cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-ray structure of kijd3, a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of D-kijanose.

d-Kijanose is an unusual nitrosugar found attached to the antibiotic kijanimicin. Ten enzymes are required for its production in Actinomadura kijaniata, a soil-dwelling actinomycete. The focus of this investigation is on the protein encoded by the kijd3 gene and hereafter referred to as KijD3. On the basis of amino acid sequence analyses, KijD3 has been proposed to be an FAD-dependent oxidoreductase, which catalyzes the sixth step in d-kijanose biosynthesis by converting dTDP-3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-4-keto-3-methyl-d-glucose into its C-3′ nitro derivative. This putative activity, however, has never been demonstrated in vivo or in vitro. Here we report the first structural study of this enzyme. For our investigation, crystals of KijD3 were grown in the presence of dTDP, and the structure was solved to 2.05-A resolution. The enzyme is a tetramer with each subunit folding into three distinct regions: a five α-helical bundle, an eight-stranded β-sheet, and a second five α-helical bundle. The dTDP moiety is anc...
The Open Grid Computing Environments collaboration: portlets and services for science gateways

We review the efforts of the Open Grid Computing Environments collaboration. By adopting a general three-tiered architecture based on common standards for portlets and Grid Web services, we can deliver numerous capabilities to science gateways from our diverse constituent efforts. In this paper, we discuss our support for standards-based Grid portlets using the Velocity development environment. Our Grid portlets are based on abstraction layers provided by the Java CoG kit, which hide the differences of different Grid toolkits. Sophisticated services are decoupled from the portal container using Web service strategies. We describe advance information, semantic data, collaboration, and science application services developed by our consortium. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amides as ligands—IX Spectrochemical studies of γ-thiobutyrolactam and N-methyl-γ thiobutyrolactam nickel(II) complexes

Abstract The preparation and properties of a series of crystalline nickel(II) complexes of the general formulas [Ni(TBuL) 4 ](ClO 4 ) 2 , Ni(TBuL) 6 (NO 3 ) 2 , [Ni(NMTBuL) 4 ](ClO 4 ) 2 , [Ni(NMTBuL) 2 (NO 3 ) 2 ], [Ni(TBuL) 2 X 2 ] and [Ni(NMTBuL) 2 X 2 ] (TBuL = γ-thiobutyrolactam, NMTBuL = N-methyl-γ-thiobutyrolactam and X  Cl, Br, I) are reported. The chloro-TBuL complex exists in a blue and yellow form. The [Ni(TBuL) 4 ](ClO 4 ) 2 is square planar, whereas Ni(TBuL) 6 (NO 3 ) 2 is diamagnetic. The ligand field parameters Dq , B′ and β are calculated for the remaining complexes of these series. The parameters indicate that most of these complexes are pseudo-tetrahedral and sulphur coordinated. The spectral, i.r., magnetic and electrical conductivity data are utilized in deducing the structures of these complexes. The blue chloro-TBuL complex is considered to be tetrahedral but the yellow chloro-TBuL complex seems to possess a distorted octahedral stereochemistry. With NMTBuL-nickel(II) complexes, a steric effect is observed rather than the inductive effect which was previously observed for the corresponding cobalt(II) complexes.
A practice‐based evidence approach in Florida

I have been asked by the editors of this issue to comment on the paper by David Bradley and Christine Nixon (2009) titled ‘Ending the “Dialogue of the Deaf”: Evidence and Policing Policies and Prac...
Use of wood-based materials in beef bedded manure packs: 2. Effect on odorous volatile organic compounds, odor activity value, escherichia coli, and nutrient concentrations

1195 The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of three types of wood-based bedding materials (kiln-dried pine wood chips, dry cedar chips, and green cedar chips) and corn stover on the concentration of odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and total Escherichia coli in bedded pack material. Four bedded packs of each bedding material were maintained for two 42-d periods (n = 32; eight replicates/bedding material). Straightand branched-chained fatty acids, aromatic compounds, and sulfide compounds were measured from the headspace above each bedded pack. Green cedar bedding had the highest concentration of odorous VOCs, and pine chip bedding had the lowest (P < 0.01). Calculated odor activity values were highest for green cedar bedding, followed by dry cedar, corn stover, and pine chip bedding. As the bedded packs aged, the concentration of odorous VOCs increased, particularly in the bedded packs containing green cedar chips and dry cedar chips. Total E. coli concentrations increased from Days 0 to 21 and then began to decline and were similar among all bedding materials (P < 0.10). Results of this study indicate that producers using a long-term bedded pack management in their facility may benefit from using pine chips because they do not appear to increase odor over time. Cedar-based bedding materials may be better suited for a scrape-and-haul system, where the bedded pack is removed after 1 or 2 wk. Total E. coli concentrations did not differ between any of the four bedding materials over time.
Neural network models for infrared spectrum interpretation

A neural network model having a layer of hidden units is described which can identify functional groups in organic compounds, based on their infrared spectra. This network shows substantially better performance than the simple linear model reported earlier. The effect of the training set size and composition, the number of hidden units used, and the training time were studied.
Impact of Perfluorination on the Charge-Transport Parameters of Oligoacene Crystals

The charge-transport parameters of the perfluoropentacene and perfluorotetracene crystals are studied with a joint experimental and theoretical approach that combines gas-phase ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory. To gain a better understanding of the role of perfluorination, the results for perfluoropentacene and perfluorotetracene are compared to those for their parent oligoacenes, that is, pentacene and tetracene. Perfluorination is calculated to increase the ionization potentials and electron affinities by approximately 1 eV, which is expected to reduce significantly the injection barrier for electrons in organic electronics devices. Perfluorination also leads to significant changes in the crystalline packing, which greatly affects the electronic properties of the crystals and their charge-transport characteristics. The calculations predict large conduction and valence bandwidths and low hole and electron effective masses in the perfluoroacene crystals, with the largest mobilities expected along the pi-stacks. Perfluorination impacts as well both local and nonlocal vibrational couplings, whose strengths increase by a factor of about 2 with respect to the parent compounds.
Lagrangian simulation of oil droplets transport due to regular waves

Dispersed oils (i.e., oil droplets) at sea are transported by convection due to waves and buoyancy and by turbulent diffusion. This work follows the common approach in the oil community of using a Lagrangian approach instead of the Eulerian approach. Our focus was on small scale simulation of oil plumes subjected to regular waves. Stokes' theory was used to obtain analytical expressions for wave kinematics. The velocity above the Mean Water Level was obtained using a second order Taylor's expansion of the velocity at the MWL. Five hundred droplets were used to simulate the plume for a duration of 60 wave periods. A Monte Carlo framework (300 simulations) was used to compute theoretical mean and variance of plumes. In addition, we introduced a novel dimensionless formulation, whose main advantage was to allow one to report distances in terms of the wave length and times in terms of the wave period. We found that the Stokes' drift was the major mechanism for horizontal transport. We also found that lighter oils propagate faster but spread less than heavier oils. Increasing turbulent diffusion caused the plume to disperse deeper in the water column and to propagate less forward. The spreading in both vertical and horizontal directions increased with an increase in turbulent diffusion. The increase in wave slope (or wave steepness) caused, in general, an increase in the downward and horizontal transport. In the context of mixing in the water column, the dimensionless formulation showed that small steepness waves with a large turbulent diffusion coefficient could result in essentially the same spreading as large steepness waves with a small turbulent diffusion coefficient.
Metabolomic Profiling of the Nectars of Aquilegia pubescens and A. Canadensis

To date, variation in nectar chemistry of flowering plants has not been studied in detail. Such variation exerts considerable influence on pollinator–plant interactions, as well as on flower traits that play important roles in the selection of a plant for visitation by specific pollinators. Over the past 60 years the Aquilegia genus has been used as a key model for speciation studies. In this study, we defined the metabolomic profiles of flower samples of two Aquilegia species, A. Canadensis and A. pubescens. We identified a total of 75 metabolites that were classified into six main categories: organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, esters, sugars, and unknowns. The mean abundances of 25 of these metabolites were significantly different between the two species, providing insights into interspecies variation in floral chemistry. Using the PlantSEED biochemistry database, we found that the majority of these metabolites are involved in biosynthetic pathways. Finally, we explored the annotated genome of A. coerulea, using the PlantSEED pipeline and reconstructed the metabolic network of Aquilegia. This network, which contains the metabolic pathways involved in generating the observed chemical variation, is now publicly available from the DOE Systems Biology Knowledge Base (KBase; http://kbase.us).
Adaptive control of mode-dependent gain in multi-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifiers

We demonstrate adaptive control of mode-dependent gain in a multi-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifier by placing a spatial light modulator in line with the pump laser.
APPLICATION OF PROTEIN A TO THE STUDY OF PEMPHIGUS ANTIBODIES

FITC-labeled staphylococcal protein A was used to detect pemphigus antibodies. The results showed that protein A was specific in the systems tested, although it was not as sensitive as FITC-anti IgG in indirect immunofluorescence tests. Protein A-adsorbent was used to isolate IgG from pemphigus serum samples. Recovery of pemphigus antibody activity was a mean of 57.1 percent, as high as that of DEAE chromatography. We consider protein A to be an alternative to monospecific anti IgG for detection of pemphigus antibodies and for purification of IgG from pemphigus sera.
Electromechanical effects of menadione on isolated rat heart in relation to oxidative stress.

Abstract Although Ca2+ overloading has been observed in hepatocytes and in the isolated liver treated with 0.2 mM menadione, it has not been determined if menadione has similar effects on cardiac tissue and, if so, whether Ca2 overloading leads to cardiac contracture, and if such an event results from plasma membrane peroxidation initiated by oxidative stress. The present study reveals that when the isolated heart is perfused with 0.2 mM menadione for 30 min, it shows Ca2+ overloading, which can not be reversed even after 30 min of drug-free perfusion. The time course of glutathione, ethane, and LDH release from the hearts do not show a parallel pattern of abnormality between 30 and 60 min, indicating that contractile failure precedes the development of lipid peroxidation or plasma membrane disintegration. The evidence that the plasma membrane of menadione-treated rat cardiac tissue remains intact is supported by the observation that the resting membrane potential of the atrium remains virtually unchanged during the 30 min of drug and then gradually falls (−67 ± vs. −76 ± 2 mv) only during the last 10 mins of the drug washout. Interestingly, even after the atria are treated with menadione for 30 min and followed by washout of 30 min, and have shown calcium overloading, as evidenced by contracture, they are still capable of generating action potentials in response to electrical field stimulation.
Does hylomorphism offer a distinctive solution to the grounding problem

The Aristotelian doctrine of hylomorphism has seen a recent resurgence of popularity, due to the work of a number of well-known and impressive philosophers (Fine, Johnston, Rea and Koslicki, to name a few). One of the recently motivating virtues claimed for the doctrine is its ability to solve the grounding problem for philosophers who believe in coinciding entities. In this brief article, I will argue that when fully spelled out, hylomorphism does not, in fact, contribute a distinctive solution to this problem. It is not that it offers no solution at all, but that it is not really a different solution from other familiar, seemingly non-hylomorphic, solutions on offer.
Bacterial production of tetrodotoxin in the pufferfish Arothron hispidus

This study evaluates the presence, location and production source of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in two species of pufferfish, Diodon histrix and Arothron hispidus, common to Hawaiian waters. Organs from each fish were analysed for TTX and used to isolate bacteria for evaluation of possible TTX production. Comparative analyses of extracts of fish and bacterial culture media were performed with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and a sodium channel specific bioassay. Bacterial cultivation experiments were performed in two different growth media and bacteria were identified through sequence homology of the 16S rRNA gene. Forty-two and forty-seven distinct strains were cultivated from D. histrix and A. hispidus, respectively. However, no commonality was found between the populations of bacteria isolated from the two fish. TTX was detected only in A. hispidus and was present in the flesh, pectoral fin and kidneys, as well as the skin slime. Sixteen of the forty-seven bacterial species isolated from A. hi...
Clause-Chaining, Switch-Reference and Action/Event Continuity in Japanese Discourse: The Case of Te, To and Zero-Conjunction

This paper investigates the clause-chaining mechanism exhibited in Japanese. Clause-chaining is characterized by a string of clauses with non-finite (or partly non-finite) verb forms followed by a clause with a finite verb. The basic property of clause-chaining devices is to conjoin two or more clauses in a (more or less) chronological order. In this paper, the discourse function of the clause-chaining devices, te, to and zero-conjunction, is interpreted in terms of the notion of action/event continuity. First, general properties of the clause-chaining devices, including various degrees of clause integration, are discussed. Then, the notion of action/event continuity in discourse is introduced, and a hypothesis that the clause-chaining devices in Japanese are coding action/event continuity or discontinuity is advanced. The hypothesis will be tested by examining continuity of referent, aspect, time, and location. Firstly, this paper studies switch-reference properties of the clause-chaining devices along with their correlations with subject marking devices (wa, ga and zero anaphora). As a corollary of the hypothesis, I offer a functional explanation of a well-known phenomenon: that generally only the subject marking device ga appears in a subordinate clause. Later, the paper will investigate the significance of aspectual coding in clause-chaining. Finally, it will investigate how referential, aspectual, temporal, and locational continuity correlate with the overall discourse coherence of action/event continuity.
Parent-Child Agreement on Symptoms Assessed via a Clinical Research Interview for Children: The Child Assessment Schedule (CAS)

Abstract This study examined the relationship between symptom type and parent-child agreement, as reflected in symptom scores on a structured diagnostic interview, the Child Assessment Schedule (CAS). Forty-eight psychiatric inpatients (mean age of 10 years) were administered the CAS. Their mothers were interviewed independently with the parent form. The average time between interviews was 12 days. High parent-child agreement was found for conduct/behavioral problems and moderate agreement for affective symptoms. Parents reported more conduct-related problems; children reported more anxiety and somatic symptoms and more family problems. The pattern of parent-child differences was the same as observed for other interviews.
Microradioisotopic techniques for the detection of antibody to adherent target cells in tissue culture.

Abstract Microradioisotopic methodology has been applied to the serological detection of antibody to adherent cells in tissue culture. Target cells grown in Terasaki plates are used. Humoral cytotoxicity using tritiated proline-labeled target cells and a radioiodinated staphylococcal protein A antiglobulin assay are described. Sample preparation is facilitated by the use of a stainless-steel punch and multiholed die suitable for removing the well bottoms from these plates.
Finding small, versatile sets of human grasps to span common objects

Robotic and prosthetic hand designers are challenged to replicate as much functionality of the human hand as possible, while minimizing cost and any unnecessary complexity. Selecting which aspects of human hand function to emulate can be difficult, especially when little data is available on unstructured human manipulation behavior. The present work analyzes 19 hours of video with over 9000 grasp instances from two housekeepers and two machinists to find small sets of versatile human grasps. A novel grasp span metric is used to evaluate sets of grasps and pick an optimal grasp set which can effectively handle as many different objects as possible. The results show medium wrap and lateral pinch are both important, versatile grasps for basic object handling. The results suggest that three-fingertip precision grasps such as thumb-2 finger, tripod, or lateral tripod can be used to handle dexterous manipulation of a wide range of objects. The recommended grasp sets can help aid difficult design decisions for robotic and prosthetic hands, as well as suggesting important human hand functionality to restore during hand surgery or rehabilitate in an impaired hand.
Promoter analysis of the highly expressed rolC and rolD root-inducing genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes: enhancer and tissue-specific DNA determinants are dissociated

Abstract Promoter activity of the leaf-specific rolC and root-specific rolD root-inducing genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4 Ri T-DNA was analysed by serial deletions of their 5′ non-coding regions and fusion to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene. High activity of the rolC promoter in both roots and leaves required the presence of a sequence located at least 350 bp upstream of the mRNA start site within a 455 bp HindIII-PvuII fragment. Deletions removing this region lowered the activity of the rolC promoter and increased its root-specificity. The rolD promoter is highly specific to regenerating plants. Deletions of the upstream region led to high expression in roots of both young and mature tobacco plants.
Designing a low-cost pollution prevention plan to pay off at the university of houston

The University of Houston is located just south of downtown Houston, TX. Many different chemical substances are used in scientific research and teaching activities throughout the campus. These activities generate a significant amount of waste materials that must be discarded as regulated hazardous waste per U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rules. The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) is the state regulatory agency that has enforcement authority for EPA hazardous waste rules in Texas. Currently, the University is classified as a large quantity generator and generates >1000 kg per month of hazardous waste. In addition, the University has experienced a major surge in research activities during the past several years, and overall the quantity of the hazardous waste generated has increased. The TCEQ requires large quantity generators to prepare a 5-yr Pollution Prevention (P2) Plan, which describes efforts to eliminate or minimize the amount of hazardous waste generated. This paper addresses the design and development of a low-cost P2 plan with minimal implementation obstacles and strong payoff potentials for the University. The projects identified can be implemented with existing University staff resources. This benefits the University by enhancing its environmental compliance efforts, and the disposal cost savings can be used for other purposes. Other educational institutions may benefit by undertaking a similar process.
Studies on allenes as participants in cationic π-cyclizations

Abstract Cationic π-cyclization of two allenyl alcohols 12a and 12b and two allenyl ketones 11a and 11b provided evidence that the mode of ring closure of γ-allenyl cation systems is strongly dependent upon the substitution pattern of the allene functionality. The monosubstituted systems 11a and 12a gave only decalin-type products resulting from reaction at the terminal carbon of the allene. The disubstituted allene systems 11b and 12b gave only hydrindane-type products resulting from reaction only at the central carbon of the allene. A general rationale for the cyclization results observed with γ-allenyl cation systems is developed based upon considerations of orbital overlap, as determined from molecular models, and the effect of alkyl substituents on electrophilic addition to allenes.
Systems Simulation. Design and analysis of multivariate response simulations: The state of the art

The multiple response problem in simulation analysis refers to the statistical design and analysis of simulation experiments which output more than a single response variable, or measure of effectiveness. In this article, the multivariate response simulation model is defined and some historical solutions from the literature are discussed. Recent research into the use of multivariate statistical methods in simulation analysis is reviewed, including the statistical rationale for the use of these techniques, the advantage of using these methods in simulation output analysis, and a comprehensive survey of the simulation literature which has applied these procedures to date. The concept of multivariate response simulation metamodel, an auxiliary, analytic model which serves to aid in the interpretation of the simulation model, is also presented.
Diffuse reflectance of the ocean: the theory of its augmentation by chlorophyll a fluorescence at 685 nm

The radiative transfer equation is modified to include the effect of fluorescent substances and solved in the quasi-single scattering approximation for a homogeneous ocean containing fluorescent particles with wavelength independent quantum efficiency and a Gaussian shaped emission line. The results are applied to the in vivo fluorescence of chlorophyll a (in phytoplankton) in the ocean to determine if the observed quantum efficiencies are large enough to explain the enhancement of the ocean's diffuse reflectance near 685 nm in chlorophyll rich waters without resorting to anomalous dispersion. The computations indicate that the required efficiencies are sufficiently low to account completely for the enhanced reflectance. The validity of the theory is further demonstrated by deriving values for the upwelling irradiance attenuation coefficient at 685 nm which are in close agreement with the observations.
Studies on the isoenzymes PGM, ADA and AK in human teeth.

Abstract It was found that PGM, ADA and AK phenotypes are present in the dental pulp. These enzymes were not found to be present in the dentine.
Global stereo matching leveraged by sparse ground control points

We present a novel global stereo model that makes use of constraints from points with known depths, i.e., the Ground Control Points (GCPs) as referred to in stereo literature. Our formulation explicitly models the influences of GCPs in a Markov Random Field. A novel GCPs-based regu-larization term is naturally integrated into our global optimization framework in a principled way using the Bayes rule. The optimal solution of the inference problem can be approximated via existing energy minimization techniques such as graph cuts used in this paper. Our generic probabilistic framework allows GCPs to be obtained from various modalities and provides a natural way to integrate the information from multiple sensors. Quantitative evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed formulation for regularizing the ill-posed stereo matching problem and improving reconstruction accuracy.
Precision topography of a reversing sand dune at Bruneau Dunes, Idaho, as an analog for Transverse Aeolian Ridges on Mars

Abstract Ten high precision topographic profiles across a reversing dune were created from a differential global position system (DGPS). The shapes of the profiles reveal a progression from immature to transitional to mature characteristics moving up the dune. When scaled by the basal width along each profile, shape characteristics can be compared for profiles whose horizontal scales differ by orders of magnitude. The comparison of width-scaled Bruneau Dunes profiles to similarly scaled profiles of Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARs) on Mars indicates that many TARs are likely similar to transitional or mature reversing sand dunes.
MOISTURE EVOLUTION ANALYSIS OF SEALING GLASSES USED IN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PACKAGING

Free moisture in the cavity of a sealed hermetic integrated circuit is considered an important reliability hazard. The contribution to the cavity moisture by the packaging materials can be studied effectively using the technique of moisture evolution analysis (MEA). The technique involves passing a dry carrier gas over the sample at high temperatures and measuring its moisture uptake coulometrically. The standard moisture evolution technique has been modified to quantify the kinetics of moisture evolution from sealing glasses used for hermetic sealing of I.C. packages which are primary contributors to total cavity moisture. It is also shown that once the moisture evolution mechanisms are understood, the technique of moisture evolution analysis can be correlated to a more complex, industry standard method for free cavity moisture measurement in a sealed hermetic package (RGA-mass spectrometry). MEA can therefore be used for the process control and prediction of free cavity moisture of hermetically sealed I.C. packages.
Are Soft Drinks Getting a Bum Rap? We Don't Think So

The viewpoint presented in this article is that soft drink consumption is a contributing factor in the rising incidence of overweight among school-aged children. Misinformation must be dispelled so that resources can be directed to real, evidence-based concerns. Child nutrition advocates have called for reducing access to soft drinks in schools as an important step in optimizing healthful environments for children. School nutrition policies are being revised at national, state, and local levels. Along with other stakeholders, soft drink manufacturers must acknowledge the problem of rising rates of overweight in children and work within their spheres of influence to limit access to soft drinks in schools.
Meaning Matters: The Biosemiotic Basis of Bioethics

If the central problem in philosophical ethics is determining and defining the scope of moral value, our normative ethical theories must be able to explain on what basis and to what extent entities have value. The scientific foundation of contemporary biosemiotic theory grounds a theory of moral value capable of addressing this problem. Namely, it suggests that what is morally relevant is semiosis. Within this framework, semiosis is a morally relevant and natural property of all living things thereby offering us an ecological, as opposed to merely environmental, ethic. A consequence of this semiotic theory is that living things are accorded inherent moral value based on their natural relational properties—their ability to signify. This consequence establishes a hierarchy of inherent moral value based on the scope of signification: the larger the Umwelten, the greater the value. This paper argues that a robust semiotic moral theory can take into account a much wider scope of inherent value.. These consequences have positive ramifications for environmental ethics in their recognition of the natural ecological networks in which each organism is bound. This presentation of a biosemiotic model of value offers a justificatory strategy for our contemporary moral intuitions concerning our semiotic/moral relationships with living things while also productively pushing our normative ethical boundaries.
Transfinite Numbers and Cosmology

THE steady-state cosmological theory of Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle implies that the number of atoms in the universe is infinite to an order equal to that of the power of the continuum. In contrast, I hope to show that for physical spaces of the kind that are normally considered in cosmology the number of atoms cannot be greater than a simple denumerable infinity. The question of the order of infinity of the number of galaxies or particles in the universe has previously been raised by G. J. Whitrow1.
Creating hybrid team cultures: An empirical test of transnational team functioning.

Focusing on hybrid team culture within transnational teams as a facilitator of group interaction, we hypothesized a curvilinear relationship between team heterogeneity on nationality and effective performance. Through a qualitative field study, we developed a mediation model of the effects of transnational team dynamics. Two confirmatory laboratory studies followed. The hypothesized curvilinear relationship was confirmed, with homogeneous and highly heterogeneous teams outperforming moderately heterogeneous ones in the long run. Drawing from conceptual work on status hierarchies, group “faultlines,” and group membership, we discuss implications for team structures in transnational settings.
Long PN code based DSSS watermarking

Cyber crimes often involve complicated scenes. In this paper, we investigate unidentified crimes committed through anonymous communication networks. We developed a long Pseudo-Noise (PN) code based Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) flow marking technique for invisibly tracing suspect anonymous flows. By interfering with a sender's traffic and marginally varying its rate, an investigator can embed a secret spread spectrum signal into the sender's traffic. Each signal bit is modulated with a small segment of a long PN code. By tracing where the embedded signal goes, the investigator can trace the sender and receiver of the suspect flow despite the use of anonymous networks. Benefits of the Long PN code include its resistance to previous discovered detection approaches. We may also use the vast number of long PN code at different phases to conduct parallel tracback without worrying about the interference between codes. Using a combination of analytical modeling and experiments on Anonymizer, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the long PN code based DSSS watermarking technique.
Gravitational radiation from a particle in circular orbit around a black hole. II. Numerical results for the nonrotating case.

Among the most promising and interesting sources of gravitational waves for interferometric detectors, such as the ground-based Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO)/VIRGO system and the proposed space-based Laser Gravitational-Wave Observatory in Space (LAGOS), is the last several minutes of inspiral of a compact binary (one made of neutron stars and/or black holes). This paper is the first in a series that will carry out detailed calculations relevant to such binaries, in the case where one body is a small-mass black hole or neutron star and the other is a much more massive black hole, and the orbit is circular (aside from its gradual inspiral). These papers will focus primarily on the emitted waveforms and especially their phasing---which is crucial for extraction of information from the detectors' measurements. This first paper is restricted to the case where the massive black hole is nonrotating. The paper begins by bringing the already well-developed formalisms for computing the waveforms (the "Regge-Wheeler" and "Teukolsky" formalisms) into a combined form that is particularly well suited both for high accuracy numerical calculations (to be carried out in paper II), and for analytic calculations (this paper). Then analytic solutions to the formalism's equations are found in the limiting case of orbits with large radii ${r}_{0}$, and correspondingly small values of $v={(\frac{M}{{r}_{0}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}={(M\ensuremath{\Omega})}^{\frac{1}{3}}$. Here $M$ is the mass of the large black hole; $v$ and $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ are, respectively, the orbital linear and angular velocities as measured far from the hole. In particular, (i) the leading-order (in $v$) contribution of each spherical harmonic to the waveforms and to the energy loss is computed analytically, and (ii) the full wave-forms and full energy loss are computed analytically up through fractional corrections of order ${v}^{3}$ beyond Newtonian, i.e. up through ${\mathrm{post}}^{\frac{3}{2}}$-Newtonian order. It is shown that propagation of the waves through the intermediate zone (which connects the near zone to the wave zone) distorts the waveforms and changes their power (and hence phasing), at ${\mathrm{post}}^{\frac{3}{2}}$-Newtonian order, in ways that have not previously been computed---except abstractly and nonconcretely as formal "tail terms" in the waves. It is demonstrated that these ${\mathrm{post}}^{\frac{3}{2}}$-Newtonian corrections will be of considerable importancee for the extraction of information from the waveforms that LIGO/VIRGO expects to measure.
The Role of Multidetector Computed Tomography Angiography for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism

From a radiological point of view, computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) has effectively become the de-facto first-line imaging test for the evaluation of pulmonary embolism (PE), as patients with a high-quality negative CTPA do not require further examination or treatment for suspected PE. We are likely to see further technical developments in CT technology in the near future. These advances will most likely further improve image quality. Several questions or issues remain, including strategies for further imaging when CT is inconclusive or contraindicated, issues regarding radiation exposure, the prevalence of PE in specific populations, best tests and pathways in specific patient groups, including patients with specific comorbidities such as oncology patients or patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Also, the question whether all PE patients need anticoagulation, the clinical effect of follow-up imaging, and the accuracy of different clinical prediction rules, remains.
Archaeological Collections, Government Warehouses, and Anxious Moderns: The Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory

This paper focuses on archaeological curation repositories and their role as more than mere storage facilities. Archaeological collections are increasingly marshaled to confront anxieties about a seemingly ‘vanishing past’ and to arrest its disappearance. In Maryland, the state has invested heavily in a ‘state-of-the-art’ facility to protect and study archaeological collections in its custody. The facility has become the proxy for the collections and a form of cultural property itself, becoming part of the ongoing process that serves to recast this portion of the state as a place rooted in the past.
Sentence matching and processing in L2 development

The processing strategies described in Clahsen (1984) to explain the develop ment of German word order make predictions that can be tested ex perimentally. Clahsen's Initialization/Finalization Strategy (IFS) in particular predicts that uninverted, ADV-SVO sentences will exact less cost in terms of processing than inverted, ADV-VSO sentences, even though inverted sent ences are grammatical in the target language and uninverted sentences are ungrammatical. The experimental means employed to test this prediction is the Sentence Matching (SM) procedure described originally in Freedman and Forster (1985). In the SM procedure, response times are elicited for particular types of sentences by measuring the time (in msec.) it takes for subjects to determine whether two sentences presented by computer are identical or different.The results of one of the experiments reported here show that inverted sentences result in significantly shorter response times than uninverted sentences for non-native speakers. This findi...
5,5-Di­hydroxy-1,3-dipropionyl-1,3-di­aza­cyclo­hexane

In the title compound, C10H18N2O4, the di­aza­cyclo­hexane ring is in a normal chair conformation. The mol­ecule packs to form hydrogen-bonded dimers around a center of symmetry.
Study of High-Performance Ge pMOSFET Scaling Accounting for Direct Source-to-Drain Tunneling

Drift-diffusion models are used in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulations to study and compare the scalability of germanium (Ge) versus silicon (Si) p-channel double-gate MOSFETs near the end of the technology roadmap. Direct source-to-drain tunneling (DSDT) and uniaxial compressive stress effects are taken into account. The higher dielectric constant of Ge results in degraded short-channel effects and lower drive currents for a given off-state leakage specification. With large compressive uniaxial channel stress (1.5 GPa), Ge can outperform Si for gate lengths (Lg) greater than 15 nm. Due to its lower effective hole transport mass, Ge suffers more from DSDT, resulting in degraded p-channel MOSFET performance at very short Lg.
Can Transnational Advocacy Remake Democracy

crucial investigation of transnational mobilization around the principled issue of human rights. His comparative study of Kenya and Uganda's transitions to democracy provides a much needed synthesis of related research on comparative politics, democratic transitions, modernization-development theory, international legal norms and human rights, and social movements-transnational advocacy networks. The implications of Schmitz's analysis are profound for those invested in sustaining normative, democratic changes after the dismantling of authoritarian regimes. Furthermore, he sets forth a captivating research agenda regarding the interactions between domestic and transnational political actors. Schmitz's significant contribution lies in the way he situates evaluations of democratic transitions within the study of international normative change. Most important, he directly challenges, particularly in Chapter 6, the assumption that transnational mobilization always affects transitional democracies in positive ways. Transnational advocates do pressure donor governments, international organizations, and international financial institutions to facilitate regime change in authoritarian states. Yet, during and after the transition to democracy, it is the political expediency of donors' interests rather than "universal principles" such as human rights that typically prevail. As a result, local activists find that transnational actors, despite often successfully calling attention to and prompting transition from authoritarian regimes, tend to obscure the political nuances and exigencies of domestic struggles, which are pivotal for continuing and consolidating democratic reforms after the transition. Furthermore, transnational activism unintentionally emboldens human rights violators and political leaders to maneuver around normative injunctions and to "devise strategies of deception and counter-mobilization" (p. 123) to bolster their own interests. Finally, activists' predominant support of particular urban, professional elites and exclusive focus on the transition from authoritarianism to multipartyism diverts attention from developments within various segments of civil society and the potentially destabilizing effects of a particular leader's electoral success. The first two chapters of Transnational Mobilization and Domestic Regime Change
Behavioral characterization of mouse models for Smith–Magenis syndrome and dup(17)(p11.2p11.2)

Contiguous gene syndromes (CGS) refer to a group of disorders associated with chromosomal rearrangements in which the phenotype is thought to result from altered copy number of physically linked dosage-sensitive genes. Smith-Magenis syndrome and [dup(17)(p11.2p11.2)] are CGS associated with a heterozygous deletion or duplication of band p11.2 of chromosome 17, respectively. We previously constructed animal models for these CGSs by engineering rearranged chromosomes carrying a deletion/deficiency [Df(11)17] (Del mutant) or a duplication [Dp(11)17 ] (Dup mutant) of the syntenic region on mouse chromosome 11. Here we present a behavioral analysis of these models indicating that heterozygous male mice carrying the engineered deletion or the duplication are hypoactive or hyperactive, respectively. In addition, male Dup mutant mice, but not Del mutant mice, have impaired contextual fear conditioning. Circadian rhythm studies revealed period length differences in Del mutant mice, but not Dup mutant mice. These results indicate that some of the behavioral abnormalities are gene dosage sensitive, whereas other behavioral abnormalities are specific to mice carrying the deletion or the duplication and can be observed in a sex preferential manner. Our findings suggest that there is a gene(s) present in this defined genomic interval that is responsible for behavioral abnormalities in the mouse, as has been shown for the human syntenic region.
Third-Person Perception and Racism

The study documents third-person perception regarding media depictions of other races and cultures. Results from a small-scale survey of adolescents indicate that third-person perception provides a useful framework to understand how adolescents perceive media depictions of racial and ethnic groups. The study also draws from the health psychology literature, finding optimistic bias and personal experience both predicting third-person perception. Keywords: adolescence, media effects, racism, third-person perception
The Megalopolitan Snowstorm of 11–12 February 1983: Isotopic Composition of the Snow

Abstract The stable isotopic composition (δD and δ18O) of precipitation and water vapor from the megalopolitan snowstorm of 11–12 February 1983 collected in the New York metropolitan area has been related to both synoptic scale and mesoscale structure of the storm. The δD increased from a very low value of −242.3%. at the beginning of the storm to a distinct maximum of −85.5% during and shortly after the time that thunder and lightning were reported, then decreased slowly to about −110% The storm-integrated δD as measured at Mohonk Lake, New York, was the second lowest value, δ170%o, for all storms monitored from 1977 to 1984. The extremely low δ values throughout most of the storm arose primarily from two effects acting together. A large proportion of condensation took place abnormally high in the troposphere at abnormally low temperatures. The low temperatures increased the amount of isotopic fractionation recurring during the condensation process while the high elevation resulted in source vapor that w...
ENDORECTAL ULTRASOUND AND THE PREOPERATIVE STAGING OF RECTAL CANCER

Over the past century, many staging systems have been proposed for rectal cancer with varying complexity. These staging systems are mainly based on pathology and thus are generally applicable postoperatively. In 1932, Cuthbert Dukes, from St Mark’s Hospital in London, described the original Dukes’ staging system for rectal cancer (5). He described three stages: A, B, and C. Stage A being confined to the bowel wall, B through the bowel wall, and C involving regional lymph nodes. This staging system was later modified by Kirklin in 1949 and by Astler and Coller in 1954 (6, 7). Astler and Coller’s modification subdivide B and C stages based on partial versus full-thickness invasion of the muscularis propria. A fourth category (Dukes’ D), although not originally described, has been used to designate distant metastatic disease. Although more complex, these staging systems have more prognostic significance than the original Dukes criteria. At present, the tumor, regional nodes, metastasis (TNM) classification system, originally proposed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) in 1977, is the most commonly used staging system (8) (Table 1). This system takes into account depth of bowel wall invasion, regional lymph node involvement and distant metastatic disease. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by ERUS employs a modification of the TNM system, which was first described by Hildebrandt in 1985 (9) (Table 2). The prefix “u” is used to designate the use of ultrasonography, as opposed to the prefix “p” which denotes pathologic stage. Of note, this system does not designate whether metastatic disease is present, since ERUS is not able to define distant disease. Nor does it describe the number of positive lymph nodes present. The specifics of this staging system are described later. Correspondence: W. Douglas Wong, M.D. Division of Colorectal Surgery Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue New York, NY 10021 Email: wongd@mskcc.org INTRODUCTION
SERCA1a can functionally substitute for SERCA2a in the heart

We recently generated a transgenic (TG) mouse model in which the fast-twitch skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA1a) is overexpressed in the heart. Ectopic overexpression ...
Identifying opportunities to enhance environmental cleaning in 23 acute care hospitals .

Objective.The quality of environmental hygiene in hospitals is under increasing scrutiny from both healthcare providers and consumers because the prevalence of serious infections due to multidrug-resistant pathogens has reached alarming levels. On the basis of the results from a small number of hospitals, we undertook a study to evaluate the thoroughness of disinfection and cleaning in the patient's immediate environment and to identify opportunities for improvement in a diverse group of acute care hospitals.Methods.Prospective multicenter study to evaluate the thoroughness of terminal room cleaning in hospitals using a novel targeting method to mimic the surface contamination of objects in the patient's immediate environment.Setting.Twenty-three acute care hospitals.Results.The overall thoroughness of terminal cleaning, expressed as a percentage of surfaces evaluated, was 49% (range for all 23 hospitals, 35%-81%). Despite the tight clustering of overall cleaning rates in 21 of the hospitals, there was marked variation within object categories, which was particularly notable with respect to the cleaning of toilet handholds, bedpan cleaners, light switches, and door knobs (mean cleaning rates, less than 30%; institutional ranges, 0%-90%). Sinks, toilet seats, and tray tables, in contrast, were consistently relatively well cleaned (mean cleaning rates, over 75%). Patient telephones, nurse call devices, and bedside rails were inconsistently cleaned.Conclusion.We identified significant opportunities in all participating hospitals to improve the cleaning of frequently touched objects in the patient's immediate environment. The information obtained from such assessments can be used to develop focused administrative and educational interventions that incorporate ongoing feedback to the environmental services staff, to improve cleaning and disinfection practices in healthcare institutions.