cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coadsorption of Polylysine and the Cationic Surfactant Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide on Silica

Coadsorption of polymers and surfactants is a poorly understood process that occurs in a variety of complex fluid applications. In single-component solutions, the cationic polyelectrolyte polylysine and the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) both adsorb to negatively charged silica surfaces. Here we use scanning angle reflectometry to contrast adsorption from single-component solutions with a sequential adsorption process and a coadsorption process. When adsorbed from single-component solutions, polylysine adsorbs irreversibly, whereas CTAB adsorption is reversible. In the sequential adsorption case, CTAB neither displaces nor adsorbs to preadsorbed polylysine layers. When solutions contain both CTAB and polylysine, they coadsorb to form mixed layers. Mixed layer formation is indicated by a dramatic alteration of the kinetics and reversibility of adsorption compared to either single-component case. The amounts of CTAB and polylysine adsorbed in the mixed layers are both similar to t...
Evaluating and communicating geologic reasoning with semiotics and certainty estimation

Cognitive and conceptual uncertainties are critical elements in geology from the earliest data collection stage to concluding interpretations. How a geologist conceptually weighs the importance of ...
Effect of body size, trophic state, time of day, and experimental stress on oxygen consumption of anuran larvae: An experimental assessment and evaluation of the literature

Abstract 1. 1. Rates of oxygen consumption ( V O 2) were determined for larvae of two anuran amphibians, Rana berlamlieri and Xenopus laeris. 2. 2. Dry mass accounted for 91%, of the variance in V O 2 of Xenopus larvae; developmental stage and stage-mass interaction influenced V O 2 little. 3. 3. The V O 2 of Xenopus larvae varied significantly throughout a diel cycle. Feeding increased larva V O 2and inanition decreased V O 2 in Xenopus and Rana. The time of feeding also influenced V O 2 of Xenopus larvae. Differences in aerial oxygen uptake accounted for most variation in total V O 2 in Xenopus larvae. 4. 4. The V O 2 of water samples in which larvae had lived was high and variable, presumably due to microbial respiration. 5. 5. Minor disturbance caused hyperventilation, tachycardia, increased V O 2, increased lactate concentrat and decreased branchial irrigation frequency in Xenopus larvae. These effects persisted for 1–2 hr after disturbance. 6. 6. Preventing Xenopus from breathing air reduced total V O 2 to 20–40%, of expected levels. Small Rana larvae showed significant increases in V O 2 when air-breathing was prohibited. 7. 7. Results of most previous studies must be accepted with caution because few investigators have recognized the effects of body size, time of day, trophic state, microbial V O 2, access to air. or inci experimental stress on larval anurans.
Type 1 diabetes exaggerates features of Alzheimer's disease in APP transgenic mice.

A number of studies suggest an association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes: AD patients show impaired insulin function, whereas cognitive deficits and increased risk of developing AD occur in diabetic patients. The reasons for the increased risk are not known. Recent studies of disturbances in the insulin-signaling pathway have revealed new perspectives on the links between AD and Type 1 diabetes with a particular focus on glycogen synthase-kinase-3 (GSK3). We have therefore characterized a mouse model of combined insulin-deficient diabetes and AD and find that diabetes exaggerated defects in the brain of APP transgenic mice. Mice with combined APP overexpression and diabetes showed a decreased insulin receptor activity and an increased GSK3β activity. Concomitantly, tau phosphorylation and number of Aβ plaques, the two pathologic hallmarks of AD, were increased in the brain of diabetic-APP transgenic mice. Our results indicate that the pathologic features of AD are exaggerated in the brain of APP transgenic mice that have concurrent insulin-deficient diabetes, and underscore a possible mechanism of brain dysfunction common to AD and diabetes.
New synthetic receptors derived from porphyrins

Abstract A new porphyrin-based molecular cleft has been synthesized: it shows high affinity for appropriate guests.
Mechanisms, treatment, and prevention of atrial reentry tachycardia after surgery for congenital heart disease

Abstract Mapping studies in experimental settings and in humans have demonstrated that atrial reentry tachycardias after surgery for congenital heart defects like the Fontan operation differ significantly from typical atrial flutter. These arrhythmias are based on non-conductive tissue, such as atriotomy scars, or prosthetic material, such as tubes and patches, resulting from prior cardiac surgery. Stable reentrant activation can occur around these scars or patches, as well as adjacent anatomic obstacles such as the orifices of the great veins or the atrioventricular annulus which create protected zones of atrial tissue. Full knowledge of the underlying electrophysiological and anatomical substrate is critical for delineation of the protected zones of the reentrant circuit. However, acquiring such information is often difficult, if not impossible, with traditional mapping techniques using standard multipolar electrode catheters together with pacemapping and entrainment mapping techniques, particularly in multiple and possibly intertwined circuits. To overcome these limitations novel mapping systems using electroanatomical mapping and non-contact mapping have recently been applied to these patients. The use of these novel mapping systems permits direct association of electrical activity at a particular location of myocardium with the corresponding anatomical structures, a combination which should allow for more effective targeting of RF energy applications.
LAND PRICE INFLATION AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING

Prices for standard lots and acreage were collected for 1975 and 1980 in 30 metropolitan areas and then analyzed, using multiple regression, to identify factors which would explain variations among metropolitan areas. Extreme price variations were observed. For example, from 1975 to 1980, the price of a standard residential lot increased as little as 31% in one area, while the price rose 1 76% in another. Over 80% of the variation in lot price increases was explainable by a model combining land supply and demand factors. In their order of importance, the factors were: (1) an index of regulatory restriction, (2) population increases, (3) per-capita income increases, and (4) job increases. The analysis suggests that public regulatory, infrastructure and tax policies can significantly affect land supply and demand and, in turn, prices. Communities that choose to manage growth must monitor land supply and demand and adjust their policies to ensure competitive noninflationary land markets. Otherwise major incr...
839 USE OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES WITH NON-HUMAN SEQUENCES FOR PROBING HUMAN DNA

Short, chemically synthesized mixed-sequence oligonucleotides have been used to identify cDNA and gene clones. Recently, pairs of 19 to 23 base unique-sequence oligos differing at a single base have been used to identify disease-causing point mutations in human DNAs. Both techniques rely on the requirement of short oligonucleotides to have a perfect match with the probed gene in order to hybridize. We have used long oligonucleotides containing non-human sequences with unknown mismatches for the same purpose. Using a unique new DNA synthesizer (DNA 3:401, 1984) we produced a 63-base and 3 72-base oligonucleotides corresponding to various regions of the bovine cDNA for P450scc (20, 22 desmolase) the enzyme converting cholesterol to pregnenolone. All four oligos hybridize to Northern blots of human adrenal mRNA in the same pattern. Two of these oligonucleotides hybridize to Southern blots of normal human genomic DNA in identical patterns indicating the human genome contains a single P450scc gene. As the two non-hybridizing oligos hybridize to mRNA but not genomic DNA, they probably span introns. Southern blots of genomic DNA from 3 patients with 20, 22 desmolase deficiency (congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia) hybridize with the oligos in the same pattern as DNA from normals, implying the disease is not due to a detectable gene deletion. Advances in DNA synthesis may permit gene studies in human diseases without requiring the tedious intermediate cloning steps.
Serial excision of a large facial skin cancer.

Background. In the management of large facial neoplasms, the dermatologic surgeon must consider local factors affecting the success of closures. Objective. Large facial neoplasms can be removed serially with Mohs micrographic surgery. Serial excision facilitates recruitment of adjacent normal skin for replacement of lesional skin, minimizing the risks of necrosis. Methods. A large morpheaform basal cell carcinoma was excised serially. The initial defect was closed with an O to L advancement flap. The final excision and repair 2 months later consisted of a combination of primary closure with marsupialization and pursestring closure. A full-thickness skin graft was used to close the final defect. Results. The patient had optimal cosmesis at 2-year follow-up. Conclusion. Large facial neoplasms can be excised serially. This technique, performed in the setting of Mohs micrographic surgery, takes advantage of “mechanical and biologic creep,” resulting in excellent cosmesis and function.
O-arm failure traps patient prone on a Jackson table.

The O-arm Surgical Imaging System (Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Memphis, TN, USA) is an increasingly popular tool for spinal surgical procedures that allows for intraoperative acquisition of multi-dimensional spinal imaging that can be used either to confirm placement of spinal instrumentation or to guide spinal screw placement in conjunction with a navigation system. The machine is typically placed open from the side of the patient positioned prone on the Jackson spinal table (Mizuho OSI, Union City, CA, USA) and then closed to complete a ring around the patient to acquire images. A failure of the O-arm opening mechanism can lead to a patient becoming effectively trapped within the device with limited physician access to the patient’s body, a situation that may be remedied by using a manual opening procedure. This report highlights a patient safety issue encountered when a mechanical failure of the O-arm occurred and one of the two tools required for its manual opening was missing. We describe the improvised method employed to successfully open the device.
An extensive ab initio study of the structures, vibrational spectra, quadratic force fields, and relative energetics of three isomers of Cl2O2

The three lowest‐lying isomers of Cl2O2 have been investigated using state‐of‐the‐art ab initio quantum‐mechanical methods. Electron correlation methods that have been used include second‐order Mo/ller–Plesset perturbation theory, singles and doubles coupled‐cluster (CCSD) theory, and the CCSD(T) method, which incorporates a perturbational estimate of the effects of connected triple excitations. Accurate relative energies have been obtained using the CCSD(T) method in conjunction with large atomic natural orbital basis sets that include up to g‐type functions. Our best estimate is that the ClClO2 and ClOClO isomers lie 0.9±2.0 and 10.1±4.0 kcal/mol higher in energy (0 K), respectively, than the more stable ClOOCl peroxide form. In order to obtain accurate equilibrium geometries it is necessary to include f‐type functions in the one‐particle basis set. The vibrational spectra (including IR intensities) of all three isomers are computed and compared with experimental data for ClOOCl and ClClO2. The theoretical and experimental vibrational frequencies agree very well except for the symmetric combination of Cl–O stretches in ClOOCl, where it is concluded that the experimental band is most likely due to the antisymmetric Cl–O stretch. The heat of formation of ClOOCl is computed using an isodesmic reaction involving Cl2O, H2O, and HOOH, and determined to be 34.2 kcal/mol (0 K). The largest uncertainty in this value is due to potential errors in the experimental heat of formation of Cl2O. Using the experimental heat of formation of ClO, the dissociation energy of ClOOCl relative to 2 ClO is computed to be 14.9 kcal/mol at 298 K. The equilibrium structures and vibrational spectra of Cl2O, H2O, and HOOH from our highest‐level calculations are found to be in excellent agreement with the available experimental data.
The effect of paramedic rapid sequence intubation on outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Objective To evaluate the effect of paramedic rapid sequence intubation (RSI) on outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.Methods Adult major trauma victims were prospectively enrolled over two years using the following inclusion criteria: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 3–8, suspected head i
Performance of external and internal coil configurations for prostate investigations at 7 T.

Three different coil configurations were evaluated through simulation and experimentally to determine safe operating limits and evaluate subject size-dependent performance for prostate imaging at 7 T. The coils included a transceiver endorectal coil (trERC), a 16-channel transceiver external surface array (trESA) and a trESA combined with a receive-only ERC (trESA+roERC). Although the transmit B1 (B) homogeneity was far superior for the trESA, the maximum achievable B is subject size dependent and limited by transmit chain losses and amplifier performance. For the trERC, limitations in transmit homogeneity greatly compromised image quality and limited coverage of the prostate. Despite these challenges, the high peak B close to the trERC and subject size-independent performance provides potential advantages especially for spectroscopic localization where high-bandwidth radiofrequency pulses are required. On the receive side, the combined trESA+roERC provided the highest signal-to-noise ratio and improved homogeneity over the trERC resulting in better visualization of the prostate and surrounding anatomy. In addition, the parallel imaging performance of the trESA+roERC holds strong promise for diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hybrid-ARQ as a communications security measure

We consider arbitrary Hybrid-Automatic-Repeat-Request (H-ARQ) wireless links over quasi-static Rayleigh fading channels. In this paper, we translate the repeat-request advantage of the intended receiver over potential eavesdroppers to link security. In particular, with statistical-only knowledge of the channel and noise, we find for the first time in the literature the optimal power allocation sequence over the H-ARQ rounds that maximizes the outage probability of eavesdroppers for any given target outage probability of the trusted receiver. Simulation studies demonstrate orders of magnitude difference in outage probability between eavesdroppers and intended receiver.
The Dynamics of Embedded-Charge Microenergy Harvesting

The microelectronic devices that are ubiquitous these days are limited by the need for batteries. Various methods of harvesting ambient mechanical energy have been proposed and are being developed. Recently, Potter has developed a method for embedding charge, at high density, stably at the interfaces of dissimilar insulators. In this paper, we present and analyze dynamical system models that Potter and co-workers have used to optimize microenergy harvesters based on this novel technology.
Ensiling properties of sweet sorghum

Abstract Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cultivars have been bred for high sugar content; with accompanying adequate forage yield, the crop may offer potential for ensiling. “Wray”; sweet sorghum, a good sugar producer, was grown under field conditions to determine nutritional quality and subsequent animal performance of silage from the yield. In one experiment, “Wray”; was compared to “FS‐5”;, medium‐tall forage sorghum, at four reproductive stages of growth, in regard to agronomic characteristics and chemical composition. In another study, the “Wray”; sweet sorghum was harvested in early and late reproductive stages and stored in experimental silos. Ensiling losses were measured; in addition, the silages were offered to sheep to determine in vivo digestibility (IVODMD) and intake. In the first experiment, dry matter yields of both sweet and forage sorghum increased during the reproductive period, from 6.2 to 11.9 and 7.7 to 13.9 Mg/ha, respectively; at maturity, grain yields were 651 and 3,5...
Dissolution and interfacial reactions of thin-film Ti/Ni/Ag metallizations in solder joints

Abstract The dissolution and interfacial reactions involving thin-film Ti/Ni/Ag metallizations on two semiconductor devices, diode and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), a Sn–3.0Ag–0.7Cu solder, and a Au-layer on the substrates are studied. To simulate the dissolution kinetics of the Ag-layer in liquid solder during the reflow process, the computational thermodynamics (Thermo-Calc) and kinetics (DICTRA: DIffusion Controlled TRAnsformations) tools are employed in conjunction with the assessed thermochemical and mobility data. The simulated results are found to be consistent with the observed as-reflowed microstructures and the measured Ag contents in the solder. In the as-reflowed joints two different intermetallic compounds (IMC) are found near the diode/solder interface. Both are in the form of particles of different morphologies, not a continuous layer, and are referred to as IMC-I and IMC-II. The former corresponds to Ni 3 Sn 4 with Cu atoms residing in the Ni sublattice. It is uncertain whether IMC-II is Cu 6 Sn 5 phase with Ni atoms residing in the Cu sublattice or a Cu–Ni–Sn ternary phase. Near the as-reflowed MOSFET/solder interface, both particles and a skeleton-like layer of Ni 3 Sn 4 are observed. The primary microstructural dynamics during solid state aging are the coarsening of IMC particles and the reactions involving the unconsumed (after reflow) Ni- and the Ti-layer with Sn and Au. While the reaction with the Ni-layer yields only Ni 3 Sn 4 intermetallic, the reaction involving the Ti-layer suggests the formation of Ti–Sn and Au–Sn–Ti intermetallics. The latter is due to the diffusion of Au from the substrate side to the die side. It is postulated that the kinetics of Au–Sn–Ti layer is primarily governed by the diffusion of Au through the Ni 3 Sn 4 layer by a grain boundary mechanism.
Transboundary Pollution Control in Federal Systems

Abstract We examine the effectiveness of federal environmental policy designed to control transboundary pollution. Federal policy is shaped after the hierarchy of the system, and is controlled simultaneously by regional and central governments; each level controls one of two policy instruments: pollution abatement and tax. We obtain larger than socially desirable levels of transboundary pollution when the central government is the policy leader. Federal policy, however, may be socially efficient when regional governments are leaders whenever income transfers, chosen by the central government, provide incentives for efficient decentralized behavior. Our findings are useful to environmental policy design in the European Union.
Orientation-dependent atomic model for electron transfer in ion-molecule collisions: Applications to H++H2 and He2++H2.

Single-electron-capture cross sections in collisions of protons and /alpha/ particles with ground-state H/sub 2/ molecules have been studied for projectile energies in the range of 1--500 keV/amu. By treating the ground-state H/sub 2/ wave function as a linear combination of atomic orbitals from the two atoms, the electron-capture amplitude in ion-molecule collisions is expressed as the coherent superposition of two single-electron-capture amplitudes in /ital ion/-/ital atom/ collisions with the relative phase between the two amplitudes dependent on the collision velocity and the orientation of the molecule. The dependence of the capture cross sections with respect to the molecular orientation was examined. Total electron-capture cross sections averaged over the molecular orientations were obtained and found to be in good agreement with experiments.
Widespread dispersal of cholera toxin subunit b to brain and spinal cord neurons following systemic delivery.

We have discovered novel transport properties of cholera toxin subunit b beyond well-known anterograde and retrograde axonal transport. Injection of 1500 μg of CTb intraperitoneally or intravenously in young adult mice resulted in generalized enhanced labeling of motor nuclei at all levels of the brain stem and spinal cord (oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, facial, trigeminal, vagal, hypoglossal, cervical, and lumbar). There was also extensive labeling of trigeminal and spinal primary afferent fibers, bulk labeling of the area postrema, and finally numerous labeled neurons in the periventricular and supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei. Generalized labeling of motor, sensory, and hypothalamic neurons could also be produced on a more limited scale from intramuscular injections of 500 μg of CTb in the tongue. Neuronal uptake of peripherally administered CTb may be useful as a research tool, or, when fused to therapeutic peptides, enzymes, growth factors, or gene therapy vectors, may have application in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, diabetic neuropathy, motor neuronopathic lysosomal storage diseases, and other neurodegenerative disorders.
A comparison of forward and backward procedures for the acquisition of response chains in pigeons

Four pigeons each learned two separate four-link response chains on a nine-key intelligence panel. One chain was acquired with forward chaining, and the other was learned with backward chaining. The first chain employed four colors as the discriminative stimuli (SDs), and the second presented four forms. Completion of each chain produced 3 sec access to mixed grain, a 3-sec intertriai interval (ITI), and the next trial. Incorrect responses produced a 3-sec timeout (TO). During ITI and TO, all illumination in the experimental chamber was eliminated. All four birds made fewer errors in whichever chaining procedure they learned first, forward or backward.
Crystal structure of fatty acid amide hydrolase bound to the carbamate inhibitor URB597: discovery of a deacylating water molecule and insight into enzyme inactivation

The endocannabinoid system regulates a wide range of physiological processes including pain, inflammation, and cognitive/emotional states. URB597 is one of the best characterized covalent inhibitors of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Here, we report the structure of the FAAH-URB597 complex at 2.3 A resolution. The structure provides insights into mechanistic details of enzyme inactivation and experimental evidence of a previously uncharacterized active site water molecule that likely is involved in substrate deacylation. This water molecule is part of an extensive hydrogen-bonding network and is coordinated indirectly to residues lining the cytosolic port of the enzyme. In order to corroborate our hypothesis concerning the role of this water molecule in FAAH's catalytic mechanism, we determined the structure of FAAH conjugated to a urea-based inhibitor, PF-3845, to a higher resolution (2.4 A) than previously reported. The higher-resolution structure confirms the presence of the water molecule in a virtually identical location in the active site. Examination of the structures of serine hydrolases that are non-homologous to FAAH, such as elastase, trypsin, or chymotrypsin, shows a similarly positioned hydrolytic water molecule and suggests a functional convergence between the amidase signature enzymes and serine proteases.
The Relationship Between Oral Spelling and Phonological Breakdown in a Conduction Aphasic

Unsolicited oral spelling has been observed in conduction aphasics during word-production difficulty (Kohn, 1985), but has never been examined systematically. In the present study, the possible role of oral spelling in the word-production process of a conduction aphasic (JM) is explored. Oral spelling occurred much more frequently during picture naming than during either oral reading or repetition, and it seemed to be operating as a strategy to lessen the phonemic output deficit often observed in this syndrome.
Data Stream Management Systems for Computational Finance

Because financial applications rely on a continual stream of time-sensitive data, any data management system must be able to process complex queries on the fly. Although many organizations turn to custom solutions, data stream management systems can offer the same low-latency processing with the flexibility to handle a range of applications.
Concomitant colorectal cancer and abdominal aortic aneurysm: evolution of treatment paradigm in the endovascular era.

Background Although the incidence of patients presenting with concomitant colorectal cancer (CRC) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is low, current treatment strategies in patients with both lesions remains controversial. Given recent advances in endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR), we sought to analyze the surgical outcomes of patients with concomitant CRC and AAA. Study Design A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients with CRC and AAA between December 1984 and July 2007. Results A total of 108 patients with concomitant CRC and AAA were identified. Forty-six patients presented with symptomatic or obstructing CRC, which was treated with colectomy followed by either open AAA repair (n=35, group A) or EVAR (n=11, group B). Thirty-eight patients underwent either open AAA (n=26, group C) or EVAR (n=12, group D) first, followed by staged CRC resection. Eight patients underwent combined CRC and open AAA repair (group E). The time delays after CRC resection to AAA repair in groups A and B were 42 and 35 days (NS), respectively. The time delays after open AAA or EVAR procedures before CRC resection in groups C and D were 115 days and 12 days (p Conclusions In patients with concomitant colorectal cancer and AAA, the symptomatic lesion should be a treatment priority. Because EVAR results in early recovery and a shorter convalescence compared with open aneurysmorrhaphy, this modality offers potential treatment benefits in patients with suitable anatomy who have concomitant CRC. But EVAR treatment should be offered with caution because of the risk of sigmoid ischemia caused by inferior mesenteric artery occlusion.
Formal specification of information systems requirements

Abstract An organizational information system can be viewed, in a broad sense, as a computational model of organizational activity and function. Logical requirements of information systems are defined, according to this view, as constraints imposed by the logical structure of such a computational model on the design, implementation and operation of information systems. In this study a formal model for the specification of logical requirements is presented in detail and its role as a tool for systems development is discussed. Three main advantages of the specification of logical requirements that can be capitalized through the use of this formalism are: (1) logical requirements are invariant with respect to specific means in which information processing is actually accomplished; (2) they can be easily related to relevant aspects of organizational activity and function; and (3) they can be related to basic components of the corresponding software systems, either existing or being developed.
Assessment of community contamination: a critical approach

The purpose of this paper is to review data from two Superfund sites and describe the latitude of interpretation of "environmental risk" by residents living in the area, governmental agencies, and the media. The first community was located within a 5-mi perimeter of the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site (RFETS) outside Denver, Colorado. The second community was located on the south side of Tucson, Arizona, adjacent to the Tucson International Airport area (TIAA) Superfund site. Critical theory was the perspective used in this analysis and proposal of public health actions to attain social justice. Differences between the two populations' experiences with risk and contamination coincided with divergent levels of trust in government. RFETS residents demanded monitoring, whereas the minority residents at TIAA were ambivalent about their trust in government cleanup activities. Unraveling the purpose of "facts" and the social force of "truth" can direct nurses to address environmental justice issues. By policing governmental and business activities in halting or cleaning up environmental contamination, nurses may become mouthpieces for the concerns underlying the fragile surface of "virtual trust" in contaminated communities. Cutting through competing rhetoric to police environmental safety, the core function of assurance becomes what nurses do, not what they say.
Investigation of the Behavior of the Nickel Catalyst in Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis of Carbon Nanopearls

The role of the nickel catalyst size and its chemical and structural evolution during the early stages of carbon nanopearl nucleation and growth, by chemical vapor deposition from acetylene/argon mixture, was investigated and correlated with the resulting nanopearls morphological and structural properties. Carbon nanopearls were grown using Ni nanoparticles that were 20 nm and 100 nm in size, at a growth temperature of 850 °C, for the following growth times: 10sec, 30 sec, 60 sec, 90 sec, 120 sec and 300 sec. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy were performed on the carbon nanopearl samples. The X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectra showed the following chemical constituents were present during the growth of carbon nanopearls: NiO, Ni2O3, Ni3C, Ni, CO and C (both amorphous and graphite). Transmission electron microscopy showed an increase in carbon nanopearl size with larger Ni nanoparticles. Finally, the results showed that the 20 nm Ni nanoparticles chemically reacted sooner than the 100 nm Ni nanoparticles.
Changes In Cytosolic Ca2+ Have Greater Effects On SR Ca2+ Leak Than Changes In SR Ca2+

Attention has recently focused on preventing arrhythmias by controlling sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ “leak”. Increased leak in ventricular myocytes is associated with regenerative Ca2+ waves and delayed afterdepolarizations, leading to arrhythmias. Studies that have measured SR Ca2+ leak have not examined changes in [Ca2+]SR independent of changes in [Ca2+]i, causing a degree of uncertainty as to which factor plays a greater role. Our current work explores the possibility that changes in [Ca2+]i have a greater effect on leak than changes in [Ca2+]SR.In quiescent rat ventricular myocytes, we recorded steady-state Ca2+ levels, then blocked the ryanodine receptors (RyRs) with a saturating concentration of tetracaine. Using the calcium indicator fluo-3, we recorded changes in [Ca2+]i using a confocal microscope and analyzed the data using leak calculations that took into account underlying assumptions about cytosolic and SR buffers.When extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]e) was increased from 0.5 mM to 1.0 mM at rest, leak increased 37% (9±1.019 vs. 12.3±1.108 μM/s), [Ca2+]i increased 6.6% (98.9 ±0.09 vs. 105.4±3.2 nM, and [Ca2+]SR decreased 5.2% (489±21 vs. 464±23 μM). We also compared leak in resting cells versus leak in the same cells immediately after pacing for 10 s at 1 Hz. At 1 mM [Ca2+]e, pacing increased leak by 17.9% (12.3±1.108 vs. 14.5±8.8 μM/s), increased [Ca2+]i by 9.4% (105.4±3.2 vs. 115.3±5.7 nM), but increased [Ca2+]SR by only 1.0% (463.7±22.7 vs. 468.2±26.8 μM). Qualitatively similar results were obtained after pacing in 0.5 mmol [Ca2+]e. These results suggest that [Ca]i plays a larger role in determining diastolic SR Ca2+ leak than [Ca]SR.
120 channel AM-VSB Signal Transmission by 2 Wavelength Multiplexing through Gain Flattened Hybrid Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier

In optical analog transmission systems using the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), its spectral gain tilt is known to induce signal distortions in combination with laser chirping[l]. We have proposed a hybrid EDFA which consists of serially cascaded EDFs with different glass compositions and shown that the hybrid EDFA realizes a flat spectral gain(low distortion) without sacrificing an output power even after multi-stage amplification[2].
Structure of the Abelson murine leukemia virus genome and the homologous cellular gene: Studies with cloned viral DNA

Circular double-stranded DNA produced after infection of mouse cells with Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) was isolated and cloned in the phage vector Charon 21A. The resulting clones of the A-MuLV genome show homology to the ends of Moloney MuLV and to a 3.5 kb central region containing sequences unique to Abelson virus. A 2.3 kb restriction fragment containing only A-MuLV-specific sequences was subcloned in the plasmid vector pBR322 and used as a probe for the cellular gene that had been acquired by the virus. DNA from all inbred mouse lines examined contains an identical region of homology spread out over 11 to 20 kb. The cellular gene contains intervening sequences which are lacking in the viral genome. Rat, Chinese hamster, rabbit, chicken and human DNA also show homology to the viral probe.
The loading-rate dependent fracture property of a toughened epoxy polymer

The fracture energy of an elastomer-modified epoxy polymer was determined as a function of loading rate. Fracture tests were carried out by using compact tension specimens and standard Izod impact specimens. The fracture energy of the base epoxy was increased by the elastomeric additives. The extent of increase, however, was found to decrease with increasing loading rate.
A Web-Based Model for University Instruction

The Web as a new phenomenon in the information landscape of the university is being used to support course instruction. In most cases, however, the Web is used in support of a traditional model of university instruction and much of the potential of the Web is lost. An innovative model of Web-based university instruction is presented that more fully expresses and uses the power of the Web in opening up the interaction between student and knowledge. The model is a generic 6-point process that involves a new approach to university teaching and learning.
PENDENT AMINOALKYL-SUBSTITUTED MONOCYCLOPENTADIENYLTITANIUM COMPOUNDS AND THEIR POLYMERIZATION BEHAVIOR

A series of new aminoalkyl-substituted monocyclopentadienyltitanium trichloride compounds have been prepared that contain pyridyl (2-picolyl), diisopropylaminoethyl, dimethylaminoethyl, and phenylethyl ligands. Incorporation of these pendent ligands to corresponding (cyclopentadienyl)triisopropoxytitanium and (indenyl)triisopropoxytitanium complexes are also described. The utility of these complexes for the polymerization of ethylene, propylene and styrene has been investigated.
712-4 Role of Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography in Patients with Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

To evaluate the role of intraoperative TEE (IOTEE) in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), IOTEE in 74 patients with HOCM who underwent myectomy from 1988 to 1993 were reviewed. There were 38 men and 36 women with a mean age of 45 ± 22 years (range: 2–82). All had preoperative transthoracic echo showing dynamic LVOT obstruction with a mean peak gradient of 73 ± 37 mmHg and a basal septal thickness of 25 ± 9 mm at baseline. Prior to cardiopulmonary bypass, IOTEE discovered unsuspected morphologic abnormalities in 9 (12%): subaortic membrane 1, flail mitral valve 1, tricuspid valve fibroelastoma 1, mitral valve prolapse 4, patent foramen ovale 1, and bicuspid aortic valve 1. Additional surgical procedure was performed in each of the first 3 patients (4%). Postoperatively, IOTEE detected severe residual mitral regurgitation (MR) with marked systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve in 3, ventricular septal defect in 1 patient, all of which (5%) were surgically corrected with a second pump run. All 3 cases of severe residual MR due to inadequate myectomy occurred during early surgical experience (1988 and 1989). Other 5 (7%) non-surgical postoperative findings included severe MR associated with poor LV function in 1, low ejection fraction in 2, hypovolemia with hypotension in 1 and regional wall motion abnormality in 1 patient. The mitral valve was structurally normal in 61 pts (82%), 3 (4%) had flail PMVL, 4 (5%) had PMVL prolapse, 1 had AMVL prolapse, 1 had bileaflet prolapse, 1 had valvular calcification and 4 had mitral annular calcification. SAM was present in 69 (93%) prebypass and was still present in 45 (61%) immediate postbypass and was present in 30 (41%) predischarge. The grade of MR decreased from 2.3 ± 1.0 prebypass to 1.1 ± 0.5 postbypass (p l 0.0001). Absence of post-bypass SAM was associated with significant postoperative reduction of MR evaluated by IOTEE (p = 0.024). Conclusion In patients with HOCM undergoing myectomy, IOTEE is valuable in detecting preoperatively unknown cardiac pathologies in 12%, altering surgical procedure in 4%, and in assessing the result of myectomy, requiring a second pump run in 5%. IOTEE was also valuable in identifying the etiology of postoperative LV dysfunction in 7% and intrinsic structural abnormality of mitral valve in 19%. Residual SAM detected by IOTEE after septal myectomy resolves in 33% of Pts by the time of predischarge transthoracic echo study.
Programmable DSP architectures. II

The architectural features of single-chip programmable digital signal processors (DSPs) are explored. The focus is on the most basic such feature, the integration of a hardware multiplier/accumulator into the data path, and a more subtle feature, the use of several (up to six) independent memory banks. These features are studied in terms of the performance benefit and the impact on the user. Representative DSPs from three manufacturers AT&T Motorola, and Texas Instruments are used to illustrate the ideas to compare different solutions to the same problems. >
Ethanol feeding stimulates trichloromethyl radical formation from carbon tetrachloride in liver.

1. Female, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed liquid ethanol or control diets, both of which contained fat either at 35% (high fat, HF) or 12% (low fat, LF) of total calories. The rats were given an oral...
The Structure and Energy of Oxygen Vacancy Formation in Clean and Doped, Very Thin Films of ZnO

We use density functional calculations to study the structure and the energy of formation of the surface oxygen vacancy (VO) in a free-standing, very-thin film (VTF) of ZnO and substitutionally dop...
Steering by transient destabilization in piecewise-holonomic models of legged locomotion

We study turning strategies in low-dimensional models of legged locomotion in the horizontal plane. Since the constraints due to foot placement switch from stride to stride, these models are piecewise-holonomic, and this can cause stride-to-stride changes in angular momentum and in the ratio of rotational to translational kinetic energy. Using phase plane analyses and parameter studies based on experimental observations of insects, we investigate how these changes can be harnessed to produce rapid turns, and compare the results with dynamical cockroach data. Qualitative similarities between the model and insect data suggest general strategies that could be implemented in legged robots.
Hydraulic Jump in a Fluid System of Two Layers

The number of conjugate states for the flow of a fluid system of two layers is investigated by means of the momentum principle. The uniqueness of the conjugate state is proved for the cases in which the modified Froude number for either layer is predominantly large. Specific experimental results for three special cases demonstrate the uniqueness of the state downstream from the hydraulic jump, and show that, for a first approximation, the simple analysis provides a means for determining the downstream depths, with smaller errors for lower jumps. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1955.tb01172.x
Reaction of some sulfonic esters of D-mannitol with methoxide; synthesis of 2,3:4,5-dianhydro-D-iditol

Abstract 3,4-Di- O -(methylsulfonyl)- and 3,4-di- O - p -tolylsulfonyl- D -mannitol and their 1,2,5,6-tetraacetates have been synthesized and crystallized. By the action of an excess of methanolic barium methoxide during 2 h at 25°, each of these compounds is converted into 2,3:4,5-dianhydro- D -iditol, the structure of which is assigned on the basis of chemical and physical properties, including n.m.r. spectroscopic evidence.
On the Approximation of the Vlasov--Poisson System by Particle Methods

A discrete approximation to the Vlasov--Poisson system is given which can be viewed as a type of particle method. Approximations to the characteristic curves are computed and proved to converge in a strict sense to the exact trajectories of the system. In particular it is shown that the particle method converges for a general nonuniform distribution of initial aproximating points. Two theorems are proved. In the first theorem it is shown that in theory a convergence of the method can be obtained with mollification of the approximate electric field which is on the order of the interparticle distance. However, the mollifier in this case is not of a form that is of practical use in computation. In the second theorem it is proved that the method converges for a simple mollifier that could be used in computation and which approaches zero at a slower rate than the interparticle distance.
Antimalarial artemisinin analogs. Synthesis via chemoselective CC bond formation and preliminary biological evaluation

The peroxide bond in artemisinin trioxane lactone (1) withstood exposure to lithiothiazole and to lithiobenzothiazole; nucleophilic addition of these powerful organometallic reagents to only the lactone carbonyl group was observed. Likewise, trioxane aldehyde 5 reacted with organolithium, Grignard, and phosphorus ylide nucleophiles exclusively via carbonyl addition. Also, trioxane ketone 7b reacted with phenyllithium via only carbonyl addition. These chemoselective lactone, aldehyde, and ketone carbonyl addition reactions produced a series of new, enantiomerically pure, C-10 non-acetal derivatives of natural trioxane artemisinin having high in vitro antimalarial potencies.
Query revision during cluster based search on large unstructured corpora

We investigate a frequently occurring issue in search (retrieval) in the age of big unstructured data. Searches conducted on large unstructured corpora result in long results lists. Such results lists are often clustered and reranked for ease of navigation. Should a query be revised during time-critical examinations of such long cluster based reranked lists? This question arises naturally during early stages of commercially important applications of IR such as eDiscovery, but has not yet been given any research attention. Four factors compound the difficulty of this question in the setting of eDiscovery: (a) the query sources (the technical experts) are different from the legal staff that are actually executing the query and using the retrieval system, (b) the retrieved lists for each query tend to be very long, and (c) the user might be accessing these retrieved results through a clustering interface, and (c) all decisions must be transparent and easy to explain due to the litigious nature of the application. Analogous difficulties arise in other applications involving search over large unstructured corpora. We introduce a framework to help users make the decision of “whether to revise.” Our framework consists of two components. First, we introduce a “limited view” which is a summary of a long cluster-based reranked list. This is the first input to the user. This provides the user a summary of the long cluster-based list. Second, we construct query predictors for this limited view, and provide their prediction as a second input to the user. This prediction is used to corroborate the inspection of the summary limited view. The proposed combination of a limited view and query performance prediction can assist search staff in determining whether to pursue an expensive query revision or not, as well as save precious time by precluding inspections of lists with very few relevant documents during the early stages of commercially important applications such as eDiscovery.
A distributed feedback silicon evanescent laser

We report an electrically pumped distributed feedback silicon evanescent laser. The laser operates continuous wave with a single mode output at 1600 nm. The laser threshold is 25 mA with a maximum output power of 5.4 mW at 10 degrees C. The maximum operating temperature and minimum line width of the laser are 50 degrees C, and 3.6 MHz, respectively.
Does over-expression of transforming growth factor-beta account for the increased morbidity in African-Americans?: Possible clinical study and therapeutic implications

African-Americans experience an excessive prevalence of a number of apparently disparate disorders that all appear to be, at least in part, mediated by the over-expression or activation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathways, and that certain genotypes including the codon 10 polymorphism occur more commonly among African-Americans and appears to predispose to these disorders. These disorders, fibrosing in nature, include hypertension, focal glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, end stage renal disease, sarcoidosis, uterine leiomyoma, keloids, myocardial fibrosis, and glaucoma. The specific polymorphism for TGF-beta, codon 10, has been implicated in glomerulosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy as well as cardiac transplant rejection. Although TGF-beta over-expression is not the sole factor in these disorders, it is suggested that by designing future clinical studies that consider genomic differences in TGF-beta expression, a more complete understanding of these clinical disorders will be possible. A more thorough understanding of the genetic basis of disease will like promote improved therapeutic regimens and may help reduce the disparate health outcomes for African-Americans as well as improve treatment of individuals of various and diverse ethnic backgrounds.
Severe/frequent recurrent aphthous ulcers and salivary flow rates

Study design The unstimulated salivary flow rate was measured in 79 consecutive patients referred for oral and maxillofacial pathology consultation because of severe or frequent recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU). The unstimulated salivary flow rate (USFR) was measured using volumetric collection of whole saliva for 5 minutes and using the modified Schirmer test (MST) with a Schirmer tear test strip (Eagle Vision, Memphis, Tenn) for 3 minutes. Results Sixty-seven patients (60%) had RAU with USFR > 0.1 mL/min, average age 34 years, range 6-78 years. Theirty-two patients (40%) had RAU with USFR ≤ 0.1 mL/min, average age 48 years, range 17-80 years. Of the 67 patients with USFR > 0.1 mL/min, 3/67 (4%) had abnormal saliva with 2 patients having sialorrhea (USFR > 2 mL/min) and 1 patient with thick gelatinous saliva. Secretagogues, pilocarpine or cevimeline, were prescribed for patients with USFR ≤ 0.1 mL/min. The presence of adequate saliva protects the mucosa from minor irritation and reduces antigenic exposure, 2 triggers of RAU in susceptible patients. Conclusion Diminished USFR due to salivary gland hypofunction may be a precipitating factor for RAU. Identification and management of diminished salivary flow should be helpful to identifying an important precipitating factor and to recognizing that the xerostomic patient is at risk for the complication of candidiasis in RAU patients treated with corticosteroids, a mainstay of RAU treatment. Often normal salivary flow rates can be reestablished with secretagogue medication pilocarpine or cevimeline.
The U.S. Navy and the Late Nineteenth‐Century Steel Industry

(1995). The U.S. Navy and the Late Nineteenth‐Century Steel Industry. The Historian: Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 703-712.