cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical History of Auxin

Auxins are a group of naturally occurring phytohormones that have numerous functions in plant growth and development. The identification and quantification of these hormones from plant tissues has a long and varied history, dating back as far as the mid-19th century. The evolution of auxin analysis closely mirrors the evolution of analytical chemistry. However, despite the fact that the methods for auxin determination have evolved since the initial bioassays, few of the techniques developed over the years have been completely abandoned, and many of them are still used in routine auxin analyses today.
The Relationship between Cohabitation and Marital Quality and Stability: Change across Cohorts?

The relationship between premarital cohabitation and marital dysfunction was examined with a total sample of 1,425 spouses in two U.S. marriage cohorts: those married between 1964 and 1980 (when cohabitation was less common) and those married between 1981 and 1997 (when cohabitation was more common). Spouses in both cohorts who cohabited prior to marriage reported poorer marital quality and greater marital instability. When selection factors for cohabitation and subsequent marital instability were included in the statistical model, cohabitors in both cohorts continued to exhibit poorer marital quality and greater marital instability. These findings lend stronger support to an experience of cohabitation perspective than to a selection perspective as an explanation for why couples who cohabit before marriage tend to have more troubled relationships.
Advantages of histochemistry for the study of cell biology

Bridging between the two bodies of cell science, histochemistry has brought together knowledge of morphological structures and biochemical constituents and provided insight into the function of one or the other. Where it has localized an enzyme, hormone or other entity of known biological activity to a cell type, histochemistry has contributed insight into the cell's function. By detecting heterogeneity in the content of an enzyme or glycoconjugate within a presumed uniform population of cells, the histochemical approach has differentiated among these cells subtypes with demonstrated or presumed differences in function. On the other hand, in instances where it has located an isozyme, antigen, glycoconjugate or other entity of uncertain significance in a cell or organelle of known function, histochemistry has suggested a possible role for the constituent related to that of the structure. Histochemical examination provides the observer with a different view of body tissues and their composition from that obtained by strictly morphological or chemical techniques. Information acquired through this advantage is cited wherein an immunohistochemical method disclosed previously undiscovered neural organs and carbohydrate histochemistry detected previously unrecognized glycoconjugates.
A general route for total synthesis of 9-alkyl-9-hydroxy aklavinones and pyrromycinones

Abstract -A general route for convergent, regiospecific synthesis of 9-alkyl-9-hydroxy anthracyclinones with the aklavin and pyrromycin oxygenation patterns is described.
Mindfulness and emotion regulation

One proposed pathway for the documented psychological effects of mindfulness (cultivating awareness and acceptance of the present moment) has been through its facilitation of adaptive emotion regulation (ER). Although conceptual overlap between the two constructs complicates interpretation of correlational findings, an emerging body of laboratory, experimental, and treatment outcome studies provides preliminary support of proposed conceptual models. These findings indicate that the practice of mindfulness is associated with healthy ER (e.g., reduced intensity of distress, enhanced emotional recovery, reduced negative self-referential processing, and/or enhanced ability to engage in goal-directed behaviors) and may play a causal role in these effects. More experimental and longitudinal research is needed to determine the exact nature, temporal unfolding, and causality of these associations.
The family check-up: a pilot study of a brief intervention to improve family functioning in adults

Many barriers exist for families seeking appropriate treatment for family problems. In an effort to minimize some of these barriers, we developed the Family Check-Up, a brief two-session family intervention. The Family Check-Up is based on the Drinker's Check-Up and consists of assessment, feedback, discussion, and goal setting. The purpose of the intervention is to help families identify and become motivated to make needed changes in any aspect of their family functioning. We conducted an open pilot trial of the Family Check-Up with 32 families. Our data suggest that the Family Check-Up (1) is sought out by the target audience, namely those with family problems; (2) is sought out by people with elevated depression symptoms or a history of treatment for depression or anxiety; (3) is feasible to conduct; (4) is acceptable to families; and (5) may be associated with changes in family functioning and depression symptoms over time. These results suggest that further research, particularly a randomized clinical trial, is warranted.
Uptake and autoradiographic demonstration of vitamin a and/or its metabolic derivatives in organ cultures of rat prostate

Des etudes autoradiographiques et chimiques montrent que chez le rat, des explants du lobe ventral de la prostate incorporent de l'acetate de retynyl pendant 48 h. Les resultats differents obtenus par les 2 methodes utilisees indiqueraient qu'il y a non seulement incorporation de la vitamine A mais aussi transformation de cette derniere en d'autres substances.
Optimizing heat integration in a flexible coal–natural gas power station with CO2 capture

Abstract Computational optimization is used to simultaneously determine the design and planned operating profile of a flexible coal–natural gas power station with CO2 capture, under a CO2 emission performance standard. The facility consists of a coal-fired power station undergoing retrofit with CO2 capture. The CO2 capture energy demand is provided by a specially designed combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT). The heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) component of the CCGT is modeled and optimized in detail, with explicit treatment of the discrete aspects of the HRSG configuration, including the number and sequential arrangement of HRSG internal components. Variable facility operations are represented by discrete operating modes selected based on the electricity price–duration curve. Two objectives, the minimization of capital requirement and the maximization of net present value, are considered in a bi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear programming formulation. Pareto frontiers, which define the optimal tradeoffs between these two objectives, are generated for six scenarios constructed from recent historical data from West Texas, the United Kingdom, and India. For a 440 MW coal plant in a scenario based on 2011 West Texas data, the minimum effective net present cost required for the retrofit (which meets the CO2 emission performance standard) varies from $278 to 383 million, and the minimum total capital investment requirement ranges from $346 to 517 million. The variations in these optimized values correspond to the range of the Pareto frontier within the bounds of the problem. The net present cost of the retrofit is less than the present value of the existing coal plant, $476 million, indicating that a retrofit is preferred over decommissioning. In the case of very low energy prices, however, decommissioning is shown to be the preferred option. The UK and India scenarios demonstrate that optimal designs can vary greatly depending upon location-specific economic conditions.
Comparison of Hydromechanical Controls and Electronic Controls for Marine Propulsion Gas Turbines

Allison Gas Turbine Division of General Motors Corporation has manufactured industrial and marine gas turbines for nearly 30 years. The selection of a viable control system is critical for any gas turbine installation, and especially for marine applications. This paper will describe the hydromechanical control system previously used on Allison 501-K marine gas turbines, and the electronic closed loop control system currently used. The discussions of these control systems will include schematics; a description of the components; and a description of the operation of each system. The two systems will be compared, and the newer closed loop control system will be shown as a significant improvement.Copyright © 1991 by ASME
“You signed the line”: Collegiate student-athletes’ perceptions of autonomy

Abstract Background and purpose The purpose of this study was to assess collegiate student-athletes’ perceptions of autonomy. This study seeks to contribute insight into how and why student-athletes choose to continue their sport participation and to reside in an environment that places great limitations on their autonomy. Since self-determination theory states that autonomy is a key element and a reason why people continue to engage in activities, it is necessary to understand the mental processes students-athletes go through to perceive themselves as being autonomous. Method Open-ended interview techniques were used to gain an understanding of the perceptions of autonomy of 12 (7 male, 5 female) Division I collegiate student-athletes representing 4 different sports (basketball, football, track, golf). Data were analyzed in a manner consistent with the interpretive analysis model. Results and conclusion Three major themes related to autonomy emerged from the analysis of the interviews. They were: (1) personal autonomy, (2) relational autonomy, and (3) lack of autonomy. The results of this study suggest that student-athletes’ perceptions of autonomy are often embedded in their relationships with others and are derived from having a developed sense of identity. Student-athletes’ perceptions of autonomy depend on their ability to accept their lifestyle as a college student-athlete and to integrate this lifestyle into their sense of self. Student-athletes’ abilities to reframe activities that are non-autonomous and to integrate these behaviors into their value system enable them to experience greater autonomy and satisfaction in their role as collegiate student-athletes.
The biological activities of the neuropeptide histidyl-proline diketopiperazine

Abstract Histidyl-proline diketopiperazine [cyclo(His-Pro)] is a recently discovered neuropeptide which is produced by the metabolism of thyrotropin releasing hormone, TRH. This peptide mediates a number of central nervous system activities, some of which can also be observed with TRH, some of which are opposed by TRH and some which are not affected by TRH. Cyclo(His-Pro) also inhibits release of prolactin from pituitary by a process inhibited by TRH.
Efficient Quality-of-Service (QoS) Support in Mobile Opportunistic Networks

This paper aims to support quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning, particularly the guarantee for end-to-end data delivery delay, in mobile opportunistic networks. The QoS-aware delivery probability (QDP) is introduced to reflect the capability of a node to deliver data to a destination within a given delay budget. Each node maintains a set of QDPs to make autonomous decisions for QoS-aware data transmission. At the same time, a prioritized queue is employed by each mobile node. To support efficient prioritization and redundancy control, the priority is determined by a function of traffic class and data redundancy. The former is predetermined by the corresponding application, whereas the latter is dynamically estimated during data delivery. Two experiments are carried out to demonstrate and evaluate the proposed QoS-aware data delivery scheme. The first experiment involves multiple clusters of static Crossbow sensors that are connected by air and ground mobile nodes with controlled mobility. The second experiment is under a mobile social network setting, where 23 Dell Streak Android tablets are carried by volunteers with arbitrary and diverse mobility patterns over a period of two weeks. Moreover, simulation results are obtained under DieselNet trace and power-law mobility model to study scalability and performance trends. Our experiments and simulations demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves efficient resource allocation according to the desired delay budget and, thus, supports effective QoS provisioning.
The twice-born: ‘Christian psychiatry’ and christian psychiatrists

This essay introduces Christian psychiatrists into the growing literature on Western psychiatry and biomedicine. It seeks to describe specific beliefs and practices of Christian psychiatrists as a means of examining the reality of an ascribed corporate existence, i.e., 'Christian Psychiatry'. Beliefs and practices examined here include conceptions of therapeutic relationships and processes, conceptions of Divinity, Explanatory Models, notions of the nature and sources of healing, self identity, and role relationships of Christian psychiatrists vis-a-vis patients and the wider society. The data suggest that there is no 'Christian Psychiatry', but only Christian psychiatrists. Implications for patient care and the cultural basis of ideology and practice in psychiatry are also discussed.
When Social Identities Collide: Commentary on “Gender in the Management Education Classroom”

This commentary to “Gender in the Management Education Classroom” (Bilimoria, O’Neil, Hopkins, & Murphy, 2010) employs social identity and self-categorization theory to analyze the incident describ...
Disability Statistics, What We Count and What It Tells Us: A Personal and Political Analysis

This paper begins with four reinterpretations about the prevalence, trends, temporality, and spread of disability. Together they lead to a different view of disability as quite pervasive in terms o...
A quantitative study of protoperithecial and perithecial development in Neurospora tetrasperma

Neurospora tetrasperma strain 85 A , fertilized with 84 a conidia at various mycelial ages, and 85 A controls treated at the same mycelial ages with 85 A conidia, were examined by lowpower phase contrast microscopy. Positions and diameters of all protoperithecia were recorded in selected fields. The same fields were recorded at intervals for the monitoring of protoperithecial and perithecial development. After the addition of conidia, two classes of previously indistinguishable protoperithecia were revealed, fertile and sterile. Fertilization was not only associated with the development of the fertile protoperithecia into perithecia but also with a marked suppression of the production of additional protoperithecia and an increase in size of certain sterile protoperithecia. Receptivity to fertilization was usually lost by the time most fertile protoperithecia were 36–42 h old. Mycelia showed greatest fertility when less than 60 h old but retained overall fertility much longer, because the production of additional protoperithecia continued as mycelia aged, unless suppressed after fertilization. Protoperithecial production on young mycelia occurred primarily on the surface of the medium, whereas less fertile subsurface production occurred mostly as mycelia aged. Protoperithecial development was also monitored on an 85 A + 85 a heterokaryon for comparative purposes.
A facile synthesis of 4′‐[2H]‐uridine and its derivatives

A facile method for the introduction of deuterium at the C4, position of uridine and its derivatives involves the reaction of appropriately protected 4′,5′-unsaturated pyrimidine nucleosides with B2D6, followed by hydrogen peroxide oxidation under alkaline conditions. The method described herein is also adaptable to the introduction of tritium at C4, position of pyrimidine nucleosides for use in mechanistic studies of DNA-degrading drugs.
CFD Application for the Characterization of Surface Pressures on Telescopes

Aerodynamic trade studies in support of an interdisciplinary research program for large ground based telescopes are addressed. Numerous CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) trade studies were carried out to help identify the initial critical configuration of the telescope. The highest pressures induced on the reflective surface of the telescope mirror in the critical configuration were used in structural analysis. A module that correlated disparate discretizations in structural and fluid analyses through common parent geometry was developed. This module mapped surface pressures from the CFD discretization to the structural discretization using a weighted average technique. Experimental validation of the CFD results was carried out in the University of Kansas subsonic wind tunnel. The results from the CFD analysis and the wind tunnel experiments were in close agreement, with the maximum variation of pressures being 1%–8%. The preliminary telescope configuration that induced the highest pressure on the reflective surface of the primary mirror was identified as one inclined at 60° from the vertical plane and facing the wind directly. An “open-air” CFD model was developed that simulated the observatory shut-off operating conditions of 15 m/s wind speed and a fail-safe operating condition of 50 m/s wind speed. Critical local total gage pressures were 165 Pa and 1400 Pa at 15 and 50 m/s wind speeds respectively.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Enhanced electrophoretic motion using supercapacitor-based energy storage system

Electrophoretic motion at low potentials is facilitated by redox chemistry occurring in a supercapacitor-based electrochemical energy storage system during charge and discharge. We show that MnO2 -modified electrodes can effectively alleviate the electrode surface polarization, the main factor that leads to inefficient electrophoresis at low voltages. A self-powered electrophoretic system based on a discharging battery has been also fabricated.
Processing fate of protein antigen attached to IgD or MHC molecules on normal B lymphocytes using heterocrosslinked bispecific antibodies.

Abstract We have studied the internalization, processing and presentation of hen egg lysozyme (HEL) attached to surface IgD (sIgD) or MHC molecules on normal murine B cells, using heterocrosslinked bispecific antibodies (HBA). Nearly all HEL attached to sIgD was internalized within one hour, with at least a portion rapidly entering a chloroquine-sensitive, acidic environment. Degradation and presentation of HEL to hybridoma T cells began several hours after internalization. Degraded HEL was found in the medium after about 6hr incubation, but at no time were significant amounts of HEL peptides found within the cells. When HEL was attached to class I or class II MHC molecules, its rate of internalization was low. The fraction of antigen bound to MHC molecules that was inside the cell was always low, even at later stages of culture, but the internalized antigen was located in an acidic environment. Degradation and presentation of HEL internalized via MHC molecules followed internalization. No difference was observed in the processing fate of HEL attached to class I or class II MHC molecules. These results suggest that the rate limiting step in antigen processing and presentation is antigen degradation, when the antigen is bound to sIgD, and internalization when bound to MHC molecules. The slow and steady processing of bound or internalized antigen could provide a sustained presence of antigen on the B cell surface and enhance the potential for its presentation to T cells.
The effect of explanation in simple binary decision tasks

Many studies of explanation have focused on higher level tasks and on how explanations draw upon relevant prior knowledge, which then helps in understanding some event or observation. However, explanations may also affect performance in simple tasks even when they include no task-relevant information. In three experiments, we show that explanations adding no task-relevant information alter performance in a sequential binary decision task. Whereas people with no explanation for why two events occurred at different rates tended to predict each outcome in proportion to their probability of occurrence (to “probability match”), people with an explanation tended to predict the more likely event more often (to “overmatch,” a better strategy). These results suggest a broader view of explanation, which includes a role in shaping simple tasks outside of higher level reasoning.
Hemolytic uremic syndrome with simultaneous Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli and complement abnormalities.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a common cause of acute kidney injury in children. In children, hemolytic uremic syndrome is most commonly associated with gasterointestinal infections caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli or other enteric organisms. Although less common, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome is triggered by multiple factors and portends a significantly worse prognosis with a high rate of recurrence. Here we discuss the case of a 10 year old Caucasian male presenting with thrombocytopenia, anemia, and acute kidney injury. This case highlights the clinical challenges in diagnosing and managing patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome. Because of similarity in symptoms, differentiating Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli associated hemolytic uremic syndrome and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome can be challenging. However, because of the increased morbidity and mortality of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, early detection and initiation of therapy are critical. Providers must have a heightened suspicion in order to initiate supportive care or disease directed therapy in the case of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.
Thomas Hardy and Eugenio Montale: In mourning and in celebration.

In spite of the present considerable amount of research on death and dying and on attitudes toward death, not enough is known about the ways in which old people face the fear of death. The views of innumerable poets, playwrights, novelists, biographers on the subject can complement in an essential way the views of scientists since the literary views are, in heightened form, an expression of the emotions that the average individual may be reluctant or unable to voice. This article examines the ways in which two old poets. Hardy and Montale, came to terms with the death of their wives and suggests that the elegies they wrote in their memory represent two paradigmatic ways in which old individuals' particular relationship to the past may determine the way in which they confront the death of their spouses and their own mortality.
The effects of caloric deprivation and negative affect on binge eating in obese binge-eating disordered women

Sixty obese women meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV ; American Psychiatric Association, 1994 ) research criteria for binge-eating disorder were randomly allocated either to a 14-hour period of caloric deprivation or to no deprivation. These women were then randomized within each deprivation condition to an induced negative or neutral mood before being served a multi-item buffet. Negative mood, but not caloric deprivation, significantly increased loss of control over eating. For self-defined binges, negative mood, but not caloric deprivation, significantly increased the occurrence of binge eating. However, for investigatordefined binges, both deprivation and negative mood increased the occurrence of binge eating. Caloric deprivation also led participants to eat significantly more during the buffet, but not over the laboratory day. Fat intake was significantly higher in both self-defined and investigator-defined binges as compared to overeating episodes. For those in the negative mood condition, anxiety had significantly declined by the end of the buffet.
Lexical and phrasal approaches to argument structure: Two sides of the same coin

Muller and Wechsler (MW Tomasello, 2003; Goldberg and Jackendoff, 2004; Jackendoff, 2011) that grammars should contain a phrasal component for certain constructions, such as the N-P-N construction” (MW (2) According to MW1 and (3) It also allows for some arguments to be expressed locally while saving others for expression elsewhere (partial fronting) and for the coordination of two or more verbs with matching argument structures (M&W, p. 2). The authors discuss a range of data from acquisition, psycholinguistics, and statistical distribution, which they claim “either fails to distinguish the two approaches, or supports the lexical approach” (M&W, p. 1). These points lead the authors to favor the lexical approach over the phrasal approach. M&W’s paper raises a number of important empirical, methodological, and theoretical issues surrounding the employment of the concept of argument
Comparison of glucose-6-phosphatase activity in unfertilized and fertilized sea urchin egg fractions.

Abstract Glucose-6-phosphatase specific activity was assayed in surface ghost fragments, cytomembranes from egg lysates, and whole cell homogenates of unfertilized and fertilized sea urchin eggs. Ghost preparations of unfertilized eggs contain more glucose-6-phosphatase specific activity that do those of fertilized eggs. Cytomembranes of fertilized eggs have higher specific activity of glucose-6-phosphatase than do those of unfertilized eggs. Density gradient fractionation of fragmented ghosts show that most of the total activity of glucose-6-phosphatase sediments in the main membrane peak, suggesting that the enzyme is a real surface component. The differences in the fractions of the two stages (before and after fertilization) regarding pH dependence, specific activity and kinetic characteristics, suggest that alterations of both glucose-6-phosphatase structure and localization occur within the egg after fertilization. Such differences could mediate the changes in glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen content previously reported following fertilization.
Accelerated Learning-Based Interactive Image Segmentation Using Pairwise Constraints

Algorithms for fully automatic segmentation of images are often not sufficiently generic with suitable accuracy, and fully manual segmentation is not practical in many settings. There is a need for semiautomatic algorithms, which are capable of interacting with the user and taking into account the collected feedback. Typically, such methods have simply incorporated user feedback directly. Here, we employ active learning of optimal queries to guide user interaction. Our work in this paper is based on constrained spectral clustering that iteratively incorporates user feedback by propagating it through the calculated affinities. The original framework does not scale well to large data sets, and hence is not straightforward to apply to interactive image segmentation. In order to address this issue, we adopt advanced numerical methods for eigen-decomposition implemented over a subsampling scheme. Our key innovation, however, is an active learning strategy that chooses pairwise queries to present to the user in order to increase the rate of learning from the feedback. Performance evaluation is carried out on the Berkeley segmentation and Graz-02 image data sets, confirming that convergence to high accuracy levels is realizable in relatively few iterations.
Photoelectron emission studies of cleaved and excimer laser irradiated single-crystal surfaces of NaNO3 and NaNO2

Abstract Inorganic nitrates are susceptible to radiation damage, including ultraviolet (UV) laser irradiation. We present a monochromatized X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and He II (40.8 eV) ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) study of melt-grown single-crystal NaNO 3 and NaNO 2 cleaved and excimer laser irradiated surfaces. Our results show that the changes observed in the NaNO 3 spectra due to both X-ray and UV excimer laser irradiation are consistent with decomposition initiated by the π→π ∗ transition in the NO − 3 anion. Furthermore, we find very similar decomposition products for both X-ray and UV excimer laser irradiated surfaces, which mainly include sodium nitrite and sodium peroxide. Finally, direct comparison of our experimental UPS and XPS valence-band electron-energy distributions with the calculated total density of states shows good agreement between theory and experiment for both NaNO 3 and NaNO 2 .
Transcendental Inverse Eigenvalue Problem Associated with Longitudinal Vibrations in Rods

The dynamics of a continuous system is represented by a transcendental eigenvalue problem, whereas the associated discrete approximating model is characterized by an algebraic eigenvalue problem. The fact that the asymptotic behavior of the eigenvalues of a transcendental eigenvalue problem is different from the asymptotic behavior for an approximating algebraic eigenvalue problem forms an obstacle to solving the inverse problem of reconstructing the physical parameters of a continuous system based on a discrete model. To overcome this obstacle, a new mathematical model is presented where the transcendental eigenvalue problem associated with a continuous system with varying physical properties is approximated by a continuous system with piecewise constant physical parameters. An algorithm for solving the associated inverse eigenvalue problem is presented. Numerical examples demonstrate that the physical properties of a continuous system can be reconstructed by using this approach. Nomenclature A, B = matrices representing transcendental eigenvalue problems Ai, Bi = arbitrary constants in general solutions of ordinary differential equations ci = speed of sound in the ith portion of the rod Fi = the ith equation defining the inverse problem h = length of the element in the finite difference model i = index (integer) J = Jacobian matrix of partial derivatives j = index (integer) K = stiffness matrix k = element stiffness M = mass matrix m = element mass m T = total mass of the rod n = model order P = a typical n × n matrix ˆ P = (n − 1) × (n − 1) leading principal submatrix of P pi = axial rigidity in the ith portion of the rod ri = normalized rigidity in the ith portion of the rod t = time variable ui = axial displacement in the ith portion of the rod vi = eigenfunction associated with the ith portion of the rod x = vector of unknown parameters x = position variable z = eigenvector of a transcendental matrix zA = eigenvector of A zB = eigenvector of B δ = vector of correction to the unknown parameters δi = correction to the ith unknown parameter e = error tolerance ηi = the ith lowest eigenvalue of the fixed-fixed rod λ = eigenvalue of a transcendental matrix λi = ith lowest eigenvalue of the fixed‐free rod μ = natural frequencies of the fixed‐fixed rod ρi = mass density in the ith portion of the rod
I. Bernard Weinstein: In Memoriam (1930–2008)

On November 3, 2008, we lost a true gentleman and visionary with the passing of Dr. I. Bernard Weinstein. Bernie was a dear friend and distinguished colleague to many in the scientific community. And to those fortunate enough to be included among Bernie's “second family” of students, postdocs,
Abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture presenting as testicular pain

We report the case of a 74-year-old man who presented to our emergency department with complaints suggestive of a urinary tract disease. After examination failed to reveal another etiology for his symptoms, antibiotic therapy was initiated and the patient was discharged. He returned the next day with worsening pain; he was reevaluated and given an injection to control his pain. Thirty seconds later, the patient was unresponsive and pulseless and died despite resuscitative efforts. Autopsy revealed a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Our case highlights the varied presentations of abdominal aortic aneurysm, which often go unrecognized, and the need to diligently search for this life-threatening affliction.
Errors between two- and three-dimensional thermal model predictions of hyperthermia treatments.

A simulation program to study the three-dimensional temperature distributions produced by hyperthermia in anatomically realistic inhomogenous tissue models has been developed using the bioheat transfer equation. The anatomical data for the inhomogeneous tissues of the human body are entered on a digitizing tablet from serial computed tomography (CT) scans. Power deposition patterns from various heating modalities must be calculated independently. The program has been used to comparatively evaluate two-and three-dimensional simulations in a series of parametric calculations based on a simple inhomogeneous tissue model for uniform power deposition. The conclusions are mat two-dimensional simulations always lead to significant errors at the ends of tumors (up to tens of degrees). However, they can give valid results for the central region of large tumors, but only with tumor blood perfusions greater than approximately 1 kg/m3/s. These conclusions from the geometrically simple model are substantiated by the r...
Challenges in teaching large economics classes

Large classes require special preparation and organization to ensure an excellent learning experience. The challenge is to motivate students, answer questions, and offer frequent evaluation of progress, in spite of class size. The challenge can be met with appropriate lectures complemented with small weekly discussion sessions led by graduate students or senior majors. This paper draws on the author's experience at Princeton University teaching classes with more than 300 students.
Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Childhood Dermatomyositis

• Nine children with inflammatory myopathy were studied for evidence of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Seven patients had clinical childhood dermatomyositis (CDM), one had mixed connective-tissue disease, and one juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, but all had evidence in the biopsy specimen of muscle inflammation. Blood was simultaneously taken from age- and sex-matched controls. After separation on a Ficoll-Hypaque column, monocytes and mixed lymphocytes from each subject were added to monolayers of human skeletal muscle cells for intervals up to 72 hours. The monolayers were washed and incubated with amino acid hydrolysate labeled with carbon 14. After washing, the myocytes were harvested, solubilized, and measured for 14 C uptake. The counts per minute per milligram of protein were directly proportional to muscle cell viability. There was no substantial difference in the viability of myocytes exposed to either monocytes or mixed lymphocytes from patients or controls.
Fluid‐particle heat transfer in packed beds

Steady state heat transfer experiments were carried out in a 4-in. I.D. transite tube packed with 3/8-, 1/4-, and 5/32-in. steel spheres. Heat was generated in the pellets by means of a high-frequency induction coil surrounding the test section. Average heat transfer coefficients between the bed of spheres and a stream of air passing through the bed were calculated for Reynolds numbers of from 200 to 10,400. To ensure the reproducibility of the data, the bed was repacked six times for each pellet size. A study of the effect of the tube-to-pellet-diameter ratio indicates that this effect is large for low values of the ratio, but much smaller for higher ratios. The results are presented both graphically and in terms of empirical equations. The analogies among heat, mass, and momentum transfer are discussed, and it was found that no simple relation between the heat transfer coefficient and the friction factor exists for packed beds with a gas as the fluid. An attempt is made to predict the heat transfer rates for packed beds from heat transfer data for single spheres and from pressure-drop measurements for the packed bed; however, the rates predicted from the pressure-drop measurements are somewhat lower than the experimental results.
A Stable Path Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad hoc Networks based on the Maximum Number of Common Primary User Channels

We propose a novel local spectrum knowledge-based distributed stable path routing protocol for cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs) where the unlicensed secondary users (SUs) make use of the licensed channels of the Primary Users (PUs) when the latter are not actively using the channels. We model a time-variant CRAHN of SUs with links between any two SUs if they have at least one common PU channel available for use in their neighborhood and the weight of an edge is the number of such common PU channels available for use. Referred to as the Maximum Common Primary User channel-based Routing (MCPUR) protocol, the proposed protocol prefers to choose an SU-SU source-destination ( s-d ) path with the largest value for the sum of the number of common PU channels available for use across each of its constituent edges. Our hypothesis is that such an s-d route is likely to exist for a longer time (and incur fewer broadcast route discoveries) as the end nodes of the constituent SU-SU edges are more likely to have at least one common available PU channel that can be used to complete the transmission and reception of data packets. Simulation results confirm our hypothesis to be true: the number of path transitions incurred with MCPUR could be at most 62% lower than that of the path transitions incurred with a minimum hop-based shortest path routing (SPR) protocol. The tradeoff is a low-moderate increase in the hop count per path (as large as 17%)
Altered phalanx force direction during power grip following stroke

Many stroke survivors with severe impairment can grasp only with a power grip. Yet, little knowledge is available on altered power grip after stroke, other than reduced power grip strength. This study characterized stroke survivors’ static power grip during 100 and 50 % maximum grip. Each phalanx force angular deviation from the normal direction and its contribution to total normal force was compared for 11 stroke survivors and 11 age-matched controls. Muscle activities and skin coefficient of friction were additionally compared for another 20 stroke and 13 age-matched control subjects. The main finding was that stroke survivors gripped with a 34 % greater phalanx force angular deviation of 19° ± 2° compared to controls of 14° ± 1° (p < .05). Stroke survivors’ phalanx force angular deviation was closer to the 23° threshold of slippage between the phalanx and grip surface, which may explain increased likelihood of object dropping in stroke survivors. In addition, this altered phalanx force direction decreases normal grip force by tilting the force vector, indicating a partial role of phalanx force angular deviation in reduced grip strength post-stroke. Greater phalanx force angular deviation may biomechanically result from more severe underactivation of stroke survivors’ first dorsal interosseous and extensor digitorum communis muscles compared to their flexor digitorum superficialis or somatosensory deficit. While stroke survivors’ maximum power grip strength was approximately half of the controls, the distribution of their remaining strength over the fingers and phalanges did not differ, indicating evenly distributed grip force reduction over the entire hand.
Metabolism of O,O-dimethyl S-[α-carboethoxy)benzyl]phosphorodithioate (phenthoate) in the white mouse and house flies

Abstract The metabolism of O,O-dimethyl S-[α-(carboethoxy)benzyl]phosphorodithioate (phenthoate), an organophosphorus insecticide of low mammalian toxicity, was investigated in white mice and in susceptible and resistant strains of house flies. Phenthoate was metabolized rapidly in the mouse to a wide variety of detoxication products and only an insignificant amount of phenthoate oxon was detected. The same detoxication products were produced in house flies but, compared to the mouse, substantial amounts of phenthoate oxon also were found. The selective toxicity of phenthoate between insect and mammal is attributable to the difference in the accumulation of the oxon.
PROBLEM DRIVING MANEUVERS OF ELDERLY DRIVERS

Older drivers, who are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population, experience high crash rates. An analysis was performed to evaluate potential problem maneuvers that may lead to higher crash involvement. Left turns against oncoming traffic, gap acceptance for crossing non-limited-access highways, and high-speed lane changes on limited-access highways are identified as such maneuvers. Older and younger driver accident propensities are measured, using Kentucky crash data. The findings of the analysis show that older drivers are more likely to be involved in crashes related with these maneuvers compared with younger drivers; older male drivers are safer than older female drivers in left-turn crashes and gap acceptance-related crashes, and having a passenger beside the older drivers makes for a safer driving environment. Potential countermeasures aiming to reduce the accident rates of older drivers are discussed.
Defining Spatial Heterogeneity of Hillslope Infiltration Characteristics Using Geostatistics, Error Modeling, and Autocorrelation Analysis

AbstractProcedures that can characterize spatial correlation and interpolate values at unknown locations can be valuable in capturing spatial trends, may increase sampling accuracy, and reduce error. This study sought to compare three common methods of measuring infiltration, the double ring (DR), sprinkler (SPR), and frame (FRM) methods, on a hillslope to characterize the spatial structure of the infiltration measurements. All infiltration method measurements were log normally distributed; therefore, universal kriging estimators were developed in conjunction with semivariogram analysis and an error model to interpolate infiltration rates under wet and dry antecedent soil conditions. Variability in measured infiltration rates were greatest from the DR and SPR methods, coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from 42–53%, whereas the CV of the FRM method was 27%. This, however, is not unexpected, as the DR and SPR methods had highly significant directional trends and captured a much larger range in infiltrati...
Delivery of quantum dot bioconjugates to the cellular cytosol: release from the endolysosomal system

To realize their full potential as intracellular imaging and sensing reagents, robust and efficient methods for the targeted cellular delivery of luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) must be developed. We have previously shown that QDs decorated with histidine-terminated polyarginine cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) are rapidly and specifically internalized via endocytosis by several mammalian cell lines with no cytotoxicity. Here we demonstrate the long-term intracellular stability and fate of these QD-peptide conjugates. We found that the QD-peptide conjugates remain sequestered within endolysosomal vesicles for up to three days after delivery. However, the CPP appeared to remain stably associated with the QD within these acidic vesicles over this time period. Hence, we explored a number of techniques to either actively deliver QDs directly to the cytosol or to facilitate the endosomal release of endocytosed QDs to the cytosol. Active methods (e.g., electroporation) delivered only modest amounts of QDs to the cytosol that appeared to form aggregates. Delivery of QDs using polymer-based transfection reagents resulted primarily in the endosomal sequestration of the QDs, although one commercial polymer tested delivered QDs to the cytosol but only after several days in culture and with a considerable degree of polymer-induced toxicity. Finally, a modular, amphiphilic peptide containing functionalities designed for cell penetration and vesicular membrane interaction demonstrated the ability to deliver QDs in a well-dispersed manner to the cytosol. This peptide mediated rapid QD uptake followed by a slower efficient endosomal release of the QDs to the cytosol that peaked at 48 hours post-delivery. Importantly, this QD-peptide conjugate elicited minimal cytotoxicity in two cell lines tested. A more detailed understanding of the mechanism of the peptide's uptake and endosomal escape attributes will lead to the design of further QD conjugates for targeted imaging and sensing applications.
The role of religion in the debate about physician-assisted dying

This paper explores the role of religious belief in public debate about physician-assisted dying and argues that the role is essential because any discussion about the way we die raises the deepest questions about the meaning of human life and death. For religious people, such questions are essentially religious ones, even when the religious elements are framed in secular political or philosophical language. The paper begins by reviewing some of the empirical data about religious belief and practice in the United States and Europe. It then explores the question of the proper role of religion in public policy debate and concludes with a discussion of the importance of religion and religious practices in considerations of how we die.
Cochlear outer hair cell electromotility can provide force for both low and high intensity distortion product otoacoustic emissions.

Abstract It is generally believed that the force for the otoacoustic emission (OAE) generation is provided by a mechanism of electromotility, observed in isolated cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs). OHC electromotility is resistant to several ototoxic reagents, it does not depend on ATP hydrolysis, but it can be blocked by specific sulfhydryl reagents: p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (pCMPS) and p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonic acid (pHMPS). We have used these reagents to test whether they also affect OAE. Application of pCMPS and pHMPS on the round window membrane of anesthetized guinea pigs produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the cubic (2F1−F2) distortion product OAE (DPOAE). The inhibition developed progressively from high to low frequencies, reflecting the diffusion of the drugs through the cochlear compartment. The effect of pCMPS and pHMPS was different from the effects of furosemide and lethal anoxia, which impair cochlear function but do not block OHC electromotility. pHMPS suppressed DPOAE completely at all sound intensities tested (45–80 dB SPL), whereas furosemide or lethal anoxia caused DPOAE to disappear at low-level stimulation (45–60 dB SPL) only. Our results suggest that the OHC electromotility might provide the force for DPOAE generation not only at low, but also at high stimulus intensities.
Double-side illuminated titania nanotubes for high volume hydrogen generation by water splitting

A sonoelectrochemical anodization method is proposed to synthesize TiO2 nanotubular arrays on both sides of a titanium foil (TiO2/Ti/TiO2). Highly ordered TiO2 nanotubular arrays of 16 cm2 area with uniform surface distribution can be obtained using this anodization procedure. These double-sided TiO2/Ti/TiO2 materials are used as both photoanode (carbon-doped titania nanotubes) and cathode (Pt nanoparticles dispersed on TiO2 nanotubes; PtTiO2/Ti/PtTiO2) in a specially designed photoelectrochemical cell to generate hydrogen by water splitting at a rate of 38 ml h−1. The nanomaterials are characterized by FESEM, HRTEM, STEM, EDS, FFT, SAED and XPS techniques. The present approach can be used for large-scale hydrogen generation using renewable energy sources.
Cloning and analysis of the 5' portion of the human type-III procollagen gene (COL3A1).

Abstract We have isolated overlapping clones containing the 5′-terminal portion of the human pro-α1(III) collagen gene ( COL3A1 ). This has enabled us to extend our previous studies and thus generate a restriction map of nearly 64 kb of DNA encompassing all of COL3A1 and more than 20 kb of flanking sequences. Aside from the complete nucleotide and amino acid sequences of type-III N-pre-propeptide, this study has established the number of the corresponding exons, whose relative organization deviates from the pattern observed in the analogous regions of type-I procollagen genes, COL1A1 and COL1A2 . Moreover, we have sequenced 1628 bp of the 5′-flanking region of COL3A1 , from the transcription start point ( tsp ) to an Alu I repetitive element. Pairwise comparison with the analogous segment of the mouse gene has showed 78 % sequence similarity in nearly 270 bp immediately preceding the tsp and including the TATA element and a presumptive NF-1 binding site. Relatively close to the tsp , but upstream from the region of homology with the murine gene, a potential AP-1 binding site has also been identified.