cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tubulin-targeting chemotherapy impairs androgen receptor activity in prostate cancer.

The therapeutic effects of taxanes in castration-resistant prostate cancers are linked to their effects on androgen signaling.
Contraindications for therapeutic massage: Do sources agree?

Abstract Objectives : To explore the extent to which professional sources agree on contraindications (CIs) and precautions for therapeutic massage. Methods : Textbook and peer-reviewed journal sources containing CIs on therapeutic massage in English within the past 10 years were searched (January 1992–July 2002). Descriptive statistics and stacked bar graphs were employed to illustrate agreement of categorical data. Results : Twenty-one sources listed anywhere from 3 to 86 CIs and precautions for therapeutic massage. Over half of the sources failed to indicate a CI or precaution for the majority of patient conditions. Seventy-six percent of the sources failed to cite references to support CI claims. Conclusion : Sources markedly varied regarding what conditions were considered contraindicated for massage. Advisory panels and greater reliance on evidence-based data may help to enhance consistency when documenting future CIs.
The ideal element in a definition of law

John Rawls has advised us that definitions cannot settle fundamental questions. The merit of a definition depends on the theory in which it is embedded. Analyses of meaning, therefore, have no privileged status but must be assessed as elements of a larger theoretical 'enterprise.1 As applied to law, Rawls' advice is well taken. Disagreements over definitions of law are invariably correlated with differences in fundamental elements of the theories which contain them. It does not follow, of course, that the disagreements are empty exercises over matters that are 'merely verbal'. Rather, the definition serves as a proxy for the deeper issues at stake. A more direct approach would be to examine each alternative theory taken as a whole. On the other hand, one test of the soundness of a theory of law could be the adequacy of the definition it yields, especially if adequacy is tested by certain pretheoretical criteria. We might agree with Morris Cohen, for example, that a good definition organizes the subject matter in such a way as to help us grasp more clearly the fundamental patterns in our field of study. "In this respect so[me] definitions are certainly more helpful than others."2 It may make sense, therefore, as a preliminary exercise, to develop criteria of definitional adequacy even before elaborating a complete theory. That is the premise of the following exploration. What motivates this inquiry is Lon Fuller's elaboration of a con-
Genomic scale analysis of lateral gene transfer in Apicomplexan parasites: insights into early eukaryotic evolution, host-pathogen interaction and drug target development

The protozoan phylum Apicomplexa is comprised of >5000 species, including Toxoplasma gondii (a prominent opportunistic infection in AIDS), and the Plasmodium parasites responsible for malaria. Complete genome sequences are now available for several apicomplexan species, including both T. gondii and Plasmodium falciparum, making it possible to exploit comparative phylogenomic tools for insight into adaptations associated with intracellular parasitism, and in order to identify targets for therapeutic development. These parasites harbor a novel organelle, the 'apicoplast', which was acquired by endosymbiotic capture of a eukaryotic alga, and thus provides a dramatic example of lateral gene transfer (LGT). In order to determine the overall impact of LGT, we have employed phylogeny reconstruction to detect transfers on a genomicscale. Trees have been constructed for all genes in the Toxoplasma and Plasmodium genomes, and compared with a whole genome species treederived from 55 taxa represented in the orthologous protein database OrthoMCL-DB [1]. Non-apicomplexan specific ortholog groups containing4 to 100 sequences were examined, pruning outlying species based on their degree of connectivity to the group as a whole, and robustness of the resulting tree. A pilot study based on intensive manual curation of T. gondii genes coding for metabolic enzymes estimates that ~15% of these genes were acquired by LGT. Turning to the entire parasite genome(s), Horizstory software identifies 1552 groups where T. gondii gene placement contrasts with the species tree, and 1520 instances of potential LGTinvolving P. falciparum. In order to identify the most probable LGT events, we developed a strategy that ranks the probability ofLGT based on the taxonomic consistency of results for sibling species within the tree, and bootstrap support for the relevant internalnode(s). This 'LGTsmart' strategy yields a ranked list of probable lateral gene transfer events (Figure ​(Figure1)1) including 226 high confidence events that occurred at different times during the course of apicomplexan evolution. Many of these transfers involve genes exhibiting phylogenetic affinity with plants, consistent with the algal origin of the apicoplast endosymbiont. Additional, more recent, transfers appear to have a bacterial origin, and both classes of genes include promising targets for drug development. Interestingly, we also detected LGT of metazoan-like genes, possibly acquired through interaction with the host during adaptation to the parasitic lifestyle. Figure 1 Probable source of transfer events identified by the LGT smart algorithm. Parentheses indicate possible LGT events for each source clade; bold indicates high confidence transfers.
Localization of the Human Achaete-Scute Homolog Gene (ASCL1) Distal to Phenylalanine Hydroxylase (PAH) and Proximal to Tumor Rejection Antigen (TRA1) on Chromosome 12q22–q23

ASCL1, the human achaete-scute homolog, is a helix-loop-helix transcription factor that was previously assigned to chromosome 12 using a rodent-human somatic hybrid panel. We now placed this gene on a yeast artificial chromosome contig encompassing position 119 cM of the Genethon genetic map between the two genes phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) and tumor rejection antigen 1 (TRA1). We also localized ASCL1 in the 12q22-q23 cytogenetic interval by using fluorescence in situ hybridization.
Villains, victims, and heroes: Accounting for the roles human activity plays in LOPA scenarios

Abstract When a team is analyzing a LOPA scenario, the team needs to consider all three roles played by human interaction in the scenario: that of cause, as a result of human error; that of receptor, both in terms of safety impacts (inside the fence line) and community impacts (outside the fence line); and that of independent layer of protection (IPL), considering both administrative controls and human responses. Frequently, the nature of these three roles are inter-related, and setting guidance that is internally consistent is important to using LOPA to assess risk rather than as a means to game the analyses to simply achieve a wished-for result. A number of criteria have been proposed to quantify human involvement, typically as cause, as receptor, or as IPL. Establishing a framework to look at all three in a unified way is more likely to result in analyses that are consistent from scenario to scenario. This paper describes such a framework and presents it in a way that allows organizations to review their own criteria for quantifying human involvement in LOPA. It also examines some of the published LOPA criteria for human involvement and looks at them in terms of consistency of approach between evaluation of cause, receptor, and IPL. Finally the paper makes suggestions to use in calibrating LOPA methodologies to achieve consistent and believable results in terms of human interaction within and between scenarios that have worked for other organizations.
Ethical Issues in Journal Peer-review

In some recent articles, Dr. Leigh Turner [Doffing the Mask: Why Manuscript Reviewers Ought to Be Identifiable,” Journal of Academic Ethics, 1 (2003), pp. 41–48; “Promoting F.A.I.T.H. in Peer Review: Five Core Attributes in Effective Peer Review,” Journal of Academic Ethics, 1 (2003), pp. 181–188.] makes some rather critical observations regarding the processes of peer-review in academic journals. I shall note them in turn, note wherein I concur and wherein I disagree, and discuss some of Turner's suggestions to resolve such difficulties. It is hoped that my comments on Turner's much-appreciated points will engage readers of this august and well-edited journal to take more seriously Turner's arguments for the sake of the betterment of academic research.
Convergence in self-tuning controllers

By examining the behaviour of the ordinary differential equations of Ljung, some limitations of the self-tuning approach to adaptive control are shown. Specifically, while one may obtain "self-tuning" to the optimal controller in the case of a minimum variance cost criterion, this need not happen when the underlying cost criterion is anything else, e.g. a quadratic cost criterion also featuring a penalty on the control.
Lipid monolayers: Surface viscosity of dipalmitoyl lecithin in relation to surface potential and ion binding

Abstract The surface potential-surface pressure curve of dipalmitoyl lecithin on 150 m M NaCl at 25°C is identical with that on 75 m M CaCl 2 over the entire film pressure region; at high film pressure, however, the surface viscosity on CaC1 2 is markedly greater than on NaCl. We propose a model of molecular organization in which a lattice is formed from the coalescence of the water structured around the lecithin polar groups in the hydrophilic region below the II interface ; such a lattice is responsible for the surface viscosity but does not influence the surface potential. The greater viscosity effect of CaCl 2 over that of NaCl is probably determined by the influence that the electrolyte exerts on the water structured around the polar surface of the lipid and thus on the extent and strength of the coalescence, and it may not be due to binding of Ca 2+ onto the ionic groups of lecithin.
Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis of high-grade gliomas: the relationship of radiation dose and other prognostic factors.

Abstract Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to examine the relationships between duration of survival and multiple variables in the presentation and treatment of 82 patients with high-grade gliomas (16 grade 3, 66 grade 4). The median survival time of the eight patients who received ⩽40 Gy to the tumor bed was 16 weeks and was 17 weeks for the three who received between 40 and 50 Gy. Patients who received 50–60 Gy had a median survival time of 62 weeks, compared to 54 weeks in patients who received 60–70 Gy. These differences in median survival time were statistically significant between the extremes ( p = 0.0001), as well as between the 40–50 Gy group and the 50–60 Gy group ( p = 0.02). However, no significant difference could be detected between the groups receiving 50–60 Gy versus 60–70 Gy. Univariate analysis also identified preoperative performance status, age, histologic grade, extent of surgery, and seizure history as prognostic factors. Cox multivariate analysis was performed to identify variables that were significant in independently predicting duration of survival. Although contemporary studies have shown many variables to be significant in predicting survival, our analysis found that many of them were not independently predictors. The variables which indenpently predicted improved duration of survival were greater total radiation dose to the tumor bed ( p p = 0.003), and grade 3 versus grade 4 ( p = 0.04). Younger age at diagnosis was marginally significant ( p = 0.07). In the group of 60 patients receiving >50 Gy, a discriminant analysis was also performed. The patients were divided into two groups based on apparent clusters of survival times: ⩾60 weeks versus p = 0.02). Although univariate and multivariate analyses both showed an apparent statistically significant improvement in survival with increasing total radiation dose to the tumor bed, no additional benefit could be demonstrated for doses > 60 Gy.
Performance improvement of a frequency hopping-CDMA system utilizing memorized prior data

An algorithm for improving the stability and throughput of a frequency hopping code-division multiple-access system (FH-CDMA) is presented. The algorithm includes a multiple block transmission with error-detection block(s) and a logical AND-operation between previously received (erroneous but saved) data, and retransmitted data. The packet success probability of the new algorithm is formulated and the improvement in stability is shown in terms of the proportion of retransmission users in the system under various conditions, including the new packet generation probability, retransmission probability, different signal-to-noise ratio in the channel, and the number of blocks in a packet. The average drift of retransmission users and the analysis of the expected number of retransmissions were used to evaluate the stability performance of the retransmission strategy. >
Plusiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations in Louisiana Soybean Ecosystems as Determined with Looplure-Baited Traps

An adult population survey of four species of the noctuid subfamily Plusiinae was conducted in soybean ecosystems of south, south-central, and north-central Louisiana. Sticky traps baited with synthetic sex pheromone (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate were used as the sampling tools for two growing seasons. The soy bean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), reached the highest densities of the plusiinecomplex, with four and five generations detected in the southern and central regions of the state. Although Rachiplusia ou (Guenee) were found to contribute considerably to the plusiine population in June, adult densities were quite low during the later summer months. Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) and T. oxygramma (Geyer) seldom attained high numbers at any location.
Timing analysis and optimization implications of bimodal CD distribution in double patterning lithography

Double patterning lithography (DPL) is in current production for memory products, and is widely viewed as inevitable for logic products at the 32nm node. DPL decomposes and prints the shapes of a critical-layer layout in two exposures. In traditional single-exposure lithography, adjacent identical layout features will have identical mean critical dimension (CD), and spatially correlated CD variations. However, with DPL, adjacent features can have distinct mean CDs, and uncorrelated CD variations. This introduces a new set of ‘bimodal’ challenges for timing analysis and optimization. We assess the potential impact of DPL on timing analysis error and guardbanding, and find that the traditional ‘unimodal’ characterization and analysis framework may not be viable for DPL. For example, using 45nm models, we find that different DPL mask layout solutions can cause 50ps skew in clock distribution that is unseen by traditional analyses. Different mask layouts can also result in 20% or more change in timing path delays. Such results lead to insights into physical design optimizations for clock and data path placement and mask coloring that can help mitigate the error and guardband costs of DPL.
Sex and Sexuality in Buddhism: A Tetralemma

Modern people presume ‘sex’ to be a function of biology and ‘sexuality’ to be a fundamental aspect of identity. Since Buddhist monks and nuns are celibate by definition, many assume a uniform sex-negativity in Buddhism. But Buddhist teachers and practitioners have thought about, talked about, and performed sex in many modes beyond the negative. Buddhism, a tradition originating in ancient India but straddling tens of centuries and multiple cultural, national, and linguistic boundaries, provides many opportunities for reflection on the putative universality of biological ‘sex’, and the theorized modernity of ‘sexuality’. How, when, and why do Buddhists have sex? Do Buddhists have a sexuality? This article employs the logical formula of the tetralemma to explore the topics of sex and sexuality in various Buddhist traditions, challenge the supposed sex-negativity of Buddhism, and question the applicability of ‘sexuality’ in its modern usage as a term of critical analysis in Buddhist contexts.
Future treatments for diabetic neuropathy: Clues from experimental neuropathy

Neuropathy remains a major complication of diabetes and there is no approved treatment that prevents its progression or alleviates the associated symptoms. Animal models of diabetic neuropathy are hampered by their short life span, which precludes the development of overt structural pathology, and they are best viewed as exhibiting early metabolic, neurochemical, and functional indices of nerve disorders that may predict progression to overt diabetic neuropathy. In this context, diabetic animals have use in both establishing potential etiologic mechanisms and for screening novel therapeutic agents. Treatment strategies are evolving in concert with a developing understanding of how hyperglycemia causes nerve dysfunction and recent or ongoing clinical trials are investigating this rational approach to drug design. It is only by the successful demonstration of clinical efficacy of a compound developed by this approach that the use of animal models of diabetic neuropathy can be validated.
Metagraphs in workflow support systems

Abstract Workflow support systems contain a network of tasks that process documents, some of which share common information elements. Metagraphs, an extension of directed graphs and hypergraphs, have been used to model the interactions among other types of DSS information: stored data, decision models, and expert knowledge. We show that metagraphs can also be used to model the interactions among workflow tasks and thus provide a comprehensive tool for modeling the various types of information managed by a DSS.
If it’s hard to read, it changes how long you do it: Reading time as an explanation for perceptual fluency effects on judgment

Perceptual manipulations, such as changes in font type or figure-ground contrast, have been shown to increase judgments of difficulty or effort related to the presented material. Previous theory has suggested that this is the result of changes in online processing or perhaps the post-hoc influence of perceived difficulty recalled at the time of judgment. These two experiments seek to examine by which mechanism (or both) the fluency effect is produced. Results indicate that disfluency does in fact change in situ reading behavior, and this change significantly mediates judgments. Eye movement analyses corroborate this suggestion and observe a difference in how people read a disfluent presentation. These findings support the notion that readers are using perceptual cues in their reading experiences to change how they interact with the material, which in turn produces the observed biases.
Prohormone supplement 3β-hydroxy-5α-androst-1-en-17-one enhances resistance training gains but impairs user health

Prohormone supplements (PS) are recognized not to impart anabolic or ergogenic effects in men, but the research supporting these conclusions is dated. The Anabolic Steroid Control Act was amended in 2004 to classify androstenedione and 17 additional anabolic compounds as controlled substances. The viability of PS that entered the market after that time have not been evaluated. Seventeen resistance-trained men (23 ± 1 yr; 13.1 ± 1.5% body fat) were randomly assigned to receive either 330 mg/day of 3β-hydroxy-5α-androst-1-en-17-one (Prohormone; n = 9) or sugar (Placebo; n = 8) per os and complete a 4-wk (16 session) structured resistance-training program. Body composition, muscular strength, circulating lipids, and markers of liver and kidney dysfunction were assessed at study onset and termination. Prohormone increased lean body mass by 6.3 ± 1.2%, decreased fat body mass by 24.6 ± 7.1%, and increased their back squat one repetition maximum and competition total by 14.3 ± 1.5 and 12.8 ± 1.1%, respectively. These improvements exceeded (P 0.05) in Placebo. The oral PS 3β-hydroxy-5α-androst-1-en-17-one improves body composition and muscular strength. However, these changes come at a significant cost. Cardiovascular health and liver function are particularly compromised. Given these findings, we feel the harm associated with this particular PS outweighs any potential benefit.
Sensitivity of Reinforcement Learning Agents to Aggregated Sensor Data in Congested Traffic Networks

Flexible signal timing operation with cycle-free and sequence-free strategies using reinforcement learning has been researched from different fields and applied to transportation networks. Such techniques naturally rely on accurate incoming data for optimal operation. However, the effect of imperfect information received by reinforcement learning (RL) agents in a traffic environment has not been explored in detail and may provide further indication to whether they can be truly suitable for real-world applications. This paper studies this topic in the context of a congested traffic network, where RL agents receive aggregated loop detector data to make decisions, instead of directly observing activations from all vehicles. A case study shows the sensitivity of the agents' performance when data is aggregated to different levels. Aggregation levels are used as a method to represent imperfect information, and the performance of the system is used as an indicator to determine acceptable aggregation for the system to remain operational in oversaturated conditions.
Correction to "Applications of integrated-circuit technology to microwave frequencies"

Equation 1 of the above-named article [ibid., vol. 59. pp. 1200-1211, Aug. 1971} is corrected. The exponential factor inth e second term of the numerator and denominator were omitted in printed text; however, they were included in the calculations presented in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 of the article.
Academic Aptitude and Prior Knowledge as Predictors of Student Achievement in Introduction to Psychology

Earlier research has shown that prior knowledge of psychology is positively associated with course achievement. But are these effects attributable to preexisting differences in general ability or aptitude? The authors administered 2 pretests to 353 students early in an introductory psychology course and obtained measures of general student aptitude (i.e., ACT scores), subsequent course participation, and exam performance. In regression analyses, the pretest of psychological knowledge uniquely predicted significant variance in exam scores even with the influences of ACT scores and course participation controlled. A second pretest judging the accuracy of everyday psychological concepts also positively correlated with exam performance but did not predict unique variance in the regression. Thus, beyond general ability, domain-specific prior knowledge facilitates student learning in introductory psychology.
Outcomes After 294 Transtibial Amputations With the Posterior Myocutaneous Flap

The transtibial amputation is a common operation for which there is little agreement regarding which technique provides the most reliable and resilient outcomes. We performed a retrospective chart review of all transtibial amputations performed by a single surgeon between 2004 and 2011 using the posterior myocutaneous flap with triceps surae myodesis technique. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between independent variables and dependent outcome variables. A total of 270 patients with 294 transtibial amputations were identified. Ambulation data were available for 192 patients with a mean follow-up 18.4 months. This cohort had an overall ambulation rate of 75%, a 12% incidence of stump wounds, 24% operative revision rate and only 2% required conversion to a transfemoral amputation. The posterior myocutaneous flap provides durable and reliable soft tissue coverage in the setting of a transtibial amputation.
From remote tool to shared roles

This article explores teleoperation for remote presence applications from a human-robot interaction (HRI) perspective to create a model that captures the key elements of the system and projects the impact of ever-increasing advances in autonomy and communications connectivity. Remote presence applications are those where one or more humans use the robot to project themselves into an environment to complete a time-critical mission. In these applications, there is some compelling need to have human perception at a distance. For example, the environment may be unsafe or unreachable, such as encountered when searching for survivors in the aftermath of a disaster, or the situation is novel and perceptually unconstrained, as in noticing a hidden terrorist during a hostage situation. Remote presence applications are characterized by "the observers won't know what needs to be seen until they see it" flavor and the need to see that critical "what needs to be seen" in as near real time as possible. This means that remote presence applications are inherently teleoperated; the human is an active element in the control loop, and there is no benefit to full autonomy. The question becomes how to transfer the advances in autonomy and communications to enable the human-robot enterprise to successfully and reliably complete its mission.
Polyamines as modifiers of genetic risk factors in human intestinal cancers.

Polyamines are downstream mediators of genetic risk factors in human intestinal cancers. The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumour-suppressor gene, which is mutated in essentially all human colon cancers, regulates the expression of several e-box transcription factors. These factors, in turn, regulate the transcription of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the first enzyme in polyamine synthesis. The Kirsten ras (K-ras) oncogene regulates the expression of several genes, including suppressing the expression of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ ). This PPAR, in turn, activates the expression of the spermidine/spermine-N 1 -acetyltransferase (SSAT), the first enzyme in polyamine catabolism. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sulindac induces the transcription of SSAT via activation of PPARγ .I nactivation of the APC tumour-suppressor gene, and the activation of K-ras ,h ave ac ombined effect on increasing tissue polyamine contents due to increased synthesis and decreased catabolism of the polyamines. Pharmacological strategies for suppressing ODC (e.g. the enzyme-activated inhibitor α-difluoromethylornithine) and activating SSAT (e.g. NSAIDs) are potent inhibitors of intestinal carcinogenesis in rodent models. Clinical trials combining these classes of agent in humans with risk factors for colon cancer are in progress.
Complex Thought and Systems Thinking Connecting Group Process and Team Management: New Lenses for Social Transformation in the Workplace

This paper addresses group process and team management strategies. Recognizing the trajectory in both groups and teams, as living systems in our postmodern society, it challenges why teams are assessed as having better performance or development. Groups have been used for social transformation in many ways, and teams thrive in our zeitgeist, affecting almost the entire active working population. This paper discusses a new way to understand group process and teams using three bodies of knowledge: (1) complexity theory including dialogic, organizational recursion, and holographic principles and the knowledge through comprehension and explanation, (2) systems thinking properties applied to living systems, including interaction, interdependence, autonomy and dependency, organization and self-production, and (3) rhizomic structures as a mode of knowledge that is non-hierarchical and possibly provides a useful means of understanding society as interconnected alliances in movement. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of short-term endurance exercise training on acute doxorubicin-induced FoxO transcription in cardiac and skeletal muscle

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent antitumor agent used in cancer treatment. Unfortunately, DOX can induce myopathy in both cardiac and skeletal muscle, which limits its clinical use. Importantly, exercise training has been shown to protect against DOX-mediated cardiac and skeletal muscle myopathy. However, the mechanisms responsible for this exercise-induced muscle protection remain elusive. These experiments tested the hypothesis that short-term exercise training protects against acute DOX-induced muscle toxicity, in part, due to decreased forkhead-box O (FoxO) transcription of atrophy genes. Rats (n = 6 per group) were assigned to sedentary or endurance exercise-trained groups and paired with either placebo or DOX treatment. Gene expression and protein abundance were measured in both cardiac and skeletal muscles to determine the impact of DOX and exercise on FoxO gene targets. Our data demonstrate that DOX administration amplified FoxO1 and FoxO3 mRNA expression and increased transcription of FoxO target genes [i.e., atrogin-1/muscle atrophy F-box (MaFbx), muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF-1), and BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3)] in heart and soleus muscles. Importantly, exercise training protected against DOX-induced increases of FoxO1 and MuRF-1 in cardiac muscle and also prevented the rise of FoxO3, MuRF-1, and BNIP3 in soleus muscle. Furthermore, our results indicate that exercise increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) in both the heart and soleus muscles. This is important because increased PGC-1α expression is known to suppress FoxO activity resulting in reduced expression of FoxO target genes. Together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that exercise training protects against DOX-induced myopathy in both heart (FoxO1 and MuRF-1) and skeletal muscles (FoxO3, MuRF-1, and BNIP3).
Folate status assessment history: implications for measurement of biomarkers in NHANES

This article presents a historical perspective on the different methods used to measure folate status in populations and clinical settings. I discuss some of the advantages and limitations of these procedures. For >50 y researchers have used microbiological assay methods to assess folate status in clinical settings and in population-based studies, such as NHANES. Serum and red blood cell folate values obtained with the Lactobacillus casei assay have formed the basis for current ranges and cutoffs for the establishment of folate sufficiency and for the current dietary reference intakes for folate. Over the past 30 y competitive folate protein binding assays, which are available in kit form, have supplanted microbiological assays in many clinical laboratories because of their ease of use. Several NHANES cycles have used these assays. Folate concentrations obtained with these kits are lower than those from microbiological assays and show a wide variation between different protein binding assay kits. This variation has complicated the setting of values for normal ranges of folate status and the comparison of status changes between different NHANES cycles. The recent development of mass spectrometry methods for folate opens up the possibility of measurement of individual folate vitamers such as folic acid. Past experience with microbiological and competitive protein binding assays indicates some of the technical problems that research will need to address before this promise becomes reality.
Uterine Tumors Resembling Ovarian Sex-cord Tumors: A Clinicopathologic Analysis of Fourteen Cases

Uterine tumors with histologic resemblances to ovarian sex-cord tumors were encountered in 14 women in the fourth to sixth decades of life, most of whom had abnormal vaginal bleeding and enlarged uteri suggesting leiomyomas. The tumors in six cases (Group I) were identical to one or another form of well-recognized endometrial stromal tumor except for focal epithelial-like differentiation resembling that seen in sex-cord tumors. These tumors were mostly poorly circumscribed large mural masses. The focal sex-cord-like differentiation was manifested by cords, trabeculae, nests and tubules of epithelial-like cells; eosinophilic bodies resembling Call-Exner bodies were seen in one case. Five of the six patients with tumors of this type have been followed for postoperative intervals of 22 months to 15 years, and pelvic recurrences have developed in three. The tumors in eight cases (Group II) differed from those in Group I by having a predominant or exclusive pattern reminiscent of an ovarian sex-cord tumor. These tumors, most of which were single, well-circumscribed, yellow to tan, mural masses 4 to 10 cm in diameter, appeared benign, with no recurrence during postoperative periods of four months to seven years. The relations of the two groups of tumors to one another and to previously described similar tumors. including so-called granulosa-cell tumors and "plexiform tumors" of the uterus, are discussed, and an origin from endometrial stromal cells is postulated.
Social Motivation: Costs and Benefits of Selfishness and Otherishness

We examine recent evidence on the consequences of selfishness and otherishness for psychological well-being, physical health, and relationships. In the first sections, we consider recent evidence regarding the costs and benefits of giving time, money, and support to others and the costs and benefits of taking or receiving those things from others. Then, because the behaviors of giving and taking can be motivated either by selfish or otherish concerns, we next consider the costs and benefits of the motivation underlying giving and taking. We also examine why and for whom selfishness and otherishness have consequences for psychological well-being, physical health, and relationships. We focus on mechanisms identified in research, including intrapsychic mechanisms such as positive and negative affect, self-esteem and self-efficacy, a sense of meaning and purpose in life, and a sense of connectedness to or isolation from others, as well as interpersonal processes such as reciprocation of support and responsiveness.
Thyroid hormone responsive protein Spot14 enhances catalysis of fatty acid synthase in lactating mammary epithelium.

Thyroid hormone responsive protein Spot 14 has been consistently associated with de novo fatty acid synthesis activity in multiple tissues, including the lactating mammary gland, which synthesizes large quantities of medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) exclusively via FASN. However, the molecular function of Spot14 remains undefined during lactation. Spot14-null mice produce milk deficient in total triglyceride and de novo MCFA that does not sustain optimal neonatal growth. The lactation defect was rescued by provision of a high fat diet to the lactating dam. Transgenic mice overexpressing Spot14 in mammary epithelium produced total milk fat equivalent to controls, but with significantly greater MCFA. Spot14-null dams have no diminution of metabolic gene expression, enzyme protein levels, or intermediate metabolites that accounts for impaired de novo MCFA. When [13C] fatty acid products were quantified in vitro using crude cytosolic lysates, native FASN activity was 1.6-fold greater in control relative to Spot14-null lysates, and add back of Spot14 partially restored activity. Recombinant FASN catalysis increased 1.4-fold and C = 14:0 yield was enhanced 4-fold in vitro following addition of Spot14. These findings implicate Spot14 as a direct protein enhancer of FASN catalysis in the mammary gland during lactation when maximal MCFA production is needed.
Effects of Cottons Differing in Pubescence and Other Characters on Pink Bollworms in Arizona

Strains of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., that ranged from glabrous to densely pubescent, and also differed in other characteristics, were evaluated in field cages and in the field for relative damage caused by Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Damage was lower in TM-1 (H2), a densly pubescent strain carrying the pilose allele H 2, than in most other strains tested, but levels of pubescence below that of TM-1 (H2) did not insure resistance. A glabrous strain in ‘Stoneville 7A’ background, carrying the Sm 2 allele, had less pink bollworm damage than its normally pubescent counterpart. Two other strains that had no more damage than TM-1 (H2) in 1975 were 1 × 6–56 and AET-5 × (108 × Br-2)-7-69, The former was significantly earlier than the other strains tested and thus probably escaped some damage. The latter, however, is a promising strain because it had a significantly lower amount of damage than the controls ‘Deltapine 16’ and Stoneville 7A but was only moderately pubescent and slightly earlier and seemed to possess the high yielding capacity of the cultivars.
Dyeing process of wool fiber with disperse dyes

The dyeing process of wool fibre with disperse dyes in the action of DBSA(dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid)were studied in this paper.Effects of DBSA concenfration,temperature and pH value on dyeing results were analysed.Dye depth and color fastness of wool fibre dyed by disperse dyes with assistants were introduced.
E-097 hemodynamic characteristics of cerebral arteriovenous malformation feeder vessels with and without aneurysms

Introduction/purpose The pathogenesis of aneurysms associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) feeder vessels is poorly understood. We sought to determine the hemodynamic characteristics of AVM feeder vessels with and without aneurysms. Materials and methods Patients with AVMs associated with feeder aneurysms who had flow, vessel diameter, and wall shear stress (WSS) measured before treatment using quantitative magnetic resonance angiography were retrospectively reviewed. Feeders within each AVM were classified into two groups based on presence or absence of aneurysms. Hemodynamic parameters were calculated for each arterial feeder and then compared between the two groups using the independent 2-tailed Student’s t test. Results 11 patients had AVMs with feeder aneurysms. Cohort characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Of 35 total feeder arteries, 12 had an aneurysm and 23 feeders did not have any aneurysms. Absolute mean flow was higher (500.5 vs. 438.4 mL/min, P = 0 .59) and vessel diameter was lower (3.9 vs. 4.8 mm, P = 0 .22) in feeders with aneurysms but not significantly. However, WSS (95.7 vs. 28.0 dynes/cm 2 , P = 0 .04) was significantly higher in feeders with aneurysms. Exponential regression analysis demonstrated that higher flows were significantly associated with larger vessel diameter in AVM feeders with (R 2 = 0.52, P = 0 .01) and without aneurysms (R 2 = 0.46, P = 0 .001). Importantly, at most flow rates feeders with aneurysms had smaller diameters and subsequently higher WSS than feeders without aneurysms (Figure 1). Conclusion WSS is significantly higher among cerebral AVM feeders harboring aneurysms. Despite similarly high flows, feeder artery diameter tended to be smaller if an aneurysm was present, suggesting that AVM feeders with aneurysms are a subgroup in which vessel remodeling cannot compensate for increased blood flow. Disclosures S. Shakur: None. S. Amin-Hanjani: None. H. Mostafa: None. F. Charbel: None. A. Alaraj: None.
Transcriptional regulation of fatty acid synthase gene by somatotropin in 3T3-F442A adipocytes

Somatotropin (ST) antagonizes insulin stimulation of fatty acid synthase (FAS) enzyme activity and gene transcription in adipocytes. Previous studies have shown that an insulin response element (IRE) is located in the proximal region of the FAS promoter (-71 to -50) and upstream stimulatory factor (USF) 1 binds to this IRE. The present study was conducted to initially evaluate whether there is a somatotropin response element (STRE) in the 5'flanking region of the FAS gene and to determine whether USF1 mediates the effect of ST on FAS gene transcription in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. Two 5' deletion FAS promoter constructs (pFAS-CATS4 and pFAS-CAT5), which contain the 5' flanking sequences of the rat FAS gene at -112 to +65 and -2195 to +65, respectively, were stably transfected into 3T3-F442A preadipocytes. Insulin stimulated chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity 1.7- and 4.7-fold (P < 0.05) in 3T3-F442A adipocytes transfected with pFAS-CATS4 and pFAS-CAT5, respectively. In contrast, bovine somatotropin (bST) attenuated the stimulatory effect of insulin on CAT activity by approximately 60% (P < 0.05) in both constructs. When 3T3-F442A adipocytes were treated with insulin (10 ng/mL) or insulin (10 ng/mL) plus bST (100 ng/mL) for 24, 48, or 72 h, neither insulin nor bST significantly affected USF1 mRNA levels. When human USF1 (hUSF1) cDNA probe was used, however, insulin increased the abundance of an unidentified transcript (named hUSF1-like mRNA) 11- to 25-fold (P < 0.05) and ST decreased the stimulatory effect of insulin on hUSF1-like mRNA levels by 50 to 90% (P < 0.05). Western blot analyses of nuclear extracts from cells treated with insulin (10 ng/mL) or insulin (10 ng/mL) plus bST (100 ng/mL) for 48 h demonstrated that the abundance of USF1 was not affected by insulin or ST. Furthermore, electrophoretic mobility shift analyses (EMSA) of nuclear extracts revealed that neither insulin nor ST had an effect on the binding of USF1 to the IRE. These results suggest that a STRE may be located within the first 112 bp of the FAS promoter and that USF1 does not directly mediate the effect of ST on transcription of the FAS gene in 3T3-F442A adipocytes.
Dermatologic Therapy 1988

This article presents a compilation of reviews of dermatologic therapy taken from selected 1987 sources written in English. These synopses, with comments by the author, are only a convenience; readers are advised to study the original article before utilizing any of the material.
Action recognition across cameras via reconstructable paths

To deal with the problem of view invariant action recognition, this paper presents a novel approach to recognize human actions across cameras via reconstructable paths. Each action is modelled as a bag of visual-words based on the spatio-temporal features. Although this action representation is sensitive to view changes, the proposed reconstructable path is able to “translate” the action descriptor of one camera view to that of another camera view. In the learning of the paths, a dictionary is learned under each view to transform the action descriptors into a sparsely represented space, and a linear mapping function is simultaneously learned to bridge the semantic gap between the source and target spaces, such that each domain structure can be fully explored and the discrimination among action categories can be well preserved after translation. Along the reconstructable paths, an unknown action from the target view can be precisely reconstructed into any source view, and thus the SVM classifiers trained in source views are able to recognize this unknown action from target view. The proposed approach is tested on the IXMAS data set, and the experimental results achieve improved accuracy about 7% compared to other existing methods, demonstrating its effectiveness for action recognition across cameras.
Exploiting Nanocarriers for Combination Cancer Therapy

Combination chemotherapy has vastly improved patient outcomes following treatment for cancer. Combining multiple drugs with non-overlapping mechanisms of action has been shown to forestall the development of drug resistance, leading to increased efficacy. Emerging insights into cancer pathophysiology from tumor genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics now present us with unprecedented opportunities to combine targeted molecular therapies together, or to combine molecular therapies with cytotoxic chemotherapy in a rationally designed manner based on unique molecular signatures. However, the clinical implementation of these improved drug combinations is frequently limited by overlapping drug toxicities. By using new nanotechnology platforms to enhance tumor targeting, and provide precise spatial and temporal control of drug delivery for each agent within a multi-drug regimen, it should be possible to mitigate these toxicity limitations and treat tumors with increasing safety, efficacy and durability. This chapter discusses recent efforts in developing nanoparticles to deliver multiple types of drugs for temporally-sequenced concurrent or sequential combination chemotherapy.
New challenges in evaluating anemia in older persons in the era of molecular testing

Anemia is common in older persons, and often remains unexplained despite a thorough clinical history, physical examination, and focused laboratory testing, including marrow aspiration, biopsy, and karyotyping. The advent of molecular genetic testing panels in hematology clinical practice has complicated the evaluation of older patients with unexplained anemia. While the presence of a somatic mutation provides evidence of clonal hematopoiesis and may support a diagnosis of a hematologic neoplasm such as one of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), with rare exceptions, individual mutations are not strongly associated with one specific diagnosis, nor are they by themselves diagnostic of neoplasia. A clonal mutation in a patient with cytopenias and a nondiagnostic bone marrow may indicate a syndrome with a similar natural history to MDS, but at present there are no clear criteria to distinguish cytopenias coincidentally seen in association with an unrelated clonal mutation from cytopenias that are directly caused by that mutation. Ongoing and planned analyses will help define when mutation patterns alone can identify a disorder equivalent to a morphologically defined myeloid neoplasm such as MDS, further clarifying the etiology and natural history of unexplained anemia in the elderly.
Bragging about online purchases: comparing consumer word-of-mouth among Hispanics and non-Hispanics groups

The purpose of this study was to explore to what extent consumers use word-of-mouth (WOM) to share information about their online purchases and to what extent WOM differ across segments and cultural groups. An online survey with a total sample of 2,850 was used to measure and model the impact of WOM. The findings of the study support the premise that acculturation is a moderator of WOM, and confirms the predictive value of culture on consumer attitudes and behaviours. From a practical perspective, the results indicate that un-acculturated Hispanics (new immigrants and first generation) are more prone to use WOM than acculturated Hispanic consumers, who in turn, are more prone to use WOM to brag about their online shopping than non-Hispanics/Whites in the USA. Finally, a tested model reveals WOM plays a mediating role in increasing consumer preference for premium products.