cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical design of the moderate-resolution imaging spectrometer-tilt for the Earth Observing System

The moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) is an earth-viewing sensor that is planned as a facility instrument for the Earth observing system (Eos) scheduled to begin functioning in the late 1990s. The MODIS is composed of two mutually supporting sensors, one of which is MODIS-T (where ''T'' signifies a tiltable along-track field of view). MODIS-T is a 32-channel imaging spectrometer with a required 10 nm to 15 nm spectral resolution (FWHM) in the 400 nm to 880 nm spectral range with less than 2.3 instrument-induced linear polarization. At nadir the instrument provides a 33 km by 1500 km swath with a 1.1 km spatial resolution and an along-track pointing capability of +/- 50 degree(s). The heart of the optical design consists of a f/3 grating-type reflecting Schmidt camera.
PTEN does not modulate GLUT4 translocation in rat adipose cells under physiological conditions.

Abstract PTEN is a 3′-inositol lipid phosphatase that dephosphorylates products of PI 3-kinase. Since PI 3-kinase is required for many metabolic actions of insulin, we investigated the role of PTEN in insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4. In control rat adipose cells, we observed a ∼2-fold increase in cell surface GLUT4 upon maximal insulin stimulation. Overexpression of wild-type PTEN abolished this response to insulin. Translocation of GLUT4 in cells overexpressing PTEN mutants without lipid phosphatase activity was similar to that observed in control cells. Overexpression of PTEN-CBR3 (mutant with disrupted membrane association domain) partially impaired translocation of GLUT4. In Cos-7 cells, overexpression of wild-type PTEN had no effect on ERK2 phosphorylation in response to acute insulin stimulation. However, Elk-1 phosphorylation in response to chronic insulin treatment was significantly decreased. Thus, when PTEN is overexpressed, both its lipid phosphatase activity and subcellular localization play a role in antagonizing metabolic actions of insulin that are dependent on PI 3-kinase but independent of MAP kinase. However, because translocation of GLUT4 in cells overexpressing a dominant inhibitory PTEN mutant (C124S) was similar to that of control cells, we conclude that endogenous PTEN may not modulate metabolic functions of insulin under normal physiological conditions.
The effect of naloxone on food-motivated behavior in the obese Zucker rat.

We assessed differences in food reinforced behavior between obese and lean Zucker rats with a progressive ratio schedule 3 (PR3) in which a subject emitted three additional lever-presses each time a reinforcer was delivered. The number of responses required for a reinforcer eventually exceeded its value, termed the ”break point”, a sensitive measure of food motivated behavior. Break points were higher in obese rats than lean controls for grain pellets (27.5 versus 9.5, P=0.01) but not for sweet pellets (51.6 versus 38.5, P=0.31). We determined if naloxone (0.01–3.0 mg/kg, SC), which reduces free food intake in obese Zucker rats, affects food motivated behavior in obese Zuckers and lean controls. Naloxone reduced break points in both obese and lean rats to a similar extent when working for either grain pellets or sweet pellets. Under free-access feeding conditions, naloxone again decreased pellet intake similarly in the obese and lean Zucker rats. Naloxone appeared to decrease free-access pellet consumption to a greater extent than break point in both groups. These results show that (1) obese rats exhibit higher levels of performance for food than lean rats only when working for the less valued grain pellet, (2) naloxone reduces both break points and free-access pellet consumption independent of genotype, and (3) naloxone appears to decrease food more effectively in rats given free access to food than in rats working for food.
Monte Carlo Study of SU(4) Gauge Theory at Finite Temperature

The pure SU(4) Yang-Mills theory is studied at finite temperature. We observe a first-order transition at 8/g/sub c//sup 2/ = 10.50 +- 0.02.
From the outside looking in: developing snapshot imaging spectro-polarimeters

The information from a scene is critical in autonomous optical systems, and the variety of information that can be extracted is determined by the application. To characterize a target, the information of interest captured is spectral (λ), polarization (S) and distance (Z). There are many technologies that capture this information in different ways to identify the target. In many fields, such as mining and military reconnaissance, there is a need for rapid data acquisition and, for this reason, a relatively new method has been devised that can obtain all this information simultaneously. The need for snapshot acquisition of data without moving parts was the goal of the research. This paper reviews the chain of novel research instruments that were sequentially developed to capture spectral and polarization information of a scene in a snapshot or flash. The distance (Z) is yet to be integrated.
An efficient FTIR setup for the undergraduate teaching laboratory

A laser printer set up with FTIR minimizes bottlenecking of students during lab activities and reduces the need for instructor assistance.
Senator Alan Bible and the politics of the new West

Bible's senate career is largely the story of water projects, mining legislation, and land and resource development to advance the cause of economic expansion. He deeply admired Lyndon Johnson, and his fifteen-year relationship with the president resulted in enormous economic benefits for Nevada and personal rewards for its senior senator. Throughout his career, Bible carried the LBJ banner and brand. Bible's leadership resulted in the greatest expansion of parks, historical monuments, and recreation areas in American history. Through such legislative achievements, Bible left an everlasting imprint on the lives of millions of Americans. He played a key legislative role in the preservation of eighty million acres of Alaska wilderness for parks, wildlife, the forest service, and wilderness protection - perhaps his greatest contribution to our national heritage.
Surface Plasmon-Coupled Emission with Gold Films

In a recent report we demonstrated efficient collection of emission by coupling to surface plasmons on a thin silver film, resulting in a directional signal in the glass substrate. We call the phenomenon surface plasmon coupled emission (SPCE). In the present report we examined sulforhodamine 101 (S101) in thin polymer films on 50 nm thick gold films on glass. We observed efficient SPCE through thin gold films. This result was surprising because metallic gold is typically an efficient quencher of fluorescence. The energy effectively coupled through the gold film into the glass at a sharply defined angle, but somewhat less sharp than for a comparable silver film. About 50% of the total emission appeared as SPCE, irrespective of direct excitation or excitation via the plasmon resonance evanescent wave. The emission was p-polarized with different wavelengths appearing at different angles. The lifetime of S101 was mostly unaffected by the gold film. These results indicate that SPCE occurs over long distances, larger than for quenching by energy transfer to the gold. We conclude highly efficient detection devices can be constructed by using fluorophores on gold-coated surfaces.
Notification for shared annotation of digital documents

Notification and shared annotations go hand-in-hand. Notification of activity in a shared document system is known to support awareness and improve asynchronous collaboration, but few studies have examined user needs and explored design tradeoffs. We examined large-scale use of notifications in a commercial system and found it lacking. We designed and deployed enhancements to the system, then conducted a field study to gauge their effect. We found that providing more information in notification messages, supporting multiple communication channels through which notifications can be received, and allowing customization of notification messages are particularly important. Overall awareness of annotation activity on software specifications increased with our enhancements
Obesity-Blocking Neurons in Drosophila

In mammals, fat store levels are communicated by leptin and insulin signaling to brain centers that regulate food intake and metabolism. By using transgenic manipulation of neural activity, we report the isolation of two distinct neuronal populations in flies that perform a similar function, the c673a-Gal4 and fruitless-Gal4 neurons. When either of these neuronal groups is silenced, fat store levels increase. This change is mediated through an increase in food intake and altered metabolism in c673a-Gal4-silenced flies, while silencing fruitless-Gal4 neurons alters only metabolism. Hyperactivation of either neuronal group causes depletion of fat stores by increasing metabolic rate and decreasing fatty acid synthesis. Altering the activities of these neurons causes changes in expression of genes known to regulate fat utilization. Our results show that the fly brain measures fat store levels and can induce changes in food intake and metabolism to maintain them within normal limits.
Rejoinder to Sanderson’s Response

The issues that Stephen K. Sanderson raises in his response to our discussion of his critique of the world-systems perspective deserve and require further comment and clarification. We want to briefly elucidate our positions on levels of analysis, core/periphery exploitation, Marxism, socialist and communist projects and the possible future of socialism, and our stance on the trajectory of global state formation.
Estimation in vivo of the receptor constants of morphine in naive and morphine-tolerant rats

Abstract The efficacy and dissociation constant of morphine in naive and morphine-tolerant rats were estimated by the method of partial irreversible blockade of a fraction of the receptor population with buprenorphine. The dissociation constant (K A ) of morphine increased from 3.3×10 −5 M in naive to 1.4×10 −4 M in morphine-tolerant animals, indicating a decrease in the affinity of morphine for its receptor in the tolerant state. The efficacy of morphine (K A /A 50 + 1) was constant in naive and tolerant animals (4.23 and 4.46, respectively). When the data were recalculated following conversion of administered dose to brain morphine concentration, the value of K A was 1.7×10 −7 M in naive and 7.7×10 −7 M in morphine-tolerant rats, while the efficacy was 2.5 and 3.4, respectively. In addition, the stimulus-effect relationship varied in the two states, with the curve in the tolerant animal being of different shape and broader range than in the naive rat. The present results suggest that (a) tolerance to opiate agonists may involve affinity changes and (b) post-receptor events leading to the measured effect may also be affected.
Conditional fault diameter of crossed cubes

The conditional connectivity and the conditional fault diameter of a crossed cube are studied in this work. The conditional connectivity is the connectivity of an interconnection network with conditional faults, where each node has at least one fault-free neighbor. Based on this requirement, the conditional connectivity of a crossed cube is shown to be 2n-2. Extending this result, the conditional fault diameter of a crossed cube is also shown to be D(CQ"n)+3 as a set of 2n-3 node failures. This indicates that the conditional fault diameter of a crossed cube is increased by three compared to the fault-free diameter of a crossed cube. The conditional fault diameter of a crossed cube is approximately half that of the hypercube. In this respect, the crossed cube is superior to the hypercube.
Forest floor distribution of northern redback salamanders, Plethodon cinereus, in relation to canopy gaps: first year following selective logging

Abstract Timber harvesting may change forest floor habitats to the detriment of salamander populations. Although the impact of clear-cutting has received much attention, the widely-used practice of selective logging (in which individual trees or small groups of trees are removed leaving gaps in the forest canopy) has been incompletely studied. We examined the effects of such logging on the distributions of individual redback salamanders, Plethodon cinereus, in a mixed deciduous forest that had been harvested 1 yr earlier. Salamander densities and distributions were assessed using thorough searches of leaf litter and cover objects in quadrats along transects which passed from gaps into the surrounding forest. Comparisons were made between quadrats in three location categories: inside the gaps, along gap edges, and within the forest. We found much variation in salamander numbers among transects, but detected no significant differences in the densities of salamanders among the three location categories. Similarly, salamanders did not show different degrees of within-quadrat grouping among the location categories. These results suggest that the newly formed gaps produced by selective logging did not strongly affect the distributions of P. cinereus in the first year following harvest.
Linking impulsivity and inhibitory control using manual and oculomotor response inhibition tasks

Separate cognitive processes govern the inhibitory control of manual and oculomotor movements. Despite this fundamental distinction, little is known about how these inhibitory control processes relate to more complex domains of behavioral functioning. This study sought to determine how these inhibitory control mechanisms relate to broadly defined domains of impulsive behavior. Thirty adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 28 comparison adults performed behavioral measures of inhibitory control and completed impulsivity inventories. Results suggest that oculomotor inhibitory control, but not manual inhibitory control, is related to specific domains of self-reported impulsivity. This finding was limited to the ADHD group; no significant relations between inhibitory control and impulsivity were found in comparison adults. These results highlight the heterogeneity of inhibitory control processes and their differential relations to different facets of impulsivity.
Divalent Transition Metal Cations Counteract Potassium-Induced Quadruplex Assembly of Oligo(dG) Sequences

Nucleic acids containing tracts of contiguous guanines tend to self-associate into four-stranded (quadruplex) structures, based on reciprocal non-Watson-Crick (G*G*G*G) hydrogen bonds. The quadruplex structure is induced/stabilized by monovalent cations, particularly potassium. Using circular dichroism, we have determined that the induction/stabilization of quadruplex structure by K+is specifically counteracted by low concentrations of Mn2+(4-10 mM), Co2+(0.3-2 mM) or Ni2+(0.3-0.8 mM). G-Tract-containing single strands are also capable of sequence-specific non-Watson-Crick interaction with d(G. C)-tract-containing (target) sequences within double-stranded DNA. The assembly of these G*G.C-based triple helical structures is supported by magnesium, but is potently inhibited by potassium due to sequestration of the G-tract single strand into quadruplex structure. We have used DNase I protection assays to demonstrate that competition between quadruplex self-association and triplex assembly is altered in the presence of Mn2+, Co2+or Ni2+. By specifically counteracting the induction/stabilization of quadruplex structure by potassium, these divalent transition metal cations allow triplex formation in the presence of K+and shift the position of equilibrium so that a very high proportion of triplex target sites are bound. Thus, variation of the cation environment can differentially promote the assembly of multistranded nucleic acid structural alternatives.
Death of a Russian Consul: Macedonia 1903

On Saturday, 8 August 1903 (n.s.), Aleksandr Arkadievich Rostkovskii was shot and killed on the outskirts of Bitola, in west central Macedonia. Rostkovskii was the Imperial Russian consul posted to that city; his assailant was one Halim, an Ottoman soldier of Albanian origin. The Russian government demanded swift satisfaction. The sultan and his ministers made strenuous efforts to show their sincere grief over the murder and offered substantial reparations. Russia expressed displeasure with the Ottoman response and threateningly dispatched part of its Black Sea fleet to Ottoman waters immediately. Specific demands, including a reform program for Macedonia, were made. With little hesitation the sultan accepted them, and the crisis passed. This contribution examines the events surrounding the Rostkovskii affair and analyzes Russia's behavior during that crisis.
Determination of Calcium and Magnesium in Plant Material and Culture Solutions, Using Atomic-Absorption Spectroscopy

Interferences in the atomic-absorption spectroscopy of cultures and plant materials for Ca and Mg are eliminated by addition of Sr and HClO4. The method described yields good accuracy and precision, and is suitable for routine analysis of large numbers of samples containing widely varying concentrations of unknown and interfering ions.
Surface defects created by low energy (20 < E < 240 eV) ion bombardment of Ge(001)

Abstract Surface defects created on Ge(001) exposed to low energy Xe ions are characterized by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The temperature of the sample during ion bombardment is 165 C and ion energies range from 20 to 240 eV. The ion collisions create defects (vacancies and adatoms) which nucleate and form vacancy and adatom islands. For fixed total vacancy creation, the vacancy island number density increases with increasing ion energy: the vacancy island number density is 1.6 × 10 −20 cm −2 for 40 eV ion bombardment and increases to 4.4 × 10 −20 cm −2 for 240 eV ion bombardment. The increased nucleation rate for vacancies is attributed to clustering of defects. The sputtering yield of Ge(001) is also measured by STM. The sputtering yield for 20 eV ions is approximately 10 −3 per ion but the net yield for surface defects (sum of adatoms and vacancies) is an order of magnitude higher, 10 −2 , due to adatom-vacancy pair creation.
Labels and leaders: The influence of framing on leadership emergence.

Abstract In two studies, this paper examines the influence of task framing on leadership emergence in mixed-gender dyads. In Study 1, we found that males are more likely to emerge as leaders when a paper-folding task is framed as masculine (i.e., Building Project) relative to feminine (i.e., Art Project). Furthermore, females are more likely to emerge as leaders when a paper-folding task is framed as feminine relative to masculine. In Study 2, we conceptually replicate these results using a weaving task (framed as Knot-Tying Task vs. Hair-Braiding Task) and find that perceived competence is the mechanism through which task framing affects leadership emergence. Taken together, these results suggest that task framing can influence the emergence of leaders because of changes in perceptions of competence. These findings are discussed in the context of related theoretical findings and managerial implications are elaborated on.
Acquired Erythrocytosis Upon Treatment with Infliximab for Ankylosing Spondylitis

To the Editor: We describe a patient with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) who was treated with infliximab and developed polycythemia that was Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-negative (V617F and exon 12 mutation). This is the first report of a patient with AS that developed erythrocytosis on treatment with infliximab. A 31-year-old man of Italian and German ethnicity with HLA-B27-positive AS was started on treatment with infliximab (5 mg/kg dose) in May 2007 because of lack of response to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. The disease showed excellent response to infliximab. He had a 15-pack-year smoking history. Prior to starting infliximab, in April 2007 his hemoglobin was 14.5 g/dl, hematocrit 45.5%, and platelet count 334 x 103/μl. He gradually developed erythrocytosis (June 2008) with hemoglobin 20.3 g/dl, hematocrit 56.6%, and platelet count 218 x 103/μl, and was referred to the hematology clinic in July 2008. His peripheral blood smear was noted to be benign. Jak2 mutation was negative including exons 12/14, and erythropoietin level was normal. Bone marrow biopsy revealed erythroid hyperplasia and a mild increase in reticulin staining. He was started on aspirin and therapeutic phlebotomies until his hematocrit decreased to 43.6%, and it has remained below 45% after 12 months of phlebotomies with continued treatment with infliximab. Polycythemia is suspected in men when hematocrit rises above 52% or hemoglobin concentration above 18.5 g/dl; the corresponding values for women are … Address correspondence to Dr. M. Antonelli, Department of Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109. E-mail: mantonelli{at}metrohealth.org
2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase activity in postmortem human spinal fluids.

Abstract The activity of the myelination-related enzyme, 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase (CNP), was determined in neurologically normal living and postmortem human spinal fluids, for the purpose of examining the differences in enzymatic activity level and stability. A significant elevation of the enzymatic activity was found in the postmortem samples, and the activity in spinal fluid was labile with respect to postmortem time and sample storage conditions. Findings suggest that caution should be exercised in the interpretation of CNP activity in spinal fluid samples.
Resection of gliomas around language areas Can fMRI contribute

Approximately 19,000 gliomas are diagnosed in the United States each year, most ultimately leading to death.1 Resection improves outcome, especially for patients with low-grade gliomas.2,3 These tumors commonly involve eloquent areas, and the risk of injuring eloquent brain regions limits the extent of resection in many patients. The challenge is greatest for tumors near the perisylvian language network due to the wide variability in functional anatomy of language sites and changes in functional anatomy induced by the gliomas.
Trade and Cross-Border Labor Strategies in the Americas:

In response to private sector's utilization of 'free trade agreements' to unbridle corporate investments in union-free environments, North and South American labor unions have attempted at least five types of responses: developing activist networks; campaigning for corporate sourcing codes; advocating trade-based labor standards; coordinating with developing country unions; seeking women's empowerment. After assessing each response, the study evaluates the US Guatemala Labor Education Project as a model that combines them all. It argues that with various degrees of success, such labor strategies extend beyond traditional class boundaries.
Hybrid linear classifier for jointly normal data: theory

Classifier design for a given classification task needs to take into consideration both the complexity of the classifier and the size of the data set that is available for training the classifier. With limited training data, as often is the situation in computer-aided diagnosis of medical images, a classifier with simple structure (e.g., a linear classifier) is more robust and therefore preferred. We consider the two-class classification problem in which the feature data arise from two multivariate normal distributions. A linear function is used to combine the multi-dimensional feature vector onto a scalar variable. This scalar variable, however, is generally not an ideal decision variable unless the covariance matrices of the two classes are equal. We propose using the likelihood ratio of this scalar variable as a decision variable and, thus, generalizing the traditional classification paradigm to a hybrid two-stage procedure: a linear combination of the feature vector elements to form a scalar variable followed by a nonlinear, nonmonotic transformation that maps the scalar variable onto its likelihood ratio (i.e., the ideal decision variable, given the scalar variable). We show that the traditional Fisher's linear discriminant function is generally not the optimal linear function for the first stage in this two-stage paradigm. We further show that the optimal linear function can be obtained with a numerical optimization procedure using the area under the "proper" ROC curve as the objective function.
Drift beyond Wright–Fisher

Several recent arguments by philosophers of biology have challenged the traditional view that evolutionary factors, such as drift and selection, are genuine causes of evolutionary outcomes. In the case of drift, advocates of the statistical theory argue that drift is merely the sampling error inherent in the other stochastic processes of evolution and thus denotes a mathematical, rather than causal, feature of populations. This debate has largely centered around one particular model of drift, the Wright–Fisher model, and this has contributed to the plausibility of the statisticalists’ arguments. However, an examination of alternative, predictively inequivalent models shows that drift is a genuine cause that can be manipulated to change population outcomes. This case study illustrates the influence of methodological assumptions on ontological judgments, particularly the pernicious effect of focusing on a particular model at the expense of others and confusing its assumptions and idealizations for true claims about the phenomena being modeled.
Circadian Variation of Urinary Excretion of Elastin and Collagen Crosslinks

Urinary levels of collagen- and elastin-crosslink amino acids have been used as biologic markers for degradation of collagen and elastin in the body. Circadian variation of collagen-crosslink amino acids is well known. The current study was undertaken to determine whether there is also circadian variation in excretion of elastin-crosslink amino acids. We used an isotope dilution-HPLC assay to measure the elastin-crosslink amino acids, desmosine (DES) and isodesmosine (IDES), and the collagen-crosslink amino acids, hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (HP) and lysyl pyridinoline (LP), in urine. Sixteen apparently healthy subjects collected urine from 5:00 to 7:00 AM, and from 5:00 to 7:00 PM. Mean urinary excretion of DES and IDES in women was 56% and 41% higher (P < 0.001), respectively, in AM versus PM specimens when normalized by the creatinine content of the urine specimen. For men, the corresponding values were 11% and 13% higher (not statistically significant). Mean urinary excretion of HP and LP in women was 61% and 71% higher (P < 0.001), respectively, in AM versus PM specimens. For men, the corresponding values were 11% and 19% higher (not statistically significant). Differences were not found in the AM versus PM rates of excretion of creatinine in men or women. These findings demonstrate the occurrence of circadian variation in HP, LP, DES and IDES in women but not in men. We conclude that the time of collection of urine specimens, especially from women, must be taken into consideration in using the urinary levels of these crosslink amino acids as biologic markers for collagen or elastin degradation.
Medical-Legal Issues Associated with Breast Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy

This article discusses medical and legal issues associated with breast fine needle aspiration biopsy and develops risk-management considerations for clinical practice. Basic legal considerations are first discussed, including the law of negligence as it applies to breast fine needle aspiration. The variable concept of duty to patients is reviewed. Communication of diagnosis, both formally and informally, in the medical setting is covered. The claims review process is then discussed. The meaning of misdiagnosis, including overdiagnosis and delay of diagnosis, is discussed in terms of legal harm and expert review.
A combined linear and nonlinear factor analysis program package for chemical data evaluation

Abstract An underlying variable factor analysis program (UVFA) is described. The theories of principal component analysis and nonlinear least-squares projection techniques are outlined and compared. Several applications from various chemical fields are presented which show that a complete analysis of the underlying structure and dimensionality of a chemical data set should always include these nonlinear projection techniques.
Ceramic Compositions Having Negative Linear Thermal Expansion

Compositions having negative linear thermal expansions ranging from 0 to –0.38% have been obtained in two areas of the system lithia-alumina-silica. Petrographic and X-ray examinations indicate the presence of three principal crystalline phases, each of which is a solid solution: β-eucryptite, β-spodumene, and an unidentified quartzlike phase. All compositions were prepared from lithium carbonate, clay, flint, and alumina. Some compositions have been prepared which, for all practical purposes, exhibit no change in length when heated from room temperature to as high as 600°C. Some of these compositions have excellent thermal endurance, withstanding repeated quenchings from a temperature of 1100°C. into water at room temperature.
APOBEC3F properties and hypermutation preferences indicate activity against HIV-1 in vivo.

Abstract APOBEC3G (CEM15 [1]) deaminates cytosine to uracil in nascent retroviral cDNA [2–5]. The potency of this cellular defense is evidenced by a dramatic reduction in viral infectivity and the occurrence of high frequencies of retroviral genomic-strand G → A transition mutations [2–5]. The overwhelming dinucleotide hypermutation preference of APOBEC3G acting upon a variety of model retroviral substrates is 5′-GG → -AG [2–4, 6–8]. However, a distinct 5′-GA → -AA bias, which is difficult to attribute to APOBEC3G alone [9], prevails in HIV-1 sequences derived from infected individuals (e.g., [10]). Here, we show that APOBEC3F is also a potent retroviral restrictor but that its activity, unlike that of APOBEC3G, is partially resistant to HIV-1 Vif and results in a clear 5′-GA → -AA retroviral hypermutation preference. This bias is also apparent in a bacterial mutation assay, suggesting that it is an intrinsic APOBEC3F property. Moreover, APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G appear to be coordinately expressed in a wide range of human tissues and are independently able to inhibit retroviral infection. Thus, APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G are likely to function alongside one another in the provision of an innate immune defense, with APOBEC3F functioning as the major contributor to HIV-1 hypermutation in vivo.
MicroRNAs in Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Neurogenesis

Cerebral ischemia induces neurogenesis, including proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells and migration of newly generated neuroblasts. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that decrease gene expression through mRNA destabilization and/or translational repression. Emerging data indicate that miRNAs have a role in mediating processes of proliferation and differentiation of adult neural progenitor cells. This article reviews recent findings on miRNA profile changes in neural progenitor cells after cerebral infarction and the contributions of miRNAs to their ischemia-induced proliferation and differentiation. We highlight interactions between the miR-124 and the miR17-92 cluster and the Notch and Sonic hedgehog signaling pathways in mediating stroke-induced neurogenesis.
A model for ductile fine grinding of ceramics with diamond

An integrated analytical model for fine-diamond, double sided grinding of ceramic components in ductile mode was developed, validated, and qualified as a correct predictability tool for operation efficiency for a given set of process parameters.
Locally advanced paranasal sinus and nasopharynx tumors treated with hyperfractionated radiation and concomitant infusion cisplatin

Fourteen patients with paranasal sinus complex and nasopharynx tumors were treated at State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn (Brooklyn, NY) with a regimen of split-course hyperfractionated radiation (120 cGy/fraction) and concomitant cisplatin infusion (5 to 7 mg/m2/24 hours). All of the patients had T4 tumors or massively recurrent disease with base of skull or facial bone involvement. Twelve patients were treated with curative intent receiving total doses of 6000 to 6960 cGy (modal 6750 cGy), whereas two patients were treated with less than 5000 cGy as palliation. Eleven of the 12 patients (92%) achieved a complete response, and 7 of 12 (58%) are alive at 35 to 72 months (mean, 47 months). Five patients are alive with no evidence of disease, and two with a local recurrence. Three patients died of distant disease, and two died from a local recurrence. When the response to treatment was analyzed based on tumor volume and radiation dose, only two of nine lesions measuring between 4 to 10 cm failed locally. The two palliative patients had almost complete local clearance of the disease but died at 2 and 8 months, respectively. In nine patients, the eye or optic nerve was included in the treatment field and received between 2000 to 6960 cGy. Only one of these nine patients had ophthalmic complication and this was confined to the cornea.
The optical Faraday effect and optical MCD

Abstract Based on the recent theoretical deduction of the photon's static magnetic field operator BII, the optical Faraday effect and optical MCD are proposed. It is shown that BII rotates the plane of a linearly polarized probe, an effect which is frequency dependent and which gives rise to optical magnetic circular dichroism (optical MCD), in which the conventional magnet is replaced by a BII generator, a circularly polarized laser generating a magnetostatic field, each photon of which carries the quantum of flux BII.
Chemotherapy induced abnormal aortic function assessed by magnetic resonance imaging

Abnormally increased cardiovascular stiffness is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. Compared to age and gender matched healthy individuals, cancer survivors previously exposed to chemotherapy experience an elevated risk of cardiac events. We hypothesized that the administration of chemotherapy may increase arterial stiffness above that observed in age and gender matched controls.
Morphogenetic interaction between embryonic mouse tissues separated by a membrane filter.

IN analysing inductive interaction between parts of developing systems several investigators1 have interposed barriers of various sorts to distinguish between effects due to direct cellular contact and those due to diffusion. No morphogenetic effect has been demonstrable in particular cases through ‘Cellophane’, vitelline membrane or cigarette paper. In studies of epithelio-mesenchymal interaction in cultured mouse embryo rudiments we have, recently employed so-called membrane or molecular filters2 for similar purposes and have noted two morphogenetic effects across them. The present brief report is to record these results as a suggestion of possible broader usefulness of filters of this type in problems of embryonic induction.
Solidarity and tradition in Gadamer's hermeneutics

Commentators have compared Hans-Georg Gadamer's focus on tradition in Truth and Method to his focus on solidarity in his later work in order to suggest that the latter signals a move away from ontological toward ethical and political concerns. This paper, however, is guided by Gadamer's own view that his work, both early, late, and in Truth and Method, was always concerned with ethical and political issues. I therefore want to challenge the idea that his so-called politics of solidarity marks a new direction in his work. His politics of solidarity does mark a new direction in discussions of solidarity insofar as he disconnects it from any necessary grounding in preexisting affinities such as religion and nationality. Gadamer's later work may also be more explicitly concerned with the question of differences and the other than is Truth and Method. Nevertheless, I want to argue that rather than signaling a new direction for Gadamer, both his politics of solidarity and his concern with otherness highlight important features already present in his earlier account of tradition. Indeed, I think attention to this earlier account discloses a political dimension to Gadamer's thought that is more sophisticated than his remarks on solidarity. Attention to this dimension of his earlier account allows us to challenge the now standard objection that it undermines possibilities for critical reflection.
Turning Meat, Poultry, Eggs, and Dairy Products Into Nutraceuticals, Part Two: The Literature of Animal Nutrition Aimed at Increasing Conjugated Linoleic Acid Levels in Beef, Lamb, Goat, Pork, and Broilers as a Part of a Value-Added Functional Foods Strategy

In the first of this three-part series of articles, the debate in the clinical literature over the reality or extent of particular positive health benefits of a putative nutraceutical, conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), in human subjects was reviewed. In this second article, the means by which animal scientists and farmers—responding as much to annual sales in the hundreds of millions of dollars in health food stores of seed oil capsules rich in CLAs, as opposed to any conclusive clinical science—are aggressively pursuing ways to feed livestock that would naturally increase the concentration of CLAs per conventional consumer dietary portions, essentially allowing beef, pork, lamb, goat, and broiler meat to be marketed as functional foods is reported. In all three installments in this series, the core journals covering developments in CLA-related research are identified for agricultural and food science librarians.
Chemistry in next-generation rocket plume models

Chemical processes are central to the comprehension of rocket and missile exhaust structure. Afterburning of superstoichiometric, reduced products drives heating beyond the nozzle. Trace metals can suppress radical cycling intensities and simultaneously act as the source of ionization. Particles inorganic and otherwise undergo fluid slip and thereby impact heat and momentum budgets. All radiation interactions of the plume are intimately coupled into this rich chemical environment. Several atomic and chemiluminescent spectra appear in the submicron range. A variety of particulate types glow as continuum blackbodies in the infrared. Subject to quantum mechanical restrictions, major and trace gases emit as well. Radio frequencies are attenuated by the weak plasma and may also be generated where charge separation and turbulence conjoin. Renewed interest in missile defense will motivate refinements in plume detection, particularly for the boost phase. We review current theory and modeling of exhaust chemistry ...
The Bakongo (Bandibu) oratorical practice: Examining a speech situation

(1983). The Bakongo (Bandibu) oratorical practice: Examining a speech situation. Ethnos: Vol. 48, No. 1-2, pp. 85-90.
Secondary Teachers' Reactions to the New Social Studies

In fhis article, the authors examine the social and institutional factors that shaped the beliefs and actions of one group o teachers in the eriod followin World War 11. Interviews were conducted with 29 veteran secondary social studies teachers to collect and examine their life stories. These stories illustrate the magnitude of separation that exists between the concerns o theorists and the issues that are important to teachers. Studies by McNeil (1988) and RosenhoItz (1989) have established the importance of th school culture as a decisions made by teachers; our research seeks to elaborate on this position. we focus on the perceptions of veteran social studies teachers regarding their field of study, and then place these beliefs and actions within the historical context of the period.
The incommensurability of 'faster, better, cheaper': NASA's rhetorical bind

Ideally, decisions in technical organizations are made on the basis of science; in reality, these decisions are frequently subject to, and outweighed by, political or economic pressures. This phenomenon may be illuminated by examining project management from the perspective of systems theory. Discussed in this paper is the project management within the context of systems theory, using NASA's losses of the Mars Polar Lander and the Mars Climate Orbiter as examples. NASA uses the "faster, better, cheaper" (FBC) approach to project management. However, this approach embodies goals that are incommensurable: "faster" is a political goal; "better" is a scientific goal; and "cheaper" is an economic goal. NASA thus faces a rhetorical bind, in which its ostensible goal, "better," becomes subordinate to the goals of "faster" or "cheaper,".
Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) in men with obstructive azoospermia

OBJECTIVES: Assessing the efficiency of repeated percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) in men with obstructive azoospermia, and also the possibility of cryopreservation of remaining material for future use in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). METHOD: Retrospective study, in which 79 procedures of PESA were assessed in 58 patients (mean age = 45 years), whose partners had mean age of 34 years. Vasectomy was the most frequent cause of obstructive azoospermia (n = 46). RESULTS: Motile spermatozoa were obtained in 65 procedures (82%). PESA was twice repeated for 15 patients, 3 times for 5 patients, and 4 times for 1 patient. Spermatozoa were found in 13 (87%) patients in the second attempt, in 4 (80%) patients in the third attempt, and in the only patient that had accomplished 4 procedures. In 30 procedures (37%), we have obtained enough material for cryopreservation. In 12 among the 13 samples thawed (n = 13 patients), motile spermatozoa were found, and ICSI was accomplished. Four patients that did not use their samples requested the elimination of the material. Total rate of pregnancy per transference was 21/55 (38%). In 14 PESA procedures, it was not possible to find spermatozoa; in these cases, the patients opted for accomplishing the procedure of testicular sperm aspiration (TESA). CONCLUSION: PESA is an efficient and simple method of retrieving spermatozoa, allowing repeated procedures. Additionally, spermatozoa collected through PESA can be cryopreserved.
Circumcision A Study of Current Practices

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current incidence of circumcision, the reasons governing parental decisions regarding circumcision, the immediate and later complications from the procedure, as well as genital problems occurring in uncircumcised boys. The incidence of circumcision was found not to have changed over the past five years despite the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision. The reasons given for circumcision reflected mostly the strength of tradition, rather than a medical approach. Four per cent of newborns experienced early complications from the procedure, whereas 13 per cent experienced later, minor complications. Problems reported in uncircumcised infants were probably variants of normal. While the results of this study and evidence for discontinuing neonatal circumcision, we strongly recommend that, if physicians dissuade parents from having their infants circumcised, they must give adequate information concerning hygiene and the slow, natural separation of the foreskin from the glans.
A study of preferences for sharing and privacy

We describe studies of preferences about information sharing aimed at identifying fundamental concerns with privacy and at understanding how people might abstract the details of sharing into higher-level classes of recipients and information that are treated similarly. Thirty people specified what information they are willing to share with whom.. Although people vary in their overall level of comfort in sharing, we identified key classes of recipients and information. Such abstractions highlight the promise of developing expressive controls for sharing and privacy.
Middle cerebral artery velocity changes during transfusion in sickle cell anemia.

Sickle cell disease is associated with cerebral hyperemia, which is therapeutically reduced by transfusion; however, the process of transfusion-induced cerebral perfusion changes has heretofore not been observed. We document the acute changes of intracranial arterial velocity in 10 patients (7 with strokes, 3 without) undergoing transfusion therapy using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Middle cerebral artery velocities were bilaterally measured every 30 minutes for the duration of transfusion (4 to 5 hours). Regional cerebral blood flow was quantified in 5 of these patients before the transfusion and 24 hours later by the 133Xe technique. Velocities in stroke-associated vessels (64.33 +/- 18.65 cm/s; n = 6) were significantly lower than in uninfarcted territories (99.54 +/- 27.39 cm/s; n = 13), and both types of vessels showed a robust reduction of blood flow velocities during transfusion. The rates of reduction were not significantly different as a function of prior stroke but did correlate with pretransfusion velocities and with the rise in hematocrit (multiple r = .887, P We conclude that transfusion induces rapid changes in cerebral hemodynamics that are related to pretransfusion velocities and a rise in hematocrit. Transcranial Doppler provides a safe, simple, and noninvasive technique of monitoring these changes and may provide a means of making therapeutic decisions regarding transfusion therapy in patients with sickle cell anemia.
Evaluation of demineralized bone matrix paste and putty in periodontal intraosseous defects

Background: Demineralized bone matrix (DBX) paste and putty are particulate demineralized bone matrices in a 2% or 4% hyaluronate carrier, respectively. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of DBX paste and putty compared to demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) in the treatment of human intraosseous periodontal defects. Methods: Sixty systemically healthy individuals between the ages of 31 and 71 years with at least one intraosseous periodontal defect of≥3 mm in depth and radiographic evidence of at least 40% to 50% vertical bone loss were accrued. Following initial non-surgical periodontal therapy, sites were randomly selected to receive either DBX paste, DBX putty, or DFDBA (control). Baseline and 6-month reentry soft and hard tissue parameter measurements were made by calibrated examiners. Data were analyzed within and between groups utilizing analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired and unpaired Student t tests. Results: Probing depth reductions were significantly i...
Scientific Research Software Ecosystems

In the past 70 years, science research methods have expanded from test tubes and beakers to include simulations in software. Scientific software is produced in a larger environment of collaboration that includes not only software developers, but also scientists who both use and extend the software for their research endeavors. The objective of this research is to understand the factors that promote and inhibit ecosystem formation and sustainment specific to scientific research software development. We have identified a set of relevant problems inhibiting sustainability in the scientific software context, including development, evolution and maintenance, as well as funding and leadership. We have collected data and used existing business, software, and innovation analysis techniques to examine the artifacts from several scientific research projects. We interviewed significant actors in select scientific ecosystems. We describe the differences between scientific software ecosystems and commercial software ecosystems, our initial results from interviews and data analysis, and we provide a set of recommendations and approaches towards handling software sustainability. Data suggests an ecosystem strategy can contribute to the survivability and sustainability of research software; however, such a strategy, which may distract from sustainability, requires thought and effort be given to establishing and nurturing the ecosystem, which in turn distract from the research mission. At this stage these initial results point us to future potentially fruitful investigations.