cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Useless and Terrible Death: The Michael Farmer Case, “Hidden Violence,” and New York City in the Fifties

In the summer of 1957, old conflicts among black, white, and Hispanic youths over access to a public pool in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan exploded in the murder of one white youth and the wounding of another. Despite a history of white gangs harassing young people of color on the way to municipal pools in New York, the possibility that racial and ethnic conflict had something to do with the killing was dismissed. In the courts, journalism and city government, the slaying was framed as an incident of juvenile delinquency. This ignored a long tradition of informal segregation at formally integrated public pools. It also overlooked growing tensions among white, black and Hispanic New Yorkers, and perpetuated the illusion that New York was a liberal city that would escape battles over integration.
The Stockholm conference on confidence and security building measures in Europe

(1985). The Stockholm conference on confidence and security building measures in Europe. Arms Control: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 115-149.
Axially symmetric Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov Calculations for Nuclei Near the Drip-Lines

Nuclei far from stability are studied by solving the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) equations, which describe the self-consistent mean field theory with pairing interaction. Calculations for even-even nuclei are carried out on a two-dimensional axially symmetric lattice, in coordinate space. The quasiparticle continuum wave functions are considered for energies up to 60 MeV. Nuclei near the drip lines have a strong coupling between weakly bound states and the particle continuum. This method gives a proper description of the ground state properties of such nuclei. High accuracy is achieved by representing the operators and wave functions using the technique of basis splines. The detailed representation of the HFB equations in cylindrical coordinates is discussed. Calculations of observables for nuclei near the neutron drip line are presented to demonstrate the reliability of the method.
Diode-laser-based Atomic Absorption Monitors for Physical Vapor Deposition Process Control

Atomic absorption spectroscopy with tunable diode lasers has been performed for monitoring and study of the physical vapor deposition process. The combination of the wavelength-modulation spectroscopy with diode lasers and the balanced detection scheme guarantees the high sensitivity and reliability of the system. Direct measurements of atomic flux in e-beam evaporated yttrium and barium, which are components in YBCO superconducting thin films, have been demonstrated. The measured velocities show that the e-beam evaporated atoms are in a non-thermal-equilibrium state, dependent on source conditions, implying that the flux measurement rather than a simple density measurement for rate control is necessary. Comparison with quartz crystal monitors shows that the present scheme, employing two laser beams counterpropagating at an angle to the substrate surface for measuring directly the velocity component normal to the substrate surface, can provide a pressure-independent flux measurement. In yttrium, which has an additional significantly populated metastable level, results show that pressure-independent flux measurement requires measurements at both the ground state and the metastable levels. Efforts have also been made to extend the accessible wavelengths of diode lasers to the UV region by using nonlinear optical frequency doubling techniques for other technologically important elements.
A nonparametric test for changing trends

Many tests of parameter change in dynamic models exhibit nonmonotonic power. An important source of the nonmonotonic power comes from the bias in estimating parameters when there is a change in the deterministic component. To avoid this bias, we propose a nonparametric test for changing trends based on nonparametrically detrended data. The tests are similar in spirit to nonparametric conditional moment tests such as Fan and Li (J. Nonparametr. Stat. 10 (1999a) 245; 11 (1999b) 251) and Zheng (J. Econometrics 75 (1996) 263). The resulting statistics have a standard normal distribution. A Monte Carlo experiment suggests that the tests have good power against changes in the deterministic component.
Guerap II - A Computer Program For The Analysis Of The Stray Radiation Rejection Capabilities Of Optical Systems

This paper presents the theory of operation and the operating characteristics of the GUERAP II computer program. In this program, a deterministic approach to the computation of the stray radiation terms is taken, rather than a statistical approach. Thus, each of the stray radiation terms arising from the phenomena of diffuse scattering from surfaces and diffraction occurring from edges is computed in a deterministic rigorous fashion. The program utilizes a generalized differential ray trace routine, which permits the tracing of rays through an optical system along with a measure of the ray weight, as determined by the area of the ray. The program also utilizes a scalar diffraction theory that permits the description of diffraction by the use of rays originating from edges. This method allows the rigorous handling of multiple diffraction sequences, such as those that occur in systems that utilize a Lyot stop for stray radiation reduction. The paper will contain a discussion of the overall structure and use of GUERAP II, and a description of the diffraction calculation methodology.
Role of chitosan co-formulation in enhancing interleukin-12 delivery and antitumor activity

Local delivery systems that provide sustained, high concentrations of antitumor cytokines in the tumor microenvironment while minimizing systemic dissemination are needed to realize the potential of cytokine-based immunotherapies. Recently, co-formulations of cytokines with chitosan solutions have been shown to increase local cytokine retention and bioactivity. In particular, intratumoral (i.t.) injections of chitosan/IL-12 can eliminate established tumors and generate tumor-specific immune responses. In the present study, we explored the mechanisms by which chitosan potentiated IL-12’s antitumor activity. The location of chitosan/IL-12 injection was found to be critical for optimal cytokine delivery. I.t. injections eliminated 9 of 10 MC38 adenocarcinomas while contralateral and peritumoral injections delayed tumor growth but could not eliminate tumors. Microdosing studies demonstrated that IL-12 depots, simulated through daily i.t. injections with IL-12 alone, were not as effective as weekly i.t. chitosan/IL-12. 50e75% of mice receiving daily IL-12 microdoses and 87.5% of mice receiving weekly chitosan/IL-12 were cured of MC38 tumors. Chitosan was found to increase IL-12-mediated leukocytic expansion in tumors and tumordraining lymph nodes (TDLNs) by 40 and 100%, respectively. Immunophenotyping studies demonstrated that chitosan co-formulation amplified IL-12-induced increases in important effector populations, such as CD8 þ IFN-g þ and NKT cells, in tumors and dendritic cell populations in TDLNs. Remarkable increases in
A diagnosis of crocodile feeding traces on larger mammal bone, with fossil examples from the Plio-Pleistocene Olduvai Basin, Tanzania

Neotaphonomic studies have determined the patterns of bone damage created by larger mammalian carnivores when consuming mammalian carcasses. Typically, mammalian carnivores gnaw and break bones to various degrees in order to access marrow, grease, and brain tissue. In contrast, crocodiles attempt to swallow whole parts of mammal carcasses, inflicting in the process tooth marks and other feeding traces on some of the bones they are unable to ingest. Although crocodiles are major predators of larger mammals along the margins of protected tropical rivers and lakes, their feeding traces on bone have received little systematic attention in neotaphonomic research. We present diagnostic characteristics of Crocodylus niloticus damage to uningested mammal bones resulting from a series of controlled observations of captive crocodile feeding. The resulting bone assemblages are composed of primarily complete elements from articulating units, some of which bear an extremely high density of shallow to deep, transversely to obliquely oriented tooth scores over often large areas of the bone, along with shallow to deep pits and punctures. Some of the tooth marks (bisected pits and punctures, hook scores) have a distinctive morphology we have not observed to be produced by mammalian carnivores. The assemblages are also characterized by the retention of both low- and high-density bone portions, an absence of gross gnawing, and minimal fragmentation. Together, the damage characteristics associated with feeding by crocodiles are highly distinctive from those produced by mammalian carnivores. Modern surface bone assemblages along the Grumeti River in Tanzania's Serengeti National Park contain a mixture of specimens bearing damage characteristic of crocodiles and mammalian carnivores. Comparison of Plio-Pleistocene fossil bones from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, to bones damaged by captive and free-ranging Nile crocodiles reveals direct evidence of fossil crocodilian feeding from larger mammal bones associated with Oldowan stone artifacts.
Influence of social network characteristics on cognition and functional status with aging

Objective To determine whether more frequent engagement in larger social networks, and more emotional support protect against cognitive and functional decline with aging.
Spectral Reflectivity as a Function of Temperature of β -Brass Type Alloys

A number of $\ensuremath{\beta}$-brass type alloys undergo reversible color changes as a function of temperature. Normally, yellow $\ensuremath{\beta}$-brass becomes copper-red at about 250\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, the color change taking place gradually. $\ensuremath{\beta}$-AgZn is pink at room temperature; it is silver gray at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Similar changes have been observed in $\ensuremath{\beta}$-AgCd, $\ensuremath{\beta}$-AuZn, and $\ensuremath{\beta}$-AuCd. Color changes consistent with the above observations have been noted on cooling to liquid nitrogen temperatures. Although disordering takes place in some of these alloys, it is not thought that these color change phenomena are primarily due to disordering or to surface films. Quantitative measurements of reflectivity as a function of wavelength at several temperatures have been made on $\ensuremath{\beta}$-CuZn, $\ensuremath{\beta}$-AgZn, $\ensuremath{\beta}$-AuZn, $\ensuremath{\beta}$-AgCd, $\ensuremath{\beta}$-AuCd, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-brass. The reflectivity edge for $\ensuremath{\beta}$-brass shifts from 5000 \AA{} at 27\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 5300 \AA{} at 275\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C equivalent to a shift of about -5.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ eV/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Edge shifts of this magnitude were not observed with $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-brass, copper, gold, ${\mathrm{Au}}_{3}$Zn, CuAu, or ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$Au. A number of possible explanations of the optical results are discussed; it is believed that these results are primarily due to plasma effects strongly influenced by interband transitions.
A Quantum Treatment of the Psychophysical Law

Summary Beginning with the twin assumptions of (a) the constancy of the Weber ratio and (b) the equality of just noticeable differences, the writer maps a one-to-one correspondence between a set of stimulus quanta and a set of sensation intensity quanta that is describable by a simple equation. Manipulation of the equation leads to a relation that permits numerical evaluation of the number of sensation intensity quanta generated by a stimulus of arbitrary magnitude. The relation is logarithmic. A suggestion is given for mitigating systematic errors generated by the assumption of constancy in the Weber ratio.
Functional Analysis in Differential Diagnosis: Using Cognitive Processing Therapy to Treat PTSD

The following case study examines the treatment of a man who presented with ambiguous concerns related to safety. Initially, diagnosis was unclear, and a psychotic disorder was hypothesized. Throug...
Electrocardiographic ischemic ST-T changes and ventricular premature systoles

41928 consecutive electrocardiograms were statistically analyzed for the presence of ventricular premature systoles (VPSs) and ischemic ST-T changes in different age groups. VPSs were found in 2314 tracings, whereas signs of myocardial ischemia were noted in 10448 records. VPSs appeared to be more prevalent in the presence of ischemic changes than in the absence of ischemia, and those VPSs in cases with ischemic changes showed a higher correlation with aging. 456 electrocardiograms were then selected to correlate the morphology of VPSs and the areas of myocardial ischemia based on the following criteria: (1) VPSs with the same morphology were present in both limb and precordial leads, and (2) only one representative record was used on each patient who had more than one tracing showing VPSs. It was found that, especially in cases with inferior or anterolateral wall ischemia, right bundle branch block (RBBB) type VPSs appeared to arise from these ischemic areas, whereas such a correlation was less evident in left bundle branch block (LBBB) type VPSs. Although LBBB type VPSs were generally considered benign, those with superiorly oriented QRS axes appeared to be more closely associated with organic cardiac lesions than those with inferiorly oriented axes. Clinical significance of the morphology of VPSs may thus be substantiated.
Gonadotropic Induction of Pseudopregnancy in the Cyclic Hamster

A luteotropic complex of 4 mg prolactin and 200 μg FSH is required to induce pseudopregnancy in the cyclic female hamster. Seventy-five per cent of the animals injected daily with this combination, beginning on day 1 of the estrous cycle, became pseudopregnant. In contrast, 4 mg prolactin alone induced pseudopregnancy in only 1 of 9 cyclic hamsters. Combinations of lower dosages of prolactin and FSH were ineffective, as was 200 μg FSH alone. Pseudopregnancy was still induced when the initial injection of 4 mg prolactin plus 200 μg FSH was delayed until day 2. However, when the onset of treatment was deferred until day 3 pseudopregnancy was not induced, indicating that the cyclic corpus luteum loses its responsiveness to exogenous luteotropins between days 2 and 3. Pseudopregnancy was interrupted when daily injections of the luteotropic complex were stopped after 3 days of treatment. The exogenous gonadotropins were able to maintain pseudopregnancy for a maximum of 10 days, which corresponds closely to the...
Availability of emergency contraception at rural and urban pharmacies in Pennsylvania.

Abstract Objective Pharmacy availability of emergency contraception (EC) is necessary for timely access to this important contraceptive method. This is especially important in rural areas where pharmacies are fewer and further apart. Study Design This study was conducted using a telephone survey of 186 pharmacies located in the northeast region of Pennsylvania. Results Only 32% of the pharmacies had EC in stock, which did not differ by rural or urban location. Pharmacies that stocked EC in rural counties were less likely to have evening store hours compared with urban counties (p=.01). Pharmacies that did not stock EC most frequently cited lack of perceived need as the reason (61%). Conclusion Emergency contraception availability in pharmacies is uniformly low in this region of Pennsylvania, creating a significant access barrier. Although there were no significant differences in EC availability between rural and urban pharmacies, additional barriers in rural settings could impede timely access to EC for rural women.
Glucosyltransferase phase variation in Streptococcus gordonii modifies adhesion to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite surfaces in a sucrose-independent manner.

Phase variation of Streptococcos gordonii between high (Spp+) and low (Spp−) levels of glucosyltransferase (GTF) activity resulted in the greater adhesion of Spp− strains to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (S-HA) in a washed-cell adhesion test. Specific GTF mutants did not show this response. Although washed Spp+ cells produced 5-fold or more glucan from sucrose than Spp− cells did under the conditions of the adhesion test, sucrose elevated the adhesion of both phenotypes to hydroxyapatite (HA) equally, but had no effect on adhesion to S-HA. This effect was not sucrose-specific, however, because equimolar amounts of other carbohydrates and NaCl elevated adhesion of both Spp types to levels similar to those seen with sucrose. Adhesion did not correlate with relative changes in cell hydrophobicity. These results suggest that, in addition to changes in GTF activity, other changes relevant to adhesion may occur during Spp phase variation.
Modeling the influence of circadian rhythms on the acute inflammatory response

A wide variety of modeling techniques have been applied towards understanding inflammation. These models have broad potential applications, from optimizing clinical trials to improving clinical care. Models have been developed to study specific systems and diseases, but the effect of circadian rhythms on the inflammatory response has not been modeled. Circadian rhythms are normal biological variations obeying the 24-h light/dark cycle and have been shown to play a critical role in the treatment and progression of many diseases. Several of the key components of the inflammatory response, including cytokines and hormones, have been observed to undergo significant diurnal variations in plasma concentration. It is hypothesized that these diurnal rhythms are entrained by the cyclic production of the hormones cortisol and melatonin, as stimulated by the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Based on this hypothesis, a mathematical model of the interplay between inflammation and circadian rhythms is developed. The model is validated by its ability to reproduce diverse sets of experimental data and clinical observations concerning the temporal sensitivity of the inflammatory response.
Institutionalizing dissent: a proposal for an adversarial system of pharmaceutical research.

There are serious problems with the way in which pharmaceutical research is currently practiced, many of which can be traced to the influence of commercial interests on research. One of the most significant is inadequate dis- sent, or organized skepticism. In order to ameliorate this problem, I develop a proposal that I call the "Adversarial Proceedings for the Evaluation of Pharma- ceuticals," to be instituted within a regulatory agency such as the Food and Drug Administration for the evaluation of controversial new drugs and controversial drugs already in the market. This proposal is an organizational one based upon the "science court" proposal by Arthur Kantrowitz in the 1960s and 1970s. The primary benefit of this system is its ability to institutionalize dissent, thereby ensuring that one set of interests does not dominate all others.
Precision and accuracy of 3D lower extremity residua measurement systems

Accurate and reproducible geometric measurement of lower extremity residua is required for custom prosthetic socket design. We compared spiral x-ray computed tomography (SXCT) and 3D optical surface scanning (OSS) with caliper measurements and evaluated the precision and accuracy of each system. Spiral volumetric CT scanned surface and subsurface information was used to make external and internal measurements, and finite element models (FEMs). SXCT and OSS were used to measure lower limb residuum geometry of 13 below knee (BK) adult amputees. Six markers were placed on each subject's BK residuum and corresponding plaster casts and distance measurements were taken to determine precision and accuracy for each system. Solid models were created from spiral CT scan data sets with the prosthesis in situ under different loads using p-version finite element analysis (FEA). Tissue properties of the residuum were estimated iteratively and compared with values taken from the biomechanics literature. The OSS and SXCT measurements were precise within 1% in vivo and 0.5% on plaster casts, and accuracy was within 3.5% in vivo and 1% on plaster casts compared with caliper measures. Three-dimensional optical surface and SXCT imaging systems are feasible for capturing the comprehensive 3D surface geometry of BK residua, and provide distance measurements statistically equivalent to calipers. In addition, SXCT can readily distinguish internal soft tissue and bony structure of the residuum. FEM can be applied to determine tissue material properties interactively using inverse methods.
The “Macro-monetary” Interpretation of Marx's Theory: A Reply to Ravagnani's Critique

This paper responds to Ravagnani’s critique of my “macro-monetary” interpretation of Marx’s theory. The first section briefly reviews the key points of my interpretation, with special emphasis on the determination of the initial inputs of constant capital and variable capital. The second section replies to Ravagnani’s criticism that my interpretation is subject to a severe “analytical limitation.” The third section presents a brief summary of the textual evidence related to the determination of constant capital and variable capital in Marx’s theory. The final section makes a radical suggestion for consensus. JEL classification: E11, D46
Three-Dimensional Drag Perturbation Technique

T h i s pape r ex tends t h e analys is of t h e app l ica t ion of an a s t r o n o m i c a l special p e r t u r b a t i o n t e c h n i q u e to t h e e n t r y of space vehicles ( in to a resist ive m e d i u m ) to t h r e e d i m e n s i o n s . F u r t h e r m o r e , p e r t u r b a t i o n s r e su l t i ng f rom t h e aspher ic i ty of E a r t h a n d t h e r o t a t i o n of E a r t h ' s a t m o s p h e r e have been explicitly i nc luded , a n d t h e effects of a b l a t i o n , cross w inds a n d lift a r e cons idered . Use of t h e va r i a t i on -o f -pa rame te r s p e r t u r b a t i o n t e c h n i q u e allows for t h e m o r e efficient a n d a c c u r a t e c o m p u t a t i on of a la rge class of e n t r y o rb i t s .
Responsibilities and implications: further thoughts on ethnography and design

Many researchers and practitioners in user experience design have turned towards social sciences to find ways to understand the social contexts in which both users and technologies are embedded. Ethnographic approaches are increasingly prominent as means by which this might be accomplished. However, a very wide range of forms of social investigation travel under the "ethnography" banner in HCI, suggesting that there is still considerable debate over what ethnography is and how it can best be employed in design contexts.Building on earlier discussions and debates around ethnography and its implications, this paper explores how ethnographic methods might be consequential for design. In particular, it illustrates the implications for design that might be derived from classical ethnographic material and shows that these may not be of the form that HCI research normally imagines or expects.
A Novel Zinc Finger Protein Is Encoded by the Arabidopsis LSD1 Gene and Functions as a Negative Regulator of Plant Cell Death

Arabidopsis Isd1 mutants are hyperresponsive to cell death initiators and fail to limit the extent of cell death. Superoxide is a necessary and sufficient signal for cell death propagation. Thus, LSD1 monitors a superoxide-dependent signal and negatively regulates a plant cell death pathway. We isolated LSD1 via its map position. The predicted LSD1 protein contains three zinc finger domains, defined by CxxCxRxxLMYxxGASxVxCxxC. These domains are present in three additional Arabidopsis genes, suggesting that LSD1 defines a zinc finger protein subclass. LSD1 is constitutively expressed, consistent with the mutant phenotype. Alternate splicing gives rise to a low abundance mRNA encoding an extra five amino-terminal amino acids. We propose that LSD1 regulates transcription, via either repression of a prodeath pathway or activation of an antideath pathway, in response to signals emanating from cells undergoing pathogen-induced hypersensitive cell death.
Nick Devas with Philip Amis, Jo Beall, Ursula Grant, Diana Miltin, Fiona Nunan, and Carole Rakodi, Urban Governance, Voice and Poverty in the Developing World (London: Earthscan, 2004).

This edited volume provides a broad survey of issues related to the relationship between urban governance and poverty in 10 cities: Ahmedabad, India; Bangalore, India; Cebu City, The Philippines; C...
Diversification benefits from New Zealand real estate

Although the benefits of further diversifying a portfolio of New Zealand financial assets with unsecuritised New Zealand real estate have been confirmed in previous studies, this paper examines the...
Carpal tunnel syndrome due to an haemangioma of the median nerve in a 12-year-old child.

Summary A case of carpal tunnel syndrome due to an haemangioma of the median nerve in a 12-year-old male is reported. Radiological and histological data support a venous origin of the tumour. Interfascicular dissection and resection were performed, and 6 months later the patient remains symptoms free.
Twist 1 controls cell fate decisions within the cardiac neural crest

1.1 Transcriptional Regulation of Autonomic Neuron Development M.J. Howard, J. Lei, S. Lin (Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo Health Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA) The autonomic nervous system is derived from the neural crest, a transient embryonic progenitor population of stem-like cells. Neural crest cells give rise to a diverse array of approximately 23 derivatives including bone, melanocytes and neurons. This cellular diversity led us to ask what mechanisms, both cell extrinsic and intrinsic, might contribute to fate determination, phenotype selection and cell typespecific gene expression. We identified the basic helix-loop-helix DNA binding protein Hand2 as a transcriptional regulator with essential functions for the development of sympathetic and enteric neurons with no apparent function for development of either parasympathetic or sensory neurons. For sympathetic ganglion neurons, Hand2 functions in a network of transcriptional regulators, which includes the homeodomain DNA binding protein Phox2b, the bHLH DNA binding protein Ascl1, the zinc-finger proteins Gata3 and INSM1. Hand2 controls expression of these other proteins and which together regulate differentiation and cell type-specific gene expression. Loss of Hand2 function is embryonic lethal due to lack of norepinephrine secreting neurons; Hand2 regulates cell proliferation, expression of β-tubulin, Hu, tyrosine hydroxylase and function of dopamine-β-hydroxylase, linking neurogenesis and cell type-specific gene expression of sympathetic ganglion neurons. Interestingly, in the enteric nervous system, in addition to regulating proliferation of neural crest-derived enteric neural precursors, Hand2 regulates expression of a subset of neurotransmitters/neuromodulators as well as overall pattering of the enteric nervous system. We have identified Hand2 target genes that mediate a number of Hand2 functions in both the sympathetic and enteric nervous systems. In total, these results suggest that Hand2 is a multifunctional transcriptional regulator essential for aspects of sympathetic and enteric neuron development. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2013.05.011
Is there a canonical network for network information theory

In recent years, work has begun to emerge demonstrating intriguing relationships between seemingly disparate information theoretic problems. For example, recent results establish powerful ties between solutions for networks of memoryless channels and networks of noiseless links (network coding networks), between network coding networks in which every internal node can code and a particular subset of network coding networks in which only a single internal node can code (index coding networks), and between multiple multicast demands on memoryless networks and multiple unicast demands on memoryless networks. While the results vary widely, together, they hint at the potential for a unifying theory. In this work, we consider one possible framework for such a theory. Inspired by ideas from the field of computational complexity theory, the proposed framework generalizes definitions and techniques for reduction, completeness, and approximation to the information theoretic domain. One possible outcome from such a theory is a taxonomy of information theoretic problems where problems in the same taxonomic class share similar properties in terms of their code designs, capacities, or other forms of solution. Another potential outcome is the identification of small classes of network information theoretic problems whose solutions, were they available, would solve all information theoretic problems in a much larger class. A third potential outcome is the development of techniques by which approximate solution for one family of network information theoretic problems can be obtained from precise or approximate solution of another family of networks.
Onset of valence and magnetic instabilities in the ferromagnetic semiconductor EuO at high pressures

Hydrostatic high-pressure $^{151}\mathrm{Eu}$ M\"ossbauer measurements (0\ensuremath{\le}p\ensuremath{\le}31 GPa) on the ferromagnetic semiconductor EuO reveal, contrary to previous suggestions, no pronounced valence change of Eu (${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$) even at highest pressures (p=31 GPa). The magnetic ground state becomes unstable above 23 GPa, where the pressure-induced variation of the Curie temperature is consistent with theoretical predictions based on the volume-dependent competition between sf-exchange interactions and sf hybridization.
On the Second Wave of Historical Sociology, 1970s–Present:

Dans cet article, l'A discute de l'ouvrage Remaking Modernity, consacre a la sociologie historique aux Etats-Unis, et se penche sur le decoupage chronologique de la discipline
Interactive object-based image retrieval and annotation on iPad

Apple iPad is a portable tablet computer that offers users a generic platform for consumer media including games, books, and movies. Though iPad is gaining popularity very quickly, its application in content-based image retrieval and annotation is still in its infancy. This paper aims to develop an interactive system to efficiently retrieve and annotate image objects on iPad, which mainly consists of two components of the front-end GUI (graphical user interface) and the back-end retrieval model. In the first component, an iPad-based GUI is implemented, which can provide users with an efficient way to select query objects and facilitate annotations. In the second component, we propose an object-based image retrieval algorithm that combines a novel feature descriptor based on context-preserving bags-of-words (BoW) and a two-stage re-ranking technique to measure the similarity between the query image and each image in the database. The retrieval results are returned and visualized on the iPad-based GUI, and annotations offered by users can be propagated among them. The communication between the front-end GUI and the back-end module is through the use of wireless networks. Comprehensive experiments on several benchmark datasets demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
A hot-electron microcalorimeter for X-ray detection using a superconducting transition edge sensor with electrothermal feedback☆

We investigate a hot-electron microcalorimeter for X-ray detection. The X-ray absorber consists of a normal metal film in thermal and electrical contact with a superconducting transition-edge sensor. The sensor is formed by a proximity-effect bilayer of aluminum and silver, with a sharp superconducting transition near 100 mK. Energy from X-rays absorbed in the normal film is removed by a reduction of the Joule heating in the proximity bilayer due to electrothermal feedback and measured using a SQUID. The feedback mode of operation allows the measurement of incident energy with no free parameters and should lead to improvement in detector resolution over existing hot-electron microcalorimeters.
Some remarks on multiplication ideals, ii

Let R bea commutative ring with identity. An R-module (ideal of R) A is called a multiplication module (ideal) if for each submodule N of A there exists an ideal I of R with N = I A. We give several characterizations of multiplication modules. Using the method of idealization we show how to reduce questions concerning multiplication modules to multiplication ideals. For example, we show that if S is a commutative R-algebra and ψ: M→an R-module homomorphism where M is a multiplication R-module and N is an S-module, then Sψ(M) is a multiplication S-module.
Dependence on nerve growth factor of early human fetal dorsal root ganlion neurons in organotypic cultures

Abstract Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons explanted from human embryos, at stages less than about 8 weeks in utero , appeared to be strongly dependent on nerve growth factor (NGF) for their long-term survival. In cultures containing a high concentration of NGF (1000 units/ml, added only at explantation), most of the DRG neurons survived and developed for many weeks in vitro . In contrast, extensive degeneration of DRG neurons was evident within the 1st week after explantation of these immature ganglia in our normal culture medium without added NGF. On the other hand, although introduction of NGF in cultures of 10- to 12-week-old human fetal DRG neurons enhanced the early outgrowth of neurites, these ganglia showed relatively good growth and maintenance in long-term culture even when NGF was omitted from the medium. DRGs from human fetuses estimated to be between 9 and 10 weeks in utero showed intermediate degrees of survival when NGF was omitted from the culture medium (about 10 to 25% of the DRG neurons survived compared with those in paired cultures treated with NGF). The data demonstrate the existence of a critical period during which human DRG neurons may require high NGF concentrations to ensure long-term survival and maturation. Human fetal DRG cultures may provide a useful model system for studies related to familial dysautonomia where drastic deficits in sensory and sympathetic ganglia occur in utero .
Progression of low-grade dysplasia to advanced neoplasia based on the location and morphology of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis patients with extensive colitis under colonoscopic surveillance.

Abstract Background The management of low-grade dysplasia (LGD) in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients remains unclear. Aim The aim of our study was to study the risk of progression of LGD to advanced neoplasia (AN), defined as high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or colorectal cancer (CRC) for UC patients undergoing surveillance based on location and morphology of LGD. Methods 997 UC patients underwent 3152 surveillance colonoscopies from 1998 to 2011. Kaplan–Meier estimates and incidence rates calculated. Results Of the 102 patients with LGD (65 raised and 37 flat), 5 (4.9%) patients progressed to AN (3 HGD and 2 CRC) after a median follow-up of 36 months (interquartile range 18–71 months). Initial location of dysplasia was in the proximal colon in 47, distal colon in 55 patients. Four of the 5 (80%) patients with AN had initial dysplasia in the distal colon. Distal colonic LGD had an incidence rate for AN of 2.1 cases per 100 person years at risk, while proximal LGD had an incidence of 0.5 cases per 100 person years. Flat LGD in the distal colon was more likely to progress to AN [hazard ratio = 3.6; 95% confidence interval, CI (1.3–10.6)]. Twenty of the 102 patients (15 flat and 5 raised) underwent colectomy: 2 (10%) had evidence of AN in colectomy (1 HGD and 1 CRC), 9 had LGD and remaining 9 did not have dysplasia. Conclusions The frequency of progression of LGD to AN is low. Flat dysplasia located in the distal colon is associated with a greater risk of progression to AN.
ANN validation system for ICU neonatal data

The amount of data generated in the intensive care environment nowadays prohibits the storage of all the information available. The validation process is time consuming, since nurses have to check every certain periods the data acquired from bedside monitors in order to assess their validity and integrity. This work presents an automatic method for data validation in the intensive care environment, based on an artificial intelligence approach, namely artificial neural networks (ANNs). A real world dataset acquired at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is used to obtain the validation model and assess its performance. The dataset consists of high frequency sampled data of the level of oxygen saturation (SpO2) of neonates. A subset of 100 neonates was considered for modeling purposes. A total of 7,018,662 samples were available, containing 129,075 validated ones. The performance of the validation model, assessed in terms of its AUC, was of up to 0.75. Both the sensitivity and specificity reached acceptable values according to medical review. Future work would involve a prospective study and validation of the methods proposed in this work.
Barley yellow dwarf virus RNA requires a cap-independent translation sequence because it lacks a 5' cap.

A 3' translation enhancer (3'TE) sequence that facilitates cap-independent translation is located near the 3' end of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus RNA. Here, we show that the 3'TE is required for translation of the viral genome and thus for viral replication. Antisense inhibition showed that the 3'TE has significant secondary structure and is required for translation of virion RNA from infected plants and uncapped genomic transcripts but not for translation of capped transcripts. Direct end-labeling of RNAs verified the absence of a 5' modification on virion RNA. Thus barley yellow dwarf virus differs from related viruses by having neither a genome-linked protein nor a 5' cap.
Participation in Sports Teams and Suicidal Behavior: An Analysis of the 1995 National College Health Risk Behavior Survey:

A 1995 data set from a survey of college students carried out by the Centers for Disease Control was examined to explore whether participation in sports was associated with recent suicidal behavior. Overall, participation in college sports was associated with a reduced incidence of suicidal ideation in the past year, but had no association with attempted suicide in the past year. However, this protective effect was found for European American students, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans, but not for African Americans, and was stronger for male students than for female students.
Unusual distribution of chromosome 12 in a testicular germ-cell tumor cell line (833K) and its cisplatin-resistant derivative (64CP9)

Abstract The distribution of chromosome 12 in a cisplatin-sensitive testicular germ-cell tumor (TGCT) cell line (833K), and its cisplatin-resistant derivative (64CP9), was studied by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using DNA alpha satellite and whole chromosome painting probes for chromosome 12. Chromosomes 12 and i(12p) in these cell lines were readily identified. However, chromosome 12-derived chromatin was also observed in acrocentric- and nonacrocentric-derived chromosomes. Several of the chromosome 12 painted regions resembled satellites and were separated from the chromosome by nonstaining stalk-like regions. In each cell line, different chromosomes were involved. In the 833K TGCT cell line these were a der(8), a der(14) with a 12-labeled “satellite” on the q arm and a der(14) with a 12-labeled “satellite” on the p arm. In the 64CP9 TGCT cell line, these were a der(5), a der(17), and a der(8). The der(8) observed in 64CP9 was different from the der(8) seen in 833K. These derived chromosomes were characterized using sequential FISH, Wright staining, and silver staining for nucleolar organizing regions (AgNORs). The nonstaining stalk-like regions were AgNOR positive, indicating “ectopic” NORs. Chromosome 22 distribution in these cell lines was also studied. FISH, using a chromosome 22-specific painting probe, identified a small metacentric marker and a der(12)t(12;22) in each cell line. It is not known whether the differences in distribution of chromosome 12-derived chromatin between the two cell lines are related to cisplatin resistance. Our study shows that the distribution of chromosome 12 in the two TGCT cell lines is much more extensive than could be identified in GTG-banded karyotypes. FISH allows characterization of unidentified chromatin and thus is a valuable adjunct to traditional cytogenetic techniques.
Altering magnetostrictive strain pathways via morphology of spontaneously aligned domains

In contrast to the use of a mazelike (randomly oriented) magnetic domain morphology or the application of a prestress, it is shown that spontaneously aligned domain morphology is capable of reducing the switching fields and producing a variety of magnetostriction strain pathways that are otherwise not possible by conventional materials approaches (composition and microstructure) alone. Using phase field micromagnetic microelastic modeling, the underlying magnetic domain evolution and the resultant strain behavior of giant magnetostriction materials with uniaxial magnetic anisotropy is explained by analyzing elastostatic interactions across domain walls arising from magnetostriction-induced strain mismatch.
Thermomechanical Indentation of Shape Memory Polymers

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are receiving increasing attention because of their ability to store a temporary shape for a prescribed period of time, and then when subjected to an environmental stimulus, recover an original programmed shape. They are attractive candidates for a wide range of applications in microsystems, biomedical devices, deployable aerospace structures, and morphing structures. In this paper we investigate the thermomechanical behavior of shape memory polymers due to instrumented indentation, a loading/deformation scenario that represents complex multiaxial deformation. The SMP sample is indented using a spherical indenter at a temperature T1 (>Tg). The temperature is then lowered to T2 (<Tg) while the indenter is kept in place. After removal of the indenter at T2, an indentation impression exists. Shape memory is then activated by increasing the temperature to T1 (>Tg); during free recovery the indentation impression disappears and the surface of the SMP recovers to its original profile. A recently-developed three-dimensional finite deformation constitutive model for the thermomechanical behavior of SMPs is then used with the finite element method to simulate this process. Measurement and simulation results are compared for cases of free and constrained recovery and good agreement is obtained, suggesting the appropriateness of the simulation approach for complex multiaxial loading/deformations that are likely to occur in applications.
Medicinal chemistry: New lead for pain treatment

The synthesis of conolidine, a scarce, naturally occurring compound, has enabled the first studies of its pharmacological properties to be carried out. Excitingly, conolidine is a painkiller that seems to have an unusual mechanism of action.
Mobility label based network: Support for mobility using MPLS and Multi-Protocol BGP

To support mobility the network control plane is required to detect changes in the mobile node's location and distribute the new location information thus enabling the forwarding plane to deliver traffic in an optimal manner. This paper introduces a new mobility management protocol for mobile node registrations and movement handling based on the MPLS architecture and new elements in MP-BGP to achieve Mobility Label distribution at the network control plane and the optimal packet delivery by the network forwarding plane. This approach does not rely on Mobile IP and results in the elimination of triangular routing and the associated user facing performance penalties.
IPAC: an interactive approach to access control for semi-structured data

We propose IPAC(Interactive aPproach to Access Control for semi-structured data), a framework for XML access constraint specification and security view selection. IPAC clearly demarcates access constraint specification, access control strategy and security mechanism (implementation). It features a declarative access constraint specification language, a global access control strategy configuration unit, and an automatic security view generation and ranking tool. IPAC is the first system that assists the DBA in specifying access control strategies and access constraints on XML data, and helps the DBA in choosing the optimal plan that implements the specified strategy and access constraints accurately and efficiently.
Query optimization for ontology-based information integration

In recent years, there has been an explosion of publicly available RDF and OWL data sources. In order to effectively and quickly answer queries in such an environment, we present an approach to identifying the potentially relevant Semantic Web data sources using query rewritings and a term index. We demonstrate that such an approach must carefully handle query goals that lack constants; otherwise the algorithm may identify many sources that do not contribute to eventual answers. This is because the term index only indicates if URIs are present in a document, and specific answers to a subgoal cannot be calculated until the source is physically accessed - an expensive operation given disk/network latency. We present an algorithm that, given a set of query rewritings that accounts for ontology heterogeneity, incrementally selects and processes sources in order to maintain selectivity. Once sources are selected, we use an OWL reasoner to answer queries over these sources and their corresponding ontologies. We present the results of experiments using both a synthetic data set and a subset of the real-world Billion Triple Challenge data.
Cost effectiveness after a pancreaticoduodenectomy: bolstering the volume argument

Background The cost implication of variability in pancreatic surgery is not well described. It was hypothesized that for a pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), lower volume centres demonstrate worse peri-operative outcomes at higher costs.
On the degrees of freedom in linear array systems with tri-polarized antennas

In this paper, we provide a theoretical, simulation and experimental characterization of the performance of linear arrays of tri-polarized dipole antennas in multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems in terms of degrees of freedom and channel capacity. Specifically, we formulate three distinct approaches, theoretical and experimental, that lead to the conclusion that linear arrays of tri-polarized dipole antennas employed at the transmit and receive end of a MIMO system can achieve a three-fold increase in channel capacity with respect to analogous arrays of linearly polarized antennas.