cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum Phase Transitions Beyond the Landau-Ginzburg Paradigm and Supersymmetry

Abstract We make connections between studies in the condensed matter literature on quantum phase transitions in square lattice antiferromagnets, and results in the particle theory literature on abelian supersymmetric gauge theories in 2 + 1 dimensions. In particular, we point out that supersymmetric U ( 1 ) gauge theories (with particle content similar, but not identical, to those of theories of doped antiferromagnets) provide rigorous examples of quantum phase transitions which do not obey the Landau–Ginzburg–Wilson paradigm (often referred to as transitions realizing “deconfined criticality”). We also make connections between supersymmetric mirror symmetries and condensed matter particle–vortex dualities.
RELATIONSHIP OF BODY MASS INDEX WITH TOTAL MORTALITY, CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY AND MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AFTER CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION: EVIDENCE FROM A META-ANALYSIS

We aim to investigate the relationship of body mass index (BMI) with total mortality, cardiovascular (CV) mortality and myocardial infarction (MI) after coronary revascularization procedures (coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG] and percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI]). A systematic search
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for patients with active variceal hemorrhage unresponsive to sclerotherapy

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Despite urgent sclerotherapy, active variceal hemorrhage has a 70%-90% mortality rate in patients with advanced age, sepsis, renal or pulmonary compromise, tense ascites, or deep coma. The aim of this study was to test the safety and efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) performed semiemergently and preceded by stabilization by balloon tamponade in such patients. METHODS: Patients with actively bleeding esophageal or contiguous gastric varices despite sclerotherapy were assessed for risk of dying after emergent portacaval shunt. Those considered to be at high risk were stabilized by balloon tamponade and vasopressin/nitroglycerin and TIPS placed semiurgently within 12 hours. Balloon tamponade and pharmacological therapy were discontinued within 24 hours after TIPS in all cases. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients met entry criteria, and 2 were excluded due to portal vein thrombosis. TIPS was successfully placed in 29 of 30 patients and achieved hemostasis in all. Thirty-day and 6-week survival rates were 63% and 60%, respectively; in those without aspiration, the 6-week survival rate was 90%. After a median follow-up period of 920 days, 46% of the original cohort was alive. Only 2 episodes of early rebleeding and 4 late rebleeds occurred. Eight patients developed encephalopathy. Stent stenosis requiring dilation occurred in 6 of 11 patients within 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: TIPS is highly effective as salvage therapy in high-risk patients with active variceal hemorrhage despite endoscopic sclerotherapy. (Gastroenterology 1996 Jul;111(1):138-46)
Critical behavior of dynamically triangulated quantum gravity in four dimensions

Abstract We performed a detailed study of the phase transition region in four-dimensional simplicial quantum gravity, using the dynamical triangulation approach. The phase transition between the gravity and antigravity phases turned out to be asymmetrical, so that we observed the scaling laws only when the Newton constant approached the critical value from the perturbative side. The curvature susceptibility diverges with the scaling index - 0.6. The physical (i.e. measured with heavy particle propagation) Hausdorff dimension of the manifolds, which is 2.3 in the gravity phase and 4.6 in the antigravity phase, turned out to be 4 at the critical point, within the measurement accuracy. These facts indicate the existence of the continuum limit in four-dimensional euclidean quantum gravity.
The Effect of Bandpass Uncertainties on Component Separation

Multifrequency measurements of the microwave sky can be decomposed into maps of distinct physical components such as the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect. Each of the multifrequency measurements is a convolution of the spectrum on the sky with the bandpass of the instrument. Here we analytically calculate the contamination of the component maps that can result from errors in our knowledge of the bandpass shape. We find, for example, that for Planck an unknown 10% ramp across each band results in a CMB map δT = δTCMB - 4.3 × 10-3δTSZ plus the usual statistical noise. The variance of this contaminant is more than a factor of 100 below the noise variance at all angular scales and even further below the CMB signal variance. This contamination might lead to an error in the velocity of rich clusters inferred from the kinetic SZ effect; however, the error is negligible, (50 km s-1), if the bandpass is known to 10%. Bandpass errors might be important for future missions measuring the CMB-SZ effect correlation.
Recent Developments in Mathematical Quantum Chaos

This is a survey of recent results on quantum ergodicity, specifically on the large energy limits of matrix elements relative to eigenfunctions of the Laplacian. It is mainly devoted to QUE (quan- tum unique ergodicity) results, i.e. results on the possible existence of a sparse subsequence of eigenfunctions with anomalous concentration. We cover the lower bounds on entropies of quantum limit measures due to Anantharaman, Nonnenmacher, and Riviere on compact Riemannian manifolds with Anosov flow. These lower bounds give new constraints on the possible quantum limits. We also cover the non-QUE result of Has- sell in the case of the Bunimovich stadium. We include some discussion of Hecke eigenfunctions and recent results of Soundararajan complet- ing Lindenstrauss' QUE result, in the context of matrix elements for Fourier integral operators. Finally, in answer to the potential question "why study matrix elements" it presents an application by the author to the geometry of nodal sets.
The coalescence rate of double neutron star systems

We estimate the coalescence rate of close binaries with two neutron stars (NS) and discuss the prospects for the detection of NS-NS inspiral events by ground-based gravitational-wave observatories, such as LIGO. We derive the Galactic coalescence rate using the observed sample of close NS-NS binaries (PSR B1913+16 and PSR B1534+12) and examine in detail each of the sources of uncertainty associated with the estimate. Specifically, we investigate (1) the dynamical evolution of NS-NS binaries in the Galactic potential and the vertical scale height of the population, (2) the pulsar lifetimes, (3) the effects of the faint end of the radio pulsar luminosity function and their dependence on the small number of observed objects, (4) the beaming fraction, and (5) the extrapolation of the Galactic rate to extragalactic distances expected to be reachable by LIGO. We find that the dominant source of uncertainty is the correction factor (up to 200) for faint (undetectable) pulsars. All other sources are much less important, each with uncertainty factors smaller than 2. Despite the relatively large uncertainty, the derived coalescence rate is consistent with previously derived upper limits, and is more accurate than rates obtained from population studies. We obtain a most conservative lower limit that the detection rate by LIGO II of about 2 events per year. Our upper limit on the rate is between 300 and 1000 events per year.
Metallicities of 0.3 < z < 1.0 Galaxies in the GOODS-North Field

We measure nebular oxygen abundances for 204 emission-line galaxies with redshifts 0.3 -20), consistent with scenarios whereby the formation epoch for less massive galaxies is more recent than for massive galaxies.
Should Tables Be Sorted

We examine optimality questions in the following information retrieval problem: Given a set S of n keys, store them so that queries of the form "Is x $\in$ S?" can be answered quickly. It is shown that, in a rather general model including al1 the commonly-used schemes, $\lceil$ lg(n+l) $\rceil$ probes to the table are needed in the worst case, provided the key space is sufficiently large. The effects of smaller key space and arbitrary encoding are also explored.
Computer-Aided Mechanism Design: Now and the Future

The current status of computer-aided design of mechanisms is reviewed. The available software is described and several industrial examples are presented to illustrate current trends in the field of linkage design and analysis. Future strategies and CAD environments are also discussed.
Between state, markets and households: A neoinstitutional analysis of local organizations and institutions

Abstract The current and foreseeable trend toward a diminished role of the state in most economic activities, including rural development activities, offers new opportunities for local organizations and institutions (LOIs). At the same time, many of the problems and shortcomings to which states and their activities have been vulnerable are also potentially applicable to LOIs. To be successful in themselves as well as in fostering rural economic development, rural LOIs and their activities must be carefully designed and appropriately integrated with markets, other LOIs and the state. This paper reviews the relevant literature on conditions for success and then goes on to derive from this review (including some relevant experience) some suggestions for policy and practice.
Finite element analysis of flow in a gas‐filled rotating annulus

Linearized multidimensional flow in a gas centrifuge can be described away from the ends by Onsager's pancake equation. However a rotating annulus results in a slightly different set of boundary conditions from the usual symmetry at the axis of rotation. The problem on an annulus becomes ill-posed and requires some special attention. Herein we treat axially linear inner and outer rotor temperature distributions and velocity slip. An existence condition for a class of non-trivial, one-dimensional solutions is given. New exact solutions in the infinite bowl approximation have been derived containing terms that are important at finite gap width and non-vanishing velocity slip. The usual one-dimensional, axially symmetric solution is obtained as a limit. Our previously reported finite element algorithm has been extended to treat this new class of problems. Effects of gap width, temperature and slip conditions are illustrated. Lastly, we report on the compressible, finite length, circular Couette flow for the first time.
Planetary science 1979–1982

It is not an exaggeration to say that the past 4 years have brought a growth in our knowledge of the solar system unprecedented in all of history. Prior to this quadrennium, our closeup exploration of the planets had been limited to the atmosphere and a few surface sites on Venus, the surfaces of Mercury, the moon, Mars, Phobos, and Deimos, and an intriguing but limited glimpse at Jupiter. To this list have been added the global topography of Venus and a wide variety of data on Jupiter, Amalthea, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Saturn, Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Phoebe. Among the recent discoveries are continent-sized landforms on Venus, a ring encircling Jupiter, the most volcanically active surface in the solar system on Io, hitherto unknown forms of global tectonism on icy Europa, Ganymede, and Enceladus, and intricate structure within Saturn's rings. Along with the spectacular growth in knowledge stemming from spacecraft exploration, major advances have also been made in telescopic observations of bodies not yet visited by spacecraft, radar observations of a variety of objects, and theoretical study of the evolution of both individual bodies and the solar system as a whole.
The Hanle Effect as a Diagnostic of Magnetic Fields in Stellar Envelopes. IV. Application to Polarized P Cygni Wind Lines

The Hanle effect has been proposed as a new diagnostic of circumstellar magnetic fields for early-type stars, for which it is sensitive to field strengths in the 1‐300 G range. In this paper we compute the polarized P Cygni line profiles that result from the Hanle effect. For modeling the polarization, we employ a variant of the ‘‘last scattering approximation.’’ For cases in which the Sobolev optical depths are greater than unity, the emergent line intensity is assumed to be unpolarized, while for smaller optical depths, the Stokes source functions for the Hanle effect with optically thin line scattering are used. For a typical P Cygni line, the polarized emission forms in the outer wind, because the Sobolev optical depth is large at the inner wind. For low surface field strengths, weak P Cygni lines are needed to measure the circumstellar field. For high values of the surface fields, both the Zeeman and Hanle diagnostics can be used, with the Zeeman effect probing the photospheric magnetic fields and the Hanle effect measuring the magnetic field in the wind flow. Polarized line profiles are calculated for a selfconsistent structure of the flow and the magnetic geometry based on the WCFields model, which is applicable to slowly rotating stellar winds with magnetic fields drawn out by the gas flow. For surface fields of a few hundred gauss, we find that the Hanle effect can produce line polarizations in the range of a few tenths of a percent up to about 2%.
Uncertainties in the solar neutrino flux

Abstract I discuss three issues relevant to solar neutrino flux measurements: cross section uncertainties in pp chain reactions, uncertainties in the GALLEX/SAGE response to 7 Be and 51 Cr neutrinos, and the implications of helioseismology for nonstandard suns with mixed cores. A few comments are also offered on ν 3 ↔ ν τ oscillations, cosmologically interesting neutrino masses, and recent proposals for supernova neutrino observatories
Identification of vortex-induced clear-air turbulence using airline flight records

The nature and cause of clear-air turbulence is being investigated, in cooperation with the National Transportation Safety Board, using the flight records available from airline encounters with severe turbulence. This paper presents two case studies of severe turbulence which indicate that the airplanes involved encountered vortex arrays which were generated by destabilized wind-shear layers near the tropopause. In order to identify and analyze vortex patterns (i.e., vortex strength, size, and spacings), potential-flow models of vortex arrays were developed that describe reasonably well the wind patterns derived from the airliner flight records. The results of this analysis indicate that in the two cases studied, the vortex cores had diameters in the range of 900 to 1,200 ft with tangential velocities in the range of 70 to 85 ft/sec. This study presents the first identification and analysis of vortex arrays from airline flight data. The results are compared with theoretical predictions and previous observations.
Three-dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Spherical Accretion

We present three-dimensional numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulations of radiatively inefficient spherical accretion onto a black hole. The simulations are initialized with a Bondi flow and with a weak, dynamically unimportant, large-scale magnetic field. As the gas flows in, the magnetic field is amplified. When the magnetic pressure approaches equipartition with the gas pressure, the field begins to reconnect and the gas is heated up. The heated gas is buoyant and moves outward, causing line stretching of the frozen-in magnetic field. This leads to further reconnection and more heating and buoyancy-induced motions, so that the flow makes a transition to a state of self-sustained convection. The radial structure of the flow changes dramatically from its initial Bondi profile, and the mass accretion rate onto the black hole decreases significantly. Motivated by the numerical results, we develop a simplified analytical model of a radiatively inefficient spherical flow in which convective transport of energy to large radii plays an important role. In this "convection-dominated Bondi flow," the accretion velocity is highly subsonic, and the density varies with radius as ρ ∝ R-1/2 rather than the standard Bondi scaling ρ ∝ R-3/2. We estimate that the mass accretion rate onto the black hole correspondingly scales as ~ (Rin/Ra)Bondi, where Rin is a small multiple of the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole and Ra is the "accretion radius" at which the ambient gas in the surrounding medium is gravitationally captured by the black hole. Since the factor Rin/Ra is typically very small, is significantly less than the Bondi accretion rate. Convection-dominated Bondi flows may be relevant for understanding many astrophysical phenomena, e.g., post-supernova fallback and radiatively inefficient accretion onto supermassive black holes, stellar-mass black holes, and neutron stars.
A Complete Spectroscopic Survey of the Milky Way Satellite Segue 1: The Darkest Galaxy

We present the results of a comprehensive Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopic survey of the ultra-faint Milky Way satellite galaxy Segue 1. We have obtained velocity measurements for 98.2% of the stars within 67 pc (10', or 2.3 half-light radii) of the center of Segue 1 that have colors and magnitudes consistent with membership, down to a magnitude limit of r = 21.7. Based on photometric, kinematic, and metallicity information, we identify 71 stars as probable Segue 1 members, including some as far out as 87 pc. After correcting for the influence of binary stars using repeated velocity measurements, we determine a velocity dispersion of 3.7^(+1.4) – 1.1 km s^(–1). The mass within the half-light radius is 5.8^(+8.2) _(– 3.1) × 10^5 M _⊙. The stellar kinematics of Segue 1 require very high mass-to-light ratios unless the system is far from dynamical equilibrium, even if the period distribution of unresolved binary stars is skewed toward implausibly short periods. With a total luminosity less than that of a single bright red giant and a V-band mass-to-light ratio of 3400 M _⊙/L_⊙, Segue 1 is the darkest galaxy currently known. We critically re-examine recent claims that Segue 1 is a tidally disrupting star cluster and that kinematic samples are contaminated by the Sagittarius stream. The extremely low metallicities ([Fe/H] < –3) of two Segue 1 stars and the large metallicity spread among the members demonstrate conclusively that Segue 1 is a dwarf galaxy, and we find no evidence in favor of tidal effects. We also show that contamination by the Sagittarius stream has been overestimated. Segue 1 has the highest estimated dark matter density of any known galaxy and will therefore be a prime testing ground for dark matter physics and galaxy formation on small scales.
A lagrangian method for calculating the dynamics of an incompressible fluid with free surface

Abstract A new method is presented for the numerical solution of the transient flow of viscous incompressible fluids having free surfaces. The method is based on Lagrangian coordinates in contrast to other methods, which use the Eulerian representation. Lagrangian coordinates permit the accurate treatment of fluid interfaces and free surfaces, and make it a simple matter to include the effects of surface tension. Several examples illustrate the properties of this new technique.
Research problem: The completion number of a graph

Motivated by the remarkable connection between graph theory and matrix analysis, we associate to each graph a so-called completion number that might encode some aspects of this interplay. We show that this number is not trivial, and we ask for a graph-theoretic characterization of those graphs with a given completion number.
X-Ray Line Diagnostics of Hot Accretion Flows around Black Holes

We compute X-ray emission lines from thermal plasma in hot accretion flows. We show that line profiles are strong probes of the gas dynamics, and we present line-ratio diagnostics which are sensitive to the distribution of mass with temperature in the flow. We show how these can be used to constrain the run of density with radius and the size of the hot region. We also present diagnostics which are primarily sensitive to the importance of recombination versus collisional ionization and which could help discriminate advection-dominated accretion flows from photoionization-dominated accretion disk coronae. We apply our results to the Galactic center source Sagittarius A* and to the nucleus of M87. We find that the brightest predicted lines are within the detection capability of current X-ray instruments.
The Charney–Davis Conjecture for Certain Subdivisions of Spheres

Notions of sesquiconstructible complexes and odd iterated stellar subdivisions are introduced, and some of their basic properties are verified. The Charney–Davis conjecture is then proven for odd iterated stellar subdivisions of sesquiconstructible balls and spheres.
Synthesis of spiro-1,2-dioxolanes and their activity against Plasmodium falciparum.

Abstract Artemisinin-derived compounds play an integral role in current malaria chemotherapy. Given the virtual certainty of emerging resistance, we have investigated spiro-1,2-dioxolanes as an alternative scaffold. The endoperoxide functionality was generated by the SnCl 4 -mediated annulation of a bis -silylperoxide and an alkene. The first set of eight analogs gave EC 50 values of 50–150 nM against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and Dd2 strains, except for the carboxylic acid analog. A second series, synthesized by coupling a spiro-1,2-dioxolane carboxylic acid to four separate amines, afforded the most potent compound (EC 50 ∼5 nM).
Super-Clifford Gravity, Higher Spins, Generalized Supergeometry and Much More

An extended Orthogonal-Symplectic Clifford Algebraic formalism is developed which allows the novel construction of a graded Clifford gauge field theory of gravity. It has a direct relationship to higher spin gauge fields, bimetric gravity, antisymmetric metrics and biconnections. In one particular case it allows a plausible mechanism to cancel the cosmological constant contribution to the action. The possibility of embedding these Orthogonal-Symplectic Clifford algebras into an infinite dimensional algebra, coined Super-Clifford Algebra is described. Finally, some physical applications of the geometry of Super-Clifford spaces to Generalized Supergeometries, Double Field Theories, U-duality, 11D supergravity, M-theory, and E7, E8, E11 algebras are outlined.
Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics with Application to Gamma-Ray Burst Outflows. I. Theory and Semianalytic Trans-Alfvénic Solutions

We present a general formulation of special relativistic magnetohydrodynamics and derive exact radially self-similar solutions for axisymmetric outflows from strongly magnetized, rotating compact objects. We generalize previous work by including thermal effects and analyze in detail the various forces that guide, accelerate, and collimate the flow. We demonstrate that, under the assumptions of a quasi-steady poloidal magnetic field and of a highly relativistic poloidal velocity, the equations become effectively time independent and the motion can be described as a frozen pulse. We concentrate on trans-Alfv?nic solutions and consider outflows that are super-Alfv?nic throughout in the companion paper. Our results are applicable to relativistic jets in gamma-ray burst (GRB) sources, active galactic nuclei, and microquasars, but our discussion focuses on GRBs. We envision the outflows in this case to initially consist of a hot and optically thick mixture of baryons, electron-positron pairs, and photons. We show that the flow is at first accelerated thermally but that the bulk of the acceleration is magnetic, with the asymptotic Lorentz factor corresponding to a rough equipartition between the Poynting and kinetic energy fluxes (i.e., ~50% of the injected total energy is converted into baryonic kinetic energy). The electromagnetic forces also strongly collimate the flow, giving rise to an asymptotically cylindrical structure.
Statistical mechanics of nonlinear nonequilibrium financial markets

Abstract An approach to understanding the nature of markets is modelled using methods of modern nonlinear nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. This permits examination of the premise that markets can be described by nonlinear nonequilibrium Markovian distributions. Corrections to previous nonlinear continuous time models are explicitly presented. A quite general microscopic model is presented of individual agents operating on a market, and explicit relationships are derived between variables describing these agents and the macroscopic market.
Electron Transfer and Charge Transfer: Twin Themes in Unifying the Mechanisms of Organic and Organometallic Reactions

The broad varieties of organic and organometallic reactions merge into a common unifying mechanism by considering all nucleophiles and electrophiles as electron donors (D) and electron acceptors (A), respectively. Comparison of outer-sphere and inner-sphere electron transfers with the aid of Marcus theory provides the thermochemical basis for the generalized free energy relationship for electron transfer (FERET) in Equation (37) and its corollaries in Equations (43) and (44) that have wide predictive applicability to electrophilic aromatic substitutions, olefin additions, organometallic cleavages, etc. The FERET is based on the conversion of the weak nucleophile–electrophile interactions extant in the ubiquitous electron donor—acceptor (EDA) precursor complex [D, A] to the radical ion pair [D⊕, A⊖], for which the free energy change can be evaluated from the charge-transfer absorption spectra according to Mulliken theory. FERET analysis thus indicates that the charge-transfer ion pairs [D⊕, A⊖] are energetically equivalent to the transition states for nucleophile/electrophile transformations. The behavior of such ion pairs can be directly observed immediately following the irradiation of the charge-transfer bands of various EDA complexes with a 25-ps laser pulse. Such studies confirm the radical ion pair [Arene⊕, NO2] as a viable intermediate in electrophilic aromatic nitration, as presented in the electron-transfer mechanism between arenes and the nitryl cation (NO) electrophile.
Backward SLE and the symmetry of the welding

The backward chordal Schramm–Loewner evolution naturally defines a conformal welding homeomorphism of the real line. We show that this homeomorphism is invariant under the automorphism $$x\mapsto -1/x$$ , and conclude that the associated solution to the welding problem (which is a natural renormalized limit of the finite time Loewner traces) is reversible. The proofs rely on an analysis of the action of analytic circle diffeomorphisms on the space of hulls, and on the coupling techniques of the second author.
Infrared hierarchy, thermal brane inflation and superstrings as superheavy dark matter

Abstract In theories with TeV scale quantum gravity the standard model particles live on a brane propagating in large extra dimensions. Branes may be stabilized at large (sub-millimeter) distances from each other, either due to weak Van der Waals type interactions, or due to an infrared analog of Witten's inverse hierarchy scenario. In particular, this infrared stabilization may be responsible for a large size of extra dimensions. In either case, thermal effects can drive a brief period of the late inflation necessary to avoid the problems with high reheating temperature and the stable unwanted relics. The main reason is that the branes which repel each other at zero temperature can be temporarily glued together by thermal effects. It is crucial that the temperature needed to stabilize branes on top of each other can be much smaller than the potential energy of the bound-state, which drives inflation. After 10–15 e -foldings bound-states cool below the critical temperature and decay ending inflation. The parallel brane worlds get separated at this stage and superstrings (of a sub-millimeter size) get stretched between them. These strings can have the right density in order to serve as a superheavy dark matter.
A processor-time-minimal systolic array for transitive closure

Using a directed acyclic graph (DAG) model of algorithms, the authors focus on processor-time-minimal multiprocessor schedules: time-minimal multiprocessor schedules that use as few processors as possible. The Kung, Lo, and Lewis (KLL) algorithm for computing the transitive closure of a relation over a set of n elements requires at least 5n-4 parallel steps. As originally reported. their systolic array comprises n/sup 2/ processing elements. It is shown that any time-minimal multiprocessor schedule of the KLL algorithm's dag needs at least n/sup 2//3 processing elements. Then a processor-time-minimal systolic array realizing the KLL dag is constructed. Its processing elements are organized as a cylindrically connected 2-D mesh, when n=0 mod 3. When n not=0 mod 3, the 2-D mesh is connected as a torus. >
A thermodynamic theory of dynamic fragmentation

Summary We present a theory of dynamic fragmentation of brittle materials based on thermodynamic arguments. We recover the expressions for average fragment size and number as originally derived by Grady. We extend the previous work by obtaining descriptions of fragment size distribution and compressibility change due to the fragmentation process. The size distribution is assumed to be proportional to the spectral power of the strain history, and a sample distribution is presented for a fragmentation process corresponding to a constant rate strain history. The description of compressibility change should be useful in computational studies of fragmentation. These results should provide insight into the process of fragmentation of brittle materials from hypervelocity impact.
An abstract machine theory for formal language parsers

The usual data necessary for any abstract machine theory is given in categorical terminology. In these terms, an abstract machine theory for formal language parsers is developed, exposing the essential nature of any left-to-right parsing scheme. A weak classification of all parsers for a given language is developed and the usual notions of initial machine, reachable machine and minimal machine apply. Minimality is an extremely weak notion in this theory, although it is equivalent to a simple form of immediate error detection for parsers. Remarks on the construction of parsing procedures are given.
Computer applications for fiber optics

The computer local networking applications covered in this paper are those oriented to a system-user interface–the local area network; those oriented toward the interaction of the mainframe processor with its storage and input-output support systems–the input-output channel; and those relating to enhancing the effective processing power of a system–the shared memory network.
Antenna-Coupled Nanowire Thermocouples for Infrared Detection

Unbiased, uncooled, and frequency-selective antenna-coupled nanowire thermocouples have been fabricated out of different metal combinations and characterized for infrared detection. The relative Seebeck coefficient of the nanowire thermocouples was measured with a characterization platform, which is colocated on the same chip as the detectors. The area of the hot junction of the nanowire thermocouple is approximately 75 nm × 75 nm. The antenna-coupled thermocouples show polarization dependence with a maximum normalized detectivity (D*) of 1.94 × 105 cm · √Hz/W.
Pricing-to-market in U.S. imports and exports: A time series and cross-sessional study

Abstract This paper provides a comparative study of how U.S. imports and exports prices react to exchange rate changes. It finds, through time series analyses, that while both U.S. and foreign exporters price to market, foreign exporters in general absorb a large portion of exchange rate changes by themselves while U.S. exporters pass through most of the exchange rate change to foreign currency prices. Pricing behavior of U.S. imports and, to a lesser extent, of U.S. exports varies across industries and such variation relates to industry characteristics such as market shares, product d differentiation, and capital-to-labor ratio.
Named entity translation: extended abstract

Named entity phrases are being introduced in news stories on a daily basis in the form of personal names, organizations, locations, temporal phrases, and monetary expressions. While the identification of named entities in text has received significant attention (e.g., [2] and [1]), translation of all named entities has not. This translation problem is especially challenging because new phrases can appear out of nowhere, and because many are domain specific, not to be found in bilingual dictionaries.
Developing a decision rule to predict failure: The case of savings and loan associations

The relative costs of misclassifying institutions by their financial health is an issue that concerns researchers. In this paper, a model and decision rule are developed that improve the probability of identifying those Savings and Loans that are predicted not to fail, but are actually failing. For obvious reasons, stakeholders in those institutions are very much interested in avoiding this type I error. The study also makes available evidence that the examination of Z-scores can be useful in identifying other financial institutions that may experience financial failure.
THE NATURE OF LoBAL QSOs. I. SEDs AND MID-INFRARED SPECTRAL PROPERTIES

We have obtained Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph spectra and MIPS 24, 70, and 160 μm photometry for a volume-limited sample of 22 Sloan Digital Sky Survey selected low-ionization broad absorption line (LoBALs) QSOs at 0.5 1012 L ☉). We estimate star formation rates (SFRs) corrected for the AGN contribution to the FIR flux and find that LoBALs have comparable levels of SF activity to non-LoBALs when considering the entire samples. However, the SFRs of the IR-luminous LoBALs are 80% higher than those of their counterparts in the control sample. The median contribution of SF to the total far-infrared flux in LoBALs and in non-LoBALs is estimated to be 40%-50%, in agreement with previous results for Palomar-Green (PG) QSOs. Overall, our results show that there is no strong evidence from the mid- and far-IR properties that LoBALs are drawn from a different parent population than non-LoBALs.
The α, α-Difluoro reformatsky reagent: Pregeneration and structural determination

Abstract The reaction of zinc amalgam with ethyl bromodifluoroacetate in triglyme provides a useful route to a stable α, α-difluoro zinc reagent. 19 F NMR and 13 C NMR data for this species support the structural assignment of this organometallic derivative as a carbon-metallated compound.
The new long-term trend in the price of natural gas

Abstract A significant negative trend in the long-term price of natural gas at the wellhead is revealed from simulations with a partial equilibrium model of the industry in the United States. The model framework consists of a simultaneous equations system for production from reserves and for demands for production in the residential, commercial and industrial sectors. We utilize a wide range of historical data to calibrate the model and then develop two sets of scenarios for future prices, one based on further industry development under current regulation, and the other based on deregulation and development of an open market for gas services. The key variables — price of natural gas, level of production and inground gas reserves — for the next 10 years improve for the consumer whether or not there is deregulation but the second scenario leaves the consumer better off sooner.
Entropy of the stiffest stars

We analyse the properties of stars whose interior is described by the stiffest equation of state consistent with causality. We note the remarkable fact that the entropy of such stars scales like the area.
Patterns of mortality and causes of death among Rhode Island Jews, 1979-1981

Abstract Using information provided by institutions handling Jewish deaths, this study identified 735 deaths among Jewish residents of Rhode Island during 1979–81. Official death records then provided data on the characteristics of the deceased and on cause of death, allowing comparisons of Jewish/non‐ Jewish patterns of mortality and cause of death, as well as analysis of differentials among the Jewish decedents, taking account of birthplace and occupation. The findings indicate that relatively fewer Jewish males die at ages below 65, and more at ages 85 and over than is true of total white males. Jewish females exhibit an age‐at‐death pattern more similar to that of all white women. These sex differences characterize cause of death as well. Differences are more pronounced between Jewish and non‐Jewish males than between the female groups. Most noteworthy, Jewish male deaths from diabetes are significantly higher and deaths from respiratory disease significantly lower than among total white men. Differen...
Supernatural inflation: inflation from supersymmetry with no (very) small parameters

Abstract Most models of inflation have small parameters, either to guarantee sufficient inflation or the correct magnitude of the density perturbations. In this paper we show that, in supersymmetric theories with weak-scale supersymmetry breaking, one can construct viable inflationary models in which the requisite parameters appear naturally in the form of the ratio of mass scales that are already present in the theory. Successful inflationary models can be constructed from the flat-direction fields of a renormalizable supersymmetric potential, and such models can be realized even in the context of a simple GUT extension of the MSSM. We evade naive “naturalness” arguments by allowing for more than one field to be relevant to inflation, as in “hybrid inflation” models, and we argue that this is the most natural possibility if inflaton fields are to be associated with flat direction fields of a supersymmetric theory. Such models predict a very low Hubble constant during inflation, of order 103–104 GeV, a scalar density perturbation index n which is very close to or greater than unity, and negligible tensor perturbations. In addition, these models lead to a large spike in the density perturbation spectrum at short wavelengths.
Semiparametric Binary Random Effects Models: Estimating Two Types of Drinking Behavior

Abstract I propose a new estimator for cross-section semiparametric regressions containing unobserved binary random effects and apply it to alcohol consumption. The random effects (health consciousness) explain a significant proportion of otherwise unexplained variation in alcohol consumption. Education positively correlates with health consciousness.
Distinctively Black Names in the American Past

Abstract We document the existence of a distinctive national naming pattern for African Americans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We use census records to identify a set of high-frequency names among African Americans that were unlikely to be held by whites. We confirm the distinctiveness of the names using over five million death certificates from Alabama, Illinois and North Carolina from the early twentieth century. The names we identify in the census records are similarly distinctive in these three independent data sources. Surprisingly, approximately the same percentage of African Americans had “black names” historically as they do today. No name that we identify as a historical black name, however, is a contemporary black name. The literature has assumed that black names are a product of the Civil Rights Movement, yet our results suggest that they are a long-standing cultural norm among African Americans. This is the first evidence that distinctively racialized names existed long before the Civil Rights Era, establishing a new fact in the historical literature.
A New expansion for nucleon-nucleon interactions

Abstract We introduce a new and well defined power counting for the effective field theory describing nucleon-nucleon interactions. Because of the large NN scattering lengths it differs from other applications of chiral perturbation theory and is facilitated by introducing an unusual subtraction scheme and renormalization group analysis. Calculation to subleading order in the expansion can be done analytically, and we present the results for both the 1 S 0 and 3 S 1 − 3 D 1 channels.
Decentralized Online Learning Algorithms for Opportunistic Spectrum Access

The fundamental problem of multiple secondary users contending for opportunistic spectrum access over multiple channels in cognitive radio networks has been formulated recently as a decentralized multi-armed bandit (D-MAB) problem. In a D-MAB problem there are M users and N arms (channels) that each offer i.i.d. stochastic rewards with unknown means so long as they are accessed without collision. The goal is to design a decentralized online learning policy that incurs minimal regret, defined as the difference between the total expected rewards accumulated by a model-aware genie, and that obtained by all users applying the policy. We make two contributions in this paper. First, we consider the setting where the users have a prioritized ranking, such that it is desired for the K-th-ranked user to learn to access the arm offering the K-th highest mean reward. For this problem, we present the first distributed policy that yields regret that is uniformly logarithmic over time without requiring any prior assumption about the mean rewards. Second, we consider the case when a fair access policy is required, i.e., it is desired for all users to experience the same mean reward. For this problem, we present a distributed policy that yields order-optimal regret scaling with respect to the number of users and arms, better than previously proposed policies in the literature. Both of our distributed policies make use of an innovative modification of the well known UCB1 policy for the classic multi-armed bandit problem that allows a single user to learn how to play the arm that yields the K-th largest mean reward.
Growth of intermetallic layers in the iridium-molybdenum system

Abstract Growth of intermetallic layers between molybdenum and an iridium alloy (Ir-0.3 wt.%W-0.006 wt.%Th-0.005 wt.%Al) has been evaluated over the temperature range 1473–1748 K, in argon and in vacuum. Two intermetallic layers, with compositions corresponding to IrMo and Ir 3 Mo, are formed over the entire temperature range. The two layers have approximately equal thicknesses, and the total layer thickness formed during a 4 h exposure can be expressed as t =1200 exp(- Q / RT ), where t is the total thickness of the intermetallic layers in micrometers, Q =64 kJ mol −1 , R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. Vapor-phase transport of molybdenum (as MoO 3 ) is suggested as a possible mechanism for the growth of these intermetallic layers in (oxygen-contaminated) argon. There was no indication of molybdenum transport through the iridium alloy grain boundaries in advance of the intermetallic layer interface. The resistance of these intermetallies to attack by several acids and acid mixtures is similar to that of iridium.
High speed division for binary computers

Beyond the steps of SHIFT and SUBTRACT, division used in early machines generally relied upon Newton's method. In order to increase the speed of division the following two approaches, namely the S-R-T recoding method and the iterative multiplication scheme, have resulted. The S-R-T-method offering an average shifting distance of 2.6 bits is very close to the scheme used in Stretch,.2 the iterative multiplication scheme providing a quadratic convergence rate with preselected starting block has been used in IBM 360/91. However, the shifting distance of the S-R-T method varies with the format of the denominator; the required number of multiplication and the starting table of the quadratic convergence scheme need further improvement. This paper is concerned about the second approach, i.e., the iterative multiplication scheme. Recently the author has developed a method in which one of the iterative multiplication is replaced by a fixed point subtraction. In this paper a better method is developed, this new method not only eliminates one of the iterative multiplication but also reduces the size of the starting table. The detailed derivation of the algorithm will be presented first, followed by a detailed description of the implementation procedure along with two examples. The comparison of the proposed division scheme with the others are also enclosed.
Optimal tree approximation with wavelets

The more a priori knowledge we encode into a signal processing algorithm, the better performance we can expect. In this paper, we overview several approaches to capturing the structure of singularities (edges, ridges, etc.) in wavelet-based signal processing schemes. Leveraging results from approximation theory, we discuss nonlinear approximations on trees and point out that an optimal tree approximant exists and is easily computed. The optimal tree approximation inspires a new hierarchical interpretation of the wavelet decomposition and a tree-based wavelet denoising algorithm that suppresses spurious noise bumps.
The Josephson effect in single spin superconductors

Abstract The Josephson effect provides a primary signature of single spin superconductivity (SSS), the as yet unobserved superconducting state which was proposed recently as a low temperature phase of half-metallic anti ferro magnets. These materials are insulating in the spin-down channel, but are metallic in the spin-up channel. The SSS state is characterized by a unique form of p-wave pairing within a single spin channel. We develop the theory of a rich variety of Josephson effects that arise due to the form of the SSS order parameter. Tunneling is allowed at a SSS–SSS′ junction, but of course depends on the relative orientation of their order parameters. No current flows between an SSS and an s-wave BCS system as a result of their orthogonal symmetries, which potentially can be used to distinguish SSS from other superconducting states. Single spin superconductors also offer a means to probe other materials, where tunneling is a litmus test for any form of “triplet” order parameter.
Quasi-atomic L-MM Auger spectra of solid Cu and Zn

Abstract Experimental L 3 -M 4,5 M 4,5 Auger spectra of metallic Cu and Zn show distinct characteristics of free-atom spectra but do not reflect the band structure. This quasi-atomic phenomenon in solids is tentatively explained as electron localization due to increased screening.
On the replica symmetric solution of the K-sat model

In this paper we translate Talagrand’s solution of the K-sat model at high temperature into the language of asymptotic Gibbs measures. Using exact cavity equations in the infinite volume limit allows us to remove many technicalities of the inductions on the system size, which clarifies the main ideas of the proof. This approach also yields a larger region of parameters where the system is in a pure state and, in particular, for small connectivity parameter one can prove the replica symmetric formula for the free energy at any temperature.
A facile synthesis of functionalized catechols

Abstract A general route to functionalized catechols is achieved by the reaction of 3, 6-di(chloromethyl)-4, 5-dimethyl-catechol with various nucleophiles in the presence of a base. The reactions are proposed to occur by way of a dehydrochlorinated intermediate which undergoes Michael additions to give the catechol products.