cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apoptosis of hippocampal neurons after amygdala kindled seizures

Seizure-induced neuronal damage may involve both excitotoxic and apoptotic (programmed cell death) mechanisms. In the present study, we used an amygdala kindled seizure model to study whether apoptotic cell death occurs. To evaluate apoptosis, we counted the numbers of cells that had DNA fragments labeled at the 3' end with digoxigenin using terminal transferase (ApopTag, Oncor). Additionally, the expression of Bax and Bcl-2, two genes associated with apoptotic cell death, was also measured following kindled seizures. We found that the number of ApopTag-positive cells in the hippocampus increased 30.4% after one kindled seizure and 82.5% after 20 seizures compared to sham controls. The ApopTag-labeled cells could be mainly interneurons of the hippocampal formation, although additional studies are required. Preferential vulnerability of inhibitory interneurons is consistent with previous studies on seizure-induced cell loss. These results, coupled with our findings that the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 expression is increased in the hippocampus by seizures, suggest that apoptosis of hippocampal interneurons may lead to dysinhibition in the hippocampus and increased seizure susceptibility.
Mechanism of the cardiovascular effects of GABAB receptor activation in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the rat

Abstract The effects of baclofen microinjected into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) on blood pressure, heart rate and baroreflex bradycardia were studied in urethane-anesthetized rats. Baclofen caused dose-dependent pressor and tachycardic effects and inhibited the reflex bradycardia elicited by i.v. phenylephrine. The effects of baclofen were inhibited by similarly administered GABAB receptor antagonists, phaclofen and 2-OH-saclofen, or the non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, DNQX, or by pretreatment of rats with intracisternally administered pertussis toxin. DNQX and pertussis toxin, but not the NMDA antagonist, MK-801, also inhibited baroreflex bradycardia. Intra-NTS injections of glutamate caused hypotension and bradycardia, which were potentiated by baclofen, and were not affected by either DNQX or MK-801, or by pretreatment with pertussis toxin. These findings indicate that the cardiovascular effects of stimulation of GABAB receptors in the NTS are due, at least in part, to inhibition of the depressor baroreflex response. Inhibition of the release and/or postsynaptic action of an excitatory amino acid transmitter other than glutamate is the most likely mechanism.
An experimental study of mate guarding and paternity in house wrens

Males are thought to have evolved paternity assurance mechanisms in response to the potential for multiple mating by females, but the effectiveness of these mechanisms can vary. Mate guarding is the most common paternity assurance mechanism found in birds, but there are few studies that examine its effectiveness in protecting paternity. We examined the effectiveness of mate guarding in house wrens, Troglodytes aedon, by experimentally preventing males from guarding via a short-term detention during the female's fertile period. Compared with control males, experimental males had significantly lower paternity in their broods and their mates made more frequent and longer extraterritorial forays. We also found that the increased proportion of extrapair young in experimental broods was associated with: (1) longer intrusions by extrapair males onto the territory of the detained male, and (2) shorter extraterritorial forays by the resident female. Although experimental males were more likely to be cuckolded, they did not reduce their parental care to nestlings. These results support the hypothesis that male mate guarding can effectively reduce the risk of cuckoldry.
Comparisons of teacher and student behaviors in private piano lessons in China and the United States

We compared teacher behaviors, student behaviors, and student achievement in private piano instruction in the People’s Republic of China and in the United States. The research questions were: (1) What were the similarities and differences in private piano lessons regarding teacher verbalizations, teacher modeling, and student behaviors? (2) Was there a difference in the frequency of student success and non-success during lessons? We analyzed 32 video segments (16 pre-college piano teachers each in China and the United States) using a computer observation program. Results indicated some similarities in student and teacher behaviors and no significant difference in students’ success rates within these lessons. Differences were found in time spent on teacher questions, teacher multiple modeling, student play, and students’ verbal response to teacher questions.
Calculation of 16O binding energy

Abstract The binding energy of 16 O has been calculated for the Hamada-Johnston and Brueckner-Gammel-Thaler potentials using an approximation scheme similar to the reference spectrum method. A first-order approximation to the K -matrix is obtained by neglecting both the Pauli principle and the potential energy in intermediate states. The only correction term calculated is that due to the Pauli principle but the method can be extended to include a more general energy spectrum. Harmonic oscillator wave functions are used to describe the single-particle orbitals and a self-consistent calculation of the K -matrix elements is made for several values of the oscillator parameter. The correct parameter is chosen as the one which minimizes the total energy. First-order binding energies of 5.20 and 7.70 MeV/nucleon are obtained for the Hamada-Johnston and Brueckner-Gammel-Thaler potentials, respectively. The Pauli correction reduces the binding obtained to 2.70 and 4.27 MeV. The results of this paper are not considered final. Specifically, three-body interactions have to be calculated and the effect of higher-order insertions in hole lines should be investigated.
High-temperature corrosion of alumina-forming coatings for superalloys

Abstract The results of recent experiments on the cyclic oxidation and hot corrosion of diffusion aluminide and CoCrAlY overlay coatings on nickel-base superalloys are described. It is shown that platinum additions to aluminide coatings produce a substantial increase in resistance to cyclic oxidation and high temperature (Type 1) hot corrosion but have a rather small effect on resistance to low-temperature (Type 2) hot corrosion. The corrosion of aluminide coatings is also shown to be influenced by the composition of the underlying superalloy. Mechanisms for the above behavior are proposed. The effects of yttrium and hafnium on the cyclic oxidation of CoCrAl are illustrated. The results of scanning and transmission electron microscope characterization of the hot corrosion morphologies of CoCrAlY coatings are discussed and a mechanism to account for the microstructures is briefly described.
The effect of load variations on on-wafer lumped element based calibrations

We present a study of DC and RF measured variations in the resistance of loads that are to be used for on-wafer calibrations on GaAs substrates. The impact on measurement-based calibration definitions, and the calibration errors arising from neglecting the variations will be explored. Promising solutions for accommodating the variations into accurate on-wafer calibration strategies are advanced based on the use of the dc resistance of the load standard to aid in the calibration standard definition process.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase from Tetrahymena

Abstract The existence of multiple molecular forms of a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in Tetrahymena pyriformis is shown.
J. Michael McBride at 65 - An appreciation

On the occasion of his 65th birthday, a retrospective of the ongoing career of J. Michael McBride (hereafter Mike), Professor of Chemistry at Yale University since 1966, is offered. An analysis of Mike's pioneering studies of organic crystals is followed by a report on his iconoclastic approach to teaching organic chemistry. Mike's professional colleagues are likely unaware of his innovations in the classroom, while Yale students may not know what he does in the laboratory. This essay aims to illuminate the other side of Mike for his respective audiences. Nevertheless, it is a challenge to summarize his work. Mike McBride's scientific publications are an incomplete record of his professional life, and his presentation of organic chemistry changes with each passing year. A combination of memories, interviews of sympathetic witnesses, and our analysis of the written record give one view of the achievements of a brilliant, one-of-a-kind teacher and scholar.
Fluoxetine rescues deficient neurogenesis in hippocampus of the Ts65Dn mouse model for Down syndrome

The Ts65Dn mouse, an adult model of Down syndrome displays behavioral deficits consistent with a dysfunctional hippocampus, similar to that seen with DS. In looking for mechanisms underlying these performance deficits, we have assessed adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of Ts65Dn. Under untreated conditions, Ts65Dn mice (2-5 months old) showed markedly fewer BrdU-labeled cells than euploid animals. Chronic antidepressant treatment for over 3 weeks with the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, increased neurogenesis in the Ts65Dn to comparable levels seen in the euploid by augmenting both proliferation and survival of BrdU-labeled cells in the subgranular layer and granule cell layer of the hippocampus, respectively.
Renal tubular damage/dysfunction: key to the formation of kidney stones

Supersaturation is the driving force behind crystal formation in the kidneys. It can, however, result only in the formation of crystals which can be harmlessly expelled. For stone formation, crystals must form in the kidneys and be retained there, which is indeed a rare occurrence. Crystalluria is common while stone formation is not. Only pathological changes in the kidneys including renal injury and dysfunction can accomplish crystal retention. Lethal epithelial cellular injury promotes crystal nucleation, aggregation and retention. Sub-lethal injury or dysfunctional cells may produce ineffective crystallization modulators and localized areas of supersaturation in the interstitium. The former will affect crystallization in the urine while the latter may cause precipitation in the interstitium and development of Randall's plaques.
Allogeneic Th1 Cells Home to Host Bone Marrow and Spleen and Mediate IFNγ-Dependent Aplasia

Abstract Bone marrow graft failure and poor graft function are frequent complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and result in significant morbidity and mortality. Both conditions are associated with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), although the mechanism remains undefined. Here we show, in 2 distinct murine models of GVHD (complete MHC- and class II-disparate) that mimic human peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, that Th1 CD4+ cells induce bone marrow failure in allogeneic recipients. Bone marrow failure after transplantation of allogeneic naive CD4+ T cells was associated with increased CD4+ Th1 cell development within bone marrow and lymphoid tissues. Using IFNγ-reporter mice, we found that Th1 cells generated during GVHD induced bone marrow failure after transfers into secondary recipients. Homing studies demonstrated that transferred Th1 cells express CXCR4, which was associated with accumulation within bone marrow and spleen. Allogeneic Th1 cells were activated by radiation-resistant host bone marrow cells and induced bone marrow failure through an IFNγ-dependent mechanism. Thus, allogeneic Th1 CD4+ cells generated during GVHD traffic to hematopoietic sites and induce bone marrow failure via IFNγ-mediated toxicity. These results have important implications for prevention and treatment of bone marrow graft failure after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Predicted attenuation of sound in a rigid-porous ground from an airborne source.

An approximate analytical formula has been derived for the prediction of sound fields in a semi-infinite rigid-porous ground due to an airborne source. The method starts by expressing the sound fields in an integral form, which can subsequently be evaluated by the method of steepest descents. The concept of effective impedance has been introduced by using a physically plausible assumption. The integral can then be simplified and evaluated analytically. The analytical solution can be expressed in a closed form analogous to the classical Weyl–Van der Pol formula that has been used for predicting sound fields above a rigid-porous ground. Extensive comparisons with the wave-based numerical solutions according to the fast field formulation and the direct evaluation of the integral have been conducted. It has been demonstrated that the analytical formula is sufficiently accurate to predict the penetration of sound into a wide range of outdoor ground surfaces.
Measurement of the group refractive indices of several liquids

Abstract A synchronously pumped stimulated Raman oscillator (SPSRO) has been used to measure the group refractive indices of several liquids. The characteristics of the SPSRO are described.
Automated system trend monitoring based on time series analysis

Trend monitoring is an important task performed by flight controllers in support of space missions. Effective means of trend monitoring enable the forecast of future problems with a system or subsystem prior to their actual occurrence. For future space missions, automated approaches to trend monitoring are essential in order to provide for cost effectiveness and system maintainability and reliability. In this paper, a prototype is introduced which shows promise as an aid to trend monitoring. The approach is based upon concepts from the field of time series analysis.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Stiefel bundle of a Banach algebra

We introduce the Stiefel bundle associated to a given Banachable algebra and study the properties of this analytic principal fiber bundle over the Grassmannian of equivalence classes of idempotents in the algebra. Our main application concerns the bounded linear operators of a Banach space. In particular, the problem of smooth parametrization of subspaces can then be reduced to one involving the smooth extension of sections.
CNS MIDLINE TO MESODERM SIGNALING IN DROSOPHILA

The dorsal median cells are unique mesodermal cells that reside on the surface of the ventral nerve cord in the Drosophila embryo. The Buttonless homeodomain protein is specifically expressed in these cells and is required for their differentiation. We have determined that proper buttonless gene expression and dorsal median cell differentiation requires signals from underlying CNS midline cells. Thus, dorsal median cells fail to form in single-minded mutants and do not persist in slit mutants. Through analysis of rhomboid mutants and targeted rhomboid expression, we also show that the EGF signaling pathway regulates the number of both the dorsal median cells, as well as a set of mesodermal cells that arise next to the midline and express the single-minded gene. Finally, wingless-patched double mutants exhibit defects in the restriction of dorsal median cells to segment boundaries and alterations in CNS midline cell fates. Taken together, these data define a novel neuroectoderm to mesoderm signaling pathway and suggest that unique mesodermal cell types are specified by a combination of midline and segmental cues.
The concept of family resilience: crisis and challenge.

The concept of resilience, the ability to withstand and rebound from crisis and adversity, has valuable potential for research, intervention, and prevention approaches aiming to strengthen couples and families. Resilience has been viewed as residing within the individual, with the family often dismissed as dysfunctional. This article advances a systemic view of resilience in ecological and developmental contexts and presents the concept of family resilience, attending to interactional processes over time that strengthen both individual and family hardiness. Extending our understanding of normal family functioning, the concept of family resilience offers a useful framework to identify and fortify key processes that enable families to surmount crises and persistent stresses. There are many pathways in relational resilience, varying to fit diverse family forms, psychosocial challenges, resources, and constraints. Shared beliefs and narratives that foster a sense of coherence, collaboration, competence, and confidence are vital in coping and mastery. Interventions to strengthen family resilience have timely relevance for weathering the rapid social changes and uncertainties facing families today.
Time-resolved spectral holeburning in LaF3:Ho3+ and YLiF4:Er3+

Abstract We have used delayed optical free induction decay and time resolved holeburning with microsecond resolution to investigate spectral diffusion in LaF3:Ho3+ and YLiF4:Er3+ at 1.4 K. The magnetic moments of the rare earth ions strongly perturb the nuclear spins of neighboring fluorine ions, resulting in a distribution of fluorine flip rates. Spectral diffusion arises from the coupling of the rare earth centers to the fluorine nuclear magnetic moments. Increases in holewidth of up to two orders of magnitude were observed between 1 μs and 10 ms.
Error-related scalp potentials elicited by hand and foot movements: evidence for an output-independent error-processing system in humans

The error-related negativity (ERN) is a fronto-centrally distributed component of the event-related brain potential (ERP) that occurs when human subjects make errors in a variety of experimental tasks. In the present study, we recorded ERPs from 128 scalp electrodes while subjects performed a choice reaction time task using either their hands or feet. We applied the brain electric source analysis technique to compare ERNs elicited by hand and foot errors. The scalp distributions of these error potentials suggest that they share the same neural generator and, therefore, that the ERN process is output-independent. Together with other findings, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the ERN is generated within the anterior cingulate cortex and is elicited by the activation of a generic error-processing system.
A simple dynamic equilibrium model with adjustment costs

Abstract The equivalence of a perfect foresight equilibrium to a Fisher competitive equilibrium and an optimal planning model is demonstrated for a model with an adjustment cost technology and a representative household. Adjustment costs lead to a non-trivial dynamic optimization problem for the producer. The results depend on the necessity of a transversality condition for the household, producer and planner in their respective optimization problems. The equivalence theorems are used to discuss conditions for multiple steady state equilibrium solutions and the corresponding stability properties.
Correlation of P-wave polarity with underlying electrophysiologic mechanisms of long RP′ tachycardia

Analysis of surface electrocardiograms from patients with long RP' tachycardia due to either atypical atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia, permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia, or low atrial tachycardia was performed. Although a negative P wave in the inferior leads is common to all 3 mechanisms, the results suggest that a positive or isoelectric P wave in electrocardiographic lead I strongly supports a diagnosis of atypical atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia, whereas a negative or biphasic P wave in lead I argues against this mechanism.
Topology design and performance analysis for networked earth observing small satellites

In order to network small satellite constellations for Earth observation and communication, several limitations must be addressed, including distributed topology management, slow down-link data-rates, and single point-to-point communication. Since distributed satellite constellations exacerbate the severity of these limitations, thorough analysis of a constellation's network performance is required to ensure that task objectives are achievable. In this paper, we designed network topologies using Satellite Toolkit (STK) for two low Earth orbit (LEO) Earth observing small satellite constellations: a sun-synchronous repeating ground track constellation and a flower (an elliptical repeating ground track) constellation. Both constellations include six sink satellites that provide a high speed down-link relay point to a ground station. We compared the constellations' inter-satellite links and down-links with respect to network metrics including access window time, drop-ratio, and throughput. We evaluated these network metrics using the Network Simulator (ns-2). Though previous works have proposed sun-synchronous and flower small satellite constellations for Earth observation, these constellations have not been analyzed for these network metrics. Results show that the sun-synchronous constellation with a repeating ground track outperforms the flower constellation with respect to more access time, lower drop-ratio, and higher throughput. Additionally, our simulations determined the optimum media access control slot time and packet transmission intervals for long distance satellite links. Further, our method of designing satellite constellation topologies in STK and exporting them to ns-2 can be used for future studies on any desired constellation network performance evaluations.
Responding to Hate Speech on Social Media: A Class Leads a Student Movement

In the Spring of 2012, fans of the Gonzaga University basketball team used hate speech on social media site Twitter to express their frustration at losing a game to the Brigham Young University team. In response, the students in the Hate Studies in Business course started a student-led movement to "Take the Hate Out of Hoops." The students applied their lessons in virtue ethics and leveraged the experiential structure of the course to create a positive response to a negative event. It was through the unique study of hate, the recognition that membership in a community implies responsibility for harms perpetuated by that community, and the action-oriented nature of this class that students were moved to respond to this instance of injustice. This paper describes the course, the incident of hate speech, the students' response, and the lessons learned by the four instructors of the course.
Political Science and the Uses of Functional Analysis

Political science, as an empirical enterprise, shares with the other behavioral or social sciences at least one characteristic feature: partial formalization. For a science to most reliably discharge its two principal functions, explanation and prediction, statements embodying acquired knowledge must be systematically organized in subsumptive or deductive relations. Minimally, a set of such systematically related propositions, which include among them some lawlike generalizations, and which can be assigned specific truth value via empirical tests, is spoken of as a theory. A theory, in a substantially formalized system, includes as constituents (1) an uninterpreted or formal calculus which provides for syntactical invariance in the system, (2) a set of semantic rules of interpretation which assign some determinate empirical meanings to the formal calculus thereby relating it to an evidential or empirical base, and (3) a model for the uninterpreted calculus, in terms of more or less familiar conceptual or visualizable materials, which illustrates the relationships between variables in structural form, an alternative interpretation of the same calculus of which the theory itself is an interpretation. The virtues of standard formalization need hardly be specified. For our purposes here it is sufficient to indicate that formalization seeks to satisfy the minimal requirements of any serious knowledge enterprise: to provide for syntactical and semantic invariance without which reliable knowledge is simply not conceivable. The language shift, exemplified in any cognitive effort, from ordinary to specialized language style is the consequence of attempting to reduce the vagueness, ambiguity and tense obscurity that afflicts common speech.
Cellulose Digestibility of Fibrous Materials Treated With Trichoderma Viride Cellulase

Abstract Cellulose digestibility of corn silage, ensiled with four percents (0, .05, .10, and .20% on a dry matter basis) of fungal cellulase, enzyme no. EC 3.2.1.4. of Trichoderma viride, was studied by the nylon bag technique with six rumen-fistulated cows. After 1 yr in the silo, cellulose content of the cellulase treated forages was lower than that of the untreated materials. Cellulase activity of the silage, at the time of feeding, as measured by "filter paper activity", coincided closely with treatments. The pH of ensiled forage varied inversely with cellulase treatment, indicating increased fermentation of carbohydrates at higher enzyme, apparendy resulting from some breakdown of cellulose in the silo. Coefficients of cellulose digestibility for cows receiving a corn silage ration were 48 to 51% compared to only 12 to 24% for animals consuming sericea lespedeza hay. Soaking Coastal bermudagrass hay, newsprint, and Solka-floc 7 days with .72% (wt/wt) added cellulase increased cellulose digestibility when the host cows received a ration of corn silage. Mean cellulose digestion coefficients for enzyme-treated hay, newsprint, and Solka-floc were 54, 61, and 68% versus 45, 46, and 56% for controls. The enzyme treatment was ineffective in improving cellulose digestibility when the ration was Interstate sericea. In a third experiment, cellulose digestibility of bermudagrass hay, pre-soaked overnight with a 2% sodium hydroxide solution, followed by a 5-day treatment with .72% cellulase, was in the range of 59 to 61%, compared with 42% for the dry and wet controls.
A forty year perspective on effects of child abuse and neglect

Case records written between 1939 and 1945 were used to divide 232 males among four categories, according to how they had been treated as children: "Neglected," "Abused," "Rejected," or "Loved." The groups were similar in terms of poverty and proportions from broken homes. The abused and the rejected were more likely to have been reared by aggressive parents. In addition, the abused were most likely to have also been exposed to high demands for adult behaviors and dominant fathers. The rejected were most likely to have experienced parental conflict and paternal alcoholism or criminality. And the loved were most likely to have been raised by self-confident mothers. Between 1975 and 1979, 98% of the men were retraced. Records for juvenile delinquency showed higher rates among the abused, neglected, and rejected boys than among those raised by loving parents. Rates of alcoholism, divorce, and occupational success were similar among the four groups. Approximately half the abused or neglected boys had been convicted for serious crimes, become alcoholics or mentally ill, or died when unusually young. Although paternal alcoholism and criminality were not related to the occurrence of child abuse, they were related to damage from such abuse. Maternal self-confidence and education appeared to decrease vulnerability to the adverse impact of child abuse.
Introductory remarks on human CYPs

This issue of Drug Metabolism Reviews is centered on the human P450 metabolism database compiled by Slobodan Rendic. With more than 3900 entries and over 1000 references, this database is a resourc...
Measurements of jet flows impinging into a channel containing a rod bundle using dynamic PIV

Abstract In this investigation, full-field velocity profiles of jet flows impinging into a rod bundle were measured using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique in a facility with Matched-Index of Refraction. The test section consisted of a 1 m long rectangular channel with a cross-sectional area of 76.2 × 76.2 mm2. Water was pumped through either single or double jets located on the top wall of the channel. The Reynolds numbers of the inlet jets were varied from 4470 to 13,400. Inside the channel adjacent to the inlet jets, a rod bundle was configured with 29 staggered tubes of 10.67 mm outside diameter (O.D.). The time-resolved velocity fields were obtained for regions within the rod bundle from which the vorticity fields and the turbulent characteristics of those regions were calculated. The results are useful for developing new models to help predict the flow patterns in the lower plenum of Gas Cooled Reactors.
On the Electron and Hole Tunneling in a $ \hbox{HfO}_{2}$ Gate Stack With Extreme Interfacial-Layer Scaling

With decreasing SiO2 interfacial-layer (IL) thickness, gate currents in SiO2/HfO2 dual-layer gate stacks are observed to undergo drastic changes. For an IL thickness below 3 A, a transition from hole-current-dominated transport to electron-current-dominated transport is observed near operating bias conditions in p-channel field-effect transistors. A tunneling simulation based on the transfer-matrix approach suggests that the band offsets for the SiO2 and HfO2 layers are reduced in the submonolayer IL regime ( <; 3 A), promoting the transition in the conduction mechanism.
Tumor-initiating stem cells of squamous cell carcinomas and their control by TGF-β and integrin/focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) sustain tumor growth through their ability to self-renew and to generate differentiated progeny. These functions endow CSCs with the potential to initiate secondary tumors bearing characteristics similar to those of the parent. Recently the hair follicle stem cell marker CD34 was used to purify a CSC-like cell population from early skin tumors arising from treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene/12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, which typically generates benign papillomas that occasionally progress to squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). In the present study, we identify and characterize CSCs purified from malignant SCCs. We show that SCCs contain two highly tumorigenic CSC populations that differ in CD34 levels but are enriched for integrins and coexist at the SCC-stroma interface. Intriguingly, whether CD34(lo) or CD34(hi), α6(hi)β1(hi) populations can initiate secondary tumors by serial limit-dilution transplantation assays, but α6(lo)β1(lo) populations cannot. Moreover, secondary tumors generated from a single CSC of either subtype contain both CD34(lo) and CD34(hi) α6(hi)β1(hi)CSCs, indicating their nonhierarchical organization. Genomic profiling and hierarchical cluster analysis show that these two CSC subtypes share a molecular signature distinct from either the CD34(-) epidermal or the CD34(hi) hair follicle stem cell signature. Although closely related, α6(hi)β1(hi)CD34(lo) and α6(hi)β1(hi)CD34(hi) CSCs differ in cell-cycle gene expression and proliferation characteristics. Indeed, proliferation and expansion of α6(hi)β1(hi)CD34(hi) CSCs is sensitive to whether they can initiate a TGF-β receptor II-mediated response to counterbalance elevated focal adhesion kinase-mediated integrin signaling within the tumor. Overall, the coexistence and interconvertibility of CSCs with differing sensitivities to their microenvironment pose challenges and opportunities for SCC cancer therapies.
The Relationship Between Autonomy and Relatedness and Adolescents’ Adrenocortical and Cardiovascular Stress Response

Developing autonomy and maintaining relatedness within the parent-adolescent relationship marks a realignment process that shifts adolescents' decision making and regulation from parents to youth. This process may be stressful for some adolescents, particularly those who perceive their daily lives as stressful. This study examined the associations of autonomy, relatedness and perceived stress with adolescents' cortisol and blood pressure response to conflict in a mother-adolescent interaction task among 100 adolescents (M age = 15.09; 68 % girls, 78 % Caucasian). Few direct associations were found, but results indicated that perceived stress moderated the effect of autonomy and relatedness such that youth who reported more perceived stress and whose mothers' restricted their autonomy and undermined their relatedness evidenced increased cortisol and systolic blood pressure when compared to youth lower in perceived stress. The results highlight the importance of examining individual differences in the association between normative developmental transitions and adolescents' neurobiological response to stress.
Morphine Synovial Fluid Concentrations After Intravenous Regional Limb Perfusion in Standing Horses

Objective To determine synovial concentrations of morphine after intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) with morphine or morphine in combination with gentamicin in clinically healthy, standing sedated horses. Study Design Experimental. Animals Adult horses (n = 6). Methods IVRLP was performed using 0.1 mg/kg morphine (M) in standing sedated horses. After a 3-week washout period, IVRLP was performed on the same forelimb with a combination of 0.1 mg/kg morphine and 1 g gentamicin (M/G). Synovial fluid from the middle carpal joint of the perfused limb and jugular blood samples were collected immediately before each perfusion and 20 minutes, and 2, 8, and 24 hours after IVRLP. Morphine and gentamicin concentrations were determined by ELISA. Data were assessed using 2-way repeated measures ANOVA with significance set at P ≤ .05. Results Synovial fluid morphine concentrations were greatest 20 minutes after perfusion. Mean ± SD peak synovial morphine concentrations over 12 perfusions were 3903 ± 4881 ng/mL. There was no significant difference in morphine synovial concentrations after M or M/G. Plasma morphine concentrations peaked within 2 hours of perfusion (range, 11–63 ng/mL). Mean peak gentamicin concentrations in synovial fluid were 76,315 ± 39,809 ng/mL. IVRLP morphine did not cause clinically apparent adverse effects. Conclusions IVRLP in standing sedated horses results in measurable levels of morphine in synovial fluid and synovial concentrations of gentamicin after perfusion in combination with morphine are equivalent to those previously reported.
Experiments pursuant to determining the barrier traversal time for quantum tunneling

Laser illumination of the junction of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) modulates the barrier height by adding the electric field of light. Numerical simulations suggest that the dependence of tunneling current on the magnitude and frequency of the modulation can serve as a basis for determining the duration of barrier traversal. Modulation increases the mean value of the current when the frequency is much less than the reciprocal of the traversal time. Our simulations also suggest that a 670 nm laser diode at a power density of 100 W/cm2 will reduce the tunneling current. The latter effect is contrary to most competing phenomena such as current rectification, photo-assisted tunneling, thermal-assisted tunneling, and thermal expansion. We are completing a novel STM which has decreased noise and increased stability in order to make the laser/STM measurements. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A structural view of asymptotic convergence speed of adaptive IIR filtering algorithms. I. Infinite precision implementation

For pt.I see ibid., vol.41, no.4, p.1493-1517, 1993. Finite precision (FP) implementation is the ultimately inevitable reality of all adaptive filters, including adaptive infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. This paper continues to examine the asymptotic convergence speed of adaptive IIR filters of various structures and algorithms, including the simple constant gain type and the Newton type, but under FP implementation. A stochastic differential equation (SDE) approach is used in the analysis. Such an approach not only greatly simplifies the FP analysis, which is traditionally very involved algebraically, but it also provides valuable information about the first-order as well as the second-order moments that (the latter) are not available using the ordinary differential equation (ODE) approach. The asymptotic convergence speed, as well as the convergent values, of the pertinent moments of FP errors are examined in terms of unknown system pole-zero locations. The adverse effects of lightly damped low-frequency (LDLF) poles resulting from fast sampling on the local transient and convergent behavior of various structures and algorithms are analyzed and compared. The new results agree with the existing ones when reduced to the finite impulse response (FIR) case. In particular, the explosive behavior of pertinent error variances of Newton-type IIR algorithms when the forgetting factor /spl lambda/=1 is also concluded. Computer simulation verifies the predicted theoretical results.
Infarction of basal ganglia associated with California encephalitis virus

A child developed acute hemiparesis due to infarction of basal ganglia and internal capsule. Pleocytosis of cerebrospinal fluid and elevated immunoglobulin M antibodies suggest that California encephalitis virus infection caused the stroke.
Minimizing Path Delay in Multipath Networks

One of the most important problems in the field of performance optimization for data networks is the problem of routing to achieve delay minimization. This becomes extremely important in the context of providing Quality of Service while satisfying demand. The problem is classical and was considered three decades ago by a number of authors primarily Gallagher, Bertsekas and Garcia-Luna-Aceves. The models attempt to find multiple flow paths to satisfy demands while minimizing the total delay in the network. Over the years it has become clear that in order to reduce congestion, a multipath approach to routing is needed. Moreover to provide explicit guarantee on QoS the routing needs to provide explicit delay bounds on each flow path. In fact the emergence of voice and video services has highlighted the need for explicit delay bounds. In this paper we propose an iterative algorithm that minimizes the maximum delay for individual flows while meeting demand requirements for multiple source-sink pairs. We assume that the delay on links is a convex function of the demand. We also propose to minimize the gap between the maximum and minimum delay paths so that the buffer required at the destination will be small.
Linear density drift instabilities in very low beta plasmas A different approach

This paper reports a study of the linear Vlasov electromagnetic dispersion equation for density drift instabilities in very low beta plasmas. A uniform magnetic field and a weak uniform density gradient are assumed. This paper differs from most other studies of this topic in three important ways: (1) no low frequency or long wavelength approximations are made, (2) no gauge condition is imposed and (3) a modification of the local approximation is used which is argued to be less arbitrary than the usual local approximation. Numerical solution of the resulting dispersion equation yields stabilization of the universal density drift instability at values of beta somewhat higher than those obtained from the local approximation, and near maximum growth shows no evidence of coupling between the universal and Alfven modes.
Two worlds: Adolescents' strategies for managing life with a parent in hospice

Objective: This study aimed to generate an explanatory model of the coping strategies that adolescents employ to manage the stressors they experience in the final months of their ill parent's life and shortly after their death. Method: The sample included 26 families of adolescents with a parent receiving care in a large hospice program in northeastern Ohio. A semistructured interview was conducted with 14 ill parents, 17 well parents/guardians, and 30 of their adolescent children before the parent's death and, additionally, with 6 of these families after the death. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using a grounded-theory approach. Results: The participants described two worlds that constituted the lives of the adolescents: the well world of normal adolescence and the ill world of having a parent near the end of life. The adolescents experienced a common challenge of living in two worlds and responded to the challenge with a process we labeled “managing two worlds.” Five stages through which adolescents manage their worlds were identified: keeping the ill world and the well world separate; having the ill world intrude into the well world; moving between the ill world and the well world; being immersed in the ill world; and returning to the well world having been changed by the ill world. Significance of results: The explanatory model of “managing two worlds” outlines a complex and nuanced process that changes over time. The model can be used by health professionals who seek to help adolescents navigate this critical time when their parents are dying or have recently died. These results can also be used to inform the development of interventions that assist families with strategies tailored to an adolescent's specific needs. Future research should investigate associations among the process of “managing two worlds” and outcomes related to adolescent bereavement.
Comparison of Albuterol to Isoproterenol as a Bronchodilator for Use in Pulmonary Function Testing

We compared the effectiveness of albuterol with isoproterenol as a bronchodilator for use in pulmonary function testing. A total of 180 patients presenting for routine pulmonary function testing were randomly assigned to receive 5 mg of either albuterol or isoproterenol by compressed air nebulizer. Forced expiratory maneuvers were performed before, 5 min after, and 10 min after bronchodilator administration. The average increase in FEV, and FVC did not differ between drugs. Also, the fraction of patients achieving a clinically significant bronchodilator response did not differ between drugs. Importantly, there was no significant difference between average 5 and 10 min postbronchodilator values for FEV, or FVC for either bronchodilator, suggesting that a peak response was reached by 5 min. These results show no advantage of isoproterenol over albuterol in terms of potency or speed of action. Given the well-known cardiovascular side effects of isoproterenol, albuterol is the preferable agent for use in pulmonary function testing.
The knee: breaking the MR reflex.

The knee is a large joint prone to trauma and arthritis. Although magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has revolutionized evaluation of knee structures and their abnormalities, imaging the knee makes use of all imaging modalities. Radiography remains important in the diagnosis of knee pathology. This section is dedicated to the initial radiographic evaluation and the sometimes subtle clues to underlying pathology. Knowledge of injury patterns and frequently missed findings will improve the radiologist’s ability to suggest the diagnosis on radiographs. Anatomy A routine radiographic evaluation of the knee includes an anteroposterior view, a lateral view, and a “sunrise” view. In the evaluation of osteoarthritis, weight-bearing views are usually obtained. The bones of the knee joint include the patella, femoral condyles, tibia, and fibula. The knee is composed of the medial tibiofemoral, lateral tibiofemoral, and patellofemoral joints. On AP view, the patella is centrally located between the femoral condyles. There is a slight overlappingoftheproximalfibularheadandlateraltibialplateau. The quadriceps and patellar tendons are seen best on lateral radiograph. The patellofemoral joint is best seen on “sunrise” and lateral views. Table 1 summarizes the important landmarks to evaluate on every radiographic examination of the knee.
Genetic syndromes associated with immunodeficiency

Recent advances have provided insight into the genetic basis of inherited immunodeficiencies. Although the clinical manifestations of mutations in many of these genes primarily affect the immune system, mutations in other genes have effects on both immune cells and other organ systems. These states in which there is significant clinical involvement outside of the immune system are called syndromic immunodeficiencies. Recurrent infections are present in many syndromes with multiple congenital anomalies. In some cases, the recurrent infections have an anatomic or physiologic cause (eg, lack of coordination of swallowing leading to aspiration pneumonia). In other conditions, however, recurrent infections are caused by a true defect in immune-cell function. These syndromes are the focus of this article. Conditions are presented that feature multiple congenital anomalies that have deficits in the cellular or humoral immune response or neutropenia that is not
Cerebral microbleeds: Where are we now?

The cerebral microbleeds saga continues to fascinate. Much of the enduring interest in the topic relates to the implicit clinical conundrum created by the high prevalence of a cerebrovascular disorder that is simultaneously ischemic (i.e., clinical and subclinical infarction) and presumably hemorrhagic (i.e., microbleeds), a phenomenon termed mixed cerebrovascular disease .1 Moreover, cerebral microbleeds appear to represent a unique link between stroke, brain aging, dementia, and Alzheimer disease, with cerebral amyloid angiopathy being the most notable correlate of lobar microbleeds, while hypertension is strongly associated with deep microbleeds.2
Nanoparticle Assemblies with Molecular Springs: A Nanoscale Thermometer

aretypicallystatic:Theyshowa limitedresponsetoenvironmentalparametersanddonotexhibitsmoothrever-sible transitions of their three-dimensional organization orgeometry in response to external stimuli. Dynamic NPsuperstructures with gradual structural adaptation tocommon physical parameters may reveal interesting analo-gies to biological entities of similar scale.
Increased noneosinophilic nasal polyps in chronic rhinosinusitis in US second-generation Asians suggest genetic regulation of eosinophilia.

In this study we found a significantly lower eosinophilia in nasal polyps surgically removed from second-generation Asian patients, similar to studies of native-born patients in Asian countries, suggesting the hypothesis that there may be genetic regulation of eosinophilia.
Digital Video Watermarking in P-Frames With Controlled Video Bit-Rate Increase

Most video watermarking algorithms embed the watermark in I-frames, but refrain from embedding in P- and B-frames, which are highly compressed by motion compensation. However, P-frames appear more frequently in the compressed video and their watermarking capacity should be exploited, despite the fact that embedding the watermark in P-frames can increase the video bit rate significantly. This paper gives a detailed overview of a common approach for embedding the watermark in I-frames. This common approach is adopted to use P-frames for video watermarking. We show that by limiting the watermark to nonzero-quantized AC residuals in P-frames, the video bit-rate increase can be held to reasonable values. Since the nonzero-quantized AC residuals in P-frames correspond to nonflat areas that are in motion, temporal and texture masking are exploited at the same time. We also propose embedding the watermark in nonzero quantized AC residuals with spatial masking capacity in I-frames. Since the locations of the nonzero-quantized AC residuals is lost after decoding, we develop a watermark detection algorithm that does not depend on this knowledge. Our video watermark detection algorithm has controllable performance. We demonstrate the robustness of our proposed algorithm to several different attacks.