cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erythrocyte lipids and vitamin E in Type II congenital dyserythropoietic anemia

An 8-year-old girl with Type II congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, characterized by morphologic abnormalities of erythroid precursors, immunologic alterations, hyperbilirubinemia, and chronic anemia, was found to be vitamin E deficient. Nutritional history and vitamin E absorption studies indicated that neither dietary lack nor intenstinal malabsorption was the cause of the deficiency. Striking changes in the patient's hematologic status following administration of vitamin E included rise in hemoglobin, decrease in bilirubin and reticulocyte count, and a marked increase in red blood cell survival. Erythrocyte phospholipids, altered while the patient was vitamin E deficient, returned to normal levesl during therapy. However, hematologic improvement was not complete, immunolotic abnormalities persisted, and morphologic aberrations in erythrocyte precursors actually increased during vitamin E therapy. It is therefore concluded that vitamin E deficiency played a secondary role in the production of the child's hematologic disorder and may have been a result of the increased utilization of the vitamin in stabilization of defective cellular membranes.
Test of Competing Explanations of the Bizarre Response Bias in Recognition Memory

Abstract Recent research has demonstrated that a more liberal response criterion is used when people make judgments about bizarre items than about common items in old-new tests of recognition. The present study was designed to test 2 possible explanations of the bizarre response bias. The bizarre-relations explanation suggests that the bizarre response bias is triggered by the bizarre relations depicted in test items. The target-constituent explanation suggests that the bizarre response bias is the result of a sense of familiarity with constituents of bizarre test items. These explanations were tested by examining the influence of lure manipulations on memory discrimination and response bias for common and bizarre hand-drawn pictures. The results indicated support for the target-constituent explanation by reversing the response bias (obtaining a common response bias) in a recognition test that used common lures containing constituents from bizarre target items and bizarre lures containing constituents fro...
Capacitated procurement planning with price-sensitive demand and general concave-revenue functions

This paper develops effective solution methods for discrete-time, finite-horizon procurement planning problems with economies of scale in procurement, price-sensitive demand, and time-invariant procurement capacities. Our models consider general concave-revenue functions in each time period, and seek to maximize total revenue less procurement and inventory holding costs. We consider the case in which prices may vary dynamically, as well the important practical case in which a constant price is required during the planning horizon. Under mild conditions on the revenue function properties, we provide polynomial-time solution methods for this problem class. The structural properties of optimal solutions that lead to efficient solution methods also serve to sharpen intuition regarding optimal demand management strategies in complex planning situations.
Association reactions of trimethylsilyl ions

Adduct ions, [M+(CH 3 ) 3 Si] + , were produced by bimolecular association reactions of trimethylsilyl ions, (CH 3 ) 3 Si + , with acetone, cyclohexanone, anisole, dimethyl ether, 2,5-dimethylfuran, 2-methylfuran and furan in ion cyclotron resonance experiments at 300 K and at pressures of ∼10 −7 Torr (1 Torr=133,3Pa). The rate constants, k a , for the association reactions varied from 100 % to 2 % of the collision rate constants, k c . The rate constants were independent of pressure, except for furan. Measurements were also made of bond dissociation energies for these adduct ions, D[(CH 3 ) 3 Si + −X], from equilibrium measurements
The ethics of going private

In this paper, we analyze some of the ethical dimensions of going private transactions (GPTs), wherein publicly traded firms are taken private. Financial theory suggests that efficiencies may be realized in these transactions such that outside shareholders are made better off. Empirical evidence supports this theory. We therefore argue that GPTs are not inherently exploitive or unethical. The issues of the fiduciary duty of corporate managers to shareholders and their obligations to non-shareholders are also explored.
The Social Underpinnings of Women's Worth in the Study of World Politics: Culture, Leader Emergence, and Coauthorship†

Using personal observations and the results from a variety of studies on gender and scholarship, this paper demonstrates that our discipline often holds women’s research in lower esteem. It does so by examining gendered patterns in various cultures of academic life, the processes by which intellectual leaders emerge, and coauthorship as one of the most significant social activities undertaken by researchers. Solutions at all institutional levels—professional organizations, journals, grant organizations, universities and colleges, graduate colleges, departments—are suggested. And even well-intentioned individuals, in a variety of roles— departmental leaders, panel organizers, discussants, bloggers, instructors, mentors, colleagues, authors, and journalists—must be willing to examine and change their own practices. The result is win-win: valuing women’s research is better for female and male academics, students’ intellectual health, the strength of colleges and universities, and the long-run vitality of professional organizations and journals.
Does the presence of a funnel increase the risk of adverse perinatal outcome in a patient with a short cervix

Objective This study was undertaken to determine whether the presence of a dilated internal os (funneling or beaking) alters the outcome of patients with a short cervix documented by transvaginal ultrasound in the second trimester. Study design Between January 1998 and May 2004, all singleton pregnancies with a short cervix (≤2.5 cm) and no funnel between 16 and 24 weeks' gestational age were identified by query and review of the Lehigh Valley Perinatal Ultrasound Database. These no funnel patients were compared with patients with a short cervix and funnel matched in accordance with cervical length and risk factors. Multiple variables of perinatal outcome were identified and compared between the Funnel and No Funnel groups. Correlations between cervical measurements and gestational age at birth were analyzed. Results Of the 279 patients with a short cervix identified, 82 were singleton with a T-shaped cervix and no funnel and 82 patients matched with a typical Y-shaped funnel. There was no difference between groups with respect to maternal demographics, previous preterm birth (28.1% No Funnel group vs 36.5% Funnel group , P =.3), prior cervical surgery (24.3% vs 22.0 %, P =.8), gestational age at entry (20.5 ± 2.1 vs 21.1 ± 2.4 weeks, P =.1), and cervical length (1.9 ± 0.4 vs 1.8 ± 0.5 cm , P =.1). The No Funnel group had significantly less readmissions for preterm labor (43.2% vs 67.1 %, P =.004), chorioamnionitis (2.4% vs 23.2 %, P =.0002), abruption (1.2% vs 13.4 %, P =.007), preterm rupture of membranes (6.1% vs 23.4%, P =.002), and cerclage placement (23.2% vs 43 %, P =.008). The neonates in the no funnel group delivered later (36.2% ± 4.6 vs 33.8 ± 5.4 weeks , P =.003), and had less morbidity and mortality (17.1% vs 37.8 %, P =.02) compared with the Funnel group. The width and depth of the funnel did not correlate with perinatal outcome. Cervical length ( R 2 =0.07, P =.02) and cervical funneling as a categorical variable ( r =0.3, P =.0002) did correlate with earlier delivery. Conclusion The disruption of the internal os, as documented by funneling, is a significant risk factor for adverse perinatal outcome (ie, preterm labor, chorioamnionitis, abruption, rupture of the membranes, and serious neonatal morbidity and mortality). Cervical funneling is best measured as a categorical variable (present or absent).
Ecological strategies of forest insects: the need for a community-level approach to reforestation

The traditional, single-species approach to forest pest management is considered in light of the range of ecological strategies respresented in forest arthropod communities. Insect population growth and impact depend on host variables subject to silvicultural manipulation, especially during early stages of forest development, but silvicultural practices often induce undesirable responses from non-target insect populations. A suggested approach to forest pest management involves consideration of arthropod community structure, life history traits, and interactions among arthropod and plant species in order to anticipate insect responses and refine silvicultural recommendations accordingly.
Remembering Dr. George J. Apel, Jr: A Posthumous Tribute to an Innovative, Obscure Pioneer in Christian Higher Education.

This paper is a belated tribute to George J. Apel, Jr., an innovative and obscure Christian higher educator. Peruse the name and subject indices of any and all books about Christian higher education, and nowhere will there appear even a reference to George J. Apel, Jr. Although Apel never finished high school or college, he was awarded an honorary doctorate in Sacred Theology for his accomplishments in Christian higher education. This paper deals primarily with his single most outstanding educational accomplishment (and failure): the University Foundation in St. Augustine, Florida. The foundation was a Christian higher education endeavor conceptualized and implemented by Apel for delivering liberal arts and theological education through residency and nonresidency, credit-accruing, accredited course work. The foundation included the St. Augustine Junior College, a graduate school, the American Theological Seminary, and an extension program via correspondence, all housed in the former Kirkside residence of ...
Technologies of the Self in the Aftermath: Affect, Subjectivity, and Composition

In this essay we explicate notions of technology, self, and writing imbricated in new media responses to the Virginia Tech shootings. In our analysis we bring a consideration of affect and the normalization of emotional responses to bear on “aftermath texts” (online commentary on the shootings and on Cho's writing itself). We ultimately argue for a greater awareness of subjectivity and affect in our disciplinary and pedagogical explorations and narrations of technology.
Absence of differences in platelet dihydroxyphenyIaIanine (DOPA) oxidase polymorphism in health and Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

Extracts of platelets were subjected to vertical starch gel electrophoresis followed by enzyme staining to further investigate earlier reports of a unique dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) oxidase polymorphism among boys with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) and their mothers. This was said to be distinct from those found in healthy controls. Platelets were separated from citrated venous blood by differential centrifugation and checked for purity by phase contrast microscopy. The isolated platelets were disrupted by freeze-thawing in Tris-HC1 buffer (0.02M, pH 8.2), and the resulting platelet extracts were electrophoresed for 15 hours at 130V at 4 degrees C. The starch gels were then sliced and stained with 0.2% DOPA and 0.1% MnCl2. Three electrophoretic patterns of DOPA oxidase activity were found in normal men and women: a single rapidly moving band; a single slowly moving band; and a broad band. These three patterns were also seen in boys with DMD, their mothers, and their fathers. Thus, a unique polymorphism was not found in boys with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy or their carrier mothers.
Perylene polyether hybrids: Highly soluble, luminescent, redox-active dyes

A new class of hybrid redox polyether melts has been prepared by covalent attachment of short polyethylene oxide “tails” to perylene, resulting in highly viscous materials with improved solubility in common solvents ranging from alcohols to toluene. Solid-state voltammetry of the neat, undiluted materials is made possible by dissolution of LiClO4 supporting electrolyte in them. The perylene0/1- electron self-exchange rate constants (kEX) are large. Temperature studies show that the energy barrier is also large but that the reactions are adiabatic. The ionic conductivity of the melts was measured to assess the effects of electron migration. The absorption and fluorescence properties of the perylene derivatives in dilute solution are independent of polyether tail length, while the fluorescence of thin undiluted films of the hybrids is red-shifted (relative to dilute solution) by ca. 125 nm and is dominated by excimer emission.
Electrophoretic movement and localization of acetylcholine receptors in the embryonic muscle cell membrane

A steady electric field of 30 mV across a single embryonic muscle cell produces accumulation of acetylcholine receptors toward one pole of the cell within 1 h. The movement is electrophoretic in nature and the accumulation results in the formation of stable, metabolically independent receptor aggregates.
On bivalve phylogeny: a high‐level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data

Abstract. Bivalve classification has suffered in the past from the crossed-purpose discussions among paleontologists and neontologists, and many have based their proposals on single character systems. More recently, molecular biologists have investigated bivalve relationships by using only gene sequence data, ignoring paleontological and neontological data. In the present study we have compiled morphological and anatomical data with mostly new molecular evidence to provide a more stable and robust phylogenetic estimate for bivalve molluscs. The data here compiled consist of a morphological data set of 183 characters, and a molecular data set from 3 loci: 2 nuclear ribosomal genes (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA), and 1 mitochondrial coding gene (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I), totaling ∼3 Kb of sequence data for 76 molluscs (62 bivalves and 14 outgroup taxa). The data have been analyzed separately and in combination by using the direct optimization method of Wheeler (1996), and they have been evaluated under 12 analytical schemes. The combined analysis supports the monophyly of bivalves, paraphyly of protobranchiate bivalves, and monophyly of Autolamellibranchiata, Pteriomorphia, Heteroconchia, Palaeoheterodonta, and Heterodonta s.l., which includes the monophyletic taxon Anomalodesmata. These analyses strongly support the conclusion that Anomalodesmata should not receive a class status, and that the heterodont orders Myoida and Veneroida are not monophyletic. Among the most stable results of the analysis are the monophyly of Palaeoheterodonta, grouping the extant trigoniids with the freshwater unionids, and the sister-group relationship of the heterodont families Astartidae and Carditidae, which together constitute the sister taxon to the remaining heterodont bivalves. Internal relationships of the main bivalve groups are discussed on the basis of node support and clade stability.
Making Heads or Tails of Classroom Flipping

AbstractIn the flipped classroom model, students learn course content through videos, presentations, and activities outside of class and engage in enrichment and practice during class time. The practical steps for implementation in K–12 classrooms presented here emphasize technology integration and provide a research-based synthesis of the approach.
INCREASING FREQUENCY OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CONSUMPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER PREVALENCE OF PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE IN A VERY LARGE COMMUNITY COHORT

While fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption is associated with reduced risk of stroke and coronary heart disease, there is little data on peripheral artery disease (PAD). We sought to study the association between F&V intake and prevalence of PAD in a large community cohort. From 2003 – 2008,
Protein synthesis in retinas of rats with inherited retinal dystrophy.

The populations of proteins synthesized in retinas from normal Fischer rats and those with inherited retinal dystrophy (RCS strain) were compared directly using a double-label technique combined with fractionation on SDS gels. Stages examined ranged from before (postnatal day 7), during (days 22–44) and after (day 71) overt degeneration of photoreceptor cells. Opsin synthesis continues at a relatively normal rate in RCS retinas longer than would be predicted from earlier autoradiographic studies. The rate of opsin synthesis in RCS retinas is less than in normal Fischer retinas at day 22, but the rate continues to be more than 54% of that in Fischer retinas through day 37. Thereafter opsin synthesis declines appreciably in the diseased retina, but two small peaks of radioactivity are found in the opsin region even in preparations from 71-day-old RCS rats suggesting that some opsin synthesis may continue in retinas of older RCS animals. Except for the loss of opsin synthesis, no other early changes in protein synthesis were detected in the RCS retina. In addition, opsin synthesis was not detected in normal or RCS eye cups containing pigment epithelium but lacking the neural retina.
Text-mining approach to evaluate terms for ontology development

Developing ontologies to account for the complexity of biological systems requires the time intensive collaboration of many participants with expertise in various fields. While each participant may contribute to construct a list of terms for ontology development, no objective methods have been developed to evaluate how relevant each of these terms is to the intended domain. We have developed a computational method based on a hypergeometric enrichment test to evaluate the relevance of such terms to the intended domain. The proposed method uses the PubMed literature database to evaluate whether each potential term for ontology development is overrepresented in the abstracts that discuss the particular domain. This evaluation provides an objective approach to assess terms and prioritize them for ontology development.
No-Three-in-Line-in-3D

It has been noted that many realistic graphs have a power law degree distribution and exhibit the small-world phenomenon. We present drawing methods influenced by recent developments in the modeling of such graphs. Our main approach is to partition the edge set of a graph into "local" edges and "global" edges and to use a standard drawing method that allows us to give added importance to local edges. We show that our drawing method works well for graphs that contain underlying geometric graphs augmented with random edges, and we demonstrate the method on a few examples. We define edges to be local or global depending on the size of the maximum short flow between the edge's endpoints. Here, a short flow, or alternatively an l-short flow, is one composed of paths whose length is at most some constant l. We present fast approximation algorithms for the maximum short flow problem and for testing whether a short flow of a certain size exists between given vertices. Using these algorithms, we give an algorithm for computing approximate local subgraphs of a given graph. The drawing algorithm we present can be applied to general graphs, but it is particularly well suited for small-world networks with power law degree distribution.
The picture arrangement subtest of the WAIS as an index of social egocentrism: a comparative study of normal and emotionally disturbed children.

This study describes a measure of social egocentrism based on a procedural variation in the Picture Arrangement subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, compares this procedure with other previously proposed measures of egocentricity, and reports an application of this measure in the comparative study of 30 normal and emotionally disturbed children. The results of this comparison indicate that institutionalized children are sharply differentiated from their better adjusted peers in their ability to take roles or perspectives other than their own.
A Dominantly Inherited Chorioretinal Degeneration Resembling Sectored Retinitis Pigmentosa

Abstract A light and electron microscopic study of an eye from a 79-year-old woman diagnosed as having sector retinitis pigmentosa is presented. Prominent bone spicule pigmentation was present bilaterally in the nasal quadrant. Retinal structure in the central fundus around the fovea and extending 2–3 mm peripherally was near normal with all photoreceptors and other retinal neurons present. Extensive degeneration of the retina occurred as one proceeded toward the peripheral regions from 3–5 mm from the fovea in all quadrants. Changes were evident within the entire choroid and were most severe in regions where retinal degeneration was most pronounced. It is likely that the extensive degenerative changes present in the retina were secondary effects that follow alterations in the choroidal blood supply in individuals affected with this disorder.
Characterization of nodular and thermal defects in hafnia/silica multilayer coatings using optical, photothermal, and atomic force microscopy

Multilayer coatings manufactured from metallic hafnium and silica sources by reactive electron beam deposition, are being developed for high fluence optics in a fusion laser with a wavelength of 1053 nm and a 3 ns pulse length. Damage threshold studies have revealed a correlation between laser damage and nodular defects, but interestingly laser damage is also present in nodule-free regions. Photothermal studies of optical coatings reveal the existence of defects with strong optical absorption in nodule-free regions of the coating. A variety of microscopic techniques were employed to characterize the effects for a better understanding of the thermal properties of nodular defects and role of thermal defects in laser damage. Photothermal microscopy, utilizing the surface thermal lensing technique, was used to map the thermal characteristics of 3 mm x 3 mm areas of the coatings. High resolution subaperture scans, with a 1 pm step size and a 3 um pump beam diameter, W= conducted on the defects to characterize their photothermal properties. Optical and atomic force microscopy was used to visually identify defects and characterize their topography. The defects were then irradiated to determine the role of nodular and thermal defects in limiting the damage threshold of the multilayer.
Profile of an Engaged Sociology Major

The purpose of this research note is to report the results of an exploratory study of factors associated with student engagement in the discipline of sociology. The population for this study was all graduating senior sociology majors for two years at one medium-sized, midwestern, public university (N=114). The students completed a self-administered questionnaire while in their required senior thesis class. The profile of a more engaged senior sociology major at this institution is that of a younger, Caucasian student with higher levels of motivation in sociology courses compared to less engaged students. In addition, the more engaged student reports a higher frequency of participating, actively, in class.
Using an Approximate Bayesian Bootstrap to multiply impute nonignorable missing data

An Approximate Bayesian Bootstrap (ABB) offers advantages in incorporating appropriate uncertainty when imputing missing data, but most implementations of the ABB have lacked the ability to handle nonignorable missing data where the probability of missingness depends on unobserved values. This paper outlines a strategy for using an ABB to multiply impute nonignorable missing data. The method allows the user to draw inferences and perform sensitivity analyses when the missing data mechanism cannot automatically be assumed to be ignorable. Results from imputing missing values in a longitudinal depression treatment trial as well as a simulation study are presented to demonstrate the method's performance. We show that a procedure that uses a different type of ABB for each imputed data set accounts for appropriate uncertainty and provides nominal coverage.
Measuring intrinsic elastic modulus of Pb/Sn solder alloys

Young's modulus (E) values published in the literature for the eutectic Pb37/Sn63 and near eutectic Pb40/Sn60 solder alloy vary significantly. One reason for this discrepancy is different testing methods for highly rate sensitive heterogeneous materials, like Pb/Sn alloys, yield different results. In this paper, we study different procedures used to obtain the elastic modulus; analytically, by single crystal elasticity and experimentally by ultrasonic testing and nano-indentation. We compare these procedures and propose a procedure for elastic modulus determination. The deformation kinetics of the Pb/Sn solder alloys is discussed at the grain size level.
Lymph node metastases and prognosis in patients with stage IA2 cervical cancer

Ninety-four patients with squamous cell carcinoma invading the cervical stroma to a depth of >3.0-5.0 mm with 7 mm or less in horizontal spread (FIGO Stage IA2) were evaluated. Depth and lateral extent of stromal invasion were verified using an ocular micrometer. Cell type and lymph vascular space invasion (LVSI) were recorded in each case. Patients were treated primarily by radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy, and those with lymph node metastases were offered postoperative radiation. Following treatment, patients were seen at 3-month intervals for 2 years, and every 6 months thereafter. The mean duration of follow-up was 6.9 years (range 0.4-23.5 years). Seven of 94 patients (7.4%) had lymph node metastases. Five patients had 1 positive node, 1 patient had 2 positive nodes, and 1 patient had 3 positive nodes. Five patients developed recurrent cancer and 4 died of disease. LVSI was present in 31 cases (33%). Tumor recurrence was significantly increased in patients with positive LVSI (9.7% vs 3.2%). The 5-year survival rate of patients with LVSI was 89% vs 98% in patients without this finding (P = 0.058). The 5-year survival rate of all Stage IA2 cervical cancer patients was 95%. Patients with Stage IA2 cervical cancer have a significant risk of lymph node metastases and should be treated by radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy. LVSI is an important prognostic variable in these patients and should be recorded in all cases.
Innovative First Year Aerospace Design Course at MIT

Students at MIT typically take major-specific courses beginning with their second year of studies. For the first year students eager to begin their aerospace education and to help those students unsure about selecting aerospace engineering as their major field, the MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics offers an elective course, Introduction to Aerospace and Design. The course makes use of the new opportunities offered by the World Wide Web and provides students a real engineering experience through the hands-on, Lighter-Than-Air (LTA) vehicle design project. The course teaches the basic concepts of aeronautics, includes lectures on design, and gives an overview of astronautics. The flexibility inherent in the World Wide Web allows us to accommodate the needs of students who require a review of the fundamentals in addition to in- class lecture material and the needs of others who desire to learn advanced material beyond what is presented in lecture. A Web-based Discussion Forum greatly facilitated interaction among students, resulting in better vehicle designs and a friendlier classroom environment. The course culminates in an LTA vehicle design competition in which teams of five to six students design and build radio-controlled blimps measuring up to 5 meters in length. The vehicles are flown around the perimeter of a basketball court with the objective of carrying a maximum amount of payload in a minimum amount of time. The students are introduced to real-world engineering practice through oral presentations of their preliminary designs and critical designs in front of a faculty jury. Towards the end of the course, the students are required to submit a design portfolio showing how their LTA vehicles took shape via their individual and team efforts. The students are permitted to examine previous designs and improve upon them, yielding better vehicles every year. Results from a survey indicated that the freshmen felt much more comfortable working on technical problems with no clear answers as well as designing and building a device from an assortment of given parts.
Assay for ecdysone (Molting hormone) activity using the house fly, Musca domestica L.

Abstract Larvae of the house fly, Musca domestica L., were used as the test insect in a modified assay for ecdysone. The house fly is easily reared by using standard procedures and provides a high yield of organisms suitable for bioassay. The quantity of α-ecdysone needed for about 60% pupation in the abdomens of ligated house fly larvae was 0.005–0.006 μg, one-third to one-fourth the amount needed to effect the same Response in the Calliphora test.
New reductions and logarithmic lower bounds for the number of conjugacy classes in finite groups

The unsolved problem of whether there exists a positive constant c such that the number k(G) of conjugacy classes in any finite group G satisfies k(G) >= c log_2/G/ has attracted attention for many years. Deriving bounds on k(G) from (i.e. reducing the problem to) assumptions about a normal subgroup N (or k(N)) and k(G/N) plays a critical role. Here we obtain new reductions and use these to obtain new logarithmic lower bounds. In some cases we find that for /G/ large (depending on t >= 1), k(G) >= (log /G/)^t . 0.1017/S0004972712000536
Effects of a “permanent” clock-shift on the orientation of young homing pigeons

1. Young pigeons kept under a 6-h-slow photoperiod from the time of weaning and allowed to see the sun during the afternoon (=their subjective morning) did not depart from test release sites with the 90° deflection ordinarily seen in 6-h-slow clock-shifted pigeons; their orientation did not differ from that of controls. Later exposure of these birds to normal time had the same effect on them as a 6-h-fast clock-shift has on normal pigeons, i.e. it produced a 90° counterclockwise deflection of their bearings. Thus these “permanently” clock-shifted pigeons had learned to read the sun compass in an unusual manner (“morning” sun azimuth=south, etc.). Hence the birds' coupling of time, sun azimuth, and geographic direction is not inherited, but is established by experience. 2. After one or two homing flights in the natural day, the former permanently clock-shifted pigeons oriented correctly, like the controls. When, after one to three months, they were put back under the 6-h-slow conditions of their early development, they did not show the reaction of normal clock-shifted birds. It appeared that they had downgraded the importance of the sun compass and, though probably still using it to some extent, were orienting primarily via other cues. However, when held under normal conditions for a year and then re-shifted 6 h slow, the birds gave deflected bearings. They had apparently recalibrated their sun compass according to the conditions in the natural day, and had resumed using it as a primary cue. 3. Since these results indicate that the calibration of the sun compass by young pigeons is learned, and moreover that the sun compass can later be recalibrated, the question of the underlying reference system for that calibration is raised. Two possibilities are discussed: calibration of the sun compass relative to the magnetic compass, or relative to the coordinates of the navigational “map”. The results thus far do not provide a basis for choosing between these.
Tomographic phase space reconstruction during rebucketing in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Longitudinal phase space tomography has evolved into a powerful diagnostic tool in the particle accelerator domain. A computer code has been developed in order to visualize dynamic effects and measure machine parameters in longitudinal phase space. This code is capable of dealing with turn-by-turn parameter changes, for example, during rf rebucketing when the bunch is rotated in longitudinal phase space to minimize the bunch length. We describe the reconstruction code and show its application as a diagnostic tool for rebucketing in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.
Dams, Zebras, and Settlements: The Historical Loss of Freshwater Mussels in the Ohio River Mainstem

Abstract: The decline of the freshwater mussel fauna of the Ohio River, U.S.A. is compared to the dates of service of the existing dams, the arrival of the exotic zebra mussel, and the presence of urban centers on the mainstem. Based upon historical records we know that most pools supported 20–50 species of mussels; today many have fewer than ten. The results presented here show a mixed effect of the dams on the mussel fauna, ranging from marked deleterious effects in Hannibal, McAlpine, and Smithland pools to comparatively little effect in pools such as Dashields, Greenup, and Markland. In nearly all cases, the most dramatic declines in mussels were associated with the arrival of zebra mussels in the Ohio River in 1991. Pools with significant urban centers often had a loss of diversity well before the construction of dams or the arrival of zebra mussels; these losses are attributed to water quality problems associated with urban centers. Mussel diversity has thus declined in the Ohio River as the result ...
Hypertension and sodium transport in 390 healthy adults in Chicago

A total of 390 people undergoing routine examinations at the Portes Center, a screening center in Chicago, and at the Northwestern Memorial Hospital employee health service, underwent an in-depth battery of tests designed to explore the relationships of both intracellular erythrocyte sodium and sodium-lithium countertransport with age, race, gender, body mass index, pattern of alcohol intake, exogenous hormone use and the presence of hypertension. Erythrocyte sodium was significantly higher in blacks than in whites and in men than in women aged 20-39 years. Relationships of erythrocyte sodium with race and gender, as well as inverse associations with alcohol intake in men, and positive associations with age and the presence of hypertension in women were significant on multivariate analysis after control for other variables. Sodium-lithium countertransport was significantly higher in whites than in blacks and in men than in women aged 20-59 years. Associations of sodium-lithium countertransport with race and gender as well as positive associations of sodium-lithium countertransport with body mass index in men and women were significant on multivariate analysis after control for other variables. Age-related gender differences in both sodium-lithium countertransport and erythrocyte sodium, as well as the association of erythrocyte sodium with the presence of hypertension in women but not in men, suggest a hormonal interaction with sodium transport in the development of hypertension.
Structural investigation of catalytically modified F120L and F120Y semisynthetic ribonucleases

The structures of two catalytically modified semisynthetic RNases obtained by replacing phenylalanine 120 with leucine and tyrosine have been determined and refined at a resolution of 2.0 A (R = 0.161 and 0.184, respectively). These structures have been compared with the refined 1.8-A structure (R = 0.204) of the fully active phenylalanine-containing enzyme (Martin PD, Doscher MS, Edwards BFP, 1987, J Biol Chem 262:15930-15938) and with the catalytically defective D121A (2.0 A, R = 0.172) and D121N (2.0 A, R = 0.186) analogs (deMel VSJ, Martin PD, Doscher MS, Edwards BFP, 1992, J Biol Chem 267:247-256). The movement away from the active site of the loop containing residues 65-72 is seen in all three catalytically defective analogs--F120L, D121A, and D121N--but not in the fully active (or hyperactive) F120Y. The insertion of the phenolic hydroxyl of Tyr 120 into a hydrogen-bonding network involving the hydroxyl group of Ser 123 and a water molecule in F120Y is the likely basis for the hyperactivity toward uridine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate previously found for this analog (Hodges RS, Merrifield RB, 1974, Int J Pept Protein Res 6:397-405) as well as the threefold increase in KM for cytidine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate found for this analog by ourselves.
COBRA: An Optimized Code for Fast Analysis of Ideal Ballooning Stability of Three-Dimensional Magnetic Equilibria

Abstract A new, fast, and accurate numerical algorithm to assess stability against ideal ballooning modes in general three-dimensional magnetic configurations of interest to controlled thermonuclear fusion is described. The code for ballooning rapid analysis (COBRA) performs this assessment by solving an eigenvalue problem in the form of a linear second-order ordinary differential equation along magnetic field lines in the configuration. An initial approximation for the eigenvalue is obtained from a fast second order matrix method. In COBRA, this approximate eigenvalue is further refined using a variational principle to obtain fourth-order convergence with the mesh size. Richardson's extrapolation is then applied to a sequence of eigenvalues to estimate the exact eigenvalue using the coarsest possible mesh, thus minimizing the computational time.
Techniques for human temporal bone removal: Information for the scientific community

Human temporal bones provide an irreplaceable resource for study of the pathology and pathophysiology of disorders of hearing, balance, taste, and facial nerve function. Additional specimens are needed to study disorders for which there are few human specimens; to increase the number of specimens for a given disorder to understand the natural variability and expression of the disease entity; to evaluate the accuracy of otologic diagnoses and the efficacy of otologic treatment modalities; to apply newly available scientific methods, including immunohistochemistry and molecular biologic or molecular genetic techniques; and to teach the anatomy of the human ear and modern otologic surgical techniques. This article provides information for the scientific community concerning techniques for temporal bone and auditory brain stem removal, including intracranial and extracranial approaches and methods to minimize postmortem autolysis and cosmetic defects. Close collaboration between physicians and funeral directors will maximize the yield and utility of these valuable specimens for scientific inquiry and training.
Direct observation of ligand dynamics in cytochrome c.

Horse heart cytochrome c (cyt c) has emerged as a paradigm for the study of protein folding, in large part because the covalently bound heme facilitates its characterization. The folding of reduced cyt c induced by photodissociation of CO from the CO-bound unfolded protein has been extensively studied. Following a nanosecond light pulse, four transitions with time constants of approximately 1−5, 50−100, 200−500, and 1000−10000 μs have been resolved. While originally thought to be associated with CO rebinding to two different partially folded states of cyt c, the two slower processes are now understood to reflect the bimolecular reassociation of CO followed by religation of His18, which by the base elimination mechanism is induced to dissociate after CO photolysis. Thus, it turns out that the two longer time constants do not report on protein folding but instead reflect the complexity of heme ligation. The two shorter time constants have been attributed to ligation at the heme center by Met65 or Met80 and ...
Torsades de Pointes Ventricular Tachycardia Associated With Overdose of Astemizole

An overdose of astemizole predisposes the myocardium to ventricular dysrhythmias, including torsades de pointes. Herein we describe a case of astemizole-induced torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia and also review previous case reports in the literature. All the patients were young, and dysrhythmias developed only in those with corrected QT intervals greater than 500 ms. Although several mechanisms have been postulated, no clear explanation has been provided for why astemizole promotes myocardial dysrhythmias. Treatment of astemizole-induced torsades de pointes includes discontinuing use of astemizole, intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate and isoproterenol, temporary cardiac pacing, and, when necessary, direct current cardioversion. A cardiac cause of syncope or convulsions must not be overlooked, especially in patients taking H1 antagonists because they often have these symptoms before hospitalization or detection of torsades de pointes (or both).
A privacy expectations and security assurance offer system

Consumers accessing web sites for information or to purchase products face limited opportunity to express their privacy preferences, and even less recourse if security violations lead to inadvertent disclosure of privacy sensitive information. A privacy expectations and security assurance offer system is proposed in which on-line organizations with web sites offer consumers, in exchange for a fee, a choice of privacy preferences and information security levels; if privacy is violated under the terms of this privacy expectations and security assurance instrument, consumers will be compensated. The proposed offer system directly links responsibility and accountability for security of privacy information to the on-line organization, and has other benefits. Adoption is problematic, and will require market experimentation.
Natural orifice surgery: initial US experience utilizing the StomaphyX TM device to reduce gastric pouches after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Introduction Weight gain after gastric bypass can occur in up to 10% of patients 5 years following and in about 20% of patients 10 years following surgery. The nadir weight is usually reached within the first 2 years after bypass surgery. However, weight may slowly be regained for numerous reasons. This phenomenon has been studied extensively, but there is often no one reason this occurs. Once psychological and dietary reasons have been investigated, revisional surgery may be the only alternative for treatment. Revisional gastric bypass surgery is associated with a much higher morbidity and mortality when compared with a primary gastric bypass procedure.
The reproving of Karl Polanyi

Abstract Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation has had enormous influence since its publication in 1944. In form, this influence has been salutary: Polanyi targets one of the main weaknesses of modern economics. But in substance, Polanyi's influence has been baneful. Mirroring the methodological blindness he criticizes, Polanyi insists on the all‐or‐nothing existence/ nonexistence of laissez faire—and on its all‐or‐nothing goodness/badness.
Integrating Thematic, Grounded Theory and Narrative Analysis A Case Study of Adolescent Psychotropic Treatment

In this article, we integrate thematic, grounded theory and narrative analytic techniques. We apply methods from each to the same qualitative data to illustrate how they provide different interpret...
Electrospinning of nanofibers with core-sheath, hollow, or porous structures

Recently there has been a great deal of progress in the production of one-dimensional nanostructures with core-sheath structures from a rich variety of materials. Here we highlight the use of electrospinning in the fabrication of polymeric, ceramic, and composite nanofibers with core-sheath, hollow, or porous structures, as well as the efforts made to improve their morphological homogeneity, functionality, and device performance.
A Comprehensive Partnership Approach Increasing High School Graduation Rates and College Enrollment of Urban Economically Disadvantaged Youth

Described is a 4-year model of a Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Program (GEAR UP) offered to 294 academically and economically disadvantaged students and their parents during in- and out-of-school time activities through partnerships forged with school personnel and community-based agencies. In an urban high school where the annual graduation rate was below 60%, the graduation rate of the GEAR UP students of whom 60% were Hispanic and African American was 95%, while 58% enrolled in a postsecondary institution soon after graduation. Regardless of the time spent in three participatory conditions in the out-of-school time activities, 12th graders commonly believed that the program significantly helped them complete high school, prepared them for college, and showed them that adults cared about their future. A five-item survey completed by parents also revealed a number of highly significant findings. Quantitative, focus group, and interview findings corroborated and supported each other.
Decrease in RNA folding cooperativity by deliberate population of intermediates in RNA G-quadruplexes

Keeping a broad (RNA) perspective: conventional biochemical detection systems only have a 100-fold linear response range. The range of potassium concentrations detected by an RNA G-quadruplex sequence can be broadened by intentionally populating multiple intermediate folding states. The folding of the RNA G-quadruplexes was monitored by both circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy.
Achieving the therapeutic benefits of Niaspan® in daily practice

Aims The purpose of this aricle is to discuss the use of niacin to reduce cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes. Methods and Results Five common misconceptions regarding the use of niacin are discussed and practical suggestions to decrease flushing with niacin are outlined. Evidence that combining niacin with statin therapy is presented. Conclusions That simultaneous lowering of LDL-cholesterol with statins and raising HDL-cholesterol with niacin is a rational and effective strategy for preventing cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes.
Persistent Reflux Symptoms in the Proton Pump Inhibitor Era: The Changing Face of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Given the widespread use of potent acid suppressive therapies and primary caregivers’ increasing comfort with prescribing these medications at high doses, the patient population presenting to gastroenterologists for symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has changed. Whereas previous consultation often revolved around the control of erosive disease and other mucosal manifestations of GERD, and terminated with the prescription of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy, gastroenterologists often now only enter the scene after failure of PPI therapy, for symptoms either resistant or only partially responsive to these medications. Because of the high proportion of subjects with esophagitis who are healed with PPI, 1,2 upper endoscopy of such individuals is low yield, 3 with only a small minority demonstrating erosive disease. The care of such patients is challenging. High-quality evidence supporting useful diagnostic testing or alternative effective therapies is largely lacking. However, the number of subjects with GERD symptoms incompletely or nonresponsive to PPI therapies is high, and their utilization of healthcare resources is substantial. The purpose of this mini-review is to examine the definition and epidemiology of esophageal GERD symptoms incompletely responsive to PPI therapy, the potential pathophysiologic mechanisms behind these symptoms, the differential diagnosis and evaluation of such patients, and current and developing therapeutic options.
Reinventing Government, The New Public Management and Civil Service Systems in International Perspective The Danger of Throwing the Baby Out with the Bathwater

Reinventing government is a cross-national movement that has important, and potentially negative, implications for the career civil service. This article examines the global development of the rein...