cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Propagation of axisymmetric disturbances on a twisted magnetic flux tube

The propagation of axisymmetric disturbances on a twisted magnetic flux tube in an inviscid, incompressible, unstratified atmosphere of infinite electrical conductivity is considered. Dispersion effects due to twist appear quickly only on highly twisted flux tubes for a superposition of the lowest radial eigenmodes and wavelengths comparable to the flux tube radius. These radial profiles become distorted and show focusing effects after propagating on the order of ten flux tube radii. This suggests twist effects on hydromagnetic wave propagation may be important where the flux tubes come up through the surface and expand into the tenuous atmosphere.
The flow in surf-zone waves

An extended set of Boussinesq equations, which are used to model breaking waves, is derived. The wave breaking is described by accounting for the effect of vorticity generated by the breaking process. The vorticity field in the domain is obtained by solving the vorticity transport, which is based on the Reynolds equations. The boundary conditions to solve for the vorticity are obtained from measurements in hydraulic jumps. In addition to predicting the wave height decay and profile deformation, the present model also provides information about the velocity field. Comparisons with laboratory measurements show that the model results give good agreement with experimental data for wave height, set-up and the velocity profiles. The undertow profiles predicted by the model are also in good agreement with the results from experimental data. The cross-shore variation of the radiation stress calculated from the model results gives a good representation of the results from experimental data.
Microglial Fc receptors mediate physiological changes resulting from antibody cross-linking of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

Antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) have been implicated in Multiple Sclerosis demyelination through activation of complement and/or macrophage-effector processes. We presented a novel mechanism, whereby MOG on oligodendrocytes, when cross-linked with anti-MOG and secondary antibody resulted in its repartitioning into lipid rafts, and changes in protein phosphorylation and morphology. Here, we show that similar events occur when anti-MOG is cross-linked with Fc receptors (FcRs) present on microglia but not with complement. These results indicate that FcRs are endogenous antigen/antibody cross-linkers in vitro, suggesting that FcRs could be physiologically relevant in vivo and possible targets for therapy in Multiple Sclerosis.
Late Consequences of the Fontan Operation

A 15-year-old boy with hypoplastic left heart syndrome presents with new-onset abdominal swelling and pretibial edema. The patient has been previously without symptoms from the cardiovascular perspective but is not very active and does not participate in sports. He is growing poorly, with height and weight <5th percentile for age, and has no signs of puberty (Tanner stage 1). Blood laboratories reveal low serum protein (albumin, 2.2 g/dL; total protein, 4.5 g/dL); liver enzymes are slightly elevated (aspartate aminotransferase, 60; alanine transaminase, 72); platelet count is diminished at 105 000/dL. Stool sample is tested for α1-antitrypsin, which is markedly elevated (382 mg/dL), indicating protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). Abdominal ultrasound demonstrates ascites and an enlarged, heterogeneously echogenic liver. Echocardiography demonstrates unobstructed systemic and pulmonary venous pathways, good right ventricular function, mild tricuspid regurgitation, and unobstructed aortic arch. Cardiac catheterization shows pulmonary artery pressure of 12 mm Hg and right ventricle end diastolic pressure of 6 mm Hg. Gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy is recommended, which reveals small-bowel lymphangiectasia and inflammation localized to the terminal ileum. Patients born with a univentricular heart manifest one of the most challenging-to-manage forms of congenital heart disease. Over the past 30 years, a successful staged surgical strategy has emerged. The task of systemic perfusion is assigned to the one effective ventricle that nature has provided, whereas pulmonary blood flow is achieved through passive channeling of systemic venous return directly to the pulmonary arteries, absent an interposed ventricle.1 Today, this is typically achieved in a 2-stage process. Superior vena caval flow is directed into the branch pulmonary arteries (bidirectional Glenn operation) at 4 to 6 months of age, and inferior vena caval flow is diverted directly to the pulmonary arteries (Fontan operation), either via a tunnel through the atrium or an extracardiac conduit, at 2 to 3 years …
AN ALGEBRA FOR SYSTOLIC COMPUTATION

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the algebra for systolic computation. Many systolic algorithms have been proposed as solutions to computation-bound problems. By exploiting the regularity and parallelism inherent to given problems and by employing high degrees of parallelism and pipelining, systolic algorithms implemented in very-large-scale integration achieve high performance with regular communication structures and low input/output requirements. A number of prototype machines for implementing systolic algorithms, ranging from single-purpose chips, through application-oriented yet programmable systems, to general systems with reconfigurable interconnections, have been designed and built. Building-block chips for systolic architectures have also been proposed or designed, including the CMU programmable systolic chip. Instead of suggesting methods for deriving or verifying systolic designs, algebra is presented in the chapter for manipulating algorithm designs for VLSI implementation in general. With this algebra, a designer is able to manipulate designs by pushing symbols, to conveniently meet desirable design criteria such as locality and regularity of data communication.
Potentiometric titration at constant current of copper(ii) in ammoniacal medium

Abstract The voltammetric behavior of copper(II) in ammoniacal medium has been studied at a rotated platinum electrode. The coppcr(ll)—(I) couple yields current—potential curves which correspond to those of a reversible one-electron reaction, but the reduction of coppcr(I) to copper(O) is incompletely reversible. The potontioinctric titration at constant cathodic current of coppcr(II) with cthylcncdiaminetctniacetate compares well with that calculated theoretically. Similar titrations usinga.; a-benzoin oxime reagent are unsatisfactory because the presence of the copper oxime precipitate at the clectrnrle surface interferes with the electrode reaction
A note on image degradation, disability glare, and binocular vision

Disability glare due to scattering of light causes a reduction in visual performance due to a luminous veil over the scene. This causes problem such as contrast detection. In this note, we report a study of the effect of this veiling luminance on human stereoscopic vision. We measured the effect of glare on the horopter measured using the apparent fronto-parallel plane (AFPP) criterion. The empirical longitudinal horopter measured using the AFPP criterion was analyzed using the so-called analytic plot. The analytic plot parameters were used for quantitative measurement of binocular vision. Image degradation plays a major effect on binocular vision as measured by the horopter. Under the conditions tested, it appears that if vision is sufficiently degraded then the addition of disability glare does not seem to significantly cause any further compromise in depth perception as measured by the horopter.
Mineralogical basis for the interpretation of multi-element (ICP-AES), oxalic acid, and aqua regia partial digestions of stream sediments for reconnaissance exploration geochemistry

Abstract We have applied partial digestion procedures, primarily oxalic acid and aqua regia leaches, to several regional geochemical reconnaissance studies carried out using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analytical methods. We have chosen to use these two acids because the oxalic acid primarily attacks those compounds formed during secondary geochemical processes, whereas aqua regia will digest the primary sulfide phases as well as secondary phases. Application of the partial digestion technique has proven superior to total digestion because the concentration of metals in hydromorphic compounds and the sulfides is enhanced relative to the metals bound in the unattacked silicate phases. The aqua regia digestion attacks and leaches metals from the mafic chain silicates and the phyllosilicates (coordination number of VI or more), yielding a characteristic geochemical signature, but does not leach appreciable metal from many other silicates. In order to interpret the results from these leach studies, we have initiated an investigation of a large suite of hand-picked mineral separates. The study includes analyses of about two hundred minerals representing the common rock-forming minerals as well as end-member compositions of various silicates, oxides, sulfides, carbonates, sulfates, and some vanadates, molybdates, tungstates, and phosphates. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of leaching by acids of particular lattice sites in specific mineral structures.
Nonlinear Variation of Refractive Index of Vitreous Silica with Pressure to 7 Kbars

The variation of refractive index of vitreous silica with purely hydrostatic pressure to 7 kbars was determined from the shift of the localized interference fringes across the specimen kept in an optical pressure bomb. Allowance for the change in the thickness of the specimen was made with the help of Murnaghan's finite-strain theory and the recently determined third-order elastic constants. The refractive index for λ 5893 A increases linearly with pressure with a slope of 9.2 × 10−4/kbar up to 4 kbars; thereafter it increases nonlinearly. The increase in the refractive index, however, is linear with respect to the Lagrangian strain in the range investigated, except for a slight tendency for departure from linearity at the highest pressures. No hysteresis effects caused by permanent densification were noted. The results are interpreted in the light of Mueller's theory of photoelasticity of amorphous solids.
Secure remote sensing and communication using digital pufs

Small form, mobile, and remote sensor network systems require secure and ultralow power data collection and communication solutions due to their energy constraints. The physical unclonable function (PUF) has emerged as a popular modern low power security primitive. However, current designs are analog in nature and susceptible to instability and difficult to integrate into existing circuitry. In this paper, we present the digital PUF which is stable in the same sense that digital logic is stable, has a very small footprint and very small timing overhead, and can be easily integrated into existing designs. We demonstrate the use of the digital PUF on two applications that are crucial for sensor networks: trusted remote sensing and logic obfuscation. We present our security analysis using standard randomness tests and confusion and diffusion analysis, and apply our new obfuscation approach on a set of standard design benchmarks.
Stability of auditory evoked potentials during simultaneous visual stimulation

During sensory interaction, an accessory stimulus in a second modality can have a facilitating or inhibiting effect upon some measurable response to a stimulus applied to a primary modality. This study examined whether increased intensity of an accessory light stimulus facilitates or inhibits auditory evoked potentials to click stimuli. Click-evoked potentials were recorded from the round window (cochlear microphonic and auditory nerve), cochlear nucleus, and auditory cortex of unanesthetized cats, and measured before, during, and after simultaneous accessory light stimulation of different intensities. At all electrode sites, the mean peak-to-peak amplitudes of click-evoked potentials were not significantly different during simultaneous visual and auditory stimulation when compared with the pretest and posttest control periods of auditory stimulation. In addition, at all sites, the amplitude of the click-evoked potentials remained constant as accessory light stimulation was increased in intensity. The results suggest that sensory interaction effects do not occur when both the auditory and visual stimuli are irrelevant. If such effects do occur, they are so weak as to be undemonstrable for a wide range of visual stimulus intensities.
Iterative algorithms for nonlinear problems in remote sensing

First a brief review of the Backus and Gilbert method for the linear problems is given. Then a comprehensive presentation of iterative algorithms for constructing approximate solutions of nonlinear problems from erroneous inadequate data is given. Proofs of convergence and error estimates of these iterative algorithms are obtained. It is found that locally the limit of the iterates does not satisfy the original nonlinear operator equation, but a somewhat different nonlinear equation which depends on the initial iterate. A nonlinear radiative transfer equation in remote sensing of the atmospheric temperature profiles is used as an example to demonstrate the applicability of the iterative algorithms. Finally, a discussion of the present status of research in this domain and some personal views on what should be the useful lines for future research is given.
Musings from the 13th European Group for Intelligent Computing in Engineering (EG-ICE) Workshop on Intelligent Computing in Engineering and Architecture

The 13th European Group for Intelligent Computing in Engineering EG-ICE held a workshop entitled “Intelligent Computing in Engineering and Architecture” between June 25 and June 30, 2006, in Monte Verita, Ascona, Switzerland. The workshop, sponsored by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Centro Stefano Franscini, was geared toward researchers, interested in advanced computing applications in civil engineering and architecture. About 75 researchers and practitioners attended the workshop, which was chaired by Ian Smith from Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne EPFL , Switzerland. The workshop was organized in a single track, so participants could attend all workshop sessions. Each of the 16 sessions began with a 40-minute extended presentation that introduced the major theme of that session. The extended presentation in each session was followed by three to four 20-minute talks by leading researchers working in that area. Each session concluded with a panel discussion chaired by all speakers who made presentations in that session.
Disinhibition and negative affectivity in substance abusers with and without a gambling problem

Abstract A cohort of 2, 171 substance abusers were assessed for their gambling behavior, and divided into three groups: those with no significant gambling problem (87%); those with a probable problem (7.2%); and those with a severe problem (5.8%). Substance abusers with a gambling problem scored significantly higher on measures of: impulsivity; disinhibition of aggressive/hostile responses; and negative affectivity. They also abused more substances than the nongamblers. The results underscore the importance of assessing a wide range of impulsive behaviors in substance abusers and the potential for subtyping substance abusers based on psychological traits.
A decision analysis approach to the determination of population density in laying cages

In general, it is agreed that crowding of laying hens can affect economic returns negatively. Making specific laying hen cage population recommendations for a forthcoming production cycle is diffic...
Processes regulating sulphate flux after whole-tree harvesting

Terrestrial processes that regulate transfer of strong-acid anions (for example SO2−4, NO−3, Cl−) play an important role in determining the acid-base status of surface waters1. Anthropogenic perturbations of forested watersheds can alter these processes, resulting in changes of surface-water chemistry2,3. Much controversy has arisen over the relative importance of acidic deposition, natural processes of soil acidification and the effects of changes in land use on the acidification of surface waters4,5,6. Forest clearcutting represents a useful experimental tool to evaluate the effects of changes in strong-acid loading on biogeochemical processes controlling SO2−4 retention and release. Here we report that after the whole-tree harvesting of an experimental watershed at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, USA, increased mineralization and nitrification led to substantial NO−3 loss, acidification of soil solutions and increased soil adsorption of SO2−4. As a consequence, solution concentrations and streamwater efflux of SO2−4declined. Substantial increases in streamwater concentrations of H+ and potentially toxic inorganic Alπ+ after removal of biomass also occurred. A similar disruption of the soil N cycle observed in areas of forest decline7,8 suggests that decreased vegetation uptake of N may adversely affect surface water quality in acid-sensitive regions.
Property dominance and typicality effects in property statement verification

Reaction time to verify property statements was examined in the context of two semantic distance factors—typicality of the category member in the subject of the statement, and dominance of the category member's property in the predicate. Reaction times were slower for statements with low dominant properties and for statements with atypical category members. Multiple regression analyses confirmed the importance of property dominance, and revealed that the effects of typicality may be due to the amount of accessible information stored, rather than typicality per se. Since more properties are generated for typical category members, it was suggested that typical concepts present a more easily searched target in semantic memory and/or require fewer inference and decision processes during verification.
Stereoselective determination of R(−)- and S(+)-prilocaine in human serum using a brush-type chiral stationary phase, solid-phase extraction and UV detection

A chiral HPLC method was developed for the quantitation of R(-)- and S(+)-prilocaine in human serum. The method involves sensitive and selective detection of R(-)- and S(+)-prilocaine using normal-phase chiral HPLC on a pirkle-type naphthyl ethylamine stationary phase (Sumichiral OA-4700, 250 mm x 4 mm i.d.) at ambient temperature with a flow rate of 0.8 ml min-1. A sample clean-up procedure was used for isolation of the analytes of interest from human serum using Bond-Elut C18 columns with high recovery and selectivity. The detection limits were 4 ng ml-1 for R-prilocaine and 5 ng ml-1 for S-prilocaine. The limits of quantitation were 10 ng ml-1 for both enantiomers. Linear calibration curves in the 10-1000 ng ml-1 range showed good coefficients of determination > 0.999 (n = 3). Precision and accuracy of the method were within 4-5.8% and 1.5-4.8% respectively for R(-)-prilocaine, and 2.8-5.7% and 3.2-5.2% respectively for S(+)-prilocaine.
Marketing Capstone Models The Apprentice Television Show With Client-Sponsored Projects:

Marketing faculty use cases, simulations, and client-sponsored projects to achieve learning objectives in the marketing capstone class. This class typically aims to integrate and apply previously learned material and to transition students into their careers. Drawing on the professional school, creative problem solving and constructivist learning literature, this article describes a unique client-sponsored project capstone patterned after the popular television show, The Apprentice. Student teams accomplish a series of four challenges and their grades partially depend on actual results or the teams’ competitive rankings as judged by clients. There are no exams, lectures, and little assigned reading in this class: Instead, students must determine what they need to learn in order to solve each challenge and the instructor serves as coach and learning facilitator. The class engages and motivates students by providing real-world problems in a short time frame, and develops their creative problem solving, pres...
Transition Shocks and Emigration Profiles in Latin America

Scholars have long recognized the impact transformative political events have had on migration patterns in individual countries, but few have extended these ideas to the current period of political transition taking place across Latin America. Through analysis of data from the Latin American Migration Project (LAMP) and the Mexican Migration Project (MMP) from across Peru, Nicaragua, and the Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca, the authors offer cross-national and subnational evidence of the role political “shocks” play in determining the demographic and socioeconomic profiles of migrants from these areas over the past twenty years. The results suggest that even in times of democratic opening, citizens’ migration decisions are in part driven by political considerations.
Simulations and Modeling of Passive Modelocking using a Long Period Fiber Grating

A modelocking technique is presented in which the intensity dependent, co-propagating, core and cladding mode-coupling dynamics of a long-period fiber grating is used to achieve modelocking in a passive optical fiber laser.
Responsible Ads: A Workable Ideal

Although the societal advantages of responsible advertising are self-evident, no detailed vision of responsible ads exists. Without this vision, stakeholders have no framework for identifying, preventing, and remedying non-conforming ads. To address this problem, the four basic properties of responsible ads - consistent with an everyday-language, business-oriented definition of responsibility and the assumption that ads are not inherently bad - are posited. Then, the best milieu for creating such ads is identified.
Exploring the Potential of Short-Time Fourier Transforms for Analyzing Skin Conductance and Pupillometry in Real-Time Applications

The development of real-time predictors of mental workload is critical for the practical application of augmented cognition to human-machine systems. This paper explores a novel method based on a short-time Fourier transform (STFT) for analyzing galvanic skin conductance (SC) and pupillometry time-series data to extract estimates of mental workload with temporal bandwidth high-enough to be useful for augmented cognition applications. We tested the method in the context of a process control task based on the DURESS simulation developed by Vincente and Pawlak (1994; ported to Java by Cosentino,& Ross, 1999). SC, pupil dilation, blink rate, and visual scanning patterns were measured for four participants actively engaged in controlling the simulation. Fault events were introduced that required participants to diagnose errors and make control adjustments to keep the simulator operating within a target range. We were interested in whether the STFT of these measures would produce visible effects of the increase...
Race and Clinical Outcome in Patients with Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix Treated with Radiation Therapy

Abstract Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine factors underlying differences in outcome between African-American (AA) and Caucasian (C) patients undergoing radiation therapy (RT). Methods. Patient, tumor, treatment characteristics, and the outcome of 316 AA and 94 C cervical cancer patients who underwent RT were compared. Median follow-up was 72.4 months. Results. AA patients had a trend to a poorer 8-year cause-specific survival (47.9 vs 60.6%) ( P = 0.10) compared to C patients with a significant difference seen in stage IIB–IVA disease (34.3 vs 59.5%) ( P = 0.04). Several factors correlated with poor outcome were present in the AA group including lower mean hemoglobin levels during RT ( P = 0.001), lower median income ( P = 0.001), and less frequent intracavitary RT ( P = 0.09). In addition, while uncommon in C patients, health problems were major reasons for treatment protraction and inability to undergo intracavitary RT in the AA patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that race was not an independent prognostic factor after controlling for difference in patient, tumor, and treatment factors. Conclusions. AA cervical cancer patients possess multiple factors that adversely impact upon the efficacy of RT. These findings may add further insight into the observed differences in outcome of cervical cancer patients based on race.
The Potential Role(s) of Writing in Second Language Development.

Writing is often seen as having a minor role in second language learning. This article explores recent research that suggests that writing can have a facilitative role in language development. In particular, it focuses on three features of writing: (1) its slower pace, and (2) the enduring record that it leaves, both of which can encourage cognitive processes and interactive moves thought to promote language acquisition, and (3) the need for and the opportunity for greater precision in language use, which may encourage learners to consult their explicit knowledge as they plan, monitor, or review their production. Finally, it provides a critical discussion of the role of explicit knowledge in second language learning and second language writing and the central role of the interface in understanding the relationship between them.
Selective endocytosis, in vitro, by ovarian follicles from Hyalophora cecropia

Abstract Ovarian follicles of Hyalophora cecropia , incubated in vitro with isolated and radiolabelled hemolymph and yolk proteins, provided a satisfactory model of in situ vitellogenesis. Uptake of proteins was specific. The follicles accumulated vitellogenin and microvitellin at constant rates for 6 hr, depositing them in the protein yolk spheres of the oocyte. Uptake of these two proteins was saturable by high concentrations of homologous protein and inhibited by p -dinitrophenol. In contrast, two other abundant hemolymph proteins, arylphorin and flavoprotein, were taken up at lower rates, and become concentrated primarily in the basement lamina of the follicle. Their accumulation was not saturable and not inhibited by p -dinitrophenol. The two yolk precursors were accumulated only by follicles at stages known to be vitellogenic, and the rates of uptake were shown to approximate the rates of accumulation of these proteins in situ . The uptake of vitellogenin, but not microvitellin, was enhanced 2- to 3-fold by hemolymph ultrafiltrates. Vitellin from mature eggs was not distinguishable from vitellogenin by the endocytotic apparatus. Finally, endocytotic uptake was not affected by inhibition of protein synthesis. This finding supports the concept of membrane and receptor recycling in yolk formation, and argues against an essential role of the follicle cell product paravitellogenin in the mechanism of hemolymph protein uptake.
Gene expression in Brassica campestris showing a hypersensitive response to the incompatible pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians, a pathogen of lettuce, elicits a hypersensitive response within 12 hours of inoculation into Brassica leaves, characterized by tissue collapse, loss of membrane integrity, vein blockage and melanin production. In contrast, the compatible pathogen, X. c. pv. campestris, has no visible effects on leaves for 48 hours, after which inoculated areas show chlorosis which eventually spreads, followed by rotting. mRNA was prepared from leaves inoculated with suspensions of both pathovars or with sterile medium up to 24 hours following inoculation. In vitro translation of total and poly A+ RNA in rabbit reticulocyte lysate in the presence of 35S methionine followed by separation of the polypeptide products by 2D-PAGE, allowed comparison of the effects of these treatments on plant gene expression. Major changes in gene expression were observed as a consequence of the inoculation technique. In addition, after inoculation with X. c. vitians, up to fifteen additional major polypeptides appeared or greatly increased by four hours. Some of these had disappeared by nine hours and several more had appeared. No major polypeptides disappeared or decreased greatly in intensity following inoculation with X. c. vitians.
Practical Radiographic System Tradeoff Study

The topic that I would like to address today is a review of system performance requirements for imaging systems in diagnostic radiology. I intend to translate subjective performance factors related to clinical aspects into analytical engineering terms; a technique that manufacturers must attempt to better understand how to adequately design image equipment. For example, consider the vascular room pictured in Figure 1. I have picked a vascular system because it offers the greatest number of interacting design factors that effect or degrade diagnostic detail or resolution. These factors include cardiac motion, patient geometry, focal spot size, ma, KVp, exposure time and image system response.© (1972) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electrical Conductivity of a Superconductor

A model is proposed which describes the dc electrical conductivity of a superconductor both above and below the classical critical point. The approach is to include in the calculation of superfluid density and the electrical conductivity, the effect of the fourth-order term of the Ginzburg-Landau theory, which represents the interaction between superfluid excitations. The resulting expression for the conductivity simplifies to the Aslamazov-Larkin result above ${T}_{c}$ and yields, for "two-dimensional" samples, an exponential dependence of the superfluid conductivity on $\ensuremath{\Delta}T (={T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T)$ below ${T}_{c}$. Calculated results for the one- and three-dimensional cases are also given. Experimental studies of the electrical conductivity of "two-dimensional" Al films were made to test the model. Good agreement was obtained in the region below ${T}_{c}$ even when the sample resistance was followed over five decades and sample mean free paths were varied over two decades.
Methodological and clinical issues in studies of the performance of emotionally disturbed children and adolescents on abbreviated forms of the WISC-R: A review

Abstract Research is reviewed that suggests that there is a great deal of promise in the valid and reliable use of a short form of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children as a means of obtaining clinically relevant information and as an emergency screening device with children with serious emotional disorders. The studies reviewed cover the period from 1974 to 1988 and are presented in detail. Earlier studies that have had an impact on the current research are also discussed. The investigators suggest that children who perform poorly on a short form initially, or who change IQ categories at the time of reassessment, should receive a full WISC-R in order to clarify the specific problems and to provide clinical information for guiding recommendations for the most appropriate placements and interventions.
Efficient gauge fixing via overrelaxation

Abstract Overrelaxation is shown to be an effective technique for fixing the gauge in lattice gauge theories.
Pseudocyst of the Auricle

BACKGROUND. Pseudocyst of the auricle is a benign swelling of the ear characterized by collection of fluid within an unlined intracartilaginous cavity. The etiology and pathogenesis of this disorder remain unknown. Various forms of management have been described in several case reports and small series. OBJECTIVE. Description of a surgical procedure for successful management of pseudocyst of the auricle. METHODS. Case report of a patient who declined nonsurgical treatment options following failed management with aspiration. RESULTS. The described procedure resulted in cure of the pseudocyst with good cosmetic outcome. CONCLUSION. Pseudocyst of the auricle can be successfully managed by surgical excision of the anterior wall of the cyst.
Comments on "A new hardware realization of digital filters"

The purpose of this short note is to point out that in the above paper the operation speed (word rate) of infinite-duration impulse-response (IIR) filters is different from that of the finite-duration impulse-response (FIR) filters, and in the high-speed realization case, the difference is even larger.
Low-defect EUVL multilayers on standard format mask blanks

Fabrication of low defect density mask blanks remains as one of the key challenges to commercialization of Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL). A low defect deposition process for EUV-reflective Mo/Si multilayers has been developed on 200mm silicon substrates because of the availability of sensitive, fast defect inspection tools for wafers. A defect level of 0.05 defects/cm 2 at 90 nm defect size detection threshold can now be achieved repeatedly on wafers. We upgraded the low defect multilayer deposition (LDD) system to allow coating of standard format 152mm square mask blanks. Mask blank defect inspection was performed at IBM with a typical sensitivity of 100 nm PSL equivalent. We used the single reticle SMIF pod (RSP) standard both for clean, automated handling and for shipping of the mask substrates and blanks. The added defect level during shipping was improved to 0.02 defects/cm 2 . We achieved a process-added defect density of 0.38 defects/cm 2 on a lot of 5 blanks, which was the same defect level as on wafers coated before and after the blanks. We also improved the reflectance and thickness control on blanks to achieve 66.5% EUV reflectance, and a thickness uniformity of 0.07% P-V or 0.04% rms. The improved reflectance and uniformity meet the SEMI P38 specifications for EUVL mask blanks. We have discovered no differences in defect levels or film quality in the coating of standard square format as compared to silicon wafers.
Radiation lobectomy: Time-dependent analysis of future liver remnant volume in unresectable liver cancer as a bridge to resection

Background & Aims Portal vein embolization (PVE) is a standard technique for patients not amenable to liver resection due to small future liver remnant ratio (FLR). Radiation lobectomy (RL) with 90 Y-loaded microspheres (Y90) is hypothesized to induce comparable volumetric changes in liver lobes, while potentially controlling the liver tumor and limiting tumor progression in the untreated lobe. We aimed at testing this concept by performing a comprehensive time-dependent analysis of liver volumes following radioembolization. Methods 83 patients with right unilobar disease with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; N=67), cholangiocarcinoma (CC; N=8) or colorectal cancer (CRC; N=8) were treated by Y90 RL. The total liver volume, lobar (parenchymal) and tumor volumes, FLR and percentage of FLR hypertrophy from baseline (%FLR hypertrophy) were assessed on pre- and post-Y90 CT/MRI scans in a dynamic fashion. Results Right lobe atrophy ( p =0.003), left lobe hypertrophy ( p p p p =0.02). Median Child-Pugh score worsening (6→7) was seen at 1 to 3months ( p =0.03) and 3 to 6months ( p =0.05) after treatment. Five patients underwent successful right lobectomy (HCC N=3, CRC N=1, CC N=1) and 6 HCCs were transplanted. Conclusions Radiation lobectomy by Y90 is a safe and effective technique to hypertrophy the FLR. Volumetric changes are comparable (albeit slightly slower) to PVE while the right lobe tumor is treated synchronously. This novel technique is of particular interest in the bridge-to-resection setting.
Allopregnanolone levels and reactivity to mental stress in premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

Abstract Background: This study was designed to examine basal and stress-induced levels of the neuroactive progesterone metabolite, allopregnanolone, in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and healthy control subjects. Also, because evidence suggests that allopregnanolone negatively modulates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, plasma cortisol levels were examined. An additional goal was to investigate the relationship between premenstrual symptom severity and luteal phase allopregnanolone levels. Methods: Twenty-four women meeting prospective criteria for PMDD were compared with 12 controls during both the follicular and luteal phases of confirmed ovulatory cycles, counterbalancing phase at first testing. Plasma allopregnanolone and cortisol were sampled after an extended baseline period and again 17 min following the onset of mental stress. Owing to low follicular phase allopregnanolone levels, only luteal phase allopregnanolone and cortisol were analyzed. Results: During the luteal phase, PMDD women had significantly greater allopregnanolone levels, coupled with significantly lower cortisol levels, during both baseline and mental stress. Moreover, significantly more controls (83%) showed the expected stress-induced increases in allopregnanolone compared with PMDD women (42%). Premenstrual dysphoric disorder women also exhibited a significantly greater allopregnanolone/progesterone ratio than control subjects, suggesting alterations in the metabolic pathways involved in the conversion of progesterone to allopregnanolone. Finally, PMDD women with greater levels of premenstrual anxiety and irritability had significantly reduced allopregnanolone levels in the luteal phase relative to less symptomatic PMDD women. No relationship between symptom severity and allopregnanolone was observed in controls. Conclusions: These results suggest dysregulation of allopregnanolone mechanisms in PMDD and that continued investigations into a potential pathophysiologic role of allopregnanolone in PMDD are warranted.
The linguistic basis of left hemisphere specialization

In humans the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain are functionally specialized with the left hemisphere predominantly mediating language skills. The basis of this lateralization has been proposed to be differential localization of the linguistic, the motoric, or the symbolic properties of language. To distinguish among these possibilities, lateralization of spoken language, signed language, and nonlinguistic gesture have been compared in deaf and hearing individuals. This analysis, plus additional clinical findings, support a linguistic basis of left hemisphere specialization.
Mechanisms of aerosol formation from SO2

Abstract Experiments were performed to elucidate some of the mechanisms of important reactions leading to aerosol formation involving SO 2 . In one series, the rapid generation of a high number density aerosol was effected upon exposing 1 ppm of SO 2 to ionizing radiation in the presence of moisture. Subsequent addition of NH 3 led to further chemical conversion, the product being identified as (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 by X-ray diffraction. Mass spectrometric studies of the gas phase showed the expected reaction sequence leading to the formation of H 3 O + hydrates, and the hydroxyl radical. Additional experiments with an ion trap and appropriate free radical scavengers proved that aerosol formation did not involve an ion-molecule switching reaction; but, rather, the reaction of OH with SO 2 was found to be an important initiating step.
The Promotional Effect of Gold in Catalysis by Palladium-Gold

Acetoxylation of ethylene to vinyl acetate (VA) was used to investigate the mechanism of the promotional effect of gold (Au) in a palladium (Pd)-Au alloy catalyst. The enhanced rates of VA formation for low Pd coverages relative to high Pd coverages on Au single-crystal surfaces demonstrate that the critical reaction site for VA synthesis consists of two noncontiguous, suitably spaced, Pd monomers. The role of Au is to isolate single Pd sites that facilitate the coupling of critical surface species to product, while inhibiting the formation of undesirable reaction by-products.
Critical role of mast cells in inflammatory diseases and the effect of acute stress

Mast cells are not only necessary for allergic reactions, but recent findings indicate that they are also involved in a variety of neuroinflammatory diseases, especially those worsened by stress. In these cases, mast cells appear to be activated through their Fc receptors by immunoglobulins other than IgE, as well as by anaphylatoxins, neuropeptides and cytokines to secrete mediators selectively without overt degranulation. These facts can help us better understand a variety of sterile inflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), migraines, inflammatory arthritis, atopic dermatitis, coronary inflammation, interstitial cystitis and irritable bowel syndrome, in which mast cells are activated without allergic degranulation.
Glycosidase activities in grapefruit flavedo, albedo and juice vesicles during maturation and senescence

Glycosidases were extracted from grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf. cv. Ruby Red) flavedo, albedo, and juice vesicles harvested at five periods throughout the season. Flavedo β-galactosidase activity was high at the September harvest and then significantly declined by November. Thereafter, no further changes occurred in β-galactosidase activity. Flavedo α-galactosidase activity was low and unchanged throughout the study. α-Mannosidase, initially low in flavedo, steadily increased with advanced maturity. Trends in glycosidase activities of albedo were similar but attenuated. Juice vesicle β-galactosidase did not change through the study period, whereas α-galactosidase activity decreased 70% after the initial harvest period. α-Mannosidase was initially high and then decreased to 50% of the original activity. A second peak of activity was measured in March, followed by a second decline. Extractability differences of the glycosidases suggest differences in compartmentation and function. Two isozymes of α-mannosidase were separated in flavedo and one in juice vesicles, and characteristics were determined at an early and late harvest period. The results suggest that changes in the three glycosidases could be used to further define maturity and senescence in grapefruit.
The “Goose Neck” of the Endocardial Cushion Defect: Anatomic Basis

The “goose neck” deformity as seen In left ventriculograms in the endocardial cushion defect persists after surgical treatment in which the subaortic deficiency of the ventricular septum is built up with prosthetic material and the natural mitral valve is replaced by a prosthesis. Anatomic studies indicate that the diaphragmatic (inflow) aspect of the left ventricle and the ventricular septum are short relative to the outflow length of the ventricular septum. In addition, there is a deficiency in the subaortic aspect of the ventricular septum. The study suggests that the term “goose neck” deformity following correction of the deficiency of the ventricular septum appears to be related to the short nature of the inflow part of the left ventricular wall at its diaphragmatic aspect. The study suggests that the term “goose neck” deformity is better replaced by “goose” deformity, since the deficient posterior wall of the left ventricle outlines the curvature of the back of the “goose” which persists in spite of correction at operation.
Mechanisms by which the orexigen NPY regulates anorexigenic α-MSH and TRH

Protein posttranslational processing is a cellular mechanism fundamental to the generation of bioactive peptides, including the anorectic α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and thyrotropin-re...
Citizens' Local Political Knowledge and the Role of Media Access

Locally based media institutions that have been at the core of citizens' media environments for generations are facing an onslaught of new competition from new media. The twin goals of this article are to expand our understanding of the distribution of local political knowledge in general and to specifically examine the relevance of media access. The article suggests that media access does bear upon levels of local political knowledge and confirms that citizens who are knowledgeable about local politics do not mirror the profile of those who are knowledgeable about national politics.
Carbon isotopic evidence for microbial control of carbon supply to Orca Basin at the seawater–brine interface

Orca Basin, an intraslope basin on the Texas-Louisiana continental slope, hosts a hypersaline, anoxic brine in its lowermost 200 m in which limited microbial activity has been reported. This brine contains a large reservoir of reduced and aged carbon, and appears to be stable at decadal time scales: concentrations and isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic (DIC) and organic carbon (DOC) are similar to measurements made in the 1970s. Both DIC and DOC are more "aged" within the brine pool than in overlying water, and the isotopic contrast between brine carbon and seawater carbon is much greater for DIC than DOC. While the stable carbon isotopic composition of brine DIC points towards a combination of methane and organic carbon remineralization as its source, radiocarbon and box model results point to the brine interface as the major source region for DIC, allowing for only limited oxidation of methane diffusing upwards from sediments. This conclusion is consistent with previous studies that identify the seawater–brine interface as the focus of microbial activity associated with Orca Basin brine. Isotopic similarities between DIC and DOC suggest a different relationship between these two carbon reservoirs than is typically observed in deep ocean basins. Radiocarbon values implicate the seawater–brine interface region as the likely source region for DOC to the brine as well as DIC.
United in Opposition?: A Cross-National Time-Series Analysis of European Protest in Three Selected Countries, 1980-1995

This article examines the role of contentious collective action directed toward the European Community by citizens of three member countries—Belgium, France, and the Federal Republic of Germany—over a 16-year period from 1980 to 1995. Specifically, it looks at whether contentious collective action that is directed at the policies or the institutions of the European Union occurs independently of other collective action in the three member countries under focus, or whether diffusion or contagion effects within the countries and across country boundaries are present. The article uses time-series of protest events with a generalized event-count model to test for the presence of cross-national contagion effects. Results show the presence of both spatial and temporal diffusion effects among the three countries, indicating the adaptation of protesters to new, evolving forms of governance.
Electrostatic microactuators for precise positioning of neural microelectrodes

Microelectrode arrays used for monitoring single and multineuronal action potentials often fail to record from the same population of neurons over a period of time likely due to micromotion of neurons away from the microelectrode, gliosis around the recording site and also brain movement due to behavior. We report here novel electrostatic microactuated microelectrodes that will enable precise repositioning of the microelectrodes within the brain tissue. Electrostatic comb-drive microactuators and associated microelectrodes are fabricated using the SUMMiT V/spl trade/ (Sandia's Ultraplanar Multilevel MEMS Technology) process, a five-layer polysilicon micromachining technology of the Sandia National labs, NM. The microfabricated microactuators enable precise bidirectional positioning of the microelectrodes in the brain with accuracy in the order of 1 /spl mu/m. The microactuators allow for a linear translation of the microelectrodes of up to 5 mm in either direction making it suitable for positioning microelectrodes in deep structures of a rodent brain. The overall translation was reduced to approximately 2 mm after insulation of the microelectrodes with epoxy for monitoring multiunit activity. The microactuators are capable of driving the microelectrodes in the brain tissue with forces in the order of several micro-Newtons. Single unit recordings were obtained from the somatosensory cortex of adult rats in acute experiments demonstrating the feasibility of this technology. Further optimization of the insulation, packaging and interconnect issues will be necessary before this technology can be validated in long-term experiments.