cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography for Large Area 3D Imaging of Multilevel Microelectronic Packages

3D x-ray computed tomography (CT), using conventional laboratory-based x-ray sources, has been used in the past to image multiple levels of interconnects in 3D microelectronic packages. These conventional x-ray sources can provide high resolution images with throughput times (TPT) of several hours. However, this can only be performed on localized areas of about 1–2 mm2, which gravely limits the application of 3D x-ray CT in the field of microelectronic packages with sizes usually in the range of 100–3600 mm2. An alternative to laboratory-based x-ray sources is synchrotron radiation, which can produce large area collimated beams for high flux x-ray imaging over a much larger field of view (FOV) than conventional sources. Synchrotrons can potentially image an entire 3D stacked chip package at high resolutions in less than an hour. Here, we present results using the micro-CT line at the advanced light source synchrotron to image an entire 16 × 16 mm system in a package in times as low as 3 min, demonstrating several orders of magnitude increase in the ratio of FOV to TPT as compared to laboratory-based x-ray methods.
The influence of melt structure on trace element partitioning near the peridotite solidus

This experimental study examines the mineral/melt partitioning of Na, Ti, La, Sm, Ho, and Lu among high-Ca clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and silicate melts analogous to varying degrees of peridotite partial melting. Experiments performed at a pressure of 1.5 GPa and temperatures of 1,285 to 1,345 °C produced silicate melts saturated with high-Ca clinopyroxene, plagioclase and/or spinel, and, in one case, orthopyroxene and garnet. Partition coefficients measured in experiments in which clinopyroxene coexists with basaltic melt containing ~18 to 19 wt% Al2O3 and up to ~3 wt% Na2O are consistent with those determined experimentally in a majority of the previous studies, with values of ~0.05 for the light rare earths and of ~0.70 for the heavy rare earths. The magnitudes of clinopyroxene/melt partition coefficients for the rare earth elements correlate with pyroxene composition in these experiments, and relative compatibilities are consistent with the effects of lattice strain energy. Clinopyroxene/melt partition coefficients measured in experiments in which the melt contains ~20 wt% Al2O3 and ~4 to 8 wt% Na2O are unusually large (e.g., values for Lu of up to 1.33±0.05) and are not consistent with the dependence on pyroxene composition found in previous studies. The magnitudes of the partition coefficients measured in these experiments correlate with the degree of polymerization of the melt, rather than with crystal composition, indicating a significant melt structural influence on trace element partitioning. The ratio of non-bridging oxygens to tetrahedrally coordinated cations (NBO/T) in the melt provides a measure of this effect; melt structure has a significant influence on trace element compatibility only for values of NBO/T less than ~0.49. This result suggests that when ascending peridotite intersects the solidus at relatively low pressures (~1.5 GPa or less), the compatibility of trace elements in the residual solid varies significantly during the initial stages of partial melting in response to the changing liquid composition. It is unlikely that this effect is important at higher pressures due to the increased compatibility of SiO2, Na2O, and Al2O3 in the residual peridotite, and correspondingly larger values of NBO/T for small degree partial melts.
Gamma interferon and lipopolysaccharide interact at the level of transcription to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha expression.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a very potent inducer of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression from monocytes and macrophages. Another inflammatory cytokine, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), can potentiate the effects of LPS, but the mechanism is not thoroughly understood. Previous reports emphasized the ability of IFN-γ to upregulate CD14 expression (the receptor for LPS), and nearly all studies have utilized sequential stimulation with IFN-γ followed by LPS to exploit this phenomenon. This study demonstrates that IFN-γ can upregulate the effect of LPS at the level of transcription. Human monoblastic Mono-Mac-6 cells produced up to threefold-greater levels of TNF-α when simultaneously stimulated with LPS and IFN-γ compared to treatment with LPS alone. RNase protection studies showed a similar increase in RNA beginning as early as within 30 min. The synthesis of TNF-α mRNA in IFN-γ- and LPS-treated Mono-Mac-6 cells was also temporally prolonged even though the message turnover rate was identical to that seen in LPS stimulated cells. The modulatory effect of IFN-γ may be mediated by Jak2.
Karyotype evolution and sex chromosome differentiation in Schistosomes (Trematoda, Schistosomatidae).

The morphology of C-banded metaphase chromosomes has been studied in two hermaphroditic and ten gonochoristic digenetic trematodes (schistosomes). Comparison of numbers and morphology of chromosomes indicates that the karyotype of primitive trematodes probably was composed of 10 (or 11) pairs of telocentric or subtelocentrie chromosomes, and reduction of chromosome numbers in advanced species resulted from centromeric fusion rather than elimination of chromosomes. Observation of heteromorphic chromosomes in a hermaphroditic trematode (Spirorchis) suggested a differentiation of “pre-sex” chromosomes in species ancestral to dioecious trematodes which possess distinctly differentiated sex chromosomes. Our results indicate that differentiation of Z and W chromosomes in the gonochoristic trematodes resulted from: (a) partial constitutive heterochromatinization of the W chromosome (Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium complexes, African schistosomes), (b) deletion of part of the W (S. japonicum and S. mekongi, Asian schistosomes), and (c) translocation of part of one sex chromosome onto another (Schistosomatium douthitti and Heterobilharzia americana, American schistosomes) with subsequent heterochromatinization of the W in H. americana.
Response properties and biological function of the skate electrosensory system during ontogeny

This study examined the response properties of skate electrosensory primary afferent neurons of pre-hatch embryo (8-11 weeks), post-hatch juvenile (1-8 months), and adult (> 2 year) clearnose skates (Raja eglanteria) to determine whether encoding of electrosensory information changes with age, and if the electrosense is adapted to encode natural bioelectric stimuli across life history stages. During ontogeny, electrosensory primary afferents increase resting discharge rate, spike regularity, and sensitivity at best frequency. Best frequency was at 1-2 Hz for embryos, showed an upwards shift to 5 Hz in juveniles, and a downward shift to 2-3 HZ in adults. Encapsulated embryos exhibit ventilatory movements that are interrupted by a "freeze response" when presented with weak uniform fields at 0.5 and 1 Hz. This phasic electric stimulus contains spectral information found in potentials produced by natural fish predators, and therefore indicates that the embryo electrosense can efficiently mediate predator detection and avoidance. In contrast, reproductively active adult clearnose skates discharge their electric organs at rates near the peak frequency sensitivity of the adult electrosensory system, which; facilitates electric communication during social behavior. We suggest that life-history-dependent functions such as these may shape the evolution of the low-frequency response properties for the elasmobranch electrosensory system.
Correlation of physical and chemical properties of c‐h‐n‐o explosives (part II)

In our previous paper(1) we correlated the physical, chemical, and thermodynamic properties of C-H-N-O explosives with their constant-volume explosion properties calculated by using the Taylor model implemented in the Nitrodyne code. In this paper, we added the correlations for the Chapman-Jouguet detonation properties calculated by using the Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson equation of state implemented in the TIGER code. By splitting the correlation variable (F) used in Reference 1 into a density term and a density-independent term (f), Chapman-Jouguet detonation pressure and velocity showed simple linear relationships with square root of the new correlation variable (f). Other detonation properties were derived from the detonation pressure and velocity: Correlation of constant-volume explosion properties with the new correlation variable (f) showed both a moderate improvement, compared to those with the old correlation variable (F), and a much simpler relationship.
Embedding and unsolvability theorems for modular lattices

LetR be a nontrivial ring with 1 and δ a cardinal. Let,L(R, δ) denote the lattice of submodules of a free unitaryR-module on δ generators. Let ℳ be the variety of modular lattices. A lattice isR-representable if embeddable in the lattice of submodules of someR-module; ℒ(R) denotes the quasivariety of allR-representable lattices. Let ω denote aleph-null, and let a (m, n) presentation havem generators andn relations,m, n≤ω. THEOREM. There exists a (5, 1) modular lattice presentation having a recursively unsolvable word problem for any quasivarietyV,V ⊂ ℳ, such thatL(R, ω) is inV. THEOREM. IfL is a denumerable sublattice ofL(R, δ), then it is embeddable in some sublatticeK ofL(R,δ*) having five generators, where δ*=δ for infinite δ and δ*=4δ(m+1) if δ is finite andL has a set ofm generators. THEOREM. The free ℒ(R)-lattice on ω generators is embeddable in the free ℒ(R)-lattice on five generators. THEOREM. IfL has an (m, n), ℒ(R)-presentation for denumerablem and finiten, thenL is embeddable in someK having a (5, 1) ℒ(R)-presentation.
RESTRUCTURED BEEF AND TURKEY STEAKS

Raw Materials from U.S. Choice beef chucks boned 24 h postmortem and frozen boneless turkey thighs stored approximately 120 h were flaked and incorporated in four restructured formulations with each containing 1.0% NaCl and 0.25% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP). Formulations included beef (B), beef plus 0.5% sugar (BS), 50% turkey (BT) and 50% beef and 50% turkey plus 0.5% sugar (BTS). At 0, 21 and 84 day, subjective evaluations were conducted for discoloration, cohesiveness, muscle cut resemblance and overall appearance. Objective measurements included Hunter Color and TBA values. Overall appearance and discoloration (measured visually and objectively) were affected more by storage time than by raw materials and flavor adjuncts. The effect of raw materials and sugar on the sensory attributes was minimal except that the formulations containing turkey had higher TBA values.
Low energy pulsing electromagnetic fields modify biomedical processes.

Low-energy, pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) have reversed therapeutically resistant pathologic processes in the musculo-skeletal system. Their development as a non-thermal therapeutic agent is based on 30 years of study of the electro-biological properties of connective tissues. Specific energy characteristics in applied PEMFs produce selected biological effects by modifying synthetic and other behavioral patterns of target cells; some mechanisms of action are defined. The technology appears safe and effective in clinical treatment of un-united fractures, avascular necrosis of bone, and chronic, refractory tendinitis. An expanding, rational use in biomedical science is predicted.
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF IRON OVERLOAD

Hemochromatosis is defined as the abnormal accumulation of iron in parenchymal organs, leading to organ toxicity. The term hemochromatosis is used most commonly to denote hereditary hemochromatosis (HHC, genetic hemochromatosis, primary hemochromatosis), the inherited human leukocyte antigen (HLA)–linked disorder in which abnormally increased iron absorption leads to progressive iron accumulation. Secondary iron overload refers to iron overload from a cause other than HHC. This syndrome most frequently occurs in disorders of ineffective erythropoiesis, such as thalassemia major and sideroblastic anemia. Secondary iron overload may lead to the syndrome of hemochromatosis if iron accumulates in extrahepatic sites. Several chronic liver diseases, such as alcoholic and chronic viral hepatitis, may cause secondary hepatic iron overload but generally do not lead to iron loading in other organs. Parenteral iron overload is caused by excess iron from blood transfusions or parenteral iron administration (or both). Although the underlying causes may differ, all forms of hemochromatosis are characterized by accumulation of excess iron in the body. In parenteral iron overload, iron initially accumulates in cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Once saturation of the RES occurs, iron deposition in parenchymal cells of the liver, heart, and pancreas may be seen, mimicking the pattern of iron accumulation typical of HHC. This article addresses the hepatic and systemic effects of iron overload, with a focus on HHC. Clinical management of the specific systemic complications of iron overload is highlighted.
Theory and experiment on microstrip antennas

A simple theory based on the cavity model is developed to analyze microstrip antennas. Formulas for numerous canonical shapes are given. In general the theoretically predicted radiation patterns and impedance loci closely agree with those measured for many antennas of various shapes and dimensions investigated thus far. In fact, this theory enables the computation of both patterns and impedance loci with little effort. The input admittance locus generally follows a circle of nearly constant conductance, but its center is shifted to the inductive region in the Smith chart plot. Peculiar properties for the case with degenerate or slightly degenerate eigenvalues are discussed. An accurate formula for determining the resonant frequency of a rectangular microstrip antenna is also given.
War and Peace: The Divergent Breakups of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia

Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia are among the several countries that have broken up in the last few years, largely as a result of the centrifugal forces associated with secessionist aspirations. Yet,...
Dynamically constrained projection for subsurface current velocity

[1] An approach is described that projects surface current observations downward to obtain subsurface current structure consistent with the interior current dynamics. The projection approach is unrestricted by water depth. However, this study emphasizes well-mixed constant density flow in water depths appropriate for mid and outer shelf, where viscous and inertial processes are comparably important. By means of twin experiments, in which the projected current profiles are compared to the known simulated current profiles, it is shown that both the projection time step and the time domain affect the accuracy of the projection. At minimum, the time domain needs to span the dominant period of current oscillation while the time step resolves this oscillation. When both are achieved, the projected current profiles converge to the simulated profiles, and this convergence can be faster than that by assimilating surface observations to correct model spin-up from an inaccurately known initial condition. Furthermore, the projection is shown to be robust in the presence of data noise, and with appropriate weighting of the data constraints, the effect of noise on the projection accuracy can be minimized. In the present projection problem, the sea surface slope is assumed unknown and obtained together with the current profile. The use of variable eddy viscosity in velocity projection is illustrated as well with an iterative procedure.
Class Placement and Academic and Behavioral Variables as Predictors of Graduation for Students with Disabilities.

This study investigated the impact of a range of variables as predictors of graduation potential for students with Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) or Emotional Behavioral Disorders (EBD) within a large urban school district. These factors included the following characteristics and elements: (a) primary exceptionality, (b) gender, (c) race/ethnicity, (d) grade, (e) current enrollment, (f) academic history, (g) behavioral history, (h) Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) performance, and (i) educational setting. Results indicated that a successful academic history was the only significant predictor of graduation potential when statistically controlling for all other variables. While at marginal significance, results also yielded that students with SLD or EBD in inclusive settings experienced better academic results and behavioral outcomes than those in self-contained settings.
Concurrent Decadal Mesoscale Eddy Modulations in the Western North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

AbstractSatellite altimeter data of the past two decades are used to investigate the low-frequency mesoscale eddy variability inside the western North Pacific subtropical gyre. Eddy activity modulations with a decadal time scale are detected concurrently within the 18°–28°N band, including the three branches of the Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) and the Hawaiian Lee Countercurrent (HLCC). Lagging behind the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) index by six months, enhanced eddy activities were detected in 1995–98 and 2003–06, whereas the eddy activities were below the average in 1999–2002 and 2009–11. Analysis of the temperature and salinity data that became available after 2001 via the International Argo Program reveals that the modulating eddy activities are due to the decadal change in the upper-ocean eastward shear in the broad-scale STCC–HLCC band. By conducting an upper-ocean temperature budget analysis, the authors found that this observed eastward shear change can be effectively accounted for by t...
Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins produced by Vero cells, human oviductal cells and human endometrial cells, and the role of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 in mouse embryo co-culture systems

Co-culturing embryos on helper cells can mimic the in-vivo environment, thereby enhancing embryo development in vitro. Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and their binding proteins (IGFBP) also enhance embryo development. To investigate the kinds of IGFBP produced by various cell monolayers and the effects of IGFBP-3 on mouse embryo co-culture systems, 2-cell ICR mouse embryos were cultured in either human tubal fluid medium alone or in the presence of Vero cells, human oviductal cells or endometrial cells. The helper cells were analysed immunohistochemically to investigate the types of IGFBP produced by various cell monolayers. The concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in media obtained from the culture of embryos alone, cells alone or cells plus embryos were determined by radioimmunoassays. On day 7, more blastocysts hatched in the co-culture groups (73% in the Vero cell group, 76% in the endometrial cell group and 74% in the oviductal cell group) than in the control group (43%) (P < 0.0001). The results of immunohistochemistry revealed that (i) all three cell groups produced a lot of IGFBP-1, -2 and -3, but only a little of IGFBP-4 and -5; and (ii) IGFBP-1, -2, and -3 were present in blastocysts in either the presence or absence of helper cells. The IGF-I secreted by cell monolayers or embryos was undetectable (detection limit 0.83 microg/l). The IGFBP-3 concentrations in media obtained from co-cultured embryos and cells were significantly higher than in media without embryos (median values in oviductal cell culture medium, 165 versus 127 microg/l, P = 0.04; median values in endometrial cell culture medium, 277.5 versus 183.5 microg/1, P = 0. 0002; median values in Vero cell culture medium, 219 versus 120 microg/l, P = 0.011). Although IGFBP-3 concentration in the medium that contained embryos alone was undetectable by radioimmunoassay (detection limit 1.1 microg/l), immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of IGFBP-3 in the embryos. Co-culture in systems in which there was an increased production of IGFBP-3 led to an improved development of mouse embryos. IGFBP can improve the binding of IGF to cell surface receptors of target tissue, and thus enhance the effect of limited IGF concentrations in promoting embryo development in a co-culture system. We conclude that Vero cells, human endometrial cells and oviductal cells produce IGFBP-1, -2, -3, -4 and -5. IGFBP-3 may play a role in embryotrophic potential by either regulating the action of IGF or directly enhancing embryo development.
Modeling social interactions: Identification, empirical methods and policy implications

Social interactions occur when agents in a network affect other agents’ choices directly, as opposed to via the intermediation of markets. The study of such interactions and the resultant outcomes has long been an area of interest across a wide variety of social sciences. With the advent of electronic media that facilitate and record such interactions, this interest has grown sharply in the business world as well. In this paper, we provide a brief summary of what is known so far, discuss the main challenges for researchers interested in this area, and provide a common vocabulary that will hopefully engender future (cross disciplinary) research. The paper considers the challenges of distinguishing actual causal social interactions from other phenomena that may lead to a false inference of causality. Further, we distinguish between two broadly defined types of social interactions that relate to how strongly interactions spread through a network. We also provide a very selective review of how insights from other disciplines can improve and inform modeling choices. Finally, we discuss how models of social interaction can be used to provide guidelines for marketing policy and conclude with thoughts on future research directions.
Effect of environmental intervention on mouse allergen levels in homes of inner-city Boston children with asthma

Background Recent studies have suggested that mouse allergen exposure and sensitization are common in urban children with asthma. The effectiveness of environmental intervention in reducing mouse allergen exposure has not been established. Objective To evaluate whether environmental intervention of mouse extermination and cleaning results in a reduction in mouse allergen levels. Methods Eighteen homes of children with positive mouse allergen skin test results and at least mild persistent asthma in urban Boston, MA, with evidence of mouse infestation or exposure were randomized in a 2:1 ratio (12 intervention and 6 control homes). The intervention homes received an integrated pest management intervention, which consisted of filling holes with copper mesh, vacuuming and cleaning, and using low-toxicity pesticides and traps. Dust samples were collected and analyzed for major mouse allergen (Mus m 1) and cockroach allergen (Bla g 1) at baseline and 1, 3, and 5 months after the intervention was started and compared with control homes. Results Mouse allergen levels were significantly decreased compared with control homes by the end of the intervention period at month 5 in the kitchen and bedroom (kitchen intervention, 78.8% reduction; control, 319% increase; P = .02; bedroom intervention, 77.3% reduction; control, 358% increase; P P = .07). Conclusions Mouse allergen levels were significantly reduced during a 5-month period using an integrated pest management intervention.
A Case Study of the Great Plains Low-Level Jet Using Wind Profiler Network Data and a High-Resolution Mesoscale Model

Abstract A detailed case study of one complete episode of a typical summertime Great Plains low-level jet (LLJ) using data collected by the NOAA wind profiler demonstration network is presented. The high temporal and spatial resolution of the data from the profiler network permits a much more detailed picture of the Great Plains LLJ than is possible from previous studies of this phenomenon. A three-dimensional mesoscale numerical model is also used to simulate the episode and to provide information on the physical mechanisms responsible for the initiation, evolution, maintenance, and decay of the LLJ. The position and width of the jet core, as well as the diurnal variation of wind speed and direction inside the jet core are well predicted by the model. The analysis and modeling suggest that the diurnal oscillation of horizontal pressure gradient over sloping terrain is secondary to the inertial oscillation mechanism resulting from the release of frictional constraint in the evening and throughout the nigh...
Determining the Proportion of Children Too Heavy for Age-Appropriate Car Seats in a Practice-Based Research Network

Introduction more information is needed on how trends in childhood weight might influence legally compliant child safety seat (CSS) use.Objective to determine the proportion of child passengers who cannot comply with one state's CSS law because of weight.Method 6 practices in a practice-based research network provided data on patient demographics, heights, and weights. The authors calculated percentages of children above age-appropriate CSS weight cutoffs (20, 40, and 80 pounds, respectively) for the cohort below 6 years.Results there were 717 participants below 6 years of age. Among all infants ( 20 pounds. Among children 12 months to 40 pounds. One weighed >80 pounds. There were no significant differences among racial groups. There was wide variation among practices, but differences did not achieve statistical significance.Conclusion many children in this diverse cohort were too heavy to be compliant with the state CSS law.
Alcohol and HIV Disease Progression: Weighing the Evidence

Heavy alcohol use is commonplace among HIV-infected individuals; however, the extent that alcohol use adversely impacts HIV disease progression has not been fully elucidated. Fairly strong evidence suggests that heavy alcohol consumption results in behavioral and biological processes that likely increase HIV disease progression, and experimental evidence of the biological effect of heavy alcohol on simian immunodeficiency virus in macaques is quite suggestive. However, several observational studies of the effect of heavy alcohol consumption on HIV progression conducted in the 1990s found no association of heavy alcohol consumption with time to AIDS diagnosis, while some more recent studies showed associations of heavy alcohol consumption with declines of CD4 cell counts and nonsuppression of HIV viral load. We discuss several plausible biological and behavioral mechanisms by which alcohol may cause HIV disease progression, evidence from prospective observational human studies, and suggest future research to further illuminate this important issue.
Representing Web graphs

A Web repository is a large special-purpose collection of Web pages and associated indexes. Many useful queries and computations over such repositories involve traversal and navigation of the Web graph. However, efficient traversal of huge Web graphs containing several hundred million vertices and a few billion edges is a challenging problem. An additional complication is the lack of a schema to describe the structure of Web graphs. As a result, naive graph representation schemes can significantly increase query execution time and limit the usefulness of Web repositories. We propose a novel representation for Web graphs, called an S-Node representation. We demonstrate that S-Node representations are highly space-efficient, enabling in-memory processing of very large Web graphs. In addition, we present detailed experiments that show that S-Node representations can significantly reduce query execution times when compared with other schemes for representing Web graphs.
GLUT4's itinerary in health & disease

Following the discovery of insulin 85 yr ago and the realization thereafter that in some individuals, tissues lose their responsiveness to this hormone, an enormous world-wide effort began to dissect the cellular mechanisms of insulin action and define abnormalities in the insulin-resistant state. A clear goal through the years has been to unravel the insulin signal transduction network regulating glucose transport. This line of investigation has provided tremendous insight into the physiology and pathophysiology surrounding the cellular processes controlled by insulin. Between the plasma membrane insulin receptor and the intracellularly sequestered insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4, many events participate in the transduction of the insulin signal. In this review, we detail our current state of knowledge on the intricate insulin signaling network responsible for glucose transport in peripheral adipose and skeletal muscle tissues. In particular, we identify signaling connections spanning the insulin receptor and GLUT4. In addition, we discuss cytoskeletal mechanics and membrane docking and fusion mechanisms pertinently involved in the cellular redistribution of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. On the whole, this review highlights the considerable progress in our understanding of insulin signaling in health and disease as we rapidly approach the centennial anniversary of insulin’s discovery.
Impact of radiofrequency ablation of frequent post-infarction premature ventricular complexes on left ventricular ejection fraction

Background Frequent idiopathic premature ventricular complexes (PVC) are associated with a reversible form of cardiomyopathy. The effect of frequent PVCs on left ventricular function has not been evaluated in post-infarction patients. Objective This study sought to evaluate the value of post-infarction PVC ablation and possible determinants of a reversible cardiomyopathy. Methods Thirty consecutive patients (24 men, age 61 ± 12, left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 0.36 ± 0.12) with remote myocardial infarction referred for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation for primary prevention of sudden death or for management of symptomatic ventricular tachycardia or PVCs were evaluated. Fifteen patients with a high PVC burden (≥5% of all QRS complexes on 24-h Holter monitor) underwent mapping and ablation of PVCs before ICD implantation. The remaining 15 patients served as a control group. LVEF was assessed by echocardiography, and scar burden was assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with delayed enhancement (DE-MRI) in both groups. Results PVC ablation was successful in 15 of 15 patients and reduced the mean PVC burden from 22 ± 12% to 2.6 ± 5.0% (P Conclusion Post-infarction patients with frequent PVCs may have a reversible form of cardiomyopathy. DE-MRI may identify patients in whom the LVEF may improve after ablation of frequent PVCs.
Examining Operational Risks in Supply Chains

Since 2000, many organizations have become members of formalized extended enterprises known as supply chains. These entities can be characterized as organizational networks designed to help firms a...
Evaluation of SrMoO4 in repository simulating tests

The SrMoO/sub 4/ compound, a host for strontium in tailored nuclear waste ceramics, is highly stable in deionized water, NaCl, KCl, and the acidic MgCl/sub 2/ under hydrothermal conditions of 100, 200 and 300/sup 0/C as indicated by the fact that <0.5% strontium was released under these conditions. In Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ solution, SrMoO/sub 4/ is somewhat reactive, as indicated by the release of about2 and 6% of the original strontium and molybdenum inventories, respectively, into solution at 200 and 300/sup 0/C. More molybdenum than strontium was detected in solution because of the crystallization of celestite, SrSO/sub 4/. Thus, anions such as SO/sub 4/ influence the reactivity of SrMoO/sub 4/. The SrMoO/sub 4/ phase was found to be least stable in CaCl/sub 2/ solution as indicated by the release of 93.5, 96.1, and 100% of the strontium from the initial SrMoO/sub 4/ at 100, 200, and 300/sup 0/C, respectively. However, only 0.02% of the original inventory of molybdenum in SrMoO/sub 4/ was detected in solution. The removal of molybdenum from solutions was due to the formation of CaMoO/sub 4/ powellite as revealed by x-ray diffraction. Thus, CaMoO/sub 4/ is more stable than SrMoO/sub 4/ under these hydrothermal conditions. These resultsmore » show that SrMoO/sub 4/ is stable in Na+, K+, and Mg/sup 2 +/ solutions but not in Ca/sup 2 +/ -containing solutions.« less
Thermo-Mechanical and Size-Dependent Behavior of Freestanding AuAg and Nanoporous-Au Beams

Nanoporous gold (np-Au), produced by selectively removing silver from an AuAg alloy, has recently gained considerable attention from the scientific community. Biocompatibility, chemical inertness, increased surface area, relatively low elastic modulus, and ease of synthesis make np-Au an important candidate for biomedical, catalytic, and MEMS applications. Np-Au films also offer substantial ground for theoretical and empirical research, including mechanical characterization, fracture mechanics, and porosity evolution. Even though a significant effort has been directed towards exploring blanket np-Au films (i.e., foils, strips), to our knowledge no work has been done on fabricating or investigating freestanding np-Au structures (i.e., micro-beams, cantilevers). Recently we have developed techniques to create freestanding clamped np-Au beams with widths from 5 to 40 microns and lengths from 20 to 500 microns. The percentage yield was more than 97% for 2880 beams on a 2-inch wafer. A critical step in the fabrication process, necessary to prevent tensile failure of the beams during dealloying, is a thermal heat treatment prior to dealloying. The study of thermal treatment of beams at temperatures between 100°C and 600°C prior to dealloying revealed three distinct beam behavior regimes, namely quasi-elastic buckling, plastic buckling, and material interdiffusion. This paper will present the preliminary results from thermal treatment experiments particularly focusing on how beam dimensions affect percentage yield and beam fracture.
'Sarkozy the American' and the French Presidency of the G20

Is France’s traditional, reflexive anti-Americanism influencing its 2011 presidency of the G20? This paper argues that one might be tempted to read the objectives of the French G20 presidency, especially the proposed reform of the international monetary system, through an anti-American lens. But this is not the case for two reasons. First, evidence suggests that the French proposals are actually beneficial to the United States. And second, the French have moved to a “post-anti-American” world in which the new economic menace and cultural threat is now represented by China.
Spatial and Temporal Changes in Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) Species Assemblages Collected with Suction Traps in Idaho

Detrended correspondence analysis of aphid data derived from the Idaho suction trap network was used to assess the spatial and temporal dynamics of aphid species assemblages in the region. Assemblages of aphids in early August were defined by latitude and longitude of traps. Distinct groupings of aphid species occurred in northern, southwestern, and eastern Idaho sites. Temporal analysis of aphid species assemblages was conducted by ordinating sites and species on three sampling intervals. Results indicated that the degree of change in aphid assemblages depended on trap location. Aphid assemblages in northern Idaho were both temporally and regionally isolated from those in southern Idaho and exhibited relatively little change. Temporal changes were more pronounced from June to July than from July to August. In general, the composition of aphid assemblages in western Idaho in June were similar to compositions at the eastern sites in August, reflecting regional shifts in crop phenology patterns.
Within-Tree Distribution of California Red Scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), and Its Parasitoid Comperiella bifasciata Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on Orange Trees in the San Joaquin Valley

Within-tree distribution of California red scale (CRS), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), and its parasitoid Comperiella bifasciata Howard on host substrates (fruit, leaf, twig, wood) and in tree sectors (north, south, east, west; upper and lower halves) was studied through 1 year on five navel orange trees in a grove in California's San Joaquin Valley. CRS density was relatively low on leaves and twigs and high on wood and fruit. However, more than 90% of crown area was leaf surface. Thus, leaf-, wood-, and fruit-dwelling CRS each contributed substantially to the CRS population. CRS density was relatively low on the south faces and upper halves of the trees, especially during and after summer. C. bifasciata parasitized CRS on fruit in the highest percentage, followed, in order, by those on leaves, twigs, and wood. During hot summer periods parasitization decreased on southern tree sectors on all substrates except fruit. On leaves, parasitization was heaviest on eastern tree sectors.
Dispersion Patterns of Mice in California Annual Grassland

Dispersion patterns of grassland mice were contagious. The frequency of occurrence of Microtus californicus tracks and pooled tracks of Pero-myscus maniculatus and Reithrodontomys megalotis showed positive correlations with the per cent cover of wild oats {Avena). No such correlations existed with other widespread species of grass nor with the total amount of grass cover. The distribution of cuttings suggested that Avena was the major food of Microtus at this time thus implicating food as a major factor in the control of dispersion. Trapping records revealed seasonal changes in the concentrations of mice on different parts of the study plot. The concentration of Microtus was inversely related to the concentration of the other species, which suggested that dispersion was influenced by interspecific interactions.
195 THE FATE OF THE ADJACENT SEGMENT FOLLOWING SPINAL FUSION FOR SPONDYLOLISTHESIS.

Purpose Adjacent level degeneration (ALD) of the superior intervertebral disc following posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) for spondylolisthesis is a known potential consequence. We evaluated the adjacent segment for ALD and adjacent level fusion, or unintended extension of fusion beyond the site of spondylolisthesis, and correlated these findings to specific patient characteristics with a newly developed questionnaire. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patient radiographs to determine ALD and adjacent level fusion. The intervertebral disc was considered degenerated if there was a 25% decrease in anterior and posterior disc height or greater than a 3 mm increase in listhesis from postop to follow-up. In addition, patients completed two questionnaires: (1) a standard Lumbar Core Questionnaire (AAOS) that focuses on subjective complaints of discomfort while performing daily activities and (2) a new questionnaire that focuses on a patient9s comorbidities and their functional status. Between 1998 and 2004, we performed PLIF on 76 patients, and of this group, 75% of patients (n = 57) returned their questionnaires and had appropriate follow-up radiographs. Results The mean follow-up time was 21.2 months. Thirty-five percent had ALD, 37% had next to adjacent level degeneration, and 9% had degeneration at both levels. This is consistent with previous findings of a 50% chance of developing degeneration at either site. Additionally, 21% of patients had evidence of adjacent level fusion, and this group did not develop ALD (p Conclusions ALD may be a more frequent consequence than currently believed. In addition, adjacent level fusion may serve to protect against ALD. Moreover, the developed questionnaire may serve as a better tool to clinically evaluate risk of ALD than the Lumbar Core Questionnaire.
SELECTIVE HYPOALDOSTERONISM: A REVIEW.

ABSTRACT Objective: Selective hypoaldosteronism (SH) is a condition manifested by hyperkalemia due to low aldosterone secretion with normal cortisol. One of the obstacles in diagnosis is the awareness of the condition itself. The objective of this review is to highlight what is known about the epidemiology, pathophysiology, etiology, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of SH. Methods: Literature search was performed on PubMed and Ovid Medline for articles which contained hypoaldosteronism as a major topic. Results: The recent literature on this topic is surprisingly limited. Few recent review articles were found, none of which were in English and less than 5 years old. Case reports and genetic literature were also included in this review, as they contain the most recent reports of SH in the literature. Conclusion: Awareness about SH will hopefully help physicians to identify patients at risk as well as decide on treatment if any therapy is required. Abbreviations: ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone AD = autosomal dominant AR = autosomal recessive ECF = extracellular fluid ICU = intensive care unit PHA II = pseudohypoaldosteronism type II PHA I = pseudohypoaldosteronism type I RTA = renal tubular acidosis SH = selective hypoaldosteronism ZG = zona glomerulosa
Interactions between lithium, inositol and mono-oleoylglycerol in the regulation of insulin secretion from isolated perifused rat islets

In response to stimulation by 20 mM-glucose, 15 mM-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate or 10 mM-glyceraldehyde, isolated perifused rat islets respond with brisk biphasic insulin-secretory responses. The inclusion of 10 mM-LiCl significantly decreased second-phase insulin release in response to all agonists. Inositol, at a concentration (10 mM) which has no effect on secretion in the presence of 2.75 mM-glucose, restored significantly glucose-, 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate- or glyceraldehyde-induced second-phase release from Li+-treated islets. The addition of the diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor mono-oleoylglycerol, at a concentration (25 microM) which has no stimulatory effect on insulin secretion in the presence of 2.75 mM-glucose, significantly amplified both the first- and second-phase insulin responses to 20 mM-glucose. This amplifying effect of mono-oleoylglycerol was readily reversible and dependent on Ca2+ influx into the beta-cell. Li+ decreased the amplified insulin response to 20 mM-glucose plus mono-oleoylglycerol. Inositol restored release under this condition. These findings suggest that Li+ inhibits release by sequestering inositol into biosynthetically ineffective inositol phosphates. By limiting phosphoinositide resynthesis, the continued hydrolysis of phosphoinositides is diminished. Our results with mono-oleoylglycerol suggest further that diacylglycerol content may play a critically important role in the regulation of both the first and second phases of insulin secretion.
Socially constructing learning space: communication theory and pedagogy for social justice

ABSTRACTSocial justice as a theme and orienting mechanism in communication education continues to gain momentum and traction without a sustained conversation of what it is (exactly), what it includes, how it manifests in classrooms, or how to define the practice of it. This project provides an introductory look at the practices of self-identified social justice educators in the communication discipline who are actively engaged in the process and practice of teaching for social justice across the core curriculum. An examination of course materials (syllabi, course descriptions, reading assignments and other documents) illuminates how instructors build a foundation for these courses by establishing the socially constructed nature of our reality and the constitutive (changeable) nature of our social world. The end goal of which is to reshape the values and structure of society toward more equitable communicative interactions.
A system for forensic analysis of large image sets

Counterfeiting is a major concern for brand owners. Since printing is used to convey brands, brand owners should be able to analyze images of printed areas to gauge if the printing was performed by an authentic or a counterfeit printer/label converter. In this paper, we describe a system that uses a small set of pre-classified images (either authentic or counterfeit images from the same source) for initial training, and thereafter adaptively classifies and clusters images from multiple sources as they join the population to be classified. Authentic images and multiple sources of counterfeit images are identified, and secondary links between the non-compliant samples are provided. The system currently uses a set of 420 metrics which are filtered to a smaller set of features that can reliably describe our known set. This filtered set of features, or feature signature, is used for the search and clustering thereafter. We describe the use of this system to streamline and enhance investigations for a global brand protection program.
Neurofibromatosis Type I Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are caused by genetic mutations and environmental factors that alter the normal physiology of the brain. The resulting symptoms are broad and include delayed achievement of developmental milestones, underachievement in academic and social settings, and behavioral problems. This chapter focuses on neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a disorder caused by mutations in the Nf1 gene and accompanied by specific learning disabilities. The Nf1 gene encodes a negative regulator of the ras signaling pathway, which participates in multiple aspects of neuronal function. Mutation of the Nf1 gene in the mouse causes a ras-dependent increase in inhibition, reduces plasticity in the hippocampus, and impairs memory. Through a combination of clinical, genetic, cellular, and behavioral investigations, we have begun to understand the causes of NF1 and develop novel interventions to treat its symptoms.
Prevention of central nervous system sequelae in sickle cell disease without evidence from randomized controlled trials: the case for a team-based learning collaborative

Since 1998, the National Institutes of Health has funded 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for primary and secondary prevention of strokes in children with sickle cell anemia (SCA). In a systematic fashion, these trials have significantly advanced the care of children with SCA. In the absence of an RCT, clinicians are often compelled to make decisions at the bedside, based on experience, observational studies, and principles of hematology. We will provide an initial example that describes how a team-based, learning collaborative developed a multisite standard care protocol with a low budget (<$10 000 per year) to overcome the intrinsic limitations of advancing the care of neurologic complications in sickle cell disease (SCD). The critical components of this approach include: (1) regular meetings with the multidisciplinary team from multiple sites; (2) consensus regarding the best evidence-based neurologic management in multiple SCD centers; (3) an Institutional Review Board-approved protocol based on consensus standard care; (4) minimizing and ensuring accurate data collection; and most importantly, (5) a spirit of collaboration to improve the care of individuals with SCD. Four common neurologic problems and strategies for management in children and adults with SCD will be discussed: (1) secondary stroke prevention in high-income countries; (2) primary stroke prevention in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); (3) poor academic performance in students; and (4) cognitive disability in adults. With a commitment to a team-based learning collaborative, incremental advances are possible for the neurologic care of children and adults with SCD.