cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interoperability of Corpora and Annotations

This paper describes the application of OWL and RDF to address the interoperability of linguistic corpora and linguistic annotations within such corpora. Interoperability of linguistic corpora involves two aspects: Structural interoperability (annotations of different origin are represented using the same formalism) and conceptual interoperability (annotations of different origin are linked to a common vocabulary).
Aging is associated with positive responding to neutral information but reduced recovery from negative information

Studies on aging and emotion suggest an increase in reported positive affect, a processing bias of positive over negative information, as well as increasingly adaptive regulation in response to negative events with advancing age. These findings imply that older individuals evaluate information differently, resulting in lowered reactivity to, and/or faster recovery from, negative information, while maintaining more positive responding to positive information. We examined this hypothesis in an ongoing study on Midlife in the US (MIDUS II) where emotional reactivity and recovery were assessed in a large number of respondents (N ¼ 159) from a wide age range (36–84 years). We recorded eye-blink startle magnitudes and corrugator activity during and after the presentation of positive, neutral and negative pictures. The most robust age effect was found in response to neutral stimuli, where increasing age is associated with a decreased corrugator and eyeblink startle response to neutral stimuli. These data suggest that an age-related positivity effect does not essentially alter the response to emotion-laden information, but is reflected in a more positive interpretation of affectively ambiguous information. Furthermore, older women showed reduced corrugator recovery from negative pictures relative to the younger women and men, suggesting that an age-related prioritization of well-being is not necessarily reflected in adaptive regulation of negative affect.
Numerical Study of Low Grazing Range-Resolved Radar Backscatter from the Sea Surface

Statistical properties of X-band sea clutter are studied using 2-dimensional direct numerical simulations. Surfaces are modeled as realizations of a Gaussian random process with the Pierson-Moskowitz or Elfouhaily spectrum. Creamer transform is applied to reproduce the lowest-order non-linearities. Backscattered field at a given frequency is found using the first-principles integral equation technique. Calculations are repeated at a number of frequencies allowing to synthesize surface response to a pulse as short as 2.2 ns. The study is focused on the incidence angle of 85^ \circ 5^ \circ grazing), with an example at moderate 60^ \circ incidence considered as well. Probability density functions (pdfs) for vertically and horizontally polarized clutter are obtained using Monte Carlo trials. The effects of variations in wind speed (sea state) and radar resolution are investigated. The technique also allows isolating and examining the impact of certain electromagnetic and hydrodynamic approximations. Simulated pdfs are compared to Weibull and K distributions.
Fishes and Habitat Characteristics of the Keya Paha River, South Dakota-Nebraska

ABSTRACT Fishes were collected in four mainstem reaches and eight tributary reaches in the Keya Paha River basin during May and June 2002. Most reaches were characteristically run habitats with sand substrates and riparian pastures. Data were combined with historical records to construct a basin-wide ichthyofaunal list which comprised 38 species from seven families. Dominant species were sand shiners (Notropis ludibundus; 47%), red shiners (Cyprinella lutrensis; 37%), and brassy minnows (Hybognathus hankinsoni; 8%). Dominant game species were bluegill (Lepomis machrochirus) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). We found one species previously listed as rare in South Dakota -plains topminnow (Fundulus sciadicus), and four species not previously found in the Keya Paha River—silver chub (Macrhybopsis storeriana), river carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio), northern pike (Esox lucius), yellow perch (Perca flavescens).
Assessing the latest models' handling of climate extremes

In time for the slated September release by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change of its fifth assessment report, Sillmann et al. conducted an assessment of the latest generation of global climate models and historical reanalysis datasets. The authors did not set about comparing the ability of the models and reanalyses to represent climate means and norms but, instead, focused on the models' skill in generating temperature and precipitation extremes similar to those that have been observed. As part of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), the authors looked at 31 global models and 4 reanalysis datasets. To determine the models' skill, the scientists compared their representations of climate extremes against the observational dataset HadEX2. To gauge progress over earlier models, they also looked at the 18 models that made up the 3rd phase of the CMIP.
The Space of Bounded Spherical Functions on the Free 2-Step Nilpotent Lie Group

Let N be a connected and simply connected 2-step nilpotent Lie group and let K be a compact subgroup of Aut(N). We say that (K, N) is a Gelfand pair when the set of integrable K-invariant functions on N forms an abelian algebra under convolution. In this paper we construct a one-to-one correspondence between the set Δ(K, N) of bounded spherical functions for such a Gelfand pair and a set \( {\user1{\mathcal{A}}}{\left( {K,N} \right)} \) of K-orbits in the dual \( \mathfrak{n}* \) of the Lie algebra for N. The construction involves an application of the Orbit Method to spherical representations of K ⋉ N. We conjecture that the correspondence \( \Delta {\left( {K,N} \right)} \leftrightarrow {\user1{\mathcal{A}}}{\left( {K,N} \right)} \) is a homeomorphism. Our main result shows that this is the case for the Gelfand pair given by the action of the orthogonal group on the free 2-step nilpotent Lie group. In addition, we show how to embed the space Δ(K, N) for this example in a Euclidean space by taking eigenvalues for an explicit set of invariant differential operators. These results provide geometric models for the space of bounded spherical functions on the free 2-step group.
Self-Adaptive On Demand Geographic Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

It has been a big challenge to develop routing protocol that can meet different application needs and optimize routing paths according to the topology change in mobile ad hoc networks. Basing their forwarding decisions only on the local topology, geographic routing protocols have drawn a lot of attentions in recent years. However, inaccurate local topology knowledge and the outdated destination position information can lead to inefficient geographic forwarding and even routing failure. Proactive local position distribution can hardly adapt to the traffic demand. It is also difficult to pre-set protocol parameters correctly to fit in different environments. We have developed two self-adaptive on-demand geographic routing schemes. The local topology is updated in a timely manner according to network dynamics and traffic demands. Our route optimization scheme adapts the routing path according to both topology changes and actual data traffic requirements. Each node can determine and adjust the protocol parameter values independently according to different network environments, data traffic conditions and node's own requirements. Our simulation studies have shown that the proposed routing protocols are more robust and outperform the existing geographic routing protocol. Specifically, the packet delivery latency is reduced almost four times as compared to GPSR at high mobility.
Principal component filter bank for band partitioned sidelobe cancellation

Principal component filter banks (PCFBs) have been shown to be optimal, if they exist, for a variety of signal processing applications. Ideally, the filters in PCFBs are the eigenvectors of the spectral density matrix of the input random process and therefore depend on the statistics of the input random process. This paper investigates the application of PCFBs to the problem of band partitioned sidelobe cancellation for a two channel canceler. In this context, the filters are the eigenvectors of the cross-spectral density matrix. The ideal filters have an infinite impulse response and are not realizable. Therefore, they must be approximated. Several algorithms are available, but in this paper, the PCFB filters were approximated using a simple, although suboptimal, window method. The cancellation performance of the PCFB was compared to the performance of a time domain GramSchmidt canceler, and band partitioned cancelers utilizing a dyadic filter bank, a wavelet packet filter bank (WPFB), a cosine modulated filter bank (CMFB), and a maximally decimated discrete Fourier transform filter bank (DFTFB). The performance of the approximated PCFB was found to be better than the time domain and dyadic cancelers, but not as good as the DFT, wavelet packet, and cosine modulated cancelers. This shortfall is attributed to the approximation of the ideal PCFB filters.
Stochastic Entry of Enveloped Viruses: Fusion versus Endocytosis

Infection by membrane-enveloped viruses requires the binding of receptors on the target cell membrane to glycoproteins, or "spikes," on the viral membrane. The initial entry mechanism is usually classified as fusogenic or endocytotic. However, binding of viral spikes to cell surface receptors not only initiates the viral adhesion and the wrapping process necessary for internalization, but can simultaneously initiate direct fusion with the cell membrane. Both fusion and internalization have been observed to be viable pathways for many viruses. We develop a stochastic model for viral entry that incorporates a competition between receptor-mediated fusion and endocytosis. The relative probabilities of fusion and endocytosis of a virus particle initially nonspecifically adsorbed on the host cell membrane are computed as functions of receptor concentration, binding strength, and number of spikes. We find different parameter regimes where the entry pathway probabilities can be analytically expressed. Experimental tests of our mechanistic hypotheses are proposed and discussed.
Nerve root blocks in the treatment of lumbar radicular pain. A minimum five-year follow-up.

Background: In a previous prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blinded study on the effect of nerve root blocks on the need for operative treatment of lumbar radicular pain, we found that injections of corticosteroids were more effective than bupivacaine for up to thirteen to twenty-eight months. We performed a minimum five-year followup of those patients who had avoided surgery. Methods: All of the patients were considered to be operative candidates by the treating surgeon, and all had initially requested operative intervention. They had then been randomized to be treated with a selective nerve-root block with either bupivacaine or bupivacaine and betamethasone. Both the treating physician and the patient were blinded to the type of medication. Of fifty-five randomized patients, twenty-nine avoided an operation in the original study. Twenty-one of those twenty-nine patients were reevaluated with a follow-up questionnaire at a minimum of five years after the initial block. Results: Seventeen of the twenty-one patients still had not had operative intervention. There was no difference between the group treated with bupivacaine alone and the group treated with bupivacaine and betamethasone with regard to the avoidance of surgery for five years. At the five-year follow-up evaluation, all of the patients who had avoided operative treatment had significant decreases in neurological symptoms and back pain compared with the baseline values. Conclusions: The majority of patients with lumbar radicular pain who avoid an operation for at least one year after receiving a nerve root injection with bupivacaine alone or in combination with betamethasone will continue to avoid operative intervention for a minimum of five years. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Fishery-Independent Data Reveal Negative Effect of Human Population Density on Caribbean Predatory Fish Communities

Background: Understanding the current status of predatory fish communities, and the effects fishing has on them, is vitally important information for management. However, data are often insufficient at region-wide scales to assess the effects of extraction in coral reef ecosystems of developing nations. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, I overcome this difficulty by using a publicly accessible, fisheries-independent database to provide a broad scale, comprehensive analysis of human impacts on predatory reef fish communities across the greater Caribbean region. Specifically, this study analyzed presence and diversity of predatory reef fishes over a gradient of human population density. Across the region, as human population density increases, presence of large-bodied fishes declines, and fish communities become dominated by a few smaller-bodied species. Conclusions/Significance: Complete disappearance of several large-bodied fishes indicates ecological and local extinctions have occurred in some densely populated areas. These findings fill a fundamentally important gap in our knowledge of the ecosystem effects of artisanal fisheries in developing nations, and provide support for multiple approaches to data collection where they are commonly unavailable.
Use of Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery for Lobectomy in the Elderly Results in Fewer Complications

Background The purpose of this study was to determine if the utilization of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) for lobectomy for clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer in elderly patients results in decreased complications compared with lobectomy by thoracotomy (THOR). Methods A retrospective, matched case-control study was performed evaluating the perioperative outcomes after lobectomy by VATS versus THOR performed in elderly patients (age ≥70 years) at a single institution. All complications were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 (http://ctep.cancer.gov/reporting/ctc.html). Results Between May 1, 2002 and December 31, 2005 333 patients (245 THOR, 88 VATS) 70 years old or greater underwent lobectomy for clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer. After matching based on age, gender, presence of comorbid conditions, and preoperative clinical stage, there were 82 patients in each group. Patients had similar preoperative characteristics. A VATS approach resulted in a significantly lower rate of complications compared with THOR (28% vs 45%, p = 0.04) and a shorter median length of stay (5 days, range 2 to 20 vs 6 days, range 2 to 27, p Conclusions A VATS approach to lobectomy for clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer in the elderly was associated with fewer and overall reduced severity of complications as well as a shorter hospital stay compared with thoracotomy.
Well phase separated segmented copolymers via acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization

Segmented oligomers consisting of polyoctenylene hard segments and unsaturated polytetrahydrofuran soft segments were prepared using acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) copolymerization techniques. These are the first such segmented materials prepared via metathesis chemistry. Two different molecular weight α,ω-poly(tetrahydrofuran)diene soft segment monomers of the structure [CH2CH(CH2)4[O(CH2)4]-nO(CH2)4CHCH2] (1) were synthesized by the cationic living polymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF). Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride, (CF3SO2)2O (triflic anhydride) (2), was employed as the initiator, followed by in situ bis-functionalization with 5-hexen-1-ol, [CH2=CH(CH2)4OH] (3), to yield soft segment dienes with vinyl end groups. The functionality of these soft segment monomers was approximately 1.9. These telechelic monomers possessed sufficient functionality to be homopolymerized or copolymerized with 1,9-decadiene (4) to generate well phase separated, segmented oligomers exhibiting hard segment/soft segment thermal behavior. The segmented copolymers were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and TGA and DSC analysis. Average molecular weights were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and end-group analysis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 3441–3449, 1997
Medullary Nuclear Dysplasia (Möbius Syndrome) in an Infant with Recurrent Apnea and Jsoelectric Eeg

From birth, an infant girl had repeated episodes of loss of consciousness, apnea and bradycardia, aphonia, and severe pharyngeal-esophageal discoordination. These functional deficits correlated with a gross and microscopic malformation of the medulla oblongata, which is characterized by profound deficits of motor and sensory nuclei and of the reticular formation. We have classified this as an example of Mobius syndrome. No etiology was suggested from the history. Histopathologic findings are compatible with an early massive insult to developing structures in the tegmentum of the medulla oblongata.
A sigma-delta modulator architecture for wide bandwidth applications

This paper presents a novel approach for the robust implementation of wide-band sigma-delta modulators. The proposed architecture consists of a cascade of a third-order modulator followed by a second or third-order loop. To avoid linearity problems associated with the DAC's in the feedback paths of the modulators, both stages utilize simple ternary quantizers. To maximize the dynamic range, additional finite noise transfer function zeros have been added to the third-order stage(s). While this significantly enhances the dynamic range of the system, it hardly affects the circuit's sensitivity with regard to some of the most prominent non-idealities such as finite amplifier open-loop gains or capacitor ratio mismatches.
PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE CONJUGATES OF GLUCOSE OXIDASE AND CATALASE BY CROSS‐LINKING WITH GLUTARALDEHYDE

Soluble high molecular weight conjugates of catalase were prepared by intermolecular cross-linking with glutaraldehyde at pH 7.0. The same reagent was used to prepare high molecular weight soluble conjugates of glucose oxidase with and without catalase activity. For cross-linking of glucose oxidase the reactions were carried out at pH 4.5 in the presence of bovine serum albumin. No difference in Km values was observed between samples of catalase conjugates and untreated enzyme, either soluble or immobilized. When soluble glucose oxidase-catalase conjugates were incubated at 55°C for 18 min, only 20% of the original glucose oxidase activity was lost while the untreated enzyme lost 90% of its activity under the same conditions.
Disparity among neural injury models and the unfolded protein response.

Ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury both cause endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response. Both injuries initially produce reactive oxygen species, increase intracellular calcium levels, and induce inflammation. The secondary effects from these brain injuries are similar and only differ in their timing and duration. Preventing the immediate effects of ischemic stroke or traumatic brain injury is challenging due to short onset of injury, but mitigating the secondary effects is a therapeutically targetable option. Preventative therapies using pharmacological agents have been utilized in pre-clinical models of neural injury to ameliorate secondary effects such as apoptosis and neurodegeneration. The connection between ER stress, apoptosis, and subsequent neurodegeneration has been proposed, but not yet causally linked. Researchers are now pursuing effective treatment strategies to suppress the secondary effects of neural injury in order to mitigate the development of chronic deficits. Secondary effects such as ER stress and apoptosis can be prevented in pre-clinical models, but the results have yet to translate to meaningful treatment options for patients. Evidence suggests that targeting the right transcription factors, at the right time, will aid in the prevention of apoptosis and neurodegenerative disease development following neural injury. In this review, we examine therapeutic approaches that target secondary effects of brain injury and how these may correlate to better treatment options for patients.
Treatment of Fractures Complicated by Burn or Head Injuries in Children

The treatment of fractures in children who have multiple injuries is often complex. Fractures that are complicated by burn or head injuries may be especially challenging because such injuries may be extremely severe and the prognosis may be poor. These children may be in extremis or in a very unstable condition at the time of presentation and thus may be poor candidates for anesthesia. Other injuries may be deemed to take precedence, and orthopaedic procedures tend to be postponed. However, because of the unique problems that occur in these patients both immediately after the injury and in the long term, operative stabilization of fractures often can provide great benefits. The coexistence of burn injuries and fractures is not unusual in children because of the association between fire and traumatic injury. Kaplan and Pruitt noted orthopaedic injuries in 197 (6.1 percent) of 3221 patients who had burn injuries11. Because burns and fractures complicate the treatment of each other, there must be some coordination between the trauma surgeon, the general surgeon, or the plastic surgeon who treats burns and the orthopaedic surgeon who treats fractures. ### Initial Evaluation and Resuscitation In the initial management of a patient who has both a burn and a fracture, priority must be given to the airway, breathing, and circulation. Injury to the airway, tissue oxygenation, and replacement of fluids and electrolytes are always concerns in the management of a patient who has a burn. Evaluation of musculoskeletal injury should be deferred until life-threatening conditions are assessed. The history is helpful in guiding the examiner. Children who have been injured in a motor-vehicle accident with a resulting fire and those who have jumped from a burning building are likely to have multiple injuries. The identification of deformity and crepitus is helpful in diagnosing a fracture. Tenderness that is due to …
Local electronic nematicity in the two-dimensional one-band Hubbard model

Nematicity is a well-known property of liquid crystals and has been recently discussed in the context of strongly interacting electrons. An electronic nematic phase has been seen in many experiments in certain strongly correlated materials, in particular, in the pseudogap phase generic to many hole-doped cuprate superconductors. Recent measurements in high Tc superconductors have shown that even if the lattice is perfectly rotationally symmetric, the ground state can still have strongly nematic local properties. Our study of the two-dimensional one-band Hubbard model provides strong support for the recent experimental results on local rotational C4 symmetry breaking. The variational cluster approach is used here to show the possibility of an electronic nematic state and the proximity of the underlying symmetry-breaking ground state within the Hubbard model. We identify this nematic phase in the overdoped region and show that the local nematicity decreases with increasing electron filling. Our results also indicate that strong Coulomb interaction may drive the nematic phase into a phase similar to the stripe structure. The calculated spin (magnetic) correlation function in momentum space shows the effects resulting from real-space nematicity.
A “Prince of the Land of Israel” in Prague: Jewish Philanthropy, Patronage, and Power in Early Modern Europe and Beyond

This article explores the relationship between giving and politics, and between distant causes and local concerns, by analyzing the award of the title “Prince of the Land of Israel” to rabbis and leaders in Europe. Often awarded to men of standing and means, the title came with an expectation to deliver aid to the Holy Land in times of need. Although the title was held by different bearers throughout the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries—often by more than one at a time—the most famous such “prince” was David Oppenheim (1664–1736), chief rabbi of Prague and insatiable bibliophile. Oppenheim was singled out for this title owing to his place in a network of exchange that spanned Europe and the Mediterranean, and an examination of the expectations and actions associated with that position follows the circulation not only of people but also of money and goods, such as books. It allows us to investigate how both donors and recipients of charity engaged in such transactions to pursue particular ends, revealing the currency of symbolism underlying this economy of exchange. Finally, it seeks to understand the Land of Israel as a field for the interactions of discrete Jewish networks as they converged in a single space and to gauge the impact of that convergence.
Effect of Reaction Pathway on the Extent and Mechanism of Uranium(VI) Immobilization with Calcium and Phosphate

Phosphate addition to subsurface environments contaminated with uranium can be used as an in situ remediation approach. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the dependence of the extent and mechanism of uranium uptake on the pathway for reaction with calcium phosphates. At pH 4.0 and 6.0 uranium uptake from solution occurred via autunite (Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2) precipitation irrespective of the starting forms of calcium and phosphate. At pH 7.5, a condition at which calcium phosphate solids could form, the uptake mechanism depended on the nature of the calcium and phosphate as determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. When dissolved uranium, calcium, and phosphate were added simultaneously, uranium was structurally incorporated into a newly formed amorphous calcium phosphate solid. Adsorption was the dominant removal mechanism for uranium contacted with preformed amorphous calcium phosphate solids. When U(VI) was added to a suspension containing amorphous ca...
The interaction of deprivation and delay of reinforcement under a fixed-ratio schedule of responding

Interaction of deprivation and delay of reinforcement was studied in an operant framework in this experiment. Four male Sprague-Dawley rats at approximately 250 days of age served as subjects. They were exposed to a series of conditions within a counterbalanced design. The four conditions represented the orthogonal combinations of amount of delay (0 and 10 sec) and levels of deprivation (75% and 85%). Conclusions from the study concerned the finding that the effect of a delay in reinforcement is magnified by an increase in deprivation and the value of searching for such interactive effects in operant research.
Issues in the Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Ceramics for Structural Applications

TiO 2 has been fabricated using a modified alkoxide hydrolysis route; the process yields about 50 g/day of nanocrystalline powder on a laboratory scale, which can be used to make large (1–10 g) samples. Pore size distributions show the powder is non-agglomerated, and TEM and BET analyses confirm the nanocrystalline size of the particles at about 20 nm. The powder is extremely reactive, sintering at about half the temperatures required of commercial powders. The chemically produced powder compacts to only 62% of the density that can be achieved by compacting a gas phase condensation (GPC)-produced TiO 2 . Nevertheless, the reactivity of this less dense compact is such that it reaches final densities comparable to that of the GPC TiO 2 . The difficulties in compacting and sintering large nanocrystalline samples are discussed. It is hoped that an understanding of these problems will lead to more intelligent densification of ultrafine powders so that full densification can be accomplished while retaining a nanocrystalline grain size.
Searching for Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptides: An Experiment for Organic Chemistry Students

This laboratory experiment provides undergraduate students enrolled in organic chemistry the opportunity to design and synthesize their own peptide, which is then tested for antimicrobial activity. After reading a primary scientific paper on antimicrobial peptides, students design and synthesize their own hexapeptide that they hypothesize will have antimicrobial activity. The students characterize their products by analyzing liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and antimicrobial bioassay data for their synthesized peptide. The students are able to complete the synthesis and prepare their samples for analysis in three 3–4 h lab periods; instructors perform LC–MS and a bioassay with the peptides and provide data to students for analysis. This exercise is flexible and can be altered to include students performing the bioassay, or to meet different time constraints or target student populations. This experiment allows students to increase their knowledge of solid phase peptide chemistry and gain experience...
Long-Term Survival in Pediatric Heart Transplantation: A 30-Year Single-Center Experience

Purpose In June 1984, the first successful orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) performed in a child occurred at Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) for congenital heart disease (CHD). OHT has since become the accepted therapy for end-stage heart failure due to cardiomyopathy (CM), CHD, and other cardiac disease in pediatrics. We report our 35-year experience at a high-volume pediatric OHT center. Methods An institutional retrospective chart review of patients (pts) who underwent OHT at CUMC from 1984-2019 was performed. Kaplan-Meier analysis was implemented for pt and graft survival and stratified by era. Development of post-OHT morbidities (re-OHT, oncologic disease, end-stage renal disease [ESRD]) were examined. Results Over 35 years (yrs), 577 OHT were performed in 539 pts. Median age at OHT was 9.06 yrs (IQR 2.00, 14.66); 296 (54.9%) were male. Indication for primary OHT was cardiomyopathy in 334 pts (62.0%), CHD in 199 pts (36.9%), and other in 6 pts (1.1%). There were 38 re-OHT in 34 pts (6.3%). Overall pt survival at 5, 10, 20 yrs was 79.4%, 67.7%, 52.0%, with median survival of 21.1 yrs (95% CI 17.2 - 26.5). Eleven pts survived >30 yrs after OHT. For pts transplanted in the most recent era (2008 - 2019), survival at 5, 10 yrs was 87.0%, 79.5%, improved from prior eras (p 10 yrs, 76.9% of whom survived >20 yrs. Forty-five pts (8.3%) developed tumors within 10 yrs of OHT. Of 168 pts with 10 yr tumor-free survival, 25 (14.9%) developed tumors at a median time of 12.9 yrs post-OHT. Of pts with 10 yr ESRD-free survival, 11.7% developed ESRD at a median time of 15.1 yrs post-OHT. Conclusion Long-term survival continues to improve in pediatric OHT. However, serious morbidities remain including need for retransplant and the ongoing potential for development of renal and oncologic disease. As novel immunosuppression protocols emerge, improvements in long-term outcomes will accompany a decreasing risk of associated major morbidities.
Value of Serum Soluble Transferrin Receptor in Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anemia

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of serum soluble transferrin receptor(sTfR) in children with iron deficiency anemia(IDA).Methods Sixty-three children with microcytic hypochromic anemia were divided into IDA and non-IDA(n-IDA)groups,on which sTfR and other iron metabolism related indexes such as serum ferritin(SF) and serum iron(SI) were measured,and(t-test) between groups and analysis of ROC curve were carried out.Results The mean concentration of sTfR in the group of IDA was above normal value and t-test difference was extremely significant compared with n-IDA group(P0.001),while those of SF and SI in the group of IDA were within normal value;although specificity levels of SF and SI for IDA diagnosis were higher than sTfR,their sensitivity levels and areas under the curve of ROC were quite much lower.Conclusions Serum sTfR can reflect iron storage in body more accurately,and is an effective objective parameter for IDA diagnosis with significant value in differential diagnosis of children′s iron deficiency diseases.
The Influences and Analyses about PT Secondary Voltage Drop Caused by Energy Meter's Neutral Point Virtual Connection

Based on the method of symmetrical component decomposing,this paper makes theoretical analyses on secondary Voltage drop of voltage transformer under the condition of energy meter's neutral point virtual connection.The variation of metering error between proper and improper statue is obtained.The on-site test results indicate that energy meter's neutral point virtual connection has a great effect on PT secondary voltage drop.
Ecology and Thermodynamics

Ecology is the study of interactions of organisms and their biotic and abiotic environments. These interactions can be analyzed in terms of material cycles and energy flow. Thermodynamics is the study of conservation of the quantity and quality of energy, and thus, describes the physical realm in which interactions of organisms and their environment take place.
Wrinkling and Periodic Folding of Graphene Oxide Monolayers by Langmuir–Blodgett Compression

Crumples, wrinkles, and other three-dimensional topographical features in graphene oxide (GO) have been of recent interest as these features have improved material performance for a variety of applications. However, wrinkling of monolayer GO films has yet to be reported. Herein, we demonstrate wrinkling and folding of monolayer GO using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique for the first time. First, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and GO are deposited on the air-water interface and uniaxially compressed to form a monolayer. CTAB enhances in-plane rigidity of the monolayer through hydrophobic tail aggregation, preventing GO-GO in-plane sliding behavior. Overcompression of the GO monolayer results in the out-of-plane periodic nanoscale wrinkling and in turn generates folds that are stable during deposition onto a substrate and GO chemical reduction. Furthermore, we investigate one potential application of this material by constructing a 3D electrode of the stacked nanofolded GO-CTAB layers that exhibits superior volumetric capacitance compared to commercial devices and comparable volumetric capacitance compared to high-performing recently reported devices. The high volumetric capacitance is attributed to the electrolyte-accessible channels generated by the nanofolds which are similar in size to the hydrated ions.
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography using partial modulation via a pulsed flow valve with a short modulation period

Partial modulation via a pulsed flow valve for comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography (GC × GC) is demonstrated, producing narrow peak widths, 2Wb, on the secondary separation dimension, 2D, coupled with short modulation periods, PM, thus producing a high peak capacity on the 2D dimension, 2nc. The GC × GC modulator is a pulse flow valve that injects a pulse of carrier gas at the specified PM, at the connection between the primary, 1D, column and the 2D column. Using a commercially available pulse flow valve, this injection technique performs a combination of vacancy chromatography and frontal analysis, whereby each pulse disturbance in the analyte concentration profile as it exits the 1D column results in data that is readily converted into a 2D separation. A three-step process converts the raw data into a format analogous to a GC × GC separation, incorporating signal differentiation, baseline correction and conversion to a GC × GC chromatogram representation. A 115-component test mixture with a wide range of boiling points (36-372°C) of nine compound classes is demonstrated using modulation periods of PM = 50, 100, 250, and 500ms, respectively. For the test mixture with a PM of 250ms, peak shapes on 2D are symmetric with apparent 2Wb ranging from 12 to 45ms producing a 2nc of ~ 10. Based on the average peak width of 0.93s on the 1D separation for a time window of 400s, the 1D peak capacity is 1nc ∼ 430. Thus, the ideal 2D peak capacity nc,2D is 4300 or a peak capacity production of 650 peaks/min using the PM of 250ms. Additionally, for a PM of 50, 100 and 500ms, the 2nc are 4, 7, and 12, respectively. Retention times on 2D, 2tR, are reproducible having standard deviations less than 1ms. Finally, the processed data is shown to be quantitative, with an average RSD of 4.7% for test analytes.
Thin-wall approximation in vacuum decay: A lemma

The ``thin-wall approximation'' gives a simple estimate of the decay rate of an unstable quantum field. Unfortunately, the approximation is uncontrolled. In this paper I show that there are actually two different thin-wall approximations and that they bracket the true decay rate: I prove that one is an upper bound and the other a lower bound. In the thin-wall limit, the two approximations converge. In the presence of gravity, a generalization of this lemma provides a simple sufficient condition for nonperturbative vacuum instability.
Does mammographic density mediate risk factor associations with breast cancer? An analysis by tumor characteristics

Though mammographic density (MD) has been proposed as an intermediate marker of breast cancer risk, few studies have examined whether the associations between breast cancer risk factors and risk are mediated by MD, particularly by tumor characteristics. Our study population included 3392 cases (1105 premenopausal) and 8882 (3192 premenopausal) controls from four case–control studies. For established risk factors, we estimated the percent of the total risk factor association with breast cancer that was mediated by percent MD (secondarily, by dense area and non-dense area) for invasive breast cancer as well as for subtypes defined by the estrogen receptor (ER+/ER−), progesterone receptor (PR+/PR−), and HER2 (HER2+/HER2−). Analyses were conducted separately in pre- and postmenopausal women. Positive associations between prior breast biopsy and risk of invasive breast cancer as well as all subtypes were partially mediated by percent MD in pre- and postmenopausal women (percent mediated = 11–27%, p ≤ 0.02). In postmenopausal women, nulliparity and hormone therapy use were positively associated with invasive, ER+ , PR+ , and HER2− breast cancer; percent MD partially mediated these associations (percent mediated ≥ 31%, p ≤ 0.02). Further, among postmenopausal women, percent MD partially mediated the positive association between later age at first birth and invasive as well as ER+ breast cancer (percent mediated = 16%, p ≤ 0.05). Percent MD partially mediated the associations between breast biopsy, nulliparity, age at first birth, and hormone therapy with risk of breast cancer, particularly among postmenopausal women, suggesting that these risk factors at least partially influence breast cancer risk through changes in breast tissue composition.
Effect of e-cigarette advertisement exposure on intention to use e-cigarettes in adolescents.

Abstract Introduction With the growth of electronic cigarettes use, curiosity about and experimentation with these products has increased among adolescents. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the moderating effect of e-cigarette advertisement (ad) exposure on the relation between perceptions of use and intentions to use in youth. Methods Multiple regression analyses utilizing data from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey (N = 17,286) were used to evaluate the effect of ad exposure, perceived harmfulness, barriers, and benefits of e-cigarette use on intentions to use among youth who had never used e-cigarettes. Results Models for non-smokers accounted for 15.5% of the variance in intention to use (R2 = 0.155, F (15) = 187.0, p Conclusions Ads are most effective at attracting non-smoking youth as new users rather than promoting product switching in young cigarette smokers.
Trends of the neurosurgical economy in the United States.

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to identify the neurosurgical MS-DRGs highest national bills and to analyze economic, demographic, and patient outcome trends. Methods This retrospective cohort study used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to achieve the results. All MS-DRG codes for the years 2014 were ranked based on total aggregate charges. The highest ranked relevant to neurosurgery were identified and retrospectively reviewed to 2008. The data was analyzed by Z-test. Results In 2014, NIS reported the MS-DRG with the highest national bill of $22,894,340,928 was “Spinal Fusion Except Cervical without MCC,” which also had the largest rise over the cohort period, increasing from $15,853,679,222 in 2008 (p Conclusions “Spinal fusion except cervical without MCC,” had the highest national bill in the USA over the period of the cohort. Healthcare organizations can benefit from awareness of this information by using it to establish the most efficient healthcare investments and preparing a health-care roadmap for the following decades.
Spherical Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles: Therapeutic Potential

Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) are highly oriented, well organized, polyvalent structures of nucleic acids conjugated to hollow or solid core nanoparticles. Because they can transfect many tissue and cell types without toxicity, induce minimum immune response, and penetrate various biological barriers (such as the skin, blood–brain barrier, and blood–tumor barrier), they have become versatile tools for the delivery of nucleic acids, drugs, and proteins for various therapeutic purposes. This article describes the unique structures and properties of SNAs and discusses how these properties enable their application in gene regulation, immunomodulation, and drug and protein delivery. It also summarizes current efforts towards clinical translation of SNAs and provides an expert opinion on remaining challenges to be addressed in the path forward to the clinic.
Thermal Contraction of Fiberglass-Epoxy Sample Holders Used for Nb3Sn Critical-Current Measurements

It is typical for Nb3Sn-Cu superconductor specimens to be wound into coils on tubular specimen holders for critical-current measurements. If the thermal contraction of the holder is different than that of the specimen, axial strain may be applied to the specimen upon cooling from room to liquid-helium temperature. This strain can affect the measured critical current. The thermal contraction was measured for three different Nb3Sn-Cu superconductors. Also, the thermal contraction was measured for several different specimen holders, all of which were made from fiberglass-epoxy composites. The specimen holder measurements were made using an electrical-resistance strain-gage technique, and they were confirmed by direct mechanical measurements. The tubes varied in diameter, wall thickness, and fabrication technique. Some of the tubes were made directly from tube stock, and others were machined from plate stock. The results of these measurements show that the thermal contraction of tube stock is strongly dependent on the ratio of its wall thickness to its radius, while the contraction of tubes machined from plate stock is relatively independent of these dimensions. Critical-current measurements of Nb3Sn-Cu specimens mounted on these various holders show that the presence of differential thermal contraction between the specimen and its holder can significantly affect the measured critical current.
Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins, and Granulocyte Accumulation in Cerebral Ischemia

Granulocytes accumulate during the early hours of the postischemic period in a canine model of multifocal ischemia induced by air embolism [9]. This accumulation could theoretically aggravate and extend the initial tissue injury through one of several mechanisms. Granulocytes synthesize arachidonic acid metabolities such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and hydroxy acids capable of producing local vasoconstriction and increased microvascular permeabiliity [1, 5, 32]. They also produce superoxide and other free radical products, release hydrolytic enzymes from intracellular granules, and synthesize platelet activating factor [21, 22, 33, 34].
Comparative Analysis of Human and Subhuman Operator Performance in a Control Loop

Summary Using electric shock as a negative reinforcement, three Rhesus monkeys were trained on a custom-designed pre-programmable electronic visual tracking facility in an effort to compare their performance with those of human operators. Describing functions for these animals were estimated from input, output and error time records obtained under a compensatory tracking task. A Gaussian random noise generator was used to generate the forcing function over the frequency bandwidths of 0.05 and 0.15 Hz. A parameter optimization algorithm was used to compute a generally accepted five parameter performance model with the above describing function data. For comparison purposes, data for two human subjects were also collected and analyzed for the same tracking task. The describing function data and values of computed model parameters for these two species show no significant differences. Typically, the transportation lag ranged between 0.08 and 0.19 seconds. These similar functional relationships observed between human and subhuman operators lend support for monkey-man extrapolations in stressful tracking situations.
Simulation Modalities for Obstetrics and Gynecology

Various simulation modalities exist for healthcare training, many of which can be applied to the field of obstetrics and gynecology. From low-fidelity box trainers to highly sophisticated mannequins and robotic trainers, learners can benefit from a wide range of teaching approaches, and these modalities can be used at all levels of training. Combining certain trainers into a hybrid model allows instructors to utilize the most beneficial aspects of distinct modalities to provide a better teaching environment. Despite the successes in decreasing medical errors and improving teamwork and communication, simulation remains difficult to implement on a global scale due to barriers including cost and protected time for learners and instructors.
Adaptive Simultaneous Multi-tenancy for GPUs.

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are energy-efficient massively parallel accelerators that are increasingly deployed in multi-tenant environments such as data-centers for general-purpose computing as well as graphics applications. Using GPUs in multi-tenant setups requires an efficient and low-overhead method for sharing the device among multiple users that improves system throughput while adapting to the changes in workload. This requires mechanisms to control the resources allocated to each kernel, and an efficient policy to make decisions about this allocation.
Quench-free enhanced emission in cluster-free Er-doped heavy metal oxide glasses

We successfully demonstrate new heavy metal-gallium-doped oxide glass media, which are capable of accommodating a significant level of Er3+ doping, while avoiding the deleterious effects of concentration quenching. We examine the effects of composition and microstructure of the glass networks on optical properties. Near-infrared and visible emission demonstrate the absence of concentration quenching and Er3+ clustering. Both Raman spectroscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy confirm that gallium enters the glass as a tetrahedral network former. The incorporation of gallium into the glass modifies the energy landscape and creates two distinct crystal field environments, which promote Er3+ radiative transitions.