cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy-efficient and Secure Sensor Data Transmission Using Encompression

Sensor networks are frequently deployed in physically insecure environments and capture sensitive data, making security a paramount challenge. Cryptographic techniques, such as encryption and hashing, are useful in addressing these concerns. However, the use of these schemes greatly increases the energy consumption of sensor nodes and thus shortens their lifetime. To address this challenge, we propose encompression (encryption + compression) as a strategy to achieve low-energy secure data transmission in sensor networks. Our proposal combines, for the first time, compressive sensing (CS), a powerful and general approach for exploiting sparsity of sensor data, with encryption and integrity checking of the compressively sensed data. While encompression can be realized using any compression technique, CS is particularly well suited since it can be realized with a very low computational and energy footprint that is compatible with the constraints of sensor nodes. We present an evaluation of a hardware implementation of encompression, wherein the CS, encryption, and integrity checking algorithms are realized using a 65-nm CMOS technology. We also present a system-level evaluation of encompression by realizing it in software on a commercial embedded sensor platform and measuring the energy consumption. The evaluation of encompression in hardware shows that, with the use of a reasonable compression ratio of 6-10X, encompression results in an energy reduction of 55-65% over a hardware implementation of encryption and integrity checking alone. The system-level evaluation demonstrates that the energy of an application that captures, encompresses, and transmits data is reduced by upto 78% using encompression vs. traditional encryption and integrity checking. Our results also demonstrate that the total sensor node energy consumption with encompression may even be less than the case where neither cryptography nor compression is employed (for a compression ratio of 10_, this "energy bonus" can be upto 14%). These results suggest that the use of CS may be a gamechanger in enabling state-of-the-art cryptography to be employed in highly energy-constrained sensor networks.
Asking for what she needs? Pregnancy testing or EC?

BACKGROUND: When used within 5 days of unprotected sex emergency contraception (EC) can reduce the risk of pregnancy. Our objective was to explore how often women seeking clinic-based pregnancy testing who do not desire pregnancy might benefit from EC and examine variables associated with patients asking for EC when use is indicated. STUDY DESIGN: Women seeking pregnancy testing or EC from an inner-city Title-X-funded family planning clinic between January 2011 and June 2012 were invited to complete surveys. RESULTS: Twenty-seven percent (n=79) of respondents were seeking EC and 73% (n=215) were seeking pregnancy testing. Of those seeking pregnancy testing 39% might have benefited from same-day use of EC pills. Women who had never used EC and who had more than one episode of unprotected sex within the past month were less likely to request EC when use was indicated while single women were more likely to request EC. CONCLUSIONS: Counseling regarding EC options is particularly important for women seeking same-day pregnancy testing who do not desire pregnancy. Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Text entry using a dual joystick game controller

We present a new bimanual text entry technique designed for today's dual-joystick game controllers. The left and right joysticks are used to independently select characters from the corresponding (left/right) half of an on-screen se-lection keyboard. Our dual-stick approach is analogous to typing on a standard keyboard, where each hand (left/right) presses keys on the corresponding side of the keyboard. We conducted a user study showing that our technique supports keyboarding skills transfer and is thereby readily learnable. Our technique increases entry speed significantly compared to the status quo single stick selection keyboard technique.
STUDIES ON THE GENETICS OF MUCOR HIEMALIS

The meiotic products of 981 germ sporangia from 15 separate two- and three-factor crosses involving six genetic markers were studied. The results revealed a general lack of adherence to expected Mendelian ratios. More than 98% of the germ sporangia contained only one genotype. Among the germ sporangia containing more than one meiotic product some heterokaryotic germ spores were found.
The Impact of Judicial Opinion Language on the Transmission of Federal Circuit Court Precedents

Why do some federal circuit court precedents transmit across circuits when others do not? Does judicial opinion language influence which cases are more likely to transmit? Previous research on the transmission of precedents has focused primarily on attributes of the circuits or judges who wrote the decisions, without considering whether opinion language also influences citations. This study hypothesizes that precedents are more likely to transmit to other circuits when judges communicate their importance using features of opinion language such as the legal grounding, the amount of supporting evidence, and the decision to file a per curiam opinion. The results indicate that opinion language does influence the transmission of precedents, which suggests that judges who care about policy and are willing to take affirmative steps to encourage citations can use opinion language to enhance their impact.
Design of muon accelerators for an advanced muon facility

We plan to develop a low-emittance muon beam for the next-generation muon facility at LANSCE. Use of a large-acceptance muon linear accelerator is a key technique for our scheme, and a preliminary accelerator design has been made. Description of high-collection low-emittance muon generation and some results of the simulations are described.
Types omitted in uncountable models of arithmetic

In [4] it is shown that if the structure omits a type Σ, and Σ is complete with respect to Th( ), then there is a proper elementary extension of which omits Σ. This result is extended in the present paper. It is shown that Th( ) has models omitting Σ in all infinite powers. A type is a countable set of formulas with just the variable ν occurring free. A structure is said to omit the type Σ if no element of satisfies all of the formulas of Σ. A type Σ, in the same language as a theory T , is said to be complete with respect to T if (1) T ∪ Σ is consistent, and (2) for every formula φ ( ν ) of the language of T (with just ν free), either φ or ¬ φ is in Σ. The proof of the result of this paper resembles Morley's proof [5] that the Hanf number for omitting types is . It is shown that there is a model of Th( ) which omits Σ and contains an infinite set of indiscernibles. Where Morley used the Erdos-Rado generalization of Ramsey's theorem, a definable version of the ordinary Ramsey's theorem is used here. The “omitting types” version of the ω-completeness theorem ([1], [3], [6]) is used, as it was in Morley's proof and in [4]. In [4], satisfaction of the hypotheses of the ω-completeness theorem followed from the fact that, in , any infinite, definable set can be split into two infinite, definable sets.
Reproductive physiology of mango

Mango flowering involves hormonal regulation of shoot initiation and induction events resulting in reproductive shoot formation. A balance or ratio of endogenously regulated phytohormones, thought to be auxin from leaves and cytokinins from roots, appears to govern the initiation cycle independently from inductive influences. Induction of reproductive or vegetative shoots is thought to be governed by the ratio of a temperature-regulated florigenic promoter and an age regulated vegetative promoter at the time of shoot initiation. Management of off-season flowering in mango trees is being accomplished in the tropics by successfully synchronizing shoot initiation through tip pruning and use of nitrate sprays coupled with management of the stem age to induce flowering such that it can be accomplished during any desired week of the year.
Vulnerability of Recently Recharged Groundwater in Principle Aquifers of the United States To Nitrate Contamination

Recently recharged water (defined here as <60 years old) is generally the most vulnerable part of a groundwater resource to nonpoint-source nitrate contamination. Understanding at the appropriate scale the interactions of natural and anthropogenic controlling factors that influence nitrate occurrence in recently recharged groundwater is critical to support best management and policy decisions that are often made at the aquifer to subaquifer scale. New logistic regression models were developed using data from the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program and National Water Information System for 17 principal aquifers of the U.S. to identify important source, transport, and attenuation factors that control nonpoint source nitrate concentrations greater than relative background levels in recently recharged groundwater and were used to predict the probability of detecting elevated nitrate in areas beyond the sampling network. Results indicate that dissolved oxygen, crops and irrigated cropland, fertilizer application, seasonally high water table, and soil properties that affect infiltration and denitrification are among the most important factors in predicting elevated nitrate concentrations. Important differences in controlling factors and spatial predictions were identified in the principal aquifer and national-scale models and support the conclusion that similar spatial scales are needed between informed groundwater management and model development.
Integrated Data Location in Multihop Wireless Networks

Multihop wireless networks are ideal as infrastructures for location-aware network applications, particularly for disaster recovery operations. However, one missing component is an efficient and scalable distributed data location service. Existing approaches impose significant communication overhead on the underlying wireless layer and generally limit the total number of locatable objects in a network. To address this problem, we present the integrated data location protocol (IDLP), which provides scalable location of a large number of objects by integrating compressed summaries of object signatures into the routing layer. We evaluate our approach using extensive simulations in Qualnet, as well as detailed measurements from a deployed AODV-implementation on the UCSB MeshNet testbed. Results show that IDLP maintains low communication overhead while efficiently locating up to a hundred objects per node.
The stress response in the abundance of circulating leucocytes in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus III. The role of the adrenal cortex and a concluding discussion of the leucocyte-stress syndrome†

The response of intact Fundulus heteroclitus to intraperitoneal injections of ACTH at two hours post-injection depends on the dose: leucopenia at low doses, leucocytosis at high doses. The two hour response to cortisol, at 5 μg/g, depends on the condition of the fish: leucocytosis in sexually mature or hypophysectomized fish, leucopenia in sexually regressed intact fish. At a physiological dose (0.025 μg/g) cortisol elicits a time sequence response in hypophysectomized recipients that is, initially, the reverse of that observed after coldshock: three minute leucocytosis, 15 minute leucopenia, and return to normal at 45 minutes. Leucocytosis emerges at two hours. Pretreatment with Metopirone for five to six days in the aquarium water is not well tolerated. Such treatment effectively blocks all phases of the cold-shock response. Pretreatment for two days was tolerated and, in such fish, injection of epinephrine (1 μg/g) elicits both three minute and 30–60 minute leucopenia, but the leucocytic phases are blocked. A tentative interpretation of the cold-shock sequence is proposed on the assumption that catecholamines (presumably epinephrine) are leucopenic and that cortisol is leucocytic.
Die Alkylierung von Formylbernsteinsäureester

The preparation of diethyl α-ethoxymethylene-succinate (IIc) from diethyl-α-formyl-succinate (Ia) is described. A study of the C- and O-alkylation of the β-aldehyd-ester Ia is reported.
Incremental detection of text on road signs from video with application to a driving assistant system

This paper proposes a fast and robust framework for incrementally detecting text on road signs from natural scene video. The new framework makes two main contributions. First, the framework applies a Divide-and-Conquer strategy to decompose the original task into two sub-tasks, that is, localization of road signs and detection of text. The algorithms for the two sub-tasks are smoothly incorporated into a unified framework through a real time tracking algorithm. Second, the framework provides a novel way for text detection from video by integrating 2D features in each video frame (e.g., color, edges, texture) with 3D information available in a video sequence (e.g., object structure). The feasibility of the proposed framework has been evaluated on the video sequences captured from a moving vehicle. The new framework can be applied to a driving assistant system and other tasks of text detection from video.
Rigorous Mathematical Modeling Techniques for Optimal Delivery of Macromolecules to the Brain

Several treatment modalities for neurodegenerative diseases or tumors of the central nervous system involve invasive delivery of large molecular weight drugs to the brain. Despite the ample record of experimental studies, accurate drug targeting for the human brain remains a challenge. This paper proposes a systematic design method of administering drugs to specific locations in the human brain based on first principles transport in porous media. The proposed mathematical framework predicts achievable treatment volumes in target regions as a function of brain anatomy and infusion catheter position. A systematic procedure to determine the optimal infusion and catheter design parameters that maximize the penetration depth and volumes of distribution will be discussed. The computer simulations are validated with agarose gel phantom experiments and rat data. The rigorous computational approach will allow physicians and scientists to better plan the administration of therapeutic drugs to the central nervous system.
In Vitro Studies with Ambruticin, a New Antifungal Antibiotic

The in vitro antifungal inhibitory activities of ambruticin and of various antifungal drugs of choice against 190 fungal pathogens representative of the major human mycoses were compared using a modification of the ICS agar dilution technique. Ambruticin compared favorably with amphotericin B and miconazole when tested against the dimorphic pathogens Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Blastomyces dermatitidis and against Aspergillus fumigatus. Miconazole was the most active compound against Sporothrix schenckii, Allescheria (Petriellidium) boydii, and selected dematiaceous fungi, with ambruticin giving minimal inhibitory, concentrations from 3- to 74-fold higher. Ambruticin compared unfavorably with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine when tested against Candida and Torulopsis species. Ambruticin was not as active in vitro as tolnaftate when tested against the three genera of dermatophytic fungi, but compared favorably with miconazole.
Role of shear in fault-propagation folding

The effect of layer-parallel shear on the shapes of fault-propagation folds is explored for the two theories of fault-propagation folding of Suppe & Medwedeff (1990): (1) constant layer thickness and (2) variable front-limb layer thickness; the range of possible fold shapes is significantly expanded relative to the case of no shear. In this analysis, a homogeneous differential layer-parallel shear is applied to the beds that are cut by the thrust fault in the cores fault-propagation folds. This shear may be applied in three ways: (1) self-similar fold growth during fault propagation with constant shear applied instantaneously along the bed of the fault tip, (2) progressively increasing shear during fault propagation, and (3) shear after the fault is locked modifying the existing fault-propagation fold. The final shape of the fold is independent of the history of shearing in relation to fault slip. The fold shapes are largely governed by the fault steepness and the amount of imposed shear. Strong differential shear profiles and shallow faults produce overturned or thickened front-limbs. Little differential shear and steep faults result in upright or thinned front-limbs.
SLIPS OF THE TONGUE: SPEECH ERRORS IN FIRST AND SECOND LANGUAGE PRODUCTION. Nanda Poulisse . Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1999. Pp. xvi + 257. $75.00 cloth.

The data that provide the foundation for this investigation of second language (L2) slips of the tongue stem from a corpus originally compiled in 1984 to investigate the use of compensatory strategies by Dutch learners of English. Poulisse defines a slip or speech error as a performance error stemming from a temporary processing problem rather than a competence error reflecting an incomplete or incorrect L2 system. The book's focus is the extent to which research on L2 slips (morphological, phonological, and syntactic) can shed light on speech-production processing for the development of bilingual models of speech production.
The Placement of Conflict: The Supreme Court and Issue Attention in the National Media

This essay addresses the Supreme Court’s influence on the national media’s issue agenda. It outlines the theoretical importance of issue attention or agenda-setting in American national politics and describes the political science literature examining the conditions under which the Supreme Court can draw the national media’s attention to new issues. It continues by illustrating how the Supreme Court’s influence on the media’s agenda can have profound effects on American politics by discussing the role of the Supreme Court’s decision against segregation in public education in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) in catalyzing subsequent federal civil rights legislation. The essay concludes by presenting discussing promising directions for future research in this area.
Effects of Lewis acidity of metal oxide promoters on the activity and selectivity of Co-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts

Abstract Metal oxides of Ce, Gd, La, Mn, and Zr were investigated as promoters for improving the activity and selectivity of Co-based FTS catalysts. The extent to which these promoters decrease the selectivity toward CH4 and increase the selectivity toward C5+ hydrocarbons was found to depend on both the loading and the composition of the oxide promoter. Elemental mapping by STEM–EDS revealed that the propensity for a given metal oxide to associate with Co affects the sensitivity of the product distribution to changes in promoter loading. For all promoters, a sufficiently high loading resulted in the product distributions becoming insensitive to further increases in promoter loading, very likely due to the formation of a half monolayer of promoter oxide over the Co surface. Simulations suggest that the fraction of Co active sites that are adjacent to the promoter moieties approaches unity at this degree of coverage. The oxidation state of the promoter metal cation under reaction conditions, determined by in situ XANES measurements, was used to calculate relative Lewis acidity of the promoter metal cation. A strong positive correlation was found between the C5+ product selectivity and the Lewis acidity of the promoter metal cations, suggesting that the promotional effects are a consequence of Lewis acid–base interactions between the reaction intermediates and the promoter metal cations. Rate data obtained at different pressures were used to estimate the apparent rate coefficient and the CO adsorption constant appearing in the Langmuir–Hinshelwood expression that describes the CO consumption kinetics for both unpromoted and the metal oxide-promoted catalysts. Both parameters exhibited positive correlations with the promoter Lewis acidity. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the metal cations of the promoter act as Lewis acids that interact with the O atom of adsorbed CO to facilitate CO adsorption and dissociation.
Antigenic enhancement of ether-extracted influenza virus vaccines by AIPO4.

SummaryVirus vaccines with AlPO4, HA vaccines and HA vaccines with AlPO4 were prepared as monovalent suspensions using 4 strains of influenza A and 2 of influenza B. In all cases, dilutions of the HA vaccines induced lower antibody levels and lower levels of immunity than their virus counterparts. Addition of AlPO4 restored the antigenicity of HA vaccines to levels almost equal to those of whole virus vaccines. The significance of these findings is briefly discussed.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAVE ACTIVITY AND ROBUSTNESS OF CAPRELLID AMPHIPODS

ABSTRACT Morphometric analyses were made of males of 3 caprellid species collected from sites exposed to and protected from wave activity. The species-specific differences in robustness of the gnathopods, robustness of the posterior pereiopods, and elongation of the second pereionite were related to food acquisition. Filter-feeding caprellids (Caprella equilibra Say and C. penantis Leach) exhibited an increase in the robustness of the second gnathopods and a general decrease in the size of the posterior pereiopods at the wave-exposed site. The predatory caprellid (Paracaprella tenuis Mayer) had the opposite pattern. Pereionite 2 of C. equilibra was more elongate among specimens from the protected site. All 3 species exhibited a reduction in the length of pereiopod 5, relative to pereionite 5 length, at the wave-exposed site. The findings indicate environmentally related morphological plasticity for the pereionites and pereiopods of caprellids. The reliability of using body proportions and pereiopod reductions for taxonomic purposes is questionable. Similarly, the measurement of a single body segment to indicate caprellid size probably is inaccurate.
Implications of L1 observations for slow solar wind formation by solar reconnection

While the source of the fast solar wind is known to be coronal holes, the source of the slow solar wind has remained a mystery. Long time scale trends in the composition and charge states show strong correlations between solar wind velocity and plasma parameters, yet these correlations have proved ineffective in determining the slow wind source. We take advantage of new high time resolution (12 min) measurements of solar wind composition and charge state abundances at L1 and previously identified 90 min quasiperiodic structures to probe the fundamental timescales of slow wind variability. The combination of new high temporal resolution composition measurements and the clearly identified boundaries of the periodic structures allows us to utilize these distinct solar wind parcels as tracers of slow wind origin and acceleration. We find that each 90 min (2000 Mm) parcel of slow wind has near-constant speed yet exhibits repeatable, systematic charge state and composition variations that span the entire range of statistically determined slow solar wind values. The classic composition-velocity correlations do not hold on short, approximately hourlong, time scales. Furthermore, the data demonstrate that these structures were created by magnetic reconnection. Our results impose severe new constraints on slow solar wind origin and provide new, compelling evidence that the slow wind results from the sporadic release of closed field plasma via magnetic reconnection at the boundary between open and closed flux in the Sun's atmosphere.
West Nile Virus Fitness Costs in Different Mosquito Species.

West Nile virus (WNV) remains an important public health problem causing annual epidemics in the United States. Grubaugh et al. observed that WNV genetic divergence is dependent on the vector mosquito species. This suggests that specific WNV vector–bird species pairings may generate novel genotypes that could promote outbreaks.
Emile G. McAnany. Saving the World: A Brief History of Communication for Development and Social Change

Saving the World is a fascinating historical reflection on the discovery of international development and social change by early communication researchers drawn from English (Schramm) and sociology...
3-Dimensional Kinematics Analysis of Hip Joint Motion Characteristics of 20 km Walking Race Athletes at Home and Abroad

This article adopted the methods of literature,fixed photography of three dimensional,and video analyzing to conduct a systematic analysis on the hip joint techniques of the elite athletes of 20 km walking race in 2009 IAAF walking race.Research findings: Hip joint motion characteristics are the periodic space movement which the supporting hip moves to front outward and another hip swings to front rotary,then two hips change the movement;The velocity characteristic of the hip at each direction can explain the compatibility to a certain degree,and the Chinese athletes need to increase the swing extension,and improve the horizontal velocity of the hip joint of supporting leg;The displacement-distance of the hip joint in supporting and swing phases has a optimal proportion,but part of Chinese athletes has problem in the proportion.
Calling Tools with Arcpy

ArcGIS offers a large array of sophisticated geoprocessing tools which can be accessed from Python using the arcpy package. Chapter 5 introduced the arcpy package and used it to set environment variables. This chapter focuses on how to call ArcGIS geoprocessing tools with arcpy and how to use the tool help documentation and get sample code. We explain the general format for calling tools and how to handle linear unit parameters, multi-value parameters, optional parameters, and return values. We also discuss tools which require specialized approaches, including Calculate Field, Raster Calculator, Make XY Event Layer tools, and tools in the Spatial Analyst toolbox. Then we show how to call tools in a sequential workflow and how to call custom tools.
On Rate, Secrecy, and Network Connectivity Tradeoffs for Wireless Networks

A new approach to the characterization of network connectivity under transmission rate and secrecy constraints is proposed, based on a rate-secrecy graph model. The proposed model is based on an information theoretic framework, and rate-distortion requirements are used to characterize the level of secrecy for individual links in the network. Rate-secrecy-connectivity tradeoffs are illustrated and it is shown that by relaxing the secrecy constraint, an acceptable secrecy level can be achieved while significantly improving network connectivity and transmission rate efficiency for the wireless nodes.
Blood and urine catecholamine concentrations after implantation of artificial heart.

Plasma and urine epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were measured before and after implantation of an artificial heart in 20 calves and before and after thoracotomy in 3 control calves. All animals had similar preoperative plasma and urine catecholamine concentrations. During the first 4 postoperative days, plasma and urine epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were markedly elevated in all animals. However, calves with an artificial heart had significantly higher concentrations than control calves. Thereafter, catecholamine levels in control animals returned to preoperative levels, whereas epinephrine concentrations in artificial heart recipients remained elevated for 2 weeks and norepinephrine concentrations remained elevated for over a month. Two artificial heart recipients survived longer than 2 months and had normal plasma and urine catecholamine concentrations from day 32 until a few days before being put to death. Although the mechanism is unclear, these findings suggest that early artificial heart function is associated with a significant metabolic stress which slowly disappears or becomes tolerable after one month.
Work those arms: Toward dynamic and stable humanoid walking that optimizes full-body motion

Humanoid robots are designed with dozens of actuated joints to suit a variety of tasks, but walking controllers rarely make the best use of all of this freedom. We present a framework for maximizing the use of the full humanoid body for the purpose of stable dynamic locomotion, which requires no restriction to a planning template (e.g. LIPM). Using a hybrid zero dynamics (HZD) framework, this approach optimizes a set of outputs which provides requirements for the motion for all actuated links, including arms. These output equations are then rapidly solved by a whole-body inverse-kinematic (IK) solver, providing a set of joint trajectories to the robot. We apply this procedure to a simulation of the humanoid robot, DRC-HUBO, which has over 27 actuators. As a consequence, the resulting gaits swing their arms, not by a user defining swinging motions a priori or superimposing them on gaits post hoc, but as an emergent behavior from optimizing the dynamic gait. We also present preliminary dynamic walking experiments with DRC-HUBO in hardware, thereby building a case that hybrid zero dynamics as augmented by inverse kinematics (HZD+IK) is becoming a viable approach for controlling the full complexity of humanoid locomotion.
Polymerization of mono-, Di-, and trichloroethyl methacrylates: A study in chain transfer

Bulk free radical polymerization of the monomer series CH2 = C(CH3)C(O)OCH2CH3-nCln, n = 1, 2, 3, yields an unexpectedly crosslinked product with a crosslink density that increases with decreasing chlorine content of the respective monomer (n = 3 < n = 2 < n = 1). This chlorine substituent effect is investigated by correlation with chain transfer constant measurements for four homologous series of chloroalkyl compounds (chloroethyl acetates (CH3C(O)OCH2CH3-nCln, n = 1,2,3); chloromethanes (CH4-nCln, n = 2,3,4) and CD2Cl2 and CDCl3 analogs; butyl chloride isomers (n-, iso-, sec-, tert-) and tert-C4D9Cl analog; and nine chloroethanes (C2Hn−6Cln, n = 1–6)) in a methyl methacrylate polymerization. The pattern conveyed by the magnitude of chain transfer constants and deuterium isotope effects is consistent with a vicinal chlorine effect (i.e., chlorine activation of a vicinal hydrogen for abstraction) to account for the relative activities of the four series of model compounds and for the propensity of the chloroethyl methacrylates to crosslink in a bulk free radical polymerization. The chloroalkyl moiety's contribution to chain transfer is relatively modest (≤10−4), but, when incorporated as a monomer pendant group in free radical polymerizations, it is effective in broadening molecular weight to the extent of resulting in a crosslinked polymer. Published 2016.† J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016
Acoustofluidic particle trapping, manipulation, and release using dynamic-mode cantilever sensors

We show here that dynamic-mode cantilever sensors enable acoustofluidic fluid mixing and trapping of suspended particles as well as the rapid manipulation and release of trapped micro-particles via mode switching in liquid. Resonant modes of piezoelectric cantilever sensors over the 0 to 8 MHz frequency range are investigated. Sensor impedance response, flow visualization studies using dye and micro-particle tracers (100 μm diameter), and finite element simulations of cantilever modal mechanics and acoustic streaming show fluid mixing and particle trapping configurations depend on the resonant mode shape. We found trapped particles could be: (1) rapidly manipulated on millimeter length scales, and (2) released from the cantilever surface after trapping by switching between low- and high-order resonant modes (less than 250 kHz and greater than 1 MHz, respectively). Such results suggest a potentially promising future for dynamic-mode cantilevers in separations, pumping and mixing applications as well as acoustofluidic-enhanced sensing applications.
A 50kW high power density paralleled-five-level PV converter based on SiC T-type MOSFET modules

SiC T-type LCL inverter can achieve smaller device loss than two-level topology, however its improvement on power density is limited by current ripple loss on magnetic components as switching frequency increases. This paper presents a paralleled-five-level (P5L) PV inverter which achieves better utilization of SiC devices than traditional T-type three-level (3L) LCL topology at higher switching frequency. Comparison of the SiC P5L PV inverter with SiC T-type 3L LCL PV inverter has been presented. The design challenges and methods to solve magnetic balancing, short circuit protection, and digital controller computation time issues are analyzed. A 50kW PV converter including boost stage and inverter stage has been built in the laboratory, which achieves a power density of 22.7 W/in3 and 2.5 kW/kg, and measured peak efficiency of 99.2%.
Buffalo River Floatables Control and Continuous Water Quality Monitoring Demonstration Project

A floatables trap was installed at the mouth of a combined sewer outfall in the Buffalo River, NY, to evaluate the utility of this technology in reducing float…
Dynamic spatio-spectral patterns of rhythmic EEG in infants

Electroencephalography has been studied to understand various brain functions. These functions can be related to their frequency and spatial patterns. These properties are relatively unknown in infants. The first year of life includes stages of significant growth neurologically and behaviorally. The present study is aimed to investigate infant brain development using high-density EEG(124 channel) collected on a weekly basis from 5 to 7 months of age. Spectral power and spatial topography of infant EEG were used to study the changing nature of infant brains during that time period. Data driven clustering analysis was used to blindly classify EEG spatial topographies as functions of frequency and time into different classes. Our results indicate that more differences in EEG spatial topographies are revealed in frequency domain than time domain (5–7 months). However, dynamic changes are further revealed in the spectral properties of classified spatial topographies, including shifts of frequency boundary and peak frequency, along the EEG spectrum (i.e., delta, theta, and alpha bands). These data provide insight on spectral structure of infant EEG and their dynamic patterns along maturation.
Using multiparametric data with missing features for learning patterns of pathology.

The paper presents a method for learning multimodal classifiers from datasets in which not all subjects have data from all modalities. Usually, subjects with a severe form of pathology are the ones failing to satisfactorily complete the study, especially when it consists of multiple imaging modalities. A classifier capable of handling subjects with unequal numbers of modalities prevents discarding any subjects, as is traditionally done, thereby broadening the scope of the classifier to more severe pathology. It also allows design of the classifier to include as much of the available information as possible and facilitates testing of subjects with missing modalities over the constructed classifier. The presented method employs an ensemble based approach where several subsets of complete data are formed and trained using individual classifiers. The output from these classifiers is fused using a weighted aggregation step giving an optimal probabilistic score for each subject. The method is applied to a spatio-temporal dataset for autism spectrum disorders (ASD)(96 patients with ASD and 42 typically developing controls) that consists of functional features from magnetoencephalography (MEG) and structural connectivity features from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). A clear distinction between ASD and controls is obtained with an average 5-fold accuracy of 83.3% and testing accuracy of 88.4%. The fusion classifier performance is superior to the classification achieved using single modalities as well as multimodal classifier using only complete data (78.3%). The presented multimodal classifier framework is applicable to all modality combinations.
Social behaviour shapes hypothalamic neural ensemble representations of conspecific sex

All animals possess a repertoire of innate (or instinctive) behaviours, which can be performed without training. Whether such behaviours are mediated by anatomically distinct and/or genetically specified neural pathways remains unknown. Here we report that neural representations within the mouse hypothalamus, that underlie innate social behaviours, are shaped by social experience. Oestrogen receptor 1-expressing (Esr1+) neurons in the ventrolateral subdivision of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) control mating and fighting in rodents. We used microendoscopy to image Esr1+neuronal activity in the VMHvl of male mice engaged in these social behaviours. In sexually and socially experienced adult males, divergent and characteristic neural ensembles represented male versus female conspecifics. However, in inexperienced adult males, male and female intruders activated overlapping neuronal populations. Sex-specific neuronal ensembles gradually separated as the mice acquired social and sexual experience. In mice permitted to investigate but not to mount or attack conspecifics, ensemble divergence did not occur. However, 30 minutes of sexual experience with a female was sufficient to promote the separation of male and female ensembles and to induce an attack response 24 h later. These observations uncover an unexpected social experience-dependent component to the formation of hypothalamic neural assemblies controlling innate social behaviours. More generally, they reveal plasticity and dynamic coding in an evolutionarily ancient deep subcortical structure that is traditionally viewed as a ‘hard-wired’ system.
Social acceptance of new energy technology in developing countries: A framing experiment in rural India

Abstract While the literature on the social acceptance of new technologies focuses on industrialized societies, concerns about new technologies are often deeper and more widespread in developing countries. In a survey experiment with 3208 villagers from six major states of northern India, we examine the social acceptance of off-grid solar power as an alternative to grid extension. By randomly assigning different frames about this energy technology to the villagers, we study how concerns about the cost of sustainable energy, inequality of energy access, and the role of private business and the state shape individuals’ acceptance of off-grid solar power. We find that concerns about the role of private business and possible increases in rural-urban inequality are salient among the rural population. The rural population is concerned about (i) exploitative businesses practices and (ii) the inequality that solar power in villages is more expensive than conventional grid power in urban areas. These findings show that the social acceptance of new, sustainable energy technologies cannot be taken for granted in rural development and offer insights into the salience of different varieties of concerns.
Constant Rate of Strain Consolidation Testing of Saturated Cohesive Soils Without Back Pressure Saturation

ASTM D4186/D4186M-12, Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Saturated Cohesive Soils Using Controlled-Strain Loading, requires back pressure saturation for all specimens to accurately measure pore fluid pressure and flow behavior. Constant rate of strain (CRS) consolidation testing performed without back pressure saturation has the potential to provide significant time and cost savings, as the need for costly back pressure saturation equipment and the time required for specimen back pressure saturation would be eliminated. The results of one-dimensional CRS consolidation comparison tests performed with and without back pressure saturation on high quality Sherbrooke block and 76-mm diameter modified tube specimens and on reconstituted specimens of low overconsolidation ratio, soft, saturated clays are presented herein. Comparison of the compression curves from specimens tested with and without back pressure saturation, especially at stresses greater than the estimated in situ vertical effective stress, show good agreement. Flow behavior between the two types of specimens is more erratic at low stresses but becomes more comparable as the effective stress level increases. It can be concluded from the results that accurate CRS consolidation stress–strain behavior can be measured for saturated specimens tested without back pressure saturation for stresses greater than the in situ vertical effective stress.
Understanding the Relationship Between the Neurologic Pupil Index and Constriction Velocity Values

The pupillary light reflex (PLR) describes the response when light hits the retina and sends a signal (cranial nerve II) to the Edinger-Westphal Nucleus which via cranial nerve III results in pupillary constriction. The Neurological Pupil indexTM (NPi) and pupil constriction velocity (CV) are two distinct variables that can be observed and measured using a pupillometer. We examine NPi and CV in 27,462 pupil readings (1,617 subjects). NPi values <3.0 and a CV < 0.8 mm/sec were considered abnormal. Regression was used to clarify the effect of pupil size and repeated measures. An odds ratio of abnormal CV given normal NPi (and vice versa) was computed using the glimmixed (SAS) regression. Of 27,462 readings, 49.2% revealed bilaterally normal NPi wtih brisk CV, and 10.8% revealed bilaterally abnormal NPi and slow CV; 9.1% with unilaterally normal NPi and brisk CV where the opposite pupil had an abnormal NPi and slow CV. The remaining 30.9% revealed that one or both PLR had either a normal NPi with slow CV, or abnormal NPi with brisk CV. Brisk CV does not rule out an abnormal PLR; slow CV does not rule in abnormal PLR. Practitioners should consider these implications when interpreting pupillometry readings.
Nonmetal to Metal Transition and Ultrafast Charge Carrier Dynamics of Zn Clusters on p-Si(100) by fs-XUV Photoemission Spectroscopy

Understanding the electronic structure and charge carrier dynamics of supported clusters is important due to their many potential applications in photochemistry and catalysis. In this investigation, photoemission spectroscopy, in conjunction with femtosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) laser pulses, is used to investigate the electronic structure and ultrafast charge carrier dynamics at a Si(100) surface decorated with Zn clusters. Static photoemission spectroscopy is used to investigate the changes in the electronic structure as the dimensionality of the Zn is increased from small clusters composed of a very few atoms to metallic Zn particles. Furthermore, femtosecond optical-pump XUV-probe photoemission spectroscopy is employed to induce a charge transfer from the p-Si(100) substrate to the Zn clusters and to measure in real time the charge trapping at the Zn cluster as well as the subsequent charge relaxation. The ultrafast charge carrier dynamics are also investigated for small clusters and metallic Zn particles. Significant transient charging of the Zn clusters after excitation of the Si(100) substrate by 800 nm light is observed for Zn coverages greater than 0.12 ML Zn, which coincides with the formation of a Schottky barrier at the interface between the Zn particle and the p-Si(100) substrate. The transient signals show that the charge trapping time at the Zn cluster varies with the cluster size, which is rationalized based on the electronic structure of the cluster as well as the band energy alignment at the Zn cluster-Si(100) junction.
The birth, evolution and death of metabolic gene clusters in fungi

Fungi contain a remarkable diversity of both primary and secondary metabolic pathways involved in ecologically specialized or accessory functions. Genes in these pathways are frequently physically linked on fungal chromosomes, forming metabolic gene clusters (MGCs). In this Review, we describe the diversity in the structure and content of fungal MGCs, their population-level and species-level variation, the evolutionary mechanisms that underlie their formation, maintenance and decay, and their ecological and evolutionary impact on fungal populations. We also discuss MGCs from other eukaryotes and the reasons for their preponderance in fungi. Improved knowledge of the evolutionary life cycle of MGCs will advance our understanding of the ecology of specialized metabolism and of the interplay between the lifestyle of an organism and genome architecture.
Primary Cutaneous Follicle Center Lymphoma.

Context.— Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma is a low-grade B-cell lymphoma that is limited to the skin at diagnosis. It has a differential diagnosis that includes systemic/nodal follicular lymphoma secondarily involving the skin; primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma leg type; reactive lymphoid hyperplasia; and primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma. Objective.— To review the clinical, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic features of primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma; its differential diagnosis; and the evidence that supports use of immunohistochemistry and genetic testing in the diagnosis and prognosis of this entity. Data Sources.— Pertinent literature regarding cutaneous B-cell lymphomas is summarized and University of Michigan cases are used to highlight characteristics of primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma. Conclusions.— Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma is a low-grade B-cell lymphoma with distinctive features, although some cases may have elements...
Public debt structure and liquidity provision

Abstract This study examines the optimal public debt structure when governments can issue multiple assets, the state's fiscal capacity is uncertain, public debt has a liquidity purpose for domestic investors, and public debt markets are open to foreign investors. The optimal policy is to tranch the risky fiscal capacity and then to issue state-contingent assets that pay only when the need for aggregate liquidity in the economy is high. In this way, governments can minimize wasted liquidity of public assets: unused returns on public assets not required by domestic investors. This minimizes the cost of liquidity hoarding for the domestic private sector, which increases investment and welfare in the economy. This study also provides a framework to analyze relevant comparative statics regarding the ownership of state-contingent public assets. In particular, the model assesses the effects of changes in the domestic liquidity needs, the state's fiscal capacity, and the foreign willingness to pay for public debt on the ownership of state-contingent public assets.
Resection of Pediatric Trigeminal Schwannoma Using Minimally Invasive Approach: Case Report, Literature Review, and Operative Video.

Background Trigeminal schwannomas are fifth cranial nerve tumors that originate from the nerve sheath. They rarely occur within the pediatric population and can cause dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve and surrounding structures. When patients become symptomatic, neurosurgeons should consider resection. Case Desription We report the case of a 14-year-old adolescent boy who presented with an isolated sixth nerve palsy manifested by diplopia. The patient was found to have a trigeminal schwannoma involving the ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve. A modified mini-pterional craniotomy was performed for an extended middle fossa approach with an anterior petrosectomy to gain access to the inferior aspect of the posterior fossa tumor component. Intraoperatively, the sixth nerve was compressed within Dorello's canal. Postoperatively, the patient's sixth nerve palsy resolved, and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated near-total resection with residual enhancement along the superior orbital fissure near the oculomotor nerve entry zone and foramen rotundum. Conslusions We present a rare case of pediatric trigeminal schwannoma type Mp treated surgically with a near-total resection via a novel mini-pterional approach and use of cranial nerve diffusion tensor imaging.