cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noble Gases in Interplanetary Dust Particles I: The Excess Helium-3 Problem and Estimates of the Relative Fluxes of Solar Wind and Solar Energetic Particles in Interplanetary Space

(Received 1999 July 3; accepted in revised form 2000 January 5) Abstract-We report mass-spectrometric measurements of light noble gases pyrolytically extracted from 28 interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) and discuss these new data in the context of earlier analyses of 44 IDPs at the University of Minnesota. The noble gas database for IDPs is still very sparse, especially given their wide mineralogic and chemical variability, but two intriguing differences from isotopic distributions observed in lunar and meteoritic regolith grains are already apparent. First are puzzling overabundances of 3He, manifested as often strikingly elevated 3He/4He ratios-up to >40x the solar-wind value-and found primarily but not exclusively in shards of some of the larger IDPs ("cluster particles") that fragmented on impact with the collectors carried by high-altitude aircraft. It is difficult to attribute these high ratios to 3He production by cosmic-ray-induced spallation during estimated space residence times of IDPs, or by direct implantation of solar-flare He. Minimum exposure ages inferred from the 3He excesses range from -50 Ma to an impossible >I0 Ga, compared to Poynting-Robertson drag lifetimes for low-density 20-30 pm particles on the order of -0.1 Ma for an asteroidal source and -10 Ma for origin in the Kuiper belt. The second difference is a dominant contribution of solar-energetic-particle (SEP) gases, to the virtual exclusion of solar- wind (SW) components, in several particles scattered throughout the various datasets but most clearly and consistently observed in recent measurements of a group of individual and cluster IDPs from three different collectors. Values of the SEP/SW fluence ratio in interplanetary space from a simple model utilizing these data are -1% of the relative SEP/SW abundances observed in lunar regolith grains, but still factors of approximately 10-1 00 above estimates for this ratio in low-energy solar particle emission.
Valuation of wildlife resources

Helliwell D. R. (1969) Valuation of wildlife resources, Reg. Studies 3, 1–7. The recognizable benefits afforded by wildlife are listed as production, potential production, education, and recreation. These are further divided into a total of seven categories for the purpose of evaluation. Conventional cost-benefit analysis is regarded as being too tedious and difficult a process to be widely and frequently used. An attempt is made, therefore, to give a system for comparing one wildlife resource with another; the whole system being correlated to monetary values at a later stage. The principal parameters of assessment are the scarcity of the resource, its accessibility, and the diversity of species within it. Each of the seven categories of benefit is dealt with separately, to give a total for the resource as a whole. Possible applications of the method are cited.
Cervical spine trauma in children: Part I. General concepts, normal anatomy, radiographic evaluation.

It is frequently the responsibility of emergency physicians to perform the initial assessment of trauma victims and evaluate for possible cervical spine injury (CSI). In these cases, defining the anatomic and functional status of the cervical spine takes precedent after performing any necessary resuscitative measures. It requires a skill based on both knowledge and experience to accurately and expeditiously evaluate for possible cervical spine injury while ensuring controlled spinal alignment in a neutral position. The consequences of an unrecognized CSI can obviously be disastrous. It has been shown that as many as 60% of all cervical spinal cord lesions are initially incomplete postinjury, and that 5% to 10% of lesions occur after the traumatic event during the early phases of emergency care.‘-4 In a series of 300 multiple trauma victims with CSI, 11 victims had an initially unrecognized lesion and experienced neurologic deficit or death as a result of inadequate neck immobilization during the course of emergency management.’ In order to maximize the outcome of trauma victims with CSI it is incumbent on the managing physician to have a thorough understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of the normal cervical spine and of the pathologic manifestations of CSI that can result from a myriad of traumatic events. This two-part article will review anatomic and biomechanical aspects of the cervical spine, describe common pediatric CSIs, demonstrate associated mechanisms and radiographic manifestations of CSIs, and propose guidelines for the initial clinical assessment and management of trauma victims evaluated for possible CSI.
Improving telemarketers' performance in the short-run using operant concepts

Telemarketers working a day (N=7) and evening shift (N=7) failed to achieve required rates of calls completed when they worked under a numerical quota system (pre-intervention baseline period). The existing system was analyzed using operant terms and concepts. Then, an operant-based system of individual rewards contingent on meeting a group quota (intervention or treatment system) of one week duration was operationalized during weeks four and five respectively for the day and evening shifts in multiple baseline fashion across the two groups. The operant- based incentive system produced practically and statistically reliable performance increases among day and evening shift telemarketers. Results are discussed in terms of operant schedules of reinforcement, their feedback functions, short term effects of the operant-based incentive system, and the validity and generality of the operant-based incentive system.
Altered expression of sulfotransferases, glucuronosyltransferases and mrp transporters in FVB/mrp1–/– mice

1. Genetically altered mice increasingly are being used in toxicology and pharmaceutical development. As such, knowledge of the compensatory activity of enzymes is critical when interpreting the results of studies using these animals. 2. The present study examined alterations in hepatic phase I and II enzyme activity, and alterations in phase III (transporter) RNA expression, between FVB mice and mice lacking the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (mrp1) gene (FVB/mrp1-/- mice). It was hypothesized that other transporters and phase I and II enzymes would be increased in the FVB/mrp1-/- mice, presumably as a compensatory mechanism. 3. No differences was found in hepatic cytochrome P450 activity between FVB and FVB/mrp1-/- mice, nor were there differences in the amount of total hepatic glutathione or in glutathione S-transferase enzyme activity. 4. However, sulfotransferase activity towards 2-naphthol was significantly increased by 2.6-fold in the FVB/mrp1-/- mice, whereas glucuronosyltransferase activity towards both 4-nitrophenol and testosterone was significantly reduced 1.5-fold. In addition, mrp2 RNA expression was significantly increased by 3.4-fold and mrp5 expression was significantly increased by 1.6-fold in the FVB/mrp1-/- mice. 5. Mice lacking mrp1 have significantly increased hepatic transcription of at least two other ATP-binding cassette transporters, as well as increased 2-naphthol sulfotransferase activity, presumably to compensate for the lack of mrp1.
Focal sclerosis of hypertrophied glomeruli in solitary functioning kidneys of humans

Morphometric data on glomerular size are presented on three patients with solitary functioning kidneys and one with bilateral oligomeganephronic hypoplasia. Renal biopsy of each of two patients with a congenitally absent kidney (unilateral renal agenesis) and a patient with oligomeganephronie, all with proteinuria and renal insufficiency, reveal increases of mean glomerular diameters of at least 1.75 × and mean glomerular volumes greater than 5 ×. These dimensions, which are in the range of maximal increases recorded for man, are associated in all three biopsies with focal sclerosis of the hypertrophied glomeruli. By contrast, the functionally fully-compensated solitary kidney of a patient who lost function of the contralateral kidney from acquired disease, is characterized by the absence of focal glomerulosclerosis and by glomerular enlargement of significantly lesser degree (increased mean diameter 1.24 × and mean volume less than 2 ×). These observations correlate glomerular injury with glomerular size and suggest that in the setting of reduced nephron numbers, nephron destruction via focal glomerulosclerosis may be initiated when compensatory glomerular hypertrophy has reached its limits.
A HYBRID AND HIERARCHICAL APPROACH TO AERIAL IMAGE REGISTRATION

This paper proposes a hybrid approach to image registration for inferring the affine transformation that best matches a pair of partially overlapping aerial images. The image registration is formulated as a two-stage hybrid approach combining both phase correlation method (PCME) and optical flow equation (OFE) based estimation algorithm in a coarse-to-fine manner. With PCME applied at the highest level of decomposition, the initial affine parameter model could be first estimated. Subsequently, the OFE-based estimation algorithm is incorporated into the proposed hybrid approach using a multi-resolution mechanism. PCME is characterized by its insensitivity to large geometric transform between images, which can effectively guide the OFE-based registration. For image pairs under salient brightness variations, we propose a nonlinear image representation that emphasizes common intensity information, suppresses the non-common information between an image pair, and is suitable for the proposed coarse-to-fine hierarchical iterative processing. Experimental results demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our proposed approach using different types of aerial images.
A Study of Rotor Cavities and Heat Transfer in a Cooling Process in a Gas Turbine

A high-temperature flow through a gas turbine produces a high rate of turbulent heat transfer between the fluid flow field and the turbine components. The heat transfer process through rotor disks causes thermal stress due to the thermal gradient just as the centrifugal force causes mechanical stresses; thus an accurate analysis for the evaluation of thermal behavior is needed. This paper presents a numerical study of thermal flow analysis in a two-stage turbine in order to understand better the detailed flow and heat transfer mechanisms through the cavity and the rotating rotor-disks. The numerical computations were performed to predict thermal fields throughout the rotating disks
Clinical Investigation of Application of Sevoflurane and Muscle Relaxant to Foreign Body Extraction in Respiratory Tract of Children

Objective: To compare the advantages and disadvantages of anesthesia by Cisatracurium, small dose Cisatracurium, sevoflurane and smaller dose Cisatracurium in the anesthesia of tracheobronchial foreign body extraction in children. Methods: Sixty children aged from 5 months to 7 years who were performed tracheobronchial foreign body extraction were randomly allocated to three groups: group C1 (Cisatracurium 0.1mg/kg), group C2 (Cisatracurium 0.08mg/kg), group C3 (sevoflurane + Cisatracurium 0.06 mg/kg). The time of operation and recovery, the number of body movement or breathe action 3 min after administration, the adverse reaction of airway (such as bucking, breath holding, laryngismus) were recorded. Results: There is no significant difference of the operation time between the three groups, the time of recovery : C1>C2>C3, the patients of group C1,group C2 were well relaxant after administration, but there are 30% patients still had body movement or breathe action after administration. There is no adverse reaction in the three groups. Conclusions: The application of sevoflurane and Cisatracurium in tracheobronchial foreign body extraction in children is safe.
Transformation of leukotriene A4 to lipoxins by rat kidney mesangial cell

Abstract Incubation of rat mesangial cells with leukotriene A4 in the presence of calcium ionophore A23187 led to a substrate dependent formation of lipoxin and its isomers. The major metabolite coeluted with authentic lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and lipoxin B4 (LXB4) in RP-HPLC system, and possessed a characteristic U.V. spectrum and C-value which were identical to authentic standards. GC MS analysis on LXA4 further demonstrates that the mesangial cell derived LXA4 was identical to that reported by Serhan et al. (1) as LXA4 [5(S), 6,(R), 15(S)-trihydroxy7,9,13- trans -11- cis -eicosa-tetraenoic acid]. The formation of LXA4 was linear with substrate (LTA4) concentration. No similar products occurred in boiled controls. Incubation of mesangial cell with 15-HPETE failed to produce any lipoxin-like material. The absence of LX-like substance following incubation of 15-HPETE with mesangial cells suggested that 5-lipoxygenase activity is not expressed in mesangial cells under these conditions. The generation of LXA4 from LTA4 in mesangial cells suggested that there is an active 15- or 12- lipoxygenase activity in the kidney. The production of LX may play an important role in the regulation of renal function and the response to inflammatory stimuli.
Measurements of pion properties and production amplitudes: Probing confinement scale QCD

Abstract Two basic characteristics of QCD at low energies are the appearance of the chiral anomaly (e.g. responsible for the π 0 → γγ decay) and the prediction of Goldstone Bosons due to the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry. It is therefore important to accurately measure the properties, low energy interactions, and the production and decay rates of the approximate Goldstone Bosons (π, η, K ) which are found in nature. These experimental data will provide a test for any theory of the strong interactions at low energies. Here a subset of such experiments which can be performed with low energy electromagnetic accelerators and e + e − colliders will be examined. The present status of the near threshold γp → πN reaction with real and virtual photons is reviewed since there has been considerable recent progress in the study of this reaction. The status of the radiative lifetime and transition form factors of the π 0 , η and η′ mesons are briefly reviewed and some possible future work is suggested.
Agricultural Growth, Political Legitimacy, and Outward-Oriented Growth

AbstractThis paper develops a model in which the ability to raise tax revenue is of crucial importance to the state. Most poor countries rely upon the shifting of resources from hard- to easy-to-tax sectors and the policies utilized have generally been characterized as import substitution industrialization. A shift to outward-oriented growth depends on a process by which a larger proportion of the economy becomes formalized. Broad-based agricultural growth is a mechanism by which this will occur allowing for tax reform and a shift in economic policy. Taiwan and the Philippines are examples of success and failure.
A nested partitions framework for solving large-scale multicommodity facility location problems

Large-scale multicommodity facility location problems are generally intractable with respect to standard mixed-integer programming (MIP) tools such as the direct application of general-purpose Branch & Cut (BC) commercial solvers i.e. CPLEX. In this paper, the authors investigate a nested partitions (NP) framework that combines meta-heuristics with MIP tools (including branch-and-cut). We also consider a variety of alternative formulations and decomposition methods for this problem class. Our results show that our NP framework is capable of efficiently producing very high quality solutions to multicommodity facility location problems. For large-scale problems in this class, this approach is significantly faster and generates better feasible solutions than either CPLEX (applied directly to the given MIP) or the iterative Lagrangian-based methods that have generally been regarded as the most effective structure-based techniques for optimization of these problems. We also briefly discuss some other large-scale MIP problem classes for which this approach is expected to be very effective.
One-dimensional, steady model for straight- and reverse-flow gas-turbine combustors

Current CFD codes for gas-turbine combustors require considerable computational resources for the evaluation of a single operating point and generally do not include the entire geometry. The present approach handles a complete burner geometry by means of a one-dimensional model. While the vast majority of existing burner codes consider only the primary-flow region, this new model handles primary and annular flows, and their interaction through dilution holes. The method itself is based on the solution of the integral Euler equations with sources, using a control-volume approach. A chemical-equilibrium model is used to estimate heat-release in the primary-zone. Results show that the present model can handle complex burner geometries, including the division of flow into primary and annular streams. It can also predict the effects of dilution on the temperature distribution in the primary-zone.
Stay alert for lungworm

ABSTRACT:Angiostrongylus vasorum (also known as ‘lungworm’ or ‘French heartworm’) is a potentially life-threatening parasite of dogs and foxes, which is reported to have been on the increase in the UK over the past few years.1 Dogs can present with a range of clinical signs, and spotting the disease is not always easy, so maintaining a degree of vigilance for its presence plays a crucial role in diagnosis. This article focuses on the mode of transmission, clinical signs and treatment of this parasitic infection, and discusses preventative measures that may be undertaken to reduce the likelihood of dogs acquiring the disease.
TIMP-1 overexpression in pancreatic cancer attenuates tumor growth, decreases implantation and metastasis, and inhibits angiogenesis.

Background. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in pancreatic cancer progression. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of overexpression of a natural tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP-1) on pancreatic cancer cell growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Methods. A poorly differentiated human pancreatic cancer cell line (PANC-1) underwent gene transfection to overexpress TIMP-1 (CD-1 cells). One million PANC-1 or CD-1 cells were injected into 40 nude mice subcutaneously (N = 20) or orthotopically (N = 20). Mice were sacrificed at 120 days. TIMP-1 overexpression by CD-1 cells was confirmed prior to injection and after necropsy. Immunohistochemical staining was undertaken after necropsy to evaluate tumors for TIMP-1, MMP-2, apoptosis (TUNEL), and angiogenesis (CD-31). Results. Tumors of CD-1 cells were less likely to implant (35% vs 70%, P = 0.05) and grew to smaller size (0.5 g ± 0.03 vs 1.5 g ± 0.20, P < 0.001) than tumors of PANC-1 cells. As well, subcutaneous CD-1 tumors appeared later than PANC-1 tumors (45 days ± 2.0 vs 27 days ± 2.2, P < 0.001). Orthotopic CD-1 tumors metastasized less often than PANC-1 tumors (20% vs 60%, P < 0.05). MMP-2 expression was similar in PANC-1 and CD-1 tumors, while CD-1 tumors showed increased TIMP-1 expression, increased apoptosis, and decreased angiogenesis relative to PANC-1 tumors. Conclusions. TIMP-1 overexpression reduces pancreatic cancer cell implantation, growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis, while increasing tumor apoptosis, all without altering MMP-2 production. This study demonstrates the potential role of TIMP-1 as a target in gene therapy for pancreatic cancer.
Toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis DXR inhibitor design: homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (MtDXR) is a potential target for antitubercular chemotherapy. In the absence of its crystallographic structure, our aim was to develop a structural model of MtDXR. This will allow us to gain early insight into the structure and function of the enzyme and its likely binding to ligands and cofactors and thus, facilitate structure-based inhibitor design. To achieve this goal, initial models of MtDXR were generated using MODELER. The best quality model was refined using a series of minimizations and molecular dynamics simulations. A protein–ligand complex was also developed from the initial homology model of the target protein by including information about the known ligand as spatial restraints and optimizing the mutual interactions between the ligand and the binding site. The final model was evaluated on the basis of its ability to explain several site-directed mutagenesis data. Furthermore, a comparison of the homology model with the X-ray structure published in the final stages of the project shows excellent agreement and validates the approach. The knowledge gained from the current study should prove useful in the design and development of inhibitors as potential novel therapeutic agents against tuberculosis by either de novo drug design or virtual screening of large chemical databases.
Invited essay on the psychological aspects of genetic counseling. V. preselection: A family coping strategy in Huntington disease

Preselection refers to the “sick” -role assignment given to an asymptomatic individual in a family in which a genetic or other disorder with multiple uncertainties occurs. The selection process is made, often when the preselected person is still a child, without knowledge of who eventually will be affected. The process requires the collusion of the family members for its initiation and maintenance and serves as a major coping strategy to reduce or bind the stresses and anxieties engendered by uncertainty. Preselection is seen often in families in which Huntington disease occurs and is promoted by the delayed age of onset of the disorder and the uncertain gene status of the person at risk.
Integrating electrical and aerodynamic characteristics for DFIG wind energy extraction and control study

A doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine depends on the control of the system at both generator and turbine levels, and the operation of the turbine is affected by the electrical characteristics of the generator and the aerodynamic characteristics of the turbine blades. This paper presents a DFIG energy extraction and control study by combining the two characteristics together in one integrative environment to examine various factors that are critical for an optimal DFIG system design. The generator characteristics are examined for different d-q control conditions, and the extracted power characteristics of the turbine blades versus generator slip are presented. Then, the two characteristics are analyzed in a joint environment. An integrative study is conducted to examine a variety of parametric data simultaneously for DFIG maximum wind power extraction evaluation. A close-loop transient simulation using SimPowerSystem is developed to validate the effectiveness of steady-state results and to further investigate the wind energy extraction and speed control in a feedback control environment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
China's growing methanol economy and its implications for energy and the environment

For more than a decade, Nobel laureate George Olah and coworkers have advocated the Methanol Economy – replacing petroleum-based fuels and chemicals with methanol and methanol-derivatives – as a path to sustainable development. A first step to this vision appears to be occurring in China. In the past five years, China has quickly built an industry of coal-based methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) that is competitive in price with petroleum-based fuels. Methanol fuels offer many advantages, including a high octane rating and cleaner-burning properties than gasoline. Methanol also has some disadvantages. A coal-based Methanol Economy could enhance water shortages in China, increase net carbon dioxide emissions, and add volatility to regional and global coal prices. China’s rapidly expanding Methanol Economy provides an interesting experiment for what could happen elsewhere if methanol is widely adopted, as proposed by Olah and researchers before him.
Species invasions and extinction : The future of native biodiversity on islands

Predation by exotic species has caused the extinction of many native animal species on islands, whereas competition from exotic plants has caused few native plant extinctions. Exotic plant addition to islands is highly nonrandom, with an almost perfect 1 to 1 match between the number of naturalized and native plant species on oceanic islands. Here, we evaluate several alternative implications of these findings. Does the consistency of increase in plant richness across islands imply that a saturation point in species richness has been reached? If not, should we expect total plant richness to continue to increase as new species are added? Finally, is the rarity of native plant extinctions to date a misleading measure of the impact of past invasions, one that hides an extinction debt that will be paid in the future? By analyzing historical records, we show that the number of naturalized plant species has increased linearly over time on many individual islands. Further, the mean ratio of naturalized to native plant species across islands has changed steadily for nearly two centuries. These patterns suggest that many more species will become naturalized on islands in the future. We also discuss how dynamics of invasion bear upon alternative saturation scenarios and the implications these scenarios have for the future retention or extinction of native plant species. Finally, we identify invasion-motivated research gaps (propagule pressure, time-lags to extinction, abundance shifts, and loss of area) that can aid in forecasting extinction and in developing a more comprehensive theory of species extinctions.
Improving cluster utilization through intelligent processor sharing

A dedicated cluster is often not fully utilized even when all of its processors are allocated to jobs. This occurs any time that a running job does not use 100% of each of the processors allocated to it. We increase the throughput and efficiency of the cluster by scheduling background jobs to run concurrently with the "primary" jobs originally scheduled on the cluster. We do this while maintaining the quality of service provided to the primary jobs. Our results come from empirical measurements using production applications.
Peru and the Soviet Union (1969–1989): Distant Partners

For twenty years the Soviet Union has had closer relations with Peru than with any other Latin American country apart from Cuba or Nicaragua. In fact, Peru was the first post-Cuban revolution centre of Soviet operations in South America, and perhaps still plays that role today. Now that the Cold War is over the balance sheet of Soviet relations with Peru can be evaluated with more detachment than ever.
Exact MAP Activity Detection in fMRI Using a GLM with an Ising Spatial Prior

Previous work [5] has shown how Ising spatial priors [1] can be incorported into fMRI analysis in a principled manner by using Mutual Information as a statistic for protocol-related activity. The activation image with maximum a posteriori (MAP) probability can then be computed exactly in polynomial time by reduction to a Min-Cut/Max-Flow Problem [4]. In this work, we show that an Ising prior can be applied in the same manner using a standard, linear activation model.
Popularity-based PPM: an effective Web prefetching technique for high accuracy and low storage

Prediction by partial match (PPM) is a commonly used technique in Web prefetching, where prefetching decisions are made based on historical URLs in a dynamically maintained Markov prediction tree. Existing approaches either widely store the URL nodes by building the tree with a fixed height in each branch, or only store the branches with frequently accessed URLs. Building the popularity information into the Markov prediction tree, we propose a new prefetching model, called popularity-based PPM. In this model, the tree is dynamically updated with a variable height in each set of branches where a popular URL can lead a set of long branches, and a less popular document leads a set of short ones. Since majority root nodes are popular URLs in our approach, the space allocation for storing nodes are effectively utilized. We have also included two additional optimizations in this model: (1) directly linking a root node to duplicated popular nodes in a surfing path to give popular URLs more considerations for prefetching; and (2) making a space optimization after the tree is built to further remove less popular nodes. Our trace-driven simulation results comparatively show a significant space reduction and an improved prediction accuracy of the proposed prefetching technique.
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of naproxen in various laboratory animals and human subjects

The comparative absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of naproxen [(+)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid], a potent systemic anti-inflammatory agent, was studied in several species including man. Blood, urine, and fecal analyses were performed on specimens collected at several times after either oral ingestion or rapid intravenous administration of a radioactive dose. Naproxen was found to be rapidly absorbed in all species and, once in the blood, was eliminated with half-lives ranging from 2 to 35 hr. The human plasma half-life ranged from 10 to 17 hr. Evaluation of the distribution of radioactivity in various tissues and organs of the rat indicated that no unusual amount was retained in the animal 24 hr. after administration, nor did there seem to be preferential localization. Estimated volumes of distribution indicated that a large fraction of the drug is held in the blood, much like salicylates are. Virtually all of the drug present in the blood of humans was determined to be unchanged naproxen, while the rat and the monkey showed minor amounts of transformation products. With the exception of the dog, all species excreted naproxen and its metabolic transformation products predominantly in the urine. In the dog the preferred route was fecal. In the human, 94% of the intravenously administered radioactivity appeared in the urine after 5 days, while 1-2% appeared in the feces. Following 14 days of continuous exposure to the drug, the three human subjects displayed no evidence of induction of metabolizing enzymes.
A Transition Model for Swept Wing Flows

An approach developed earlier by the authors for determining transition onset resulting from instability of Tollmien-Schl ichting waves is extended to crossflow instabilities. In this approach, a two-equation model similar to that used in turbulent flows is employed. The theory takes into consideration the role of two major environmental influences: turbulence intensity and surface roughness. Comparisons with data for an infinite swept wing and an infinite swept plate under the influence of a favorable pressure gradient shows excellent agreement with experiment. Calculations employed a boundary layer code; as a result, computational costs are minimal.
Genetic and Biochemical Evidence for an Oligomeric Structure of the Functional L Polymerase of the Prototypic Arenavirus Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus

The arenavirus L protein has the characteristic sequence motifs conserved among the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L proteins of negative-strand (NS) RNA viruses. Studies based on the use of reverse-genetics approaches have provided direct experimental evidence of the key role played by the arenavirus L protein in viral-RNA synthesis. Sequence alignment shows six conserved domains among L proteins of NS RNA viruses. The proposed polymerase module of L is located within its domain III, which contains highly conserved amino acids within motifs designated A and C. We have examined the role of these conserved residues in the polymerase activity of the L protein of the prototypic arenavirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), in vivo using a minigenome rescue assay. We show here that the presence of sequence SDD, a characteristic of motif C of segmented NS RNA viruses, as well as the presence of the highly conserved D residue within motif A of L proteins, is strictly required for the polymerase activity of the LCMV L protein. The strong dominant negative phenotype associated with many of the mutants examined and results from coimmunoprecipitation studies provided genetic and biochemical evidence, respectively, for the requirement of the L-L interaction for the polymerase activity of the LCMV L protein.
Pharmacologic Modulation of Operative Risk in Patients Who Have Cardiac Disease

Cardiac complications continue to compose a major proportion of serious postoperative morbidity and mortality, and it is appropriate, therefore, that this area has received a lot of attention in the search for pharmacologic modulation of surgical outcomes. Despite numerous studies, conclusive data does not exist, making it difficult to recommend a course of action. beta-blockade has not only made it into national protocols, but is even considered as a quality assessment measure. However, the data are not quite as conclusive as it may sometimes appear. There have been few studies, with a small number of negative outcomes, and, at times, significant methodological concerns. The positive outcomes of meta-analyses rest essentially on a single trial in a highly selected patient population. Although use of beta-blockers in patients who have documented coronary artery disease and are undergoing major vascular procedures appears supported, it is premature to recommend beta-blockade for all patients with cardiac risk. Because these drugs are not without risks, it might be advisable to be restrained in their use until the results of the large-scale randomized POISE trial are available. For clonidine and statins, the data are even more tenuous, and largely based on retrospective reviews (with the exception of postprocedure use of statins, which is well supported). Here again, the results of large-scale prospective trials must become available before recommendations can be made. Finally, promising data indicate that it might be possible to modulate by pharmacologic means the neurocognitive decline that is frequently associated with cardiac surgery, and which is often considered by patients to be the most troublesome complication of the intervention.
Nonextraction approach to tooth size archlength discrepancies with the Alexander discipline

Abstract Crowded dentitions can be treated by using extraction, interproximal reduction, or nonextraction approaches. The extraction/reduction approaches provide additional space by removing tooth structure; the nonextraction approach increases the available space by expanding arch widths and increasing arch lengths. Although the severity of crowding and the soft-tissue profile are the important determinants of the appropriate approach, stability, timing of treatment, and different treatment approaches must also be considered. Since the 1960s the use of maxillary and mandibular expansion appliances has increased significantly. Studies have shown that the basal portions of both arches normally expand during growth, albeit considerably more so for the maxilla than the mandible. Both jaw increases have been shown to be age related, with younger individuals having greater potential for expansion. Arch widths are clearly adaptable; active maxillary expansion alone has been shown to spontaneously produce mandibular expansion that was maintained for up to two years postretention. These width changes indicate an adaptive system operating. If the teeth are able to maintain their equilibrium between the cheeks and the tongue while the system is normally expanding or when the maxilla is being actively expanded, which the teeth apparently do, then there is good reason to expect at least partial stability of the mandibular teeth after active expansion.
A probabilistic representation of LiDAR range data for efficient 3D object detection

We present a novel approach to 3D object detection in scenes scanned by LiDAR sensors, based on a probabilistic representation of free, occupied, and hidden space that extends the concept of occupancy grids from robot mapping algorithms. This scene representation naturally handles LiDAR sampling issues, can be used to fuse multiple LiDAR data sets, and captures the inherent uncertainty of the data due to occlusions and clutter. Using this model, we formulate a hypothesis testing methodology to determine the probability that given 3D objects are present in the scene. By propagating uncertainty in the original sample points, we are able to measure confidence in the detection results in a principled way. We demonstrate the approach in examples of detecting objects that are partially occluded by scene clutter such as camouflage netting.
SELF-EMBEDDED SENTENCES AND THE SYLLOGISTIC FORM: AN INVESTIGATION OF THEIR INTERACTION*

Summary Three hypotheses derived from an explanation sketch of the ability of some individuals to understand self-embedded (SE) sentences with two embeddings involving Syllogistic reasoning ability were tested with positive results. The data indicate that those individuals who can understand SE sentences with two embeddings will be better able to reason with the use of the Syllogistic form than those who cannot, that those individuals who can reason with the use of the Syllogistic form will be able to understand SE sentences with two embeddings, and that those individuals who cannot reason with the use of the Syllogistic form will not be able to understand SE sentences with two embeddings.
Interbreed Matings in Dairy Cattle. IV. Growth Rate of Two-Breed Crosses

Abstract Body weights for all single crosses among Ayrshires, Brown Swiss, and Holsteins were compared to those of contemporary purebreds in six periods: birth to 6 months, 7 to 12, 13 to 16, 17 to 21, 22 to 24 months, and in first lactation. Least-squares techniques were used to estimate the effects of year-parity, season, breed groups, age, and the two-factor interactions with the linear and quadratic age effects. Year-parity had a significant influence on weights up to 12 months but not thereafter. Differences among purebreds were important at all ages. General combining abilities differed (P
Gift Taxes, Valuation, and the Need for Quarterly Information Returns

Gifts of tangible personal property and closely-held business interests typically are made without a paper trail (e.g., cancelled check or deed recording). Because gift tax returns are not due until April 15 of the calendar year following the transfer, a non-compliant taxpayer can game the system by taking a “wait and see” approach. For example, if a taxpayer makes a gift of valuable gold ring on January 1, and by December 31 the value of gold significantly declines to an all-time low, a taxpayer might choose to report the gift as occurring on the latter date. Similarly, if a taxpayer makes a gift of privately-held stock to a grantor retained annuity trust on January 1, and, likewise, the value of that stock declines to an all-time low by December 31, the taxpayer might claim that the gift never happened. Professors Soled and Crawford propose reviving a quarterly gift tax return filing system applicable to all taxpayers whose aggregate taxable gifts equal or exceed $100,000 during a calendar quarter. Such a system would increase both compliance and revenue.
A Modeling Study of Vertical Diffusion of Passive and Reactive Tracers Using Local- and Nonlocal-Closure Boundary Layer Schemes

Both turbulent mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and chemical transformation of trace-gas species have relatively short characteristic time scales compared with those of other processes considered in existing air quality simulation models. There exists a competition between these two processes in changing the chemical state of the atmosphere. Representation of these interacting processes is further complicated by the release of various trace-gas species at different altitudes in the atmosphere. Although many air quality models (AQMs) include detailed and complex reaction pathways for species transformation, the representation of ABL turbulent mixing processes in these models is still rather crude. Many Eulerian air quality modeling systems use K-theory concepts to represent the subgrid-scale vertical mixing in the ABL. An underlying assumption in this formulation is that the turbulent mixing processes are local; consequently, the mixing is confined to adjacent layers. However, in the presence of larger eddies that can exist during convective conditions (e.g., summer daytime), the above assumption may be invalid.
Hydrofluoric acid burns of the hand.

Hydrofluoric acid burns, if not promptly recognized and properly treated, may produce serious injury and prolonged disability. Clinically, characteristic and specific treatment, given early, is very effective. A series of forty-five burns is reviewed and a plan of treatment is proposed which depends in part on the severity of the tissue injury and includes local injections of 10 per cent calcium gluconate.
Professional learning community process in the United States: conceptualization of the process and district support for schools

AbstractAs the Professional Learning Community (PLC) process becomes embedded within schools, the level of district support has a direct impact on whether schools have the ability to re-culture and sustain highly effective collaborative practices. The purpose of this article is to share a professional learning community conceptual framework from the US, and to highlight recent findings relating to district level support for the PLC process in schools. The professional learning community conceptual model is organized around five dimensions: shared and supportive leadership, shared values and vision, collaborative learning and application, shared personal practice, and supportive conditions. The overarching question guiding this qualitative research study is: How do school district personnel (central office staff) support schools in the professional learning community process? Findings reveal the importance of transformative and proactive district involvement, and the use of transparency, trust, accountabil...
Promin in Treatment of Experimental Tuberculosis

Summary and Conclusions1. Promin exerts a bacteriostatic effect on tubercle bacilli in vitro. 2. Promin exerts a retarding effect on guinea pig tuberculosis, but does not cure the disease. 3. The effects of promin on human tuberculosis are being investigated.
The Government Corporation Control Act of 1945

The government corporation, by reason of its use as an instrument for administering commercial and emergency programs in two world wars and one depression, has become a familiar device in American government. A recent census turned up some 115 federal corporate agencies, with over 20 billion dollars in assets. Admittedly, not all of these were government corporations “in the strictest sense of the term,” and some have since been liquidated with the ending of the war. More than half of the total of 115, moreover, are attributable to the fact that the federal land banks, intermediate credit banks, banks for cooperatives, production-credit corporations, and home loan banks are organized on a regional basis, with twelve individual corporations in each category. Nevertheless, the list is an impressive one, including such permanent major federal agencies as the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Panama Railroad Company, the Inland Waterways Corporation, the Export-Import Bank, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Public Housing Authority, and the Farm Credit Administration system.
Options for Remote Locations

One of the best applications of wind and solar power is in remote locations. Sufficient data and reports are available to estimate benchmark costs for wind applications, and these benchmark costs show that these renewable energy applications tend to be more costly than grid power. Also, backup power is needed and can cost more than the wind or solar systems. However, there are great opportunities and paths forward that will lead to a resurgence of off-grid power in the United States and a dominance of off-grid power in countries where an electrical grid structure is not already in place
Effects of terbuthylazine on early life stages of common carp.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of terbuthylazine in different developmental stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on the basis of mortality, early ontogeny, occurrence of morphological anomalies, growth rate, and Fulton's condition factor during and at the conclusion of the test. DESIGN The toxicity tests were performed on carp according to OECD 210 methodology. The developmental stages of carp were exposed to terbuthylazine at four concentrations, 2.9 (reported environmental concentration in Czech rivers); 70; 1,400; and 3,500 µg.L(-1) for 35 days and compared to carps in a non-treated control group. RESULTS Terbuthylazine in concentration 1,400 and 3,000 µg.L(-1) caused significant (p<0.01) decrease of mass, total length and delayed in development of carp. Fish exposed to terbuthylazine showed alteration of tubular system of caudal kidney. On the basis of histopathological changes the values of LOEC=2.9 µg.L(-1) terbuthylazine were estimated. CONCLUSIONS Chronic terbuthylazine exposure of early-life stages of common carp affected their growth rate, early ontogeny and histology. Some of the changes were observed only at higher exposures, but change founded in caudal kidney was affected in fish exposed to the real environmental concentration tested (i.e., 2.9 µg.L(-1)).
Investigating the Multi-layered Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability with High-Order Accurate Numerical Methods

The Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI) occurs in flows where a shock interacts with a perturbed interface between two different fluids. At the interface, the interacting shock deposits baroclinic vorticity that drives the perturbation growth [1]. Conducting theoretical and experimental analysis is important to understand the physics of the RMI and its role in the context of high-energy-density physics [3], particularly inertial confinement fusion [8] and supernova collapse [6]. In these latter problems, the geometry is such that the shock interacts with multiple layers of materials. Thus, the multi-layered RMI is particularly relevant in these multi-material problems, where an accurate characterization of the level of mixing is important. Although the single interface RMI has been studied extensively in the past, through both experiments [2] and numerical simulations [5, 7], little attention has been given to the multi-layered RMI.
Experimental identification and validation of a battery model for a battery-buffered frequency-controlled smart load

This paper presents an experimental extraction and validation of a battery model for a battery-buffered frequency-responsive smart load application. The considered model is based on a Thevenin equivalent circuit. It is capable of modeling the batteries transient behavior during charge and discharge. In order to extract the model parameters at different conditions of current and state of charge, an automatic test system was developed to implement different charge and discharge test profiles. In the experiments, new 3 Ah, 1.2 V NiMH (HHR300SCP) battery cells from Panasonic were tested individually and in series-connected packs. First, the model was experimentally identified and compared for a single cell and multiple series-connected cells. The model parameters of each configuration were extracted from the experimental measurements of the batteries voltage and current response to pulsed charge and discharge tests. Next, the identified model of a selected single cell was used to simulate the series-connected cells. Then, a simulation of the model was built in Matlab/Simulink to validate the model and study its accuracy in modeling multiple cells in series configurations. Finally, the model was validated for a six-cell series-connected pack under the charging and discharging profiles of the frequency-controlled smart load.