cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D pose estimation for planes

This paper presents a method to robustly track planes and estimate their 3D poses in a video. A weighted incremental normal estimation method for planes (WINEP) is presented using Bayesian inference. This estimation method guarantees an optimal solution based on all the observations up to the current time, and the computational cost at each time step does not increase with the growing number of past frames. The tracking algorithm integrates boundary information with point feature tracking, which avoids accumulating errors due to intensity changes, image noise, and inaccurate parameter estimation. The tracking algorithm deals with low-textured as well as highly-textured planes. The tracked boundary locations provide the input data for 3D plane pose estimation. Experiments show that our hybrid tracking method using both point and line features is better than using only point features, and our pose estimation algorithm is more robust and accurate than the conventional homography decomposition method, especially under circumstances of noisy observations and low number of input features.
Spindle cell oncocytoma with late recurrence and unique neuroimaging characteristics due to recurrent subclinical intratumoral bleeding

Spindle cell oncocytoma (SCO) is a rare sellar-region tumor recently codified in the World Health Organization (WHO) 2007 Classification as a grade I neoplasm. Despite this grading, recurrences have been demonstrated but, to date, extensive recurrent bleeding into these tumors has not been documented. A 70-year-old woman first presented in 1996 with visual difficulties and was found to have a sellar-region mass with heterogeneous neuroimaging features, leading to preoperative diagnosis of craniopharyngioma. Transsphenoidal, gross total resection was achieved despite extensive intraoperative bleeding; pathology showed an unusual spindle cell neoplasm which could not be further classified. She received no further treatment and was lost to our follow-up until 2009, when she again presented with visual deterioration. Neuroimaging demonstrated recurrence of a large sellar-region tumor with heterogeneous signal characteristics, prompting re-resection. Review of her original and recurrent tumor allowed diagnosis of SCO; extensive intratumoral hemorrhage of varying ages and widespread hemosiderin accounted for her complex neuroimaging features. Vimentin, S100, and galectin-3 immunoreactivity was consistent with SCO. EM demonstrated abundant mitochondria, short intercellular junctions, and absence of neurosecretory granules. Thyroid disease was documented clinically. SCOs are sufficiently rare that documentation of unusual features is important. Recurrent bleeding with resultant complex neuroimaging is unique to this case, but appears to overlap with a related sellar-region tumor, pituicytoma. The presence of thyroid disease also links SCO with pituicytoma. The 13-year interval to recurrence is the longest reported to date in SCO; WHO grade I designation may be premature for this neoplasm.
Electrophysiological measures of attentional processes in man as related to the study of schizophrenia

interferes with the ability to “filter out” irrelevant sensory information either because of a defect with the “filter” itself4 or because of a malfunction with the filter’s control system.516 Other authors argue that schizophrenia is associated with a partial collapse of response hierarchies, resulting in an increase in the probability of issuing inappropriate responses.7 Support for either position, as derived from behavioral measures, has been difficult to interpret. This difficulty stems in part from the problem of how to assess the selectivity of perception with behavioral tests. The traditional approach of testing the patient’s performance both with and without distracters present suffers from a serious weakness. By simply comparing performance on a given perceptual task in two different stimulus environments, one cannot ascertain whether the data reflect selective attention (i.e. a selective or di#erentiuZ allocation of processing capacity to the relevant stimuli in the environment) or general attentiveness (i.e. changes in the overall amount of processing capacity), or both. It is reasonable to suppose that an individual would become more generally attentive when placed in a more demanding task situation where distracters are present, as well as becoming more selective in his processing. A better methodological approach is to have a subject focus his attention on each of two (or more) sets of stimuli in turn in the same environment, and then to divide his attention across both sets concurrently. Ifperformance on each set is degraded in the divided attention condition relative to when attention was focused on the corresponding set, then one can infer that selective processing was operating during focused attention. This approach, however, *Supported by USPHS Grant MH 25594-01 to Steven A. Hillyard and NASA Grant NCR 05-009-198 to Robert Galambos. Grateful thanks are extended to Pennie Hink for her help with the preparation of the
Fusion bonding of supercooled poly(ethylene terephthalate) between Tg and Tm

Because of its slowly crystallizing nature, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) can be supercooled into an amorphous glass by rapid quenching. Upon reheating between Tg and Tm, the amorphous PET are subjected to two competing processes: rubber softening and crystallization. Fusion bonding of two such crystallizable amorphous polymer sheets in this processing temperature window is thus a complex process, different from fusion of purely amorphous polymer above Tg or semicrystalline polymer above Tm. In this study, the interfacial morphological development during fusion bonding of supercooled PET in the temperature window between Tg and Tm was studied. A unique double-zone interfacial morphology was observed at the bond. Transcrystals were found to nucleate at the interface and grow inward toward the bulk and appeared to induce nucleation in the bulk to form a second interfacial region. The size and morphology of the two zones were found to be significantly affected by the fusion bonding conditions, particularly the fusion temperature. The fusion bonding strength determined by the peeling test was found to be significantly affected by the state of crystallization and the morphological development at the bonding interface. Based on the interfacial morphology observed and the bonding strength measured, a fusion bonding mechanism of crystallizable amorphous polymer was proposed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The Senesh Fellows

Dr Elise Boulding served for five years as the Director of the International Peace Research Association Foundation. During that time, she worked tirelessly to promote peace research. One of the projects she was most instrumental in starting was the Senesh Fellowship. The Senesh Fellowship Program was begun in 1990 with a generous donation from Dr Larry Senesh in honor of his wife, Dorothy Marchus Senesh, a life-long peace activist. This fund provides a biennial fellowship awarded to a woman from the developing world for studies in the fields of peace and development. Dr Boulding headed the selection committee for this Fellowship for many years. During her tenure on the committee, she had the opportunity to use this Fellowship to promote and highlight the role of women in peace research and to highlight their many academic accomplishments. In this issue honoring Dr Boulding, the continuation of the Senesh Fellowship is just one more way in which the mark that Dr Boulding left on the field of peace studies ...
Leaf scarring by the weevils Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi enhances infection by the fungus Cercospora piaropi on waterhyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes

Additive or synergistic effects among introduced and native insect and plant pathogen agents are necessary to achieve biological control of waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), a globally damaging aquatic weed. In field plots, plants were infested with waterhyacinth weevils (Neoechetina bruchi and N. eichhorniae) and leaves were scarred by weevil feeding. Subsequent infection by the fungal pathogen Cercospora piaropi caused necrotic lesions to form on leaves. Necrosis development was 7.5- and 10.5-fold greater in plots augmented with both weevils and C. piaropi and weevils alone, respectively, than in plots receiving only C. piaropi. Twenty-four days after weevil infestation, the percentage of laminar area covered by lesions on third-youngest and oldest live leaves was elevated 2.3–2.5-fold in plots augmented with weevils. Scar density and necrosis coverage on young leaf laminae were positively correlated, even though antipathogenic soluble peroxidases were elevated 3-fold in plots augmented with weevils alone or weevils and C. piaropi. Combined weevil and fungal augmentation decreased shoot densities and leaves per plant. In a no-choice bioassay, weevil feeding on oldest but not young leaves was reduced 44 two weeks after C. piaropi inoculation. Protein content and peroxidase activities were elevated 2–6-fold in oldest leaves three weeks after inoculation. Augmentation with both waterhyacinth weevils and C. piaropi led to the development of an additive biological control impact, mediated by one or more direct interactions between these agents, and not plant quality effects.
Depletion of adipose tissue and peripheral nerve α-tocopherol in adult dogs

To assess the relationship between tissue α-tocopherol depletion and histopathologic or functional changes in nervous tissue, a longitudinal study of male 1-year-old beagle dogs, two fed a vitamin E-deficient diet (0.05±0.02 mg α-tocopherol/kg;—E dogs) and two fed a vitamin E-supplemented diet (114±14 mg α-tocopherol/kg; +E dogs), was carried out. Plasma and adipose tissue α-tocopherol concentrations neurological examinations, and sensory and motor nerve conduction velocities were determined at approximately 8-wk, intervals over 109 wk. Tibial nerve α-tocopherol concentrations were measured at 65 and 109 wk; adjacent sections were examined for histologic changes. In the two—E dogs, plasma α-tocopherols declined linearly on a semilog plot to <0.1 μg/mL by 109 wk. Plasma α-tocopherol concentrations were depleted to half of the initial concentrations in approximately 87 d. Adipose tissue α-tocopherol concentrations (based on wet weight, cholesterol or triglyceride) also declined linearly on semilog plots, and were deleted to half of the initial concentrations in approximately 120 d. Tibial nerve α-tocopherols (ng/μg cholesterol) in—E dogs decreased to 16% of average +E at 65 wk, and to 2% at 109 wk. neurologic examinations, histologies and nerve conduction velocities were normal in all dogs throughout the study. Our results demonstrate in dogs that depletion of plasma, adipose tissue and nerve α-tocopherol precedes histologic and functional changes in peripheral nerves during vitamin E deficiency.
Application of 1H DOSY for Facile Measurement of Polymer Molecular Weights

To address the practical issues of polymer molecular weight determination, the first accurate polymer weight-average molecular weight determination method in diverse living/controlled polymerization via DOSY (diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy) is reported. Based on the linear correlation between the logarithm of diffusion coefficient (log D) and the molecular weights (log Mw), external calibration curves were created to give predictions of molecular weights of narrowly-dispersed polymers. This method was successfully applied to atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), with weight-average molecular weights given by this method closely correlated to those obtained from GPC measurement.
Metabolism of S35-parathion in the house fly.

Metabolism of S35-parathion by Musca domestica L. gave 2 S35-metabolites, i.e., diethyl phosphorothioic acid produced by direct degradation and inorganic sulfate derived from the activation reaction. Sesamex inhibited production of both metabolites in vivo, indicating the importance of oxidative enzymes in the degradation as well as activation of parathion in the house fly.
DATING OF BLACK SHALES

Studies on uranium-lead dating of black shales on the Upper Devonian Chattanooga shale and the Upper Cambrian Swedish alum shale are presented. From these studies the ages are estimated to be 320 to 350 m.y. for the Chattanooga shale and 500 m.y. for the Swedish alum shale. The principal problems of U-Pb dating and its possibilities are discussed. The principal cause of discordant ages is ground-water leaching. Radium and lead are most susceptible to this effect. Deep samples from drill cores are likely to show less leaching effects than surface samples. If only U/sup 2//sup 3//sup 8//Pb/sup 2//sup 0//sup 6/ ages can be obtained, they are probab ly minimum. If the horizon is high enough in uranium to calculate three isotopic ages, this can be of assistance in determining what has happened. Younger samples than Paleozoic would be very difficult to use because of the high common lead correction required. (N.W.R.)
The plane of living and the precrisis evolution of housing values in the USA

This article explores the relationship between quality-of-life differentials and housing values in the decades leading up to the recent financial crisis in the USA. The analysis combines older spatial demographic methods (systematic mapping) with newer spatial econometric methods (autoregressive modeling) to deliver a panoramic view of the contemporary plane of living and an evaluation of its influence on housing values through time and across space. Housing values are inextricably bound to geography— both natural amenities and human amenities matter, but in somewhat different ways. The influence of natural amenities is growing more powerful, but human amenities offer important opportunities to address market conditions because they can more readily be enhanced via public policy. Some general observations for public policy follow from these findings.
Integrating Writing Instruction into Engineering Courses: A Writing Center Model

Engineering students often have difficulty learning how to write laboratory reports in their field. To assist students with this learning process and teach them writing strategies that will prove helpful in the workplace, a writing center was established in the Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department at the University of South Carolina. There, consultants trained in technical writing work closely with ECE faculty members and teaching assistants to create a supportive network for students as they draft reports, including discussions during recitation periods, team consultations, and individual consultations. This paper presents a theoretical framework for the writing center program, as well as specific writing strategies that have proven helpful. Assessment methods and feedback from faculty and students about the success of the program are presented as well.
Arbitrage Values Generally Depend On A Parametric Rate of Return

Let X denote a positive Markov stochastic integral, and let S(t, μ) = exp(μt)X(t) represent the price of a security at time t with infinitesimal rate of return μ. Contingent claim (option) pricing formulas typically do not depend on μ. We show that if a contingent claim is not equivalent to a call option having exercise price equal to zero, then security prices having this property—option prices do not depend on μ—must satisfy: for some V (0, T), In(S(t, μ)X(V)) is Gaussian on a time interval [V, T], and hence S(t, μ) has independent observed returns. With more assumptions, V= 0, and there exist equivalent martingale measures.
The Relaxation Word of the Day: A Simple Technique to Measure Adherence to Relaxation

A new procedure of assessing adherence to home practice of relaxation is presented. The technique involved the subject identifying one of four possible “relaxation words of the day” at the end of a taped relaxation session. The method was employed to assess the relationship between adherence to relaxation and decline of blood pressure during a 10-session/8-week relaxation program involving 17 hypertensive subjects. No statistically significant relationship was found on either a short-term or a long-term basis. An advantage of the assessment technique is that it appears easily integrated into the overall therapeutic objective for relaxation therapy; a disadvantage is that the subject needs to comply not only with the relaxation schedule but also with the monitoring procedure.
Planetary Approach Guidance

Onboard optical guidance system for planet-bound spacecraft including covariance matrices for orbital parameters, system and instrument biases and parametric course accuracy curves
Insider signaling and seasoned equity offerings

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of insider ownership decreases on stock returns for firms undergoing seasoned equity offerings (SEOs).Design/methodology/approach – Insider data were gathered for firms undergoing SEOs and this information used to compute the insider ownership percentage decreases caused by the SEOs. These insider percentage decreases and standard compounded abnormal return methodology were used to test signaling theory.Findings – It was discovered that the short‐run and long‐run stock returns accompanying SEOs are not consistent with what signaling theory predicts. In particular, for greater decreases in insider ownership percentages, a superior market response for both short‐run tests and long‐run post‐SEO tests was often found.Research limitations/implications – Prior research has not examined how the change in insider ownership caused by a corporate event influences stock returns. Future research can build on the univariate tests by examining the impact of i...
Seasonal variation in uptake and depuration of anthracene by the brackish water clam Rangia cuneata

Rangia cuneata were collected every six weeks for one year from February 1984 to January 1985 at the mouth of the Dog River, Alabama, USA and dosed with 200 ppb [9−14C] anthracene at 10, 20, and 30°C. Uptake rates of [9−14C] anthracene measured over a 15-h period were not significantly different (P>0.05), but depuration rates measured over a two-week period were significantly higher with increasing temperature. The seasonal changes in rates were related to the annual changes in biochemical composition of the clams associated with the reproductive cycle. Lipid levels were nearly constant over the year, averaging 88.0±2.0 mg/g dry wt. The level of carbohydrates peaked in July, a month before the maximal gonad index, and decreased steadily through September during spawning. The level of proteins increased from 76.6 mg/g dry wt prior to spawning to 138.3 mg/g dry wt after spawning. Uptake rates were highest in late summer during the peak of gametogenesis and decreased during spawning in the fall. Depuration rates remained low from March through August and rapidly increased to the highest levels during the fall spawning period. The results suggest that the stage of the reproductive cycle, with its associated biochemical changes, and temperature play an important role in the pattern of accumulation and release of anthracene in R. cuneata.
Passification of an electrohydraulic two-stage pressure control servo-valve

Passive systems have the beneficial property that their interconnections with other passive systems result in necessarily stable systems. This virtue of passive systems can be exploited with hydraulic systems to build powerful machines that are safe and human friendly. A difficulty in applying the passivity concept to electrohydraulic systems is that they are not intrinsically passive. In a previous paper, passification techniques were developed to render single-stage directional control valves as passive two-port devices with a supply rate related to the power input at the hydraulic port. In this paper, we extend the passification technique to two stage pressure control servo-valves. The passified two-stage valve avoids the flow rate and bandwidth limitations that exist for single-stage valves.
Effect of in ovo administered reovirus vaccines on immune responses of specific-pathogen-free chickens.

Abstract We investigated the effect of in ovo administered reovirus vaccines on the immune responses of specific-pathogen-free chickens. T-cell mitogenic responses to concanavalin A were numerically lower at 9 and 12 days of age and significantly lower at 6 days of age in birds vaccinated with a commercial reovirus vaccine compared with unvaccinated birds or birds vaccinated with an experimental reovirus–antibody complex vaccine. There were no significant differences in proportions of subpopulations of helper (CD4+CD8−) or cytotoxic (CD4−CD8+) T cells except at 12 days of age, when the percentages of CD4−CD8+ cells in the two vaccinated groups were statistically higher than in the nonvaccinated group. B-cell populations were not different among vaccine groups except at 9 days of age, when the vaccinated groups had the highest level of B cells. This commercial reovirus vaccine should not be given in ovo to embryos having little or no maternal antibody, otherwise immunosuppression may occur in the chicks. T...
Blood pressure measurements in obese persons

Abstract 1. 1. Simultaneous direct intra-arterial blood pressure measurements and indirect measurements with the auscultatory method were made in 100 subjects. The subjects were grouped according to their Ponderal Index W/H, weight per inch of height. Sixty-one subjects were obese, thirty-nine were nonobese. 2. 2. Nine out of the ten stoutest subjects were hypertensive, whereas only one of the ten leanest subjects was hypertensive. 3. 3. The indirect method generally underestimates systolic and overestimates diastolic pressure. This holds for lean persons as well as for moderately obese persons. 4. 4. The discrepancies between the direct and indirect methods were usually minor among the lean and the moderately obese subjects and went in both directions. Falsely high blood pressure readings in lean and moderately obese persons are not common. 5. 5. In extremely obese persons the indirect method is subject to considerable error. In eight out of ten such persons the systolic pressure was overestimated, and in nine out of ten such persons the diastolic pressure was overestimated. 6. 6. Overestimation of systolic pressure in very obese persons can be much greater than was heretofore known; it amounted to 44, 50 and 51 mm. in three of our stoutest subjects. 7. 7. Falsely high readings in extremely obese subjects are caused by the large size of their arms. If this possibility is borne in mind, an unwarranted diagnosis of hypertension is not likely to be made. In dubious cases, intraarterial measurement should be resorted to. 8. 8. Many factors other than arm size may cause inaccuracies of the indirect method, and the large arm does not regularly cause falsely high readings. It is not feasible to apply a correction to an individual reading.
Adenylate cyclase in mouse testis.

Adenylate cyclase has been localized cytochemically in mouse spermatids by means of a specific substrate, tetrasodium adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP). With ATP as substrate, a heavy deposit was obtained, while AMP-PNP yielded a fine, circumscribed deposit. The reaction product always appeared to be membrane-bound and was present both in the early and the maturing spermatids, as well as in Sertoli cells. Spermatozoa which had been liberated into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules were cytochemically negative under the conditions of the present procedures. The specificity of the reaction was confirmed by using a specific inhibitor, alloxan, or by incubating the specimens in a complete medium without the substrate.
Nonactive antenna compensation for fixed-array microwave imaging. I. Model development

Fixed-array microwave imaging with multisensor data acquisition can suffer from nonactive antenna element interactions which cause distortions in the measurements. In Part I of a two-part paper, the authors develop a nonactive antenna compensation model for incorporation in model-based near-field microwave image reconstruction methods. The model treats the nonactive members of the antenna array as impedance boundary conditions applied over a cylindrical surface of finite radius providing two parameters, the effective antenna radius and impedance factor, which can be determined empirically from measured data. Results show that the effective radius and impedance factor provide improved fits to experimental data in homogeneous phantoms where measurements are obtained with and without the presence of the nonactive antenna elements. Once deduced, these parameters are incorporated into the nonactive antenna compensation model and lead to systematic data-model match improvements in heterogeneous phantoms. While the improvements afforded by the nonactive antenna model are small on a per measurement basis, they are not insignificant. As shown in Part II (see ibid., vol. 18, no. 6, p. 508, 1999), inclusion of this new model for nonactive antenna compensation produces significantly higher quality image reconstructions from measurements obtained with a fixed-array data acquisition system over the frequency band 500-900 MHz.
Multiresolution non-rigid image registration method and its application to removal of normal anatomic structures in chest radiographs

We have developed a novel method for multiresolution image registration based on the wavelet transform, which allows flexible non-rigid (i.e., non-linear) registration of two similar images. In this method, a non-linear mapping that deforms one image to the other is obtained by minimization of a functional representing the squared difference between the two images. A combined approach of a steepest descent algorithm and a multiresolution (i.e., coarse-to-fine) approach is used for the minimization based on the wavelet-domain representation of the non-linear mapping. Our new method was applied to the registration of the left and right lung regions in chest radiographs for removal of the normal anatomic structures such as ribs while abnormal structures such as lung nodules are preserved. We employed the result to reduce the number of false detections obtained with our computer-aided diagnosis scheme for detection of lung nodules in chest radiographs.
Increased Food Intake Leads to Obesity and Insulin Resistance in the Tg2576 Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model

Recent studies suggest that hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we used Tg2576 transgenic (Tg) mice, a widely used transgenic mouse model for AD, to explore the relationship between increased amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) and insulin resistance. When fed a high-fat diet (HFD), Tg mice developed obesity and insulin resistance at 16 wk of age. Furthermore, HFD-fed Tg mice displayed abnormal feeding behavior and increased caloric intake with time. Although caloric intake of HFD-fed Tg mice was similar to that of normal diet-fed Tg or wild-type mice during 4 to 8 wk of age, it increased sharply at 12 wk, and went up further at 16 wk, which paralleled changes in the level of Abeta40 and Abeta42 in the brain of these mice. Limiting food intake in HFD-fed Tg mice by pair-feeding a caloric intake identical with that of normal diet-fed mice completely prevented the obesity and insulin intolerance of HFD-fed Tg mice. The hypothalamus of HFD-fed Tg mice had a significant decrease in the expression of the anorexigenic neuropeptide, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, at both the mRNA and protein levels. These findings suggest that the increased Abeta in the brain of HFD-fed Tg2576 mice is associated with reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression, which led to abnormal feeding behavior and increased food intake, resulting in obesity and insulin resistance in these animals.
Performance of optical links in wireless SCADA for offshore wind farms

The SCADA system in offshore wind farms would rely on wireless transmission techniques. In this paper, we investigate the performance of wireless optical links working in the environment of weak influence. It is revealed that the outage probability decreases as the optical wavelength increases.
OSTEOPONTIN GENE EXPRESSION AND IMMUNOLOCALIZATION IN THE RABBIT URINARY TRACT

Purpose: Osteopontin is a highly phosphorylated, calcium binding sialoprotein characterized by a conserved arginine-glycine-aspartate sequence. Vitronectin receptor (αvβ3 integrin) and hyaluronan receptor (CD44) are documented as receptors for osteopontin and their expression has been established in the bladder. Based on that finding and the fact that osteopontin protein is present in urine we hypothesized that osteopontin is expressed in the lower urinary tract.Materials and Methods: Osteopontin messenger (m)RNA and protein were analyzed in 5 adult urinary tracts and 5 neonatal bladders of New Zealand White rabbits using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical testing. Analysis of mRNA expression and localization of osteopontin receptors, αvβ3 integrin and CD44 were also performed in adult bladders and primary cultures of detrusor myocytes.Results: Adult renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra, and neonatal bladders contained significant levels of osteopontin mRNA. Immun...
Unheard and Unseen: How Housing Insecure African American Adolescents Experience the Education System

This narrative study is based on stories told by African American adolescents experiencing homelessness. It offers insights into their lived experiences and describes the challenges faced in negotiating the urban education system. African American youth are disproportionately represented in the adolescent homeless demographic. “Unheard and unseen” in the dominant narrative, the needs of this population often go unmet. The educational and social service systems frequently place barriers, and blame, that impede the academic achievement of these youth. The dominant narrative is often viewed from the perspective of “what is wrong with ‘those’ kids?” This research shifts the perspective to “what is occurring within the larger system?”
A Language for Writing Formal Software Specifications: The Library Problem Revisited

The quality of software depends mainly on the effectiveness of the software development paradigm. Existing software development paradigms are not flexible and practical enough for developing a system that needs the mix of existing paradigms used in the production of that system. This paper presents a formal specification language, called TUG, to support a system to be developed through an integration of conventional software development, operational specification, rapid prototyping via software transformations, software reuse, and analysis of specifications and programs via testing and proofs. The software development paradigm with the aid of the TUG specification language contributes to the production of reliable and reusable programs.
IAA8 expression during vascular cell differentiation.

We report the characterization of a member of the auxin-induced IAA gene family from zinnia, designated zIAA8, which is expressed by mesophyll cells differentiating as tracheary elements in vitro. Transcription of zIAA8 is upregulated within 3 h after cell isolation in inductive medium, indicating that cells perceive and respond to growth factor stimulus early in culture. Transcript levels of zIAA8 remain high through 72 h of culture in medium containing auxin and cytokinin or auxin alone, but low in medium containing only cytokinin or control medium lacking growth factors, demonstrating auxin-specific induction and consistent with lack of desensitization to prolonged auxin stimulation. In situ localization shows zIAA8 is localized to primary vasculature, root tips, and nascent leaves in zinnia seedlings. The observation that zIAA8 is expressed during vascular development in planta supports the hypothesis that expression early in culture reflects early events during normal vascular differentiation. The promoter of Arabidopsis IAA8 drives expression of the GUS reporter in a pattern in Arabidopsis similar to that for zIAA8 in zinnia, suggesting conservation of cis regulatory elements between the species and confirming the results from in situ localization. The vascular expression pattern of the IAA8 promoter in leaves mirrors the developmentally regulated auxin gradient in expanding leaf blades. The expression patterns of zIAA8 and IAA8 yield new insight into vascular development in vitro and in planta, and provide much needed markers for early vascular differentiation.
Sublative rejuvenation: a literature review of fractional radiofrequency with the eMatrix device

Bipolar fractional radiofrequency has gained popularity in the treatment of wrinkles and rhytids, as well as in the treatment of acne and traumatic scars. In this review, the technology will be described, the clinical trials associated with the technology reviewed and how it works in everyday clinical practice. This important modality has transformed lives with its unique characteristics of minimal epidermal disruption and deep dermal heating. Through its mechanism of action, improvements in skin are seen and downtime is kept to a minimal. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation is also seen with low frequency with this modality, and it is useful in all skin types, as radiofrequency is colorblind.
Keratitis as a Complication of Bilateral, Simultaneous Radial Keratotomy

During a one-month period, we examined four patients referred for evaluation of probable microbial keratitis after bilateral, simultaneous radial keratotomy. Each patient had midstromal infiltrates compatible with microbial keratitis that involved one or more of the radial incisions. In two patients the keratitis was bilateral. All patients had been treated empirically with antibiotic agents; superficial cultures with cotton-tipped applicators and corneal scraping by inserting a platinum spatula into the radial incisions were negative. Corneal biopsy of one patient disclosed gram-positive rods and culture of the biopsy specimen grew diphtheroids. The infiltrates gradually resolved over a period of several months with intensive antibiotic therapy. Sight-threatening infectious keratitis can occur after radial keratotomy, and we believe that simultaneous bilateral ocular surgery of any kind should be discouraged.
The Flexible Climate Data Analysis Tools (CDAT) for Multi-model Climate Simulation Data

Being able to incorporate, inspect, and analyze data with newly developed technologies, diagnostics, and visualizations in an easy and flexible way has been a longstanding challenge for scientists interested in understanding the intrinsic and extrinsic empirical assessment of multi-model climate output. To improve research ability and productivity, these technologies and tool must be made easily available to help scientists understand and solve complex scientific climate changes. To increase productivity and ease the challenges of incorporating new tools into the hands of scientists, the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) developed the Climate Data Analysis Tools (CDAT). CDAT is an application for developing and bringing together disparate software tools for the discovery, examination, and intercomparison of coupled multi-model climate data. By collaborating with top climate institutions, computational organizations, and other science communities, the CDAT community of developers is leading the way to provide proven data management, analysis, visualization, and diagnostics capabilities to scientists. This communitywide effort has developed CDAT into a powerful and insightful application for knowledge discovery of observed and simulation climate data. As an analysis engine in the Earth System Grid (ESG) data infrastructure, CDAT is making it possible to remotely access and analyze climate data located at multiple sites around the world.
Structural basis for outer membrane sugar uptake in pseudomonads.

Substrate-specific outer membrane channels of Gram-negative bacteria mediate uptake of many small molecules, including carbohydrates. The mechanism of sugar uptake by enterobacterial channels, such as Escherichia coli LamB (maltoporin), has been characterized in great detail. In pseudomonads and related organisms, sugar uptake is not mediated by LamB but by OprB channels. Beyond the notion that OprB channels seem to prefer monosaccharides as substrates, very little is known about OprB-mediated sugar uptake. Here I report the X-ray crystal structure of an OprB channel from Pseudomonas putida F1. The structure shows that OprB forms a monomeric, 16-stranded β-barrel with a constriction formed by extracellular loops L2 and L3. The side chains of two highly conserved arginine residues (Arg83 and Arg110) and a conserved glutamate (Glu106) line the channel constriction and interact with a bound glucose molecule. Liposome swelling uptake assays show a strong preference for monosaccharide transport over disaccharides. Moreover, substrates with a net negative charge are disfavored by the channel, probably due to the negatively charged character of the constriction. The architecture of the eyelet and the absence of a greasy slide provide an explanation for the observed specificity of OprB for monosaccharides rather than the oligosaccharides preferred by LamB and related enterobacterial channels.
Community-acquired staphylococcal musculoskeletal infection in infants and young children: necessity of contrast-enhanced MRI for the diagnosis of growth cartilage involvement.

OBJECTIVE. Previous studies have reported that contrast-enhanced sequences do not increase the sensitivity of MRI for the diagnosis of pediatric osteomyelitis and are not needed in the absence of edema on unenhanced MRI sequences. Invasive skeletal infections due to community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus are increasingly encountered in infants and young children and have a proclivity for involvement of both the unossified growth cartilage and the metadiaphyseal bone marrow of the extremities. The study objective is to assess the diagnostic efficacy of contrast-enhanced and unenhanced MRI sequences for the diagnosis of community-acquired S. aureus extremity skeletal infection in infants and young children. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective review was conducted of the clinical charts and imaging studies of patients younger than 18 months diagnosed with invasive community-acquired S. aureus skeletal infections from 2001 to 2009 at a large children’s hospital. Sensitivity was calculated for the detecti...
Limit laws for random spatial graphical models

We consider spatial graphical models on random Euclidean points, applicable for data in sensor and social networks. We establish limit laws for general functions of the graphical model such as the mean value, the entropy rate etc. as the number of nodes goes to infinity under certain conditions. These conditions require the corresponding Gibbs measure to be spatially mixing and for the random graph of the model to satisfy a certain localization property known as stabilization. Graphs such the k nearest neighbor graph and the geometric disc graph belong to the class of stabilizing graphs. Intuitively, these conditions require the data at each node not to have strong dependence on data and positions of nodes far away. Finally, it is shown that spatial mixing of the Gibbs measure on a random graph holds when a suitably defined degree-dependent (but otherwise independent) node percolation does not have a giant component.
A framework for application guidance in virtual memory systems

This paper proposes a collaborative approach in which applications can provide guidance to the operating system regarding allocation and recycling of physical memory. The operating system incorporates this guidance to decide which physical page should be used to back a particular virtual page. The key intuition behind this approach is that application software, as a generator of memory accesses, is best equipped to inform the operating system about the relative access rates and overlapping patterns of usage of its own address space. It is also capable of steering its own algorithms in order to keep its dynamic memory footprint under check when there is a need to reduce power or to contain the spillover effects from bursts in demand. Application software, working cooperatively with the operating system, can therefore help the latter schedule memory more effectively and efficiently than when the operating system is forced to act alone without such guidance. It is particularly difficult to achieve power efficiency without application guidance since power expended in memory is a function not merely of the intensity with which memory is accessed in time but also how many physical ranks are affected by an application's memory usage.Our framework introduces an abstraction called "colors" for the application to communicate its intent to the operating system. We modify the operating system to receive this communication in an efficient way, and to organize physical memory pages into intermediate level grouping structures called "trays" which capture the physically independent access channels and self-refresh domains, so that it can apply this guidance without entangling the application in lower level details of power or bandwidth management.This paper describes how we re-architect the memory management of a recent Linux kernel to realize a three way collaboration between hardware, supervisory software, and application tasks.
Brain Factor-1 Controls the Proliferation and Differentiation of Neocortical Progenitor Cells through Independent Mechanisms

The winged helix gene Brain factor-1 (BF1) has a pleiotropic role in the development of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. Mice lacking BF1 have defects in the morphogenesis of the structures of the dorsal telencephalon (e.g., neocortex) and the ventral telencephalon (e.g., the basal ganglia). This study focuses on the functions of BF1 in the dorsal telencephalon. We showed previously that telencephalic progenitor cells lacking BF1 differentiate into neurons prematurely. Here, we demonstrate that the loss of BF1 also results in an early lengthening of the cell cycle in neocortical progenitors. To investigate the mechanisms by which BF1 regulates progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the developing brain, we have replaced the endogenous BF1 protein with a DNA binding defective form of BF1 in mice, BF1NHAA. The BF1NHAA protein restores the growth of the dorsal telencephalon, by improving the proliferation of progenitor cells. However, the BF1NHAA protein does not correct the early neuronal differentiation associated with the loss of BF1. In contrast, replacement of endogenous BF1 with wild-type BF1 corrects the defects in both the proliferation and differentiation of neocortical progenitors. These results demonstrate that BF1 controls progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the neocortex through distinct DNA binding-independent and binding-dependent mechanisms.
Nutzung von konventionellem und grünem Wasserstoff in der chemischen Industrie

Wasserstoff wird heute vorwiegend aus Kohlenwasserstoffen erzeugt und weltweit als Grundstoff in einer Vielzahl von chemischen Prozessen in der Industrie eingesetzt. Es wird erwartet, dass Wasserstoff zukunftig auch eine grose Bedeutung als sauberer Energietrager und Mobilitatskraftstoff erlangen wird, da er treibhausgasneutral verwendet werden kann, sich aus vielen Primarenergietragern herstellen lasst, sich speichern und transportieren lasst und, nicht zuletzt, da er in Brennstoffzellen verstromt werden kann. Vor diesem Hintergrund spielt vor allem seine Erzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien eine grose Rolle. Es erscheint plausibel, dass diese zukunftige Diversifikation auch Ruckwirkungen auf den bestehenden Industriegasmarkt haben wird; insbesondere die Nutzung von „grunem“ Wasserstoff in der Industrie, die den „Product Carbon Footprint“ von industriellen Produkten verringert. Das Kapitel beschreibt den heutigen Stand der Nutzung von Wasserstoff in der Industrie, erortert die Potenziale und Hindernisse der erganzenden Nutzung von „grunem“ Wasserstoff und leitet daraus den Handlungsbedarf fur die Einfuhrung von "grunem" Wasserstoff in der Industrie ab.
Flow-Depth Scaling in Alluvial Architecture and Nonmarine Sequence Stratigraphy: Example from the Castlegate Sandstone, Central Utah, U.S.A.

Changes in the proximity and arrangement of channel-belt sandstone bodies in the rock record and associated unconformities in alluvial successions (i.e., alluvial architecture and nonmarine sequence stratigraphy) are often interpreted to reflect changes in basin boundary conditions, including subsidence and sea level. Such interpretations do not often consider how the size of a depositional system influences alluvial architecture and sequence stratigraphy. We investigate how paleoflow depth scaling affects fluvial stratigraphic interpretations using the Castlegate Sandstone (Campanian) at its type section in central Utah as an example. Using LIDAR imaging, channel preservation and paleoflow depths are estimated from bar clinoforms throughout the unit, and these data are compared to scour spacing, scour continuity, and mudstone content within the study interval. Within the Castlegate Sandstone bar clinoforms are routinely close to fully preserved (i.e., rollover of the upper part of the bar is present), and an overall increase in paleoflow depth up-section is coincident with changes in other alluvial-architecture characteristics including increases in scour-surface spacing and mudstone abundance up-section. This suggests that alluvial architecture commonly ascribed to changes in accommodation may result primarily from changes in the scale and style of fluvial deposition rather than accommodation-limited reworking and amalgamation. Additionally, although sequence boundaries have previously been identified in the section, no scour surfaces deeper or more extensive than what could be produced autogenically by large rivers typical of the Castlegate system were found in the study interval. This study demonstrates that estimates of paleoriver depth can enhance studies of alluvial architecture and provide a more robust basis for correlating and interpreting fluvial deposits.
Some Empirical Distributions of Bivariate T 2 and Homoscedasticity Criterion M Under Unequal Variance and Leptokurtosis

Abstract Computer generated pseudo random numbers were used to simulate drawing 1000 pairs of samples of N 1, N 2 = 5, 10, 20 from bivariate populations normal (O, σ i 2 I) having σ2/σ1 = 1, 1.6 or 3.2, and from circular bivariate symmetrical leptokurtic populations with zero means, equal variances and β2 − 3 = 3.2 or 6.2. Results suggest that the null distribution of T 2 for pairs of bivariate normal samples with N 1 = N 2 ≥ 10 is rather robust against variance inequality but that this robustness does not extend to disparate sample sizes, and that upper tail frequencies of the distribution of bivariate T 2 for N 1, N 2 ≥ 10 are not substantially affected by moderate degrees of symmetrical leptokurtosis. In simulations of sampling from circular normal populations with scale parameters in the ratio of 1.6:1 and 3.2:1 respectively, the proportion of M exceeding the null 5% point ranged from 9% and 49% for N 1 = N 2 = 5 to 60% and 100% for N 1 = N 2 = 20. In simulations of homoscedastic leptokurtic sampling,...
A Pickle Barrel of Poems

The authors review a range of poetry and present ideas and resources to encourage the reading, writing, and appreciation of poetry. Ralph Fletcher's work is highlighted.