cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ permeability and fluid pressure measurements at ∼2 km depth in the Cajon Pass research well

Two in situ bulk permeability tests were conducted in the metamorphic basement rocks in the Cajon Pass research well. In one interval, from 1829 m to 1905 m, we measured an effective permeability of 0.5 × 10−18 m² (0.5 × 10−6 darcy). Over an interval from 1829 m to 2115 m, we measured an average permeability of 1.67 × 10−18 m² (1.67 × 10−6 darcy). In addition, fluid pressures 5% over hydrostatic were determined through analysis of pressure build-up in the larger test interval. The in situ permeability measured is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the permeability measured in core samples; a difference we attribute to the presence of fluid conducting fractures. A large fracture at 2076 m with an aperture of 26.6 cm appears to be a zone of localized high permeability. The permeability of this fracture is as high as 1.8 × 10−16 m² (0.18 × 10−3 darcy). In light of the low permeability and fluid pressure measured, the transport of significant amounts of frictionally generated heat by hydraulic conduction is extremely unlikely.
Suitability of Selected North American Grasshopper Species as Hosts for the Eurasian Parasites Acridomyia sacharovi and Blaesoxipha lineata (Diptera)

Acridomyia sacharovi Stackelberg and Blaesoxipha lineata (Fallen) are dipterous parasites of grasshoppers in Europe and the U.S.S.R. B. lineata also occurs in North Africa. Both attack host nymphs and adults and develop internally. Comprehensive studies by Olsuf'ev (1929) and Rukavishnikov (1930) record only 1 host of A. sacharovi , whereas those of Baranov (1925) and Wood (1933) indicate a much wider host range for B. lineata . Presented here are the results of a preliminary study to determine their suitability for release against North American grasshoppers.
The modified decomposition method for analytic treatment of non-linear integral equations and systems of non-linear integral equations

We demonstrate the use of the modified decomposition method for the analytic treatment of non-linear Fredholm integral equations, non-linear Volterra integral equations and systems of non-linear integral equations. The proper implementation of the modified method can dramatically reduce the amount of work required and may provide the exact solution using only a few iterations. The analysis is accompanied by numerical illustrations that show the pertinent features of the technique.
Real Men Don’t Eat Quiche: Regulation of Gender-Expressive Choices by Men

Everyday items are imbued with subtle yet pervasive gender associations. For instance, sour dairy products and products with rounded edges tend to be perceived as relatively feminine, whereas meat and products with sharp edges tend to be perceived as relatively masculine. In a series of studies, we find that men are more likely to choose gender-congruent options (masculine foods and angular-shaped items) when they have unconstrained time and attentional resources than when these resources are constrained. In contrast, women’s choices tend to not be affected by time or attentional resource availability. Our findings suggest that men experience a conflict between their relatively intrinsic preferences and gender norms and that they tend to forgo their intrinsic preferences to conform to a masculine gender identity (when they have sufficient resources to incorporate gender norm information in their choices). Women, on the other hand, appear to be less concerned with making gender-congruent choices.
Scavenging or Hunting in Early Hominids: Theoretical Framework and Tests

Evidence from Bed I, Olduvai, supports the hypothesis that scavenging, not hunting, was the major meat-procurement strategy of hominids between 2 and 1.7 million years ago. Data used to evaluate the hunting and scavenging hypotheses are derived from studying cut marks on Bed I bovids, comparing adaptations necessary for scavenging with those of early hominids, and a pa-leoecological reconstruction of Bed I carcass biotnass, carnivore guild, and hominidforaging area.
Fingerprinting soot (towards source identification): physical structure and chemical composition.

Soot is a highly variable material. Physically the nanostructure can range from amorphous to graphitic to fullerenic. Chemically nearly any element may be included, while the surface functional groups are predominantly oxygen-based. Presented here are HRTEM image analysis results of the physical nanostructure and XPS analysis of the surface chemical composition of soot collected from plant and industrial scale oil-fired boilers, a diesel engine, jet engine and a wildfire. Physically soots from these emission source classes may be differentiated on the basis of carbon lamella length, mean separation and tortuosity. Chemically these soots may also be distinguished by elemental composition and surface functional groups. Together, this suite of parameters can be used to differentiate natural from anthropogenic soots.
An Inconsistent Maximum Likelihood Estimate

Abstract An example is given of a family of distributions on [— 1, 1] with a continuous one-dimensional parameterization that joins the triangular distribution (when Θ = 0) to the uniform (when Θ = 1), for which the maximum likelihood estimates exist and converge strongly to Θ = 1 as the sample size tends to infinity, whatever be the true value of the parameter. A modification that satisfies Cramer's conditions is also given.
EMU's flawed economic constitution: macroeconomic policy disabled

EMU's design is seriously flawed. Monetary union was established without political union, creating a single eurozone economy that cannot be governed with the combination of macroeconomic policy instruments that modern national governments have. Its exceptionally independent central bank, the ECB, sets monetary policy for the eurozone economy as a whole, but it has no institutions for setting a eurozone-wide fiscal policy, and hence no democratically accountable structure for setting a eurozone-wide monetary-fiscal policy mix capable of combining growth and employment with price stability. EMU thus lacks democratic legitimacy as well as the capacity to govern the eurozone economy effectively.
The genetics of schizophrenia.

Research into the etiology of schizophrenia, particularly the possible genetic basis, has never been as interesting and as provocative as in the past three years. Sullivan looks critically at the key research.
Oxygen loss from Spartina alterniflora and its relationship to salt marsh oxygen balance.

Spartina alterniflora has been reported to lose significant amounts of oxygen to its rhizosphere with potentially important effects on salt-marsh biogeochemical cycling and plant productivity. The potential significance of this oxidative pathway was evaluated using laboratory split-chamber experiments to quantify oxygen loss from intact root systems under a wide variety of pre-treatment and incubation conditions including antibiotics to inhibit microbial respiration. The aerenchyma system of S. alterniflora was found to transport O2, N2, Ar, and CH4 from above-ground sources to its below-ground roots and rhizomes. While non-respiratory gases were observed to move from the lacunae to water bathing the root systems, net O2 loss did not occur; instead oxygen present outside of the roots/rhizomes was consumed. Net oxygen loss was found when resistance to gas transport was reduced in the lacunae-rhizosphere pathway by placing the root systems in a gas phase and when plant respiration was significantly reduced. Root system respiration appeared to be the major variable in the plant oxygen balance. When root and rhizome respiration was inhibited using poisons or lowered by cooling, the oxygen deficit was greatly reduced and oxygen loss was indicated. The effect of seasonal temperature changes on root system "oxygen deficit" presents a possible explanation as to why Spartina produces root systems with respiration rates that cannot be supported by gas transport. Overall, while oxygen loss from individual plant roots is likely, integrating measured root system oxygen loss with geochemical data indicates that the mass amount of oxygen lost from S. alterniflora root systems is small compared to the total oxygen balance of vegetated salt marsh sediments.
Some orderly nonmonotonicities in the trial-by-trial acquisition of conditioned suppression: Inhibition with reinforcement?

The trial-by-trial acquisition of conditioned suppression was examined under a wide range of conditions. Frequently, the acquisition functions were nonmonotonic. In conditions containing four or more trials in sessions of 2 h or less, suppression, once established, tended to be significantly stronger on the first trial of a session than on one or more subsequent trials. The data from six conditions are presented to exemplify those under which nonmonotonicities did and did not occur. It is suggested that the nonmonotonicities are similar to effects described by Pavlov (1960, Lecture 14), effects which he believed reflected the growth of inhibition despite continuous reinforcement. Interpretations of the results in terms of reactive inhibition, short-term habituation, conditioned inhibition, inhibition of delay, and disinhibition are discussed.
Comparative Overview of Safety of the Biologics in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Six biologic agents are currently available in Canada for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA): abatacept, adalimumab, anakinra, etanercept, infliximab, and rituximab. Although they are generally considered to be safe and well tolerated, concerns have been raised regarding the use of biologic therapies in the treatment of RA. The new biologic agents abatacept and rituximab have novel mechanisms of action, and may therefore offer different safety profiles. The most important safety concerns with the biologic therapies remain the increased risk of infection. An increased risk of malignancies, including lymphoma and skin cancer, has been noted in RA trials, but the extent to which each of the biologic therapies contributes to the risk of malignancy has not been clearly defined.
Bi-criteria group scheduling with sequence-dependent setup time in a flow shop

A bi-criteria group scheduling problem in a flow shop with sequence-dependent setup time is investigated in this paper. Manufacturing cell and flow shop are two popular scenarios in industry. Dynamic job releases and machine availabilities are assumed. The goal is to minimize the weighted sum of total weighted completion time and total weighted tardiness, which are aimed at satisfying the producer and customer goals separately. Normalized weights are assigned to both criteria to describe the trade-off between the two objectives. Two different initial solution finding mechanisms are proposed, and a tabu-search-based two-level search algorithm is deve1loped to find optimal/near-optimal solutions for the problem. A mathematical model is also developed and implemented to evaluate the optimality of the results from search algorithms for small problem instances. To further uncover the difference in performance of initial solutions and algorithms, an experimental design is performed and results are reported.
What's the Harm? Why the Mainstreaming of Complementary and Alternative Medicine is an Ethical Problem

This paper argues that it is morally irresponsible for modern medical providers or health care institutions to support and advocate the integration of CAM practices (i.e. homeopathy, acupuncture, energy healing, etc.) with conventional modern medicine. The results of such practices are not reliable beyond that of placebo. As a corollary, it is argued that prescribing placebos perceived to stand outside the norm of modern medicine is morally inappropriate. Even when such treatments do no direct physical harm, they create unnecessary barriers to patients’ informed understanding of their health.
Addressing diverse corpora with cluster-based term weighting

Highly heterogeneous collections present difficulties to term weighting models that are informed by corpus-level frequencies. Collections which span multiple languages or large time periods do not provide realistic statistics on which words are interesting to a system. This paper presents a case where diverse corpora can frustrate term weighting and proposes a modification that weighs documents according to their class or cluster within the collection. In cases of diverse corpora, the proposed modification better represents the intuitions behind corpus-level document frequencies.
Postnatal survival in Wistar rats following oral dosage with zidovudine on gestation day 10.

Abstract Groups of 20 female Wistar rats from Charles River Breeding Laboratories (Kingston, NY) were given three oral doses of 100 mg zidovudine/kg at 5-hr intervals on Gestation Day 10 (total dose = 300 mg/kg). Control rats received three oral doses of the vehicle, distilled water. This design approximated that of an earlier study that reported 38% postnatal mortality among the offspring of Wistar rats given zidovudine. In the study reported here, no adverse effects were noted on maternal body weight, food consumption, reproductive capacity, or hematology. Similarly, no effects on growth or survival of the offspring were noted. Hematology and clinical chemistry values were comparable between offspring of treated and control dams, and no treatment-related gross or histopathologic lesions were noted in the weanling rats. The mean concentration of zidovudine in embryonal homogenates, collected 30 min after administration of the third dose to the dam on Gestation Day 10, was 21.1 μg/g tissue. This value is approximately one-third of the mean drug plasma concentration (62.6 μg/ml) measured in the dams at the same time point. The dramatic difference in results in the two studies may be related to differences in Wistar rats from two different sources or to other unknown factors associated with the design and conduct of the studies. The results of the current study were consistent with other preclinical studies on the reproductive toxicity of zidovudine in rats and rabbits.
Ethylene and the Responses to Light of Rice Seedlings

The growth of rice seedlings (Oryza satira L.) in the presence of ethylene caused a change in the response to light of coleoptile elongation. In plants grown in air without added ethylene coleoptile elongation was promoted by red, far-red and yellow-green light only in very young seedlings; in older plants irradiation inhibited the growth of the coleoptile. The effect of growing plants in the presence of ethylene was to prolong the period during which light promoted coleoptile growth. Elongation of the first internode was inhibited by light whether or not the seedlings were grown in the presence of ethylene. A correlation existed between the growth effect of an irradiation and the initial decay rate of phytochrome which was established by the treatment. Regardless of wave length, light sources whose intensities were adjusted to produce a decay rate of about 10% per hour or less induced a moderate rate of coleoptile elongation which persisted for a relatively long period. Irradiation with red or yellow-green light of higher intensity which produced a higher rate of phytochrome decay induced a higher rate of coleoptile elongation, but growth stopped after several hours. Other observations, however, showed that one cannot establish a general simple correlation between the rate of elongation of rice coleoptiles under light and the status of measurable phytochrome in the plant.
Prevention of liver failure in parenteral nutrition-dependent children with short bowel syndrome

Abstract Progressive liver failure in parenteral nutrition (PN)-dependent children with short bowel syndrome carries significant morbidity and mortality. The authors retrospectively reviewed 47 consecutive patients with short bowel syndrome diagnosed from October 1985 through October 1995. All patients were treated according to a protocol designed to promote intestinal motility and discourage bacterial translocation. Elements of the protocol included the use of taurine, vigilant prevention and aggressive treatment of sepsis, meticulous catheter care, early PN cycling, appropriate enteral feeding, and measures designed to inhibit gastrointestinal bacterial translocation, especially gram-negative rods. Complete blood counts and serum liver function studies were complied from both clinic visits and hospital admissions for each patient every 3 to 6 months while they were on PN. Three patients were lost to follow-up after they had moved out of state. The length of time on PN ranged from 3 months to 9.4 years with an average of 2.2 years. Elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and glutamyltransferase (GGT) were present in 82%, 66%, and 84% of patients, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase was elevated in 58% of patients. Eight patients (18%) are still on PN, and 31 (70%) have been weaned off PN. Five patients have died (11%). Three patients (7%) developed cholecystitis requiring cholecystectomy. No patients developed progressive liver failure. These results suggest that PN-related liver failure may be prevented in most patients with short bowel syndrome. Specific measures to prevent PN-related cholestatic jaundice need further investigation.
Effects of a microsporidium from the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), on three non-target coccinellids.

Abstract A microsporidium from Hippodamia convergens was transmitted horizontally to three non-target coccinellid hosts (Adalia bipunctata L., Coccinella septempunctata L. and Harmonia axyridis Pallas) under laboratory conditions. For all species examined, microsporidia-infected larvae took significantly longer to develop than did uninfected larvae but the microsporidium had no effect on larval mortality. Adult sex ratios of uninfected and microsporidia-infected adults were about 1:1 (♀:♂) and did not differ significantly. At the end of a 90-day trial, microsporidia-infected H. convergens produced significantly fewer eggs and did not live as long as uninfected individuals. Differences in fecundity and longevity were not observed for the three non-target coccinellids that were examined. Mean spore counts from smear preparations of microsporidia-infected A. bipunctata did not differ significantly from H. convergens, suggesting that A. bipunctata (a native coccinellid) is a suitable host for the microsporidium but infection was lighter in C. septempunctata and H. axyridis (introduced species). Vertical transmission of the pathogen was observed during the 90-day trial by examining eggs and larvae that were produced by microsporidia-infected adults. For all species examined, 100% vertical transmission of the pathogen was eventually observed. Three eugregarines were found in two adult A. bipunctata: Gregarine A trophozoites are similar in size to those of Gregarina katherina Watson (described earlier from Coccinella spp.), Gregarine B trophozoites are similar in size to those of Gregarine A but are morphology distinct, and Gregarine C trophozoites are similar in size to G. barbarara Watson (described earlier from A. bipunctata).
Efficacy and safety of a low-dose monophasic combination oral contraceptive containing 100 μg levonorgestrel and 20 μg ethinyl estradiol (Alesse®)

The efficacy and safety of a low-dose 21-day combination oral contraceptive containing 100 microg levonorgestrel and 20 microg ethinyl estradiol were evaluated in an open-label, multicenter trial. A total of 1708 subjects with regular menstrual cycles (27,011 cycles) were evaluated. The oral contraceptive was administered once a day for 21 days, followed by 7 days of placebo for a complete cycle. During 26,554 cycles evaluated for efficacy, 18 pregnancies occurred (Pearl index of 0.88); 6 of these events were attributable to subject noncompliance. After 30 cycles of exposure the cumulative rate of withdrawal as a result of accidental pregnancy was 1.9%. Breakthrough bleeding (with or without spotting) occurred in 12.9% of the cycles and spotting alone occurred in 10.1% of the cycles. The 2 most common adverse events cited as reasons for discontinuation were headache (2% of subjects) and metrorrhagia (2%). One serious event led to withdrawal of a subject. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the monophasic regimen of 100 microg levonorgestrel and 20 microg ethinyl estradiol offers effective contraception, acceptable cycle control, and a good tolerability profile.
From growing to secreting: new roles for mTOR in aging cells

Deregulation of the nutrient sensitive mTOR signaling pathway has been recently involved in several age-related diseases, and pharmacological blockade of mTOR extends longevity in model organisms and in mice. Mechanistic studies in vitro have shed light on the role of mTOR-dependent growth signals in promoting senescence and exhaustion of quiescent stem cells, thus linking excess nutrients to tissue ageing. Novel findings add complexity to this theoretical framework, revealing that mTOR cooperates with autophagy to promote the "secretory phenotype" of senescent cells and the release of factors known to contribute to defective renewal and dysfunction of aging tissues. Thus, both cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous mechanisms link unchecked mTOR activity to cell senescence and by extension to the aging process.
Solar irradiance and climate forcing in the near future

Annual levels of the Sun's irradiance are estimated until 2018 using parameterizations of the 10.7 cm radio flux. Peak irradiance during solar cycle 24 occurs in 2010, with levels comparable to or slightly lower than prior maxima in 2000, 1989 and 1981. Minima occur in 2006 and 2016. Future irradiance trends underlying the 11-year cycle, which are assumed not to exceed those in historical reconstructions during the past 350 years, are estimated to be less than ±0.4 Wm−2 per decade for total irradiance, ±0.01 Wm−2 per decade for UV radiation at 295–310 nm and ±0.04 Wm−2 per decade for UV radiation at 200–295 nm. When activity cycles and longer-term trend scenarios are combined, total solar irradiance forcing of climate between cycle minima in 1996 and 2016 is in the range ±0.1 Wm−2. For comparison, the forecast net anthropogenic climate forcing over this 22-year period is in the range 0.5 to 0.9 Wm−2.
Perturbation of host-cell membrane is a primary mechanism of HIV cytopathology.

Cytopathic viruses injure cells by a number of different mechanisms. The mechanism by which HIV-1 injures T cells was studied by temporally examining host-cell macromolecular syntheses, stages of the cell cycle, and membrane permeability following acute infection. T cells cytopathically infected at an m.o.i. of 1-5 grew normally for 24-72 hr, depending on the cell line, followed by the first manifestation of cell injury, slowing of cell division. At that time significant amounts of unintegrated HIV DNA and p24 core protein became detectable, and acridine orange flow cytometric cell cycle studies demonstrated the presence of fewer cells in the G2/M stage of the cell cycle. There was no change in the frequency of cells in the S-stage, and metabolic pulsing with radioactive precursors demonstrated that host-cell DNA, RNA, and protein syntheses were normal at that time and normal up to the time cells started to die (approximately 24 hr later), when all three decreased. Cellular lipid synthesis, however, was perturbed when cell multiplication slowed, with phospholipid synthesis reduced and neutral lipid synthesis enhanced. Permeability of the host-cell membrane to small molecules, such as Ca2+ and sucrose, was slightly enhanced early postinfection, and by the time of slowing of cell division, host membrane permeability was greatly increased to both Ca2+ and sucrose (Stokes radius 5.2 A) but not to inulin (Stokes radium 20 A). These changes in host-cell membrane permeability and phospholipid synthesis were not observed in acutely infected H9 cells, which are not susceptible to HIV cytopathology. Thus, HIV-1 appeared to predominantly injure T cells by perturbing host-cell membrane permeability and lipid synthesis, which is similar to the cytopathic mechanisms of paramyxoviruses.
Double K-photoionization of heavy atoms

Abstract The double K-photoionization of heavy atoms is a rare process which produces a “hollow atom”. We have recently conducted a comprehensive study of the energy-dependence of double K-photoionization in Ag ( Z = 47 ) aimed at elucidating the processes contributing. These measurements have served to isolate the effects of the dynamic electron–electron scattering term from the shake-off contribution and demonstrate a significantly larger scattering contribution than in lighter atoms. Based on those results and other measurements in lighter systems, we have developed a quantitative model to predict the energy-dependence of double K-photoionization in other atoms.
Digitally-spotlighted subaperture SAR image formation using high performance computing

This paper is concerned with the implementation of the SAR wavefront reconstruction algorithm on a high performance computer. For this purpose, the imaging algorithm is reformulated as a coherent processing (spectral combination) of images that are formed from a set of subapertures of the available synthetic aperture. This is achieved in conjunction with extracting the signature of a specific target region (digital spotlighting). Issues that are associated with implementing the algorithm on SMP-HPCs and DMP-HPCs are discussed. The results using the FOPEN P-3 SAR data are provided.
Performance evaluation of a fast computation algorithm for the DMT in high-speed subscriber loop

The discrete multitone (DMT) modulation is considered to be a viable transmission scheme for high-speed subscriber loop. In this paper, the fast algorithm for computing the equalizer settings derived in [1] is extended and applied for the DMT in high-speed subscriber loop. The channel pulse response is assumed to be given by the channel identification method, and then the equalizer filter settings are computed. In simulations, a fast algorithm for the symbol spaced equalizer in a colored noise channel is used. Simulation results performed in various CSA loops indicate that the fast algorithm yields the near-optimum settings for the DMT system
The making of a sociomedical scientist

Publishing this festschrift for Jack Elinson in Social Science and Medicine is especially appropriate at this time, not only because it gives an opportunity to those who have known him for many years to express their appreciation of his many significant contributions as a scientist and humanist, but also because an exploration of the influences which contributed to his successful career should provide further insight into what it takes to be able to be effective in breaking new ground in the sociomedical sciences. The notes which follow are written from the standpoint of one who has been a personal friend of Jack's over a 40-year span, sharing many of the same types of experiences in meandering toward a career during the pioneering stages of bringing scientific method to bear in the development of public opinion and behavior sampling surveys beginning in the mid-1930s.
Pragmatic research and outcomes in asthma and COPD

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common diseases which cause patients and society considerable difficulties. These are costly diseases which cause substantial morbidity and death. Health care policy makers have made improving outcomes in asthma and COPD a priority. Application of guideline recommended approaches to asthma and COPD care in the real-life setting has been emphasized but outcomes have not improved. Failure to improve outcomes may not be because of inconsistent applications of guideline recommendations, but rather because there are difficulties implementing the Expert Panel Report III (EPR 3) method for categorizing asthma severity and the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) method for diagnosing COPD. As these serve as the foundation for treatment recommendations for these diseases, alternative approaches should be considered for categorizing asthma severity and identifying COPD patients. Claims-based algorithms provide an intriguing option for identifying persistent asthma patients and symptomatic COPD patients in administrative databases. These methods could be used as the basis for pragmatic research, both retrospective and prospective, on assessing outcomes of guideline recommended treatment approaches in asthma and COPD. Important questions urgently need to be answered about how guideline recommended approaches regarding use of long-acting inhaled β-agonist/inhaled corticosteroid (LABA/ICS) in asthma and long-acting inhaled anti-muscarinic agent (LAMA) and LABA/ICS in COPD affect outcomes in real-life situations.
The Contemporary Role of Echocardiography in Improving Patient Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an important therapy for heart failure patients with widened electrocardiographic QRS complexes and depressed ejection fractions, however, approximately one-third do not respond. This article presents a practical contemporary approach to the utility of echocardiography to improve CRT patient response by assessing mechanical dyssynchrony, optimizing left ventricular lead positioning, and performing appropriate echo-Doppler optimization, along with future potential roles. Specifically, recent long-term outcome data are presented that demonstrates that baseline dyssynchrony is a powerful marker associated with CRT response, in particular for patients with narrower QRS duration or non left bundle branch block morphology. Advances in speckle tracking echocardiography to tailor delivery of CRT by guiding LV lead position is discussed, including data from randomized clinical trials supporting targeting the LV lead toward the site of latest activation. In addition, an update on the current role of Doppler echocardiographic device optimization after CRT implantation is reviewed.
Factors influencing platelet consumption by polyacrylamide hydrogels

Using a baboon arteriovenous shunt model platelet consumption by poly (acrylamide) grafted substrates (Silastic and Pellethane) has been found to depend strongly on the water content of the grafted layer but was independent of graft level (1.13–5.72 mg/cm2), substrate type, or method of initiating polymerization (60Co radiation or Ce4+ions). Poly (acrylamide) grafted materials were typically ten times as consumptive towards platelets than the untreated substrates.
Changes in the mandibular angle in the edentulous state.

Several textbooks of anatomy and at least one prosthodontic text make unsupported statements that the mandibular angle widens in the edentulous state. A search of the literature for support of those statements shows a disparity in conclusions on the subject. Several reports merely make statements that the angle does widen in the edentulous mandible. These articles present no original research. There are reports in the literature that lend some verification of the widening of the mandibular angle. However, an approximately equal number report nonwidening of the angle in the edentulous state. From these conflicting reports it would seem that if indeed there is a widening of the mandibular angle in the edentulous state, it is slight. This is verified by the results of this study which shows a mean increase of 2.4 degrees in the edentulous state (p = .001). The mean edentulous angle in this study was 126.3 degrees. This does not come close to the 140 degrees mentioned in two anatomy texts. If statements are to be made in the literature concerning this widening of the edentulous mandibular angle, they should be qualified with the words "slight widening." Several articles have stated that dentures prevent widening of the mandibular angle. This conclusion is refuted by a preliminary study in which we measured the mandibular angles of edentulous men patients who have never worn dentures. Sixty-eight angles were measured on 34 Panelipse radiographs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ATP25, a New Nuclear Gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Required for Expression and Assembly of the Atp9p Subunit of Mitochondrial ATPase

We report a new nuclear gene, designated ATP25 (reading frame YMR098C on chromosome XIII), required for expression of Atp9p (subunit 9) of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial proton translocating ATPase. Mutations in ATP25 elicit a deficit of ATP9 mRNA and of its translation product, thereby preventing assembly of functional F(0). Unlike Atp9p, the other mitochondrial gene products, including ATPase subunits Atp6p and Atp8p, are synthesized normally in atp25 mutants. Northern analysis of mitochondrial RNAs in an atp25 temperature-sensitive mutant confirmed that Atp25p is required for stability of the ATP9 mRNA. Atp25p is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein with a predicted mass of 70 kDa. The primary translation product of ATP25 is cleaved in vivo after residue 292 to yield a 35-kDa C-terminal polypeptide. The C-terminal half of Atp25p is sufficient to stabilize the ATP9 mRNA and restore synthesis of Atp9p. Growth on respiratory substrates, however, depends on both halves of Atp25p, indicating that the N-terminal half has another function, which we propose to be oligomerization of Atp9p into a proper size ring structure.
Nonaqueous Lithium Battery Electrolytes Based on Bis(polyfluorodiolato)borates

Ten lithium salts recently reported by our laboratory have been studied for their potential use as battery electrolytes. The parent compound is LiB[OC(2-O-C 6 H 4 )(CF 3 ) 2 ] 2 . One derivative had a t-butyl and a methyl group on each of the two phenyl rings of the borate anion, and the other eight derivatives had one, two, or three fluorine atoms in various positions on each of the phenyl rings. Except for the t-butyl/methyl derivative, all of the borates were oxidized at potentials more positive than 4.2 V vs. Li +/0 in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) and in 50:50 mol % ethylene carbonate:dimethylcarbonate (EC:DMC). None of the anions was reduced at -0.5 V vs. Li +/0 in either solvent, and, in contrast to CF 3 SO 3 , none caused significant corrosion of an aluminum electrode at 4.2 V vs. Li +/0 . Except for the t-butyl/methyl derivative, the DME σ max values occurred for 0.5 M solutions and ranged from 5.39 to 8.39 mS cm -1 . The DME and EC:DMC σ max values for LiB[OC(2-O-C 6 H 4 O)(CF 3 ) 2 ] 2 were 5.88 and 4.15 mS cm -1 , respectively. For a given number of phenyl-ring fluorine atoms (one, two, or three), the conductivity and the potential to passivate platinum or stainless steel electrodes depended strongly on the fluorine-atom substitution pattern. The potential at which the borate was oxidized only depended on the number of fluorine atoms and not on their substitution pattern.
Effects of dietary supplementation with marine lipid concentrate on the plasma lipoprotein composition of hypercholesterolemic patients.

Abstract Although the triglyceride-lowering actions of n - 3 fatty acids of marine lipids are now well-recognized, their effects on plasma lipoproteins have not been studied systematically in patients with hypercholesterolemia. To address this question, we supplemented the Phase 1 American Heart Association diets of 14 hypercholesterolemic ambulatory outpatients with a commercially available preparation of marine lipid concentrate (SuperEPA) containing 7.5 g n - 3 fatty acids per day and studied their plasma lipids and lipoproteins before and after 30 days of treatment. Both plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels fell uniformly in all patients while the mean VLDL- and LDL-cholesterol decreased by 58% ( P P r = 0.85, P r = 0.39, NS). Among the other potentially beneficial actions observed was an increase in HDL 2 in all patients (mean increment 41%, P 2 /HDL 3 ratio (+46%, P P P 3 suggested that marine lipid therapy resulted in a reduction in the size of lipoprotein particles in these fractions. Since these changes may reduce cardiovascular risk, these findings suggest that marine lipids may prove useful in the treatment of certain patients with hypercholesterolemia.
Operating regimes for multivalued single-electron tunneling phase logic

The dc bias range and the logic-state lifetime for multivalued single-electron tunneling phase logic are examined in computer simulations. Results for quaternary operation, which is of particular interest for compact logic circuitry, are compared with those for ternary and binary logic. Quaternary logic is shown to exhibit a rotation rule similar to binary and ternary logic and to have an optimized dc bias range of 14%, compared with 20 and 37 % for ternary and binary logic, respectively. The effects of shot noise and Nyquist noise on the logic-state lifetime are strongly influenced by the number of logic states. The ratio of tunnel resistance to series resistance required to suppress the effects of shot noise below those of Nyquist noise depends on the number of logic states. To obtain a lifetime equal to 1000 phase-locked cycles together with a maximum dc bias operating range, the ratio of Coulomb energy to thermal energy Ec/kBT must be 400, 1650, and 2830 for two, three, and four states, respectively. ...
CSF monoamine metabolites in chronic pain

Metabolites of selected neurotransmitters (5-HIAA, HVA and DOPAC) and beta-endorphin were measured in the CSF of 39 chronic pain patients and compared to controls. Twelve of the pain patients also fulfilled criteria for major depression. The concentration of 5-HIAA was increased in female but not male pain patients; there was no significant difference in the CSF concentrations of HVA and DOPAC. The presence of depression did not influence the concentrations of neurotransmitters. No correlation was found between the concentrations of monoamine metabolites and beta-endorphin. However, there was a positive correlation between 5-HIAA and HVA in controls and chronic pain patients without depression but not in depressed patients. It is concluded: chronic pain states are associated with elevation of CSF 5-HIAA in female patients; depression abolishes a positive correlation between 5-HIAA and HVA.
Admissions Decision Making in Master of Public Administration Programs: Affirmative Inaction?

Published admissions standards typically include factors such as test scores, grades, and letters of recommendation. Yet there is little direct evidence in the literature on how these criteria as well as race and sex are actually utilized in student selection. That is, what are the operative rules in admissions decisions? This study reports the results of a survey of the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration principal representatives. Each respondent was presented an applicant profile booklet designed to estimate the impact of grades, GRE scores, references, race, and gender on admission decisions. In the findings we discuss how these variables are considered in the selection process. The analysis concludes with a commentary on the implications of the data for Master of Public Administration programs, and their admissions practices.
Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer Conflated with Pulmonary Embolism and Infarct on PET/CT

The use of FDG PET/CT in the assessment of oncologic disease is becoming increasingly widespread. The advent of PET/CT however presents some additional challenges; recent reports have emphasized the need to detect incidental findings which can confer additional health risks. We report a case of a pulmonary embolus with pulmonary infarct secondary to a metastatic right atrial mass on a background of squamous cell carcinoma of the neck that demonstrated findings on both the PET and CT portions of the examination. The significance of standardized uptake value (SUV) in the differential diagnosis of chest lesions is discussed. This report highlights the possible co-existence of non-metastatic, but potentially life threatening abnormalities that may be present on the CT portion of such studies.
Long Haul Freight Network Design Using Shipper-Carrier Freight Flow Prediction: A California Network Improvement Case Study

Transportation network design is a method for analyzing the interactive benefits of transportation projects applied to a network. In this paper, a network design model is developed for long haul freight movements which are represented by relationships between shippers and carriers. Additionally, an explicit capacity constraint is used to divert traffic volume from congested links. A case study based on the California transportation network is implemented to examine the effectiveness of this model when applied to a large network. A geographic information system is used to facilitate data management and analysis of the results.
Learning to locomote: Action sequences and switching boundaries

This paper presents a hybrid control strategy for learning the switching boundaries between primitive controllers that maximize the translational movements of complex locomoting systems. Through this abstraction, the algorithm learns an optimal action for each boundary condition instead of one for each discretized state and action of the system, as is typically in the case of machine learning. This hybridification of the problem mitigates the “curse of dimensionality”. The effectiveness of the learning algorithm is demonstrated on both a simulated system and on a physical robotic system. In both cases, the algorithm is able to learn the hybrid control strategy that maximizes the forward translational movement of the system without the need for human involvement.
Cadherin exits the junction by switching its adhesive bond

The plasticity of cell-cell adhesive structures is crucial to all normal and pathological morphogenetic processes. The molecular principles of this plasticity remain unknown. Here we study the roles of two dimerization interfaces, the so-called strand-swap and X dimer interfaces of E-cadherin, in the dynamic remodeling of adherens junctions using photoactivation, calcium switch, and coimmunoprecipitation assays. We show that the targeted inactivation of the X dimer interface blocks the turnover of catenin-uncoupled cadherin mutants in the junctions of A-431 cells. In contrast, the junctions formed by strand-swap dimer interface mutants exhibit high instability. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the strand-swap interaction is a principal cadherin adhesive bond that keeps cells in firm contact. However, to leave the adherens junction, cadherin reconfigures its adhesive bond from the strand swap to the X dimer type. Such a structural transition, controlled by intercellular traction forces or by lateral cadherin alignment, may be the key event regulating adherens junction dynamics.
Organolithium routes to 1,2-disubstituted ethylene derivatives. An attempted synthesis of 1,2-dilithioethylene

Abstract The attempted preparation of trans -1,2-dilithioethylene by the action of two molar equivalents of n-butyllithium on trans -1,2-bis(tri-n-butystannyl) ethylene was unsuccessful, the reaction stopping at the Bu 3 SnCHCHLi + BuLi stage. However, trans -1,2-disubstituted ethylene derivatives could be prepared in good yield by a stepwise sequence in a one-pot process. Thus, trans -Bu 3 SnCHCHSnBu 3 was treated successively with molar equivalents of n-Buli, Me 3 SiCl n-Buli and Me 2 CO to give trans -Me 3 SiCHCHCMe 2 OH in 63% yield. Prepared in similar fashion were trans -Me 3 SiCHCHSiMe 3 trans -Me 3 SiCHCHSnMe 3 and trans -Me 3 SiCHCHCH 3 . These products, as well as ( trans -Me 3 SiCHCH) 2 Hg, also were prepared by appropriate reactions of trans -Me 3 SiCHCHLi, which was obtained by the transmetalation reaction of phenyllithium with trans -Me 3 SiCHCHSnPh 3 in diethyl ether solution. The (Ph 3 P) 4 Pd-catalyzed demercuration of trans -Me 3 SiCHCH) 2 Hg gave trans , trans -Me 3 SiCHCHCHCHSiMe 3 in 95% yield.
Cloud hole-boring with long pulse CO2 lasers

Chemically generated CO{sub 2} laser pulses at 10.6 {mu}m have been used to clear a 5 cm diameter hole through a stratus-like cloud in a laboratory cloud chamber. The results show that 100% clearing can be achieved. The mechanism is shown to be droplet shattering followed by evaporation. Under the conditions of the experiment, the channel closure is dominated by turbulent mixing and not droplet recondensation. 14 refs., 9 figs.
Approximate band absorption calculations for methane

Abstract A just-overlapping line model is used to calculate the band absorption of the 3·3 μ bands of CH 4 at various pressures and temperatures. Integrated intensities are computed in the harmonic-oscillator, rigid-rotator approximation.
In silico drug discovery: Solving the "target-rich and lead-poor" imbalance using the genome-to-drug-lead paradigm

Advances in genomics, proteomics, and structural genomics have identified a large number of protein targets. Virtual screening has gained popularity in identifying drug leads by computationally screening large numbers of chemicals against experimentally determined protein targets. In that context, there continues to be a "target-rich and lead-poor" imbalance, reflecting an insufficiency of chemists pursuing drug discovery in academia, the challenge of engaging more chemists in this area of research, and a paucity of available protein target structures. This imbalance in manpower and structural information can be ameliorated, in part, by adapting a "genome-to-drug-lead" approach, in which chemicals can be virtually screened against computer-predicted protein targets, within the context of the US National Science Foundation's petascale computing initiative. This approach offers a solution to reduce manpower requirements for more chemists to experimentally search for drug leads, which represent one of the greatest limitations to drug discovery and better exploits the extensive availability of drug targets at the gene level, ultimately improving the success of moving discoveries from the laboratory to the patient.
Precursors of Running Away During Adolescence: Do Peers Matter?

Although peer influence is a salient predictor of delinquency, how it operates in the etiology of runaway behavior is not fully understood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study demonstrates the importance of taking peers into account in understanding the etiology of running away. The findings suggest that peer deviance is strongly associated with adolescents’ decision to run away, independent of social network characteristics and their own deviant and conventional behavior, parental attachment, and school bonding. However, the causal process that links peer characteristics and running away remains unclear. More studies are needed to disentangle the underlying reciprocal and interactional relationships among peers, individual behavior, and social contexts such as family and school.