cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Through the Looking-Glass: From Performance Observation to Dynamic Adaptation

Since the beginning of ``high-performance'' parallel computing, observing and analyzing performance for purposes of finding bottlenecks and identifying opportunities for improvement has been at the heart of delivering the performance potential of next-generation scalable systems. Interestingly, it is the ever-changing parallel computing landscape that is the main driver of requirements for parallel performance technology and the improvements necessary beyond the current state-of-the-art. Indeed, the development and application of our TAU Performance System over many years largely follows an evolutionary path of addressing measurement and analysis problems in new parallel machines and programming environments. However, the outlook to future parallel systems with high degrees of concurrency, heterogeneous components, dynamic runtime environments, asynchronous execution, and power constraints suggests a new perspective will be needed on the role of performance observation and analysis in respect to tool technology integration and performance optimization methods. The reliance on post-mortem analysis of application-level ("1st person") performance measurements is prohibitive for exascale-class machines because of the performance data volume, the primitive basis for performance data attribution, and the fundamental problem of performance variation that will exist. Instead, it will be important to provide introspection support across the exascale software stack to understand how system ("3rd person") resources are used during execution. Furthermore, the opportunity to couple a global performance introspection capability (a "performance backplane") with online performance decision analytics inspires the concept of an autonomic performance system that can feed back policy-based decisions to guide the computation to better states of execution. The talk will explore these issues by giving a brief retrospective on performance tool evolution, setting the stage for current research projects where a new performance perspective is being pursued. It will also speculate on what might be included in next-generation parallel systems hardware, specifically to make the exascale machines more performance-aware and dynamically-adaptive.
Total mesenteric excision in the surgical treatment of rectal cancer: a prospective study.

Background Total mesorectal excision has been advocated in conjunction with low anterior or abdominoperineal resection as the optimal surgical treatment for rectal cancer. It involves removal of the entire rectal mesentery as an intact unit and maximizes the likelihood of obtaining a negative circumferential margin. Objectives To prospectively validate the efficacy of total mesorectal excision in obtaining locoregional control, to identify the perioperative factors influencing the selection of either a sphincter sparing or a sphincter ablating procedure, and to identify independent factors that may influence long-term prognosis in rectal cancers. Settings Tertiary referral center. Patients Seventy-three consecutive patients with rectal cancer located within 10 cm of the anal verge were treated from 1984 to 1997 by the senior author (F.M.). Sixty-five patients form the basis of our analysis after the exclusion of 7 patients who had their cancer removed transanally and 1 patient who had a permanent diverting stoma as the only procedure. Results Twenty-six patients underwent a sphincter ablating procedure; 39 underwent a sphincter sparing procedure. Operative mortality was 1.5%. Follow-up was complete in 64 patients (39±30 months; range, 3-126 months). Five-year actuarial survival rates were 88% for the 34 patients with stage I and II adenocarcinoma and 65% for the 22 patients with stage III adenocarcinoma. The local recurrence rate was 6.2% overall, but only 3.1% in the potentially curable group (stages I-III). When only patients who did not receive adjuvant chemoradiation therapy were considered (n=23), local recurrence rate was 8.3% overall and 0% in the potentially curable group. Tumor stage ( P =.04) and vascular and/or lymphatic invasion ( P =.002) were statistically significant in their association with survival. Circumferential lesions ( P P P =.01) were statistically significant in their association with the choice of a sphincter ablating procedure. Conclusions This study confirms the efficacy of total mesorectal excision in minimizing locoregional recurrence rates and confirms the well-established prognostic value of stage and microinvasion. Moreover, it indicates that circumferential lesions, distance from anal verge, and gross invasion of contiguous organs are significant perioperative factors in the selection of the type of surgical procedure.
The Life Satisfaction Chart: Perceptions of the Course of Subjective Experience:

The Life Satisfaction Chart is presented as a method for studying perceptions of the course and determinants of life satisfaction. Analyses of reports from forty-five men and forty-six women in the Oakland Growth Study indicated the following: (1) Early-maturing boys, particularly in the working class, recollected their early adolescence as more satisfying than did the late-maturing boys, while early-maturing girls remembered early adolescence as less satisfying. (2) Upward social mobility was associated with an increase in reported life satisfaction for both sexes, but at a statistically significant level for men only. Unexpectedly, both men and women who were upwardly mobile recollected their childhoods as less satisfying than did the downwardly mobile. (3) Women rated above the mean in physical attractiveness during high school did not recall their teen-age years as more satisfying than those below the mean. The top quartile, however, did recollect these years as more satisfying than the bottom quartile. (4) Both men and women rated high on use of the defense mechanism of denial reported higher levels of retrospective life satisfaction.
From Alternative School to Incarceration

These collective stories are about a group of African American boys who have been mandated to an alternative school for students unwilling or unable to conform to the norms of traditional public school. The author begins the story with his experience as an alternative school teacher; it evolves into a dialogue with students that draws upon vernacular, folk, and popular cultural forms used by these boys. The text speaks to and represents the needs of this group of boys specifically; however, it also speaks to a larger community of students placed in this kind of alternative school environment. This representation of text resists traditional epistemologies and discourses that claim to be the only legitimate way to view the world. The stories chronicle the injustices these boys have faced and their struggle to find places of dignity and respect and illuminate epiphanal moments both in the lives of the boys and the author.
The Political Power of Words: The Birth of Pro‐democratic Discourse in the Nineteenth Century in the United States and France

Comparing France and the United States, I propose a general model for assessing the birth of pro-democratic discourse. I first explain why founders of the modern ‘democracies' were openly and vehemently anti-democratic. Next, I focus on two types of situation where the word ‘democracy’ is used on the political stage – when political actors want to distinguish themselves from their opponents and when political actors want to sanctify the political regime. The first case covers three specific modes of the use of the term ‘democracy’: (i) distinguishing oneself negatively by discrediting the opponent (the term ‘democracy’ is pejorative and associated with the ‘enemy’); (ii) distinguishing oneself positively by asserting one's worthiness (the term ‘democracy’ is positive and associated with ‘us’); (iii) fighting for an exclusive claim to the term in order to set oneself apart (several camps proclaim themselves ‘democrat’ and mutually accuse each other of usurping or even ‘stealing’ the title). I conclude that...
The Cost of Data: Semi-structured data is the result of economics.

In the past few years people have convinced themselves that they have discovered an overlooked form of data. This new form of data is semi-structured. Bosh! There is no new form of data. What folks have discovered is really the effect of economics on data typing—but if you characterize the problem as one of economics, it isn’t nearly as exciting. It is, however, much more accurate and valuable. Seeing the reality of semi-structured data clearly can actually lead to improving data processing. As long as we look at this through the fogged vision of a “new type of data,” however, we will continue to misunderstand the problem and develop misguided solutions to address it. It’s time to change this.
Symmetric and asymmetric manual materials handling, Part 2: Biomechanics.

Earlier studies of the biomechanics of handle placement and angles on boxes in Manual Materials Handling have been limited to sagittally symmetric tasks. This study extends the results to a palletization/depalletization task with considerable asymmetric movement. Part 2 shows how body posture, hand/handle interface, and disc compressive force change in this asymmetric task. The results were not too different from the earlier studies of symmetric tasks, except that a ‘traditional’ handle position in the upper part of each lateral face (the 2/2 position) proved more effective than had been anticipated.
The Communication of Friendship: Gasparo Contarini's Letters to Hermits at Camaldoli

The modern idea that to converse means to talk, to exchange ideas with another person, emerged between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries. Before that time, and throughout the Middle Ages, conversatio was a state of being or a way of life. To converse was to commune with God or other people, particularly in the context of religious communities. John Bossy says that this definitional shift from conduct to dialogue is one indication of how Christianity changed from a medieval system that promoted communal solidarity into a modern religion that emphasized morality and civility. John O'Malley similarly underscores the importance of the new meaning of conversation by pointing out that one of the Jesuit innovations was to make conversation a “ministry of the word” practiced in and through confession and spiritual exercises. But how did contemporaries experience the transformation of conversation from “togetherness” to “dialogue”? Apart from the Jesuit practices, do we have any way of discerning whether sixteenth-century Christians experienced conversation as a religious praxis?
The potential of multi-enzyme pathways to create novel anodes for enzymatic biofuel cells

In nature we find many examples of evolutionarily refined protein structures that coordinate complex, multistep reaction cascades. For example, a six-enzyme structure comes together with accurate p...
Finite element large-amplitude free and forced vibrations of rectangular thin composite plates

A finite element formulation is presented for determining the large-amplitude free and steady-state forced vibration response of arbitrarily laminated anisotropic composite rectangular thin plates. The nonlinear stiffness and harmonic force matrices of an arbitrarily laminated composite rectangular plate element are developed for nonlinear free and forced vibration analyses. The linearized updated-mode method with nonlinear time function approximation is employed for the solution of the system nonlinear eigenvalue equations. The amplitude-frequency relations for convergence with gridwork refinement, different boundary conditions, aspect ratios, lamination angles and number of plies are presented. The finite element results are compared with available approximate continuum solutions.
Postcricoid mucosal advancement flap for posterior glottic stenosis

Surgical management of posterior glottic stenosis is challenging. The posterior glottis can be approached either through an open laryngofissure or endoscopically. The postcricoid mucosal advancement (PCMA) flap), first described by Montgomery (Montgomery, Arch Otolaryngol 98:170-175, 1973), is a reconstructive technique that can be combined with either of these approaches, enabling resection of posterior glottic scar while preserving or improving voice and swallowing function. This article will describe the open technique, its indications, and its potential complications.
Problem Solving in Software Tool Courses: Beyond the Basics

Abstract Software application textbooks are evolving from a tutorial-based activity (in which learning the software is primary) to a problem-based activity (in which solving a business problem with the assistance of a software tool is primary). Teachers must now focus on teaching students how to use software/hardware functions to solve business problems that require high-level thinking skills. Classroom problems should consist of enough background about the business situation to present a fairly realistic representation and enough software information to complete the problem; this approach is more effective than the step-by-step, follow-the-text routine in helping students to develop critical thinking skills.
Effects of substance P on renin release and renal function in anesthetized dogs.

Abstract Substance P (SP), a naturally occuring undecapeptide with hypotensive, vasodilatory and smooth muscle stimulating properties, was infused intravenously or intrarenally into anesthetized dogs. Infusions of SP intravenously suppressed renin secretion rate (RSR) from 204±45 to 52±18 ng/min (p 0.1). Both intravenous and intrarenal administration of the peptide significantly lowered arterial blood pressure at the highest two doses. Intrarenal infusion of SP resulted in a significant dose-related increase in urine volume, sodium and potassium excretion, and renal blood flow. In contrast, intravenous infusions did not alter these parameters. Thus SP suppresses renin release in the presence and in the absence of diuresis, natriuresis, and vasodilation.
Plasma von Willebrand Factor Antigen Concentration and Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Time in Dogs With Experimental Hypothyroidism

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of hypothyroidism on buccal mucosal bleeding time and von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag) concentrations. Hypothyroidism was induced in 8 adult dogs by administration of iodine 131. Four healthy dogs acted as controls. Measurement of plasma vWf:Ag and serum thyroxine and triiodothy-ronine concentrations, and buccal mucosal bleeding time were made before induction of hypothyroidism, for 23 weeks after 131I administration, and during 5 weeks of levothyroxine supplementation. No significant changes in buccal mucosal bleeding times were noted during the study. After an insignificant increase in vWfAg concentration in hypothyroid dogs, levothyroxine treatment was associated with a significant decrease in vWf:Ag concentration in hypothyroid dogs when compared with controls. Results of this study suggest that hypothyroidism does not induce acquired von Willebrand's disease or significant defects in primary hemo-stasis. J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:60–64. Copyright © 1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Monitoring corrosion in multiphase pipelines

The corrosion and inhibition of carbon steel in multiphase flow were examined by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Electrochemical Noise (ECN) methods. It is found that the corrosion in slug flow is higher than that in full pipe flow. For the inhibitor tests, the experimental results show that the corrosion inhibitor has a better performance at longer exposure time and higher inhibitor concentration. Comparison with full pipe flow, slug flow degrades the inhibitor performance and increases the corrosion rate. The results from this work show that both EIS and ECN are the practical techniques in monitoring of corrosion and inhibition for pipeline steel in multiphase flow. Korrosionsuberwachung in Rohrleitungen mit Mehrphasenstromung Korrosion und Inhibition von C-Stahl in Mehrphasenstromungen wurden mit EIS- und ECN-Methodiken untersucht. Es zeigt sich, das die Korrosionrate unter den Bedingungen der Propfenstromung hoher ist als bei der Einphasen-Rohrstromung. Beim Inhibitoreinsatz zeigen die Ergebnisse, das der Korrosionsinhibitor bei langerer Expositionszeit und hoherer Inhibitorkonzentration eine bessere Wirksamkeit besitzt. Im Vergleich zur Einphasen-Rohrstromung setzt die Pfropfenstromung die Inhibitorwirksamkeit herab und erhoht die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studien zeigen, das sowohl EIS als auch ECN effektive Techniken fur das Monitoring von Korrosion und Inhibition von Pipelinestahl sind.
Neuroscience in the post-genome era: an overview.

Abstract Although sequencing of the human genome has been taking place in rapidly accelerating fashion for years, the presentation of the entire sequence (to a first approximation, anyway) has now permitted a global view of its structure. The completion of the sequence has therefore invited all manner of aesthetic, philosophical, societal – as well as biological – discussions of its implications. This global view of the genome will undoubtedly forever change the face of biology. But how? Here are a few perspectives from the point of view of neuroscience.
Evidence-Based Imaging of Pancreatic Malignancies

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cancer-related cause of death in the United States. Complete surgical resection is the only curative therapy for pancreatic cancer, yet only 20% of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer undergo attempted curative surgical resection. 1 Pancreatic malignancies often present with subtle, nonspecific symptoms and have a tendency to invade and metastasize early. Thus, most patients are found to have advanced disease based on imaging criteria at the time of diagnosis. It is essential for the surgeon to have a thorough understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the various imaging modalities of the pancreas to make well-informed management decisions. Overstaging a tumor based on inaccuracy or misinterpretation of imaging findings may preclude the possibility of a curative resection, whereas understaging will lead to unnecessary exploratory surgery. Computed tomography (CT) is the primary method for diagnosing and staging pancreatic malignancy. CT of the pancreas is well complemented by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), which is more sensitive for detecting early lesions, allows for relatively easy access to the pancreas for tissue diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration (FNA), and provides further important information for tumor staging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning can also play a role under special circumstances when CT and EUS leave questions remaining. This article reviews the literature supporting the use of various imaging modalities to evaluate pancreatic malignancies. The strengths and weaknesses of each modality for assessing pancreatic neoplasms are discussed, and suggestions as to the best use of each test are made. A final section discussing imaging characteristics that are unique to various cystic neoplasms is included.
Wind Retrieval From Shipborne Nautical X-Band Radar Data

In this paper, we study the retrieval of wind information from nautical X-band radar data. In contrast to previous studies, where data from stationary research platforms were used, this study focuses on data from a moving platform, encountering a larger variety of conditions than a platform at a fixed location. Compared to traditional in situ sensors, wind data derived from nautical radar images are much less susceptible to air flow distortion by the platform, since the images cover a large area around the ship. Images collected with a standard nautical HH-polarized X-band radar operating at grazing incidence exhibit a single intensity peak in upwind direction. The wind retrieval method developed here uses a harmonic function that is least-squares fitted to the radar backscatter intensity as a function of antenna look direction. The upwind direction is given by the direction that corresponds to the peak of the fitted function. An empirical model function is derived to retrieve the wind speed from the average radar backscatter intensity. Contrary to wind retrieval methods that have been proposed before, this approach is well suited for data acquired from a moving platform, as it functions well even if the radar field of view is partially shadowed and does not require ship motion correction. Here, we focus on data that were collected during two storms, using the first storm to derive and the second to test the empirical model functions. The method is validated using measurements from two ship-based anemometers.
DNA, RNA and protein content of tissue during growth and embryogenesis in wild-carrot suspension cultures.

A highly selected population of cells (clumps from 63 to 125 μm in diameter), obtained by screening 14-day-old stock suspension cultures of wild carrot (Daucus carota L.), was used to initiate cultures in this study. Time-course changes in DNA, RNA and protein were followed when these cultures were grown in the presence or absence of 2.25 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The data show that growth of these cultures, particularly in the early part of the growth curve, is different from that in most other studies reported on suspension cultures initiated without screening. The gross compositional analysis shows that this difference stems from the very high RNA:DNA and protein:DNA ratios of the cellular material used as the inoculum in this study. The presence of 2,4-D in the medium promoted total RNA and protein levels. Correlations were sought between the appearance of embryos in the absence of exogenous 2,4-D and gross compositional differences developing in cultures grown in the presence and absence of 2,4-D. The handling of cultures during inoculation appeared to have led to a substantial loss of DNA. This had, however, little effect on dry weight or protein content of the tissue.
Protein kinase C family functions in B-cell activation

Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family play important but distinct roles in B-cell activation, as demonstrated by emerging genetic and biochemical studies. PKCbeta is indispensable for B-cell antigen receptor (BCR)-induced NF-kappaB activation and B-cell survival. Recent evidence indicates that PKCbeta might regulate inhibitor of kappaB kinase (IKK) and NF-kappaB activation through interaction with the CARMA1/Bcl10/MALT signaling complex in BCR microdomains. By contrast, the novel PKC isoform PKCdelta is specifically required to maintain the tolerance of self-reactive B cells.
The Politics of Skin Color in Brazil

Race in Brazil was constructed differently than race in the United States. This article traces the historical making of race in Brazil. I also examine recent notions of race and color that acknowledge that blacks and browns are distinctly different than whites when considering social and economic inequalities between the two. Current racial discourse in Brazil includes addressing illnesses such as anemia and diabetes as illnesses that disproportionately affect Afro–Brazilians. Such discourse was unimaginable 30 years ago. A similar racial discourse is present in American society, despite that the two have distinct racial histories. Such a discourse is potentially harmful as social meanings of race are applied to the medical field. By tracing Brazil’s history of race, this article sheds light on how race is made in a non north-American context as well as show how such constructions are dangerous at times and useful and pragmatic in other cases.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHYTOMELANIN LAYER IN FRUITS OF AGERATUM CONYZOIDES (COMPOSITAE)

The development of the phytomelanin layer in the achenes of Ageratum conyzoides (Compositae, Eupatorieae) was studied using light and electron microscopy. At the level of the embryo sac, the young ovary wall contains an outer zone, consisting of an epidermis and two hypodermal layers, and an inner zone, consisting of developing fiber cells and 3-5 layers of parenchyma. A schizogenous space forms between the developing fibers and the inner hypodermis at about the time that the embryo sac is fully organized. At this stage, the developing fibers contain papilla which are outgrowths that connect the fibers to the inner hypodermal cells. After fertilization, phytomelanin accumulates on the cell walls lining this space. Subsequently, by the time the fruit matures, the phytomelanin fills the space completely and forms a solid, black layer. The surface of the inner hypodermis that faces the space forms a mold; the characteristic peglike projections of the mature phytomelanin layer develop by filling the invaginations between the hypodermal cells. During phytomelanin accumulation, abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum is present in the hypodermis, especially in the outer layer. It is hypothesized that the precursors of the phytomelanin are synthesized in this endoplasmic reticulum and that these precursors migrate into the space where the phytomelanin is polymerized.
Vision: The retina's fancy tricks

The vertebrate eye is far more than a passive receptor for visual information. The microcircuitry in the retina can, for instance, carry out the job of distinguishing object motion from background motion.
Interaction between cisplatin and mesna in mice.

The uroprotectant thiol mesna was found to protect adult CD-1 mice from high-dose cisplatin lethality. Mesna doses of 50 mg/kg were given with cisplatin, or 5 min after cisplatin (25 or 30 mg/kg) and acute survival was increased in non-tumor-bearing mice. In contrast, mesna mixed directly with cisplatin significantly reduced cisplatin antitumor effects in DBA/2J mice given 106 P-388 leukemia i.p. Mesna administered i.p. 5 min after cisplatin (6,8 or 10 mg/kg) did not reduce cisplatins' antitumor efficacy in this same tumor model. Mesna appears to inactivate cisplatin directly in vitro but possibly not in vivo if separate injections are used.
Bolstering components for maximizing system lifetime

This article considers the problem of which component should be “bolstered” or “improved” in order to stochastically maximize the lifetime of a parallel system, series system, or in general, k-out-of-n system. Various ways of bolstering including active redundance, standby redundancy, and burn-in are studied. Also the method of reducing working temperature or stress level according to Arrhenius models is investigated. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 45: 497–509, 1998
Knudsen Cell Studies of the Vaporization of Gadolinium and Gadolinium Dicarbide

Vapor pressure of gadolinium metal and carbon-rich gadolinium dicarbide was measured by the Knudsen effusion technique using an automatic recording balance. Knudsen pressures calculated on the basis that Gd(g) is the major gaseous species did not vary significantly as a function of orifice diameter or sample surface area. Corrections were made for a minor gaseous species, GdC2(g). The entropy and heat content of GdC2 were estimated. For the reaction Gd(l) = Gd(g) the third-law ΔH°298 of 95.2 ± 0.3 kcal/g-atom was in agreement with the second-law value of 97.3 ± 0.8 kcal/g-atom. Third- and second-law ΔH°298 were combined to give a value of 125 ± 9 kcal/mole for the reaction GdC2(s) = Gd(g) + 2C(s). From these values the enthalpy of formation of carbon-rich GdC2 was calculated to be — 30 ± 9 kcal/mole. Studies of rare earth dicarbide vaporization behavior are briefly reviewed and discussed, and their possible application to a self-purifying, high-temperature nuclear reactor is considered.
New Test of T Invariance in p − p Scattering

A test of $T$ invariance in $p\ensuremath{-}p$ triple scattering has been performed at 430 MeV. The difference in two polarizations which are identical if $T$ is valid was found to be 0.0006 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.0028. The $T$-nonconserving amplitude was found to be less than \textonehalf{}% of the $T$-conserving amplitude. The $T$-nonconserving phase was found to be less than 0.06 of its maximum value.
Pore Width-Sensitive Filling Mechanism for CCl4 in a Graphitic Micropore by Computer Simulation

The effect of the pore width on the adsorption isotherm and radial distribution of CCl4 in a graphitic slit micropore was examined by Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulation over the pore width rang...
Quantification of protein phosphorylation by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The identification and quantification of specific phosphorylation sites within a protein by mass spectrometry has proved challenging when measured from peptides after protein digestion because each peptide has a unique ionization efficiency that alters with modification, such as phosphorylation, and because phosphorylation can alter cleavage by trypsin, shifting peptide distribution. In addition, some phosphorylated peptides generated by tryptic digest are small and hydrophilic and, thus, are not retained well on commonly used C18 columns. We have developed a novel C-terminal peptide 2H-labeling derivatization strategy and a mass balance approach to quantify phosphorylation. We illustrate the application of our method using electrospray ionization liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry by quantifying phosphorylation of troponin I with protein kinase A and protein kinase C. The method also improves the retention and elution of hydrophilic peptides. The method defines phosphorylation without having to meas...
The cost of job loss and the great recession

This paper analyzes four measures of the cost of job loss for 2001:1-2009:4. All measures reached a record or near-record high in 2009, with the rise being driven by record high unemployment duration and record low reemployment duration. In 2009:4, the real weekly cost of job loss was $352.57, or 41.74 percent of predisplacement earnings. Expected costs of job loss have nearly doubled since the beginning of the Great Recession. Evidence suggests that these costs do not peak until two to three years after the end of a recession. Macroeconomic implications are explored and policy recommendations are offered.
Language Remediation in Great Britain and the USA—A Partial View

This paper discusses some aspects of the management of language-handicapped children in the United States, and offers some comparisons with procedures and practice in Great Britain.
Ab initio calculations of the energetics of the neutral Si vacancy defect

Ab initio plane-wave pseudopotential calculations for the neutral silicon vacancy indicate a formation energy of 3.6 eV, with the surrounding lattice undergoing a tetragonal distortion with the nearby atoms forming two dimers having bond lengths 2.91 A. Close in energy is a tetrahedrally distorted structure in which the nearby atoms relax towards the vacancy by 12.6% of the bulk bond length. Additional distortions with trigonal symmetry were also investigated, but no stable structures were found. The symmetry, energetics, and geometry are found to be a sensitive function of the computational basis-set and supercell used in the plane-wave calculations.
Selection of Artificial Insemination Sires to Maximize Profits

Abstract A profit-maximizing criterion for sire selection (net present value) was developed to rank artificial insemination sires for individual dairies on alternative selection policies for milk income, type score, conception rate to first service, calving interval, female mortality rate, semen price, and real interest rate. Active Holstein artificial insemination sires from the July 1982 USDA Sire Summary were ranked by net present value of their semen. Most profitable sires were not generally those with maximum transmitting abilities for milk income or type score but were those offering substantial genetic improvement at relatively low semen prices. The 20 most profitable sires under alternative selection policies for milk income and type score can be purchased with smaller semen budgets than bulls of average profitability.
The polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis

The polymerase chain reaction is sensitive and specific in the detection of defined DNA sequences and holds promise for diagnosing the presence of fastidious microorganisms in human infectious diseases. We developed a methodology for nested polymerase chain reaction and hybridization analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid using primers from a genomic Borrelia burgdorferi sequence and applied it to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients suspected of having Lyme neuroborreliosis and other diseases. Polymerase chain reaction and hybridization demonstrated extremely high sensitivity for spirochetal DNA, and was highly specific, with a false-positivity rate of less than 3%. However, the results were negative or indeterminate in 54% of CSF samples from patients with definite or probable disease, indicating an absence, or extremely low level, of spirochetes or spirochetal DNA in a significant percentage of patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis. Polymerase chain reaction and hybridization of the CSF can thus be considered a useful adjunct in diagnosis, but its negativity does not rule out Lyme neuroborreliosis.
Evaluation of integrals by decomposition

Abstract It is shown that in addition to its advantages for nonlinear and/or stochastic differential equations [1,2], the decomposition method may be preferable even for equations, such as linear deterministic ordinary differential equations which are easily solvable by well-known methods in integral form because the evaluations of the integrals is easier. It is also shown that since solutions of differential equations are easily obtained by decomposition, it can be convenient to change a difficult integration problem to an easily solved differential equation and consequently evaluate the integral in an easily computed convergent series.
Radionuclide decay in steady state reservoirs

Abstract The natural decay of a radionuclide during detainment in a reservoir by large scale circulation processes is considered under steady state conditions. It is shown that when the residence time distribution is a step function, a one-parameter model is defined with the least possible effluent radioactivity. A second one-parameter model, yielding significantly greater radioactivity, is defined if the reservoir contents are uniformly mixed. Reservoir models of higher complexity may be constructed by a systematic linking together of the one-parameter models. Effluent radioactivities determined by the only possible two-parameter models are less than or equal to that of the uniformly mixed model. This fact is demonstrated by several specific examples.
A Systems Perspective on Compressed Sensing and its Use in Reconstructing Sparse Networks

Compressed sensing (or compressive sensing), a relatively new area in signal processing, improves the efficiency of algorithms for compression, coding, and recovery of natural signals, including audio, still images, and video. Specifically, compressed sensing is concerned with the recovery of a sparse signal from a small number of projections onto random vectors. This paper discusses how systems thinking contributed to uncovering key concepts of compressed sensing and presents the development of an extension of compressed sensing to the sparse network reconstruction problem. The sparse network reconstruction problem is a reverse engineering problem of interest in a wide variety of fields, ranging from remote sensing to social networks.
Civic Association and Democratic Participation in Central America: A Test of the Putnam Thesis

In an attempt to build on and refine Putnam's thesis that participation in associations produces better democracy, this article seeks to determine two things. First, are his findings replicable in Central America? Second, is participation in all forms of associations equally generative of democracy, as Putnam suggests? In this study, Putnam's thesis is tested with survey samples drawn from all of the six Spanish-speaking countries in Central America. The author finds that although participation in community improvement associations is a consistent predictor of democratic behavior at an individual level, participation in other kinds of associations is not.
Necessary conditions for super minimizers in constrained multiobjective optimization

This paper concerns the study of the so-called super minimizers related to the concept of super efficiency in constrained problems of multiobjective optimization, where cost mappings are generally set-valued. We derive necessary conditions for super minimizers on the base of advanced tools of variational analysis and generalized differentiation that are new in both finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional settings for problems with single-valued and set-valued objectives.
Optimization of Wind Turbine Array Performance in Offshore Wind Farms

An improved program of previous optimization work is put forward for analyzing and optimizing the spatial configurations of wind turbines in offshore wind arrays. It applies Ainslie’s wake model in which the wake profile is dependent on wind speed, turbulence intensities and the turbine’s thrust coefficient. Models of single wakes and multiple wakes are employed. Weibull distributions and turbulence intensities of wind are applied. A real wind turbine power curve is used to estimate power out of the turbines. The annual power output of the wind array for the North Sea’s Horns Rev wind array is evaluated and compared with the optimization results. Disagreement is observed between the simulated results using different angular discretizations of the possible wind directional probabilities. An analysis and possible explanation are discussed.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Beef Retail Cut Composition: 1. Separable Tissue Components☆

Carcasses (n=20) were selected from two commercial packing plants, one in the Texas Panhandle and the other in Nebraska, by trained Texas AM (2) 0.0 cm external fat trim, cooked; (3) 0.3 cm external fat trim, cooked; and (4) 0.6 cm external fat trim, cooked. Retail cuts assigned to the cooked treatment were braised, broiled or roasted. Both the cooked and raw cuts were dissected into separable lean, external fat, seam fat, and waste (heavy connective tissue and bone). USDA quality grade or trim level did not significantly affect the cooking yields of most cuts. Retail cuts that were braised had lower cooking yields than cuts that were roasted or broiled. Dissection data suggested that percentage separable lean increased as cuts were trimmed progressively of external fat cover. Cooked USDA Choice retail cuts had a higher percentage of seam fat than Select retail cuts. Arm roasts had the least separable lean, as well as the most seam fat and waste, even if all the external fat was removed before cooking. These data will be a potential source of information to be used by USDA in Agriculture Handbook 8-13 and the National Nutrient Data Bank, the most widely used resource for nutritional information in the U.S.
Morphine dependence in rats produced after five days of ingestion.

In the first experiment dose-dependent withdrawal signs following a nalorphine injection (either 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 mg/kg, i.p.) were seen in rats that had been drinking sucrose morphine for 21 days. A non-dependent control group was generally unaffected by an injection of the antagonist (16 mg/kg, i.p.). In Experiment II, morphine withdrawal signs, both nalorphine induced and without nalorphine injection, were observed in rats which had been placed on only five days of morphine-adulterated food and sucrose morphine. Although both groups showed clear withdrawal signs after the drug was removed from their diet, the nalorphine-injected group showed more severe symptoms. By the eleventh day of withdrawal all rats had resumed normal eating and drinking and had nearly recovered their pre-drug body weights. It is concluded that reliable morphine dependence can be induced in five days, using a morphine-adulterated diet.
Infants’ expressive behaviors to mothers and unfamiliar partners during face-to-face interactions from 4 to 10 months

Changes in the organization of infant looking, facial expressions, and vocalizations were examined over age (4, 7, and 10 months) and with different social partners. Although infants at all ages accompanied smiling with looking at both mothers and unfamiliar partners, 7- and 10-month infants accompanied vocalization with looking only when they were with mothers. Seven- and 10-month-olds vocalized with unfamiliar partners only when they were smiling at the same time. When mothers stopped talking, infants reduced smiling significantly at all ages, yet vocalized more at 10 months. In the second half of the first year, there are fundamental changes in the coordination of infant expressive behaviors that reveal a keen attunement to variations in maternal behavior and the familiarity of social partners.
SELECTIVITY FOR ZOOPLANKTON PREY BY FATHEAD MINNOWS AND BROOK STICKLEBACKS

Wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America are harsh environments for fish, and only two planktivorous species are common in these ecosystems: fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and brook sticklebacks (Culaea inconstans). Given their similarities, competition between these species may be high, especially for food resources. We assessed potential competition between fathead minnows and brook sticklebacks, as well as their influence on zooplankton communities, by measuring their selectivity for zooplankton prey in controlled laboratory experiments. Minnows and sticklebacks of varying size were placed in aquaria with mixed zooplankton assemblages to assess selectivity for copepod and Daphnia prey. Sticklebacks of all sizes showed strong selectivity for Daphnia, while minnows were less selective, and prey selectivity varied with fish size. Selectivity of prey was not related to relative prey abundance for either minnows or sticklebacks. Although minnows were less selective, their mass-specific consumption rates were significantly lower than consumption rates for sticklebacks. Our results indicated that effects of predation on zooplankton may differ between these two fish species, with minnows potentially affecting greater numbers of taxa. Additionally, generalist feeding on zooplankton prey by fathead minnows may be advantageous in habitats with low Daphnia densities, as is common in prairie wetlands with dense fish populations.
RED SNOW CAUSED BY A NEW SPECIES OF TRACHELOMONAS12

Trachelomonas kolii sp. nov., a member of the Euglenophyta, was the causative agent of red snow near Mt. Bachelor, Oregon. The cells are uniflagellate or without flagella and, in general, exhibit the characteristics of the genus Trachelomonas. The lorica, when present, is transparent, elongate, reticulate, and has a funnel-shaped collar at the anterior end. The protoplast is completely filled with red pigment. Red spherical resting stages that appear similar to the resting stages of the ubiquitous snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis (Bauer) Wille are described.
Metabolism of malathion and malaoxon by the mosquito, Culex tarsalis Coq.

Abstract Radiometric studies showed malathion-resistant larvae were two to eleven times more efficient in degrading malathion than susceptible larvae, both in vivo and in vitro. Malathion was degraded primarily by the formation of carboxylic acid derivatives in larvae of both colonies. In vitro studies showed resistant larval homogenates produced over eleven times more carboxyesterase derivatives than phosphatase derivatives as compared with a 2:1 ratio in susceptible larvae. Enzymatic studies indicated that the relatively small fraction of total malathion converted to malaoxon was detoxified at a much more rapid rate in larvae of the resistant than in larvae of a susceptible strain. The differences noted are of sufficient magnitude to be considered primary factors responsible for the resistance to malathion present.
Natural emissions of oxidant precursors

This paper provides an overview of the sources, the estimation methodology, and the relative amounts of natural hydrocarbon and NOx emissions. The most recent estimate of natural nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions for the United States is 28 Tg yr−1. This compares with 20 Tg yr−1 for anthropogenic NMHC sources. The southeastern and southcentral portions of the United States account for approximately 43% of the annual U.S. natural NMHC estimate. These emissions exhibit strong diurnal and seasonal dependencies related to temperature, solar radiation, and active biomass. Forests are the primary vegetative source of hydrocarbons. The major sources of natural NOX emissions in North America are biomass burning, lightning, and microbial activity in soil. We present a comparison of hourly gridded NOX emissions from lightning, soil, and man-made sources for the northeastern United States. We also provide results from preliminary investigations of the sensitivity of O3 predictions from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Regional Oxidant Model to natural NMHC and nitric oxide emissions.
The story behind the story: physician skepticism about relying on clinical information technologies to reduce medical errors.

Abstract Purpose In order to better understand physicians’ perspectives about the use of clinical information technology (CIT) to reduce medical errors, we asked physicians about opportunities and issues around clinical use of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems, order sets within CPOE, and handheld computers (HHCs). Methods We conducted 10 focus groups including 71 physicians involved in technology implementation efforts across the US between April 2002 and February 2005. Results Two major themes emerged across focus groups around reliance on CIT to reduce errors: (1) can it work? and (2) at what cost to the medical profession? Within the first theme, physicians expressed concern about the appropriateness of physician-directed CIT as a solution for medical errors, concerns regarding the current technical capabilities and level of technical support for CIT solutions, and concern about the introduction of new errors. Within the second theme, physicians were particularly concerned about time efficiency and workload redistribution associated with the introduction of CIT. Across focus groups, physicians tended to generalize about the role of all IT in their lives, potentially biasing opinions about specific technologies. Conclusions Health care organizations attempting to promote physician use of CIT are advised to deepen consideration of physicians’ perspectives about technology adoption and use in order to address their concerns, reduce skepticism, and increase the likelihood of implementation success.