cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional structural analysis of tetanus toxin by electron crystallography.

Abstract Two-dimensional crystalline arrays of native tetanus toxin have been formed at the interface between a solution of the toxin and a phospholipid monolayer containing a ganglioside. Electron crystallographic analysis has been used to study these periodic arrays. The arrays obey the symmetry of plane group p121, with a = 126 A and b = 84 A , and a thickness of 90 A (1 A = 0.1 nm). The three-dimensional structure of tetanus toxin in negative stain is reconstructed to a nominal resolution of 14 A from multiple tilt images. The molecule presents an asymmetric three-lobed structure and could interact with the monolayer in two possible orientations.
Role of carbohydrates in the viscosity and permeability of gastric mucin to hydrogen ion

Abstract The effect of carbohydrate removal on the viscosity of gastric mucin and its ability to impede the diffusion of hydrogen ion was investigated. The mucin, purified from dog gastric mucus, was subjected to partial or extensive deglycosylation with specific exoglycosidases and then used in the measurements. The obtained results revealed that removal of peripheral fucose or N-acetylglucosamine caused in each case only about 5% reduction of the glycoprotein viscosity. An 18% drop in the viscosity, however, occurred following removal of sialic acid, while extensive deglycosylation (removal of 86% carbohydrate) reduced the glycoprotein viscosity by 40%. The ability of mucin to retard the diffusion of hydrogen ion increased by 7% following removal of fucose or N-acetylgalactosamine, a 28% increase was obtained following removal of sialic acid, while the permeability to hydrogen ion of the extensively deglycosylated glycoprotein decreased by 42%. The results suggest that carbohydrates contribute significantly to the viscoelastic and permselective properties of gastric mucin.
Prognostic utility of the exercise thallium-201 test in ambulatory patients with chest pain: comparison with cardiac catheterization.

The goal of this study was to determine the prognostic utility of the exercise thallium-201 stress test in ambulatory patients with chest pain who were also referred for cardiac catheterization. Accordingly, 4 to 8 year (mean +/- 1SD, 4.6 +/- 2.6 years) follow-up data were obtained for all but one of 383 patients who underwent both exercise thallium-201 stress testing and cardiac catheterization from 1978 to 1981. Eighty-three patients had a revascularization procedure performed within 3 months of testing and were excluded from analysis. Of the remaining 299 patients, 210 had no events and 89 had events (41 deaths, nine nonfatal myocardial infarctions, and 39 revascularization procedures greater than or equal to 3 months after testing). When all clinical, exercise, thallium-201, and catheterization variables were analyzed by Cox regression analysis, the number of diseased vessels (when defined as greater than or equal to 50% luminal diameter narrowing) was the single most important predictor of future cardiac events (chi 2 = 38.1) followed by the number of segments demonstrating redistribution on delayed thallium-201 images (chi 2 = 16.3), except in the case of nonfatal myocardial infarction, for which redistribution was the most important predictor of future events. When coronary artery disease was defined as 70% or greater luminal diameter narrowing, the number of diseased vessels significantly (p less than .01) lost its power to predict events (chi 2 = 14.5). Other variables found to independently predict future events included change in heart rate from rest to exercise (chi 2 = 13.0), ST segment depression on exercise (chi 2 = 13.0), occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias on exercise (chi 2 = 5.9), and beta-blocker therapy (chi 2 = 4.3). The exclusion of myocardial revascularization procedures as an event did not change the results significantly. Although the number of diseased vessels was the single most important determinant of future events, the exercise thallium-201 stress test when considered as a whole (which included the number of segments demonstrating redistribution on delayed thallium-201 images, change in heart rate from rest to exercise, ST segment depression on the electrocardiogram, and ventricular premature beats on exercise) was equally powerful (chi 2 = 41.6). Combination of both catheterization and exercise thallium-201 data was superior to either alone (chi 2 = 57.5) for determining future events. Exercise stress test alone (without thallium-201 data) was inferior to the exercise thallium-201 stress test or cardiac catheterization for predicting future events (chi 2 = 30.6).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Beware the scar: Laparoscopic hysterectomy for 7-week cesarean delivery scar implantation pregnancy.

Case notes A 36-year-old G4P2012 at 6 weeks by last menstrual period presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. On examination, she had normal vital signs with mild suprapubic tenderness without rebound or guarding. Her medical history was notable for 2 uncomplicated cesarean deliveries. Ultrasound imaging showed implantation of a 7-week gestation within the endometrium overlying the prior cesarean delivery scar with thin adjacent myometrium. The serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was 155,009mIU/mL. Due
Role of Micronutrients in Skin Health and Function

Skin is the first line of defense for protecting our bodies against external perturbations, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, mechanical/chemical stress, and bacterial infection. Nutrition is one of many factors required for the maintenance of overall skin health. An impaired nutritional status alters the structural integrity and biological function of skin, resulting in an abnormal skin barrier. In particular, the importance of micronutrients (such as certain vitamins and minerals) for skin health has been highlighted in cell culture, animal, and clinical studies. These micronutrients are employed not only as active compounds in therapeutic agents for treating certain skin diseases, but also as ingredients in cosmetic products. Here, the author describes the barrier function of the skin and the general nutritional requirements for skin health. The goal of this review is to discuss the potential roles and current knowledge of selected micronutrients in skin health and function.
The impact of customer‐to‐customer interactions in a high personal contact service setting

Purpose – To empirically examine the development and influence that customer‐to‐customer interactions (CCI) have in a high personal contact setting.Design/methodology/approach – Using responses from patrons of different hair salons, the role that salon atmospherics had on the formation of CCI was assessed. Then, the relative influence of CCI on satisfaction with the firm, loyalty to the firm and firm word‐of‐mouth, in a model of service outcomes, was examined.Findings – Results indicate that atmospherics do influence CCI, which in turn is a strong predictor of loyalty to the firm and positive word‐of‐mouth.Research limitations/implications – Care should be taken when generalizing these findings to other service settings. It should be noted that all female respondents were generally more educated and had higher incomes than the general population.Practical implications – This study suggests that positive perceptions of atmospherics will lead to positive CCI effects. If managers determine that they would li...
Occultation of ε Geminorum by Mars: Evidence for Atmospheric Tides?

Epsilon Geminorum occultation data obtained on April 8, 1976, with the aid of a 91-cm telescope aboard the NASA Kuiper Airborne Observatory have provided a basis for the determination of temperature, pressure, and number density profiles of the Martian atmosphere. The results concerning the temperature profiles are compared with those of Viking 1 reported by Nier et al. (1976) and with theoretical predictions of thermally driven tides in the Martian atmosphere made by Zurek (1976).
Symmetry effect on the sum rule for bremsstrahlung cross-section

The effect of symmetry of the space co-ordinates of the nucleons of a nucleus on the integrated bremsstrahlung-weighted cross-section for electric dipole absorption σb has been investigated. It is found that the relationship of σb to the mean square radius of the nucleus is really model dependent. For a system heavier than Is nuclei, for example,6Li it is shown, in principle, that its σb is directly proportional to the mean square radius of6Li in a simple shell model picture which was believed to be contrary thus far. For a modified shell model wave function σb for6Li has been calculated and found to be close to the experimental value. The correction due to the centre-of-mass motion brings the r.m.s. radius of6Li in exact agreement to the value observed by electron scattering.
HLRP Method as a Tool for Optimizing Energy Solutions Options

The HLRP method is combined with optimization techniques to determine the best combination of a tri-generation system composed of a hybrid fuel cell system and alternative energy sources such as wind and solar energy. Solar thermal and photovoltaic systems with short term storage are used in this study. A small commercial site in Southern Europe is investigated. The HLRP method is based on using the ratio of the thermal load to the required power as the scaling parameter to analyze a hybrid fuel cell based tri-generation system in terms of performance parameters. The performance parameters, energy utilization factor, carbon dioxide and exergy destruction per total energy load, are reported in a series of graphs. The HLRP analysis is based on ideal performance of the power producing devices and practical performance parameters of all heat transfer devices. The alternative energy systems included in this analysis include state-of-the art performance measures. The previous publications on the HLRP method have focused on its development with short examples that illustrate how it operates as an effective, initial screening tool and limited cost factors. In this paper the application of the HLRP method as an early screening tool to determine the general outline of an efficient, total energy solution is detailed. The tool will be used to compare different solutions based on the fuel consumption (energy utilization factor), carbon dioxide production, exergy destruction and costs. The tradeoffs of reducing costs or increasing carbon dioxide production are illustrated. The solutions are based on a process using regression curves of the generalized graphs. The correlation coefficient for these regression relationships is greater than 0.996. In addition, refinement of the HLRP technique that reports carbon dioxide production and exergy destruction in terms of total energy rather than thermal loads has been adopted. Combining the generalized performance of the fuel consuming components with renewable energy sources leads to a solution based on balancing cost, minimizing fuel consumption or carbon dioxide production.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effects of therapy cushions on classroom behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder.

OBJECTIVE. We investigated the effects of therapy cushions on the in-seat and on-task behaviors of 2 kindergarten students with autism spectrum disorder during math activities. METHOD. We used a single-subject A�B�A�B�C design across 2 male participants who used chairs during baseline phases (A) and cushions during intervention phases (B). We included a choice phase (C) to determine participant seating preferences. Social validity was addressed by assessing teacher and participant seating preferences. Data were graphed and visually analyzed for functionally relevant changes between phases. RESULTS. No clinically relevant changes in the in-seat or on-task behaviors of either participant were observed with cushion use. CONCLUSION. Therapy cushions may not impose sufficient postural demands or provide adequate sensory input to produce behavioral changes. Continued research in this area is needed.
Do prostaglandins cause gastrointestinal mucosal injury

We have reviewed various examples of the injurious effects of prostaglandins on the gastrointestinal tract along with evidence that, in certain disease states, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents may have a prophylactic or therapeutic effect. The most important areas in which these drugs may be useful are in treatment or prevention of esophagitis, food intolerance symptoms, cholera, radiation-induced diarrhea, and ulcerative colitis. Although these two sets of facts appear to be contradictory, they may actually represent two distinct phenomena. The examples of deleterious effects of prostaglandins on gastrointestinal mucosa are all examples of inflammatory changes. Many changes occur in acute inflammation, including leukocytosis and chemotaxis of neutrophils to the area of inflammation. Release of many substances, including prostaglandins, histamine and bradykinin, occurs into the inflamed site. The prostaglandins involved in inflammation of the gastrointestinal mucosa may be quite different in source, type, and quantity from endogenous prostaglandins which play a role in cytoprotection. In addition, because other substances in addition to prostaglandins are involved in inflammation, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents do not act exclusively by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, the therapeutic benefit of antiinflammatory agents in gastrointestinal mucosa may be due to several mechanisms. Therefore, in spite of the strong evidence indicting nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs as occasionally harmful to the gastric, duodenal, and intestinal mucosa, we should not lose sight of their important potential therapeutic role in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract.
Thomas-Fermi Equation Solution by the Differential Analyzer

A numerical solution of the Thomas-Fermi equation $\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\varphi}}{d{x}^{2}}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{{x}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$, with the boundary conditions $\ensuremath{\varphi}(0)=1$ and $\ensuremath{\varphi}(\ensuremath{\infty})=0$, is presented, as obtained mechanically by means of the Differential Analyzer. This device for solving ordinary differential equations is described in a separate paper in the Journal of the Franklin Institute. The results are given for larger values of argument than have previously been reported, and at high values of argument precision has been improved. Over a part of the range, previously published results are checked, and the entire range is checked by an independent integration.
Selective Body Biasing for Post-Silicon Tuning of Sub-Threshold Designs: An Adaptive Filtering Approach

A sub-threshold design could provide a compelling approach to power critical applications. An exponential relationship exists, however, between the delay and the threshold voltage, that makes this design-time timing closure extremely difficult, if not impossible, to achieve. Several previous studies were focused on the technique of body biasing during post-silicon tuning for delay compensation. But they were mostly for super-threshold designs where spatially correlated ${L} _{\mathbf {eff}}$ variation dominates. They cannot be applied directly to sub-threshold designs in which purely random threshold voltage variations dominate. These works also assumed multiple body biasing voltage domains and multiple body biasing voltage levels, which involve significant design overhead. The problem of selective body biasing for post-silicon tuning of sub-threshold designs is examined in this paper. The possibility of using only one body bias voltage domain with a single body bias voltage is explored. The problem was formulated first as a linearly constrained statistical optimization model. The adaptive filtering concept from the signal processing community was then adopted so that an efficient, yet novel, solution could be developed. Using several 65 nm industrial designs, experimental results suggest that, compared with a seemingly more intuitive approach, the proposed approach can improve the pass rate by 57% on average with similar standby power and the same number of body biasing gates. This approach can reduce the standby power, on average, by 84%, with a 20% pass rate loss, more than the approach to bias all the gates.
The use of digital processing in studying stretch-forming sheet metal

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of upgrading old and tedious approaches of obtaining materials parameters to a computerized process in an affordable, fast and technically efficient manner. The formability and instability of plastic flow in cold-rolled 70/30 cartridge brass in the form of localized deformation is examined using a digital-image-processing technique, allowing for a detailed description of the evolution of the nonuniform deformation pattern in the post-localization regime and making it possible to characterize the localized macroscopic shear bands. Computer interfacing was carried out and a powerful and an efficient package of software was developed for monitoring and managing the DIP system and for analyzing material flow during a uniaxial tension stretching.
Selecting Gifted Children with the Slosson Intelligence Test: 1981 vs. 1961 Norms.

The Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) for Children and Adults protocols for 683 gifted students ranging in age from 6 to 12 years were scored using both 1961 and 1981 norms. The average 1981 norm score was 5.17 points lower than the 1961 norm score. The differences increase with the age of the child. Implications for using the SIT for selecting gifted children are discussed.
Personhood and Embryo Adoption

The morality of embryo adoption, or heterologous embryo transfer for rescue, remains controversial despite the issuance of Dignitas personae (2008). When evaluating such bioethical controversies, it is crucial to take account of the personal order. Personalism provides a fresh and heretofore underdeveloped perspective toward resolving this polarized issue in bioethics. I will argue that it is not discriminatory to oppose embryo adoption on the basis of the heterology between rescuer and embryo because the lack of genetic relatedness reflects a more profound lack of personal relatedness. The persons involved in embryo adoption are not meant for the bodily relationship of pregnancy because of the incommunicability of relationships that involve the total gift of the human body. From the perspective of biology, pregnancy is natural life support for the embryo. From the perspective of personhood, pregnancy is fundamentally a relationship of embodied persons, one that is irreplaceable and radically exclusive. The clinical implications of this analysis will be discussed.
Comparison of television and gate demand in the National Basketball Association

Abstract This study analyzes the differences between the determinants of economic demand for television audiences and gate attendance. Due to data availability problems, there are few studies focused on television demand for North American sports leagues, and most of those studies do not compare the differences between television and live game audiences. The primary determinants of demand that are compared are income, team quality, and both direct and indirect substitutes. Using data from the National Basketball Association (NBA), we find that fans who attend games live are inherently different from fans who watch games on television. Although insignificant to gate attendance, income is an inferior good to television audiences. Fans who watch the games on television are 4.5 times more sensitive to winning. The demand for television audiences is decreased more by direct substitutes compared to gate demand. However, demand for gate attendance is decreased more by indirect substitutes compared to television demand.
Social and Behavioral Risk Marker Clustering Associated with Biological Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease: NHANES 2001–2004

Background. Social and behavioral risk markers (e.g., physical activity, diet, smoking, and socioeconomic position) cluster; however, little is known whether clustering is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Objectives were to determine if sociobehavioral clustering is associated with biological CHD risk factors (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, and diabetes) and whether associations are independent of individual clustering components. Methods. Participants included 4,305 males and 4,673 females aged ≥20 years from NHANES 2001–2004. Sociobehavioral Risk Marker Index (SRI) included a summary score of physical activity, fruit/vegetable consumption, smoking, and educational attainment. Regression analyses evaluated associations of SRI with aforementioned biological CHD risk factors. Receiver operator curve analyses assessed independent predictive ability of SRI. Results. Healthful clustering (SRI = 0) was associated with improved biological CHD risk factor levels in 5 of 6 risk factors in females and 2 of 6 risk factors in males. Adding SRI to models containing age, race, and individual SRI components did not improve C-statistics. Conclusions. Findings suggest that healthful sociobehavioral risk marker clustering is associated with favorable CHD risk factor levels, particularly in females. These findings should inform social ecological interventions that consider health impacts of addressing social and behavioral risk factors.
The critical operating characteristic and the evaluation of expert judgment

Abstract The situation in which an expert makes a judgment or renders an opinion about the occurrence of an event, and the event either occurs or does not, may fruitfully be considered from two points of view: considering the expert as a signal detection system; and considering the consumer of the expert opinion who must decide whether or not to take some specific action based on that opinion. The dual-Gaussian, variable-criterion signal detection model provides a good description of expert behavior and forms the basis for distinguishing between accuracy of the expert and performance of the expert. Accuracy of the expert is defined in terms of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and is independent of decision criteria and prior probability of the event. Accuracy is measured either by da or Az. The performance of the expert, on the other hand, depends not only on the accuracy of the expert, but also on both the decision criteria used by the expert and the prior probability of the event. Two new concepts, the critical operating characteristic (COC) and the critical hit rate, HRcr, are introduced to allow the performance of experts to be meaningfully compared. Different ways in which expert judgment may be used by the consumer are also discussed.
Elevated temperature creep-rupture behavior of the single crystal nickel-base superalloy NASAIR 100

The creep and rupture behavior of [001] oriented single crystals of the nickel-base superalloy NASAIR 100 was investigated at temperatures of 925 and 1000 °C. In the stress and temperature ranges studied, the steady state creep rate, time to failure, time to the onset of secondary creep, and the time to the onset of tertiary creep all exhibited power law dependencies on the applied stress. The creep rate exponents for this alloy were between seven and eight, and the modulus-corrected activation energy for creep was approximately 350 kjoule/mole, which was comparable to the measured activa-tion energy for Ostwald ripening of the γ′ precipitates. Oriented γ′ coarsening to form lamellae perpendicular to the applied stress was very prominent during creep. At 1000 °C, the formation of a continuous γ-γ′ lamellar structure was completed during the primary creep stage. Shear through the γ-γ ' interface is considered to be the rate limiting step in the deformation process. Gradual thickening of the lamellae appeared to be the cause of the onset of tertiary creep. At 925 °C, the fully developed lamellar structure was not achieved until the secondary or tertiary creep stages. At this temperature, the γ-γ′ lamellar structure did not appear to be as beneficial for creep resistance as at the higher temperature.
Location of the gene specifying the smaller protein of the cowpea mosaic virus capsid.

Abstract Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) preparations contain two centrifugal nucleoprotein components, middle and bottom, both of which are required for infection. The capsid of the virus is constructed from equal numbers of large and small protein subunits. A mutant isolate, designated G3, was derived from nitrous acid-treated virus. Mutant G3 demonstrated three electrophoretic forms in contrast to the two electrophoretic forms found in wild-type preparations. As with wild-type virus, the slower forms of G3 were found to undergo an apparent in vivo conversion to the fast form. The conversion could be simulated in vitro by the action of chymotrypsin. This suggests that the G3 mutant carries an altered electronic charge on the labile carboxy-terminal portion of the smaller capsid protein. Examination of separated proteins by gel electrophoresis verified that wild-type and G3 capsids differed only in their smaller proteins. Complementation experiments with separated centrifugal components demonstrated that the recovery of G3 type progeny is dependent upon the presence of G3 middle component in the inoculum. This study indicates that the gene specifying the smaller capsid subunit is located in the middle component RNA of CPMV.
Phosphonic Acid Modification of Indium−Tin Oxide Electrodes: Combined XPS/UPS/Contact Angle Studies†

Indium−tin oxide (ITO) electrodes have been modified with both fluorinated alkyl and aryl phosphonic acids [n-hexylphosphonic acid (HPA) and n-octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl phosphonic acid (FHOPA), pentafluorobenzyl phosphonic acid (PFBPA), and tetrafluorobenzyl-1,4-diphosphonic acid (TFBdiPA)]. These are modifiers designed to control both wetting properties toward nonpolar molecular solids and to provide a wide range of tunability in effective surface work function. The molecular nature of surface attachment and changes in electronic and wetting properties were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), photoelastic modulation infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), and contact angle measurements using both water and hexadecane. Interface dipoles from the PA modifiers contribute to shifts in the low kinetic energy regions of UPS spectra (local vacuum level shifts, which translate into change...
Thermal compatibility of dry sliding tribo-specimens

Abstract This paper proposes that thermally-dominated failure of sliding contacts is likely to occur at a temperature that is intrinsic to the particular material. The value of that temperature depends, essentially, on the sliding speed, the temperature coefficient of conductivity and the number of contacting asperity pairs. Based on this conjecture, a set of thermal compatibility equations is proposed and a method of constructing a so-called temperature operation maps (TOMs) is demonstrated. The TOM is a plot that predicts the onset of thermally-dominated failure during rubbing. Failure temperatures predicted by the TOM for an aluminum (AL-A356)–steel SAE 52100 sliding pair were compared to experimentally determined temperatures, reported elsewhere, and were found to be in good agreement. As such, it is proposed that thermal matching of sliding materials should be attempted, such that the maximum expected temperature rise, due to friction heat, is equal to or is in close proximity to the critical temperatures of each of the rubbing materials as predicted by the particular TOM.
Direction of crack extension under general plane loading

An explicit expression of the amount of elastic energy release for crack extension under general two dimensional loading is presented through linear elasticity theory. It is shown that the direction of crack extension under general plane loading can be obtained directly by the minimization of the potential energy with respect to the crack direction. The minimization process indicates that the crack extension direction provided by maximum stress criterion is the same as the derived from minimum potential energy.
Fine-scale isotopic variation in Mariana Trough basalts: evidence for heterogeneity and a recycled component in backarc basin mantle

Abstract Fine-scale sampling with alvin and by dredging of the axial ridge in the Mariana Trough between 17°40′N and 18°30°N recovered basalts with isotopic compositions that span the range between N-type MORB and Mariana island arc basalts. There is a local tectonic-morphological control on basalt compositions; MORB-like basalts are found on the deeper ridge segment bounded by the Pagan transform and the ridge offset at 17°56′N, while basalts from the shallower ridge to the north are typical Mariana Trough basalts (MTB) having compositions intermediate between the two endmember rock types. Arc-like basalts were recovered from one site on the axial ridge. The discovery of basalts with such diverse isotopic characteristics from a short (100 km) section of this backarc spreading center constrains the chemical characteristics and distribution of mantle source variability in the Mariana Trough. Sr Nd Pb isotopic variability suggests that the MTB source is heterogeneous on the scale of individual melt batches. The principal component in the MTB mantle source region is depleted peridotite similar to the source of MORB. The enriched component, most evident in the arc-like basalts and intimately mixed in MTB, has isotopic characteristics similar to those observed in the Mariana arc basalts. The isotopic data suggest that source variability for Mariana axial ridge basalts can be explained by mixed arc-like and MORB-like mantle. We hypothesize that there are fragments of old oceanic lithosphere in the backarc source region. This lithospheric component may reflect remnants of subducted seafloor or forearc-volcanic arc mantle that predate rifting in the backarc basin.
Antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 protects the kidney against ischemic injury.

Abstract The pathophysiology of ischemic acute renal failure is complex, and the role of leukocyte adhesion in this process is not well defined. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) against intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (anti-ICAM-1), administered at the time of bilateral renal ischemia in the rat, prevented both functional impairment and histologic changes of acute renal failure. Plasma creatinine measured (mg/dl) 24 hr after 30 min of ischemia was 0.61 +/- 0.05 in the anti-ICAM-1-treated animals compared with 2.4 +/- 0.14 (P < 0.0001) in the vehicle-treated ischemic group. Forty-eight hours after ischemia, creatinine values were 0.46 +/- 0.05 and 2.03 +/- 0.22 (P < 0.0001) in anti-ICAM-1 and vehicle-treated groups, respectively. A low dose of anti-ICAM-1 that was itself nonprotective, when given with partially protective doses of a mAb against lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (anti-LFA-1), acted synergistically to prevent renal failure. Anti-ICAM-1 mAb also protected the kidney when administered 0.5 or 2 hr but not 8 hr after restoration of blood flow and when the ischemic period was extended to 40 min. Ischemia-induced increases in tissue myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophil infiltration, were mitigated with anti-ICAM-1 treatment. Thus, anti-ICAM-1 mAb protected the kidney against ischemic renal failure, even when the antibody was administered after the ischemic period. These results suggest a critical role for leukocytes and adhesion molecules in the pathophysiology of ischemic injury and may have important therapeutic implications.
On-line preparation of microsamples prior to CE

An experimental setup is presented here for the automated analysis of microsamples, based on the on-line coupling of a capillary SPE module and a CE unit using a two-position six-port valve, an open-closed valve to isolate electrically the sample preparation from the CE unit and a "T" interface. A C18 trapping microcolumn (dimensions 2.5 cm x 100 microm id x 360 microm od) was used for the SPE step. The utility of the proposed experimental setup was demonstrated by applying it to the determination of quinolone antibiotics in serum microsamples, which was efficiently carried out in less than 20 min (4 min for protein denaturation and 15 min for analytes preconcentration and CE-UV separation-determination). A complete optimization study was performed for preconcentration and cleanup of quinolones, the coupling of sample preparation module to the CE unit and electrophoretic separation of quinolones. A preconcentration factor of 10.4 was achieved. The volume injected with the proposed method was 125 nL versus 160 nL introduced by hydrodynamic injection. The volume required for the analysis was 2 microL, which makes the proposed experimental setup very useful for the analysis of microsamples in fields of current interest such as metabolomics or proteomics.
Instrumentation-Specific Infection After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is uncommonly complicated by postoperative infections, the causes of which are rarely identified.Hypothesis/Purpose:The goal of this study was to characterize the relationship between methodological sterilization failure and ACL reconstruction infection at an army medical center.Study Design:Case series.Methods:Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected on 5 postoperative infections during a 14-week period in 2003. All ACL reconstructions completed within the past 6 years at the institution were reviewed to establish a baseline infection rate.Results:There was a 14-week period in which 5 cases of infection occurred postoperatively, an infection rate of 12.2%. Previous and subsequent to the identified period, the established rate of infection after ACL reconstruction was 0.3%. There were no violations of sterile technique noted in any of the identified cases. All cases utilized hamstring autograft. All cases also used the DePuy Mitek...
Consequences of niche overlap for ecosystem functioning: an experimental test with pond grazers.

While the number of studies investigating the effects of species diversity on ecosystem properties continues to expand, few have explicitly examined how ecosystem functioning depends quantitatively on the degree of niche complementarity among species. We report the results of a microcosm experiment where similarity in habitat use among aquatic snail species was evaluated as a predictor of changes in community and ecosystem properties due to increasing species richness. Replicate microcosms with all possible one- and two-species combinations of a guild of six snail species were stocked with identical initial snail biomass. Microcosms with two species of snails had greater final snail biomass, lower attached algae biomass, and less total organic matter than monocultures. Snail species differed in their use of five distinct habitat types in the microcosms. Similarity in habitat use between a species pair was negatively related to the magnitude of change (e.g., ΔEF [change in ecosystem function]) in dissolved...
Place, culture, and peace; treaty cities and national culture in mediating contemporary international disputes

Many changes in the political map are the result of negotiation between disputing states. Those discussions are held in states acceptable to the parties themselves and in sites selected by the host. Two significant cultural and political features of those discussions are the selection of the treaty site and the negotioting styles of the disputing parties and negotiator. We examine these themes with examples and suggest their importance in regional and global peace processes.
Family-Centered Early Intervention for Infants and Toddlers With Disabilities

Almost 300,000 children in the United States from birth to 3 years of age are affected by a developmental disability. Disabilities have a lasting effect on a child's development and, in turn, may have a psychosocial impact on the child's family. In addition, the limitations of a child with a disability are often related to family members' stress, depression, and feelings of helplessness. Accordingly, not only do children with disabilities have special needs, but also families have unique needs as well. This review article describes the value of a family-centered approach to early intervention services for infants and toddlers and their families. Authors also describe barriers to the implementation of family-centered care and the role that social workers may play in addressing these barriers.
Japan's 2011 tsunami created gravity waves in the ionosphere

On 11 March 2011, when a 9.0 magnitude earthquake triggered a catastrophic tsunami off the northern coast of Japan, a network of GPS receivers present near the epicenter of the earthquake detected perturbations in the total electron content (TEC) in the ionosphere, traveling as gravity waves. For several years, scientists have observed that because of coupling between Earth's atmosphere and the ionosphere, large seismic events produce disturbances in the ionosphere. However, GPS receivers are not always present near earthquake epicenters, some large earthquakes are not associated with tsunamis, and most earthquakes (and tsunamis) are not large enough to create a detectable signal in the ionosphere. However, the earthquake in Japan occurred close to one of the densest networks of GPS receivers in the world: Japan's GEONET network, which made ionospheric TEC measurements in the vicinity of the epicenter before, during, and after the tsunami moved through the region. Galvan et al. compared GPS-based TEC measurements with models of sea surface height of the tsunami wave and Earthionosphere coupled models to assess for the first time what really drives the gravity waves in the ionosphere: the earthquake or the tsunami?
Distribution of Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Activity between Peaks I and II in Host and Donor Thymic Cells of Bone-marrow-restored Mice after X-irradiation

SummaryThe terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity and its distribution between peaks I and II after chromatographic elution were studied on days 15 and 17 after X-irradiation, in host- and donor-derived thymic cells of lethally irradiated (9 Gy) mice restored with BM cells. It was found that the population derived from the surviving host thymocytes differed markedly from the donor-derived population. The cells of host origin has a low TdT activity especially in peak II and the ratio peak I/peak II remained close to 1 instead of 0·1 in controls. These alterations reflect a reduced replication rate and possibly a modification of the cellular metabolic activity (phosphorylation-dephosphorylation). In contrast, the donor-derived elements displayed a very high TdT activity related to their elevated rate of replication, and the ratio peak I/peak II which was close to 1 on day 15 returned rapidly to normal. The impaired replication ability and the metabolic alteration of the host cells might be att...
Crystal and molecular structure of delsoline

The crystal and molecular structure of the diterpenoid alkaloid delsoline (1) C25H41NO7, Mr 467.61, has been determined by an X-ray analysis. The X-ray crystal structure which could not be solved earlier withMultan, has now been solved using the SIR 88 analysis program. The compound crystallizes in the space groupP212121 with cell parameters:a=12.529(2),b=13.118(1),c=14.231(6)A,V=2339(1)A3,Z=4,D calc=1.33 g/cm−3, λ(CuKα)=1.54184 A,μ(CuK α)=7.4 cm−1,R/R w =0.068/0.040 for 2539 reflections. The A ring of delsoline exists in the boat conformation stabilized by an intramolecular N---H-O hydrogen bond. Ring D also is in a boat form. Unambiguous proton and carbon-13 nmr assignments have been made by a detailed analysis of the DEPT, COSY, NOESY, and HETCOR nmr spectra.
Life-cycle reliability-based optimization of civil and aerospace structures

Today, it is widely recognized that optimization methodologies should account for the stochastic nature of engineering systems and that concepts and methods of life-cycle engineering should be used to obtain a cost-effective design during a specified time horizon. The recent developments in life-cycle engineering of civil and aerospace structures based on system reliability, time-dependent reliability, life-cycle maintenance, life-cycle cost and optimization constitute an important progress. The objective of this study is to present a brief review of the life-cycle reliability-based optimization field with emphasis on civil and aerospace structures.
Light scattering and small angle x-ray scattering by macromolecular coils with finite persistence length†

The angular distribution of scattering intensity depends on all intramolecular distances through terms of the form 〈sin ksrmn/ksrmn〉. In the case of statistically coiled linear macromolecules with finite valency angle, exact calculation of these averages is possible by numerical calculation (Monte Carlo method). In the range of light-scattering experiments, the results agree with previous approximate calculations by Peterlin and, in the range of small-angle x-ray scattering, with those by Porod, with the slight modification that with rather short chains the plateau in the plot of Ps2 versus s has a finite slope. At nearly 20 statistically independent chain elements, however, the plateau is virtually horizontal, and the flection at ksa = 2, used for determination of the persistence length a, is well developed. As by-products of the calculation, the average end-to-end distance 〈r 〉and its inverse 〈1/r〉, were obtained. The product 〈r〉〈1/r〉 rather slowly approaches the limit π/4 corresponding to Gaussian distance distribution.
Quick change strategies for vertical integration

The decision to make or buy product components or services must constantly be reevaluated as a firm's competitive position changes. But managers often fail to keep fine tuning these important relationships because they don't recognize the dangers of allowing their firm's vertical integration strategy to become obsolete.
Virtue and the Promise of Conservatism: The Legacy of Burke and Tocqueville

Often loud and acrimonious, the public tug-of-war between a reinvigorated conservatism and a liberalism in apparent disarray has obscured an equally important competition-that among conservatives themselves. In "Virtue and the Promise of Conservatism," Bruce Frohnen joins the fray in an effort to rescue the essence of conservative virtue from rationalists and materialists of whatever political stripe. He argues that we have "lost and must attempt to regain the conservative good life and the outlook which made it possible." The tools needed to do that, according to Frohnen, are humility and yes political action aimed at combatting the centralizing and materialistic structures and beliefs interfering with the formation and retention of family, church, and neighborhood. Drawing deeply from the writings of Edmund Burke and Alexis de Tocqueville, both critics of untempered reason and "the drive toward a spiritually impoverished egalitarian materialism," Frohnen explores how their work has influenced individuals as diverse as traditionalist Russell Kirk, "apocalyptic" libertarian Michael Oakeshott, and neoconservative Irving Kristol. While differing greatly in their views and prescriptions, these contemporary conservatives, Frohnen shows, are nevertheless united in their desire to preserve the local community's natural and fundamental institutions. This preservation, he argues, requires a renewed faith in and humble acceptance of the essential good contained within these institutions."
Erratum to “Separating earthworms from organic media using an electric field” [Biosystems Engineering, 100 (3), 409–421]

DOI of original article: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2008.04.009. * Corresponding author. Department of Agricultural and Biological E Engineering, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA. E-mail addresses: halayc@gmail.com (H.I. Chaoui), keener.3@osu.e 1537-5110/$ – see front matter a 2009 IAgrE. Published by Elsevier Ltd doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2009.05.001 In Figure 5: – Treatment 6 is mislabeled. The label should be 5 mA i, EF, 75 mm, 14 mm s – Treatment 7 is mislabeled. The label should be 5 mA i, EF, 50 mm, 14 mm s – Treatment 8 is mislabeled. The label should be 12 mA i, EH, 75 mm, 28 mm s
The MADF–BESS domain factor Dip3 potentiates synergistic activation by Dorsal and Twist

The transcription factors Dorsal and Twist regulate dorsoventral axis formation during Drosophila embryogenesis. Dorsal and Twist bind to closely linked DNA elements in a number of promoters and synergistically activate transcription. We have identified a novel protein named Dorsal-interacting protein 3 (Dip3) that may play a role in this synergy. Dip3 functions as a coactivator to stimulate synergistic activation by Dorsal and Twist, but does not stimulate simple activation of promoters containing only Dorsal or only Twist binding sites. In addition, Dip3 is able to bind DNA in a sequence specific manner and activate transcription directly. Dip3 possesses an N-terminal MADF domain and a C-terminal BESS domain, an architecture that is conserved in at least 14 Drosophila proteins, including Adf-1 and Stonewall. The MADF domain directs sequence specific DNA binding to a site consisting of multiple trinucleotide repeats, while the BESS domain directs a variety of protein-protein interactions, including interactions with itself, with Dorsal, and with a TBP-associated factor. We assess the possibility that the MADF and BESS domains are related to the SANT domain, a well-characterized motif found in many transcriptional regulators and coregulators.
High-Energy Neutrinos from Extragalactic Cosmic-Ray Sources

High-energy neutrinos, which can uniquely identify the production of hadronic cosmic rays and especially probe dense sources, are detectable by the nearly-completed IceCube and the planned KM3Net. We discuss high-energy neutrino emission from powerful extragalactic cosmic-ray accelerators such as active galaxies, gamma-ray bursts, clusters of galaxies and magnetars. We take a view of future prospects for those potential neutrino sources.