cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
401 THYROID FUNCTION IN CHILDREN TREATED FOR HODGKINS DISEASE (HD)

Thyroid function in 29 children with HD was followed a minimum of 24 months following diagnosis. Age of the patients (pts.) ranged from 4-16 yrs. (median=13 yrs.). 26/29 pts. had lymphangiography. 5/29 received only combination chemotherapy. 24/29 received 2800 to 5000 rads of radiation to the mantle, mediastinum or neck. 10/24 had combination chemotherapy subsequent to irradiation. T4 RIA, TSH, T3 uptake were measured at regular intervals. 0/5 pts. treated with only chemotherapy demonstrated any abnormal thyroid function. 14/24 pts. receiving radiation subsequently had elevated TSH (TSH>6.0 uU/ml) and low T4 index (T4 index <5.0). 8/24 had normal T4 index but elevated TSH (range 8.8 to 22, median=14 uU/ml), 2/24 had normal TSH and T4 index. 11/14 children with abnormal TSH and T4 index were treated with thyroid replacement. 3/14 with abnormal T4 index and TSH were not treated; two returned to normal 49 and 55 mo. after radiation. Of the 8 pts. with normal T4 index but abnormal TSH 1 was treated with thyroid replacement and 7/8 were not treated. TSH returned to normal in 3 untreated pts. 32 to 88 mos. after radiation. One pt. was clinically hyperthyroid with elevated T4 (23.6 mcg/dl) 6 mo. after radiation but eventually developed severe hypothyroidism (T4=0.3 mcg/dl and TSH=202 uU/ml). 92% of children in our series developed evidence of thyroid dysfunction following radiation therapy for HD. All children with HD treated in such a manner should have thyroid function monitored closely.
Triac phase control with a line-frequency control signal

A triac control circuit is presented which provides continuous (phase) control in response to the amplitude of a sine-wave signal of line frequency. Such signals might be obtained from a variety of a.c. transducers; e.g. from a resistance thermometer in a line-frequency bridge. A negative-resistance circuit is used which increases the control voltage exponentially to the trigger level for small signals. General curves are presented for conduction angle and power output as a function of signal amplitude.
A Novel System for the Launch of Alphavirus RNA Synthesis Reveals a Role for the Imd Pathway in Arthropod Antiviral Response

Alphaviruses are RNA viruses transmitted between vertebrate hosts by arthropod vectors, primarily mosquitoes. How arthropods counteract alphaviruses or viruses per se is not very well understood. Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model system for studying innate immunity against bacterial and fungal infections. In this study we report the use of a novel system to analyze replication of Sindbis virus (type species of the alphavirus genus) RNA following expression of a Sindbis virus replicon RNA from the fly genome. We demonstrate deficits in the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway enhance viral replication while mutations in the Toll pathway fail to affect replication. Similar results were observed with intrathoracic injections of whole virus and confirmed in cultured mosquito cells. These findings show that the Imd pathway mediates an antiviral response to Sindbis virus replication. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an antiviral role for the Imd pathway in insects.
Revisiting Philo: Discussions of Wealth and Poverty in Philo’s Ethical Discourse

Philo of Alexandria spoke frequently about issues of wealth and poverty, but his remarks contain enough ambiguity that his precise views regarding these issues have been hotly debated. Recently, David Mealand and Thomas Schmidt have debated whether or not Philo’s writings even contain a single coherent view. This paper argues that Philo’s writings do contain a coherent view of issues of wealth and poverty, a view that focuses upon a person’s control over the forces of desire.
The changing face of circuit design

The changing face of circuit design is described in this paper. With the invention of the integrated circuit (IC) and the development and continual improvement of the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), have brought tremendous changes to the circuit design area. The three types of circuits commonly fabricated on a chip are analog, digital, and mixed signal. Although the IC has led to tremendous developments in the electronics field, the process of IC circuit design has become more difficult. The large range and accuracy of component values in discrete design make the design less difficult. Special methods that apply active loads and matching techniques are required in IC design to minimize the number of resistors used and to remove the dependence of circuit performance on element values. Perhaps the most difficult part of IC design is the time lag between design and fabrication of the circuit, which may be several weeks or even months. Discrete circuits are often constructed within hours of completion of the initial paper design
TOURING A SUPPLY CHAIN WITH STUDENTS: PEDAGOGICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

This paper describes the supply chain tour, an expansion of the widely used facility tour pedagogy. A supply chain tour is a tour of facilities sequentially related in the creation of value that is designed to expose critical linkages and illustrate Supply Chain Management concepts and theories. Effectively using the supply chain tour pedagogy requires the instructor to create a standardized approach to managing the facility tour; a checklist is provided for this purpose. An example supply chain tour, used in the author's classes, is described.
University Students and Parents Together: Expanding Undergraduates' Experiential Base

Preservice teachers have few opportunities to work directly with parents prior to classroom teaching. This experiment allows seniors pursuing early childhood certification to gain experience working with parents of young children.
Chip-scale reconfigurable phased-array sonic communication

As CMOS electronics scale to smaller dimensions, wired interconnect density, power consumption, and delays have introduced bottlenecks in performance. Ultrasonic communication links integrated within the silicon substrate offer an opportunity to create low power high data rate channels. We have utilized ultrasonic phased arrays, micro-sonars, for reconfigurable communication links. Brand new vistas in computer architecture and low power computing are enabled by these links, including brain inspired computing. This paper demonstrates the use of phased array elements to create a reconfigurable 120 Mbit per second channel in silicon. The array is capable of selectively communicating to four different locations on chip.
A Novel Electromagnetic Bandgap Structure for SSN Suppression in PWR/GND plane pairs

Aim of this paper is to describe the simultaneous switching noise (SSN) mitigation by means of a novel electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure with double L metal patches and two connected branches. The proposed EBG achieves -40 dB of stop band over two distinctive frequencies range: 1 GHz - 4.3 GHz and 5.8 GHz - 8 GHz respectively. The impact of the proposed design on the signal integrity of a single-ended trace passing from the top layer to the bottom layer by means of two via transition is investigated in time domain by calculating eye-diagrams and time domain reflectometry (TDR). A partial EBG model is finally proposed to provide a better performance in term of signal quality while keeping the noise suppression level of the full EBG model.
LONGITUDINAL FORCE ON AN EMBEDDED FILAMENT

A thin elastic filament embedded in an elastic medium is subjected to a concentrated longitudinal load. For two-dimensional geometry and a relatively stiff filament the application of the load gives rise to a system of wedge-like and cylindrical waves. The dynamic shear stresses at the interface of the filament and the matrix, and in the region of the cylindrical waves are determined by means of Fourier transform techniques and Cagniard's method [2]. At the wave fronts of the wedge-like waves the jumps in the shear stresses are computed. Along the filament, the magnitudes of propagating discontinuities decrease exponentially. Along rays normal to the wave fronts of the wedge-like waves, the magnitudes of propagating discontinuities remain unchanged.
Yole!Africa: Negotiating Art and War in the East of Congo

On July, 2012 more than 6,000 spectators gathered in the open-air cercle sportif stadium in Goma, east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to cheer the dance routines and vocal feats of the yo...
Isolation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from surface waters using reverse osmosis and its impact on the reactivity of DOM to formation and speciation of disinfection by-products.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from three low-hardness surface waters was isolated and concentrated using a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane system. The efficacy of the RO isolation method and its impact on the subsequent reactivity between DOM and chlorine were examined. DOM mass balances (quantified as dissolved organic carbon) ranged from 96.1 to 102.1% for the three waters tested, and DOM mass recoveries of 93.9 to 98.2% indicated successful isolation, minimal fractionation. and negligible loss of organic matter. RO isolates were diluted using distilled and deionized water in the laboratory to reconstitute the source waters. Both source water (collected at the time of isolation) and reconstituted source water samples were chlorinated. Formation of several disinfection by-products (DBPs: e.g., THMs, HAA9, HANs, and HKs) were measured. For all waters tested, DBP formation of source and corresponding reconstituted source water agreed within 95% confidence intervals. Therefore, RO isolation had no impact on the DOM reactivity of the three low-hardness surface waters tested in this study. In addition, the degree of bromine substitution, as expressed by the bromine incorporation factor, was calculated. Comparison of bromine incorporation factors for source and reconstituted source waters further indicated that, as with the total DBP formations, bromine speciation and the relative occurrence of individual species in THMs and HAA9 did not change as a result of the isolation. Overall, in terms of DBP formation, RO isolation appears to maintain the integrity and reactivity of DOM.
Source parameters of moderate size earthquakes and the importance of receiver crustal structure in interpreting observations of local earthquakes

Broadband observations of three central California earthquakes as recorded on opposite sides of the San Andreas fault zone are studied. The earthquake mechanisms are of the strike-slip type occurring along the fault at epicentral distances between 15 and 30 km. The seismograms obtained at the two sites are distinctly dissimilar in both amplitude and wave shape even though they are at roughly the same azimuth. We suppose that the earthquake excitation is identical for the two sites and that the differences in seismograms are caused by the receiver structure. The problem is idealized by assuming that the first 10 sec of each record can be modeled synthetically with a point shear dislocation embedded in a half-space with a two-layer upper-crustal model appropriate for each site. The results determined by matching the observations indicate that the durations for these events with M_L = 4 to 5 are about 0.3 to 0.6 sec. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that accurate estimate of source parameters can only be accomplished after a detailed appreciation of crustal structure.
CORR Insights®: Undiagnosed vertebral fractures influence quality of life in postmenopausal women with reduced ultrasound parameters.

This CORR Insights® is a commentary on the article “Undiagnosed Vertebral Fractures Influence Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women With Reduced Ultrasound Parameters” by Nuti and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3588-8. The author certifies that he, or any member of his immediate family, have no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. This CORR Insights® comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3588-8.
Therapeutic challenges in primary CNS lymphoma.

Summary Optimum treatment for patients with primary CNS lymphoma remains challenging because there have not been any large randomised clinical trials of this rare tumour. Drugs used in treating systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma have mostly proven ineffective because of difficulties crossing the blood–brain barrier. The recognition of the efficacy of high-dose methotrexate was a substantial therapeutic breakthrough and further advances, such as the development of polychemotherapy regimens, have built on this. Whole-brain radiotherapy can consolidate response to chemotherapy, but the associated toxic effects of chemoradiation can be unacceptable. Other effective approaches include disruption of the blood–brain barrier and the use of high-dose chemotherapy. Recently, there have been attempts to optimise multi-drug chemotherapy regimens by focusing on improving survival and reducing toxic effects. A promising area of research is the incorporation of novel targeted drugs into standard treatment frameworks. In the future, greater cooperation between research groups should hopefully lead to further therapeutic advances.
Lung malignancies after Hodgkin lymphoma: disease characteristics, detection methods and clinical outcome

ABSTRACT Background Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) survivors have an increased risk of secondary malignancies. We analyzed outcomes in patients with lung cancers following HL treatment. Patients and methods Cases of thoracic malignancies were retrospectively identified from a multi-institutional database of 1976 patients treated for HL from 1969 to 2007. Data regarding risk factors, disease characteristics and outcomes were obtained from medical records. Results Lung malignancies were identified in 55 patients a median of 19.5 years after initial HL therapy. Thirty-one patients (56%) had a >10 pack-year history of tobacco use, 48 (87%) received thoracic irradiation and 26 (47%) received alkylating chemotherapy. Of the 42 patients with known stage at lung cancer diagnosis, 23 (55%) were stage IV and 5 (12%) were stage III. The method of lung cancer detection was known for 35 patients; of these, 12 (34%) were detected incidentally. Median survival time after diagnosis was 10 months for all 55 patients. Median survival time for patients with incidentally detected tumors has not been reached with a median follow-up of 39 months. Conclusions Lung malignancies diagnosed in patients successfully treated for HL generally have a dismal prognosis. However, a subset of patients diagnosed incidentally may have potentially curable disease.
Faith and Election: The Christian Right in Congressional Campaigns 1978- 1988

Here we assess the involvement of the Christian Right in recent congressional campaigns from three theoretical perspectives: the "demand" for Christian Right activism, the "supply" of resources for such activism, and "strategic choice" in the deployment of such resources. We find that the Christian Right was most active, and apparently successful, where all three factors converged. These findings reveal the political character of the Christian Right and point to its eventual integration into the Republican party.
Improving 'MIL-HDBK-217 type' models for mechanical reliability prediction

A combination of the MIL HDBK 217-type reliability-prediction model and Weibull distribution techniques which will account for the fact that the failure rate varies with time is suggested. Techniques to determine the main population Weibull parameters from a hazard plot are also discussed. When a prediction is to be performed, the MIL HDBK 217-type model is used to predict the failure rate. The characteristic life is then calculated by dividing the expected Weibull slope by the predicted failure rate. A point is then plotted on Weibull probability paper at a time equal to the predicted characteristic life and at a failure percentage of 63.2. A line is then drawn through this point at the expected Weibull slope. This graph can be used to determine the percent failure at any time of interest. The reliability, in percent, can be calculated at any point by subtracting the failure percent from 100. >
Mutations in Cytochrome Assembly and Periplasmic Redox Pathways in Bordetella pertussis

Transposon mutagenesis of Bordetella pertussis was used to discover mutations in the cytochrome c biogenesis pathway called system II. Using a tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine cytochrome c oxidase screen, 27 oxidase-negative mutants were isolated and characterized. Nine mutants were still able to synthesize c-type cytochromes and possessed insertions in the genes for cytochrome c oxidase subunits (ctaC, -D, and -E), heme a biosynthesis (ctaB), assembly of cytochrome c oxidase (sco2), or ferrochelatase (hemZ). Eighteen mutants were unable to synthesize all c-type cytochromes. Seven of these had transposons in dipZ (dsbD), encoding the transmembrane thioreduction protein, and all seven mutants were corrected for cytochrome c assembly by exogenous dithiothreitol, which was consistent with the cytochrome c cysteinyl residues of the CXXCH motif requiring periplasmic reduction. The remaining 11 insertions were located in the ccsBA operon, suggesting that with the appropriate thiol-reducing environment, the CcsB and CcsA proteins comprise the entire system II biosynthetic pathway. Antiserum to CcsB was used to show that CcsB is absent in ccsA mutants, providing evidence for a stable CcsA-CcsB complex. No mutations were found in the genes necessary for disulfide bond formation (dsbA or dsbB). To examine whether the periplasmic disulfide bond pathway is required for cytochrome c biogenesis in B. pertussis, a targeted knockout was made in dsbB. The DsbB− mutant makes holocytochromes c like the wild type does and secretes and assembles the active periplasmic alkaline phosphatase. A dipZ mutant is not corrected by a dsbB mutation. Alternative mechanisms to oxidize disulfides in B. pertussis are analyzed and discussed.
Mobile Assessment and Treatment for Schizophrenia (MATS): A Pilot Trial of An Interactive Text-Messaging Intervention for Medication Adherence, Socialization, and Auditory Hallucinations

Mobile Assessment and Treatment for Schizophrenia (MATS) employs ambulatory monitoring methods and cognitive behavioral therapy interventions to assess and improve outcomes in consumers with schizophrenia through mobile phone text messaging. Three MATS interventions were developed to target medication adherence, socialization, and auditory hallucinations. Participants received up to 840 text messages over a 12-week intervention period. Fifty-five consumers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were enrolled, but 13 consumers with more severe negative symptoms, lower functioning, and lower premorbid IQ did not complete the intervention, despite repeated prompting and training. For completers, the average valid response rate for 216 outcome assessment questions over the 12-week period was 86%, and 86% of phones were returned undamaged. Medication adherence improved significantly, but only for individuals who were living independently. Number of social interactions increased significantly and a significant reduction in severity of hallucinations was found. In addition, the probability of endorsing attitudes that could interfere with improvement in these outcomes was also significantly reduced in MATS. Lab-based assessments of more general symptoms and functioning did not change significantly. This pilot study demonstrated that low-intensity text-messaging interventions like MATS are feasible and effective interventions to improve several important outcomes, especially for higher functioning consumers with schizophrenia.
Oxantel is an N-type (methyridine and nicotine) agonist not an L-type (levamisole and pyrantel) agonist: classification of cholinergic anthelmintics in Ascaris

Abstract Three pharmacological subtypes of cholinergic receptors have been distinguished in Ascaris suum using a muscle contraction assay and classical pharmacological techniques. The receptor subtypes are: a B-subtype (sensitive to bephenium); an L-subtype (sensitive to levamisole and pyrantel); and an N-subtype (sensitive to nicotine and methyridine). Oxantel is a cholinergic anthelmintic that was first introduced for the treatment of whipworm, Trichuris, infections in children. Here, we compare the subtype selectivity of oxantel with thenium and other cholinergic anthelmintics. We used the A. suum assay to derive pA2 values for the agonists: oxantel, thenium, bephenium, levamisole, pyrantel, nicotine and methyridine with the antagonists: paraherquamide, 2-desoxyparaherquamide and methyllycaconitine. pA2 values, rather than pKB values, were determined for all agonists when it was found that Schild slopes for some agonists were significantly less than 1.0. The pA2 of oxantel was 6.58±0.25 for paraherquamide; 5.39±0.28 for 2-desoxyparaherquamide; 7.01±0.19 for methyllycaconitine. Comparison of pA2 values using cluster analysis showed that oxantel was grouped with nicotine and methyridine, the N-subtype agonists. Thenium had pA2s of 7.84±0.41 for paraherquamide; 5.52±0.50 for 2-desoxyparaherquamide; 6.33±0.19 for methyllycaconitine. Cluster analysis placed thenium between the L-subtype agonists and the B-subtype agonist. The therapeutic significance of classification of cholinergic anthelmintics is discussed. Combination of oxantel and pyrantel would have therapeutic advantages, covering N- and L-subtypes, and so increasing spectrum of action and reducing the potential for development of resistance. Our results predict that oxantel may remain effective in some nematode isolates that have become levamisole- and pyrantel-resistant.
XBoard: a framework for integrating and enhancing collaborative work practices

Teams typically collaborate in different modes including face-to-face meetings, meetings that are synchronous (i.e. require parties to participate at the same time) but distributed geographically, and meetings involving asynchronously working on common tasks at different times. The XBoard platform was designed to create an integrated environment for creating applications that enhance collaborative work practices. Specifically, it takes large, touch-screen enabled displays as the starting point for enhancing face-to-face meetings by providing common facilities such as whiteboarding/electronic flipcharts, laptop projection, Web access, screen capture and content distribution. These capabilities are built upon by making these functions inherently distributed by allowing these sessions to be easily connected between two or more systems at different locations. Finally, an information repository is integrated into the functionality to provide facilities for work practices that involve work being done at different times, such as reports that span different shifts.
Upscaled modeling in multiphase flow applications

In this paper we consider upscaling of multiphase flow in porous media. We propose numerical techniques for upscaling of pressure and saturation equations. Extensions and applications of these approaches are considered in this paper. Numerical examples are presented.
Sequential elaboration of lymphocyte‐enhancing and ‐suppressing factors in the sera of tumor‐bearing animals

Serum-mediated impairment of lymphocyte function was studied in an animal model. Sprague-Dawley rats inoculated intraperitoneally or subcutaneously with the Walker 256 carcinoma underwent sequential sampling of blood. The effect of these serum samples upon phytohemagglutinin-induced blastogenesis of normal rat splenocytes was monitored in an assay utilizing incorporation of (3H)-thymidine. The effect of serum samples from both the subcutaneously and the intraperitoneally inoculated tumor-bearing animals was biphasic. Early on, serum enhanced blastogenesis and later suppressed blastogenesis. Separation of sera into high and low molecular weight components by ultrafiltration demonstrated the enhancing activity to reside in the high molecular weight fraction. The enhancing activity of sera decreased over time from tumor inoculation. Conversely, suppressor activity increased over time from tumor inoculation. This study demonstrated that suppressor activity of sera obtained from animals with advanced tumors is the result of the lack of enhancing activity coupled with the elaboration of suppressor activity.
Mechanical Characterization of Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate (PEGDA) for Tissue Engineering Applications

One of the principal challenges in tissue engineering, especially with the production of large tissue constructs, is the cell survivability within the scaffold. Several researchers developed porous three dimensional (3D) scaffold, where oxygen and nutrients can slowly diffuse for the proper cell growth inside the scaffold. Due to limited diffusion of oxygen and nutrients, the cells placed at a certain depth (usually 3mm) within these tissue construct do not receive adequate nutrients. For which the cells die at that depth which lead to improper tissue regeneration in the scaffold. Currently, there is a necessity to design nutrient conduit networks (referred in this article as channels) within the tissue construct to enable cells to survive in the scaffold. In this study, tissue constructs having the nutrient conduit channels were designed and were fabricated with UV-photopolymerization process. Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) was used as a fabrication material. After the design and fabrication was completed, mechanical characterization was conducted to examine the mechanical properties of the tissue constructs. The study found that PEGDA samples with 0.2% concentration of photoinitiator (PI) has higher cell viability rate compared to the PEGDA samples with higher concentration of PI. Mechanical test results found that PEGDA tissue constructs had higher ultimate tensile strength at room temperature compared to physiological body temperature.
The relative abundance of pheophorbide a and pheophytin a in temperate marine waters1

Pheophytin a and pheophorbide a were measured with reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in samples from Dabob Bay, a temperate fiord in Puget Sound, Washington. Pheopigment diversity was higher than expected in all samples analyzed (water column, sediment trap material, and fecal pellets of Calanus paczjicus): two major forms of pheophytin a and three major forms of pheophorbide a were separated and quantified. These pigments were labeled by their relative polarity al and a2 in the case of pheophytin and al, a2, and a3 in the case of pheophorbide, with a 1 being the most polar. Pheophytin a 1 and pheophorbide a2 had the same Chromatographic characteristics as the in vitro forms obtained by acidification of Chl a in acetone and chlorophyllide a in methanol. Pheophorbide a 1 was present only in the euphotic zone. Pheophorbide a2 showed a maximum at the depth of the Chl a maximum and was least abundant in sediment traps. Pheophorbide a3 was most abundant below the euphotic zone, in sediment traps, and in C. pacijicus fecal pellets. Pheophytin forms showed no clear pattern, although pheo. phytin a2 was more abundant in laboratory experiments than in field samples. The total mass concentration of pheophorbide forms was four times higher, on average, than that of pheophytin forms (n = 64). Because of their field distributions, the more polar may be the more degraded forms of the chlorophyll molecule.
Indentation Strength of Glass

The tensile strength of plate and sheet glasses was investigated by means of indentation experiments with small spherical indenters. In agreement with earlier experiments by Powell and Preston, tensile strengths were observed about 10 to 100 times higher than those found in tensile or bending tests, the highest values being about one-half the greatest strength of thin fibers or freshly drawn rods. It did not seem that any further reduction of the diameter of the indenting sphere below 1 mm. would lead to a significant increase of the highest strength values. The highest values of the indentation strength of freshly cleaved surfaces were not above those of ordinary surfaces, although the average was considerably higher. This indicates that, unless the use of the Hertz stress distribution involves a significant inaccuracy, the upper limit of about 300,000 lb. per sq. in. of the tensile stress may represent the order of magnitude of the tensile strength of bulk glass in the absence of surface defects. This value is within a factor of two to five of the probable molecular tensile cohesion of a glass of maximum homogeneity. Fracture stress histograms and maximum endured stress histograms are given for a variety of flat glasses.
The Conundrum of Cohesion: France's North African Question

The level of social polarization between native French and North Africans in France in an enduring dilemma. The prospect for effective social cohesion is challenged by factors including staunch French secularism, laicite , and the deep wounds of the Algerian Revolution. In order to understand the situation, this paper employs two interpretive frameworks: the politics of difference and the politics of home . In the former, a long-held notion of colonial superiority manifests itself in structural and interpersonal modes of social subordination aimed towards North Africans. In the latter, many native French lash out against North Africans for the threat that they pose to established French values. In response to both, a heightened sense of communalism permeates North Africans communities, often resulting in pronounced instances of fundamental backlash. The goal of this thesis is to view the reasons behind polarization in equitable housing, economic inclusiveness, and religious expression, and posit whether the myriad of outlooks, from the French Left and Right to North Africans themselves, can resolve France’s social woes.
The Origins of Republican Legal Theory

The first self-consciously “republican” ideology originated in the senatorial opposition to Gaius Julius Caesar, and implies a procedural commitment to certain “republican” political and legal institutions, usually attributed to Rome’s republican constitution of 509–49 BC. The basic desiderata of republican government, as articulated in the republican legal tradition derived from Rome, secure government for the common good through the checks and balances of a mixed constitution, comprising a sovereign people, an elected executive, a deliberative senate, and a regulated popular assembly, constrained by an independent judiciary, and subject to the rule of law. Some republicans would add representation, the separation of powers, or equality of material possessions, to protect public liberty (“libertas”) and avoid Rome’s eventual descent into popular tyranny and military despotism. Republican liberty signifies subjection to the law and to magistrates, acting for the common good, and never to the private will or domination “dominatio” of any private master.1
Late axillary recurrence after negative SLNB.

63 Background: SLNB is the standard axillary evaluation method for clinically node-negative patients with invasive breast cancer. While axillary recurrence (AR) in the early years after negative SLNB is 8 yrs) follow-up on large patient numbers are lacking. With concern that current multimodality therapy may delay time to AR, we reviewed long-term SLNB patient outcomes. Methods: We identified patients with invasive cancer from a prospective, single-institution database who had a negative SLNB without additional axillary surgery from 1/97-12/00. Cancer, demographic, and treatment data were obtained for all patients. Primary outcome was AR. Overall survival (OS) and distant disease-free survival (DDFS) after AR were secondary endpoints. Results: 1529 eligible patients were identified. See table for patient and tumor characteristics. At 10.8 yrs (0-16) median follow-up, overall incidence of AR as a first event was low, n= 13. Median OS after AR was 4.6 yrs and median DDFS after AR ...
The Michigan Affirmative Action Cases: A Critical Essay

In the two University of Michigan affirmative action cases in June of 2003, the Supreme Court closely examined the practices and methodologies used by the respective admissions offices. In finding diversity as an acceptable admissions goal, the Court approved a flexible assessment plan used by the law school but disapproved a point assignment plan used by the undergraduate school. The opinions failed to specify what kind of affirmative action is acceptable. The cases will make affirmative action more difficult to achieve and will undermine the efforts to improve equality in university admissions processes.
Fe 1 − x Co x Cl 2 : Competing anisotropies and random molecular fields

We report a detailed study of the magnetic properties of the site-random solid solution ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$. ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ represents an archetypal example of a system with competing orthogonal spin anisotropies; the easy axis of the Fe spin is orthogonal to the easy plane of the Co spin. The magnetic behavior of single-crystal samples was characterized with the use, as probes, of both dc magnetic susceptibility and elastic neutron diffraction. We find behavior that is in fundamental disagreement with the theoretical predictions for random anisotropy magnets. In particular the transition in one spin component is drastically altered by the existence of long-range order in the other component. We argue that this is due to random off-diagonal terms in the Hamiltonian which generate site-random molecular fields.
The Structure and Composition of Interphase Boundaries in Ni/Ag-(001) Thin Films Doped with Au

Computer simulations of the Ni/Ag-(001) interphase boundary have been performed with the Embedded Atom Method. The relaxed atomic configurations, the periodic interaction potential, the shear modulus of the interface, and the interaction of an Au impurity with the interface have been evaluated. In addition, experimental studies have been conducted on the same system; and the structure and composition of the interface have been simultaneously examined.
Parasites of birch casebearer larvae in Newfoundland [Lep.: Coleophoridae]

The birch casebearer,Coleophora fuscedinellaZeller, is the most important pest of white birch,Betula papyriferaMarsh, in Newfoundland. A total of 31 species of parasites and hyperparasites were reared from birch casebearer pupae in this study. An additional 7 species are known to parasitize this casebearer in Newfoundland. Only 3 species were numerous:Itoplectis quadricingulata (Provancher),Cirrospilus cinctithorax (Girault) andHabrocytus semotus (Walker). In western Newfoundland, there was an increase in percent parasitism by all parasites from 5.4% in 1973 to 7.5% in 1974 and to 16.3% in 1975. In central Newfoundland, percent parasitism was about 7% in 1974 and 1975.
Keeping Up with Clinical Research Technologies

The goal of this issue is to help readers keep pace with technological trends happening in the research enterprise. While it can be exciting to see how technology makes positive impacts professionally, in the clinical research line of work we also need to think about how technologies are regulated and how they can affect human subjects protections. Technologies may solve old problems, but the reality is that they create new ones, too, for example as paper case report forms (CRFs) turn into electronic CRFs (eCRFs) and, because of eCRFs, onsite monitoring segues into remote, risk-based monitoring.
Self-organized Chiral Liquid Crystalline Nanostructures for Energy-Saving Devices

Energy saving, as important as energy harvesting and storage in sustainable energy endeavor, would greatly decrease the energy production and will help in alleviating the increasing pressure on nonrenewable energy sources, which will not only lengthen their exhaustion but also would provide sufficient time to explore alternative potential sources of sustainable energy. Hitherto, extensive efforts have been devoted to developing energy saving technology to meet environmental and economic restrictions. In this context, liquid crystal (LC) based energy-saving devices employing chiral LC phases as the active materials have been demonstrated. As unique LCs, chiral LC phases possess many excellent characteristics on molecular arrangement and optical properties due to their periodic modulated structure, which enables their promising applications in energy-saving devices. Here we discuss different approaches adopted to develop LC devices with energy saving characteristics. The devices are based on the chiral LCs, i.e., chiral nematic LCs and blue phase LCs, however the use of chiral nematic LCs is highlighted in this chapter. The bistable states of chiral nematic LCs present different optical properties in absence of external field for potential applications in low energy consumption displays, image storage, and light shutters. Furthermore, their selective reflection exhibits the high efficiency on solar energy tuning as a smart window or adaptor of photovoltaic devices. By doping photosensitive chiral switches or motors into the LC, light tunability on reflection band of chiral LCs has been achieved. In this sense, recent developments of delicate light driven energy-saving photonic devices will be also discussed.
Emotion, Personality, and Health

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the evidence linking personality and emotional response patterns to physical health. It describes the behavioral and psychosocial mechanisms through which personality and emotion might have their effects on health. The chapter reviews some recent research indicating that individuals who are likely to exhibit risk factors for disease and premature mortality can be identified as early as childhood. The chapter also explains the Terman Life-Cycle Study archive, which explores the associations between childhood personality and longevity across the life span, testing specific models of how personality might have its long-term influence on health. By gathering information about longevity and cause of death, and by developing numerous health-related indexes from the archives, a unique opportunity to trace the relations among personality, behavior, and health across the life span is created. Although the Terman participants are not representative of the general population, the homogeneous and intelligent nature of the sample provides for clear insights about likely psychosocial links.
Anatomy of Amphibians and Reptiles

This chapter focuses on anatomy, including development, growth, and organ systems, of amphibians and reptiles. Development refers to just the embryological processes, including embryogenesis (the formation of the embryo and its embryology through metamorphosis, hatching, or birth), organogenesis (the formation of organs), and histogenesis (the formation of tissues). For most amphibians and reptiles, a single cell—the zygote—results from the fusion of an ovum and a spermatozoan—the female and the male sex cells—a process called fertilization. Fertilization occurs predominantly outside the female's body and reproductive system (external fertilization) in frogs and inside the female's reproductive system (internal fertilization) in all caecilians, most salamanders, and all reptiles. Growth is the addition of new tissue in excess of that required for the replacement of worn-out or damaged tissue. It is influenced by the availability and quality of food. It occurs primarily in the embryonic and juvenile stages of amphibians and reptiles. The skin of amphibians ranges from smooth to rough. Some of the integumentary projections are epidermal, but most involve both the epidermis and the dermis. Reptiles have a variety of skin glands. Although common over the body, the multicellular glands are typically small and inconspicuous. Their secretions are mainly lipidand wax-based compounds that serve as waterproofing, surfactant, and pheromonal agents. The glands rely on vascular and neural pathways to transmit their chemical messengers. Unlike other organ systems, the endocrine system is a composite of unrelated anatomical structures from other systems—for example, the pituitary of the nervous and digestive systems, the gonads of the reproductive system, or the pancreas of the digestive system.
People, Computers, and The Hot Mess of Real Data

In practice, end-to-end data analysis is rarely a cleanly engineered process. Acquiring data can be tricky. Data assessment, wrangling and feature extraction are time-consuming and subjective. Models and algorithms used to derive data products are highly contextualized by time-varying properties of data sources, code and application needs. All of these issues would ideally benefit from an organizational view, but are often driven by individual users. Viewed holistically, both agile analytics and the establishment of analytic pipelines involve interactions between people, computation and infrastructure. In this talk I'll share some anecdotes from our research, user studies, and field experience with companies (Trifacta, Captricity), as well as an emerging open-source project (Ground).
Utilization of a Metabolic Syndrome Index in Evaluating the Life in Balance Lifestyle Intervention for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes among Urban American Indians and Alaska Natives

∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ v LIST OF TABLES ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ vii LIST OF FIGURES ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ viii CHAPTER
Can batch or semi-batch processes save energy in reverse-osmosis desalination?

Abstract Energy savings in reverse osmosis (RO) are highly constrained by the design of conventional processes, for which the minimum practical energy of desalination substantially exceeds the thermodynamic minimum. Batch processes can theoretically approach the thermodynamic minimum, suggesting the possibility for further energy savings. In this study, we aim to quantify what energy reductions may be possible for batch-like processes when process inefficiencies such as frictional losses and concentration polarization are included. We first introduce a practical batch process that utilizes energy recovery devices and an unpressurized feed tank. We also consider a less practical pressurized-tank scenario, as well as semi-batch (closed-circuit) RO. We then derive analytical approximations and conduct numerical modeling to compare the energy requirements of batch, semi-batch, and staged RO processes under realistic conditions. Through this analysis, we find that practical batch-like processes and processes with increased staging offer comparable and significant energy savings. For example, semi-batch RO and two-stage RO would save 13% and 15% energy, respectively, over one-stage seawater RO at 50% recovery. We conclude with a discussion of other important factors, such as capital costs and process robustness and flexibility, that will affect the implementation of batch, semi-batch, and staged processes.
Abstract 371: An Intact Autophagy-lysosomal System is Required for the Clearance of p62-enriched Inclusion Bodies in Macrophages and has Implications for Atherosclerosis

Autophagy is an essential catabolic cellular mechanism that involves degradation of dysfunctional proteins and organelles through the lysosomal machinery. Recent studies suggest that autophagy- deficiency induces atherosclerotic plaque formation in mouse models. Although the exact mechanisms are unknown, hyperactivation of the inflammasome, enhanced apoptosis/oxidative stress, and disrupted lipid efflux have been proposed. Herein, we describe an alternative mechanism involving the clearance of protein aggregates. It is known that autophagy-deficient macrophages have significantly increased levels of the chaperone protein p62. Since p62 binds polyubiquitinated proteins and facilitates their turnover via autophagy, disruptions in this process might be pathogenic in atherosclerosis. We first tested the effects of atherogenic lipid loading in peritoneal macrophages. Incubation with either cholesterol crystals or oxidized-LDL dramatically increased p62 protein levels with little effect on transcription, suggesting defects in the clearance of p62 protein. This coincided with the accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins colocalizing with p62 present either as cytoplasmic inclusions or partially sequestered by lysosomes. Such accumulation was intensified in autophagy-null (ATG5-/-) macrophages, where massive cytoplasmic ubiquitin-positive p62 aggregates form. Our in vitro observations are recapitulated in vivo ; aortas from atherosclerotic (ApoE-/-) mice have progressive and marked elevations in p62 and polyubiquitinated protein levels that predominantly colocalize with plaque macrophages, a process that is further exacerbated in the autophagy-deficient setting. The homeostasis of cytoplasmic inclusions is dependent on the presence of p62 as lipid loaded p62-null macrophages showed polyubiquitinated protein accumulation present in a diffuse and disrupted cytoplasmic pattern. This appears to have functional consequences with p62-null macrophages displaying increased secretion of IL-1β likely through inflammasome activation. Taken together these data suggest that p62-positive inclusion body formation is a marker of atherosclerotic progression with potential pathophysiological consequences.
Surface Projection of Interosseous Foramen of the Leg: Cadaver Study.

Purpose. This study was conducted to identify the surface projection of the interosseous foramen and associated structures of the proximal leg using the average clinician’s thumb width as a quick measurement to assist in differential diagnosis and treatment. Methods. Twelve cadavers (5 males and 7 females, age range = 51–91 years, and mean age = 76.9) were dissected for analysis. Location and size of interosseous foramen, location of anterior tibial artery, location of deep fibular nerve, and corresponding arterial branches were measured and converted into thumb widths. Results. Mean thumb width measured among the cadavers was mm. The interosseous foramen measured was approximately 1 thumb width vertically ( mm) and 1/2 thumb width horizontally ( mm) and was located approximately 1 thumb width distally to the tibial tuberosity ( mm) and 2 thumb widths ( mm) lateral to the tibial ridge. The anterior tibial artery and deep fibular nerve converged approximately 4 thumb widths ( mm) inferior to the tibial tuberosity and 2 thumb widths ( mm) lateral to the tibial ridge. Conclusion. Clinicians may identify anatomical structures of the proximal leg with palpation using the thumb width for measurement.
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Intervertebral Disc: Effects of In Vivo Loading Conditions and Endplate Calcification on Glucose Distributions

Degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) of the spine is a common condition which has been implicated as a factor leading to low back pain. Poor nutritional supply is believed to be a primary contributor to IVD degeneration. Because the disc is the largest avascular structure in the body, cells must rely on transport of important nutrients, such as glucose and oxygen, from the surrounding vasculature in order to maintain cell viability in the disc tissue. Due to difficulty in obtaining data in vivo, theoretical modeling is a useful tool to supplement experimental results and predict in vivo conditions.Copyright © 2010 by ASME