cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Function of the Anterior Band of the Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament During the Load and Shift Test

The anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (AB-IGHL) plays a crucial role in anterior shoulder stability. This capsulo-ligamentous structure originates on the anterior edge of the glenoid and labrum and inserts on the anterior/lateral edge of the articular surface of the humeral head. AB-IGHL detachment from the anterior glenoid and labrum (Bankart lesion) as well as capsular stretching are frequent injuries for which initial diagnosis is often difficult. The load and shift test is a clinical exam used to assess the magnitude of anterior instability by applying an anterior load to the humeral head with the shaft in 60 degrees of abduction [1]. Information on the magnitudes and distribution of stress and strain can help in the interpretation of motion during the exam as well as assist in localizing instabilities to particular regions of the capsule. The objectives of this study were to examine the stress and strain in the AB-IGHL during the load and shift test using finite element (FE) modeling techniques.© 2002 ASME
Validity and Accountability in High-Stakes Testing

In this article, the authors argue that the cultures of accountability and validity are at odds. Calls for accountability arise from the polis, or political community. Validity is the standard of quality that professionals place on tests. When the polis demands that tests serve high-stakes accountability functions, professional testing standards often are compromised. In accountability contexts, test results decide which students are retained in grade, held back from graduation, and assigned to tracks or special classifications. Yet, empirical evidence suggests that the use of flawed indicators produces unreliable and unrepresentative inferences and decisions. High-stakes testing produces teaching and testing practices that lead to inflated test scores and further disadvantage already disadvantaged students.
Testing Wheat in Variable Environments: Genotype, Environment, Interaction Effects, and Grouping Test Locations

Selection of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes requires testing programs with complementary locations that sample environments of interest with minimal duplication. The goal of the current study was to improve prediction of genotype performance in the highly variable environments of the central Great Plains in the United States by estimating the contributions of genotype, location, and year to wheat yield variability and identifying subgroups of test locations that minimize crossover genotype-by-environment interaction. Variance components were estimated from Kansas wheat performance data from 17 locations from 1982 to 2002. Annual data sets balanced for genotypes and environments were used to generate genotype, genotype-by-environment biplots that could objectively separate locations into groups with the same top-yielding genotype. Location, year, and their interaction introduced the greatest proportion of the variability in wheat performance test yields. Frequency of common grouping during the 21-year period was used to construct six groups of test locations representing unique target environments. Evaluation of the six groups using results from two subsequent years revealed that they generally agreed with location groups observed in the previous 21 years. Smaller regional genotype-by-environment variance component estimates compared with statewide estimates further confirmed the effectiveness of the pro posed six regions for reducing genotype-byenvironment interaction.
Guarding the Town Walls: Mechanisms and Motives for Restricting Multifamily Housing in Massachusetts

Local governments frequently restrict multifamily housing by limiting the districts where it is allowed, creating procedural barriers to development, and mandating large lot sizes. Such restrictions are thought to reduce the ability of low- and moderateincome households to afford housing in desirable locations. In this paper, I use a new and unusually rich dataset on land use regulations in 186 Massachusetts cities and towns to test several hypotheses about why municipalities restrict multifamily housing. The results reflect two distinct waves of zoning, each of which used a different mechanism and was shaped by different determinants. Under regulations adopted in the 1940s and 1950s, communities with a large amount of existing multifamily housing, a city council form of government and higher land values tended to be less restrictive. The second wave of regulations, beginning in the 1970s, saw an increased use of special permits to allow multifamily housing and greater restrictiveness by smaller, more affluent communities.
Cutaneous manifestations of cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular diseases may affect multiple organ systems including the skin. By identification of specific cutaneous findings, dermatologists may be the first physician to diagnose an underlying cardiovascular disease. This article discusses a number of cardiac disorders with prominent skin findings in addition to general dermatologic signs suggestive of cardiovascular disease.
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of the left main coronary artery in patients with rest angina.

Left main coronary angioplasty may be a therapeutic revascularization procedure for a subset of patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study is to report procedural outcomes and long-term clinical follow-up of 15 patients who underwent either protected or unprotected left main angioplasty for rest angina. These patients represent a cohort of unstable angina patients who were considered high risk for coronary artery bypass surgery. Ten of 15 patients had Canadian Heart Class IV angina, and three patients were hemodynamically unstable. Balloon angioplasty was successful in 14 patients, and one patient was treated with directional atherectomy. Initial angiographic success was achieved in 14 of 15 patients (93%). Major complications (myocardial infarction, emergent coronary artery bypass graft, death) occurred in one patient (6%); 73% of the patients were asymptomatic or had stable exertional angina at 6 months follow-up. One year survival was 87% (13 of 15). During the follow-up period six patients had repeat catheterization for recurrent angina. Four of these patients had left main restenosis and underwent successful repeat left main angioplasty. No patient had coronary bypass surgery during follow-up. This report suggests that left main angioplasty can be a safe and effective revascularization procedure for critically ill patients with unstable angina who are at high risk for coronary bypass surgery. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Aggravated and mitigated opening utterances

Four types of aggravated opening utterances (insult, command, accusation, refusal without a reason) and four types of mitigated opening utterances (request, indication of shared responsibility, reaffirmation, and refusal with a reason) were investigated. Ordinary social actors rated each of the mitigated opening utterances higher than aggravated opening utterances on specific appropriateness, general appropriateness, and effectiveness. Hence, the type of opening employed to initiate an argumentative episode influences judgments of appropriateness and effectiveness.
Multidimensional data format specification: a generalization of the American College of Radiology-National Electric Manufacturers Association standards.

Multidimensional image data are becoming increasingly common in biomedical imaging. Three-dimensional visualization and analysis techniques based on three-dimensional image data have become an established discipline in biomedicine. Some imaging problems generate image data of even higher dimensions. It often becomes necessary, rather than just convenient, to consider the higher-dimensional data as a whole to adequately answer the underlying imaging questions. Despite this established need for convenient exchange of image and image-derived information, no exchange protocols are available that adequately meet the needs of multidimensional imaging systems. This paper describes an exchange protocol that has been designed after careful consideration of the common requirements of methodologies for visualization and analysis of multidimensional data. It is based on and is a generalization of the widely accepted American College of Radiology-National Electrical Manufacturers Association (ACR-NEMA) standards specified for two-dimensional images. It is implemented and actively being used in a data-, application-, and machine-independent software environment, being developed in the authors’ department, for the visualization and analysis of multidimensional images.
433: Learning deficit prevention by NAP&SAL includes NMDA receptors in a Down syndrome model

DOWN SYNDROME MODEL JOY VINK, LAURA TOSO, ROBIN ROBERSON, DANIEL ABEBE, CATHERINE SPONG, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, NICHD, SDMP, Bethesda, Maryland OBJECTIVE: Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation. NMDA and GABA receptors are vital components of long term potentiation (LTP) and learning. Of the NMDA subunits, NR2B is more plastic and increases LTP, while NR2A is less plastic and decreases LTP. The GABA 5 subunit inhibits overstimulation and thus apoptosis of NMDA receptors. NR2B, NR2A and GABA 5 are decreased in adult Ts65Dn mice, a DS model, and treatment of adult Ts65Dn mice with neuroprotective peptides, NAP&SAL, prevented learning deficits. We investigated if this prevention is mediated through alterations in NR2B, NR2A and GABA 5. STUDY DESIGN: Adult Ts65Dn mice were treated with NAP&SAL or placebo. After demonstrating learning deficit prevention, 4 brains per group (from 3 litters) were dissected. Gene expression for NR2B, NR2A and GABA 5 primers with GAPDH standardization was determined with calibrator-normalized relative Real Time (RT)-PCR. Statistics included Fisher PLSD with P 0.05 significant. RESULTS: NR2B, NR2A and GABA 5 are decreased in adult trisomic (Ts) mice with respect to the control (all P 0.05). Treatment with NAP&SAL increased NR2B expression to control levels (P 0.02) but did not affect NR2A or GABA 5 expression. (Figure) CONCLUSION: NAP&SAL’s mechanism of adult learning enhancement involves increasing the expression of the more-plastic NMDA subunit, NR2B, which facilitates learning, and not the less plastic subunit, NR2A, or GABA 5 expression. This may explain, at least in part, the mechanism involved in preventing learning deificits in Down Syndrome mice.
Intuitive, Image-Based Cell Sorting Using Optofluidic Cell Sorting

We present a microfluidic cell-sorting device which augments microscopy with the capability to perform facile image-based cell sorting. This combination enables intuitive, complex phenotype sorting based on spatio−temporal fluorescence or cell morphology. The microfluidic device contains a microwell array that can be passively loaded with mammalian cells via sedimentation and can be subsequently inspected with microscopy. After inspection, we use the scattering force from a focused infrared laser to levitate cells of interest from their wells into a flow field for collection. First, we demonstrate image-based sorting predicated on whole-cell fluorescence, which could enable sorting based on temporal whole-cell fluorescence behavior. Second, we demonstrate image-based sorting predicated on fluorescence localization (nuclear vs whole-cell fluorescence), highlighting the capability of our approach to sort based on imaged subcellular events, such as localized protein expression or translocation events. We ach...
Unmasking human visual perception with the magnetic coil and its relationship to hemispheric asymmetry

Abstract Visual suppression by a magnetic coil (MC) pulse delivered over human calcarine cortex after a transient visual stimulus 80–100 ms earlier 1 has been used to suppress the representation of a ‘masking’ visual stimulus and thus to unmask a ‘target’ visual stimulus given, e.g., 100 ms before the mask. The resulting target unmasking as a function of the interval between mask and MC pulse is approximately the inverse of the visual suppression curve. Arbitrary visual linear patterns can similarly be unmasked. At the long target-mask interval used, the site of masking is deduced to lie beyond calcarine cortex. In several right-handed subjects tested, powerful MC stimulation of the left (but not right) temporo-parieto-occipital cortex also led to (weaker) unmasking.
Adaptive Output Feedback Control of an Aeroelastic System with Unstructured Uncertainties

Thispaperpresentsanadaptivecontrolsystemforthetrajectorycontrolandstabilizationofanaeroelasticsystem with unstructured model uncertainties using output feedback. The equations of motion of the chosen aeroelastic system describe the plunge and pitch motion of a structurally nonlinear wing section. A single trailing-edge e ap is used for the purpose of control. For feedback only the pitch angle or the plunge displacement is measured. Unlike the linearly parameterized adaptive systems, in this study the structure of model uncertainties is unknown. Adaptive control laws for the trajectory control of the pitch angle and the plunge displacement are derived. The controller has the structure of an inverse (a feedback linearizing ) control system. But the unknown function in the inverse control law arising from the uncertainties in the model is compensated using its estimate constructed by a high-gain observer. Simulation results are presented, which show that in the closed-loop system trajectory control of the selected output (pitch angle or plunge displacement ) is accomplished and the state vector converges to zero. Furthermore, it is observed that stability and trajectory tracking are preserved in the presence of measurement noise.
Ability of Egg Traps to Detect the Onset of Second-Generation Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Moth Activity in Almond Orchards

The performance of egg traps for monitoring ovipositional activity of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), is impaired by the competing attractiveness of the almond crop during the period when the almonds dehisce (hullsplit). To determine if egg traps detect the onset of second-generation moth activity, activity of navel orange worm after hull split was monitored with egg traps and blacklight traps in five commercial almond orchards during two seasons. The performance of egg traps that were painted black also was compared with that of standard, clear plastic egg traps. Although significantly more eggs were found on black traps than on standard traps, both trap types detected fairly accurately the onset of second-generation moth emergence, as measured by the black light trap catches.
A cloning vehicle suitable for strand separation.

Abstract A new plasmid has been constructed which contains a poly(dA):poly(dT) duplex segment of length approx. 100 base pairs (bp) inserted into the Pvu II site of pBR322. This plasmid, pKH47, has all the other restriction sites of pBR322 available for insertion of foreign DNA, and has the same drug resistance genes as does the parental plasmid. The complementary strands of the linearized denatured plasmid DNA can be separated rapidly and efficiently by affinity chromatography with oligo(dA)- and oligo(dT)-cellulose columns m series. More than 90% of the input DNA is recovered as separated strands which can be annealed to form full length double-stranded molecules. One of the applications of the plasmid is to prepare separated complementary strands for sequencing by the chain-terminator technique using DNA primers. This application is illustrated by a sequencing example for a Drosophila DNA insert carrying a tRNA gene.
THE MYTH OF THE MIGRANT HOMELESS: AN EXPLORATION OF THE PSYCHOSOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION

While migration status is frequently used to differentiate homeless subgroups, little empirical work has explored sociological distinc- tions between migrant and nonmigrant homeless. This article attempts to fill the gap in the literature by comprehensively examining differences in the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics, psychological and social resources, life stressors and circumstances, and psychological well- being. We use a random probability sample of 63 migrant and 98 nonmi- grant homeless, distinguished by length of residence in the study city (Bir- mingham, Alabama). The analysis indicated that migrant and nonmigrant homeless persons share similar demographic characteristics, stressors, and levels of psychosocial resources. Multiple regression analyses revealed that although the two groups display similar levels of depressive symptomatol- ogy, thefactors influencing depression appear to operate differently among migrants and nonmigrants. Although psychosocial resources are associated with lower depression for both groups, there is a significant interaction effect between migration status and mastery, with mastery being a more salient resourcefor the mental health of migrants. The implications of these findings for homeless service provision are discussed.
MEMS-based explosive particle detection and remote particle stimulation

ABSTRACT We report on a new methodology for chemical detection of explosive particles associated with anti-personnel mines. Traceparticle detection can be used to complement vapor detection of explosives with an electronic nose. Our approach is toremotely stimulate a target area with a high intensity, focused air ultrasonic beam whose energy can megasomcally clean thetarget area of particles above a designed-for size. We have designed a MEMS electrostatic transducer to test the concept.Nanogram particle detection will occur by collecting particles on an array of temperature sensitive MEMS sensors andirradiating the particles with 3-5 im wavelength infrared light. Explosive particles will selectively absorb the infrared energyat approximately 1600 cnf', decompose, and give offheat which can be detected.Keywords: explosive particle detection, ultrasound, land mines, nanogram particles, decomposition, MEMS, cantileverbeams 1. INTRODUCTION Recently, the idea ofusing chemical detection for finding land mines has gained attention as a result of successes achieved inthe use of trained dogs. Dogs have proven to be the most effective land mine detectors, although the dogs have limitedattention spans measured in tens of minutes. An electronic nose can work 24 hours a day! Since the land mine detectionproblem is huge, it will require full time noses in the search process.Dogs search by placing their noses close to the ground, inhaling vapors as well as solid particles of material. There have beenrecent successes in mimicking the vapor detection aspects of the smell sense in the "nose-on-a-chip" at Cal Tech, which candifferentiate among various vapors. 1 A complementary approach to obtaining increased chemical sensitivity is beingexplored at Duke University. One issue in vapor detection ofexplosives is that sampling at ambient temperatures may limitdetectability. An alternative is to collect particles as samples. Since plastic explosives are fabricated by creating a mixture ofground RDX or TNT with a binder substance, the putty-like material which is formed tends to capture particles to its surfacewhen contact is made. Additionally, because particles are distributed further by handling, the surface of the device and itssurrounding area are often heavily contaminated with particles ofexplosives. During diurnal temperature cycles the explosiveparticles attached to a buried mine diffuse their y to the surface of the ground. By sampling fine particles on the ground'ssurface in addition to vapors, it is possible that analysis and detectability may be enhanced. 2Significant success has been reported using trace explosive particles for substance identification.2 Indeed, both RDX and TNThave been detected at higher levels than expected when the vapor sampling system was augmented with a trace particle
The Neglect and Abuse of Children and Youth: The Scope of the Problem and the School's Role

We have attempted to define the spectrum of maltreatment of children seen in our current society. The potential for abuse in the child's caretaker, a child who is somewhat different, and a stressful situation are ingredients which often interact to produce maltreatment. The maltreatment rendered to the child includes many mechanisms ranging from direct blows from a variety of objects, to violently shaking the child, to neglect. The spectrum of the pathological findings is as varied as the means to inflict the trauma or neglect and involves every organ system. The predominate pathology of abuse is located in the central nervous system, bones and cutaneous tissues. The school's role primarily involves awareness of the problem of maltreatment, a method of approach to identify and report "suspected" cases, and the documentation of the injuries or neglect which have been observed. The school plays an important role in the follow-up of individual cases in providing a supporting environment for the child and coordinating with other agencies dealing with the family. The school personnel and all professionals must work together if adequate services are to be provided to protect children and rehabilitate families. Language: en
The diffusion of high technology medical innovation: the computed tomography scanner example.

Abstract Computed Tomography scanning is a new radiologic procedure that has significantly altered many dignostic evaluations by its remarkable ability to determine the nature and extent of space occupying lesions quickly and painlessly. Since its introduction six years ago, it has been regarded with uncritical enthusiasm by most Radiologists which has led to its rapid nationwide utilization. In order to evaluate the spatial aspects of early adoption and later general acceptance of Computed Tomography scanning, a questionnaire was sent to Radiology Directors in hospitals throughout the country. Respondents professed their eagerness to acquire this costly innovation. However, the varied influence of regulation, high initial price and rapid obsolescence created unexpected patterns of diffusion. Traditional early adopters were often at a disadvantage. Motivations for purchase were disguised by acknowledgement of favorable cost/benefit ratios when no data on economic efficacy existed. The headlong dash by physicians to acquire the latest innovation irrespective of costs has engendered legislation that seeks to insure a more deliberate distribution. Yet too much control could stifle the innovation process and in the long run create refractory problems for American medicine.
A Penning Multiply Charged Heavy Ion Source Test Facility

An ion source test facility has been constructed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for making fundamental measurements of the properties of Penning ion sources. The extracted ion energies from the source can be up to 36 × q (keV), where q is the ion charge. Both negative and multiply charged positive ions have been extracted from the source. The facility has high current capabilities for acceleration and for the arc power supply. These low-energy, multiply charged ions are currently being used for measurements of charge exchange cross sections, x-ray production, and electron impact excitation and ionization.
Acute Rejection of Small Intestine Allografts Is Associated With Increased Expression of Toll-like Receptors

Although outcomes after intestinal transplantation have steadily improved owing to advances in immunosuppressive therapy, operative techniques, and postoperative medical management, rejection of the intestinal allograft continues to be a major clinical problem and constitutes the primary reason for graft loss. Although the adaptive immune system has been the major focus of investigation regarding regulation of rejection of the intestinal allograft, the role of the innate immune system has recently become of increased interest. We hypothesized that microbial products of the microflora associated with the intestinal allograft may engage the Toll-like receptor pathway of the innate immune system to potentiate alloimmune responses and rejection of the allograft. To investigate this, we established a murine model for orthotopic intestinal transplantation and allograft rejection. Using this model, we show that the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 is increased 50-fold and the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 is increased 200-fold during rejection of the allograft. We then performed survival studies that showed increased survival of mice, which had the Toll-like receptor knocked out. These preliminary studies suggest an important role for in innate immune system in acute rejection of the small intestinal allografts, and as such represents an emerging and promising area of investigation.
GUV preparation and imaging: minimizing artifacts.

The components of biological membranes are present in a physical mixture. The nonrandom ways that the molecules of lipids and proteins mix together can strongly influence the association of proteins with each other, and the chemical reactions that occur in the membrane, or that are mediated by the membrane. A particular type of nonrandom mixing is the separation of compositionally distinct phases. Any such phase separation would result in preferential partition of some proteins and lipids between the coexisting phases, and thus would influence which proteins could be in contact, and whether a protein could find its target. Phase separation in a plasma membrane would also influence the binding of molecules from outside the cell to the membrane, including recognition proteins on viruses, bacteria, and other cells. The concept of these and other events associated with membrane phase separation are sometimes grouped together as the “raft model” of biological membranes. Several types of experiments are aimed at detecting and characterizing membrane phase separation. Visualizing phase separation has special value, both because the immiscibility is so decisively determined, and also because the type of phase can often be identified. The fluorescence microscope has proven uniquely useful for yielding images of separated phases, both in certain cell preparations, and especially in models of cell membranes. Here we discuss ways to prepare useful model membranes for image studies, and how to avoid some of the artifacts that can plague these studies.
High quality factors and room-temperature lasing in a modified single-defect photonic crystal cavity

We propose and analyze a new photonic crystal cavity design that supports a dipole mode with a quality factor greater than 20,000. Such a high quality factor is obtained by precise tuning of the cavity length with minimal disruption of the surrounding photonic crystal. A fabrication procedure based on dry etching of InGaAsP material in HI/H2/Ar is used to demonstrate photonic crystal lasers with smooth and straight sidewalls. These room-temperature lasers concentrate optical energy in air and are suitable for use as tunable lasers and chemical sensors.
Assessment and Learning of Qualitative Physics in Newton's Playground

ABSTRACT Digital games are very popular in modern culture. The authors are examining ways to leverage these engaging environments to assess and support student competencies. The authors examine gameplay and learning using a physics game they developed called Newton's Playground. The sample consisted of 167 eighth- and ninth-grade students who played Newton's Playground for about 4 hr over the course of 1.5 weeks. Findings include significant pretest–posttest physics gains, and significant relations between in-game indicators and learning.
Eradicating chronic ear, nose, and throat infections: a systematically conducted literature review of advances in biofilm treatment.

Objective. Bacteria can grow as individual, planktonic organisms or as complex biofilm communities that are more resistant to treatment. This review was designed to systematically search to identify recent laboratory studies on eradication of biofilms in otolaryngologic infections to highlight promising advances in biofilm treatment.Data Sources. A systematic electronic literature search of Medline/PubMed, CINHAL, and Web of Science was conducted for articles describing the treatment of biofilm infections in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) diseases through March 2010. English-language articles and articles with an English abstract that focused on biofilm treatment were considered for review.Review Methods. Each included article was reviewed by one of the authors for study design, treatment intervention, and outcome. Data from in vitro and animal studies were considered separately from human studies.Results. A total of 30 articles were identified for this review, including 5 studies that included a human treat...
An improved concept in solubility parameter theory applied in amorphous polymers. I. Poly(ethyl methacrylate)

Gas-liquid chromatography has been used to estimate thermodynamic parameters of a variety of aromatic and aliphatic solvents at infinite dilution in poly(ethyl methacrylate). Heats of solution, Flory-Huggins interaction parameters, and specific interaction parameters were calculated from specific retention volumes. Comparative interpretation of these thermodynamic quantities has led to the establishment of a solvent selectivity scale for poly(ethyl methacrylate). Limitations of the threedimensional solubility parameter theory on the systems tested here are demonstrated. A significantly improved concept is developed and tested.
Membrane Association of Influenza Virus Matrix Protein Does Not Require Specific Hydrophobic Domains or the Viral Glycoproteins

The matrix protein of influenza virus is a major structural component of the virion which is generally believed to bridge between the membrane envelope and the ribonucleocapsid core. To investigate the interaction of M1 with cellular membranes in the absence of other influenza proteins, we examined its distribution by subcellular fractionation after expression in HeLa cells. Approximately 81 to 88% of M1 protein, expressed without other viral proteins, was soluble, whereas the remaining 12 to 19% was tightly associated with membranes. Conditions known to release peripherally associated membrane proteins did not detach M1 proteins from isolated membranes, suggesting that the fraction of M1 bound to membranes behaves as an integral protein. Coexpression of M1 with hemagglutinin or neuraminidase did not alter the extent of membrane association of M1 protein, indicating that there is no strong interaction between M1 and the cytoplasmic tails of the viral glycoproteins. Additional attempts were made to identify membrane binding domains in M1 protein. Mutants constructed with mutations in the four hydrophobic regions thought to be responsible for membrane association still exhibited the same levels of membrane association as that observed with wild-type matrix protein. Therefore, specific hydrophobic domains are apparently not required for membrane binding.
The cytochrome system of sea urchin sperm

Abstract The spectral properties of the cytochrome system of the sperm from two species of sea urchin, Lythechinus pictus and Strongylocentrolus purpuratus , were examined with the sperm samples at room temperature and at liquid nitrogen temperatures. The sperm contain cytochromes a , a 3 , b , c , and c 1 in a ratio of 1:1:1:2:1 where 1 unit is 0.05 μmoles per gram protein. Antimycin A causes a shift in the alpha maximum of reduced cytochrome b from 560 to 565 mμ (25 °C) and an apparent increase in the concentration of substrate-reducible cytochrome b . Cyanide and sulfide inhibit respiration by interacting with oxidized cytochrome a 3 while carbon monoxide binds reduced cytochrome a 3 . The carbon monoxide compound is photodissociable and the photochemical action spectrum from the carbon monoxide-inhibition of respiration has maxima at 587 mμ, 548 mμ, and 428 mμ. Azide inhibition of respiration occurs concomitant with a shift of the alpha maximum and split Soret maxima of reduced cytochrome a to shorter wavelengths and this shift is reversed by cyanide, carbon monoxide, and anaerobiosis.
Gall stone removal via a postoperative cholecystotomy catheter tract

A surgical cholecystotomy catheter tract was used to remove multiple residual gallbladder calculi postoperatively. The extractions were carried out employing the Burhenne technique. The approach described offers an attractive alternative to surgery in poor-risk patients.
C4 Photosynthesis: Differentiating Causation and Coincidence

Summary Determination of the historical causes of organismal adaptations is difficult, but a recent study has suggested that at least one of the transitions to C 4 photosynthesis was directly facilitated by changes in atmospheric CO 2 levels. But what about the other 50+ origins of C 4 ?
South Sudan: The Birth of an Economy

The first thing one notices on the streets of Juba, the capital, is the abundance of white Toyota Land Cruisers. There are fewer than 100 kilometers of tarmac roads in the entire 240,000-square-mile country; one cannot move around without a four-wheel-drive vehicle. A closer look at the Land Cruisers reveals that most have special license plates: UN for United Nations vehicles, and GOSS for those owned by the government of South Sudan. Apart from the Land Cruisers, one notices a large number of water and fuel tankers on the roads. Publicly supplied electricity in Juba, a city of one million, is very limited, public water nonexistent. As a result, almost all workplaces and the wealthier private residences rely on generator power and water delivered by truck. The road traffic also reveals how waste is managed in Juba. Whereas some aid agencies and hotels have contracts with garbage collectors, most waste is piled in the streets and burned. As in the big cities of many developing countries, driving in Juba is a daunting experience. There are essentially no road signs or traffic lights, and only one street has streetlights. What’s more, although traffic travels on the right side of the road, most drivers sit on the right-hand side of the car, as most vehicles are imported from Kenya, where right-hand driving is standard. When we turn our attention to the people traveling on these highly informative roads, other issues become apparent. For one thing, there is no formal taxi network in Juba. Instead, a few enterprising Kenyans and Ugandans have established themselves as private taxi drivers. And foreigners do not dominate only low-skilled service jobs; most heavy machinery on South Sudan’s roads is also operated by for-
Telomere length in blood cells and breast cancer risk: investigations in two case–control studies

Telomere dysfunction, which leads to genomic instability, is hypothesized to play a causal role in the development of breast cancer. However, the few epidemiologic studies that assessed the relationship between telomere length in blood cells and breast cancer risk have been inconsistent. We conducted two case-control studies to further understand the role of telomere length and breast cancer risk. Overall telomere lengths were measured by telomere quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization (TQ-FISH) and telomere quantitative real-time PCR (TQ-PCR). The associations between telomere length in blood leukocytes and risk of breast cancer were examined in two breast cancer case-control studies that were conducted at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI) and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC). Using the 50th percentile value in controls as a cut point, women who had shorter telomere length were not at significantly increased risk of breast cancer compared with women who had longer telomere length in the RPCI study (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.84-2.12), in the LCCC study (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.73-1.91), or in the combined RPCI and LCCC studies (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.89-1.71). There was no significant dose-response relationship across quartiles of telomere length and no significant difference when comparing women in the lowest to highest quartile of telomere length. Overall telomere length in blood leukocytes was not significantly associated with the risk of breast cancer.
External seeding of stimulated Raman scattering in microdroplets.

External seeding of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in microdroplets is achieved by light injection into the droplet at the Raman-shifted frequency. Two implementations permit observation of the seeding effect. First, a broadband seed laser (∼2 nm FWHM) is used to spectrally discriminate the elastically scattered seed light from the narrow-linewidth SRS. Second, a crossed analyzer is used to reduce by several orders of magnitude the intensity of the detected elastically scattered seed laser, preventing saturation of the detector. Seeding of SRS in microdroplets is effective in enhancing the signal from weak-gain Raman modes but does not significantly increase the SRS intensity from strong-gain Raman modes.
Economics A Discriminant Analysis of Students' Perceptions of Web-Based Learning

Students enrolled in undergraduate economic statistics classes at Youngstown State University (YSU) were surveyed in an attempt to differentiate between users and nonusers of Web-based instruction ...
Enzymatic Glucosylation of Dolichyl Monophosphate Formed Via Cytidine Triphosphate in Calf Brain Membranes

: When calf brain membrane preparations containing endogenous dolichyl [32P]monophosphate (Dol-32P), prelabeled enzymatically by [γ-32P]-CTP, are incubated with unlabeled UDP-glucose, the formation of a mild acid-labile [32P]phosphoglucolipid is observed. The biosynthesis of the [32P]phosphoglucolipid is dependent on the concentration of UDP-glucose added, and no [32P]phosphoglycolipid appeared when UDP-glucose was replaced by ADP-glucose, UDP-xylose, UDP-galactose, UDP-mannose, or UDP-glucuronic acid. The 32P-labeled product formed by the UDP-glucose-dependent reaction is chemically and chromatographically identical to glucosylphosphoryldolichol. Several enzymatic parameters of the glucosylation of the specific pool of Dol-P, synthesized by the CTP-mediated kinase, and the total available pool of Dol-P have been compared by a double-label assay utilizing endogenous, prelabeled Dol-32P and UDP-[3H]glucose as substrates.
Phonological skills and disfluency levels in preschool children who stutter.

Abstract The relation between stuttering and aspects of language, including phonology, has been investigated for many years. Whereas past literature reported that the incidence of phonological difficulties is higher for children who stutter when compared to normally fluent children, the suggestion of association between the two disorders also drew several critical evaluations. Nevertheless, only a limited amount of information exists concerning the manner and extent to which the speech sound errors exhibited by young children who stutter, close to stuttering onset, is related to the characteristics of their stuttering, such as its severity. Conversely, information is limited regarding the effects a child's phonological skills may have on his/her stuttering severity. The current study investigated the mutual relations between these two factors in 28 carefully selected preschool children near the onset of their stuttering. The children, 20 boys and 8 girls, ranged in age from 25 to 38 months, with a mean of 32.2 months. The phonological skills of two groups with different ratings of stuttering were compared. Similarly, the stuttering severities of two groups with different levels of phonological skills (minimal deviations–moderate deviations) were compared. No statistically significant differences were found for either of the two factors. Inspection of the data revealed interesting individual differences. Learning outcomes The reader will be able to list: (1) differences in the phonological skills of preschool children whose stuttering is severe as compared to children whose stuttering is mild and (2) differences in stuttering severity in preschool children with minimal phonological deviations as compared to children with moderate phonological deviations.
Preparation of Plates of Boric Acid Glass for Use in the Study of Luminescence

A process has been developed by which boric acid containing an organic substance as a minor constituent, can be melted and super-cooled to form a homogeneous glass under controlled vapor pressure of water. This technique assures the attainment of a reproducible fluidity of the melt. The total water content of the glass has been determined to be about 10 percent by weight. Plates of the glass having dimensions of 1×20×40 mm were routinely prepared. These remained highly transparent for several weeks in a vacuum desiccator.
Pathophysiological defects and transcriptional profiling in the RBM20-/- rat model.

Our recent study indicated that RNA binding motif 20 (Rbm20) alters splicing of titin and other genes. The current goals were to understand how the Rbm20-/- rat is related to physiological, structural, and molecular changes leading to heart failure. We quantitatively and qualitatively compared the expression of titin isoforms between Rbm20-/- and wild type rats by real time RT-PCR and SDS agarose electrophoresis. Isoform changes were linked to alterations in transcription as opposed to translation of titin messages. Reduced time to exhaustion with running in knockout rats also suggested a lower maximal cardiac output or decreased skeletal muscle performance. Electron microscopic observations of the left ventricle from knockout animals showed abnormal myofibril arrangement, Z line streaming, and lipofuscin deposits. Mutant skeletal muscle ultrastructure appeared normal. The results suggest that splicing alterations in Rbm20-/- rats resulted in pathogenic changes in physiology and cardiac ultrastructure. Secondary changes were observed in message levels for many genes whose splicing was not directly affected. Gene and protein expression data indicated the activation of pathophysiological and muscle stress-activated pathways. These data provide new insights on Rbm20 function and how its malfunction leads to cardiomyopathy.
Modeling and comparison to literature data of composite solid oxide fuel cell electrode–electrolyte interface conductivity

Abstract A Monte Carlo percolation model previously used to characterize Triple Phase Boundary (TPB) formation in composite SOFC electrode–electrolyte interfaces has been augmented to allow for investigation of the effects of composition, gas-phase percolation, and surface exchange and transport phenomena on the overall conductivity of these electrode–electrolyte interfaces. The model has been utilized to replicate the results of a previous modeling effort, with similar assumptions and application to an SOFC electrode electrolyte interface. Although the models are similar in many aspects, their key differences allow equivalent predictions of the behavior of overall electrode conductivity as a function of electrode composition, thereby verifying the assumptions and overall approach of the current model. The validity of omitting charge-transfer and activation resistances when comparing overall interfacial conductivity trends is confirmed. The current model is then used to simulate several experimental results. The comparisons among these results show the importance of including gas-phase percolation physics and surface exchange and transport phenomena features in the model. Including gas-phase percolation and these surface phenomena can significantly alter the predictions of conductivity behavior and better predicts experimental observations, particularly at low and high electronic conductor volume fractions.
Crop Residue Management for Improved Soil Productivity

(1986). Crop Residue Management for Improved Soil Productivity. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture: Vol. 3, No. 2-3, pp. 131-142.
Friction and Wear-Mode Comparison in Copper Electrochemical Mechanical Polishing

This paper investigates friction and wear mechanisms of copper electrochemical mechanical polishing (ECMP) in pH and potential parameters as illustrated in the Pourbaix diagram. Three approaches were used in this study. First, a unique experimental setup was designed to investigate the effects of pH and electropotential on planarization. Second, the friction was measured in situ during polishing and used as a monitoring process. Third, the worn areas correlated with the frictional behavior of post-chemical mechanical polishing samples were characterized to study ECMP removal mechanisms. Results showed that friction maps can be generated in conjunction with the equilibrium Pourbaix diagram. This map is helpful in monitoring the removal rate and wear during copper ECMP. These findings can be used as guidance in ECMP process design and optimization.
CYSTS OF SEMILUNAR CARTILAGE OF THE KNEE.

SEVERAL cases and small series of cases of cyst of the semilunar cartilage of the knee have been reported, but no large series has been presented at any time. This benign tumor has been seen rather infrequently. Blanco and Postoloff 1 reviewed the literature extensively and concluded that it was first described by Nicasse in 1883. Ghormley and Dockerty 2 reported four cases from this institution in 1943. The cause and origin of the tumor still are poorly understood, and much is left to speculation. Our purpose is to report our findings in 50 patients seen in 28 years at one institution, and to stress that adequate treatment includes removal of the semilunar cartilage as well as the cyst. Material and Method We reviewed the records of all cases from 1935 through 1962 in which treatment was given at the Mayo Clinic for cyst of the semilunar cartilage of the
Temperature and pressure dependence of the single-crystal elastic constants of Li 6 and natural lithium

The single-crystal elastic constants and their pressure derivatives were measured for $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ and lithium of natural isotopic composition. The temperature dependence of the elastic constants was measured between 90 and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The pressure derivatives of the three independent elastic constants were measured at 300 and 195\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The measurements show that the elastic constants, the temperature derivative of the elastic constants, and the pressure derivatives of the elastic constants are the same for the two isotopes. The ratio of the ultrasonic velocities for a given mode are found to vary as the square root of the inverse ionic mass ratio. These results are discussed and interpreted in terms of a simple model. The implications of this model for other thermophysical properties are also discussed.