cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biphasic effect of nitric oxide on the cardiac voltage-dependent anion channel

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO ) effects on the cardiac mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) are unknown. The effects of exogenous NO on VDAC purified from rat hearts were investigated in this study. When incorporated into lipid bilayers, VDAC was inhibited directly by an NO donor, PAPA NONOate, in a concentration-dependent biphasic manner. This was prevented by an NO scavenger, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide. The effect paralleled that of NO in delaying the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) pore. These biphasic effects on the cardiac VDAC and the mitochondrial PT pore reveal a tandem impact of NO on the two mitochondrial entities.
Reproductive anatomy and seasonal development of the deodar weevil, Pissodes nemorensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in north Florida.

Dissections of Pissodes nemorensis Germar adults from slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm., plantations in north Florida revealed that adults emerging from brood material in the spring have undeveloped gonads. Weevils feed in the crowns of slash pine during the summer months with the females producing oocytes but no eggs; no mating occurs during this time. Adults become reproductively mature in September, with mating and oviposition occurring throughout the fall and winter. The yearold adults become senescent in the spring at about the time the new brood is emerging. Reproductive development at three constant temperatures was studied in the laboratory. At 30°C, all adults died within 4 weeks. At 25°C, the females contained oocytes and eggs for the first time after 3 and 5 weeks, respectively. Females at 20°C contained oocytes and eggs after 5 and 9 weeks. Males began mating after 6 weeks at 25°C and 11 weeks at 20°C. The reproductive systems of male and female P. nemorensis are described and illustrated.
A Conceptual and Methodological Checklist for Conducting a Taxometric Investigation.

The taxometric method is an increasingly popular statistical approach that tests whether the structure of a latent construct is categorical or continuous. This article presents the key conceptual and methodological issues that should be addressed in an informative taxometric investigation. We aim to help potential users of taxometrics determine: (a) when a taxometric analysis is scientifically justified, (b) whether their data are suitable for taxometric analysis, (c) whether they have properly implemented a sufficient variety of taxometric procedures, (d) whether they have appropriately presented and interpreted the obtained results, and (e) whether they have adequately articulated the implications of their structural solution. Annotated program code and empirical examples are provided to illustrate how taxometric analysis is applied in practice.
Tool setting on a B-axis rotary table of a precision lathe

A method has been developed for setting a single-point cutting tool on the axis of rotation of a B-axis rotary table on a precision lathe. The method requires that three grooves be machined in the face of a workpiece with the B-axis set at three different angles. The depths of each of the grooves are then measured, and the measured values are used to calculate the tool offset vector. Experiments on a four-axis diamond turning machine have verified the precision of this method. This method has a significant advantage over commercially available touch probe tool set stations, because touch probes are well known to damage the cutting edges of fragile tools, such as single-point diamond tools with a small nose radius and a large primary clearance angle. The method developed in this study does not subject the cutting edge of the tool to any stress beyond that of its intended purpose of machining workpiece material. Therefore, this method can be used to set extremely fragile single-point cutting tools without the risk of damaging the tools.
Toxic Effects of Cadmium on Three Generations of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

Abstract Three generations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to several concentrations of total cadmium (0.06–6.4 μg Cd/liter). Significant numbers of first- and second-generation adult males died during spawning at 3.4 μg Cd/liter. This concentration also significantly retarded growth of juvenile second- and third-generation offspring. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for brook trout exposed to cadmium in Lake Superior water (hardness 44 mg/liter as CaCO 3, pH 7–8) lies between 1.7 and 3.4 μg Cd/liter. Cadmium-residue analyses of kidney, liver, gill, gonad, spleen, muscle, and red blood cells frown first- and second- generation trout indicated that kidney, liver, and gill tissue accumulated the greatest amounts of cadmium at each water exposure concentration. No significant increases in cadmium were measured in edible muscle at any of the cadmium water concentrations tested. Cadmium residues in kidney, liver, and gill tissue of fish frown all exposure concentrations ...
Note: Improved pebbling bounds

Consider a configuration of pebbles distributed on the vertices of a connected graph of order n. A pebbling step consists of removing two pebbles from a given vertex and placing one pebble on an adjacent vertex. A distribution of pebbles on a graph is called solvable if it is possible to place a pebble on any given vertex using a sequence of pebbling steps. The pebbling number of a graph, denoted f(G), is the minimal number of pebbles such that every configuration of f(G) pebbles on G is solvable. We derive several general upper bounds on the pebbling number, improving previous results.
The temperature dependence of ponded infiltration under isothermal conditions

Abstract A simple temperature-sensitive modification to the Green and Ampt infiltration equation is described; this assumes that the temperature dependence of the hydraulic conductivity is reciprocally equal to the temperature dependence of the viscosity of liquid water, and that both the transmission zone saturation and the wetting front matric potential gradient are independent of temperature. This modified Green and Ampt equation is compared with ponded, isothermal infiltration experiments run on repacked columns of Olympic Sand and Aiken Loam at 5, 25, and 60°C. Experimental results showed increases in infiltration rates of at least 300% between 5 and 60°C for both soil materials, with subsequent increases in cumulative infiltration of even greater magnitudes for the loam. There is good agreement between measured and predicted initial infiltration rates at 25°C for both soil materials, yet at 60°C, the predicted results overestimate initial infiltration rates for the sand and underestimate initial rates for the loam. Measurements of the wetting depth vs. cumulative infiltration indicate that the transmission zone saturation increased with increasing temperature for both soil materials. In spite of this increased saturation with temperature, the final infiltration rates at both 25 and 60°C were predicted accurately using the modified Green and Ampt equation. This suggests that increased saturation occurred primarily in dead-end pore spaces, so that transmission zone hydraulic conductivities were unaffected by these temperature-induced changes in saturation. In conclusion, except for initial infiltration rates at 60°C, the measured influence of temperature on infiltration rates was fully accounted for by the temperature dependence of the viscosity of liquid water.
Towards an HIV cure.

Given the challenge of delivering complex, expensive and potentially harmful antiretroviral therapy (ART) on a global level, there is intense interest in the development of short-term, well-tolerated regimens that allow individuals to interrupt therapy indefinitely without experiencing a rebound in viremia. This so-called “cure” or “remission” might be due to complete eradication of all replication-competent HIV during ART or durable host-mediated control of persistent virus in absence of ART. Recent heroic interventions such as hematopoietic stem cell transplant and very early initiation of antiretroviral therapy suggest that dramatic reductions in the reservoir size can be achieved, but that complete eradication will be difficult if not impossible to achieve. Most attempts to stimulate effective host-mediated control of HIV have failed. It is likely that for a true cure to be achieved, both approaches – reductions in the reservoir size and durable immune surveillance – will be needed, a state that is similar to that observed in “elite” controllers and post-treatment controllers. The implications for recent advances and setbacks in achieving HIV remission for future research priorities will be discussed. (Published: 2 November 2014) Citation: Abstracts of the HIV Drug Therapy Glasgow Congress 2014 Deeks S. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2014, 17(Suppl 3) :19479 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/19479 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.4.19479
Protein phosphatases active on acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylated by casein kinase I, casein kinase II and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase

The protein phosphatases in rat liver cytosol, active on rat liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylated by casein kinase I, casein kinase II and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, have been partially purified by anion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The major phosphatase activities against all three substrates copurify through fractionation and appear to be identical to protein phosphatases 2A1 and 2A2. No unique protein phosphatase active on 32P-ACC phosphorylated by the casein kinases was identified.
Characteristic microwave-background distortions from collapsing spherical domain walls.

The redshift distortion induced by collapsing spherical domain walls is calculated. The most frequent microwave background distortions are found to occur at large angles in the form of blue disks. This is the angular region currently measured by the COBE satellite. COBE could therefore detect signals predicted here for domain walls with surface energy density of the order of MeV. Such values for sigma are proposed in the late-time phase-transition scenario of Hill et al. (1989).
Planar imaging for 3D flow visualization

We describe and demonstrate a system for creating `snapshots' of instantaneous 3-dimensional flow structures in turbulent flows and flames. An image converter camera operating at 10 million frames per second provides up to 20 frames of planar flow visualization at successive planes within the flow. Coupled to the image converter by fiber optics, a slow-scan CCD camera records the image converter output as a single CCD image. Successive flow planes are visualized by scanning a laser sheet through the flow with visualization by particulate scattering or laser-induced fluorescence. In previous papers, we have described the system requirements and initial results. In this paper, we provide empirical characterization of the system hardware and a selection of instantaneous 3-D measurements.
Solubility of light gases in poly(n-butyl methacrylate) at elevated pressures

The solubility of CH4, C2H6, and CO2 in poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PnBMA, Tg = 20–27°C) was measured at temperatures (T) from − 10 to 40°C and at pressures up to 40 atm. The solubility of CH4 in glassy PnBMA is satisfactorily described by the “dual-mode sorption” model. C2H6 and CO2 were found to plasticize PnBMA at pressures higher than a few atmospheres. The solubility of C2H6 and CO2 in glassy PnBMA can be represented over the entire pressure range investigated by a modified dual-mode sorption model that takes into account the effects of plasticization, including the lowering in the glass-transition temperature of the polymer. The present high-pressure solubility measurements are consistent with low-pressure data ( < 1 atm) reported earlier. The solubility of CH4, C2H6, and CO2 in PnBMA decreases with increasing temperature. The solubility of CH4 and CO2 in glassy PnBMA is lower than that in glassy poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA, Tg = 57–71°C) which, in turn, is lower than the solubility in glassy poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, Tg = 105–120°C) under comparable conditions. The “Langmuir capacity” constant in the dual-mode sorption model, c′H, for CH4 and CO2 in the above poly(alkyl methacrylates) and many other glassy polymers correlates satisfactorily with (Tg − T). However, this correlation overestimates the values of c′H for CO2 in polyimides and other polymers with high glass-transition temperatures.
ULTRASONIC WAVEGUIDE TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTION OF SIMULATED CORROSION WASTAGES

Abstract Elastic wave propagation in a bounded medium significantly differs from that in an unbounded medium. The bounded medium in the form of a cylinder acts like a solid waveguide directing the wave with its geometry. A continuous or a pulsed wave interacts with cylindrical boundaries producing mode-converted signals in addition to the backwall echo. The signals are received at constant time Intervals directly proportional to the diameter of a solid cylindrical object such as a bolt or an anchor stud. The Cylindrically Guided Wave Technique (CGWT) makes intelligent use of the mode-converted signals, or trailing pulses, to detect corrosion wastages in cylindrical objects.
Thermal expansion in the Ni−Cr−Al and Co−Cr−Al systems to 1200°C determined by high-temperature X-ray diffraction

The effect of temperature on the lattice parameters of phases in twelve nickel-chromium-aluminum (Ni−Cr−Al) alloys and nine cobalt-chromium-aluminum (Co−Cr−Al) alloys was determined using high temperature diffraction (HTXRD). The temperature range was from 25 to 1200°C. The data for each phase of each alloy were computer fit to an empirical thermal expansion equation developed in this study:\(LP_T = LP_{25^\circ C} (1 + R)^{(1 + T/273)^{1.5} } \) and a value forR was derived for each. Excellent fits were obtained for nearly all cases. A comparison ofR values revealed that for a given phase (ψ/ψ′, β and α in Ni−Cr−Al and αCo and β in Co−Cr−Al),R was independent of alloy composition. In the Ni−Cr−Al systemR for γ/γ′ was 19.2×10−4,R for β was 19.9×10−4 andR for αCr was 13.4×10−4. In the Co−Cr−Al system theR value for αCo was 20.9×10−4 and theR for β was 17.8×10−4. Of all of the phases only the αCr in the Ni−Cr−Al system had anR sufficiently low to reduce to an unimportant level the stress generated from thermal expansion mismatch between Al2O3 and substrate or coating and substrate with either Ni−Al or Co−Al coatings on a γ/γ′-δ substrate.
Adjustment of Community College Students at a Four-Year University: Role and Relevance of Transfer Student Capital for Student Retention:

Community colleges play a critical role in the pathway to a baccalaureate degree for millions of students, especially among women and ethnic minorities. This study investigates the complexity of the transfer experience among students who began their postsecondary education at a 2-year college and transferred to a large 4-year university. Specifically, the goal of this study was to move beyond the “transfer shock” concept by examining the role and relevance of “transfer student capital” for student retention. Using the L-TSQ instrument, the 133-item online survey reported data from over 900 students regarding their demographic characteristics, community college experiences, and university experiences. Two hypotheticals were employed to understand the factors that influence academic and social transfer adjustment. The findings of this study inform student affairs professionals, admissions oficers, retention programs, students, and faculty.
A simplified model for radiative source term in combusting flows

Abstract An ‘effective angle model’ is proposed for evaluating the radiation source term in flows of non-isothermal absorbing/emitting media confined within rectangular and cylindrical ducts. While the model possesses the simplicity of two-flux schemes, it incorporates the influence of the enclosure geometry, and is particularly suitable for parabolic flows since the source term is based on the properties of the current marching station in the solution procedure. The model is first developed for two-dimensional geometry and applied to a test case of a gray medium reproducing analytical results within a few percent. It is next applied to a two-dimensional slot burner with radiation from fuel and products of combustion accounted for, and is shown to compare favorably with a detailed calculation of the source term. With some modification, the model is extended to a cylindrical gas-fired burner. A study of various parameters and different types of boundary conditions demonstrates the promise of the model.
γδ T cells in EAE: Early trafficking events and cytokine requirements

We have previously shown that γδ T cells traffic to the CNS during EAE with concurrent increased expression of β2-integrins and production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. To extend these studies, we transferred bioluminescent γδ T cells to wild type mice and followed their movement through the acute stages of disease. We found that γδ T cells rapidly migrated to the site of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide injection and underwent massive expansion. Within six days after EAE induction, bioluminescent γδ T cells were found in the spinal cord and brain, peaking in number between days ten and twelve and then rapidly declining by day fifteen. Reconstitution of γδ T cell−/− mice with γδ T cells derived from β2-integrin-deficient mice (CD11a, -b or -c) demonstrated that γδ T cell trafficking to the CNS during EAE is independent of this family of adhesion molecules. We also examined the role of γδ T cell-produced IFN-γ and TNF-α in EAE and found that production of both cytokines by γδ T cells was required for full development of EAE. These results indicate that γδ T cells are critical for the development of EAE and suggest a therapeutic target in demyelinating disease.
Chromosome 8 Losses in Colorectal Carcinoma: Localization and Correlation With Invasive Disease.

Background : Allelic losses from the short arm of chromosome 8 (8p) are frequent in a variety of epithelial malignancies. In colorectal cancer, there are two discrete regions of 8p loss of heterozygosity (LOH), suggesting the existence of two putative tumor suppressor genes. Previous studies have shown an association of 8p LOH with tumor invasiveness. To better define the deletion extent and the clinical significance of these losses, a series of 41 colorectal cancers were examined for 8p LOH and correlated with clinical features. Methods and Results : Paired normal and enriched tumor DNA from the same individual was typed by polymerase chain reaction for 11 microsatellite polymorphisms and scored as positive or negative for 8p LOH. Loss of 8p markers was observed in 44% of the cases. Most cases had large deletions, but several had localized interstitial losses, enabling specification of two nonoverlapping regions of LOH. The telomeric region of loss is defined by the markers D8S262 and D8S133 at 8p22, and the centromeric region is proximal to NEFL. Clinical, histopathologic, and molecular data were obtained and a significant correlation of 8p LOH with microinvasion (invasion of lymphatics, vessels, or perineurium, ascertained by light microscopy) ( P = .01) and also with loss of chromosome arm 18q ( P = .001) was found. Conclusions : An association of 8p allelic loss with poor outcome was demonstrated. The correlation between 8p loss and 18q loss suggests that 8p LOH is a late event in the multistep model of colorectal carcinogenesis. 8p LOH may provide a clinically useful prognostic marker in colorectal cancer, thereby warranting further testing. The involvement of two independent loci on 8p is confirmed, and the refined localization of these sites will contribute to the eventual identification of these genes, which appear to play an important role in the progression of epithelial malignancies.
World formation or world mode of production? Alternative approaches to world system analysis

Bergesen has identified the right problem but the wrong analogy. If we can make the analogy from a social formation to a world perspective then what were are analyzing is the world formation and not a world market or a world production. The capitalist world formation is the ensemble of economic relations (both the determinant production relations and the dominant world system), political relations, and ideological relations which are manifested at the world level. A world formation, as opposed to a world mode of production approach, avoids the confusion between the capitalist mode of production and participation in the capitalist world system, which Laclau pointed to as a necessary step in clarifying theories which utilize a world perspective. Furthermore, it allows us to establish the determinant effects of production in the world formation and the structuring of production by class struggle which Brenner argues is essential for the theory. And in the process it avoids economic reductionism by including the relative autonomy of the state and ideological structures.
Medical treatment of pulmonary hydatidosis: complications and surgical management

Pulmonary hydatidosis is more frequently encountered in children than in adults. Chemotherapy with oral administration of particular antihelminthic agents (mebendazole and albendazole) has proved to be effective. This treatment, however, may be associated with serious complications that require surgical management. The aim of this study was to define the limitations of medical treatment, the subsequent complications, and their management. During a 16-year period (1985-2001), 36 children with pulmonary hydatidosis (Echinococcus cysticus) were medically treated. Oral antihelminthic agents (mebendazole until 1992 and albendazole thereafter) were given to all these patients. During this treatment, 11 patients developed complications requiring surgical intervention. In seven children, pleural empyema, or the presence of inflammatory residual fluid, was noted. The remaining four developed pulmonary abscess combined with fluid collection within the pleural cavity. In all complicated cases, the mean size of the cysts exceeded 6 cm in diameter at the beginning of medical treatment. At operation, suturing of communicating bronchi was insecure due to inflammation. Postoperatively, three patients had air leakage from the bronchial tree, requiring continuous suction and prolonged hospitalization. One patient presented with pneumothorax 4 months postoperatively and was operated on again. Overall, long-term results were good. We concluded that a) large pulmonary hydatid cysts should not be treated medically, b) incomplete expectoration of the cyst contents after the parasite death may lead to infection through bronchial communication, and c) patients surgically treated for complications following medical treatment are hospitalized twice as long as patients surgically treated in the first place.
Correlation of the "EMIT" antiepileptic drug assay with a gas liquid chromatographic method.

Many methodologies have been developed for determining anticonvulsant drug levels in human serum. Unfortunately, most procedures are either time consuming or subject to a variety of interferring substances. The “Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique” (EMIT) system has been evaluated for its speed, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. When compared with a gas-liquid chromatographic procedure, the EMIT assay appeared to yield results which were statistically comparable for the drugs diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, and primidone. The EMIT assay also demonstrated no significant interference when challenged with extraordinarily high levels of potentially cross reacting drugs. Results obtained with the EMIT assay correlated well with GLC data and rank it as an attractive alternative to many of the existing procedures now being used.
Track maintenance for maneuvering targets in cluttered environments using the IMM-IPDAF

Track maintenance refers to the process of fusing sensor contacts to existing tracks in order to estimate the target state. Target tracking in cluttered environments is difficult because there can be several contact-to-track associations for a given track. The Nearest Neighbor (NN) approach, which uses the contact nearest the predicted measurement, is an early maintenance algorithm for clutter but its performance greatly suffers because alternative hypotheses are not considered. Probabilistic methods, such as the Probabilistic Data Association (PDA) and Integrated PDA (IPDA), are superior because all hypotheses are considered. The PDA inherently assumes that the track exists where as the IPDA does not. A single PDA or IPDA filter has difficulty with maneuvering targets and will therefore be incorporated into the Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) algorithm. For illustrative purposes, simulation studies will be used to compare the performance of the algorithms.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Three's a crowd: Space competition among three species of intertidal shore crabs in the genus Hemigrapsus

Hemigrapsus sanguineus is a small shore crab native to eastern Asia. In the past two decades, this species has established breeding populations on both sides of the North Atlantic. However, H. sanguineus has not become established in the eastern Pacific despite abundant shipping contact with Asian ports and suitable intertidal habitat. The experiments reported here investigate potential interactions between the invasive H. sanguineus and two congeners native to the west coast of the United States (H. oregonensis and H. nudus). Specifically, we tested interspecific competition for shelter at both the juvenile and adult life stages. We found that H. sanguineus adults have a strong preference for shelter and are unaffected by the presence of other species. However, juvenile H. sanguineus were out-competed for shelter, and this limitation may be preventing H. sanguineus from establishing a population in areas with high levels of early life-stage competition.
Knowledge Collaboration Among Professionals Protecting National Security: Role of Transactive Memories in Ego-Centered Knowledge Networks

Current social cognition models of knowledge coordination based on transactive memory systems (TMS) theory have not generally considered conditions in which goals among partners are incongruent, and that those with specialized knowledge will not necessarily act to share their knowledge. As expected from previous literature, when facing a problem requiring inputs from others, an individual will draw on her personal or ego-centered network using the knowledge of her network's TMS; however, we theorize that the mixed motives within her network will cause the individual to also take into account her perception of the level of distrust within the network when combining the received knowledge from others in the network. Moreover, an individual's view of her network's TMS will be shaped not by specific policies or enforcement mechanisms, but by semistructures for how knowledge is disseminated, owned, and discussed. Our theory is supported based on a survey of security professionals responding to national security threats. The findings encourage a reexamination of certain assumptions of TMS theory, as well as extending theories of ego-centered networks and social-cognitive information processing to include how individuals manage the knowledge-sharing/protection tension in interorganizational collaborations.
ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECHOVIRUS TYPES 29 AND 32.

SummaryAn antigenic relationship has been demonstrated between the newly classified echovirus types 29 and 32. The amount of crossing seen in conventional tube neutralization tests was relatively minor, but fairly high reciprocal titers were observed in plaque reduction neutralization tests. In cross hemagglutination-inhibition and complement fixation tests these two viral types were virtually indistinguishable. The question arises as to whether these two new echovirus types should be classified as distinct immunotypes or whether they represent antigenic variants of a single viral type.
Resource and revenue potential of California residential load participation in ancillary services

Abstract Increasing penetrations of intermittent renewable energy resources will require additional power system services. California recently adopted an energy storage mandate to support its renewable portfolio standard, which requires 33% of delivered energy from renewables by 2020. The objective of this paper is to estimate the amount of energy storage that could be provided by residential thermostatically controlled loads, such as refrigerators and air conditioners, and the amount of revenue that could be earned by loads participating in ancillary services markets. We model load aggregations as virtual energy storage, and use simple dynamical system models and publicly available data to generate our resource and revenue estimates. We find that the resource potential is large: 10–40 GW/8–12 GWh, which is significantly more than that required by the mandate. We also find that regulation and spinning/non-spinning reserve revenues vary significantly depending upon type of load and, for heat pumps and air conditioners, climate zone. For example, mean regulation revenues for refrigerators are $11/year, for electric water heaters are $24/year, for air conditioners are $0-32/year, and for heat pumps are $22–56/year. Both consumer choices, such as appliance settings, and policy, such as the design of ancillary service compensation and appliance standards, could increase revenue potentials.
Description-driven code generation using attribute grammars

The instruction-set of a target architecture is represented as a set of attribute-grammar productions. A code generator is obtained automatically for any compiler using attributed parsing techniques. A compiler built on this model can automatically perform most popular machine-dependent optimizations, including peephole optimizations. The code generator is also easily retargetable to different machine architectures.
Charge competition in halogenated hydrocarbons

The distribution of electronic charge in a molecule plays a major role in determining the molecule's physical, chemical, and biological properties. For studies of charge distributions, halogenated hydrocarbons are especially informative prototype systems, because the overall charge distributions depend strongly on both the identities and relative positions of the halogen substituents. In this report, we examine how the placement and identities of the halogen substituents affect the natural population analysis, atoms in molecules, and Gasteiger partial atomic charge distributions in representative saturated (methanes and ethanes), unsaturated (ethylenes), and aromatic (benzenes) halogenated hydrocarbons, using density functional calculations. The results are interpreted in terms of the electronegativities and the charge capacities of the halogens. The relationships of these charge distributions to the electrostatic potential maps of the compounds are also explored. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 112: 219-229, 2012
Macro-I: instrumentation education with projects

We have developed pedagogical tools for the teaching of instrumentation grounded on the use of instrumentation projects. This approach provides students with a practical working knowledge of a wide range of topics. This paper describes our evolving approach to education that attempts. to remain directed toward a systems-level view, thus the name "Macro" as in Macro-Instrumentation. The objectives of the approach focus on giving students the tools they need to understand and use relevant theoretical and practical concepts, and to impart the background and motivation to encourage students to create useful electronic instruments. Specifically, we seek to (i) introduce fundamental concepts of a topic through the use of a systems view and the incorporation of instrumentation projects, and (ii) employ a project-based learning environment to increase motivation and to highlight instrumentation topics that are important and useful, and that may help integrate core content.
Comparing autonomic and proactive computing

This paper provides an overview of the relationship between proactive computing and autonomic computing, considering the design of systems that are beyond the scope of our existing computational infrastructure. Autonomic computing, as described by IBM's manifesto on the subject, is a clear statement of the difficulties and challenges facing the computing industry today. In particular, autonomic computing addresses the problem of managing complexity. Intel Research is exploring computing futures that overlap autonomic computing but also explore new application domains that require principles we call proactive computing, enabling the transition from today's interactive systems to proactive environments that anticipate our needs and act on our behalf.
Entrepreneurial Scripts and Entrepreneurial Expertise: The Information Processing Perspective

Entrepreneurial scripts that represent entrepreneurial expertise enable researchers to begin to map the entrepreneurial mind . This chapter provides a complete demonstration of the steps needed by researchers to uncover the structure and content of the expert script knowledge structures that entrepreneurs utilize and to relate the use of these scripts to substantive organizational and entrepreneurial consequences.
When lysosomes get old

Changes in the lysosomes of senescent tissues and organisms are common and have been used as biomarkers of aging. Lysosomes are responsible for the degradation of many macromolecules, including proteins. At least five different pathways for the delivery of substrate proteins to lysosomes are known. Three of these pathways decline with age, and the molecular explanations for these deficiencies are currently being studied. Other aspects of lysosomal proteolysis increase or do not change with age in spite of marked changes in lysosomal morphology and biochemistry. Age-related changes in certain lysosomal pathways of proteolysis remain to be studied. This area of research is important because abnormalities in lysosomal protein degradation pathways may contribute to several characteristics and pathologies associated with aging.
Oral and Written Language Mode Adaptations in Stories by Kindergarten Children

The study describes differences between two kinds of oral production, told and dictated stories, by kindergarten children who vary in emergent reading ability. Two replications of told, dictated, and handwritten story sets were elicited from 24 kindergarten children who were not being instructed in reading and writing. Re-reading attempts were collected and used to derive Judgments of Emergent Reading Abilities for Dictated and Handwritten Stories. The Judgments and scores from a traditional readiness test were significantly correlated. Results from examination of story characteristics indicated that children's oral productions signalled differences between told and dictated stories; that children adapted told stories toward the related language mode of conversation and adapted dictated stories toward the related mode of hand- written composition; and that these adaptations were related to degree of reading- related abilities for children at extremes of the distribution. This article describes differences between storytelling1 and story dictation of emerging readers and writers during their kindergarten year. Increasingly, researchers have begun to investigate the intersection of reading and writing acquisition in order to shed light on either acquisition alone. Additionally, reading and writing acquisition are viewed as part of the more inclusive literacy culture of the child, specifically the rela-
Could temperature and water availability drive elevational species richness patterns? A global case study for bats

Aim A global meta-analysis was used to elucidate a mechanistic understanding of elevational species richness patterns of bats by examining both regional and local climatic factors, spatial constraints, sampling and interpolation. Based on these results, I propose the first climatic model for elevational gradients in species richness, and test it using preliminary bat data for two previously unexamined mountains. Location Global data set of bat species richness along elevational gradients from Old and New World mountains spanning 12.5 ° S to 38 ° N latitude. Methods Bat elevational studies were found through an extensive literature search. Use was made only of studies sampling ≥ 70% of the elevational gradient without significant sampling biases or strong anthropogenic disturbance. Undersampling and interpolation were explicitly examined with three levels of error analyses. The influence of spatial constraints was tested with a Monte Carlo simulation program, Mid-Domain Null. Preliminary bat species richness data sets for two test mountains were compiled from specimen records from 12 US museum collections. Results Equal support was found for decreasing species richness with elevation and mid-elevation peaks. Patterns were robust to substantial amounts of error, and did not appear to be a consequence of spatial constraints. Bat elevational richness patterns were related to local climatic gradients. Species richness was highest where both temperature and water availability were high, and declined as temperature and water availability decreased. Mid-elevational peaks occurred on mountains with dry, arid bases, and decreasing species richness occurred on mountains with wet, warm bases. A preliminary analysis of bat richness patterns on elevational gradients in western Peru (dry base) and the Olympic Mountains, WA (wet base), supported the predictions of the climate model. Main conclusions The relationship between species richness and combined temperature and water availability may be due to both direct (thermoregulatory constraints) and indirect (food resources) factors. Abundance was positively correlated with species richness, suggesting that bat species richness may also be related to productivity. The climatic model may be applicable to other taxonomic groups with similar ecological constraints, for instance certain bird, insect and amphibian clades.
THE p-MEDIAN SCHEDULING AND LOCATION PROBLEM

With few exceptions, public-facility location models have considered facility accessibility to be solely a function of spatial distribution relative to demand. In this paper, we expand this definition to recognize a temporal component as well. A model is presented that optimally locates a given number of facilities and simultaneously schedules their operations to maximize accessibility to demand. In addition, for the special case when facilities already exist, a model is presented that focuses solely on the optimal scheduling of facility operations. Test results indicate that these models may have significant and varied implications for locational and policy analysis.
On position compensation and force control stability of a robot with a compliant wrist

A compliant wrist instrumented between a robot and its end effector provides a necessary compliance for assembly operations, and the displacement and force information generated from the wrist sensor can be utilized to actively control the end effector. The authors discuss the position compensation for the detection of the compliant wrist due to the gravity load and other external forces at the unconstrained space, and the force control as the robot is constrained with the environment. The system stability problem and dynamic performance are investigated for the different control laws, wrist parameters, and environment models. By analysis and simulation, some meaningful conclusions are obtained. The results are useful for design of the compliant wrist device and determination of the compensator law in the feedback loop. >
Coastal pollution hazards in southern California observed by SAR imagery: stormwater plumes, wastewater plumes, and natural hydrocarbon seeps

Stormwater runoff plumes, municipal wastewater plumes, and natural hydrocarbon seeps are important pollution hazards for the heavily populated Southern California Bight (SCB). Due to their small size, dynamic and episodic nature, these hazards are difficult to sample adequately using traditional in situ oceanographic methods. Complex coastal circulation and persistent cloud cover can further complicate detection and monitoring of these hazards. We use imagery from space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR), complemented by field measurements, to examine these hazards in the SCB. The hazards are detectable in SAR imagery because they deposit surfactants on the sea surface, smoothing capillary and small gravity waves to produce areas of reduced backscatter compared with the surrounding ocean. We suggest that high-resolution SAR, which obtains useful data regardless of darkness or cloud cover, could be an important observational tool for assessment and monitoring of coastal marine pollution hazards in the SCB and other urbanized coastal regions.
Carbonic anhydrase catalysed hydrolysis of fluorogenic esterase substrates

Carbonic anhydrases from spinach leaves, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and bovine erythrocytes were examined for their ability to hydrolyse the fluorogenic esterase substrates 7-acetoxy-4-methylcoumarin, 7-acetoxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid and fluorescein diacetate. The spinach enzyme was unable to hydrolyse any of the three substrates, however, the C. reinhardtii enzyme hydrolysed 7-acetoxy-4-methylcoumarin and fluorescein diacetate, but at a much slower rate than the bovine erythrocyte enzyme which hydrolysed all three substrates. A method was developed to assay purified carbonic anhydrase from C. reinhardtii based on the enzyme-catalysed hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate.
Role of flamefront motion and criterion for global quasi-steadiness in droplet burning

A theoretical study has been conducted on the role of the flamefront motion in droplet burning to determine the range of validity of the classical quasi-steady theory in predicting the flame standoff ratio, as well as its implication on transient fuel vapor accumulation/depletion. Recognizing that flamefront motion can be induced by droplet surface regression, by initial conditions, and by far-field unsteadiness, and that the flamefron standoff ratio is in general large, of the order of 10, it is phenomenologically anticipated that small flamefront velocities can lead to large variations of the mass flow rate. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the influence of this flamefront motion can be characterized by a quasi-steady parameter Qs, which is the product of the cube of the standoff ratio and the ratio of the gas to liquid densities, such that the influence is large when it is O(1), and small otherwise. By working in the flame coordinate and, hence, naturally allowing for this motion, and by further assuming gas-phase quasi-steadiness (in this coordinate), calculated results show that the standoff ratio continously increases with time for O(1) values of Qs but approaches a constant, which is close to but exceeds the d2-law prediction, when it is sufficiently small. The present generalized transient formulation also provides a rigorous description of fuel vapor accumulation effects related to the initial condition, demonstrates that these effects can indeed be accounted for on the basis of gas-phase quasi-steadiness, and allows for the simultaneous inclusion of far-field transient diffusion effects.
Scalable multilevel fast multipole method for multiple targets in the vicinity of a half space

We extend the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) to the case of electromagnetic scattering from an arbitrary number of dielectric and/or perfectly conducting targets in the presence of a half space. This multitarget MLFMA is implemented in an iterative fashion, in which the fields incident on and scattered from each target are updated sequentially by considering each target in isolation, with appropriate field updating to account for intertarget scattering. Each target is analyzed in parallel on a separate computer node, and intertarget interaction is addressed via message passaging between the processors. We also utilize the aforementioned iterative formulation employed for handling interactions between multiple targets to develop a new means of solving the MLFMA matrix equation for an isolated target. This new formulation generally results in significant acceleration in the analysis of scattering from single targets, thereby also accelerating the analysis of scattering from multiple targets (within the context of the iterative multitarget analysis developed).
Visual field asymmetries and allocation of attention in visual scenes.

Single items such as objects, letters or words are often presented in the right or left visual field to examine hemispheric differences in cognitive processing. However, in everyday life, such items appear within a visual context or scene that affects how they are represented and selected for attention. Here we examine processing asymmetries for a visual target within a frame of other elements (scene). We are especially interested in whether the allocation of visual attention affects the asymmetries, and in whether attention-related asymmetries occur in scenes oriented out of alignment with the viewer. In Experiment 1, visual field asymmetries were affected by the validity of a spatial precue in an upright frame. In Experiment 2, the same pattern of asymmetries occurred within frames rotated 90 on the screen. In Experiment 3, additional sources of the spatial asymmetries were explored. We conclude that several left/ right processing asymmetries, including some associated with the deployment of spatial attention, can be organized within scenes, in the absence of differential direct access to the two hemispheres. 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
High Throughput Formulation Screening for Global Aggregation Behaviors of Three Monoclonal Antibodies

Global aggregation behaviors of three distinct monoclonal antibodies were characterized by high throughput, multiassay analysis. First, extensive screening of formulations was performed using both incubation at elevated temperature and differential thermal scanning. In incubation studies, formulation conditions representing native favored, native favored but with particulate formation, unfolding with slow aggregation, and fast aggregation with or without phase separation were mapped across a wide range of pH and ionic strength. The sample types or aggregation kinetic scenarios were classified based on fluorescence spectroscopy, light scattering, and micron particle count. Furthermore, apparent melting point was determined for each formulation condition by differential thermal scanning. The global aggregation behaviors and their apparent melting points together highlight the common underlying aggregation pathways and kinetics for the three antibodies. Overall, incorporating multistage aggregation mechanisms in multivariate data analysis provides valuable insights to what and how high throughput techniques can be implemented. Understanding global aggregation behaviors is a key element toward development of rational screening approach.