cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Living carbocationic polymerization of p-halostyrenes. II, Synthesis of poly(p-chlorostyrene)-b-polytetrahydrofuran

The total synthesis of diblock copolymers comprising poly(p-chlorostyrene) (PpClSt) and polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) segments have been accomplished. The syntheses involved the living polymerization of p-chlorostyrene (pClSt) by the 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane/TiCl4 initiating system followed by the blocking of tetrahydrofuran (THF) from thesec-benzylic chlorine end-group of PpClSt in the presence of AgPF6 in THF at room temperature and quenching with methanol: A series of PpCISt-b-PTHF diblocks have been prepared. Themolecular weight of the PTHF segments increased with reactiontime. The blocking efficiency (Beff) calculated by1H NMRspectroscopy was nearly 100%.
The cytokine network type I IFN-IL-27-IL-10 is augmented in murine and human lupus

IL-10 is elevated in the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we show that conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) from predisease lupus-prone B6.NZM Sle1/Sle2/Sle3 triple congenic (TCSle) mice produce more IL-10 than wild-type congenic cDCs upon TLR stimulation, and this overproduction is prevented by blocking the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) with specific Abs. Priming wild-type cDCs with type I IFN mimics the IL-10 overproduction of TCSle cDCs. The MAPK ERK is more phosphorylated in lupus cDCs, partially contributing to IL-10 overproduction. Moreover, we found that TCSle cDCs express higher levels of IL-27 upon TLR7/TLR9 stimulation, and IFNAR blockade reduced IL-27 levels in TCSle cDCs. These results suggest that dysregulated type I IFNs in cDCs contribute to the increased IL-10 and IL-27 in SLE. Since IL-27 neutralization did not inhibit TLR-induced IL-10 production, we propose that type I IFNs enhanced IL-10 in TCSle cDCs independently from IL-27. Moreover, RNA sequencing analysis of a cohort of SLE patients reveals higher gene expression of these cytokines in SLE patients expressing a high IFN signature. Since IL-27 and IL-10 have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, our results also suggest that these cytokines can be modulated by the therapeutic IFN blockade in trials in SLE patients and have complex effects on the autoimmune response.
Unification of hydrogen-enhanced damage understanding through strain-life experiments for modeling

Strain-life testing of a 4130 pressure vessel steel was conducted in hydrogen gas through the careful adaptation of an existing hydrogen-gas mechanical-testing apparatus. The strain-life mechanical results reveal that hydrogen has a significant effect on the strain-life, and impacts both the elastic and plastic responses of the material. Microscopy analysis shows a distinct difference in the microstructural development of the material after cyclic loading in air compared to after loading in hydrogen gas. These experimental results will inform coupled damage and deformation modeling.
Simulation in Surgical Education

Simulation is a tool that has been utilized for many decades in the surgical arena, from the advent of fracture fixation workshops, anatomy classes on cadavers, and practice of live animal models. The past two decades has seen an exponential growth in scientific data to support the role and impact of simulation in the surgical domain, within technical, team-based, and non-operative settings. In order to integrate simulation into surgical curricula, at student, resident, and practitioner levels, the tools, processes, and scientific outcomes of simulation need to be translated into clinical implementation, through deliberate engagement at the level of clinical departments, health systems, and professional bodies. This process needs to be underpinned by rigorous data collection and evaluation of the impact, challenges, and ongoing opportunities, for simulation in surgery to be a robust tool for health systems improvement, at a systems level.
Multiple innate antibacterial immune defense elements are correlated in diverse ungulate species

In this study, we aimed to evaluate to what extent different assays of innate immunity reveal similar patterns of variation across ungulate species. We compared several measures of innate antibacterial immune function across seven different ungulate species using blood samples obtained from captive animals maintained in a zoological park. We measured mRNA expression of two receptors involved in innate pathogen detection, toll-like receptors 2 and 5 (TLR2 and 5), the bactericidal capacity of plasma, as well as the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes. Species examined included aoudad (Ammotragus lervia), American bison (Bison bison bison), yak (Bos grunniens), Roosevelt elk (Cervus canadensis roosevelti), fallow deer (Dama dama), sika deer (Cervus nippon), and Damara zebra (Equus quagga burchellii). Innate immunity varied among ungulate species. However, we detected strong, positive correlations between the different measures of innate immunity-specifically, TLR2 and TLR5 were correlated, and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was positively associated with TLR2, TLR5, and bacterial killing ability. Our results suggest that ecoimmunological study results may be quite robust to the choice of assays, at least for antibacterial innate immunity; and that, despite the complexity of the immune system, important sources of variation in immunity in natural populations may be discoverable with comparatively simple tools.
Elasticity Solutions for Sandwich Structures

This chapter presents the theory of elasticity solutions for sandwich plates or shells. Elasticity solutions are significant because they provide a benchmark for assessing the performance of the various plate or shell theories or various numerical methods such as the finite element method.Most of these solutions are an extension of the corresponding solutions for monolithic anisotropic bodies which have been developed primarily by Lekhnitskii (1963). This chapter does not cover all problems of the theory of elasticity for sandwich bodies, but presents only some of the most studied ones in an attempt to collect the accumulated recent progress in this field. Section 5.1 on sandwich rectangular plates is adapted from Pagano (1970a), which was extended to the case of positive discriminant materials by Kardomateas (2008a) and Section 5.2 on sandwich shells from Kardomateas (2001).
What Interventional Radiologists Need to Know About Managing Severe Frostbite: A Meta-Analysis of Thrombolytic Therapy

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to review the various techniques and clinical management paradigms using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to treat severe frostbite injuries, which are relevant to the interventional radiologist. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A literature search yielded 157 citations, which were manually screened for inclusion criteria of case reports, case series, cohort studies, and randomized prospective studies that reported the use of tPA to treat severe frostbite injuries, of which 16 qualified for review. Data extracted from the studies included authors, journal, year of publication, initial assessment and management of severe frostbite injuries, inclusion and exclusion criteria for tPA therapy, treatment and control group size, different imaging modalities used in evaluation of severe frostbite injuries, tPA treatment protocols, outcomes, and side effects or complications. RESULTS. The analyzed series included 209 patients with 1109 digits at risk of amputation who were treated with intraarterial (IA) or IV tPA (116 and 77 patients, respectively). A total of 926 digits at risk were treated with IA tPA and resulted in amputation of 222 digits, for a salvage rate of 76%. Twenty-four of 63 patients underwent amputation after IV tPA, resulting in a salvage rate of 62%. Both digital subtraction angiography and triple-phase bone scan were used for initial imaging evaluation. Additional concurrent treatment included therapeutic heparin, warfarin, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, pain management, and light dressings with topical antimicrobial agents. CONCLUSION. Severe frostbite injuries can lead to devastating outcomes with loss of limbs and digits, yet clinical management continues to consist primarily of tissue rewarming, prolonged watchful waiting, and often delayed amputation. Recent studies have shown promising results using both IA and IV tPA to reduce amputation after severe frostbite injuries. Through a meta-analysis of thrombolytic therapy in the management of severe frostbite, this article provides a useful guideline for interventional radiologists including a suggested protocol, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and potential complications.
Vagrant Servants as Disease Vectors: Regulation of Migrant Maidservants in Fin-de-Siècle Vienna

This article centers on the persistent notion that female domestics are vulnerable to prostitution. Focusing on Vienna in the last decades of the nineteenth century, the article highlights the underlying fallacies of this notion. The 1810 Vienna Servant Code created a system of policing that made it easier for officials to collect data on maidservants. Compounded by problems in classification, maidservants seemed to form a major contingent in police prostitution data. The data enabled physicians to justify extending their authority over the private lives of a swelling population of occupationally diverse working-class migrant women in fin-de-siecle Vienna.
An Experimental Analysis of the Role of Cognitive Errors in the Development of Depressed Mood Following Negative Social Feedback

This study compared the extent to which negative and positive cognitive errors, dysfunctional attitudes, and self-reported symptoms of depression predicted change in college students' depressed mood and social self-esteem following an experimentally arranged negative social event. The amount of negative cognitive errors, the ratio of negative-to-positive cognitive errors, the amount of dysfunctional attitudes, and the amount of depressive symptoms obtained several weeks earlier each separately predicted change in depressed mood following the receipt of bogus negative social feedback. A subsequent 4-step hierarchical regression analysis found that the ratio of negative-to-positive cognitive errors contributed unique variance to the prediction of change in depressed mood after controlling for prior self-reported symptoms of depression and dysfunctional attitudes. Further, only the ratio score significantly predicted change in social self-esteem. Implications for Beck's cognitive model of depression, the limitations of the current study, and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Development of Interdigitated Capacitive Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring of Sub-Micron and Nanoscale Particulate Matters in Personal Sampling Device for Mining Environment

While current personal monitoring devices for mining industry are optimized for monitoring microscale particles, a higher resolution technique is required to detect sub-micron and nanoscale particulate matters (PM) due to smaller volume and mass of the particles. In this work, an interdigitated capacitive sensor is designed for monitoring sub-micron and nanoscale particle concentration in real-time for mining environment and other applicable environments. The 2 mm $\times12$ mm disposable sensor chip fits generic air sampling cassette housing. The re-usable readout board uses resistance-capacitance (RC) delay time constant for monitoring capacitance shift and data is recorded in real-time. The sensor showed clear response with respect to a commonly used test dust, and positive capacitance shift is observed after test. Among the collected particles, about 77 % are sub-micron and most of microparticles are agglomerates of sub-micron particles. A simulation study showed that our sensor response is in a region that is proportional to the particle volume collected on sensor. A comparison with gravimetric method showed that less than 1/1000 of collected particle mass on the sampler is responsible for sensor response due to radial distribution of particle deposition and sensor location. The sensor response is converted into a standard airborne mass particle concentration (g/ $\text{m}^{3}$ ) to demonstrate a continuous monitoring of particle concentration. An incorporated microheater improved stable capacitive sensor reading under air flow and various humidity.
Persistence targeted smoking cessation for smokers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: A feasibility study

IntroductionIndividuals with schizophrenia are more likely to smoke and less likely to quit smoking than those without schizophrenia. Because task persistence is lower in smokers with than without schizophrenia, it is possible that lower levels of task persistence may contribute to greater difficulties in quitting smoking observed among smokers with schizophrenia.AimsTo develop a feasible and acceptable intervention for smokers with schizophrenia.MethodsParticipants (N = 24) attended eight weekly individual cognitive behavioral therapy sessions for tobacco use disorder with a focus on increasing task persistence and received 10 weeks of nicotine patch.ResultsIn total, 93.8% of participants rated the intervention as at least a 6 out of 7 regarding how ‘easy to understand’ it was and 81.3% rated the treatment as at least a 6 out of 7 regarding how helpful it was to them. A total of 62.5% attended at least six of the eight sessions and session attendance was positively related to nicotine dependence and age and negatively related to self-efficacy for quitting.DiscussionThis intervention was feasible and acceptable to smokers with schizophrenia. Future research will examine questions appropriate for later stages of therapy development such as initial efficacy of the intervention and task persistence as a mediator of treatment outcome.
A model of opposing counsels in human decision-making

Recent experiments and theories of human decision-making suggest positive and negative errors are processed and encoded differently by serotonin and dopamine, with serotonin possibly serving to oppose dopamine and protect against risky decisions. We introduce a temporal difference (TD) model of human decision-making to account for these features. Our model involves two opposing counsels, an optimistic learning system and a pessimistic learning system, whose predictions are integrated in time to control how potential decisions compete to be selected. Our model predicts that human decision-making can be decomposed along two dimensions: the degree to which the individual is sensitive to (1) risk and (2) uncertainty. In addition, we demonstrate that the model can learn about reward expectations and uncertainty, and provide information about reaction time despite not modeling these variables directly. Lastly, we simulate a recent experiment to show how updates of the two learning systems could relate to dopamine and serotonin transients, thereby providing a mathematical formalism to serotonin9s hypothesized role as an opponent to dopamine. This new model should be useful for future experiments on human decision-making.
Reciprocal effects of neuroticism and life stress in adolescence

Abstract Background: Stressful life experiences and personality can influence one another. Personality may contribute to the amount and type of stress individuals experience, which is referred to as a selection effect. Life stress may also impact one's personality, which is referred to as a socialization effect. It was hypothesized that neuroticism would predict increased chronic and episodic stress (selection effect) and that chronic and episodic stress would predict increased neuroticism (socialization effect). Methods: The current study investigated selection and socialization effects of neuroticism and life stress over a three-year period in 627 adolescents. Life stress data were examined in terms of duration (chronic versus episodic) and type (interpersonal versus non-interpersonal). Episodic stress data were examined as dependent or independent. Results: The results from ten cross-lagged panel models provided some evidence for significant selection and socialization effects depending on stress type. Over three years, we observed that neuroticism increases interpersonal chronic stress and non-interpersonal stressful events (selection effects) and that dependent non-interpersonal stressful events and chronic stress increase neuroticism (socialization effects). Limitations: Study limitations include a lack of a lifespan perspective and a statistical approach that does not differentiate between- from within-person variance. Conclusions: Findings suggest the value of attending to stress response as well as targeting neuroticism in prevention and intervention approaches in adolescents.
Teacher Perceptions of Barriers to Providing Work-Based Learning Experiences:

This study investigated teachers’ perceptions of barriers to planning and organizing work-based learning experiences (WBLEs) for students with intellectual disability. Participants were high school...
Me, mi, my: Innovation and variability in heritage speakers’ knowledge of inalienable possession

The present study investigates variability in heritage speakers’ (HSs) knowledge of inalienable possession in Spanish (e.g., me rompi el brazo: ‘I broke my arm’). By testing HSs’ productive and receptive knowledge of this property, the study fills an important gap in the literature and, furthermore, explores whether differences in performance across productive and receptive modalities reflect grammatical innovation at the level of underlying representation. Thirty HSs (16 advanced proficiency, 14 intermediate proficiency) and 15 Spanish-dominant controls (SDCs) completed two experimental tasks, each testing both inalienable and alienable object contexts. Results from the Elicited Production Task show that the HSs exhibit significant variability. Unlike the SDCs, who almost categorically produce clitics to communicate the inalienability of objects, the two HS groups rely more heavily on possessive determiners, alternating frequently between the “target” form (Clitic + DefDet: me rompi el brazo) and three different “innovative” variants (e.g., NoClitic + PossDet: rompi mi brazo). Results from the Acceptability Judgment Task complicate this finding by revealing that the HSs, despite their productive variability, make all of the same within-group distinctions as the SDCs, suggesting that they retain systematic receptive knowledge of inalienable possession. To explain these seemingly contradictory patterns, as well as the strong effect of Spanish proficiency on HSs’ performance across tasks, we suggest that HSs’ variability is consistent with English to Spanish influence at the level of bilingual alignments, transient storage mechanisms proposed by Sanchez (2019) to account for gradient and variable performance in multiple bilingual contexts.
Contemporary Medical Management of Peripheral Artery Disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis. Modifiable risk factors including cigarette smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, poor diet quality, obesity, and physical inactivity, along with underlying genetic factors contribute to lower extremity atherosclerosis. Patients with PAD often have coexistent coronary or cerebrovascular disease, and increased likelihood of major adverse cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death. Patients with PAD often have reduced walking capacity and are at risk of acute and chronic critical limb ischemia leading to major adverse limb events, such as peripheral revascularization or amputation. The presence of polyvascular disease identifies the highest risk patient group for major adverse cardiovascular events, and patients with prior critical limb ischemia, prior lower extremity revascularization, or amputation have a heightened risk of major adverse limb events. Medical therapies have demonstrated efficacy in reducing the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and major adverse limb events, and improving function in patients with PAD by modulating key disease determining pathways including inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances. Treatment with guideline-recommended therapies, including smoking cessation, lipid lowering drugs, optimal glucose control, and antithrombotic medications lowers the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events and major adverse limb events. Exercise training and cilostazol improve walking capacity. The heterogeneity of risk profile in patients with PAD supports a personalized approach, with consideration of treatment intensification in those at high risk of adverse events. This review highlights the medical therapies currently available to improve outcomes in patients with PAD.
Predicting the Future

Predicting the future is like reading a crystal ball or going to a fortune teller. There are no guarantees, only possibilities. As once said “the best way to predict your future is to create it” a quote attributed to Abraham Lincoln. If we can predict the future with absolute certainty, then it is not the future anymore. In the big data competitive game, it is not about being correct, it is about being better than the rest. In reporting the possibilities and the actionable insights, the smart presentation of data and results play a significant role. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are commonly associated with predictive analytics. The results from any modeling or analytics are as good as the data are. Any bias in the data will be embedded in the models, and we risk creating a self-fulfilled prophecy based on our own bias and views of the world. As much as many tasks will be automated by AI, many new tasks will be created, and some will be hard to automate like design thinking and visual modeling.
Incorporating Circulating Biomarkers into Clinical Trials

Knowing the cancer genomic profile with underlying druggable molecular alterations is important for the optimal choice of cancer therapy. However, molecular analysis of tumor DNA can be limited by the availability of the cancer tissue, which has to be obtained from therapeutic or diagnostic procedures. Molecular analysis of liquid biopsies utilizing the circulating tumor cell-free DNA offers a minimally invasive and low-risk method that can be performed at multiple time points for molecular analysis. Molecular testing of cell-free DNA can be used in multiple clinically useful applications, such as identification of molecular targets for cancer therapy, assessment of cancer prognosis, monitoring of response to cancer therapy, monitoring of tumor molecular profiles in real time, and study target engagement when developing new therapies.
Data Collection via Satellite for Water Management

The U.S. Geological Survey is utilizing satellite data relay to automate the timely acquisition and distribution of hydrologic data from more than 200 remote data-collection sites. This activity has been part of a nationwide study program carried out for more than 8 years. In that period, satellite telemetry has proven to be reponsive, flexible, reliable and, when compared with other telemetry systems, cost effective. The use of satellites to telemeter data from remote locations results in the following: real-time hydrologic data being made available to water-data users, reduced site visits for manual retrieval of data, and the ability of the data collector to monitor instrumentation operation and hydrologic conditions at unmanned sites. A Geological Survey economic study projecting the availability of real-time data for flood warning and irrigation water management forecasts that the accumulated benefits derived from use of those data outweigh the added costs of providing the telemetry system .
USE OF TIRE NOISE AS A MEASURE OF PAVEMENT MACROTEXTURE

A procedure is described for measuring the near-field tire noise generated by a treadless tire operating at specified fixed conditions. Analysis of the noise spectra indicates that they are dependent on pavement macrotexture and that certain characteristics of the spectra appear to correlate with skid number-speed gradient as deduced from locked wheel skid tests. Third-octave spectral analyses are shown for a treadless tire operating at 40 mph over seven test surfaces having different macrotextures. A tentative correlation of the sound pressure level of the tire noise for the third-octave with center frequency at 1600 Hz, and the skid number-speed gradient is presented. The investigation suggests the feasibility of tire noise measurements as a practical means of pavement skid resistance appraisal in a normal highway traffic environment.
Sodium channels and the molecular pathophysiology of pain.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the sodium channels and the molecular pathophysiology of pain. This chapter reviews recent advances in the understanding of sodium channel expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Nociceptive pathways begin with dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and trigeminal neurons that constitute the first links in the chain of neurons making up the somatosensory system. These cells encode information in the form of series of action potentials whose depolarizing upstrokes are produced by sodium channels. Under normal circumstances DRG and trigeminal neurons are relatively quiescent unless they are stimulated and when stimulated they produce highly modulated series of action potentials that convey to the brain information about the external world. Following some nerve injuries and when there is inflammation of peripheral target tissues, however, these primary sensory neurons can become hyperexcitable and can give rise to unprovoked spontaneous action potential activity or pathological bursting which can contribute to chronic pain.
Where the rubber meets the sky: the semantic gap between data producers and data consumers

Summary form only given. Historically, scientists gatherer and analyzed their own data. But technology has created functional specialization where some scientists gather or generate data, and others analyze it. Technology allows us to easily capture vast amounts of empirical data and to generate vast amounts of simulated data. Technology also allows us to store these bytes almost indefinitely. But there are few tools to organize scientific data for easy access and query, few tools to curate the data, and few tools to federate science archives. Domain scientists, notably NCBI and the Virtual Observatory, are making heroic efforts to address these problems. But this is a generic problem that cuts across all scientific disciplines. It requires a coordinated effort by the computer science community to build generic tools that will help all the sciences. Our current database products are a start, but much more is needed.
Experiencing Incivility in Organizations: The Buffering Effects of Emotional and Organizational Support

Research shows that being a target of organizational incivility is associated with negative outcomes, including declines in job satisfaction, physical health, and psychological well-being. Two studies (90 property management company employees; 210 undergraduate students) were conducted to examine whether 2 types of social support—emotional and organizational—act as buffers of the relationship between incivility and outcomes in workplace and academic contexts. Two types of incivility were also examined: general workplace incivility and gendered incivility. Consistent with the hypotheses, the results of both studies indicated that employees and students who experienced higher levels of incivility reported better outcomes when they felt organizationally and emotionally supported. Implications for organizations are discussed.
MHC: Structure and Function

Immunological recognition of transplanted tissues is not a requisite function selected evolutionarily, but rather reflects the robust capacity developed by the innate and adaptive immune systems to counter infection and neoplasia. The rejection of genetically disparate grafts is a phenomenon that holds important clinical implications for the human recipient and has also served as a major model for understanding fundamental mechanisms of T-cell and Natural Killer (NK) cell recognition of cells infected by viruses and other cellular pathogens or of cells dysregulated by oncogenesis. As outlined in the other chapters of this book, the study of tissue transplantation has played a major role in elucidating the biological rules that govern immunological recognition; has been crucial to the identification by both serology and biochemistry of key molecules that control immunological interactions; and continues to form a basis not only for the identification of new molecules that regulate the immune response but also for inciting basic scientists to explore the molecular details of cellular interactions.
Exploring landscape sensitivity to the Pacific Trade Wind Inversion on the subsiding island of Hawaii

The interaction of the subsiding limb of the Hadley circulation and the easterly North Pacific Trade Winds establishes a persistent thermal inversion at about 2000 m above sea level in the subtropical Pacific. The inversion restricts convective rainfall to the lower elevations of the windward flank of the island of Hawaii, creating an order-of-magnitude vertical rainfall gradient, as well as high interbasin variability in precipitation. In the high-rainfall zone, streams are incised tens to hundreds of meters below the surface of the volcanic shield. We use a digital elevation model and 1-D numerical modeling to assess whether deep incision on the flank of Mauna Kea is tied to the elevation of the trade wind inversion. The 83 channels examined can be well fit in aggregate by all models that account for differences in precipitation between basins; specifically, the maximum depth of incision in each drainage is a power function of precipitation-weighted drainage area with an exponent of ~ ½. Individual longitudinal stream profiles are generally better fit by models that acknowledge both along-channel precipitation variability and the subsidence of the island through that gradient, but this relationship is not clearly demonstrable for many channels. We argue that island subsidence through the dry-to-wet precipitation gradient has resulted in less cumulative discharge in the lower reaches of the drainages over their lifetime, relative to a nonsubsiding case. This reduces differential erosion between the wet and dry reaches by 20–30% over 300 kyr, making the longitudinal profiles less sensitive to the very strong climate gradient.
Hydration and Hydrodynamic Interactions of Lysozyme: Effects of Chaotropic versus Kosmotropic Ions

Using static and dynamic light scattering we have investigated the effects of either strongly chaotropic, nearly neutral or strongly kosmotropic salt ions on the hydration shell and the mutual hydrodynamic interactions of the protein lysozyme under conditions supportive of protein crystallization. After accounting for the effects of protein interaction and for changes in solution viscosity on protein diffusivity, protein hydrodynamic radii were determined with ±0.25 A resolution. No changes to the extent of lysozyme hydration were discernible for all salt-types, at any salt concentration and for temperatures between 15–40°C. Combining static with dynamic light scattering, we also investigated salt-induced changes to the hydrodynamic protein interactions. With increased salt concentration, hydrodynamic interactions changed from attractive to repulsive, i.e., in exact opposition to salt-induced changes in direct protein interactions. This anti-correlation was independent of solution temperature or salt identity. Although salt-specific effects on direct protein interactions were prominent, neither protein hydration nor solvent-mediated hydrodynamic interactions displayed any obvious salt-specific effects. We infer that the protein hydration shell is more resistant than bulk water to changes in its local structure by either chaotropic or kosmotropic ions.
Traumatic lumbar puncture at diagnosis and outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The recent report by Gajjar et al[1][1] demonstrates impressively the adverse effect of a traumatic lumbar puncture (defined as more than 10 red blood cells per microliter of cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]) at the time of diagnosis on treatment outcome of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL
Molecular detection of bean common mosaic and bean common mosaic necrosis potyviruses and pathogroups

Partial nucleotide sequences of selected isolates of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) were determined. Based on these sequences and previously published sequence data, a reverse transcription, polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in combination with restriction endonuclease analyses, was developed for molecular detection of BCMV, BCMNV and some viral pathogroups (PG). Specific detection of the two viruses was accomplished by constructing two virus-specific primer pairs that amplified a PCR product specific for each virus. By application of RT-PCR, four BCMV-PG-V isolates were differentiated from isolates of BCMV pathogroups I, II, IV and VII. Distinction of two BCMNV pathogroups (PG-III and PG-VI) was achieved by restriction enzyme XbaI digestion of BCMNV PCR products. However, no combination of tested restriction enzymes distinguished all five recognized BCMV pathogroups. A primer pair Dts/Uny 15 proved to be specific for BCMV pathogroup PG-V. Thus, by a combination of RT-PCR and restriction enzyme analyses, it was possible to differentiate both viruses, two pathogroups of BCMNV, and one pathogroup of BCMV from the others.
Effect of warfarin sodium therapy on excretion of 4‐carboxy‐L‐glutamic acid in scleroderma, dermatomyositis, and myositis ossificans progressiva

The effect of warfarin sodium on excretion of calcium, phosphorus, and 4-carboxy-L-glutamic acid (Gla) was studied in 5 patients with ectopic calcification (2 with scleroderma, 1 with dermatomyositis, and 2 with myositis ossificans progressiva). Warfarin reduced urinary excretion of Gla in all patients, but no changes in calcium and phosphorus excretion or in objective parameters of calcinosis were observed during 6-36 months of treatment. Two patients experienced hemorrhagic complications during therapy, emphasizing a hazard of long-term anticoagulation treatment. Since ectopic calcium deposits contain Gla-rich protein, suppression of Gla synthesis by warfarin sodium over a longer period may prevent deposition and allow removal of existing calcinosis deposits.
The ascending input to the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the primate

To obtain a comprehensive map of the brainstem and spinal cord areas that project to the mesencephalic central gray small injections of hors-radish peroxidase were made into various regions of the periaqueductal gray in a series of monkeys. Despite the fact that different regions of the central gray were injected in separate animals, the majority of the brainstem areas containing retrogradely filled neurons remained the same. Labeled neurons were observed in the superior colliculus, periaqueductal gray, lateral parabrachial, locus coeruleus, nucleus raphe magnus and pallidus, and a variety of brainstem reticular nuclei. In contrast to labeled brainstem areas, where labeled neurons were present predominantly ipsilateral to the injection site, the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis and the spinal cord displayed labeled cells chiefly on the side contralateral to the injection. Also in contrast to the labeled brainstem sites, where medial and lateral injection sites produced a similar pattern of labeling, medial injections in the PAG labeled almost exclusively neurons in the deep laminae (V-X) in the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis and spinal cord while more lateral injections labeled neurons in both the deep (V-X) and superficial (I) laminae. No consistent differences were noted in the location of labeled neurons in either brainstem or spinal sites after dorsal vs. ventral injections or caudal vs. rostral injection sites. The present study has demonstrated that the central gray receives afferent projections from a number of brainstem and spinal areas which are known to be involved in the modulation andor conduction of nociception, while other inputs are probably involved in the regulation of visceral functions. These data support the hypothesis that the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray functions as a visceral, nociceptive, and cognitive integrator.
Treatment of painful temporomandibular joint dysfunction with the sagittal split ramus osteotomy.

Abstract Purpose: We describe a new indication for the sagittal split ramus osteotomy with rigid fixation to treat patients with painful dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint. Patients and Methods: Ten patients for whom nonsurgical management failed were found to have a mandibular condyle positioned postero-superior within the glenoid fossa with reduced joint space on corrected-axis tomograms. The sagittal split ramus osteotomy was used to reposition the proximal segment and to increase joint space. Preoperative and long-term postoperative (average, 44.7 months) symptoms and tomographic findings were retrospectively compared. Results: Significant pain relief occurred postoperatively in all patients. One patient had a relapse after initial improvement. No patient developed a malocclusion. The long-term radiographic condyle-fossa relationship tended to return to its preoperative position with no relapse of clinical symptoms, except in the 1 patient. Conclusion: The sagittal split ramus osteotomy with rigid fixation is another procedure that can be used to treat painful temporomandibular joint dysfunction by changing the position of the mandibular condyle in the glenoid fossa. © 2002 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60:996-1002, 2002
PROGRAM OPTIMIZATION BASED ON COMPILE-TIME CACHE PERFORMANCE PREDICTION

We present a novel, compile-time method for determining the cache performance of the loop nests in a program. The cache hit-rates are produced by applying the reference string, determined during compilation, to an architecturally parameterized cache simulator. We also describe a heuristic that uses this method for compile-time optimization of loop ranges in iteration-space blocking. The results of the loop program optimizations are presented for different parallel program benchmarks and various processor architectures, such as IBM SP1 RS/6000, the SuperSPARC, and the Intel 1860.
Vomiting associated with pentostatin and pentostatin plus alpha-interferon: Unique pattern and potential mechanisms

Abstract Pentostatin (2′-deoxycoformycin) is a unique antineoplastic agent that has proven valuable in the treatment of a number of lymphoid malignancies. Dose-limiting toxicities observed in clinical trials include central nervous system (CNS) effects and acute renal failure. Information regarding the incidence, duration, and severity of nausea and vomiting from published reports is conflicting and insufficient to provide recommendations for optimal supportive measures. We report the results of a phase I study where pentostatin was associated with a 20% incidence of vomiting following courses one and two (pentostatin alone). The third course of pentostatin administered concurrently with alpha interferon resulted in a 29% incidence of vomiting and by course four had increased to 50%. Grade of severity was similarly increased, and nausea and vomiting was the dose-limiting toxicity in 6 of 15 patients. Forty-two percent of all episodes of vomiting were delayed in onset (onset 24 hr after drug administration) and in over 80% of cases persisted for greater than 48 hr in duration. Potential mechanisms that may account for these findings, as well as recommendations regarding antiemetic therapy are provided.
Tissue microarray-based studies of patients with lymph node negative breast carcinoma show that met expression is associated with worse outcome but is not correlated with epidermal growth factor family receptors.

BACKGROUND It has been shown that receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) predict outcome in patients with breast carcinoma. Although RTKs are a large family, HER-2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor), and others all have shown the ability to predict outcome. However, it remains unclear whether these markers are defining the same subpopulation of patients with breast carcinoma. In this study, the authors attempted to determine the correlation between RTKs on the basis of their ability to stratify a population according to outcome. METHODS The authors used tissue microarray technology to study 324 patients with lymph node negative breast carcinoma who had 20–40 years of follow-up. Expression was assessed using immunohistochemical stains for Met, EFGR, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), and HER-2. Expression levels were assessed by two observers, and correlations were analyzed. Standard pathology information, including tumor size, nuclear grade, Ki-67 receptor status, and estrogen and progesterone receptor expression levels, also was collected. RESULTS RTK expression in the study cohort revealed two strong correlations. Specifically, HER-2 and EGFR showed similar expression patterns (P < 0.0001), and Met cytoplasmic domain and FGFR cytoplasmic staining showed similar expression patterns (P < 0.0001), but no correlation was found between the two groups. Of these RTKs, only high levels of Met cytoplasmic domain showed significance as a prognostic marker defining a shortened survival compared with the rest of the population (P = 0.0035; relative risk, 2.04). In the same group of patients, HER-2, hormone receptor status, and other RTK family receptors were not correlated with outcome. In multivariate analysis, only Met cytoplasmic domain and tumor size showed independent predictive value. CONCLUSIONS The current results indicate that the cytoplasmic domain of Met shows a unique staining pattern and defines a set of patients unique from the set of patients defined by overexpression of HER-2, EGFR, or hormone receptors. Furthermore, this group of patients is associated tightly and independently with worse outcome. Cancer 2003;97:1841–8. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11335
Acrophile: an automated acronym extractor and server

We implemented a web server for acronym and abbreviation lookup, containing a collection of acronyms and their expansions gathered from a large number of web pages by a heuristic extraction process. Several different extraction algorithms were evaluated and compared. The corpus resulting from the best algorithm is comparable to a high-quality hand-crafted site, but has the potential to be much more inclusive as data from more web pages are processed.
Precipitation of tellurium with Bismuthiol II

Abstract A gravimetric method using Bismuthiol II (potassium salt of 5-mercapto-3-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione) as a reagent for determining tellurium has been developed with a very favorable gravimetric factor of 0.1240. Tellurium(IV) is quantitatively precipitated in the presence of tartaric acid and (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid (EDTA) by Bismuthiol II at pH 3.0–3.5. The yellow precipitate decomposes on heating, but it can be vacuum-dried at room temperature at Te(C 8 H 5 N 2 S 3 ) 1 . The structure of the precipitate is discussed based on its infrared spectrum. The solubility of the precipitate in various solvents and other factors affecting the precipitation have been studied. A selective precipitation can be made in the presence of tartaric acid and EDTA. Many interfering ions such as Ni(II), Al(III), Cr(III), Fe(III), Bi(III), PbII, and As(III) can be masked by EDTA. but Hg(II), Cu(II), Se(IV), and Ag(I) still interfere. The samples containing 10 to 50 mg of tellurium were analyzed. An accuracy of ±0.5% or better was obtained. The proposed method for tellurium will be valuable for the stoichiometric analysis of telluride compounds where accuracy is of prime concern.
An increased vitamin B6 requirement in the rat on a diet containing L-penicillamine.

Abstract Addition of l -penicillamine to the diet of the white rat has been found to increase the requirement for vitamin B6. The presence of l -penicillamine in the diet results in a gross symptomatology similar to that reported for B6-deficient animals. Growth inhibition due to l -penicillamine can be reversed by the administration of higher levels of pyridoxine either by injection or by incorporation in the diet. l -Penicillamine-treated rats excrete large amounts of xanthurenic acid after a test dose of tryptophan, and the excretion is suppressed when additional pyridoxine is administered simultaneously with l -penicillamine. The possible metabolic relationship between l -penicillamine and pyridoxine is discussed.
Corectopia with nystagmus, absent foveal reflexes and corneal changes

A family is described with corectopia, nystagmus, absent foveal reflexes, and corneal changes inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Other abnormalities found in this family include microcornea, Bitot's spots, and iris colobomas. Faint superficial opacities and fine superficial vessels were found in the peripheral cornea of younger family members. Older family members showed an increase in the density of the superficial opacities and areas of stromal thinning were found in the 60-year-old proband. Corneal vessels and progression centrally. Full-thickness stromal opacities and changes have been associated with familial and sporadic aniridia and iris colobomas. The present report describes similar changes in association with corectopia.
Heat transfer measurements and computations of swept-shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions

An experimental research program providing basic knowledge and establishing new data on the heat transfer in swept shock wave/boundary-layer interactions is described. An equilibrium turbulent boundary-layer on a flat plate is subjected to impingement by swept planar shock waves generated by a sharp fin. Five different interactions with fin angles ranging from 10 to 20 deg at freestream Mach numbers of 3.0 and 4.0 produce a variety of interaction strengths from weak to very strong. A foil heater generates a uniform heat flux over the flat plate surface and miniature thin-film-resistance sensors mounted on it are used to measure the local surface temperature. The heat convection equation is then solved for the heat transfer distribution within an interaction, yielding a total uncertainty of about +/- 10 percent. These experimental data are compared with the results of numerical Navier-Stokes solutions which employ a kappa-epsilon turbulence model. Finally, a simplified form of the peak heat transfer correlation for fin interactions is suggested.
THE MORAL AND POLITICAL BURDENS OF MEMORY

Memory brings the past into the present. It is a feature of human temporality, contingency, and identity. Attention to memory's psychological and social importance suggests new vistas for work in religious ethics. This essay examines four recent works on memory's importance for self-interpretation, social criticism, and public justice. My focus will be on normative questions about memory. The works under review ask whether, and on what terms, we have an obligation to remember, whether memory is linked to neighbors near and distant, how memory is related to justice and forgiveness, and whether memory sits easily with the kind of relationships that allegedly characterize life in democratic public culture.