cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic differentiation in fitness related traits between populations of an extremely rare sunflower: Conservation management of isolated populations

Abstract Knowledge of the genetic and demographic consequences of rarity is crucial when evaluating the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population viability, and for creating management plans in rare plant species. Reduction in population size and in the number of populations can lead to decreased genetic diversity and increased inbreeding. Genetic diversity is often correlated with fitness and is frequently used to identify populations of greatest conservation concern, or those that may be good candidates for ex situ conservation programs. However, an association between these factors is not always clear, and crossing studies evaluating whether there is phenotypic differentiation among populations in fitness related traits can inform managers of suffering populations or good sources for ex situ materials. Crossing studies can also evaluate the potential for genetic rescue to boost fitness in suffering populations. To address these questions, we conducted two generations of controlled crosses between populations of the extremely rare and fragmented sunflower, Helianthus verticillatus . We measured achene viability, germination, survival, and pollen viability (F 1 only) in 176 F 1 and 159 F 2 families. The populations were differentiated with respect to phenotypic fitness measures with one population having significantly lower achene viability and germination. Also, the potential for genetic rescue was observed as gene flow into the less fit population resulted in higher fitness measures in both the F 1 and F 2 . Results are discussed with respect to the importance of combining genetic marker data with crosses and the implications for conservation in disjunct populations of rare species.
Artistic creativity and aging in India.

This paper is a focused consideration of artistic creativity in relation to different phases of the Hindu life cycle. Life history and psychological test data collected from 110 male Brahmin folk painters at an orthodox sacred pilgrimage center in western India are presented. Folk theories of creative process and the psychogenesis of creative energy for symbolic expressive behavior throughout the life cycle are related to recent theoretical interest in ego boundary maintenance, to Jungian psychoanalytic theory, and to Hindu notions of achieving psychological wholeness, balance, and augmented creative potential in later life. It is argued that artistic creativity does not necessarily decline with chronological age. Male painters asked to rank each other along a creativity continuum into three groups according to high or low degree of perceived creativity are discussed: mean ages for each of these painter-defined groups are presented. Scores on the Barron-Welsh Revised Art Scale from painters of all three g...
MEDIAL EPICONDYLITIS AND CUBITAL TUNNEL SYNDROME IN THE THROWING ATHLETE

Medial epicondylitis and ulnar nerve problems are common in the throwing athlete, resulting from the tremendous valgus stress that occurs during the acceleration phase of pitching. They are too often ignored as a cause of medial pain in the throwing athlete in favor of the diagnosis of ulnar collateral ligament injury. The latter seems to be in vogue, and there is a virtual epidemic of reconstructive surgery to address this diagnosis. The question is whether more medial pain is caused by the former two diagnoses than the latter. We need to have a better understanding of the natural history and differential diagnosis of medial side pain, which, I hope, will come with time. Nonetheless, medial stress injuries occur in the throwing athlete, and can cause inflammation of the adjacent anterior capsule flexor pronator mass, the ulnar collateral ligament, and the ulnar nerve. This review highlights these problems, their anatomy, diagnosis, and management.
Cardiovascular adjustments to exercise: hemodynamics and mechanisms.

Abstract The integrated response to servere exericse involves fourfold to fivefold increases in cardiac output, which are due primarily to increases in cardiac rate and to a lesser extent to augmentation of stroke volume. The increase in stroke volume is partly due to an increase in end-diastolic cardiac size (Frank-Starling mechanism) and secondarily due to a reduction in end-systolic cardiac size. The full role of the Frank-Starling mechanism is masked by the concomitant tachycardia. The reduction in end-systolic dimensions can be related to increased contractility, mediated by beta adrenergic stimulation. Beta adrenergic blockade prevents the inotropic response, the decrease in end-systolic dimensions, and approximately 50% of the tachycardia of exercise. The enhanced cardiac output is distributed preferentially to the exercising muscles including the heart. Blood flow to the heart increases four-fold to fivefold as well, mainly reflecting the augmented metabolic requirements of the myocardium due to near maximal increases in cardiac rate and contractility. Blood flow to the inactive viscera (e.g., kidney and gastrointestinal tract) is maintained during severe exercise in the normal dog. It is suggested that local autoregulatory mechanisms are responsible for maintained visceral flow in the face of neural and hormonal autonomic drive, which acts to constrict renal and mesenteric vessels and to reduce blood flow. However, in the presence of circulatory impairment, where oxygen delivery to the exercising muscles is impaired as occurs to complete heart block where normal heart rate increases during exercise are prevented, or in congestive right heart failure, where normal stroke volume increases during exercise are impaired, or in the presence of severe anemia, where oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is limited, visceral blood flows are reduced drastically and blood is diverted to the exercising musculature. Thus, visceral flow is normally maintained during severe exercise as long as all other compensatory mechanisms remain intact. However, when any other compensatory mechanism is disrupted (even the elimination of splenic reserve in the dog), reduction and diversion of visceral flow occur.
Reduction of Hox gene expression by histone H1 depletion.

© 2012 Zhang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Local Potential in Mesoscopic Systems

The current understanding of the local potential distribution in mesoscopic systems is reviewed. The result in a quantum wire in a weak magnetic field is also presented.
Teaching Evidence‐based Medicine to Medical Students

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is the rubric for an approach to learning and practicing medicine that applies skills from clinical epidemiology, library science, and information management to clinical practice. Teaching EBM effectively requires a longitudinal approach throughout medical education. This presents many opportunities for academic emergency physicians, especially in the setting of an emergency medicine clerkship. EBM is best taught at the bedside, although this depends on a skilled and interested faculty. Bedside teaching of EBM also requires ready access to modern information resources. Other venues for teaching EBM include morning report, teaching conferences, and journal clubs. Many tools can be used to aid the process, including Web-based sources such as UpToDate, textbooks, and Web-based tutorials, educational prescriptions, and critically appraised topics.
Commentary: Reflections on Field Research and Professional Practice:

Borrowing from the ethnographic genre that Van Maanen (1988) called the confessional tale, this commentary reflects on the political, ethical, and professional concerns that arise when critical intellectuals work in a government installation that maintains the nation’s nuclear stockpile. The authors suggest that the future is, as Haraway (1997) argued, ineluctably technological and that the best way to engage this cultural formation is from within, eschewing the easy politics of the science wars and articulating critical projects with the hard work of science. The modernist ideal of unconflicted ideological positions and research—stories of good guys and bad guys—is a disabling illusion. Practicing rhetoricians face a kind of “worldliness” that Hall (1989) described as a necessary counterpart to the “clean air” of theory. The authors invite their colleagues to join them in grappling with political and ethical analyses in a world of impure identity in which knowledge and power circulate promiscuously.
The Effects of Child Maltreatment on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

Abnormal functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a critical mammalian stress response system, has been associated with emotional responses such as anxiety and depression, as well as with behavioral and cognitive processes such as aggression, learning and memory deficits, and failure of response inhibition. This review examines the evidence for HPA axis dysregulation related to childhood maltreatment. It is concluded that child maltreatment may lead to disruptions in HPA axis functioning, and that factors such as age of maltreatment, parental responsiveness, subsequent exposure to stressors, type of maltreatment, and type of psychopathology or behavioral disturbance displayed may influence the degree and patterning of HPA disturbance.
Dwell position inaccuracy in the Varian GammaMed HDR ring applicator

Varian has issued two Product Notification Letters warning of known inaccuracies in dwell positions for their GammaMed HDR ring applicator. This inaccuracy was measured for two sets of applicators. Autoexposed radiographs were taken of the HDR source at different dwell positions and analyzed per Varian recommendations using tools within the BrachyVision treatment planning program. Comparison between programmed and actual dwell positions showed the actual positions shifted distally by an average of 0.34 cm (0.17 cm-0.59 cm) across all positions in all rings. A correction method was developed and tested. During planning, the tip of the ring was extrapolated distally beyond its actual position in the patient image set and a proximal offset of the same distance was applied to the dwell positions. A global shift of 0.3 mm corrected all but the most proximal actual dwell position to within +2 mm of the planned position.
The International Student Expertence: A U.S. Industry Perspectlve

This article reports on a study done among US. Job recruiters to determine their perceptions of the value of a students international exchange and/or international work experience to their companies. Results of the study indicate that job recruiters do not value the international exchange very highly, and that they favor national work experience over international work experience. Company characteristics were found to have some effect on perceptions, yet the recruiters' personal international backgrounds did not affect perceptions at all. The article contends that education may have to step up its efforts to persuade industry of the value of the international experience.
Improved survival with radiation therapy in high-grade soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities: a SEER analysis.

Purpose The benefit of radiation therapy in extremity soft tissue sarcomas remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of radiation therapy on overall survival among patients with primary soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity who underwent limb-sparing surgery. Methods and Materials A retrospective study from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database that included data from January 1, 1988, to December 31, 2005. A total of 6,960 patients constituted the study population. Overall survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meir method and for patients with low- and high-grade tumors. Hazard ratios were calculated based on multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Results Of the cohort, 47% received radiation therapy. There was no significant difference in overall survival among patients with low-grade tumors by radiation therapy. In high-grade tumors, the 3-year overall survival was 73% in patients who received radiation therapy vs. 63% for those who did not receive radiation therapy ( p Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the largest population-based study reported in patients undergoing limb-sparing surgery for soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities. It reports that radiation was associated with improved survival in patients with high-grade tumors.
GLOBAL OPERATIONS ON THE CMU WARP MACHINE

CMU is developing a high-performance machine, called Warp, fbr image and signal processing. The machine has a programmable svstolic array of linearly connected cells, each capable of performing 10 million floating-point operations per second. It is not surprising that the array can efficiently perform local operations, in which each output depends on a sniall corresponding area of the input. since the connections between the cells are neighbor connections. However. Warp is also suited to global image operations. in which each output can depend on any or a large portion of the inputs. In this paper we show this, and discuss the reasons why. As example global operations we take the fast Fourier transform (FFT), component labeling. Hough transform, and image warping. The FFT is an important computation in signal processing. Component labeling is a basic operation in image processing, often the last operation done before symbolic processing takes over. Hough transform. a technique used to match curve templates in images, is finding wide use in image processing these days, because of its robust performance in the presence of noise. Image warping is used to correct for lens distortions or to .nomialize images to make later processing easier. It is a time-consuming step not readily implementable on most parallel machines. We describe how Warp can efficiently implement these global operations. In particular, an efficient parallel algorithm for component labeling is proposed.
Low power design using double edge triggered flip-flops

In this paper we study the power savings possible using double edge triggered (DET), instead of, conventional single edge triggered (SET) flip-flops. We begin the paper by introducing a set of novel D-type double edge triggered flip-flops which can be implemented with fewer transistors than any previous design. The power dissipation in these flip-flops and single edge triggered flip-flops is compared via architectural level studies, analytical considerations and simulations. The analysis includes an implementation independent study on the effect of input sequences in the energy dissipation of single and double edge triggered flip-flops. The system level energy savings possible by using registers consisting of double edge triggered flip-flops, instead of single edge triggered flip-flops, is subsequently explored. The results are extremely encouraging, indicating that double edge triggered flip-flops are capable of significant energy savings, for only a small overhead in complexity. >
Market clearing price prediction using a committee machine with adaptive weighting coefficients

The use of a committee machine composed of multiple neural networks can capture more features in data and overcome the inadequacy of a single network. Different neural networks, however, may capture different features in data, and result in different inferences and predictions. Furthermore, network performance may not be constant as input features change. Without information on prediction quality of individual networks, it is difficult to appropriately combine them in a committee machine. To overcome the difficulty, insightful information called the prediction confidence is introduced and an associated method of determining adaptive weighting coefficients is developed in this paper. The key idea is that the confidence of a prediction is measured by the inverse of a prediction variance. Adaptive weighting coefficients are then derived to depend on past network performance and the confidence of current predictions. Therefore, a committee machine can properly determine coefficients according to past performance and prediction confidence of networks. The effectiveness of a new combination method is illustrated by power market clearing price prediction.
Dynamic simulations of flows of bubbly liquids at large Reynolds numbers

Results of dynamic simulations of bubbles rising through a liquid are presented. The Reynolds number of the flow based on the radius and the terminal speed of bubbles is large compared to unity, and the Weber number, which is the ratio of inertial to surface tension forces, is small. It is assumed that the bubbles do not coalesce when they approach each other but rather bounce instantaneously, conserving the momentum and the kinetic energy of the system. The flow of the liquid is assumed to be irrotational and is determined by solving the many-bubble interaction problem exactly. The viscous force on the bubbles is estimated from the rate of viscous energy dissipation. It is shown that the random state of bubbly liquids under these conditions is unstable and that the bubbles form aggregates in planes transverse to gravity. These aggregates form even when the size distribution of the bubbles is non-uniform. While the instability results primarily from the nature of inertial interaction among pairs of bubbles, which causes them to be attracted toward each other when they are aligned in the plane perpendicular to gravity, it is shown that the presence of viscous forces facilitates the process.
Personal and Metaphysical Identity

Adams and Yost1 have conjectured that Leibniz proffered a “purely qualitative” universe. Their conjecture, if restricted to an early stage of Leibniz’s career, agrees with Kulstad’s claim that Leibniz, early in his career, shared Spinoza’s view that there are no substances other than God and that what we typically regard as individuals are really modes or properties of God.2 According to this brand of pantheism, modes are loci of relations “within” the one substance, God, and the relations differentiate the modes, not distinct selbst standen “substrata” on which the relations are founded. During the “Spinozist”stage of Leibniz’s career, the question of whether a finite individual substance could have properties other than its actual properties is as inept for Leibniz as the question of whether a river could have a different depth would have been for Heraclitus.
Synthesis, Structure, Coordination Expansion and Theoretical Modelling of Dichlorobis(phenoxo) Titanium(IV) Complexes

Thermalisation of TiCl 4 and two equivalents of a phenol in toluene is found to be the best preparative method for quantitative yields of a variety of dichlorobis(phenoxo) complexes. [TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 4 CMe 3 -4) 2 ] (1) is monomeric in benzene, a phenoxo-bridged dimer in the solid state and undergoes coordination expansion with 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmbipy) to give [TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 4 CMe 3 -4) 2 (dmbipy)] (2). Also monomeric are [TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 2 Me 3 -2,4,6) 2 ] (3) and [TiCl 2 (O-C 6 H 3 iPr 2 -2,6) 2 ] (5) which expand their coordination with dmbipy to give [TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 2 Me 3 -2,4,6) 2 (dmbipy)] (4) and [TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 3 iPr 2 -2,6) 2 (dmbipy)] (6). In contrast [TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 2 {CMe 3 } 2 -2,6-Me-4) 2 ] (7) is only partially formed by the thermolysis reaction and does not coordinatively expand with dmbipy. [TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 3 Me 2 -2,4) 2 ] (8) is monomeric in benzene and reacts to form [TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 3 Me 2 -2,4) 2 -(dmbipy)] (9). [TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 3 {CMe 3 } 2 -2,4)2] (10) forms along with the tri-phenoxo complex [TiCl{OC 6 H 3 (CMe 3 ) 2 -2,4} 3 ]. [TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 3 CMe 3 -2-Me-6) 2 ] (11) is monomeric in benzene and forms [TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 3 CMe 3 -2-Me-6) 2 (dmbipy)] (12). 2-Phenylphenol and 1-napthol form [TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 4 Ph-2) 2 ] (13) and [TiCl 2 (OC 1 0 H 9 ) 2 ] (14) which are monomeric in benzene. DFT calculations give structural parameters for monomeric [TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 5 ) 2 ] (15) in good agreement with the X-ray data for [TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 3 Me 2 -2,6) 2 ]. Each oxygen of the phenoxo ligand in 15 acts essentially as a 2π donor to titanium and there is substantial p π (O)-p π *(C=C) backbonding with the phenyl ring, which is absent in [TiCl 2 (OCH 3 ) 2 ] (16). The global minimum for the dimer [(TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 5 ){μ-OC 6 H 5 }) 2 ] is in almost perfect agreement with the crystal structure obtained for [(TiCl 2 (OC 6 H 5 }{μ-OC 6 H 5 }) 2 ] or [(TiCl2(OC6H4CMe3-4}{μ-OC 6 H 4 CMe 3 -4}) 2 ] (1). The dimerisation energy for 15 is -26.2 kJ.mol - 1 .
Automatic synthesis of self-recovering VLSI systems

We describe an integrated system for synthesizing self-recovering microarchitectures called /spl Sscr//spl Yscr//spl Nscr//spl Cscr//spl Escr//spl Rscr//spl Escr/ in the /spl Sscr//spl Yscr//spl Nscr//spl Cscr//spl Escr//spl Rscr//spl Escr/ model for self-recovery, transient faults are detected using duplication and comparison, while recovery from transient faults is accomplished via checkpointing and rollback. /spl Sscr//spl Yscr//spl Nscr//spl Cscr//spl Escr//spl Rscr//spl Escr/ initially inserts checkpoints subject to designer specified recovery time constraints. Subsequently, /spl Sscr//spl Yscr//spl Nscr//spl Cscr//spl Escr//spl Rscr//spl Escr/ incorporates detection constraints by ensuring that two copies of the computation are executed on disjoint hardware. Towards ameliorating the dedicated hardware required for the original and duplicate computations, /spl Sscr//spl Yscr//spl Nscr//spl Cscr//spl Escr//spl Rscr//spl Escr/ imposes intercopy hardware disjointness at a sub-computation level instead of at the overall computation level. The overhead is further moderated by restructuring the pliable input representation of the computation. /spl Sscr//spl Yscr//spl Nscr//spl Cscr//spl Escr//spl Rscr//spl Escr/ has successfully derived numerous self-recovering microarchitectures. Towards validating the methodology for designing fault-tolerant VLSI ICs, we carried out a physical design of a self-recovering 16-point FIR filter.
Body fluid micro(mi)RNAs as biomarkers for human cancer

Accepted tools for early cancer detection run the gamut from Pap staining to detect cervical cancer detection to colonoscopy and biopsy for colorectal cancer detection to imaging (mammogram and, in high risk women, magnetic resonance imaging) and biopsy for breast cancer detection. These modalities use standard cytopathologic assessment to determine if disease is present. There are few biologic (DNA, RNA, protein or carbohydrate) markers (biomarkers) that are in general use for the detection of any cancer, or to identify individuals at increased cancer risk. Biomarkers have been identified that provide information to physicians on disease prognosis. Panels of biomarkers are being developed to predict response to treatment in individuals with known cancer, and some are currently in use. Nonethless, there is a great need to identify accurate biomarkers for the early detection of a new cancer, to identify individuals at increased cancer risk, and among those with cancer, to determine their likelihood of responding to a given treatment, risk of disease relapse and death. Micro (mi)RNAs hold promise as biomarkers for determining at risk individuals, for early cancer detection, and among those with cancer, to assess how likely a person is to respond a given treatment, their risk of disease recurrence and death.
HF frequency hopped signal direction finding using an antenna array

Passively detecting and localizing a frequency hopped signal presents two challenging problems. First, the signal must be detected by identifying individual frequency hopped chips associated with the signal of interest. Second, the array responses corresponding to individual chips must be combined in some manner to produce a direction of arrival estimate. This paper addresses the second problem. It describes a direction finding approach for frequency hopped signals that utilizes an antenna array, a switching network, and two wideband receivers. We present a maximum likelihood based approach to direction finding using array element response pairs collected during individual chip periods. Using a synthesized frequency hopped signal created from HF ionospheric sounder measurements, array responses are generated, and the direction of arrival estimated using the maximum likelihood based approach. The results are presented.
Using Model Coverage Analysis to Improve the Controls Development Process

Graphical simulation tools improve the effectiveness and efficiency of embedded controls development by providing an abstract view of a component or system in a visual paradigm. These modeling tools have unambiguous semantics and can execute designs. Coverage analysis can indicate the completeness and consistency of a set of requirements. Recent advances in code synthesis allow very efficient code to be produced directly from the graphical models. When generated code is used without modification model-based coverage analysis is more effective than the same analysis performed on generated code. Coverage analysis within a modeling tool should be consistent with the executable semantics of the tool and should be presented in a form that is easily associated with the graphical diagrams.
Diversity In Analyst Coverage

This paper examines the effect of intra-industry "earnings informativeness" and proprietary firm information on variation in security analyst coverage within industries. Earnings informativeness is defined as the extent to which privately developed or obtained information about one firms' earnings provides useful information about the earnings of its industry co-members. Proprietary information provides signals concerning future firm profitability, relative to industry competitors, resulting from such factors as new product developments and innovations in production processes. The results reveal that levels of analyst coverage relative to mean levels of industry-specific analyst interest is significantly positively associated with intra-industry earnings informativeness and size-adjusted annual research and development expenditures (a proxy for proprietary firm information). The findings also show that certain determinants of analyst coverage (e.g., firm size and institutional ownership) identified in the prior literature as explaining variation in aggregate analyst following also hold at the industry level. Finally, the paper examines whether the model variables found to possess explanatory power within industries can also serve to explain observed variation in inter-industry levels of analyst interest and the results suggest that they can.
The Ford Motor Company and the N.R.A.

There was something almost awesome, and perhaps typically American, in Henry Ford's defiance of the N.R.A. Ford staunchly maintained that the company he had founded and still ruled in absolute fashion was adhering to the law and had, in fact, anticipated many of its provisions. Critics focused their attack upon the company's labor practices, which clearly foreshadowed a coming strife, but no case was brought to court and Ford's fiercely individualistic attitude was never successfully constrained. The larger issue is not whether Ford did or did not comply, but rather what, in this period of profound social change, was to be the “fundamental American idea.”
Forest fragmentation in the Pacific Northwest: quantification and correlations

A forest fragmentation index was produced for western Oregon and western Washington that combined measures of forested area, percentage edge, and interspersion. While natural, human land-cover, and human land-use processes contribute to forest fragmentation in the region, the drivers of these processes are categorically different. Here we examine forest fragmentation caused by human land-use decisions, which accounts for 20% of the total forest edge in the region. Using multiple linear regression, we developed a model with socio-economic and environmental predictor variables that explains 80% of the variance of the forest fragmentation index across the region. Population density, income, and percentage agriculture were all significant and positively correlated with the fragmentation index. Significantly negative correlations were found between the forest fragmentation index and distance to highway, percentage federal land, slope, and a dummy variable indicating land in Oregon. The three components of the fragmentation index were used as predictor variables in separate regression models and yielded results similar to the composite index. Models run separately for western Oregon and western Washington were similar to the regional model except that distance to highway was only significant in the western Oregon model and income was only significant in the western Washington model.
Delineating protected wildlife corridors with multi‐objective programming

Protected wildlife corridors can help counteract habitat fragmentation and link isolated reserve “islands” into connected reserve systems. The need for wildlife corridors will grow as expanding human populations place increasing pressure on remaining undeveloped land. A two‐objective zero–one programming model is formulated for the problem of selecting land for a system of wildlife corridors that must connect a known set of existing reserves or critical habitat areas. This problem is modeled as a network Steiner tree problem, under the objectives of minimizing corridor land costs and minimizing the amount of unsuitable land within the corridor system. Linear programming is used to find exact solutions with little or no branching and bounding, and the multi‐objective weighting method is used to generate non‐inferior alternatives. Two hypothetical examples demonstrate the model and solution procedure. Results can help inform planning and decision making for protected area land acquisition and habitat restoration.
Understanding the Groundwater Hydrology of a Geographically-Isolated Prairie Fen: Implications for Conservation.

The sources of water and corresponding delivery mechanisms to groundwater-fed fens are not well understood due to the multi-scale geo-morphologic variability of the glacial landscape in which they occur. This lack of understanding limits the ability to effectively conserve these systems and the ecosystem services they provide, including biodiversity and water provisioning. While fens tend to occur in clusters around regional groundwater mounds, Ives Road Fen in southern Michigan is an example of a geographically-isolated fen. In this paper, we apply a multi-scale groundwater modeling approach to understand the groundwater sources for Ives Road fen. We apply Transition Probability geo-statistics on more than 3000 well logs from a state-wide water well database to characterize the complex geology using conditional simulations. We subsequently implement a 3-dimensional reverse particle tracking to delineate groundwater contribution areas to the fen. The fen receives water from multiple sources: local recharge, regional recharge from an extensive till plain, a regional groundwater mound, and a nearby pond. The regional sources deliver water through a tortuous, 3-dimensional “pipeline” consisting of a confined aquifer lying beneath an extensive clay layer. Water in this pipeline reaches the fen by upwelling through openings in the clay layer. The pipeline connects the geographically-isolated fen to the same regional mound that provides water to other fen clusters in southern Michigan. The major implication of these findings is that fen conservation efforts must be expanded from focusing on individual fens and their immediate surroundings, to studying the much larger and inter-connected hydrologic network that sustains multiple fens.
Modeling of Deformation in Nanocrystalline Copper Using An Atomistic-Based Continuum Approach

The deformation of copper with grain size less than 10 nm is investigated using a 2D continuum model incorporating atomistically-based constitutive relations. The local constitutive response of a series of symmetric and asymmetric tilt grain boundaries is obtained using an atomistic quasicontinuum method under tension and shear. The atomistic results show that it is possible to associate a constant maximum stress with each deformation mechanism triggered in the GB vicinity, i.e. GB sliding and decohesion, atom shuffling and partial dislocation emission. The GB strength is always found weaker in shear than in tension. This information is incorporated into a continuum polycrystalline model tested under compression. This model provides useful insights, in the absence of intragranular plasticity, into the onset of macroscopic quasi-plasticity, which results from GB sliding and collective grain rotation mechanisms.
The roles of external forcing and natural variability in global warming hiatuses

Global mean surface temperature (GMST) rising has slowed down since late 1990s, which is referred to as the global warming hiatus. There was another global warming hiatus event during 1940s–1960s. The roles of the external forcing and the natural variability in both global warming hiatuses are explored, using EOF analysis. The first two leading EOF modes of the 5-year running mean global sea surface temperature (SST) reflect the global warming scenario (EOF1) and the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO)-like natural variability (EOF2), respectively. In observation, PC2 was in its positive phase (eastern Pacific cooling) during 1940s–1960s, which contributed to the previous warming hiatus. In addition, GMST trends are found to be negative during late 1950s and 1960s in most of the CMIP5 historical runs, which implies that the external forcing also contributed to the pause in the GMST rising. It is further demonstrated that it is the natural radiative forcing (volcanic forcing) that caused the drop-down of GMST in 1960s. The current global warming hiatus has been attributed to the eastern Pacific cooling/enhanced Pacific trade winds. It is shown that the PC2 switched to its positive phase in late 1990s, and hence the IPO-like natural variability made a contribution to the slowdown of GMST rising in the past decade. It is also found that the EOF1 mode (global warming mode) of the observed SST features a smaller warming in tropical Pacific compared to the Indian Ocean and the tropical Atlantic. Such inter-basin warming contrast, which is attributed to the “ocean thermostat” mechanism, has been suggested to contribute to the intensification of Pacific trade winds since late 1990s as well. Global warming hiatuses are also found in the future projections from CMIP5 models, and the spatial pattern of the SST trends during the warming-hiatus periods exhibits an IPO-like pattern, which resembles the observed SST trends since late 1990s.
Shape Similarity Based on the Qualitative Spatial Reasoning Calculus eOPRAm

In our paper we investigate the use of qualitative spatial representations QSR about relative direction and distance for shape representation. Our new approach has the advantage that we can generate prototypical shapes from our abstract representation in first-order predicate calculus. Using the conceptual neighborhood which is an established concept in QSR we can directly establish a conceptual neighborhood between shapes that translates into a similarity metric for shapes. We apply this similarity measure to a challenging computer vision problem and achieve promising first results.
Influence Styles of Project Managers: Some Project Performance Correlates

The relationships between influence methods of project managers and their project performance are investigated. Findings indicate that influence methods emphasizing work challenge and expertise are...
A new intersex in Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae). II. Inheritance.

Data are presented which indicate that the recombination frequency for M (maleness) and w (white-eye) is 0.0160 ± 0.0097; that of w and c (intersex) is 0.0249 ± 0.0091. The order of loci is m-w-c . The gametic viabilities of dominant alleles to their recessive counterparts were 1.0046 ± 0.0132 for the sex locus, 1.0265 ± 0.0139 for the w locus, and 1.0045 ± 0.0059 for the c locus. The suppression of double crossovers was estimated at 92% over the chromosome segment from M to c .
Distortion Management in a BLI Inlet Diffuser using Synthetic-Jet Hybrid Flow Control

Flow distortion in a 5% scale model of a blended-wing-body (BWB) offset diffuser is mitigated at high subsonic speeds (up to M = 0.55) using integrated hybrid actuators comprised of tandem configurations of passive (vanes) and active (synthetic jets) flow control elements. The inlet flow of the model diffuser is conditioned to mimic the inlet flow of an airborne BWB offset diffuser by implementation of a novel boundary layer ‘fence’. It is shown that flow distortion at the engine face is reduced by each of the passive and active elements, and the reduction is even more significant when both actuation approaches are implemented concurrently over the entire range of test Mach numbers. Hybrid actuation yields overall distortion reduction of 35% at the design flow condition (M = 0.55) using a control system that is both fail safe and does not require an external air supply.
Radiopharmaceuticals: A Path Forward

The authors noted that the overall quality of the studies was rather poor. Only a few trials contained proper blinding procedures when assessing palliative end points, and many trials had incomplete follow-up. Systematic reviews often analyze studies of uneven quality, and this one is no exception. Given these limitations, I think that it would have been better to review a smaller number of high-quality trials than a larger number of trials with somewhat dubious methodologies. It is noteworthy that the authors concluded that the various isotopes all gave pain responses >50–60%. Given the lack of controls and the lack of quality of the trials, this author is uncertain whether these conclusions are true. Regulatory agencies should be quite careful about how pain is measured and how pain response and progression are assessed. In general, both randomization and doubleblinding are required for both patients and physicians so that neither party is aware of the administered agent. Furthermore, the side effects of the medication should not allow inadvertent patient unblinding; otherwise, outcomes could be biased. Validated and quantitative patientreported outcomes regarding pain are required, and analgesic consumption should be carefully monitored to ensure that pain relief is not simply due to taking more medications for pain. Given these stringent criteria, perhaps it is not surprising that only one radiopharmaceutical
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in homosexual men who remain seronegative for prolonged periods.

Abstract Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), as demonstrated by viral cultures, has been described in some patients before antibodies to HIV–1 can be detected, but the duration and frequency of such latent infections are uncertain. We selected prospectively a cohort of 133 seronegative homosexual men who continued to be involved in high-risk sexual activity, and we cultured 225 samples of their peripheral-blood lymphocytes, using mitogen stimulation to activate the integrated HIV-1 genome. HIV-1 was isolated in blood samples from 31 of the 133 men (23 percent), 27 of whom have remained seronegative for up to 36 months after the positive culture. The other four men seroconverted 11 to 17 months after the isolation of HIV-1. In three of them, we studied cryopreserved lymphocytes obtained earlier, using the polymerase chain reaction to amplify small amounts of viral DNA, and we demonstrated that HIV-1 provirus had been present 23, 35, and 35 months before seroconversion. We conclu...
Ambivalence, Selective Exposure, and Negativity Effect

Past research has extensively documented negativity bias effect, in which individuals show greater consideration of negative information than positive information in attitude formation. In this research, negativity bias was re-examined in the context of online consumer reviews processed by individuals with ambivalent attitudes. Across two studies, it was found that high-ambivalence individuals exhibited greater negativity bias only if the negative information served to reduce their ambivalence. Low-ambivalence individuals, on the other hand, showed greater preference for negative information only if it served to give them a more balanced view of the attitude object. Across all individuals, a general preference for negative information, in line with the negativity bias effect, was also observed.
Dynamics of thrust faulting: 2D lattice model

Particle motions in a foam rubber model of shallow-angle thrust faulting show many features different from those commonly assumed in dislocation models of subduction thrusts (Brune, 1996). As a complement to a physical foam rubber experiment, we have carried out dynamic simulation using a 2D lattice numerical model. The model is constructed as a triangular block sliding over a rectangular elastic block. It consists of a 2D set of particles interacting with each other by nonlinear Hooke's forces and obeying Newton's equations of motion. Rough surfaces are introduced on the contact plane of the two blocks to simulate realistic friction. The numerical simulations demonstrate several key features of thrust faulting, including stick slip, fault opening, and strong breakout and shaking at the hanging-wall toe (the wedge-shaped tip of the outcropping hanging-wall block) of the thrust fault, all consistent with the foam rubber experiments. The stick-slip motion shows an approximate time and slip repeatable behavior. Each slip event is characterized by a self-healing pulse associated with fault opening and frictional locking. The rupture pulse propagates steadily along the fault. When rupture reaches the toe of the fault outcrop, the hanging wall breaks away from the foot wall and creates a large opening vibration of the hanging wall. The peak acceleration observed at the hanging-wall toe of the fault outcrop is about 3 to 4 times the peak acceleration in the center part of the fault, and about 2 to 3 times the motion of the foot wall. Such a large increase in peak acceleration at the toe is caused mainly by multiply reflecting stress waves trapped in the wedge-shaped hanging wall of the fault. The strong asymmetry of the particle velocity between the hanging wall and foot wall is an important feature of the results consistent with the foam rubber model but different from standard dislocation models. This dynamic result illustrates the important effects of thrust faulting geometry on fault slip and ground motion.
SURVEY OF TABLEWARE DISINFECTION QUALITY IN A CHOSEN SPOT OF BAOSHAN CITY IN YUNNAN PROVINCE

Objective To investigate the tableware disinfection quality in one chosen spot of Baoshan City in Yunnan province,and provide basis for the management reinforcement. Methods Physical Chemical testing and dipstick assay were adopted. Results Tableware disinfection quality is on a gradual increase with an average FQA (Final Quality Assurance) 79.93% for 2 431 samples for sequent eight years among which 92.14% for the year 2008. Physical disinfection was adopted more than chemical disinfection,for the physical disinfection resulted in an average FQA 82.90% and chemical one 76.16%. Samples infected by colibacillus accounted for 94.15% of all the unqualified samples. Conclusion The tableware disinfection quality in the chosen spot of Baoshan City is on the increase; physical disinfection is more effective than chemical disinfection.
The engineering design of ARC: A compact, highfield, fusion nuclear science facility and demonstration power plant

The affordable, robust, compact (ARC) reactor conceptual design study aims to reduce the size, cost, and complexity of a combined fusion nuclear science facility (FNSF) and demonstration fusion pilot power plant. ARC is a 200 MWe tokamak reactor with a major radius of 3.3 m, a minor radius of 1.1 m, and an on-axis magnetic field of 9.2 T. ARC is designed to use rare earth barium copper oxide (REBCO), a type of high-temperature superconductor (HTS), for its toroidal field coils. The use of HTS technology offers many advantages over traditional superconductors when applied to tokamak designs. REBCO superconductors in particular have orders of magnitude higher critical current density than traditional superconductors such as Nb3Sn at local fields greater than 20 T, enabling much higher fields to be used in the tokamak. The large allowable temperature range (up to ∼90 K) of HTS allows the use of coolants other than helium and makes possible the design of joints in the toroidal field coils. This allows the vacuum vessel to be replaced quickly, lowering first wall survivability concerns and reducing the cost and operational implications of vessel failure during the experimental phase of the reactor. External current drive for ARC is provided by two inboard (high-field side) RF launchers using 25 MW of lower hybrid and 13.6 MW of ion cyclotron fast wave power. The resulting efficient current drive provides a robust, steady state core plasma far from disruptive limits. ARC uses an all-liquid blanket, consisting of low pressure, slowly flowing fluorine lithium beryllium (FLiBe) molten salt. The liquid blanket is low-risk technology and provides effective neutron moderation and shielding, excellent heat removal, and a tritium breeding ratio ≥ 1.1. The large temperature range over which FLiBe is liquid permits blanket operation at ∼900 K with single phase fluid cooling and a high-efficiency Brayton cycle, allowing for net electricity generation when operating ARC as a pilot power plant. When coupled with a demountable compact reactor design, the immersion blanket allows the vacuum vessel to be a replaceable component, eliminating the need for complex sector maintenance. The modular design of ARC allows a single machine to initially serve as an experiment and then transition to a demonstration commercial reactor.
A Content Analysis of Texting and Driving Danger Advertisements

Distracted driving, specifically texting and driving, in the US has become a public health problem in the US. In response, several ad campaigns designed to reduce this behavior among drivers are currently in press. Using content analysis, this study seeks to describe the existing print campaigns and compare to literature about the success of similar campaigns for other risky behaviors, for the purpose of informing future social marketing interventions that may help reduce this dangerous behavior. This is an exploratory study to identify elements and themes upon which further empirical work may be based.