is invariant to translation, rotation, and scale changes to the objects. Using isolated hand-written digits, we show that the proposed scheme provides recognition accuracy of up to 87%. The error backpropagation method is used as the learning algorithm for the neural network.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Compact Metamaterial Based Antennas for MIMO Applications

In this paper, a compact metamaterial based antenna is described and evaluated for applicability in a portable MIMO system. Mutual coupling between two metamaterial based antennas is examined for different configurations. Radiation patterns of the antennas are also shown
Foreword: Normal tissue biologic response modifiers

1 p n June 27, 2003, the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group RTOG, www.rtog.org) held a symposium, “Normal Tissue iologic Response Modifiers,” in conjunction with the TOG’s semi-annual meeting in Montreal, Canada. The symposium brought together a diverse group of linicians and basic scientists, leading experts in the field, o foster the development of innovative research in mulicenter cooperative group projects. The topics covered ere the following: progress in defining mechanisms and otential targets for prevention of normal tissue injury fter radiation therapy, applications of interleukin-1 and 6 to the predictive diagnostic testing of radiation pneu-
Lattice Disordering, Phase Transition, and Substrate Temperature Effects in MeV-ion-Implanted III-V Compound Semiconductors

An experimental study of lattice disordering, the crystalline-to-amorphous (c-a) phase transition, and substrate temperature effects in MeV-ion-implanted III-V compound semiconductor crystals is presented. A comparison has been made between the GaAs and InP systems, which have been implanted with 2 MeV oxygen ions at either room temperature (RT) or near liquid nitrogen temperature (LT). A strong in situ dynamic annealing has been found in the RT implanted GaAs, and the LT implanted GaAs exhibits heterogeneous (at the end-of-range of the ions) and homogeneous (at the subsurface region) c-a phase transitions. In InP crystals, in situ annealing is much less pronounced in RT implantation, and dose-dependent damage nucleation and layer-by-layer amorphization take place. LT implantation results in lattice disordering and phase transition with a critical dose at least one order lower than that for GaAs. The mechanisms and kinetics of lattice disordering by ion irradiation are also discussed.
Isotopic hydrogen exchange in the dinucleoside monophosphate IpI

Each of the hypoxauthine residues of the dinucleoside monophosphate, inosylyl(3′5′)inosine (IpI), manifests the same rate of deuterium exchange of the proton at the 8-C ring position, as measured by Raman spectrophotometry. In the temperature interval 30–80°C and at neutral pD, the exchange rate constants yield Arrhenius parameters (Ea = 22.4±0.6 kcal mol−1; A = 2.13 × 1013 h−1) that are identical to values obtained on inosine-3′:5′-monophosphate (cIMP), but different from those of inosine-5′-monophosphate (5′-IMP) which exchanges more slowly. The results confirm that nucleotides containing the monovalent phosphate anion, exchange more rapidly than those containing the divalent phosphate anion, and suggest further that base stacking in IpI does not greatly retard the speed of 8-CH exchange of either of the hypoxanthine rings.
Vorticity and Turbulence in the Wake of a Bridge Pier

Dissipation rates of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) epsiv and enstrophy zeta2 are reported in a high Reynolds number turbulent wake. Previous turbulent wake observations have been made in laboratory experiments with relatively low Reynolds number flows O (103). Results presented here are from a set of rare field observations of vorticity and turbulence in a turbulent wake with a high Reynolds number O (107). The turbulent wake was formed by an unsteady strong tidal current interacting with a bridge pier. Measurements were taken mostly in the intermediate wake, i.e., 10 les x/d les 60, where x is the downstream distance and d is the width of the bridge pier. Both epsiv and zeta2 show a similar downstream decay rate that is faster than that predicted by the self-preservation similarity in the far wake. The theoretical relation epsiv = nuzeta2 for high Reynolds number flow is confirmed by field observations. The magnitudes of the vertical and horizontal components of enstrophy do not differ significantly. The turbulence internal intermittency is ~ 0.2, estimated from autocorrelation coefficients of enstrophy; this value is close to that reported previously in turbulent wakes and jets.
Investigation of Thermal Balance in Mammals by Means of Microwave Radiation

Whole-body irradiation of mice by electromagnetic energy at a wavelength of 3 cm, carried out in the course of investigations of the microwave radiation hazard, has demonstrated the usefulness of such radiation as a method of studying thermal balance in mammals. An analysis is presented that accounts for observed temperature changes during and after irradiation on the basis of theoretical considerations of thermal disequilibrium.
Evolutionary conservation of physical and functional interactions between phospholipase D and actin

Abstract Phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes from bacteria to mammals exhibit a highly conserved core structure and catalytic mechanism, but whether protein–protein interactions exhibit similar commonality is unknown. Our objective was to determine whether the physical and functional interactions of mammalian PLDs with actin are evolutionarily conserved among bacterial and plant PLDs. Highly purified bacterial and plant PLDs cosedimented with mammalian skeletal muscle α-actin, indicating direct interaction with F-actin. The binding of bacterial PLD to G-actin exhibited two affinity states, with dissociation constants of 1.13 pM and 0.58 μM. The effects of actin on the activities of bacterial and plant PLDs were polymerization dependent; monomeric G-actin inhibited PLD activity, whereas polymerized F-actin augmented PLD activity. Actin modulation of bacterial and plant PLDs demonstrated kinetic characteristics, efficacies, and potencies similar to those of human PLD1. Thus, physical and functional interactions between PLD and actin in PLD family members from bacteria to mammals are highly conserved throughout evolution.
Crystallography and NMR: Applications to Geochemistry

This article reviews the application of solid-state NMR spectroscopy to crystallographic problems in geochemistry, focusing on those that cannot be resolved from the long-range three-dimensional atomic arrangement available from conventional diffraction methods. The emphasis is on providing a broad overview of the types of crystallographic problems that have been studied and the techniques and principles applied. Topics include Al,Si and anion order/disorder, distribution of Al among coordination environments, elucidation of atom substitution mechanisms, speciation of hydrogen, and the structural role of minor components in minerals. The article concludes with some thoughts on potential future developments. Keywords: NMR; geochemistry; mineral; disorder; defects; crystallography; substitution
Monte Carlo strategies for first-principles simulations of elemental systems

We discuss the application of atomistic Monte Carlo simulation based on electronic structure calculations to elemental systems such as metals and alloys. As in prior work in this area, an approximate "pre-sampling" potential is used to generate large moves with a high probability of acceptance. Even with such a scheme, however, such simulations are extremely expensive and may benefit from algorithmic developments that improve acceptance rates and/or enable additional parallelization.Here we consider several such developments. The first of these is a three-level hybrid algorithm in which two pre-sampling potentials are used. The lowest level is an empirical potential, and the "middle" level uses a low-quality density functional theory. The efficiency of the multistage algorithm is analyzed and an example application is given.Two other schemes for reducing overall run-time are also considered. In the first, the Multiple-try Monte Carlo algorithm, a series of moves are attempted in parallel, with the choice of the next state in the chain made by using all the information gathered. This is found to be a poor choice for simulations of this type. In the second scheme, "tree sampling," multiple trial moves are made in parallel such that if the first is rejected, the second is ready and can be considered immediately. Performance of this scheme is shown to be quite effective under certain reasonable run parameters.
Economic impact of the 2005 red tide event on commercial shellfish fisheries in New England

Over the last several decades, harmful algal bloom (HAB) events have been observed in more locations than ever before throughout the United States. The 2005 bloom of Alexandrium fundyense was the most widespread and intense in New England waters since a similar event more than three decades ago. In this study, using historical data from the National Marine Fisheries Service, the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, and other sources, we develop estimates of the direct economic impacts of the 2005 event on commercial shellfish fisheries in Maine and Massachusetts. Results of our regression analyses suggest that the 2005 event had broad spatial and temporal effects on the shellfish market. In response to a supply shortage resulting from local closures, there was an increase in shellfish imports to New England during the red tide. Further, shellfish closures in Maine were the most likely cause of observable price changes on the Fulton Fish Market in New York.
Creation of 3D Patterns in Si by Focused Ga-Ion Beam and Anisotropic Wet Chemical Etching

We report the realization of free standing 3D structures as tall as ∼ 7μm with nano-scale thickness in Si using the technique of Ga focused ion beam implantation and sputtering followed by wet chemical etching. Some of the previously investigated subjects such as anisotropie etching behavior of crystalline Si and etch stop effect of Ga+implanted Si etched in certain anisotropie chemical etchants have been further explored with the emphasis on exploiting them in realizing free standing structures. The design and fabrication considerations in achieving such free standing structures are discussed and some typical structures fabricated by this technique are shown.
Adaptive Roosting Gives Little Brown Bats an Advantage over Endangered Indiana Bats

Abstract In recent decades tree roosts of endangered Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) have been more heavily studied than those of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), a much more common sympatric bat species. Motivated by precipitous declines in both species’ populations, we attempted to address this inconsistency by comparing the characteristics of these sibling species’ roosts. We used radio telemetry to find roosts of adult female bats of both species in two sites in southern Illinois and two sites in south-central Indiana. We then collected data on roost characteristics and bat movements. Little brown bats used more anthropogenic roosts and crevice/cavity roosts than Indiana bats, which used exfoliating bark roosts almost exclusively. Additionally, both species roosted in similar tree genera with similar DBHs (diameter at breast height) and roost heights. However, little brown bats roosted in shorter trees and in bigger clusters (based on emergence counts) than Indiana bats. Both species moved similar ...
Responses of elk herd size to fine-scale spatial and temporal variation in the risk of predation by wolves

Many studies have examined grouping as a form of antipredator behaviour, but relatively few studies have examined how group size responds to natural variation in predation risk across space and through time. We studied the responses of elk, Cervus elaphus, herd size and composition to natural variation in the risk of predation by wolves, Canis lupus, in the Gallatin Canyon of Montana. We found that elk herd size increased as distance to protective cover increased. A positive association between group size and distance to cover is often interpreted as evidence that grouping is an antipredator response. However, we found that herd size increased only on days that wolves were absent. When wolves were present, herd sizes remained small at all distances from cover. This suggests that aggregation far from cover on days that wolves were absent was a foraging response, rather than an antipredator response. These data highlight interaction between temporal and spatial variation in predation risk, and suggest caution in conclusions about the antipredator benefits of grouping in the absence of direct data on risk or predator presence.
A Marker-Dense Physical Map of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum Genome

Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones are effective mapping and sequencing reagents for use with a wide variety of small and large genomes. This report describes the development of a physical framework for the genome of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, the nitrogen-fixing symbiont of soybean. A BAC library for B. japonicum was constructed that provides a 77-fold genome coverage based on an estimated genome size of 8.7 Mb. The library contains 4608 clones with an average insert size of 146 kb. To generate a physical map, the entire library was fingerprinted with HindIII, and the fingerprinted clones were assembled into contigs using the software (; Sanger Centre, UK). The analysis placed 3410 clones in six large contigs. The ends of 1152 BAC inserts were sequenced to generate a sequence-tagged connector (STC) framework. To join and orient the contigs, high-density BAC colony filters were probed with 41 known gene probes and 17 end sequences from contig boundaries. STC sequences were searched against the public databases using and algorithms. Query results allowed the identification of 113 high probability matches with putative functional identities that were placed on the physical map. Combined with the hybridization data, a high-resolution physical map with 194 positioned markers represented in two large contigs was developed, providing a marker every 45 kb. Of these markers, 177 are known or putative B. japonicum genes. Additionally, 1338 significant results (E < 10(-4)) were manually sorted by function to produce a functionally categorized database of relevant B. japonicum STC sequences that can also be traced to specific locations in the physical map.
Planar, multi-band, linear and circular polarized, electrically small, near field resonant parasitic antennas and their smart dust applications

We have developed a variety of electrically small, near-field resonant parasitic (NFRP) antennas. Their NFRP elements have been generally low profile but not conformal. Several examples and their performance characteristics will be presented. These will include both single- and dual-band, linearly (LP) and circularly polarized (CP) NFRP antennas. Several of these designs have been transitioned to electrically small planar versions to meet market inquiries. These planar NFRP antennas will be reviewed. The investigation of their use for electrically small sensors, such as smart dust, will be discussed.
Specific dynamic action, postprandial thermophily, and the impact of temperature on gastric digestion in the cornsnake Pantherophis guttatus

The purpose of this work was to study the role of feeding on the energetics of cornsnakes. We measured oxygen consumption in cornsnakes prior to a meal and 6, 15, 20, 30, 40, 48, 72, and 96 h after eating a meal that was equivalent to 10% of the snake's body mass. We monitored temperature selection of individual cornsnakes in a thermal gradient in the spring and again in the fall when snakes were starved, digesting a meal equivalent to 10% of its body mass, and digesting a meal equivalent to 25% of its body mass. We measured the gastric digestion rate by monitoring the passage of magnetic stir bars, placed inside a mouse meal, through the digestive tracts of cornsnakes maintained at 22°C, 25°C, 28°C, and 32°C. Oxygen consumption peaked at 2.3 times higher than baseline levels 24 h after feeding and had returned to pre-feeding levels by 72 h. Meal size affected temperature selection in both seasons; in fall, starved snakes selected lower body temperatures than fed snakes, but meal size had no effect on temperature selection by fed snakes. Passage rates from the stomach to the intestine did not significantly differ among the temperatures studied.
Comparison and Contrast of Trait-Based, Situational and Transformational Leadership Theories

This research paper compares and contrasts several leadership theories, the evolution of the theories, and future research implications. The leadership theories discussed in the paper include the trait-based, situational, and transformational leadership theories. Trait-based theories represented the earliest attempts to quantitatively study leaders and leadership effectiveness by focusing on the innate skills and traits of the person. Situational theories expanded to explore the influence of different situations on leadership. Lastly, transformational leadership theories further expanded on the role of the leader in motivating followers through inspiration.
Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar disorder: frequency and association with demographic variables and comorbid disorders.

Zimmerman M, Galione JN, Chelminski I, Young D, Dalrymple K, Ruggero CJ. Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar disorder: frequency and association with demographic variables and comorbid disorders. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 720–726. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objectives: The negative impact of bipolar disorder on occupational functioning is well established. However, few studies have examined the persistence of unemployment, and no studies have examined the association between diagnostic comorbidity and sustained unemployment. In the present report from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project, we described the amount of time unemployed in the five years before the evaluation in a large cohort of outpatients diagnosed with bipolar disorder, and determined the demographic and clinical correlates of sustained unemployment. Methods: A total of 206 patients diagnosed with DSM-IV bipolar I or bipolar II disorder were interviewed with semi-structured interviews assessing comorbid Axis I and Axis II disorders, demographic and clinical variables. The interview included an assessment of the amount of time missed from work due to psychiatric reasons during the past five years. Persistent unemployment was defined as missing up to two years or more from work. Results: Less than 20% of the patients reported not missing any time from work due to psychiatric reasons, and more than one-third missed up to two years or more from work. Prolonged unemployment was associated with increased rates of current panic disorder and a lifetime history of alcohol abuse or dependence. Patients with prolonged unemployment were older and experienced more episodes of depression. Conclusions: Most patients presenting for the treatment of bipolar disorder have missed some time from work due to psychiatric reasons, and the persistence of employment problems is considerable. Comorbid psychiatric disorders are a potentially treatable risk factor for sustained unemployment. It is therefore of public health significance to determine if current treatments are effective in bipolar disorder patients with current panic disorder, and if not, to attempt to develop treatments that are effective.
Role of roasting conditions in the level of chlorogenic acid content in coffee beans: correlation with coffee acidity.

Total chlorogenic acids of nine isomers from seven commercial green and roasted coffee beans ranged from 34.43 ± 1.50 to 41.64 ± 3.28 mg/g and from 2.05 ± 0.07 to 7.07 ± 0.16 mg/g, respectively. Methanol/water (7:3) extracts from four commercial green coffee beans roasted at different conditions (230 °C, 12 min; 24 °C, 14 min; 250 °C, 17 min; and 250 °C, 21 min) were also analyzed for chlorogenic acids. The total chlorogenic acid found in green coffee beans ranged from 86.42 ± 2.04 to 61.15 ± 1.40 mg/g. Total chlorogenic acids present were reduced in accordance with the intensity of roasting conditions. When green beans were roasted at 230 °C for 12 min and at 250 °C for 21 min, total chlorogenic acid content was reduced to nearly 50% and to almost trace levels, respectively. The results indicate that roasting conditions play an important role in chlorogenic acid content in roasted coffee beans. A general correlation between total caffeoylquinic acids and pH was observed.
Cerebral Fat Embolism A Case of Rapid-Onset Coma

An 87-year-old woman with a history of a biparietal meningioma previously treated with resection and radiation therapy presented after a fall. On arrival, she was alert and interactive without external evidence of head trauma. Hip x-ray showed a subcapital fracture of the right femoral neck, and plans were made for surgical fixation. Two hours later, she became agitated, then confused, and somnolent. She had lip-smacking movements and nystagmus. She was given intravenous lorazepam 2 mg and levetiracetam 500 mg. Computed tomography of the head showed chronic changes expected from treatment of her convexity meningioma and no acute lesions. Over the next hour, she became stuporous and hypoxic requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. Chest x-ray showed bilateral perihilar densities and small pleural effusions. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 75% with hypokinesis of the right ventricular wall and hypercontractility of the apex (McConnell’s sign), suggesting pulmonary embolus. Computed tomography angiogram of the chest showed posterobasilar atelectasis or consolidation with bilateral pleural effusions and no pulmonary emboli. She was initially afebrile with a normal complete blood count and biochemistry profile. On hospital day 2, she developed a fever to 101.2°F with leukocytosis. She had no rash. Platelet count, initially 235K/μl, fell to 113K/μl on day 3. Follow-up head computed tomography showed only stable chronic edema from her meningioma. Initial electroencephalograms showed ongoing seizures in both parietal lobes; later electroencephalograms showed bilateral slowing and epileptiform discharges. She was treated with levetiracetam, valproic acid, and then midazolam infusion and transferred to our center after 1 week. She was started on vancomycin, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, and acyclovir for possible infectious meningoencephalitis. Cerebrospinal fluid glucose was 57, protein 37.4, and there were 2 to 3 nucleated cells with lymphocytic predominance. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed no evidence of patent foramen ovale (PFO), and McConnell’s sign had …
Henry George (Harry) Ferguson (1884–1960)

This article reviews the life and significant contributions of Henry George (Harry) Ferguson, the pioneer of a system of farm mechanization which helped to revolutionize agriculture. Ferguson, see Fig. 1, was the inventor of the tractor that bears his name and which led to a partnership with Henry Ford and eventually to the Massey-Ferguson tractor. Ferguson was a philanthropist with a single-focus mission, the aim of which was agricultural production. During his lifetime it was this production which controlled the cost of living. As an employee of the Irish Department of Agriculture, during World War I, he supervised the operation and maintenance of the small number of tractors that were then in use. He came to the realization that efficient agriculture based on mechanization was the only solution to the problems of the world’s food supply. He devoted his time and energy to the development of equipment which he believed would reduce the cost of food production and the cost of living. His passion to mechanize farming to the highest degree, occupied most of his working life. He was a man with a never-let-up personal drive and had a love for building and tinkering with machines. Ferguson received some 100 patents on improvements in carburetors for internal combustion engines, improvements relating to tractor plows, and the means for coupling agricultural implements to tractors. He was a brilliant engineer who brought about a major change in tractor design with his revolutionary linkage, the three point hitch, that allowed both tractor and implement to work as an integrated unit. Today, virtually all tractors are based in some manner on the unique ideas of Ferguson.
Inserting Frontier into Dichotomies: Politics, Administration, and Agonistic Pluralism

This article employs the concept of “frontier,” from Chantal Mouffe’s political theory, to present an interpretation of the political significance of dichotomies generally, and then applies it to Woodrow Wilson’s formulation of the politics/administration dichotomy. The central premise is that dichotomies, rather than a source of frustration, serve important and necessary purposes for political and administrative life in a discursive landscape shaped by values pluralism and liberalism. In pursuing this premise, the article suggests that Frederick Jackson Turner’s thesis about the American frontier may have influenced Wilson’s thinking. The article concludes with comment regarding the possible utility of the presented argument for contemporary public administration.
An optimized synthesis of the potent and selective Pak1 inhibitor FRAX-1036

Abstract FRAX-1036 is a p21-activated kinase I inhibitor of significant interest to cancer biologists yet no commercial providers or detailed procedures are available. In this Letter, we chronicle the optimized synthesis of FRAX-1036, one of the most specific Pak1 inhibitors known. We report a 65-fold increase in the overall yield of the seven-step sequence from 0.25% to 16.3%. Our improved route has provided gram quantities of FRAX-1036 for in vivo animal studies by the scientific community.
Development of IgG Mediated Antibody Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the Serum and Genital Mucosa of HIV Seroconverters

Background: We measured antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity in serum and genital fluids of heterosexually exposed women during HIV seroconversion. Methods: Plasma and cervico-vaginal lavage (CVL) fluid from 11 seroconverters (SC) were analyzed biannually from one year pre- to 6 year post-seroconversion using a 51Cr-release assay to measure HIV-1 gp120 specific ADCC. Results: No SC had significant HIV specific CVL ADCC activity before seroconversion or until 1.5 yr after seroconversion. One individual had a %Specific Release (SR) of 25.4 at 2 years, 26.7 at 3 years and 21.0 at 4 years after seroconversion in CVL. Another sample had 4.7% SR at 2 years, 5.3 at 3 years, 10.9 at 4 years, and 8.4 at 5 years after seroconversion in CVL. A third had no activity until 17% SR 5 years after seroconversion in CVL. A fourth showed activity of 36.5% SR at 6.5 years after seroconversion. Seven women had no ADCC activity in their CVL. Paired serum samples showed HIV specific ADCC activity prior to the appearance of CVL ADCC activity. Conclusions: HIV specific ADCC activity in CVL rose 2 years after seroconversion; ADCC was present in the serum prior to this time. These data suggest that genital tract ADCC activity is not present until well after acute infection.
Culturally Diverse Rural Students: At Special Risk for LD Classification.

Due to the significant over-representation of rural culturally diverse students identified as learning disabled, this study investigated the effects of modifying the discrepancy formula between int...
Is there a trade-off between unemployment and inequality? No easy answers: Labor market problems in the United States versus Europe

Blank considers how the flexibility of U.S. labor markets and the regulation and redistribution policies of European labor markets may determine employers' responses to worldwide economic transformations that result in increasing wage disparity in the United States and continuing high unemployment in Europe. She suggests that since the transformations will undoubtedly continue, governments should seek to develop plans to offset and reduce the adverse labor market effects by combining the best aspects of the two institutional approaches.
Environmental federalism’s tug of war within

The intensity of federalism disputes reflects inexorable pressure on all levels of government to meet the increasingly complicated challenges of governance in an ever more interconnected world. Yet even as federalism dilemmas continue to erupt all from all corners, environmental law remains at the forefront of controversy. This chapter argues that environmental law is uniquely prone to federalism discord because it inevitably confronts the core question with which federalism grapples — who gets to decide? — in contexts where state and federal claims to power are simultaneously at their strongest. Environmental problems tend to match the need to regulate the harmful use of specific lands (among the most sacred of local prerogatives) with the need to regulate border-crossing harms caused by these uses (among the strongest of national prerogatives). As a result, it is often impossible to solve the problem without engaging authority on both ends of the spectrum — and disputes erupt when local and national ideas on how best to proceed diverge. Ongoing jurisdictional controversies in energy policy, pollution law, and natural resource management reveal environmental law as the canary in federalism’s coal mine, showcasing the underlying reasons for jurisdictional conflict in all areas of law. Concluding the book, this chapter explores why environmental law regularly raises such thorny questions of federalism, and how environmental law has adapted structurally to manage federalism conflicts. Drawing from the theoretical framework that I introduced in FEDERALISM AND THE TUG OF WAR WITHIN (Oxford, 2012: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1991612), Part II reviews the central objectives of federalism, examining the conflicting values they imply and the resulting tension that suffuses all federalism-sensitive governance. Part III evaluates why federalism conflicts are heightened in the context of environmental law. Divisiveness not only reflects the intense competition among federalism values in environmental governance, it also provides key insights into the core theoretical dilemmas of jurisdictional overlap more generally. Part IV probes how environmental law has adapted to manage the challenges of overlap by asymmetrically allocating local, state, and federal authority within various models of collaborative or coordinated governance. Part V concludes with consideration of what the larger discourse can learn from the dynamic federalism and multiscalar governance innovations emerging from within environmental governance. Through processes that engage stakeholders at all levels of jurisdictional scale, environmental federalism is lighting a path away from the old “zero-sum” model of federalism (which treats every assertion of authority at one jurisdictional level as a loss of authority for the others), and toward a model of negotiated federalism emphasizing consultation, compromise, and coordination.
Penetration of spherical projectiles into wet granular media.

We measure experimentally the penetration depth $d$ of spherical particles into a water-saturated granular medium made of much smaller sand-sized grains. We vary the density, size $R$, and velocity $U$ of the impacting spheres, and the size $\ensuremath{\delta}$ of the grains in the granular medium. We consider velocities between 7 and 107 m/s, a range not previously addressed, but relevant for impacts produced by volcanic eruptions. We find that $d\ensuremath{\propto}{R}^{1/3}{\ensuremath{\delta}}^{1/3}{U}^{2/3}$. The scaling with velocity is similar to that identified in previous, low-velocity collisions, but it also depends on the size of the grains in the granular medium. We develop a model, consistent with the observed scaling, in which the energy dissipation is dominated by the work required to rearrange grains along a network of force chains in the granular medium.
Sulfhydryl oxidation and Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Our interest in the role of sulfhydryl groups (SH) in regulating or altering transport across biological membranes has focused on the significance of a critical SH group associated with the Ca2+-release protein from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). We have shown that binding of heavy metals to this group or oxidation of this sulfhydryl to a disulfide induces rapid Ca2+ release from SR vesicles [1, 2] and induces contraction in skinned muscle fibers [3]. Several models are described in which oxidation and reduction might control the state of the Ca2+-release channel from SR.
Freezing of Heavy Water (D2O) Nanodroplets

We follow the freezing of heavy water (D2O) nanodroplets formed in a supersonic nozzle apparatus using position resolved pressure trace measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering. For these 3–9 nm radii droplets, freezing starts between 223 and 225 K, at volume based ice nucleation rates Jice,V on the order of 1023 cm–3 s–1 or surface based ice nucleation rates Jice,S on the order of 1016 cm–2 s–1. The temperatures corresponding to the onset of D2O ice nucleation are higher than those reported for H2O by Manka et al. [Manka, A.; Pathak, H.; Tanimura, S.; Wolk, J.; Strey, R.; Wyslouzil, B. E. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.2012, 14, 4505]. Although the values of Jice,S scale somewhat better with droplet size than values of Jice,V, the data are not accurate enough to state that nucleation is surface initiated. Finally, using current estimates of the thermophysical properties of D2O and the theoretical framework presented by Murray et al. [Murray, B. J.; Broadley, S. L.; ...
Regional Power Structure Optimization Model and Greenhouse Gases Emission Reduction Potential

How to achieve the effective emission reduction of green house gases is the promising problem to China's power industry. For the purpose of minimizing the cost of regional power generation,and restricting carbon emission,an optimized model for regional power structure was proposed,based on the analysis on carbon capture technology. The different forms of power generation distribution in regional electric power industries were analyzed under different level of emission reduction scenarios,and the application prospect of carbon capture technology were discussed in thermal power generation. The results show that it can effectively reduce the total generation cost through adjusting monthly carbon credits,based on the annual emission unchanged. Furthermore,reducing the cost of carbon capture and solar power will become the next target of energy conservation and emission reduction in the future. The results could provide references for energy conservation and emission reduction in electric power industries.
GESTÃO EM SAÚDE - DO EMPIRISMO À PROFISSIONALIZAÇÃO: UM ESTUDO DE CASO EM INSTITUIÇÃO DE ENSINO SUPERIOR

Resumo: A competitividade na area da saude esta cada vez mais acirrada. O atual cenario faz com que as organizacoes busquem meios para melhorar seus processos internos, reduzir os custos e facilitar a tomada de decisoes. Este trabalho tem por objetivo mostrar a importância do uso das ferramentas de gestao nos processos internos das Clinicas integradas da Saude (CIS) de uma Instituicao se Ensino Superior (IES) do sul do Brasil. Metodologia: Os procedimentos metodologicos deram-se por diario de campo, analise documental (relatorio de indicadores semestral, prontuarios de atendimentos, lista de espera e presenca e outros registros). Para melhor compreensao da analise dos dados, realizou-se uma entrevista com o secretario das CIS. Resultados: A analise dos dados evidencia os seguintes resultados: Nao padronizacao dos processos de atendimento; Prontuarios incompletos; Indefinicoes das atribuicoes comprometem as atividades das CIS. Conclusao: Com este estudo, observa-se que as CIS tem uma grande potencialidade para a melhora da gestao e da qualidade dos servicos. Embora os objetivos academicos estejam sendo contemplados pelas atividades praticas, o uso de ferramentas de gestao adequadas podem fornecer, entre outros aspectos, indicadores para melhorias dos processos.