cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of magnetic resonance with delayed contrast enhancement imaging in the diagnosis of congenital ventricular outpouching: reply

We read with great interest the letter to the editor from Marijon and Redheuil1 entitled ‘Non-invasive “tissue characterization approach” for congenital ventricular outpouchings: role of magnetic resonance with delayed contrast enhanced imaging’ with regard to our recent clinical vignette concerning ‘A giant congenital left ventricular diverticulum simulating an aneurysm’.2 The authors draw the attention to very important and useful aspects concerning …
Trapping DNA polymerases using triplex-forming oligodeoxyribonucleotides

Triplexes (triple helices) formed within DNA templates prior to or during DNA synthesis cause DNA polymerase to terminate [Samadashwily et al., EMBO J. 13 (1993) 4975-4983]. Here, we show that triplex-forming oligodeoxyribonucleotides (oligos) efficiently trap DNA polymerases at target DNA sequences within single-stranded (ss) templates. This was observed for all studied DNA polymerases, including Sequenase and the thermophilic Taq and Vent polymerases. The termination rate depends on the fine structure of a triplex, as well as on ambient conditions such as temperature and the concentration of magnesium ions. Inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed not only when triplexes blocked the path of DNA polymerase, but also when a polymerization primer was involved in triplex formation. Escherichia coli ss-binding (SSB) protein helps DNA polymerase overcome the triplex barrier, but with an efficiency dramatically dependent on the triplex configuration. These results describe a novel method for blocking DNA replication at target homopurine-homopyrimidine sequences by means of triplex-forming oligos in direct analogy with similar results during transcription.
Application of an instrumental neutron activation analysis procedure to analysis of food

The capabilities of a relatively simple instrumental neutron activation analysis procedure were demonstrated by performing multielement analyses of 240 Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Studies food composites. The analytical results provide a comprehensive database for a wide range of food types. The procedure incorporates only two irradiations and counts, polyethylene packaging and no sample transfer after irradiation. Concentrations were determined for 19 elements, 16 of which were found in most composites. Detection limits were calculated for all food groups and are given for the 22 elements included in the quantitative analysis scheme. In a qualitative search for 18 additional elements for which no standards were run, none were detected in any of the composites. Specific factors such as interferences from the blank are discussed in regard to their effects on the uncertainties associated with the experimental data and the detection limits. Modifications to the procedure are also suggested for lowering the detection limits for specific elements.
Werner Heisenberg and Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker: A Fifty-Year Friendship*

This paper follows Werner Heisenberg and Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker during their fifty-year friendship from 1926, when they first met in Copenhagen, to Heisenberg’s death in Munich in 1976. The relationship underwent profound changes during that period, as did physics, philosophy, and German society and politics, all of which exerted important influences on their lives, work, and interactions with each other. The nature of these developments and their impact are explored in this paper.
Methylprednisolone does not influence endotoxin translocation during cardiopulmonary bypass

This study investigated whether the prophylactic administration of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) could prevent an increase in plasma endotoxin levels during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. MPSS (1 g/patient) or saline was given intravenously with induction in the steroid (n = 6) and control (n = 7) groups, respectively. Blood samples were collected preinduction and postinduction, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass, and 1 and 24 hours postoperatively. Plasma endotoxin was determined by a chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. There was an intraoperative increase in the level of plasma endotoxin that occurred primarily after initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass and removal of the aortic cross-clamp. Endotoxin at 1 and 24 hours postoperatively was lower than the peak intraoperative levels and approached the preinduction level in both groups. The pump prime and other administered fluids contained low levels of endotoxin that were at or below the preinduction or postinduction level of the patients. MPSS did not prevent or attenuate the degree of endotoxemia during cardiopulmonary bypass. The loss of normal gut mucosal barrier function during cardiopulmonary bypass may result in endotoxemia and/or bacterial translocation, either of which could initiate or contribute to postoperative complications.
Follistatin is a modulator of gonadal tumor progression and the activin-induced wasting syndrome in inhibin-deficient mice.

Inhibins and activins are dimeric proteins belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. Follistatin is an activin-binding protein that antagonizes the function of activin via binding to its beta-subunits. Previously, we demonstrated that mice deficient in inhibin develop ovarian and testicular sex cord-stromal tumors of granulosa and Sertoli cell origin, with 100% penetrance as early as 4 weeks of age. Overproduction of activins in the serum directly causes a cachexia-like wasting syndrome that results in lethality of these mice at an early stage after the onset of the tumors. In an independent set of studies, overexpression of mouse follistatin using the mouse metallothionein I promoter in transgenic mice led to gonadal defects and eventual infertility, primarily due to local effects of follistatin in these tissues. Activin has a positive growth effect on gonadal tumor cells in culture and directly causes the cancer cachexia-like syndrome in inhibin-deficient mice via interaction with activin receptor type IIA in livers and stomachs. We therefore hypothesized that an activin antagonist such as follistatin can act as a physiological modifier, either locally or via the serum, to block the activin-mediated cancer cachexia-like syndrome in inhibin-deficient mice and/or slow the progression of gonadal cancers in these mice. To test this hypothesis, we generated mice that are homozygous mutant for the inhibin alpha null allele (i.e. inham1/inham1) and carry the mouse metallothionein I follistatin (MT-FS) transgene. Our results show that gonadal tumors that are histologically similar in most, but not all, cases to the tumors in inhibin-deficient mice develop in these inham1/inham1, MT-FS+ mice. However, inham1/inham1, MT-FS+ mice exhibit a less severe wasting syndrome, lower serum activin levels, and a statistically significant prolonged survival in a number of cases compared with mice deficient in inhibin alone. Thus, follistatin can act as a modulator of tumor growth and the activin-induced cancer cachexia-like syndrome in inhibin-deficient mice.
Analysis of dynamic enhancement of natural convection cooling by a discrete vibrating plate

A dynamic means of locally enhancing laminar natural convection cooling in a vertical channel through the localized application of fluid oscillations is numerically investigated. The two-dimensional system considered for these purposes is a vertical channel with a small transversely oscillating plate placed near a constant heat flux channel wall. The flow and heat transfer in the system resulting from the combined effects of the natural convection and the oscillating plate were determined. The results indicate that for displacement amplitudes of at least one-third of the mean spacing and with dimensionless frequencies $$\left({Re}/{\sqrt {\rm Gr}}\right)$$ of at least 2π, the local heat transfer coefficient can be enhanced by as much as 41%.
Observation and hypothesis in psychology.

(1948). Observation and Hypothesis in Psychology. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 89-98.
Capturing the benefits of operating and synthetic leases

Here's an important leasing strategy that CEOs, CFOs, and treasurers should know about. By applying constructive lease capitalization on the operating leases of several firms, the authors show that companies can hide many liabilities from financial reporting. And they can also enhance net income, retained earnings, and key financial ratios —all by reporting leases as operating leases instead of capital leases. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tendon transfers for equinovarus deformity in adults and children.

Strictly defined, an equinovarus foot deformity positions the foot and ankle in both equinus and varus. However, triplanar joint axes, coupled joint motion, and secondary contractures result in deform...
The reformed CAP and the industrial world

CAP reform has important implications for relations with countries outside the Community. As a result of reform, the EC has found it possible to negotiate new rules on agricultural trade in the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations. The MacSharry compensation payments are sufficiently decoupled to fit into an "allowable" category of domestic policies, protected from challenge by trade partners. Tying compensation payments to hectares used, rather than output, should decrease yields. Breaking the link between farm output and income support brings the Community into line with a number of other countries. Moreover, it gives the flexibility to the Community to incorporate as new members the EFTA countries with their highly protected agricultural sectors, and to open up trade with the Central and Eastern European countries. Together with the conversion of variable levies to tariffs, it recouples EC agriculture with developments on world markets. Copyright 1994 by Oxford University Press.
Competitive Adsorption Phenomena in Nonaqueous Tape Casting Suspensions

Competitive adsorption phenomena in alumina (α-Al2O3)–polyvinyl butyral (PVB)–Menhaden fish oil (MFO) suspensions are studied using diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. PVB and MFO commonly serve as binder and dispersant species, respectively, in nonaqueous tape casting systems. Adsorption isotherm measurements reveal that both PVB and MFO have an affinity for α-Al2O3 surfaces, with corresponding plateau coverages of 3.4 and 2.3 mg/m2, respectively. Sequential competitive adsorption of these species occurred during two-stage milling. MFO was fully adsorbed onto α-Al2O3 powder in the absence of PVB during first-stage milling. PVB was then introduced to the system during second-stage milling and found to displace preadsorbed MFO species from such surfaces. At the culmination of milling, PVB composed 25–35 wt% of the adsorbed organic layer. Complete displacement of MFO was not observed, which limited PVB adsorption on α-Al2O3.
Model-based, real-time control of electrical power systems

Automated control of a large electrical power distribution network through a single controller can provide advantages in efficiency and reliability as well as reduction in maintenance costs. For control to be most effective, it is necessary that a global view of the entire network be had by the controller, so that it can reason as to the cause of the readings of the various sensing devices located throughout the network, Traditional approaches to power system control have involved a set of local devices (i.e., protective relays) that base their decision on the instantaneous reading of a single sensor. These single-parameter decisions can sometimes be incorrect due to sensor failures. Furthermore, a special type of fault called a soft fault, where a fault impedance limits the current to a value below the relay operating point, are nearly impossible to detect with decisions based on a single local parameter. By reasoning over an entire suit of sensing devices spread throughout the entire network, protection decisions based on a global view can become more reliable as well as comprehensive. Some previous approaches have implemented global control with varying degrees of success through the use of rule-based knowledge-based systems. This paper describes an alternative knowledge-based approach that makes use of so-called models of structure-and-behavior, to which model-based diagnosis is applied. The objective of this approach is to develop a system that can reliably diagnose faults in power distribution networks (especially soft faults), identify sensor failures, and carry out appropriate corrective action automatically. An intelligent power controller (IPC) which has these capabilities is described. This IPC was rigorously tested in an DC electrical power distribution system testbed and found to successfully carry out the required functions. This paper also describes in detail the tests and the conclusions drawn from their results.
A TinyOS-enabled MICA2-BasedWireless neural interface

Existing approaches used to develop compact low-power multichannel wireless neural recording systems range from creating custom-integrated circuits to assembling commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) PC-based components. Custom-integrated-circuit designs yield extremely compact and low-power devices at the expense of high development and upgrade costs and turn-around times, while assembling COTS-PC-technology yields high performance at the expense of large system size and increased power consumption. To achieve a balance between implementing an ultra-compact custom-fabricated neural transceiver and assembling COTS-PC-technology, an overlay of a neural interface upon the TinyOS-based MICA2 platform is described. The system amplifies, digitally encodes, and transmits neural signals real-time at a rate of 9.6 kbps, while consuming less than 66 mW of power. The neural signals are received and forwarded to a client PC over a serial connection. This data rate can be divided for recording on up to 6 channels, with a resolution of 8 bits/sample. This work demonstrates the strengths and limitations of the TinyOS-based sensor technology as a foundation for chronic remote biological monitoring applications and, thus, provides an opportunity to create a system that can leverage from the frequent networking and communications advancements being made by the global TinyOS-development community.
What Proportion of Vancomycin Trough Levels Are Drawn Too Early? Frequency and Impact on Clinical Actions

Vancomycin trough levels are recommended to predict vancomycin efficacy, and inaccurate levels may lead to inappropriate clinical actions. However, the frequency of timing errors and associated clinical impact is unknown. We retrospectively analyzed vancomycin levels (n = 2,597) measured during 13 months at a large academic medical center. Of the specimens, 41.3% were drawn too early. These samples yielded significantly higher average ± SD vancomycin concentrations than correctly timed samples (22.1 ± 11.7 mg/L vs 15.5 mg/L ± 8.6 mg/L; P < .001), and, consequently, clinicians were more likely to decrease, discontinue, or hold a patient’s vancomycin dose (25.6% vs 21.4%; P < .02) or repeat the vancomycin level (29.2% vs 20.0%; P < .001). A substantial proportion of specimens collected to assess vancomycin efficacy were drawn too early, leading to overestimation of patients’ true trough level and possible underdosing of vancomycin or a high rate of repeat tests for vancomycin. Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic, first introduced in the 1950s, that rose to prominence in the 1980s as a firstline treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. 1 When monitoring vancomycin therapy is clinically indicated, serum or plasma trough concentrations are recommended as a surrogate marker of pharmacodynamic target attainment to predict vancomycin efficacy. 2 Peak levels, previously used to assess toxicity, are currently thought to have little clinical usefulness owing to the improvement in vancomycin formulations over time and evidence indicating a low risk of toxicity using standard doses. 3-5
AN EXAMINATION OF TRENDS IN GEOGRAPHIC CONCENTRATION IN U.S. HOG PRODUCTION, 1974-96

Geographic concentration in US. hog production from 1974–96 is investigated using a measurebased on Theil’s entropy index. For the U.S. as a whole, geographic concentration is occurring at a slow rate, both for hog farms and hog numbers. However, for particular states,primarily in the new SouthernAtlantic production region, concentration is high and increasing at a rapid pace. Concentration was increasing for the 23-year period for 16 out of the 20 statesin the analysis. Results indicate that geographic concentration by augmentation is occurring to the greatest degree in Arkansas, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania.
New co-editor for the Journal of Paleolimnology

I am pleased to announce that Thomas J. (Tom) Whitmore has been appointed co-editor of the Journal of Paleolimnology (JOPL). Tom is well known to the paleolimnology community as the founder and moderator of PALEOLIM, the Paleolimnology Forum listservice (Whitmore 1995), and as a frequent contributor to JOPL. He serves on the JOPL Board and is an ex officio member of the Executive Committee for the International Paleolimnology Association (IPA). Tom is a paleolimnologist and diatomist who has worked extensively on subtropical and tropical lakes. He received his B.S. (1977) in Biological Sciences at the University of Connecticut, and completed both his M.S. (1985) and Ph.D. (1991) degrees in Zoology at the University of Florida, where he studied with the late Edward S. Deevey, Jr. While a graduate student, Tom developed diatom-based transfer functions for investigating past changes in trophic state and pH of Florida lakes (Whitmore 1989). He also explored ways to use sedimented diatoms to infer past macrophyte biomass in Florida’s shallow water bodies. Tom developed interest in editorial work during graduate school, and he studied scientific writing with the late Robert A. Wallace, who was the author of several widely used biology texts. Tom has participated in paleolimnological research on lakes in Florida, Mexico, Guatemala, and China. His interests have included topics such as human-mediated soil erosion in watersheds of southwest China (Whitmore et al. 1994), heterogeneous sediment distribution in shallow, wind-stressed lake basins (Whitmore et al. 1996), water quality and sediment geochemistry of Yunnan lakes, China (Whitmore et al. 1997), anthropogenic alkalization of Florida lakes (Whitmore et al. 2006), and heavymetals contamination of lake sediments in Florida (Whitmore et al. 2008). From 1992 to 2003, Tom held research positions with the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida. Since that time, he has held research posts in the Environmental Science, Policy, and Geography Program at the University of M. Brenner (&) Department of Geological Sciences, Land Use and Environmental Change Institute (LUECI), University of Florida, PO Box 112120, Gainesville, FL 32611-2120, USA e-mail: brenner@ufl.edu
RMS and average errors resulting from low pass filter characteristics in instrumentation systems

Rectangular, steplike waveforms, occurring in many physical systems, are passed through sensors or signal conditioners having, in many cases, low-pass filter characteristics. The filtered waveforms are sampled by A/D (analog/digital) converters and the average or RMS (root-mean-square) values calculated. The author describes the effects of the low-pass filter characteristics on the average and RMS values of the waveforms and the analysis method used to determine the effects. It is shown that once the data-acquisition-system component under consideration has been modeled by an s-domain transfer function and the input waveform is known, the solution process is mechanical. By the way of example, the method is applied to a measurement problem and the results provided. The effects of assuming unit step excitation rather than physically realizable exponential step inputs are also discussed. >
Irving Fisher, Victor Fuchs, and the Health‐Government Tangle

A comment on the article by Victor Fuchs in this volume. Victor Fuchs alerts the modern world to Irving Fisher's deep and abiding interests in health. To most of us trained in Fisherian models of money, index numbers, and capital markets, this will be a revela- tion (see Barber 1997). But disappointment will be just a step behind. As Fuchs points out in this volume, Fisher seems to have set his eco- nomics aside when approaching health issues. His tubercular condi- tion, more than economists' marginal conditions, appears to have spurred Fisher's health interests. In sharp contrast to the leading health economists of the modern era, whose health commentaries derive from their professional expertise, Fisher was a social crusader on health issues, who happened to be an economist. Fisher's reluc- tance or inability to apply his extraordinary economic logic is most telling in his failure to capture health promotion as an investment problem with a significant time dimension, an area where his contri- butions to economics endure. 1 Irving Fisher endorsed active government participation in the health sector. The government should be a public health scold and enforcer
Updated and Expanded OPAL Equation-of-State Tables: Implications for Helioseismology

We are in the process of updating and extending the OPAL equation-of-state (EOS) and opacity data to include low-mass stars. The EOS part of that effort now is complete, and the results are described herein. The new data cover main-sequence stars having mass � 0.1 M� . As a result of the more extreme matter conditions encountered with low-mass stars, we have added new physics. The electrons are now treated as relativistic, and we have improved our treatment of molecules. We also consider the implications of the new results for helioseismology.
Estimating the model resolution matrix for large seismic tomography problems based on Lanczos bidiagonalization with partial reorthogonalization

SUMMARY The PROPACK package developed by Larsen is able to efficiently and accurately estimate singular values and vectors for large matrices based on the Lanczos bidiagonalization with partial reorthogonalization. We incorporate the Pavtial Reorthogonalization Package (PROPACK) package into the double-difference seismic tomography code tomoDD and estimate the model resolution matrix for large seismic tomography problems. Compared to previous Least Squares QR (LSQR)-based methods for estimating the model resolution matrix the PROPACK-based method calculates the full resolution matrix and thus gives a complete description of how well the model is resolved. Several observations are drawn from the application to data from the 2001 eruption of Mt Etna: for this example, it is reasonable to use ray-sampling density information to characterize the model resolution qualitatively; the model resolution resulting from just velocity inversion bears a close linear relationship to that from simultaneous inversion but always overestimates resolution; and the inversion system using differential times has a greater ability to resolve the source region structure than the system using absolute times.
Pressure-Temperature Histories of Liquid Hydrogen under Pressurization and Venting Conditions

Experience has shown that the pressure in a closed liquid-hydrogen tank may be considerably greater than the vapor pressure that corresponds to the average liquid temperature. This increase in pressure is due to a. surface layer of liquid hydrogen that is warmer than the bulk liquid. Previous experiments carried out at the Lewis Research Center with liquid nitrogen have shown that stirring the liquid tends to mix the warmer surface layer into the bulk liquid, causing a drop in pressure. These studies have been extended to include the effect of the pressurization and venting of liquid-hydrogen tanks on the temperature gradients established in the tank. Presented herein are some results of an experimental investigation involving the temperature stratification and pressure rise of liquid hydrogen contained in an aircraft-type tank exposed to atmospheric turbulence conditions during flight. The temperature of the fluid, both liquid and vapor, at various levels in the tank under both pressurization and venting periods is given. In addition, results of some calculations utilizing the temperature profile data to predict the variation in tank pressures during a venting period are presented.
Initiation and termination of spiral waves in a two-dimensional bidomain model of cardiac tissue

Spiral waves in cardiac tissue serve as a simplified model of ventricular fibrillation (VF). Initiation and termination of the spiral wave is studied in a computer model. The computer model comprises a two dimensional, bidomain, discontinuous and anisotropic network of cardiac cells. In an analogous experimental preparation, electrical activity is imaged using a voltage sensitive fluorescent dye. The model and the experiment reproduce similar spiral wave activity. Application of electrical shock of adequate strength, in the model as well as the experiment, eliminated the spiral wave pattern.
Maxwell's equations in divergence form for general media with applications to MHD

Maxwell's equations in media with general constitutive relations are reformulated in covariant form as a system of divergence equations without constraints. Our reformulation enables us to express general electro-magneto-fluid problems as hyperbolic systems in divergence form. We illustrate this method on the MHD problem. In the absence of constraints, a general representation is derived for the characteristics form for first-order systems of quasi-linear partial differential equations in vector fields and scalars. Using this covariant formulation of characteristics, we find that the principle of covariance imposes a very rigid structure on the infinitesimally small amplitude waves in MHD. To demonstrate the power of the reformulation, we study numerically ultra-relativistic wave breaking using the divergence formulation of MHD.
Effect of diets on 5‐fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide toxicity

Abstract Feeding rats a semipurified diet containing casein as a protein source results in severe gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity when the chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate (MTX) is given. However, when soy concentrate protein is used in place of casein, rats are completely protected from toxicity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether soy protein was also protective against two other chemotherapeutic agents, 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and cyclophosphamide (CY), which are routinely used in a multidrug regimen with MTX in a clinical setting. Three diets were tested; they consisted of a control complex diet (rat chow) and two semipurified diets containing casein or soy concentrate as the protein fraction given to non‐tumor‐bearing rats receiving a single injection of 5‐FU or CY at three different levels (Experiment I: 5‐FU: 100, 260, and 420 mg/kg; Experiment II: CY: 120, 180, and 240 mg/kg). Each diet was fed to seven rats for seven days before injection and seven days after injection. Food intake ...
Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis in Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous malignant neoplasm in Western countries with wide geographical variability in clinical incidence. It is the fourth most common male malignant neoplasm world wide, with an incidence variation between countries and ethnic populations. The mechanisms that lead to prostate cancer are poorly defined. These include complex interactions implicating genetic, hormonal and environmental factors. A genetic form of prostate cancer has been defined and several genes have been implicated in the initiation, promotion and progression of prostate cancer. The effect of androgens and estrogens has also been investigated. Most recently the role of inflammation has been the subject of mechanistic studies. We review genetic, hormonal and inflammatory factors that may contribute to the development of prostate cancer.
Evaluating Lead and Iron Intoxication in an Emergency Setting

Many of the signs and symptoms of lead and iron poisoning are similar. Thus, in an emergency setting, intoxication with either substance needs to he part of the differential diagnosis for any patient (particularly a child) who presents with severe abdominal pain and vomiting. Anemia may be present in either type of intoxication as may be positive findings on abdominal radiograph. The clinician relies on the clinical laboratory not only to confirm the diagnosis but also to provide quantitative data for emergent patient management such as “chelation” therap.
Within- and Between-Plant Dispersal and Distributions of Neoseiulus californicus and N. fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Simulated Bean and Apple Plant Systems

Intra- and interplant movement and dispersal of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) were studied on both lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus L., and apple branch, Malus pumila Miller, plant systems that were seeded with excess (50–100 per leaf) numbers of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Individuals of either predator were selected randomly from colonies of well-fed, mixed-age adult females and moved to test plants. When tested separately in each plant system, N. californicus dispersed a greater distance from the point of release than N. fallacis at 1–8 d. A fan placed in front of bean plants containing T. urticae and near equal densities of both predaceous mites, provided continuous air (wind) to 3 isolated receiver units located 2.5, 5, and 7.5 m downwind. Receiver units consisted of continuous bean foliage with excess (50–100 per leaf) T. urticae , but no predators. Wind speeds at the source and each receiver unit averaged 2.2, 0.9, 0.4, and 0.03 m/s. As predators eliminated prey, N. fallacis dispersed earlier at higher prey densities and further downwind than N. californicus , but cumulative densities of each predator in all receiver units were alike after 20 d. Results of both within- and between-plant dispersal studies supported the hypothesis that N. californicus has dispersal traits more like those of a generalist predator of spider mites than does N. fallacis . Spatial patterns of dispersal and biological control of pest mites are discussed in relation to predation types within the Phytoseiidae.
Invisible discrimination: Employers, social media sites and passwords in the U.S.

With the advent and popularity of social networking sites, the boundaries of the relationship between the employer and employee/prospective employee have stretched well beyond the workplace and working hours. Predictably, this relationship expansion has led to uncharted adversarial scenarios between the respective parties. Unfortunately, in this new, vibrant cyber world, employment law is struggling for deference and attention. Notwithstanding this ostensible indifference, each phase of the relationship is heavily impacted by social network media. Applicant recruitment, information gathering and applicant selection stand to be impacted by the social network communications made by employees or prospective employees. This article examines whether present and proposed law protects job applicants from potential, unlawful discrimination resulting from the employer’s use of social media in its applicant recruitment, information-gathering and applicant selection processes.
Daily Migrations of the Wood Cricket Nemobius sylvestris (Bosc)

Adults of the wood cricket Nemobius sylvestris (Bose) make a daily migration across the ecotone between woodland and field. The rhythm of locomotor activity is bimodal with a morning peak characterized by movements from the field towards the wood and an afternoon peak when the net displacement is towards the field. The time-space patterns of these daily migrations are related to internal determinants (feeding activity) and to environmental factors (light intensity).
Abstract 4141: Tumor cell enrichment is critical for assessing cell signaling pathways in glioblastoma multiforme.

Introduction & Methods: Glioblastoma tumor cells are generally assumed to be mixed with few distinct non-tumorigenic cell types and few cells of the microenvironment in general, owing to their location in the brain and the high tumor cell density compared to normal brain parenchyma. However, even small cell populations can have a significant impact on the abundance of phosphorylated proteins. We have analyzed the level and/or phosphorylation of 133 proteins in laser capture microdissected glioblastoma primary tumors (n=39) and compared the results to non-tumor cell enriched, whole tissue lysates. Results: A large portion (44 percent) of endpoints were significantly different between matched tumor cell enriched and non-enriched samples - even when limiting the investigation to tumor samples with at least 90 percent tumor content. EGFR protein levels, which is highly expressed in tumor cells compared to normal brain parenchyma, increased in enriched and non-enriched samples following EGFR mutation, while EGFR phosphorylation was only significantly increased in tumor cell enriched samples. In contrast, PTEN, which has a higher expression in normal brain compared to tumor cells, was only found to be reduced in tumor cell enriched samples from patients with either PTEN mutation or loss in PTEN copy number, with no difference seen in non-enriched samples. Patient stratification by either phosphorylated EGFR, Akt, mTOR, Stat1, VEGFR2 or Bcl-2 based on non-tumor cell enriched samples was dramatically different from tumor cell enriched samples, showing significant misclassification for up to 40 percent of patients even in high tumor content samples. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the critical necessity for selected tumor cell population procurement when investigating protein levels and phosphorylation in glioblastoma. Only tumor cell enriched samples correctly reflected expected tumor biology in the face of EGFR and PTEN mutations. Moreover, tumor cell enrichment had a dramatic effect on the stratification of clinical patient samples that would form the basis for targeted therapy selection. Citation Format: Claudius Mueller, Ana C. deCarvalho, Tom Mikkelsen, Valerie Calvert, Virginia Espina, Lance A. Liotta, Emanuel F. Petricoin III. Tumor cell enrichment is critical for assessing cell signaling pathways in glioblastoma multiforme. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4141. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4141
GENETIC VARIABILITY IN EDAPHICALLY RESTRICTED AND WIDESPREAD PLANT SPECIES.

The intuitively appealing notion that there are adaptive relationships between the genetic variability and ecological amplitude of populations is a persistent theme in evolutionary biology (Van Valen, 1965; Dobzhansky, 1970; Sammeta and Levins, 1970; Thoday, 1972). Adaptation to spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the environment can be achieved in several ways (Levins, 1969), including the employment of multiple genotypes specialized to exploit different subniches and the maintenance of "general purpose" genotypes (Baker, 1965) providing phenotypic flexibility (Thoday, 1959) and plasticity (Bradshaw, 1965). Genetic aspects of the latter mode of adaptation are poorly understood (Cook and Johnson, 1968; Marshall and Jain, 1968), but it is well established theoretically (Levins, 1968; Maynard Smith, 1970) and experimentally (Beardmore, 1970; Powell, 1971) that disruptive (diversifying) selection in heterogeneous environments can maintain genetic polymorphism. One method of detecting possible ecogenetic relationships is to compare levels of genetic variability in closely related species differing in ecological versatility. For animals it is generally difficult to specify variation in ecological amplitude in an unequivocal manner. Although animal parasites differing in degree of host specificity and certain groups of monoand polyphytophagous insects may prove to be useful in the analysis ofthe problem, plants in general provide better material because the spatial limits of species and races often can be described in terms of the distribution of specific environmental factors. The
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists: New Therapeutic Agents for Migraine

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent neuromodulator and vasodilator. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine by a number of lines of evidence, although its precise role has yet to be fully defined. Compelling evidence for the importance of CGRP in migraine has been provided by clinical trials with multiple small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists. These clinical studies have shown that blockade of the CGRP receptor can produce antimigraine efficacy comparable to that of the gold standard triptan class of drugs with an incidence of adverse events that appears to be relatively low. The present review describes the discovery and development of these new antimigraine agents and highlights the challenges of identifying orally acting drugs that target a family B G-protein-coupled receptor.
DAVA: Distributing Vaccines over Networks under Prior Information.

Given a graph, like a social/computer network or the blogosphere, in which an infection (or meme or virus) has been spreading for some time, how to select the k best nodes for immunization/quarantining immediately? Most previous works for controlling propagation (say via immunization) have concentrated on developing strategies for vaccination pre-emptively before the start of the epidemic. While very useful to provide insights in to which baseline policies can best control an infection, they may not be ideal to make real-time decisions as the infection is progressing. In this paper, we study how to immunize healthy nodes, in presence of already infected nodes. Efficient algorithms for such a problem can help public-health experts make more informed choices. First we formulate the Data-Aware Vaccination problem, and prove it is NP-hard and also that it is hard to approximate. Secondly, we propose two effective polynomial-time heuristics DAVA and DAVA-fast. Finally, we also demonstrate the scalability and effectiveness of our algorithms through extensive experiments on multiple real networks including epidemiology datasets, which show substantial gains of up to 10 times more healthy nodes at the end.
Response to Comment on "The B Cell-Stimulatory Cytokines BLyS and APRIL Are Elevated in Human Periodontitis and Are Required for B Cell-Dependent Bone Loss in Experimental Murine Periodontitis".

We thank Drs. Zhu and Nikolajczyk for their interest and comments on our paper ([1][1]). We want to make the following clarifications. 1) We did not use BLyS (or APRIL) as indicators of B cells; we stated that both BLyS and APRIL are produced by myeloid cells (p. 1432). 2) We claim that BlyS and
Gonococcal Infections in Women

Gonorrhea is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States. This article discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of this important disease.
Characterizing the Developmental Trajectory of Sirolimus Clearance in Neonates and Infants

Sirolimus is increasingly being used in neonates and infants, but the mechanistic basis of age-dependent changes in sirolimus disposition has not been fully addressed yet. In order to characterize the age-dependent changes, serial sirolimus clearance (CL) estimates in individual young pediatric patients were collected and analyzed by population modeling analysis. In addition, sirolimus metabolite formation was also investigated to further substantiate the corresponding age-dependent change in CYP3A activity. The increasing pattern over time of allometrically size-normalized sirolimus CL estimates vs. age was well described by a sigmoidal Emax model. This age-dependent increase was also observed within each individual patient over a 4-year study period. CYP3A-dependent sirolimus metabolite formation changed in a similar fashion. This study clearly demonstrates the rapid increase of sirolimus CL over time in neonates and infants, indicating the developmental change. This developmental pattern can be explained by a parallel increase in CYP3A metabolic activity.
Abstract 004: Splenectomy Differentially Affects Angiotensin-2 and L-NAME Murine Models of Hypertension

The immune system plays a major role in animal models of hypertension (HTN) and end-organ damage. However, few studies have assessed the role of lymphoid organs in the pathogenesis of HTN. We have shown previously that prior splenectomy (SPLX) significantly alters tissue inflammation; however the effect of SPLX on HTN remains unclear. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to determine whether prior SPLX influences the development of HTN in 2 different mouse models. Mice underwent SPLX or sham surgery 7 days prior to the induction of HTN using angiotensin-II (AngII, 400ng/kg*min s.c.) or nitric oxide synthase inhibition using L-NAME (30mg/kg*d in drinking water). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by tail-cuff manometer daily and mice were euthanized 14 days after induction of HTN. Heart weight/body weight (H/BW) ratios were calculated and kidney leukocyte infiltration was analyzed by flow cytometry. Mice with prior SPLX+AngII had significantly lower (P=0.03) SBP at both week 1 (148±7) and week 2 (135±7) as compared to Sham+AngII (174 and 173±7mmHg, n=5). Similarly, SPLX+AngII mice had significantly smaller (P=0.007) H/BW (4.3±0.3) as compared to Sham+AngII treated mice (5.2±0.4mg/g BW). Interestingly, no difference was observed in renal CD45+ (9.8±3 vs 10.6±3x105 cells/g, P=0.64) or CD3+ T-cell infiltration (8.8±0.2 vs 9.6±0.1x104 cells/g , P=0.64) between the Sham+AngII and SPLX+AngII treated mice, respectively (n=4/5). Furthermore, SPLX did not appear to influence the development of L-NAME HTN. SPLX+L-NAME mice had similar (P=0.84) SBP (145±4mmHg) as the Sham+L-NAME group (146±4mmHg, n=6) after 2 weeks. Relative heart weights were also similar (P=0.45) between SPLX+L-NAME (4.9±0.2) and Sham+L-NAME treated mice (4.8±0.3mg/g BW). Our data suggests that the full pressor response to AngII is dependent on the spleen. However, the effect of the spleen appears to be independent of renal inflammation. Moreover, the protective effect of the spleen is specific to AngII-dependent HTN and does not appear to be generalizable to all mouse models of hypertension. Further studies are needed to understand the physiological link between lymphoid organs (such as the spleen), renal inflammation, and the development of chronic HTN.
Structural Properties and Reactivity Trends of Molybdenum Oxide Catalysts Supported on Zirconia for the Hydrodeoxygenation of Anisole

Vapor-phase hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of anisole was investigated at 593 K and H2 pressures of ≤1 bar over supported MoO3/ZrO2 catalysts with MoO3 loadings ranging from 1 to 36 wt % (i.e., 0.5–23.8 Mo/nm2). Reactivity studies showed that HDO activity increased proportionally with MoO3 coverage up to a monolayer coverage (∼15 wt %) over the ZrO2 surface. Specific rates declined for catalysts with high loadings exceeding the monolayer coverage, because of a decreasing amount of redox-active species, as confirmed by oxygen chemisorption experiments. For low catalyst loadings (1 and 5 wt %), the selectivities toward fully deoxygenated aromatics were 13 and 24% on a C-mol basis, respectively, while at intermediate and high loadings (10–36 wt %), the selectivity was ∼40%. Post-reaction characterization of the spent catalysts using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the catalysts with 25 and 36 wt % MoO3 loadings were over-reduced, as evidenced by the prevalence of Mo4+ and Mo3+ ox...
Adenoviral nephritis in a renal transplant recipient: Case report and literature review.

Adenovirus (AdV) infections in transplant recipients may cause invasive disease. We present a case of granulomatous interstitial nephritis secondary to AdV infection in a renal transplant recipient that was initially interpreted as acute graft rejection on histopathology. Specific testing based on clinical suspicion, however, aided in making an accurate diagnosis. We present a retrospective review of all cases of AdV infection in renal transplant recipients to date, and analyze outcomes based on different treatment modalities for this disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Abstract 256: Rbp-j Controls the Fate of the Kidney Vasculature

Proper assembly of the renal vasculature is essential for post-natal life, and alterations to the renal vasculature are at the root of many types of cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms underlying the establishment, assembly and maintenance of the renal blood vessels are poorly understood. We have identified a population of renal stromal cells (marked by their expression of the transcription factor Foxd1) that differentiate to form the mural cells of the kidney arterial tree (excluding endothelial cells) and the glomerular mesangium. We previously demonstrated that RBP-J, the final transcriptional effector of the Notch signaling pathway, controls the phenotype of renin cells which are also derived from the Foxd1 lineage. We therefore hypothesized that RBP-J regulates the differentiation of stromal cells into the mural cells of the kidney arterioles. To answer this question, we deleted RBP-J in the metanephric stromal precursor cells, and found that mutant mice displayed striking kidney abnormalities in early life. Staining for vascular markers showed a significant decrease in the number of arteries and arterioles. Vessel walls were thinner due to a decrease in both the size and number of smooth muscle cells. We also noted a near absence of renin cells, supporting our earlier findings regarding the key role of RBP-J in establishing the differentiated renin cell endowment. These findings were accompanied by delayed nephrogenesis and other renal abnormalities including tubular dilation. In addition, mutant kidneys lacked Foxd1-lineage cells within the glomeruli, resulting in a depletion of mesangial cells and glomerular aneurysms. Thus, we conclude that RBP-J in Foxd1+ stromal cells plays a key role in the development of the kidney vasculature, and regulates the fate of cells that compose the arterial tree and the glomerular tuft.