cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tales from the front: lessons of inclusion on a stroke research team.

85 Aaron A. Lew, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. A t age 30, I survived a bleed from a brain stem atriovenous malformation (AVM). By all accounts I should be dead or severely disabled. Luck, random circumstance, a Higher Power, God, or whatever you wish to call it has left me largely intact. I have a slight limp, propensity to drool, penchant for Paxil (less so for Peri-Colace), and the distinction of being a member of an increasingly large and diverse club—stroke survivors. I am also a member of a far smaller club—stroke survivors who return to work. Roughly 2 years ago, at age 38, I began working on a research project aimed at reducing the emotional stress of stroke survivors. I became an employee at the same hospital of both my inand outpatient rehabilitation, the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. In this article, I will describe this experience. I hope to expand understanding and maximize stroke survivor integration into stroke rehabilitation research. Although I offer no panaceas, I can provide my personal thoughts and observations as a stroke survivor. I hope to point out the strength that participation gave me and may give others when it is part of their survival equation.
INTERCOMMUNITY SPILLOVERS AND THE PROVISION OF PUBLIC EDUCATION

SUMMARY This paper develops a conceptual framework for the systematic analysis of inter-community spillovers and their implications for local expenditure-investment decisions. Spillovers are distinguished on the basis of the effects they have upon the rate of exchange between current goods for private consumption and publicly provided goods. The mechanisms of spillovers—economic interaction, fiscal inter-dependence, and migration—and the concept of community are examined in this context. A diagrammatic analysis is used to demonstrate the influence of spill-overs on the decision making unit's allocation of resources. Methodological issues and problems involved in estimating spillover magnitudes are presented. A case study provides numerical counterparts for the theoretical quantities of the analysis. While emphasis is on publicly provided education in the United States, the framework and methodology should be applicable to other local governments and their services.
Langerhans' cell histiocytosis presenting with the superior vena cava syndrome: a case report.

A case of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis confined to the mediastinum and presenting with de novo superior cava syndrome is reported. The causes of superior vena cava syndrome in childhood are discussed as is the importance of obtaining pathologic diagnosis prior to initiating therapy. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Utilization and application of wet potato processing coproducts for finishing cattle

Wet coproducts fed to beef cattle include processing coproducts of the fruit, vegetable, juice, and brewing industries. Considerations for their utilization in beef cattle diets include quantity available, feeding value, quality of animal products produced, economics (e.g., transportation of water), storage and preservation, consumer perception, nuisance concerns, contaminants, and interactions with other diet ingredients. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) coproducts from processing for frozen food products may be quantitatively most important because the 11.3 million t of potatoes (fresh weight) processed in the United States and Canada in 2008 resulted in an estimated 4.3 million t (as-is basis) of coproduct. Chemical composition and feeding value of potato coproducts depends on the coproduct type. The names of coproducts vary among potato processors and some processors combine the different coproducts into one product commonly called slurry. The 4 main potato coproducts are 1) potato peels; 2) screen solids (small potatoes and pieces); 3) fried product (fries, hash browns, batter, crumbles); and 4) material from the water recovery systems (oxidation ditch, belt solids, filter cake). The coproducts, except the fried products, ensile rapidly, reaching pH 5 in 7 d or less. Dry matter content varies from 10 to 30% and on a DM basis varies in CP (5 to 27%), starch (3 to 56%), NDF (4 to 41%), and ether extract (3 to 37%) content among potato coproducts. Type of coproduct and frying greatly affect the energy value (0.6 to 1.6 Mcal of NE(g)/kg of DM). Composition, quality, and shelf life of beef was not affected by potato coproduct feeding in contrast to perceptions of some purveyors and chefs. Potato coproducts are quantitatively important energy sources in beef cattle diets, which, in turn, solve a potentially massive disposal problem for the food processing industry.
Tailored Pulse Laser Changes the Rules for PCB and Flex Circuit Materials Processing

Laminate microelectronics materials have vastly different laser parameter requirements for each material layer, making effective processing difficult. “On the fly” switching of pulse duration to optimally process different PCB materials is demonstrated. Other interesting pulse duration and pulse shape dependant material interactions will be demonstrated.
A TEM study of dislocation structures in fatigued Cu-16 at.% A1 single crystals

Abstract Dislocation structures in fatigued Cu-16 at.% A1 single crystals were studied by TEM as a function of total strain amplitude and stress level. The results show that planar arrays of primary dislocations are preserved at all stages of cyclic deformation. With increasing stress level, the density of both primary and secondary dislocations increases and the spacing of the activated primary slip planes decreases. At all stages of deformation, primary edge dislocations dominate the structure, forming dipolar and multipolar arrays which sometimes show evidence of intersection along the traces of the cross slip planes. Primary screw dislocations are rarely observed to form multipoles. Numerous small prismatic loops are formed at the higher stress levels. Dislocation behavior during cyclic deformation, especially concerning strain localization, is discussed in comparison with that of copper.
Intraoperative chest tube removal following thoracoscopic lung biopsy results in improved outcomes

article i nfo Background: Traditionally, chest tubes are left following video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) to treat a potential air leak or significant drainage. Recognizing the potential complications, our aim was to determine if intraoperative chest tube removal in children undergoing VATS lung biopsy is safe and if outcomes differ from when a chest tube is left in place. Methods: We identified all children who underwent VATS lung biopsies from 2009 to 2013 and performed a retrospective review of the medical records. Pulmonary resection patients were excluded as were those with an air leak present in the operating room. Results: A total of 90 VATS lung biopsies were performed. 41 children had a postoperative chest tube left in place (Group A), and 49 children had it removed intraoperatively (Group B). Mean age was 9 ± 6.4 years. One child in Group Aa nd 2c hildren in Group Br equired replacement of ac hest tube (p =N S). Group Bp atients had al ower postoperative pain score on day one, fewer postoperative chest X-rays, and a shorter length of postoperative stay. Conclusions: These data suggest that intraoperative chest tube removal is safe and may be associated with improved outcomes following lung biopsy in children.
RECKing MMP function: implications for cancer development

Cancer is a multistage process requiring progressive genetic and epigenetic changes in neoplastic and responding stromal cells. Many alterations that occur during the process of malignant progression are regulated by the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of extracellular proteases and their endogenous inhibitors. Recent work has identified a new cell-surface inhibitor of MMPs - RECK. RECK regulates MMP-induced pericellular signaling cascades during embryogenesis and tumorigenesis. Homozygous loss of RECK results in embryonic lethality and attenuated tumor development in adults - thus providing further support for an efficacious role for protease inhibitors as anticancer therapeutics.
Ozone produced by corona discharge in the presence of water.

Significant levels of ozone have been detected in a reaction flask that was designed for studies using negative air ions generated from corona discharge. While diluting the gas in the vessel at the rate of 1.5 liters/min., more than 1.0 ppm O3 was measured in the vessel when grounded water was present. Ozone levels were much less (15 ppb) in ambient air near the ion generator. Even in the absence of water, O3 levels were only 7 ppb in the reaction flask. Without the corona discharge apparatus, levels of ozone in the gas phase (with water present) averaged 6 ppb. These results demonstrate that when negative air ions are generated from corona discharge in the presence of water, significant levels of ozone are produced. Therefore, O3 could be directly responsible for many of the oxidizing effects that have been reportedly due to negative air ions.
Indirect activation of the epithelial Na+ channel by trypsin.

We tested the hypothesis that the serine protease trypsin can indirectly activate the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). Experiments were carried out in Xenopus oocytes and examined the effects on the channel formed by all three human ENaC subunits and that formed by Xenopus epsilon and human β and γ subunits (ϵβγENaC). Low levels of trypsin (1–10 ng/ml) were without effects on the oocyte endogenous conductances and were specifically used to test the effects on ENaC. Addition of 1 ng/ml trypsin for 60 min stimulated the amiloride-sensitive human ENaC conductance (gNa) by ∼6-fold. This effect on the gNa was [Na+]-independent, thereby ruling out an interaction with channel feedback inhibition by Na+. The indirect nature of this activation was confirmed in cell-attached patch clamp experiments with trypsin added to the outside of the pipette. Trypsin was comparatively ineffective at activating ϵβγENaC, a channel that exhibited a high spontaneous open probability. These observations, in combination with surface binding experiments, indicated that trypsin indirectly activated membrane-resident channels. Activation by trypsin was also dependent on catalytic activity of this protease but was not accompanied by channel subunit proteolysis. Channel activation was dependent on downstream activation of G-proteins and was blocked by G-protein inhibition by injection of guanyl-5′-yl thiophosphate and by pre-stimulation of phospholipase C. These data indicate a receptor-mediated activation of ENaC by trypsin. This trypsin-activated receptor is distinct from that of protease-activated receptor-2, because the response to trypsin was unaffected by protease-activated receptor-2 overexpression or knockdown.
Approximation of the unit step function by a linear combination of exponential functions

Abstract We approximate the unit step function, which equals 1 if t e [0, T] and equals 0 if t >T, by functions of the form ∑ n = 1 N A n ( N ) e − λ n t / T , where each λn is a given positive constant. We find the coefficients A n ( N ) by minimizing the integrated square of the difference between the unit step function and the approximating function. We first solve the specialized case where each λn = n. The resulting sum can be shown to converge in the mean to the unit step function as N → ∞. The general case is then solved and some interesting properties of the numbers A n ( N ) are noted.
Expression of cardiac troponin T with COOH-terminal truncation accelerates cross-bridge interaction kinetics in mouse myocardium.

Transgenic mice expressing an allele of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) with a COOH-terminal truncation (cTnTtrunc) exhibit severe diastolic and mild systolic dysfunction. We tested the hypothesis that c...
Diagnosis and treatment of neonatal diabetes: an United States experience

Background/objective Mutations in KCNJ11, ABCC8, or INS are the cause of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus in about 50% of patients diagnosed with diabetes before 6 months of age and in a small fraction of those diagnosed between 6 and 12 months. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic cause of diabetes in 77 consecutive patients referred to the University of Chicago with diabetes diagnosed before 1 yr of age.
Estimation of Exhaust Manifold Pressure in Turbocharged Gasoline Engines With Variable Valve Timing

Feedforward A/F control in turbocharged gasoline engines with variable valve timing requires knowledge of exhaust manifold pressure, Pe . Physical conditions in the manifold make measurement costly, compelling manufacturers to implement some form of on-line estimation. Processor limitations and the calibration process, however, put constraints on estimator complexity. This paper assesses the feasibility of estimating Pe with an algorithm that is computationally efficient and relatively simple to calibrate. A traditional reduced order linear observer is found to perform well but has too many calibration parameters for practical implementation. Using the performance of the observer as a benchmark, static estimation is explored by parameterizing the equilibrium values of Pe with both the inputs and the outputs of the system. This nonlinear static estimate, combined with simple lead compensation, yields a practical observer implementation.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Rituximab Treatment of Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis

Fibrillary glomerulonephritis belongs to a group of disorders characterized by pathogenic deposition of fibrils in glomeruli. This glomerulopathy tends to progress to end-stage kidney disease, and there currently are no treatments of proven benefit, including corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents. Because the glomerular deposits contain an immunoglobulin component, it was postulated that anti–B-cell therapy with rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, may be effective in the treatment of patients with fibrillary glomerulonephritis. We describe 3 patients with fibrillary glomerulonephritis who were treated with rituximab for nephrotic-range proteinuria. Each patient also received standard antiproteinuria therapy, including blockade of the renin-angiotensin system and strict blood pressure control. All patients showed a decrease in proteinuria to less than 1.5 g/d of protein by 27 months, and kidney function was preserved throughout the duration of therapy and follow-up. No adverse effects were seen with rituximab. These outcomes suggest that treatment with rituximab may be a promising approach to the management of fibrillary glomerulonephritis, an entity previously considered refractory to therapy.
Influence of serum protein binding on hepatic clearance of S‐disopyramide in the rabbit

The effect of changing the protein binding of S-disopyramide, a compound that is highly extracted by the liver on its hepatic clearance in rabbits is described. Using indocyanine green clearance as a means of measuring hepatic blood flow, qualitative changes were observed which are in agreement with the results predicted by both the ‘parallel tube’ and the ‘well-stirred’ models. However, neither model alone could explain the quantitative changes. Suggestions are put forward to explain these results.
Origin of authigenic carbonates in sediment from the deep Bering Sea

Forty beds of authigenic carbonate were identified from the deep Bering Sea in cores taken on Leg 19 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Carbonate minerals were mainly high-magnesium calcite and protodolomite, less commonly siderite, rhodochrosite, low-magnesium calcite, and manganosiderite. Authigenic carbonates cement and replace diatom ooze, ash and bentonite beds, and, less commonly, clastic beds. Replacement zones are as much as 60 cm thick. Eighty-five per cent of carbonate beds occurred below 400 m sub-bottom depth and 70% in sediment older than 4 m.y. 613C values averaged--l7~20"/,, PDB and 6l80 ranged from 18.59 to 34.1 lo/oo SMOW. The carbon was derived from oxidation of organic matter under anaerobic conditions during bacterial reduction of sulphate, or from CO, produced in concert with CH, during degradation of organic matter. The cations (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn) were derived from alteration of ash beds. In Bering Sea deposits, ash beds altered to smectite within about 3-5 m.y. Carbonate precipitated simultaneously at different stratigraphic levels within the 627-1057 m sections at temperatures of 7-85°C. No apparent calcite precursor of biogenic origin was found for these authigenic carbonates.
Standardization of the Experimental Model of Haemophilus ducreyi Infection in Human Subjects

Human volunteers were challenged with Haemophilus ducreyi. Twenty subjects were inoculated with 2 doses (approximately 30 cfu) of live and 1 dose of heat-killed bacteria at 3 sites on the arm. Eight subjects were assigned to biopsy 1 or 4 days after inoculation, and 12 were biopsied after they developed a painful pustular lesion or were followed until disease resolved. Papules developed at 95% of 40 sites infected with live bacteria (95% confidence interval [CI], 83. 1%-99.4%). In 24 sites followed to end point, 27% of the papules resolved, 69% (95% CI, 47.1%-86.6%) evolved into pustules, and 4% remained at the papular stage. Recovery rates of H. ducreyi from surface cultures ranged from 13% to 41%. H. ducreyi was recovered from biopsies of 12 of 15 pustules and 1 of 7 papules, suggesting that H. ducreyi replicates between the papular and pustular stages of disease.
Seasonal and diel periodicity in the drift of aquatic insects in a subtropical Florida stream

Summary A study of insect drift was conducted in a small, subtropical Florida stream from December 1971 to December 1972 to describe the seasonal and diel periodicity and to determine factors influencing behavioural drift. Paired samples of 2 h duration beginning 15 min after sunset were taken biweekly, and hourly collections over a 24-h period were made quarterly. Benthic invertebrates were collected on each date from three habitats (riffle, pool and aquatic vegetation) and temperature, dissolved oxygen and current velocity were measured. Drift rates ranged from 100 to 2125 organisms/m2. h (0·03 to 0·49 organisms/m3) and were greatest in winter and early spring; minimal rates occurred in the summer months. The following six taxa, in order of relative abundance, comprised 87% of the drift: Baetis intercalaris, Cheumatopsyche sp., Stenonema exiguum, Chironomidae, Stenelmis fuscata and Simulium sp. Total drift showed no significant correlation with temperature, dissolved oxygen or mean benthic abundance and only slight correlation with current velocity (r=0·34). Stepwise, multiple regression analyses indicated that riffle density and mean size of drifting organisms were important factors influencing the drift rates of B. intercalaris (R=0·67) and S. exiguum (R=0·82); mean size, riffle density and water temperature influenced the drift of Cheumatopsyche sp. (R=0·78). The other taxa of drifting insects showed no significant correlation with the variables measured. Diel (24 h) studies of the major taxa showed marked differences in the periodicity, both within and between taxa, indicating the need for long-term studies with frequent sample intervals in subtropical habitats. A new drift pattern for the family Chironomidae, alternans type, was observed for late instars of Polypedilum halterale.
Comparison of oral vancomycin capsule and solution for treatment of initial episode of severe Clostridium difficile Infection.

Objective:Vancomycin is recommended as a first-line therapy for severe Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Due to the high cost of commercially available vancomycin capsules, hospitals frequently compound oral solution despite a lack of data comparing outcomes. This study was conducted to determine treatment outcome differences based on oral vancomycin formulation.Methods:Medical charts of 76 patients with an initial episode of severe CDI receiving oral vancomycin as a commercially available capsule or a compounded oral solution for at least 72 hours were retrospectively reviewed. The primary objective was to compare the time to clinical cure of CDI.Results:Baseline characteristics between groups were similar except for the median lactate, which was higher in compounded oral solution group (1.5 vs 0.6 mmol/L, P < .001). There was no difference in clinical cure at day 10 (64% solution vs 59% capsules, P = .664). Median time to clinical cure was 8 days for solution and 7 for capsules (P = .597). After ad...
Inconsistent association of male body mass with breeding success in captive white-tailed deer

Breeding success among male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) has been correlated with numerous physical and physiological variables. We investigated the effect of relative body mass on breeding success in captive male deer from 21 breeding trials. Contrary to our prediction, larger males on average had identical levels of breeding success (59% of breeding opportunities) in the 1st and 2nd halves of the breeding season. The variability of breeding success increased with greater relative mass; thus deer with substantial mass disadvantages had only limited success, and males weighing 92% of the pen average had success ranging from 0% to 100% of potential breeding opportunities. Although constant proximity limited males primarily to a strategy of direct confrontation, some subordinate males evidently mated opportunistically when .1 female was receptive. We conclude that 1 uncontrolled variable, possibly related to aggressiveness or life-history strategy, remained influential and limited the ability of some males to compete successfully in spite of greater relative body mass.
Struggling Reader or Emerging Biliterate Student? Reevaluating the Criteria for Labeling Emerging Bilingual Students as Low Achieving:

Data systems that use monolingual language frameworks to understand the reading achievement of third-grade students provide inadequate information about emerging bilingual (EB) learners. The author...
Autoimmunity initiates in nonhematopoietic cells and progresses via lymphocytes in an interferon-dependent autoimmune disease.

The type I interferon (IFN) response initiated by detection of nucleic acids is important for antiviral defense but is also associated with specific autoimmune diseases. Mutations in the human 3' repair exonuclease 1 (Trex1) gene cause Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS), an IFN-associated autoimmune disease. However, the source of the type I IFN response and the precise mechanisms of disease in AGS remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Trex1 is an essential negative regulator of the STING-dependent antiviral response. We used an in vivo reporter of IFN activity in Trex1-deficient mice to localize the initiation of disease to nonhematopoietic cells. These IFNs drove T cell-mediated inflammation and an autoantibody response that targeted abundant, tissue-restricted autoantigens. However, B cells contributed to mortality independently of T cell-mediated tissue damage. These findings reveal a stepwise progression of autoimmune disease in Trex1-deficient mice, with implications for the treatment of AGS and related disorders.
Sleeping Beauty and shifted Jeffrey conditionalization

In this paper, I argue for a view largely favorable to the Thirder view: when Sleeping Beauty wakes up on Monday, her credence in the coin’s landing heads is less than 1/2. Let’s call this “the Lesser view.” For my argument, I (i) criticize Strict Conditionalization as the rule for changing de se credences; (ii) develop a new rule; and (iii) defend it by Gaifman’s Expert Principle. Finally, I defend the Lesser view by making use of this new rule.
A highly integrated, versatile GPS receiver for E911 applications

This paper presents the design of a highly integrated GPS receiver for hand held and other applications. The IC consists of a complete GPS receiver with an integrated multi-mode fractional-N synthesizer. It is one of the most highly integrated GPS receiver ICs presented to date with unmatched flexibility and performance. The receiver chip is fabricated in a 0.35 /spl mu/m silicon BiCMOS process and packaged in a 48 pin 7 mm/spl times/7 mm land grid array chip scale package.
Systemic effects of local radiotherapy

Summary Radiotherapy is generally used to treat a localised target that includes cancer. Increasingly, evidence indicates that radiotherapy recruits biological effectors outside the treatment field and has systemic effects. We discuss the implications of such effects and the role of the immune system in standard cytotoxic treatments. Because the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy are sensed by the immune system, their combination with immunotherapy presents a new therapeutic opportunity. Radiotherapy directly interferes with the primary tumour and possibly reverses some immunosuppressive barriers within the tumour microenvironment—ideally, recovering the role of the primary tumour as an immunogenic hub. Local radiation also triggers systemic effects that can be used in combination with immunotherapy to induce responses outside the radiation field.
Ovarian Dysgenesis in an Alpaca with a Minute Chromosome 36

A 4-year-old female alpaca (Lama pacos [LPA]) was presented to the Oregon State Veterinary Teaching Hospital for failure to display receptive behavior to males. Although no abnormalities were found on physical examination, transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive tract revealed uterine hypoplasia and ovarian dysgenesis. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated a normal female 74,XX karyotype with 1 exceptionally small (minute) homologue of autosome LPA36. Chromosome analysis by Giemsa staining and DAPI- and C-banding revealed that the minute LPA36 was submetacentric, AT-rich, and largely heterochromatic. Because of the small size and lack of molecular markers, it was not possible to identify the origin of the minute. There is a need to improve molecular cytogenetic tools to further study the phenomenon of this minute chromosome and its relation to female reproduction in alpacas and llamas.
A probabilistic atlas and reference system for the human brain: International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM)

Motivated by the vast amount of information that is rapidly accumulating about the human brain in digital form, we embarked upon a program in 1992 to develop a four–dimensional probabilistic atlas and reference system for the human brain. Through an International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM) a dataset is being collected that includes 7000 subjects between the ages of eighteen and ninety years and including 342 mono– and dizygotic twins. Data on each subject includes detailed demographic, clinical, behavioural and imaging information. DNA has been collected for genotyping from 5800 subjects. A component of the programme uses post–mortem tissue to determine the probabilistic distribution of microscopic cyto– and chemoarchitectural regions in the human brain. This, combined with macroscopic information about structure and function derived from subjects in vivo , provides the first large scale opportunity to gain meaningful insights into the concordance or discordance in micro– and macroscopic structure and function. The philosophy, strategy, algorithm development, data acquisition techniques and validation methods are described in this report along with database structures. Examples of results are described for the normal adult human brain as well as examples in patients with Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. The ability to quantify the variance of the human brain as a function of age in a large population of subjects for whom data is also available about their genetic composition and behaviour will allow for the first assessment of cerebral genotype–phenotype–behavioural correlations in humans to take place in a population this large. This approach and its application should provide new insights and opportunities for investigators interested in basic neuroscience, clinical diagnostics and the evaluation of neuropsychiatric disorders in patients.
Extending the limits of complex learning in organic amnesia: Computer training in a vocational domain

This study explored the limits of learning that could be achieved by an amnesic patient in a complex real-world domain. Using a cuing procedure known as the method of vanishing cues, a severely amnesic encephalitic patient was taught over 250 discrete pieces of new information concerning the rules and procedures for performing a task involving data entry into a computer. Subsequently, she was able to use this acquired knowledge to perform the task accurately and efficiently in the workplace. These results suggest that amnesic patients' preserved learning abilities can be extended well beyond what has been reported previously.
The molten globule intermediate of apomyoglobin and the process of protein folding

The molten globule model for the beginning of the folding process, which originated with Kuwajima's studies of alpha-lactalbumin (Kuwajima, K., 1989, Proteins Struct. Funct. Genet. 6, 87-103, and references therein), states that, for those proteins that exhibit equilibrium molten globule intermediates, the molten globule is a major kinetic intermediate near the start of the folding pathway. Pulsed hydrogen-deuterium exchange measurements confirm this model for apomyoglobin (Jennings, P.A. & Wright, P.E., in prep.). The energetics of the acid-induced unfolding transition, which have been determined by fitting a minimal three-state model (N I U; N = native, I = molten globule intermediate, U = unfolded) show that I is more stable than U at neutral pH (Barrick, D. & Baldwin, R.L., 1993, Biochemistry 32, in press), which provides an explanation for why I is formed from U at the start of folding. Hydrogen exchange rates measured by two-dimensional NMR for individual peptide NH protons, taken together with the CD spectrum of I, indicate that moderately stable helices are present in I at the locations of the A, G, and H helices of native myoglobin (Hughson, F.M., Wright, P.E., & Baldwin, R.L., 1990, Science 249, 1544-1548). Directed mutagnesis experiments indicate that the interactions between the A, G, and H helices in I are loose (Hughson, F.M., Barrick, D., & Baldwin, R.L., 1991, Biochemistry 30, 4113-4118), which can explain why I is formed rapidly from U at the start of folding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An operational semantics for scheme1

This paper presents an operational semantics for the core of Scheme. Our specification improves over the denotational semantics from the Revised5 Report on Scheme specification in four ways. First, it covers a larger part of the language, specifically eval, quote, dynamic-wind, and the top level. Second, it models multiple values in a way that does not require changes to unrelated parts of the language. Third, it provides a faithful model of Scheme's undefined order of evaluation. Finally, we have implemented our specification in PLT Redex, a domain-specific language for writing operational semantics. The implementation allows others to experiment with our specification and allows us to build a specification test suite, which improves our confidence that our system is a faithful model of Scheme. In addition to a specification of Scheme, this paper contributes three novel modeling techniques for Felleisen Hieb-style rewriting semantics. All three techniques are applicable to a wider range of problems than modeling Scheme, and they combine seamlessly in our model, suggesting that they would scale to complete models of other languages.
Assessing the Effects of Computer-Based Documentation on Parent-Provider Communication: In Reply

We appreciate the opportunity to respond to the questions posed about the results of our study, describing the impact of computer-based documentation on parent-provider communications. The reader may have misinterpreted some of our results. We will attempt to clarify them here. As noted in our article, the study consisted of a control group, in which structured paper …
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS ON NEURITE GROWTH ON LAMININ AND L1 SUBSTRATES

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the carbohydrate moieties of proteoglycans, are thought to be positive and negative regulators of axonal growth. The physiological role of GAGs is controversial as some studies have shown that GAGs inhibit cell adhesion and neurite elongation (Exp Neurol 109:111, 1990) whereas other studies have reported a growth stimulatory effect of GAGs (Development 114:17, 1992). These and other studies have examined the effects of GAGs using different types of neurons and different substrate conditions thereby making a direct comparison of the experimental data difficult. To resolve the controversy concerning the ability of exogenous GAGs to modulate neurite growth, we examined the effects of a panel of structurally different GAGs on the growth of postnatal rat cerebellar granule neurons and embryonic rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons on substrates of either laminin or the L1 glycoprotein. Here we show that chondroitin 4-sulfate (CS4), chondroitin 6-sulfate (CS6), and keratan sulfate (KS) inhibit neurite growth from both cerebellar and DRG neurons on laminin-coated surfaces. On L1 surfaces, however, these GAGs are either extremely weak inhibitors of neurite extension or, in the case of CS4, a modest stimulator of neurite growth. Heparan sulfate (HS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) inhibited the growth of cerebellar neurons but not the growth of DRG neurons on L1-coated surfaces. On laminin surfaces, DS and HS had no effect on neurite growth from both cerebellar and DRG neurons. These results demonstrate a cellular and a substrate specificity to the effects of exogenous GAGs on neurite extension in vitro. They suggest that while CS and KS GAGs may not exert strong negative influences over axonal growth in regions of the developing CNS where the L1 glycoprotein is abundant, these GAGs are capable of inhibiting the growth of axons that extend within an environment rich in laminin.
Consistency of the Willett Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24-Hour Dietary Recalls in Estimating Nutrient Intakes of Preschool Children

A study was performed to determine the utility of the Willett semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire for assessing the habitual diets of preschool children. Children (n = 224) were recruited mainly through a New York City hospital-based pediatric practice during 1986-1987. The children's ages at baseline were 44-60 months; 50% were male, and 91% were Hispanic. Over a 12-month period, the Willett food frequency questionnaire was administered twice to each child's parent, and a 24-hour dietary recall was conducted four times. For energy and eight nutrients, group mean intakes derived from food frequency questionnaires were 1.4-1.9 times higher than those from 24-hour recalls. Group mean estimates of nutrient density of total and saturated fat, potassium, and calcium did not differ between the two methods. Correlations between methods for crude nutrient intakes (unadjusted for energy consumption) ranged from 0.16 (polyunsaturated fat in boys) to 0.60 (potassium in girls). Correlations generally decreased when intakes were adjusted for energy consumption. Adjustment for energy intake and residual intraindividual variability yielded correlations of 0.48 for total calories, 0.35 for total fat, and 0.37 for saturated fat. For intake of energy and nine nutrients, of those children classified into the highest quintile by dietary recall, 28.9-40.9% were so classified by the Willett questionnaire, and 48.9-68.9% were classified into the highest two quintiles. When data were expressed as nutrient densities, agreement was high for potassium and calcium and fair for saturated fat, cholesterol, and protein. The moderately low consistency of nutrient intake estimates across dietary assessment methods in this study may be due, in large part, to residual intraindividual variability in both the recall data and the food frequency data.
North American Hyphomycetes II. New Species and a New Genus

Among the specimens of Fungi Imperfecti that the writer. has recently had occasion to study, three stand out as quite distinct from any that have been described. The first of these, communicated by Professor H. S. Jackson of the University of Toronto, grew on the white resupinate fructi? fication of either Corticium or Peniophora, where it formed a dark brown and somewhat cottony layer. Microscopically the form is unique among the phragmosporous forms of the Dematiaceae. The type of branching of the conidiophores is strongly reminiscent of that seen in the genus Botrytis, while the method of spore formation is so difTerent from anything found in near-by genera that it is somewhat difficult to place the form in the proper tribe. It approaches Spondylocladium most closely since the spores occur in whorls around the upper part of the terminal and subterminal cells of the main axis and branches, but it differs from that genus since, instead of producing the conidia in whorls and directly upon the simple main axis, the conidia are produced singly on short, simple, one-celled branches that are formed verticillately (plate 50, fig. 1, 3). It is this arrangement that suggests that the spe? cies should be placed in the form-tribe Acrothecieae, yet in this group it is somewhat anomalous since the genera of this tribe are characterized, in addition to the verticillate arrangement of the conidia, by the simple erect conidiophores, whereas the species under discussion is ramose, and the conidia are not attached di? rectly to the main axis of the conidiophore. Therefore, because of the striking characters that this fungus presents, a new genus and species is proposed.
Pesticide Drift. I. High-Clearance vs. Aerial Application of Sprays

Two experiments are reported which compare the drift from a Hahn Hi-Boy, Model 300 SFP, with an aerial application of methoxychlor made simultaneously to skip-row cotton in late evening and again in early morning. Drift was collected by glass plates, cascade impactors, and Andersen air samplers, At all distances downwind the aerial application resulted in 4-5 times the drift from the high-clearance ground sprayer for both evening and morning treatments. Cascade impactor and Andersen air-sampler data were in complete agreement with the glass-plate collections. The Andersen air sampler, Model 0604, reported here for the first time as a drift-measuring device, compares quite favorably with the cascade impactor and should serve as a useful tool in drift determinations.
The Rockefeller Foundation and the Biological Sciences

T HE Rockefeller Foundation's first support for a purely biological interest was given in 1920, when the Foundation was in its seventh year. It voted $12,500 to the National Research Council in Washington to aid the Consilium Bibliographicum of Zurich, Switzerland. The latter organization was operating an international service of card-indexing and abstracting publications in the biological sciences, and because of disruptions following World War I it had fallen into debt and other difficulties. Leading biologists warmly endorsed the Consilium's appeal for help, arguing that its abstracting service was of great value to scientists all over the world; and on this endorsement the Foundation contributed $106,000 toward its support between 1920 and 1926. At the beginning of this project, the idea was suggested that the National Research Council might accept responsibility for the operation of the Consilium, and in 1921 the Foundation provided a travel grant to enable Vernon Kellogg to explore this idea abroad. The proposed transfer did not materialize, but as an outcome of the inquiry, and of others which followed it, the Union of American Biological Societies decided to establish the now well-known Biological Abstracts. This international publication was launched in 1925 with $350,000 from the Foundation, and subsequent grants (the last one in 1948) have brought the total of assistance to $855,000. These initial actions on behalf of biology were taken at a time when the Foundation had no formal program in the natural sciences. Its only systematic activity in this field was support of the annual fellowships of the National Research Council, which had been started in 1919 for the training of physicists and chemists. The Foundation's predominant interest in the first decade and a half of its operations (19131928) was the advancement of medicine and public health, and more than ninety per cent of its annual appropriations were going into these twin fields. The remainder was contributed to what we may call miscellaneous causes, and among these, to be sure, were projects in biology. For example, in 1923 the scope of the National Research Fellowship program was widened to include biologists as well as physical scientists, and the appropriation for fellowships was proportionately increased. During this period, too, the first grants were made for the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, the Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, and the Institute of Biological Research at Johns Hopkins. But these early grants were not steps in an over-all program to promote biology as such. They totaled barely $2,000,000, and for the most part were justified on the ground that biology was a premedical science and assistance to it would contribute to the program in medicine and public health. It was not until 1929, when the Foundation instituted a division of natural sciences, that it took up the advancement of biology as a well-defined objective.
Building the Mediterranean Pyramid: Part B—Balancing the Plate

The traditional Mediterranean diet finds its roots in the diverse cultures and traditions of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Foundational elements of the Mediterranean pyramid can be found in those of the 1960’ in Crete, much of Greece and Southern Italy.
Toward Designing a Realistic Conversational System: A Survey

Over the past few years, the importance of having realistic conversational systems that satisfy the user needs have encouraged researchers to investigate new approaches for intelligent systems that are able to handle the required dialogues. However, designing a realistic conversational system that is able to understand the nuances of human conversation is not an easy task; thus, researchers face several challenges. To address these challenges and to help guide future research, we provide in this paper an overview of the most recent works in conversational systems. We classify the current models based on their functional similarities to address common features among the described systems. We also summarize the methods and approaches used by each system, state the systems limitations, and highlight their strengths.
Theory of Spectral Hole-Burning in P-Type Germanium by a Frequency Domain Technique

A theoretical study is presented of the coherent and incoherent interaction of a pump CO2-laser and a probe CO2-laser in p-type Ge. The dominant absorption mechanism of the optical beams is direct intervalence-band transitions between states in the heavy- and light-hole bands. The hole states in resonance with the pump tend to saturate at sufficiently high intensities due to changes in the occupation probabilities of the initial and final states. When the material is simultaneously irradiated by the pump and probe beams, there is a nonlinear response which produces a component in the hole population difference between the heavy- and light-hole bands which oscillates at the beat frequency. This oscillating component in the population difference acts as a spatial and temporal grating which mixes the two beams. Calculations of the probe absorption as a function of the frequency difference between the probe and pump beams are presented.
An Empirical Study Evaluating Social Networking Continuance and Success

ABSTRACTSocial networking site (SNS) use decisions have led to major economic and social transformations worldwide. While many organizations seek to use SNSs from a strategic perspective to reach their customer, it is important to understand what makes SNSs successful in order to use them for competitive purposes. The current research evaluates the influence of the social capital theory on SNS success measures. A model was developed and empirically tested using two data samples to ensure valid and reliable results for success of SNSs. The results display the importance of social capital in SNS success followed by practitioner and academic implications.
Differentiation and metabolic interrogation of human adipocytes

Adipocytes differentiated from preadipocytes provide a valuable model for the study of human adipocyte metabolism. We describe methods for isolation of human stromal vascular cells, expansion of preadipocytes, differentiation into mature adipocytes, and in vitro metabolic interrogation of adipocytes.
3BP-1, an SH3 domain binding protein, has GAP activity for Rac and inhibits growth factor-induced membrane ruffling in fibroblasts.

Abstract The SH3 binding protein, 3BP-1, was originally cloned as a partial cDNA from an expression library using the Abl SH3 domain as a probe. In addition to an SH3 binding domain, 3BP-1 displayed homology to a class of GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) active against Rac and Rho proteins. We report here a full length cDNA of 3BP-1 which extends the homology to GAP proteins previously noted. 3BP-1 functions in vitro as a GAP with a specificity for Rac-related G proteins. Microinjection of the 3BP-1 protein into serum-starved fibroblasts produces an inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced membrane ruffling mediated by Rac. Co-injection of 3BP-1 with an activated Rac mutant that is unresponsive to GAPs, counter-acts this inhibition. 3BP-1 does not show in vitro activity towards Rho and, in agreement with this finding, microinjection of 3BP-1 into fibroblasts has no effect on lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced stress fiber assembly mediated by Rho. Thus 3BP-1 is a new and specific Rac GAP that can act in cells to counter Rac-mediated membrane ruffling. How its SH3 binding site interacts with its GAP activity remains to be understood.
On Minimum HOP Flow Assignment in Message-Switched Telecommunication Networks

Abstract A dynamic programming algorithm for minimum hop flow assignment in message-switched telecommunication networks is developed. The algorithm is a significant improvement over previous ones since it is applicable to any network topology, to any set of link capacities, and to any set of traffic requirements. In addition, a global minimum hop flow assignment is guaranteed. The algorithm is illustrated via an example and directions for future research are indicated.
Molecular Testing of Colorectal Cancer in the Modern Era: What Are We Doing and Why?

Abstract A plethora of tests are routinely ordered and interpreted by pathologists to assist the management of colorectal cancer patients. Many of these tests are immunohistochemistry assays using antibodies against prognostically relevant proteins, some of which predict therapeutic response. This review focuses on tissue DNA-based tests. It presents novel methodologies for assessing well-established biomarkers, updates the expanding spectrum of genetic alterations that are associated with resistance to inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, and briefly discusses emerging actionable alterations that may translate into new therapeutic options for colorectal cancer patients. The utility of next-generation sequencing is emphasized.
Neuroscience: Neurons and navigation

Where is the geometry of the environment represented in the brain? The entorhinal cortex, where neurons fire repeatedly when an animal's position coincides with the vertices of a grid of triangles, looks like a good bet.