cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Super-Peer Availability Prediction Strategy in Unstructured P2P Network

For the last few years, there has been a large volume of research on Peer-to-Peer (P2P) system, resulting in many hybrid P2P models. This model is important to keep a high available SP because all P2P overlay traffic will be routed via the SP. Main purpose of this paper is to improve SP’s availability for OPs so that the system selects the peer with the potential to go the longest without needing replacement. In order to achieve the goal, we study a peer’s availability prediction based on analysis of SP’s characteristics and past behavior. Based on these, we propose various replacement policies and evaluate them through experiments. This paper can improve the resilience of the system by improving the availability of SPs selected by OPs. Second, we analyze inherent SP’s characteristics and its past behavior and discuss which factors affect the performance of the system. Finally, we show that predicted residual lifetime can help us understand the benefits of replacement policies.
Deficits in Striatal Dopamine and Hippocampal Serotonin Following Induction of Anxiety/Depressive-Like Behaviors by Bisphenol A

Background: Anxiety and depression are common nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Objectives: We investigated whether Bisphenol A (BPA) is capable of inducing anxiety/depressive-like behaviors and neurotransmitter alterations that are similar to those observed in PD. Materials and Methods: To test this hypothesis, we used a zebrafish animal model and conducted behavioral and histological assays. Results: BPA produced anxiety/depression-like behavioral signs for 14 days following administration. Altered behavioral responses were accompanied by reductions of striatal dopamine transporter, and decrease in hippocampal 5-HT content. Conclusions: These results suggest that the nigrostriatal pathway might play a role in the etiology of anxiety/depression. Furthermore, dopamine transporter function, in particular, might play a critical role in the pathophysiology of anxiety/depression.
STUDIES OF THE CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE ADJOINT APPROACHES TO VISCOUS AUTOMATIC AERODYNAMIC SHAPE OPTIMIZATION

This paper compares the continuous and discrete viscous adjoint-based automatic aerodynamic optimization. The objective is to study the complexity of the discretization of the adjoint equation for both the continuous and discrete approach, the accuracy of the resulting estimate of the gradient, and its impact on the computational cost to approach an optimum solution. First, this paper presents complete formulations and discretizations of the NavierStokes equations, the continuous viscous adjoint equation and its counterpart the discrete viscous adjoint equation. The differences between the continuous and discrete boundary conditions are also explored. Second, the accuracy of the sensitivity derivatives obtained from continuous and discrete adjoint-based equations are compared to complexstep gradients. Third, the adjoint equations and its corresponding boundary conditions are formulated to quantify the influence of geometry modifications on the pressure distribution at an arbitrary remote location within the domain of interest. Finally, applications are presented for inverse, pressure and skin friction drag minimization, and sonic boom minimization problems.
Studies of diffused boron emitters: saturation current, bandgap narrowing, and surface recombination velocity

The emitter saturation current density, J/sub 0/ was measured on diffused boron emitters in silicon for the case in which the emitter surface is passivated by a thermal oxide and for the case in which Al/Si is deposited on the emitter surface. The oxide-passivated emitters have a surface recombination velocity, s, which is near its lowest technologically achievable value. In contrast, the emitters with Al/Si on the surface have surface recombination velocities which approach the maximum possible value of s. From the J/sub 0/ measurements, the apparent bandgap narrowing as a function of boron doping was found. Using this bandgap narrowing data, the surface recombination velocity at the Si/SiO/sub 2/ interface was extracted for surface boron concentrations from 3*10/sup 17/ to 3*10/sup 19/ cm/sup -3/. >
Multi-scale techniques for document page segmentation

Page segmentation algorithms found in published literatures often rely on some predetermined parameters such as general font sizes, distances between text lines and document scan resolutions. Variations of these parameters in real document images greatly affect the performance of the algorithms. In this paper, we present a novel approach for document page segmentation using a multi-scale technique. An efficient implementation of a local connectivity algorithm transforms a document image into a parameter domain in which a parameter value at a pixel location represents a connectivity property for its neighboring foreground pixels in the original document image. Then a top-down approach with a linear search reveals the document regions at each scale levels as text block, text lines and graphics. We consider our algorithm a transform based multi-scale method. Our ongoing research shows that the algorithm is robust for variations of document parameters.
Charging Nanowalls: Adjusting the Carbon Nanotube Isoelectric Point via Surface Functionalization

Controlling the point of zero charge (PZC) of carbon nanotubes is important for depositing finely dispersed metal nanoparticles from precursors in solution for fabricating chemical and biological sensor and catalyst surfaces. HiPco single-walled carbon nanotubes (p-SWNTs) were functionalized with carboxylic acid (COOH-SWNT), nitroso (NO-SWNT), and maleic anhydride (MA-SWNT) groups. The presence of attached moieties on the carbon nanotube surface was verified using X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopies. PZC measurements (in parentheses) were in the descending order: NO-SWNTs (7.5) > p-SWNTs (3.5) > MA-SWNTs (2.0) > COOH-SWNTs (1.2). The trend in measured PZC values correlated with the electron withdrawing character of the attached moieties, consistent with Hammett σ constants. Variations in the electron withdrawing character of the moieties led to SWNTs with differing semiconducting character, as observed in the UV−vis-NIR E11 semiconducting region and R...
Electrical properties of high-quality ultrathin nitride/oxide stack dielectrics

The electrical properties of ultrathin nitride/oxide (N/O) stack dielectrics (2-4 nm), produced by in-situ jet vapor deposition (JVD), have been studied in some detail. Both theoretical calculation and experimental data show that the leakage current in the N/O stack is substantially lower than that in the single oxide layer of the same equivalent oxide thickness (EOT). When compared to the single nitride layer, the N/O stack yields a lower leakage current in the 3-nm thickness regime. In the 2-nm thickness regime, however, the leakage currents in the single nitride layer and the N/O stack are comparable. The tunneling current in the N/O stack depends not only on the thickness combination of the nitride and the oxide layers, but also on the injection polarity. Other important electrical properties of the N/O stack, including time-dependent-dielectric-breakdown (TDDB), stress-induced leakage current (SILC), carrier trapping, and interface characteristics are also reported. High quality field-effect transistors have been made of the N/O stack, and their properties will be reported.
Electrophysiological insights into language processing in schizophrenia.

Deficits in language comprehension in schizophrenia were examined using event-related potentials (ERPs). Schizophrenic and healthy participants read sentences in which the first clause ended with a homograph, and the second clause started with a target word that was semantically related to the homograph's dominant meaning (e.g., 1. Diving was forbidden from the bridge because the river had rocks in it. or 2. The guests played bridge because the river had rocks in it.). Processing of the targets (e.g., “river”) was expected to be primarily influenced by the preceding overall sentence context (congruent in 1; incongruent in 2) in healthy participants, but to be inappropriately affected by the dominant meaning of homographs (e.g., the “structure” meaning of “bridge”) in sentences like 2 in schizophrenic patients. The N400 ERP component that is known to be sensitive to contextual effects during language processing confirmed these predictions. This showed that language abnormalities in schizophrenia may be related to deficient processing of context-irrelevant semantic representations of words from the discourse.
Natural variation in cardiac metabolism and gene expression in Fundulus heteroclitus.

Individual variation in gene expression is important for evolutionary adaptation1,2 and susceptibility to diseases and pathologies3,4. In this study, we address the functional importance of this variation by comparing cardiac metabolism to patterns of mRNA expression using microarrays. There is extensive variation in both cardiac metabolism and the expression of metabolic genes among individuals of the teleost fish Fundulus heteroclitus from natural outbred populations raised in a common environment: metabolism differed among individuals by a factor of more than 2, and expression levels of 94% of genes were significantly different (P < 0.01) between individuals in a population. This unexpectedly high variation in metabolic gene expression explains much of the variation in metabolism, suggesting that it is biologically relevant. The patterns of gene expression that are most important in explaining cardiac metabolism differ between groups of individuals. Apparently, the variation in metabolism seems to be related to different patterns of gene expression in the different groups of individuals. The magnitude of differences in gene expression in these groups is not important; large changes in expression have no greater predictive value than small changes. These data suggest that variation in physiological performance is related to the subtle variation in gene expression and that this relationship differs among individuals.
No place like home: an experimental comparison of reintroduction strategies using snakes

Summary 1. The practice of deliberately moving animals from one site to another for conservation is increasing as a tool to re-establish extirpated populations. Resource managers are faced with developing strategies for reintroduction attempts, but often lack experimentally derived evidence upon which to base decisions. 2. Using the northern water snake Nerodia sipedon sipedon in the USA, we compared the behaviour and performance of resident snakes with that of individuals translocated directly from the wild to a nearby nature reserve or reared in captivity prior to translocation. 3. Both translocated groups had low survivorship relative to resident snakes, but the proximal causes of their poor performance differed considerably. Captive-reared snakes exhibited restricted surface activity and movements and abnormal habitat use, and ultimately failed to maintain appropriate body temperature and body mass, with high mortality associated with the overwintering period. Wild snakes directly translocated to an unfamiliar site maintained body temperatures and growth comparable with residents, but their more extensive movements resulted in frequent excursions off reserve and high mortality. 4. Synthesis and applications. We contend that an individual’s prior experience is an important factor in determining their behaviour and performance during the phase of early establishment at an unfamiliar site. This suggests the existence of common underlying mechanisms influencing the outcome of reintroduction attempts, and provides a potentially useful framework for improving reintroduction efforts. Resource managers would likely improve success of reintroductions by matching habitats (and associated resources and conditions) between source and release sites, by temporarily confining animals in enclosures that force new associations to be made while limiting exploratory wanderings, or by enrichment of environmental conditions in captivity.
Biological Activity of Bacterial Derived Human Growth Hormone in Adipose Tissue of Hypophysectomized Rats

Segments of epididymal fat from hypophysectomized rats were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer for 1-4 h. Responses to three bacterially synthesized human GH (hGH) preparations were compared with responses to two highly purified pituitary hGH preparations. Hormones of both bacterial and pituitary origin increased the rate of oxidation of [U14C] glucose to 14CO2 and antagonized epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis. These insulin-like effects were produced over a range of 30-300 ng/ml hGH, and their concentration dependence was quite similar regardless of the source of hormone. Exposure of tissues to GH in the first hour of incubation makes them refractory to the insulin-like actions of a test dose of GH added in the fourth hour of incubation. hGH of either pituitary or bacterial origin also appeared to be equipotent in producing such refractoriness. The minimal effective concentration for this response fell between 10 and 30 ng/ml. Hormones from both sources were also capable of displacing 125I-labeled hGH from specific binding sites on isolated adipocytes, and the displacement curves were superimposable. Fifty percent displacement was seen at concentrations in the range of 10-20 ng/ml. Cell preparations produced a delayed increase in lipolysis which was evident in the presence of 0.3 mg/ml of theophylline in the fourth hour of incubation. In this regard, two of the bacterial hGH preparations were more potent than pituitary hGH and produced statistically significant increases in lipolysis at concentrations 10-30 times lower than pituitary hGH studied simultaneously in tissues of the same rats. Despite the presence of less than 1% contamination with bacterial protein, the greater potency of the bacterial hGH may be due to material of bacterial origin, since one bacterial hGH preparation, which was further purified to remove 99% of the remaining bacterial contamination was equipotent with pituitary hGH. These data indicate that a protein hormone synthesized in bacteria, and therefore likely to be free of peptides which might contaminate hGH purified from pituitary extracts, has all of the diverse physiological effects in adipose tissue that have been observed with preparations of GH derived from pituitary glands. These findings lend strong support to the conclusion that both insulin-like and lipolytic actions of GH are intrinsic properties of the molecule and cannot be attributed to contaminants present in the pituitary extract.
Lake Whitefish in Lake Champlain after Commercial Fishery Closure and Ecosystem Changes

Abstract Lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis were commercially fished in Lake Champlain until the 1913 fishery closure in U.S. waters. The only study of lake whitefish in the lake had been done in the 1930s. Our goals were to compare current biological parameters with historical information and to determine distribution and spatial differences in larval densities, with an emphasis on locating current spawning grounds, to gain insight on the current population in Lake Champlain. Adult lake whitefish (N = 545) were collected from 2006 to 2010 by using gill nets and trawls focused in the Main Lake. Larvae were collected extensively lakewide and intensively at Wilcox Cove and Rockwell Bay with an ichthyoplankton net. Population attributes (size, age, and sex composition; and growth, condition, and mortality) were typical of unexploited populations, as there was a wide range of length-classes (126–638 mm total length) and age-classes (1–26 years). Lake whitefish from the Main Lake had a high condition factor...
A note to robustness analysis of the hybrid consensus protocols

The averaging problem for networked systems has attracted a significant amount of research interest these days. Averaging protocol design is much more challenging, whereas hybrid protocols seem to display some advantages, such as relatively fast consensus in finite time. As is well known, noise exists at nearly every stage of the control process, so it is necessary to consider the noise effects on consensus protocols. In this paper, we study the effect of noise on two types of hybrid consensus protocols, which turn out to exhibit strong robustness. Noise as a constant is investigated in detail, and a hybrid formation control protocol is proposed.
Single Nanostructure Electrochemical Devices for Studying Electronic Properties and Structural Changes in Lithiated Si Nanowires

Nanostructured Si is a promising anode material for the next generation of Li-ion batteries, but few studies have focused on the electrical properties of the Li-Si alloy phase, which are important for determining power capabilities and ensuring suffi cient electrical conduction in the electrode structure. Here, we demonstrate an electrochemical device framework suitable for testing the electrical properties of single Si nanowires (NWs) at different lithiation states and correlating these properties with structural changes via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We fi nd that single Si NWs usually exhibit Ohmic I – V response in the lithiated state, with conductivities two to three orders of magnitude higher than in the delithiated state. After a number of sequential lithiation/delithiation cycles, the single NWs show similar conductivity after each lithiation step but show large variations in conductivity in the delithiated state. Finally, devices with groups of NWs in physical contact were fabricated, and structural changes in the NWs were observed after lithiation to investigate how the electrical resistance of NW junctions and the NWs themselves affect the lithiation behavior. The results suggest that electrical resistance of NW junctions can limit lithiation. Overall, this study shows the importance of investigating the electronic properties of individual components of a battery electrode (single nanostructures in this case) along with studying the nature of interactions within a collection of these component structures.
Effect of artificial insemination on frequency of undesirable recessive genes.

Abstract Reduction in the frequency of undesirable recessive genes is examined for several combinations of initial gene frequencies and number of offspring obtained by random mating of young sires to the population. Only sires not having affected offspring are then returned to heavy use. Such selection can very rapidly reduce the number of affected offspring, if the initial gene frequency is high or if the number of tested offspring is 200–500 for lower gene frequencies. For some combinations, frequency of affected offspring in the population is higher after two or three generations of selection than in the first generation of selection. With high initial gene frequencies, practically all heterozygous males are detected and culled during the test period, resulting in practically no affected offspring in the first generation. The population gene frequency remains relatively high, due to the influence of the unselected females. In the next generation the heterozygous males are not detected with high probability and the frequency of affected offspring increases above that of the first generation. After the new peak of affected offspring is reached in a few generations, frequency drops, as expected.
Surgical management of groin pain of neural origin

Abstract Background: An approach to surgical management of the patient with groin pain is described based on our experience with 54 patients, six of whom had bilateral symptoms. History and physical examination are sufficient to relate the pain to one or more of the lateral femoral cutaneous (LFC), ilioinguinal (II), iliohypogastric (IH), or genitofemoral (GF) nerves. Study Design: Retrospective analysis of patients with groin pain is reported, with emphasis on cause, involved nerves, and outcomes of operative management. The LFC was decompressed. The II, IH, and GF nerves were resected. Outcomes were graded as excellent, good, and poor in terms of pain relief and functional restoration. Results: For the entire series of patients with painful groins, excellent relief of pain was achieved in 68% and restoration of function achieved in 72%. Ten percent had a poor result. The best results were for II and IH, which were 78% and 83% excellent for both pain relief and restoration of function, with 11% and 17% having a poor result, respectively. The worst results were for the small group of patients with a GF problem, 50% of whom had an excellent and 25% a poor result. Patients who were likely to get an LFC entrapment were those with a nerve located above or within the inguinal ligament. Complications included bruising and cautery injury to the LFC. Conclusions: Groin pain of neural origin can be relieved with a high degree of patient satisfaction by considering whether one or more of four different nerves are the source of that pain, by realizing that symptoms can be referred to regions other than the groin, such as the pelvic viscera (IH), the knee (LFC), and the testicle (GF), and by treating the appropriate nerve(s) by either neurolysis (LFC) or resection.
A comparison of the allergic responses induced by Penicillium chrysogenum and house dust mite extracts in a mouse model.

UNLABELLED A report by the Institute of Medicine suggested that more research is needed to better understand mold effects on allergic disease, particularly asthma development. We compared the ability of the fungal Penicillium chrysogenum (PCE) and house dust mite (HDM) extracts to induce allergic responses in BALB/c mice. The extracts were administered by intratracheal aspiration (IA) at several doses (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μg) four times over a 4-week period. Three days after the last IA exposure, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected. The relative allergenicity of the extracts was evaluated based on the lowest dose able to induce a significant response compared to control (0 μg) and the robustness of the response. PCE induced the most robust response at the lowest dose for most endpoints examined: BALF total, macrophage, neutrophil, and eosinophil cell counts, and antigen-specific IgE. Taken together, our data suggest that PCE may induce a more robust allergic and inflammatory response at lower doses than HDM. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Our data suggest that Penicillium chrysogenum is a robust allergen and may be a more potent allergen source than house dust mite (HDM) in this mouse model. Two critical factors in the development of human allergic disease, exposure levels and sensitization thresholds, are unknown for most allergens including molds/fungi. Human exposure levels are not within the scope of this article. However, the data presented suggest a threshold dose for the induction of allergic responsiveness to P. chrysogenum. Additionally, P. chrysogenum as well as other molds may play an important role in asthma development in our society.
Use of Tissue-Tinted Porcelain to Restore Soft-Tissue Defects

Anterior, partially edentulous residual ridges often have hard-tissue and soft-tissue defects that create esthetic and functional problems when conventional fixed prostheses are used to replace the missing teeth. However, tissue-tinted porcelain can be used in conjunction with fixed prostheses to solve many of these problems. Proper prosthesis design and shade matching are important considerations in the fabrication of fixed prostheses that incorporate tissue-tinted porcelain to restore hard-tissue and soft-tissue defects.
The laryngeal chemoreflex: an evaluation of the normoxic response.

Objectives: The laryngeal chemoreflex is a reflexive central apnea, bradycardia, and cardiovascular collapse that occurs in young, maturing mammals in response to exposure of the laryngeal mucosa to acidic and/or organic stimuli. The severity of the laryngeal chemoreflex varies within a species from one animal to another, and in some animals, the response can be fatal. This study seeks to identify those factors that contribute to fatal laryngeal chemoreflex responses when the larynx is stimulated under normoxic conditions, and to define how the normoxic response differs from the hypoxic laryngeal chemoreflex response. Study Design: This is a prospective study evaluating the response to laryngeal stimulation of 80 newborn piglets. Methods: The laryngeal chemoreflex response was elicited from 67 piglets under normoxic conditions. The data were collected from a combination of three separate experimental protocols, each of which included inducing the laryngeal chemoreflex under normoxic conditions as the first step. The physiologic response was recorded with a combination of arterial blood gas, pulse oximetry, blood pressure, and continuous cardiac monitoring. Results: Resumption of respirations occurred when the pCO2 rose by a mean of 8.34 (Standard Deviation [SD] = 4.8) mmHg, regardless of response severity (ANOVA, P > .05). Moderate (requiring supplemental O2 for recovery) and profound (fatal) responders had a significantly higher prestimulation pCO2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 39.8–44.8 mmHg and 40.5–46.4 mmHg, respectively) than did mild (recovery without assistance) responders (95% CI 36.8–40.8 mmHg, ANOVA, P < .05). Baseline pH was statistically significantly different as a function of response severity (95% CI profound: 7.29–7.37, moderate: 7.33–7.38, and mild 7.36–7.39, P < .05). Conclusions: Accumulation of arterial CO2 is associated with resumption of respirations during the normoxic laryngeal chemoreflex. The combination of an elevated prestimulation pCO2 and a low prestimulation pH predicts a profound laryngeal chemoreflex response under normoxic conditions. Laryngoscope, 119:370–379, 2009
Scaling sun and shade photosynthetic acclimation of Alocasia macrorrhiza to whole-plant performance – I. Carbon balance and allocation at different daily photon flux densities

We determined the carbon allocation patterns and construction costs of Alocasia macrorrhiza plants grown at different photon flux densities (PFD) as well as the whole-plant carbon gain of these plants at different daily PFDs. Growth at high PFD resulted in thicker leaves with a higher leaf mass per unit area, and increased biomass allocation to petioles and roots, as compared to growth at low PFD. Increased allocation to petioles may have been necessary to support the heavier leaves, whereas increased allocation to roots may have been necessary to supply sufficient water for the higher transpiration rates in high PFD. Root biomass was highly correlated with the daily, whole-plant transpiration rate. Tissue construction costs per unit dry mass were unchanged by acclimation, but, since the mass per unit areas of leaves, roots and petioles all increased, construction costs per unit leaf area were much higher for plants grown at high PFD. On a per unit leaf area basis, daily whole-plant carbon gain measured at high daily PFD was higher in high- than in low-PFD-grown plants. However, on a per unit leaf mass basis, low-PFD-grown plants had a daily carbon gain at least as high as that of high-PFD-grown plants at high daily PFD. At low daily PFD, low-PFD-grown plants maintained an advantage over high-PFD-grown plants in terms of carbon gain because of their larger leaf area ratios. Thus, in terms of carbon gain, low-PFD-grown plants performed better than sun plants at low PFD and as well as high-PFD-grown plants at high PFD, despite their lower photosynthetic capacities per unit area. For high-PFD-grown plants, the higher construction costs per unit leaf area resulted in lower leaf area ratios, which counteracted the advantage of higher photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area.
Apolactoferrin inhibits the catalytic domain of matrix metalloproteinase-2 by zinc chelation.

Lactoferrin (LTF) is a multifunctional iron-binding protein that is also capable of binding other divalent metal cations, especially Zn2+. Recent investigations indicate that lactoferrin levels are...
Modelling of Sub-Critical Flaw Growth in Three Dimensional Crack Problems

The most frequent chronology of events leading to service fractures in metal parts begins with a defect or tiny flaw, usually on an exposed surface near a re-entrant corner, which enlarges under the action of repeated (vibratory, fatigue, etc.) loading until it reaches a critical size, after which catastrophic fracture results. The problem geometry which exists during this sub-critical flaw growth period is often quite complex, involving irregular body boundaries and often non-planar cracks and/or curved crack fronts. Such problems can readily be identified as three dimensional (3D) cracked, finite body problems where the stress intensity factor (SIF) varies along the flaw border. These problems have resisted efforts of applied mathematicians to render them tractable in modelling such problems numerically [1–4]. A major difficulty has been lack of knowledge of the crack shape during sub-critical flaw growth and its influence upon the SIF distribution.
Estimating the recombination parameter of a finite population model without selection.

An estimator is proposed for the parameter C = 4Nc. where N is the population size and c is the recombination rate. The estimator is appropriate for use with sequence or restriction site data from random samples from within populations. Properties of the estimator are investigated for an infinite-sites neutral model using Monte Carlo simulations. The median and mode of the distribution of the estimator are close to the true value for all parameter values examined, but large data sets are required to obtain reliable estimates.
The Air-permeability of Non-woven Fabrics

(1976). The Air-permeability of Non-woven Fabrics. The Journal of The Textile Institute: Vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 220-224.
Research and Civil Engineering Education

From a survey of research in civil engineering departments in colleges of the United States, it has been found that the level of support from all sources including the colleges themselves is, as of...
Milk | Milks of Other Domesticated Mammals (Pigs, Yaks, Reindeer, etc.)

Although dairy cows produce the greatest amount of world milk supply, mostly from developed countries, the milks of other minor domesticated species are more important than bovine milk in certain regions of the world. Due to the unavailability of bovine milk, the milks of these minor species provide basic nutrition and subsistence to specific populations of the world. Knowledge of sow milk is also useful for human nutrition and health research since sows have a similar monogastric system to humans. Information on the milks of minor domesticated species is very limited, because they are produced only in specific regions and limited studies have been conducted. The milks of these minor species generally have significantly higher total solids, protein, fat, and ash than bovine milk. Data on the composition of these milks vary due to bias or the lack of standards in feeding, stage of lactation, sample numbers, analytical procedures, and so on. This article focuses on the milk of minor domesticated species, including pig, yak, reindeer, musk ox, llama, and alpaca.
Race and access to mental health and substance abuse treatment in the criminal justice system

ABSTRACTWe study racial disparities in treatment for substance abuse/mental illness in the justice system by interviewing Parole Officers (POs). POs report financial and cultural barriers to mental health treatment for most parolees, but suggest that substance abuse treatment is adequate. Inadequacies regarding culturally competent providers are noted, and these inadequacies may affect retention and success in treatment. POs' race can affect interpretations of race-based disparity and many POs struggle with believing parolees who report racist treatment. Results suggest more research to understand the unique experiences parolees of color face as they navigate the mental health and substance abuse treatment environment.
Blood flow through the embryonic heart outflow tract during cardiac looping in HH13–HH18 chicken embryos

Blood flow is inherently linked to embryonic cardiac development, as haemodynamic forces exerted by flow stimulate mechanotransduction mechanisms that modulate cardiac growth and remodelling. This study evaluated blood flow in the embryonic heart outflow tract (OFT) during normal development at each stage between HH13 and HH18 in chicken embryos, in order to characterize changes in haemodynamic conditions during critical cardiac looping transformations. Two-dimensional optical coherence tomography was used to simultaneously acquire both structural and Doppler flow images, in order to extract blood flow velocity and structural information and estimate haemodynamic measures. From HH13 to HH18, peak blood flow rate increased by 2.4-fold and stroke volume increased by 2.1-fold. Wall shear rate (WSR) and lumen diameter data suggest that changes in blood flow during HH13-HH18 may induce a shear-mediated vasodilation response in the OFT. Embryo-specific four-dimensional computational fluid dynamics modelling at HH13 and HH18 complemented experimental observations and indicated heterogeneous WSR distributions over the OFT. Characterizing changes in haemodynamics during cardiac looping will help us better understand the way normal blood flow impacts proper cardiac development.
Newborn With Respiratory Distress and Abdominal Distention

A term newborn presents with respiratory distress and significant abdominal distention after birth (Figure 1). Figure 1. Abdominal radiograph. ### Prenatal and Birth Histories: ### Presentation: The infant responded well to blow by oxygen, and respiratory distress improved without significant further interventions. Abdominal radiography (Figure 1) was performed immediately to assess level of abdominal distention and revealed left upper quadrant calcifications and a nonobstructive gas pattern with paucity of bowel gas in the left abdomen. Given these unusual findings in an otherwise healthy term infant, the patient then underwent complete abdominal ultrasonography, which revealed a sizeable 9-cm mass that extended from the left kidney and adrenal gland to past the midline in the upper abdomen and ascites. The outside hospital neonatologist then scheduled an urgent transfer of this patient to a children’s hospital for further evaluation and assessment. On arrival at the children’s hospital, the following were observed: ### Vital Signs:
The Effect of Air Velocity on Thermal Comfort

Experiment 1 investigated oscillating vs fixed fans. Eight males were exposed to seven conditions in each of three temperatures (25.6, 27.8, and 30 C (78, 82, 86 F); all at 50% rh). The seven conditions were: still air, velocity of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 m/s from a fixed fan, and mean velocity of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 m/s from an oscillating fan. For equal comfort, for every increase of mean air velocity of 0.1 m/s (between 0.4 and 1.2 m/s), environmental temperature can be increased by .27 C for the oscillating fan and by 0.40 C for the fixed fan. At the same mean velocity, oscillating fans are voted more comfortable than fixed fans.Experiment 2 investigated the effect of a small directional axial-flow desk fan on comfort at 26.1 C (79 F). The 16 females tested fan off vs a 1.5 m/s flow on all six combinations of: torso vs face impact of air stream, and impact from straight ahead, 30° to the right, and 60° to the right. Angle was not significant. The use of the fan was equivalent to a decrease of air temperature o...
Research on Well Trajectory Visualization Technology Based on Polygon Modeling Structure Method

Describe wellbore trajectory in 3-D with 3-D visible technology,analyze those methods of usual polygon modeling structure,parameterized camber structure,subdivided camber structure.Based on the method of polygon modeling structure, we take advantage of OpenGL language to find wellbore the trajectory structure and the way that displays it.As a result,visible model used for the description of wellbore trajectory is formed. Meanwhile we construct the 3D display model of well trajectory (design trajectory,real drilling trajectory).It meets the demand of real time monitoring,analyzing,interpreting both MWD data and drilling data.
Scalable scheduling for hardware-accelerated functional verification

We consider an application of scheduling to hardware-accelerated functional verification, a massively-parallel computational paradigm used in the simulation of complex integrated circuits. Our domain requires the compilation of logical primitives into a set of instruction memories that optimize the concurrency and communication between tightly synchronized processing units. The scheduling process is burdened by a complex model in which all logical dependencies must be resolved by a dynamic network of routes that compete for sparsely distributed resources. We describe a series of optimization steps that cooperate to minimize simulation depth while scaling to problem sizes on the order of a billion gates. Our approach targets an industrial acceleration architecture containing 262,144 parallel processors.
Solid deposition in the ITER cryogenic viscous compressor

Abstract A transient model for the ITER cryogenic viscous compressor (CVC) is presented. The CVC is designed to separate hydrogen isotopes from helium in the gas-mixture exhaust from the ITER torus. During their residence in the CVC, hydrogen isotopes are captured along the pump wall while helium flows through. The CVC thereby provides the first stage of helium compression. The transient model characterizes the transport phenomena (species, momentum, and energy) that occur in the CVC. The numerical results are compared with experimental data from a scaled down test of the ITER CVC using pure hydrogen. Although the model has been developed for a hydrogen–helium mixture, it is simplified here in order to compare with the experimental data. The transient model, along with other numerical models we have developed, provide guidance for the design and optimization of the ITER CVC. The model can also be a useful tool or a reference for similar analyses, such as those for cryogenic carbon capture and air ingress in vacuum isolated cryogenic vessels.
Novel Video-FRAP Method for the Determination of Anisotropic Diffusion: Principles and Optimization

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is an established technique for determining solute diffusivity in biological tissues. Recently, we proposed a novel fluorescence photobleaching method, based on two independent analyses of the video-FRAP image series: the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT). In this study, the principles of this method are illustrated, and its optimization is discussed.
The Communication Play Protocol: Capturing Variations in Language Development.

The Communication Play Protocol (CPP) is semi-naturalistic, lab-based observational procedure that produces high quality video records of parent-child interactions. This article reflects on how the...
Developing performance models for treated gravel roads to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using dust chemical treatments

The objective of this study is to develop a long-term performance model to predict the service life of treated gravel roads. Fugitive dust emissions from 11 recently treated gravel roads located in...
Outcomes after fecal diversion for colonic and perianal Crohn disease in children.

Abstract Background Temporary fecal diversion by means of an ileostomy or colostomy has been used in the surgical management of refractory colonic and perianal Crohn disease (CD). The aims of our study were to evaluate the outcomes after fecal diversion in pediatric patients with colonic and perianal CD. Methods The records of patients who underwent fecal diversion for colonic and perianal CD at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin between July 2000 and June 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. Patient demographics, medication use, onset and extent of disease, response to fecal diversion, rate of stoma reversal and relapse rate after stoma reversal were recorded. Results We identified 28 consecutive patients (20 females, 8 males; median age 13.9years) undergoing fecal diversion for refractory colonic (n=21) and perianal CD (n=7). Median duration of follow-up after fecal diversion was 2.26years (range, 0.79–10.2years). The response to fecal diversion was sustained clinical remission in 13/28 (46%), temporary clinical remission in 10/28 (36%), no change in 5/28 (18%). Intestinal continuity was restored in 14/28 (50%) patients; however, 3 (21%) required permanent stoma after reconnection. Classification tree analysis identified that female patients without perianal CD had higher rates of stoma reversal (p=0.008). Conclusions Fecal diversion can induce remission in pediatric patients with refractory colonic and perianal CD. Restoration of intestinal continuity was achieved in about 39%. Female patients without perianal CD carried no risk of a permanent stoma. Level of evidence Level III study.
Identifying appropriate interruption-handling strategies during healthcare care processes

Interruptions are a salient component of healthcare care work. While there is a significant amount of literature studying interruptions in inpatient care, most of it focuses on retrospectively asse...
Toward a Latinx digital humanities pedagogy: remixing, reassembling, and reimagining the archive

This essay considers the teaching of the Latinx nineteenth century as a starting point for elucidating the unique interplay between pedagogy, epistemology, and ontology in our digital age. I argue ...
Implementation methodology of industrial and automotive ESD, EFT and surge generator models which predict EMC robustness on ICs and systems

This paper presents a novel methodology to develop and validate disturbance generator models for a virtual EMC lab. New simulation models for ESD, EFT and Surge stimuli have been created and verified on a wide range of load conditions.
A displacement-softening contact model for discrete element modeling of quasi-brittle materials

Abstract A displacement-softening contact model is proposed to simulate the failure behaviors of quasi-brittle materials using the discrete element method (DEM) based on spherical particles. The contact model is modified from the parallel bond option in the DEM code PFC 2 D / 3 D . By adjusting the softening coefficient, which defines the ratio between the unloading and loading contact stiffnesses in the normal component, the softening contact model can not only yield realistic compressive over tensile strength ratios as high as about 30, but also capture the highly nonlinear failure envelope at the low confining stress range, typical for rocks. Formulation of the contact model is first introduced. Uniaxial compression, direct tension and confined compression/extension tests are then performed in both 2D and 3D to illustrate the effects of the softening coefficient on the micro- and macro-scale failure mechanisms, the stress-strain behaviors and the compressive over tensile strength ratio. Calibration of the mechanical properties is conducted to identify the set of micro-scale parameters for two widely modeled rocks, Lac du Bonnet granite and Berea sandstone. Excellent agreement is achieved between the numerical simulations and the experiments in terms of the uniaxial strengths and the failure envelopes.
Preservation of Waterlogged Wooden Buttons and Threads: A Case Study

A hydroxyl-ended polymer blended with hydrolyzable, multifunctional alkoxysilanes was used to preserve composite artifacts consisting of waterlogged wooden buttons with threads still firmly attached. Excavated from the 17th-century wreck of La Salle’s vessel, La Belle, these artifacts posed a significant conservation challenge. Since previous attempts to remove the threads had caused damage to the underlying wood, the decision was made to conserve the buttons and threads simultaneously, using a silicone oil/cross-linker solution. The buttons were then exposed to vapor catalyzation to complete the polymerization process. After preservation, only minimal shrinkage of the wood and threads was noted.
Eddyville Tree Farm, Oregon, United States of America

The Eddyville Tree Farm, a low elevation tract of 200 acres (81 ha) in the Oregon Coast Range, had been homesteaded for subsistence farming in 1905 after fires had deforested the area. Pastoral management with goats and Merino sheep had favored brush and bracken fern with a few scattered Douglas-fir remnants. The homesteader’s family sold it to Michael and Jane Newton in 1961, when it contained no merchantable timber and only 40 acres (16 ha) with any conifer stocking. The next 53 years reflect what one silviculture-oriented owner accomplished with limited resources and energy and a plan featuring a future dominated by local conifers. It began with afforestation and involved planting large seedlings through dense brush and ferns. Aerial spraying with phenoxy herbicides followed by glyphosate released the conifers to form Douglas-fir dominant stands that included western hemlock and a diverse understory. Commercial thinning and even-aged management in patches of about 10–20 acres (4–8 ha) have provided early- and late-seral habitats normally found in much older forests.
RADIATION DAMAGE WITH BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS AND ORGANIC MATERIALS

In this chapter we will use the expression “radiation damage” to refer to any changes in the physical structure or the chemical makeup of the specimen which occur as a result of exposure to the electron beam. The different types of such changes that can occur are indeed quite diverse. Furthermore, the electron exposure that results in major structural or chemical changes varies according to the type of specimen being observed and according to the type of “damage endpoint” that is being studied. For further details, beyond what is described here, the reader is referred to a number of recent reviews on the subject of radiation damage in biological and organic materials (COSSLETT, 1978; ISAACSON, 1977; SEVERAL AUTHORS, 1975).
What's New in Obstetric Anesthesia: a focus on maternal morbidity and mortality.

Abstract The Ostheimer lecture is given each year at the annual meeting of the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology. It summarizes “What’s New in Obstetric Anesthesia” based on a systematic evaluation of the relevant literature published in the previous calendar year. In this review I consider studies published in 2016 focused on the prevalence of, and risk factors for, maternal morbidity and mortality. I also discuss novel therapeutic approaches to the prevention and treatment of major sources of maternal morbidity and mortality.
Tarōbō by Rohan Koda: translated into English by Tsutomu Nagata

Rohan Koda (1867-1947) was born toward the very end of the shogun’s reign of Japan and kept writing for six decades, until his death after the end of World War II. Unlike many other intellectuals of his generation, he did not study abroad or receive Westernized higher education. His works are based on East Asian aesthetics and Buddhist philosophy rather than the European literary trends that dominated Japanese literature in his time. In addition to novels and short stories, his works include large number of historical biographies, essays on classic literature or natural history, and annotation of Basho Matsuo’s haiku corpus.
When Did Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Get So Many Factors? Confirmatory Factor Models Since DSM–5:

For over three decades confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has been used to test the construct validity of models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The four symptom dimensions of PTSD in the ...