cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restoring the Lost Vertical Dimension of the Cleft Palate Patient

One of the great problems of abnormal development is the cleft palate and its associated deformities. This paper will be concerned with the restoration of the lost vertical dimension in patients with cleft palates who have mutilated growth patterns subsequent to extensive surgery. Graber1 has pointed out that the man­ agement of the cleft palate in the past has been largely surgical. Yet the surgical manipulation of growing parts, traumatic interference with growth centers, and forceful mechanical closure o f palatal insufficiency have produced results which often are worse than the original dis­ orders. What may appear as a successful surgical closure of the palate in infancy may result in an extreme maxillomandib­ ular discrepancy after potential growth patterns have been fulfilled. Thompson,2 in his studies of normal groups, found that the physiological rest position of the mandible is established in infancy and remains constant into senes­ cence. A normal freeway space or interocclusal clearance o f 3 to 4 mm. in infancy will remain constant and if no growth aberrations occur and no trau­ matic interference takes place within the growth centers, the interocclusal clear­ ance in adulthood will still be 3 to 4 mm. Another observation is that of Graber3 who, in a comparison of cleft palates which had been operated on with ones which were not operated on, found a difference in growth pattern. In the cleft which had not been operated on, growth proceeded along normal lines. In the instance where an operation had been performed, however, the freeway space was not constant. Immediately after surgery, freeway space may be normal. Ten years later, however, a maxilloman­ dibular discrepancy may be pronounced and freeway space may have increased to 10 or even to 18 mm. (Fig. 1). Often in the instance where an opera­ tion has been performed and there is excessive freeway space, there is little or no occlusion. Mastication is difficult. There is an overclosure of the mandible resulting in condylar displacement (Fig. 2 ). Speech often is impaired, particularly in the production of sibilant sounds. The appearance of the patient when the teeth are fully closed is poor. The child whose appearance is incongruous often is sub­ jected to ridicule by his more fortunate schoolmates. Psychosocial conflicts fre-
Understanding Responses to Contradictory Information About Products

Although prior literature has examined reactions to drastic negative news, we examine the situation in which decision makers receive contradictory information about products and they have to decide whether to persist with or abandon product usage. We investigate physician reactions to conflicting information concerning the cardiovascular risk of Avandia, a diabetes drug. We examine how beliefs about both drug effectiveness and drug safety are updated and speculate that experience, expertise, and self-efficacy impact how such information is integrated with current quality beliefs. Unlike previous Bayesian learning models, we consider that some signals, such as positive and negative news releases and the firm's marketing effort, may be biased in that they provide an opinionated point of view. The results show interesting differences in how physician types specialists, hospital-based primary care physicians, heavy and light prescribers update their beliefs and the information sources they use to do so. We find evidence that safety issues about Avandia resulted in spillover concern to close competitor Actos. The results have implication for determining who should be targeted and what vehicles should be used if a firm is faced with a situation where consumers are in a quandary because of receiving conflicting messages.
"Coming about!"--a faculty workshop on teaching beliefs.

Background: The role of faculty in academic health care centers is changing rapidly. Identifying and examining personal teaching beliefs and values can help faculty members improve their performance and change the way in which they view their roles as educators. Description: A structured, 2-h workshop is detailed in this paper. It involves individual reflection, facilitated small group dialogue, and large group discussion. Expected outcomes of the workshop are a start on a teaching philosophy for inclusion in a faculty teaching portfolio, along with a personal metaphor for teaching. Evaluation: This workshop has been offered nine times with both campus faculty and community preceptors. Both qualitative and quantitative measures are detailed that demonstrate its value. Conclusions: Faculty members should be provided with structured opportunities to reflect on evolving issues in medical education. This workshop on teaching beliefs is one effective way of challenging faculty to reexamine personal values.
Rapid, efficient cloning of murine hybridoma cells in low gelation temperature agarose☆

A rapid, efficient method is described for cloning of lymphocyte hybridoma cells. The method utilizes ultra-low gelation temperature agarose.
Impact of Race and Ethnicity on Ischemic Stroke The University of California at San Diego Stroke Data Bank

Background and Purpose As the US minority population continues to grow, increasing numbers of nonwhite citizens are at risk for stroke. A better understanding of how ischemic stroke differs in the minority populations may lead to more effective clinical management. Methods We prospectively evaluated 542 consecutive patients (416 whites, 71 Mexican Americans, 55 blacks) presenting to the University of California at San Diego Medical Center or the San Diego Veterans Affairs Hospital with presumed acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Results Whites had a higher proportion of transient ischemic attacks (32% versus 18% and 17% for blacks and Mexican Americans, respectively) and had the lowest prevalence of diabetes mellitus (17% versus 29% and 40% for blacks and Mexican Americans, respectively). Mexican Americans had higher initial serum glucose levels (178 versus 133 and 131 mg/dL for whites and blacks, respectively). Blacks were youngest (average age, 56 years). There were no differences among the groups in the prevalence of prior stroke, hypertension, myocardial infarction, or smoking; initial systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol levels, and functional deficit also were similar. Although it did not reach statistical significance, there was a trend toward relatively late presentation in the black stroke subpopulation: only 53% of blacks (compared with 73% of both Mexican Americans and whites) reached medical attention within 24 hours of stroke onset. All groups had similar diagnostic evaluations and functional outcome at 1 week. With the exception of a higher frequency of stroke of unknown cause in Hispanics, the distributions of stroke etiologies did not differ significantly among the groups. Conclusions These data suggest that there are significant clinical differences in populations with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack that are related to race and ethnic origin, but in our population these differences did not include the extent of diagnostic evaluation undertaken or stroke severity.
The successful application of simulation-based training in thoracic surgery residency

Objective We developed and tested a clinical simulation program in the principles and conduct of cardiopulmonary bypass with the aim of improving confidence and proficiency in this critical aspect of cardiac surgical care. Methods Fifteen residents from 6 resident-training programs who reported no prior cardiopulmonary bypass observation or simulation-based perfusion experience participated in a cardiopulmonary bypass course involving both didactic lectures and hands-on simulation. A computer-controlled hydraulic model of the human circulation was used in a specifically designed multidisciplinary simulation center environment to give the participants hands-on training with both basic operations and specific perfusion crisis scenarios. Pretraining and posttraining assessments concerning confidence, knowledge, and applications with regard to cardiopulmonary bypass were administered and compared. Results Likert scale scores on confidence-related items increased significantly ( P P =.3636). Scores on similar open-ended application items before and after training improved from 62% ± 25% to 85±10% ( P Conclusions Simulation-based cardiopulmonary bypass training appears to be an effective technique to build the confidence of thoracic surgery residents regarding knowledge and applications. Scenario-based practice in a specifically designed simulated environment is a valuable adjunct to traditional educational methods and has the potential to improve the training of thoracic residents.
Entrepreneurial Opportunities and Poverty Alleviation

Entrepreneurial activity does not always lead to economic growth. While improvements have been made to human capital, property rights protection, and access to financial capital in abject poverty contexts with the assumption that they will increase entrepreneurial activity, the results have been mixed. More recently, many entrepreneurs interested in poverty alleviation are crossing borders to engage in initiatives aimed at reducing poverty internationally. These efforts have also had mixed results. This paper posits that one reason is that entrepreneurial opportunities and their wealth creation potential vary, and the impact of exploiting these opportunities on economic growth in poverty contexts can also vary. This paper identifies self-employment opportunities, often exploited in abject poverty, that do not lead to sustainable growth solutions. Alternatively, discovery and creation opportunities while difficult to exploit in poverty contexts hold the greatest potential for significant economic impact.
Parental Involvement, Parenting Behaviors, and Children's Cognitive Development in Low-Income and Minority Families

Abstract The study examined the longitudinal association of parental involvement in Head Start parent-focused programs, parenting behaviors, and the cognitive development of children by specifying two longitudinal growth models. Model 1 examined the longitudinal effects of the parental involvement in three Head Start parenting programs (parenting classes, group socialization, and support groups) on parenting behaviors (home observation of parental linguistic and cognitive stimulation, video recordings of parental cognitive stimulation, parental sup-portiveness, detachment, and intrusiveness). Model 2 analyzed the longitudinal effects of those parental behaviors on children's Bayley MDI scores. Using Early Head Start Research and Evaluation (EHSRE) study data and longitudinal multilevel analysis, the study also took various ethnic and language differences among families into account. The results revealed that mothers who participated in parenting classes or socialization meetings provided more linguistic a...
Intracellular injection of vital dyes into single cells in the salamander olfactory epithelium

Intracellular vital dye injection was used to examine the morphology of single sustentacular and receptor cells and the developmental fate of individual basal cells in the olfactory epithelium of the tiger salamander. In acute experiments, Lucifer yellow injections were used to identify single basal, receptor or sustentacular cells on the basis of their overall morphology. Dye-coupling between a number of the different epithelial cells was observed. Progeny of basal cells were examined by following labeled cells for up to 2 weeks using intracellular injection of rhodamine-labeled dextran. These experiments indicate that some olfactory epithelial cells are dye-coupled and that dye-filled basal cells can undergo division and migration.
Oscillatory hypersonic boundary-layer flow with ablation.

the remaining frequencies. We conclude, therefore, that the frequencies annotated with a question mark in Table 1 are spurious. In closing, we may remark that these membrane frequencies are all high compared with the inextensional frequencies. This does not necessarily mean, however, that they are unimportant. Their importance in a problem of time-dependent loading depends on whether their mode makes a significant contribution to the response of the shell. This, in turn, depends on the kind of applied load and its spatial distribution. It is relevant that the modes associated with most of these frequencies involve much more motion in the shell surface than normal to it. Therefore, if experiments on shell vibration are made in which only motion normal to the surface is measured, it will be very easy to miss these modes and conclude (erroneously) that they are unimportant.
Microstructural analysis of deformation in neutron-irradiated fcc materials

Abstract Plastically deformed microstructures in neutron-irradiated face centered cubic (fcc) materials, copper, nickel, and 316 stainless steel (316SS), were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Neutron irradiation in the range of 65–100 °C up to 1 displacement per atom (dpa) induced a high number density of black spots, stacking fault tetrahedra (SFT) and Frank loops, which resulted in irradiation-induced hardening. Deformation of irradiated fcc materials induced various microstructures, such as dislocation channels, stacking faults, and twins. In the 316SS irradiated to 0.1–0.8 dpa, the deformation microstructure consisted of a mixture of dislocation bands, tangles, twins, dislocation channels, and also martensite phase. Deformation-induced martensite transformation tends to occur with dislocation channeling, suggesting that localized deformation could lead to transformation of austenite to martensite at a high stress level. At higher irradiation doses (0.1–1 dpa), dislocation channeling became the dominant deformation mode in fcc materials, and is coincident with prompt plastic instability at yield. The channel width seems to be wider when the angle between tensile direction and dislocation slip direction is close to 45°. Furthermore, the correlation between channel width and resolved shear stress appears to be material dependent, with copper having the greatest slope and 316SS the smallest.
DOES INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND HELP IN DEFINING TREATMENT STRATEGY IN PATIENTS WITH ANOMALOUS ORIGIN OF RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY FROM OPPOSITE CORONARY SINUS

Anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the opposite coronary sinus (ACAOS) is a rare congenital anomaly (1.07% incidence). The management of such patients is a clinical challenge. 63 year old male presented with unstable angina. At admission EKG, Troponin T and Pharmacological stress test was
Na+–H+ exchanger-1 (NHE1) regulation in kidney proximal tubule

The ubiquitously expressed plasma membrane Na+–H+ exchanger NHE1 is a 12 transmembrane-spanning protein that directs important cell functions such as homeostatic intracellular volume and pH control. The 315 amino acid cytosolic tail of NHE1 binds plasma membrane phospholipids and multiple proteins that regulate additional, ion-translocation independent functions. This review focuses on NHE1 structure/function relationships, as well as the role of NHE1 in kidney proximal tubule functions, including pH regulation, vectorial Na+ transport, cell volume control and cell survival. The implications of these functions are particularly critical in the setting of progressive, albuminuric kidney diseases, where the accumulation of reabsorbed fatty acids leads to disruption of NHE1-membrane phospholipid interactions and tubular atrophy, which is a poor prognostic factor for progression to end stage renal disease. This review amplifies the vital role of the proximal tubule NHE1 Na+–H+ exchanger as a kidney cell survival factor.
Layout and bias considerations for preventing transiently triggered latchup in CMOS

This paper investigates several techniques for hardening CMOS curcuitry against transiently triggered latchup. Measurements of critical rise time are made on four variations of the p-n-p-n structure inherent to CMOS. For each structure the n-well and substrate shunt resistances are varied as is the substrate bias. These measurements are performed on both bulk and epi-samples using both topside and backside substrate contacts. Comparison of the parasitic bipolar transistors comprising the p-n-p-n structures reveals that differences in bipolar behavior do not completely explain the differences in p-n-p-n latchup behavior. Test results are used to rate the various hardening techniques.
Role of secondary structure changes on the morphology of polypeptide-based block copolymer vesicles.

Abstract The pH and temperature responsive properties of poly(butadiene)107–poly( l -lysine)27 (PB107–P(Lys)27) block copolymer vesicles in aqueous solution were studied using dynamic and static light scattering, circular dichroism spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In this material, the responsiveness comes partially from secondary structure changes within the polypeptide chain. These studies seek to elucidate the effect of these different polypeptide secondary structure changes on the morphology of self-assembled vesicles. It was found that as pH decreases, protonation of P(Lys) side-chain amine groups causes swelling in the vesicles due to the helix–coil transition and associated charge–charge interactions within the corona chains. At high pH and high temperature, P(Lys) corona chains undergo a secondary structure change from α-helix to β-sheet which causes an increase in vesicle size due to the relief of interfacial curvature. This study represents one of the first instances whereby different secondary structure transitions within the same polypeptide have been incorporated into a block copolymer assembly that can be used to produce dual-responsive materials.
Assessment of Gastric Emptying and Small-Bowel Motility: Scintigraphy, Breath Tests, Manometry, and SmartPill

Gastric and small-bowel dysfunction can include gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia, and even irritable bowel syndrome. Patients with symptoms suggesting these disorders are commonly encountered by a variety of physicians, especially gastroenterologists. In most patients, the physical examination and upper endoscopy are normal, and thus symptoms are suggested to be from a motility disorder or a functional gastrointestinal disorder. Further evaluation directed at evaluating the stomach and small-bowel motility may help the clinician to arrive at a correct diagnosis enabling proper treatment of the patient. This article covers several tests that are used to evaluate gastric and small-bowel motility in patients, either in clinical evaluation or in clinical research.
LISTENERS' BODY MOVEMENTS AND SPEAKING TURNS

In conversation, speaking turns are exchanged rapidly and without explicit decisions about turn allocation. This suggests that participants cue each other in the process of switching speaker-listener roles. The verbal and nonverbal behaviors of five interactants engaged in conversation were analyzed in detail in relation to turn-taking. A significant number of speaking turns, compared to feedback responses, were prefaced by nonverbal behavior. The distinction between speaking turns and feedback responses was also reflected in the types of body movement preceding them; hand gestures occurred more often before speaking turns, and emblematic acts were associated with feedback. Differences in head/gaze direction were noted between successful interruptions and unsuccessful interruptions. Results were discussed with respect to functions of body movements in speech.
Job routing and operations scheduling: a network-based virtual cell formation approach

Virtual cellular manufacturing inherits the benefits of traditional cellular manufacturing and maintains the responsiveness to the changing market and routing flexibility of a job shop by integrating machine-grouping, shop layout design and intercellular flow handling. The primary goal of virtual cell formation is to minimize the throughput time of a given job. This paper proposes a method for virtual cell formation by adopting the double-sweep algorithm for the k-shortest path problem, and a heuristic is devised to schedule the virtual cells for the multiple job orders. Results generated from this method include not only the optimal candidates of the virtual cell with the shortest throughput time with sub-optimal alternative route(s) and throughput time(s) as the alternative candidates in case some resources are restricted or are not available. The procedure of virtual cell creation and scheduling is illustrated explicitly with examples. Since most of the scheduling problems are NP-hard and virtual cell scheduling is even more complex due to the bottleneck machines that are demanded by jobs at other cells. For multiplicity of possible virtual cell candidates, in addition to the precedence and resource constraints, heuristic solutions are found to be reasonable.
Use of chiral stationary phases for the chromatographic determination of enantiomeric purity and absolute configuration of some β-lactams

Abstract The enantiomers of a variety of β-lactams bearing aryl substituents in the 3- or 4-position have been chromatographically separated on amino acid-derived chiral stationary phases. Separation factors are typically modest. Alternatively, 3- and 4- substituted β-lactams may be easily ring-opened and converted into N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl ester derivatives of the resulting β-amino acids. The enantiomers of these derivatives are readily separated in the latter instances. Such separations enable accurate and convenient determination of the enantiomeric purity of the original β-lactam and, in many instances, assignment of the absolute configuration of the major enantiomer of the β-amino acid derivatives and hence the β-lactam precursors.
59.2: Invited Paper: Development of CNT‐FED by Printing Method

4″ to 20″ carbon nanotube field emission display (CNT-FED) and back light unit (CNT-BLU) have been fabricated by printing method. The gated arrays of cathode plates were fabricated by screen printing and photolithography processes. Taiwanese research results on FEDs are also described.
The production rate of a series of work stations with variable service times

SUMMARY A mathematical model for the interdemand time at the first station of a production line with stochastic service times is presented. Production rate is expressed as the reciprocal of mean interdemand time. The analysis is not restricted to the assumption of exponentially distributed service times. General solutions for the distribution of interdemand time are derived for two and three work stations. For any number of work stations a lower bound on production rate is presented graphically. It is shown that production rates obtained with exponentially distributed service times are unrealistically low
Simulation of propagation along a cylindrical bundle of cardiac tissue. II. Results of simulation

For pt.I see ibid., vol.37, no.9, p.850-60 (1990). Nonlinear membrane kinetics are introduced into the bidomain membrane and equal anisotropy ratios are assumed, permitting the transmembrane potential to be computed and its behavior examined at different depths in the bundle and for different values of conductivity and bundle diameters. In contrast with single-fiber models, the bundle model reveals that the shape of the action potential is influenced by tissue resistivities. In addition, the steady-state activation wavefront through the cross section perpendicular to the long axis of the bundle is not planar and propagates with a velocity that lies between that of a single fiber in an unbounded volume and a single-fiber in a restricted extracellular space. In general, the bundle model is shown to be significantly better than the classical single fiber model in describing the behavior of real cardiac tissue. >
A Powerful New Quantitative Genetics Platform, Combining Caenorhabditis elegans High-Throughput Fitness Assays with a Large Collection of Recombinant Strains

The genetic variants underlying complex traits are often elusive even in powerful model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans with controlled genetic backgrounds and environmental conditions. Two major contributing factors are: (1) the lack of statistical power from measuring the phenotypes of small numbers of individuals, and (2) the use of phenotyping platforms that do not scale to hundreds of individuals and are prone to noisy measurements. Here, we generated a new resource of 359 recombinant inbred strains that augments the existing C. elegans N2xCB4856 recombinant inbred advanced intercross line population. This new strain collection removes variation in the neuropeptide receptor gene npr-1, known to have large physiological and behavioral effects on C. elegans and mitigates the hybrid strain incompatibility caused by zeel-1 and peel-1, allowing for identification of quantitative trait loci that otherwise would have been masked by those effects. Additionally, we optimized highly scalable and accurate high-throughput assays of fecundity and body size using the COPAS BIOSORT large particle nematode sorter. Using these assays, we identified quantitative trait loci involved in fecundity and growth under normal growth conditions and after exposure to the herbicide paraquat, including independent genetic loci that regulate different stages of larval growth. Our results offer a powerful platform for the discovery of the genetic variants that control differences in responses to drugs, other aqueous compounds, bacterial foods, and pathogenic stresses.
Current efforts towards a non-linear system identification methodology of broad applicability:

A review of current efforts towards developing a non-linear system identification (NSI) methodology of broad applicability (1-4) is provided in this article. NSI possess distinct challenges, since, even the task of identifying a set of (linearized) modal matrices modified ('per- turbed') by non-linear corrections might be an oversimplification of the problem. In that context, the integration of diverse analytical, computational, and post-processing methods, such as slow flow constructions, empirical mode decompositions, and wavelet/Hilbert transforms to formu- late a methodology that holds promise of broad availability, especially to systems with non-smooth non-linearities such as clearances, dry friction and vibro-impacts is proposed. In particular, the proposed methodology accounts for the fact that, typically, non-linear systems are energy- and initial condition-dependent, and has both global and local components. In the global aspect of NSI, the dynamics is represented in a frequency-energy plot (FEP), whereas in the local aspect of the methodology, sets of intrinsic modal oscillators are constructed to model specific non-linear transitions on the FEP. The similarity of the proposed methodology to linear exper- imental modal analysis is discussed, open questions are outlined, and some applications pro- viding a first demonstration of the discussed concepts and techniques are provided.
AM and high-harmonic FM laser mode locking

We demonstrate a new technique of active mode locking that combines amplitude-modulated (AM) mode locking at the cavity fundamental repetition rate with frequency-modulated (FM) mode locking at a high harmonic. This method combines the advantages of pulse shortening by high-harmonic mode locking while preserving the higher peak powers available at the fundamental repetition rate. We demonstrate this technique using a Nd:YAG laser that is simultaneously AM mode locked at 80 MHz and FM mode locked at the 22nd harmonic (1.76 GHz). Pulses as short as 16 ps with a peak power of 6.25 kW were measured.
Correlates of Residential Wiring Code Used in Studies of Health Effects of Residential Electromagnetic Fields

The home wiring code is the most widely used metric for studies of residential electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure and health effects. Despite the fact that wiring code often shows stronger correlations with disease outcome than more direct EMF home assessments, little is known about potential confounders of the wiring code association. In a study carried out in southern Connecticut in 1988-1991, the authors used strict and widely used criteria to assess the wiring codes of 3,259 homes in which respondents lived. They also collected other home characteristics from the tax assessor's office, estimated traffic density around the home from state data, and interviewed each subject (2,967 mothers of reproductive age) for personal characteristics. Women who lived in very high current configuration wiring coded homes were more likely to be in manual jobs and their homes were older (built before 1949, odds ratio (OR) = 73.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 29.53-181.65) and had lower assessed value and higher traffic densities (highest density quartile, OR = 3.99, 95% CI 1.17-13.62). Because some of these variables have themselves been associated with health outcomes, the possibility of confounding of the wiring code associations must be rigorously evaluated in future EMF research.
Effects of Mycoplasma fermentans incognitus on differentiation of THP-1 cells.

Mycoplasma fermentans incognitus has been isolated from human tissue in patients both with and without AIDS who died of systemic infection. M. fermentans incognitus and other strains of M. fermentans have been associated with rheumatoid arthritis. While cell extracts of M. fermentans incognitus can induce changes in murine and human cells of the monocytic lineage, little is known about interactions of viable organisms with such cells. Because of the central role of macrophages in chronic inflammation, we examined the effects of M. fermentans incognitus on surface markers and functions of THP-1 cells, a well-characterized human monocytic cell line. This cell line has been used extensively in studies of macrophage differentiation, especially following exposure to phorbol esters. Changes in cell morphology, phagocytosis, rate of cell division, and selected surface markers were evaluated in cultures of THP-1 cells exposed to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), M. fermentans incognitus, or both. As reported by other investigators, PMA induced THP-1 cells to differentiate into cells resembling tissue macrophages. M. fermentans incognitus only minimally affected changes induced by PMA, slightly increasing the percentage of cells positive for FCgRI and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens. M. fermentans incognitus alone induced an incomplete arrest in the cell cycle at G0 phase, increased phagocytic ability, and enhanced expression of FCgRI, CR3, CR4, and MHC class II antigens. Macrophages serve a wide range of functions in host defense and inflammation, including antigen presentation, cytokine secretion, phagocytosis, and microbial and tumor cell killing (2, 4). After differentiation, their functional repertoire can be altered, and it is largely determined by the surrounding tissue
State Preferences and Institutional Feedback: CAP and European Integration

Through the examination of the interplay between the deepening process of European integration and the domestic politics of EU member states, this article seeks to show how the former affects the latter and ultimately leads to the reshaping of EU members’ preferences over time. The two cases examined here (agricultural policy preference shifts in France and Germany during the MacSharry reform negotiations) illustrate that European integration over time generates institutional feedback in which European policies become not just outputs but also major inputs of the political process of EU member states.The critical factor in this preference change is the domestic policy coalition shift, which is provoked by positive expectations regarding the national benefits to be gained from deeper integration.
Do Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus apella) Diagnose Causal Relations in the Absence of a Direct Reward

We adapted a method from developmental psychology [1] to explore whether capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) would place objects on a “blicket detector” machine to diagnose causal relations in the absence of a direct reward. Across five experiments, monkeys could place different objects on the machine and obtain evidence about the objects’ causal properties based on whether each object “activated” the machine. In Experiments 1–3, monkeys received both audiovisual cues and a food reward whenever the machine activated. In these experiments, monkeys spontaneously placed objects on the machine and succeeded at discriminating various patterns of statistical evidence. In Experiments 4 and 5, we modified the procedure so that in the learning trials, monkeys received the audiovisual cues when the machine activated, but did not receive a food reward. In these experiments, monkeys failed to test novel objects in the absence of an immediate food reward, even when doing so could provide critical information about how to obtain a reward in future test trials in which the food reward delivery device was reattached. The present studies suggest that the gap between human and animal causal cognition may be in part a gap of motivation. Specifically, we propose that monkey causal learning is motivated by the desire to obtain a direct reward, and that unlike humans, monkeys do not engage in learning for learning’s sake.
Photoluminescence Enhancement in MEH−PPV Polymer Thin Films by Surfactant Addition

We report on the enhancement of the photoluminescence (PL) of poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'- ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) by high concentrations of the surfactant tetra-n-octylammonium bromide (TOABr) in thin films. At constant absorbance intensity, enhancements in the PL of MEH-PPV of a factor of up to 22 were observed. Maximum PL enhancement was observed for thin films containing a molar ratio of 2 mol of TOABr per mole of MEH-PPV monomer units (2:1). In contrast, the absorbance and PL of MEH-PPV and TOABr liquid solutions showed no change as the molar concentration of TOABr changed over 5 orders of magnitude. By imaging the morphology and thickness of the films through confocal fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, we observed that maximum PL enhancement was accompanied by the onset of the formation of a lamellar mesophase. Light-emitting devices fabricated from MEH-PPV/ TOABr solutions in an ITO/PEDOT-PSS/polymer/Ca/Al architecture showed dramatic fall in the quantum efficiency and measured photocurrent as the amount of TOABr in the active layer increased. No electroluminescing activity was observed at molar ratios of 2:1, indicating that the addition of TOABr impedes charge recombination.
Motion perception and visual signal design in Anolis lizards

Anolis lizards communicate with displays consisting of motion of the head and body. Early portions of long-distance displays require movements that are effective at eliciting the attention of potential receivers. We studied signal-motion efficacy using a two-dimensional visual-motion detection (2DMD) model consisting of a grid of correlation-type elementary motion detectors. This 2DMD model has been shown to accurately predict Anolis lizard behavioural response. We tested different patterns of artificially generated motion and found that an abrupt 0.3° shift of position in less than 100 ms is optimal. We quantified motion in displays of 25 individuals from five species. Four species employ near-optimal movement patterns. We tested displays of these species using the 2DMD model on scenes with and without moderate wind. Display movements can easily be detected, even in the presence of windblown vegetation. The fifth species does not typically use the most effective display movements and display movements cannot be discerned by the 2DMD model in the presence of windblown vegetation. A number of Anolis species use abrupt up-and-down head movements approximately 10 mm in amplitude in displays, and these movements appear to be extremely effective for stimulating the receiver visual system.
An effective system for epoxide-initiated cation-olefin cyclization

Abstract Aprotic, Lewis-acid-catalyzed cyclization of epoxy diene 1 , e.g. using MeAlCl 2 in CH 2 Cl 2 , affords bis-cyclization product 3 in good yield (75–79%).
Orbit Propagation with Lie Transfer Maps in the Perturbed Kepler Problem

The Lie transfer map method may be applied to orbit propagation problems in celes- tial mechanics. This method, described in another paper, is a perturbation method applicable to Hamiltonian systems. In this paper, it is used to calculate orbits for zonal perturbations to the Kepler (two-body) problem, in both expansion in the eccentricity and closed form. In contrast with a normal form method like that of Deprit, the Lie transformations here are used to effect a propagation of phase space in time, and not to transform one Hamiltonian into another. The Lie transfer map (LTM) method was described in Healy (2001) as a way of computing the perturbation map given a known perturbed Hamiltonian and a solution to the unperturbed problem, with a perturbed harmonic oscillator as an illustration. In this paper, the technique is applied to zonal perturbations of the Kepler (two-body) problem. The general zonal Hamiltonian is written H =− µ 2 2L 2 +
Clinical evaluation, medical management and outcome of atrioventricular canal defects

Abstract The relative effects of interatrial shunting, interventricular shunting and atrioventricular valve function will determine the general course of patients with atrioventricular canal defects. This report reviews the natural history, medical management and current outcome of this group of patients. The overall long-term survival of patients with primum atrial septal defect following repair was found to match that of the general population. Results following complete AV canal repair have similarly improved significantly in the last decade. However, residual mitral valve dysfunction remains an important post-operative issue. Straddling, stenosis or atresia of part of the AV valve, often results in significant hypoplasia of a ventricular chamber. In extreme cases, the management will generally follow that of other single ventricle variants, eventually resulting in Fontan palliation. The clinical course and outcome of these and other complex variants such as atrioventricular canal defect with tetralogy of Fallot is discussed.
Toward Strongley Connected Clustering Structure in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Clustering in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) is one of the control schemes used to organize media access and make VANET global topology less dynamic. Most VANET clustering algorithms are derived from Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET). But, these algorithms model clustering schemes considering only position and direction of vehicles located in a geographic proximity regardless of the degree of the speed difference among them. Since the existence of VANET nodes in the same geographic location doesn't mean that they exhibit similar mobility pattern, we believe that VANET clustering models need to be redefined such that, their characterization is identified by considering the full status elements; speed, location, and direction instead of considering location and direction only. In this paper, we propose a new approach for grouping vehicles, showing similar mobility patterns, in a cluster and at the same time try to minimize the total number of created clusters. A new multi-metric Cluster Head (CH) election technique has also been developed. This technique can be used by vehicles to determine their suitability on the fly to lead the cluster. The simulation is conducted to evaluate the proposed technique and compare it with the most common methods. The simulation results show that our technique increases the cluster stability by about 50% compared to that of the most commonly used techniques.
Integration of soil, crop and weed management in low-external-input farming systems

Greater adoption and refinement of low-external-input (LEI) farming systems have been proposed as ways to ameliorate economic, environmental and health problems associated with conventional farming systems. Organic soil amendments and crop diversification are basic components of LEI systems. Weed scientists can improve the use of these practices for weed management by improving knowledge of four relevant ecological mechanisms. First, multispecies crop rotations, intercrops and cover crops may reduce opportunities for weed growth and regeneration through resource competition and niche disruption. Secondly, weed species appear to be more susceptible to phytotoxic effects of crop residues and other organic soil amendments than crop species, possibly because of differences in seed mass. Thirdly, delayed patterns of N availability in LEI systems may favour large-seeded crops over small-seeded weeds. Finally, additions of organic materials can change the incidence and severity of soil-borne diseases affecting weeds and crops. Our research on LEI sweetcorn and potato production systems in central and northern Maine (USA) suggests that these mechanisms can reduce weed density and growth while maintaining crop yields. Low-external-input farming systems will advance most quickly through the application of interdisciplinary research focused on these and other ecological mechanisms.
Dialkyl phosphate urinary metabolites and chromosomal abnormalities in human sperm

The past decade has seen numerous human health studies seeking to characterize the impacts of environmental exposures, such as organophosphate (OP) insecticides, on male reproduction. Despite an extensive literature on OP toxicology, many hormone-mediated effects on the testes are not well understood.This study investigated environmental exposures to OPs and their association with the frequency of sperm chromosomal abnormalities (i.e., disomy) among adult men.Men (n=159) from a study assessing the impact of environmental exposures on male reproductive health were included in this investigation. Multi-probe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for chromosomes X, Y, and 18 was used to determine XX18, YY18, XY18 and total disomy in sperm nuclei. Urine was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for concentrations of dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of OPs [dimethylphosphate (DMP); dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP); dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP); diethylphosphate (DEP); diethylthiophosphate (DETP); and diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP)]. Poisson regression was used to model the association between OP exposures and disomy measures. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated for each disomy type by exposure quartiles for most metabolites, controlling for age, race, BMI, smoking, specific gravity, total sperm concentration, motility, and morphology.A significant positive trend was seen for increasing IRRs by exposure quartiles of DMTP, DMDTP, DEP and DETP in XX18, YY18, XY18 and total disomy. A significant inverse association was observed between DMP and total disomy. Findings for total sum of DAP metabolites concealed individual associations as those results differed from the patterns observed for each individual metabolite. Dose-response relationships appeared nonmonotonic, with most of the increase in disomy rates occurring between the second and third exposure quartiles and without additional increases between the third and fourth exposure quartiles.This is the first epidemiologic study of this size to examine the relationship between environmental OP exposures and human sperm disomy outcomes. Our findings suggest that increased disomy rates were associated with specific DAP metabolites, suggesting that the impacts of OPs on testis function need further characterization in epidemiologic studies.
A maximum a posteriori algorithm for the reconstruction of dynamic SPECT data

A 4D ordered-subsets maximum a posteriori (OSMAP) algorithm for dynamic SPECT is described. It uses a temporal prior that constrains each voxel's behavior in time to obey a compartmental model. No a priori limitations on kinetic parameters are applied; rather, the parameter estimates evolve as the algorithm iterates to a solution. The estimated parameters are also used to model changes in the activity distribution as the camera rotates, avoiding artifacts due to data inconsistencies between angles. This allows for fewer, longer duration scans to be used. Initial evaluations of the algorithm are presented for dynamic cardiac SPECT imaging with teboroxime using a two compartment model. Canine study results demonstrated qualitative improvements for OSMAP compared to OSEM. In a simulation 100 noise realizations were reconstructed using both OSEM and OSMAP. Population means and standard deviations of regional kinetic parameters were compared: True values: k/sub 21/=0.8, k/sub 12/=0.4 min/sup -1/; OSEM: k/sub 21/=77/spl plusmn/06, k/sub 12/=41/spl plusmn/06; OSMAP: L/sub 21/=.76/spl plusmn/.04, k/sub 12/=.41/spl plusmn/.05. The OSMAP algorithm provided parameter estimates with significantly lower standard deviations than did OSEM at similar levels of bias. This algorithm may where potentially improve dynamic SPECT imaging through its implications for noise control, ability to accurately model and reconstruct data in which the activity distribution is changing, and the potential for accurate reconstruction and data analysis using fewer, longer duration scans.
Effects of seawater acidification on gene expression: resolving broader-scale trends in sea urchins.

Sea urchins are ecologically and economically important calcifying organisms threatened by acidification of the global ocean caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Propelled by the sequencing of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) genome, profiling changes in gene expression during exposure to high pCO2 seawater has emerged as a powerful and increasingly common method to infer the response of urchins to ocean change. However, analyses of gene expression are sensitive to experimental methodology, and comparisons between studies of genes regulated by ocean acidification are most often made in the context of major caveats. Here we perform meta-analyses as a means of minimizing experimental discrepancies and resolving broader-scale trends regarding the effects of ocean acidification on gene expression in urchins. Analyses across eight studies and four urchin species largely support prevailing hypotheses about the impact of ocean acidification on marine calcifiers. The predominant expression ...
Application of Maximum Entropy Method to the Real Sea Data

Two different versions of maximum entropy methods(MEM) were compared with two conventional methods for analyzing directional ocean wave spectra. The two MEMs were originally proposed by Lygre and Krogstad (1986) and Kobune and Hashimoto (1986), respectively, and the two conventional methods are the truncated Fourier series method(TFS) and Longuet-Higgins parametric model(LHM). The comparisons included hypothetical idealized cases and actual measured data. For the hypothetical cases, the MEM by Kobune and Hashimoto clearly performed better, particularly for dual-peaked spectra. As for the comparisons from measured data, the MEM generally yielded narrower directional spreading than the two conventional methods but all methods gave nearly identical main direction information. However, this MEM does have occasional convergence problem in real sea data analysis. The problem is removed with the aid of an approximation scheme. This modified scheme is employed in the automated directional spectral analysis of measured sea data.
Frelimo's Socialism in the 1980s

This article emphasizes that contrary to earlier statements by Frelimo's leadership, which virtually condemned moderation and realism, Frelimo now accepts moderation and realism as guidelines for domestic and foreign policies. This attitude will be interpreted also as a modification of Frelimo's approach to socialism. The main variables in the article will be the concept of “new man” in the post-colonial state in Mozambique, nationalization and its meaning, the theory of non-alignment in Frelimo's politics, and Mozambique internationalism.