cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opioid prescribing and use among cancer survivors: A mapping review of observational and intervention studies.

Abstract Context Recent years show a sharp increase in research on opioid use among cancer survivors, but evidence syntheses are lacking, leaving knowledge gaps. Corresponding research needs are unclear. Objectives To provide an evidence synthesis. Methods We searched PubMed and Embase, identifying articles related to cancer and opioid prescribing/use published through September 2020. We screened resulting titles/abstracts. Relevant studies underwent full-text review. Inclusion criteria were quantitative examination of and primary focus on opioid prescribing or use, and explicit inclusion of cancer survivors. Exclusion criteria included end-of-life opioid use and opioid use as a secondary or downstream outcome (for intervention studies). We extracted information on the opioid-related outcome(s) examined (including definitions and terminology used), study design, and methods. Results Research returned 16,591 articles; 296 were included. Only 22/296 studies evaluated an intervention. There were 105 studies evaluating outcomes indicative of potentially high-risk, non-recommended, or avoidable opioid use, e.g., continuous use—described as chronic use, prolonged use, and persistent use (n=17); use after completion of curative-intent treatment—described as chronic opioid use, long-term opioid use, persistent opioid use, prolonged opioid use, continued opioid use, late opioid use, post-treatment opioid use (n=27); use of opioids concurrent with other potentially high-risk medications (n=13), and opioid misuse (n=14). Conclusions We found lack of consistency in the measurement of and terms used to describe similar opioid use outcomes, and a lack of interventional research targeting well-documented patterns of potentially non-recommended, potentially avoidable, or potentially high-risk opioid prescribing or use.
Comparison of perioperative outcomes and clinical characteristics of Calcium, Matrix and Struvite stones from a single institution.

Objective To define risk factors and perioperative outcomes for matrix stones and compare these outcomes with struvite and calcium stone cohorts. Methods : A retrospective cohort study comparing matrix stones (n=32), struvite stones (n=23) and a matched, calcium stone control group (n=32) was performed. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare the groups for continuous variables. Chi-square tests were used to compare categorical variables. Significance was set at p Results : We identified no differences in age, gender, or BMI between the three groups. Matrix and struvite stones were more likely to have a history of prior stone surgery and recurrent UTIs compared to calcium stones (p=0.027 and p Conclusion : Matrix and struvite stones were more likely have a history of stone surgery and preoperative recurrent UTIs. Struvite stones were more likely to present as staghorn calculi. Matrix stones were more likely to have Candida present in stone cultures. However, no difference in postoperative infectious outcomes or stone free rates were identified. Further study with larger cohorts is necessary to distinguish matrix stone postoperative outcomes from struvite and calcium stones.
Effect of Date of Planting on Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome

Materials and Methods The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. There were two sites at the ISU Southeast Research Farm, one with a history of SDS and one without a history of SDS. There was no SDS observed at either site so the sites were combined and analyzed together. Treatments consisted of five planting dates starting April 13 and ending June 13 with planting occurring approximately every two weeks (Table 1). Disease was assessed between growth stage R3 and continuing to R6. However, no disease was observed in 2011. Total seed weight and moisture were measured and seed weight was adjusted to 13 percent and yield was calculated.
Gradient Elution Chromatography

Theoretical principles of gradient elution in both linear and nonlinear chromatography are discussed. In analytical applications, where linear chromatography prevails, the theory of gradient linear elution is well developed. On the other hand, in preparative applications,where the high concentrations encountered force the adsorption isotherms into the nonlinear range, gradient elution theory is as yet in its infancy. In this work, the governing principles of the theory, its limitations, and its application in some special cases are outlined.
Constructions of aspherical manifolds

Injective Seifert fiberings with typical fiber a locally symmetric space are constructed. This leads to the construction of a large class of aspherical manifolds whose fundamental groups contain normal subgroups which are embeddable as lattices in a semi-simple Lie group. A study of the homotopy classes of the self diffeomorphisms of the fibers is also made.
Mapping the gene determining ornithine transcarbamylase and its operator in Escherichia coli B.

Abstract The gene determining ornithine transcarbamylase in Escherichia coli B is argI, not argF. The argI gene has been located at 84 min on the linkage map, close to the gene for aspartate transcarbamylase, with neighboring markers in clockwise order fdp pyrB argI valS. A mutation in its operator locus, argOI, has been mapped between argI and valS, so that this gene, unlike the argCBH portion of the argECBH cluster, appears to be oriented in the same direction as most of the other known E. coli operons.
Effect of handoff delay on the system performance of TDMA cellular systems

Handoff delay is one of the major criteria to evaluate a handoff algorithm. A good handoff algorithm is expected to minimize both the handoff delay and the mean number of handoffs. But it is generally very difficult to minimize both, if not impossible. We would like to find out the amount of increase in the outage probability when we try to minimize the mean number of handoffs by introducing some handoff delay, which, in turn, may make it possible to identify an optimum operating point from a system design perspective. We assumed that the underlying handoff algorithm is either received signal strength or signal-to-interference ratio based. Furthermore, a probabilistic model for the handoff delay was introduced. Since the handoff delay can introduce increased co-channel interference only in the uplink because of the penetration of mobile stations into the neighboring cells, the outage probability was calculated in the uplink as function of the mobile station's position on straight path from one base station to another for different cluster sizes and handoff delays. We concluded that the handoff delays up to 10 % do not change the outage probability significantly and can be used to decrease the mean number of handoffs while keeping the outage probability at an acceptable level.
The Structure of Executive Compensation: International Evidence from 1996-2004

The primary objective of this study is to better understand the time-series and cross-sectional variation in the structure of executive compensation for non-U.S. firms. That is, has the globalization of labor markets for senior management led non-U.S. firms to design compensation contracts similar to those of U.S. firms or, are there country-specific factors that may cause compensation structures to differ? Using data from 36 non-U.S. countries over 1996-2004, we document significant cross-country differences in compensation structure (i.e., relative use of equity-based and cash-based compensation). The primary determinants of this cross-sectional variation are institutional factors related to the legal environment in each country. Specifically, firms use more equity-based compensation in countries that provide stronger protection of shareholder's rights or have English common-law legal origins. Similarly, firms in countries providing strict enforcement of the rule of law use more equity-based compensation. In addition to these institutional determinants, we find some evidence that the relative use of equity-based compensation is also affected by the firm's agency costs of debt and equity. The data indicate that non-U.S. firms with higher growth opportunities (and the resultant larger agency costs of equity) use relatively more equity-based compensation. We also find that larger firms and firms with lower free cash flow use more equity-based compensation. These findings are consistent with those documented by Yermack (1995) and Bryan et al. (2000) for U.S. firms. However, unlike in the U.S., our data indicate that the agency problems of debt have only a limited effect on compensation structure. Therefore, while the agency theory tested with U.S. compensation data is broadly portable to other markets, the explanatory power is not as significant when applied to non-U.S. firms. We also track compensation structures throughout the time period and seek to identify and explain relative differences between compensation polices of U.S. and non-U.S. firms. The data allow us to test whether compensation structure has converged (as would be suggested by the globalization of financial markets). Alternatively, cross-country institutional differences would suggest a continued divergence in compensation policies across nations. The data provide no evidence of international convergence of compensation structures. Our empirical analysis attributes these pervasive differences to institutional factors. That is, despite the substantial changes in capital market conditions throughout the sample period, institutional factors remain as significant determinants of compensation structure and appear to contribute to consistent cross-country differences in compensation structure.
Web Searching for Health: Theoretical Foundations and Connections to Health Related Outcomes

Increasingly, consumers are using the Internet to seek out health information. This increasing demand for health information on the Internet has been accompanied by an increase in the number of Websites delivering health information online. This rise in online health information search calls for a theoretical approach that explains consumer health information seeking on the Internet. Based on a review of the literature related to health information seeking, this chapter introduces an integrative model of online health information seeking, arguing that the motivation and ability to seek out health information are two key constructs in predicting health information seeking. Finally, the chapter highlights the implications of adopting the integrative model of online health information seeking in understanding the health outcomes associated with new communication technologies.
States as Interest Groups in the Administrative Process

A rising tide in federalism scholarship and political discourse accords unmitigated praise to the notion of partnership between states and federal agencies. This Article reveals a more complicated picture. It begins by analyzing the penetrating but usually invisible role of “state interest groups” — lobbying associations of state officials — in shaping federal regulation. These groups have become the core vehicle for state involvement in federal administration, but surprisingly, their pervasive and critical role is rarely noted in the legal literature.The Article shows that the pathologies of state interest groups reflect broader, latent tensions within the emerging project of administrative federalism. To develop this claim, the Article disaggregates a trio of benefits thought to flow from state involvement in federal administration — protecting state power, enhancing agency expertise, and maintaining a democratically accountable process — and shows that these benefits are unlikely to coincide. Instead, mechanisms designed to pursue state power as an end in itself thrive at the expense of expertise and accountability. The project of affording states a voice in the federal regulatory process must therefore begin to take account of tradeoffs among key goals, not just benefits. The Article closes by sketching best practices to help agencies, courts, and states balance the competing goals of administrative federalism.
An exploratory study of donor stewardship on the web framed within a cocreational public relations paradigm

American’s commitment to philanthropy reached new heights in the wake of the twenty-first century as reports of unspeakable tragedies and unforeseen disasters filled our collective consciousness. Simultaneously, the World Wide Web began to emerge as the medium through which Americans were expressing their support. With little known outside of the popular and trade press about online giving, this study examines how and in what ways nonprofit organizations are using the Web to establish and maintain relationships with online donor publics. Drawing on the excellence and dialogic paradigms found in the cocreational public relations literature, the concept of stewardship is advanced as an overarching theoretical framework for the study. A content analysis methodology was employed to examine the Web sites of 50 American nonprofit organizations that raise money online to describe stewardship, operationalized as relationship building features, found on each of the sites. The study explores found a relationship between the number of features and amount of money raised online, and the number and types of features and the organizational mission. As a result of the research, a model for studying stewardship is advanced.
Compadres: a lightweight component middleware framework for composing distributed real-time embedded systems with real-time Java

Component frameworks simplify development of enterprise systems and enable code reuse, but most frameworks are unpredictable and hence unsuitable for embedded or real-time systems. Similarly, Java is increasingly being used to build embedded system software because of its portability and ease of use. The Real-Time Specification for Java (RTSJ) reduces the unpredictability in Java execution times by eliminating the need for a garbage collector. However, it introduces programming complexity that makes it difficult to build non-trivial applications. To bring the advantages of Java component development to DRE systems, while simultaneously simplifying the use of RTSJ, therefore, we have developed a new lightweight component model for RTSJ called Compadres. Compadres offers the following advantages: 1) Simple component definition in Java that abstracts away RTSJ memory management complexity; 2) System assembly from components by connecting ports that communicate through strongly-typed objects; 3) The Compadres compiler that automatically generates the scoped memory architecture for components, while the component framework handles communication between the components. To validate this work, we construct a non-trivial example application using the component framework, a simple real-time CORBA implementation. We then analyze the performance and efficiency of our component example versus a non-component example, RTZen. Our measurements show that our Compadres example built with components incurs only minor time overhead as compared to a comparable hand-coded example.
Gene regulation by phosphate in enteric bacteria

The Escherichia coli phosphate (PHO) regulon includes 31 (or more) genes arranged in eight separate operons. All are coregulated by environmental (extra-cellular) phosphate and are probably involved in phosphorus assimilation. Pi control of these genes requires the sensor PhoR, the response regulator PhoB, the binding protein-dependent Pi-specific transporter Pst, and the accessory protein PhoU. During Pi limitation, PhoR turns on genes of the PHO regulon by phosphorylating PhoB that in turn activates transcription by binding to promoters that share an 18-base consensus PHO Box. When Pi is in excess, PhoR, Pst, and PhoU together turn off the PHO regulon, presumably by dephosphorylating PhoB. In addition, two Pi-independent controls that may be forms of cross regulation turn on the PHO regulon in the absence of PhoR. The sensor CreC, formerly called PhoM, phosphorylates PhoB in response to some (unknown) catabolite, while acetyl phosphate may directly phosphorylate PhoB. Cross regulation of the PHO regulon by CreC and acetyl phosphate may be examples of underlying control mechanisms important for the general (global) control of cell growth and metabolism.
Effect of Geometry on Particle Adhesion

Forces between solids in air are predominantly attractive and cause adhesion of particles to each other and to surfaces. These forces become increasingly difficult for fine particles to overcome because the particle mass varies to the third power of the particle size. Very high accelerations are therefore required for particle deagglomeration or removal from surfaces. The particle adhesion phenomenon is important in a variety of scientific and engineering applications. Agglomeration, resulting from particle adhesion, affects the particle-size distribution and physical properties of aerosols and other particulate systems. In powders, tensile and shear strengths are determined by interparticle forces and they influence properties such as the dispersibility of powders in fluids and flow-through bins and hoppers. Effective particle removal by filtration depends on the ability of particles to remain on the collector surface. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of particle geometry on adhesi...
What carnivore biologists can learn from bugs, birds, and beavers: a review of spatial theories

Information on the ecology and evolution of a species can be enhanced by studying spatial ecology. Even though space use has been a focus of carnivore research for decades, the theoretical framework for such studies remains poorly developed. Most spatial ecology theory has instead been developed and tested with invertebrates and expanded into fishery and ornithological research. The goal of this review is to examine spatial theories being tested in other taxonomic groups that could positively influence how carnivore biologists design studies. Details are provided from studies that illustrate methods to quantify space use, and four broad areas of spatial theory are reviewed: conspecific attraction, territory establishment, within-territory space use, and inheritance of space use. Suggestions are given on how carnivore biologists could incorporate each of these components into study designs. Carnivore biologists have opportunities to test spatial theory at small and large scales that could ultimately advanc...
Calculation and Correlation of the Unsteady Flowfield in a High Pressure Turbine

Forced vibrations in turbomachinery components can cause blades to crack or fail due to high-cycle fatigue. Such forced response problems will become more pronounced in newer engines with higher pressure ratios and smaller axial gap between blade rows. An accurate numerical prediction of the unsteady aerodynamics phenomena that cause resonant forced vibrations is increasingly important to designers. Validation of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes used to model the unsteady aerodynamic excitations is necessary before these codes can be used with confidence. Recently published benchmark data, including unsteady pressures and vibratory strains, for a high-pressure turbine stage makes such code validation possible. In the present work, a three dimensional, unsteady, multi blade-row, Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes code is applied to a turbine stage that was recently tested in a short duration test facility. Two configurations with three operating conditions corresponding to modes 2, 3, and 4 crossings on the Campbell diagram are analyzed. Unsteady pressures on the rotor surface are compared with data.
O[u]R Procedure for Cataloging Analytics

Individual numbers of a serial title that are monographic in nature are sent to the Catalog Dept. for cataloging as analytics. Our Cataloging Micro Enhancer process works well with the analytics cataloging procedure since label production isn't required for analytics. The process also allows a backlog of “no copy” (i.e., no bibliographic record found) search keys to be maintained on the data disk for further searching.
Strain variations in cadmium-induced suppression of lymphocyte transformation in mice

Abstract Cadmium is an environmental pollutant which has been shown in numerous studies to significantly affect immune responses. However, a review of the literature reveals many inconsistencies, both qualitative and quantitative, in the effects of cadmium on the immune system. In the present study, we examine the influence of genetic background on the effects of cadmium using lymphocyte transformation as an index of immunocompetence. Cadmium was added in vitro to mitogen and non-mitogen stimulated splenocyte cultures obtained from Balb/c, C57BL and C3HeB mice. Cadmium, 1 – 30 μM, was associated with a dose-dependent, linear inhibition of lymphocyte transformation in all strains. In unstimulated and Con A-stimulated cultures, the cadmium-inhibition plots were parallel but non-coincident in the three strains of mice with C57 being the most susceptible and C3H the most resistant to the inhibitory effects of cadmium. For LPS-stimulated lymphocyte transformation, the cadmium inhibition plots had different slopes in the three strains of mice suggesting a possible difference in the mechanism of action of cadmium. The relationship between these findings and cadmium-induced cytotoxicity as well as metallothionein synthesis are discussed.
Production of extracellular superoxide by human lymphoblast cell lines: comparison of electron spin resonance techniques and cytochrome C reduction assay.

Abstract Superoxide production by NADPH oxidases plays an important role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, measurement of superoxide (O 2 − ), a marker of oxidative stress, remains a challenging task in clinical and translational studies. In this study we analyzed O 2 − production in cultured human lymphoblast cell lines by three different methods: (a) superoxide dismutase (SOD)-inhibitable cytochrome C reduction, (b) spin trapping of superoxide with 5-(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N -oxide (EMPO) and 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N -oxide (DEPMPO), and (c) using electron spin resonance (ESR) with the cell-permeable spin probe 1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine (CMH). Lymphocytes were isolated and immortalized by an Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV)-transformation procedure. Superoxide was measured in cultured lymphoblast cell lines at baseline and upon stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Cytochrome C and the spin traps EMPO and DEPMPO detected two to five times less superoxide compared to CMH. Thus, CMH provided the most quantitative measurement of superoxide generation in human lymphoblast cell lines. Superoxide detection with CMH was linear dependent on cell concentration and was inhibited by SOD but not by catalase. Both cell-permeable polyethylene glycol (PEG)–SOD and extracellular Cu,Zn–SOD inhibited O 2 − detection by 90% in PMA-stimulated cells, suggesting a predominantly extracellular O 2 − generation in human lymphoblasts. Our study describes a new technique for O 2 − measurement in cultured human lymphoblasts using ESR and CMH. A highly sensitive in vitro measurement of O 2 − in human cell lines would allow investigators to study genotype/phenotype interactions in translational studies.
Experimental Investigation on Plasma Plume Potential

An experimental investigation is carried out to quantify the potential of the plasma plume emitted by an ion thruster type plasma source. A capability for efficient 2-D measurements of the plume profile is developed. The effects of plume expansion, plume charge-exchange (CEX) plasma, and facility background plasma on plume potential are investigated. For plasma source and vacuum chamber operating conditions considered in this paper, we find that the propellant CEX plasma is the primary factor that terminates the plume expansion process, and thus largely controls the magnitude of the plume potential with respect to the ambient.
Four decades of research on the effects of detracking reform: Where do we stand?—A systematic review of the evidence

Objective To review and synthesize evidence about academic and non-academic effects of detracking reform. Methods Fifteen studies conducted from 1972 to 2006 were located and reviewed, including 4 experimental studies, 2 quasi-experimental studies, 7 observational studies, and 2 qualitative studies. Meta-analyses using fixed effects and random effects models were conducted for all and subsets of selected studies (by the academic ability of students and research design), followed by extensive discussion of individual studies. Results Generally speaking, students in detracked groups performed slightly better academically than their equivalent-ability peers in tracked groups (d = 0.087, k = 22, N = 15,577, p < 0.0001), using a fixed effects model. A random effects model also indicated the overall positive effects of detracking (d = 0.202, k = 22, N = 15,577, p < 0.01). However, the effect sizes of individual studies are generally heterogeneouswithI 2 (21) =94.033.Usingarandomeffectsmodel,thestudyshows that average or high ability students in detracked groups performed no differently than their equivalent-ability peers in tracked groups with a 95% confidence interval of (−0.047, 0.388). For low-achieving students, both the fixed effects model [d = 0.113, k = 8, p < 0.0001, 95% CI (0.056, 0.169)] and random effects model [d = 0.283, k = 8, p < 0.005, 95% CI (0.087, 0.479)] revealed positive effects of detracking on student achievement for the 8 low-ability subgroups in 6 studies. The evidence with respect to the non-academic impact of detracking is mixed. Conclusion The findings suggest that the detracking reform had appreciable effects on low-ability student achievement and no effects on average and high-ability student achievement. Therefore, detracking should be encouraged, especially in schools where the lower-track classes have been traditionally assigned fewer resources.
Comparison of pain after uterine artery embolization using tris-acryl gelatin microspheres versus polyvinyl alcohol particles.

When compared in a uterine artery embolization (UAE) animal model, Embospheres (ES) (Biosphere Medical, Rockland, MA) were found to induce less uterine ischemia than polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles. Given this finding, we aimed to test the hypothesis that ES is associated with less pain after UAE than PVA in human patients. We performed retrospective analysis on data from 72 consecutive UAE patients, collected from a prospectively acquired database. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump-delivered morphine sulfate (MS) dosages were compared between patients who received ES versus PVA. Subjective pain scores (SPS) were also compared between the two groups. Secondary outcome measures, including embolic volume and clinical outcome data, were also collected. Linear regression and t-test statistical analyses were performed. Null hypotheses were rejected at the p 0.15). Utilizing a standard 0-10 pain scale, the mean peak SPS for the ES and PVA groups were 5.58 (s.d. 2.77) and 5.07 (s.d. 2.99), respectively. The difference was not significant. The mean amount of embolic material used in each ES and PVA patient was 4.86 cc (s.d. 3.01) and 3.52 cc (s.d. 1.63), respectively. The difference revealed a strong trend toward statistical significance (p = 0.05). There was one treatment failure in each group of patients. Within both patient samples, no significant correlation was found when comparing the volume of embolic used and subsequent MS dose. Despite a strong trend toward a significantly higher volume of ES used per patient, there is no subjective or objective difference in pain after UAE with ES when compared to PVA.
Effectiveness of cefotaxime alone and in combination with desacetylcefotaxime against Bacteroides fragilis.

Abstract The synergistic activity of the combination cefotaxime-desace-tylcefotaxime (CTX/dCTX) was compared to the effectiveness of seven other antimicrobial agents: cefoxitin (CFOX), cefotetan (CTAN), ceftizoxime (CTIZ), chloramphenicol (CLOR), clindamycin (CLIND), metronidazole (METR), and ampicillin-sulbactam (A/S) tested against 100 clinical isolates belonging to the Bacteroides fragilis group. All tests were performed using the NCCLS reference agar-dilution method. The overall susceptibility of these organisms to CTX/dCTX was 84% compared to CFOX at 78% or CTAN at 66%. The other antimicrobials inhibited greater than 90% of these isolates. There was no difference between the susceptibility rates of CTX/dCTX and CTX with the B fragilis (85%) or B. distasonis (75%) strains . Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron showed a 11% greater susceptibility to CTX/dCTX than to CTX. Of the 100 isolates tested, 40% showed either synergy or partial synergistic interactions between CTX and dCTX. Most of the isolates showed indifference (52%), while 8% demonstrated antagonism; a relatively unique finding to date .
Design of concurrent error-detecting systolic arrays using mod g3N mod /sub M/ codes

The problem of detection and identification of a faulty processing element in a systolic array is addressed. A method for designing processing elements with concurrent error detection is presented. The mod gAN mod /sub M/ code is shown to be an effective code for encoding the operands in a systolic array. It is shown that the mod g3N mod /sub M/ code is equivalent to a residue code with the check and information bits interchanged, for an odd number of information bits. This allows arithmetic to be performed separately on the information and check bits while the output can be checked by an AN checker. An architecture and rules for designing a self-checking processing element (PE) for systolic arrays are presented. Both redundancy and extra delay of the self-checking PE are shown to be low. >
Proximity effects of a thin film of unconventional superconductor in contact with a magnetic substrate

Abstract We suggest some new experiments that might be used to distinguish between states of various representations of uncoventional superconductivity. In particular we investigate pair-breaking effects for various models of the order parameter in the thin films in contact with a magnetic substrate. The effect of a magnetic field on a thin film is qualitatively different for even- and odd-parity superconductors, depending strongly on the orientation of the field relative to that of the order parameter (and therefore to the crystallographic orientation), with the superconductivity entirely suppressed for some special orientations.
Current assessment of AM OLED technology for avionics applications

AM OLED continues to show promise for being the next generation display technology capable of replacing AM LCD in several of its present applications, including displays for aerospace applications. Commercial products such as DSCs (digital still cameras) and PDAs (personal digital assistants) using AM OLED displays have already been introduced. Technology demonstrators as large as 40-in diagonal AM OLED displays have been shown. We evaluated the performance of present COTS AM OLEDs with respect to avionics display requirements. In this paper we will review the current status of AM OLED technology by considering the performance capabilities of COTS and technology demonstration displays, and recent OLED device research results and make an assessment of AM OLED technology towards meeting the performance requirements of avionics displays. The technology gaps for achieving the desired performance for avionics display applications are identified.
Privileging an activist vs. a corporate view of public relations history in the U.S.

Abstract This article elaborates on the argument that the history of U.S. public relations has been distorted by the emphasis on corporate functions of public relations. The dominant corporate-centric view of U.S. public relations history often claim that public relations developed as a response to activists who attempted to interfere with business operations. That myopic, corporate-centric view has perpetuated a negative view of public relations as merely a tool of “big business”. In the past as well as the present, corporations have been learning from and co-opting activists’ innovative public relations techniques. By alternatively grounding U.S. public relations history in the works of activists, we open possibilities for re-imagining the field and legitimizing activists’ works as a positive, central component in public relations theory and research. We end by providing resources educators can utilize to teach a more balanced view of public relations history in the U.S.
Lifetime of the 0 2 + State of Pb 206 and the State Dependence of the Monopole Effective Charge

The mean lifetime of the $0_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ state of $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$ is found to be 0.97 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.10 nsec. This corresponds to a monopole strength $\ensuremath{\rho}=(2.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ and $B(E2:{{O}_{2}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{{2}_{1}}^{+})l2.0{e}^{2} {\mathrm{F}}^{4}$. The $E0$ strength can be accounted for with standard shell-model wave functions using a state-dependent monopole effective charge derived from isotope-shift data.
Encoding and retrieval of orientation: A new slant on an old problem

Two experiments compared various tests of young children’s ability to encode and retrieve orientation. A placement test was found to be the most sensitive. With this test, 5-year-old children demonstrate both encoding and retention of diagonal orientation, including its correct direction. Recognition tests and some reconstruction tests resulted in poorer performance. It was suggested that recognition tests provide conflicting perceptual input and reconstruction tests require analysis of part-whole relationships, both of which interfere with the retrieval of orientation.
Metoclopramide versus metoclopramide and lorazepam. Superiority of combined therapy in the control of cisplatin-induced emesis

Sixty-four patients treated with cisplatin-containing regimens were entered into a randomized, double-blinded study examining the antiemetic efficacy of metoclopramide with and without lorazepam for control of cisplatin-induced emesis. Metoclopramide was administered to all patients at 2 mg/kg, intravenously, 30 minutes before chemotherapy and 1.5, 3.5, and 5.5 hours posttreatment. Patients randomized to receive combined antiemetic therapy were administered lorazepam at 2 mg/m2 (maximum, 4 mg dose) intravenously, 30 minutes before chemotherapy. Those patients not receiving lorazepam were given normal saline placebo. Degree of nausea and number of vomiting episodes were recorded on a data flow sheet with a visual analogue scale. Drug toxicities were evaluated before each administered dose. Patients receiving both metoclopramide and lorazepam experienced significantly less vomiting episodes (P less than 0.05) and nausea (P less than 0.01) when compared to patients given metoclopramide alone. Forty-four percent of those receiving the combined therapy reported no nausea or vomiting episodes compared to only 22% receiving metoclopramide alone. Sedation was significantly more common in patients receiving lorazepam (88%) as opposed to patients receiving only metoclopramide (43%), P less than 0.01. Amnesia was seen in 25% receiving lorazepam. No significant difference in diarrhea, dystonia, or disinhibition was observed between the two arms. The authors conclude that the combination of lorazepam and metoclopramide was superior to metoclopramide alone in the prevention of cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting, with sedation and amnesia more commonly observed in the combined regimen.
Conjugate analysis of a flat-plate type evaporator for capillary pumped loops with three-dimensional vapor flow in the groove

Abstract The physical operational mechanisms for the evaporator of capillary pumped loops are described, and possible working limits are identified. A generalized mathematical formulation for the flatplate type evaporator is given, which includes liquid flow and heat transfer in the porous wick structure, three-dimensional vapor flow in the groove, and heat transfer in the cover plate. The liquid and vapor flows are coupled via the interfacial mass flux, and the entire evaporator is solved as a conjugate problem. Numerical results under different working conditions and with different fluids are presented, which provide guidance for the evaporator design of capillary pumped loops.
Long Run Asset Allocation for Retirement Savings

The authors examine two of the most important factors in accumulating the necessary funds for retirement: asset allocation and asset location. They find that an all-bond strategy is difficult to rationalize even for the most risk-averse individuals. A portfolio mix of 40–60 percent stocks and the remainder in bonds makes sense for those who are strongly risk averse, and mildly risk-averse individuals are best off with 70–100 percent in stocks. Because pensions dominate conventional savings accounts, their use should be maximized. For people whose federal income tax rate exceeds 15 percent and who cannot place all their retirement savings in pension accounts, the authors find that holding municipal bonds in conventional accounts is better than holding corporate bonds in pension accounts. Furthermore, the typical actively managed equity mutual fund gains more from being in a pension account than in a typical bank fund.
Current concepts on the pathophysiology of pasture-associated laminitis.

Epidemiologic studies indicate that most laminitis cases occur in horses and ponies kept at pasture, hence the term pasture-associated laminitis. Clinical cases of laminitis most often occur under conditions that favor accumulation of rapidly fermentable nonstructural carbohydrates (fructans, simple sugars, or starches) in pasture, and animals with an equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) phenotype (insulin resistance, abnormal insulin dynamics, +/– obesity) seem to be at highest risk for developing the condition. Although the mechanisms linking consumption of pasture forage with development of lamellar failure have not been fully elucidated, a systemic inflammatory response that accompanies hindgut carbohydrate overload likely initiates lamellar inflammatory events (including infiltration and activation of leukocytes) that contribute to destruction of lamellar epithelium and extracellular matrix. This article reviews current knowledge on the epidemiology and risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis, including the role of forage carbohydrates and metabolic/endocrine predispositions, and also discusses the pathophysiology of this condition.
Solvent perturbation of the tyrosyl and tryptophyl residues in subtilisin BPN

Abstract The solvent perturbation of the tyrosyl and the tryptophyl residues in subtilisin BPN′ have been examined using eight perturbants of varying diameters ranging from 2.0 to 9.4 A. The results obtained indicate that about 30–40% of the ten tyrosyl residues are inaccessible to the short-range perturbants, deuterium oxide, dimethylsulfoxide and ethylene glycol. A somewhat smaller fraction of these groups is found to be inaccessible to the long-range perturbants, glycerol and sucrose. A substantial fraction of the three tryptophyl residues is also found to be inaccessible to the perturbing influence of these solvents. The perturbation results obtained are discussed in terms of the location and environment of the tyrosyl and tryptophyl residues revealed by the X-ray crystallographic structure of the enzyme.
Basis for hyperexcitation symptom caused by high doses of chlordimeform in the American cockroach

Abstract 1. 1. Exposure of isolated ventral nerve cords of the American cockroach to chlordimeform was followed by spontaneous and stimulus-induced hyperactivity which different from that induced by dieldrin in the distribution of spike amplitudes, the delay between stimulus and response and the stimulus threshold to induce hyperactivity. 2. 2. Calcium (20 mM) abolished the impulse-evoked hyper-response of the nerve to chlordimeform but not to dieldrin. 3. 3. Magnesium (40 mM) abolished the impulse-evoked hyper-responce of the nerve to dieldrin but not to chlordimeform. 4. 4. Treatment of the insects with reserpine prior to dissection had no effect on the subsequent hyper-response of the isolated nerve to chlordimeform. 5. 5. The observed action of chlordimeform is probably axonal, and is unrelated to its known aminergic effects.
Effect of Fastener Preload on Structural Damping

This paper presents results from an extensive set of frequency response measurements from a simple plate structure with a single bolt lap joint. The frequency response measurements are obtained from modal impact tests. Both damping ratios and natural frequencies are found to remain fairly constant for medium to high levels of bolt preload. At low levels of preload, damping ratios increase significantly by 25–75%, whereas natural frequencies decrease by only 1–2%. These results identify the monitoring of vibration damping as a means for detecting low preload and fastener loosening. Comparative tests with monolithic plate structures show the introduction of a single bolt lap joint results in an increase in damping and a decrease in frequency for the first three modes of vibration. Similar results are found for steel and aluminum plate materials with grade 5 and 8 fasteners.
An Electrohydrodynamic Micropump for On-Chip Fluid Pumping on a Flexible Parylene Substrate

The authors present the first design, fabrication and testing results from an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) micropump on a flexible Parylene-C substrate. Parylene-C membranes with their excellent properties are rarely used yet are very promising candidates as flexible substrates. Low power on-chip micropumps are needed in various fields including biotechnology and cryogenic cooling. Furthermore, being fabricated on a flexible Parylene substrate, they can be utilized in commercial applications including wearable textiles. Pumping pressures of up to 490Pa (@30 Volts) with a flow velocity of 190mm/min (@20 Volts) is measured using isopropanol (IPA) fluid. The micropump has no moving parts and occupies a volume of only 5mmtimes7mmtimes80mum. This is the first instance of a low power EHD micropump fabricated on a flexible Parylene-C substrate.
Bridge to Istanbul: a look at information technology in the middle east

Have you ever wondered about information technology in universities outside of the United States of America? Geared toward training professionals interested in the global perspective of information technology, this poster presentation will describe the faculty/ staff training services and client support services at Istanbul University.As a member of the Ball State University Faculty/Professional Staff Development Trip to Istanbul, Turkey from May 26 through June 10, 2001, I will be involved in the exchange of ideas and sharing of information concerning policies, procedures and approaches for client services, faculty/staff technology training, and help desk issues with my counterpart at Istanbul University.Specifically, I will be exploring all aspects of client services, including the issues of how the faculty are trained to use technology in teaching, help desk support, training communications (newsletters, registrations, online help guides, Web based-training, etc.), and methods for the purchase and distribution of new computer equipment for faculty, electronic classrooms, staff and computer labs.I will be visiting the Istanbul University faculty/staff computer training areas and learning about staffing, types of training available (such as workshops, seminars, and conferences) and the policies and procedures for current training, as well as, development of new training. Also, I will visit the client support area to learn about services offered to faculty, staff and students, staffing and policies and procedures governing client support services.Through this exchange of information a bridge of sharing and learning will be established to further educational goals through information technology on an international level.
Exact solutions for heat-like and wave-like equations with variable coefficients

In this paper, Adomian decomposition method is presented for solving heat-like and wave-like models with variable coefficients. The method is demonstrated for a variety of problems in one and higher dimensional spaces where exact solutions are obtained. The results obtained in all cases show the reliability and the efficiency of this method.
Some important answers about hedge accounting

Derivatives have been a popular financial instrument for treasury management. But accounting for them can be dauntingly complex. The author shares some of the FASB's recent guidance on this challenging task. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of uncompensated solution resistance for electrodes with spherical-cap geometry

Typical custom and commercial hanging mercury drop electrodes have the geometry of a spherical cap formed by the plane of the lower surface of the electrode holder cutting off the top of the drop. To conduct accurate quantitative measurements by voltammetry, it is necessary to be able to account for the effects of solution resistance, Ru. A method of determining the solution resistance is proposed and tested. The method involves making measurements of a test reaction (in this case, oxidation of ferrocene) by cyclic voltammetry at scan rates where resistance effects are important and at more than one concentration. When the data are analyzed by digital simulation, it is found that only one value of Ru will provide adequate matches between simulation and experiment at all concentrations. An approximate equation has been derived that allows calculation of Ru from the dimensions of the spherical-cap electrode and the solution resistivity. The calculated values of Ru for electrodes of three different sizes agr...
Method for separating video camera motion from scene motion for constrained 3D displacement measurements

Camera motion is a potential problem when a video camera is used to perform dynamic displacement measurements. If the scene camera moves at the wrong time, the apparent motion of the object under study can easily be confused with the real motion of the object. In some cases, it is practically impossible to prevent camera motion, as for instance, when a camera is used outdoors in windy conditions. A method to address this challenge is described that provides an objective means to measure the displacement of an object of interest in the scene, even when the camera itself is moving in an unpredictable fashion at the same time. The main idea is to synchronously measure the motion of the camera and to use those data ex post facto to subtract out the apparent motion in the scene that is caused by the camera motion. The motion of the scene camera is measured by using a reference camera that is rigidly attached to the scene camera and oriented towards a stationary reference object. For instance, this reference object may be on the ground, which is known to be stationary. It is necessary to calibrate the reference camera by simultaneously measuring the scene images and the reference images at times when it is known that the scene object is stationary and the camera is moving. These data are used to map camera movement data to apparent scene movement data in pixel space and subsequently used to remove the camera movement from the scene measurements.