cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of winter temperatures on the annual radial growth of six northern range margin tree species

This study explores the influence of temperature on the growth of six northern range margin (NRM) tree species in the Hudson River Valley (HRV). The HRV has excellent geographic and floristic qualities to study the influence of climate change on forested ecosystems. Indices of radial growth for three populations per species are developed and correlated against average minimum and maximum monthly temperatures from 1897 to 1994. Only positive correlations to temperature are considered for this analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) is performed on chronologies over the entire HRV and at four subregions. PCA reveals a strong common signal among populations at subregional and regional scales. January temperatures most limit growth at the ecosystem level, supporting the hypothesis that winter temperatures may control vegetational ecotones. Surprisingly, growth of the oak–hickory ecosystem is most limited by January temperatures only in the southern half of the study region. Chestnut and white oak are the primary species driving the geographic pattern. As winter xylem embolism is a constant factor for ringporous species, snow cover and its interaction on fine root mortality may be the leading factors of the pattern of temperature sensitivity. Species-specific differences in temperature sensitivity are apparent. Atlantic white-cedar (AWC) and pitch pine are more sensitive to the entire winter season (December–March) while oak and hickory are most sensitive to January temperatures. AWC is most sensitive species to temperature. Chestnut and white oak in the HRV are more sensitive to winter temperature than red oak. Pignut hickory has the most unique response with significant relations to late growing season temperatures. Interestingly, AWC and pitch pine are sensitive to winter temperatures at their NRM while oak and hickory are not. Our results suggest that temperature limitations of growth may be species and phylogenetically specific. They also indicate that the influence of temperature on radial growth at species and ecosystem levels may operate differently at varying geographic scales. If these results apply broadly to other temperate regions, winter temperatures may play an important role in the terrestrial carbon cycle. r 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Parameter convergence problems in model reference adaptive control

The convergence of control parameters in a well-known model reference adaptive controller is explored via computer simulation. It is found that, despite persistent excitation of the reference input, the parameter vector does not always converge to the ideal value. This can negatively affect robustness of these controllers to unmodeled dynamics. >
US hospitals on YouTube™: a test to the Altruistic marketing approach

Based on a systematical probability national sample of US hospitals that have taken advantage of YouTube™ videos, this study has investigated, with the content analysis approach, how hospitals have used YouTube™ videos to market themselves and to connect to users. The study has found that, though hospitals have not implemented YouTube™ videos as a routine marketing tool, their videos have been highly welcomed by users. After a comparison between the kinds of videos posted and users' views, it is found that users love educational videos and entertainment videos, which directly serve the users' interests, much more than advertising videos and informational videos, which dominantly serve hospitals' own interests. The findings suggest that a trickledown process from larger hospitals to smaller hospitals in terms of YouTube™ video usage is happening and may continue and that hospitals should systematically use YouTube™ videos as a new marketing approach and be more engaged in altruistic marketing.
Consumption of Farm Output and Economic Growth in the Old Northwest, 1800–1860

In this article we present the first estimates of output per capita for the Old Northwest in the years before 1840. The results indicate that the region grew quite rapidly, even during its earliest formative years. Its performance relative to the nation depends on the definition of output. T he Old Northwest was, until the 1980s, the quintessential story of American economic success. It may have been "the most significant single region from the standpoint of understanding the nature of economic growth in the United States during the nineteenth century."t Its history, however, has not received the attention it seems to deserve, especially not in comparison to the profusion of studies about the Southern plantation-slave economy. Although the region's emergence as an industrial power has been investigated some, the story of its earlier success-the transition from frontier to breadbasket-has not been well documented.2 This neglect has resulted in part from a lack of statistics. We try to correct this deficiency by presenting the first estimates of per capita output for the region. Our conjectures indicate that the Old Northwest was not as advanced as the nation in the early nineteenth century, but that it grew more rapidly. The region's per capita output was below the nation's throughout the period 1800 to 1860, but it increased by at least 1.4 percent per year over the entire period, and by more than 2 percent per year between 1840 and 1860. Our figures, moreover, may understate the region's performance; we obtain higher rates of growth when we incorporate a positive income elasticity of demand for agricultural products into the conjectural estimating equation.
Dodeca(carboranyl)-substituted closomers: toward unimolecular nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for BNCT.

The syntheses of the dodeca(carboranyl)-substituted closomers, dodeca[7-(2-methyl-1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaboran-1-yl)heptanoate] -closo-dodecaborate(2−) and dodeca[7-(8-methyl-7,8-dicarba-nido-dodecaboran-7-yl)heptanoate]- closo-dodecaborate(14−) are reported. These boron-rich, unimolecular nanospheres possess great potential for future use as drug-delivery platforms for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT).
The use of pesticide leaching models in a regulatory setting: An industrial perspective

Abstract Computer based simulation models are being used increasingly to predict the environmental fate of crop protection chemicals. Some considerations that should be given in selecting appropriate models for regulatory purposes include: model applicability, validation, capability, ease of use and documentation. Current applications of regulatory modeling include the rationalization of field data, evaluation of the leaching potential of pesticides and estimation of the probability of leaching. Problems commonly encountered in modeling include: limited accuracy, lack of defined objectives and standard modeling practices, and misuse of models and results. Models will continue to play an important role in the regulation of crop protection chemicals. It is important that regulators and industry agree on appropriate models and practices, and that regulatory decisions are not based solely on model results but take into account all available data.
Further Studies On Intrauterine Sulfanilamide Packs

Summary In both the present and previous study the morbidity, in terms of temperature elevation over 100.4° F. was surprisingly low. Fear of infection has frequently been responsible for undue delay in packing a bleeding, atonic uterus. With the great reduction in morbidity and infection resulting from the addition of sulfanilamide to the pack, its early use in the control of hemorrhage is to be recommended. This study is a continuation of work on sulfanilamide impregnated gauze for uterine packs and reports on the physical features of such packs. From these studies we believe a glycerin 20 per cent sulfanilamide gauze made up as a 2 1/2–inch (16–fold) by 5–yard roll, prepared in a sealed glass container is the most satisfactory pack for intrauterine tamponade for use in the average hospital delivery room.
The Ventricular System of the Brain: Anatomy and Normal Variations

The cerebral ventricular system is intimately associated with the forebrain and brainstem. The ventricular system functions to produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid, which plays an important role in mechanical protection and regulation of homeostasis in the central nervous system. This article discusses anatomy and neuroimaging of the ventricular system and highlights normal anatomical variations that may be mistaken for pathology. Applied surgical anatomy is reviewed with emphasis on operative approach and potential risk to adjacent central nervous system structures.
Symposium on Abolishing Civil Marriage: An Introduction

This introduction sets the stage for discussion of two papers that make different arguments for the abolition of civil marriage: Edward A. Zelinsky, Deregulating Marriage: The Pro-Marriage Case for Abolishing Civil Marriage, 27 Cardozo L. Rev. 1161-1220 (2006), and Daniel A. Crane, A “Judeo-Christian” Argument for Privatizing Marriage, id. at 1221-1259. While the institution of marriage has undergone substantial changes over the last one hundred years in terms of who may marry, the benefits and duties of marriage, the rules for dissolving marriage, and the social assumptions relating to marriage, its adaptability and elasticity has been demonstrated by the fact that it has survived. The author posits that at this current revolutionary moment in family law, in which a legal and political battle has emerged around same-sex relationship recognition, it is not surprising for scholars to ask deep and foundational questions about marriage and the state’s role in it.
Métodos de avaliação para inversões de capital

"E·bem verdade que nos ultimos anos modificou-sede modo sensivel o comportamento dos capitais pri-vados. .. para que houvesse maior captacao de pou-pancas internas destinadas a atividades produtivas.Essa modificacao de comportamento, entretanto, naofoi suficiente para caracterizar um periodo que pu-desse ser assinalado pela popularizacao do capitalpelo menos num nivel aproximado ao daqueles pai-ses que organizaram o seu mercado financeiro."Conselho Nacional de Economia:"Exposicao" de 1960.
What Can We Learn from the History of Corporate R&D to Understand Current Innovation Management Challenges?

A number of recent articles have examined trends and practices related to the challenges of innovation management. A common finding among these studies is that few firms' innovation and new product development strategies rely solely on internal R&D. Rather, many firms have been experimenting with acquiring R&D from various external sources via licensing, contracts, alliances and joint ventures. This emerging trend represents a return to the norms of the early 20th century. Thus, the focus of this paper is on understanding the similarities and differences between R&D sourcing in the early 20th and the early 21st centuries, and how these lessons can inform current innovation management practice. We begin with a review of the early history of corporate R&D, exploring the conditions that made it favorable to establish corporate R&D laboratories. We then discuss the "Big Science" era, followed by an examination of the current period and the environmental factors influencing firms to search externally for sources of innovation. Finally, we compare and contrast the formative and current periods, and draw implications to help managers deal with today's innovation management challenges associated with accessing external R&D and integrating it with internal R&D.
Response of Chromosomal Puffs to Crystalline Hormones in Vivo

SummaryExposure of salivary-gland chromosomes in vivo to ecdysterone (iso-inokosterone), inokosterone, ponasterone A, and proteinic brain hormone results in increased mean ratio of diameter of five index puffs in relation to adjacent bands. The rate and pattern of response differ characteristically for each hormone and each puff studied. In lower concentration the response to proteinic brain hormone is slower than that to ecdysterone.
AIR OXIDATION OF EASTERN OIL SHALES OF KENTUCKY. II. THE EFFECTS OF AMBIENT AUTOXIDATION

ABSTRACT Ambient air oxidation leads to lower Fischer assay oil yields and often lower process yields from retorting of eastern oil shales. Slight changes in the kerogen and mineral matter of the oil shale and in its pyrolysis products, both liquid and gaseous, were evident following autoxidation. Experimental observations suggest that the hydrogen deficiency of eastern kerogen, as compared to western kerogen, makes its synfuel potential (by Fischer assay) a more sensitive function of the degree of oxidation. A better yield of oil from oxidized eastern oil shale could be obtained by dissolving away sulfates and other water soluble oxidized materials prior to retorting. The air oxidation of pyrite was demonstrated by SEH, and addition of iron(II) sulfate was shown to reduce assay oil yields. Such observations suggest that combusted shale may not always be a suitable heat transfer agent for atmospheric pressure retorting applications.
On the Design of Rear Frame of Mini-commercial Vehicles

With the booming of auto industry in China,automobile manufacturers increasingly attach importance to the development speed of the automobile.The mature vehicle design method can greatly shorten the development time and speed the automobile development rate This article explores and analyzes the design process of the mini-commercial vehi- cles,and introduces the design process of the mini-commercial vehicles' rear frame including the overall layout,typical section design,3D modeling,CAE analysis.These methods also provide theoretical reference to the design of general rear frame.
Tobacco Control: How Are We Doing?

The author comments on the progress of tobacco control. According to the author, smoking rates are decreasing but population growth is increasing the number of smokers. Additional topics of discussion include the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, the reduction in tobacco advertising, and the use of electronic cigarettes.
Special issue ofRock Music Studies: Bob Marley

Guest-edited by Mike AlleyneSubmissions are invited for a special issue of Rock Music Studies that examines the art and legacies of reggae’s best-known figure in the particular context of the forti...
Lipid Lowering with Soluble Dietary Fiber.

Consumption of dietary soluble fibers has been associated with health benefits such as reduced lipid levels, lower blood pressure, improved blood glucose control, weight loss, improved immune function, and reduced inflammation. Many of these health benefits relate to a reduced risk of developing cardiovascular disease. In this paper, we have reviewed recent studies on the hypocholesterolemic effects of dietary soluble fibers as well as fiber-rich foods. Findings include the following: (a) consumption of water-soluble, viscous-forming fibers can reduce total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by about 5–10 %; (b) minimal changes of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglyceride levels were observed; (c) cholesterol-lowering properties of soluble fibers depend on their physical and chemical properties; and (d) medium to high molecular weight fibers are more effective in reducing lipid levels. Hypocholesterolemic benefits were also observed with some fiber-rich foods, such as whole oats, whole barley, legumes, peas, beans, flax seeds, apples, and citrus foods.
Valuing Stakeholder Governance: Property Rights, Stakeholder Mobilization, and the Value of Community Benefits Agreements

While research has shown that good stakeholder relations increase the value of a firm, less is known about how specific types of stakeholder governance affect firm value. We examine the value of one such governance mechanism — community benefits agreements (CBAs) signed by firms and local communities — intended to minimize social conflict that disrupts access to valuable resources. We argue that shareholders evaluate more positively CBAs with local communities with strong property rights and histories of institutional action and extra-institutional mobilization because these communities are more likely to cause costly disruptions and delays for a firm. We evaluate these arguments by analyzing the cumulative abnormal returns associated with the unexpected announcement of 148 CBAs signed between mining companies and local indigenous communities in Canada.
Damage control laparotomy utilization rates are highly variable among Level I trauma centers: Pragmatic, Randomized Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratios findings.

BACKGROUNDDamage control laparotomy (DCL) is intended to limit deleterious effects from trauma-induced coagulopathy. DCL has been associated with mortality reduction, but may increase complications including sepsis, abscess, respiratory failure, hernia, and gastrointestinal fistula. We hypothesized
Parasitic Protozoa and Interactions with the Host Intestinal Microbiota.

ABSTRACT Parasitic protozoan infections represent a major health burden in the developing world and contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. These infections are often associated with considerable variability in clinical presentation. An emerging body of work suggests that the intestinal microbiota may help to explain some of these differences in disease expression. The objective of this minireview is to synthesize recent progress in this rapidly advancing field. Studies of humans and animals and in vitro studies of the contribution of the intestinal microbiota to infectious disease are discussed. We hope to provide an understanding of the human-protozoal pathogen-microbiome interaction and to speculate on how that might be leveraged for treatment.
Percutaneous Image-Guided Cryoablation of Hepatic Tumors: Single-Center Experience With Intermediate to Long-Term Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to report our intermediate to long-term outcomes with image-guided percutaneous hepatic tumor cryoablation and to evaluate its technical success, technique efficacy, local tumor progression, and adverse event rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Between 1998 and 2014, 299 hepatic tumors (243 metastases and 56 primary tumors; mean diameter, 2.5 cm; median diameter, 2.2 cm; range, 0.3–7.8 cm) in 186 patients (95 women; mean age, 60.9 years; range, 29–88 years) underwent cryoablation during 236 procedures using CT (n = 126), MRI (n = 100), or PET/CT (n = 10) guidance. Technical success, technique efficacy at 3 months, local tumor progression (mean follow-up, 2.5 years; range, 2 months to 14.6 years), and adverse event rates were calculated. RESULTS. The technical success rate was 94.6% (279/295). The technique efficacy rate was 89.5% (231/258) and was greater for tumors smaller than 4 cm (93.4%; 213/228) than for larger tumors (60.0%; 18/30) (p < 0.0001). Local tumor progres...
The future of interferon as an antiviral drug.

One of the exciting aspects of the twenty year “interferon era” is that research in this field has been characterized by international collaboration and information exchange. A 1957 report in the Proceedings of the Royal Society by Isaacs, of England, and Lindenmann, a fellow in his laboratory from Switzerland, ushered in the interferon era (1). In retrospect, Orskov and Andersen in 1938 probably also observed interferon production after vaccinia infection of rabbit skin (2). It is evident from a review published in 1963 that by then workers from all over the world understood the potential of interferon and were characterizing the parameters of this drug(3).
Providing sodium information on a restaurant menu: a case study from the restaurant at Kellogg Ranch part I

ABSTRACTExcess sodium intake is a major risk factor for hypertension, and subsequently, heart disease and stroke, the first and fifth leading causes of death in the United States. For many people, ...
High-Field ESR Spectroscopy in Membrane and Protein Biophysics

The main emphasis of this chapter, as well as of the whole volume, is on sitedirected spin-labeling (SDSL) and spin-labeling ESR as an alternative and a complementary structural technique for NMR and x-ray diffraction of proteins and other complex biomolecular systems. The spin labeling method is particularly powerful for elucidating local protein folds and the transmembrane structure of membrane proteins as well as for studying conformational dynamics of proteins and protein-lipid interactions.
Clinical Assessment of the Patient

The patient with hair loss invariably complains “I am losing my hair,” which can mean vastly different things in different patients. Every patient with hair loss should have the following baseline lab studies: CBC, TSH, ferritin, and vitamin D 25OH because you do not want to miss other possible contributing factors of hair loss.
Control of Transition in 3-D Boundary Layers

Transition to turbulence in swept-wing flows has resisted correlation with linear theory because of its sensitivity to freestream conditions and 3-D roughness and because one of the principal instability modes quickly becomes nonlinear. In the face of such a formidable problem, two rather long-term fundamental efforts have been underway at DLR Gottingen and Arizona State University that address swept-wing transition. These efforts have been recently reviewed by Bippes (1997) and Reibert & Saric (1997). The present work is a continuation of studies on swept-wing boundary layers. In particular, we have taken advantage of the sensitivity to 3-D roughness and the modal nature of the instability in order to propose a particular control strategy.
Measuring Sound-Processor Thresholds for Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients Using Visual Reinforcement Audiometry via Telepractice.

Purpose The goal of this study was to test the feasibility of using telepractice for measuring behavioral thresholds (T levels) in young children with cochlear implants (CIs) using visual reinforce...
Japanese Modernism Across Media

This essay examines the pedagogical benefits of implementing a semester-long digital curation project using the open-source web-publishing platform Omeka Classic. It discusses the importance of teaching students to critically analyze the role of images in society as well as how to develop skills for evaluating various forms of digital media and resources. By using experiential learning pedagogy to establish connections between Japan studies and visual studies, this article explores the significant value of teaching visual literacy as well as encouraging students and scholars alike to consider the possibilities and limits that result at the intersection of art and technology.
Modifiability of the history dependence of force through chronic eccentric and concentric biased resistance training

The history dependence of force production is a property of muscle unexplained by current cross bridge and sliding filament theories. Whether a muscle is actively lengthened (residual force enhance...
Bribery and Corruption: The COSO Framework, FCPA, and U.K. Bribery Act

Long-established major U.S. corporations such as McDonalds, Walmart, and Proctor and Gamble continue to derive a majority of revenues from foreign operations. In addition, a number of relatively new U.S. technology companies such as: Airbnb (2008); Facebook (2004); Snap (2011); Twitter (2006); and Uber (2009), find themselves deep into international markets, often within just a few years of creation, and certainly by the end of their first decade of operation. Increased international commerce results in the potential for greater exposure to global demands for bribery. Bribery and corruption remains a cancer eating away at the ability of nation states to provide for their citizens. Corrupt payments siphons off funds that might otherwise be used to: provide housing; feed the hungry; fight poverty, illness and disease; and educate the masses. The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Framework offers a valuable tool in the anti-fraud struggle and in FCPA and UK Bribery Act compliance. COSO’s 2017 update to the Enterprise Risk Management Integrated Framework addresses developments during recent years in integrating risk with strategy into the ERM process. Our paper proceeds in eight parts. First, we discuss the bribery and corruption problem. Second, a discussion of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) is presented. Third, we describe the U.K. Bribery Act. Fourth, we discuss the development and evolution of the COSO ERM Framework. Fifth, we apply the COSO ERM Framework as an anti-fraud strategy to assist in compliance with the FCPA and UK Bribery Act. Sixth, we discuss the application of Deferred Prosecution Agreements to the FCPA and their relevance to COSO ERM. Next, we explore the likely changes in FCPA enforcement under the Trump Administration. We believe this paper contributes to the bribery and corruption literature by exploring the potential benefits of the COSO framework.
Improving glomerular filtration rate estimation

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimating equations are widely used, but their accuracy is limited by the need for race-ethnicity factors and imprecision of the estimated GFR. In this issue, Bukabau et al. evaluated the accuracy of GFR estimating equations and race-ethnicity factors in 2 centers in sub-Saharan Africa. The authors determined that the African American factor is not applicable and that newer equations are not more accurate than the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equations recommended by current guidelines.
Crystal Structures of the Full-Length Murine and Human Gasdermin D Reveal Mechanisms of Autoinhibition, Lipid Binding, and Oligomerization

Summary Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is an effector molecule for pyroptosis downstream of canonical and noncanonical inflammasome signaling pathways. Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases triggers the oligomerization and lipid binding by its N-terminal domain, which assembles membrane pores, whereas its C-terminal domain binds the N-terminal domain to inhibit pyroptosis. Despite recent progress in our understanding of the structure and function of the murine gasdermin A3 (mGSDMA3), the molecular mechanisms of GSDMD activation and regulation remain poorly characterized. Here, we report the crystal structures of the full-length murine and human GSDMDs, which reveal the architecture of the GSDMD N-terminal domains and demonstrate distinct and common features of autoinhibition among gasdermin family members utilizing their β1-β2 loops. Disruption of the intramolecular domain interface enhanced pyroptosis, whereas mutations at the predicted lipid-binding or oligomerization surface reduced cytolysis. Our study provides a framework for understanding the autoinhibition, lipid binding, and oligomerization of GSDMD by using overlapping interfaces.
Pathogenic B‐cell receptor signaling in lymphoid malignancies: New insights to improve treatment

Signals emanating from the B-cell receptor (BCR) promote proliferation and survival in diverse forms of B-cell lymphoma. Precision medicine strategies targeting the BCR pathway have been generally effective in treating lymphoma, but often fail to produce durable responses in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a common and aggressive cancer. New insights into DLBCL biology garnered from genomic analyses and functional proteogenomic studies have identified novel modes of BCR signaling in this disease. Herein, we describe the distinct roles of antigen-dependent and antigen-independent BCR signaling in different subtypes of DLBCL. We highlight mechanisms by which the BCR cooperates with TLR9 and mutant isoforms of MYD88 to drive sustained NF-κB activity in the activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype of DLBCL. Finally, we discuss progress in detecting and targeting oncogenic BCR signaling to improve the survival of patients with lymphoma.
Amyloid, Vascular, and Resilience Pathways Associated with Cognitive Aging.

Objective To investigate the multifactorial processes underlying cognitive aging based on the hypothesis that multiple causal pathways and mechanisms (amyloid, vascular, and resilience) influence longitudinal cognitive decline in each individual through worsening brain health. Methods We identified 1,230 elderly subjects (aged ≥50 years) with an average of 4.9 years of clinical follow-up and with amyloid positron emission tomography, diffusion tensor imaging, and structural magnetic resonance imaging scans from the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. We examined imaging markers of amyloid and brain health (white matter microstructural integrity and cortical thinning), systemic vascular health preceding the imaging markers, and early to midlife intellectual enrichment to predict longitudinal cognitive trajectories. We used latent growth curve models for modeling longitudinal cognitive decline. Results All the pathways (amyloid, vascular, resilience) converged through their effects on cortical thinning and worsening cognition and together explained patterns in cognitive decline. Resilience and vascular pathways (aging process, sex differences, education/occupation, and systemic vascular health) had significant impact on white matter microstructural integrity. Education/occupation levels contributed to white matter integrity through systemic vascular health. Worsening white matter integrity contributed to significant cortical thinning and subsequently longitudinal cognitive decline. Baseline amyloidosis contributed to a significant proportion of cognitive decline that accelerated with longer follow-up times, and its primary impact was through cortical thinning. Interpretation We developed an integrated framework to help explain the dynamic and complex process of cognitive aging by considering key causal pathways. Such an approach is important for both better comprehension of cognitive aging processes and will aid in the development of successful intervention strategies. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:866-877.
Cell Type-Specific Effects of Crizotinib in Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia with TP53 Alterations

Introduction: In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) standard therapies induce complete remission in 50-70% of patients, but overall two-year survival is less than 20-30% because of high relapse rates. AML with TP53 alteration is largely insensitive to chemotherapy, modern targeted agents, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Mutations in TP53 are seen in approximately 20% of AML and confer a particularly poor prognosis decreasing the 1-2 year survival rates to 0-10%. Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are defined as the cells that recapitulate the leukemia and cause relapse. Recent large-scale drug-screening efforts to map treatment vulnerabilities in AML have revealed that crizotinib can reduce the in vitro viability of unselected primary human AML bone marrow samples with TP53 alterations (Tyner et al. Nature 2018). Crizotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets ALK, MET, and RON and is FDA approved for treatment of lung cancer. Since LSCs are largely responsible for AML mortality, we investigated whether crizotinib targets LSCs in primary, diagnostic human AML samples with TP53 alterations. We used mass cytometry (CyTOF2) to determine the cell-type specific effects of this drug on intracellular signaling states. We profiled treated samples with a panel that includes immunophenotypic markers (including LSC markers) and intracellular signaling molecules implicated in AML pathogenesis and aggressiveness. Results: Primary human AML samples with TP53 alterations were treated with crizotinib (10 mM, n=3). There was a reduction of viability by 48 hours of in vitro treatment with crizotinib, relative to vehicle (mean 64% reduction in viability). Crizotinib abolished all colony formation in semi-solid media. Mass cytometry analysis revealed that crizotinib treatment led to a loss of cells bearing LSC-specific markers such as CD123 and TIM3. Crizotinib treatment also induced a consistent loss of phosphorylated-signaling intermediates of the STAT and p38/MAPAPKII pathways in all samples tested. Notably, crizotinib treatment also induced significant reductions in total and phosphorylated NFKB in all samples tested. Conclusions: These data reveal cell-type specific effects of crizotinib in human AML with TP53 alterations. Crizotinib induced a specific loss of LSCs and inhibition of the STAT, p38/MAPAPKII and NFKB pathways. These data suggest that crizotinib inhibition may target LSCs in AML with TP53 alterations. Download : Download high-res image (66KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure . Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A Metaphyseal Corner Fracture that Wasn't: A Case Report of Osteitis from Congenital Syphilis.

Case Congenital syphilis (CS) is an infrequently seen condition in the United States; however, rates of CS have been on the rise. We present a case of an infant with a lesion of the radius that was initially diagnosed as a metaphyseal corner fracture and treated as such until maternal syphilis testing was noted to be positive. Ultimately, the child was diagnosed with CS. She is now undergoing treatment with penicillin and recovering well. Conclusion Although CS is rare, the incidence is on the rise and should remain on the differential of lytic lesions of bone in young children.
Puppetry as An Aid in Language Development

Creative dramatics is an integrating experience because it focuses many learnings on a single purpose. The multiple learning values of creative play-making are inherent in the demands of dramatic c...
Monopoly capital and entrepreneurship: whither small business?

There has been a growing literature over the last several years on a possible decline in US entrepreneurship and the reasons for it. US small business formation and the jobs created by small businesses are supposed to be key elements in US economic growth. Many claim that without growth in small businesses and the jobs they provide that the US economy will either not grow at all or only very slowly. Therefore, small business formation is a possible key to understanding capitalism in the 21st century since under monopoly capital there is claimed to be a tendency toward economic stagnation. Some of the general causes mentioned for less US entrepreneurism include high levels of personal debt (mortgages, student loans, credit cards, etc.) among the US populace and the increasing challenges that small businesses face against larger ones. Another concern is the amount of increasing business regulation and government presence in the US economy with which small businesses struggle more than larger ones. If entrepreneurism requires risk taking, then high levels of household debt and large, well-financed potential competitors may be hindering prospective entrepreneurs. This exploratory paper finds that high levels of household debt, the increasing size of existing businesses, and government size are highly correlated with the slowdown in the entry rates of new firms into the US economy since the late 1970s as well as with a slowdown in the job creation rate of these firms.
Trends in Intentions to Remain Childless in the United States

The purpose of this study is to describe population-level trends in intentions to remain childless (ITRC) among men and women in the United States in the first decades of the twenty-first century. We use a sample of 31,739 women and 24,524 men aged 18–44 from a cross-sectional and nationally representative survey, the National Survey of Family Growth. Our analyses utilize five of the survey's cycles: from 2002 through 2015–2017. Trends in the unadjusted proportions of men and women who report ITRC are presented, along with predicted probabilities of reporting ITRC from multivariate regressions. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the prevalence of ITRC increased in the general population of men and women in the United States as well as among the youngest adults aged 18–24. If ITRC are realized, permanent childlessness rates could increase in the near future, contributing to the ongoing fertility decline in the United States. Further analyses uncover similarities and differences in the ITRC trends and correlates between men and women. Increases in ITRC among women are connected to changes in the socio-demographic composition of the population but ITRC increases among men are not connected to population composition changes. In addition, a positive education gradient is observed in ITRC among women but not among men. These variations in ITRC prompt a call for further research into gender and intentions for childlessness.
Rebooting Internet Immunity

We do everything online. We shop, travel, invest, socialize, and even hold garage sales. Even though we may not care whether a company operates online or in the physical world, however, the question has dramatic consequences for the companies themselves. Online and offline entities are governed by different rules. Under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, online entities—but not physical-world entities—are immune from lawsuits related to content authored by their users or customers. As a result, online entities have been able to avoid claims for harms caused by their negligence and defective product designs simply because they operate online. The reason for the disparate treatment is the internet’s dramatic evolution over the last two decades. The internet of 1996 served as an information repository and communications channel and was well governed by Section 230, which treats internet entities as another form of mass media: Because Facebook, Twitter and other online companies could not possibly review the mass of content that flows through their systems, Section 230 immunizes them from claims related to user content. But content distribution is not the internet’s only function, and it is even less so now than it was in 1996. The internet also operates as a platform for the delivery of real-world goods and services and requires a correspondingly diverse immunity doctrine. This Article proposes refining online immunity by limiting it to claims that threaten to impose a content-moderation burden on internet defendants. Where a claim is preventable other than by content moderation—for example, by redesigning an app or website—a plaintiff could freely seek relief, just as in the physical world. This approach empowers courts to identify culpable actors in the virtual world and treat like conduct alike wherever it occurs.
The Relationship between Substance Use, Strain, and Depression among College Students

This project examined the relationship between substance use and depression using General Strain Theory as a theoretical foundation. The relationship between strain, depression, and substance use has yet to be rigorously established in the literature. The goal of this project was to determine whether depression serves as a mediator between the sociological concept of strain and substance use. The hypothesis for this project was that strain would have a positive effect upon depression and substance use, and depression will act as a mediator between strain and substance use. 832 college students between the ages of 18-25 filled out an anonymous online survey containing questions from the Beck Depression Inventory, the Drug Use Screening Inventory Revised, and the Drug Abuse Screening Test. Demographic data was also collected and served as the control variables for the analysis. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25. Pearson correlation tests and multiple linear regression analyses were carried out on explanatory and control variables. The statistical findings of this project signify that depression acted as a mediator between strain and substance use. Comparison of findings to past studies and avenues of future research will be discussed.
Neoliberalism, British Identity, and Brexit

This paper, taking Linda Colley's work on the formation of British identity in the eighteenth century as a starting point, argues that the essentials as she delineated them (of Britain as at once island nation, imperial metropole, trading and naval power, and Protestant society, and in all these antithetical to continental Europe), while considerably and sometimes awkwardly adapted, have endured down to the present. In considering this the focus is on how the neo-liberal (and neoconservative) turn of British politics in the Thatcher era and after reinforced a version of this conception of British identity, and its distinctness from Europe, with implications for economic and social attitudes, and plausibly factoring into the support for British exit from the European Union seen in the historic 2016 referendum.
Quality of diagnostic staging in patients with bladder cancer: a process-outcomes link.

BACKGROUND Muscle sampling is often used as a surrogate for staging quality in patients with bladder cancer. The association of staging quality at diagnosis and survival was examined among patients with bladder cancer. METHODS The clinical records of all individuals within the Los Angeles Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry with an incident diagnosis of non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer in 2004-2005 were reviewed. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, staging quality (presence of muscle in the specimen and mention of muscle in the pathology report), and vital status were recorded. With mixed-effects and competing-risks regression analyses, the association of patient and tumor characteristics with staging quality and cancer-specific survival was quantified. RESULTS The sample included 1865 patients, 335 urologists, and 27 pathologists. Muscle was reported to be present in 972 (52.1%), was reported to be absent in 564 (30.2%), and was not mentioned in 329 (17.7%) of the initial pathology reports. The presence of muscle did not differ according to the grade or depth of invasion. Mortality was associated with staging quality (P < .05). Among patients with high-grade disease, the 5-year cancer-specific mortality rates were 7.6%, 12.1%, and 18.8% when muscle was present, absent, and not mentioned, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The omission of muscle in the specimen or its mention in the pathology report in nearly half of all diagnostic resections was associated with increased mortality, particularly in patients with high-grade disease. Because urologists cannot reliably discern between high- and low-grade or Ta and T1 disease, it is contended that patients with bladder cancer should undergo adequate muscle sampling at the time of endoscopic resection. Cancer 2015;121:379–385. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Turning Offshore Wind On

The drastic growth in electricity produced by wind in the United States indicates that wind power is poised to become a significant component of the United States' energy portfolio.1 Installed wind capacity has grown from about 1,000 megawatts (MW) in 1985 to nearly 35,000 MW by the end of 2009, enough to power roughly 9.7 million homes.2 As of September 2008, the United States led the world in energy produced by wind turbines.3 According to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), currently installed wind power capacity in the United States will avoid an estimated sixty-two million tons of carbon dioxide annually, or the equivalent to taking 10.5 million cars off the road.4 The federal government appears to recognize the opportunities and benefits that wind power offers. In February 2009, Congress positioned wind power generation to continue its rapid growth5 by renewing production tax
Progress towards mW-power generation in CMOS THz signal sources

High-power generation at terahertz frequency range from CMOS is very challenging. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress made in Cornell University for this effort, which includes signal sources generating sub-milliwatt power in 200~500GHz. In particular, we report a 482-GHz triple-push oscillator with -7.9dBm output power, and a 290-GHz VCO with -1.2dBm output power and 4.5% tuning range. To enhance the source bandwidth, we also report two frequency doublers. The first is a 250-GHz active doubler with output power and bandwidth of -6.6dBm and 7.8%. The second is a 480-GHz passive doubler with an output power of -6.3dBm and bandwidth larger than 20GHz (4.2%). All the above circuits are fabricated using standard 65-nm CMOS technology.
Reflection nebulae, non-equilibrium thermal emission, and IRAS

The 1–13 micron spectra of visual reflection nebulae are presented, and their implications for the IRAS 12 micron band discussed.
Mitochondrial aconitase knockdown attenuates paraquat‐induced dopaminergic cell death via decreased cellular metabolism and release of iron and H2O2

J. Neurochem. (2011) 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07290.x Abstract Mitochondrial oxidative stress is a contributing factor in the etiology of numerous neuronal disorders. However, the precise mechanism(s) by which mitochondrial reactive oxygen species modify cellular targets to induce neurotoxicity remains unknown. In this study, we determined the role of mitochondrial aconitase (m-aconitase) in neurotoxicity by decreasing its expression. Incubation of the rat dopaminergic cell line, N27, with paraquat (PQ2+) resulted in aconitase inactivation, increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and increased ferrous iron (Fe2+) at times preceding cell death. To confirm the role of m-aconitase in dopaminergic cell death, we knocked down m-aconitase expression via RNA interference. Incubation of m-aconitase knockdown N27 cells with PQ2+ resulted in decreased H2O2 production, Fe2+ accumulation, and cell death compared with cells expressing basal levels of m-aconitase. To determine the metabolic role of m-aconitase in mediating neuroprotection, we conducted a complete bioenergetic profile. m-Aconitase knockdown N27 cells showed a global decrease in metabolism (glycolysis and oxygen consumption rates) which blocked PQ2+-induced H+ leak and respiratory capacity deficiency. These findings suggest that dopaminergic cells are protected from death by decreasing release of H2O2 and Fe2+ in addition to decreased cellular metabolism.