cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Forms of Deoxyribonucleic Acid-dependent Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase in Xenopus laevis: LEVELS OF ACTIVITY DURING OOCYTE AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

Abstract The amounts of the various forms of RNA polymerase (Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, and III) have been determined in oocytes, eggs, and embryos of Xenopus laevis. During oogenesis the relative proportions of the enzymes remain nearly constant, although the absolute levels of all forms increase dramatically. As a result, the mature oocyte, as well as the unfertilized egg, contains 4 to 5 orders of magnitude more RNA polymerase activity than is present in an individual somatic cell. Both oocytes and eggs contain unusually high levels of forms III and IIa in addition to forms I and IIb which predominate in somatic cells. The amounts and relative proportions of the five enzymes in the unfertilized egg remain about the same up to gastrulation of the embryo. During subsequent stages of embryogenesis the total amounts of forms I and IIb increase about 10-fold while the amounts of forms IIa and III increase only slightly. The rapid increase in cell number along with this selective increase in forms I and IIb during early development re-establishes the same relative and absolute enzyme levels per cell in the swimming embryo that are present in adult somatic cells. Anucleolate mutant embryos at the early swimming stage have the same amount of each enzyme as do control embryos. Furthermore the relative amounts of the various enzymes in purified nuclei are the same in anucleolate embryos as they are in control embryos. Chromatographic heterogeneity in enzyme I was found at all stages of oocyte maturation and throughout embryogenesis of control and anucleolate mutant embryos.
Reevaluation of the California Corpus Delicti Rule: A Response to the Invitation of Proposition 8

Courts throughout the United States have long recognized the importance of protecting criminal defendants from convictions based on unreliable extrajudicial confessions. This Comment demonstrates that the corpus delicti rule, as applied in California, does not effectively serve that goal. The author argues that the rule itself is inefficient and subject to abuse by defense counsel, and that California courts have interpreted the rule in such a way as to destroy its protective value. The author then analyzes the corpus delicti rule in light of section 28(d), the "Right to Truth-inEvidence" provision added to the California Constitution in 1982 by voter initiative. The author concludes that section 28(d) abrogated the corpus delicti rule and that the California Legislature should seize upon this opportunity to clarify the state policy regarding extrajudicial confession evidence by adopting a flexible confession corroboration rule similar to that of the federal courts.
Marketing Electronic Reserves at a University Library: Start Spreading the News

SUMMARY Jacksonville State University's Cole Library implemented electronic course reserves in 2002. As with any new service, a marketing plan was prepared to ensure success. This article details the methods used to market the new service to the faculty and students at JSU. Included is a discussion of some unexpected benefits of the marketing effort and how to address resistance to the change from a traditional print service to an electronic service. This article will help fill a gap in the literature by describing one library's attempt at marketing electronic reserves to ensure a smooth transition from traditional reserves to electronic.
Varying hyponatremia in a patient with carcinoma.

A 52-year-old man with a long history of smoking presents with weight loss and several days of vomiting and diarrhea due to gastroenteritis. Physical examination on admission reveals an ill-appearing man, looking older than his stated age. His blood pressure is 130/85 supine and 115/80 upright. Skin turgor is mildly reduced and estimated jugular venous pressure is 2 cm H20. No other pertinent fmdings are present. A chest x-ray demonstrates a lesion in the right hilum that is suspicious of malignancy and later proves to be an oat cell carcinoma. Plasma and urine electrolytes are drawn and the results are depicted in Table 1. It is felt that volume depletion from gastrointestinal losses may be responsible for the initial hyponatremia. As a result, the patient is treated with isotonic saline, given intravenously at 150 mL/h. The plasma sodium concentration initially rises to 126 meq/L, but then falls back to 122 meq/L. Repeat urine electrolytes are obtained.
Abstract 4832: Novel EGFR mutations that cause drug resistance to irreversible pyrimidine but not quinazoline based EGFR inhibitors

Background: Oncogenic EGFR T790M causes drug resistance to quinazoline based EGFR kinase inhibitors by increasing ATP affinity (Yun PNAS 2008). Mutant selective irreversible pyrimidine EGFR kinase inhibitor, WZ4002, is effective in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) models harboring EGFR T790M (Zhou Nature 2009). We aimed to determine potential mechanisms of resistance to WZ4002 and explore alternative strategies to overcome acquired resistance to pyrimidine based EGFR inhibitors. Methods and Results: We performed an ENU mutagenesis screen in Ba/F3 cells expressing EGFR L858R, L858R/T790M, Del E746_A750 and Del E746_A750/T790M followed by culture in the presence of WZ4002 (100 nM or 1 μM). Using RT-PCR, we sequenced resistant clones for secondary EGFR mutations. No EGFR T790M mutations were identified. We detected novel secondary EGFR L718Q (9/27; 33%) or L844V (1/27; 3%) mutations in the drug resistant cells. We also recovered the EGFR C797S (1/27; 3%) mutation previously known to prevent covalent binding and decrease potency of WZ4002. Unlike EGFR T790M, EGFR L718Q and EGFR L844V did not lead to constitutive EGFR phosphorylation, were not transforming in Ba/F3 cells and required EGF for proliferation and survival. The EGFR L858R/L844V Ba/F3 cells were resistant to WZ4002 (IC50 0.7 μM) but sensitive to irreversible quinazoline EGFR inhibitors CL-387,785, HKI-272 (neratinib) and BIBW2992 (afatinib) (IC50 values all Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4832. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4832
Fluoxetine-nortriptyline therapy of treatment-resistant major depression in a geriatric patient.

A case of severe, treatment-resistant major depression in a geriatric patient who ultimately attained full remission on fluoxetine-nortriptyline combination therapy is reported.
The Effects of an Outpatient Practice Guideline at a Teaching Hospital: A Prospective Pilot Study

Abstract Practice guidelines (PGs) are becoming increasingly important in modern medicine. To study the effects of a PG, we performed a pilot study at a large, urban, public teaching hospital according to a prospective, observational research design with both concurrent and historic controls. Specifically, we studied the effects of a multidisciplinary PG for pediatric outpatient tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on the process of health-care delivery. Variables in the health-care process included patient compliance with clinic and surgery appointments, surgery time, operating room turnover, time in recovery room, unplanned admission rate, patient compliance with postoperative follow-up, provider compliance with guidelines, and hospital charges. Patients in the PG were found to have fewer preoperative laboratory tests, decreased duplication of services, and shorter operating room turnover times. Provider compliance with the PG varied by service and was intermittent at first but improved gradually. There was a trend toward improved compliance with postoperative follow-up in patients in the PG. Provider opinions concerning the guideline were positive. This pilot study demonstrates several advantages and disadvantages of the use of PGs in the outpatient setting and in a teaching hospital. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:388-93.)
Unofficial mediation and the Nigeria‐Biafra war

In some state‐ethnoregional conflicts, unofficial mediators can play an important peacemaking role. In the bitter encounter between Nigeria and the secessionist‐minded eastern region (or Biafra) in 1966–70, efforts by various states and international organizations to mediate between the adversaries proved ineffective. Moreover, rather than easing tensions, formal peace talks at Kampala and Addis Ababa proved conflict‐creating, in part because the two sides had sharply contrasting visions of the future. With strong third‐party intervention precluded by the fears and non‐negotiating demands of the adversaries, a credible, impartial conciliator such as the Quakers became a useful alternative. As an unofficial go‐between, Quaker intermediaries did provide a channel of communication between the parties; however, without the resources of a state actor, they were not in a position to exert meaningful pressures or offer attractive inducements to promote peace. It is possible that the behind‐the‐scenes endeavours ...
A nonlinear higher order shear deformation shell element for dynamic explicit analysis: part II. performance validation through standard tests

This work presents the results from a set of verification shell problems used to assess the performance of the higher-order shear deformation shell elements formulated in Part I of the present study. The developed element has been added to the element library of the nonlinear dynamic explicit finite element code DYNA3D. Several standard verification test problems are performed using the code DYNA3D with the developed shell element. Results are presented for different test problems and are compared with experiments and results from other existing shell elements. The good overall performance builds confidence in the formulation and implementation of the proposed higher-order shear deformable element. The superior advantage of the developed element is evident in one of the examples presented for representation of plastic flow through the thickness in isotropic materials. The element can be used in crash and metal forming simulations in local areas of high transverse shear stresses. Local areas of crack in crash applications and splitting in metal forming applications can be modeled more accurately with the developed shell element.
Insulin-like growth factor-I governs submucosal growth and thickness in the newborn mouse ileum.

Spontaneous intestinal perforations in extremely premature infants are associated with glucocorticoid-induced thinning of the ileal bowel wall. We have previously demonstrated that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is abundant within the submucosa of the newborn mouse ileum but is diminished by glucocorticoid exposure, concomitant with bowel wall thinning. These findings prompted us to hypothesize that IGF-I governs submucosal growth during neonatal gut development and that diminished IGF-I abundance results in submucosal thinning. Heterozygous IGF-I knockout, wild type and homozygous IGF-I over-expresser newborn mice were euthanized at 3 d of life. Additionally, wild type newborn mice received daily dexamethasone (DEX) (1μg/gm/d) or vehicle control on days of life 1 and 2 and were also euthanized at 3 d of life. Their ileums were harvested, fixed and the resulting sections were processed in parallel for IGF-I immunohistochemistry and morphometric measurements of submucosal thickness and bowel diameter. Immunolocalization of IGF-I in each genotype was also compared with that seen in DEX-treated and control mice euthanized at the same time of life. IGF-I heterozygous knockouts had diminished submucosal IGF-I immunolocalization (similar to that seen in DEX-treated newborn mice) whereas homozygous IGF-I over-expressers exceeded that seen within wild type mice. IGF-I genotype and submucosal abundance was positively correlated with ileal submucosal thickness. DEX treatment of newborn mice diminished IGF-I and caused significant thinning of the submucosa compared with controls. Submucosal growth and thickness in the neonatal mouse ileum is governed by IGF-I and is diminished by dexamethasone treatment.
Blue starters∷ Brief upward discharges from an intense Arkansas thunderstorm

This paper documents the first observations of a new stratospheric electrical phenomenon associated with thunderstorms. On the night of 30 June (UT 1 July) 1994, 30 examples of these events, which we have called “blue starters,” were observed in a 6 m 44 s interval above the very energetic Arkansas thunderstorm where blue jets were first observed. The blue starters are distinguished from blue jets by a much lower terminal altitude. They are bright and blue in color, and protrude upward from the cloud top (17–18 km) to a maximum 25.5 km (83,655 ft.) in altitude. All blue starters events were recorded from two small areas near Texarkana, Texas/Arkansas where hail 7.0 cm in diameter was falling. Comparison to cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes revealed: 1. Blue starters were not observed to be coincident with either positive or negative CG flashes, but they do occur in the same general area as negative CG flashes; 2. Cumulative distributions of the negative CG flashes in ±5 s before and after the starter and within a radius of 50 km shows a significant reduction for about 3 s following the event in the two cells where starters and jets were observed. The energy deficit is approximately 109 J. It is possible that blue starters are a short-lived streamer phenomenon.
Structure of adsorbed polyampholyte layers at charged objects

We have developed a theory of adsorption of polyampholyte chains at a charged planar surface and a charged spherical particle from dilute low salt solutions. The adsorption is due to the polarization of polyampholyte chains in the external electric field created by charged objects. The equilibrium polymer density profile is determined by the balance of the long-range polarization-induced attraction of polyampholytes to the charged object and the monomer−monomer repulsion. We demonstrate that the long-range nature of polyampholyte adsorption leads to an adsorbed layer much thicker than the size of individual chains. Using the self-consistent mean-field and scaling approaches, we obtain the detailed structure of the adsorbed layers.
The Festival in My Hometown: The Relationships Among Performance Quality, Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions

Despite the high volume of research on festivals in Western cultures and the incredible growth of festivals over recent decades, little empirical research has been conducted on festivals in Thailand, many of which have existed more than 100 years. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the motivations that drive people to attend the Tenth Month Merit-Making Festival (TMMF) in Nakhon Si Thammarat, a province in southern Thailand, what they thought of products and services provided at the festival, what their level of satisfaction was, and whether or not they would recommend the festival to others or attend it again in the future. There were 324 respondents participating in the study. Friend—family togetherness, festival novelty, excitement, and escape were the leading motivations for attending the festival. Respondents were most satisfied with arts and crafts, entertainment, ticket price, displays and exhibitions, and the festival's duration. The activity–culture factor was the best perfor...
On integral representations for the Neumann operator.

Abstract This paper is devoted to the derivation of an approximate formula for the kernel of the Neumann operator N on strongly pseudo-convex domains. In particular, a new class of singular integral operators arises that are infinitely smoothing in the interior and preserve singular supports at the boundary and whose kernels are products of isotropic kernels with parabolic ones.
Centromere autoantigens are associated with the nucleolus

Because of their importance as target antigens in scleroderma and since all other major autoantigens in scleroderma can be localized to the interphase nucleolus, we were interested in a further investigation of the potential relationship between interphase centromeres and the nucleolus. Using human anticentromere autoantibodies (ACA) from patients with the CREST form of scleroderma as probes in indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, we observed nonrandom interphase "clumping" of centromeres in a distribution suggestive of nucleoli. By double-label immunofluorescence comparing the localization of centromeres to nucleolar proteins Ki-67, fibrillarin, or protein B23 (nucleophosmin), interphase centromeres appeared to be localized around and within nucleoli. A number of different ACA sera were tested on HEp-2, HeLa, PtK2, Indian muntjac, 3T3, and NRK cells, all with identical results indicating colocalization between centromeres and nucleoli. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that interphase centromeres were distributed free in the nucleoplasm, in contact with the nuclear envelope, in contact with and on the periphery of nucleoli, and totally embedded within the confines of the nucleolus itself. Interestingly, actinomycin D treatment dissociated centromeres from localization within the segregated nucleolus. To determine if interphase centromeres were integral components of nucleoli, nucleoli were isolated according to classical methods. By double-label immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, and Western blotting, it was demonstrated that centromere autoantigens copurified with isolated nucleoli. These studies offer proof that some interphase centromeres can be associated with, and may even be considered part of, the interphase nucleolus. Furthermore, all of the major autoantigens in scleroderma can now be localized to the nucleolus.
Real-time Compensation for Time-variant Volumetric Errors on a Machining Center

An error compensation system has been developed to enhance the time-variant volumetric accuracy of a 3-axis machining center by correcting the existing machine errors through sensing, metrology, and computer control techniques. A general methodology has been developed to synthesize both the geometric and thermal errors of machines into a time-variant volumetric error model. Instead of the well-known 21 geometric error components, 32 machine linkage errors are formulated as a 4D error field including the space domain and the time domain. Different types of models are proposed for different kinds of thermal error components. A compen­ sation controller based on an IBM/PC has been linked with a CNC controller to compensate for machine errors in real time. This scheme has been implemented on a horizontal machining center and has been shown, using metrology instruments, to improve the machine accuracy by an order of magnitude. A cut workpiece in­ spected using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) has also shown that di­ mension errors have been reduced from 92.4 fim to 18.9 \x,m in a dimension of 404 x 310 mm2 and the depth difference of milled surf aces has been reduced from 196 fim to 8 fim.
The structure of some methyl and benzyl malonate derivatives of pyrimidine

Reaction of 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine with sodium dibenzylmalonate in p-dioxane gave 4,6-dichloro-2-(dibenzylmalonyl)pyrimidine, while reaction of 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine with sodium dimethylmalonate yielded both 4,6-dichloro-2-(dimethylmalonyl)pyrimidine and 2,2-bis-(4,6-dichloropyrimidin-2-yl)dimethylmalonate. Structural studies using nmr, ir and uv spectroscopy indicate that for the former two compounds in basic solvent, an equilibrium exists between the keto forms and resonance-stabilized enolate ions.
Are the known chronic diseases related to the human lifespan and its evolution

There is running debate in the gerontological research literature concerning the relationship between causes of mortality and the human lifespan. Much of this debate concerns whether we can, by biomedical intervention in known degenerative diseases, square the human survivorship curve, at a point near some human "maximum lifespan potential" (MLP) This paper examines the concepts of lifespan and MLP and the relationship between the shape of the survivorship curve and the pattern of age-specific mortality from chronic disease. The MLP need only be viewed as a statistical phenomenon whose genetic determination relates to general human metabolism rather than to programmed events occurring at the end of the human lifespan. The available evidence suggests that slowing of underlying senescence processes will not have the desired effects on survivorship, but rather the opposite.
Toward a survivor-centered approach to records documenting human rights abuse: lessons from community archives

This article proposes a theoretical framework for managing records documenting human rights abuse based on five key principles learned from community archives discourses: participation, shared stewardship, multiplicity, archival activism, and reflexivity. In shifting the focus of human rights archives to these core community-centric values, this paper proposes a survivor-centered approach to such records and argues that survivors should maintain control over the decision-making processes related to records documenting their abuse.
Exocortis disease: evidence for a new species of "infectious" low molecular weight RNA in plants.

THE anomalous properties of the infectious agent of exocortis disease in citrus (CEV), supposedly a virus, have been attributed1,2 to infectious RNA existing as free nucleic acid. Although this model is consistent with the low sedimentation coefficient and the susceptibility to RNAase, the infectious molecule does not cosediment with either single stranded (ss) or double stranded (ds) RNA markers after equilibrium sedimentation in Cs2SO4. Resistance of the 8–16S moiety to inactivation by heat or diethylpyrocarbonate further suggests the presence of ds regions3. A low molecular weight “infectious” RNA species, undetected in healthy tissue, has been implicated as the causal agent of exocortis disease.
A note on the fracture propagation and time-dependent behavior of rocks in uniaxial tension

Abstract Specimens of Berea sandstone, Barre granite, Tennessee marble, and Valder limestone were tested at various strain rates under uniaxial tension. The strengths increased with strain rates but the rates of increase and the shapes of postfailure region of the complete load-deformation curves varied. Sequential pictures were also taken along the complete load-deformation curves of Berea sandstone and Tennessee marble tested under uniaxial tension. Final fracture resulted from coalescence of cracks and ‘advanced’ cracks along more or less a single plane.
Hydrogen embrittlement of a cyclically deformed high strength Al alloy

High cycle fatigue experiments have been performed on a 7075 Al alloy, principally in the T6 temper in dry air, distilled water 0.5N NaCl and 0.5N Na2SO4 solutions as functions of cathodic charging and catalyst poisoning of the hydrogen evolution reaction. All aqueous solutions appreciably lowered fatigue resistance with Cl-ion producing the greatest reduction in resistance and SO4=ion behaving essentially in the same manner as distilled water. Under cathodic charging conditions fatigue resistance is significantly reduced and both Cl- and SO4=solutions produce similar fatigue lives. A catalyst poison (As) added to Cl- solutions reduces fatigue resistance relative to neutral Cl- solutions. Fractography of specimens fatigued in aqueous environments shows that a significant amount of cleavage and quasicleavage occurs, the extent of these features being apparently a function of hydrogen available to the alloy free surface and to the tips of growing cracks. On the basis of these observations, it is suggested that corrosion fatigue of 7075 alloy is essentially a hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon where the low diffusivity of hydrogen is counterbalanced by the fact that hydrogen need only be present in the alloy free surface for crack initiation and in the plastic zone of growing cracks for propagation.
Chandra Observations of WR 147 Reveal a Double X-ray Source

We report the first results from deep X-ray observations of the Wolf-Rayet (WR) binary system WR 147 with the Chandra High Energy Transmission Gratings. Analysis of the zeroth-order data reveals that WR 147 is a double X-ray source. The northern counterpart is likely associated with the colliding wind region, while the southern component is certainly identified with the WN star in this massive binary. The latter is the source of high-energy X-rays (including the Fe K{alpha} complex at 6.67 keV) whose production mechanism is yet unclear. For the first time, X-rays are observed directly from a WR star in a binary system.
Maternal Food Restriction During Lactation Affects Body Weight and Sexual Behavior of Male Offspring in Meadow Voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)

Little is known about the occurrence of individual variation in sexual behavior and how maternal nutrition can affect this variation. We tested the hypothesis that male offspring of female meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, that were 30% food restricted (FR) during days 1-7 of lactation (FR 1-7), days 8-14 of lactation (FR 8-14), or late days 15-21 of lactation (FR 15-21) lactation show persistent, negative effects on their sexual behavior as adults relative to male offspring of females that were not food restricted. We measured three components of sexual behavior, attractivity, proceptivity and receptivity, beginning when the males were 98 days of age. Food restriction during middle lactation (FR 8-14) but not during early (FR 1-7) and late lactation (FR 15-21) was sufficient to induce adult male voles to produce anogenital marks that were not as attractive as those produced by control males. Food restriction during lactation did not affect the proceptive behavior of male voles but did affect their receptivity. Only 4 of 12 FR 8-14 male voles mated compared to 9 of 12 FR 1-7 males, 8 of 12 FR 15-21 males, and 8 of 11 control males. However, no differences existed in their copulatory behavior among the males that did mate. The body weight of FR 1-7 and FR 8-14 males was lower than that of FR 15-21 and control males when they were between 22 days of age (weaning) and 48 days of age (puberty) but was similar when the males were 98 days of age. Food intake was similar for the FR and control males between day 22 and day 98. It remains unclear, however, if this type of maternal effect represents strategic programming of offspring behavior in response to the environment experienced by mothers or is a product of developmental processes of food restriction prior to weaning (Forstmeier et al. 2004).
3D stress MRI for studying the functional pathologies of the ankle complex

This project is a result of a marriage between two independent activities that existed for quite some time within two collaborative groups: (1) the development of a mechanical linkage device and its utilization to test externally the flexibility characteristics of the ankle complex under load; (2) the development of an MR imaging and image analysis methodology to characterize the internal 3D movements of bones of the ankle complex. In the resulting methodology, which we term stress MRI (sMRI for short), the ankle is MR imaged in various foot configurations while held in place by the linkage device with controlled load proven to detect hindfoot instability. Subsequently the acquired images are subjected to a series of image processing and analysis steps to yield a set of parameters to describe the morphology, architecture, and kinematics of the bones of the ankle complex. These parameters are computed from images acquired for 14 normal ankles (of 7 subjects, including the left and the right ankle) and for 8 cadaveric ankles, the latter in five different situations consisting of intact ankle, two ligaments - the CFL and ATFL - sectioned serially, and then after the two ligaments are surgically reconstructed by using two procedures. The results indicate that (i) there is considerable left-to-right symmetry in the ankles; (ii) ligament damage causes a few parameters to change significantly; (iii) both ankle and subtalar motions occur in inversion and anterior drawer; (iv) in vitro motion is generally greater than in vivo motion; (v) the surgical procedures are effective in achieving normalcy, yet there are differences in their performance.
PEM fuel cell relative humidity (RH) and its effect on performance at high temperatures

The water balance inside a fuel cell was analysed and several equations were introduced as functions of fuel cell gas-stream inlet and outlet pressures, inlet relative humidities (RHs), temperature, pressure drops across flow channels, and reactant partial pressures. The effect of RH on PEM fuel cell performance was studied at elevated temperatures under ambient backpressure using Nafion®-based MEAs. The results showed that fuel cell performance could be depressed significantly by decreasing RH from 100 to 25%. AC impedance and cyclic voltammetry techniques were employed to diagnose the RH effect on fuel cell reaction kinetics. Reducing RH can result in slower electrode kinetics, including electrode reaction and mass diffusion rates, and higher membrane resistance.
How do toddlers increase their gait velocity

This study examines the components of the development of velocity during early walking. Eight children with typical development were followed during their first 5 months of walking experience. Velocity, cadence, and step length were measured. Normalized step length did not change over this time, however, normalized cadence increased. This indicates that an increase in cadence is contributing to early increases in walking velocity.
Multilayer Inkjet Printing of Millimeter-Wave Proximity-Fed Patch Arrays on Flexible Substrates

Flexible inkjet-printed proximity-fed patch antennas, designed for the 24-GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band, are demonstrated in this letter for the first time featuring a multilayer inkjet deposition process. Inkjet printing of antennas allows for the low-cost, noncontact, and additive fabrication of RF components onto nearly any host substrate or package. The inkjet-printing process exhibited in this leter is the first inkjet process to demonstrate multilayer printed antennas, enabled by a new printable dielectric ink that allows for the deposition of thick dielectric layers. Printed coupled patch antennas with realized gains of over 4 dBi and four-element coupled patch arrays with gains of over 7 dBi are demonstrated on a flexible liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate. The antenna gain, return loss, and pattern are presented and demonstrate the repeatability and design flexibility of the novel inkjet-deposition process.
Self-Service in the Labor Process: Control and Consent in the Performance of “Consumptive Labor”

Consumers not only consume. They are increasingly being used by retail and service organizations to perform work-like tasks in the manner of quasi-employees. To explore this role of consumers in th...
E-reference: how consortia add value

Les consortia de bibliotheques academiques sont au coeur des projets de developpement des services de reference electroniques. Les efforts portent sur la negociation des logiciels et des licences, l'hebergement des serveurs, la planification, le developpement de directives et de normes, et surtout l'encouragement de services de reference veritablement collaboratifs et coordonnees. Ces initiatives recentes semblent tres encourageantes, en depit des obstacles et des incertitudes qui entourent l'avenir des services de reference electroniques.
Impacts of the north and tropical Atlantic Ocean on the Antarctic Peninsula and sea ice

Warming of the north and tropical Atlantic Ocean, which is associated in part with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (a leading mode of sea surface temperature variability), is shown to affect sea-level pressure in the Amundsen Sea, explaining the accelerated warming of and sea-ice redistribution around the Antarctic Peninsula. The Antarctic climate is known to be influenced by distant climate conditions, particularly in the Pacific Ocean. So far, however, the causes of the accelerated warming on the Antarctic Peninsula and the redistribution of Antarctic sea ice have remained unclear. Xichen Li and colleagues now show that sea-level pressure changes in the Amundsen Sea — which affect temperature on the Peninsula and sea-ice distributions — can be traced to sea-surface temperature variations caused by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, a persistent driver of climate variability in the tropical and north Atlantic. In recent decades, Antarctica has experienced pronounced climate changes. The Antarctic Peninsula exhibited the strongest warming1,2 of any region on the planet, causing rapid changes in land ice3,4. Additionally, in contrast to the sea-ice decline over the Arctic, Antarctic sea ice has not declined, but has instead undergone a perplexing redistribution5,6. Antarctic climate is influenced by, among other factors, changes in radiative forcing7 and remote Pacific climate variability8,9, but none explains the observed Antarctic Peninsula warming or the sea-ice redistribution in austral winter. However, in the north and tropical Atlantic Ocean, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation10,11 (a leading mode of sea surface temperature variability) has been overlooked in this context. Here we show that sea surface warming related to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation reduces the surface pressure in the Amundsen Sea and contributes to the observed dipole-like sea-ice redistribution between the Ross and Amundsen–Bellingshausen–Weddell seas and to the Antarctic Peninsula warming. Support for these findings comes from analysis of observational and reanalysis data, and independently from both comprehensive and idealized atmospheric model simulations. We suggest that the north and tropical Atlantic is important for projections of future climate change in Antarctica, and has the potential to affect the global thermohaline circulation6 and sea-level change3,12.
Computational methods for model reliability assessment

This paper investigates various statistical approaches for the validation of computational models when both model prediction and experimental observation have uncertainties, and proposes two new methods for this purpose. The first method utilizes hypothesis testing to accept or reject a model at a desired significance level. Interval-based hypothesis testing is found to be more practically useful for model validation than the commonly used point null hypothesis testing. Both classical and Bayesian approaches are investigated. The second and more direct method formulates model validation as a limit state-based reliability estimation problem. Both simulation-based and analytical methods are presented to compute the model reliability for single or multiple comparisons of the model output and observed data. The proposed methods are illustrated and compared using numerical examples.
Local Manufacturing in the Antebellum South and Midwest

It has been a long time since cliches like “cotton was king” have satisfied historians as an answer to the question of why the American South did not develop a manufacturing industry at least as vigorous as that of the Midwest in the antebellum years. Professor Cohn thinks that the South may well have done just that, and presents an analysis based on location theory that supports such a conclusion.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL HIERARCHY AND COLORATION IN GREEN SUNFISH

58 green sunfish were paired for size and placed in observation tanks. Records of attack behavior were made on each pair to determine social hierarchy position. 15 raters made two judgments of the darker fish of each pair. In 96.5% of the cases, the submissive fish of a pair was the darker. Several lines of research relating to social hierarchy position and coloration were suggested.
A Continuum Mechanics Approach for Crack Initiation and Crack Growth Predictions

Very often, different approaches are used for crack initiation and crack growth predictions. The current article introduces a recently developed approach that can be used for the predictions of both crack initiation and crack propagation. A basic assumption is that both crack nucleation and crack growth are governed by the same fatigue damage mechanisms and a single fatigue damage criterion can model both stages. A rule is that any material point fails to form a fresh crack if the total accumulated fatigue damage reaches a limit. For crack initiation predictions, the stresses and strains are obtained either directly from experiments or though a numerical analysis. For the prediction of crack growth, the approach consists of two steps. Elastic-plastic stress analysis is conducted to obtain the detailed stress-strain responses. A general fatigue criterion is used to predict fatigue crack growth. Compact specimens made of 1070 steel were experimentally tested under constant amplitude loading with different R-ratios and the overloading influence. The capability of the approach to predict both crack initiation and the crack growth under these loading conditions was demonstrated by comparing the predictions with the experimental observations. Ein Verfahren zur Anriss- und Rissfortschrittslebensdauervorhersage auf der Basis der Kontinuumsmechanik Haufig werden unterschiedliche Konzepte zur Vorhersage der Anriss- und Rissfortschrittslebensdauer verwendet. Das vorliegende Verfahren stellt ein jungst entwickeltes Konzept vor, das gleichermasen fur beide Aufgaben angewendet werden kann. Die Grundannahme besteht darin, dass sowohl Rissbildung als auch Risswachstum von denselben Schadensmechanismen gesteuert werden und dass ein einziges Schadenskriterium beide Stadien modellieren kann. Als Regel gilt, dass jeder Materialpunkt versagt und eine neue Rissflache bildet, wenn der akkumulierte Gesamtschaden eine Grenze erreicht. Fur die Anrisslebensdauervorhersage werden die Spannungen und Dehnungen entweder direkt aus Experimenten oder durch numerische Analyse erhalten. Die Rissfortschrittsberechnung besteht aus zwei Schritten. Eine elastisch-plastische Spannungsanalyse wird durchgefuhrt, um die detaillierte Spannungs-Dehnungs-Antwort zu erhalten. Ein allgemeines Ermudungskriterium wird angewendet, um das Risswachstum vorherzusagen. Kompaktproben aus 1070-Stahl wurden experimentell unter Einstufenbelastung mit unterschiedlichen R-Verhaltnissen und unter Uberlasteinfluss untersucht. Die Leistungsfahigkeit des Ansatzes, sowohl Anriss- als auch Rissfortschrittslebensdauern zu berechnen, wird im Vergleich der Vorhersage- mit den Versuchsergebnissen demonstriert.
Development of a methodology for characterizing commercial chlorinated latex gloves

Chlorination of gloves has gained popularity as a more permanent method of reducing the inherent tackiness of natural rubber latex compared to using powder as a dusting lubricant. Transmission of proteins in natural rubber latex into the air as a result of using powder on natural rubber latex gloves may cause serious complications to allergic individuals. A methodology for characterizing commercial chlorinated natural rubber latex gloves using a combination of attenuated total reflectance (ATR)–Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ion chromatography (IC) is described. ATR–FTIR studies established that 930–915 and 670–650 cm−1 are definitive wavenumber ranges for the identification of chlorine in commercial chlorinated latex gloves. Confirmation of the ATR–FTIR results and semiquantification of the chlorine content in the latex gloves was carried out by the IC technique. This methodology can be used by glove manufacturers to determine the amount of chlorine in batches of commercial gloves, and thereby prevent possible threats to public health arising from the deterioration of surgical and examination chlorinated latex gloves under severe storage conditions before the end of their expected shelf life. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 672–682, 2001
The Teaching and Use of Statistics in Turkey

(1958). The Teaching and Use of Statistics in Turkey. The American Statistician: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 16-18.
Sources of Transparency: Information Systems in International Regimes

Scholars and practitioners alike have stressed the important role of transparency in promoting international regime compliance and effectiveness. Yet many regimes fail to create high levels of transparency: governments and nongovernmental actors regularly fail to monitor or report on their own behavior, the behavior of other actors, or the state of the problem these regimes seek to resolve. If more transparency often, if not always, contributes to regime effectiveness, then identifying the sources of transparency becomes an important research task. Regime transparency depends upon both the demand for information and the supply of information. Specifically, regimes can seek “effectiveness-oriented” information to assess whether regime members are collectively achieving regime goals or “compliance-oriented” information to assess whether particular actors are individually fulfilling regime commitments. The incentives and capacities that relevant actors—whether governments, nongovernmental organizations, or corporate actors—have to provide such information depend on whether the regime's information system is structured around self-reporting, other-reporting, or problem-reporting. Although many of these factors are determined by characteristics of the actors involved or the structure of the problem, regimes can increase transparency by enhancing the incentives and capacity actors have to contribute to a particular regime's transparency.
Lateral slide sinkage tests for a tire and a track shoe

Abstract Previous field studies have shown the influence of turning vehicles on rut formation or sinkage. In order to further investigate the relationships, laboratory tests were conduced on a 14.5–20.3 6-PR trailer tire and an Armored Personnel Carrier (APC) track shoe in sand. Lateral displacements, and resulting lateral forces, were applied to the tire and track shoe under constant normal forces. The tire was pulled laterally and the track shoe was pulled back and forth to represent actual movement during vehicle turning. Results show that the lateral force and lateral displacement generated by turning maneuver affect sinkage severely for wheeled and tracked vehicles. The final sinkage caused by the lateral force for the tire is 3–5 times to the static sinkage. For the track shoe, the final sinkage caused by the lateral displacement is about three times to the static sinkage.
Quantification of ontogenetic discontinuities in three species of oegopsid squids using model II piecewise linear regression

Growth trajectories of morphological characters may change during ontogeny, but this change is often overlooked or, at best, is estimated visually. An objective method was developed for determining discontinuities in morphological measurements of three species of oceanic squids: Chtenopteryx sicula (Verany, 1851), Mastigoteuthis magna Joubin, 1913, and Brachioteuthis sp. 3. The specimens were collected on the Amsterdam Mid North Atlantic Plankton Expeditions (1980–1983) along a transect from 55°N to 25°N along 30°W. Discontinuities were quantified via an iterative, model II, piecewise linear regression (PLR) analysis, whereby the regression model incorporated a fixed breakpoint that was increased in each iteration across the range of dorsal mantle lengths (DMLs). The iteration with the lowest LOSS value was selected as the best estimate of the breakpoint. In C. sicula, 7 of 10 measured characters had a single breakpoint, and 5 of these occurred at 7–9 mm DML. In M. magna, only 4 of 12 characters had breakpoints, 3 of which occurred at 4–7 mm DML. More, larger specimens would likely yield additional breakpoints. In Brachioteuthis sp. 3, 12 of 14 characters had discernable breakpoints; 3 characters had 2 breakpoints. Most breakpoints occurred at 11–12 mm DML, and all were found at larger sizes than in the other species. This clustering of breakpoints into discrete size ranges may be considered an allomorphosis, and this rapid morphological change may correlate with rapid ecological change.
Room-temperature deformation behavior of directionally solidified multiphase Ni-Fe-Al alloys

Directionally solidified (DS) β+(γ+γ′) Ni−Fe−Al alloys have been used to investigate the effect of a ductile second phase on the room-temperature mechanical behavior of a brittle 〈001〉-oriented β (B2) phase. The ductile phase in the composite consisted of a fine distribution of ordered γ′ precipitates in a γ (fcc) matrix. Three microstructures were studied: 100 pct lamellar/rod, lamellar+proeutectic β, and discontinuous γ. The β matrix in the latter two microstructures contained fine-scale bcc precipitates formed due to spinodal decomposition. Room-temperature tensile ductilities as high as 12 pct and fracture toughness (K Q) of 30.4 MPa \(\sqrt m \) were observed in the 100 pct lamellar/rod microstructure. Observations of slip traces and dislocation substructures indicated that a substantial portion of the ductility was a result of slip transfer from the ductile phase to the brittle matrix. This slip transfer was facilitated by the Kurdjumov-Sachs (KS) orientation relationship between the two phases and the strong interphase interface which showed no decohesion during deformation. In microstructures which show higher values of tensile ductility and fracture toughness, 〈100〉 slip was seen in the β phase, whereas 〈111〉 slip was seen in the β phase in the microstructure which showed limited ductility. The high ductility and toughness are explained in terms of increased mobile dislocation density afforded by interface constraint. The effect of extrinsic toughening mechanisms on enhancing the ductility or toughness is secondary to that of slip transfer.
Studies on the synthesis and intracellular accumulation of protocollagen in organ culture of embryonic cartilage.

Abstract Organ cultures of embryonic cartilage were prepared which synthesized collagen at a relatively constant rate for up to 72 h. When protocollagen hydroxylase in the tissue was inhibited by adding α,α′-dipyridyl to the medium, the incorporation of [14C]proline continued at 43 to 72% of the control rate but no collagen hydroxy[14C]proline was synthesized. Assays of tissue homogenates for protocollagen hydroxylase activity indicated that the inhibition of the enzyme by α,α′-dipyridyl became irreversible with time so that about half of the enzymatic activity was irreversibly lost in 4 to 6 h, and only 10% of the initial activity was recovered after 72 h. Digestion of tissue homogenates with purified collagenase indicated that under control conditions about half of the 14C incorporated from [14C]proline was in [14C]collagen, and in the presence of α,α′-dipyridyl about half of the 14C incorporated was in [14C]protocollagen. Pulse-labeling of the tissue indicated that a large part of the [14C]protocollagen synthesized early in the culture period was retained by the tissue for up to 72 h. Fractionation of tissues pulse-labeled for 6 h indicated that there was a progressive decrease in the amount of [14C]protocollagen recovered in the 100 000 × g supernatant fraction, and a complementary increase in the amount of [14C]protocollagen in the 100 000 × g sediment. Autoradiographs of tissues cultured with [3H]proline indicated that the protocollagen remained intracellular for up to 72 h whereas the collagen synthesized under control conditions was rapidly extruded into the matrix.
Radiative pion absorption in medium and heavy nuclei

Abstract The distribution of spin-isospin strength is studied for radiative pion absorption in medium and heavy nuclei, including corrections to the leading (Kroll-Ruderman) term in the transition operator. Results are presented for absorption in 40 Ca, 90 Zr and 208 Pb.