cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Spin-Orbit Coupling on the Hyperfine Contact Contribution to the Knight Shift

In earlier nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements on mercury1 and tin,2 it was found that the Knight shift in the superconducting (SC) state does not vanish as T → 0. If one assumes that the Knight shift is caused merely by the hyperfine (hf) contact interaction, and thus is proportional to the electron spin susceptibility, the experimental results are incompatible with the BCS theory, the ground-state wave function of which consists of quasibound electron pairs in singlet spin states. Several distinct explanations have been offered to resolve the discrepancy3; in particular, Anderson4 and Ferrel5 have shown that spin-reversing scattering, arising from spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effects in Coulomb scattering events, can account for a finite hf contact contribution to the Knight shift in the SC ground state. Consequently, NMR experiments were undertaken on two SC metals with small atomic numbers, vanadium and aluminum, in which spin-reversing scattering caused by atomic imperfections is expected to be small. For vanadium, Noer and Knight6 observed no change in the Knight shift below T c (transition temperature). This result is attributed to the dominant role played by the orbital part of the hf interaction. For aluminum, however, there is no unfilled d band and thus the orbital interaction7 will be small compared with the hf contact interaction.
Truth, objectivity and knowledge

Introduction Philosophers, no less than others, take comfort in familiar labels. To discover that someone is a physicalist or a compatibilist or a Platonist is to be instantly situated philosophically with regard to that person, and, while such familiarity may well breed contempt, it also orients and, in orienting, comforts. Williams, however, in this as in so many ways, provides little comfort; that is, his views either resist being labelled entirely, or invite only radically attenuated application, particularly in the realm of ethical philosophy. Not surprisingly, Williams's ethical scepticism and anti-theoretical tendencies militate against ascribing to him obvious first-order or normative positions, as his critique of others' answers to Socrates' question (how should one live?) effectively camouflages his own. But what about his positions on second-order, or more meta-ethical, issues? However difficult it may be to label Williams's own custom-made alternative to, say, utilitarianism or Kantianism, surely he must embrace certain ready-to-wear views concerning its philosophical underpinnings; surely he must embrace certain familiar metaphysical and epistemological commitments; and surely these can be labelled. Metaphysically, such commitments typically invite the labels “realist” or “anti-realist”, as they assert or deny, as Williams roughly puts it in Morality , “that thought has a subject matter which is independent of the thought” (Williams 1972: 36). They are no doubt best construed along a continuum of gradually intensifying avowals of ethical objectivity; indeed, objectivity constitutes the playing field upon which realists and anti-realists butt heads.
Innate and acquired components of oligophagy in the herbivorous lepidopteran, Manduca sexta

Innate and acquired aspects of oligophagy were investigated in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), a species normally restricted to members of the family Solanaceae. Larvae were reared in the laboratory on solanaceous species tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), strawberry groundcherry (Physalis pruinosa L.), and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), as well as the non-solanaceous foods cowpea [Vigna sinensis (L.) (Fabaceae)], rapeseed [Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae)], and artificial diet. Feeding assays were conducted using the above plants plus corkscrew vine [Vigna caracalla (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae)], lettuce [Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae)], and moist glass-fiber filter paper. Larval feeding was characterized using two camera-monitored assays: (1) a quantitative no-choice disc test that determines consumption over time, delays in initiation of feeding, and % of larvae rejecting the food, and (2) a novel no-choice emigration test that measures how soon a larva abandons a whole plant. Experimental results from both assays revealed that larvae displayed high levels of acceptance of Solanaceae regardless of whether they had been reared on solanaceous or non-solanaceous food. We conclude that solanaceous oligophagy in M. sexta is primarily innate and does not require (but may be strengthened by) previous feeding experience on Solanaceae. In contrast, larvae tested on non-solanaceous plants or moist filter paper showed large variation in both acceptance of foods and emigration times that were strongly dependent on the food on which they had been reared (analogous to the ‘induction of preference’ of earlier literature). Two types of induction were identified: an increase in acceptability of a plant of (1) the same species as the one on which the larva was reared, or (2) a related species. These discoveries both challenge and expand our current understanding of oligophagy in the tobacco hornworm.
Simulations of AGN jets: magnetic kink instability versus conical shocks

Relativistic jets in active galactic nuclei (AGN) convert as much as half of their energy into radiation. To explore the poorly understood processes that are responsible for this conversion, we carry out fully 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of relativistic magnetized jets. Unlike the standard approach of injecting the jets at large radii, our simulated jets self-consistently form at the source and propagate and accelerate outwards for several orders of magnitude in distance before they interact with the ambient medium. We find that this interaction can trigger strong energy dissipation of two kinds inside the jets, depending on the properties of the ambient medium. Those jets that form in a new outburst and drill a fresh hole through the ambient medium fall victim to a 3D magnetic kink instability and dissipate their energy primarily through magnetic reconnection in the current sheets formed by the instability. On the other hand, those jets that form during repeated cycles of AGN activity and escape through a pre-existing hole in the ambient medium maintain their stability and dissipate their energy primarily at MHD recollimation shocks. In both cases, the dissipation region can be associated with a change in the density profile of the ambient gas. The Bondi radius in AGN jets serves as such a location.
Transience of channel head locations following disturbance

We used annual re-surveys of two populations of channel heads affected by a severe wildfire in 2012 to monitor changes in channel head location with time following disturbance. Relative to channel heads in surrounding unburned areas, the median contributing drainage area of burned channel heads decreased by two orders of magnitude immediately after the fire, but then returned to values comparable to unburned areas within four years. We distinguish three types of channel heads. Permanent channel heads, which constitute 4% of the total population, occur in well-developed swales in association with stable features such as bedrock outcrops: these channel heads appear to have been unaffected by the fire. Persistent channel heads, which are 40% of the total population, also occur within hillslope concavities, but the exact location of the channel head moves upslope and downslope through time in response to varying inputs of water and sediment. Transient channel heads form on straight and convex slopes immediately following disturbance, but disappear as regrowth of ground cover limits overland flow and sediment movement. The majority of the position changes for persistent and transient channel heads occurred abruptly when viewed as annual time steps. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeting the Role of Lipoprotein (a) in Stroke.

Background Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States, behind only heart disease and cancer, with over 140,000 associated deaths per year. Methods Considerable research is ongoing to examine the role of modifiable risk factors which may cause or contribute to stroke. Although age and family history are generally considered to be the major risk factors, there are several modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that are linked to the pathogenesis of a stroke. Lipoprotein (a), or Lp(a), is a type of low-density lipoprotein containing an integral apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) component with an attached apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) isoform via a disulfide linkage. Lp(a) metabolism is of great interest as it sheds light on its role in pathogenesis of not only cardiovascular disorders but also stroke. Although Lp(a) has been identified as an "LDL-like particle", its metabolism differs from low density lipoprotein (LDL). Despite some ambiguity in the literature regarding the causative effect of Lp(a) on stroke, there are clear associations of high plasma Lp(a) concentration and risk of stroke. Furthermore, the small isoforms of ApoA-1-containing lipoproteins have been shown to increase atherogenicity in atherosclerotic patients. Conclusion Currently, there is little research examining the importance of small molecule Lp(a) distribution and risk for stroke, both on a first-case and recurrent basis. Understanding the role of Lp (a) in stroke requires investigating its molecular mechanisms particularly the key microRNA (s) components that control its expression and function (s). Therefore, the main objective of this review is to discuss the broader link between Lp(a) and stroke and to identify opportunities for future investigation and potential research prospects on the role of Lp (a) in stroke.
On gravitational radiation from binary systems

We discuss gravitational radiation from a neutral mass particle within a bound orbit in the background Schwarzschild metric. We compare the power loss of gravitational radiation according to this formalism with the heuristic quadrupole radiation formula as applied to a binary system. There are evidence and compelling reasons to believe that the quadrupole formula is valid even in a fairly strong gravitational field, although its fully consistent analytical derivation is not yet known. In particular, we emphasize that the application of the quadrupole formula to the binary pulsar system PSR 1913+16 as well as other binary pulsars, which are weakly bound by gravity, is well justified.
Abstract 13935: Ca2+ Signaling is Required for Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy During Chamber Development Independent of Contraction or Blood Flow

OBJECTIVES: In utero interventions aimed at restoring left ventricular hemodynamic forces in fetuses with prenatally diagnosed hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) failed to rescue left ventricul...
Evaluation of feature matching in aerial imagery for structure-from motion and bundle adjustment

Local feature matching has been proven to be successful for computer vision tasks such as Structure-fromMotion (SfM) and 3D reconstruction. Reliability of features in terms of being precisely detected and persistently matched along a sequence can have a great impact on the quality of the SfM and even on its convergence. Since many feature detectors and descriptors are exclusively designed for specific applications, it is important to find a feature detector-descriptor combination that performs well for SfM. In this paper we evaluate the quality of different image features such as FAST,1 SIFT,2 SURF,3 and BRISK4 and their effects on the Structure-fromMotion performance. To do this end, we design and perform two evaluation procedures to assess a feature matching result on a wide area motion imagery dataset. A matching result is represented in the form of feature track and a track is a collection of continuously matched feature points along the sequence. First we use the concept of Epipolar geometry to measure errors in each correspondence (matching pair). The distance from a matched feature point to the corresponding epipolar line is measured as the error metric. Second, we compute an optimized metadata from SfM using feature matching tracks and then compare it with the ground truth metadata for evaluation. Experimental results demonstrate that SURF detector combined with SURF descriptor generates the longest feature tracks while FAST detector plus SIFT descriptor produces the highest matching precision.
Physical Stress, Consumer Control, and New Theory in Ecology

Consumer–prey interactions form the foundation of food webs and are affected by the physical environment. Multiple foundational theories in ecology [e.g., the environmental stress model (ESM), the stress–gradient hypothesis (SGH), and ecosystem resilience theory] assume increased physical stress dampens top-down control of prey. In the large majority of empirical studies, however, physical stress either does not affect or amplifies consumer control. Additive and synergistic impacts of physical stress on consumer control appear more common, for example, for herbivory versus predation, and for warm- versus cold-blooded consumers. Predictability in how physical stress affects consumer control, however, remains largely unknown. We expand classical theories in ecology so that their assumption about physical stress–consumer control relationships can be inclusive of what primarily occurs in nature.
Hope as Feeling

What sense can be made of hope as a feeling or emotion? Is hope a mood, an affect, a passion of the soul, a psychological state? Is it a generic disposition or attitude? Is it a state of mind, or a “climate of the mind”? These questions overlap where the subjective side of hope appears to be as much affective as conative or cognitional.
The Transcendental Theory of Method in Phenomenology; the Meontic and Deconstruction

Etude des implications critiques du travail d'E. Fink sur la «Sixieme meditation» qui fait suite aux cinq «Meditation cartesiennes» de Husserl. Examinant la theorie transcendantale de la methode et la phenomenologie de la phenomenologie que presente la «Sixieme meditation», l'A. souleve les questions du contenu et la question de la methode liees a la perspective fondamentale pour toute interpretation de la phenomenologie, a partir: 1) de l'aporie de la temporalisation comme limite de la possibilite de la connaissance, 2) la logique de l'origine comme methodologie meontique de la phenomenologie, 3) le privilege de la conceptualite cognitive, 4) la deconstruction derridienne
A perturbation technique for solving boundary value problems arising in the electrodynamics of conducting bodies

The electrodynamics of wave reflection from conducting media lead to difficult mathematical problems because of the matching conditions which must be met at the interface between conductors and nonconductors. Simplified boundary conditions have been proposed by Leontovitch and others which considerably simplify certain of the mathematical problems. We discuss the Leontovitch condition together with certain of its shortcomings and present a new method which overcomes some of the difficulties of the Leontovitch condition. The new method is a perturbation away from infinite conductivity which allows the solution of electrodynamics problems to be calculated to any order of accuracy in the quantity (ωe/σ)1/2 for some important cases. An instance in which the perturbation method fails is also discussed.
Short and long term impact of financial toxicity on quality of life in the Carolina Breast Cancer study.

e18299Background: High cancer treatment costs are associated with considerable distress and worse outcomes in cancer patients, a phenomenon known as “financial toxicity”. We examined changes in hea...
Drawing a Line: Grasses and Boundaries

Delineation between distinct populations of cells is essential for organ development. Boundary formation is necessary for the maintenance of pluripotent meristematic cells in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and differentiation of developing organs. Boundaries form between the meristem and organs, as well as between organs and within organs. Much of the research into the boundary gene regulatory network (GRN) has been carried out in the eudicot model Arabidopsis thaliana. This work has identified a dynamic network of hormone and gene interactions. Comparisons with other eudicot models, like tomato and pea, have shown key conserved nodes in the GRN and species-specific alterations, including the recruitment of the boundary GRN in leaf margin development. How boundaries are defined in monocots, and in particular the grass family which contains many of the world’s staple food crops, is not clear. In this study, we review knowledge of the grass boundary GRN during vegetative development. We particularly focus on the development of a grass-specific within-organ boundary, the ligule, which directly impacts leaf architecture. We also consider how genome engineering and the use of natural diversity could be leveraged to influence key agronomic traits relative to leaf and plant architecture in the future, which is guided by knowledge of boundary GRNs.
A patent review of bisphosphonates in treating bone disease

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Bisphosphonates (BPs) are widely used to manage a variety of bone disorders, including osteoporosis, metastatic bone disease and myeloma bone disease. The nitrogen-containing BPs (NBPs) target osteoclast activity by disrupting protein prenylation via inhibition of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS).Areas covered: This review summarizes the recent advances in BPs with a focus on the latest patents (2015–2018). Patents involving novel BPs, new modes of BP delivery, as well as use of BPs to deliver other drugs to bone are discussed. A review of phosphonate-based drugs targeting geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) or geranylgeranyl transferase II (GGTase II) as alternative strategies to disrupt protein geranylgeranylation is provided.Expert opinion: While the NBPs remain the mainstay of treatment for most bone disorders, further understanding of their pharmacological properties could lead to further refinement of their chemical structures and optimization of efficacy and safety...
A query theory account of a discrete choice experiment under oath

One limitation of stated-preference methods is the formation of hypothetical bias. To address this, the honesty oath has been used as an ex ante technique to reduce hypothetical bias. Our study provides a query account of the honesty oath in a discrete-choice experiment setting by using Query Theory to examine the mechanism behind the effectiveness of the honesty oath. Our results show that the honesty oath can change the content and order of queries; potentially reducing hypothetical bias in discrete choice experiments. The study suggests the potential usefulness of Query Theory in examining thought processes of respondents in valuation studies.
Experiment To Decrease Neighborhood Poverty Had Limited Effects On Emergency Department Use.

Neighborhood environments are increasingly thought to affect emergency department (ED) use. However, because people decide where to live based on a range of factors, it can be challenging to identi...
Modeling of 300 GHz Chip-to-Chip Wireless Channels in Metal Enclosures

This paper proposes a two dimensional (2-D) statistical channel model for Terahertz (THz) chip-to-chip wireless communication in desktop size metal enclosures. This model differs from traditional statistical channel models as it models both traveling and resonant waves that exist inside metal enclosures. Based on the cavity environment and the statistical properties of the channel inside the metal cavity, the geometrical model which describes propagation in resonant cavity as a superposition of LoS, single bounced (SB), double bounced (DB), and multi-bounced (MB) rays is proposed. Based on the geometrical model, a parametric reference model is proposed. Furthermore, the path loss model that captures signal strength variation in a resonant cavity is proposed. Frequency correlation functions (FCF) and power delay profiles (PDP) for different possible chip-to-chip communication scenarios are derived and compared with the measured ones. The results show a good agreement between the simulated and measured statistics.
Website Cryptojacking Detection Using Machine Learning : IEEE CNS 20 Poster

Cryptojacking is the process of utilizing one’s systems resources without their knowledge to mine cryptocurrency. This can be done by injecting a malicious javascript code into the website. The malicious javascript code injected utilizes system’s resources in order to compute hashes.Most of the classic cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin, monero, webchain are built on proof-of-work(pow) algorithm called CryptoNight, which is CPU-bound. They make use of memorybound functions for constructing computational puzzles [1], in order to maximize profit. This total process requires a lot of disc read and write operations. Hence, we have monitored the cache activity to detect whether cryptojacking exists or not. In addition to detection, our method can also detect the CPU percentage throttle set by the attacker making it a multiclass classification problem. We have leveraged a tool called ‘perf’ [2] in order to measure the number of cache hits and misses. Using this methodology, we were able to detect cryptojacking corresponding to each class with an accuracy of 96.25%.
Abstract 13531: Coronary Artery Disease Predicts Venous Occlusion in Patients Undergoing Lead Extraction

Introduction: Pacemaker and ICD lead failure or vascular occlusion can require lead extraction. Predictors of a need for lead extraction due to venous occlusion are not well characterized. Hypothes...
Browsing different Instagram profiles and associations with psychological well-being

Social networking sites (SNSs) may be transforming young people’s social experiences, and browsing SNSs in particular may harm psychological well-being. However, browsing different types of SNS profiles may differentially relate to psychological well-being. In a large and ethnically diverse sample of emerging adults (N=405), this experimental study examined changes in state affect and self-perceptions after browsing one of three different types of profiles on Instagram: an acquaintance, an influencer, or one’s own profile. Moreover, this study investigated how individual characteristics may moderate relations between browsing and well-being, by exploring feedback seeking behaviors and the fear of missing out. Browsing one’s own Instagram profile led to positive changes in psychological well-being, whereas browsing the profile of either an acquaintance or an Instagram influencer led to negative changes in psychological well-being. Many observed effects, especially those found for the acquaintance and influencer conditions, were moderated by participants’ dispositional levels of the fear of missing out and feedback seeking, in which effects were primarily observed for those higher in these characteristics. Findings suggest that SNSs may have positive or negative effects on well-being depending on who is online and what those individuals are browsing.
Toros, masculinidades menguadas y mujeres objeto: Hable con ella (2002) y Blancanieves (2012)

En Hable con ella y Blancanieves Pedro Almodovar y Pablo Berger eluden la polemica sobre el fenomeno de los toros y emplean la imagen estilizada y desproblematizada de las corridas introduciendo un...
Overcoming bottlenecks for in vitro synthesis and initial structural insight of ice nucleating protein InaZ

Abstract Unlike inorganic or other synthetic alternatives, ice nucleating proteins (INPs) remain the most efficient ice nuclei today. Their potential applications in cryo-preservation, biomedicine, food industry and in the modulation of climate are widespread. Nevertheless, over several decades, cell-based recombinant methods have experienced multiple difficulties expressing these large proteins in full-length and in necessary yields while retaining functionality. As a result, our understanding of the structure and ice nucleation mechanism for this class of proteins is incomplete, and, most importantly, the full extent of possible applications unrealized. Using a wheat-germ cell-free expression pipeline, we successfully expressed and purified full-length ice nucleating protein InaZ from Pseudomonas syringae, known as a model INP. High protein yield and solubility has been achieved using this system. Ice nucleation experiments inside a dynamic environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) confirmed that the produced InaZ products remain functional. Preliminary structural assessments of these proteins using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) showed experimental evidence for their structural organization as fibrils. We believe that the current platform will be suitable for expressing other INPs of interest and can be further employed as new engineering system either for industrial or scientific needs.
Impact Analysis of Cyber Attacks on Smart Grid: A Review and Case Study

This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the impacts of cyber attacks on the smart distribution grid and discusses the potential methods in the literature to mitigate them. The review considers different real-world case studies of successful cyber attacks on multiple grid assets, including networks with high-penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs). A specific use-case of a false data injection (FDI) attack on a photovoltaic (PV) production meter data used for 15-minute ahead forecasting is presented. The false data from the production meter causes the command and control center to give incorrect operational settings to the grid. The various impacts of this incorrect operational settings on the dynamics on the grid is theoretically analyzed, followed by simulation studies of this scenario on an IEEE 34 bus system with three PVs, one synchronous generator, and one energy storage. The impact of FDI on the system is analyzed by measuring the nodal voltages, the current flowing through the lines, and the systems’ active and reactive power losses. The results show that the FDI could potentially cause cascading failures due to possible over current and voltage collapse. This monograph also proposes an adaptive protection system based on a neural network model. This allows the network protection scheme to learn (based on the historical data) the dynamics of the system over time and adequately adapt the protection settings of the relays autonomously despite an FDI attack on the PV production meter. This study will be of particular importance to the utility and DER installers to proactively mitigate FDI attacks, thereby improving the overall situation awareness.
Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the lung.

Human immunity to SARS-CoV-2 has been characterised extensively; however, our understanding of the immune responses in the lung, the site of infection, is limited. A previous study assessing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples showed a higher proportion of inflammatory monocytes and macrophages in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. In contrast, the moderate patients showed an accumulation of clonally expanded CD8 T cells.1 The data suggested an enhanced inflammation in the lungs, but paired analysis of peripheral blood and BAL is even more limited.2 In this issue, Saris et al present a study in which the authors characterised the cellular immune composition of paired blood and BAL samples from 17 patients with severe COVID-19 infection, of which 4 patients were deceased.3 They observed a significant increase in monocyte populations in BAL of all patients, consistent with the idea that activated blood monocytes migrate to the …
Institutional Problems, Individual Solutions - The Burden on Black Physicians.

Institutional Problems, Individual Solutions Positioning Black physicians and investigators at the forefront of vaccine-rollout efforts in an attempt to boost vaccine uptake in Black American commu...
Distribution of age and apnea-hypopnea index in diagnostic sleep tests in West Texas

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disease characterized by the collapse of the upper airway during sleep. It is debated whether increasing age is associated with an increased severity based on the...
Design of Transonic Airfoils and Wings Using a Hybrid Design Algorithm

A method has been developed for designing airfoils and wings at transonic speeds. It utilizes a hybrid design algorithm in an iterative predictor/corrector approach, alternating between analysis code and a design module. This method has been successfully applied to a variety of airfoil and wing design problems, including both transport and highly-swept fighter wing configurations. An efficient approach to viscous airfoild design and the effect of including static aeroelastic deflections in the wing design process are also illustrated.
Supplementation of metabolizable protein during late gestation and fetal number impact ewe organ mass, maternal serum hormone and metabolite concentrations, and conceptus measurements.

To examine the effects of maternal metabolizable protein (MP) supplementation during late gestation on serum hormone and metabolites and organ masses, multiparous ewes (n = 45) carrying singletons or twins were allotted randomly (within pregnancy group) to 1 of 3 treatments: 60% (MP60), 80% (MP80), or 100% (MP100) of MP requirements. Blood samples were drawn before the initiation of diets (day 100) and before slaughter (day 130) for chemistry panel analysis and weekly for hormone analysis including progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17β (E2). At day 130, ewe organ masses were recorded. Despite being fed isocaloric diets, MP60 ewes gained less weight throughout pregnancy compared with MP80 and MP100 ewes which were similar. Although diet did not impact E2 or P4 concentrations, ewes carrying twins had greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of both as gestation advanced. Albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, and total protein were reduced (P < 0.05) in MP60 compared with MP100 ewes near term. There was a diet by fetal number interaction (P = 0.03) for lactate dehydrogenase. Twin-carrying MP80 ewes had greater lactate dehydrogenase compared with all other groups on day 130 of gestation. Ewes that were fed MP80 had greater body weight on day 130 of gestation compared with MP60 ewes. Kidney and heart weights were lighter in MP60 ewes compared with MP80 ewes. There was a maternal diet by fetal number interaction (P = 0.05) on fetal weight per unit empty ewe body weight. In ewes carrying singletons, MP60 ewes supported less fetal weight compared with MP100. In contrast, MP60 ewes supported more fetal mass compared with MP100 ewes when carrying twins. The level of protein, and not just total energy, in the diet appears to impact some aspects of the maternal system. Moreover, it appears some measurements of mobilizing maternal body resources are enhanced in ewes carrying twins.
Attitude Formation: Function and Structure

Classic and contemporary conceptions of attitude, as well as attitude structure and functions, are discussed. Attitudes are psychological tendencies to evaluate a particular object with some degree of favor or disfavor; hence attitudes have both a valence (positive vs. negative) and intensity (extreme vs. moderate) component. Internal attitude structure is composed not only of people's abstract evaluations of things in their interior or exterior environment (i.e., attitude itself), but also of any associated cognitions, emotions, or cognitions about behavior vis-a-vis the attitude object. Structure is important insofar as it may be used to diagnose the probable basis of a person's attitude. Attitude basis, in turn, is important insofar as affect- and cognition-based attitudes appear to have differential effects on outcomes such as persuasion and selective memory for attitude-relevant information. Structure is also fundamental to the concept of attitude strength. Many affective (or cognitive, or both types of) associations, especially when such associations are congruent with overall evaluation, or attitude, produce stronger attitudes. Strong, compared to weak, attitudes are especially predictive of outcomes such as attitude-congruent behavior, susceptibility to social influence, and selective processing of attitude-relevant information. Attitude functionality refers to the personal needs and goals of perceivers, and the extent to which a person's attitude toward an object serves one or more such needs/goals. A universal function of attitudes is that they enable people to ‘size up’ stimuli in their environment as efficiently as possible. Other functions discussed include value-expression, utilitarianism, ego-defense, and social adjustment. Possible directions for future theory and research, such as exploring linkages between structure and function, are also discussed.
Alterations of the in vivo torque-velocity relationship of human skeletal muscle following 30 days exposure to simulated microgravity

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 30 d of 6 deg headdown bedrest (BR) on the in vivo strength of skeletal muscle. Peak angle specific (0.78 rad below horizontal) torque of the knee extensor (KE) and flexor (KF) muscle groups of both limbs was assessed during unilateral efforts at four speeds (0.52, 1.74, 2.97 and 4.19 rad/s) during concentric and at three speeds (0.52, 1.74 and 2.97 rad/s) during eccentric actions. The average decrease (P less than 0.05) of peak angle specific torque directly post-BR for the KE across speeds of concentric and eccentric actions was about 19% (n = 7). Recovery for 30 d following BR markedly improved strength to about 92% (P greater than 0.05) of 'normal'. Strength of the KF was not altered (P greater than 0.05) by BR (about a 6% decrease independent of speed and type of muscle action). Changes of strength were not affected by the type or speed of muscle action. The results indicate that strength of ex-tensor more than of flexor muscle groups of the lower limb is decreased by 30 d of bedrest and that this response does not alter the nature of the in vivo torque-velocity relation.
Data Collection: Interviewing

Interviewing is a process of social interaction in which a researcher questions subjects or respondents for the purpose of gaining information or data. Interviewing styles may range from informal conversations to semi-focused topical interviews to more formal standardized questionnaires that reflect different degrees of control over the interview. As social interaction interviewing may be analyzed by different theories of social interaction—specifically role theory, conflict theory, exchange theory and symbolic interaction. Each of these highlights different aspects of the interview that may introduce bias and affect the validity of the data. Research is presented that demonstrates the degree of bias introduced by race, class, gender, age, and various other aspects of the interview situation.
Gadamer's recent work on language and philosophy: On “Zur Phänomenologie von ritual aund sprache”

The general theme of this first section is the unobtrusive place language has occupied in Western philosophy beginning with the Greeks up through Kant, German idealism, and the later neoKantian idealism. It notes that for serious philosophy, up to the twentieth century, language remained a hidden (verborgen) medium of no particular philosophical consequence. A key question in the section is why this is so, and the answer is that thinking in terms of principles, systems, and ultimate grounding has diverted thinking away from a focus on language. The section title parallels the title of a book he published in the same year, Uber die Verborgenheit der Gesundheit, translated into English as The Enigma of Health. 3 Language, like health, remains invisible (Heidegger would say “inconspicuous” [“unauffallig”]) until attention is focussed on it. Gadamer notes in this section that language is occasionally discussed by Plato and other philosophers down through history, but it remained for Husserl and Heidegger to make language a key part of the lifeworld. Gadamer asserts that Husserl’s transcendental idealism contributed to the diminishment of the place of language by placing it in the context of the intentional acts of consciousness (404), while Heidegger, on the other hand, went back to the Greek language and made words a central focus of his thinking. Heidegger undertook to break the hold of
A computational study of protein dynamics, structure ensembles, and functional mechanisms

Proteins are vital parts of living organisms and involved in almost every single biological process. When participating in in-vivo reactions, proteins are constantly in motion and their dynamics is critical to the realization of their functions. Although the advancement of structure determination methods and computational approaches has opened up great opportunities for studying protein dynamics and functional mechanisms, much remains to be understood. In this thesis, I aim to establish some new computational methods for studying protein dynamics and functional mechanisms. In the first half of this thesis, I will describe the new computational methods for protein dynamics that I have developed. One of the most common methods for obtaining the protein dynamics computationally is molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Although MD simulations can provide atomic details of the protein dynamics, it is computationally expensive and is thus limited to short time scales, especially for large systems. In this thesis I focus on methods for studying protein dynamics that can circumvent such limitations. Two strategies are employed: (1) represent protein dynamics using weighted structure ensembles; (2) improve existing coarse-grained models with multi-body potentials using generalized spring tensors. In the second half of the thesis, I investigate the functional mechanisms of ligand migration and allosteric communication using novel, dynamics-based methods. Specifically, two subgoals are defined and accomplished: (1)chart the ligand migration channels in heme proteins using different structure ensembles; (2) determine the allosteric communication pathways using dynamic motion correlations.
Europe Through Arab Eyes, 1578–1727 – By Nabil Matar

This book is a major contribution to a hitherto little‐experienced field, despite the abundance of Arabic writings about Europe and the West in general. What also distinguishes this book is the tho...
Building Relevant and Sustainable Collections

With endowment investments and state tax revenue at low levels, both private and public institutions are no longer able to support their libraries' excessive spending on content. Purchasing large bundles of content is no longer thrifty and the notion that someone will need it at some time in the future can arguably be considered wasteful spending; the “Big Deal” is no longer a good deal. The mantra “do more with less” now means reductions in staff, hours and collection spending as librarians meander through tough economic times to reinvent themselves as the experts on campus who can connect users to content even when barriers exist.
Free amino acids of normal and abnormal human placenta.

Abstract The free amino acid content of human placenta has not previously been reported, although such levels are known for many normal and malignant tissues. Free amino acids in the placenta increase during pregnancy although they are already quite high by 20 weeks. Compared to studies of uterus and endometrium, placental aspartic acid is high and glutamic acid is normal, while asparagineglutamine is uniformly low, suggesting a deficiency of asparagine and glutamine synthetase. In hydatidiform mole, aspartic and glutamic acid levels are low while asparagine and glutamine levels are comparable to those of normal placenta, suggesting that transamination is not a major metabolic activity of trophoblast. Placental arginine is high compared to levels in normal uterus. All other essential amino acids show little variation. Free amino acid levels are low in infarcted placenta and high in toxemic placenta. All tissue samples exhibited low levels of valine and proline, suggesting they are active, rather than degenerating.
Advances in explosives analysis—part II: photon and neutron methods

The number and capability of explosives detection and analysis methods have increased dramatically since publication of the Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry special issue devoted to Explosives Analysis [Moore DS, Goodpaster JV, Anal Bioanal Chem 395:245-246, 2009]. Here we review and critically evaluate the latest (the past five years) important advances in explosives detection, with details of the improvements over previous methods, and suggest possible avenues towards further advances in, e.g., stand-off distance, detection limit, selectivity, and penetration through camouflage or packaging. The review consists of two parts. Part I discussed methods based on animals, chemicals (including colorimetry, molecularly imprinted polymers, electrochemistry, and immunochemistry), ions (both ion-mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry), and mechanical devices. This part, Part II, will review methods based on photons, from very energetic photons including X-rays and gamma rays down to the terahertz range, and neutrons.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Conjugated Dienes: (5Z,7E)‐5,7‐Hexadecadiene

Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of conjugated dienes: (5Z,7E)-5,7-hexadecadiene intermediate: (E)-1-decenyldiisobutylalane product: (5Z,7E)-5,7-hexadecadiene Keywords: alkenylation, C-alkenylation; metalation reactions, aluminum; metal-catalyzed reactions, palladium; hexane; tetrahydrofuran; aluminum alkyls
Early Vitrectomy for Spontaneous, Fundus-Obscuring Vitreous Hemorrhage

Purpose To examine the visual outcomes of early intervention in the setting of fundus-obscuring vitreous hemorrhage (VH) presumed to be due to posterior vitreous detachment. Design Retrospective comparative case series. Methods All eyes that presented with a fundus-obscuring VH, defined as vision of 20/400 or worse and requiring a B-scan at presentation from 2003 to 2013, were evaluated. Eyes with any history of retinopathy, macular degeneration, recent trauma, presentation greater than 2 weeks after onset of symptoms, or follow-up of less than 2 months were excluded. The main outcome measure studied was final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) as dependent on the time to surgery. Results Ninety-two eyes met inclusion criteria with a mean follow-up of 490 days. Initial BCVA was logMAR 2.218 (Snellen equivalent 20/3000-20/4000, range 20/400-light perception); final BCVA was 0.318 (Snellen equivalent of 20/40-20/50, range 20/20-light perception, P P Conclusions Early surgical intervention results in similar visual outcomes compared to a conservative approach. However, early intervention significantly reduces the incidence of severe vision loss related to macula-involving retinal detachment. This study highlights the importance of close follow-up given the high risk of retinal detachment in fundus-obscuring vitreous hemorrhage.
Prolonged somatosensory evoked potential depression following a brief exposure to low concentrations of inhalation anaesthetic in a 3‐year‐old child

A 3-year-old child was brought to the operating room for removal of a brainstem juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma. Following inhalation induction and intubation, he was maintained on 0.5% isoflurane. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) were recorded but unobtainable initially and up to 90 min after all inhalation agents were discontinued. The operation was cancelled and the patient was transported to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Subsequent PICU testing revealed a depression of amplitude with propofol and absence of potentials with 0.5% isoflurane. He returned to the operating room, was induced with propofol, and maintained with a propofol: nitrous oxide:fentanyl technique. This anaesthetic technique allowed adequate tumour resection with appropriate monitoring of SSEPs. These findings suggest that a total intravenous anaesthetic technique may be preferable for resection of spinal cord tumours where SSEPs are monitored.
Studies in histochemistry. LVI. Microbiological determination of biotin in microgram amounts of tissue.

Abstract A microbiological procedure employing Lactobacillus arabinosus for the determination of biotin in microgram quantities of tissue is described. Data pertaining to effects of various conditions of acid hydrolysis on the liberation and destruction of biotin in rat liver are presented and compared with data obtained by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An analysis of the reproducibility of the method is given, and data for biotin content of liver are included.
Mobile Phases in Reverse‐Phase HPLC for the Determination of Bitter Peptides in Cheese

A cheese extract and a standard solution with a mixture of peptides and amino acids were used to evaluate the separations of reverse-phase HPLC with alternative mobile phases to be used in conjunction with sensory evaluation. Acceptable resolution of components was observed when acetonitrile was replaced with absolute ethanol and trifluoroacetic acid was replaced with food-grade hydrochloric acid. The average hydrophobicity and molecular weight of the peptides and amino acids were used to construct a linear regression equation with corrected retention times. Suspected bitter compounds were not confined to any one section of the chromatogram based on the established regression model.
How responsive are Indonesia's bilateral inpayments and outpayments to real depreciation of Rupiah?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the sensitivity of Indonesia's inpayments and outpayments to currency depreciation on a bilateral basis.Design/methodology/approach – The methodology used is based on the bounds testing approach.Findings – It is found that while real depreciation of Rupiah has short‐run effects in a majority of the cases, these effects last into the long‐term in almost 50 percent of the cases. Surprisingly, almost all of the affected partners in the long run are found to be the Asian countries.Originality/value – The paper is very original in that no one has looked at this issue before.
Dual canonicalization: An answer to the homograph attack

Phishing attacks have frequently used homographs since they were first described a decade ago. Though a wide variety of tools and techniques have been used to mitigate the effectiveness of these attacks, none have offered a comprehensive solution. This paper describes the homograph attack as a mathematical problem, identifies the various flavors of the attack, and provides a solution applicable to a wide variety of scenarios.
USE OF STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLES IN A LAND USE STUDY

T T HIS paper demonstrates the use of stratified random sampling and statistical analysis applied to a land-use problem. The objectives of the inquiry in which these techniques were used were (1) to locate and map the swamps and marshes of eastern Wisconsin (Fig. 1),1 (2) to map the utilization of this land, and (3) to evaluate its significance to the economy of the region. Only the first two objectives will be treated in this paper. Although the term "wet land" has been used to designate the subject under consideration, the term "organic soils" could have been used as well. It was found in the field that, in places that had detailed soil map coverage, the writer's classification of "wet land" included only those areas on the map designated as peat or muck.