cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrierte Strategien für Cluster von SGEs

Bei einzelnen Geschaftseinheiten ist das strategische Ziel die Schaffung eines anhaltenden Wettbewerbsvorteils (bessere Technologie, bessere wahrgenommene Qualitat, groserer Marktanteil, geringere Kapitalintensitat) im Bereich der bedienten Produkt- oder Marktsegmente. In den Kapiteln 3 bis 11 wurde gezeigt, wie diese und andere Strategie- und Marktfaktoren den Erfolg einer einzelnen SGE beeinflussen. Neben der Implementierung von Strategien auf Geschaftseinheitenebene ist eines der Hauptanliegen des strategischen Managements eines Unternehmens dadurch einen anhaltenden Wettbewerbsvorteil zu schaffen, das behutsam „Cluster“, also Gruppierungen von miteinander verbundenen Geschaftseinheiten aufgebaut werden, die sich gegenseitig verstarken. (Der Begriff „Cluster“ soll hier entweder ein GesamtUnternehmensportfolio bezeichnen oder bei groseren Unternehmen eine Gruppe oder einen Unternehmensbereich von untereinander verbundenen Strategischen Geschaftseinheiten). Es soll nicht in isolierte Projekte investiert werden, die jeweils unabhangig Gewinn erzielen, sondern gunstig positionierte Cluster von Geschaftseinheiten sind zu entwickeln. Deren „Synergie“, also das Zusammenwirken, soll Vorteile schaffen, die die Kapitalkosten mehr als ausgleichen und anhaltenden Nutzen fur die Aktionare stiften. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, mus die Unternehmensfuhrung gemeinsame Strategien fur Cluster von miteinander in Beziehung stehenden Geschaftseinheiten entwickeln, und nicht Strategien fur jeweils nur eine einzige isolierte Geschaftseinheit. Unternehmen wie General Electric, General Motors, Phillips und RCA haben von den machtigen Auswirkungen der Synergie, die auf der Grundlage dieser Wechselwirkung zwischen ihren Geschaftseinheiten entstand, profitiert.1
Troponin and its interactions with tropomyosin. An electron microscope study.

Abstract Some new features of the troponin complex have been revealed by electron microscope study of rotary shadowed molecules. Our results demonstrate that the troponin complex has both a globular and a rod-like domain. The length of the entire complex is ~265 A and that of the tail is ~ 160 A. Isolated troponin T has a shape and dimensions that correspond closely to those of the tail, so that the troponin I and C subunits would comprise most of the globular region of the complex. Native and reconstituted troponin-tropomyosin complexes have also been visualized and show the globular portion of troponin bound at regular intervals along the tropomyosin filaments. These electron microscope results, together with recent biochemical studies, suggest that troponin subunits C and I, and part of subunit T bind near Cys190 of tropomyosin, about one-third of the way along the molecule, with the rest of subunit T extending toward the COOH terminus. This arrangement implies that tropomyosin filaments lie on the actin helix with their COOH termini toward the Z-line. The shape of the complex suggests that troponin may interact with tropomyosin over a considerable portion of its length, and may therefore be important in the dynamics of the switching process.
Perils of the GPS phase scintillation index (σΦ)

[1] The phase scintillation index (σϕ), equal to the standard deviation of measured phase, is often used to characterize Global Positioning System (GPS) observations in ionospheric environments that may be scintillated. Since σϕ is dominated by large-scale fluctuations, questions of usage and interpretation exist as will be illustrated here. Beyond traditional concerns with detrending, multipath and receiver phase noise, there are at least two issues to be considered. The first is the marginal suitability of σϕ to characterize a power law phase screen with a poorly defined low-frequency component (e.g., outer scale). Second, observed σϕ parameters may not be relevant to GPS receiver tracking impacts. These arguments are outlined here in greater detail and are illustrated with simple one-dimensional phase screen propagation modeling results. The conclusion is that GPS σϕ values depend critically on the circumstances of measurement and are difficult to compare among observations without additional knowledge, particularly of relative ionospheric drift and irregularity orientation, that may not be available from an isolated GPS receiver. The development of suitable alternative measures requires careful consideration of the elements of GPS scintillation and its impacts. The broader GPS scintillation community should take an active role in developing suitable replacement measures for σϕ.
Motor Cortex Activity Organizes the Developing Rubrospinal System

The corticospinal and rubrospinal systems function in skilled movement control. A key question is how do these systems develop the capacity to coordinate their motor functions and, in turn, if the red nucleus/rubrospinal tract (RN/RST) compensates for developmental corticospinal injury? We used the cat to investigate whether the developing rubrospinal system is shaped by activity-dependent interactions with the developing corticospinal system. We unilaterally inactivated M1 by muscimol microinfusion between postnatal weeks 5 and 7 to examine activity-dependent interactions and whether the RN/RST compensates for corticospinal tract (CST) developmental motor impairments and CST misprojections after M1 inactivation. We examined the RN motor map and RST cervical projections at 7 weeks of age, while the corticospinal system was inactivated, and at 14 weeks, after activity returned. During M1 inactivation, the RN on the same side showed normal RST projections and reduced motor thresholds, suggestive of precocious development. By contrast, the RN on the untreated/active M1 side showed sparse RST projections and an immature motor map. After M1 activity returned later in adolescent cat development, RN on the active M1/CST side continued to show a substantial loss of spinal terminations and an impaired motor map. RN/RST on the inactivated side regressed to a smaller map and fewer axons. Our findings suggest that the developing rubrospinal system is under activity-dependent regulation by the corticospinal system for establishing mature RST connections and RN motor map. The lack of RS compensation on the non-inactivated side can be explained by development of ipsilateral misprojections from the active M1 that outcompete the RST. Significance statement: Skilled movements reflect the activity of multiple descending motor systems and their interactions with spinal motor circuits. Currently, there is little insight into whether motor systems interact during development to coordinate their emerging functions and, if so, the mechanisms underlying this process. This study examined activity-dependent interactions between the developing corticospinal and rubrospinal systems, two key systems for skilled limb movements. We show that the developing rubrospinal system competes with the corticospinal system in establishing the red nucleus motor map and rubrospinal tract connections. This is the first demonstration of one motor system steering development, and ultimately function, of another. Knowledge of activity-dependent competition between these two systems helps predict the response of the rubrospinal system following corticospinal system developmental injury.
Colonic “precancer” in Crohn's disease

Two patients with longstanding Crohn's disease, who developed colonic carcinoma and showed associated "precancer" identical to that seen with ulcerative colitis, are reported. The first patient developed rectal adenocarcinoma at age 42 yr, 27 yr after the onset of symptoms while the second patient had a clinically silent small colonic carcinoma at the time of colectomy, 40 yr after the onset of disease. Both patients had characteristic Crohn's disease. In both patients, in addition to the carcinoma, there was multifocal "precancer" characterized by (a) epithelial dysplasia and (b) adenomatous growth pattern and villiform proliferation of the mucosa. These changes were identical to those associated with ulcerative colitis and, in both cases, were present adjacent to and distant from the infiltrating carcinomas. It is important to note that such epithelial changes, termed "precancer" in the setting of longstanding ulcerative colitis, can also occur in association with longstanding Crohn's disease. Further studies are needed to define the incidence of such precancerous changes in Crohn's disease more clearly and to evaluate the relationship between these changes and carcinoma. Careful evaluation of patients with longstanding Crohn's disease and "precancer" is warranted to exclude concomitant carcinoma.
Development and Evaluation of a PCR-Based Assay for Detection of Haemobartonella felis in Cats and Differentiation of H. felis from Related Bacteria by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis

The 16S rRNA gene of Haemobartonella felis was amplified by using universal eubacterial primers and was subsequently cloned and sequenced. Based on this sequence data, we designed a set of H. felis-specific primers. These primers selectively amplified a 1,316-bp DNA fragment of the 16S rRNA gene of H. felis from each of four experimentally infected cats at peak parasitemia. No PCR product was amplified from purified DNA of Eperythrozoon suis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Bartonella bacilliformis. Blood from the experimental cats prior to infection was negative for PCR products and was greatly diminished or absent 1 month after doxycycline treatment. The overall sequence identity of this fragment varied by less than 1.0% among experimentally infected cats. By taking into consideration the secondary structure of the 16S rRNA molecule, we were able to further verify the alignment of nucleotides and quality of our sequence data. In this PCR assay, the minimum detectable number of H. felis organisms was determined to be between 50 and 704. The potential usefulness of restriction enzymes DdeI and MnlI for distinguishing H. felis from closely related bacteria was examined. This is the first report of the utility of PCR-facilitated diagnosis and discrimination of H. felis infection in cats.
Urban-rural differences in childhood and adolescent obesity in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Background: A systematic literature review and subsequent meta-analysis were performed to investigate differences in childhood obesity between urban and rural areas in the United States. Methods: A search of published studies comparing childhood obesity in urban and rural settings was undertaken by probing PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) for articles that met predetermined inclusion criteria. A subsequent meta-analysis was conducted to determine the combined effect size and significance of differences in childhood obesity between urban and rural areas. Results: Ten studies were identified for systematic review, five of which contributed to the meta-analysis. All but one study suggested that residence in rural areas was associated with higher prevalence or increased odds of childhood obesity, compared to children living in urban areas. A meta-analysis of 74,168 pooled participants ages 2–19 found that rural children have 26% greater odds of obesity, com...
Patronage and Science: Roger Revelle, the U.S. Navy, and Oceanography at the Scripps Institution

In the years between 1940 and 1955, American oceanography experienced considerable change. Nowhere was that more true than at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California. There Roger Revelle (1909-1991) played a major role in transforming a small, seaside laboratory into one of the leading oceanographic centers in the world. This paper explores the impact that World War II had on oceanography and his career. Through an analysis of his activities as a naval officer responsible for promoting oceanography in the navy and wartime civilian laboratories, this article examines his understanding of the relationship between military patronage and scientific research and the impact that this relationship had on disciplinary and institutional developments at Scripps.
Tris[(pentafluorophenyl)trimethyl­silylamido](tetrahydrofuran)­samarium(III)

In the title complex, [Sm(C9H9F5NSi)3(C4H8O)], the Sm metal center is coordinated in a highly distorted tetrahedral geometry by the three N atoms of the amido ligands and by the O atom of the tetra­hydro­furan ligand. Principal bond lengths include: Sm—N 2.299 (4), 2.339 (4) and 2.366 (4) A, and Sm—O 2.446 (3) A, close Sm⋯F contacts of 2.536 (3) and 2.556 (3) A, and an `agostic' Sm⋯C interaction of 3.154 (4) A.
Large-area coverage of high TcYBa2Cu3O7−x thin films deposited with the activated reactive evaporation technique

Abstract The ability to produce homogeneous large-area films is a prerequisite for the application of superconductors in passive devices such as quasi-optical bandpass filters or industrial-scale production on commercial-size wafer substrates. This publication focuses on the large-are coverage capabilities for the deposition of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x (YBCO) films via the activated reactive evaporation (ARE) technique. Various parameters (deposition rate, structure, composition, critical transition temperature etc.) will be presented as a function of substrate coverage. They demonstrate that ARE has the potential to achieve good large-area coverage. Based on these results and after comparing them to the findings of other research teams, achievements and recommended improvements for optimized YBCO film deposition with the ARE tecnique will be discussed from the viewpoint of processing technology.
Quantitative assessment of predation of eggs and larvae of Galerucella pusilla in Iowa

Abstract In Iowa, predators may be limiting Galerucella species to densities below levels needed for biological control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). A 2-year assessment of predatory arthropods and quantification of predation in the field provided an understanding of the trophic interactions that occur within L. salicaria-dominated Iowa wetlands. Whole-plant samples and presence/absence counts assessed canopy-dwelling arthropods, whereas pitfall traps were used to identify ground-dwelling spiders and insects weekly from May to August. Thirty-five families of spiders and 45 families of predatory insects were collected from L. salicaria-infested wetlands. Carabidae and Lycosidae were the most abundant ground-dwelling predators. Coccinellidae and Salticidae were the most abundant predators in the canopy. Both egg and larval field predation were assessed. Egg predation was evaluated by attaching sentinel egg masses to L. salicaria plants for 48 h. Average egg predation was 26% of egg masses. Paired open and closed cages containing 20 G. pusilla first instars on L. salicaria were placed in Iowa wetlands for 10 days (larval developmental time from first to third instars) to coincide with the natural occurrence of Galerucella larvae in the field. Larval predation was high, 46% for the first generation and 38% during the second generation. The observed levels of predation are likely a factor in decreasing the populations of Galerucella released for the biological control of L. salicaria.
Proton-conducting membranes based on HTFSI-doped PEI/SiO2 nanocomposites

Abstract Novel proton-conducting membranes comprising polymer/inorganic materials based on linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI)/SiO 2 nanocomposites synthesized through sol–gel processing have been prepared. 3-Glycidyloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (GLYMO) has been used to cross-link the LPEI to afford improved heat resistance. The addition of trifluoromethanesulfonimide (HTFSI) during membrane processing doped the amine groups of LPEI to form immobilized Bronsted acid–base pairs, which provide the hybrid membrane's proton conductivity. The resulting membranes show a proton conductivity as high as 1 × 10 −2 S/cm at 90 °C, 100% relative humidity and 5.6 × 10 −5 S/cm at high temperatures (≥130 °C) under anhydrous conditions. The effects of temperature, humidity and mobility of active groups on the conductivity are discussed.
SPECTRAL EMISSIVITY MEASUREMENTS OF THE 4.3 - MICRON CO2 BAND BETWEEN 2650 AND 3000 K.

Spectral-emissivity measurements of the 4.3-μ CO2 band were made at high temperatures. Under the conditions of the present experiments, the fine structure in the 4.3-μ CO2 spectrum is smeared out and comparable with a weak-line band model. A comparison of the observed spectral emissivities with theoretical band-model calculations shows good agreement. The measured integrated intensity of the 4.3-μ CO2 band between 2650° and 3000°K is 2850 (cm−1/cm at STP) and agrees well with measured room-temperature values.
Weakened Lie groups and their locally isometric completions

Abstract Weakened Lie groups are Lie groups with a Hausdorff topology that is weaker than the Lie topology. We show that a large class of weakened Lie groups are locally isometric. If the weakened groups are not complete (and they usually are not), then the same property holds for their completions. This is a surprising result since, on a global scale, the weakened groups may exhibit many “unusual” and distinct characteristics. Other results include a constructive procedure for obtaining metrizable, weakened Lie groups and examples of metrizable topological groups with unusual properties.
Comparing child-feeding practices of Dominican mothers.

The purpose of this study was to compare similarities and differences between two samples—mothers of children under the age of 6 years living in the Dominican Republic (D.R.) and recent immigrants from the D.R. to the United States—on their (a) feeding practices for infants and young children, (b) knowledge regarding healthy size and weight and ideal diet for young children, and (c) knowledge regarding the causes and health implications of childhood obesity. An exploratory descriptive design was used, and qualitative data were collected through focus groups.
Specificity of verbal learning impairment and recovery in a marijuana-dependent male: The effects of sustained marijuana abstinence

Introduction. We present the case of a young adult in treatment for marijuana dependence, with recurrent depression and a history of possible traumatic brain injury, complaining of concentration, memory, and initiation problems. Methods. The patient was assessed longitudinally during treatment with a brief neuropsychological battery, as well as measures of marijuana use and mood. Results. Testing at treatment baseline revealed performance that was generally in the high average range or higher on measures of reaction time and attention, with a selective impairment in verbal learning (borderline to extremely low range). Following 8 weeks of abstinence from marijuana, his verbal learning recovered to expected levels (high average range), with signs of improved learning strategy, efficiency, rate, and capacity. However, his reaction time and attention showed minimal evidence of change. Conclusions. This finding is consistent with the literature that demonstrates that marijuana-associated neurocognitive impair...
Characterization and reactivity of a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a 76 kilodalton human colon tumor antigen.

Abstract A monoclonal antibody (MAb 76) was produced by immunizing mice with a soluble cytoplasmic protein fraction from a human adenocarcinoma of the colon. MAb 76 showed specific immunoreactivity against a 76 kDa protein in immunoblot studies using total colon tumor cytosol proteins. Immunoprecipitation of phosphorylated cytosolic protein products with MAb 76 and subsequent analysis on SDS containing polyacrylamide gels revealed a single 38 kDa band, indicating that the 76 kDa antigen is associated with a 38 kDa phosphoprotein species. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis of primary tumor specimens and human colon tumor cell lines showed positive immunoreactivity with 6 7 human colon adenocarcinoma tissues and 15 18 human colon tumor cell lines. MAb 76 was unreactive with normal colon, liver and lung specimens from human, mouse and hamster. The epitope-bearing monomer detected by MAb 76 is immunologically conserved in a high percentage of colon tumor cells and tissues and may represent a cellular product that is characteristic of the transformed colon cell phenotype.
A randomized trial of misoprostol and extra-amniotic saline infusion for cervical ripening and labor induction.

Abstract Objective: To compare the cesarean rates in women undergoing induction of labor with unfavorable cervices who receive either misoprostol or extra-amniotic saline infusion. Methods: We assigned 250 women undergoing indicated induction of labor randomly to misoprostol (50 μg every 4 hours for three doses with or without oxytocin) or extra-amniotic saline infusion and oxytocin. Each eligible subject had a singleton gestation, vertex presentation, intact membranes, cervical dilation no more than 2 cm, and effacement no more than 50%. Results: Two hundred forty-eight women were studied after two exclusions; 120 were assigned to misoprostol, and 128 to extra-amniotic saline infusion. This sample size ensured an 80% chance of detecting an intergroup difference in cesarean rates of at least two-fold. The groups were similar in age, race, parity, indication for induction, and gestational age. The extra-amniotic saline infusion group had a significantly lower median initial dilation; however, at 12 hours, this group was significantly more dilated. The groups also were similar in epidural use, chorioamnionitis rates, endometritis rates, birth weights, and neonatal outcomes. Overall, 23% of women underwent cesarean deliveries, 18% and 27% for the misoprostol and extra-amniotic saline infusion groups, respectively ( P = .12). There were no significant differences in the median time to either vaginal or cesarean delivery between the two groups. Eighty-one percent of women were delivered in less than 24 hours from initiation of induction; 78% in the misoprostol group, and 84% in the extra-amniotic saline infusion group ( P = .19). Conclusion: Both methods of labor induction appear to be equally effective in this group of women at high risk for cesarean delivery and prolonged induction of labor.
Using Portfolios to Improve Teaching Quality: The Case of a Small Business School

In this study, the author applies B. K. Curry's (1992) model of organizational institutionalization to a case study involving efforts to implement course and teaching portfolios in a small business school. This article is based on the personal observations of those involved and the published literature on the subject. Both teaching and course portfolios became part of the routinized behavior and culture of the school. The author argues that course portfolios, because of their focus on student learning, can greatly enhance the development of teachers, assist in creating a culture of evidence around learning outcomes, and foster the scholarship of teaching and learning.
Triamcinolone acetonide decreases outflow facility in C57BL/6 mouse eyes.

Purpose. To determine the effect of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on outflow facility in mice.
Persistence of chlorinated dioxins and furans in the soil environment

Abstract The persistence of di- to octachloro dioxins and furans has been investigated in various soil environments. Over a 15-month period, measurable degradation — i.e., that leading to loss greater than the precision level of the analytical methodology — was found to occur only in the case of di- and trichloro congeners. The degradation of tetra through octachloro congeners was minimal. In the absence of a carrier co-pollutant, the mobility rates of chlorinated dioxins and furans are not significantly affected by the presence of co-pollutants such as pentachlorophenol and creosote components which are commonly present at wood treatment sites.
The seasonal circulation of the Glacier Bay, Alaska fjord system

The seasonal circulation in Glacier Bay, an Alaskan fjord system with active tidewater glaciers, is derived from oceanographic data collected on 13 cruises from June 1964 to September 1967. The fjord bottom waters were renewed annually between November and April by saline intrusion over the 69 m deep entrance sill. In February the inlet waters were homogeneous with temperature of 3°C and salinity of 31·0%.. Freshwater runoff derived from melting glacial ice; stored runoff and precipitation led to a pycnocline formation in April or May. The deepening pycnocline cut off the saline intrusion at the entrance sill. The period from April to November was characterized by the downward mixing of brackish surface waters. Some evidence is presented for mixing by tidally induced internal waves. These waves oscillate at twice the tidal frequency and have amplitudes of at least 50m. Vertical diffusion coefficients of the order of 5·0 cm2s−1 are reported. The topographic influence of the glaciated terrain and retreating glaciers on the fjord circulation is demonstrated.
IL‐1β TNF‐α, and IL‐2 in Peritoneal Fluid and Macrophage‐Conditioned Media of Women With Endometriosis

PROBLEM The presence of various cytokines in human peritoneal fluid has been incompletely evaluated. Changes in cytokine levels may be related to the development of endometriosis, infertility, and activation of peritoneal macrophages. This study assesses levels of IL-1 beta, IL-2 and TNF- alpha in peritoneal fluid and macrophage conditioned media of women with endometriosis. METHOD Peritoneal fluid was collected from 51 women at the time of diagnostic or operative laparoscopy for benign gynecologic disease. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated, cultured for 24 h, and the culture media collected. IL-1 beta, IL-2, and TNF- alpha levels were determined by commercial ELISA kits. RESULTS The mean concentration of IL-1 beta and TNF- alpha was significantly higher in macrophage conditioned media of patients with endometriosis (P < 0.02). However, there were no significant changes in peritoneal fluid cytokine levels. Peritoneal macrophage concentrations were also higher in patients with endometriosis. CONCLUSION This study supports the concept that endometriosis is associated with activation of peritoneal macrophages, and a higher concentration of these cells. This activation is reflected by the increased levels of cytokines found in macrophage conditioned media. The absence of significant changes in peritoneal fluid cytokine levels would seen to indicate that the above derangements are not responsible for the development or progression of endometriosis.
k(t) factorization for hard processes in nuclei.

Two widely proposed kt-dependent gluon distributions in the small-x saturation regime are investigated using two particle back-to-back correlations in high energy scattering processes. The Weizsacker-Williams gluon distribution, interpreted as the number density of gluon inside the nucleus, is studied in the quark-antiquark jet correlation in deep inelastic scattering. On the other hand, the unintegrated gluon distribution, defined as the Fourier transform of the color-dipole cross section, is probed in the direct photon-jet correlation in pA collisions. Dijet-correlation in pA collisions depends on both gluon distributions through combination and convolution in the large Nc limit. We calculate these processes in two approaches: the transverse momentum dependent factorization approach and the color-dipole/color glass condensate formalism, and they agree with each other completely.
Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Education: Shifting the Worldview

While the topics of business ethics and social responsibility education have received much attention in scholarly and pedagogical literature (although less in the pedagogical literature), the autho...
Obesity and perceptual reactance.

Abstract Similarities in anomalous perception of internal gastric states and sensitivity to distraction among the obese to variations in perceptual reactance suggest that the obese tend to augment the intensity of visceral cues associated with hunger. It was hypothesized that the obese would be overrepresented at the augmenter end of the perceptual reactance continuum. Thirteen obese (six male, seven female) and 14 nonobese (eight male, six female) college students participated in a study in which perceptual reactance was assessed by degree of Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffect (KFA). A highly significant relationship in the predicted direction was observed for perceptual reactance category and mean percent weight deviation. Additionally, there was a highly significant interaction of sex by category, with the hypothesized relationship intensified for the female Ss. Results supported interpretation of obesity as a consequence of anomalous perception of cues associated with consuming behavior.
On the stability of disklike galaxies in massive halos

Results are reported for a series of disk-galaxy simulations carried out as part of a systematic search for disk-galaxy models that show little change over the time of several galactic rotations. Systems in a given fixed external field, such as might be provided by a massive halo, are considered. The analysis is performed in terms of two parameters: the fraction of the total mass that resides in the active disk and the velocity dispersion in the active disk. The amount of halo mass required to stabilize a disk with a given velocity dispersion is investigated along with the question of whether any amount of halo mass can stabilize a completely 'cold' disk galaxy. The experimental results are quoted as growth rates estimated from plots of the amplitudes of Fourier analyses of the density in each of a set of narrow annuli, and systematic trends in the dependence of growth rates on the adjustable parameters are examined. It is shown that a massive inert halo contributes to the stability of disk-galaxy models, but some velocity dispersion is required.
Relativistic many-body calculations of E1, E2, M1, and M2 transitions rates for the 1 s 2 l′ 2 l′ ′ – 1 s 2 2 l lines in Li-like ions

Reduced matrix elements, oscillator strengths, and transition rates are calculated for all allowed and forbidden 1s2l′ 2l′ ′ – 1s 22l electric dipole (E1), magnetic dipole (M1), electric quadrupole (E2), and magnetic quadrupole (M2) transitions in lithiumlike ions with nuclear charges ranging from Z = 6 to 100. Relativistic many-body perturbation theory (RMBPT), including the Breit interaction, is used to evaluate retarded E1, M1, E2, and M2 matrix elements. The calculations start with a Dirac potential and include all possible 1s2l′ 2l′ ′ configurations, leading to seven odd-parity and nine even-parity states. First-order perturbation theory is used to obtain intermediate coupling coefficients. Second-order RMBPT is used to determine the matrix elements, which are evaluated for the 22, 20, 16, and 18 possible E1, M1, E2, and M2 transitions, respectively. A detailed discussion of the various contributions to the energy levels and E1, M1, E2, and M2 matrix elements is given for lithiumlike iron, Z = 26. Th...
Tritium yield in the thermal neutron fission of 233U

Abstract Tritium produced by the thermal neutron fission of 223U in the Argonne CP-5 reactor thermal isotope tray was isolated chemically and measured with a liquid scintillation counter. One tritium atom was measured for every (1.10±0.07) × 104 fission events.
Mapping GFP Structural Evolution during Excited-State Proton Transfer with Femtosecond Stimulated Raman

We use femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy to view transient structural changes of the photoexcited GFP-chromophore, identifying low-frequency ring-wagging motions that gate excited-state proton transfer. Mechanistic insights on reactive systems require structural probing with femtosecond resolution.
Clenbuterol Increases Stroke Power and Contractile Speed of Skeletal Muscle for Cardiac Assist

Background—Skeletal muscle assist (SMA) may be limited by loss of power, slowing of contraction and relaxation, and atrophy of the transformed latissimus dorsi muscle (LD). Clenbuterol (clen), a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist, was used to improve the performance of trained skeletal muscle in sheep. Methods and Results—The following 4 groups were used: A (n=6), untrained controls; B (n=6), left LD progressively transformed toward a slow-twitch and fatigue-resistant phenotype by electrical stimulation over 12 weeks (2.5 to 5 V, 240-μsec pulse duration, 35 Hz, 3 to 6 pulses per burst, and up to 40 bursts per minute); C (n=6), clen-treated (0.5 mg/kg SC) for 12 weeks; and D (n=6), clen+trained. In a terminal experiment, the mobilized LD was wrapped around a rubber aorta of a mock circulation and stimulated to contract 40 times per minute. Group A had an initial mean pressure augmentation (ΔP) of 24.6 mm Hg and stroke power of 2.28 W/kg, but both fell to <20% of their original values by 15 minutes because of f...
Infrared supernova light curves and asymmetric stellar mass loss

Infrared dust emission echos from Type II supernovae are a natural consequence of the heating of circumstellar dust by the supernova light. Red supergiants, the likely progenitors of most Type II supernovae, are known in some cases to have asymmetric circumstellar envelopes. It is noted that an asymmetric dust distribution can have a substantial effect on the evolution of an infrared echo and results are presented for an ellipsoidal dust distribution. The angle between the symmetry axis and the line of sight is unknown in any particular case so that detailed observations of a number of supernovae will be necessary to test for asymmetries. Asymmetries may also be observable in the radio structure of supernovae and in a possible scattered-light echo.
Multimedia capabilities of an electronic journal.

This paper shows some multimedia capabilities available to papers submitted to Optics Express. We present color plots and links to a plot, a movie, a reader-controlled Java applet, and some websites containing useful information.
A review of Macintosh-based instructional software

This paper reviews Macintosh-based instructional software. The programs that are discussed can be used as laboratory exercises for data collection and data analysis, or for computer-assisted instruction. Some suggestions for state-of-the-art software in each of these categories are made along with some comments regarding instructional objectives for each set of programs.
Optimizing imaging parameters for MR evaluation of the spine with titanium pedicle screws

This study examined the contribution and interdependence of multiple imaging parameters in clinical imaging sequences to aid practicing radiologists in minimizing artifacts during MR imaging of the spine after implantation of titanium pedicle screws.A lumbar spine specimen with titanium pedicle screws implanted in the pedicle was imaged with a 1.5-T scanner. Sequence type, voxel volume, TE, and bandwidth varied. Different voxel volumes were achieved by altering section thickness, field of view (FOV), and matrix size. Artifact size was measured on sagittal and axial images at the midpedicle level. Artifact size was expressed as a percentage of actual screw size, and mean artifact size was calculated for each sequence. Analysis of variance without replication was done.Mean artifact size ranged from 231% to 364% of actual screw size. Artifact size was independent of voxel volume for voxels greater than 3 MM3 (p<.001). Artifact size decreased significantly (p<.001) when voxel volume was less than 1 mm3. When ...
In vitro regulation of immunoglobulin synthesis by T-cell subpopulations defined by a new human T-cell antigen (9.3)

Abstract The monoclonal antibody 9.3 was used to identify helper and suppressor phenotypes in the regulation of immunoglobulin production in the pokeweed mitogen-activated system for the induction of immunoglobulin secreting cells. Helper activity was confined to the 9.3 + subpopulation of T cells. Positive selection (“panning”) studies confirmed the findings of depletion of T-cell helper activity using antibody and complement. On the other hand, the 9.3 − subsets were found to be consistent suppressor cells. The functional activity of these new subsets was compared to the functional activity of the T4 and T8 subsets. The presence or absence of the 9.3 antigen on T lymphocytes defines two distinct T-cell subpopulations.
Effects of pre-existing submersed vegetation and propagule pressure on the invasion success of Hydrilla verticillata

Summary 1 With biological invasions causing widespread problems in ecosystems, methods to curb the colonization success of invasive species are needed. The effective management of invasive species will require an integrated approach that restores community structure and ecosystem processes while controlling propagule pressure of non-native species. 2 We tested the hypotheses that restoring native vegetation and minimizing propagule pressure of invasive species slows the establishment of an invader. In field and greenhouse experiments, we evaluated (i) the effects of a native submersed aquatic plant species, Vallisneria americana, on the colonization success of a non-native species, Hydrilla verticillata; and (ii) the effects of H. verticillata propagule density on its colonization success. 3 Results from the greenhouse experiment showed that V. americana decreased H. verticillata colonization through nutrient draw-down in the water column of closed mesocosms, although data from the field experiment, located in a tidal freshwater region of Chesapeake Bay that is open to nutrient fluxes, suggested that V. americana did not negatively impact H. verticillata colonization. However, H. verticillata colonization was greater in a treatment of plastic V. americana look-alikes, suggesting that the canopy of V. americana can physically capture H. verticillata fragments. Thus pre-emption effects may be less clear in the field experiment because of complex interactions between competitive and facilitative effects in combination with continuous nutrient inputs from tides and rivers that do not allow nutrient draw-down to levels experienced in the greenhouse. 4 Greenhouse and field tests differed in the timing, duration and density of propagule inputs. However, irrespective of these differences, propagule pressure of the invader affected colonization success except in situations when the native species could draw-down nutrients in closed greenhouse mesocosms. In that case, no propagules were able to colonize. 5 Synthesis and applications. We have shown that reducing propagule pressure through targeted management should be considered to slow the spread of invasive species. This, in combination with restoration of native species, may be the best defence against non-native species invasion. Thus a combined strategy of targeted control and promotion of native plant growth is likely to be the most sustainable and cost-effective form of invasive species management.
Medulloblastoma metastatic to the pancreas: a case report

Abstract We present a case of medulloblastoma metastatic to the pancreas in a 41-year-old woman with recurrent cerebellar medulloblastoma. On presentation, computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis showed a 2.2 cm × 2.6 cm hypodense pancreatic head mass associated with obstruction of the pancreatic duct. Endosonography with fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) was performed. Cytology showed a malignant small cell neoplasm that was consistent with medulloblastoma and was morphologically identical to the primary cerebellar medulloblastoma. Metastatic medulloblastoma to the pancreas is an extremely rare form of a secondary pancreatic tumor and very few case reports exist in the literature. The diagnosis rests on comparing cytological features when primary and secondary tumors are both available.
Design of a Highly-Efficient Pwm Power Supply

This paper deals with design considerations for a 5-watt regulated power supply, capable of operation at 80% efficiency. The system, using pulse-width modulation as the regulating mechanism, is characterized as a dc step-down transformer. The interrelationship of such parameters as loop gain, switching frequency, and filter cutoff frequency are considered. The circuit exhibits an output resistance of 1 milliohm and a full load transient recovery time of 250 ps and has been designed for microcircuit realization.
Drag minimization on a body of revolution through evolution

Abstract This study deals with the determination of the minimum drag profile of a body of revolution. With the restriction that the boundary layer is not allowed to separate, the profile is described by a continuous, linear line-singularity distribution defined at a number of points placed parallel in a uniform stream with zero angle of attack. The drag calculation is based on the momentum deficit in the boundary layer at the trailing edge of the body. By gradually changing the body profile with the Evolution Strategy the minimum drag profile is found for a constant fineness ratio. For a particular case, the drag coefficient is reduced by 30 percent by means of this procedure.
Sphaeriid and Corbiculid Clams Represent Separate Heterodont Bivalve Radiations into Freshwater Environments

Abstract Nine families of bivalve molluscs have undergone successful radiations in freshwater habitats, including three heterodont taxa: the Sphaeriidae, Corbiculidae, and Dreissenidae. Although the phylogenetic relationships of these freshwater heterodont families are controversial, most workers place the first two in the superfamily Corbiculoidea and assume that they represent a monophyletic grouping. We have tested competing phylogenetic hypotheses for the Corbiculoidea by constructing a representative molecular phylogeny, based on domains D1–D3 of the nuclear large subunit 28S rDNA, for 18 heterodont bivalves and for two oyster outgroup taxa. Our results do not support the monophyly of the Corbiculoidea and are consistent with the hypothesis that all three families of freshwater heterodonts represent independent colonization events by marine ancestors. Similarities in developmental mode specializations exhibited by some sphaeriids and corbiculids, such as sequential direct-developing broods, represent convergent adaptations to the freshwater environment. The corbiculid taxa form a clade with venerid and mactrid outgroups but we were not able to identify a putative marine outgroup for the sphaeriids.
Physical Learning Environments: Why be Concerned?

Before research agendas again deal with the question of how the physical attributes of a place impact on adult learning, we must consider some very basic, yet important, questions. This article urges the reader to think about the physical environment as one of many controllable conditions of learning. The author offers a conception of the physical environment as not only a stimulus evoking a response but also as a function of human intent, control, and structure. The purpose of the article is to encourage adult educators to ask appropriate questions about the physical learning environment and to develop increased environmental awareness.
Microcomputers: Useful in All of Agricultural Economics and Extension

The new computer technologies offer challenging opportunities to all agricultural economists. Most computing done previously on multimillion dollar machines is now feasible on computer systems costing under $10,000 and located in one's own office. Futurists say we now have seen a "knowledge explosion" in our time. Implicit in such a declaration is the belief that we live in an era where knowledge is the most important resource we manage in the conduct of our affairs. Glenn Johnson defined knowledge as a fixed resource which helps specify the relational shape of a static production function. But given time, man can learn. Learning creates new knowledge and technology. In a dynamic world, one can discover a new and presumably superior set of relationships between factors and products. Dynamic formulations of production function relationships, consequently, should either implicitly recognize learning as being related to time as a variable or explicitly acknowledge physical relationships as changing in time. Futurists have declared that we live in an "information age." We as professionals send many diverse messages with varying potential informational content to various recipients. Both we and our clientele often feel burdened by the number and complexity of such messages. We all look for ways to sort through it in order to stay in control of our environment. In a dynamic world the potential economies of new technology can elude people who are unable to assimilate the related messages. People seek ways to assimilate the new and often complex messages required to implement a new technology. When given conditions become identified as limiting, people strive to find ways to overcome the limits. The computer is one tool to change the limits, to help stay in control of one's destiny. This paper explores some impacts the knowledge explosion, the information age, and computer technology have on our clientele and ourselves. The paper argues that the impacts are pervasive upon our profession. It affects all the functional roles we play, be they as educators, extension workers, or residents. It affects us as agents of change, whether we are in firms, in universities, or in government. It affects us as researchers also, both in the public and private sectors.
High rate deposition of thick CrN and Cr2N coatings using modulated pulse power (MPP) magnetron sputtering

Abstract As a variation of high power pulsed magnetron sputtering technique, modulated pulse power (MPP) magnetron sputtering can achieve a high deposition rate while at the same time achieving a high degree of ionization of the sputtered material with low ion energies. These advantages of the MPP technique can be utilized to obtain dense coatings with a small incorporation of the residual stress and defect density for the thick coating growth. In this study, the MPP technique has been utilized to reactively deposit thick Cr 2 N and CrN coatings (up to 55 μm) on AISI 440C steel and cemented carbide substrates in a closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering system. High deposition rates of 15 and 10 μm per hour have been measured for the Cr 2 N and CrN coating depositions, respectively, using a 3 kW average target power (16.7 W/cm 2 average target power density), a 50 mm substrate to target distance and an Ar/N 2 gas flow ratio of 3:1 and 1:1. The CrN coatings showed a denser microstructure than the Cr 2 N coatings, whereas the Cr 2 N coatings exhibited a smaller grain size and surface roughness than those of the CrN coatings for the same coating thickness. The compressive residual stresses in the CrN and Cr 2 N coatings increased as the coating thickness increased to 30 μm and 20 μm, respectively, but for thicker coatings, the stress gradually decreased as the coating thickness increased. The CrN coatings exhibited an increase in the scratch test critical load as the thickness was increased. Both CrN and Cr 2 N coatings showed a decrease in the hardness and an increase in the sliding coefficient of friction as the coating thickness increased from 2.5 to 55 μm. However, the wear rate of the CrN coatings decreased significantly as the coating thickness was increased to 10 μm or higher. The 10–55 μm CrN coating exhibited low wear rates in the range of 3.5–5 × 10 −7 mm 3 N −1 m −1 . To the contrary, the Cr 2 N coating exhibited relatively low wear resistance in that high wear rates in the range of 3.5 to 7.5 × 10 −6 mm 3 N −1 m −1 were observed for different thicknesses.
Remote computing using the National Fusion Grid

The National Fusion Collaboratory (http://www.fusiongrid.org) uses grid technology to implement remote computing on the National Fusion Grid. The motivations are to reduce the cost of computing resources, shorten the software deployment cycle, and simplify remote computing for the user community. The National Fusion Collaboratory has successfully demonstrated remote access as a grid service to the TRANSP transport analysis code for tokamak experiments. TRANSP development and administration are now centralized at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), obviating both the need to port TRANSP to different platforms and the process of deploying TRANSP to remote sites. TRANSP users now share the resources of a powerful Linux cluster located at PPPL. Fusion researchers have completed over 900 TRANSP runs utilizing over 5600 h of CPU time since the TRANSP service was installed in October 2002.