cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HGF-independent Potentiation of EGFR Action by c-Met

The c-Met receptor is a potential therapeutic target for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Signaling interactions between c-Met and the mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been studied extensively, but signaling intermediates and biological consequences of lateral signaling to c-Met in EGFR wild-type tumors are minimally understood. Our observations indicate that delayed c-Met activation in NSCLC cell lines is initiated by wild-type EGFR, the receptor most often found in NSCLC tumors. EGFR ligands induce accumulation of activated c-Met, which begins at 8 h and continues for 48 h. This effect is accompanied by an increase in c-Met expression and phosphorylation of critical c-Met tyrosine residues without activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or Akt. Gene transcription is required for delayed c-Met activation; however, phosphorylation of c-Met by EGFR occurs without production of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or another secreted factor, supporting a ligand-independent mechanism. Lateral signaling is blocked by two selective c-Met tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), PF2341066 and SU11274, or with gefitinib, an EGFR TKI, suggesting kinase activity of both receptors is required for this effect. Prolonged c-Src phosphorylation is observed, and c-Src pathway is essential for EGFR to c-Met communication. Pretreatment with pan-Src family kinase inhibitors, PP2 and dasatinib, abolishes delayed c-Met phosphorylation. A c-Src dominant-negative construct reduces EGF-induced c-Met phosphorylation compared with control, further confirming a c-Src requirement. Inhibition of c-Met with PF2341066 and siRNA decreases EGF-induced phenotypes of invasion by ~86% and motility by ~81%, suggesting that a novel form of c-Met activation is utilized by EGFR to maximize these biological effects. Combined targeting of c-Met and EGFR leads to increased xenograft antitumor activity, demonstrating that inhibition of downstream and lateral signaling from the EGFR-c-Src-c-Met axis might be effective in treatment of NSCLC.
Interferon Production in Rat Type II Pneumocytes and Alveolar Macrophages

The time course and magnitude of interferon production induced by influenza virus were determined in type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages isolated from rats (Sprague-Dawley). Although the peak of interferon production was approximately 20 h in both alveolar cell types, it was more than three- to fourfold higher in type II cells than in macrophages. Dose-response relationships were noted between the virus multiplicity of induction as well as population numbers of either alveolar cell type and interferon yields. The viral-induced cytokines produced by rat type II cells and alveolar macrophages exhibit physiochemical and biological properties characteristic of interferons and, with respect to type II pneumocytes, mark their heretofore unrecognized capability to produce interferon. The best cross-species antiviral protection afforded by these rat interferons to cells of different origin, expressed as percentage of homologous species (100%), was as follows: guinea pig 50, mouse 40%, and both human and monkey 0%. The heterologous antiviral activity by interferons from either rat alveolar macrophages or type II cells on alpha interferon-sensitive guinea pig cells suggests that these cytokines may be more appreciably related to the alpha-like interferon species. The growth of influenza and Sendai viruses was precluded in both rat alveolar macrophages and type II pneumocytes. The findings herein suggest that type II cells may be a major source of alveolar interferon for activating the antiviral state and modulating alveolar cell functions requisite for lung integrity.
Electron-ion recombination in condensed media

Abstract Recent developments in transport-mediated theories of geminate escape probability ( φ ) and the rate of homogeneous reaction ( k ) for electron-ion recombination in condensed media are critically reviewed and some new results presented. The escape probability increases with the mean free path, but Monte Carlo calculations indicate much faster rise at large mean free paths compared to analytical calculations based on fractal diffusion. The character of geminate recombination at very large mean free path is questioned. The decrease of k with the mean free path and its increase with an external electric field have been rigorously demonstrated using an integral relationship between k and φ . It is stressed that in comparing with experiments one must be aware of heating effects and of the inefficiency of the final chemical step of the reaction. Certain miscellaneous topics in electron-ion recombination are briefly discussed.
When ‘literacy is a bennie’: researching contested literacies in bilingual youth radio

This paper presents findings from an innovative school-based youth radio project for Mexican immigrant students. We draw on ethnographic and discourse data collected over an academic year, including multiple data representations from video and audio recordings, radio production artefacts, interviews, and still images. We begin our discussion with a close analysis of a rich moment in the project brought-on by the collision of divergent and contested models of literacy. We then follow the thematic development of literacy across chains of events and contexts to understand how literacy was constructed and enacted in relation to language, identity, empowerment and voice. The findings suggest that although school–community linked collaborations can give rise to contradictions and disturbance, such collaborations have the potential to become productive learning contexts for disaffected and underachieving students and their teachers.
An X-Y Coriolis perturbation in ν4 of CD3Br

Abstract The region 2242–2273 cm −1 of the ν 4 band in CD 3 Br was remeasured at a resolution limit of 0.025 cm −1 . Line assignments were extended up to J = 50 in some subbands. Transitions in the K Δ K = −8 subband were assigned, and the perturbation apparent in this region was attributed to the x - y Coriolis interaction with ν 3 + ν 5 ±1 + ν 6 ±1 . The x - y Coriolis coupling parameter W xu and the ν 3 + ν 5 ±1 + ν 6 ±1 band center (in cm −1 ) are 0.01960 and 2339.17 for CD 3 79 Br, while the corresponding values for CD 3 81 Br are 0.01956 and 2337.95.
N-linked glycosylation of β-amyloid precursor protein

The beta-amyloid peptide that accumulates in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease is derived by proteolytic processing of a family of membrane bound beta-amyloid precursor proteins (beta APPs). The three major isoforms of beta APP, derived by alternative splicing, contain 695, 751, and 770 amino acids. They are heavily O-glycosylated and contain two N-linked glycosylation sites. The pathways leading to beta-amyloid deposition in brain are not clear. It is possible that defects in metabolic and processing pathways of beta APP lead to the increased production and deposition of beta-amyloid. In many cases post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, are important in regulating such pathways. We studied N-linked glycosylation of the 695 amino acid form of beta APP in detail by deleting the two potential glycosylation sites at Asn467 and Asn496. The mutants were examined both in a cell-free transcription/translation/glycosylation system and in transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In both systems, only Asn467 was glycosylated. In CHO cells the N-linked oligosaccharide on beta APP was completely resistant to Endoglycosidase H, suggesting that it is of complex type. These mutants will be useful for studying the role of glycosylation in the metabolism of beta APP.
Detection of protein kinase activity in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels

A procedure is described for identifying protein kinase activity in protein samples following electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Protein kinase activity is detected by renaturation of the enzymes within the gel followed by phosphorylation with [gamma-32P]ATP of either substrates included in the polyacrylamide gel or of the kinase itself. Then, after removal of the unreacted [gamma-32P]ATP by washing the gel in the presence of an anion-exchange resin, the positions (Mr) of the protein kinase activity are visualized by autoradiography. Studies using a purified catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase indicate that enzyme concentrations as low as 0.01 microgram can easily be detected on gels containing 1 mg/ml casein. The technique is also useful for identifying active subunits of multisubunit enzymes. The active subunit of casein kinase II, for example, can readily be determined by renaturing the dissociated enzyme in gels containing casein. Putative protein kinases present in crude mixtures of proteins can also be detected following separation by gel electrophoresis and can be characterized on the basis of molecular weight and identity of the phosphorylated amino acid. Using this technique, at least three major protein kinases were detected in a mixture of proteins prepared by subfraction of red blood cell membranes.
Semi-analytical theory of muonic X-ray levels

Abstract A perturbation calculation is made of the energy levels of muons in the field of a nucleus, starting from the case of a nucleus of uniform charge distribution. The effect of a change of the nuclear charge distribution ϱ ( r ) on the energy of the 1s and 2p states is expressed as a simple integral over ϱ ( r ).
Neutron Diffraction Measurements of the Residual Stresses in Al2O3-ZrO2 (CeO2) Ceramic Composites

High-resolution neutron powder diffraction was used to study the residual stresses in Al2O3-ZrO2 (12 mol% CeO2) ceramic composites containing 10, 20, and 40 vol% ZrO2 (CeO2). The diffraction data were analyzed using the Rietveld structure refinement technique. The analysis shows that for all samples, the CeO2-stabilized tetragonal ZrO2 particles are in tension and the Al2O3 matrix is in compression. For both the ZrO2 particles and the Al2O3 matrix, the average lattice strains are anisotropic and increase approximately linearly with a decrease in the corresponding phase content. It is shown that these features can be qualitatively understood by taking into consideration the thermal expansion mismatch between the ZrO2 and Al2O3 grains. Also, for all composite samples, the diffraction peaks are broader than the instrumental resolution, indicating that the strains in these samples are inhomogeneous. From an analysis of the refined peak shape parameters, the average root-meansquare strain, which describes the distribution of the inhomogeneous strain field, was determined. Finally, the average residual stresses were evaluated from the experimentally determined average lattice strains and compared with recent results of X-ray measurements on similar composites.
Use of Herbicide-Tolerant Crops as a Component of an Integrated Weed Management Program

Abstract Integrated weed management (IWM) advocates the use of a combination of preventive, cultural, mechanical, and chemical tools to keep weed pressure below threshold levels that reduce yields and profits. Herbicide-tolerant crops (HTCs) represent a relatively new weed control technology that can be used in an IWM program and have been readily adopted by farmers in the US and Canada. HTCs enhance weed control options and greatly expand market demand for certain herbicides. HTCs provide many benefits to the producers and to the companies that own the intellectual property rights to this technology. However, HTCs should be considered only as one component of an IWM approach that also utilizes other management tools to ensure the long-term benefits of a profitable and environmentally sound weed management program. Widespread use and over-reliance on HTCs without the benefit of an integrated weed management program can result in the development of herbicide-tolerant weeds or a shift in weed populations dominated by species that are more tolerant of the herbicide in question. Therefore, our objective is to provide a brief overview of advantages and disadvantages regarding the use of HTCs in order to help those involved in weed management at the field level be aware of both benefits and risks associated with this technology.
Tumor necrosis factor in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases.

Objectives To review the immunologic role of the cytokines and the specific role that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays in response to infection. The influence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on TNF, the cytokine cascade, and resultant pathologies are also reviewed. Data sources A MEDLINE search of the international English language literature from 1960 to the present was reviewed, but data from the past 5 yrs primarily formed the basis for this review. Study selection Those studies detailing the interaction of lipopolysaccharide, TNF, and other cytokines, and their roles in combating infection were emphasized. Investigations that described animal and human results served as the primary database. Data extraction Animal studies were selected based on the relevance of the model to the pathogenesis of the human clinical syndrome. Where they provided supportive evidence, patient studies were selected on the basis of study design. Data synthesis TNF plays a key role in the normal immune response to infection, limiting the spread of pathogens. Exaggerated physiologic responses occur under the influence of high concentrations of TNF that are released in response to overwhelming infection, resulting in aberrations in coagulation, cell adhesion, chemotaxis/transmigration, and vascular integrity. These pathologic effects may be inhibited by anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies and recombinant soluble receptor inhibitory proteins. Conclusions TNF exerts both physiologic and pathologic effects in response to infection; these events may lead to organ dysfunction and death. Anti-TNF therapies appear to attenuate the injurious effects of TNF.
Observation of electrons from the 1P degrees resonance of D

We have measured the electron energy spectra near 0/sup 0/ produced in collisions of D/sup -/ with Ar. Using a 400-keV D/sup -/ beam and with good experimental energy and angular resolution we have found structure in the ejected electron energy spectra which is due to the decay of the /sup 1/P /sup 0/ shape resonance. The doubly differential cross sections (DDCS's) have been measured as a function of angle and it was found that this structure disappeared for laboratory angles greater than 1/sup 0/ as expected. A resonance contribution to the DDCS's was extracted at theta/sub L/ = 0/sup 0/, transformed to the projectile frame, and fit with a Breit-Wigner shape. Our resonant energy is in reasonable agreement with other experiments. We also find a small asymmetry in the two resonant structures in the laboratory measurements at theta/sub L/ = 0/sup 0/.
Quantitative increase of neuroglia-specific GFA protein in rat C-6 glioma cells in vitro.

AMONG neural cell lines the C-6 glioma, a cell line cloned from an N-methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced experimental glioma in rat, has generated considerable interest as a model system for the study of neuroglia1. The clone was originally selected on the basis of a high production of the protein S-100, a protein believed to be characteristic of glial cells in vivo2. Since its introduction, the line has been further characterised with regard to a number of other biochemical features3. Among these is the recent demonstration of the glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein by immunofluorescent staining of C-6 cells maintained in certain in vitro conditions4. The GFA protein, isolated from multiple sclerosis plaques and areas of sub-ependymal gliosis in the central nervous system, has been shown to be a specific marker for fibrillary astrocytes, is believed to be a component of the 80–90 A diameter glial filaments5–8, and has not been reported in non-glial neural cell lines. It is, therefore, a useful biochemical marker for the differentiation of a type of mature astrocyte. In previous work with the C-6 line, GFA protein was found to be present by immunofluorescence in only an occasional C-6 cell maintained in monolayer or suspension cultures, and to be markedly increased in many C-6 cells when they were maintained for 12–14 d in an organ culture system using Gelfoam matrices4. Such a system is known to favour structural differentiation in vitro9. No increase of filaments was observed, however, in any of the in vitro systems used, suggesting that the synthesis of GFA protein could proceed without the formation of intracytoplasmic glial filaments4. We compared the quantitative levels of GFA protein in C-6 and other cell types in various culture conditions, using a “two-site” immunoradiometric assay recently developed in this laboratory10.
Phaedo 100b3-9

The paper examines a puzzling sequence of verb tenses at Phaedo 100b3-9. It rejects the idea, almost universal among commentators, that the puzzle is to be solved by construing the first verbal expression as if it were equivalent to a future. The paper then offers another solution and explores its implications for understanding the broader philosophical context of the passage. What emerges is that the new solution provides a valuable clue to figuring out what precisely Socrates has in mind when he speaks at 100b4 of the ‘mode of explanation’ with which he is presently engaged. Hence, the tightly focused linguistic discussion at the paper’s outset ultimately takes on a good deal of significance for the interpretation of this difficult but important section of the dialogue.
Elastic properties of Gd5Si2Ge2 studied with an ultrasonic pulse-echo technique

We present the results of a study of the elastic properties of ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{2}$, an alloy with giant magnetocaloric, magnetostrictive, and colossal magnetoresistive properties. Sound wave velocities measured in a number of different geometries allowed us to determine the whole elastic tensor for the monoclinic phase of this material. The anisotropy of the crystal is explored using the polar plots of the variations in the main crystallographic planes of the sound speed, the Young's modulus, the shear modulus, and the linear compressibility. The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{2}$ properties is clarified. The acoustical axes are determined. The bulk modulus is estimated as $68.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$; the Debye temperature is $250\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$.
Realization of critical distance during the interplay between re-deposition and secondary sputtering from milling of angular side wall with a focused ion beam

Abstract In situ observation of critical distance (CD), a distance where secondary sputtering effects diminish and re-deposition starts to dominate is realized during controlled focused ion beam (FIB) sputtering. The experiments were performed on representative high density Ni-alloy and lower density porous Ni–YSZ. For the Ni-alloy case, it was observed that linear extrapolation of re-deposited layer width coincides with CD suggesting uniform sputtering and re-deposition effects. Estimation related to percentage of re-deposition from FIB etched layer at an angle of 50° between the lower membrane and FIB etched side wall clearly demonstrated dominant secondary sputtering, neutralizing sputtering/re-deposition and dominant re-deposition regions. Although the angle between FIB etched angular side wall and re-deposited/etched membrane adds some complication, the suggested overall experimental approach would substantially simplify to develop more realistic models than previously considered complex situations dealing with interplay between the re-deposition and secondary sputtering.
Analysis of Categorical Data When Subjects Can Appear in Any Number of Categories

A common item format frequently encountered on survey questionnaires is the one which asks respondents to check all those categories which are personally applicable. Thus, if there are r categories a subject is free to check none, one, or up to r categories. If the researcher wants to compare c independent groups on their responses to such an item, the usual chi-square test of homogeneity of distributions is inappropriate since subjects can appear in more than one category of the out-come measure. This paper develops and illustrates a new statistic which can compare the response patterns to the item across groups. Post hoc procedures to be used in conjunction with the statistical test are also developed.
A neural network model for invariant pattern recognition

A neural network is proposed to achieve invariant pattern recognition to binary inputs based on a computation of the invariance net and the ART1 neural network. Computer simulations show that the new network is plastic to unfamiliar inputs and requires no explicit training of the inputs. >
Monetary policy, fiscal policy and aggregate economic activity: some further evidence

(1988). Monetary policy, fiscal policy and aggregate economic activity: some further evidence. Applied Economics: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 63-71.
Sarcoidosis Mimicking Metastatic Breast Cancer

The clinical and radiographic aspects of sarcoidosis and malignancy might mimic one another, making the distinction between the two difficult in some cases. Although there have been many theories on the link between sarcoidosis and malignancy, the association remains unproven. An unfortunate consequence of the presence of both entities in the same patient is the risk of misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment. We describe 3 patients who presented with locally advanced breast cancer and who were found to have pulmonary findings for metastatic disease that were proven upon biopsy to be consistent with sarcoidosis.
Logical Versus Empirical Estimates of Item Difficulty

The logical estimates made by 5 judges of the difficulty levels of 44 letter series items were compared with the corresponding empirical estimates derived from an actual administration of the items to 186 undergraduates. The results indicated (a) substantial correspondence (P < .01) between logical and empirical estimates and (b) a great deal of variation among judges in the relative accuracy of their judgments. Written reports of the judges of the rules they used in determining item difficulty indicated that the more elaborate a judge was in analyzing the structure and organization of an item, the more accurate was his estimation of the item difficulty level.
Low-momentum interactions for few-body systems

The benefits of low-momentum inter-nucleon interactions constructed using renormalization group techniques are summarized.
Directly coupled tiles as elements of a scintillator calorimeter with MPPC readout

We present results on the direct, i.e. fiberless coupling of scintillator tiles to Multi-pixel Photon Counters (MPPC). The fiberless option has the potential of simplifying the assembly and construction of a finely segmented scintillator-based calorimeter with MPPC readout. In this paper we show detailed studies on the response and uniformity of directly coupled tiles and describe our concept for an integrated readout layer (IRL).
Therapeutics of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists: Current uses and future directions

The 5-Hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptor is a member of the cys-loop family of ligand gated ion channels, of which the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is the prototype. All other 5-HT receptors identified to date are metabotropic receptors. The 5-HT3 receptor is present in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as a number of non-nervous tissues. As an ion channel that is permeable to the cations, Na(+), K(+), and Ca(2+), the 5-HT3 receptor mediates fast depolarizing responses in pre- and post-synaptic neurons. As such, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists that are used clinically block afferent and efferent synaptic transmission. The most well established physiological roles of the 5-HT3 receptor are to coordinate emesis and regulate gastrointestinal motility. Currently marketed 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are indicated for the treatment of chemotherapy, radiation, and anesthesia-induced nausea and vomiting, as well as irritable bowel syndrome. Other therapeutic uses that have been explored include pain and drug addiction. The 5-HT3 receptor is one of a number of receptors that play a role in mediating nausea and vomiting, and as such, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists demonstrate the greatest anti-emetic efficacy when administered in combination with other drug classes.
The young and the reckless

A large study of impulsivity in 14-year-olds finds that substance use and ADHD symptoms are associated with different brain networks that inhibit motor responses. Genetic analysis implicates the noradrenergic system in activity levels in one of these networks, which is centered on the right frontal cortex.
Micromachining of a fiber-to-waveguide coupler using grayscale lithography and through-wafer etch

For some time, the micro-optics and photonics fields have relied on fabrication processes and technology borrowed from the well-established silicon integrated circuit industry. However, new fabrication methodologies must be developed for greater flexibility in the machining of micro-optic devices. To this end, we have explored grayscale lithography as an enabler for the realization of such devices. This process delivers the ability to sculpt materials arbitrarily in three dimensions, thus providing the flexibility to realize optical surfaces to shape, transform, and redirect the propagation of light efficiently. This has opened the door for new classes of optical devices. As such, we present a fiber-to-waveguide coupling structure utilizing a smoothly contoured lensing surface in the device layer of a silicon-on insulator (SOI) wafer, fabricated using grayscale lithography. The structure collects light incident normally to the wafer from a singlemode optical fiber plugged through the back surface and turns the light into the plane of the device layer, focusing it into a single-mode waveguide. The basis of operation is total internal reflection, and the device therefore has the potential advantages of providing a large bandwidth, low polarization sensitivity, high efficiency, and small footprint. The structure was optimized with a simulated annealing algorithm in conjunction with two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation accelerated on the graphics processing unit (GPU), and achieves a theoretical efficiency of approximately seventy percent, including losses due to Fresnel reflection from the oxide/silicon interface. Initial fabrication results validate the principle of operation. We discuss the grayscale fabrication process as well as the through-wafer etch for mechanical stabilization and alignment of the optical fiber to the coupling structure. Refinement of the through-wafer etch process for high etch rate and appropriate sidewall taper are addressed.
On deletion in threaded binary trees

Abstract We determine the explicit performance of deletion algorithms which have to maintain threads in a binary tree. In particular, it is shown that the cost of threads on deletion is not as high as might be expected, and is especially low for right-threaded trees. The results are obtained by using recurrences to compute the average cost of deleting a single node from both threaded and unthreaded trees. As an illustration of the technique, a new derivation of the average cost of insertion into binary search trees is presented.
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: effect of water on the catalytic properties of a ruthenium promoted Co/TiO2 catalyst

Abstract The effect of water on the catalytic properties of a ruthenium promoted Co/TiO2 catalyst (10 wt.%) during Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was investigated in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) by adding water into the feed gas at varying space velocity. At higher synthesis gas (syngas) space velocities (SV=8 or 4 NL g cat.−1 h−1), the addition of water did not have significant effect on the CO conversion. At lower space velocity (SV=2 NL g cat.−1 h−1), the addition of water decreased the CO conversion; however, the decrease was reversible with the catalyst quickly recovering the activity that it exhibited prior to water addition. At high CO conversion (space velocity of SV=1 NL g cat.−1 h−1), the addition of water resulted in permanent catalyst deactivation.
Occult mediastinal great vessel trauma: the value of aortography performed during angiographic screening for blunt cervical vascular trauma

To determine the value of aortography in the assessment of occult aortic and great vessel injuries when routinely performed during screening angiography for blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI). One hundred and one consecutive patients who received both aortography and screening four-vessel angiography over 4 years were identified retrospectively. Angiograms for these patients were evaluated, and the incidence of occult mediastinal vascular injury was determined. Of the 101 patients, 6 (6%) had angiographically documented traumatic aortic injuries. Of these 6 patients, one injury (17%) was unsuspected prior to angiography. Four of the 6 (67%) also had BCVI. One additional patient also had an injury to a branch of the subclavian artery. Routine aortography during screening angiography for BCVI is not warranted due to the low incidence (1%) of occult mediastinal arterial injury. However, in the setting of a BCVI screening study and no CT scan of the chest, aortography may be advantageous.
The Coulomb gas at low temperature and low density

We study the quantum Coulomb Gas ofN particles with HamiltonianH at low temperature and negative values of the chemical potentialμ. Ifμ is sufficiently negative the Coulomb gas is approximately a perfect rare gas of charged particles, as expected. The interesting fact is that for higher (but still negative) values ofμ the gas changes to a rare gas of some atom or molecule (which is most likely neutral). The type of molecule is determined by the ground state of the HamiltonianH —μN with center of mass motion removed.
Pax-6 and αB-crystallin/Small Heat Shock Protein Gene Regulation in the Murine Lens INTERACTION WITH THE LENS-SPECIFIC REGIONS, LSR1 AND LSR2

We have demonstrated previously that a transgene comprising the -164/+44 fragment of the murine alphaB-crystallin gene fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene is lens-specific in transgenic mice. The -147 to -118 sequence was identified as a lens-specific regulatory region and is called here LSR1 for lens-specific region 1. In the present experiments, a -115/+44-cat transgene was also lens-specific in transgenic mice, although the average activity was 30 times lower than that derived from the -164/+44-cat transgene. The -115/+44 alphaB-crystallin fragment contains a highly conserved region (-78 to -46) termed here LSR2. A -68/+44-cat transgene, in which LSR2 is truncated, was inactive in transgenic mice. DNase I footprinting indicated that LSR1 and LSR2 bind partially purified nuclear proteins from either alphaTN4-1 lens cells or the mouse lens as well as the purified paired domain of Pax-6. Site-specific mutation of LSR1 eliminated both Pax-6 binding and promoter activity of the -164/+44-cat transgene in transgenic mice. Finally antibody/electrophoretic mobility shift assays and cotransfection experiments indicated that Pax-6 can activate the alphaB-crystallin promoter via LSR1 and LSR2. Our data strengthen the idea that Pax-6 has had a major role in recruiting genes for high expression in the lens.
Climate dynamics: Why does climate vary?

[1] In recent years, climate change has become a major focus of public and political discussion. Ongoing scientific inquiry, revolving predominantly around understanding the anthropogenic effects of rising greenhouse gas levels, coupled with how successfully findings are communicated to the public, has made climate science both contentious and exigent. In the AGU monograph Climate Dynamics: Why Does Climate Vary?, editors De-Zheng Sun and Frank Bryan reinforce the importance of investigating the complex dynamics that underlie the natural variability of the climate system. Understanding this complexity—particularly how the natural variability of climate may enhance or mask anthropogenic warming—could have important consequences for the future. In this interview, Eos talks to De-Zheng Sun.
Low pulsatility index on transcranial Doppler predicts symptomatic large-vessel vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Background Elevated mean cerebral blood flow velocity (mCBFV) on transcranial Doppler predicts vasospasm of the large intracranial arteries after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). The pulsatility index (PI) is a measure of distal vascular resistance, which may be low when there is compensatory distal vasodilatation following hypoperfusion caused by large-vessel vasospasm. Objective To study the predictive value of low PI for symptomatic large-vessel vasospasm (SLVVS) after aSAH. Methods Medical records of patients admitted with aSAH between January 2007 and April 2009 were reviewed. Transcranial color-coded duplex (TCCD) sonography was performed daily between days 2 and 14. Patients with unexplained acute neurological decline underwent catheter- or computed tomography-angiography. The lowest recorded PI and the highest mCBFV on TCCD were correlated to the occurrence of SLVVS, angiographic vasospasm, and delayed cerebral infraction in multivariate analysis by use of logistic regression. Functional outcome was assessed at first follow-up. Results Eighty-one patients met inclusion criteria. Mean lowest PI was 0.71 + 0.19. Median highest mCBFV was 135 cm/s (interquartile range 99-194 cm/s). SLVVS was seen in 21 of 81 (26%) patients, whereas 27 of 55 (49%) patients with repeat angiography had moderate or severe angiographic vasospasm. Following multivariate analysis, only the lowest PI was an independent predictor of SLVVS (P = .03, odds ratio 0.04, 95% confidence interval 0.001-0.54), whereas only the highest mCBFV was an independent predictor of angiographic vasospasm (P = .02, odds ratio 1.01, 95% confidence interval 1.002-1.02). SLVVS was independently associated with functional outcome at follow-up. Conclusion Low PI on TCCD is an independent predictor of SLVVS after aSAH, whereas mCBFV is a better predictor of angiographic vasospasm.
NINJA: A noninvasive framework for internal computer security hardening

Vulnerabilities are a growing problem in both the commercial and government sector. The latest vulnerability information compiled by CERT/CC, for the year ending Dec. 31, 2002 reported 4129 vulnerabilities representing a 100% increase over the 2001 [1] (the 2003 report has not been published at the time of this writing). It doesn’t take long to realize that the growth rate of vulnerabilities greatly exceeds the rate at which the vulnerabilities can be fixed. It also doesn’t take long to realize that our nation’s networks are growing less secure at an accelerating rate. As organizations become aware of vulnerabilities they may initiate efforts to resolve them, but quickly realize that the size of the remediation project is greater than their current resources can handle. In addition, many IT tools that suggest solutions to the problems in reality only address "some" of the vulnerabilities leaving the organization unsecured and back to square one in searching for solutions. This paper proposes an auditing framework called NINJA (acronym for Network Investigation Notification Joint Architecture) for noninvasive daily scanning/auditing based on common security vulnerabilities that repeatedly occur in a network environment. This framework is used for performing regular audits in order to harden an organizations security infrastructure. The framework is based on the results obtained by the Network Security Assessment Team (NSAT) which emulates adversarial computer network operations for US Air Force organizations. Auditing is the most time consuming factor involved in securing an organization's network infrastructure. The framework discussed in this paper uses existing scripting technologies to maintain a security hardened system at a defined level of performance as specified by the computer security audit team. Mobile agents which were under development at the time of this writing are used at a minimum to improve the noninvasiveness of our scans. In general, noninvasive scans with an adequate framework performed on a daily basis reduce the amount of security work load as well as the timeliness in performing remediation, as verified by the NINJA framework. A vulnerability assessment/auditing architecture based on mobile agent technology is proposed and examined at the end of the article as an enhancement to the current NINJA architecture.
L-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate reductase from Escherichia coli is a heme binding protein

Recently, we reported that YghZ from Escherichia coli functions as an efficient L-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate reductase (Gpr). Here we show that Gpr co-purifies with a b-type heme cofactor. Gpr associates with heme in a 1:1 stoichiometry to form a complex that is characterized by a K(d) value of 5.8+/-0.2 microM in the absence of NADPH and a K(d) value of 11+/-1.3 microM in the presence of saturating NADPH. The absorbance spectrum of reconstituted Gpr indicates that heme is bound in a hexacoordinate low-spin state under both oxidizing and reducing conditions. The physiological function of heme association with Gpr is unclear, as the L-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate reductase activity of Gpr does not require the presence of the cofactor. Bioinformatics analysis reveals that Gpr clusters with a family of putative monooxygenases in several organisms, suggesting that Gpr may act as a heme-dependent monooxygenase. The discovery that Gpr associates with heme is interesting because Gpr shares 35% amino acid identity with the mammalian voltage-gated K+ channel beta-subunit, an NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase that endows certain voltage-gated K+ channels with hemoprotein-like, O2-sensing properties. To date the molecular origin of O2 sensing by voltage-gated K+ channels is unknown and the results presented herein suggest a role for heme in this process.
Fishery cooperatives and the Pacific Whiting Conservation Cooperative: Lessons and application to non-industrial fisheries in the Western Pacific

Abstract The last 20 years have seen a fundamental shift in fishery management from reliance on open access and regulated open access to systems based on individual user rights. In some cases, the allocation of harvest rights to defined harvest or community sectors has served as a catalyst to drive the formation of voluntary agreements among fishermen in creating self-governed systems of catch shares. A number of voluntary cooperatives including the Pacific Whiting Conservation Cooperative – which served as the model for the American Fisheries Act – provide examples of self-governing systems which have successfully achieved management objectives including greater economic performance, equity, and conservation. Cooperative arrangements have functioned to devolve some of the responsibilities of management to the cooperative – allowing fishermen greater operational flexibility in achieving individual or community goals, while reducing the burden of management on formal managing bodies. Analysis of voluntary cooperatives shows that their success is based on the existence of certain core conditions including relatively small homogeneous groups of players, secure sector-allocated and divisible rights, and the ability to form binding contracts among coop members. Cooperatives, however, face a number of internal and external threats that can undermine their success and existence. Whether voluntary or designed through regulation, cooperatives may be a promising approach for addressing challenges in non-industrial fisheries in the United States including the Western Pacific – especially if coupled with user rights based on geography, territory, and culture. However, the sheer geographical size and cultural diversity of regions such as the Western Pacific suggests that no single approach may be appropriate throughout the entire region.
Support for the Human Cancer Genome Project.

In “An open letter to cancer researchers” (Letters, 21 Oct., p. [439][1]), S. J. Elledge and G. J. Hannon questioned the wisdom of asking the NIH to undertake the Human Cancer Genome Project (HCGP) ([1][2]) recently proposed by a National Cancer Institute Working Group, of which we were members
Feature-based operation sequence generation in CAPP

Abstract This research explored in depth the integration of a machinist's concept of manufacturing precedence among part features with a complete and explicit graph representation for alternative process plans, A precedence graph that captures the implicit predecessor-successor cost for any directed pair of features observed in the part replaces the state space representation adopted by AI based search strategies. The Hamiltonian path (HP) analogy for a process plan was developed and the Latin multiplication method (LMM) for constrained enumeration of all feasible HP's was implemented in a Turbo Pascal program running on a 486/25 PC. The program was tested using several examples of actual industrial parts obtained from the literature. The experimental results showed that severe constraints are imposed on problem size due to memory limitations imposed by the DOS environment, that the computational burden of using constrained enumeration is heavy and that there is need for using randomly generated alternati...
Effects of Disturbed Flow on Endothelial Cells

Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) play significant roles in regulating circulatory functions. The shear stress resulting from blood flow modulates EC functions by activating mechano-sensors, signaling pathways, and gene and protein expressions. Shear stress with a clear direction resulting form pulsatile or steady flow causes only transient activation of pro-inflammatory and proliferative pathways, which become down-regulated when such directed shearing is sustained. In contrast, shear flow without a definitive direction (e.g., disturbed flow in regions of complex geometry) causes sustained molecular signaling of pro-inflammatory and proliferative pathways. The EC responses to shear flows with a clear direction involve the remodeling of EC structure to maintain vascular homeostasis and are athero-protective. Such regulatory mechanism does not operate effectively when the flow pattern is disturbed. Therefore, the branch points and other regions of the arterial tree with a complex geometry are prone to atherogenesis, whereas the straight part of the arterial tree is generally spared. Understanding of the EC responses to different flow patters helps to elucidate the mechanism of the region-specific localization of atherosclerosis in the arterial system.
Fast switching dual-frequency liquid crystal optical retarder, driven by an amplitude and frequency modulated voltage

We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally a fast-switching nematic optical retarder capable to switch a few microns of optical retardation in less than 1 ms. For example, a nematic cell of thickness 14.5 μm switches 0.3 μm of retardation within 0.15 ms and 2.5 μm within 0.5 ms for single passage of beam. The corresponding figure of merit is two orders of magnitude higher than the one known for the best nematic materials synthesized so far. The fit is achieved by employing a dual-frequency nematic liquid crystal in high-pretilt angle cells and a special addressing scheme that features amplitude and frequency modulated voltage. The scheme can be used in spatial light modulators, retarders, beam deflectors, polarization rotator, and displays.
B4-5: Neighborhood Deprivation and Telomere Length: Preliminary Findings from the Kaiser Permanente Research Program on Genes, Environment, and Health (RPGEH)

Background/Aims Shortened telomeres have been associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. In addition, a number of environmental or external exposures, including smoking, air pollution and stress, have been reported to be associated with short telomeres. We sought to examine how neighborhood quality of participants in the RPGEH Genetic Epidemiology Research Study on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) cohort affected telomere length.
Mass Conservation in Modeling Moisture Diffusion in Multi-layer Composite and Sandwich Structures

Moisture diffusion in multi-layer composite and sandwich structures is difficult to model using finite-difference methods due to the discontinuity in moisture concentration between adjacent layers of differing materials. Applying a mass-conserving approach at these boundaries proved to be effective at accurately predicting moisture uptake for a sample exposed to a fixed temperature and relative humidity. Details of the model developed are presented and compared with actual moisture uptake data gathered over 130 days from a graphite/epoxy composite sandwich coupon with a Rohacell® foam core.
Lysosomes, a meeting point of proteins, chaperones, and proteases

Lysosomes, classically considered as nonspecific systems for protein degradation, have recently also been shown to be able selectively to degrade specific intracellular proteins. Here we review this selective pathway of lysosomal protein degradation that involves cytosolic and intralysosomal chaperones and a receptor in the lysosomal membrane. This pathway is highly selective for cytosolic proteins containing a lysosomal targeting signal. The selective lysosomal degradation pathway is active under conditions of nutrient deprivation and plays an important role in the regulation of intracellular protein levels in stress situations. Several physiological and pathological modifications in the activity of this selective lysosomal pathway of protein degradation are discussed.
Object organization on a single broadcast channel in a global information sharing environment

Multidatabases offer practical means of managing information sharing from multiple preexisting heterogeneous databases. Furthermore, advances in computation and communication technologies allow users to access computer networks, using portable computing devices via a wireless connection, while mobile. By superimposing the mobile computing environment onto the multidatabase system, a new computing environment is attained. In this work, we concentrate on the effects of the mobile-computing environment on query processing in multidatabases. Within the broadcasting environment, the organization of the data objects along a single air channel should follow the semantic links assumed within the objects' graph. Learning from our past experiences in objects' organization on conventional storage mediums (disks), we propose a scheme for organizing objects along a single sequential broadcast channel. The proposed schemes are simulated and analyzed.
Pelvic Exenteration: A Nursing Challenge

Pelvic exenteration, a radical surgical procedure usually performed for recurrent cancer of the cervix, results in changes in body function and appearance requiring extraordinary physical, emotional, and sexual adjustments by the patient and deeply affecting her immediate family. Her health care needs are best met when a primary care nurse is available to provide continuity from the initial contact with the gynecologic oncologist through convalescence at home. It is necessary that the nurse understand some of the problems in surgical management, pre- and postoperative physical care, and healing in order to deal with certain aspects of care. During convalescence, emphasis should be placed on the use of support and education to assist the patient in coping with tremendous body changes.
The relation of perceived situation similarity to perceived behavior similarity: Implications for social learning theory

A number of theories suggest that people behave similarly in similar situations. Social learning theory in particular suggests that people behave similarly in situations perceived to be similar in ...