cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
controlling births and bodies in village China

China has been able to achieve contraceptive usage of 60% or higher within a more 25 years through control of women by the state and its political and medical cadres. The process of accommodation involved not just acquiescence but involvement of women in local cadres negotiating terms for informal rules that were desired. Local policy was a deviation from national and provincial family planning policy. Womens resistance had undesirable consequences: the greater risk of tubal ligations repeated IUD insertions and extractions frequent abortions late-term abortions and operations poorly performed in haste during birth control campaigns. Another consequence of the regulatory system was womens fight for upholding the patriarchal system and the desire for sons only. Even though the state was no longer directly controlling behavior women and peasants embraced the state notions about family construction social and cultural behavior. The family became a political construction and the one-child policy dominated; the family became a family construction in that it acceded to family demands. The examination of family demography particularly in the case of China should include feminist and political economic literatures. The feminist literature would draw on the examination of the human reproductive potential and the fight over whether the individual or state has control of the state strategies of manipulation and acceptance of reproductive technologies and of tradeoffs made by families in balancing reproductive decisions health and safety and ideal family sizes. A political economic study would focus on the state the medical profession and international agencies and their impact on fertility control and strategies of resistance to state control. The state in developing countries with the support of foreign governments and international agencies had directly affected family formation through their family planning programs. In the case of China the state has been so strong that people have come to "internalize it accept it and even reproduce it in their daily lives." The evidence for this reality was presented for a village in Shaanxi province based on anthropological research conducted before 1989 and the Tiananmen Square massacre.
Monolithic Filter Design

This chapter contains sections titled: Design Techniques for MOS Switched Capacitor Ladder Filters Technological Design Considerations for Monolithic MOS Switched-Capacitor Filtering Systems Switched-Capacitor Circuit Design A High Performance Low Power CMOS Channel Filter Effects of the Op Amp Finite Gain and Bandwidth on the Performance of Switched-Capacitor Filters High-Frequency CMOS Switched-Capacitor Filters for Communications Application A Low-Noise Chopper-Stabilized Differential Switched-Capacitor Filtering Technique A High-Performance Micropower Switched-Capacitor Filter Performance Limitations in Switched-Capacitor Filters Fully Integrated Active RC Filters in MOS Technology
Some Practical Solutions to Measurement Problems Encountered at Low Temperatures and High Magnetic Fields

For the measurement of temperatures between 1 K and 300 K, there are available a wide variety of sensors and several dc, ac, and pulse techniques. The choice of measurement system depends on a number of factors, including the required precision, cost, speed of response, sensor size and availability, and the effect of high magnetic fields. When the most significant of those factors have been identified and quantified, it should then be possible to select the thermometer(s) that best meet those requirements. To aid in the selection procedures, some pertinent characteristics of a number of useful thermometers are presented. A brief discussion of high magnetic field sensors useful at low temperatures is included.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Shock/Boundary Layer Interaction over Surface Roughness Using the High-Oder FR/CPR-LLAV Method

A recently developed high-order accurate flux reconstruction/correction procedure via reconstruction (FR/CPR) method equipped with localized Laplacian artificial viscosity (LLAV) shock-capturing capability is used to simulate both two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) shock-boundary layer interaction (SBLI) at different Reynolds numbers with and without wall roughness. It is found that the method can effectively and sharply resolve both shock and boundary-layer separation features. From the SBLI simulation results, it is observed that surface roughness can change the interaction between the shock waves and the boundary layers. As a result, the surface heat transfer process can be substantially modified.
Electro-oxidized epitaxial graphene channel field-effect transistors with single-walled carbon nanotube thin film gate electrode.

We report the effect of electrochemical oxidation in nitric acid on the electronic properties of epitaxial graphene (EG) grown on silicon carbide substrates; we demonstrate the availability of an additional reaction channel in EG, which is not present in graphite but which facilitates the introduction of the reaction medium into the graphene galleries during electro-oxidation. The device performance of the chemically processed graphene was studied by patterning the EG wafers with two geometrically identical macroscopic channels; the electro-oxidized channel showed a logarithmic increase of resistance with decreasing temperature, which is ascribed to the scattering of charge carriers in a two-dimensional electronic gas, rather than the presence of an energy gap at the Fermi level. Field-effect transistors were fabricated on the electro-oxidized and pristine graphene channels using single-walled carbon nanotube thin film top gate electrodes, thereby allowing the study of the effect of oxidative chemistry on...
The Land Mammals of Unalaska Island: Present Status and Zoogeography

Reviews of early records and recent field studies suggest that only three native mammals, excepting man, occur on Unalaska Island, Alaska. The impoverished mammalian fauna is evidence that the Aleutian Islands west of Unimak Pass have been isolated from the mainland since the end of the last Wuurm-Wisconsin glaciation. No evidence could be found of a shrew, Sorex hydrodromus , once reported from Unalaska.
Legislative Success and Failure and Participation in Rule Making

This article addresses the relationship between legislative success and failure and participation in bureaucratic policy making. It specifically examines the hypothesis that the parties upon which regulations are expected to impose costs participate more extensively in the rule-making process than the expected beneficiaries of regulations do. The analysis focuses on the submission of comments on a regulation, promulgated by the Health
ANS shell elements with improved transverse shear accuracy

A method of forming assumed natural coordinate strain (ANS) plate and shell elements is presented. The ANS method uses equilibrium based constraints and kinematic constraints to eliminate hierarchical degrees of freedom which results in lower order elements with improved stress recovery and displacement convergence. These techniques make it possible to easily implement the element into the standard finite element software structure, and a modified shape function matrix can be used to create consistent nodal loads.
Mini Review of Integrated Care and Implications for Advanced Practice Nurse Role

UNLABELLED Literature related to primary care and behavioral health integration initiatives is becoming abundant. The United States' 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act included provisions encouraging increased collaboration of care for individuals with behavioral and physical health service needs in the public sector. There is relatively little known of Advanced Practice Registered Nurses' (APRNs) roles with integrating primary and behavioral healthcare. The goal of this review article is to: (a) define integration of physical and behavioral healthcare and potential models; (b) answer the question as to what are effective evidence based models/strategies for integrating behavioral health and primary care; (c) explore the future role and innovations of APRNs in the integration of physical and behavioral healthcare. RESULTS The evidence- based literature is limited to three systematic reviews and six randomized controlled trials. It was difficult to generalize the data and the effective integration strategies varied from such interventions as care management to use of sertraline to depression management and to access. There were, though, implications for the integrated care advanced practice nurse to have roles inclusive of competencies, leadership, engagement, collaboration and advocacy.
Surgical treatment for 103 patients with congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis

Objectives To summarize the clinical experience of operative treatment for 103 patients with congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis. Methods From January 1988 to June 2006,we had performed operative treatment for 103 patients with congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis. Among them,there were 97 cases of diaphragmatic stenosis and 6 cases of spinal stenosis. Under extracorporeal circulation,resection of pure diaphragmatic stenosis or cardiac muscular annuli fibrosis was performed for 92 patients;which was added with muscular cutting or incision in left ventricular outflow tract(LVOT) for 21 patients. 29 patients combined and aortic valvular disease were provided with aortic valve replacement. Corrective therapies for other endocardial abnormality were performed during the same period. Results (1)In early phase of this group,there were 2 cases of death (death rate: 1.94%). Among them,one patients died from severe arrhythmia and cardiac arrest after operation;one patient died from severe low cardiac output,The rest were cured. Among them,84 patients had their cardiac murmur removed and the rest patients had their cardiac murmur weakened remarkably after operation.(2)LVOT gradient(LVOTG) before operation and in early phase after operation was 0-16(4.9±3.4)mm Hg(P0.001) compared to the LVOTG before operation. Conclusions It is advisable to perform operative therapy for congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis as soon as possible. Operative method should be determined according to the pathology and dissection features,such as resecting the diaphragm or annuli fibrosis. If necessary,muscular incision or resection can be added,so as to eliminate the stenosis thoroughly and to prevent from complication.
English Abstract Nouns and Their Translation

nouns in all kinds of writing. Abstract nouns are characterized by simplicity in form but generalization and vagueness in meaning. Therefore sometimes it is not easy to understand them correctly. In English-Chinese translation the English abstract nouns should be flexibly dealt with, otherwise there may appear improper Chinese if translated word for word. Some ways of translating English abstract nouns are suggested: they can be translated into Chinese verbs; they can be replaced either by Chinese concrete nouns or by rhetorical devices; and sometimes the key word of a sentence falling on abstract nouns in English should be changed into that on concrete nouns in Chinese; in addition, abstract nouns can be translated into Chinese sentences.
Cellular zinc and redox buffering capacity of metallothionein/thionein in health and disease.

Zinc is involved in virtually all aspects of cellular and molecular biology as a catalytic, structural, and regulatory cofactor in over 1000 proteins. Zinc binding to proteins requires an adequate supply of zinc and intact molecular mechanisms for redistributing zinc ions to make them available at the right time and location. Several dozen gene products participate in this process, in which interactions between zinc and sulfur donors determine the mobility of zinc and establish coupling between cellular redox state and zinc availability. Specifically, the redox properties of metallothionein and its apoprotein thionein are critical for buffering zinc ions and for controlling fluctuations in the range of picomolar concentrations of “free” zinc ions in cellular signaling. Metallothionein and other proteins with sulfur coordination environments are sensitive to redox perturbations and can render cells susceptible to injury when oxidative stress compromises the cellular redox and zinc buffering capacity in chronic diseases. The implications of these fundamental principles for zinc metabolism in type 2 diabetes are briefly discussed.
Effects of WR-2721 on Parathyroid Hormone Secretion and Bone

WR-2721 (S-2(3-aminopropylaminoethyl) phosphorothioic acid) is an organic thiophosphate derivative of cysteamine which was developed under the auspices of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in an attempt to develop non-toxic means of introducing thiol-containing compounds into tissues. Thiols are known to protect cells against the toxic effects of ionizing radiation and alkylating agent chemotherapy, however agents with free sulfhydryl groups such as cysteamine are very toxic. To avert the toxicity of this reactive group, several thioester derivatives were synthesized (1). Yuhas (2) found that one of the thiophosphates, WR-2721, is accumulated by, and provides radioprotection to normal tissues, but not certain tumors in experimental animals. The mechanism of this tissue selectivity is unknown. In studies in animals and humans, there are few side effects at doses providing radioprotection (3). During initial trials of its efficacy as a radio- and a chemoprotective agent in patients with malignancies, acute transient hypocalcemia was noted; intravenous WR-2721 produced a 20% fall in the serum calcium concentration at four hours and serum calcium levels remained depressed at 24 hours. Serum concentrations of immunoreactive PTH were reduced after infusion of WR-2721 instead of increasing in response to hypocalcemia suggesting that WR-2721 causes hypocalcemia by reducing secretion of PTH (4).
Prenatal Exposure to Opioids

Prescription opioid abuse is a growing healthcare concern in this country. In particular recent data have shown substantial increases in use among the young and women in comparison to more traditional abused opioids like heroin. The changing demographics of opioid abuse are leading to rises in neonatal narcotic abstinence syndromes (NNAS), which can require substantial hospitalization. In addition to NNAS there can be long-term effects on health and behavior. To characterize the acute and longer-term effects, rodent models of prenatal opioid exposure have been developed. The majority of models have considered exposure to methadone, morphine, and heroin. We will review the data from these models, as well as more recent data on prenatal exposure to prescription opioids. We also consider the acute effects of the drugs in utero and the early postnatal period, as well as longer-term effects in the juvenile and adult.
Substitution over Time in Consumption and Work

Fifty years after the publication of Value and Capital, the view of the role of the interest rate in macroeconomic fluctuations expounded there has never been more influential. According to that view, a higher interest rate brings a deferral of spending and an acceleration of production; a temporarily high real wage causes a burst of work effort. A huge body of research in the past decade has sought to clarify the details of equilibration through the interest rate and to measure the strength of intertemporal substitution effects. My purpose here is to comment selectively on the new developments in intertemporal substitution research as it bears on macroeconomic fluctuations. All the research fits nicely into the intertemporal framework of Value and Capital.
A Process Capability Analysis Method Using Adjusted Modified Sample Entropy

Abstract The evolution of sensors and data storage possibilities has created possibilities for more precise data collection in processes. However, process capability analysis has become more difficult. Traditional methods, such as process capability ratios, cannot handle large volumes of process data over time because these methods assume normal process distribution that is not changing. Entropy methods have been proposed for process capability studies because entropy is not dependent on distribution and can therefore provide accurate readings in changing distribution environments. The goal of this paper is to explore the use of entropy-based methods, specifically modified Sample Entropy to identify process variations over time. A study based on simulated data sets showed that the proposed method provides process capability information.
An evolutionary approach to discovering execution mode boundaries for adaptive controllers

Adaptive controllers enable cyber-physical systems, such as autonomous robots, to manage uncertain conditions during execution. However, there is a limit to the range of conditions that can be handled by a given controller. When this limit is exceeded, a controller might fail to respond as expected, not only rendering it ineffective but possibly putting the entire system at risk. In this paper, we describe a method based on evolutionary search for automatically enhancing, and discovering the boundaries of, a given adaptive controller. Collectively, these boundaries define an execution mode for that controller. Explicit specification of mode boundaries facilitates the development of decision logic that determines, based on system state and sensed conditions, when to switch to a different execution mode and typically a different controller, such as one for providing fail-safe operation. To evaluate the proposed approach, we apply it to a robotic fish propelled by a flexible caudal fin that is governed by a model-free adaptive controller. Experimental results demonstrate that this approach is effective in characterizing a controller's ability to adapt to environmental dynamics, including physical damage to the robot itself.
Cardiac Transplantation in Dermatomyositis: A case report and literature review.

Abstract Background and objectives Cardiac involvement has been well recognized in patients with dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM) with a variable frequency between 9 and 72%. However, clinically significant heart involvement in DM/PM is relatively infrequent and there have been rare reports of cardiac transplantation in DM. Our aims were to describe a case of severe cardiac involvement in DM requiring heart transplantation and review the literature of cardiac disease in DM and PM. Methods A patient with dermatomyositis who was referred to our institution with severe heart failure is described. Pathology of the patient's skeletal and cardiac muscle is reviewed. A MEDLINE database search of reports of cardiac involvement in DM and PM was also conducted. Results A 36year-old man with DM presented with severe heart failure to our institution for evaluation of heart transplantation. After a three month hospitalization he underwent successful cardiac transplantation. Pathological examination of his explant heart revealed a pattern of inflammation and damage similar to DM in skeletal muscle. The patient is currently doing well, 20months post-transplant, and is maintained on tacrolimus, cellcept, rituximab, and low dose prednisone. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of heart transplantation in dermatomyositis in which the muscle pathology is similar in both heart and skeletal muscle. Conclusions Severe cardiac involvement requiring transplantation is rare in dermatomyositis but does occur and appears to be related to a similar inflammatory process as noted in the skeletal muscle.
Phase behaviour of disordered proteins underlying low density and high permeability of liquid organelles.

Many intracellular membraneless organelles form via phase separation of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) or regions (IDRs). These include the Caenorhabditis elegans protein LAF-1, which forms P granule-like droplets in vitro. However, the role of protein disorder in phase separation and the macromolecular organization within droplets remain elusive. Here, we utilize a novel technique, ultrafast-scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, to measure the molecular interactions and full coexistence curves (binodals), which quantify the protein concentration within LAF-1 droplets. The binodals of LAF-1 and its IDR display a number of unusual features, including ‘high concentration’ binodal arms that correspond to remarkably dilute droplets. We find that LAF-1 and other in vitro and intracellular droplets are characterized by an effective mesh size of ∼3–8 nm, which determines the size scale at which droplet properties impact molecular diffusion and permeability. These findings reveal how specific IDPs can phase separate to form permeable, low-density (semi-dilute) liquids, whose structural features are likely to strongly impact biological function. Ultrafast-scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy has now been used to measure the molecular interactions underlying the phase behaviour of disordered proteins. Sequence-encoded conformational fluctuations of these proteins are shown to give rise to phase-separated droplets of surprisingly low concentrations. These results provide insight into how the structural features of the droplets affect the properties of liquid-phase intracellular organelles.
General relativistic numerical simulation of sub-Keplerian transonic accretion flows on to black holes: Schwarzschild space–time

We study time evolution of sub-Keplerian transonic accretion flows onto black holes using a general relativistic numerical simulation code. We perform simulations in Schwarzschild spacetime. We first compare one-dimensional simulation results with theoretical results and validate the performance of our code. Next, we present results of axisymmetric, two-dimensional simulation of advective flows. We find that even in this case, for which no complete theoretical analysis is present in the literature, steady state shock formation is possible.
Generating chat bots from web API specifications

Companies want to offer chat bots to their customers and employees which can answer questions, enable self-service, and showcase their products and services. Implementing and maintaining chat bots by hand costs time and money. Companies typically have web APIs for their services, which are often documented with an API specification. This paper presents a compiler that takes a web API specification written in Swagger and automatically generates a chat bot that helps the user make API calls. The generated bot is self-documenting, using descriptions from the API specification to answer help requests. Unfortunately, Swagger specifications are not always good enough to generate high-quality chat bots. This paper addresses this problem via a novel in-dialogue curation approach: the power user can improve the generated chat bot by interacting with it. The result is then saved back as an API specification. This paper reports on the design and implementation of the chat bot compiler, the in-dialogue curation, and working case studies.
N-Policy Queueing System with Finite Source and Warm Spares

In this paper, an N-Policy queueing system with startup time, finite source and warm spares is considered. We derive closed form expressions for recursively calculating the stationary distribution and present an efficient algorithm to find the stationary probability distribution of the number of customers in the system as well as the performance measures of these models. The algorithm is extremely powerful and can solve dozens of standard and non-standard queueing problem as special cases. An example and some numerical results are also presented.
The Enemy Within: The Attack on Diplomats

The French revolutionaries attacked not only the foreign minister but also diplomacy and its practitioners. The post of foreign minister was increasingly suspect and perilous as was that of diplomat. In the view of many, diplomats were glib, ambitious intriguers, who reveled in outward show, no better than protected spies. Diplomats found themselves in a precarious position because of the vicious factionalism at home and endemic hostility abroad. They faced official and unofficial scrutiny. Shifting definitions of loyalty, combined with the rise and fall of factions, meant the evisceration of the diplomatic corps which impacted relations with other states. This evisceration would have been even more critical but for the increasing isolation of France within the European international order.
A Dynamic Discretization Discovery Algorithm for the Minimum Duration Time-Dependent Shortest Path Problem

We present an exact algorithm for the Minimum Duration Time-Dependent Shortest Path Problem with piecewise linear arc travel time functions. The algorithm iteratively refines a time-expanded network model, which allows for the computation of a lower and an upper bound, until - in a finite number of iterations - an optimal solution is obtained.
Branchless banking: evaluating the doorstep delivery of financial services in rural India.

Abstract This paper evaluates the effect on household savings of India's recent financial inclusion drive, a drive that generated an unprecedented increase in access to financial institutions by using mobile technologies to deliver services practically at the doorstep of rural households. Using household data from just before and after the initiation of the policy, matched with village-level data on financial institutions, I identify the effects of access to financial institutions utilizing longitudinal variation in conjunction with geographic eligibility criterion that provided services to villages based on the size distribution of villages in the service area assigned to the bank.
Epidermolysis bullosa. Application of epidemiologic principles to the study of a group of rare diseases via a disease registry.

The study of rare diseases may provide unique insights into new mechanisms of disease. Such research, however, is difficult to perform, because of a variety of problems associated with patient recruitment and classification, and the biases that are frequently associated with the study of rare disease. Despite many limitations, establishment of disease registries may facilitate this research, as evidenced by the depth and breadth of findings recently obtained via such a mechanism in inherited epidermolysis bullosa.
Thrombospondins and Angiogenesis

Thrombospondins (TSPs) include a multimeric family of secreted glycoproteins broadly expressed by several cells and tissues. They have been shown to support cell attachment through interactions with multiple cell-adhesion receptors, bind to other extracellular matrix proteins, and regulate cell shape, adhesion and migration. At the tissue level, TSPs have been implicated in the regulation of several complex processes, including angiogenesis and wound healing. More recently, some TSPs have been associated with genetic predisposition for myocardial infarction and vascular disease through genome-wide scans and SNP studies. In this chapter, we summarize the current information on the biology of TSPs, focusing more directly on the angioregulatory roles of TSP1 and-2. We will further discuss the most recent genetic and biochemical advances and their therapeutic exploration.
Production and Inventory Planning Models with Demand Shaping

This chapter considers the state of prior literature on operations models that account for demand flexibility. In particular, we focus on generalizations of the models discussed in Chap. 1 that treat demands as decision variables. These generalizations typically involve pricing models, and they provide a foundation for the models we will study in subsequent chapters.
Tscherskia triton (Ratlike hamster)

The 11 acrocentric pairs form a more or less continuous size gradation. Identification of the X and Y chromosomes is unequivocal.
Shed: Optimal Dynamic Cloning to Meet Application Deadlines in Cloud

As cloud applications are becoming increasingly deadline-sensitive, meeting desired deadlines is more critical, especially in shared clusters. It has been shown that a few slow tasks, called stragglers, could significantly adversely impact job execution times. Moreover, poor scheduling of data analytics applications can lead to inefficient resource usage, and eventually hurt system performance. One way to mitigate stragglers is by launching extra attempts (clones) for each task upon job submission. In this paper, we propose Shed, an optimization framework that leverages dynamic cloning to jointly maximize jobs' Probability of Completion before Deadline (PoCD) by fully utilizing the available resources. Our work includes a novel online scheduler that dynamically recomputes and reallocates resources during a job's execution for PoCD maximization. The results show that Shed is able to leverage cloud resources and maximize the percentage of jobs that meet their deadlines - up to 100% in our experiments compared to typically around 60% and 40% for another cloning approach called Dolly, and Hadoop with speculation enabled, respectively.
Strain variations across the Proterozoic Penokean Orogen, USA and Canada

Abstract Strata in the Huron (2.5–2.0 Ga) and Animikie (2.2–1.85 Ga) basins were deposited on the southern margin of the Archean Superior province. These rocks were deformed during the Penokean orogeny (∼1850 Ma) followed by subsequent accretionary orogens to the south at 1750 Ma (Yavapai) and 1630 Ma (Mazatzal). Strain patterns are unique to each orogenic belt with no far-field effect: Archean Wawa terrane rocks in the Penokean foreland preserve deformation associated with Archean accretion with no younger Penokean, Yavapai or Mazatzal strain overprint. The Penokean orogeny deformed Huron-Animikie basin sediments into a north-vergent fold-and-thrust belt with no Yavapai or Mazatzal strain overprint. Yavapai orogen strains (SW-NE margin-parallel shortening) are unique when compared to the younger Mazatzal shortening (N20°W) shortening, with no strain overprint. Penokean deformation is characterized by shortening from the south including uplifted Archean gneisses and a northerly thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belt, with north-vergent nappes and a gently-dipping foreland. Our study of finite and calcite twinning strains (n = 60) along (∼1500 km) and across (∼200 km) the Penokean belt indicate that this orogeny was collisional as layer-parallel shortening axes are parallel across the belt, or parallel to the tectonic transport direction (∼N-S). Penokean nappe burial near the margin resulted in vertical shortening strain overprints, some of which are layer-normal. The Sudbury impact layer (1850 Ma) is found across the Animikie basin and provides a widespread deformation marker with many local, unique strain observations. We also report new geochronology (U-Pb zircon and apatite) for the gneiss-mafic dike rocks at Wissota (Chippewa Falls, WI) and Arbutus (Black River Falls, WI) dams, respectively, which bears on Penokean-Yavapai deformation in the Archean Marshfield terrane which was accreted during the Penokean orogen. Pseudotachylite formation was common in the Superior province Archean basement rocks, especially along terrane boundaries reactivated by contemporaneous Penokean, Trans-Hudson, Cape Smith and New Quebec deformation. In the hinterland (south), the younger Yavapai orogen (1750 Ma; n = 8) deformation is preserved as margin-parallel horizontal shortening (∼SW-NE) in Yavapai crust and up to 200 km to the north in the Penokean thrust belt as a strain and Barrovian metamorphic overprint. Mazatzal deformation (1630 Ma; n = 16) is preserved in quartzites on Yavapai and Penokean crust with layer-parallel and layer-normal shortening strains oriented N20°W.
(2,3,5,6-Tetra-fluoro-phenolato-κO)(5,10,15,20-tetra-phenyl-porphyrinato)iron(III).

The title compound, [Fe(C44H28N4)(C6HF4O)], is a porphyrin complex with iron(III) in fivefold coordination with a tetra­fluoro­phenolate group as the axial ligand. The Fe atom and the phenolate ligand are disordered across the porphyrin ring with the two phenolates appearing to be roughly related by a center of symmetry. The occupancies of the two phenolate groups refined to 0.788 (3) for the major component and 0.212 (3) for the minor component. The structure shows extraordinary Fe displacements of 0.488 (4) (major) and 0.673 (4) A (minor) from the 24-atom mean plane of the porphyrin. The Fe—Np distances range from 2.063 (4) to 2.187 (6) A and the Fe—O distances are 1.903 (5) A for major component and 1.87 (2) A for minor component. The four phenyl groups attached to the porphyrin ring form dihedral angles of 63.4 (4), 49.6 (4), 62.4 (4), and 63.3 (4)° (in increasing numerical order) with the three nearest C atoms of the porphyrin ring. The major and minor component phenolate groups form dihedral angles of 24.9 (4)° and 24.8 (4)°, respectively, with the four porphyrin N atoms. The Fe⋯Fe distance between the two iron(III) atoms of adjacent porphyrin mol­ecules is 6.677 (3) A. No close inter­molecular inter­action was observed. The crystal studied was twinned by inversion, with a major–minor component ratio of 0.53 (3):0.47 (3).
Lower extremity kinetics and muscle activation during gait are significantly different during and after pregnancy compared to nulliparous females.

Abstract Background Low back, pelvic, and lower extremity pain are common during and after pregnancy. Understanding differences in mechanics between pregnant and non-pregnant females is a first step toward identifying potential pathological mechanisms. The primary purpose of this study was to compare joint kinetics and muscle activation during gait between females during and after pregnancy to nulliparous females. Methods Twenty pregnant females completed testing on three occasions (second trimester, third trimester, and post-partum), while 20 matched, nulliparous controls were tested once. Motion capture, force data, and surface electromyography were averaged across seven trials during gait. Lower extremity kinematics, lower extremity moments and work normalized to pre-pregnancy body mass, work distribution, and peak and average muscle activation amplitude were calculated. Independent t-tests were conducted between pregnant and nulliparous females at each time point. Results Compared to controls, peak hip abductor moments were greater throughout and after pregnancy. Females in second trimester also demonstrated greater sagittal negative ankle work and greater percent contribution of the ankle and smaller percent contribution of the hip to negative work. Compared to controls, during third trimester there were greater knee abductor, ankle plantarflexor, and ankle dorsiflexor moments and greater work at the ankle and total work. Several moment and work variables continued to be elevated post-partum compared to controls. Gluteus maximus muscle activation amplitude was smaller in second trimester and post-partum compared to controls. Significance While overall joint demands were greater during and after pregnancy, there was a smaller relative sagittal utilization of the hip early in pregnancy and smaller gluteus maximus muscle amplitude during second trimester and post-partum. Because the gluteus maximus muscle contributes to force closure and dynamic stability of the low back and pelvis, relative gluteus maximus disuse, concurrent with increased joint loads, could potentially contribute to pain during and after pregnancy.
A comparative analysis of early childhood socioeconomic conditions and educational achievement 15 years later

Scholars agree that the early childhood years are highly consequential for later educational outcomes, but we know little about the impact of early childhood socioeconomic conditions at the societa...
A Compositional Approach to Abstraction for Planning Problems

Abstract Supervisory Control Theory (SCT) has been applied as a tool to solve planning problems. However, SCT and planning techniques, in general, suffer an explosion in computational complexity when the systems reach a size commonly of interest. Efforts have been directed to improve the scalability of the application of SCT. For example, modular and compositional algorithms have been developed where a system can be decomposed into sub-systems. Hierarchical methods which employ abstraction are also known in literature. In prior work, the notion of cost equivalence was employed to generate an abstraction of the supervisor that, with additional conditions, guarantees that an optimal plan generated on the abstraction is also optimal when applied to the underlying full supervisor. Here we go a step further and develop a new notion of equivalence based on cost equivalence and weak bisimulation that we term priced-observation equivalence. This class of equivalence aggregates states with futures that share the same event labels and costs. This equivalence, along with other requirements, allows the supervisor abstraction to be generated compositionally. This helps to avoid the explosion of the state space that arises from having to first synthesize the full supervisor before the abstraction can be applied.
Privacy and Spouses in Louisiana: The Community Property Conundrum and Proposals for Reform

Since Warren and Brandeis first expounded on the right of privacy in 1890, individuals' legal ability to protect themselves from unreasonable intrusions upon their seclusion has grown through both jurisprudence and statutes. While privacy rights on a national level have developed, community property laws in Louisiana have not evolved to ensure similar protections for intra-spousal privacy rights. One reason Louisiana law has not progressed in this respect is because privacy rights create a conundrum for community property: how can spouses share property with one another as part of the community, yet still retain a right of privacy from one another in that property? Community property ownership, management, and debt rules cause consternation for Louisiana courts considering an individual spouse's right of privacy. Two Louisiana courts have held that community property rules trump a spouse's right of privacy. Thus, while intra-spousal privacy rights have developed on a national level, an individual spouse's privacy rights in Louisiana have remained stagnant. This Article seeks to provide guidance to the Louisiana legislature and courts as to how to amend current community property law so as to give spouses a reasonable right of privacy from one another in community property.
The gendered relationship between maternal depression and adolescent internalizing symptoms

It is well-established that adolescents whose mothers are depressed are themselves more likely to experience internalizing symptoms (e.g., depressive and anxiety symptoms). Even as extensive work shows that internalizing symptoms are more prevalent among adolescent girls compared to boys, it is unclear if the maternal-offspring mental health relationship is gender-neutral or gender-specific: Does maternal depression act as an equalizing force for adolescents' risk of internalizing symptoms, or does it contribute to adolescent gender differences? This study analyzes whether adolescent gender moderates the association between maternal depression and adolescent internalizing symptoms using data from the Year-15 survey of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, which follows a cohort of children born in large U.S. cities, primarily to unmarried parents. This sample of 2159 primary caregiver mothers and adolescent offspring (ages 14-18 years) has numerous social risk factors for internalizing symptoms, affording the opportunity to carefully assess the possibly gendered nature of mother-adolescent linkages. Adjusted ordinary least squares regression models showed that maternal depression is associated with significantly higher adolescent depressive and anxiety symptoms. However, the relationship between maternal depression and adolescent internalizing symptoms is substantially larger for daughters compared to sons. The gendered nature of these concurrent mother-adolescent symptoms highlights the need to consider the effect of gender on other risk processes within families. Moreover, the strong clustering of internalizing symptoms among mothers and daughters highlights the value of prevention and treatment efforts that attend to adult and adolescent mental health simultaneously.
Endovascular embolization for managing a massive shoulder arteriovenous malformation.

Abstract Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital high flow pathologic linkages between arteries and veins of different sizes that may occur in any part of the body. The clinical presentation is largely dependent on the size and location of AVMs and can range from an asymptomatic birthmark to congestive heart failure in extreme cases. In this report, we describe a 20-year-old male who presented with a large AVM of the right shoulder that resulted in significant cosmetic and physical impairment and treated with several sessions of endovascular embolization with good clinical outcomes. This case highlights the complexity of diagnosing and managing these AVMs. Most of these anomalies require a multi-disciplinary approach that integrates both trans-catheter and surgical interventions with trans-arterial lesion embolization being the cornerstone of the treatment.
Congress in Black and White: Race and Representation in Washington and at Home

The symbolic importance of Barack Obama's election is without question. But beyond symbolism, does the election of African-American politicians matter? Grose argues that it does and presents a unified theory of representation. Electing African-American legislators yields more federal dollars and congressional attention directed toward African-American voters. However, race and affirmative action gerrymandering have no impact on public policy passed in Congress. Grose is the first to examine a natural experiment and exceptional moment in history in which black legislators – especially in the U.S. South – represented districts with a majority of white constituents. This is the first systematic examination of the effect of a legislator's race above and beyond the effect of constituency racial characteristics. Grose offers policy prescriptions, including the suggestion that voting rights advocates, the courts, and redistricters draw 'black decisive districts', electorally competitive districts that are likely to elect African Americans.
Physiological Responses of Mammals to Overnutrition

The sections in this article are: 1 Consequences of Overnutrition 1.1 Thrifty Gene: Altered Lipid Metabolism 1.2 Animal Models 1.3 Physiological Consequences 2 Factors Influencing the Response to Overnutrition 2.1 Gender 2.2 Age 2.3 Genetics 2.4 Exercise 2.5 Stress 2.6 Diet Composition 2.7 Season/Food Availability 3 Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Responses to Overnutrition 3.1 Cellular 3.2 Endocrine Mechanisms 3.3 Neural Mechanisms Mediating the Response to Overnutrition 4 Summary
Paradoxical Effect of Weak Inducers on the lac Operon of Escherichia coli

Previously, we reported the existence of a group of compounds whose function in the regulation of the lac operon was "paradoxical" in that they acted as either inducers or repressors depending on the circumstances. We now show that this group of compounds does not repress the lac operon by catabolite repression, transient repression, or by preventing the uptake of inducers. A model is presented which shows that "paradoxical" behavior is to be expected if a weak inducer is present at a concentration that is high relative to its binding affinity for the regulatory macromolecule. This model depends on the assumptions that the regulatory macromolecule is an allosteric protein which undergoes a transition between two conformational states and that the rate of enzyme synthesis depends on the fraction of protein molecules in each state. The previous observations on the responses of lac regulatory mutants to weak inducers have been extended to a series of such mutants. Weak inducers repress beta-galactosidase synthesis in several i(-) mutants. When this happens, enzyme synthesis can be reinduced by using a strong inducer such as isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactoside. These compounds induce operator constitutives and the i(t) mutant more easily than they induce a wild-type strain.
Systematic determination of extended atomic orbital basis sets and application to molecular SCF and MCSCF calculations

The behavior of the two exponential parameters in an even-tempered gaussian basis set is investigated as the set optimally approaches an integral transform representation of the radial portion of atomic and molecular orbitals. This approach permits a highly accurate assessment of the Hartree-Fock limit for atoms and molecules.
Biological control in cooling water systems using nonchemical treatment devices

The objective of this investigation was to provide a controlled, independent, and scientific evaluation of several classes of nonchemical water treatment devices (NCDs) for controlling biological activity in a model cooling tower system. Five NCDs (magnetic, pulsed electric field, electrostatic, ultrasonic, and hydrodynamic cavitation) were evaluated for efficacy in reducing planktonic and sessile microbial populations. Two model cooling towers were designed and operated to simulate field conditions. One tower served as the untreated control (T1), while the NCD was installed on the second tower (T2). Each trial was conducted over a four-week period. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) were used to monitor planktonic and sessile biological growth. Make-up water for both systems was dechlorinated city tap water. No statistically significant difference in planktonic or sessile microbial concentrations (HPC) was observed between the control tower and the tower treated by NCD during any of the five trials. Chemic...
LTCC multilayer based CP patch antenna surrounded by a soft-and-hard surface for GPS applications

A circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna is designed for GPS applications. The soft-and-hard surface (SHS) is utilized for reducing the backside radiation. LTCC multilayer technology is employed to realize the SHS structure by surrounding the patch antenna with a number of rings of metal vias that can be easily fabricated in this process. It is found that the backlobe level can be reduced by more than 14 dB (front-to-back ratio > 20 dB) by using six rings of vias. The SHS-surrounded CP patch antenna has a broad coverage (directivity >0 dBi over /spl theta/=0-75/spl deg/), a low cross-polarized level (axial ratio <2 dB over the upper hemisphere), and a good input impedance match (return loss <-10 dB).
Synthesis and secretion of γ-globulin by lymph node cells. VI. Characteristics of the structure of immunoglobulin A and its pattern of secretion by appendix cell suspensions

Abstract 1. 1. Rabbit appendix cell suspensions incubated with [3H]leucine or [3H]galactose secreted [3H]immunoglobulin A as the principal immunoglobulin. After purification, such [3H]immunoglobulin A was essentially completely coprecipitable with immunoglobulin A specific antisera. Comparison of the heavy and light chains derived from a mixture of [3H]leucine labeled immunoglobulin A and nonradioactive colostral immunoglobulin A (after extensive reduction and alkylation in the presence of guanidine) revealed that the heavy chains of these immunoglobulins were dissimilar in their migration on Sephadex G-200, while their light chains migrated identically. Dissociation of [3H]immunoglobulin A and colostral immunoglobulin A with 5 M guanidine, without prior reduction, permitted the detection of several peaks on Sephadex G-200 chromatography. Disc-gel electrophoresis of the peak known to contain “T” piece confirmed its presence in colostral immunoglobulin A and demonstrated its absence in appendiceal [3H]immunoglobulin A. Similar results were obtained when the entire light chain fraction was subjected to electrophoresis. 2. 2. Examination of the rate of appearance of appropriately labeled intra- and extracellular [3H]immunoglobulin A revealed that some of the carbohydrate residues are acquired about 15–20 min after synthesis of the polypeptide chains. Observations concerning the pattern of secretion of immunoglobulin A are discussed in relation to the structure of this protein.