cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Induced Charge at Boundaries on Transverse Dynamics of a Space-Charge-Dominated Beam

A particle simulation code has been used to study the effect on transverse beam dynamics of charge induced on focusing electrodes. A linear transport system was assumed. The initial particle distribution was taken to be that of a uniform elliptical beam with a Gaussian velocity distribution. For misaligned, highly space-charge-dominated beams (betatron phase advance per lattice period ? 10°), a large oscillation of the rms emittance occurred in a beat pattern. Linearized Vlasov analysis shows the oscillation to be a sextupole oscillation, driven by the beam coherent betatron motion. Emittance growth accompanied the oscillation. Preliminary experimental results from the Single Beam Transport Experiment (SBTE) are consistent with the code results. Addition of a dodecapole nonlinearity to the computational focusing field greatly reduces the oscillation amplitude.
Joblessness and homelessness as precursors of health problems in formerly incarcerated African American men.

Purpose:To explore how joblessness and homelessness influence the health of men leaving prison. Design:A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was conducted with 17 formerly incarcerated African American men. Participants were interviewed for 1-2 hours in a private setting. Data were collected over 3 months in late 2001. Methods:Questions were focused on the experiences of participants during incarceration and after release from prison. Discourse analysis was used to analyze the data. Finding:Findings related to unemployment included, (a) being incarcerated was associated with decreased types of employment available after release from prison, (b) a history of incarceration altered how participants were able to conduct job searches, and (c) men who did well after release were those who were self-employed. Findings related to homelessness showed that barriers in either systems or relationships interfered with finding homes. Conclusions:If formerly incarcerated African American men are to reenter society in meaningful ways, steady, living-wage employment and a stable living environment are needed for these men to be able to successfully reintegrate into both families and the larger society, and to avoid conditions that are precursors of health problems.
Inducing Deterrence through Moral Hazard in Alliance Contracts

Do military alliances foster aggressive behavior in allies to the point of undermining the security goal of the alliance? Like others, we find that alliance commitments may cause moral hazard because allies do not fully internalize the costs of actions that can lead to war. But unlike others, we show that the effect of moral hazard can improve security. Moral hazard can be the driving force behind generating deterrence and avoiding costly conflict. Aggressors may refrain from initiating crises if their target enjoys additional resources from its ally and so is more willing to fight back. So rather than incurring costs, moral hazard may be the very key to deterring potential aggressors and minimizing the risk of conflict. This behavior allows alliance partners to capture a “deterrence surplus,” which are the gains from avoiding conflict.
The Clinical Significance of Treatments: A Comparison of Three Treatments for Conduct Disordered Children

We demonstrate two methods of assessing clinical significance by comparing three treatments for conduct-disordered children. Clinical significance was examined by exploring two questions. First, the question of whether the change attributable to treatment was of a large enough magnitude to be considered clinically significant was examined using the reliable change index. Second, whether treated individuals were distinguishable from normal individuals with regard to target variables was examined using normative comparisons conducted with a statistical technique known as equivalency testing. Three treatments meeting criteria for well-established or probably efficacious treatments were reviewed. All three produced clinically significant changes. However, significant differences were found in terms of normative comparisons.
Organic nano-spintronics

We study spin transport in organic nanowires and show that the spin relaxation time in organics can be exceptionally long. This makes organics ideal for many applications in spintronics since the longevity of spin polarization is an important criterion for virtually all spintronic devices. We also discuss other important characteristics of spin transport in organics. Finally, we present results pertaining to the transverse spin relaxation time (T2 time) in organics since it is critical for quantum computing applications.
Determination of levoglucosan and its isomers in size fractions of aerosol standard reference materials.

The present study tested the extraction efficiency and quantification reproducibility of anhydrosugars in a series of NIST SRMs using two extraction protocols and isotopically-labeled (d7-levoglucosan) vs. chemically analogous (sedoheptulosan) surrogates. In both instances, levoglucosan concentrations in the different versions of the Washington, D.C. urban dust standard (SRM 1649, 1649a, 1649b, and RM 8785) were similar. The present test also showed that levoglucosan concentrations were not affected by longterm shelf storage of dry material. Variability of analyses were similar for both surrogates and averaged <5%. Surrogate recoveries were shown to average 103 � 7% and 97 � 7% for d7-levoglucosan and sedoheptulosan, respectively. The choice of solvent was shown to affect recoveries the most (but not variability). Levoglucosan concentrations were either seriously underestimated or overestimated with ethyl acetate extraction when d7-levoglucosan or sedoheptulosan was used as surrogate, respectively. These results point to the need to use some fraction of polar solvent (i.e. methanol) in the solvent mixture. Anhydrosugar concentrations in the urban dust from the Czech Republic (candidate SRMs 2786 and 2787) were characterized by 3- to 7-fold higher anhydrosugar concentrations than those observed in the Washington, D.C. urban dust. The internal anhydrosugar signatures (i.e. levoglucosan/mannosan ratio: L/M) confirm the predominance of biomass combustion sources in both SRM series with mixed inputs from hardwood and softwood combustion in the Washington, D.C. urban dust and a predominantly softwood source in the Prague urban dust. The uniform distribution of anhydrosugars, across the particle size distribution of both SRM series, confirms earlier studies that low temperature charred materials contribute significant inputs to atmospheric ultrafine particles with long atmospheric residence time and transport ranges.
Dynamic modelling of sea-surface roughness for large-eddy simulation of wind over ocean wavefield

Wind blowing over the ocean surface can be treated as a turbulent boundary layer over a multiscale rough surface with moving roughness elements, the waves. Large-eddy simulation (LES) of such flows is challenging because LES resolves wind–wave interactions only down to the grid scale, , while the effects of subgrid-scale (SGS) waves on the wind need to be modelled. Usually, a surface-layer model based on the law of the wall is used; but the surface roughness has been known to depend on the local wind and wave conditions and is difficult to parameterize. In this study, a dynamic model for the SGS sea-surface roughness is developed, with the roughness corresponding to the SGS waves expressed as . Here, is the effective amplitude of the SGS waves, modelled as a weighted integral of the SGS wave spectrum based on the geometric and kinematic properties of the waves for which five candidate expressions are examined. Moreover, is an unknown dimensionless model coefficient determined dynamically based on the first-principles constraint that the total surface drag force or average surface stress must be independent of the LES filter scale . The feasibility and consistency of the dynamic sea-surface roughness models are assessed by a priori tests using data from high-resolution LES with near-surface resolution, appropriately filtered. Also, these data are used for a posteriori tests of the dynamic sea-surface roughness models in LES with near-surface modelling. It is found that the dynamic modelling approach can successfully capture the effects of SGS waves on the wind turbulence without ad hoc prescription of the model parameter . Also, for , a model based on the kinematics of wind–wave relative motion achieves the best performance among the five candidate models.
Excessive disgust caused by brain lesions or temporary inactivations: mapping hotspots of the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum

Disgust is a prototypical type of negative affect. In animal models of excessive disgust, only a few brain sites are known in which localized dysfunction (lesions or neural inactivations) can induce intense ‘disgust reactions’ (e.g. gapes) to a normally pleasant sensation such as sweetness. Here, we aimed to map forebrain candidates more precisely, to identify where either local neuronal damage (excitotoxin lesions) or local pharmacological inactivation (muscimol/baclofen microinjections) caused rats to show excessive sensory disgust reactions to sucrose. Our study compared subregions of the nucleus accumbens shell, ventral pallidum, lateral hypothalamus, and adjacent extended amygdala. The results indicated that the posterior half of the ventral pallidum was the only forebrain site where intense sensory disgust gapes in response to sucrose were induced by both lesions and temporary inactivations (this site was previously identified as a hedonic hotspot for enhancements of sweetness ‘liking’). By comparison, for the nucleus accumbens, temporary GABA inactivations in the caudal half of the medial shell also generated sensory disgust, but lesions never did at any site. Furthermore, even inactivations failed to induce disgust in the rostral half of the accumbens shell (which also contains a hedonic hotspot). In other structures, neither lesions nor inactivations induced disgust as long as the posterior ventral pallidum remained spared. We conclude that the posterior ventral pallidum is an especially crucial hotspot for producing excessive sensory disgust by local pharmacological/lesion dysfunction. By comparison, the nucleus accumbens appears to segregate sites for pharmacological disgust induction and hedonic enhancement into separate posterior and rostral halves of the medial shell.
Risk-Neutral Skewness: Evidence from Stock Options

We investigate the relative importance of various factors in explaining the volatility skew observed in the prices of stock options traded on the Chicago Board Options Exchange. The skewness of the risk-neutral density implied by individual stock option prices tends to be more negative for stocks that have larger betas, suggesting that market risk is important in pricing individual stock options. Also, implied skewness tends to be more negative in periods of high market volatility, and when the risk-neutral density for index options is more negatively skewed. Other firm-specific factors, including firm size and trading volume a so help explain cross-sectional variation in skewness. However, we find no robust relationship between skewness and the firm's leverage. Nor do we find evidence that skewness is related to the put/call ratio, which may be viewed as a proxy for trading pressure or market sentiment. Overall, firm-specific factors seem to be more important than systematic factors in explaining the variation in the skew for individual firms.
Lexical effects on compensation for coarticulation: a tale of two systems?

We reply to McQueen’s commentary by comparing the parsimony of his account of relevant data and the computational model he favors with the explanation and model we favor. His account requires multiple independent explanations and mechanisms. Ours requires one: lexical feedback. © 2003 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved.
De novo macrolide–glycolipid macrolactone hybrids: Synthesis, structure and antibiotic activity of carbohydrate-fused macrocycles

Natural product-like macrocycles were designed as potential antibacterial compounds. The macrocycles featured a D-glucose unit fused into a 12- or 13-member macrolactone. The rings are connected via the C6’ and anomeric (C1’) positions of the monosaccharide. The new macrocycles/macrolides were characterized by X-ray crystallography. Their structures showed that, in addition to the ester and alkene units, the dihedral angle about the glycosidic linkage (exo-anomeric effect) influenced the overall shape of the molecules. Glycosylation of an available hydroxy group on the macrocycle gave a hybrid macrolide with features common to erythromycin and sophorlipid macrolactone. Weak antibiotic activity (MICs <100 μg/mL) was observed for several of the compounds.
A Physics-Based Device Model of Transient Neutron Damage in Bipolar Junction Transistors

For the purpose of simulating the effects of neutron radiation damage on bipolar circuit performance, a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) compact model incorporating displacement damage effects and rapid annealing has been developed. A physics-based approach is used to model displacement damage effects, and this modeling approach is implemented as an augmentation to the Gummel-Poon BJT model. The model is presented and implemented in the Xyce circuit simulator, and is shown to agree well with experiments and TCAD simulation, and is shown to be superior to a previous compact modeling approach.
Interpreting programs in static single assignment form

Optimizing compilers, including those in virtual machines, commonly utilize Static Single Assignment Form as their intermediate representation, but interpreters typically implement stack-oriented virtual machines. This paper introduces an easily interpreted variant of Static Single Assignment Form. Each instruction of this Interpretable Static Single Assignment Form, including the Phi Instruction, has self-contained operational semantics facilitating efficient interpretation. Even the array manipulation instructions possess directly-executable single-assignment semantics. In addition, this paper describes the construction of a prototype virtual machine realizing Interpretable Static Single Assignment Form and reports on its performance.
Down-regulation of cell surface insulin receptors in primary cultured rat adipocytes by sodium vanadate

Sodium vanadate, a potent phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, was found to down-regulate the number of cell surface receptors in primary cultured adipocytes (50% receptor loss by 24 h; 65% loss by 48 h; ED50, 17 and 9 μM, respectively). The characteristics of vanadate-induced downregulation were distinguished by three salient features. First, time-course studies revealed a lag period of 4-6 h preceding vanadate-induced receptor loss. This lag period was not due to slow diffusion of vanadate into the cell, since it could not be shortened using a very high dose of vanadate (1 mM). Second, vanadate was found to trigger receptor loss, such that downregulation continued after vanadate removal. Thus, no immediate down-regulation was observed in adipocytes exposed to 80 μM vanadate for 6 h. However, when cells were washed and reincubated in vanadate-free medium for an additional 18 h (24 h total), a 50% receptor loss was seen. Lastly, we found that vanadate-induced down-regulation was not readily reversible, ...
Did the “Road to the White House Run Through” Letterman? Chris Christie, Letterman, and Other-Disparaging Versus Self-Deprecating Humor

In this article we present the results of an experiment designed to disentangle the effects late-night talk show viewership have on presidential candidate evaluations. Respondents in one condition viewed a short video clip of David Letterman humorously disparaging New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, thought by many at the time to be considering a run for the presidency in 2016. Those in a second condition saw a short clip of Christie engaging in self-deprecating humor while appearing as a guest on Letterman's program. Compared with respondents in a control condition, those in the other-disparaging humor condition had lower evaluations of Christie and reported a lower likelihood of voting for him in 2016, while those in the self-deprecating humor condition had higher evaluations of him and expressed a greater likelihood of voting for him. The research has practical implications for modern campaigns and also serves to clarify some of the seemingly contradictory findings of earlier political humor effects re...
Diffusion- and Perfusion-Weighted MR Imaging of Dural Sinus Thrombosis

A patient with dural sinus thrombosis had progressively worsening symptoms and signs that resolved after intradural thrombolysis. Intradural sinus pressures were 54 mm Hg. Echo-planar MR imaging revealed complex abnormalities of diffusion and widespread delay in mean transit time that improved immediately after thrombolysis. This case suggests that diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging can provide valuable information noninvasively to help triage patients with dural sinus thrombosis between conservative and aggressive management.
Bimolecular electron transfers that deviate from the Sandros-Boltzmann dependence on free energy: steric effect.

As we reported recently, endergonic to mildly exergonic electron transfer between neutral aromatics (benzenes and biphenyls) and their radical cations in acetonitrile follows a Sandros-Boltzmann (SB) dependency on the reaction free energy (ΔG); i.e., the rate constant is proportional to 1/[1 + exp(ΔG/RT)]. We now report deviations from this dependency when one reactant is sterically crowded: 1,4-di-tert-butylbenzene (C1), 1,3,5-tri-tert-butylbenzene (C2), or hexaethylbenzene (C3). Obvious deviation from SB behavior is observed with C1. Stronger deviation is observed with the more crowded C2 and C3, where steric hindrance increases the interplanar separation at contact by ~1 A, significantly decreasing the π orbital overlap. Consequently, electron transfer (k(et)) within the contact pair becomes slower than diffusional separation (k(-d)), causing deviation from the SB dependency, especially near ΔG = 0. Fitting the data to a standard electron-transfer theory gives small matrix elements (~5-7 meV) and reasonable reorganization energies. A small systematic difference between reactions of C3 with benzenes vs biphenyls is rationalized in terms of small differences in the electron-transfer parameters that are consistent with previous data. The influence of solvent viscosity on the competition between k(et) and k(-d) was investigated by comparing reactions in acetonitrile and propylene carbonate.
Alkali Metal Cation-Hexacyclen Complexes: Effects of Alkali Metal Cation Size on the Structure and Binding Energy

Threshold collision-induced dissociation (CID) of alkali metal cation–hexacyclen (ha18C6) complexes, M+(ha18C6), with xenon is studied using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry techniques. The alkali metal cations examined here include: Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+. In all cases, M+ is the only product observed, corresponding to endothermic loss of the intact ha18C6 ligand. The cross-section thresholds are analyzed to extract zero and 298 K M+–ha18C6 bond dissociation energies (BDEs) after properly accounting for the effects of multiple M+(ha18C6)–Xe collisions, the kinetic and internal energy distributions of the M+(ha18C6) and Xe reactants, and the lifetimes for dissociation of the activated M+(ha18C6) complexes. Ab initio and density functional theory calculations are used to determine the structures of ha18C6 and the M+(ha18C6) complexes, provide molecular constants necessary for the thermodynamic analysis of the energy–resolved CID data, and theoretical estimates for the M+–ha18C6 BDEs. Calculations us...
Liquid Crystals Composed of N-Acylamino Acids: II. Influence of Crystalline Structure of N-Acyl-L-Glutamic Acid on the Formation of Liquid Crystals.

Optical active N-acyl-L-glutamic acid (L-AGA) exists in two forms distinguishable by differential thermal analysis, infra-red spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The X-ray diffraction patterns sug...
ICD9 Codes Can Be Used to Identify Cerebral Sinus Venous Thrombosis in Hospitalized Adults (P3.344)

Objective: We sought to determine the accuracy of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD9) codes for CSVT in adults. Background: Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (CSVT) is a rare neurological disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Administrative data presents an opportunity to better characterize the epidemiological and clinical features of CSVT, however, the accuracy of ICD9 coding for this condition is unknown. Methods: A multicenter retrospective cross-sectional study was performed from 4/1/2010 to 4/1/2015 to identify subjects with primary or secondary ICD9 hospital discharge diagnosis of 325.0 (cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, excluding nonpyogenic cases and cases associated with pregnancy and the puerperium), 437.6 (cerebral venous thrombosis of nonpyogenic origin), or 671.5 (cerebral venous thrombosis complicating pregnancy, childbirth, or the puerperium). We also searched outpatient encounters for the ICD9 codes of interest. We then preformed a free-text search of all neuro-radiology reports to identify CVST cases that were incorrectly coded. After reviewing all electronic medical records blinded to primary discharge diagnosis, we calculated the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of the ICD9 codes. Results: We identified 111 subjects with ICD9 diagnosis 325.0, 437.6, or 671.5. The code 325.0 identified 87 subjects, 437.6 identified 24 subjects, and 671.5 identified no subjects. Of the subjects identified via ICD9 codes, 84 (75.8[percnt]) had confirmed CSVT. Twenty-four additional subjects with CSVT were identified via outpatient and neuro-radiology records. The sensitivity of ICD9 codes 325.0, 437.6, or 671.5 combined was 77.8[percnt] with a PPV of 75.7[percnt] (95[percnt] CI: 66.9[percnt]-82.8[percnt]). In the subgroup with primary ICD9 diagnosis of 325.0 (n=30), 28 had CSVT (25.9[percnt] sensitive; PPV 93[percnt], CI: 77.6[percnt]-99.2[percnt]); with a primary ICD9 diagnosis of 437.6 (n=7), 3 had CSVT (2.8[percnt] sensitive; PPV of 42.9[percnt], CI: 15.8[percnt]-75.0[percnt]). Conclusions: ICD9 codes 325.0, 437.6, and 671.5 identified cases of CSVT with moderate sensitivity and PPV. Disclosure: Dr. Liberman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mullen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Messe has received personal compensation for activities with GlaxoSmithKline as a consultant. Dr. Messe has received research support from WL Gore and GlaxoSmithKline.
Evolution of mineral compositions during eclogitization of subducting basaltic crust

Experiments performed on the basalt + H 2 O system at 2.2 to 3.4 GPa and 625 to 750 °C demonstrate the importance of amphibole, zoisite/clinozoisite, and lawsonite as H 2 O carriers in subducting oceanic crust. Amphiboles are sodic-calcic (barroisite) at low pressures (2.2 and 2.4 GPa) but become sodic (glaucophane-ferroglaucophane) with increasing pressure. Zoisite/clinozoisite and lawsonite vary little in composition over this P - T range. Garnet and clinopyroxene compositions respond to the progressive disappearance of amphibole and zoisite with increasing pressure. H 2 O contents of eclogitic assemblages based on modal abundances calculated from electron microprobe analyses were combined with recent results from thermal modeling of subduction zones to discuss fluid release from the slab. The results indicate that, for cold subduction zones, the basaltic crust does not dehydrate, and lawsonite transports H 2 O to depths greater than 250 km. For intermediate temperature paths, the destabilization of lawsonite will trigger the release of 0.9 wt% H 2 O at ~110 km, within the sub-arc region. The remaining 0.1 wt% H 2 O is transported by phengite to depths greater than 300 km. In hot subduction zones, the H 2 O-saturated basalt solidus is crossed, and partial melting of the crust leads to the generation of “adakite” type melts.
The Integral Role of Genetic Variation in the Evolution of Outcrossing in the Caenorhabditis elegans-Serratia marcescens Host-Parasite System.

Outcrossing is predicted to facilitate more rapid adaptation than self-fertilization as a result of genetic exchange between genetically variable individuals. Such genetic exchange may increase the efficacy of selection by breaking down Hill-Robertson interference, as well as promoting the maintenance of within-lineage genetic diversity. Experimental studies have demonstrated the selective advantage of outcrossing in novel environments. Here, we assess the specific role of genetic variation in the evolution of outcrossing. We experimentally evolved genetically variable and inbred populations of mixed mating (outcrossing and self-fertilizing) Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes under novel ecological conditions—specifically the presence of the virulent parasite Serratia marcescens. Outcrossing rates increased in genetically variable host populations evolved in the presence of the parasite, whereas parasite exposure in inbred populations resulted in reduced rates of host outcrossing. The host populations with genetic variation also exhibited increased fitness in the presence of the parasite over eight generations, whereas inbred populations did not. This increase in fitness was primarily the result of adaptation to the parasite, rather than recovery from initial inbreeding depression. Therefore, the benefits of outcrossing were only manifested in the presence of genetic variation, and outcrossing was favored over self-fertilization as a result. As predicted, the benefits of outcrossing under novel ecological conditions are a product of genetic exchange between genetically diverse lineages.
HYDROGENATION BEHAVIOR AND PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS OCCURING IN Ti-6Al-4V ALLOY

Hydrogenation behavior and some phase transformations occuringin Ti-6Al-4V have been studied.Under one atmospheric pressure of hydrogenthere is a hydrogen absorption peak at 570℃.During hydrogenation,hydrogensdissolve inβ phase causing an increase in d_(200) spacing,while hydrides with fccin structure precipitate in a phase and their orientation with the matrix isfound to be{0110}_α//{110}_γ,2110,//110_γAfter hydrogenation,the contrasts of a and β under optical microscope arereversed as compared with those before hydrogenation.Ordered structure ofTi_3 Al is detected after a certain amount of hydrogenation.
The impact of rosiglitazone on cardiovascular responses and endurance during isometric exercise in patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial function is compromised in people with diabetes reducing tissue blood flow. The present investigation was a logical extension of a previous work, examining isometric exercise performance and recovery in people with diabetes and the impact of the insulin sensitizer rosiglitazone, a drug shown to improve endothelial function. MATERIAL/METHODS Blood pressure, heart rate and limb blood flow were examined in 12 control subjects and 8 subjects with type 2 diabetes during a series of 2 fatiguing isometric contractions at a tension of 40% of the maximum strength of the handgrip muscles; 5 minutes of rest were allowed between the contractions. RESULTS Endurance of the first and the second contraction was significantly less in subjects with diabetes (p 0.05), however, resting and peak blood pressures were greater in subjects with type 2 diabetes (p<0.01). Forearm blood flow, which was significantly lower at rest (p<0.01) in subjects with diabetes, only increased by about half as much during the exercise in subjects compared to control subjects. These differences were partially reversed after 3 months administration of rosiglitazone. CONCLUSIONS Microcirculatory damage in diabetes impairs exercise performance and recovery and can be partially reversed after rosiglitazone administration.
Detrimental effects of premature use of inotropic drugs to discontinue cardiopulmonary bypass.

Ten dogs underwent 45 minutes of normothermic ischemic arrest. After 15 minutes of reoxygenation, none could support the systemic circulation independently. In five dogs, we could discontinue bypass (cardiac output 70 to 100 cc/kg/min) by giving dopamine (10 to 30 mcg/kg/min). In five other dogs, total cardiopulmonary bypass was prolonged for an additional 30 minutes and no dopamine was given. During control and at 15 and 45 minutes after aortic unclamping, we measured myocardial blood flow (microspheres), metabolism (oxygen uptake and lactate), water content (wet/dry weight), left ventricular compliance (intraventricular balloon), and performance (isovolumetric and Starling function curves). Dogs treated with prolonged bypass showed progressive improvement in ventricular compliance, function, and water content and did not require inotropic drugs when bypass was discontinued 45 minutes after ischemia. In contrast, dogs receiving dopamine exhibited more myocardial edema (3.3% versus 1.7%* water gain), worse ventricular compliance (18% versus 55%* recovered at 25 ml left ventricular volume), poorer contractility (58% versus 70% recovery of +dP/dt), generated 50% less stroke work at a left atrial pressure of 25 mm Hg (0.25 versus 0.52 gm/kg*), failed to augment oxygen uptake to meet the metabolic demands of the working heart (11% versus 45%* increase in oxygen uptake), and required continued inotropic support to discontinue extracorporeal circulation. We conclude that (1) limited prolongation of total bypass enhances recovery from ischemic damage and (2) use of inotropic drugs to prematurely discontinue extracorporeal circulation will impede recovery by accentuating myocardial edema and further decreasing ventricular compliance, performance, and oxygen utilization.
Management of the Patient Receiving Simultaneous Kidney-Pancreas Transplantation

Simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation is now a viable option for some patients with type I diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease. Nurses caring for this patient population must be knowledgeable about the intricacies of this procedure. This article reviews indications for kidney-pancreas transplantation, selection criteria for both donors and recipients, organ procurement and transplant surgical procedures, potential postoperative complications, immunosuppression, nursing considerations, and the impact this treatment modality has on the management of the patient with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Ammonia Binding in the Second Coordination Sphere of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II

Ammonia binds to two sites in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II (PSII). The first is as a terminal ligand to Mn in the S2 state, and the second is at a site outside the OEC that is competitive with chloride. Binding of ammonia in this latter secondary site results in the S2 state S = 5/2 spin isomer being favored over the S = 1/2 spin isomer. Using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we find that ammonia binds to the secondary site in wild-type Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 PSII, but not in D2-K317A mutated PSII that does not bind chloride. By combining these results with quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations, we propose that ammonia binds in the secondary site in competition with D1-D61 as a hydrogen bond acceptor to the OEC terminal water ligand, W1. Implications for the mechanism of ammonia binding via its primary site directly to Mn4 in the OEC are discussed.
Abstract 1124: Expression of the lipocalin 2 oncogene in the development of smoking-associated and Kras mutant lung adenocarcinoma

There are more than 90 million smokers in the United States who are at elevated risk for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the most common lung cancer subtype. LUADs in smokers frequently (greater than 25%) harbor activating mutations in the Kras oncogene. Kras mutant LUAD exhibits very poor prognosis warranting the need for new strategies to prevent and treat this fatal lung cancer subtype. Limiting these advances is a poor understanding of the earliest events that drive Kras mutant LUAD development in smokers and that would constitute targets for early treatment. The retinoic acid-inducible G-protein coupled receptor Gprc5a is preferentially expressed in normal lung and mice with knockout of the gene (Gprc5a-/-) develop late onset lung tumors spontaneously. In our data aimed at understanding smoking-associated lung cancer pathogenesis, we found that Gprc5a-/- mice, in contrast to wild type (WT) littermates, not only developed LUADs after tobacco carcinogen exposure but also that these lesions harbored somatic Kras mutations, the same variants thought to act as drivers of human LUAD in smokers. In the present study we construed that pinpointing early events preceding lung oncogenesis in Gprc5a-/- mice will help us comprehend how smoke-associated LUADs with Kras mutations evolve. Towards this, we performed RNA-sequencing, using the Ion Proton platform, of visually normal airway epithelia in Gprc5a-/- mice prior to tumor development compared to epithelia in WT mice. We noted distinctively marked up-regulation of the Lcn2 oncogene in normal airways of Gprc5a-/- mice. Functional pathways and gene set enrichment analyses revealed that Lcn2 up-regulation was associated with activation of mitogen activated protein kinase- and interleukin-associated pathways and with gene sets attributable to cigarette smoke. We then analyzed Lcn2 expression in murine cell lines we had derived and found that Lcn2 was significantly elevated in both Gprc5a-/- LUAD and airway cell lines compared to WT airway cells. Moreover, immunohistochemical expression of Lcn2 protein was elevated, compared to normal lung tissue, in early lesions (hyperplasias and adenomas) and in the LUADs of tobacco carcinogen exposed Gprc5a-/- mice. Of note, we also found that alternatively activated M2 macrophages surrounding all lesions were positive for Lcn2. We then analyzed human LCN2 expression in publicly available array datasets and found that the gene was significantly elevated in human KRAS mutant LUADs compared to wild type LUADs or normal lung (all P Citation Format: Joshua Ochieng, Sayuri Nunomura, Wenhua Lang, Jinsong Wei, Li Xu, Christina McDowell, Edwin Ostrin, Ralph Arlinghaus, Junya Fujimoto, Humam Kadara. Expression of the lipocalin 2 oncogene in the development of smoking-associated and Kras mutant lung adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1124.
Operational experience with nanocoulomb bunch charges in the Cornell photoinjector

Characterization of 9--9.5 MeV electron beams produced in the dc-gun based Cornell photoinjector is given for bunch charges ranging from 20 pC to 2 nC. Comparison of the measured emittances and longitudinal current profiles to optimized 3D space charge simulations yields excellent agreement for bunch charges up to 1 nC when the measured laser distribution is used to generate initial particle distributions in simulation. Analysis of the scaling of the measured emittance with bunch charge shows that the emittance scales roughly as the square root of the bunch charge up to 300 pC, above which the trend becomes linear. These measurements demonstrate that the Cornell photoinjector can produce cathode emittance dominated beams meeting the emittance and peak current specifications for next generation free electron lasers operating at high repetition rate. In addition, the 1 and 2 nC results are relevant to the electron ion collider community.
Alcam Mediated Interaction Regulates Normal Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function and Cbfβ-SMMHC Induced Leukemogenesis

Abstract 4091 The inv(16) acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-associated CBFβ-SMMHC fusion protein impairs hematopoietic differentiation and predisposes to leukemic transformation. Alcam, which encodes the activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (CD166), is a cell surface immunoglobulin superfamily member mediating homophilic adhesion as well as heterotypic interactions with CD6. We found that Alcam expression marks long-term repopulating HSCs (LT-HSC), multipotent progenitors (MPP), a subset of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMP), and that Alcam expression is lost or reduced in subsets of pre-leukemic and leukemic progenitors expressing the Cbfβ-SMMHC fusion protein. We characterized the role of Alcam in HSC differentiation and self-renewal using an Alcam-null ( Alcam −/− ) mouse model (Weiner et al. 2004 Mol Cell Neurosci 27:1, 59–69). We show that Alcam is highly expressed in LT-HSCs where its level progressively increases with age. Young adult Alcam −/− mice had normal homeostatic hematopoiesis, and normal numbers of phenotypic HSCs. However, Alcam −/− HSCs had reduced long-term replating capacity in vitro and reduced long-term engraftment potential upon transplantation. We show that Alcam −/− BM contain a markedly lower frequency of long-term repopulating cells than wild type (WT). Further, the long-term repopulating potential and engraftment efficiency of Alcam −/− LT-HSCs was greatly compromised despite a progressive increase in phenotypic LT-HSC numbers during long-term serial transplantation. In addition, an age-associated increase in phenotypic LT-HSC cellularity was observed in Alcam −/− mice. This increase was predominately within the CD150 hi fraction, and was accompanied by significantly reduced leukocyte output. Moreover, Alcam −/− LT-HSCs display premature elevation of Selp expression, a hallmark of HSC aging. To understand the role of Alcam in leukemic transformation, we generated conditional Cbfb-MYH11 knock-in ( Cbfb 56M/+ /Mx1-Cre ), Alcam-deficient ( Alcam −/− ) mice. Interestingly, we found that loss of Alcam drastically delayed or reduced leukemia incidence. Transplantation of Alcam −/− / Cbfb 56M/+ /Mx1-Cre pre-leukemic bone marrow cells into WT recipients also led to delayed and reduced incidence of leukemia development. These results suggest that Alcam contributes to leukemia transformation in a cell-intrinsic manner. Collectively, our study reveals that Alcam regulates the functional integrity and self-renewal of LT-HSCs, and contributes to leukemia initiation induced by CBFβ-SMMHC. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Expression of Programmed Cell Death Ligand in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Treatment of Locally Advanced Disease With Pembrolizumab.

Importance Limited therapies are available in patients with inoperable locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Objective To determine the efficacy of programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1) inhibitors in locally advanced cSCC. Design, Setting, and Participants A single patient with locally advanced cSCC who declined surgery and radiotherapy underwent treatment with pembrolizumab, an anti–PD-1 antibody, at an academic dermatologic surgery section and cancer center. The patient was followed up for clinical and radiologic regression of cSCC. With the use of NanoString to amplify potential biomarkers, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence, the ex vivo expression of PD-1 and a ligand (PD-L2) was assessed in 38 cSCC biopsy specimens from 24 patients with cSCC. Expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in the cSCC microenvironment was defined. Intervention Pembrolizumab, 2 mg/kg every 3 weeks, for 4 cycles. Main Outcomes and Measures Expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in the cSCC microenvironment. Results In 1 patient with locally advanced cSCC who was treated with pembrolizumab, nearly complete tumor regression was observed after 4 cycles of therapy. The NanoString technology used in 38 cSCC biopsy specimens from 24 patients with cSCC (19 men and 5 women; mean [SD] age, 76.4 [12.2] years) detected increased PD-1 and PD-L2 expression in high-risk cSCC. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed enhanced expression of PD-1 and its ligands in cSCC with perineural invasion (mean [SEM] expression, 5.06 [1.27];P = .05), superficial cSCC (mean [SEM] expression, 3.58 [1.50];P = .15), organ transplant–associated cSCC (mean [SEM] expression, 3.01 [0.54];P = .005), and infiltrative cSCC (mean [SD] expression, 2.01 [0.30];P = .006) compared with normal skin specimens. In double-label immunofluorescence staining, CD11c+, a marker of myeloid dendritic cells, colocalized with PD-L1 and PD-L2 in cSCC lesions. Conclusions and Relevance The favorable treatment response combined with significant involvement of PD-1 and PD ligands in cSCC lesions suggests that PD-1 blockade may be a viable therapeutic option for locally advanced cSCC and provides rationale for further investigation in future clinical trials.
An evaluation of Z-transform algorithms for identifying subject-specific abnormalities in neuroimaging data

The need for algorithms that capture subject-specific abnormalities (SSA) in neuroimaging data is increasingly recognized across many neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the effects of initial distributional properties (e.g., normal versus non-normally distributed data), sample size, and typical preprocessing steps (spatial normalization, blurring kernel and minimal cluster requirements) on SSA remain poorly understood. The current study evaluated the performance of several commonly used z-transform algorithms [leave-one-out (LOO); independent sample (IDS); Enhanced Z-score Microstructural Assessment of Pathology (EZ-MAP); distribution-corrected z-scores (DisCo-Z); and robust z-scores (ROB-Z)] for identifying SSA using simulated and diffusion tensor imaging data from healthy controls (N = 50). Results indicated that all methods (LOO, IDS, EZ-MAP and DisCo-Z) with the exception of the ROB-Z eliminated spurious differences that are present across artificially created groups following a standard z-transform. However, LOO and IDS consistently overestimated the true number of extrema (i.e., SSA) across all sample sizes and distributions. The EZ-MAP and DisCo-Z algorithms more accurately estimated extrema across most distributions and sample sizes, with the exception of skewed distributions. DTI results indicated that registration algorithm (linear versus non-linear) and blurring kernel size differentially affected the number of extrema in positive versus negative tails. Increasing the blurring kernel size increased the number of extrema, although this effect was much more prominent when a minimum cluster volume was applied to the data. In summary, current results highlight the need to statistically compare the frequency of SSA in control samples or to develop appropriate confidence intervals for patient data.
From Chaos Come Answers to Legal Questions

The law is full of questions that often times do not have straightforward answers. Even something as straightforward as a rear-end fender bender can raise questions such: How much was the damage? Did the person who was hit contribute in any way to the accident, such as by unnecessarily braking? Was there anyone else involved? As legal issues get more complex the questions become more complicated and the answers even less clear. At what point does a digitization project become fair use or not? How do financing agreements play out in a bankruptcy? How are intellectual property assets valued in a bankruptcy? What right does government have access telephone and Internet metadata? For many of these questions, the law looks to the courts for resolution. Litigation is a complex, time-consuming, multi-level and expensive process–a colleague of mine once referred to it simply as “chaos”–but it is also a necessary and valuable tool to provide specific answers to specific questions. In addition, under the U.S. legal system, a court decision in one case becomes a “precedent” that can guide future cases which raise similar issues.
Natural biological control of Halyomorpha halys by native egg parasitoids: a multi-year survey in northern Delaware

Halyomorpha halys (Stal) is a highly polyphagous plant pest native to eastern Asia. Since its accidental introduction to the USA in the mid-1990s, it has spread across North America and caused serious economic damages. Chemical control has been a widely applied management strategy which is not sustainable on a long-term basis. A nine-year survey using sentinel and naturally laid H. halys was conducted to investigate the extent of natural biological control by parasitoids in managed and non-managed landscapes in northern Delaware, USA. Naturally laid egg masses of native pentatomids were collected to compare the resident parasitoid complex to the one attacking H. halys eggs. Mean parasitism rates of sentinel eggs were below 6% in any given year of the survey with a grand mean of 1.79%. Parasitism of naturally laid H. halys eggs was higher than that of sentinel eggs, but there was no significant difference in parasitism between years and the grand mean was 4.31%. Parasitoid species richness on sentinel and naturally laid H. halys eggs was similar but both were lower than the richness on native pentatomid eggs. H. halys eggs were parasitized by eight species in the genera Anastatus, Trissolcus, Telenomus, and Ooencyrtus. The level of parasitism by native egg parasitoids is insufficient to provide long-term control of H. halys. Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead), an Asian egg parasitoid that has been recovered in the USA in several locations since 2014, may be the most promising candidate for long-term biological control of H. halys.
Biographical Feature: William Michael Dunne, Jr., Ph.D.

After a first perusal of William Michael Dunne, Jr.'s, lengthy curriculum vitae, I tried to gather my thoughts as to how best to approach writing his biographical feature, and I quickly realized that it was going to be no small task. So, how does one best capture the essence of Mike Dunne? My
Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) following intrathecal chemotherapy in a child with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

Abstract Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) is a well-known complication of induction therapy for hematologic malignancies. It is characterized by rapid breakdown of malignant white blood cells (WBCs) leading to metabolic derangements and serious morbidity if left untreated. Most commonly, TLS is triggered by systemic chemotherapy, however, there have been case reports of TLS following intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy, all in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)/lymphoma. Here, we report the first case of a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) who developed TLS following a single dose of IT cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C).
Sketching Graphs in a Calculus MOOC: Preliminary Results

We developed an online sketch-based input and grading tool, which can be integrated into existing MOOC platforms; this tool allows students to construct graphs using mouse, touch, or pen input and provides immediate targeted feedback. This paper presents some preliminary results from use of this sketching tool in 18.01.1x Calculus 1A: Differentiation, an online calculus course offered by MIT on the edX platform.