cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooling mechanisms and effects on mantle convection beneath Antarctica

Abstract Temperature in the mantle beneath Antarctica is a function of initial temperatures established during processes of accretion, primarily subduction, of continental nuclei which formed Pangaea. Subsequent near-surface temperature, which is latitude-dependent, has determined the pattern and rate at which the continent has broken up. Subduction and conduction play primary roles in the mantle temperature regimen; whereas, ice-sheet flow systems and deep groundwater flow beneath the ice sheet play secondary roles. All of these effects tend to maintain low mantle temperatures beneath Antarctica. Because of lower mantle temperature, mantle viscosity (η) is several orders of magnitude higher than it is beneath equatorial continents. As η increases, rates of plate motion decrease since strain rate is inversely proportional to η. Since continental accretion ended in late Paleozoic time, mantle temperatures have been increasing due to radioactive decay at rates dependent upon thermal gradients, thus low-latitude fragments of Pangaea were first to separate by rifting and convection. North America was first to drift away from Africa and South America in Triassic time along a rift system which lay along the equator. Greenland rifted from Eurasia and Australia from Antarctica 50–60 m.y. ago. Both rifting episodes occurred in the same time period at the same high latitudes, only one north, the other south. The mantle underlying the remaining high southern-latitude fragment of Pangaea (Antarctica) retains a relatively high viscosity. Indirect evidence for high mantle viscosity beneath Antarctica is seen by the abnormally deep isostatically-uncompensated continental shelves, and an asymmetrically spreading circumpolar ridge. Additional evidence for this is the aseismicity south of 63°S, although aseismicity can also be explained by high, subglacial hydrostatic pressure acting upon bottom melt water. Effective stresses are lowered between adjacent tectonic blocks and accumulating stress is easily dissipated. A present zone of high mantle temperatures beneath the Transantarctic Mountains suggests a possible future spreading center from which additional fragments of the continent might drift; however, the inward-directed circumpolar ridge, high mantle viscosities, and a possible adequate heat loss by volcanism might slow or eliminate the process.
Phylogeny of Myzostomida (Annelida) and their relationships with echinoderm hosts.

Myzostomids are marine annelids, nearly all of which live symbiotically on or inside echinoderms, chiefly crinoids, and to a lesser extent asteroids and ophiuroids. These symbionts possess a variety of adult body plans and lifestyles. Most described species live freely on the exterior of their hosts as adults (though starting life on the host inside cysts), while other taxa permanently reside in galls, cysts, or within the host’s mouth, digestive system, coelom, or gonads. Myzostomid lifestyles range from stealing incoming food from the host’s food grooves to consuming the host’s tissue directly. Previous molecular studies of myzostomids have had limited sampling with respect to assessing the evolutionary relationships within the group; therefore molecular data from 75 myzostomid taxa were analyzed using maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods. To compare relationships of myzostomids with their hosts, a phylogeny was inferred for 53 hosts and a tanglegram constructed with 88 associations. Gall- and some cyst-dwellers were recovered as a clade, while cyst-to-free-living forms were found as a grade including two clades of internal host-eaters (one infecting crinoids and the other asteroids and ophiuroids), mouth/digestive system inhabitants, and other cyst-dwellers. Clades of myzostomids were recovered that associated with asteroids, ophiuroids, and stalked or feather star crinoids. Co-phylogenetic analyses rejected a null-hypothesis of random associations at the global level, but not for individual associations. Event-based analyses relied most upon host-switching and duplication events to reconcile the association history. Hypotheses were revised concerning the systematics and evolution of Myzostomida, as well their relationships to their hosts. We found two or three transitions between food-stealing and host-eating. Taxa that dwell within the mouth or digestive system and some cyst forms are arguably derived from cyst-to-free-living ancestors - possibly the result of a free-living form moving to the mouth and paedomorphic retention of the juvenile cyst. Phylogenetic conservatism in host use was observed among related myzostomid taxa. This finding suggests that myzostomids (which have a free-living planktonic stage) are limited to one or a few closely related hosts, despite most hosts co-occurring on the same reefs, many within physical contact of each other.
The role of membranes in the organization of the mitotic apparatus

Abstract The relationship between the microtubules and a massive system of vesicles associated with the sea urchin mitotic apparatus was examined by light and electron microscopy. Astral rays made up of elongated vesicles and associated tracts of microtubules continue to grow toward the cell surface during late anaphase and telophase at the same time the aster center appears to be breaking down in preparation for the next division. On the basis of current knowledge of the requirements for microtubule polymerization and the known presence of a calcium-dependent ATPase in the mitotic apparatus, it is proposed that the vesicle system functions to control the polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules by calcium ion regulation. A model for such a system is proposed.
Analogue resonances in odd isotopes of antimony

Abstract Differential cross sections and analyzing powers were measured at several angles for protons incident on 124 Sn and 122 Sn at laboratory energies between 7.2 MeV and 12.0 MeV and on 120 Sn between 9.6 MeV and 11.5 MeV. The resonances observed in this energy region correspond to states in 125 Sn, 123 Sn and 121 Sn below 4 MeV excitation. The orbital angular momentum, resonance energy, full width and proton partial width of each resonance were extracted from the cross-section excitation functions. The total angular momentum of each resonance was determined from the analyzing-power excitation functions. The present assignments are in good agreement with the results of (d, p) experiments. Optical-model analyses of off-resonance angular distributions measured at several proton energies were used to determine parameters to characterize the off-resonance scattering. Spectroscopic factors were calculated using two approaches: R -matrix theory and the shell-model approach. The two calculations yielded comparable spectroscopic factors for the resonances at lower excitation energies, but the agreement was not as good for the high-lying resonances. Agreement with spectroscopic factors determined from (d, p) reactions is reasonable. Mixing phases calculated with the shell-model approach were in better agreement with experimental mixing phases than those determined with the R -matrix theory.
Bridging the Gap: The Development of Appropriate Educational Strategies for Minority Language Communities in the Philippines

There are more than 6000 languages spoken by the 6 billion people in the world today – however, those languages are not evenly divided among the world’s population – over 90% of people globally speak only about 300 majority languages – the remaining 5700 languages being termed ‘minority languages’. These languages represent the ethnolinguistic diversity of our world and the rich cultural heritage embedded within cultural communities. Within the Philippines, language-in-education planning reflects issues associated with the needs of a culturally and linguistically diverse nation. This paper examines language policy and planning at national level as it relates to elementary education for ethnolinguistic minorities. It includes a case study of one innovative community based approach being implemented by a northern Philippines language community to provide multilingual education using the first language of the learners as a foundation for quality language education in the national and international prescribed...
c-di-AMP Secreted by Intracellular Listeria monocytogenes Activates a Host Type I Interferon Response

Intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes, are detected in the cytosol of host immune cells. Induction of this host response is often dependent on microbial secretion systems and, in L. monocytogenes, is dependent on multidrug efflux pumps (MDRs). Using L. monocytogenes mutants that overexpressed MDRs, we identified cyclic diadenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) as a secreted molecule able to trigger the cytosolic host response. Overexpression of the di-adenylate cyclase, dacA (lmo2120), resulted in elevated levels of the host response during infection. c-di-AMP thus represents a putative bacterial secondary signaling molecule that triggers a cytosolic pathway of innate immunity and is predicted to be present in a wide variety of bacteria and archea.
Cross-protection studies between feline infectious peritonitis and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis viruses

Abstract Cross-protection studies between the feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) viruses were conducted in cats, pigs and pregnant gilts. Cats vaccinated with TGE virus developed neutralizing antibodies against TGE virus and low titer antibody against FIP virus detected by an indirect fluorescent antibody technique but were not protected against a virulent FIP virus challenge. Baby pigs and pregnant gilts vaccinated with FIP virus did not develop detectable antibodies to TGE virus. Nevertheless, it appeared that vaccination of swine with FIP virus conferred some immunity against TGE virus infection. Seventeen-day-old pigs vaccinated with two doses of FIP virus had a 67% survival rate following a virulent TGE virus challenge, and 75% of the 3-day-old pigs suckling either FIP or TGE-virus-vaccinated gilts survived virulent TGE virus infection in contrast to 0% survival of baby pigs suckling unvaccinated gilts.
Maximum Likelihood Reconstruction for a Prototype Electronically Collimated Single Photon Emission System

An electronic collimation system for SPECT imaging has been designed to provide improved detection efficiency over a mechanical collimator. A maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) is derived for this prototype electronically collimated system. The data is shown to be independent and Poisson distributed. For the low count rates typical in nuclear medicine the statistical fluctuations due to the Poisson process are significant. Consequently resolution in reconstructions using the linear formulations typical in x-ray computed tomography is limited by the resulting non-stationary noise. The MLE approach however incorporates the Poisson nature of the data directly in the reconstruction process and thus results in superior reconstructions than those obtained using a linear approach. Inclusion of noise effects in modeling the system is shown to guarantee the existence of a unique MLE solution. The EM algorithm is employed to find the MLE solution. The structure of the transition probability matrix obtained using a polar sampling raster is exploited to speed up the algorithm. Results of a comprehensive computer simulation are presented.
Latitudinal lidar mapping of stratospheric particle layers

Abstract Between October 1991 and January 1992, The LAMP lidar took part in the LADIMAS campaign. The instrument profiled density and temperature structure of the middle and lower atmosphere, along with water vapor profiles of the lower troposphere. Measurements were taken from 70°N to 65°S aboard the German research vessel, RV Polarstern. Strong backscattered signals due to aerosols from the eruption of the Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines were observed between 20 and 33 km. These layers were detected at all measurement locations from Andeness, Norway to Antarctica. A characterization of the aerosol layers is made possible by the two-color lidar technique at wavelengths of 355 and 532 nm, and latitudinal mapping from aboard the RV Polarstern.
Placental lactogen secretion in the mouse: In vitro responses and ovarian and hormonal influences

In vivo and in vitro methodologies were utilized to study the regulation of placental lactogen (PL) secretion in the mouse. Chorioallantoic placental explants obtained from midpregnant (day 10 of gestation) C3H/HeN or Swiss Webster mouse conceptuses behaved differently in culture than explants of chorioallantoic placentas obtained later in pregnancy. Midpregnant placental explants maintained or showed an increasing amount of PL output per day for 5-6 days of culture, while gestationally older placental explants demonstrated a progressive decline in PL output per day over the 5-6-day culture period. On selected days of gestation, bilaterally ovariectomized C3H/HeN or Swiss Webster mice were shown to have significantly higher serum PL concentrations than sham operated mice. Reduction of serum progesterone concentrations by unilateral ovariectomy and/or partial lutectomy had no significant effect on serum PL concentrations. Progesterone significantly reduced PL production by midpregnant placental explants from both C3H/HeN and Swiss Webster mice, whereas 17 beta-estradiol did not significantly affect PL release in vitro. PL production by mouse chorioallantoic placentas has gestational specific characteristics in vitro and is responsive to regulatory influences of the maternal ovaries and progesterone.
The Energy-conserving Dynamics of Quantum-classical Systems Based on Quantum Trajectories

The method, described in the paper, incorporates ideas of the Bohmian formulation of quantum mechanics into a trajectory approach designed for systems comprised of light (quantum) and heavy (nearly classical) particles. The goal is to treat all degrees of freedom on the same footing but, for practical reasons, to include the quantum-mechanical effects into dynamics for just the light particles. The total wavefunction, taken as a product of slow and fast components representing the heavy and light particles respectively is represented in terms of trajectories. The fast component depends on the trajectory-guided configurations of the heavy particles. The initial conditions for the trajectories are defined by the full-dimensional initial wavefunction according to Bohm's prescription of associating the trajectory momentum with the gradient of the wavefunction phase. The time-dependent Schrodinger equation is solved for the quantum degrees of freedom using an ensemble of the quantum trajectories (or other time...
E2f4 is required for normal development of the airway epithelium

The airway epithelium is comprised of specialized cell types that play key roles in protecting the lungs from environmental insults. The cellular composition of the murine respiratory epithelium is established during development and different cell types populate specific regions along the airway. Here we show that E2f4-deficiency leads to an absence of ciliated cells from the entire airway epithelium and the epithelium of the submucosal glands in the paranasal sinuses. This defect is particularly striking in the nasal epithelium of E2f4-/- mice where ciliated cells are replaced by columnar secretory cells that produce mucin-like substances. In addition, in the proximal lung, E2f4 loss causes a reduction in Clara cell marker expression indicating that Clara cell development is also affected. These defects arise during embryogenesis and, in the nasal epithelium, appear to be independent of any changes in cell proliferation, the principal process regulated by members of the E2f family of transcription factors. We therefore conclude that E2f4 is required to determine the appropriate development of the airway epithelium. Importantly, the combination of no ciliated cells and excess mucous cells can account for the chronic rhinitis and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections that causes the postnatal lethality of E2f4 mutant mice.
The role of DNA mismatch repair in cisplatin mutagenicity.

Abstract Cisplatin (DDP) is used with varying success for the treatment of a wide spectrum of human cancers. The most abundant lesions produced in DNA are intrastrand crosslinks, which are believed to account for not only the cytotoxic action but also the mutagenicity of the drug. The molecular basis for the mutagenicity of DDP adducts is believed to be related to bypass replication across the adducts by DNA polymerase. This results in misincorporation of non-complimentary bases by polymerase β which, if left unpaired, will generate point or frameshift mutations. An important replication-associated correction function is provided by the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system. Loss of MMR activity is well documented to result in increased mutation rates and instability of genomic DNA. Inactivation of the MMR system also augments the intrinsic mutagenicity of DDP and enhances the risk of developing cells resistant to other drugs commonly used in combination with DDP. A future challenge will be to assess the clinical significance of the presence of MMR-deficient cells in tumors, and investigate new approaches to circumvent such multidrug resistance.
Predicting Fracture in Infant Bone: An Infant Porcine Model for Child Abuse ♦ 361

Objectives: To develop a model for investigating mechanisms of injury and mathematical method for determining the degree of force necessary to result in the types of fractures seen in child abuse. Methods: An animal model was chosen to establish the methodology due to low availability of infant human specimens. Mechanical testing was performed on 25 infant porcine femurs using an MTS Bionix machine. Radiographs and bone mineral densitometry scans were obtained on each bone to generate geometric and content parameters. Failure load (force applied for fracture) and energy to failure (work required to overcome bone stiffness) were mechanically measured. Two types of force were applied to evaluate bone strength. For transverse fractures, force was applied in three-point bending, simulating direct injury through impact. Spiral fractures were created by torsional load application, simulating indirect injury through rotation. Geometric and bone mineral data were incorporated to compute parameters related to bone strength and then correlated to failure loads. Linear regressions relating computed parameters to the experimentally determined mechanical data were calculated. Results: Three-point bending consistently resulted in transverse fractures. Torsional loading resulted in spiral fractures or growth plate failures. There was a highly reproducible relationship between the computed strength parameter and the measured failure strength. The correlation coefficients (r squared) for failure loads and energy to failure in 3 point bending were 0.92 and 0.88. The difference between predicted and actual force, and predicted and measured energy to failure was (4.74±3.72)% and(12.19±4.28)% respectively. For torsion the correlation coefficients (r squared) for failure load and energy were 0.89 and 0.62 with predictability errors of (11.02±7.93)% and (39.55±33.54)% respectively. Conclusion: This in-vitro study establishes a methodology for predicting with a high degree of certainty the amount of force necessary to fracture a specific bone and introduces an innovative, promising method for future establishment of objective data to evaluate history and mechanism of injury in children with long bone fractures.
Functional aspects of calcium channels of splanchnic neurons and chromaffin cells of the rat adrenal medulla

Effects of the inorganic calcium channel blockers zinc, manganese, cadmium, and nickel on secretion of catecholamines from the perfused adrenal gland of the rat were investigated. Secretion of catecholamines evoked by splanchnic nerve stimulation (1 and 10 Hz) was not affected by nickel (100 microM), partially blocked (50%) by cadmium (100 microM), and almost completely blocked (90%) by zinc (1 mM) or manganese (2 mM). A combination of nickel and cadmium inhibited nerve stimulation-evoked secretion by 80-90%. Catecholamine secretion evoked by direct stimulation of chromaffin cells by acetylcholine (50 micrograms), nicotine (5 microM), muscarine (50 micrograms), and K+ (17.5 mM) was not blocked by either cadmium, nickel, or their combination. However, zinc and manganese almost abolished nicotine- and K(+)-evoked secretion of catecholamines. None of the above agents had any effect on the secretion evoked by muscarine. Acetylcholine-evoked secretion of catecholamines was only partially reduced (50%) by zinc and manganese. We draw the following conclusions from the above findings: (a) cadmium plus nickel selectively blocks the calcium channels of splanchnic neurons but has no effect on calcium channels of the chromaffin cells; (b) zinc and manganese do not discriminate between calcium channels of neurons and calcium channels of chromaffin cells; (c) partial inhibition of acetylcholine-evoked secretion by inorganic calcium channel blockers is consistent with the idea that activation of nicotinic receptors increases Ca2+ influx, and activation of muscarinic receptors mobilizes intracellularly bound Ca2+, which is not affected by calcium channel blockers.
Hepatic iron overload may contribute to hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia in copper-deficient rats

The present study was conducted in order to determine whether hepatic iron retention in rats fed a copper-deficient diet containing fructose is associated with hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, and whether a reduction of iron intake will prevent elevation of blood triglycerides and cholesterol. Rats were fed from weaning either a copper-deficient (0.6 microgram Cu/g) or copper-adequate (6.0 micrograms Cu/g) diet for 4 weeks. Half the rats consumed either an adequate level of iron (50 micrograms Fe/g) or a low level (17 micrograms Fe/g). Reduction of iron intake reduced blood levels of both triglycerides and cholesterol in rats fed a copper-deficient diet containing fructose. In addition, hepatic lipid peroxidation was also decreased. The combination of high iron, low copper, and fructose may be responsible for increased levels of risk-factor metabolites associated with heart disease.
The gentrification of nightlife and the right to the city: regulating spaces of social dancing in New York (Laam Hae)

In this interesting and valuable book, Laam Hae provides a detailed and nuanced analysis of several decades of struggles among New York City politicians, residents, municipal agencies, lawyers, dan...
Accurate Gouy phase measurement in an astigmatic optical cavity

We present measurements of the Gouy phase accumulation for the fundamental mode of an astigmatic Fabry–Perot cavity over 70 % of its stability range. The method is based on simultaneous measurement of the resonant frequencies of the fundamental mode and the \(\text{TEM}_{11}\) Hermite–Gauss mode of the cavity. We achieve an uncertainty of \(2.7\times 10^{-6}\) rad, which, in the context of displacement metrology, is sufficient to enable measurements over 50 mm with relative uncertainty below \(10^{-10}\).
Dimensionality Reduction on Heterogeneous Feature Space

Combining correlated data sources may help improve the learning performance of a given task. For example, in recommendation problems, one can combine (1) user profile database ({\eg} genders, age, {\etc}), (2) users' log data ({\eg}, click through data, purchasing records, {\etc}), and (3) users' social network (useful in social targeting) to build a recommendation model. All these data sources provide informative but heterogeneous features. For instance, user profile database usually has nominal features reflecting users' background, log data provides term-based features about users' historical behaviors, and social network database has graph relational features. Given multiple heterogeneous data sources, one important challenge is to find a unified feature subspace that captures the knowledge from all sources. To this aim, we propose a principle of \emph{collective component analysis} (CoCA), in order to handle dimensionality reduction across a mixture of vector-based features and graph relational features. The CoCA principle is to find a feature subspace with maximal variance under two constraints. First, there should be consensus among the projections from different feature spaces. Second, the similarity between connected data (in any of the network databases) should be maximized. The optimal solution is obtained by solving an eigenvalue problem. Moreover, we discuss how to use prior knowledge to distinguish informative data sources, and optimally weight them in CoCA. Since there is no previous model that can be directly applied to solve the problem, we devised a straightforward comparison method by performing dimension reduction on the concatenation of the data sources. Three sets of experiments show that CoCA substantially outperforms the comparison method.
Field-level spatial factors, associated edges, and dickcissel nesting ecology on reclaimed lands in Texas

Surface-mined land reclamation creates grass and shrub lands that provide important wildlife habitat, particularly for disturbance-dependent birds. Declines in disturbance-dependent birds have been observed for 30 years, emphasizing the importance of proper reclamation strategies. Understanding the influence of spatial factors on nesting ecology of avian populations can improve restoration strategies on reclaimed mines. We evaluated the influence of spatial factors on nest site selection, nest success, and nest parasitism of dickcissels (Spiza americana) on two sites reclaimed as wildlife habitat on the Big Brown Mine, Freestone County, Texas, in 2002–2003. We found 119 nests, 14 of which were parasitized by the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). Dickcissels were more likely to select nest sites farther from riparian areas and closer to brush-encroached areas. Nest success was not clearly explained by one or few variables. Parasitism was more likely to occur near riparian areas and roads. For these reasons, we suggest the establishment of larger wildlife habitat blocks, which would provide more field-interior habitat for dickcissels and similar species.
The diffusion of television advertising

This study is an empirical examination of the diffusion of the use of network television advertising by manufacturing firms. The results indicate that manufacturers of consumer goods were likely to make use of television advertising sooner than manufacturers of producer goods and that, among producers of consumer goods, those producing more easily differentiable products were likely to adopt sooner than those producing more standardized products. Manufacturers of products sold in larger geographic markets were found to adopt sooner than those producing products sold in smaller markets. Larger market share was also found to induce earlier adoption of television advertising.
Normal mode decomposition of small-scale oceanic motions

Abstract Small-scale oceanic motions consist of vortical motion and internal waves. In a linear or weakly nonlinear system these two types of motions can be unambiguously separated using normal-mode decomposition in which the vortical mode carries the linear perturbation potential vorticity, whereas the gravity mode does not. Normal-mode decomposition can be easily achieved using the fields of horizontal divergence, relative vorticity, and vortex stretching. An attempt to estimate these three fields is made using the Internal Wave Experiment (IWEX) measurements. Estimates of horizontal divergence and relative vorticity using the three-point array are attenuated at horizontal scales smaller than the size of the array and mutually contaminated at the horizontal separation scale of the sensors. Estimates of vortex stretching using vertically separated vertical displacement measurements are also attenuated at small vertical scales. The observed frequency spectra represent oceanic wavenumber frequency spectra ...
Clinical variables identify seronegative HCV co-infection in HIV-infected individuals.

Background A substantial number of people living with HIV (PLWH) are co-infected with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) but have a negative screening HCV antibody test (seronegative HCV infection, or SN-HCV).
Purification and characterization of Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines exopolysaccharide

Abstract The exopolysaccharides (EPS) of virulent and avirulent strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines, causal agent of bacterial pustule disease of soybean, and one strain of the soybean non-pathogen X. c. pv. campestris were isolated, purified, and their compositions compared. EPS produced by X. c. pv. glycines in a completely defined medium appears to be identical to the well-characterized EPS produced by X. c. pv. campestris (commonly referred to as xanthan gum). The EPS of all strains was composed of the carbohydrates glucose, mannose and glucuronic acid with acetyl and pyruvyl substituents present. Permethylation analyses indicated EPS preparations had identical hexose substitution patterns. Avirulent strains of X. c. pv. glycines produced as much or more acidic EPS as did virulent strains in vitro. None of the EPS preparations were active as elicitors of the soybean pterocarpanoid phytoalexin glyceollin as determined by a soybean cotyledon bioassay.
Caecal intubation rates and colonoscopy competency

A recent study by Ward et al 1 elegantly highlighted the steep and long learning curve for novice endoscopists to achieve competency in colonoscopy. In the study, they acquired data from the Joint Advisory Group (JAG) e-portfolio database which includes procedural outcomes from all training centres in the UK. The aim of the study was to establish the number of colonoscopies to be completed to achieve competency, defined as a caecal intubation rate (CIR) of ≥90%. They found that the endoscopy trainees obtained a CIR of ≥90% at 233 colonoscopies. The authors should be congratulated on a study that is by far the largest (over 36 000 colonoscopies and 300 trainees) on learning colonoscopy and achieving competency. Based on this study, it should be …
Simulating the effect of learning decay on adaptation performance in project networks

In this paper we extend a multi-agent simulation model for interorganizational learning to explore the issue of learning decay on adaptation performance. Researchers agree that project networks can support the development and exchange of new knowledge among firms, however, the question of learning beyond the firm at the boundaries between firms or at the level of the network remains less explored. Previous research has shown that relational instability in networks can slow learning and that task interdependence moderates the impact of increasing relational instability on project network adaptation performance. Research to date on this phenomenon neglects the effect of forgetting which may impact the performance of project networks where firms work together infrequently. We find these gaps in time between learning events can negatively impact the adaptation rate of relationally unstable project networks. These findings are critical to developing a comprehensive understanding of learning in interorganizational project networks.
Digital forensics: Electronic evidence collection, examination and analysis by using combine moments in spatial and transform domain

A novel digital forensics tool is developed by combining wavelet invariant with spatial moments. A forensic printed circuit board image matching system is presented that is capable of probing a large database of digital images of circuit boards and compare them for similarity to provide investigation leads for electronic crimes digital forensic science investigations. The developed system has been implemented, and proved to be very efficient in detection similarities between a target image and a large image database even when the target image is noisy, scaled or mirrored.
Sweetener Blend Optimization by Using Mixture Design Methodology and the Electronic Tongue

Utilizing more than one sweetener has been shown to be an effective way to substitute sucrose in food products. The objective of this study was to apply the augmented simplex-centroid mixture design for the optimization of acceptable sweetener blends using coconut sugar, agave, and stevia. Sweetener blends were evaluated in aqueous solutions and gluten-free granola bars by a trained panel and consumers (n = 60). Significant differences were found between sweetener mixtures in solutions by both panelists and consumers (P < 0.05). Taste profiles for the sweetener solutions were also generated using the electronic tongue. Most consumer and trained intensity ratings were highly correlated (R(2) ≥ 0.79) with the electronic tongue taste profile analysis. Granola bars were also found to be significantly different (P < 0.05), with consumers preferring coconut sugar mixtures. Using contour plots and desirability function analysis, an optimal sweetener combination was found for a granola bar formulation of 89.9% coconut sugar, 6.1% agave, and 4% stevia. These results indicate that a mixture design can be a reliable way to develop new sweetener blends for product development.
Intramolecular [4+2]-cycloadditions of nitroalkenes with olefins. 2

Abstract The intramolecular [4+2]-cycloadditions of di- and trisubstituted nitroalkenes with unactivated olefins are described. The cycloadditions proceed readily at low temperatures in the presence of SnCl 4 . The reactions are shown to be stereospecific in the preservation of dienophile configuration in the product. The configuration of the heterodiene controls the stereochemistry of the ring fusion but the selectivity is high only with trisubstituted nitroalkenes. The rate of cycloaddition of a cis dienophile is ca . 20-fold faster than a trans dienophile. The implications for mechanism and transition structure are discussed
A Semi-analytical Model for Static and Impact Responses of Sandwich Plates on a Solid Half-space

Due to intense use of sandwich structures in civil and aerospace engineering, there is a pressing need to analyze impact effects, which may cause the damage in materials and reduce the structural effectiveness. In this study, an elastic model for static and nonlinear impact responses of a composite sandwich plate on an elastic half-space including the antiplane core effect is developed. The effects of the elastic half-space and the anti-plane core are studied, and the contact force history and maximal deflection are predicted. The predicted non-uniform distribution of transferred force under static load sheds new light on understanding of force action mechanism between the sandwich system and the solid halfspace. The two important impact factors (i.e., the maximal deflection and the peak contact force) provided by this study can be used to determine the damage size and position. Further, the analytical model developed can be served as a basis for optimal design of fullybacked sandwich collision protection systems.
Foundations of life-long sexual health literacy

Purpose – Sexual education in adolescence may represent the only formal sexual information individuals ever receive. It is unclear whether this early educational experience is sufficient to promote lifelong sexual health literacy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of the timing and source of sexual knowledge on current safe sex knowledge and risky sexual behaviours among middle-aged and older adults in the USA. Design/methodology/approach – Participants (n=410, mean age=53.9, 50.7 per cent female) reported whether and when they received sexual knowledge from various sources. They were asked about their current safe sex knowledge and their lifetime sexual risk behaviours. Findings – Most of the participants (61.5 per cent) received formal sexual education in adolescence and 20.2 per cent reported formal sexual education post-adolescence. Across the life span, friends were the most common source of sexual information. The sample scored in the upper mid-range on the scale indexing safe se...
Color and language: Worldwide distribution of Daltonism and distinct words for “blue”

A geographical review of the published literature confirmed that red-green color-vision deficiency (Daltonism) is rare near the equator and more prevalent at higher latitudes, as others have reported. A survey of dictionaries of the languages spoken by the populations for which Daltonism data are available confirmed that distinct words for "blue" are also rare near the equator, and more common at higher latitudes. These results were compared to show an even stronger relation between the proportion of languages with a word for "blue" and the prevalence of Daltonism. We believe that the strong correlation between "blue" and Daltonism suggests that an evolutionary, physiological cause for both phenomena.
Pseudo-Meigs' syndrome

Meigs' syndrome is defined as a hydrothorax with ascites and a pelvic tumor, both of which resolve on removal of the tumor. Pseudo-Meigs' is a variant not possessing the original tumor cell types described by Meigs. Both these syndromes should be considered in otherwise healthy women who present with either new or recurrent hydrothorax and ascites. This case concerns a 21-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department (ED) with a recurrent hydrothorax. After performing a pelvic examination that was suspicious for a pelvic mass, further evaluation by ultrasonography showed ascites and a pelvic tumor. Surgeons from the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department performed an exploratory laparotomy with removal of the tumor. Subsequently, there was no recurrence of the ascites and hydrothorax. The tumor was diagnosed histologically as a benign mature teratoma. The literature of Meigs' and Pseudo-Meigs' is reviewed, focusing on the history, pathology, and clinical characteristics. The clinical significance for the emergency physician is discussed.
3D CT assessment of the relationship between humeral head alignment and glenoid retroversion in glenohumeral osteoarthritis

Background Glenoid bone loss associated with advanced glenohumeral arthritis is frequently accompanied by subluxation of the humeral head with subsequent inferior outcomes of shoulder arthroplasty. We hypothesized that the relationship between the center of the humeral head and the perpendicular to the glenoid fossa plane differs from, and is independent of, the relationship between the center of the humeral head and the plane of the scapula. Methods Three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) imaging was performed on sixty patients with advanced osteoarthritis and fifteen controls with no osteoarthritis to define the baseline relationship between the center of the humeral head and the perpendicular to the glenoid fossa plane and the plane of the scapula. Correlations between these variables and the amount of bone loss and glenoid version were assessed. Results There was a strong linear relationship (p l 0.001) between glenoid retroversion and the center of the humeral head in relation to the center line of the scapula (humeral-scapular alignment). Humeral head alignment in relation to the glenoid plane (humeral-glenoid alignment) was variable and not strongly correlated with the amount of glenoid retroversion. The average glenoid retroversion for the normal shoulders was -3.5°, and the average humeral-scapular alignment offset percentage was -2.3%. The average humeral-glenoid alignment offset for the normal shoulders was 0.5 mm with an average humeral-glenoid alignment offset percentage of 0.9%. Conclusions The location of the humeral head in relation to the glenoid can be defined as displacement from the plane of the scapula and from the perpendicular of the glenoid plane. These two measures are independent of one another. The data suggest that each measurement may represent a different effect on glenoid loading. Clinical relevance The importance of this study is that it presents quantitative data and clear guidelines to define two measurements of glenohumeral alignment as separate and important variables. The clinical relevance of these methods will be further defined when they are correlated with clinical outcomes.
Effects of environmental instabilities on endpoint stiffness during the maintenance of human arm posture

Using the upper limb to manipulate objects or tools requires maintenance of stable arm posture. The ability to maintain stable postures is dependent on the mechanical properties of the arm, which can be characterized by estimates of endpoint stiffness. In this study we quantified the endpoint stiffness of the human arm during postural interactions with mechanically imposed unstable loads. The purpose was to determine the extent to which arm stiffness is adapted according to the mechanical properties of the environment during postural tasks. We estimated the endpoint stiffness of the right arms of eight subjects as they interacted with four haptic environments: rigid, unstable along the direction of maximal endpoint stiffness and orthogonal to this direction, and a high-strength unstable environment also aligned to the orientation of maximal endpoint stiffness. The size and orientation of endpoint stiffness were quantified for each haptic condition. Stiffness size was increased along the directions of the destabilizing environments (p 0.26). These findings suggest that at a fixed posture interactions with unstable environments can induce moderate, task-appropriate changes in limb mechanics that are tuned to the environment. However, these changes are small relative to those that can be obtained by changing limb posture.
Rapid assessment of human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence in a community-based hospital

Abstract Background: To aid in development of patient testing policy, in-service education, and resource planning, it is necessary to have a useful and meaningful tool for determining the population-specific HIV seroprevalence rate for our hospital patients. We were offered by the Centers for Disease Control a newly developed survey tool: “Rapid Assessment of HIV Seroprevalence in Hospital Patients.” We subsequently served as one pilot site for this tool. Methods: A population-based sample of 1000 patients (500 inpatients, 500 outpatients) was stratified into age and sex groups on the basis of admission statistics from the previous year in a general community hospital system in southeastern Pennsylvania that consists of two clinical campuses: an urban site with 343 beds and a suburban site with 506 beds. The study was conducted as an anonymous, unlinked screening for HIV antibody in 1000 serum samples. Results: We found our overall seroprevalence rate to be 2.60% (Poisson 95% confidence interval, 1.77% to 3.81%), or 1 in 38 patient specimens. The highest rates for both sexes were found in the age range 25 to 44 years. Conclusions: This protocol is a useful survey tool for community hospitals to determine the HIV seroprevalence rate in patient populations, a practical necessity for planning and education. Survey results would aid in implementation of current Centers for Disease Control guidelines for HIV testing of inpatients and outpatients in the acute care hospital setting.
Optical Waveguide Modes

The optical waveguide is the fundamental element that interconnects the various devices of an optical integrated circuit, just as a metallic strip does in an electrical integrated circuit. However, unlike electrical current that flows through a metal strip according to Ohm’s law, optical waves travel in the waveguide in distinct optical modes. A mode, in this sense, is a spatial distribution of optical energy in one or more dimensions. In this chapter, the concept of optical modes in a waveguiding structure is discussed qualitatively, and key results of waveguide theory are presented with minimal proof to give the reader a general understanding of the nature of light propagation in an optical waveguide. Then, in Chap. 3, a mathematically sound development of waveguide theory is given.
The Roosevelt Library Case: A Review Article

Final Report of the Joint AHA-OAH Ad Hoc Committee To Investigate the Charges Against the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and Related Matters. August 24, 1970. A Statement in Rebuttal, by Francis L. Loewenheim. December 12, 1970. Reply of James B. Rhoads. November 19, 1970. Reply of Herman Kahn. December 8, 1970. ([Washington, 1970]. 448, 93, 10, 9 p. Available from the American Historical Association, 400 A St. N.W., Washington, D.C., and the Organization of American Historians, 112 North Bryan St., Bloomington, Ind. The Report is $3, and the Statement is $3.50. The Rhoads and Kahn replies are free.)
Global Prediction of Chromatin Accessibility Using RNA-seq from Small Number of Cells

Conventional high-throughput technologies for mapping regulatory element activities such as ChIP-seq, DNase-seq and FAIRE-seq cannot analyze samples with small number of cells. The recently developed ATAC-seq allows regulome mapping in small-cell-number samples, but its signal in single cell or samples with ≤500 cells remains discrete or noisy. Compared to these technologies, measuring transcriptome by RNA-seq in single-cell and small-cell-number samples is more mature. Here we show that one can globally predict chromatin accessibility and infer regulome using RNA-seq. Genome-wide chromatin accessibility predicted by RNA-seq from 30 cells is comparable with ATAC-seq from 500 cells. Predictions based on single-cell RNA-seq can more accurately reconstruct bulk chromatin accessibility than using single-cell ATAC-seq by pooling the same number of cells. Integrating ATAC-seq with predictions from RNA-seq increases power of both methods. Thus, transcriptome-based prediction can provide a new tool for decoding gene regulatory programs in small-cell-number samples.
Anticipatory Prosecution in Terrorism-Related Cases

This chapter, part of an edited volume on the changing role of the American prosecutor, discusses the manner in which the Justice Department has implemented the goal of terrorism prevention in the years since 9/11. It will be of interest primarily to those who seek a relatively brief introduction to the various methods by which federal prosecutors may intervene preventively in the terrorism context (and how those methods relate to one another conceptually), with an emphasis on prosecutions under the material support statutes and the tension that such prosecutions may generate between the benefits of harm prevention and the costs of false positives. Those interested in a more sophisticated treatment of these issues should instead refer to the articles posted here (http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=587442) and here (http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=932608).
Representations of the Symmetric Group

The symmetric (permutation) group is an important prototype of finite groups. In fact, Cayley’s theorem (see Rotman in An Introduction to the Theory of Groups, Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights, [Rotm 84, p. 46] for a proof) states that any finite group of order n is isomorphic to a subgroup of S n . Moreover, the representation of S n leads directly to the representation of many of the Lie groups encountered in physical applications. It is, therefore worthwhile to devote some time to the analysis of the representations of S n .
Laparoscopy in Pediatric Trauma: The Advancement of Minimally Invasive Techniques for Abdominal Trauma

Traumatic injuries are the leading cause of death for children in the United States aged 1–17 years old. Traditional management has dictated exploration via laparotomy or thoracotomy for those patients with identified injury or equivocal findings on imaging. These highly invasive procedures have been associated with worsened post-operative complications and higher use of health care resources without benefit in mortality when compared to minimally invasive approaches. Recently, laparoscopy and video-assisted thoracoscopy are gaining acceptance as initial interventions for hemodynamically stable injured children. Herein, we review the literature concerning the risks and benefits of minimally invasive approaches for pediatric penetrating and blunt trauma.