cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Dillem Of The Right To Privacy In Indonesia: Does Indonesia’s Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) in Spying People Violate International Human Rights Laws to Protect the Right to Privacy?

Corruption is a serious crime in Indonesia. Indonesia commonly recognize that Corruption as extra ordinary crime that has to be combated by extra ordinary means as well. Interception has been determined as the best way to reduce the number of these engaged in corruption, Indonesia is adherence to some international human rights instrument aims to support the basic rights of the people. The scope of the concept of privacy, in some theorists’ perspective has sailed to be properly conceptualized. In addition, the international community recognizes privacy is a fundamental human right which is well-described in several Conventions. This reflects the importance of the right to privacy for every individual in the world, either for adult, children or for people who have disabilities. Some of the interception actions done by the KPK, do not comply with the international principles on human rights in electronic surveillance actions. This means Indonesia must improve its laws through adding some articles in order to fully comply with international principles on human rights in electronic surveillance actions. The research method used is normative juridical, normative juridical is research based on the analysis of legal materials in the form of several legal principles and several legal theories as well as laws and regulations that are in accordance with the problems in this study.
Impulsivity as Bayesian inference under dopaminergic control

Abstract Bayesian models successfully account for several of dopamine (DA)’s effects on contextual calibration in interval timing and reward estimation. In these models, DA controls the precision of stimulus encoding, which is weighed against contextual information when making decisions. When DA levels are high, the animal relies more heavily on the (highly precise) stimulus encoding, whereas when DA levels are low, the context affects decisions more strongly. Here, we extend this idea to intertemporal choice tasks, in which agents must choose between small rewards delivered soon and large rewards delivered later. Beginning with the principle that animals will seek to maximize their reward rates, we show that the Bayesian model predicts a number of curious empirical findings. First, the model predicts that higher DA levels should normally promote selection of the larger/later option, which is often taken to imply that DA decreases ‘impulsivity.’ However, if the temporal precision is sufficiently decreased, higher DA levels should have the opposite effect—promoting selection of the smaller/sooner option (more impulsivity). Second, in both cases, high enough levels of DA can result in preference reversals. Third, selectively decreasing the temporal precision, without manipulating DA, should promote selection of the larger/later option. Fourth, when a different post-reward delay is associated with each option, animals will not learn the option-delay contingencies, but this learning can be salvaged when the post-reward delays are made more salient. Finally, the Bayesian model predicts a correlation between behavioral phenotypes: Animals that are better timers will also appear less impulsive. Significance Statement Does dopamine make animals more or less impulsive? Though impulsivity features prominently in several dopamine-related conditions, how dopamine actually influences impulsivity has remained unclear. In intertemporal choice tasks (ITCs), wherein animals must choose between small rewards delivered soon and large rewards delivered later, administering dopamine makes animals more willing to wait for larger/later rewards in some conditions (consistent with lower impulsivity), but less willing in others. We hypothesize that dopamine does not necessarily influence impulsivity at all, but rather gates the influence of contextual information during decision making. We show that this account explains an array of curious findings in ITCs, including the seemingly conflicting results above. Our work encourages a reexamination of ITCs as a method for assessing impulsivity.
Late Multimodality Imaging After Steam Pops During Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation for Ventricular Arrhythmias

Steam pops are frequent events that occur during radiofrequency catheter ablation (CA) of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). They occur due to overheating of tissue and may result in devastating effects. We describe late imaging findings in 4 patients after CA of VAs in whom intraprocedural steam pops
Frailty and Risk of Serious Infections in Biologic-treated Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Background Identifying biologic-treated patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) at higher risk of serious infections is a priority. We conducted a retrospective cohort study evaluating frailty and risk of serious infections in biologic-treated patients with IBD. Methods Using an administrative claims database, we identified biologic-treated patients with IBD between 2014 and 2018 with follow-up 1 year before and after treatment initiation. Using a validated claims-based hospital frailty risk scoring system, patients were classified as frail and nonfrail. We compared the risk of serious infections (infections requiring hospitalization) between frail and nonfrail patients using Cox proportional hazard analysis adjusting for age, comorbidities, disease characteristics, health care utilization, use of corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and opiates. Results We included 5987 biologic-treated patients with IBD (4881 on TNFα antagonists, 1106 on vedolizumab), of whom 2350 (39.3%) were classified as frail; over 7115 person-years of follow-up was included, and 520 patients developed serious infection. Frailty was not associated with increased risk of serious infection (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.12; 95% CI, 0.93-1.36), whereas advanced age (older than 60 years), high comorbidity burden, corticosteroid use, opiate use, and prior serious infection were associated with increased risk of serious infection. On stratified analysis, frailty was associated with increased risk of serious infections in vedolizumab-treated patients (aHR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.03-2.79) but not in TNFα antagonist-treated patients (aHR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.83-1.27). Conclusions In biologic-treated patients with IBD, frailty assessed using a claims-based frailty index was not independently associated with increased risk of serious infections. Future studies evaluating objective and biological measures of frailty are warranted to risk-stratify older patients with IBD.
Automating the Risk of Bias

Artificial intelligence (“AI”) is a transformative technology that has radically altered decisionmaking processes. Evaluating the case for algorithmic or automated decision-making (“ADM”) platforms requires navigating the tensions between two normative concerns. On one hand, relying on ADM platforms may lead to more efficient, accurate, and objective decisions. On the other hand, early and disturbing evidence suggests that ADM platform results may demonstrate biases, undermining proponents’ claims that this special class of algorithms will democratize markets and increase inclusion. State law assigns decision-making authority to the boards of directors of corporations. State courts and lawmakers accord significant deference to the board in the execution of its duties. Among its duties, a board must employ effective oversight policies and procedures to manage known risks. The board of directors and senior management of firms integrating ADM platforms must monitor operations to mitigate litigation, reputation, compliance and regulatory risks that arise as a result of the integration of algorithms. Evidence demonstrates that heterogeneous teams may identify and mitigate risks more successfully than homogeneous teams. These teams overcome cognitive biases such as confirmation, commitment, overconfidence and relational biases. In the wake of the recent financial crisis firms adopted structural and procedural governance methods adopted by firms to mitigate various types of risks; these approaches may prove valuable in mitigating the risk of algorithmic bias. More specifically, this Article explores the literature on gender balance in leadership and on boards and proposes that AI firms increasing gender diversity among developers, senior managers, and members of the boards of technology firms in an effort to mitigate the risk of bias. Building such teams in firms developing or integrating AI will require creative and thoughtful recruiting and retention strategies. While improving gender balance may not alleviate cognitive biases that influence AI development and management teams, this Article concludes that integrating diverse may mitigate exposure to risks engendered by integrating complex AI models.
A Flea’s Tumescence: Alan Blum, MD, on Exhibitions, Activism, Irony, and Collaboration

In November 2020, I spoke with Alan Blum, MD, scholar, collector, curator, exhibitor, activist, and director of the University of Alabama Center for the Study of Tobacco and Society (CSTS). He has ...
Mister Rogers’ Holy Ground: Exploring the Media Phenomenology of the Neighborhood and Its Rituals

Nearly two decades after Fred Rogers’ death, diverse researchers, journalists, and media critics continue to assess the esteemed broadcaster’s social legacy. The present study expands this discussi...
Experimental investigation of input parameters on the performance of a commercial Gas-fired tumbler dryer

Abstract While the use of tumble dryers has become more popular over the years, they suffer from low efficiencies. Several techniques to reduce the overall energy consumption in textile drying have been explored. These approaches are typically based on heat recovery from the exhaust stream or through optimal control of some of the input operating conditions. This paper focuses on experimentally optimizing the performance of a commercial gas-fired tumble dryer and developing a reduced-order model that can be used as a design tool to predict the drying performance using a representative 11.33-kg capacity gas-fired tumble dryer. The effects of varying airflow, fuel flow rate, mass of the dry textile, initial moisture content, and drum rotational speed are explored. Varying the fuel ratio and the air flow rate had the highest influence on the energy consumption and drying time. Based on these data, reduced-order models were developed and predict the specific moisture extraction ratio, drying efficiency, and drying time with an uncertainty of 9.7%, 11.5%, and 7.1%, respectively. The predictions of these reduced-order models also agreed well with those of theoretical models reported by the authors in previous work.
Anti-spasticity medication and multiple sclerosis: why nurses and therapists need to get involved

Spasticity is common in people with MS and can negatively affect activities of daily living and quality of life. It can be managed with anti-spasticity medications, but prescribers often fail to ti...
Semaphorin signaling restricts neuronal regeneration in C. elegans

Extracellular signaling proteins serve as neuronal growth cone guidance molecules during development and are well positioned to be involved in neuronal regeneration and recovery from injury. Semaphorins and their receptors, the plexins, are a family of conserved proteins involved in development that, in the nervous system, are axonal guidance cues mediating axon pathfinding and synapse formation. The Caenorhabditis elegans genome encodes for three semaphorins and two plexin receptors: the transmembrane semaphorins, SMP-1 and SMP-2, signal through their receptor, PLX-1, while the secreted semaphorin, MAB-20, signals through PLX-2. Here, we determined the neuronal morphology and locomotion behavior of knockout animals missing each of the semaphorins and plexins; we described the expression pattern of all plexins in the nervous system of C. elegans; and we evaluated their effect on the regeneration of motoneuron neurites and the recovery of locomotion behavior following precise laser microsurgery.
Removable singularities for the Von Karman equations

A theorem for removable singularities of the fourth order system of equations in the plane called the Von Karman equations is established. This result is best possible in several different ways. The key idea is to apply the Calderon and Zygmund singular integral theory in conjunction with several lemmas to a nontrivial bootstrap argument.
Radical Ions and Excited States in Radiolysis. Optically Detected Time Resolved EPR

Excited state production and radical ion recombination kinetics in pulse irradiated solutions of aromatic solutes in cyclohexane are studied by a new method of optical detection of time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra.
Databases in a wireless world

The traditional view of distributed databases is based on a number of database servers with regular communication. Today information is stored not only in these central databases, but on a myriad of computers and computer-based devices in addition to the central storage. These range from desktop and laptop computers to PDA's and wireless devices such as cellular phones and BlackBerry's. The combination of large centralized databases with a large number and variety of associated edge databases effectively form a large distributed database, but one where many of the traditional rules and assumptions for distributed databases are no longer true. This keynote will discuss some of the new and challenging attributes of this new environment, particularly focusing on the challenges of wireless and occasionally connected devices. It will look at the new constraints, how these impact the traditional distributed database model, the techniques and heuristics being used to work within these constraints, and identify the potential areas where future research might help tackle these difficult issues.
Cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Evidence for and properties of a protein activator.

Abstract Purification of cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase of bovine brain cerebrum resulted in partial loss of activity, due to dissociation of an activator (or cofactor) from the enzyme. A systematic study showed that as purification proceeded, the activator was removed from phosphodiesterase in a stepwise fashion. Fractions representing phosphodiesterase at different stages of purification contained different concentrations of the activator in relation to phosphodiesterase. The fractions obtained in the initial stages contained excess or sufficient activator relative to the enzyme, and they required no exogenous cofactor for optimal activity. The fraction obtained in the last stage of purification was deficient in the cofactor, and phosphodiesterase was relatively inactive unless supplemented with an exogenous activator. The activator was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes, but not to RNase or DNase, indicating that it was a protein. The protein was resistant to 8 m urea, and to boiling at pH 1.7. Boiling at pH 12.3 obliterated all activity. Gel filtration indicated that the protein had a molecular weight of 40,000. Kinetic analysis showed that stimulation was independent of the time of preliminary incubation with the activator, but dependent on its concentration in the reaction mixture. In contrast, stimulation of the enzyme by trypsin was a catalytic process. Although mechanistically different, both agents increased the Vmax of the enzyme and decreased its Km for adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. An activator and a relatively inactive phosphodiesterase were also isolated from human brain, porcine brain, and rat brain as well as from bovine heart. An activator from one tissue cross-activated effectively a purified phosphodiesterase from another tissue, indicating a lack of tissue specificity. However, the effect of the activator was specific; none of a variety of proteins mimicked its action. A heated purified preparation lost its enzymic activity, but was capable of stimulating another preparation which had not been heated. It was concluded that the residual activity associated with the purified enzyme was due to an incomplete removal of the activator from the enzyme
The EPR Spectrum of Na3 in Adamantane

The sodium trimer, Na3, has been prepared in adamantane and its EPR spectrum recorded from 4 to 170 K. It has three magnetically equivalent Na nuclei with magnetic parameters a 23 = 93.6 ± 0.3 G and g = 2.0027 ± 0.0003. These parameters are similar to those for pseudorotating Na3 in argon. It has a “normal” spectrum with no evidence for an alternating linewidth effect or dynamic frequency shifts. This suggests that the correlation time, τc, is faster in adamantane than it is in argon.
In-vivo testing of coated hydroxypropylmethylcellulose granules containing an antineoplastic glycan (PS4) using Caco-2 tumour cells

Complex polysaccharides (glycans) with antineoplastic activity have previously been isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and attenuated M. bovis (Bacillus Calmette Guerin, BCG vaccine). This present communication reports the formulation and activity of a new antineoplastic glycan isolated from M. vaccae, a rapidly growing non-virulent organism which may offer an alternative source of these potentially useful immunopotentiators. The formulation consisted of a Eudragit S-100-coated hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) granule that is believed from a parallel investigation to target the colorectal region of the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. No in-vitro activity of PS4 could be detected against the human colon adenoma Caco-2 cell line growing on collagen in tissue culture. However, when Caco-2 cells were implanted into the flanks of athymic nude mice, growth was initially slow but tumours could be palpated and measured in most animals 28 days after implantation. A preliminary experiment comparing 5-flurouracil and PS4 suggested that both materials were effective antineoplastics but scatter around the means rendered the data statistically insignificant. Refinement of the experiment by selecting only those animals in which tumours could be palpated at 28 days improved the reproducibility. Doses of 1 or 10 μg/mouse PS4 were administered by direct injection of a solution into the mouse flank or by oral intubation of a suspension of the coated HPMC granules at 28 days and again at 42 days post-implantation. Measurement of the tumour sizes for a further 42 days demonstrated that there was significant inhibition of the tumour growth rate relative to that of the control group (n = 7) at a dose of 10 μg/mouse, and a significant decrease in tumour size at 1 μg/mouse. There was no significant difference due to the route of administration.
A Survey of Sensitive Techniques for Examining the In Vitro Synthesis of Elastin

Sensitive techniques available for the indirect and direct identification and quantitation of tropoelastin are discussed. The methodologies are especially applicable to studies of the synthesis of elastin in a variety of in vitro systems.
In-Situ Boron-Doped Epitaxial Silicon Films Grown by UHVRTCVD: Applications in Channel Engineering & Ultra-Shallow Junction Formation

A low-thermal budget, in-situ boron doped silicon epitaxy process for channel engineering and ultra shallow junction formation is presented. Ultra-thin silicon films (100-500 A) have been deposited in a single-wafer Ultra High Vacuum Rapid Thermal Vapor Deposition (UHV-RTCVD) reactor using disilane (Si2H6), diborane (B2H6), and chlorine (Cl2) at temperatures between 750- 800°C. Boron doping can be varied five orders of magnitude (1016 cm-3 1021 cm3) with very abrupt doping transitions (∼50-70 A/decade). Short channel (Leff =0.12 /μm) lightly-doped nchannel MOSFETs have been successfully realized free of ion-implantation in the channel region. As another application, ultra-shallow, defect-free, abrupt junctions (<500 A) through diffusion from selectively-deposited in-situ boron doped films have been demonstrated.
The presynaptic effects of valproic acid in the isolated frog spinal cord

The effects of the anticonvulsant valproic acid (n-dipropylacetate, DPA) on frog primary afferent fibers was examined with sucrose gap recordings from the dorsal roots. Addition of DPA to the superfusate consistently reduced the amplitude and duration of the dorsal root potential. In contrast, DPA augmented the depolarization of dorsal roots produced by GABA, β-alanine and taurine. It also decreased afferent fiber ‘desensitization’ to GABA. DPA depressed the ability of K+ and the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate to depolarize afferent fibers. In addition, the compounds decreased the amount of K+ released by tetanic stimulation of the dorsal root. The K+-evoked release of tritiated GABA from cord slices was initially reduced by exposure to DPA, but was then unaffected after a longer application of the anticonvulsant. On the other hand, the high affinity uptake of tritiated GABA and glycine were almost totally blocked by the addition of DPA to the incubating medium. In sum, DPA has complex effects on neuronal membranes. Some of these effects may serve to explain the anticonvulsant actions of this drug.
Effect of drive level upon age of onset of 24-h retention of discriminated escape learning in infant mice

Mice, 9 and 11 days old, received 24 training trials in a T maze to the goal opposite their first-trial choice at either.1- or.2-mA shock levels. Half of the mice within each age and shock level group were retested 24 h later at the training level, the remaining half were retested at the other shock level. Maturation controls without prior training were also trained under each of the retest conditions for previously trained groups. The training results indicated that while 11-day-old mice made more correct turns than 9-day-old mice, both age groups showed comparable rates of improved performance over trials independent of shock level. Upon retest, mice trained at 11 days of age demonstrated significant retention of the previously trained correct goal, while mice trained at 9 days of age did not differ from controls. This age-related difference in retention was independent of shock level during both training and retest trials.
UNDERSTANDING THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL CONTEXT OF MBE PROGRAMS, a Reply to Timothy Bates and Darrell Williams

(1995). Understanding the Political and Legal Context of Mbe Programs, a Reply to Timothy Bates and Darrell Williams. Journal of Urban Affairs: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 23-25.
Impact of Infant Feeding Method on The Perceived Timing of Milk Arrival Among Women From Hartford, CT

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To learn the difference in the timing of milk arrival in breast-feeding versus formula-feeding women The role of infant sucking on the timing of milk arrival has not been clearly identified One hundred twenty six healthy women who had delivered healthy, term singleton infants were interviewed daily from day 1 postpartum (pp) until they perceived milk arrival. Subjects included in the analysis were classified as exclusively breastfeeding (n=93) or exclusively bottle feeding (n=33) based on their choice of feeding method on day 2 postpartum. Women displayed a high level of consistency in infant feeding method during the study period Maternal perception was corroborated with a check list of symptoms that typically indicate milk arrival. The main symptoms which characterized milk arrival were: breast fullness, milk leakage, and milk in the baby's mouth (only applies to breastfeeding women). Median time for milk arrival was 63 hours. Choice of feeding method on day 2 pp had a significant effect on the timing of milk arrival, with 72% of breastfeeding mothers reporting milk arrival by 72 hours versus 53% of their bottle feeding counterparts (p=0.039, χ 2 =4.212). These data suggest that infant feeding method influences the timing of milk arrival.
Correlation of clinical information in the standard 12-lead ECG and in a corrected orthogonal 3-lead ECG

Abstract The clinical information contained in the standard 12-lead ECG was compared with that in the corrected orthogonal 3-lead ECG, in 261 randomly selected patients who showed ECG abnormalities. In a first correlation , all electrical information of clinical significance in the 12 standard leads could not be recovered from the 3 orthogonal leads in 7.3 per cent of all cases. In a second correlation, orthogonal leads were resolved in order to obtain additional leads from directions comparable to those of standard records. This procedure led to good agreement in all cases except one with a questionable discrepancy. Since lead resolution merely represents a different type of display of the data of orthogonal leads, resolved records do not contain any new information not contained in the 3 basic leads. The conclusion, therefore, was that the informational content of 3 corrected orthogonal leads is comparable to that of the standard 12-lead ECG. Transformation of data, such as orthogonal lead resolution and/or vector loop display, appears to be necessary, however, to recover without appreciable loss the clinical information contained in the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram.
Computing Three-Dimensional Incompressible Flows with Vortex Elements

The techniques, capabilities and applicability of numerical models of three-dimensional, unsteady vortical flows with high Re are assessed. Vorticity is calculated only in appropriate regions and the velocity field is derived from the boundary conditions. Vorticity is assumed to take the shape of tubes with uniform core structures in the case of turbulence. The efforts being made to simplify equations for dense collections of vortex filaments in order to make them tractable to computer simulations are described. The effectiveness of vorticity arrow representations for accurately describing vorticity fields near surfaces is discussed, along with Lagrangian vortex elements, which may be of use in modelling the rotational part of flows around bluff bodies, nonuniform density flows and chemically reacting flows.
A dexterous humanoid shoulder mechanism

This paper presents a mechanism that has the potential to serve as a simple humanoid shoulder joint. Unlike the ball-in-socket joint or universal joint, this mechanism can replicate the range of dexterous shoulder motion found in humans. The mechanism's kinematic equations of motion are studied for singular configurations and a prototype system is presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Slant joint antieigenvalues and antieigenvectors of operators in normal subalgebras

Abstract We will study the slant joint antieigenvalues and antieigenvectors of pairs of operators that belong to the same closed normal subalgebra of the algebra of bounded operators on a separable Hilbert space. This extends the slant antieigenvalue theory from single normal operators to pairs of normal operators. Our results may be viewed as extensions of the Greub–Rheinboldt inequality from two positive operators to two normal operators.
Unmasking of thromboxane A2 synthesis by ureteral obstruction in the rabbit kidney.

THE rabbit kidney has a high capacity for prostaglandin biosynthesis. The major renal prostaglandin released in response to various stimuli is PGE2, a vasodepressor prostaglandin1 thought to have a role in the regulation of intrarenal blood flow2. Although renal prostaglandin synthesis may initiate a reduction in vascular resistance of the kidney in response to reduced perfusion pressure, it has not been possible to establish a functional role for renal prostaglandins as mediators of increased vascular resistance evoked by augmented renal perfusion pressure. An increase in renal resistance, if related to changes in the rate of synthesis of endogenous substances, implies the biosynthesis of a vasoconstrictor or suppression of the basal production of a vasodepressor material. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (model of hydronephrosis) in the dog, rat and rabbit is initially associated with a decrease in renal resistance which is followed by a fall in GFR and renal blood flow3,4 by 24 h post-occlusion. The initial renal vasodilator phase may be associated with enhanced renal basal PGE2 synthesis and markedly facilitated PG release in response to hormone stimulation5. Here we report the observation that the ureter-obstructed kidney may be producing a natural vasoconstrictor material.
The Rated Importance, Scientific Validity, and Practical Usefulness of Organizational Behavior Theories: A Quantitative Review

I analyze rated importance, extent of recognition, validity, and usefulness of 73 established organizational behavior theories, differentiating between the views of judges with expertise in organiz...
RELIABILITY OF STUDENTS' SELF-REPORTS OF SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE SCORES: DATA FROM JUNIORS AND SENIORS '

Goldman, Flake, and Matheson (1990) reported data on the reliability of student self-reports of Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores and obtained correlations between .74 and .85 between actual and self-reported scores among university freshmen and sophomores. These authors suggested that additional data should be reported on upperclassmen. These analyses are based on Career Center intake forms collected on a women's liberal arts college campus on which students were asked to report their quantitative and verbal SAT scores. One hundred twenty-nine juniors and seniors completed intake forms (52% of full-time upperclass students). These self-reports were compared to official score reports in the students' files. Thirty-the students left the item blank or indicated that they could not remember their scores. These students' total SAT scores (using highest scores for those who took the SATs more than once) were significantly lower (M = 802, SD = 164) than those of students who reported scores (M = 881, SD = 198; t = 2.04, p< .05). Of the 96 juniors and seniors who reported scores there were 49 (51%) marches of SAT-Verbal, 40 (42%) matches of SAT-Quantitative, and 27 (28%) matches of SAT-Total. Matches were counted if the students' reports matched any of the scores reported. Fifty-three of the self-reporting students took the SAT two or more times. In this group, there were 51 matches on individual tests, of which 42 (82%) were with the highest individual scores they had obtained. Of the 103 nonmatches on the individual tests, 71 reports (69%) were higher than their highest obtained scores. The correlations of self-reported scores with highest obtained scores were .70, .63, and .64 for SAT-Verbal, SAT-Quantitative, and SAT-Total, respectively. These correlations are lower than those reported for freshmen and sophomores by Goldman, et a/. (1990). The difficulty of relying on selF-report data can be demonstrated by comparing SATVerbal scores with cumulative GPA. Self-reported SAT-Verbal scores and GPA were correlated .37, while highest actual SAT-Verbal scores of the self-reporting groups were correlated .44 with GPA. When SAT-Verbal scores for the entire group were compared to their GPAs, a correlation of .58 was obtained, indicating a range of common variance (;) from 13.7% to 33.6%. These analyses suggest that research efforts which rely on self-report of SAT scores may be tainted by a low rate of reporting among the lowest scoring students, by reports favoring highest scores, and by a large number of overestimates.
The effect of temperature on the cross-linking of deoxyribonucleic acid strands by ultraviolet radiation

The effect of temperature of ultraviolet radiation on the cross-linking of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in Salmonella typhimurium was measured at two different ionic strengths. Each sample was preheated to the desired temperature and exposed to a dose of 17,500 ergs/mm. The samples were then denatured in formamide, dialyzed against 0.15 M NaCl and bonded in a CsCl gradient in an analytical centrifuge. Films of all samples were traced with a microdensitometer and the areas representing the crosslinked and uncrosslinked DNA were calculated. Data showing the biological and physical heterogeneity of denatured ultraviolet- irradiated DNA are presented graphically. (C.H.)
Can a constant be the fixed-energy scattering amplitude for an integrable local potential?

Abstract Suppose a function A(θ', θ, k) at a fixed k>0 does not depend on θ' and θ, the directions of the incident and scattered waves. It is proved that no integrable compactly supported local potential can have such an A(θ', θ) as its scattering amplitude, and that a zero-range potential has a scattering amplitude which does not depend on θ and θ' at any k>0
Adsorption of adenine at an aqueous solution|/mercury interface

Abstract The faradaic and non—faradaic capacitive currents and other behavioral manifestations seen for a 10 μM solution of adenine in pH 4.8 mcilvaine buffer (0.5 M ionic strength) on d.c. polarography, phase—selective a.c. polarography, normal pulse polarography, and rapid scan—rate cyclic voltammetry (including linear potential sweep amperometry) at dropping mercury and hanging mercury drop electrodes, have been analyzed in terms of the adsorptive behavior of the adenine and of chemical reactions coupled to the adsorption of adenine and its faradaic reduction in the adsorbed and unadsorbed states. Important variables included the prepolarization potential, i.e., the potential at which the electrode was held prior to initiation of a perturbation in terms of an increase in potential, and the periods of time for which the prepolarization potential was maintained and during which the potential perturbation occurred, as well as the period of time before the current was sampled after the perturbation was applied.
The affective and memorial components of distinctiveness-based illusory correlations

Two studies were conducted to test a model of the distinctiveness-based illusory correlation (IC) phenomenon that suggests there are two components operating with ICs: cognitive memorial, and affective. In Expt 1 (N = 118), two stimulus arrays were developed that were equivalent in regards to valence (good or bad extremity) but differed in regards to the affect dimension (high or low emotional intensity). Consistent with predictions drawn from the proposed model, the magnitude of the IC effect was higher in the high emotional intensity than in the low emotional intensity condition, but only significantly so on the measures (estimation and general evaluation) that have been hypothesized to be most sensitive to the affective component. In Expt 2 (N = 52), the affective qualities were matched and the valence properties varied in two stimulus arrays. As predicted, the IC effect differed significantly between conditions only on the measure (assignment) thought to be most sensitive to the memorial component. The results are discussed in terms of the implications of the findings for the proposed mechanisms of illusory correlation.
The learning intelligent distribution agent (LIDA) and medical agent X (MAX): Computational intelligence for medical diagnosis

The complexity of medical problem solving presents a formidable challenge to current theories of cognition. Building on earlier work, we claim that the systemslevel cognitive model LIDA (for “Learning Intelligent Distribution Agent”) offers a number of specific advantages for modeling diagnostic thinking. The LIDA Model employs a consciousness mechanism in an iterative cognitive cycle of understanding, attention, and action, endowing it with the ability to integrate multiple sensory modalities into flexible, dynamic, multimodal representations according to strategies that support specific task demands. These representations enable diverse, asynchronous cognitive processes to be dynamically activated according to rapidly changing contexts, much like in biological cognition. The recent completion of the LIDA Framework, a software API supporting the domain-independent LIDA Model, allows the construction of domain-specific agents that test the Model and/or enhance traditional machine learning algorithms with human-style problem solving. Medical Agent X (MAX) is a medical diagnosis agent under development using the LIDA Model and Framework. We review LIDA's approach to exploring cognition, assert its appropriateness for problem solving in complex domains such as diagnosis, and outline the design of an initial implementation for MAX.
Targeting RANKL to a specific subset of murine mammary epithelial cells induces ordered branching morphogenesis and alveologenesis in the absence of progesterone receptor expression

Despite support for receptor of activated NF-κB ligand (RANKL) as a mediator of mammary progesterone action, the extent to which this cytokine can functionally contribute to established progesterone-induced mammary morphogenetic responses in the absence of other presumptive effectors is still unclear. To address this uncertainty, we developed an innovative bigenic system for the doxycycline-inducible expression of RANKL in the mammary epithelium of the progesterone receptor knockout (PRKO) mouse. In response to acute doxycycline exposure, RANKL is specifically expressed in the estrogen receptor α (ER) positive/progesterone receptor negative (ER+/PR−) cell type in the PRKO mammary epithelium, a cell type that is equivalent to the ER+/PR+ cell type in the wild-type (WT) mammary epithelium. Notably, the ER+/PR+ mammary cell normally expresses RANKL in the WT mammary epithelium during pregnancy. In this PRKO bigenic system, acute doxycycline-induced expression of RANKL results in ordered mammary ductal side branching and alveologenesis, morphological changes that normally occur in the parous WT mouse. This mammary epithelial expansion is accompanied by significant RANKL-induced luminal epithelial proliferation, which is driven, in part, by indirect induction of cyclin D1. Collectively, our findings support the conclusion that RANKL represents a critical mediator of mammary PR action and that restricted expression of this effector to the ER+/PR+ mammary cell-type is necessary for a spatially ordered morphogenetic response to progesterone.—Mukherjee, A., Soyal, S. M., Li, J., Ying, Y., He, B., DeMayo, F. J., Lydon, J. P. Targeting RANKL to a specific subset of murine mammary epithelial cells induces ordered branching morphogenesis and alveologenesis in the absence of progesterone receptor expression.
Race differences in infant mortality from endogenous causes: a population-based study in North Carolina.

Abstract This study examines the associations between race, birth weight, and mortality from endogenous causes for all singleton births born in 1984–1987 in a 20-county region of North Carolina. A more detailed analysis of preterm low birth weight infants examines these associations according to the proximate medical causes (medical etiology) of the preterm birth. Overall, black infants were found to have approximately twice the mortality risk of white infants. Most of the excess black mortality risk is explained by the larger proportion of black infants born at lower birth weights. The pattern of race differences in infant mortality by birth weight generally replicates the results of earlier studies, but the relative risk ratios within specific birth weight categories are smaller than previously reported. Among preterm low birth weight infants, the association between race and endogenous mortality differs within categories of medical etiology. The mortality risk is the same for black and white infants born preterm due to premature rupture of the membranes (PROM), lower for black infants born preterm due to medical problems, and higher for black infants born preterm due to idiopathic premature labor (IPL).
Stresses and coping in ICU nursing: II. Nurse support groups on intensive care units

Abstract Intensive care units (ICU) of hospitals are characteristically stressful environments with high turnover of personnel. Support groups to help nurses deal with the stresses of the ICU environment have been widely recommended as a means to raise morale and increase communication, but are infrequently reported. Data on these groups are fragmentary. A review of the literature and correspondence with the authors of published papers demonstrated that most nurse support groups are open-ended groups with open membership, usually meeting for an hour a week, occasionally attended by nursing supervisors and unit physicians, and usually conducted by a liaison psychiatrist or a psychiatric consultant. Such groups are reported as positive experiences by nurses and group leaders. The small amount of available objective evidence of the impact of support groups is positive; further research is required to arrive at a more definitive evaluation.
Diversity in the Public Service: Professional Personnel in State Employment

This article is based on a survey of employees of eight major public agencies in the State of Texas. The purposes of the survey were to examine the range and distribution of professional employees in public employment, and to assess their personal characteristics and occupational attitudes. Among the conclusions of the research are that the public workforce is characterized by tremendous occupational diversity, that this heterogeneity contributes to motivational problems among public employees, and that the public "work ethic" appears to be eroding. The author analyzes these conclusions in terms of their significance to the personnel function.
Farming Systems Options for U.S. Agriculture: An Agroecological Perspective

Agricultural productivity gains since the 1950s have resulted from the development of farming systems that rely heavily on external inputs of energy and chemicals to replace management and on-farm resources. The intensity to which the natural environment has been modified to attain this productive capacity has directly resulted in degradation of the natural resources, notably land and water, that sustain these systems. The search for solutions to increasingly complex and interrelated agricultural problems including sustainable agriculture, environmental quality, food safety, and rural development requires a shift in both the scientific method and scale in which agricultural research is organized and conducted [...]
Relationship of Body-Checked Eggs to Photoperiod and Breaking Strength

Abstract Hisex hens (20 weeks of age) were housed one or three per 30.5 × 40.6 cm cage (Experiment 1). One half of the hens at each density received a constant 15-hr photoperiod (0500 to 2000 hr). The other half received a 15-hr photoperiod that was increased 15 min every 5 days to a maximum of 18 hr (0200 to 2000). Total feed consumption, egg production, egg weight, specific gravity, body checks, and time of oviposition were determined at various intervals throughout a 12-month period. Shell weight, thickness, and breaking strength were determined on normal and body-checked eggs paired for equal egg weight and specific gravity (Experiments 2 to 4). Hens housed three per cage laid 2.2 times as many body-checked eggs as hens housed one per cage. Hens receiving the 18-hr photoperiod laid 2.4 times as many body-checked eggs and laid significantly earlier in the day than hens receiving the 15-hr photoperiod. Hens receiving the 15-hr photoperiod had significantly greater egg specific gravity and significantly smaller eggs than hens receiving the 18-hr photoperiod. Hens housed one per cage and supplied the 18-hr photoperiod laid significantly more eggs than hens housed three per cage. Photoperiod had no significant influence on average 12-month egg production or feed consumption. Approximately 18% less force was required to break a body-checked egg than an egg not body-checked. It was concluded that photoperiod (18 and 15 hr) had little or on effect on production or feed consumption, but the shorter photoperiod significantly reduced the incidence of body-checked eggs by at least 50% and significantly increased egg specific gravity.
Looking Hard at JASIS&T: Results of a Series of Surveys, Focus Group Interviews and Other Studies

Une etude a ete realisee pour tenter de mieux cerner le lectorat et l'image de la revue JASIS&T (Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology) parmi les membres de l'association, les contributeurs, ainsi que les lecteurs d'autres publications dans le meme domaine. Il en ressort que JASIS&T est un produit phare, largement respecte, mais que l'association elle-meme a besoin d'etre revigoree et de soigner davantage sa publicite, peut-etre par le biais d'une nouvelle publication tournee vers un public plus large et non-technique.
Agglomeration and Central Place Theory: A Review of the Literature

This paper reviews and evaluates the analytical literature on the interdependencies of agglomeration and central place theory. It is emphasized that economic agents (firms, households) tend to cluster at points of differential centrality on the economic landscape, and that this clustering process can provide even further savings to both producers and consumers. The agglomeration phenomenon is examined at three scales: (1) firm-level analysis focuses on uncertainty, shopping behavior, and spatial equilibria of the economy; (2) settlement-level analysis focuses on static and dynamic city-size models; and (3) system-level analysis focuses on city-size distributions, flows, and evolutionary processes in central place systems. The paper ends with suggestions concerning future research directions.
Scanning electron microscopy of normal and malignant human urothelium

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate and compare normal bladder mucosa to tumor epithelium as well as to normal-appearing mucosa in patients with diagnosed bladder tumor. Bladder urothelium adjacent to tumors exhibits a characteristic pattern of fine structural relief which is distinct from normal uroepithelium. These changes in microcontour may be guides to the identification of early malignancy, and thus the technique will be helpful in deciding how aggressive the treatment of bladder tumor should be.
A UHF RFID antenna for a wireless sensor platform with a near-isotropic radiation pattern

An antenna designed for a spherical surface with a near-isotropic radiation pattern is presented in this work. The antenna is designed for wireless, UHF RFID sensors. It is electrically small with a diameter of 52 mm and operates in the UHF RFID frequency band. The antenna consists of a spherical ABS plastic shell surrounding a standard FR4 printed circuit board. This allows ample space for sensors and electronic circuitry. A prototype sensor platform has been manufactured and tested. The outer shell was produced using a 3D printer. An Alien Technology Higgs 3 RFID IC was used to test the basic functionality of the antenna. Simulation and measured results are presented.