cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genome-wide mapping implicates R-loops in lineage-specific processes and formation of DNA break hotspots in neural stem/progenitor cells

Recent work has revealed classes of recurrent DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in neural stem/progenitor cells, including transcription-associated, promoter-proximal breaks and recurrent DSB clusters in late-replicating, long neural genes. However, the mechanistic factors promoting these different classes of DSBs in neural stem/progenitor cells are not understood. Here, we elucidated the genome-wide landscape of DNA:RNA hybrid structures called "R-loops" in primary neural stem/progenitor cells in order to assess their contribution to the different classes of DNA break "hotspots". We report that R-loops in neural stem/progenitor cells are associated primarily with transcribed regions that replicate early and genes that show GC skew in their promoter region. Surprisingly, the majority of genes with recurrent DSB clusters in long, neural genes does not show substantial R-loop accumulation. We implicate R-loops in promoter-proximal DNA break formation in highly transcribed, early replicating regions and conclude that R-loops are not a driver of recurrent double-strand break cluster formation in most long, neural genes. Together, our study provides an understanding of how R-loops may contribute to DNA break hotspots and affect lineage-specific processes in neural stem/progenitor cells.
Surgical considerations for neuroblastoma-associated opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome: a series of 14 patients from a single institution

Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer of neural crest cells occasionally associated with opsoclonus–myoclonus–ataxia syndrome (OMAS), a paraneoplastic process characterized by ataxia, rapid eye movements, and muscle twitching. OMAS treatment and outcomes are well studied, but prior reports do not detail how the presence of OMAS should impact surgical approach, particularly for tumors with image defined risk factors (IDRF). We reviewed patients with neuroblastoma and OMAS at our institution from January 2009 to December 2020 and recorded tumor characteristics, operative details, OMAS therapies, and outcomes. We identified 14 patients with neuroblastoma and OMAS out of 212 patients referred for surgery. There were 11 gross total resections and three partial resections. Two patients with partial resections developed OMAS after initial resection. One patient with gross total resection developed tumor recurrence 10 years later with OMAS redevelopment signaling recurrence. Three patients were positive for IDRFs and the one receiving neoadjuvant therapy achieved a gross total resection. OMAS development after partial resection and OMAS recurrence following tumor recurrence indicates a correlation between tumor bulk and the paraneoplastic process. This justifies an aggressive resection even for low-risk tumors. Neoadjuvant therapy should be considered for potentially unresectable tumors with image defined risk factors. IV.
Accounting for animal movement improves vaccination strategies against wildlife disease in heterogeneous landscapes

Oral baiting is used to deliver vaccines to wildlife to prevent, control, and eliminate infectious diseases. A central challenge is how to spatially distribute baits to maximize encounters by target animal populations, particularly in urban and suburban areas where wildlife like raccoons (Procyon lotor) are abundant and baits are delivered along roads. Methods from movement ecology that quantify movement and habitat selection could help to optimize baiting strategies by more effectively targeting wildlife populations across space. We developed a spatially explicit, individual-based model of raccoon movement and oral rabies vaccine seroconversion to examine whether and when baiting strategies that match raccoon movement patterns perform better than currently employed baiting strategies in an oral rabies vaccination zone in greater Burlington, Vermont, USA. Habitat selection patterns estimated from locally radio-collared raccoons were used to parameterize movement simulations. We then used our simulations to estimate raccoon population rabies seroprevalence under currently used baiting strategies (actual baiting) relative to habitat selection-based baiting strategies (habitat baiting). We conducted simulations on the Burlington landscape and artificial landscapes that varied in heterogeneity relative to Burlington in the proportion and patch size of preferred habitats. We found that the benefits of habitat baiting strongly depended on the magnitude and variability of raccoon habitat selection and the degree of landscape heterogeneity within the baiting area. Habitat baiting improved seroprevalence over actual baiting for raccoons characterized as habitat specialists but not for raccoons that displayed weak habitat selection similar to radio-collared individuals - except when baits were delivered off roads where preferred habitat coverage and complexity was more pronounced. In contrast, in artificial landscapes with either more strongly juxtaposed favored habitats and/or higher proportions of favored habitats, habitat baiting performed better than actual baiting, even when raccoons displayed weak habitat preferences and where baiting was constrained to roads. Our results suggest that habitat selection-based baiting could increase raccoon population seroprevalence in urban-suburban areas, where practical, given the heterogeneity and availability of preferred habitat types in those areas. Our novel simulation approach provides a flexible framework to test alternative baiting strategies in multiclass landscapes to optimize bait distribution strategies.
Evaluation of Comprehensive Models

In order to be used with confidence for quantitative purposes, such as combustor design, comprehensive models must be rigorously evaluated. It is generally the case that model subcomponents have been evaluated through comparison with measurements. This often takes the form of curve fitting of experimental data to provide model coefficients. Figure 3.8 and 3.10 illustrated comparisons of correlative methods and data for devolatilization. Figures 4.5 and 4.6 illustrated similar comparisons for char reaction rates. While such comparisons are vital in establishing the reliability of model components, they are insufficient in assessing the accuracy of the comprehensive codes that combine several model elements.
Bayesian Analysis of Regional Wind Energy Potential

The Bayesian method of statistical analysis has been applied to the problem of site assessment of the wind speed distribution. A Rayleigh distribution is used for wind speeds of interest for energy conversion. The mean wind speed is selected as the random parameter and a prior distribution selected to enable computation of the Bayesian distribution of wind speed reflecting both existing regional data and sampling observations. The convergence of the Bayesian distribution to the Rayleigh with increasing data is illustrated in terms of a sufficient statistic of sampling. Utility functions are computed for the power generated by a wind turbine. These are then combined with the Bayesian wind speed distribution to demonstrate two types of decision analysis: (1) Selection of the optimal site for a given wind turbine; and (2) selection of the optimal turbine for a given site.
N-glycosylation promotes the cell surface expression of Kv1.3 potassium channels

The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 plays an essential role in modulating membrane excitability in many cell types. Kv1.3 is a heavily glycosylated membrane protein. Two successive N-glycosylation consensus sites, N228NS and N229ST, are present on the S1-S2 linker of rat Kv1.3. Our data suggest that Kv1.3 contains only one N-glycan and it is predominantly attached to N229 in the S1-S2 extracellular linker. Preventing N-glycosylation of Kv1.3 significantly decreased its surface protein level and surface conductance density level, which were ∼ 49% and ∼ 46% respectively of the level of wild type. Supplementation of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), l-fucose or N-acetylneuraminic acid to the culture medium promoted Kv1.3 surface protein expression, whereas supplementation of d-glucose, d-mannose or d-galactose did not. Among the three effective monosaccharides/derivatives, adding GlcNAc appeared to reduce sialic acid content and increase the degree of branching in the N-glycan of Kv1.3, suggesting that the N-glycan structure and composition had changed. Furthermore, the cell surface half-life of the Kv1.3 surface protein was increased upon GlcNAc supplementation, indicating that it had decreased internalization. The GlcNAc effect appears to apply mainly to membrane proteins containing complex type N-glycans. Thus, N-glycosylation promotes Kv1.3 cell surface expression; supplementation of GlcNAc increased Kv1.3 surface protein level and decreased its internalization, presumably by a combined effect of decreased branch size and increased branching of the N-glycan.
Statistical methods for speech recognition

The speech recognition problem hidden Markov models the acoustic model basic language modelling the Viterbi search hypothesis search on a tree and the fast match elements of information theory the complexity of tasks - the quality of language models the expectation - maximization algorithm and its consequences decision trees and tree language models phonetics from orthography - spelling-to-base from mappings triphones and allophones maximum entropy probability estimation and language models three applications of maximum entropy estimation to language modelling estimation of probabilities from counts and the Back-Off method.
Rectal Cancer: Locally Advanced and Recurrent

Of patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer who will undergo surgery with curative intent as part of their treatment, approximately 5–12 % will have tumors that have spread beyond the anatomic landmarks of a standard resection and have invaded adjacent organs or structures. The goal of surgery in such cases is a wide en bloc resection of the tumor and any involved adjacent organ or structure. Of patients who undergo resection with curative intent and receive adjuvant therapy, between 7 and 33 % develop isolated local or regional recurrences. In up to 20 % of these recurrences, resection (metastectomy) can be curative. The most important factor that influences tumor recurrence is the stage of disease at presentation. Other factors include obstruction or perforation at presentation, adjacent organ involvement, tumor aneuploidy, increased tumor grade, mucin production, or evidence of venous or perineural invasion. The preoperative evaluation, operative approach, and often the perioperative oncologic therapy are similar for primary locally advanced and recurrent rectal cancer.
Outsiders Within: Experience of Kenyan Women in Higher Education

This paper examines the experiences of the Kenyan women academics as they struggle to develop their careers. The data I present is part of a large study that I conducted for period of eight months in Kenyan. I conducted in-depth interviews, and participant observations with twenty-four academic women in 1994. I revisited the field to update my data in 2002. The data indicates that although academic women are considered a privileged tiny elite in comparison with the rest of the Kenyan women, their lives are conflicted. They experience multiplicity of role conflicts and negative traditional culture which defines them as social deviants or outsiders insiders. Women academic are considered as intruders, atypical and at best outsiders in the academe. They are excluded from informal academic networks, lack academic mentors, suffer excessive workloads and are marginalized by a strong patriarchal culture. Their accomplishments are undervalued or discounted. They experience various forms of sexual harassment, and as a result their careers develop at a slower rate compared with those of their male counterparts. These women however, are not passive victims. They are active and resilient actors who develop various strategies to resist, subvert, overcome or cope with the daily realities of their lives. Indeed, majority of them survive and thrive within the Kenyan academe.
Determination of diabatic coupling potentials from the inversion of laboratory inelastic scattering data: Application to C4++He→C2++He2+

Experimental inelastic cross section data are used to successfully recover the diabatic coupling potential for the C4++He system via a general iterative inversion algorithm based on first-order functional sensitivity analysis and Tikhonov regularization. The coupling potential was found to converge to a curve with a distinctly different shape from that of an earlier fitted-parameter model potential. Cross sections calculated from the new potential reproduce the relative heights and shapes of the peaks in the experimental cross sections much better than those obtained from the parametrized potential.
OUTLINES FOR WELL BABY CLINICS II. Recording Development of the Second Twelve Months

IN 1946 we presented a description and explanation of a set of cards used by the Rochester Child Health Project in its well baby clinics. These cards, it was hoped, would help the attending physicians to learn about and to record the evidences of growth and development of babies as they appear in the first twelve months of life. In this article we shall describe and explain a similar set of cards devised for use in the second year. After the first year, growth and development are not so rapid as they are earlier; the changes from month to month are not so evident and methods of managing a child need not be altered so frequently. Therefore the mothers are asked to bring children in for conferences at fourteen, sixteen, eighteen, twenty-one and twenty-four months of age only. Thus, only five cards are needed in the second year. The following material appears on the respective cards. Information given under the numbered headings appears on the faces of the cards; the explanatory notes are printed on the reverse. CARD 1. SUBJECTS TO BE CONSIDERED AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN MONTHS 1. Development : Baby walks; may even be able to run and climb. Pushes, pulls and piles large objects. May turn pages of a book one at a time. 2. Habits: Eating—Baby may have full adult diet, except for nuts, berries, fat meats and highly seasoned foods. May continue to have bedtime bottle if he desires it. Self-feeding with fingers, spoon, cup or glass should be encouraged even if result is messy. Sleeping—Baby9s night sleep may be disturbed. May take one or two naps, tending toward one. Elimination—Bowel: Baby may indicate time for bowel movement. Bladder: Mother may "catch" urine in toilet; if not successful, she should stop trying for two or three weeks; progress should not be forced. Mother understands meaning of "catching" from explanation given her concerning bowel control when child was in sixth month of life. 3. Social adjustment: Baby is becoming increasingly independent; wants to help undress and feed himself; objects to play pen. Enjoys the rhythm of singing, of the radio and of being read to. Speech—Baby can say a word or two, especially if composed of repeated syllables (mama, byebye). 4. Physical examination: Examiner records anything noteworthy.
Measuring physician adherence with gout quality indicators: a role for natural language processing.

Objective To evaluate physician adherence with gout quality indicators (QIs) for medication use and monitoring, and behavioral modification (BM). Methods Gout patients were assessed for the QIs as follows: QI 1: initial allopurinol dosage <300 mg/day for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD); QI 2: uric acid within 6 months of allopurinol start; and QI 3: complete blood count and creatinine phosphokinase within 6 months of colchicine initiation. Natural language processing (NLP) was used to analyze clinical narrative data from electronic medical records (EMRs) of overweight (body mass index ≥28 kg/m2) gout patients for BM counseling on gout-specific dietary restrictions, weight loss, and alcohol consumption (QI 4). Additional data included sociodemographics, comorbidities, and number of rheumatology and primary care visits. QI compliance versus noncompliance was compared using chi-square analyses and independent-groups t-test. Results In 2,280 gout patients, compliance with QI was as follows: QI 1: 92.1%, QI 2: 44.8%, and QI 3: 7.7%. Patients compliant with QI 2 had more rheumatology visits at 3.5 versus 2.6 visits (P < 0.001), while those compliant with QI 3 had more CKD (P < 0.01). Of 1,576 eligible patients, BM counseling for weight loss occurred in 1,008 patients (64.0%), low purine diet in 390 (24.8%), alcohol abstention in 137 (8.7%), and all 3 elements in 51 patients (3.2%). Regular rheumatology clinic visits correlated with frequent advice on weight loss and gout-specific diet (P < 0.0001). Conclusion Rheumatology clinic attendance was associated with greater QI compliance. NLP proved a valuable tool for measuring BM as documented in the clinical narrative of EMRs.
Trends in neuroanaesthesia

Although pharmacological cerebral protection and the prophylactic benefit of mild hypothermia are rapidly moving closer to clinical application, until they arrive, the best brain protection remains competent and careful application of established clinical care.
A DSP Reed-Solomon coder

Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are used in many of today's communications systems. RS codes use finite field arithmetic which DSPs don't implement efficiently. In previous RS hardware designs, a unique hardware solution was designed for each system. In this paper we describe a single hardware design which is programmable. This device was designed to run in parallel with a DSP The DSP would download the RS function to the coder which would enable the DSP more MIPS for other functions.
Twin boundaries in C54-TiSi2

A large-grained microstructure of C54-TiSi2 has been produced by rapid thermal annealing of Ti/Si thin film couples. Unlike the metastable C49-TiSi2 phase, which is heavily faulted, the C54-TiSi2 is relatively fault-free. We have, however, observed for the first time the presence of twins in C54-TiSi2. The presence of twinning is explained by an atomic model for polytypism in this structure. The faceting of twin boundaries and the dissociation of grain boundaries have also been observed for the first time in C54-TiSi2. It is proposed that the latter observations are related to boundary migration.
Hybrid life-extending control of mechanical systems: experimental validation of the concept

The goal of life-extending control is to achieve high performance of complex dynamical systems (e.g., aircraft, spacecraft, and energy-conversion systems) without overstraining the mechanical structures and the potential benefit is an increase in the service life of critical components with no significant loss of performance. This paper presents a two-tier architecture and a design methodology of hybrid (i.e., combined discrete-event and continuously varying) life-extending control for structural durability and high performance of mechanical systems. A feedback controller at the lower tier is designed with due consideration to robust performance and damage mitigation. A variable-structure stochastic automaton is employed at the lower tier for status evaluation of structural damage while the overall system performance is maintained by the supervisory level discrete-event controller at the upper tier. Experimental results on a laboratory test apparatus are presented for validation of the proposed concept of hybrid life-extending control.
Segregation and homogenization of a near-gamma titanium aluminide

The nature of microsegregation and the kinetics of homogenization for wrought ingot-metallurgy near-gamma titanium aluminides were investigated experimentally and theoretically. This included heat treatments of the alloy Ti-47Al-2.5Nb-0.3Ta (in atomic percent) in the two-phase (alpha + gamma) and single-phase (alpha) regimes and subsequent electron microprobe analysis to determine the composition of the microstructural constituents. The equivalence of the composition of the gamma constituent in both the single-phase bands and two-phase (alpha-two + gamma) regions of the as-received material and in microstructures developed during subtransus heat treatment revealed that the observed microsegregation is principally morphological in character. Measurements of the kinetics of gamma grain dissolution above the transus temperature, coupled with microprobe measurements of concentration profiles, were used to conclude that the rate-controlling mechanism for homogenization of the near-gamma titanium aluminides is a reaction at alpha-gamma interfaces rather than diffusion-limited dissolution of the gamma constituent. This conclusion was supported by estimates of the interdiffusion coefficient using a spherical-infinite model for gamma-phase dissolution and finite difference calculations of the rate at which concentration gradients in both the alpha and gamma phases would be expected to dampenvia diffusional processes.
A microquantitative method to characterize lectin-induced cytoagglutination.

Abstract A microquantitative method to characterize lectin-induced cytoagglutination reactions is described. The assay, which utilizes an electronic particle counter, measures the disappearance of single cells from cell suspensions containing various concentrations of lectin. The method is sensitive, requiring only μg quantities of lectin, reproducible, and amenable to thorough statistical analysis. It was also utilized to quantitate the inhibition of lectin-induced cytoagglutination by various saccharides. The method was employed to characterize ConA-induced agglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes and Novikoff ascites hepatoma cells, and to investigate several parameters which influence lectin-induced cytoagglutination reactions.
Designing Tunable Subthreshold Logic Circuits Using Adaptive Feedback Equalization

Ultralow-power subthreshold logic circuits are becoming prominent in embedded applications with limited energy budgets. Minimum energy consumption of digital logic circuits can be obtained by operating in the subthreshold regime. However, in this regime process variations can result in up to an order of magnitude variations in $I_{\mathrm{{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}}/I_{\mathrm{{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}}$ ratios leading to timing errors, which can have a destructive effect on the functionality of the subthreshold circuits. These timing errors become more frequent in scaled technology nodes where process variations are highly prevalent. Therefore, mechanisms to mitigate these timing errors while minimizing the energy consumption are required. In this paper, we propose a tunable adaptive feedback equalizer circuit that can be used with a sequential digital logic to mitigate the process variation effects and reduce the dominant leakage energy component in the subthreshold digital logic circuits. We also present detailed energy-performance models of the adaptive feedback equalizer circuit. As part of the modeling approach, we also develop an analytical methodology to estimate the equivalent resistance of MOSFET devices in subthreshold regime. For a 64-bit adder designed in 130 nm, our proposed approach can reduce the normalized variation of the critical path delay from 16.1% to 11.4% while reducing the energy-delay product by 25.83% at minimum energy supply voltage.
The Curious Experiences Survey, a revised version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale : Factor structure, reliability, and relations to demographic and personality variables

A revision of the Dissociative Experiences Scale, including 3 new items and a more user-friendly item format, was administered to an adult community sample. Both orthogonal and oblique factor rotations of from 1 to 5 factors provide evidence of the hierarchical structure of self-reported dissociative experiences. Reliabilities are presented for a longer and a shorter Dissociation scale, and for subscales labeled Depersonalization, Absorption, and Amnesia. Also provided are the relations of the total scale and its 3 subscales to gender, age, and education, as well as to a broad and diverse set of personality attributes. The frequency of self-reported dissociative experiences was positively related to measures of Neuroticism (particularly Depression) and Imagination, and negatively related to Conscientiousness (particularly Dutifulness), Agreeableness, and to a lesser extent age. The Dissociation scales and subscales were not related to gender, educational level, or intelligence, nor to vocational interests or self-reported skills. Three subtle measures of dissociation are provided.
THE IMPACT OF RACE ON DENOMINATIONAL VARIATIONS IN SOCIAL ATTITUDES: THE ISSUE AND ITS DIMENSIONS

Although the impact of religious affiliation on social attitudes is a popular research topic in the sociology of religion, few scholars have examined the role that race plays in this relationship. Moreover, studies that do explore the interplay of race and religious affiliation seldom move beyond the general categories of conservative, moderate, and liberal denominational families. Our research uses recent data from the General Social Surveys to compare the social attitudes of African Americans and their white counterparts within established designations of religious affiliation. Along with control variables, we include attitude measures for political tolerance, legalized abortion, gender equality, premarital sex, homosexual lifestyles, and extramarital sexual relations. Our analysis isolates levels of support for these attitudes within categories of race and religious affiliation to determine whether variations emerge and whether they are nested within specific issues, religious denominations, or reflect...
Superconductive properties of ceramic mixed titanates.

Superconducting transition temperatures and low field magnetization of ceramic mixed Ba, Sr and Ca-Sr titanates, showing particle nature of specimens
Iatrogenic Blood-borne Viral Infections in Refugee Children from War and Transition Zones

Pediatric infectious disease clinicians in industrialized countries may encounter iatrogenically transmitted HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infections in refugee children from Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. The consequences of political collapse and/or civil war-work migration, prostitution, intravenous drug use, defective public health resources, and poor access to good medical care-all contribute to the spread of blood-borne viruses. Inadequate infection control practices by medical establishments can lead to iatrogenic infection of children. Summaries of 4 cases in refugee children in Australia are a salient reminder of this problem.
The Application of Solid-State Logic to the Control of Synchronous Motors with Collector Rings and Brushes for Separate Excitation

Synchronous motors must be designed to have torque-speed characteristics which will match the load they are to accelerate. Motor designers have several parameters at their disposal for shaping the torque-speed curve of the motor, perhaps even more than the induction-motor designer. Maximum utilization of this available motor torque may, however, depend upon the effectiveness of the control apparatus associated with the motor for starting, synchronizing, and desynchronizing. Lack of effective control can result in the motor failing to pull in the load, or it can result in large power swings which can disturb the electrical system, damage the driven load, or damage the motor.
Age, Growth, Length-Weight Relationship, Sex Ratio, and Food Habits of American Smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), from Gull Lake, Michigan

Abstract American smelt were collected monthly for one year from a southern Michigan lake. The length frequency distribution indicated one race of smelt was present. Greatest growth in length occurred during the second year. The general length-weight equation was: Log W = −5.0925 + 2.9539 Log L, where W = weight in grams, and L = total length in millimeters. The correlation coefficient (r) was 0.9954. Sex ratios indicated a differential mortality between the sexes; females predominated in age-groups I to IV, and their proportion increased with age. Feeding activity and diets varied seasonally. Smelt were selective plankton feeders preying primarily on dipteran larvae (Chaoborus, Tendipedidae) and small crustaceans (Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda). Young-of-the-year smelt were the only fish consumed.
Effect of a thermal gradient on the charge-density-wave conduction-noise spectrum in NbSe 3

Evidence that the well-defined charge-density-wave voltage oscillations seen in ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{3}$ arise from the sample ends is obtained from experiments performed with the sample in a thermal gradient. Two fundamental frequencies arise in a gradient, one associated with each end. The current-frequency relationship is also altered in a manner consistent with the noise originating at the ends.
Resection and replacement of the superior sagittal sinus for treatment of a parasagittal meningioma: technical case report.

ABSTRACTWE REPORT A case of the complete resection of a parasagittal meningioma, including an 8-cm length of the superior sagittal sinus and adjacent dura. Flow through the sagittal sinus was reestablished through an interposed saphenous vein graft. Intraoperative angiography confirmed immediate pat
Phase behavior prediction of ternary polymer mixtures

A compressible regular solution free energy model for multicomponent polymer blends is developed and used to obtain spinodal curves for three component systems, employing only pure component properties such as coefficients of thermal expansion, densities, and solubility parameters. The ability to predict, at least qualitatively, the phase behavior of the ternary polymer mixtures tetramethylpolycarbonate (TMPC)/polycarbonate (PC)/poly(styrene-r-acrylonitrile) (SAN), and polystyrene (PS)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/poly(styrene-r-methyl methacrylate) (PS-r-PMMA), the polymer−solvent mixture of polystyrene (PS)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/tetrahydrofuran (THF), and the polymer−additive mixture polystyrene (PS)/poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO)/dimethyl phthalate (DMP) is demonstrated through comparison with reported experimental phase diagrams. An expression is derived for the effective interaction energy parameter, χeff, relevant to χAB values obtained from scattering measurements; values for χeff are c...
Modernization and household formation on St. Bart: Continuity and change

The population of Saint Barthelemy, French West Indies, consists of descendants of French peasants who emigrated to the West Indies nearly three centuries ago. As in rural France, new households are formed on the island upon marriage. This study analyzes changes in marriage patterns that have occurred in the 99 years between 1878–1976. These changes include increase in marriage distance, increase in completed family size, increase in celibacy, decrease in the frequency of cousin marriage, and decrease in the percentage of mothers bearing children out of wedlock. The data are derived from the parochial and civil records of birth, death, and marriage of nearly 10,000 individuals. Despite changes in marriage patterns and modernization of the island, there has been little change in household form or the process of household formation.
Application of a Multiple Hypothesis Filter to near GEO high area-to-mass ratio space objects state estimation

Abstract Optical surveys have identified a class of high area-to-mass ratio (HAMR) objects in the vicinity of the Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) regime. The nature of these objects is not well known, though their proximity to the GEO belt implies origins from space objects (SOs) near GEO. These HAMR objects pose a collision hazard as they transit through the vicinity of active GEO satellites. Due to their high area-to-mass ratios (AMRs), ranging from 0.1 to 20 m 2 /kg and higher, the effective solar radiation pressure perturbs their orbits significantly. Improvements in detection sensitivity will result in large numbers of uncorrelated tracks from surveys. A Multiple Hypothesis Filter (MHF) approach to the initial state estimation and track association provides a potentially automated and efficient approach to the processing of multiple un-correlated tracks. The availability of long-term optical angles data collected for a set of near GEO HAMR objects provides the means for testing candidate estimation processes such as the MHF. A baseline orbit determination (OD) process uses an Extended Kalman Filter/Smoother to manually estimate the 6 orbital elements and the effective area-to-mass ratio (AMR) which drives the solar radiation pressure perturbations on the orbital trajectories. In addition to allowing the characterization of the long-term behavior of the AMR, this process establishes a pseudo-truth trajectory to which the MHF analysis can be compared. An Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is applied in the MHF estimation process to estimate the 6 orbital elements and AMR, with no a priori state assumptions, and the results are compared to the pseudo-truth results for validation. The work to be presented summarizes the UKF/MHF process and assesses state estimation performance based on selected data for selected near GEO HAMR objects having a range of AMR value and variations. The prediction accuracy is also assessed by comparing predictions derived from filter updates to segments of the pseudo-truth trajectory determined from data not included in the updates.
DISPERSION RELATIONS FOR ANALYTICALLY CONTINUED PARTIAL-WAVE AMPLITUDES IN POTENTIAL THEORY

The dispersion relations of Fivel are extended to physically meaningful situations. On the basis of the Mandelstam representation and a modified form of the partial-wave expansion a closed system of equations is obtained for the partial-wave amplitude for values of the angular momentum defined by reall equal to a constant positive number. A solution by iteration is indicated. The assumption is made that the partial-wave amplitude has a rightmost singularity in the complex angular momentum plane. The methods of the paper are extended to provide a new derivation of the integral equation satisfied by the Mandelstam spectral function.
Specific Origin in SV40 DNA Replication

THE oncogenic virus SV40 contains a covalently closed circular DNA molecule of 3 × 106 molecular weight1. In infected permissive cells, SV40 DNA replicates through a Cairns type intermediate2 with the parental strands forming a partially twisted, covalently closed molecule3. We have used a specific bacterial restriction endonuclease4 to analyse SV40 DNA replication. The restriction endonuclease of H. influenzae makes double-strand breaks in DNA at specific hexanucleotide sequences5, 6 and splits SV40 DNA into eleven fragments, separable by Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ranging in molecular weight from 6.5 × 105 (about 20% of the molecule) to 7.4 × 104 (about 2.5% of the molecule). The largest eight fragments are present in the digest in amounts equimolar with the starting DNA4. Therefore, by digesting labelled replicating SV40 DNA and newly completed DNA and measuring the relative yield of each fragment, we could determine whether a particular region of the DNA is synthesized first or last and also estimate the time needed to replicate one molecule completely.
Has the Wharton Basin's heat flow been perturbed by the formation of a diffuse plate boundary in the Indian Ocean?.

The Central Indian Ocean region has heat flow higher than expected for its lithospheric age. This heat flow anomaly is thought to be associated with deformation of sediment and crust and high seismicity. To better constrain the nature of this deformation, we examine the spatial variation of the heat flow. Previous work suggested high heat flux also in the Wharton Basin to the east, which shows less seismicity and deformation. Using new values for lithospheric age from reinterpretation of the magnetic anomalies, we have reexamined the heat flow and found it no higher than expected, in contrast to the Central Indian Basin. This spatial distribution of heat flow highs and expected values is consistent with the pattern of seismicity and deformation and the predictions of the recent diffuse plate boundary model [Wiens et al., 1985] for the region.
The submillimeter wavelength spectrum of methanol

Observations and assignments of some of the absorption lines in methanol from 200 to 850 GHz are reported. A simple phenomenological model is described which allows interpretation of spectra and prediction of new lines with little computational effort.
DNA adduct formation and mutation induction by nitropyrenes in Salmonella and Chinese hamster ovary cells: relationships with nitroreduction and acetylation.

Abstract Nitrated pyrenes are environmental pollutants and potent mutagens in the Salmonella reversion assay. In this study reversion induction by 1-nitropyrene and 1,8-dinitropyrene in Salmonella typhimurium TA1538 and mutation induction by 1-nitropyrene in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were related to the extent of metabolism and DNA adduct formation. In suspension cultures of Salmonella typhimurium TA1538, 1,8-dinitropyrene was up to 40-fold more mutagenic than 1-nitropyrene, although both compounds were metabolized at similar rates with nitroreduction being the major pathway. The major metabolite formed from 1-nitropyrene after 2 hr of incubation was 1-nitrosopyrene, while 1-amino-8-nitropyrene was the major metabolite formed from 1,8-dinitropyrene. 1-Nitrosopyrene and 1-nitro-8-nitrosopyrene elicited mutation values consistent with their being intermediates in the activation pathways. However, subsequent to nitroreduction, 1,8-dinitropyrene appeared to be further activated by acetylation, while 1-nitropyrene was not. Each nitrated pyrene produced a major DNA adduct substituted at the C8-position of deoxyguanosine. Although 1,8-dinitropyrene was more mutagenic than 1-nitropyrene, both compounds induced a similar number of revertants per adduct. Incubation of 1-nitrosopyrene with CHO cells produced a rapid concentration- and time-dependent induction of mutations and the conversion of 1-nitrosopyrene to 1-aminopyrene. In contrast, 1-nitropyrene did not induce mutations and was not converted to 1-aminopyrene. Both compounds produced the same major adduct, but adduct formation by 1-nitropyrene was much lower than by 1-nitrosopyrene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ordered distribution of modified bases in the DNA of a dinoflagellate

Abstract In DNA of the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii, 38% of the thymine is replaced by the modified base 5-hydroxymethyluracil, and approximately 3% of the cytosine is replaced by 5-methylcytosine. Both of the modified bases are non-randomly distributed in the DNA. Determinations of 3' nearest neighbors show that HOMeU is preferentially located in the dinucleotides HOMeUpA and HOMeUpC. Pyrimidine tract analysis shows that HOMeU is also greatly enriched in the trinucleotide purine-HOMeU-purine. As in other eukaryotes, methylcytosine in C. cohnii DNA occurs predominantly in the dinucleotide MeCpG. By analysis of restriction endonuclease digestion patterns of C. cohnii total DNA and ribosomal DNA, we have found that the central CpG dinucleotides in the sites for the enzymes Hpa II (CCGG) and Hha I (GCGC) are extensively methylated in both total DNA and ribosomal DNA. Results of digestion with Ava I, however, indicated that not all CpG dinucleotides in the sequence CCTCGGAG are methylated in C. cohnii DNA.
Why the count de Borda cannot beat the Marquis de Condorcet

Although championed by the Marquis the Condorcet and many others, majority rule has often been rejected as indeterminate, incoherent, or implausible. Majority rule's arch competitor is the Borda count, proposed by the Count de Borda, and there has long been a dispute between the two approaches. In several publications, Donald Saari has recently presented what is arguably the most vigorous and systematic defense of Borda ever developed, a project Saari has supplemented with equally vigorous objections to majority rule. In this article I argue that both Saari's objections to majority rule and his positive case for the Borda count fail. I hold the view that defenders of Condorcet cannot muster arguments to convince supporters of Borda, and vice versa, but here I am only concerned to show that the Count de Borda cannot beat the Marquis de Condorcet. Saari's approach displays what I take to be widespread fallacies in reasoning about social choice worthy of closer analysis. This debate bears on important questions in the philosophy of social choice theory.
Optimized process placement for collective I/O operations

Mapping of MPI processes to the available resources is an increasingly complex but important task on modern parallel systems. This paper presents a new approach to optimize the process placement of a parallel application based on its I/O access pattern. The paper introduces the SetMatch process mapping algorithm, which significantly reduces the cost of the communication occurring in collective I/O operations. The effectiveness of the approach has been evaluated for multiple scenarios on a PVFS2 file system. Our results demonstrate significant improvements in the communication time of collective I/O operations as well as improvements in the overall application execution time with our mapping strategy. The generalized SetMatch algorithm was the only mapping strategy that was able to provide adequate performance for all scenarios used in this paper.
Nonexponential T2* decay in white matter

Visualizing myelin in human brain may help the study of diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Previous studies based on T(1) and T(2) relaxation contrast have suggested the presence of a distinct water pool that may report directly on local myelin content. Recent work indicates that T(2) contrast may offer particular advantages over T(1) and T(2) contrast, especially at high field. However, the complex mechanism underlying T(2) relaxation may render interpretation difficult. To address this issue, T(2) relaxation behavior in human brain was studied at 3 and 7 T. Multiple gradient echoes covering most of the decay curve were analyzed for deviations from mono-exponential behavior. The data confirm the previous finding of a distinct rapidly relaxing signal component (T(2) ∼ 6 ms), tentatively attributed to myelin water. However, in extension to previous findings, this rapidly relaxing component displayed a substantial resonance frequency shift, reaching 36 Hz in the corpus callosum at 7 T. The component's fractional amplitude and frequency shift appeared to depend on both field strength and fiber orientation, consistent with a mechanism originating from magnetic susceptibility effects. The findings suggest that T(2) contrast at high field may be uniquely sensitive to tissue myelin content and that proper interpretation will require modeling of susceptibility-induced resonance frequency shifts.
Reduction of field equations and saturated bounds for vortex-line theories

The Euler-Lagrange equations following from the two-dimensional Higgs-type Lagrangian and from the chirally nonlinear Lagrangian are shown to be reducible to one second-order differential equation. This simplification is possible for an arbitrary configuration of static parallel vortex lines but only for a specific potential. In both cases the result is connected with a saturated bound for the energy and also with conditions arising from the scale variation.
Type-specific screening for asymptomatic herpes infection in pregnancy: a decision analysis.

Objective To evaluate the merits of serum screening for herpes simple virus (HSV) in pregnant women with no history of prior HSV infection. Design Clinical decision analysis. Population Hypothetical cohort of pregnant women in first trimester with no clinical history of HSV infection. Methods We used decision analysis techniques to compare three strategies for antepartum screening for HSV in women with no history of infection: (1) universal screening; (2) targeted screening in women estimated to be at high risk for infection; and (3) current care (no screening). For the screening strategies, we considered screening at 35 weeks of gestation, with prophylactic antiviral therapy for seropositive women. For all women, we assumed caesarean delivery in the setting of symptomatic infection at delivery. We performed a literature review of English-language publications to derive probability estimates for the rate of HSV seropositivity in asymptomatic pregnant women, and the risks of symptomatic HSV infection and asymptomatic shedding at the time of delivery. We determined the modification of rates of viral shedding, symptomatic lesions and caesarean section with the use of prophylactic suppression therapy for seropositive women based on available data. We chose neonatal herpes with severe sequelae, neonatal death, as well as caesarean delivery as clinically relevant outcomes. Main outcome measures Number of cases of neonatal death, neonatal HSV with severe sequelae, neonatal HSV with moderate sequelae, patients screened, patients treated and caesarean section with each strategy. Results Universal maternal screening reduced the total number of deaths and severe sequelae secondary to neonatal HSV. Universal screening required treatment of 3849 women to prevent one case of neonatal death or disease with severe sequelae from HSV. Targeted screening of high risk women treatment of 2277 women to prevent one death or case of severe disease. Universal screening reduced the rate of neonatal HSV attributable to recurrent HSV by 79.3%. Caesarean delivery was reduced with both screening strategies. We used one-way sensitivity analyses to evaluate the robustness of our model. Conclusions Maternal screening reduced the number of cases of neonatal HSV. Screening also reduced the rate of caesarean delivery. However, employing universal screening will likely result in a significant expenditure of medical resources because the number needed to treat to avert a single case of neonatal herpes is high.
Spontaneous dehiscence of an aortic commissure complicating idiopathic aortic root dilatation

Abstract Two patients had spontaneous dehiscence of an aortic commissure producing severe aortic regurgitation. There was dilatation of the aortic root in both cases which could not be attributed to inflammation, syphilis, or a connective tissue disease. Valve ring dilatation probably renders the valve susceptible to rupture by altering the relationship of the cusps to each other thus weakening their mutual support during diastole.
Energy, protein and unidentified vitamins in poult nutrition.

Abstract WITH the advances in nutritional science it has become evident that marked inter-specific differences often exist in nutritional requirements, even among closely related species. However, it appears that, on the whole, the requirements of the turkey poult bear a fairly direct relationship to the requirements of the chick. In the case of these two species, the requirements for the turkey appear to be higher than these of the chick approximately in proportion to the increased rate of growth of the turkey over that of the chick. In a preceding paper (Scott, Heuser and Norris, 1948) a purified diet has been described which was found to promote markedly superior growth in poults as compared to that obtained using a commercial turkey starter ration. The protein content of this diet was fixed so as to contain about 1.3 times the required level of each amino acid essential for the chick and to . . .