cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interfacial spreading effects on one-dimensional organic liquid imbibition in water-wetted porous media

Abstract The spreading coefficient, C sp , determines whether an organic immiscible liquid, OIL, will form a lens ( C sp C sp > 0) on a water surface. An OIL that forms a lens does not perfectly wet the water surface and therefore has a contact angle greater than 0°. The one-dimensional rate at which an OIL spreads spontaneously on a water surface is proportional to the square root of C sp . Of the OIL's that pose a contaminant threat to the subsurface, the majority has a non-zero C sp . To test the influence of such interfacial spreading phenomena on OIL infiltration in a pristine vadose zone, upward OIL and water imbibition infiltration experiments were performed in glass-bead columns, moistened with water, by using OIL's with different C sp . An analytical model for saturated liquid front rise was used to inversely estimate the effective capillary pressure head at the front and the average liquid conductivity. A nonspreading OIL ( C sp ⪡ 0) exhibited a reduced capillary pressure head in the water-wetted glass beads. A spontaneously spreading OIL ( C sp ⪢0) manifested an enhanced capillary pressure head. Reduced capillary pressure head was associated with an increase in average conductivity, and enhanced capillary pressure head was associated with a decrease in average conductivity when compared to the average water conductivity during water imbibition. The employed experimental method and mathematical analysis of dynamic flow, subject to interfacial spreading phenomena, are practical for quantifying parameters for use in sharp-front OIL infiltration models, but more research is needed to determine how to incorporate the spreading coefficient in numerical multiphase flow models.
Effects of matrix viscosity on FAB spectra

Abstract The influence on fast atom bombardment (FAB) spectra of the viscosity of the matrix was studied. The viscosity was varied in two different ways: (1) by changing the matrix temperature and (2) by adding glucose to the matrix. With both methods the viscosity was varied in the 103 to 106 centiPoise range. It was found that the spectra degraded severely with increasing viscosity and that the extent of degradation was similar with the two methods. It is concluded that the temperature, per se, has only a small influence on FAB spectra. The very strong dependence on viscosity is explained as a result of changes in the transport processes at the liquid—vacuum interface and of a gradual shift in the desorption mechanism.
Ginsparg-Wilson fermions: A Study in the Schwinger model

The qualitative features of Ginsparg-Wilson fermions, as formulated by Neuberger, coupled to two-dimensional $U(1)$ gauge theory are studied. The role of the Wilson mass parameter in changing the number of massless flavors in the theory and its connection with the index of the Dirac operator is studied. Although the index of the Dirac operator is not related to the geometric definition of the topological charge for strong couplings, the two start to agree as soon as one goes to moderately weak couplings. This produces the desired singularity in the quenched chiral condensate which appears to be very difficult to reproduce with staggered fermions. The fermion determinant removes the singularity and reproduces the known chiral condensate and the meson mass within understandable errors.
Decoherence, chaos, and the second law

Quantum wave function of a chaotic system spreads rapidly over distances on which the potential is significantly nonlinear. As a result, the effective force is no longer just a gradient of the potential, and predictions of classical and quantum dynamics begin to differ. We show how the interaction with the environment limits distances over which quantum coherence can persist, and therefore reconciles quantum dynamics with classical Hamiltonian chaos. The entropy production rate for such open chaotic systems exhibits a sharp transition between reversible and dissipative regimes, where it is set by the chaotic dynamics.
Texture similarity using periodically extended and adaptive curvelets

This paper presents a new method for texture based image retrieval. The proposed algorithm uses a periodically extended variant of the curvelet transform. The sum of the absolute value of differences in the mean and standard deviation between curvelet wedges representing the query image and the test image is used as the distance index. Performance improvement is demonstrated using the CUReT database, where the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms previously proposed methods that were based on Curvelet, Gabor, LBP, and wavelet features. We also show that adapting curvelet tiles increases the performance of the proposed method.
Metacontrast reveals asymmetries at red–green isoluminance

We examined the spatiotemporal response of the visual system to red–green isoluminant stimuli by using two metacontrast masking paradigms. With both, we found that green stimuli surrounded by red fields, as compared with red stimuli surrounded by green fields, yielded weaker metacontrast masking. These results run counter to those of models of metacontrast and spatiotemporal vision that predict the same magnitude of metacontrast for the two stimulus-surround cases. Possible visual processes associated with the obtained asymmetries at red–green isoluminance are discussed.
Tidal Freshwater Marsh Plant Responses to Low Level Salinity Increases

In a tidal freshwater marsh (TFM) in lower Chesapeake Bay, salt marsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) recently has become established where TFM vegetation previously grew. To determine the potential contribution of saltwater intrusion to the observed species transition, we conducted a mesocosm study subjecting Spartina and two TFM perennials (Peltandra virginica and Leersia oryzoides) to sub-lethal levels of salinity (0, 2, 4 and 6). We measured plant performance as carbon dioxide flux over the leaf stomata as a proxy for net photosynthesis (Anet), aboveground and belowground biomass and tissue carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus. For Spartina, all metrics were unchanged across the range of tested salinity. The TFM species, however, had lower Anet than Spartina and decreased with added salinity. TFM biomass was reduced up to 86 % in both the aboveground and belowground compartments, and aboveground nutrient allocation was altered: N increased in Leersia and P increased in Peltandra with increasing salinity. Under this simulation of increased salt intrusion associated with climate change and sea level rise, TFM species responded with decreased biomass and decreased tissue C:N. Although other factors must contribute, the abiotic salt stressor leads to plant responses consistent with the observed replacement of TFM species by Spartina.
Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal masses >9.5 cm: series comparison with open radical nephrectomy.

Abstract Objective To assess the feasibility of hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy (HALN) for large renal masses (stage T2, mean size 9.7 cm) and compare outcomes with a similar cohort undergoing open radical nephrectomy (ORN). Methods A nonrandomized comparison of 19 consecutive patients who underwent nephrectomy for renal masses ≥7 cm was performed. The HALN group was compared to the ORN group regarding demographic parameters and perioperative data, including blood loss, operating time, narcotic usage, hematocrit change, return to standard oral intake, length of hospital stay, and complications. Data collected prospectively and statistics used 2-tailed t-test analysis. Results Patients underwent either ORN (mean tumor size 12.3 cm) or HALN (mean tumor size 9.7cm). Tumors up to 14 cm (n = 2) and pT3b, with renal vein thrombosis (n = 2), could be safely excised with HALN. There were no differences between the HALN and ORN groups regarding any demographic parameter. Blood loss, operating time, length of stay, parenteral narcotic use, and time to tolerating regular diet were all less statistically significant in the HALN group as compared to the ORN group (P 15 cm necessitated ORN. Conclusions HALN is technically feasible even for tumors with mean size >9.5 cm. There is a significant advantage to HALN over ORN regarding the intraoperative and postoperative morbidity. Tumors ≥15 cm should, in most cases, be performed with an open approach.
Numerical solution of multinephron kidney equations

Abstract A description is given of an algorithm used to solve the time dependent kidney equations for many nephrons. The unknowns of the problem have been divided into two groups: the first consists of the unknowns in the tubes that comprise each nephron, and the second consists of the unknowns that link the tubes and nephrons with each other. A comparison of the accuracy, storage and CPU time is made for a code utilizing a strictly numerical algorithm and codes using a combination of analytic and numerical calculations.
Is isolation by adaptation driving genetic divergence among proximate Dolly Varden char populations

Numerous studies of population genetics in salmonids and other anadromous fishes have revealed that population structure is generally organized into geographic hierarchies (isolation by distance), but significant structure can exist in proximate populations due to varying selective pressures (isolation by adaptation). In Chignik Lakes, Alaska, anadromous Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma) spawn in nearly all accessible streams throughout the watershed, including those draining directly to an estuary, Chignik Lagoon, into larger rivers, and into lakes. Collections of Dolly Varden fry from 13 streams throughout the system revealed low levels of population structure among streams emptying into freshwater. However, much stronger genetic differentiation was detected between streams emptying into freshwater and streams flowing directly into estuarine environments. This fine-scale reproductive isolation without any physical barriers to migration is likely driven by differences in selection pressures across freshwater and estuarine environments. Estuary tributaries had fewer larger, older juveniles, suggesting an alternative life history of smolting and migration to the marine environment at a much smaller size than occurs in the other populations. Therefore, genetic data were consistent with a scenario where isolation by adaptation occurs between populations of Dolly Varden in the study system, and ecological data suggest that this isolation may partially be a result of a novel Dolly Varden life history of seawater tolerance at a smaller size than previously recognized.
Membrane currents in clamped vertebrate nerve.

PLACING nerve membrane in the feed-back arm of an operational amplifier allows one to see what current is needed to make the membrane follow a change in voltage across it. Such a measure, termed ‘Voltage clamp’, has been used for the giant axon of the squid by Hodgkin and Huxley1. Their exhaustive study showed several specific non-linear ionic conductances the behaviour of which accounted for the properties of the excited membrane. Whether all irritable tissues show qualitatively the same pattern and use the same ions is yet unknown, since Hodgkin and Huxley's essay has been unique. We have now succeeded in devising voltage clamps for both the node of Ranvier and the cell body.
Strong imploding shock, the representative curve☆

Abstract The representative curve of the ideal gas behind the front of a spherically, or cylindrically, symmetric strong imploding shock is shown to pass through the point where the reduced pressure is maximum, P ( ζ m ) = P max .
THE SPATIAL VARIATION OF AURORAL LUMINOSITY. II. DETERMINATION OF VOLUME EMISSION RATE PROFILES.

Abstract The variation in the intensity of a stable isolated auroral arc has been measured as a function of zenith angle from two stations located on the same geomagnetic meridian and separated by 226 km. The measurements were made with meridian scanning photometers which recorded simultaneously the emissions λ3914 (N2+, λ5577 [OI] and λ6300 [OI] at both stations. A comparison of the λ5577 and λ6300 data shows that excitation of the O [ 1 D ] state by secondary electrons due to primary ionization processes cannot be the dominant process for the emission of λ6300 at least for altitudes above 250 km. Collisional deactivation of the excited O [ 1 D ] atoms is essentially complete below 150 km and is important at least up to 240 km. A detailed analysis of the λ3914 (N2+) and λ5577 [OI] data in terms of volume emission rate profiles confirms the constancy of the ratio of λ5577 to λ3914 photon emission rates with height which has previously been inferred from single station measurements. The unexpected result of the present observations, however, is that the horizontal volume emission rate profiles are different for the two emissions, the λ5577 emission being concentrated toward the center of the λ3914 emitting region. It is concluded from these results that excitation of oxygen atoms by secondary electrons due to the primary ionization process cannot be the dominant process for the production of either the λ5577 or the λ6300 emission in the aurora.
A multiphoton ionization study of nh3 rotational relaxation in pulsed NH3-He supersonic expansions

Two-photon resonant three-photon ionization is employed to study the rotational relaxation of NH3 in a pulsed supersonic expansion. The different NH3 nuclear spin modifications (ortho-para) do not interconvert and relax at different rates. Para relaxation is more efficient than ortho relaxation as evidenced by a higher rotational temperature for the ortho spin modification.
Collaborative resource sharing between public and school libraries

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to examine youth service librarians’ use of collaborative collection development (CCD) behaviors and interlibrary loan (ILL) to collaborate with school librarians. Design/methodology – A quantitative design was implemented with a self-administered survey that was placed online. Findings – Public youth services librarians in the USA believe it is important to collaborate with school librarians. However, they are not frequently using collaborative resource sharing strategies. Public youth services librarians that have more experience, understand trends and issues in school libraries and feel they have knowledge of collaborative strategies are more likely to engage in collaborative resource sharing. Research limitations – The study was limited to 265 public librarians serving youth in the USA. This study does not present the perspectives of school libraries. Social implications – CCD and ILL between public and school libraries are overlooked practices for building rela...
AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN WITH PRENATAL DRUG EXPOSURE

Knowledge about the effects of prenatal drug exposure on early development is reviewed within an ecological framework. The intersecting influences on maternal and child behavior in the early caregiving environment are considered, and similarities reported for drug-exposed children and other high-risk groups are noted. Data from a sample of 90 dyads are used to explore the impact of maternal stress, social support, and depression on children's behavior problems. Strategies for enhancing developmental outcomes in this population are discussed.
A flexible template boundary element in the RNA subunit of fission yeast telomerase.

Telomerase adds telomeric repeat sequences to chromosome ends using a short region of its RNA subunit as a template. Telomerase RNA subunits are phylogenetically highly divergent, and different strategies have evolved to demarcate the boundary of the template region. The recent identification of the gene encoding telomerase RNA in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (ter1+) has opened the door for structure-function analyses in a model that shares many features with the telomere maintenance machinery of higher eukaryotes. Here we describe a structural element in TER1 that defines the 5′ boundary of the template. Disruption of a predicted long range base pairing interaction between template-adjacent nucleotides and a sequence further upstream resulted in reverse transcription beyond the template region and caused telomere shortening. Normal telomere length was restored by combining complementary nucleotide substitutions in both elements, showing that base pairing, not a specific sequence, limits reverse transcription beyond the template. The template boundary described here resembles that of budding yeasts and some mammalian telomerases. However, unlike any previously characterized boundary element, part of the paired region overlaps with the template itself, thus necessitating disruption of these interactions during most reverse transcription cycles. We show that changes in the paired region directly affect the length of individual telomeric repeat units. Our data further illustrate that marginal alignment of the telomeric 3′ end with RNA sequences downstream of the template is responsible for primer slippage, causing incorporation of strings of guanosines at the start of a subset of repeats.
γ-Radiation studies of two strains of Trichoplusia ni: Sensitivity of the compound eye and induced sterility

Abstract The visual response of laboratory-reared wild-type and yellow-eyed mutant (lacking pigments) cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni , was studied by standard electroretinogram (ERG) techniques. The ERG waveform, time to dark-adapt, maximum sensitivity, and flicker fusion frequency (FFF) of both strains and sexes were compared with those of moths treated with 15 and 30 krad of γ-radiation. From the rate of dark adaptation, yellow-eyed moths were initially more sensitive than wild-type moths, but no significant differences were apparent in the ERG waveform, total time to dark-adapt, and FFF between strains, sexes, or treatment groups. However, both sexes of both strains exhibited increased sensitivity (required less light to evoke a threshold response when fully dark-adapted) to light stimulus when they had been treated with 15 krad of γ-radiation. A comparison of the effects of irradiation on the fertility and fecundity of the two strains showed no significant differences between the number of eggs oviposited by inseminated females. However, the lower egg hatch by yellow-eyed females at most dose levels indicated reduced egg viability for the yellow-eyed genotype. Thus, a significant dose × strain interaction was found when the percentage of egg hatch of the two strains was compared.
Hosts of potato spindle tuber virus in suborder Solanineae

Additional hosts for potato spindle tuber virus (PSTV) found in the suborder Solanineae are:Nolana sp. (Nolanaceae);Antirrhinum sp.,Diascia barberae, Nemesia sp., N. foetens, Penstemon sp. (Scrophulariacceae); andBrowallia speciosa (B. major) andSolanum melongena in the Solanaceae. PSTV produced no local lesions upon inoculation of these hosts. Inoculated plants ofS. melongena (eggplant, ‘Black Beauty’) were dwarfed and epinastic. These rarely used genera in the Solanineae can be readily infected with the virus; leaf and floral parts are profuse and the tissues, upon grinding, leave very little residue.
Turbulent mixing in a barbed plate-to-plate electrostatic precipitator

Abstract The electrical and fluid dynamical characteristics of a barbed plate-to-plate electrostatic precipitator are compared with those of a conventional wire-to-plate precipitator under particle-free conditions. The barbed plate electrode design is based on the concept that a more uniform distribution of current within the flow channel may reduce the scale of the corona-induced electrohydrodynamic flow and thus decrease particle mixing. Current-voltage relationships and hot-film anemometer measurements of turbulence intensities, integral length scales and eddy diflusivities are presented for current densities as high as9mAm−2at gas speeds of 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 m s−1. Visual inspection of the discharge pattern indicates that the scale of the current inhomogeneity is reduced. Flow visualization and measurements of integral length scales confirm that the barbed plate design does reduce the scale of the electrically induced flow. Even though downstream turbulence levels are increased in the planar geometry, gas diffusivities are not substantially reduced. Additional study of the inter-electrode gas flow field and particle collection efficiency is necessary to determine the practical viability of the barbed plate precipitator.
POSSIBLE MAGNETOSPHERIC PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH NEUTRON STARS

WITH the discovery of X-ray sources in the sky1,2, speculation has arisen that they might be associated with neutron or hyperon stars formed during the internal collapse which triggers off supernova explosions (probably of type I). Rates of cooling of neutron star models have been calculated by Morton3, Chiu and Salpeter4,5, and Tsuruta6. It appears (J. Bahcall, personal communication) that the importance of the early cooling by emission of neutrinos from the ‘Urca’ process has been underestimated in the foregoing investigations. With rough allowance for this effect, the calculations of Miss Tsuruta indicate that a neutron star will rapidly cool to 3 or 4 × 106 °K, but that after 105 years its surface temperature will still be about 2 × 106 °K.
Ontogenetic patterns of enzyme locus expression in Barbus hybrids (Cypriniformes, Teleostei)

Abstract 1. 1. The tissue specific patterns and ontogeny of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.1.1.14), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH, EC 1.1.1.42) are reported for Barbus tetrazona (tiger barb), B. conchonius (rosy barb), B. nigrofasciatus (black ruby barb), B. titteya (cherry barb), B. sachsi (gold barb), and in interspecific hybrids where B. tetrazona is the maternal parent. 2. 2. The spatial and temporal expression of SDH, LDH and IDH isozymes in Barbus is consistent with those reported for other teleosts. 3. 3. As the genetic distance between the parentals used in forming the hybrid increases, allelic expression proceeds from synchronous to asynchronous, with an increasing delay in embryonic gene expression. 4. 4. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that parental sensor genes differ in their response to maternally controlled regulatory signals; indicative of species specific effector/activator RNA molecule concentrations and sensor/receptor gene induction thresholds.
Genetic mapping of the LMP2 proteasome subunit gene to the BoLA class llb region

Recent identification of four tightly-linked genes within the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans and rodents has led to a better understanding of class I antigen processing mechanisms. Two of these genes, LMP2 and LMP7, encode subunits of a low molecular mass poypeptide (LMP) complex. Several observations suggest that the LMP complex may be the proteolytic system responsible for generating the size-restricted peptides required for MHC class I assembly. For example, the LMP complex is a large cytoplasmic structure that is antigenically and biochemically related to the proteasome, a proteolytic complex that mediates degradation of ubiquitinated substrates. Data regarding proteolytic specificity indicates that the LMP complex may specifically produce nonamers, the appropriate peptide size for class I binding. In addition, similar to all components of the class I assembly process, intra-MHC LMP genes are regulated by IFN{gamma}. 26 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Signaling states of rhodopsin in rod disk membranes lacking transducin βγ-complex.

Purpose. To characterize the possible role of transducin Gtβγ-complex in modulating the signaling properties of photoactivated rhodopsin and its lifetime in rod disc membranes and intact rods.
Mathematical model of clonal selection and antibody production. III. The cellular basis of immunological paralysis.

Abstract The induction of immunological paralysis by injecting adult animals with specific antigens is considered. A mathematical model of clonal selection and antibody production (Bell, 1970, 1971) is used to analyze experiments of Mitchison (1964, 1968), in which immunological paralysis was induced by repeated high or low doses of the antigen, bovine serum albumin. The paralysis was always assessed as a diminished response to the Farr assay, which is first examined. Model parameters are then fixed, results are compared with experiment, and substantial agreement is found. According to the model, in low dose paralysis, low antigen concentrations weakly stimulate high affinity target cells, more than half the resulting cells are terminally differentiated antibody producers, so that the net effect is a loss of high affinity target cells. Prolonged exposure to such low antigen concentrations exhausts the supply of high affinity cells so that high affinity antibodies cannot be made on subsequent exposure to antigen. High dose paralysis is caused by cell crowding and a gradual killing (or terminal differentiation) of high affinity cells. A number of definite predictions are made by the model including: (i) the cells are stimulated when >10% of their antibody-like surface receptors are bound to antigen; (ii) complete tolerance can be produced by gradually increasing concentrations of antigen. It is pointed out that model parameters could be better chosen if the association constants (or Farr dilution ratios) of the antibodies were measured, and a better judgement could then be made of the validity of the model.
A lower bound for the complexity of Craig's interpolants in sentential logic

For any sentenceα (in sentential logic) letdα be the delay complexity of the boolean functionfα represented byα. We prove that for infinitely manyd (and starting with somed<620) there exist valid implicationsα→β withdα,dβ≦d such that any Craig's interpolantx has its delay complexitydχ greater thand+(1/3)·log(d/2). This is the first (non-trivial) known lower bound on the complexity of Craig's interpolants in sentential logic, whose general study may well have an impact on the central problems of computation theory.
Coherence measurements on Rydberg wave packets kicked by a half-cycle pulse

A kick from a unipolar half-cycle pulse (HCP) can redistribute population and shift the relative phase between states in a radial Rydberg wave packet. We have measured the quantum coherence properties following the kick, and show that selected coherences can be destroyed by applying a HCP at specific times. Quantum mechanical simulations show that this is due to redistribution of the angular momentum in the presence of noise. These results have implications for the storage and retrieval of quantum information in the wave packet.
Orality in the Old Icelandic Grágás: Legal Formulae in the Assembly Procedures Section

This article is a step toward bringing research on the Old Icelandic Gragas up to date with the latest findings of oral theory. By reconsidering alliteration in one section of the oldest Icelandic law code, this article means to correct the theortical model and metanarrative by means of which the Gragas has been misinterpreted as oral law.
Aeroelastic Response Induced by Free Play, Part 1: Theory

A computational code has been developed for aeroelastic analysis. The structural bending and torsional stiffness for an all-movable horizontal tail are basedupon the experimental data published inWrightAirDevelopmentCenter technical report 54-53 (Niles, R. H., and Spielberg, I. N., “Subsonic Flutter Tests of An Unswept All-Movable Horizontal Tail,”WrightAirDevelopment Center TR-54-53,March 1954.). A linear three-dimensional time domain vortex lattice aerodynamic model is used to study the flutter and also nonlinear limit-cycle oscillations induced by a free-play gap in the actuating mechanism at the root of the tail as well as the effects of the nominal angle of attack on limit-cycle oscillation response. It is found that the angle of attack significantly affects the limit-cycle oscillation behavior and if sufficiently largemay suppress the limit-cycle oscillation. The computed flutter results are compared with the experimental data with good quantitative agreement between theory and experiment for flutter in this paper, Part 1, and for limit-cycle oscillation in Part 2 (Tang, D., andDowell, E. H., “Aeroelastic Response Induced by Free Play, Part 2: Theoretical/Experimental Correlation Analysis,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 49, No. 11, 2011, pp. 2543– 2554).
Evidence for multiple inhibitory innervation of horseshoe crab muscles.

Abstract 1. 1. The number of axons innervating each of three different walking leg muscles in the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, ranged from a minimum of four to a maximum of thirteen exciters and from zero to four inhibitors. 2. 2. The number of axons of both types innervating each muscle varied considerably from one preparation to the next.
Quality changes in hamburger meat during frozen storage

Abstract Hamburger patties (fat content 13.05%) purchased from a local manufacturer were stored at five constant temperature (−5°C, −10°C, −15°C, −18°C and −22°C) and one square wave variable (cyclical) temperature treatment for up to seven months. Three quality attributes, namely, extent of lipid autoxidation, discolouration, and decrease in water-holding capacity, were evaluated periodically. In addition, I-POINT time-temperature indicators (type 2220) were attached to the meat packages and the responses of the indicators were recorded. Kinetic models were tested and kinetic parameters were determined for the changes of all three quality attributes studied. The investigation reveals that all three quality attributes are strongly time-temperature dependent. Correlations obtained between the quality parameters and the indicator response show the usefulness of these indicators in the food distribution chain.
Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

The diagnostic and therapeutic landscape of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has changed dramatically in the past 50 years since the Surgeon General's report on smoking and lung cancer. Early detection is now a reality for lung cancer. The use of low-dose computed tomography scans for early detection decreases mortality and is beginning to be used in routine clinical practice. Technological advances such as positron emission tomography and endobronchial ultrasound have improved the accuracy of NSCLC staging. The cure rate for early-stage NSCLC has improved as a result of multimodality treatment approaches. The role of systemic therapy has also expanded to earlier stages of the disease. In recent years, the initial steps toward personalized medicine by utilization of targeted treatments based on tumor genotype have been undertaken. Emerging technological advances and greater insights into tumor biology are poised to greatly reduce the burden of lung cancer in the years to come. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(3); 557–64. ©2014 AACR .
Resolution and stability in the autospectra of EEG

Abstract The limits to which power spectral analysis can be used in EEG research are described in terms of resolution and stability. Often the full potential of a computer is not realized because the mathematical filters of the program are adjusted so that their resolving ability is similar to that of visual analysis. This results in the production of broad, uniformative frequency bands. Using a very fine resolution that is just within the limits of acceptable stability yields autospectrograms that distinguish stages of sleep.
Triclosan Derivatives: Towards Potent Inhibitors of Drug-Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Triclosan has been previously shown to inhibit InhA, an essential enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase of mycolic acid biosynthesis, whose inhibition leads to the lysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Using a structure-based drug design approach, a series of 5-substituted derivatives of triclosan was developed. Two groups of triclosan derivatives with alkyl and aryl substituents, respectively, were identified with dramatically enhanced potency against purified InhA. The most efficacious inhibitor displayed an IC50 value of 21 nM, which was 50-fold more potent than triclosan. X-ray crystal structures of InhA in complex with four triclosan derivatives revealed the structural basis for the inhibitory activity. Six selected triclosan derivatives were tested against isoniazid-sensitive and resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. Among those, the best inhibitor had an MIC value of 4.7 µg/mL (13 µM), which represents a tenfold improvement over the bacteriocidal activity of triclosan. A subset of these triclosan analogs was more potent than isoniazid against two isoniazid-resistant M. tuberculosis strains, demonstrating the significant potential for structure-based design in the development of next generation antitubercular drugs.
Why Physicians Ought to Lie for Their Patients

Sometimes physicians lie to third-party payers in order to grant their patients treatment they would otherwise not receive. This strategy, commonly known as gaming the system, is generally condemned for three reasons. First, it may hurt the patient for the sake of whom gaming was intended. Second, it may hurt other patients. Third, it offends contractual and distributive justice. Hence, gaming is considered to be immoral behavior. This article is an attempt to show that, on the contrary, gaming may sometimes be a physician's duty. Under specific circumstances, gaming may be necessary from the viewpoint of the internal morality of medicine. Moreover, the objections against gaming are examples of what we call the idealistic fallacy, that is, the fallacy of passing judgments in a nonideal world according to ideal standards. Hence, the objections are inconclusive. Gaming is sometimes justified, and may even be required in the name of beneficence.
Vortex Breakdown in a Cylindrical Enclosure With a Rotating Lid

A computational research was conducted to explore the nature of the flow in a cylindrical enclosure with a rotating lid. The aspect ratio (AR) of the cylinder used in this research was maintained at 1.5 and 2.5, and the Reynolds number (Re) ranged from 990 to 2200. The three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations were solved by the finite volume technique. Mesh adaptation was used to improve the quality of the mesh and computations. The results for (AR, Re) = (1.5, 1290) and (2.5, 2200) indicated the existence of one and two vortex breakdown bubbles along the axis of the cylinder, respectively. The results also showed that fluid spirals downward along the cylindrical wall and moves slowly inward towards the axis. This spiral motion was intensified at higher values of the Reynolds number. Comparison with experimental data indicated an excellent agreement. The vortex breakdown and the flow patterns predicted by this work are consistent with those reported in the existing literature.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Thermal Treatments of CdTe and CdZnTe Detectors

An irreversible deterioration of CdTe and CdZnTe detectors after heat treatments in the temperature range of 150 - 200 degrees Celsius was reported by several authors; however, the nature of the processes responsible for the detector degradation and increased dark currents is not fully understood. In this study we have prepared CdTe and CdZnTe detectors equipped with Au contacts. The detectors were tested before and after thermal annealing under vacuum. Using combined measurements of current voltage characteristics, low temperature photoluminescence and nuclear spectroscopic measurements, we have attempted to differentiate between the various possible contributions to the detector degradation and elucidate the defect formation process involved.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Salinity related physiological and genetic differences between populations of Mytilus edulis

Aminopeptidase-I, the enzymatic product of the Lap locus, liberates N-terminal neutral and aromatic amino acids from oligopeptides. The enzyme is associated with the brush border of the intestine and the extensive lysosomal system in the digestive tubule cells; the enzyme functions in oligopeptide degradation and possibly amino acid transport. The Lap locus is genetically polymorphic and allele frequencies differ between populations according to environmental salinities. Using cell-free lysosomes, we show salinity related differences in both lysosomal membrane latency and lysosomal and cytosolic free-amino acid concentrations. Differences in the response of the lysosomal aminopeptidase-I enzyme to differences or changes in salinity are discussed. Antibodies against aminopeptidase-I enzyme were used to demonstrate that alleles of the Lap locus exhibit different specific activities per unit enzyme concentration. In oceanic populations, the concentrations of aminopeptidase-I enzyme of individual phenorypes are equal, suggesting that variation of specific activity among phenorypes is due to allele specific differences in catalytic efficiency. In estuarine populations, total enzyme activity is lower, which is partially due to a significantly lower concentration of aminopeptidase-I enzyme of one homozygote genotype. The consequences of a change in environmental salinity can be measured on the biochemical, physiological, and population genetic levels. We discuss the possible mechanisms by which salinity variations are responsible for the genetic polymorphism of aminopeptidase-I.
PROGRAMMING FOR SURVIVAL: A MEETING SYSTEM THAT SURVIVES 8 YEARS LATER

Effective and useful interventions often deteriorate when researchers withdraw their direct supervision. We tested the survival of an intervention designed to produce effective weekly meetings in a student housing cooperative without direct researcher supervision. Chairperson performance, proposals completed per hour, and ratings of chairperson performance all increased when resident staff used a training manual, prompting checklist, and performance reviews. Eight years of follow-up revealed continuing high levels of meeting effectiveness. This study demonstrates a methodology for the direct observation and experimental analysis of intervention survival.
Antiproton-proton elastic scattering from 1.51–2.90 GeV/ c

Abstract In a bubble chamber experiment, we have measured p p elastic scattering at nine momenta in the range 1.51–2.90 GeV/ c . The extrapolation of the small angle region to t = 0 is discussed and compared with results of other experiments. The differential cross sections are fitted to an adaptation of the Frahn-Venter optical model and also compared to Regge-pole model predictions.
Non-wiggler-averaged theory of short wavelength free-electron lasers

Abstract Short wavelength free-electron lasers are studied using a 3D nonlinear simulation using a superposition of Gauss-Hermite modes. The differential equations governing each mode are solved along with the 3D Lorentz force equations (no wiggler average is used) for an ensemble of electrons. This permits the self-consistent modeling of (1) beam injection, (2) emittance growth, (3) wiggler imperfections and (4) beatatron oscillations. Simulations are performed for a 1.4 A FEL. Results indicate that beam emittance is the crucial limiting factor requiring Δγ z γ 0 ≤ 0.01% . The radiation is sufficiently guided that no severe degradation is found in the efficiency for moderate levels of wiggler fluctuations.
Histological studies with rats fed diets containing iodinated casein and different levels of vitamin B12.

Summary1. A histological study was made of the thyroid, testis, liver, muscle, and bone marrow from rats fed diets containing iodinated casein and varying levels of vit. BI2. h'o marked changes were observed in the liver, muscle or bone marrow of the vit. B12- deficient rats, while extensive changes were noted in the thyroid and testes. 2. The degenerative changes in the thyroid gland were more severe with increased time on experiment; however, these changes were only partially counteracted when vit. B12 was fed. 3. Decreased spermatogenetic activity, shrinkage of the seminiferous tubules, and degeneration of interstitial tissues of the testes observed in vit. BIZ-deficient rats were completely counteracted by feeding vit. BIZ. 4. The relationships of these observations to the anti-thyrotoxic factors from liver and pituitary function have been discussed.We are indebted to Mrs. Sehema Maynard and Mrs. Virginia Bates for assistance in preparation of the slides.
Starting Point: Pedagogic Resources for Teaching and Learning Economics

This article describes Starting Point: Teaching and Learning Economics, a Web-based portal that makes innovative pedagogic resources and effective teaching practices easily accessible to economists. Starting Point introduces economists to teaching innovations through 16 online modules, each containing a general description of a specific pedagogic method, theory and evidence supporting effective use of the method, classroom implementation guides, and a library of economics-based examples that illustrate use of the teaching method. In addition, each module includes an online form allowing faculty to contribute their own classroom-based teaching examples to the examples library.
Intracellular calcium responses to basic calcium phosphate crystals in fibroblasts

Abstract Objective: To examine the intracellular calcium response to basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals in fibroblasts. Design: In this study, intracellular calcium [Ca 2+ ] i levels in fibroblasts were determined using the photoactive dye, fura-2. Interruption of these responses was accomplished by either removal of Ca 2+ from the extracellular medium or addition of ammonium chloride that inhibits intracellular dissolution of BCP crystals by alkalinizing phagolysosomes. The effects of such interruptions on BCP induction expression of proto-oncogenes were demonstrated by the Northern blot analysis. Results: Addition of media containing BCP crystals yielded an immediate 10-fold rise of [Ca 2+ ] i over the baseline level in human fibroblasts. This peak was derived mostly from extracelluar calcium and was not seen when BCP crystals in calcium-free media were added to fibroblasts. The [Ca 2+ ] i concentration returned to the baseline level within 8 min. A second rise of [Ca 2+ ] i started at 60 min and continued to increase up to at least 3 h. This peak was derived from intracellular dissolution of phagocytosed crystals and almost completely inhibited by 10 mmammonium chloride. Conclusion: The initial transient [Ca 2+ ] i increase probably serves as a second messenger leading to activation of early cellular responses such as c- fos expression which is important in BCP crystal-induced mitogenesis. The second, slower and more sustained rise of [Ca 2+ ] i probably initiated other cellular processes needed for fibroblast mitogenesis.
Template-induced macrocycle diversity through large ring-forming alkylations of tryptophan.

Macrocyclic peptidomimetics are valuable in research and serve as lead compounds in drug discovery efforts. New methods to prepare such structures are of considerable interest. In this pilot study, we show that an organic template harboring a latent cinnamyl cation participates in novel Friedel-Crafts macrocyclization reactions with tryptophan. Upon joining the template to Trp-Trp-Tyr, a single operation efficiently generates eight unique macrocycles. Each has been isolated and thoroughly characterized. Product distribution as a function of Bronsted and/or Lewis acidic conditions was explored, and outcomes were compared to rearrangements induced within a corresponding tyrosine-linked cyclic ether. The solution structure of a new macrocyclic pyrroloindoline was solved using a combination of two-dimensional NMR methods and molecular mechanics simulations. Template-induced structural diversification of peptide sequences harboring aromatic residues has potential to create myriad macrocycles that target surfaces involved in protein-protein interactions.
Kinetics of retinyl esters during postprandial lipemia in man: A compartmental model

Orally ingested vitamin A (retinol) is incorporated into intestinal chylomicrons (CHYLO) in the form of retinyl esters (RE) along with newly absorbed dietary triglycerides (TG). As the intestinal lipoproteins undergo hydrolysis in the circulation, the majority of the RE remain with the secreted intestinal particles and have been used as a marker for intestinally derived lipoproteins during the early phase of the postprandial state. A multicompartmental model was developed for the kinetics of RE during postprandial lipemia in individuals with normal lipid levels (n = 16) and in patients with hyperlipidemia (n = 44). The assumptions used in the development of the model are presented in this report. Some of the key findings include (1) as much as 50% of the newly synthesized RE may be secreted by the intestine as very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-sized particles of S(f) 20 to 400 following consumption of a test meal containing a moderate amount of fat (20 to 30 g); (2) in most individuals, approximately 50% of the RE secreted in S(f) greater than 400 are converted to smaller, less buoyant fractions, and 50% are irreversibly removed directly from the plasma; (3) as much as 5% to 20% of the ingested retinol may be secreted as small intestinal lipoproteins with the buoyance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in some individuals; and (4) less than 5% of RE flux through S(f) 20 to 400 is converted to S(f) less than 20, and the primary catabolic pathway for RE in this fraction is direct uptake. Comparable estimates can be obtained for the kinetic parameters when repeat studies are made in the same subjects under comparable conditions.
"Gotta Dance!" Structure, Corruption, and Syphilis in Singin' in the Rain

In Singin' in the Rain, "The Broadway Ballet" functions as a map to the film industry's dark underbelly. The corruption of filmdom is evidenced by blacklisting, infiltration of mobsters, and general hypocrisy, which Gene Kelly addresses by crossreferencing the ballet to the musical's main storyline and by alluding to syphilis.
The effect of neuropeptide Y on striatal catecholamines

Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY were injected into rat striatum and their effects on dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites were examined at 1 h. Neuropeptide Y induced a dose-dependent increase in dopamine turnover in the ipsilateral striatum with no effect on serotonin turnover. When neuropeptide Y was coinjected with somatostatin there was an additive effect in increasing dopamine turnover. There was no alteration in striatal concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, or aspartate with either neuropeptide Y or somatostatin injections. These results suggest that neuropeptide Y may play a role with somatostatin in regulating striatal dopaminergic transmission.
Brief event: The value of getting to value in the era of `globalization'

This article explores the challenge of how to make sense of ethnographic moments, which are saturated with qualities of immediacy, abruptness, and the faltering of subjective expectations. It approaches the problem through the theoretical lens of nominalism versus realism and, drawing on Marx's inquiries into value formation and Peirce's semiotic logic, develops an approach predicated on discerning a three-way recursively embedded relationship among `the potential', `the actual' and `the general'. The article argues that such a modality — a `realist semiotic of value' — illuminates a great deal more than is otherwise visible and does so in a way that has important political and ethical implications for the subjects involved.