cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceived and Objectively-Measured Neighborhood Violence and Adolescent Psychological Distress

Prior research examining links between neighborhood violence and mental health has not been able to establish whether it is perceived levels of neighborhood violence, or actual levels of violent crime, that matter most for adolescents' psychological well-being. In this study, we ascertained both perceived neighborhood safety and objectively-measured neighborhood-level violent crime (using a novel geospatial index of police-reported crime incidents) for 4464 adolescent respondents from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS 2011-2014). We used propensity score-matched regression models to examine associations between these measures and CHIS adolescents' symptoms of psychological distress. We found that adolescents who perceived their neighborhood to be unsafe were two times more likely than those who perceived their neighborhood to be safe to report serious psychological distress (OR = 2.4, 95 % CI = 1.20, 4.96). Adolescents who lived in areas objectively characterized by high levels of violent crime, however, were no more likely than their peers in safer areas to be distressed (OR = 1.41; 95 % CI = 0.60, 3.32). Our results suggest that, at the population level, adolescents' perceptions of neighborhood violence, rather than objective levels of neighborhood crime, are most salient for their mental health.
Rate of Oophorectomy for Benign Indications in a Children's Hospital: Influence of a Gynecologist.

Abstract Study Objective To compare the rates of oophorectomy performed by pediatric surgeons for benign indications before and after the addition of a gynecologist to the surgical staff of a children's hospital. Design, Setting, Participants, Interventions, and Main Outcome Measures We used a retrospective chart review of patients ages 5-21 years who underwent surgical management by pediatric surgeons for benign adnexal indications at a tertiary care children's hospital. Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes were recorded. Rates of oophorectomy for patients managed before the addition of a gynecologist (1998-2004) were compared with those managed after a gynecologist joined the surgical staff (2005-2013). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to compare the likelihood of oophorectomy before and after the addition of a gynecologist to the surgical staff. Results One hundred sixty-five cases were included in the final analysis. Pediatric surgeons were 8 times more likely to perform an oophorectomy for benign indications before the addition of a gynecologist to the surgical staff (odds ratio, 8.3; 95% confidence interval, 3.76-18.16). Oophorectomy was performed in 45% (25/56) of cases from 1998 to 2004 compared with 11% (12/109) of cases from 2005 to 2013. Younger age ( P = .009), ischemic-appearing adnexa ( P P = .017), and mature teratoma ( P = .041) were associated with higher likelihood of oophorectomy. Conclusion There was a higher rate of ovarian preservation for benign indications performed by pediatric surgeons after the addition of a gynecologist to the surgical staff. Younger patients, those with a mature teratoma, and ovarian torsion continue to be at higher risk for oophorectomy.
The modern monastic Santmat movement of Bihar: building bridges between Sanātana Dharma and Sant-Mat

This article analyzes how the modern movement of Santmat, literally “the views of sants,” primarily popular in the rural areas of northern India, uniquely situates itself within the context of “Vedic Dharma.” Through the monastic leadership’s redefinition of the categories of Vedic Dharma and Sanātana Dharma, the Santmat tradition creates a space where vernacular Hindu practices and mystical Vedic paths can co-exist. Thus, it stands apart from other contemporary Sant Mat traditions that reject Vedic Dharma. In this article, I pair an examination and analysis of the Santmat movement’s historical development and methods, in which Vedic wisdom coheres with the sants’ spiritual insights, with an ethnographic analysis of how this movement enacts a creative integration of vernacular traditions. I suggest that this particular Santmat’s “bricolage,” to borrow a term from Claude Levi-Strauss, illustrates a distinctive example of experimental dharmas in the context of vernacular sant traditions in contemporary North India. Santmat’s skillful integration of local religious vernaculars gives expression to its engagement with lived devotional traditions. Such mixing of practices, which illustrate the processes of hybridity and syncretism, has helped to make the esoteric practices more meaningful and relevant to the everyday lives of the masses, including the tribal and rural people of Bihar and Nepal, populations often marginalized in orthodox Hindu practices. I examine the experimentation occurring within the Santmat tradition and argue that Bihar’s Santmat movement may be termed “Vernacular Vedic Dharma.” Furthermore, I address how within the 21st-century rise of extremism, Santmat shows that Vedic Dharma, within its manifold strands of practices and philosophies, encourages an adherence to the harmonizing esoteric spiritual path as well as a universal ethical framework.
Personality and its Relation to Mental and Psychosocial Health in Emerging Adult Sexual Minority Men: The P18 Cohort Study

Personality disorder and personality pathology encompass a dimension of psychological dysfunction known to severely impact multiple domains of functioning. However, there is a notable dearth of research regarding both the pervasiveness and correlates of personality pathology among young sexual minority males who themselves experience heightened mental health burdens. Using the self-report version of the Standardized Assessment of Personality-Abbreviated Scale we tested associations between distinct personality characteristics with sociodemographic and psychosocial factors as well as mental health states in a sample of 528 young (aged 21-25 years) sexual minority men. In multivariate analysis, personality traits varied significantly by race/ethnicity. Personality traits were also positively associated with psychosocial states, specifically, internalized anti-homosexual bias, level of connection with the gay community, and male body dissatisfaction, as well as mental health in the form of recent depressive and anxious symptomatology. These findings support the complex synergy which exists between personality characteristics, psychosocial conditions, and mental health burdens present among sexual minority men and support the need for an all-encompassing approach to both the study and care of this population that addresses the influences of both internal and external factors on well-being.
Suboptimal HIV Testing Among Patients Admitted With Pneumonia: A Missed Opportunity

Patients admitted with pneumonia are at higher risk for HIV and should be routinely screened. We examined a retrospective cohort of patients admitted to Duke University Health System with a primary diagnosis of pneumonia. During the study period, 6,951 persons were admitted with pneumonia. Of 6,646 patients without a known prior diagnosis of HIV, 1,010 (15%) had HIV testing during admission and 1,516 (23%) had a previously documented HIV test result. Forty-one (0.6%) patients had a positive HIV test during admission and 27 (0.4%) patients were diagnosed with HIV a median of 498 (IQR 112–982) days later, with median CD4 count of 64 (IQR 16–281) cells/mm3. HIV testing rates remain low in a population at high risk for HIV. At a minimum, we should be adhering to universal HIV screening recommendations, and certainly we should be screening those at higher risk. Opt-out HIV testing of pneumonia inpatients should be implemented.
SONOS Split-Gate eFlash Memory

Technological details about SONOS split-gate eFlash memory are described. First, memory cell structure, basic cell-operation principles and eFlash-fabrication process are introduced. Subsequently, basic array architecture and read/program/erase operations are explained by block/schematic diagrams of corresponding peripheral circuits. A data-retention model of the SONOS split-gate eFlash memory is also discussed. Finally, advanced-circuit and process technologies are described. As for circuit technologies, the techniques to expand the application range especially for automotive use, which requires both high performance and high reliability are described. Regarding process technology, the scalability of SONOS split-gate eFlash memory is explained placing emphasis on the measurement data for affinity with advanced-logic CMOS process.
Who prophets from big data in education? New insights and new challenges:

Big Data can radically transform education by enabling personalized learning, deep student modeling, and true longitudinal studies that compare changes across classrooms, regions, and years. With t...
Subcultures of violence and African American crime rates

Abstract A re-examination of the relationship between socioeconomic adversities and crime, especially when focused on violent crime by African Americans over long time periods, suggests that the prevailing reliance on purely structural analysis is insufficient and that analysis relying in part on cultural factors will be advantageous in explaining elevated or relatively low violent crime rates of particular social groups.
Hypoxia activates enhanced invasive potential and endogenous hyaluronic acid production by glioblastoma cells

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common, aggressive, and deadly form of adult brain cancer, and is associated with a short survival rate (median 12–15 months, 5+ year less than 5%). The complex tumor microenvironment includes matrix transitions at the tumor margin, such as gradations in hyaluronic acid (HA). In addition, metabolic stress induced by decreased oxygen content across the tumor may contribute to tumor progression. However, cross-talk between matrix composition and metabolic stress remains unclear. In this study, we fabricated an in vitro brain memetic HA-decorated gelatin hydrogel platform incorporating variable oxygen concentrations to mimic intra-tumoral hypoxia. We observed that EGFR status (wildtype vs. a constitutively active EGFRvIII mutant) of U87 GBM cells affected proliferation and metabolic activity in response to hypoxia and matrix-bound HA. The use of an invasion assay revealed that invasion was significantly enhanced in both cell types under hypoxia. Moreover, we observed compensatory secretion of soluble HA in cases of enhanced GBM cell invasion, consistent with our previous findings using other GBM cell lines. Interestingly, U87 GBM cells adapted to hypoxia by shifting toward a more anaerobic metabolic state, a mechanism that may contribute to GBM cell invasion. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the use of a three-dimensional hydrogel provides a robust method to study the impact of matrix composition and metabolic challenges on GBM cell invasion, a key factor contributing to the most common, aggressive, and deadly form of adult brain cancer.
A Qualitative Study of Black Married Couples’ Relationships With Their Extended Family Networks:

Historically extended family networks have been identified as contributing to the resiliency of Black families. However, little is known about how extended family networks impact the lives of Black...
Conclusion: Diversity Intelligence as a Core of Diversity Training and Leadership Development:

Problem:Leadership development is a core part of training, education, and career management strategies in organizations. Yet, leaders are not translating what they learn about protected class emplo...
Adhesion of Bacteria to Animal Tissues

Bacteria suspended in body fluids near animal tissue surfaces behave in many respects as waterborne particles near a submerged object. Both bacteria and particles are drawn to the nearby surface by the various physiochemical forces of attraction and repulsion described in other chapters of this volume (see Chapter 5, Sections 1 and 2; Chapter 6, Section 3). The precise degree of attraction or “adsorption” depends upon the balance of the forces acting upon the two surfaces.
High-Performance 13.56-MHz Large Air-Gap Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle Charging

This paper introduces a high-performance large airgap capacitive wireless power transfer (WPT) system for electric vehicle charging. This system operates at 13.56 MHz, and utilizes coupled-inductor based L-section matching networks that provide gain and reactive compensation. The high operating frequency and coupled-inductor matching network design are shown to significantly enhance the system's efficiency and reduce its size. Efficiency is further enhanced by realizing the matching network capacitors entirely using parasitic capacitances, thus eliminating the losses associated with on-board capacitors. A 13.56-MHz 12-cm air-gap prototype capacitive WPT system is designed, built and tested. This system transfers 884 W at an efficiency of 91.3%, achieving a power transfer density of 29.5 kW/m2. Additionally, the prototype system achieves a peak efficiency of 95% when transferring 348 W. Compared to a prototype 6.78-MHz capacitive WPT system, the 13.56-MHz system exhibits up to 53% reduced losses and 69% reduced inductor volume.
Stability analysis of the CMFD scheme with linear prolongation

Abstract The stability analysis was performed on a new CMFD method (lpCMFD) for both k-eigenvalue problem (EVP) and transient fixed source problem (TFSP), and an unconditionally stable variant of lpCMFD method was presented in this paper. The lpCMFD is a new CMFD method which updates the fine cell scalar flux via linear prolongation of local and neighboring coarse mesh fluxes. The stability analysis was performed on the S N -lpCMFD scheme using the Fourier analysis approach. The theoretical results agree well with numerical results. The lpCMFD presented here is shown to be more stable than the conventional CMFD (fpCMFD) method where flat prolongation is used. The unconditionally stable variant of lpCMFD is developed based on the fine cell optical thickness threshold and the insights provided by the optimal diffusive CMFD (odCMFD). The new method is referred to as stabilized CMFD with linear prolongation (SlpCMFD) and is shown to converge faster than all mainstream CMFD methods.
Disk Filling Methods and Applications

Let (M, λ) be a closed three dimensional contact manifold with overtwisted contact structure \(\ker \lambda \). Then there exists a contractible periodic orbit for the Reeb vector field Xλ.
Impact of socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnicity on melanoma presentation and recurrence in Caucasian patients.

e20098 Background: Melanoma is most prevalent in Caucasians of higher SES. While several studies have reported survival disparities in minority melanoma patients compared to Caucasians, the impact ...
Optimality conditions for utility maximization in an incomplete market

The problem of maximizing expected utility of final wealth in an incomplete market is investigated. The incomplete market is modelled by a bond and a finite number of stocks, the latter being driven by a d-dimensional Brownian motion. The coefficients of the bond and stock price processes are adapted to this Brownian motion, and the number of stocks is less than or equal to the dimension of the driving Brownian motion. It is shown that there is a way to “fictitiously” complete this market so that the optimal protfolio for the resulting completed market coincides with the optimal portfolio for the original incomplete market. A number of equivalent characterizations of the fictitious completion are given, and examples are provided.
Complete 1 H, 13 C, 15 N resonance assignments and secondary structure of the Vpr binding region of hHR23A (residues 223–363)

Comprehensive resonance assignments and delineation of the secondary structure elements of the C-terminal Vpr-binding region of hHR23A, residues 223–363, were achieved by triple-resonance NMR experiments on uniformly 13C,15N-labeled protein. Assignments are 100% and > 95% complete for backbone and side-chain resonances, respectively. This data constitutes important complementary information for our ongoing structure determination of the Vpr-hHR23A(223–363) complex. At high concentrations, severe line-broadening was observed for several residues in the 1H–15N HSQC spectrum, most likely resulting from inter-molecular interactions.
Closing the Gap with APTs Through Semantic Clusters and Automated Cybergames

Defenders spend significant time interpreting low-level events while attackers, especially Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), think and plan their activities at a higher strategic level. In this paper, we close this semantic gap by making the attackers’ strategy an explicit machine-readable component of intrusion detection. We introduce the concept of semantic clusters, which combine high-level technique and tactic annotations with a set of events providing evidence for those annotations. We then use a fully automated cybergaming environment, in which a red team is programmed to emulate APT behavior, to assess and improve defensive posture. Semantic clusters both provide the basis of scoring these cybergames and highlight promising defensive improvements. In a set of experiments, we demonstrate effective defensive adjustments which can be made using this higher-level information about adversarial strategy.
Holographic near-eye 3D display based on amplitude-only wavefront modulation

We present a holographic method for augmented reality near-eye display system based on the projection of a digital amplitude-only computer-generated hologram (AO-CGH) on a DMD. The operating principle is based upon Fresnel holography and spatial light modulator encodings. The resultant system can display a high-resolution 3D image with accurate depth cues. Furthermore, we fully utilize the diffraction bandwidth of the hologram by eliminating the DC and conjugation noise, providing a simple solution to a long-standing problem in holographic displays. As a result, our system is low cost and compact, lending credence to consumer AR applications.
The race to a COVID-19 vaccine: opportunities and challenges in development and distribution

The unprecedented toll of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus responsible for coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19), jumpstarted the race towards the development and distribution of effective treatment and prevention options. With an urgent need to slow viral transmission, lessen disease severity, and reduce mortality, biopharmaceutical companies rapidly began investigating potential COVID-19 vaccinations. While typical vaccine development can take upwards of 10-15 years, COVID-19 vaccines were developed in less than a year after the identification of COVID-19. To accomplish this feat, clinical development, manufacturing scale-up and distribution are occurring in parallel for the four COVID-19 vaccine front-runners. This remarkable opportunity will forever change the drug development process and would not be possible without tremendous dedication from the public and private sectors, researchers, and clinical trial volunteers. However, many challenges still lie ahead. Comprehensive plans for equitable vaccine education, distribution, administration and post-marketing surveillance must be implemented successfully to overcome vaccine hesitancy, supply-chain obstacles and healthcare provider shortages in an already overburdened healthcare system. We are moving forward at a remarkable pace but worldwide immunity through vaccination will take time to achieve. Thus, current prevention efforts of masking, hand hygiene and social distancing must remain in effect for the foreseeable future. We must remain diligent and not fatigue in our efforts. Ending the COVID-19 pandemic cannot rest on the promise of vaccination alone - it will require a continued, robust and multi-faceted approach to disease treatment and prevention.
Impact of fatty degeneration on the functional outcomes of 38 patients undergoing surgical repair of gluteal tendon tears

Gluteal tendon tears (GTT) can cause pain and weakness of the hip. We analyze the impact of gluteal muscle fatty degeneration, atrophy and tear morphology on clinical outcomes of surgical repair. All sequential patients receiving surgical repair of GTTs via anchor sutures between 1/2015 and 11/2018 were retrospectively identified. MRIs were reviewed by a radiologist for tendon retraction, muscle atrophy and tear size. The Goutallier-Fuchs Classification (GFC) was used to quantify fatty degeneration as < 2° or ≥ 2°. Demographic and clinical variables were abstracted from the electronic records. The surveys HHS Section 1 and HOOS Jr. were obtained at last follow-up. The Pearson correlation and one-way ANOVA tests served for statistical analysis of clinical variance. 38 patients were identified, 29 (76.3%) were female. The average age was 67. Of the 11 (28.9%) patients with a prior hip arthroplasty 87.5% of primary THAs had a direct lateral approach. 29 (76.3%) patients were treated open and 9 (23.7%) arthroscopically. At an average follow-up of 20.9 months, patients reported a significant improvement in pain (97%), analgesic use (85.7%), limp (52.6%) and abduction strength (54.2%) (all: P ≤ 0.01). GFC ≥ 2° were associated with significantly worse outcomes in terms of limp (0.19/3 vs. 1.2/3, P = 0.05), HHS-S1 (58.19 vs. 71.68, P = 0.04) and complication rates (37.5% vs. 0%, P = 0.02). There was a strong correlation between tear retraction (P = 0.005), tear size (P = 0.009) and muscle atrophy (P = 0.001) with GFC ≥ 2° but not with clinical outcomes. GFC ≥ 2° was strongly related to lateral THA exposures (P < 0.001). Surgical approach had no impact on clinical outcomes. While fatty degeneration can negatively impact functional outcomes, pain relief is reliably achieved. Tear morphology and muscle atrophy did not correlate with outcomes in this patient cohort. Patients should be counseled to expect a residual limp after surgery if they have GFC ≥ 2° on MRI.
Nasal high-frequency jet ventilation (NHFJV) as a novel means of respiratory support in extremely low birth weight infants.

OBJECTIVE Describe our experience of successfully using nasal high-frequency jet ventilation (NHFJV) in extremely low birth weight infants with respiratory failure. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective review was conducted on 16 infants with birth weights <1000 g who received NHFJV from 2015 to 2019. Successful use was defined as avoiding intubation for at least 72 hours and demonstrating tolerance after being placed on NHFJV. RESULTS Median gestational age was 24.5 weeks (IQR 24, 25), and weight at the start of NHFJV 1090 g (IQR 905, 1250). NHFJV was used successfully in 13/16 (81%) infants with a median duration of 7 days (IQR 3, 12). Days on invasive (30 vs. 186) and noninvasive (46 vs. 81) ventilation were shorter when compared to those who failed the use of NHFJV. CONCLUSION This is the first reported case series for the successful use of NHFJV. Our study highlights the feasibility of a potential new mode of noninvasive respiratory support.
Relative position sensing by fusing monocular vision and inertial rate sensors

This dissertation describes the development of a new, robust, relative-position sensing strategy suitable for unstructured and unprepared environments. Underwater manipulation is the particular application that motivated this research. Although many relative position sensing systems have already been developed, achieving the level of robustness that is required for operation in the underwater environment is very challenging. The sensing strategy is based on fusing bearing measurements from computer vision and inertial rate sensor measurements to compute the relative position between a moving observer and a stationary object. The requirements on the vision system have been chosen to be as simple as possible: tracking a single feature on the object of interest with a single camera. Simplifying the vision system has the potential to create a more robust sensing system. The relative position between a moving observer and a stationary object is observable if these bearing measurements, acquired at different observer positions, are combined with the inertial rate sensor measurements, which describe the motion of the observer. The main contribution of this research is the development of a new, recursive estimation algorithm which enables the sensing strategy by providing a solution to the inherent sensor fusion problem. Fusing measurements from a single bearing sensor with inertial rate sensor measurements is a nonlinear estimation problem that is difficult to solve with standard recursive estimation techniques, like the Extended Kalman Filter. A new, successful estimator design—based on the Kalman Filtering approach but adapted to the unique requirements of this sensing strategy—was developed. The new design avoids the linearization of the nonlinear system equations. This has been accomplished by developing a special system representation with a linear sensor model and by incorporating the Unscented Transform to propagate the nonlinear state dynamics. The dissertation describes the implementation of the sensing strategy and a demonstration that illustrates how the sensing strategy can be incorporated into the closed-loop control of an autonomous robot to perform an object manipulation task. The performance of the sensing strategy is evaluated with this hardware experiment and extensive computer simulations. Centimeter-level position sensing for a typical underwater vehicle scenario has been achieved.
Sustainability of Community Leadership Development Programs in Georgia

Leadership development programs provide communities with the opportunity to cultivate citizen leaders who can encourage community action and participation. Based upon data collected by the University of Georgia's Fanning Institute and Center for Agricultural and Economic Development, this study will examine the role of socioeconomic and demographic factors in the community which may influence the sustainability of community leadership programs in rural Georgia. Factors considered include social and community capital, social problems, geographic distribution of populations, and community resources. Findings suggest that the presence of social problems and the level of social cohesion make a difference. A research agenda for evaluating program efficacy as well as political and managerial factors related to sustainability is outlined.
Effects of B and S on Ni3Al Grain Boundaries

In many materials, the mechanical behavior is controlled by the grain boundary (GB) properties. An extreme example is the ordered alloy Ni3Al, which, as a single crystal, is ductile, while as a pure polycrystal, exhibits severe intergranular brittleness, making it useless as a technological material. However, it has been found [1] that doping Ni3Al that is slightly Ni-rich (76% Ni) with small amounts of boron (~l-2 atomic %) restores the ductility almost to the level of the single crystal. While it is known experimentally that B segregates to grain boundaries [1], the mechanism by which ductilization occurs is not known. We present here results of our initial investigation into the effects of impurities on Ni3Al grain boundaries, using interatomic potentials of the embedded atom [2,3] form, coupled with molecular statics techniques.
Increasing H2/N2 separation selectivity in CHA zeolite membranes by adding a third gas

Abstract Adding propane or n-butane in low concentrations to a H 2 /N 2 feed increases the H 2 /N 2 separation selectivity in SAPO-34 membranes by decreasing the N 2 permeance more than the H 2 permeance. More than two days were required to reach steady state because propane and n-butane diffuse slowly into the zeolite pores, but they adsorb strongly and thus decrease H 2 and N 2 loadings. Although the loading of the more-weakly adsorbed H 2 is expected to decrease more, the N 2 permeance decreased more than the H 2 permeance apparently because the diffusivity of the larger N 2 molecule decreased more. Propane more than doubled the H 2 /N 2 selectivity at 298 K, but its effect on selectivity decreased as the temperature increased because the propane loading in the SAPO-34 pores decreased. Ethane also decreased H 2 and N 2 permeances, but it did not change H 2 /N 2 selectivity. As with propane, ethane decreased H 2 loadings more than N 2 loadings, and decreased N 2 diffusivity more than H 2 diffusivity. However, the smaller ethane had less effect on the N 2 diffusivity than did propane, so the net effect was that the selectivity did not change. The effects of alkane adsorption in SAPO-34 membranes were reversed when the alkanes were removed from the feed.
Quantum and semiclassical analysis of long-range Rydberg molecules

A recent study suggests the existence of highly polar and nonpolar long-range Rydberg molecules under temperature and density conditions representative of those found in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. The electronic wave functions of these Rydberg molecules are characterized by an elliptically shaped nodal structure. We use a combination of quantum and semiclassical methods to explore this unique nodal structure and its correlations with the Born-Oppenheimer potential curves of the molecules. We demonstrate a special ``quasiseparability'' that arises in elliptic coordinates at certain internuclear separations and give a semiclassical interpretation of this in terms of quantized Einstein-Brillouin-Keller orbits.
The effects of cocaine and nandrolone co-administration on aggression in male rats

1. Cocaine and anabolic-androgenic steroids are among the more commonly abused substances in selected populations. These agents, when used alone or in combination, have been reported to cause aggressive tendencies in both laboratory-based animal models and in human clinical situations. This project, using a resident-intruder paradigm, examined the effects of co-administration of cocaine and a typical anabolic-androgenic steroid, nandrolone decanoate, on the development of aggression in male Sprague-Dawley rats. 2. Dose response studies demonstrated that low dose cocaine (1 mg/kg) produced more aggression in a greater percentage of animals than for either the controls or groups receiving higher doses (up to 20 mg/kg). Initially, high intermittent doses of nandrolone (20 mg twice weekly) produced more aggression; however, low daily doses of nandrolone (2 mg) produced greater levels of aggression following 4 weeks of treatment. 3. Optimal doses of cocaine and nandrolone, when administered together, resulted in aggression scores that were not significantly different from controls or either drug singly. However, a greater percentage of animals receiving both drugs exhibited aggression than did rats receiving either drug alone. 4. These results support the interpretation that the drugs interact to produce unique effects in the development of aggression. However, the complexity and extent of the interactions is great and remains to be fully elucidated.
Profiles of Racial Socialization Among African American Parents: Correlates, Context, and Outcome

Self report and observational data on racial socialization practices in a sample of 218 African American parents of young children were used to determine whether or not parents could be characterized in terms of their pattern of racial socialization practices. Parents fell into four groups: silence about race, emphasis on cultural socialization, emphasis on cultural socialization and coping strategies, or a balanced approach. Silence about race was more common among parents of boys, whereas an emphasis on cultural socialization was more common among parents of girls. Silence about race was less common in neighborhoods with high levels of negative social climate, and a combination of cultural socialization with coping strategies for discrimination was more common in neighborhoods with high neighborhood potential for community involvement with children. The coping emphasis/cultural socialization approach was associated with significantly lower child problem behavior, although some gender differences were evident. A cultural socialization emphasis was associated with higher cognitive scores among girls, and a combination of cultural socialization, coping with discrimination, and promotion of mistrust was associated with higher cognitive scores among boys. Implications of this profile approach for the study of racial socialization practices in ethnic minority families are discussed.
On tori without conjugate points

In this paper we consider Riemannian metrics without conjugate points on an n-torus. Recent work of J. Heber established that the gradient vector fields of Busemann functions on the universal cover of such a manifold induce a natural foliation (akin to the weak stable foliation for a Riemannian manifold with negative sectional curvature) on the unit tangent bundle. The main result in the paper is that the metric is flat if this foliation is Lipschitz. We also prove that this foliation is Lipschitz if and only if the metric has bounded asymptotes. This confirms a conjecture of E. Hopf in this case.
Cutting Edge: An Alternative Pathway of CD4+ T Cell Differentiation Is Induced Following Activation in the Absence of γ-Chain-Dependent Cytokine Signals

This report addresses the role of γ-chain cytokine signals in regulating CD4+ T cell differentiation following activation. Using murine CD4+ T cells lacking the Jak3 tyrosine kinase, we show that activation of these cells in the absence of γ-chain-dependent cytokine signals induces an alternative pathway of T cell differentiation. Specifically, activated Jak3−/− CD4+ T cells produce IL-10, TGF-β, and IFN-γ, but not IL-2 or IL-4, and are unable to proliferate in vitro. In addition, Jak3−/− CD4+ T cells express high levels of programmed death-1 and lymphocyte activation gene-3 and modestly suppress the proliferation of wild-type CD4+ T cells in coculture assays. Together, these features demonstrate a striking similarity between Jak3−/− CD4+ T cells and the regulatory T cells that have been shown to suppress immune responses in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that Jak3 is a critical component of signaling pathways that regulate T cell differentiation into effector vs regulatory lineages.
Maximization of vortex entropy as an organizing principle in intermittent, decaying, two-dimensional turbulence

The statistical mechanics of a discrete-vortex system is considered in a coarse-grained sense, as a model for relaxation of two-dimensional turbulence at very large Reynolds numbers. The implications are qualitatively consistent with observations from recent numerical simulations of decaying homogeneous turbulence.
A SAFER CANDLE PROJECT – SOUTH AFRICA

Background There are two main causes of shack fires in South Africa: Fallen candles and paraffin-related burns. These fires lead to devastating consequences and huge economic losses. Aim/Goal The goal of this project is to facilitate and promote safer use of candles in a glass jar, with the ultimate aim to prevent fires, burn injuries and deaths caused by fallen candles, targeting individuals and families who live in informal homes. Material and Methods Childsafe South Africa personnel conducted a number of trials to test the “ Candle in a glass jar ” concept. In 2006, the project was piloted in an informal area that exclusively uses candles as source of light. Further demonstration and educational sessions have taken place and over 100,000 jar units have been distributed to various communities to date. Results The Safer Candle Project is six years old, and has become one of Childsafe9s established programmes. It has been widely accepted and been approved by World Wide Fund for Nature SA (WWF) for Earth Hour 2011& 2012. Significance The idea of candle in the glass jar is recommended as its very simple and preventative measure to reduce fires mainly caused by candles tipping. One of its advantages is that it places no financial burden on families, as there are virtually no costs involved.
Monoclonal antibodies identifying feline haemopoietic cell lineages

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were prepared against feline bone marrow mononuclear cells. Immunogold immunofluorescence (IGIF), flow cytometry and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) were used to determine the selective reactivity of four MAbs, designated FeMy, FeLy and FeEr1/Er2 with feline myeloid (granulocyte/macrophage), lymphoid, and erythroid lineage cells, respectively. Reactivity was also assessed to four feline lymphoma cell lines (3201, 3191, 3281, FL74). FeMy reacted with 74% of all myeloid lineage cells (88% of mature and 30% of early myeloid progenitors), 98% of blood neutrophils, 97% of eosinophils and 90% of monocytes. FACS of bone marrow using feMy yielded 89% myeloid lineage cells. FeLy reacted with 67–75% of lymphoid lineage marrow cells IGIF and flow cytometry. However, FeLy also recognised a surface molecule present on 30% of erythroid precursors, 86% of eosinophils, and three of four feline lymphoma cell lines. FACS of marrow cells using FeLy yielded 77% lymphoid cells (and 19% myeloid cells). FeErl and FeEr2 (which identified either the same or closely associated molecules) reacted with 55–66% of early erythroid and 90–95% of late erythroid lineage marrow cells but not with mature erythrocytes by immunogold immunofluorescence. Marrow FACS using FeErl and FeEr2 yielded 76–80% erythroid cells (and 18–21% myeloid progenitors). Wheres FeLy immunoprecipitated a 120 kDa molecule, neither FeMY nor FeErl and FeEr2 precipitated an identifiable molecule. The panel of MAbs described may be useful in immunophenotyping of feline haemopoietic neoplasia.
Factors Influencing Metabolic Activity of Bull Spermatozoa. I. 37, 21, and 5° C

Summary The fructose utilization, lactic acid accumulation, and oxygen consumption of unwashed bull spermatozoa diluted with 0.9% NaCl or phosphate diluents were determined at 37, 21, and 5° C. The rate of aerobic fructolysis decreased more in the temperature range of 37 to 21° C. than it did from 21 to 5° C.; whereas, oxygen consumption appeared to fall more rapidly in the lower temperature range. The marked differences shown by the 0.9% NaCl and the phosphate-containing diluent at 37° C. were not observed at either 21 or 5° C. Temperature coefficients (Q 10 ) for spermatozoan aerobic metabolic activity are presented.
Five governance issues to consider now

With all the concerns about just surviving in this economy, many corporations may have neglected governance. But here are five governance issues that companies need to look at now! © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: histologic clearance with combined 5-FU chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Preliminary results of a bladder-preservation study.

Fourteen patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder were treated with 4,000 cGy of pelvic irradiation concurrent with two 96-hour infusions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Three weeks after completion of this regimen, patients underwent repeat cystoscopy and deep-muscle biopsy at the site of their original neoplasms. Eight of 14 (57%) had no tumor left in the biopsy specimen, and they received an additional course of chemotherapy and radiation therapy to a total dose of 4,400 cGy to the pelvis and 6,000 cGy to the bladder. Five of the 14 had residual tumor in the biopsy specimen (one did not undergo biopsy) and went on to planned cystectomy. Two of the five had no tumor in the cystectomy specimen. Overall, ten of the 14 patients (71%) have been downstaged to a condition of P0 (no tumor) following 4,000 cGy and two courses of 5-FU. Of eight patients with retained bladders, seven remain well at a median follow-up of 7 months. At a range of follow-up of 3-21 months and a median of 7 months, 1...
Placement of self-expanding metallic stents in the pancreatic duct for treatment of obstructive complications of pancreatic cancer.

Background: Stents have been placed through malignant pancreatic strictures, mainly to alleviate pain of presumed obstructive origin. Self-expanding metallic stents have major advantages over plastic stents when used for treatment of malignant biliary strictures. However, there are few reports of their use in patients with malignant pancreatic duct strictures, especially those with complications related to ductal obstruction. Methods: Self-expanding metallic stents were placed in the pancreatic ducts of 3 patients with obstructive complications of pancreatic cancer: smoldering pancreatitis, a disrupted pancreatic duct with pseudocyst caused by open surgical biopsy, and a disrupted pancreatic duct with fistula and resultant liver abscess. All 3 patients had metallic stents placed concomitantly in the biliary tract; one had enteral stents placed as well. Clinical and pathology records and imaging studies were reviewed retrospectively. Observations: In all cases, there was resolution of the specific clinical problem and reasonable survival (1.5 years in one patient). Conclusions: The use of self-expanding metallic stents for treatment of certain obstructive complications of pancreatic tumors is feasible and effective.
Black holes from extended inflation

Abstract It is argued that models of extended inflation, in which modified Einstein gravity allows a graceful exit from the false vacuum, lead to copious production of black holes. The critical temperature of the inflationary phase transition must be > 10 8 GeV in order to avoid severe cosmological problems in a universe dominated by black holes. We speculate on the possibility that the interiors of false vacuum regions evolve into baby universes.
Returns to formal and informal vocational education in Côte d'Ivoire: The role of the structure of the labor market

Abstract This paper compares graduates of the formal vocational and technical education (VTE) system in Cote d'Ivoire with those of informal apprenticeships, in terms of access to jobs, earnings, and the internal rate of return to investment in education. The structure of the labor market is explicitly considered in the analysis and the selection process into each segment is modelled. It is found that formal and informal VTE are not substitutes but prepare people for different careers. Within the “optimal” career path, each type of VTE carries similar returns. Promotion of informal VTE could increase society's returns to educational expenditures and contribute to realizing the employment creation potential of the informal sector.
Alterations in lower extremity movement and muscle activation patterns in individuals with knee osteoarthritis.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate lower extremity movement and muscle activation patterns in individuals with knee osteoarthritis and healthy age- and gender-matched control subjects. Design. This study utilized a non-randomized case-control design to compare 24 subjects with unilateral symptomatic knee osteoarthritis to 24 age- and gender-matched control subjects without knee osteoarthritis. Background. It is hypothesized that knee osteoarthritis is associated with altered lower extremity movement and muscle activation patterns. Methods. A gait analysis was performed to determine the lower extremity movement and muscle activation patterns when walking on a level surface at 1.12 to 1.34 m/s and while descending a 20 cm step. Paired t-tests were used to compare the average of five trials between the groups. Results. Subjects with knee osteoarthritis demonstrated less excursion of the knee in the sagittal plane from heelstrike to peak flexion before midstance (i.e. during loading). Subjects with knee osteoarthritis also demonstrated reduced peak vertical ground reaction forces relative to body weight. The muscle activity patterns were also different between the groups. The vastus lateralis, medial hamstrings, tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius were on approximately 1.5 times longer than the same muscles in the control subjects. Additionally, significant increases in muscle co-activation were also observed in individuals with knee osteoarthritis during walking. Similar findings were observed when the subject descended a 20 cm step. Relevance Individuals with knee osteoarthritis utilize different movement and muscle activation patterns when walking and descending a step. The alterations may interfere with the knee’s ability to dissipate loads, which could lead to progression of the disease.
Cavernous hemangioma of the conjunctiva

Congenital hemangiomas of the conjunctiva are extremely rare. We report the clinical, histopathologic and ultrastructural findings in a child with an isolated cavernous hemangioma of the conjunctiva. the clinical and pathologic features which help distinguish this lesion from a lymphangioma or other conjunctival tumors are discussed. the importance of ultrastructural analysis as a diagnostic tool in these rare lesions is emphasized.
Study of various RET for process margin improvement in 3Xnm DRAM contact

As the DRAM node shrinks down to its natural limit, photo lithography is encountering many difficulties. 3Xnm DRAM node seems to be the limit for ArF Immersion. Until the arrival of EUV, double patterning (DPT) or spacer double patterning (SPT) seems like the next solution. But the problem with DPT or SPT is that both increases process step their by increasing the final costs of the device. So limiting the use of DPT or SPT is very important for device fabrication. For 3Xnm DRAM, storage node is one of the candidates to eliminate DPT or SPT process. But this method may cost lower process margin and degradation of pattern image. So, solution to these problems is very crucial. In this study, we will realize storage node (SN) pattern for 3Xnm DRAM node with improved process margin. First we will discuss selection of illumination for optimal condition second, correction of the mask will be introduced. We will also talk about the usage of various RET such as model based assist feature. Value such as DOF, EL and CDU (critical dimension uniformity) will be evaluated and analyzed.
Weaving the Fabric of Planning as Education

This article explores planning education as a fabric. Over the past century, the central strands of planning knowledge and pedagogy have been remarkably consistent despite changing labels. Neverthe...
The Holinger/Easterlin cohort hypothesis about youth suicide and homicide rates

In the USA from 1933 to 1985, the suicide and homicide rates of youths aged 15 to 24 years were associated with the size of that cohort, independently of other social variables.
Vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema associated with a thickened and taut posterior hyaloid membrane.

Purpose To evaluate the surgical results in a series of patients with diabetic macular edema associated with traction from a thickened and taut posterior hyaloid membrane and to identify features associated with better visual outcome. Methods We reviewed the clinical records of ten consecutive patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy in one eye for diabetic macular edema that was preoperatively attributed to thickening and traction of the posterior hyaloid membrane. Results Best-corrected, preoperative visual acuity was 20/200 in seven eyes, 20/300 in one eye, and 20/400 in two eyes. Intraoperatively, seven patients were found to have an attached posterior hyaloid membrane which was thickened and taut. Among these seven patients, postoperative best-corrected visual acuity improved by six lines in two eyes, by five lines in one eye, by two lines in one eye, and remained within one line of preoperative visual acuity in three eyes. The other three patients had an epiretinal membrane simulating an attached and thickened posterior hyaloid membrane. Conclusions Vitrectomy effectively improved visual acuity in some eyes with diabetic macular edema associated with traction from a thickened and taut posterior hyaloid membrane. Despite careful preoperative examination with a fundus contact lens, however, in some patients it may be difficult to assess how the posterior hyaloid membrane contributes to the macular edema. In selected patients, early surgical intervention may be associated with better visual outcome.