cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physics And Technical Considerations In The Design Of The Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR)-A High Temporal Resolution Volume Scanner

A. multiple x-ray source high-speed transaxial scanner system (DSR) is about to undergo evaluation. studies. The capH.bility for programmable scanning modes and operator interactive retrospective reconfiguration of scan data makes the DSR a very powerful research tool. The physics and technological basis for system design and selection of several major components of the DSR scanner are discussed.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Genetic variation in native and translocated populations of the Laysan finch ( Telespiza cantans)

Genetic variation in native and translocated populations of the Laysan finch ( Telespiza cantans)
CD4+ T cells responsive through the indirect pathway can mediate skin graft rejection in the absence of interferon-gamma.

BACKGROUND T cells responding through the indirect pathway can induce allograft rejection, but mechanisms of rejection are not known. Interferon-y (IFN-gamma) may be an important mediator of rejection under these circumstances. METHODS We transferred CD4+ T cells from IFN-gamma-deficient (IFN-gamma-/-) mice into SCID recipients of MHC II-deficient (MHC II-/-) skin grafts. Under these conditions, rejection can only occur via the indirect pathway and cannot be mediated by T-cell production of IFN-gamma. RESULTS IFN-gamma-/- CD4+ T cells rejected MHC II -/- skin grafts. Flow cytometry revealed only CD4+ T cells in the recipients. Cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays confirmed only indirect recognition with an associated expansion of an alloreactive population of IL-2-, IL-4-, and IL-5-secreting T cells. CONCLUSION CD4+ T cells recognizing alloantigens via the indirect pathway can mediate skin graft rejection in the absence of IFN-gamma.
Organ-specific Heparan Sulfate Structural Phenotypes

The functions of heparan sulfate (HS) depend on the expression of structural domains that interact with protein partners. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) exhibit a high degree of polydispersity in their composition, chain length, sulfation, acetylation, and epimerization patterns. It is essential for the understanding of GAG biochemistry to produce detailed structural information as a function of spatial and temporal factors in biological systems. Toward this end, we developed a set of procedures to extract GAGs from various rat organ tissues and examined and compared HS expression levels using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Here we demonstrate detailed variations in HS GAG chains as a function of organ location. These studies shed new light on the structural variation of GAG chains with respect to average length, disaccharide composition, and expression of low abundance structural epitopes, including unsubstituted amino groups and lyase-resistant oligosaccharides. The data show the presence of a disaccharide with an unsubstituted amino group that is endogenous and widely expressed in mammalian organ tissues.
Structure of the N-terminal Ankyrin Repeat Domain of the TRPV2 Ion Channel *

The TRPV ion channels mediate responses to many sensory stimuli including heat, low pH, neuropeptides, and chemical ligands. All TRPV subfamily members contain an intracellular N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain (ARD), a prevalent protein interaction motif. The 1.6-A crystal structure of the TRPV2-ARD, with six ankyrin repeats, reveals several atypical structural features. Repeats one through three display unusually long and flexible fingers with a large number of exposed aromatic residues, whereas repeats five and six have unusually long outer helices. Furthermore, a large counterclockwise twist observed in the stacking of repeats four and five breaks the regularity of the domain, altering the shape of surfaces available for interactions with proteins or other cellular ligands. Both solution studies and crystal packing interactions indicate that the TRPV2-ARD does not form homo-oligomers, suggesting that the ARD of TRPV ion channels may be used for interactions with regulatory factors rather than in promoting tetrameric assembly of the ion channels.
Performance of degradable composite bone repair products made via three-dimensional fabrication techniques.

This study analyzed the in vivo performance of composite degradable bone repair products fabricated using the TheriForm process, a solid freeform fabrication (SFF) technique, in a rabbit calvarial defect model at 8 weeks. Scaffolds were composed of polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) polymer with 20% w/w beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) ceramic with engineered macroscopic channels, a controlled porosity gradient, and a controlled pore size for promotion of new bone ingrowth. Scaffolds with engineered macroscopic channels and a porosity gradient had higher percentages of new bone area compared to scaffolds without engineered channels. These scaffolds also had higher percentages of new bone area compared to unfilled control defects, suggesting that scaffold material and design combinations could be tailored to facilitate filling of bony defects. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated that channel size, porosity, and pore size can be controlled and used to influence new bone formation and calvarial defect healing.
Comparison of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced with spinal cord, basic protein, and synthetic encephalitogenic peptide

Abstract Equally large percentages of guinea pigs receiving maximal encephalitogenic doses of whole spinal cord, bovine basic protein, or synthetic encephalitogenic peptide in Freund's complete adjuvant developed clinical signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Guinea pigs receiving peptide showed slightly later onset of clinical signs, a greater tendency for spontaneous recovery, and fewer inflammatory lesions per low-power field than did animals injected with basic protein or whole spinal cord. Perivascular demyelination was seen commonly (88%) with whole spinal cord, less frequently (40%) with basic protein and rarely (6%) with synthetic encephalitogenic peptide. These differences were not altered by injecting guinea pigs with 5 and 10 times the maximal encephalitogenic dose of peptide or diluting the dose of whole spinal cord antigen over a 100-fold dilution range, suggesting that other factors present in basic protein and whole spinal cord emulsions play a role in producing these differences in the guinea pig.
Deconstructing plane anisotropic elasticity: Part I: The latent structure of Lekhnitskii’s formalism

Abstract General solutions of the stress and displacements in two-dimensional anisotropic elasticity may be represented by eigenvectors and analytic functions of the complex variables x+μiy, but the representation takes different forms for five distinct types of materials as determined by the elastic compliance matrix [β]. In this paper, explicit expressions of the general solutions are derived for each type of anisotropic materials in terms of the eigenvalues μi and the elements of [β]. It is shown that, for degenerate and extra-degenerate materials, the generalized eigenvectors and associated eigensolutions may be obtained by the derivative rule. The Barnett–Lothe tensors are defined in terms of unnormalized eigenvectors by the same set of relations regardless of material degeneracy. Explicit expressions of these tensors are given in concise forms depending only on the multiplicity of the eigenvalues. The six-dimensional matrix formalism and normalization of the eigenvectors are found to be neither essential nor expedient for the analysis except as a device for abridged expressions of matrix identities.
“Growing Smarter Over Time”: An Emergence Model for Administrating a New Media Writing Studio

Abstract This article reports on efforts to create an administrative structure for learning and teaching multimodal composing that depends not on the leadership of a new media writing expert but on the collaboration of relative novices organized according to principles of emergent learning. Based on four years’ experience in a grant-funded program that supports new media composing in multiple disciplines, I report on the benefits of a bottom-up, emergent approach while raising questions about the long-term sustainability of such an approach. I conclude by describing efforts to create more top-down support for new media composing, while remaining committed to serving the teachers and students who are the real agents of change.
Rumen ciliate protozoa of the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola), with observations on morphological variation lines within the species Entodinium dubardi.

. Protozoal concentrations were determined in rumen and cecal contents of 20 blue duikers (Cephalophus monticola). Ten animals of each sex were fed either a high concentrate or high roughage diet. Rumen protozoa were present in 19 of the 20 animals and concentrations ranged from 4.5 to 33.7 × 106 per g of rumen contents. At the higher concentrations, protozoal cells equaled between 30–40% of the total rumen contents volume. No protozoa were found in cecal contents. Weight of rumen contents was higher in females than in males (P < 0.01), and rumen protozoa concentrations were higher in males (P < 0.05) and in those animals fed the high concentrate diet (P < 0.05). All the protozoa were identified as belonging to a single species, Entodinium dubardi. However, an average of about 30% of the E. dubardi cells varied from the typical morphology of this species. These cells appeared to be on variation lines leading toward 7–10 other non-caudate species of Entodinium. The present data were used to evaluate and discuss the concept of variation lines within E. dubardi.
How small should pixel size be

Pixel design is a key part of image sensor design. After deciding on pixel architecture, a fundamental tradeoff is made to select pixel size. A small pixel size is desirable because it results in a smaller die size and/or higher spatial resolution; a large pixel size is desirable because it results in higher dynamic range and signal-to-noise ratio. Given these two ways to improve image quality and given a set of process and imaging constraints an optimal pixel size exists. It is difficult, however, to analytically determine the optimal pixel size, because the choice depends on many factors, including the sensor parameters, imaging optics and the human perception of image quality. This paper describes a methodology, using a camera simulator and image quality metrics, for determining the optimal pixel size. The methodology is demonstrated for APS implemented in CMOS processes down to 0.18 (mu) technology. For a typical 0.35 (mu) CMOS technology the optimal pixel size is found to be approximately 6.5 micrometers at fill factor of 30%. It is shown that the optimal pixel size scales with technology, btu at slower rate than the technology itself.
"Recapitation" of nido-Metallacarboranes as a Synthetic Tool: Preparation of Apically Substituted CoC(2)B(4) Clusters via Boron Insertion(1).

Derivatives of CpCo(2,3-Et(2)C(2)B(4)H(4)) containing substituents at the apex boron atom [B(7)], the first examples of apically functionalized small metallacarborane clusters, have been prepared in good yield via boron insertion into the nido-CpCo(2,3-Et(2)C(2)B(3)H(3))(2-) dianion. Reaction of this substrate with BX(3) (X = Cl, Br, I) or PhBCl(2) in toluene at room temperature gave the corresponding CpCo(2,3-Et(2)C(2)B(4)H(3)-7-X) derivatives (2a-c and 3 in which X = Cl, Br, I, and Ph, respectively), all of which were isolated via column chromatography as air-stable yellow solids and characterized via (1)H, (11)B, and (13)C NMR, infrared, UV-visible, and mass spectra. Treatment of the same dianion with 1,4-(Br(2)B)(2)C(6)H(4) afforded air-stable orange crystalline [CpCo(2,3-Et(2)C(2)B(4)H(3)-7)](2)C(6)H(4) (4). The structure of this compound was defined via spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography as a bis(cobaltacarborane) complex linked at the apex borons via a 1,4-phenylene bridge. Crystal data for 4: space group Pbca; a = 15.056(7) A, b = 21.612 (8) A, c = 11.641 (3) A; Z = 4; R = 0.045 for 1582 independent reflections having I > 3sigma(I).
Potential utility of optogenetics in the study of depression

Novel antidepressants are needed to enhance the health and quality of life of the hundreds of millions of depressed individuals worldwide who remain inadequately treated with today's approaches. In reality, no new class of antidepressant medication has been introduced in over 50 years. This insufficiency of current drug treatments is evident to those eager to pursue invasive experimental options like that of deep brain stimulation. Encouragingly, human brain imaging studies and animal work implicate strong relationships between depressive symptoms and patterns of brain activity, which are now open to more empirical assessments using optogenetics. Recent advances in optogenetics permit control over specific subtypes of neurons or their afferent or efferent projections and can greatly further our understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in depression and the mechanism of action of deep brain stimulation and perhaps chemical antidepressants. Here, we discuss how optogenetic tools are being used to answer a broad range of molecular, cellular, and circuit-level questions pertaining to depression that, up until now, have been resistant to other experimental approaches. The emergence of optogenetic technology, when combined with the best-validated animal models of depression, will dramatically increase knowledge about the basic neurobiology of depression, as well as facilitate the development of more effective antidepressant treatments.
Cross-linking of membrane phospholipid and protein using putative monofunctional imidoesters

Abstract The reaction of methyl acetimidate or isethionyl acetimidate with mitoplasts at pH 8.5 yields two derivatives of phosphatidylathinolamine. These derivatives are shown to be the mono-amidine derivative and the bis-derivative of phosphatidylethanodamine. The bis-derivative represents one phosphatidylathinolamine cross-linked to another phosphatidylathinolamine. Similar derivatives are formed by the reaction of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylathinolamine with these imidoesters in organic reaction with the exception that much more monoderivative is primarily the mono-derivative. The bis-derivative was not detected. The reaction of bovine rod oester segment discs with methyl acetimidate causes cross-linking of 30% of the membrane rhodopsin as dimers. Putative monofunctional imidoesters cause considerable cross-linking of both phospholipids and protein in cell membranes. Crosslinking can be minimized at pH 9.0.
Design of an integral computer-based wheelchair controller/linear synchronous motor system

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of designing computer-based motor controllers together with innnovative motors, such that maximum controller/motor system benefits are obtained. Specifically, this paper describes how a computer-based controller/drive system for powered wheelchairs has been designed and is being built and tested. This type of integral controller/drive system has been possible to build into a wheelchair only with the advent of the microprocessor-based feedback motor controller. The type of motor chosen for this project was a linear synchronous motor (LSM), which is highly efficient (90%+) and could easily be made an integral part of a wheelchair wheel, providing a “no-moving-parts” drive system. However, an LSM cannot be variable-speed-controlled without knowledge of, and controlled adjustment to, the absolute rotor versus stator position at each point in time. Microprocessor-based feedback motor controllers make precise, efficient control of LSMs possible at a reasonable cost. In addition, this combination of controller and motor provides a very flexible wheelchair controlldrive system that may be easily programmed to suit the needs and necessities of the wide variety of over 200,000 persons now using powered wheelchairs.
Acoustic flux imaging in anisotropic media

A new method for characterizing acoustic flux propagation in anisotropic media is introduced and developed. The technique, which we call ultrasonic flux imaging (UFI), utilizes a pair of water-immersion focused acoustic transducers as a point source and point detector. Raster scanning one transducer produces a transmission pattern which exhibits the anisotropies in acoustic flux known as “phonon focusing” modulated by interference between sheets of the acoustic wave surface. This “internal diffraction” is studied theoretically taking into account the anisotropy of the medium, the boundary conditions between the solid and the water, and the pressure fields produced by the transducers. In addition to bulk effects, the images reveal interesting critical-cone structures associated with the water/solid interface. The theoretical predictions agree well with experimental observations in silicon and a number of other materials, including single-crystal metals, insulators, and semiconductors. All measurements are made at room temperature, in contrast to the cryogenic requirements of previous phononimaging techniques. As a new method, UFI holds promise for examining anisotropies in the vibrational properties, and, possibly, electron-phonon coupling in metals and superconductors. The principles and techniques may also have application to non-destructive characterization of textured polycrystalline and composite materials.
Construction of plasmids which lead to overproduction of yeast PHR1 photolyase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli

Abstract The PHR1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a DNA photolyase which is normally present in fewer than 300 copies per cell. We have constructed plasmids in which PHR1 expression in yeast and Escherichia coli is under the control of strong, inducible promoters thereby leading to the regulated overproduction of biologically active photolyase. Under inducing conditions, E. coli cells carrying the tac-PHRl plasmid pCB 1241 accumulate up to 8% of total cellular protein as yeast photolyase; similarly, the GAL10-PHR1 fusion plasmid pGBS 107 directs the synthesis of at least 1800-2400 molecules of photolyase per log-phase yeast cell. In both plasmids translation begins at the first ATG in the PHR1 open reading frame (ORF). Constructs in which translation initiates at the second or third ATG fail to complement yeast and E. coli phr 1 mutations, indicating that the first ATG in the PHR1 ORF is the translational start site in vivo and that all or part of the N-terminal 78 amino acids are required for activity.
Pixel isolation of low dark-current large-format InAs/GaSb superlattice complementary barrier infrared detector focal plane arrays with high fill factor

Low dark current and high fill factor are two crucial characteristics for the realization of the InAs/GaSb superlattice (SL) technology as third generation focal plane arrays (FPAs). Recent development proved high performance results for the complementary barrier infrared detector (CBIRD) design, and a high-quality etch technique is required to minimize surface leakage currents. We report on a n-CBIRD with 10.3 μm cutoff, exhibiting a responsivity of 1.7 A/W and dark current density of 1×10 -5 A/cm 2 at 77K under 0.2 V bias, without AR coating and without passivation. Results from four different mesa isolation techniques are compared on single element diodes: chemical wet etch using C 4 H 6 O 6 :H 3 PO 4 :H 2 O 2 :H 2 O, BCl 3 /Ar inductively coupled plasma (ICP), CH4/H2/Ar ICP, and CH 4 /H 2 /BCl 3 /Cl 2 /Ar ICP. The CH 4 /H 2 /BCl 3 /Cl 2 /Ar etched structures yielded more than 2.5 times improvement in dark current density and nearvertical sidewalls. Using this etching technique, we then implement a 1k x 1k p-CBIRD array with 11.5 μm cutoff and peak responsivity of 3 A/W. Operating at T = 80K, the array yielded a 81% fill factor with 98% operability and performance results of 21% quantum efficiency, 53 mK NEuT, and NEI of 6.9×10 13 photons/sec-cm 2 .
Fertility of the Turkey Hen as Affected by Initial Insemination and Onset of Egg Production

A comparison between initial inseminations of Large White turkey hens prior to or after onset of egg production was undertaken to determine the effect on fertility. Semen from Bronze toms was utilized for the initial inseminations whereas all subsequent inseminations utilized White sires. After 10 weeks there were no significant differences between treatments for percent egg production or hatchability. Inseminating prior to the onset of egg production resulted in a significantly different (P less than or equal to .05) 8-week average of 97.5% fertility in the early insemination (EI) group as compared to an average of 90.4% in the late insemination (LI) group. Differences between the EI and the LI groups were greatest during the last 2 weeks of the experiment during which the EI hens maintained higher levels of fertility. Bronze poults were observed in the EI progeny following three subsequent inseminations with semen from White sires, whereas no Bronze poults were obtained from the LI hens following the third subsequent insemination with White semen.
John Butler Yeats and Jack B. Yeats on Whitman

Documents William Butler Yeats's father John Butler Yeats's 1913 speech at a New York Whitmanite dinner and prints a sketch of Whitman by Jack B. Yeats (John Butler Yeats's son, and William Butler Yeats's brother).
The Cost of Economic Literacy: How Well Does a Literacy-Targeted Principles of Economics Course Prepare Students for Intermediate Theory Courses?

In a typical economics principles course, students encounter a large number of concepts. In a literacy-targeted course, students study a “short list” of concepts that they can use for the rest of their lives. While a literacy-targeted principles course provides better education for nonmajors, it may place economic majors at a disadvantage in postprinciples courses. In this article, the authors test whether students who completed a literacy-targeted principles course earned intermediate theory grades as high as those of students who completed a traditional principles course. The authors’ findings indicate that students who complete a literacy-targeted principles course perform no worse in intermediate theory courses than students who complete a traditional principles course.
Unemployment Transitions among Brazilians in the United States and Canada

This study uses the job search framework to examine the unemployment experiences of Brazilian immigrants in the North American labour force. Primary data gathered in Canada and the United States is used in these analyses. The model generally used to monitor transitions among the native-born was modified to make it more appropriate to the immigrant experience. To do this a composite model was constructed that incorporates variables unique to the immigrant experience. Event history analyses revealed that, in general, job search theory is very relevant for examining the transitions of immigrants. However, not all standard measures behaved as predicted (e.g. reservation wage). Several immigrant specific variables were very significant (e.g. target earner and legal status) and improved the overall model fit. Brazilians who worked primarily with other co-ethnics were more likely to become re-employed than those who did not, while working for a Brazilian employer had no effect on being re-employed. US/Canadian comparisons also revealed that residents of Canada endured longer periods of unemployment. We believe this result is because Canadian residents had greater access to public services and, as such, were able to have higher reservation wages.
High voltage electron microscopy observations of microdeformation in alloy 600 tubing

Alloy 600 tubing was obtained in the mill-annealed (MA) and thermally treated (TT) conditions. Heat bulk composition of the major elements in weight percent was 0.03 C, 76.2 Ni, 15.4 Cr, 7.6 Fe, 0.25 Mn, 0.2 Si, 0.37 AI, 0.26 Ti, 0.26 Cu, 0.001 S, 0.009 P and 0.003 B. Details concerning fabrication, mechanical properties and SCC resistance have been reported. (7) Mill-annealed tubing was quite susceptible to IGSCC, while TT tubing did not show cracking in primary-water environments, Thermal treatment was performed at 704°C for 15 hours. HVEM tensile specimens were prepared by cutting longitudinal strips from the tubes and surface grinding the curved slices to flat rectangular slabs approximately 150 ~m thick. The ends of the specimens were lacquered and a jet polisher used to remove material across the entire specimen width. Jet po|ishing was performed from both sides by reversing the specimen in the jet every 30 seconds until 10 to 20 um of material remained in the center. A 20% perchloric acid-80% methanol solution cooled to -55°C and an applied voltage of 425 V was used for the jet polish bath.
Organic Two-Layer Light-Emitting Diodes Based on High-Tg Hole-Transporting Polymers with Different Redox Potentials

A series of soluble arylamine-based hole-transporting polymers with glass transition temperatures in the range of 130−150 °C have been synthesized. The synthetic methodology allows facile substitution of the aryl groups on the amine with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating moieties, which permits tuning of the redox potential of the polymer. These polymers have been used as hole-transport layers (HTLs) in two-layer light-emitting diodes ITO/HTL/Alq/Mg [ITO = indium tin oxide, Alq = tris(8-quinolinato)aluminum]. The maximum external quantum efficiency of the device increases if the redox potential of the HTL is increased to facilitate reduction of the positive charge carriers at the HTL/Alq interface. A fluorinated hole-transport polymer with a relatively large redox potential (390 mV vs ferrocenium/ferrocene) yielded the device with the highest external quantum efficiency of 1.25% photons/e-. The device stability, however, follows the opposite trend. The device with the most electron-rich HTL exhibited the best performance after prolonged usage.
Acute toxicity of a complex mixture of synthetic hexachloroethane (HC) smoke combustion products: II. Determination of component toxicity

Synthetic hexachloroethane (HC) smoke combustion products are a complex mixture containing Zn, Cd, As, Pb, Al, CCl4, C2Cl4, C2Cl6, C6Cl6 and HCl. The dissolved components of the synthetic HC smoke combustion products mixture are quite toxic to a number of freshwater species, especially a green alga, rainbow trout and water flea. Acute 48-h static bioassays were conducted with neonate Daphnia magna to assess the toxicity of various individual components and mixtures of components of the synthetic HC smoke combustion products mixture. These tests showed that the metals, zinc in particular, were the major toxic component of the mixture. When the chlorinated organics were tested as a group, they caused only minimal toxicity to the daphnids.
USDA Stakeholder Workshop on Animal Bioinformatics: summary and recommendations

An electronic workshop was conducted on 4 November–13 December 2002 to discuss current issues and needs in animal bioinformatics. The electronic (e-mail listserver) format was chosen to provide a relatively speedy process that is broad in scope, cost-efficient and easily accessible to all participants. Approximately 40 panelists with diverse species and discipline expertise communicated through the panel e-mail listserver. The panel included scientists from academia, industry and government, in the USA, Australia and the UK. A second ‘stakeholder’ e-mail listserver was used to obtain input from a broad audience with general interests in animal genomics. The objectives of the electronic workshop were: (a) to define priorities for animal genome database development; and (b) to recommend ways in which the USDA could provide leadership in the area of animal genome database development. E-mail messages from panelists and stakeholders are archived at http://genome.cvm.umn.edu/bioinfo/. Priorities defined for animal genome database development included: (a) data repository; (b) tools for genome analysis; (c) annotation; (d) practical application of genomic data; and (e) a biological framework for DNA sequence. A stable source of funding, such as the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), was recommended to support maintenance of data repositories and data curation. Continued support for competitive grants programs within the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (CSREES) was recommended for tool development and hypothesis-driven research projects in genome analysis. Additional stakeholder input will be required to continuously refine priorities and maximize the use of limited resources for animal bioinformatics within the USDA.
Impact of NO x emissions reduction policy on hospitalizations for respiratory disease in New York State

Impact of NO x emissions reduction policy on hospitalizations for respiratory disease in New York State
Biochemical correlates for the pharmacological effects of L(+)-Isomers and β-desoxy-sympathomimetic amines

Abstract The pharmacological effects of metabolically stable χ-methylated indirectly acting β-hydroxylated l (+)-isomers and the corresponding β-desoxy-derivalives of phenolic and nonphenolic sympathomimctic amines were investigated. On the isolated, superfused rat vas deferens, preloaded with [ 3 H]norepinephrine ( 3 H-NE). the contraction and the efflux of tritium from the tissue by the drugs were studied. It was observed that a given phenolic amine can block the effects of other phenolic amines. For example. l (+)-cobefrin can block the effect of (+)-desoxycobefrin or tyramine. A nonphenolic amine. however, blocks other nonphenolic amines but not the effects of phenolic amines. For example. l (+)-ψ-ephedrine can block the effect of (+)-desoxyephedrine but not that of tyramine. The efflux of tritium parallels the pharmacologic effect. It is implied that phenolic and nonphenolic amines utilize different transport systems at the adrenergic nerve terminal. Other consistent findings have been that the desoxy-derivative of either phenolic or nonphenolic amines always produces a greater pharmacologic effect than the corresponding l (+)-isomer. Since their ability to block uptake of 3 H-NE is the same. as compared to the l (+)-form, the desoxy-derivative must enter the adrenergic neurone faster and/or displace more transmitter to produce its greater pharmacologic effect. Additional studies with isolated bovine splenic nerve granules indicate that the less effective l (+)-isomers do not release NE from storage vesicles, whereas desoxy-analogs release considerable quantities of NE from these sites. The implications are that the desoxy-form may release NE from both cytoplasmic and vesicular stores, while the l (+)-isomer may release NE only from an extravesicular site.
The Challenge of Inhibiting Alloreactive T‐Cell Memory

Memory T cells specific for donor antigens present a unique challenge in transplantation. In addition to expressing rapid and robust immune responses to a transplanted organ, memory T cells may be resistant to the effects of currently used graft-prolonging therapies. The increasing recognition that alloreactive memory T cells participate in transplant rejection is driving new lines of research focusing on understanding the immunobiology of alloreactive memory T cells and on designing novel therapies to specifically target memory T cells. The purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of existing immunosuppressive drugs and costimulatory blockade on functions of alloreactive memory T cells that undermine allograft survival.
Transillumination imaging through scattering media by use of photorefractive polymers

We demonstrate the use of a near-infrared-sensitive photorefractive polymer with high efficiency for imaging through scattering media, using an all-optical holographic time gate. Imaging through nine scattering mean free paths is performed at 800 nm with a mode-locked continuous-wave Ti:sapphire laser.
MUC1 and MUC2 expression in pancreatic ductal carcinoma obtained by fine-needle aspiration.

BACKGROUND Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins that are produced by various epithelial cells including those found in the pancreas. MUC1 and MUC2 are two well characterized mucin antigens. The objective of the current study was to examine the pattern of phenotypic expression of MUC1 and MUC2 in pancreatic lesions obtained by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) and to determine the utility of MUC1 and MUC2 as markers for pancreatic ductal carcinoma. METHODS Thirty-nine cell blocks of pancreatic FNA obtained under endoscopic ultrasound guidance were retrieved from the archives and immunostained with a monoclonal antibody directed against MUC1 and MUC2. These cell blocks were taken from 39 patients (16 females and 23 males) who had a median age of 64 years. Eleven FNAs were taken from patients with reactive/inflammatory conditions. The remaining 28 FNAs included 24 ductal carcinomas, 2 neuroendocrine tumors, 1 lymphoma sample, and 1 sarcoma sample. The presence of immunoreactivity, irrespective of the level of intensity or the percentage of cells, was considered as positive for MUC1 and MUC2 expression. Follow-up included correlation with pathology materials obtained at surgery and review of medical records. RESULTS Twenty-three of 24 pancreatic ductal carcinomas (96%) demonstrated positive staining with MUC1. Twenty-one positive cases demonstrated either apical or diffuse membranous staining with variable cytoplasmic staining. The remaining two positive cases showed only cytoplasmic staining. One of the 11 cases of chronic pancreatitis and benign conditions demonstrated weak apical membranous MUC1 staining in the acinic cells. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001, using the Fisher exact test). Three pancreatic ductal carcinomas and one chronic pancreatitis specimen demonstrated cytoplasmic staining with MUC2; the difference between the two groups was not found to be statistically significant. None of the nonductal neoplasms demonstrated expression of either MUC1 or MUC2. The sensitivity and specificity of MUC1 as a marker for pancreatic ductal carcinomas were 96% and 94%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS MUC1 is overexpressed in pancreatic ductal carcinoma with a predominantly membranous and variable cytoplasmic staining pattern. The results of the current study suggest that the phenotypic expression of MUC1 can be used as an ancillary marker for diagnosing pancreatic ductal carcinoma in cytologic preparations. Conversely, MUC2 does not appear to be a useful marker for recognizing pancreatic ductal carcinoma in FNA specimens. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2003;99:365–71. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
A hierarchical competing systems model of the emergence and early development of executive function

The hierarchical competing systems model (HCSM) provides a framework for understanding the emergence and early development of executive function – the cognitive processes underlying the conscious control of behavior – in the context of search for hidden objects. According to this model, behavior is determined by the joint influence of a developmentally invariant habit system and a conscious representational system that becomes increasingly influential as children develop. This article describes a computational formalization of the HCSM, reviews behavioral and computational research consistent with the model, and suggests directions for future research on the development of executive function.
Phobos: Surface density of impact craters

Revised crater counts for Phobos are presented which are based on uniform Mariner 9 imagery and Duxbury's (1974) map of the satellite. The contiguous portion of the satellite's surface on which all craters down to the limiting resolution of 0.2 to 0.3 km in diameter would be expected to be identified is delineated and found to contain 87 identifiable craters larger than 0.2 km in diameter. Analysis of the crater size distribution shows that the surface appears to be saturated for craters exceeding 1 km in diameter but the crater counts definitely fall below the saturation curve for smaller craters. Reasons for this fall-off are considered, and it is noted that too few craters are visible in Mariner 9 images of Deimos to permit meaningful crater counts on that satellite's surface. It is concluded that, contrary to a previous assertion, the surfaces of Phobos and Deimos are not known to be saturated with craters larger than 0.2 km in diameter.
Iterative CT reconstruction integrating SART and conjugate gradient

Iterative CT reconstruction methods have advantages over analytical reconstruction methods because of their robustness to both noise and incomplete projection data, which have great potential for dose reduction in real applications. The SART algorithm, which is one of the well-established iterative reconstruction methods, has been examined extensively, and GPU has been applied to improve their efficiency. Although it has been proved that SART may globally converge, its convergence is very slow, especially after the first several iterations. Hundreds of iterations may be needed for accurate reconstruction. This slow convergence requires heavy data transfer between global memory and texture memory inside GPU. Therefore, preconditioned conjugate gradient (CG) method, which converges much faster than SART, may be combined with SART for better performance. Since CG is sensitive to initialization, the reconstruction results from SART after a few iterations may be used as the initialization for CG. Preliminary experimental results on CPU show that this framework converges much faster than SART and CG, which demonstrates its potential in real applications.
Ultrasound lethality to synchronous and asynchronous chinese hamster V-79 cells

Abstract Chinese hamster V-79 cells were exposed in suspensions for 1–15 min to 1.1 MHz continuous wave (CW) ultrasound at axial intensifies from 0.25–30 W/cm2. Cell lysis was evidenced by a decrease in the number of intact cells, and loss of reproductive integrity was evidenced by a decrease in the plating efficiency of the remaining intact cells. The magnitude of these effects was a function of both intensity and exposure duration. Mitotically synchronized cells displayed a differential sensitivity depending upon cell cycle position. The M and S phases of the cell cycle were more resistant with respect to cell lysis and loss of reproductive integrity than were the G1 and G2 phases.
Reconfigurable interconnections using photorefractive holograms

Using coupled wave theory and the law of refraction, diffraction properties of volume holograms are discussed. Reconfigurable interconnections by either wavelength tuning or spatial division techniques are proposed. Reflection type volume holograms can be used for a large number of reconfigurable interconnections in terms of finite wavelength tunability. Transmission volume holograms encoded in pinhole holograms can be easily reconfigured by spatial light modulator. Experimental demonstrations obtained by using these methods are presented.
A fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance study of the 3,5-didehydrophenyl cation

The 3,5-didehydrophenyl cation has been generated in good purity via sustained off-resonance irradiation for collision-activated dissociation of 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride in a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Differences in the ion—molecule reactivity of this species from that of its cyclic and acyclic isomers allowed isomeric distinction to be achieved. This study represents the first definitive identification of this fundamentally interesting, doubly aromatic ion. However, the formation of the 3,5-didehydrophenyl cation was found to be the exception rather than the rule, with most 1,3,5-substituted benzenes yielding mainly acyclic C6H 3 + isomers under electron ionization conditions. This mixed ion population was attributed to isomerization of fragmentation intermediates rather than any intrinsic instability of the 3,5-didehydrophenyl cation.
Nonperturbative quantum calculation of the index of refraction of multilevel systems

Abstract We calculate the index of refraction ( n ) nonperturbatively for a multilevel ladder of states, and show that the dependence of n on the strength of an applied laser field departs qualitatively from that expected for a two-level system and employed in previous phenomenological models of self-focusing.
Mechanisms of mixed-lineage leukemia

SUMMARY Advances in our understanding of the genetic determinants of leukemia have translated to better treatment options and improved survival of patients with acute myeloid and acute lymphoid leukemia. However, some leukemias, such as those bearing 11q23 (MLL) translocations, result in aggressive diseases with a relatively poor prognosis, despite improved treatments such as allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This article will briefly review the functions and regulation of wild-type MLL during normal hematopoiesis, while focusing on recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing MLL leukemias. The transcriptional targets, cooperating signaling pathways and molecular machinery involved in MLL-associated leukemias will be discussed, as well as how these may be harnessed for more personalized treatment of this disease.
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 antagonists block the noxious effects of toxic industrial isocyanates and tear gases

The release of methyl isocyanate in Bhopal, India, caused the worst industrial accident in history. Exposures to industrial isocyanates induce lacrimation, pain, airway irritation, and edema. Similar responses are elicited by chemicals used as tear gases. Despite frequent exposures, the biological targets of isocyanates and tear gases in vivo have not been identified, precluding the development of effective countermeasures. We use Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiology to show that the noxious effects of isocyanates and those of all major tear gas agents are caused by activation of Ca2+ influx and membrane currents in mustard oil-sensitive sensory neurons. These responses are mediated by transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), an ion channel serving as a detector for reactive chemicals. In mice, genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of TRPA1 dramatically reduces isocyanate- and tear gas-induced nocifensive behavior after both ocular and cutaneous exposures. We conclude that isocyanates and tear gas agents target the same neuronal receptor, TRPA1. Treatment with TRPA1 antagonists may prevent and alleviate chemical irritation of the eyes, skin, and airways and reduce the adverse health effects of exposures to a wide range of toxic noxious chemicals.—Bessac, B. F., Sivula, M., von Hehn, C. A., Caceres, A. I., Escalera, J., Jordt, S.-E. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 antagonists block the noxious effects of toxic industrial isocyanates and tear gases.
Effects of profile doped elevated source/drain structures on deep-submicron MOSFETs

Abstract Computer simulations have been carried out to systematically evaluate and compare device characteristics for various profile doped elevated source/drain (ESD) 0.25 μm channel-length MOSFET structures. In particular, characteristics for MOSFETs with a gradual profile doped ESD and for MOSFETs with an abrupt profile N + - N − doped ESD are examined in detail. Design considerations for key parameters related to the ESD formation (such as sidewall oxide width, elevation height and source/drain doping profile) and their influences on device characteristics are discussed. The results show the importance of ESD design parameters and structural optimization. They also indicate that the proposed gradual profile doped ESD MOSFETs can be as effective as the abrupt profile N + - N − doped ESD MOSFETs in achieving overall performance enhancement and reliability for deep-submicron device applications.
Mate Choice by Chemical Cues in Western Redback (Plethodon vehiculum) and Dunn's (P. dunni) Salamanders

Western redback and Dunn's salamanders (Plethodon vehiculum and Plethodon dunni, respectively) can distinguish between potential mates by using chemical cues. In laboratory choice tests, adult males of both species showed significant discrimination between chemical cues of gravid females over non-gravid females of equal body size. Furthermore, males of both species differentiated the odour of paired gravid females that differed by ≅ 5 mm snout-vent length (SVL). Given that clutch size is related to female body size in these species, adult males may be able to distinguish between females via cues that signal potentially high female reproductive success. In choice tests, P. vehiculum females did not discriminate between two relatively large males that differed by ≅ 5 mm SVL. However, females of P. vehiculum did discriminate between two relatively small males that differed by the same amount. Apparently, P. vehiculum females ranked males by both absolute and relative body size using chemical cues. This pattern could reflect a female preference for large males or that females avoid mating with the smallest males.
The relationship of pulpitis and hyperemia to thermal sensitivity

Abstract One hundred teeth, experimentally treated with Class V amalgam and silicate restorations and extracted 7 days later, were used to study the correlation between clinical symptoms of thermal sensitivity and histologic signs of pulpal hyperemia and inflammation. The number of teeth sensitive to both cold and heat increased significantly in the presence of hyperemia. As pulpal inflammation increased in severity, the number of teeth sensitive to heat also increased. No correlation was found between the degree of inflammation and sensitivity to cold. These results are discussed in the light of current knowledge concerning the meaning of clinical symptoms and histologic changes in the pulp.