cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liquid evaporation light deflector.

A new type of general purpose digital light deflector is described, which is based on the electrically controlled vaporization of a high refractive index transparent liquid at an inclined interface formed by the liquid and a transparent solid. Deflectors operating on this principle can be designed to provide multiposition linear or angular displacement of a light beam in one or two dimensions. Such deflectors can be random accessed, are capable of large angular deflection, are simple and cheap to build, occupy a small volume, and should have a long operating life. Furthermore, they are not limited to deflecting only small diameter, monochromatic, polarized light beams. Millisecond deflection is possible at power levels of 0.3 W/mm2 of light beam area. The deflectors have high optical transmission efficiency with on-off contrast ratios of 150:1 and higher.
In-situ destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons in groundwater using catalytic reductive dehalogenation in a reactive well: testing and operational experiences

A groundwater treatment technology based on catalytic reductive dehalogenation has been developed to efficiently destroy chlorinated hydrocarbons in situ using a reactive well approach. The treatment process utilizes dissolved H2 as an electron donor, in the presence of a commercial palladium-on-alumina catalyst, to rapidly reduce common chlorinated aliphatics such as trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene into nonchlorinated hydrocarbons such as ethane. Rapid reaction rates permit the deployment of a treatment unit within a dual-screened well bore, allowing contaminated groundwater to be drawn from one water-bearing zone, treated within the well bore, and discharged to an adjacent zone with only one pass through the system. A demonstration groundwater treatment system based on this concept was evaluated in a chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminated aquifer at a major Superfund site. The system rapidly destroyed a variety of common contaminants such as TCE and PCE and maintained its performance for a test ...
Developmental outcomes in early school-age children with minimal hearing loss.

Purpose Previous research suggests that school-age children with minimal hearing loss (CMHL) are at risk for a variety of psychoeducational problems. However, CMHL are a heterogeneous group, and th...
Control of Bean Bud ATP Levels by Regulatory Molecules and Phytochrome

This study assessed the involvement of exogenously supplied acetylcholine, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and various inhibitors of acetylcholine and cyclic AMP metabolism on the rapid phytochrome-mediated alteration in the ATP content of etiolated bean buds (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Red Kidney). ATP was extracted in boiling water and measured by the firefly luciferin-luciferase assay. The depression of ATP content by low levels of either acetylcholine or dibutyryl cyclic AMP was independent of irradiation. Atropine, AMO-1618, and theophylline all altered ATP content, and the effects differed in red light and in darkness. In contrast to other reports, no straightforward model of phytochrome action through either acetylcholine or cyclic AMP could be constructed. Also, the time course of ATP content during the standard 5 min red-irradiation period was determined, and effects of light are observed within 1 min.
An evaluation of lazy fault detection based on Adaptive Redundant Multithreading

The challenge of resilience for High Performance Computing applications is significant for future extreme scale systems. These systems will experience unprecedented rates of faults and errors as they will be constructed from massive numbers of components that are inherently less reliable than those available today. While the use of redundant computing can provide detection and possible correction of errors, its system-wide use in future extreme-scale HPC systems will incur considerable overheads to application performance. In this paper, we present a framework that provides application level fault detection based on redundant multithreading. In previous work, we demonstrated an adaptive approach based on a language level directive. The computation contained in the programmer directive is executed by duplicate threads. In concert with a runtime system, the redundant multithreading is enabled opportunistically to provide fault detection at more reasonable overheads to application performance. The lazy fault detection approach presented in this work seeks to further optimize the use of redundancy by prioritizing the application's primary computation over the fault detection. Our approach relaxes the requirement that the redundant threads synchronize and compare results immediately. We show that lazy error detection is feasible and yields lower time to solution over adaptive RMT for a range of scientific computational kernels. We also explore a thread-to-core assignment strategy that seeks to reduce the interference between the redundant threads.
Lack of an effect of age on the response to clonidine

The plasma concentration and appearance rate of norepinephrine are increased in the elderly. A hypothesis to explain this observation is that the elderly have a diminished response of the α2-adrenoreceptor in the brainstem that modulates peripheral sympathetic tone. To evaluate the effect of age on α2-adrenoreceptor function, we studied 12 healthy elderly subjects and 12 healthy young volunteers and compared the decrease in plasma norepinephrine and blood pressure in response to increasing doses of orally administered clonidine. We found that, for the same plasma clonidine concentration, the blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine concentration fell equivalently in both groups. These data imply that the increased plasma norepinephrine and the elevated blood pressure in the healthy elderly population do not appear to be secondary to a decrease in α2-adrenergic response to an agonist in the central nervous system. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1990) 47, 61–67; doi:10.1038/clpt.1990.9
Marine tar residues: a review.

Marine tar residues originate from natural and anthropogenic oil releases into the ocean environment and are formed after liquid petroleum is transformed by weathering, sedimentation, and other processes. Tar balls, tar mats, and tar patties are common examples of marine tar residues and can range in size from millimeters in diameter (tar balls) to several meters in length and width (tar mats). These residues can remain in the ocean environment indefinitely, decomposing or becoming buried in the sea floor. However, in many cases, they are transported ashore via currents and waves where they pose a concern to coastal recreation activities, the seafood industry and may have negative effects on wildlife. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on marine tar residue formation, transport, degradation, and distribution. Methods of detection and removal of marine tar residues and their possible ecological effects are discussed, in addition to topics of marine tar research that warrant further investigation. Emphasis is placed on benthic tar residues, with a focus on the remnants of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in particular, which are still affecting the northern Gulf of Mexico shores years after the leaking submarine well was capped.
Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase: approximation of half-life and rate of axonal transport.

—The half-life of tryptophan 5-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.3) in rats was estimated from the return of enzyme activity after administration of p-chlorophenylalanine and from the decline of enzyme activity in spinal cord after transection or an intraspinal injection of colchicine. The half-life was 2–3 days. Axonal transport of enzyme, estimated from the reappearance of activity in consecutive portions of spinal cord after treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine, was of the order of 5–7 mm/day. This rate is characteristic of 'slow’axonal flow. Our results suggest that changes in the synthesis of new enzyme are probably not responsible for acute changes in the turnover of serotonin.
An alkaline spring system within the Del Puerto ophiolite (California USA): A Mars analog site

Abstract Mars appears to have experienced little compositional differentiation of primitive lithosphere, and thus much of the surface of Mars is covered by mafic lavas. On Earth, mafic and ultramafic rocks present in ophiolites, oceanic crust and upper mantle that have been obducted onto land, are therefore good analogs for Mars. The characteristic mineralogy, aqueous geochemistry, and microbial communities of cold-water alkaline springs associated with these mafic and ultramafic rocks represent a particularly compelling analog for potential life-bearing systems. Serpentinization, the reaction of water with mafic minerals such as olivine and pyroxene, yields fluids with unusual chemistry (Mg–OH and Ca–OH waters with pH values up to ∼12), as well as heat and hydrogen gas that can sustain subsurface, chemosynthetic ecosystems. The recent observation of seeps from pole-facing crater and canyon walls in the higher Martian latitudes supports the hypothesis that even present conditions might allow for a rock-hosted chemosynthetic biosphere in near-surface regions of the Martian crust. The generation of methane within a zone of active serpentinization, through either abiogenic or biogenic processes, could account for the presence of methane detected in the Martian atmosphere. For all of these reasons, studies of terrestrial alkaline springs associated with mafic and ultramafic rocks are particularly timely. This study focuses on the alkaline Adobe Springs, emanating from mafic and ultramafic rocks of the California Coast Range, where a community of novel bacteria is associated with the precipitation of Mg–Ca carbonate cements. The carbonates may serve as a biosignature that could be used in the search for evidence of life on Mars.
Does nutrition information about the energy density of meals affect food intake in normal-weight women?

Abstract This study investigated whether the energy density of foods affected energy intake when subjects were informed about the energy density of their meals. Forty normal-weight women ate breakfast, lunch, and dinner in the laboratory on three separate days. The entree at each meal was varied in energy density to be either 1·25, 1·50, or 1·75 kcal/g (5·23, 6·28, or 7·32 kJ/g), but was held similar in macronutrient composition and palatability. On each day, the entrees at all three meals had the same energy density. All entrees were consumedad libitum . Subjects were assigned to one of two groups. Subjects in the information group received a nutrition label with each meal, which showed the energy density of the entree. Subjects in the no-information group did not receive any nutrition information. The results revealed that subjects in both groups had the same pattern of food intake across the three levels of energy density. Energy density significantly affected energy intake; subjects in both groups combined consumed 22% less energy in the condition of low energy density than in the condition of high energy density (p
"My Mobile Health, My Mobile Life": methods for designing health interventions with adolescents

For adolescents with chronic health conditions, transition from pediatric to adult patient care is often haphazard, leading to gaps in care, lapses in treatment adherence, and unnecessary hospitalizations. A typical approach to addressing transition failures is to offer clinic-based programs that guide adolescents and their families through the process, but these initiatives are costly, may not appeal to adolescents, and have limited reach due to geographic constraints. In this study design paper, we describe our ongoing efforts in the participatory design of a mobile technology-based intervention that may overcome limitations of traditional approaches. We contribute a series of recommendations for conducting human-computer interaction research with adolescents who have chronic illnesses.
Shear stress stimulation of p130(cas) tyrosine phosphorylation requires calcium-dependent c-Src activation

Abstract Fluid shear stress (flow) modulates endothelial cell function via specific intracellular signaling events. Previously we showed that flow activated ERK1/2 in an integrin-dependent manner (Takahashi, M., and Berk, B. C. (1996) J. Clin. Invest. 98, 2623–2631). p130 Crk-associated substrate (Cas), a putative c-Src substrate, was originally identified as a highly phosphorylated protein that is localized to focal adhesions and acts as an adapter protein. Recent reports have shown that Cas is important in cardiovascular development and actin filament assembly. Flow (shear stress = 12 dynes/cm2) stimulated Cas tyrosine phosphorylation within 1 min in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Phosphorylation peaked at 5 min (3.5 ± 0.7-fold) and was sustained to 20 min. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Cas was functionally important because flow stimulated association of Cas with Crk in a time- and force-dependent manner. Flow-mediated activation of c-Src, phosphorylation of Cas, and association of Cas with Crk were all inhibited by calcium chelation and pretreatment with the Src family-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP1. To determine the role of c-Src in flow-stimulated phosphorylation of Cas, we transduced cells with adenovirus encoding kinase-inactive Src. Expression of kinase-inactive Src prevented flow-induced Cas tyrosine phosphorylation but not ERK1/2 activation. Calcium-dependent activation of c-Src and tyrosine phosphorylation of Cas defines a new flow-stimulated signal pathway, different from ERK1/2 activation. This pathway may be involved in focal adhesion remodeling and actin filament assembly.
Environmental mitigation of dredge and fill projects: A case study of coos bay/ north bend, oregon

Abstract The term “mitigation”; has been used in connection with habitat losses attributable to federal water projects as early as the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 and the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1934. Most of the current requirements to mitigate habitat losses associated with water development projects apply to wetlands, as they are biologically productive and have been destroyed at an increasing rate during recent years by developers seeking prime land in the coastal zone. A case study of the Port of Coos Bay and the City of North Bend, Oregon, provides an actual experience of estuarine mitigation in a dredging project and an airport fill. The case was developed as part of a larger curriculum research study for seaport management. This article is primarily written as a case with a brief introduction and discussion of mitigation requirements, followed by the text of the case and ending with a series of hypotheses for further research.
Photochemistry of minor constituents in the troposphere

Abstract Altitude profiles for the number densities of NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, HNO2, CH3O, CH3O2, H2CO, OH, and HO2 are calculated as a function of time of day with a steady-state photochemical model in which the altitude profiles for the number densities of H2O, CH4, H2, CO, O3, and the sum of NO and NO2 are fixed at values appropriate to a summer latitude of 34°. Average daily profiles are calculated for the long-lived species, HNO3, H2O2, and CH3O2H. The major nitrogen compound HNO3 may have a number density approaching 5 × 1011 molecules cm−3 at the surface, although an effective loss path due to collisions with particulates could greatly reduce this value. The number density of OH remains relatively unchanged in the first 6 km and reaches 1 × 107 molecules cm−3 at noon, while the number density of HO2 decreases throughout the lower troposphere from its noontime value of 8 × 108 molecules cm−3 at the surface. H2O2 and H2CO both have number densities in the ppb range in the lower troposphere. Owing to decreasing temperature and water concentration, the production of radicals and their steady-state number densities decrease with altitude, reaching a noontime minimum of 1 × 108 molecules cm−3 for OH and 3 × 107 molecules cm−3 for HO2 at the tropopause. The related minor species show even sharper decreases with increasing altitude. The primary path for interconverting OH and HO2 serves as the major sink for CO and leads to a tropospheric lifetime for CO of ~0.1 yr. Another reaction cycle, the oxidation of CH4, is quite important in the lower troposphere and leads to the production of H2CO along with the destruction of CH4 for which a tropospheric lifetime of ~2 yr is estimated. The destruction of H2CO that was produced in the CH4 oxidation cycle provides the major source of CO and H2 in the atmosphere.
Discretization based learning approach to information retrieval

We have designed a representation scheme, which is based on the discrete representation of a document ranking function, which is capable of reproducing and enhancing the properties of such popular ranking functions as tf.idf, BM25 or those based on language models. Our tests have demonstrated the capability of our approach to achieve the performance of the best known scoring functions solely through training, without using any known heuristic or analytic formulas.
An investigation of the critical liquid-vapor properties of dilute KCl solutions

The three parameters that define the critical point, temperature, pressure, and volume have been experimentally determined by means of filling studies in a platinum-lined system for five KCl solutions ranging from 0.006 to 0.568m. The platinum-lined vessels were used to overcome the problems with corrosion experienced by earlier workers. The critical temperature (tc), pressure (Pc), and volume (Vc) were found to fit the equations $$\begin{gathered} {\text{t}}_c = 374.14{\text{ }} + {\text{ }}16.602\sqrt {\text{m}} {\text{ }} + {\text{ }}41.740{\text{m }} \pm 0.5^ \circ C \hfill \\ {\text{P}}_c = 220.9 {\text{ }} + {\text{ }}135.164{\text{m }} + {\text{ }}41.173{\text{m}}^{\text{2}} {\text{ }} \pm {\text{ }}0.5 bars \hfill \\ {\text{V}}_c = 3.155{\text{ }} - {\text{ }}1.373\sqrt m {\text{ }} + {\text{ }}0.507{\text{m }} \pm {\text{ }}0.008cm^3 - g^{ - 1} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ from infinite dilution to 1.0m.
Invariance relations for random walks on hexagonal lattices

Abstract We consider the problem of random walks on finite, N =(2 k ×2 k ) hexagonal lattices with a single, deep trap, and subject to periodic boundary conditions. An exact expression is obtained for calculating the invariance relation linking the set M of n th nearest-neighbor sites surrounding the trapping site, viz., (2M−3)N−{2M+6+3M[ ln (M/6)/ ln (2)]}. This result may be used to obtain approximate values of the overall mean walklength 〈 n 〉. The results are compared with exact numerical results, with the predictions of the asymptotic expression of Montroll and Weiss, and linked to current studies in nanotube chemistry.
A Broadband Spatial Heterodyne Spectrometer for High Resolution Studies of Faint Extended Emission Sources

Spatial heterodyne spectrometers (SHS) provide high etendue and spectral resolution in a compact instrument well suited for observing extended emissions over a narrow bandpass. Here we describe progress toward development of a tunable broadband SHS.
Systematic analysis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism and function in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum

While GABA has been suggested to regulate spore encapsulation in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, the metabolic profile and other potential functions of GABA during development remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the homeostasis of GABA metabolism by disrupting genes related to GABA metabolism and signaling. Extracellular levels of GABA are tightly regulated during early development, and GABA is generated by the glutamate decarboxylase, GadB, during growth and in early development. However, overexpression of the prespore-specific homologue, GadA, in the presence of GadB reduces production of extracellular GABA. Perturbation of extracellular GABA levels delays the process of aggregation. Cytosolic GABA is degraded by the GABA transaminase, GabT, in the mitochondria. Disruption of a putative vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT) homologue DdvGAT reduces secreted GABA. We identified the GABAB receptor-like family member GrlB as the major GABA receptor during early development, and either disruption or overexpression of GrlB delays aggregation. This delay is likely the result of an abolished pre-starvation response and late expression of several "early" developmental genes. Distinct genes are employed for GABA generation during sporulation. During sporulation, GadA alone is required for generating GABA and DdvGAT is likely responsible for GABA secretion. GrlE but not GrlB is the GABA receptor during late development.
Retrieving the Martyrs in Order to Rethink the Political Order: The Russian Orthodox Case

This essay argues that in retrieving the new martyrs and confessors, the approximately two thousand people who suffered directly for their faith under Soviet communist oppression, the Russian Orthodox Church has made publicly available symbols and narratives that bear democratizing potential. The Church’s “Icon of the New Martyrs and Confessors” can be interpreted as calling for broad representation of all parts of society in Church and political life, and freedom of the Church to represent its concerns to society without state interference. Although these two principles do not by themselves dictate a particular form of government, a liberal democracy may be their best guarantor. The Russian Orthodox Church therefore need not be seen as essentially antidemocratic. Its symbols and narratives of suffering can also be understood as authorizing democratic reform.
Validation and calibration of a lateral confinement model for long-rod penetration at ordnance and high velocities

In designing targets for laboratory long-rod penetration tests, the question of lateral confinement often arises, “How wide should the target be to exert enough confinement?” For ceramic targets, the problem is enhanced as ceramics are usually weak in tension and therefore have less self-confinement capability. At high velocities the problem is enhanced even more as the crater radius and the extent of the plastic zone around it are larger. Recently we used the quasistatic cavity expansion model to estimate the resistance of ceramic targets and its dependence on impact velocity [1]. We validated the model by comparing it to computer simulations in which we used the same strength model. Here we use the same approach to address the problem of lateral confinement. We solved the quasistatic cavity expansion problem in a cylinder with a finite outside radius “b” at which σr (b) = 0 (σr = radial stress component). We did this for three cases: ceramic targets, metal targets, and ceramic targets confined in a metal casing. Generally, σr (a) is a decreasing function of “a” (“a” = expanding cavity radius, and σr (a) = the stress needed to continue opening the cavity). In the usual cavity expansion problem b → ∞, σr (a) = const., R =−σr (a) (R = resistance to penetration). For finite “b” we estimate R by averaging σr (a) over a range o ≤ a ≤ ar, (where ar, the upper bound of the range, is calibrated from computer simulations). We ran 14 computer simulations with the CTH wavecode and used the results to calibrate ar for the different cases and to establish the overall validity of our approach. We show that generally for DtDp > 30, the degree of confinement is higher than 95% (Dt = target diameter; Dp = projectile diameter; and degree of confinement = RR∞; R∞ = resistance of a laterally infinite target). We also show the tensile strength of ceramic targets (represented by the spall strength Pmin) has a significant effect on the degree of confinement, while other material parameters have only a minor effect.
Nutrition and Health Communication: The Message and the Media Over Half a Century

The diet-health message for the 1990s has become complex, changing from the simple directives of previous decades as scientific evidence has evolved. If today's consumers are more knowledgeable, they are also more confused. The confusion stems not only from the complexity of the message, but also from the fact that the various groups and organizations developing it respond to the challenge from their own perspectives. Added to this are the constraints of the various media (print, radio, and television) that deliver the message. For consumers, the result has been not only confusion but, at times, outright rejection of reasonable recommendations. The more that health professionals in academia, government, and voluntary organizations, food producers, and health reporters can agree on a set of clear, consistent, focused, and positive messages based on current scientific knowledge, the sooner recommendations for a healthful diet will be accepted and followed.
A Novel Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone-dependent Negative Regulation by Thyroid Hormone Receptor, Nuclear Receptor Corepressor (NCoR), and GAGA-binding Factor on the Rat CD44 Promoter

CD44 is an adhesion molecule in the extracellular matrix that shows various functions, including tumor genesis and metastasis. A recent study showed that CD44 expression level was strongly correlated with the generation of papillary thyroid carcinomas, the most prevalent malignancy of the thyroid gland. We report here that CD44 is negatively regulated by thyroid hormone (T3) through a novel mechanism. We demonstrate that nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) enhances thyroid hormone receptor (TR)-mediated basal transactivation by a weak TR·DNA interaction in the absence of T3, which is repressed by T3 through a transient TR ·DNA interaction. Initially, we identified that CD44 was negatively directly transcriptionally T3 -responsive. Deletion and mutation analysis indicated that both a weak TR and a GAGA-binding factor (GAF) binding sites on the CD44 promoter were required for negative regulation by T3. The weak TR·DNA interaction was further confirmed by electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and transfection assays using a non-DNA-binding TRα1 mutant. More interestingly, NCoR acted as a co-activator to enhance TR-mediated basal transactivation in the absence of T3. This effect was eliminated by removal of TR or NCoR binding. Most strikingly, T3 induced a remarkable increase in TR·DNA binding at 40–60 min after T3 exposure that rapidly returned to basal levels, suggesting a T3-induced remodeling of chromatin structure at the early stage of T3 stimulation resulting in repression. Therefore, we propose a mechanism by which NCoR, GAF, and TR interact with the CD44 negative T3-responsive element to enhance basal transactivation, whereas T3 induces the remodeling of chromatin structure for repression.
Sodium-based dry regenerable sorbent for carbon dioxide capture from power plant flue gas

Dry regenerable sorbent technology is one of the emerging technologies as a cost-effective and energy-efficient technology for CO2 capture from flue gas. Six sodium-based dry regenerable sorbents were prepared by spray-drying techniques. Their physical properties and reactivities were tested to evaluate their applicability to a fluidized-bed or fast transport-bed CO2 capture process. Each sorbents contained 20−50 wt% of Na2CO3 or NaHCO3. All sorbents except for Sorb NX30 were insufficient with either attrition resistance or reactivity, or both properties. Sorb NX30 sorbent satisfied most of the physical requirements for a commercial fluidized-bed reactor process along with good chemical reactivity. Sorb NX30 sorbent had a spherical shape, an average size of 89 μm, a size distribution of 38−250 μm, and a bulk density of approximately 0.87 g/mL. The attrition index (AI) of Sorb NX30 reached below 5% compared to about 20% for commercial fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts. CO2 sorption capacity of S...
Using Graphics Processing Units to Accelerate Numerical Simulations of Interfacial Incompressible Flows

We present a GPU accelerated numerical solver for incompressible, immiscible, two-phase fluid flows. This leads to a significant simulation speed-up and thus, the capability to have finer grid sizes and/or more accurate convergence criteria. We solve the Navier-Stokes equations, which include the surface tension force, by using a two-step projection method requiring the iterative solution to a pressure Poisson problem at each time step. However, running a serial linear algebra solver on a CPU to solve the pressure Poisson problem can take 50–99.9% of the total simulation time. To remove this bottleneck, we employ the large parallelization capabilities of GPUs by developing a double-precision parallel linear algebra solver, SCGPU, using NVIDIA’s CUDA v.4.0 libraries. The performance of SCGPU in serial simulations is presented, in addition to an evaluation of two pre-packaged GPU linear algebra solvers CUSP and CULA-sparse. We also present preliminary results of a GPU-accelerated MPI CPU flow solver.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The undecidability of unification in third order logic

The problem of the existence of a unifying substitution between two terms is considered in type theory. This problem is shown to be undecidable, even if we restrict the objects of the language to third order. This means that we are not able to recognize whether two terms have a common instance or not. This result has important implications for the mechanization of higher order logic.
Regression of serous macular detachment due to peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy following intravitreal bevacizumab.

PurposeTO describe a case of exudative macular detachment secondary to peripheral exudative chorioretinopathy with a favorable anatomic and visual outcome following treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab.MethodsThe medical records of a patient with peripheral exudative chorioretinopathy were reviewed.ResultsMacular reattachment was achieved with a corresponding visual acuity improvement that was maintained over an uncomplicated 17-month clinical course.ConclusionsBevacizumab may be an effective treatment option for exudative macular detachment secondary to peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy.
All together now: The circular organization in a University Hospital. Part I. Planning and design

During a period of significant change in health care, hospitals are being transformed. This article—part I—reports on one university hospital's experience with a project funded by a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and Pew Charitable Trusts initiative. The article presents the history and conditions that led to a planning year during which participants defined external and internal conditions contributing to the needs for change. Along with the driving pressures, the article addresses the planning process and the basic design for organization change, Ackoff's idealized design and circular organization. This model had been used in industry, but not in a hospital. Key themes related to the design and start-up are offered. Part II addresses the implementation of the model, the process of change, supports and barriers, and progress to date.
The canning problem revisited: The case of capacitated production and fixed demand

Abstract We report on optimizing a ‘variable yield’ machine-fill type of production process with limited capacity n , a fixed demand d and a process yield rate that depends on a controllable mean setting. Using a profit function that includes both the cost of production and a penalty for under-production, we show that obtaining an optimal mean setting is straightforward. As the ingredient cost becomes small compared to recycling and production costs, the relative profit is found to be a strongly asymmetric function of the process mean. The resulting managerial insights suggest that, with respect to optimal mean setting, for a wide variety of cost parameters, overfilling is in general better than underfilling.
A citation analysis of economists in principles of economics textbooks

Abstract This paper uses citation analysis to identify those economists from the history of economic thought most often referenced in principles of economics textbooks. The textbooks considered for the study represent 10 of the top-selling principles textbooks in the field. The analysis includes a simple page count of the number of citations an economist receives in principles texts and a more thorough discussion of each specific economist’s contributions. The results generated mirror the results of previous citation analysis conducted on the entire field of economics.
Electrical impedance spectroscopy for prostate cancer diagnosis

Electrical impedance was recorded at 21 discrete frequencies (1 to 100 kHz) from 27 ex vivo human prostates. These electrical properties were measured by using custom designed Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) sensing biopsy (Bx) needles. EIS-Bx needles gauge the electrical properties of tissue in tandem with the tissue extraction (used for histopathological assessment). The EIS-Bx probe has a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 65 dB across the frequency range (1 kHz to 100 kHz). A total of 36 cancers and 288 benign regions were sampled from 27 human prostates. Mean resistance (R) of prostate decreased from 537.27 Ω to 126.74 Ω for benign tissues and 999.52 Ω to 340.67 Ω for malignant tissues across the 1 kHz – 100 kHz spectral range. Likewise, mean reactance (X) ranged from −391.41 ࡎ to −62.6 Ω for benign and −675.09 Ω to −162.28 Ω for cancer tissues over the same frequency range. Both R and X values are found to be significantly lower in normal prostate tissues than in malignant tissue (p&#60;0.001). Further testing to evaluate the clinical efficacy of this coupled device is underway.
The distributional effects of public expenditure : update and overview

It is commonly agreed that economic policies, including budgetary policies, can have potentially strong distributional effects. Traditional economic analysis held that economic policies affected the income distribution primarily through their impact on the rate of growth. More recently, it has come to be recognized that qualitative aspects of economic growth are probably more important than the rate of growth itself. While recent research has confirmed the potential role of expenditure policies as a redistributive tool, it has also shown that redistribution does not necessarily have to come at the expense of economic growth and efficiency. Although there are substantial analytical and technical problems to be faced in the design of equitable and cost-effective public expenditure programs, unfavorable distributional outcomes of these programs can usually be traced more to political and institutional pressures than to purely technical factors.
Phonon excitation and its significance for electrochemically grown copper layers

Abstract Electrochemically grown fine and coarsely grained copper films have been exposed to low and strongly damped 5 MHz shear oscillations that travel through them with normal incidence. The real parts of the electrical components such as inductivity L , capacitance C and Ohmic resistance R were evaluated from impedance spectroscopy performed on copper films affixed to 5 MHz quartz oscillators. L , C , R -data were used to calculate the inverse quality factor 1/ Q which is related to the energy dissipated during a single oscillation cycle. Recently, phonon activation has been identified as a major route to explain energy dissipation that occur between sliding surfaces. With the reasonable assumption that shear movement across a grained metal film causes sliding across the grain boundary the sliding distance a s and sliding velocity v s can be evaluated. Their presentation as 1/ Q vs. a s and v s plots prove that energy dissipation is limited to very small ranges for a s and v s . On the basis of this observation atomic scale sliding is subdivided into non-sliding, effective sliding and non-effective sliding. The observed energy dissipation for effective sliding is attributed to the formation of localized phonons which cause the resistivity to increase. As a consequence two conducting states are formed defined as conductivity ground and excited state. One is characterized by a small 1/ Q -value and is attributed to a conducting state which is purely determined by the Ohmic film resistance as prepared. For this situation the current flow through the sample occurs normal to the surface. On the other hand, the conducting state associated with a large 1/ Q -value results from phonon excitation that arise due to the motion across the grain boundary. The resulting increase of the Ohmic resistance causes a change of the current direction from normal to parallel to the surface. These two conducting states coexist during shear oscillation. Their individual contributions to the overall conductivity depends on the number of grains which increase with the layer thickness. The formation of sliding atomic contact points their significance for conductivity and reinforcement between copper grains and between monoatomic and bulk copper layers are discussed as well.
Response generalization in apraxia of speech treatments: taking another look.

The purpose of the present paper is to present a critical review and reanalysis of response generalization effects in studies of treatment efficacy in apraxia of speech (AOS). Response generalization takes two forms: generalization of treatment effects to untrained exemplars of trained behaviors and generalization to untrained (i.e., novel) behaviors. In the past, response generalization has not been extensive and typically has been restricted to untrained exemplars of trained behaviors. Reasons for these findings are discussed with reference to recent advances in our understanding of the nature of AOS and to theories of speech motor control and learning. The discussion focuses on the influence of the theoretical basis used to develop hypotheses and select behaviors to test predictions, the complexity of the treatment task/s, and patient characteristics. Suggestions for future directions in treatment efficacy research are offered. Learner outcomes: (1) An understanding of the nature of AOS, based on recent experimental analyses. (2) An understanding of the efficacy of current treatments for AOS in the area of response generalization. (3) An understanding of how theories of speech motor control might be applied to develop hypotheses for testing and increase effectiveness in treatment studies. (4) An understanding of how theories of speech motor control might guide selection of behaviors to test treatment effects and response generalization.
Age-Related Changes in G Proteins in Rat Aorta

Blood vessels from aged animals and humans have impaired relaxation to beta-adrenergic stimulation. We hypothesized that a loss of stimulatory G protein (Gs) or an increase in inhibitory G proteins (Gi) could explain this impairment. Aortic membranes from Fischer 344 rats of 4 age groups (6 week to 24 month) were studied. G-protein levels were initially assessed using cholera and pertussis toxin labeling. There was a marked decline in cholera toxin labeling (which primarily labels Gs alpha) from 6 weeks to 6 months which persisted in 12-month and 24-month animals. Pertussis toxin labeling (which primarily labels Gi alpha) showed only a slight decline with age. Western blotting was performed using specific antibodies for the alpha subunit of Gs, Gi1&2, Gi3, and G beta. There was no significant change in Gs alpha, Gi alpha, or G beta protein levels with age. We conclude there is a loss of cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP ribosylation with age, which does not represent a loss of the stimulatory alpha subunit of G protein. These data suggest that the loss of cholera toxin labeling seen with age may be a marker for loss of Gs alpha function.
On approximation by translates of globally supported functions

Abstract We consider Lp-approximation (1 ≤ p ≤ ∞) from the dilates of a space generated by a finite number of functions that have mild polynomial decay at infinity. In particular, the local-controlled density order of such a family of approximating spaces is characterized in terms of the Strang-Fix condition.
Inhibition of ascites tumour growth by the trypanocide, ethidium bromide, in combination with azaserine.

ETHIDIUM bromide (3,8-diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenyl-phenanthridinium bromide) has been used to treat trypanosome infections of cattle in Africa for some time1,2. (This chemical was kindly supplied by Dr. M. R. Gurd, Boots Pure Drug Co., Ltd., Nottingham. Its alternative name is 2,7-diamino-9-phenyl-10-ethyl-phenanthridinium bromide.) Recently we have examined the biochemical effects of this compound on Ehrlich ascites tumour cells, and have found that it inhibits completely the incorporation of preformed purines (adenine, guanine and hypoxanthine) into nucleic acids3. The possible application of this biochemical effect to cancer chemotherapy was immediately considered. It was believed, however, that ethidium bromide, if used alone, would at best be only moderately carcinostatic because it does not appreciably impair the de novo pathway of purine biosynthesis3. Because the antibiotic azaserine is well known to inhibit completely the de novo synthesis of purines, it was therefore believed that if these two compounds could be used in combination without undue host toxicity, the conditions for a complete concurrent blockade4 of the purine nucleotide supply for nucleic acid synthesis could be effected. Because both drugs maintain their inhibitory effects for less than 24 hr.3,5, for more nearly maximal effect it was felt that both should be administered more often than in the daily treatment schedule usually used in tests of carcinostatic efficacy.
Laser-induced bandgap collapse in GaAs

We present recent time-resolved measurements of the linear dielectric constant of GaAs at 2.2 eV and 4.4 eV following femtosecond laser pulse excitation. In sharp contrast to predictions based on the widely used Drude model, the data show an interband absorption peak coming into resonance first with the 4.4 eV probe photon energy and then with the 2.2 eV probe photon energy, indicating major changes in the band structure. The time scale for these changes ranges from within 100 fs to a few picoseconds, depending on the incident pump pulse fluence.
Committees in the Russian State Duma: Continuity and Change in Comparative Perspective

The Russian Constitution adopted in 1993 created new legislative institutions with fewer formal powers than their predecessor, the Congress of People's Deputies. The new lower house or State Duma is elected on a multi‐party basis, causing changes in the parliament's internal structure as well. This paper argues that the internal relations, external relations and functions of parliamentary committees in the Russian Duma are changing as a result of the growing strength of parties in that body. Specifically, the introduction of parties has strengthened representation in the Duma, but has been detrimental to overall legislative effectiveness.
Modulation of BMP activity in dorsal-ventral pattern formation by the chordin and ogon antagonists.

We analyzed the interactions between mutations in antagonistic BMP pathway signaling components to examine the roles that the antagonists play in regulating BMP signaling activity. The dorsalized mutants swirl/bmp2b, snailhouse/bmp7, lost-a-fin/alk8, and mini fin/tolloid were each analyzed in double mutant combinations with the ventralized mutants chordino/chordin and ogon, whose molecular nature is not known. Similar to the BMP antagonist chordino, we found that the BMP ligand mutants swirl/bmp2b and snailhouse/bmp7 are also epistatic to the putative BMP pathway antagonist, ogon, excluding a class of intracellular antagonists as candidates for ogon. In ogon;mini fin double mutants, we observed a mutual suppression of the ogon and mini fin mutant phenotypes, frequently to a wild type phenotype. Thus, the Tolloid/Mini fin metalloprotease that normally cleaves and inhibits Chordin activity is dispensable, when Ogon antagonism is reduced. These results suggest that Ogon encodes a Tolloid and Chordin-independent antagonistic function. By analyzing genes whose expression is very sensitive to BMP signaling levels, we found that the absence of Ogon or Chordin antagonism did not increase the BMP activity remaining in swirl/bmp2b or hypomorphic snailhouse/bmp7 mutants. These results, together with other studies, suggest that additional molecules or mechanisms are essential in generating the presumptive gastrula BMP activity gradient that patterns the dorsal-ventral axis. Lastly we observed a striking increased penetrance of the swirl/bmp2b dominant dorsalized phenotype, when Chordin function is also absent. Loss of the BMP antagonist Chordin is expected to increase BMP signaling levels in a swirl heterozygote, but instead we observed an apparent decrease in BMP signaling levels and a loss of ventral tail tissue. As has been proposed for the fly orthologue of chordin, short gastrulation, our paradoxical results can be explained by a model whereby Chordin both antagonizes and promotes BMP activity.
A self‐consistent calculation of the energy bands in ferromagnetic nickel

The results of a calculation, in which the unrestricted Hartree–Fock model was applied to the case of nickel in the ferromagnetic state, are presented here. Comparisons with the experimental data are shown which suggest that this procedure may give an acceptable model of the ground state of a ferromagnetic solid.
Some Propositions About Outsourcing The Logistics Function

As business firms and even public sector operations opt to run leaner operating systems, the question of outsourcing becomes an increasingly popular topic for discussion. There are substantial differences between countries and between industries on what is considered “best practice” in outsourcing. There is ample evidence that some of these views on outsourcing are changing and will continue to change during the 1990s. This paper offers eight central propositions on logistics outsourcing with special emphasis on warehousing. The paper briefly reviews selected foundation literature in the area and then shapes the eight propositions. Findings are reviewed from an empirical study of U.S. firms. Among the findings are that there are significant differences across industries in their use of outsourcing. Each of the propositions are examined in turn, the evidence reviewed and conclusions and implications presented. The thrust of the findings suggest a new level of consideration for outsourcing as an element of logistics strategy.
Thorium and uranium M-shell x-ray production by 0.4?4.0 MeV protons and 0.4?6.0 MeV helium ions

M-shell x-ray production cross sections for thorium and uranium have been determined for protons of energies 0.4–4.0 MeV and helium ions of energies 0.4–6.0 MeV. The M-shell line and total M-shell x-ray production cross sections are compared to the predictions of the first Born approximation and ECUSAR ionization theory using recently recommended atomic parameters. Both theories are in good agreement with the data for protons and He ions above 1 MeV. The data of others for energies above 1 MeV protons on uranium, however, fall significantly under the present measurements. Below 1 MeV, with decreasing energy of these projectiles, the first Born approximation increasingly overestimates our measurements while the ECUSAR theory underestimates them to a similar degree. The same trends are seen versus the data of others.
The two-dimensional energy budget of a forest edge with field measurements at a forest-parking lot interface

Abstract The two-dimensional energy exchanges at a forest edge are described with a “box” model. The magnitudes and diurnal fluctuations of the various fluxes at an oak forest—asphalt parking-lot edge are estimated from field measurements of radiant energy fluxes and horizontal and vertical air temperature and vapor pressure gradients. The flux estimates indicate that the energy radiated and advected through the forest edge was utilized to increase both the evapotranspiration rates and the vertical sensible heat flux from the stand edge.