cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional and molecular features of the Id4+ germline stem cell population in mouse testes

The maintenance of cycling cell lineages relies on undifferentiated subpopulations consisting of stem and progenitor pools. Features that delineate these cell types are undefined for many lineages, including spermatogenesis, which is supported by an undifferentiated spermatogonial population. Here, we generated a transgenic mouse line in which spermatogonial stem cells are marked by expression of an inhibitor of differentiation 4 (Id4)-green fluorescent protein (Gfp) transgene. We found that Id4-Gfp(+) cells exist primarily as a subset of the type A(single) pool, and their frequency is greatest in neonatal development and then decreases in proportion during establishment of the spermatogenic lineage, eventually comprising ∼ 2% of the undifferentiated spermatogonial population in adulthood. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that expression of 11 and 25 genes is unique for the Id4-Gfp(+)/stem cell and Id4-Gfp(-)/progenitor fractions, respectively. Collectively, these findings provide the first definitive evidence that stem cells exist as a rare subset of the A(single) pool and reveal transcriptome features distinguishing stem cell and progenitor states within the mammalian male germline.
Carotid Resection and Replacement with Autogenous Arterial Graft during Operation for Neck Malignancy

Carotid artery resection as part of the management of advanced head and neck cancers remains controversial. Since 1991, 30 patients have undergone resection of the carotid artery with immediate reconstruction using superficial femoral artery as replacement conduit. There was one stroke/death. Forty-three percent developed neck wound problems but no grafts failed or hemorrhaged. Mean follow-up was 20 months (3-76) and mean life expectancy was 16 months from the time of surgery. Fifty-eight percent were free of local recurrence at the time of death. There was a 35% disease-free survival rate at 2 years. These results compare favorably with alternative therapy including carotid ligation or shaving tumor from the carotid artery. Given the importance of cerebral perfusion and local tumor control we offer superficial femoral artery as a durable conduit for immediate extracranial carotid reconstruction in the often hostile environment associated with cancer resection in the neck.
A retrospective analysis of peer review at Physiologia Plantarum

An analysis of 134 reviews of manuscripts submitted to the North American Editorial Office of Physiologia Plantarum in 1993 compared personal/professional characteristics of the reviewers and the specificity of the interest and experience of the reviewers, relative to the reviewed paper, to the depth and tone of the reviews, the presence of constructive suggestions, and the recommendations for or against publication. There was no significant difference between the reviews from the reviewers of different ranks or degrees of seniority, of different employment sectors, of different degrees of interest and experience in the subject of the paper, or of other subgroups, except that reviewers whose interest and experience were very specific to the topic of the paper tended to give more constructive suggestions, and assistant professors tended to be less accepting of papers than editors more frequently than did reviewers in general. Recommendations regarding a manuscript were more similar than could be accounted for by chance, providing a positive indication of the reliability of the review-system. Editors in their decisions tended to follow the recommendations of reviewers, but when reviewers took an extreme tone, either positive or negative, the editors tended to provide a balancing function. The data provide support for the reliability and lack of bias in a commonly used peer-review system.
Estimation of object location from diffraction tomographic intensity data

It is shown that an image of the log likelihood function for estimating the location of a known, weakly inhomogeneous object can be generated directly from noisy intensity distributions measured in a set of scattering experiments. This image is a close approximation to the exact log likelihood function generated from complete data (i.e., from both the magnitude and phase of the transmitted wavefields) as long as the measurements are performed sufficiently far from the object. The performance of the procedure is measured through calculation of the Cramer-Rao bound for the estimation error and is illustrated by a computer simulation study. >
Targeted genomic detection of biosynthetic pathways: anaerobic production of hopanoid biomarkers by a common sedimentary microbe

The lipid biomarker principle requires that preservable molecules (molecular fossils) carry specific taxonomic, metabolic, or environmental information. Historically, an empirical approach was used to link specific taxa with the compounds they produce. The lipids extracted from numerous, but randomly cultured species provided the basis for the interpretation of biomarkers in both modern environments and in the geological record. Now, with the rapid sequencing of hundreds of microbial genomes, a more focused genomic approach can be taken to test phylogenetic patterns and hypotheses about the origins of biomarkers. Candidate organisms can be selected for study on the basis of genes that encode proteins fundamental to the synthesis of biomarker compounds. Hopanoids, a class of pentacyclic triterpenoid lipid biomarkers, provide an illustrative example. For many years, interpretations of biomarker data were made with the assumption that hopanoids are produced only by aerobic organisms. However, the recent discovery of ^(13)C-depleted hopanoids in environments undergoing anaerobic methane oxidation and in enrichment cultures of anammox planctomycetes indicates that some hopanoids are produced anaerobically. To further examine the potential distribution of hopanoid biosynthesis by anaerobes, we searched publicly available genomic databases for the presence of squalene-hopene cyclase genes in known obligate or facultative anaerobes. Here we present evidence that Geobacter sulfurreducens, Geobacter metallireducens, and Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum, all bacteria common in anoxic environments, have the appropriate genes for hopanoid biosynthesis. We further show that these data accurately predict that G. sulfurreducens does produce a variety of complex hopanoids under strictly anaerobic conditions in pure culture.
Strategy in Network Industries: A Review and Research Agenda

This article reviews extant theoretical perspectives and empirical literature at the nexus of network effects and strategy. Building on these insights, it offers a research framework that focuses on three primary avenues: the strategic drivers of network intensity, approaches to assess variations in network intensity, and effective strategies for leveraging network intensity. In doing so, the study widens the perspective of the role of strategy in network industries and offers directions for future research.
Unscented Kalman Filter/Smoother for a CBRN puff-based dispersion model

Fixed interval smoothing for systems with nonlinear process and measurement models is studied and applied to the assimilation of sensor data in a Chemical, Biological, Radiological or Nuclear (CBRN) incident scenario. A two-filter smoother that uses a Backward Sigma-Point Information Filter, and also a forward-backward Rauch-Tung-Striebel (RTS) smoothing form are re-derived using the weighted statistical linearization concept. Both methods are derived in the context of the Unscented Kalman Filter. The square root version of the resulting RTS Unscented Kalman Filter / Smoother is applied to a CBRN dispersion puff-based model with variable state dimension, and the data assimilation performance of the method is compared with a Particle Filter implementation.
Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis Operon (has) Expression in Group A Streptococci

The has operon is composed of three genes, hasA, hasB, and hasC that encode hyaluronate synthase, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, and presumptively UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, respectively. Expression of the has operon was shown to be required for the synthesis of the hyaluronic acid capsule in group A streptococci. Previous studies indicated that some group A and group C streptococcal strains produce the hyaluronic acid capsule, while others do not. In addition, it was observed that encapsulated strains cultured in stationary phase of growth lose the hyaluronic acid capsule. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms controlling the expression of the hyaluronic acid capsule in group A streptococci was investigated. In this study, it was determined that all encapsulated and unencapsulated strains of group A streptococci as well as encapsulated group C streptococci analyzed possess the has operon locus. The acapsular phenotype was accounted for by the absence of hyaluronate synthase activity in the membrane and not the production of extracellular hyaluronidase. A has operon mRNA transcript was not expressed by unencapsulated strains of group A streptococci, whereas encapsulated strains of group A streptococci grown to mid to late exponential phase produced the hyaluronate capsule, as well as has operon mRNA. However, as the streptococci entered the stationary phase of growth, they became acapsular and this was concomitant with the loss of has operon mRNA transcript. These results were confirmed by primer extension analyses of RNA isolated from encapsulated and unencapsulated strains of group A streptococci as well as RNA prepared from encapsulated strains cultured in exponential and stationary phases of growth. Thus, the loss of has operon mRNA in unencapsulated group A streptococci, as well as growth phase regulation occurs at the previously mapped has operon promoter. These data suggested that the synthesis of the hyaluronic acid capsule for group A streptococci may be controlled by transcriptional mechanisms.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use among Women of Reproductive Age in the United States

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use, types of CAM used, and reasons for CAM use among reproductive-age women in the United States. Methods Data are from the 2007 National Health Interview Survey. We examined a nationally representative sample of U.S. women ages 18 to 44 (n = 5,764 respondents). Primary outcomes were past year CAM use, reasons for CAM use, and conditions treated with CAM by pregnancy status (currently pregnant, gave birth in past year, neither). Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of CAM use by pregnancy status. Findings Overall, 67% of reproductive-age U.S. women reported using any CAM in the past year. Excluding vitamins, 42% reported using CAM. Significant differences in use of biologically based (p = .03) and mind–body therapies (p = .012) by pregnancy status were found. Back pain (17.1%), neck pain (7.7%), and anxiety (3.7%) were the most commonly reported conditions treated with CAM among reproductive-age women. However, 20% of pregnant and postpartum women used CAM for pregnancy-related reasons, making pregnancy the most common reason for CAM use among pregnant and postpartum women. Conclusions CAM use during the childbearing year is prevalent, with one-fifth of currently or recently pregnant women reporting CAM use for pregnancy-related reasons. Policymakers should consider how public resources may be used to support appropriate, effective use of alternative approaches to managing health during pregnancy and postpartum. Providers should be aware of the changing needs and personal health practices of reproductive age women.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE FAST SHOCK TUBE (FST)

The FST is a new type of cylindrical convergent HE device which creates well behaved gases with energy levels far above those possible with conventional HE systems. At the present time we have a well developed FST which creates high energy gases with a density of over 2 gm/cc, a particle velocity above 6 km/sec, and free expansion velocities of approximately 20 km/sec. These gases have been used to accelerate stainless steel plates to over 10 km/sec. The pressures created in the plates during acceleration exceed 1 Mbar. Development is proceeding on an advanced system to create gases with 2.5 times the energy levels of the present one. This paper discusses the principles behind the successful operation of the FST, describes the present system, and discusses the advanced system.
Genetic and Environmental Correlations Among Production Traits of Poultry

Abstract GENETIC parameters for the construction of selection indexes in connection with selective improvement of poultry flocks has been subject to only limited investigation. Examples of their application have, however, been given by Lerner et al. (1947), Dempster and Lerner (1947), Wyatt (1954), Kruger et al. (1952), and Dillard et al. (1953). There appears to be a need for further information about interaction among production traits as measured by correlated responses to selection or predicted on the basis of genetic correlations. The genetic parameters necessary for constructing selection indexes have been estimated here for some production traits of poultry. Data from commercial breeding flocks of Kimber Farms Inc., Niles, California, were available for this study. Details about the populations have been given elsewhere (Abplanalp, 1956). The correlation estimates presented here are based on 2,647 pullets from 40 sires and 137 dams belonging to four generations of a line in which mostly …
Spatial Dispersion in a Biological Control Model for Larch Casebearer (Coleophora laricella)

Skellam's model of random dispersal, fitted to the rate of spread of larch casebearer ( Coleophora laricella ) since its discovery in the Northern Rocky Mountains in 1957, suggests that the avg female casebearer oviposits its eggs 4.8 mi. (7700 m) from its point of emergence. Less than 4 of the female progeny survive to reproductive maturity. A discrete-time version of the Verhulst-Pearl-Reed Logistic equation, fitted to the observed growth of 10 casebearer populations in Montana, indicates an avg net reproductive rate of 4.6/year. The upper density asymptote, or carrying capacity, appears to be inversely related to stand tree density. A random-walk model, fitted to observed occurrence of the braconid parasite, Agathis pumila , along transects intersecting 2 parasite-release sites, suggests that the avg Agathis female produces about 12 reproductive female progeny. Eggs are laid at intervals of approximately 300 ft (90 m). A parasite-host model, developed for the Agathis-Coleophora interaction and extended to include dispersal terms, predicts that these reproductive and dispersal rates would allow control of Coleophora by Agathis over a 50-square mile (108 square meters) area within 8 years.
What are the differences of polymer surface relaxation from the bulk

The polymer surface relaxation in thin films has been a long debating issue. We report a new method on studying surface relaxation behaviors of polymer thin films on a solid substrate. This method involved utilizing a rubbed polyimide surface with a pretilting angle in a liquid crystalline cell. Due to the surface alignment, the liquid crystals were aligned along the rubbing direction. During heating the liquid crystalline cell, we continuously monitored the change of orientation of the liquid crystals. It is understood that at a temperature where the orientation of liquid crystal is lost, the surface relaxation on the glass substrate takes place to lose the polyimide surface orientation. It was found that the relaxation temperature at which the liquid crystals lose their orientation depends on the film thickness of the polyimide. A quantitative linear relationship between the relaxation temperature and reciprocal of the film thickness can be observed. Furthermore, different topologies of the rubbed and relaxed thin films were amplified using the polyethylene decoration method and observed using atomic force microscopy.
The bond length and bond energy of gaseous CrW

Supersonically cooled CrW was studied using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy. The vibronically resolved spectrum was recorded over the region 21 100 to 23 400 cm−1, showing a very large number of bands. Seventeen of these bands, across three different isotopologues, were rotationally resolved and analyzed. All were found to arise from the ground 1Σ+ state of the molecule and to terminate on states with Ω′ = 0. The average r0 bond length across the three isotopic forms was determined to be 1.8814(4) A. A predissociation threshold was observed in this dense manifold of vibronic states at 23 127(10) cm−1, indicating a bond dissociation energy of D0(CrW) = 2.867(1) eV. Using the multiple bonding radius determined for atomic Cr in previous work, the multiple bonding radius for tungsten was calculated to be 1.037 A. Comparisons are made between CrW and the previously investigated group 6 diatomic metals, Cr2, CrMo, and Mo2, and to previous computational studies of this molecule. It is also found that...
Association of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 With Atrial Fibrillation in Chronic Kidney Disease, From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study.

Importance Levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are elevated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and strongly associated with left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and death. Whether FGF23 is an independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation in CKD is unknown. Objective To investigate the association of FGF23 with atrial fibrillation in CKD. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective cohort study of 3876 individuals with mild to severe CKD who enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study between June 19, 2003, and September 3, 2008, and were followed up through March 31, 2013. Exposures Baseline plasma FGF23 levels. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalent and incident atrial fibrillation. Results The study cohort comprised 3876 participants. Their mean (SD) age was 57.7 (11.0) years, and 44.8% (1736 of 3876) were female. Elevated FGF23 levels were independently associated with increased odds of prevalent atrial fibrillation (n = 660) after adjustment for cardiovascular and CKD-specific factors (odds ratio of highest vs lowest FGF23 quartile, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.69-3.13;P Conclusions and Relevance Elevated FGF23 is independently associated with prevalent and incident atrial fibrillation in patients with mild to severe CKD. The effect may be partially mediated through a diastolic dysfunction pathway that includes left ventricular hypertrophy, atrial enlargement, and heart failure events.
The Face of the Slender Man

This chapter tells the origin story of the Slender Man as he was created by Eric Knudsen (under the pseudonym “Victor Surge”) and developed by users on the humor forum Something Awful. The chapter then further describes early variations that came in the form of the web series Marble Hornets, TribeTwelve, and Everyman HYBRID. Drawing from forms unique to new media—alternate reality games, memes, viral and spreadable media—the early Slender Man stories built on the expectations of transmedia storytelling to yield something that was different from digital stories that preceded it. An examination of these formative Slender Man texts not only observes the early Slender Man mythos taking shape, but also identifies the malleability of the character as it passed through multiple creative hands.
An instrument for photoconductivity measurements in the presence of relatively large d-c currents

This instrument was developed as a solution to a problem which arose in our research on conductivity in rutile single crystals. In attempting to identify the origin of the charge carriers in the temperature range below 400°C, it was felt that photoresponse measurements would provide a clue. With illumination in the 1 micron region, a small transient photo current was observed with a d-c amplifier and recorder when the light was switched on. The peak amplitude of the transient was small, less than 10% of the dark current, and the decay time was that of the amplifier-recorder assembly.
Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Acute Care Surgery

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), the pathophysiologic manifestations of elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), are commonly encountered, but underappreciated causes of morbidity and mortality among acute care surgery patients. Every attempt should be made to avoid elevated IAP due to its detrimental physiologic effects. The therapeutic decisions made by the acute care surgeon with regard to IAH/ACS have far-reaching implications on the patient’s subsequent hospital course and survival. In the operating room, staged laparotomy and temporary abdominal closure should be strongly considered in patients who are deemed too ill to tolerate definitive repair, when abdominal contamination cannot be safely controlled during a single procedure, or when primary fascial closure would place the patient at risk for postoperative IAH/ACS. In the intensive care unit, serial IAP measurements, optimization of systemic perfusion and end-organ function, institution of multi-modality medical management strategies to reduce IAP to less injurious levels, and prompt surgical decompression for refractory IAH/ACS are essential to the successful treatment of these patients. Throughout the patient’s hospital course, meticulous surgical management and attention to detail are essential to reducing patient morbidity and mortality as well as achieving the desired goal of definitive primary fascial closure.
Harking, Sharking, and Tharking Making the Case for Post Hoc Analysis of Scientific Data

In this editorial we discuss the problems associated with HARKing (Hypothesizing After Results Are Known) and draw a distinction between Sharking (Secretly HARKing in the Introduction section) and Tharking (Transparently HARKing in the Discussion section). Although there is never any justification for the process of Sharking, we argue that Tharking can promote the effectiveness and efficiency of both scientific inquiry and cumulative knowledge creation. We argue that the discussion sections of all empirical papers should include a subsection that reports post hoc exploratory data analysis. We explain how authors, reviewers, and editors can best leverage post hoc analyses in the spirit of scientific discovery in a way that does not bias parameter estimates and recognizes the lack of definitiveness associated with any single study or any single replication. We also discuss why the failure to Thark in high-stakes contexts where data is scarce and costly may also be unethical.
Tertiary Mg/MgCl2/AlCl3 Inorganic Mg2+ Electrolytes with Unprecedented Electrochemical Performance for Reversible Mg Deposition

Because of the high reactivity and sensitivity of Mg2+ electrolytes in organic solvents, developing facile methods of preparing high-performance Mg2+ electrolytes is still challenging and thus impedes the development of Mg batteries. In this study, a convenient method involving tertiary reactants, Mg powder, MgCl2, and AlCl3, was reported to prepare all-inorganic Mg2+ electrolytes (termed MMAC electrolytes) in ethereal solvents. These MMAC electrolytes exhibited unprecedented performance for reversible Mg deposition, Coulombic efficiencies at 90–100%, overpotential of 125–215 mV, and anodic stability up to 3.5–3.8 V (vs Mg). A comprehensive fundamental study of the MMAC electrolytes showed that the electron transfer and mass transport kinetics during Mg deposition and stripping were affected by solvent, working electrode, and the composition of the electrolytes. In brief, these tertiary MMAC electrolytes represent the most facile and reliable inorganic Mg electrolytes known to date.
Reformers, Racism, and Patriarchy in Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton's THE SQUATTER AND THE DON

In the nineteenth century, as the United States expanded and the government wielded its power to take over lands, white women wielded their own sort of power through domesticity and reform. These w...
CONSORT Statement for Randomized Trials of Nonpharmacologic Treatments: A 2017 Update and a CONSORT Extension for Nonpharmacologic Trial Abstracts

Incomplete and inadequate reporting is an avoidable waste that reduces the usefulness of research. The CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) Statement is an evidence-based reporting guideline that aims to improve research transparency and reduce waste. In 2008, the CONSORT Group developed an extension to the original statement that addressed methodological issues specific to trials of nonpharmacologic treatments (NPTs), such as surgery, rehabilitation, or psychotherapy. This article describes an update of that extension and presents an extension for reporting abstracts of NPT trials. To develop these materials, the authors reviewed pertinent literature published up to July 2016; surveyed authors of NPT trials; and conducted a consensus meeting with editors, trialists, and methodologists. Changes to the CONSORT Statement extension for NPT trials include wording modifications to improve readers' understanding and the addition of 3 new items. These items address whether and how adherence of participants to interventions is assessed or enhanced, description of attempts to limit bias if blinding is not possible, and specification of the delay between randomization and initiation of the intervention. The CONSORT extension for abstracts of NPT trials includes 2 new items that were not specified in the original CONSORT Statement for abstracts. The first addresses reporting of eligibility criteria for centers where the intervention is performed and for care providers. The second addresses reporting of important changes to the intervention versus what was planned. Both the updated CONSORT extension for NPT trials and the CONSORT extension for NPT trial abstracts should help authors, editors, and peer reviewers improve the transparency of NPT trial reports.
Computational Fluid Dynamics and Additive Manufacturing to Diagnose and Treat Cardiovascular Disease

Noninvasive engineering models are now being used for diagnosing and planning the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Techniques in computational modeling and additive manufacturing have matured concurrently, and results from simulations can inform and enable the design and optimization of therapeutic devices and treatment strategies. The emerging synergy between large-scale simulations and 3D printing is having a two-fold benefit: first, 3D printing can be used to validate the complex simulations, and second, the flow models can be used to improve treatment planning for cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent methods and findings for leveraging advances in both additive manufacturing and patient-specific computational modeling, with an emphasis on new directions in these fields and remaining open questions.
Energy efficiency and performance of bubble generating systems

Abstract The energy efficiency of bubble generating systems of gas-liquid contacting reactors is reviewed and analyzed quantitatively. The key metrics that emerge from a new theoretical analysis are: i) gas fraction of the output dispersion (egen), ii) interfacial area density of the output dispersion (agen), iii) the energy necessary to create interfacial area (ξ), and iv) cost and maintenance. These metrics are then used to create a literature review of the performance of existing technologies for bubble generation. thus producing a conceptual framework for process intensification and future designs for bubble generating systems. A novel micro-ejector device is then studied within this framework, and is found to have desirable performance, hypothetically because it limits fluid shear to be located on at the gas injection site, on micron size scales. A physical model of the gas entrainment and bubble creation mechanisms in the micro-ejector is described and validated with empirical data.
Blue Perovskite LEDs: Reducing Architecture Limitations for Efficient Blue Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes (Adv. Mater. 20/2018)

Blue perovskite light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) have lagged significantly behind red and green ones. In article number 1706226 , Daniel N. Congreve and co‐workers show that the device architecture plays a key role in this lag, and they propose an alternate structure that maintains robust ...
A theorem prover for prioritized circumscription

In a recent paper, Ginsberg shows how a backward-chaining ATMS can be used to construct a theorem prover for circumscription. Here, this work is extended to handle prioritized circumscription. The ideas to be described have been implemented, and examples are given of the system in use.
FCC Organization and Administrative Practices

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates television, radio, wire, satellite, and cable in all of the 50 states and U.S. territories. Congress, through adoption of the Communications Act of 1934, created the FCC as an independent regulatory agency directly responsible to Congress. Section I of the Act specifies that the FCC was created:
Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity localizes to preganglionic axon terminals in the rhesus monkey ciliary ganglion.

PURPOSE. To characterize neuropeptide distribution in the ciliary ganglion of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). METHODS. Cryostat tissue sections of fixed rhesus monkey ciliary, pterygopalatine. superior cervical, and trigeminal ganglia were incubated with antisera to neuropeptide Y (NPY), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH). Antibody binding was visualized by indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS. NPY-like immunoreactive (LI) nerve terminals surrounded 80% of ciliary ganglion cells, but ciliary ganglion cell somata were unstained. NPY-LI cells were present in the superior cervical ganglion, in which almost all cells were TH- and DBH-LI, and in the pterygopalatine ganglion, in which almost all cells were VIP-LI. Because neither TH, DBH, nor VIP immunoreactivity was detected in nerves contacting ciliary ganglion cells, the NPY-LI input to ciliary neurons does not likely derive from the autonomic ganglia. The trigeminal ganglion, another potential source, had no NPY-LI neurons. CGRP- and SP-LI axons from the nasociliary nerve traversed the ciliary ganglion; a small number of varicose axons were distributed among ganglion cells and rarely surrounded cell somata. Most ciliary ganglion cells were TH-LI, but only a few were DBH-LI. CONCLUSIONS. Based on these patterns of peptide immunoreactivities, the NPY-LI nerve fibers investing ciliary ganglion cells in the rhesus monkey are most likely preganglionic axon terminals of mesencephalic parasympathetic neurons. Although the origin and function of these NPY-LI nerves remains to be established, the present finding adds to the remarkable diversity of neuropeptide immunoreactivity so far identified in preganglionic and postganglionic cells of the ciliary ganglion in different species of birds and mammals, including primates.
OP078: High resolution microendoscopy of intraoperative resection margins in sqaumous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity

Purpose Currently, traditional margin control relies on frozen section with hematoxylin/eosin light microscopy. This process is time consuming with added expense. 1,2 High-resolution optical imaging provides the capability to interrogate epithelium, to determine benign vs. malignant changes. 3,4 Contrast-enhanced high-resolution micro-endoscopy (HRME) is a fiber optic probe-based microscope linked to a charge-coupled device camera ( Fig. 1 ). Our preliminary data indicates this technology has a high level of accuracy in determining benign or malignant mucosa. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of this technology for intraoperative margin control compared to traditional frozen section analysis. Materials and methods 54 patients were enrolled between 2009 and 2011. 291 images/movies were obtained with correlative intraoperative biopsies. From 1070 images 43 image sets were created. Raters were administered a test set of 37 images (11 normal, 26 dysplasia/cancer). Correlation findings observed on HRME compared with conventional H& E histopathology are shown in Fig. 2 . Overall, benign or cancerous/dysplastic mucosa from all anatomical sites demonstrated consistent imaging characteristics which permitted discrimination of benign from malignant mucosa by blinded observers ( Fig. 2 ). Results The sensitivity and specificity of representative image interpretation for blinded raters was 84% (95% CI83–85), and 68% (95% CI66–77) for movies. Using representative still images, the sensitivity improved to 98% (95% CI97–100), and the specificity improved to 92% (95% CI87–98). The kappa statistic for inter-rater reliability was 0.47 (95% CI 0.42–0.52) with movies, and was 0.84 (95% CI = 0.77–0.91) with still images. Conclusion High-resolution microendoscopic imaging provides non-invasive, real time visualization of squamous epithelium, and permits accurate discrimination of benign and malignant mucosa. HRME has the potential to enhance margin control, and decrease operative time by limiting the use of frozen section.
Immune Complex Disease in Experimental Animals and Man

Publisher Summary No experimental model has provided greater insight into the mechanism of immune complex disease than the experimental serum sickness. The morphological, immunohistological, and serological features of the laboratory models have provided a basis for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for human glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, and a variety of systemic connective tissue diseases. The subject of experimental acute and chronic immune complex disease produced by nonliving antigens has received extensive review in this series. This chapter summarizes the data presented in these two reviews and discusses in detail more recent studies. Experiments to study acute immune complex disease (serum sickness) have been performed in rabbits almost exclusively. Experimental chronic immune complex disease has proved to be a most useful model in understanding human glomerulonephritis. When injected daily with heterologous serum protein antigens, rabbits with strong antibody responses develop chronic membranous glomerulonephritis in about 5 weeks.
Cognitively Motivated Novelty Detection in Video Data Streams

Automatically detecting novel events in video data streams is an extremely challenging task. In recent years, machine-based parametric learning systems have been quite successful in exhaustively capturing novelty in video if the novelty filters are well-defined in constrained environments. Some important questions however remain: How close are such systems to human perception? Can results derived from comparing human perception with machine novelty help tasks such as storing (indexing) and retrieval of novel events in large video repositories? In this chapter a quantitative experimental evaluation of human-based vs. machine-based novelty systems is canvassed. A machine-based system for detecting novel events in video data streams is first described. The issues of designing an indexing-strategy or “Manga” (comic-book representation is termed as “manga” in Japanese) to effectively determine the “most-representative” novel frames for a video sequence are then discussed. The evaluation of human-based vs. machine-based novelty is quantified by metrics based on location of novel events, number of novel events, etc. Low-level image features were used for machine-based novelty detection and do not include any semantic processing such as object detection to keep the computational load to a minimum.
Surgical Treatment of Combined PCL Medial Side Injuries: Acute and Chronic

Management of a combined injury to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and the medial knee complex, consisting of both the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and posteromedial corner (PMC), remains a highly debated topic. Specifically, which injuries are addressed surgically, optimal surgical timing, and what types of repair or reconstructions are most favorable remains unclear. Low-grade PCL injuries combined with low-grade MCL tears may undergo a trial of conservative treatment with hinged bracing, progressive weight bearing and range of motion exercises, and physical therapy. However, the majority of combined PCL/medial knee complex ligamentous injuries require operative intervention to prevent persistent acute and potentially chronic functional instability and degenerative changes. Acute early single-stage surgical intervention, optimally within 2 weeks of injury, helps avoid the formation of scar tissue, maintains tissue planes, and facilitates primary repair in certain circumstances. Reconstruction of the PCL using the tibial inlay technique has proven to be a useful alternative to the classic trans-tibial technique. The modified Bosworth technique for acute mid-substance or chronic MCL/PMC injuries helps to restore medial knee stability. Following surgical repair or reconstruction, various protocols exist regarding postoperative care and rehabilitation for combined PCL and MCL/PMC injuries. Often this needs to be individualized based upon the injury pattern, medical comorbidities, and patient compliance issues.
The role of `Excluded' electronic charge in noncovalent interactions

Our focus is upon a noncovalent molecular complex A⋯B after its formation. In earlier work, we determined the ‘impenetrable’ volumes of the molecules A and B in a series of bimolecular complexes. I...
Removal of methylene blue and tetracycline from water using peanut shell derived adsorbent prepared by sulfuric acid reflux

Abstract Preparation of economically and environmentally viable adsorbents out of biomass has achieved immense interest for the water treatment purposes. This study reported the synthesis of a low-cost and high-capacity adsorbent viz. sulfonated peanut shells (PNS-SO3H) by a facile sulfuric acid (H2SO4) reflux technique. The concentrated H2SO4 reflux resulted in the carbonization and sulfonation of the peanut shell. Organic pollutants e.g. methylene blue (MB) and tetracycline (TC) were removed from water by the PNS-SO3H. The adsorption characteristics were evaluated as the function of pH, time, initial adsorbate concentration, and temperature in batch adsorption tests. At basic pH, MB showed an increasing trend of adsorption capacity, whereas TC demonstrated the opposite trend. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 1250 and 303 mg/g for MB and TC, respectively. In comparison to the pristine peanut shell, the PNS-SO3H demonstrated about 100 and 40 times higher adsorption capacity for MB and TC, respectively. The batch adsorption results were in good fit with the Langmuir isotherm model and the adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorption of MB and TC was found to be endothermic and thereby an increased adsorption capacity was obtained at elevated temperature. The adsorption performance of MB and TC from tap water was also studied and similar adsorption behavior as deionized water was obtained. A packed column was prepared with PNS-SO3H for the filtration of 20 ppm MB solution from tap water. The column was able to filter 36 liters of MB solution with 100% removal efficiency.
Exploring the communication experiences of international nurses who participated in a 13-week accent modification program

Objective: This qualitative study explored the personal interactions of the nurses with patients, families, providers and other staff members after taking part in accent modification program. Methods: Hermeneutic Interpretive Phenomenology influenced by philosopher Martin Heidegger provided the philosophical underpinnings to guide this exploration of the communication experiences of international nurses about four to eight months after completion of a 13-week accent modification program. Results: The following six themes emerged from the data: I have the tool, I am self-assured, I speak with intention, I want to involve, My accent is part of who I am, and I am not an introvert. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggested that an accent modification program improves communication skills of international nurses regardless of age, gender, country of origin, and length of stay in the U.S. It is reassuring to employers who realize that there is a potentially effective intervention to improve and enhance linguistic competence of their current international nurses.
Is She Charismatic or is She Not? Examining Hillary Clinton’s Charismatic Rhetoric During the 2016 Presidential Race

“Looking for the Surgeon for Hillary’s Charisma Transplant” (Pruden) is just one example of the many headlines that questioned Hillary Clinton’s charisma during the 2016 presidential election. Othe...
Estimation of turbulent diffusion coefficients from decomposition of Lagrangian trajectories

Abstract A new technique is proposed for estimating turbulent diffusion coefficients (in the present paper turbulence is assumed to be homogeneous) which is based upon wavelet decomposition which separates the mean and oscillatory (random) parts of Lagrangian trajectories. A one-dimensional discrete Daubechies wavelet transform is applied to decompose Lagrangian trajectories into components, each of which corresponds to a specific time scale τ. Diagonal diffusion coefficients are calculated from equations obtained from a combination of classical mixing length theory and general ideas from a theory of turbulent diffusion. Non-diagonal diffusion coefficients are found using the classical theory of the first passage boundary. The technique is illustrated through the analysis of twelve trajectories of RAFOS floats along the California-Oregon coast, twenty surface drifters deployed in the California Current System, and forty-five surface drifters deployed in the Black Sea in 2000–2002. The approach is compared with the well-known Davis (1991) approach in applications to the Black Sea drifters and single float trajectories along the California-Oregon coast.
Synthesis of YBa2Cu3O7-δ with clean grain boundaries by a modified aerosol decomposition process

A modified aerosol decomposition method was developed for producing sintered YBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7[minus][delta]] (1-2-3) pellets having sharp superconducting transition [ital T][sub [ital c]]'s at [similar to]90 K, fine grain sizes, and clean grain boundaries. This method used precursor'' powders, which were produced with an aerosol flow reactor at 550 [degree]C, instead of [ital in] [ital situ] produced 1-2-3 powders commonly processed at 880--1000 [degree]C. As determined by x-ray absorption and powder diffraction studies, the 1-2-3 powders produced by the modified route contain less cation disorders than the [ital in] [ital situ] produced powders. The disorder is speculated to be the cause of [ital T][sub [ital c]]-suppression and broadening. It cannot be removed unless high sintering temperatures were used ([gt]950 [degree]C), which resulted in large grains and impurities and cracks at grain boundaries.
Outcomes in Lung Transplant Recipients With Mycobacterium abscessus Infection: A 15-Year Experience From a Large Tertiary Care Center.

Abstract Background Mycobacterium abscessus (M abscessus) infection is a serious complication post–lung transplant (LTx). We examined determinants of outcomes in LTx recipients infected with M abscessus. Methods Electronic records of all patients who underwent LTx in a single transplant center between 2000 and 2015 were screened for isolation of M abscessus before or after LTx. Results Twenty-six cases of M abscessus isolation were identified. Twenty-four had M abscessus isolation post-LTx. Two had M abscessus isolated from a surgical site, while the others were pulmonary isolates. Out of these 22 with pulmonary isolates, 12 had clinical disease. In 73% of patients, treatment had to be temporarily held or switched due to intolerance and toxicity. There was a statistically significant worsening in survival in those who developed clinical disease compared to matched controls. Among the 12 patients with clinical pulmonary disease, use of clofazimine was significantly associated with a favorable outcome. Six patients had M abscessus isolation pretransplant. Four developed M abscessus recurrence at a median of 2 months post-LTx. Two recurrences were surgical site infections, and 2 were pulmonary infections. Conclusion M abscessus infection is difficult to treat as tolerance to medications used is poor. M abscessus pneumonia is associated with worse survival post-LTx. Use of clofazimine is associated with 1-year infection-free survival.
Stroke and dementia risk in patients with and without atrial fibrillation and carotid arterial disease.

Background Patients with carotid arterial disease (CD) with and without atrial fibrillation (AF) are at risk of stroke. Patients with AF are at a higher risk of stroke and dementia. Objectives We sought to understand the risks of stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and dementia in patients with and without AF and CD or a combination of both as well as to determine whether therapies for each disease may influence risks. Methods A total of 11,572 patients were included in 4 groups, with 2893 patients populating each group (1: no AF or CD; 2: AF, no CD; 3: CD and no AF; 4: AF and CD) and matched for age, sex, and comorbidities. Long-term outcomes of stroke/TIA and dementia were assessed. Subset analyses of these outcomes were performed in patients with CD treated with revascularization and in patients with AF treated with ablation. Results CD increased the risk of stroke/TIA (hazard ratio [HR] 2.74; P Conclusion CD and AF augment risk of stroke/TIA and dementia in the general population, and the coexistence of both diseases is additive in risk. Ablation of AF was associated with lower risk, the magnitude of which was greater in those with CD.