cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biliary catabolism of glutathione and differential reabsorption of its amino acid constituents.

Biliary excretion of glutathione, free amino acids, and total amino acids (after acid hydrolysis) was measured in hepatic bile collected from guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. In controls, the concentration of glutathione in bile was less than 20 microM in all three species. However, when hepatic gamma-glutamyltransferase activity was decreased by retrograde intrabiliary infusion of the irreversible inhibitor acivicin (AT-125; 20 mumol/kg), there was a marked increase in biliary glutathione excretion (in mumol glutathione equivalents.kg body wt-1.h-1) from 0.10 +/- 0.04 to 2.2 +/- 0.6 in guinea pigs, from 0.014 +/- 0.013 to 2.5 +/- 1.9 in rabbits, and from an undetectable level (less than 0.001) to 0.11 +/- 0.05 in dogs. Amino acid analysis of bile revealed that the concentration of glutathione's constituent amino acids (free glutamate, cystine, and glycine) in control bile samples from these three species were quite low and were not affected by AT-125. However, acid hydrolyzates of these same bile samples revealed an unusually high degree of amino acid conjugation. Glutamate (0.06-0.5 mM), cystine (0.2-1.1 mM), and glycine (1.7-2.8 mM) constituted the overwhelming majority of total amino acids in hydrolyzed bile from controls. After AT-125, concentrations of total glutamate and cystine were elevated in hydrolyzed bile, while concentrations of all other amino acids remained the same. Thus glutathione is avidly secreted into bile in the guinea pig, rabbit, and dog but is almost quantitatively broken down within the biliary tree. Subsequently, the glutamate and cysteine moieties derived from catabolism of glutathione must be partially reabsorbed either as peptides, conjugates, or free amino acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Crane double cycling in container ports: algorithms, evaluation, and planning

Loading ships as they are unloaded (double-cycling) can improve the efficiency of a quay crane and container port. This dissertation describes the double-cycling problem, and presents solution algorithms and simple formulae to estimate benefits. In Chapter 2 we focus on reducing the number of operations necessary to turn around a ship. First an intuitive lower bound is developed. We then present a greedy algorithm that was developed based on the physical properties of the problem and yields a tight upper bound. The formula for an upper bound on the greedy algorithm's performance can be used to accurately predict crane performance. The problem is also formulated as a scheduling problem, which can be solved optimally using Johnson's rule. The problem is extended to include an analysis of double-cycling when ships have deck hatches. In Chapter 3 we consider at the longer term impact of double cycling on port operations including crane, vessel, and berth productivity. We use another double cycling sequence that is operationally convenient, easy to model, and nearly optimum. We compare the performance of this sequence to those determined by a greedy algorithm, and Johnson's rule. A framework is developed for analysis, and a simple formula is developed to predict the longer term impact on turn around time. The formula is an accurate predictor of performance. We then show that double cycling can reduce the requirements for landside vehicles and drivers. We also comment on strategies for altering port operations to support double cycling such as segmenting vessel storage, and streamlining traffic flows. We show that double cycling can reduce the amount of time required to complete vessel loading and unloading operations by 10%, improving vessel, crane, and berth productivity. It can reduce by about 20% the requirement for landside vehicles and drivers. Further, for wheeled operations, we suggest a method to reduce the requirement for chassis by about 25%. In Chapter 4 we consider somewhat broader issues, including the interaction of double cycling and security regulations, as well as ship design and routing. We estimate the financial impact of the these benefits, which total approximately $70.00 per container moved, and address obstacles to implementation. The research demonstrates that double cycling can create significant efficiency gains in vessel, crane, and berth productivity while simplifying some aspects of port operations. We also offer an explanation as to why a method that offers such significant benefits at low cost has not been rapidly adopted. We demonstrate that complementary analytical methods can be used to gain broad insight, and that simple, general models, are often of more value than more complex, detailed models.
Vitreomacular Attachment Ultrastructure and Histopathological Correlation.

ABSTRACTPurpose: The ultrastructural anatomy of the vitreomacular interface in young human donor eyes and animal eyes is explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine its relationship with the formation of the perimacular ridge from abusive head trauma, as well as macular hole formation, vitreomacular traction syndrome, and preretinal hemorrhage.Materials and methods: SEM is used to image the posterior poles of 23 human donor eyes, as well as several cow, dog, monkey, pig, and rabbit eyes for vitreomacular interface anatomy. We examined autopsy eyes from abusive head trauma histopathologically.Results: Two rings of thick, circumferential, vitreous attachment at the area centralis are found. An inner ring at the fovea, R1, and an outer ring at the perifoveal region, R2, are both observed in eyes from donors 30 years, only R2 is present (p<0.001). R2 is found with unique elliptical shape in Cynomolgus monkey. Macula, R1, and R2 are not...
Multicenter Comparison of Machine Learning Methods and Conventional Regression for Predicting Clinical Deterioration on the Wards.

Objective:Machine learning methods are flexible prediction algorithms that may be more accurate than conventional regression. We compared the accuracy of different techniques for detecting clinical deterioration on the wards in a large, multicenter database.Design:Observational cohort study.Setting:
NATURE OF INTESTINAL PHYTASE ACTIVITY.

SummaryExperiments were carried out with chicks, mature hens and weanling rats fed dicalcium phosphate, calcium phytate and sodium phytate as dietary phosphorus sources. Intestinal phytase activity...
The ketogenic diet, an effective alternative therapy for brain cancer

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 4466 Normal brain cells can metabolize both glucose and ketone bodies for energy in contrast to brain tumors, which lack metabolic flexibility and are largely dependent on glucose for growth and survival. This study evaluated the efficacy of KetoCal®, a new commercially prepared high fat/low carbohydrate ketogenic diet for children with epilepsy, on the growth and vascularity of a mouse astrocytoma (CT-2A) and a human glioma (U87-MG). KetoCal® was administered to adult mice in restricted amounts to reduce body weight by approximately 20%. KetoCal® significantly decreased the intracerebral growth of the CT-2A and U87-MG tumors by about 65% and 35%, respectively, and significantly enhanced health and survival relative to that of the control group receiving a standard low fat/high carbohydrate diet. The KetoCal® diet reduced plasma glucose levels while elevating plasma ketone body (b-hydroxybutyrate) levels. Tumor microvessel density was less in the restricted KetoCal® group than in the control group. Moreover, gene expression for b-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA: 3-ketoacid CoA transferase, key enzymes for ketone body metabolism, was lower in the tumors than in the contra lateral normal brain, suggesting that these brain tumors have reduced ability to metabolize ketone bodies for energy. These results indicate that KetoCal® has anti-tumor and antiangiogenic effects in experimental mouse and human brain tumors and should be clinically effective for managing malignant brain cancer in humans.
The Relationship Between Climate Change Policy and Socioeconomic Changes in the U.S. Great Plains

As the United States struggles with national solutions to climate change, state and local governments have increasingly taken policy action in this area. Although existing research addresses why some places adopt climate change policy while others do not, much of this expresses policies as a function of factors in the present period or recent past, leaving the question of whether current climate change policy can be seen as a lagged response to longer term trends largely unaddressed. Examination of climate change policy as a response to longer term changes expands the existing understanding of why locations choose to be active in this area. Pairing unique climate change policy survey data from more than 200 local Great Plains governments with Census and environmental data from 1990 to 2000, this article examines whether changes in local socioeconomic and environmental factors in the 1990s are associated with climate change mitigation and adaptation policy adoption from the following decade, 2000–2010.
Poverty reduction and the politics of bilateral donor assistance

The last 15 years have seen a reorientation of the international development industry, resulting in a change from economic growth as the principal objective of development towards a focus on poverty reduction, as embodied by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). At the same time, recognition of the failings of the policy conditionality associated with structural adjustment has seen donors place an increased emphasis on “national ownership” of policies by developing countries as a key determinant of development success. This chapter assesses the implications of these changes by analysing the role now played by donors in policy-making processes in recipient countries, the mechanisms through which they exert influence and changes in the sectoral allocation of development aid. The analysis draws on statistical data on aid allocations as well as examining the politics of bilateral donor assistance in two illustrative case studies.
Trends of hospitalization for schizophreniform disorder in USA: A nationwide analysis

Objectives Schizophreniform disorder (SD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. While SD has been extensively studied in the past, the contemporary data for impact of SD on cost of hospitalization are largely lacking. Methods We queried the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Nationwide Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS) dataset between 1998–2011 using the ICD-9 codes. Severity of comorbid conditions was defined by Deyo modification of Charlson comorbidity index. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and secondary outcome was total charges for hospitalization. Using SAS 9.2, Chi 2 test, t -test and Cochran-Armitage test were used to test significance. Results A total of 8645 patients were analyzed; 36.21% were female and 63.79% were male ( P P P Conclusions While mortality has slightly decreased from 1998 to 2011, the cost has significantly increased from $47.59 million/year to $853.83 million/year, which leads to an estimated $806.24 million/year additional burden to US health care system from 1998 to 2011. In the era of cost conscious care, preventing SD related hospitalization could save billions of dollars every year. Focused efforts are needed to establish preventive measures for SD related hospitalization.
Charge-Order-Induced Ferroelectricity in LaVO3/SrVO3 Superlattices

The structure and properties of the $1\ensuremath{\mathbin:}1$ superlattice of ${\mathrm{LaVO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{SrVO}}_{3}$ are investigated with a first-principles density-functional-theory-plus-$U$ ($\mathrm{DFT}+U$) method. The lowest energy states are antiferromagnetic charge-ordered Mott-insulating phases. In one of these insulating phases, layered charge ordering combines with the layered La/Sr cation ordering to produce a polar structure with a large nonzero spontaneous polarization normal to the interfaces. This polarization, comparable to that of conventional ferroelectrics, is produced by electron transfer between the ${\mathrm{V}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{V}}^{4+}$ layers. The energy of this normal-polarization state relative to the ground state is only 3 meV per vanadium. Under tensile strain, this energy difference can be further reduced, suggesting that the normal-polarization state can be induced by an electric field applied normal to the superlattice layers, yielding an antiferroelectric double-hysteresis loop. If the system does not switch back to the ground state on removal of the field, a ferroelectric-type hysteresis loop could be observed.
The Renaissance of Empire in Early Modern Europe: Britain as Late Renaissance Empire

Not Caesar’s deeds, nor all his honours won In these West-parts; nor, when the war was done, The name of Pompey for an Enemy; Cato to boot; Rome , and her liberty; All yielding to his fortune: nor, the while, To have ingrav’d these Acts with his own stile; And that so strong, and deep, as might be thought He wrote with the same spirit that he fought; Not that his Work liv’d, in the hands of foes, Un argu’d then; and (yet) hath fame from those: Not all these, Edmonds , or what else put to, Can so speak Caesar, as thy Labours do. For, where his person liv’d scarce one just age, And that ‘midst envy and Parts; then, fell by rage; His deeds too dying, save in Books: (whose good How few have read! how fewer understood!) Thy learned hand, and true Promethean Art, As by a new creation, part by part, In every Counsel, Stratagem, Design, Action, or Engine, worth a Note of thine, T’all future time not only doth restore His life, but makes that he can die no more. Ben Johnson, “To my friend master Clement Edmonds, Epigramme,” in Clement Edmonds, Observations Upon Caesar’s Commentaries (London, 1609) Of the major European monarchies that eventually ruled new global empires in the early modern period, the British monarchy stands out for the slow, halting, and crooked path that eventually led to its own distinctive Imperial Renaissance in the late sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. The “first empire,” commonly viewed as spanning the two centuries between the claiming of Newfoundland in 1583 and the loss of the American colonies to 1783, lagged behind the Spanish by more than a century in terms of real colonization in North America. Compared to their continental rivals, the British monarchs in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries had fewer resources, greater political and religious internal divisions, and less military power, all of which stood in the way of imperial aspirations.
Nonlinear Electron-Lattice Interactions in a Wurtzite Semiconductor Enabled via Strongly Correlated Oxide

With VO2 , a classic strongly correlated oxide material, a model semiconductor CdS is stretched and its electron-lattice interaction in a nonlinear manner is modulated. Optical spectroscopy is applied to probe the electronic band structure-associated parameters which is explained by the theoretical prediction based on k·p method and microscopy study. The research provides a new avenue on dynamic straining engineering.
Review Essay: Nightmare at the Museum: Problematic Representations of Africanness at the American Museum of Natural History

The power to define is a hazardous tool to have, and we see that this authority resides in historical texts, films, and museums. These spaces, movies, books, or museums, have the power to define what is and is not considered history. We see the act of othering Africa and people of color as an all too common occurrence in these spaces. This act of othering is not just limited to these sites of information; it is widespread in all forms of representation. In this essay I will be examining how the film Night at the Museum in conjunction with the American Museum of Natural History other Africanness. Through the examination of the film Night at the Museum and the American Museum of Natural History I will show how the othering of Africanness still persists today, and often targets a young audience through box office hits like this film.
Assessing Multinational Global Cyber Business Risk Of Cyberattacks – Minimizing The Risk Of Loss Due To Wrongful Jurisdiction

In Cyberspace, more and more, corporations with global holdings are seeking excellence in business around the world mostly by Internet. In order to do business, several legal and economic developments must be explored to assess the risks and practicalities involving the new legal issues created by cyberspace. Compliance officers, because of their responsibilities to develop cybersecurity plans, need to understand the personal jurisdictional effects test and the subject matter test to assess risk of loss. Jurisdiction as to what court or what administrative agency has authority to decide a particular case is critical to the success of a recovering party filing a lawsuit seeking damages for a cyberattack. The jurisdictional nuances analyzed in this paper offer a gradual development of the leading court and administrative cases for guidance on the issues. This paper is worth your time because: 1) it examines the inconsistent and obscure legal standards for jurisdiction in cyber space including cyberattacks, 2) it shows the places and methods used by both the Federal Trade Commission and the Courts having jurisdiction over cyberattack litigation, 3) it gives the recommendations for U.S. and international corporations on the subject of cyber jurisdiction. All of this is supported by current case law and journal articles involving cybersecurity to help minimize the mistakes that I have observed in the practice saving time and money. This is a new technology area of inquiry facing many corporate legal departments, and IT managers today. So, this paper involves the legal/business research necessary to give guidance regarding the jurisdictional boundaries of cyberattack litigation and ways to substantially reduce the risk of loss.
Passivity-Based Thermohygrometric Control in Buildings

This paper presents a modeling and control method for the thermohygrometric condition (temperature and humidity) in a multizone building. The interconnection between the zones is captured through an undirected graph. Employing an electrical circuit analogy, rooms represent capacitances, and walls and doors/windows are resistances. This model characterizes both mass and heat transfer between the zones and their coupling within each zone, extending the temperature-only resistance–capacitance models commonly used in the building control literature. By using physics-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, we verify that this lumped-parameter model is a reasonable approximation of the physical system. The control objective is to drive the temperature and humidity of each zone into the comfort region in the psychrometric chart, using the mass-flow rate of the supplied air into the zone as the control input. In contrast to thermal-only building control, the challenge of this problem is to use a single control variable, mass-flow rate, to regulate both temperature and humidity. Our approach is to first design a feedforward control based on the desired steady-state condition within the comfort zone. We then draw on our previous work on passivity-based building temperature control to show that the thermohygrometric model around the steady state is strictly passive, from the mass-flow rate to a synthetic output combining temperature and humidity. This allows the use of any passive feedback controller combined with the feedforward to achieve robust stabilization about the desired operating point. The feedforward may be further adaptively updated, resulting in an integral-control term in the controller. Finally, to reduce the energy usage, we only apply the controller outside of the comfort zone and turn OFF the controller within the comfort zone. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, simulation results using both the lumped and CFD models are presented for an existing physical six-room testbed.
Building Resilience for Wellness: A Faculty Development Resource

Introduction The National Academy of Medicine recently published “A Multifaceted Systems Approach to Addressing Stress Within Health Professions Education and Beyond,” which calls for greater atten...
Advantages and limitations of L-band bistatic radar remote sensing of landscape freeze/thaw state

This paper presents results from recent satellite Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) experiments in the northern high latitudes. Seasonal changes in the reflected signal are attributed to changes in the freeze/thaw state of the landscape. Here, we describe the unique geometries and sampling strategies that GNSS-R provide, which come with both advantages and limitations vis-a-vis traditional remote sensing techniques for monitoring the freeze/thaw transition. We will compare observational GNSS-R data in the northern high latitudes with cotemporaneous L-band radiometer and radar data to highlight these advantages and limitations.
Non-coding RNA regulation of endothelial and macrophage functions during atherosclerosis

The endothelial lining can be viewed as the first line of defense against risk factors of vascular disease. Endothelial dysfunction is regarded as an initial event for atherogenesis since defects in vascular integrity and homeostasis are responsible for lipid infiltration and recruitment of monocytes into the vessel wall. Monocytes-turned-macrophages, which possess astounding inflammatory plasticity, perpetuate chronic inflammation and growth of atherosclerotic plaques and, are therefore central for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Because endothelial cells and macrophages are key players during atherogenesis, it is crucial to understand the regulation of their functions in order to develop strategies to intervene disease progression. Interestingly, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), broad class of RNA molecules that do not code for proteins, are capable of reprogramming multiple cell functions and, thus, can be used as target agents. MicroRNAs are small ncRNAs whose roles in the regulation of vascular functions and development of atherosclerosis through post-transcriptional manipulation of gene expression have been widely explored. Recently, other ncRNAs including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have also emerged as potential regulators of these functions. However, given their poor-genetic conservation between species, much work will be needed to elucidate the specific role of lncRNAs in vascular biology. This review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective of ncRNA, mostly focusing in lncRNAs, mechanism of action and relevance in regulating lipid metabolism-independent endothelial and macrophages functions in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Inelastic Analysis of Plates and Shells

This chapter presents applications of the boundary element method to inelastic analysis of plates and shells. For the analysis of inelastic plate problems, three different formulations are compared. In addition, thermal stresses, membrane effects, large deformation analysis and instability analysis are also considered for the plate problems. The shell formulation is derived by transforming the general 3-D BEM equations to the appropriate curvilinear coordinates and taking advantage of the shell thinness. Numerical results are presented for several plate and shell problems.
Plasma lipoproteome in Alzheimer's disease: a proof-of-concept study.

Although total plasma lipoproteome consists of proteins that have shown promises as biomarkers that can identify Alzheimer’s disease (AD), effect sizes are modest. The objective of this study is to provide initial proof-of-concept that the plasma lipoproteome more likely differ between AD cases and controls when measured in individual plasma lipoprotein fractions than when measured as total in immunodepleted plasma. We first developed a targeted proteomics method based on selected reaction monitoring (SRM) and liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for measurement of 120 tryptic peptides from 79 proteins that are commonly present in plasma lipoproteins. Then in a proof-of concept case–control study of 5 AD cases and 5 sex- and age-matched controls, we applied the targeted proteomic method and performed relatively quantification of 120 tryptic peptides in plasma lipoprotein fractions (fractionated by sequential gradient ultracentrifugation) and in immunodepleted plasma (of albumin and IgG). Unadjusted p values from two-sample t-tests and overall fold change was used to evaluate a peptide relative difference between AD cases and controls, with lower p values ( 1.05 or 1.05 or < 0.95, compared to only 6 tryptic peptides in immunodepleted plasma. The overall comparisons, therefore, suggested greater peptide/protein differences in plasma lipoproteome when measured in individual plasma lipoproteins than as total in immunodepleted plasma. Specifically, protein complement C3’s peptide IHWESASLLR, had unadjusted p values of 0.00007, 0.00012, and 0.0006 and overall 1.25, 1.17, 1.14-fold changes in VLDL, IDL, and LDL, respectively. After positive False Discovery Rate (pFDR) adjustment, the complement C3 peptide IHWESASLLR in VLDL remained statistically different (adjusted p value < 0.05). The findings may warrant future studies to investigate plasma lipoproteome when measured in individual plasma lipoprotein fractions for AD diagnosis.
Invasive Hemodynamics and Outcomes in Cardiac Arrest Survivors Undergoing Targeted Temperature Management.

Most important prognostic factors in the postcardiac arrest patients who underwent targeted temperature management (TTM) derive from the periarrest period. Whether early invasive hemodynamics predict survival or neurologic outcomes remains unknown. We retrospectively reviewed all comatose survivors of cardiac arrest who underwent TTM at the Coronary Intensive Care Unit of a Quaternary Center between January 2015 and June 2017. Patients were required to have a set of invasive hemodynamics available at initiation of TTM to be included. Those with cooling initiated before admission and temperature of 1200 vs 800 to 1200 vs
Dynamic Fracture Toughness Measurements of High-Strength Steels Using Precracked Charpy Specimens

The dynamic fracture toughness, K I d , was measured in a number of ferrous alloys using precracked Charpy specimens and an instrumented impact machine. The alloys investigated included quenched and tempered steels (H-11, D6AC, and 4340), 18Ni maraging steels (grades 200, 250, and 300) and a high-temperature, stainless maraging steel (Pyromet X-15). Standard Charpy specimens were precracked in fatigue and tested at either 72°F (22°C) or -65°F (-54°C). Values of K I d were determined as a function of yield strength and microstructure, and correlations were established between K I d and both the energy to initiate fracture, W m /A, and the total energy of fracture, W/A. The instrumented, precracked Charpy test is shown to be a convenient method of determining relative fracture toughness; under proper conditions this test procedure can be used to determine the dynamic plane-strain fracture toughness.
Writing for the public

It is not easy to write for the public. But, as we shall see, that is what the authors set out to do in the texts under examination in this review essay. In The Quantified Self, Lupton (2016) intro...
Automated influence and the challenge of cognitive security

Advances in AI are powering increasingly precise and widespread computational propaganda, posing serious threats to national security. The military and intelligence communities are starting to discuss ways to engage in this space, but the path forward is still unclear. These developments raise pressing ethical questions, about which existing ethics frameworks are silent. Understanding these challenges through the lens of "cognitive security," we argue, offers a promising approach.
From shared micro-mobility to shared responsibility: Using crowdsourcing to understand dockless vehicle violations in Austin, Texas

In recent years, many progressive U.S. cities have witnessed the rapid popularization of dockless small vehicles as a car-free travel alternative to meet the short distance travel demand. The resea...
Independent Predictors of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Undergoing Reconstructive Breast Cancer Surgery.

Introduction:Breast cancer is a hypercoagulable state and predisposes patients to venous thromboembolism (VTE). We sought to determine independent risk factors for VTE post-surgical treatment for b...
Treatment of Severe Excoriation Disorder With Mirtazapine: A Case Report.

Objective Excoriation disorder is a disabling behavioral disorder characterized by compulsive and repetitive picking of the skin. Excoriation disorder has a lifetime prevalence of 3% to 5% in the general population, and it is most common in females. Its course is chronic, and it is characterized by fluctuating and frequent periods of exacerbation. Excoriation disorder is commonly comorbid with several psychiatric disorders. The treatment of this disorder is challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Current literature has described an improvement in skin picking when patients are treated with fluoxetine or escitalopram; other studies have involved augmentation strategies using antipsychotics, such as olanzapine and aripiprazole; serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; and N-acetyl-cysteine. Other pharmacological therapies include lamotrigine and opioid antagonists. Psychotherapies are additional nonpharmacological treatment modalities to consider in this condition. Methods We report the case of a 60-year-old Hispanic woman with severe excoriation disorder and several psychiatric comorbidities who responded remarkably to augmentation treatment with mirtazapine. Conclusion Mirtazapine is a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant, and its antihistaminergic effect can relieve skin itching and pain.
Cultural competence in health care

Culture and Medical Practice.- Cultural Competence in Healthcare Specialties.- Culture and Clinical Assessment.- Healthcare for People of Different Ethnicities.- Culture and Medical Diseases.- Culture and Mental Disorders.- Culture and Medical Care.- Culture and Special Medical Issues.- Conclusions.
Theory of Elasticity

An inspection of the mechanical laws described in the last chapter reveals one scalar equation expressing the conservation of mass, three scalar equations expressing the balance of linear momentum, and three scalar equations expressing the balance of angular momentum, thus giving a total of seven equations in all. If we count the number of unknowns introduced into these equations, we find, however, one scalar density function, three scalar components of displacement or velocity, and nine scalar components of stress, so that, assuming the body forces are given, we thus have 13 unknowns and only seven equations connecting them. To determine the unknowns, it is therefore necessary to employ six additional equations. These equations provide information on the response of the particular material under consideration and are known as constitutive relations.
What Has the Visual Arts Rights Act of 1990 Accomplished

This paper presents an economic analysis of the Visual Arts Rights Act of 1990 (VARA) which provides attribution and integrity rights, commonly called moral rights, for defined types of artistic works. The paper shows that these laws may actually harm artists by adding contracting and transaction costs in the art market. For most works, these costs will be trivial because collectors have a strong self-interest in preserving works in good condition. These costs are likely to be significant, however, for works subject to destruction or alteration in the future, such as site-specific works and works installed in buildings, because purchasers will require waivers rather than risk violating the Act. The paper also examines the few cases that have been litigated under VARA. Consistent with the economic model, these cases involve large-scale works by relatively unknown artists that have been destroyed by building projects. Finally, the paper presents an empirical analysis of state moral rights laws. Nine states enacted these laws prior to VARA. These laws had no significant effect on artist earnings but a positive and significant effect on the number of artists living and working in the state.
The Role of Alumni in Baccalaureate Social Work Education

This article discusses the results of a 1993 national survey of undergraduate social work program directors on the role of alumni in their programs. Respondents indicated that they involved alumni,...
Corn Weed Management Studies

Several studies were conducted in corn to evaluate commercially available herbicides for weed control, crop phytotoxicity, and crop yield. Various herbicide treatment combinations and application methods were evaluated.
Barriers to Pediatric Referral in Managed Care Systems

Anecdotal evidence suggests that children9s access to pediatric subspecialty and inpatient care is hampered by referral barriers imposed by managed care systems. To identify such barriers and determine how they affect the referral process, a sample of American Academy of Pediatrics Fellows (n = 1598) was surveyed. The response rate was 79.1% (n = 1264). Of those pediatricians in direct patient care (n = 956), 71.4% participated in a managed care plan. Pediatricians referred patients in managed care systems somewhat less frequently than in traditional pay systems: 8.7% and 6.9% referred managed care patients to subspecialists and inpatient care, respectively, less often. More than 20% and 10% of pediatricians with patients in managed care systems had at least one referral to subspecialist care and inpatient care, respectively, denied in the previous year. Pediatricians experienced more barriers in preferred provider organizations than in health maintenance organizations. These data suggest that utilization management programs, such as those used in managed care systems, may limit necessary access to pediatric subspecialty and inpatient care.
Mechanisms of platypnea-orthodeoxia: what causes water to flow uphill?

To the Editor: Platypnea-orthodeoxia is a relatively uncommon but striking clinical syndrome characterized by dyspnea and deoxygenation accompanying a change to a sitting or standing from a recumbent position. Since Burchell et al1 described this rare syndrome over half a century ago, no more than 50 cases have been reported in the literature.2 Two conditions must coexist to cause platypnea-orthodeoxia: an anatomical component in the form of an interatrial communication and a functional component that produces a deformity in the atrial septum and results in a redirection of shunt flow with the …
Intensity-dependent temporal laser pulse shaping and propagation in ZnSe

Abstract The shape of a 40-ps 1064-nm laser pulse propagating through ZnSe at different intensities was investigated using a single-shot optical Kerr gate. At high intensity ∼ 3.65 GW/cm 2 , the pulse peak moves forward in time by about 15 ps from the position at low intensity and the full width at half maximum reduces from 40 to 27 ps. This pulse advancement and time shortening are attributed to a combination of two-step absorption and negative nonlinear dispersion. The numerically simulated results based on these two processes are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Modeling time dependence in a tidal boundary layer

Abstract Although the rate of acceleration and deceleration in a depth-limited tidal flow can be quite large, it has been found that quasi-steady logarithmic models or steady eddy diffusivitics can explain the turbulent field quite well ( Gross and Nowell , 1983; Long , 1981). A simple, time-dependent model was devised based on kinetic energy closure ( Bradshaw et al. , 1967) to simulate a depth-limited tidal boundary layer without the assumption of a time-independent eddy diffusivity. Computer solutions revealed that the parameterS = u s /δΩ (u s is a turbulent velocity scale, δ is depth, Ω is tidal frequency) governs the phasing of the velocity to the forcing pressure gradient. However, for values ofS reasonable for depth-limited estuarine tidal flow the ratio of the turbulent energy production-dissipation balance to rate of change of turbulent energy is always quite large, indicating that the turbulent adjustment rate is fast enough for the flow to be modeled with quasi-steady techniques.
Carbohydrate and peptide structure of the α- and β-subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin from normal and aberrant pregnancy and choriocarcinoma

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), purified from the urine of 14 individuals with normal pregnancy, diabetic pregnancy, hydatidiform mole, or choriocarcinoma, plus two hCG standard preparations, was examined for concurrent peptide-sequence and asparagine (N)- and serine (O)-linked carbohydrate heterogeneity. Protein-sequence analysis was used to measure amino-terminal heterogeneity and the “nicking” of internal peptide bonds. The use of high-pH anion-exchange chromatography coupled with the increased sensitivity of pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE/PAD) revealed that distinct proportions of both hCG α- and β-subunits from normal and aberrant pregnancy are hyperglycosylated, and that it is the extent of the specific subunit hyperglycosylation that significantly increases in malignant disease.
Near-field and far-field characterization of stratified chiral structures

Full wave expression for the electromagnetic fields scattered by a rough interface between two chiral materials with laterally varying electromagnetic properties are obtained from generalized telegraphists equation for irregular media. The telegraphists equation are a set of coupled differential equations for the forward and backward wave amplitudes of the transverse components of the magnetic field and the electric field. They can be used to determine the electromagnetic near and far fields scattered above and below the interface. This has direct applications to the detection of chiral materials, the discrimination between different chiral media and the optimization of desired electromagnetic characteristics of artificial chiral materials. To derive the generalized telegraphists equations, no simplfying assumptions are made about the characteristics of the rough interface, the frequency of the source, or the locations of the source and observation points. Therefore, they provide advantageous starting points for deriving solutions to a broad variety of physical problems. In electrical engineering possible applications include integrated optic devices, polarization transformers, modulators and directional couplers. In all these applications, sub-wavelength fluctuations at the interfaces between the media can significantly affect the physical characteristics of the chiral structure. The analysis can be used in the detection, characterization and design of chiral structures consisting of complex media with engineering, biomedical, agricultural and biosecurity applications.
Auger electron spectroscopic measurements of ZnCl2-coal interaction

Abstract Two anolomous peaks in the Zn L 3 M 2 , 3 M 4,5 Auger electron spectra of dried and heated samples of ZnCl 2 -coal mixtures have been interpreted as indication of a Zn-coal bond formation. The peaks show a decrease from the normal 9.1 eV splitting for ZnCl 2 alone to 4.2 eV for ZnCl 2 -coal mixtures. High volatile bituminous coals show this effect to a greater extent than either higher or lower rank coals. It is surmised that the side of this bond formation could coincide with the site of catalytic activity in the catalytic hydrogenation of coal in the presence of ZnCl 2 .
Model for phase transition and low-temperature phase of tetraselenafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane

Abstract The properties of TSeF-TCNQ are contrasted with the properties of its isostructural analogue TTF-TCNQ. Despite the obvious similarities between these two systems, they exhibit a number of remarkable differences. A Ginzburg-Landau model is proposed that appears to explain a number of these differences.
Structure of Zinc Phosphate Dental Cement

The zinc phosphate cement structure consists of excess zinc oxide particles in a non-crystalline, amorphous phosphate matrix. Crystals of hopeite (Zn3(PO4) 2·4H2O) can grow from the cement surface if excess water is present. Extensive pores and surface layers of crystals, which are dependent on moisture conditions, affect the strength and adhesive properties of the cement.
A longitudinal study of communication networks: Emergence and evolution in a new research organization

Abstract This paper explores the emergence and evolution of work communication networks in young and growing research organizations. In three successive years, work communication data were collected from scientists in a new research division of a major multinational company. These sociometric data were analyzed using two network analysis programs ( negopy and fatcat ). Results supported the hypotheses of increasing structure, decreasing density, and increasing differentiation in this new organization's work communication network. Research findings and managerial implications are discussed. Directions for further research are also identified.
Dispersion of Phonons in Liquid He 4

The long-wavelength dispersion of the phonon spectrum in liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ can be computed from first principles. Part of the dispersion coefficient enters through the Feynman spectrum ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}(k)$, and the other part enters through corrections to ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}(k)$. The latter has been investigated by Jackson, Feenberg, and Lee using a perturbation expansion in the free-phonon basis. We define here a more plausible ordering scheme for the expansion and carry out the computation to second order.
Effect of Reg FD on Information in Analysts’ Rating Changes

A rich literature examines the effects of analysts’ recommendations on stock prices, and literature is developing on the effect of Regulation Fair Disclosure on the information associated with corporate earnings forecasts and announcements. This study examines the effect of Reg FD on the information content of analysts’ rating changes. Based on recommendations associated with a random sample of S&P 500 Index stocks, the major finding is that investors have been responding to analysts’ recommendations in the same way since Reg FD as they did before implementation of Reg FD. In addition, the results suggest that Reg FD does not require that practitioners change the way they view the analyst recommendation process.
Pressure adaptation of teleost gill Na + )K +-adenosine triphosphatase: role of the lipid and protein moieties

The effects of temperature and pressure on Na+/K+-adenosine triphosphatases (Na+/K+-ATPases) from gills of marine teleost fishes were examined over a range of temperatures (10–25°C) and pressures (1–680 atm). The relationship between gill membrane fluidity and Na+/K+-ATPase activity was studied using the fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). The increase in temperature required to offset the membrane ordering effects of high pressure was 0.015–0.025°C·atm-1, the same coefficient that applied to Na+/K+-ATPase activities. Thus, temperature-pressure combinations yielding the same Na+/K+-ATPase activity also gave similar estimates of membrane fluidity. Substituion of endogenous lipids with lipids of different composition altered the pressure responses of Na+/K+-ATPase. Na+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase became more sensitive to pressure in the presence of chicken egg phosphatidylcholine, but phospholipids isolated from fish gills reduced the inhibition by pressure of Na+/K+-ATPase. Cholesterol increased enzyme pressure sensitivity. Membrane fluidity and pressure sensitivity of Na+/K+-ATPase were correlated, but the effects of pressure also dependent on the source of the enzyme. Our results suggest that pressure adaptation of Na+/K+-ATPase is the result of both changes in the primary structure of the protein and homeoviscous adaptation of the lipid environment.
Preliminary validation of the opposing view method for quantitative gamma camera imaging

We perform gamma cameraimaging to generate data for estimation of internal radiation dose in our radioimmunotherapy candidates. Because of the inability of single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) to account for patient attenuation variability without serious error, quantitative planar imaging was performed to estimate the radioactive content of normal organs. We undertook the following studies to further validate this method. A realistic fillable human phantom was used to determine the accuracy of I‐131 filled organ estimation. A transmission scan of the unfilled phantom was produced with an I‐131 filled flat flood source. Anterior and posterior planar images of the filled organs were acquired with region of interest determination of the activity in the organ. Correction by the attenuation factor and a cameracalibration factor yielded the MBq in the organ. The procedure was also performed in a simple phantom. Three dogs were imaged and sacrificed to validate the technique i n v i v o. A high degree of accuracy in estimation of organ radioactive content was found to be present using the phantom and dog models. Use of this method requires further validation but provides a solid basis for estimation of internal radiationdosimetry in radioimmunotherapy planning.
Three-dimensional photon treatment planning for Hodgkin's disease.

Abstract A multi-institutional study was undertaken using computerized planning systems to develop three-dimensional (3-D) radiotherapy plans for Hodgkin's disease (H.D.). Two patients, the first afflicted with bulky stage H disease and another one with early stage I H.D., were studied. Three main categories of plan were produced for each patient: a) a traditional plan which modelled a conventional mantle treatment on the 3-D system, b) a 3-D standard plan where anterior and posterior fields were designed to cover 3-D target volumes, and c) a 3-D unconstrained plan where innovational techniques were employed. Three-dimensional planning provide information about the dose distribution throughout the large volume irradiated in patients with H.D. that is not available with conventional mantle planning. The use of 3-D techniques resulted in improved tumor coverage, but by allowing for uncertainties such as motion, the doses to normal tissues tended to be higher. The use of unorthodox beam arrangements introduced added complexities, and further increased the lung doses. The most even dose distributions were obtained by incorporating compensating filters into anterior flelds. Clinicians showed wide variations in their assessment of the plans, possible reasons for which are addressed in this paper. In addition, calculated probabilities from models of tumor control and normal tissue damage are also presented.
Distribution of a Structural t-Statistic for the Case of Two Included Endogenous Variables

Abstract In this article we study the exact finite sample distribution function of a t-statistic that can be used to test hypotheses and construct confidence intervals for structural coefficients in simultaneous equations models. It is shown that the exact distribution function is equal to Student's t-distribution when one of its parameters is zero and converges to Student's t-distribution function as another of its parameters increases without bound. Computations of the exact distribution function and its first three moments indicate the error that might result if Student's t-distribution function is used as an approximation to the exact distribution function.