cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
III. PULMONARY DIFFUSION

1. Equations describing the normal variation and changes with size of the diffusing capacity (rebreathing technique) for boys and girls have been obtained from 230 observations on 139 children. 2. The use of covariance analysis on the longitudinal data reduces the residual variance by about half, indicating that in children the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, Dco, grows along growth lines. This aids in finding significant deviations from the predicted in children who are followed with repeated examinations. 3. The Dco increases with growth in a manner very similar to that of the lung volumes, not only in respect to height, but also in respect to age, weight, and surface area. The ratio Dco/TLC expresses a relationship which does not vary with body size, age, or sex in these healthy individuals. Although boys and girls have the same mean values, the correlation between each individual9s values from the two series is significant for boys but not for girls. 4. The constancy of the Dco/TLC during growth supports the hypothesis that the lung grows between the ages of 5 and 18 years by the addition of new air spaces rather than by enlarging the pre-existing ones.
Immune competence and survival in patients with advanced cervical cancer: Peripheral lymphocyte counts

Abstract A follow-up study of 30 patients with Stage IIIB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix is reported providing evidence that duration of survival is strongly associated with pretreatment lymphocyte levels.
Desulfurization of thiophene via hydrogen transfer from alkanes on cation-modified H-ZSM5

Abstract H-ZSM5, Zn/H-ZSM5, and Co/H-ZSM5 catalyze thiophene desulfurization with high H2S selectivity using propane as the exclusive hydrogen source. Desulfurization rates and selectivities were much higher than at the H2 concentrations present during propane reactions. Zn+2 and Co+2 cations at exchange sites increased desulfurization rates. On H-ZSM5, desulfurization rates and selectivities with propane coreactants (20 kPa) were equivalent to those obtained with >200 kPa H2; on Zn- and Co-exchanged H-ZSM5, the equivalent H2 pressures were 50–100 kPa. These data show that alkane dehydrogenation can be coupled with thiophene hydrogenation on surfaces to increase thiophene desulfurization and propane dehydrogenation rates simultaneously.
Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior.

Past behavior guides future responses through 2 processes. Well-practiced behaviors in constant contexts recur because the processing that initiates and controls their performance becomes automatic. Frequency of past behavior then reflects habit strength and has a direct effect on future performance. Alternately, when behaviors are not well learned or when they are performed in unstable or difficult contexts, conscious decision making is likely to be necessary to initiate and carry out the behavior. Under these conditions, past behavior (along with attitudes and subjective norms) may contribute to intentions, and behavior is guided by intentions. These relations between past behavior and future behavior are substantiated in a meta-analytic synthesis of prior research on behavior prediction and in a primary research investigation. In everyday explanations of behavior, habits denote one's customary ways of behaving. Claiming that one performed a behavior because of habit provides an understandable explanation for an act that otherwise might seem irrational or even harmful. Habits also are featured in the popular psychology literature in the form of self-help books designed to identify readers' existing habits, evaluate habits' effectiveness in meeting goals, and establish more desirable habits. Habits are not, however, important constructs in most contemporary social psychological models of human behavior. Early in their careers, most psychology graduate students learn that frequency of past behavior, a standard indicator of habit strength (Triandis, 1977, 1980), is the best predictor of
An essay into a philosophy of MCDM: a way of thinking or another algorithm?

We have become accustomed to viewing MCDM as another OR/MS algorithm, characterized by a mere shift from k = 1 to k = n with respect to number k of objective functions or criteria. MCDM research and applications has therefore neglected the search for organizational embedding of MCDM: what types of organizations and under what conditions have the propensity to operate under multiple and which under single criteria? Organizations which derive their structure, strategy and motivation from the singleness of purpose will not and can not be conducive to the notions of multiple critera, no matter how skillfully or forcefully presented, or mathematically complete and computationally user-friendly. The organization, its structure and motivational culture have to change first. In short, traditional hierarchy of command, based on extreme specialization and little autonomy of employees and their departments will not be as open to the multiplicity of criteria as the self-managing teams of non-hierarchical companies which integrate task, labor and knowledge and which are only now starting to dominate certain business and management cultures.
Software architecture of the III/FBI segment of the FBI's integrated automated identification system

This paper will describe the software architecture of the Interstate Identification Index (III/FBI) Segment of the FBI's Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS). IAFIS is currently under development, with deployment to begin in 1998. III/FBI will provide the repository of criminal history and photographs for criminal subjects, as well as identification data for military and civilian federal employees. Services provided by III/FBI include maintenance of the criminal and civil data, subject search of the criminal and civil data, and response generation services for IAFIS. III/FBI software will be comprised of both COTS and an estimated 250,000 lines of developed C code. This paper will describe the following: (1) the high-level requirements of the III/FBI software; (2) the decomposition of the III/FBI software into Computer Software Configuration Items (CSCIs); (3) the top-level design of the III/FBI CSCIs; and (4) the relationships among the developed CSCIs and the COTS products that will comprise the III/FBI software.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Three-dimensional flow structures and associated turbulence in the tip region of a waterjet pump rotor blade

Stereo particle image velocimetry measurements focus on the flow structure and turbulence within the tip leakage vortex (TLV) of an axial waterjet pump rotor. Unobstructed optical access to the sample area is achieved by matching the optical refractive index of the transparent pump with that of the fluid. Data obtained in closely spaced planes enable us to reconstruct the 3D TLV structure, including all components of the mean vorticity and strain-rate tensor along with the Reynolds stresses and associated turbulence production rates. The flow in the tip region is highly three-dimensional, and the characteristics of the TLV and leakage flow vary significantly along the blade tip chordwise direction. The TLV starts to roll up along the suction side tip corner of the blade, and it propagates within the passage toward the pressure side of the neighboring blade. A shear layer with increasing length connects the TLV to the blade tip and initially feeds vorticity into it. During initial rollup, the TLV involves entrainment of a few vortex filaments with predominantly circumferential vorticity from the blade tip. Being shed from the blade, these filaments also have high circumferential velocity and appear as swirling jets. The circumferential velocity in the TLV core is also substantially higher than that in the surrounding passage flow, but the velocity peak does not coincide with the point of maximum vorticity. When entrainment of filaments stops in the aft part of the passage, newly forming filaments wrap around the core in helical trajectories. In ensemble-averaged data, these filaments generate a vortical region that surrounds the TLV with vorticity that is perpendicular to that in the vortex core. Turbulence within the TLV is highly anisotropic and spatially non-uniform. Trends can be traced to high turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent shear stresses, e.g., in the shear layer containing the vortex filaments and the contraction region situated along the line where the leakage backflow meets the throughflow, causing separation of the boundary layer at the pump casing. Upon exposure to adverse pressure gradients in the aft part of the passage, at 0.65–0.7 chord fraction in the present conditions, the TLV bursts into a broad turbulent array of widely distributed vortex filaments.
Perceptions of stakeholders regarding wilderness and best management practices in an Alaska recreation area

This article focuses on the collaborative and voluntary Wilderness Best Management Practices (WBMP) for managing recreation in Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness in Alaska. Stakeholder definitions of wilderness, opinions about the WBMP, and whether these opinions are reflective of their perceptions of wilderness are examined. Interviews with tour operators, agency personnel, cruise industry representatives, and local residents showed that most expressed some degree of purism in their definitions of wilderness (e.g. solitude and minimal impact), although cruise representatives had less purist definitions. With the exception of cruise representatives, most felt that the wilderness character of this area is threatened by vessel traffic. Most supported the WBMP as alternatives to regulations because they allowed for freedom and input, but many felt that these practices may be unable to address future impacts. A few small and more purist operators felt that if the wilderness characteristics were threatened, the...
Differential detection of space-time spreading with two transmit antennas

A differential detection scheme for space-time spreading with two transmit antennas is proposed. The scheme does not require channel state information at either the transmitter or the receiver. With segmentation and preamble symbols padded at the transmitter, the receiver recovers the information using differential detection. Both phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals are considered. The proposed scheme achieves two-level transmit diversity gain with low complexity and saves the use of channel estimation, while having about 3 dB performance loss as compared to the coherent detection scheme. When multiple receive antennas exist, additional receive diversity gain can be achieved along with the transmit diversity gain. The scheme works fine under block-fading channel as well as slow Rayleigh fading channel, which is a popular scenario for high-rate data communications. The system performance for different segment sizes, channel fading speeds, modulation methods, and numbers of receive antennas is studied through simulations.
T-lymphocyte differentiation in severe combined immunodeficiency: defects of the thymus.

Abstract The thymus obtained at autopsy from two patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) were placed in culture to establish epithelial monolayers. These thymic epithelial monolayers and their supernatants were tested for their inductive influence on marrow cells from normal donors and, in addition, one monolayer was tested for its capacity to induce differentiation on marrow cells from another patient with SCID. The first thymic epithelial monolayer (B.H.) induced E-rosetting markers and mitogen responses in normal marrow cells but not in the marrow cells of the patient with SCID. These same SCID marrow cells were partially differentiated to E rosettes but responses to phytomitogens were not induced when these marrow cells were cultured on normal thymic epithelial monolayers. The epithelial monolayers from the second SCID patient (D.V.) induced the E-rosette markers but not HTLA markers on normal marrow cells. Evaluation of serum thymic hormone levels in patient D.V. had previously revealed absence of thymopoietin and low normal values of serum facteur thymique serique. These findings suggest that in SCID, a defect of the thymus may exist at the initial step of processing of cells which may be a prerequisite for subsequent differentiation events in the cell development. This defect appears to be related to impaired secretory activity for one or possibly more thymic hormones and seems to represent a functional defect of the thymic stroma.
A communication-time tradeoff

We show a nontrivial tradeoff between the communication c and time t required to compute a collection of values whose dependencies form a grid, i.e., value $(i,j)$ depends on the values $(i - 1,j)$ and $(i,j - 1)$. No matter how we share the responsibility for computing the nodes of the $n \times n$ grid among processors, the law $(c + n)t = \Omega (n^3 )$ must hold. Further, there must be a single path through the grid along which there are t communication steps, where $(d + 1)t = \Omega (n^2 )$. Depending on the machine organization, either law may be the more significant.
ALTERNATING CURRENT ELECTROCUTION DETECTION AND TERMINATION BY AN IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR

A patient with an ICD accidentally grasped a power line and was electrocuted. He was unable to release the cable during electrocution though he remained conscious. After receiving a shock from his ICD, the powerline was released. ICD interrogation revealed inappropriate detection of alternating current and delivery of a shock. Language: en
Gqα protein function in vivo: Genetic dissection of its role in photoreceptor cell physiology

Abstract Heterotrimeric G proteins mediate a variety of signaling processes by coupling seven-transmembrane receptors to intracellular effector molecules. The Drosophila phototransduction cascade is a G protein-coupled signaling cascade that utilizes a phospholipase C (PLCβ) effector. PLCβ has been shown to be activated by G qα in reconstituted systems. To determine whether a G q -like protein couples rhodopsin to PLC, and to study its function, we isolated a mutant defective in a photoreceptor-specific G q protein, DG q . We now demonstrate that G q is essential for the activation of the phototransduction cascade in vivo. We also generated transgenic flies expressing DG q under an inducible promoter and show that it is possible to manipulate the sensitivity of a photoreceptor cell by controlled expression of DG q . Characterization of quantum bumps in mutants expressing less that 1% of the levels of DG q revealed that the rhodopsin-G protein interaction does not determine the gain of the single photon responses. Together, these results provide significant insight into the role of G q in regulating the output of a photoreceptor cell.
Identification of the mob Genes of Plasmid pSC101 and Characterization of a Hybrid pSC101-R1162 System for Conjugal Mobilization

Similarities in DNA base sequence indicate that pSC101 and R1162 encode related systems for conjugal mobilization, although these plasmids are otherwise very different. The mob region of pSC101 was cloned, and two genes that are required for transfer were identified. One gene, mobA, encodes a protein similar in amino acid sequence to the DNA processing domain of the R1162 MobA protein. The other gene, mobX, is within the same transcriptional unit as the pSC101 mobA and is located just downstream, at the same position occupied by mobB in R1162. Despite this, the MobB and MobX proteins do not appear to be closely related based on a comparison of their amino acid sequences. Complementation analysis indicated that neither of the pSC101 Mob proteins could substitute for, or be replaced by, their R1162 counterparts, nor were they active together at the R1162 origin of transfer (oriT). However, the full set of R1162 Mob proteins did recognize the pSC101 oriT. A hybrid system for mobilization, active at the R1162 oriT site, was constructed. This system consists of MobX and a chimeric protein made up of the DNA cleaving-ligating domain of the R1162 MobA protein joined to a fragment of pSC101 MobA. Previous results suggested that MobB and a region of MobA distinct from the DNA processing domain together formed a functional unit in transfer. The present results support this model because the chimeric MobA, although active on R1162 oriT, requires the pSC101 protein MobX for efficient plasmid mobilization.
Evaluations of a Commercially Available Electrical Probe

The demands of submicron VHSIC Technology are trending to + .10 pm critical dimension control and + .10 μm overlay control. Equipment such as that evaluated in this paper will take an increasing role in this environment because it offers precision in the .002 μm range 1 a, moreover it produces the required data base in a reasonable time. The electrical prober provides alignment and linewidth data from specialized test structures etched into conductive films. This can provide a wealth of information about the photo/etch process. Again, it must be emphasized that the data collection process is highly automated and, therefore, very objective. In this paper, summaries of evaluations performed on various types of lithographic equipment available to us are presented. Processes used to generate the test structures are shown. Applications of the modeling capabilities when applied to the lithographic equipment are also included. This system can be very useful, for example, when applied to a projection 1:1 scanning system. One can model for translation and rotation error, commonly induced by operator misalignment, and thereby separate it from typical equipment related problems, i.e., scan, crosscan. The system will also model lens distortions and stepping errors from data accumulated with step-and-repeat equipment. Vector mapping of misregistration and contour mapping of linewidth variation gives one a powerful tool for seeing his own process capabilities. Comparison testing of the electrical prober to other linewidth measuring equipment, including optical and SEM, will also be reviewed. This is very important as linewidth measurement is fundamental to the electrical prober's operation. Optical systems for linewidth measurement and verniers placed directly on product provide a fine front line in baselining a process, particularly because of their immediate feedback of good data (bad sources notwithstanding). But, the process engineer using the electrical prober will realize a data base that truly enables him to make definitive statements about his own process as more stringent device requirements present themselves.
Avenues for Plants

The Evolutionary Biology of Plants. KARL J. NIKLAS. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1997. xx, 449 pp., illus. $65 or £51.95, ISBN 0-226-58082-2; paper, $19.95 or £15.95, ISBN 0-226-58083-0.
Effects of low-power laser irradiation on the threshold of electrically induced paroxysmal discharge in rabbit hippocampus CA1

In acute experiments using adult rabbits, we measured the paroxysmal discharge threshold (PADT) elicited by stimulation to the apical dendritic layer of the hippocampal CA1 region before and after low-power laser irradiation. Nd:YVO4 laser irradiation (wavelength: 532 nm) was introduced into the same region as the stimulation site. The average PADT was 247 ± 13 μA (n = 18) before laser irradiation, while after 5-min laser irradiation with 50, 75, and 100 mW, PADT was 333 ± 40 (n = 4), 353 ± 33 (n = 4) and 367 ± 27 μA (n = 6), respectively. The latter two increments were statistically significant compared to the control (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). After 10-min laser irradiation with 75 and 100 mW, PADT was 340 ± 47 (n = 9) and 480 ± 60 μA (n = 11; p < 0.01), respectively. Laser irradiation with a specific wavelength and average power offers the potential to suppress the generation of paroxysmal discharges in rabbit hippocampus CA1. Correlation analyses suggest that PADT increments are based on photochemical as well as photothermal effects of laser irradiation.
Fever, febrile seizures and epileptogenesis

Febrile seizures (FS) are common and are associated with increased probability of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, whether FS can provoke TLE in the nonpredisposed brain is unknown. Using an immature rat model, we established that long FS cause TLE, and that duration of FS governed the severity of epilepsy. Epileptogenesis was accompanied, perhaps causally, by ion channel dysfunction and inflammatory changes. Because FS are a prevalent antecedent of TLE, studying the epileptogenesis that follows them provides powerful insight and potential therapies for epilepsy. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado-Escueta AC, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Appearance of sensory nerve terminals in cat muscle spindles stained for NADH-tetrazolium reductase

Cat muscle spindles were studied histochemically in serial transverse sections of the tenuissimus muscle stained for myofibrillar ATPase, cholinesterase or NADH-tetrazolium reductase. The terminal sites of the primary and secondary sensory axons on intrafusal muscle fibers could be demonstrated due to their high NADH-TR activity. This sensory NADH-TR reactivity at the equator and in the juxtaequatorial regions disappeared following spindle chronic de-afferentation, but not after de-efferentation. Spindle poles that carried both primary and secondary sensory endings had a longer periaxial fluid space than poles with primary endings only, and their motor innervation, as determined by staining for ChE, was positioned at a greater distance from the equator. Some of the secondary endings occurred in intrafusal regions that displayed surface fiber ChE activity. The histochemical reaction for NADH-TR represents a simple, rapid and reliable method for studies of the distribution of sensory nerve terminals in the spindle.
Determining irreducibility and ramification groups for an additive extension of the rational function field

Abstract Let K be a subfield of F p , not necessarily proper, and a(T) be an additive polynomial defined over K. Suppose that f(x)∈K[x] and consider the polynomial a(T)−f(x) over K(x). We provide a method to (i) determine its irreducibility and (ii) compute the ramification groups in the resulting additive extension of K(x). In several cases, our method is easier to use and provides more information than the Artin–Schreier theorem. As an application of this method, we study families of additive extensions of K(x) obtained using symmetric polynomials. We prove irreducibility and determine their ramification groups, genera, and number of rational places. We show that these families contain examples of function fields with many rational places.
Photodissociation dynamics of the tert-butyl radical via photofragment translational spectroscopy at 248 nm.

The photodissociation dynamics of the tert-butyl radical (t-C4H9) were investigated using photofragment translational spectroscopy. The tert-butyl radical was produced from flash pyrolysis of azo-tert-butane and dissociated at 248 nm. Two distinct channels of approximately equal importance were identified: dissociation to H + 2-methylpropene, and CH3 + dimethylcarbene. Neither the translational energy distributions that describe these two channels nor the product branching ratio are consistent with statistical dissociation on the ground state, and instead favor a mechanism taking place on excited state surfaces.
Materials for Multibit‐per‐Site Optical Data Storage

An approach for multibit-per-site optical data storage has been proposed and demonstrated using mesostructured composite films incorporated with uniformly dispersed photoacid generator and pH-sensitive dye molecules. Upon light illumination, photoacid generator molecules produce acid, which induces a change in the absorption property of pH-sensitive dye molecules. Because the amount of the generated acid is proportional to the illumination time, the resulting change in the absorption property of mesostructured composite films varies as a function of the illumination time. This function between the absorption property of mesostructured composite films and the illumination time can be used for multibit-per-site optical data storage. Recording is performed by using certain discrete values of the illumination time to represent information bits. Reading out is achieved by measuring the absorbance of composite films at a particular wavelength, from which the stored information bits can be determined. In general, N-bit-per-site storage can be realized using 2N discrete values of the illumination time. This multibit-per-site approach for optical data storage is compatible with the current single-bit-per-site technology used for compact disks and digital versatile disks, and will provide significantly larger optical storage capacity. It is also suitable for two-photon multilayer optical data storage if the photoacid generators and pH-sensitive dyes are properly designed.
A Content Analysis of Learning Disabilities Research & Practice: 1991–2007

The purpose of this review was to analyze the content of Learning Disabilities Research & Practice to identify prevalent topics and types and proportions of articles published from 1991 through 2007. Also analyzed was the nature of the research reported including designs, participants, interveners, and settings. Analysis indicated that the three most prevalent topics were reading, assessment and identification, and inclusion. Furthermore, 57 percent of the content reflects original research with almost half of these being descriptive in nature. Position papers constitute the most common form of nonresearch articles. Students with learning disabilities as well as those identified as being at risk were the populations studied most often and studies were largely conducted in elementary or middle school classrooms (either special education or general education) with the intervention delivered by a teacher in almost half the studies. More detailed results of the overall analysis along with discussion of the findings are also presented.
Brain acetylcholine: increase after systemic choline administration.

Abstract Administration of choline chloride i.p. to rats causes a dose-dependent increase in the brain concentration of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh). This increase is maximal (22% after a 60-mg/kg dose) 40 minutes after injection. These observations suggest that precursor availability may influence brain ACh synthesis, just as brain tryptophan and tyrosine levels have previously been shown to control the synthesis of brain serotonin and catecholamines.
Friction stir welding of precipitation strengthened aluminium alloys: scope and challenges

High strength aluminium alloys are very attractive for high structural efficiency in aerospace structures. However, the full potential of these alloys is not realised because of lower joint efficiencies. Most of the high strength aluminium alloys use precipitation strengthening as the primary strengthening mechanism. Heat flux during friction stir welding of precipitation strengthened aluminium alloys correlates with the joint efficiency. The best joint efficiency results are observed in a narrow intermediate heat flux region. The origin of this is discussed in terms of precipitate dissolution, reprecipitation and coarsening. Low intensity post-weld plastic deformation and design of dispersion containing aluminium alloys are suggested as approaches to enhance joint efficiency in friction stir welded structures.
Noteblogging: taking note taking public

Classroom note taking tends to be a private activity, hiding a wealth of knowledge in both content and method. With the advent of the web, whose technology and culture seemingly invites everyone to share everything, we are prompted to ask how making note taking a public activity -- noteblogging -- might advance learning. What does a blog about a computer science classroom look like? What supports are needed to enable noteblogging as a form of auxiliary instruction? In this paper we overview the design and use of noteblogging as part of the Ubiquitous Presenter digital classroom system. With NoteBlogger, students with Tablet PCs take handwritten notes digitally on top of the instructor's slides, and their notes are instantly reviewable by other students in class using a web browser. We examine the impact of noteblogging on a CS1 course through interviews with bloggers (to reveal their motivation and understand their choice of content) and blog watchers (to learn when and why they watch). We also analyze the blogs in this CS1 course to identify their educational contribution. We find that noteblogging enables a unique classroom participation model that specifically engages more advanced students. Blog content spans many levels of intellectual engagement, which can support a range of learners in CS1 as well as perhaps model for them various levels of reflection.
Distribution and Functional Significance of Somatostatin Receptors in Malignant Melanoma

Malignant melanoma is a neuroendocrine tumor that contains somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). Adjuvant therapy for melanoma is limited. Because melanomas arise from neural crest cells, we sought to evaluate the distribution of SSTR subtypes found in these tumors and their functional significance by imaging with 111In-pentetreotide scintigraphy (OctreoScan). Octreotide binds with greatest affinity to SSTR2 and SSTR5. Studying the expression of SSTRs in melanoma may demonstrate a potential role for octreotide in the treatment of melanoma. A series of 23 melanomas from 17 patients who underwent resection of regional or distant metastases were evaluated for the presence of SSTRs by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers specific for SSTR1 through SSTR5. Identity of RT-PCR products was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Sixteen patients underwent preoperative OctreoScan. SSTR1 was expressed in 96% of tumors, SSTR2 in 83%, SSTR3 in 61%, SSTR4 in 57%, and SSTR5 in 9%. OctreoScan imaged 63% of tumors. There was no correlation between SSTR subtype expression and OctreoScan result. Most of the melanomas expressed mRNA for SSTR1 and SSTR2, with approximately half expressing SSTR3 and SSTR4. The SSTR mRNA for SSTR2 appears to be transcribed into functional protein that binds 111In-pentetreotide in more than half of these patients. Although OctreoScan has limited sensitivity for localizing melanomas, tumors that can be imaged by OctreoScan may be amenable to adjuvant therapy with octreotide or targeted therapy with high-energy radioisotope-labeled octreotide. These studies clearly define melanoma as a neuroendocrine tumor, which may open new avenues for tumor control.
Molecular Cloning and Photoperiod-Regulated Expression of Gibberellin 20-Oxidase from the Long-Day Plant Spinach

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a long-day (LD) rosette plant in which stem growth under LD conditions is mediated by gibberellins (GAs). Major control points in spinach are the later steps of sequential oxidation and elimination of C-20 of C20-GAs. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were used to obtain a polymerase chain reaction product from spinach genomic DNA that has a high homology with GA 20-oxidase cDNAs from Cucurbita maxima L. and Arabidopsis thaliana Heynh. This polymerase chain reaction product was used as a probe to isolate a full-length cDNA clone with an open reading frame encoding a putative 43-kD protein of 374 amino acid residues. When this cDNA clone was expressed in Escherichia coli, the fusion protein catalyzed the biosynthetic sequence GA53-->GA44-->GA19-->GA20 and GA19-->GA17. This establishes that in spinach a single protein catalyzes the oxidation and elimination of C-20. Transfer of spinach plants from short day (SD) to LD conditions caused an increase in the level of all GAs of the early-13-hydroxylation pathway, except GA53, with GA20, GA1, and GA8 showing the largest increases. Northern blot analysis indicated that the level of GA 20-oxidase mRNA was higher in plants in LD than in SD conditions, with highest level of expression in the shoot tips and elongating stems. This expression pattern of GA 20-oxidase is consistent with the different levels of GA20, GA1, and GA8 found in spinach plants grown in SD and LD conditions.
Energy upconversion theory of the primary photochemical reaction in plant photosynthesis.

Abstract In this paper we suggest a basic mechanism for the utilization of light quanta in photosynthesis. Through interactions between the lowest lying triplet state of the reaction-center chlorophylls and the first excited singlet state of the antenna chlorophylls, absorbed light quanta are upconverted to a higher-lying charge transfer state of the reaction-center Chl molecules. It is shown that the efficiency of the upconversion process is maximized by the parallel configuration of the two Chl porphyrin rings in the reaction-center water adduct proposed by the writer. Steady-state solutions are obtained, and the theoretical results are shown to account for a variety of crucial experimental observations including (1) the doubling (in whole cells) of in vivo fluorescence quantum yield of system II in strong light, (2) the observation by Dutton et al . of the light-induced triplet-state reaction-center bacteriochlorophyll when the primary electron acceptor is reduced and (3) despite the apparent involvement of two excitations in the energy upconversion process, only one quantum is needed for the transfer of one electron in the primary photo-chemical reaction, satisfying the eight-quanta requirement for the evolution of one O 2 molecule in photosynthesis.
Aldose Reductase Mediates the Lipopolysaccharide-induced Release of Inflammatory Mediators in RAW264.7 Murine Macrophages

Abnormal production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is a key feature of bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, and cytotoxicity; however, the mechanisms regulating production of inflammatory markers remain unclear. Herein, we show that inhibition of the aldehyde-metabolizing enzyme aldose reductase (AR; AKR1B3) modulates NF-κB-dependent activation of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in mouse serum, liver, heart, and spleen. Pharmacological inhibition or small interfering RNA ablation of AR prevented the biosynthesis of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1β, interleukin-6, macrophage-chemoattractant protein-1, and cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 in LPS-activated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. The AR inhibition or ablation significantly attenuated LPS-induced activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and phospholipase C (PLC), nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and phosphorylation and proteolytic degradation of IκBα in macrophages. Furthermore, treatment of macrophages with 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE), and cell-permeable esters of glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonanal (GS-HNE) and glutathionyl-1,4-dihydroxynonane (GS-DHN) activated NF-κB and PLC/PKC. Pharmacological inhibition or antisense ablation of AR that catalyzes the reduction of GS-HNE to GS-DHN prevented PLC, PKC, IKKα/β, and NF-κB activation caused by HNE and GS-HNE, but not by GS-DHN, suggesting that reduced GS-lipid aldehydes catalyzed by AR propagate LPS-induced production of inflammatory markers. Collectively, these data provide evidence that inhibition of AR may be a significant therapeutic approach in preventing bacterial endotoxin-induced sepsis and tissue damage.
Contextual limits on validity attainment: An artificial science perspective on program evaluation

Abstract This article presents a conceptual framework, based on the work of Herbert Simon and Christopher Alexander, which promotes a contextual perspective on understanding and conducting program evaluation. The basic argument is that evaluation should be context responsive, and therefore the pursuit of evaluation goals, such as validity attainment, must be tempered by the demands of the context within which the evaluation will take place. This notion of evaluation as artifact is exemplified using the Chen and Rossi model of theory-based evaluation research.
SMOKING HABITS IN 9000 DANISH SCHOOLCHILDREN

. A stratifled sample of 9 158 Danish schoolchildren from 39 schools and 118 children from a handball club team championship participated in a questionnaire survey of smoking habits. Compared with previous investigations, decrease in the percentage of children who had tried to smoke and in the children who actually smoked were observed. In most of the classes, smokers now constitute a numerical minority. In most of the older agegroups, preponderance of girl smokers is now present. Most of the smokers started to smoke out of curiosity or because their companions were smokers whereas only 5% started to smoke because their parents were smokers. Children in the capital became regular smokers earlier than children in rural areas. Only 8% of the children participating in a championship for handball teams were smokers whereas 31% of the remainder of the material in the same agegroup were smokers. If more children could be encouraged to participate in sports, it is possible that attitudes which could reinforce smoking health education could be established.
Dynamic thermal management for MPEG-2 decoding

In this paper, we propose an effective dynamic thermal management (DTM) scheme for MPEG-2 decoding by allowing some degree of spatiotemporal quality degradation. Given a target MPEG-2 decoding time, we dynamically select either an intra-frame spatial degradation or an inter-frame temporal degradation strategy in order to make sure that the microprocessor chip will continue to stay in a thermally safe state of operation, albeit with certain amount of image/video quality loss. For our experiments, we use the MPEG-2 decoder program of MediaBench and modify/combine Wattch and HotSpot for the power and thermal simulations and measurements, respectively. Our experimental results show that we achieve thermally safe state with spatial quality degradation of 0.12 Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and with frame drop rate of 12.5% on average.
Intraocular lenses: experience at The Wilmer Institute.

Nine hundred and thirty-eight consecutive primary intraocular lens (IOL) implant cases performed at The Wilmer Institute during the past six years by two surgeons were reviewed. Progressive corneal endothelial cell loss and an increased rate of late-onset corneal oedema were detected in the group with the Morcher (European) four-loop iris-clip Binkhorst IOLs. A higher rate of clinically-significant cystoid macular oedema developed in eyes with the American-manufactured four-loop Binkhorst lens, presumably from chronic iritis caused by contaminants on the IOLs. Our short-term results with the American-manufactured Shearing-type IOLs implanted at the time of extracapsular cataract extraction are encouraging, with 96% of cases achieving 20/40 vision or better, excluding those with known macular degeneration or amblyopia. Analysis of data submitted to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) indicates, that most of the four classes of intraocular lenses (anterior chamber, pupillary-supported, iridocapsular. and posterior chamber) are safe and effective at one-year follow-up. During the past three years there has been a gradual shift of preference in the type of IOLs being implanted—away from pupillary-supported and iridocapsular IOLs and, in part, from anterior chamber IOLs, to posterior chamber IOLs. A continued conservative approach to IOL implantation is recommended.
Teen Reach: Outcomes From a Randomized, Controlled Trial of a Tobacco Reduction Program for Teens Seen in Primary Medical Care

Objective. To test the long-term efficacy of brief counseling plus a computer-based tobacco intervention for teens being seen for routine medical care. Methods. Both smoking and nonsmoking teens, 14 to 17 years of age, who were being seen for routine visits were eligible for this 2-arm controlled trial. Staff members approached teens in waiting rooms of 7 large pediatric and family practice departments within a group-practice health maintenance organization. Of 3747 teens invited at ≥1 visits, 2526 (67%) consented and were randomized to tobacco intervention or brief dietary advice. The tobacco intervention was individually tailored on the basis of smoking status and stage of change. It included a 30-second clinician advice message, a 10-minute interactive computer program, a 5-minute motivational interview, and up to two 10-minute telephone or in-person booster sessions. The control intervention was a 5-minute motivational intervention to promote increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. Follow-up smoking status was assessed after 1 and 2 years. Results. Abstinence rates after 2 years were significantly higher for the tobacco intervention arm, relative to the control group, in the combined sample of baseline smokers and nonsmokers (odds ratio [OR]: 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–1.47). Treatment effects were particularly strong among baseline self-described smokers (OR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.40–4.16) but were not significant for baseline nonsmokers (OR: 1.25; 95% CI: 0.97–1.61) or for those who had “experimented” in the past month at baseline (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.45–1.98). Conclusions. Brief, computer-assisted, tobacco intervention during routine medical care increased the smoking cessation rate among self-described smokers but was less effective in preventing smoking onset.
The Relationship between Student Identity Development and the Perception of Political Bias in the College Classroom

This study explored the relationship between identity development, as gauged by Marcia's identity development construct, and student perception of instructor political bias. Regression analysis was employed to compare participant responses on the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire, a measure of Marcia's construct, with the Political Bias in the Classroom Survey, a measure gauging perceptions of and reactions to instructor political bias. The EIPQ's commitment scale was found to be a significant positive indicator for the PBCS's perception scale, suggesting that students who are strongly committed to their identity are more likely to perceive an instructor as having a political bias. Recommendations are made for how to address perceptions of political bias.
Warnings during disaster: normalizing communicated risk

The theory of risk communication was tested with data on public perception of risk and response to aftershock warnings during the post-impact Loma Prieta earthquake emergency. Findings from samples of households in Santa Cruz and San Francisco Counties were consistent, confirm established propositions, and suggest theoretical refinement. It was concluded that the social psychological process which explains post-impact public warning response is not identical to the one which explains public response to pre-impact warnings. The lack of mainshock damage created a “normalization bias” for non-victims. This bias constrained perception of risk to damaging aftershocks and protective response to warnings.
Creating Evidence for Practice Using Data-Driven Decision Making

To realize the American Occupational Therapy Association's Centennial Vision, occupational therapy practitioners must embrace practices that are not only evidence based but also systematic, theoretically grounded, and driven by data related to outcomes. This article presents a framework, the Data-Driven Decision Making (DDDM) process, to guide clinicians' occupational therapy practice using systematic clinical reasoning with a focus on data. Examples are provided of DDDM in pediatrics and adult rehabilitation to guide practitioners in using data-driven practices to create evidence for occupational therapy.
Contribution of Regional White Matter Integrity to Visuospatial Construction Accuracy, Organizational Strategy, and Memory for a Complex Figure in Abstinent Alcoholics

Visuospatial construction ability as used in drawing complex figures is commonly impaired in chronic alcoholics, but memory for such information can be enhanced by use of a holistic drawing strategy during encoding. We administered the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) to 41 alcoholic and 38 control men and women and assessed the contribution of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures of integrity of selected white matter tracts to ROCFT copy accuracy, copy strategy, and recall accuracy. Although alcoholics copied the figure less accurately than controls, a more holistic strategy at copy was associated with better recall in both groups. Greater radial diffusivity, reflecting compromised myelin integrity, in occipital forceps and external capsule was associated with poorer copy accuracy in both groups. Lower FA, reflecting compromised fiber microstructure in the inferior cingulate bundle, which links frontal and medial temporal episodic memory systems, was associated with piecemeal copy strategy and poorer immediate recall in the alcoholics. The correlations were generally modest and should be considered exploratory. To the extent that the inferior cingulate was relatively spared in alcoholics, it may have provided an alternative pathway to the compromised frontal system for successful copy strategy and, by extension, aided recall.
Synovial hemangioma of the temporomandibular joint: Report of a case and review of the literature

This is the first report of a localized intra-articular synovial hemangioma of the temporomandibular joint. Although, a rare finding, synovial hemangioma should be included in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue lesions in this region.
Measurement of brachytherapy sources using MAGIC gel

In this study, we investigated the feasibility of performing measurements of brachytherapy sources in close proximity to the source.
The comparative efficacy and long-term effect of clozapine treatment on neuropsychological test performance ☆

Abstract Previous studies have suggested that clozapine may improve neuropsychological test performance. The current study was designed to examine the comparative efficay and the long-term effect of clozapine (versus haloperidol), on neuropsychological test performance. Neuropsychological measures of executive/attention, visuospatial, and memory function were administered to schizophrenic patients at baseline, at the end of a 10-week double-blind study, and after 1 year of open clozapine treatment. Symptoms and funtcion ratings were obtained at the same time points. The 10-week double-blind study revealed significant group-by-time interactions for two measures: Categorical Fluency and WAIS-R Block Design. At the end of 1 year of open treatment there were significant improvements in Verbal Fluency, Mooney Faces Closure, and WAIS-R Block Design performance, and trend improvements in Stroop Color-Word Interference, Category Fluency, and WMS-R Logical Memory performance. Improvements in neuropsychological performance were unrelated to symptom changes. Change in selected neuropsychological measures were signigicantly correlated with improvement in quality of life. The results suggest that long-term clozapine treatment may have beneficial effects on a broad range of cognitive functions.
The properties of the hydrates of chlorine and carbon dioxide

Abstract The phase diagrams of chlorine hydrate and carbon dioxide hydrate have been determined in both pure water and aqueous NaCl solutions. Heats of formation the hydrate composition, the critical decomposition conditions, the effects of salt and other information are summarized. All necessary thermodynamic data are now available for evaluating chlorine and carbon dioxide as agents for use in the hydrate process for desalination of sea water or brackish water.