cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Loss of endothelium-dependent relaxation in abdominal aorta preserved in a co-storage system

The potentially detrimental influence of parenchymal cells on endothelial function during preservation in UW solution was examined by co-storage of rat abdominal aortic rings with isolated liver cells. Cold storage of rings in UW solution alone for up to 96 h had no effect on the response to acetylcholine, though constriction was progressively lost. Co-storage of rings with liver cells resulted in no loss of sodium nitroprusside response, but the relaxation response to acetylcholine was reduced. The loss of acetylcholine response could not be attributed to Kupffer cells, the lowering of pH, oxygen depletion, or the loss of constriction. A similar loss of endothelial function was observed in rings stored in pieces of liver, kidney or heart. We conclude that parenchymal cells exude factors during preservation by cold storage which reversibly inhibit vascular NO production. These factors could significantly impair whole organ function on reperfusion.
Differential expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines during experimental infection with low or high virulence bovine viral diarrhea virus in beef calves.

The objective was to compare the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, IL-15) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β) cytokines, after experimental infection with low or high virulence noncytopathic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Thirty BVDV-naive, beef calves were intranasally inoculated with low (LV; n=10, SD-1) or high (HV; n=10, 1373) virulence ncp BVDV or with BVDV-free cell culture medium (Control, n=10). Calves were euthanized on day 5 post-inoculation, and tracheo-bronchial lymph node and spleen samples were collected for mRNA expression through quantitative-RT-PCR. mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines were up-regulated in tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes of HV, but not in LV, compared to the control group (P<0.05). IL-12 mRNA level was up-regulated in tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes of both LV and HV groups (P ≤ 0.05). A significant up-regulation of IL-15 mRNA was observed in tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes for LV calves (P<0.002), but not for HV calves. Experimental inoculation with BVDV-2 1373 stimulated significant mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, inoculation with BVDV-1a SD-1 only resulted in up-regulation of IL-12 and IL-15 mRNA, which is associated with activation of macrophages and NK cells during innate immune response.
Multiphase chemistry of atmospheric amines

Heterogeneous reactions of amines have been recently shown to play an important role in the formation and transformation of atmospheric aerosols. This perspective summarizes the latest laboratory progress in the multiphase chemistry of amines. Particular emphasis is given to the contributions of amines to new particle formation, growth of submicron particles, and alteration in the physiochemical properties of pre-existing particles, including hygroscopicity, thermostability, density, phase, and optical properties, from exposure to gaseous amines. The atmospheric implications of the multiphase reactions of amines, including the potential impact on direct and indirect climate forcing of aerosols, and future research directions are discussed.
Predictors of never events in patients undergoing radical dissection of cervical lymph nodes

Objective The aim of this study was to identify variables associated with infection-related never events in patients undergoing radical neck dissections for head and neck cancer. Study Design All hospitalizations with head and neck cancer that underwent radical dissection of cervical lymph nodes were selected from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Predictor variables included patient and hospital-level factors. Outcome variable was occurrence of ≥1 never events. Association between predictor and outcome variables was examined by using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results There were 10,660 hospitalizations. At least 1 never event occurred in 7.8% of hospitalizations. Teaching hospitals were associated with higher odds of having ≥1 never event compared with nonteaching hospitals (odds ratio 1.92; P = .02). Presence of comorbid conditions and race were other significant predictors of never events. Conclusions Teaching hospitals and presence of comorbid conditions were associated with higher odds of experiencing a never event.
Differences in molecular structure in cross-linked polycationic nanoparticles synthesized using ARGET ATRP or UV-initiated polymerization

Abstract This work compares material properties of polycationic nanoparticles synthesized using the techniques of UV-initiated polymerization or ARGET ATRP and relates differences in material properties to differences in molecular structure. The nanoparticles are based on the pH-responsive monomer 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) copolymerized with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA), tert-butyl methacrylate (tBMA), and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) in a surfactant-stabilized monomer-in-water emulsion to form cross-linked nanoscale hydrogels. ARGET ATRP resulted in a narrower distribution of molecular weight for linear analogs of the polycationic nanoparticles. In addition, ARGET ATRP formulations showed a sharper glass transition than UV-initiated formulations, indicating increased homogeneity. These networks could be used as drug delivery carriers or for other nanogel applications that would benefit from polycationic nanoparticles with high homogeneity.
Nucleotide sequence of trpE of Salmonella typhimurium and its homology with the corresponding sequence of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of trpE of Salmonella typhimurium was determined. This sequence and that of the deduced 520-residue trpE polypeptide were compared with the corresponding sequences of Escherichia coli . The most notable features of these comparisons were the high frequency of synonymous codon changes, 42%, the randomness of synonymous codon distribution, and the similarity in synonymous codon usage. These findings suggest that many of the synonymous codon changes that have occurred in these genes have no selective value. The trpE polypeptide of S. typhimurium , like its E. coli equivalent, lacks the amino acid tryptophan. The absence of tryptophan from these trp polypeptides is clearly advantageous to the organism. Comparison of the trp leader regions of the trp operons of the two bacterial species reveals that segments thought to play important roles in transcription regulation by attenuation are highly conserved.
The QscR Quorum-Sensing Regulon of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an Orphan Claims Its Identity

Quorum sensing is a process by which bacteria release and subsequently respond to signal molecules, as a mechanism for sensing population density (4). Acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) are well-studied quorum-sensing signals among proteobacteria and are most commonly synthesized by enzymes of the LuxI family (3). AHLs are usually recognized by members of the LuxR family of transcription factors, often encoded adjacent to their corresponding LuxI-type AHL synthases. Proteobacterial genome sequencing has revealed the existence of many more LuxR homologues than were known or suspected to exist, frequently in significant excess over the number of recognized AHL synthases in the genome. Many of these regulatory genes are orphans, retaining key attributes of better-studied luxR homologues but not linked to or associated with an AHL synthase gene. Some of these orphans are substantially different in size from characterized LuxR homologues, with large truncations or additional sequences. Of those typically sized LuxR-type proteins with end-to-end similarity, many lack one or more conserved amino acid residues known to be critical to the function of most LuxR-type proteins (3). These imperfect LuxR homologues might function to recognize AHLs by an alternate mechanism, provide ligand-independent activity, act as dominant-negative inhibitors, or even detect alternate small molecules. In other cases, all or most of the critical residues are present. These more highly conserved LuxR-type orphans may respond to endogenously synthesized AHL(s), generated by an otherwise unassociated AHL synthase of the same microbe or possibly signals from different microbes. A study from Lequette et al., published in this issue of the Journal of Bacteriology, establishes the role of an intriguing orphan LuxR homologue called QscR (quorum-sensing control repressor) in a previously unrecognized regulatory pathway within the larger AHL quorum-sensing network of the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12). This work provides important new insights into the activity of the orphan QscR protein within this complex control system and also illustrates an impressive application of DNA microarray technology to address specific hypotheses at a genomic scale.
Irradiance reduction: Effects on standing crops of the eelgrass Zostera marina in a coastal lagoon

Abundance of the eelgrass Zostera marina L. was studied in a coastal lagoon in southern California (USA), and was found to correlate with the level of irradiance at depths greater than 0.5 m below tidal datum. Results of controlled field experiments, using canopies to reduce downwelling illuminance by 63%, confirmed that turion density is a function of the irradiance the plants receive. By Day 18 of the experiment, turion density in the shaded experimental areas had decreased compared to the density of adjacent unshaded controls. Turion densities were continually lower throughout the 9-month study in the experimental areas, which at the end of the study had a turion density only 5% that of the control areas. Flowering in the experimental areas was also inhibited by shading. The biological implications of these findings are discussed with respect to seasonal changes in incident solar radiation, water transparency, and changes in water quality due to man's increased intervention in the natural processes of coastal lagoons.
Behavioral management in children with intellectual disabilities in a resource-poor setting in Barwani, India.

Background: Management of behavioral problems in children with intellectual disabilities (ID) is a great concern in resource-poor areas in India. This study attempted to analyze the efficacy of behavioral intervention provided in resource-poor settings. Objective: This study was aimed to examine the outcome of behavioral management provided to children with ID in a poor rural region in India. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from 104 children between 3 and 18 years old who received interventions for behavioral problems in a clinical or a community setting. The behavioral assessment scale for Indian children with mental retardation (BASIC-MR) was used to quantify the study subjects' behavioral problems before and after we applied behavioral management techniques (baseline and post-intervention, respectively). The baseline and post-intervention scores were analyzed using the following statistical techniques: Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test for the efficacy of intervention; χ2 for group differences. Results: The study demonstrated behavioral improvements across all behavior domains (P Conclusion: The outcome of this behavioral management study suggests that behavioral intervention can be effectively provided to children with ID in poor areas.
Effective Software Fault Localization Using an RBF Neural Network

We propose the application of a modified radial basis function neural network in the context of software fault localization, to assist programmers in locating bugs effectively. This neural network is trained to learn the relationship between the statement coverage information of a test case and its corresponding execution result, success or failure. The trained network is then given as input a set of virtual test cases, each covering a single statement. The output of the network, for each virtual test case, is considered to be the suspiciousness of the corresponding covered statement. A statement with a higher suspiciousness has a higher likelihood of containing a bug, and thus statements can be ranked in descending order of their suspiciousness. The ranking can then be examined one by one, starting from the top, until a bug is located. Case studies on 15 different programs were conducted, and the results clearly show that our proposed technique is more effective than several other popular, state of the art fault localization techniques. Further studies investigate the robustness of the proposed technique, and illustrate how it can easily be applied to programs with multiple bugs as well.
Low Self-control and Deviance: Examining the Moderation of Social Support from Parents

Drawing on self-report survey data from a sample of 425 college students in 2001, this study examines whether parental support can moderate the link between low self-control and deviance. Using multiple measures of low self-control and parental support and item parcels of deviance, structural equation models are developed to arrive at the results. Results reveal that parental support does not completely moderate the link between low self-control and deviance. Importantly, we find that parental support can reduce the link that low self-control has with deviance, suggesting that this is a measure that may be manipulated to reduce instances of deviance.
Linearly polarized magnetic fluctuations at comet Giacobini‐Zinner

The fully electromagnetic linear Vlasov dispersion equation for instabilities in a homogeneous, magnetized plasma is solved. Parameters appropriate to conditions observed during the ICE encounter with comet Giacobini-Zinner are used to study the polarization of electromagnetic instabilities driven by the relative streaming of two ion components. If the ion/ion relative drift is near the Alfven speed, the associated long-wavelength modes may be approximately linearly polarized at relatively small angles of propagation with respect to the magnetic field. The relatively inhomogeneous plasma background of the comet may impose such oblique propagation, so that this result provides an alternate explanation to the observations of linearly polarized waves near the comet.
Influence of Gender and Spawning on Meat Quality of Australian Red Claw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) Stored at 2 °C

Shell-on tails of male (M), nonspawning female (F), and spawning female (SF) Australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) (n= 270) were aerobically stored at 2 °C up to 10 d to monitor meat quality changes under a retail condition. Percentage protein of SF muscle was higher (P < 0.05) and moisture and ash content lower (P < 0.05) than those of M and F muscles. The pH of muscle changed during storage, with SF generally having a lower value than M or F (P < 0.05). Lipid oxidation increased during the 1st 5 d and no significant difference existed between the 3 muscle groups. Cooking yield of SF (91.72%) at 10 d was significantly lower than that of M (96.25%) or F (97.81%), and its muscle shear force was also higher (P < 0.05) than M at 0, 3, 5, and 7 d and than F at 5 and 7 d. Sensory panel results (cooked meat tenderness, juiciness) were significantly correlated with instrumental results (shear force, cooking yield), with SF showing a lower meat tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability than M and F samples.
Selective determination of iron by fluorescence quenching of a naturally occurring pigment

Abstract A fluorescent pigment produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens is isolated and partially characterized. It is verified that the pigment reacts with iron(III) and iron(II0 with respective conditional formation constants of 1.1 × 10 24 and 5.3 × 10 23 at pH 8 and that the reaction results in quenching of the pigment fluorescence. The quenching effect permits the measurement of iron with a detection limit of 5 × 10 −9 M (0.3 μg 1 −1 ). Examination of 21 common constituents in water as potential interferents for the iron measurement indicates that a combination buffer solution can be used to mask those that deleteriously affect the measurement. The general accuracy of the procedure is confirmed with reference water samples.
A NOTE ON PERCEPTUAL DETERRENCE, RELIGIOUSLY BASED MORAL CONDEMNATION, AND SOCIAL CONTROL*

Empirical investigations of social control mechanisms are often limited to single sources of control, such as the efficacy of legal punishments. Because research has produced only moderate support for the hypothesis that perceived risk of legal punishments reduces the likelihood of nonconformity, some have searched sources of control that condition this relationship. such as the degree of moral condemnation individuals hold toward a criminal/delinquent act. However, relevant research has resulted in contradictory findings. Using cross-sectional and panel data, we obtained results that show that moral condemnation of an act conditions the deterrent relationship and that findings from previous studies may have underestimated the effect of legal deterrents given the presence of those in the population who refrain from marijuana use because it is believed to be sin fur. Implications of the findings for the relative deterrability of serious versus minor offenses and the relevance of this distinction for issues of social control are discussed.
Monomer Functionality and Polymer Network Formation

In free radical polymerizations multivinyl monomers are used to create cross-linked polymeric materials. By utilizing a kinetic model, the relative effectiveness of divinyl and trivinyl cross-linking agents was investigated in copolymerizations with monovinyl monomers where the cross-linking potential was equivalent. The trivinyl cross-linking agent was found to yield more cross-links and less cycles than the divinyl cross-linking agent. Interestingly, prior to complete reaction, increased cross-linking as a function of conversion is also observed when no cyclization occurs. Here, the trivinyl cross-linking agent produced more elastically active cross-links than the divinyl cross-linking agent as a function of conversion until 100% conversion when the number of cross-links is the same, because cyclization is not present. Differences between divinyl and trivinyl cross-linkers are also observed experimentally in the reaction kinetics of these copolymerizations. With equal cross-linking potential, the trivin...
Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells Differentially Respond to Mechanical Stimulation: Morphology, Proliferation, Gene and Protein Expression

Mechanical stimulation has been shown to regulate gene and protein expression in many cell types, including stem cells. Cyclic strain has been previously shown by our laboratory and others [1, 2] to regulate smooth muscle gene and protein expression in mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs). From these and other results [3], we hypothesize that the differentiated phenotype of MPCs may be controlled by the appropriate type, magnitude, and frequency of mechanical stimulation. We describe here the differential response of MPCs to three mechanical stimuli — cyclic strain, cyclic hydrostatic pressure, and laminar shear stress — over a range of magnitudes and frequencies that are consistent with the cardiovascular system.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Strain-induced metal–insulator phase coexistence in perovskite manganites

The coexistence of distinct metallic and insulating electronic phases within the same sample of a perovskite manganite1,2,3,4,5,6, such as La1-x-yPryCaxMnO3, presents researchers with a tool for tuning the electronic properties in materials. In particular, colossal magnetoresistance7 in these materials—the dramatic reduction of resistivity in a magnetic field—is closely related to the observed texture owing to nanometre- and micrometre-scale inhomogeneities1,2,3,4,5,6,8. Despite accumulated data from various high-resolution probes, a theoretical understanding for the existence of such inhomogeneities has been lacking. Mechanisms invoked so far, usually based on electronic mechanisms and chemical disorder9,10,11, have been inadequate to describe the multiscale, multiphase coexistence within a unified picture. Moreover, lattice distortions and long-range strains12,13 are known to be important in the manganites14. Here we show that the texturing can be due to the intrinsic complexity of a system with strong coupling between the electronic and elastic degrees of freedom. This leads to local energetically favourable configurations and provides a natural mechanism for the self-organized inhomogeneities over both nanometre and micrometre scales. The framework provides a physical understanding of various experimental results and a basis for engineering nanoscale patterns of metallic and insulating phases.
Alkali-silica reactivity resistance of high-volume fly ash cementitious systems

The role of high-volume ASTM Class F fly ash (58% by mass of cement) in reducing expansion caused by alkali-silica reaction was investigated. A series of modified ASTM C1260 tests were performed with three different concentrations of NaOH solution and over an extended test period of 28 days; a reactive siliceous fine aggregate was used. Test results confirm that replacing 58% of portland cement (by mass) with high-volume fly ash in a cementitious system significantly helps control expansion caused by alkali-silica reaction.
From Definition, To Geography, To Action, To Reaction: The Case of Protein‐Energy Malnutrition

The truism that definitions matter has particular relevancy in the health sciences where definitions about diseases and other disorders guide both the identification of populations at risk and the development of remedial interventions. A good illustration of how the relationship works is provided by ProteinEnergy Malnutrition (PEM). Today, most investigators would agree that PEM includes a range of syndromes among infants and pre-school children who display growth and biochemical abnormalities produced by the synergistic effects of dietary deficiencies and various infections. The clinical syndromes are kwashiorkor and marasmus plus a range of mixed types usually designated as marasm ic kwashiorkor. Far more common, however, are sub-clinical cases that most often get bracketed together under the heading of mild-to-moderate PEM (Srikantia 1982; Torin and Viteri 1988). This definition of PEM has taken over 50 years of observation and research to achieve. It was preceded by a much simpler one that focused on kwashiorkor and its presumed cause of protein deficient diets. Using this relationship as their guide, investigators identified
Planar polarized light emission from CdSe nanoparticle clusters.

This paper describes synthesis and optical properties of planar clusters of CdSe nanocrystals. The clusters emit linearly polarized light in the plane of the cluster. The emission wavelength of the clusters can be adjusted between 568 and 639 nm with the size of the CdSe nanocrystals. Planar CdSe microclusters were synthesized by reaction of trioctylphosphine oxide-coated CdSe/CdS nanocrystals with 3-aminopropylsilyl-modified Ca2Nb3O10 nanosheets in THF. The clusters are 3.92 ± 1.18 μm length/width and 91 ± 37 nm thickness, and they consist of alternating layers of Ca2Nb3O10 to which CdSe nanocrystals are attached with densities of 5300 ±310 particles per side of a single Ca2Nb3O10 sheet. The chemical inertness of the clusters in coordinating solvents suggests covalent interactions between the aminopropyl groups and CdSe nanocrystals. Upon excitation at λexc = 400 nm, the clusters emit green (568 nm), orange (589 nm), or red (639 nm) light, depending on the size of the CdSe crystals. The light is emitted ...
Refractory amorphous inter-transition metal alloys

NbNi and TaNi alloys were the first non-crystalline inter-transition metal alloys to be retained by splat cooling. In the meantime, several related amorphous alloys such as ZrNi and ZrCu have been prepared in a similar way. It was then not clear whether the Nb and Ta alloys were amorphous or microcrystalline, and the second interpretation was preferred. The present work suggests that these alloys are amorphous in the same way as other metallic glasses. They have high thermal stability, crystallizing rapidly only at temperatures approaching 1000 K; a high microhardness (1020 Kg/mm2) was also found. Results to be reviewed include X-ray diffraction data, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Mossbauer spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, SEM fractography and microhardness. As discussed, these results either directly confirm the proposed amorphous structure or are at least consistent with it.
Effects of water temperature, density, and sex ratio on the spawning rate of red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens).

Effects of water temperature on red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus spawning rates was evaluated for 3 mo at 22, 26 and 30 ± 1 C. A 20/m2 stocking density and a 1:2 M: F sex ratio was used. Spawning rate increased as temperature increased, with 30 C providing the highest spawning rate (P 0.05) within the three stocking densities at a sex ratio of 1:1, nor were they different (P > 0.05) for the three sex ratios at a density of 10/m2. Results revenled that densities as high as 20/m2 and sex ratios of 1 male to 5 females can be used to increase spawning per tank. Also, high temperature (28 ± 1 C) and long day lengths (14L: 10D) can be utilized to stimulate peak spawning rates, but high spawning rates cannot be maintained for more than about 3 mo.
Intraparticle Mass Transfer in High‐Speed Chromatography of Proteins

The effect of intraparticle mass-transfer resistances on the peak shape at high flow velocities in the range currently used in high-speed protein chromatography was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The asymmetry of the protein bands under these conditions was quantified by the difference between the first moment and the retention volume of the peak apex, this being much easier to determine than the peak skewness. A general method is introduced for the evaluation of the mass-transfer characteristics of a given chromatographic sorbent from the variation in peak asymmetry with reduced velocity. The method is shown to be most useful when the number of theoretical plates is between 3 and 300, which is the regime where peak asymmetry is prevalent. Measurements by isocratic elution under nonretained conditions were made on three chromatographic sorbents, each representing a general class of stationary phase configuration, i.e., gigaporous, mesoporous, and gel-filled gigaporous particles. Mass-transfer parameters were evaluated using the new method based upon the variation of the peak asymmetry with the fluid velocity. For the purpose of comparison, column mass transfer parameters were also evaluated from the variation in the reduced plate height with reduced velocity, a method most useful when the peak asymmetry is small and remains constant in the velocity range investigated. It is shown that the two methods are complementary and yield, within experimental error, the same intraparticle diffusion parameters. It was demonstrated using these methods that the diffusional behavior and the first moments of unretained eluites for the gel-filled gigaporous column packing correspond to a sorbent particle where eluites diffuse through liquid-filled pores containing a uniform distribution of solid cylinders, with the cylinders representing the polymer chains in the gel material. Similarly, the methods were used to verify that, at high flow rates, intraparticle convection can contribute substantially to the rate of intraparticle mass transfer in gigaporous column packings.
Scientific objectives of the Solar Mesosphere Explorer mission

The paper describes the NASA Solar Mesosphere Explorer mission which will study mesospheric ozone and the processes which form and destroy it, measure the ozone density and its altitude distribution from 30 to 80 km, monitor incoming solar UV radiation, and provide a rigorous test of the photochemical equilibrium theory of the mesospheric oxygen-hydrogen system. Five instruments will be carried on the polar-orbiting spacecraft: UV ozone, IR airglow, and visible NO2 programmable Ebert-Fastie spectrometers, a four-channel IR radiometer, and a solar UV spectrometer. Atmospheric measurements will be made of the mesospheric and stratospheric ozone density distribution, water vapor density distribution, temperature profile, ozone photolysis rate, and NO2 density distribution. In addition, the solar UV monitor will measure both the 0.2-0.31 micron spectral region and the Lyman-alpha (0.1216 micron) contribution to the solar irradiance.
Semiclassical quantization of localized lattice solitons

From experiments on doped alkali-metal halide crystals there is reason to believe that localized, stationary lattice solitons, often called breathers, form and inhibit the crystal's relaxation. We quantize these excitations using the Einstein-Brillouin-Keller method (which is also generalized). Topologically independent loops on the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser torus are found stroboscopically, using easily calculated periods, and the classical action evaluated. Wave functions can also be evaluated using a path-integral-motivated semiclassical wave-function calculation.
A silicon VLSI optical sensor for pattern recognition

Abstract We show a silicon integrated circuit optical sensor with a high degree of built-in computational power that enables the sensor to recognize specific, preset complex images projected onto its surface. The sensor consists of a multilayer feedforward network, of which the first layer detects local orientations of line and edges. The second layer of this computational sensor recognizes specific configurations of these line and edge orientations. The circuit designs have been kept simple in order to fit within the spaces between the photoreceptors. The design methodology, including that used to set the first and second layer weights, and results from test ICs are shown. The net benefit of such an approach is very high computational density of the order of 2×10 10 weights/cm 2 /s. The approach is very fault tolerant and will permit true wafer scale integration.
CMCase production by Spicellum roseum in liquid and solid culture

CMCase was produced by 7 strains of Spicellum roseum in both liquid and wheat bran solid substrate cultures. No growth occurred above 35°C. Maximum enzyme production occurred at 30°C, whereas best enzyme activity occurred at pH 5.0 and 50°C. In liquid cultures of S. roseum, NRRL strains 13103, 13104, and 13106 produced activities of ca. 1.1, 1.5, and 1.5 mg glucose per hr/ml culture supernate at 1 week and 2.9, 1.5, and 2.1, respectively at 3 weeks compared to Trichoderma reesei NRRL 11236 (MCG77), which produced activities of 2.8 and 1.3 at 1 and 3 weeks.
Deriving conclusions in expert systems when knowledge is incomplete

A number of recent research articles have pointed out several connections between topics in propositional logic, artificial intelligence and MP. In particular, Jeroslow and Wang [ORSA Jl Comput. 1, 7–19 (1989)] demonstrated how inferencing in a Horn clause knowledge base can be carried out by solving a linear programming problem and showed how the dual to this problem could be used to explain how a given conclusion was reached. This paper extends these results to develop a model that allows heuristic inferences to be made when there is insufficient information available in a knowledge base to reach a definite conclusion and additional information cannot be obtained. This is done by identifying the conclusion that is most consistent with the knowledge at hand.
In vitro detection of Cornus florida callus insensitive to toxic metabolites of Discula destructiva

Dogwood anthracnose, caused by the fungus Discula destructiva Redlin, is a severe disease of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) and Pacific dogwood (C. nuttallii Aud.). Disease control is inadequate in nurseries and landscapes and absent in the forest, and resistant cultivars are not commercially available. The ability to select tissues insensitive to culture filtrates from D. destructiva in vitro offers a novel and important approach for the selection of dogwood genotypes that are resistant to or tolerant of this devastating fungus. Embryo-derived dogwood callus cultures were established on Murashige and Skoog medium amended with benzyladenine (BA) and either 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Selection for insensitivity to D. destructiva metabolites was done by placement of individual cultures on media amended with progressively higher concentrations of a partially purified culture filtrate (PPCF) containing lowmolecular-weight compounds. Following this selection process, cultures were challenged in a dose-response format with PPCF to determine whether the sensitivity of the callus to the culture filtrate had changed. During the selection period, the fresh weight of callus grown on medium containing 2,4-D and amended with PPCF was always less than that of callus grown on medium amended with the same concentration of potato-dextrose broth (PDB, negative control). Fresh weight of callus was greater on medium containing NAA amended with PPCF than on medium with the same concentration of PDB. Callus selected in the presence of NAA showed decreased sensitivity to toxic metabolites at higher concentrations of culture filtrate. The in vitro system described may assist in the identification of disease-resistant germplasm important to the long-term survival of flowering dogwood.
Development of an improved procedure for extraction and quantitation of safranal in stigmas of Crocus sativus L. using high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A number of methods for the preparation, extraction and HPLC analysis of saffron spice were evaluated to determine a reliable method for quantifying safranal in Crocus sativus L. stigma tissues. In vials containing ethanol/water stigma extracts, the concentration of safranal increased significantly over a 6 h time interval. In contrast, vials containing 100% acetonitrile stigma extracts showed no significant increase in safranal concentration over the same time interval. Preparation methods such as heating stigmas at 80°C for 30 min prior to extraction and followed by immediate HPLC analysis increased the concentration of safranal several-fold compared to stigmas which had been prepared by freeze-drying. Preparation of ethanol–water or acetonitrile stigma extracts by drying with a rotary evaporator prior to HPLC analysis eliminated safranal from the extracts.
Matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and the analysis of drugs and environmental pollutants in aquatic species

Abstract The classical methods of analyte isolation using homogenization and liquid-liquid partitioning have served for several decades as the standard for the analysis of drugs and environmental pollutants in aquatic species. However, these methods often are costly in terms of analyst time and solvent use and often cannot be accomplished before the materials in question have gone to market. While there have been improvements in screening and determinative techniques, these classical extraction methods are now a limiting factor in residue monitoring. We present here an overview of tissue residue methods for the analysis of drugs and chlorinated pesticides in aquatic resources and offer a comparison to newer extraction technologies, such as solid-phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), as alternatives. MSPD, in particular, shows a great potential to reduce labor and solvent costs and improve sample throughput for residue monitoring programs directed toward aquatic species.
Detection of nitrobenzene, DNT, and TNT vapors by quenching of porous silicon photoluminescence

The detection of nitroaromatic molecules in air by the quenching of the photoluminescence of porous silicon (porous Si) films has been explored. Detection is achieved by monitoring the photoluminescence (PL) of a nanocrystalline porous Si film on exposure to the analyte of interest in a flowing air stream. The photoluminescence is quenched on exposure to the nitroaromatic, presumably by an electron-transfer mechanism. Detection limits of 500 parts-per-billion (ppb), 2 ppb, and 1 ppb were observed for nitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), respectively (exposure times of 5 min for each, in air). Specificity for detection is achieved by catalytic oxidation of the nitroaromatic compound. A platinum oxide (PtO2) or palladium oxide (PdO) catalyst at 250 °C, placed in the carrier gas line upstream of the porous Si detector, causes oxidation of all the nitroaromatic compounds studied. The catalyst does not oxidize benzene vapor, and control experiments show no difference in the extent of PL quenching by benzene with or without an upstream catalyst. The PL quenching by NO2, released in the catalytic oxidation of nitroaromatic compounds, is less efficient than the quenching of the intact nitroaromatic compound. This provides a means to discriminate nitro-containing molecules from other organic species.
Dopamine receptors: from structure to behavior

The responses obtained with drugs that act at dopamine receptors depend on the spectrum of receptors stimulated, the pattern of stimulation and the neuronal signal-transduction pathways that are activated. In the absence of drugs that reliably discriminate between the various cloned receptors, elucidating the role of these receptors has largely relied on molecular genetic approaches that include expression of genes for receptors in cell lines and manipulation of this expression in animal models. Connecting molecular events that occur consequent to receptor stimulation with the resulting physiological effects entails bridging a complex network of interactions. This article reviews the current understanding of the molecular, cellular and systemic consequences of activation of the different dopamine receptors.
Introduction to the Method of Average Magnitude Analysis and Application to Natural Convection in Cavities

The method of Average Magnitude Analysis is a mixture of the Integral Method and the Order of Magnitude Analysis. The paper shows how the differential equations of conservation for steady-state, laminar, boundary layer flows are converted to a system of algebraic equations, where the result is a sum of the order of magnitude of each term, multiplied by, a weight coefficient. These coefficients are determined from integrals containing the assumed velocity and temperature profiles. The method is illustrated by applying it to the case of drag and heat transfer over an infinite flat plate. It is then applied to the case of natural convection over an infinite flat plate with and without the presence of a horizontal magnetic field, and subsequently to enclosures of aspect ratios of one or higher. The final correlation in this instance yields the Nusselt number as a function of the aspect ratio and the Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers. This correlation is tested against a wide range of small and large values of these parameters. 19 refs., 4 figs.
Testis growth and regression in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) as a function of the presence of females

Four groups of male starlings were exposed to stimulatory photoperiods. Two groups had 14 hours of light per day, the other two groups, 12 hours. One of the two groups treated with each photoperiod was in a cage including both male and female starlings; the other group was in a cage including only male starlings. Testis widths were measured via laporotomy every 15 days through a growth and regression cycle. Neither the rate of testis development, nor the maximum size reached, was significantly changed by the presence of the females in either photoperiod. Likewise, the chronology of testis involution in those treated with a 14 hour light per day photoperiod was not changed by the presence of females. But maintenance of spermatogenesis in birds treated with 12 hours of light daily was significantly longer in the group caged with females.
Dynamic measurements of an industrial electric motor stator core

Measurements of the dynamic and acoustic behavior of a commercial electric motor stator are presented. An Allis-Chalmers motor stator core, before and after winding and potting, was excited with drives on the teeth in tangential (circumferential and axial) and radial directions. The vibration response was decomposed into its circumferential harmonics and modes of vibration. The core was mounted in a sturdy, asymmetric housing, and showed significant harmonic character. The high circumferential order ring modes of the bare stator are limited to frequencies below those of the fundamental modes of the stator teeth. When the teeth are wound and potted, however, the ring modes resemble those of contiguous cylindrical shells, increasing in frequency with mode order. Also, the vibration response of the stator decreases significantly when it is wound and potted, particularly for drives tangential to the teeth. In spite of the reductions, drives tangential to the teeth still cause vibration comparable to, and sometimes higher than, that induced by radial tooth drives.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Experiments on multicritical points

Abstract Crystals undergoing structural phase transitions show, under application of uniaxial stress, a rich variety of multicritical points due to symmetry breaking. Most of the results were obtained in crystals with perovskite structure which are cubic at high temperatures. This paper will review the observation of bicritical behavior in SrTiO3 and LaAlO3, a tetracritical point in LaAlO3 and, most recently, [110]-stress experiments proving the cubic fixed point to be stable. Of higher sophistication are fluctuation-induced Lifshiftz tricritical behavior in RbCaF3 and double tricritical points in KMnF3. The possible observation of a critical end point on a first-order Potts line in SrTiO3 and KMnF3 is mentioned.
On using angular cross-correlations to determine source redshift distributions

We investigate how well the redshift distribution of a population of extragalactic objects can be reconstructed using angular cross-correlations with a sample whose redshifts are known. We derive the minimum variance quadratic estimator, which has simple analytic representations in very applicable limits and is significantly more sensitive than earlier proposed estimation procedures. This estimator is straightforward to apply to observations, it robustly finds the likelihood maximum, and it conveniently selects angular scales at which fluctuations are well approximated as independent between redshift bins and at which linear theory applies. We find that the linear bias times number of objects in a redshift bin generally can be constrained with cross-correlations to fractional error (10^2 n/N)^1/2, where N is the total number of spectra per dz and n is the number of redshift bins spanned by the bulk of the unknown population. The error is often independent of the sky area and sampling fraction. Furthermore, we find that sub-percent measurements of the angular source density per unit redshift, dN/dz, are in principle possible, although cosmic magnification needs to be accounted for at fractional errors of <~ 10 per cent. We discuss how the sensitivity to dN/dz changes as a function of photometric and spectroscopic depth and how to optimize the survey strategy to constrain dN/dz. We also quantify how well cross-correlations of photometric redshift bins can be used to self-calibrate a photometric redshift sample. Simple formulae that can be quickly applied to gauge the utility of cross correlating different samples are given.
Craton formation: Internal structure inherited from closing of the early oceans

The closure of ancient oceans created a dynamic setting suitable for craton formation via the thickening of continental material over a mantle downwelling. This process subjected the thickening lithosphere to extensive deformation, forming internal structure that can be preserved over the lifetime of the craton. Recent seismic imaging of cratonic lithosphere has led to observations of anomalous features colloquially known as midlithospheric discontinuities. These discontinuities are attributed to a range of sources, including the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, melt accumulation, and phase transitions. However, the internal structure imaged within these cratons might be reflective of their formation. In particular, the orientation and nature of the variable depths of the midlithospheric discontinuities suggest a more complicated origin such as that which could be introduced during the formation and thickening phase of cratonic lithosphere. Here, we present geodynamic models demonstrating the internal structures produced during the formation of cratonic lithosphere as well as new seismological observations of midlithospheric discontinuities in the West African craton, together with reassessment of midlithospheric discontinuities observed in the North American, South African, Fennoscandia, and Australian cratons. We suggest that the midlithospheric discontinuities observed in these cratons could be remnants of deformation structures produced during the formation of the cratons after ancient oceans closed.
A Convergence of Transformative Multicultural and Mathematics Instruction? Dilemmas of Group Deliberations for Curriculum Change.

In the work described here we report on our collaborative efforts to produce a multicultural mathematics curriculum for Grades K-6 that was socially transformative. We drew insights and direction from the following discourses: multicultural education, socially proactive mathematics, and preservice and in-service teacher deliberations. Through group deliberations, the analysis of existing mathematics and multicultural curricula, and the sharing of personal histories, we planned our teacher-research activities. Our goal was to define mathematics as a tool for social analysis. In this article we describe the perplexity of issues related to the definition of multicultural curricula and mathematics curricula for social transformation, the complexities of the group deliberative process, and the demands involved in the teacher-research process.
Four-fermion interactions and scale invariance

Four-fermion interactions of the current-current type with $\mathrm{U}(n)$ symmetry, in one space and one time dimension, are investigated. It is shown that the equations of motion yield scale-invariant solutions only for two values of the coupling ${g}_{v}$ of the $\mathrm{SU}(n)$ currents, namely ${g}_{v}=0$ and ${g}_{v}=\frac{4\ensuremath{\pi}}{(n+1)}$. This holds for any value of the coupling ${g}_{B}$ of the U(1) currents. For the above two values of ${g}_{v}$ and any ${g}_{B}$ the theory is solved completely. Operator products of spinor fields are shown to be equal to $c$-number functions singular on the light cone times analytic bilocal operators expressed in terms of currents and free spinor fields. The currents are free for the above two values of ${g}_{v}$. The connection with the coupling as defined through four-point functions is discussed, and it turns out that the combination corresponding to $\mathrm{SU}(n)$ coupling is zero for both solutions. However, the solution for ${g}_{v}=\frac{4\ensuremath{\pi}}{(n+1)}$ exhibits nontrivial four-point functions also for ${g}_{B}=0$. It is shown, in an expansion around ${g}_{v}=0$, that there is only one Callan-Symanzik function $\ensuremath{\beta}$ which depends only on ${g}_{v}$ and that ${g}_{v}=0$ is relevant to the ultraviolet limit of the ${g}_{v}g0$ theories. When mass terms are introduced, this still holds in an infinite interval for ${g}_{B}$, which is bounded below by a certain negative value and in which the mass term is soft.
Rearticulating Ugliness, Repurposing Content: Ugly Betty Finds the Beauty in Ugly:

American Broadcasting Company’s Ugly Betty with its ugly heroine may challenge dominant ideals of feminine beauty, but the subversive potential of Betty’s ugliness is largely recuperated through co...