cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Satellite Solar Power Station

The feasibility of power production on Earth by means of a satellite solar power station is discussed. The status of technology to achieve solar energy conversion, microwave generation, transmission and rectification and transportation to synchronous orbit is reviewed, and costs for the system and components are presented.
Contributions of qualitative research to evidence-based practice in nursing

AIM: This article aims to identify the contributions of qualitative research to evidence-based practice in nursing. BACKGROUND: Qualitative research dates back to the 1920s and 1930s, when anthropologists and sociologists used qualitative research methods to study human phenomena in naturalistic settings and from a holistic viewpoint. Afterwards, other subject matters, including nursing, adopted qualitative methods to answer their research questions. The restructuring of health care over the past decade has brought about increased accountability in nursing research. One method for increasing this accountability is evidence-based practice. METHOD: The method used was a search in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature database from 1999-present. The search resulted in 61 citations for evidence-based practice in nursing research; however, only 5 citations focused on evidence-based practice and qualitative research. FINDINGS: The authors' findings revealed six contributions of qualitative research to evidence-based practice: generation of hypotheses; development and validation of instruments; provision of context for evaluation; development of nursing interventions; development of new research questions; and application of Qualitative Outcome Analysis. CONCLUSION: Qualitative research makes important contributions to the quality of evidence-based practice.
Three independent factors characterize spontaneous rat motor activity

A scaling approach was introduced recently to assess sequential and geometrical aspects of animal behavior. This study describes the relationship between different measures of unconditioned motor activity of rats. Specifically, the amount of motor activity was assessed using both a traditional photobeam break measure, counts, and the temporal scaling exponent, α, which describes the ratio of fast to slow behavioral micro-events. The sequential characteristics of the behavior were assessed by the dynamical entropy, h, describing the degree of unpredictability of future movements. The geometrical characteristics of rat motor activity were quantified by the spatial scaling exponent, d. Exploratory activity was measured by counting rearings and holepoking responses. A factor analysis of these measures was conducted based on results from 137 drug-naive animals that were tested for 1 h in the Behavioral Pattern Monitor. Three independent factors account for 77% of the variance. These factors can be described as the ‘amount of activity’, ‘sequential response organization’, and ‘exploratory activity’. The factor loadings support the initial hypothesis that the geometrical structure of rat motor activity, i.e. the spatial scaling exponent d, varies independently from the amount of activity, i.e., counts. In addition, the distribution of these measures did not deviate significantly from normality suggesting that the z-scores of these variables, which have been used previously in the d-α plane description, are able to indicate significant changes of behavior. These results suggest that unconditioned motor activity is influenced by at least three independent factors. The independent assessment of these factors may contribute significantly to the understanding of the neural substrates involved in the organization of unconditioned behavior.
Hermes: Fast and Energy Efficient Incremental Code Updates for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless reprogramming of sensor nodes is a re- quirement for long-lived networks due to changes in the func- tionality of the software running on the nodes. The amount of information that needs to be wirelessly transmitted during reprogramming should be minimized to reduce reprogramming time and energy. In this paper, we present a multi-hop incre- mental reprogramming protocol called Hermes that transfers over the network the delta between the old and new software and lets the sensor nodes rebuild the new software using the received delta and the old software. It reduces the delta by using techniques to mitigate the effects of function and global variable shifts caused by the software modifications. Then it compares the binary images at the byte level with a method to create small delta. For a wide range of software change scenarios that we experimented with, we find that Hermes transfers up to 201 times less information than Deluge, the standard reprogramming protocol for TinyOS and 64 times less than an existing incremental reprogramming protocol by Jeong and Culler. I. INTRODUCTION
Quality indicators for multiple sclerosis

Determining whether persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) receive appropriate, comprehensive healthcare requires tools for measuring quality. The objective of this study was to develop quality indicators for the care of persons with MS. We used a modified version of the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method in a two-stage process to identify relevant MS care domains and to assess the validity of indicators within high-ranking care domains. Based on a literature review, interviews with persons with MS, and discussions with MS providers, 25 MS symptom domains and 14 general health domains of MS care were identified. A multidisciplinary panel of 15 stakeholders of MS care, including 4 persons with MS, rated these 39 domains in a two-round modified Delphi process. The research team performed an expanded literature review for 26 highly ranked domains to draft 86 MS care indicators. Through another two-round modified Delphi process, a second panel of 18 stakeholders rated these indicators using a nine-point response scale. Indicators with a median rating in the highest tertile were considered valid. Among the most highly rated MS care domains were appropriateness and timeliness of the diagnostic work-up, bladder dysfunction, cognition dysfunction, depression, disease-modifying agent usage, fatigue, integration of care, and spasticity. Of the 86 preliminary indicators, 76 were rated highly enough to meet predetermined thresholds for validity. Following a widely accepted methodology, we developed a comprehensive set of quality indicators for MS care that can be used to assess quality of care and guide the design of interventions to improve care among persons with MS.
Thermocouple-type ammeters for use at very high frequencies

THE measurement of currents at the higher frequencies is complicated by the ever-magnified inductances and capacitances associated with the measuring equipment. On direct currents, permanent-magnet moving coil instruments are used extensively, and here the main consideration is the series resistance of the instrument. Instruments for lower frequency alternating currents generally make use of the electrodynamic or some form of moving iron measuring system. Here again the series resistance of the instrument is important but, in addition, the series inductance of the necessary coils becomes a factor. As the frequency is increased the effects of the inductance also increase, and in the middle audio-frequencies these effects become formidable.
Differential sensitivity to temperature of cuphea vegetative and reproductive growth

Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. x C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton; PSR23) is a new oilseed crop rich in medium-chain fatty acids similar to tropical palms. Agronomic studies suggest that temperature is a key determinant of cuphea seed yields. However, little is known about the growth and photosynthesis response of cuphea to temperature. The following study is the first of its kind to evaluate cuphea's growth and photosynthesis response to temperature. Cuphea was grown under day/night temperature regimes of 18/12, 24/18, and 30/24 °C and regression analysis was used to assess its responses of growth and photosynthesis and determine their optimum temperature range. Vegetative growth and leaf photosynthesis adapted well over the temperature range studied. However, reproductive growth was more sensitive showing a decline with increasing temperature. Reproductive growth rate was greatest under the lowest (18/12 °C) temperature treatment and declined by 43% at the highest growth temperatures. In contrast, vegetative growth, which was greatest under the 24/18 °C treatment, declined by just 25 and 10% at the lowest and highest temperatures, respectively. Photosynthesis acclimated to temperature by up-regulation of in vivo Rubisco activity with declining growth temperature. Maximum Rubisco activity (Vcmax) in leaves under the 18/12 °C treatment was 76% greater than that of leaves grown at 30/24 °C. Photosynthetic acclimation permitted cuphea to vegetatively grow well over a wide temperature range, but does not explain the sensitivity of reproductive growth to temperature, which will require further research to elucidate.
Effect of Low Temperature on the Hatchability of Eggs from Various Standardbred and Crossbred Chickens

Abstract A NUMBER of studies have been made of the effect of low holding temperatures on the hatchability of hens’ eggs. In general, these studies have shown that embryonic mortality is high after eggs have been subjected to storage temperatures of 40 degrees F. or lower for prolonged periods. Mauro (1923) stored two lots of eggs for 10 days; one lot was held at an average temperature of 32.9 degrees F. and the other at 57.2 degrees F. He found that the embryos in the eggs stored at 32.9 degrees F. did not develop when placed in the incubator. In contrast to this, he obtained a 60 percent hatch of fertile eggs from those which had been stored at 57.2 degrees F. for 10 days. Scott (1933) also found that low temperatures were harmful to hatchability. He stored two groups of White Leghorn eggs at average temperatures of 36.3 degrees F. . . .
Disorder–order phase transformation in sputter deposited Pd3In thin films

Abstract Phase transformation in Pd 3 In thin films has been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Pd 3 In films were sputtered onto room temperature substrates and characterized by TEM and XRD as disordered face centered cubic (fcc) structure. Ordered tetragonal structure was observed in the samples annealed up to 550 °C. DSC measurements gave a heat of transformation of 3.25 kJ/mol.
Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Rapidly Advancing Insights

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) now represents a commonly recognized disorder among both pediatric and adult patients presenting to allergy and gastroenterology clinics throughout the world. The consequences of this localized and eosinophil-predominant inflammation of the esophagus can have an outsized and profound systemic and emotional impact for patients and their families. Unlike gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), whose symptoms closely overlap with those of EoE, EoE represents a primarily antigen-driven disorder whose symptoms and pathology are therapeutically mitigated with either long-term dietary control or chronic steroid therapies, rather than the acid-suppressive medications that are the mainstay of GERD treatment. Beyond the dissimilarities in their responses to treatment, these disorders are distinct in their gene expression profiles, heredity, genetic underpinning, and linkage with atopy. The antigen-driven nature of EoE has been reinforced by the remarkable impact of therapies utilizing...
Primacy and recency effects in extinction and latent inhibition: A selective review with implications for models of learning

In the framework of animal conditioning and human associative learning, primacy and recency effects on acquired stimulus control of behavior refer to the superior influence of first-learned and last-learned associations, respectively. Most contemporary associative models of learning anticipate unwavering recency effects and claim support from numerous published studies. But, for pragmatic reasons, almost all of these studies were conducted under select conditions that favored recency effects. When these conditions are not met, recency effects are far from ubiquitous. We review the literature on primacy and recency effects regarding extinction and latent inhibition (i.e., interference between outcomes), with special emphasis on the impact of certain post-training manipulations and test conditions on conditioned responding. Evidence for recency-to-primacy shifts and for memory integration is examined in light of contemporary models of learning.
Conjugated linoleic acid and calcium co-supplementation improves bone health in ovariectomised mice.

Osteoporosis is a significant health concern for the elderly; conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to improve overall bone mass when calcium is included as a co-supplement. However, potential effects of CLA and calcium on bone mass during a period of bone loss have not been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine how dietary calcium modulates the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in preventing bone loss, using an ovariectomised mouse model. CLA supplementation significantly prevented ovariectomy-associated weight and fat mass gain, compared to non-supplemented controls. CLA significantly increased bone markers without major changes in bone mineral composition in the femur compared to respective controls. CLA treatment increased serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) significantly (p = 0.0172), while serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentration was not changed by CLA. Meanwhile, CLA significantly reduced femur tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, suggesting potential reduction of osteoclastogenesis. The data suggest that CLA, along with dietary calcium, has great potential to be used to prevent bone loss and weight gain associated with menopause.
NMR relaxation and rattling phonons in the type-I Ba 8 Ga 16 Sn 30 clathrate

Atomic motion of guest atoms inside semiconducting clathrate cages is considered an important source for glasslike thermal behavior. ${}^{69}$Ga and ${}^{71}$Ga nuclear magnetic resonance studies on type I Ba${}_{8}$Ga${}_{16}$Sn${}_{30}$ show a clear low-temperature relaxation peak attributed to the influence of Ba rattling dynamics on the framework-atom resonance, with a quadrupolar relaxation mechanism as the leading contribution. Data are analyzed using a two-phonon Raman process, according to a recent theory involving localized anharmonic oscillators. Excellent agreement is obtained using this model, with the parameters corresponding to a uniform array of localized oscillators with very large anharmonicity.
Clinical applications of primed in situ labelling (PRINS) rapid identification of a marker chromosome in a fetus.

La mise en evidence de chromosomes marqueurs dans un but de diagnostic cytogenetique clinique peut poser probleme puisque la technique classique des bandes n'est souvent capable de determiner ni leur origine, ni leur composition. En l'absence de cette information, il est difficile de determiner la signification clinique et pronostique de ces chromosomes, surtout lors du diagnostic prenatal. L'hybridation in situ avec fluorescence (FISH) permet d'identifier les chromosomes marqueurs, mais prend du temps et coute relativement cher. Pour tenter d'eviter ces inconvenients, nous avons utilise une technique de marquage in situ par amorcage (PRINS). Nous decrivons ici une observation dans laquelle cette technique a permis de determiner rapidement l'origine d'un chromosome marqueur decele par l'analyse du liquide amniotique. Notre experience dans ce cas et chez d'autres patients nous fait penser que le PRINS coute moins cher que le FISH tout en offrant une precision, une sensibilite et une specificite comparables.
Micromorphology and Mineralogy of a Calcareous Duripan Formed in Granitic Residuum, Mojave Desert, California, USA

Abstract A highly calcareous duripan occurs in loamy, mixed, thermic, shallow Typic Durorthids forming in situ on granitic rock pediments in the western Mojave Desert of southern California. The duripan grades to a petrocalcic horizon and consists of weakly cemented carbonates below a thin silicaand calcite-cemented laminar cap. X-ray and electron microbeam and standard petrographic analyses indicate that opaline silica and calcite exist as discrete morphological and mineralogical entities. Calcite is the dominant mineral in the duripan matrix and occurs throughout the pan as spherulitic crystallaria. Opaline silica varies in form, ranging from laminae coating carbonate spheres to spherical and ellipsoid nodules. The dominant phyllosilicate mineral is a dioctahedral smectite. Other minerals in the duripan include quartz, K-feldspar, and plagioclase. Lamination of silica is expressed most strongly in the upper portion of the laminar cap. The degree of lamination decreases and silica nodules become more prevalent in the lower portion of the laminar cap where calcium carbonate composes 70% of the layer. Calcite precipitates as crystallaria in joints of the weathering granodiorite. Laminar silica forms by the precipitation of translocated silica upon contact with the carbonate. The silica nodules form by the replacement of crystalline silicate minerals with amorphous silica, and/or repeated adsorption and polymerization of silica on previously precipitated silica in a dominantly carbonate matrix.
Modeling of ice pinnacle formation on Callisto

Callisto's pinnacle terrain has been interpreted to form through sublimation weathering of bedrock and subsequent deposition of the sublimated ice in local cold traps on peaks and crater rims. To investigate how these processes are affected by environmental parameters, including solar illumination and the composition and concentration of ices in the crust, we employ the MARSSIM landform evolution model and advance its treatment of the physics that underlies the relevant processes. Both ice sublimation and deposition are controlled by surface temperature, which we calculate based on energy contributions from both insolation and thermal reradiation from the surrounding landscape. We perform 4.5 Gyr duration simulations whereby we separately consider and model CO2 and H2O as the crustal ice species. We find that sublimating a crustal content of 10% CO2 ice (a reasonable but arbitrarily selected value) yields present-day landform degradation and regolith coverage that is comparable to what is observed on Callisto. In our H2O ice simulations we reproduce the essential features of pinnacle ice distribution at both the equator and midlatitudes. Our present nominal crustal H2O ice content is 33%, which produces a maximum pinnacle ice thickness of 64 m. Pinnacle height is likely limited by collapse or mass wasting of the ice once it reaches a certain thickness.
A Quantitative Glycomics and Proteomics Combined Purification Strategy.

There is a growing desire in the biological and clinical sciences to integrate and correlate multiple classes of biomolecules to unravel biology, define pathways, improve treatment, understand disease, and aid biomarker discovery. N-linked glycosylation is one of the most important and robust post-translational modifications on proteins and regulates critical cell functions such as signaling, adhesion, and enzymatic function. Analytical techniques to purify and analyze N-glycans have remained relatively static over the last decade. While accurate and effective, they commonly require significant expertise and resources. Though some high-throughput purification schemes have been developed, they have yet to find widespread adoption and often rely on the enrichment of glycopeptides. One promising method, developed by Thomas-Oates et al., filter aided N-glycan separation (FANGS), was qualitatively demonstrated on tissues. Herein, we adapted FANGS to plasma and coupled it to the individuality normalization when labeling with glycan hydrazide tags strategy in order to achieve accurate relative quantification by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and enhanced electrospray ionization. Furthermore, we designed new functionality to the protocol by achieving tandem, shotgun proteomics and glycosylation site analysis on hen plasma. We showed that N-glycans purified on filter and derivatized by hydrophobic hydrazide tags were comparable in terms of abundance and class to those by solid phase extraction (SPE); the latter is considered a gold standard in the field. Importantly, the variability in the two protocols was not statistically different. Proteomic data that was collected in-line with glycomic data had the same depth compared to a standard trypsin digest. Peptide deamidation is minimized in the protocol, limiting non-specific deamidation detected at glycosylation motifs. This allowed for direct glycosylation site analysis, though the protocol can accommodate 18O site labeling as well. Overall, we demonstrated a new in-line high-throughput, unbiased, filter based protocol for quantitative glycomics and proteomics analysis.
Test-Retest Item Statistics

Summary.-The availability of reliabilities of the individual items of the MMPI, CPI and EPPS is described. Investigators interested in scale reliabilities for popular personality inventories could probably find a test-retest or internal consistency estimate in the literature, but researchers desiring information concernhg the reliabilities of the items included in those same inventories would search in vain. The importance of such data for research on response styles, test reliability, or personality test construction has long been obvious, but the availability of the high-speed digital computer has only recently made the computations feasible. The following statistics, based on at least two administrations of each inventory to the same group of Ss, were calculated separately for males and for females fo~ each item In the MMPI (Goldberg & Rorer, 1763b), the CPI (Goldberg & Rorer, 1964 ), the EPPS (Goldberg, 1963b), the Oregon Instructional Preference Inventory (Goldberg, 1963d), a "conformity" inventory (Goldberg & Rorer, 1963a), and an adjective check lisr (Goldberg, 1963~) : (a) the proportion of respondents who endorsed the item (or each alternative of a forced-choice item) on each administration; (b) the proportion of respondents who omitted the item on each administration; (c) the proportion of respondents who gave each of the nine possible response comb~nat~ons on the two administrations [i.e., TT, TF, TB, FT, FF, FB, BT, BF, and BB, where T = true (or alternative a), F = false (or alternative b), B = blank, and the firsc and second letters represenr the first and second adminiscrations, respectively]; (d) the proporrion of respondents who gave the same response on boch administrations (TT + FF + BB); (e) the net change in each response category from che firsc to the second administration; (f) four measures of association between adminiscrations (+, +/+,,,,,, and the sine and the cosine estimates of the tetrachoric correlation coefficient); and (g) Ambdex, an experimental measure of item ambiguity (Goldberg, 1963a). In addition, mean item social desirability ratings and standard deviations from previous srudies by other investigators are reproduced for the MMPI, CPI, EPPS, and ACL, and mean item ambiguity ratings and standard deviations are listed for the ACL. 'These monographs may be obtained without charge from Lewis R. Goldberg or Leonard G. Rorer at Oregon Research Institute, P. 0. Box 5173, Eugene, Oregon 97403, or for a fee from the American Docurr.entation Institute. Order Document No. 8017 from AD1 Auxiliary Publications Project, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D. C. 20540. Remit in advance $25.00 for microfilm or $81.25 for photocopies, and make checks payable to: ChIef, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress. This research was supported by N.itiona1 Science Foundation Grant G-25123 to the senior author at Oregon Research 1n:titute.
Purification of human elastase.

SummaryElastase was obtained from human pancreas by extraction with sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.5, fractionation with ammonium sulfate, and adsorption on powdered elastin. The enzyme was eluted from elastin with dilute acetic acid and precipitated with ammonium sulfate. An orcein–elastin substrate was used for assay of the enzymatic activity. Maximum activity occurred at pH 8.6 to 8.9. Proelastase was not present in the purified preparations, i.e., there was no enhancement of enzymatic activity upon treatment with trypsin.
Trophic support promotes survival of bcl-x-deficient telencephalic cells in vitro

Survival of immature neurons is regulated by Bcl-xL ,a s targeted disruption of bcl-x significantly increases cell death in vivo and in vitro. Death of cultured bcl-x-deficient and wildtype telencephalic cells can be prevented by fetal calf serum or chemically-defined medium (ITS), suggesting trophic factors in these media potentiate survival through a pathway independent of Bcl-x L. Addition of trophic factors to basal medium revealed that insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), but not other trophic factors, reduced apoptosis of wild-type and bcl-x-deficient telencephalic cells. Antibodies raised against IGF-I receptors and wortmannin both attenuated the effects of IGF-I, indicating survival was mediated by IGF-I receptors and phosphatidylinositol 3’kinase signaling, whereas effects of ITS were only partially reduced by these agents. The survival promoting effects of ITS were reduced in cells lacking both bcl-x and bcl-2, indicating Bcl-2 plays a supportive role to Bcl-x L in maintaining telencephalic cell survival. Furthermore, the ratio of expression of the pro-apoptotic bax gene to the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene was reduced in bcl-x-deficient cultures grown in ITS, suggesting that the interaction between these bcl-2 family members may, in part, regulate a Bcl-x L independent survival pathway. Finally, the pro-apoptotic bad gene does not appear to play a role in these interactions as targeted disruption of bad did not alter apoptosis in telencephalic cultures.
Spastic Diplegic and Tetraplegic Cerebral Palsy Compared

Risk factors of cerebral palsy (CP), seizures, CP severity, EEG, and MRI findings were compared in 38 children with spastic diplegic (DCP) and 48 with spastic tetraplegic (TCP), in a report from Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
MOSFET's in the 0°K approximation: Static characteristics of MOSFET's in the 0°K approximation☆

Abstract The static electrical characteristics below current saturation of MOSFET's with degenerate source and drain regions are calculated for operation at 0°K. The expression for current takes the same form as at room temperature although the flat-band voltage and the voltage across the depletion region at threshold are altered slightly. Potential hills occur in the channel if the gate does not overlap source and drain or if the oxide thickness is increased in the overlap regions. Although these barriers do not affect operation appreciably at room temperature, at 0°K a finite drain voltage (source-drain threshold voltage) is required to initiate conduction. This threshold voltage is included in the theory and the theory is compared with experimental results on p -channel enhancement mode MOSFET's at 4·2°K using hole mobility in the channel as a matching parameter. The channel hole mobility (assumed constant along the channel) is found to be relatively independent of gate voltage but to increase with increasing (negative) drain voltage. Values ranging between 500 and 1000 cm 2 /V-sec are deduced for drain voltages ranging from −1·2 V to −7 V. This compares to channel hole mobility values of 200–300 cm 2 /V-sec at room temperature. It is found that the channel width is on the order of 30–50 A—appreciably less than that at room temperature.
APPLICATION OF DS18B20 IN OIL OR GAS WELL TEMPERATURE MONITORING SYSTEM

Oil or gas well temperature monitoring system is the important safety equipment in oil field. Serial chips are used broadly in this system, the single chip and serial aptitude sensor to compose this system was used. The system hardware flow chat and temperature sensor chip DS18B20 task flow were introduced, particularly narrate memorizer operate order and Rom operate order which getting the serial number of the temperature sensor.
Epsilon-transformation: exploiting phase transitions to solve combinatorial optimization problems—initial results

It has been shown that there exists a transition in the average-case complexity of searching a random tree, from exponential to polynomial in the search depth. We develop a state-space transformation method, called e-transformation, that makes use of this complexity transition to find a suboptimal solution. The expected number of random tree nodes expanded by branch-and-bound (BnB) using e-transformation is cubic in the search depth, and the relative error of the solution cost compared to the optimal solution cost is bounded by a small constant. We also present an iterative version of e-transformation that can be used to find both optimal and suboptimal solutions. Depth-first BnB (DFBnB) using iterative e-transformation significantly improves upon truncated DFBnB on random trees with large branching factors and deep goal nodes, finding better solutions sooner on average. On the asymmetric traveling salesman problem, DFBnB using e-transformation outperforms a well-known local search method, and DFBnB using iterative e-transformation is superior to truncated DFBnB.
Somatic procedures for the relief of anxiety; a review.

1. There is a unanimity of opinion that psychotherapy is the treatment of first choice for anxiety associated with the psychoneuroses. It is only when this approach has failed or cannot be utilized that any of the somatic procedures may be indicated. 2. Insulin subshock therapy would seem to be definitely of benefit in allaying anxiety both in the neuroses and the psychoses. 3. The work of D. E. Cameron on autonomous anxiety and its treatment by adrenalin-desensitization is valuable from a theoretical aspect and promising from the therapeutic angle. 4. The use of the barbiturates to lessen tension and diminish anxiety has been amply reviewed and confirmed by many observers. 5. In contradistinction: Electric shock therapy seems to have limited value in anxiety states, and, indeed, in some cases it is claimed that anxiety has been enhanced because of a residual fear of treatment. 6. The now classical procedure of prefrontal lobotomy has unquestioned value in relieving anxiety-tension states but produces undesirable by-effects such as convulsions, diminution of intelligence, and “blunting of the personality” characterized by childishness, lack of foresight, impaired judgment and shallowness of feeling. 7. The latest procedure is thalamotomy which is aimed to obtain the beneficial results of lobotomy, i. e, relief of tension and anxiety without the aforementioned undesirable complications.
Regenerative Fuel Cell Systems

Regenerative fuel cell (RFC) systems produce power and electrolytically regenerate their reactants using stacks of electrochemical cells. Energy storage systems with extremely high specific energy (>400 Wh/kg) have been designed that use lightweight pressure vessels to contain the gases generated by reversible (unitized) regenerative fuel cells (URFCs). Progress is reported on the development, integration, and operation of rechargeable energy storage systems with such high specific energy. A primary fuel cell test rig with a single cell (46 cm2 active area) has been modified and operated reversibly as a URFC (for up to 2010 cycles on a single cell). This URFC uses bifunctional electrodes (oxidation and reduction electrodes reverse roles when switching from charge to discharge, as with a rechargeable battery) and cathode feed electrolysis (water is fed from the hydrogen side of the cell). Lightweight pressure vessels with performance factors (burst pressure × internal volume/tank weight) > 50 km (2.0 milli...
RADIOCHEMICAL ASSAY OF ELECTROPHORETICALLY SEPARATED PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES USING LANTHANUM PRECIPITATION

ABSTRACT. The precipitation by lanthanum chloride of products generated by an enzyme reaction from radioactive substrates has been used for the detection and quantitationof adenine phosphoribosyItransferase (APRT), hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT), xanthine oxidase (XO), adenosine kinase (AK), inosine kinase (IK), thymidine kinase (TK), galactokinase (GalK), glycerol kinase (GlyK), hexokinase (HexK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In each case the isozymes have been separated by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. It is clear that this method has considerable generality, particularly for reactions in which a labeled substrate is phosphorylated.
CHEMICALLY INDUCED SOMATIC AND GONADAL MOSAICISM IN DROSOPHILA. I. SEX-LINKED LETHALS

HE sex-linked lethal test provides an objective, quantitative approach to Tmutagenesis in Drosophila. For radiation mutagenesis the analysis is usually limited to a single generation, the F, progeny of irradiated PI males or females. This procedure was established by MULLER (1928), who demonstrated that the bulk of induced mutations were present in these F, cultures. The sampling of single females from each F, culture revealed no important “sorting out” of altered components of the originally treated paternal X chromosomes in the F, generation. Similarly, the frequency of sex-linked lethals in the F, generation was shown to be insignificant in comparison with that obtained in the F, generation. In MULLER’S experiments the sampling of one female from each culture for each generation enabled him to calculate the total mutation frequency with maximum accuracy. This method of sampling, however, does not provide a measure of the distribution of mutant and nonmutant tissue in the gonads of each generation tested. For chemical mutagenesis, furthermore, the distribution of sex-linked lethal mutations to the gonads is probably different from that found for radiation studies, where the mechanism of mutagenesis produces chiefly complete mutations. AUERBACH ( 1945) demonstrated a high degree of mosaicism for visible mutations with chemical mutagens. Following this, investigations comparing the ratio of lethal to visible mutations revealed a striking difference for various chemical mutagens suggesting a differential mutagenic effect on the classes of mutations themselves (FAHMY and FAHMY 1955). This was reinterpreted by CARLSON and OSTER (1961) on the basis of their studies with the monofunctional alkylating agent, ICR-100 (the compound is identified by the institutional numbering system of H. J. CREECH at the Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). CARLSON and OSTER predicted that the same mechanism of mosaicism found by AUERBACH would lead to an under-estimation of F, lethals (where the absence of the treated paternal X chromosome is the basis of the lethal classification). Since mosaic sex-linked lethals would be represented by F, female gonads containing both mutant and nonmutant paternal X chromosomes, these would be misclassified as nonlethals or semilethals in the F, generation. This was directly demonstrated by CARLSON and OSTER (1962) using ICR-100. Also, BROWNING and ALTENBURG (1961), using several chemical mutagens, demonstrated that the ratio of sex-linked lethal mutations to specific visible mutations was dependent on their capacity for inducing mosaicism. It is the purpose of this paper
The biology of the ABCA3 lipid transporter in lung health and disease

The lipid transporter, ATP-binding cassette class A3 (ABCA3), is a highly conserved multi-membrane-spanning protein that plays a critical role in the regulation of pulmonary surfactant homeostasis. Mutations in ABCA3 have been increasingly recognized as one of the causes of inherited pulmonary diseases. These monogenic disorders produce familial lung abnormalities with pathological presentations ranging from neonatal surfactant-deficiency-induced respiratory failure to childhood or adult diffuse parenchymal lung diseases for which specific treatment modalities remain limited. More than 200 ABCA3 mutations have been reported to date with approximately three quarters of patients presenting as compound heterozygotes. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis underlying normal ABCA3 biosynthesis and processing and of the mechanisms of alveolar epithelial cell dysregulation caused by the expression of its mutant forms are beginning to emerge. These insights and the role of environmental factors and modifier genes are discussed in the context of the considerable variability in disease presentation observed in patients with identical ABCA3 gene mutations. Moreover, the opportunities afforded by an enhanced understanding of ABCA3 biology for targeted therapeutic strategies are addressed.
Enhanced store-operated Ca2+ influx and ORAI1 expression in ventricular fibroblasts from human failing heart.

ABSTRACT Excessive cardiac fibrosis, characterized by increased collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, is a major predisposing factor for mechanical and electrical dysfunction in heart failure (HF). The human ventricular fibroblast (hVF) remodeling mechanisms that cause excessive collagen deposition in HF are unclear, although reports suggest a role for intracellular free Ca 2+ in fibrosis. Therefore, we determined the association of differences in cellular Ca 2+ dynamics and collagen secretion/deposition between hVFs from failing and normal (control) hearts. Histology of left ventricle sections (Masson trichrome) confirmed excessive fibrosis in HF versus normal. In vitro , hVFs from HF showed increased secretion/deposition of soluble collagen in 48 h of culture compared with control [85.9±7.4 µg/10 6 cells vs 58.5±8.8 µg/10 6 cells, P COL1A1 and COL1A2 ; RT-PCR) were not different. Ca 2+ imaging (fluo-3) of isolated hVFs showed no difference in the thapsigargin-induced intracellular Ca 2+ release capacity (control 16±1.4% vs HF 17±1.1%); however, Ca 2+ influx via store-operated Ca 2+ entry/Ca 2+ release-activated channels (SOCE/CRAC) was significantly ( P ≤0.05) greater in HF-hVFs (47±3%) compared with non-failing (35±5%). Immunoblotting for I CRAC channel components showed increased ORAI1 expression in HF-hVFs compared with normal without any difference in STIM1 expression. The Pearson9s correlation coefficient for co-localization of STIM1/ORAI1 was significantly ( P CRAC inhibitor, for 48 h (66.78±5.87 µg/10 6 cells vs 55.81±7.09 µg/10 6 cells, P =0.27). In conclusion, hVFs from HF have increased collagen secretion capacity versus non-failing hearts and this is related to increase in Ca 2+ entry via SOCE and enhanced expression of ORAI, the pore-forming subunit. Therapeutic inhibition of SOCE may reduce the progression of cardiac fibrosis/HF.
BINDING OF SYNTHETIC SULFATED LIGANDS BY HUMAN SPLENIC GALECTIN 1, A BETA-GALACTOSIDE-BINDING LECTIN

The carbohydrate-binding site of galectin 1, a vertebrate β-galactoside-binding lectin, has a pronounced specificity for the βGal(1→3)- and βGal(1→4)GlcNAc sequences. The binding inhibition study reported herein was carried out to determine whether sulfation of saccharides would influence their binding by galectin 1. The presence of 6′-OSO3- on LacNAc greatly reduces the inhibitory potency relative to LacNAc. 3′-OSO3-LacNAc, 3′-OSO3-Galβ(1→3)GlcNAcβ1-OBzl and 3-OSO3-Galβ1-OMe are more potent inhibitors than the non-sulfated parent compounds. Surprisingly, 2′-OSO3-LacNAc showed over 40 fold less inhibitory potency relative to LacNAc. Ovarian carcinoma A121 cells were shown to synthesize sulfated macromolecules that bind to galectin 1. Modulation in vivo of saccharide sulfation may lead to modulation of galectin 1 interaction with glycoconjugates; hence, sulfation could play a role in modulating lectin functions.
A mouse model of paralytic myelitis caused by enterovirus D68.

In 2014, the United States experienced an epidemic of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) cases in children coincident with a nationwide outbreak of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) respiratory disease. Up to half of the 2014 AFM patients had EV-D68 RNA detected by RT-PCR in their respiratory secretions, although EV-D68 was only detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from one 2014 AFM patient. Given previously described molecular and epidemiologic associations between EV-D68 and AFM, we sought to develop an animal model by screening seven EV-D68 strains for the ability to induce neurological disease in neonatal mice. We found that four EV-D68 strains from the 2014 outbreak (out of five tested) produced a paralytic disease in mice resembling human AFM. The remaining 2014 strain, as well as 1962 prototype EV-D68 strains Fermon and Rhyne, did not produce, or rarely produced, paralysis in mice. In-depth examination of the paralysis caused by a representative 2014 strain, MO/14-18947, revealed infectious virus, virion particles, and viral genome in the spinal cords of paralyzed mice. Paralysis was elicited in mice following intramuscular, intracerebral, intraperitoneal, and intranasal infection, in descending frequency, and was associated with infection and loss of motor neurons in the anterior horns of spinal cord segments corresponding to paralyzed limbs. Virus isolated from spinal cords of infected mice transmitted disease when injected into naive mice, fulfilling Koch's postulates in this model. Finally, we found that EV-D68 immune sera, but not normal mouse sera, protected mice from development of paralysis and death when administered prior to viral challenge. These studies establish an experimental model to study EV-D68-induced myelitis and to better understand disease pathogenesis and develop potential therapies.
Learning to program in LISP

We have gathered protocols of subjects in their first 30 hours of learning LISP. The processes by which subjects write LISP functions to meet problem specifications has been modeled in a simulation program called GRAPES (Goal Restricted Production System). The GRAPES system embodies the goal-restricted architecture for production systems as specified in the ACT* theory ( Anderson, 1983a , Anderson, 1983b, August ). We compare our simulation to human protocols on a number of problems. GRAPES simulates the top-down, depth-first flow of control exhibited by subjects and produces code very similar to subject code. Special attention is given to modeling student solutions by analogy, how students learn from doing, and how failures of working memory affect the course of problem-solving. Of major concern is the process by which GRAPES compiles operators in solving one problem to facilitate the solution of later problems.
Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors Attenuate Compulsive-like Methamphetamine Self-Administration in Rats

Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive drug, but no pharmacological treatment is yet available for METH use disorders. Similar to METH, the wake-promoting drug (R)-modafinil (R-MOD) binds to the dopamine transporter (DAT). Unlike METH, R-MOD is not a substrate for transport by DAT and has low abuse potential. We tested the hypothesis that the atypical DAT inhibitor R-MOD and compounds that are derived from modafinil would decrease METH intake by reducing the actions of METH at the DAT. We tested the effects of systemic injections of R-MOD and four novel modafinil-derived ligands with increased DAT affinity (JJC8-016, JJC8-088, JJC8-089, and JJC8-091) on intravenous (i.v.) METH self-administration in rats that were allowed short access (ShA; 1 h) or long access (LgA; 6 h) to the drug. ShA rats exhibited stable METH intake over sessions, whereas LgA rats exhibited an escalation of drug intake. R-MOD decreased METH self-administration in ShA and LgA rats (in the 1st hour only). JJC8-091 and JJC8-016 decreased METH self-administration in both ShA and LgA rats. JJC8-089 decreased METH self-administration in LgA rats only, whereas JJC8-088 had no effect on METH self-administration in either ShA or LgA rats. These findings support the potential of atypical DAT inhibitors for the treatment of METH use disorders and suggest several novel compounds as candidate drugs.
The Blind Men and the Elephant — Aligning Efforts in Global Health

Aligning Efforts in Global Health Should we pursue global health initiatives to ensure health security, promote development, or achieve health equity as a human right? Perhaps we can delineate actionable issues incorporating key priorities from each perspective and integrate diverse activities.
Staring into Ice

I was tired on the day that I met Gary. I had been working hard at two jobs and I was irritable, if not downright angry, when he was interviewed. He was tall, and he entered the room with a faintly coy amble. His piercing eyes never seemed to waver. These eyes immediately caught my attention, because they told a different story than his apparent sense of ease. On closer examination, there were more signs that he was tense and angry. His jaw was clenched, and his face never smiled or frowned. Each movement was made with taut muscular action, as if even walking were an aggressive act. The cocky, casual air that he superimposed on this tension was a thin and frail layer indeed. Even a seemingly casual conversation was met with his silent, searching hostility. His eyes told more than his muscular tension or curt, exasperated sighs when a question was asked that he didn’t like. The cold anger became steel. I repeatedly raised my head above my notes and caught those stern eyes that fluidly tracked my every motion and, it would seem, intention.
Wavelet-bounded empirical mode decomposition for vibro-impact analysis

We consider the response of a single-degree-of-freedom, linear oscillator (LO) coupled to a vibro-impact (VI) nonlinear energy sink (NES), and subject to an impulsive load. A previous study of this system used the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique to decompose the LO’s and NES’s responses into smooth components (the first harmonic) and nonsmooth components (all other harmonics). The smooth components were used to demonstrate the existence of a 1:1 transient resonance capture (TRC) between the first harmonics of the LO and the NES. When faced with the possibility of a 3:1 TRC between the first and third harmonic, previous studies were unable to extract the third harmonic from the nonsmooth component and, thus, did not provide an analysis of its nonlinear interaction with the first harmonic. Consequently, it was conjectured that the higher-order TRCs that appeared in the response were nonphysical and the result of numerical artifacts produced by the VIs. In this work, we argue that this conjecture is incorrect, in the sense that higher-order TRCs do populate the dynamics and, moreover, that the higher harmonics and higher-order TRCs contribute significantly to the VI response. To show this, we employ a new and more powerful version of EMD, namely the recently developed wavelet-bounded EMD method, to decompose the responses into multiple smooth components, each physically representative of a single harmonic contained in the original response. The components reveal the relative contributions of each harmonic and are used to demonstrate the existence of higher-order TRCs, including the 3:1 TRC between the first and third harmonics. Hence, the present work highlights the efficacy of wavelet-bounded EMD to extract the nonlinear interactions from VI responses, a result which, to the authors’ knowledge, appears for the first time in the literature.