cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Airport Pickup and Delivery Scheduling with Two Kinds of Vehicles

This paper studies the cooperation-based vehicle scheduling problem of two kinds of vehicles with time window for pickup and delivery of customers to airport. Producing isolated-customer points and vehicles cooperation points, we clustering the customer points. Then we choose appropriate vehicle kind to send customers to airport. Finally, we perform the test analysis on study case. Simulation results indicate that our approach is feasible and effective.
The prevalence of swallowing disorders in two teaching hospitals

The prevalence of swallowing disorders among the adult population of two major medical centers during a 3-week period was investigated. Data on the distribution of swallowing disorders among hospital services were analyzed, yielding a consistent incidence of 12–13% of the patients at each hospital. Implications for hospital planning and for further research are discussed.
Neonatal lupus: clinical features and management

Neonatal lupus is an uncommon autoimmune disease manifested primarily by cutaneous lupus lesions and/or congenital heart block. Maternal autoantibodies of the Ro/La family are present in virtually every case, although only approximately 1% of women who have these autoantibodies will have a baby with neonatal lupus. The cutaneous lesions of neonatal lupus may be present at birth, but more often develop within the first few weeks of life. Lesions are most common on the face and scalp, often in a distinctive periorbital distribution. Lesions tend to resolve in a few weeks or months without scarring. The most common cardiac manifestation of neonatal lupus is complete heart block. Heart block typically begins in utero during the second or third trimester. In some cases, heart block begins as first- or second-degree block and then progresses to third-degree block. Complete heart block, once established, appears to be irreversible. In some cases, cardiomyopathy occurs together with complete heart block. Most cases have been noted at birth, but delayed dilated cardiomyopathy has been reported. There have been a few cases of endocardial fibroelastosis occurring in the absence of congenital heart block. Hepatobiliary disease occurs in about 10% of cases. Three types of hepatobiliary disease have been observed: liver failure occurring at birth or in utero, transient conjugated hyperbilirubinemia occurring in infants, or transient transaminase elevations occurring in infants. Hematologic disease, consisting of thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, or anemia, occurs in about 10% of cases. It is common for children with neonatal lupus not to have the full expression of disease, but rather to have only one or two organ systems involved. The diagnosis rests largely on the finding of compatible clinical manifestations plus maternal autoantibodies to Ro and/or La, or, in a few cases, to U1 ribonuclear protein. Although the pathogenesis has not been conclusively established, accumulating evidence, including evidence from animal models, implicates autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of the disease. Therapeutic interventions include attempts at prevention, early intervention, and treatment of well established disease, mainly through the use of systemic corticosteroids. Optimal therapy has yet to be determined. The long-term prognosis for children who have had neonatal lupus is still under investigation, but some children who had neonatal lupus have developed other autoimmune diseases later in childhood. About half of the mothers are asymptomatic at the time of presentation of the child, but some of these women eventually develop symptoms of autoimmune disease.
Comparison of the structure and dynamics of the antibiotic peptide polymyxin B and the inactive nonapeptide in aqueous trifluoroethanol by NMR spectroscopy.

The structure and dynamics of polymyxin B (PxB), an N-acylated cyclic decapeptide that displays antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, is characterized by NMR and compared to results for the inactive nonapeptide, which is missing the N-terminal amino acid along with the attached acyl chain. Aqueous trifluoroethanol (TFE) was chosen as the solvent since the overall structure of PxB in TFE is similar to the structure when bound to vesicles. No differences were observed between the two peptides for 1H Hα chemical shifts or patterns of cross peaks in NOESY spectra, indicating that the overall structures are quite similar. The sign and intensity of NOESY spectra obtained at different temperatures were used to assess the relative mobility of the peptides. For both peptides, differential mobility is observed in different parts of the molecule, with greater mobility observed for the linear portion than the ring and faster motion seen for the side chains than the peptide backbone. However, all moti...
Examinations of tRNA Range of Motion Using Simulations of Cryo-EM Microscopy and X-Ray Data

We examined tRNA flexibility using a combination of steered and unbiased molecular dynamics simulations. Using Maxwell's demon algorithm, molecular dynamics was used to steer X-ray structure data toward that from an alternative state obtained from cryogenic-electron microscopy density maps. Thus, we were able to fit X-ray structures of tRNA onto cryogenic-electron microscopy density maps for hybrid states of tRNA. Additionally, we employed both Maxwell's demon molecular dynamics simulations and unbiased simulation methods to identify possible ribosome-tRNA contact areas where the ribosome may discriminate tRNAs during translation. Herein, we collected >500 ns of simulation data to assess the global range of motion for tRNAs. Biased simulations can be used to steer between known conformational stop points, while unbiased simulations allow for a general testing of conformational space previously unexplored. The unbiased molecular dynamics data describes the global conformational changes of tRNA on a sub-microsecond time scale for comparison with steered data. Additionally, the unbiased molecular dynamics data was used to identify putative contacts between tRNA and the ribosome during the accommodation step of translation. We found that the primary contact regions were H71 and H92 of the 50S subunit and ribosomal proteins L14 and L16.
Reply to Comment by Philip A. Graham

GRAHAM is correct in observing that Eqs. (1) and (4) of the original paper refer only to the zero diffusion case; this was all they were intended to do, since they describe the performance of the simple ejector shown in that work. A development with diffusion was not included, as it can be found in a number of the sources referenced. Inclusion of a perfect diffuser results in Graham's Eq. (4). Figure 2 of the original work is incorrect. In redrawing this figure from the source paper an error was made. Figure 2 of the source paper gives Graham's computed values. We accept full responsibility for this error. In the Aerospace Researdh Laboratories' thrust augmentation concept the source of the primary flow is envisioned as the bypass air from a turbofan engine, and so there is no significant density difference between the mixing flows. The incompressible analysis is therefore appropriate. However, it should be understood that Heiser's analysis only considers the effect of the density difference. A hotter primary jet would have a lower density, but it would also be more viscous. The net effect on the level of augmentation cannot be predicted by the simple analyses presently in use. Graham has questioned the experimental results. The basis of his objection is his belief that the nozzle was 24.5 in. long. This dimension was unfortunately added to the figure by the Journal editors. The actual nozzle length was 36 inches which could be computed from the text which states "A unique feature is the "hypermixing" primary nozzle which is segmented into 24 elements 1% in. long." Using the 36 in. figure for this length and the 12.6 square in. for the area, one obtains WQ = 0.35 inches, slightly less than 0.38 as Graham correctly implies it should be. No reference was made to a "loss free" ejector as Graham's use of quotation marks implies. In fact a significant portion of the mixing section of Fancher's work is devoted to a discussion of the transfer efficiency associated with the mixing loss. This loss is implicitly accounted for in the definition of thrust augmentation , since the momentum flux from the ejector reflects the transfer efficiency of the mixing process. Regarding the definition of augmentation, Graham has chosen a different reference thrust than the one used by Fancher. The augmentation can be defined in terms of the
Full-field measurements of self-excited oscillations in momentum-dominated helium jets

Flow structure of momentum-dominated helium jets discharged vertically into ambient air was investigated using a high-speed rainbow schlieren deflectometry (RSD) apparatus operated at up to 2,000 Hz. The operating parameters, i.e., Reynolds number and Richardson number were varied independently to examine the self-excited, flow oscillatory behavior over a range of experimental conditions. Measurements revealed highly periodic oscillations in the laminar region at a unique frequency as well as high regularity in the flow transition and initial turbulent regions. The buoyancy was shown to affect the oscillation frequency and the distance from the jet exit to the flow transition plane. Instantaneous helium concentration contours across the field of view revealed changes in the jet flow structure and the evolution of the vortical structures during an oscillation cycle. A cross-correlation technique was applied to track the vortices and to find their convection velocity. Time traces of helium concentration at different axial locations provided detailed information about the oscillating flow.
Experimental investigation of temperature dependence of 1.55μm GaInNAsSb/GaNAs QW lasers grown in MBE

We investigated the temperature dependence of 1.55 mum GaInNAsSb/GaNAs QW lasers, with 3 different QW structures. T0 improves by reducing Auger recombination or carrier leakage into GaNAs barrier, but significant improvement of T0 remains challenging and will require a new barrier material.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Benzodiazepines for the Treatment of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

The objective of this review is to summarize the available data on the use of benzodiazepines for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A systematic search of 5 major databases, PubMed, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, EMBASE, and Cochrane Collaboration, yielded a total of 5 RCTs. One study compared diazepam to thioridazine, 1 trial compared oxazepam to haloperidol and diphenhydramine, 1 trial compared alprazolam to lorazepam, 1 trial compared lorazepam to haloperidol, and 1 trial compared intramuscular (IM) lorazepam to IM olanzapine and placebo. The data indicates that in 4 of the 5 studies, there was no significant difference in efficacy between the active drugs to treat the symptoms of BPSD. One study indicated that thioridazine may have better efficacy than diazepam for treating symptoms of BPSD. In 1 study, the active drugs had greater efficacy in treating BPSD when compared to placebo. There was no significant difference between the active drugs in terms of tolerability. However, in 2 of the 5 studies, about a third of the patients were noted to have dropped out of the studies. Available data, although limited, do not support the routine use of benzodiazepines for the treatment of BPSD. But these drugs may be used in certain circumstances where other psychotropic medications are unsafe for use in individuals with BPSD or when there are significant medication allergies or tolerability issues with certain classes of psychotropic medications.
Disasters as object Lessons in Ethics: Hurricane Katrina

When large-scale disasters occur, one response is to look for causes of the catastrophe, whether they lie in human error or the forces of nature, in order to assign praise or blame. Most often, of course, in events of great magnitude no single cause is determinable, making such assessments fraught with uncertainty and the tendency to scapegoat.
Fiber-type compositions in postnatal chicken muscle spindles with low intrafusal fiber counts and their developmental significance.

The fiber-type composition of postnatal chicken leg muscle spindles with from one to four intrafusal fibers was examined in sections incubated with monoclonal antibodies against fast and slow myosin heavy chains. In monofibral spindles the lone intrafusal fiber was almost always fast. In duofibral spindles usually one slow and one fast fiber were present. Trifibral spindles most often displayed two fast and one slow fiber, whereas quadrofibral receptors characteristically contained two slow and two fast fibers. Earlier results showed that the primary intrafusal myotube in nascent spindles has almost always a fast myosin heavy chain profile and that the proportion of slow myotubes and fibers increases as intrafusal fiber bundles grow in size. Data from postnatal chicken leg muscles collected here suggest that up to the first four fibers this proportional increase can be largely accounted for if consecutive intrafusal fibers arise in a fast-slow-fast-slow sequence. The late recognition during myogenesis of primary intrafusal myotubes and their fast myosin heavy chain profiles warrant exploring if nascent chicken muscles spindles are first seeded by fast fetal myoblasts. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Patterns of Gene Duplication in Lepidopteran Pheromone Binding Proteins

We have isolated and characterized cDNAs representing two distinct pheromone binding proteins (PBPs) from the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. We use the L. dispar protein sequences, along with other published lepidopteran PBPs, to investigate the evolutionary relationships among genes within the PBP multigene family. Our analyses suggest that the presence of two distinct PBPs in genera representing separate moth superfamilies is the result of relatively recent, independent, gene duplication events rather than a single, ancient, duplication. We discuss this result with respect to the biochemical diversification of moth PBPs.
Development of halogenated hydrocarbon foam (halofoam) extinguishants

The authors report on a study in which a number of halogenated hydrocarbon foams were developed, which are more effective than bromochloromethane in extinguishing Types A, B, and C fires.
On the multiplicative complexity of discrete cosine transforms

The multiplicative complexity of discrete cosine transforms (DCTs) of arbitrary dimensions on input sizes, which are powers of two, are obtained. New upper bounds on the multiplicative complexity of scaled DCTs on input sizes, which are powers of two, are also obtained. >
Simulation of the Treat-Upgrade Automatic Reactor Control System

This paper describes the design of the Automatic Reactor Control System (ARCS) for the Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) Upgrade. A simulation was used to facilitate the ARCS design and to completely test and verify its operation before installation at the TREAT facility. The ARCS is a microprocessor network based closed loop control system that provides a position demand control signal to the transient rod hydraulic drive system. There are four identical servo-hydraulic rod drives and each operates as a position control system. The ARCS updates its position demand control signal every 1 msec and its function Is to control the transient rods so that the reactor follows a prescribed power-time profile (planned transient). The Main Control Algorithm (MCA) for the ARCS is an optimal reactivity demand algorithm. At each time step, the MCA generates a set of reference reactor functions, e.g., power, period, energy, and delayed neutron power. These functions are compared to plant measurements and estimated values at each time step and are operated on by appropriate algorithms to generate the reactivity demand function. The data necessary to calculate the reference functions is supplied from a Transient Prescription Control Data Set (TPCDS). The TPCDS specifies the planned transient as a fixed number of simply connected independent power profile segments. The developed simulation code, models the TREAT reactor kinetics, the hydraulic rod drive system, the plant measurement system, and the ARCS control processor MCA.
Alkali metal thermal-to-electric converter development

Abstract Initial impedance measurements of multi-BASE tube AMTEC cells have been accomplished. These measurements were based on theoretical analyses performed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. These factors are derived from a plot of the apparent charge transfer resistance, R act , as a function of the electrical potential across the beta alumina solid electrolyte. These include the morphology factor, G , the exchange current J 0 0 , and α , the transfer coefficient. The factor G was given a value of 50 as a result of the inability of present equipment to achieve 1.6 V across a single electrolyte element. Average values for the temperature independent charge exchange factor, B , are also reported. These results were taken from cells with as few as 3300 h to as many as 12,000 h of operation. The results show that if the value for G is somewhat close to actual values, then J 0 0 and α are much lower than those reported in previous literature, resulting in an increase in the charge transfer resistance.
Asymmetries in the timing of facial and vocal expressions by rhesus monkeys: implications for hemispheric specialization

Research on fish, amphibians, birds and mammals now provides considerable evidence of both anatomical and motor asymmetries. Most of this work focuses on motor actions related to handling objects or moving towards or away from them. Considerably less work has been conducted on motor actions associated with social interactions such as facial and vocal expressions. In this paper we present analyses of timing asymmetries for rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta, facial and vocal expressions. We collected video records of semifree-ranging adult and infant rhesus monkeys during a variety of social interactions, and subsequently subjected them to frame-by-frame analyses. Results of these analyses revealed that both facial and vocal expressions are consistently produced by adults and infants with a timing asymmetry, with one side opening earlier than the other. Specifically, for both adults and infants, the left side of the face initiates the expression before the right, thereby implicating right hemisphere dominance. Because some expressions are related to positive/approach emotions while others are associated with negative/withdrawal emotion, emotional valence does not appear to influence the direction of this motor asymmetry. Results are discussed in light of potential differences between the mechanisms underlying the production and perception of communicative expressions in human and nonhuman primates.
Complement deficiency and autoimmunity.

Complete deficiency of one of the early components (C1, C4, or C2) of the classical pathway of the complement cascade is one of the strongest genetic risk factors for systemic lupus erythematosus that has been recognized. The lupus that occurs in complement-deficient individuals typically presents i
Phase field modeling of submonolayer epitaxial growth

We report simulations of submonolayer epitaxial growth using a previously proposed continuum phase field model. Both the island density and the island size distribution show scaling behavior. When the capillary length is small, the island size distribution is consistent with irreversible aggregation kinetics. As the capillary length increases, the island size distribution reflects the effects of reversible aggregation. These results are in quantitative agreement with other simulation methods and with experiments. However, the scaling of the island total density does not agree with known results. The reasons are traced to the mechanisms of island nucleation and aggregation in the phase field model.
Reading Picture Books and Learning Science: Engaging Young Children with Informational Text.

The authors draw from the research literature and from their work with the Scientific Literacy Project (SLP) in kindergarten classrooms to address the inclusion of science picture books in the curriculum. They describe features and functions of informational texts, discuss teachers' common concerns about providing young children with experiences to engage with informational science texts, and present evidence that addresses these concerns. They show how teacher support and guidance encourage classroom dialogue and facilitate children's cognitive and affective engagement with both literacy and science.
Experimental development of herpes simplex virus infection in hamster buccal pouch

In the present study, we have developed an intraoral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection model in the hamster buccal pouch. This animal model could be used for further oral cancer research related to herpes simplex virus infection.
A bacteriophage T7-based expression vector, pBT7, with color selection for the recombinant.

Abstract A bacterial expression plasmid, pBT7, based on a bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase/promoter system, has been devised for positive color selection of clones containing an insert. The T7 gene 10 promoter and its N-terminal portion, 89 nucleotides in length, have been amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and cloned into the multiple cloning site of plasmid pUC18 in the opposite direction to lacZ' . This insertion does not inactivate the lacZ α-peptide activity. Hence, bacteria carrying pBT7 without an insert form blue colonies on an indicator plate, while bacteria carrying recombinant clones with an insert appear as white colonies. Using pBT7, part of the Caenorhabditis elegans unc-13 gene product has been overproduced at a high level, approaching 50% of total Escherichia coli protein.
Associations Between Effortful Control, Psychological Control and Proactive and Reactive Aggression

The current study examined relations between effortful control (ones ability to focus and shift attention in an adaptive manner), psychological control (caregiver attempts to manipulate the child’s internal world) and proactive and reactive aggression. Participants were 69 children (54% male) ranging from 9 to 12 years of age (M = 10.35, SD = 1.14) and their primary caregivers from a community-recruited sample. Results indicate that psychological control and effortful control interacted and contributed to proactive aggression. At high levels of effortful control psychological control was positively associated with proactive aggression, whereas at low levels of effortful control psychological control was unrelated to proactive aggression. In contrast, although both effortful control and psychological control were correlated with reactive aggression, only effortful control was uniquely negatively associated with reactive aggression. Implications for prevention and intervention are discussed.
Peripheral group I metabotropic glutamate receptor activation leads to muscle mechanical hyperalgesia through TRPV1 phosphorylation in the rat.

Abstract Elevated glutamate levels within injured muscle play important roles in muscle pain and hyperalgesia. In this study, we hypothesized that protein kinase C (PKC)–dependent TRPV1 phosphorylation contributes to the muscle mechanical hyperalgesia following activation of Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1/5). Mechanical hyperalgesia induced by ( R , S )-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), an mGlu1/5 agonist, in the masseter muscle was attenuated by AMG9810, a specific TRPV1 antagonist. AMG9810 also suppressed mechanical hyperalgesia evoked by pharmacologic activation of PKC. DHPG-induced mechanical hyperalgesia was suppressed by pretreatment with a decoy peptide that disrupted interactions between TRPV1 and A-kinase–anchoring protein (AKAP), which facilitates phosphorylation of TRPV1. In dissociated trigeminal ganglia, DHPG upregulated serine phosphorylation of TRPV1 (S800), during which DHPG-induced mechanical hyperalgesia was prominent. The TRPV1 phosphorylation at S800 was suppressed by a PKC inhibitor. Electrophysiologic measurements in trigeminal ganglion neurons demonstrated that TRPV1 sensitivity was enhanced by pretreatment with DHPG, and this was prevented by a PKC inhibitor, but not by a protein kinase A inhibitor. These results suggest that mGlu1/5 activation in masseter afferents invokes phosphorylation of TRPV1 serine residues including S800, and that phosphorylation-induced sensitization of TRPV1 is involved in masseter mechanical hyperalgesia. These data support a role of TRPV1 as an integrator of glutamate receptor signaling in muscle nociceptors. Perspective This article demonstrates that activation of mGlu1/5 leads to phosphorylation of a specific TRPV1 residue via PKC and AKAP150 in trigeminal sensory neurons and that functional interactions between glutamate receptors and TRPV1 mediate mechanical hyperalgesia in the muscle tissue.
Initial design of a novel suction enteroscope for endoscopic locomotion in the small bowel (with video).

Background The upper GI tract and the colon are readily accessible endoscopically, but the small intestine is relatively difficult to evaluate. Objective To demonstrate the feasibility of using suction as a means of locomotion and to assess the initial design of a suction enteroscope. Design Feasibility study. Setting Animal laboratory. Intervention Various prototype suction devices designed in our laboratory were tested in swine small intestine in a force test station. For in vivo experiments in live anesthetized animals, two suction devices (1 fixed tip and 1 movable tip) were attached to the outside of the endoscope. By creating suction in the fixed tip, the endoscope was anchored while the movable tip was advanced. Suction was then applied to the extended tip to attach it to the distal bowel. Suction on the fixed tip was then released and the movable tip with suction pulled back, resulting in advancement of the endoscope. These steps were sequentially repeated. Intestinal segments were sent for pathologic assessment after testing. Results Force generated ranged from 0.278 to 4.74 N with 64.3 to 88 kPa vacuum pressure. A linear relationship was seen between the pull force and vacuum pressures and tip surface area. During in vivo experiments, the endoscope was advanced in 25-cm segmental increments with sequential suction-and-release maneuvers. No significant bowel trauma was seen on pathology and necropsy. Limitation The enteroscopy system requires further refinement. Conclusion A novel suction enteroscope was designed and tested. Suction tip characteristics played a critical role impacting the functionality of this enteroscopy system.
Forage Evaluation. I. Performance of Holstein Heifers Fed Only Early-Cut or Late-Cut Alfalfa Hay on a Free-Choice Basis,

Abstract Early-cut and late-cut alfalfa hays were evaluated by various prediction formulae from the literature, using chemical analysis of the hays for dry matter, crude protein, and crude fiber. For the early- and late-cut hays, respectively, the values on a dry basis were crude protein—19.5 vs. 15.5%, crude fiber—28.9 vs. 32.7%, range of total digestible nutrients (TDN) (%)—55 to 65 vs. 52 to 60, estimated net energy (Mcal/45.4 kg dry matter)—43 to 56 vs. 37 to 49. The heifers ate more early- than late-cut hay. Intakes expressed as percentages of body weight or per metabolic weight unit (weight 3/4) also were used. Weight gains were higher on the early-cut than on the late-cut hays, but showed opposite trends with time, i.e., highest with early-cut in first phase of trial and highest with late-cut in last phase of the trial. A method to evaluate forage energy production formulae by comparing the various energy intake estimates to requirements was used. Nine systems of hay evaluation proved inadequate to differentiate the two hays to stimulate growth in heifers.
Applications of NMR to the dynamics of carbohydrates: simplifying NMR spectra of proteins

Breadline and high resolution Ĉ solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) investigations of the dynamics of a and 6 cyclodextrins, and dextran B512F in powders are reported. In these polysaccharides, the hanonuclear magnetic dipolar interactions and motions were monirored with relaxation measurements in the laboratory and rotating frames, and in dipolar local fields (T , T , T p, Tg). Qualitative spectral density functions are obtained for motions in the kHz range from these relaxation measurements. Fran the relative proportions of the relaxation decays and lineshapes, it was possible to correlate the various time constants with different segments of the molecules. Water of hydration and its dynamics within the biopolymers were also examined. ^ C chemical shift variations indicate the interplay of local (1 glucose unit) and longer range (6-7 glucose units) conformations and order as important factors in determining these shifts. The terrperature dependence of the lineshape and the dipolar spin-lattice relaxation time, T were measured for a cyclodextrin yielding energies of activation. The results are discussed in the light of x-ray crystal and molecular structures. Hydrogen bonding is shewn to play an inportant role in the dynamics of these systems.
Hyperprolactinemia in response to antipsychotic drugs: characterization across comparative clinical trials.

Abstract Background: Atypical antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia provide effective treatment of psychotic symptoms with a safety profile superior to conventional antipsychotic medications. Neuroendocrine abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia, such as chronic hyperprolactinemia, may now potentially be minimized by the use of newer prolactin-sparing antipsychotic drugs. A discrimination of prolactin-sparing versus prolactin-elevating antipsychotic drugs may provide the clinician with treatment choices in order to avoid or mitigate hyperprolactinemia-associated morbidity. Methods: Results from five clinical trials were used to characterize factors that may influence antipsychotic drug effects on levels of serum prolactin. Factors investigated included drug treatment, gender, time course, potential for reduction or reversibility, and age. Results: Factors that influenced the risk of hyperprolactinemia included gender, with females appearing to be more sensitive than males, and drug treatment, with risperidone and conventional antipsychotic agents increasing prolactin more than olanzapine. Patients of all ages demonstrated sensitivity to increased prolactin. Furthermore, patients with hyperprolactinemia sustained the effect over time. Hyperprolactinemia reversed when patients were switched to a prolactin-sparing antipsychotic medication. Conclusion: Effects of antipsychotic medications on serum prolactin are multi-factorial. Evidence for sexual, reproductive, and general medical consequences of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia is developing, and identifying antipsychotic drugs with a favorable prolactin profile would be important in mitigating these consequences. Most notably for women, atypical or novel antipsychotic drugs with a prolactin-sparing profile may offer effective clinical treatment with preservation of physiological hormonal function.
The British orators, III: Winston Churchill: Orator‐historian

"I have an announcement," I said, "to make to the House arising out of the treaty signed between this country and Portugal in the year 1373 between his Majesty King Edward III and King Ferdinand and Queen Eleanor of Portugal." I spoke in a level voice, and made a pause to allow the House to take in the date, 1373. As this soaked in, there was something like a gasp. I do not suppose any such continuity of relations between two Powers has ever been, or will ever be, set forth in the ordinary day-to-day work of British diplomacy.*
Differential glutamatergic innervation in cytochrome oxidase-rich and -poor regions of the macaque striate cortex: quantitative EM analysis of neurons and neuropil.

One of the hallmarks of the primate striate cortex is the presence of cytochrome oxidase (CO)-rich puffs and CO-poor interpuffs in its supragranular layers. However, the neurochemical basis for their differences in metabolic activity and physiological properties is not well understood. The goals of the present study were to determine whether CO levels in postsynaptic neuronal compartments were correlated with the proportion of excitatory glutamate-immunoreactive (Glu-IR) synapses they received and if Glu-IR terminals and synapses in puffs differed from those in interpuffs. By combining CO histochemistry and postembedding Glu immunocytochemistry on the same ultrathin sections, the simultaneous distribution of the two markers in individual neuronal profiles was quantitatively analyzed. As a comparison, adjacent sections were identically processed for the double labeling of CO and GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. In both puffs and interpuffs, most axon terminals forming asymmetric synapses (84%)—but not symmetric ones, which were GABA-IR—were intensely immunoreactive for Glu. GABA-IR neurons received mainly Glu-IR synapses on their cell bodies, and they had three times as many mitochondria darkly reactive for CO than Glu-rich neurons, which received only GABA-IR axosomatic synapses. In puffs, GABA-IR neurons received a significantly higher ratio of Glu-IR to GABA-IR axosomatic synapses and contained about twice as many darkly CO-reactive mitochondria than those in interpuffs. There were significantly more Glu-IR synapses and a higher ratio of Glu- to GABA-IR synapses in the neuropil of puffs than of interpuffs. Moreover, Glu-IR axon terminals in puffs contained approximately three times more darkly CO-reactive mitochondria than those in interpuffs, suggesting that the former may be synaptically more active. Thus, the present results are consistent with our hypothesis that the levels of oxidative metabolism in postsynaptic neurons and neuropil are positively correlated with the proportion of excitatory synapses they receive. Our findings also suggest that excitatory synaptic activity may be more prominent in puffs than in interpuffs, and that the neurochemical and synaptic differences may constitute one of the bases for physiological and functional diversities between the two regions. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An analysis of radiation effects on NdFeB permanent magnets

Abstract Radiation-induced demagnetization of permanent magnets may present a serious problem in a number of applications including robots conducting rescue and sampling missions in radiation-intense environments, NASA applications, and particle accelerators. Therefore, developing a good understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon is crucial. In this study, hysteresis loops pre- and post-irradiation are examined via the Jiles–Atherton (JA) model, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are conducted to establish length and time scales of the thermal spike process, and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations are performed to better characterize the effects of microstructure damage on the magnetization. It is found that the interaction between the domains of the magnet increases and that the pinning energy is also increased in the irradiated sample. Furthermore, the MD simulation allowed us to determine that the thermal spike process occurs on time scales of tens to hundreds of femtoseconds and on length scales of a few nanometers. Finally, the DFT simulations clearly depicted the effects of lattice structure defects on the magnetization. These observations showed qualitative agreement with previous studies. The results of this study will be used in a future Monte Carlo simulation that will attempt to take all these effects into account to model the process of radiation-induced demagnetization.
A novel time-varying poly lactic-co glycolic acid external sheath for vein grafts designed under physiological loading.

Changes in dimensional and mechanical properties of degradable sheaths in poly lactic-co glycolic acid (PLGA) have been researched extensively. Composite PLGA having variable resorption rates in multiple layers under physiological loading has not been reported. Our novel design of a PLGA sheath is composed of 3 layers with different degradation rates (i.e., the innermost layer degrades the fastest, followed by the middle, while the outer layer degrades the slowest). In the presence of physiological luminal pressure, diameter is greater, thickness is less, resorption rate is greater, pore size is greater, and incremental modulus is greater than in nonpressurized sheaths. Furthermore, the ratio of the pore size to the sheath radius affects the dimensional changes of the sheath in the radial direction. In addition to changing the pore size–to-sheath radius ratio, the dimensional changes can be manipulated by choosing different glycolic and lactic acid ratios for the different layers. The application of this ...
322 USEFULNESS OF PLASMA ANDROGEN CONCENTRATIONS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF VIRILIZING CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (VCAH) IN NEONATES AND YOUNG INFANTS

Plasma androgen concentrations, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), testosterone (T) were measured in cord blood and from birth to 1 year-of-age in normal infants and in 4 male and 4 female infants ultimately proven to have VCAH. Cord blood androgen concentrations in two affected males did not differ from those of normal newborns (12 female, 16 males). Androstenedione in all affected infants was highly elevated while DHEA was elevated in only 3 infants. T was clearly elevated in all affected females. However, since the normal newborn male has high T concentrations (25-428), T concentrations in male infants with VCAH (60-295) were indistinguishable from normal. T in these infants decreased with glucocorticoid administration (blank-11) suggesting that the T was adrenal in origin and that testicular testosterone was suppressed in the untreated state. Conclusions: 1) cord blood androgen concentrations may not be diagnostic for VCAH; 2) plasma androstenedione is clearly a diagnostic hormone for VCAH in both sexes while T is useful only in female infants; and 3) the evidence of suppressed Leydig cell function in affected males suggests presence of negative feedback of the gonadstat in young male infants by excess adrenal steroids.
Development of an abbreviated Personal Globe Inventory using item response theory: The PGI-Short

Abstract The responses of 2813 individuals to the Personal Globe Inventory ( Tracey, 2002 ) were examined with the goal of developing a shorter, yet valid version of the scale using item response theory to guide the process. A random sample of 1000 individuals was used to select the best items and then the remaining 1813 were used as a validation sample to examine psychometric properties. For items to be included in the shortened form, the option characteristic curves had to conform to theory and there could be no presence of differential item functioning across either gender or ethnicity. The best 80 items were retained forming the PGI-Short. This instrument demonstrated excellent reliability and adherence to a circular model, there was no differential item functioning across either gender or ethnicity. The PGI-Short was supported as an alternative to the fuller version of the PGI.
Local collateral projections from the medial superior olive to the superior paraolivary nucleus in the gerbil

Local collateral projections from the medial superior olivary nucleus in the gerbil auditory brainstem were examined to study the possible communication of this nucleus with periolivary cell groups. The projections were investigated using intracellular and extracellular labeling with Biocytin in the medial superior olive (MSO) in brainstem tissue slices. Collateral axons were found to branch from the main axons of the central cells of the MSO as the latter passed through a dorsally neighboring periolivary nucleus, the superior paraolivary nucleus (SPN), toward the ipsilateral inferior colliculus (IC), their traditionally accepted target. Bouton-like endings and en passant varicosities of these collaterals appeared to contact the somata and proximal dendrites of cells within the SPN. Furthermore, close observation revealed that these collaterals terminate on at least two types of SPN cells. Intracellular labeling of the collateral axons of the MSO neurons combined with retrograde prelabeling of their target cells, however, revealed that the collaterals selectively contact the cells of the SPN that project to the ipsilateral IC. A link between the MSO and SPN has not been reported previously. This connection is of interest since SPN cells themselves project either to the cochlear nuclei (CN) or the IC. The MSO-SPN projection identified here raises the possibility that the latter may serve as an ancillary channel to convey MSO information to the IC.
Structural investigations of a Podoviridae streptococcus phage C1, implications for the mechanism of viral entry.

The Podoviridae phage C1 was one of the earliest isolated bacteriophages and the first virus documented to be active against streptococci. The icosahedral and asymmetric reconstructions of the virus were calculated using cryo-electron microscopy. The capsid protein has an HK97 fold arranged into a T = 4 icosahedral lattice. The C1 tail is terminated with a φ29-like knob, surrounded by a skirt of twelve long appendages with novel morphology. Several C1 structural proteins have been identified, including a candidate for an appendage. The crystal structure of the knob has an N-terminal domain with a fold observed previously in tube forming proteins of Siphoviridae and Myoviridae phages. The structure of C1 suggests the mechanisms by which the virus digests the cell wall and ejects its genome. Although there is little sequence similarity to other phages, conservation of the structural proteins demonstrates a common origin of the head and tail, but more recent evolution of the appendages.
The AAS to BAS Pathway: Heating Up the Educational Aspiration of CTE Students

The enrollment and transfer behaviors of college students are diverse. As a result, college students travel various pathways to the baccalaureate degree. The purpose of this qualitative study was to better understand the lived experience of students who entered higher education through an associate of applied science (AAS) program and then continued in higher education to earn a bachelor of applied science (BAS) degree. To explore this phenomenon, eight participants completed two in-depth interviews regarding their lived experience as students on this educational pathway. Five structures emerged from the data to frame the participants' experiences on the AAS to BAS pathway: disengagement, doubt, knowledge of something different, significant relationships, and transformation. These five structures interacted in discrete ways to characterize the participants' experiences as pushing through disillusionment related to education, the profession, and self. The participants' moving through three dimensions of di...
Multivariate Analysis of Temperatures and Winds Using Optimum Interpolation

Abstract The design of a statistical “optimum interpolation” analysis system for multivariate analysis of temperature and wind fields is described. The scheme uses three-dimensional correlation functions, defined as products of quasi-horizontal and vertical correlations. A numerical prediction is used to provide background fields, and corrections to them are obtained using optimum interpolation. Observations are assigned rms error levels, and for some observational types the errors are assumed to be vertically or laterally correlated. A procedure for using oceanic surface data in the upper air analysis is included. Some special design features, including data selection and error-checking procedures, are discussed. The mechanics of the analysis system are illustrated with a step-by-step example analysis. Several experimental analyses are compared in order to illustrate sensitivity of the analysis scheme to changes in design features and governing parameters.
Energy transport and scintillation of cerium-doped elpasolite Cs 2 LiYCl 6 : Hybrid density functional calculations

Elpasolites are a large family of halides that have recently attracted considerable interest for their potential applications in room-temperature radiation detection. Cs${}_{2}$LiYCl${}_{6}$ is one of the most widely studied elpasolite scintillators. In this paper, we show hybrid density functional calculations for electronic structure, energetics of small polarons and self-trapped excitons, and excitation of luminescence centers (Ce impurities) in Cs${}_{2}$LiYCl${}_{6}$. The results provide important understanding of energy transport and scintillation mechanisms in Cs${}_{2}$LiYCl${}_{6}$ and other rare-earth elpasolites.
Molecular Dynamics in Strong Laser Fields

One of the goals for strong field physics is imaging the dynamics of the quantum systems, and in case of molecules, there is strong interest in imaging of the electron rearrangement during chemical reactions. Strong field ionization of molecules has many attractive features that make this process a candidate tool for strong field imaging of transient states and chemical reactions. In this paper, we present analysis of ionization dependence on orientation of molecular axis with respect to polarization of the electric field of the laser. By considering several examples of molecules at their equilibrium internuclear distances and an example of the simplest chemical reaction, namely, the dissociation of diatomic molecule, we present how symmetries of the molecular orbitals influence the alignment-dependent ionization and how this dependence can be used to follow molecular dynamics using strong field multiphoton ionization.
NASA's Space Communications and Navigation Program technology management process

Technology is fundamentally important as the NASA Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Program builds the communication infrastructure of the future123. SCaN is investing in advanced technologies for Radio Frequency (RF), optical communications, networking and navigation to enable future NASA missions to go far beyond today's current capability. A technology management plan was developed to define a management structure as well as the planning, execution, and evaluation processes to ensure that the needed technology will be developed and matured in time to meet NASA's mission goals in the most cost effective manner. This paper will provide an overview of NASA's Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Technology Management Plan (TMP) for technology investment and infusion. The paper will also address leveraging the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) Program as a feeder for technology investments as part of the TMP. The TMP also ensures that SCaN has an accurate snap shot of key technology being developed across the nation by industry, NASA centers, other government agencies, small business, national laboratories and academia for consideration by NASA for leveraging.