cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific-heat measurements of normal liquid He 3 in an 8-T magnetic field

Within a precision of 2%, the specific heat of liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ remains unchanged above 20 mK from zero to 8-T magnetic field. These results agree reasonably well with the zero-field specific-heat measurements of Busch and Greywall. At the same ratio of Zeeman energy to spin-fluctuation energy, the often allied enhanced paramagnetic system, pure Pd, has been claimed to show substantial field dependence to its specific heat.
Herpes simplex virus 1 induces and blocks apoptosis at multiple steps during infection and protects cells from exogenous inducers in a cell-type-dependent manner

Several publications have attested to the ability of herpes simplex viruses to protect cells against apoptosis. We investigated the ability of the virus to protect cells in continuous cultivation from apoptosis induced by the virus itself, and by other known inducers such as exposure to the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), antibody to Fas, C2-ceramide, osmotic shock (sorbitol), and thermal shock. The salient features of the results were that the virus was able to protect cells against apoptosis by all of the agents tested, and that apoptosis induced by the virus was a very early event that did not require de novo expression of viral genes. However, these events were cell-type specific. Thus: (i) The cell lines tested exhibited fragmented chromosomal DNA following infection with a virus lacking functional α4 and US3 genes encoding the major regulatory protein and a viral protein kinase, respectively, but not by wild-type virus. (ii) Wild-type virus protected subconfluent SK-N-SH but not HeLa cells against induction of apoptosis by anti-Fas antibody, TNFα, C2-ceramide, and thermal shock. Confluent SK-N-SH cells were not protected from osmotic shock-induced apoptosis by wild-type infection. (iii) Wild-type virus protected SK-N-SH but not HeLa cells against induction of apoptosis by sorbitol, anti-Fas antibody, or TNFα and C2-ceramide. (iv) Mutant HSV-1(HFEM)tsB7 at the nonpermissive temperature infects cells but the DNA is not released from capsids, and therefore viral gene expression is restricted to the function of viral proteins introduced into the cell along with the capsid containing the viral DNA. HSV-1(HFEM)tsB7 induced apoptosis in Vero cells but not in SK-N-SH cells infected and maintained at 39.5°C. (v) Tests of two caspase inhibitors showed that they blocked apoptosis induced by C2-ceramide and sorbitol, but were not able to block apoptosis induced by the virus lacking functional α4 and US3 genes. We conclude that HSV-1 triggers apoptosis at multiple metabolic checkpoints and in turn has evolved mechanisms to block apoptosis at each point and that some of the pathways of induction are shared with exogenous inducers tested in this study whereas others are not.
Voices from Costa Rica: exploring youth perceptions of tourism and the influence of tourism on identity formation and cultural change

Tourism has become a rapidly growing phenomenon in Costa Rica over the past two decades, with a rate of foreign tourists per capita of 0.46 (one of the highest rates in the Caribbean basin). As tourism increases, it is clear that the impacts will continue to be a major change-agent, especially for small communities in Costa Rica. To explore youth perceptions of the impacts of tourism on their culture and community and to better understand the ways in which tourism influences the formation of cultural identity, this qualitative Photovoice study focuses on youth ages 10–16 living in a Costa Rican community. Through the participants’ photographs and discussion, four themes emerged, including economic impacts resulting from tourism, the preservation and loss of culture and history, the importance of respecting the land, and injustice resulting from tourism development. The youth demonstrated the ways in which their experiences and personal histories related to tourism are intertwined with their sense of ident...
Low-Frequency Variations of Force Coefficients on Square Cylinders with Sharp and Rounded Corners

Square lighting poles with sharp or round corners have been observed to exhibit large amplitude oscillations with a frequency that is near that of their first mode. This frequency is one order of magnitude lower than that of the vortex shedding frequency for the observed wind speeds. As such, lock-in resonance between the vortex shedding and the poles motions has been ruled out as the cause of these oscillations. In this work, numerical simulations of flows over square cylinders with different aspect ratios and cross-sectional shapes have been carried out to explore and quantify low-frequency variations of the aerodynamic forces and their sources. The results show that low-frequency components are a basic aspect of the flow over finite length cylinders and are associated with the three-dimensional flow characteristics near the free end of the cylinder. This aspect is related to the loss of synchronization of the vortex shedding which, in turn, results in variations of the mean drag coefficient along the cylinder. This ability to numerically simulate the flow over a lighting pole and detailed results, as presented here, could be used to overcome wind tunnel test limitations imposed by the size of the test section and blockage ratio, and of meeting geometric similarity requirements for high aspect ratio configurations. Consequently, results from such simulations could play an important role in improving code specifications which, to date, have been based on wind tunnel simulations.
Electrophoresis of concanavalin A receptors along embryonic muscle cell membrane

Fluorescent concanavalin A (con A)-labelling showed that an electric field of 4 V cm-1 grossly redistributed con A receptors alone the plasma membranes of living muscle cells within 4 h. This field produced a voltage drop of 12 mV across these 30 micronm-wide cells. The movement of receptors was independent of cell metabolism and seemed to be electrophoretic in nature.
Factors associated with undertreatment of medical student depression.

The authors measured factors associated with undertreatment of medical students' depression. They administered a cross-sectional Beck Depression Inventory and sociodemographic questionnaire to students at 1 medical school, defining their outcome measure as the use of counseling services or antidepressant medication. Of an estimated 450 available student participants in the study, 322 (71.6%) completed the questionnaire. Forty-nine students (15.2%) were classified as depressed and 10 (20.4%) reported experiencing suicidal ideation during medical school, but only 13 (26.5%) of the depressed students reported treatment. The researchers observed no difference in treatment by year in school, completion of psychiatric requirement, race, or depression severity. Treatment for depression was significantly associated with older age and personal and family histories of depression. Despite the availability of effective medications and confidential mental health services, medical students with depression are undertrea...
Analysis of a Nonlinear System Exhibiting Chaotic, Noisy Chaotic, and Random Behaviors

This study presents a stochastic approach for the analysis of nonchaotic, chaotic, random and nonchaotic, random and chaotic, and random dynamics of a nonlinear system. The analysis utilizes a Markov process approximation, direct numerical simulations, and a generalized stochastic Melnikov process. The Fokker-Planck equation along with a path integral solution procedure are developed and implemented to illustrate the evolution of probability density functions. Numerical integration is employed to simulate the noise effects on nonlinear responses. In regard to the presence of additive ideal white noise, the generalized stochastic Melnikov process is developed to identify the boundary for noisy chaos. A mathematical representation encompassing all possible dynamical responses is provided. Numerical results indicate that noisy chaos is a possible intermediate state between deterministic and random dynamics. A global picture of the system behavior is demonstrated via the transition of probability density function over its entire evolution. It is observed that the presence of external noise has significant effects over the transition between different response states and between co-existing attractors.
A thermostable platform for transcriptional regulation: the DNA-binding properties of two Lrp homologs from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii.

The hyperthermophilic archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii encodes two putative transcription regulators, Ptr1 and Ptr2, related to the bacterial Lrp/AsnC family of transcriptional regulators. We show that these two small helix–turn–helix proteins are specific DNA-binding proteins recognizing sites in their respective promoter regions. In vitro selection at high temperature has been used to isolate sets of high- affinity DNA sites that define a palindromic consensus binding sequence for each protein. Ptr1 and Ptr2 bind these cognate sites from one side of the DNA helix, as dimers, with each protein monomer making base- specific contacts in the major groove. As the first archaeal DNA-binding proteins with clearly defined specificities, Ptr1 and Ptr2 provide a thermostable DNA-binding platform for analysis of effector interactions with the core archaeal transcription apparatus; a platform allowing manipulation of promoter structure and examination of mechanisms of action at heterologous promoters.
Design and Analysis of Harmonic Rejection Mixers With Programmable LO Frequency

A harmonic rejection mixer (HRM) with a programmable local oscillator (LO) frequency is presented. The design allows for the generation of multiple effective LO frequencies within a single HRM that are derived from a single primary clock frequency, without any modifications to the analog signal path. A 16-phase HRM with the proposed frequency synthesis technique is implemented in a 130-nm CMOS process. A clocking approach within a two-stage HRM is presented, which reduces HRM sensitivity to both gain and phase mismatch. The HRM synthesizes eight effective LO frequencies and shows an 11.9-dB gain, 11.2-dB DSB NF, and +5.4-dBm in-band IIP3 in the fundamental mode. Greater than 72-dB HR3, 71-dB HR5, and 67-dB HR7 is achieved over ten IC samples in this mode without calibration or harmonic filtering. Harmonic rejection greater than 61 dB for LO factors 2-6 and 54 dB for LO factor 7 is observed, when modifying the effective LO frequency. The HRM achieves S11 better than -10 dB over 50-830 MHz and has a total power consumption of 67 mW from a 1.2-V supply.
Changes in VO2 max and running performance with training.

This study was undertaken to determine the response of $$\dot V$$ O2 max and of running performance (805 and 3218 m) to the onset of training in untrained individuals and to an increase in the volume and intensity of training in well trained individuals. In series A, $$\dot V$$ O2 max and performances of 12 previously untrained individuals were determined before and after 4 and 8 weeks of training. In series B, performances, $$\dot V$$ O2 max and $$\dot V$$ O2 submax of 15 previously well trained runners were determined before and after 4 and 8 weeks of controlled training. In series A, $$\dot V$$ O2 max increased during the first 4 weeks of training but failed to increase further even in the presence of an increased training load (80 total km for the first 4 weeks, 130 total km for the second 4 weeks). Running performances improved throughout the training period. In series B, neither $$\dot V$$ O2 max nor $$\dot V$$ O2 submax changed but running performance improved throughout the experimental period. The results indicated that not all of the improvement in running performance subsequent to training is attributable to changes in $$\dot V$$ O2 max. Further the results indicate that changes in running economy are not a likely explanation for performance improvement among previously well trained runners. It is suggested that physiological adaptations not integrated in the test of $$\dot V$$ O2 max, or improvement in pacing contribute to training induced improvements in running performance.
CCD advances for X-ray scientific measurements in 1985

A theoretical model is presented which predicts the output response of a CCD to soft X-ray spectra. The model simulates the four fundamental parameters that ultimately limit CCD performance: Quantum efficiency, charge collection efficiency, charge transfer efficiency, and read noise. Simulated results are presented for a wide variety of CCD structures, and general conclusions are presented about achieving a practical balance of sensitivity, energy, and spatial resolution for an AXAF instrument. We compare the results of the analysis to an existing state-of-the-art CCD and project improvements which will be made in the near future.
Regulation of anterior pituitary and brain ß-adrenergic receptors by ovarian steroids

Abstract Ovariectomy of adult female rats (200–230g) resulted in an increase in s-adrenergic receptors in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary had the largest overall increase as well as the most rapid increase in s-adrenergic receptor density of the tissues examined. The increase in hypothalamic or cerebral cortical s-adrenergic receptors became apparent only long after ovarietomy (7–14 days). Fourteen days after ovariectomy, the density of s-adrenergic receptors was 79%, 40%, and 24% in excess of control values in crude membranes prepared from anterior pituitary, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex, respectively. Over the same interval, the plasma concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) increased 28-fold, while the concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) rose 5-fold compared to control levels. Estradiol replacement (20 μg/kg/day) in these animals for four days before sacrifice concomitantly reduced plasma levels of the gonadotropins as well as the density of s-adrenergic receptors in both the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus. Long-term steroid replacement during the fifth and sixth week after ovariectomy, with implants of estradiol and progesterone which released the steroids in approximately physiological concentrations, significantly reduced s-adrenergic density in anterior pituitary, but not in the hypothalamic membranes. This treatment of significantly reduced plasma LH, but not FSH. Beta-adrenergic receptor density was also found to fluctuate significantly during the 4-day estrous cycle. The highest values were found on proestrus, and the lowest on diestrus 1. These studies indicate that changes in plasma concentrations of gonadal steroids (e.g. during the estrous cycle) influence the density of s-adrenergic receptors in tissues involved in the control and release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins.
Genome screen for bone mineral density phenotypes in Fisher 344 and Lewis rat strains

In humans, peak bone mineral density (BMD) is the primary determinant of osteoporotic fracture risk among older individuals, with high peak BMD levels providing protection against osteoporosis in the almost certain event of bone loss later in life. A genome screen to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to areal BMD (aBMD) and volumetric BMD (vBMD) measurements at the lumbar spine and femoral neck was completed in 595 female F2 rats produced from reciprocal crosses of inbred Fischer 344 and Lewis rats. Significant evidence of linkage was detected to rat Chromosomes 1, 2, 8, and 10, with LOD scores above 8.0. The region on rat Chromosome 8 is syntenic to human Chromosome 15, where linkage to spine and femur BMD has been previously reported and confirmed in a sample of premenopausal women.
The synthesis and conformation of sterically congested seven-membered rings containing tetracoordinate germanium(IV): determination of the DeltaG* for ring inversion.

The conformation of dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxagermepin 5 was investigated by VT 1NMR spectroscopy, utilizing a diastereotopic proton probe. The free energy of activation for ring inversion (atropisomerism about the sp2−sp2 C−C single bond connecting the two aryl rings) is 13.8 kcal mol-1.
QUANTITATION OF CELL PROLIFERATION, COLONY FORMATION, AND CARCINOGEN INDUCED CYTOTOXICITY OF RAT TRACHEAL EPITHELIAL CELLS GROWN IN CULTURE ON 3T3 FEEDER LAYERS

A cell culture system is described for the growth of rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells at clonal density. The system uses normal, early passage RTE cells grown on feeder layers of lethally irradiated 3T3 cells. The RTE cells have a high colony forming efficiency (5 to 10%) in culture, can be passaged up to 5 times, and are capable of more than 20 cumulative doublings per colony forming cell. The epithelial nature of the cells was confirmed by cell and colony morphology, immunoperoxidase staining of intracellular keratin, and cellular ultrastructural studies. The cytotoxic response of RTE cells to a variety of carcinogens, including a direct acting chemical carcinogen, a physical carcinogen, and a series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, was quantitated. A linear decrease in the logarithm of survival was observed with increasing doses ofN-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), γ-irradiation, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, and a diol-epoxide of benzo(a)pyrene. No toxicity was observed after treatment with benzo(a)pyrene or 3-methylcholanthrene over the concentration range examined. In contrast, phorbol ester tumor promoters stimulated cell growth markedly. Based on these and other studies, the RTE cell culture system represents a model system that will be useful for quantitative studies of epithelial cell growth, differentiation, and carcinogenesis.
ACE Guided-Transformation Method for Estimation of the Coefficient of Soil-Water Diffusivity

Data-analytic tools for choosing transformations to increase linear association are applied to a basic problem of soil physics, the determination of the coefficient of soil-water diffusivity D(θ). Data on Manawatu sandy loam illustrate the decisions the analyst must face and the quality of the estimates that the analyst can expect.
Energy dependent Schrödinger operators and complex Hamiltonian systems on Riemann surfaces

We use so-called energy-dependent Schrodinger operators to establish a link between special classes of solutions on N-component systems of evolution equations and finite dimensional Hamiltonian systems on the moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces. We also investigate the phase-space geometry of these Hamiltonian systems and introduce deformations of the level sets associated to conserved quantities, which results in a new class of solutions with monodromy for N-component systems of PDEs. After constructing a variety of mechanical systems related to the spatial flows of nonlinear evolution equations, we investigate their semiclassical limits. In particular, we obtain semicalssical asymptotics for the Bloch eigenfunctions of the energy dependent Schrodinger operators, which is of importance in investigating zero-dispersion limits of N-component systems of PDEs.
An Exploratory Study of Patient Acceptance of Walk-In Telemedicine Services for Minor Conditions

Though healthcare costs continue to soar, the healthcare industry lags other service industries in applying information technology to improve customer (i.e., patient) service, improve access to healthcare services, and reduce costs. One particular area of concern is overuse and overcrowding of emergency departments for nonurgent care. Telemedicine is one potentially important application of information technology in this realm. The objective of this study is to examine the antecedents of patient acceptance of walk-in telemedicine services for minor ailments. Drawing upon theoretical models in the healthcare and technology acceptance literatures and based on salient beliefs elicited during interviews with 29 potential adopters, the authors develop a conceptual model of antecedents of patient acceptance of walk-in telemedicine services for minor conditions. While relative advantage, informational influences, and relationship with oneâ€™s physician emerged as important predictors of acceptance, media richness and e-consultation diagnosticity emerged as central concerns for potential adopters. They discuss the studyâ€™s implications for research and practice and offer suggestions for future empirical studies.
Positive Affect, Meaning in Life, and Future Time Perspective: An Application of Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

Four studies tested the prediction that positive affect (PA) would relate more strongly to meaning in life (MIL) as a function of perceived time limitations. In Study 1 (N = 360), adults completed measures of PA and MIL. As predicted, PA related more strongly to MIL for older, compared to younger, participants. In Studies 2 and 3, adults (N = 514) indicated their current position in their life span, and rated their MIL. PA, whether naturally occurring (Study 2) or induced (Study 3), was a stronger predictor of MIL for individuals who perceived themselves as having a limited amount of time left to live. Finally, in Study 4 (N = 98) students completed a measure of PA, MIL, and future time perspective (FTP). Results showed that PA was more strongly linked to MIL for those who believed they had fewer opportunities left to pursue their goals. Overall, these findings suggest that the experience of PA becomes increasingly associated with the experience of MIL as the perception of future time becomes limited. The contribution of age related processes to judgments of well-being are discussed.
Business Process Outsourcing: an event study on the nature of processes and firm valuation

Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) is a phenomenon that is rapidly increasing in both incidence and importance. This study empirically examines the value proposition of BPO with respect to the nature of the processes being outsourced. Using the event study methodology, we employ the value chain (VC) position and existing ownership of a business process as our primary independent variables, and the stock abnormal return in response to the BPO announcement as the dependent performance variable in our research model. The study was conducted on 298 BPO announcements from 1998 to 2005. Results support the argument that outsourcing is valuable for both primary and supportive business processes. However, we found that BPO announcements on primary processes yield higher abnormal returns than supportive processes. Although existing process ownership was not found to be a powerful differentiator for BPO performance, its interaction with VC position provides important insights into the timing of outsourcing. The evidence suggests that internal cultivation of processes is important for BPO success, particularly when BPO is applied to primary processes.
Effect of severity of post-traumatic confusion and its constituent symptoms on outcome after traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Sherer M, Yablon SA, Nakase-Richardson R, Nick TG. Effect of severity of post-traumatic confusion and its constituent symptoms on outcome after traumatic brain injury. Objective To investigate the prognostic significance of severity of post-traumatic confusion (PTC) and its constituent symptoms for early and late outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Inpatient brain injury rehabilitation program. Participants A total of 168 patients meeting study criteria from 195 consecutive Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems neurorehabilitation admissions. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Employability at neurorehabilitation discharge and productivity status at 1 year postinjury. Results More severely confused patients had poorer outcomes for both employability and productivity. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that after adjustment for all other predictors, time to follow commands, and confusion severity predicted employability at discharge and age and confusion severity predicted productivity status at 1 year. Each symptom showed an unadjusted effect on discharge employability. All symptoms except nighttime sleep disturbance or daytime decreased arousal had effects on productivity at 1 year. Presence of psychotic-type symptoms was associated with especially poor productivity outcomes. Conclusions PTC constituent symptoms and severity predict outcome after TBI. Presence or absence of psychotic-type symptoms on a single evaluation at approximately 21 days postinjury may have particular prognostic significance for productivity outcome.
Changes in the Opechowski-Guccione symbols for magnetic space groups due to changes in the international tables of Crystallography

Abstract The conventions given for interpreting the Opechowski-Guccione symbols for magnetic space group depend in part on the printed coordinate triplets of general positions given in the International Tables of Crystallography. Changes have been made in these printed coordinate triplets for some centered space groups. Consequently, to avoid ambiguities, the symbol for some magnetic group types are changed.
The origin of the VM/370 time-sharing system

VM/370 is an operating system which provides its multiple users with seemingly separate and independent IBM System/ 370 computing systems. These virtual machines are simulated using IBM System/370 hardware and have its same architecture. In addition, VM/370 provides a single-user interactive system for personal computing and a computer network system for information interchange among interconnected machines. VM/370 evolved from an experimental operating system designed and built over fifteen years ago. This paper reviews the historical environment, design influences, and goals which shaped the original system.
Intrauterine Exposure to Mycophenolate Mofetil and Multiple Congenital Anomalies in a Newborn: Possible Teratogenic Effect

There is very little data linking the use of immunomodulating agents following solid organ transplantation in pregnant women with specific congenital anomalies in the offspring. Here we report on a late preterm infant with multiple, nonsyndromic, congenital anomalies including microtia/anotia, cleft lip and palate, micrognathia, ocular hypertelorism, microphthalmia and cataracts, complex congenital heart disease, rib anomalies, and intestinal malrotation. The similarity of the complex anomalies in our case to other reported cases suggests that the abnormalities are likely due to mycophenolate mofetil alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive medications taken by the mother during pregnancy.
Indefinite integration with validation

We present an overview of two approaches to validated one-dimensional indefinite integration. The first approach is to find an inclusion of the integrand, then integrate this inclusion to obtain an inclusion of the indefinite integral. Inclusions for the integrand may be obtained from Taylor polynomials, Tschebyscheff polynomials, or other approximating forms which have a known error term. The second approach finds an inclusion of the indefinite integral directly as a linear combination of function evaluations plus an interval-valued error term. This requires a self-validating form of a quadrature formula such as Gaussian quadrature. In either approach, composite formulae improve the accuracy of the inclusion.The result of the validated indefinite integration is an algorithm which may be represented as a character string, a subroutine in a high-level programming language such as Pascal-SC or Fortran, or as a collection of data. An example is given showing the application of validated indefinite integration in constructing a validated inclusion of the error function, erf(x).
The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris

The discovery of dwarf planet Eris was followed shortly by the discovery of its satellite, Dysnomia, but the satellite orbit, and thus the system mass, was not known. New observations with the Keck Observatory and the Hubble Space Telescopes show that Dysnomia has a circular orbit with a radius of 37,350 ± 140 (1-σ) kilometers and a 15.774 ± 0.002 day orbital period around Eris. These orbital parameters agree with expectations for a satellite formed out of the orbiting debris left from a giant impact. The mass of Eris from these orbital parameters is 1.67 × 10^(22) ± 0.02 × 10^(22) kilograms, or 1.27 ± 0.02 that of Pluto.
Outcome Assessment in Clinical Trials Involving Medical Management of Osteoarthritis in Small Animals

The goal of any clinical trial involving modulation of osteoarthritis is to assess the efficacy of a proposed therapy. This article attempts to provide some insight into assessing the outcome of clinical trials involving the management of osteoarthritis and reviews select key areas within clinical trials that need to be evaluated during critical analysis of any proposed therapeutic product.
Mechanism of Chromosomal Boundary Action: Roadblock, Sink, or Loop?

Boundary elements or insulators subdivide eukaryotic chromosomes into a series of structurally and functionally autonomous domains. They ensure that the action of enhancers and silencers is restricted to the domain in which these regulatory elements reside. Three models, the roadblock, sink/decoy, and topological loop, have been proposed to explain the insulating activity of boundary elements. Strong predictions about how boundaries will function in different experimental contexts can be drawn from these models. In the studies reported here, we have designed assays that test these predictions. The results of our assays are inconsistent with the expectations of the roadblock and sink models. Instead, they support the topological loop model.
Radiology of intracranial gas.

The presence of gas within the cranial vault may be of great clinical importance.The radiology of intracranial gas of varied etiology is discussed and appropriate examples are given.
Introduction of a new therapy method: music sound electroacupuncture stimulation

Summary Music is an increasingly popular means of enhancing pain relief and suppression of anxiety in a variety of painful situations. The author has used a device that delivers an electrical stimulation to acupuncture needles (electroacupuncture) that is frequency modulated by the sound of classical music being played to the patient. In a randomised controlled trial, patients with migraine or cervical tension headache were divided into two groups (25 each). One group received standard electroacupuncture at 100Hz while the other had music sound electroacupuncture stimulation. Pain levels were scored by the patients on a five point scale. Analgesia obtained by the standard electroacupuncture group was statistically significant (P
Lifting the Fog of Complexity

Identifying the microscopic origin of materials' complex properties is one of the main intellectual challenges in condensed matter physics. The emergence of complexity is often tied to novel forms of collective behavior driven by strong interactions. Unconventional superconductors, such as the high-temperature (cuprate) or iron pnictide superconductors, and heavy fermion compounds are archetypical examples for materials in which the competition and entwining of collective forms of behavior give rise not only to a complex phase diagram but also to unexpected properties that have resisted all attempts of a theoretical explanation. In the phase diagram of the cuprate superconductors, these properties are associated with the pseudogap region, a region located in close proximity to magnetic, charge, and superconducting orders. Whether the competing nature of these various orders is the underlying cause for the pseudogap and its unconventional properties is one of the central questions in this field. On pages [390][1] and [393][2] in this issue, Comin et al. ( 1 ) and da Silva Neto et al. ( 2 ) answer a crucial part of this question by elucidating the relation among superconductivity, charge order, and the pseudogap region, as well as establishing the ubiquitous nature of charge order across different families of cuprate superconductors. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1242996 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1243479
Associations Between Socioeconomic Status and Major Complications in Type 1 Diabetes: The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complication (EDC) Study

PURPOSE: To understand the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on the risk of complications in type 1 diabetes (T1D), we explored the relationship between SES and major diabetes complications in a prospective, observational T1D cohort study. METHODS: Complete data were available for 317 T1D persons within 4 years of age 28 (ages 24� 32) in the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Age 28 was selected to maximize income, education,andoccupationpotentialandtominimizetheeffectofadvanceddiabetescomplicationsonSES. RESULTS: The incidences over 1 to 20 years’ follow-up of end-stage renal disease and coronary artery disease were two to three times greater for T1D individuals without, compared with those with a college degree (p ! .05 for both), whereas the incidence of autonomic neuropathy was significantly greater for low-income and/or nonprofessional participants (p ! .05 for both). HbA1c was inversely associated only with income level. In sex- and diabetes duration-adjusted Cox models, lower education predicted endstage renal disease (hazard ratio [HR], 2.9; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.1� 7.7) and coronary artery disease(HR,2.5,95%CI,1.3� 4.9),whereas lowerincomepredicted autonomicneuropathy(HR,1.7;95% CI, 1.0� 2.9) and lower-extremity arterial disease (HR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.1� 11.9). CONCLUSIONS: These associations, partially mediated by clinical risk factors, suggest that lower SES T1D individuals may have poorer self-management and, thus, greater complications from diabetes. Ann Epidemiol 2011;21:374–381. 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide tracheoplasty for the treatment of tracheoesophogeal fistulas

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the surgical outcome of slide tracheoplasty for the treatment of tracheoesophageal (TE) fistula in pediatric patients. Methods After internal review board approval, the charts of pediatric patients (0–18years old) who had undergone slide tracheoplasty for tracheoesophageal fistula were retrospectively reviewed. Patient information and surgical outcomes were reviewed. Results Nine patients underwent slide tracheoplasty for correction of TE fistula. In five patients the original TE fistula was congenital. Other causes included battery ingestion, tracheostomy tube complications, foreign body erosion, and an iatrogenic injury. The average age at repair was 48±64 months (range: 1–190). Seven patients had undergone previous TEF repair either open or endoscopically. There were no recurrences after repair. Two patients had sternal periosteum interposed between the esophagus and trachea. There were no TEF recurrences. A single patient had dehiscence of the tracheal anastomosis and underwent a second procedure. Conclusion Slide tracheoplasty is an effective method to treat complex TE fistulas. The procedure was not associated with any recurrences. This is the first description of a novel, effective, and safe method to treat TE fistulas.
LAPAROSCOPIC CRYOABLATION OF RENAL MASSES

Laparoscopic cryoablation seems to be an effective treatment modality for small peripheral renal tumors. The technique is minimally invasive, has a rapid learning curve, results in minimal blood loss and morbidity, and, to date, has demonstrated precise reliable ablation of small renal neoplasms. Long-term follow-up is necessary to confirm the absence of local tumor recurrence or distant or port-site metastases.
Multi-label relational neighbor classification using social context features

Networked data, extracted from social media, web pages, and bibliographic databases, can contain entities of multiple classes, interconnected through different types of links. In this paper, we focus on the problem of performing multi-label classification on networked data, where the instances in the network can be assigned multiple labels. In contrast to traditional content-only classification methods, relational learning succeeds in improving classification performance by leveraging the correlation of the labels between linked instances. However, instances in a network can be linked for various causal reasons, hence treating all links in a homogeneous way can limit the performance of relational classifiers. In this paper, we propose a multi-label iterative relational neighbor classifier that employs social context features (SCRN). Our classifier incorporates a class propagation probability distribution obtained from instances' social features, which are in turn extracted from the network topology. This class-propagation probability captures the node's intrinsic likelihood of belonging to each class, and serves as a prior weight for each class when aggregating the neighbors' class labels in the collective inference procedure. Experiments on several real-world datasets demonstrate that our proposed classifier boosts classification performance over common benchmarks on networked multi-label data.
PROSTATE BRACHYTHERAPY: TREATMENT STRATEGIES

AbstractPurpose: Patients who present with localized and locally advanced prostate cancer may be candidates for prostate brachytherapy. We evaluated the treatment outcomes in a diverse group of prostate cancer patients who presented with low, moderate and high risk features.Materials and Methods: A total of 301 patients who presented with T1 to T3 prostate cancer were treated with brachytherapy alone or combined with hormonal therapy and/or external beam irradiation. Of these patients 109 at low risk with prostate specific antigen (PSA) 10 ng./ml. or less, Gleason score 6 or less and clinical stage T2a or less were treated with125 iodine alone, 152 at moderate risk with PSA greater than 10 ng./ml., Gleason score greater than 6 or stage T2b or greater were treated with125 iodine or103 palladium or combined implant alone with 5 months of hormonal therapy, and 40 at high risk with PSA greater than 15 ng./ml., Gleason 8 or greater, clinical stage T2c to T3 or positive seminal vesicle biopsy (20) were treated ...
Privacy Loss in Distributed Constraint Reasoning: A Quantitative Framework for Analysis and its Applications

It is critical that agents deployed in real-world settings, such as businesses, offices, universities and research laboratories, protect their individual users' privacy when interacting with other entities. Indeed, privacy is recognized as a key motivating factor in the design of several multiagent algorithms, such as in distributed constraint reasoning (including both algorithms for distributed constraint optimization (DCOP) and distributed constraint satisfaction (DisCSPs)), and researchers have begun to propose metrics for analysis of privacy loss in such multiagent algorithms. Unfortunately, a general quantitative framework to compare these existing metrics for privacy loss or to identify dimensions along which to construct new metrics is currently lacking. This paper presents three key contributions to address this shortcoming. First, the paper presents VPS (Valuations of Possible States), a general quantitative framework to express, analyze and compare existing metrics of privacy loss. Based on a state-space model, VPS is shown to capture various existing measures of privacy created for specific domains of DisCSPs. The utility of VPS is further illustrated through analysis of privacy loss in DCOP algorithms, when such algorithms are used by personal assistant agents to schedule meetings among users. In addition, VPS helps identify dimensions along which to classify and construct new privacy metrics and it also supports their quantitative comparison. Second, the article presents key inference rules that may be used in analysis of privacy loss in DCOP algorithms under different assumptions. Third, detailed experiments based on the VPS-driven analysis lead to the following key results: (i) decentralization by itself does not provide superior protection of privacy in DisCSP/DCOP algorithms when compared with centralization; instead, privacy protection also requires the presence of uncertainty about agents' knowledge of the constraint graph. (ii) one needs to carefully examine the metrics chosen to measure privacy loss; the qualitative properties of privacy loss and hence the conclusions that can be drawn about an algorithm can vary widely based on the metric chosen. This paper should thus serve as a call to arms for further privacy research, particularly within the DisCSP/DCOP arena.
Fossil Palm Flowers from the Eocene of the Rocky Mountain Region with Affinities to Phoenix L. (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae)

Premise of research. Numerous trimerous fossil flowers have been collected from Eocene strata in Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. While many specimens have been assigned tentatively to Arecaceae, they have not been described formally, and their systematic placement within this large family has not been determined.Methodology. Fossils from the Eocene Bridger, Green River, and Wind River Formations were photographed, described, and measured. Pollen extracted from a stamen was studied by transmitted light, epifluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy. The floral and pollen morphological characters were compared to extant and fossil genera of angiosperms with a focus on Arecaceae.Pivotal results. Both macromorphological and palynological characters agree with assignment of the fossils to the extant genus Phoenix (L.). This is significant because Phoenix is native to Africa and southeast Asia today, but these fossils indicate a much broader distribution in the past. In addition, Phoenix cannot tolerate extens...
An epidemiologic method for assessing the effectiveness of hearing conservation programs using audiometric data

A hearing conservation program (HCP) must include audiometric monitoring. In keeping with this requirement, enormous bodies of audiometric data have been accumulated. However, only a limited number of methods are available for using audiometric data to assess HCP effectiveness. This study illustrates an epidemiologic method. The risk of developing hearing loss (measured by the standard threshold shift) was compared between study and reference populations using the risk ratio. The study population had an increased risk of nearly 3-fold. Epidemiologic risk comparison methods, using reference populations, offer an alternative to current methods for HCP evaluation using audiometric data. Language: en
Serum Zinc Concentration and C-Reactive Protein in Individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: the Positive Living with HIV (POLH) Study

Low zinc levels and chronic inflammation are common in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Zinc deficiency may promote systemic inflammation, but research on the role of zinc in inflammation among HIV-positive individuals taking account of anti-retroviral therapy is lacking. We assessed the association between serum zinc and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration in a cohort of HIV-positive individuals. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 311 HIV-positive individuals (177 men and 134 women) aged 18–60 years residing in Kathmandu, Nepal. High-sensitive or regular serum CRP concentrations were measured by the latex agglutination nephelometry or turbidimetric method, and zinc concentrations were measured by the atomic absorption method. Relationships were assessed using multiple linear regression analysis. The geometric means of zinc in men and women were 73.83 and 71.93 ug/dL, respectively, and of CRP were 1.64 and 0.96 mg/L, respectively. Mean serum CRP concentration was significantly decreased with increasing serum zinc concentration across zinc tertiles (P for trend = 0.010), with mean serum CRP concentration in the highest tertile of serum zinc concentration was 44.2 % lower than that in the lowest tertile. The mean serum CRP concentrations in men and women in the highest tertile of serum zinc concentrations were 30 and 35.9 % lower, respectively, than that in the lowest tertile (P for trend = 0.263 and 0.162, respectively). We found a significant inverse relation between log zinc and log CRP concentrations (beta for 1 unit change in log zinc; β = −1.79, p = 0.0003). Serum zinc concentration may be inversely associated with serum CRP concentration in HIV-positive individuals.
Multi-Purpose Disassembly Sequence Planning

Efficient disassembly operation is considered a promising approach toward waste reduction and End-of-Use (EOU) product recovery. However, many kinds of uncertainty exist during the product lifecycle which make disassembly decision a complicated process. The optimum disassembly sequence may vary at different milestones depending on the purpose of disassembly (repair, maintenance, reuse and recovery), product quality conditions and external factors such as consumer preference, and the market value of EOU components. A disassembly sequence which is optimum for one purpose may not be optimum in future life cycles or other purposes. Therefore, there is a need for incorporating the requirements of the entire product life-cycle when obtaining the optimum disassembly sequence. This paper applies a fuzzy method to quantify the probability that each feasible disassembly transition will be needed during the entire product lifecycle. Further, the probability values have been used in an optimization model to find the disassembly sequence with maximum likelihood. An example of vacuum cleaner is used to show how the proposed method can be applied to quantify different users’ evaluation on the relative importance of disassembly selection criteria as well as the probability of each disassembly operation.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Patterns of Spanish Emigration to the Indies until 1600

This article examines the data contained in the last volume of our five-part index of 16th Century Spanish emigrants to the New World. Originally entitled the Indice geobiografico de 40, 000 pobladores espanoles de America en el siglo XVI , the series in fact now furnishes biographical data on a total of roughly 55,000 individual men, women, and children, known to have emigrated to the Indies before 1600, whose birthplace we have identified from contemporary records. So far we have found publishers only for the first two of these five useful reference volumes, however a series of articles in both Spanish and English have presented our findings on each of the roughly twenty-year periods into which we have divided that all-important century during which Spanish colonial society was first taking shape. Though in conducting this basic research our primary goal has always been a linguistic one, i.e., to shed light on the early dialect differentiation of New World Spanish, the work is designed to be of use to historians and sociologists also.
Comparison of Physostigmine and Amphetamine in Antagonizing the EEG Effects of GNS Depressants.

Summary1) Pentobarbital, chlorpromazine, phenaglycodol and meprobamate when injected i.v. into rabbits produced a synchronous (high voltage low frequency) EEG pattern. Physostigmine or d-amphetamine, in suitable doses, antagonized this pattern and evoked an alert (low voltage high frequency) EEG tracing. The dose of amphetamine necessary to antagonize synchronous EEG record generally paralleled the dose of neurosedative administered, especially in the case of chlorpromazine and pentobarbital. In contrast, low doses of physostigmine usually exerted its EEG effect regardless of dose of CNS depressant employed. This indicates that the EEG activation mechanism is more sensitive to cholinergic than to adrenergic drugs and supports the conclusion of several authors that the EEG alerting mechanism is fundamentally cholinergic in rabbits. 2) The evidence indicates that the EEG effects of chlorpromazine are not necessarily related to its peripheral adrenolytic actions.