cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Principles and Limits of Algorithm-in-the-Loop Decision Making

The rise of machine learning has fundamentally altered decision making: rather than being made solely by people, many important decisions are now made through an "algorithm-in-the-loop'' process where machine learning models inform people. Yet insufficient research has considered how the interactions between people and models actually influence human decisions. Society lacks both clear normative principles regarding how people should collaborate with algorithms as well as robust empirical evidence about how people do collaborate with algorithms. Given research suggesting that people struggle to interpret machine learning models and to incorporate them into their decisions---sometimes leading these models to produce unexpected outcomes---it is essential to consider how different ways of presenting models and structuring human-algorithm interactions affect the quality and type of decisions made. This paper contributes to such research in two ways. First, we posited three principles as essential to ethical and responsible algorithm-in-the-loop decision making. Second, through a controlled experimental study on Amazon Mechanical Turk, we evaluated whether people satisfy these principles when making predictions with the aid of a risk assessment. We studied human predictions in two contexts (pretrial release and financial lending) and under several conditions for risk assessment presentation and structure. Although these conditions did influence participant behaviors and in some cases improved performance, only one desideratum was consistently satisfied. Under all conditions, our study participants 1) were unable to effectively evaluate the accuracy of their own or the risk assessment's predictions, 2) did not calibrate their reliance on the risk assessment based on the risk assessment's performance, and 3) exhibited bias in their interactions with the risk assessment. These results highlight the urgent need to expand our analyses of algorithmic decision making aids beyond evaluating the models themselves to investigating the full sociotechnical contexts in which people and algorithms interact.
Jaw and Dental Abnormalities

Deviations from anthropometric norms related to facial skeletal development are a relatively normal occurrence in the dental management of the vast majority of patients. A consideration for correction is usually warranted only when there is associated morbidity, functional impairment, or psychosocial detriment. The vast majority of jaw and dental abnormalities are developmental and present themselves within a continuum of clinically conspicuous to overtly obvious. This article highlights a variety of developmental abnormalities that present with structural disharmony of the maxillomandibular complex and secondarily associated dental structures.
Modeling variability in the inferior vena cava into fenestrated endografts for retrohepatic caval injuries

Abstract Objective Injury of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) is rare, but extremely fatal. Open repair of these injuries is challenging. Various maneuvers, including atriocaval shunting and total vascular isolation, have been described, but are poorly tolerated in the severely injured patient. Endovascular repair is an attractive alternative strategy, but effective hemostasis of complex injuries requires an endograft that excludes the injury while permitting flow from the hepatic veins. Unfortunately, IVC and hepatic vein anatomy is highly variable and has not been clearly described in injured patients. Our purpose was to characterize critical human IVC morphology in trauma patients, and develop the design parameters of an off-the-shelf fenestrated endograft intended for caval deployment. Methods One hundred consecutive adult trauma patients with an admission computed tomography scan including a portal venous phase of the abdomen were reviewed. Specific anatomic measurements including segmental IVC lengths and diameters were obtained. Multiple theoretical endografts were modeled to optimize caval coverage in the retrohepatic segment, assuming 10% to 40% oversizing for seal. Results This sample population had a mean age of 50 years, height of 173 cm, and weight 84 kg. Seventy-one percent were male and 89% had a blunt mechanism of injury. The median caval length from the renal veins to right atrium was 111 mm (interquartile range [IQR], 102-120 mm), diameter was 22 mm (IQR, 19-26 mm), and hepatic venous orifice area was 336 mm2 (IQR, 267-432 mm2). All patients had a landing zone of at least 12 mm in the suprahepatic and 10 mm in the suprarenal segments. Three models of graft length were developed to accommodate patients with segmental and overall dimensions in the smallest half, third quartile, and fourth quartile. These could provide 95% of patients with coverage of the retrohepatic segment without risk of hepatic or renal vein occlusion. Four graft diameters were developed for cross-sectional fit. Graft diameters of 20, 24, 30, and 38 mm could provide adequate coverage in, respectively, 11%, 35%, 49%, and 16% of patients. These combinations of graft length and diameter would accommodate 93% of patients. Conclusions We defined human IVC morphology essential for endovascular therapy and developed parameters for fenestrated IVC endografts to address retrohepatic caval injuries in trauma patients. Although additional study and testing are required, this proof-of-concept study supports the hypothesis that exclusion of the most devastating retrohepatic IVC injuries can be achieved with a reasonable number of off-the-shelf fenestrated endografts. These findings form the basis for additional research toward the development of novel devices for endovascular therapy of these often lethal injuries.
New Loco Regional Approaches to Treat Liver Cancer

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third most common cause of cancer related death worldwide. The only curative treatment of HCC is liver transplantation. Curative intent treatment with surgical resection does not offer protection against developing new tumors in the background of ongoing cirrhosis. Only about 20% of patients are candidates for surgical treatments due to poor hepatic reserve, multifocal disease or shortage of donor organs. Loco regional palliation with interventional radiology techniques have become the mainstay in the management of these patients (Golabi et al., Medicine 96(9): e5904, 2017). Systemic therapy offers modest benefit for patients who are not candidates for loco regional treatments. Novel approaches including tumor ablation and endovascular embolization will be discussed in this chapter with specific focus on mechanism of action, indications, overview of procedure and outcomes (Raza and Sood, World Journal of Gastroenterology 20(15): 4115–4127, 2014).
Common ownership, price informativeness, and corporate investment

Using financial institution mergers as exogenous shocks to common ownership, we find that stock prices of commonly held firms incorporate future earnings news more quickly and are less sensitive to noise traders. Our analyses show that the increase in price informativeness is due to: (1) increase in disclosure, (2) enhanced information production and diffusion, and (3) active trading by common owners. Further, we find that the investment sensitivity to Tobin’s Q for commonly held firms is higher, indicating that managers of such firms rely more on market prices for information. These results are robust to controlling for the financial crisis, and to alternative control groups. Our findings suggest that common ownership has a positive effect on information production and influences real corporate decision by improving price informativeness.
From Lombard Street to Wall Street: Systemic Risk, Rescues, and Stability in Financial Networks

This paper proposes a novel regulatory framework for financial interconnectedness and introduces a new concept: “self-contained networks”. In networks where each bank is too costly for other banks to let fail, banks endogenously rescue each other. Such networks are self-contained since they minimize external assistance (bailouts) required to maintain stability. In such networks, banks have intermediate levels of interbank liabilities and non-clustered interbank exposures. The results reverse the general insights into contagion: In self-contained networks, system-wide contagion risk leads to greater stability. Moreover, “letting a systemically important bank fail” arises at equilibrium for large shocks, which explains (non-)rescues in 2007-2008.
Algunas reflexiones sobre la escritura de la historia del Tahuantinsuyo a partir de fuentes primarias (quipus)

espanolSe plantea como deberiamos repensar la naturaleza y el conte-nido de la informacion «historica» contenida en los quipus y, a partir de esta nueva forma de acercarnos al contenido de estos artefactos, como me parece que podriamos escribir una historia del Tahuantinsuyo basada en fuentes primarias, materia sobre la que Sabine MacCormack escribio importantes ensayos con deslumbrante erudicion. En pocas palabras, mi argumento es que la mayor parte de la informacion contenida en los quipus se refiere a estadisticas administrativas; por lo tanto, si repensa-mos la naturaleza de la historia –esto es, que ella no se ocupa de grandes hombres y batallas importantes, sino mas bien de la economia, la demografia y la relacion que la sociedad mantiene con el medio ambiente–, podremos efectivamente escribir una historia indigena del Imperio Inca EnglishA possible redefinition of nature and content around Khipus «historical» information is revealed as a new way to approach the substance of these knotted textile record-keeping devices used by the Inkas. This article aims to reveal how a new history of Tawantinsuyu based in primary data can be written. This is the world about which Sabine McCormack wrote relevant essays with extraordinary erudition. In short, my argument defends that main khipus information refers to administrative or official statistics; so we’ll be able to write a real indigenous history of the Inka empire, specially if we redefine History, that is, if His-tory is consists of more than just great men and great battles, if History can be written as a memory relationship of Economy, Demography and Society with NaturalEenvironment
Analysis of a Strong Suppressor of Segregation Distorter in Drosophila melanogaster.

Segregation Distorter (SD) is a naturally occurring male meiotic drive system in Drosophila melanogaster, characterized by almost exclusive transmission of the SD chromosome owing to dysfunction of sperm receiving the SD+ homolog. Previous studies identified at least three closely linked loci on chromosome 2 required for distortion: Sd, the primary distorting gene; E(SD) (Enhancer of SD), which increases the strength of distortion; and Rsp (Responder), the apparent target of Sd. Strength of distortion is also influenced by linked upward modifiers including M(SD) (Modifier of SD) and St(SD) (Stabilizer of SD), and by various unlinked suppressors. Although Sd is known to encode a mutant RanGAP protein, none of the modifiers have been molecularly identified. This work focuses on the genetic and cytological characterization of a strong X-linked suppressor, Su(SD), capable of restoring Mendelian transmission in SD/SD+ males. Sd and its cohort of positive modifiers appear to act semiquantitatively in opposition to Su(SD) with distortion strength depending primarily on the total number of distorting elements rather than which particular elements are present. Su(SD) can also suppress male sterility observed in certain SD genotypes. To facilitate its eventual molecular identification, Su(SD) was localized by deletion mapping to polytene region 13C7-13E4. These studies highlight the polygenic nature of distortion and its dependence on a constellation of positive and negative modifiers, provide insight into the stability of Mendelian transmission in natural populations even when a drive system arises, and pave the way for molecular characterization of Su(SD) whose identity should reveal new information about the mechanism of distortion.
Vocal Signal Enhancement for Measurement of Child Robot Interaction

This paper presented data prepossessing approaches to reduce the ambient noise and interference for assessing young children's engagement in collaborative activities mediated by a humanoid robot. During the data collecting session, children's speech signals have been recorded. In order to extract meaningful features for identify children's engagement levels, the ambient noise has been removed by using speech enhancement technique. In this research, we applied band pass filter, integrative wiener filter and adaptive noise cancellation to improve the speech quality. We proposed to apply an innovative double adaptive noise cancellation method to cancel the unwanted noise. Experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce the noise dramatically. Then, the engagement level can be recognized based on clean speech signals.
Multilevel Associations with Cancer Screening Among Women in Rural, Segregated Communities Within the Northeastern USA: a Mixed-Methods Study

We recruited women (primarily non-Hispanic White) from 14 rural, segregated counties in a Northeastern US state for an explanatory sequential study: 100 women (ages 50–65 years) completed a survey, and 16 women participated in focus groups. We sought to identify personal (e.g., healthcare mistrust) and environmental (e.g., travel time to healthcare providers) factors related to colorectal and cervical cancer screening. Quantitatively, 89% of participants were up-to-date for cervical screening, and 65% for colorectal screening. Factors interacted such that compounding barriers were associated with lower odds of screening (e.g., insurance status and healthcare mistrust: interaction p = .02 for cervical; interaction p = .05 for colorectal). Qualitatively, three themes emerged regarding barriers to screening: privacy concerns, logistical barriers, and lack of trust in adequacy of healthcare services. While cancer screening was common in rural, segregated counties, women who reported both environmental and personal barriers to screening had lower uptake. Future interventions to promote screening can target these barriers.
Financialization of Commodity Markets

The large inflow of investment capital to commodity futures markets in the past decade has generated a heated debate about whether financialization distorts commodity prices. Rather than focusing on the opposing views concerning whether investment flows caused a price bubble, we critically review academic studies through the perspective of how financial investors affect risk sharing and information discovery in commodity markets. We argue that financialization has substantially changed commodity markets through these mechanisms.
De gevolgen van trauma en rouw voor kinderen en hun gezin

Hoewel sommige kinderen die traumatische gebeurtenissen meemaken veerkrachtig zijn, krijgen vele andere traumasymptomen die ingrijpende en langdurige gevolgen kunnen hebben voor hun ontwikkeling, gezondheid en veiligheid. Deze traumasymptomen kunnen onder andere van affectieve, gedragsmatige, biologische, interpersoonlijke, cognitieve of complex-traumatische aard zijn. Ongeacht hoe de diagnose van het kind luidt hebben traumagerelateerde problemen aanzienlijke negatieve gevolgen voor het functioneren van een kind en zijn of haar gezin. Kinderen kunnen geconfronteerd worden met traumatische rouw, een aandoening waarbij zij traumasymptomen ontwikkelen die een typisch rouwproces in de weg staan en die tot maladaptieve rouwreacties leiden. Zij kunnen baat hebben bij de traumagerichte en rouwgerichte CGT-modules die in dit boek worden beschreven. In dit hoofdstuk concentreren we ons op de diagnostiek van kinderen die reacties op traumatische stress en/of traumatische rouw vertonen, en op de vraag hoe we kunnen vaststellen of TF-CBT de juiste behandelmethode is voor een specifiek kind.
Percutaneous Lung Biopsy: Counterpoint-Core Biopsy to Allow for Molecular and Histologic Subtyping.

This article does not include an abstract. Please see the accompanying Point by Paul VanderLaan.
Chemotherapy agents reduce protein synthesis and ribosomal capacity in myotubes independent of oxidative stress.

Chemotherapeutic agents (CAs) are first-line antineoplastic treatments in a wide variety of cancers. These agents can induce oxidative stress and promote muscle loss. CAs trigger local and systemic...
A lag‐1 smoother approach to system‐error estimation: sequential method

Starting from sequential data assimilation arguments, the present work shows how to use residual statistics from filtering and lag-1 (6 h) smoothing to infer components of the system (model) error covariance matrix that project on to a dense observing network. The residuals relationships involving the system-error covariance matrix are similar to those available to derive background, observation and analysis-error covariance information from filter residual statistics. An illustration of the approach is given for two low-dimensional dynamical systems: a linear damped harmonic oscillator and the nonlinear Lorenz system. The application examples consider the important case of evaluating the ability to estimate the model-error covariance from residual time series obtained from suboptimal filters and smoothers that assume the model to be perfect. The examples show the residuals to contain the necessary information to allow for such estimation. The examples also illustrate the consequences of estimating covariances through time series of residuals (available in practice) instead of multiple realizations from Monte Carlo sampling. A recast of the sequential approach into variational approach language will appear in a companion article.
Motion programs for puppet choreography and control

This paper presents a motion description language (MDLp) for specifying and encoding autonomous puppetry plays in a manner that is faithful to the way puppetry choreography is currently formulated. In particular, MDLp is a formal language whose strings, when parsed by a dynamical system (the puppet) produces optimized, hybrid control laws corresponding to strings of motions, locations, and temporal durations for each agent. The paper is concerned with the development of this language as well as with an optimization engine for hybrid optimal control of MDLp strings, and with the generation of motion primitives within the "Imitate, Simplify, Exaggerate" puppetry paradigm.
Fiscal Choices and Religion in Ottoman Europe

While during the Early Modern Age, Christian Europe was torn by religious discord, the Ottoman Empire was a state which was largely liberal with respect to the religion of its subjects. The explanation given in this essay is that non-Muslims were a cornerstone to financing the Empire's warfare and bureau- cratic apparatus as they paid for their right to practice Christianity or Judaism by accepting higher taxation. Discriminatory taxation, combined with a number of benefits from accepting the faith of the new rulers, provided a system of incen- tives to convert among the Ottoman European subjects. The Ottoman rulers were thus constrained: a higher tax differential for non-Muslims induced more volun- tary conversions to Islam, reducing the empire's tax base. The Ottomans utilised institutional mechanisms, such as the preservation of a strong Christian Church, to discourage conversion.
Effects of IL-7 on early human thymocyte progenitor cells in vitro and in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice.

IL-7 is a critical component of thymopoiesis in animals and has recently been shown to play an important role in T cell homeostasis. Although there is increasing interest in the use of IL-7 for the treatment of lymphopenia caused by the HIV type 1, evidence that IL-7 may accelerate HIV replication has raised concerns regarding its use in this setting. We sought to identify the effects of IL-7 on human thymocyte survival and to determine the impact of IL-7 administration on in vivo HIV infection of the human thymus. Using in vitro analysis, we show that IL-7 provides potent anti-apoptotic and proliferative signals to early thymocyte progenitors. Analysis of CD34+ subpopulations demonstrates that surface IL-7 receptor is expressed on most CD34highCD5+CD1a− thymocytes and that this subpopulation appears to be one of the earliest maturation stages responsive to the effects of IL-7. Thus, IL-7 provides survival signals to human thymocytes before surface expression of CD1a. CD4+CD8+ thymocytes are relatively unresponsive to IL-7, although IL-7 protects these cells from dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. IL-7 has a predominantly proliferative effect on mature CD4+CD3+CD8− and CD8+CD3+CD4− thymocytes. In contrast to the in vitro findings, we observe that in vivo administration of IL-7 to SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice does not appear to enhance thymocyte survival nor does it appear to accelerate HIV infection. Given the growing interest in the use of IL-7 for the treatment of human immunodeficiency, these findings support additional investigation into its in vivo effects on thymopoiesis and HIV infection.
A Phenomenological Model for Particle Production from the Collisions of Nucleons and Pions with Fissile Elements at Medium Energies

A fission channel has been added to the intranuclear-cascade-evaporation model of nuclear reactions so that this model can be used to obtain the differential particle production data that are neede...
Numerical grids used in a coastal ocean model with breaking wave effects

Abstract In coastal ocean modeling, traditional single-block rectangular (Cartesian) grids have been most commonly used for their simplicity. In many cases, these grids may be not well suited (even at very high resolutions) for regions with complicated physical fields, open boundaries, coastlines, and bottom bathymetry. The numerical curvilinear nearly orthogonal/orthogonal, single/multi-block coastline-following grids for the Mediterranean Sea, Monterey Bay and the South China Sea (SCS) are presented. These grids can be used in coastal ocean modeling to enhance model numerical solutions and save computer resources by giving better treatment of regions with high gradients such as areas of complicated coastlines and steep slopes of shelf breaks, complicated bottom topography, open boundaries, and multi-scale physical phenomenon. Grid generation techniques are used to designed these grids. This kind of grids can also easily increase horizontal resolutions in the subregion of the model domain, without increasing the computational expense, with a higher resolution over the entire domain. A three dimensional coastal ocean model with breaking wave effects is also presented and applied. The ocean system is a primitive equation modeling system with grid generation routines and a turbulent closure which is capable of taking surface breaking wave effects into account. The system also includes a grid package which allows model numerical grids to be coupled with the ocean model. The model code is written for multi-block grids, but a single-block grid is used for the South China Sea (SCS). The model with breaking wave effects and a grid of 121 × 121 grid points are used to simulate the winter circulation of the SCS as an example. The model output of the 60-day run shows the observed upwelling locations in the sea surface salinity field.
Character as Ethical Democracy: Definitions and Measures

In the wake of crises caused by teen and child violence and by financial and sexual scandals in business, government, and religion, educators are turning more and more attention to the development of character in our nation’s students. With this increased attention come important questions of the extent to which these efforts may be effective. Is character something that can be developed in students? If so, which are the most effective methods for doing so? What are the outcomes that might reasonably be expected from such methods? Are there ways of testing students to chart their progress in character development?
Dynamical Studies of Dissociative Electron Attachment to CO2

We report the results of our combined experimental and theoretical investigation on the dynamics of dissociative electron attachment to the triatomic molecule CO2. The experiments employ a 4π momentum spectrometer to collect kinematically complete data for this 2-body dissociation reaction. The angular dependence of the attachment entrance amplitudes, calculated by ab initio methods, connect the laboratory frame to the molecular frame. Preliminary results from our ongoing investigations of DEA to larger molecules, including formic acid and the nucleobases uracil and and thymine, will also be presented.
Leader-Member Exchange Quality and Effectiveness Ratings The Role of Subordinate-Supervisor Conscientiousness Similarity

Survey data were collected from 127 subordinate-supervisor dyads employed in diverse organizational settings. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that subordinate-supervisor conscientiousness similarity predicted subordinate in-role behavior. Also, subordinate in-role behavior closely approached significance as a predictor of higher quality leader-member exchanges (LMX), whereas LMX was correlated with subordinate organizational citizenship behavior and supervisor effectiveness. As a function of conscientiousness similarity, the observed relationships are explained in terns of improved subordinate-supervisor compatibility and reciprocity. Examples are provided.
Brominated flame retardants in sediment cores from lakes michigan and erie

The history of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and the major polybrominated biphenyl congener (BB-153) was studied in dated sediment cores taken from Lakes Michigan and Erie. The surficial concentration of total PBDE (65 [corrected] ng/g dry weight) in Lake Michigan was about 1.6 [corrected] times higher than that in Lake Erie (40 ng/g) and about 5 times higher than that [corrected] in Lake Superior (approximately 12 ng/g). The concentrations of total PBDEs in these sediments have increased rapidly, with doubling times of 5-10 years, reflecting the increasing market demand for these flame retardants over the last 30 years. BDE-209 was found to be the predominant congener in both sediment cores, making up approximately 95% [corrected] of the total PBDE load. The inventories of total PBDEs in Lakes Michigan and Erie were both [corrected] 40 ng/cm2 [corrected] The total burdens of these compounds in the sediment of Lakes Michigan and Erie were 23 [corrected] and 10 metric tons, respectively. We estimate [corrected] the total burden of these compounds in all of the Great Lakes is on the order of 100 [corrected] tons. In both lakes, BB-153 was found to increase rapidly during the 1970s and to peak around 1980.
A comparison of a research and development laboratory's organization structures

The four major types of organization structures found in research and development laboratories were investigated. This study, conducted at a large AEC laboratory, recommends how these structures can be most effectively utilized. The structures are broad-span-of-control, projects, project-functional, and functional. They are discussed in terms of the mission, the span-of-control, and the personnel best suited to each structure, as well as the different problems of supervision found in each, such as coordination and encouraging creativity. Each structure has advantages and disadvantages which must be weighed in considering when to use it.
In situ observation of microstrain relief in cold-sprayed bulk copper during thermal annealing

The thermal annealing behavior of copper produced by cold-spray processing was observed in situ using time-resolved X-ray diffraction during heating. The relief of microstrain is found to be coincident with the onset of grain refinement. Electron channeling contrast imaging was used to characterize grain size in pre-sprayed, sprayed and annealed conditions. Recrystallization of plastic flow regions adjacent to powder surfaces results in nanometer-sized grains, in contrast to larger grained recrystallized regions observed toward the center of the powder particles.
Echocardiographic visualization of acute myocardial ischemia-In vitro study

Abstract To evaluate whether myocardial texture changes resulting from acute ischemia can be visualized with satisfactory spatial resolution, short axis compound echo images (CEI) (B-scan) were obtained from 12 excised canine hearts in vitro . Seven had myocardial ischemia produced by open chest ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) for 15–30 min prior to excision. The CEI were constructed by compounding 60 simple linear B-scans. Hearts were sectioned after scanning, and gross morphological changes were recorded. Microscopic comparison between grossly abnormal and normal regions were recorded. The CEI from the ischemic group revealed altered myocardial texture seen as bright coarsely granular echoes in the regions normally perfused by the ligated LAD artery. Corresponding anatomic sections revealed increased redness in these regions. Microscopically these regions revealed interstitial and intercellular edema as compared to the normal regions. Acute myocardial ischemia can be visualized in CEI and these regions have significantly increased backscatter, decreased attenuation, and decreased speed of ultrasound relative to normal regions in the same hearts. Myocardial edema is probably responsible for these changes.
Impacts of inventory shortage policies on transportation requirements in two-stage distribution systems

Abstract This paper investigates the impacts inventory shortage policies have on transportation costs in base-stock distribution systems under uncertain demand. The model proposed demonstrates how backlogging arrangements can serve to decrease the variability of transportation capacity requirements, and hence the magnitude of transportation costs, when compared with policies that expedite demand shortages. The model shows how inventory policy decisions directly impact expected transportation costs and provides a new method for setting stock levels that jointly minimizes inventory and transportation costs. The model and solution method provide insights into the relationship between inventory decisions and transportation costs and can serve to support delivery policy negotiations between a supplier and customer that must choose between expediting and backlogging demand shortages.
Characteristics of African American smokers: A brief review

The Public Health Service Guideline, Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence, contains a wealth of information regarding current treatment practices. Unfortunately, guidance for tailoring standardized treatments to meet the needs of specific ethnic subgroups is limited. This article highlights features unique to African American smokers, a necessary precursor to developing intervention programs that hold promise for improving outcomes.
Institutional Panethnicity: Boundary Formation in Asian-American Organizing

In the wake of the civil rights movement, new organizations formed which were based on the collective interests and identities of their constituencies. Some of these organizations brought together national origin groups who often differed by ethnicity, language, culture, religion and immigration history. In this paper, I focus on the conditions that facilitate the institutionalization of a socially constructed panethnic community. Using a new longitudinal data set of Asian American organizations, I draw upon a theory of panethnicity which emphasizes the structured relations between groups at different boundary levels to understand panethnic organizational foundings. When controlling for resource availability, political opportunities and organizational dynamics, the boundary formation variables remain important in explaining new organizational activity.
Nanopatterning the chemospecific immobilization of cowpea mosaic virus capsid

This paper presents a flexible approach for using Dip Pen Nanolithography (DPN) to nanopattern mixed monolayers for the selective immobilization of bioassemblies. DPN was used with a binary inkconsisting of a symmetric 11-mercaptoundecyl-penta(ethylene glycol) disulfide and a mixed disulfide substituted with one maleimide groupto pattern nanoscale features that present functional groups for the chemospecific immobilization of cysteine-labeled biomolecules. This strategy was applied to the chemospecific immobilization of cysteine mutant cowpea mosaic virus capsid particles (cys-VCPs). The combination of DPN for defining nanopatterns and surface chemistries for controlling the immobilization of ligands will be broadly useful in basic and applied biology.
Multivariate risk premiums

This paper develops characterizations of a risk premium and of the relation “more risk averse”, for multi-dimensional problems where the agent is exposed to an insurable and an uninsurable risk. We generalize and inter-relate results of Duncan (1977), Karni (1979), Kihlstrom et al. (1981), Malinvaud (1971), and Ross (1981) in deriving a local ordering of the risk aversion of agents with differing ordinal preferences.
Measurements of the Relaxation of Quasiparticle Branch Imbalance in Superconductors

An imbalanceQ in the quasiparticle populations of thek>k F andk<k F branches of a superconductor may be generated by the injection of a current through a tunnel barrier. This imbalance relaxes with a characteristic timeτ Q . The steady-state value ofQ gives rise to a quasiparticle potentialV that differs from the pair chemical potential, and which may be measured by a second tunnel junction. Tinkham's theory of these effects is briefly reviewed. Detailed experimental results are presented for tin. Most of the data are for injection voltages much greater than the energy gapΔ(T). Close to the transition temperatureT c ,Q relaxes by inelastic phonon scattering, andτ =(1.0±0.2)×10−10 Δ(0)/Δ(T) sec. This time is about one-half that estimated by Tinkham. At temperatures somewhat belowT c, elastic scattering also contributes to theQ relaxation, provided the superconducting energy gap is anisotropic. With a size-effect-limited mean free path of about 2800 A, we findτ ≈1.4×10−10 sec forT/T c <0.6, a value that is also in good agreement with Tinkham's theory. In a sample with a mean free path of 420 A, and a greatly reduced anisotropy,τ was increased to about 10−9 sec. Data were also taken for injection voltages close toΔ(T)/e. The degree of imbalance per unit injection current was greatly reduced, as predicted by the theory. Preliminary measurements were made on lead. At 4.2K (T/T c =0.58) the characteristic time was about 3×10−12 sec. The quasiparticle potential apparently increased steadily as the temperature was lowered, probably indicating that the characteristic time also increased. This result is not well understood. However, it is possible that recombination processes play a role in theQ relaxation in lead.
The surface chemistry of sediments from the Panama Basin: The influence of Mn oxides on metal adsorption

The solid Mn content of sediments at a site in the Panama Basin (5°21′N 81°56′W) decreases from 3.9% in the interfacial sediment to 1% at 1.5 cm and <0.2% below 5 cm. These conditions provide an opportunity to examine the influence of Mn oxides on the metal adsorption characteristics of natural marine sediments. The adsorption of 14 metals on interfacial sediment and sediment from depths of 0.5 to 3 cm and 15 to 19 cm from the Panama Basin site was studied, and distribution coefficients (KD) were determined. A comparison of the KD values for a variety of samples containing different Mn contents (i.e., Panama Basin sediments, MANOP site H interfacial sediment, red clay, and buserite) indicates that an increase in the solid Mn content enhances the ability of the particles to bind certain metals (e.g., Zn, Pb, Co, Cd, and Ba) while the binding ability for other metals (e.g., Cs, Be, Sc, Pu, Sn, and Fe) is not significantly affected. For the Panama Basin sediment, the KD values for Ni, Co, Cd, Ba, and Mn for the Mn enriched interfacial sediment are 5 to 23 times greater than the KD values for the Mn depleted deep sediment. The KD values for Cs, Be, Sc, Pu, and Fe for the two types of sediment are essentially the same. The correlation between the Mn content and the binding ability of the sediment for particular metals coincides with the Mn-metal correlations observed in bulk compositional data for ferromanganese nodules and sediments. This implies that the observed metal enrichments in nodules or hemipelagic sediments are most likely caused by preferential adsorption of the metals by Mn enriched phases.
Inhibitory function in two models of chronic epileptogenesis

Although drug-induced disinhibition is a potent method for producing acute epileptogenesis, data with respect to possible disorders of GABAergic inhibitory function in models of chronic epilepsy are incomplete and inconsistent. We examined rat models of cortical post-traumatic epilepsy, and epileptogenic cortical microgyri. Results suggest enhanced rather than decreased inhibitory function in cortical networks in these preparations. In brain slices from epileptogenic chronically isolated cortex, the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) and miniature (m)IPSCs in layer V pyramidal neurons is increased compared to control. In the epileptogenic zone adjacent to the microgyrus, both spontaneous and stimulus-induced IPSCs are larger in amplitude than control, and the frequency of sIPSCs is more dependent upon glutamatergic excitation of interneurons than in control layer V neurons of homotopic cortex. Immunocytochemical studies show that there is enhanced immunoreactivity for several proteins in GABAergic interneurons of chronic cortical isolations, and suggest that there may be sprouting of GABAergic axons in the area of injury. This conclusion is supported by anatomic data showing an approximate doubling of the number of presumed inhibitory synapses on somata of layer V pyramidal neurons. These anatomic findings are consistent with the increased frequency of mIPSCs on these neurons. Inhibition is robust in both of these chronic models of epileptogenesis. Increased inhibitory electrogenesis might be pictured as part of the epileptogenic process, e.g. a mechanism for synchronizing the discharge of pyramidal neurons, or as a compensatory mechanism that might prevent the development of abnormal activities in some cases, or limit the intensity of epileptogenesis in others.
Wavelength-dependent modification of insulator surfaces by a picosecond infrared free-electron laser

Ultrashort-pulse lasers are at an increasing rate being used for laser-induced surface modification of insulators, including ablation. Ti:sapphire chirped-pulse amplifier systems, with fundamental wavelengths in the near infrared, can produce efficient ablation and other desirable surface modifications with little collateral damage because the laser energy is deposited on a time scale much shorter than thermal diffusion times. Little is known, however, about how ultrashort pulses interact with insulators at wavelengths in the vibrational infrared. This paper describes surface modifications achieved by picosecond laser irradiation in the 2 - 10 micrometer range. The laser source was a tunable, free- electron laser (FEL) with 1-ps micropulses spaced 350 ps apart in a macropulse lasting up to 4 microseconds, with an average power of up to 3 W. This unusual pulse structure makes possible novel tests of the dependence on fluence and intensity, as well as the effects of resonant vibrational excitation. As model materials systems, we studied calcium carbonate, its isoelectronic cousin sodium nitrate, and fused silica. Particularly intriguing are surface modifications achieved by tuning the laser into vibrational resonances of the target materials, or by tailoring the energy content of the pulse. The mechanisms underlying these effects, and their implications for materials-modification strategies, are discussed.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Conformation and function of the N-linked glycan in the adhesion domain of human CD2

The adhesion domain of human CD2 bears a single N-linked carbohydrate. The solution structure of a fragment of CD2 containing the covalently bound high-mannose N-glycan [-(N-acetylglucosamine)2-(mannose)5-8] was solved by nuclear magnetic resonance. The stem and two of three branches of the carbohydrate structure are well defined and the mobility of proximal glycan residues is restricted. Mutagenesis of all residues in the vicinity of the glycan suggests that the glycan is not a component of the CD2-CD58 interface; rather, the carbohydrate stabilizes the protein fold by counterbalancing an unfavorable clustering of five positive charges centered about lysine-61 of CD2.
Prioritizing cultural competence in the implementation of an evidence-based practice model

Abstract Inherent in implementing an evidence-based practice model are challenges related to maintaining the integrity of the model while ensuring cultural responsiveness. Certainly cultural appropriateness is recognized as critical in the selection and use of evidence-based models, however due to external pressures, many agencies are implementing evidence-based practices without careful consideration of cultural and community nuances. This paper provides an overview of the approach taken by an evaluation team and partner agency in modifying an evidence-based practice model to create congruence with culture of the consumer. The setting for this study was a large, primarily African American, urban area.
Optimization problems for bioheat equation

The minimum principal of Pontryagin is used solve an optimal control problem for heating a layer of tissue in order to destroy a cancerous tumor. Distributions of temperature and thermal dose in the tissue at different moments of time are computed numerically. The influence of the cool-off period on thermal dose accumulation is investigated.
Violence in television news: A case study of audience response

On February 2, 1968, about 20,000,000 Americans watched South Vietnam's Gen. Nguyen Ngoc Loan shoot a suspected Viet Cong in the head on a Saigon street. Color film of that execution was shown on NBC's Huntley‐Brinkley Report. There was also a black and white still photograph by Eddie Adams of Associated Press. The impact of that single news story on public opinion about the war will be argued for some time. In an attempt to analyze the audience reaction to the NBC film report, a content analysis of audience mail to NBC was performed. Further, questionnaires were sent to the letter‐writers for additional information and to further explore their reasons for writing.
What Is the Physiological Origin of Free D-Amino Acids in Mammals?

Tissue levels of D-amino acids rise much higher in mouse mutants that lack D-amino acid oxidase than in normal mice, and significant concentrations persist even when exogenous sources are experimentally minimized.
Nonlinear dynamic model-based adaptive control of a solenoid-valve system

In this paper, a nonlinear model-based adaptive control approach is proposed for a solenoid-valve system. The challenge is that solenoids and butterfly valves have uncertainties in multiple parameters in the nonlinear model; various kinds of physical appearance such as size and stroke, dynamic parameters including inertia, damping, and torque coefficients, and operational parameters especially, pipe diameters and flow velocities. These uncertainties are making the system not only difficult to adjust to the environment, but also further complicated to develop the appropriate control approach for meeting the system objectives. The main contribution of this research is the application of adaptive control theory and Lyapunov-type stability approach to design a controller for a dynamic model of the solenoid-valve system in the presence of those uncertainties. The control objectives such as set-point regulation, parameter compensation, and stability are supposed to be simultaneously accomplished. The error signals are first formulated based on the nonlinear dynamicmodels and then the control input is developed using the Lyapunov stability-type analysis to obtain the error bounded while overcoming the uncertainties. The parameter groups are updated by adaptation laws using a projection algorithm. Numerical simulation results are shown to demonstrate good performance of the proposed nonlinear modelbased adaptive approach and to compare the performance of the same solenoid-valve system with a non-adaptive method as well.
The Effects of Autonomic Self-Regulation Procedures on Tactile Thresholds

Although patients and clinicians have often noted that autonomic self-regulation learning results in an increased awareness of internal states, it is unclear how sensory thresholds change during th...
National hiring experiments reveal 2:1 faculty preference for women on STEM tenure track

National randomized experiments and validation studies were conducted on 873 tenure-track faculty (439 male, 434 female) from biology, engineering, economics, and psychology at 371 universities/colleges from 50 US states and the District of Columbia. In the main experiment, 363 faculty members evaluated narrative summaries describing hypothetical female and male applicants for tenure-track assistant professorships who shared the same lifestyle (e.g., single without children, married with children). Applicants’ profiles were systematically varied to disguise identically rated scholarship; profiles were counterbalanced by gender across faculty to enable between-faculty comparisons of hiring preferences for identically qualified women versus men. Results revealed a 2:1 preference for women by faculty of both genders across both math-intensive and non–math-intensive fields, with the single exception of male economists, who showed no gender preference. Results were replicated using weighted analyses to control for national sample characteristics. In follow-up experiments, 144 faculty evaluated competing applicants with differing lifestyles (e.g., divorced mother vs. married father), and 204 faculty compared same-gender candidates with children, but differing in whether they took 1-y-parental leaves in graduate school. Women preferred divorced mothers to married fathers; men preferred mothers who took leaves to mothers who did not. In two validation studies, 35 engineering faculty provided rankings using full curricula vitae instead of narratives, and 127 faculty rated one applicant rather than choosing from a mixed-gender group; the same preference for women was shown by faculty of both genders. These results suggest it is a propitious time for women launching careers in academic science. Messages to the contrary may discourage women from applying for STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) tenure-track assistant professorships.