cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The nature of students’ productive and non-productive example-use for proving

Abstract Our work stems from the view that example-based reasoning has the potential of enhancing students’ mathematical thinking, and in particular can be helpful in engaging in proving and learning to prove. We aimed at better understanding the nature of example-use across grade levels, and in particular, how judicious example-use may support students’ ability to reason and prove. The paper builds on individual task-based interviews that were conducted with 12 middle school students, 16 high school students, and 10 undergraduate students, whose majors were mathematics or mathematics related. The tasks called for conjecturing and proving. In our analysis we distinguish between empirical example-use and generic example-use, and examine whether the example-uses that we identified were productive for proving, in terms of developing a proof, a deductive argument, or a sound justification that may lead to a proof. We illustrate these distinctions through ten cases drawn from the data. Our findings indicate a relatively strong tendency of students to use examples generically. They also suggest a strong, though not surprising, connection between treating examples generically and productively. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.
The Wheat Microbiome Under Four Management Strategies, and Potential for Endophytes in Disease Protection

Manipulating plant-associated microbes to reduce disease or improve crop yields requires a thorough understanding of interactions within the phytobiome. Plants were sampled from a wheat/maize/soybe...
Functional Outcomes After De-escalated Chemoradiation Therapy for Human Papillomavirus-Positive Oropharyngeal Cancer: Secondary Analysis of a Phase 2 Trial.

Purpose To analyze functional outcomes for patients treated on a phase 2 trial of de-escalated chemoradiation therapy for human papillomavirus–positive oropharyngeal cancer. Methods and Materials Patient eligibility included p16-positive, stage III or IV oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and a Zubrod performance status of 0 to 1. Treatment was induction chemotherapy with paclitaxel, 175 mg/m2, and carboplatin, area under the curve (AUC) of 6 mg/ml/min, for 2 cycles every 21 days, followed by concurrent paclitaxel, 30 mg/m2, every 7 days with dose-reduced radiation therapy of 54 or 60 Gy. Trends in body weight and body mass index (BMI) were analyzed with gastrostomy tube and narcotic use rates. Functional outcomes were assessed using the University of Washington Quality of Life Scale and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Head and Neck Scale. Results Forty-five patients were registered, of whom 40 were evaluable. Only 1 patient had a BMI deemed unhealthy at the completion of treatment. For the 15 patients (38%) with a normal BMI (18-25 kg/m2) before treatment, recovery back to baseline occurred at approximately 18 months (average BMI, 23.2 kg/m2 vs 22.3 kg/m2; P=.09). In 2 patients (5%), gastrostomy tubes were placed during treatment. No patient was enteral feeding tube-dependent at 6 months after treatment. Ninety-five percent of patients tolerated a normal regular diet at last follow-up. Conclusions De-escalated chemoradiation therapy may improve functional outcomes as indicated by the relatively low incidence of gastrostomy tube placement and long-term dysphagia. In patients with a normal BMI prior to chemoradiation therapy, BMI recovered to baseline levels.
Reinterventions after fenestrated or branched endovascular aortic aneurysm repair.

Abstract Objective Reinterventions after fenestrated or branched endovascular aneurysm repair (F/B-EVAR) are sometimes necessary to maintain aneurysm exclusion or endograft and target artery patency. These reinterventions are nontrivial, potentially associated with morbidity, mortality, and resource utilization. Whereas rates, types, and outcomes of reintervention after infrarenal EVAR have been well described, they have not been well described for F/B-EVAR. We sought to characterize the morbidity, mortality, and resource utilization due to reinterventions after F/B-EVAR. Methods All F/B-EVAR variables collected prospectively through a single-institution, Institutional Review Board-approved registry, which included patients enrolled in a physician-sponsored investigational device exemption trial (G130210), were reviewed (November 2010-December 2016). Reinterventions were defined as any procedure that was aneurysm related, device related, or target artery related. For patients with more than one reintervention, each intervention occurrence was treated as a discrete event. Reintervention type, indication, timing (perioperative, days 0-30; short term, days 31-180; midterm, >180 days), inpatient/outpatient, length of stay, and morbidity/mortality were recorded. Reintervention success was defined as resolution of the indication. Results Among 123 consecutive F/B-EVARs (mean follow-up, 25 months), 32 patients (25%) underwent 54 reinterventions (one reintervention, 20 (63%) patients; two reinterventions, 6 (19%) patients; three reinterventions, 4 (13%) patients; four reinterventions, 1 (3.1%) patient; and six reinterventions, 1 (3.1%) patient). The most frequent indications were type III endoleaks (n = 15 [28%]), target artery occlusions (n = 7 [13%]), and stenoses (n = 6 [11%]). These were performed in the perioperative, short-term, and midterm time frames 17%, 41%, and 43% of the time, respectively. Reinterventions were percutaneous (67%), inpatient procedures (61%), with median length of stay of 5 days. Of the 32 reintervention patients, 4 experienced access site complications and 4 died Conclusions Reinterventions after F/B-EVAR were necessary in 26% of patients, most commonly for type III endoleaks and target artery complications. Whereas all but one reintervention was successful, many of these required complex procedures with significant morbidity and mortality. Development of strategies to eliminate type III endoleaks by improving component junction integrity and to ensure target artery primary patency are key next steps in the evolution of F/B-EVAR.
ZINC NUTRITION IN CHILDREN WHO FAIL TO THRIVE

An interactional causal model for failure to thrive (FTT), depicted in Figure 1, undergirds our clinical and research thinking with children who fail to thrive (Casey, 1983). Several aspects of these interactions have been addressed at this conference. The focus for this chapter is one corner of the model: undernutrition. Bithoney has stated that a common organic problem in all children who fail to thrive is one of malnutrition (Bithoney & Rathbun, 1983). We also believe that nutritional deficiencies play a major role in the pathophysiology of these children. Medical and nutritional scientists who evaluate children with malnutrition and FTT typically examine nutrition in terms of calories consumed, and the diet’s adequacy of the major food types of protein, carbohydrates and fat. The focus of this chapter will be on one specific nutritional deficiency: the trace mineral, zinc.
Converting Data to Functions

In our discussions up to this point we appear to have assumed that functions would always be available when we need them, and we merely need to know what to do with them. Upon reflection it is apparent that this is not correct. In any application which you may face you will be required to furnish the functions. Much of the time you may have data, perhaps obtained in a laboratory or from a questionnaire, and you need a function that will describe the data. It will be our purpose in this chapter to consider this matter and to find some techniques that will be helpful. You should be aware, however, that one needs to know the discipline from which the data is obtained in order to obtain the best possible function in any given case.
Remarks on Mathematics and Computers

The main body of this paper is devoted to suggestions on mechanical mathematics (sections 3 and 4) and an analysis of the relations between mathematics and physically executable procedures (section 5). The more general comments in the first two sections are to round off the picture.
Genome Scanning and Gene Discovery in Breast and Ovarian Cancer

Genome scanning techniques are becoming increasingly important as tools for the discovery of aberrations that are important in the genesis and progression of tumors. Our entry into genome scanning began in 1992 with the development of Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH)1. This technique compares DNA sequence copy number between two genomes; typically, a tumor genome and a normal genome. In CGH, DNA isolated from the tumor is labeled so that it fluoresces green and DNA from the normal reference genome is labeled so that it fluoresces red. Typically, label is incorporated by nick translation. These DNA samples, plus unlabeled Cot-1 (to block hybridization of interspersed repeat sequences) are hybridized to normal metaphase chromosomes under conditions in which their rates of deposition at each point in the genome are proportional to their relative copy numbers. After this process, the ratio of green to red fluorescence along each of the target metaphase chromosomes is measured as indication of the relative DNA sequence copy number at that point in the genome. Regions that appear relatively green are regions in the tumor that are present at increased copy number while regions that appear relatively red are regions in the tumor that are present at decreased copy number. The power of this technique is that it maps these changes on to a normal representation of the genome so that they can easily be interpreted in the context of genomic information that is increasingly available through world wide genome databases.
Second primary thyroid cancer following index head and neck cancer.

6060Background: Thyroid cancer incidence has increased in the last three decades, and studies have shown that radiation treatment for index cancers may play a role in its development. We examined t...
Effects of range-dependent sound speed on acoustic seaglider arrivals in the Canada Basin

Two seagliders equipped with temperature, conductivity and pressure sensors, acoustic recorders, and acoustic Doppler current profilers were deployed in the Canada Basin as part of a large scale acoustic tomography experiment in the summer of 2016 and 2017. The seagliders received transmissions from moored acoustic sources transmitting linear frequency modulated sweeps with 100 Hz bandwidth and center frequencies on the order of 250 Hz. Sources were moored at approximately 175 m depth within an acoustic duct (sometimes referred to at the Beaufort Duct), which is present in the Canada Basin due to Pacific Winter Water, enabling acoustic transmission to long ranges. Acoustic Seagliders recorded transmissions at ranges up to 480 km. The variability and stability of the acoustic duct with range was measured by temperature and salinity profiles recorded by the gliders as they transited between moored source locations. The range dependence of this duct will be explored through oceanographic measurements made in the summer of 2016 and 2017, with particular attention paid to glider transects which roughly overlapped between the two years. The effect of the range dependent sound-speed environment on the acoustic arrivals received on the gliders will be explored through parabolic equation models and received acoustic data.
Volunteer Moderators in Twitch Micro Communities: How They Get Involved, the Roles They Play, and the Emotional Labor They Experience

The ability to engage in real-time text conversations is an important feature on live streaming platforms. The moderation of this text content relies heavily on the work of unpaid volunteers. This study reports on interviews with 20 people who moderate for Twitch micro communities, defined as channels that are built around a single or group of streamers, rather than the broadcast of an event. The study identifies how people become moderators, their different styles of moderating, and the difficulties that come with the job. In addition to the hardships of dealing with negative content, moderators also have complex interpersonal relationships with the streamers and viewers, where the boundaries between emotional labor, physical labor, and fun are intertwined.
Compartmental Endoscopic Surgical Anatomy of the Inferior Intraconal Orbital Space

Objectives This study aims to define the endoscopic anatomy of inferior intraconal space, in terms of its neurovascular structures and relationship to fixed anatomic landmarks. Design A cadaveric anatomical study was conducted. Setting This study was conducted at an academic cranial base center. Participants Cadaveric subjects have been investigated. Main Outcome Measures After dissection of the inferior intraconal space, the number and position of ophthalmic artery (OA) and oculomotor nerve (OMN) branches to the inferior rectus muscle (IRM) were quantified relative to the fixed landmark of the posterior maxillary wall. The point where the OMN branch to the inferior oblique muscle (IOM) crossed the lateral IRM margin was quantified. Results A total of 18 OA branches were identified with a mean ± standard deviation of 2.6 ± 0.53 branches. The mean distance of the OA branch insertion from the posterior maxillary wall was 7.11 ± 5.65 mm. The average number of OMN branches to the IRM was 1.63 ± 0.74 with a mean insertion distance of 1.88 ± 1.89 mm. The OMN branch to the IOM crossed the lateral IRM margin 5.38 ± 5.42 mm from the posterior maxillary wall. Conclusions This cadaveric study quantifies the variability of two critical neurovascular structures salient to endoscopic approaches to the inferior intraconal space, the OMN, and OA contributions to the IRM. Knowledge of the interrelationship between these structures is essential in safe technique for dissection.
Modern adaptations of the Wolff-Kishner reduction

Abstract During the 1960s and early 1970s, a number of methods were developed for addressing the problems associated with steric hindrance in the carbonyl substrate, and problems associated with the harsh conditions of the reaction. The “forced” Wolff-Kishner reductions of Barton and Nagata improved yields in the deoxygenation of hindered ketones at the expense of even harsher reaction conditions. The same effect was obtained by Henbest by using a stronger base in an aprotic solvent. The advent of sulfonylhydrazones completely changed the scene. Hydride reduction of the sulfonylhydrazones results in deoxygenations that were studied by Caglioti and Hutchins. Shapiro and Stevens studied the deprotonation of tosylhydrazones with strong bases to give alkene products.
SoftCharge: Software Defined Multi-Device Wireless Charging Over Large Surfaces

This paper proposes a method for converting a large existing surface into a programmable wireless charger, capable of distributing energy efficiently at multiple locations on demand and charge different types of devices. The key innovation here is to combine magnetic resonance-based energy transfer with the so called concept of ‘energy hopping’ across wireless inter-connected coils, where the magnetic fields are carefully shaped on the fly. The overall framework, called SoftCharge, has three components: (i) energy tiles (ETs), which are individual programmable coil units that can be attached underneath an existing table with AC mains supply only to the master tile, (ii) energy shaping algorithm executed by the master tile, that shapes the flow of energy over tiles through real-time impedance adjustment combined with selective power blocking, creating optimal energy paths to specific tiles where a device needs to be charged, and (iii) a resonance sensing architecture design and method executed in each given tile that detects the type of device to be charged and its location without any direct feedback. We build a prototype of energy tiles and provide experimental results on SoftCharge charging multiple COTS devices like mobile phones, laptops, tablets, and drones, resulting in a maximum charging rate of 23 W up-to 20 cm over a larger surface.
Structural determinants of affinity and selectivity in the binding of inhibitors to histone deacetylase 6

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is associated with multiple neurological disorders as well as aggressive cancers, making its selective inhibition highly desirable for therapeutic purposes. The basic molecular design of an effective HDAC6 inhibitor consists of a zinc-binding group, a linker, and a capping group capable of making interactions at the mouth of the active site. To date, more than 50 high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of HDAC6-inhibitor complexes have been reported, many of which reveal intermolecular interactions that contribute to isozyme affinity and selectivity. Here, we review the key features of HDAC6 inhibitor design illuminated by these structural studies.
Gastrointestinal dysbiosis following diethylhexyl phthalate exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio): Altered microbial diversity, functionality, and network connectivity.

Abstract Microbiome community structure is intimately involved in key biological functions in the gastrointestinal (GI) system including nutrient absorption and lipid metabolism. Recent evidence suggests that disruption of the GI microbiome is a contributing factor to metabolic disorders and obesity. Poor diet and chemical exposure have been independently shown to cause disruption of the GI microbiome community structure and function. We hypothesized that the addition a chemical exposure to overfeeding exacerbates adverse effects on the GI microbiome community structure and function. To test this hypothesis, adult zebrafish were fed a normal feeding regime (Control), an overfeeding regime (OF), or an overfeeding regime contaminated with diethylhexyl phthalate (OF + DEHP), a suspected obesogen-inducing chemical. After 60 days, fecal matter was collected for sequencing, identification, and quantification of the GI microbiome using the 16s rRNA hypervariable region. Analysis of beta diversity indicated distinct microbial profiles between treatments with the largest divergence between Control and OF + DEHP groups. Based upon functional predictions, OF + DEHP treatment altered carbohydrate metabolism, while both OF and OF + DEHP affected biosynthesis of fatty acids and lipid metabolism. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed decreases in cluster size and a fracturing of the microbial community network into unconnected components and a loss of keystone species in the OF + DEHP treatment when compared to Control and OF treatments. Data suggest that the addition of DEHP in the diet may exacerbate microbial dysbiosis, a consequence that may explain in part its role as an obesogenic chemical.
Unsupervised Resolution of Objects and Relations on the Web

The task of identifying synonymous relations and objects, or Synonym Resolution (SR), is critical for high-quality information extraction. The bulk of previous SR work assumed strong domain knowledge or hand-tagged training examples. This paper investigates SR in the context of unsupervised information extraction, where neither is available. The paper presents a scalable, fully-implemented system for SR that runs in O(KN log N) time in the number of extractions N and the maximum number of synonyms per word, K. The system, called RESOLVER, introduces a probabilistic relational model for predicting whether two strings are co-referential based on the similarity of the assertions containing them. Given two million assertions extracted from the Web, RESOLVER resolves objects with 78% precision and an estimated 68% recall and resolves relations with 90% precision and 35% recall.
Implementation of a Hepatic Artery Infusion Program: Initial Patient Selection and Perioperative Outcomes of Concurrent Hepatic Artery Infusion and Systemic Chemotherapy for Colorectal Liver Metastases

Hepatic artery infusion (HAI) combined with systemic chemotherapy is a treatment strategy for patients with unresectable liver-only or liver-dominant colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). Although HAI has previously been performed in only a few centers, this study aimed to describe patient selection and initial perioperative outcomes during implementation of a new HAI program. The study enrolled patients with CRLM selected for HAI after multi-disciplinary review November 2018–January 2020. Demographics, prior treatment, and perioperative outcomes were assessed. Objective hepatic response was calculated according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1. During a 14-month period, 21 patients with CRLM underwent HAI pump placement. Of these 21 patients, 20 (95%) had unresectable disease. Most of the patients had synchronous disease (n = 18, 86%) and had received prior chemotherapy (n = 20, 95%) with extended treatment cycles (median 16; interquartile range, 8–22; range, 0–66). The median number of CRLMs was 7 (range, 2–40). Operations often were performed with combined hepatectomy (n = 4, 19%) and/or colectomy/proctectomy (n = 11, 52%). The study had no 90-day mortality. The overall surgical morbidity was 19%. The HAI-specific complications included pump pocket seroma (n = 2), hematoma (n = 1), surgical-site infection (n = 1), and extrahepatic perfusion (n = 1). HAI was initiated in 20 patients (95%). The hepatic response rates at 3 months included partial response (n = 4, 24%), stable disease (n = 9, 53%), and progression of disease (n = 4, 24%), yielding a 3-month hepatic disease control rate (DCR) of 76%. Implementation of a new HAI program is feasible, and HAI can be delivered safely to selected patients with CRLM. The initial response and DCR are promising, even for patients heavily pretreated with chemotherapy.
Ventilator-Weaning Pathway Associated With Decreased Ventilator Days in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES There is limited evidence on the impact of protocolized ventilator weaning in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome, despite utilization in clinical trials and clinical care. We aimed to determine whether protocolized ventilator weaning shortens mechanical ventilation duration and PICU length of stay in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a prospective pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (Berlin definition) cohort from July 2011 to June 2019 analyzed using interrupted time series analysis pre- and postimplementations of a ventilator-weaning pathway. We compared duration of invasive ventilation and PICU length of stay in survivors before and after implementation of a ventilator-weaning pathway. We excluded PICU nonsurvivors and subjects with greater than 100 ventilator days. SETTING Large academic tertiary-care PICU. PATIENTS Children with acute respiratory distress syndrome who survived to PICU discharge with less than or equal to 100 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. INTERVENTIONS Implementation of a ventilator-weaning pathway on May 2016. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of 723 children with acute respiratory distress syndrome, 132 subjects died and six subjects with ventilation greater than 100 days were excluded. Of the remaining 585 subjects, 375 subjects had acute respiratory distress syndrome prior to pathway intervention and 210 after. Patients in the preintervention epoch were younger, more likely to have infectious acute respiratory distress syndrome, and had increased use of alternative ventilator modes. Pathway adoption was rapid and sustained. Controlling for temporality, pathway implementation was associated with a decrease of a median 3.6 ventilator days (95% CI, -5.4 to -1.7; p < 0.001). There was no change in the reintubation rates. Results were robust to multiple sensitivity analyses adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS Ventilator-weaning pathway implementation shortened invasive ventilation duration in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors with no change in reintubation. The effect size of this intervention was comparable with those targeted in acute respiratory distress syndrome trials.
Learning to Personalize Treatments When Agents Are Strategic.

There is increasing interest in allocating treatments based on observed individual data: examples include heterogeneous pricing, individualized credit offers, and targeted social programs. Policy targeting introduces incentives for individuals to modify their behavior to obtain a better treatment. We show standard risk minimization-based estimators are sub-optimal when observed covariates are endogenous to the treatment allocation rule. We propose a dynamic experiment that converges to the optimal treatment allocation function without parametric assumptions on individual strategic behavior, and prove that it has regret that decays at a linear rate. We validate the method in simulations and in a small MTurk experiment.
Laser-induced control of an electronic nematic quantum phase transition

The authors develop a theory of controlling an electronic nematic quantum phase transition via ultrafast laser excitation of phonons. They show that by appropriately controlling the phase and amplitude of the excited phonons, a system can be shifted into or out of its ordered state. The authors calculate the nonequilibrium effective action for the nematic mode and its collective excitations. They demonstrate the applicability of the theory by considering the material parameters of the prototypical electronic nematic system FeSe.
CHEERS RESULTS ON Mrk 573: A STUDY OF DEEP CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS

We present results on Mrk 573 obtained as part of the CHandra survey of Extended Emission-line Regions in nearby Seyfert galaxies (CHEERS). Previous studies showed that this source features a biconical emission in the soft X-ray band closely related to the narrow-line region as mapped by the [O III] emission line and the radio emission, though on a smaller scale; we investigate the properties of soft X-ray emission from this source with new deep Chandra observations. Making use of the subpixel resolution of the Chandra/ACIS image and point-spread function deconvolution, we resolve and study substructures in each ionizing cone. The two cone spectra are fitted with a photoionization model, showing a mildly photoionized phase diffused over the bicone. Thermal collisional gas at about ~1.1 keV and ~0.8 keV appears to be located between the nucleus and the "knots" resolved in radio observations, and between the "arcs" resolved in the optical images, respectively; this can be interpreted in terms of shock interaction with the host galactic plane. The nucleus shows a significant flux decrease across the observations indicating variability of the active galactic nucleus (AGN), with the nuclear region featuring a higher ionization parameter with respect to the bicone region. The long exposure allows us to find extended emission up to ~7 kpc from the nucleus along the bicone axis. Significant emission is also detected in the direction perpendicular to the ionizing cones, disagreeing with the fully obscuring torus prescribed in the AGN unified model and suggesting instead the presence of a clumpy structure.
Judicial Disclosure & the Judicial Mystique

Judges in the American legal system are expected to be neutral. To this end, judges are required to recuse themselves whenever their impartiality might reasonably be questioned. Yet, this requirement is by and large designed to be self-policed. This self-policing structure is a deviation from the ordinary presumptions of adversarial litigation, not the least because it depends upon the presumption that judges are disinterested about whether they are improperly interested. To compensate for this, a robust body of common law has developed that requires judges to disclose facts about themselves that might affect their neutrality, even if they do not believe that recusal is required. The nature of judicial disclosure obligations is surprisingly under-theorized both in the case law and the scholarly literature. The case law, especially, has been prone to ground the bases and limits of judges' disclosure obligations on formalistic and often quite specious arguments that, this essay concludes, tend to reach a defensible result for misguided and often contradictory reasons. This essay further concludes that the extent of a judicial actor's disclosure requirements tend to be inversely correlated with the durability of their judicial status. The more robust a judicial actor's claim to judicial status, the more the judicial actor is protected from disclosure by what I call the “judicial mystique,” the presumption that the judge is the mere embodiment of rules governed state power and may therefore be interchanged with any other judge without an appreciable effect on the outcome of any given case. Hence, Supreme Court judges disclose very little about themselves, whereas arbitrators are subject to exceptionally rigorous disclosure obligations. The essay then considers the peculiar place of military judges along this continuum and offers a close reading of the D.C. Circuit's decision in In re Al-Nashiri, 921 F.3d 224 (D.C. Cir. 2019), which vacated the rulings of a military judge, in part, because of his failure to disclose the extent to which he was seeking post-retirement employment from the Department of Justice in a high-profile case.
Respiratory problems in children with Down syndrome

Abstract In the first 3 years of life, respiratory illnesses are the commonest reason for admission to hospital for children with Down syndrome (DS). Providing respiratory care for children with DS requires a long term multidisciplinary approach. Children have multiple respiratory complications from the mouth to the alveoli, with co-morbidities of the cardiac and gastrointestinal systems also impacting upon respiratory disease. Respiratory morbidity can be serious and frequently leads to intensive care admission. In this brief article we summarize the respiratory conditions frequently encountered and give recommendations for management.
A cGAMP-containing hydrogel for prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RBD subunit vaccine exposure induces a broad and potent humoral response

The SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein, specifically its receptor binding domain (RBD), has emerged as a promising target for generation of neutralizing antibodies. Although the RBD peptide subunit is easily manufactured and highly stable, RBD-based subunit vaccines have been hampered by its poor inherent immunogenicity. We hypothesize that this limitation can be overcome by sustained co-administration alongside a potent and optimized adjuvant. The innate immune second messenger, cGAMP, holds promise as it activates the potent anti-viral STING pathway, but has exhibited poor performance as a therapeutic due to its nonspecific pharmacodynamic profiles when administered systemically and its poor pharmacokinetics arising from rapid excretion and degradation by its hydrolase ENPP1. To overcome these limitations, we sought to mimic the natural scenario of viral infections by creating an artificial immunological niche that enables slow release of cGAMP and the RBD antigen. Specifically, we co-encapsulated cGAMP and RBD in an injectable polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogel system. This cGAMP-adjuvanted hydrogel vaccine elicited more potent, durable, and broad antibody responses and improved neutralization than both dose-matched bolus controls and a hydrogel-based vaccine lacking cGAMP. The cGAMP-adjuvanted hydrogel platform developed is suitable for delivery of other antigens and may provide enhanced immunity against a broad range of pathogens.
Führen mit Herz, Verstand und Gottvertrauen

Ein Kinderhospiz auf das Sterben zu reduzieren ware, wie von einem Buch nur das letzte Kapitel zu lesen. Viele Familien kommen lange davor in die Einrichtung, um ein paar der Seiten des Buches gemeinsam mit den Mitarbeitern zu fullen. Fur Mitarbeitende ist das anspruchsvoll, emotional und erfullend zugleich. Auch Fuhrung muss sich darauf einstellen, um den besonderen Bedingungen und Anforderungen in einem Kinderhospiz gerecht zu werden.
Mixed Conditional-Categorical Syllogisms from Avicenna to Urmawī

A number of medieval Arabic logicians discussed inferences that combine the principles of propositional and term logic, for example: Whenever H is Z then Every J is DNo D is AWhenever H is Z then S...
The Role of Scale and Technology Maturity in Life Cycle Assessment of Emerging Technologies: A Case Study on Carbon Nanotubes

Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been applied for assessing emerging technologies, where large-scale production data are generally lacking. This study introduces a standardized scheme for technology and manufacturing readiness levels to contextualize a technology's development stage. We applied the scheme to a carbon nanotube (CNT) LCA and found that, regardless of synthesis technique, CNT manufacturing will become less energy intensive with increased levels of readiness. We examined the influence of production volume on LCA results using primary data from a commercial CNT manufacturer with approximately 100 grams per day production volume and engineering design of a scaled-up process with 1 tonne per day production capacity. The results show that scaling up could reduce 84% to 94% of its cradle-to-gate impacts, mainly as a result of the recycling of feedstock that becomes economically viable only beyond certain minimum production volume. This study shows that LCAs on emerging technologies based on immature data should be interpreted in conjunction with their technology and manufacturing readiness levels and reinforces the need of standardizing and communicating information on these readiness levels and scale of production in life cycle inventory practices.
Music Annotation and Retrieval using Unlabeled Exemplars: Correlation and Sparse Codes

Tagging music signals with semantic labels such as genres, moods and instruments is important for content-based music retrieval and recommendation. While considerable effort has been made, automatic music annotation is still considered challenging due to the difficulty of extracting good audio features that capture the characteristics of different tags. To address this issue, we present in this letter two exemplar-based approaches that represent the content of a music clip by referring to a large set of unlabeled audio exemplars. The first approach represents a music clip by the set of audio exemplars that is highly correlated with the short-time feature vectors of the clip, whereas the second approach represents a music clip as sparse linear combinations of its short-time feature vectors over the audio exemplars. Music annotation is then performed by learning the relevance of the audio examples to different tags using labeled data. These two approaches effectively capitalize the availability of unlabeled data to explore the commonality of music signals to find out tag-specific acoustic patterns, without domain knowledge and feature design. Evaluation on the CAL10k music genre tagging dataset for tag-based music retrieval shows that, with thousands of unlabeled audio examples randomly drawn from the Million Song Dataset, the proposed approaches lead to remarkably higher precision rates than existing approaches.
Context-based routing: techniques, applications and experience

Routing protocols in multi-hop networks typically find low cost paths by modeling the cost of a path as the sum of the costs on the constituting links. However, the insufficiency of this approach becomes more apparent as new lower layer technologies are incorporated. For instance, to maximize the benefit of multiple radios, ideally we should use routes that contain low interference among the constituting links. Similarly, to maximize the benefit of network coding, we should ideally use routes that create more coding opportunities. Both of these are difficult to accomplish within the conventional routing framework because therein the links are examined in isolation of each other, whereas the nature of the problem involves interdependencies among the links. This paper aims at revealing a unifying framework for routing in the presence of inherent link interdependencies, which we call "context-based routing". Through the case studies of two concrete application scenarios in wireless networks, network coding-aware routing and self-interference aware routing in multi-radio systems, we highlight the common key pillars for context-based routing and their interplay: a context-based path metric and a route selection method. We implement context-based routing protocols in Windows XP and Linux and evaluate them in detail. Experiments conducted on 2 testbeds demonstrate significant throughput gains.
The approach to integrability in N-body systems with a central point mass

Numerical experiments have been performed with 340-body equal-mass systems having a central point mass. The results indicate that the exponential growth of perturbations in position is partly caused by the “graininess” of the particle distribution, but part is associated with the smooth field of the particles.
Heterogeneity at the bottom: TANF closure and long-term welfare recipients

ABSTRACT Lifetime limits on public assistance were introduced by the United States federal government in 1996 as part of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. Many former recipients are no longer eligible for benefits having reached their lifetime limit. Local and national studies of post-welfare reform TANF leavers describe their circumstances. This study was conducted in a state that opted for a 36-month lifetime limit on assistance. Focusing on those most likely to be affected by the limit (long-term welfare recipients), it examined the post-closure experiences of recipients and their families. Specifically, it compared the characteristics and experiences of those who reached their lifetime limits with those of TANF clients whose cases were closed for other reasons. Results suggest that among long-term welfare recipients several factors distinguish those who reach the lifetime limits from those whose cases are closed due to increased income and other reasons. Generally, recipients...
Predemonstration fusion devices research and development needs

ABSTRACT In this concluding lecture, the criteria and reference design information for the PDFD will be examined with respect to the presently planned R&D programs, and the major research and development needs will be described. Emphasis will remain on the fusion core rather than the nuclear shell. Scaling, heating, fueling and other needs will be outlined. In the area of technology, magnet systems, and tritium handling compatible with PDFD operation will be discussed. Presently planned research and development programs will provide the information needed to support the TNS version of the PDFD by 1980.
Alcohol and Human Behavior

There has been a rapid expansion of behavioral research on alcohol and alcoholism within the past 10 years. The relics of a complex mythology have begun to yield to empirical observations, and a clearer impression of some behavioral effects of alcohol has begun to emerge. However, the transition from mythology to an accurate descriptive phenomenology is still incomplete, and the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of alcohol are unknown. We now recognize that alcohol can change human behavior in many subtle and elusive ways that are modulated by experience and expectancy as well as by the drug itself. The nature of the behavioral change is often unpredictable because of the many factors that interact to determine the effect of drinking.
Polaritons in tetragonal BaTiO3; Theory of the Raman line shape☆

Abstract A theory of the shape of polariton lines in the Raman spectrum of polyatomic crystals is presented. The theory is applied to the data of Pinczuk, Ushioda and Burstein on polaritons in BaTiO 3 . The observed line shapes can be fitted quantitatively. The importance of interference between one phonon states is discussed.
TCAD-based simulation of hot-carrier degradation in p-channel mosfets using silicon energy-balance and oxide carrier-transport equations

We present a TCAD-based approach for characterizing hot-carrier degradation in p-channel MOSFETs that includes models for hot-electron injection, carrier transport, and electron trapping in the oxide. The energy-balance equations have been solved in the silicon substrate to accurately model the carrier-heating and injection processes. This approach clearly illustrates the physical mechanisms responsible for hot-carrier degradation in p-channel MOSFETs. The simulations have been compared with experimental data obtained from 0.8μm SOI pMOS devices and show an excellent match.
FI LENGTH AND PERFORMANCE ON AN FI FR CHAIN SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

In a chained FI FR schedule, manipulating the length of the FI component produced changes confined almost entirely to the FI performance; increasing the interval length increased the total number of responses emitted per reinforcement. The configuration of the fixed-interval scallop was clearly modified as the interval length was increased, with the larger intervals becoming flatter (i.e., a larger proportion of the total responses earlier in an interval). Measurement of the postreinforcement pause is suggested as a possible indicator of fixed-interval scalloping.
Behavioral Thermoregulation: Orientation Toward the Sun in Herring Gulls

Orientation toward the sun combined with postural changes minimized the net radiation gain on the adult herring gull during the breeding season. The decrease in absorbed solar radiation was due to reduced surface area exposed to direct sunlight and to reduced absorptivity since, when the bird orients toward the sun, the angle of incidence is such that only the white surfaces receive direct sunlight. At low wind velocities (0 to 0.6 meter per second) and ambient temperatures above the lower critical temperature, the birds rotated 180 degrees during the day, always facing the sun.
Generation of Therapeutic T-Lymphocytes After In Vivo Tumor Transfection with an Allogeneic Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Gene

In an effort to enhance the generation of tumor-reactive T-lymphocytes for adoptive immunotherapy, we examined the effects of in vivo transfection of an allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene (H-2K s ) of the poorly immunogenic B 16BL6 (BL6) melanoma of H-2 b origin. Cells from lymph nodes (LNs) draining these tumors after transfection were assessed in adoptive immunotherapy experiments for tumor reactivity after sequential activation with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) followed by culture in interleukin (IL)-2. H-2K s lipofection of progressively growing BL6 subcutaneous tumors did not reduce tumorigenicity. However, in vivo lipofection of BL6 by intratumor inoculation or admixture of H-2K s cDNA/liposome complexes and tumor cells prior to inoculation resulted in enhanced development of sensitized T-lymphocytes in the draining LN. which mediated the reduction of the numbers of established 3-day parental lung metastases in six of six experiments. In subsequent studies, in vivo transfection of BL6 with naked H-2K s cDNA was found to be more effective than lipofection in eliciting sensitized T-cells in the draining LN. Admixture of liposomes alone or control plasmid DNA did not have an adjuvant effect similar to H-2K s cDNA. Relative tumor transfection efficiency was assessed by an indirect assay with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. BL6 tumors were more efficiently transfected by intratumor inoculation with naked cDNA compared with lipofection. In summary, in vivo allogenization of the poorly immunogenic BL6 tumor resulted in enhanced generation of therapeutic T-cells effective in the treatment of parental tumor
“Where do I find that?”: creating a central shared documentation system for publishing staff using Google tools at the University of Michigan Library

Purpose – This aim of this report is to summarize how Google Sites can be used as an open-source, intuitive, and robust solution for designing an intranet system for a unique library department. Michigan Publishing is a department within the University of Michigan (U-M) campus library system that also includes a revenue-based operation as the U-M Press. The need for a central documentation system has become apparent to organize and streamline policies and procedures in this unique library department. Google Sites was chosen as a solution to compile departmental documentation and serve as a collaborative space for the many units within Michigan Publishing. Design/methodology/approach – One librarian and one graduate student intern worked on this project for 5-10 hours a week over the course of three months. Michigan Publishing managers created an inventory showing all existing informational resources in the department, and were then interviewed about these resources. An initial “landing page” was created f...
Impact ionization breakdown of n-type epitaxial GaAs at liquid helium temperatures

Abstract The impact ionization breakdown of undoped epitaxial GaAs has been observed at temperatures below about 13°K in samples containing 5 × 1013 to 1 × 1015/cm3 uncompensated shallow donors. The critical field strength at breakdown is of the order of 5–10 V/cm, depending on temperature and impurity concentration. Most samples studied are closely compensated ( N A N D ≳ 0.5) and the CV curves exhibit a current controlled negative differential resistance analogous in characteristics to that observed by McWhorter and Rediker in impact ionization breakdown of compensated p-type Ge (‘Cryosar’ behavior). The negative differential resistance occurs in samples which exhibit normal semiconductor freezeout as well as in those which exhibit a metallic type of impurity band conduction at low temperatures, and is a consequence of the electric field strength dependence of the ionization and recombination coefficients of the GaAs rather than of extraneous effects such as sample imhomogeneities.
Using Voronoi Tessellations to Assess Nanoparticle–Nanoparticle Interactions and Ordering in Monolayer Films Formed through Electrophoretic Deposition

Monolayers of iron oxide nanoparticles of two different sizes, 9.6 nm and 16.5 nm, were fabricated through electrophoretic deposition. The arrangements of nanoparticles within the films were analyzed using the technique of Voronoi tessellations. These analyses indicated that the films possessed equivalent degrees of ordering, and that the films were uniform over centimeter length scales. Precise measurements of the interparticle spacing were obtained, and the magnitudes of magnetic dipole interactions were calculated. The dipole-dipole interaction among the larger nanoparticles was 14 times larger than that of the smaller nanoparticles, indicating that magnetic coupling interactions could not have been the lone source of ordering in the system.
Adoption of an Outdoor Residential Hall Smoking Policy in a California Public University: A Case Study

Abstract Objective: Because secondhand smoke is a public health concern, many colleges have adopted bans to ensure healthier environments. This study demonstrates how outdoor smoking policy change can be accomplished at a large public university. Participants: The participants were 1,537 students housed in residential communities at the University of California, Berkeley, who completed an online survey. Methods: A proposal for smoke-free residential communities that included student resident survey data was prepared. Results: The survey data indicated that most students (77%) were bothered by secondhand smoke, and most (66%) favored smoke-free environments. The data were used to advocate for a change in the residential community smoking policy. Conclusion: The survey data and institutional comparisons played a key role in administrators’ decision-making about campus smoking policy. Despite administrators’ concerns about students’ safety and freedom of choice, student-led advocacy was able to influence pol...