cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Uses of Ambiguity in Sociological Theorizing: Three Ethnographic Approaches:

Claims of causality and generalizability are the primary means through which sociologists triumph over ambiguity. Yet ambiguity also has significant uses in the process of theorizing. This article ...
International Bloggers and Internet Control: Full Survey

In December 2010, we surveyed a sample of international bloggers to better understand how, where, why, and by whom various online circumvention and anonymity tools are being used.This document includes the full survey results for the Berkman Center’s International Bloggers and Internet Control survey. For a full description of the methods of this survey and a summary and discussion of the findings, see: International Bloggers and Internet Control.This document includes the full aggregated results from the survey, except for unstructured text answers, which were removed for privacy reasons.
Applying Cognitive Work Analysis to a Synthetic Aperture Radar System

The purpose of the current study was to analyze the work of imagery analysts associated with Sagebrush, a Synthetic Aperture Radar SAR imaging system, using an adapted version of cognitive work analysis CWA. This was achieved by conducting a work domain analysis WDA for the system under consideration. Another purpose of this study was to describe how we adapted the WDA framework to include a sequential component and a means to explicitly represent relationships between components. Lastly, we present a simplified work domain representation that we have found effective in communicating the importance of analysts' adaptive strategies to inform the research strategies of computational science researchers who want to develop useful algorithms, but who have little or no familiarity with sensor data analysis work.
Adverse Effects of Foods in Genetic Disorders

Most products of food metabolism have adverse effects on health if their concentrations in blood and extra- and intracellular fluids exceed narrow physiologic limits. Homeostasis, the maintenance of normal concentrations, is achieved by a vast number of genetically determined enzymatic processes that regulate digestion, absorption, transport, intermediate metabolism, and excretion.
Predicting the Safe Storage of Fresh Fish Under Modified Atmospheres with Respect to Clostridium botulinum Toxigenesis by Modeling Length of the Lag Phase of Growth.

The toxigenesis of non-proteolytic C. botulinum , types B, E, and F, in a variety of fresh fish stored between 4 and 30°C for up to 60 days was evaluated in a five year study. Muscle homogenates and fillets were inoculated with 104-10-2 spores from multiple strain pools, then modified atmosphere (MA) packaged under vacuum, 100% CO2, or 70% CO2 and 30% N2. Our conclusions are based on all data generated in 927 experiments comprising 18,700 samples. The earliest lag times (LT), i.e. sampling period prior to observation of toxicity, among all experiments conducted at 30, 20, 16, 12, 8, and 4°C, were 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 3, and 18 d, respectively. The LT across experiments was significantly affected by temperature (p<0.00001), inoculum level (p<0.00001), fish type (p<0.0001), spore pool (0.0001), and MA (p<0.02). The LT was not affected by homogenization of the fish muscle. We established a general formula that provides the most conservative model for the prediction of LT. This formula yielded calculated LT's that were very close to observed data and models based on individual experiments. Temperature explained 74.6% of experimental variation in the final multiple linear regression model (r2=0.883). The spore inoculum level accounted for 7.4%, while other factors explained <3% together. The utility of the model is demonstrated by its ability to predict the time before toxigenesis in qualitative studies of C. botulinum toxicity in inoculated fish stored under different MA's, reported in the international literature.
We don’t recognize your freedom: Slavery, imperialism, and statelessness in the mid-nineteenth century Atlantic World

ABSTRACTThis article explores the stateless realities of the mid-nineteenth century Atlantic World through a case of illegal slave trading that occurred between the British colony of Trinidad and t...
Physical Layer Control for Disaggregated Optical Systems

Disaggregating optical communication systems can impact physical layer control. Recent progress on multi-domain transmission control and machine-learning provide capabilities for adaptation and development of engineering rules in the field with potential benefits for disaggregated systems.
“Who Will Use My Loom When I Am Gone?”: An Intersectional Analysis of Mapuche Women’s Progress in Twenty-First-Century Chile

According to many measures, Mapuche women have become empowered due to education, employment, and a demographic shift from the countryside to the major cities of Chile where their income-generating opportunities are greater. The Mapuche comprise 10% of the population of Chile and were only subjugated and incorporated into the Chilean nation as of the late 1800s. This chapter applies an intersectional and postcolonial framework to analyse a series of interviews with Petronila Catrileo, a Mapuche woman leader and elder, who worries that the achievements of the twenty-first century may pale when compared to the loss of Mapuche ways of life, connection to the land, and language in present-day Chile. This research is particularly important for Chile on a policy level where government offices serving women and indigenous people seldom interact, and when they do, they tend to reify differences between state employees and the people they serve. This chapter is also relevant for researchers and policymakers, more broadly, who often apply their own particular analytical lenses instead of an intersectional one when working with marginalized populations.
Macroevolutionary Evaluation Methods Extended, Consolidated, and Exemplified with Anoectangium (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta) in North America and the Himalayas

Methods of macroevolutionary systematics as recently modified are explained and applied to the genus Anoectangium Schwagr. (Pottiaceae) in hyperoceanic areas of coastal northwestern North America. It was revealed that this area harbored species like those reported for the Himalayan region of northern India. Keys are provided for North American and Himalayan species of the genus. A macroevolutionary analysis, detailed in the Methods section, distinguishes and gives relationships between the species. There is strong Bayesian support for progenitor-descendant pairs and lineages. Anoectangium thomsonii Mitt. is considered a synonym of A. aestivum (Hedw.) Mitt. Anoectangium crassinervium Mitt. is transferred to Molendoa Lindb., under a nomen novum with A. handelii Schiffn. as a synonym. Anoectangium incrassatum Broth., related to the Asian A. clarum Mitt., is reported as a well-characterized species from the West Indies. Anoectangium stracheyanum Mitt. is re-lectotypified. Distinctions between A. aestivum and A. euchloron (Schwagr.) Spruce in the New World are clarified. Causal explanations in systematics are equated with entropy maximization in Shannon information analysis in the context of serial descent. A Pleistocene species pump hypothesis is advanced to explain the stenomorphic populations of species of the genus in eastern North America. Read this article at BioOne.
Patients Eligible for Trials of Microbe-Based Therapeutics Do Not Represent the Population With Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection

Background & Aims Although there are many industry-funded trials of microbe-based therapeutics for Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI), not all patients are eligible for these trials, due to their strict enrollment criteria. Furthermore, given the widespread availability of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and overwhelming evidence to support its efficacy, patients might refuse enrollment in trials with a placebo group. We analyzed willingness and eligibility of patients with recurrent CDI to participate in randomized controlled trials of microbe-based therapeutic agents. Methods We performed a retrospective study of 199 patients referred to 4 tertiary referral centers for treatment of CDI from August 1, 2018 through January 31, 2019. We collected data on eligibility for FMT and enrollment in randomized controlled trials. Results Of 130 patients deemed appropriate for FMT, 98 patients (75%) were ineligible for participation in a randomized controlled trial and 16 patients (17%) were eligible but refused to enroll. Immune compromise and inflammatory bowel diseases were the most common reasons for exclusion from trials. Conclusions Most patients with CDI who meet the guideline criteria for FMT are ineligible or unwilling to participate in randomized controlled trials of microbe-based therapeutics. Trial populations therefore do not represent the population of patients with CDI.
Does Perpetrator Occupation Affect Classification of Sexual Assault

Classification of sexual assault varies based on the characteristics of the victim, perpetrator, and event. However, most studies focus on the individual characteristics of participants asked to classify the assault, the victims' characteristics, or the event; few have examined variations in the perpetrator. Therefore, this study examined whether the occupation of the perpetrator affected the classification of the event as sexual assault. Participants included a primarily White female sample of undergraduate students (n = 401) at a south-Atlantic university. They completed a paper-and-pencil survey containing an ambiguous sexual assault encounter where the occupation of the perpetrator (athlete, reporter, college student, or politician) was randomly varied. Participants were asked to classify whether the encounter was sexual assault and what an appropriate punishment might be. Additional measures included the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMA) and questions about personal experience with sexual assault. Overall, most participants labeled the encounter as sexual assault, indicating that college students are aware of the legal parameters for providing consent. However, this classification occurred differentially based on the occupation of the perpetrator. Participants were most likely to label the athlete as committing sexual assault, followed by the college student, politician, and reporter, respectively. Females and those who reject rape myths were more likely to label the scenario as sexual assault. A "personal apology" and a "sexual rehabilitation program" were the most common punishments selected for the perpetrator. These findings highlight potential concerns and the need for additional training when college students adjudicate sexual assault reports and determine appropriate consequences.
NCMP-04. OPSOCLONUS-MYOCLONUS SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH CONTACTIN-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN-LIKE 2 AUTOANTIBODY IN THE SETTING OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA

INTRODUCTION Opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous multidirectional saccadic eye movements, myoclonus, and ataxia. It is suspected to be an autoimmune mediated process precipitated by a paraneoplastic or infectious trigger. Among the pediatric population, OMS is often associated with neuroblastoma and anti-Hu antibody. Paraneoplastic syndromes in adults manifesting as OMS are most commonly described in breast, gynecological and small cell lung cancer with associated anti-neuronal antibodies (ANNA-2; anti-Ri). We describe the first case of OMS associated with lung adenocarcinoma and Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2) antibody. CASE REPORT: A 46-year-old-woman with history of limited small cell lung cancer (SCLC) status-post chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide and prophylactic whole brain radiation, presented with new onset gait instability, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, and opsoclonus. Two months prior to her presentation, a chest computed topography (CT) revealed no evidence of recurrent disease. Brain MRI revealed T2 hyperintensities in the white matter and central pons presumably related to chronic small vessel ischemic changes, unchanged from prior imaging. CSF studies revealed normal cell count, glucose, and protein. Gram stain, culture and meningoencephalitis panel were negative. Her paraneoplastic panel revealed a positive Caspr2 antibody. A repeat CT chest for cancer surveillance revealed a new lung mass. Immunotherapy treatment included plasmapheresis, corticosteroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. She underwent a biopsy of the new pulmonary lesion and the pathology was consistent with non-small cell lung carcinoma. Her symptoms slowly improved after treatment. Unfortunately, her disease progressed on repeat PET scan despite surgical resection of the lung mass. She ultimately elected for hospice.
Global major-element maps of Mercury from four years of MESSENGER X-Ray Spectrometer observations

Abstract The X-Ray Spectrometer (XRS) on the MESSENGER spacecraft provided measurements of major-element ratios across Mercury's surface. We present global maps of Mg/Si, Al/Si, S/Si, Ca/Si, and Fe/Si derived from XRS data collected throughout MESSENGER's orbital mission. We describe the procedures we used to select and filter data and to combine them to make the final maps, which are archived in NASA's Planetary Data System. Areal coverage is variable for the different element-ratio maps, with 100% coverage for Mg/Si and Al/Si, but only 18% coverage for Fe/Si north of 30° N, where the spatial resolution is highest. The spatial resolution is improved over previous maps by 10–15% because of the inclusion of higher-resolution data from late in the mission when the spacecraft periapsis altitude was low. Unlike typical planetary data maps, however, the spatial resolution of the XRS maps can vary from pixel to pixel, and thus care must be taken in interpreting small-scale features. We provide several examples of how the XRS maps can be used to investigate elemental variations in the context of geological features on Mercury, which range in size from single ~100-km-diameter craters to large impact basins. We expect that these maps will provide the basis for and/or contribute to studies of Mercury's origin and geological history for many years to come.
Cosmographical warfare: secrecy and heroism in Juan de Miramontes’s Armas antárticas

This article examines the historical and cultural significance of cosmography in the early modern Spanish Empire, as seen in Juan de Miramontes Zuazola’s seventeenth-century epic poem, Armas antart...
Evaluation of Renal Anionic Secretion Following Living-donor and Deceased-donor Renal Transplantation: A Clinical Pharmacokinetic Study of Cefoxitin Microdosing.

Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease. Because kidneys are the primary excretory organs for various drugs/drug metabolites, changes in renal graft function would significantly alter the clearance and exposure of renally secreted drugs. Renal allografts from living and deceased donors normally undergo numerous insults, including injuries associated with prolonged cold ischemic time, reperfusion, and nephrotoxicity due to calcineurin inhibitors. These physiologic and pharmacologic stresses can alter the expression and functional capacity of renal organic anionic transporters (OATs). Methods The objectives of this study were to assess the longitudinal changes in renal anionic secretion in kidney transplant patients, to study the effect of prolonged cold ischemic time on OAT secretion in kidney transplant patients (living- versus deceased-donor recipients), and to compare OAT secretory capacity of renal transplant recipients with healthy volunteers. Cefoxitin was used as a probe drug to assess OAT secretion. Cefoxitin pharmacokinetics was studied in 15 de novo renal transplant recipients following intravenous administration of 200 mg cefoxitin within 14 d and beyond 90 d posttransplantation. Results No longitudinal changes in real OAT secretion in early posttransplant period were observed, and there were no differences in renal OAT secretion between living- and deceased-donor renal transplant recipients. Overall, cefoxitin exposure was 2.6-fold higher and half-life increased by 2.2-fold in renal transplant recipients when compared with historical healthy controls. Conclusions These results suggest that OAT system is functioning well, but renal transplant recipients would need significantly lower dosage of drugs that are primarily secreted via the OAT system compared with normal subjects.
TDP-43 proteinopathy alters the ribosome association of multiple mRNAs including the glypican Dally-like protein (Dlp)/GPC6

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease in which 97% of patients exhibit cytoplasmic aggregates containing the RNA binding protein TDP-43. Using tagged ribosome affinity purifications in Drosophila models of TDP-43 proteinopathy, we identified TDP-43 dependent translational alterations in motor neurons impacting the spliceosome, pentose phosphate and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. A subset of the mRNAs with altered ribosome association are also enriched in TDP-43 complexes suggesting that they may be direct targets. Among these, dlp mRNA, which encodes the glypican Dally like protein (Dlp)/GPC6, a wingless (Wg/Wnt) signaling regulator is insolubilized both in flies and patient tissues with TDP-43 pathology. While Dlp/GPC6 forms puncta in the Drosophila neuropil and ALS spinal cords, it is reduced at the neuromuscular synapse in flies suggesting compartment specific effects of TDP-43 proteinopathy. These findings together with genetic interaction data show that Dlp/GPC6 is a novel, physiologically relevant target of TDP-43 proteinopathy.
Covid's Color Line - Infectious Disease, Inequity, and Racial Justice.

Covid’s Color Line The disproportionate effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on African Americans, Latinx Americans, and Native Americans is not unforeseen. Inequities in health, health care access, and...
B Cell Immunosenescence

Innate and adaptive immune responses decline with age, leading to greater susceptibility to infectious diseases and reduced responses to vaccines. Diseases are more severe in old than in young individuals and have a greater impact on health outcomes such as morbidity, disability, and mortality. Aging is characterized by increased low-grade chronic inflammation, so-called inflammaging, that represents a link between changes in immune cells and a number of diseases and syndromes typical of old age. In this review we summarize current knowledge on age-associated changes in immune cells with special emphasis on B cells, which are more inflammatory and less responsive to infections and vaccines in the elderly. We highlight recent findings on factors and pathways contributing to inflammaging and how these lead to dysfunctional immune responses. We summarize recent published studies showing that adipose tissue, which increases in size with aging, contributes to inflammaging and dysregulated B cell function.
Crossroads in Studies of Galaxy Evolution

Studies of galaxy evolution at optical and near-infrared wavelengths have reached an interesting point in their historical development, and the arrival of a new millennium provides an appropriate occasion to review the overall direction in which this subject is moving. The aim of this short essay is to emphasize the qualitatively different data sets now arriving and the more detailed and challenging scientific analyses needed for future progress.
Acting When Elected Officials Won'T: Federal Courts and Civil Rights Enforcement in U.S. Labor Unions, 1935-1985

Using the racial integration of national labor unions as a case study, I find that courts played an important and meaningfully autonomous role in integrating unions while elected officials largely failed to act. Courts, unlike elected officials, offered civil rights groups relatively easy access to the legal agenda. In response to thousands of cases in federal courts, judges rewrote key civil rights statutes, oversaw the implementation of their rulings, and used attorneys' fees and damage awards to impose significant financial costs on resistant unions. Court power was the product of multiple and historically contingent forces that involved the interaction of elected officials, civil rights activists, and the legal community. Elected officials delegated to the courts the power to enforce civil rights laws and tacitly endorsed procedural changes that augmented the courts' institutional powers and the legal community's professional influence. In response, judges and lawyers promoted and implemented a civil rights agenda far beyond the endorsement of elected officials. An historical-institutional approach helps explain how courts achieved and wielded independent power and the consequences of their action for civil rights, labor unions, and the American state.
Understanding neighborhood disadvantage: A behavior genetic analysis

Abstract Purpose Studies have shown that disadvantaged neighborhoods are associated with higher levels of crime and delinquent behaviors. Existing explanations do not adequately address how individuals select neighborhood. Thus, the current study employed a genetically-informed design to test whether living in a disadvantaged neighborhood might be partly explained by individual characteristics, including self-control and cognitive ability. Method A sibling subsample of N = 1573 Add Health siblings living away from their parents at Wave 4 was used in twin analyses to assess genetic and environmental effects on neighborhood disadvantage. To evaluate which individual-level variables might longitudinally predict neighborhood disadvantage, a sample of N = 12,405 individuals was used. Results Findings provided evidence of significant heritability (32%) of neighborhood disadvantage. In addition, a significant negative effect by adolescent cognitive ability on neighborhood disadvantage 14 years later was observed (β = −0.04, p = .002). Follow-up analyses showed a genetic effect on the association between cognitive ability and neighborhood disadvantage. Conclusions Study findings indicate substantial heritability of neighborhood disadvantage, showing that individuals themselves might potentially contribute to a self-selection process that explains which neighborhoods they occupy as adults.
Empowering Compartmental Modeling With Mobility and Shelter-in-Place Analysis

A model that is capable of handling the non-linear trend of COVID-19 throughout the US and evaluate different effects of interstate/intrastate mobility measures can help decision-makers adjust guidelines and state-wide mandates to contain the pandemic’s spread. The abundance of cellular-based data has made it possible to study many aspects of users’ mobility, including their travel, contact, and dwell patterns. This study uses a compartmental metapopulation model to present a correlation between the contact and mobility indices and the likelihood of being susceptible to infection. We studied the effect of travel from other states on overall infections in a destination state and observed a strong inverse correlation of 0.98 between the contact index and social awareness compartment, i.e., individuals who are no longer susceptible to infection. The shelter-in-place what-if analysis for travelers from other states on the course of infection in the destination state showed a possible reduction of over 22% in the total number of infections and death if travelers sheltered in place for 5-7 days.
Psychological Distress Prospectively Predicts Later Sleep Quality in a Sample of Black American Postpartum Mothers

Objective: Previous longitudinal studies have demonstrated prospective relationships between maternal sleep quality and subsequent psychological distress in the postpartum period. Despite evidence for prospective relationships between mood and subsequent sleep quality in adult populations, this direction has not been examined in postpartum women. We aimed to test prospective relationships between sleep quality and subsequent psychological distress, as well as the plausible reverse possibility, in a sample of Black American postpartum mothers (n = 146).Participants: Mothers were recruited prenatally from two hospitals in a Southeastern city of the United States. Eligible and interested mothers enrolled in a follow-up study on infant development. Data from the current study were obtained during the follow-up study.Method: Mothers reported on their psychological distress (i.e., anxiety, depression, stress) and sleep quality at 3- and 6-months postpartum. We performed hierarchical linear regressions to explore whether 1) maternal sleep quality at 3-months postpartum would predict maternal psychological distress at 6-months postpartum, after adjustment for mothers' earlier psychological distress, and 2) whether psychological distress at 3-months postpartum would predict maternal sleep quality at 6-months postpartum, after adjustment for mothers' earlier sleep quality.Results: Maternal sleep quality at 3-months postpartum was not a significant predictor of psychological distress at 6-months postpartum. However, maternal psychological distress at 3-months postpartum was a significant predictor of sleep quality at 6-months postpartum.Conclusions: Mothers' psychological distress earlier in the postpartum was a significant predictor of their later sleep quality. Replication is needed in large, prospective studies, with results stratified by race/ethnicity.
The few, the proud, the satisfied? The relationship between perceptions of public affairs and job satisfaction in the U.S. Marine Corps

Abstract An online survey (N = 220) empirically tested the coorientation of public affairs role expectations between U.S. Marine Corps public affairs practitioners and non-public affairs supervisors in the U.S. Marine Corps. The researchers applied organizational role theory and used a job satisfaction scale to observe the possible relationship between role ambiguity, role conflict, and job satisfaction. Results indicate that role clarity exists for these professionals, and positively correlates to increased job satisfaction among public affairs practitioners.
Genital cytology in obstetric and gynecologic patients; a four-year study.

Abstract 1.1. Cytologic interpretations were made on 51,022 smears from 15,217 obstetric and gynecologic patients in a four-year study. 2.2. Technical procedures and classification of cytology are substantially those of Papanicolaou and colleagues. Classification of cervical cytologic atypicalities as studied in smears from pregnant women is recommended. 3.3. Only 12.3 per cent of the women studied had what were judged to be normal elements in smear preparations whereas some degree of benign abnormalities was encountered in 80.4 per cent. 4.4. False-negative and false-positive percentages of error are given. Various methods of calculating the false-positive error are illustrated and criticized. 5.5. A total of 594 genital cancers was studied by smear preparations, of which 447, or 75.2 per cent, consisted of squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix. Adenocarcinoma of the uterus comprised 80, or 13.4 per cent of the total number. Thirty-two (29 squamous-cell and 3 adenocarcinomas), or 6.8 per cent of the cervical cancers, occurred in cervical stumps. 6.6. Ninety-five intraepithelial carcinomas of the cervix were studied. These represent 0.62 per cent of all patients studied, 0.65 per cent of the patients who did not have malignancy, and 17.5 per cent of the neoplastic squamous lesions of the cervix. The ratio of intraepithelial carcinoma to squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix was 1:4.7. 7.7. Cold-knife conization of the cervix is considered to be the method of choice to provide adequate material for the diagnosis of intraepithelial and early invasive carcinoma of the cervix. The punch biopsy method missed 18.5 per cent of the lesions. 8.8. The number of patients who had intraepithelial and squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix are presented graphically according to age groups. 9.9. The importance of correlating smear interpretations with corresponding pathologic studies is emphasized. 10.10. The cost of cytologic studies is estimated to be as follows: $0.90 per smear; $3.00 per new patient; $2.00 per visit; $75.00 per malignancy studied. 11.11. It is suggested that many intraepithelial carcinomas of the cervix will not be detected unless women as young as 20 years of age have routine cytologic studies made. 12.12. It is strongly suggested that efforts be made to standardize reports of cytologic interpretations, the staining procedure, classification, and the statistical methods employed. 13.13. The method is of value for broad screening purposes, providing the interpretations are properly controlled. The detection of early cervical neoplasms is, perhaps, its greatest value. The identification for future study of the cervices which exfoliate benign but definite atypicalities of the epithelium is important.
Transcriptomes of human prostate cells.

The gene expression profiles of most human tissues have been studied by determining the transcriptome of whole tissue homogenates. Due to the solid composition of tissues it is difficult to study the transcriptomes of individual cell types that compose a tissue. To overcome the problem of heterogeneity we have developed a method to isolate individual cell types from whole tissue that are a source of RNA suitable for transcriptome profiling. Using monoclonal antibodies specific for basal (integrin β4), luminal secretory (dipeptidyl peptidase IV), stromal fibromuscular (integrin α 1), and endothelial (PECAM-1) cells, respectively, we separated the cell types of the prostate with magnetic cell sorting (MACS). Gene expression of MACS-sorted cell populations was assessed with Affymetrix GeneChips. Analysis of the data provided insight into gene expression patterns at the level of individual cell populations in the prostate. In this study, we have determined the transcriptome profile of a solid tissue at the level of individual cell types. Our data will be useful for studying prostate development and cancer progression in the context of single cell populations within the organ.
Towards a new climate diplomacy

A new kind of climate politics is emerging, as national actions prove insufficient to address the changing climate. Subnational actors — ranging from provinces and cities, to civil sector organizations and private companies — are acting alongside nation states, making up for lost ground and missed opportunities.
When It All Comes Together

Abstract Information literacy skills are common learning indicators appearing in higher education and professional accreditation documents. The authors examine the connections between accreditation standards, information literacy standards, and the development of student information literacy skills through the discipline-specific research and subject context of the advertising field. Using the advertising field as an example, the article illustrates how various learning outcomes can be linked and woven into class assignments and projects with wide application across a variety of disciplines.
Assaying Cell Cycle Status Using Flow Cytometry

In this unit, two protocols are described for analyzing cell cycle status using flow cytometry. The first is based on the simultaneous analysis of proliferation-specific marker (Ki-67) and cellular DNA content, which discriminate resting/quiescent cell populations (G0 cell) and quantify cell cycle distribution (G1, S, or G2/M), respectively. The second is based on differential staining of DNA and RNA through co-staining of Hoechst 33342 and Pyronin Y, which is also useful to identify G0 cells from G1 cells. Along with these methods for analyzing cell cycle status, two additional methods for cell proliferation assays with recent updates of newly developed fluorophores, which allow multiplex analysis of cell cycle status, cell proliferation, and a gene of interest using flow cytometry, are outlined.
Testing high speed VLSI devices using slower testers

The speed of new VLSI designs is rapidly increasing. Assuring the performance of the circuit requires that the circuit be tested at its intended operating speed. The high cost of high speed testers makes it impossible for the testers to follow the designs in terms of speed increase. This gap between the speed of the new circuits and the speed of the testers is not likely to disappear. In this paper, we focus on at-speed strategies for testing high speed designs on slower testers. Conventional at-speed testing strategies assume that the primary inputs/outputs can be applied/observed at the circuit rated speed. This requires a high speed tester. Our assumption is that a fast clock matching the speed of the designs is available. We describe two classes of at-speed strategies that can be used on a low speed tester. The first class consists of testing schemes for which the test generation procedure is independent of the speed of the tester. These methods apply multiple input patterns in one tester cycle and the test application time for them can be long. The strategies in the second class of at-speed testing schemes integrate the tester's speed limitations with the test generation process. Due to constraints placed at the test generation process, these schemes might result in a reduced fault coverage. To increase the fault coverage and reduce the test application time, the slow-fast-slow and at-speed strategies can be combined for testing high speed designs on slower testers. We present preliminary experimental results for at-speed schemes for slow testers for transition faults.
A Stress Model for Couples Parenting Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Introduction of a Mindfulness Intervention

Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are at an increased risk for acute and chronic stress compared to parents of children with other developmental disabilities and parents of children without disabilities. It is plausible that the stressors of having a child with ASD affect the couple relationship; however, few researchers have focused on this dynamic within these families. In this article, we seek to develop a model for how stress operates in families with children with ASD. In developing this new stress model, we describe the characteristics of ASD, discuss stressors that are pronounced in families of children with ASD as supported by the literature, and highlight the limitations of Perry's (2004) model in application to this population. Our expanded stress model includes the addition of parenting couple resources and parenting couple outcomes. Finally, we demonstrate how to apply the model using a mindfulness intervention to promote positive outcomes and strengthen the couple relationship.
A genomic update on clostridial phylogeny: Gram-negative spore formers and other misplaced clostridia.

Summary The class Clostridia in the phylum Firmicutes (formerly low-G+C Gram-positive bacteria) includes diverse bacteria of medical, environmental and biotechnological importance. The Selenomonas-Megasphaera-Sporomusa branch, which unifies members of the Firmicutes with Gram-negative-type cell envelopes, was recently moved from Clostridia to a separate class Negativicutes. However, draft genome sequences of the spore-forming members of the Negativicutes revealed typically clostridial sets of sporulation genes. To address this and other questions in clostridial phylogeny, we have compared a phylogenetic tree for a concatenated set of 50 widespread ribosomal proteins with the trees for beta subunits of the RNA polymerase (RpoB) and DNA gyrase (GyrB) and with the 16S rRNA-based phylogeny. The results obtained by these methods showed remarkable consistency, suggesting that they reflect the true evolutionary history of these bacteria. These data put the Selenomonas-Megasphaera-Sporomusa group back within the Clostridia. They also support placement of Clostridium difficile and its close relatives within the family Peptostreptococcaceae; we suggest resolving the long-standing naming conundrum by renaming it Peptoclostridium difficile. These data also indicate the existence of a group of cellulolytic clostridia that belong to the family Ruminococcaceae. As a tentative solution to resolve the current taxonomical problems, we propose assigning 78 validly described Clostridium species that clearly fall outside the family Clostridiaceae to six new genera: Peptoclostridium, Lachnoclostridium, Ruminiclostridium, Erysipelatoclostridium, Gottschalkia and Tyzzerella. This work reaffirms that 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein sequences are better indicators of evolutionary proximity than phenotypic traits, even such key ones as the structure of the cell envelope and Gram-staining pattern.
Ambiguity-function generation using passive optical τ-shift technique

A new technique of optical spatial integration is presented. Its key feature lies in the utilization of one-dimensional input-data transducers to create the two-dimensional ambiguity map through an optical architecture in which the τ axis is passively created.
The Identification of Second Phases Within Bubbles in Annealed Doped Tungsten Wire

Elemental potassium was detected within bubbles formed in annealed, commercially doped tungsten wire by transmission electron microscopy and selected area diffraction. The bubbles in specimens which had been annealed in hydrogen contained liquid potassium, solid potassium, and small quantities of potassium hydride. Only solid potassium was observed within bubbles when specimens were annealed in < 10-5 mm Hg vacuum. The potassium solidified epitaxially on the tungsten bubble surface and had virtually the same lattice orientation. The potassium hydride usually displayed a specific orientation relationship with the solid potassium and the tungsten.
Evaluation of the pressor, cardiac, and renal hemodynamic properties of angiotensin II in man.

These data demonstrate that in normal subjects angiotensin II is 10 times as potent as norepinephrine, which it resembles hemodynamically. An increase in the systolic pressure is associated with significant increase in diastolic pressure, increase in venous pressure, decrease in heart rate, slight decrease in cardiac output with striking increase in total peripheral resistance, decrease in renal blood flow, decreased glomerular filtration rate, increase in filtration fraction, arid slight decrease in urinary volume. Preliminary studies of patients in shock suggest that angiotensin II is two or three times as potent as norepinephrine. Continuous administration is not associated with the development of resistance or tachyphylaxis, nor does sloughing of tissues occur when there is leakage outside the vein.
Arabinogalactan proteins at the cell surface of Brassica sperm and Lilium sperm and generative cells

Antibodies to arabinogalactan proteins were tested for binding to sperm cells ofBrassica campestris and to generative cells and sperm ofLilium longiflorum. Two monoclonal antibodies, JIM8 and JIM13, bound toBrassica sperm in pollen grains and pollen tubes and to isolated sperm. Sperm pairs retained within the vegetative cell inner plasma membrane fluoresced more brightly than single sperm, indicating that the vegetative cell inner plasma membrane that surrounds sperm pairs also contains arabinogalactan proteins. Isolated sperm pairs exhibited a uniform fluorescence while single sperm had patches of fluorescence. InLilium, isolated generative cells and single sperm cells bound antibodies in a patchy pattern. Antibodies to arabinogalactan proteins may be useful in describing the overall shape of sperm cells and for identifying sperm among other cell types.
Lightning-generated whistler waves observed by probes on the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System satellite at low latitudes

Direct evidence is presented for a causal relationship between lightning and strong electric field transients inside equatorial ionospheric density depletions. In fact, these whistler mode plasma waves may be the dominant electric field signal within such depletions. Optical lightning data from the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) satellite and global lightning location information from the World Wide Lightning Location Network are presented as independent verification that these electric field transients are caused by lightning. The electric field instrument on C/NOFS routinely measures lightning ]related electric field wave packets or sferics, associated with simultaneous measurements of optical flashes at all altitudes encountered by the satellite (401.867 km). Lightning ]generated whistler waves have abundant access to the topside ionosphere, even close to the magnetic equator.
Pitfalls of Chest Pain

1987;91;134-135 Chest D C Sane, H J Vidaillet, Jr and C S Burton, 3rd Pitfalls of chest pain. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum. http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/91/1/134.citation can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights of been published monthly since 1935. Copyright1987by the American College is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It has Chest
A note on the uniqueness of minimum rank solutions in factor analysis

A revised theorem is presented concerning uniqueness of minimum rank solutions in common factor analysis.
A parallel algorithm for multizone, multiphase systems with application to crystal growth

Materials processing systems, such as the Czochralski crystal growth system, are often characterized by the presence of a number of distinct materials and phases with significantly different thermophysical and transport properties. They may also contain irregular boundaries, moving interfaces and free surfaces. The understanding of the complex transport phenomena in these systems is of vital importance for the design and fabrication of equipment and the optimization and control of the manufacturing process. High-performance, high-resolution numerical simulation can prove to be an effective tool for the understanding of these transport mechanisms. Massively parallel computers promise to deliver the extensive computer resources required by these simulations. This paper presents a parallel implementation of a high-resolution numerical scheme which has been developed to simulate the Czochralski crystal growth processes. The scheme employs adaptive grid generation and curvilinear finite volume discretization to solve the transport equations in a domain with complex geometries. Selected results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and potential of introducing parallel computations into crystal growth process modeling and simulation.
Scaffolding Voluntary Summer Reading for Children in Grades 3 to 5: An Experimental Study

The effects of a voluntary summer reading intervention with teacher and parent scaffolding were investigated in an experimental study. A total of 24 teachers and 400 children in Grades 3, 4, and 5 were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions: control, books only, books with oral reading scaffolding, and books with oral reading and comprehension scaffolding. Books were matched to children's reading levels and interests. Children were pre- and posttested on measures of oral reading fluency (DIBELS) and silent reading ability (Iowa Test of Basic Skills [ITBS]). Results showed that children in the books with oral reading and comprehension scaffolding condition scored significantly higher on the ITBS posttest than children in the control condition. In addition, children in the two scaffolding conditions combined scored higher on the ITBS posttest than children in the control and books only conditions combined. Practical implications for summer voluntary reading interventions are discussed.
Development of Biological Control of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Phorodon humuli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Oregon Hop Yards

The temporal development of biological control of arthropod pests in perennial cropping systems is largely unreported. In this study, the development of biological control of twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and hop aphid, Phorodon humuli (Schrank), in a new planting of hop in Oregon is described over a period of 9 yr (2005–2013). Both the abundance and diversity of natural enemies increased over time. Known predators of hop aphid (Coccinellidae and Anthocoridae) were present in all years; however, stable biological control of hop aphid was not achieved in most years and aphicides were required to suppress populations at commercially acceptable levels in 5 of 9 yr. Populations of aphidophagous coccinellids developed synchronously with hop aphid populations, and temporal correlations indicated these are the primary predatory insect associated with hop aphid regulation. However, sampling methods did not assess levels of aphid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids and their contribution to biological control was unquantified. Spider mite biological control was associated primarily with predatory mites (Phytoseiidae) and Stethorus spp. (Coccinellidae). The magnitude of temporal correlations of abundance of these predators with spider mites was found to be greatest on the same sampling dates and at lags of 7–14 d. Stable biological control of spider mites occurred after four field seasons, suppressing spider mites to levels similar to those commonly achieved with chemical control. A survey of 11 commercial hop yards in Oregon documented pest and natural enemy densities under commercial management practices over a period of 4 yr (2008–2011). Natural enemy abundance in commercial hop yards was similar to that of a 2- to 3-yr-old hop yard with limited disturbance. Whereas total reliance on biological control for hop aphid is unlikely to be successful, there appears to be unrealized potential for biological control of spider mites in commercial production. Dynamic action thresholds that consider the value of natural enemies are needed for both pests.
A numerical taxonomic study of Cucurbita

Several statistical techniques of numerical taxonomy were studied by using 21 species ofCucurbita as models. Data were taken on 93 plant characters for 24 operational taxonomic units (OTU’s). Three similarity coefficients, Q-correlation, distance and divergence, were used to compute phenetic similarities among the 24 OTU’s. The results are summarized in the form of eight phenograms using both unweighted and weighted pair-group methods of clustering. The results obtained from the various statistical techniques were compared with cross-compatibility ratings. The distance and divergence coefficients and their respective phenogram values were more highly correlated with the cross-compatibility ratings than were the Qcorrelation coefficients and their phenogram values. However, from a subjective viewpoint, the phenograms derived from Q-correlation coefficients were in closer general agreement with a combination of biological factors including cross compatibility, geographical distribution, and ecological adaption than were phenograms derived from distance or divergence coefficients.