cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Activation: Distinctive Features

Behavioral activation theory indicates that much clinically relevant human behavior is a function of positive reinforcement, and that when positive reinforcement is reduced, lost, or chronically low depression results. Behavioral activation encourages clients to obtain and nurture the skills that allow them to establish and maintain contact with diverse, stable sources of positive reinforcement. This creates a life of meaning, value and purpose. Behavioral Activation: Distinctive Features clarifies the fundamental theoretical and practical features of behavioral activation, integrating various techniques into a unified whole that is efficient and effective. The book includes numerous case examples and transcribed segments from therapy sessions and outlines behavioral concepts using straightforward terms and examples so that all therapists can see the utility and practical value of this approach. This book will provide essential guidance for students and new therapists, as well as more experienced clinicians wanting to know more about what makes behavioral activation a distinct form of cognitive behavior therapy.
Reducing costs while increasing quality

Non mission critical software systems have been challenged with conflicting requirements. On the one hand, these systems are becoming more and more complex and their quality is of paramount importance. On the other hand, to maintain competitiveness, there is a constant pressure to reduce the cost associated with developing such systems. In this talk, I will raise some of the research questions stemming from these conflicting requirements. I will also present promising approaches to addressing the challenges of reduced costs while increasing quality that were explored at IBM Research.
ELECTRIC FIELD AND GAUSS’ LAW

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the electric field as an alternative to the concept of force acting through empty space. Electric field is the empty space between electric charges to be filled with little arrows or vectors. Electric field is the mechanism for explaining the Coulomb force. This chapter discusses the concept of an electric field in terms of Faraday's electric field lines. Although not necessary, these electric field lines are extremely helpful in visualizing, correlating, and understanding a wide range of electrical phenomena. Gauss' law, which relates electric fields to charges, is developed in terms of the electric field lines. The chapter illustrates the application of Gauss' law to a variety of physical situations. The action of an electric field on individual charges supplies evidence that electric charge is quantized and leads to a measurement of the fundamental discrete amount of charge.
Regulation of the pAD1-encoded sex pheromone response in Enterococcus faecalis: expression of the positive regulator TraE1.

Abstract pAD1 is a conjugative, 60-kb, hemolysin-bacteriocin plasmid in Enterococcus faecalis that encodes a mating response to a small peptide sex pheromone, cAD1, secreted by potential recipient bacteria. The response is regulated by a cluster of genes that includes a positive regulatory determinant, traE1, able to activate key structural genes involved in the conjugative process. A negative regulatory determinant, traA, affects the expression of traE1 and is sensitive to the pheromone signal. Between the two determinants is a gene, iad, which encodes a small peptide, iAD1, a competitive inhibitor of cAD1. The determinants (traE1-iad-traA) are oriented such that iad and traE1 are transcribed in the same direction, opposite that of traA. Transcription of iad and traA starts between these determinants and moves outward in each case. A recent report from our laboratory, dealing with transcriptional fusions in the traE1-iad region (L. T. Pontius and D. B. Clewell, J. Bacteriol. 174:3152-3160, 1992), indicated that traE1 expression may be dependent on transcriptional read-through of a terminator(s) between iad and traE1. The present report provides direct analyses of relevant RNA species before and during induction and shows that indeed transcriptional read-through from iad is important in the initial expression of traE1. However, the data show that once traE1 is activated, it can then be expressed independently, probably because of TraE1 activating its own promoter. This view is also supported by genetic complementation studies. In addition, DNA binding studies with TraA showed that the protein binds to the promoter of iad. Binding of TraA to the region between iad and traE1 could not be detected; however, the involvement of TraA in influencing transcription termination in this region is still not ruled out, since additional factors could be involved. A model for the regulation of the pheromone response is presented.
A role for amontillado, the Drosophila homolog of the neuropeptide precursor processing protease PC2, in triggering hatching behavior.

Accurate proteolytic processing of neuropeptide and peptide hormone precursors by members of the kexin/furin family of proteases is key to determining both the identities and activities of signaling peptides. Here we identify amontillado (amon), theDrosophila melanogaster homolog of the mammalian neuropeptide processing protease PC2, and show that in contrast to vertebrate PC2, amontillado expression undergoes extensive regulation in the nervous system during development.In situ hybridization reveals that expression ofamontillado is restricted to the final stages of embryogenesis when it is found in anterior sensory structures and in only 168 cells in the brain and ventral nerve cord. After larvae hatch from their egg shells, the sensory structures and most cells in the CNS turn off or substantially reduce amontillado expression, suggesting that amontillado plays a specific role late in embryogenesis. Larvae lacking the chromosomal region containingamontillado show no gross anatomical defects and respond to touch. However, such larvae show a greatly reduced frequency of a hatching behavior of wild-type Drosophila in which larvae swing their heads, scraping through the eggshell with their mouth hooks. Ubiquitous expression of amontillado can restore near wild-type levels of this behavior, whereas expression ofamontillado with an alanine substitution for the catalytic histidine cannot. These results suggest thatamontillado expression is regulated as part of a programmed modulation of neural signaling that controls hatching behavior by producing specific neuropeptides in particular neurons at an appropriate developmental time.
Anomalous oxygen isotope effect in La2-xSrxCuO4.

We report measurement of the oxygen isotope effect ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{O}}$ in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ as a function of x. For values of xl0.15, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{O}}$ in the is large (0.4--0.6) but decreases by about a factor of 5 for x\ensuremath{\ge}0.15, where we obtain ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{O}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\approxeq}}0.1}$, in good agreement with earlier results. The large values of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{O}}$ obtained for small x are reproducible when the $^{18}\mathrm{O}$${,}^{16}$O sample pairs are cross exchanged. The maximum measured values of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{O}}$ fall outside the range of standard Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory and may imply anharmonic phonon-mediated superconductivity. The variability of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{O}}$ may be related to a nearby lattice instability, similar to that observed in (La,Ba${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$. Isotope frequency shifts of the far-infrared transverse-optic phonons of ${A}_{2u}$ symmetry at 240 and 500 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ also display an anomaly between x=0.11 and 0.15 and, in addition, demonstrate $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ exchange for both oxygen sites.
Diamond‐Based Semiconducting Devices

The sections in this article are 1 Figures of Merit 2 Device Processing 3 Three-Terminal Devices 4 Cold Cathode Devices 5 Miscellaneous Devices 6 Conclusion
Hybrid Algorithm for Multiple Gravity-Assist and Impulsive Delta-V Maneuvers

A combination of multiple gravity-assist and impulsive Delta-V maneuvers is often required for interplanetary and interstellar space missions, such as NASA’s Voyager 1 and 2, Galileo, and Cassini missions. The design of such complex interplanetary missions is difficult with traditional mission analysis techniques because the mission must be prepruned to determine potential trajectories. Prepruning has been necessary because these mission often require the optimization of dozens of variables in a highly nonlinear and discontinuous design space. This process risks pruning nonintuitive solutions, which may potentially contain the optimal trajectory. In this paper, a hybrid optimization algorithm that is capable of determining optimal interplanetary trajectories, including the number of gravity assists and the planetary flyby order, is developed. The hybrid optimization algorithm uses a stochastic genetic algorithm to globally search the design space, as well as traditional nonlinear programming gradient-base...
Vibrational motion of cations in ionic glasses

Cation-site vibrational bands observed in the far-infrared spectra of the Na+, K+, Cs+, Ca2+, and Ba2+ metaphosphate glasses are reported, and their characteristics are discussed in terms of ion-site forces and glass physical properties.
Searches for WIMP annihilation with GLAST

We describe signatures for WIMP annihilation in the gamma ray sky which can be observed by the GLAST mission, scheduled for launch in 2007. We review the search regions, which range from galactic substructure in the Milky Way all the way out to cosmological sources.
Effects of intrahypothalamic betamethazone implants on adrenal function in male Sceloporus cyanogenys

Male S. cyanogenys were appropriately treated with Metopirone, an 11 beta hydroxylase enzyme inhibitor, thus blocking the synthesis of adrenal steroids. This treatment caused a highly significant increase in adrenal weight (controls 6.61 ± .49 mg/100 gm vs 10.58 ± 1.04 mg/100 gm, p < .001). Prior (30 days) stereotaxic implantation of a synthetic corticoid, betamethazone, in the hypothalamus, not only prevented this compensatory adrenal hypertrophy but reduced adrenal size below that of controls to 4.60 ± .19 mg/100 gm (p < .001). Blank hypothalamic implants and subcutaneous implants of betamethazone were without effect, indicating that the operative procedure itself did not cause hypertrophy nor was the steroid implanted in the hypothalamus acting systemically. While the possibility that the effects noted may be mediated at the adeno-hypophyseal level has not been eliminated, the data suggest that the hypothalamus of S. cyanogenys contains steroid-sensitive receptor cells which control adrenal size via the anterior pituitary gland.
Comparative cytotoxicities of selected minor dietary non-nutrients with chemopreventive properties.

Abstract The comparative acute cytotoxicities were determined for a varied spectrum of minor dietary non-nutrients that have been implicated as chemopreventive agents. Cytotoxicity was determined with the neutral red (NR) assay, using BALB/c mouse 3T3 fibroblasts as the bioindicators. Based on midpoint cytotoxicity (NR50) values, the range of cytotoxicity for the different chemicals varied by 1000 times. The sequence of potency was tannic acid, tamoxifen citrate, quercetin, benzyl and phenethyl isothiocyanate>glycyrrhetinic acid>indole-3-carbinol>caffeic acid>phytic acid>vanillin>ellagic acid> d -saccharic acid 1,4-lactone. Vanillin, at slight to moderately toxic concentrations, was the only test agent that induced multinucleation in the 3T3 fibroblasts.
Formation of the guanylylated and methylated 5′-terminus of vaccinia virus mRNA

Abstract mRNA was synthesized in vitro by vaccinia virus particles in the presence of S-adenosyl-[methyl-3H]methionine and α- or β,γ-32P-labeled ATP or GTP. The two 5′-terminal structures m7G(5′)ppp(5′)Gm and m7G(5′)ppp(5′)Am were isolated after P1 nuclease digestion of the RNA. The distribution of radioactivity between the methylated mononucleotides and inorganic phosphate released by nucleotide pyrophosphatase treatment of m7G(5′)ppp(5′)Gm and m7G(5′)ppp(5′)Am was consistent with the formation of the latter structures by condensation of pG residues from GTP with ppG- and ppA- at the 5′-termini of vaccinia mRNAs. An alternative mechanism involving the transfer of ppG residues to pA- at the 5′-terminus of the RNA was ruled out by the 32P-labeling data as well as by the formation of m7G(5′)ppp(5′)Am- when β,γ-methylene-GTP was substituted for GTP. At limiting concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine, the predominant methylated 5′-terminal structure was m7G(5′)ppp(5′)N- in which the penultimate nucleoside was unmethylated; in the absence of S-adenosylmethionine, G(5′)ppp(5′)N- as well as unblocked ppN- termini were detected. On the basis of the structures formed under various conditions, the following sequence of reactions was considered: γβα ppG + β′α′ ppN −→ G (5′) N −+ γβ PPi G (5′) ppp (5′) N −+ AdoMet → m 7 G (5′) ppp (5′) N −+ AdoHcy m 7 G (5′) ppp (5′) N −+ AdoMet → m 7 G (5′) ppp (5′) N m + AdoHcy
Modeling a Hospital Organization

A multidimensional input-output model of a hospital's components is developed which, because it tracks the flows of people, materials, and services, can be used for long-range planning and resource allocation, and dynamic simulation of the hospital. The model also allows the determination of shadow prices, and hence, the profitability of the various hospital components.
Use of Factor v Leiden genetic testing in practice and impact on management

Genetic testing for disease predisposition is perceived as one of the potential benefits of the Human Genome Project.1 As Collins et al.2 stated in 2003: “Theoretically, the steps by which genetic risk information would lead to improved health are (1) an individual obtains genome-based information about his/her own health risks; (2) the individual uses this information to develop an individualized prevention or treatment plan; (3) the individual implements that plan; (4) this leads to improved health; and (5) health care costs are reduced.” However, few genetic susceptibility tests are clinically available and little is known about the acceptance of this practice model. As the authors themselves acknowledge, “scrutiny of these assumptions is needed.” Factor V Leiden (FVL), a common genetic variant, offers an opportunity to study physicians’ use of a genetic susceptibility test. Five to 7% of individuals of European descent and up to 2% of individuals in other ethnic groups are heterozygous for FVL. The FVL confers a 3- to 4-fold increased risk of occurrence of venous thromboembolism3–5 and an increased risk of recurrent pregnancy loss.6,7 The FVL may also play a role in arterial thrombosis, pre-eclampsia, placental abruption, and intrauterine growth retardation but data were inconsistent.5,8 The American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) and the College of American Pathologists have issued practice guidelines to define clinical indications for test use.9–11 This study describes the use of the genetic test for FVL in a large health system (Group Health [GH] of Puget Sound). We were interested in the circumstances of test use, the use of genetic counseling, and whether the physicians use test results to modify patient management.
Computing the intersection of a plane and a natural quadric

Abstract A method of computing the intersection of a plane and a natural quadric surface is presented. This problem is basic in geometric areas such as solid modeling and descriptive geometry. Our method, arising out of recent work on lower degree intersections of quadrics, computes the directions of the axes of the intersection, and then computes their lengths using the Dandelin sphere. The method also gives all parallel plane sections of the natural quadric, with no added computation.
Ehanced GUI environment for Pymatgen in material science

A graphical user interface has been developed for the Pymatgen middleware which powers The Materials Project. The GUI exploits a subset of the many features Pymatgen has to offer and allows scientists to have easy access to Pymatgen. This interface is also meant to serve as a foundation for future developers to create custom interfaces for their own material computation research software that is supported by Pymatgen. Some key features in this regard include graphical display capabilities for computational data. An example of this in the current configuration is the ability to plot the X-Ray Absorption near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) cross section from a FEFF9 XMU.dat output file. Other key features include being able to visualize a 3D crystal structure, plotting an LDOS from FEFF9 LDOS00.dat file, being able to display a structure from of your own creation or retrieve and display a structure from the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Materials Project database, create a feff.inp file from a displayed structure, and being able to parse through the VASP run files that are typically arranged in a one level deep directory tree. My graphical user interface for Pymatgen is accessible to run online and download on www.Materialshub.org.
Constraints of the neutrino magnetic moment from white dwarf cooling

The neutrino magnetic moment provides an additional energy emission in stars. It will accelerate the white dwarf cooling process and reduce the life time of the white dwarf, but it causes a conflict with the observation. We use observational constraints to derive an upper limit for the neutrino magnetic moment: μν∼4.0×10−12μ B
Medium Wave Energy Scavenging for Wireless Structural Health Monitoring Sensors

Energy scavenging presents a promising approach for powering the wireless sensors used for structural health monitoring. RF energy scavenging has recently been intensively studied due to the abundance of ambient RF energy. In this paper, an RF scavenger operating at the AM frequency band has been fabricated and tested. The scavenger is composed of an RF front end and an energy processing circuit. The RF front-end design has been optimized for operation in low RF power densities. The energy processing circuit, which consist of a boost converter and a control circuit with low power overhead, requires a minimum input power of -39 dBm for proper operation.
Motive, Opportunity, Choice, and Corporate Illegality

Research on corporate illegality spans several distinct literatures and defies ready integration. This article helps to overcome those problems. Analysis of data from 80 U.S. industrial organizations indicates that lower industry profitability is associated with higher frequencies of detected serious violations of federal environmental laws. Organizational profitability, industry concentration, organization size, structural complexity, organizational decentralization, and ethical climate join this variable in statistical interactions also associated with detected instances of serious environmental violations. However, none of those variables are found to be associated with the incidence of detected nonserious violations. These results provide qualified support for a model of corporate illegality in which illegal behaviors are attributable to the interactive effects of motive, opportunity, and choice. They suggest that illegal corporate activities resist simple explanation, and that future research on corporate illegality should concentrate on further development of multivariable models.
Fabrication of microstructure using electrochemical etching in hydrofluoric acid

The fabrication of microstructure with high aspect ratio is one of the most important issues in MEMS technology. This paper presents a technology of micromachining using electrochemical etching in hydrofluoric acid. Pores with high aspect ratio (>10:1) and smooth surface have been produced in the current study. The dimensions and shapes of etching pores can be varied over a wide range by adjusting electrochemical etching parameters. HF concentration is one of the most important parameter, since it influences not only etching rate but also diameter and the inner surface roughness of pores. The etching rate increases with HF concentration and so does the diameter of pores. Therefore an optimal HF concentration can be obtained. Besides, the inner surface roughness (Ra about 12nm) in 6.1% HF concentration is obtained. The roughness of different pores surface from electrochemical etching and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching is also compared. It is observed that pores fabricated by electrochemical etching has relatively smoother surface.
PU.1-mediated Transcription Is Enhanced by HMG-I(Y)-dependent Structural Mechanisms *

The ets transcription factor PU.1 is an important regulator of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene intronic enhancer, or mu enhancer. However, PU.1 is only one component of the large multiprotein complex required for B cell-specific enhancer activation. The transcriptional coactivator HMG-I(Y), a protein demonstrated to physically interact with PU.1, increases PU.1 affinity for the mu enhancer muB element, indicating that HMG-I(Y) may play a role in the transcriptionally active mu enhanceosome. Increased PU.1 affinity is not mediated by HMG-I(Y)-induced changes in DNA structure. Investigation of alternative mechanisms to explain the HMG-I(Y)-mediated increase in PU.1/mu enhancer binding demonstrated, by trypsin and chymotrypsin mapping, that interaction between PU.1 and HMG-I(Y) in solution induces a structural change in PU.1. In the presence of HMG-I(Y) and wild-type mu enhancer DNA, PU.1 becomes more chymotrypsin resistant, suggesting an additional change in PU.1 structure upon HMG-I(Y)-induced PU.1/DNA binding. From these results, we suggest that increased DNA affinity under limiting PU.1 concentrations is mediated by an HMG-I(Y)-induced structural change in PU.1. In functional assays, HMG-I(Y) further augments transcriptional synergy between PU.1 and another member of the ets family, Ets-1, indicating that HMG-I(Y) is a functional component of the active enhancer complex. These studies suggest a new mechanism for HMG-I(Y)-mediated coactivation; HMG-I(Y) forms protein-protein interactions with a transcription factor, which alters the three-dimensional structure of the factor, resulting in enhanced DNA binding and transcriptional activation. This mechanism may be important for transcriptional activation under conditions of limiting transcription factor concentration, such as at the low levels of PU.1 expressed in B cells.
Examination and rapid analysis of hepatic cytosolic receptors for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin using gel-permeation high performance liquid chromatography

Gel-permeation high performance liquid chromatography was used to examine the molecular characteristics of the cytosolic and nuclear receptors for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. The physical properties for this receptor previously established by sucrose-density gradient analysis have been maintained by the technique. The high performance liquid chromatography method offers the advantages of rapid separation and reproducibility thus minimizing possible effects of proteolytic enzymes or dissociation of the ligand-receptor complex. The specific binding of [3H]2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as measured by this system also corresponds quantitatively to that determined by the hydroxyapatite method. These methods will facilitate a further understanding of the biochemical actions of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds, as well as an understanding of the physiological function of this receptor molecule.
Wetting transitions near T c for marginal and supermarginal potential ranges

Wetting transitions near bulk critical temperatures are studied in mean-field theory as functions of the range exponent x for attractive potentials of the form U/${z}^{x}$. For x${x}_{m}$, the marginal case (${x}_{m}$=3 in mean-field theory, while ${x}_{m}$\ensuremath{\simeq}2.45 for Ising systems, including fluctuations), ordinary, special, and extraordinary points are suppressed, and wetting occurs for temperatures below bulk critical temperatures. For x=${x}_{m}$, these effects occur for potentials more strongly attractive than a crossover value which is determined.
Polyester-based carborane-containing dendrons

New carborane-containing dendrons based on a 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propanoic acid scaffold have been prepared for applications in boron neutron capture therapy. A generation-2 carborane-containing dendron carrying 40 boron atoms was the highest generation synthetically available due to the steric crowding. The structure of this dendron has been simulated by molecular dynamics. A 10-carbon linker carrying a carboxylic group has been installed at the focal point of the dendron to distance the attachment point from the sterically hindered core.
Transforming growth factor-alpha overexpression in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia is a unique type of oral leukoplakia that has a high risk of malignant transformation. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of transforming growth factor-alpha in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, oral squamous cell carcinoma, and normal mucosa. Transforming growth factor-alpha, a potent mitogen, is known to play an important role in various neoplasms including oral squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor-alpha in archival paraffin-embedded sections was performed with commercially available monoclonal antibodies. Ten cases each of normal mucosa, proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, and oral squamous cell carcinoma were stained. Quantification of the staining intensity, expressed as the cytoplasmic optical density, was done with the Roche Image Analysis System. The data were statistically analyzed with the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests. Notably, the mean cytoplasmic optical density of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia was significantly higher than the mean cytoplasmic optical density of normal mucosa (p 0.05). The mean cytoplasmic optical density values demonstrate that increased transforming growth factor-alpha immunoreactivity occurs in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma relative to normal mucosa.
On the identification and control of linear time-varying plants

The purpose of this note is to discuss certain aspects of the identification and control problems of single-input single-output (SISO), linear time-varying (LTV) plants. An input-output (I/O) framework is adopted whereby the LTV plant is described in terms of differential operators. Such a description provides a factorization of the I/O operator of the LTV plant which is convenient for parametric identification and design of 'pole-placement'-type controllers.
In Vitro Replication and Differentiation of Normal Human Oral Keratinocytes

The replication kinetics and cytological changes of normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOK) isolated from the basal surface of oral epithelial sheet and cultured as dispersed cells in low (0.15 mM) Ca(2+) medium without serum were analyzed. Replicating NHOK were quantitated by cell count and identified by [(3)H]thymidine uptake. Cell morphology was analyzed by phase contrast and transmission electron microscopy, and by cytochemical staining for endogenous beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) activity, involucrin, and cytokeratin types 1 and 10 (K1/K10). Primary NHOK obtained from 15 different donors whose ages ranged from 21 to 62 years consistently showed three distinct phases of replication, i.e., exponential, senescing, and senescent, which were independent of the donors' age. Initially, the cells replicated exponentially for a period of 20 days with a doubling time of 26.6 +/- 3.5 h. They then gradually entered replication arrest over a period of 18 days. The cells underwent a maximum of 22.1 +/- 2.8 population doublings. The onset of gradual replication arrest coincided with an increase in the fraction of cells, which stopped DNA synthesis within a maximum of 48 h and which stained for beta-gal. The fraction of terminally differentiated cells stained for K1/K10 did not increase until nearly all the cells had stopped replicating (senescent phase) and maximal beta-gal staining had been reached. Subsequently, the percentage of beta-gal stained cells actually decreased while the percentage of those stained for K1/K10 increased to a maximum of 80-90% within 2-3 weeks. Exposure of exponentially replicating NHOK to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza CdR) inhibited DNA replication within 18-48 h and induced terminal differentiation 6 days later. In contrast, exposure of these cells to 1.5 mM Ca(2+) induced expression of involucrin and K1/K10 within 48 h without inhibiting DNA synthesis. Thus, replication arrest preceded differentiation in NHOK serially subcultured in vitro; however, differentiation could be induced without replication arrest.
Predicting pKa in Implicit Solvents: Current Status and Future Directions*

Computational prediction of condensed phase acidity is a topic of much interest in the field today. We introduce the methods available for predicting gas phase acidity and pKas in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents including high-level electronic structure methods, empirical linear free energy relationships (LFERs), implicit solvent methods, explicit solvent statistical free energy methods, and hybrid implicit–explicit approaches. The focus of this paper is on implicit solvent methods, and we review recent developments including new electronic structure methods, cluster-continuum schemes for calculating ionic solvation free energies, as well as address issues relating to the choice of proton solvation freeenergytousewithimplicitsolvationmodels,andwhetherthermodynamiccyclesarenecessaryforthecomputationof pKas. A comparison of the scope and accuracy of implicit solvent methods with ab initio molecular dynamics free energy methods is also presented. The present status of the theory and future directions are outlined.
Diffusion and Internal Friction in Na-Rb Silicate Glasses

The internal friction and self-diffusion coefficients of sodium and rubidium ions for (l-X)Na2O-XRb2O-3SiO2 glasses were measured. Diffusion was measured by radioactive isotopes and a thin-sectioning technique at 350° to 500°C. Internal friction was measured at −140° to 500°C and 0.05 to 6000 Hz. The maximum height for the mixed-alkali internal friction peak occurs at the composition at which the Na and Rb diffusion coefficients are equal. It is concluded that the mechanism responsible for the mixed-alkali peak is a coupled, cooperative rearrangement of sodium and rubidium ions, with the slower moving ion controlling the rate of rearrangement. This mechanism should also apply to other mixed-alkali silicate glasses since the internal friction for these systems is similar.
Generation of coherent extreme-ultraviolet and infrared radiation using six-wave mixing in argon

Several six-wave mixing processes generating extreme-ultraviolet and infrared radiation have been observed in argon gas excited by high-power subpicosecond 248-nm radiation. The processes involve waves over a very large spectral range, spanning the region between 63 nm and 4.3 \ensuremath{\mu}m. In addition, two nonparametric transitions are observed whose origin has not been determined
Effect of propionyl-L-carnitine on experimental myocardial infarction in dogs.

Limitation on infarct size, using propionyl-L-carnitine (Sigma-Tau) by itself and with the calcium entry blocker, tiapamil (Hoffmann-LaRoche), was evaluated in two groups of ten dogs each, during chronic (9 days) myocardial infarction. There were eight dogs that served as the control group. A closed-chest model was used to produce the thrombus by placing a helically shaped copper wire in the LAD by catheter technique, under x-ray visualization. Necrotic tissue in serial transventricular sections were delineated by triphenyltetrazolium chloride and measured by computer technique, using an IBM PC interfaced with a digitizing pad, 9 days following occlusion. The mean total amount of necrosis in the propionyl-L-carnitine (7.4%) and the propionyl-L-carnitine/tiapamil (6.7%) groups were significantly less (p<.01) than found in the control (14.1%) group, reflecting a difference of 50 and 58%, respectively, between the treated groups and control. A number of significant between-group comparisons (p<.05 to p<.001), under the same conditions, were found for various ischemia, hemodynamic, and hematologic variables followed before and at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after occlusion, as well as on the second and ninth day. The results of this study strongly suggest that propionyl-L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine with tiapamil has a protective effect on myocardial function, following thrombotic occlusion of the LAD, as well as limiting the resulting infarct size.
Remarks concerning compressible viscoelastic fluid models

Abstract A modification of viscoelastic models in the presence of compressibility is proposed. This modification applied to the upper-convected Maxwell model results, for planar flows, in a set of fully hyperbolic (quasi-linear) equations. In addition, a more rigorous approach to prove the hyperbolicity of the flow equations for planar flows is offered.
Inshore-offshore Distribution of Larval Fishes in Lake Superior off the Western Coast of the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan

We surveyed the larval fish community in Lake Superior off the western coast of the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, as a first component in understanding how the Keweenaw Current affects larval fish distribution and survivorship. On transects at Ontonagon, Houghton, and Eagle Harbor, we collected larval fishes with a 1-m diameter plankton net towed through surface and deep (below metalimnion) waters at an inshore location (1 km from shore) and an offshore location (5–9 km from shore) during day and night in 1998 and 1999. The most abundant larvae caught were lake herring (Coregonus artedii), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), burbot (Lota lota), deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsoni), and spoonhead sculpin (Cottus ricei). Lake herring was generally most abundant at the surface during the day, while the other four species avoided the surface by day but not at night. Overall, larval fish density was greater inshore than offshore, with exceptions for particular locations and seasonal periods (1.24x for lake herring, 12.93x for rainbow smelt, 1.27x for burbot, 1.25x for deepwater sculpin, and 4.26x for spoonhead sculpin). Differences in the sizes of larvae between inshore and offshore locations, in conjunction with density patterns, suggest a seasonal inshore to offshore movement. Despite the presence of the Keweenaw Current, the overall distribution patterns of larval fishes follow those of previous studies conducted in the Great Lakes, but with lower densities.
Microorganisms pumping iron: anaerobic microbial iron oxidation and reduction

Iron (Fe) has long been a recognized physiological requirement for life, yet for many microorganisms that persist in water, soils and sediments, its role extends well beyond that of a nutritional necessity. Fe(II) can function as an electron source for iron-oxidizing microorganisms under both oxic and anoxic conditions and Fe(III) can function as a terminal electron acceptor under anoxic conditions for iron-reducing microorganisms. Given that iron is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, iron redox reactions have the potential to support substantial microbial populations in soil and sedimentary environments. As such, biological iron apportionment has been described as one of the most ancient forms of microbial metabolism on Earth, and as a conceivable extraterrestrial metabolism on other iron-mineral-rich planets such as Mars. Furthermore, the metabolic versatility of the microorganisms involved in these reactions has resulted in the development of biotechnological applications to remediate contaminated environments and harvest energy.
Intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen: van‐der‐Waals‐Moleküle

Experimente unter Benutzung von Elektronenbeugung, Spektroskopie im optischen und Infrarot-Bereich sowie Massenspektroskopie haben in jungster Zeit uberzeugende Beweise fur die Existenz von gebundenen Zustanden in der Gasphase — von (Ar)2, (H2)2, (O2)2, (NO)2 und anderen einfachen Dimeren — erbracht. Die Starke der Bindung dieser „van-der-Waals-Molekule” ist hundertemal geringer als die gewohnlicher chemischer Bindungen. Aus den Untersuchungen gehen Informationen uber die Struktur und Stabilitat solcher Spezies hervor und sie ermoglichen neue Einblicke in die Natur schwacher intermolekularer Wechselwirkungen.
Intersection-equivalence of Brownian paths and certain branching processes

We show that sample paths of Brownian motion (and other stable processes) intersect the same sets as certain random Cantor sets constructed by a branching process. With this approach, the classical result that two independent Brownian paths in four dimensions do not intersect reduces to the dying out of a critical branching process, and estimates due to Lawler (1982) for the long-range intersection probability of several random walk paths, reduce to Kolmogrov's 1938 law for the lifetime of a critical branching process. Extensions to random walks with long jumps and applications to Hausdorff dimension are also derived.
Near-optimal sublinear time algorithms for Ulam distance

We give near-tight bounds for estimating the edit distance between two non-repetitive strings (Ulam distance) with constant approximation, in sub-linear time. For two strings of length d and at edit distance R, our algorithm runs in time O(d/R + √d) and outputs a constant approximation to R. We also prove a matching lower bound (up to logarithmic terms). Both upper and lower bounds are improvements over previous results from, respectively, [Andoni-Indyk-Krauthgamer, SODA'09] and [Batu-Ergun-Kilian-Magen-Raskhodnikova-Rubinfeld-Sami, STOC'03].
Anti-angiogenic perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis.

Complementary developments in nanotechnology, genomics, proteomics, molecular biology and imaging offer the potential for early, accurate diagnosis. Molecularly-targeted diagnostic imaging agents will allow noninvasive phenotypic characterization of pathologies and, therefore, tailored treatment close to the onset. For atherosclerosis, this includes anti-angiogenic therapy with specifically-targeted drug delivery systems to arrest the development of plaques before they impinge upon the lumen. Additionally, monitoring the application and effects of this targeted therapy in a serial fashion will be important. This review covers the specific application of ανβ3-targeted anti-angiogenic perfluorocarbon nanoparticles in (1) the detection of molecular markers for atherosclerosis, (2) the immediate verification of drug delivery with image-based prediction of therapy outcomes, and (3) the serial, noninvasive observation of therapeutic efficacy Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Linear hexadentate ligands as iron chelators

3LIHOPO2TAM, 4LIHOPO2TAM, 5LIHOPO2TAM, 6LIHOPO2TAM and 5LIOHOPO2 TAM represent a new class of linear, hexadentate hydroxypyridinone-containing ligands explored as iron(III) sequestering agents. The ligands incorporate the bifunctional 2,3-dihydroxyterephthalamide (TAM) unit as an integral part of the backbone linking two terminal 3,2-hydroxypyridinone (HOPO) units. The ferric complexes of 5LIHOPO2TAM, 6LIHOPO2TAM and 5LIOHOPO2TAM have been prepared and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. Fe[5LIHOPO2TAM] crystallizes in the triclinic space group P with cell parameters a = 12.4679(16), b = 12.7498(16), c = 15.1475(19) A, α = 78.163(2), β = 69.841(2), γ = 89.671(2)°, Z = 2. Fe[6LIHOPO2TAM] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group I2/a with cell parameters a = 28.1875(29), b = 15.6457(16), c = 22.6837(23) A, β = 90.080(2)°, Z = 8. Fe[5LIOHOPO2TAM] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with cell parameters a = 20.6200(19), b = 9.2365(9), c = 23.8669(22) A, β = 113.406(1)°, Z = 4. Thes...
TRANSPORT OF WATER FROM CONCENTRATED TO DILUTE SOLUTIONS IN CELLS OF NITELLA

The transport of water from concentrated to dilute solutions which occurs in the kidney and in a variety of living cells presents a problem of fundamental importance. If the cell acts as an osmometer we may expect to bring about such transport by creating an inwardly directed osmotic drive which is higher in one part of the cell than in other regions of the same cell. The osmotic drive is defined as the difference between internal and external osmotic pressure. Experiments with Nitella show that this expectation is justified. If water is placed at one end of the cell (A) and 0.4 M sucrose with an osmotic pressure of 11.2 atmospheres at the other end (B) water enters at A, passes along inside the cell, and escapes at B leaving behind at B the solutes which cannot pass out through the protoplasm. Hence the internal osmotic pressure becomes much higher at B than at A. When 0.4 M sucrose at B is replaced by 0.3 M sucrose with an osmotic pressure of 8.1 atmospheres we find that water enters at B, passes along inside the cell, and escapes at A so that water is transported from a concentrated to a dilute solution although the difference in osmotic pressure of the 2 solutions is more than 8 atmospheres. The solution at B thus becomes more concentrated. It is evident that if metabolism produces a higher osmotic pressure and consequently a higher inwardly directed osmotic drive in one region of the cell as compared with other parts of the same cell water may be transferred from a concentrated to a dilute solution so that the former solution becomes still more concentrated.
Evaluation of overexpression of p53 tumor suppressor protein in superficial and invasive transitional cell bladder cancer: comparison with DNA ploidy.

Abstract Objectives p53 tumor suppressor gene is considered to play a significant role in carcinogenesis. Mutations in the p53 are the most frequent genetic abnormalities encountered in human malignancies. Our aim was to investigate the expression of p53 oncoprotein in superficial and invasive transitional cell bladder cancer (TCC) as well as its correlation with established prognostic factors, such as histologic grade, tumor stage, DNA content, and survival. Methods Forty-five patients with superficial TCC (Ta-T1) and 42 with invasive TCC (T2-T4) were included in our study. Material from transurethral biopsy was examined using an immunohistochemical method and the monoclonal antibody Pab 1801. Results p53 tumor suppressor protein was overexpressed in 48.3% of TCC cases and more frequently in invasive than superficial TCCs ( P = 0.03) and undetectable in the tumor adjacent to normal tissue. p53 positivity was related to the degree of differentiation and with the stage of the disease of invasive TCCs ( P = 0.03 and P = 0.004, respectively), whereas no statistical significance was documented for superficial TCCs. Moreover, p53 overexpression demonstrated a statistical significance with DNA ploidy in superficial Ta-T1 tumors ( P = 0.04) and was suggestive in invasive T2-T4 tumors ( P = 0.08). There was no correlation of recurrence related to p53-positive superficial tumors ( P = 0.29). Patients with p53-positive invasive TCCs showed statistically significant worse survival ( P = 0.007), but in multivariate analysis, p53 positivity is not independently related to poor overall survival ( P = 0.30). When we combined ploidy and p53 status, we realized that the subset of patients with aneuploidy and p53 positivity had the worst prognosis ( P = 0.008). Conclusions The results suggest the involvement of p53 protein as a late event in bladder carcinogenesis. p53 does not seem to be a prognostic marker for recurrences of superficial tumors and is not independently related to survival. The aneuploidy of tumors correlates with the p53 positivity in bladder cancer. The combined expression of aneuploidy and p53 positivity in invasive tumors has strong association with the survival of patients.
Influence of flavonoid-rich fruit and vegetable intake on diabetic retinopathy and diabetes-related biomarkers

Abstract Objective (1) Determine the relationship between dietary flavonoid-rich fruit and vegetable consumption on diabetes-related biomarkers (e.g., HgbA1c) and diabetic retinopathy. Methods Data from 381 participants with diabetes from the NHANES 2003–2006 were analyzed. Blood samples were taken to measure C-reactive protein (CRP), HgbA1C, and fasting glucose and insulin. Diabetic retinopathy was assessed from a retinal imaging exam. A high-flavonoid fruit and vegetable consumption (HFVC) index variable was created from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Results After adjustments, greater HFVC was associated ( p β =−0.005), HgbA1C ( β =−0.005) and glucose ( β =−0.59), with greater HFVC reducing the odds of having diabetic retinopathy by 30%. Conclusion Adults with diabetes consuming more flavonoid-rich fruits and vegetables had lower degrees of inflammation, better glycemic control, and reduced odds of diabetic retinopathy.
Evolution of structure during the oxidation of zirconium diboride–silicon carbide in air up to 1500 °C

Abstract The structures that developed as dense ZrB2–SiC ceramics were heated to 1500 °C in air were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction. The oxidation behavior was also studied using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Below 1200 °C, a protective B2O3-rich scale was observed on the surface. At 1200 °C and above, the B2O3 evaporated and the SiO2-rich scale that formed was stable up to at least 1500 °C. Beneath the surface, layers that were rich in zirconium oxide, and from which the silicon carbide had been partially depleted, were observed. The observations were consistent with the oxidation sequence recorded by thermal gravimetric analysis.
Cool! Rates of Heating and Cooling

In this Activity, students measure and graph the rate of warming for a chilled thermometer bulb held in room temperature air, for a chilled bulb held between two fingers, and for a few milliliters of chilled water. Students are familiar with the everyday phenomena of warming, but measurement affords the unexpected result that the process is not linear. An extension allows student inquiry into how different variables affect the rate of warming of water. Measuring temperature change is foundational for other experiments, and rates of warming and cooling can lead into a kinetic description of heat and matter. The Activity can also be related to Newton's Law of Cooling.
Olfaction: Chemical Signposts along the Silk Road

A recent study on the reception of olfactory cues by silkworm larvae illustrates how the convergence of genomic, physiological and ecological data promises to shed light on the origins and evolution of chemically mediated interactions between plants and insects.
Ethical issues in instructional technology: an exploratory framework

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore a framework for considering moral K‐12 instructional technology. It seeks to examine the extent that development of technology policies consider and respect affected parties' interests.Design/methodology/approach – Interpreting morality as an economic concept that involves a reconciliation of societal members' diverse needs and wants, the authors describe moral instruction technology use as a negotiation of administrative, teaching and learning needs along five continua defined by Mason, in 1986 and Peace and Hartzel in 2002: property, freedom of speech, privacy, accessibility, and accountability. The paper commences with observations concerning research into technology‐based empowerment and associated ethical issues. It then describes the five continua of ethical instructional technology challenges within the contexts of K‐12 settings.Findings – The authors encourage research through observational and survey studies to clarify understandings of these cont...