cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Will Disease Prevention Spare the Medical Commons

Everywhere the disparity grows between what modern medicine can achieve, on the one hand, and what society can afford, on the other. In industrialized nations health resource allocation questions now focus primarily on diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitative medical programmes. With increases both in our capabilities in preventive medicine and in public awareness of those capabilities, soon that realm is likely to be demanding more resources from the health budget. These considerations and others make urgent the development of better methods for setting priorities for the allocation of health resources. A common thread in the consideration of competing programmes will be issues of trade-offs. Beneficial programmes that save more health resources than they consume are much to be desired, but resource saving should not be regarded as a necessary condition for giving high priority to a programme. Cost-effectiveness ratios provide one approach to measuring the ability of competing programmes to use health-care resources to produce health benefits. Application of cost-effectiveness principles suggests that prevention programmes merit a greater share of resources, even though such programmes generally consume more health resources than they save. For the process of priority-setting to be equitable and rational, more and better data will be required on programmatic costs and benefits. Furthermore, the process should be flexible, allowing priorities to differ from one geographic area to another, and from time to time within the same area. Finally, the process must be understood by a majority of the population, and perceived as fair.
X-Chromosome Inactivation

In female mammals, one of the X-chromosomes is transcriptionally silenced by heterochromatin formation to bring about equal expression of X-linked genes in XX females and XY males. Keywords: X-chromosome; inactivation; XIST; methylation; replication
Novel Vaccination Protocol with Two Live Mucosal Vectors Elicits Strong Cell-Mediated Immunity in the Vagina and Protects against Vaginal Virus Challenge

Most HIV infections result from heterosexual transmission to women. Because cellular immunity plays a key role in the control of the infection, we sought to strengthen cellular immune responses in vaginal tissue. We explored a novel prime-boost protocol that used two live mucosal agents that trigger different pathways of innate immunity and induce strong cellular immunity. Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) has frequently been used as a boost for DNA vaccines. In this study we used attenuated, recombinant L. monocytogenes-gag (rLm-gag) to prime mice by various mucosal routes-oral, intrarectal, and intravaginally (ivag)-followed by a systemic or mucosal boost with replication-defective rAd5-gag. Mice primed with a single administration of rLm-gag by any route and then boosted with rAd5-gag intramuscularly exhibited abundant Gag-specific CD8 T cells in spleen and vaginal lamina propria. Conversely, when boosted with rAd5-gag ivag, the immune response was reoriented toward the vagina with strikingly higher CD8 T cell responses in that tissue, particularly after ivag immunization by both vectors (ivag/ivag). Five weeks to 5 mo later, ivag/ivag-immunized mice continued to show high levels of effector memory CD8 T cells in vagina, while the pool of memory T cells in spleen assumed a progressively more central memory T cell phenotype. The memory mice showed high in vivo CTL activity in vagina, a strong recall response, and robust protection after ivag vaccinia-gag challenge, suggesting that this prime-boost strategy can induce strong cellular immunity, especially in vaginal tissues, and might be able to block the heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 at the vaginal mucosa.
The Rationale, Feasibility, and Optimal Training of the Non-Physician Medical Nutrition Scientist

Dietary components have potential to arrest or modify chronic disease processes including obesity, cancer, and comorbidities. However, clinical research to translate mechanistic nutrition data into clinical interventions is needed. We have developed a one-year transitional postdoctoral curriculum to prepare nutrition scientists in the language and practice of medicine and in clinical research methodology before undertaking independent research. Candidates with an earned doctorate in nutrition science receive intensive, didactic training at the interface of nutrition and medicine, participate in supervised medical observerships, and join ongoing clinical research. To date, we have trained four postdoctoral fellows. Formative evaluation revealed several learning barriers to this training, including deficits in prior medical science knowledge and diverse perceptions of the role of the translational nutrition scientist. Several innovative techniques to address these barriers are discussed. We propose the fact that this “train the trainer” approach has potential to create a new translational nutrition researcher competent to identify clinical problems, collaborate with clinicians and researchers, and incorporate nutrition science across disciplines from “bench to bedside.” We also expect the translational nutrition scientist to serve as an expert resource to the medical team in use of nutrition as adjuvant therapy for the prevention and management of chronic disease.
CONTEMPORARY BONE LOSS OPTIONS: REBUILD, REINFORCE AND AUGMENT

Abstract Bone loss is commonly encountered during revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Small defects can be adequately managed with cement filling (with or without screws), modular prosthetic augments, and morselized allograft. For larger defects, cancellous impaction grafting and structural allografts have traditionally been utilized. More recently, highly porous tantalum cones and titanium sleeves have been designed to achieve axial and rotational stability in the metaphysis and subsequent biologic fixation. Sleeves are linked to one type of prosthesis, whereas cones are unlinked and can be used with any implant design. Multiple studies have demonstrated excellent survivorship and radiographic osseointegration at mid-term follow-up. This article provides a review of contemporary methods of bone loss management with a focus on highly porous metals and an emphasis on the authors' preferred method for managing the severe bone loss in revision TKA.
The Breakup Energy of Be 8

The ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}(p, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$ reaction has been used as a source of ${\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$ for the measurement of the $Q$ for ${\mathrm{Be}}^{8}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\alpha}$. Protons of several Mev energy were used to bombard various thin boron targets and the breakup alphas were observed at \ensuremath{\sim}135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to the proton beam. A spherical electrostatic analyzer was used for measurement of the alpha energy. A value of 94.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.4 kev was found for the breakup energy.
Facing the future: drug discovery reconsidered.

A one-day symposium to mark the 25th Anniversary of the founding of the Inflammation Research Association was held on December 5, 1995 at the New York Academy of Sciences. The enthusiastic audience heard about changes in drug discovery from its beginnings through to the current status, with a glimpse of the future. The lively discussion which followed each presentation was continued through lunch and into dinner, allowing all who attended an opportunity to personally interact with the speakers. Ivan Otterness (Pfizer Central Research, Groton, CT, USA) opened the meeting with a review of the history of Western drug discovery. From the Greek era through the Romans until nearly the 18th Century, sickness meant that the four humors were out of balance. The system failed to recognize individual diseases and specific treatments. Patients were treated with drugs that restored the balance. Specific therapeutic plants were being used by folk healers, but not by the doctors. Frederic Serturner, an apothecary, prepared the first plant drug morphine and thereby opened the possibility of rational pharmacology. He engaged friends to test for active drug. Francois Magendie may be considered the founder of pharmacology. He was the first to demonstrate drug absorption and an active site for a drug. He found that man and animals respond similarly to drugs, making detailed pharmacology possible. Magendie wrote the first modern pharmacopoeia carrying out rational testing in animals and in the clinic using pure drugs. Plant-derived drugs could now be isolated and purified, and pharmacological effects systematically tested. Rational clinical testing began. A process for the discovery of drugs, however, was still unknown. Sodium salicylate, as an antiseptic prodrug of phenol, was found useful for treatment of arthritis. It became the first commercially manufactured synthetic pharmaceutical. In the following three decades, discovery of acetanilide (by error), antipyrine (by luck) and phenacetin
A theoretical study of the bis(pyridine)iodine(I) cation

Abstract The electronic structure of the bis(pyridine)iodine(I) cation has been investigated from a theoretical viewpoint using the Lcao-mo-scf method and Pariser-Parr-Pople type integral approximations. For the equilibrium configuration, the force constant for the antisymmetric N-I-N stretch, the barrier to internal rotation, electron densities, and electronic energy levels have been calculated. The values obtained are compared with the available experimental data, and the model system is shown to be consistent with these data.
Monoclinic to tetragonal transformations in hafnia and zirconia: A combined calorimetric and density functional study

We use a combination of density functional theory and calorimetric measurements to investigate the monoclinic to tetragonal transition in hafnia and zirconia. We measure the transition enthalpies to be $8.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7\text{ }\text{kJ}/\text{mol}$ in hafnia and, as previously reported, $5.272\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.544\text{ }\text{kJ}/\text{mol}$ in zirconia. Calculated values are 10.21 and 7.50 kJ/mol for hafnia and zirconia, respectively. We formulate a theoretical model of the phase transition consistent with the martnesitic character of the transformations. The transition barriers of 20.3 and 16.3 kJ/mol are estimated for hafnia and zirconia, respectively. We report the phonon spectra of monoclinic and tetragonal phases of both oxides and identify the Raman and IR active modes. The theoretical results compare well with available experiments. We present a comprehensive theoretical comparison of thermodynamic properties of zirconia and hafnia including the temperature dependence of specific heat.
Measurement of deoxyguanosine/thymidine ratios in complex mixtures by high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of the mole percentage guanine + cytosine of DNA.

Abstract The ratio of deoxyguanosine and thymidine can be determined in a complex mixture containing the major ribonucleosides and deoxynucleosides, the minor deoxynucleosides, and the nucleotide monophosphates by high-performance liquid chromatography. The isocratic procedure utilizes a C 18 column and a solvent of methanol—triethylamine phosphate (pH 5.1). A single analysis requires 15 min. Within the range of 0.5–1.5 μg of total deoxynucleosides per sample, the determination is very precise and the relative standard deviation is about 0.1%. From the deoxyguanosine/thymidine ratio, a precise determination of the mole percentage guanine + cytosine of double-stranded DNA is calculated.
Comparison of the bactericidal activity of clindamycin and metronidazole against cefoxitin-susceptible and cefoxitin-resistant isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group.

Abstract Time-kill kinetic methodology was used to evaluate the bactericidal activity of cefoxitin, cefotetan, clindamycin, and metronidizole against cefoxitin-susceptible and cefoxitin-resistant isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group. Overall, metronidazole was the most bactericidal agent, with all isolates being killed with ⩽ 4 μ g/ml at 24 hr. Clindamycin was the next most bactericidal agent, with 20 of 26 isolates being killed with μ g/ml. Six isolates with clindamycin MICs ⩾ 64 μ g/ml were not killed at 24 hr, with concentrations as high as 256 μg/ml. Cefoxitin and cefotetan were the least bactericidal agents tested. Seven isolates with MICs of ⩾ 64 μ g/ml to each agent demonstrated a lack of killing at 24 hr, with concentrations of the respective agent as high as 256 μg/ml. At concentrations with either agent of 32 μg/ml, the remaining 19 isolates were killed at 24 hr. Of the six B. fragilis isolates resistant to clindamycin, four were also resistant to both cefoxitin and cefotetan. We conclude that in hospitals with cefoxitin-resistant B. fragilis group isolates, metronidazole would provide appropriate therapy.
Slip and microhardness of IVa to via refractory materials

Slip relative to the crystal structure and orientation of selected hexagonal (TiB2, HfB2, WC, Mo2C), tetragonal (WSi2, MoSi2) and cubic (TiC, ZrC, VC, TiN) single-crystal refractory compounds is compared and discussed, taking into consideration the reported slip systems of the host metals (Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Mo, W) where applicable. Room temperature slip was produced by Knoop and Vickers microhardness indentations, at loads ranging from 100 g to 1500 g, on polished samples of all compounds studied. Such slip can also be produced on these compounds by high pressure and compression techniques. Certain correlations are made between microhardness anisotropy and slip behavior in single-crystal TiB2, as representative of Group IVa; these properties are compared with those of HfB2. The slip system for TiN was found to be {111} ; this is also the primary slip system for the isostructural ZrC.
Increased pulmonary toxicity of ultrafine particles? I. Particle clearance, translocation, morphology

The purpose of our studies is to elucidate the basic mechanism of lung tissue injury which may be common for particles of high or low toxicity. In experiments on rats we compared particle translocation of two types of TiO 2 and of two types of Al 2 O 3 . The types of TiO 2 or Al 2 O 3 differ in origin, manufacturing technology and most importantly in the size of the primary particles, but not in chemical or crystallographic characteristics
Erythrocyte NADPH oxidase activity modulated by Rac GTPases, PKC, and plasma cytokines contributes to oxidative stress in sickle cell disease.

Chronic inflammation has emerged as an important pathogenic mechanism in sickle cell disease (SCD). One component of this inflammatory response is oxidant stress mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by leukocytes, endothelial cells, plasma enzymes, and sickle red blood cells (RBC). Sickle RBC ROS generation has been attributed to sickle hemoglobin auto-oxidation and Fenton chemistry reactions catalyzed by denatured heme moieties bound to the RBC membrane. In this study, we demonstrate that a significant part of ROS production in sickle cells is mediated enzymatically by NADPH oxidase, which is regulated by protein kinase C, Rac GTPase, and intracellular Ca2+ signaling within the sickle RBC. Moreover, plasma from patients with SCD and isolated cytokines, such as transforming growth factor β1 and endothelin-1, enhance RBC NADPH oxidase activity and increase ROS generation. ROS-mediated damage to RBC membrane components is known to contribute to erythrocyte rigidity and fragility in SCD. Erythrocyte ROS generation, hemolysis, vaso-occlusion, and the inflammatory response to tissue damage may therefore act in a positive-feedback loop to drive the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease. These findings suggest a novel pathogenic mechanism in SCD and may offer new therapeutic targets to counteract inflammation and RBC rigidity and fragility in SCD.
Random lasers from dye-doped chiral photonic crystal films

We have obtained a dye-doped chiral photonic crystal (PC) film with reflection band gap much wider than its original band gap without dye dopants by using multiple-step fabrication processes. Moreover, the dye-doped chiral PC films using our multiple-step fabrication processes exhibit many oscillations within the broadened reflection band gap. The abrupt change of the optical density of state (DOS) around the oscillations provides the possibility of generating laser emission when the dye-doped chiral PC film is pumped by a pulsed laser with wavelength in the absorption region of the laser dye. Based on this property, we demonstrated random lasers which exhibit different multiple-mode laser wavelength at different spatial positions. Different from the random lasers induced by the scattering mechanism, the random lasers from the dye-doped cholesteric polymer film exhibit Gaussian-like beam shape and specific propagation orientation which is normal to the cholesteric planar surface. It is foreseeable that a high efficiency and high power broadband laser can be generated using cholesteric polymer films.
The use of transient FGM interlayers for joining advanced ceramics

Abstract Functionally graded materials are designed to exhibit a desirable gradient in a property, due either to a gradient in composition, or microstructure, or both. In this paper, progress in the use of multilayer interlayers with microdesigned gradient structures for the purpose of joining is summarized. In contrast to conventional FGMs, the gradient structures of specific interest are not designed to be permanent, but are instead designed to facilitate processing by forming a thin layer of a transient liquid phase (TLP). This allows joining by a process that resembles brazing, but allows the formation of refractory joints at reduced processing temperatures, and provides access to joining chemistries that are not accessible by conventional joining methods. The method has been applied to the joining of A1 2 O 3 , Si 3 N 4 , and SiC, and is now being applied to the joining of SiC-SiC composites. Prior work is reviewed and recent progress in joining of these materials is described.
Minimum growth of harmonic functions and thinness of a set

In [3], Barth, Brannan and Hayman proved that if u(z) is any non-constant harmonic function in ℝ2, o(r) is a positive increasing function of r for r ≥ 1 andthen there exists a path going from a finite point to ∞, such that u(z) > o(|z|) on Γ. Moreover, they showed by example that the integral condition above cannot be relaxed.
Interaction with mass media: The importance of rhythm and tempo

Understanding the impact of interaction with mass media requires conceptualizing media as an institutionalized social form employed to manage various kinds of social affairs. A critical feature of this overall process is the grammatical character of media interaction, particularly its rhythm and tempo. In interaction between audience and media, rhythms and tempos become established in everyday life routine. Consequently, media analysis as a sociology of knowledge question is important not only for discerning public beliefs and behavioral strategies but also for the temporal character of social life.
The contact angle induced by DPL at pulmonary epithelial surfaces

Abstract A contact angle (Θ) has been measured at the surface of dog tracheal epithelium by means of two surface balances simultaneously monitoring the apparent surface tension of the same film in a Langmuir trough - one method dependent upon Θ and the other independent of Θ. This was confirmed by direct observation. The contact angle was absent for Ringer's solution alone but was induced by DPL deposited on the fluid surface in physiological concentratios. The contact angle varied from 0° to 67° for compression of the DPL film from 100% to 27.5% of its original area and displayed hysteresis with respect to area. These findings show that DPL has unusual surface properties in reducing surface tension yet decreasing wettability, i.e. acting as an anti-wetting agent. The physiological advantages of this unusual combination of properties are discussed in relation to maintaining pulmonary homeostasis and the foreward propulsion of mucus which could be facilitated by the differential wettability of cilia induced by DPL. One possible disadvantage of DPL is indicated where fluid plugs might seal an airway - such as in the newborn.
The generalized quantile array processing detector

Abstract The problem of detection in the presence of a slowly varying not necessarily Gaussian noise is treated in this paper by introducing the generalized linear tests and the generalized quantiles test statistic T i ∗ . Detectors based on these tests combine the good qualities of order and partition statistics, i.e., increased efficiency and ease of implementation. Using an array of M sensors, the T i ∗ statistic, which combines the power of rank tests, and the robustness of partition tests, is extended to its multivariate counterpart, and its performance is evaluated for small signal-to-noise-ratio environments.
Free estrone in urine (false positive Richardson pregnancy test) in association with ovarian tumors.

Summary and Conclusions1. The chemical pregnancy test of Richardson and the rat ovary hyperemia test were run simultaneously on 100 consecutively submitted first morning urine specimens. 2. 81% concordance was found. There were 17.5% false positive chemical tests, 25% false negative. 3. Of the 14 false positive cases, 10 gave clinical evidence of ovarian tumor; 8 of these were confirmed by surgical excision and pathological examination; the other 2 have not been explored. 4. The chemical pregnancy test of Richardson is not sufficiently specific to permit of its general use in the diagnosis pf early pregnancy.
The central nervous system and atherogenesis: role of the arterial smooth muscle cell.

Abstract Within the last 2–3 decades neuropsychological factors have assumed a role of importance in atherogenesis implicating a contribution from the CNS to the development of arterial lesions. Despite extensive documentation in clinical studies, little work has been performed with experimental animals which could elucidate underlying mechanisms. Employing hypothalamic stimulation (HS) to model the role of the CNS, experiments in the author's laboratory have shown that atherosclerotic lesions develop in time. Evidence is presented that the underlying mechanism is due to vasospasm associated with proliferation of intimal arterial smooth muscle cells (ASMC). Both, the vasospastic and proliferative responses may originate with the same hypothalamic signal. The vasospastic response compromises perfusion, but by injuring the vessel produces pathology which increases the resistance of the artery to further spasm. The proliferation of ASMC which provides the elements for this `stiffening' process also helps restore the vascular tone necessary to maintain the important function of perfusion. Atherosclerosis, therefore, may represent an adaptive response to excessive spasm which in many instances has advanced too far.
Dynamic Response of Kirchhoff Plate on a Viscoelastic Foundation to Harmonic Circular Loads

In this paper Fourier transform is used to derive the analytical solution of a Kirchhoff plate on a viscoelastic foundation subjected to harmonic circular loads. The solution is first given as a convolution of the Green function of the plate. Poles of the integrand in the integral representation of the solution are identified for different cases of the foundation damping and the load frequency. The theorem of residue is then utilized to evaluate the generalized integral of the frequency response function. A closed-form .solution is obtained in terms of the Bessel and Hankel functions corresponding to the frequency response function of the plate under a harmonic circular load. The result is partially verified by comparing the static solution of a point source obtained in this paper to a well-known result. This analytical representation permits one to construct fast algorithms for parameter identification in pavement nondestructive test.
Natriuretic peptides and the genomics of left-ventricular hypertrophy.

Left-ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is one of the strongest independent predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality(1-3) in the general population. Although both hypertension and obesity are well-established independent risk factors for the development of LVH, they explain less than 25-50% of the variance of left ventricular mass (LVM) in humans(4,5). A substantial body of evidence suggests that there is a genetic basis to the observed inter-individual variability in the susceptibility to the development of LVH(6-9). Given the continuous relationship between LVM and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (10), elucidating the genetic determinants of inter-individual differences in the susceptibility to LVH is of considerable public health importance. It promises the opportunity to identify high-risk individuals for targeted intervention and may identify novel therapeutic targets for improved prevention and treatment strategies.
Study of shell interior noise control

There is a growing interest in the application of smart materials technology to the aircraft interior noise control problem. Some outstanding issues with the interior noise control problem include development of sensory systems that can lead to global sound level reduction in the cabin, and the safety concern of structural actuators used to reduce noise radiation. This paper presents two comparative studies: (1) comparison of several sensor configurations by using acoustic microphones, and (2) comparison of strain fields induced by discrete and distributed structural actuators. A uniform cylindrical shell is used as a simplified model of a section of fuselage. Extensive simulations have been conducted. Major findings of this paper are: (1) In order to control the interior noise in the shell where there is no acoustic source inside, one only needs to place acoustic sensors near the wall. Furthermore, if one uses the energy density as an error signal, one can reduce the number of error input channels substantially. In terms of the ability to lead to the global noise reduction, a 4-channel energy density sensor is found to be comparable to 32 microphones uniformly spaced on a ring. (2) Distributed piezoelectric actuators tend to introduce smoother strain fields on the shell than discrete actuators as measured by a strain index defined in the paper. This quantitative result agrees with one's intuition. Simulation results of adaptive control of multi-tone noise field using discrete and distributed structural actuators are also presented in the paper.
Self-Efficacy and Mastery: Its Application to Issues of Environmental Control, Cognition, and Aging

Abstract A selective review of the literature relevant to Bandura′s theory of self-efficacy emphasizes studies where mastery experiences are used with adult populations to promote self-efficacy. This review evaluates and upholds the theory and provides evidence for the need to extend self-efficacy theory to elderly populations: some of the environments of older adults provide experiences that encourage dependence and discourage mastery, thereby reducing opportunities for mastery, thus reducing feelings of personal control and self-efficacy, particularly in the domain of memory. The behavioral consequences of such reduced efficacy are discussed, and a model is proposed to represent some mechanisms of age-related declines in cognitive self-efficacy in later life.
Postoperative Changes in the Electrocardiogram in Congenital Heart Disease: I. Pure Pulmonary Stenosis

Electrocardiograms of forty-six cases of pure pulmonary stenosis were analyzed before and after valvulotomy. The electrocardiograms taken at the last postoperative examinations (three months or longer after the operation) revealed significant changes as compared with the preoperative tracings. It is suggested that these changes may be due to the diminished load on the right ventricle and right auricle after the operation. Evidence is presented that electrocardiography offers a simple and valuable means for the evaluation of the result of valvulotomy in pure pulmonary stenosis.
Examining Cassava’s Potential to Enhance Food Security Under Climate Change

Approximately 925 million people are undernourished and almost 90% of these people live in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Asia and the Pacific. Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, continues to have the highest proportion of chronically hungry individuals, where 1 in 3 (ca. 240 million) are undernourished in terms of both food quantity and nutrition. The threat of substantial changes in climate raises concerns about future capacity to sustain even current levels of food availability because climate change will impact food security most severely in regions where undernourishment is already problematic. Estimates of future climate change impacts on crops vary widely, particularly in Africa, due in part to a lack of agricultural and meteorological data. To more accurately predict future climate change impacts on food security we must first precisely assess the impact of climate change drivers on crops of food insecure regions. Recent advances in biofortification, a substantial yield gap, and an inherent potential to respond positively to globally increasing CO2 levels are synergistic and encouraging for cassava in an otherwise bleak global view of the future of food security in the developing world.
Micromechanical fiber optic switches for optical networks

Piezoelectric thin film actuator-based fiber-optic switches are introduced as low loss, high interchannel optical isolation 1 X 2 and 2 X 2 fiber-optic switches. A macroscale PZT actuator is built and tested. Preliminary results from a microscale actuator are given. Optical switch configurations and fabrication procedures are highlighted.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Theories and techniques for promoting physical activity behaviours

The primary goal of this article is to review theoretical models utilised in designing physical activity interventions for healthy adults. Physical activity offers numerous benefits for improved physical and psychological health. However, the majority of the population is sedentary and therefore at increased risk for morbidity and mortality. Many techniques have been developed for intervening with physical activity behaviours, some of which are based on theoretical models. While some of these models show more promise than others, no model is sufficient to thoroughly explain exercise behaviours or how to best intervene. In the final section, recommendations for future research are presented, and promising areas of development in physical activity interventions are discussed. This is not an exhaustive review of theoretical models but rather focuses on models most commonly applied to physical activity.
Elective Cholecystectomy During Laparoscopic Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass: Is it Worth the Wait?

Background: Combined gastric bypass and cholecystectomy have been advocated for open bariatric procedures. Our goal was to evaluate the safety of this technique in laparoscopic bariatric surgery patients with gallstones diagnosed preoperatively. Methods: 94 out of 556 consecutive morbidly obese patients (16.9%) underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass with simultaneous cholecystectomy (LGBP/LC) for cholelithiasis. Results: 328 patients (59%) had a concomitant secondary procedure, most commonly cholecystectomy (28.7%). Preoperative BMI was 48.6±6.9 kg/m2 for LGBP/LC patients and 48.8±7.3 kg/m2 (P=0.85) for LGBP alone. 5 patients had preoperative biliary colic; the others were asymptomatic for cholelithiasis. Postoperatively, at a mean follow-up of 7.6±6.7 months, the percent excess weight loss (%EWL) was 46.1±0.25 for the combined procedure vs 50.2±63.0 (P=0.55) for LGBP alone. There were no conversions to open procedures for the LC. Port placement for the LGBP was not altered for LC. None required intraoperative cholangiography. Operative time for the combined procedure was 293.4±79.8 minutes vs 244.8±77.2 minutes for LGBP alone (P<0.0001). Length of stay for the combined procedure was 4.35±10.8 days vs 2.69±1.8 days for LGBP alone (P=0.0069).There were no postoperative bile leaks or bile duct injuries. Conclusion: Concomitant LGBP/LC is safe and feasible without altering port placement. Combining these procedures significantly increases operative time and nearly doubles the hospital stay.
On the functional site of manganese in photosynthetic oxygen evolution.

Abstract 1. 1. Restoration of Hill activity to illuminated Mn-deficient Euglena cultures is complete 4–6 h after Mn addition. 2. 2. The maximum electron transfer rate at infinite light intensity is 2.5 times higher for Mn R (reactivated) than for −Mn (deficient) chloroplasts, and the quantum efficiency is some 3 times greater. The fluorescence yield and quantum efficiency are likewise 4–5 fold higher in +Mn as against −Mn chloroplasts. 3. 3. At 283°K, +Mn chloroplasts have a characteristic fluorescence maximum at 685 nm, while −Mn chloroplasts have an additional shoulder at 693 nm. Reactivation of −Mn cells increases the fluorescence emission of the isolated chloroplasts uniformly over the entire spectrum. 4. 4. At 77°K, reactivation is accompanied by positive shifts in the fluorescence difference spectrum at 685, 700 and 719 nm. The (+Mn) — (−Mn) spectrum is characterized in addition by a trough at about 730 nm. 5. 5. The initial fluorescence yield induced by a weak measuring beam is 50% higher in either −Mn chloroplasts or partially reactivated chloroplasts compared with +Mn chloroplasts. However, the variable excess fluorescence yield in strong illumination is almost absent in −Mn chloroplasts and is high in Mn R and +Mn samples. 6. 6. Hydroxylamine can donate electrons to Photosystem II, by-passing the −Mn block in electron flow and restoring high fluorescence yields. In cases of severe Mn deficiency, restoration of electron flow by hydroxylamine is only partial. 7. 7. The results indicate a structural and a functional role for Mn in O 2 evolution; the latter, at least, residing in the span between water oxidation and the System II photoact.
Evolution of pattern complexity in the Cahn–Hilliard theory of phase separation

Phase separation processes in compound materials can produce intriguing and complicated patterns. Yet, characterizing the geometry of these patterns quantitatively can be quite challenging. In this paper we propose the use of computational algebraic topology to obtain such a characterization. Our method is illustrated for the complex microstructures observed during spinodal decomposition and early coarsening in both the deterministic Cahn–Hilliard theory, as well as in the stochastic Cahn–Hilliard–Cook model. While both models produce microstructures that are qualitatively similar to the ones observed experimentally, our topological characterization points to significant differences. One particular aspect of our method is its ability to quantify boundary effects in finite size systems.
Adjusting biomaterial composition to achieve controlled multiple-day release of dexamethasone from an extended-wear silicone hydrogel contact lens.

Purpose: To alter the composition and structure of silicone hydrogel contact lenses to achieve controlled release of dexamethasone and evaluate the lens optical and mechanical properties compared to commercial lenses. There is a tremendous need for controlled release of drugs from ocular biomaterials as the majority of ophthalmic drugs are delivered via topical eye drops, which have low bioavailability and patient compliance.Methods: Poly(PDMS-co-TRIS-co-DMA) contact lenses were synthesized with varying PDMS/TRIS:DMA ratios (0.25:1, 0.67:1, 1.5:1) as well as with additional crosslinking monomers. Lenses were characterized via in vitro release studies in a microfluidic device at ocular flowrates and in large well-mixed volumes, optical quality studies over visible wavelengths, mechanical analysis, and determination of polymer volume fraction in the swollen state.Results: Extended and controlled release of therapeutically relevant concentrations of dexamethasone was achieved for multiple day, continuous wea...
A reinvestigation of the absorption cross- sections of molecular oxygen in the 1050–1800 Å region

Abstract Absorption coefficients and cross-sections have been determined for the dissociation continuum 3 Σ- u ← 3 Σ- g for molecular oxygen as well as for some of the diffuse bands between 1100–1350A. The regions of minimum absorption or oxygen “windows” for which k -1 were remeasured. Both a discrete emission-type light source and a continuous source were used in this investigation. Repeated measurements in the region of continuous absorption (1380–1480 A) show a k value of 402±20 cm -1 for the peak of the Schumann-Runge continuum.
WWW interactive learning environments for computer science education

The wide accessibility of the World Wide Web makes it a perfect base for developing computer science courseware modules. Since learning involves more than just receiving transmitted information, courseware must be interactive and encourage student engagement, which is a challenge on the Web architecture. This article describes an ongoing effort to develop World Wide Web-based computer science courseware modules that will use interactive components as integral parts of the material, in order to promote student involvement. It also discusses the proposed usage of new technology such as HotJava in this framework.
Discrete lithofacies discrimination of Jurassic strata using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Data, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA

An investigation of the carbonate sedimentology of the Middle Jurassic strata, Bighorn Basin, North-central Wyoming, proved to be an ideal test of new spaceborne remote sensing platforms with high spatial and spectral resolution. To evaluate these new tools, it was necessary to: (i) map the occurrence of different lithofacies in at least a part of the area to establish ground truth; (ii) establish the reflectance characteristics of the different lithofacies using portable, on the ground, systems; (iii) produce maps based on spaceborne remote sensing data that discriminate between the lithological types found in the field; and, lastly, (iv) evaluate the discrimination by visiting previously unvisited areas in which these rock types are predicted to occur based upon their remote signatures. Field checking of previously unvisited outcrops demonstrated whether these remote sensing techniques allowed distinction of different lithological outcrops. This investigation determined that the new spaceborne tools could distinguish between outcrops of sparse silty oomicrites from sorted biosparites as small as 10 m by 10 m. In a study area as large as the Bighorn Basin, the ability to identify very small outcrops with a predicted lithology a priori proved to be a major advantage in maximizing field effort.
Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of insulin-like growth factor 1 stimulates proteoglycan synthesis in rabbit joints.

Objective To examine the effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on the regulation of cartilage synthesis and other articular events in vivo. Methods A first-generation adenoviral vector expressing human IGF-1 (AdIGF-1) from the cytomegalovirus promoter was constructed. Particles of AdIGF-1 (5 × 109) were injected through the patellar tendon into normal rabbit knee joints and rabbit knee joints with antigen–induced arthritis (AIA), with the same dose of a control adenoviral vector injected into the contralateral knees. Lavage fluids were obtained from rabbit knee joints on days 3 and 7 postinjection and used for analysis of IGF-1 expression, white blood cell infiltration, and cartilage breakdown. Cartilage chips from rabbit joints were used for assay of new proteoglycan synthesis, and tissues also were harvested from the dissected knees for histologic study. Results Intraarticular injection of AdIGF-1 resulted in a mean of 180.6 ng/ml of IGF-1 expression in the lavage fluid from rabbit joints. IGF-1 expression stimulated new proteoglycan synthesis in both naive and AIA rabbit knees, but had no significant chondroprotective or antiinflammatory effects. Histologic analysis showed that elevated levels of IGF-1 expression in both normal and arthritic knees had no adverse pathologic effects on synovium or adjacent muscles. Conclusion Gene transfer of IGF-1 into rabbit knee joints promotes proteoglycan synthesis without significantly affecting inflammation or cartilage breakdown. In addition, no adverse effects following intraarticular IGF-1 gene delivery were observed. Thus, local gene transfer of IGF-1 to joints could serve as a therapeutic strategy to stimulate new matrix synthesis in both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
Physical and Structural Characterization of Ce(IV) β-Diketonate Complexes: Evidence for Geometrical Isomers in the Solid-State

The Ce(IV) β-diketonate complexes CeL 4 [where L is txhd (2,2,6-trimethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) 1; tmod (2,2,7-trimethyl-3,5-octanedionate) 2; tmhd (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) 3] were prepared by the interaction of the sodium salt of the diketonate with cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate in aqueous ethanol solution. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis showed that 1 has a significantly lower sublimation temperature, but higher decomposition temperature than 3. The solid-state structures of the three complexes were determined via single crystal x-ray diffraction methods. Complex 2, which does not sublime, had significantly closer intermolecular contacts than those found for 1 and 3.
O Loma! in context: An introduction

No doubt the long range significance of Kurt Wolff's little volume of O Loma! for social thought and theorizing will take some time to determine, but judging from the responses to date, it has already provoked many scholars, social theorists, feminists, and others to re-view their own intellectual practices. For the editors of HS to request a set of review essays six years after the original publication of a text points to its singularity and mystery. Indeed, as 1 described it briefly some time ago: O Loma! is an unconventional, personal little book of selected diary-like entries made by Wolff over the seven year period from 1977 to 1984; it is what he calls an irregular, meditative journal. It speaks frequently about Wolff's past, his life as an adolescent and as a young man as recollected during the maturity of age. It is not a linear or even a very sequential narrative. Rather it describes and reflects on a tapestry of events and occurrences, Wolff's daily present, his lived experiences (Erlebnisse) and his contacts with the world in which he is both at home and homeless. Many segments of his text remain unfinished but comfortably so since the major effort is one of transformation or wording of his sensory attention to both the natural and the social world. Sometimes his wordings are fluid and wonderfully pleasing and sometimes they are desperate struggles to put his fleeting impressions and monstrous silences into words. It is a text which prioritizes purity and honesty to genre and which readily and without apologies resorts to drawings and poetic forms when they promise to communicate more adequately (Hinkle, 1995: 443).
Isotonic Solutions V.*: The Permeability of Red Corpuscles to Various Salts

In the present investigation the hemolytic method was used to obtain van’t Hoff i values for various salts. It was thought that these data would be of value in the preparation of solutions isotonic with the blood, since data obtained by other methods are not always valid. A comparison of i values obtained by the hemolytic method, i values calculated from osmotic coefficients and activity coefficients, and i values calculated from freezing-point data is given.
Pressure-volume and pressure-flow relationships in the living monkey eye.

The pressure-flow relationship of the living monkey eye has been obtained from the analysis of a pressure decay curve. In order to analyze the decay curve the pressure-volume relationship of the living monkey eye was first determined by using a constant infusion technique. The outflow facility of aqueous humor from the eye was obtained from the slope of the pressure-flow curve and was confirmed by a series of infusions of saline into the anterior chamber, noting the resultant pressure increase. The results show that the monkey exhibits characteristics similar to those of other species.
Descriptive anthropometric reference data for older Americans.

Abstract Objective To present selected anthropometric data derived from adults aged 60 years and older examined in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Design NHANES III used a complex, stratified, multistage, probability cluster sample design to obtain a nationally representative sample of the US civilian, noninstitutionalized population. Persons aged 60 years and older, Mexican-Americans, and African-Americans were oversampled to produce more reliable estimates for these groups. Trained technicians measured height, weight, skinfold thickness, and circumferences using standardized procedures. Subjects A total of 5,700 persons aged 60 years and older, and 1,861 persons aged 50 to 59 years. Statistical analyses performed Mean and selected percentiles for body weight, body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness, mid upper arm circumference, and arm muscle circumference were calculated by gender, race/ ethnicity, and 3 age categories. Weight (lb) per height (in) tables were generated for men and women by age group. Results Mean body weight was lowest for persons aged 80 years and older. A decline in body mass index occurred that paralleled the direction and magnitude of the progressive decrease observed in weight. Muscle loss with increasing age, as indicated by arm muscle circumference, appeared to be greater among men than women. Applications/conclusions In addition to being relatively simple, quick, and inexpensive, anthropometry is the most reliable and specific indicator of malnutrition in the older adult population. The cross-sectional reference data provided can be used by dietitians to interpret anthropometric measurements of persons aged 60 years and older. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:59-66.
A 43-Gb/s full-rate clock transmitter in 0.18-/spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS technology

A 43-Gb/s full-rate clock transmitter chip for SONET OC-768 transmission systems is reported. The IC is implemented in a 0.18-/spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS technology featuring 120 GHz f/sub T/ and 100 GHz f/sub max/ HBTs. It consists of a 4:1 multiplexer, a clock multiplier unit, and a frequency lock detector. The IC features clock jitter generation of 260 fs rms and dissipates 2.3 W from a -3.6-V supply voltage. Measurement results are compared to a previously reported half-rate clock transmitter designed using the same technology.
Surfaces That Sequester Serum‐Borne Heparin Amplify Growth Factor Activity

Surfaces presenting a heparin-binding peptide can non-covalently sequester heparin from culture supplements, such as fetal bovine serum. In turn, sequestered, serum-borne heparin can non-covalently localize growth factors at the cell-material interface, resulting in amplified growth factor bioactivity.
The causes of union political involvement: A longitudinal analysis

This study examines the political involvement of unions over the 1978, 1980, and 1982 congressional elections. An empirical model focusing on the campaign contributions made by unions and the number of registered lobbyists employed by unions is elaborated and tested. The findings suggest that unions’ political activities are systematically undertaken and that they have increased dramatically over the past three elections. Specific characteristics of unions, such as membership size and dependence on governmental regulations, directly affect the political involvement of unions. Further, given the current economic and political climate, it is likely that this political action will continue to increase.