cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of protein standardization of milk powder with lactose or permeate on whey protein nitrogen index and heat classification

Whey protein nitrogen index (WPNI) is a well-known method of classifying nonfat dry milk powder (NFDM) based on its heat treatment. This classification scheme provides one criterion for the selection of NFDM for food applications. However, the effects of variation in NFDM composition on WPNI are not well documented. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of changing protein content in low heat and medium heat NFDM on WPNI value. Edible lactose powder (ELP) and permeate powder (PP) from skim milk ultrafiltration were used to downward standardize NFDM from a protein content of 35.5–30% protein on a wet basis. These standardized powders were analyzed for WPNI by American Dairy Products Institute (ADPI) method. Powders were also analyzed for protein, ash, fat, moisture and lactose by standard methods to describe the composition. Using linear regression, WPNI was found to be positively associated with protein content for both low and medium heat NFDM from several suppliers. For example, a low heat NFDM (from supplier B) with initial protein content of 34.3% (wet basis) and WPNI of 6.38 mg soluble whey protein nitrogen (classified as a low heat powder) had its WPNI reduced to less than 6.0 mg of soluble nitrogen per g of powder when standardized to a protein content of less than or equal to 31.89% (wet basis) with either ELP or PP. This would reclassify it as medium heat powder. We conclude that standardization of NFDM with lactose or permeate will change its WPNI value and may effect its heat classification. We propose a modified approach to calculate WPNI based upon soluble whey protein nitrogen per g protein. This new WPNI value (protein corrected) would be independent of powder protein content and hence be more indicative of the actual heat treatment it is intended to reflect.
A Low-Power SRAM Using Bit-Line Charge-Recycling

Low-power SRAM design is crucial since it takes a large fraction of total power and die area in high-performance processors. Reducing voltage swing of the bit-line is an effective way to save the power dissipation in write cycles. Voltage swing reduction of bit-lines is, however, limited due to possible write-failures. We propose a new low-power SRAM using bit-line charge recycling (CR-SRAM) for the write operation. In the proposed write scheme, differential voltage swing of a bit-line is obtained by recycled charge from its adjacent bit-line capacitance, instead of the power line. Applying such a charge recycling technique to the bit-line significantly reduces write power. A test chip with 32 Kbits (256 rows x 128 columns) is fabricated and measured in 0.13 mum CMOS to demonstrate operation of the proposed SRAM. Measurement results show 88% reduction in total power during write cycles compared to the conventional SRAM (CON-SRAM) at VDD = 1.5 V and f = 100 MHz.
Do Patients with Schizophrenia Ever Show Periods of Recovery? A 15-Year Multi-Follow-up Study

Contrary to older views, with modern treatment some or many patients with schizophrenia may show intervals of recovery. The current 15-year prospectively designed follow-up research comparing schizophrenia patients with other types of psychotic and nonpsychotic patients studied how many schizophrenia patients ever show intervals of recovery. Two hundred seventy-four early young psychiatric patients from the Chicago Followup Study, including 64 schizophrenia patients, 12 schizophreniform patients, 81 other psychotic patients, and 117 nonpsychotic patients, were assessed as inpatients and then reassessed 5 times over 15 years. Patients were evaluated for recovery for 1 or more years using an operational definition of recovery. Cumulatively, over the 15-year period slightly over 40% of patients with schizophrenia showed 1 or more periods of recovery. However, schizophrenia is still a relatively poor outcome disorder, showing poorer courses than other types of psychotic and nonpsychotic disorders (p < .001). Most schizophrenia patients did not show the severe social isolation often described prior to the modern treatment era. Schizophreniform patients tended to show more favorable outcomes than schizophrenia patients. Over 50% of the schizophrenia patients did not have a disorder that was chronic and continuous. Rather, their disorder was episodic, although for many more vulnerable and less resilient schizophrenia patients the episodes were more frequent and severe, with slower recovery.
Early Abortion and Breast Cancer Risk among Women under Age 40

In New York State, incidence of cancer and fetal death are reportable health events mandated by state law. These data enabled a population-based record linkage study of the effect of early pregnancy termination on breast cancer risk to be conducted. In upstate New York 1451 cases under age 40 were reported to the Cancer Registry during 1976-1980. Cases were matched with 1451 population controls by year of birth and by residence using zip codes. All names including those changed by marriage were matched with the reports of fetal deaths occurring between 1971 and 1980. Matched pairs analyses revealed an excess of early pregnancy terminations among cases in all categories. Odds ratios (OR) were significantly elevated among those with an induced abortion (OR = 1.9) and a spontaneous abortion (OR = 1.5). Elevated risks were also noted for consecutive abortion events without intervening livebirths.
Amino Acid Profiles of Total and Soluble Protein in Feedstuffs Commonly Fed to Ruminants

Abstract Samples of 19 feedstuffs commonly fed to ruminants were hydrolyzed and profiles of total amino acids determined. The soluble protein fraction was extracted in a modified version of Burroughs mineral buffer, hydrolyzed, and analyzed for amino acids. The amino acid content of the insoluble protein fraction was found by difference. In the majority of the feedstuffs analyzed, there were marked differences between the amino acid profile of the total protein and the amino acid profile of the insoluble protein fraction. This suggests that the amino acid profile of the undegraded protein which bypasses the rumen may be different from the amino acid profile of the dietary protein as originally ingested. If these differences exist in vivo, they will be of consequence in the application of several recently proposed systems for the estimation of metabolizable amino acids which assume no differences in amino acid profile between total and undegraded feed protein.
Hyaluronic Acid Macromer Concentration Influences Functional MSC Chondrogenesis in Photocrosslinked MSC-Laden Hydrogels

Intrinsic repair of articular cartilage is poor, and so numerous tissue engineering strategies have been developed for producing functional cartilage replacements. Photopolymerizable methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA) hydrogels have been developed as a potential hydrogel that possesses the distinct advantage of being biologically relevant as well as easily modified to generate a range of hydrogel properties [1]. To date, optimization of this hydrogel has been carried out by adjusting macromer molecular weight, concentration, and extent of methacrylation. Recent studies using MeHA hydrogels with auricular chondrocytes have shown that adjustments in these parameters can have significant impact on cell viability and construct maturation. [1, 2].Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Activation Energies in the Diffusional Creep of Polycrystalline Ceramics

A mixed diffusional creep mechanism in a polycrystalline ceramic can cause the apparent activation energy to vary with temperature and grain size. For mechanisms involving parallel transport paths for the same ion (e.g., cation lattice and grain-boundary diffusion), the process with the lowest activation energy will be dominant (i.e., rate-limiting) at low temperatures and the process with the highest activation energy will dominate at high temperatures. However, for mechanisms involving coupled and parallel diffusional steps (e.g., cation lattice and anion grain-boundary diffusion), the process with the lowest activation energy will be dominant at high temperatures whereas the high-activation-energy process will dominate at low temperatures. Examples of these effects are presented for the diffusional creep of polycrystalline MgO and Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ doped with Fe. Variations in creep activation energy with grain size and temperature are only significant when the difference in activation energies for the competing processes is significant and the temperature range investigated is large.
Isoflurane inhibits multiple voltage-gated calcium currents in hippocampal pyramidal neurons.

BackgroundThe mechanisms by which volatile anesthetics produce general anesthesia are unknown. Voltage-gated calcium currents in central neurons are potential target sites for general anesthetics because they are involved in the regulation of excitability and are essential for synaptic transmission.
Analytical predictions and experimental validation of cutting force ratio, chip thickness, and chip back-flow angle in restricted contact machining using the universal slip-line model

Abstract This paper presents analytical predictions and experimental validation of a recently developed universal slip-line model for machining with restricted contact cut-away tools. Three important machining parameters, i.e. the cutting force ratio, chip thickness, and chip back-flow angle, are predicted on the basis of: (1) the universal slip-line model; (2) a maximum value principle for determining the state of stresses in the plastic region in restricted contact machining; (3) Dewhurst and Collins’ matrix technique for numerically solving slip-line problems; and (4) Powell’s algorithm for non-linear optimizations. All predictions are based on purely theoretical calculations with no experimental/empirical data as input. The extensive comparisons between theory and experiments show a reasonable agreement. Major new research findings from this study include: (1) the applicable ranges of an extreme friction slip-line model and of Johnson’s and Usui and Hoshi’s slip-line models; and (2) the general rule of the variation of tool–chip friction conditions. Tool–chip contact in machining with restricted contact cut-away tools is categorized into three broad cases. A theoretical method is also presented in the paper to distinguish different tool–chip contact cases in practical machining situations.
Health-related quality of life changes following major and minor hepatic resection: the impact of complications and postoperative anemia.

Abstract Background Few studies have evaluated the health-related quality-of-life (QOL) changes in patients following major liver resection for malignancy. Methods QOL parameters were recorded prospectively at baseline (preoperative), and through 6 months of follow-up using various instruments. Results Major complications occurred in 10 of 41 patients. At the initial outpatient visit, patients reported decreased global QOL with increased fatigue compared with baseline, which normalized at 6 weeks' follow-up and remained stable at 6 months. Those with major complications reported increased severity of pain over baseline at initial follow-up and at 6 months. Patients anemic at the time of discharge had worse physical QOL at 6 weeks, but levels similar to nonanemic patients at 3 months. Conclusions Major complications are associated with increased reporting of pain persisting at 6 months. Attention to pain control, especially among patients with major complications, may improve QOL after major hepatic resection.
Repeatability of decision-making behaviour in male threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus： Effects of dummy vs. live stimuli

Individuals select from a number of behaviours when responding to various situations and the decisions they make may affect their fitness. The costs and benefits of these responses vary among individuals causing them to differ even in identical situations. One example of this type of situation is when territorial males encounter both a male and female simultaneously, gene- rating a trade-off that likely leads to individual differences due to differing costs of various actions among males. This situation commonly occurs in threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. However, for selection to act effectively, individuals must behave in a consistent manner and measuring repeatability can aid in understanding how selection may shape such trade-offs. Males of this species exhibit consistent individual differences in their response to dummy males and females but it is unknown if patterns are similar when feedback from the stimuli is present. To assess this, male threespine stickleback were tested with dummy and live male and female conspecifics, presented separately and simultaneously. While the same trends were found re- gardless of stimulus type, males were more aggressive towards the live conspecifics than to the dummies. Repeatability values were similar within a treatment regardless of whether live or dummy conspecifics were used, suggesting that individuals show the same level of consistency. This study adds to our understanding of consistent individual differences by demonstrating that feed- back may not affect responses to conflicting stimuli and that male threespine stickleback respond in a consistent manner to both dummy and live stimuli (Current Zoology 57 (1): 101-108, 2011).
Sorting Strategies for Long Yearling Cattle Grown in an Extensive Forage Utilization Beef Production System1

One hundred sixty English-cross steers (244 kg, SD=23 kg) were used in each yr of a 2-yr study to determine effects of sorting on performance, carcass characteristics, variability, and profitability in a long yearling system utilizing ranch-source calves. Steers were backgrounded during winter then grazed smooth bromegrass pastures followed by warm season native range prior to entering the feedlot in the fall. Steers were stratified by BW and allotted to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) 40 head sorted by pre-grazing BW where heavy steers entered the feedlot in July
First in the family: A comparison of first-generation and non-first-generation engineering college students

This study investigates first-generation and non-first-generation engineering undergraduates' math/science identities, subject-related interests, and career plans. First-generation students are an understudied, but growing population. Understanding how these self-beliefs and background factors affect students' engineering choice can help widen pathways into engineering which continues to be defined as “pale and male.” Additionally, identity has predictive value for practical outcomes like engineering choice in college. The data for this study comes from the nationally representative Sustainability and Gender in Engineering (SaGE) survey completed by 6,772 college students who enrolled in first-year English courses at 2- and 4-year colleges across the U.S. Data were analyzed using t-test and chi-square tests for linear and dichotomous outcomes respectively. Our results show differences in first-generation students' identities, interests, performance/ competence beliefs, and family support for science. These differences can serve as a stepping stone towards understanding the trajectories of first-generation college students in engineering. By understanding underrepresented students' identities, performance, and backgrounds, specific strategies can be developed to support these students in our engineering programs.
Behavioral effects of prenatal and adult exposure to toxic chemicals found in Lake Ontario fish: two methodological approaches.

Two research approaches are described that were used to determine behavioral changes following a diet of Lake Ontario fish. Approach 1 involved the correlational method, in which human subjects voluntarily ate contaminated Lake Ontario fish. Demographic information, data on the amount of Lake Ontario fish consumed, and control variables were obtained during an interview. Respondents' behavior, as well as the behavior of their children, then was measured. Because subjects were not assigned randomly to eat or not eat Lake Ontario fish, other variables that might have influenced both consumption of fish and behavior had to be considered. Therefore, confounding variables were measured and their influence controlled for using statistical techniques. Approach 2 involved the experimental method using laboratory rats, where subjects were assigned randomly to receive a diet of environmentally contaminated Lake Ontario salmon, relatively uncontaminated Pacific Ocean salmon, or no salmon. Since the rats fed Lake Ontario salmon behaved differently than the other two groups on nine tasks, it was concluded that the contaminants in Lake Ontario salmon caused behavioral changes. Random assignment of subjects to groups eliminated competing explanations. If similar behavioral (e.g., emotional or cognitive) results were obtained using the two approaches, then the results utilizing rats probably could be generalized to humans, and the correlational results found in humans probably were due to a cause and effect relationship.
Effect of Binder Modification on the Performance of an Ultra-Thin Overlay Pavement Preservation Strategy

The objective of this study was to determine whether asphalt rubber (AR) binders will provide similar or better performance compared with a polymer modified asphalt (PMA) binder when used in a high-performance, ultra-thin lift overlay pavement preservation strategy. Current specifications for these types of overlays normally require the use of a PMA binder, because it has the ability to make these overlays more elastic under traffic loading and is less sensitive to temperature fluctuations. However, several state agencies are looking into the feasibility of incorporating sustainable and environmentally friendly technologies, such as AR binders and warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies, into their asphalt mixtures, including those used for high-performance, ultra-thin lift overlays. This study examined the effect of binder modification type (AR or PMA) and the influence of the use of WMA in high-performance, ultra-thin lift overlays. In general, the mixtures that were tested provided comparable rutting, mois...
An Application of Tauberian Methods to a Problem in Series

(1970). An Application of Tauberian Methods to a Problem in Series. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 152-156.
Ethos of Conflict: A System Justification Perspective

For several decades, the work of Daniel Bar-Tal has illuminated the means by which belief systems are socially constructed and shared widely within societies. His work has offered pivotal insights regarding the ideologies that promote and sustain intense intergroup conflicts and the ways in which these belief systems become firmly rooted in citizens’ minds, shaping their perceptions of reality. In this chapter, we pay tribute to Bar-Tal’s work pertaining to the existence and evolution of an “ethos of conflict” and explore the factors that sustain this ethos as a kind of dominant ideology. Drawing on system justification theory, we highlight the ways in which basic social psychological motives for certainty, security, and social belongingness manifest themselves in the tendency to defend, bolster, and justify the societal status quo—thereby perpetuating an ethos of conflict under circumstances of entrenched conflict and existential threat. We discuss the ways in which system justification motivation contributes to an ethos of conflict that is self-perpetuating and consider the prospects for promoting peaceful forms of social change.
The influence of maternal folate and iron deficiencies on intrauterine life

An analysis of what is currently known about the role of maternal folate and iron deficiencies in pregnancy wastage, including abruptio placentae, fetal malformation, and abortion, is presented. Several observations are described which are not compatible with the concept that maternal folate or iron deficiency, per se, is of significance in the genesis of perinatal mortality or serious morbidity. The fetus and placenta quite effectively parasitize folate and iron from the mother even when she is grossly deficient in these nutrients.
Adolescents' beliefs about and reasons for using vitamin/mineral supplements

Beliefs about and reasons for using vitamin/mineral supplements were investigated among 163 adolescents. Subjects' responses to belief statements about supplements and reasons cited for using supplements demonstrated both misconceptions and uncertainties. These results demonstrate the need for dietitians to routinely address the appropriate use of nutritional supplements with their adolescent clientele.
Teacher Churning: Reassignment Rates and Implications for Student Achievement

Educators raise concerns about what happens to students when they are exposed to new or new-to-school teachers. However, even when teachers remain in the same school they can switch roles by moving...
Walrasian, Non-Walrasian and Post-Walrasian Perspectives on the ADAS Model: Theoretical and Pedagogical Implications

There is now a considerable professional literature focused on the logical and methodological problems of the “traditional” aggregate demand and aggregate supply (ADAS) model. The literature argues that both demand and supply behavior are embedded in the aggregate demand curve, as derived from the ISLM analysis; consequently, the aggregate demand curve is not a demand curve as commonly understood by economists. Exacerbating this problem is that the supply behavior underlying this aggregate demand curve is often inconsistent with the supply behavior used to derive the corresponding aggregate supply curve; Fields and Hart (1990, p.678). One result of this inconsistent behavior is two different levels of income and supply at each disequilibrium price level.
Multimodality: An Invitation

This section used to be called Visual Anthropology. Its new name—Multimodal Anthropologies—reflects changes in the media ecologies we engage as anthropologists, changes that have broadened our perspective to include other forms of media practice, while remaining inclusive of visual anthropology. Many of these changes can be linked to three developments: (1) the (relative) democratization and integration of media production; (2) the shift toward engagement and collaboration in anthropological research; and (3) the dynamic roles of anthropologists vis‐a‐vis both the profession and the communities in which they work. Together, these changes suggest a new framework, multimodal anthropology, by which we mean not only an anthropology that works across multiple media but one that also engages in public anthropology and collaborative anthropology through a field of differentially linked media platforms. This is not, however, a decisive “break” with the past. Many of us already practice multimodal anthropology (Collins and Durington 2014; Cool 2014; Edwards 1997; Pink 2011; Postill 2011; Stewart 2013). When we consider the different opportunities and possibilities for engaging with ethnographically intended media in the age of diverse tools and platforms, we see multimodal anthropology. When we look at the transmedia installations of Ethnographic Terminalia, we see articulations of multimodal anthropology. Multimodal anthropology is also encapsulated within the numerous visual, aural, and tactile media that anthropologists produce, post, and share—the growing decoupage of social media that is one symptom of a changing anthropological practice. Multimodal practice is not limited to self‐identification as a visual anthropologist. Rather, it encompasses this subdiscipline and also invites practitioners from within and outside anthropology. Finally, we see multimodality in the ways communities of non‐anthropologists interact with us, from para‐anthropological productions to critique and commentary. In what follows, we lay out our vision and ever‐expanding areas of interest for this section as we explore the transformative potentialities of the multimodal. It is meant less as a provocation than an invitation to submit works that engage multimodal possibilities.
Dictionary-free MRI parameter estimation via kernel ridge regression

MRI parameter quantification has diverse applications, but likelihood-based methods typically require nonconvex optimization due to nonlinear signal models. To avoid expensive grid searches used in prior works, we propose to learn a nonlinear estimator from simulated training examples and (approximate) kernel ridge regression. As proof of concept, we apply kernel-based estimation to quantify six parameters per voxel describing the steady-state magnetization dynamics of two water compartments from simulated data. In relevant regions of fast-relaxing compartmental fraction estimates, kernel estimation achieves comparable mean-squared error as grid search, with dramatically reduced computation.
The Metric System of State Income Taxes

The residents of six US states (Alabama, Iowa, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, and Oregon) get to exclude or deduct all or part of their federal income taxes paid when they calculate their taxable income for state income tax purposes. Critics have called this deduction “costly and regressive.” The critics are probably right, but not for the reasons they think. The critics of the deduction overlook the fact that the states that allow deductibility of federal income tax for state tax purposes use a different state income “tax base” or “scale” than other states. Most state income tax regimes use a tax base that includes federal income taxes paid (we call it FTI), but the six states listed above use an income tax base that excludes federal income taxes (the FTE base). The two tax bases can translated from one to the other. Indeed, this paper provides original formulae for converting the FTE base into its FTI equivalent and vice verce. Because of this equivalence, one state income tax base is not a priori better than another. But when we convert FTE income tax bases into their FTI equivalents, we find a pervasive trend. States with FTE income tax regimes systematically have more regressive income tax regimes than states with FTI bases. We argue that taxpayers and legislators under-adjust relative to our translation formula when comparing FTE regimes to FTI regimes, causing the systematic regressive trend in states with FTE regimes.
Identification of Aptamers That Bind to Sickle Hemoglobin and Inhibit Its Polymerization

The pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD) is dependent on the polymerization of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin (HbS), leading to erythrocyte deformation (sickling) and vaso-occlusion within the microvasculature. Following deoxygenation, there is a delay time before polymerization is initiated, during which nucleation of HbS monomers occurs. An agent with the ability to extend this delay time or slow polymerization would therefore hold a therapeutic, possibly curative, potential. We used the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) method to screen for HbS-binding RNA aptamers modified with nuclease-resistant 2′-fluoropyrimidines. Polymerization assays were employed to identify aptamers with polymerization-inhibitory properties. Two noncompeting aptamers, DE3A and OX3B, were found to bind hemoglobin, significantly increase the delay time, and reduce the rate of polymerization of HbS. These modifiable, nuclease-resistant aptamers are potential new therapeutic agents for SCD.
The Laboratory of Museum Studies: Museality in the Making.

Kent State University School of Information, kflatham@kent.edu As makerspaces and hackerspaces pop up in libraries and museums, one little lab sits in the middle of an Information School, but it is not a maker-space, a gallery, or a museum. The MuseLab, at the Kent State School of Information, is something else, something new—or perhaps something familiar, but situated in a different context, making it less easy to define. The MuseLab is a laboratory for museum studies, where museality—the characteristic of something that in one reality documents another reality—is at the heart of all our activities. Created around design thinking principles and propositions of emergence and openness, the MuseLab is truly a space for experimentation, practice, and breaking rules in the interest of learning, innovating, and discovery. As more and more higher education courses go online, face-to-face creative group activities are becoming scarce. The story of the lab’s genesis and development may be of interest for other LIS schools, programs, teachers, and information practitioners.
Wait, Wait … OK Now Go In: iNKT Cells Resolve Liver Inflammation

Resolution of inflammation is pivotal to restoring tissue homeostasis, yet there is limited understanding of how this process is regulated. In this issue of Immunity, Liew et al. (2017) reveal a critical role for invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in switching inflammation to tissue repair in an interlukin-4-dependent process.
Medical Student Exposure to Integrated Behavioral Health.

Integrated behavioral health (IBH) allows for effective care delivery for patients with mental health and behavioral health disorders in primary care settings. This study assesses the state of exposure current medical students have to the IBH model in family medicine clerkships, in order to augment the readiness of students to participate in IBH as developing professionals. Clerkship directors at US and Canadian medical schools with a required family medicine run course (n = 141) were asked to estimate the percentage of students exposed to IBH in their clerkships, as part of the Council of Academic Family Medicine Educational Research Alliance (CERA) 2016 survey. The response rate was 86% (n = 118). Forty-four percent of clerkship directors reported that 0–20% of students are exposed to the IBH model in their clerkships. A comparison of schools with low and high exposure showed no significant differences among clerkship characteristics. A majority of medical students in the USA and Canada are not exposed to IBH models during their primary care clerkship. Larger systematic studies are needed to elucidate the steps necessary to prepare graduating medical students to collaborate in IBH models.
Patient-reported allergies predict postoperative outcomes and psychosomatic markers after spine surgery.

Abstract Background Context Prior studies have shown that patient-reported allergies can be prognostic of poorer postoperative outcomes. Purpose The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between self-reported allergies and outcomes after cervical or lumbar spine surgery. Study Design/Setting This is a retrospective cohort study at a single tertiary care institution. Patient Sample The patient sample included all patients undergoing cervical or lumbar spine surgery from 2009 to 2014. Outcome Measures The primary outcome measure was change in the EuroQol-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) after surgery. Secondary outcomes included changes in the Pain Disability Questionnaire (PDQ) and in the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), achievement of the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in these measures, and cost of admission. Methods Before and after surgery, EQ-5D, PDQ, and PHQ-9 were recorded for patients with available data. Paired Student t tests were used to compare changes in these measures after surgery. Multivariable linear and logistic regressions were used to assess the relationship between the log transformation of the total number of allergies and outcomes. Results A total of 592 cervical patients and 4,465 lumbar patients were included. The median number of reported allergies was two. The EQ-5D index increased from 0.539 to 0.703 for cervical patients and from 0.530 to 0.676 for lumbar patients (p Conclusions Patient-reported allergies correlate with subjective improvement in pain and disability after spine surgery and may serve as a marker of postoperative outcomes. The relationship between allergies and PDQ improvement may be secondary to the short-term expectation-actuality discrepancy, as this relationship was not durable beyond 1 year.
Granulopoiesis During Myleran-induced Suppression of Transplantable Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Granulopoiesis was studied in mice whose colony-forming units (CFU) had been suppressed to undetectable levels by Myleran. Measurements of the myelocyte-metamyelocyte transition rate and other parameters showed significant granulopoietic regeneration at a time when no CFU were demonstrable. This regeneration is attributed to the proliferation of intermediate granulopoietic stem cells, and the findings thus confirm the existence of such cells in an in vivo system. Acceleration of erythropoiesis in the Myleran-treated mice by large does of erythropoietin was without effect upon the concomitant granulopoietic regeneration, indicating that intermediate stem cells are not interchangeable and that the otherwise described competition for stem cells between the two systems must occur at the primitive CFU level.
Book Review: Clinical Training Guide for the Student Music Therapist (2nd edition)

Clinical Training Guide for the Student Music Therapist (2nd edition), written by Donna Polen, Carol Shultis, and Barbara Wheeler, is an updated resource book for student music therapists with various levels of training. A multitude of resources, references, and personal and professional insights are organized into an easy-to-read layout and covers areas such as assessments, goals and objectives, documentation, planning and implementing music therapy experiences with groups and individuals, as well as encourages self-reflection and special considerations for the student music therapist and their supervisors. This book is reviewed with a sociocultural lens.
The Decade of School Desegregation Progress and Prospects

It is now nearly a decade since the Supreme Court handed down its first opinion in Brown v. Board of Education,' the School Segregation Cases. Southern disaffection to the side, there are abroad in the land, by and large, two sets of attitudes about the events of the decade. One large body of opinion, while avoiding complacency, feels on the whole encouraged by progress achieved, and by prospects for further progress. Another, no doubt smaller,, but highly articulate group is outraged by the passage of a decade during which we have witnessed in the South little more than token compliance with the law declared by the Supreme Court; a decade, moreover, which has seen in the country as a whole the merest beginnings of any effort to grapple with the cognate problems of de facto school segregation, de facto housing segregation, and de facto employment discrimination. In the words of the song from which James Baldwin borrowed the title of his famous best-seller, and with all the urgency and all the alarm bordering on despair that those words connote in Baldwin's usage, many people feel: "No more water, the fire next time !"
Gastroparesis: Definitions and Diagnosis

Gastroparesis is a chronic symptomatic disorder of the stomach characterized by delayed emptying without evidence of mechanical obstruction. Symptoms of gastroparesis include nausea, vomiting, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and upper abdominal pain. The 3 main causes are diabetic, postsurgical, and idiopathic. Diagnosis is confirmed by demonstrating delayed gastric emptying. Gastric emptying rates measured by gastric motor testing generally correlate poorly with symptoms and quality of life in patients with gastroparesis. It may be appropriate to reconsider the definition of gastroparesis, recognizing it as a broader spectrum of gastric neuromuscular dysfunction.
Why Investors Do Not Learn

We examine the dynamics of financial knowledge and investment experience on the equity portfolio decisions of U.S. investors. We find that prior portfolio choices influence investors’ future decisions. The most influential prior choices are those made near the time when the investor starts trading and in the most recent period. However, experience matters. Specifically, investors hold more stocks, reduce purchase turnover, earn higher returns, and increase the Sharpe Ratios of their portfolios as they accrue investment experience. In contrast, general financial knowledge by itself does not influence investor behavior. Rather, knowledge affects equity portfolio decisions in combination with experience. That is, as knowledgeable investors gain experience, they improve both portfolio construction and account performance.
Terrorist violence and the enrollment of psychology in predicting Muslim extremism: critical terrorism studies meets critical algorithm studies

Discourse on terrorist violence has long facilitated an especially liberal form of securitisation. Originally evoked in reference to anarchists and communists, a rational consideration of terrorist...
Use of Hepatitis C Virus Antibody-Positive Donor Livers in Hepatitis C Nonviremic Liver Transplant Recipients.

Background Given the shortage of available liver grafts, transplantation (LTx) of hepatitis C virus antibody-positive, nucleic acid test-negative (HCV Ab+/NAT-) livers into nonviremic HCV recipients can expand the donor pool. Having previously described the sentinel experience of HCV Ab+/NAT- allografts in nonviremic recipients, we report the growth and extended follow-up of this program for 55 patients compared with recipients of Public Health Services (PHS) increased-risk donor HCV Ab-/NAT- allografts. Study Design A prospective review of all HCV nonviremic LTx patients receiving HCV Ab+/NAT- organs between March 2016 and August 2018 was performed. All HCV Ab+/NAT- organ recipients underwent HCV testing at 3 months and 1-year post-LTx to determine HCV transmission. Results Fifty-five HCV nonviremic candidates received HCV Ab+/NAT- organs; 64% male, median age 59 years (range 36 to 69 years) and median Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score of 22.5. Two recipients were excluded due to death before HCV testing. The HCV disease transmission occurred in 5 recipients (9%). Of these, 4 (80%) underwent anti-HCV treatment with eradication of virus. No patient found to be negative at 3 months seroconverted at 1-year follow-up. No patients who received PHS increased-risk donor HCV Ab-/NAT- organs had viremia develop (0 of 57) and there was no difference in graft and renal function, complications, or survival between HCV Ab+/NAT- recipients and PHS increased-risk donor HCV Ab-/NAT- recipients. Conclusions We report the largest experience with LTx from HCV Ab+/NAT- donors into 55 seronegative recipients with a HCV transmission rate of 9% with no late conversions at 1 year and no difference in function or graft loss compared with PHS increased-risk donor HCV Ab-/NAT- recipients. Due to availability of safe and effective HCV therapies, the use of such organs should be strongly considered to increase the donor organ pool.
Charge Transport Communication through DNA by Protein Fe–S Clusters: How Far Is Not Too Far?

Newly measured limits to charge transport communication through DNA open the door for tests to define, predict, and control its potential for coordinating DNA replication, transcription, and repair.
The Influence of Fetch on the Holocene Thermal Structure of Hidden Lake, Glacier National Park

1. Abstract We use three-dimensional modeling of the basin of Hidden Lake, Montana, to assess the influence of effective fetch on diatom-inferred changes in mixing depths throughout the Holocene. The basin of Hidden Lake is characterized by a complex morphometry; for example, three-dimensional modeling of the lake basin indicates that a decrease in lake level of two meters would result in complete isolation of the deepest part of the lake basin from the rest of the lake. Our model suggests that small changes in the lake surface elevation at Hidden Lake would produce threshold-like responses in effective fetch, which in turn would have a profound influence on average lake mixing depth. The present-day planktic diatom community of Hidden Lake is comprised of three species. Neo-ecological experiments revealed the effect of mixing depth and nutrient levels on growth rates of these species. A sediment core collected from the deepest part of the lake basin and spanning the last 8,640 years was analyzed for diatoms. Here we show how changes in fetch through the Holocene explain changes in the dominant planktic diatom species by modification of the thermal structure of Hidden Lake. Additionally, the timing of diatom-inferred changes in effective moisture and thermal structure from Hidden Lake were compared to late Holocene patterns reconstructed from other regional lake records. Between 8.64 – 7.61 ka the diatom record from Hidden Lake suggests that the lake was deep and fresh, although somewhat lower than the modern lake. After 7.61 ka, water levels rose, expanding the available benthic diatom habitat. Between 6.18 –4.13 ka, lake level declined and seasonal stratification was enhanced. After 1.4 ka, the lake became deeper and less stratified in response to the effects of enhanced fetch. We argue that changes in effective fetch may play an important, and underexplored, role in planktic diatom community structure over longer time scales and should be more broadly considered in paleolimnological studies.
On the surface expression of a canopy-generated shear instability

Results are presented from a laboratory study on the free-surface signal generated over an array of submerged circular cylinders, representative of submerged aquatic vegetation. We aim to understand whether aquatic ecosystems generate a surface signature that is indicative of both what is beneath the water surface as well as how it is altering the flow. A shear layer forms over the canopy, generating coherent vortex structures which eventually manifest in the free-surface slope field. We connect the vortex properties measured at the surface with measurements of the bulk flow, and show that correlations between these quantities are adequate to create a parameterized model in which the interior velocity profile can be predicted solely from measurements taken at the free surface. Experimental surface observations yield a Strouhal number that is twice the most amplified mode predicted by linear stability theory, suggesting that vortices may evolve between generation at the canopy height and their manifestation at the water surface. Additionally, the surface signal continues evolving with distance downstream, with vortices becoming spread farther apart and the passage frequency gradually decreasing. By the trailing edge of the canopy, surface-impacting boils emerge for canopies with higher submergence ratios, suggesting a transition from coherent two-dimensional rollers to transversely varying structures.
Ammonium Fluoride Passivation of CdZnTeSe Sensors for Applications in Nuclear Detection and Medical Imaging.

Cadmium zinc telluride selenide (Cd1−xZnxTe1−ySey or CZTS) is one of the emerging CdTe-based semiconductor materials for detecting X- and gamma-ray radiation at or near room temperature (i.e., without cryogenic cooling). Potential applications of CZTS sensors include medical imaging, X-ray detection, and gamma-ray spectroscopy. Chemical passivation of CZTS is needed to reduce the conductivity of Te-rich surfaces, which reduces the noise and improves the device performance. In this study, we focus on the effect of surface passivation of CZTS using a 10% aqueous solution of ammonium fluoride. The effects of the chemical treatment were studied on the leakage current, charge transport measured as the electron mobility-lifetime (µτ) product, and the spectral resolution measured as the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of specific peaks. After passivation, the leakage current increased and began to decrease towards pre-passivation levels. The energy resolutions were recorded for eight applied voltages between −35 V and −200 V. The results showed an average of 25% improvement in the detector’s energy resolution for the 59.6 keV gamma peak of Am-241. The electron µτ product was unchanged at 2 × 10−3 cm2/V. These results show that ammonium fluoride is effective for chemical passivation of CZTS detectors.
An Examination of the Effects of Personal and Workplace Variables on Correctional Staff Perceptions of Safety

Research on victimization has progressed dramatically over the last four decades. This research has identified important individual and contextual predictors of both fear and perceived risk. Nevertheless, few studies have examined perceptions of safety among corrections employees. The current study used data from 322 correctional staff working at a large Southern prison to explore personal and workplace predictors of perceived safety. Specifically, it examined the effects of personal and workplace variables on three measures of perceived safety: perceived dangerousness of the job, concerns about inmate-on-staff physical assault, and concerns about inmates verbally assaulting staff. Across all three measures of perceived safety, workplace characteristics mattered more than personal characteristics. The personal and workplace variables were grouped into fear facilitators (i.e., variables that increase perceptions of one’s safety being at risk) and fear inhibitors (i.e., variables that decrease perceptions of one’s safety being at risk). Gender, age, and organizational climate (i.e., disobedient inmates, unethical staff behaviors, role ambiguity, and overload) represented fear facilitators and social support (i.e., support from coworkers, supervisors, and home), quality training, and input into decision-making represented fear inhibitors. In the current study both fear facilitators and fear inhibitors were important, but the nature of their effects differed depending on the employee’s position and the type of perceived safety under consideration.
Multiobjective, Multidelivery Optimization for Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning.

Abstract Purpose To introduce multiobjective, multidelivery optimization (MODO), which generates alternative patient-specific plans emphasizing dosimetric trade-offs and conformance to quasi-constrained (QC) conditions for multiple delivery techniques. Methods and Materials For M delivery techniques and N organs at risk (OARs), MODO generates M (N + 1) alternative treatment plans per patient. For 30 locally advanced lung cancer cases, the algorithm was investigated based on dosimetric trade-offs to 4 OARs: each lung, heart, and esophagus (N = 4) and 4 delivery techniques (4-field coplanar intensity modulated radiation therapy [IMRT], 9-field coplanar IMRT, 27-field noncoplanar IMRT, and noncoplanar arc IMRT) and conformance to QC conditions, including dose to 95% (D95) of the planning target volume (PTV), maximum dose (Dmax) to PTV (PTV-Dmax), and spinal cord Dmax. The MODO plan set was evaluated for conformance to QC conditions while simultaneously revealing dosimetric trade-offs. Statistically significant dosimetric trade-offs were defined such that the coefficient of determination was >0.8 with dosimetric indices that varied by at least 5 Gy. Results Plans varied mean dose by >5 Gy to ipsilateral lung for 24 of 30 patients, contralateral lung for 29 of 30 patients, esophagus for 29 of 30 patients, and heart for 19 of 30 patients. In the 600 plans, average PTV-D95 = 67.6 ± 2.1 Gy, PTV-Dmax = 79.8 ± 5.2 Gy, and spinal cord Dmax among all plans was 51.4 Gy. Statistically significant dosimetric trade-offs reducing OAR mean dose by >5 Gy were evident in 19 of 30 patients, including multiple OAR trade-offs of at least 5 Gy in 7 of 30 cases. The most common statistically significant trade-off was increasing PTV-Dmax to reduce dose to OARs (15 of 30). The average 4-field plan reduced total lung V20 by 10.4% ± 8.3% compared with 9-field plans, 7.7% ± 7.9% compared with 27-field noncoplanar plans, and 11.7% ± 10.3% compared with 2-arc noncoplanar plans, with corresponding increases in PTV-Dmax of 5.3 ± 5.9 Gy, 4.6 ± 5.6 Gy, and 9.3 ± 7.3 Gy. Conclusions The proposed optimization method produces clinically relevant treatment plans that meet QC conditions and demonstrate variations in OAR doses.