cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlling Incentives and Maximizing the Value of Inward Investment

This chapter analyzes the ways that policymakers around the world have tried to control investment incentives and evaluate their success. As discussed earlier, a number of studies, such as that of Head, Ries, and Swenson (1999) and Albornoz and Corcos (2007), offer theoretical justification for multilateral control of incentives. Here we consider several real-life attempts in that direction. First, I will discuss the rules and effectiveness of the most comprehensive disciplinary effort, that of the European Union. This section begins with a general outline of rules, followed by the most important framework applying to investment incentives per se, the Multi-Sectoral Framework on Regional Aid for Large Investment Projects. As we will see, these comprehensive controls have achieved the most success in disciplining investment incentives and bidding wars, but they lack a complete ban on the use of relocation subsidies. The various rules in the GATT Uruguay Round agreements that affect subsidies, including the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS), are then explained. These constitute a relatively blunt tool for controlling investment incentives, and the transparency provided by the reporting requirements of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures is far less than that achieved in the EU.
Waller Strides Forward

Like the work of many great jazz musicians, Waller’s output was conditioned in part by economic considerations: his buoyant style of performance animated the hundreds of trivial songs he recorded for Victor in the 1930s, and it was through them that he achieved commercial success, while his earlier work on piano and pipe organ remained in obscurity. But clever and captivating though Waller’s performances are in the later recordings, they sometimes mask his most significant talents—those of a gifted and highly skilled stride pianist. Stride piano refers both to a technique and a style of jazz piano playing that flourished in New York City in the 1920s and 1930s. The technique, whose roots lie in the formal gestures of ragtime composition, centers on a basic left-hand pattern: the alternation of a fundamental pitch, placed deep in the bass range of the piano and played on the strong beats of a 4/4 measure (beats 1 and 3), with a chord that fills out and more completely identifies the same harmony, played in the tenor or mid-range of the piano on weak beats (beats 2 and 4). Thus, the left hand is continually shifting its position, “striding” back and forth over the left half of the keyboard. —
The research on the integrated test system for the secondary devices and system in smart substation

The secondary devices and system should be tested to verify the functions configuration before the substation is put into operation. Most of time, the test system is divided into several parts and carried out one by one. At the same time, the existing experimental and testing methods have shortcomings in aspect of test means and test efficiency and can not fully meet the new test requirements of smart substation. In order to solve these problems, the integrated test system is presented and discussed in detailed. Firstly, according to the test demand, the reasonable framework and test procedure is built up. The test host can connect the test equipment physically and interact with them. Secondly, three key technologies about the system are discussed, which are the improvement technology of existing testers, virtual equipment technology, the automatic test technology based on the script language. Thirdly, the application of this system in the new generation smart substation is demonstrated. It is convenient to realize the system level test about whole substation. It can improve the test efficiency, and provide guidance or reference for future testing and debugging.
Cridanimod and progestin therapy in hormone-resistant endometrial cancer.

5597 Background: Cridanimod is a novel small molecule that has been shown to increase progesterone receptor (PR) expression in rat endometrium. We hypothesize that cridanimod, in combination with progestin therapy, will increase PR expression and, thus improve survival in a mouse model of advanced, high grade endometrial cancer. Methods: Hec50co cells, established in our laboratory to represent genetically and phenotypically type II endometrial cancer, were injected into the peritoneal cavity of 96 athymic mice. These mice were randomly divided into 6 groups, receiving the following therapies: control (no therapy), medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) alone, cridanimod 1mg IM twice a week plus MPA, cridanimod 3mg plus MPA, cridanimod 6mg plus MPA, and adenovirus-mediated PR expression plus MPA. PR expression in tumor tissue and serum interferon (IFN) levels were assayed via Western blot and ELISA, respectively. Results: Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the group receiving MPA plus 6 mg cridanimod t...
Towards a Cognitive Neuroscience of Intentionality

We situate the debate on intentionality within the rise of cognitive neuroscience and argue that cognitive neuroscience can explain intentionality. We discuss the explanatory significance of ascribing intentionality to representations. At first, we focus on views that attempt to render such ascriptions naturalistic by construing them in a deflationary or merely pragmatic way. We then contrast these views with staunchly realist views that attempt to naturalize intentionality by developing theories of content for representations in terms of information and biological function. We echo several other philosophers by arguing that these theories over-generalize unless they are constrained by a theory of the functional role of representational vehicles. This leads to a discussion of the functional roles of representations, and how representations might be realized in the brain. We argue that there’s work to be done to identify a distinctively mental kind of representation. We close by sketching a way forward for the project of naturalizing intentionality. This will not be achieved simply by ascribing the content of mental states to generic neural representations, but by identifying specific neural representations that explain the puzzling intentional properties of mental states.
Adolescent Energy Drink Use Related to Intake of Fried and High-sugar Foods

OBJECTIVE We assessed the relationship between energy drinks, fried food, and high-sugar food consumption. METHODS Secondary analyses including Mann-Whitney U, Cohen's d and effect sizes were used to examine 7-day intakes of energy drinks, fried foods, and high-sugar foods among teenagers (N = 1570) who participated in the 2014 FLASHE Study. RESULTS Energy drink consumption during the past 7 days was reported by 14.4% (N = 226) of participants. Those who reported consumption of energy drinks in the past 7 days were more likely to eat various fried and high-sugar foods than those who did not report past 7-day energy drink consumption. These foods include candy (p < .001), cake (p = .011), desserts (p < .001), sugary cereal (p < .001), fried potatoes (p < .001), fried chicken (p < .001), and chips (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Energy drink consumption among adolescents may be linked to other high-risk nutrition intake behaviors, specifically increased consumption of fried and high-sugar foods. This study adds to the growing number of recent studies highlighting the multiple behavioral risks associated with early energy drink use. Health promotion and nutrition education efforts should focus on delaying early consumption of energy drinks among adolescents.
Measuring wavefront by optical differentiation with binary pixelated filters

We review the performance and applications of an optical differentiation wavefront sensor based on binary pixelated filters that synthesize a continuous linear field transmission profile yielding the wavefront slope in the transmission gradient direction.
Comparison of Intermolecular Forces in Anhydrous Sorbitol and Solvent Cocrystals

The hygroscopicity of solid sorbitol is important for its utilization as a sweetener in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The molecular foundations of sorbitol hydration characteristics are explored here using two solvated cocrystals, sorbitol-water and sorbitol-pyridine. In this work, solid-state density functional theory and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy were used to evaluate the relative stabilities of these cocrystals as compared to anhydrous sorbitol in terms of conformational and cohesive energies. The modification of the hydrogen-bonding network in crystalline sorbitol by solvent molecules gives new insight into the origins of the notable stability of sorbitol-water as compared to similar solids such as mannitol-water. In particular, the energy analysis reveals that the relative instability of the mannitol hydrate is based primarily in the lack of water-water interactions which provide considerable stabilization in the sorbitol-water crystal.
Influence of Ionic Strength on Clay Particle Deposition and Hydraulic Conductivity of a Sand Medium

AbstractParticulate media filters and infiltrometers play a critical role in separation of solids and liquids in infrastructure applications that require drainage and transmission of water or other...
Fast ion transport at a gas-metal interface

Fast ion transport and the resulting fusion yield reduction are computed at a gas-metal interface. The extent of fusion yield reduction is observed to depend sensitively on the charge state of the surrounding pusher material and the width of the atomically mixed region. These sensitivities suggest that idealized boundary conditions often implemented at the gas-pusher interface for the purpose of estimating fast ion loss will likely overestimate fusion reactivity reduction in several important limits. In addition, the impact of a spatially complex material interface is investigated by considering a collection of droplets of the pusher material immersed in a DT plasma. It is found that for small Knudsen numbers, the extent of fusion yield reduction scales with the surface area of the material interface. As the Knudsen number is increased, however, the simple surface area scaling is broken, suggesting that hydrodynamic mix has a nontrivial impact on the extent of fast ion losses.
New Stretching Method for Aligning Gels: Its Application to the Measurement Residual Chemical Shift Anisotropies (RCSAs) without the Need for Isotropic Shift Correction.

An existing gel stretching device is modified, permitting the use of organic solvents for the study of small molecules. Different from the original device, gels are stretched into 4 mm open-ended NMR tubes and then inserted into regular 5 mm NMR tubes. No open-ended tubes are inserted in the NMR probe avoiding the risk of sample leaking. It is also shown that residual chemical shift anisotropies (RCSAs) measured with the device are free of isotropic shift interferences and corrections for them are not needed during the post-acquisition data analysis. Three internal references for chemical shift were evaluated (CCl4 , CBr4 and TMS), being CCl4 the most convenient one to measure RCSAs in CDCl3 . RCSAs measured with the modified stretching device using CCl4 as the internal chemical shift reference were enough to determine the relative configuration of three small molecules with an excellent degree of configuration discrimination.
How Children Invented Humanity.

I use the commentaries of Legare, Clegg, and Wen and of Frankenhuis and Tiokhin as jumping-off points to discuss an issue hinted at both in my essay and their commentaries: How a developmental perspective can help us achieve a better understanding of evolution. I examine briefly how neoteny may have contributed to human morphology; how developmental plasticity in great apes, and presumably our common ancestor with them, may have led the way to advances in social cognition; and how the "invention" of childhood contributed to unique human cognitive abilities. I conclude by acknowledging that not all developmentalists have adopted an evolutionary perspective, but that we are approaching a time when an evolutionary perspective will be implicit in the thinking of all psychologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Stewardship, credibility and political communications: A content analysis of the 2016 election

Abstract Public participation in the democratic process and trust in elected leaders are both declining. Drawing on research from the fields of public relations and communications, this content analysis examines political communication through the lens of credibility and stewardship, both concepts central to predicting favorable relationship maintenance outcomes. In this analysis of all presidential, Senate and congressional candidates in the 2016 election, findings indicated that candidates more commonly communicate ways to provide support for the campaign (relationship nurturing), than demonstrating that they are worthy of being entrusted by the public. In addition, candidates’ communication primarily centered on the candidate being a credible source, neglecting other strategies for demonstrating credibility (digital and content). While there were no significant differences by party affiliation, incumbents and presidential candidates were more likely to communicate some forms of stewardship and credibility.
Maritime magnetic anomaly mapping with a diamond nitrogen vacancy sensor

The Earth's magnetic field remains an intriguing source as a navigational signal. A diamond nitrogen vacancy vector magnetometer is mounted in a strap-down configuration on a surface vessel in an effort to detect and map the crustal magnetic anomaly field in the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Annapolis, MD. Although the experimental effort was unsuccessful due to challenges in calibrating the magnetometer, the overall approach is demonstrated through simulation.
The Effects of Ethanol on the Electrophysiology of Calcium Channels

Acute ethanol intoxification affects many systems in the body, especially the central nervous system. Because early experiments using axonal preparations required very high concentrations of ethanol to produce ionic current alterations, researchers turned their attention away from specific effects on electrogenesis and looked for effects at the synapse. The role of Ca2+ in the release of neurotransmitters was well known and was considered a possible site of action for ethanol. Indeed, several studies demonstrated that ethanol alters Ca2+ binding or transport in synaptosomes and neural tissue. The purpose of this chapter is to present electro-physiological evidence for the acute effects of ethanol on calcium channels. It is necessary first to define the relevant ethanol concentrations and to describe the characteristics of tissue preparations that may best help to determine the effects of ethanol. A discussion of these two points along with a brief synopsis of the role of Ca2+ in excitable tissues is presented. This is followed by a discussion of the effects of ethanol on Ca2+ and Ca2+-activated conductances in both nonmammalian and mammalian cells, and a model is presented in an attempt to unify the experimental evidence of the acute effects of ethanol.
Very Public Scandals: Nongovernmental Organizations in Trouble

This paper analyzes, from a cross-national perspective, publicized incidents of alleged wrongdoing on the part of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Data were derived from daily, weekly, or monthly newspapers and special nonprofit newsletters accessible through websites. Analysis of media reports of “scandals” involving NGOs was conducted to identify issues and trends in governance and management problems associated with this sector. The paper focuses on NGOs involved in the financing or delivery of health and human services. After highlighting some of the precedent-setting cases of NGO improprieties in the United States during the 1990s, prominent global cases of wrongdoing during the period 1998–2000 are reviewed. The underlying problems that allowed these cases to occur and their implications regarding NGO credibility and public trust are identified, and strategic options for enhancing accountability presented.
Obstacle Problems Generated by the Estimates of Square Function

In this note we give the formula for the Bellman function associated with the problem considered by B. Davis (Duke Math J 43:697–704, 1976) in 1976. In this article the estimates of the type ∥Sf∥p ≤ Cp∥f∥p, p ≥ 2, were considered for the dyadic square function operator S, and Davis found the sharp values of constants Cp. However, along with the sharp constants one can consider a more subtle characteristic of the above estimate. This quantity is called the Bellman function of the problem. It has never been proved that the confluent hypergeometric function from Davis’ paper (second page) gives us this Bellman function. Here we fill out this gap by finding the exact Bellman function of the unweighted Lp estimate for the dyadic square function operator S. We cast the proofs in the language of obstacle problems. For the sake of comparison, we also find the Bellman function of weak (1, 1) estimate of S. This formula was suggested by Bollobas (Math Proc Camb Phil Soc 87:377–382, 1980) and proved by Osekowski (Statist Probab Lett 79(13):1536–1538, 2009), so it is not new, but we like to emphasize the common approach to those two Bellman function descriptions.
Assessment of Surface Water Quality in the Big Sunflower River Watershed of Mississippi Delta Using Nonparametric Analysis

Assessment of surface water quality in the Mississippi Delta is essential to quantify the eutrophication of the Gulf of Mexico. This study estimated the characteristics and variations of surface water quality at three study sites in the Big Sunflower River Watershed (BSRW) within the Mississippi Delta using Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, Mann-Kendall, and Pettitt tests. In general, contents of some water quality constituents such as nitrate-nitrogen (NO3 − N) and total phosphorus (TP) in the BSRW varied from site to site each year, whereas variations of other constituents such as pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) each year were basically not significant. The highest median concentrations were found in spring for NO3 − N and total nitrogen (TN); in summer for specific conductance (SC), Na, and Cl; and in winter for DO. Mann-Kendall trend analysis revealed that there was an increasing annual trend at Leland but a decreasing annual trend at Merigold for NO3 − N concentrations even though such changes were very small, whereas there was no annual trend for TP at any of the three study sites. Pettitt’s test further identified that the NO3 − N concentrations had an abrupt increase in February 2009 at the median value of 0.44 mg L−1 in Leland and an abrupt decrease in June 2012 at the median value of 3.65 mg L−1 in Merigold. A very good linear correlation existed between total dissolved solid (TDS) and magnesium (Mg) in the BSRW, which could be used to estimate TDS from Mg concentrations for this watershed when the data for TDS are absent.
Reducing medication errors involving antiretroviral therapy with targeted electronic medical record modifications.

Medication errors are common among HIV-infected patients on anti-retroviral therapy (ART), especially when transitioning to the inpatient setting. In previous studies, medication error rates among ...
After the Road Came: Insights into the Nexus of Food Security and Malnutrition in Northwestern Nepal

The United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition 2016–2025 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development call on all countries and stakeholders to work together to prevent all forms of malnutrition by 2030. In Nepal, these considerations are at the forefront of the country's Sustainable Development Goals. To aid in this effort, this article presents a case study from the mountainous Humla District, Nepal, that was designed to better understand how the arrival of the first road in this area is affecting food security and nutritional status, and how these 2 variables are interrelated. Data from participant observation, interviews, the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale questionnaire, and a region-specific food frequency questionnaire suggest that while the road provides more reliable access to market-sourced food than before, villagers' intake of many micronutrients remains below recommended levels, as most of the market-purchased foods are nutrient poor. Data also suggest that this population is experiencing the double burden of malnutrition: simultaneous cases of underweight and overweight. High food security levels among those in the malnourished/overweight group could easily mask this emerging public health concern. This study provides an analytical framework to better understand the nexus of food security and nutrition, and offers evidence-based recommendations for decreasing food insecurity and malnutrition in mountainous regions, which will help achieve the goal of preventing all forms of malnutrition by 2030.
Somatization, Depression, and Anxiety Disorders in a Rhinology Practice:

BackgroundPatients present to rhinology clinics with various complaints. Symptoms may be attributable to objective findings, some remain unexplained. The objective is to investigate the incidence o...
Powerline Communication for Enhanced Connectivity in Neuromorphic Systems

Neuromorphic computing (NC) has acquired tremendous interest because of its ability to overcome the limitations of von-Neumann systems in data-intensive applications. NC systems are inspired from the human brain, which combine storage (synapse) and compute (neuron) to circumvent the memory bottlenecks in von-Neumann computing. The human brain consists of densely connected neurons, where each neuron can connect to thousands of synapses. Such dense connectivity enables hierarchical learning that enables high classification accuracies in NC systems, such as spiking neural networks (SNNs). Past research has focused on many-core architectures that implement synapses with memristive crossbars to overcome the memory bottlenecks and enable efficient compute. However, mimicking brainlike connectivity poses significant challenges. This is because the typical computation cores in a many-core architecture are connected with network-on-chip (NOC), which have high power consumption. In this paper, we propose a power line communication (PLC)-based architecture built with memristive crossbars for SNNs. PLC can use the on-chip power lines augmented with low-overhead transceiver to communicate data between neurons efficiently. Hence, PLC can enable dense connectivity required in SNNs while preserving the efficiency of memristive crossbars. We perform evaluations on SNNs ranging in scale from 1to 10 M synapses to demonstrate the efficiency of PLC-based NC system. We also propose a hybrid PLC–NOC-based design which can achieve high throughput along with high energy efficiency.
Complex Permittivity Extraction From Synthetic Aperture Radar Images

Microwave and millimeter wave synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging techniques are commonly used to generate high-resolution qualitative images showing the reflectivity (or complex permittivity) contrast in a sample-under-test (SUT). These techniques have been successfully applied for many diverse applications. However, these images lack quantitative information about the SUT, namely; its complex permittivity distribution. In this article, a novel method to extract the spatial distribution of complex permittivity from SAR images is proposed. The principle of the proposed method is outlined, then verified by a series of electromagnetic simulations, demonstrating that the proposed method can accurately extract the complex permittivity. Additionally, it is shown that the results are robust with respect to most critical parameters of the SAR imaging technique. Subsequently, measurements were performed to verify the efficacy of the proposed method on two SUTs with different complex permittivities, corroborating the utility of the proposed method. Moreover, the measurement results of one of the SUTs showed that the proposed method is capable of detecting local inhomogeneities with a relatively high spatial resolution. Then, an SUT with artificial defect was prepared to investigate this capability. Compared to quantitative methods based on inverse scattering techniques, this proposed method requires much less computational resources and has the potential for becoming an effective material characterization technique in the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) field.
Intentional Application of the Taba Curriculum Model to Develop a Rural Pharmacy Practice Course

The changing profession of pharmacy demands student preparation in dynamic courses that address the evolving healthcare landscape. Identifying an evidence-based approach to develop such coursework and content, however, can be a considerable challenge for curriculum innovators. This manuscript explores how curriculum design models can be applied as a guide to promote purposeful development of new curriculum, with the goal of promoting students as APPE, practice, and career-ready practitioners. Authors specifically describe a case study example for the process of creating a novel rural health course using the Taba curriculum design model as a guide for selecting course content, objectives, teaching strategies, learning experiences, and evaluative measures. Through the incorporation of the Taba model, this manuscript presents an evidence-based approach to curriculum development which can be replicated across schools and colleges of pharmacy. The described approach to curriculum design, which integrates models to guide the creative process, is a systematic approach to developing curriculum with purpose. Additional opportunities exist for curriculum innovators across the academy to explore incorporation of curriculum design models to guide course development, as well as to drive curricular assessment strategies and further curriculum refinement.
Other New Agents for Hodgkin Lymphoma

The efficacy seen with brentuximab vedotin (BV) has set the bar high for evaluating other new agents in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Several additional promising agents are being investigated for HL, and while no single agent has yet demonstrated response rates as high as BV, these agents are good candidates for building combinations. A lot has been learned about the underlying biology of HL that has revealed potential targets for therapy. HL tumors are characterized by their extensive microenvironments made up primarily of T cells as well as eosinophils, B lymphocytes, and plasma cells that surround the rare tumor cells called Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells. There is extensive cross talk through cytokines and chemokines between RS cells and the surrounding inflammatory infiltrate which contributes to support of RS cell survival and suppression of antitumor immunity. Newer agents for HL (summarized in Table 22.1) target the various aspects of HL biology and include PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, and immune modulators.
Adjunctive ionizing and non-ionizing methods for endodontic diagnosis

Endodontics is concerned with the prevention and treatment of diseases and injuries of the pulp and associated periradicular conditions. It is critical that an accurate diagnosis is made prior to any treatment. Each clinician will use their knowledge, experience as well as results of diagnostic tests to formulate an individual treatment plan for the patient. On occasion, it is not possible to elicit test results that pinpoint a definitive diagnosis. At best it may only be possible for the clinician to provide a list of possible differential diagnoses. More advanced technology may help the clinician gain additional information on which to base treatment decisions. This article will review the materials and instruments required to perform diagnostic tests for establishing a baseline. In addition, more advanced diagnostic tests will be reviewed.
Development, characterization, and applications of multi-material stereolithography bioprinting.

As a 3D bioprinting technique, hydrogel stereolithography has historically been limited in its ability to capture the spatial heterogeneity that permeates mammalian tissues and dictates structure–function relationships. This limitation stems directly from the difficulty of preventing unwanted material mixing when switching between different liquid bioinks. Accordingly, we present the development, characterization, and application of a multi-material stereolithography bioprinter that provides controlled material selection, yields precise regional feature alignment, and minimizes bioink mixing. Fluorescent tracers were first used to highlight the broad design freedoms afforded by this fabrication strategy, complemented by morphometric image analysis to validate architectural fidelity. To evaluate the bioactivity of printed gels, 344SQ lung adenocarcinoma cells were printed in a 3D core/shell architecture. These cells exhibited native phenotypic behavior as evidenced by apparent proliferation and formation of spherical multicellular aggregates. Cells were also printed as pre-formed multicellular aggregates, which appropriately developed invasive protrusions in response to hTGF-β1. Finally, we constructed a simplified model of intratumoral heterogeneity with two separate sub-populations of 344SQ cells, which together grew over 14 days to form a dense regional interface. Together, these studies highlight the potential of multi-material stereolithography to probe heterotypic interactions between distinct cell types in tissue-specific microenvironments.
Developing Children’s Right to Personal Security: How Claiming the Legal Right Can Move It Closer to Reflecting Empirical Realities

The study of human development has long confirmed the significance of personal security to healthy developmental outcomes. Yet, legal systems pervasively fail to reflect that reality. The lack of developments means that progress in claiming and protecting the right to personal security requires understanding the inherent limitations in current conceptions of rights potentially related to personal security. Developing the right to personal security also means recognizing the possibilities of different governmental systems put in place to protect rights. This article examines those limitations and possibilities after articulating what developmental science reveals about the nature and significance of personal security. Those foundational lessons reveal that, while the right to personal security currently remains undeveloped, the lack of development is worth addressing. Using children’s rights as a starting point and focusing on US law, this analysis reveals that the right to personal security holds promise, particularly as an exception to dominant legal conceptions of rights. Effectively recognizing that right, however, must begin by claiming it and by countering concerns that the right would be too problematic to support and protect. This article concludes that the right’s promise is even present in the United States, which has narrow views of the right to personal security as well as of children’s rights.
Computer Vision Tagging the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Collection: A Comparison of Three Systems

Computer vision algorithms are increasingly being applied to museum collections to identify patterns, colors, and subjects by generating tags for each object image. There are multiple off-the-shelf systems that offer an accessible and rapid way to undertake this process. Based on the highlights of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection, this article examines the similarities and differences between the tags generated by three well-known computer vision systems (Google Cloud Vision, Amazon Rekognition, and IBM Watson). The results provide insights into the characteristics of these taxonomies in terms of the volume of tags generated for each object, their diversity, typology, and accuracy. In consequence, this article discusses the need for museums to define their own subject tagging strategy and selection criteria of computer vision tools based on their type of collection and tags needed to complement their metadata.
Similar work, different pay? Private school teacher working conditions in India

Abstract As the private education sector grows across the globe, private providers by extension are becoming significant employers of teachers. In India, more than 3 million teachers are employed in the private sector, contributing to meeting the rapidly expanding educational demands and learning needs of children. Teacher working conditions are crucial to ensure teacher retention and success within the education system. We use the 2011–2012, nationally representative employment data from India, to investigate private teacher working conditions. We conduct a series of regression analysis to account for the differences in demographic attributes of public and private teachers, differences in rural and urban growth of private schools and cross-state variations. We find that, compared to public school teachers, private school teachers experience less favorable monetary and non-monetary working conditions including less access to paid leaves, pension and health care. They also experience lower job security in terms of the existence of a contract and the length of contract period. Private school teachers also have a lower access to teacher unions and thus weaker collective bargaining to negotiate their working conditions. Private teachers are more frequently likely to seek additional work and alternate work. Some noteworthy differences in teacher demographics in rural and urban areas (urban teachers are more likely to be female, somewhat older, and more educated) notwithstanding, these patterns of public-private teacher working conditions are consistent across rural and urban location. We conclude with reflections on potential explanations for these results and suggest steps for future research.
IdeateRelate: An Examples Gallery That Helps Creators Explore Ideas in Relation to Their Own

Creating truly original ideas requires extensive knowledge of existing ideas. Navigating prior examples can help people to understand what has already been done and to assess the quality of their own ideas through comparison. The creativity literature has suggested that the conceptual distance between a proposed solution and a potential inspiration can influence one's thinking. However, less is known about how creators might use data about conceptual distance when exploring a large repository of ideas. To investigate this, we created a novel tool for exploring examples called IdeateRelate that visualizes 600+ COVID-related ideas, organized by their similarity to a new idea. In an experiment that compared the IdeateRelate visualization to a simple list of examples, we found that users in the Viz condition leveraged both semantic and categorical similarity, curated a more similar set of examples, and adopted more language from examples into their iterated ideas (without negatively affecting the overall novelty). We discuss implications for creating adaptive interfaces that provide creative inspiration in response to designers' ideas throughout an iterative design process.
Chapter 1: Critical Behavior and Scaling of Confined 4He

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the expected scaling behavior of helium confined in a uniform, well-defined geometry. By way of example two models are discussed—the two-dimensional (2D) Ising model and the ideal Bose gas model—to see how scaling is actually realized. A description of various experiments designed to test scaling theory, both in the case of films with a free surface and in the case of complete confinement is given. These experiments to other studies of confined helium in powders and porous glasses are compared. With liquid helium, it is easy to realize a situation of a homogeneous film consisting of a fraction of an atomic layer to a few atomic layers. Such a film becomes superfluid at a temperature well below T λ and displays critical behavior quite different from the bulk system. The heat capacity has a power-law behavior in three dimensions with an exponent close to zero. In two dimensions, the heat capacity is expected to have a broad maximum at a temperature above the transition into the superfluid state.
Morphine and Codeine in Biological Fluids: Approaches to Source Differentiation.

Heroin, morphine, and codeine are among the most abused opiate analgesics today. Analysis of individuals' urines for morphine and codeine is sued as an indication of prior ingestion of these dugs. Poppy seeds and products containing poppy seeds are found to have small amounts of morphine and codeine (usually less than 200 µg morphine/g seeds and much less codeine), which is enough to produce a positive urine test for opiates. This manuscript reviews current data on the analysis of various poppy seed products and urine specimens from individuals ingesting these products. A brief review of the metabolism and elimination of these drugs is presented, with general guidelines for differentiation of poppy seed use versus condone, morphine, or heroin abuse.
Caregiving and Employment

ABSTRACT This study examines job classification and other workplace characteristics as potential mediators of role strain among university employees with adult care responsibilities. After controlling for background caregiver characteristics and the intensity of caregiving demands, it was found that job classification, hours worked, work demands, workplace support, and job flexibility contributed significantly to role strain. Caregivers in staff positions provided higher levels of caregiving assistance and experienced less flexibility, control, and support at the workplace than did academics and administrators. Staff employees also were significantly more likely than academics and administrators to endorse a variety of workplace policies and programs as helpful in meeting their adult care responsibilities. These findings have implications for the development of workplace policies and procedures that are responsive to the unique needs of diverse employee groups.
Volunteer Work in the Introductory Course: A Special Curriculum Component.

Abstract This paper examines the experiences of a school of social work in requiring volunteer work of students enrolled in the introductory undergraduate course. Consideration is given to the history of students' agency participation, program structure, and variety of placements. Observations by students, faculty and agency workers are included. Case examples of volunteer placements are described. Advantages and drawbacks of the program are assessed.
Mancala players at Palmyra

Playing mancala-type games was an addictive pastime of antiquity and leaves its archaeological imprint on steps and ledges in the form of rows of little scoops. Here the author examines the traces of the game at Palmyra and shows that the Roman game of the third century (with five holes a side) was superseded when Palmyra's Temple of Baal was refashioned as a fort in the seventh century or later. The new Syrian game, with seven holes a side, was played obsessively by the soldiers of an Arab or Ottoman garrison on the steps and precinct wall of the old temple.
Electromagnetic Properties of Hemoproteins IV. SINGLE CRYSTAL ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF HEMOPROTEINS AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

Abstract Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of single crystals of myoglobin fluoride and hemoglobin fluoride were recorded at both cryogenic and ambient temperatures. Analysis of angular variations of line widths at these temperatures indicates that the misorientation of the heme plane in myoglobin crystals, which is considered responsible for the unusually broad resonance lines in these crystals, is not an artifact of the freezing process, but a characteristic inherent to the protein crystals as they are grown. Single crystal electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy at ambient temperature opens the possibility of the determination of the intracrystalline orientation of the heme groups in other hemoprotein crystals, the structure of which is readily damaged upon freezing.
Effect of Nitrogen Solubility on Nitrogen Lactating Dairy Cattle

Abstract Three nitrogen-balance trials were used to measure nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. In each trial, the basic diet was a complete feed containing 55% corn silage and 45% grain mixture (dry-matter basis). The crude protein contents of the complete diets in trials 1, 2, and 3 were 12, 13, and 15%, respectively. Four high-producing Holstein cows similar in age and producing ability and within 30 to 45 days postpartum were used in each 12-wk trial in a Latin-square experimental design. Urea was the treatment variable supplying approximately 0, 8, 16, or 24% of the total dietary nitrogen. The measured solubility of the nitrogen in the diets ranged from 31.5 to 48.7%. The data were fitted to a multiple linear-regression model to determine coefficients of nitrogen utilization. The utilization coefficients for soluble nitrogen and insoluble nitrogen were relatively constant across the three trials, but in each trial the utilization coefficient for insoluble nitrogen was greater than for soluble nitrogen.
On sublattice determinants in reduced bases

We prove several inequalities on the determinants of sublattices in LLL-reduced bases. They generalize the inequalities on the length of the shortest vector proven by Lenstra, Lenstra, and Lovasz, and show that LLL-reduction finds not only a short vector, but more generally, sublattices with small determinants. We also prove new upper bounds on the product of the norms of the first few vectors.
Calculus with several independent variables

This chapter discusses the functions of more than one independent variable. Functions of several independent variables are described in the beginning of the chapter. These include changes in a function of several variables, partial derivatives, and differentials. The calculus of functions of several independent variables is a natural extension of the calculus of functions of one independent variable. The partial derivative is the first important quantity. Change of variables is then discussed as a part of the chapter. Additional useful information on partial derivatives is also provided in a segment. Exact and inexact differentials are described including integral factors. Line integrals, line integrals of exact differentials, line integrals of inexact differentials, line integrals with three integration variables, and line integrals in thermodynamics are also discussed in the chapter. Multiple integrals are detailed next, focusing on the double integral represented as a volume, multiple integrals in quantum mechanics, and changing variables in multiple integrals also form a part of the chapter. Vector derivative operators, which is another topic explained in the chapter, include information on vector derivatives in Cartesian coordinates, vector derivatives in other coordinate systems, and gradients in orthogonal coordinates. Maximum and minimum values of functions of several variables focus on constrained maximum/ minimum problems and Lagrange's method of undetermined multipliers are also detailed in the chapter.
Approximate Density Functionals: Which Should I Choose?

Density functional methods have a long tradition in inorganic and bioinorganic chemistry. We introduce the density functional machinery and give an overview of most popular approximate exchange-correlation (XC) functionals. We present comparisons of density functionals for energies, structures, and reaction barriers of inorganic and bioinorganic systems, giving guidance on the title question. New development directions and current trends in density functional theory (DFT) are reviewed. Keywords: density functional theory; exchange-correlation functionals; computational benchmarks; transition metal complexes; metal clusters; periodic solids; molecular structures; reaction energies
Application of back-propagation to the recognition of handwritten digits using morphologically derived features

ABSTRACT This paper presents results of an experiment on handwritten digit recognition using a four-layeredbackpropagation network. The input to the network is a 105 element feature vector formed in twosteps. First, morphological operations are performed on the input digit to create images of sixdifferent cavity features. Then, along with the normalized digit image, each of the cavity images iscoarse-coded to produce the input vector. The network is trained on 5200 normalized, repaireddigits and is tested on two other large sets. All digit samples were obtained from the United StatesPostal Service. The first test set, composed of 1916 digits, is used to select a decision strategy forthe network which maximizes correct recognition rate while keeping the error rate under onepercent. This strategy is then applied to the second test set, a true test set composed of 3568characters, with recognition rate near 97 percent and an error rate of less than one percent. Theseresults suggest that the use of morphologically derived features in backpropagation networks iseffective for optical character recognition.1. MOTIVATIONThe choice of appropriate features in a pattern recognition task is, of course, of the utmostimportance. Concerning backpropagation approaches to handwritten digit recognition, a variety offeature types have been used with varying success
THICK BEYOND DESCRIPTION ETHNOGRAPHY AND CULTURE AS TROPE

Asiwinarong: Ethos, Image, and Social Power among the Usen Barok of New Ireland. By Roy Wagner. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. Pp. xxiv + 238. Price: US$30. Symbols That Stand For Themselves. By Roy Wagner. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Pp. xii + 150.
Decomposition of 5-Nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO): Energetics Associated with Several Proposed Initiation Routes

Initial steps for several proposed decomposition mechanisms of NTO have been studied theoretically in order to determine the energies of various reaction intermediates. The methods applied were restricted Hartree−Fock self-consistent field (SCF), single- and double-excitation configuration interaction (CISD), CISD corrected for unlinked quadruple excitations (CISD+Q), and coupled cluster including all single and double substitutions (CCSD) with a double-ζ plus polarization (DZP) basis set. Harmonic vibrational frequencies were computed to characterize the species at the stationary points. The previously reported mechanisms examined include decomposition initiated by C−NO2 homolysis, migration of ring substituents, and ring-opening processes. On the basis of the energetics of the various schemes, our computations suggest that C−NO2 bond homolysis is the most probable initial step for unimolecular decomposition of NTO.
Longitudinal and transverse cooling of a cesium atomic beam using the D1 transition with Stark-effect frequency compensation

We demonstrate the laser cooling of an alkali atomic beam using the D1 transition. Stark-effect frequency tuning is used to compensate the Doppler shift. A cesium beam as slow as 20 m/sec has been obtained. We also demonstrate the simultaneous transverse and longitudinal cooling in the deceleration region before the atoms reach their final velocity. This technique could be used to develop a cold atomic beam with high intensity.