cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Newborn estrogen excretion

The estrogen concentration and the ratio of estrogen to creatinine (E/C) were measured in the first voided urine of 147 newborn infants. Estrogen concentration and the E/C ratio were found to be related to birth weight but not sex. E/C ratios in patients with various pregnancy complications and newborn diseases were compared to the normals by analysis of covariance, thereby removing the effect of weight. The E/C ratio of infants born following pregnancies complicated by maternal hemorrhage was significantly below the average found for normal infants. A statistically significant relationship between low levels of estrogen excretion and idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome was found.
Central canal enhancement and the trident sign in spinal cord sarcoidosis

We report an enhancement pattern in 9 patients with spinal cord sarcoidosis (SCS) with subacute onset (<4 weeks) myelitis as the initial manifestation of sarcoidosis. Presenting symptoms included numbness in 9, urinary complaints in 7, and weakness in 6. Examination revealed abnormal proprioception in 8, spastic quadriparesis/paraparesis in 6, and sensory level in 6. MRI showed central canal enhancement alone (11%) or in combination with dorsal-subpial enhancement1 (89%) (figure 1), often resembling a trident head on axial sequences (figure 2). Lung biopsies in 7 patients confirmed sarcoidosis; both patients without biopsies had hilar adenopathy. Central canal enhancement and the trident sign in subacute myelitis should raise suspicion for SCS.
Magneto-optic effects in ferrofluids

Ferrofluids are stable colloidal suspensions of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in a carrier liquid. The ordering and phase transitions of these polarizable media under the effect of an externally applied dc magnetic field are accompanied by a number of magneto-optic effects. Light scattering, in particular, has been used in studies investigating the kinematics of the field-induced self-assembly of nanoparticles in chain-like structures. In previous reports we discussed the correlation between the time-dependent light-scattering patterns and the creation of such field-induced ordered structures of nanoparticles in the ferrofluid. This present work is the first reported systematic study of the morphing of the light scattering patterns with the thickness of the ferrofluid layer (0.1 mm to 10 mm) and with temperature, in ferrofluids consisting of water suspensions of dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. In particular we discuss the origin and angular dependence of an elliptical pattern produced by light scattered through thin layers (<1 mm) of ferrofluids and contrast it with the patterns produced by longer light paths (10 mm) through the ferrofluid.
Adiponectin administration prevents weight gain and glycemic profile changes in diet-induced obese immune deficient Rag1−/− mice lacking mature lymphocytes

Background Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation leading to insulin resistance and diabetes. Adiponectin is an adipokine that regulates inflammatory responses. The aim of our study was to investigate whether any effects of adiponectin against obesity and insulin-resistance may depend on the adaptive immune system.
Working Conditions, Occupational Injuries, and Health Among Filipino Fish Processing Workers in Dutch Harbor, Alaska

This study explored how unique environmental conditions in Alaska influenced occupational health and safety for Filipino fish processing workers, many of whom migrated from warm locations (e.g., th...
High-frequency isolated ac-dc converter with stacked architecture

This paper presents a new isolated ac-dc power converter achieving both high power factor and converter miniaturization suitable for many low power ac-dc applications. The proposed ac-dc converter architecture comprises a line-frequency rectifier, a stack of capacitors, a set of regulating converters, and a multi-input isolated bus converter. Among many suitable circuit implementations, the prototype system utilizes the resonant-transition buck converter as a regulating converter, and the capacitively-aided isolated bus converter for the isolated bus converter. The converter is miniaturized by operating at high frequency (1–10 MHz range), and it buffers the ac-line frequency energy with a pair of stacked ceramic capacitors (1 μE and 150 μE, 100 V rating) without a requirement for electrolytic capacitors. The prototype converter is implemented to operate from 120 Vac to 12 V, and up to 50 W output as an example isolated ac-dc converter for power supply applications. The prototype converter demonstrates with 88 % efficiency and 0.86 power factor, and provides 50 W/in3 power density, which is five times higher than the power density of typical conventional designs.
Letting the Troops Loose: Pillage, Massacres, and Enslavement in Early Tang Warfare

By analyzing examples ranging from the Sui-Tang transition to the An Lushan Rebellion, I argue that in a practice known as “letting the troops loose,” Tang generals frequently rewarded their officers and soldiers (and themselves) for a victory with the freedom to seize the wives, children, and property of the defeated with impunity, and to kill any who resisted. Attempts to censure or prosecute the generals responsible were rare and usually overruled, because military morale was seen as a higher priority than discipline or humaneness. Tang generals were also authorized to massacre surrendered enemy soldiers and conquered civilians for a range of strategic purposes. Moreover, taking slaves from a defeated population was a common prerogative among generals and officers even when an army was not “let loose.” When generals refrained from pillage, massacres, and enslavement, therefore, this was usually for reasons that were pragmatic and strategic, not moral or legal.
Responsible Milestone-Based Educational Handover With Individualized Learning Plan From Undergraduate to Graduate Pediatric Medical Education.

What's New Communication of medical students' pediatric milestone assessments and individual learning plans from medical schools to pediatric residency directors allows for effective educational handovers promoting the continuum of education. Existing undergraduate medical education assessments can provide meaningful data to determine most pediatric milestone levels.
Response to Intervention: "Lore v. Law".

The legal dimension of response to intervention (RTI) has been the subject of considerable professional confusion. This brief article addresses the issue in three parts. The first part provides an ...
Voices Against Liberties

Requests for civil rights and support for the innovations of the constitution were contrasted with mass disapproval of the new liberties (especially religious), demands for continuing segregation of the “former people”, and strengthening of punishments. The constitutional expansion of the franchise met articulate opposition. The grassroots often accepted state intervention at the expense of individual rights: prioritizing state interests, praising the leader, advocating militarization, a total regimentation of life, and surveillance of private correspondence. Aggression against sanctioned minorities—the priests, kulaks and out-kolkhoz farmers—can be read as an indication of an authoritarian-type political culture present in society. The coexistence of a liberal subculture with mass expressions of illiberal and traditional values reflected the diversity of the political culture even under dictatorship.
Intra-oral lactic acid production during clearance of different foods containing various carbohydrates

Oral carbohydrate clearance and acid production were monitored over a two hour time period following the ingestion of six foods (chocolate bar, potato chip, oreo cookie, sugar cube, raisin and jelly bean). Each food was evaluated intra-orally in eight volunteers. Oral fluid samples were obtained from each volunteer at 30 min intervals at five different tooth sites using absorbent paper points. The oral fluid samples were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for carbohydrates and organic acids using high performance liquid chromatography. Data obtained for each food were averaged and subjected to statistical analysis. The quantity of lactic acid produced 30 min after ingestion was found to be in the following order: (highest) raisin > chocolate bar > sugar cube > jelly bean > oreo cookie > potato chip (least). Two hours after food intake the order had changed significantly: potato chip > jelly bean > sugar cube > chocolate bar > oreo cookie > raisin. A direct linear relationship existed between lactic acid production and the presence of glucose. In foods containing cooked starch prolonged clearance occurs via the intermediate metabolites maltotriose, maltose and glucose. Results indicated that the term 'stickiness', when used to label certain foods such as jelly bean and chocolate bar, should be used cautiously. Foods containing only cooked starch or cooked starch and sugars can be considered as 'sticky', since glucose arising from their intra-oral degradation contributed to acid production over prolonged periods of time.
Secular sexism: The persistence of gender inequality in the US New Atheist Movement

Abstract This paper examines how a social movement reproduces gender inequalities and excludes women, even in the absence of explicitly sexist ideologies and the presence of a purported commitment to gender egalitarianism. I show how a US-based movement that appears conducive to challenging dominant gender ideology—the New Atheist Movement—instead maintains a gendered movement culture that support the persistence of gender inequalities. The movement culture embraces gendered discourses and rejects feminist claims for participation or recognition. Further, a culture of men's dominance—which extends to men making claims about women's rights and criticizing women who speak out against men's abuses of power—has contributed to women respondents feeling shut out and silenced. The paper contributes to improved knowledge of how gender inequalities reproduce themselves in social movements through movement culture.
$\mathsf{QMA}$ Lower Bounds for Approximate Counting.

We prove a query complexity lower bound for $\mathsf{QMA}$ protocols that solve approximate counting: estimating the size of a set given a membership oracle. This gives rise to an oracle $A$ such that $\mathsf{SBP}^A \not\subset \mathsf{QMA}^A$, resolving an open problem of Aaronson [2]. Our proof uses the polynomial method to derive a lower bound for the $\mathsf{SBQP}$ query complexity of the $\mathsf{AND}$ of two approximate counting instances. We use Laurent polynomials as a tool in our proof, showing that the "Laurent polynomial method" can be useful even for problems involving ordinary polynomials.
The Art and Science of Germs

As human civilizations began to flourish, so did the infectious diseases that afflicted them. Over time, an understanding of these contagious sicknesses gradually developed, but not as rapidly as developments in other areas of medicine. Despite major advances in science and medicine that occurred in the first and early second millennia AD in China, India, Persia, and the Islamic world, and more accelerated developments that followed during The Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment, the specific causes of infectious illnesses defied explanation and remained in the realm of the occult. The Franciscan monk, Roger Bacon, had originally described the fundamental principles of the scientific method in 1269, stressing the formulation of hypotheses based on observations from nature and the primacy of experimentation to confirm such hypotheses. Yet, he and his contemporaries lacked the tools and techniques to adequately study events that could not be observed by the human eye; contagious diseases fell into this category. This remained the major impediment to the advancement of the discipline over the ensuing 400 years.
Controlling neutral and charged excitons in MoS 2 with defects

In this contribution, we use heavy ion irradiation and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy to demonstrate that defects can be used to tailor the optical properties of two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). Sonicated MoS2 flakes were deposited onto Si/SiO2 substrate and subjected to 3 MeV Au2+ ion irradiation at room temperature to fluences ranging from 1 × 1012 to 1 × 1016 cm−2. We demonstrate that irradiation-induced defects can control optical excitations in the inner core shell of MoS2 by binding A1s- and B1s-excitons, and correlate the exciton peaks to the specific defects introduced with irradiation. The systematic increase of ion fluence produced different defect densities in MoS2, which were estimated using B/A exciton ratios and progressively increased with ion fluence. We show that up to the fluences of 1 × 1014 cm−2, the MoS2 lattice remains crystalline and defect densities can be controlled, whereas at higher fluences (≥1 × 1015 cm−2), the large number of introduced defects distorts the excitonic structure of the material. In addition to controlling excitons, defects were used to split bound and free trions, and we demonstrate that at higher fluences (1 × 1015 cm−2), both free and bound trions can be observed in the same PL spectrum. Most importantly, the lifetimes of these states exceed trion and exciton lifetimes in pristine MoS2, and PL spectra of irradiated MoS2 remains unchanged weeks after irradiation experiments. Thus, this work demonstrated the feasibility of engineering novel optical behaviors in low-dimensional materials using heavy ion irradiation. The insights gained from this study will aid in understanding the many-body interactions in low-dimensional materials and may ultimately be used to develop novel materials for optoelectronic applications.
Automated classification of three-dimensional reconstructions of coral reefs using convolutional neural networks

Coral reefs are biologically diverse and structurally complex ecosystems, which have been severally affected by human actions. Consequently, there is a need for rapid ecological assessment of coral reefs, but current approaches require time consuming manual analysis, either during a dive survey or on images collected during a survey. Reef structural complexity is essential for ecological function but is challenging to measure and often relegated to simple metrics such as rugosity. Recent advances in computer vision and machine learning offer the potential to alleviate some of these limitations. We developed an approach to automatically classify 3D reconstructions of reef sections and assessed the accuracy of this approach. 3D reconstructions of reef sections were generated using commercial Structure-from-Motion software with images extracted from video surveys. To generate a 3D classified map, locations on the 3D reconstruction were mapped back into the original images to extract multiple views of the location. Several approaches were tested to merge information from multiple views of a point into a single classification, all of which used convolutional neural networks to classify or extract features from the images, but differ in the strategy employed for merging information. Approaches to merging information entailed voting, probability averaging, and a learned neural-network layer. All approaches performed similarly achieving overall classification accuracies of ~96% and >90% accuracy on most classes. With this high classification accuracy, these approaches are suitable for many ecological applications.
Novel Presentation of Pulmonary Atypical Carcinoid Tumor as Acute Pancreatitis.

Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a group of rare tumors that pose a high financial burden on patients and the United States healthcare system. The usual presenting symptoms include cough or wheezing, hemoptysis, or chest pain. Due to bronchial obstruction, patients may also present with recurrent pneumonia. Acute pancreatitis has yet to be documented as the initial manifestation of this disease. Atypical carcinoids - a subtype of NETs - are heterogeneous regarding their site of origin, biological behavior, and malignant potential. Studies show that the most common primary tumor site varies by race, with the lung being the most common in white patients and the rectum being the most common in Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan Native, and African American patients. Certain carcinoid tumors, such as those of the rectum, are over-represented among the Black and Asian populations within the United States, suggesting the role of genetics in the development of this intriguing disease. Furthermore, the pancreas is not a usual site of metastasis for primary lung NET. Our case study describes the rare occurrence of a primary pulmonary NET (atypical carcinoid) metastasizing to the pancreas and presenting as acute pancreatitis.
Permafrost thaw lake methane flux estimates using GPR

This research demonstrates a new measurement and scaling approach to constrain the estimates of methane (CH4) fluxes emitted from permafrost thaw (thermokarst) lakes. Permafrost is estimated to store about 20% of the total terrestrial carbon (C) stock. Permafrost thawing releases C in part as CH4, however, there are large uncertainties in the global CH4 budget that limit the accuracy of climate change projections. Estimating how much C is released from permafrost is critical to overcome this knowledge gap. Lake CH4 fluxes are estimated by combining direct observations, geophysical mapping and satellite remote sensing along with a scaling strategy based on lake expansion rate. This research contributes to advance the understanding of CH4 fluxes from thermokarst lakes and improve atmospheric C models.
Experiences of Young Adults with a History of Foster Care During COVID-19.

This study assessed the needs, concerns, and strengths of young adults (ages 18 - 26), previously placed in foster care, in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). One hundred and twenty-seven participants completed the survey in May and June, offering a preliminary description of the impact of Shelter in Place (SIP) due to COVID-19 on their wellbeing. The mixed-methods, cross-sectional survey assessed participants' perspectives regarding 1) changes in physical, financial, professional, social, relational, and psychological levels of concern and 2) the general impact of SIP due to COVID-19, as well as the unique impact as a current or former foster youth. Participants reported significant increases in their level of concern in each domain from before SIP orders to during SIP, which was maintained in anticipation of the year following SIP. Participants also described their experiences with SIP and COVID-19 as unique, due to their lived experience as a former foster youth. Findings highlight a need for a coordinated short and long-term response to address the needs and concerns of this vulnerable population.
Low-energy scattering of molecules and ions in a magnetic field

We describe calculations of elastic and inelastic scattering of neutral molecules and cold ions in a magnetic field. The molecule is assumed to have a magnetic and electric dipole moment. The external magnetic field splits the ground rovibrational energy levels of the molecule. The highest energy state within the ground rovibrational manifold increases in energy as the distance to the ion decreases leading to a repelling potential. At low energy, inelastic collisions are strongly suppressed due to the large distance of closest approach. Thus, a collision between a neutral molecule and a cold ion will lead to a decrease in the molecule's kinetic energy with no change in internal energy. We present results for the specific case of OH molecules cooled by ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{+}$, or ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ ions. Also, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of ions and molecules in a combined Paul trap and time-averaged orbiting potential trap. Our results suggest that sympathetic cooling of neutral molecules by ions would be possible if cold ions and molecules could be simultaneously trapped.
Abstract 58: Angiotensin-(1-7) Mas Receptors In The Arcuate Nucleus Of The Hypothalamus Protect Against High Fat Diet-induced Insulin Resistance In Female Mice

Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) is a protective hormone of the renin-angiotensin system that improves insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and energy balance in obese rodents. Our recent findings sugges...
Association between nuclear grade of renal cell carcinoma and the aorta-lesion-attenuation-difference

Several features noted on renal mass biopsy (RMB) can influence treatment selection including tumor histology and nuclear grade. However, there is poor concordance between renal cell carcinoma (RCC) nuclear grade on RMB compared to nephrectomy specimens. Here, we evaluate the association of nuclear grade with aorta-lesion-attenuation-difference (ALAD) values determined on preoperative CT scan. A retrospective review of preoperative CT scans and surgical pathology was performed on patients undergoing nephrectomy for solid renal masses. ALAD was calculated by measuring the difference in Hounsfield units (HU) between the aorta and the lesion of interest on the same image slice on preoperative CT scan. The discriminative ability of ALAD to differentiate low-grade (nuclear grade 1 and 2) and high-grade (nuclear grade 3 and 4) tumors was evaluated by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and area under curve (AUC) using ROC analysis. Sub-group analysis by histologic sub-type was also performed. A total of 368 preoperative CT scans in patients with RCC on nephrectomy specimen were reviewed. Median patient age was 61 years (IQR 52–68). The majority of patients were male, 66% (243/368). Tumor histology was chromophobe RCC in 7.6%, papillary RCC in 15.5%, and clear cell RCC in 76.9%. The majority, 69.3% (253/365) of tumors, were stage T1a. Nuclear grade was grade 1 in 5.46% (19/348), grade 2 in 64.7% (225/348), grade 3 in 26.2% (91/348), and grade 4 in 3.2% (11/348). Nephrographic ALAD values for grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 73.7, 46.5, 36.4, and 43.1, respectively (p = 0.0043). Nephrographic ALAD was able to differentiate low-grade from high-grade RCC with a sensitivity of 32%, specificity of 89%, PPV of 86%, and NPV of 36%. ROC analysis demonstrated the predictive utility of nephrographic ALAD to predict high- versus low-grade RCC with an AUC of 0.60 (95% CI 0.51–0.69). ALAD was significantly associated with nuclear grade in our nephrectomy series. Strong specificity and PPV for the nephrographic phrase demonstrate a potential role for ALAD in the pre-operative setting that may augment RMB findings in assessing nuclear grade of RCC. Although this association was statistically significant, the clinical utility is limited at this time given the results of the statistical analysis (relatively poor ROC analysis). Sub-group analysis by histologic subtype yielded very similar diagnostic performance and limitations of ALAD. Further studies are necessary to evaluate this relationship further.
Open Problems of Energy Management in Microgrids

The great feature of MG for incorporating DGs of DER makes it an important and promising application in future SG. Different energy management schemes are required for the MG when connected and islanded. Energy management in islanded mode is more difficult than the connected mode because of the lack of an infinite power bus and fluctuated distributed generation, which also leaves many problems open for research. Forecasting in islanded MGs and energy management for MGs in emergency are two important topics that lack considerable research efforts. On the other hand, for maximization of resources utilization and large-scale DG penetrations, cooperation between multiple MGs are enabled. It is even bolder to assume a highly advanced and integrated grid composed of MG networks without the macrogrid. This opens another area with many problems to solve in both theoretical and practical aspects. The open problems on energy management for islanded MGs and cooperative MGs are discussed in this chapter.
Parks as a Mechanism to Maintain and Facilitate Recovery of Forest Cover: Examining Reforestation, Forest Maintenance and Productivity in Uganda

Tropical forests are among the world’s most productive ecosystems, providing important social and environmental benefits. However, they are increasingly threatened by accelerating rates of forest conversion and degradation (Brown and Lugo 1990). The Food and Agriculture Organization estimated that 13 million ha of forest are converted annually to agriculture and pasture in developing countries (FAO 2006). Forest loss and fragmentation of tropical forests has been called the single greatest threat to global biological diversity (Turner and Corlett 1996; Laurance and Bierregaard 1997). Hill and Curran (2003) assert that fragmentation negatively impacts species composition due to a reduction in forest area and an isolation of the remaining forest fragments.
Consuming Agency in Fairy Tales, Childlore, and Folkliterature

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Susan Honeyman Year: 2010 Pages: 230 Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 978-0-415-80614-5 (hard cover). Prices: $95.00 USD(hard cover).
Detailed structure of harmonic signals in modulation spectroscopy and resulting precision improvement in non-intrusive laser based sensors

This paper presents a statistical analysis method to quantify the quality of fits between experimental and theoretical results, in a manner that illustrates the salient aspects of wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS), with higher harmonic detection. Variations in the signal characteristics, as a result of changes such as linewidths, lineshape profiles etc., in the underlying transition are analyzed. The analysis is based on calculations of variance of errors between experimental data points and theoretical models. A higher magnitude in such a variance is a consequence of larger scatter in errors across the wavelength regions of interest. It is seen that the greater structure of the higher harmonic signals generally gives a larger variance of these mismatches. This then leads to the tighter constraints, effectively resulting in a better fit and hence in a higher precision measurement.
The Earned Income Tax Credit and Labor Market Participation of Families on Welfare

In this paper we examine the effect of the EITC on the employment rates of adults who received welfare (AFDC) during the 1990s. The first part of the paper begins with a description of the changes in the EITC over the last ten years, its administration, and what is known about its of the changes in the EITC over the last ten years, its administration, and what is known about its welfare policy changes, earned income tax credit (EITC) increases in 1990 and 1993, and changes in local labor market conditions on the behavior of families who received welfare benefits in California during the early part of the 1990s. The data on welfare recipients that we analyze are drawn from the California Work Pays Demonstration Project (CWPDP). The CWPDP incorporated experimental variation in the benefits package received by treatment and control households drawn from California?s AFDC caseload in four counties during the first half of the 1990s. This experimental variation is used to help identify the effects of welfare changes from the effects of the EITC expansions and the effects of local labor market conditions over this same period. We use a variety of county-level labor market indicators to account for the influence that the local labor market had on the employment rates of heads of households in the CWPDP sample. We also exploit a change in the EITC in 1994 when the credit became significantly more generous for families with two or more children, relative to families with only one child. Our evidence is consistent with the EITC having large, positive effects on employment of adults from welfare families in California . This paper appears as Chapter 3 in the edited volume The Incentives of Government Programs and the Well-Beings of Families. To view the contents of the entire volume, please click here.
Women Farmland Owners in Iowa: Cultivating Agency through Rhetorical Practice

While 47 percent of Iowa farmland is owned or co-owned by women, conventional agriculture remains largely a masculine enterprise. This dissertation focuses on the narratives of six women in Iowa who have become farmland owners through inheritance from spouses or other family members. Through ethnographic methods, I analyze the women's decisions and resulting shifts in their identity, which is related to their status as farmland owners in a hegemonic culture where women are often marginalized. Furthermore, I argue that analyzing identity is an important aspect of understanding a purposeful, embodied human rhetorical agency.
Evolution of Mass Distribution in CDM Halos

On the basis of a new convergence study of high-resolution N-body simulations, my colleagues and I now agree that the Navarro, Frenk, & White (1996) density profile $\rho_{NFW}(r) \propto r^{-1} (r+r_s)^{-2}$ is a good representation of typical dark matter halos of galactic mass. Comparing simulations of the same halo with numbers of particles ranging from $\sim10^3$ to $\sim10^6$, we have also shown that $r_s$, the radius where the log-slope is -2, can be determined accurately for halos with as few as $\sim10^3$ particles. Based on a study of thousands of halos at many redshifts in an Adaptive Refinement Tree (ART) simulation of a cosmological volume in a $\Lambda$CDM cosmology, we have found that the concentration $\cvir \equiv \Rvir/\rs$ has a log-normal distribution, with $1\sigma$ $\Delta (\log \cvir) = 0.18$ at a given mass, corresponding to a scatter in maximum rotation velocities of $\Delta \Vmax/\Vmax = 0.12$. The average concentration declines with redshift at fixed mass as $\cvir(z) \propto (1+z)^{-1}$. This may have important implications for galaxy rotation curves. Finally, we have found that the velocity function determined from galaxy luminosity functions plus luminosity-velocity relations agrees with the predictions from our $\Lambda$CDM simulations. But we also note that the very limited evolution with redshift of the velocity function predicted by $\Lambda$CDM conflicts with the data that is becoming available on the number density of bright galaxies unless there is significant evolution of the luminosity-velocity relation at $z>1$.
Characterization of high‐latitude ionospheric scintillation of GPS signals

[1] This paper presents statistical analysis of arctic auroral oval ionospheric scintillation events during the current solar maximum based on high-rate Global Positioning System data collected in Gakona, Alaska (62.39°N, 145.15°W) from August 2010 to March 2013. The objective is to gain a better understanding of the climatology and morphology of ionospheric scintillation in high-latitude regions. A scintillation event filter, multipath identification procedures, and other processes are applied to exclude nonscintillation related signal intensity and phase fluctuation and to extract scintillation events with S4 index above 0.12 and phase sigma above 6° from over 657 days of data. A total of over 5800 scintillation events were identified; most of them show phase fluctuations, only 10% of the phase fluctuations are accompanied by weak amplitude scintillation. Based on the occurrence time, signal direction of arrival, intensity, and duration of these scintillation events and the solar and geomagnetic activities associated with these events, diurnal, seasonal, spatial, and solar activity dependencies are derived and presented in the paper.
Evaluation of Strategies for Pruning and Crop Control of Concord Grapevines in Southwest Michigan

Seven strategies for pruning and adjusting the crop level of Concord vines were evaluated over a six-year period in a commercial vineyard in southwest Michigan to determine their long-term influence on vine productivity, vine structure, and fruit quality. Manual balance pruning retained 44 nodes per kilogram of cane prunings. Commercial manual pruning resulted in 25% more live nodes per vine and a 19% larger yield than manual balance pruning. Commercial manual pruning resulted in more clusters per meter of canopy but less yield per node, smaller clusters, and lower Brix than vines managed with manual balance pruning. Nevertheless, commercial manual pruning did produce acceptable fruit soluble solids in five out of six years of the experiment. Three severities of mechanical pruning resulted in yields that were comparable to commercial manual pruning at approximately 13 t/ha. As the severity of mechanical pruning treatments decreased, the number of live nodes and clusters per meter of canopy increased while yield per node and average cluster weight decreased. Moreover, the range of annual yields and fruit soluble solids for these treatments became greater as pruning severity decreased. Crop adjustment, applied in combination with mechanical pruning by spraying ammonium nitrate solutions on a portion of the vine at bloom, resulted in lower yields and higher fruit soluble solids than mechanical pruning alone. Fruit soluble solids from treatments involving crop control were greater than the commercially acceptable minimum standard of 15 Brix in five out of six years. Distribution analysis revealed that approximately 90% of the live nodes and clusters for all treatments were situated within the top 60 cm of the trellis. Moderate or minimal mechanical pruning, whether used alone or in combination with chemical crop adjustment, did not provide consistently comparable fruit quality to manual pruning. Severe mechanical pruning produced yields and fruit soluble solids that were similar to commercial manual pruning. The comparable response of these two treatments was due to the compensating factors of a 45% reduction in node fruitfulness and a 75% increase in the number of live nodes for severe hedging when compared to commercial manual pruning. Severe mechanical pruning, when used in combination with cane positioning, manual follow-up pruning after hedging, and shoot positioning, was an acceptable, sustainable practice for managing Concord vines.
The Effect of 10K Restatements on Firm Value, Information Asymmetries, and Investors' Reliance on Earnings

Restating 10-Ks has become an increasingly common phenomenon in financial reporting. Restatements clearly signal that the firm's prior financial statements were not credible and were of relatively lower "quality". In this study, we examine the effect of restatements on investors' and dealers' perceptions of the firm. First, we examine the market returns and the bid-ask spread effects at the announcement of the accounting problem that leads to restatement. We find negative market returns for accounting problem announcements, and we find that the negative reaction is most pronounced for firms with revenue recognition issues. We also find an increase in spreads surrounding the announcement of revenue recognition problems. Second we examine returns and spreads from the announcement of the restatement to the filing of the restated financial statements. We find a significant negative market reaction and a larger negative reaction for firms with revenue recognition problems. We find no change in spreads from before the announcement of the accounting problem to after the restatement is filed. Finally, we examine the effect of the restatement on earnings response coefficients, and find that the market reacts less to earnings after a restatement than to earnings prior to a restatement. In general, these results indicate that investors and dealers react negatively to restatements and are more concerned with revenue recognition problems than with other financial reporting errors.
Differences among Urban, Suburban, and Rural Schools on Technology Access and Use in Eighth-Grade Mathematics Classrooms

One of the potential dangers related to technology occurs when technology access and use are not equitably distributed. This study examined the access and use of technology in urban, suburban, and ...
Use of a Fabry-Perot Resonator for the measurement of the surface resistance of high T c superconductors at millimeter wave frequencies

The use of a Fabry-Perot Resonator to measure the surface resistance of bulk and thin film samples of YBa2Cu3O7-δ at W-band frequencies is described. The Fabry-Perot measurement technique provides a more convenient size, higher Q and is capable of determining the surface resistance more accurately than cylindrical resonators at these frequencies.
The IBM SELECTRIC composer: type font compatibility

Because of the large number of type fonts required to support the IBM SELECTRIC Composer program, it would not have been economical to manufacture separate type elements for each country in which the machine would be marketed. Also, because the total of the standard alphanumeric characters and the typical basic language requirements for all countries is much greater than could possibly be fitted on the Composer's 88-position type element, special Composer fonts had to be developed for various language group classifications. This paper describes the SELECTRIC Composer's development from a single-language system to a multilingual concept and details the problems involved in achieving compatibility, and thus type font interchangeability.
Christopher Columbus: A selective guide to literature, 1970–1989

This is a selective annotated bibliography of the literature on Christopher Columbus from 1970 to 1989. The subject is particularly relevant considering the approach of the Quincentenary of the “discovery” of America in 1992. For that same reason, there has been an outpouring of literature on the subject since 1990, a significant subset of which contributes to are interpretation of Columbus the man, his voyages, and their impact on the new world. It is hoped that this more recent literature will be part of a subsequent annotated bibliography.
Monoclonal antibody mechanisms of action in cancer

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are used extensively as treatment for cancer. A variety of mechanisms are thought to play important roles in mediating the observed anti-tumor effects of mAb. These include signaling mediated by cross-linking of surface antigen that leads to cell death, blocking an activation signal that is necessary for continued cell growth, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and the ability of mAb to alter the cytokine milieu or enhance development of an active anti-tumor immune response. In this review the in vitro, animal model and clinical results supporting each of these varied mechanisms is summarized as is the potential for these mechanisms to interact with each other.
Blood bank refrigerator alarms. Improving coverage and preventing trouble.

Three alarm systems, one warning of temperatures above and below the acceptable range for blood preservation, the other two designed to prevent temperature rises due to unclosed refrigerator doors and power supply failure, are described and diagrammed. The temperature alarm gives its audible and visual signal in a constantly manned, distant area, identifies the refrigerator which failed, automatically signals the restoration of proper temperature after repairs, and is independent of building electric power supply. The door alarm is automatically turned on and off so it is operating only when the blood bank staff is absent. The power supply interruption alarm anticipates a temperature rise due to power failure by as much as an hour. The installation cost $160.
Pressure ulcers in the chronically critically ill patient.

Chronically critically ill (CCI) patients are almost universally at high risk for developing pressure ulcers. They typically have multiple comorbid illnesses (eg, malnutrition, diabetes, renal failure, sepsis), and are ventilator-dependent and immobile for an extended period of time. With such strong predispositions, CCI patients may develop pressure ulcers despite preventive care and continuous monitoring. Some patients bring to the chronic phase of critical illness pressure ulcers that developed during the acute period in the ICU. Others may develop new ulcers or experience a worsening of pressure ulcers during chronic critical illness, even with careful treatment. Although multiple risk factors increase the challenge of pressure ulcer care for the CCI population, steps can be taken to reduce risk and to improve the healing process. This article outlines some of these steps and describes the pressure ulcer surveillance and treatment paradigm developed at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. Although there is no conclusive data with respect to the efficacy of some of the treatment and preventive measures described in this paper, our recommendations are informed by both prior research and our extensive clinical experience. Previous reports have emphasized the risks of pressure ulcers [1–8]. The importance of continuous surveillance and prompt intervention is emphasized to achieve diagnosis and definitive treatment of pressure ulcers at the earliest possible time. Daily examination of ‘‘danger areas,’’ such as the pelvic region and heels, followed by immediate treatment can be expected to reduce the high costs (human and financial), as well as the morbidity and mortality associated
Rapid purification of a chloroplast nucleoside diphosphate kinase using CoA-affinity chromatography.

Abstract An 18 kDa protein from spinach chloroplasts was purified in one step to homogeneity using CoA-affinity chromatography. Its N-terminal sequence was identical to spinach nucleoside diphosphate kinase II (NDPK II). The kinase was isolated as a ≈ 100 kDa complex. Immunoblotting detected NDPKII in plastids from leaves, roots, seeds and male flowers. NDPK I, an isoform of NDPK II, was not found in chloroplast soluble extracts, whereas NDPK III was present.
Beneficence, Clinical Urgency, and the Return of Individual Research Results to Relatives

In “Genomic Inheritances,” Chan and colleagues (2012) describe their experience returning genetic results of deceased ClinSeq participants to interested relatives. Their research program routinely ...
A scheduling algorithm for transporting variable rate coded voice in bluetooth networks

In the current Bluetooth specification voice traffic is transmitted using synchronous connection-oriented (SCO) links. Only uncompressed voice connections with Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) are supported, and 64Kbps bandwidth is assigned to each voice connection. However, with the use of speech coding techniques that produce compressed voice and/or detect silent periods, it is expected that high quality voice data can be transmitted at or below 4Kbps, and that the Bluetooth specification will support voice transmission at two or more distinct rates. A key issue that should be resolved in order to support variable rate coded voice transmission in Bluetooth is how to meet the temporal service requirements of various variable rate coded voices.In this paper, we propose, in compliance with the Bluetooth specification, a distance constrained scheduling (DCS)-based, intra-piconet scheduling algorithm to support admission control and scheduling of variable rate coded voice traffic, with the objective of providing the temporal quality of service requirement of each master-slave pair. Further, in the case that requests to establish voice connections exceed the system capacity, we present two admission control algorithms that select, based on utility functions defined, optimal subsets from an otherwise unschedulable request set. We also conduct simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms in terms of schedulability, capability of delay jitter control, and effectiveness of admission control.
Comparison of Pneumatic and Manual Probe Sampling of Kansas Farm-stored Grain Sorghum

Six circular metal farm bins containing grain sorghum were sampled in northeastern Kansas with a pneumatic grain sampler. The grain mass ranged in volume from 109.6 to 429.6 m3. A stratified random sampling method was used. Samples were analyzed in the laboratory for species and numbers of live insects, percentages of fungal-invaded kernels, and percent moisture content Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) was the only insect species collected in all six bins. High numbers of C. turcicus (Grouvelle) were collected, while few C. pusillus (Schonherr) were found. In five of six bins, more live insects were found at or near the floor; in four, moisture content was greater on the floor. In comparisons with a manual gravity-fill probe, equal numbers of insects and broken grain were collected. Regression analysis was used to propose practical sampling schemes in which manual probes were used to sample upper areas of the grain mass.
ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY EFFECTS ON MARINE FISHERIES: FOUR CASE HISTORIES

The changing nature of marine fisheries requires management approaches that recognize and include ecosystem and environmental effects. Therefore, we review some examples of exploited fishery stocks in which environmental control is a major contributor to structuring the abundance and distribution of the stock. Four examples, taken from studies of northern cod (Gadus morhua), cod and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae, the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), and Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), are given that clearly illustrate environmental control on the fishery. From these examples, we argue that future management strategies for exploited fisheries must include effects of environmental variability. In particular, management strategies must be flexible enough to include delayed responses to environmental variations that result from the transfer of per- turbations from larger to smaller scales and vice versa. This capability requires an under- standing of where linkages between the physical environment and the species of interest occur. Development of this knowledge requires input from a variety of disciplines, coor- dinated research programs, and considerable cooperation at national and international levels.
Timidity and metabolic elimination patterns in audiogenic-seizure susceptible and resistant female rats.

Les resultats ont demontre un certain rapport entre la timidite et la tendance aux crises convulsives audiogenes chez les rates. L'augmentation de la quantite des urines et des matieres fecales fut aussi notee dans les groupes d'animaux sensibles. L'augmentation du poids des matieres fecales en fonction du gramme d'aliments ingeres suggere un trouble et une deficience des fonctions digestives et du metabolisme alimentaire chez les animaux a tendances convulsives.
Complement and the central nervous system: Emerging roles in development, protection and regeneration

As expanding research reveals the novel ability of complement proteins to promote proliferation and regeneration of tissues throughout the body, the concept of the complement cascade as an innate immune effector has changed rapidly. In particular, its interactions with the central nervous system have provided a wealth of information regarding the ability of complement proteins to mediate neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, cell migration, neuroprotection, proliferation and regeneration. At numerous phases of the neuronal and glial cell cycle, complement proteins exert direct or indirect influence over their behavior and fate. Neuronal stem cells differentiate and migrate in response to complement, and it prevents injury and death in adult cells in response to toxic agents. Furthermore, complement proteins promote survival via anti-apoptotic actions, and can facilitate clearance and regeneration of injured tissues in various models of CNS disease. In summary, we highlight the protean abilities of complement proteins in the central nervous system, underscoring an exciting avenue of research that has yielded greater understanding of complement's role in central nervous system health and disease.