cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Rule of Law Unplugged

The 'Rule of Law' is a venerable concept, but, on closer inspection, is a complex admixture of positive assumptions, occasionally wishful thinking, and inchoate political and legal theory. While enormous investment has been made in rule of law reformism throughout the world, advocates of transplanting American-style legal and political institutions to developed and developing countries in the world are often unclear about what they are transplanting and why they are ambitiously doing so. Scholars clearly have more work to do in understanding the rule of law and designing institutions to realize the objectives for which this grand project is intended.In this paper, we revisit the concept of the rule of law in order to help unpack the theoretical and operational assumptions underlying scholarship and reform efforts. We do so from the perspective of legal and positive political theory; and we interrogate various institutional devices (such as constitutionalism and the independent judiciary) in order to shed light on how the construct of the rule of law is being put into service on behalf of cross-national reform initiatives.
Nature of the Effector of Catabolite Repression of β-Galactosidase in Escherichia coli

Loomis, William F., Jr. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.), and Boris Magasanik. Nature of the effector of catabolite repression of beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 92:170-177. 1966.-Many carbon sources were found to give rise to catabolite repression of beta-galactosidase in a mutant strain of Escherichia coli lacking hexose phosphate isomerase activity. Compounds containing glucose or galactose cannot be formed from several of these carbon sources in this mutant strain, and, therefore, appear not to be required for catabolite repression of beta-galactosidase. Glucose was observed to elicit catabolite repression of beta-galactosidase in another mutant strain under conditions in which the formation of compounds of the citric acid cycle is inhibited. If catabolite repression of the lac operon is mediated by a single compound, it appears that the compound is related to the pentoses and trioses of intermediary metabolism. The repression of beta-galactosidase by galactose in galactokinase negative strains was shown to be independent of the gene, CR, which determines catabolite sensitivity of the lac operon, and to be dependent on a functional i gene.
Best Practices and Exemplary Applications of Technology in Higher Education

The Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL) located in the College of Education at Delta State was envisioned in the 1999-2000 school year as a catalyst for systemic change across the college and region as related to technology and its place in the education of the P-12 community. The Center’s goals include: 1) implementing appropriate standards for technology and high quality educator preparation programs across the graduate and undergraduate curricula, 2) providing access to technology for students and faculty in a variety of settings within the college, 3) providing access to state-of-the-art, technologically resource-rich environments for PK-12 partner schools and the greater community, 4) supporting web-based teaching and learning components, and 5) expanding e-learning capabilities to meet regional needs. The staff of the CTL provides on-going, on-site training and technical support for the greater DSU community. The Technology Coordinator for the College, the CTL Director and a Technical Specialist provide a full range of services for all CTL users. Student staff members in the Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL) have been a vital and valuable component of the Center’s success. The student staff members provide individual and small group training and support for a wide range of technological applications including Web CT and the full complement of Microsoft Office programs.
Recurrent Involvement of 2p23 in Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumors

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a relatively rare soft tissue tumor. The reactive versus neoplastic pathogenesis of this tumor is unresolved. We found clonal chromosome aberrations involving 2p23 upon metaphase analysis of two IMTs. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with a probe flanking the ALK gene at 2p23 demonstrated rearrangement of the probe in both of these cases and in a third case, and immunohistochemistry revealed ALK expression in all three cases. 2p22-24 involvement has been reported previously in four additional cases of IMT. We suggest that chromosomal rearrangements involving 2p23 near or within ALK are recurrent alterations in IMT and that ALK may have a novel role outside its previously recognized realm of lymphoid neoplasms.
Cascaded Raman lasing in silica microsphere resonators

Cascaded Raman Stokes lasing in a high-Q silica microsphere resonator is demonstrated. With less than 0.9 mW pump power, five cascaded Stokes lasing lines are generated. Stokes lasing lines exhibit distinct characteristics depending on their order.
Geometric structures of Super-(Diff(S1)S1)

Superconformal invariance is of central importance to a perturbative and non-perturbative formulation of stringy theory. The group that describes the invariances of the superstring is the super-Virasoro group, Super-Diff(S/sup 1/). The super-reparameterizations of the circle that leave a point fixed compose the quotient space Super-(Diff(S/sup 1/)/S/sup 1/). We investigate the holomorphic geometry of this infinite-dimensional Kaehler supermanifold and calculate its curvature. copyright 1989 Academic Press, Inc.
Patients’ perceptions of home health occupational therapy

Home health occupational therapy plays an important and growing role in patients’ recovery. Home health treatment is unique in that the therapist is a visitor in the patient’s home environment. A phenomenological approach was used to examine perceptions of five individuals who were interviewed twice to collect their impressions of home health occupational therapy. Participants’ goals for therapy as solicited by home health occupational therapists and participants perceived goals were not always pursued collaboratively. Therapeutic and compensatory occupations were incorporated less often than purposeful exercise. Participants valued those occupations engaged in, despite limited physical recovery. Participants’ perceptions of occupational therapists were generally positive. Participants were unprepared for discharge, which was perceived as significant and they as helpless to prevent it despite desire for continued services. Few occupations reported in their treatment coincided with participants’ difficulty distinguishing between occupational and physical therapies. Continued research focused on patients’ perceptions of home health occupational therapy would be useful in further examining this phenomenon and would enlighten home health occupational therapy practice.
Are neutrons always left-handed?

Abstract We explore the possibility of using neutral weak interactions to see whether neutrinos may flip their helicity. Experiments ranging from low-energy neutrino-nucleus scattering to high-energy inclusive reactions are discussed as tests for the presence of helicity-flipping scalar, pseudoscalar and tensor interactions.
Children with In Utero Cocaine Exposure (COC) and Controls (CON) Have Similar Scores on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R) at Age 6 Years 525

Children with In Utero Cocaine Exposure (COC) and Controls (CON) Have Similar Scores on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R) at Age 6 Years 525
Geological and anthropogenic factors influencing mercury speciation in mine wastes: an EXAFS spectroscopy study

Abstract The speciation of Hg is a critical determinant of its mobility, reactivity, and potential bioavailability in mine-impacted regions. Furthermore, Hg speciation in these complex natural systems is influenced by a number of physical, geological, and anthropogenic variables. In order to investigate the degree to which several of these variables may affect Hg speciation, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy was used to determine the Hg phases and relative proportions of these phases present in Hg-bearing wastes from selected mine-impacted regions in California and Nevada. The geological origin of Hg ore has a significant effect on Hg speciation in mine wastes. Specifically, samples collected from hot-spring Hg deposits were found to contain soluble Hg-chloride phases, while such phases were largely absent in samples from silica-carbonate Hg deposits; in both deposit types, however, Hg-sulfides in the form of cinnabar (HgS, hex.) and metacinnabar (HgS, cub.) dominate. Calcined wastes in which Hg ore was crushed and roasted in excess of 600 °C, contain high proportions of metacinnabar while the main Hg-containing phase in unroasted waste rock samples from the same mines is cinnabar. The calcining process is thought to promote the reconstructive phase transformation of cinnabar to metacinnabar, which typically occurs at 345 °C. The total Hg concentration in calcines is strongly correlated with particle size, with increases of nearly an order of magnitude in total Hg concentration between the 500–2000 μm and III -EXAFS analysis of samples from Au mining regions, where elemental Hg(0) was introduced to aid in the Au recovery process, identified the presence of Hg-sulfides and schuetteite (Hg 3 O 2 SO 4 ), which may have formed as a result of long-term Hg(0) burial in reducing high-sulfide sediments.
Spanish and american business professionals' ethical evaluations in global situations

More ethics research needs to explore the global differences in ethical evaluations. This study explored the relationships among nationality, teleological evaluations, ethical judgments, and ethical intentions using a sample of 222 American and Spanish business professionals. The path analysis indicated that teleological evaluations were related to ethical judgments and that both ethical judgments and teleological evaluations were related to ethical intentions. Executive nationality was related to teleological evaluations and ethical intentions with American individuals having higher teleological assessments and intentions to act ethically than the Spanish individuals. These findings have implications for global companies, which are presented along with the study's limitations and future research suggestions.
An unusual case of gallbladder cancer in an automotive worker

Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder was found at autopsy in a 65-year-old male. The tumor was composed predominantly of signet ring cells, an uncommon histologic form. In addition, there was an atypical pattern of metastasis, with cancer involving not only the walls of the cystic duct, large and small bowels, peritoneum, abdominal nodes, and omentum, but also the kidneys, ureters, lungs, and heart. Although the patient lacked the common predisposing factors for gallbladder cancer, he did work in an industry with a significant relative risk for the development of this cancer.
Defining hydrops and indications for open fetal surgery for fetuses with lung masses and vascular tumors

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to identify the most accurate prenatal predictors of outcomes and need for fetal surgery for fetuses with high-risk lung masses and vascular tumors. Methods The records of all fetuses with high-risk lung mass (congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation-volume ratio > 1.6 or findings of hydrops) and vascular tumor evaluated between July 2001 and March 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. Hydrops was defined as accumulation of fluid in 2 or more compartments. Results Of fetuses with high-risk lung mass, hydrops was identified in 46% (11/24). Fetuses with hydrops and an abnormal echocardiogram (n = 8) demonstrated poor survival without fetal surgery (13%) compared with 100% survival in fetuses with hydrops and a normal echocardiogram (n = 3; P = .02). Of 21 fetuses with vascular tumor (11 sacrococcygeal and 8 cervical teratomas; 2 hemangioendotheliomas), hydrops was identified in 29% and an abnormal echocardiogram in 57%. All fetuses with hydrops had an abnormal echocardiogram and either died (n = 5) or required fetal surgery (n = 1). However, all fetuses with abnormal echocardiograms alone (n = 7) survived without fetal intervention. Conclusions For fetuses with lung mass, an abnormal echocardiogram in the setting of hydrops is the best predictor of mortality and need for fetal surgery. For fetuses with vascular tumor, hydrops in the setting of high-output physiology best predicts demise and need for fetal surgery.
Planar Lipid Bilayer Formation on a Laser-Drilled Quartz Substrate

Quartz substrates are attractive platforms for ion channel research, owing to their improved dielectric properties over currently used substrates. Further, the piezoelectric properties of quartz make it an ideal candidate for probing mechanosensitive ion channels. Here we present evidence of planar lipid bilayer formation on a laser-drilled quartz substrate in transport measurements. Bilayer formation is evidenced by the incorporation of voltage-gated ion channels in the membrane.
Elimination of allosteric modulation of myocardial KATP channels by ATP and protons in two Kir6.2 polymorphisms found in sudden cardiac death

The major cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is ventricular arrhythmias due to unstable myocardial electrical activity in which the ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels play a role. Genetic disruption...
The evaluation of two software watermarking algorithms

In this paper we analyze the effectiveness of two different software watermarking algorithms. The first is an algorithm proposed by Akito Monden et al. and the second an algorithm proposed by Robert L. Davidson and Nathan Myhrvold of the Microsoft Corporation. We have implemented these techniques within the SANDMARK framework, a system designed to study the effectiveness of software protection algorithms on Java bytecode. To the best of our knowledge this is the first implementation and empirical evaluation of these algorithms with respect to a set of properties such as bit-rate, stealth, and resilience to attack. We demonstrate through the use of the SANDMARK framework that both of these algorithms have a high bit-rate but are unstealthy and easy to attack. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grids in the classroom

Computational grids are an exciting new technology that blends high-performance computing, distributed systems and operating systems. Grids provide a coherent software infrastructure that permits the seamless integration of wide-area resources, such as computers, instruments, devices and data archives, to solve large-scale scientific and engineering problems. In grids, the wide-area network appears to be a large virtual computer. Computational grids are a powerful technology that has engendered a new paradigm for high-performance distributed computing. Teaching about grids is crucial for enabling the future grid workforce and increasing its productivity. Developing high-quality grid courseware is difficult; instructors at the University of Minnesota have provided a helpful Web site based on their experience with teaching a metacomputing class. Grid researchers and educators need to pool their talents and resources to develop effective shareable courseware. To aid this effort, university instructors are developing a repository for grid courseware.
Building a high‐integrity ammonia storage tank—1988

In late 1984, initial work began on preparing a project to install atmospheric ammonia storage at DuPont's Victoria, Texas plant. This storage was to supplement the existing ammonia spheres. In the aftermath of Bhopal and, in light of DuPont's response to that incident, the project focus was changed to one of replacing all pressurized ammonia storage and rail car unloading at the site and installing atmospheric ammonia storage of the highest possible integrity. This paper discusses the various phases of the project and the high-integrity design of the storage facilities.
Residual behavioral and neuroanatomical effects of short-term chronic ethanol consumption in rats

The residual effects of short-term chronic ethanol consumption were investigated in rats maintained on an ethanol liquid diet for 26 consecutive days (mean intake = 16.1 g/kg/day). Animals were assessed for spontaneous motor activity (12 days post-ethanol), spatial working memory (17 days post-ethanol), spatial reference memory (184 days post-ethanol), and retention of passive avoidance (201 days post-ethanol). Measurements of brain weights and cortical thickness vertices within the dorsomedial and ventrolateral cortex of eight coronal planes were determined 260 days post-ethanol. Two-dimensional cell profile densities within six coronal planes and within CA1 region of the hippocampus were also obtained, along with the total volumetric measurement of the hippocampus proper. Results indicated between group differences when subjects were assessed on working memory with ethanol-treated animals exhibiting longer escape latencies in a Morris water maze, an effect partially attributed to the perseverance of ethanol-treated animals in exhibiting thigmotaxicity. No other ethanol-related behavioral impairment was noted. Neuroanatomically, ethanol-treated rats had thinner cortical mantles (6.3% and 6.6% reductions) within the frontoparietal cortex and had lower two-dimensional cell profile densities within the most caudal cortical region studied. Interestingly, control animals with thicker cortical mantles tended to perform better on the working memory task, whereas the opposite was true for ethanol-treated subjects. These data led to the conclusion that chronic ethanol consumption of a relatively short duration produces working memory impairments, albeit mild, that are partially related to an inability to abandon ineffectual behavioral strategies, and also produces neuroanatomical alterations within the cortex.
THE COMBINATION OF ENDOTOXIN AND DEXAMETHASONE INDUCES TYPE II INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR (IL-1r II) IN MONOCYTES: A COMPARISON TO INTERLEUKIN 1β (IL-1β) AND INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (IL-1ra)

Abstract Soluble type II interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1r II) and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) regulate inflammation by competitively inhibiting the binding of IL-1β to the signalling IL-1 receptor. In addition, glucocorticoids also regulate IL-1β by suppressing gene transcription. More recently, glucocorticoids have been shown to increase soluble IL-1r II concentrations, which may contribute to their anti-inflammatory properties. Interestingly, increased serum levels of soluble IL-1r II and IL-1ra have been measured in septic patients, although the mechanism is unclear. In this respect, the authors characterize new pathways in which IL-1r II and IL-1ra may be regulated in sepsis through combined stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and dexamethasone of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This paper confirms that while dexamethasone induces release of IL-1r II, LPS augments dexamethasone-induced IL-1r II release 45-fold. Furthermore, LPS plus dexamethasone induces IL-1r II protein and mRNA, whereas LPS alone does not. Additionally, it was shown by flow cytometric analysis that the monocyte is the primary IL-1r II producer in response to LPS and dexamethasone administration. Therefore, LPS and dexamethasone synergism in IL-1r II induction may be important in controlling IL-1β effects. In contrast, LPS alone induces IL-1ra, while dexamethasone attenuates this LPS-induced response. Although IL-1r II and IL-1ra may work together to suppress IL-1β effects in sepsis, inflammatory cells differentially regulate these cytokines.
Diagenetic, nonevaporative origin for gypsum

Paleoenvironmental interpretations commonly cite the occurrence of gypsum associated with nonfossiliferous redbeds as evidence for arid conditions and high evaporation rates. Such interpretations ignore the common occurrence of gypsum in gossan, on weathered black shale surfaces, and especially in Pleistocene glacial deposits. Glaciolacustrine deltaic sequences in Ohio contain abundant large gypsum crystals that formed diagenetically as a result of oxidation of sulfides by calcium-rich, oxidizing ground water. Crystals display two forms related to the host sediment. Euhedral, tabular crystals occur in pliable prodelta mud, whereas bladed, dovetail gypsum sand crystals occur in grain-supported delta-front sand. The diagenetic non-evaporative model could explain the formation of gypsum in numerous sedimentary sequences: dune-tidal flat, beach-lagoon, reef-lagoon, deltaic, and barrier bar-lagoon. Massive, extensive sulfate accumulations probably formed under arid conditions; however, the nonevaporative, diagenetic model should be considered in the interpretation of scattered gypsum crystals and thin gypsum crusts.
The NASA Computational Aerosciences Program - Toward teraFLOPS computing

The Computational Aerosciences (CAS) project of the High Performance Computing and Communications program is presented and discussed. The main emphasis of this presentation is on the applications portion of the CAS program, which includes a High-Speed Civil Transport element, a High Performance Aircraft element, a NASP-Derived Vehicle element, and an Aerobraking element. Two major thrusts of this program are the enhancement of simulation capabilities using multidiscipline formulations and the improvement in processing efficiency via massive parallel computer hardware. Current activities in these two areas at Ames, Langley and Lewis, are presented and discussed.
Edema associated with long-term valproate therapy.

Summary Scattered reports of facial and limb edema have been reported, predominantly in the context of valproate (VPA)-induced hepatic injury. We report seven Patients with edema associated with long-term VPA therapy in the absence of hepatic disease. RESUME Il existe quelques observations isolees d'oedeme facial ou d'oedeme des membres, avant tout dans un contexte d'hepatopathie induite par le valproate. Les auteurs rapportent 7 patients presentant un oedeme sous traitement chronique par valproate, en l'absence de toute alteration hepatique. RESUMEN Se han publicado algunos informes de edema facial y de extremidades que aparecen predominantemente en el contexto de lesiones hepaticas inducidas por el Valproate. Publicamos 6 casos de pacientes con edema asociado a una terapia prolongada con valproate en ausencia de enfermedad hepatica. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Vereinzelt wurde bisher uber Gesichts- und Extremitaten-Oedeme berichtet, vornehmlich im Zusammenhang mit Valproat induzierter Leberschadigung. Wir berichten uber 7 Patienten mit Oedemen bei Langzeit-Valproattherapie ohne Leberstorung.
Children's Early Interest-Based Activities in the Home and Subsequent Information Contributions and Pursuits in Kindergarten

This study examined the early interests of 109 children and their subsequent information contributions and pursuits in kindergarten. Four groups of children with similar interests were identified on the basis of the children's profiles of activities in the home, tracked bimonthly for over a year. Activity patterns reflected conceptual, social, procedural, or creative interests. The role of early interests in understanding academic engagement was investigated, with gender, cognitive skill, and temperament statistically controlled. Observational data from throughout the school year revealed differences in the types of information that children contributed to discussions and pursued in class related to children's early interests. Findings enrich understanding of young children's academic behaviors and extend theoretical models of academic self-instruction behaviors such as information exchanges and pursuits in classrooms.
Experimental Markets for Insurance

This article extends the large amount of research on double-oral auction markets to hazards that produce only losses. We report results from a series of experiments in which subjects endowed with low-probability losses can pay a premium for insurance protection. Insurers specify the price at which they are willing to assume the risk of a loss. Insurance prices approach expected value for a large range of probabilities and loss amounts. Subjects seem to realize losses are statistically independent. Prices are not affected by ambiguity about the probability of loss.
X-ray spectrometry of polar aerosols

Abstract Aerosols sampled in the Alaskan and Norwegian Arctic and in Antarctica (western Antarctica and South Pole) were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. They were found to be predominantly submicron sulfur-rich particles. Large (1–3 μm) particles of crustal material (showing signatures of Al and Si and conchoidal fracturing) or sea salt particles (signatures of Na and Cl) were occasionally present and seemed to be coated with liquid or solid films of sulfur-rich compounds, possibly in the form of very small freshly-nucleated sulfates that had attached by coagulation. The sulfur coating may alter the cloud condensation nucleus spectrum. The predominant X-ray peaks detected in the aerosol were from Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mn and Fe. Factor analysis of the correlation matrix of aerosol elemental composition suggested that it may not be valid to think of the polar aerosol as a simple mixture of primary marine and primary crustal components. In the Arctic aerosol, Cu and Cl seem anomalous; their proximity on factor diagrams suggests there possibly may be a biogenic source of Cl, since such a source has been suggested for copper by Cattell and Scott (1978; Science 202,429–430) and Duce et al. (1972; Science 176 , 161–163). At the South Pole, Cl and Si seem anomalous on the factor diagram; the anomaly possibly being caused by emissions from Erebus Volcano. Both Cl and Si were enriched in samples taken from the fuming vent at the summit of Mt. Erebus. The anomalous behavior of Cl, Si and Cu may not be significant, however, because of the limited number of experimental data.
Developmental features of the discontinuous stem vascular system in the rattan palm Calamus (Arecaceae-Calamoideae-Calamineae).

Calamus is a climbing palm marked by considerable internodal extension and limited stem-thickening growth, but with a surprisingly discontinuous axial vascular system. Stem bundles end blindly in a basipetal direction and are connected to each other only by narrow and late-developing transverse commissures. Vascular connection via leaf traces between stem and leaf is made over about nine plastochrons (P), but the dominant central system is completed by about P7, with subsequent bundles forming the crowded fibrous peripheral system, which has reduced or no vascular tissues. The stem internode below a leaf completes its extension and maturation only by P10 to P11. Axial stem bundles originate as procambial strands that are discontinuous apically for up to 15 plastochrons before being ‘‘captured’’ by a developing leaf. Their distal unconnected ends arise by dedifferentiation of ground parenchyma cells. Protoxylem is initiated as short overlapping initials that differentiate progressively during extension growth, which ruptures all but the last-formed elements. Their form, with tapered ends, means that they mature as tracheids. Metaxylem appears only late in shoot development, shortly before internodal elongation ceases (P 8) and always unconnected to the late-differentiating protoxylem. In each axial bundle protophloem differentiates as a single strand, subsequently and much later appearing as two separate metaphloem strands as the early initials, ruptured by extension growth, are replaced by fibers. It is suggested that the unique features of this stem can be ascribed to the absence of a ‘‘meristematic cap,’’ which otherwise typifies palms of normal habit, and that discontinuity is causally related to the pronounced late stem extension growth.
Effect of Seed-Row Placement of Conventional and Polymer-Coated Urea on Winter Wheat Emergence

Polymer-coated urea (PCU) may facilitate nitrogen (N) placement with the seed. Laboratory experiments evaluated the effect of (i) variety and N treatment and (ii) urea contact with the seed on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) emergence. Four varieties were grown in a silt loam soil (–200 kPa Ψm, where Ψm is matric potential) with control (0 kg N ha−1), PCU treatment (44% N) at 56, 112, and 168 kg N ha−1, or urea treatment (56 kg N ha−1) placed with the seed. One variety had less emergence than the control with PCU at N rates ≥112 kg ha−1. Urea delayed and decreased emergence of all varieties. In another experiment, urea (56 kg N ha−1) was placed in contact with or between seeds. The contact treatment exhibited delayed and lower emergence. The no-contact treatment behaved similar to controls. Large amounts of 44% N PCU can be placed with the seed without reducing wheat emergence when soil Ψm is at least –200 kPa.
Patrick Wilson reference: practice rooted in theory

Purpose – This paper aims to examine Patrick Wilson’s 1977 essay, Public Knowledge, Private Ignorance, which emphasizes practice rooted in theory. Modern reference work ought to look back to this 35-year-old essay to be reminded of the intent of reference practice by considering Wilson’s discussion. Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines Wilson’s decades-old thesis and applies it to reference work and reference resources for today’s information professionals. Findings – The crux of Wilson’s essay remains relevant today when applied to reference work and information-seeking. Originality/value – This essay leaves readers with practical tips for reference work rooted in theory, and also expands on Wilson’s 1977 essay from a contemporary viewpoint, providing guidance for modern reference librarianship.
Metropolitan Earnings Inequality: Union and Government‐Sector Employment Effects

Objective. This study examines the effects of union density and government-sector employment on earnings inequality in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the United States. Methods. Data on 167 MSAs from the 2000 Census are analyzed using standard regression techniques. Four measures of Atkinson's index (e=0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0) are used as the measure of earnings inequality for full-time, year-round workers. Results. MSAs with greater union density and greater government-sector employment have lower earnings inequality. The progressive effect of union density is strongest for earners in the middle of the distribution and less beneficial for workers at the bottom of the distribution. Government employment is generally associated with lower levels of earnings inequality, but state and federal government employment have the strongest effects. Conclusion. Even in the late 1990s, unions and government-sector employment remain effective at reducing earnings inequality.
A benchmark quantum chemical study of the stacking interaction between larger polycondensed aromatic hydrocarbons

Large-scale electronic structure calculations were performed for the interaction energy between coronene, C24H12 with circumcoronene, C54H18, and between two circumcoronene molecules, in order to get a picture of the interaction between larger graphene sheets. Most calculations were performed at the SCS-MP2 level but we have corrected them for higher-order correlation effects using a calculation on the coronene-circumcoronene system at the quadratic CI, QCISD(T) level. Our best estimate for the interaction energy between coronene and circumcoronene is 32.1 kcal/mol. We estimate the binding of coronene on a graphite surface to be 37.4 or 1.56 kcal/mol per carbon atom (67.5 meV/C atom). This is also our estimate for the exfoliation energy of graphite. It is higher than most previous theoretical estimates. The SCS-MP2 method which reproduces the CCSD(T) and QCISD(T) values very well for smaller aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g., for the benzene dimer, increasingly overestimates dispersion as the bandgap (the HOMO-LUMO separation) decreases. The barrier to the sliding motion of coronene on circumcoronene is 0.45 kcal/mol, and for two circumcoronene molecules 1.85 kcal/mol (0.018 and 0.034 kcal/mol per C atom, respectively). This means that larger graphenes cannot easily glide over each other.
Effects of leukocyte random motility and chemotaxis in tissue inflammatory response.

Abstract A rapidly growing body of experimental evidence indicates that defects in leukocyte motility and chemotactic response correlate with increased susceptibility to and severity of bacterial infection in tissue. While this is understandable in qualitative terms, the sensitivity of the correlation is remarkable. In the present study, a theoretical analysis has been developed to relate the dynamics of bacterial growth to the growth and transport parameters of bacteria and leukocytes in tissue. The model considers a local tissue region in the vicinity of a venule and applies continuum unsteady state species conservation equations to the bacterial population, the phagocytic leukocytes, and a chemotactically active chemical mediator assumed to be produced by the bacteria. The analysis quantifies the effects of key parameters, such as leukocyte random motility and chemotactic coefficients, phagocytic and growth rate constants, and leukocyte vessel wall permeability, upon host ability to eliminate the bacteria. As an example, the model's predictions are compared to experimental results correlating inhibition of leukocyte chemotaxis by hemoglobin with its adjuvant action in experimental peritoneal infection by E. coli .
Transfection efficiency and transgene expression kinetics of mRNA delivered in naked and nanoparticle format

Abstract Transfection efficiencies and transgene expression kinetics of messenger RNA (mRNA), an emerging class of nucleic acid-based therapeutics, have been poorly characterized. In this study, we evaluated transfection efficiencies of mRNA delivered in naked and nanoparticle format in vitro and in vivo using GFP and luciferase as reporters. While mRNA nanoparticles transfect primary human and mouse dendritic cells (DCs) efficiently in vitro, naked mRNA could not produce any detectable gene product. The protein expression of nanoparticle-mediated transfection in vitro peaks rapidly within 5–7 h and decays in a biphasic manner. In vivo, naked mRNA is more efficient than mRNA nanoparticles when administered subcutaneously. In contrast, mRNA nanoparticle performs better when administered intranasally and intravenously. Gene expression is most transient when delivered intravenously in nanoparticle format with an apparent half-life of 1.4 h and lasts less than 24 h, and most sustained when delivered in the naked format subcutaneously at the base of tail with an apparent half-life of 18 h and persists for at least 6 days. Notably, exponential decreases in protein expression are consistently observed post-delivery of mRNA in vivo regardless of the mode of delivery (naked or nanoparticle) or the site of administration. This study elucidates the performance of mRNA transfection and suggests a niche for mRNA therapeutics when predictable in vivo transgene expression kinetics is imperative.
Economic analysis of the US fluid milk industry

In the literature, mixed results have been obtained from the studies that have examined the market power of dairy cooperatives and processors. As the main objective of the present work, we intend t...
Electrical pacing of the Roux limb resolves delayed gastric emptying.

This study compares antegrade gastric and Roux-limb electrical pacing in the evaluation and treatment of delayed gastric emptying following vagotomy, antrectomy and Roux-Y enterostomy. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 g) underwent midline laparotomy, truncal vagotomy, antrectomy, and Roux-Y jejunostomy. Pacemaker leads were implanted 1 cm apart in both the gastric fundus and proximal Roux limb. Pacing was accomplished using a 0.5 mA, 50 msec, 0.33 Hz signal and monitored by an oscilloscope. Animals were fasted for 2 hr and then gavaged with 1.0 cc of 99mTc-labeled egg white. At 1 hr rats were anesthetized. The stomach, Roux limb, small intestine, and colon were doubly ligated and excised without disturbing their contents. The total number of counts per minute per rat was determined in a gamma radiation counter, and percentage gastric emptying (GE) was evaluated. Group I controls (n = 8) retained 76 ± 15.8% for a GE of 24%. Group II gastric paced rats (n = 8) retained 64.5 ± 19.2% (GE 35.5%) and Group III Roux-limb paced rats (n = 8) retained 46.8% ± 13.2 (GE 53.2%) (P < 0.005 III vs I, P < 0.05 III vs II). The amount of radioactive meal distal to the Roux limb was also evaluated. Group I had 15.7 ± 16.1%, Group II (gastric paced) 20.5 ± 19.0%, and Group III (Roux-limb paced) 37.2 ± 11.9% (P < 0.005 III vs I, P < 0.05 III vs II). These data imply that Roux-en-Y limb dysmotility may contribute to delayed gastric emptying following vagotomy, antrectomy, and Roux-Y enterostomy. These observations also suggest that antegrade electrical pacing may be useful clinical adjunct in resolving this problem.
GLYCERIDE DISTRIBUTION OF FATTY ACIDS ASSIMILATED BY ADIPOSE TISSUE.

Abstract Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid assimilated by epididymal fat pads of mice are primarily esterified at the α-positions of triglycerides. A similar glyceride distribution is observed for fatty acids synthesized from acetate or glucose. Increasing the supply of α-glycerylphosphate by glucose addition did not appreciably affect the fatty acid distribution of the saturated fatty acids. In the presence of glucose the distribution of linoleic acid was uniform and oleic was variable. With palmitate, oleate and stearate, tissues from fasted animals demonstrated an increased disproportionality in α-esterification. This trend was only partially reversed by the addition of glucose to the medium. These results indicate at least two modes of incorporation of fatty acids into the triglycerides by adipose tissue. One provides for complete synthesis de novo and the other carries a high degree of specificity toward incorporation at the α-positions.
Practical implementation of optical fiber sensors in civil structural health monitoring

Implementation of successful civil structural health monitoring strategies requires selection and placement of sensors suitable for measurement of key parameters that influence the performance and health of the structural system. Optical fiber sensors have been successfully implemented in aeronautics, mechanical systems, and medical applications. Civil structures pose further challenges in monitoring mainly due to their large dimensions, diversity as well as heterogeneity of materials involved, and hostile construction environment. This article provides a summary of basic principles pertaining to practical health monitoring of civil engineering structures with optical fiber sensors. The issues discussed include basic sensor principles, strain transfer mechanism, sensor packaging, sensor placement in construction environment, and reliability and survivability of the sensors.
Facing the challenges of Cu, Fe and Zn homeostasis in plants

Plants have recently moved into the spotlight owing to the growing realization that the world needs solutions to energy and food production that are sustainable and environmentally sound. Iron, copper and zinc are essential for plant growth and development, yet the same properties that make these transition metals indispensable can also make them deadly in excess. Iron and copper are most often used for their redox properties, whereas zinc is primarily used for its ability to act as a Lewis acid. Here we review recent advances in the field of metal homeostasis and integrate the findings on uptake and transport of these three metals.
Two-Dimensional Grammars And Their Applications To Artificial Intelligence

During the past several years, the concepts and techniques of two-dimensional grammars1,2 have attracted growing attention as promising avenues of approach to problems in picture generation as well as in picture description3 representation, recognition, transformation and manipulation. Two-dimensional grammar techniques serve the purpose of exploiting the structure or underlying relationships in a picture. This approach attempts to describe a complex picture in terms of their components and their relative positions. This resembles the way a sentence is described in terms of its words and phrases, and the terms structural picture recognition, linguistic picture recognition, or syntactic picture recognition are often used. By using this approach, the problem of picture recognition becomes similar to that of phrase recognition in a language. However, describing pictures using a string grammar (one-dimensional grammar), the only relation between sub-pictures and/or primitives is the concatenation; that is each picture or primitive can be connected only at the left or right. This one-dimensional relation has not been very effective in describing two-dimensional pictures. A natural generaliza-tion is to use two-dimensional grammars. In this paper, two-dimensional grammars and their applications to artificial intelligence are presented. Picture grammars and two-dimensional grammars are introduced and illustrated by examples. In particular, two-dimensional grammars for generating all possible squares and all possible rhombuses are presented. The applications of two-dimensional grammars to solving region filling problems are discussed. An algorithm for region filling using two-dimensional grammars is presented together with illustrative examples. The advantages of using this algorithm in terms of computation time are also stated. A high-level description of a two-level picture generation system is proposed. The first level is the picture primitive generation using two-dimensional grammars. The second level is picture generation using either string description or entity-relationship (ER) diagram description. Illustrative examples are also given. The advantages of ER diagram description together with its comparison to string description are also presented. The results obtained in this paper may have useful applications in artificial intelligence, robotics, expert systems, picture processing, pattern recognition, knowledge engineering and pictorial database design. Furthermore, examples related to satellite surveillance and identifications are also included.
Airline Traffic and Urban Economic Development

This paper provides new evidence on the link between airline traffic and employment in US metropolitan areas. The evidence confirms the common view that good airline service is an important factor ...
Anisotropy of the penetration depth in superconducting tin

The temperature dependence and anisotropy of the penetration depth $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)$ in superconducting tin was measured using a superconducting magnetometer. Single bulk crystals of tin were used as samples to measure the anisotopy with respect to crystallographic orientations. Considerable anisotropy was found with respect to $\stackrel{^}{j}$, the shielding-current direction, and $\stackrel{^}{n}$, the direction of the normal to the sample plane surfaces. These data are compared to a simple theory of nonlocal anisotropy. They are also fitted to the BCS theory by varying parameters.
Update on the therapy of highly aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

This review focuses on the current understanding of the biology of highly aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, such as Burkitt’s lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma and adult T cell lymphoma/leukaemia. Specifically, this review will examine how our increased understanding of the pathophysiology of these diseases can be used to develop new therapies.
Generation of 287-W, 5.5-ps Pulses at 78-MHz Repetition Rate from a Cryogenically-cooled Yb:YAG Amplifier for OPCPA Applications

We generate linearly polarized, 287-W average-power, 5.5-ps pulses with 0.3-nm bandwidth at 1029 nm using a cryogenically-cooled Yb:YAG amplifier at 78 MHz for OPCPA applications.
Quo vadis quorum quenching

With the emergence of microbial pathogens increasingly resistant against commonly used antibiotics, new treatment strategies are desperately needed. Bacterial quorum sensing has attracted a lot of attention over the last decade as a potential new target for antimicrobial therapy. Interference with quorum sensing signaling, or quorum quenching, might offer new avenues to prevent and/or treat bacterial infections via inhibition of virulence factor expression and biofilm formation. While many inhibitors of quorum sensing signaling have been described, only few have been evaluated in vivo and none has been clinically developed. This review will highlight recent findings and discuss interesting future areas where quorum quenching might be a promising strategy.
Betadine irrigation and post-craniotomy wound infection

Object The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of betadine irrigation in preventing postoperative wound infection in cranial neurosurgical procedures.
The Influence of a Metastable Solid Phase on Eutectic Formation of a Binary Nematic Liquid Crystal

Abstract The existence of a metastable solid phase of p-azoxyanisole (PAA) influences the phase diagram of binary mixtures of PAA and p-azoxyphenetole (PAP). In addition to a stable binary system having a eutectic transformation to a nematic phase at 97°C for a PAA mole-fraction (XPAA) of 0.59, a metastable binary (eutectic point at 86°C for XPAA = 0.69) is also observed. The Schroder-van Laar equations describe the phase diagrams of both systems well using reasonable values of the solid-nematic transition energies for the pure components.
NARRATIVE ANALYSIS AND THE NEW HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY

While many scholars assert the importance of the narrative mode in historical inquiry, none have demonstrated how it is used specifically to analyze historical events and social action in processual, action-oriented ways. In this essay, we examine recent research on capital-state relations and urban development to demonstrate how political sociologists and urban sociologists are using narrative mode to examine the interconnectedness of human agency and social structure and the temporality of historical events in processual ways. We find that this newest research is utilizing narrative to generate new meanings of causality and to redefine the role of theory and explanation. We conclude by considering the implications of these developments for the future of sociology.