cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equations for induction motor torque and power

THE EQUATIONS available for determining the developed torque and power of induction motors deserve critical review. Accurate and convenient equations are necessary to encourage designers to avoid approximate short-cut calculations. However, an even more important result of having improved equations available is that this can provide a first step toward the development of synthesis procedures1 which would establish motor dimensions by direct calculation from specifications.
Optimal Electoral Strategies for Socialist Parties Does Social Class Matter to Party Fortunes

A strategic dilemma confronts social democratic parties in postindustrial politics: whether to depend on the working class or on the middle class for electoral support. If a social democratic party becomes more heterogeneous (argue working-class strategists) or more homogeneous (argue the middle-class strategists) in class support, then it will also become more electorally successful. The controversy is addressed in two ways. First, a formal model of vote maximization offers a more complete explication of the strategic tradeoffs confronting party leaders than is offered by either the working-class or the middle-class strategists. Second, the alternative electoral strategies are also probed using aggregated survey data on social class and party fortunes. Data come from 41 elections in the postwar era contested by five social democratic parties. Findings come from regressing the total, working-class, and middle-class votes for each party on (lagged) Rose and Urwin's indexes of social cohesion of party align...
Stimulation of Na+ transport across the toad urinary bladder by p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate.

Abstract The sulfhydryl reagent p- chloromercuribenzene sulfonate increased the I sc across substrate-replete toad urinary bladder when applied to the mucosal (apical) surface. This increase was accounted for by an increased mucosal to serosal net flux of Na + . In the absence of substrate, the rise in I sc was accompanied by an irreversible increase in tissue conductance which was not apparent in the replete preparation. These findings suggest that p- chloromercuribenzene sulfonate may be useful in marking mucosal functions associated with the Na + transport apparatus.
Immunomodulatory approaches to the management of chronic urticaria: An immune-mediated inflammatory disease

Although commonly encountered in clinical practice, chronic urticaria (CU) remains difficult to treat. In contrast to acute urticaria, neither exogenous triggers nor specific immunoglobulin E are identified in most chronic cases. A body of evidence suggests that CU is represented within the spectrum of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID). Our understanding of the CU disease pathogenesis now recognizes a role for T cells, B cells, and autoantibodies, and intrinsic abnormalities of histamine-releasing effector cells, thus providing new targets of intervention beyond the current mainstay of often inadequate symptomatic treatment directed against histamine receptors and steroids, with their attendant morbidities. Agents previously used to treat other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases have demonstrated efficacy in CU. Newer biologic and nonbiologic immunomodulatory agents approved for other indications and in clinical development provide potential options for this often severe disease.
On the demise of academic evaluation

Abstract The thesis of this paper is that there is a paucity of theory underlying the practice of evaluation, and that this lack of general evaluation theory means that evaluation is unsuitable as an academic specialty. To the extent that academics continue to be involved in evaluation, it is secondary to a commitment to some content area (e.g., education, mental health, methodology, etc.). This plus the increasing sophistication of federal evaluations, making them more like research and less like evaluation, suggest the likelihood of decreasing involvement of academics with evaluation. A reversal of this trend would require the identification of one or more theoretical issues which span the range of evaluation content, and the generation of a body of research about evaluation which would contribute to generalized evaluation theory. Utilization of evaluation results is suggested as one such topic.
α4 Integrins Regulate the Proliferation/Differentiation Balance of Multilineage Hematopoietic Progenitors In Vivo

Abstract We investigated roles of α4 integrins during hematopoiesis using mutant and chimeric mice. Yolk sac erythropoiesis and migration of hematopoietic progenitors to fetal liver, spleen, and bone marrow can occur without α4 integrins. Although terminal differentiation of these progenitors is possible without α4 integrins, these receptors are essential to maintain normal hematopoiesis in fetal liver, spleen, and bone marrow microenvironments. Moreover, α4-deficient erythroid progenitors and pre-B cells neither transmigrate beneath the stroma nor expand properly in vitro. In contrast, α4-null cells migrate and differentiate efficiently into T lymphocytes within the thymus. In summary, α4 integrins are essential for normal development of all hematopoietic lineages in fetal liver, bone marrow, and spleen, likely by regulating the proliferation/differentiation balance of hematopoietic progenitors.
Compliance with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Field Triage Guidelines in an Established Trauma System

Background Regionalization of trauma care reduces mortality and has clear guidelines for transport to the highest level of trauma care. Whether prehospital providers follow the CDC triage algorithm remains to be determined. Study Design We performed a 5-year retrospective cohort analysis of linked data from Washington State's Central Region Trauma Registry (CRTR) and King County Emergency Medical Services (KCEMS). Patients were analyzed based on transport to their designated hospital, as determined by geocode mapping, or directly to the level I center (no level II center is available in this region). Results Of the 12,106 patients in the study, 5,976 (49.4%) were transported directly to a level I center from the scene. Of the remaining 6,130 patients initially transported to level III to V centers, 5,024 (41.5%) remained in the respective level III to V centers and 1,106 (9.1%) were transferred to the level I center. Patients transported directly to a level I center were more likely to be male, younger, have a penetrating injury, lower scene Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), lower scene blood pressure, and be more severely injured. Level I direct scene transport was significantly less likely for older patients. Compared with patients ages 18 to 45, the adjusted odds ratio for direct transport to the level I center was 0.7 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.83) for patients aged 46 to 55 years; 0.47 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.57) for those 56 to 65 years; 0.28 (95% CI 0.23 to 0.34) for patients 66 to 80 years; and 0.11 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.14) for those older than 81 years. Conclusions Prehospital providers follow physiologic, anatomic, and mechanistic parameters in steps 1 to 3 of the CDC field triage guidelines. However, contrary to the special considerations guideline in step 4, older age was associated with transport to the lower level of trauma care in our region.
Performance of heavy structures founded upon loess at varying moisture conditions

Abstract Saye, S.R., Nass, K.H. and Easton, C.N., 1988. Performance of heavy structures founded upon loess at varying moisture conditions. Eng. Geol., 25: 325–339. The site preparation for foundations and records of performance of three storage structures founded on loess are presented to illustrate the engineering problems and the range in compressibility of loess associated with different moisture conditions. The sites are located in western Iowa and eastern Nebraska. The structures are a 7500 m 3 capacity steel water storage reservoir founded on dry collapsible loess along the bluff line of the Missouri River; a 7200 m 3 capacity concrete grain elevator supported by a rigid mat founded on saturated and partially saturated loess; and a 10 m high soil preload for a 54 m diameter ammonia storage tank underlain by saturated and partially saturated loess. The foundation design, the site preparation and the observed settlements are presented for each structure. The settlement behavior varies markedly with the individual moisture conditions and the apparent preconsolidation of the loess. The apparent preconsolidation is attributed to desiccation and appears to vary systematically.
EFFECT OF THE RUBY LASER MICROBEAM ON MITOCHONDRIA OF KB CELLS SUPRAVITALLY STAINED BY PINACYANOL

With pinacyanol as the supravital stain, a preferential effect on mitochondria of KB cells was achieved by the irradiation with the ruby laser beam. The observation confirmed the results of other workers using janus green B in the same experimental system. The preferential effect on mitochondria was noted in the area extending 8–10 µ beyond the nonpreferential damage of 4–5 µ in diameter. The opaque material associated with mitochondria possibly represented coagulated protein. The effect involved cristae mitochondriales without severe disarrangement of their structure. The opaque material could be interpreted as the result of direct interaction between mitochondria and the laser beam, even though the mitochondria were noted outside of the previously estimated focal spot size of about 3 µ Within the thickness of 2–4 µ of monolayered cells, larger areas of damage can be accounted for by divergence of the beam which is focused by a microscope objective of very short focal length. A threshold of biologic effectiveness is probably also involved.
Two stage importance sampling for direct lighting

We describe an importance sampling method to generate samples based on the product of a BRDF and an environment map or large light source. The method works by creating a hierarchical partition of the light source based on the BRDF function for each primary (eye) ray in a ray tracer. This partition, along with a summed area table of the light source, form an approximation to the product function that is suitable for importance sampling. The partition is used to guide a sample warping algorithm to transform a uniform distribution of points so that they approximate the product distribution. The technique is unbiased, requires little precomputation, and we demonstrate that it works well for a variety of BRDF types. Further, we present an adaptive method which allocates varying numbers of samples to different image pixels to reduce shadow artifacts.
Transition Probabilities for Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae on Cabbage as a Function of Microclimate

To identify factors affecting the spatial dynamics of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) on cabbage, the movements of individual larvae were monitored. Larvae were marked with 32p and released individually, one per plant, on cabbage plants in research plots. Their movements were monitored by recording their position on the plant daily, locating them with a Geiger counter. In the same plots, hourly measurements of temperature and relative humidity were recorded in three different parts of the crop canopy. Transition probabilities for the larvae from and to each of five vertical plant strata were modeled as definite integrals of the Beta probability density function (pdf). The shape parameters for these Beta pdf's were modeled as a function of microclimate, and the necessary parameters to do so were estimated by the method of maximum likelihood. This model predicted the data well and was more efficient than logistic regression. The model predicts that under high temperatures and low vapor pressure deficit (vpd), larvae move down to the shaded, cooler, lower parts of the plant; whereas under low temperatures and high vpd, they moved upward toward the economically important wrapper leaves and cabbage heads.
Competing Institutional Demands: A Framework for Understanding Mental Health Policy

This paper draws from institutional theory to provide a framework for understanding mental health policy. Institutional theory directs attention to the environment surrounding mental health care delivery systems, and argues that systems respond to both technical and normative demands operating within the external environment. Mental health policy is also a reflection of these technical and normative demands. However, these demands are often contradictory and ambiguous. Consequently, mental health policy lacks coherence and consistency, and delivery systems come to reflect the interests of the most powerful institutional actors within a given system. More specifically, mental health services currently seek to incorporate two opposing ideological models of care: the commodity model and the community model. The commodity model is a reflection of technical demands for efficiency, outcome assessment, and cost containment. The community model is a reflection of normative demands for effective services, quality care, and access to care. The organizational and policy conundrum is to balance conflicting institutional demands for efficiency (cost containment) and effectiveness (quality and access). Two states (Wisconsin and North Carolina) are used to illustrate how these conflicting demands have been mitigated.
Occurrence and photochemical degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol in Acushnet River Estuary

17alpha-Ethinylestradiol (EE2), a major constituent of common contraceptive pills, and three other estrogenic hormones, estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2) and mestranol (MeEE2) have been determined in Acushnet River Estuary seawater using a GC-MS technique. Among three estrogenic compounds detected, EE2 has the highest concentration, up to 4.7 ng/l, at which EE2 may affect lobster and other fish abundance in the coastal seawater due to its high biological activity on fish feminization. Two natural estrogenic hormones, E1 and E2 have also been found in the estuary at concentrations up to 1.2 ng/l and 0.83 ng/l, respectively. Although EE2 is persistent to microbial degradation, it can undergo a rapid photodegradation in estuarine seawater under natural sunlight irradiation, with a half-life of less than 1.5 days in spring sunny days.
The Evolution of Surgical Training: Perspectives on Educational Models from the Past to the Future

Surgical education and training have progressed through the centuries, with the most commonly used model being the apprentice model. With advances in medical knowledge and practice, the apprentice model has evolved and competing models have arisen. However, the apprentice model remains the gold standard today, but for future use, further evolutionary changes will need to be made to the apprentice model if it is to continue to remain an effective education paradigm.
Holocaust education in the ‘Black Hole of Europe’: Slovakia’s identity politics and history textbooks pre- and post-1989

Holocaust education in Slovakia stands at the confluence of diverse discourses of state and supra-national legitimation. Principles of national self-determination, minority rights, and political ideologies inform and lend credence to how Slovaks’ national and state identities are narrated in Slovak history textbooks. For small nation-states with limited economic and military power, such as Slovakia, tapping into these discourses is critical to the state’s survival as they signal belonging to larger entities – whether that be the Soviet bloc, the European Union, or more obtusely ‘the West’ – and thus help to forge alliances with more powerful states. However, actors in these same nation-states can be adept at reimagining these international discourses to meet their own national agendas. Through an analysis of secondary-school textbooks published before and after the fall of state socialism, this article evidences how these competing discourses interact to alternately advocate for, obstruct, and complicate ...
Accretion of nitrogen during the growth of planets

The N-15/N-14 ratio measured in nitrogen of the earth's atmosphere is or was, apparently widespread in the inner solar system. Such an observation might suggest that this value (0.00361) represents that of protosolar material. The present paper argues, however, that the original ratio was at least 20% lower, the presently observed value having resulted from significant isotopic fractionation, presumably caused by nebular condensation processes.
Verizon Works To Eliminate Disparities In Health Care For Its Diverse Workforce

Eradicating disparities in health care is an ongoing process that must continue through actions from a variety of stakeholders, including employers. Verizon Communications has a diverse workforce of more than 200,000 employees and is committed to attracting and retaining a workforce that mirrors its customers, speaks their languages, and understands their needs. The company developed and implemented a comprehensive plan to help ensure that minority employees and their families receive the health care they need and deserve based on the Institute of Medicine’s 2003 report Unequal Treatment .
Verbal conditioning of relational responses to minimize incidence of correlated hypotheses

The likelihood of correlated hypotheses is reduced in the case of relational response categories, which are defined in terms of the context in which the response instances appear. Two such responses were considered in a verbal-operant conditioning task. In a Length (L) group, paired items differed in word length. In a Related (R) group, semantically related items differed in size implications. In each group Ss were reinforced with “good” for selecting one or the other of the two response alternatives and using it in a sentence. No conditioning was obtained with the L group, but learning occurred with the R group, even when data from aware Ss were discarded.
Conservation of Antigenicity in a 31-kDa Brucella Protein

A 31-kilodalton (kDa) protein extracted from Brucella abortus was previously cloned into Escherichia coli and expressed at high levels. The E. coli-derived protein can be purified by a simple 2-step procedure entailing detergent extraction followed by ion-exchange chromatography. Subsequent analyses show that the E. coli-derived protein is identical to the Brucella-derived protein in molecular weight and isoelectric point. A partial amino acid sequence of the N-terminus of the protein of E. coli origin matches the predicted sequence, based on DNA sequence data. Using specific antiserum raised against the E. coli-derived protein, 34 strains of Brucella, representing all 6 recognized species, were examined for expression of the 31-kDa protein by Western blotting. This protein was detectable in all, but one Brucella species (B. ovis), including all 8 biovars of B. abortus tested. This degree of conservation supports further study of the 31-kDa protein for potential exploitation as a vaccine or diagnostic component.
β‐glucuronidase activity in adrenals of patients with or without cancer

The mean β-glucuronidase concentration in the adrenal homogenate of male patients with cancer was found to be significantly lower than that of male patients without cancer. The patient's age appeared to be without effect on the adrenal β-glucuronidase concentration; an influence of the nutritional status independently of the disease could not be evaluated. Several cancer patients were treated with corticoids; this treatment was without effect on the adrenal β-glucuronidase concentration. Histochemically, the highest β-glucuronidase activity was localized in the zona glomerulosa in over 50% of cases; the other cortical layers or the medulla showed the highest activity in the remaining cases. The distribution of cell groups with β-glucuronidase activity was patchy. The localization of β-glucuronidase activity in the adrenals of patients with or without cancer was similar, but the number and intensity of areas with β-glucuronidase activity was decreased in the adrenals from cancer patients. Although the actual function of β-glucuronidase in the adrenal is not known, the preeminent localization in the glomerulosa and the lack of influence by stress and by steroid treatment on its concentration suggest a specific function in aldosterone metabolism. The changes in the adrenal β-glucuronidase concentration in cancer patients may be an indication of disturbance in aldosterone metabolism.
Etched thin sections for coupled optical and electron microscopy and micro-analysis☆

Abstract Coupled use of optical transmission microscopy and SEM—EDXRA in the study of soil thin sections initially proved difficult because of problems in differentiation of mineral grains and impregnating medium with the secondary electron detector of the SEM. It was also difficult to locate the same small micromorphological features with both techniques, especially when the feature was hidden below the surface of the thin section. A procedure was developed that included selective dissolution (etching) of the impregnating medium and is presented here. After etching, many micromorphological features could be more easily recognized and those immediately below the surface were partially exposed. Application of the procedure proved useful in analyzing bridging plasma too small to identify by optical transmission microscopy that connected silt grains in fragipan horizons.
An analysis of sampling variability in replicated midwater trawls off Southern California

Abstract Four series of oblique tows were taken with a midwater trawl in the San Pedro and Santa Catalina Basins off Southern California. Comparisons of biomass, numbers, and mean sizes of fish and decapod crustaceans between day and night tows show few significant differences, indicating that daytime net avoidance is not a problem with this sampling method. Day to night differences in numbers of individuals captured were greater in Catalina than in San Pedro Basin, as was variability from trawl to trawl in overall species numbers. Rank order of abundance appears to be a relatively predictable community characteristic for the common species offish and decapods captured. Correlation matrices showed little agreement in type or degree of correlation between basins, suggesting that positive correlations may not be based on real species affinities, but on other factors in the environment. Relative variability from trawl to trawl in numbers of individuals of the various species was generally higher than the relative variability in numbers of the total multispecies populations of fish and decapods, which may indicate some overall density regulating mechanism operating in the community. Estimates made of the number of samples required adequately to predict population means indicate that a mean number of ten trawls are required.
Price discrimination in Cournot competition

Abstract We examine the average equilibrium price when quantity setting oligopolies price discriminate. It is known that for the price discrimination extension of Cournot competition the average price is independent of the extent of price discrimination whenever the demand is linear. We show that this result holds under a larger class of demand functions.
Current distributions governed by coupled concentration and potential fields

Results from steady and unsteady, two-dimensional simulations of tertiary current distributions at and below the limiting current density are presented. The simulations are based on dilute-solution theory, with coupling of the concentrations of the ionic species through the electrical field. The electrical field is calculated from the electroneutrality constraint. Results confirm and extend previous theoretical predictions of the electrical-migration enhancement of the limiting current. To demonstrate the potential utility of general current-distribution solvers, measured temporal variations of the rate of copper deposition in the presence of an oscillating shear flow are measured and simulated. Experiments agree well with simulations.
Elevation of matrix metalloproteinases 3 and 9 in cerebrospinal fluid and blood in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes an increase in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are associated with neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, hemorrhage, and cell death. We hypothesized that patients with TBI have an increase in MMPs in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma. METHODS: Patients with TBI and a ventricular catheter were entered into the study. Samples of CSF and plasma were collected at the time of catheter placement and at 24 and 72 hours after admission. Seven TBI patients were entered into the study, with 6 having complete data for analysis. Only patients who had a known time of insult that fell within a 6-hour window from initial insult to ventriculostomy were accepted into the study. Control CSF came from ventricular fluid in patients undergoing shunt placement for normal pressure hydrocephalus. Both MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured with gelatin zymography and MMP-3 with Western immunoblot. RESULTS: We found a significant elevation in the levels of the latent form of MMP-9 (92-kD) in the CSF obtained at the time of arrival (P < 0.05). Elevated levels of MMP-2 were detected in plasma at 72 hours, but not in the CSF. Using albumin from both CSF and blood, we calculated the MMP-9 index, which was significantly increased in the CSF, indicating endogenous MMP production. Western immunoblot showed elevated levels of MMP-3 in CSF at all times measured, whereas MMP-3 was not detected in the CSF of normal pressure hydrocephalus. CONCLUSION: We show that MMPs are increased in the CSF of TBI patients. Although the number of patients was small, the results were robust and clearly demonstrated increases in MMP-3 and MMP-9 in ventricular CSF in TBI patients compared with controls. Although these preliminary results will need to be replicated, we propose that MMPs may be important in blood-brain barrier opening and hemorrhage secondary to brain injury in patients.
Messungen der Stoßwellenstruktur in einatomigen Gasen

Aus Messungen in einem Stoswellenrohr geht hervor, das die Kontinuumstheorie zum Beschreiben der Stoswellenstruktur bei Machzahlen uber 1,6 nicht mehr ausreicht. Bei hoheren Machzahlen mus man die kinetische Gastheorie anwenden. Die Messungen lassen ferner erkennen, das das Krooksche Modell eine zu grose Vereinfachung des Stosglieds in der Boltzmann-Gleichung bedeutet, wahrend eine physikalisch sinnvolle Naherungslosung wie der Ansatz von H. M. Mott-Smith zu, richtigen Ergebnissen fuhren kann.
Alzheimer's disease and the need for supervision

Caregivers of 35 Alzheimer's disease patients (AD), were interviewed regarding the amount of time the patient is left alone, previous accidents and hazardous behaviors, as well as the caregiver's perception of the patient's safety and the need for supervision. Dementia severity was highly correlated with the perceived need for supervision (p < .001). Dementia severity was less strongly associated with actual supervision intensity (p = .038). The variable most strongly associated with actual supervision was previous hazardous behavior in the past year (p < .001). Among the more severely demented, caregivers providing constant supervision were more likely to believe the patient was safe.
Schistosoma mansoni: Inhibition of glucosephosphate isomerase and glycolysis by sugar phosphates

Abstract Glucosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) of Schistosoma mansoni is inhibited competitively by a number of tetrose, pentose, and hexose phosphates with inhibitor constant (Ki) values in the range of 0.5 to 400 μM. The most potent inhibitor is 5-phospho- d -arabinonate which resembles the cis-enediolate transition state intermediate of the reaction. These analogs were also found to be effective inhibitors of the production of lactate from glucose by suitably supplemented worm homogenates. The rank order of potency of inhibition of glycolysis was inversely related to the magnitudes of the Ki values for glucosephosphate isomerase. These Ki values were similar to those previously reported for mammalian glucosephosphate isomerase, suggesting similarities in the steric and electronic characteristics of the active sites of these isofunctional enzymes. This conclusion was further supported by the observed pH dependence of the inhibition by 5-phospho- d -arabinonate. Although glucosephosphate isomerase is not a rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis, in the conventional sense, its selective inhibition could be of chemotherapeutic importance, in part because of the accumulation in glycolyzing systems of glucose 6-phosphate which is a potent feedback inhibitor of hexokinase.
Mourning the Religious Self: An Experience of Multiplicity, Loss, and Religious Melancholia

The loss of religion is not one thing to all people, nor even one thing to one person. This article asks the question, “when we are talking about the loss of religion, who is mourning what?” The author considers what the loss of religion looks like if we view the self as abiding in both multiplicity and melancholia, and claims that the loss of religion requires a reconfiguration of the inner landscape of centrality and marginality. A clinical example illustrates how one patient’s “loss of faith” calls her to a complex mourning process that includes confronting many personal losses and their relation to her transgendered self.
Weighing the Evidence: Social Desirability, Eating Disorder Symptomatology, and Accuracy of Self-reported Body Weight Among Men and Women

Although self-reported measurement of body weight is commonly accepted practice, this method may yield inaccurate estimates varying by respondent gender, body mass index, and eating disorder symptomatology. Given the gendered nature of idealized body weight in the U.S., we examined whether or not these variables and positive impression management are associated with inaccurate weight reporting among undergraduates. College women (n = 107) and men (n = 48) from a small liberal arts school in the Northeastern U.S. self-reported height and weight, completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Personality Assessment Inventory-Positive Impression Management scale, and three scales from the Eating Disorder Inventory-3, and were then weighed. Paired t-tests compared self-reported and measured body weight for men and women separately, and respondents were then categorized as under- or over-reporters by gender. Independent samples t-tests were conducted separately for men and women comparing weight under- and over-reporters on BMI, levels of eating disorder symptomatology, and social desirability. Results indicate discrepancies between self-reported and measured body weight were significant. Among those who over-reported weight, men exhibited greater over-reporting than did women. Weight under-reporting was associated with higher BMI, and for women, lower eating disorder symptomatology and higher social desirability scores. There may be inaccuracies in self-reported weight based on positive impression management, BMI, and eating disorder symptomatology, but these appear to differ by gender. Future research should explore the roles of personality, social desirability, and competing pressures for muscularity versus thinness in weight reporting accuracy among men and women.
Recent results on the application of electron cyclotron heating to Tokamaks

Many experiments using Electron Cyclotron Heating (ECH) of plasmas in tokamaks have been reported over the past several years. At a power level of 4 MW, ECH has achieved electron temperatures as high as 10 keV in the T-10 tokamak, and the H-mode has been attained in divertor discharges in DIII-D and JFT-2M. Regarding global energy confinement in either L-mode or Hmode, ECH appears to be quite similar in efficiency to neutral injection, but in addition to bulk heating it has been useful for many purposes, including study of local electron heat diffusivity through pulse-modulated heating; suppression of sawteeth, Edge Localized Modes, and other MHD activity; suppression of disruptions; preionization and startup; and current drive. In this paper, progress in these areas which has been reported since the IAEA meeting in 1986 will be summarized.
Paradise not found: The case of insurance workers

The financial industries constitute a potential organizational paradise for the currently besieged American labor movement. This study traces the fortunes and fate of one union which has searched diligently for that paradise over the past quarter century with frustratingly little ultimate success. It finds that lack of success to have been a function of both management resistance to unionization and union insistence on pursuing its traditional organizing priorities to the exclusion of other opportunities, in large measure due to resource problems. It concludes that image and resources constitute a continuing obstacle to the unionization of the financial industries.
Echinostoma paraensei and Schistosoma mansoni : adherence of unaltered or modified latex beads to hemocytes of the host snail Biomphalaria glabrata

Hemocytes derived from a strain (13-16-R1) of Biomphalaria glabrata resistant to Schistosoma mansoni were significantly more likely to bind untreated latex beads than hemocytes from the schistosome-susceptible M line strain. Beads preincubated in 13-16-R1 plasma were more readily bound by both 13-16-R1 and M line hemocytes than beads preincubated in M line plasma. Beads preincubated in plasma derived from snails of either strain infected with the trematode Echinostoma paraensei were more readily bound by hemocytes than beads preincubated in plasma from control snails of the corresponding strain. Plasma from snails exposed to S. mansoni did not have a similar effect. Throughout these experiments, beads receiving a particular treatment were consistently bound at higher rates by 13-16-R1 than M line hemocytes. SDS-PAGE of plasma components eluted from beads revealed differences between treatments, particularly in diffuse bands falling into two groups, of 75-130 and 150-220 kDa. The results indicate that both hemocytes and plasma components from the two host strains differ and identify plasma molecules deserving of additional study as possible modulators of hemocyte effector functions. Also, S. mansoni and E. paraensei provoked different responses in the same host snail.
The Misplaced Legacy of Gregory Bateson: Toward a Cultural Dialectic of Knowledge and Desire

The dualism constituted by the opposition of cognition and emotion is all the more intractable given the failure on the part of those who seek a synthesis (see Holland 1992; Hutchins 1987) to consider the history of past attempts. This is particularly striking in the case of attempts that might have been considered extremely promising, especially in light of current interests (Horowitz 1988; Westen 1991, 1992). Of particular importance in this regard is the early work of Gregory Bateson, whose writing on the dialectics of ethos and eidos offered a possible solution, although not one Bateson himself fully formulated. This article is an attempt to recover the insight of Bateson's early work, with a view to developing it as a new approach to the problem of cognition and emotion in culture.
Diffusivities, viscosities, and conductivities of solvent-free ionically grafted nanoparticles

A new class of conductive composite materials, solvent-free ionically grafted nanoparticles, were modeled by coarse-grained molecular dynamics methods. The grafted oligomeric counterions were observed to migrate between different cores, contributing to the unique properties of the materials. We investigated the dynamics by analyzing the dependence on temperature and structural parameters of the transport properties (self-diffusion coefficients, viscosities and conductivities) and counterion migration kinetics. Temperature dependence of all properties follows the Arrhenius equation, but chain length and grafting density have distinct effects on different properties. In particular, structural effects on the diffusion coefficients are described by the Rouse model and the theory of nanoparticles diffusing in polymer solutions, viscosities are strongly influenced by clustering of cores, and conductivities are dominated by the motions of oligomeric counterions. We analyzed the migration kinetics of oligomeric counterions in a manner analogous to unimer exchange between micellar aggregates. The counterion migrations follow the “double-core” mechanism and are kinetically controlled by neighboring-core collisions.
The Efficacy of Single-Sex Education: Testing for Selection and Peer Quality Effects

To address selection and peer quality effects in tests of the efficacy of single-sex schools, the achievement of girls attending a public single-sex middle school in the Southwest United States (N = 121) was compared to that of (a) girls who applied but were not admitted to the same school (N = 229) and (b) girls who applied to and attended a coeducational magnet school (N = 134). Achievement scores were collected over 3 years for the ethnically diverse participants (41 African Americans, 27 Asian Americans, 163 European Americans, 251 Latinos, and two Native Americans). After controlling for selection and peer quality effects, there was no significant effect of the gender composition of schools on achievement. Implications for educational policy are discussed.
Species difference in the disposition of acrylonitrile: quantitative whole-body autoradiographic study in rats and mice

Previous studies from this and other laboratories have indicated the role of species difference in acrylonitrile (VCN) toxicity and its metabolism to cyanide. Our recent studies also indicated a more pronounced elimination of VCN following oral as compared to i.v. administration. To further characterize the mechanism of these differences on the distribution of VCN, quantitative whole-body autoradiographic distribution and elimination studies were conducted at various time points (0.08, 8, 24, 48 h) following the administration of an equivalent i.v. dose of 2-[14C]-VCN to male Fischer rats and male CD-1 mice. Whole-body autoradiographs obtained from freeze-dried and acid-extracted sections of rats and mice demonstrated a rapid uptake of 14C in liver, lungs, spleen and bone marrow at early time intervals. Quantitatively, the uptake, retention and covalent interaction of 14C were higher in organs of rats as compared to mice, over 48 h. Mice eliminated 74% of the total administered dose of 2-[14C]-VCN (expired air 4%, urine 16% and feces 54%), while rats eliminated only 26% of the dose (expired air 2%, urine 4% and feces 20%). Species differences in VCN toxicity seem to be correlated with its rate of elimination. The distribution and elimination data demonstrated that mice divest VCN more rapidly than rats. The study also demonstrated that administration of VCN in rats resulted in covalent interactions and retention of 2-[14C]-VCN/metabolites in the tissues thus exerting more chronic toxicity to rats than to mice.
VIP Regulates the Development & Proliferation of Treg in vivo in spleen

Mounting evidence supports a key role for VIP as an anti-inflammatory agent and promoter of immune tolerance. It suppresses TNF-α and other inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, upregulates anti-inflammatory IL-10, and promotes immune tolerant cells called T regulatory (Treg) cells. VIP KO mice have recently been demonstrated to have spontaneous airway and pulmonary perivascular inflammatory responses, as part of asthma-like and pulmonary hypertension phenotypes, respectively. Both inflammatory responses are correctable with VIP. Focusing on this model, we have now investigated the influence of VIP not only on inflammatory cells but also on Treg cells. Using flow cytometric analysis, we examined the relative preponderance of CD25+CD4+ cells and anti-inflammatory Treg cells, in extracts of thymus and spleen from VIP KO mice (5 VIP KO; 5 VIP KO+ VIP; 10 wild-type). This method allowed antibody-based flow cytometric identification of Treg cells using surface markers CD25 and CD4, along with the: 1) intracellular activation marker FoxP3; and 2) Helios, which distinguishes cells of thymic versus splenic derivation. Deletion of the VIP gene results in: 1) CD25+CD4- cell accumulation in the thymus, which is corrected by VIP treatment; 2) more Treg in thymus lacking Foxp3 expression, suggesting VIP is necessary for immune tolerance; and, 3) a tendency towards deficiency of Treg cells in the spleen, which is normalized by VIP treatment. Treg lacking Helios are induced by VIP intrasplenically rather than by migration from the thymus. These results confirm the dual role of VIP as an anti-inflammatory and immune tolerance-promoting agent.
Duration of anesthesia and venous thromboembolism after hip and knee arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether longer duration of anesthesia predisposes patients undergoing orthopedic surgery to venous thromboembolism (VTE). PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of a retrospective case-control study that examined risk factors for postoperative VTE in postmenopausal women. We matched women aged 50 years and older with radiographically confirmed postoperative VTE (cases) by age, surgeon, year of surgery, and surgical joint (knee vs hip) with women without postoperative VTE (controls). Duration of anesthesia, operative variables, demographic data, comorbid illnesses, and laboratory data were determined by medical record review. RESULTS Eighty-eight cases were matched with 181 controls. Duration of anesthesia of 3.5 hours or longer (corresponding to the upper tertile of patients) was strongly associated with postoperative VTE compared with a shorter duration of anesthesia (odds ratio, 3.58; 95% confidence interval, 2.11-6.16; P CONCLUSION We found a marked association between the duration of anesthesia and postoperative VTE in patients undergoing joint arthroplasty. Although it is possible that unmeasured intraoperative variables account for this relationship, we suggest that duration of anesthesia may be an important risk factor for postoperative VTE after orthopedic surgery.
Investigation of Adsorbate Reactivity during NO Decomposition over Different Levels of Copper Ion-Exchanged ZSM-5 Using in Situ IR Technique

In situ infrared (IR) and mass spectroscopy (MS) coupled with temperature-programmed reaction (TPR), isotopic temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), step transient, and pulse transient techniques have been used to study the dynamic behavior of adsorbed species in the NO decomposition reaction on over- and underexchanged Cu−ZSM-5. Overexchanged Cu−ZSM-5 showed higher NO decomposition activity and produced more Cu+ sites at lower temperatures than the underexchanged sample during the TPR study. Furthermore, overexchanged Cu−ZSM-5 allows rapid equilibrium between gaseous NO and Cu+(NO)/Cu2+(NO3-) during NO decomposition. N2 formation accompanied by the presence of Cu+(NO) suggests that Cu+ initiates the NO decomposition process. However, no direct correlation between Cu+(NO)/Cu+(NO)2 intensity and N2 formation was observed. Adsorbed oxygen from dissociated NO changes the oxidation state of Cu+ ion, causing the formation of Cu2+(NO3-). While Cu2+(NO3-) decomposes to N2, N2O, NO2, and O2 during TPD, it is on...
Thickness-dependent magnetization reversal behavior of lithographic IrMn/Fe ring structures

We systematically studied the effect of exchange bias (EB) on the magnetization reversal behavior in lithographic IrMn/Fe rings and their unbiased Fe counterparts, with the thickness of the Fe layer, tFe, varying from 10 to 80 nm. For unbiased and exchange biased rings, an evolution in the shape of the hysteresis loop from single-step to double-step is observed as tFe increases. However, for EB rings, this transition happens at larger thickness, which is attributed to the uniaxial anisotropy induced by exchange bias in the Fe layer. The strength of the magnetic anisotropy induced by exchange bias is investigated by fitting the angular dependence of the exchange bias field Heb at different Fe thickness.
Pathogenicity of the fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., to Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.)

Abstract The pathogenicity to Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) of an isolate of the fungus Colletorichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. obtained from diseased milfoil plants was evaluated in laboratory culture experiments. Except in senescent plant tissue, the fungus was confined to the surface of the plant and rarely penetrated beyond the epidermis. Fungal infection prompted a hypersensitive plant response which resulted in the death of a few epidermal cells but evidently halted the internal spread of the fungus. The effect of the fungus was greatest in the commonly used Gerloff's plant culture medium at 25°C. Under these conditions, treated plants did not increase in biomass after inoculation and suffered extensive but superficial damage. At 15 and 20°C inoculation with the fungus did not produce a detectable reduction in yield. In nutrient-amended lakewater and in a carbonate-buffered artificial growth medium, inoculated plants exhibited little visible damage, but the fungus caused a significant reduction in yield. Because these media supported much greater plant growth than Gerloff's medium, the increase in biomass of inoculated plants was 60–70% that of control plants. We concluded that under realistic conditions the effect of this fungal isolate was too small to justify further consideration of it as a possible biological control agent for M. spicatum. Our results illustrate the importance of appropriate culture conditions and media in experiments designed to evaluate microbial pathogens of aquatic plants.
Outcomes of pediatric trauma patients transported from rural and urban scenes.

Abstract Objectives Mortality differences exist between victims of urban and rural trauma. It is unknown if these differences persist in those patients who survive to HEMS transport. This study examined the in-hospital mortality, hospital LOS, and discharge status of pediatric blunt trauma victims transported by HEMS from rural and urban scenes. Methods Retrospective review of pediatric ( Results Total mileage, flight times, and scene times were significantly longer for rural flights ( P Conclusions Pediatric patients injured in urban areas had shorter total flight and scene times than pediatric patients flown from rural scenes. Higher adjusted in-hospital mortality rates in the urban group were likely a result of faster EMS response and transport times, which minimized out-of-hospital deaths. Factors prior to HEMS arrival may have more impact on the increased mortality rates of rural blunt trauma victims documented nationally.
Behind the Mirror: Inquiry based storying in teacher education

In this article the authors explore the value of inquiry-based storying in teacher education. They draw upon a story written by Sarah Cline during her credential year in response to an assignment given by Vicki LaBoskey to consider how narrative might be used to reveal and develop student understanding. The authors argue that student teacher stories have merit in teacher education because they help reveal to both the story-tellers and their instructors the beliefs, values and emotions that guide practice. But they suggest that the simple telling of stories is not enough. Because all stories represent limited perspectives and some can be particularly detrimental distortions of reality, teacher educators need to offer support to their student teachers in telling stories that are as representative of themselves, their students, and the accumulated 'wisdom' of theory and practice, as possible. One way to do so is to provide assignments that engage them in a process of inquiry and reflective deliberation.