cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neighborhood-level predictors of age at onset and duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode psychotic disorders

Abstract Objective Recent years have witnessed growing interest in the role of the social environment in the development and outcomes of schizophrenia. We investigated whether neighborhood characteristics are associated with two important prognostic factors in early-course psychosis, age at onset of psychosis (AOP) and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). Methods Data were collected from patients admitted to the hospital for first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. We collected data on perceived neighborhood disorder during childhood/adolescence and extracted data on 13 neighborhood characteristics from the American Community Survey based upon individual addresses. Four neighborhood-level factors were derived from factor analysis. Multiple logistic regression analyses assessed the association between specific neighborhood characteristics and the two prognostic factors (earlier AOP and longer DUP) in early-course psychosis. Results 143 participants had valid addresses geo-coded. Neighborhood-level residential instability was associated with an earlier AOP (OR = 1.760; p = 0.022) even after controlling for known risk factors (OR = 2.026; p = 0.020) and also after controlling for individual-level residential instability (OR = 1.917; p = 0.037). The general socioeconomic status neighborhood factor (OR = 1.119; p = 0.019) and perceived neighborhood disorder (OR = 1.075; p = 0.005) were associated with a longer DUP. But only perceived neighborhood disorder (OR = 1.146; p = 0.011) remained significant, and general socioeconomic status was close to significant (OR = 1.215; p = 0.062), after controlling for individual-level predictors and socioeconomic status. Conclusions This study found evidence that neighborhood-level characteristics (in this case, residential instability) may be associated with earlier AOP, and perceptions of neighborhood disorder are associated with a longer treatment delay. Socioenvironmental factors should be more consistently considered going forward in research on early psychotic disorders.
‘Vermin’: Predator Eradication as an Expression of White Supremacy in Colonial Namibia, 1921–1952

In the first half of the 20th century, the racialised policies of apartheid affected not only the people of South West Africa but the predator population as well. This article explores how South We...
Lesson Learns of Success factors from 10 Smart Cities Development: Thailand Context

Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has established a 20-year national strategic framework (2017–2036) which is the main plan to direct national development inconsistent with sustainable development goals (SDGs), including the restructuring to Thailand 4.0, as well as national reform issues. In addition, the importance of participation of all development parties can help for manage to utilize the knowledge of science, technology and innovation to implement on an area that responds to demonstrate the potential of technology and innovation with the efficiency of readiness, including personnel, area, organization, and various sectors in production and respond to smart city development. In order to direct the development with appropriate quality index in almost all important areas such as human quality, education and public health service as well as alleviating social inequality and preserving the quality of the environment to lead a city with a complete network of systems, case study from success stories must be reviewed. This study attempted to investigate lessons learns of successful factor from 10 foreign countries. It was found that there are 5 issues to be considered, including (1) government transparency, which builds confidence for people who can review the information that have been solved; (2) establishing a board to oversee the development of smart cities, which needs to be placed in the overall operating framework; (3) creating an environment that is conducive to further innovation by creating a space for testing equipment (test-bedding) ; (4) establish laws and regulation to protect rights and personal information (cyber security); and (5) local government needs to be the pioneer of smart city development and create an attraction for each sector to participate.
Magnetic Immunity Guideline for Embedded MRAM Reliability to Realize Mass Production

In the era of embedded MRAM (eMRAM) technology evolution for the replacement of eFlash and SRAM, the correlation between magnetic immunity (MI) and eMRAM reliability must be well understood to realize the mass production. In this paper, we have classified the types of MIs and also established the MI guidelines for eMRAM product reliability for the first time. From 40Mb eMRAM package-level data, our proposed MI specifications guarantee the 10 years of reliability at operating temperatures ranging from -40°C to 150°C, which covers all industrial-grade and automotive-grade-1 applications.
The train-of-four or double-burst ratios cannot reliably exclude residual neuromuscular block in cats.

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between train-of-four (TOF) or double burst (DBS) ratios (T4:T1 or B2:B1) and twitch (T1) or burst (B1) magnitudes during the recovery from rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block in dogs and cats. The main hypothesis was that TOF or DBS ratios recover after the recovery of T1 or B1, and hence high ratio levels are sensitive indicators of restoration of the neuromuscular function. Six anesthetized dogs and six anesthetized cats received 0.5 mg/kg of rocuronium intravenously. The amplitudes of T1 or B1 were measured with mechanomyography during neuromuscular block until the neuromuscular function recovered fully. The TOF or DBS ratio was recorded concurrently. In dogs, recovery of T1 and B1 preceded the recovery of the TOF and DBS ratios, and T1 and B1 were always ≥90% of recovery when the respective ratio reached 0.9. In contrast, T1 was still depressed in 5/6 cats when the TOF ratio reached 0.9. At that moment, T1 was 72.5 ± 19.8% of recovery. Similarly, the DBS ratio returned to 0.9 when B1 was still The TOF and DBS fade in dogs consistently disappeared after the magnitude of T1 or B1 were restored, and hence, ratios ≥0.9 are a sensitive indicator that the neuromuscular function recovered. Our observation in cats however show that the spontaneous recovery of neither the TOF nor the DBS ratio of 0.9 can reliably exclude residual block, as the magnitude of T1 or B1 was still depressed in several instances.
The Effects of a Daily Behavior Report Card Intervention: Inclusion of a Peer Mediator

Daily Behavior Report Cards (DBRCs) have been found to decrease disruptive behaviors of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual and developmental disorders, and typically developing students. However, although previous studies indicate that peers can assist with the implementation of a variety of interventions (e.g., Check in check out), teachers are often the implementer of DBRCs. In addition, it appears that no studies evaluating DBRCs have included a functional assessment. Thus, the purposes of this study were to assess the effects of a peer-mediated DBRC on disruptive classroom behaviors, determine whether peers could implement their portion of the intervention procedures with high integrity, and assess whether DBRC was effective independent of the functional reinforcer for disruptive behavior. In this study, peer-mediated DBRC led to a decrease in disruptive behavior and an increase in on-task behavior for all three target students who were at risk for EBD. The peer mediators also implemented the DBRC procedures with high integrity. Furthermore, DBRC was effective at suppressing disruptive behavior independent of their presumed functional reinforcer. However, it does appear that different portions of the intervention likely addressed the hypothesized functions of problem behaviors of all three participants.
Modeling Circadian Phototransduction: Quantitative Predictions of Psychophysical Data

A revised computational model of circadian phototransduction is presented. The first step was to characterize the spectral sensitivity of the retinal circuit using suppression of the synthesis of melatonin by the pineal gland at night as the outcome measure. From the spectral sensitivity, circadian light was defined. Circadian light, thereby rectifies any spectral power distribution into a single, instantaneous photometric quantity. The second step was to characterize the circuit’s response characteristic to different amounts of circadian light from threshold to saturation. By doing so a more complete instantaneous photometric quantity representing the circadian stimulus was defined in terms of both the spectral sensitivity and the response magnitude characteristic of the circadian phototransduction circuit. To validate the model of the circadian phototransduction circuit, it was necessary to augment the model to account for different durations of the circadian stimulus and distribution of the circadian stimulus across the retina. Two simple modifications to the model accounted for the duration and distribution of continuous light exposure during the early biological night. A companion paper (https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2020.615305/full) provides a neurophysiological foundation for the model parameters.
Recent Insight on the Management of Lupus Erythematosus Alopecia

Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a chronic autoimmune condition with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. Alopecias, both non-scarring and scarring, frequently occur in the context of LE and can assume several different patterns. Furthermore, alopecia occurring with LE may be considered LE-specific if LE-specific features are present on histology; otherwise, alopecia is considered non-LE-specific. Non-scarring alopecia is highly specific to systemic LE (SLE), and therefore has been regarded as a criterion for the diagnosis of SLE. Variants of cutaneous LE (CLE), including acute, subacute, and chronic forms, are also capable of causing hair loss, and chronic CLE is an important cause of primary cicatricial alopecia. Other types of hair loss not specific to LE, including telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, and anagen effluvium, may also occur in a patient with lupus. Lupus alopecia may be difficult to treat, particularly in cases that have progressed to scarring. The article summarizes the types of lupus alopecia and recent insight regarding their management. Data regarding the management of lupus alopecia are sparse and limited to case reports, and therefore, many studies including in this review report the efficacy of treatments on CLE as a broader entity. In general, for patients with non-scarring alopecia in SLE, management is aimed at controlling SLE activity with subsequent hair regrowth. Topical medications can be used to expedite recovery. Prompt treatment is crucial in the case of chronic CLE due to potential for scarring and irreversible damage. First-line therapies for CLE include topical corticosteroids and oral antimalarials, with or without oral corticosteroids as bridging therapy. Second and third-line systemic treatments for CLE include methotrexate, retinoids, dapsone, mycophenolate mofetil, and mycophenolate acid. Additional topical and systemic medications as well as physical modalities used for the treatment of lupus alopecia and CLE are discussed herein.
More than Shared Ethnicity: Shared Identity’s Role in Transnational Newcomers’ Trust in Local Consumer-to-Consumer E-commerce

Transnational newcomers, i.e., foreign-born populations who move to a new country, rely on consumer-to-consumer electronic commerce (C2C e-commerce) to access local resources for adaptation. However, with low trust among transnational newcomers who enter a new country, they often face difficulties in the adaptation process, and little is known about which determinants affect their trust in C2C e-commerce. Because social identity is often complicated in transnational newcomers’ adaptation process, our work focuses on unpacking shared identity, a key trust antecedent in C2C e-commerce. We interviewed 12 transnational newcomers in the United States to identify the determinants of their shared identity in C2C e-commerce. Our preliminary results suggest that shared identity determinants include geographic proximity, ethnic background, life stage, and socio-economic status. We also uncovered ways that shared identity determinants influence transnational newcomers’ trust in local C2C e-commerce. Our work contributes two research implications to future studies on transnational newcomers’ technology use.
Evaluation and comparison of in vitro intrinsic clearance rates measured using cryopreserved hepatocytes from humans, rats, and rainbow trout

Abstract In vitro and in silico methods that can reduce the need for animal testing are being used with increasing frequency to assess chemical risks to human health and the environment. The rate of hepatic biotransformation is an important species-specific parameter for determining bioaccumulation potential and extrapolating in vitro bioactivity to in vivo effects. One approach to estimating hepatic biotransformation is to employ in vitro systems derived from liver tissue to measure chemical (substrate) depletion over time which can then be translated to a rate of intrinsic clearance (CLint). In the present study, cryopreserved hepatocytes from humans, rats, and rainbow trout were used to measure CLint values for 54 industrial and pesticidal chemicals at starting test concentrations of 0.1 and 1 μM. A data evaluation framework that emphasizes the behavior of Heat-Treated Controls (HTC) was developed to identify datasets suitable for rate reporting. Measured or estimated (“greater than” or “less than”) CLint values were determined for 124 of 226 (55 %) species-chemical-substrate concentration datasets with acceptable analytical chemistry. A large percentage of tested chemicals exhibited low HTC recovery values, indicating a substantial abiotic loss of test chemical over time. An evaluation of KOW values for individual chemicals suggested that in vitro test performance declined with increasing chemical hydrophobicity, although differences in testing devices for mammals and fish also likely played a role. The current findings emphasize the value of negative controls as part of a rigorous approach to data quality assessment for in vitro substrate depletion studies. Changes in current testing protocols can be expected to result in the collection of higher quality data. However, poorly soluble chemicals are likely to remain a challenge for CLint determination.
Hemopericardium and Cardiac Tamponade After Blunt Thoracic Trauma: A Case Series and the Essential Role of Cardiac Ultrasound.

Abstract Background Severe cardiac injury caused by penetrating rib or sternal fractures after blunt chest trauma is a rare clinical entity that has been described in only a few case reports over the last half-century. As a result, questions have arisen about the utility of the cardiac component in the Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (cFAST) examination in evaluating blunt trauma patients. Case Report We present a series of 3 patients who sustained blunt trauma and were discovered on cFAST examination to have developed pericardial tamponade from overlying rib or sternal fractures in the emergency departments of two academic level I trauma hospitals in the United States. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? These cases highlight the need for emergency and trauma physicians to be aware of blunt-induced, penetrating trauma to the heart and mediastinum, and for future trauma care guidelines to consider the importance of the cFAST examination.
Ultrafast optics techniques for microwave/millimeter-wave arbitrary waveform generation

In this paper we review work at Purdue in which shaped optical pulses are used to drive an optical-to-electrical (O/E) converter. This leverages our femtosecond optical arbitrary waveform generation(AWG) technology to achieve generation of arbitrary voltage waveforms in the range between a few GHz and 50 GHz. A dispersive fiber is used to stretch the optical waveform duration prior to optical-to-electrical converter. The optical power spectrum is shaped using a Fourier transform pulse shaper prior to dispersive stretching.
Morals Legislation and the Establishment Clause

In my essay entitled "Morals Legislation and the Establishment Clause," I argue that in Lawrence v. Texas, the Court correctly concluded that morality alone was not enough to justify legislation. Unlike, the Court, I predicate that conclusion on the Establishment Clause. In my view, morals legislation should be divided into two types: Morality simpliciter and purposive morality. Purposive morality, i.e., morality predicated on a legitimate secular rationale, presents no Establishment Clause problem. But morality simpliciter, i.e. that which is immoral simply because somebody says it is immoral, violates the Establishment Clause.
Trends in New Media Research: A Critical Review of Recent Scholarship

Trends in new media research are examined. These trends revolve around four dimensions, including citizen engagement, organizational innovation and adaptation, mobility and content computerization. The following article critically examines this shifting terrain in new media research and its implications for future scholarship.
Do Sex Offender Registries Make Us Less Safe

State legislatures enacted sex offender registration and notification (SORN) laws with the explicit and exclusive aim of reducing sex offender recidivism. The general idea that we ought to “regulate” released offenders — of any type — to reduce the likelihood of their returning to crime is an attractive one, at least in theory. Criminal recidivism generates significant social harm. Nevertheless, despite their now-widespread use, SORN laws became the norm without any systematic study of their consequences. Admittedly, the logic underlying these laws seems at first difficult to gainsay: if a known sex offender poses even a small risk to a potential new victim, how can it hurt if the police are keeping better tabs on that offender or if the offender’s neighbors are made aware that he is a threat so they can take measures to reduce their own risk of victimization? But this question and its implied answer presume that SORN laws have no influence whatever on whether released sex offenders opt to pursue new victims in the first place. If the enforcement of notification laws imposes significant financial, social, and psychological costs on released sex offenders, as an avalanche of evidence suggests it does, then notification may in fact be criminogenic. The result may well be many more attempted attacks by convicted sex offenders and therefore higher recidivism rates on the whole, even if every individual attack attempted becomes somewhat less likely to succeed.
Being in the City: The Sociology of Urban Experiences

Though urban sociologists tend to study the growth and development of cities, there is a venerable yet often marginalized tradition that addresses the embodied experience of urban life. Studies of urban experiences have recently begun to flourish due, in part, to the rise of sensory scholarship. Recognizing the connections between urban experiences and sensory stimulations provides nuanced ways to explore the actions and interactions between individuals and their relationships to and with urban places. Relying on a diverse literature of recent studies that focus on cities as dense sensory environments, this article shows the significance of studying city life at the experiential and sensory levels. First, a few seminal early works are discussed, with specific emphasis on Georg Simmel. Then, each of the five bodily senses and their correlated sensescapes – seescapes, soundscapes, smellscapes, tastescapes, and touchscapes – are presented in order to show individuals and groups use their senses to experience and make sense of the city. The article concludes with a brief discussion of methods and few suggestions to encourage future analyses of the everyday embodied and emplaced practices and interpretations of being in the city.
Limits of Nb 3 Sn Accelerator Magnets

Pushing accelerator magnets beyond 10 T holds a promise of future upgrades to machines like the Tevatron at Fermilab and the LHC at CERN. Exceeding the current density limits of NbTi superconductor, Nb 3 Sn is at present the only practical superconductor capable of generating fields beyond 10 T. Several Nb 3 Sn pilot magnets, with fields as high as 16 T, have been built and tested, paving the way for future attempts at fields approaching 20 T. High current density conductor is required to generate high fields with reduced conductor volume. However this significantly increases the Lorentz force and stress. Future designs of coils and structures will require managing stresses of several 100’ s of MPa and forces of 10’ s of MN/m. The combined engineering requirements on size and cost of accelerator magnets will involve magnet technology that diverges from the one currently used with NbTi conductor. In this paper we shall address how far the engineering of high field magnets can be pushed, and what are the issues and limitations before such magnets can be used in particle accelerators.
ADAPT: Automated Debugging in an Adaptive Prolog Tutor

Automated program debugging is a difficult task which requires recognizing the algorithm employed by the programmer and detecting any errors that exist in her program. All approaches to automated program debugging require some form of plan library which consists of a collection of representative programs. The general approach to constructing these debuggers is to build a system with an initial set of representative programs, run empirical studies on novice programmers to test the sufficiency of this set of programs, and then add new representative programs and repeat the empirical studies. Because the decision to add new representative programs to the library is dictated by empirical studies, the set of programs in the library has no precise characterization. It is possible to precisely define a non-trivial class of recursive list processing Prolog programs which empirical studies have shown to be sufficient for novice Prolog programmers. When supplemented with a general equivalence-preserving transformation scheme, this class of programs can be represented by a very small set of representative normal form programs which is bounded by the number of inputs in the program. The resultant debugger is more robust than APROPOS2 [9] and provides a precise characterization of the class of programs it can recognize.
A Green Bird in the Hand: An Example of of Environmental Regulations Operating to Stifle Environmentally Conscious Industry

In the past, there was a constant strain between industry and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Industry, with its relentless pursuit of profitability, would spare no expense—environment included—to achieve its objectives. EPA, on the other hand, often levied hefty fines on industry in order to ensure compliance with environmental regulations. In recent years, however, many companies have taken a more proactive approach toward environmental compliance. While some companies use an image of environmental responsibility only in their marketing campaigns, others have realized that it is cheaper to take preventive action than be forced to pay for remediation. The new paradigm of environmental law recognizes that industry makes a better partner than adversary. This Note discusses the attempts of Texas Instruments, Inc. to transfer ownership of a state-of-the-art waste water treatment plant to an industrial redevelopment company. The plan would create an industrial park, create hundreds of jobs, and allow small industrial companies to discharge their hazardous waste to an on-site facility at a greatly reduced cost. However, because of a narrow reading of the exceptions to the extensive permitting requirements of the Resource, Conservation, and Recovery Act (RCRA), the plant is currently unable to treat hazardous waste. This Note examines several of the relevant RCRA exceptions and argues that it benefits all parties for this plant to operate at full capacity. * Senior Articles Editor, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 2006–07. The author would like to thank Francis Veale Jr., Adjunct Professor at Boston College Law School and Worldwide Director of Environment, Health & Safety at Sensata Technologies (formerly Texas Instruments Sensors and Controls). Mr. Veale has been working continuously with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection to find a solution to the issues identified in this Note. 304 Environmental Affairs [Vol. 34:303
Floating-Gate Circuits for Adaptation of Saccadic Eye MovementAccuracy

In this paper we describe an analog VLSI circuit, fabricated using a standard 2 µm, n-well, BiCMOS process, which utilizes floating-gate structures for non-volatile, on-chip, analog parameter storage. This circuit is designed to operate in the context of a hardware model of the primate oculomotor system and performs visually-guided, saccadic adaptation. The chip contains a one-dimensional array of photoreceptors and floating-gate circuits which are used to map retinal positions to motor output commands. The system‘s functionality is demonstrated by training the chip with several different mapping functions using a supervised-learning technique.
A Foundation Theory of Evidence

This article argues that foundation, not relevance, embodies our fundamental understanding of admissible evidence. The foundation principle - only partially and somewhat obliquely stated in the Federal Rules of Evidence - is a requirement that evidence be case-specific, assertive and probably true. As such, it is a logical precondition for relevance, which is a concept subsidiary to foundation. A foundation-based theory of evidence explains, in a way that a relevance-based theory cannot, how the basic requirements of admissible evidence connect to the fundamental understanding of legal claims. Specifically, the foundation requirement is simply an extension of the general requirement that legal remedies must be based on probably true claims. A claim for relief cannot be more true than the least probable evidentiary fact needed to help prove that claim. Evidentiary facts, which must of necessity be significantly more detailed than the overall factual claim, must therefore be probably true. The foundation theory resolves certain paradoxes and longstanding problems in evidence theory, and sets out a new account of foundation, which has been widely misunderstood by evidence commentators.
No Exception for Belief

This paper defends a principle I call Equal Treatment, according to which the rationality of a belief is determined in precisely the same way as the rationality of any other state. For example, if wearing a raincoat is rational just in case doing so maximizes expected value, then believing some proposition P is rational just in case doing so maximizes expected value. This contrasts with the popular view that the rationality of belief is determined by evidential support. It also contrasts with the common idea that in the case of belief, there are two different incommensurable senses of rationality, one of which is distinctively epistemic. I present considerations that favor Equal Treatment over these two alternatives, reply to objections, and criticize some arguments for Evidentialism. I also show how Equal Treatment opens the door to a distinctive kind of response to skepticism.
A case study of mesospheric gravity wave momentum flux and dynamical instability using the Arecibo dual beam incoherent scatter radar

We report the first observation of gravity wave momentum flux in the mesosphere using the dual-beam Arecibo incoherent scatter radar (ISR). Quasimonochromatic waves were observed throughout the daytime of July 28, 2001 in the altitude range of 65â 85 km. The largest wave speed was about 100 m/s and the dominant period was about 15 min. Instability, as indicated by the Richardson number, occurred at several altitudes, most dramatically at 77 and 81 kilometers. The zonal momentum flux is found to change sign at altitudes where dynamical instability occurs. No significant gravity waves were observed in the region having an eastward background wind, while they were ubiquitous when the background wind was westward. Citation: Zhou, Q., and Y. T. Morton (2006), A case study of mesospheric gravity wave momentum flux and dynamical instability using the Arecibo dual beam incoherent scatter radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L10802, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL025608.
Fatores derivados dos laboratórios intra-hospitalares que provocam estresse nos estudantes de enfermagem

Estudo transversal, quantitativo, de correlacao com analise descritiva, que teve como objetivo conhecer os fatores derivados dos laboratorios intra-hospitalares que incidem na aparicao de estresse em 129 estudantes de Enfermagem, que responderam os questionarios Escala Hamilton e KEZKAK. Os dados foram processados no programa Microsoft Excel, aparecendo: que 100% apresentam estresse. A ansiedade, tensao e insonia aparecem com maior percentagem. Os Fatores Competencias do aluno: "cometer erros no seu trabalho e prejudicar o paciente", e em Docente: "receber ordens contraditorias" sao os que apresentam maior frequencia, sendo o Docente o preponderante na aparicao do estresse. Conclui-se que e necessario adequar as tutorias docentes as praticas clinicas, dando maior enfase ao apoio que devera ser oferecido ao aluno, com a finalidade de diminuir o estresse e favorecer o aprendizado.
THE PRODUCTION OF ANTI-GM REAGENTS BY RHESUS MONKEYS IMMUNIZED WITH POOLED HUMAN GAMMA GLOBULIN.

Summary Five out of six rhesus monkeys immunized with pooled human 7 S gamma globulin which was Gm (a+b + x+c+), Inv (a+b+) produced anti-human gamma globulin with Gm but not Inv specificity. The anti-Gm (a), -Gm (b) and -Gm (c) so produced were found to be useful reagents for Gm testing. Rhesus monkeys so immunized can serve as a dependable source of anti-Gm reagents. Resume Gnq parmi six singes Rhesus immunises avec des gammaglobulines 7 S humaine «poole» qui etaient de type Gm (a+b+x+c+) Inv (a+b+) ont produit des substances anti-gamma-globuline humaine avec la specificite Gm, mais pas avec la specificite Inv. Les anti-Gm (a), -Gm (b) et -Gm (c), produits de cette maniere se sont averes etre utilisable comme reactif pour la determination des facteurs Gm. Les singes Rhesus immunises de cette maniere peuvent donc servir comme source de reactif anti-Gm. Zusammenfassung Funf von sechs Rhesusaffen, die mit gepooltem menschlichem 7S-Gamma-Globulin vom Typ Gm(a+b+x+c+) Inv(a+b+) immunisiert worden waren, bildeten Anti-Humangammaglobulin-Antikurper mit Gm-, nicht aber mit Inv-Spezifitat. Die in dieser Weise gewonnenen Anti-Gm(a), -Gm(b) und -Gm(c) erwiesen sich als brauchbare Reagenzien zur Gm-Bestimmung. Rhesusaffen, die in der beschriebenen Weise immunisiert wurden, bilden eine zuverlassige Quelle fur Anti-Gm-Reagenzien.
From the old diplomacy to the new, 1865-1900

Historians have long argued about the nature of the changes that occurred in American foreign policy at the turn of the century, and whether those changes represented an abrupt break from the past or the culmination of long-term trends. Beisner addresses these issues by recasting the questions involved, and synthesizes the most useful contributions of both traditional and revisionist historians. From the Old Diplomacy to the New reinterprets the entire period as one in which American foreign policy underwent a fundamental paradigm shift that affected the goals and methods of diplomacy. A commitment to systematic policy and a determination to promote American interests in a dangerous world characterized the "new diplomacy."
Student Appraisals of Collaborative Teaching

Scholars have argued that team teaching promises great benefits for students. However, little systematic research exists to show how such benefits occur. Team teaching takes various forms including the simultaneously taught two-person course (coteaching), the alternating two-person course (alternate), and the panel of three or more faculty (panel). The authors analyze and compare student appraisals of these three different models of team-taught classes to a norm of traditional, solo-instructed courses. Team-taught student assessment data were compared with a baseline of student evaluations of individually instructed courses nationwide. Results indicate that there are no real differences in student attitudes toward team-taught and traditional classes. However, there were some significant differences between the types of team-taught courses.
Effect of grain size on yield strength of Ni3Al and other alloys

This paper analyzes the effect of grain size on yield stress of ordered Ni3Al and Zr3Al, and mild steels that show Luders band propagation after yielding, using the Hall-Petch relation, σy = σ0 + kyd−½, and the new relation proposed by Schulson et al., σy = σ0 + kd −(p − 1)/2 [Schulson et al., Acta Metall. 33, 1587 (1985)]. The major emphasis is placed on the analysis of Ni3Al data obtained from published and new results, with a careful consideration of the alloy stoichiometry effect. All data, except for binary stoichiometric Ni3Al prepared by powder extrusion, fit the Hall-Petch relation, whereas the data from boron-doped Ni3Al and mild steels do not follow the Schulson relation. However, no conclusion can be made simply from the curve fitting using either relation. The results are also discussed in terms of Luders strain and alloy preparation methods. On the basis of the Hall-Petch analysis, the small slope ky is obtained only for hypostoichiometric Ni3Al with boron, which would be related to a stronger segregation of boron in nickel-rich Ni3Al. In addition, the potency for the solid solution strengthening effect of boron is found to be much higher for stoichiometric Ni3Al than for hypostoichiometric alloys.
Deep Sequencing to Identify the Causes of Viral Encephalitis

Deep sequencing allows for a rapid, accurate characterization of microbial DNA and RNA sequences in many types of samples. Deep sequencing (also called next generation sequencing or NGS) is being developed to assist with the diagnosis of a wide variety of infectious diseases. In this study, seven frozen brain samples from deceased subjects with recent encephalitis were investigated. RNA from each sample was extracted, randomly reverse transcribed and sequenced. The sequence analysis was performed in a blinded fashion and confirmed with pathogen-specific PCR. This analysis successfully identified measles virus sequences in two brain samples and herpes simplex virus type-1 sequences in three brain samples. No pathogen was identified in the other two brain specimens. These results were concordant with pathogen-specific PCR and partially concordant with prior neuropathological examinations, demonstrating that deep sequencing can accurately identify viral infections in frozen brain tissue.
Biological Sunscreens Tune Polychromatic Ultraviolet Vision in Mantis Shrimp

Stomatopod crustaceans, or mantis shrimp, are renowned for their complex visual systems. Their array of 16 types of photoreceptors provides complex color reception, as well as linear and circular polarization sensitivity [1-6]. The least-understood components of their retina are the UV receptors, of which there are up to six distinct, narrowly tuned spectral types [4]. Here we show that in the stomatopod species Neogonodactylus oerstedii, this set of receptors is based on only two visual pigments. Surprisingly, five of the six UV receptor types contain the same visual pigment. The various UV receptors are spectrally tuned by a novel set of four short- and long-pass UV-specific optical filters in the overlying crystalline cones. These filters are composed of various mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA) pigments. Commonly referred to as "nature's sunscreens," MAAs are usually employed for UV photoprotection [7, 8], but mantis shrimp uniquely incorporate them into powerful spectral tuning filters, extending and diversifying their preeminently elaborate photoreceptive arsenal.
Spatio-temporal patterns in a reaction–diffusion system with wave instability

Abstract We utilize a simple three-variable reaction–diffusion model to study patterns that emerge beyond the onset of the (short-)wave instability. We have found various wave patterns including standing waves, traveling waves, asymmetric standing–traveling waves and target patterns. We employ both periodic and zero flux boundary conditions in the simulations, and we analyze the patterns using space–time two-dimensional Fourier spectra. A fascinating pattern of waves which periodically change their direction of propagation along a ring is found for very short systems. A related pattern of modulated standing waves is found for systems with zero flux boundary conditions. In a two-dimensional system with small overcriticality we observe a wide variety of standing wave patterns. These include plain and modulated stripes, squares and rhombi. We also find standing waves consisting of periodic time sequences of stripes, rhombi and hexagons. The short-wave instability can lead to a much greater variety of spatio-temporal patterns than the aperiodic Turing and the long-wave oscillatory instabilities. For example, a single oscillatory cycle may display all the basic patterns related to the aperiodic Turing instability — stripes, hexagons and inverted hexagons (honeycomb) — as well as rhombi and modulated stripes. A rich plethora of patterns is seen in a system with cylindrical geometry — examples include rotating patterns of standing waves and counter-propagating waves.
[3H]Tryptamine: High affinity binding sites in rat brain

[3H]Tryptamine binds to rat brain cortex. The binding is saturable and of high affinity. Drug displacement studies indicate that the binding site has a high degree of specificity for tryptamine and that the site is distinct from serotonin receptor binding sites.
Purification of a proteinase inhibitor from bovine serum with C1-inhibitor activity

This report describes the purification of a novel proteinase inhibitor from bovine serum. This protein was purified to apparent homogeneity employing affinity binding to sulfated dextran and precipitation by ammonium sulfate, followed by sequential chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, heparin-Sepharose and Sephacryl S-200. Quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays revealed that the concentration of this inhibitor is approximately 3 μM in bovine serum. The inhibitor is a single polypeptide chain with an estimated Mr of 83 000 as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An aspartic acid was found at the amino terminus of the protein; N-terminal amino acid sequence data indicated that there was no significant homology with other reported amino acid sequences. This bovine inhibitor covalently complexed the human proteinases C1r, C1s, factor XIIa and plasma kallikrein, which are also complexed and inactivated by human C1-inhibitor. In addition, the bovine inhibitor complexed and inactivated bovine chymotrypsin, a feature which functionally distinguishes it from human C1-inhibitor. Altough the bovine inhibitor appears functionally very similar to C1-inhibitor, we found no evidence for structural homology with the human counterpart.
Adding time dimension to relational model and extending relational algebra

Abstract A methodology for adding the time dimension to the relational model is proposed and relational algebra is extended for this purpose. We propose time-stamping attributes instead of adding time to tuples. Each attribute value is stored along with a time interval over which it is valid. Non-first normal form realations are used. A relation can have atomic, set-valued, triplet-valued, or set triplet-valued attributes. The last two types of attributes preserve the time (history). Furthermore, new algebraic operations are defined to extract information from historical relations. These operations convert one attribute type to another and do selection over the time dimension. Algebraic rules and identities for the new operations are also included.
The eternal context: Affective and cognitive egocentricity and maturation

Abstract For Professor Egan the eternal context is powered by the binary oppositions exemplified in fairy tales such as love/hate, courage/cowardice, security/anxiety, and so on. He argues that children's narratives stimulate the procession of binary discrimination and mediation, and therefore promote learning far more ‘reaching’ than that conceived by current curriculum design. First we contextualize Egan's remarks within the world of Piaget's genetic epistemology, contrasting Egan's affective scripts with Piaget's cognitive egocentricity. Then we expand the horizons to encompass a theory of mind, making the case that affective egocentric concepts bootstrap and then give way to descriptive, quantitative, and decontextualized concepts. A hallmark of development is indeed a step beyond the eternal context.
The four-point diamond configuration

Abstract It is widely regarded as impossible to estimate interaction and quadratic coefficients from four data taken at the end points of a cross. This manuscript illustrates four methods for approximating the desired coefficients, and compares them to the coefficients obtained from Taylor expansions of the generating functions.
Sport-Related Concussions: A Review of Epidemiology, Challenges in Diagnosis, and Potential Risk Factors

Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a common mild traumatic brain injury among young, active individuals, affecting approximately 300,000 young American adults annually. In this review of the epidemiology of SRC, we describe the challenges in identifying concussion occurrence and review the studies describing concussion incidence in various sports. In high risk contact sports, American football, soccer (European football), hockey, lacrosse, and basketball athletes experience concussion unintentionally during the course of play. Among these, football concussion incidence is reviewed in greatest detail because it has the highest incidence among the contact sports, and some studies have shown long-term neurophysiologic and neurodegenerative outcomes. Mechanisms of injury differ significantly by sport and can be potential targets for concussion risk mitigation. Despite the apparent high incidence of SRC, risk factors determining initial concussion, recovery periods, recurrence, and long-term outcomes remain poorly understood and warrant further study exploring the influence of age, sex, genetics, and athletic factors.
Analysis of litter size and weight in mice differing in Ped gene phenotype and the Q region of the H-2 complex.

Abstract A gene has been described, Ped (Preimplantation embryo development), that influences the rate of cleavage of preimplantation mouse embryos. Previous studies of linkage of Ped gene phenotype (fast or slow embryo development) and H-2 haplotype ( H -2 b or H -2 k ) in backcross embryos from the C57BL/10Sn and B10.BR congenic strains have shown that the Ped gene is located in the H -2 complex, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the mouse. The present study was undertaken to localize the Ped gene to a particular subregion of the H -2 complex. Analysis of the B6.K1 and B6.K2 congenic strains, which differ at only the Q subregion of the MHC, was undertaken to test whether the Ped gene is located in the Q subregion of the MHC. Qa-2 antigen expression was used as a marker for the Q subregion and fast or slow development was used to assess Ped gene phenotype in backcross embryos generated from the mating of (B6.K1 × B6.K2)F 1 and B6.K1 mice. The results showed linkage of Ped gene phenotype and Qa-2 antigen expression, which strongly supports the idea that the Ped gene is located in the Q subregion of the MHC. In a further set of experiments, litter size and weight were investigated in the B6.K1 and B6.K2 mice. Pure line and reciprocal crosses were made using sires and dams of both the B6.K1 and B6.K2 genotypes. Traits measured on pups included birth weight, weaning weight and weight per day of age from birth to weaning. Litter traits measured were number born and weaned and survivability. Sex effects existed for weaning weight and weight gain per day of age. Males gained more and were heavier than female pups ( P P P P H -2 complex are advantageous to reproductive performance.
Long‐range effect of clinical trial interventions on quality of life

Phase III randomized clinical trials have been designed primarily to answer questions of clinical efficacy. Although the primary outcome for most clinical trials is improved survival or disease free survival, recent studies have also compared the efficacy of treatments with no anticipated effects on survival but with different toxicities or rehabilitation outcomes. By identifying treatments with less morbidity, clinical trials have contributed to improving the quality of life of patients with cancer. This paper will highlight several clinical trials that have produced outcomes with quality-of-life implications, including limb-salvage therapy in patients with bone tumors, conservation surgery for patients with breast cancer, and conservation treatment for patients with bladder and laryngeal cancers. Although quality of life has rarely been measured explicitly in these trials, the demonstration that more conservative treatments are equally efficacious permits the discussion of these less radical treatments with patients. However, conservation treatment does affect quality of life, in that combined modality treatment is usually more complex and may not lead to improvement in quality of life in all patients. In the future, we can expect the explicit incorporation of patient-rated quality-of-life assessments in Phase III clinical trials, especially when maintenance of or improvement in quality of life is a specific objective of the trial.
New insights into synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome.

In 1987, synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome was proposed as an umbrella term for a group of diseases with similar musculoskeletal manifestations, in particular hyperostosis of anterior chest wall, synovitis, and multifocal aseptic osteomyelitis, observed in association with dermatologic conditions such as palmoplantar pustulosis, severe acne, and hidradenitis suppurativa. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the epidemiologic, pathophysiologic, and immunogenetic mechanisms involved in SAPHO syndrome, etiopathogenesis remains poorly understood. Propionibacterium acnes, the microorganism associated with acne, has been recovered on bone biopsy in some patients, but the possible pathogenetic role of an infectious agent in a genetically predisposed individual, resulting in exaggerated inflammatory response as “reactive osteitis,“ is a largely unproven hypothesis. The newly available whole-body MRI will assist early diagnosis by detecting multifocal osteitis lesions, some of them asymptomatic, in axial (anterior chest wall, spine, and jaws) and nonaxial sites. Moreover, outcomes are vastly improved by treatment with bisphosphonates and tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists.
Development of the Human Fetal Testis

We describe the histological features of the fetal testis, utilizing 68 fetuses ranging in gestational age from 10 to 41 weeks. During fetal life, the tunica albuginea progressively increases in thickness, and between 29 and 32 weeks it develops two layers. Beyond 25 to 28 weeks, septa are invariably present. Tubules begin as straight structures and become maximally coiled by 30 weeks. Tubular diameter reaches its maximum by 16 weeks and remains constant throughout the rest of gestation. Germ cell and Sertoli cell numbers per tubular diameter have a wide range, but the median number for each cell type remains constant after 13 to 16 weeks. Leydig cells are most numerous between 17 and 19 weeks and decline thereafter. They are infrequent but still present at term. Interstitial lipochrome pigment accumulates during the latter half of gestation and may represent breakdown products from Leydig cell degeneration.