cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Common Themes and Cultural Variations in Japanese and American Mothers' Speech to Infants

This study explored both universal features and cultural variation in maternal speech. Japanese and American mothers' speech to infants at 6, 12, and 19 months was compared in a cross-sectional study of 60 dyads observed playing with toys at home. Mothers' speech in both cultures shared common characteristics, such as linguistic simplification and frequent repetition, and mothers made similar adjustments in their speech to infants of different ages. American mothers labeled objects more frequently and consistently than did Japanese mothers, while Japanese mothers used objects to engage infants in social routines more often than did American mothers. American infants had larger noun vocabularies than did Japanese infants, according to maternal report. The greater emphasis on object nouns in American mothers' speech is only partially attributable to structural differences between Japanese and English. Cultural differences in interactional style and beliefs about child rearing strongly influence the structure and content of speech to infants.
Aging impairs axonal sprouting response of dentate granule cells following target loss and partial deafferentation.

Compared to other brain regions, the hippocampus shows considerable susceptibility to the aging process. Aging may impair the compensatory plastic response of hippocampal neurons following lesions, target loss, and/or deafferentation. We hypothesize that sprouting of dentate granule cell axons (mossy fibers) in response to target loss and partial deafferentation diminishes with age. We quantified mossy fiber sprouting into the dentate supragranular layer (DSGL) following intracerebroventricular kainic acid administration in young adult, middle-aged, and aged rats, using Timm's histochemical method. Mossy fiber ingrowth into the DSGL was assessed in the septal hippocampus at 2- and 4 months postlesion by measuring both the average width and the relative density of sprouted terminals. Kainic acid lesions produced degeneration of CA3 pyramids with sparing of CA1 and dentate granule cells in all age groups. Although young adults demonstrated robust DSGL mossy fiber sprouting, sprouting was significantly reduced in both middle-aged and aged rats. Compared to the case in young adults, the overall sprouting in middle-aged animals was reduced by 52% at 2 months and 50% at 4 months postlesion, whereas in aged rats the sprouting was reduced by 53% at 2 months and 64% at 4 months postlesion. Aged animals also showed an overall reduction of 28% compared to middle-aged animals at 4 months postlesion. Dramatically reduced sprouting in aged animals may represent a deficit in recognition of target loss and partial deafferentation by aged granule cells and/or an impaired up-regulation of factors that stimulate neurite outgrowth in the aged brain.
Dutch patriots, French journalists, and declarations of rights: the Leidse Ontwerp of 1785 and its diffusion in France

A previously unknown document reveals the authorship of the most important manifesto produced by the Dutch patriot movement of the mid-1780s and shows that it was originally written in French. This document was published in France in 1788 and may have influenced the drafting of the revolutionary Declaration of the rights of man in 1789.
BNP-mediated vasodilatation for dialysis-dependent patient with acute heart failure syndrome in the emergency department.

Acutely decompensated heart failure syndrome is a common emergency department presentation in patients with renal failure. B-type natriuretic peptide-mediated vasodilatation may provide a unique bridge in renal failure patients with acutely decompensated heart failure syndrome to treatment with dialysis. We evaluated the efficacy of B-type natriuretic peptide-mediated vasodilatation in acutely decompensated heart failure syndrome emergency department patients with hemodialysis dependent renal failure. This was a prospective, interventional trial. All patients received nesiritide infusion in addition to usual care. Outcome measures included hemodynamic parameters and dyspnea visual analog scale. Eight patients were enrolled, and all demonstrated significant improvement in their dyspnea visual analog scale (Δ 50.1 mm; p < .001 vs. pre-infusion) and APEX score (Δ 48.4%; p < .001 vs. pre-infusion). Three patients improved enough to be discharged from the emergency department for outpatient dialysis. In this h...
Reducing the Waveform Cross Correlation of MIMO Radar With Space–Time Coding

Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar is attractive for target detection, parameter identification, and target classification due to diversity of waveform and perspective. However, the mutual interference among the waveforms may lead to performance degradation in resolving spatially close returns. In this paper, we consider the use of space-time coding (STC) to mitigate the waveform cross-correlation effects in MIMO radar. First, it turns out that a joint waveform optimization problem can be decoupled into a set of individual waveform design problems. Second, a number of monostatic waveforms can be directly used in a MIMO radar system, which offers flexibility in waveform selection. We provide conditions for the elimination of waveform cross correlation, and discuss four kinds of space time codes. In addition, we also extend the model to partial waveform cross-correlation removal based on waveform set division. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of STC in MIMO radar for waveform decorrelation.
Brains and brands: Developing mutually informative research in neuroscience and marketing

� Advances in neuroimaging technology have led to an explosion in the number of studies investigating the living human brain, and thereby our understanding of its structure and function.Withthe proliferation of dazzling imagesfrom brain scansin both scientific and popular media, researchers from other fields in the social and behavioral sciences have naturally become interested in the application of neuroimaging to their own research. Commercial enterprises have long been interested in the prospects of literally ‘‘getting inside the heads’’ of customers and partners, with a variety of goals in mind. Here we consider the ways in which scholars of consumer behavior may draw upon neuroscientific advances to inform their own research. We describe the motivation of neuroscientific inquiry from the point of view of neuroscientists, including an introduction to the technologies and methodologies available; correspondingly, we consider major questions in consumer behavior that are likely to be of interest to neuroscientists and why. Recent key discoveries in neuroscienceare presented which will likely have a direct impact on the development of a neuromarketing subdiscipline and for neuroimaging as a marketing research technique. We discuss where and how neuroscience methodologies may reasonably be added to the research inventory of marketers. In sum, we aim to show not only that a neuromarketing subdiscipline may fruitfully contribute to our understanding of the biological bases of human behavior, but also that developing this as a productive research field will rest largely in framing marketing research questions in the braincentric mindset of neuroscientists. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paleoecology of Mid-Wisconsinan Peat Clasts from Skidaway Island, Georgia

Twelve peat clasts were recovered from a paleochannel deposit on Skidaway Island, Chatham County, Georgia. An AMS radiocarbon date from a plant stem in one of these clasts indicates original peat deposition 36,830 ± 340 14C years B.P., and the stratigraphic position of the clasts supports this age assignment. Fossil Pinus needles, pollen, and testate amoebae provide a snapshot of the environment and biota at a time when most other sites in coastal Georgia were not accumulating sediment. Pollen from the peat clasts is dominated by Pinus and other genera common on the coastal plain today (e.g., Quercus , Carya ). Morphological and anatomical analyses of the fossil Pinus needles indicate they are either Pinus taeda or Pinus serotina , which both currently inhabit the Coastal Plain of Georgia. Seven testate amoeba taxa, all characteristic of relatively dry peatland conditions, were encountered in the clasts. Testate amoeba assemblages are dominated by Hyalosphenia subflava , a taxon that is not typically dominant in modern assemblages. More investigations describing the occurrence and distribution of Quaternary testate amoebae, as well as modern ecology and biogeography of testate amoebae, are necessary before the significance of these assemblages can be assessed fully. Deposition of the peat clasts occurred at a time when pollen evidence from Florida indicates warm and wet climatic conditions, and the paleoecology of the peat clasts indicates that a relatively warm climate also existed in coastal Georgia.
G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Structural Basis of Selective Signaling

Animal cells must respond appropriately to multiple hormonal signals. These signals, which may be mutually potentiative or antagonistic, must be integrated to yield appropriate intracellular signals in the form of second messengers, such as cyclic AMP, inositol phosphates, Ca2+, etc. Although receptors are responsible for detecting extracellular signals, signal integration and sorting frequently depend on the activities of GTP-binding transducer proteins known as G proteins.
An Emerging Emphasis on Image: Early Press Coverage of Politics and Television

Abstract Prior to television's adoption as a serious political tool in the 1950s, the press devoted many column inches to speculation about the new medium's effects on American politics. This article examines one strand of that reporting—namely, the discussion of how presidential politics would be changed by televisions inherent emphasis on appearance and image.
Indexing Stories for Conversational Health Interventions

Personal stories encoding health information are an effective tool for promoting health behavior change. As millions of stories about health are accumulated daily in blogs and in social networks online there is an opportunity to harvest and index a large database of health stories for interventions. We envision such a database increasing user education, engagement, motivation and rapport in our conversational agent-based health intervention systems. In this paper we propose a model of indexing health stories based on health behavior change theory, enhanced demographics and quality metrics.
Game Theory for Security: A Real-World Challenge Problem for Multiagent Systems and Beyond.

The goal of this paper is to introduce a real-world challenge problem for researchers in multiagent systems and beyond, where our collective efforts may have a significant impact on activities in the real-world. The challenge is in applying game theory for security: Our goal is not only to introduce the problem, but also to provide exemplars of initial successes of deployed systems in this challenge problem arena, some key open research challenges and pointers to getting started in this research.
Self-stabilization

In 1973 Dijkstra introduced to computer science the notion of self-stabilization in the context of distributed systems. He defined a system as self-stabilizing when “regardless of its initial state, it is guaranteed to arrive at a legitimate state in a finite number of steps.” A system which is not self-stabilizing may stay in an illegitimate state forever. Dijkstra's notion of self-stabilization, which originally had a very narrow scope of application, is proving to encompass a formal and unified approach to fault tolerance under a model of transient failures for distributed systems. In this paper we define self-stabilization, examine its significance in the context of fault tolerance, define the important research themes that have arisen from it, and discuss the relevant results. In addition to the issues arising from Dijkstra's original presentation as well as several related issues, we discuss methodologies for designing self-stabilizing systems, the role of compilers with respect to self-stabilization, and some of the factors that prevent self-stabilization.
The way of being a social worker: Implications for Confucianism to social work education and clinical practice

Abstract Studies examining therapeutic work with Asian clients frequently refer to Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism as central elements in the work. The clinical implications of Confucianism have been less studied than the implications of Buddhism and Taoism. This paper introduces five main features of Confucian learning and discusses how a Confucian approach to social work education and practice may contribute to understanding theoretical, social and cultural changes in the social work field. The paper examines the development of the professional self, and the increasing interface of spirituality and professional self. I argue that social work requires an educational framework that clarifies values, fosters personal growth and spirituality, and provides an outlook for lifelong education.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF TURBULENCE INGESTION PREDICTION CAPABILITY OF TONBROD

With alternative energy becoming more prevalent the acoustic impact of machinery used to generate the energy is of interest. The noise produced from wind turbines is an important factor in the design as it can affect nearby communities. A numerical tool has been developed to predict the unsteady thrust and directly radiated noise from a single or multi-blade row turbomachine, which can easily be applied to a wind turbine. The tool, called TONBROD, can predict blade rate and turbulence ingestion noise, however only the latter is of concern for this work. An asymptotic approach is used to quickly and efficiently predict the unsteady force on each blade from the chopping of incoming turbulence (e.g. turbulence ingestion noise). This force is then used to estimate the radiated noise. A user can prescribe the incoming turbulence intensity (circumferentially and radially varying) and integral length scale (circumferentially uniform but radially varying) that is then modified by the upstream blade row and advected to the downstream blade row through semi-empirical formulations. A prediction of the resulting unsteady force and noise is then made for either blade row. The asymptotic theory is briefly discussed and then the prediction of radiated noise for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous turbulence is compared to experimental data. It is shown that the method provides good results.
Immunization Effect Test for Recombinant Avian Influenza Virus H5 Subtype Bivalent Inactivated Vaccine(H5N1,Re-4 + Re-5)in Pigeon

640 pigeons of above one month old were randomly selected and grouped,then isolation tests were made respectively inoculating 0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,1.0,1.5 and 2.0 mL recombinant avian influenza virus H5 subtype bivalent inactivated vaccine(H5N1,Re-4+Re-5).In the third week after the first immunization,the second same dose injection for half pigeon quantity of vaccine test groups with 0.2,0.3,0.4 and 0.5 mL was done.Blood samples were collected periodically,and avian influenza antibodies by hemagglutination-inhibition test method were detected.The results showed that Re-4 with a higher antibody titer was better than Re-5 for the first immunization;their effects were similar for the second immunization and the whole effect of the second immunization was better than the first immunization.In order to form a good immune effect,vaccine need to be inoculated for one-time immunization at least 0.4 mL and for two-time immunization at least 0.3 mL.
Agent aware organizational design (doctoral consortium)

I study creation of multiagent organizations via an automated computational process. My organizational design problem frames design decisions in terms of the quantitative impact that an organization is expected to have on the agents' reasoning and behaviors. I develop techniques for efficiently solving this problem via incremental search of the organizational design space, and extend my organizational design process to provide supplementary information alongside its design that agents can use to inform organizational adaptions.
The effect of long-term marrow culture on the nonadherent Philadelphia chromosome-positive clone in chronic myelogenous leukemia: Preliminary observations

To evaluate the effect of long-term culture on the Philadelphia chromosome-positive nonadherent hemopoietic clone in chronic myelogenous leukemia, bone marrow aspirates from five patients were grown in culture for three to four weeks. In addition to control cultures, samples were incubated with recombinant alpha-interferon. Cytogenetic studies performed on the nonadherent hemopoietic cells demonstrated suppression of the Philadelphia chromosome-positive clones, and appearance of cells with normal diploid karyotype in two of the five patients studied; cells from the remaining three patients showed persistent Philadelphia chromosome-positive cells in 100% of the metaphases. Exposure to alpha-interferon did not enhance the suppression of the Philadelphia chromosome-positive clones. A good correlation was noted between in vitro results and in vivo cytogenetic response: the two patients whose in vitro studies showed diploid clones achieved complete hematologic remission and suppression of Philadelphia chromosome-positive metaphases with therapy. Our data suggest that long-term culture favors the growth of normal clones over Philadelphia chromosome-positive clones in the nonadherent hemopoietic cells of some patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. The value of the procedure as an in vitro predictive test for residual normal stem cells and response to therapy and for autologous marrow in vitro purging needs further exploration.
Can you hear me now? Range-testing a submerged passive acoustic receiver array in a Caribbean coral reef habitat.

Submerged passive acoustic technology allows researchers to investigate spatial and temporal movement patterns of many marine and freshwater species. The technology uses receivers to detect and record acoustic transmissions emitted from tags attached to an individual. Acoustic signal strength naturally attenuates over distance, but numerous environmental variables also affect the probability a tag is detected. Knowledge of receiver range is crucial for designing acoustic arrays and analyzing telemetry data. Here, we present a method for testing a relatively large-scale receiver array in a dynamic Caribbean coastal environment intended for long-term monitoring of multiple species. The U.S. Geological Survey and several academic institutions in collaboration with resource management at Buck Island Reef National Monument (BIRNM), off the coast of St. Croix, recently deployed a 52 passive acoustic receiver array. We targeted 19 array-representative receivers for range-testing by submersing fixed delay interval range-testing tags at various distance intervals in each cardinal direction from a receiver for a minimum of an hour. Using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), we estimated the probability of detection across the array and assessed the effect of water depth, habitat, wind, temperature, and time of day on the probability of detection. The predicted probability of detection across the entire array at 100 m distance from a receiver was 58.2% (95% CI: 44.0–73.0%) and dropped to 26.0% (95% CI: 11.4–39.3%) 200 m from a receiver indicating a somewhat constrained effective detection range. Detection probability varied across habitat classes with the greatest effective detection range occurring in homogenous sand substrate and the smallest in high rugosity reef. Predicted probability of detection across BIRNM highlights potential gaps in coverage using the current array as well as limitations of passive acoustic technology within a complex coral reef environment.
Early Diagnostic Assessment

Access to early intervention services often depends on early in life diagnosis. The average age a child receives an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis varies widely internationally and nationally. A number of obstacles often dissuade or preclude an accurate ASD diagnosis and current research-based approaches capable of diagnosing ASD very early in life (i.e., less than 18 months old) are rarely available. We first present the diagnostic characteristics of ASD per the DSM-5, briefly discusses the factors hypothesized to be contributing to the rising ASD prevalence and obstacles to obtaining an accurate ASD diagnosis (e.g., access to services, pediatricians without necessary experience, and so on). We then describe the most common ASD diagnostic procedures and present the pros and cons, as well as the available psychometric data that enables comparison across approaches. Recent research investigating novel approaches that facilitate earlier in life diagnosis is then reviewed. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research and guidance for practitioners.
Determinants of Success and Failure in Prehospital Endotracheal Intubation

Author(s): Myers, BAH, Lucas A.; Gallet, BA, Charles G.; Kolb, DO, Logan J.; Lohse, MS, Christine M.; Russi, DO, Christopher S. | Abstract: Introduction: This study aimed to identify factors associated with successful endotracheal intubation (ETI) by a multisite emergency medical services (EMS) agency.Methods: We collected data from the electronic prehospital record for all ETI attempts made from January through May 2010 by paramedics and other EMS crew members at a single multistate agency. If documentation was incomplete, the study team contacted the paramedic. Paramedics use the current National Association of EMS Physicians definition of an ETI attempt (laryngoscope blade entering the mouth). We analyzed patient and EMS factors affecting ETI.Results: During 12,527 emergent ambulance responses, 200 intubation attempts were made in 150 patients. Intubation was successful in 113 (75%). A crew with paramedics was more than three times as likely to achieve successful intubation as a paramedic/emergency medical technician-Basic crew (odds ratio [OR], 3.30; P=.03). A small tube (£7.0 inches) was associated with a more than 4-fold increased likelihood of successful ETI compared with a large tube (³7.5 inches) (OR, 4.25; P=.01). After adjustment for these features, compared with little or no view of the glottis, a partial or entire view of the glottis was associated with a nearly 13-fold (OR, 12.98; P=.001) and a nearly 40-fold (OR, 39.78; Pl.001) increased likelihood of successful intubation, respectively.Conclusion: Successful ETI was more likely to be accomplished when a paramedic was partnered with another paramedic, when some or all of the glottis was visible and when a smaller endotracheal tube was used. [West J Emerg Med. 2016;17(5)640-647.]
The effects of promazine on MMPI: Performance in the chronic psychiatric patient

A double-blind controlled study of the effects of promazine on MMPI performance is herein reported. The subjects were 41 male hospitalized patients who had been clinically diagnosed as schizophrenic for at leas one year. Twenty-nine of the subjects were concomitantly in grout psychotherapy. All the usual validity and clinical scales, the Taylop Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the Barron Ego-Strength Scale of the MMPr were scored. A comparison of the mean scale scores between the placebI and drug periods revealed no statistically significant differences for ano of the scales. Alternative explanations for these findings are offeredy
The Effect of Class Attendance on Test Performance in Economics Classes

The effect of attendance on test performance was measured for students in ten equal-sized small introductory economics classes at an average university. Controls for class level (freshman, etc.), sex, time of day of class, and student evaluations were used. Freshmen performed significantly worse on tests than sophomores, juniors or seniors. The results give some justification for an attendance requirement, or incentive, for freshman students.
Orofacial Pain in Cancer

Mild-to-moderate pain is present in the majority of HNC patients at the time of diagnosis. Orofacial pain due to HNC is the most common reason patients seek diagnosis. Pain arising in cancer patients usually have a multifactorial etiology and require a multidisciplinary management approach. The approach to treatment of pain from malignant origin and all cancer therapies that are pain focused must follow guidelines of WHO analgesic ladder, including topical therapy for oropharyngeal pain, and use of adjunctive medications and pain management strategies.
Iron Chelation Therapy as a Modality of Management

Introduction of MRI techniques for identifying and monitoring tissue iron overload and the current understanding of iron homeostasis in transfusion-dependent (TDT) and non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia have allowed for a more robust administration of iron chelation therapies. The development of safe and efficient oral iron chelators and the insights gained from large-scale prospective studies using these agents have improved iron overload management. A significant reduction in iron toxicity-induced morbidity and mortality and improvements in quality of life were observed in TDT. The appropriate management of tissue-specific iron loading in TDT has been portrayed using evidence-based data obtained from investigational studies.
Moisture sensitivity level one (1) packaging solution for a nickel-palladium-gold (NiPdAu) Pre-Plated frames

A reliable green packaging solution that can withstand the Pb-free 260°C reflow requirement during actual board mount assembly while maintaining its existing moisture sensitivity level (MSL) classification, is now a must in the semiconductor industry. And given with the said requirement, various improvements were considered such as process and material changes just to ensure improved adhesion between different material interfaces. External lead finish options includes the use of pure tin or Pre-Plated Frames (PPF) — the nickel-palladium-gold/silver (NiPdAu/Ag), but the PPF option is preferred to prevent leadframe oxidation, support factory automation and cycle time reduction. Thus, the objective of the study is to investigate the effect and behavior of the pre-plated frames with different surface finish morphologies on how it affects and improves the adhesion between the mold-leadframe interfaces thereby reducing if not eliminating the delamination seen after moisture soak. Per investigation, results showed roughening indeed improves the adhesion achieving MSL 1 without any form of delamination seen in all interface. Furthermore, the occurrence of delamination on the molded unit is very much dependent on the type or level of roughness of the material used.
An optical clock to go

Bringing next-generation atomic clocks out of the lab is not an easy task, but doing so will unlock many new possibilities. As a crucial first step, a portable atomic clock has now been deployed for relativistic geodesy measurements in the Alps.
Impact of anabolic androgenic steroids on sexual function.

Background: To describe the impact of supra-physiologic anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use, including agent, dosage, and duration of therapy, on sexual function. Methods: We reviewed data from an online survey of AAS users to evaluate their sexual function on and off AAS. The online survey consisted of questions addressing demographics, anabolic steroid use and patterns, ancillary medications, testosterone (T)-related symptoms while on and off of therapy, as well as sexual function which was assessed using the 5-item, International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). Results: A total of 321 men responded to the survey, of which 90 failed to meet inclusion criteria, for a final cohort of 231 AAS users. The majority of men were Caucasian (85%), employed (62%), and younger than 35 years (58%), while an equal mix were single (47%) or married (46%). The mean IIEF-5 was 22.5, with higher scores associated with increased T dosages (>600 mg/week), use of 17-alpha alkylated hormones and anti-estrogens, and absence of concurrent medical conditions. Lower mean IIEF scores were associated with current and pre-AAS low T symptoms, self-reported angry or violent tendencies, self-reported erectile dysfunction (ED), decreased libido, decreased energy, and depression. After controlling for age, low T symptoms and decreased energy remained significantly associated with lower IIEF scores. Among 127 men reporting de novo decreased libido when not taking AAS, several factors were significantly associated including frequency and duration of T and use of adjunctive therapies, while post-cycle therapies were protective. Men who reported any other de novo symptom (decreased energy, libido, muscle mass or depression) after discontinuing T were also more likely to report de novo ED, as well as those using >10 years or for >40 weeks per year. Conclusions: The long-term impact of high dose AAS use on sexual function remains poorly defined. Although high T dosages appeared to be protective of erectile function during use, de novo symptoms such as decreased libido and ED occurred more frequently after discontinuing T, particularly among those using more frequently and for longer durations. Given the importance of these findings, long-term studies evaluating the impacts of discontinuing T on sexual dysfunction are indicated.
Turbulent Entrainment at a Buoyancy Interface Due to Convective Turbulence

Penetrative convection is of considerable importance in geophysical problems. For example, in the upper layers of the ocean, convective cooling of the surface aids wind-mixing in the erosion of the seasonal thermocline during the winter. On a shorter time scale, nocturnal surface cooling in bodies of water such as the oceans, lakes and fjords helps to mix the heat gained during the day over a large depth. In the lower atmosphere, the rise of nocturnal inversions during the day due to convective heat flux from the ground governs the near-surface conditions and dispersal of pollutants. The process is also important to nocturnal and winter-cooling of fjords, growth of ice in cold saline bodies of water such as arctic fjords and the arctic sea and even in spring- heating of ice-covered fresh-water lakes (Farmer 1975). Its importance to the growth of ice In arctic fjords, where salt extrusion by growing ice initiates and maintains convection In the water column, which in turn controls the rate of ice-growth has been emphasized by Gade et al (1974) and Perkin and Lewis (1978), while the role of similar processes in subpolar oceans on climate has been discussed by Stewart (1978). Many attempts have been made to gain a better understanding of the entrainment processes due to convection, both from laboratory simulations (Deardorff et al 1969, Heidt 1977, and Willis and Deardorff 1974 and 1979) and field observations of various pehnomena involving them (Farmer 1975, Cade et al 1974, Kloppel et al 1978, and Readings et al 1973).
The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Do they diagnose the same smokers?

Two common assessment tools for nicotine dependence are the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Nicotine Dependence section of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule [(DIS)-III-R or -IV based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-III-R and -IV, respectively]. The FTND emphasizes morning smoking and overall "heaviness" of smoking. The DSM emphasizes adverse consequences, desire to cut down, and mood changes during withdrawal. We tested (1) how the DSM-III-R diagnosis of Nicotine Dependence is related to FTND score; and (2) how the (a) DSM-III-R or (b) elevated FTND score is related to longer smoking histories, greater psychiatric symptomatology, and tobacco liking scores. Retrospective chart reviews were conducted on 370 smokers, the majority (55.9%) of whom had a current DSM-III-R diagnosis of Substance Dependence other than nicotine. All subjects had completed the FTND, the DIS-III-R, the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and a survey on drug liking. Agreement statistics were calculated between the DSM-II-R diagnosis of Nicotine Dependence and various cutoff scores values that were assigned as thresholds for nicotine dependence on the FTND. At no cutoff score did the two instruments reliably agree; the highest kappa (at a cutoff of FTND > or = 7) was 0.205. At cutoffs above 5, the FTND diagnosed fewer cases than the DSM-III-R. Multiple regression analysis showed that DSM diagnosis was associated with greater psychiatric symptomatology on the SCL-90-R, while FTND scores were associated with greater tobacco liking. The FTND and the DSM-III-R appear to measure different aspects of the tobacco dependence process. Specifically, the FTND may provide a stronger measure of physical dependence, while the DSM may tap other domains such as awareness of dependence, behaviors resulting from that awareness, and psychiatric symptomatology. Disagreements between the FTND and the DSM are likely to become greater with the changes in the DSM-IV.
SERUM PROLACTIN AS AN INDICATOR OF ALTERATIONS IN BRAIN DOPAMINE SYSTEMS

We report a series of studies evaluating rat serum prolactin concentration in response to neuropharmacologic manipulation of central dopamine systems. The prolactin inhibitory response to apomorphine is more sensitive than responses mediated by the striatal and mesolimbic dopamine systems. Following treatment with haloperidol and morphine sensitivity of the prolactin inhibitory response to apomorphine is increased. Tolerance does not develop to the prolactin elevating effect of haloperidol.
DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY OF INHIBITION OF CYCLIC AMP PHOSPHODIESTERASE IN THE THYMUS DURING MURINE LEUKEMOGENESIS

Publisher Summary This chapter analyzes differential sensitivity of inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in the thymus during murine leukemogenesis. In a study dscribed in the chapter, the inhibitory effects of methylxanthines and SQ 20,009 on thymic cAMP phosphodiesterase were compared. SQ 20,009 (10−5 M) in the presence of 1 μM cAMP inhibited 60% of the phosphodiesterase activity in a membrane preparation from normal mice while the inhibition found under comparable conditions with thymic lymphoma tissue from AKR mice was only 30%. Theophylline inhibited thymic cAMP phosphodiesterase to the same extent (40%) in both normal and leukemic mice. Parallel studies with outbred Swiss albino mice have indicated that the sensitivity of cAMP phosphodiesterase in thymus to inhibition by both MIX (5 ×10−5 M) and SQ 20,009 (5 × 10−5 M) decreases progressively with increasing age. However, the pattern of inhibition by the two agents at all ages up to 24 months was similar.
Natural gas vehicles in heavy-duty transportation-A review

Abstract In comparison to legacy engine technology, natural gas vehicles have become cleaner and more efficient. Improved fueling infrastructure has supported the growth of natural gas vehicles in the heavy-duty sector. The heavy-duty transportation industry greatly favors the use of diesel engine technology compared to alternative fuel strategies. Local regulations and economic incentives, however, have helped to spur adoption of natural gas vehicles in certain heavy-duty vocations. Studies have shown lower distance-specific oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions from the stoichiometric three-way catalyst (TWC) equipped natural gas engines compared to diesel engines equipped with diesel particulate filters (DPF) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). This review details the progress in natural gas engine technology, presents changes to emissions rate due to technology advancements, and compares natural gas engine emissions to those of modern diesel engines.
Factors Controlling Oxygen Interstitial Diffusion in the Ruddlesden–Popper Oxide La2–xSrxNiO4+δ

The development of Ruddlesden–Popper oxides as oxygen exchange and transport materials for applications such as solid oxide fuel cells, oxygen separation membranes, and chemical looping will benefi...
The Hippo Pathway Prevents YAP/TAZ–Driven Hypertranscription and Controls Neural Progenitor Number

Summary The Hippo pathway controls the activity of YAP/TAZ transcriptional coactivators through a kinase cascade. Despite the critical role of this pathway in tissue growth and tumorigenesis, it remains unclear how YAP/TAZ-mediated transcription drives proliferation. By analyzing the effects of inactivating LATS1/2 kinases, the direct upstream inhibitors of YAP/TAZ, on mouse brain development and applying cell-number-normalized transcriptome analyses, we discovered that YAP/TAZ activation causes a global increase in transcription activity, known as hypertranscription, and upregulates many genes associated with cell growth and proliferation. In contrast, conventional read-depth-normalized RNA-sequencing analysis failed to detect the scope of the transcriptome shift and missed most relevant gene ontologies. Following a transient increase in proliferation, however, hypertranscription in neural progenitors triggers replication stress, DNA damage, and p53 activation, resulting in massive apoptosis. Our findings reveal a significant impact of YAP/TAZ activation on global transcription activity and have important implications for understanding YAP/TAZ function.
Facultative polygamy may influence post-fledging movements in a brood-splitting passerine

Animal space-use patterns can vary widely with age, sex, and stage of the annual cycle, but the factors that drive pattern shifts are poorly understood. Here, we provide preliminary evidence that mating strategy (i.e., polygamy) influences movements of parents attending recently fledged young. We monitored the space use during the post-fledging period for Vermivora spp. broods led by a male and female with a split brood in 2014 and the same male with 2 fledglings in 2015. We observed contextand sex-specific space-use patterns that seemed to be driven by the male's attention to a secondary polygamous nest in 2014. When attending his secondary nest, the male restricted his primary brood's movements to within the nesting habitat close to his secondary nest until the nest failed. This pattern was distinct from movements of both the 2014 female and the same male in 2015 when he lacked a secondary nest. These observations may explain some reports from other studies that female-led broods disperse farther than male-led broods. Future work should explicitly consider the potential impacts of facultative polygamy on post-fledging space use, especially in species traditionally considered monogamous.
Improving quality and performance in substance use treatment programs: What is being done and why is it so hard?:

SummaryAs states plan to implement system-wide change of any kind, it is important to understand program directors’ perspectives on challenges they face. This is especially true with quality improv...
Joint Patient Selection and Scheduling under No-Shows: Theory and Application in Proton Therapy

Motivated by operational challenges facing adopters of new technologies in the healthcare sector, we study how to admit and schedule heterogeneous patients when capacity is scarce. We model schedule-dependent no-show behavior and overtime costs as two important features that can significantly affect operational performance. We start by formulating the problem as a nonlinear integer optimization problem. However, since the solution to this formulation lacks both tractability and interpretability, to be relevant to practice, we limit our study to simple and interpretable policies that can be implemented in practice. In particular, we propose a simple index-based rule and derive analytical performance guarantees for it, which reveal its strong performance compared to the optimal solution. Our analytical performance analysis also demonstrates the robustness of the proposed policy to potential misspecification of no-show probabilities which are hard to accurately estimate in practice. Importantly, we test the validating of our approach through partnership with the proton therapy center of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), which offers a new radiation technology for cancer patients. We calibrate our model using empirical data from our partner hospital, and conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the performance of our proposed policy under practical circumstances. Put together, these experiments show that our proposed policy, despite being a simple and interpretable index-based rule, is capable of improving performance by about 20\% at an organization such as MGH, and of delivering results that are not far from being optimal across a wide range of parameters that might vary between organizations. This suggests that the proposed policy can be viewed as an effective “one-fits-all” capacity allocation rule that can be used in a variety of environments in which operational challenges such as no-shows and overtime costs need to be navigated using simple and interpretable rules.
Learning Postdisruption: Lessons from Students in a Fully Online Nonmajors Laboratory Course

Students and instructors bring varying levels of experience and expectations to online learning. This became even more apparent in March 2020 when the pandemic disrupted face-to-face instruction and required rapid conversion to remote teaching. In this study, mixed methods were used to understand how students perceived these instructional changes and to examine the effects of remote learning on their approach to subsequent coursework and faculty interactions. First, open-ended survey data collected from students enrolled in a summer 2020 nonmajors asynchronous laboratory course were analyzed to learn more about students’ spring 2020 remote learning experiences. The questions directly addressed remote learning experiences and emphasized study strategies learned, faculty communication modes, and students’ perceived ability at taking online courses. Second, four consecutive years of survey data—including both Likert-type scale surveys and open-ended questions—were analyzed to identify core themes and to measure variations between cohorts. These data present a unique opportunity in that they allow for critical analyses and document differences in online learning experiences for student cohorts pre- (2017–2019) and post- (2020) the COVID-19 disruption. The findings from the survey data can be used to inform how faculty may better focus their teaching efforts while promoting student learning and engagement during a time of continued teaching disruption and uncertainty. The overall results of this study are applicable to all levels of chemistry courses. In addition, the established nonmajors online laboratory course model presented in this study provides a strong example for others who are developing new online or hybrid chemistry courses.
Commercial Cloud Computing for Connected Vehicle Applications in Transportation Cyber-Physical Systems.

This study focuses on the feasibility of commercial cloud services for connected vehicle (CV) applications in a Transportation Cyber-Physical Systems (TCPS) environment. TCPS implies that CVs, in addition to being connected with each other, communicates with the transportation and computing infrastructure to fulfill application requirements. The motivation of this study is to accelerate commercial cloud-based CV application development by presenting the lessons learned by implementing a CV mobility application using Amazon Web Services (AWS). The feasibility of the cloud-based CV application is assessed at three levels: (i) the development of a cloud-based TCPS architecture, (ii) the deployment of a cloud-based CV application using AWS, and (iii) the evaluation of the cloud-based CV application. We implemented this CV mobility application using a serverless cloud architecture and found that such a cloud-based TCPS environment could meet the permissible delay limits of CV mobility applications. Commercial cloud services, as an integral part of TCPS, could reduce costs associated with establishing and maintaining vast computing infrastructure for supporting CV applications. As the CV penetration levels on the surface transportation systems increase significantly over the next several years, scaling the backend infrastructure to support such applications is a critical issue. This study shows how commercial cloud services could automatically scale the backend infrastructure to meet the rapidly changing demands of real-world CV applications. Through real-world experiments, we demonstrate how commercial cloud services along with serverless cloud architecture could advance the transportation digital infrastructure for supporting connected mobility applications in a TCPS environment.
Peptoid microsphere coatings to improve performance in sandwich ELISA microarrays

Abstract Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) microarray performance is limited by low assay sensitivity and dynamic range. Increasing the surface area for reagent binding can help to improve performance, but standard techniques such as roughening the surface or adding a polymer coating lead to increased non-specific fluorescence and do not have reproducibly improved performance. Another approach to increase surface area is adding a microsphere coating on the surface. Poly-N-substituted glycine (peptoid) microspheres are ideal for this application due to low immunogenicity, protease-resistance, and biocompatibility. Peptoids are polymers with a backbone similar to peptides, but with the side chains appended to nitrogen rather than the alpha carbon. A variety of side chain chemistries can be incorporated into peptoids through a solid-phase, sequence-specific synthesis protocol. Here we report the development of sandwich ELISA microarray on peptoid microsphere coated glass slides. Coating morphology was evaluated via SEM and efficacy was assessed by ELISA microarray performance. Peptoid microsphere coated glass slides exhibit an increase in signal intensity and dynamic range as compared to commercially available microarray slides. These studies show the potential for peptoid microspheres as coatings for ELISA microarray slides, as well as for use in other biosensor applications.
First Characterization of Resident Clinical Experience at American Urological Training Programs

Abstract Objective To provide the first nationwide characterization of the clinical learning environment in American urological training programs. Methods A survey was sent to program directors (PD) at AUA-accredited urological training programs after requesting their email address from each program coordinator (PC). The 21-question survey was designed to ascertain key components of each training environment: demographics, training model, clinic structure, and resident perception. Results The PC of 131 AUA-accredited training programs received an email for participation, yielding the PD email for 113 programs. 60/113 (53%) PDs responded to the survey. Residents participated in clinic at the following types of hospitals: Children's 51 (85%), County/Indigent 23 (38%), Private 29 (48%), University 56 (93%), Veterans Administration 38 (63%). Prevalence of clinical training models is presented in table 1. On average, PDs estimated their residents spend 2.6 half days in clinic each week (1-6). 13 (22%) programs reported a “clinic only” rotation, varying from 1-6 months total. PDs reported time constraint and schedule to be the biggest barrier to teaching in clinic and 40% felt residents see clinic as a valuable part of their training while 30% felt residents see clinic as a necessary exercise but with limitations to learning opportunities. Conclusions We present the first characterization of resident participation in the clinical learning environment. Structure is highly variable and directed effort is necessary to move towards improved assessment and monitoring of resident competency in clinic.
DNA Hybridization and Avian Phylogenetics

In the preceding chapter in this volume, Cracraft has posed a series of questions concerning our application of the technique of DNA—DNA hybridization to the reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships among living birds. Our purpose is to respond to Cracraft’s questions, to correct misunderstandings, and to reaffirm our confidence in DNA hybridization as a valuable and effective method for the reconstruction of phylogenies.