cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extreme operators on H

Let A 1 and A 2 be sup-norm algebras, each containing the constant functions. Let P ( A 1 , A 2 ) denote the set of bounded linear operators from A 1 to A 2 which carry 1 into 1 and have norm 1. Several authors have considered the problem of describing the extreme points of P ( A 1 , A 2 ). In the case where A 1 is the algebra of continuous complex functions on some compact Hausdorff space, and A 2 is the algebra of complex scalars, Arens and Kelley proved that the extreme operators in P ( A 1 , A 2 ) are exactly the multiplicative ones (see [1]). It was shown by Phelps in [6] that if A 1 is self-adjoint, then every extreme point of P ( A 1 , A 1 ) is multiplicative. In [4], Lindenstrauss, Phelps, and Ryff exhibited non-multiplicative extreme points of P ( A , A ) and P ( H ∞ , H ∞ ), where A and H ∞ are, respectively, the disk algebra, and the algebra of bounded analytic functions on the open unit disk D . The extreme multiplicative operators in P ( A , A ) were described in [6]. Rochberg proved in [8] that, if T is a member of P ( A , A ) which carries the identity on D into an extreme point of the unit ball of A , then T is multiplicative and is an extreme point of P ( A , A ). Rochberg's paper [9] is a study of certain extremal subsets of P ( A , A ), namely, those of the form K ( F , G ) = { T ∊ P ( A , A ): TF = G }, where F and G are inner functions in A . We proved in [5] that, if F is non-constant, then K ( F , G ) contains an extreme point of P ( A , A ).
Welfare Participation and Time Use in China

Using the newly available China Family Panel Studies 2010 survey data and a propensity score matching method, this study examines the possible influence of participation in China’s primary welfare program, Dibao, on household head’s time use pattern in both urban and rural areas. We find that Dibao lowered recipients’ time spent on various leisure and social activities and increased their time spent on unspecified activities or being idle for both urban and rural residents. Urban Dibao recipients also tended to spend less time on education activities, while rural Dibao recipients spent less time on work activities but more time on personal care and household activities. These findings provide pioneering evidence on the possible link between welfare participation and time use patterns in the global welfare literature. As Dibao continues to expand, the empirical evidence from this article suggests that Dibao might have some unintended adverse effects on recipients, including less time spent on leisure and social activities, reduced time on work and education activities, and more time on being idle. Future reforms of Dibao and its supplementary policies and programs need to consider how best to promote both the economic and holistic well-being of the participants.
Recent developments in ambient ionization techniques for analytical mass spectrometry

Ambient ionization techniques enable the interrogation of a variety of samples in their native state by mass spectrometry, and are rapidly advancing all fields where screening for the presence of various analytes in a broadband and/or high-throughput fashion is desirable. This Highlight article provides an introduction to the field, and showcases the different ionization approaches reported since 2004, with an emphasis on the most recent developments.
A multiparadigm approach to nursing.

Nursing theory development has made good progress in differentiating the domain of nursing from medicine; many of these theories are categorized as holistic theories.Nursing classification systems are also being developed to organize extant nursing practice. The dissonance between the two has been one of the most difficult contemporary issues for the leadership of nursing. A framework is proposed that would account for these disparate approaches. This proposed framework for the domain of healing is in keeping with the metaparadigm of health and uses a multiple paradigm approach. Nursing interventions are discussed in relation to the framework. It invites a dialogue in keeping with the scholarship of holism. Practice and scholarship implications are discussed.
Optimization of optical limiting properties of organometallic cluster compounds

Ground and excited state absorption spectra along with optical limiting measurements have been made on a series of systematically altered organometallic cluster compounds. Measurements using 8 ns pulses at 532 nm on methylene chloride solutions of iron-tricobalt organometallic cluster complexes (70% nominal transmission) show limiting throughputs of 350-700 mJ/cm2 without focusing. The optical limiting properties are shown to be minimally dependent on counter-ion substitution indicating little perturbation in the cluster bonding. Optical limiting is shown to be strongly dependent on ligand substitution. Ground state and excited state absorption spectra reveal broad features indicating the materials can be used as limiters over a large spectral range (>lOOnm) . Temporal pulse narrowing of 8 ns pulses to 5 ns at 532 nm was observed, indicating subnanosecond intersystem crossing. The lifetime of the excited state was determined to be 115 ns, much longer than the pulse length, indicating that efficient limiting occurs for longer pulses. Optimization of optical limiting properties is discussed.
Structures of Silver Pyrazolates in Hydrocarbon Solutions via Vapor-Pressure Osmometry

Molecular weights of {[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]Ag}3, {[3-(C3F7),5-(t-Bu)Pz]Ag}3, and {[3,5-(i-Pr)2Pz]Ag}3 at various solution concentrations have been investigated using vapor-pressure osmometry. Depending on the concentration, the trinuclear {[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]Ag}3 either dissociates into mono- and dinuclear moieties or remains trinuclear or aggregates to hexanuclear species in toluene. In contrast, {[3-(C3F7),5-(t-Bu)Pz]Ag}3, which has a bulky and relatively electron-rich pyrazolate, retains the trinuclear form even at low concentrations in toluene. Both {[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]Ag}3 and {[3,5-(i-Pr)2Pz]Ag}3 adopt trinuclear structures in heptane at low concentrations. At higher concentrations, {[3,5-(i-Pr)2Pz]Ag}3 forms hexanuclear species. The aggregation−segregation points are rather sharp and are reminiscent of the all-or-none character of phase transitions. Remarkably, at higher concentrations, the aggregation states of these silver pyrazolates are similar to those expected based on solid-state data.
Nanorheology of viscoelastic shells: Application to viral capsids

We study the microrheology of nanoparticle shells [A.D. Dinsmore et al., Science 298, 1006 (2002)] and viral capsids [I.L. Ivanovska et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 7600 (2004)] by computing the mechanical response function and thermal fluctuation spectrum of a viscoelastic spherical shell that is permeable to the surrounding solvent.We determine analytically the coupled dynamics of bending and compression modes of the viscoelastic shell coupled to solvent flows inside, outside, and through the porous viral capsid. From this calculation, we identify fundamental length and time scales in the system, and compute the finite-frequency response of the shell to pinching forces applied at antipodal points on it.This calculation determines the mechanical response of a viral capsid to an AFM-based nanoindentation study. Using these calculations, one can interpret such studies in terms of elastic and dissipative response of the viral capsid to bending and compressional deformations and thereby gain new information regarding the internal deformations of individual capsomers under stress, providing insight into their intermolecular and intramolecular interactions. As an example we study the mechanical effect of a simple allosteric transition in the capsomers.The frequency-dependent mechanics of complex, viscoelastic and possibly porous spherical shells is not only application to viruses, but also may lead to new measurements of colloidosomes, nanoparticle shells, and lipid vesicles including those that contain pore-forming proteins.
Developing Classifications for Synthesizing, Refining, and Animating Planar Mechanisms

In this paper we classify several planar single degree-of-freedom mechanisms for developing features in kinematic synthesis software. The goal of the classification scheme is to identify all mechanisms that behave similarly. Roughly speaking, a mechanism’s behavior is assessing whether the input and output links of the mechanisms are capable of a full rotation. The features we use this for are to help identify t he range of motion of the input link of a mechanism, to guide the design of a mechanism to result in a desired classification, and to alter the mechanism such that the classification remains unchanged.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Round Cells of the Epidermis: Clues from Studies on Neoplastic Lymphocytes of Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma

Neoplastic cells of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) appear to be of monoclonal origin and frequently are nonspecific helpers of normal B cell differentiation. A natural progression from epidermotropic (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome) to nonepidermotropic, more widely disseminated T cell neoplasms generally occurs. Affinity of CTCL cells for the epidermis may result from their having membrane receptors for histocompatibility (Ia) antigens present in skin. Cultured human epidermal cells produce a thymopoietin-like molecule, an indication of a role for skin in T cell differentiation.
Ultrasound velocity and broadband attenuation as predictors of load-bearing capacities of human calcanei.

The main purpose of this study was to determine whether calcaneal ultrasound parameters, measured in the mediolateral direction, reflect load-bearing capacities of human calcanei. Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and ultrasound velocity (UV) were measured in 20 cadaveric calcanei with a mean age of 74.1 (SD 8.8). Normalized BUA (nBUA) was determined by dividing BUA by the calcaneal thickness obtained using a pulse-echo technique. The bone mineral density (BMD) of each calcaneus was measured by quantitative computed tomography. The calcanei were embedded in PMMA to simulate the midstance physiologic orientation during compressive testing in the load-bearing direction. The failure load, stiffness, and energy absorption were determined for each calcaneus. It was shown that BMD was well correlated with all ultrasound parameters (P 0.5).
A model-trust region algorithm utilizing a quadratic interpolant

Abstract A new model-trust region algorithm for problems in unconstrained optimization and nonlinear equations utilizing a quadratic interpolant for step selection is presented and analyzed. This is offered as an alternative to the piecewise-linear interpolant employed in the widely used “double dogleg” step selection strategy. After the new step selection algorithm has been presented, we offer a summary, with proofs, of its desirable mathematical properties. Numerical results illustrating the efficacy of this new approach are presented.
Nutrition for Women in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases

Awareness of women's risks for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases must be promoted by health care professionals. For overweight and obese women, weight reduction is critical for reducing risks; prevention of excess weight gain must be encouraged for women of healthy body weight. Vulnerable times for weight gain during a woman's life cycle include early adulthood, the childbearing years, and menopause. Thus, healthy diet and exercise behaviors must be particularly emphasized during these years. Polycystic ovary syndrome is also associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease risk, and weight loss can lower these risks. Foods comprising diets associated with reduced cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes risks tend to be unrefined plant foods (vegetables, legumes, fruits, whole grains, nuts, seeds), low-fat dairy products, fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids, and lean sources of protein. Artificial trans fatty acids should be avoided and saturated fats cholesterol, sodium, ...
Fluctuations, jamming, and yielding for a driven probe particle in disordered disk assemblies

Using numerical simulations we examine the velocity fluctuations and velocity-force curve characteristics of a probe particle driven with constant force through a two-dimensional disordered assembly of disks which has a well-defined jamming point J at a density of ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{J}=0.843$. As $\ensuremath{\phi}$ increases toward ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{J}$, the average velocity of the probe particle decreases and the velocity fluctuations show an increasingly intermittent or avalanchelike behavior. When $\ensuremath{\phi}$ is within a few percent of the jamming density, the velocity distributions are exponential, while when $\ensuremath{\phi}$ is less than 1% away from jamming, the velocity distributions have a power-law character with exponents in agreement with recent experiments. The velocity power spectra exhibit a crossover from a Lorentzian form to a $1/f$ shape near jamming. We extract a correlation length exponent $\ensuremath{\nu}$ which is in good agreement with recent shear simulations. For $\ensuremath{\phi}g{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{J}$, there is a critical threshold force ${F}_{c}$ that must be applied for the probe particle to move through the sample which increases with increasing $\ensuremath{\phi}$. The velocity-force curves are linear below jamming, while at jamming they have a power-law form. The onset of the probe motion above ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{J}$ occurs via a local yielding of the particles around the probe particle which we term a local shear banding effect.
Cancer and Its Treatment Effect on Young Breast Cancer Survivors

Objectives To discuss issues of fertility after chemotherapy and the young breast cancer survivor. Data Sources Research articles and literature reviews. Conclusion Reproductive concerns are important to young breast cancer patients. Discussing these concerns and exploring options are crucial before beginning cancer treatment. Implications for Nursing Practice Reproductive effects from treatment can have a significant impact on the long-term health and quality of life of young women with breast cancer. Oncology nurses are a vital source to discuss concerns and explore options with the patient.
Supporting Scientific Experimentation and Reasoning in Young Elementary School Students.

Researchers from multiple perspectives have shown that young students can engage in the scientific reasoning involved in science experimentation. However, there is little research on how well these young students learn in inquiry-based learning environments that focus on using scientific experimentation strategies to learn new scientific information. This work investigates young children’s science concept learning via inquiry-based instruction on the thermodynamics system in a developmentally appropriate, technology-supported learning environment. First- and third-grade students participate in three sets of guided experimentation activities that involve using handheld computers to measure change in temperature given different types of insulation materials. Findings from pre- and post-comparisons show that students at both grade levels are able to learn about the thermodynamics system through engaging in the guided experiment activities. The instruction groups outperformed the control groups on multiple measures of thermodynamics knowledge, and the older children outperform the younger children. Knowledge gains are discussed in the context of mental models of the thermodynamics system that include the individual concepts mentioned above and the relationships between them. This work suggests that young students can benefit from science instruction centered on experimentation activities. It shows the benefits of presenting complex scientific information authentic contexts and the importance of providing the necessary scaffolding for meaningful scientific inquiry and experimentation.
Plasmon sidebands in the optical spectra of the alkali metals

Abstract Optical spectra of monovalent metals contain satellite structure due to the interaction between the excited electron-hole and the plasmon field. In agreement with recent data, intensities calculated here increase with interelectronic separation. Interference between electron and hole polarization clouds reduces the absorbing power in the sideband region by about 60 per cent.
The survival of frozen bovine spermatozoa following minimum exposure to glycerol

Summary Bull spermatozoa in several buffered egg yolk media and in skim milk were exposed at 5°C to varying levels of glycerol for 6 hrs, 30 min, and approximately 10 see prior to freezing. Freezing was done by placing droplets of the extended semen in small holes on blocks of Dry Ice. Highly significant improvement in sperm motility following freezing and thawing was obtained with the 10-sec exposure in comparison with the 30-min and 6-hr exposures, which did not differ from each other. Part of this difference can be attributed to the slightly harmful effect of glycerol on spermatozoa during the longer exposure periods at 5°C before freezing. However, the survival rate during freezing was improved by the 10-sec treatment, suggesting that the conditions provided by the brief exposure to glycerol more fully protected the spermatozoa than did prolonged exposure. Motility following freezing and thawing also was affected by the thawing medium, which indicates that this may be an important consideration in thawing material which is to be diluted at the time of thawing.
The Debate about Online Learning: Key Issues for Writing Teachers

Abstract This article addresses faculty members’ fears about how they and students in their classes will change as distance-education courses are introduced into university curricula. I ask readers to consider three especially important areas of change: teacher roles, education goals, and student learning. While debunking several common faculty fears, I point to theoretical issues to which all faculty—even those not interested in teaching online—should pay attention. The article then turns to practical applications.
Learning Womanhood in China

Childbirth, a seemingly singular event in China, is nonetheless momentous. Bearing a child transforms a girl into a woman and a mother. Motherhood, in most traditional cultures, symbolizes both the major achievement and the full attainment of femininity. This is particularly true of contemporary China.
Linkage disequilibrium and the mapping of complex human traits

The potential value of haplotypes defined by several single nucleotide polymorphisms has attracted recent interest. With sufficient linkage disequilibrium (LD), haplotypes could be used in association studies to map common alleles that might influence the susceptibility to common diseases, as well as for reconstructing the evolution of the genome. It has been proposed that a globally useful resource need only be based on high frequency variants, identified from a few modest samples. Rapid progress has been made in quantifying the pattern of human LD and haplotypes defined by such common variants within and among populations. However, the quality and utility of the proposed LD-based resource could be seriously compromised if important sampling and analytical factors are overlooked in its design. The LD map should be based on adequately justified criteria defined by sound population genetic principles.
Paradigms for process interaction in distributed programs

Distributed computations are concurrent programs in which processes communicate by message passing. Such programs typically execute on network architectures such as networks of workstations or distributed memory parallel machines (i.e., multicomputers such as hypercubes). Several paradigms—examples or models—for process interaction in distributed computations are described. These include networks of filters, clients, and servers, heartbeat algorithms, probe/echo algorithms, broadcast algorithms, token-passing algorithms, decentralized servers, and bags of tasks. These paradigms are appliable to numerous practical problems. They are illustrated by solving problems, including parallel sorting, file servers, computing the topology of a network, distributed termination detection, replicated databases, and parallel adaptive quadrature. Solutions to all problems are derived in a step-wise fashion from a general specification of the problem to a concrete solution. The derivations illustrate techniques for developing distributed algorithms.
Therapist Fidelity with an Exposure-Based Treatment of PTSD in Adults with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder

This study examined therapists' fidelity to a manualized, multicomponent cognitive-behavioral intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including exposure therapy, among public sector patients with a psychotic disorder. Independent raters assessed therapists' competence and adherence, rating 20% of randomly selected audio taped sessions (n=57 sessions, coded by two raters, with strong interrater agreement). Adherence ratings indicated that therapists complied well with the protocol, and competency ratings typically averaged "very good" or higher (6 on 7-point Likert scale). Findings suggest that therapists can effectively deliver a manualized cognitive-behavioral intervention for PTSD, with exposure therapy, to patients with severe mental illness without compromise to the structure of sessions and/or the therapeutic relationship.
COOKING AND SHEARING METHODOLOGY EFFECTS ON WARNER-BRATZLER SHEAR FORCE VALUES OF PORK

Pork loin chops from 50 carcasses were used to evaluate the effect of cookery method and shearing methodology on Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) force values. Chops were cooked to an internal temperature of 70C on either an electric openhearth grill or in a commercial convection oven. After a 2 h cooling period, five 1.27-cm diameter cores from each chop were sheared once through the center of the core with either: (1) a Warner-Bratzler machine; (2) an Instron Universal Testing Machine with a WBS device in compression; or (3) an Instron Universal Testing Machine with a WBS device in tension. Chops cooked in the convection oven had lower (P < 0.03) WBS force values than chops cooked on an open-hearth grill (2.78 vs 2.98 kg, respectively). Shear force values obtained with the Warner-Bratzler machine were lower (1.93 kg; P < 0.01) than those from the Instron with either the WBS device in compression (3.53 kg) or in tension (3.18 kg).
218 ACUTE POSTNATAL REGULATION OF PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE ACTIVITY BY COMPARTMENTATION OF ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES

In the term rat liver, crossover studies reveal that pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is rate-limiting for gluconeogenesis. Within 1 hr of birth, the rate of gluconeogenesis increases 4 fold, even though there is no net synthesis of PC. (Biochem. J. 124:265(1971) This suggests that PC is inactive at birth, and becomes active within a short time. PC is localized in the mitochondrial compartment, and requires ATP as a substrate. Since the total adenine nucleotide content (ATP+ADP+AMP) of the matrix increases right after birth (Archiv. Biochem. Biophys. 201:564(1980), we considered whether the resulting increase in matrix ATP concentration might cause an increase in PC activity. We found that PC activity measured in intact isolated mitochondria increased ∼ 3 fold within a few hours of birth, in parallel to a ∼ 3 fold increase in the total matrix adenine nucleotide content. The increase in PC activity could be brought about in vitro by incubating isolated newborn mitochondria with exogenous ATP under conditions shown to promote the net accumulation of adenine nucleotides. Conversely, adult mitochondria specifically depleted of matrix adenine nucleotides had proportionately lower PC activity. We concluded that acute regulation of PC can occur by compartmentation of adenine nucleotides. This mechanism probably provides for the rapid 4-5 fold increase in gluconeogenesis which occurs within 1-2 hrs of birth, without the need for new enzyme synthesis. [Supported by NIH HD11697 and NS 14936.]
Faster joins, self-joins and multi-way joins using join indices

Abstract We propose a new algorithm, called Stripe-join, for performing a join given a join index. Stripe-join is inspired by an algorithm called ‘Jive-join’ developed by Li and Ross. Stripe-join makes a single sequential pass through each input relation, in addition to one pass through the join index and two passes through a set of temporary files that contain tuple identifiers but no input tuples. Stripe-join performs this efficiently even when the input relations are much larger than main memory, as long as the number of blocks in main memory is of the order of the square root of the number of blocks in the participating relations. Stripe-join is particularly efficient for self-joins. To our knowledge, Stripe-join is the first algorithm that, given a join index and a relation significantly larger than main memory, can perform a self-join with just a single pass over the input relation and without storing input tuples in intermediate files. Almost all the I/O is sequential, thus minimizing the impact of seek and rotational latency. The algorithm is resistant to data skew. It can also join multiple relations while still making only a single pass over each input relation. Using a detailed cost model, Stripe-join is analyzed and compared with competing algorithms. For large input relations, Stripe-join performs significantly better than Valduriez's algorithm and hash join algorithms. We demonstrate circumstances under which Stripe-join performs significantly better than Jive-join. Unlike Jive-join, Stripe-join makes no assumptions about the order of the join index.
Determination of aqueous concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an urban stream

Abstract The concentrations of freely dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an urban stream at high-flow and base-flow were estimated by an equilibrium partitioning model (EPM), and by use of lipid-filled semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), then compared to direct measurements made on bulk (unfiltered) water samples. The SPMD method was slightly more effective in detecting smaller three- and four-ring PAHs and the EPM method was slightly more effective in detecting five and six-ring PAHs. Although the SPMDs sequestered slightly fewer of the large PAHs, they sampled more compounds of a size range likely to be bioavailable to aquatic organisms. Estimates of the concentrations of freely dissolved PAHs for the EPM and the SPMD methods were similar when compared under the same flow regimes. The SPMD method also provided a time-integrated average measure of freely dissolved PAHs that cannot be easily duplicated with conventional sampling procedures. Concentrations of freely dissolved PAHs (EPM method) as well as concentrations of total PAHs at high-flow averaged about 20 times greater than at base-flow. This suggests the potential for immediate toxicological impacts on stream biota is greater at high-flow because of increased concentrations of bioavailable PAHs. For individual PAHs, differences between bulk and freely dissolved concentrations were most evident at high-flow for high Kow compounds strongly partitioned to suspended solids. Thus, in hazard assessments for aquatic biota it is important to employ measures of freely dissolved PAHs during storm water runoff events.
Noncentrosymmetry in micropolar elasticity

Abstract Consequences of noncentrosymmetry in a micropolar elastic solid are considered. A solid which is isotropic with respect to coordinate rotations but not with respect to inversions, has three new elastic constants in addition to the six considered in the fully isotropic micropolar solid. The acentric micropolar solid is predicted to undergo torsional deformation when subjected to tensile load.
Molecular analysis of mutations induced at the hisD3052 allele of Salmonella by single chemicals and complex mixtures.

More single chemicals and complex environmental mixtures have been evaluated for mutagenicity at the hisD3052 allele of Salmonella, primarily in strain TA98, than in any other mutation assay. The d...
RIPPLE: Scalable medical telemetry system for supporting combat rescue

Emergency response operations would universally benefit by extending telemedicine to the most difficult and challenging environments. For example, the Air Force Pararescue Jumpers (PJ) and Combat Rescue Officers (CRO) perform rescue and life-saving measure in austere environments. Currently, Bluetooth® aided pen-and-paper systems are employed to collect and store medical data, from the time it is sensed to its dissemination. This is proving to be tedious and non-scalable, especially when the number of casualties is larger than the number of responders in a given mission. Pararescue Jumpers, Combat Rescue Officers and similar medical rescue agencies are seeking medical vital sign sensors and telemetry solutions for mass casualty responses in which a small team of medical rescuers must be able to rescue and sustain the life of multiple casualties in critical condition. Project Ripple, to be described in this paper, is meant to create a Medical Body Area Network (MBAN) of sensors to assist in triage and general physiological data collection in a disaster scenario. The system is demonstrates an improved alternative to existing Bluetooth® and pen-and-paper systems by streamlining the processes of data collection, storage, transfer, and visualization. Low-power, wireless devices that utilized open standards makeup the sensor network while custom mobile applications were used for the visualization of the sensor data. Also, flexible and generic sensor fusion architecture is being explored.
Transfer-matrix analysis for Ising models

Some recently developed methods of numerical analysis are used to improve the standard transfer-matrix analysis of Ising spin systems. The method is used to analyze some properties of the two-dimensional anisotropic next-nearest-neighbor interaction model. Discrepancies in some recent work with respect to the existence and position of a disorder line are resolved, and some new properties of the phase diagram are demonstrated. It is argued that the modified transfer-matrix method is capable of being more generally applied.
Averaged dynamics of time-periodic advection diffusion equations in the limit of small diffusivity

We study the effect of advection and small diffusion on passive tracers. The advecting velocity field is assumed to have mean zero and to possess time-periodic stream lines. Using a canonical transform to action-angle variables followed by a Lie transform, we derive an averaged equation describing the effective motion of the tracers. An estimate for the time validity of the first-order approximation is established. For particular cases of a regularized vortical flow we present explicit formulas for the coefficients of the averaged equation both at first and at second order. Numerical simulations indicate that the validity of the above first-order estimate extends to the second order.
Nano-assembled Na2FePO4F/carbon nanotube multi-layered cathodes for Na-ion batteries

Abstract The electrochemical performance of multi-layered cathodes containing alternately arranged Na 2 FePO 4 F nanoparticles and amino-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for Na-ion batteries has been investigated. The Na 2 FePO 4 F/CNT multi-layered cathodes are fabricated using a layer-by-layer (LbL) nano-assembly technique, which leads to a three-dimensional porous structure that may contribute to fast Na-ion transport. The highly intertwined CNT layers serve as an electrical conductive network and the abundant pores serve as ionic conductive pathways. Evidences of enhanced electric and ionic transport are provided by impedance spectroscopy data, which show a significantly decreased resistance compared to traditional batteries. The unique multi-layered Na-ion cathodes are found to deliver 100 mA hg − 1 reversible capacity at a rate of 0.4 C and 80 mA hg − 1 at 0.8 C, and to maintain 60% of capacity at 2 C. After 400 cycles at 0.4 C, the cells still provide 77.8 mA hg − 1 capacity, corresponding to 74% capacity retention.
Endoscopic management of high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal carcinoma: experience in a large academic medical center.

Background Esophagectomy has been the standard treatment for Barrett’s esophagus (BE) with high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and intramucosal cancer (IMC). Recently, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) have become the preferred treatment for these patients in some centers. We report a single institution series of patients undergoing endoscopic management of HGD and IMC.
Galloway-Mowat syndrome: Neurologic features in two sibling pairs

Galloway-Mowat syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder presenting as early-onset nephrotic syndrome and central nervous system abnormalities, including microcephaly and developmental delays. Neurologic findings are universal in children with this disorder, and often precede renal abnormalities. However, relatively few descriptions of associated neurologic features are available. We describe two pairs of siblings with Galloway-Mowat syndrome who illustrate the spectrum of neurologic findings, to increase awareness of this syndrome among pediatric neurologists.
DISEASE, FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION, AND GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS: EXPERIMENTS WITH STRIPE RUST AND WHEAT

Pathogens have the potential to maintain genetic polymorphisms by creating frequency-dependent selection on their host. This can occur when a rare host genotype is less likely to be attacked by a pathogen (frequency-dependent disease attack) and has higher fitness at low frequency (negative frequency-dependent selection). In this study, we used wheat genotypes that were susceptible to different races of the pathogen Puccinia striiformis to test whether disease created frequency-selection on its host and whether such selection could maintain polymorphisms for resistance genes in the wheat populations. Four different two-way mixtures of wheat genotypes were planted at different fre- quencies in both the presence and absence of disease. Disease created frequency-dependent selection on its host in some populations. Unknown factors other than disease also created frequency-dependent selection in this system because, in some instances, rare genotype advantage was observed in the absence of disease. Although the pathogen created frequency-dependent selection on its host, this selection was not sufficient to maintain genetic polymorphism in the host populations. In all cases where frequency-dependent selection occurred only in the diseased plots, one of the two genotypes was predicted to dominate in the population and the same genotype was predicted to dominate in both the presence and absence of disease. Only in cases where frequency-dependent selection was not caused by disease was there evidence that genetic polymorphisms would be maintained in the population. The frequency- dependent selection described in this study is a consequence of epidemiological effects of disease and differs from the time-lagged frequency-dependent selection resulting from coevolution between hosts and parasites. The impact of this direct frequency-dependent selection on the maintenance of genetic polymorphisms in the host population is discussed.
Bromide Ions and Methyltrioxorhenium as Cocatalysts for Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidations and Brominations

Oxidation of alcohols by hydrogen peroxide is negligible; even when catalyzed by methyltrioxorhenium (MTO), the process requires a long reaction time. The addition of a catalytic quantity of bromide ions, as HBr or NaBr, greatly enhances the rate. Some of the reactions were carried out on a larger scale in glacial acetic acid, and others at kinetic concentrations. The data establish that Br2 is the active oxidizing agent in the system, because the catalytic rates under suitable circumstances match those for the independently measured Br2 reaction with alcohol (benzyl alcohol, in particular). At much lower levels of MTO, however, Br2 formation plays a role in the kinetics. Certain other reluctant transformations are conveniently carried out with the MTO/H2O2/Br- combination: aldehydes to methyl esters; 1,3-dioxolanes to glycol monoesters; and ethers (with cleavage) to ketones (mostly), but in fair yield only. When Br- was used in stoichiometric quantity, certain bromination reactions occur. Thus, phenyl a...
The effects of topography on forest soil characteristics in the Oregon Cascade Mountains (USA): Implications for the effects of climate change on soil properties

Forest soil measurements were made at over 180 sites distributed throughout the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) in the Oregon Cascade Mountains. The influences of both elevation and aspect on soil variables were measured in the early (1998) and late summer (1994). Increased elevation significantly increased soil moisture, mean annual precipitation, soil organic matter, labile C and mineralizable N, microbial activities, extractable ammonium, and denitrification potentials. In contrast, bulk density, pH and soil temperature (1998 only) were significantly lower at the higher elevations. Relative to labile C, mineralizable N was preferentially sequestered at higher elevations. Aspect significantly affected annual mean temperature and precipitation, soil moisture and temperature, soil organic matter, mineralizable N, extractable ammonium, denitrification, and microbial activities. There were no significant higher statistical interactions between elevation and aspect on climatic or soil factors. Soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation at higher elevations is likely driven by a reduction in decomposition rates rather that an increase in primary productivity, however, SOM accumulation on north facing slopes is probably due to both a decrease in decomposition and an increase in primary production. Models of climate change effects on temperate forest soils based on elevational studies may not apply to aspect gradients since plant productivity may not respond to temperature–moisture gradients in the same way across all topographical features.
Electrical parametric and reliability of 5×50um TSVs for 3D IC

We present electrical parametric and reliability of 5×50um through silicon vias (TSVs) for three dimensional integrated circuits (3D IC). Electrical parameters such as oxide breakdown voltage (V bd TSV), leakage current (I leak TSV), oxide capacitance (C ox TSV), dielectric constant (k), minimum capacitance (C min TSV), threshold voltage (V th ) and mobile oxide charges (Q m ) of blind TSVs are analyzed. And, the reliability of TSVs is analyzed with thermal cycling between −55°C to 125°C with a dwell time of 10–15 minutes by following JEDEC standard No. 22-A104D.
Supportive teaching and learning strategies in STEM education

called for many changes in STEM(science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education (George andothers, 1996). The committee’s overriding recommendation was that “allstudents have access to supportive, excellent undergraduate education inscience, mathematics, engineering, and technology, and all students learnthese subjects by direct experience with the methods and processes ofinquiry” (p. ii). One of their recommendations for faculty was highly salientfor this chapter:
Plasma-polymer interactions in a dielectric barrier discharge

Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of polymers is routinely used to improve surface properties such as adhesion and wettability. These changes in properties occur by functionalization of the surface by radicals and ions generated in the plasma, typically oxidizing the surface and increasing surface energy. One such device used, a dielectric barrier discharge, is modeled in this study. Images show the progress of the electron avalanche across the gap and the enveloping of surface features on the polymer by the plasma.
A contracts course for software engineers

Software engineering practitioners are often called upon to provide technical support in marketing and contracting. That support is more useful when the contributors have a firm understanding of the goals and techniques of these two business oriented activities. Of course, software engineers seeking advancement into higher levels of management should possess a more comprehensive knowledge and expertise.This paper describes a graduate level course designed to prepare software engineering students for efficient participation in the technical support of marketing and contracting activities.
Altered multijoint reflex coordination is indicative of motor impairment level following stroke

Following stroke, individuals often are unable to activate their elbow and shoulder muscles independently. There is growing evidence that altered reflex pathways may contribute to these abnormal patterns of activation or muscle synergies. Most studies investigating reflex function following stroke have examined only individual joints at rest. Thus, the purpose of this study was to quantify multijoint reflex contributions to the stereotyped muscle synergies commonly observed following stroke. We hypothesized that the patterns of reflex coordination mirror the abnormal muscle coactivity patterns previously reported for voluntary activation. 10 chronic stroke and 8 age-matched control subjects participated. Reflexes were elicited by perturbing the arm with a 3 degree of freedom robot while subjects exerted voluntary forces at the elbow and shoulder. The force conditions tested were selected to assess the influence of gravity and the influence of joint torque generation without gravity on reflex coordination. Reflex magnitude was quantified by the average rectified electromyogram, recorded from 8 muscles that span the elbow and shoulder. Patterns of reflex coordination were quantified using independent components analysis. Results show significant reflex coupling between elbow flexor and shoulder abductor-extensor muscles in stroke patients during isolated elbow and shoulder torque generation and during active arm support against gravity. Identified patterns of stretch reflex coordination were consistent with the stereotyped voluntary flexion synergy, suggesting reflex pathways contribute to abnormal muscle coordination following stroke.
Effects of thyroid hormone on food intake, hypothalamic Na/K ATPase activity and ATP content

The effects of thyroid hormone on whole body energy metabolism and compensatory effects on food intake are well established. However, the hypothalamic mechanisms that translate perceived whole body energy demands into subsequent appetitive behavior are incompletely understood. In order to address this question, we tested the effects of T3 on food intake and body weight in rats and measured neuronal Na/K ATPase activity and ATP content in the hypothalamus. Intraperitoneal T3 (100 microg/kg BW) administered for 6 consecutive days increased 24-h rat food intake from control, 26.6+/-1.2, to T3-treated 33.2+/-1.6 g (P<0.01). In T3-treated rats, rubidium-86 (86Rb) uptake (measured as a marker of Na/K ATPase activity) in ex vivo hypothalamic tissue increased (P<0.01) while the content of ATP in the ventral hypothalamus declined following T3 treatment (P<0.01). In another model of energy deficit, which was induced by a very low calorie diet, ATP content was also reduced in the hypothalamus compared to rats fed ad libitum. In summary, increased food intake in response to T3 may be secondary to decreased hypothalamic ATP content, perhaps resulting from both increased Na/K ATPase activity in the hypothalamus and metabolic signaling induced by whole body caloric deficit.
Distinct N-Methyl—aspartate Receptor 2B Subunit Gene Sequences Confer Neural and Developmental Specific Expression

Abstract Expression of the N-methyl—aspartate (NMDA) receptor 2B (NR2B) subunit is neural-specific and differentially regulated. It is expressed in the forebrain and in cerebellar granule cells at early postnatal stages and selectively repressed in the cerebellum after the second postnatal week, where it is replaced by the NR2C subunit. This switch confers distinct properties to the receptor. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms that differentially regulate the NR2B gene in the forebrain and cerebellum during development, we have isolated and characterized the promoter region of the NR2B gene. Two 5′ noncoding exons and multiple transcription start sites were identified. Transcriptional analysis in transgenic mice reveals that an upstream 800-base pair region, which includes the first exon, is sufficient to direct neural-specific transcription. Developmental repression of the gene in the cerebellum requires additional regulatory elements residing in the first intron or second exon. Sequence elements that may participate in the regulation of the NR2B gene were identified by comparison to other neural genes. These studies provide insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating the switch of NMDA receptor subunit expression in the cerebellum, which ultimately account for the physiological changes in receptor function during development.
Fabrication of Ni-Al thin films by the pulsed laser deposition technique

We have fabricated Ni3Al and NiAl thin films on different substrates by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. A high energy nanosecond laser beam was directed onto Ni–Al (NiAl, Ni3Al) targets, and the evaporated material was deposited onto substrates placed parallel to the target. The substrate temperature was varied between 300 and 400 °C, and the substrate-target distance was maintained at approximately 5 cm. The films were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. At energy densities slightly above the evaporation threshold, a slight enrichment of Al was observed, while at higher energy densities the film stoichiometry was close (<5%) to the target composition. Barring a few particles, the surface of the films exhibited a smooth morphology. X-ray and TEM results corroborated the formation of Ni3Al and NiAl films from similar target compositions. These films were characterized by small randomly oriented grains with grain size varying between 200 and 400 A.
Remote runtime steering of integrated terascale simulation and visualization

We have developed a novel analytic capability for scientists and engineers to obtain insight from ongoing large-scale parallel unstructured mesh simulations running on thousands of processors. The breakthrough is made possible by a new approach that visualizes partial differential equation (PDE) solution data simultaneously while a parallel PDE solver executes. The solution field is pipelined directly to volume rendering, which is computed in parallel using the same processors that solve the PDE equations. Because our approach avoids the bottlenecks associated with transferring and storing large volumes of output data, it offers a promising approach to overcoming the challenges of visualization of petascale simulations. The submitted video demonstrates real-time on-the-fly monitoring, interpreting, and steering from a remote laptop computer of a 1024-processor simulation of the 1994 Northridge earthquake in Southern California.
Universal design curves for rib waveguides

A new method of analysis which results in a modular microwave equivalent circuit representation for open guided wave structures has recently been presented. The equivalent circuit takes into account both the guided and continuous spectra and gives accurate answers with limited computational effort. This method is applied to the analysis of rib guides and accurate design information valid over the range of parameters typically encountered in integrated optics is plotted in a universal format. Analytical design rules which are valid over certain ranges of parameters were also given. Finally, commonly used approximate analysis techniques are considered for comparison purposes and the shortcomings of these techniques and the ranges over which they can be used satisfactorily are pointed out. >