cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
microPET imaging of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor expression using 64Cu-labeled cyclo19,31[D-Cys19]uPA19-31

264 Objectives: Urokinse-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its cell surface receptor (uPAR), central molecules of the major protease system responsible for ECM degradation, play important roles in tumor development, invasion and metastasis and represent potential targets for tumor intervention. To meet the demand of the rapid development and potential clinical application of anti-cancer therapy based on uPA/uPAR system, in this study we imaged uPAR expression with 64Cu labeled uPAR specific binding peptide. Methods: Taking advantage of the high affinity interaction between uPA and uPAR, we conjugated uPAR specific peptide— cyclo19,31[D-Cys19]uPA19-31 with macrocyclic chelating agent DOTA and labeled the conjugated peptide with 64Cu (t1/2 = 12.7 h). The tumor targeting efficacy and in vivo kinetics of the newly developed probe was studied in in two xenograft models (subcutaneous U87MG glioma and orthotopic MDA-MD-435 breast cancer) by microPET imaging. The uPAR expression of cell lines was confirmed by RT-PCR, western blot. Immunostaining was performed on both fixed cells and tumor sections. Results: The uPAR expression in U87MG cells was significantly higher than that in MDA-MB-435 cells at both mRNA and protein levels. Cell surface location of uPAR was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. PET imaging revealed high tumor radioactivity accumulation (7.82 ± 0.60 %ID/g) at 17 hours postinjection (n=4) in uPAR positive U87MG xenograft tumor while no significant radioactivity accumulation was found in uPAR negative MDA-MB-435 tumors. The tracer excreted from both hepatic and renal routes. Conclusions: PET imaging with 64Cu-DOTA- cyclo19,31[D-Cys19]uPA19-31 could be used to monitor the location, magnitude and kinetics of uPAR expression in a real time and non-invasive manner. This approach will allow rapid translation into clinical settings for cancer detection, patients screening for uPA/uPAR system based therapy and monitoring the therapeutic efficacy.
Managing Emotions in the Classroom

Classrooms are racialized social settings where status and power play out through emotions. Studying racism evokes unique emotions to manage. Students of color may feel overwhelmed, depressed, and angry while studying stereotypes or racism across social institutions, or they may feel “under the microscope.” Other times, students may feel excitement at the opportunity to have a voice or validation for their feelings regarding accomplishment or discrimination. White-identified students, on the other hand, may feel confused if they have never studied whiteness as cultural or oppressive (Perry 2007), or neglected when they are not the focus of attention. Research suggests white-identified individuals often struggle with shame or guilt when trying to make sense of their own racist actions or those of their family members or ancestors (Bonilla-Silva et al. 2004). Other times, they may feel relief for being given an opportunity for self-reflection or hopeful for forging new relationships (Welp 2002). Teachers occupy positions of authority that allow us to shape the emotional content of classes. We not only create feeling rules for students but enforce their observance of them in interactions with each other. We also structure the emotional arc of the semester when we organize our readings, in-class activities, and assignments. How we do so not only directly affects the emotional experiences of students but can reproduce and challenge racism as a social structure. Given these complex emotional dynamics, this chapter highlights some of the biggest challenges in trying to meet students’ emotional needs for validation, while pushing them outside of their comfort zones. It covers ways to create safe spaces within the classroom and to allow every student to succeed.
Mechanical System Complications

The mechanical system refers to both the pump and the catheter. System complications related to the drug pump include overinfusion or underinfusion of the drug. However, the vast majority of complications are related to the catheter.19,118,178 Specifically, the catheter may kink, dislodge, tear, or fibrose.179 Treatment of a system complication requires surgical intervention in almost every case.
Nutrition in Palliative Care

Malnutrition is an immense problem worldwide in palliative care, and it is a primary cause of death in about 20 % of cancer in the USA. Patients with tumors of the head and neck and of the upper digestive tract often present with moderate to severe malnutrition at diagnosis. Several complex interrelated pathophysiological mechanisms have been implicated in the development of malnutrition in cancer and other terminally ill patients. Nutritional interventions have been developed to modulate tumor growth, prevent or counteract the deleterious effect of cachexia during the different stages of the disease and its therapy, and have shown promising results. Different approaches of nutritional therapies including oral supplements, pharmacologic, enteral- or parenteral- or immune-nutrition, and management of their potential complications are discussed. Strategies for nutritional assessment, planning, and counseling are valuable in palliative care, and the goal is to create an individualized program that will meet patient’s need and improve overall quality of life.
O PAPEL DO TIPO DE RESPOSTA NA FORMA DO CONTRASTE NEGATIVO OU DA INDUÇÃO POSITIVA EM RATOS

Rats may decrease (negative contrast) or increase (positive induction) their rate of responding for 1% sucrose reinforcement when 32% sucrose reinforcement is upcoming under different conditions. Previous research suggests that which effect occurs may depend on what motor response (i.e., licking vs. press a lever) is required to obtain the sucrose. The present study investigated this idea by having subjects make different responses in different halves of the session. Subjects either licked or pressed a lever for 1% sucrose reinforcement in the first half of the session. They then made the alternative response for 1% or 32% sucrose reinforcement, in different conditions, in the second half. In Experiment 1, both licking and lever pressing were operant responses. In Experiment 2, licking was strictly a consummatory response. Results showed that upcoming 32% sucrose tended to decrease responding for 1% sucrose in the first half of the session regardless of the response required in either half. Positive induction was never observed. The present results question whether type of motor response is a key factor in whether contrast or induction is observed. Instead, they suggest that the location that the substances are delivered and consumed is critical. Ultimately, understanding when one effect or the other will occur will enhance our understanding of eating-related behavior. Key words: negative contrast, positive induction, reinforcement, lever press, rat.
Permutation Tests for General Dependent Truncation.

Abstract Truncated survival data arise when the event time is observed only if it falls within a subject-specific region, known as the truncation set. Left-truncated data arise when there is delayed entry into a study, such that subjects are included only if their event time exceeds some other time. Quasi-independence of truncation and failure refers to factorization of their joint density in the observable region. Under quasi-independence, standard methods for survival data such as the Kaplan–Meier estimator and Cox regression can be applied after simple adjustments to the risk sets. Unlike the requisite assumption of independent censoring, quasi-independence can be tested, e.g., using a conditional Kendall’s tau test. Current methods for testing for quasi-independence are powerful for monotone alternatives. Nonetheless, it is essential to detect any kind of deviation from quasi-independence so as not to report a biased Kaplan–Meier estimator or regression effect, which would arise from applying the simple risk set adjustment when dependence holds. Nonparametric, minimum p -value tests that are powerful against non-monotone alternatives are developed to offer protection against erroneous assumptions of quasi-independence. The use of conditional and unconditional methods of permutation for evaluation of the proposed tests is investigated in simulation studies. The proposed tests are applied to a study on the cognitive and functional decline in aging.
Evaluation of Carcinoma of Unknown Primary on Cytologic Specimens

Carcinoma of unknown primary is defined as metastatic carcinoma without a clinically obvious primary tumor. Determining the tissue of origin in carcinoma of unknown primary is important for site-directed therapy. Immunohistochemistry is the most widely used tool for the work-up of metastases, but molecular profiling assays are also available. This review provides an overview of immunohistochemical stains in the work-up of metastatic carcinoma, with a focus on newer site-specific markers, and discusses the role of gene expression profiling assays for determining tissue of origin. The utility of cytopathology specimens in the evaluation of carcinoma of unknown primary also is highlighted.
Interpreting Things Past

Our memories of past experiences influence the way that we think about ourselves and our relationships with others. But, as a growing body of empirical research has demonstrated, these memories are often biased and distorted. We sometimes play an active role in this process though our attempts at interpreting the past and ‘uncovering’ its true meaning; friends, lovers, and therapists often encourage us to do just this. In what follows, I argue that our memories are not always free from moral evaluation; for how we remember the past can enhance or impair our ability to relate to others in morally appropriate ways. In showing that an ethics of memory is possible, I look at the various forms of indirect control that we can exercise over our memories. While we cannot remember at will, we can influence our memories by using external aids, guarding against biases, and revising the interpretations that we develop of our past experiences.
AC Computing Methodology for RF-Powered IoT Devices

In this paper, an alternating current (ac) computing methodology is proposed for integration into wirelessly powered devices, such as radio-frequency (RF) tags and sensor nodes. Contrary to the traditional platforms that integrate direct current (dc)-powered computational logic along with the rectification and regulation stages, in the proposed approach, the harvested RF signal is directly used to power the data processing circuitry by leveraging the charge-recycling and adiabatic circuit theory. A near-field-based wireless power harvesting system with an 8-bit arithmetic logic unit is developed to evaluate the proposed framework. Simulation results in 45-nm technology demonstrate that the overall power consumption can be reduced by up to 16 times as compared to the conventional approach that relies on ac-to-dc conversion and static CMOS logic. This reduction in power enables significant computation capability for the RF-powered devices. Several important characteristics, such as the impact of circuit size on overhead and processing power, impact of voltage scaling on circuit operation, and power consumption, are investigated. Some important design issues and related tradeoffs are also discussed.
Cash Beer Game

This article introduces a new online simulation game called Cash Beer Game, which is an augmented version of the standard Beer Game by including cash flows. In addition to the inventory ordering and shipping activities, each player pays cash for the ordered inventory to her upstream partner and receives cash from her downstream partner. The goal of this game is to explain the interactions between material, information, and financial flows in a supply chain and help students understand the impact of financial flows on the inventory decision. The resulting bullwhip effect can be compared between teams and with that of the standard Beer Game for the same team.
Molecular Heterogeneity in Large-Scale Biological Data: Techniques and Applications

High-throughput sequencing technologies have evolved at a stellar pace for almost a decade and have greatly advanced our understanding of genome biology. In these sampling-based technologies, there...
Numerical Study to Probe Effects of Strain Energy on Pore Formation and Their Density Distribution

Electroporation is an important pathway to transport material such as drugs, genes, and ions into biological cells. Here, we perform simulations to predict the pore density and transmembrane potential due to high-intensity, ultra-short duration electrical pulses. Explicit account is taken of the strain energy. Our continuum model results demonstrate that pore density increases rapidly and nonlinearly with respect to the transmembrane potential. The numerical calculations also show that average strain energy can work towards membrane stabilization and that the energy needed to form a two-pore system would be smaller than a one pore system. This differential between the one- and two-pore scenarios is predicted to increase monotonically with pore radius. It is also predicted that the membrane would likely produce multiple nanopores of high density, as hypothesized in the literature. The potential for pore formation and transient leak-out would both likely reduce the membrane tension, favoring smaller multiple nanopores.
A Hayekian Case for Free Markets and a Basic Income

This chapter examines more closely F. A. Hayek’s account of freedom and coercion, especially as developed in The Constitution of Liberty. It shows how that account supports the libertarian position of free markets and limited government and how it supports a basic income guarantee. The chapter deals with the question of whether a guaranteed minimum income ought, as Hayek seems to have believed, to be contingent upon a willingness to work. Hayek’s theory of freedom is in many respects similar to the neo-republican theory advanced most famously by Philip Pettit. Contemporary critics of republicanism, such as Geoffrey Brennan and Loren Lomasky, argue that the view is “profoundly antimarket.” In his discussions of the virtues of a market economy, and in particular his discussion of the role of a freely functioning price system within a market economy, Hayek repeatedly emphasizes the significance of the dispersed nature of knowledge.
Fault Diagnosis in Three-Phase Power Inverters Using Multiple-Model Kalman Filter

In this paper, a multiple-model Kalman filter (MMKF) approach is utilized to design fault detection and identification (FDI) filters for three-phase power inverters with L filters. The MMKF approach has the advantage that it can be applied to both linear and nonlinear systems. The MMKF-based FDI filters are designed for inverter component (inductance and resistance) and current sensor faults. Simulation results for a three-phase inverter model verify the effectiveness of the proposed filters.
The Economic Penalty of Diversified CSR

The United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the current state of research on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) suggest that firms should do more for the society and the environ...
HIV incidence and cohort retention among men who have sex with men in Hangzhou, China: A prospective cohort study.

Prospective cohort studies have been conducted to estimate HIV incidence among men who have sex with men (MSM) in first-line megacities cities (>10 million residents) in China, but few in the second-line large- or middle-size cities. This study was to investigate HIV incidence and cohort retention among MSM in a second-line city Hangzhou in eastern China. A total of 523 HIV-seronegative MSM were recruited during September 2014 to September 2015, and were followed up prospectively at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Questionnaire interviews were conducted, and laboratory tests were performed to evaluate baseline syphilis infection and HIV seroconversions. Chi-square test and logistic regression model were used to identify factors associated with cohort retention rate and syphilis prevalence. Of 523 participants, 137 (26.2%) completed 6-month follow-up, and use of Internet for recruiting study participants (vs other recruitments: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.3–0.8) and being homosexual (vs heterosexual or bisexual: AOR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4–0.9) were associated with lower cohort retention. The overall HIV incidence during 12 months of follow-up was 6.6 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 3.4–9.8/100 PY). The prevalence of syphilis at baseline was 6.5% (95% CI: 4.4%–8.6%), and disclosing sexual orientation (AOR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–0.9) was associated with lower risk of syphilis infection. HIV is spreading rapidly among MSM in the second-line Chinese city. Effective interventions are needed to target this population in both first-line megacities and second-line large and middle-size cities.
Mercury bioaccumulation in freshwater fishes of the Chesapeake Bay watershed

Chemical contaminants are a threat to the Chesapeake Bay watershed, with mercury (Hg) among the most prevalent causes of impairment. Despite this, large-scale patterns of Hg concentrations, and the potential risks to fish, wildlife, and humans across the watershed, are poorly understood. We compiled fish Hg data from state monitoring programs and recent research efforts to address this knowledge gap and provide a comprehensive assessment of fish Hg concentrations in the watershed's freshwater habitats. The resulting dataset consisted of nearly 8000 total Hg (THg) concentrations from 600 locations. Across the watershed, fish THg concentrations spanned a 44-fold range, with mean concentrations varying by 2.6- and 8.8-fold among major sub-watersheds and individual 8-digit hydrological units, respectively. Although, mean THg concentrations tended to be moderate, fish frequently exceeded benchmarks for potential adverse health effects, with 45, 48, and 36% of all samples exceeding benchmarks for human, avian piscivore, and fish risk, respectively. Importantly, the percentage of fish exceeding these benchmarks was not uniform among species or locations. The variation in fish THg concentrations among species and sites highlights the roles of waterbody, landscape, and ecological processes in shaping broad patterns in Hg risk across the watershed. We outline an integrated Hg monitoring program that could identify key factors influencing Hg concentrations across the watershed and facilitate the implementation of management strategies to mitigate the risks posed by Hg.
Correlation analysis of premature thelarche and endocrine disruptors in infant girls

Objective To investigate the association between premature thelarche and endocrine disrupting compounds bisphenol A,diethyl phthalate in 0-2 years old girls.Methods Using case-control study method,50 girls with premature thelarche diagnosed in Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital,from April to August 2012,were assigned in PT group and 50 healthy girls were assigned in control group.Their age was from 3 months to 2 years old.All should fill out the survey questionnaire.Uterus and breast were measured by Color B-mode ultrasound.Serum estradiol,follicle-stimulating hormone,luteinizing hormone levels were detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer.Serum bisphenol A,diethyl phthalate were determined by high performance liquid chromatographic method.Results 48 of PT group and 9 of control group were detected bisphenol A,24 of PT group and none in control group were detected diethyl phthalate.The serum levels of bisphenol A,diethyl phthalate in both group were statisticaly different (Z =-8.018,P＜0.01 ;Z =-5.522,P＜ 0.01),and higher in PT group than those in control group.There was a positive correlation between uterine volume and bisphenol A in PT group (r =0.355,P＜0.05).There was not significant correlation between serum bisphenol A,diethyl phthalate and serum estradiol,follicle-stimulating hormone,luteinizing hormone in PT group (P ＞0.05).There existed geographical difference in serum diethyl phthalate,and serum diethyl phthalate in urban children was higher than that in rural children (x2 =6.08,P＜ 0.05).Conclusion Endocrine disrupting compounds bisphenol A and diethyl phthalate are related to premature thelarche in infant girls. Key words: Bisphenol A; Diethyl phthalate; Infants ; Premature thelarche; Endocrine disruptors
The importance of timely diagnosis of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease for patient health and safety.

Abstract Backgroud Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a difficult-to-treat syndrome where timely diagnosis and initiation of disease-specific therapies are pertinent to improved patient outcomes. Objective To characterize the most common timeline for development of the clinical triad [asthma, nasal polyposis, and reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)], identify barriers to prompt diagnosis of AERD, and describe indications for an aspirin challenge to facilitate accurate diagnosis. Methods Six hundred ninety-seven patients with diagnosed AERD and history of at least one sinus surgery to remove nasal polyps were identified in the Brigham and Women's Hospital AERD registry. Patient reported age at disease onset of asthma, nasal polyposis, and age of first NSAID reaction were obtained from 2013 to 2019 at enrollment. Results Of the 697 patients identified, diagnosis of asthma preceded diagnosis of nasal polyposis and first NSAID reaction, although there was considerable variability between patients. Conclusions Prompt diagnosis of AERD is important for patient and provider education and improved care of this difficult-to-treat population of patients. Consider diagnostic aspirin challenge in patients without historical reactions to NSAIDs who have an otherwise compatible clinical history, specifically in patients who take daily low-dose aspirin, leukotriene modifiers, avoid NSAIDs, or who are severely symptomatic at baseline where it would be difficult to identify an acute worsening of symptoms.
Superovulation and embryo transfer in Wagyu donors and cross-bred recipients:

Embryo Transfer (ET) is a technology applied to accelerate the genetic progress of herds. Research on bovine ET has mainly focused on a few popular breeds, but the extrapolation of those results to less explored breeds might be questionable. The objective of this study was to determine the main factors associated with embryo production in Wagyu embryo donor cows and gestation performance in cross-bred embryo recipients through retrospective data analysis.
Invertebrate Models Untangle the Mechanism of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, afflicting ~10 million people worldwide. Although several genes linked to PD are currently identified, PD remains primarily an idiopathic disorder. Neuronal protein α-synuclein is a major player in disease progression of both genetic and idiopathic forms of PD. However, it cannot alone explain underlying pathological processes. Recent studies demonstrate that many other risk factors can accelerate or further worsen brain dysfunction in PD patients. Several PD models, including non-mammalian eukaryotic organisms, have been developed to identify and characterize these factors. This review discusses recent findings in three PD model organisms, i.e., yeast, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans, that opened new mechanisms and identified novel contributors to this disorder. These non-mammalian models share many conserved molecular pathways and cellular processes with humans. New players affecting PD pathogenesis include previously unknown genes/proteins, novel signaling pathways, and low molecular weight substances. These findings might respond to the urgent need to discover novel drug targets for PD treatment and new biomarkers for early diagnostics of this disease. Since the study of neurodegeneration using simple eukaryotic organisms brought a huge amount of information, we include only the most recent or the most important relevant data.
Posterior Skull Base Anatomy and Pathology.

A posterior skull base lesion is an uncommon radiological finding that may be noted incidentally or during targeted imaging of patients with clinical symptoms attributable to the lesion. It may be inflammatory or neoplastic in etiology, or may simply be an anatomic variant or a “don't-touch” lesion that should not be misinterpreted as something more ominous. A systematic approach to the evaluation of the posterior skull base is therefore required in order to differentiate lesions requiring immediate attention from those requiring a less urgent course of action or none at all. This review will focus on the imaging features of pathologic conditions that are more commonly encountered in posterior skull base CT and MR examinations.
Erratum to: Molecular and cellular mechanisms that initiate pain and itch

1 Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA 2 Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA Cell. Mol. Life Sci. (2015) 72:3587–3588 DOI 10.1007/s00018-015-1979-y Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
Progesterone and zinc regulate zinc transport in human trophoblasts through changes in Zip4 and ZnT1

The trophoblast interfaces maternal and fetal nutrient exchange and thus regulates nutrient transfer to the offspring. Progesterone (PG) is critical for successful trophoblast implantation and feta...
Developing a framework for evaluating the logistics costs in global sourcing processes

Global sourcing is becoming a prerequisite for companies competing in today's market. The logistics costs often comprise a large portion of the total global sourcing cost, thereby determining the effectiveness of this procurement strategy. However, evaluating the logistics cost in a global context is frequently difficult. This paper presents a five‐step evaluation framework and illustrates how this framework can be implemented using a case study at a leading firm in the US aviation industry and its part supplier in Chengdu, China. The framework not only identifies the key logistics cost items, but also suggests a way of quantifying each of the cost elements. The computational part of the framework can be easily implemented on spreadsheets and offers substantial flexibility to accommodate assessment of various transportation alternatives and sensitivity analysis.
Therapeutic Targeting of “DARPP-32”: A Key Signaling Molecule in the Dopiminergic Pathway for the Treatment of Opiate Addiction

The 32-kDa dopamine- and adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) is recognized to be critical to the pathogenesis of drug addiction. Opiates via the μ-receptor act on the dopaminergic system in the brain and modulates the expression of DARPP-32 phosphoprotein which is an important mediator of the activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascades, the activation of which represents an exciting nexus for drug-induced changes in neural long-term synaptic plasticity. Silencing of DARPP-32 using an siRNA against DARPP-32 may provide a novel gene therapy strategy to overcome drug addiction. In this study, we investigated the effect of the opiate (heroin) on D1 receptor (D1R) and DARPP-32 expression and additionally, evaluated the effects of DARPP-32-siRNA gene silencing on protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1), ERK, and cAMP response element-binding (CREB) gene expression in primary normal human astrocytes (NHA) cells in vitro. Our results indicate that heroin significantly upregulated both D1R and DARPP-32 gene expression, and that DARPP-32 silencing in the NHA cells resulted in the significant modulation of the activity of downstream effector molecules such as PP-1, ERK, and CREB which are known to play an important role in opiate abuse-induced changes in long-term neural plasticity. These findings have the potential to facilitate the development of DARPP32 siRNA-based therapeutics against drug addiction.
The Propositional Mu-Calculus is Elementary

The propositional mu-calculus is a propositional logic of programs which incorporates a least fixpoint operator and subsumes the Propositional Dynamic Logic of Fischer and Ladner, the infinite looping construct of Streett, and the Game Logic of Parikh. We give an elementary time decision procedure, using a reduction to the emptiness problem for automata on infinite trees. A small model theorem is obtained as a corollary.
(19)F Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement: A Valuable Tool for Distance Measurements in Proteins.

Fluorine NMR paramagnetic relaxation enhancement was evaluated as a versatile approach for extracting distance information in selectively F-labeled proteins. Proof of concept and initial applications are presented for the HIV-inactivating lectin cyanovirin-N. Single F atoms were introduced at the 4-, 5-, 6- or 7 positions of Trp49 and the 4-position of Phe4, Phe54, and Phe80. The paramagnetic nitroxide spin label was attached to Cys residues that were placed into the protein at positions 50 or 52. (19)F-T2 NMR spectra with different relaxation delays were recorded and the transverse (19)F-PRE rate, (19)F-Γ2 , was used to determine the average distance between the F nucleus and the paramagnetic center. Our data show that experimental (19)F PRE-based distances correspond to 0.93 of the (1)HN-PRE distances, in perfect agreement with the gyromagnetic γ(19)F/γ(1)H ratio, thereby demonstrating that (19)F PREs are excellent alternative parameters for quantitative distance measurements in selectively F-labeled proteins.
Learning and teaching information architecture: The current state of IA education

Editor's Summary Hitting the mainstream in the late 1990s, the concept of information architecture (IA) grew within library and information science, but it is closely tied to multiple fields, making an organized approach to learning and teaching a challenge. A World IA Day 2013 session explored IA through a survey and town hall meeting for insight into how and where people learn the craft. Survey responses showed four in five information architects come from other than information and library disciplines, but about half took a college course in the field. The vast majority of survey respondents and town hall attendees cited practical experience as critical. Without a consensus on core concepts and skills in IA, educators have no clear direction as they try to prepare students for work. Until agreement is established, input from multiple disciplines and on-the-job learning will remain key, though inconsistent, parts of IA education.
InsP4 negatively regulates dendritic cell cytokine secretion and migration to peripheral draining lymph nodes. (CAM1P.234)

Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (InsP4) is a novel second messenger that is critical for T and B cell development and activation. However, whether InsP4 has a similar regulatory role in dendritic cell (DC) function is not yet known. We show here that InsP4 differentially regulates ERK and Akt signaling in response to LPS activation of bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs). InsP4 supports ERK activation but negatively regulates Akt and its down-stream signals. Interestingly, endogenous migratory DCs from InsP4 deficient mice and BMDCs migrated more efficiently to peripheral lymph nodes in vivo. InsP4 deficient BMDCs also have enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and mediate stronger antigen presentation to antigen-specific T cells. Our data support an important role for InsP4 in DC migration and cytokine secretion, identifying InsP4 as a dual regulator of Akt and ERK signaling pathways that controls DC function.
Oxidation of heterocyclic nitrogen ylids to nitro heterocycles. Comparison of dimethyldioxirane with peracids

Oxidation of 3-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)furazan (1) and its phosphine imine derivative, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-trioctylphosphiniminofurazan (3), with dimethyldioxirane (DMD) gave 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-nitrofurazan (4) as the exclusive product. However, the sulfilimine derivative, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-dimethylsulfiliminofurazan (2), was converted by DMD to the sulfoximine, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-dimethylsulfoximinofurazan (6). These results contrast dramatically with the oxidations of these compounds with peracids.
Atypical Serpiginous Choroiditis

• Patients with serpiginous choroiditis may demonstrate atypical features. In this series 14 (56%) of 53 patients demonstrated either active choroidal neovascularization (13%) or disciform macular scarring (13%). Despite a slight excess of male subjects, five of seven patients with active choroidal neovascularization were female. Three had bilateral disciform disease. All patients with this complication had visual acuity of 6/60 or less. None were able to be successfully treated by photocoagulation. One patient had secondary branch venous obstruction peripherally, associated with retinal neovascularization. Patients with serpiginous choroiditis are at risk of losing central vision from either an acute active lesion in the macula or choroidal neovascularization occurring at the margin of an inactive chorioretinal scar. Serial examination at regular intervals is recommended to rule out the development of possibly treatable choroidal neovascularization in patients with serpiginous choroiditis.
Bounds for robust maximum likelihood and posterior consistency in compound mixture state experiments

Abstract Uniform bounds on rates of L 1 -consistency for the empiric mean of state sequences in a family of probability models (compound with finite-mixture-state component) are obtained for MLEs (Section sec2) and posterior means for quasi-uniform hyperpriors (Section sec3), both determined in the iid mixture (empirical Bayes) sub-models. Qualitative aspects of results of this type were described by Robbins (1951) . Application to the Gilliland and Hannan (1974/86) restricted-risk-finite-state-component compound decision problem (Section sec4) yields uniform bounds on rates of asymptotic regret of Bayes solutions therein (with extension to mixture-state by expectation), giving strong affirmation to an asymptotic form of a Robbins (1951) conjecture. The general extension to mixture-state components (Remark rem4.1) strengthens much of the existing compound literature.
Redesigning Cooperative Boundaries: The Emergence of New Models

In a mid 1990s AAEA invited paper session, the presenters and discussants posited challenges and opportunities for agricultural cooperation. Fulton hypothesized that forces external to the cooperative, especially technology and member individualism, would increasingly emerge as obstacles to success in North American agricultural cooperatives. Cook hypothesized forces internal to the cooperative, especially potential negative consequences of vaguely defined property rights, would challenge cooperative organizational growth in subsequent years. Three strategic choices were identified as potentially efficient, that is, the option to exit either the sector or the organizational form, to continue strategically and structurally with moderate changes to organization form, or to shift to a more radical form of organizational structure. This article and session attempt to describe and analyze organizational design initiatives adopted since the mid 1990s. This article complements and expands a typology of discrete institutional arrangements (i.e., cooperative models) based upon a broad definition of ownership rights comprising residual claim and control rights (Chaddad and Cook). We argue that cooperative models may be distinguished by how ownership rights are defined and assigned to economic agents tied contractually to the firm (members, patrons, and investors). In addition, we develop a set of observations that suggest a research agenda based on a new institutional approach
Populations as "species-in-waiting"?

Given the importance of populations in ecosystem function and stability, attempts to estimate the total number of populations on the planet are critical for science and public policy. However, the report “Population diversity: Its extent and extinction” (24 Oct., [p. 689][1]) by J. B. Hughes et
Job accessibility and the modal mismatch in Detroit

Abstract Transportation scholars are challenging traditional formulations of the spatial mismatch hypothesis because previous studies have disregarded the considerable difference between travel modes. This case study of the Detroit metropolitan region uses 2000 census data and a gravity-based model of transportation accessibility to test differences in access to jobs among places and people, and provides support for recent calls for reconceptualizing spatial mismatch. It shows that even though Detroit experiences the greatest distance between African Americans and jobs of any region in the country, most central city neighborhoods offer an advantage in accessibility to jobs compared to most other places in the metropolitan region – as long as a resident has a car. Policies aimed at helping carless people gain access to automobiles may be an effective means of improving the employment outcomes of inner-city residents.
A self-assessment of the use of evidence-based instructional practices in Engineering

The purpose of this paper is to describe the methodology and preliminary results used in a National Science Foundation (NSF) funded project whose purpose is to conduct a self-assessment of the instructional practices used in the College of Engineering at Pennsylvania State University. The project was funded in the fall of 2012 by the NSF WIDER (Widening Implementation and Demonstration of Evidence-based Reforms). The overall goals of the study are to 1) characterize the use of evidence-based practices in engineering undergraduate programs, 2) understand the major barriers that faculty and administrators see to wider use of evidence-based practices, and 3) identify faculty who are making exemplary use of evidence-based practices so that these practices can be celebrated and used to encourage others to adopt them. The multi-faceted study used a combination of quantitative and qualitative measures to answer research questions relating to the above project goals. This paper discusses the methodology used during each of four study stages (syllabi analysis, student survey, faculty survey, and interviews with faculty and administrators), provides preliminary results, and discusses next steps. Suggestions for others conducting similar studies at their institutions are provided, in terms of both methodology and study administration.
Things at Work: Informal social-material mechanisms for getting the job done

Through interviews and field observations, we examine how New York subway workers consume official workplace equipment, particularly how they informally deploy such artifacts towards individual and collective ends. We discuss the ways workers call on artifacts to manage routine concerns of work contexts — physical vulnerabilities, bureaucratic constraints, and difficult persons amongst them. We show how sustained attention to a public infrastructure and its organizational contexts can deepen understanding of humans and machines together as a coherent practical accomplishment.
Scholar, Witness, or Activist? The Lessons and Dilemmas of an AIDS Research Agenda

The study of AIDS, as a disease, a social problem, or, in my case, as a political phenomenon is necessarily difficult and invasive. Learning about AIDS requires invasion of the most private spheres of peoples' lives, involves watching people at their most vulnerable, and often requires becoming closely involved with people whose lives and circumstances are far away from the researcher's own comfort zone. As the title of this essay suggests, my research has led me to take on a variety of roles; first, in order to gather the information I sought and, later, because of the information I had gathered. Roughly speaking, these roles can be characterized with respect to the distance of the researcher from the subject matter. As a scholar, I endeavored, particularly in the early stages of my research, to hold myself apart from what I saw and to compare my findings against those of other researchers. However, as time moved on, I found myself increasingly playing two other roles, roles I have come to characterize as witness and activist. My efforts to lessen the distance between the subjects of my research and myself resulted from both practical and personal motivations. As a practical matter, like many other social scientists, I quickly discovered that I had far greater access to information—in the form of written documents, interviews, and observation opportunities—as an insider. Personally I found myself wanting to contribute what I could to help solve, or at least lessen the severity of, the problems unfolding all around me. As I have moved closer to the subjects of my research, and to the perspectives they hold, I have been forced to confront head-on a perennial dilemma of scholars: objectivity. How does one study an issue “objectively,” particularly when the issue is fraught with controversy? Does taking a side render future observations invalid? Is there some magic line between researcher and subject that is not to be crossed? If so, where is it? The findings presented below represent what I have discovered about interest organizing and political activism in the context of AIDS.
Disparities in eye care utilization among the United States adults with visual impairment: findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system 2006-2009.

Purpose To estimate the prevalence of annual eye care among visually impaired United States residents aged 40 years or older, by state, race/ethnicity, education, and annual income. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods In analyses of 2006-2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 21 states, we used multivariate regression to estimate the state-level prevalence of yearly eye doctor visit in the study population by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and other), annual income (≥$35 000 and high school). Results The age-adjusted state-level prevalence of yearly eye doctor visits ranged from 48% (Missouri) to 69% (Maryland). In Alabama, Colorado, Indiana, Iowa, New Mexico, and North Carolina, the prevalence was significantly higher among respondents with more than a high school education than among those with a high school education or less (P Conclusion Among visually impaired US residents aged 40 or older, the prevalence of yearly eye examinations varied significantly by race/ethnicity, income, and education, both overall and within states. Continued and possibly enhanced collection of eye care utilization data, such as we analyzed here, may help states address disparities in vision health and identify population groups most in need of intervention programs.
Control of somatic tissue differentiation by the long non-coding RNA TINCR

Several of the thousands of human long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been functionally characterized; however, potential roles for lncRNAs in somatic tissue differentiation remain poorly understood. Here we show that a 3.7-kilobase lncRNA, terminal differentiation-induced ncRNA (TINCR), controls human epidermal differentiation by a post-transcriptional mechanism. TINCR is required for high messenger RNA abundance of key differentiation genes, many of which are mutated in human skin diseases, including FLG, LOR, ALOXE3, ALOX12B, ABCA12, CASP14 and ELOVL3. TINCR-deficient epidermis lacked terminal differentiation ultrastructure, including keratohyalin granules and intact lamellar bodies. Genome-scale RNA interactome analysis revealed that TINCR interacts with a range of differentiation mRNAs. TINCR-mRNA interaction occurs through a 25-nucleotide 'TINCR box' motif that is strongly enriched in interacting mRNAs and required for TINCR binding. A high-throughput screen to analyse TINCR binding capacity to approximately 9,400 human recombinant proteins revealed direct binding of TINCR RNA to the staufen1 (STAU1) protein. STAU1-deficient tissue recapitulated the impaired differentiation seen with TINCR depletion. Loss of UPF1 and UPF2, both of which are required for STAU1-mediated RNA decay, however, did not have differentiation effects. Instead, the TINCR-STAU1 complex seems to mediate stabilization of differentiation mRNAs, such as KRT80. These data identify TINCR as a key lncRNA required for somatic tissue differentiation, which occurs through lncRNA binding to differentiation mRNAs to ensure their expression.
How does alcohol impair neuronal migration

Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects, of which fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most devastating. Recognized by characteristic craniofacial abnormalities and growth deficiency, this condition produces severe alcohol-induced damage in the developing brain. FAS children experience ataxia; deficits in intellectual functioning; and difficulties in learning, memory, problem solving, and attention. Multiple aspects of central nervous system development can be affected by alcohol exposure, but the most striking abnormalities are neuronal and glial migration. Little is known about cellular mechanisms by which alcohol affects the migration of immature neurons. Recently, it has been found that Ca(2+) signaling and cyclic nucleotide signaling are the central targets of the action of alcohol in neuronal cell migration. Most importantly, the aberrant migration of immature neurons caused by alcohol exposure is significantly ameliorated by controlling the activity of these second-messenger pathways. In this Mini-Review, we first describe how alcohol exposure impairs the migration of cerebellar granule cells and then discuss the signaling mechanisms involved.
β-Adrenergic receptors and rhodopsin: shedding new light on an old subject

Abstract Among the best studied systems for transmembrane signalling in plasma membranes are the β-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase system which responds to catecholamines and the visual transduction system of the rod outer segment which responds to light. Robert Lefkowitz and colleagues review recent insights into homologies between the receptor components of these two systems that have emerged from the molecular cloning of the β-adrenergic receptors and the discovery of the novel enzyme β-adrenergic receptor kinase which may regulate the function of a wide variety of adenylate cyclase coupled receptors.