cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anterior and Posterior Oral Cavity Responsive Neurons Are Differentially Distributed Among Parabrachial Subnuclei in Rat

The responses of single parabrachial nucleus (PBN) neurons were recorded extracellularly to characterize their sensitivity to stimulation of individual gustatory receptor subpopulations (G neurons, n = 75) or mechanical stimulation of defined oral regions (M neurons, n = 54) then localized to morphologically defined PBN subdivisions. Convergence from separate oral regions onto single neurons occurred frequently for both G and M neurons, but converging influences were more potent when they arose from nearby locations confined to the anterior (AO) or posterior oral cavity (PO). A greater number of G neurons responded optimally to stimulation of AO than to PO receptor subpopulations, and these AO-best G neurons had higher spontaneous and evoked response rates but were less likely to receive convergent input than PO-best G neurons. In contrast, proportions, response rates, and convergence patterns of AO- and PO-best M neurons were more comparable. The differential sensitivity of taste receptor subpopulations was reflected in PBN responses. AO stimulation with NaCl elicited larger responses than PO stimulation; the converse was true for QHCl stimulation. Within the AO, NaCl elicited a larger response when applied to the anterior tongue than to the nasoincisor duct. Hierarchical cluster analysis of chemosensitive response profiles suggested two groups of PBN G neurons. One group was composed of neurons optimally responsive to NaCl (N cluster); the other to HCl (H cluster). Most N- and H-cluster neurons were AO-best. Although they were more heterogenous, all but one of the remaining G neurons were unique in responding best or second-best to quinine and so were designated as quinine sensitive (Q+). Twice as many Q+ neurons were PO- compared with AO-best. M neurons were scattered across PBN subdivisions, but G neurons were concentrated in two pairs of subdivisions. The central medial and ventral lateral subdivisions contained both G and M neurons but were dominated by AO-best N-cluster G neurons. The distribution of G neurons in these subdivisions appeared similar to distributions in most previous studies of PBN gustatory neurons. In contrast to earlier studies, however, the external medial and external lateral-inner subdivisions also contained G neurons, intermingled with a comparable population of M neurons. Unlike cells in the central medial and ventral lateral subnuclei, nearly every neuron in the external subnuclei was PO best, and only one was an N-cluster cell. In conclusion, the present study supports a functional distinction between sensory input from the AO and PO at the pontine level, which may represent an organizing principle throughout the gustatory neuraxis. Furthermore, two morphologically distinct pontine regions containing orosensory neurons are described.
Angiotensin II Stimulates Calcium-Dependent Activation of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase

In GN4 rat liver epithelial cells, angiotensin II (Ang II) and other agonists which activate phospholipase C stimulate tyrosine kinase activity in a calcium-dependent, protein kinase C (PKC)-independent manner. Since Ang II also produces a proliferative response in these cells, we investigated downstream signaling elements traditionally linked to growth control by tyrosine kinases. First, Ang II, like epidermal growth factor (EGF), stimulated AP-1 binding activity in a PKC-independent manner. Because increases in AP-1 can reflect induction of c-Jun and c-Fos, we examined the activity of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family members Erk-1 and -2 and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which are known to influence c-Jun and c-Fos transcription. Ang II stimulated MAP kinase (MAPK) activity but only approximately 50% as effectively as EGF; again, these effects were independent of PKC. Ang II also produced a 50- to 200-fold activation of JNK in a PKC-independent manner. Unlike its smaller effect on MAPK, Ang II was approximately four- to sixfold more potent in activating JNK than EGF was. Although others had reported a lack of calcium ionophore-stimulated JNK activity in lymphocytes and several other cell lines, we examined the role of calcium in GN4 cells. The following results suggest that JNK activation in rat liver epithelial cells is at least partially Ca(2+) dependent: (i) norepinephrine and vasopressin hormones that increase inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate stimulated JNK; (ii) both thapsigargin, a compound that produces an intracellular Ca(2+) signal, and Ca(2+) ionophores stimulated a dramatic increase in JNK activity (up to 200-fold); (iii) extracellular Ca(2+) chelation with ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) inhibited JNK activation by ionophore and intracellular chelation with 1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetraacetoxymethyl-ester (BAPTA-AM) partially inhibited JNK activation by Ang II or thapsigargin; and (iv) JNK activation by Ang II was inhibited by pretreatment of cells with thapsigargin and EGTA, a procedure which depletes intracellular Ca(2+) stores. JNK activation following Ang II stimulation did not involve calmodulin; either W-7 nor calmidizolium, in concentrations sufficient to inhibit Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, blocked JNK activation by Ang II. In contrast, genistein, in concentrations sufficient to inhibit Ca(2+)-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation, prevented Ang II and thapsigargin-induced JNK activation. In summary, in GN4 rat liver epithelial cells, Ang II stimulates JNK via a novel Ca(2+)-dependent pathway. The inhibition by genistein suggest that Ca(2+)-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation may modulate the JNK pathway in a cell type-specific manner, particularly in cells with a readily detectable Ca(2+)-regulated tyrosine kinase.
THE CELL BIOLOGY OF INFECTION BY INTRACELLULAR BACTERIAL PATHOGENS

Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri are unrelated bacterial pathogens that have independently evolved similar strategies of survival within an infected host animal. Bacteria coming into contact with the surface of an epithelial cell induce cytoskeletal rearrangements resulting in phagocytosis. They then secrete enzymes that degrade the phagosomal membrane, releasing the bacteria into the host cytoplasm. Intracytoplasmic bacteria move rapidly, in association with a "comet tail" made up of host cell actin filaments. When moving bacteria reach the cell margin, they push out long protrusions with the bacteria at the tips that are then taken up by neighboring cells, allowing the infection to spread from cell to cell. This review summarizes what is currently known about the interactions between the bacteria and the host at each stage of the infection and discusses what mammalian cell biologists can learn by studying bacterial pathogens.
European Agricultural Research: World Food Situation and Development

The globalisation of world economics and the revolution in international communications affect all aspects of economic, social, cultural and political life, and therefore also deeply affect agricultural research. Globalisation exists in a variety of forms. In agriculture, there are four aspects that merit special attention. The most obvious is liberalisation of trade in agricultural products, which was made abundantly clear in the recent agreements concluded in the GATT Uruguay Round and now administered by the International Trade Organisation (ITO). From the economic standpoint, a phenomenon that perhaps is even more important than this agricultural liberalisation is the free movement of capital. The result is a massive increase in international financial flows, which greatly holds back the capacity of the Nation-States to implement independant macro-economic policies. This was clearly shown in France, for instance, during the last presidential election, through the difficulty in discussing the harmonisation of ideas and on the possibility of implementing an alternative macroeconomic policy. Agricultural research, of course, is also affected by accelerated information exchange resulting from technological advances in computerisation and communications, which make it vital for scientists to be interconnected. Everyone knows of the possibilities that progress in the Internet has brought.
Monoterpene Metabolism. Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of (−)-Isopiperitenol/(−)-Carveol Dehydrogenase of Peppermint and Spearmint

The essential oils of peppermint ( Mentha x piperita ) and spearmint ( Mentha spicata ) are distinguished by the oxygenation position on the p -menthane ring of the constitutive monoterpenes that is conferred by two regiospecific cytochrome P450 limonene-3- and limonene-6-hydroxylases. Following hydroxylation of limonene, an apparently similar dehydrogenase oxidizes (−)-trans-isopiperitenol to (−)-isopiperitenone in peppermint and (−)-trans-carveol to (−)-carvone in spearmint. Random sequencing of a peppermint oil gland secretory cell cDNA library revealed a large number of clones that specified redox-type enzymes, including dehydrogenases. Full-length dehydrogenase clones were screened by functional expression in Escherichia coli using a recently developed in situ assay. A single full-length acquisition encoding ( − )-trans-isopiperitenol dehydrogenase (ISPD) was isolated. The (−)-ISPD cDNA has an open reading frame of 795 bp that encodes a 265-residue enzyme with a calculated molecular mass of 27,191. Nondegenerate primers were designed based on the (−)-trans-ISPD cDNA sequence and employed to screen a spearmint oil gland secretory cell cDNA library from which a 5′-truncated cDNA encoding the spearmint homolog, (−)-trans-carveol-dehydrogenase, was isolated. Reverse transcription-PCR amplification and RACE were used to acquire the remaining 5′-sequence from RNA isolated from oil gland secretory cells of spearmint leaf. The full-length spearmint dehydrogenase shares >99% amino acid identity with its peppermint homolog and both dehydrogenases are capable of utilizing (−)-trans-isopiperitenol and (−)-trans-carveol. These isopiperitenol/carveol dehydrogenases are members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily and are related to other plant short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases involved in secondary metabolism (lignan biosynthesis), stress responses, and phytosteroid biosynthesis, but they are quite dissimilar (approximately 13% identity) to the monoterpene reductases of mint involved in (−)-menthol biosynthesis. The isolation of the genes specifying redox enzymes of monoterpene biosynthesis in mint indicates that these genes arose from different ancestors and not by simple duplication and differentiation of a common progenitor, as might have been anticipated based on the common reaction chemistry and structural similarity of the substrate monoterpenes.
Physiologically Significant Effect of Neuropeptide Y to Suppress Growth Hormone Release by Stimulating Somatostatin Discharge

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide found in a variety of hypothalamic loci which is frequently colocalized with catecholamines. It is also secreted into hypophyseal portal vessels. The injection of NPY into the third ventricle (3V) lowered plasma GH levels in conscious, freely moving male rats. To determine the physiological significance of the hypothalamic inhibitory action of the peptide, highly specific antiserum directed against NPY was injected into the 3V of conscious rats. 3V injection of the antiserum evoked a significant elevation of plasma GH within 2 h on comparison to values in normal rabbit serum-injected, ovariectomized rats. The difference increased and reached a maximum at 6 h after injection. On the other hand, there was no effect of the antiserum in ovariectomized, estrogen, progesterone-blocked rats. Intraventricular injection of the anti-NPY serum also caused a significant elevation of plasma GH within 2 h in normal male rats and the increases above values in normal rat serum-injected c...
A novel antenna for ultra-wide-band applications

An ultra-wideband antenna based on a slotline feed structure, a bowtie horn, and a rolled edge termination was developed, analyzed, and measured. Empirical data showed that its beamwidths and bandwidth are dependent on its physical dimensions which are easily controllable by an antenna designer. Measured patterns of models with various radiation properties are shown to substantiate these design rules. A flat plateau-like main beam, low voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR), the ability to produce both wide (60 degrees ) and narrow (30 degrees ) half-power beamwidths, low sidelobes and backlobe (40-50 dB down), low cross-polarized levels (20-25 dB down), and independent control of E- and H-plane beamwidths over an ultra-wide bandwidth, say 2-18 GHz, are some of the strong points of this antenna type. >
Reducing cognitive load

This paper explores issues related to cognitive load in the contexts of learning, information filtering, user modeling, categorization and personal information organizing behavior. We incorporate expertise from the fields of information science, educational psychology and computer science to report research that can ultimately influence the design of personalized adaptive systems.
A longitudinal examination of the associations between mothers' and sons' attributions and their aggression

This study tested an integrative, multipathway model designed to explain bidirectional effects of the attributions and coercive behaviors of mothers and sons in the context of a longitudinal study. Subjects were 246 mothers and sons who were 7–9 years of age. Mothers' and sons' attributions about one another's intent were significantly related to the aggressiveness of the behavior that each of them directed toward the other. Boys' earlier aggression did not significantly predict the mothers' subsequent attributions, whereas mothers' negative behavior indeed predicted subsequent negative attributions on the part of the boys. Even after considering children's earlier negative behavior, children's negative attributions about their mothers helped explain the aggressiveness of their subsequent behavior. The same was not true for mothers whose earlier attributions indirectly influenced their subsequent aggressive behavior.
Vapor-liquid equilibria in the system hydrogen-nitrogen-carbon monoxide

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the equilibrium compositions of mixtures of hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon monoxide in a portion of the region where the vapor and liquid coexist, particular emphasis to be placed on the regions of low concentration of carbon monoxide in hydrogen-nitrogen mixtures.
Treatment of Traumatic LASIK Flap Dislocation and Epithelial Ingrowth With Fibrin Glue

Purpose To describe a case of a traumatic late dislocation of a laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) flap complicated by epithelial ingrowth. Design Interventional case report. Methods A 50-year-old woman presented 21 months after uncomplicated LASIK with painful vision loss in the right eye after minor trauma. Results A dislocation of the LASIK flap was noted at examination and was repositioned. One week later, epithelial ingrowth was detected in the flap interface. The ingrowth was treated with flap lifting, debridement, and sealing of the flap with fibrin glue. Visual acuity returned to baseline, and there was no recurrence after 20 months of follow-up. Conclusions Traumatic dislocations of LASIK flaps may occur many months after uncomplicated surgery and may be associated with epithelial ingrowth after successful repositioning. The additional use of fibrin glue in conjunction with thorough debridement may be helpful in preventing the recurrence of epithelial ingrowth.
Correction of instrumentally produced mass fractionation during isotopic analysis of fe by thermal ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract High-precision (∼0.015%/mass) isotope ratio measurements of Fe may be obtained by using magnetic-sector thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), where rigorous correction of instrumentally produced mass fractionation can be made. Such corrections are best done by using a double-spike approach, which was first introduced several decades ago. However, previous derivations do not lend themselves to the high-precision isotope analysis that modern TIMS instruments are capable of because of various assumptions of mass fractionation laws or constant atomic weights. Moreover, some of these previous approaches took iterative approaches to the calculation, and none presented detailed error propagations. Here we present a completely general derivation to the double-spike approach that may be used for any appropriate isotope system and is applicable to the mass fractionation laws that are known to occur in TIMS. In addition, we present an assessment of error propagation as a function of algorithm and spike isotope composition. This approach has produced the highest precision Fe isotope ratio measurements yet reported, on the order of ±0.2 to 0.3 per mil for the 54Fe/56Fe ratio, that correct for instrumentally produced mass fractionation and yet retain natural, mass-dependent isotopic variations in samples.
The human rights responsibilities of multinational tobacco companies

This article explores various strategies which could be used to hold the tobacco industry accountable for human rights violations precipitated by its conduct. First, a brief overview of the international human rights regime and the tobacco related jurisprudence issued by human rights treaty bodies is provided. The article then explains how tobacco control advocates could promote more systematic consideration of governments' tobacco related human rights violations by reconceptualising the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in the language of rights. The feasibility of using the existing human rights framework to target the tobacco industry directly is analysed with the conclusion that this approach has serious limitations. Emerging human rights norms, which have greater potential to affect the industry's conduct, are presented. Finally, given the questionable authoritativeness of these norms, alternative ways that they could be employed to hold tobacco companies accountable for the rights related consequences of their activities are proposed.
Investigating the Effect of Seasonal Plant Growth and Development in Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Simulations. Part I: Simulation of Surface Fluxes over the Growing Season

Abstract The authors examine the effect of seasonal crop development and growth on the warm-season mesoscale heat, moisture, and momentum fluxes over the central Great Plains region of North America. The effect of crop growth and development on the atmospheric boundary layer is addressed in a follow-up paper (Part II). Energy, moisture, and momentum fluxes are studied over a maize agroecosystem at the scale of a 90-km atmospheric grid cell. Daily plant development and growth functions incorporated into the surface flux calculations are based on a physiological crop growth model CERES-Maize version 3.0. CERES-Maize simulates daily plant growth and development as a function of both environmental conditions (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and soil moisture) and plant-specific genetic parameters. Plant growth and development functions from CERES were incorporated into the Biosphere–Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS), and selected crop parameters [i.e., Leaf Area Index (LAI) and crop height] were ...
Cross-Language Activation Begins during Speech Planning and Extends into Second Language Speech.

Three groups of native English speakers named words aloud in Spanish, their second language (L2). Intermediate proficiency learners in a classroom setting (Experiment 1) and in a domestic immersion program (Experiment 2) were compared to a group of highly proficient English-Spanish speakers. All three groups named cognate words more quickly and accurately than matched noncognates, indicating that all speakers experienced cross-language activation during speech planning. However, only the classroom learners exhibited effects of cross-language activation in their articulation: Cognate words were named with shorter overall durations, but longer (more English-like) voice onset times. Inhibition of the first language during L2 speech planning appears to impact the stages of speech production at which cross-language activation patterns can be observed.
Multiple Insiders with Long Lived Flow of Private Information, and High Frequency Competition

We analyze the imperfect competition among multiple informed traders in an economy with a risky asset whose liquidation value is private information and follows a mean-reverting process. The unique linear equilibrium has an analytic form and is explicitly analyzed. When there are more auctions per unit time of trading, informed traders reduce the size of their orders at the same rate as the reduction in liquidity trading. When time is continuous, neither informed trading nor liquidity trading dominates the trading volume. The competitive market maker concludes that not all orders are informed. Therefore, price sensitivity to trades is finite, and the rents from private information are strictly positive, in sharp contrast with the findings obtained by Holden and Subrahmanyam (1992). In addition, informed trades cannot collude in order to "smooth" their trades, as in the monopolist models by Kyle (1985) and Chau and Vayanos (2008). Thus, informed traders can add significantly to trading volume and price variance. Although informed trading can be very volatile, the risk associated with traders' profits can be arbitrarily small. We propose an alternative measure of strong-form efficiency based on the Euclidean distance between the equilibrium price and the true value of the asset. Price errors in our model can be arbitrarily small, but Euclidean distance over a finite time is always positive even when time is continuous. Under this alternative measure, different notions of market efficiency can be consistent. Our model provides a rationale for the competition among high frequency traders, and shows that batching orders less frequently does not necessarily improve market liquidity.
Tensile Strength Comparison of Dowel Plug Technique to Standard Techniques of Tendon-Bone Attachment*

Since tendon transplantation relies on successful fixation of the tendon transplant, a quantitative comparison of various methods of tendon attachment to bone was investigated in mongrel dogs. The methods included attaching tendon to periosteum, suturing a tendon to itself after passing through bone, stapling, and wedging a dowel plug into a hole with the tendon. Tests to failure were conducted at 0, 10, 28, and 63 days of healing. The dowel plug technique provided strong immediate fixation. After 63 days the staple, the tendon passed through bone, and the dowel plug techniques showed significant increases in strength. On tendons of similar size, the dowel plug method showed the greatest tensile strength when compared to the staple fixation. This method was a simple, reproducible technique.
Pyrolysis of Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator (PICA)

Molar yields of the pyrolysis products of thermal protection systems (TPSs) are needed in order to improve high fidelity material response models. The volatile chemical species evolved during the pyrolysis of a TPS composite, phenolic impregnated carbon ablator (PICA), have been probed in situ by mass spectrometry in the temperature range 100 to 935 °C. The relative molar yields of the desorbing species as a function of temperature were derived by fitting the mass spectra, and the observed trends are interpreted in light of the results of earlier mechanistic studies on the pyrolysis of phenolic resins. The temperature-dependent product evolution was consistent with earlier descriptions of three stages of pyrolysis, with each stage corresponding to a temperature range. The two main products observed were H2O and CO, with their maximum yields occurring at ∼350 °C and ∼450 °C, respectively. Other significant products were CH4, CO2, and phenol and its methylated derivatives; these products tended to desorb co...
THE OCCURRENCE OF THE VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR- MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS GLOMUS TENUIS WITH MOSS

This report deals with ecological aspects of the relationship between the VA fungus Glomus tenuis (Greenall) Hall and moss as it occurs at the soil surface in an acid, phosphorus-deficient hayfield in western Pennsylvania. Mowed annually, the field is dominated by the grasses Holcus lanatus L., Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv., and Phleum pratense L. (65% cover). This site was one of three examined in a study of variation in VA-mycorrhizal root infection of grasses by Glomus tennis (Rabatin, 1979). Glonius tenuis is an unusual VA symbiont in that it has narrow hyphae, 0.5-1.5 ,m diam. It is regularly identified by its thread-like hyphae and reticulate infection pattern within stained root tissue. The gametophyte stage of a species of moss having characteristics of the genus Pogonatum (Jennings, 1951) was collected in May from the hayfield and along the barren clay abutting edge of a newly plowed cornfield. A fraction of the entire gametophyte thallus was cleared and stained with trypan blue according to the method of Phillips and Hayman (1970). The remainder was divided into three parts and placed at the neck opening of three small funnels. This "inoculum" was covered with
MULTI-CLASS UNCONSTRAINING ESTIMATION MODELS BASED ON MULTI-DISTRIBUTION OF DEMAND IN REVENUE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Compared with single-class unconstraining methods,multi-class methods could efficiently avoid the problem of over-estimating the demand across several classes within the same flight in revenue management systems.Meanwhile,the assumptions of multi-distribution for the nominal unconstrained demand is more suitable for the demand characteristics in different circumstances under the practice of revenue management.For these problems,the multi-class Spill models in which the nominal demand data is assumed to follow a Normal,Lognormal,and Gamma distribution are developed.And then,numerical examples are given to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed methods.Finally,compared with the single-class methods, the results show the effectiveness of the proposed multi-class Spill models,and indicate that the volatility level of demand data is the main factor that influences the accuracy of unconstraining process of the Spill models based on different distributions of demand.
Tissue-Specific Gene Expression of Marrow Cells Co-Cultured with Various Murine Organs

We have previously demonstrated that murine bone marrow cells co-cultured with lung opposite a cell-impermeable membrane express high levels of lung cell-specific genes (Aliotta et al, Stem Cells, 2007;25(9):2245–56). Greater changes in gene expression were noted in marrow cells co-cultured with radiation-injured lung. A factor smaller than the pore size of the cell-impermeable membrane (0.4μm) is responsible for these changes as cell-free conditioned media (CM) had a similar effect on co-cultured marrow cells. Lung-derived microvesicles were found to enter marrow cells in culture and may be among the factors responsible for these phenotypic changes. We wished to determine if these observations could be generalized to co-cultures using other murine organs and whether these changes in gene expression are tissue-specific. Whole bone marrow (WBM) cells were isolated from C57BL/6 mice and co-cultured with lung, liver, heart and WBM cells from C57BL/6 mice exposed to 1200 centigrey (cGy) of total body irradiation (TBI) or no radiation. Control WBM cells were co-cultured with no tissue (control). Co-cultured WBM cells were analyzed 7 or 14 days later by Real Time RT-PCR and fold difference in target gene expression was determined (relative to control cells). In addition, cell-free CM made from the same organs was co-cultured for 7 or 14 days with WBM cells which were then analyzed by RT-PCR. Alternatively, CM was analyzed for the presence of microvesicles by electron microscopy (EM) of ultracentrifuged (UCF) pelleted material. WBM co-cultured only with lung had increased gene expression of surfactant proteins A (Sp-A) and C (Sp-C, 89 and 334-fold increase vs. control, respectively) whereas WBM co-cultured only with brain had increased gene expression of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP, 4.6-fold increase vs. control). Slight increases in Albumin expression were seen in all co-culture groups but expression was markedly elevated in WBM co-cultured with liver (162,657-fold increase vs. control). Expression of heart-specific markers, including Troponin I and T2, was seen in WBM co-cultured with heart but these levels were not significantly different from those of other co-culture groups. Radiation injury augmented expression of certain genes in co-cultured WBM, including Sp-A (1019 vs. 89-fold increase) in lung co-cultures and GFAP (24 vs. 4.6-fold increase) in brain co-cultures. WBM co-cultured with CM from all organs demonstrated similar changes in gene expression. In addition, pelleted material from UCF CM contained RNA that was specific to the tissue from which the CM was made. EM of UCF CM demonstrated numerous membranebound particles 50–200nm in size that were typical of microvesicles in appearance. These data suggest that changes seen in gene expression of co-cultured WBM are largely tissue-specific, depending on the tissue they are co-cultured with. Microvesicles released by various tissues in co-culture may be among the mediators responsible for the changes seen in WBM gene expression.
A Comprehensive Database of Flood Events in the Contiguous United States from 2002 to 2013

AbstractNotwithstanding the rich record of hydrometric observations compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) across the contiguous United States (CONUS), flood event catalogs are sparse and incomplete. Available databases or inventories are mostly survey- or report-based, impact oriented, or limited to flash floods. These data do not represent the full range of flood events occurring in CONUS in terms of geographical locations, severity, triggering weather, or basin morphometry. This study describes a comprehensive dataset consisting of more than half a million flood events extracted from 6,301 USGS flow records and radar-rainfall fields from 2002 to 2013, using the characteristic point method. The database features event duration; first- (mass center) and second- (spreading) order moments of both precipitation and flow, flow peak and percentile, event runoff coefficient, base flow, and information on the basin geomorphology. It can support flood modeling, geomorphological and geophysical impact stud...
Mixed Methods and Pragmatism for Research on Occupation

A transactional perspective of occupation means appreciating it as a relationship of person and situation, characterized by complexity, creativity, and habit. A transactional perspective may necessitate multiple methodological approaches and multiple sources of information. The complexities of occupation deserve a diversity of tools, but using mixed methods to answer questions about occupation is not common. Adopting the perspective of the pragmatists suggests that research should be focused on a problematic situation, and should employ the methods most likely to increase understanding of that situation. In this chapter I take a broad look at how pragmatism has been used as a justification for mixed methods research, then extend the justification and suggest how integrating a pragmatic approach with plural methods is particularly useful for studying occupation. I use concepts from John Dewey’s writings to show the synergy of pragmatism and mixed methods, including holism, provisionality of knowledge, the situatedness of inquiry, and the value-laden nature of research. The chapter concludes with a practical examination of how to use a mixed methods approach to effectively answer questions about occupation, and I argue that utilizing mixed methods and pragmatism can move occupational science forward.
The Professional Life of Clayton Paul Alderfer

Clayton Paul Alderfer died on October 30, 2015. In addition to the people he left behind (family, friends, colleagues, and former students), Clay also bequeathed a richly varied scholarly legacy. T...
Communicatively Constructing the Bright and Dark Sides of Hope: Family Caregivers’ Experiences during End of Life Cancer Care

(1) Background: The communication of hope is complicated, particularly for family caregivers in the context of cancer who struggle to maintain hope for themselves and their loved ones in the face of terminality. In order to understand these complexities, the current study examines the bright and dark sides of how hope is communicated across the cancer journey from the vantage point of bereaved family caregivers; (2) Methods: We analyzed interviews with bereaved family caregivers using qualitative thematic and case oriented strategies to identify patterns in the positive and negative lived experiences when communicating about hope at the end of life; (3) Results: Two overarching patterns of hope emerged. Those who experienced hope as particularized (focused on cure) cited communication about false hope, performing (faking it), and avoidance. Those who transitioned from particularized to generalized hope (hope for a good death) reported acceptance, the communication of hope as social support, prioritizing family, and balancing hope and honesty; (4) Conclusion: Family caregivers face myriad complexities in managing the bright and dark sides of hope. Interventions should encourage concurrent oncological and palliative care, increased perspective-taking among family members, and encourage the transition from particularized to generalized hope.
Correlating the para-Substituent Effects on Ru(II)-Polypyridine Photophysical Properties and on the Corresponding Hybrid P450 BM3 Enzymes Photocatalytic Activity.

Ru(II)-diimine complexes covalently attached near the heme active site of P450 BM3 enzymes have been used to rapidly inject electrons and drive selective C–H functionalization upon visible light irradiation. Herein, we have generated a series of hybrid P450 BM3 enzymes containing a photosensitizer of general formula [Ru(4,4′-X2bpy)2(PhenA)]2+ where X = Cl, H, tBu, Me OPhe, OMe, or NMe2, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, and PhenA = 5-acetamido-1,10-phenanthroline. We then probed the effect of electron-withdrawing and -donating groups at the para position of the 4,4′-X2bpy ligands on the corresponding hybrid enzymes photocatalytic activity. A 3-fold improvement in initial reaction rate was noted when varying the substituent from Cl to tBu, however, the reaction rates decrease thereafter with the more electron donating groups. In order to rationalize those effects, we investigated the variation of the substituent on the photophysical properties of the corresponding [Ru(4,4′-X2bpy)2(bpy)]2+ model complexes. Several lin...
Population Mental Health and Community Violence: Advancing the Role of Local Health Departments

An introduction is presented in which the author discusses an article in the journal which deals with the impact of the 2015 riots in Baltimore, Maryland on the depression in low-income mothers, and it mentions U.S. local health departments, community violence, and population mental health.
IntelliPrompter: speech-based dynamic note display interface for oral presentations

The fear of forgetting what to say next is a common problem in oral presentation delivery. To maintain good content coverage and reduce anxiety, many presenters use written notes in conjunction with presentation slides. However, excessive use of notes during delivery can lead to disengagement with the audience and low quality presentations. We designed IntelliPrompter, a speech-based note display system that automatically tracks a presenter’s coverage of each slide’s content and dynamically adjusts the note display interface to highlight the most likely next topic to present. We developed two versions of our intelligent teleprompters using Google Glass and computer screen displays. The design of our system was informed by findings from 36 interviews with presenters and analysis of a presentation note corpus. In a within-subjects study comparing our dynamic screen-based and Google Glass note display interfaces with a static note system, presenters and independent judges expressed a strong preference for the dynamic screen-based system.
Evidence that Human Skin Microbiome Dysbiosis Promotes Atopic Dermatitis.

Patients with atopic dermatitis are frequently colonized by Staphylococcus aureus. If S. aureus is present, then the subject tends to have more severe disease. However, it is unclear if S. aureus is a cause of atopic dermatitis or a consequence of the abnormal epithelial environment. In this issue of the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Meylan et al. present evidence from a prospective clinical trial that shows that S. aureus colonization precedes onset of atopic dermatitis in children. These observations suggest that S. aureus may cause atopic dermatitis in some individuals.
Sweet taste preference in binge-eating disorder: A preliminary investigation

Research suggests that individuals with high liking for sweets are at increased risk for binge eating, which has been minimally investigated in individuals with binge-eating disorder (BED). Forty-one adults (85% female, 83% white) with binge eating concerns completed a sweet taste test and measures of eating disorder behaviors and food cravings. A subset of participants with BED completed an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; N=21) and a 24-hour dietary recall (N=26). Regression models were used to compare highest sweet preferers (HSP [N=18]) to other sweet preferers (OSP [N=23]) and were used to assess associations between sweet taste preference and outcome variables. Effect sizes (ηp2) for differences between HSP and OSP ranged from small (≤0.01) to large (≥0.24); group differences were statistically nonsignificant except for 24-hour caloric intake (ηp2=0.16, p=0.04), protein intake (ηp2=0.16, p=0.04), and insulin sensitivity index (ηp2=0.24, p=0.04), which were higher in HSP, and postprandial insulin, which was smaller in HSP (ηp2=0.27, p=0.03). Continuous analyses replicated postprandial insulin response. Compared with OSP, HSP reported numerically higher binge-eating frequency (ηp2=0.04), over-eating frequency (ηp2=0.06), and carbohydrate intake (ηp2=0.14), and they exhibited numerically smaller postprandial glucose AUC (ηp2=0.16). Sweet taste preference may have implications for glucose regulation, binge-eating frequency, and nutrient intake in BED.
PAM50 and Risk of Recurrence Scores for Interval Breast Cancers

Breast cancers detected after a negative breast screening examination and prior to the next screening are referred to as interval cancers. These cancers generally have poor clinical characteristics compared with screen-detected cancers, but associations between interval cancer and genomic cancer characteristics are not well understood. Mammographically screened women diagnosed with primary invasive breast cancer from 1993 to 2013 (n = 370) were identified by linking the Carolina Breast Cancer Study and the Carolina Mammography Registry. Among women with a registry-identified screening mammogram 0 to 24 months before diagnosis, cancers were classified as screen-detected (N = 165) or interval-detected (N = 205). Using logistic regression, we examined the association of mode of detection with cancer characteristics (clinical, IHC, and genomic), overall, and in analyses stratified on mammographic density and race. Interval cancer was associated with large tumors [>2 cm; OR, 2.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5-3.7], positive nodal status (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-2.8), and triple-negative subtype (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.5). Interval cancers were more likely to have non-Luminal A subtype (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.5-5.7), whereas screen-detected cancers tended to be more indolent (96% had low risk of recurrence genomic scores; 71% were PAM50 Luminal A). When stratifying by mammographic density and race, associations between interval detection and poor prognostic features were similar by race and density status. Strong associations between interval cancers and poor-prognosis genomic features (non-Luminal A subtype and high risk of recurrence score) suggest that aggressive tumor biology is an important contributor to interval cancer rates. Cancer Prev Res; 11(6); 327-36. ©2018 AACR.
Parametric Study of p-n Junctions and Structures for CMOS-Integrated Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have emerged as the primary solid-state photodetectors for use in time-resolved imaging and very low light optical detection for their high sensitivity, fast impulse response, and CMOS process compatibility. For each application, diode structure and size must be optimized empirically, where device performance is difficult to predict theoretically. To assist in this iterative design process, this paper presents side-by-side characterization of multiple SPAD structures implemented using different p-n junctions in a single, deep sub-micron CMOS process. Detailed characterization of the sensors enables comparative analysis of important performance parameters, such as dark count rate and spectral response, across multiple p-n junction types, device structures, and SPAD size variants. A new approach for experimental analysis of after-pulsing is also presented. The characterized SPAD test array comprises multiple size and structural variants implemented in a general purpose 180nm CMOS process.
Did John Serrano Vote for Proposition 13? A Reply to Stark and Zasloff's 'Tiebout and Tax Revolts: Did Serrano Really Cause Proposition 13?'

I argued that California's school-finance decision, Serrano v. Priest, which required equalized school spending, caused Proposition 13, which decimated property taxes in 1978. Kirk Stark and Jonathan Zasloff offer evidence to the contrary in a paper published in 50 UCLA Law Rev. 801 (2003). They found that school districts with larger proportions of high-income and elderly voters, not those with high tax-base per pupil, accounted for the dramatic vote swing from a defeated 1972 property-tax-limitation initiative to the successful 1978 vote. I show that their results are entirely consistent with my hypothesis. The Serrano decision undermined support of the local property-tax system by residents of high-income school districts because it insisted that all districts spend the same amount per pupil. Serrano especially alienated older homeowners of the better districts, who had formerly tolerated high levels of school taxation and spending because it enhanced the sale value of their homes. I also parry Stark and Zasloff's claims that institutional problems, rather than Serrano-compliance, forestalled the legislature's response to the tax revolt. Narrative evidence shows that the 1977-78 California legislature had committed so much of its budget to responding to Serrano that it did not have enough funds to respond to the 1978 property-tax revolt. The nature of the Serrano decision, which insisted on both spending equalization and tax-base sharing, made it impossible for the legislatures to revisit the costly school-finance bill once it appeared that Proposition 13 had a good chance of passing. The article's title refers to my discovery that the named plaintiff, John Serrano, Jr., was a suburban resident who had actually been well served by the California public school system and was demographically similar to supporters of Proposition 13. After discovering that the "property-rich" Los Angeles Unified School District was inadequate for his bright children, Mr. Serrano moved his family to a better, though "property poor," school district, where his children did well in school. Serrano was a middle-class, college-educated social worker. Although the lawyers who fostered the case regarded it as a logical continuation of Brown v. Board of Education and its subsequent busing remedies, Serrano himself was anti-busing. He was a named sponsor of an anti-busing initiative that was passed in 1979. It was, ironically enough, eventually overturned by the courts.
Low Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy (LVSEM) for Improved Surface Characterization of Ocular Implants and Other Prosthetic Devices

Surgical manipulation of plastic prostheses with metal instruments may produce surface damage which could compromise the biocompatibility of implants by tissue irritation or increase cellular and pathogen adhesion. However, there are little data concerning such manipulative damage. This paper reports the use of low voltage SEM (LVSEM) for examination of plastic device surfaces before and after normal surgical manipulation. Conventional versus low voltage SEM experiments clearly indicate that standard surgical procedures can produce severe implant surface damage which is not detected by normal SEM. However, LVSEM has been shown to visualize such surface damage readily. These results may have very important implications for improved prosthetic devices, instruments, and implant surgery.
Recent advances in microbial leaching of ores

Processes involving biological solubilization of metal values from ores, or removal of mineral constituents that interfere with metal value recovery from ores by abiological means, published mostly in the last 10 years, are reviewed. Many of them, though promising, have yet to be tested on a pilot scale or applied industrially.
Clinical intuition and the non-material: an argument for Dual Aspect Monism

ABSTRACTA small set of studies have investigated the use of intuition among therapists, including clinical social workers. These studies identify intuition as an important adjunct to clinical skill...
Education Diplomacy at the Intersection of Gender Equality and Quality Education.

This article discusses the forthcoming UNESCO publication, The Intersection of Gender Equality and Education in South-East Europe: A Regional Situation Analysis of the Nexus Between Sustainable Dev...
Delusional Misidentification Syndromes

Delusional misidentification syndromes (DMSs) involve the delusional mis-identification of the physical and/or psychological identity of the self or others. DMSs always exist in association with a specific mental disorder. The treatment of DMSs usually follows the treatment of the underlying mental disorder. From an aetiological standpoint, DMSs may be grouped as being associated with either a functional psychosis or a psychotic disorder secondary to a general medical condition. Additionally, associated mood psychopathology is not uncommon. The mainstay of treatment of DMSs involves antipsychotic medication, but various thymoleptics and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) have an important role in treatment. Supportive psychological therapy can also be an important therapeutic adjunct.
A review of recent research in social robotics.

Research in social robotics has a different emphasis from research in robotics for factory, military, hospital, home (vacuuming), aerial (drone), space, and undersea applications. A social robot is one whose purpose is to serve a person in a caring interaction rather than to perform a mechanical task. Both because of its newness and because of its narrower psychological rather than technological emphasis, research in social robotics tends currently to be concentrated in a single journal and single annual conference. This review categorizes such a research into three areas: (1) Affect, Personality and Adaptation; (2) Sensing and Control for Action; and (3 Assistance to the Elderly and Handicapped. Current application is primarily for children’s toys and devices to comfort the elderly and handicapped, as detailed in Section ‘Toys and the market for social robots in general’.