cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taxonomy, Distribution, and Ecology of Galápagos Brachyura

This chapter constitutes an update of my “Littoral brachyuran fauna of the Galapagos Archipelago” (Garth, 1946a). Written 45 years ago, it dealt with a total of 120 species, 87 genera, and 15 families of “short-tailed” crabs, of which 44 species, 32 genera, and five families were reported for the first time from the Galapagos, largely as the result of five Hancock Expeditions (1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, and 1938) of which I was a member. Although I have not returned to the islands meanwhile, I have reviewed two important Galapagos collections: one made by Victor A. Zullo, resident systematist, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in January–February 1964, as a member of GISP (Galapagos International Scientific Program); the other by Gerard M. Wellington [University of Houston, Houston, Texas (formerly Charles Darwin Research Station, Isla Santa Cruz, Galapagos, from November 1973 to August 1975)], while laying the groundwork for the establishment of a marine national park (Wellington, 1976). As a result of these collections, generously donated to the Allan Hancock Foundation (AHF), eight species and four genera were added to the insular fauna.
Characteristics and outcomes of primary plasma cell leukemia in the era of novel agents: Single center experience.

8054Background: Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare and aggressive disease characterized by a clonal proliferation of plasma cells in bone marrow and blood. PCL can present as de novo disease with...
Taking Students' Learning Further, and Farther: Embedded Study Abroad in Paris

Developing an intensive global experience as part of a course comes with its own set of successes and challenges. We will address these, and weâll focus on resources, tips and ideas, lessons learned, as we move from the very first stage of the project to the post-program evaluation.
Electric Motor Noise from Small Quadcopters: Part 1 - Acoustic Measurements

There is increased interest in using electric motors to drive propulsors across a range of small air vehicle classes. Applications include both vertical lift and conventional takeoff and landing systems for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems. Mission profiles call for integrating these systems into urban airspaces exposing populated areas to new noise sources. In addition to the propulsor noise from rotors and propellers, electric motors are expected to contribute to the overall sound levels and possibly human annoyance. This work presents acoustic measurements of electric motors used for small quadcopters to characterize the sound and identify sources with and without a propeller. Free field microphone measurements were used to determine directivity and a phased microphone array was used to identify sound sources. A companion paper (Part II - Source Characteristics and Prediction) compares the far field results with current probe measurements of the signal driving the motor, the structural response of the motor case, and describes prediction methods of electric motor noise.
Emotion Recognition for Brain Machine Interface: Non-linear Spectral Analysis of EEG Signals Using Empirical Mode Decomposition

Emotions are a fundamental part of the human experience but currently there are no methods that can objectively detect and categorize them. This study utilizes the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method to categorize emotions from encephalography (EEG) recordings. In the past, EMD has proven to be a very useful signal analysis tool because of its ability to decompose nonstationary signals, like those from an EEG, into component signals with varying frequency content called intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). The method in this paper utilizes three features extracted from the IMFs–the first difference of time, the first difference of phase, and the normalized energy–for data categorization using support vector machine (SVM) classifiers. Two classifiers were trained for each subject, one for valence and another for arousal. The mean accuracies yielded for valence and arousal were 75.86% and 75.31%, respectively. The results of this study verify previous findings by other researchers that these three features are useful in emotion recognition when applied to previously recorded EEG data, though we add the caveat that subject-specific classifiers are needed instead of generalized, global classifiers.
Tau PET and multimodal brain imaging in patients at risk for chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Abstract Objective To characterize individual and group-level neuroimaging findings in patients at risk for Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). Methods Eleven male patients meeting criteria for Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome (TES, median age: 64) underwent neurologic evaluation, 3-Tesla MRI, and PET with [18F]-Flortaucipir (FTP, tau-PET) and [11C]-Pittsburgh compound B (PIB, amyloid-PET). Six patients underwent [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET (FDG, glucose metabolism). We assessed imaging findings at the individual patient level, and in group-level comparisons with modality-specific groups of cognitively normal older adults (CN). Tau-PET findings in patients with TES were also compared to a matched group of patients with mild cognitive impairment or dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Results All patients with TES sustained repetitive head injury participating in impact sports, ten in American football. Three patients met criteria for dementia and eight had mild cognitive impairment. Two patients were amyloid-PET positive and harbored the most severe MRI atrophy, FDG hypometabolism, and FTP-tau PET binding. Among the nine amyloid-negative patients, tau-PET showed either mildly elevated frontotemporal binding, a “dot-like” pattern, or no elevated binding. Medial temporal FTP was mildly elevated in a subset of amyloid-negative patients, but values were considerably lower than in AD. Voxelwise analyses revealed a convergence of imaging abnormalities (higher FTP binding, lower FDG, lower gray matter volumes) in frontotemporal areas in TES compared to controls. Conclusions Mildly elevated tau-PET binding was observed in a subset of amyloid-negative patients at risk for CTE, in a distribution consistent with CTE pathology stages III-IV. FTP-PET may be useful as a biomarker of tau pathology in CTE but is unlikely to be sensitive to early disease stages.
Predictive Model for Improvement of Spatial Visualization Skills

Improvement of spatial visualization skills is an objective that has been pursued at several academic institutions because it has been reported its positive relationship with STEM disciplines. Spatial visualization has been identified as an important competence for successful studies in the STEM fields. Several academic institutions have implemented a policy to have first-year students tested on such competence, and initiatives to improve visualization skills have been implemented mainly at those academic institutions. A standardized visualization test, which is accepted as indicator of spatial visualization skills, is utilized as an indicator to evaluate students. In this study the goal is to identify the most influential factors in the administered standardized test that will help in predicting test performance and score improvement, thus indicating adequate academic intervention. In this study the main factors are the specific question numbers in the standardized test (i.e., PSVT:R), and the academic intervention is material covered in a CAD course that focuses on improving spatial visualization skills.
Facilitating Change: Where and How Should Community Psychology Intervene?

Struggles over where and how to facilitate social change have remained central to the field of Community Psychology since its birth at Swampscott, Massachusetts in the spring of 1965. Difficult issues within the field, ranging from debates over empowerment versus prevention, to the challenges of culturally relevant intervention and the facilitation of community-wide change, all can be linked back to the two central questions of where and how. Community psychologists’ answers to these questions over the past 25 years reveal much about the values, assumptions, and practices of the field.
Electric System Cascade Analysis for Optimal Sizing of an Autonomous Photovoltaic Water Pumping System

Covering the necessary power for the stand-alone work of water pumping systems for irrigation using photovoltaic energy is the primary objective of this paper. To achieve this goal, we have adopted the Power Pinch Analysis as a guideline, and the method is based on the Electric System Cascade Analysis for the sizing of the water supply system, which necessarily contains photovoltaic panels and a storage tank.
Extinction, Deterritorialisation and End Times: Peak Deleuze

Have we reached what Alexander Galloway dismissively refers to as ‘peak Deleuze’? In this essay, I argue that the arrival at end times – with the sense of mass extinction and philosophy's exhaustio...
Conflict of Interest and Disqualification in the Federal Courts: Suggestions for Reform

Although federal judges do not run for election, over the last three decades the process of nomination and confirmation has become politicized to a disturbing degree. There is a real danger that the judges will come to be perceived not as dispassionate servants of the law but as political actors who pursue political or ideological agendas. One consequence of these developments is likely to be increased scrutiny of judges’ responses to motions to recuse. Here as in other aspects of the operations of the judiciary, “just trust us” is no longer sufficient. Two provisions of Title 28 of the United States Code deal with conflict of interest and the disqualification or recusal of federal judges. (“Disqualification” and “recusal” are generally treated as synonymous.) Section 144 establishes procedures for assuring that no case is heard by a district judge who “has a personal bias or prejudice” against or in favor of any party. Section 455 lays down elaborate rules to govern the disqualification of judges and avoid conflicts of interest. Because § 455 is so much broader in its definition of the circumstances that require disqualification (and for other reasons), it is invoked far more often than § 144. Overall, I believe that federal judges are quite sensitive to their ethical obligations, and that they generally recuse themselves from participation in cases when their impartiality might reasonably be questioned. But no system is perfect, and in this statement, submitted at a House Judiciary Committee hearing, I suggest two measures that can enhance transparency and help judges to avoid even the appearance of impropriety. First, judges should be encouraged to post “conflict lists,” including financial holdings, on their courts’ websites. Second, litigants should be given one opportunity to secure reassignment of a civil case to another judge. In colloquial terms, each side would have a right of “peremptory challenge.” I do not propose that a peremptory challenge procedure be incorporated into the Judicial Code at this time. Rather, I suggest that Congress implement the idea through a pilot or demonstration program. Specifically, the legislation would authorize peremptory challenges of judges in civil cases in a small number of large and medium-sized judicial districts for a limited time. Congress would ask the Federal Judicial Center to monitor the use of the procedure in the pilot districts and to report its findings to Congress and the Judicial Conference of the United States. Based on the findings, Congress would decide whether to expand the program, modify it, or allow it to die.
Unlocking the genetic complexity of congenital hydrocephalus.

Genome sequencing of patients with sporadic congenital hydrocephalus reveals mutations of large effect size indicative of a developmental origin for the disease.
Symmetric Representation of Stress and Strain in the Stroh Formalism and Physical Meaning of the Tensors L, S, L(θ) and S(θ)

The Stroh formalism for two-dimensional deformation of an anisotropic elastic material does not give the stress σij explicitly in a symmetric form. It does not give an explicit expression for the strain eij at al. Mantic and Paris [1] have recently derived an explicit symmetric representation of stress. We present here a new and elementary derivation that is more straight forward and transparent. The derivation does not require consideration of the surface traction or the normalization of the Stroh eigenvectors. The new derivation also provides an explicit symmetric representation of strain. Moreover, it allows us to deduce two of the three Barnett–Lothe tensors L, S [2] and the associated tensors L ( θ ), S ( θ ) [3], resulting in a physical interpretation of these tensors and the component ( L S )21.
Optimizing depth perception in virtual and augmented reality through gaze-contingent stereo rendering

Virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) displays crucially rely on stereoscopic rendering to enable perceptually realistic user experiences. Yet, existing near-eye display systems ignore the gaze-dependent shift of the no-parallax point in the human eye. Here, we introduce a gaze-contingent stereo rendering technique that models this effect and conduct several user studies to validate its effectiveness. Our findings include experimental validation of the location of the no-parallax point, which we then use to demonstrate significant improvements of disparity and shape distortion in a VR setting, and consistent alignment of physical and digitally rendered objects across depths in optical see-through AR. Our work shows that gaze-contingent stereo rendering improves perceptual realism and depth perception of emerging wearable computing systems.
Solid‐phase microextraction for the human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals: Current applications and future perspectives

Sample preparation is one of the crucial steps in the analytical chemistry including human biomonitoring studies. Although, there are several traditional approaches available, solid-phase microextraction is emerged as one of the pioneering techniques due to its simplicity, rapidness, wide applicability, and miniaturization of traditional sample preparation (e.g., use of less or no organic solvents). There are few earlier review articles available on the advancements in solid-phase microextraction and its use for the measurement of environmental chemicals in various types of environmental samples. However, a collective information on applicability and current usage of solid-phase microextraction for the human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals are scarce nonetheless rising demands on innovative analytical approaches for human biomonitoring studies. Hence, in this review article, we covered the application of solid-phase microextraction extraction/purification methods for more than 15 classes of environmental chemicals to assess their respective exposure levels and associated health outcomes in various human population reported across the globe. Further, a detailed discussion on various types of matrix used, nature of coupled analytical instrumentations, and limitations and future perspectives of solid-phase microextraction for human biomonitoring studies is presented in this review. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Psychometric properties of a new self-report measure of medical student stress using classic and modern test theory approaches

Medical students face significant stressors related to the intense rigors of their training and education. Accurate measurement of their stress is important to quickly identify, characterize and ameliorate these challenges. Existing measures have limitations that modern measurement approaches, such as item response theory (IRT), are able to address. This study presents the calibration and validation of a new IRT-based measure called the Medical Student Stress Scale (MSSS). Following rigorous measurement development procedures described elsewhere, the authors created and tested a pool of 35 items with 348 1st – 4th year medical students along with demographic and external validity measures. Psychometric analysis included exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, IRT modeling, and correlations with legacy measures. Of the original 35 items, 22 were retained based on their ability to discriminate, provide meaningful information, and perform well against legacy measures. The MSSS differentiated stress scores between male and female students, as well as between year in school. Developed with input from medical students, the MSSS represents a student-centered measurement tool that provides precise, relevant information about stress and holds potential for screening and outcomes-related applications.
Early factors associated with later conversion to multiple sclerosis in patients presenting with isolated myelitis.

Objective To identify early clinical and paraclinical factors that may help predict later conversion to multiple sclerosis (MS) in patients presenting with isolated myelitis (ie, ‘transverse myelitis’ without clinical or radiological evidence of inflammation/demyelination elsewhere in the central nervous system). Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we included patients with isolated myelitis who were followed clinically and radiologically at our specialised myelopathy clinic. We excluded patients with MS at the onset, aquaporin-4-IgG seropositivity, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG seropositivity or other identified aetiology. Logistic regression was used to identify factors predictive of conversion to MS (defined by the 2017 McDonald criteria). Results We included 100 patients, followed for a median of 4.3 years. Conversion to MS occurred in 25 of 77 patients (32%) with short-segment myelitis (longest lesion spanning Conclusions Short-segment MRI cord lesion(s), CSF-restricted OCB, younger age and longer follow-up are all factors predictive of conversion to MS in patients presenting with isolated myelitis.
Mapping the Central and Peripheral Projections of Lung Innervating Sensory Neurons

Abstract While best known as the gas exchange organ, the lung is also critical for sensing and responding to the aerosol environment in part through interaction with the nervous system. The rich diversity of lung innervating neurons remains poorly understood. Here, we interrogated the cell body location, projection pattern and targets of lung-innervating sensory neurons. Retrograde tracing from the lung labeled neurons primarily in the vagal ganglia, in a spatially distributed population expressing markers including Vglut2, Trpv1, Tac1, Calb1 or Piezo2. Centrally, they project to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem. Peripherally, they project along the branching airways and terminate on airway smooth muscles, vasculature including lymphatics, and selected alveoli. Notably, a discrete population of Calb1+ neurons preferentially innervate pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, a demonstrated airway sensor population. This comprehensive illustration of the properties of lung innervating sensory neurons serves as a foundation for understanding their function in lung.
Intact corticostriatal and altered subcortical circuits in chronic pain

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated the importance of the corticostriatal circuit in chronic pain. By focusing on nucleus accumbens (NAcc) circuits related to reward, we aimed to clarify how altered brain reward systems contribute to chronic pain. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared NAcc-medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) functional connectivity in patients with fibromyalgia vs. healthy controls. Among patients, we analyzed the extent to which functional connectivity correlated with clinical measures. We also examined NAcc functional connectivity to subcortical regions. Lastly, we compared our results to a separate dataset of patients with chronic back pain. We identified robust NAcc-MPFC functional connectivity among patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls, with no significant group differences. We found a positive correlational trend between NAcc-MPFC functional connectivity and total mood disturbance. Notably, patients with fibromyalgia showed significantly reduced functional connectivity of the right NAcc with mesolimbic circuit regions compared to controls. These results were largely similar to the results from the separate dataset. Our results provide novel evidence of intact corticostriatal but altered subcortical functional connectivity of the NAcc during resting-state in chronic pain and suggest that measured connectivity may relate to changes in mood and the level of cognitive demand during fMRI-based measurement. Perspective This article indicates complex brain valuation system alterations associated with chronic pain. Our findings expand our understanding of the valuation system and its relationship to clinical presentation in patients with fibromyalgia.
AN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER'S OPINION ABOUT LAGOONS

The lagoon waste disposal method will work adequately for the dairy producer if it is properly designed for a specific herd size and it is operated correctly. This paper describes the two lagoon systems-aerobic and anaerobic- and gives the design specifications for a 50 cow herd. The operations specifications and requirements are also given. The problem of waste handling from the present dairy producing herd is sheer immensity. If manure from cattle is to be used to advantage as fertilizer on the land it should be applied at specific times. This means that the manure must be stored for various lengths of time. Since storage facilities require considerable investment, the dairy producer hesitates to make the investment but will purchase commercial fertilizer. He is agreeable to a disposal method that simply lets the waste disappear. The lagoon is a method that if properly designed should let the natural biological process make the waste disappear.
Optical constants and band gap determination of Pb0.95La0.05Zr0.54Ti0.46O3 thin films using spectroscopic ellipsometry and UV-visible spectroscopy

Abstract We report the structural evolution and optical properties of lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) thin films prepared on Pt/TiO 2 /SiO 2 /Si substrates by chemical solution deposition. X-ray diffraction demonstrates the post-deposition annealing induced crystallization for PLZT films annealed in a temperature ( T a ) range of 550–750 °C. PLZT films annealed at higher temperature exhibit polycrystalline structure along with larger grain size. Optical band gap ( E g ) values determined from UV–visible spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) for PLZT films were found to be in the range of 3.5–3.8 eV. E g decreases with increasing T a . The optical constants and their dispersion profiles for PLZT films were also determined from SE analyses. PLZT films show an index of refraction in the range of 2.46–2.50 ( λ = 632.8 nm) with increase in T a . The increase in refractive index at higher T a is attributed to the improved packing density and crystallinity with the temperature.
Stock Price Response to News of Securities Fraud Litigation: Market Efficiency and the Slow Diffusion of Costly Information

This study distinguishes between announcements that precipitate federal class action securities fraud litigation, such as earnings surprises and restatements, and the later announcement that an issuer has been named as a defendant in such a lawsuit. The study documents a statistically significant negative short-term price response to the litigation announcement as well as a negative response that persists for several weeks subsequent to the litigation announcement. The response over shorter and longer horizons is more pronounced for smaller firms and for firms with less analyst coverage. Also, passage of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 reduced the cost of obtaining information about the initiation of these lawsuits and is correlated with a more rapid price response, particularly among smaller issuers and those with less analyst coverage. Although these findings are hardly dispositive of the debate, they present a case study of a price pattern that is far more consistent with a costly-information explanation of stock market price formation than with any behavioral model of which we are aware. These findings also suggest that careful examination of market microstructure and information cost considerations can usefully explain patterns that might otherwise seem inconsistent with the efficient market hypothesis.
The Impact of Institutional Ownership on Dividends - An Agency Theory Based Analysis

This study addresses the debate over the relation between institutional ownership and dividend payout through the lens of the agency theory. We hypothesize that only institutional investors with certain traits are likely to monitor and conditioning on firms’ financial performance, they will use dividend payout to mitigate the firms’ agency problems. We find the following supporting evidence: (1) there is a positive relation between lagged long-term and concentrated institutional ownership and dividend payout ratio; (2) the positive relation is more salient when the firm has high agency costs; and (3) the positive relation is more salient when external monitoring is weak. These findings support the monitoring role of institutional investors and dividend payout as an ad hoc monitoring device. We document the interactions of dividend payout with other monitoring mechanisms that are consistent with the predictions from both outcome and substitution models based on agency theory.
False-Positive Stool Occult Blood Tests Caused by Iron Preparations A Controlled Study and Review of Literature

Stools from 10 male volunteers were tested by Hemoccult and Hematest occult blood methods after the ingestion of ferrous sulfate and ferrous gluconate. The volunteers served as their own controls. The Hemoccult methods had 65% and 50% falsepositive reactions while the Hematest had 25% and 65% false-positive reactions after ferrous sulfate and ferrous gluconate, respectively. In vitro testing confirmed that ferrous compounds caused a false-positive Hemoccult slide reaction. Previous studies of the effect of medicinal iron on occult blood tests are reviewed.
A modal ambiguity in for-infinitival relative clauses

This squib presents two puzzles related to an ambiguity found in for-infinitival relative clauses (FIRs). FIRs invariably receive a modal interpretation even in the absence of any overt modal verb. The modal interpretation seems to come in two distinct types, which can be paraphrased by finite relative clauses employing the modal auxiliaries should and could. The two puzzles presented here arise because the availability of the two readings is constrained by factors that are not otherwise known to affect the interpretation of a relative clause. Specifically, we show, first, that “strong” determiners require the FIR to be interpreted as a SHOULD-relative while “weak” determiners allow both interpretations (the Determiner-Modal Generalization). Secondly, we observe that the COULD-interpretation requires a raising (internally headed) structure for the FIR, while the SHOULD-interpretation is compatible with either a raising or a more standard matching (externally headed) structure (the Raising/Matching Generalization).
Clarity from Confusion: Using intended interactions to design information systems

Two tools are described that help designers visualize the structure of a system in the requirements phase of a project. First, a matrix is constructed that represents the tendency of components to interact. The matrix is derived from sequence diagrams, which in turn are based on textual scenarios. This interaction matrix is transformed into a structure plot of the system, showing a graph of the essential connections between actors. Second, this same matrix is used to generate a sequence plot: a sequence diagram optimized for problem-solving. We illustrate the effectiveness of this approach, first with a simulation study, and later with a participant-based study of inference from diagrams. The results suggest that a similarity-based approach to information systems design can generate new testable tools. Pragmatically, the tools help novices and experts alike by automatically generating candidate system configurations in the form of structural diagrams, and by generating better sequence diagrams.
Steric effects in electron transfer reactions: Part II. Rates of reduction of cobalt(III) (pentaalkylamine)(aquo) complexes at mercury and platinum electrodes

Abstract Rates of reduction for complexes with the general formula Co(III)(R-NH2)5(H2O)3+ where R=H, CH3, n-C3H7 and n-C4H9 have been measured in aqueous 0.2 M KPF6 at mercury electrodes using de and normal pulse polarography and at platinum electrodes using rotating disk voltammetry. The complexes with larger amine ligands are reduced at more positive potentials at both electrodes. The reduction of each complex occurs at more positive potentials at platinum than at mercury electrodes; furthermore, the addition of KI to the electrolyte causes positive shifts in the waves at both electrodes. At mercury electrodes, the complexes derived from larger alkylamines exhibit transfer coefficients that are much greater than 0.5. Trends in the rate constants for the homogeneous reduction of the Co(III) complexes by V2+ and Cr2+ exhibit a smaller dependence on the size of the alkylamine ligands than is expected from the electrochemical data.
Risk Transfer and Insurance: Insurability Concepts and Programs for Covering Extreme Events

This article discusses factors that determine the insurability of a risk and the extent of coverage offered by the private sector to provide protection against events where there is a low probability of a catastrophic loss. Such extreme events include natural disasters, catastrophic industrial accidents, and large-scale terrorism. We begin the discussion by focusing, for several reasons, on insurance for natural hazards, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods. First, natural disasters have been studied for many years. Second, the concepts that define insurability of natural disasters are also applicable to other disasters. The article then discusses how federal and state governments in the United States have contributed to supplementing private insurance in dealing with catastrophe risks. Keywords: insurance; coverage; natural disasters; catastropic loss; risks; premiums
Aunando Colaboración Con Una Gestión Más Eficaz: Comentario Del Artículo De Heckscher Y Martin-Rios (Linking Collaboration with Improved Administration: A Commentary on Heckscher and Martin-Rios’ Article)

Actualmente, existen pocas dudas sobre la necesidad acuciante de transformacion a la que se enfrenta el actual modelo organizativo universitario, tal y como apuntan los profesores Heckscher y Martin-Rios. El argumento principal de su articulo apunta a que el modelo gremial sobre el que se funda ha prescrito. La respuesta mas comun en estos tiempos es virar hacia un modelo administrativo-burocratico que mejore la eficiencia y capacidad de control del sistema. En este sentido, la aportacion de los autores al debate actual es importante, sobre todo en lo que respecta a arrojar luz sobre la paradoja en la que se construye esta solucion: las universidades caminan hacia un modelo clasico jerarquico-burocratico de gestion en el momento actual en el cada vez son mas las corporaciones que han descubierto sus limitaciones y buscan alternativas en los modelos colaborativos basados en equipos multidisciplinares. La tesis de Heckscher y Martin-Rios es que las universidades deberian superar los modelos gremiales de las profesiones artesanales y afrontar los retos de un modelo colaborativo alrededor de multiples stakeholders en el que los proveedores de servicios (academicos) y los receptores (estudiantes, empresas, instituciones publicas y la sociedad en general) trabajen juntos para disenar y ofertar una agenda educativa unificada.There is little doubt that higher education is under pressure to transform as outlined succinctly by Heckscher, Martin‐Rios and Adler. They argue that the “guild” model on which they are built is outlived. The common response in recent times is a shift to an administrative/bureaucratic model to improve efficiency and responsiveness. The authors make an important point by highlighting the inherent paradox of this solution: right as corporations moved away from hierarchy and bureaucracy towards a collaborative model of teamwork, universities would be ill advised to implement a purely administrative solution. Instead, Heckscher et al. argue, universities should move from rigid “guild” structures towards a collaborative stakeholder model where customers and suppliers work together to design and deliver a shared educational agenda.
Autonomous parvovirus LuIII encapsidates equal amounts of plus and minus DNA strands

Autonomous parvoviruses are thought to uniquely encapsidate single-stranded DNA of minus polarity. In contrast, the defective adeno-associated viruses separately encapsidate equal amounts of plus and minus DNA strands. We reexamined the uniqueness of minus strand encapsidation for the autonomous parvoviruses. Although we found that Kilham rat virus and H-1 virus encapsidate varying but small amounts of complementary-strand DNA, it was unexpected to find that LuIII virus encapsidated equal amounts of plus and minus DNA. The extracted LuIII DNA possessed properties of double-stranded replicative-form DNA, including insensitivity to S1 endonuclease, cleavage by restriction enzymes, and conversion to unit-length, single-stranded DNA when electrophoresed under denaturing conditions. However, the inability of this DNA to form single-stranded DNA circles when denatured and then renatured in the presence of formamide and the lack of double-stranded DNA circle formation after treatment with exonuclease III and reannealing shows a lack of sequence homology of the 3' and 5' termini of LuIII DNA, in contrast to adeno-associated virus DNA. Digestion of LuIII double-stranded DNA with EcoRI and HincII and separation of plus and minus DNA strands on composite agarose-acrylamide gels identified a heterogeneity present only in the plus DNA strand. These results suggest that strand specificity of viral DNA encapsidation is not a useful property for differentiation between the autonomous and defective parvoviruses. Furthermore, encapsidation by LuIII of equal amounts of complementary DNA strands in contrast to encapsidation of minus strands by H-1 virus, when propagated in the same host cell type, suggests that selection of strands for encapsidation is a virus-coded rather than host-controlled event.
Religious Culture, Democratisation and Patterns OfTechnological Innovation

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the interaction among technological innovation, democratisation and predominant religious culture of countries, as well as some critical socio-economic determinants of technological outputs. The findings show that countries with a predominance of the Protestant, Jewish and Eastern religions have technological performance higher than countries with other predominant religious cultures. In addition, the statistical evidence, in general, confirms de facto the hypothesis that higher religious fractionalisation, ceteris paribus, may support innovative outputs, in particular among the richer and more democratic countries, which are mainly located in the European and North-American geo-economic areas.
Probe dependency of segmental interaction parameters in copolymers by inverse gas chromatography

Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) has been widely used to determine the Flory-Huggins parameter, χ, between two polymers using a series of solutes as probes. Many studies showed that interaction parameters were probe dependent. In recent studies, it was proposed that the difference in interaction energy between functional groups of solutes and solvent mixtures could lead to an apparent solvent solubility parameter different from the volume average of the components. An equation was derived to relate the probe dependency to the deviation of the solubility parameter. By plotting ϕ2ϕ3RT(χ23/V2) vs. the solubility parameter of solutes, a straight line could be obtained with a slope proportional to the deviation of the solvent solubility parameter. The plot was shown to yield negative slopes for miscible polymer blends. When there was an unfavorable interaction between two solvents, an opposite situation would be observed. In this study, the method was tested in two copolymer systems, and the copolymers were considered as mixtures of two homopolymers. The plots showed straight lines with positive slopes when χ23 was positive. The technique was shown to apply to copolymer systems also. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Inhibition of intrathecally administered picrotoxin- and bicuculline-induced convulsions in mice by pipecolic acid or GABA.

Pipecolic acid (PA) is an alicyclic amino acid and putative neurotransmitter which may modulate GABAergic transmission in the central nervous system. The present study was designed to investigate the anticonvulsant effect of intrathecally (i.t.) injected PA on picrotoxin- and bicuculline-induced convulsions which are thought to be produced by interactions with GABAergic systems. Intrathecal injections of picrotoxin and bicuculline in mice produced convulsions which were characterized by a rapid onset and short duration. Coadministration of GABA with either bicuculline or picrotoxin, but not strychnine, attenuated the severity of the convulsions. Coadministration of PA also protected against bicuculline- and picrotoxin-induced convulsions. Intrathecal injections of PA produced a dose-related increase in the latency to the onset of these convulsions as well as a decrease in their duration, however PA failed to inhibit the duration of strychnine-induced seizures. The D isomer of PA was found to be more effective than the L isomer as an anticonvulsant in this study. When administered in a high dose (500 micrograms i.t.), the D isomer produced flaccid paralysis while injection of high doses (100-500 micrograms i.t.) of the L isomer actually elicited convulsions. These results further support an interaction between PA and GABAergic activity.
Lasting effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on the electroencephalogram, event related potentials, and locomotor activity in the rat.

Abstract Tobacco smoking initiated during adolescence is often associated with rapid onset of dependence and difficulty in maintaining abstinence. Animal models have demonstrated that adolescent nicotine exposure causes cell death and altered neurochemistry in the cortex and hippocampus; however, little is known about the neurophysiological consequences of adolescent nicotine exposure in the adult. The primary objective of this study was to assess the consequences of adolescent nicotine exposure on the adult electroencephalogram (EEG) and event-related potentials. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were administered nicotine (5.0 mg/kg per day) for 5 days between postnatal days 35 and 40 using transdermal nicotine patches. Following 6–7 weeks of nicotine withdrawal, EEG activity and event related potentials were assessed. Motor activity and sucrose preference were also examined during the nicotine withdrawal period. Additionally, a set of rats was exposed to multiple doses of nicotine for a single day to assess nicotine and cotinine blood levels. Transdermal nicotine produced nicotine (88±21.5 ng/ml) and cotinine (647.6±123.2 ng/ml) levels comparable to those previously reported. Reduced motor activity, decreased 1–4 Hz power in the cortical electroencephalogram, and increased cortical N1 amplitude were observed in nicotine-exposed rats compared to controls. These data demonstrate that transdermal nicotine patches provide an effective and non-invasive nicotine delivery system for the adolescent rat. The combined neurophysiological and locomotor activity changes observed in nicotine-exposed rats demonstrate that adolescent nicotine exposure has lasting neurobehavioral consequences. These changes may be indicative of a lasting ‘nicotine abstinence syndrome’ characterized by increased arousal, anxiety, or emotionality.
Polypeptide composition of fraction I protein from Nicotiana glauca and from cultivars of Nicotiana tabacum, including a male sterile line

The polypeptide compositions of fraction I protein isolated from six collections of Nicotiana glauca and from ten cultivars of N. tabacum, as well as a polyploid series and a male sterile line, have been analyzed by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel slabs containing 8 m urea. Apart from the male sterile line, none of the plants showed any variation from the species pattern of polypeptides. Fraction I protein from the male sterile Burley 21 cultivar of N. tabacum contained the two small subunit polypeptides of N. tabacum and the three large subunit polypeptides of an Australian species, probably N. megalosiphon. This indicates a changed chloroplast genome in the male sterile line in comparison to the normal fertile N. tabacum.
Analytical Prediction Techniques for Axisymmetric Flow in Gas Labyrinth Seals

Labyrinth seals are commonly found in turbines and compressors. Their objective is to control gas leakage from high pressure regions to low pressure regions. The correct prediction and control of this leakage is crucial for the efficient and economic operation of turbomachinery. In this paper we present approaches for obtaining the above prediction in a simple analytical and explicit method. Both constant and pressure dependent flow coefficients are incorporated in the present study which extends to the higher inlet/outlet pressure differences. The results obtained with our methods compare favorably with the ones obtained by both numerical and experimental techniques. In many cases there is hardly a distinction between our results and the numerical prediction.
Comparison of ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid with cefoxitin in the treatment of female pelvic infection

Ninety-three female patients with post-cesarean endometritis, post-hysterectomy pelvic cellulitis, and other miscellaneous moderately severe pelvic soft-tissue infections were treated in a randomized fashion with either ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid or cefoxitin. Of the 47 patients treated with ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid, 38 had clinical cures, four showed improvement, therapy failed in three, and two were nonevaluable, for a failure rate of 6.7 percent. Of the 46 patients treated with cefoxitin, 33 had clinical cures, five showed improvement, therapy failed in seven, and one was nonevaluable, for a failure rate of 15.6 percent. Bacteriologically, the addition of clavulanic acid to ticarcillin was found to broaden the antibacterial spectrum to include some Escherichia coli, most Klebsiella, many coagulase-negative staphylococci, and all isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Adverse reactions were few, with only one patient having therapy with cefoxitin discontinued because of side effects. It is concluded that ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid is quite suitable for antibiotic therapy of female pelvic soft-tissue infection, based on the (expanded) coverage of both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial species.
Teaching, Technology, and Support in the New Millennium: A Guide for New Community College Teachers

Beginning community college faculties have many responsibilities associated with teaching. Technology can alter and enhance some of the traditional expectations for teaching and learning. New professionals will benefit by becoming familiar with existing and new technology and by recognizing the college mechanisms and support systems available to them including mentors, faculty, and staff.
c-Fos and Related Immediate Early Gene Products as Markers of Activity in Neuroendocrine Systems

Expression of c-Fos, or other immediate early gene products, by individual neurons can be used as a marker of cell activation, making staining of these proteins an extremely useful technique for functional anatomical mapping of neuroendocrine systems. Because these proteins are located in the nucleus, identification of the phenotype of the activated neuron using substances located within the cytoplasm can be accomplished with standard double-labeling immunocytochemical techniques. Although it is clear that neurons have the capacity to express a number of immediate early gene products, what remains to be established is whether there is a different pattern of expression following various stimuli. In our studies, we focus primarily on expression of one immediate early gene product, the c-Fos protein. We also include some experiments using expression of other members of the Fos family and Jun proteins as markers for neuronal activation. Our studies describe uses of c-Fos expression in both parvocellular and magnocellular hypothalamic systems to address the following issues: (a) identification of neuroendocrine cells activated by specific treatments and conditions, (b) ascertainment of functional differences in subpopulations activated by specific stimuli, (c) evaluation of neuronal activity in complex areas containing multiple neuroendocrine systems, (d) identification of other brain areas activated in conjunction with neuroendocrine systems following specific stimuli, (e) analysis of connectivity of activated neuroendocrine systems with other parts of the brain, and (f) identification of stimuli that decrease neuronal activity. The neuroendocrine systems studied include those that secrete arginine vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OT), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), and dopamine (DA). The use of c-Fos expression has permitted functional neuroanatomical mapping of these systems in response to specific stimuli such as cholecystokinin (CCK), hyperosmolality, and volume depletion, or during various physiological states such as the proestrous ovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge and lactation. Although the use of c-Fos as a marker of neuronal activation will continue to be an extremely powerful technique, future studies will also be directed at relating immediate early gene expression to changes in neuroendocrine gene expression. To this end, we have shown that both c-Fos and c-Jun are expressed in neuroendocrine neurons in response to a number of stimuli, setting the stage for potential regulatory drive to genes containing AP-1 binding sites.
Effects of independent outcome-values of past events upon subsequent choices

Choices made by human Ss in two experiments showed that their beliefs as to which of two alternative outcomes of a probabilistic event had occurred in the past were affected by the preference values that these outcomes possessed prior to the occurrence of the event.
Infrared Imaging Results of an Excited Planar Jet

Planar jets are used for many applications including heating, cooling, and ventilation. Generally, a planar jet provides good mixing within an enclosure. In building applications, the jet provides both thermal comfort and adequate indoor air quality. Increased mixing rates may reduce short circuiting of conditioned air, eliminate dead zones within the occupied zone, reduce energy costs, increase occupant comfort, and increase indoor air quality. This article discusses how an infrared imaging system was used to demonstrate how jet excitation affected the spread angle and the jet mixing efficiency. Infrared imaging captures a large number of data points in real time (over 50,000 data points per image) providing significant advantages over single-point measurements. The authors used a mesh screen with a time constant of approximately 0.3 seconds as a target for the infrared camera to detect temperature variations in the jet. The infrared images show that excitation of the jet caused increased jet spread. Digital data reduction and analysis show changes in jet isotherms and quantify the increased mixing caused by excitation.