cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CARBOHYDRATE TRANSFORMATIONS, COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF CANNED SWEET POTATOES AS INFLUENCED BY VARIETY, STORAGE, pH and TREATMENT

SUMMARY– Two varieties of sweet potatoes were canned at three storage intervals, six buffered pH levels, and two holding times to determine the influence on color, firmness, carbohydrates and other constituents. Color and firmness were improved when the pH was decreased from 8 to 3. There was an increase in brightness of color and firmness by holding peeled sweet potatoes 24 hr in buffers before canning. The sugars and phenolic substances were leached out during holding. Total polyphenols decreased with an increase in pH although tannic and chlorogenic acids were not changed appreciably. There was a decrease in starch and hemicellulose as a result of storage; whereas, water- and Calgon-soluble pectin were not affected. Starch decreased with an increase in pH regardless of other variables. Water-soluble pectin increased when pH was altered up or down from the normal pH of canned sweet potatoes of approximately 6.0. In comparison, Calgon-soluble pectin and hemicellulose reacted inversely to pH. It appeared that pH had a far greater effect on color and firmness than length of post-harvest storage of raw product after curing and other variables because of the direct effect on carbohydrate transformations and discoloration.
Transitional sediment concentration profiles

An important problem of the theory of nonequilibrium sediment transport is shown in Figure 1. It arises when a fully developed, steady, two-dimensional turbulent stream of clean water flowing over a rigid apron moves over a flat erodible bed and starts interacting with the cohesionless uniform sand of the bed. Beginning at the edge of the erodible bed, sediment particles commence diffusion into the bulk of the turbulent flow, making the concentration of the suspended solids increase in the downstream direction up to a distance where the vertical sediment concentration distribution becomes invariant.
Short-distance behavior of quantum electrodynamics and the Callan--Symanzik equation for the photon propagator

Abstract The short-distance behavior of the photon propagator is discussed within the context of the corresponding Callan-Symanzik equation. The Callan-Symanzik function β(α) is calculated in perturbation theory up to sixth order. We find β(α) = 2 3 α π + 1 2 α π 2 − 121 144 α π 3 + O α π 4 . The simplicity of this result is to be contrasted with a corresponding perturbation theory calculation of the Gell-Mann-Low function ψ(z), whose sixth-order coefficient contains the transcendental ζ(3) (the Riemann zeta function of argument three). A mechanism of cancellations in the calculation of β(α) has been found, and we prove its validity to all orders in perturbation theory.
Rheological aspects in fabricating pullulan fibers by electro-wet-spinning

Abstract Electro-wet-spinning was used to fabricate continuous nonwoven microscale and nanoscale fibers from pullulan. We investigated the rheological properties of pullulan dispersions using DMSO:water mixtures as solvents with varying compositions. The relationship between electrospinnability and rheological properties were studied. In order to obtain well-formed pullulan fibers, the concentration of pullulan dispersion had to be 1.88–2.25 times the entanglement concentration, depending on DMSO:water ratio in the solvent. Shear viscosity was another important factor. The shear viscosities at 100 s −1 of electrospinnable pullulan dispersions fell into a range between 0.06 and 2.2 Pa s, regardless of solvent composition. Yet, there may still be other factors governing the fiber size as DMSO concentration changed. Pullulan fibers in the order of hundreds of nanometers to tens of microns were obtained. Increase in DMSO concentration in the solvent generally increased the fiber size and pore size in the electrospun pullulan fiber mat.
On Rossmann's Character Formula for Discrete Series.

In a recent article in this journal, W. Rossmann [3] has proved a formula conjectured by Kirillov connecting characters of the representations of semisimple Lie groups occurring in the Plancherel formula with Fourier transforms of the measures on orbits in the coadjoint representation. Rossmann's formula has considerable conceptual importance, as it established, via the orbit method, the connection between the representation theory of general Lie groups and the cabalistic study of representations of semi-simple Lie groups. I give here a simple proof of Rossmann's basic theorem, which relates the Fourier transforms on g and on a Cartan subalgebra of compact type. 1. Let V be a real vector space with a non-degenerate symmetric form B. I consider the multiplication operator m 8 given by (mB.f)(x)=B(x,x)f(x), and AB the c~176 Laplace ~176 (AB" f)(x)=(B (~--x' ~x)" f )(x)" i ing the harmonic oscillator i(mB--AB) as JB, [if V is one dimensional, JB=i [.X 2
Phospholipase D Stimulates Release of Nascent Secretory Vesicles from the trans-Golgi Network

Phospholipase D (PLD) is a phospholipid hydrolyzing enzyme whose activation has been implicated in mediating signal transduction pathways, cell growth, and membrane trafficking in mammalian cells. Several laboratories have demonstrated that small GTP-binding proteins including ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) can stimulate PLD activity in vitro and an ARF-activated PLD activity has been found in Golgi membranes. Since ARF-1 has also been shown to enhance release of nascent secretory vesicles from the TGN of endocrine cells, we hypothesized that this reaction occurred via PLD activation. Using a permeabilized cell system derived from growth hormone and prolactin-secreting pituitary GH3 cells, we demonstrate that immunoaffinity-purified human PLD1 stimulated nascent secretory vesicle budding from the TGN approximately twofold. In contrast, a similarly purified but enzymatically inactive mutant form of PLD1, designated Lys898Arg, had no effect on vesicle budding when added to the permeabilized cells. The release of nascent secretory vesicles from the TGN was sensitive to 1% 1-butanol, a concentration that inhibited PLD-catalyzed formation of phosphatidic acid. Furthermore, ARF-1 stimulated endogenous PLD activity in Golgi membranes approximately threefold and this activation correlated with its enhancement of vesicle budding. Our results suggest that ARF regulation of PLD activity plays an important role in the release of nascent secretory vesicles from the TGN.
Lactose tolerance tests in adults with normal lactase activity.

Summary Thirty-six oral lactose tolerance tests were done in 18 healthy persons who had normal jejunal lactase activity at the ligament of Treitz. Each subject received both a 50- and a 100-g dose of lactose in solutions of different tonicity. An absorptive defect was ruled out in each subject. A rise in blood sugar of less than 20 mg per 100 ml (flat curve) above the fasting level was observed in 28% of the tests. Failure to obtain a blood sugar at 15 min would have resulted in flat curves in an additional 14%. Flat curves were obtained with the oral administration of both doses of lactose. Two subjects had flat curves after the oral administration of both doses and also after ingesting the component monosaccharides. Duodenal instillation of lactose in these two subjects produced a normal curve. This suggested that delayed gastric emptying contributed to a low rise in blood sugar after oral intake of lactose. The limitations in the use of the oral lactose tolerance test to diagnose lactase deficiency are apparent.
Fouling Due to Corrosion Products Formed on a Heat Transfer Surface

This paper is concerned with a type of fouling that has received very little attention int eh past in spite of its importance to designers and operators of heat trasnfer equipment, namely, the foulilng due to corrosion products that form on heat trasnfer surfaces exposed to flowing water. The lack of previous interest probably arises from uncertainty about the importance of this type of fouling. For this reason it is the objective of the research described in this paper to obtain quantiative information on the thermal resistance associated with corrosion fouling, and to compare it to thermal resistance values reported for other categories of fouling. The tests were made with the following conditions comparable to those found in industrial heat transfer equipment: the temperature of the heat transfer surface, material of the heat transfer surface, and the following properties of the water: oxygen content, pH, and temperature.
Value of Leads V7–V9 in Diagnosing Posterior Wall Acute Myocardial Infarction and Other Causes of Tall R Waves in V1–V2

Left posterolateral chest leads (V7, V8, V9) helped distinguish the multiple causes of tall R waves in V1 and/or V2, diagnosed true posterior myocardial infarction when standard leads did not, and identified the presence or absence of posterior injury in patients with inferior infarction.
Servicing Provisioning for HLA-Based Distributed Simulation on the Grid

Modeling and simulation permeate all areas of business, science and engineering. With the increase in the scale and complexity of simulations, large amounts of computational resources are required, and provisioning of the services is becoming increasingly difficult. The grid provides a platform for coordinated resource sharing and application development and execution. In this paper, we focus on extending the high level architecture (HLA) to the grid. More specifically, we propose a distributed simulation framework, called HLAGrid. The framework uses a Federate-Proxy-RTI architecture, which allows resources on the grid to be utilized on demand by using grid services. The architecture also supports federation discovery, security of the simulator logic, and flexible federation construction, such as hierarchical federations. The architecture hides the heterogeneity of the simulators, simulators' execution platforms, and how the simulators communicate with the RTI. All interfaces used in the framework comply with the standard HLA interface specification, which provides reusability to simulators. A prototype of the framework is implemented using DMSO's RTI 1.3NG version 6 and the grid system runs the Globus toolkit.
Toward Integrated Design and Modeling of High Field Accelerator Magnets

The next generation of superconducting accelerator magnets will most likely use a brittle conductor (such as Nb3Sn), generate fields around 18 T, handle forces that are 3-4 times higher than in the present LHC dipoles, and store energy that starts to make accelerator magnets look like fusion magnets. To meet the challenge and reduce the complexity, magnet design will have to be more innovative and better integrated. The recent design of several high field superconducting magnets have now benefited from the integration between CAD (e.g. ProE), magnetic analysis tools (e.g. TOSCA) and structural analysis tools (e.g. ANSYS). Not only it is now possible to address complex issues such as stress in magnet ends, but the analysis can be better detailed an extended into new areas previously too difficult to address. Integrated thermal, electrical and structural analysis can be followed from assembly and cool-down through excitation and quench propagation. In this paper we report on the integrated design approach, discuss analysis results and point out areas of future interest
A2-4: Preventive Health Service Use Among Colorectal Cancer Survivors Compared to Age- and Gender-Matched Controls

Background/Aims Because of advances in early detection and treatment, many colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors now live for decades. Among survivors, the mortality risk from co-morbid conditions—particularly cardiovascular disease—exceeds the risk from cancer, making the receipt of routine preventive health services important in the survivor population. To date, our knowledge of preventive service use among cancer survivors, especially survivors aged <65 years, remains in its infancy. Using a case/control design, we evaluate receipt of preventive health screenings among HMO-insured CRC survivors.
New results on drawing angle graphs

Abstract An angle graph is a graph with a fixed cyclic order of the edges around each vertex and an angle specified for every pair of consecutive edges incident on a vertex. We study the problem of constructing a drawing of an angle graph that preserves its angles, and present several new results. • • We disprove the conjectures of Vijayan (1986) about the relationship between the planarity of an angle graph and the planarity of its biconnected components. • • We show that testing an angle graph for planarity is NP-hard. • • Using our NP-hardness result, we show that given a triconnected planar graph and an angle α, the problem of determining whether it admits a planar straight-line drawing in which the angle between any two consecutive edges incident on the same vertex is at least α, is NP-hard. • • A multilayered angle graph is one whose edges are assigned to a given set of layers. A multilayered angle graph is multiplanar if it admits a drawing in which edges assigned to the same layer do not cross. We prove that testing a multilayered angle graph for multiplanarity is NP-hard even if we restrict the angles to be multiples of 90° and the number of layers to two. • • We give a simple linear time algorithm for testing whether a series-parallel angle graph admits a (nonplanar) drawing that preserves its angles.
Science and the Statistical Victim: Modernizing Knowledge in Breast Implant Litigation

The advent of mass torts in US federal courts in the latter third of the 20th century accelerated a process of modernization in an institution that was unprepared for standardized approaches to dispute resolution. Faced with large-scale technological disasters, in particular, courts struggled to reform both their procedures and their fact-finding approaches in order to deal with multiple claimants in consolidated proceedings. Using silicone gel breast implant litigation as a case study, this paper argues that the attempt to marry judicial concerns for individual justice with administrative concerns for speed, efficiency and economy has produced anomalous results. The testimony of the clinician and the victim has become less relevant as judicial remedies take account of injuries done to classes of plaintiffs. Subjective claims about the body are subordinated to statistical correlations between exposure and grouped complaints. At the same time, the transfer of fact-finding authority from juries to judges under new evidentiary rules has privileged the judiciary's lay knowledge and experience over that of the jury. While these transformations may hasten the processing of cases, the paper questions whether the courts can legitimately take on board the issues of risk and social justice in contemporary industrial societies.
Dyspnea Associated With Dermatomyositis

Dermatomyositis is an inflammatory muscle disease characterized by weakness of the skeletal muscles, in particular, the proximal muscles of the arms and thighs.[1][1] If untreated, it is associated with progressive deterioration, and the severity ranges from mild to severe and can include paralysis
Hyphal Guidance and Invasive Growth in Candida albicans Require the Ras-Like GTPase Rsr1p and Its GTPase-Activating Protein Bud2p

Candida albicans, the most prevalent fungal pathogen of humans, causes superficial mycoses, invasive mucosal infections, and disseminated systemic disease. Many studies have shown an intriguing association between C. albicans morphogenesis and the pathogenesis process. For example, hyphal cells have been observed to penetrate host epithelial cells at sites of wounds and between cell junctions. Ras- and Rho-type GTPases regulate many morphogenetic processes in eukaryotes, including polarity establishment, cell proliferation, and directed growth in response to extracellular stimuli. We found that the C. albicans Ras-like GTPase Rsr1p and its predicted GTPase-activating protein Bud2p localized to the cell cortex, at sites of incipient daughter cell growth, and provided landmarks for the positioning of daughter yeast cells and hyphal cell branches, similar to the paradigm in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, in contrast to S. cerevisiae, CaRsr1p and CaBud2p were important for morphogenesis: C. albicans strains lacking Rsr1p or Bud2p had abnormal yeast and hyphal cell shapes and frequent bends and promiscuous branching along the hypha and were unable to invade agar. These defects were associated with abnormal actin patch polarization, unstable polarisome localization at hyphal tips, and mislocalized septin rings, consistent with the idea that GTP cycling of Rsr1p stabilizes the axis of polarity primarily to a single focus, thus ensuring normal cell shape and a focused direction of polarized growth. We conclude that the Rsr1p GTPase functions as a polarity landmark for hyphal guidance and may be an important mediator of extracellular signals during processes such as host invasion.
Prospective autonomy and critical interests: a narrative defense of the moral authority of advance directives

In the mid to late 1980s a debate arose over the moral and legal authority of advance medical directives. At the center of this debate were two point-counterpoint law journal articles by Rebecca Dresser and Nancy Rhoden. What appeared to have the makings of an ongoing critical dialogue ended with the untimely death of Nancy Rhoden. Rebecca Dresser, however, has continued her challenge of advance directives in numerous publications, most recently in a critique of Ronald Dworkin's Life's Dominion. Like Rhoden, Dworkin has been a staunch advocate of advance directives as an exercise of what has come to be referred to as prospective or precedent autonomy. In this paper I will consider a number of the issues that Dresser has repeatedly raised about the infirmities of advance directives, and suggest that it is from an understanding of and appreciation for the narrative dimension of the life of a person that advanced directives draw one of their most powerful justifications.
Mechanisms of Antioxidant Induction with High-Dose N-Acetylcysteine in Childhood Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCALD), a progressive demyelinating disease affecting school-aged boys, causes death within a few years. Oxidative stress is an important contributing factor. N-acetylcysteine (NAC; 280 mg/kg/day) added as adjunctive therapy to reduced-intensity hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) improves survival in advanced cases. However, the mechanisms underlying the benefits of NAC are unclear. The aim of this study was to understand the mechanism of action of NAC in the setting of HCT in CCALD. Immunoassays were carried out to determine changes in heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and ferritin expression in plasma samples collected from boys with CCALD at three different timepoints during the course of transplantation. In addition, the induction of HO-1 was also confirmed in normal fibroblasts following incubation with 10–100 µmol/L NAC for 4 h. Following NAC therapy we observed an increase in expression of the antioxidants HO-1 (~4-fold) and its effector ferritin (~160-fold) in patient samples as compared with baseline. We also observed that NAC exposure significantly increased HO-1 expression in fibroblasts. Our data suggest that HO-1 is a possible target protein of NAC and a mediator of its cytoprotective effects in these patients.
Student poster presentations at CCSC:SCC 2000: interactive Java applets for teaching statistics

Today, more than ever, mathematics is being taught either entirely or partially using web-based instructional material. For the past two years, web-based classes have been taught via the web. This has provided a wealth of research information on the strengths and weaknesses of web-based courses. Many students find this format an attractive alternative to a traditional course. However, the instructional design of this course usually follows the traditional behaviorist (objectivist, teacher centered) instructional model. Its design does not take advantage of the computer's capability for constructivist (explorative) learning. This research explores the use of interactive Java applets as an instructional tool for constructivist learning.
Smart Colonography for Distributed Medical Databases with Group Kernel Feature Analysis

Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) of polyps in Computed Tomographic (CT) colonography is currently very limited since a single database at each hospitalsinstitution doesn't provide sufficient data for training the CAD system's classification algorithm. To address this limitation, we propose to use multiple databases, (e.g., big data studies) to create multiple institution-wide databases using distributed computing technologies, which we call smart colonography. Smart colonography may be built by a larger colonography database networked through the participation of multiple institutions via distributed computing. The motivation herein is to create a distributed database that increases the detection accuracy of CAD diagnosis by covering many true-positive cases. Colonography data analysis is mutually accessible to increase the availability of resources so that the knowledge of radiologists is enhanced. In this article, we propose a scalable and efficient algorithm called Group Kernel Feature Analysis (GKFA), which can be applied to multiple cancer databases so that the overall performance of CAD is improved. The key idea behind the proposed GKFA method is to allow the feature space to be updated as the training proceeds with more data being fed from other institutions into the algorithm. Experimental results show that GKFA achieves very good classification accuracy.
Is There an Analog for the Future Climate

The Eemian, the Last Interglacial, was very different from that of today. Climate variability was much higher and there were significant changes of sea level in hundreds to a few thousand years. The same is true of the older interglacials. The modern interglacial is unique in having had a 6,000 year history of climate stability that allowed human civilization to develop.
An Accurate Small-Signal Model of Inverter- Dominated Islanded Microgrids Using $dq$ Reference Frame

In the islanded mode operation of a microgrid, a part of the distributed network becomes electrically separated from the main grid, while loads are supported by local sources. Such distributed energy sources (DERs) are typically power electronic based, making the full system complex to study. A method for analyzing such a complicated system is discussed in this paper. A microgrid system with two inverters working as DERs is proposed. The controllers for the inverters are designed in the dq reference frame. Nonlinear equations are derived to reflect the system dynamics. These equations are linearized around steady-state operating points to develop a state-space model of the microgrid. An averaged model is used in the derivation of the mathematical model that results in a simplified system of equations. An eigenvalue analysis is completed using the linearized model to determine the small-signal stability of the system. A simulation of the proposed microgrid system consisting of two inverter based DERs, passive loads, and a distribution line is performed. An experimental testbed is designed to investigate the system's dynamics during load perturbation. Results obtained from the simulation and hardware experiment are compared with those predicted by the mathematical model to verify its accuracy.
Relationship between adenosine triphosphate and cation transport in the human red cell.

SummaryFresh human blood collected in heparin and glucose was treated with glycolytic poisons such as iodoacetate and 2-deoxyglucose to retard glycolysis and reduce the high energy phosphate stores of the red cell. Under these circumstances K+ began to leak out of the cells and Na+ began to leak in. In the presence of arsenate, glycolysis proceeded but high energy phosphate stores were not maintained and cation leakage also occurred. In a final experiment, both glycolysis and high energy phosphate stores were continued normally but ouabain was added to inhibit the transport ATPase. This prevented the coupling of ATP breakdown to active cation transport and allowed K+ to leak out of the red cell and Na+ to leak in.
Bacteria in the Digestive Tract of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae

A knowledge of the normal bacterial flora of an insect's digestive tract is important in identifying potential pathogens from diseased specimens. In a survey of the bacterial flora of various insect orders, Steinhaus (1941) isolated 83 different types of bacteria of which 53% were gram negative rods. In the Coleoptera 86% of the 21 types isolated were gram negative rods. Other workers (Buchner and Stephens 1959, Stevenson 1966) investigating species of Orthoptera found a more heterogenous composition of bacteria. The present paper reports on the isolation and identification of bacteria from the digestive tract of larvae of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal).
He 3 atom near surfaces of liquid He 4

A simple model calculation for a bound $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ atom near the free surface of bulk liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ is presented. The extra binding energy of a $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ atom at zero bulk pressure is presently calculated to be 2.645\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, in good agreement with experimental results. In this calculation the different correlations between a $^{4}\mathrm{He}$-$^{4}\mathrm{He}$ pair and a $^{3}\mathrm{He}$-$^{4}\mathrm{He}$ pair are explicitly taken into account.
Applications of Smart Materials in the Developement of High Performance Biosensors

High performance biosensors are urgently needed from medical diagnosis, to food safety/security, to the war on bio-terrorist. The smart materials play an important role in the development of high performance sensor platform. Biosensors based on microcantilevers have very high sensitivity. The microcantilevers made of different materials, such silicon, piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials, are discussed and compared in this paper. The magnetostrictive-based microcantilevers exhibit the best performance among all microcantilevers. A new sensor platform – magnetostrictive particles (MSPs) – is reported. The advantages of MSPs over microcantilevers are experimentally demonstrated. The MSPs are wireless/remote sensors, which makes it is possible to employ the MSP-based biosensors in different environments/media. The fabrication of MSPs in micro to nano-scale is reported. Compared with the microcantilevers, MSPs exhibit a better mass sensitivity and a higher Q value, which make the MSPs a much higher overall sensitivity.
Prevalence Investigation and Risk Factors Analysis on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults in Cixi

Objective To investigate the prevalence rate and to explore related risk factors of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus(DM) in a population aged 18 years old and above in Cixi City.Methods Totally 1147 adults aged above 18 years were randomly selected with stratified multi-stage cluster sampling method.A cross sectional study was carried out in four towns in Cixi City.Results The prevalence rate of type 2 DM is 9.15%(standardized rate is 5.84%) in residents older than 18 years in Cixi.The prevalence rates in male and female is 7.72% and 10.57%(standardized rate 5.40% and 8.19%) respectively with no significant difference(P 0.05).Age,education,alcohol consumption,hypertension,dyslipidemia,family history of DM,coronary heart disease,body mass index(BMI),TC and TG were significant in the univariate analysis.Family history of DM(OR = 86.225),BMI(OR = 9.840) and age(OR = 21.254) were significant in multivariate analysis.Conclusion Family history of DM,BMI and age were the risk factors of type 2 DM.Prevention and intervention measures should be carried out especially in adults who have a family history of DM and who have high BMI and old age.
Distribution and Drug-resistance of Pathogens in Patients with Ventilator-associated Pneumonia after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

OBJECTIVE To analyze the distribution and drug-resistance of pathogens in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP) following coronary artery bypass graft,and to provide the rational antibiotic strategies.METHODS The pathogens and the drug resistance of VAP in 39 patients receiving mechanical ventilation in cardiosurgical(CSICU) were investigated.RESULTS All 166 strains pathogens were isolated by bacterial culture.From them 141 strains(84.94%) were Gram-negative bacteria,13 strains(7.83%) were Gram-positive bacteria,and 12 strains(7.23%) were the fungi.Among pathogens the most common were Pseudomonas aeruginosa(68 strains),Acinebacter(25 strains),Stenotrophomonas maltophilia(21 strains),Burkholderia(14 strains).Imipenem cilastatin sodium was the most sensitive drug for Acinebacter and Burkholderia.Cefepime was the most for P.aeruginosa.Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was the most for S.maltophilia.And vancomycin hydrochloride was the most for S.aureus.Their multi drug-resistance to antimicrobial agents was serious.CONCLUSIONS Gram-negative bacteria are the majority of the pathogens from patients receiving mechanical ventilation with VAP after coronary artery bypass graft.The pathogens are multidrug-resistant in drug sensitive test.It is suggested that there be urgent need for surveillance of bacterial resistance and rational use of antimicrobial agents during the clinical therapy.
Treatment of Musculoskeletal Pain with Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM) uses naturally occurring plant, animal, and mineral substances to treat or assist in the treatment of the full spectrum of human disease. With the rise in popularity of alternative or complementary medicine, all physicians will encounter patients using TCHMs. TCHM should be taken under the supervision of a provider whose herbal training and competence is commensurate with the intensity of the herbal regimen and the severity of the clinical condition. TCHM can be valuable in the treatment of all kinds of pain: either as primary or adjunctive therapy depending on the clinical situation. TCHM therapies are prescribed in the framework of a unique diagnostic approach, and are highly specific with regard to type of pain and location of pain.
Osteoporosis in Premenopausal Women

Although osteoporosis occurs most commonly after menopause, premenopausal women can also present with low-trauma fractures or low bone mineral density (BMD). Diagnosis of osteoporosis and management in this population are different than for postmenopausal women. This chapter reviews the definition and epidemiology of premenopausal osteoporosis. It also addresses the interpretation of Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) results in premenopausal women. Furthermore, it describes normal bone mineral metabolism in young women including peak bone mass accrual and physiological changes of pregnancy and lactation that may affect interpretation of results.
Introduction: Lady Susan’s Progeny

This book offers a reading of Jane Austen’s examination of her own narrative authority, and, by implication, of the authority of all narrators of fiction. I argue that each of Austen’s finished novels interrogates the claims of authoritative narrators and that the Austen canon as a whole articulates a range of anxieties and strategies having to do with authorship and authority. The six novels experiment in different ways with possible sources and ultimate failures of authority, always returning to the compromised figure of the fallible narrator. At the same time, Austen’s novels are far more than artefacts of self-reflexivity: they challenge and enable readers to move beyond a deconstructive dismantling of her texts toward an effective theory of narrative interpretation. As readers encounter Austen’s careful exploration of authorial anxiety, they engage in a complex negotiation between narrator and audience; pressed to recognize ways in which texts both claim and disavow authority, readers begin to develop interpretative strategies that can account for narrators’ manipulations as well as their anxieties.
The Biology of Air-Breathing Fishes

This chapter provides a general overview of fish air breathing, vertebrate evolution, and comparative physiology. Air breathing has persisted throughout the evolutionary history of the fishes and has played a fundamental role in this group's evolution. Modern air-breathing fishes occur in a variety of freshwater and marine habitats. Marine air breathers occur on tropical coral reefs, in rocky intertidal zones, and in marshes and bays. A variety of factors, from the adoption of an amphibious behavior to exploit resources at the air–water interface, to the periodic aerial exposure imposed by low tides, and even aquatic hypoxia in certain habitats have all played a role in selection for air breathing among marine species. This chapter reviews physical principles governing the suitability of air and water as respiratory media, and examines the habitats of extant air-breathing fishes. The chapter also defines terms and concepts related to aerial and aquatic gas exchange and bimodal respiration. The chapter provides an operational definition of fish air breathing along with a discussion of the types of observations, experimental evidence, and background knowledge required to evaluate the presence of air breathing in a species. The chapter also presents a general classification of the types of air breathing fishes.
Taiwanese Business in Mainland China: From Domination to Marginalization?

One of the mysteries of our age is how the People’s Republic of China (PRC) — an isolated, impoverished nation that eschewed private business and international trade for decades — became the world’s factory and second-largest economy in little more than twenty years, China’s success owes much to the globalization trend that took off in the 1970s and to the political and economic reforms its leaders put in place in the 1980s. Most accounts of China’s explosive economic growth focus on Deng Xiaoping’s decision to unleash his nation from the restraints of Maoist economic policy, and it is certainly true that the pent-up potential of an economy that had been artificially restrained goes a long way toward explaining China’s success. Nonetheless, few developing countries manage to achieve the rates of growth that have characterized the PRC economy since the 1980s, and only a handful of countries can boast of the kind of deep development — including industrialization, urbanization and industrial upgrading — China has achieved.
Franklin 105 feller buncher: fifth-row thinning application

A Franklin 105 feller buncher, equipped with a Tidewater DL-12 accumulating shear was used to remove every 5th row or harvest a corridor and to thin adjacent trees selectively in an 18-yr-old Pinus taeda plantation in Virginia in August 1982. The time taken to move to a tree and shear it was influenced by the number of residual trees per acre and whether the operation was row/corridor harvesting or selective thinning. The time taken to move to dump, dump load and align bunches was influenced by the average diameter and number of trees in the shear head before dumping. Production costs were higher for selective thinning than for row/corridor harvesting. Average damage was to 49 residual trees per acre, with the area of damage averaging 31 squared inch. 1 reference.
Aesthetic Computing for Representation of the Computing Process and Expansion of Perceptual Dimensions: Cases for Art, Education, and Interfaces

With the advances of technologies, the application of computing to aesthetics has rapidly increased. However, little effort has been put to apply aesthetics to computing. Aesthetic Computing is an attempt to fill that research gap. The present paper revisits and elaborates its concept, and highlights “embodiment” as a new format of representation of Aesthetic Computing. The present paper also describes how embodiment can provide more opportunities for accessibility and personalization of computing across different projects – art, STEAM education, and in-vehicle interfaces. Finally, more aesthetic components in Aesthetic Computing are discussed for future research.
Examining the Types of Knowledge Claims Made in Design Research

While much has been written about designerly knowledge and designerly ways of knowing in the professions, less has been written about the production and presentation of knowledge in the design disc ...
Putting Words in Their Mouths: Russian Byliny as Discursive Space

This article follows the Melnitsa Animation Studio into the imagined medieval space of their bogatyr films. With particular focus on Melnitsa’s use of the Il’ia Muromets corpus in Илья Муромец и Соловей Разбойник [Il’ia and the Robber], we consider the complex set of conflicts among characters and ideas that reflect concepts of identity and social issues in contemporary Russia.
Time-Dependent Simulations of Fast-Wave Heated High-Non-Inductive-Fraction H-Mode Plasmas in the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade

30 MHz fast-wave heating may be an effective tool for non-inductively ramping low-current plasmas to a level suitable for initiating up to 12 MW of neutral beam injection on the National Spherical Tokamak Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U). Previously on NSTX 30 MHz fast wave heating was shown to efficiently and rapidly heat electrons; at the NSTX maximum axial toroidal magnetic field ( B T (0) ) of 0.55 T, 1.4 MW of 30 MHz heating increased the central electron temperature from 0.2 to 2 keV in 30 ms and generated an H-mode plasma with a non-inductive fraction ( f NI ) ∼ 0.7 at a plasma current ( I p ) of 300 kA. NSTX-U will operate at B T (0) up to 1 T, with up to 4 MW of 30 MHz power ( P rf ). Predictive TRANSP free boundary transport simulations, using the TORIC full wave spectral code to calculate the fast-wave heating and current drive, have been run for NSTX-U I p = 300 kA H-mode plasmas. Favorable scaling of f NI with 30 MHz heating power is predicted, with f NI ≥ 1 for P rf ≥ 2 MW.
Developing & using interaction geography in a museum

There are many approaches that support studies of learning in relation to the physical environment, people’s interaction with one another, or people’s movement. However, what these approaches achieve in granularity of description, they tend to lose in synthesis and integration, and to date, there are not effective methods and concepts to study learning in relation to all of these dimensions simultaneously. This paper outlines our development and use of a new approach to describing, representing, and interpreting people’s interaction as they move within and across physical environments. We call this approach interaction geography. It provides a more integrative and multi-scalar way to characterize people’s interaction and movement in relation to the physical environment and is particularly relevant to learning research and professional design practice in informal learning settings. The first part of this paper illustrates our development and use of interaction geography to study visitor engagement in a cultural heritage museum. In particular, we illustrate Mondrian Transcription, a method to map people’s movement and conversation over space and time, and the Interaction Geography Slicer (IGS), a dynamic visualization tool that supports new forms of interaction and multi-modal analysis. The second part of the paper describes one team of museum educators, curators, archivists, and exhibit designers using a computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) environment based on interaction geography. We show how this environment used interaction geography to disrupt the conventional views of visitor engagement and learning that museum professionals hold and then reframe these disruptions to enable museum professionals to perceive visitor engagement and learning in innovative ways that potentially support their future design decisions. We conclude the paper by discussing how this work may serve as a blueprint to guide future efforts to expand interaction geography in ways that explore new collaborations across the fields of education, information visualization, architecture, and the arts.
The importance of species: Pygmy rattlesnake venom toxicity differs between native prey and related non-native species

Venom toxicity assessments are often based upon non-native surrogate prey species that are not consumed in the wild by the venomous predator. This raises questions about the relevance of toxicity results on these "model" prey in addressing ecological or evolutionary questions about venom effects on native prey. We explore this issue by comparing the toxicity of venom from pygmy rattlesnakes (Sistrurus miliarius) on taxonomically-diverse sets of model (non-native) and native prey. Specifically, we compared rattlesnake venom toxicity for nine species from three broad taxonomic groups of prey (reptiles, mammals, and amphibians) to determine whether estimates of venom toxicity for the non-native model species of each group was representative of species which were native prey. In all three groups, model species (Anolis sagrei, Mus musculus, and Lithobates pipiens) had a significantly different mortality response from one or more of the native prey species (Anolis carolinensis, Peromyscus gossypinus, Lithobates sphenocephalus, Hyla cinerea, and Hyla squirella) that the models were meant to represent. Two features of our results suggest an importance of evolutionary history in understanding these differences. First, there was a phylogenetic component to prey responses to venom in that in each group, non-native models and congeneric native prey showed more similar responses than prey from other genera suggesting that venom may act on common prey targets that result from common ancestry. Second, native prey generally showed higher LD50 values than their non-native counterparts, suggesting greater resistance to venom from a predator with which they interact in nature. Our results suggest that researchers should use native prey to generate measures of venom toxicity that are ecologically and evolutionarily relevant. If this is not possible using "model" prey species that are close taxonomic relatives to natural prey may be a reasonable alternative.
Pruning SES List

This chapter lists statements for selecting aspects and entities from specializations in System Entity Structures. The resulting pruned structures can be transformed into executable hierarchical coupled models. Also it provides statements for restructuring multi-aspects and specifying uniform couplings for such restructured aspects.
Nonvisual Route Following with Guidance from a Simple Haptic or Auditory Display.

A path-following experiment, using a global positioning system, was conducted with participants who were legally blind. On- and off-course confir- mations were delivered by either a vibrotactile or an audio stimulus. These simple binary cues were sufficient for guidance and point to the need to offer output options for guidance systems for people who are visually impaired. Personal navigation systems using global positioning systems (GPS) are now com- mercially available for persons who are vi- sually impaired (that is, those who are blind
The Maturation of the Probabilistic Method

In this historical review we discuss probability results of Laszlo Lovasz and Svante Janson. These results have, we feel, played a central role in the development of the Probabilistic Method.
SENSORY SYSTEMS, PERCEPTION, AND LEARNING | Shocking Comments: Electrocommunication in Teleost Fish

Tropical freshwater fish in two orders, Gymnotiformes and Mormyriformes, produce weak electric discharges that they use for communication. The waveform and frequency of the continuous electric organ discharge conveys information about the species and sexual identity of a fish. Modulations of the electric organ discharge, such as chirps and interruptions, serve to communicate about intent during aggression and courtship. Electrocommunication signals differ between sexes and change seasonally. These seasonal sex differences are regulated by steroid hormones. Electrocommunication has become an important model in neuroethology because the activity of specific cell types in the underlying neural circuit can be closely related to the communication behavior of the whole animal.
A Piagetian Perspective on Thinking and Language

In applying Piaget's theory of intellectual development, educators have to revise several common assumptions. Three ideas seem especially important: Knowledge must be seen as self constructed; deve...
Sphingolipids in neurodegeneration (with focus on ceramide and S1P)

For many decades, research on sphingolipids associated with neurodegenerative disease focused on alterations in glycosphingolipids, particularly glycosylceramides (cerebrosides), sulfatides, and gangliosides. This seemed quite natural since many of these glycolipids are constituents of myelin and accumulated in lipid storage diseases (sphingolipidoses) resulting from enzyme deficiencies in glycolipid metabolism. With the advent of recognizing ceramide and its derivative, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), as key players in lipid cell signaling and regulation of cell death and survival, research focus shifted toward these two sphingolipids. Ceramide and S1P are invoked in a plethora of cell biological processes participating in neurodegeneration such as ER stress, autophagy, dysregulation of protein and lipid transport, exosome secretion and neurotoxic protein spreading, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Hence, it is timely to discuss various functions of ceramide and S1P in neurodegenerative disease and to define sphingolipid metabolism and cell signaling pathways as potential targets for therapy.
A New Algorithm to Estimate Glenohumeral Joint Location Based on Scapula Rhythm

This work analyzes the human shoulder complex workspace by introducing a new method to estimate the intraarticulation location of the glenohumeral (GH) joint. The proposed algorithm is based on the hypothesis of the GH joint remaining fixed during the first 30 degrees of shoulder elevation. This part of any vertical movement is considered to estimate the center of spherical motions CoS) where the humeral head is located.For the experimental results, six subjects performed 5 cycles of 12 different movements in different planes. The data are collected using motion capture, for various landmarks of the shoulder girdle. With the proposed method, estimating the location of GH is possible for any motion of the shoulder girdle complex. In order to complete the kinematic model of the shoulder complex, PCA is used to identify a relation between the shoulder joints. This technique indicates that the shoulder complex can be modeled using two degrees of freedom (DOFs) to locate the spherical GH joint. The overall shoulder model can generate any possible vertical motion of the human shoulder.
Photosynthesis on habitable planets around low-mass stars

We show that planets around M-dwarfs with $M_\star \lesssim 0.2 M_\odot$ may not receive enough photons in the photosynthetically active range of $400$-$750$ nm to sustain Earth-like biospheres. As a result of the lower biological productivity, it is likely that biotic molecular oxygen would not build up to detectable levels in the atmospheres of habitable planets orbiting low-mass stars, consistent with prior work by Lehmer et al. (2018). We also estimate the minimum flaring rate for sustaining biospheres with Earth-like productivity and permitting the build-up of atmospheric oxygen, and find that the overwhelming majority of M-dwarfs are unlikely to exceed this threshold.