cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extension of the Two Parametric Approach to Fatigue Crack Growth in Intermetallics

Fatigue crack growth in intermetallics and their composites published in the literature have been examined in the light of the new concepts developed by the authors. It is shown that the two parametric approach can adequately account for the observed behavior without resorting to an extraneous factor such as crack closure. Implication of the two parametric approach in design is discussed.
Upper and Middle Lobe Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Diagnose Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) remains the most common lethal opportunistic pulmonary infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although the use of prophylactic inhaled pentamidine has effectively reduced the frequency of primary and recurrent episodes of PCP, the aerosolization of pentamidine may have altered the localization of active PCP, resulting in more upper lobe disease. The distribution of disease may have also affected the diagnostic accuracy of standard bronchoalveolar lavage of the middle lobe, with a reduction in sensitivity from about 90 to 65%. In retrospective surveys of patients from our institution, Steiger and Fahy found that pooled multiple-lobe radiographic site-directed bronchoalveolar lavage resulted in diagnostic sensitivities of 91 and 100%, respectively. We performed a follow-up prospective study of 38 consecutive patients on aerosolized pentamidine in whom we lavaged both the middle lobe and an upper lobe. We found that bilobar lavage including routine lavage of an upper lobe increases the diagnostic sensitivity of bronchoalveolar lavage alone to 95% compared with 65% if lavage is performed only in the middle lobe (p < 0.05). Radiographic studies demonstrate a concordant increase in exclusive or predominant upper lobe disease in patients on aerosolized pentamidine, but our results indicate that PCP is recovered more frequently from the upper lobe regardless of the radiographic appearance. We conclude that all patients on prophylactic inhaled pentamidine should undergo bilobar lavage with the inclusion of an upper lobe in the initial evaluation of possible PCP. The diagnostic sensitivity of 95% makes bilobar bronchoalveolar lavage an acceptable sole initial diagnostic modality without the need for initial transbronchial lung biopsy.
Early postnatal starvation causes lasting brain hypomyelination.

— Rats were starved during various intervals of postnatal development, and subsequently, they were rehabilitated by feeding ad lib. through 60 days of age. Starvation was induced by an increasingly severe regime of maternal deprivation that results in a 50% deficit in body weight at 20 days. Relatively mild and brief starvation, from birth through 8 days, as well as more severe starvation occurring late, from 14 to 30 days, produced no lasting deficit in myelin accumulation. Starvation from birth through 14 days or from birth through 20 days produced lasting, significant myelin deficits in all regions (cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla, midbrain, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and striatum) of the brain. These data, in combination with our previous metabolic studies of myelin synthesis of starved and control rats, show that starvation early in development, during the period of oligodendroglial cell multiplication, accounts for an immediate reduction in myelin synthesis, and that the consequent myelin deficit proves irreversible in subsequent nutritional rehabilitation. In contrast, brain weight is subject to substantial growth catch-up upon rehabilitation. Where the onset of starvation was late, during the period of rapid myelin synthesis, but after completion of the major period of oligodendroglial cell proliferation, no lasting myelin deficit was observed upon rehabilitation.
Radiation treatments after breast-conserving therapy for elderly patients

Radiation treatments play an important role in the multidisciplinary management of most patients with breast cancer. Data from prospective phase III trials indicate that, for patients treated with a breast-conserving surgery, radiation reduces the risk of local recurrence, provides a clinically significant reduction in distant metastases, and improves overall survival. 1,2 Radiation treatments are also welltoleratedand,whendeliveredusingmoderntechnologies,carryalow risk of serious morbidity. However, there are also down sides to radiation treatments, most important of which are the inconvenience andcostsassociatedwithdailytreatmentsthatareadministeredovera 3- to 6-week period. Therefore, it would be ideal to identify favorable subgroups of patients treated with breast conservation for whom radiation could be avoided. In the past two decades, several randomized trials attempted to do this, but unfortunately most of these trials wereunsuccessfulatidentifyingagoodrisksubsetthatcouldbespared radiation. One notable exception was the Cancer and Leukemia GroupB(CALGB)9343trial,whichfoundthatpatientsolderthanage 70 with stage I, estrogen receptor (ER) ‐positive breast cancer who were treated with surgery and adjuvant tamoxifen without breast irradiation had a low 5-year local recurrence rate. In the article that accompanies this editorial, Hughes et al 3 report the 10-year results of this study. CALGB9343wasstatisticallydesignedasasuperioritytrialtotest whether radiation would reduce the probability of breast recurrence. With respect to this end point, the study was positive in favor of radiation. Specifically, the 10-year breast recurrence rates were 10% without radiation versus 2% with radiation (P .001). The updated report also demonstrated that the hazard of developing breast recurrence without radiation seemed similar between years 5 and 10 compared with thefirst 5 years of follow-up and that the risk would likely continue to increase after 10 years. This is consistent with previously published data indicating that ER-positive disease requires decades of follow-up to determine the true recurrence risk and the true magnitude of treatment benefits. 4
Make tests and proper muscle strength measurement

If meaningful judgments are to be made about the presence and/or extent of muscle strength impairments, reference values to which patients' performance can be compared are required. Given the myriad of factors that can alter the force or torque measured during muscle strength testing,1 it is desirable that norms are published for use with specific test protocols. Phillips et al2 recently provided such norms for 9 muscle actions...
How nutritionally imbalanced is phloem sap for aphids

Aphids harbour intracellular symbionts (Buchnera) that provide their host with amino acids present in low amounts in their diet, phloem sap. To find out the extent to which aphids depend on their symbionts for synthesis of individual essential amino acids, we have evaluated how well phloem sap amino acid composition matches the aphids’ needs. Amino acid compositions of the ingested phloem sap were compared to amino acids in aphid body proteins and also to available information about optimal diet composition for other plant feeding insects. Phloem sap data from severed stylets of two aphid species, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) feeding on wheat, and Uroleucon sonchi (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) feeding on Sonchus oleraceus (L.), together with published information on phloem sap compositions from other plant species were used.
A Finite Horizon Production Model with Variable Production Rates and Constant Demand Rate

In this paper we present a finite horizon single product single machine production problem. Demand rate and all the cost patterns do not change over time. However, end of horizon eects may require production rate adjustments at the beginning of each cycle. It is found that no such adjustments are required. The machine should be operated either at minimum speed (i.e. production rate = demand rate; shortage is not allowed), avoiding the buildup of any inventory, or at maximum speed, building up maximum inventories that are controlled by the optimal production lot size.
Outcome of follow-up colon examination among a population-based cohort of colorectal cancer patients.

Background & Aims: The benefit of colonoscopy in the follow-up of colorectal cancer survivors is uncertain, and findings of surveillance colonoscopy are not well-characterized. We sought to estimate survival among colorectal cancer patients according to receipt of a follow-up colon examination and to describe the findings of such exams. Methods: We studied health maintenance organization enrollees with colorectal cancer who underwent surgical resection. Mortality was estimated by using survival analysis, and findings of colon examinations were determined by review of pathology reports. Results: One thousand two patients were eligible for study; 5-year survival was higher (76.8%) for patients who had at least one follow-up exam than for patients who did not undergo follow-up (52.2%, P P = .02). History of adenomas was associated with advanced neoplasia on follow-up ( P = .002). Patients with advanced neoplasia on initial follow-up were at high risk for advanced neoplasia on subsequent examinations (13/16, 81%). Conclusions: After colorectal cancer resection, patients have a high risk of interval cancers, some of which represent missed lesions at initial diagnosis. Therefore, surveillance colonoscopy within 1 year of initial diagnosis is warranted. After adjusting for key variables, endoscopic surveillance is associated with improved survival.
Statistically translating low-level error probabilities to increase the accuracy and efficiency of reliability simulations in hardware description languages

Radiation induced single-event upsets are becoming an increasing issue for designers due to the impact on overall design reliability. This paper presents a method for translating probabilistic information from lower levels in the design hierarchy into efficient, fast, and useful tools at higher levels. This method allows designers to incorporate soft error reliability analysis into the verification process at greatly reduced simulation expense with high accuracy. We also include metrics to estimate the error in the method. Results from both abstracted verification simulations and Verilog soft error simulations are presented. Our method bridges a gap between low level reliability measurements and high level reliability simulations.
Approximation algorithms for allocation problems: Improving the factor of 1 - 1/e

Combinatorial allocation problems require allocating items to players in a way that maximizes the total utility. Two such problems received attention recently, and were addressed using the same linear programming (LP) relaxation. In the Maximum Submodular Welfare (SMW) problem, utility functions of players are submodular, and for this case Dobzinski and Schapira [SODA 2006] showed an approximation ratio of 1 - 1/e. In the Generalized Assignment Problem (GAP) utility functions are linear but players also have capacity constraints. GAP admits a (1 - 1/e)- approximation as well, as shown by Fleischer, Goemans, Mirrokni and Sviridenko [SODA 2006]. In both cases, the approximation ratio was in fact shown for a more general version of the problem, for which improving 1 - 1/e is NPhard. In this paper, we show how to improve the 1 - 1/e approximation ratio, both for SMW and for GAP. A common theme in both improvements is the use of a new and optimal Fair Contention Resolution technique. However, each of the improvements involves a different rounding procedure for the above mentioned LP. In addition, we prove APX-hardness results for SMW (such results were known for GAP). An important feature of our hardness results is that they apply even in very restricted settings, e.g. when every player has nonzero utility only for a constant number of items.
Economic Impact of Corporate Mergers and Acquisitions on Acquiring Firm Shareholder Wealth

Mergers and acquisitions are a topic of great debate in today’s business world. Some proponents argue that mergers increase efficiency whereas opponents argue that they decrease consumer welfare by monopoly power. This paper focuses on the efficiency aspect of mergers and acquisitions to determine if they affect
Performance evaluation of a community structure finding algorithm using modularity and C-rand measures

Biological networks, social networks, and the World Wide Web are some examples of real world networks exhibiting community structure. We present a concise review of community structure finding (CSF) algorithms and applications. We apply a CSF algorithm and various other algorithms on three different microarray data sets. We calculate modularity and C-rand indices as an indication of the quality of each clustering of the three data sets. We compare the performance of the CSF algorithm with the performance of three other algorithms: hierarchical clustering (HC) algorithm, K-means, dynamic tree cut (DTC) algorithm and Naive Bayes Clustering (NBC) using both C-rand and modularity values. We report that the CSF algorithm detects clusters resulting in high modularity; however the CSF does not result in clusters with high C-rand values compared to the other methods.
Electron Emission Through Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Coatings on Mo and Si Emitters

The field emission properties of molybdenum and silicon emitter coated with tetrahedral amorphous carbon (or amorphous diamond) were studied. The tetrahedral amorphous carbon was deposited by laser ablation and showed a uniformly coated columnar structure over the entire emitter. In general, current conditioning improved stability and increased the current density. Coatings of ta-C on Mo emitters with and without nitrogen incorporated both yielded significantly higher emissivity than uncoated emitters. Nitrogen incorporation reduced the effective workfunction and the sp3/sp2 ratio. However similar depositions on Si emitters reduced the emissivity, and may be attributable to the residual oxide at the ta-C/Si interface. Annealing in a hydrogen atmosphere enhanced emissivity from both ta-C/Mo and ta-C/Si emitters. In general, thick coatings lowered the emissivity and the slope of the I-V curves. A temperature dependence of emission was observed only in the low field regions.
A signals and systems and object oriented programming approach to development of ECG analysis software

A Visual Software Development Framework (VSDF) has been created to facilitate the software coding process of biological signal analysis. A special purpose graphical user interface (GUI) was developed using VSDF for automating the analysis and classification of waveforms in electrocardiographic (ECG) data. Graphing capabilities were included in the program to allow the user to plot the signal as well as trigger location. Object Oriented Programming (OOP) techniques were used in the Java programming language to calculate correlation coefficients between a template QRS complex and detected QRS complexes throughout an ECG recording. The OOP techniques employed in the development of the software package allow visualization of the entire analysis process. The ECG signal, read from a file, is stored into a simple array data structure and is passed to each of the modules. The signals and systems approach allows incorporation of trigger modules, data conversion modules, and numerical analysis modules directly into the software package, providing ease of software design.
Microstructural damage metrics for failure physics

Safe and reliable design and operation of engineered systems are ultimately limited by our understanding of the physical characteristics of material performance and failure. For structural materials, deformation, damage and fracture are important. The assessment of material state at the microstructural scale is a major factor limiting predictions of system capabilities. Quantitative descriptions and metrics of deformation and damage at the microstructural scale require new methods to understand large numbers of interacting features in the complex mesoscale geometry of actual microstructures. In this paper, we discuss the use of experimental and computational techniques to describe material state. These efforts focus on the integrated use of microtomography, image based models, finite element simulation, the percolation characteristics of deformation and cellular automata simulation of morphology. The results of these efforts produce better physical understanding and mathematical descriptions of mesoscale response.
The patterns of permutations

Let n,k be positive integers, with k ≤ n, and let τ be a fixed permutation of {1,...,k}. We will call τ the pattern. We will look for the pattern τ in permutations σ of n letters. A pattern τ is said to occur in a permutation σ if there are integers 1 ≤ i1 > i2 > ... > ik ≤ n such that for all 1 ≤ r > s ≤ k we have τ(r) > τ(s) if and only if σ(ir) > σ(is).Example. Suppose τ = (132). Then this pattern of k = 3 letters occurs several times in the following permutation σ, of n = 14 letters (one such occurrence is underlined): σ=(5 2 9 4 14 10 1 3 6 15 8 11 7 13 12).
Disaster Nursing: A Retrospective Review

A plethora of information exists in the literature regarding emergencies and disasters. Nevertheless, significant gaps in the science related to nurses working during disasters are revealed. Few studies have addressed the perspective of nurses and their intent to respond to future disasters. Because nurses are invaluable to disaster response efforts, more research is essential to validate current findings and elucidate the needs of nurses who respond to disasters and other health emergencies. There is a paucity of research in the literature describing nurses' lived experiences of working during hurricanes. Natural disasters inevitably inflict human suffering, and nurses are expected to respond and provide services during these catastrophic times. Lost within this expectation are the experiences and concerns of the nurses who are called upon and intend to respond to the disaster, and yet are themselves affected by the disaster. Understanding the experiences and needs of nurses who decide to respond to the call of duty and work during disasters remains unclear in the literature. Research in the area of disaster response intentions by nurses becomes the initial step in understanding the phenomenon of working during a disaster and creating innovative approaches that address working during disasters. Disaster policies have been developed and implemented at the international, national, state, local, and hospital level. Nevertheless, disasters continue to adversely impact communities and hospitals at all levels causing injuries, death, and destruction of infrastructure. To reduce the impact of disasters, continued research is needed to inform and strengthen future disaster policies. Knowledge gained from future research has great potential to inform nursing education, research, and practice, as well as health policy related to the care of individuals and responders before, during, and after disasters.
THE PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF SPANISH

Spanish articulatory phonetics, the classification of sounds and the physiological mechanism used in the production of phonemes are discussed in this article. The process of learning a language consists of classifying sounds within the target language. Since the learner may be hearing the utterance in a different way than the native speaker some objective criteria are needed to classify sounds. If these distinctions are not mastered, he may be perceived as sounding awkward. Other phonological processes are applied in informal situations due to socio-linguistic factors such as age, social class, and education. Sound deletion in particular phonological environments are not done randomly by the speaker, but by necessity to retain semantic comprehension. Allophonic choices within phonemes make up the dialect for a particular area.
Computational Methods for Interpretation of EM Maps at Subnanometer Resolution

Driven by a remarkable number of technological advances in recent years, electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) has played an increasingly important role in deciphering macromolecular structure and function. Today, cryo-EM routinely achieves subnanometer resolutions, with current state-of-the-art reconstructions approaching atomic resolutions. Though achieving high-resolution density maps is still a challenging aspect of cryo-EM, it is possible to isolate individual subunits, identify secondary structures elements and accurately fit atomic models in reconstructions of large macromolecular assemblies. Additionally, computational modelling and feature recognition tools are routinely employed to construct backbone and atomic models of entire assemblies directly from a density map. Together, these tools provide researchers with unprecedented insight into structure and function, revealing everything from subunit arrangements to complex sets of interactions in macromolecular assemblies. Key Concepts: Cryo-EM is capable of imaging large macromolecular assemblies in order to understand their structure and function. Analysing macromolecular assemblies requires a variety of complex computational tools. In subnanometer resolution cryo-EM density maps, it is possible to see individual protein subunits, as well as higher-resolution structural features. It is now possible to construct backbone and atomic models directly from cryo-EM density maps at near-atomic resolutions. Keywords: cryo-EM; segmentation; fitting; modelling; macromolecular assemblies
Process variation aware DRAM design using block based adaptive body biasing algorithm

Large dense structures like DRAMs are particularly susceptible to process variation, which can lead to variable latencies in different memory arrays. However, very little work exists on variation studies in the DRAM. This is due to the fact that DRAMs were traditionally placed off-chip and their latency changes due to process variation did not impact the overall processor performance. However, emerging technology trends like three dimensional integration, use of sophisticated memory controllers and continued scaling of technology nodes, substantially reduces DRAM access latency. Hence future technology nodes will see widespread adoption of embedded DRAMs. This makes process variation a critical upcoming challenge in DRAMs that must be addressed in current and forthcoming technology generations. In this paper, we present techniques for modeling the effect of random as well as spatial variation in large DRAM array structures. We use sensitivity based gate level process variation models combined with statistical timing analysis to estimate the impact of process variation on the DRAM performance and leakage power. We also propose a simulated annealing based V th assignment algorithm using adaptive body biasing to improve the yield of DRAM structures. Applying our algorithm on a 1GB DRAM array, we report an average of 10.3% improvement in the DRAM yield. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first technique to model the impact of process variation on large scale DRAM arrays.
Semantics-aware security policy specification for the semantic web data

The semantic web has been envisioned as a machine interpretable web, where data instances are described through concepts defined and related in ontologies. Though ontologies are publicly available as a crucial component of the semantic web infrastructure, many data instances are sensitive and should be kept confidential. Sensitive information can be illegally inferred from other seemingly unclassified information in combination with the underlying data semantics and interrelationships revealed by ontologies. In other words, the visibility of ontologies can pose inference threats to the security of data instances, and this requires that security policies be specified in such a way that the semantic relationships among data instances are taken into account. To protect the semantic web data or other semantics-rich data, this paper presents semantics-aware security policy specification. We propose concept-level, association-level and property-level access control models for different security objects, and that authorisations be propagated based on different inference patterns. These propagation policies can be used to generate safe and consistent access control authorisations.
Effect of Processing Variants on the Nutritive Value of Cottonseed Meal for Chicks

Abstract THE nutritional value of cottonseed meals for non-ruminants varies greatly. In processing cottonseed meal, both preservation of protein quality and detoxification must be achieved. The present processes of extraction of the oil from cottonseed involve two major phases, cooking and pressing. The cottonseed meals must be cooked to increase the yield and quality of the oil (Olcott, 1941). Reports generally credit moist cooking at high temperature with inactivation of the gossypol, which compound has been shown by Lillie and Bird (1950) and Heywang, Bird and Altschul (1950) to account for the toxicity of cottonseed meal for poultry. Among others, Gallup (1927) and Lyman, Holland and Hale (1944) reported destruction or inactivation of gossypol under these conditions. The evidence of the effect of cooking on the nutritive value of cottonseed meal is more contradictory. Olcott and Fontaine (1941) found that steam autoclaving at high temperatures markedly reduced nutritive value of the . . .
The Philosophy of Geometronics

The solution to surveying education depends on the needs and conditions at each school. The philosophy of Geometronics requires a professional attitude by faculty and student. It emphasizes the analysis of cause and effect through a rigorous approach with the use of modern equipment—thus Geometronics becomes one possible solution.
User Privacy and the Evolution of Third-Party Tracking Mechanisms on the World Wide Web

Third-party tracking refers to tracking done by websites that a user never navigates to explicitly. Many Internet users are vaguely aware that their information may be collected online. However, data suggests there is relatively little knowledge about third-party tracking and its associated privacy risks. The FoxTracks software tool attempts to address this lack of knowledge about third-party online tracking for the benefit of interested users with varying levels of technical knowledge. FoxTracks is a Firefox add-on program that browses the web along with the user and collects information about three types of trackers that may be monitoring the user: HTTP cookies, Local Shared Flash Objects, and DOM Storage entries. The interface to FoxTracks displays the user’s information as it has been collected by the trackers; the highly personalized view of third-party tracking is uniquely accessible and informative for end-users. Beyond the development of FoxTracks, the analysis presented in this thesis discusses the history, key players, and motivations of third-party tracking, and how each influenced the design choices made in the software. In particular, the motivations of third-party entities, who are frequently online advertisers, are examined in at length. A computer security rubric is then applied to the behavior and tracking methodologies of third parties in order to show their adversarial qualities in matters of user privacy.
Lossless compression of medical images using Burrows-Wheeler Transformation with Inversion Coder

Medical imaging is a quickly growing industry where the need for highly efficient lossless compression algorithms is necessary in order to reduce storage space and transmission rates for the large, high resolution, medical images. Due to the fact that medical imagining cannot utilize lossy compression, in the event that vital information may be lost, it is imperative that lossless compression be used. While several authors have investigated lossless compression of medical images, the Burrows-Wheeler Transformation with an Inversion Coder (BWIC) has not been examined. Our investigation shows that BWIC runs in linear time and yields better compression rates than well-known image coders, such as JPEG-LS and JPEG-2000.
SimCity in the Community Planning Classroom: Effects on Student Knowledge, Interests, and Perceptions of the Discipline of Planning

This article has three objectives. It first examines whether the latest version of SimCity can achieve learning objectives related to systems thinking, problem solving, creativity, and regional und...
Lovastatin: An HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor for Lowering Cholesterol

Increased levels of cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and VLDL-cholesterol are known risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease. There are multiple drugs that can be used for lowering cholesterol, including lovastatin, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme step in cholesterol synthesis in the body. The pharmacology of this novel agent is discussed in this article.
Test and Analysis of OPGW Strand Breakage of an EHV Transmission Line

For frequent OPGW strand breakage of an EHV transmission line,the physical and chemical properties,anti-lightning performance,and short-circuit property are tested and analyzed.Considering the operation condition of the transmission line,conclusion can be drawn that the strand breakage of the OPGW is caused by lightning,and anti-lightning performance of the OPGW is weak.
Design, Modeling and Stabilization of a Moment Exchange Based Inverted Pendulum

Abstract This paper summarizes the mechanical and control design concepts of an inverted or unstable pendulum where stabilization is achieved by a moment exchange generated by a controlled symmetric rotation of a rotational inertia attached to the pendulum. The proposed design of the pendulum has a fixed bottom rotation or point of support as opposed to the usual vertically or horizontally moving point of support to stabilize the pendulum, allowing for small form factor desktop design of an inverted pendulum experiment. The symmetry of the rotational inertia allows for stabilization of the pendulum without the need to control the position of the mass attached to the pendulum. The paper reviews the design considerations, dynamic modeling, system identification and control design strategy to stabilize the pendulum.
Surveillance on Adverse Events Following Immunization with vaccine in Anhui,2010～2011

Objective To analyze the occurrence features of adverse events following Immunization(AEFI) in Anhui province and evaluate the immunization safety.Methods The descriptive epidemiology was adopted to analyze the 2010~2011 AEFI data in Anhui province.Results A total of 2 608 AEFI cases were reported in Anhui province during the 2010~2011.Among them,1047 cases were aged≤1 year and accounted for 40.15%,the sex ratio of male and female was 1.5: 1.The occurrence peak was observed from June to September.AEFI cases were mainly reported≤1 day after vaccination of measles intensive immunization in 2010 and meningitis immunization in 2011,including 2 268 cases,accounting for 86.96%.567 cases with general reaction,53 cases with abnormal reaction,1 case with inoculation accident and 34 cases with coincidental reaction were reported in 2010.1 847 cases with general reaction,93 cases with abnormal reaction,12 cases with coincidental reaction,1 case with injection reaction were reported in 2011.Adverse reactions induced by DPT(cell-free) were the mainly AEFI(27.73%),the reporting rate was 1.84 per 100 000 population.The total reported rate and investigated rate within 48h was 94.51% and 98.4%.Conclusion AEFI often occurred in infants,supplementary immunization,mass campaign immunity period and within 1 day after vaccination.The estimated reporting rate of AEFI was not over the expected.
The Challenges and Developing Choices of Current Chinese High Vocational Education

In 21st century, Chinese high vocational education is sure to go into the worldwide market. It is a good opportunity of development as well as a series of challenges, such as economy globalization, worldwide hi-tech revolution, marketing economy of socialism and the fast growing needs of national high vocational education, etc. In the face of challenges, current Chinese high vocational education draws the successful lessons from worldwide vocational education, continuously deepens the reform and preliminarily forms the high vocational education with Chinese characteristics, which means the united development of popularization and quality, character and creativity, diversity and personality, socialization and internationalization, humanism and democracy.
Surgical Procedures and Experimental Outcomes of Closed Fractures in Rodent Models

The closed fracture rat model, first described by Bonnarens and Einhorn, has been widely implemented in recent years to characterize various fracture phenotypes and evaluate treatment modalities. Slight modifications in the fixation depth, to reduce surgical error associated with movement/dislocation of the k-wire fixation, were previously described. Here, we describe this method which involves the creation of a medial parapatellar incision, dislocation of the patella, boring an 18 gauge hole through the center of the femur, delivery of an adjunct (if applicable), fixation of the k-wire in the greater trochanter of the femur, suturing of muscle and skin, and finally creation of the mid-diaphyseal fracture with a three-point bending fracture device. Many laboratories routinely perform surgical procedures in which a closed fracture is induced using rat or mouse models. The benefits of such surgical models range from general orthopaedic trauma applications to the assessment of the healing process in genetically modified animals. Other important applications include the assessment of the safety and efficacy of various treatment modalities as well as the characterization of bone repair in metabolic bone diseases or skeletal dysplasia.
A 130 nm generation high density Etox/sup TM/ flash memory technology

A 130 nm-generation flash memory technology has been developed, optimized for small cell size, high performance low voltage operation and multi-level-cell and embedded logic capability. Memory cell scaling utilizes the architecture features from the 180 nm technology along with channel erase, advanced 130 nm lithography, dielectric scaling, junction scaling, dual trench and dual spacer technology. 32 Mbit flash memories with a 0.16 um/sup 2/ cell size have been built on this technology showing good yield, performance and reliability.
Varicella virus latency and reactivation in an animal model

V zoster virus, an exclusively human herpesvirus, causes chickenpox in children establishes a latent infection in ganglia and reactivates decades later to produce zoster and associated neurological complications in the elderly. Development of an animal model is essential to study VZV pathogenesis, latency and reactivation. Pathological, virological and immunological features of simian varicella virus (SVV) infection in nonhuman primates are similar to VZV infection in humans. Experimental infection of African green monkeys (AGM) with SVV has been used to demonstrate hematogenous spread of virus to ganglia in the absence of varicella rash. During primary infection in AGMs, alveolar myeloid and T-cells are infected in lungs and during viremia SVV initially infects central memory and subsequently effector memory T-cells. SVV is found in perivascular skin infiltrates composed of macrophages, dendritic cells, dendrocytes and memory T-cells, implicating hematogenous spread. In ganglia, SVV is found primarily in neurons and occasionally in memory T-cells adjacent to neurons suggesting the role of memory T-cells in dissemination. Intrabronchial inoculation of Rhesus macaques with SVV provides the most useful model to study latency. Immunosuppressive treatments of monkeys latently infected with SVV results in zoster. T-cell infiltration in ganglia with reactivated SVV in cynomolgus macaques correlates with expression of CXCL10 transcripts but not with SVV proteins, suggesting that SVV-specific T-cells do not control reactivation in ganglia. Thus, SVV infection of nonhuman primates provide a way to dissect, at the molecular level, the cascade of cellular and immune factors during primary infection as well as reactivation.
The Lactate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Gossypol Inhibits Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis

Exposure of the lung to ionizing radiation that occurs in radiotherapy, as well as after accidental or intentional mass casualty incident can result in pulmonary fibrosis, which has few treatment options. Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by an accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins that create scar tissue. Although the mechanisms leading to radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis remain poorly understood, one frequent observation is the activation of the profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Our laboratory has shown that the metabolite lactate activates latent TGF-β by a reduction in extracellular pH. We recently demonstrated that lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDHA), the enzyme that produces lactate, is upregulated in patients with radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, genetic silencing of LDHA or pharmacologic inhibition using the LDHA inhibitor gossypol prevented radiation-induced extracellular matrix secretion in vitro through inhibition of TGF-β activation. In the current study, we hypothesized that LDHA inhibition in vivo prevents radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6 mice received 5 Gy total-body irradiation plus 10 Gy thoracic irradiation from a 137Cs source to induce pulmonary fibrosis. Starting at 4 weeks postirradiation, mice were treated with 5 mg/kg of the LDHA inhibitor gossypol or vehicle daily until sacrifice at 26 weeks postirradiation. Exposure to radiation resulted in pulmonary fibrosis, characterized by an increase in collagen content, fibrosis area, extracellular matrix gene expression and TGF-β activation. Irradiated mice treated with gossypol had significantly reduced fibrosis outcomes, including reduced collagen content in the lungs, reduced expression of active TGF-β, LDHA and the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α). These findings suggest that inhibition of LDHA protects against radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and may be a novel therapeutic strategy for radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
Holmium for Use in Cancer Therapy

Over the last few decades, holmium (Ho) has been investigated for its application in laser surgery, magnetic resonance imaging, and internal and topical radionuclide therapy. Ho has a 100% natural abundance of holmium-165, which is a stable nuclide that can undergo a process called neutron-activation to generate radioactive holmium-166 (166Ho). 166Ho emits β–particles and γ photons, with a half-life of 26.8 h; β–particles can damage a cancer cell’s DNA, while γ photons allow for 166Ho to be imaged in vivo and easily quantitated prior to, or during, dosing. This article gives a thorough account of the work being done around the world on 166Ho for use as an internal or topical radionuclide therapy against cancer. Our research group and others have generated compelling data that support the use of 166Ho as a radiotherapeutic in the clinic, especially since pharmaceutical formulations can be made while non-radioactive (Ho) and then made radioactive (166Ho) just prior to use.
Investigating natural ventilation potentials across the globe: Regional and climatic variations

Abstract Natural ventilation (NV) that reduces building energy consumption and improves indoor environment has become a key solution to achieving sustainability in the building industry. The potential for utilizing NV strategies depends greatly on the local climate, which varies widely from region to region in the world. In this study, we estimated the NV potentials of 1854 locations around the world by calculating the NV hour. Energy saving potentials of the world's 60 largest cities were calculated with Building Energy Simulation (BES). We demonstrated that NV hour derived from outdoor meteorological data can measure maximum energy saving potential of NV without conducting detailed BES. Our analysis shows the subtropical highland climate, found in South-Central Mexico, Ethiopian Highland, and Southwest China, is most favorable for NV, because spring-like weather occurs all year with little variation in temperature and almost no snowfall. Another climate where NV can be beneficial is the Mediterranean climate, which occurs not only near the Mediterranean Sea, but also in California, Western Australia, Portugal, and Central Chile. In certain regions with desert climate and large diurnal temperature range such as the Middle East and Central Australia, greater-than-expected NV hours are observed due to significant potential of night-purge ventilation. Countries in Southeast Asia, e.g., Singapore and Malaysia, are shown to have little to no NV potential as a result of hot and humid weather all year. These findings provide valuable guidelines for architects and policy makers around the world to effectively utilize NV designs that meet local climatic conditions.
Deriving Mobility Archetypes from Household Travel Survey Data

This article proposes a simple post hoc segmentation approach to revisit Household Travel Survey data and sketch archetypal mobility figures (clusters) that relate to people's daily mobility experi...
A feasibility study of a novel, task-specific movement training intervention for women with patellofemoral pain:

Objective:To investigate whether a novel, task-specific training intervention that focused on correcting pain-producing movement patterns was feasible and whether it would improve hip and knee kine...
Cold Spray Applications

This chapter will present various cold spray applications developed by the US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) associated with the repair of parts from aircraft and ships by providing actual examples and their relevance toward the advancement and implementation of cold spray technology. It is not an all-inclusive by any means, but it serves to illustrate that cold spray (CS) can be used across very diverse industry sectors. It is important to note that most cold spray applications today are for dimensional restoration of parts that have experienced wear and/or corrosion in service. Significant points of interest associated with the development of these CS applications will be highlighted. Emphasis will be placed on important aspects of process development and optimization, testing and evaluation, and qualification and specifications. The methodology and essential technical data for the transition of cold spray technology for these select applications will be discussed and illustrated by actual case studies. The substrate materials represented will include aluminum, magnesium, and titanium. The focus application will involve the restoration of magnesium aerospace components where much data will be presented, while the remaining case studies cannot be so inclusive due to page restrictions.
A wireless opto-electro neural interface for experiments with small freely-behaving animals

This paper presents a wireless opto-electro neural interface system that combines ECoG recording and optogenetic stimulation for closed-loop neuromodulation on small freely behaving animals, such as rodents. The prototype opto-electro neural interface array includes 4 μLEDs for optical stimulation and 2 microelectrodes for ECoG recording, all on a flexible polyimide substrate. The detachable headstage, connected to a custom-designed USB dongle via Bluetooth low energy (BLE), is capable of wirelessly receiving user commands to selectively drive the μLEDs, and transmitting the recorded ECoG data, to enable bidirectional data communication. A proof-of-concept in vivo experiment was conducted on a freely behaving rat, while successfully applying optical stimulation to synchronize the wirelessly recorded ECoG signals.
Comparing Outcomes of Patients With Early-Stage Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Based on Frailty Status

Abstract Introduction Frailty of surgical patients has been associated with worse outcomes. There is limited literature discussing frailty in patients with lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). This study assesses the relationship between frailty and overall survival (OS), tumor control, and toxicity in patients with early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with SBRT. Patients and Methods A retrospective review of patients with early-stage NSCLC treated with SBRT at a single institution between February 2009 and September 2014 was performed. A modified frailty index (mFI) of 8 variables was created, and patients were categorized as nonfrail (mFI ≤ 2) and frail (mFI > 2). OS, recurrence-free survival (RFS), local control (LC), regional control, and distant control (DC) were compared between frail and nonfrail patients by Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank tests. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted. Results One hundred forty cases of early-stage NSCLC were included, with 49 frail (35.0%) and 91 nonfrail (65.0%) subjects. OS was significantly lower in frail than nonfrail patients (P = .01) with 3-year OS of 59.3% versus 82.0%. LC and DC were significantly lower in frail than nonfrail patients (LC: P = .02, 3-year LC of 85.3% vs. 97.0%; DC: P = .03, 3-year DC of 80.6% vs. 93.4%), as was RFS (P = .01, 3-year RFS of 53.4% vs. 74.5%). Frailty remained a significant predictor for shorter OS on multivariable analysis (hazard ratio = 1.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-3.85; P = .04). Conclusion Frailty is associated with reduced OS in early-stage NSCLC patients treated with SBRT. Characterizing frailty using an mFI before treatment could help guide treatment decision making and patient counseling.
WIND LOAD STANDARDS AND CODES

Wind load standards and codes govern design of buildings and structures to resist wind induced loads. A major portion of wind engineering research effort ultimately translates into development of wind loading standards. This paper compares wind loading standards of four nations, namely the United States, Australia, Britain and Canada. In addition, wind loading requirements of the four model building codes of the United States (Uniform, Standard, Basic, and National Building Code) are discussed. Comparisons between the standards and codes are substantiated by determining design wind pressures for a low-rise building.
Appreciation of Humor

Humor appreciation is a psychological response that occurs when a situation or a stimulus is perceived to be humorous. The authors review different conditions that scholars have proposed lead to humor appreciation, including surprise, simultaneity, violations, and a benign appraisal. Although none of the conditions alone fully explain humor appreciation, combining the latter three suggests a compelling hypothesis: humor appreciation results from perceiving a violation, appraising the violation as benign, and holding both views simultaneously.
The Chesapeake Bay Migration, 1642–1675

In the eleventh century, William the Conqueror initiated a castle-building process along the Welsh border to protect England from incursions by the Welsh. Henry I (1100–1135) established English and Flemish planters in the southwest of England (Graddol, Leith, and Swann, 1986, p. 186).
Theory as a Basis for Research on Enabling Environments

Since the mid-1970s, there has been a growing body of research and practice on accessibility of the environment for people with impairments. Some of the research has found its way into codes, standards, and design guidelines. The norms and recommendations based on this research are used on a daily basis all over the world to make major decisions in design practice and social policy. Occupational therapists, physicians, and other rehabilitation service providers also use this knowledge base to plan interventions in the home and work environment in seeking to promote more independence for their clients.