cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between knockout of schizophrenia risk factor Dysbindin-1 and copper metabolism in mice.

Abstract Background and Purpose DTNBP1 gene variation and lower dysbindin-1 protein are associated with schizophrenia. Previous evidence suggests that downregulated dysbindin-1 expression results in lower expression of copper transporters ATP7A (intracellular copper transporter) and SLC31A1 (CTR1; extracellular copper transporter), which are required for copper transport across the blood brain barrier. However, whether antipsychotic medications used for schizophrenia treatment may modulate these systems is unclear. Experimental Approach The current study measured behavioral indices of neurological function in dysbindin-1 functional knockout (KO) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates with or without quetiapine treatment. We assessed serum and brain copper levels, ATP7A and CTR1 mRNA, and copper transporter-expressing cellular population transcripts: TTR (transthyretin; choroid plexus epithelial cells), MBP (myelin basic protein; oligodendrocytes), and GJA1 (gap-junction protein alpha-1; astrocytes) in cortex and hippocampus. Key Results Regardless of genotype, quetiapine significantly reduced TTR, MBP, CTR1 mRNA, and serum copper levels. Neurological function of untreated KO mice was abnormal, and ledge instability was rescued with quetiapine. KO mice were hyperactive after 10 min in the open-field assay, which was not affected by treatment. Conclusions and Implications Dysbindin-1 KO results in hyperactivity, altered serum copper, and neurological impairment, the last of which is selectively rescued with quetiapine. Antipsychotic treatment modulates specific cellular populations, affecting myelin, the choroid plexus, and copper transport across the blood brain barrier. Together these results indicate the widespread impact of antipsychotic treatment, and that alteration of dysbindin-1 may be sufficient, but not necessary, for specific schizophrenia pathology.
Genitourinary Medical Oncology Expert Opinion Survey Regarding Treatment Management in the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Abstract Background The worldwide Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) public health pandemic has restructured clinical care of patients with cancer throughout the world. The specific changes in the management of genitourinary (GU) cancers in different cancer centers owing to COVID-19 are not known, and some clinical scenarios remain controversial. We conducted an opinion survey to determine what changes in cancer treatment strategies are occurring owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods A 20-item online survey was sent on May 25, 2020 to 170 expert GU medical oncologists from Europe and North America. The survey solicited responses to changes in GU cancer management in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was collected and managed via a secure REDCap Database. Results Surveys were completed by 78 (45.8%) of 170 GU oncologists between May 25, 2020 and June 25, 2020. Clinical practice changes owing to COVID-19 in at least one scenario were reported by 79.1% of responders, most pronounced in prostate cancer (71.8%) and least pronounced in urothelial cancer (23%). Preferences for change in management varied by country, with 78% (37/47) of United States oncologists indicating a change in their practice, 57% (4/7) of Canadian oncologists, and 79% (19/24) of European oncologists. Conclusions This study suggests international practice changes are occurring in GU cancer care during the COVID-19 pandemic. The variability in practice changes between countries may reflect differences in COVID-19 case load during the time point of data collection. These results, based on expert opinion during this rapidly changing crisis, may inform the oncologic community regarding the effects of COVID-19 on GU cancer care.
Diagenetic transformations and preservation of free and bound lipids in a hypersaline microbial mat from Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, Mexico

Abstract Modern microbial mats constitute rich repositories of biogeochemical information regarding the community structure and carbon flow within the mat ecosystem through time and provide valuable insights into Earth’s earliest communities. Using a hypersaline microbial mat core from Guerrero Negro, Mexico, we analysed the lipid constituents from the active microbial layers and the underlying sediments. Our comprehensive lipid survey considered the free (extractable) lipid assemblages as well as the distributions and abundances of bound lipid structures released from fragmentation of insoluble macromolecular organic matter (IMOM). A wide variety of lipid types, including abundant steroids and hopanoids, were recovered from both organic phases, reflecting the rich microbial diversity within this mat ecosystem. A major contribution from photosynthetic mat organisms was preserved by binding into the IMOM phase; including hydrocarbons derived from phytol and long-chain alkanes from fragmentation of algaenans. The stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13Corg) of the mat organic matter was faithfully recorded, even in the deepest sedimentary layers that had experienced the highest degree of diagenetic alteration. The consistently 13C-enriched signatures for bulk organic matter observed through the core (ranging from −8.9‰ to −11.5‰) reflected low net isotopic fractionation associated with autotrophic carbon fixation in this alkaline pond setting. A major finding was the rapid dominance of IMOM as the major organic matter phase (>95%) after only a few years of diagenesis and burial. Such studies on modern microbial ecosystems aid toward a better understanding of the molecular taphonomic controls on the recent and ancient biomarker records.
Algorithmic Outputs as Information Source: The Effects of Zestimates on Home Prices and Racial Bias in the Housing Market

In this paper, I investigate how predictive algorithms change market outcomes in the housing market. By focusing on the effect of the Zestimate home valuation on housing markets, I investigate to what extent the market participants rely on the Zillow’s estimated market value when making the transactions and how it interacts with other information sources. I collect detailed property transaction information for 120,482 properties sold between May 2017 and May 2019 in the Greater Philadelphia Area and the preliminary results suggest that sale prices tend to be higher for those properties that have a higher estimated home value on Zillow.com. Evidence shows that people use this statistic as a summary of the transactional data and rely more on it when it is harder to process the information. Moreover, the Zestimate helps improve racial disparities in the real estate market by providing all sub-populations with less biased information.
Exploiting Semantic Embedding and Visual Feature for Facial Action Unit Detection

Recent study on detecting facial action units (AU) has utilized auxiliary information (i.e., facial landmarks, relationship among AUs and expressions, web facial images, etc.), in order to improve the AU detection performance. As of now, no semantic information of AUs has yet been explored for such a task. As a matter of fact, AU semantic descriptions provide much more information than the binary AU labels alone, thus we propose to exploit the Semantic Embedding and Visual feature (SEV-Net) for AU detection. More specifically, AU semantic embeddings are obtained through both Intra-AU and Inter-AU attention modules, where the Intra-AU attention module captures the relation among words within each sentence that describes individual AU, and the Inter-AU attention module focuses on the relation among those sentences. The learned AU semantic embeddings are then used as guidance for the generation of attention maps through a cross-modality attention network. The generated cross-modality attention maps are further used as weights for the aggregated feature. Our proposed method is unique in that the semantic features are exploited as the first of this kind. The approach has been evaluated on three public AU-coded facial expression databases, and has achieved a superior performance than the state-of-the-art peer methods.
Maintaining Healthy Marine Fish

At times, disease is a major factor limiting the commercial farming of marine fish, and it can be a source of frustration and disappointment with fish kept for research and ornamental applications.
Emerging Space Powers of Latin America: Argentina and Brazil

The Cold War space race between the United States (U.S.) and the Soviet Union was an integral part of the East-West struggle of that time period. Once the U.S. accomplished Kennedy’s mandate to be the first on the Moon, the competition wound down like an unattended clock, even witnessing sporadic superpower cooperation such as the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project in 1975. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the U.S. decision to mothball its space shuttle fleet was a seeming dagger in the heart of the ambitious first 50 years of space activities.
Impacts of Oreochromis mossambicus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) upon habitat segregation among cyprinodontids (Cyprinodontiformes) of a species flock in Mexico.

Five species of Cyprinodon in Laguna Chichancanab, Yucatan, Mexico comprise a young species flock whose ecology and evolution has not been thoroughly studied, but whose existence is threatened with extinction. Species flocks evolve in isolated areas where predators and competitors are absent. Since the description of the Chichancanab flock, Oreochromis mossambicus, a species introduced into the lake for which I examined habitat in the 1980’s, has become common throughout the basin. I assessed relative abundance of flock species in the lake. examined habitat use and segregation among the three most common flock species and examined the affects of O. mossambicus upon flock species habitat use. Cyprinodon beltrani was the most abundant flock species in 1997, followed by C. maya and C. labiosus; C. verecundus and C. simus were rare. Cyprinodon beltrani was found in shallow water, nearshore, over thick beds of submerged Chara, and little emergent vegetation. Cyprinodon beltrani exhibited diurnal variation in nearshore habitat use. In the field, the habitat use of C. beltrani and O. mossambicus broadly overlapped. In aquarium experiments, three flock species exhibited habitat use segregation and C. beltrani and C. labiosus showed agonistic behaviors that strengthened segregation. Cyprinodon maya differed from C. beltrani and C. labiosus by its greater dispersion of individuals and use of areas higher in the water column. The presence of O. mossambicus caused a shift in habitat use by C. maya and C. labiosus that put these species into habitat occupied by C. beltrani. The presence of introduced species has caused a significant perturbation of the conditions that fomented speciation of the Chichancanab flock 8 000 years ago.
Prosthetic valve replacement.

PROTESES VALVULARES CARDIACAS Parece extraordinario que apos vinte anos de experiencia de substituicoes valvulares este assunto ainda seja um dos que se discute nos congressos de Cirurgia Cardiaca. Sem duvida isto deve-se ao facto de ainda se nao ter encontrado o substituto valvular cardiaco ideal e, nos ultimos anos, tem-se desenvolvido a tendencia para plastias em vez de substituicoes valvulares. Mas a verdade e que, quando os doentes chegam a ser operados ja as valvulas ultrapassaram a fase de poderem ser reconstruidas e tem de ser substituidas. Na Mayo Clinic usam-se praticamente todos os modelos de proteses valvulares e isto depende nao so da tendencia dos varios cirurgioes mas tambem dos factores fisiopatologicos e anatomicos de cada caso operado. Descrevem-se em seguida as varias proteses mecânicas mais utilizadas, com suas vantagens e inconvenientes, nomeadamente as valvulas de oclusor de bola (Starr-Edwards e Smelhoff-Cutter) e as de disco (Bjork-Shiley e Lillehei-Kaster). Finalmente faz-se ampla referencia aos heteroenxertos de valvula aortica de porco, como as de Hancock, de Angell-Shiley e de Carpentier-Edwards. Em seguida faz-se a discussao dos varios factores que podem prevalecer na escolha dos varios tipos de proteses valvulares concluindo-se que ainda se aguarda o aparecimento da protese ideal. Todas as valvulas sao, pelo menos moderadamente nocivas ao miocardio e nenhuma e verdadeiramente livre de complicacoes. A durabilidade parece adequada no que se refere as proteses mecânicas, mas o preco desta durabilidade e um maior risco de tromboembolismo. Pelo contrario as bioproteses tem um risco aceitavel de tromboembolismo mas deve-se reconhecer que terao de ser consideradas como substitutos valvulares temporarios.
Role of GABA in the mechanism of the onset of puberty in non-human primates.

Evidence indicates that GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter responsible for restricting luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) release before the onset of puberty. LHRH neurons in the hypothalamus of female rhesus monkeys are already active during the neonatal period, but subsequently enter a dormant state in the juvenile/prepubertal period because of an elevated level of GABA in the stalk-median eminence (S-ME). The developmental reduction in tonic GABA inhibition results in an increase in LHRH release in the S-ME, triggering puberty. The reduction in GABA also appears to allow an increase in glutamate release in the S-ME and this glutamate seems to further contribute to the pubertal increase in LHRH release. These observations conducted in non-human primates, as a model for humans, provide some insights into future studies of the importance of GABAergic mechanisms in the relation between onset of puberty and neurodevelopmental disorders including autism.
Should We Impose Sanctions on Russia Because of the Crimea

This article examines the view that sanctions should be imposed on Russia because of its involvement with Crimea. Applying sanctions fails the utilitarian ethics test because sanctions result in more losers than winners. The result would be a negative-sum game. Sanctions fail the rights test because rights are necessarily violated by their imposition. It is not in the best interest of the United States to impose sanctions because the United States has little to gain and much to lose by imposing sanctions. It fails the constitutional test because there is nothing in the Constitution to permit it.
Sonographic evaluation of the median nerve at the wrist.

Received March 23, 2001, from the Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Revision requested April 30, 2001. Revised manuscript accepted for publication June 4, 2001. Address correspondence and reprint requests to David A. Jamadar, MB, BS, Radiology, TC 2910, University of Michigan Hospitals, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0326. onography is now used to evaluate many disorders of the musculoskeletal system.1 One such example is evaluation of the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome.2 Sonographic findings such as median nerve enlargement immediately proximal to the carpal tunnel and bowing of the flexor retinaculum have been described in these patients.2 A correct diagnosis relies on accurate identification of the median nerve and an understanding of the osseous landmarks delineating the carpal tunnel. The presence of multiple closely approximated linear echogenic structures at the volar wrist makes identification of the median nerve difficult; differentiation from the palmaris longus tendon and other tendons may occasionally prove challenging. We present a technique that allows reliable identification of the median nerve at several locations in the distal forearm and wrist by using the real-time capability of sonography. Median nerve pathologic characteristics are also described.
Catastrophic Injuries in Wrestlers

BackgroundThere is a paucity of comprehensive information on catastrophic wrestling injuries.ObjectiveOur objective was to develop a profile of catastrophic injuries in wrestling and a list of relevant risk factors.Study DesignRetrospective review.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 35 incidents that were reported to the National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research over an 18-year period from 1981 until 1999.ResultsExcept in the case of one male college athlete, all injuries occurred in male high school wrestlers. There were 2.11 direct catastrophic injuries per year or 1 per 100,000 participants. The majority of injuries occurred in match competitions (80%), with a trend toward more injuries in the low- and middle-weight classes. The position most frequently associated with injury was the defensive position during the takedown maneuver (74%), followed by the down position (23%), and the lying position (3%). Catastrophic injuries included 27 cervical fractures or major cervical ligament injuries...
Fingerprint lines may not directly affect SA-I mechanoreceptor response.

Understanding how skin microstructure affects slowly adapting type I (SA-I) mechanoreceptors in encoding edge discontinuities is fundamental to understanding our sense of touch. Skin microstructure, in particular papillary ridges, has been thought to contribute to edge and gap sensation. Cauna's 1954 model of touch sensibility describes a functional relationship between papillary ridges and edge sensation. His lever arm model proposes that the papillary ridge (exterior fingerprint line) and underlying intermediate ridge operate as a single unit, with the intermediate ridge acting as a lever which magnifies indentation imposed at the papillary ridge. This paper contests the validity of the lever arm model. While correctly representing the anatomy, this mechanism inaccurately characterizes the function of the papillary ridges. Finite element analysis and assessment of the critical anatomy indicate that papillary ridges have little direct effect on how SA-I receptors respond to the indentation of static edge...
Evaluating the registration of multiparamater images

ABSTRACT The great challenge in analyzing multiparameter images is to detect and analyze the patterns formedby the parameters in combination, and this requires that the images be in close registration. If they aremisaligned non-linearly, as is often the case, particularly in medical diagnostic imaging, registration is avery difficult problem. In this paper we discuss various approaches to the assessment and correction ofmisregistrations among multiparameter images. We propose a technique that assesses misregistrationsusing correlation computation and visualizes them using color and arrow displays. We demonstrate thetechnique with a medical case of CT and MR images; our technique shows misregistrations betweenimages that were previously assumed to be in registration. The proposed technique provides a greatpotential for driving improved registration procedures, particularly in finding and correcting nonlinear effects. 1 INTRODUCTION Multiparameter imaging is becoming increasingly common in many areas of the physical and life sciences,particularly in image-based medical diagnosis and in remote sensing for geophysical research. Images areobtained of the same object or scene using different sensors that respond to different physical or chemicalproperties. The great challenge in analyzing these data is to detect and analyze the patterns that arisenot just in each of the individual parameter images, but also in the images formed by the parametersin combination [2, 3, 4]. But to conduct analyses on the images in combination requires that they be inregistration. This, however, is often not the case, e.g., when the sensors have different optical properties,or when they record the image from different angles or at different times. Where the differences resultin linear transformations of the images, their evaluation and correction is straightforward. But if thetransformations are non-linear, their assessment and removal is much more of a challenge. In this paper,we describe an approach that helps by providing: 1) quantitative evaluation of the direction and extentof misregistration of two images at every point; 2) visual display of that information to support bothlocalized and global interpretation of the distortions and the warping needed to remove them; and 3) tothe extent that the distortions can be modeled, quantitative input for automatic registration.
Postmarketing review of intravenous acetaminophen dosing based on Food and Drug Administration prescribing guidelines.

tudy Objectives To evaluate the appropriateness of intravenous acetaminophen dosing—prescribed dose, frequency, duration, and indication—based on United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved prescribing guidelines and to evaluate the adverse effect profile of intravenous acetaminophen. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting United States Navy medical center. Patients Three hundred patients who received intravenous acetaminophen from August 1, 2011, to August 1, 2012. Measurements and Main Results The indications, dose, frequency, and duration of intravenous acetaminophen were recorded for each patient. Adverse effects of intravenous acetaminophen were analyzed by thoroughly reviewing any adverse effects documented, including nausea, vomiting, headache, or any symptom specifically attributed to the drug. Baseline liver function tests, including aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels, and elevations 3 times the upper limit of normal during intravenous acetaminophen therapy were recorded. The average patient weight was 78 ± 21 kg, with 12 patients (4%) weighing less than 50 kg and 288 (96%) patients weighing 50 kg or greater. Two hundred forty-one patients (80%) were appropriately dosed, whereas 59 (20%) patients were not appropriately dosed based on the FDA-approved dosing. No patients exceeded the FDA-approved maximum daily dosing recommendations for intravenous acetaminophen (4 g). Sixty-five patients (22%) received intravenous acetaminophen for longer than 24 hours. Intravenous acetaminophen was well tolerated, without any reported adverse effects, including the commonly reported adverse effects of nausea, vomiting, headache, and insomnia. Ten patients (3%) had a documented history of liver disease and did not experience any adverse effects or increases in liver function tests after the administration of intravenous acetaminophen. Conclusion Intravenous acetaminophen appeared to be a safe and effective analgesic and antipyretic agent. Dosing for patients weighing less than 50 kg needs to be appropriately weight adjusted. Intravenous acetaminophen can be used alone or in conjunction with opioids and other analgesics. Limitations of this study include its retrospective design, inability to assess outcomes of reducing opioid use, and short-term observation period.
A nonmagnetic laboratory for the National Bureau of Standards

The new laboratory to be built on the Gaithersburg, Md., campus of the National Bureau of Standards will provide a nonmagnetic environment that will permit absolute electrical measurements to be made. A brief review of the history of electrical reference standards since the creation of the Bureau demonstrates the importance of and need for such a facility.
Design of integrated-circuit interconnects with accurate modeling of chemical-mechanical planarization

Dummy fill insertion in Chemical-mechanical Planarization (CMP) can change the coupling and total capacitance of interconnect. Moreover, dishing and erosion phenomena change interconnect cross-sections and hence significantly affect interconnect resistance. This work first studies interconnect parasitic variations due to (1) different fill patterns that are nominally "equivalent" with respect to foundry rules; and (2) dishing and erosion of conductors and dielectric using an accurate density-step-height model for multi-step CMP from the literature. Our results show that for long parallel wires the variation of coupling capacitance between adjacent wires can be up to 25% and 300% for wires that are 3x and 6x minimum space apart respectively, and the variation of total wire capacitance can be more than 10%. We also show that the variation of wire resistance due to dishing and erosion can be over 30%. This work also evaluates how CMP effects (fill insertion, dishing and erosion) impact the achievable delay of buffered global on-chip interconnects. We obtain the delay of buses from accurate SPICE simulations considering CMP-related parasitic variation. Our studies show that the interconnect design considering fill and buffer insertion simultaneously with CMP effects reduces the unit length delay of global interconnect bus by up to 3.3% over the design which does not consider any CMP effects.
Lumbar spine instability: a biochemicalchallenge

Summary Low back pain is a major social problem, costing an estimated sum of 15 to 50 billion dollars per year in the USA. In most cases, the etiology of LBP is unknown. A better understanding of the way the spine functions, and the way it does not, is needed. The spinal system consists of the spinal column, the muscles surrounding the spinal column, and the neuromuscular control unit. Under normal circumstances, spinal stability is maintained by a combination of the spinal column and the muscles. After an injury, disease and/or degeneration of the spinal column, the stability of the system may be compromised. Within certain limits this may be compensated by the muscles. However, if an adequate response is not available, clinical problems, such as low back pain, may eventually arise. Under such circumstances, stability at the level of the individual motion segment (or functional spinal unit) may be restored by spinal fusion.
The cervical (Pap) smear--personal experience on both sides of the Atlantic.

What's in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet. Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet
Rees Lighted Freedom Retractor for scalp reduction.

. The Rees Lighted Freedom Retractor provides valuable assistance in scalp reduction surgery.
Rational Expectations and Competitive Pricing and Storage

Should the government of a free enterprise economy such as the United States undertake commodity price stabilization? Economists can surely help to answer this question by measuring the economic effects of whatever stabilization program is under consideration. If benefit and cost measurements can be made, so much the better. Quantitative analysis is needed on the performance of commodity markets over time with and without a stabilization program. At present such analysis is impeded by the absence of a satisfactory intertemporal theory of market storage and pricing under conditions of uncertainty. Literature in the Waugh-Oi tradition, including papers by Massell (1969, 1970), Turnovsky, and Subotnik and Houck, is concerned mainly with the benefits and costs of stabilization in comparison with markets where the role of market storage is ignored. Another line of work, following Gustafson, seeks to determine optimum storage given initial conditions, including carryin from previous periods and demand and supply relationships. Here, too, the role of a market or other allocative mechanism in determining storage levels often is given short shrift. The recent paper by Burt, Koo, and Dudley, for example, estimates optimal strategies for a U.S. wheat reserve policy without modeling private storage decisions and without analyzing interactions between private and public decision makers. While this approach may be useful in identifying inefficiency, it is not clear how, in a market economy, such findings can be used to frame a sensible government program. A third area of relevant literature deals with futures markets. Although this literature is vast and instructive (Gray and Rutledge), the theoretical work is often informal and disjointed. The objective of this paper is to develop a theory of competitive pricing and storage under uncertainty. We believe that the theoretical results have important implications for future empirical research and public policy. This development draws upon the earlier work of Samuelson, Turnovsky, and Helmberger and Weaver. Samuelson developed a theory of storage and temporal pricing assuming that future events were known with certainty. He suggested that his theory might help in understanding real-world phenomena and be a stepping stone to analyses involving uncertainty. When uncertainty is introduced, however, an assumption must be made about how price expectations are formed by market participants. Helmberger and Weaver developed a theory of storage under conditions of uncertainty assuming that producers and arbitragers are guided by rational expectations (Muth). However, the way price expectations are formed within their theory is consistent with rational expectations only under restrictive assumptions, and one purpose of this paper is to relax those assumptions.
Chrysotile and Crocidolite Asbestos Pulmonary Fibre Concentrations and Dimensions after Inhalation and Clearance in Fischer 344 Rats

Abstract Following inhalation exposure to aerosolised chrysotile (CH) or crocidolite (CR) asbestos, Fischer 344 rats were found to have similar lung fibre concentrations and size distributions. Average chamber concentrations were 10–15 mg/m 3 . Exposures were nose only, 7 hrs/days, 5 days/week, 6 weeks for CH and whole chamber, 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week, 90 days for CR. To examine clearance from the lungs, animals were also sacrificed 90 days following end of exposure. Fibre number and dimensions in chamber aerosol and hypochlorite-digested lung tissues were measured on nuclepore filters using scanning electron microscopy. Both CH and CR aerosols showed similar size data. In the lungs of both CH and CR animals, we found longer and narrower fibres with greater aspect ratio than in the chamber aerosol. Ninety days after cessation of exposure, striking clearance of CH was seen (95%) but no measureable clearance of CR (by numbers of fibres). However, a mass loss was observed by X-ray diffraction and could be calculated from changes in fibre dimensions. The CH which was retained appears to be the longer, thinner fibres. This selective clearance is not seen with this particular CR exposure in the 90 days clearance time studied. Such differences between fibre types are likely to be important in interpreting observed epidemiological differences in response to different exposures. These studies reinforce the facts that nominal short fibre preparations may lead to retention of long fibres in the lung, even when the long fibres make up only a small fraction of the initial aerosol, and that electron microscopic counting and sizing of fibres in both aerosol and tissues are needed to optimally interpret fibre clearance data. The underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Further studies of comparative exposures using different exposures, varying times and different sized preparations of asbestos and other fibres will be informative.
Transfer and excitation processes studied in H-like S and Li-like and H-like F colliding with H2

Abstract We have studied transfer and simultaneous excitation by three different experimental techniques. Coincidences between two K X-rays were measured for S15+, as well as coincidences between one K X-ray and the charge-exchanged projectile for Li-like F and projectile Auger electrons for H-like F, in each case colliding with H2. For all three collision system, the measured cross sections are dominated by resonant transfer and excitation (RTE). Also, for the F projectiles, strong contributions from two-electron transfer and excitation (2eTE) were found.
The human lymphocyte as a model of β-adrenoceptor reculation in aging and disease

Extensive experimental evidence suggests that human lymphocytes may model the behavior of other tissues as far as beta-adrenoceptor characteristics are concerned. In fact, although lymphocytes bear only beta2-adrenoceptor subtype, they may mirror other tissues in various physiological and pathological conditions. In the present paper examples are given demonstrating receptor regulations after drug or surgical stimulus. Age-related changes have also been taken into account. Treatment with beta1-selective beta-blockers without or with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity induces, respectively, up- or down-regulation of beta-adrenoceptors of lymphocytes in agreement with other tissues, as suggested by clinical findings. Data on the influence of thyroidectomy are also in agreement with clinical observations and animal experimental findings on other tissues. Preliminary results on old subjects also suggest a possible role of the human lymphocyte in modelling other tissues or organs in relation to aging processes. The clinical application could be of paramount importance due to the impossibility to directly monitor the receptor status in most of human tissues.
Monospecific immunoprecipitation of murine leukemia virus polyribosomes: Identification of p30 protein-specific menssenger RNA

Abstract A rabbit antiserum monospecific for the internal structural protein p30 of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) was prepared to immunoprecipitate the polyribosomes synthesizing this protein in producer cells. The antiserum was monospecific for p30 protein as judged by immunodiffusion analysis against purified p30 and total virus protein. In addition, it could specifically precipitate p30 from total virus protein in the presence of cell extracts. Less than 1% of the M-MuLV-specific messenger RNA (mRNA) could be precipitated from purified producer cell polyribosomes when the anti-p30 was used in conjunction with sheep anti-rabbit antiserum. However, considerably more virus-specific mRNA was precipitated when the anti-p30 was used in conjunction with inactivated Staphylococcus aureus, which has binding sites for the antibody. Conditions were obtained where approximately 7% of the virus-specific mRNA in purified polyribosomes was recovered by immunoprecipitation, while normal serum precipitated 10 fold less. The virus-specific mRNA in the immunoprecipitated polyribosomes was 30S–35S in size.
Roughness development in electrodeposited ultrathin cobalt and nickel layers

For both Co and Ni, a series of electrodeposited films of varying thickness (2–10 nm) was grown under otherwise identical conditions using potentiostatic control. The substrates were pieces of Si wafer onto which a Cu basal layer had been thermally evaporated. Contact mode atomic force microscopy was used to measure both the root-mean-square peak height (nm) and the areal peak density (μm−2) of each film. Root-mean-square (rms) peak heights for Co initially increase with film thickness and then plateau at a layer thickness of 3 nm. For Ni, the rms peak heights increase almost linearly for layer thicknesses less than 11 nm, reaching a value of 6 nm. Peak density shows the opposite trend, decreasing with layer thickness before reaching an approximately constant value for both metals at a film thickness of 4 nm. The atomic force microscopy data indicate that Ni and Co have different deposition mechanisms. A Co film initially nucleates rapidly; then the nucleation phase is followed by multinuclear, multilayer growth. Ni deposits also have initial rapid nucleation, but the dominant growth mode is primarily vertical, with increasing peak heights but no change in peak density. Increased peak density is linearly correlated with decreased peak height for the thinnest films in both systems.
Early studies of primate behavior in the U.S.A.

Abstract Systematic studies of infrahuman primate behavior in America commenced in the first decade of the twentieth century and concern two chief protagonists, Gilbert Van Tassel Hamilton, or Dick as he preferred (Fig. 1), and Robert Mearns Yerkes (Fig. 2). Their paths first crossed in 1905, when Hamilton was 28 and Yerkes was 29 years old. Yerkes was in the early stage of a 15-year tenure at the Harvard Psychological Laboratory. Hamilton's training was in medicine with a speciality in psychiatry. According to Yerkes 10 , when Hamilton was working at Harvard ‘he was quick to see the applicability of ... objective psychology, to his professional interest, Psychopathology'. With this overlapping of interests, the two men became life-long friends, although in accordance with the formality of the times, it was 18 years before they were on a first-name basis in their correspondence.
Workload based optimization of probe-based storage

The performance gap between microprocessors and secondary storage is still a limitation in today's systems. Academia and industry are developing new technologies to overcome this gap, such as improved read-write head technology and higher storage densities. One promising new technology is probe-based storage[1]. Characteristics of probe-based storage include small size, high density, high parallelism, low power consumption, and rectilinear motion. We have created a probe-based storage simulation model, configurable to different design points, and identify its sensitivity to various parameters.
Confronting the Risk of Asset Loss: What Role Do Livestock Transfers in Northern Kenya Play

Abstract In many low-income, high-risk environments households participate in informal risk sharing institutions involving inter-household transfers. This study focuses on: asset transfers and asset risk; the influence of past behavior on access to transfers; and wealth-differentiated transfer behavior. Panel data on livestock transfers in northern Kenya are analyzed. Three explanations of livestock transfers are investigated: ex post insurance; ex ante precautionary savings; and redistribution. Findings indicate that livestock transfers are of limited effectiveness in addressing asset risk and avoiding poverty. The findings have implications for both research on risk sharing institutions and for the design of development policies in pastoral areas.
Mechanistic consequences of chiral radical clock probes: analysis of the mononuclear non-heme iron enzyme HppE with 2-hydroxy-3-methylenecyclopropyl radical clock substrates.

(S)-2-Hydroxypropylphosphonic acid [(S)-HPP] epoxidase (HppE) is a mononuclear iron enzyme that catalyzes the last step in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic fosfomycin. HppE also processes the (R)-enantiomer of HPP but converts it to 2-oxo-propylphosphonic acid. In this study, all four stereoisomers of 3-methylenecyclopropyl-containing substrate analogues, (2R, 3R)-8, (2R, 3S)-8, (2S, 3R)-8, and (2S, 3S)-8, were synthesized and used as radical probes to investigate the mechanism of the HppE-catalyzed reaction. Upon treatment with HppE, (2S, 3R)-8 and (2S, 3S)-8 were converted via a C1 radical intermediate to the corresponding epoxide products, as anticipated. In contrast, incubation of HppE with (2R, 3R)-8 led to enzyme inactivation, and incubation of HppE with (2R, 3S)-8 yielded the 2-keto product. The former finding is consistent with the formation of a C2 radical intermediate, where the inactivation is likely triggered by radical-induced ring cleavage of the methylenecyclopropyl group. Reaction with (...
Quantitation of response to therapy in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma by serial analysis of plasma gross cystic disease fluid protein and carcinoembryonic antigen

The maximum percent change (MPC) of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and gross cystic disease fluid protein (CDP) were correlated with response to therapy in 92 metastatic breast carcinoma patients. In patients treated with hormone therapy MPC values were significantly different between patients with disease progression (Prog) and regression (Reg): MPC-CEA for Reg = -72 +/- 7%, for Prog = 396 +/- 150%; MPC-CDP for Reg = -86 +/- 6%, for Prog = 702 +/- 330%, P less than 0.001 in a one-way ANOVA for CEA and CDP. Similar differences were noted in patients treated with chemotherapy. Decreased (greater than 50%) plasma CEA levels were observed in 24/29 (83%) of Reg, 18/35 (51%) stable and 0/49 (0%) of Prog; decreased (greater than 50%) plasma CDP levels were noted in 19/24 (79%) of Reg, 21/28 (75%) of stable and 2/35 (6%) of Prog. Patients with plasma marker decreases greater than 50% had significantly longer responses to therapy (14.2 months for CEA, 14.1 months for CDP) compared to patients with less than 20% decrease (2.0 months for CEA, 0.8 months for CDP), P less than 0.001 in a one-way ANOVA. Decreasing marker levels during the initial six weeks of therapy (negative slope) accurately identified Reg or stable patients: the predictive value of a negative slope was 92% for CEA and 86% for CDP. Rising marker values correctly identified treatment failures (Prog): the predictive value of a positive slope was 90% for CEA and 76% for CDP. These data indicated that changes in plasma CEA and CDP levels reflected increasing or decreasing tumor burden during hormone or chemotherapy treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma. Criteria have been established to predict therapeutic outcome based on the slope of CEA or CDP after six weeks of treatment.U
Calculation of the drag on a sphere with an attached dendrite

Abstract Attention has focused in recent years on the effects of particle deposition on the efficiency of fibrous air filters. Knowledge of particle paths inside a filter is advantageous in determining the drag on an individual collector with attached particles and the resulting efficiency of the collector. A method is presented herein for calculating the flow field around a collector with attached particles. This method consists of superposition of singular solutions of the Stokes equations for low Reynolds number flow. Analysis of the error inherent in the method is done by first considering two detached spheres, both stationary and moving with non-zero relative velocities. Flow fields are calculated for several representative multi-particle dendrites, and a drag parameter is determined that describes the ratio of the drag on the collector with the attached dendrite to the drag on the collector alone.
A Proposed Organization of the Genus Blepharisma Perty and Description of Four New Species

SYNOPSIS. The following four subgenera. I based chiefly on the form of the macronucleus, are proposed for thr genus Blepharisma Perty 1852: 1) Compactum, having a single compact interphase macronucleus. Type species B Compactum hyalinum Perty. 2) Filijormis, having a vermiform or tubular elongate interphase macronuclcus. occasionally doubled or even fragmented in individuals. Type spcies B. (Filiformis) intermedium Bhandary. 3) Blepharisma, having an interphase macronucleus with two or more nodes usually connected by a very thin strand between the nodes. Type species B. (Blepharisma) Perisicinum Perty. 4) Halteroides, having an interphase macronucleus in two nodes connected by a thick strand. Type species B. (Halteroides) tropicum Bhandary. Differences between the subgenera also can be found in the size, pigmentation, presence or absence of cysts and conjugaion 26 species are presented. While integradations between the subgenera and species exist, it is felt that separation of the four groups is warranted and may indicate possible evolutionary trends within the genus.
Buccal Permeation of Buspirone: Mechanistic Studies on Transport Pathways

The transport of buspirone across porcine buccal mucosa in vitro was investigated to elucidate the mechanisms of transport and permeation enhancement. The apparent permeability increased with an increase in pH to a lesser degree than the dependence of the partition coefficient. Whereas the lipophilic or apparent transcellular pathway was found to be the dominant buccal transport route for buspirone, ionized species contributed significantly to transport at acidic pH. At neutral pH, bile salts did not increase the flux of the lipophilic species of buspirone, and in contrast to its effect on stratum corneum, aqueous propylene glycol alone did enhance the flux of buspirone across buccal mucosa in vitro. The use of an enhancer combination containing 5% oleic acid, 40% propylene glycol in buffer resulted in the greatest flux, and this was consistent with the effect of this combined enhancer on the flux of lipophilic drugs across stratum corneum and the dominance of the transcellular pathway for buspirone at neutral pH.
Response terminated displays unload selective attention.

Perceptual load theory successfully replaced the early versus late selection debate by appealing to adaptive control over the efficiency of selective attention. Early selection is observed unless perceptual load (p-Load) is sufficiently low to grant attentional ‘spill-over‘ to task-irrelevant stimuli. Many studies exploring load theory have used limited display durations that perhaps impose artificial limits on encoding processes. We extended the exposure duration in a classic p-Load task to alleviate temporal encoding demands that may otherwise tax mnemonic consolidation processes. If the load effect arises from perceptual demands alone, then freeing-up available mnemonic resources by extending the exposure duration should have little effect. The results of Experiment 1 falsify this prediction. We observed a reliable flanker effect under high p-Load, response-terminated displays. Next, we orthogonally manipulated exposure duration and task-relevance. Counter-intuitively, we found that the likelihood of observing the flanker effect under high p-Load resides with the duration of the task-relevant array, not the flanker itself. We propose that stimulus and encoding demands interact to produce the load effect. Our account clarifies how task parameters differentially impinge upon cognitive processes to produce attentional ‘spill-over’ by appealing to visual short-term memory as an additional processing bottleneck when stimuli are briefly presented.
The surface chemistry of the thermal cracking of silane on silicon (111)

Abstract The kinetic of the thermal decomposition of silane gas during epitaxial growth on the (111) face of single crystal silicon were studied by modulated molecular beam mass spectrometry over the temperature range of 1000–1440 K. and with beam intensities from 2 × 20 15 to 2 × 10 16 molecules/cm 2 s. An abrupt change in the apparent reaction probability was observed at ~1130 K, coinciding with a known surface structural transformation at about the same temperature. The molecular beam data for temperatures higher than 1130 K were used for construction of a reaction model. Additional experiments were conducted to fix certain features of the reaction mechanism. An attempt was made to measure the rate constant for desorption of unreacted silane molecules from the surface. The residence time of silane on the surface was below the sensitivity limit of the technique ( 4 desorption is not rate-limiting. Applications of a simultaneous modulated beam of SiH 4 and a steady beam of SiD 4 did not produce HD molecules, thus ruling out hydrogen atom production in the surface reaction mechanism. According to the proposed model, silane molecules which do not reflect from the surface undergo a branched reaction with two types of sites on the surface, producing two bound SiH 2 molecules in each chemisorption event. Subsequent surface decomposition of the adsorbed SiH 2 molecules occur with different pre-exponential factors, although with similar activation energies of about 17 kcal/mol for the two types of sites.
Exciton-like splitting in acridine dye-nucleic acid complexes.

COMPLEXES between cationic acridine dyes and nucleic acids are of considerable interest because of the wide variety of biological effects in which the interaction between the dye and nucleic acids have been implicated1–3.
An analysis of preliminary SAGE II data on ozone and NO2

Zonal mean mixing ratios of ozone and NO2 measured by SAGE II on several days in March and April, 1985 are compared against zonal means for this time of year previously measured by SAGE I, SBUV, and LIMS. After allowing for calculated diurnal variations of these gases, agreement within 15 percent is found for ozone and 20 percent for NO2. It is noted that the profile error bars given on the SAGE II data tapes need to be carefully interpreted and that the measured tropical variances suggest that these error bars are being somewhat overestimated. Planetary waves in both ozone and NO2 in the middle stratosphere should be derivable from the SAGE II measurements.