cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of group support systems in focus groups: Information technology meets qualitative research

This paper explores focus groups supported by group support systems (GSS) with anonymous interaction capability in two configurations: same time/same place and same time/different place. After reviewing the literature, we compare and contrast these anonymity-featured GSS-supported focus groups with traditional focus groups and discuss their benefits and limitations. We suggest directions for future research concerning GSS-supported focus groups with respect to technological implications (typing skills and connection speeds), national culture (high and low context; power distance), and lying behavior (adaptation of model of Hancock, J. T., Thom-Santelli, J., & Ritchie, T. (2004). Deception and design: The impact of communication technology on lying behavior. Proceedings of the 2004 conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 129-134), whereby lying is a function of three design factors: synchronicity, recordability, and distributedness).
PARENT-CHILD OBSERVATIONS IN CUSTODY EVALUATIONS

Child custody evalutors need to increase the scientific foundations of their work, both for the benefit of clients and to address criticisms of the field. Observations of parents with children potentially yield huge amounts of data, and it is important for evaluators to consistently apply scientific and professional principles to make sense of all that information. Recommendations for observation sessions are made that integrate theory, research, and practice. These recommendations include the most important interactional dimensions to focus on, which family members to have present, the optimal level of stress, the number of sessions needed, and considerations about home visits.
Final report of a phase II study of imatinib mesylate with hyper-CVAD for the front-line treatment of adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We have previously reported on the efficacy and tolerability of hyper-CVAD regimen (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, Adriamycin, and dexamethasone) and imatinib followed by imatinib-based consolidation/maintenance therapy in 20 patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here, we present the 13-year follow up of our study. Fifty-four patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia were enrolled: 39 (72%) with de novo disease, 6 (11%) whose disease was primary refractory after induction (without a tyrosine kinase inhibitor), and 9 (17%) in complete remission after one course of induction therapy (without tyrosine kinase inhibitor). Forty-two (93%) of the 45 patients treated for active disease achieved complete remission, one achieved complete remission with incomplete recovery of platelets, one achieved partial remission and one died during induction. Nineteen (35%) patients are alive and 18 are in complete remission. The 5-year overall survival rate for all patients was 43%. Significant negative predictors of overall survival were age over 60 years, p190 molecular transcript, and active disease at enrollment. Sixteen (30%) patients underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Median overall survival was not significantly greater for patients who underwent transplant. Patients with residual molecular disease at three months had improved complete remission duration with transplant. The median time to hematologic recovery and severe toxicities with combination were not significantly different from those observed with conventional chemotherapy. Only one patient discontinued therapy due to toxicity. HyperCVAD chemotherapy and imatinib is an effective regimen for Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Transplant may not be indicated in all patients with Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00038610).
Sliding wear studies of ni-cu composition-modulated coatings on steel

Abstract Sliding wear measurements have been conducted on Ni-Cu composition-modulated coatings on steel. The electrodeposited coatings consisted of alternate layers of nickel and copper with equal layer spacings of either 10 or 100 nm. Pure nickel and pure copper coatings were also prepared in a similar manner and studied. The coated cylinders were slid against AISI type 52100 steel in a crossed cylinder geometry under clean conditions without lubrication at various loads and sliding distances. It was found that the most wearresistant coating was the composition-modulated alloy having the smallest layer spacing, 10 nm. This effect was most pronounced at low loads. Both composition-modulated coatings showed less wear than coatings of pure copper and nickel deposited from the same solution. The layer microstructure in these composition-modulated coatings may provide internal barriers to wear damage, thus leading to the increases in wear resistance. Results from examination of the worn specimens and collections of wear debris are also described.
The pallium and mind/behavior relationships in teleost fishes.

Three interrelated pallial areas mediate behaviors reflective of the cognitive and emotional aspects of the teleost mind. The dorsocentral area (Dc) has specific associations with both of the other pallial areas and projects to major lower sensorimotor centers. While Dc generally functions as an output or modulatory component of the pallium, it probably also has integrative features important for certain behaviors. The dorsolateral region (Dl) has dorsal (Dld) and ventral (Dlv) divisions. In association with the dorsal part of Dc, Dld processes visual information via a ‘tectal loop' which is hypertrophied in certain coral reef species. The region also receives afferents related to other modalities. Functionally, Dld resembles the tetrapod sensory neocortex. Anatomical and behavioral data (i.e. involvement in spatial and temporal learning) strongly suggest that Dlv is homologous to the tetrapod hippocampus. The dorsal part of the dorsomedial area (Dmd) processes acoustic, lateral line, gustatory, and multimodal information. It has reciprocal connections with Dld such that the Dmd and Dld together can be considered the teleost nonolfactory ‘sensory pallium'. Behavioral studies indicate that Dmd creates the ‘fear' necessary for defense/escape and avoidance behaviors and controls several components of species-typical sexual and aggressive behavior (responsiveness, behavioral sequencing, and aspects of social cognition). While the functional results generally support the anatomical evidence that Dmd is homologous to the tetrapod amygdala, a case can also be made that Dmd has ‘sensory neocortex-like' features. Understanding the interrelationships of Dl, Dmd, and Dc seems a necessary ‘next step' in the identification of the neural processes responsible for mental experiences such as those of a unified sensory experience (Umwelt) or of feelings of discomfort versus well- being.
A Model for Improving “Advanced” Courses in Physics

An alternative to the lecture format for teaching junior and senior level material is outlined. The basis of this alternative is the widely used Keller plan which features self-pacing, personal attention for each student, and emphasis on mastery of specific learning objectives. To meet needs particular to upperclass students and to create a learning atmosphere more appropriate for “pre-professionals,” we have added the following features: (1) student freedom in selecting his own procedure (textbook readings, exercises, etc.) for mastering the course material, and (2) some variety in topics studied by each individual student. Two successful trials of this adapted Keller plan in an atomic physics course at MIT are described, with emphasis on student performance and the administrative structure of the new format.
Globalization and Conferencing Comparative Literature in Egypt and Slovenia

In his article, "Globalization and Conferencing Comparative Literature in Egypt and Slovenia," Babis Dermitzakis discusses two recent conferences in the discipline of comparative literature. The former conference was held on the topic of literary criticism in Cairo and the latter on the genre of the romantic epic poem in Ljubljana. The implicit and explicit objective of both conferences was to discuss as well as to demonstrate a stand against globalization with specific reference to culture and literature. The conference participants as much as the organizers intended to show that cultures and countries peripheral to economic, political, and cultural centres -in particular the global impact of American culture -possess important products of culture, including such in literature and in the study of literature, that is, in literary and culture theory. Although acknowledging English as the tool of communication serving the objectives of globalization, the argument is proposed that there are possibilities to avoid or at least to mitigate the marginalization of peripheral cultures and their scholarship and to establish meaningful dialogue with scholars globally. Babis Dermitzakis, "Globalization and Conferencing Comparative Literature in Egypt and Slovenia" page 2 of 6 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 3.1 (2001):
Calmodulin activates neuronal nitric oxide synthase by enabling transitions between conformational states

We recently showed that inducible nitric oxide synthase conformational intermediates can be resolved via FMN fluorescence lifetimes. Here we show that neuronal NOS activation by calmodulin removes constraints favoring a closed ‘input state’, increasing occupation of other states and facilitating conformational transitions. The 90 ps FMN input state lifetime distinguishes it from ∼4 ns ‘open’ states in which FMN does not interact strongly with other groups, or 0.9 ns output states in which FMN interacts with ferriheme. Enablement of the conformational cycle is an important paradigm for control in nNOS and related enzymes, and may extend to other control modalities.
A technique for placing facial silicate cement restorations.

Abstract A technique has been described which offers the dentist the advantage of a high quality silicate restoration with a minimum of finishing. It also frees the dentist to do other things during the setting periods.
Protection of Abdominal Aortic Grafts by Omentum Flap

Prosthetic graft infection is a devastating complication of aortic surgery with a high morbidity and mortality. In selected cases the use of an omentum pedicle provides excellent coverage of the aortic prosthesis and interposes viable tissue between the suture line and abdominal viscera. The omentum is superior to preaortic soft tissue because of its availability, vascularity, and lymphatic drain age. The technique is outlined and an illustrative case presented.
SysML-based domain-specific executable workflows

This paper presents a tool called SysFlow Workflow Engine (SWE) that is being developed to execute a domain workflow defined using SysML's Activity Diagram. The paper also describes extensions added to the SysML semantics to make them SWE executable. SWE focuses on grid computing, cyberinfrastructure and related domains; however support for other domains can be easily added. SWE aims to provide a common interface to grid, cyberinfrastructure and other domain-specific software by abstracting their complexity and idiosyncrasies. To create a workflow, users can use SysML modelers such as Topcased, which allows them to create and validate SysML models. Before submitting a workflow to SWE for execution, users have to ensure that their workflow is not only a valid SysML model but also a valid SWE executable model. SWE receives a SysML workflow in XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) format and after performing certain validation checks it parses and executes the workflow.
Membrane tubulation and proton pumps

A model is presented for one type of membrane tubulation. In this model large transmembrane protein complexes link together to form helical bands. To form the helical bands the individual complexes within the band would need to form a slight bend and twist with adjacent complexes as they link together. Such linkages would lead to the band and lipid bilayer extending out from the plane of the membrane to form a tube of a diameter equal to or smaller than the radial diameter of the helix. This model is supported by two examples of membrane tubulation found inParamecium, in which proton pumps are the transmembrane complexes that are associated together to form the helically coiled bands. These include the helically linked F0F1 complexes of the mitochondrial inner membrane and the V0V1 complexes of the decorated tubules of the contractile vacuole complex. Such tubules result in very high surface-to-volume ratios and may be important in efficient ATP production or in forming proton gradients for transporting ions across membranes.
Enhancement of prednisolone dissolution properties using liquisolid compacts

The in-vitro release characteristics of prednisolone, a very slightly water soluble glucocorticoid, formulated in directly compressed tablets and liquisolid compacts, were studied at different dissolution conditions. According to the new formulation method of liquisolid compacts, liquid medications such as solutions or suspensions of water insoluble drugs in suitable non-volatile liquid vehicles, can be converted into acceptably flowing and compressible powders by blending with selected powder excipients. It has been speculated that such systems exhibit enhanced release profiles due to the increased wetting properties and surface of drug available for dissolution. In the present study, the potential of liquisolid systems to improve the dissolution properties of water-insoluble agents was investigated using prednisolone as the model drug. Several liquisolid tablet formulations were prepared using a new mathematical model to calculate the appropriate quantities of powder and liquid ingredients required to produce acceptably flowing and compressible admixtures. Liquisolid compacts demonstrated significantly higher drug release rates, in different dissolution media and volumes, compared to tablets prepared by the direct compression method. It was also observed that the drug dissolution rate from liquisolid tablets was independent of the volume of dissolution medium, in contrast to the plain tablets which exhibited declining drug release patterns with decreasing dissolution volumes.
Laser assisted emittance exchange: Downsizing the x-ray free electron laser

A technique is proposed to generate electron beam with ultralow transverse emittance through laser assisted transverse-to-longitudinal emittance exchange. In the scheme a laser operating in the TEM10 mode is used to interact with the electron beam in a dispersive region and to initiate the emittance exchange. It is shown that with the proposed technique one can significantly downsize an x-ray free electron laser (FEL), which may greatly extend the availability of these light sources. A hard x-ray FEL operating at 1.5 {angstrom} with a saturation length within 30 meters using a 3.8 GeV electron beam is shown to be practically feasible.
Reorientation of small molecules and anions in solution studied by resonance enhanced dynamic Rayleigh scattering

Resonance enhanced dynamic depolarized Rayleigh scattering is used to measure reorientation times of two nitrophenolate anions in millimolar aqueous and ethanolic solutions. Reorientation times of the corresponding neutral molecules in 0.01 to 0.1 M solutions are also reported. The reorientation time of 3,4‐dinitrophenolate anion has a linear viscosity dependence when the viscosity is varied by varying temperature. The ratio of reorientation time to viscosity C is the same for neutral 3,4‐dinitrophenol and its anion in water to within experimental error. In ethanol the C values for both neutral molecule and anion are much larger than the corresponding water values and the anion C value depends upon counterion. This final observation suggests ion pairing occurs in these solutions. The spectra of picrate salts in ethanol clearly show the presence of a second species (ion pair). The picrate anion C value in ethanol determined from the broad component of a two Lorentizain fit is slightly larger than the corre...
Photodisintegration of Carbon-12 by 330-Mev Bremsstrahlung

The excitation function for the reaction ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}(\ensuremath{\gamma}, 3\ensuremath{\alpha})$ from 330-Mev bremsstrahlung has been measured. Ilford C2 600\ensuremath{\mu} emulsions were irradiated and scanned for three-prong stars which satisfied conservation of momentum for the disintegration. Of the forty-six stars found, none were from quanta bigger than 42 Mev and so an upper limit for the cross section was estimated up to 100 Mev. From this it can be seen that there are no prominent resonances up to 100 Mev other than those already known.
Proximity electron tunneling spectroscopy I. Experiments on Nb

A quantitative proximity electron tunneling spectroscopy (PETS) is demonstrated for the study of strong coupling superconductors which do not form suitable insulating oxides for conventional McMillan-Rowell tunneling spectroscopy. Proximity junctions of the form C-Al2O3-Al/S are employed, with Al thickness d N ≤ 100 ». Here S is the superconductor of interest and C is any convenient counterelectrode. The physical basis for the method, experimental techniques, and data obtained from foils of Nb are presented. The results for Nb include the energy-dependent pair potential δS(E), the renormalization function Z(E), effective phonon spectrum α 2 F(Ω), electron-phonon coupling constant λ, and Coulomb pseudopotential Μ*. A full discussion of the underlying theory and details of the methods of analysis employed to obtain, in addition, the pair potential of the Al proximity layer are contained in a following paper.
Tin(II) Bromide

[10031-24-0] Br2Sn (MW 278.51) InChI = 1S/2BrH.Sn/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = ZSUXOVNWDZTCFN-UHFFFAOYSA-L (mild Lewis acid used in halogenative allylation and Friedel–Crafts allylation; synthesis of α-nucleosides; α-methylation of ketones; reduction of acetals and aromatic nitro compounds; reductive dimerization of imines) Alternate Name: stannous bromide. Physical Data: mp 215.5 °C; bp 620 °C; d 5.1 g cm−3. Solubility: sol water (85.2 g/100 mL at 0 °C, 222.5 g/100 mL at 100 °C), alcohol, ether, acetone. Form Supplied in: pale yellow rhombic crystals; commercially available. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: corrosive and moisture sensitive; should be stored in a tightly closed container protected from light.
The DRG Prospective Payment System, Age, Resource Consumption, and Outcome for Peripheral Vascular Surgical Patients:

The federal Medicare DRG pro spective payment system as entered its sixth year, with no major adverse effect so far on American health care regarding either access to or quality of surgical care. The authors ana lyzed hospital resourc consumption and outcome by age for peripheral vascular surgical patients from Ja nuay 1, 1985, through March 31, 1986, at a large academic medical center using the DRG format. Total costs (exclusive of MD fees) for the 211 peripheral vascular surgical pa tients studied were $2,933,623. Mean hospital cost per patient, hospital length of stay, percent of outliers, and mortality were higher for pa tients seventy-five years of age and over as compared with younger pa tients. DRG case-mix index and the number of procedures per patient was also higher for these older pa tients.This study demonstrated that un der prospective payment systems (ie, DRG reimbursement) financial risk was higher for patients seventy-five years of age and over, as were hospi tal length of stay, the number...
An analytic BRDF model of canopy radiative transfer and its inversion

Radiative transfer modeling of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of leaf canopies is a powerful tool to relate multiangle remotely sensed data to biophysical parameters of the leaf canopy and to retrieve such parameters from multiangle imagery. However, the approximate approaches for multiple scattering that are used in the inversion of existing models are quite limited, and the sky radiance frequently is simply treated as isotropic. This paper presents an analytical model based on a rigorous canopy radiative transfer equation in which the multiple-scattering component is approximated by asymptotic theory and the single-scattering calculation, which requires numerical integration to properly accommodate the hotspot effect, is also simplified. Because the model is sensitive to angular variation in sky radiance, the authors provide an accompanying new formulation for directional radiance in which the unscattered solar radiance and single-scattering radiance are calculated exactly, and multiple-scattering is approximated by the well-known delta two-stream approach. A series of validations against exact calculations indicates that both models are quite accurate, especially when the viewing angle is smaller than 55 degrees . The Powell algorithm is then used to retrieve biophysical parameters from multiangle observations based on both the canopy and the sky radiance distribution models. >
Measurement Error and Survey Design in Sightability Model Development

ABSTRACT Measurement error of explanatory variables used in sightability models can result in biased population estimates and associated measures of precision. We developed a Monte Carlo simulation procedure that can be implemented within the sightability model framework when measurement error is present. Additionally, we developed simulation and sample survey methods, for determining the optimal allocation of survey effort to maximize precision of population estimates for a fixed survey cost, when a complete survey of a study area is not feasible. We used data from aerial surveys of elk during 2004–2006 in Michigan to demonstrate the application of these techniques. By accounting for measurement error and applying appropriate survey design practices, managers employing sightability models may be able to generate more accurate and cost-effective population estimates and accompanying measures of precision than is possible if these techniques are ignored.
Three-dimensional imaging utilizing energy discrimination. I

An algorithm is proposed for three-dimensional image reconstruction in nuclear medicine which uses scattered radiation rather than multiple projected images to determine the source depth within the body. Images taken from numerous energy windows are combined to construct the source distribution in the body. The gamma-ray camera is not moved during the imaging process. Experiments with both /sup 99m/Tc and /sup 67/Ga demonstrate that two channels of depth information can be extracted from the low-energy images produced by scattered radiation. By combining this technique with standard SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) reconstruction using multiple projections, the authors anticipate much improved spatial resolution in the overall three-dimensional reconstruction. >
The effect of bandwidth and buffer pricing on resource allocation and QoS

Congestion-based pricing of network resources is a common approach in evolving network architectures that support Quality of Service (QoS). Resource usage and QoS will thus fluctuate in response to changes in price, which must be dynamically controlled through feedback. Such feedback algorithms typically assume that network resources behave as Normal goods, i.e., that an increase in the price of a resource results in a decreased demand for that resource. Here, we investigate the sensitivity of resource allocation and the resulting QoS to resource prices in a reservation-based QoS architecture that provides guaranteed bounds on packet loss and end-to-end delay for real-time applications. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for bandwidth and buffer to act as Normal goods, showing that this depends on the shapes of the utility and QoS functions. We then show that the minimum total cost is a decreasing convex function of loss. When the delay constraints are absent or not binding, we prove that if a resource is a Normal good, then an increase in the price of that resource causes the loss on that link to increase, the loss on all other links to decrease, and the total loss to increase. We also give sufficient conditions to establish that an increase in the price for a resource results in a decreased demand for that resource, an increased demand for the other resource at that node, and an increased demand for resources at all other hops. Finally, when the delay constraint is binding, we give sufficient conditions to establish that an increase in the price of bandwidth at one node results in increased loss and delay at that node, and decreased loss and delay at all other nodes.
Abstract 3051: mRNA and microRNA expression profiles integrated with drug sensitivities of the NCI-60 human cancer cell lines

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC We present here new NCI-60 profiling studies of mRNA and miRNA expression using the 41,000-probe Agilent Whole Human Genome Oligo Microarray and the 15,000-feature Agilent Human miRNA Microarray V2. Expression levels were determined for ∼21,000 genes and 723 human miRNAs. The resulting data sets are freely available and searchable online at http://discover.nci.nih.gov in our CellMiner relational database package. The profiling included technical replicates, with six and eight cell lines assayed in quadruplicate for mRNA and miRNA, respectively. The remaining cell lines were assayed in duplicate. Our analysis indicates high reproducibility for both platforms and an essential biological similarity across the various cell types. The expression levels were integrated with our previously published 1,429-compound database of anticancer activity in the NCI screen. Large blocks of both mRNAs (∼2000) and miRNAs (∼200) with unidirectional correlation to ∼1300 drugs including 121 drugs with known mechanisms of action were identified. The data sets presented here will facilitate recognition of the groups of mRNAs, miRNAs and drugs that potentially affect and interact with one another. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3051.
Autonomous passive light tracking utilizing single-wall carbon nanotube enhanced opto-thermo-mechanical elastomer actuators

We have developed novel opto-thermo-mechanical actuators by effectively distributing a significant amount of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT, up to 0.7%w/w) into liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) matrices. These SWCNT/LCE actuators exhibit a great potential to be utilized in MEMS applications, as they respond to a wide spectrum of visible/near-infrared light, and possess a large reversible compressive strain (up to 35%) when stimulated. Autonomous and passive light tracking is demonstrated here as one of the applications. With a simple design, the actuators are able to adaptively tilt a solar cell towards the light source by a degree of ∼15° (with an incident light intensity of 1.6 kW/m2). As a result, the photocurrent output of the solar cell is significantly enhanced (up to 247.10%) without any other control system or external energy source.
Buoyancy sources for a large, unrooted mountain range, the Sierra Nevada, California: Evidence from xenolith thermobarometry

Xenoliths hosted by Cenozoic volcanic flows and plugs from the Central Sierra Nevada and Eastern Sierra Nevada, Owens Valley, and Inyo Mountains were studied for petrography and thermobarometry. The Central Sierra Nevada suite consists of abundant lower crustal feldspathic granulites, garnet clinopyroxenites, and mantle-derived peridotites and garnet websterites. Mafic crustal assemblages occur down to ∼65–70 km, although below 35–40 km, they are mainly in the eclogite facies. In contrast, the Eastern Sierra Region suites show peridotitic, pyroxenitic, and harzburgitic assemblages at depths of ≥35–40 km. They define an adiabat in PT space (T ∼ 1180–1250°C), suggesting the presence of the asthenospheric upper mantle close to the base of the crust. The ultramafic mantle rocks from the Central Sierra Nevada also define an adiabatic slope in PT space, possibly an artifact of side heating from the east. There is xenolith evidence that the Sierra Nevada lost about half of its original crust on the eastern side of the range. Regardless of the actual mechanism of crustal thinning, the loss of the eclogitic lowermost crust and replacement by peridotite in the eastern Sierra Nevada is a process accompanied by a substantial density decrease (>100 kg/m^3). Overall, if the mechanism of eclogitic lowermost crust removal is viable, there are enough buoyancy sources to explain topographic differences between the Sierra Nevada and the adjacent Basin and Range, assuming isostatic equilibrium.
Super tough PVC alloy with high heat distortion temperature

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is an inexpensive commodity polymer with many good properties such as flame retardancy and rigidity. Unfortunately, its heat distortion temperature is around 75°C. To increase its toughness, plasticizers or elastomers are added with a loss in both heat distortion temperature (HDT) and flame retardancy. Low molecular weight imidized acrylic having a Tg < 130°C when added to PVC shows a modest gain in HDT but at the expense of toughness. Inclusion of a rubber to improve the toughness of the acrylic modified composition lowers its HDT as well as its flame retardancy. The technology reported here details a method utilizing an “alloy” polymer added to PVC to increase both its toughness and HDT.
Field Verification of the Barber–Cushman Mechanistic Phosphorus Uptake Model for Maize

Abstract A two‐year field study in southeastern South Dakota examined how phosphorus (P) fertilizer applied to a silt loam soil affected the predictability of P uptake in maize (Zea mays L.) using the Barber–Cushman mechanistic P uptake model. Liquid ammonium polyphosphate was applied to provide 0, 10, 20, and 40 kg P ha−1 comparing a concentrated single or double band application, or comparing a concentrated single band to a fertilizer band diluted with water. Soil, plant tissue, and roots were sampled intensely. The model simulation used observed measurements as well as reasonable estimates and assumptions derived from the literature. Predicted P uptake was affected more by soil solution P (C li ) than applied fertilizer P rate. The agreement of observed with predicted P uptake was improved when their regressions were grouped according to C li ranges rather than applied P rates. In 1991, the model predicted 86–90% of observed P uptake at the high C li range (21–77 µmol L−1) but only predicted 23–44% of ...
Local television, the World Wide Web, and the 2000 presidential election

Digital cable modems, wireless Internet service providers (ISPs), digital subscriber line (DSL) services, fiber optics systems, and Internet access through a growing number of direct satellite television providers have transformed the way that millions of Americans receive the latest news and information about political campaigns. Multilingual video, text, and audio files on candidate Web sites, dial-up Internet services provided through the Republican National Committee and the Democratic National Committee, electronic mail updates of policy announcements, Web site rebuttals to the statements made during the nationally televised presidential debates, full-color printable flyers and bumper stickers for laser printing, and other forms of interactive software and multimedia were just a few of the new developments in the 2000 presidential race. This article addresses the changing multimedia technologies—including the use of local television markets and the new uses of the World Wide Web—in the 2000 president...
Paper spray ionization devices for direct, biomedical analysis using mass spectrometry

Paper spray ionization has been developed as a direct, fast and low-cost sampling and ionization method for qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of complex mixtures. Analyte ions are generated by applying a high voltage and a small volume (~10 μL) of spray solvent onto a porous substrate. The sample can be preloaded onto the paper or mixed into the spray solution. The geometry of the paper and the method of supplying the necessary internal standard are important factors that affect the ionization efficiency and subsequently the sensitivity and quantitation accuracy of the analytical data. As the cut angle of the paper tip is changed, the spray plume, the total spray current and the electric field intensity at the tip all vary correspondingly, with resulting differences in signal intensity. Sample load is another important factor for obtaining a stable MS signal and accurate quantitative results. The optimal sample load was found to be dependent on the paper size. The dissolution and spray process was also investigated and analyte transfer on paper was shown to be largely associated with bulk solution flow towards the spray tip. The information gathered from these systematic studies provides guidance for the design and optimization of a disposable sample cartridge for paper spray MS, a device which potentially is suitable for fast clinical analysis, especially for point-of-care diagnostics.
Effect of Hydrogen on Creep in High-Purity Ni-16Cr-9Fe Alloys at 360°C

Abstract Environmentally assisted cracking involves synergistic interactions between corrosion and deformation processes. This study focused on providing insight into the influence of the environme...
Immunotherapy earns its spot in the ranks of cancer therapy

Since it became clear that all cancer cells express tumor-specific and tumor-selective antigens generated by genetic alterations and epigenetic dysregulation, the immunology community has embraced the possibility of designing therapies to induce targeted antitumor immune responses. The potential therapeutic specificity and efficacy of such treatments are obvious to anyone who studies the exquisite specificity and cytocidal potency of immune responses. However, the value assigned to a therapeutic modality by the oncology community at large does not depend on scientific principle; all that matters is how patients respond. The bar for the ultimate acceptance of a therapy requires more than anecdotal clinical responses; rather, the major modalities of cancer therapeutics, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and, more recently, drugs targeting oncogenes, have earned their place only after producing dramatic frequent clinical responses or demonstrating statistically significant survival benefits in large randomized phase 3 clinical trials, leading to FDA approval. Although tumor-targeted antibodies have certainly cleared this bar, immunotherapies aimed at harnessing antitumor cellular responses have not—until now.
Revision endoscopic orbital decompression in the management of Graves' orbitopathy

Abstract Objective Endoscopic orbital decompression has proved to be an effective treatment for Graves' orbitopathy. In select patients, however, persistent or recurrent orbital symptoms necessitate additional therapy. The objective of this study is to determine the safety and effectiveness of revision endoscopic orbital decompression in patients with refractory Graves' orbitopathy. Study Design Case-control series. Setting Academic medical center. Methods The study population consisted of 10 patients with Graves' orbitopathy who underwent 13 revision endoscopic orbital decompressions (three bilateral cases) between 1991 and 2008. Outcome measures, including reduction in proptosis, improvement in visual acuity, and complication rates, were compared with a control cohort of 10 consecutive patients (16 orbits) who underwent primary endoscopic decompression during the same time period. Results Indications for revision decompression included exposure keratopathy (n = 8, 62%), optic neuropathy (n = 3, 23%), and gaze restriction (n = 2, 15%). There were no intraoperative complications. Mean reduction in proptosis was 1.4 mm less for patients who underwent revision decompression compared with primary cases (mean decompression 3.6 ± 1.0 mm vs 5.0 ± 2.1 mm, respectively), although this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.13). Visual acuity improved in 62 percent of revision cases, compared with 20 percent of primary cases (P = 0.09). Rates for postoperative complications, which included sinusitis and frontal mucocele formation, were also similar between revision and primary decompression groups (38% vs 13% respectively, P = 0.17). Conclusions This report is the first to describe the endoscopic technique for revision orbital decompression. It appears to be a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of refractory orbitopathy in patients with Graves' disease.
By-Product Sulfur from the Stabilization of Coal Solid Wastes

A stabilization process for coal cleaning and coal combustion-related wastes has been developed that uses the energy derived from the fuel contained in the coal cleaning wastes. The wastes are pulverized, when necessary, formed into granules in a rotary pan agglomerator, and then fired to a sintering temperature. The result is a readily disposable product that is highly resistant to environmental degradation. Granules of refuse only, and of refuse/fly ash and refuse/FGD sludge mixtures have been investigated. About 90 wt% of the sulfur in the refuse/sludge mixtures is evolved as SO2 during the combustion/sintering portion of the process. Studies using a microreactor system have shown the generation of SO2 to be a function of temperature and to parallel the decomposition of the sulfur-containing compounds present. Based on laboratory tests, SO2 concentrations of 4–8 vol% are predicted in the SO2-rich off-gases. By-product sulfur recovery from the off-gases appears practical and attractive using current technology that is proven and well established.
Thin composite matched impedance magneto-dielectric metamaterial absorbers

Low loss magneto-dielectric substrates when used as substrates for patch antennas are shown to miniaturize the aperture size of the patch antennas while preserving or improving the operational bandwidth [1]. In [2], we demonstrated that the properties of a PEC backed low loss matched impedance magneto-dielectric metamaterial slab with frequency dependent permittivity and permeability could effectively be achieved using a multi-layered thin composite structure. In this paper, we demonstrate that modified equations from [2] can be used to optimize thin composite structures to design high loss matched impedance magneto-dielectric metamaterials for absorber applications above 1 GHz. The design technique is based on using a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize thin multi-layered metallo-dielectric metamaterial slab comprised of a periodic array of electrically small metallic frequency selective surface (FSS) screen sandwiched between two different dielectric materials, one of which is backed by a perfectly conducting ground plane. Examples will be presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the optimized absorber structures.
DETECTION OF MYXOZOAN PARASITES IN OLIGOCHAETES IMPORTED AS FOOD FOR ORNAMENTAL FISH

To determine the potential for dissemination of myxozoan parasites by transfer of their alternate oligochaete hosts, shipments of tubificid worms obtained from an overseas commercial aquarium supplier were screened for actinospore stages of myxozoan parasites. At least 7 different triactinomyxon types were identified. The morphological characteristics of the actinospores recovered from these tubificids shared characteristics with triactinomyxons characterized in other surveys, particularly from eastern Europe. Analysis of the screened samples by polymerase chain reaction and comparison of morphological data indicated that these actinospores did not correspond to the triactinospore of Myxobolus cerebralis. Although identification of these triactinomyxon types was beyond the scope of this study, these data suggest that the unregulated import–export and exchange of live organisms for ornamental fish food may result in accidental introduction or dissemination of myxozoan parasites.
The Cost of Increasing Physical Activity and Maintaining Weight for Midlife Sedentary African American Women.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the marginal costs of increasing physical activity and maintaining weight for a lifestyle physical activity program targeting sedentary African American women. Methods Outcomes included change in minutes of total moderate to vigorous physical activity, leisure-time moderate to vigorous physical activity and walking per week, and weight stability between baseline and maintenance at 48 weeks. Marginal cost-effectiveness ratios (MCERs) were calculated for each outcome, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using a bootstrap method. The analysis was carried out from the societal perspective and calculated in 2013 US dollars. Results For the 260 participants in the analysis, program costs were $165 ± $19, and participant costs were $164 ± $35, for a total cost of $329 ± $49. The MCER for change in walking was $1.50/min/wk (95% CI 1.28–1.87), for change in moderate to vigorous physical activity was $1.73/min/wk (95% CI 1.41–2.18), and for leisure-time moderate to vigorous physical activity was $1.94/min/wk (95% CI 1.58–2.40). The MCER for steps based on the accelerometer was $0.46 per step (95% CI 0.30-0.85) and weight stability was $412 (95% CI 399–456). Conclusions The Women's Lifestyle Physical Activity Program is a relatively low-cost strategy for increasing physical activity. The marginal cost of increasing physical activity is lower than for weight stability. The participant costs related to time in the program were nearly half the total costs, suggesting that practitioners and policymakers should consider the participant cost when disseminating a lifestyle physical activity program into practice.
Systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of propranolol in intact and anephric rats.

We studied the changes in systemic and regional hemodynamics (using the radioactive microsphere technique) and catecholamine levels produced by propranolol in conscious semi-restrained intact or nephrectomized rats.Blood pressure increased by 17 ± 2 and 32 ± 2 mmHg in intact and anephric rats respectively, total peripheral vascular resistance by 61.5% and 176.5%, heart rate decreased by 23% and 35% respectively, cardiac index decreased by 35% and 57%, and stroke volume index by 14% and 30%. All changes were significantly more pronounced in anephric rats (p < 0.05). Baseline norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine were significantly higher in anephric versus intact animals and did not change significantly after B-blockade except for norepinephrine of the anephric rats which decreased.After B-blockade regional blood flows in most organs (including coronary flow) decreased in proportion to the diminished cardiac index except for brain flow which decreased by only 12% in intact and 25% in anephric animals. ...
Islamic Modernists and Discourse on Reason as a Reconciliatory Argument between Islam and the Western Enlightenment

This article examines the debates on the relationship between Islam and reason during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. It argues that these debates were transnational but were largely influenced by similar debates in the Western tradition. It also affirms that modernists used discourse on reason to reconcile Islam with Western Enlightenment. The article illustrates the various mechanisms which Islamic modernists implemented to facilitate such reconciliation. These mechanisms include rationalization of miracles, contesting the concept of prophethood, and rejecting the scholarship of Islamic jurisprudence and theology. Based on writings by several Islamic modernists, such as their biographies of Prophet Muhammad, Quran commentaries, and magazine articles in different Islamic countries, I ascribe these mechanisms to a gap between logic and experimental thought, a gap which seeped into the mind of Islamic modernists under the influence of Western contemporary thinkers. While this discourse claims compatibility between Islam and Western Enlightenment, it also resists the binary of the sacred and the secular, a major legacy of the Western Enlightenment.
PrEP: A Review for Mental Health Professionals

ABSTRACTDespite the significant advances in the knowledge and treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, it remains responsible for a worldwide epidemic. Research in macaques, using antiretrovirals as systemic pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) showed encouraging results in preventing HIV transmission and led to several clinical trials in humans. In this article, we review the results of eight key PrEP studies using either tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) alone or in combination with emtricitabine (FTC): iPrEX, FEM-PrEP, Partners PrEP, TDF-2, VOICE, Bangkok Tenofovir Study, IPERGAY and PROUD. The results revealed that PrEP is well tolerated and its efficacy is related to adherence of the recommended regimen. The highest overall efficacy, 86%, was found in the IPERGAY and PROUD studies. Only one study found a suggestion of risk compensation. None of the studies identified an increase in the incidence of other sexually transmitted infections. The use of PrEP in individuals not known to b...
Information Security and the Psychological Contract: A Trust Perspective

The role of knowledge workers within organizations has changed dramatically over the past decade, and promises to continue changing over the next. Organizations require knowledge workers at increasingly lower levels of authority to have access to sensitive information. At the same time, rapid changes in organizational structures find many of these knowledge workers facing uncertain job stability. In fact, many organizations have outsourced key business functions, meaning that knowledge workers may not even have primary loyalty to the organization(s) they are supporting. These challenges to the psychological contract between organizations and their employees are an information security issue. How can organizations instill a sense of information security amongst knowledge workers in the face of these conflicting phenomena? The CIA (confidentiality, integrity, availability) approach to data security provides a solid technical starting point, but fails to address the organizational and ethical issues faced when dealing with knowledge workers, who can easily compromise proprietary information. A principles-based approach can help foster an internal awareness of security, but is difficult for employees to buy into if they feel alienated in today's fast-changing organization. Of course, organizations must be diligent in evaluating the character of the employees and contractors they employ. But beyond that, organizations must realize that they bear primary responsibility for fostering a culture that encourages, even demands, principled interactions between its constituents, including employees, contractors, customers, and vendors. It is incumbent on the IS department to understand and convey this message to other areas of the organization.
Pathobiology of visceral pain: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. I. Cellular and molecular biology of sodium channel β- subunits: Therapeutic implications for pain?

Voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunits have been shown to be key mediators of the pathophysiology of pain. The present review considers the role of sodium channel auxiliary β-subunits in channel modulation, channel protein expression levels, and interactions with extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal signaling molecules. Although β-subunits have not yet been directly implicated in pain mechanisms, their intimate association with and ability to regulate α-subunits predicts that they may be a viable target for therapeutic intervention in the future. It is proposed that multifunctional sodium channel β-subunits provide a critical link between extracellular and intracellular signaling molecules and thus have the ability to fine tune channel activity and electrical excitability.