cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical thermodynamic formalism in the solution of information theory problems

This is the first of several papers dealing with the application of statistical thermodynamic methodology to the solution of coding and communication theory problems. Emphasis is placed on the various “ensemble techniques” of statistical mechanics, the words or “samples” of a message taking the place of molecules in the prototype physical system. Analogs of temperature, internal energy, pressure, chemical potential, volume, entropy, etc., are developed. The isomorphism with thermodynamics is complete and these quantities transform (for example, by partial differentiation) in exactly the same way as the prototype physical quantities. The methods are nicely applicable to coding cases involving sources with memory, in which case, correlation can be discussed in terms of analog “coupling energies” between signals or words so that the store of “many-body-problem” techniques can be used. In addition, the manipulative freedom stemming from the possibility of choosing from a multiplicity of ensembles constrained by “intensive” parameters proves a distinct advantage. A concrete example dealing with the choice of a compact code for a nonextended source with memory is presented. The compact code is derived, and some discussion is given concerning the breadth of its power spectrum. In a following paper, its autocorrelation function within the framework of “pulse code modulation” is derived and transformed by Wiener theory so that the power spectrum is directly exhibited (along with the spectra for several other cases).
The effect of molecular weight in the crystallization kinetics of glassy nylon 6

Crystallization of glassy nylon 6 has been investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and wide angle X-ray diffraction in order to determine the effect of average molecular weight. Samples were prepared by quenching molten films between platens: chilled with liquid nitrogen. These films had number average molecular weights ranging from 10,000 to 42,000 and had polydispersity indices ranging from 2.0 to 3.1. Crystallization kinetics at large undercoolings were measured in terms of the systematic dependence of conversion half time, Avrami exponent and heat of crystallization. Number average molecular weight was observed to influence crystallization rate at large undercoolings through its effect on glass transition temperature. At intermediate undercoolings, molecular weight affected crystallization rate through terms other than the glass transition temperature. In addition, a dependence on the degree of order of the macromolecules, both prior to and after crystallization, was observed.
The interaction of endoglin with β-arrestin2 regulates transforming growth factor-β-mediated ERK activation and migration in endothelial cells

In endothelial cells, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signals through two distinct pathways to regulate endothelial cell proliferation and migration, the ALK-1/Smads 1/5/8 pathway and the ALK-5/Smads 2/3 pathway. TGF-β signaling through these pathways is further regulated in endothelial cells by the endothelial specific TGF-β superfamily co-receptor, endoglin. The importance of endoglin, ALK-1, and ALK-5 in endothelial biology is underscored by the embryonic lethal phenotypes of knock-outs in mice due to defects in angiogenesis, and by the presence of disease-causing mutations in these genes in human vascular diseases. However, the mechanism of action of endoglin is not well defined. Here we define a novel interaction between endoglin and the scaffolding protein β-arrestin2. Both co-immunoprecipitation and fluorescence confocal studies demonstrate the specific interaction between endoglin and β-arrestin2 in endothelial cells, enhanced by ALK-1 and to a lesser extent by the type II TGF-β receptor. The endoglin/β-arrestin2 interaction results in endoglin internalization and co-accumulation of endoglin and β-arrestin2 in endocytic vesicles. Whereas endoglin did not have a direct impact on either Smad 2/3 or Smad 1/5/8 activation, endoglin antagonized TGF-β-mediated ERK signaling, altered the subcellular distribution of activated ERK, and inhibited endothelial cell migration in a manner dependent on the ability of endoglin to interact with β-arrestin2. Reciprocally, small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of endogenous β-arrestin2 expression restored TGF-β-mediated ERK activation and increased endothelial cell migration in an endoglin-dependent manner. These studies define a novel function for endoglin, and further expand the roles mediated by the ubiquitous scaffolding protein β-arrestin2.
Optical monitoring of chemical reactions by fluorescence in turbid media

The observation of fluorescence in a tissue offers a method of real-time monitoring of chemical reactions when one of the reagents or products in fluorescent. This paper discusses how tissue optics affects one's observation of fluorescence in a turbid medium such as tissue. An experimental example is also shown: the photobleaching of a photosensitizer molecule (protoporphyrin IX) within rat tumors. A simple algorithm (Gardner et al., 1993) is given which enables the corrections for tissue optics.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke, Woodstove Heating and Risk of Asthma Symptoms

The effect of common indoor combustion heating sources on childhood asthma is not well described. The objective was to determine if the use of woodstoves in the home or other factors such as environmental tobacco smoke exposure were associated with the frequency of asthma-related symptoms among children in a rural community. Having a person in the household who smoked was associated with a more than doubling in risk for wheezing and other asthma-related symptoms. The use of woodstoves or other types of heating in the homes of children was not associated with reported wheezing during the winter.
Cytoskeletal Regulation Dominates Temperature-Sensitive Proteomic Changes of Hibernation in Forebrain of 13-Lined Ground Squirrels

13-lined ground squirrels, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus, are obligate hibernators that transition annually between summer homeothermy and winter heterothermy – wherein they exploit episodic torpor bouts. Despite cerebral ischemia during torpor and rapid reperfusion during arousal, hibernator brains resist damage and the animals emerge neurologically intact each spring. We hypothesized that protein changes in the brain underlie winter neuroprotection. To identify candidate proteins, we applied a sensitive 2D gel electrophoresis method to quantify protein differences among forebrain extracts prepared from ground squirrels in two summer, four winter and fall transition states. Proteins that differed among groups were identified using LC-MS/MS. Only 84 protein spots varied significantly among the defined states of hibernation. Protein changes in the forebrain proteome fell largely into two reciprocal patterns with a strong body temperature dependence. The importance of body temperature was tested in animals from the fall; these fall animals use torpor sporadically with body temperatures mirroring ambient temperatures between 4 and 21°C as they navigate the transition between summer homeothermy and winter heterothermy. Unlike cold-torpid fall ground squirrels, warm-torpid individuals strongly resembled the homeotherms, indicating that the changes observed in torpid hibernators are defined by body temperature, not torpor per se. Metabolic enzymes were largely unchanged despite varied metabolic activity across annual and torpor-arousal cycles. Instead, the majority of the observed changes were cytoskeletal proteins and their regulators. While cytoskeletal structural proteins tended to differ seasonally, i.e., between summer homeothermy and winter heterothermy, their regulatory proteins were more strongly affected by body temperature. Changes in the abundance of various isoforms of the microtubule assembly and disassembly regulatory proteins dihydropyrimidinase-related protein and stathmin suggested mechanisms for rapid cytoskeletal reorganization on return to euthermy during torpor-arousal cycles.
The Assessment of Fracture Risk

Bone mineral density is considered to be the standard measure for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and the assessment of fracture risk. The majority of fragility fractures occur in patients with bone mineral density in the osteopenic range. The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) can be used as an assessment modality for the prediction of fractures on the basis of clinical risk factors, with or without the use of femoral neck bone mineral density. Treatment of osteoporosis should be considered for patients with low bone mineral density (a T-score of between -1.0 and -2.5) as well as a ten-year risk of hip fracture of > or = 3% or a ten-year risk of a major osteoporosis-related fracture of > or = 20% as assessed with the FRAX. Biochemical bone markers are useful for monitoring the efficacy of antiresorptive or anabolic therapy and may aid in identifying patients who have a high risk of fracture. An approach combining the assessment of bone mineral density, clinical risk factors for fracture with use of the FRAX, and bone turnover markers will improve the prediction of fracture risk and enhance the evaluation of patients with osteoporosis.
Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate receptor proteins in HeLa cells.

Abstract The adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate receptor proteins of HeLa cells have been characterized. Using the Millipore filter assay, in the presence of 5′AMP and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, specific [ 3 H]cyclic AMP binding was detected in cytosol and in a nuclear-free particulate fraction, but not in nuclei. Both preparations exhibited biphasic Scatchard plots. 8-Azido[ 32 P]cyclic AMP was used as a photoaffinity probe to covalently link ligand with receptor proteins. Proteins were then separated on denaturing gels and analyzed by autoradiography. The cytosol exhibited four specific binding proteins, with molecular weights of 46 000, 50 000, 52 000 and approx. 120 000. The 50 000/52 000 doublet could not be interconverted by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reactions. On DEAE-cellulose, the 50 000-dalton protein eluted with Peak II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. The other proteins eluted with Peak I and with a binding peak not associated with kinase activity. Only the 50 000 protein was precipitated by type II protein kinase antibody from bovine heart. In the particulate fraction, the 120 000 protein was not detectable, but 8-azido[ 32 P]cyclic AMP treatment revealed the other three proteins, with a relative increase in the 50 000-dalton protein. The results suggest that HeLa cells have four binding proteins which can associate with catalytic subunit and that the Peak I enzyme is heterogeneous, consisting of several distinct regulatory subunits.
Stable Navigation Solutions for Robots in Complex Environments

During the initial phase of a disaster response it is essential for responders to quickly and safely assess the overall situation. The use of rescue robots that can autonomously navigate and map these environments can help responders realize this goal while minimizing danger to them. In order for rescue robots to be of service to the responders, they must be able to sense the environment, create an internal representation that identifies victims and hazards to responders, and provide an estimate of where they are and where they have been. Methods for developing a stable navigation solution are based on sensors that can be broadly classified into two approaches, absolute (exteroception) and relative (proprioception). Commonly, two or more of these approaches are combined to develop a stable navigation solution that is insensitive to and robust in the presence of the errors that plague partial solutions by taking into account errors in the vehicle's pose, thus bounding the uncertainty in the navigation solution. Since the capabilities and limitations of these approaches vary, it is essential for developers of robotic systems to understand the performance characteristics of methodologies employed to produce a stable navigation solution. This paper will provide quantitative analysis of two proprioceptive approaches, namely encoder-based odometry and inertial navigation system, and an exteroceptive approach namely visual odometry that uses scan matching techniques.
FEDERAL REVENUES FROM TAXING MUNICIPALS

THE INCOME RECEIVED as interest from securities issued by states and local governments, known in financial circles as "municipals," is not subject to taxation under the federal individual and corporation income tax laws. Because purchasers of such securities value this exemption from taxation, they will accept a lower rate of interest for a bond that is tax-exempt than for one that is fully taxable. The proposal that the federal government tax the income from municipals has been considered intermittently for the last fifty years. The arguments pro and con have usually been stated in legal and political terms, and on a few occasions they have been reduced to economic terms. Were the income from municipals subject to federal income taxation, how much revenue would the United States Treasury realize? What proportion would come from states and local governments in the form of higher interest rates? What proportion would come from investors in such securities?
Multicomponent mass transfer in polymer-coated chemical sensors

Abstract A methodology for treating mass transfer in chemical sensors involving multiple interacting chemical species is presented based on the Maxwell–Stefan theory for multicomponent diffusion. The importance of the so-called cross-diffusion terms, which are neglected in commonly used pseudo-binary Fickian diffusion approximation for modeling transport of multiple interacting chemical species is investigated. Quantitative limits are also developed in terms of the sensor characteristics to define when non-binary diffusion effects become significant and must be accounted for during data interpretation.
Chronic lead exposure accelerates decay of long-term potentiation in rat dentate gyrus in vivo

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a model of synaptic plasticity believed to encompass the underlying neurobiological mechanisms that support memory function. Chronic developmental lead (Pb) exposure is known to be associated with cognitive dysfunction in children and animals. Disruption of the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) has been reported in the hippocampus following chronic exposure to environmentally relevant levels of Pb in rats. Under urethane anesthesia, we have previously observed Pb-induced increases in the threshold for LTP induction. With higher train intensities, LTP was induced and no declines in the amplitude of responses within a 60-min posttrain period were evident. The present study was designed to assess the effects of Pb on the more enduring forms of LTP in the dentate gyrus of the conscious rat. Beginning in the late gestational period, rats were chronically exposed to 0.2% Pb2+-acetate through the drinking water of the pregnant dam, and directly through their own water supply at weaning. As adults, electrodes were permanently implanted in male offspring and field potentials evoked by perforant path stimulation were recorded from the dentate gyrus over several weeks. LTP was induced by delivering theta-burst patterned stimulation at a maximal stimulus intensity through the perforant path electrode, and input/output (I/O) functions were monitored for 1 month. Population spike (PS) amplitude was increased maximally 1 h after train delivery. The time constant of decay (τ) calculated from pooled data for each group yielded declines in PS amplitude by 63% in 17.4 days in controls and 13.4 days in Pb-exposed animals. Quantitative estimates of decay in individual animals were achieved in two ways: (1) by calculating difference scores in I/O functions from the maximal LTP at 1 h, and (2) by interpolating day to decay by 63% from declines from maximal LTP. The interpolated values were used to compare the incidence of animals showing decay of 63% within 1 week posttrain. Both analyses revealed a more accelerated rate of decay of LTP in animals developmentally exposed to Pb relative to controls. Endurance of potentiated responses for days to weeks is believed to be supported by structural modifications and synaptic growth. The reported effects of Pb on growth-related processes may thus contribute to a reduced persistence of LTP and the resulting cognitive deficits engendered by developmental Pb exposure.
PROMOTING PARENT‐PROVIDER INTERACTION DURING YOUNG CHILDREN'S HEALTH‐SUPERVISION VISITS

Abstract We prompted parents to increase their interactions with health-care providers during their children's health-supervision visits. Before scheduled appointments we asked parents of 32 infants and young children if they had specific child health questions or concerns. Sixteen parents randomly assigned to the prompted group were then prompted to initiate discussions of their concerns. Sixteen control parents discussed unrelated topics before their appoitments. Prompted parents initiated significantly more interactions with health-care providers and more health and behavioral topics were discussed during their appointments. Both parent groups reported satisfaction with health-care services. Further research is needed to determine the clinical significance of outcomes associated with enhanced parent-provider interaction during children's health-supervision visits. These visits are ideal settings for behavioral research on improving health care for children and their families.
Power-line fields and human health: Can exposure to 60-Hz fields cause biological problems in humans? The answer may be found through a process of risk assessment

Considers whether power-frequency (60 Hz) electromagnetic fields can significantly affect human health. The problem of estimating the dose in studying this question is discussed. Attention is given to the mechanisms that have been proposed to explain how 60-Hz fields affect biological systems. The results of a study carried out to determine the public perception of the risks are presented. Finally, it is noted that if, on the basis of health-effects evidence, a decision is made to limit human exposure to 60-Hz fields, the first step is to define dose. If dose is measured as the time integral of all 60-Hz electric fields to which humans are exposed, attention would be focused on electric appliances and local wiring. If, on the other hand, only strong 60-Hz electric fields are significant contributors to dose, then exposures to transmission-line fields would warrant primary attention.
Mosher guilt scores and sexual preference

Administered the Mosher Guilt Scales and the Manifest Hostility Scale to groups of male (N = 20) and female (N = 20) homosexuals and heterosexuals in an effort to establish the existence of differences between the personality profiles of homosexuals and heterosexuals. As was hypothesized, homosexuals and males were found to be less guilty and more hostile than heterosexuals and females respectively. In addition, the absence of significant interactions in all but one of the analyses performed indicated that differences in guilt and hostility levels between homosexuals and heterosexuals were similar for males and females. It was concluded that high levels of hostility and low levels of guilt in homosexuals can be attributed in part to the demands of a society that views their behavior as pathological in nature.
Physical characterization and arcjet oxidation of hafnium-based ultra high temperature ceramics fabricated by hot pressing and field-assisted sintering

Abstract For this study, HfB2-based ultra high temperature ceramic (UHTC) samples were prepared by hot pressing and field-assisted sintering (FAS) with 10–20 vol.% SiC (baseline), 5 vol.% TaSi2, and 5 vol.% iridium. Dense billets were tested for hardness and mechanical strength. When compared, the FAS method consistently yielded materials with a grain size 1.5–2 times finer than samples processed via hot pressing. In general, room temperature flexural strengths of these materials were found to be lower (∼400 MPa) than similar fully dense HfB2–SiC materials, with strengths between 500 and 700 MPa. Oxidation resistance testing of flat-face models was conducted in a simulated re-entry environment, at QCold Wall ∼250 W/cm2 for 5 min. Samples processed by FAS had reduced oxide thickness and SiC depletion zones compared to the baseline HfB2–20SiC material. In all cases oxide thickness was reduced by ∼3× and SiC depletion zone thickness was reduced ∼3× over the baseline.
A phylogenetic study of the gibbons (Hylobates) using DNA obtained noninvasively from hair.

Abstract Variation in a 252-nucleotide segment of the cytochrome b gene from 26 gibbons is described. DNA was extracted from hair, amplified, and directly sequenced. These sequences represent seven of the nine nominal species and three of the four hylobatid subgenera. Variation was observed at 55 sites, 42 of which are phylogenetically informative. Levels of transitional and transversional divergence between the taxa are similar to those reported for homologous mtDNA sequences in other mammals. Parsimony, maximum likelihood, and bootstrap analyses (1) support some traditional phylogenetic hypotheses (monophyly of the concolor gibbons), (2) suggest previously unrecognized affinities between the lar species group and Hylobates klossi and between H. lar and H. agijis unko, and (3) show that this segment does not contain information sufficient for completely resolving gibbon relationships at the subgeneric level. The study demonstrates the great potential of noninvasive DNA sampling for phylogenetic analyses of mammals.
An Emerging Resource in U.S. Social Work—Professional Education of Bachelor Degree Personnel

Baccalaureate social work personnel in the United States have gone through a significant transformation during the past decade. Always a significant part of the social work labour force, they are now being prepared to assume a profes sional role. The two studies discussed in this paper highlight some of the current trends in Batchelor of Social Work programmes which have been accredited by the Council on Social Work Education since 1974. As this transition continues into the 1980's, the Baccalaureate practitioner will play an increasingly important role in the delivery of social services in the U.S.
Novel role of Engrailed 1 as a prosurvival transcription factor in basal-like breast cancer and engineering of interference peptides block its oncogenic function

Basal-like breast tumors are aggressive cancers associated with high proliferation and metastasis. Chemotherapy is currently the only treatment option; however, resistance often occurs resulting in recurrence and patient death. Some extremely aggressive cancers are also associated with hypoxia, inflammation and high leukocyte infiltration. Herein, we discovered that the neural-specific transcription factor, Engrailed 1 (EN1), is exclusively overexpressed in these tumors. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of EN1 triggered potent and selective cell death. In contrast, ectopic overexpression of EN1 in normal cells activated survival pathways and conferred resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Exogenous expression of EN1 cDNA reprogrammed the breast epithelial cells toward a long-lived, neural-like phenotype displaying dopaminergic markers. Gene expression microarrays demonstrated that the EN1 cDNA altered transcription of a high number of inflammatory molecules, notably chemokines and chemokine receptors, which could mediate prosurvival pathways. To block EN1 function, we engineered synthetic interference peptides (iPeps) comprising the EN1-specific sequences that mediate essential protein-protein interactions necessary for EN1 function and an N-terminal cell-penetrating peptide/nuclear localization sequence. These EN1-iPeps rapidly mediated a strong apoptotic response in tumor cells overexpressing EN1, with no toxicity to normal or non EN1-expressing cells. Delivery of EN1-iPeps into basal-like cancer cells significantly decreased the fifty percent inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of chemotherapeutic drugs routinely used to treat breast cancer. Lastly, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that EN1-iPeps captured targets involved in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. Importantly, the EN1-iPeps bound the glutamyl-prolyl tRNA synthetase (EPRS) target, which has been associated with the transcript-specific translational control of inflammatory proteins and activation of amino-acid stress pathways. This work unveils EN1 as an activator of intrinsic inflammatory pathways associated with prosurvival in basal-like breast cancer. We further build upon these results and describe the engineering of iPeps targeting EN1 (EN1-iPeps) as a novel and selective therapeutic strategy to combat these lethal forms of breast cancer.
GENETIC STRUCTURING AMONG MIGRATORY POPULATIONS OF THE BLACK-WHISKERED VIREO, WITH A COMPARISON TO THE RED-EYED VIREO

Abstract The Black-whiskered Vireo (Vireo altiloquus) breeds from coastal southern Florida in the United States through the islands of the West Indies, and thus consists of several populations separated by large regions of uninhabitable space. I examined genetic variation within and among six migratory populations in the Florida Keys, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Calculations of variance components revealed that over 90% of the variance was among individuals; a significant portion also occurred among regional groups (Florida, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico). Variance between subpopulations within the regional groups was not significantly different from zero. This contrasts with the closely related Red-eyed Vireo (V. olivaceus) of continental North America, in which analyses of three widely separate geographic localities revealed that over 99% of the genetic variance was among individuals, with no significant variance ...
Breakdown of potential vorticity-based equivalent latitude as a vortex-centered coordinate in the polar winter mesosphere

[1] Potential vorticity (PV) and stream function (ψ) are useful vortex-centered coordinates for studying the winter stratosphere, since both exhibit monotonic relationships with tracer constituents. At each isentropic level in the stratosphere and mesosphere, ψ varies monotonically normal to the jet axis and to tracer contours, and can thus be considered vortex-centered. In the stratosphere, PV is anticorrelated with ψ and is also vortex-centered. We show that, contrary to this, above ∼3000 K (∼60 km) the PV-ψ anticorrelation breaks down up to 80% of the time. Over five years of Goddard Earth Observing System analyses are used to depict the seasonal and spatial variation of the relationship between PV and ψ. The deviation of PV from a vortex-centered coordinate is estimated by calculating differences between the mean latitude of the highest PV band and the most polar mean latitude for any PV band in the hemisphere. If PV is anticorrelated with ψ, and thus vortex centered, these differences should be small. In both winter hemispheres, latitude differences are less than 5° below 55 km but exceed 15° above 60 km (∼0.5 hPa, ∼3000 K). In the mesosphere, regions of small PV are usually found in the vortex core and the largest PV values are located along the subtropical jet. The relationship between PV and ψ in the polar lower mesosphere is interpreted in the context of the gravity wave driven warm anomaly, the associated wave breaking regime, and local static stability anomalies which affect PV much more than ψ.
Tangent linear analysis of the Mosaic land surface model

[1] In this study, a tangent linear eigenanalysis is applied to the Mosaic land surface model (LSM) [Koster and Suarez, 1992] to examine the impacts of the model internal dynamics and physics on the land surface state variability. The tangent linear model (TLM) of the Mosaic LSM is derived numerically for two sets of basic states and two tile types of land condition, grass and bare soil. An additional TLM, for the soil moisture subsystem of this LSM, is derived analytically for the same cases to obtain explicit expressions for the eigenvalues. An eigenvalue of the TLM determines a characteristic timescale, and the corresponding eigenvector, or mode, describes a particular coupling among the perturbed states. The results show that (1) errors in initial conditions tend to decay with e-folding times given by the characteristic timescales; (2) the LSM exhibits a wide range of internal variability, modes mainly representing surface temperature and surface moisture perturbations exhibit short timescales, whereas modes mainly representing deep soil temperature perturbations and moisture transfer throughout the entire soil column exhibit much longer timescales; (3) the modes of soil moisture tend to be weakly coupled with other perturbed variables, and the mode representing the deep soil temperature perturbation has a consistent e-folding time across the experiments; (4) the key parameters include soil moisture, soil layer depth, and soil hydraulic parameters. The results agree qualitatively with previous findings. However, tangent linear eigenanalysis provides a new approach to the quantitative substantiation of those findings. Also, it reveals the evolution and the coupling of the perturbed land states that are useful for the development of land surface data assimilation schemes. One must be careful when generalizing the quantitative results since they are obtained with respect to two specific basic states and two simple land conditions. Also, the methodology employed here does not apply directly to an actual time-varying basic state. INDEX TERMS: 1704 History of Geophysics: Atmospheric sciences; 3210 Mathematical Geophysics: Modeling; 3337 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Numerical modeling and data assimilation; KEYWORDS: tangent linear analysis, land surface state variability, soil moisture dynamics Citation: Yang, R., S. E. Cohn, A. da Silva, J. Joiner, and P. R. Houser, Tangent linear analysis of the Mosaic land surface model, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D2), 4054, doi:10.1029/2002JD002410, 2003.
Markedness, input frequency,and the acquisition of inflection: Evidence from Basque/Spanish bilingual children

Crosslinguistically, children begin producing the person and number features of personal pronouns in a similar order. This article explored whether the same is true of verbal agreement morphology and evaluated three potential explanatory hypotheses which could account for a universal sequence of the development of phi features: the existence of an innate feature geometry, statistical properties in the input, and the organization of verbal paradigms. I examined these hypotheses in light of data from 20 bilingual children aged 2;00–3;06 years acquiring Basque and Spanish as well as child-directed speech from four adult speakers of Basque and Spanish. The results did not fit the predictions of the feature-geometric analysis nor the frequency-driven approach. However, there is evidence of paradigm building from the children’s early errors in the production of finite verbs.
Urinary metabolites of phenylalanine in the preweanling rat treated with p-chlorophenylalanine and phenylalanine.

Abstract The major acidic metabolites of phenylalanine appearing in the urine of preweanling rats, after injection of uniformly labeled 14 C- l -phenylalanine, were characterized by paper chromatography, by gas chromatography with trapping, and by mass spectrometer analysis of the metabolites separated by the gas chromatography. Very small amounts of phenyllactic acid and various phenolic acids were found. The major metabolites were hippuric acid and phenaceturic acid. Phenylalanine loading by injection of 340 mg/kg increased the metabolite excretion but did not alter the pattern. Pretreatment with p CP (60 mg/kg) did not alter the pattern of metabolites found, and only slightly altered their quantitative excretion. Similar results were found upon chronic pretreatment with a combination of p CP (60 mg/kg) and phenylalanine (340 mg/kg). On the other hand, when preweanling rats were pretreated with p CP and then given a larger dose of phenylalanine (4 g/kg), the classical unconjugated acidic products of phenylalanine appeared in the urine, the three major ones being phenyllactic acid, phenylpyruvic acid, and phenylacetic acid. The only metabolite of p -chlorophenylalanine found was p -chlorophenaceturic acid. These data indicate that the permanent neurologic damage incurred by the preweanling rat treated with p CP-plus-phenylalanine during the 21-day postnatal period is not associated with the accumulation of classical aromatic acidic metabolites.
Computer-aided design in VLSI device development

Computer-aided design (CAD) has been used extensively in the development of VLSI MOS technology at Hewlett-Packard Laboratory. The CAD system for MOS device design is described. The development of the p-channel transistor with submicrometer channel length, trench isolation in CMOS, and side-wall-masked isolation (SWAMI) for VLSI technology are then presented, followed by a discussion of the techniques used in the simulation of parasitic capacitances in multilayer interconnects for circuit performance evaluations.
The Accuracy of Game Theory Predictions for Political Behavior: Cumulative Voting in Illinois Revisited

This article is an empirical analysis of the predictive power of game theoretic concepts for political behavior. It compares the Nash equilibrium solutions to the trembling-hand perfect solutions. Appropriate data for such a test come from the decisions of the Democratic and Republican parties concerning the number of candidates to nominate for cumulative voting general elections in Illinois. Using an innovation in statistical methods which allows the comparison between point and set predictions, I find that game theory is a good predictor of actual political behavior and that the Nash solution is a superior predictor to the trembling-hand perfect rule.
A hierarchical framework for cross-domain MapReduce execution

The MapReduce programming model provides an easy way to execute pleasantly parallel applications. Many data-intensive life science applications fit this programming model and benefit from the scalability that can be delivered using this model. One such application is AutoDock, which consists of a suite of automated tools for predicting the bound conformations of flexible ligands to macromolecular targets. However, researchers also need sufficient computation and storage resources to fully enjoy the benefit of MapReduce. For example, a typical AutoDock based virtual screening experiment usually consists of a very large number of docking processes from multiple ligands and is often time consuming to run on a single MapReduce cluster. Although commercial clouds can provide virtually unlimited computation and storage resources on-demand, due to financial, security and possibly other concerns, many researchers still run experiments on a number of small clusters with limited number of nodes that cannot unleash the full power of MapReduce. In this paper, we present a hierarchical MapReduce framework that gathers computation resources from different clusters and run MapReduce jobs across them. The global controller in our framework splits the data set and dispatches them to multiple "local" MapReduce clusters, and balances the workload by assigning tasks in accordance to the capabilities of each cluster and of each node. The local results are then returned back to the global controller for global reduction. Our experimental evaluation using AutoDock over MapReduce shows that our load-balancing algorithm makes promising workload distribution across multiple clusters, and thus minimizes overall execution time span of the entire MapReduce execution.
High-performance liquid chromatography and capillary supercritical-fluid chromatography separation of vegetable carotenoids and carotenoid isomers

Abstract Carotenoids from carrots and tomatoes were separated with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). All trans alpha- and beta-carotene were separated from their respective cis-isomers with capillary SFC. Carotenoids extracted from tomatoes included xanthophyll, lycopene and beta-carotene, while alpha- and beta-carotene were extracted from carrots. The HPLC separations were accomplished isocratically with a 25-cm column containing 5-μm ODS and methanol-acetonitrile-chloroform (47:47:6) or acetonitrile-dichloromethane (80:20). beta-Carotene cis-isomers were separated with SFC with a SB-cyanopropyl-25-polymethylsiloxane column, while alpha-carotene isomers were separated with two SB-cyanopropyl-50-polymethyl-siloxane columns. Carotenoids from carrots and tomatoes were separated with a SB-phenyl-5-polymethylsiloxane column. Carbon dioxide with 1% ethanol was the SFC mobile phase. The eluent was monitored at 461 nm for HPLC and either 453 or 461 nm for SFC.
High-throughput, multiplexed IgG subclassing of antigen-specific antibodies from clinical samples

In vivo, the activity of antibodies relies critically on properties of both the variable domain, responsible for antigen recognition, and the constant domain, responsible for innate immune recognition. Here, we describe a flexible, microsphere-based array format for capturing information about both functional ends of disease-specific antibodies from complex, polyclonal clinical serum samples. Using minimal serum, we demonstrate IgG subclass profiling of multiple antibody specificities. We further capture and determine the subclass of epitope-specific antibodies. The data generated in this array provides a profile of the humoral immune response with multi-dimensional metrics regarding properties of both variable and constant IgG domains. Significantly, these properties are assessed simultaneously, and therefore information about the relationship between variable and constant domain characteristics is captured, and can be used to predict functions such as antibody effector activity.
Introducing Michael Jensen, Associate Editor for the Propagation Corner [Propagation Corner]

Michael Jensen received the BS and MS degrees in Electrical Engineering from Brigham Young University (BYU) in 1990 and 1991, respectively, and the PhD in Electrical Engineering from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1994. Since 1994, he has been at the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Brigham Young University, where he is currently a Professor and Department Chair. He is also co-founder of AJ Design Group, Inc. and Wavetronix, LLC, both of which operate in Provo, Utah.
LOOKING AHEAD BY LOOKING BACK: SWIFT, EVEN FLOW IN THE HISTORY OF MANUFACTURING

Manufacturing history is too often neglected in operations management and its lessons lost. Its usefulness for testing theory is under-appreciated. This paper uses critical aspects of the history of manufacturing to provide support for the Theory of Swift, Even Flow as an explanation of productivity gain. The rise of Britain in the Industrial Revolution and the rapid overtaking of Britain by the United States and Germany are argued to be thoroughly consistent with Swift, Even Flow, thereby vindicating both theory and the usefulness of history.
High-Temperature, High-Density Plasma Production by Vortex-Ring Compression

The TRISOPS III machine at the University of Miami has been modified by improving the preionization of the plasma and increasing the ring frequency of the conical theta-pinch coils. The secondary magnetic compression field has been increased to 120 000 G at the conjugate points of the mirror. It has been possible, with this modified machine, TRISOPS IV, to obtain ion temperatres of 5 keV with corresponding electron temperature of less than 300 eV. The electron density was 2 x 10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/. This plasma was held in stable equilibrium for 5..mu..sec.
The nonrepresentative nature of representational change: Some possible morals to draw from nelson's Making sense

The single most divisive issue in the study of cognitive development may well be whether children represent knowledge in fundamentally different ways from adults. The view that children undergo global restructurings in their abilities to process and represent knowledge has been challenged strongly in the last decade by a series of theoretical and empirical papers (e.g., Fodor, 1972; Keil, 1981; Gelman & Baillargeon, 1983, etc.), but it still persists as the dominant account. Many of the reasons for its persistence become clearer upon consideration of Nelson’s (1985) recent book, Making Sense. Nelson’s book summarizes most of her research activities on semantic and conceptual development over the last 20 years and attempts to integrate this work into a coherent theoretical framework. Many empirical studies are presented as support for the view that younger children represent concepts and word meanings in strikingly different ways from adults. This account of qualitative shifts in semantic and conceptual structure seems
G Protein–Coupled Estrogen Receptor Agonist Improves Cerebral Microvascular Function After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury in Male and Female Rats

Background and Purpose—Reduced risk and severity of stroke in adult females are thought to depend on normal levels of endogenous estrogen, which is a known neuro- and vasoprotective agent in experimental cerebral ischemia. Recently, a novel G protein–coupled estrogen receptor (GPER, formerly GPR30) has been identified and may mediate the vasomotor and -protective effects of estrogen. However, the signaling mechanisms associated with GPER in the cerebral microcirculation remain unclear. We investigated the mechanism of GPER-mediated vasoreactivity and also its vasoprotective effect after hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/RO) injury. Methods—Rat cerebral penetrating arterioles from both sexes were isolated, cannulated, and pressurized. Vessel diameters were recorded by computer-aided videomicroscopy. To investigate vasomotor mechanism of the GPER agonist (G-1), several inhibitors with or without endothelial impairment were tested. Ischemia/reperfusion injury was simulated using H/RO. Vasomotor responses to adenosine...
Absence of spontaneous parity violations in three-dimensional QED induced by infrared effects.

The possibility of dynamical parity violations in three-dimensional QED (${\mathrm{QED}}_{3}$) by infrared effects is examined using a previously defined infrared approximation. 〈\ensuremath{\psi}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\psi}〉 and the photon propagator D${\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$(p) are calculated in this approximation for the mass of the fermion, m\ensuremath{\ne}0. Then, as m\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0, 〈\ensuremath{\psi}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\psi}〉 is found to be zero and D${\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$(p) to have a pole corresponding to zero mass. These results imply that there are no dynamical violations of parity induced by infrared effects in ${\mathrm{QED}}_{3}$.
Class, Ethnicity, and Community in Southern Mexico: Oaxaca's Peasantries

Colin Clarke. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. xxvi and 307 pp., maps, diags., photos., and notes. $65.00 cloth (ISBN 0-19-823387-6).
Domains within the mammalian ornithine decarboxylase messenger RNA have evolved independently and episodically

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the first enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. We have studied the evolutionary history of the mammalian ODC mRNA, focusing on the rate of accumulation of sequence divergence within specific subregions of the molecule. The phylogenetic relationships among the mRNAs from several mammalian species, including two mouse species, rat, hamster, and human, were determined based upon the numbers of synonymous substitutions in pair-wise comparisons of mRNA coding regions. The separation times for the mRNAs were very similar to those for the corresponding species, suggesting that ODC is encoded by orthologous genes in the different species. Analysis of divergence patterns in four subregions, or domains, of the mRNA (the 5′untranslated region, the coding region, and two domains of the 3′-untranslated region) showed that the domains have evolved in a noncoordinate fashion. Furthermore, evolution of each subregion has been episodic, with periods of both rapid and slow sequence divergence. We suggest that the episodic pattern of ODC mRNA evolution may indicate the existence of selection pressures that were exerted in a time- and domain-specific manner during mammalian speciation.
Optimal spacing of surface electrode arrays for brain-machine interface applications.

Brain–machine interfaces (BMIs) use signals recorded directly from the brain to control an external device, such as a computer cursor or a prosthetic limb. These control signals have been recorded from different levels of the brain, from field potentials at the scalp or cortical surface to single neuron action potentials. At present, the more invasive recordings have better signal quality, but also lower stability over time. Recently, subdural field potentials have been proposed as a stable, good quality source of control signals, with the potential for higher spatial and temporal bandwidth than EEG. Here we used finite element modeling in rats and humans and spatial spectral analysis in rats to compare the spatial resolution of signals recorded epidurally (outside the dura), with those recorded from subdural and scalp locations. Resolution of epidural and subdural signals was very similar in rats and somewhat less so in human models. Both were substantially better than signals recorded at the scalp. Resolution of epidural and subdural signals in humans was much more similar when the cerebrospinal fluid layer thickness was reduced. This suggests that the less invasive epidural recordings may yield signals of similar quality to subdural recordings, and hence may be more attractive as a source of control signals for BMIs.
Pathway of Oxidative Folding of a 3-Disulfide α-Lactalbumin May Resemble Either BPTI Model or Hirudin Model

Pathways of oxidative folding of disulfide proteins display a high degree of diversity and vary among two extreme models. The BPTI model is defined by limited species of folding intermediates adopting mainly native disulfide bonds. The hirudin model is characterized by highly heterogeneous folding intermediates containing mostly non-native disulfide bonds. αLA-IIIA is a 3-disulfide variant of α-lactalbumin (αLA) with a 3-D conformation essentially identical to that of intact αLA. αLA-IIIA contains 3 native disulfide bonds of αLA, two of them are located at the calcium binding β-subdomain (Cys61–Cys77 and Cys73–Cys91) and the third bridge is located within the α-helical domain of the molecule (Cys28–Cys111). We investigate here the pathway of oxidative folding of fully reduced αLA-IIIA with and without stabilization of its β-subdomain by calcium binding. In the absence of calcium, the folding pathway of αLA-IIIA was shown to resemble that of hirudin model. Upon stabilization of β-sheet domain by calcium binding, the folding pathway of αLA-IIIA exhibits a striking similarity to that of BPTI model. Three predominant folding intermediates of αLA-IIIA containing exclusively native disulfide bonds were isolated and structurally characterized. Our results further demonstrate that stabilization of subdomains in a protein may dictate its folding pathway and represent a major cause for the existing diversity in the folding pathways of the disulfide-containing proteins.