cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
QUALITY OF RESTRUCTURED PORK ROASTS AS INFLUENCED BY SALT, PHOSPHATE AND ROASTING ENVIRONMENT

A split plot design was used to evaluate the effect of 3 salt (0.0, 0.5, 1.0%), 3 phosphate (0.0, 0.25, 0.5%) levels and 2 roasting environments (moist, dry) on the quality of restructured pork roasts. Emulsion stability, yield (cooked or sliced), Instron adhesion (bind), pH, water holding capacity, proximate composition and color measurements were obtained. Increasing salt or phosphate level increased emulsion stability and cooked yield. Increasing salt level and the addition of phosphate decreased expressible moisture and increased slice count and moisture content. Increased levels of salt decreased protein content, while increasing phosphate, increased pH and redness in the cooked slices. Salt and phosphate reacted synergistically to increase slice yield and adhesion bind. Roasts cooked in a moist environment were lower in pH, were darker in color and required less time to cook. Restructured pork roast quality was enhanced when salt and phosphate were included in the formulation.
Selectivity of long chain stationary phases in reversed phase liquid chromatography.

A series of commercial monomeric and polymeric C18, C27, and C30 stationary phases were compared with immobilized poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) stationary phases synthesized in-house. The columns were characterized on the basis of methylene selectivity, silanol activity, metal activity, pore size, shape selectivity, and the ability to separate tocopherol isomers and carotenoid isomers. Monomeric and polymeric C30 phases were shown to yield excellent separations of the tocopherol isomers while the polymeric C30 and polyethylene phases were more appropriate to the separation of carotenoids.
In vitro transcription of reconstituted 35s RNA.tRNAtrp template.primer complexes by the avian oncornavirus DNA polymerase. Effect of temperature on the size of the DNA transcripts.

Abstract The synthesis of long DNA transcripts from avian sarcoma virus 35S RNA·tRNA trp template·primer complexes in reconstituted reactions in vitro is temperature dependent. At 15° DNA transcripts accumulate that are 100 nucleotides in length (DNA 100 ), whereas at 30° DNA transcripts ranging to 3000 nucleotides in length (DNA >100 ) are synthesized from these template·primer complexes. By hybridization analysis we have demonstrated that DNA 100 synthesized at 15° contains nucleotide sequences complementary to the 5′ end of the viral RNA genome whereas longer DNA transcripts synthesized at 30° contain nucleotide sequences complementary to the 3′ terminus of the viral genome. Pulse-chase experiments indicate that the 5′-located DNA 100 transcripts are precursors of the larger DNA transcripts. These data are consistent with the elongation of 5′ terminally located DNA transcripts at the 3′ end of the viral genome.
Thirty years of numerical flow simulation in hydraulic turbomachines

The application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the design of water turbines and pumps started about 30 years ago. This paper reviews the main steps and breakthroughs in the methods that were made during this period, through the eyes of one particular water turbine company which spear-headed some of the first developments for practical applications. Practical examples are used to illustrate the developments of the tools from 1978 to 2008 and to give an overview of the complete revolution in hydraulic turbine design that has occurred over this time. Several periods with distinct levels of complexity, and hence accuracy of the physical models and of the simulation methods can be distinguished. The first steps coincided with the introduction of the Finite Element Method into CFD, and were characterized by simplified Quasi-3D Euler solutions and Fully 3D potential flow solutions. Over the years the complexity continuously increased in stages: via 3D Euler solutions, to steady RANS simulations of single blade passages using finite volume methods, extending to steady simulations of whole machines, until today unsteady RANS equations are solved with advanced turbulence models. The most active areas of research and development are now concerned with including the effects of 2-phase flows (free surface flow in Pelton turbines and cavitation) and fluid–structure interaction.
Characterizing LEDAPS surface reflectance products by comparisons with AERONET, field spectrometer, and MODIS data

Abstract This study provides a baseline quality check on provisional Landsat Surface Reflectance (SR) products as generated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center using Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System (LEDAPS) software. Characterization of the Landsat SR products leveraged comparisons between aerosol optical thickness derived from LEDAPS and measured by Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), as well as reflectance correlations with field spectrometer and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Results consistently indicated similarity between LEDAPS and alternative data products in longer wavelengths over vegetated areas with no adjacent water, while less reliable performance was observed in shorter wavelengths and sparsely vegetated areas. This study demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses of the atmospheric correction methodology used in LEDAPS, confirming its successful implementation to generate Landsat SR products.
Beware of Greeks? Some aspects of intercultural communication in international training programs for educators

The last decade has witnessed a growing number of international exchange and training programs for educators, particularly in the areas of social studies. Dramatic changes in Central and Eastern Europe made the western, particularly the American, experience in civic education and teaching for democracy more and more desirable. In many instances, instructors from the US and western Europe have acted as experts in those programs. However, there are observations that challenge the success of the ‘West as Expert model.’ In the described study, a group of Russian faculty and administrators of teacher‐training universities was probed on questions regarding their attitudes toward foreign and native teachers and instructors. The results of the study demonstrate that, despite unanimous support for international education, all respondents, regardless of the length of their professional experience, demonstrated a slight preference for Russian teachers and instructors compared with foreign teachers and instructors. T...
The Expressive Effect of the Athenian Prostitution Laws

This article argues that attention to the expressive function of law suggests that the Athenian laws prohibiting former prostitutes from active political participation may have had a much broader practical impact than previously thought. By changing the social meaning of homosexual pederasty, these laws influenced norms regarding purely private conduct and reached beyond the limited number of politically active citizens likely to be prosecuted under the law. Some appear to have become more careful about courting in public while others adopted a conception of chaste pederasty that would not run afoul of the law. The prostitution laws may also have provoked resistance among a particular subset of elites, the apragmones , contributing to this group9s deliberate disengagement from public affairs.
Bone health management in prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy

Purpose. Patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy undergo a rapid decline in bone mineral density during the first 6 to 12 months of initiating therapy. The World Health Organization has dev...
State‐and‐Transition Successional Model for Bauxite Mining Rehabilitation in the Jarrah Forest of Western Australia

Alcoa World Alumina Australia has been rehabilitating bauxite mines in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of western Australia for more than 35 years. Completion criteria were developed in the 1990s for native species rehabilitation, with various desirable characteristics described as the rehabilitation ages. Successional models can be useful in mining rehabilitation for predicting whether sites are developing along the desired trajectory toward the rehabilitation objective. The current rehabilitation objective is to establish a self-sustaining jarrah forest ecosystem, planned to enhance or maintain water, timber, recreation, and conservation values. The major objective of this study was to present a state-and-transition successional model that assists Alcoa to identify sites that will and will not meet identified completion criteria. Agreed completion criteria and vegetation data collected from native species rehabilitation from 9 months to 15 years old were used to construct a state-and-transition model. The model identified the various desired and deviated successional states and factors that cause transitions between these states. Five desirable and nine deviated states were identified and described in detail. Key indicators relating to desired and deviated states include eucalypt density, species richness, legume density, topsoil cover, vegetation structure, ripping depth, and tree health and form. Identified management manipulations to return deviated states to the desired successional trajectory include ripping, reseeding, replanting, weed control, and tree thinning. Some of the identified thresholds between desired and deviated states will require significant management input (e.g., reripping), whereas others require little or no input (e.g., recovery following wildfire). Of the 6,429 ha of native species rehabilitation undertaken between 1991 and 2002, 98% is on or above the desired successional trajectory. More than half of the rehabilitated area is regarded as being above the desired trajectory because of high tree density. Although these sites meet the existing completion criteria, management input may be required in the future, emphasizing the importance of identifying maximum and minimum completion criteria. The state-and-transition model of successional development is a practical but rigorous land management tool that has the potential to be applied in a wide variety of ecosystems and wide range of land uses.
Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty in the Presurgical Glaucoma Patient

The trabecular meshwork in 334 eyes of 260 patients with medically uncontrolled primary and secondary open-angle glaucoma was treated with the argon laser. The average intraocular pressure reduction obtained was 7.1 mm Hg. Tonographic data showed significant increase in the facility of outflow. Glaucoma surgical intervention was avoided in 87.5% of phakic eyes and in 62.1% of aphakic eyes. Laser trabeculoplasty was found to be effective in primary open-angle glaucoma, pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma, angle recession glaucoma, glaucoma secondary to uveitis, and in eyes with failed glaucoma surgical procedures. The length of follow-up in this series ranged from one week to 21 months, with an average of five months. The major complication noted was a rise in intraocular pressure following treatment. In one eye, a small central island of vision was lost due to this intraocular pressure elevation. Treating one-half of the angle in each of two treatment sessions separated by a few weeks reduces the degree of this pressure elevation. The glaucoma status of 3% eyes was made worse after treatment with trabeculoplasty.
Infrared and Inelastic Neutron Scattering Study of the 1.03- and 0.95-nm Kaolinite−Hydrazine Intercalation Complexes

The interaction of hydrazine with kaolinite was studied using a combination of infrared (IR) spectroscopy, inelastic neutron scattering (INS), and X-ray powder diffraction. Under ambient temperature and pressure conditions, anhydrous hydrazine is readily intercalated into the interlamellar region of kaolinite resulting in a kaolinite−hydrazine (KH) intercalation complex with a 001 d-spacing of 1.03 nm. Under reduced pressure, the surface loading of hydrazine is reduced to 0.5 hydrazine molecules/unit cell, and the 001 d-spacing of the KH complex undergoes a partial collapse to a highly ordered KH complex with a 001 d-spacing of 0.95 nm. This transition from 1.03 to 0.95 nm is accompanied by strong perturbations in the IR and INS spectra for vibrational modes of both the kaolinite and the intercalated hydrazine species. The transition from the 1.03 complex to the 0.95-nm KH complex is made possible by the keying of one of the hydrazine amine groups into the siloxane ditrigonal cavity of the kaolinite surfa...
Incompetence of the Internal Jugular Venous Valve: Spectrum of Echo‐Doppler Appearances

The echocardiographic literature contains very scant reference to incompetence of the valve in the internal jugular vein. However, we found frequent Doppler evidence of such incompetence, especially in patients with congestive failure. This incompetence manifests as a variety of color Doppler and pulsed Doppler patterns, illustrated here in 3 patients.
Chemotherapy in patients with prostate specific antigen-only disease after primary therapy for prostate carcinoma: A Phase II trial of oral estramustine and oral etoposide

BACKGROUND. A Phase II study was initiated to evaluate the effectiveness of an oral regimen of etoposide and estramustine in patients with early recurrent prostate carcinoma. METHODS. Patients with early recurrent prostate carcinoma as indicated by an increasing prostate specific antigen (PSA) level and without any evidence of metastatic disease were treated with oral etoposide 50 mg/m 2 /day and estramustine 15 mg/kg/day in divided doses for 21 days, followed by a 7-day rest period. Patients received a maximum of four cycles. RESULTS. Eighteen patients were entered in this study. The median serum PSA was
Time and energy resolved fluorescence of CIS-glyoxal

Abstract A pulsed, tunable dye laser has been used to excite the 00 band of cis-glyoxal near 4875 A, at pressures from 30 to 150 mtorr. Fluorescence was resolved through a spectrometer and lifetines measured. Rate constants for the quenching of the vibrationless levels of the first excited singlet states of cis- and trans-glyoxal by argon, cyclohexane and glyoxal are presented. Quenching rates of cis-glyoxal are generally two to three times faster than the corresponding trans rates. A zero-pressure extrapolated lifetime of 0.96 ± 0.02 μsec is obtained for cis-glyoxal.
Finite element simulation of vacuum arc remelting

Vacuum arc remelting is a process for producing homogeneous ingots of reactive and macrosegregation-sensitive alloys. A mathematical model of the transport phenomena in the ingot melt is presented together with a discussion of the various simplifying assumptions and approximations that make the problem tractable, with particular attention on transport in the interdendritic mushy zone and on the magnetohydrodynamics. The finite element method is used to discretize the equations for the non-isothermal flow problem and the quasi-static electromagnetic problem. Coupling of the finite element solutions for the two field problems is accomplished using the Parallel Virtual Machine software. An analysis of the fluid flow and heat transport in the melt pool of the solidifying ingot shows some of the factors that influence ingot quality during quasi-steady growth conditions.
Representation theorems for semilocal and bounded linear shift-invariant operators on sequences

Abstract Not every linear shift-invariant operator on two-sided sequences can be represented by a convolution. An operator defined on sequences that converge to zero in both directions is representable if and only if it is bounded in the sup norm. An operator defined on bounded sequences is representable if and only if it is semilocal in the sense that the error introduced by neglecting the tails of the input sequence can be made as small as desired. In either case, a representable operator has an absolutely summable impulse response.
DNA heteroduplex analysis of the relation between bacteriophages φX174 and S.13

Abstract When observed in the electron microscope using the isodenaturing methods of Davis & Hyman (1971), only one small segment (4.7 ± 1.9%) of the DNA of phage φX174 is highly homologous with phage S.13 DNA; the rest is partially homologous with an over-all average 36% base mismatch. The two phage DNA molecules appear to be identical in length and have no regions of complete base non-homology. The phage-coded proteins were compared by electrophoresis on slab polyacrylamide gels and only one of the S.13 coded proteins migrated identically with its φX174 counterpart. The other eight S.13 coded proteins varied in size from their φX174 counterparts by +4.6% to −6.0% (± ten amino acid residues). The relevance of these data to the complementation and recombination between these two phages is discussed.
Operative risk of reoperative aortic valve replacement

OBJECTIVE: The contemporary risk of reoperative aortic valve replacement is ill-defined. We therefore compared the recent early results of reoperative and primary aortic valve replacement in our institution. METHODS: Between January 1993 and January 2001, a total of 162 patients underwent reoperative aortic valve replacement with or without coronary artery bypass grafting, and 2290 underwent primary aortic valve replacement with or without coronary artery bypass grafting. The reoperative and primary groups were similar with regard to gender (37% female in both), preoperative New York Heart Association functional class (2.8 +/- 1 vs 2.8 +/- 1), and ejection fraction (58% +/- 15% vs 57% +/- 15%). Patients undergoing reoperative aortic valve replacement were younger than those undergoing primary aortic valve replacement (64 +/- 15 years vs 70 +/- 13 years, P < .001). Previous prostheses were xenografts in 77 patients (48%), homografts and autografts in 25 (15%), and mechanical prostheses in 60 (37%). Mean time to reoperation was 9.7 +/- 6.8 years. RESULTS: Early mortality for reoperative aortic valve replacement (8/162, 5%) was not statistically different from that for primary aortic valve replacement (71/2290, 3%, P = .20). Endocarditis was more common in the reoperative group (22% vs 3%, P < .001); when endocarditis was excluded from the analysis, early mortality was 3% in both groups. Multivariate predictors for early mortality were prosthetic valve endocarditis ( P < .001, odds ratio 9.8), advanced preoperative functional class ( P < .001, odds ratio 2.0), peripheral vascular disease ( P = .008, odds ratio 2.0), preserved left ventricular ejection fraction ( P = .004, odds ratio 0.98), and male gender ( P = .009, odds ratio 0.49). After adjustment for these factors, there was no difference in early mortality between the groups ( P = .095). CONCLUSION: The risk of reoperative aortic valve replacement is similar to that for primary aortic valve replacement. These data support the expanded use of bioprosthetic valves in younger patients.
Boron uptake and concentration in cotton and soybean as affected by boron source

Abstract Continued introduction of new boron (B) fertilizer materials prompted a second examination of the efficacy of foliar‐applied B materials on B content, B uptake, and dry matter yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.). Similar to a previous study, this greenhouse study was conducted at four participating universities using 6‐week‐old cotton (Deltapineland 90) and soybean (Pioneer 9761) plants. Sources and rates of B were 1) boric acid (17.5% B) at 0.22 kg ha‐1,2) sodium borate (Solubor® 20.5% B) at 0.22 kg ha‐1, 3) Smith & Ardussi Liquid B (10% B) at 0.22 kg ha‐1,4) Smith & Ardussi Liquid B at 0.11 kg ha‐1, 5) Borosol 10 (10% B) at 0.22 kg ha‐1, 6) Borosol 10 at 0.11 kg ha‐1, and 7) an untreated control. Control plants that did not receive B were sprayed with water. Four plants were grown in each 15‐cm diam. pot in sandy loam soil. Plants were sprayed at 6 weeks of growth and top growth was harvested at eight weeks. Whole‐plant samples were dried (70°C), ground, and ana...
The surgical-orthodontic approach to the treatment of dentofacial deformities

Abstract We have reviewed the indications and available techniques for surgical-orthodontic rehabilitation of patients with various types of malformation of the jaws. These malformations include maldevelopment in the anteroposterior dimension, deviations from the midsagittal plane of the face, and open-bite deformities. Many of the techniques described have been developed or improved during the last decade and have made possible successful treatment of difficult problem cases of malocclusion, often with dramatic results in improving facial appearance. Such results are possible only when there is close surgical-orthodontic collaboration.
Assessing psychosocial functioning of bariatric surgery candidates with the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2 restructured form (MMPI-2-RF).

Background Psychological comorbidity is common in bariatric surgery candidates. Many multidisciplinary teams incorporate psychometric testing to screen for psychological factors that, if left unattended, may negatively impact surgical results. Here, we report descriptive findings and empirical correlates of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) scales among of bariatric surgery candidates undergoing a pre-surgical psychological evaluation.
Fluxes of Th isotopes in the Santa Monica Basin, offshore California

Abstract Fluxes of 234 Th, 232 Th, 230 Th and 228 Th increase with depth in the water column of Santa Monica Basin, following the flux of particulate inorganic matter. Temporal variability in flux is generally low for the shorter lived and predominantly radiogenic 234 Th and 228 Th, but high for 230 Th and the nonradiogenic 232 Th. The flux profiles are largely controlled by lateral advection of detrital material resuspended from the basin slope. Most of the shorter lived 234 Th and 228 Th scavenged from the water column are produced in situ or locally, whereas most of the authigenic 230 Th is transported from elsewhere. From the concentration (in dissolved and particulate forms) and flux profiles of these isotopes, the residence time estimate of dissolved Th is 1–2 months in the upper 50 m and 1–2 years in the entire water column. The corresponding residence times for particulate Th are 4 days and ∼ 40 days, respectively. The average rate at which suspended particles work their way downward via aggregation and settling is estimated at 6–10 m/day. In the context of the documented circulation pattern in the region, these results suggest that most pollutants introduced to the Santa Monica Basin will be exported out of it.
Plasma concentrations of propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol in man measured by high pressure liquid chromatography

Abstract A quantitative method for the simultaneous determination of propranolol and its major active metabolite, 4-hydroxypropranolol, in human plasma is described using high pressure liquid chromatography. As little as 1.5 ng/ml of propranolol and 5 ng/ml of 4-hydroxypropranolol can be measured with good precision by a fluorometric detector. Triamterene and quinidine are the only commonly used cardiovascular drugs that interfere with the assay. The pharmacokinetics of propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol were studied in three patients following oral administration of various dosages of propranolol. High pressure liquid chromatography allows more rapid analysis of plasma propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol concentrations than gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods, without sacrificing specificity or sensitivity.
Autism and Family Interventions Through Technology: A Description of a Web-Based Tool to Educate Fathers of Children with Autism

Most research on family interventions of children with autism has focused on the role of the mother, and little is known about the effects of training fathers. Through a series of National Institutes of Healthâ€“funded studies we have demonstrated treatment success by focusing on fathers who are trained at home. Although our research has been successful, this work introduces questions related to how best to train fathers when on-site, in-home training is not a viable option due to geographical distance or a variety of other logistical constraints. This article describes the development and initial use of an Internet-based tool to offer this training more broadly. We briefly describe past research as well as the need for the implementation of an Internet-based tool. We then describe the system, document early indicators of success, and discuss metrics we are using with our fathers. The article concludes with a discussion of future goals and research needs.
In search of a test of investor capital gain realization behavior to capital gain tax rates

Abstract Existing empirical work on the effects of taxation on the realization of capital gains does not closely conform to recent theoretical work on the same question. Methodology is proposed to provide weak tests of the theory.
Effect of dietary vitamin A on resistance to experimental Staphylococcus mastitis in mice.

Abstract Weanling mice (118) were fed a purified diet free of vitamin A for 3 wk and subsequently assigned to diets containing 10, 100 (4000 IU vitamin A/kg diet), or 300% of National Research Council recommended vitamin A. After 3 wk on the treatment diet all mice were bred and allowed to complete gestation. At 24h postpartum, the left fourth abdominal mammary gland of each mouse was inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus (10 8 cells in .1ml of saline/ gland), and mammary gland infection was observed daily for 6 consecutive days. Liver vitamin A content was lowest in mice for 10% and highest for 300%. However, mice fed 10% showed normal growth and reproduction by small treatment differences in body weight changes, litter size at birth, and average pup weight. Mice fed 10 and 100% vitamin A showed more severe mammary gland inflammation after intramammary inoculation as opposed to mice fed 300%. Severity of mastitis in mice fed 100% vitamin A was similar to 10%. The number of mice classified as mastitic was also similar between 10 and 100% on days 1 and 2 postinoculation; however, on day 3 postinoculation mice fed 100% had a lower incidence of mastitis as opposed to 10%. Severity of mammary inflammation on days 4 through 6 were similar to those on day 3. Results showed a protective effect of dietary vitamin A supplementation against experimental Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in mice.
Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia with Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation: Fetal Pulmonary Artery Size Predicts Lung Viability in the Presence of Small Lung Volumes

Congenital tricuspid valve disease (Ebstein's anomaly, tricuspid valve dysplasia) with severe tricuspid regurgitation and cardiomegaly is associated with poor prognosis. Fetal echocardiography can accurately measure right atrial enlargement, which is associated with a poor prognosis in the fetus with tricuspid valve disease. Fetal lung volumetric assessments have been used in an attempt to predict viability of fetuses using ultrasonogram and prenatal MRI. We describe a fetus with tricuspid dysplasia, severe tricuspid regurgitation, right atrial enlargement and markedly reduced lung volumes. The early gestational onset of cardiomegaly with bilateral lung compression raised the possibility of severe lung hypoplasia with decreased broncho-alveolar development. Use of fetal echocardiography with measurement of pulmonary artery size combined with prenatal MRI scanning of lung volumes resulted in an improved understanding of this anomaly and directed the management strategy towards a successful Fontan circulation.
Production of tumor necrosis factor by human cells in vitro and in vivo, induced by group B streptococci.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) has been implicated as one of the major mediators of the gram-negative septic shock syndrome. In our studies, group B streptococci (GBS) induced the production of TNFα by human mononuclear cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Human mixed mononuclear cell cultures exposed to an encapsulated (657.6±71.3 pg/ml; n=30 preparations) or an unencapsulated transposon mutant of type III GBS (755.8±54.7 pg/ml; n=9) produced similar amounts of TNFα. Isolated monocytes and culture-derived macrophages produced higher amounts of TNFα (1565±211 and 1790±928 pg/ml respectively) in response to GBS than did mixed mononuclear cell cultures. In response to GBS, mixed mononuclear cells from neonates produced significantly more TNFα (729.1±45 vs 520.3±47.2 pg/ml; p =0.004) than did cells from adults. Examination of specimens from patients with neonatal GBS disease revealed detectable levels of TNFα (7 to 424 pg/ml) in the serum of 5 of 10 patients with sepsis, in 5 of 5 urine samples from infants with sepsis, and in the cerebrospinal fluid of 1 patient with meningitis. These results suggest both a major role for TNFα in the pathogenesis of human neonatal GBS sepsis and shock and a potential role for immunotherapy directed against this cytokine in this fulminant neonatal bacterial infection.
Path approximation for multi-hop wireless routing under application-based accuracy constraints

Provisioning of rich routing building blocks to mobile ad hoc networking applications has been of high interest. Several MANET applications need flexibility in describing paths their traffic will follow. To accommodate this need, previous work has proposed several viable routing schemes such as Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Trajectory-Based Routing (TBR). However, tradeoffs involved in the interaction of these routing schemes and the application-specific requirements have not been explored. Especially, techniques to help the application to do the right routing choices are much needed. In this paper, we consider techniques that minimize routing protocol state costs under application-based constraints. We study the constraint of ''accuracy'' of the application's desired route, as this constraint provides a range of choices to the applications. As a crucial part of this concept, we investigate the tradeoff between the size of packet headers (needed to store end-to-end paths) and the network state (needed to store routing tables). We, then, apply the concept to the case of TBR with application-based accuracy constraints in obeying a given trajectory. We begin with simple discrete models to clarify the tradeoff between the packet header size and the network state. We show that the problem of accurate approximation of a trajectory (a.k.a. an application-specific end-to-end path) with the objective of minimizing the cost incurred due to header size and network state is difficult to solve optimally. We design an exhaustive search method as well as a genetic algorithm to find the optimum solution. We also develop heuristics solving this problem with smaller computational complexity and illustrate their performance. Finally, we explore ways of customizing our trajectory approximation framework for power-scarce or memory-scarce networking scenarios.
Importance of the treatment package time in surgery and postoperative radiation therapy for squamous carcinoma of the head and neck

Background To determine the effect of treatment time-related factors on outcome in patients treated with surgery and postoperative radiation therapy (RT) for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN) Methods A retrospective review was performed on 208 consecutive patients treated from 1992 to 1997 with surgery and postoperative RT (≥55 Gy) for SCCHN. The treatment time factors considered were (1) interval from surgery to the start of RT; (2) RT duration; and (3) the total time from surgery to completion of RT (treatment package time). Treatment package time was dichotomized into short (≤100 days) vs long (>100 days) categories. Other variables considered were clinical and pathologic staging, margin status, RT dose, and tumor site. Patients were also divided into intermediate- and high-risk groups on the basis of eligibility for RTOG 95-01. Univariate (logrank) and multivariate analyses were performed. Results Median follow-up for surviving patients was 24 months. Actuarial 2-year locoregional control (LRC) and survival rates were 82% and 71%, respectively. In univariate analysis, factors associated with higher locoregional failure were high-risk group (p = .011), margin status (p = .038), pathologic stage (p = .035), clinical N stage (p = .006), package time (p = .013), and RT treatment time (p = .03). Package time was also a significant predictor of survival in univariate analysis (p = .021). The other two individual time factors, tumor factors, and RT dose were not significant. Both risk status and treatment package time were significant factors in a multivariate model of LRC. Conclusions A total treatment package time of <100 days is associated with improved tumor control and survival. Every effort should be made to keep the time from surgery to the completion of postoperative RT to <100 days. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Évaluation de l'ischémie cérébrale aiguë et chroniquechez l'homme par la tomographie d'émission de positons et de simple photon: Application à l'étude de Duxil

Resume L'accident vasculaire cerebral d'origine ischemique constitue une entite a part entiere dans la pathologieplus generale des maladies cerebrovasculaires. En effet, il reste l'une des pathologies les plus difficiles a compren dre, a explorer et a traiter. La circulation cerebrale et le metabolisme cerebral sont intimement lies dans la physiopathologie de l'ischemie cerebrale. Un couplage permanent existe entre le debit sanguin et la consommation d'oxygene et de glucose ; les mecanismes qui assurent la regulation de ce couplage disparaissent au cours de l'ischemie et la rapidite de la reversibilite de ce dysfonctionnement conditionne tres probablement la recuperation de l'integrite cellulaire neuronale. L'exploration de la circulation cerebrale et du metabolisme cerebral par les techniques tomographiques et appreciation de l'evolution de ces phenomenes au cours de l'ischemie cerebrale. Dans le meme temps, l'evaluation chez l'homme de l'activite d'une therapeutique pharmacologique dans l'ischemie cerebrale aigue et chronique a beneficie de ces techniques. Cependant, du fait de leur cout et de leur complexite, elles ne peuvent etre utilisees que sur de petits groupes de malades. Cinq sujets victimes d'un accident ischemique cerebral a la phase aigue ont ete inclus dans une etudevisant a evaluer les effets de Duxil sur les parametres precedemment cites par la tomographie d'emission de positons. Les resultats montrent que le debit sanguin cerebral augmente de maniere statistiquement significative apres Duxil de 13 p. 100 dans l'hemisphere pathologique, toutes zones confondues ; l'utilisation cerebrale d'oxygene augmente aussi, de maniere statistiquement significative apres Duxil de 3,6 p. 100 au niveau de l'epicentre lesionnel, les 2 hemispheres confondus. Chez 3 patients a la phase chronique d'un accident vasculaire cerebral ischemique, la tomographie d'emission de simple photon a permis de suivre l'evolution de la zone peripherique de l'infarctus cerebral. La reactivite de cette zone dans les 3 cas augmente apres 2 mois de Duxil et par rapport a une periode placebo de meme duree. Ces deux techniques, malgre la difficulte de leur mise en oeuvre, ont le merite d'accroitre les connaissances dans un domaine qui reste un double defi humain et scientifique.
Do Fraternities and Sororities Still Enhance Socially Responsible Leadership? Evidence From the Fourth Year of College

Abstract We use a longitudinal national dataset to explore the effects of fraternity and sorority membership on students’ socially responsible leadership in the fourth year of college. Controlling for a variety of potentially confounding variables, we find no net effect. These findings run counter to an earlier study based on the same students that found positive effects of fraternity and sorority membership on socially responsible leadership in the first year of college. We discuss implications for practice and research.
Width of the d -Level Final-State Structure Observed in the Photoemission Spectra of Fe x O

X-ray photoemission (XPS) measurements of wustite, ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}\mathrm{O}$ ($x=0.90\ensuremath{-}0.95$), show that the Fe ($3d$) valence-band final states spread \ensuremath{\sim}10 eV below ${E}_{\mathrm{F}}$. This is much broader than previous claims based on the analysis of lower-energy (5-90 eV) photoemission spectra. Crystal-field-theory results, based on ab initio calculations, are consistent with the broader spectrum. Configuration interaction is found to have important consequences for the position and intensity of the XPS peaks.
Microstructural characterization of segregation and precipitation in α2+γ titanium aluminides

Abstract Atom probe field ion microscopy investigations of α 2 + γ TiAl alloys doped with B and W indicate that a significant proportion of the boron is concentrated in boride precipitates and the tungsten segregates to both γ / γ and α 2 / γ interfaces. The solubility of boron in the γ and α 2 matrix phases was found to be 0.011±0.005 at.% B and 0.003±0.005 at.% B, respectively. The solubility of tungsten in the γ and α 2 matrix phases was found to be 0.16±0.02 at.% W and 0.33±0.06 at.% W, respectively. Several borides including TiB 2 , TiB as well as a (Ti,Cr) 2 B phase were detected. No appreciable evidence of boron segregation to γ / γ or α 2 / γ interfaces was observed. The interfacial coverage of tungsten at α 2 / γ and γ / γ interfaces was estimated to be ∼1–5%. Chromium was also found to segregate to certain γ / γ interfaces. The observation of partitioning and interfacial segregation supports the previous result that tungsten additions stabilize the α 2 lamellae against growth and coarsening. There is no experimental evidence that boron significantly affects the rates of growth and coarsening of the lamellar structure in α 2 + γ TiAl alloys due to interfacial segregation; however, boron additions dramatically affect the initial lamellar spacing, possibly through a modification of the γ phase nucleation site density.
Mobile Application and Device Power Usage Measurements

Reducing power consumption has become a crucial design tenet for both mobile and other small computing devices that are not constantly connected to a power source. However, unlike devices that have a limited and predefined set of functionality, recent mobile smart phone devices have a very rich set of components and can handle multiple general purpose programs that are not a-priori known or profiled. In this paper, we present a general methodology for collecting measurements and modelling power usage on smart phones. Our goal is to characterize the device subsystems and perform accurate power measurements. We implemented a system that effectively accounts for the power usage of all of the primary hardware subsystems on the phone: CPU, display, graphics, GPS, audio, microphone, and Wi-Fi. To achieve that, we make use of the per-subsystem time shares reported by the operating system's power-management module. We present the models capability to further calculate the power consumption of individual applications given measurements, and also the feasibility of our model to operate in real-time and without significant impact in the power footprint of the devices we monitor.
Silver(III) Carbaporphyrins: The First Organometallic Complexes of True Carbaporphyrins†

Reaction of carbaporphyrins 1 with silver(I) acetate in methanol−CH2Cl2 gave excellent yields of the related silver(III) complexes 6. These nonpolar organometallic compounds retain fully aromatic properties as judged by UV−vis and NMR spectroscopy and were further characterized by X-ray crystallography and cyclic voltammetry.
An automatic sample changer for well-type scintillation counters.

Abstract A simple and reliable automatic sample changes for use with well-type scintillation counters has been constructed. A maximum of 25 samples may be assayed at one time by placing them in special carrier assemblies which are then inserted in a turntable mounted above the counter. A moving platform engages each carrier assembly in turn and positions it in the well. Although designed to operate directly with, and without modification of, specific commercially-available equipment, its principle of operation permits it to be readily modified for use with other counters, scalers or ratemeters.
The behavior of ionic polymer-metal composites in a multilayer configuration

It has been observed that the Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC) is both inherently resistive and capacitive. This allows for the material to be modeled using an equivalent RC circuit to describe the charging/discharging behavior associated with the IPMC. Typically, the model includes two resistors and two capacitors, which will primarily account for the effective electrodes on the surface of the IPMC (top and bottom). There will also be a resistor placed between the two RC circuits to account for material between the electrodes and the resistance due to ion migration through polymer matrix. In this paper we report our recent effort to extend such a model to accommodate a multi-layer IPMCs a swell as inter-digitated electrodes. As expected the observed electric characteristics of an IPMC subjected to an electric field is highly non-linear. This is believed to be due primarily to the particle electrodes on the IPMC surface, which is inherently both captive and resistive due to particle seperation and density. The advantage of using such a model is to realize the capacitive and resistive effect and use them for multi-layer configuration. We also present typical experimental data.
Landauer conductance in the diffusive regime

We present a derivation of the dc Landauer conductance formula in three dimensions starting from a mean-field approximation of the Kubo formula using a Green function for electron propagation that contains a self-energy that may be complex. Unlike some previous derivations of the Landauer formula from the Kubo formula, we find a nonzero contribution to the current from the volume integral over the leads, even without the mean-field approximation. Because we use a complex self-energy to describe the sample, the sum of the reflection and the transmission probabilities is in general less than one. In the four-probe case the conductance of a sample with length L, electron mean free path l, transmission amplitude t(${\mathbf{k}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}$), and reflection amplitude r(${\mathbf{k}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}$) is given by (${\mathrm{e}}^{2}$/h)2N${\ensuremath{\sum}}_{\mathbf{k}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}$[1-|r${\mathrm{|}}^{2}$-(1-|r${\mathrm{|}}^{2}$-|t${\mathrm{|}}^{2}$)C]/${\ensuremath{\sum}}_{\mathbf{k}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}$(1+|r${\mathrm{|}}^{2}$-|t${\mathrm{|}}^{2}$) for each spin, where N is the number of channels and C=1/(1-${\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{/}\mathrm{lcos}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}$)-lcos \ensuremath{\theta}/L with cos \ensuremath{\theta}=|${\mathbf{k}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}$|/${\mathrm{k}}_{\mathrm{F}}$. In the diffusive limit L\ensuremath{\gg}:l we obtain the three-dimensional Boltzmann solution. In the ballistic limit L\ensuremath{\ll}l we obtain one-dimensional Boltzmann solutions for N independent channels. If one applies the multiprobe one-dimensional B\"uttiker formula to a system where R+T\ensuremath{\leqslant}1, one reproduces our result for a single channel.
Mixed states for an Allen‐Cahn type equation

This paper continues the recent study of an Allen-Cahn model PDE [1] by eliminating a strong spatial reversibility condition and by weakening certain nondegeneracy conditions on families of basic heteroclinic solutions, enabling us to obtain multibump solutions in a much more general setting. As in [1], novel minimization arguments play a key role in finding solutions.
de Haas-Shubnikov Effect in Antimony

The oscillatory components of the transverse magnetoresistance of single crystals of antimony has been measured at 1.15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in the range of magnetic fields from 4000-25 000 G using a derivative technique. Measurements were made for the field in the $x\ensuremath{-}z$, $y\ensuremath{-}z$, and $x\ensuremath{-}y$ planes. Two sets of ellipsoidal carriers are clearly observed. One of the carriers was that observed by Shoenberg for which we found: ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{11}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{22}=0.334\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{28}{{E}_{F}}^{2}$, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{11}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{33}=0.563\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{28}{{E}_{F}}^{2}$, and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{11}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{23}=0.352\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{28}{{E}_{F}}^{2}$. We also found for the second set of carriers ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{11}{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{22}=0.0227\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{28}{{E}_{F}}^{2}$, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{11}{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{33}=0.625\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{28}{{E}_{F}}^{2}$, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{11}{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{23}=0.0424\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{28}{{E}_{F}}^{2}$, and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{22}{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{33}\ensuremath{-}{{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{23}}^{2}=0.0627\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{28}{{E}_{F}}^{2}$. Discussions are included relating this data to that of other experiments.
“Playing between Classes”: America's Troubles with Class, Race, and Gender in a Black High School and Community

ethnographic portrait of class as it unfolds with race and gender in a black high school and community. Traditionally viewed as troubling, these students (and staff) play between classes in ways that impact structural analyses of class and their implications for public policy. Education. I need [it] to be successful in life. I understand that. Because it comes easy to me, it's no problem. But as far as what's bein' taught, for most kids it don't really have no bearing on they life. It have bearing on the way they think. Say like in English class ... basic English class, you probably just learn how to write sentences or somethin' like that. Or definitions of words. But them not the words you use in everyday life. The English class I'm in now, we read stories, but the teacher take it further than that. We gotta apply that to some things that might happen in our lives. I accept this challenge totally. I desire this challenge because it will enable me to better myself, give me all the opportunities to prove to this world that I am a man. I understand that a college education is the road to success, and I feel if that's what it takes, that's what they will get from me, and after that, the "man" will never see me face to face again.
Advertising Disclosures: Clear and Conspicuous or Understood and Used?:

Abstract Although the frequency of disclosure usage has increased in recent years, adherence to individual disclosure regulations, such as those mandated under the “clear and conspicuous” standard guidelines, has declined or remained unchanged in the context of television advertising. Investigation of the cause of declining or static adherence levels would be useful to regulators and industry professionals to consider for advertising disclosures when designing and evaluating guidelines. This article offers a discussion of issues related to implementation of information disclosures on products and in marketing communications. The authors suggest that there are circumstances in which there is a need for alternatives to natural market mechanisms and message-focused regulation to ensure that consumers are well-informed. They also recommend that guidelines for disclosure focus on critical responses of consumers and media and message characteristics.