cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negative intrinsic resistivity of an individual domain wall in epitaxial (Ga,Mn)As microdevices.

Magnetic domains, and the boundaries that separate them (domain walls, DWs), play a central role in the science of magnetism1. Understanding and controlling domains is important for many technological applications in spintronics, and may lead to new devices. Although theoretical efforts have elucidated several mechanisms underlying the resistance of a single DW, various experiments report conflicting results, even for the overall sign of the DW resistance. The question of whether an individual DW gives rise to an increase or decrease of the resistance therefore remains open. Here we report an approach to DW studies in a class of ferromagnetic semiconductors (as opposed to metals) that offer promise for spintronics. These experiments involve microdevices patterned from monocrystalline (Ga,Mn)As epitaxial layers. The giant planar Hall effect that we previously observed in this material enables direct, real-time observation of the propagation of an individual magnetic DW along multiprobe devices. We apply steady and pulsed magnetic fields, to trap and carefully position an individual DW within each separate device studied. This protocol reproducibly enables high-resolution magnetoresistance measurements across an individual wall. We consistently observe negative intrinsic DW resistance that scales with channel width. This appears to originate from sizeable quantum corrections to the magnetoresistance.
The organization of reticulo-olivo-cerebellar circuits in the North American opossum

Summary By employing the autoradiographic method we have determined that the inferior olivary nucleus receives input from the reticular formation of the midbrain, pons and, probably, the medulla. The remarkable thing about such connections is that they are not diffuse, but targeted in large part on restricted portions of the caudal accessory nuclei. From our previous studies it is clear that some of the olivary regions receiving reticular input also receive projections from the cerebral cortex, the spinal cord and the dorsal column nuclei. In addition, the HRP technique reveals that these same olivary regions relay to parts of the spinal cerebellum, i.e. to restricted zones of the anterior lobe (present study). Taken together these observations suggest that some reticulo-olivo-cerebellar connections provide indirect routes through which cortical and spinal information gains access to the spinal cerebellum. Such circuits have also been suggested by the physiological literature. Of particular interest, however, was our finding that several reticular areas of the midbrain and pons project to that portion of the medial accessory nucleus which relays in turn to auditory-visual areas of the cerebellar vermis (declive, folium and tuber). It would appear that at least some reticulo-olivo-cerebellar circuits are significant in the organization of motor responses to visual and/or auditory stimuli.
STUDIES ON THE VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES AND INTENSITIES OF PRIMARY ALKYL RADICALS, CH3(CH2)NCH2., FOR N=1-6

Extensive ab initio calculations for the vibrational frequencies and infrared intensities are reported for the optimized geometries of some primary alkyl radicals, CH3(CH2)nCH2•, for n = 1−6. These are compared with experimental infrared spectra for the authentic radicals for n = 1−3. The theoretical calculations together with experimental data are used to assign the characteristic absorption bands of the experimental vibrational spectra.
Social Support Predicts Perceived Cultural Salience of Prosocial Ideas but not Normativeness of Prosocial Behaviour

AbstractThe present study tests the hypothesis that the degree of perceived availability of social support predicts one’s perception of prosocial ideas as salient to one’s cultural group. Using both qualitative and quantitative methodology, cognitive data associated with prosocial ideas (formulated as values and norms) in Swedish society, including their structure, accessibility in recall and intergenerational transmission, as well as information on social support and psychological health status were collected during 2008-2009 in Skane, Sweden. In regression analysis consistent predictive effects of social support were found for values but not for norms. Endorsement of norms (both prosocial and pro-self) was strongly affected by measurements of emotional and cognitive empathy, and by one’s general beliefs in human goodness. Implications for studying social learning mechanisms and exploration of the properties of norms relevant to the co-evolution of human culture and sociality are discussed.
Battery modeling based on the coupling of electrical circuit and computational fluid dynamics

A new battery model by coupling electrical circuit and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is proposed. It provides the insight of electrical performance as well as the temperature distribution of a battery pack. The model is potentially suitable for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)/ electric vehicle (EV) battery modeling because of the high power and high temperature nature of these applications.
Takeup, social multipliers and optimal social insurance

Abstract This paper examines the optimal provision of unemployment insurance (UI) in a framework that accounts for behavioral responses along both the intensive and extensive margins. Two formulations of takeup are considered: in the first, individuals face a takeup cost that is exogenous; in the second, the cost depends endogenously on the takeup rate. Such endogenous costs to takeup lead to a social multiplier, a reduced-form parameter summarizing the strength of social interactions. This paper derives a formula for the optimal replacement rate in terms of the takeup and duration elasticities, and the social multiplier. The formula is applied by estimating the social multiplier using policy variation in UI benefit levels. The results suggest that social multiplier effects account for 35% of the total effect of UI on takeup and yield an optimal replacement rate around 60% of pre-unemployment wages, 20% higher than previous estimates.
Social referencing and the security of attachment

The second episode of the Strange Situation procedure was used to study individual differences in infants' social referencing and relationships to the security of attachment. This 3-min episode entails interaction with an unfamiliar adult in which infants may seek emotional cues from mother. Forty-three 19 1/2 -month-old infants were observed. From videotaped records, the security of attachment was assessed using Ainsworth's criteria. For episode 2, minute-by-minute ratings of infant referencing and proximity to mother, and the quality of maternal utterances (to assess maternal emotional cuing) were performed. Referencing declined throughout the episode and was negatively related to proximity. A marginally significant (p
Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land plants

A survey of 659 papers mostly published since 1987 was conducted to compile a checklist of mycorrhizal occurrence among 3,617 species (263 families) of land plants. A plant phylogeny was then used to map the mycorrhizal information to examine evolutionary patterns. Several findings from this survey enhance our understanding of the roles of mycorrhizas in the origin and subsequent diversification of land plants. First, 80 and 92% of surveyed land plant species and families are mycorrhizal. Second, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is the predominant and ancestral type of mycorrhiza in land plants. Its occurrence in a vast majority of land plants and early-diverging lineages of liverworts suggests that the origin of AM probably coincided with the origin of land plants. Third, ectomycorrhiza (ECM) and its derived types independently evolved from AM many times through parallel evolution. Coevolution between plant and fungal partners in ECM and its derived types has probably contributed to diversification of both plant hosts and fungal symbionts. Fourth, mycoheterotrophy and loss of the mycorrhizal condition also evolved many times independently in land plants through parallel evolution.
Satisfied and Dissatisfied Students

Satisfaction toward school was assessed by means of a 60-item questionnaire and was related to measures of academic success, intellectual ability, social, class, and personal values. For the total sample of 258 high school juniors, there was no significant relation between their evaluation of school experiences and their achievement, as measured by standardized tests and teachers' grades. Teachers rated satisfied students as less impulsive and more responsible than average students. The teachers' ratings also revealed a marked positive bias in favor of girls. Extreme groups on the satisfaction measures were compared and tentative explanations are offered for some of the major differences.
Parathion and diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) toxicity in partially hepatectomized rats.

Abstract The toxic effects of parathion and DFP in male rats either increased or remained unchanged after partial hepatectomy. LD 50 values and blood cholinesterase activities were used as indices of toxicity. These results suggest that parathion toxicity is most likely not due to hepatic conversion of parathion to paraoxon.
Pharmacy and the Industry: A National Organization Perspective

SUMMARYNational pharmacy associations have worked with pharmaceutical manufacturers on a variety of programs and projects across the decades. Resources provided by the industry serve to support education, public relations programs, and special projects aimed at pharmacists and the general public. A variety of forces, including economic and political factors, have influenced how these collaborations are designed and the types of projects undertaken. Over time, the relationships and projects have changed from an “industry relations” strategy to more of a “return on investment” strategy. The industry and pharmacy organizations have much to gain by working together to help those who don't understand the value of well-designed and competently managed drug treatment plans to realize that medications are more than just a commodity to be acquired at the lowest possible price.
Retrograde fluids in the Archean Shawmere anorthosite, Kapuskasing Structural Zone, Ontario, Canada

The Archean Shawmere anorthosite lies within the granulite facies portion of the Kapuskasing Structural Zone (KSZ), Ontario, and is crosscut by numerous linear alteration veins containing calcite + quartz ± dolomite ± zoisite ± clinozoisite ± margarite ±paragonite ± chlorite. These veins roughly parallel the trend of the Ivanhoe Lake Cataclastic Zone. Equilibria involving clinozoisite + margarite + quartz ± calcite ± plagioclase show that the vein minerals were stable at T 0.9. Thus, vein formation, while clearly retrograde, spanned a range of temperatures, and fluid compositions evolved from H2O-rich to CO2-rich. The calcite in the retrograde veins has δ18O values that range from 8.4 to 11.2‰ (average = +9.7 ± 0.9‰) and δ13C values that range from −3.9 to −1.6‰ (average = −3.1 ± 0.6‰). These values indicate that the fluids from which calcite precipitated underwent extensive exchange with the anorthosite and other crustal lithologies. The fluids may have been initially derived either from devolatilization of metamorphic rocks or crystallization of igneous rocks in the adjacent Abitibi subprovince. Vein quartz contains CO2-rich fluid inclusions (final melting T = −57.0 to −58.7 °C) that range in size from 5 to 17 μm. Measured homogenization temperatures (T h) range from −44.0 to 14.5 °C, however for most inclusions (46 of S1), T h = −44.0 to −21.1 °C (ρCO2 ≈ 1.13 to 1.05 g/cm3). At 400 to 600 °C, these densities correspond to pressures of 3.5 to 7 kbar, which is the best estimate of pressures of vein formation. It has been argued that some high density CO2-rich fluid inclusions found in the KSZ were formed during peak metamorphism and thus document the presence of a CO2-rich fluid during peak granulite facies metamorphism (Rudnick et al. 1984). The association of high density CO2-rich fluid inclusions with clearly retrograde veins documents the formation of similar composition and density inclusions after the peak of metamorphism. Thus, the coincidence of entrapment pressures calculated from fluid inclusion density measurements with peak metamorphic pressures alone should not be considered strong evidence for peak metamorphic inclusion entrapment. All fluid inclusion results are consistent with an initially semi-isobaric retrograde P–T path.
U →∞ problem for a finite hole concentration: A bosonization approach for the normal-state high- T c superconductors

The Hubbard model in the strong coupling limit is considered in two dimensions. A bosonization method based on the extention of the Jordan-Wigner transformation to particles with spin and no double occupancy is introduced. We find that at [ital T]=0 a Fermi liquid exists and superconductivity appears. For a finite temperature and finite doping a normal state populated with vortices exists. As a result, we have a normal state with separated charge- and spin-density-wave excitations. Formally those excitations can be described with the help of the [ital Luttinger][minus][ital liquid] representation. In the second part we parametrize the Fermi surface by a set of [ital N] points. Around each point we describe the Fermi surface excitations by holons and spinons and find a set of [ital N]-coupled Luttinger channels. At [ital T]=0 we have space-time tunneling of electric charges which destroys the Luttinger liquid in favor of a Fermi liquid. At [ital T][ne]0 or [ital LT][r arrow][infinity] ([ital L] is the size of the system) tunneling of electric charges might be prohibited giving rise to gapless excitations. In the last part we consider the case with a commensurate frozen flux in the ground state. As a result we find that themore » excitations are semions.« less
Flow replacement bypass for aneurysms: decision-making using intraoperative blood flow measurements

There is much debate regarding the optimal strategy for extracranial–intracranial (EC–IC) bypass for complex aneurysms. We introduce the concept of a flow replacement bypass which aims to compensate for loss of flow in the efferent vessels of the aneurysm. The strategy to achieve this utilizes direct intraoperative flow measurements to guide optimal revascularization by matching graft flow to demand. We reviewed all EC–IC bypass cases performed over a 6-year period. We identified cases in which intraoperative flow measurements using an ultrasonic flow probe were utilized to determine the revascularization strategy and analyzed the decision-making paradigm. Twenty-three cases were analyzed. For terminal aneurysms, flow measurement in the affected vessel at baseline predicted the flow required for full replacement: middle cerebral artery (MCA), 50 ± 25 cc/min (n = 9); posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), 13 ± 7 cc/min (n = 4); posterior cerebral artery (PCA), 33 cc/min (n = 1); and superior cerebellar artery (SCA), 10 cc/min (n = 1). For proximal internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms (n = 8), the flow deficit from baseline during carotid temporary occlusion was measured (26 ± 18 cc/min, an average of 44% drop from baseline). The adequacy of flow from the superficial temporal artery (STA) or occipital artery (OA), when available, was assessed prior to bypass, and STA, OA, or vein interposition grafts were used accordingly. Measurement of bypass flow following anastomosis confirmed not only patency but sufficient flow in all cases: MCA 50 ± 25 cc/min, PICA 18 ± 9 cc/min, PCA 64 cc/min, SCA 12 cc/min, ICA 36 ± 25 cc/min (STA), and >200 cc/min (vein). Direct intraoperative measurement of flow deficit in aneurysm surgery requiring parent vessel sacrifice can guide the choice of flow replacement graft and confirm the subsequent adequacy of bypass flow.
Application of computational chemistry methods to the prediction of chirality and helical twisting power in liquid crystal systems

Until recently, it has not been possible to determine, with any real certainty, a complete picture of chirality (absolute configuration, optical rotation direction, and helical twisting power) for new chiral compounds without first synthesizing, purifying, characterizing, and testing every new material. Recent advances in computational chemistry now allow the prediction of certain key chiral molecular properties prior to synthesis, which opens the possibility of predetermining the chiroptical properties of new liquid crystal dopants and mixtures for advanced optical and photonics applications. A key element to this activity was the development of both the chirality index (Go) by Osipov et al., and the scaled chirality index (G 0S ) by Solymosi et al., that can be used as a figure of merit for molecular chirality. Promising correlations between G 0S and both circular dichroism (CD) and the helical twisting power (HTP) of a chiral dopant in a liquid crystal host have been shown by Neal et al., Osipov, and Kuball. Our work improves the predictive capabilities of G 0S by taking into account the actual mass of each atom in the molecule in the calculations; in previous studies the mass of each atom was assumed to be equal. This weighted scaled chirality index (G 0SW ) was calculated and correlated to existing experimental HTP data for each member of a series of existing, well-known chiral compounds. The computed HTP using G 0SW for these model systems correlated to the experimental data with remarkable accuracy. Weighted, scaled chiral indices were also calculated for the first time for a series of novel chiral transition metal dithiolene dyes for near-IR liquid crystal device applications.
Melting of small gold particles: Mechanism and size effects.

We present extensive molecular-dynamics simulations of small gold particles of N=100\char21{}900 atoms. We use a many-body interatomic potential of proven accuracy for gold surfaces. Structural properties are determined with various annealing strategies. Our results provide for the first time a microscopic description of the melting transition of metal clusters, revealing in particular the formation of a liquid skin as precursor effect for Ng350. The experimentally observed sharp decrease of the melting temperature with decreasing size is recovered. Implications for larger sizes, as well as for other metals, are discussed.
MODELING INFORMATION USE IN A SPATIAL CONTEXT

ABSTRACT Housing market information systems are characterized by multiple and interrelated channels of information flow. Decision makers are thought to use four channels of information characterized by message content, reliability, and cost. The effects of variations in the four subjective costs of channel use on the sequential structure of information collection and the spatial structure of search are examined with simulation techniques. Cost variations lead to four distinct sequential patterns of channel use, while the cost of obtaining general market information dominates the efficiency of spatial search.
Partial trapeziectomy and interpositional arthroplasty for trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis of the thumb

Partial excision including the articular surface of the trapezium and interpositional arthroplasty using one half of the flexor carpi radialis tendon was done in 36 hands. The joint capsule was reattached to the trapezium and the thumb immobilized for 4 weeks post-operatively. No ligament reconstruction was done. 30 hands (83.6%) had complete relief of pain. The average post-operative pinch strength was 11 lb. Three patients who complained of weakness of pinch had hyperextension of the MP joint. Correction of MP hyperextension is recommended to improve pinch strength. The outcome of this operation is comparable to any of the techniques described in the literature. The technique is simple and easy to perform. Since the capsule is closed the operation is truly an interpositional arthroplasty.
I am a hospital chaplain who happens to be a Jewish woman.

The author describes her experience through several quarters of Clinical Pastoral Education as a Jewish woman. She recounts the story of her own sense of urging toward chaplaincy as an expression of her spirituality, as well as much of the "mixed" nature of her journey among a predominantly Christian group. Included are stories of patient encounters as well as a record of her ongoing converstation with her surroundings.
Incidence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea following pharyngeal flap surgery in patients with cleft palate.

Abstract Objective: To investigate the incidence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) associated with pharyngeal flap surgery in patients with cleft palate at least 6 months postoperatively and to determine whether age or the flap width had an effect on them. The hypothesis tested in this study was that the severity of OSA associated with pharyngeal flap surgery is greater in children than in adults. Subjects: Ten adults, six men and four women, with a mean age of 28.0 years at pharyngeal flap (adult group). Twenty-eight children, 13 boys and 15 girls, with a mean age of 6.3 years at pharyngeal flap (child group). Design: A prospective analysis. Main Outcome Measures: An overnight polysomnographic study was used to determine the incidence and severity of OSA 6 months after pharyngeal flap. Results: The incidence of OSA following pharyngeal flap was high but not significantly different between these two groups (90% in adults and 93% in children, p = 1.000). When OSA was stratified into different l...
Biology of the Pavement Ant, Tetramorium caespitum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fifty-one colonies of the pavement ant, Tetramorium caespitum (L.), were excavated in New Jersey. Winged reproductives were collected from mid-May until the end of July. Worker larvae were few in early-spring excavations, and worker pupae were not present until the middle of May. The winged reproductives within each nest were usually predominantly of 1 sex. Swarming occurred throughout New Jersey from the last week of May until the end of July. Myrmecophiles associated with T. caespitum included an aphid, Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy); a collembolan, Cyphoderus similis Folsom, form inermis ; and 2 species of mites of the families Anoetidae and Uropodidae. Twenty colonies were successfully reared in the laboratory at 21–24°C for biological studies. Newly dealated females commenced oviposition within 48 to 72 hours after swarming and produced from 5 to 20.2 eggs per day. A description of the egg is given along with the period required for embryonic development. Incipient brood development took from 36 to 45 days, with 5 to 16 workers being produced. Worker development in established colonies ranged from 43 to 63 days. Three larval instars are recognized on the basis of head-capsule widths, mandibular and maxillary development, and body setae. A description of each larval instar and the duration of all developmental stages are recorded.
Effects of the HIV Protease Inhibitor Ritonavir on GLUT4 Knock-out Mice

HIV protease inhibitors acutely block glucose transporters (GLUTs) in vitro, and this may contribute to altered glucose homeostasis in vivo. However, several GLUT-independent mechanisms have been postulated. To determine the contribution of GLUT blockade to protease inhibitor-mediated glucose dysregulation, the effects of ritonavir were investigated in mice lacking the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter GLUT4 (G4KO). G4KO and control C57BL/6J mice were administered ritonavir or vehicle at the start of an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. G4KO mice exhibited elevated fasting blood glucose compared with C57BL/6J mice. Ritonavir impaired glucose tolerance in control mice but did not exacerbate glucose intolerance in G4KO mice. Similarly, ritonavir reduced peripheral insulin sensitivity in control mice but not in G4KO mice. Serum insulin levels were reduced in vivo in ritonavir-treated mice. Ritonavir reduced serum leptin levels in C57BL/6J mice but had no effect on serum adiponectin. No change in these adipokines was observed following ritonavir treatment of G4KO mice. These data confirm that a primary effect of ritonavir on peripheral glucose disposal is mediated through direct inhibition of GLUT4 activity in vivo. The ability of GLUT4 blockade to contribute to derangements in the other molecular pathways that influence insulin sensitivity remains to be determined.
Antagonistic Effects of Progesterone on Estradiol-Induced Synthesis and Degradation of Uterine Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase*

Estradiol administered daily to ovariectomized mature rats stimulates uterine glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) to maximum levels within 72 h, a stimulation that is nearly 14-fold greater than the preinduced levels. Twice daily injections of progesterone given with daily estradiol injections caused the increases in G6PD activity to plateau prematurely after 36 h at levels that were 38% of the maximum estrogeninduced value at 72 h. The mechanisms of this delayed antagonistic effect of progesterone were determined by comparing the rates of uterine G6PD synthesis and degradation at various times during the 72-h response to estradiol in the presence and absence of progesterone. Progesterone first caused a significant reduction in the estradiol-induced rate of synthesis of uterine G6PD after a lag of 24 h, and the inhibition continued until 72 h, at which time rates of synthesis in animals treated with both hormones were only slightly above the rates in untreated controls. At 36 h, estradiol induced a 4...
Branching Patterns of the Superficial Peroneal Nerve: Implications for Ankle Arthroscopy and for Anterolateral Surgical Approaches to the Ankle

Ankle arthroscopic procedures offer less postoperative morbidity with faster healing times than open surgical procedures but still have associated risks. Complication rates as high as 17% have been reported. One of the most commonly reported complications is iatrogenic damage to the superficial peroneal nerve, which can result in numbness, tingling, or painful neuralgia. In the present study, we attempted to better assess the location of the superficial peroneal nerve at the ankle to improve preoperative planning and reduce complication rates. Fifty ankle specimens were dissected. A concerted effort was made to classify the location of the superficial peroneal nerve according to the Takao branching pattern, zones of the ankle, and distance to anatomic landmarks. Through our dissections, we found that most ankles have 2 nerve branches at the level of the ankle joint (Takao type II) and that the location of the superficial peroneal nerve branches at the ankle correlated directly with the ankle width. Additionally, 68% of specimens contained a nerve branch located in zone 1, where the anterolateral portal is placed, and 12% had a branch in zone 5, the location of the anteromedial portal site. The results of the present study have confirmed the wide variation in nerve location at the level of the ankle joint and serve to highlight the need for extreme caution during surgical procedures at the ankle.
Prediction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 drug resistance: Representation of target sequence mutational patterns via an n-grams approach

Antiretroviral medications for treating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HTV-1) infection, in particular inhibitors of the HTV-1 protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) enzymes, are vulnerable to the emergence of target mutations leading to drug resistance. Here we explore the relationship between PR and RT mutational patterns and corresponding changes in susceptibility to each of their eight and 11 inhibitors, respectively, by developing drug-specific predictive models of resistance trained using previously assayed and publicly available in vitro mutant data. For each inhibitor, we present tenfold cross-validation performance measures of both classification as well as regression statistical learning algorithms. Two approaches are analyzed in each case, based on the use of either relative frequencies or counts of n-grams to represent mutant protein sequences as feature vectors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported study on predictive models of HTV-1 PR and RT drug resistance developed by implementing n-grams to generate sequence attributes. Our technique is complementary to other sequence-based approaches and is competitive in performance. In a novel application, we classify every pair of RT inhibitors as either potentially effective as part of a larger drug cocktail or a combination that should not be concomitantly administered, with results that closely mirror available clinical and experimental data.
Pressure-induced changes in the molecular organization of a lipid-peptide complex: polymyxin binding to phosphatidic acid membranes.

Abstract The effect of 100 atm pressure on the organization of the lipid-peptide complex formed between polymyxin and dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid has been investigated. Phase transition curves were obtained by electron paramagnetic resonance by measuring the partition coefficient of the spin label, 2, 2, 5, 5- tetramethylpiperidine -N- oxyl . The three-step phase transition curve previously obtained with fluorescence polarization measurements was confirmed, demonstrating three distinct phosphatidic acid domains in the bilayer. Pressure increases binding of polymyxin to phosphatidic acid bilayers and alters the proportions of the two domains that differ in the mode of binding between phosphatidic acid and polymyxin. The binding curves of polymyxin to phosphatidic acid bilayers were determined and it was shown that application of pressure reduces the cooperativity of the binding curve.
Ruffling and locomotion in Rana pipiens gastrula cells.

Abstract Embryonic amphibian cells move during gastrulation, even though they are in contact with many neighboring cells. The behavior of these cells in vitro with respect to cell movement and contact inhibition is thus of interest. Cultures of isolated presumptive mesodermal cells of early Rana pipiens gastrulae were sealed with a coverslip and filmed under phase contrast at 16 frames/min. At the end of 30 min in vitro, cells settle to the substratum and form fan-like lamellipodia which are sites of cell attachment. Ruffling is qualitatively similar to that seen in many chick and mammalian cell types in vitro. Ruffles lift up and move back from marginal extensions of cells. When lamellipodia are symmetrically arranged around the cell periphery, no net translocation of the cell occurs. In contrast, when cells have a dominant lamellipodium (larger and/or more active), movement occurs in that direction. Cells may exhibit complex margins composed of microspikes, ruffles, and hyaline extensions of the cell draped between microspikes. When cells come in contact there is a local paralysis of ruffling. When cells lose contact, a broad ruffling lamellipodium often appears immediately at the former sites of contact.
Survival with an acute spinal-cord injury.

Abstract Survival of a cohort of 619 persons who had a spinal-cord injury while resident in one of 18 Northern California counties was determined according to external cause of the injury, level of impairment, age and sex. In addition, causes of death are described and observed and expected numbers of deaths are compared. The case fatality rate was 51.7% over five six years after the spinal-cord injury. Probability of survival was lowest for those injured from motor-vehicle collisions and within this group, the chances of survival were poorest for pedestrians and those involved in multiple-vehicle crashes. Quadriplegics had the lowest survival rates. Survival rates were higher for males than for females. Mortality attributable to the spinalcord lesion was lowest in the young, increasing with age irrespective of type of external cause of the injury, severity of the spinal-cord lesion, or sex. The relative risk of death decreased with age for each of these parameters. Cardiorespiratory complications were the most frequent immediate cause of late deaths for those surviving at least 45 days post-injury.
Background and the perception of lightness

A simultaneous equisection experiment using a CRT in a dark surround was performed to investigate the relationship between a uniform background and the perception of lightness. The resulting curves for different backgrounds show both exponential properties, for black and white backgrounds, and sigmoidal characteristics, for intermediate grays. The sigmoidal properties are due to crispening and roughly intersect the diagonal or identity at the lightness of the background. The simultaneous contrast is greatest for the middle gray and decreases as the device white and black points are approached. An example equation is provided to fit the observations. This equation has as its input the L* of the stimuli and the background and has two fitting parameters. The issue of lightness scaling for backgrounds is also considered and finally extensions to this research are briefly mentioned.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The locus coeruleus cortical plasticity

The blue spot in the brainstem, the locus coeruleus, may play an important role in the memory of events which have survival value. Not least, this may occur at early stages of development of different cortical regions. The noradrenergic output of this nucleus appears to convey plasticity to the cortex, until, as John Pettigrew proposes, such time as the serotonergic output from the raphe nuclei develops sufficiently to override these plastic effects.
Near Infrared Fluorescence-Based Bacteriophage Particles for Ratiometric pH Imaging

Fluorogenic imaging agents emitting in the near-infrared are becoming important research tools for disease investigation in vivo. Often pathophysiological states such as cancer and cystic fibrosis are associated with disruptions in acid/base homeostasis. The development of optical sensors for pH imaging would facilitate the investigation of these diseased conditions. In this report, the design and synthesis of a ratiometric near-infrared emitting probe for pH quantification is detailed. The pH-responsive probe is prepared by covalent attachment of pH-sensitive and pH-insensitive fluorophores to a bacteriophage particle scaffold. The pH-responsive cyanine dye, HCyC-646, used to construct the probe, has a fluorogenic pKa of 6.2, which is optimized for visualization of acidic pH often associated with tumor hypoxia and other diseased states. Incorporation of pH-insensitive reference dyes enables the ratiometric determination of pH independent of the probe concentration. With the pH-responsive construct, measu...
Structure of a slow CLC Cl⁻/H+ antiporter from a cyanobacterium.

X-ray crystal structures have been previously determined for three CLC-type transporter homologues, but the absolute unitary transport rate is known for only one of these. The Escherichia coli Cl−/H+ antiporter (EC) moves ∼2000 Cl− ions/s, an exceptionally high rate among membrane-transport proteins. It is not known whether such rapid turnover is characteristic of ClCs in general or if the E. coli homologue represents a functional outlier. Here, we characterize a CLC Cl−/H+ antiporter from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (SY) and determine its crystal structure at 3.2 A resolution. The structure of SY is nearly identical to that of EC, with all residues involved in Cl− binding and proton coupling structurally similar to their equivalents in EC. SY actively pumps protons into liposomes against a gradient and moves Cl− at ∼20 s−1, 1% of the EC rate. Electrostatic calculations, used to identify residues contributing to ion binding energetics in SY and EC, highlight two residues flanking the exte...
Low level detection of 135Cs and 137Cs in environmental samples by ICP-MS

The measurement of fission product cesium isotopes 135Cs and 137Cs at low femtogram (fg) 10−15 levels in ground water by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is reported. To eliminate the natural barium isobaric interference on the cesium isotopes, in-line chromatographic separation of the cesium from barium was performed followed by high sensitivity ICP-MS analysis. A high efficiency desolvating nebulizer system was employed to maximize ICP-MS sensitivity ~10 cps/fg. The three sigma detection limit for 135Cs was 2 fg/mL (0.1 μBq/mL) and for 137Cs 0.9 fg/mL (0.0027 Bq/mL) measured from the standard with analysis time of less than 30 min/sample. Cesium detection and 135/137 isotope ratio measurement at very low femtogram levels using this method in a spiked ground water matrix is also demonstrated.
Parameter selection and numerical approximation properties of Fourier extensions from fixed data

Fourier extensions have been shown to be an effective means for the approximation of smooth, nonperiodic functions on bounded intervals given their values on an equispaced, or in general, scattered grid. Related to this method are two parameters. These are the extension parameter T (the ratio of the size of the extended domain to the physical domain) and the oversampling ratio @h (the number of sampling nodes per Fourier mode). The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the choice of these parameters affects the accuracy and stability of the approximation. Our main contribution is to document the following interesting phenomenon: namely, if the desired condition number of the algorithm is fixed in advance, then the particular choice of such parameters makes little difference to the algorithm's accuracy. As a result, one is free to choose T without concern that it is suboptimal. In particular, one may use the value T=2 - which corresponds to the case where the extended domain is precisely twice the size of the physical domain - for which there is known to be a fast algorithm for computing the approximation. In addition, we determine the resolution power (points-per-wavelength) of the approximation to be equal to [email protected], and address the trade-off between resolution power and stability.
Refugee stress and folk belief: Hmong sudden deaths

Since the first reported death in 1977, scores of seemingly healthy Hmong refugees have died mysteriously and without warning from what has come to be known as Sudden Unexpected Nocturnal Death Syndrome (SUNDS). To date medical research has provided no adequate explanation for these sudden deaths. This study is an investigation into the changing impact of traditional beliefs as they manifest during the stress of traumatic relocation. In Stockton, California, 118 Hmong men and women were interviewed regarding their awareness of and personal experience with a traditional nocturnal spirit encounter. An analysis of this data reveals that the supranormal attack acts as a trigger for Hmong SUNDS.
Variational methods in a Harmonic Oscillator basis

Abstract The advantages of using variational methods for solving the Schrodinger equation to obtain the binding energy, well depth, wavefunction, and the potential times the wave-function for the excited as well as the ground states of a potential are discussed. To illustrate the variational techniques the problem of a particle bound in a Woods-Saxon well is solved using a Harmonic Oscillator basis. Upper and lower bounds for both the eigenvalue and the overlap of the approximate eigenfunction with the true eigen-function are determined.
Synthesis and ligand binding of η6-(2β-carbomethoxy-3β-phenyltropane) transition metal complexes

The transition metal complexes [eta(6)- (2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-phenyltropane)]tricarbonylchromium (3) and [eta(6)-(2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-phenyltropane)] [eta(5)-(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)]ruthenium(II)triflate (4) were synthesized from 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-phenyltropane (2, WIN 35,065) to further elucidate the influence of substituents on the 3beta-aryl on the affinity of the ligand for cocaine-binding sites at the dopamine transporter. The compounds were tested for their ability to displace bound [(3)H]WIN 35,428 (5) from rat caudate putamen tissue and for their ability to inhibit [(3)H]dopamine uptake. The binding affinity for 3 was 2-fold greater than those observed for cocaine (1) and 2, while the binding affinity for 4 was found to be 100-fold less than those of 1 and 2. In addition, 3 was equipotent with 1 and 2 in [(3)H]dopamine uptake inhibition studies, while 4 was 10-fold less potent. The potencies of the complexes 3 and 4 correlated well with the structure-activity relationships of other 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-aryltropane derivatives. These data further support a pharmacophore model in which the region occupied by the aryl ring is a lipophilic pocket with electropositive character.
On the derivation of semiclassical expressions for quantum reaction rate constants in multidimensional systems

Expressions for reaction rate constants in multidimensional chemical systems are derived by applying semiclassical approximation to the quantum path integrals of the ImF formulation of reaction rate theory. First, the transverse degrees of freedom orthogonal to the reaction coordinate are treated within the steepest descent approximation, after which the semiclassical approximation is applied to the remaining reaction coordinate. Thus derived, the semiclassical expressions account for the multidimensional nature of quantum effects and accurately incorporate nuclear quantum effects such as multidimensional tunneling and zero point energies. The obtained expressions are applicable in the broad temperature range from the deep tunneling to high-temperature regimes. The present paper provides derivation of the semiclassical instanton expressions proposed by Kryvohuz [J. Chem. Phys. 134, 114103 (2011)]10.1063/1.3565425.
Enhanced photo-patterning of polymer dielectrics via imprint lithography

An integrated photolithography and imprint lithography process has been developed to improve the patterning of photosensitive polymers in the fabrication of high aspect-ratio, polymer structures. In the photo-imprint process, a transparent stamp with surface relief structures was brought into contact with a photo-sensitive material. Temperature and pressure were applied to cause the photo-sensitive material to fill the mold, and UV light was then used to irradiate the polymer. The photo-imprint process advance was demonstrated on hollow-core structures. To develop high aspect-ratio, hollow-core pillars, a shallow photo-imprint stamp has been developed to physically displace material from the polymer core. Since the imprint stamp displaces material in the region of the feature, the effective film thickness is reduced compared to the bulk film. The reduction in film height decreased the effect of UV scattering in the core and also facilitated transport of the developer within the core. This photo-imprint lithography process is shown to be able to fabricate hollow core polymer pillars that exceed the optical-only resolution capabilities.
Interleukin‐1 is a potent regulator of JE and KC gene expression in quiescent BALB/c fibroblasts

Interleukin-1 alpha and beta are polypeptide hormones with a broad range of biological activities. Both interleukins are recognized by a receptor that has been characterized as a member of the immunoglobin superfamily. The interleukin-1 receptor does not appear to be a tyrosine protein kinase. Moreover, the intracellular events that mediate the multiple interleukin-1 responses are poorly understood. Here we show that the JE and KC genes, first isolated and characterized as platelet-derived growth factor inducible in quiescent BALB/c-3T3 fibroblasts, are induced by femtomolar concentrations of recombinant interleukin-1 alpha (rlL-1). The response of JE and KC to IL-1 occurs at the transcriptional level. These observations suggest that an analysis of the JE and KC transcriptional response to rlL-1 may aid in identifying elements involved in interleukin-1-mediated signal transduction.
Internal rotation barriers: ab initio calculations on substituted ethyl benzoates and benzoic acids as models for polyester flexibility

Abstract The rotational barriers of several ortho and para substituted ethyl benzoates (EB) and benzoic acids (BA), used as models for internal rotation in PET polymers, have been calculated at the SCF and MP2 levels. Since there were no experimental data available on internal rotations in EB and BA, barriers to rotation in benzaldehyde and three similar compounds were calculated as benchmarks and compared with experimental data. Calculated barriers in the benzaldehydes were within 1 kcal/mol of the experimental values. The tentative conclusion from the rotation barrier results on model compounds is that PET-type polymers made from high-rotation-barrier monomers like ortho-hydroxy-terephthalic acid should have larger internal barriers to rotation than unsubstituted PET, leading to more rigid polymers with higher glass transition temperatures, Tg, and an altered degree of crystallinity. We found an unexpectedly low barrier to rotation of 2.3 kcal/mol for ortho XCH3, compared to about 5 kcal/ mol for ortho XH. Based on these model studies, we would expect that a PET-type polymer made from ortho-methyl substituted terephthalate would be more flexible, would have a lower glass transition temperature and different degree of crystallinity with accompanying change in void space.
Gas Turbine Temperature Prediction Using Unsteady CFD and Realistic Non-Uniform 2D Combustor Exit Properties

Typical Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies performed on High Pressure Turbines (HPT) do not include the combustor domain in their analyses. Boundary conditions from the combustor exit have to be prescribed at the inlet of the computational domain for the first HPT nozzle. It is desirable to include the effect of combustor non-uniformities and flow gradients in order to enhance the accuracy of the aerodynamics and heat transfer predictions on the nozzle guide vanes and downstream turbine blades. The present work is the continuation of steady and quasi-unsteady studies performed previously by the authors. A fully unsteady nonlinear approach, also referred to as sliding mesh, is now used to investigate a first HPT stage and the impact of realistic non-uniformities and flow gradients found along the exit plane of a gas turbine combustor. Two Turbine Inlet Boundary Conditions (TIBC) are investigated. Simulations using a two-dimensional TIBC dependant on both the radial and circumferential directions are performed and compared to baseline analyses, where the previous two-dimensional TIBC is circumferentially averaged in order to generate inlet boundary conditions dependant only on the radial direction. The two elements included in the present work, combustor pitchwise non-uniformities and full unsteady blade row interactions are shown to: (1) alter the gas temperature profile predictions up to ±5%; (2) modify the surface temperature predictions by ±8% near the trailing edge of the vane suction side; (3) increase the overall pressure losses by roughly 1%, and (4) modified the ingestion behavior of the purge cavity flow. In addition, keeping in mind the tradeoff between improved predictions and computational cost, the use of an unsteady sliding mesh formulation, instead of a quasiunsteady frozen gust, reveals the importance of the two-way unsteady coupling between adjacent blade rows for temperature and pressure predictions.Copyright © 2008 by ASME