cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural Network Trainer through Computer Networks

This paper introduces a neural network training tool through computer networks. The following algorithms, such as neuron by neuron (NBN) [1][2], error back propagation (EBP), Levenberg Marquardt (LM) and its improved versions are implemented in two different computing methods, traditional forward-backward computation and newly developed forward-only computation. The training tool can handle not only conventional multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks, but also arbitrarily connected neuron (ACN) networks. There are several benefits that make this network training tool desirable. Network training process can be used remotely through any network connection or any operating system can be used to access the network training tool, making the application operating system independent. Also much less installation time and configuration time is required because the training tool locates on one central machine. Many users can access at the same time. Users can train and see the training results directly through networks. And the most important thing is the software producers can protect their intellectual property when network browsers are used as user interface.
Effect of interwall surface roughness correlations on optical spectra of quantum well excitons

We extend a theory of well-width fluctuations for inhomogeneous exciton broadening in quantum wells by expressing the fluctuation of the width in terms of the statistical characteristics of the morphological roughnesses of each interface forming the well. This allows us to take into account a possibility of cross correlations between the interfaces. We show that these correlations strongly suppress a contribution of interface disorder to the inhomogeneous linewidths of excitons. We also demonstrate that the vertical cross correlations are crucial for explaining the variety of experimental data on the dependence of the linewidth upon thickness of the quantum well.
Renal cell cancer: incidence of hemorrhage on MR images in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.

This study describes the occurrence of hemorrhage in renal cancer in patients with chronic renal insufficiency as shown on MR images. Thirteen consecutive patients with chronic renal insufficiency who had his tologically proven renal cancer and underwent MRI at 1.5 T were entered in the study. MR examinations included spoiled gradient echo (SGE) and T1-weighted fat-suppressed imaging pre- and postgadolinium administration. All renal cancers were well shown on MR images and were most clearly depicted on postgadolinium T1-weighted fat-suppressed images. Tumors in 12 of 13 patients had regions of high signal intensity on precontrast T1-weighted images. Histology demonstrated intratumoral hemorrhage in all 12 of these patients. Four hemorrhagic tumors were largely cystic on imaging studies. One of these cancers altered in appearance from largely cystic with extensive hemorrhage to largely solid with substantial enhancement after a 2.5-year interval. Renal cancers demonstrated minimal enhancement (11 patients) on early postgadolinium images and were minimally enhanced on delayed images in 10 of 13 tumors. Two renal cancers demonstrated intense enhancement. Renal cancers are well shown on MR images in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Because of the common occurrence of hemorrhage into renal cancers in patients with renal insufficiency, caution should be exercised when evaluating hemorrhagic cystic lesions in these patients.
Correction of aberrations - past, present and future.

The performance of static rotationally symmetric electron lenses is limited by unavoidable chromatic and spherical aberrations. In 1936, Scherzer demonstrated that the integrands of the integral expressions for the coefficients of these aberrations can be written as a sum of positive quadratic terms. Hence these coefficients can never change sign. This important result is called the Scherzer theorem, the only theorem existing in electron optics. Employing variational methods, Tretner determined the field of magnetic and electrostatic round lenses, which yields the smallest spherical aberration coefficient for particular constraints [2]. Unfortunately, these coefficients are still too large for realistic boundaries to enable sub-Angstrom resolution at medium voltages of about 200 to 300 kV. Therefore, the only possibility to directly reach this limit is the correction of the troublesome aberrations. It was again Scherzer who showed different procedures for canceling these aberrations [3]. The most promising is the incorporation of a corrector consisting of multipole elements or of a tetrode mirror in the case of low voltages. Although the mirror is rotationally symmetric, a non-rotationally symmetric beam splitter is needed to separate the incident beam from the reflected beam.
Sensitivity Analysis of Arbitrarily Identified Simultaneous-Equation Models *

Current sociological theory often leads to underidentified simultaneous-equation models, some of which are "identified" by arbitrary specification. This paper applies the term sensitivity analysis to methods for exploring how numerical parameter estimates depend upon the identifying assumptions in such models. Three ad hoc sensitivity analysis methods are identified that have been used in the literature: (1) estimation under alternative specifications, (2) trying out a range of numerical values of underidentified parameters, and (3) the use of algebraic inequalities to obtain bounds on sample estimates of parameters. Mathematical programming is introduced here as a fourth method generalizing the last procedure and is then applied to a specific numerical example.
Temperature dependence of the diffusive conductivity of bilayer graphene

Assuming diffusive carrier transport and employing an effective medium theory, we calculate the temperature dependence of bilayer graphene conductivity due to Fermi-surface broadening as a function of carrier density. We find that the temperature dependence of the conductivity depends strongly on the amount of disorder. In the regime relevant to most experiments, the conductivity is a function of $T/{T}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$, where ${T}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ is the characteristic temperature set by disorder. We demonstrate that experimental data taken from various groups collapse onto a theoretically predicted scaling function.
One-sided simultaneous comparisons with more than one control

Simultaneous one-sided confidence intervals are developed for comparing several treatment means to more than one control mean under the assumption of i.i.d. normal errors. These intervals are a generalization of Dunnett's comparisons with a single control. Tables of probability points are given for equal sample size allocation. A-optimal sample size allocation is also investigated. An example from the medical sciences with four treatments and two controls illustrates the technique.
Angle transformation for the π -nucleus optical potential

The transformation of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-nucleon $T$ matrix from the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-nucleon to the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-nucleus center-of-mass systems is investigated. The correct angle transformation is presented, and it is shown to yield straightforward corrections to the usual Kisslinger and local Laplacian potentials consisting of terms proportional to ${\ensuremath{\nabla}}^{2}\ensuremath{\rho}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nabla}}^{4}\ensuremath{\rho}$ where $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the target density. Numerical results are presented for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ elastic scattering at 120- and 180-MeV lab kinetic energy.
The time course and persistence of "concurrent contraction" during normal peristalsis.

Whereas conventional manometry depicts peristalsis as pressure variation over time, high-resolution manometry makes it equally feasible to depict pressure variation along the lumen (spatial pressur...
Determination of three different pools of reduced one-carbon-substituted folates. III. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of the azo dye derivatives of p-aminobenzoylpoly-γ-glutamates and its application to the study of unlabeled endogenous pteroylpolyglutamates of rat liver

Abstract A new reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (hplc) method is described for the separation and quantitation of picomole amounts of the azo dye derivatives of p-aminobenzoylpoly-γ-glutamates. In conjunction with our previously described procedures for the differential cleavage of one-carbon-substituted, reduced folates, this hplc method provides a rapid, sensitive, and reproducible approach to the quantitation and chain-length determination of three pools of unlabeled endogenous pteroylpolyglutamates. Analysis of rat liver (n = 9) yielded the following results ( x ∗ ± SE ): total folates 14.5 ± 1.0 nmol/g; folates of pool 1 (5,10-methylenetetrahydro- and unsubstituted tetra- and dihydrofolates) 2.65 ± 0.74 nmol/g; folates of pool 2 (5-methyltetrahydrofolates) 5.30 ± 0.36 nmol/g; and folates of pool 3 (5,10-methenyltetrahydro-, 10-formyltetrahydro-, 5-formyltetrahydro-, and 5-formiminotetrahydrofolates) 6.40 ± 1.60 nmol/g. Most of the folates of rat liver occur as penta- (7.60 ± 0.69 nmol/g) and hexaglutamates (6.00 ± 0.29 nmol/g). In pool 3 the hexaglutamates predominate. We also report experiments showing that folate patterns based on the amount of radioactive label incorporated after a pulse dose of [3H]folic acid differ at all times from the true steady-state pattern of unlabeled endogenous folates.
Cerebrovascular diseases: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.

Abstract A brief review of some of the main features of cerebrovascular diseases has been presented. The rules formulated here have proved of great value in the day-to-day management of stroke cases at the Massachusetts General Hospital. No doubt, some of the observations and claims will need revision as studies proceed.
Single event upset imaging with a nuclear muprobe

Abstract An entirely new ion beam analysis technique is described: single event upset (SEU) imaging. SEU-imaging utilizes the scanning of a mu-focused MeV ion beam across an integrated circuit. This beam generates both electrons and logic state changes which are monitored by a computer. The data is collected in a way that permits the generation of visual images which depict both the physical appearance of the scanned region (through the ion-induced electron signals) and the areas of the IC which are susceptible to upset (through detection of chip malfunctions). Comparison of these images with the chip design facilitates matching the individual transistor components with the upset-sensitive region. While our initial results with 1 μm resolution ion beams have demonstrated the viability of this new technique in directly identifying the sources of upset in mun-scale integrated circuits, the trend toward submun feature size will necessitate higher-resolution muprobes and improved appearance-imaging systems in future applications of this new technique.
Adaptive Network Layer for Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radios present unique challenges in the design of a suitable network layer for networks formed by these devices. The network layer must be robust, adaptive and dynamic to meet these challenges by allowing the cognitive functionality further into the protocol stack. In this paper we outline a model for dynamic adaptation using two candidate classes of network layers and describe its various components. We evaluate aspects of the feasibility of the approach using simulation based studies.
Co-infection of chickens with Eimeria praecox and Eimeria maxima does not prevent development of immunity to Eimeria maxima.

Previous studies revealed an ameliorating effect of Eimeria praecox on concurrent E. maxima infection, such that weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and intestinal lesions were nearly identical to uninfected or E. praecox-infected controls. The purpose of the present study was to determine if protective immunity against E. maxima challenge infection developed in chickens infected with both E. praecox and E. maxima. Day-old chickens were infected with 10 3 E. praecox ,1 0 3 E. maxima, or a mixture of 10 3 E. praecox and 10 3 E. maxima
Tetrakis(triphenylstannyl)tin

Abstract Methods for the preparation of tetrakis(triphenylstannyl)tin (I), the first branched-chain polytin compound in the literature, are described. Detailed evidence for the structure of the compound is presented. The compound reacts with both electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents with tin-tin bond cleavage; however, controlled cleavage of a single SnSn bond in the tetrakis structure has not yet been achieved. The reactive intermediate, tris(triphenylstannyl)tinlithium, has been characterized through treatment with chlorotriphenylgermane to form tris(triphenylstannyl)-(triphenylgermyl)tin.
The reduced model space method in multireference second-order perturbation theory

Abstract A technique for reducing computational effort in multireference second-order perturbation theory with very large complete active space (CAS) SCF reference functions is proposed. This is achieved by construction of an effective Hamiltonian within the space of configurations dominating the reference function expansion. The method is tested on the standard problems of singlet–triplet ( 1 A1– 3 B1) separation in the CH2 radical and vertical excitation energies in formaldehyde. Numerical results show that good accuracy can be obtained even with substantially reduced model spaces.
A Technique for Vascular Control During Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic Myomectomy

Abstract Study Objective To show and describe a unique method for improved vascular control when performing a robotic myomectomy. Design A video showing skeletonization of the uterine vessels and uterine artery occlusion to maximize vascular control and minimize blood loss during robotic-assisted myomectomy (Canadian Task Force classification III). Setting Myomectomy is a procedure often reserved for the treatment of symptomatic leiomyomas in women who desire fertility preservation. Although traditionally performed via laparotomy, laparoscopic and robotic-assisted approaches are increasing in popularity. One of the limitations of myomectomy is the potential for increased blood loss and surgical morbidity. Although studies suggest a decrease in blood loss with a robotic approach, the risk of requiring a blood transfusion remains. Interventions In this video, we show a technique for maximizing vascular control during myomectomy in a Jehovah's Witness. In addition to subserosal injection with a dilute solution of vasopressin, we used vascular clips and bulldog clamps to temporarily occlude the uterine arteries. The uterine vessels were skeletonized at the level of the cervix to provide access for placing the vascular clips. Additionally, a peritoneal window was created in the mesosalpinx, and bulldog clamps were available to transiently occlude the utero-ovarian vessels in case of increased blood loss. Conclusion Temporary occlusion of the uterine vessels can be used during robotic-assisted myomectomy to provide improved vascular control. We were able to use this technique during robotic-assisted myomectomy in a Jehovah's Witness patient. This approach can be considered for selected patients by experienced laparoscopic surgeons to lower blood loss and potentially decrease the need for transfusion.
A LIST OF GRADED VOCABULARIES AND A METHOD OF GRADING1

Author's summary.— Sampling from the vocabulary yields more accurate results than sampling from the text. Figures for the vocabularies of fifteen texts completely analyzed by means of Buchanan's Spanish Word Book and Keniston's Spanish Idiom List. A list of eighty-seven texts arranged in the order of length with the percentage of unusual words in the vocabulary of each.
Three trigonal coordination extended solids with gyroid and lamellar topologies

In this paper, we report the syntheses and crystal structures of three silver(I)-based coordination extended solids, which are topologically similar with two minimal curvature structures, the gyroid and lamellar types. A minimal curvature structure is one in which there is a surface where the two principal curvatures are everywhere equal and opposite. 5-(4-Ethynyl pyridine)pyrimidine (1) has been crystallized with AgBF4: it forms as two interpenetrating three-dimensional networks each with [10,3] (SrSi2) topology. Such a structure bears a strong resemblance to the gyroid phase. 5-(4-Ethynyl benzonitrile)pyrimidine (2) and 5-(4-ethynyl benzonitrile)nicotinonitrile (3) were crystallized with, respectively, AgSbF6 and AgBF4. The structures contain two-dimensional honeycomb networks, which are topologically equivalent to the lamellar phase. A further Cambridge Structural Database analysis of Ag−N coordination networks revealed that the majority of the structures adopt minimal curvature topology. Out of 53 st...
New Health Physics Perspectives Affecting Instrumentation Technology

Measurements obtained from health physics instrumentation are basic to the radiation control process and are used by management to assure that radiation exposures are kept within limits specified by national-international authorities. Because of this inseparable relationship, health physics instrumentation must be keyed on a continuing basis to changes in radiation exposure standards. In the last five years, there have been dramatic changes to the basic radiation protection standards. These changes should be evaluated in the context of the need for corresponding changes in instrumentation technology. At the time these assessments are made, care must be exercised to assure that radiation protection standards are not dictated by inadequate state-of-the-art technology. It is imperative that the development pathway to be followed be properly structured. This is particularly true for "critical" instrumentation standards i.e., those standards directly related to the determination of the radiation status of the worker, public, and their environment.
Analysis of Hurricane Data Using the Variational Optimization Approach with a Dynamic Constraint

Abstract The variational optimization technique is used to develop analysis equations for the high-energy portion of the hurricane. The specified functional contains an observational constraint, two low-pass filter terms, and a dynamic constraint, the gradient wind condition. The two nonlinear analysis equations resulting from the functional are solved simultaneously. That is, information contained in the pressure and wind fields as measured from an aircraft is used to determine the resulting gradient wind. These winds are illustrated for selected scales of motion in a total form as well as component form, i.e., contributions from pressure gradient, centrifugal and Coriolis terms. These results are then compared with those obtained by use of the analysis equation without the gradient wind constraint. Also, a comparison is made between the gradient wind computed from the analyzed pressure field and the analyzed wind speed profiles where the analysis equation respectively does and does not contain the gradi...
System to measure contrast-sensitivity function with a scanning-laser ophthalmoscope

A scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) employs an extremely low power laser that is focused to a 10 micron spot on the human retina and scanned across the retina at the same rate and pattern that an electron beam travels across a television screen. An image is acquired by measuring the retina's reflectance along each raster. An acousto-optic modulator, in the path of the laser beam, can be used to write targets directly onto the retina. since the SLO can project targets onto the retina while simultaneously viewing the retina, retinal function at specific locations can be unambiguously assessed. We developed software so that sine wave contrast sensitivity gratings were projected onto subjects' retinas with contrasts ranging from 0 to 63.5%. Subjects determined whether the gratings tilted 45 degree(s) to the right or 45 degree(s) to the left. A staircase protocol using 6 reversals was employed to determine contrast sensitivity at each spatial frequency. In early work with the system, 16 eyes of 11 normal subjects were tested. For 8 eyes the intraclass correlation coefficient of reliability was 0.85. This system yields reproducible measures of contrast sensitivity. It may have advantages over other methods to measure contrast sensitivity because the location of tested retina can be unambiguously assessed and illumination levels from the instrument directly measured and controlled. In addition, the small entrance pupil of the SLO can reduce the effects of cataracts measurements of contrast sensitivity.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Neutrophil Serine Proteinases Inactivate Surfactant Protein D by Cleaving within a Conserved Subregion of the Carbohydrate Recognition Domain

Surfactant protein D (SP-D) plays important roles in innate immunity including the defense against bacteria, fungi, and respiratory viruses. Because SP-D specifically interacts with neutrophils that infiltrate the lung in response to acute inflammation and infection, we examined the hypothesis that the neutrophil-derived serine proteinases (NSPs): neutrophil elastase, proteinase-3, and cathepsin G degrade SP-D. All three human NSPs specifically cleaved recombinant rat and natural human SP-D dodecamers in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which was reciprocally dependent on calcium concentration. The NSPs generated similar, relatively stable, disulfide cross-linked immunoreactive fragments of ∼35 kDa (reduced), and sequencing of a major catheptic fragment definitively localized the major sites of cleavage to a highly conserved subregion of the carbohydrate recognition domain. Cleavage markedly reduced the ability of SP-D to promote bacterial aggregation and to bind to yeast mannan in vitro. Incubation of SP-D with isolated murine neutrophils led to the generation of similar fragments, and cleavage was inhibited with synthetic and natural serine proteinase inhibitors. In addition, neutrophils genetically deficient in neutrophil elastase and/or cathepsin G were impaired in their ability to degrade SP-D. Using a mouse model of acute bacterial pneumonia, we observed the accumulation of SP-D at sites of neutrophil infiltration coinciding with the appearance of ∼35-kDa SP-D fragments in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Together, our data suggest that neutrophil-derived serine proteinases cleave SP-D at sites of inflammation with potential deleterious effects on its biological functions.
Complete capillary electrophoretic separation of substance P and its metabolites at neutral pH using ionic run buffer additives

Substance P (SP), a bioactive peptide that is present in the extracellular fluid of the brain at picomolar concentrations, has been proposed to be a neurotransmitter and a neuromodulator in the central and peripheral nervous systems. This paper describes the development of analytical methodology for the separation of SP and its metabolites by capillary electrophoresis at neutral pH. Since SP is a cationic peptide, it tends to adsorb to silica surfaces. In this work, phytic acid was employed as a run buffer additive to eliminate the interaction of SP and its cationic N-terminus metabolites with ionized silanol groups. The separation of the C-terminus metabolites was then accomplished through the use of sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin, which imparted a negative charge to these otherwise neutral metabolites through complexation of the phenylalanine residue. The final separation buffer consisted of 150 mM boric acid, 15 mM phytic acid and 5 mM SBE(IV)β-cyclodextrin at pH 7. Under these conditions, it was possible to separate SP from all eight of its reported metabolites.
Clinical Trials of Stroke Therapy. Which Cells, Which Patients?

Despite recent advances in stroke prevention and acute stroke therapy, few treatments exist for reversal of fixed neurological deficits after stroke. Cellular therapy offers the possibility of improving neurological deficits months or even years after stroke. Animal studies provide evidence that such treatment may be effective. Many questions, however, remain unanswered regarding cellular therapy for stroke. In view of the significant differences between animal models and human stroke, some questions might be best addressed with clinical trials. Completed clinical trials of cellular therapy for stroke are summarized in the Table. Kondziolka et al reported the results of a Phase I study of 12 patients with completed stroke involving the basal ganglia treated with human neuronal cells derived from an immortalized tumor cell line (LBS cells).1 Either 2 or 6 million cells were implanted stereotactically between 6 months and 6 years after stroke. Patients were followed clinically as well as with MRI and positron emission tomography scans. The same group subsequently performed a Phase II study with randomization of 18 patients to either implantation of 5 or 10 million cells and rehabilitation (14 patients) or rehabilitation alone (4 patients).2 Follow-up neurological evaluations were blinded to treatment status. Savitz et al reported the results of transplantation of fetal porcine cells implanted stereotactically in 5 patients with basal ganglia stroke 3 months to 10 years after onset.3 The study was discontinued due to adverse events in 2 patients. In a study by Bang et al, autologous mesenchymal stem cells were given intravenously to 5 patients with middle cerebral artery territory strokes 4 to 5 weeks and again at 7 to 9 weeks after onset.4 An additional 25 patients served as control subjects. All patients were followed for functional outcome and adverse events. View this table: Table. Clinical Trials of Cellular Therapy …
Endogenous neurosteroid synthesis modulates seizure frequency

Many pathological changes in the epileptic brain increase the propensity for seizures; however, certain biological mechanisms and molecules appear to keep seizures in check in epileptic animals. Inhibitory neurosteroids, molecules generated in glia from circulating steroid hormones and de novo from cholesterol, are candidate molecules for checking seizures because they can enhance inhibitory transmission mediated by GABAA receptors, and have anticonvulsant action (1). Neurosteroids modulate both synaptic and tonic inhibition mediated by GABAA receptors (2,3).
Natural language programming

One project of the Behavioral Sciences Group, IBM Research, is to analyze natural language programs to discover the means by which process information is communicated. The object is to determine the extent to which there exist sufficiently reliable and powerful communication mechanisms which might be employed in natural language interfaces between computing systems and users.
Theory of Exponential Absorption Edges in Ionic and Covalent Solids

A calculation has been performed which yields a good fit to the exponential absorption edge of Urbach's rule in ionic crystals. The major feature of this calculation is that its underlying physical mechanism offers a unified explanation of exponential absorption edges in all materials: ionic, covalent, and intermediate bonding crystals, as well as amorphous semiconductors.
Coronary laser angioplasty

With the widespread growth of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), the realization of limitations of balloon angioplasty stimulated the development of alternative revascularization approaches such as laser angioplasty. PTCA is best suited for the treatment of discrete atherosclerotic stenoses, with lower success rates and more difficult application in patients with diffuse atherosclerotic disease or total occlusions [1-3]. Moreover, despite an initially high primary success rate, coronary angioplasty is still plagued by a restenosis rate as high as 57% [4]. The potential advantages of laser angioplasty address the limitations of PTCA. In contrast to balloon angioplasty where the plaque material is compressed or displaced, laser angioplasty ablates the plaque material [5]. This bulk removal of plaque material could improve acute procedural success rates, decrease complication rates, treat "untreatable" lesions, and decrease restenosis rates. Because laser energy can vaporize atherosclerotic plaque, there may be no requirement for a preexisting channel, and therefore laser angioplasty may have a high success rate for the treatment of coronary occlusions. In its best embodiment, laser angioplasty offers the potential for passing a fiberoptic catheter through the entire length of the coronary circulation to vaporize all atherosclerotic plaque along the arterial wall. This applicability for the treatment of diffuse atherosclerotic disease would offer treatment opportunities currently unavailable with conventional bypass surgery or angioplasty.
Kinetics of H+ ion binding by the P+QA-state of bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers: rate limitation within the protein

The kinetics of flash-induced H+ ion binding by isolated reaction centers (RCs) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides, strain R-26, were measured, using pH indicators and conductimetry, in the presence of terbutryn to block electron transfer between the primary and secondary quinones (QA and QB), and in the absence of exogenous electron donors to the oxidized primary donor, P+, i.e., the P+QA-state. Under these conditions, proton binding by RCs is to the protein rather than to any of the cofactors. After light activation to form P+QA-, the kinetics of proton binding were monoexponential at all pH values studied. At neutral pH, the apparent bimolecular rate constant was close to the diffusional limit for proton transfer in aqueous solution (approximately 10(11) M-1 s-1), but increased significantly in the alkaline pH range (e.g., 2 x 10(13) M-1 s-1 at pH 10). The average slope of the pH dependence was -0.4 instead of -1.0, as might be expected for a H+ diffusion-controlled process. High activation energy (0.54 eV at pH 8.0) and weak viscosity dependence showed that H+ ion uptake by RCs is not limited by diffusion. The salt dependence of the H+ ion binding rate and the pK values of the protonatable amino acid residues of the reaction center implicated surface charge influences, and Gouy-Chapman theory provided a workable description of the ionic effects as arising from modulation of the pH at the surface of the RC. Incubation in D2O caused small increases in the pKs of the protonatable groups and a small, pH (pD)-dependent slowing of the binding rate. The salt, pH, temperature, viscosity, and D2O dependences of the proton uptake by RCs in the P+QA- state were accounted for by three considerations: 1) parallel pathways of H+ delivery to the RC, contributing to the observed (net) H+ disappearance; 2) rate limitation of the protonation of target groups within the protein by conformational dynamics; and 3) electrostatic influences of charged groups in the protein, via the surface pH.
Resurrecting the Protein Fold for Disease Intervention

Because proteostasis networks manage the cellular proteome, their pharmacological manipulation might correct pathologies associated with numerous protein misfolding diseases. In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Tong Ong and colleagues identify a novel biosynthetic juncture for glucocerebrosidase as a site for therapeutic intervention in Gaucher's disease.
Further Psychometric Validation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)

Mindfulness is an increasingly prominent construct in health research but its study has been impeded by a lack of well-validated measures. The Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS; Brown and Ryan, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84:822–848, 2003) is a promising measure and the goal of the present study was to further validate the MAAS in a large university sample (n = 711). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the unidimensional factor structure of the MAAS in the overall sample. No gender differences in MAAS performance were evident, but the factor structure was not confirmed in the subsample of men, apparently due to power limitations. No categorical differences were evident based on experience with meditation, and MAAS performance was not significantly associated with experience with meditation. These findings are interpreted as broadly supporting the MAAS as a valid measure of mindfulness, but suggesting that novice-level experience with meditation should not be presumed to be associated with greater mindfulness.
Optimized aperiodic multilayer structures for use as narrow-angular absorbers

In this paper, we investigate aperiodic multilayer structures for use as narrow-angular absorbers. The layer thicknesses and materials are optimized using a genetic global optimization algorithm coupled to a transfer matrix code to maximize the angular selectivity in the absorptance at a single or multiple wavelengths. We first consider structures composed of alternating layers of tungsten and silicon or silica, and find that it is not possible to achieve angular selectivity in the absorptance with such structures. We next consider structures composed of alternating layers of silicon and silica, and show that when optimized they exhibit high angular selectivity in absorptance. In addition, as the angular selectivity in absorptance increases, the wavelength range of high angular selectivity also decreases. Optimizing the material composition of the multilayer structures, in addition to optimizing the layer thicknesses, leads to marginal improvement in angular selectivity. Finally, we show that by optimizing the absorptance of the multilayer structures at multiple wavelengths, we can obtain structures exhibiting almost perfect absorptance at normal incidence and narrow angular width in absorptance at these wavelengths. Similar to the structures optimized at a single wavelength, the wavelength range of high angularly selective absorptance is narrow.
Variations on four-neutrino oscillations

We make a model-independent analysis of all available data that indicate neutrino oscillations. Using probability diagrams, we confirm that a mass spectrum with two nearly degenerate pairs of neutrinos separated by a mass gap of $\ensuremath{\simeq}1\mathrm{eV}$ is preferred over a spectrum with one mass eigenstate separated from the others. We derive some new relations among the four-neutrino mixing matrix elements. We design four-neutrino mass matrices with three active neutrinos and one sterile neutrino that naturally incorporate maximal oscillations of atmospheric ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and explain the solar neutrino and LSND results. The models allow either a large or small angle MSW or vacuum oscillation description of the solar neutrino deficit. The models predict (i) oscillations of either ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ or ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{s}$ in long-baseline experiments at $L/E\ensuremath{\gg}1\mathrm{k}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V},$ with amplitude determined by the LSND oscillation amplitude and argument given by the atmospheric $\ensuremath{\delta}{m}^{2},$ and (ii) the equality of the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ disappearance probability, the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ disappearance probability, and the LSND ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ appearance probability in short-baseline experiments.
Chelation therapy and cardiovascular disease: Connecting scientific silos to benefit cardiac patients

Medical practitioners have treated atherosclerotic disease with chelation therapy for over 50 years. Lack of strong of evidence led conventional practitioners to abandon its use in the 1960s and 1970s. This relegated chelation therapy to complementary and alternative medicine practitioners, who reported good anecdotal results. Concurrently, the epidemiologic evidence linking xenobiotic metals with cardiovascular disease and mortality gradually accumulated, suggesting a plausible role for chelation therapy. On the basis of the continued use of chelation therapy without an evidence base, the National Institutes of Health released a Request for Applications for a definitive trial of chelation therapy. The Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT) was formulated as a 2 × 2 factorial randomized controlled trial of intravenous EDTA-based chelation vs. placebo and high-dose oral multivitamins and multiminerals vs. oral placebo. The composite primary endpoint was death, reinfarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for angina. A total of 1708 post-MI patients who were 50 years or older with a creatinine of 2.0 or less were enrolled and received 55,222 infusions of disodium EDTA or placebo with a median follow-up of 55 months. Patients were on evidence-based post-MI medications including statins. EDTA proved to be safe. EDTA chelation therapy reduced cardiovascular events by 18%, with a 5-year number needed to treat (NNT) of 18. Prespecified subgroup analysis revealed a robust benefit in patients with diabetes mellitus with a 41% reduction in the primary endpoint (5-year NNT = 6.5), and a 43% 5-year relative risk reduction in all-cause mortality (5-year NNT = 12). The magnitude of benefit is such that it suggests urgency in replication and implementation, which could, due to the excellent safety record, occur simultaneously.
Shining light on Medicare's values: the Medicare physician data release.

An evidence–policy gap hinders efforts to achieve the triple aim of improving patient care, enhancing population health, and reducing health care costs.1 To formulate evidence-based policy, the first step is to gather the right data.2
A river full of fish: industrial catfish production and the decline of commercial fishing on the upper Mississippi River.

This paper explores the decline of commercial fishing on the upper Mississippi River. For much of the 20th century fishing provided work for many in river communities and an important buffer against fluctuations in the regional economy. In the late 1960s the introduction of pond-raised catfish from newly created fish farms in the southern United States created a source of uniform, mild-flavored, and untainted fish that satisfied the preferences of both the food industry and consumers. Demand for river fish, in particular catfish, collapsed. Today fish are plentiful in the Mississippi but low prices offer little incentive to independent fishers. Some fish processors, faced with declining local demand, have stepped up sales of river fish to markets as far away as New York. Other processors have opted not to fight the fish-farming industry and now distribute pond-raised catfish. This paper explores the complex social and economic forces that have reshaped local economies and the ecology of the river itself.
New model to estimate water in the Earth's mantle

The Earth's mantle could be holding as much water as the ocean and atmosphere combined—but in the form of defects in dry minerals, such as olivine, that make up a large fraction of the mantle. Water in mantle minerals weakens chemical bonds, affecting physical and chemical properties of the mantle, particularly viscosity and electrical conductivity. Scientists continue to debate not just the amount of water but also its distribution in the mantle. Seismic velocity profiles, typically used to map the water content of the mantle, are, in fact, not sensitive to the amount of water. An increase of 1% by weight of water in mantle minerals, i.e., from “dry” to “very wet” conditions, reduces seismic velocities by at most 1%, which is often below the detection limit. On the other hand, an increase in water content by only 0.01%, from “dry” to “damp” conditions increases electrical conductivity in mantle minerals by an order of magnitude or more, making electrical conductivity a more sensitive tool to estimate the water content of mantle minerals.
Trends in Vibrational Frequencies of Guests Trapped in Clathrate Hydrate Cages

Raman spectra of ethane trapped in the small 512 cage of sII hydrate (at ∼70 MPa), isobutane trapped in the large 51264 cage of sII hydrate, and the gauche form of n-butane trapped in the large 512...
Rejection and renewal: Durkheim in the 20th century

Abstract While Durkheim is the acknowledged master of modern French sociology, he is also responsible for providing it with the distinguishing feature of encompassing ethnology within its purview. This specificity—and the way it influenced the developments of Durkheimianism following his death in 1917—guides our overview of the mixed reception to Durkheim's work marked by rejection as well as renewal. It also informs the assessment of the broader contribution of French sociology as a critical discourse to intellectual life in the 20th century.
Antiapoptotic BCL-2 is required for maintenance of a model leukemia

Resistance to apoptosis, often achieved by the overexpression of antiapoptotic proteins, is common and perhaps required in the genesis of cancer. However, it remains uncertain whether apoptotic defects are essential for tumor maintenance. To test this, we generated mice expressing a conditional BCL-2 gene and constitutive c-myc that develop lymphoblastic leukemia. Eliminating BCL-2 yielded rapid loss of leukemic cells and significantly prolonged survival, formally validating BCL-2 as a rational target for cancer therapy. Loss of this single molecule resulted in cell death, despite or perhaps attributable to the presence of other oncogenic events. This suggests a generalizable model in which aberrations inherent to cancer generate tonic death signals that would otherwise kill the cell if not opposed by a requisite apoptotic defect(s).
Board composition and CEO power

Abstract We study the optimal composition of corporate boards. Directors can be either monitoring or advisory types. Monitoring constrains the empire-building tendency of chief executive officers (CEOs). If shareholders control the board nomination process, a non-monotonic relation ensues between agency problems and board composition. To preempt CEO entrenchment, shareholders may assemble an adviser-heavy board. If a powerful CEO influences the nomination process, this may result in a more monitor-heavy board. Regulations strengthening the monitoring role of boards can be harmful in precisely those cases in which agency problems are severe or in which CEO entrenchment is a threat to corporate governance.
Validity and reliability of eating disorder assessments used with athletes: A review

Abstract Background Prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) among college-aged athletes has risen in recent years. Although measures exist for assessing EDs, these measures have not been thoroughly reviewed in athletes. This study reviewed the validity and reliability evidence of the commonly used measures for assessing EDs in athlete populations aged 18–26 years. Methods Databases were searched for studies of regarding ED on male and/or female athletes. Inclusion criteria stated the study (a) assessed EDs in an athlete population 18–26 years of age and (b) investigated EDs using a psychometric measure found valid and/or reliable in a non-athlete population and/or athlete population. Results Fifty studies met the inclusion criteria. Seven and 22 articles, respectively, studied EDs behaviors in male and female athletes whereas 21 articles studied EDs in combined-gender samples. The five most commonly used measures were the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), Bulimia Test-Revised (BULIT-R), Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnosis (QEDD), and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q). Conclusion Only seven studies calculated validity coefficients within the study whereas 47 cited the validity coefficient. Twenty-six calculated a reliability coefficient whereas 47 cited the reliability of the ED measures. Four studies found validity evidence for the EAT, EDI, BULIT-R, QEDD, and EDE-Q in an athlete population. Few studies reviewed calculated validity and reliability coefficients of ED measures. Cross-validation of these measures in athlete populations is clearly needed.
Memory for the frequency of sex-typed versus neutral behaviors: Implications for the maintenance of sex stereotypes

Research has indicated that existing stereotypic beliefs can produce systematic biases in the processing of information. Information which is consistent with stereotypic assumptions appears to be stored and/or retrieved with relative ease, leading to confirmatory biases in memory. The present study tested the hypothesis that behavior which is consistent with sex stereotypes would be judged to have occurred more frequently than nonsex-stereotypic behavior. Subjects were presented with a videotape consisting of behavioral episodes in which male and female actors engaged in sex-typed and neutral activities. Subjects then made frequency judgments and performed a recognition task. Although all activities were actually presented the same number of times, subjects' frequency estimates were significantly higher for sex-typed activity episodes. Implications for the maintenance of beliefs in sex stereotypes are discussed.
Ferrite-Tunable Microwave Cavities and the Introduction of a New Reflectionless, Tunable Microwave Filter

Large ferrite samples are placed in microwave cavities with the object of achieving tunable microwave cavities. Experimental data, at X band frequencies, on ferrite tuning of conventional band-pass and band elimination cavities are presented. Curves of applied dc magnetic field vs cavity resonant frequency, bandwidth, loss, cavity Q, and window coupling coefficients are included. Of particular interest are the results obtained with a new type cavity filter. With a single circularly polarized cavity, a reflectionless filter is achieved which couples nearly 100 per cent of the energy from the main waveguide at the cavity resonant frequency. Experimental results, on the ferrite loading of these circularly polarized cavities, are presented, and a number of practical microwave applications are discussed.
A 15‐Year Retrospective on Sexual Coercion: Advances and Projections

This paper surveys the clinical and legal literature in the area of sexual offender law, policy, and research from 1987 through 2001. Eleven clinical journals, yielding approximately 12,858 articles were screened, as well as 1196 articles in law journals. Content trends over fifteen years are reported. In addition, five major areas within the sexual offender field (etiology, risk assessment, legislative management, remediation, and public policy) are examined for noteworthy changes over the past fifteen years. Advances and projections for future developments are discussed.
Propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid hyperlipidemic chick: A model for clofibrate-induced toxicity

Abstract 1. An animal model for clinically observed clofibrate ( p -chlorophenoxy isobutyrate, CPIB)-induced toxicity has been tested. 2. It is demonstrated that propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid-hyperlipidemic chick develops severe toxic manifestations following clofibrate administration. 3. Toxic symptoms are characterized by listlessness, drowziness, and extreme muscular weakness. 4. This is associated with elevation of blood urea nitrogen, creatine phosphokinase, uric acid and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. 5. Histological examination of muscle specimen from chicks exhibiting toxic syndrome showed degeneration and vacuolization of muscle fibers. 6. The biochemical and histological changes observed are quite similar to those reported in clinical practice in some patients given clofibrate. 7. It is suggested that this chick model could be used to investigate the biochemical basis of clofibrate toxicity.