cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase II Study of Mitomycin, Doxorubicin, and Cisplatin in the Treatment of Advanced Uterine Leiomyosarcoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study

Abstract Objective. Because of preliminary observations favoring the use of mitomycin, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MAP) chemotherapy in leiomyosarcomas, the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) decided to conduct a phase II clinical trial of this combination regimen in patients with advanced disease. Methods. Patients with histologically confirmed uterine leiomyosarcoma who had not previously received cytotoxic drugs were considered for participation in this clinical trial. Eligible patients had measurable disease, GOG performance status 0–2, and adequate bone marrow, renal, and hepatic function according to standard criteria. Mitomycin 8 mg/m 2 and doxorubicin 40 mg/m 2 were each given by iv injection followed immediately by cisplatin 60 mg/m 2 in 1 liter of 0.45% saline plus mannitol 25 g. Patients who remained free from tumor progression or intolerable toxicity received at least three, to a maximum of six, cycles of MAP. Results. Forty-one patients were registered, of whom 4 were determined ineligible (wrong cell type, 2; wrong site of origin, 1; inadequate pathology material, 1). Thirty-five of the 37 were evaluable for response after receiving from one to six (median three) cycles of MAP. Three patients (9%) achieved a complete response and 5 (14%) exhibited a partial response. The most common adverse effects were leukopenia (33 patients) and thrombocytopenia (30 patients). Pulmonary toxicity was seen in 10 patients and was a factor in the clinical deterioration and death of 2. Conclusions. MAP is active against advanced uterine leiomyosarcomas, but not remarkably so. Despite its low therapeutic index, this novel, possibly interactive, combination may serve as a forerunner to regimens that more efficiently exploit the enhancement of sarcoma cell kill under hypoxic conditions.
Nutrition and cancer among American Indians and Alaska Natives.

BACKGROUND More than a third of all cancers in the United States are thought to be attributable to various nutritional factors, and major changes in nutrition have been experienced by American Indians and Alaska Natives in the past century. METHODS The published literature was reviewed to summarize the relationship between diet and cancer, to summarize what is known about the past and current diet of American Indians and Alaska Natives, and to consider whether nutrition might play a role in their current or future risk of cancer. RESULTS Epidemiologic studies show a consistent pattern of lower risk for cancers of the colon and lung among those who eat larger amounts of fruits and vegetables and higher risk for cancers of the colon and prostate for those who eat larger amounts of fat. Limited data indicate that the diets of American Indians and Alaska natives are similar to the current average American diet, that is, high in fat and low in fruits and vegetables. CONCLUSIONS Diet is an important factor for several major cancers. Although the cancer rates among many Native American groups are currently lower than among non-native Americans, they seem to be increasing. Cancer rates among Native Alaskans are already much higher than for non-native Americans. Nutrition-related cancers are likely to increase in the future among Native Americans as a result of past changes in diet. However, Native Americans may have a stronger cultural basis than do non-native Americans to adopt traditional principles of the value of good foods and physical activity to achieve future nutritional improvements to reduce cancer risk. Cancer 1996;78:1612-6.
Leidenfrost boiling of methanol droplets on hot porous/ceramic surfaces

Abstract An experimental and analytical study of film boiling methanol droplets on a porous/ceramic surface is reported. Droplet evaporation times in the wetting and film boiling regimes were measured on a polished stainless-steel surface and three ceramic/alumina surfaces of 10%, 25% and 40% porosity. It was found that the Leidenfrost temperatures increased as surface porosity increased. The Leidenfrost point of the 10% and 25% porous surfaces were nearly 100 K higher and 200 K higher, respectively, than that of the polished stainless-steel surface; methanol droplets could not be levitated on the 40% porous surface at surface temperatures as high as 620 K, which was the maximum surface temperature which could be imposed on this particular material with our apparatus. The evaporation time of liquid deposited on this surface was thus almost two orders of magnitude lower than for levitated droplets on the three other surfaces tested at the same temperature. In the Leidenfrost regime droplets evaporated faster on the porous surfaces than on the stainless-steel surface, and the evaporation time decreased with increasing surface porosity at the same surface temperature. The reduced evaporation times were thought to have their origin in a decrease of the vapor film thickness separating the droplet from the ceramic surface due to vapor absorption and flow within the ceramic material. An analysis of flow in a horizontal channel bounded by an impermeable ẇall above and a permeable wall of finite thickness below was used to model the film boiling process. The results provided a basis for correlating our evaporation time measurements.
ON CERTAIN SPONTANEOUS CHICKEN TUMORS AS MANIFESTATIONS OF A SINGLE DISEASE I. SPINDLE-CELLED SARCOMATA RIFTED WITH BLOOD SINUSES.

Two spontaneous chicken tumors, unlike in several important respects, have given rise on transplantation to neoplasms of identical character. The spontaneous growth, No. 18, situated in the gizzard, was a spindle-celled sarcoma rifted with blood sinuses into which it extended, with result in what may be described as an intracanalicular pattern. The metastases, which were in the voluntary muscles, showed the same peculiar structure. Tumor 38, occurring in the subcutaneous tissue of the groin, was a solid, spindle-celled sarcoma of rather close texture, with few blood vessels. Here and there were small areas of softening, and at its center was a large degeneration cyst with ragged walls, containing a clear fluid. There were no metastases. The transplantation tumors from both growths have been characterized by slow growth, tendency to metastasize to the skeletal muscles without involvement of the lungs, and a structure which at one time is that of a very regular spindle-celled sarcoma containing many bands and ribbons of collagen, and at another that of a sarcoma rifted with blood sinuses like the spontaneous tumor No. 18. At present the two strains are practically indistinguishable in appearance and general behavior. Both are caused by filterable agents. The agent causing No. 38, unlike that causing No. 18, retains its activity in tumor tissue which has been dried or glycerinated; and in a Berkefeld filtrate it is much the more active in causing tumors. These differences can hardly be thought of as constituting a fundamental distinction between agents which, to judge from their effects, are almost undoubtedly different strains of a single disease cause. That chicken tumors of markedly different type have different filterable agents as their cause has been proved by experiments already reported. The present findings make it probable that, within certain limits, tumors of rather various character may be dependent upon a single agent. This assumption greatly simplifies the etiological problem. But the truth of the assumption for other instances than those described in the present article can only be determined by the study and comparison in many hosts of the disease-complexes of which each spontaneous chicken tumor is to be considered as an individual expression.
A constructive proof of Higman's lemma

G. Higman's lemma (1952) is a special case of the more general Kruskal's tree embedding theorem and the graph minor theorem. A direct constructive proof of the lemma with manifest computational content is presented. This is done by reducing the problem to a construction of certain sets of sequential regular expressions. A well-founded order on such sets is exhibited, and the lemma then follows by induction. >
Photovoltaic power for Space Station Freedom

The Space Station Freedom is described with special attention to its electric power system. The photovoltaic arrays, the battery energy storage system, and the power management and distribution system are discussed. The current design of Freedom's power system and the system requirements, trade studies, and competing factors which lead to system selections are referenced. This will be the largest power system ever flown in space. This system represents the culmination of many developments that have improved system performance, reduced cost, and improved reliability. Key developments and their evolution into the current space station solar array design are briefly described. The features of the solar cell and the array, including the development, design, test, and fight hardware production status, are given. >
Granular support vector machines with association rules mining for protein homology prediction

Objective:: Protein homology prediction between protein sequences is one of critical problems in computational biology. Such a complex classification problem is common in medical or biological information processing applications. How to build a model with superior generalization capability from training samples is an essential issue for mining knowledge to accurately predict/classify unseen new samples and to effectively support human experts to make correct decisions. Methodology:: A new learning model called granular support vector machines (GSVM) is proposed based on our previous work. GSVM systematically and formally combines the principles from statistical learning theory and granular computing theory and thus provides an interesting new mechanism to address complex classification problems. It works by building a sequence of information granules and then building support vector machines (SVM) in some of these information granules on demand. A good granulation method to find suitable granules is crucial for modeling a GSVM with good performance. In this paper, we also propose an association rules-based granulation method. For the granules induced by association rules with high enough confidence and significant support, we leave them as they are because of their high ''purity'' and significant effect on simplifying the classification task. For every other granule, a SVM is modeled to discriminate the corresponding data. In this way, a complex classification problem is divided into multiple smaller problems so that the learning task is simplified. Results and conclusions:: The proposed algorithm, here named GSVM-AR, is compared with SVM by KDDCUP04 protein homology prediction data. The experimental results show that finding the splitting hyperplane is not a trivial task (we should be careful to select the association rules to avoid overfitting) and GSVM-AR does show significant improvement compared to building one single SVM in the whole feature space. Another advantage is that the utility of GSVM-AR is very good because it is easy to be implemented. More importantly and more interestingly, GSVM provides a new mechanism to address complex classification problems.
Response of tumours to hyperglycaemia: characterization, significance and role in hyperthermia

The response of both neoplastic and surrounding normal tissue to hyperthermia is influenced by a number of physical, physiological, biological and immunological factors. Two physiological factors that play an important role are blood flow and pH. Temperature distributions within neoplastic and surrounding normal tissue during hyperthermia are influenced by convective heat transfer between the blood and tissue bed. A number of in vitro studies have illustrated that lowering media pH sensitizes cells to hyperthermia. It has been suggested that pharmacological agents could be used in conjunction with hyperthermia treatment to improve cancer treatment if these agents decrease tumour blood flow and/or decrease tumour pH. One agent that has been studied extensively for this purpose is glucose. The objective of this paper is to review the results on the effect of hyperglycaemia on normal and tumour tissue blood flow and pH and its role in hyperthermia. After a brief discussion of the role of tumour pH and blood ...
Optimization of multi-wavelength interdigital dielectrometry instrumentation and algorithms

Interdigital frequency-wavelength dielectrometry can be used to measure the dielectric permittivity and conductivity of insulating materials. The complex dielectric permittivity is directly related to other material properties, such as moisture content, temperature, concentration of impurities and additives, density, aging status, etc. The analysis of spatial and temporal variations of these properties lends valuable insights into physical phenomena which take place in electrical equipment, provides instrumentation for system monitoring and diagnostics, and can be used for optimization of design and performance of electrical apparatus. The optimization of various aspects of this technology is described in this paper. Improvement of performance is achieved through variation of geometrical design, materials, manufacturing processes, and electronic circuitry. Accumulated effects of non-ideal geometry of the experimental setup and the sensor itself are accounted for through empirical measurements, calibration, and use of finite-element calculations. Three distinct operating modes are developed: floating voltage with grounded backplane, floating voltage with guarded backplane, and short circuit current. Measurements reveal that the interfacial contact quality has a strong influence on the sensor's response. Gain/phase measurements over the frequency range 5 mHz to 10 kHz agree well with theoretical calculations on the interfacial contact quality. Full-frequency measurements for several liquid and solid dielectrics are shown to have a good match with theoretical predictions.
Containing the Atom: Sociotechnical Imaginaries and Nuclear Power in the United States and South Korea

STS research has devoted relatively little attention to the promotion and reception of science and technology by non-scientific actors and institutions. One consequence is that the relationship of science and technology to political power has tended to remain undertheorized. This article aims to fill that gap by introducing the concept of “sociotechnical imaginaries.” Through a comparative examination of the development and regulation of nuclear power in the US and South Korea, the article demonstrates the analytic potential of the imaginaries concept. Although nuclear power and nationhood have long been imagined together in both countries, the nature of those imaginations has remained strikingly different. In the US, the state’s central move was to present itself as a responsible regulator of a potentially runaway technology that demands effective “containment.” In South Korea, the dominant imaginary was of “atoms for development” which the state not only imported but incorporated into its scientific, technological and political practices. In turn, these disparate imaginaries have underwritten very different responses to a variety of nuclear shocks and challenges, such as Three Mile Island (TMI), Chernobyl, and the spread of the anti-nuclear movement.
Avalanche safety practices in Utah.

Abstract Category 1 Continuing Medical Education credit for physicians is available to Wilderness Medical Society members for this article. Go to http://wms.org/cme/cme.asp?whatarticle=1841 to access the instructions and test questions. Objective.—Avalanche fatalities occur on a yearly basis in Utah. The purpose of this study was to assess avalanche safety practices of different backcountry users in Utah and to identify groups that can be targeted for avalanche safety education. Methods.—We surveyed 353 winter backcountry users to determine the percentage of participants in each group who were traveling with one or more partners; the percentage who were carrying avalanche transceivers, shovels, probes, or AvaLungs; and the percentage who had taken an avalanche safety course. A measure of minimum safe practice was defined as 1) traveling with a partner, 2) carrying an avalanche transceiver, and 3) carrying a shovel. Participants in this study were backcountry skiers, snowboarders, snowshoers, snowmobilers,...
Manifestation of Landau level effects in optically-pumped NMR of semi-insulating GaAs

Oscillations in the magnitude of optically generated nuclear spin polarization as a function of photon energy have been observed in bulk semiconductors using optically-pumped NMR (OPNMR). We compare experimental measurements of 69Ga OPNMR with experimental measurements of magneto-absorption in bulk GaAs at low temperatures (6 K) and multiple magnetic fields. These data show that the photon energy dependence of both the OPNMR signal intensities and the magneto-absorption coefficients are well correlated over the studied energy regime ≈1.515–1.568 eV, i.e., at and above the bandgap energy. Using the magneto-absorption coefficients as an input to a previously reported model of OPNMR, we are able to capture many of the oscillatory features in the 69Ga signal, demonstrating that the origin of these oscillations are magnetic in nature, namely the formation of Landau levels. The nuclear spins as probed by OPNMR provide a measure of the circularly-polarized optical interband transitions between Landau levels. This correlation shows the importance of magneto-absorption measurements for understanding the complex photon energy dependence profile of OPNMR.
Documentation driven development for complex real-time systems

This work presents a novel approach for development of complex real-time systems, called the documentation-driven development (DDD) approach. This approach can enhance integration of computer aided software development activities, which encompass the entire life cycle. DDD will provide a mechanism to monitor and quickly respond to changes in requirements and provide a friendly communication and collaboration environment to enable different stakeholders to be easily involved in development processes and, therefore, significantly improve the agility of software development for complex real-time systems. DDD will also support automated software generation based on a computational model and some relevant techniques. DDD includes two main parts: a documentation management system (DMS) and a process measurement system (PMS). DMS will create, organize, monitor, analyze, and transform all documentation associated with the software development process. PMS will monitor the frequent changes in requirements and assess the effort and success possibility of development. A case study was conducted by a tool set that realized part of the proposed approach.
COREX/BEST server: a web browser-based program that calculates regional stability variations within protein structures

Summary: Utilizing the user-supplied coordinates of a protein structure, the COREX/BEST Server generates a structural thermodynamic ensemble. This conformational ensemble can then be used to calculate the regional variations in stability of a protein structure, and the stabilities are presented in units of energy (kcal/mol). The regional stabilities, which are calculated at the resolution of individual residues, can be mapped onto the protein structure for visual representation and downloaded from the site in the form of tab delimited text. The site provides an easy to follow summary of the theoretical and algorithmic approaches and provides links to references for more detailed descriptions. Availability: The COREX/BEST Server may be accessed through a typical web browser by visiting http://best.utmb.edu/BEST/ Contact: [email protected]
Effect of Organic Surfactant on Femtosecond Solvation Dynamics at the Air−Water Interface

Solvation dynamics at an air−water interface covered with a Langmuir monolayer of a neutral surfactant stearic acid CH3(CH2)16COOH was measured using femtosecond pump−probe spectroscopy of a molecu...
Sn in the Ag-Hg Phase of Dental Amalgam

In a recent study, Sarkar and Eyer (1986) studied an amalgam which was formed using a unique procedure. Based on their results, they concluded that the solubility of Sn in the Ag-Hg (γ1) phase of dental amalgam was virtually nil (<0.25 wt%). This finding is contrary to the published results of other investigations. The purpose of the present study was to clarify these disparate findings. A low-copper dental amalgam was examined by electron probe microanalysis. This amalgam was selected because it exhibits unusually large γ1 grains (10 μm). Because the influence of the electron-analyzing beam can be completely contained within these large grains, grain boundaries or peripheral phases would not be excited, and a valid analysis of the γ 1 grains themselves could be made. The analyses showed significant Sn contents of 2.0-3.0 wt%. Analyses of areas which contained grain boundaries showed slight or no differences in Sn content compared with that for the grains alone. Furthermore, secondary electron scans of th...
Distractibility during retrieval of long-term memory: domain-general interference, neural networks and increased susceptibility in normal aging

The mere presence of irrelevant external stimuli results in interference with the fidelity of details retrieved from long-term memory (LTM). Recent studies suggest that distractibility during LTM retrieval occurs when the focus of resource-limited, top-down mechanisms that guide the selection of relevant mnemonic details is disrupted by representations of external distractors. We review findings from four studies that reveal distractibility during episodic retrieval. The approach cued participants to recall previously studied visual details when their eyes were closed, or were open and irrelevant visual information was present. The results showed a negative impact of the distractors on the fidelity of details retrieved from LTM. An fMRI experiment using the same paradigm replicated the behavioral results and found that diminished episodic memory was associated with the disruption of functional connectivity in whole-brain networks. Specifically, network connectivity supported recollection of details based on visual imagery when eyes were closed, but connectivity declined in the presence of visual distractors. Another experiment using auditory distractors found equivalent effects for auditory and visual distraction during cued recall, suggesting that the negative impact of distractibility is a domain-general phenomenon in LTM. Comparisons between older and younger adults revealed an aging-related increase in the negative impact of distractibility on retrieval of LTM. Finally, a new study that compared categorization abilities between younger and older adults suggests a cause underlying age-related decline of visual details in LTM. The sum of our findings suggests that cognitive control resources, although limited, have the capability to resolve interference from distractors during tasks of moderate effort, but these resources are overwhelmed when additional processes associated with episodic retrieval, or categorization of complex prototypes, are required.
Mechanistically diverse enzyme superfamilies: the importance of chemistry in the evolution of catalysis.

The strategy that nature has used to evolve new catalytic activities from pre-existing enzymes (i.e. retention of substrate binding or of catalytic mechanism) has been controversial. Recent work supports a strategy in which a partial reaction, catalyzed by a progenitor, is retained, and the active-site architecture is modified to allow the intermediate generated to be directed to different products.
Factors controlling aggregation in a minimum and a conventionally tilled undulating field

Summary Wind and water erosion induce breakdown of soil aggregates and loss of soil organic matter. Whereas most of the relations between aggregation and its driving factors have been established on a plot scale, these relations might be very different within an undulating landscape where both erosion (by wind or water) and deposition occur. The aim of this study was to investigate to what degree spatial patterns in soil variables influence spatial patterns in aggregation under different tillage intensities. We studied an agricultural field of about 3 ha in the silty region of Belgium. The site was split into a conventional tillage (CT) and a minimum tillage (MT) system. Within the field, 396 geo-referenced surface soil samples (0–5 cm) were taken and analyzed for organic matter content, quantity of aggregates and a number of other soil properties. Under CT, 28.5% of the total sample variation was explained by the occurrence of depositional areas, 20.8% by the amount of soil organic matter, and 13.8% by the presence of a clay-rich B horizon which surfaced due to progressive water and tillage erosion. Regression analysis revealed that 27% of the variation in the quantity of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) was accounted for by these three factors. Under MT, 27.1% of the total sample variation was related to the surface cover of Tertiary sand, 22.6% to the amount of soil organic matter, and 13% to erodibility. These three factors explained 53% of the variation in the quantity of macroaggregates. In the CT system, the correlation between grass- or maize- carbon and the quantity of macroaggregates was strongly linked to erodibility, while this was not the case in the MT system. We concluded that at this site, macroaggregation is dominated by landscape-scale processes (such as water or tillage erosion) rather than determined by the commonly considered local variables (such as small variations in texture or organic matter content).
Relationships among Alcohol Availability, Drinking Location, Alcohol Consumption, and Drinking Problems in Adolescents

We examined relationships among perceived alcohol availability, drinking location, alcohol consumption, and drinking problems. Subjects were 3,372 adolescent drinkers, ages 16-18, who participated in the Communities Mobilizing for Change on Alcohol Project baseline survey. Mixed-model regression was employed to identify predictors of alcohol consumption and drinking consequences. Perceived alcohol availability was significantly associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption for males. Drinking in a public location, such as a bar, restaurant, or party, was marginally associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption for females. Results underscore the importance of youth alcohol assessibility.
Minimizing 802.11 interference on ZigBee medical sensors

The rapidly growing market for wireless technologies (Body LAN, cellular and Wireless LAN) in medical environments has led to a critical need for effective cable replacement solutions. This will enable widespread use of wireless body sensors, utilizing both an effective transmission protocol as well as providing proper infrastructure support. One of the emerging solutions for the body network is the ZigBee technology; primarily because it utilizes small format, low-power, long battery life radios. It is generally used for applications that can tolerate a low transmission rate, but demand long battery life. An essential requirement of Body LANs for patient care is to guarantee reliable service. In this respect, ZigBee faces severe interference problems in the presence of various 802.11 networks, and its viability in the medical environment is greatly diminished. This interference is caused by the fact that ZigBee shares channel spectrum with the 802.11 protocols. In this paper, we first confirm the claims that ZigBee is vulnerable to interference from 802.11. Then, we propose a solution for minimizing interference from 802.11 in ZigBee medical sensors.
Mechanochromic Response of Poly(ethylene glycol) Methacrylate Hydrogel Encapsulated Crystalline Colloidal Arrays

considerable attention has been focused ondeveloping these materials into a form which is suitablefor use in photonic related applications. Unfortunately,the general exploitation of optical photonic crystals asdevices has been hindered by the difficulties in creatingperiodic dielectric structures with a feature size compa-rable to the wavelength of visible light. One approach toaddress this challenge has focused on systems whichundergo self-organization at a nanometer length scale,suchascolloidalcrystals.Systemsexhibitingself-assemblycharacteristics hold promise as a practical route togenerating optical photonic crystals, possibly with acomplete photonic band gap.
Comparison of microcapsule density with various apple tissues and formulations of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) sprayable pheromone.

The density of microcapsules was compared on ‘Golden Delicious’ mature and immature foliage, fruit, and 1-yr-old limbs after dip treatments with Phase III oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), microencapsulated pheromone. Microcapsules were counted with a dissecting microscope at 50× magnification after apple tissues were treated with a two-step dye staining process to increase the visibility of the microcapsules. The number of Phase III microcapsules on 1-yr limbs treated with a field concentration was two- to threefold greater than the number of microcapsules on similarly treated fruit or foliage. Phase I, III, and V OFM MEC and Checkmate OFM-F formulations of microencapsulated pheromone also were compared to determine their abundance on mature apple foliage. The Phase V OFM MEC formulation had the highest density of microcapsules when mature foliage was treated at the field rate. The Phase I treatment had the greatest difference between upper and lower leaf surfaces with 18-fold greater microcapsule density on the upper surface. On mature apple leaves treated with Phase III MEC, the number of microcapsules/cm2 was two- to threefold greater on fields of view without the mid-vein than those that included the mid-vein. The cuticle structure and abundance of trichomes are two factors that may have contributed to differences in microcapsule density among plant tissue types, top and bottom leaf surfaces, and fields of view with and without the mid-vein.
Futuristic Three-Dimensional Printing and Personalized Neurosurgery.

Figure 1. Continuous liquid interface production apparatus. From Tumbleston JR, Shirvanyants D, Ermoshkin N, Janusziewicz R, Johnson AR, Kelly D, Chen K, Pinschmidt R, Rolland JP, Ermoshkin A, Samulski ET, DeSimone JM: Additive manufacturing. Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects. Science 347:1349-1352, 2015. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. Disruptive technologies are rare phenomena. However, when they do come about, they have the potential to change the course of entire industries. Such is the case with the new three-dimensional (3D) printing technology from Carbon3D Inc. (Redwood City, California, USA), dubbed Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP). With its innovative approach to additive manufacturing, CLIP has the potential to usurp and revolutionize 3D printing, with reverberations into several fields, including neurologic surgery. Conventional additive manufacturing, like Polyjet, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA) and Laser Sintering technology (SLS), function by adding materials layer by layer. For these techniques, two-dimensional printing is repeated over and over again until a 3D physical rendering is produced. Consequently, such a process takes several hours and in most cases results in an unfinished and “pixelated-like” end product. A post-processing interval adds further time to the process. CLIP technology, as described by Tumbleston et al., prints 3D physical models in a continuous fashion as opposed to layer by layer in conventional machines. This approach capitalizes on 2 opposing forces: ultraviolet (UV) light that promotes polymerization of resin, in contrast to oxygen (O2), which inhibits the polymerization of resin. The apparatus itself consists of a bath filled with resin, an O2-permeable and UVpermeable membrane, a build support plate, and a UV imaging unit (Figure 1). Polymerization of the intended part begins when a continuous sequence of UV images is projected through the O2permeable, UV-transparent window below the resin bath; this creates a layering, whereby directly above the window a liquid dead zone rich in O2 exists, where no polymerization occurs. Directly above the dead zone, O2 concentration decreases, and polymerization of the resin and construction of the 3D model occur, guided by the projected UV images. Simultaneously, the 3D part is elevated out of the resin bath by a continuously elevating build support plate (Video I). This process can speed up 3D printing up to 100-fold, producing a high-resolution finished or near-finished product without the layerings of 3D printing. A job that used to take hours now takes only minutes to complete. Moreover, the spectrum of
A Paradox in Rounding Errors Approximate Computing for Big Data

The primary goal is to introduce a new methodology into approximate computing for big numerical data. First, an unpleasant phenomenon in large scaled numerical computing is observed: The probability of getting "correct approximations" is near zero for big numerical data. Second, a theorem that echoes this observation is proved: Perfect approximations are impossible in classical approach (Theorem 1). Using Codd's terms in relational databases, "time-varying" intervals are used to build the real number system (Theorem 2). If the effective computing procedure defines a continuous real-valued function P, then the P(approximate value) and P(true value) can be smaller than any given e. In other words, in this new approach, we find a perfect approximation (Theorem 3).
Carryover Basis Election at Death

In light of a new administration taking the Oval Office, there is renewed discussion of repealing the transfer tax system and introducing a carryover basis rule associated with asset transfers occurring at death. While there is much theoretical justification for a carryover basis rule, history has taught us that, in practice, its adoption will not likely succeed. This article proposes an alternative that is administratively feasible, equitable, and addresses the liquidity concerns of farmers and small business owners. It would maintain the transfer tax system yet reform it to operate in tandem with the income tax system. More specifically, all taxable estates would be allowed to make a carryover basis election with respect to any asset owned by the decedent at the time of death. In return for making this election, the executor of a decedent's estate would be allowed an estate tax credit. The amount of the estate tax credit would equal the highest income tax rate applicable on the asset's sale multiplied by the asset's unrealized gain.
TandemPET-A High Resolution, Small Animal, Virtual Pinhole-Based PET Scanner: Initial Design Study

Mice are the perhaps the most common species of rodents used in biomedical research, but many of the current generation of small animal PET scanners are non-optimal for imaging these small rodents due to their relatively low resolution. Consequently, a number of researchers have investigated the development of high-resolution scanners to address this need. In this investigation, the design of a novel, high-resolution system based on the dual-detector, virtual-pinhole PET concept was explored via Monte Carlo simulations. Specifically, this system, called TandemPET, consists of a 5 cm $ \times $ 5 cm high-resolution detector made-up of a 90 $ \times $ 90 array of 0.5 mm $\times $ 0.5 $\times$ 10 mm (pitch $ =$ 0.55 mm) LYSO detector elements in coincidence with a lower resolution detector consisting of a 68 $ \times $ 68 array of 1.5 mm $ \times $ 1.5 mm $\times$ 10 mm LYSO detector elements (total size $ = $ 10.5 cm $\times$ 10.5 cm). Analyses indicated that TandemPET’s optimal geometry is to position the high-resolution detector 3 cm from the center-of-rotation, with the lower resolution detector positioned 9 cm from center. Measurements using modified NEMA NU4-2008-based protocols revealed that the spatial resolution of the system is $\sim $ 0.5 mm FWHM, after correction of positron range effects. Peak sensitivity is 2.1%, which is comparable to current small animal PET scanners. Images from a digital mouse brain phantom demonstrated the potential of the system for identifying important neurological structures.
Comparative Studies of Cholesterol and Diethylstilbestrol on Hepatic Fatty and Amino Acid Metabolism in Chickens

Abstract INTRODUCTION PREVIOUS reports from this laboratory have shown that cholesterol, diethystilbestrol and a combination of both increased hepatic oleic acid content with the effect of diethylstilbestrol and cholesterol plus diethylstilbestrol greater than that of cholesterol (Chung et al., 1966). The fatty acid content of liver lipids of cockerels on hydrogenated coconut oil was similar for diethylstilbestrol and cholesterol plus diethylstilbestrol. Diethylstilbestrol, cholesterol and cholesterol plus diethylstibestrol increased linoleic acid to a greater extent in young turkeys than in cockerels on a corn oil diet (Chung et al., 1967). This study further describes the hepatic fatty and amino acid changes in young chickens on similar treatments for eight weeks. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-five 1-week-old New Hampshire chickens, from the same hatch, were divided into five treatment groups of 15 birds each. Two groups were fed corn oil diets (10%), two groups, hydrogenated coconut oil diets (10% HCO) and the remaining group,…
The structure of Ω*( Z p ), p an odd prime

We begin now our study of maps of odd prime period. The primary problem is to compute the structure of the group Ω n (Z p ) of bordism classes [T, M n ] where T is a fixed point free orientation preserving diffeomorphism of period p on the closed oriented manifold M n . The bordism spectral sequence of B(Z p ) is trivial, and this gives the order of the reduced groups \(\tilde \Omega _n \left( {Z_p } \right)\). To obtain the precise structure is harder. It is solved here by geometric methods using certain maps of period p on P p-1 (C) with isolated fixed points. We obtain finally in (36.5) the complete additive structure of Ω*(Z p ). We go on in section 37 to study Ω*(Z pk ).
18 THE ROLE OF CPI-17 IN ENDOTHELIAL CELL CYTOSKELETAL ORGANIZATION

We have previously shown that myosin light chain (MLC) phosphatase (MLCP) is critically involved in the regulation of agonist-mediated endothelial cell (EC) cytoskeletal remodeling. In smooth muscles protein kinase C (PKC) has been proposed to mediate inhibition of MLCP in response to various agonists via phosphorylation/activation of CPI-17, a specific inhibitor of MLCP. We found that similar to smooth muscle, human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC) expressed CPI-17. However, the properties and role of CPI-17 in endothelium are unknown. Ectopic expression of CPI-17 in pulmonary artery EC had no effect on the cytoskeleton under non-stimulating conditions. However, stimulation of transfected cells with direct PKC activator PMA caused a dramatic increase in F-actin stress fibers, focal adhesions and MLC phosphorylation. Similar to PMA, inflammatory agonist histamine caused activation of CPI-17. Depletion of endogenous CPI-17 in HLMVC significantly attenuated histamine-induced increase in endothelial permeability. Together these data indicate a tight link between CPI-17 activation and changes in EC cytoskeleton. Up to now, no protein partners that bind to CPI-17 have been identified. To further evaluate a role of CPI-17 in EC cytoskeleton we employed BacterioMatch Two-Hybrid System (Stratagene) using Escherichia coli as a host for screening of human lung cDNA library and detection putative CPI-17 binding proteins. Sequence analysis of obtained clones revealed a potential interaction of CPI-17 with 30 proteins, including several key cytoskeletal proteins: alpha spectrin, plakoglobin, plectin and gelsolin. Collectively, these data indicate critical involvement of CPI-17 in the regulation of EC cytoskeleton. HL 58064; HL 67307; HL 68062; AHA and ALA of Maryland.
Performance of CDCs Staff in Chengdu in the Theory Test of Basic Skills

Objective To understand the effect and current situation of CDC basic skills training for all CDCs in Chengdu.Methods Descriptive statistics,analysis of variance,multiple regression and other methods were adopted to compare the scores of basic skills of municipal CDCs staff and district/county CDCs staff,and identify the main influencing factors.Results The score of municipal CDCs staff was 64.5-98.5(83.93 7.10),105 passed,with the passing rate of 100%;the score of district/county CDCs staff was 45.5-98(77.78 8.63),393 passed,with the passing rate of 96.3%.Differences between different professionals,titles,positions were statistically significant.The main influencing factors at municipal level was position,while at the district level were age,position,title and professional.Conclusion The capability of basic skills of municipal CDCs staff and district/county CDCs staff is different,and the influencing factors were different too.The basic skills of municipal CDC staff is overall better than district/county CDCs staff.Municipal staff is less affected by professional background,while district staff is more,which resulted some limitations of the mastery of basic skills for disease control..
Oculomotor nerve palsy from posterior communicating artery aneurysm

The mortality rate for posterior communicating artery (PCA) aneurysm with oculomotor nerve palsy is 33 per 100. The incidence of oculomotor palsy with PCA aneurysm varies from 34% to 56%. The classic presentation of a PCA aneurysm involving the oculomotor nerve is sudden onset of severe unilateral frontal headache, ptosis, a dilated and fixed pupil, and limitations of adduction, depression, and elevation of the eye. Carotid arteriography is diagnostic. This case is presented because of the high probability of being seen first by a primary care physician. Delay in clinical recognition and treatment can have dire consequences for the patient.
Parsimony Methods in Phylogenetics

Parsimony is an approach to phylogenetic reconstruction that minimizes unit character change on a tree. It attempts to minimize assumptions of character transformation on the grounds that we may have no evidence for differential weighting of transformations. Although developed for morphological data, the method may be used for any type of discrete-character state data, including nucleic acid sequences. The tree that results can be interpreted as an estimate of the phylogenetic relationships among taxa, and may be used as the basis for classification, studies of character evolution, diversification, biogeography, and coevolution.
Application of X-Ray Residual Stress Measurements in Industrial R&D

The measurement of residual stress by x-ray diffraction techniques is a mature and cost effective approach for obtaining relevant data in many industrial circumstances. This is made possible by the recent development of commercial portable equipment having appropriate software to acquire the raw data, calculate the measured stress and provide an estimate of the precision based on counting statistics, regression analysis and fluctuations in peak intensity, all at relatively high speed compared to ten years ago. Despite its potential, and the fact that few materials can be manufactured and assembled without introducing residual stresses, these hardware developments have not resulted in widespread use of the technique in industry. The integrity of the results are still highly dependant on the skills of the operator, and the utility of the results remains contingent on an understanding of the consequences of residual stress on material performance.
[Hepatic encephalopathy - complex neuropsychiatric disorder in liver disease].

Die hepatische Enzephalopathie (HE) ist eine reversible neuropsychiatrische Storung, die als Komplikation einer chronischen oder akuten Lebererkrankung auftritt. Bei der Suche nach Auslosern sollten Infektionen und Magen-Darm-Blutungen im Vordergrund stehen. Diese bizarre Krankheit schrankt die Lebensqualitat massiv ein und muss daher umfassend angegangen werden.
SU-F-T-292: Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core (IROC) Houston QA Center's Anthropomorphic Phantom Program

Purpose: To describe the results of IROC Houston's international and domestic end-to-end QA phantom irradiations. Methods: IROC Houston has anthropomorphic lung, liver, head and neck, prostate, SRS and spine phantoms that are used for credentialing and quality assurance purposes. The phantoms include structures that closely mimic targets and organs at risk and are made from tissue equivalent materials: high impact polystyrene, solid water, cork and acrylic. Motion tables are used to mimic breathing motion for some lung and liver phantoms. Dose is measured with TLD and radiochromic film in various planes within the target of the phantoms. Results: The most common phantom requested is the head and neck followed by the lung phantom. The head and neck phantom was sent to 800 domestic and 148 international sites between 2011 and 2015, with average pass rates of 89% and 92%, respectively. During the past five years, a general upward trend exists regarding demand for the lung phantom for both international and domestic sites with international sites more than tripling from 5 (2011) to 16 (2015) and domestic sites doubling from 66 (2011) to 152 (2015). The pass rate for lung phantoms has been consistent from year to year despite this large increase in the number of phantoms irradiated with an average pass rate of 85% (domestic) and 95% (international) sites. The percentage of lung phantoms used in combination with motions tables increased from 38% to 79% over the 5 year time span. Conclusion: The number of domestic and international sites irradiating the head and neck and lung phantoms continues to increase and the pass rates remained constant. These end-to-end QA tests continue to be a crucial part of clinical trial credentialing and institution quality assurance. This investigation was supported by IROC grant CA180803 awarded by the NCI.
Erwartungswert, Varianz und Transformationen

Die mathematische Erwartung einer zufalligen Variablen, die in §4.3 definiert worden ist, gehort zu den bedeutsamsten Begriffen der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie. Wir werden sehen, das sie dieselbe Rolle spielt wie die Integration in der Infinitesimalrechnung -und bekanntlich ist diese mindestens zur Halfte Integralrechnung. Wir erinnern uns an die Deutung des Erwartungswerts als ein mit Wahrscheinlichkeiten gewichtetes Mittel [bei abzahlbarem Stichprobenraum] und schreiben (4. 3.11) etwas einfacher als $$ E(X) = \sum\limits_\omega {X\left( \omega \right)} \;P\left( \omega \right) $$ (6.1.1) .
Free will, bound and unbound: reflections on Shaun Nichols’ bound

Nichols’ Bound presents interesting new angles on traditional debates about free will and moral responsibility, relating them to the latest empirical research in psychology, social sciences and experimental philosophy. In experimental philosophy, he cites numerous recent studies showing that there are strong incompatibilist strands in folk intuitions about free will and responsibility, taking issue with other recent studies claiming that folk intuitions are predominantly compatibilist. But he also argues that incompatibilist folk intuitions are based on faulty reasoning and cannot be realized. We are left with a choice between an eliminativism about free will and moral responsibility (free will skepticism) or revising ordinary beliefs and practices in a compatibilist direction. Though Nichols sees problems with both these positions, he ultimately opts for the latter. Despite agreeing with Nichols on many points, I argue in this paper that he takes the libertarian view of free will off the table too precipitously, leaving us with too narrow a choice of options. I argue that we can make sense of an incompatibilist view of free will and responsibility without reducing it to mere chance or mystery and that it remains an open scientific question whether we can have such a free will.