cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Architecture and Synthesis for Area-Efficient Pipelining of Irregular Loop Nests

Modern high-level synthesis (HLS) tools commonly employ pipelining to achieve efficient loop acceleration by overlapping the execution of successive loop iterations. While existing HLS pipelining techniques obtain good performance with low complexity for regular loop nests, they provide inadequate support for effectively synthesizing irregular loop nests. For loop nests with dynamic-bound inner loops, current pipelining techniques require unrolling of the inner loops, which is either very expensive in resource or even inapplicable due to dynamic loop bounds. To address this major limitation, this paper proposes ElasticFlow, a novel architecture capable of dynamically distributing inner loops to an array of processing units (LPUs) in an area-efficient manner. The proposed LPUs can be either specialized to execute an individual inner loop or shared among multiple inner loops to balance the tradeoff between performance and area. A customized banked memory architecture is proposed to coordinate memory accesses among different LPUs to maximize memory bandwidth without significantly increasing memory footprint. We evaluate ElasticFlow using a variety of real-life applications and demonstrate significant performance improvements over a state-of-the-art commercial HLS tool for Xilinx FPGAs.
Reliability and Validity of START and LSI-R Assessments in Mental Health Jail Diversion Clients

Risk assessment instruments are increasingly used in mental health jail diversion programs. This study examined the reliability and validity of Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) and Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) assessments overall and by client race. Research assistants completed START and LSI-R assessments for 95 diversion clients. Arrests and jail days were collected via official records and self-report 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months after baseline. Assessments demonstrated good interrater reliability and convergent validity. START strength total scores and LSI-R risk estimates were the strongest predictors of recidivism. Total scores and risk estimates did not differ as a function of client race, but there were some differences in accuracy of START vulnerability and LSI-R total scores and risk estimates in predicting jail days (but not arrests), over shorter follow-ups. No such differences were found for START strength total scores across any follow-up period or recidivism measure.
Biomass gasification producer gas cleanup

Abstract In addition to primary gases, biomass-derived producer gas contains nonnegligible concentrations of undesirable byproducts collectively known as contaminants. Syngas contaminants are composed of tar-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-based compounds and halides and other trace metals that must be minimize their negative impacts on downstream processes or to adhere to environmental regulations. The producer gas cleanup consists of all processes that are employed to reduce the concentration of contaminants in raw producer gas prior to conditioning and utilization in downstream applications. This chapter discusses primary contaminants, the impact of operating conditions on them, their mitigation and regulations governing their emissions. Additionally, best of available technology (BAT) are discussed for select contaminants.
Engineering an Island City-State: A 3D Ethnographic Comparison of the Singapore River and Orchard Road

Stephanie Kane moves the discussion to Singapore, exploring the challenges of island nations in the Age of the Anthropocene. Looking at the urban infrastructure of Singapore—its dams and drainage systems built both for flood control and to provide freshwater to the population—she demonstrates the complex dynamics between cultural, geological, and technological structures. She argues that a key feature of the Anthropocene is a state of never-ending tension between humanity’s attempts to control and predict and the irrepressible power of geophysical systems. Inherent to these tensions is form of co-evolution, one in which society, technology, and environment are constantly reshaping each other, all the while transforming cultural assumptions and ways of knowing.
Optimal deployment of heterogeneous sensor networks for a hybrid point and barrier coverage application

Abstract Heterogeneous sensor networks (HSNs) comprise of different types of sensors with varying range and sensing quality. Coverage is one of the most important performance metrics for sensor networks (SNs), and it reflects how well an area of interest is monitored. Compared with homogeneous SNs, design and control of HSNs for coverage purposes are more complicated. This study considers a hybrid point and barrier coverage application for HSNs in which a decision-maker seeks to locate sensors along a two-dimensional belt-shaped barrier region for two purposes: (1) protecting critical facilities located inside the barrier region, and (2) preventing illegal border crossings. Using this multi-objective setting, this study incorporates the following factors: multiple types of sensors, intruders and critical facilities, diffuse sensor coverage model, cooperative cover allowance, and technical constraints. To solve the defined problem, we first develop a multi-objective integer non-linear program (INLP) formulation. Since the INLP is non-convex it may not produce globally optimal solutions. For this purpose, using a special mapping technique, we reformulate the problem as a multi-objective integer linear program (ILP). Then, we employ a genetic algorithm (GA) metaheuristic to solve the problem. We then perform extensive simulation runs to measure and compare the performances of the proposed INLP, ILP and GA solution approaches. Our results indicate although the ILP is efficient for small size problems, it requires longer computing times to deliver globally optimal solutions. The INLP and GA, on the other hand, provide a balance between the solution quality and computation time for larger problem instances. The performance of the proposed hybrid modelling approach is demonstrated through sensitivity analysis runs.
Myeloid sarcoma of the nasal septum following invasive fungal sinusitis: report of a case and review of the relevant literature

Myeloid sarcoma is an uncommon extramedullary manifestation of myeloproliferative malignancies, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This sarcoma most often involves structures such as subperiosteal bone, peritoneum, or pericardium, and has only rarely been reported in the nose and paranasal sinuses. The signs and symptoms of myeloid sarcoma can overlap with those of acute invasive fungal sinusitis (AIFS), a life-threatening surgical emergency. This report describes a 75-year-old male with a known history of AML who developed both AIFS and myeloid sarcoma. Several months after successful treatment for biopsy proven AIFS, this patient developed a new soft tissue mass of the nasal septum. A new biopsy was obtained which revealed infiltrating blast cells with evidence of monocytic differentiation diagnostic of myeloid sarcoma. Given symptoms of severe nasal obstruction, this patient received palliative radiotherapy to the nasal septum, which provided temporary improvement prior to the patient succumbing to his underlying malignancy. We review the existing reports of mucosal myeloid sarcomas, diagnostic overlap of myeloid sarcoma and AIFS, as well as currently available treatment strategies.
Ecosystem or Echo-System? Exploring Content Sharing across Alternative Media Domains

This research examines the competing narratives about the role and function of Syria Civil Defence, a volunteer humanitarian organization popularly known as the White Helmets, working in war-torn Syria. Using a mixed-method approach based on seed data collected from Twitter, and then extending out to the websites cited in that data, we examine content sharing practices across distinct media domains that functioned to construct, shape, and propagate these narratives. We articulate a predominantly alternative media “echo-system” of websites that repeatedly share content about the White Helmets. Among other findings, our work reveals a small set of websites and authors generating content that is spread across diverse sites, drawing audiences from distinct communities into a shared narrative. This analysis also reveals the integration of government-funded media and geopolitical think tanks as source content for anti-White Helmets narratives. More broadly, the analysis demonstrates the role of alternative newswire-like services in providing content for alternative media websites. Though additional work is needed to understand these patterns over time and across topics, this paper provides insight into the dynamics of this multi-layered media ecosystem.
Improving RNA modification mapping sequence coverage by LC-MS through a nonspecific RNase U2-E49A mutant.

Abstract We report the identification and use of a mutant of the purine selective ribonuclease RNase U2 that randomly cleaves RNA in a manner that is directly compatible with RNA modification mapping by mass spectrometry. A number of RNase U2 mutants were generated using site-saturation mutagenesis. The enzyme activity and specificity were tested using oligonucleotide substrates, which revealed an RNase U2 E49A mutant with limited specificity and a tendency to undercut RNA. Using this mutant, RNA digestion conditions were optimized to yield long, overlapping digestion products, which improve sequence coverage in RNA modification mapping experiments. The analytical utility of this mutant was demonstrated by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) mapping of several modified RNAs where 100% sequence coverage could be obtained using only a single enzymatic digestion. This new mutant facilitates more accurate and efficient RNA modification mapping than traditional highly base-specific RNases that are currently used.
Advances in the application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in metabolomics

Abstract Due to excellent separation capacity for complex mixtures of chemicals, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) is being utilized with increasing frequency for metabolomics analyses. This review describes recent advances in GC × GC method development for metabolomics, organismal sampling techniques compatible with GC × GC, metabolomic discoveries made using GC × GC, and recommendations and best practices for collecting and reporting GC × GC metabolomics data.
Implementation of just-in-time teaching strategy as an active learning instructional pedagogy for PharmD integrated microbiology and virology course

Just-In-Time Teaching (JiTT) is an active learning pedagogy that has been successfully adopted by various disciplines. However, it is unclear if JiTT presents value to a pharmacy curriculum. The current study implemented JiTT as an active-learning tool for an Integrated Microbiology and Virology course offered during the first year of a PharmD program. At the end of the course, students were provided with a survey that included items about JiTT. Several items were aggregated into a single rating about the degree that students agreed with various statements purporting JiTT as helpful, with score choices ranging from 1 (I strongly disagree) to 4 (I strongly agree). Overall, students strongly endorsed JiTT as helpful ( M = 3.61, SD = 0.50), and even the lowest score, 2.50, was neutral in tone. Students were asked to endorse rationales for why JiTT questions were used in this course; 93.02% felt that JiTT helped them keep track with the material, and only 34.88% felt that JiTT gave them “extra work.” These results—and other findings stated in the poster —suggest that students in a pharmacy program find value in JiTT.
More Sneezing, Less Crime? Seasonal Allergies, Transitory Costs and the Market for Offenses

The neoclassical economic model of crime envisions crime as a gamble undertaken by a rational individual who is weighing the costs and benefits of offending at the margin. A large literature estimates the sensitivity of crime to policy inputs that shift the cost of offending such as police and prisons. In this paper, we point out that participants in the market for offenses also respond to transitory changes in situational factors and that these are in constant flux. We consider the responsiveness of crime to a pervasive and common health shock which we argue shifts costs and benefits for offenders and victims: seasonal allergies. Leveraging daily variation in city-specific pollen counts, we present novel evidence that violent crime declines in U.S. cities on days in which the local pollen count is unusually high and that these effects are driven by residential violence. While past literature suggests that property crimes have more instrumental motives, require planning, and hence are particularly sensitive to permanent changes in the cost and benefits of crime, we find evidence that violence may be especially sensitive to situational factors.
Goals-of-Care Decisions by Hospitalized Patients With Advanced Cancer: Missed Clinician Opportunities for Facilitating Shared Decision-Making.

Abstract Context Hospitalized patients with advanced cancer often face complex, preference-sensitive decisions. How clinicians and patients engage in shared decision-making during goals-of-care discussions is not well understood. Objective The objective of this study was to explore decision-making by patients and clinicians during inpatient goals-of-care discussions. Methods This is a qualitative study of audio-recorded goals-of-care discussions between hospitalized patients with advanced cancer and their clinicians. Grounded theory was used to analyze transcripts. Results Sixty-two patients participated in goals-of-care discussions with 51 unique clinicians. Nearly half of patients (n = 30) were female and their mean age was 60.1 years (SD = 12.7). A palliative care attending or fellow was present in 58 of the 62 discussions. Decisions centered on three topics: 1) disease-modifying treatments; 2) hospice; and 3) code status. Clinicians' approach to decision-making included the following stages: "information exchange," "deliberation," "making a patient-centered recommendation," and "wrap-up: decisional status." Successful completion of each stage varied by the type of decision. When discussing code status, clinicians missed opportunities to engage patients in information exchange and to wrap up decisional status. By contrast, clinicians discussing disease-modifying treatments and hospice failed to integrate patient preferences. Clinicians also missed opportunities to make patient-centered recommendations when discussing treatment decisions. Conclusion Clinicians missed opportunities to facilitate shared decision-making regarding goals of care, and these missed opportunities differed by type of decision being discussed. Opportunities for clinician communication training include engagement in collaborative deliberation with patients and making patient-centered recommendations in situations of high medical uncertainty.
Direct wavefront sensing enables functional imaging of infragranular axons and spines.

We advance two-photon microscopy for near-diffraction-limited imaging up to 850 µm below the pia in awake mice. Our approach combines direct wavefront sensing of light from a guidestar (formed by descanned fluorescence from Cy5.5-conjugated dextran in brain microvessels) with adaptive optics to compensate for tissue-induced aberrations in the wavefront. We achieve high signal-to-noise ratios in recordings of glutamate release from thalamocortical axons and calcium transients in spines of layer 5b basal dendrites during active tactile sensing. Two-photon microscopy in combination with adaptive optics enables diffraction-limited morphological and functional imaging up to around 800 μm below the pia. This is achieved with the help of fluorescent microvessels serving as guidestars.
Assessment and Therapies for Sleep and Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders Associated with Atopic Disease in Children: A Dental Perspective

Many growing children afflicted with atopic diseases have comorbid structural maldevelopments of the craniofacial-respiratory complex (CFRC). Although the epidemiology is not well characterized, several characteristic patterns of skeletal malocclusion (SM) in atopic patients have been noted: constricted width of the maxilla, with or without unilateral or bilateral posterior crossbites, excessive vertical jaw growth (long face), anterior open bites, and decreased length (shortness) of mandibles and maxillas. These particular SM traits represent dysmorphology in all three planes of the CFRC space and all can be comorbid with habitual mouth breathing/nasal disuse. As many SM phenotypes are often first identifiable in early childhood (i.e., by or before age six), we believe that in the presence of respiratory dysfunction, treatment for HSM should be discussed at much earlier ages than is currently considered common practice.
Operative Management of Bile Duct Injury in the Presence of Prior Roux-en-Y

With the proliferation of bariatric surgery, there is a need to learn “the new anatomy” in these patients and the possible scenarios surgeons could face when foregut surgery is indicated. In particular, some cases of bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (and any biliary reconstruction) could occur in this population; thus a whole armamentarium of techniques are needed accordingly to manage this problem. Although it is important to know the bariatric technique used previously in each patient beforehand, this chapter presents the current surgical techniques that are critical to know in this setting.
Was Paul Klee’s scleroderma an occupational disease? A series of historical and clinical vignettes, part III:

Paul Klee (1879–1940), one of the most influential artists of the 20th century, died at 60 years of age from complications of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). The precipitating event(s) of Klee’s ...
Consumer Misconceptions about Tax Laws: Results from a Survey in the United States

A survey of 1,131 consumers in the United States identified substantial gaps in knowledge or literacy with respect to fundamental U.S. tax law concepts of withholding and tax liability, tax brackets, tax deductions versus credits, charitable contributions, income and exclusions (gifts), and payroll/self-employment tax. Rates of misunderstanding of each concept ranged from 30% to 79%. Regression analysis suggests tax literacy was higher among males and consumers who were older, more educated, and had higher household incomes. Self-reported tax knowledge was weakly correlated with objectively measured knowledge (r = .37, p < .001), suggesting respondents had limited ability to estimate their own literacy of tax concepts. Tax literacy was significantly, but relatively weakly correlated with a more general measure of financial literacy suggesting that tax literacy is a related, yet distinct component of a consumers’ overall financial proficiency. These findings have important implications for consumer welfare via potential impacts on everyday consumer decisions and public discourse.
Mutual Benefits: Linking Science and Policy in the Delta

October 2013 San Francisco Estuary & Watershed Science: Science & Policy for the Delta Mutual Benefits: Linking Science and Policy in the Delta Judy L. Meyer Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602 USA jlmeyer@uga.edu Member, Delta Independent Science Board Introduction Scientists and decision-makers in the San Francisco Bay–Delta are not unique. Ecosystem management programs worldwide are exploring ways to better link science and policy as a means to enhance and restore the services that ecosystems provide to society. Improving the effectiveness of this link requires policy-relevant scientific research, effective communication of research findings, and an efficient means of altering policy when the desired outcomes are not achieved or when relevant scientific understanding changes. Enhancing Policy-relevant Scientific Research Science will not provide clear policy solutions, but it can be useful in establishing the boundary conditions within which a policy decision can be reached. Fostering policy-relevant scientific research requires dynamic leaders in both science and policy arenas and interactions that build trust among them. To be effective, the science needs to address relevant questions, meet standards of scientific rigor, and be unbiased politically (Clark et al. 2002 in Van Cleve et al. 2004). This requires scien- tists who are independent and informed about the issues that managers and policy- makers face and who recognize that increased scientific understanding can result from research inspired by policy questions. Yet research shouldn’t be driven only by current policy questions. Long-term and anticipatory research is essential to develop the scientific knowledge base that will be needed for future decisions. These goals are facilitated by respectful interaction between both researchers and the policymakers whose decisions will be informed by the information gathered. An effective structure for policy-relevant science acknowledges that disagreements among scientists are inevitable (e.g., differing interpretations of data or competing restoration proposals) and provides mechanisms for resolving these disagreements. Means of resolution include establishing a scientific assessment process (e.g., work- shops aimed at achieving a consensus-based scientific understanding from exist-
Fluid management in ARDS: An evaluation of current practice and the association between early diuretic use and hospital mortality

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and volume overload are associated with increased hospital mortality. Evidence supports conservative fluid management in ARDS, but whether current practice reflects the implementation of that evidence has not been described. This study reports the variability in contemporary fluid management for ICU patients with ARDS. We compared routine care to trial protocols and analyzed whether more conservative management with diuretic medications in contemporary, usual care is associated with outcomes. We performed a retrospective cohort study in nine ICUs at two academic hospitals during 2016 and 2017. We included 234 adult patients with ARDS in an ICU at least 3 days after meeting moderate-severe ARDS criteria (PaO2:FIO2 ≤ 150). The primary exposure was any diuretic use in 48 to 72 h after meeting ARDS criteria. The primary outcome was hospital mortality. Unadjusted statistical analyses and multivariable logistic regression were used. In 48–72 h after meeting ARDS criteria, 116 patients (50%) received a diuretic. In-hospital mortality was lower in the group that received diuretics than in the group that did not (14% vs 25%; p = 0.025). At ARDS onset, both groups had similar Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores and ICU fluid balances. During the first 48 h after ARDS, the diuretic group received less crystalloid fluid than the no diuretic group (median [inter-quartile range]: 1.2 L [0.2–2.8] vs 2.4 L [1.2-5.0]; p 10% of body weight) in each group was 16% and 25%(p = 0.09), respectively. During 48–72 h after ARDS, the overall prevalence of shock was 44% and similar across both groups. Central venous pressure was recorded in only 18% of patients. Adjusting for confounders, early diuretic use was independently associated with lower hospital mortality (AOR 0.46, 95%CI [0.22, 0.96]). In this sample of ARDS patients, volume overload was common, and early diuretic use was independently associated with lower hospital mortality. These findings support the importance of fluid management in ARDS and suggest opportunities for further study and implementation of conservative fluid strategies into usual care.
Magnesium intake is associated with a reduced risk of incident liver cancer, based on an analysis of the NIH-American Association of Retired Persons (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study prospective cohort

Background Liver cancer incidence and mortality are escalating globally. Magnesium intake has been studied extensively in nonmalignant liver pathology, but the association between dietary intake of magnesium and primary liver malignancy has not been previously evaluated. Objectives We aimed to determine the association between total magnesium intake and primary liver cancer risk. Methods Using the NIH-American Association of Retired Persons (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study prospective cohort, we estimated the association between magnesium intake and the risk of incident primary liver cancer using Cox proportional hazard modeling adjusted for relevant confounders. Comprehensive stratified and sensitivity analyses were performed. Results During 6.4 million person-years of follow-up time, 1067 primary liver cancers occurred in 536,359 participants. Higher magnesium intake was independently associated with a lower risk of liver cancer (P-trend = 0.005), with intakes in the highest compared with lowest quartile associated with 35% lower risk (HR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.48, 0.87). The dose-related inverse association was more pronounced in moderate and heavy alcohol users (HR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.82; P-trend = 0.006), and this interaction was statistically significant (P-interaction = 0.04). Conclusions Based on a prospective cohort analysis, we demonstrated that magnesium intake is associated with a lower risk of primary liver cancer, which was more pronounced among moderate and heavy alcohol users. Robust experimental and mechanistic data provide a biological basis to support these findings.
Monitor-Watcher Use, Nurses' Knowledge of Electrocardiographic Monitoring, and Arrhythmia Detection.

BACKGROUND Electrocardiographic telemetry monitors are ubiquitous in hospitals. Dedicated monitor watchers, either on the unit or in a centralized location, are often responsible for observing telemetry monitors and responding to their alarms. The impact of use of monitor watchers is not known. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association of monitor-watcher use with (1) nurses' knowledge of electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring and (2) accuracy of arrhythmia detection. METHODS Baseline data from 37 non-intensive care unit cardiac patient care areas in 17 hospitals in the Practical Use of the Latest Standards for Electrocardiography trial were analyzed. Nurses' knowledge (n = 1136 nurses) was measured using a validated, 20-item online test. Accuracy of arrhythmia detection (n = 1189 patients) was assessed for 5 consecutive days by comparing arrhythmias stored in the monitor with nurses' documentation. Multiple regression was used to evaluate the association of use of monitor watchers with scores on the ECG-monitoring knowledge test. The association of monitor-watcher use with accuracy of arrhythmia detection was examined by χ2 analysis. RESULTS Of the 37 units, 13 (35%) had monitor watchers. Use of monitor watchers was not independently associated with ECG-monitoring knowledge (P = .08). The presence of monitor watchers also was not significantly associated with the accuracy of arrhythmia detection (P = .94). CONCLUSION Although the use of monitor watchers was not associated with diminished nurses' knowledge of ECG monitoring, it also was not associated with more accurate arrhythmia detection. If implementing a monitor-watcher program, critical safety points, such as ensuring closed-loop communication, must be considered.
Interface of Operations and Finance: A Tutorial

We present two tutorials: (1) a finance tutorial for OM researchers and (2) an OM tutorial for finance researchers. We complement the textbook treatment of important ideas from one discipline with examples of applications to the other discipline. Our goal is to lower the entry cost for new researchers interested in problems at the interface of the two disciplines.
The Importance of Possible Selves in Family Resilience Among Puerto Rican Survivors of Hurricane Maria Displaced to Orlando, Florida:

Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico on September 20, 2017. The devastation displaced many families and led to negative mental health outcomes. We use the intersection of Oyserman’s possible selves’ the...
Channel Coding Theorems in Non-stochastic Information Theory

Recently, the $\delta$ -mutual information between uncertain variables has been introduced as a generalization of Nair's non-stochastic mutual information functional [1], [2]. Within this framework, we introduce four different notions of capacity and present corresponding coding theorems. Our definitions include an analogue of Shannon's capacity in a non-stochastic setting, and a generalization of the zero-error capacity. The associated coding theorems hold for stationary, memoryless, non-stochastic uncertain channels. These results establish the relationship between the $\delta$ -mutual information and our operational definitions, providing a step towards the development of a complete non-stochastic information theory.
Settled Insanity: Substance Use Meets the Insanity Defense.

Mental impairments as a result of intoxication with alcohol or drugs have never been accepted as bases for an insanity defense. However, most U.S. jurisdictions have agreed that when the downstream...
Proteinases that Digest the Connective Tissue Matrix

The connective tissue matrix offers a special problem in the field of protein breakdown by cell proteinases. The matrix proteins of interest all lie outside the cells that are to digest these proteins. The first step of proteolysis requires that the cells release proteases to the extracellular space. However, the liberation of proteolytic enzymes from the direct control of the cell poses serious dangers to the organism, since the enzymes might continue to digest indefinitely and they might digest proteins that were not intended for destruction. These considerations suggest that the proteases of interest with respect to matrix breakdown may be highly specific and that they may be governed by a series of control mechanisms.
Soft-Error Performance Evaluation on Emerging Low Power Devices

Radiation-induced single-event upset (SEU) has become a key challenge for cloud computing. The proposed introduction of low bandgap materials (Ge, III-Vs) as channel replacement and steep switching devices for low-voltage applications may induce radiation reliability issues due to their low ionization energy and device architecture. In this paper, the soft-error generation and propagation in Si FinFET, III-V FinFET, and III-V Hetero-junction tunnel FET (HTFET) are investigated using device and circuit simulation. III-V FinFET shows enhanced charge collection compared with Si FinFET, whereas HTFET shows significant reduction of the bipolar gain effect and charge collection. Soft-error rate (SER) evaluation methodology has been proposed for these emerging devices based on the critical LET extraction. SRAM bit flip, electrical masking effect, and latching window masking effect have been analyzed with supply voltage scaling. The SER evaluation of SRAM and logic shows that HTFET-based circuits are promising for radiation resilient ultra-low power applications. III-V FinFET shows increased SER for SRAM for ${\rm V}_{\rm DD}$ range of 0.3–0.8 Vand reduced logic SER below 0.5 V compared with Si FinFET.
ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF RURAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS: ANALYSIS OF PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

The use of information technology in rural settings is receiving increasing attention because of the immense potential it brings for improving the quality of life and reducing the digital divide. However, high costs coupled with infrastructure and context-related factors tend to dilute the advantages that are often taken as a set of givens. In this paper, we present a case study of a pioneering experience of IT use in a set of villages in southern India. The project was conceptualized and implemented by the M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) to assess the impact of modern information and communication technologies on sustainable rural development in the Pondicherry region of India. The essence of the challenge in this project lay in “reaching the unreached” by attempting to deliver the benefits of new technologies to the economically and socially disadvantaged sections of the rural population. This was conceptualized as a prerequisite for promoting a new paradigm of rural development based on concurrent and integrated attention to the imperatives of ecology, economics, employment, and equity. The system is called the knowledge system for sustainable food security. The long-term experiment is in progress and results presented are intermediate yet useful. Results of the study indicate that information technology when used in concert with an array of initiatives does indeed lead to manifest benefits. Moreover, many of the issues that are relevant to IT use in the corporate world are applicable—but need a different treatment. In essence this paper is an invitation to expand the horizons of mainstream IS research to include rural settings.
“X” means X: Semantics Fodor-style

InPsychosemantics Jerry Fodor offered a list of sufficient conditions for a symbol “X” to mean something X. The conditions are designed to reduce meaning to purely non-intentional natural relations. They are also designed to solve what Fodor has dubbed the “disjunction problem”. More recently, inA Theory of Content and Other Essays, Fodor has modified his list of sufficient conditions for naturalized meaning in light of objections to his earlier list. We look at his new set of conditions and give his motivation for them-tracing them to problems in the literature. Then we argue that Fodor's conditions still do not work. They are open to objections of two different varieties: they are too strong and too weak. We develop these objections and indicate why Fodor's new, improved list of conditions still do not work to naturalize meaning.
Integrating Structured Data and Text

Essential problems associated with searching and retrieving relevant documents were discussed in the preceding chapters. However, simply searching massive quantities of unstructured data is not sufficient.
Samuel Danforth's Errand into the Wilderness and the Discourse of Arrival in Early American Culture

This essay explores the way in the experience of arrival is constructed through the resources of language and community. Samuel Danforth's sermon “Errand into the Wilderness” provides an exceptionally clear case study of this process. By examining its structural and thematic features, we can identify the rhetorical action by which arrival is made meaningful as a force in the shaping of cultural identity.
A Eurocentric Problem

In no other major civilization do self-regard, self-congratulation and denigration of the ‘Other’ run as deep, nor have these tendencies infected as many aspects of their thinking, laws, and policy, as they have in Western Europe and its overseas extensions. These tendencies reached their apogee during the nineteenth century, retreated briefly after World War II, but have been staging a comeback since the end of the Cold War. This paper examines the sources and uses of Eurocentricism. It also exposes its fallacies.
Modeled aerosol nitrate formation pathways during wintertime in the Great Lakes region of North America

Episodic wintertime particle pollution by ammonium nitrate is an important air quality concern across the Midwest U.S. Understanding and accurately forecasting PM2.5 episodes are complicated by multiple pathways for aerosol nitrate formation, each with uncertain rate parameters. Here, the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ) simulated regional atmospheric nitrate budgets during the 2009 LADCO Winter Nitrate Study, using integrated process rate (IPR) and integrated reaction rate (IRR) tools to quantify relevant processes. Total nitrate production contributing to PM2.5 episodes is a regional phenomenon, with peak production over the Ohio River Valley and southern Great Lakes. Total nitrate production in the lower troposphere is attributed to three pathways, with 57% from heterogeneous conversion of N2O5, 28% from the reaction of OH and NO2, and 15% from homogeneous conversion of N2O5. TNO3 formation rates varied day-to-day and on synoptic timescales. Rate-limited production does not follow urban-rural gradients and NOx emissions due, to counterbalancing of urban enhancement in daytime HNO3 production with nocturnal reductions. Concentrations of HNO3 and N2O5 and nighttime TNO3 formation rates have maxima aloft (100–500 m), leading to net total nitrate vertical flux during episodes, with substantial vertical gradients in nitrate partitioning. Uncertainties in all three pathways are relevant to wintertime aerosol modeling and highlight the importance of interacting transport and chemistry processes during ammonium nitrate episodes, as well as the need for additional constraint on the system through field and laboratory experiments.
Feasibility Tests of Pipeline Pigs for Cryogenic Pipelines

The cryogenic pig experiment reported here was designed to test the concept of using a pneumatically driven pipeline pig to force cryogenic fluid through a long, large diameter pipe, which is one of the key features of the proposed large scale Spill Safety Test Facility. The Spill Safety Test Facility will spill materials such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), ammonia, and other liquefied gases under controlled conditions so that atmospheric dispersion of these materials can be better understood.
The effects of histone glutathionylation on chromatin structure (942.5)

The Effects of Histone Glutathionylation on Chromatin Structure DNA transcription is dependent on interactions between DNA and associated histone proteins. Modifications to histones have the potential to influence DNA transcription by promoting euchromatin structure, such as in the acetylation of histones, or promoting heterochromatin structure, such as in the methylation of histones. Recent work has increased our understanding of the consequences of histone modifications. In particular, a recent study demonstrated that cells exposed to nitrosative stress show an increase in histone glutathionylation, a redox sensitive modification. The current project focuses on the ramifications of glutathionylation of histones on chromatin structure and its potential to regulate gene transcription. We show that glutathionylation promotes heterochromatin structure, which may lead to a decrease in gene transcription. These results have broader significance as chromatin remodeling may play a role in aging and neurodegener...
Trends in advanced computed tomography use for injured patients in United States emergency departments: 2007-2010.

AbstractObjectives:Studies have documented increased advanced radiography use in U.S. emergency departments (EDs) for injured patients over the past decade. The authors explored trends in recent years (2007 through 2010) in advanced radiography use, specifically head computed tomography (CT) and non
Deterministic relaxation algorithms for edge detection and surface reconstruction

Summary form only given. The regularization framework has been extended to treat the joint optimization of an intensity process and an observable line process. The network of processes tries to satisfy soft and hard constraints as it relaxes to an equilibrium state. These constraints are usually (i) closeness to data, (ii) the smoothness criterion (the parallel to regularization), and (iii) constraints on line interactions. The functional to be minimized is nonconvex, and stochastic relaxation algorithms like simulated annealing can be used to obtain the global optimum. The approach is easily extensible to other early vision problems where discontinuities play an important role. The resulting task of optimization, however, is nonconvex. Several optimal techniques can provide good solutions. The problem can be stated in terms of finding the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of a probability distribution or equivalently in terms of minimizing a potential function. Then the problem can be formulated in Bayesian terms (prior, degradation, and posterior distributions) and converted to one of minimizing a potential. >
Differing mechanisms of stimulation of Na+ absorption in rabbit proximal colon

Both alpha2-adrenergic agonists and decreased Na+ in the bathing fluids stimulate electroneutral Na+ absorption in rabbit proximal colon, but it is unclear whether they have similar modes of action. We sought to define regulatory events involved with stimulation of Na+ absorption by these two agonists. Transport parameters were assessed by ion flux studies under short-circuit and pH stat conditions, recordings of intracellular electrical potential difference (psi(mc)) with microelectrode impalements, and measurement of intracellular pH (pH(i)). Epinephrine elicited a yohimbine-inhibitable alkalinization of pH(i) but did not alter psi(mc) In contrast, lowered serosal Na+ concentration ([Na+]) did not significantly increase pH(i) but did depolarize psi(mc). Removal of serosal HCO(3)- stimulated Na+ absorption and reversed residual ion flux from secretion to absorption. pH stat studies demonstrated epinephrine-stimulated, amiloride-inhibitable serosal alkalinization. Serosal 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid inhibited Na+ absorption. Epinephrine and lowered [Na+] have different effects on intracellular parameters associated with electroneutral Na+ absorption. Epinephrine stimulates an apical Na+/H+ exchanger. Lowered [Na+] elicits responses consistent with a coupled Na+-HCO(3x)- exit step. Coordinated function of apical Na+/H+ exchangers and a basolateral Na+-HCO(3)(x)- symport permit Cl(-)-independent electroneutral Na+ absorption while maintaining pH(i) homeostasis. Given the low [Cl-] environment of the colonic lumen, this transport pathway may be important for electroneutral Na+ absorption.
Regional cerebral blood flow correlates of the severity of writer's cramp symptoms.

Writer's cramp is a type of idiopathic focal dystonia with incompletely understood pathophysiology. Recent studies provide evidence that one element might be a sensory processing defect. We performed a PET study with O15 H2O to find out in which brain areas activity correlates with the severity of writer's cramp symptoms. Methods: We studied 10 patients with writer's cramp and 10 age- and gender-matched control subjects. There were seven conditions, each repeated twice: rest, writing, tapping with index finger for 2, 3, 4, and 5 min. For each scan, we obtained EMG recordings from the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), extensor indicis proprius (EIP) muscles, and a subjective score of severity of dystonia. Scans were realigned, normalized, smoothed, and analyzed using SPM99. Analysis included both intra- and intergroup comparisons and a correlation analysis where we used EMG recordings and subjective dystonia score as covariates. Results: Random effect analysis of the writing task showed overactivity of the primary sensory cortex and no significant underactivity. Correlation analysis of dystonia patients showed activation of SI when we used the subjective dystonia score as a covariate, and activation of both the SI and primary motor cortex when the normalized EMG score of FDS was used. Conclusion: While some overactivity of MI is not surprising, overactivity of SI is more dramatic and suggests a primary deficit in processing sensory feedback. Writer's cramp may arise in part as a dysfunction of sensory circuits, which causes defective sensorimotor integration resulting in co-contractions of muscles and overflow phenomena.
Girls' recurrent and concurrent body dissatisfaction: correlates and consequences over 8 years.

Objective The present study examines the patterns of body dissatisfaction during adolescence in order to determine whether girls enter onto trajectories of body dissatisfaction that are associated with eating and depressive symptoms during adolescence and in young adulthood. Method Body dissatisfaction was studied in 120 adolescent girls drawn from a normal population of students enrolled in private schools in a major metropolitan area. They were seen at three times over an 8-year period (mean ages = 14.3, 16.0, and 22.3). Results Recurrent body dissatisfaction during adolescence was associated with earlier pubertal maturation and elevated depressive and eating symptoms in young adulthood compared with girls who maintained positive body images during adolescence. Concurrent body dissatisfaction was also a correlate of greater depressed affect and eating symptoms at the time these girls experienced body dissatisfaction. Discussion Findings suggest that adolescent body dissatisfaction has consequences for affect in adulthood. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 404–415, 2002.
Optimal operating policies in the presence of exchange rate variability

We study the structure of the optimal policies for a firm operating plants in different countries. The relative costs of production between the plants are assumed to vary over time due to economic and political factors such as exchange rates, inflation, taxes, and tariffs. Based on the costs, the firm can alter the quantity produced in each plant. We determine the structure of the optimal policies for deciding when and by how much to alter the production quantities. When the switch-over costs are linear or step functions, regardless of whether the variable production costs are concave or piece-wise linear convex, and regardless of whether the firm is supplying one or more markets, the optimal policy is always a barrier policy. The optimal barriers can be determined by using linear programming techniques, and the optimal costs can be computed by solving a system of linear equations. When the number of optimal barriers is two, the optimal expected costs and the condition that determines the optimal barriers are explicitly derived.
Expansion and broadening of coronal loop transients: A theoretical explanation

Consequences are examined of the assumption that an observed coronal loop transient is a twisted rope of magnetic-field lines expanding and broadening in the background coronal plasma and magnetic field. It is shown that the expansion can be accounted for by the azimuthal component of the field; the observed broadening of the loop as it moves outward can be accounted for by the longitudinal component of the field. In order to have a net outward force and at the same time avoid a classical pinch (sausage) instability, the two components of the field must satisfy a certain inequality. It is predicted that, as the loop rises, the width (h) of its top portion should vary proportionally with distance (R) from the sun's center. This is in good agreement with measurements that show h is proportional to the 0.8 power of R. The prediction that the radius of curvature of the top portion of the loop should be proportional to R differs from the measured variation. The difference could be accounted for by a drag due to the background coronal field that flattens the loop's top.