cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural convection from a cylinder with multiple, low-conductivity, longitudinal baffles

Abstract In this paper, the problem of laminar natural convection over an isothermal horizontal cylinder with multiple, low-conductivity, longitudinal baffles is considered. The cylinder is assumed to be suspended in air. Results are obtained numerically over the range 10 3 ⩽ Ra ⩽10 6 , γ = 0.25 and 0.5 and N = 0, 1, 3, 5, 11, where γ is the dimensionless baffle length and N is the number of baffles. The results show that baffles are extremely effective in reducing the overall heat loss from the cylinder. Based on the cases considered in this study, energy savings as large as 68.4% (as compared to the case of a cylinder with no-baffles) can be realized if baffles are used. The overall baffle effectiveness increases as the number and baffle length increases.
Detection of random minefields in clutter

The performance of optimum minefield detection tests for unpatterned minefields is determined in this paper. A replacement model for an unpatterned (scatterable) minefield is defined. The log-likelihood ratio for minefield detection is then derived from the model, and detection performance (receiver operating characteristics) determined. The model is validated by a comparison with empirical results for data acquired with the Marine Corps Coastal Battlefield Reconnaissance and Analysis (COBRA) passive multispectral electro-optical sensor. Work with data from the US Army Remote Minefield Detection System (REMIDS) program is also discussed. The replacement model is extended to model the effect of clutter on minefield detection performance; clutter has a substantial impact on performance. Several issues for minefield detection are discussed in detail. First, the notion of jointly sufficient statistics for unpatterned minefield detection is defined. This leads to the categorization of previous work in minefield detection into hard decision and soft decision techniques. The soft decision technique is based on the idea of aggregating individual mine likelihoods over a candidate minefield region, as opposed to hard thresholding the individual mine calls and using the density of detected mines to determine the presence or absence of a minefield. The performance analysis is based on an application of the Central Limit Theorem; these results are validated by simulation, and in a particular case, by an exact computation of the relevant false alarm probabilities.
A response time model for choice behavior

A subject in a two-choice situation characteristically makes several observing responses before performing the final choice. This behavior can be described by means of a random walk model. The present paper explores some possibilities as to how this model can be extended to include choice time. The assumption is made that the duration of each step in the random walk is a random variable which is exponentially distributed. With this assumption, one can predict the probability distributions of the choice times as well as the moments of these distributions.
Stability Evaluation of a Mine Waste Pile

Failure of a portion of a mine waste pile motivated a study to identify remaining portions of the pile that were unstable and to suggest appropriate, remedial stabilization efforts. Data collection focused on the principal parameters that control stability, namely, pile geometry and material strength. Data from a topographic survey of the pile and the interpolated bedrock surface under the pile were used to characterize the slope of the mine waste pile and the thickness of the waste material. Strength data were obtained from conventional, small-scale laboratory test methods and a large-scale test method that was used in the field and the laboratory. The small-scale tests, which did not include the relatively coarse fraction of the mine waste material, tended to overestimate the strength of the waste pile material. Strength and pile geometry data were combined in a GIS-based model that provided a first-order, conservative estimate of the stability of the pile based on the infinite slope method. Results from this model indicated three potentially unstable areas. These areas were analyzed using the method of slices. A single location on the pile was found to have an unacceptable factor of safety. A simple grading plan to remediate the problematic location was developed.
Reaction mechanisms of 10 to 43 MeV/u heavy ions

Abstract Measurements of particle emission, linear momentum transfer and angular momentum transfer have been used to explore reaction mechanisms in the intermediate energy range where qualitatively different nuclear processes may be observable. The current status of our understanding of heavy ion reaction mechanisms with projectiles having velocities comparable to the velocity of sound and the Fermi velocity is summarized.
Acute coronary syndromes in 2013: Optimizing revascularization strategies in patients with ACS

Catheter-based revascularization has emerged as the gold-standard therapy for most patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Optimizing outcomes in these patients requires appropriate adjunctive pharmacological therapy and percutaneous coronary intervention. Five studies published in 2013 are expected to have a major effect on treatment and prognosis of patients with ACS.
Specificity of induction of cancer protective enzymes by analogues of tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA).

Abstract Protection by 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) and related phenols against chemical carcinogens, mutagens and other toxins has been attributed to the elevation of tissue levels of non-oxygenative detoxification enzymes. To analyze the mechanisms and specificity of these enzyme inductions, we synthesized a series of mono- and dialkyl ethers of tert-butylhydroquinone (R1O-[(CH3)3C-C6H3]-OR2) and its dimer. The abilities of these compounds to elevate the cytosolic specific activities of glutathione S-transferases (measured with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and l,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene) and of NAD(P)H: quinone reductase in liver, upper small intestine and forestomach of female CD-1 mice were evaluated. The animals were fed five daily doses of 50 gmmoles of each monomer (or 25 μmoles of each dimer). The structures of the monomers examined were: R1 = H and R2 = CH3 (I), R2 = C2 H5 (VI), R2 = (CH2)2CH3 (VIII), R2 = CH1(CH3)2 (X); R1 = CH3 and R2 = C2H5 (VII), R2 = (CH2) 2CH3 (IX), R2 = CH(CH3)2 (XI); R2 = CH3 and R1 = C2H5 (III), R1 = (CH2)2 CH3 (IV) and R1 = CH(CH3)2 (V). In addition, the monomethyl (XIII), monoethyl (XIV) and mono-n-propyl (XV) ethers of BHA dimer (XII; 2,2'-dihydroxy-3,3'-di-tert-butyl-5,5'-dimethoxybiphenyl) were also prepared. Under the conditions tested, all compounds were ineffective as enzyme inducers in the forestomach but produced coordinate induction of enzymes (generally 2- to 6-fold) in the cytosols of liver and mucosa of proximal small intestine. Increases in bulk of R1 and R2 beyond methyl groups tended to decrease the inductive potency of both monomers and dimers. The lack of strict structural specificity suggests that the induction depends on metabolic conversion of the analogues to common types of metabolites.
Stabilizing a discrete, constant, linear system with application to iterative methods for solving the Riccati equation

A constructive proof is given for easily finding constant feedback gains that stabilize a linear, time-invariant, discrete system. The results are directly applicable to initializing certain iterative methods that find steady-state gains for the discrete optimal regulator.
A case of prostatic adenocarcinoma recurrence presenting as ductal carcinoma of the prostate.

In this Case Study, Tu et al. report on a 61-year-old man previously treated for prostatic adenocarcinoma who presented with obstructive urinary symptoms and was subsequently found to have ductal carcinoma of the prostate. The authors discuss the difficulty of diagnosing this tumor, and the correct approach to its management. Background A 61-year-old man with a history of recurrent prostate cancer presented with obstructive urinary symptoms. He had been diagnosed with locally invasive adenocarcinoma of the prostate 10 years previously and treated with neoadjuvant hormonal and external beam radiation therapies. Because of the patient's rising PSA level, he had been started on goserelin 6 years after this diagnosis and bicalutamide 6 months before the current presentation. The patient presented to the urology clinic with worsening lower urinary tract symptoms consisting of nocturia, urgency, and weak stream. Investigations Physical examination revealed a largely normal digital rectal examination, although there was slight asymmetry. The post-void residual urine volume was approximately 200 ml. Laboratory tests showed no evidence of urinary tract infection, but confirmed a rising PSA level despite low serum testosterone levels. Cystoscopic examination revealed hypervascular, large lateral prostatic lobes obstructing the bladder neck. The bladder was normal. Diagnosis The patient underwent transurethral resection of the prostate. Soon after the resection started, bilateral papillary tumors arising from the stroma of both prostatic lobes were uncovered. Owing to the diffuse nature of the papillary tumors, complete resection was not possible. Pathologic analysis confirmed the presence of ductal carcinoma of the prostate. Management The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and reported improvement of voiding symptoms. Staging with bone scan and CT of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated multi-focal bony metastasis. The patient was started on docetaxel-based chemotherapy for hormone refractory recurrence of prostate cancer as ductal carcinoma of the prostate. He remains under close surveillance for clinical response and progression of disease.
The relationship between pulsatile GnRH secretion and cAMP production in immortalized GnRH neurons

In perifused immortalized GnRH neurons (GT1–7), simultaneous measurements of GnRH and cAMP revealed that the secretory profiles for both GnRH and cAMP are pulsatile. An analysis of GnRH and cAMP pu...
Corporate Colonization of Couples' Work-Life Negotiations: Rationalization, Emotion Management and Silencing Conflict

Increased demands at both work and home make it necessary for individuals and families to negotiate an increasingly precarious work-life balance. Managerialist discourse is one popular means of managing work-life balance by using corporate discourse to construct home life. This article uses the lens of corporate colonization to examine the often porous work-life boundaries of dual-earner couple's co-constructions of work-life concerns. Results suggest that the organizational realm is ever present in the couples’ understanding of the “ideal couple” and what should constitute “appropriate” interactions.
The magazine at the millennium: Integrating the internet

Dans l'industrie de l'edition, un regard en arriere vers les annees 90 montre l'une des periodes les plus diversifiees de l'histoire des magazines. Contrairement a ce qui avait ete predit, l'apparition de la television par câble et d'Internet n'a pas entraine la disparition des moyens de communication imprimes, y compris des magazines. Cela a au contraire alimente la creation de nouveaux titres. L'article analyse les evolutions survenues dans l'industrie des magazines, evolution dans les medias de diffusion des magazines, dans les categories et dans la circulation des magazines. Il fait ressortir une tendance a la specialisation des titres et un mouvement de diversification vers d'autres formes de medias, et montre que l'aube du nouveau millenaire pourrait bien signifier un nouvel âge d'or pour cette industrie.
Curling Up with a Story: An Interview with Sean Carroll

To meet Sean Carroll on his home turf in the early spring of Wisconsin is like encountering a bear cuddled up in his lair, waiting out the cold winter. I burrowed into the softly lit cave of small offices, with stalactites of yellow post-its dripping from every imaginable surface. Tiptoeing over misaligned stacks of books and reprints, I had to resist the urge to pick up one of the worn works, settle into a corner, and join in the reverie.
Expecting the best: The relation between peer optimism and social competence

The present research evaluated the construct of optimism and its relation to children's social competence. An optimism questionnaire was developed that specifically assessed children's expectations with regard to their peer interactions and peer relationships. This measure demonstrated acceptable levels of internal and test–retest reliability and was consistent with a three-factor hierarchical factor structure. After removing effects attributable to grade and perceived self-competence, girls’ peer optimism was specifically and negatively associated with feelings of isolation and boys’ peer optimism was associated with a much broader range of social outcomes including higher sociometric status, more friendships, and lower levels of rejection, victimization, and loneliness. These findings highlight the importance of peer optimism for understanding children's peer relations.
Natural rhythmic patterns in English verse: Evidence from child counting-out rhymes

Abstract Counting-out rhymes are part of an oral tradition whose primary participants are children. These facts are used to justify the claim that the rhythmic structure of counting-out rhymes can be attributed to natural preferences more readily than could the structure of formal verse considered alone. The first study uncovered a number of similarities between formal and counting-out verse. The rhythm of counting-out rhymes is constrained by the principle of rhythmic alternation, the nuclear stress and compound rules, and foot boundaries. In addition, both trochaic and iambic meters seem to exist as natural categories in counting-out rhymes. Finally, children appear to associate different grammatical categories with different degrees of stress, in a manner very similar to patterns found in adult verse. The second study explored the variants of one common counting-out rhyme and reports changes that preserve or improve the poetics of the rhyme. The discussion offers one definition of what a “natural” rhythmic pattern in verse might mean: A pattern that has parallels in the rhythmic structure of ordinary speech. This definition makes the study of verse attractive to psycholinguists for three reasons. First, factors that influence speech rhythm can be examined for their relevance to poetic rhythm, a possibility that renders tractable the psycholinguistic study of one form of language creativity. Second, hypotheses about the rhythmic structure of speech can be formulated from knowledge of poetic rhythm. Finally, studying the structure of child verse could foster understanding of the acquisition of prosodic rules, an area that has been relatively neglected in developmental psycholinguistics.
ZnO-CoO Nanoparticles Encapsulated in 3D Porous Carbon Microspheres for High-performance Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

Abstract In this paper we report a novel architecture of hierarchical 3D porous carbon microspheres (PCM) to encapsulate ZnO-CoO nanoparticles that serves as an advanced anode for high-performance lithium-ion battery (LIB). The PCM is fabricated by a facile aerosol spray pyrolysis method, and ZnO-CoO composite nanoparticles are infiltrated into the PCM by a simple one-pot hydrothermal procedure (i.e., ZnO-CoO@PCM). The developed hybrid material provides several advantages: (1) partial replacement of CoO with ZnO to offer a low-cost and eco-friendly candidate anode, (2) a continuous and large surface area (1236 m 2 g −1 ) carbon network for improved electrical conductivity and uniform dispersion of ZnO-CoO nanoparticles, and (3) porous structure for good electrolyte diffusion and fast Li-ion transport and to buffer the large volume expansion of the metal oxides. As a result, this new ZnO-CoO@PCM nanocomposite demonstrates a higher reversible capacity (1250 mAh g −1 after 150 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g −1 ), more excellent cycling stability, and better rate capability than a ZnO-CoO/PCM mixture and than a non-porous ZnO-CoO/carbon black mixture. The 3D porous nanocomposite architecture in this work could shed light on the design and synthesis of other metal oxides electrodes for energy storage.
Intestinal absorption of proline and leucine in chronically catheterized rats

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Most studies of intestinal amino acid absorption use methods in which intestinal function is studied immediately after surgical manipulation. The unphysiological experimental conditions present in these studies limit the ability to extrapolate their results to normal physiological conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the rates of proline and leucine absorption under normal physiological conditions. METHODS: Absorption of proline and leucine was measured in long-term catheterized rats using a method of dual infusion of radiolabeled isotopes. RESULTS: The maximum transport velocity and apparent membrane permeability for proline were 16.1 mumol/ min and 0.07 mumol.min-1.mmol/L-1. For leucine, the maximum transport velocity and apparent membrane permeability were 14.9 mumol/min and 0.08 mumol.min-1.mmol/L-1. Surgical bowel manipulation decreased the maximum transport velocities for proline and leucine by > 80%. The adverse effects of surgery were present for 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Under normal physiological conditions, most proline and leucine is absorbed by active transport. Measurements of amino acid absorption using methods in which the intestine has been surgically manipulated within the previous 24 hours significantly underestimate proline and leucine absorption and do not reflect absorption under normal physiological conditions. (Gastroenterology 1997 Sep;113(3):865-74)
The loss of forest birds habitats under different land use policies as projected by a coupled ecological-econometric model

Abstract Land use is driven by socio-economic factors that must be understood in order to mitigate habitat loss. Econometric land-use models describe how land use is affected by socio-economic factors, such as financial returns to different uses of land, and they can be linked to biological models to provide new insight for conservation. Our goal was to evaluate the effects of future land use change on the habitat of forest breeding bird species in northern Wisconsin. Specifically, we estimated the effects of land use change on the amount of habitat available and compared the effects of economic policy scenarios on bird habitat. To do this, we coupled a spatially-explicit econometric model of land use change on private lands with models of northern Wisconsin forest bird potential habitat, comparing a 50-yr baseline projection with a scenario providing incentives for forest growth and a high urban growth scenario. The baseline scenario suggests an average of 438,705 ha of forest lost (10%), with 1.9% of that saved under the Forest Incentive scenario, and a 1.6% greater loss for the Urban Growth scenario. Under baseline projections boreal birds experienced the least amount of habitat loss (2–3%), and deciduous forest birds the most (6–8%). For some species, the projected loss of habitat exacerbates ongoing long-term declining population trend. Coupled economic-ecological models can be used to evaluate alternative incentive programs and to explore the complex interactions between policy, land use change, and broad spatial scale ecological processes that are highly relevant to conservation.
Some Wax Formulations of Sulfaethylthiadiazole produced by Aqueous Dispersion for Prolonged-release Medication

Drug—wax particles were prepared by pouring heated aqueous solutions of surfactants into melted wax which contained dispersed sulfaethylthiadiazole (SETD). The systems then were slowly cooled to room temperature with stirring. The SETD-wax particles were recovered, washed, dried, and sieved into predetermined mesh size ranges. There appeared to be a direct relationship between drug release rate and average theoretical surface area of the SETD-Glycowax S-932 particles in vitro. This relationship was not seen in the SETD-beeswax particles. The dissolution rates of all the mesh ranges of particles studied seemed to be pseudo first order after the first 15 min. of testing. SETD-Glycowax S-932, 50- to 60-mesh particles, showed reasonably good prolonged-release properties in an in vivo urinary excretion study.
Signal recognition particle RNA localization within the nucleolus differs from the classical sites of ribosome synthesis

The nucleolus is the site of ribosome biosynthesis, but is now known to have other functions as well. In the present study we have investigated how the distribution of signal recognition particle (SRP) RNA within the nucleolus relates to the known sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis, processing, and nascent ribosome assembly (i.e., the fibrillar centers, the dense fibrillar component (DFC), and the granular component). Very little SRP RNA was detected in fibrillar centers or the DFC of the nucleolus, as defined by the RNA polymerase I–specific upstream binding factor and the protein fibrillarin, respectively. Some SRP RNA was present in the granular component, as marked by the protein B23, indicating a possible interaction with ribosomal subunits at a later stage of maturation. However, a substantial portion of SRP RNA was also detected in regions of the nucleolus where neither B23, UBF, or fibrillarin were concentrated. Dual probe in situ hybridization experiments confirmed that a significant fraction of nucleolar SRP RNA was not spatially coincident with 28S ribosomal RNA. These results demonstrate that SRP RNA concentrates in an intranucleolar location other than the classical stations of ribosome biosynthesis, suggesting that there may be nucleolar regions that are specialized for other functions.
Organic electronics. Low power, high impact.

Reducing the operating voltage and power consumption of organic-based logic circuits for portable applications is a critical step towards the commercialization of organic electronics.
Analytical stress intensity factor solutions for resistance and friction stir spot welds in lap-shear specimens of different materials and thicknesses

In this paper, analytical stress intensity factor and J integral solutions for resistance and friction stir spot welds without and with gap and bend in lap-shear specimens of different materials and thicknesses are developed. The J integral and stress intensity factor solutions for spot welds are first presented in terms of the structural stresses for a strip model. Analytical structural stress solutions for spot welds without and with gap and bend in lap-shear specimens are then developed based on the closed-form structural stress solutions for a rigid inclusion in a finite thin plate subjected to various loading conditions. With the available structural stress solutions, the analytical J integral and stress intensity factor solutions can be obtained as functions of the applied load, the elastic material property parameters, and the geometric parameters of the weld and specimen. The analytical stress intensity factor solutions are selectively validated by the results of three-dimensional finite element analyses for a spot weld with ideal geometry and for a friction stir spot weld with complex geometry, gap and bend. The stress intensity factor and J integral solutions at the critical locations of spot welds in lap-shear specimens of dissimilar magnesium, aluminum and steel sheets with equal and different thicknesses are then presented in the normalized forms as functions of the ratio of the specimen width to the weld diameter. Finally, general trends and simple estimation methods of the stress intensity factor and J integral solutions at the critical locations of spot welds in lap-shear specimens of different materials and thicknesses are given for convenient engineering applications.
The effect of school district structure on education spending

This paper develops a theoretical and empirical model of local spending on education that analyzes the effect of institutional structure on education spending. It attempts to determine whether the theory of bureaucratic behavior is consistent with school district spending decisions by testing the hypothesis that the number of school districts in a county has a negative effect on per pupil expenditures. The results are not consistent with the theory, but indicate that a fragmented school district structure serves to increase expenditures.
Conformational interconversion of the trans-4-hydroxynonenal-derived (6S,8R,11S) 1,N(2)-deoxyguanosine adduct when mismatched with deoxyadenosine in DNA.

The (6S,8R,11S) 1,N2-HNE-dGuo adduct of trans-4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) was incorporated into the duplex 5′-d(GCTAGCXAGTCC)-3′·5′-d(GGACTAGCTAGC)-3′ [X = (6S,8R,11S) HNE-dG], in which the lesion was mismatched opposite dAdo. The (6S,8R,11S) adduct maintained the ring-closed 1,N2-HNE-dG structure. This was in contrast to when this adduct was correctly paired with dCyd, conditions under which it underwent ring opening and rearrangement to diastereomeric minor groove cyclic hemiacetals [Huang, H., Wang, H., Qi, N., Lloyd, R. S., Harris, T. M., Rizzo, C. J., and Stone, M. P. (2008) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 10898−10906]. The (6S,8R,11S) adduct exhibited a syn/anti conformational equilibrium about the glycosyl bond. The syn conformation was predominant in acidic solution. Structural analysis of the syn conformation revealed that X7 formed a distorted base pair with the complementary protonated A18. The HNE moiety was located in the major groove. Structural perturbations were observed at the neighbor C6·G19 and A8·T1...
Initiation of Voiding in Humans: The Nature and Temporal Relationship of Urethral Sphincter Responses

ABSTRACTPurpose: The nature and sequence of events during the initiation phase of human micturition are unclear. Disagreement concerning the urethra sphincter response to detrusor contraction may stem from the functional extension of periurethral striated muscle to the bladder neck in many but not all individuals, and the methods used during conventional cystometry, in which individuals are asked to forestall urination for as long as possible (urgency voiding), and by stratifying results by whether striated muscle influence extended to the bladder neck, response of the proximal urethra might be more readily determined.Materials and Methods: Using a triple microtip transducer catheter and a triple lumen fluid-filled catheter, we investigated 44 consecutive men and women with a variety of urodynamic findings, including 12 whose evaluation was normal.Results: Despite the diversity of urodynamic diagnoses, once data were stratified as described, results were striking and uniform. The smooth muscle component o...
Self-administration of cocaine-remifentanil mixtures by monkeys: an isobolographic analysis.

Abuse of mixtures of stimulants and opioids (“speedball”) is common. Although this combination has been studied in the laboratory, conclusions about the nature of the cocaine/opioid interaction have been mixed. The objectives of the present experiment were to allow monkeys to self-administer mixtures of cocaine and the μ opioid agonist remifentanil and to quantify the interaction using the isobolographic approach. Our hypothesis was that the drugs would be super-additive in their reinforcing effects. Rhesus monkeys (n = 5) prepared with i.v. catheters were allowed to self-administer cocaine or saline under a progressive-ratio schedule. When responding was stable, doses of cocaine or remifentanil were made available in test sessions. Next, mixtures of doses of the drugs were tested over a range of doses in 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 ratios of their ED50s. Results were analyzed using isobolographic techniques. Both drugs alone and all drug mixtures functioned as positive reinforcers in a dose-related manner. Cocaine maintained more responding at maximum than did remifentanil, i.e., was a stronger reinforcer. The experimentally determined equi-effective dose for the 1:1 and 1:2 cocaine/remifentanil mixtures tended toward super-additivity, but the difference from additivity did not achieve statistical significance. The 2:1 mixture was super-additive. Maximum responding maintained by the mixtures was higher than that maintained by remifentanil but not different from cocaine. Combinations of cocaine and remifentanil can be additive or super-additive as positive reinforcers, depending on proportions of each. Interactions between stimulants and opioids may contribute to the abuse of these mixtures.
Effective potential for e-atom scattering by DCS minimization at intermediate energies

The differential scattering cross section (DCS) for electrons scattered elastically by neon is studied using a model potential. The short-range part of the effective potential is represented by the Chebyshev approximation and the long-range polarization potential is represented by an energy-dependent function. The computed differential cross section obtained using the approximate effective interaction potential for electrons scattered by neon atoms in their ground state in the 50–100 eV energy range is compared with available published results. In the present study, a nonrelativistic Hartree–Fock wave function of the target atom is used to compute the short-range static part of the interaction potential and the parameters contained in the energy-dependent function are determined by the minimization of the DCS with respect to the angle and the incident energy. The resulting DCS in the angular range 2°<θ<178° is found to be in good agreement with the available experimental and theoretical results in the intermediate energy range. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 65: 585–590, 1997
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND SOIL TEXTURE ON ANPP IN THE U.S. GREAT PLAINS

Aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in grassland ecosystems is positively related to mean annual precipitation (MAP). However, at any given level of precipitation, other factors may effect ANPP. Our objective was to determine the importance of temperature and soil texture in explaining ANPP in the Great Plains of the United States. We constructed a spatial database of ANPP, climate, and soil texture for the region using a geographic information system. Holding MAP constant at 5-cm intervals, we related ANPP to mean annual temperature (MAT), and soil sand and clay contents. Our findings indicate that MAT and soil texture are important variables for explaining patterns of ANPP, after accounting for the variability explained by MAP. There is a negative relationship between temperature and ANPP when MAP is held constant; this has important climate-change implications. Results revealed an MAP crossover point for the inverse texture effect at ∼80 cm of rainfall, much higher than previously reported. The c...
Web caching using access statistics

We consider the problem of caching web pages with the objective of minimizing latency of access. Demands for web domains/pages are computed using access statistics; the frequency with which these statistics change is considerably longer than the frequency of page requests. We model caches as being constrained by total size and total number of ports: each cache can handle only a limited request rate and can store only a limited number of domains (eg. modelling bounded update traffic). When the caches have fixed locations, we present a constant factor approximation to the optimum average latency while exceeding capacity constraints by a logarithmic factor. We demonstrate improved results in the special case where no replication of pages is allowed. In the alternate model where we are allowed to place our own caches in the network for a cost, we produce a constant approximation to the weighted sum of cost and average latency. Finally, we consider several other variants of the problem which might arise in practice.
Trophic regulation of nerve cell morphology and innervation in the autonomic nervous system

A remarkable feature of nerve cells is the complex and variable pattern of their axonal and dendritic branches. Quantitative studies of a simple part of the nervous system in mammals provide evidence that neuronal geometry and innervation are regulated by long-term trophic interactions between neurons and their targets. This trophic linkage may explain how nerve cells adjust their function to the needs of bodies that vary markedly in size and form.
The cytology of cotyledon cells and the induction of giant polytene chromosomes inPisum sativum

The cotyledon cells ofPisum sativum have high DNA contents. By appropriate culture techniques, some of these cells can be triggered into division. Two types of dividing nuclei were seen. Firstly those that were polyploid with metaphases containing chromosome numbers ranging in value from 4 x to 32 x. Included among these were unexpected numbers equivalent to 12 x and 14 x. Secondly there were cells containing giant polytene chromosomes and these progressed from prophase to a metaphase where the polytene chromosomes separated into constituent single chromosomes.
Cue-induced craving for marijuana in cannabis-dependent adults.

Recent interest in the development of medications for treatment of cannabis-use disorders indicates the need for laboratory models to evaluate potential compounds prior to undertaking clinical trials. To investigate whether a cue-reactivity paradigm could induce marijuana craving in cannabis dependent adults, 16 (eight female) cannabis dependent and 16 (eight female) cannabis-naive participants were exposed to neutral and marijuana-related cues, and subsequent changes in mood, self-reported craving, and physiologic function were assessed. Significant group X cue interactions were found on all three VAS craving indices as well as on the Compulsivity scale of the Marijuana Craving Questionnaire-Brief Form (MCQ-BF). Cannabis dependent individuals responded to marijuana-related cues with significantly increased reports of marijuana craving compared to neutral cue exposure, although there were no cue-induced changes in any of the physiological measures. There were no significant gender differences on any of the measures. These results indicate that marijuana craving can be induced and assessed in cannabis dependent, healthy adults within a laboratory setting, and support the need for further research of the cue reactivity paradigm in the development of medications to treat cannabis-use disorders.
Rural-Urban Differences in Access to Specialist Providers of Colorectal Cancer Care in the United States: A Physician Workforce Issue

CI, 1.40-1.85; P < .001), general surgeons (2.01; 95% CI, 1.28-2.73; P < .001), and radiation oncologists (0.68; 95% CI, 0.59-0.77; P < .001) per 100 000 people living in urban vs rural counties. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A rural-urban disparity exists in the density of gastroenterologists, general surgeons, and radiation oncologists who traditionally provide colorectal cancer screening services and treatment. This might affect access to these services and may negatively influence outcomes for colorectal cancer in rural areas.
Developmental change in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys: a four-year longitudinal study.

One hundred six clinic-referred boys meeting criteria for DSM-III-R attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (mean age 9.4 years) were assessed annually for 4 years using structured interviews of multiple informants. Hyperactivity—impulsivity symptoms declined with increasing age, but inattention symptoms did not. Rather, inattention declined only from the first to the second assessment and remained stable thereafter in boys of all ages. The rate of decline in hyperactivity—impulsivity symptoms was independent of the amount and type of treatment received. Boys who still met criteria for ADHD in Years 3 and 4 were significantly younger, more hyperactive—impulsive, and more likely to exhibit conduct disorder in Year 1 than boys who no longer met criteria in Years 3 and 4.
Liquid phase silylation of a bilayer resist system

0.35 μm packed and 0.20 μm isolated features have been printed with a positive acting top-surface imaging process. The process consists of a bilayer resist scheme, the top layer of which is a chemically amplified negative resist. The latter, after exposure and post-exposure bake, is silylated in the liquid phase and the latent positive images are resolved using an oxygen plasma etch.
Tissue-, age-, and stage-specific patterns of protein synthesis during the development of Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract Patterns of polypeptide synthesis in the imaginal and larval tissues of wild-type larvae of different ages have been examined using a one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autofluorography. Tissue-, age, and stage-specific patterns of polypeptide bands have been observed and characterized. There are one or two bands unique to larval tissues and 13 bands unique to imaginal discs and brain. Each tissue has its own characteristic band pattern. The 160-hr wing disc contains all 13 disc and brain-specific bands plus another eight unique bands. The 160-hr leg disc contains 11 disc- and brain-specific bands plus another six unique bands. The 160-hr eye-antennal disc contains eight disc- and brain-specific bands. There are five bands common to all imaginal tissues at all times but not found in any of the larval tissues. There appears to be a much greater difference between the same tissue at different ages than there is between different tissues at the same age. There is also a marked change in the total body proteins extracted from different developmental stages. Eight (11%) of the bands detected appear to be common to all tissues at all times, while 13 bands (18%) appear to be specific to pairs of imaginal discs. In addition, there are major differences in the patterns observed between pulsed and pulse-chased animals. These results are discussed in relation to the concept of differential gene activity.
Deaggregation is an integral component of the response of platelets to ADP in vitro : kinetic studies of literature and original data

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is recognized as an important mediator of platelet aggregation. Transient aggregation at low (< or =1 microM), and sustained aggregation at higher ADP concentrations are consistently observed. Dissociation of platelet aggregates has been described and may explain the reversible component of the aggregation response. We hypothesized that the net aggregation response to ADP in vitro results from the concurrent activation of two opposing processes, aggregation and deaggregation. Different purinergic receptor subtypes may mediate these effects. To test this hypothesis and its generalizability, we performed a kinetic analysis of representative published ADP-induced aggregation responses supplemented with original data from our laboratory. A four-compartment kinetic model was used to estimate k(3), a rate constant of deaggregation. Two model-independent parameters, the magnitude of the aggregation response (DeltaOD) and the time to reach maximal aggregation (t(peak)) were also assessed. Greater sustained aggregation at higher ADP concentrations was consistently associated with increased DeltaOD and t(peak) but decreased k(3) values. These relationships were independent of type of platelet preparation or experimental conditions and not due to ADP receptor desensitization. Conversely, blockade of the P2Y(12) receptor subtype (ticlopidine, clopidogrel or 2-MeS-AMP) decreased DeltaOD and t(peak) but increased k(3) values. This supports the presence of active deaggregation which is decelerated by activation of the P2Y(12) receptor subtype.
Long-term synapse loss induced by focal blockade of postsynaptic receptors.

Focal application in vivo of α-bungarotoxin to block neurotransmission in a small region of a neuromuscular junction causes long-lasting synapse elimination at that site. In contrast, blockade of neurotransmission throughout a junction does not cause synapse elimination. These and related experiments indicate that active synaptic sites can destabilize inactive synapses in their vicinity.
Protecting child witnesses in sexual abuse cases.

As the number of allegations of child sexual abuse continues to grow, the task of convicting offenders has proven to be more complicated than many people anticipated. In large part, the difficulties stem from the need to rely on testimony from the victims of abuse, many quite young, who may have been the only witnesses to the act. When preschool-age and elementary-school-age victims succumb to the stresses of testifying in court, contradict their earlier statements, or become unable to remember and recount what occurred, prosecutors see their carefully prepared cases crumble and
Amplitude-equalized dual-wavelength rational harmonic mode-locked fiber ring laser

Abstract We report a dual-wavelength amplitude-equalized rational harmonic mode-locked fiber laser operating at up to 40 GHz based on the technique of nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) in a highly nonlinear fiber. A theoretical simulation shows that NPR structure can introduce a self-feedback mechanism to stabilize the two simultaneously lasing wavelengths. By carefully adjusting the polarization controllers (PCs) in the cavity, amplitude-equalized pulses at two different wavelengths have been obtained.
Poster: Retro: an automated, application-layer record and replay for android

Today's mobile applications operate in a diverse set of environments, where it is difficult for a developer to know beforehand what conditions his or her application will be put under. For example, once deployed on an online application store, an application can be downloaded on different types of hardware, ranging from budget smartphones to high-end tablets. In addition, network conditions can vary widely from Wi-Fi to 3G to 4G. Mobile applications also need to co-exist with other applications that compete for resources at different times.Due to this diverse set of operating conditions, it is difficult to understand what problems are occurring in the wild for mobile applications. Moreover, it is even more difficult to reproduce problems in a lab environment where developers can debug the problems. Some platforms support bug reports and stack traces, but they are inadequate in scenarios when operating conditions and inputs are not consistent.To address these issues, we propose Retro, an automated, application-layer record and replay system for Android. Unlike previous record and replay systems, Retro aims to support mobile Android applications with three features.First, Retro provides an automated instrumentation framework that transforms a regular Android application into a traceable application. This means that Retro does not require any change in the Android platform; thus, it enables developers to distribute instrumented applications via online application stores. Through the instrumentation, Retro records application-layer events such as click events, sensor readings, method calls, and return values. In order to reduce the overhead of logging, Retro also uses a selective logging mechanism that decides which event types to log at runtime.Second, Retro provides a replayer that a developer can use in a lab environment to faithfully replay a recorded run. To maximize the ease of use, Retro seamlessly integrates this replay functionality into Android's existing development workflow by adding the replayer into the Android platform. This means that a developer can replay using a regular phone as well as an emulator. Also, Retro provides a VCR-like interface for replaying that is capable of forwarding and rewinding executions.Third, Retro examines Android-specific issues in enabling record and replay and incorporates design choices that are tailored towards Android. The goal for doing this is efficiency and faithfulness; by examining Android-specific issues, Retro can provide efficient recording and replaying functionalities as well as faithfulness in replaying.
Study and analysis of workspace awareness in cdebate: A groupware application for collaborative debates

Abstract In this paper, we study the workspace awareness in a groupware application allowing the development of an information task through collaborative debates. The application, called CDebate, is based on the APRI (Action–Perception–Reflection–Intention) model, which establishes a cognitive and motor states organization that occurs when humans are interacting with one another in a constructivist and collaborative learning situation. In CDebate, the interactions among students occur through a graphical language that reflects the mental operations appropriate for a debate. As an evaluation method, a conceptual framework, which provides a set of elements that give information about the up-to-the-moment knowledge about participants' location and actions, is used. The results of this study allow us to confirm that group awareness information, supported through a graphical language and a window showing the participants' presence (informal awareness), were sufficient for success in the collaborative learning situation. This experience could be useful for interface designers of groupware applications, in particular for collaborative debate interfaces.
473 ALTERED TASTE ACUITY IN CHILDREN WITH END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD)

Anorexia has been indicted qualitatively for the poor calorie intake commonly observed in children with ESRD. The contributing factors and the pathophysiology have not been clearly defined. Taste thresholds for salt(NaCl), sour(HCl), sweet(sucrose), and bitter (urea) were quantitatively determined in 14 patients (ages 8-18 years) on chronic hemodialysis and compared with 21 normal controls (ages 8-18 yrs). Detection thresholds for one or more tastants were elevated >2 S.D. above the normal mean in 12 of 14 patients pre-dialysis, while recognition thresholds were high in 9 of 14. Thresholds returned to normal in 5 following dialysis. Abnormal responses to sucrose and HC1 were the most frequent; of the 9 with elevated recognition thresholds, all were abnormal to either sucrose or HC1 while 5 were abnormal to both. Detection for NaCl was elevated in 6 while recognition was high in only 3. Urea recognition was increased in only one patient. Caloric intake was >10th percentile for age in 7 of the 14 patients compared to 3 of 9 with altered taste recognition. All patients with altered detection or recognition for both sucrose and HC1 had caloric intakes <10th percentile. Plasma zinc levels were low in only two, both of whom had abnormalities of taste. Hypogeusia appears to be common in ESRD and may contribute to the anorexia characteristic of these children. Further understanding of taste acuity may permit specific alterations in dietary therapy which may alleviate some of this disability.
Data Base for Development Analysis Data base for development analysis: An overview

The paper provides an overview of the situation with respect to the quality and comparability of data commonly used in development analysis. A section each is devoted to a discussion of macroeconomic (i.e. national income and its components, savings and investment, exports and imports) data, demography (population, life expectancy, fertility and mortality, nutrition and health, labour force, employment and unemployment), poverty and income distribution, validation and cross-checking of data from different sources. The discussion is illustrated with examples, drawn mainly from India. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for the improvement of data.