cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation between suckling-induced changes in the ultrastructure of mammotrophs and prolactin release.

Effects of suckling on the structure of mammotrophs and the release of prolactin, were studied in rats on the 10th day of lactation with the use of electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay techniques. Nursing animals were separated from their young for 8 hr and subsequently united and permitted to nurse for 1, 5, 15, 30 min; or 1, 2 and 4hr. Blood samples were obtained prior to and throughout the suckling interval and pituitary glands were processed for electron microscopy. Control animals consisted of normal lactating females and animals separated from their young for 8 hr. Normally lactating controls had high prolactin serum levels (501±95 ng/ml) and synthetically active appearing mammotrophs. An 8 hr separation from the pups induced a dramatic lowering of serum prolactin (32±5 ng/ml), an increase in secretory granule storage, and a great dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) cisternae. Five min of renewed suckling resulted in a rise of plasma prolactin levels (605±183 ng/ml) which remained high thereafter. The major ultrastructural changes observed during the first 30 min of suckling were as follows: 1) at 1 min, the RER became collapsed suggesting a discharge of its contents (soluble hormone?); 2) at 5 min, and much more obviously at 15 and 30 min, a massive discharge of secretory granules was observed; and 3) at 15 and 30 min, the collapsed RER underwent transformation from lamellar into a vesicular form. Prolonged suckling (for 1, 2 and 4 hr) induced new hormone synthesis as suggested by the presence of hypertrophied Golgi elements and numerous immature granules. This was accompanied by a new transformation of the RER from the vesicular into a lamellar form now consisting of very slender cisternae lined with numerous ribosomes, presumably involved in the renewal of the synthetic process. The morphologic findings described correlate well with the time table of prolactin release. In addition, the dramatic early changes in the structure of the RER suggest a possible involvement of this organelle in the storage and release of a proposed rapidly releasable pool of prolactin.
On the Second Edition of Lukes’ Third Face

In this article I argue for two propositions. The first is that Lukes has established the possibility of power's third face, but that the most interesting social science questions about it are empirical: How often does it operate and under what conditions? These are topics for empirical research, not armchair reflection. The second proposition I defend is that the most interesting normative questions about power are best thought of as questions of institutional design geared to preventing domination without interfering with the legitimate exercise of power. Examples in support of both propositions are supplied.
Investigation of Trimethylphosphine as a Source for + P 31 Implantation Using a Cold-Cathode Implantation System for Silicon Device Fabrication

Trimethylphosphine, (CH 3 ) 3 P, an organic phosphine liquid, has been investigated as a source for P 31 ion implantation in silicon using a cold-cathode implantation system. The use of trimethylphosphine has the potential to minimize safety concerns associated with other implantation sources for phosphorous. Using secondary-ion mass spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy analysis the P + , (CH 2 ) + , and (CH)P + current peaks were identified. A graphical analysis procedure was then used to predict the other dominant peaks of the beam current spectrum. Using this graphical analysis the dominant species of the beam current spectrum were determined to be (CH 3 ) + , (CH 2 ) + , (CH 3 )2P + , and (CH 3 )3P + . Although the beam current spectrum for (CH 3 ) 3 P was found to be abundant in ionic species, the P + heam current peak was easily resolved. The P + peak revealed no carbon, indicating the suitability for silicon device fabrication.
Spatial and radiative properties of an open-flame hydrogen plume

Considerable effort is being directed toward updating safety codes and standards in preparation for production, distribution, and retail of hydrogen as a consumer energy source. In the present study, measurements were performed in large-scale, vertical flames to characterize the dimensional and radiative properties of an ignited hydrogen jet. These data are relevant to the safety scenario of a sudden leak in a high-pressure hydrogen containment vessel. Specifically, the data will provide a technological basis for determining hazardous length scales associated with unintended releases at hydrogen storage and distribution centers. Visible and infrared video and ultraviolet flame luminescence imaging were used to evaluate flame length, diameter and structure. Radiometer measurements allowed determination of the radiant heat flux from the flame. The results show that flame length increases with total jet mass flow rate and jet nozzle diameter. When plotted as a function of Froude number, which measures the relative importance of jet momentum and buoyancy, the measured flame lengths for a range of operating conditions collapse onto the same curve. Good comparison with hydrocarbon jet flame lengths is found, demonstrating that the non-dimensional correlations are valid for a variety of fuel types. The radiative heat flux measurements for hydrogen flames show good agreement with non-dimensional correlations and scaling laws developed for a range of fuels and flame conditions. This result verifies that such correlations can be used to predict radiative heat flux from a wide variety of hydrogen flames and establishes a basis for predicting a priori the characteristics of flames resulting from accidental releases.
THE NEED TO INTEGRATE COMPARATIVE AND INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAl, JUSTICE INTO A TRADITIONAl, CURRICULUM

Fifty years ago there were no college courses in criminal justice. No direct link existed between the educational process and the criminal justice system. This situation changed in the 1960s, however, with the passage of LEAA legislation that made postsecondary school training available for criminal justice personnel. For the past 30 years the number of universities offering criminal justice programs has increased, as has the number of students majoring in those programs. By 1990 there were 18 doctoral academic programs, 157 master's degree programs, and between 600 and 1,000 undergraduate-level program (Flanagan 1990; Southerland, 1991). Criminal justice and criminology have two principle loci: the study of offenders and the etiological correlates of offending, and the critical study of the relationship of social institutions as they react to the violations of law (Friday 1988). Early in the evolution of criminal justice education, the course of study still was somewhat separated from traditional sociological criminology; criminal justice was more practical and more oriented to training, while criminology retained a more theoretical and research orientation. Over the past 15 years, however, the distinctions have faded, and at most institutions the curricula are integrated into a common core. The process of integrating the two orientations sets a precedent for integrating international and comparative materials into an otherwise nationalistic course of study. Theoretically, criminology had an eclectic origin; the principal pioneers came from the diverse disciplines of philosophy, medicine, law, and sociology (Martin, Mutchnick, and Austin 1990). Its roots were principally European and were easily identified with the works of Beccaria and the classical school, Lombroso and the positivists, and Sigmund Freud. In the Mid-twentieth century the theoretical and empirical focus shifted to the United States, with the classic works of scholars such as Park and Burgess, Sutherland, and Reckless.
Progress in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease in the United States, 1973 versus 1983. The patterns of care study

BACKGROUND The prognosis for Hodgkin's disease patients has improved significantly since the early 1960s. The reasons for this improvement are multifactorial. METHODS In the Patterns of Care Study of the American College of Radiology, national surveys to examine process and outcome of patients treated for Hodgkin's disease in 1973 and 1983 were completed. Data were compared for patients who had Stage I-II Hodgkin's disease and who were treated with radiation therapy alone. RESULTS Clinical characteristics of the patients in the two different treatment eras were similar. There were important differences in treatment parameters. In 1983 compared with 1973, there was more common use of a dedicated simulator, performance of routine port films, use of linear accelerators, use of individually shaped blocks, and treatment to extended fields. Adequacy of treatment fields also was judged superior in the 1983 study. There were improvements in survival and relapse-free survival for patients treated in 1983 versus 1973. CONCLUSIONS Improvement in radiation therapy technique is associated with an improved outcome for patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. The national standards have improved during the time from 1973 to 1983.
Euhaemogamasus Keegani, New Species, A Parasitic Mite from Western North America (Acarina: Laelaptidae, Haemogamasinae)

In the western United States there are two closely related species of Euhaemogamasus Ewing both of which can be keyed to Euhaemogamasus liponyssoides (Ewing) in the recent paper by Keegan (1951: 227). One of these Keegan described as a new subspecies, E. I. occidentalis , but the other species is unnamed. Three females and one nymph of the second species were believed by Keegan (p. 257) to be intermediate between the two subspecies of liponyssoides . Although the two species are very similar, there are several constant features by which they can be distinguished, and these characters are not intermediate between the two forms of liponyssoides . Inasmuch as both liponyssoides and the species named below may occur in the same localities, they cannot be regarded as subspecies. The following comments about liponyssoides pertain to specimens collected in Plumas County, California; these individuals represent E. I. liponyssoides .
INTACT CARRAGEENAN-INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA IN MICE LACKING INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE

Abstract To date, the exact role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in inflammatory pain remains controversial. In the present study, we combined a pharmacological strategy (using a selective iNOS inhibitor) with a genomic strategy (using mice lacking the iNOS gene) to address the function of iNOS in the central mechanism of carrageenan-induced persistent inflammatory pain. In the wild type mice, intrathecal administration of L- N 6 -(1-iminoethyl)-lysine, a selective iNOS inhibitor, significantly inhibited thermal hyperalgesia in the late phase but not in the early phase of carrageenan inflammation. Moreover, iNOS mRNA expression in the lumbar enlargement segments of the spinal cord was dramatically induced at 24 h (late phase) after injection of carrageenan into a hind paw. Interestingly, targeted disruption of iNOS gene did not affect carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia in either the early (2–6 h) or late phase. In the lumbar enlargement segments of iNOS knockout mice, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzyme activity remained at a similar level to that of the wild type mice at 24 h after carrageenan injection. We found that intrathecal administration of 7-nitroindazole (a selective neuronal NOS inhibitor), but not L- N 5 -(1-iminoethyl)-ornithine (a selective endothelial NOS inhibitor), significantly reduced carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia in both the early phase and the late phase in iNOS knockout mice. We also found that expression of neuronal NOS but not endothelial NOS in the lumbar enlargement segments was significantly increased in iNOS knockout mice compared with wild type mice at 24 h after carrageenan injection. Our results indicate that neuronal NOS might compensate for the function of iNOS in the late phase of carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain in iNOS knockout mice. This suggests that iNOS may be sufficient, but not essential, for the late phase of the carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia.
The IEEE 802.16 Working Group on broadband wireless

This article describes the new initiative on broadband wireless access (BWA) that has formed Working Group 802.16 in the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee. The aim is to provide the reader with highlights of the IEEE 802 activities in order to enable better dissemination of these standards into marketable products as well as seek new ideas to be brought into the IEEE 802 arena. BWA systems, utilizing base stations to provide broadband data to business or homes, offer an alternative to wired "last-mile" access links using fiber, cable, or telephone lines. As illustrated, the base stations may be either terrestrial, in orbit, or mounted on airplanes or dirigibles in the stratosphere. The customer terminals can carry two-way communications for Internet access, digital video, telephony, and other services.
Tooth pulp transcapillary osmotic pressure in the dog.

Abstract The purpose of these experiments was to measure the osmotic pressure across the tooth pulp capillary wall in dog canine teeth. Osmotic pressure was calculated by subtracting pulp tissue pressure from intracapillary pressure. Tissue pressure was measured by the pulp tap technique. Capillary pressure could not be measured directly, so we employed the following method: capillary pressure must lie between arterial and venous pressures in any vascular bed in the steady state. When arterial and venous pressures are brought close together, capillary pressure can then be narrowly bracketed. In this experiment, the common carotid artery and external jugular vein were cannulated and electrodes were placed upon the vagus nerve. Upon maximal vagal stimulation, arterial pressure fell, approximating the venous level, thus permitting calculation of pulp capillary pressure and of trans-capillary osmotic pressure. Equilibration following injection into the pulp showed that the pressure calculated could not be caused by intrapulpal “suction” following circulatory collapse, but must be due to osmotic forces. The measured value of osmotic pressure averaged 10 mmHg, with some measurements as high as 17 mmHg. The higher pressures are probably more characteristic of the undamaged pulp tissue, and agree reasonably well with the 22 mmHg calculated from plasma protein concentration difference between pulp fluid and plasma. Osmotic pressure of this magnitude implies (1) a high pulp intracapillary pressure; (2) relative (but not complete) impermeability of the capillary wall to plasma proteins; and (3) the presence of pulp lymphatics to prevent eventual protein equilibration which would eliminate osmotic pressure.
AUTOMATICALLY GENERATING NATURAL LANGUAGE REPORTS IN AN OFFICE ENVIRONMENT

In this paper, we describe a system which models a set of concurrent processes that are encountered in a typical office environment, using a body of explicitly sequenced production rules. The system employs an interval-based temporal network for storing historical information. A text planning module traverses this network to search for events which need to be mentioned in a coherent report describing the current status of the system. In addition, the planner also combines similar information for succinct presentation whenever applicable. Finally, we elaborate on how we adapt an available generation module to produce well-structured textual report for our chosen domain.
Glutamate Receptor Blockade in the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla Reduces the Force of Multisegmental Motor Responses to Supramaximal Noxious Stimuli

The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) has been established as part of a descending pain-modulatory pathway. While the RVM has been shown to modulate homosegmental nociceptive reflexes such as tail flick or hindpaw withdrawal, it is not known what role the RVM plays in modulating the magnitude of multisegmental, organized motor responses elicited by noxious stimuli. Using local blockade of glutamate receptors with the non-specific glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenate (known to selectively block nociceptive facilitatory ON-cells), we tested the hypothesis that the RVM facilitates the magnitude of multi-limb movements elicited by intense noxious stimuli. In male Sprague-Dawley rats, we determined the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane necessary to block multi-limb motor responses to noxious tail clamp. MAC was determined so that all animals were anesthetized at an equipotent isoflurane concentration (0.7 MAC). Supramaximal mechanical stimulation of the hindpaw or electrical stimulation of the tail elicited synchronous, repetitive movements in all four limbs that ceased upon, or shortly after (<5 s) termination of the stimulus. Kynurenate microinjection (2 nmol) into the RVM significantly attenuated, by 40-60%, the peak and integrated limb forces elicited by noxious mechanical stimulation of the hindpaw (p<0.001; two-way ANOVA; n=8) or electrical stimulation of the tail (peak force: p<0.011, two-way ANOVA; n=8), with significant recovery 40-60 min following injection. The results suggest that glutamatergic excitation of RVM neurons, presumably ON-cells, facilitates organized, multi-limb escape responses to intense noxious stimuli.
Reduced tumorigenicity of a-10 adenocarcinoma in the presence of immunogenic a-10 tumor cells.

The highly tumorigenic A-10 adenocarcinoma caused progressive tumor growth and death of syngenic A/J mice, whereas cultured A-10 cells did not cause tumors in all mice. The mixture of in vivo-grown and cultured A-10 tumor cells resulted in either progressive tumor growth or tumor rejection, depending upon the relative proportion of the two cell types. Expression of cell-surface carbohydrates was quantitated using cell-microbead, lectin-induced agglutination. The immunogenic, cultured A-10 tumor possessed a marked increase in agglutinability, compared to the in vivo-grown tumor. The results are consistent with the concept that the immunogenic properties of murine adenocarcinoma are closely associated with properties of the cell-surface.
Multifunctional Enhancers Regulate Mouse and Human Vitamin D Receptor Gene Transcription

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates the endocrine actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] and autoregulates the expression of its own gene in target cells. In studies herein, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation-chip analyses to examine further the activities of 1,25(OH)2D3 and to assess the consequences of VDR/retinoid X receptor heterodimer binding at the VDR gene locus. We also explored mechanisms underlying the ability of retinoic acid, dexamethasone, and the protein kinase A activator forskolin to induce VDR up-regulation as well. We confirmed two previously identified intronic 1,25(OH)2D3-inducible enhancers and discovered two additional regions, one located 6 kb upstream of the VDR transcription start site. Although RNA polymerase II was present at the transcription start site in the absence of 1,25(OH)2D3, it was strikingly up-regulated at both this site and at individual enhancers in its presence. 1,25(OH)2D3 also increased basal levels of H4 acetylation at these enhancers as well. Surprisingly, many of these enhancers were targets for CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-β and runt-related transcription factor 2; a subset also bound cAMP response element binding protein, retinoic acid receptor, and glucocorticoid receptor. Unexpectedly, many of these factors were resident at the Vdr gene locus in the absence of inducer, suggesting that they might contribute to basal Vdr gene expression. Indeed, small interfering RNA down-regulation of CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-β suppressed basal VDR expression. These regulatory activities of 1,25(OH)2D3, forskolin, and dexamethasone were recapitulated in MC3T3-E1 cells stably transfected with a full-length VDR bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone-luciferase reporter gene. Finally, 1,25(OH)2D3 also induced accumulation of VDR and up-regulated H4 acetylation at conserved regions in the human VDR gene. These data provide important new insights into VDR gene regulation in bone cells.
EXPLICIT VALUES OF MULTI-DIMENSIONAL KLOOSTERMAN SUMS FOR PRIME POWERS, II

For any integer m > 1 fix ζ m = exp(2πi/m), and let Z* m denote the group of reduced residues modulo m. Let q = pα, a power of a prime p. The hyper-Kloosterman sums of dimension n > 0 are defined for q by R(d,q) = Σ ζ x 1 q +...+x n +d (x 1 ...x n ) -1 (d ∈ Z*q), x 1 ...x n ∈Z* q where x -1 denotes the multiplicative inverse of x modulo q. Salie evaluated R(d,q) in the classical setting n = 1 for even q, and for odd q = p" with a > 1. Later, Smith provided formulas that simplified the computation of R(d,q) in these cases for n > 1. Recently, Cochrane, Liu and Zheng computed upper bounds for R(d,q) in the general case n > 0, stopping short of their explicit evaluation. Here I complete the computation they initiated to obtain explicit values for the Kloosterman sums for a > 1, relying on basic properties of some simple specialized exponential sums. The treatment here is more elementary than the author's previous determination of these Kloosterman sums using character theory and p-adic methods. At the least, it provides an alternative, independent evaluation of the Kloosterman sums.
The role of religion in depression.

People suffering from depression often express their illness in terms of religion. Some may feel desperately guilty and worthless because of sins they believe themselves to have committed, sins that may seem almost ludicrously minor to the listening psychiatrist. Others may feel estranged from God and from all wellsprings of meaning, hope, and love. Some may see their tormented state of mind as a punishment inflicted on them by an angry but righteous God. And some may even ask their psychiatrist if joining a church or returning to a former faith might not be the solution to their emotional problem. The therapist often feels ill at ease in these situations, no matter what his own religious orientation. He may feel tempted to set aside all religious matters as mere intellec tualizing on the part of the patient, especially if his own position is secular and mechanistic. If he is a member of some religious group, he may fear that he is judging the patient's illness from the point of view of his own group or he may consciously or unconsciously em ploy reaction formation and respond much like the secularist. Yet to the patient these experiences are intensely real, and they may continue to seem real and to be separate from his illness even after recovery. The sensitive physician will at least attempt to remain flexible and to respond to each patient individually, seeking to separate potential ly valuable and even valid religious experience from potentially damag
Femtosecond Dynamics of Norrish Type‐II Reactions: Nonconcerted Hydrogen‐Transfer and Diradical Intermediacy

Norrish type-II and McLafferty rearrangements, which both involve an intramolecular transfer of a gamma H atom, can be differentiated on the femtosecond time scale. The McLafferty rearrangement results in ion fragmentation of the parent ketone, whereas the Norrish type-II reaction leads to a diradical species, which then either cyclizes or fragments (see scheme). For Norrish type-II reactions, the reaction time for the transfer of the hydrogen atom is within 70 - 90 fs, and the lifetime of the diradical intermediate is in the range of 400 - 700 ps at the total energy studied.
Building Effective International Environmental Regimes: The Case of the Global Environment Facility

In 1990, the World Bank and the United Nations created an international financing mechanism known as the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Funded by a small number of countries from the industrial...
Comparison between Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Hysterectomy and Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: A Cohort Study

Objective. To compare the operative outcomes in patients who underwent robot-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy (RLH) versus total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH). Study Design. Retrospective chart review. All women who underwent RLH in hospital A and TLH in hospital B by a single surgeon were included. Results. 136 patients were included (73 in the RLH group and 63 in the TLH group). There were no conversions to laparotomy in the RLH group versus 7 (11.1%) in the TLH group ( 𝑃 = 0 . 0 0 4 ). The mean induction time was significantly greater (by 6 minutes) for RLH, independent of docking time, as compared to TLH ( 𝑃 0 . 0 0 1 ). Total procedure time was significantly less in the RLH group (82 minutes) as compared to TLH (108 minutes) ( 𝑃 = 0 . 0 0 1 ). Mean blood loss was less for RLH (46 mL) as compared to TLH (114 mL) ( 𝑃 0 . 0 0 1 ). A greater number of patients who underwent RLH were discharged on postoperative day 0 as compared to those receiving TLH ( 𝑃 = 0 . 0 5 5 ). Conclusion. RLH is a safe alternative to TLH and may offer some operative advantages, including fewer conversions to laparotomy, reduced procedure time, less blood loss, and earlier discharge.
Making Our Voices Audible in the Conversation on Campus Safety.

Campus safety and the role of college and university officials relative to safety are important topics on the agendas of political leaders at the state and national levels. Student affairs leaders must consider how to contribute in a meaningful way to these very important conversations.
Criteria for Selecting the Private-Sector Partner in Public–Private Partnerships

A critical issue in public-private partnerships (PPPs) in international infrastructure development is the selection of the right private-sector partner. This necessitates a best value source selection methodology in which the establishment of a set of appropriate selection criteria is a prerequisite. Various important selection criteria have been identified through a literature review of previous studies on critical success factors; experience drawing and lessons learning from international PPP practices; examination of selection criteria used in worldwide PPP projects; and interviews/correspondence with international PPP experts and practitioners. These identified criteria are classified into four evaluation packages for PPP projects in general: (1) financial, (2) technical, (3) safety, health, and environmental, and (4) managerial. The relative importance of these evaluation packages and the relative significance of the criteria within each package have been statistically analyzed based on a structured questionnaire survey of worldwide PPP expert opinions. These statistical analyses include validity and reliability analysis, Mann Whitney U tests, direct comparisons of mean criterion significance indexes and criterion rankings between respondents across public, private, and academic sectors, and a general rank agreement analysis across sectors for each evaluation package. These research outputs would facilitate the formulation of a multicriteria best value source selection methodology for PPP projects in general and the development of both objective and subjective evaluation criteria to select the right private-sector partner for a particular PPP project.
Thermodynamic analysis of the In-Ga-Sb system

The phase diagram and thermodynamic data for the In-Ga-Sb system are fit with a model for the III-V liquid phases, in which the enthalpy and excess entropy of mixing are quartic functions of the atomic fraction and the enthalpy of mixing is a quadratic function of temperature. The Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of formation of the III-V compounds are obtained as functions of temperature from the heat capacities and the standard enthalpy and entropy of formation at 298 K. The fits are quantitatively satisfactory and better than any hitherto obtained, particularly for the III-V liquidus lines and the ternary liquid. The partial pressures of Sb2 and Sb4 are calculated along the three phase curves of In1-uGauJSb(s), and relations given to obtain the relative chemical potentials of In and/or Ga are from these. The enthalpy of mixing of the III-V liquids is calculated for a few hundred degrees above the compound melting points, where presently there are no data. Characteristics of an improved model are postulated.
Teacher Beliefs and Student Achievement in Urban Schools Serving African American Students

Successful teachers of African American children create a relational and personal environment. Yet, no known study has developed a measure of teachers' culturally relevant beliefs nor systematically examined how they vary with student achievement. The authors created survey items that measured teachers' culturally relevant beliefs and ascertained which items correlate with higher student achievement. Teachers in 6 urban schools serving African American children endorsed beliefs regarding a communal learning environment, success of all students, teaching as giving back to the community, and the importance of students' ethnicity. In contrast to prior studies, teachers who taught students with high academic achievement viewed their role as disseminators of knowledge and believed in drill and practice.
Efficient error-correcting parsing for (attributed and stochastic) tree grammars☆

Abstract By representing a tree in terms of two related strings, a minimum-distance error-correcting parser (MDECP) for an expansive tree grammar and a maximum-likelihood error-correcting parser (MLECP) for a stochastic and attributed expansive tree grammar are proposed in this paper. The MDECP allows the use of an optimization technique to speed up the parsing. The MLECP of the attributed tree grammar takes both the structure errors and the semantic errors into consideration, and has a high parsing efficiency. As an example, the problem of handprinted-character recognition is given. It shows that a small training set could result in a powerful and efficient classifier.
Biodistribution and Clearance of Small Molecule Hapten Chelates for Pretargeted Radioimmunotherapy

Purpose The favorable pharmacokinetics and clinical safety profile of metal-chelated 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) suggests that it might be an ideal hapten for pretargeted radioimmunotherapy. In an effort to minimize hapten retention in normal tissues and determine the effect of various chemical adducts on in vivo properties, a series of DOTA-based derivatives were evaluated.
Microheterogeneity in albumin: A contaminant

Abstract Bovine Fraction V albumin in 3.3 m KCl has been subfractionated by lowering the the pH from 4.7 to 3.8. The association constants of skatole with nondefatted subfractions showed differences as large as twofold. Upon defatting, these differences disappeared. It was also found that variations in the pH solubility profiles of the subfractions were evident when albumin was not defatted, or when oleic acid or decanol were added to defatted albumin. Upon defatting the albumin, or omitting the additives (and allowing for variations in dimer content), all differences in solubility of the subfractions disappeared. No evidence was found for intrinsic heterogeneity in the defatted albumin. Details of a modified Goodman defatting procedure are given.
Wide-band random excitation of beams and rectangular plates coupled to discrete substructures

Abstract Formulation of the title problem using the Green's function of the beam or plate allows solution by the methods of classical modal analysis. These are briefly reviewed in this context and the necessary results are stated for both classically and nonclassically damped systems, the mean square response to stationary excitation being obtained in terms of spectral integrals. Some cases in which these can be evaluated analytically are examined.
Diagnosing Hirschsprung's disease: increasing the odds of a positive rectal biopsy result.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Rectal biopsies are performed as a definitve means of diagnosing Hirschsprung's Disease (HD) in children presenting with constipation. The authors hypothesized that key features in the history, physical examination, and radiographic evaluation would allow us to avoid unnecessary rectal biopsies. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients undergoing rectal biopsy between 1995 and 2001. Patients with HD were identified (n = 50), and a concurrent cohort of patients with idiopathic constipation (IC; n=50) was selected. Pertinent features in patients with HD versus those with IC were cross tabulated using Pearson X 2 testing (significance was P Results: Sixty percent of patients with HD and 15% of patients with IC experienced onset of symptoms in the first week of life. HD patients more frequently experienced delayed passage of meconium ( P P P P Conclusions: A history of delayed passage of meconium, abdominal distension, vomiting or the results of a contrast enema identified all patients with HD and excluded HD in approximately 36% of patients with idiopathic constipation. The authors have shown that key features in a patient's history, physical examination, and radiologic evaluation can differentiate between HD and IC. In a child presenting with constipation and none of the above features, it is not necessary to perform a rectal biopsy to exclude HD. J Pediatr Surg 38:412-416. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Release of the prohormone convertase PC1 from AtT-20 cells

AtT-20 cells are known to synthesize two molecular weight forms of the prohormone converting enzyme PC1 with molecular masses of 87 and 66 kDa. In this study we have analyzed basal and stimulated secretion of these proteins. Western blot results show that basal secretion medium of cultured AtT-20 cells contained low concentrations of both the 87 and 66 kDa forms of PC1 with the former protein predominant. During the stimulation period with CRF, cAMP and cAMP + BaCl2, increased release of both proteins was observed, but the 66 kDa protein predominated. Secretion medium obtained from stimulated and unstimulated cells was enzymatically active against the Cbz-Arg-Ser-Lys-Arg-AMC fluorogenic substrate as well as against 35S-proenkephalin. This activity was Ca+2 dependent and was inhibited by the chelating agent EDTA. The activity was insensitive to acid and thiol proteinase inhibitors as well as to N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-Lys-chloromethyl ketone; it was slightly sensitive to phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride and was strongly inhibited by D-Tyr-Ala-Lys-Arg-chloromethyl ketone. This inhibitor profile exhibits strong similarities to furin and kexin. After partial purification of medium by gel filtration chromatography, a portion of the enzymatic activity and immuno-reactivity for both 87 kDa and 66 kDa proteins eluted with an apparent molecular weight of 400 kDa (suggesting aggregation); however the highest activity appeared in the elution position of the 66 kDa monomer. When the 87 kDa protein was removed from the medium by means of an affinity column containing an antibody against the carboxyl terminal portion of PC1, the column flow-through, which included the 66 kDa protein, still remained enzymatically active. These data support the notion that the 66 kDa protein, which is the most concentrated PC1 product stored in AtT-20 cells and is released during stimulation, is enzymatically active.
Figure adjustment and tectonics during polar wander: the flowing-apart of Gondwana

Abstract The effects to be expected if the northward motion of Gondwana represented wander of the Earth relative to its space-fixed axis of rotation (as against motion of Gondwana over a fixed Earth) are reviewed. To render the model plausible, this has been based on the Goldreich and Toomre (1969) development of the Liouville equations. Like the spin axis, the orientation of the Equatorial bulge is space-fixed. In passing from polar latitudes northward, a lithospheric region must accommodate itself to the Equatorial bulge and decrease in gravity. The pressure on material initially in P T equilbrium decreases under the influence of the axifugal forces responsible for bulge formation. The figure adjustment is likely to be accomplished through re-patterning of the convection in the mantle. If wander is as fast as suggested in recent paleomagnetic studies, up to 1°/Ma, during fast intervals bulge-motion may have pre-empted a major fraction of the convection. During polar-wander, the Earth's surface is divided into four quadrants. In the two moving towards the Equator, upwelling convection is favored; but in the two moving poleward, figure-adjustment favors subduction. Gondwana “flowed apart” during its residence in Quadrant 1, affected by motion towards the Equatorial bulge. Quadrant II, in which the mantle is experiencing motion towards the North Pole, is the site of the Mesozoic-Tertiary concentration of subduction represented by the Tethys tectonic belt. Owing to rapid longitudinal motion unrecorded in paleomagnetism, events in the Pacific hemisphere cannot be re-constructed.
Prognostic significance of the human yolk sac assessed by ultrasonography

Ultrasonographic examinations were conducted between 6 and 12 weeks' gestation in 77 first-trimester pregnancies with normal fetal outcome. Each examination consisted of measurements of the secondary yolk sac diameter and the fetal crown-rump length. The yolk sac was seen in all cases, and whereas its measurements demonstrated wide biologic variability, it correlated weakly (R2 = 0.39) with gestational age as confirmed by crown-rump length measurements. Growth of the yolk sac diameter, although slight, assumed a curvilinear relationship with gestational age. Such a growth profile is best described by a second-degree polynomial regression equation. The yolk sac performs important functions for embryonic development during organogenesis and the remnant of the secondary yolk sac seen on ultrasonography is often considered to be a potential predictor of fetal outcome. Our findings indicate that the size of this remnant in pregnancies with normal karyotypes and normal fetal outcomes is extremely variable. Additionally, the yolk sac size in patients with karyotypic abnormalities and spontaneous abortion were equally variable and almost all were within the normal range. In light of these findings, the secondary yolk sac size does not appear to be a sensitive predictor of embryonic integrity and pregnancy outcome.
Self-assembled monolayers of perfluoroalkyl amideethanethiols, fluoroalkylthiols, and alkylthiols for the prevention of silver tarnish

Abstract Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of perfluoroalkyl amideethanethiols, F(CF2)nCONH(CH2)2SH (n = 6, 7, or 8), inhibit the corrosion of silver by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in air. Unlike conventional hydrocarbon thiols used to protect silver from corrosion, these fluorinated amidethiols have a very low mercaptan odor, impart fluorocarbon wettability properties to the silver surfaces, and exhibit intermolecular associations via hydrogen bonding of the amide functionality. These fluorinated thiols were synthesized by reacting fluoroalkyl acid chloride with 2-aminoethanethiol, or by reacting methyl fluoroalkanoate with 2-aminoethanethiol. SAM were formed by immersing silver coupons in 0.01, 0.1, and 1 wt% solutions of the fluorinated amidethiol in propanol (CH3CH2CH2OH), or by applying a thin film of the thiol solution that rapidly evaporated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to evaluate the thickness and integrity of the monolayers. The thin films of evaporating thiol solution yielded...
Nonspecific interaction of Escherichia coli pyrenyl RNA polymerase holoenzyme with synthetic polynucleotides as monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy.

A derivative of RNA polymerase containing approximately 2 pyrene equiv per enzyme molecule has been used to study the interaction of RNA polymerase with poly[d(A-T)].poly[d(A-T)] and poly[d-(G-C)].poly[d(G-C)]. As monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy, pyrenyl RNA polymerase displays a unique set of conformational changes with each synthetic polynucleotide as a function of temperature. An increase in the fluorescence intensity was observed for both polynucleotides at 5 degrees C. A decrease was observed in the case of poly[d(A-T)].poly[d(A-T)] at 25 and 37 degrees C, whereas no discernible perturbation was observed in the case of poly[d(G-C)].poly[d(G-C)]. Different salt dependencies were observed for the interaction of pyrenyl RNA polymerase with these polynucleotides at 5 and 25 degrees C. Further characterization of these interactions as well as correlation of the observed fluorescence changes to the corresponding open and closed complexes was carried out with heparin. The interaction between pyrenyl RNA polymerase and poly[d-(A-T)].poly[d(A-T)] at 25 degrees C was quantified by using two different methods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optimization of solution: Soil ratio and shaking times of the Mehlich‐III soil test on Histosols

Abstract The University of Florida Everglades Soil Testing Laboratory has been determining water‐extractable P in organic soils (Histosols) since 1944. The water extractant has consistently provided reliable correlations for vegetable commodities, but not for agronomic crops. Recent research has suggested that the Mehlich‐III soil test has potential for use on Histosols. However, no information indicated if solution: soil ratios (RAs) and shaking times (SHs) used for mineral soils would be appropriate for organic soils, which have appreciably lower soil bulk densities. A laboratory study with SHs ranging from 1 to 29 min and RAs ranging from 8 to 22 (v/v) arranged in a central composite rotatable design (ccd) was conducted using four Florida Histosols. Nine treatment combinations of RAs and SHs were used. Two replications of the ccd were performed with duplicate extractions for each sample. The fitted second‐degree response surface equations for P and K nutrients with surface contour plots were shown for ...
Optimal Control Applied to Competing Chemotherapeutic Cell-Kill Strategies

Optimal control techniques are used to develop optimal strategies for chemotherapy. In particular, we investigate the qualitative differences between three different cell-kill models: log-kill hypo...
Solid-Phase Synthesis of O-Glycosylated Nα-Fmoc Amino Acids and Analysis by High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR

Direct O-glycosylation of amino acids bound to TentaGel resin with a number of glycosyl trichloroacetimidate donors results in high yields. The glycosylation reaction can be easily monitored by analyzing the bead-bound amino acids with high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR. These studies pave a new way for the construction of “one-bead one-compound” O-glycopeptide libraries with standard amino acid building blocks and appropriate glycosyl trichloroacetimidate donors.
Representative versus direct democracy: Are there any expenditure differences?*

voter is made indifferent with respect to the fiscal packages offered by the two types of democratic government. The empirical results in the paper find a significantly lower price of land in communities with a representative democratic form of local government, ceteris paribus, suggesting that this type of government provides a relatively undesirable or inefficient fiscal package.' This paper extends my earlier study on government structure by examining whether any expenditures differences exist across the two types of local government. The earlier study fails to identify the source of the inefficiency. Both municipal and school expenditure differences are studied for a sample of 90 jurisdictions in Connecticut with two different government forms, the opentown meeting and representative government.2
Perovskite Based Hybrid Solar Cells with Transparent Carbon Nanotube electrodes

Recently, major advances have been made in electrolytic and solid state DSSCs through the use of perovskite nanocrystals as a sensitizing agent where power conversion efficiencies of over 12% have been realized [1–3]. Moreover the planar DSSC/PV devices with perovskites used as photoactive absorbers sandwiched between selective electron and hole transport layers have demonstrated record performances. Additionally, the uses of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a flexible, transparent, lightweight and robust electrode material have been demonstrated in both DSSC as well as OPV devices. The application of CNTs as a charge collector with perovskite sensitized solid state planar PV and DSSCs is discussed. Performance characteristics of CNTs within perovskite based hybrid OPVs are investigated and the role of CNTs as an efficient charge collector is extended to the inverted geometry.
Impact of lunar phase on the timing of global and latitudinal tropospheric temperature maxima

Daily global and latitudinal-band lower-tropospheric temperatures are examined with respect to lunar phase. Over the past 16 years, global temperature data show that the warmest time of the synodic cycle generally occurs five to eight days before the full moon. This global pattern appears strongly in the polar and subtropical regions, however, the mid-latitudes of both hemispheres are inversely related to the global pattern. These empirical findings discount the possibility that variations in radiant energy directly control lower-tropospheric temperatures through the synodic month, and suggest a more indirect lunar modulation related to atmospheric circulation, specifically mid-latitude Rossby wave variations.
Structural ordering and enhanced carrier mobility in organic polymer thin film transistors

Abstract We have used thermal treatment and rubbed polyimide alignment layers to produce large domains of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-bithiophene) alternating copolymer (F8T2). The direction of rubbing on the polyimide surface determines the orientation of these domains, allowing us to create thin-film transistors with channel lengths parallel and perpendicular to the liquid–crystal polymer director. We show that thermal annealing at 280 °C brings F8T2 into a mesophase as observed by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Polarized optical microscopy and polarized UV–vis absorption spectroscopy show that this ordered phase is associated with very large ordered domains and corresponds to a thermotropic, nematic liquid–crystal phase. We investigated thermal annealing effects on both F8T2 structural ordering and the associated anisotropic electrical properties of the thin-film transistors (TFTs). Enhanced mobility of holes is observed with ordering. Field-effect mobility parallel to the polymer backbone is as much as 6.5 times greater than the perpendicular configuration.
Enzymatic synthesis of labeled carbamyl-aspartic acid*

Summary A method for the enzymatic preparation of radioactive carbamylaspartic acid (ureidosuccinic acid) from radioactive aspartic acid and carbamyl phosphate is described. It involves the use of extracts from the trypanosomid flagellate, Crithidia fasciculata , which contain active aspartate transcarbamylase (aspartate carbamoyltransferase). Two methods for the isolation of the carbamylaspartate from the incubation mixtures are described, one involving paper chromatography or paper electrophoresis and the other making use of ion-exchange chromatography on Dowex 50W (H+). The incubation allows the conversion of aspartate to carbamylaspartate of 90–98% within 2 hours and recovery of as much as 73% of the original aspartate carbons.
Optical redox imaging of endogenous contrast for tissue-engineered construct viability

Endogenous fluorescence redox imaging was developed to noninvasively assess cell viability in 3-dimensional tissue-engineered constructs prior to implantation. A lower redox ratio was observed from samples with higher proliferation.