cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voluntarism Triumphant: Forbath on Law and Labor

In a scant 173 pages of text, William Forbath sets for himself a formidable task: demonstrating empirically that law is not merely reactive, reflecting the social, political, and economic forces and policies of its day, but that law itself influences the social, political, and economic interests that, in turn, affect the law. "Among historians and social and political scientists as with law professors, scholarship about law and society has emphasized the ways that the interests of social groups shape the law; it has slighted the ways that law shapes the very interests that play upon it" (at x). In his vision of "law-in-history," Forbath sides with the critics of traditional historical interpretation, challenging the idea that law and legal doctrine can be explained simply as adaptive responses to social needs.' Forbath, however, does not limit himself to trying to demonstrate that law has an independent historical effect. He also seeks to inquire how law influences social actors. One possible explanation, he suggests, is associated with social choice theory. It posits that law, like other social, political, and economic forces, may operate to constrain the pragmatic and strategic choices made by historical actors (at xi). While that is surely part of the picture, Forbath adopts a more radical theory: that the "ideological, discursive, and symbolic dimensions of the law" may have an independent
I Think It Happened Again

A review of Changing Our Minds: Negotiating English and Literacy by Miles Myers. Champaign, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1996.
Diagnostic procedures after a positive spiral computed tomography lung carcinoma screen.

BACKGROUND Low-radiation dose spiral computed tomography (LDCT) currently is being evaluated as a screening modality for lung carcinoma in a randomized trial. Although several diagnostic algorithms for the workup of positive LDCT screens have been proposed, to the authors' knowledge there is no widely accepted standard to date and there are few nationwide data concerning how such diagnostic workups are actually being performed outside a research protocol setting. METHODS The Lung Screening Study (LSS) was a multicenter feasibility trial that randomized 1660 subjects to undergo LDCT and an equivalent number to undergo chest X-ray. Subjects with positive screens were referred to their own health care providers for diagnostic follow-up; LSS did not specify a diagnostic algorithm. LSS collected and abstracted medical records regarding procedures employed in the diagnostic workup of positive screens. RESULTS Of the 522 subjects with a positive LDCT screen at baseline or at Year One, 12% underwent biopsy. Biopsy was less likely to be performed in subjects with 4–9-mm nodules (5%) than in subjects with nodules measuring 10+ mm (25%) or in subjects with no nodules but other suspicious findings (15%). Among 63% of the subjects who underwent chest CT on follow-up, the median time between screening and first follow-up chest CT was 82 days. Only a minority of subjects received diagnostic workups that were consistent with published algorithms. CONCLUSIONS The data from the current study represent the experience of subjects followed by their health care providers in five different U.S. metropolitan areas and one rural area. As such, they provide some indication of practices in the U.S. with regard to the diagnostic workup of patients with positive spiral CT screens. Cancer 2005. Published 2004 by the American Cancer Society.
Social Body and Embodied Subject: Bodiliness, Subjectivity, and Sociality among the Kayapo

The meteoric rise of "the body" to the status of a primary category of social and cultural theory, replacing more collective categories of social and cultural understanding like "society" and "culture" themselves, has been one of the most salient aspects of the development of postmodern forms of cultural theory over the past two decades. The reasons for this turn to the body have remained shrouded in confusion despite the voluminous discussion it has occasioned. Even some of the main exemplars and partisans of the new body focus have been at a loss to account for it. Martin, for example, suggests that the body has come so prominently into focus because a new body, suitable to the postmodern era of "flexible accumulation," is now replacing the old, familiar body of the previous capitalist era of Fordist mass production (Martin 1992). This formulation, however, merely exemplifies the problem it sets out to solve. Why do we suddenly find it appropriate to speak of a new regime of social production in terms of a unique body it supposedly brings into being? Why did not social thinkers, cultural theorists, or just ordinary folks of the previous Fordist era conceive of their own era in such terms? Like social thinkers of most, if not all, previous historical epochs and modes of production, they would doubtless have found the characterization of their era in terms of the appearance of a new body (as distinct from a new style of representing the body) bizarre and mystifying. Martin' s formulation therefore seems to me to be part of the problem rather than part of the solution. The dimensions of the problem are suggested by juxtaposing Martin's proposition with two very different passages that express ideas and attitudes central in the turn to the body in cultural theory. The first, appropriately enough, is from an interview with Foucault, in which he suggests that his reconception of cultural and social theory in terms of a focus on the body as the site of disci
Early beta-human chorionic gonadotropin trends in vanishing twin pregnancies

Objective To describe the early β-hCG trends in vanishing twins compared with normally progressing singleton and twin pregnancies. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting University-based infertility clinic. Patient(s) Women undergoing fresh IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles between 1998 and 2010. Intervention(s) Early β-hCG level increase in vanished twin pregnancies was compared with the level increase in normally progressing singleton and twin pregnancies. Main Outcome Measure(s) Two-day percent increase in β-hCG level. Result(s) Pregnancies with vanishing twins demonstrated a significantly lower mean 2-day percent increase in β-hCG level than singletons and twins (114.3% vs. 128.8% and 125.4%, respectively). Vanishing twins arresting at earlier developmental stages demonstrated significantly further reduced β-hCG level increases. Infrequently, all groups had β-hCG level increases less than previously established clinical thresholds that led to a live birth. Conclusion(s) Early β-hCG level increases are slower in vanishing twins than in singleton and twin pregnancies, with the slowest increases seen when the spontaneous fetal losses occur at earlier developmental stages. All increases, however, are within clinically accepted normal limits. Therefore, abnormal β-hCG level increases should not be attributed to a vanishing twin. Of note, an abnormal β-hCG level trend—even an initial decrease—does not preclude live birth, even in a singleton pregnancy.
Nuclear magnetic resonance flip-angle effects: Observability of multipole operators

Abstract General FTNMR sampling-pulse flip-angle dependencies of diagonal multipole operators are derived and discussed. Although the FT sampling pulse does not mix multipoles of different rank, each multipole is characterized by a unique flip angle where the intensity of this multipole is rendered unobservable. The simple expressions presented here are equally valid for multipolar spin systems or multiply degenerate, multispin dipolar, or quadrupolar systems.
Privatization and urban governance: The continuing challenges of efficiency, voice and integration

Abstract Privatization has been promoted as an urban reform for more than 40 years. Although cities around the world have pursued privatization, it has not delivered the promised efficiency, voice and service integration gains. City managers recognize the challenges of market management for urban service delivery and the critical difference between a citizen and a consumer. This has led to new hybrid forms of service delivery which jointly engage public, private and citizen groups. However, concerns over efficiency, voice and equity remain.
[3H]-Saxitoxinol metabolism and elimination in the rat

Tritiated saxitoxinol was used to obtain preliminary information on saxitoxin metabolism in the rat. Sublethal doses of tritiated saxitoxinol (18.9-microCi/kg; 3.8 micrograms/kg) were injected i.v. into each of six rats. Urine and fecal samples were collected up to 144 hr post-injection. Within 4 hr, 60% of injected radioactivity was excreted in urine. No radioactivity was found in feces. High performance liquid chromatography analyses of urine showed that saxitoxinol was not metabolized by the rats.
The Prevalence of Psychotic Symptoms in Homeless Adolescents

Abstract This study was designed to gather data on psychotic symptoms in a sample of homeless adolescents. The sample included adolescents who were located in street sites as well as adolescents who were currently using shelter services. Ninety-six adolescents participated in this study (mean age = 16.1 years). The results indicated that 29% of the sample reported the experience of four or more psychotic symptoms on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule psychotic symptom index. These results suggested that the endorsement of psychotic symptoms is a relatively prominent feature of the self-report of psychopathology among homeless adolescents. These symptoms did not only include reports of paranoid ideation, which may be generally elevated as part of the stress of street life, but also included reports of ideas of reference and auditory hallucinations. Moreover, these symptoms were correlated with reports of affective disturbance, abusive life experience, and a particular type of substance use. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1990, 29, 5:724–731.
SU‐E‐T‐362: Small Field Dosimetry for Double Scattering Proton Beams

Purpose: This study examines the accuracy of dose calculation in small square fields for double scattering proton beams using an empirical method based on dose per incident fluence. Methods: Fractional Depth doses (FDD) at SSD = 220 cm for open beam and small square fields (s = 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 15cm) are renormalized to surface. The resulting pristine peaks depth dose is normalized to the broad beam FDD to determine a fractional FDD, FDDf for selected proton energies (90 – 200 MeV). The head scatter factor (H), defined as the ratio of proton energy fluence at point of interest to 10×10 cm2 at otherwise the same geometry, is measured using a diode in air without buildup cap as a function of square field sizes for proton energies. The phantom scatter factor, PSF=BF/H, defined as the ratio of blocking factor in water at reference depth and is measured as a function of field size, energy, and SSD. Results: It is found that H is a single function of renormalized equivalent square, sN = s*230/(SSD+d) and is independent of SSD for a given proton energy. Normally, the s dependence of H is a function of SSD. The extrapolated value of PSF from percent depth dose (PDD) renormalized to the surface is remarkably close to the measured PSF data, to within 2%. Conclusions: By normalizing the Fractional depth dose (FDD) to the surface, most characteristics of small field dosimetry can be simplified and adequately described by H, a quantity describing the incident proton energy fluence.
Rhinitis symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome.

Background Atopy and allergic rhinitis are thought to be increased in prevalence in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Methods To investigate this hypothesis, 51 CFS (CFS), 34 normal (N), 27 allergic rhinitis (AR), and 17 patients with other rheumatologic diseases filled out an Airway Symptom Severity self-report questionnaire to determine the frequencies of nasal, sinus, and chest symptoms, and a Systemic Complaints self-report questionnaire to determine the frequencies of complaints referable to neurologic, rheumatologic, gastrointestinal, and other systems. All subjects received a standard set of allergy skin tests, and were subdivided into those with positive and negative results. Results Allergy skin tests were positive in 35% of CFS and 44% of N subjects (difference not significant by Chi 2 ). Significant rhinitis complaints were present in 83% of skin test positive CFS, 76% of skin test negative CFS, 74% of AR, and 23% of N subjects. Systemic Complaints scores were significantly elevated in skin test positive (94%) and negative (94%) CFS groups compared with AR (35%) and N (6%) groups. This score could significantly discriminate between CFS and N subjects. Conclusions These data indicate that in this CFS population, 24% had no signification rhinitis complaints, 30% had positive skin tests suggesting the potential for allergic rhintis complaints, and 46% had nonallergic rhinitis. The mechanism of the nonallergic component may offer insights into the pathogenesis of CFS.
Polymeric catalysis: Imidazoles grafted onto poly(vinylamine). I. Synthesis and grafting of imidazolylalkanoic acids

Some ω-(1-imidazolyl) and ω-[4(5)-imidazolyl]alkanoic acids were synthesized and grafted onto poly(vinylamine) with an amide bond. These water-soluble grafts were used to study the kinetics of the esterolysis of activated phenyl esters. The 1-substituted imidazoles were prepared by the reaction of the sodium salt of imidazole with the ethyl ω-bromoalkanoates. The 4(5)-substituted imidazoles were prepared from urocanic acid or 4(5)-hydroxymethylimidazole. The ω-(1-imidazolyl)alkanoic acids were grafted onto poly(vinylamine) via their acyl–guanidine derivatives; the 3-[4(5)-imidazolyl]propanoic acid was grafted with a water-soluble carbodiimide.
Pair production near threshold in pulsar magnetic fields

In Pulsar polar cap models, curvature radiation gamma-rays produce e(+) e(-) pairs in the strong magnetic fields near the surface of the neutron star. While these gamma rays havea energies E sub gamma mc(2), they also propagate at very small angies to the fields, such that the threshold condition, E gamma 2mc(2)/sin theta is just barely satisfied when they pair produce. Threshold effects on the pair production attenuation coefficient, which are due to the discreteness of the e(+) e(-) Landau states, must therefore be considered when computing the mean free paths of curvature radiation photons in pulsar magnetic fields. These effects, which are not incorporated in the asymptotic expression for the attenuation coefficient, have some interesting consequences for pulsar models. Since pair production is suppressed near threshold, the photon mean free paths are longer than previously thought. In magnetic fields greater than approximately 6 x 10 to the 12th G, the pairs tend to be produced in the ground state Landau level and will not synchrotron radiate. Since synchrotron radiation is an essential ingredient in the eiectromagnetic cascades which produce low energy pairs above the acceleration region, pulsars with very high magnetic fields may not produce many pairs.
Soft X-Rays from (100) and (111) Faces of Copper Single Crystals

Between 90 and 220 volts 14 critical potentials were found for both the (111) and the (100) faces. Each break is the same within 1.5 volts for the two targets. Agreement with published results for polycrystalline copper is fair, although there are fewer discontinuities than for the ordinary metal, as in other experiments with single crystals. The critical potentials may be grouped to show level differences, attributed by Richardson to structure electrons in the crystal lattice. Comparison with other results for metals of similar structure casts doubt on this theory. Kronig's theoretical interpretation of fine structure in x-ray absorption presents a possible explanation of soft x-ray critical potentials. Assuming 4 to 7 volts inner potential, 10 of the 14 observed critical potentials agree with Kronig's calculated energy discontinuities and only one calculated discontinuity was not observed. A strong break at 104 volts, not predicted by this theory, is within 2 volts of Kurth's value for the $N$ series convergence frequency. Similar good agreement exists between Thomas' critical potentials for polycrystalline iron and nickel and the energy discontinuities calculated from Kronig's theory. From these results it appears that the theory of forbidden energy zones may account for soft x-ray critical potentials.
Diffuse Reflectance Studies of Solid—Solid Interactions III: Interaction Studies of Oxytetracycline with Metallic and Nonmetallic Adjuvants

Spectral data are presented for chemisorption studies of oxytetracycline and oxytetracycline HCI with a number of metallic adjuvants containing aluminum, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and sodium ions as well as for some nonmetallic adjuvants including stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearic acid, silica gel, starch, tannic acid, tragacanth, and polyethylene glycol 6000. The interactions, studied with equilibration, compression, and moisture techniques, indicate that a metal ion or polyfunctional adsorbent molecule is necessary for these charge transfer interactions.
Evaluating Potential for Reflection Cracking with Rolling Dynamic Deflectometer

A common rehabilitation strategy used for repairing aged concrete pavement is to place a hot-mix asphalt (HMA) overlay on the existing concrete pavement. However, reflection cracks are often found to propagate from the underlying cracks and joints through the HMA layer. As such, much reflection cracking is believed to be caused by differential vertical and horizontal movements in the concrete pavement. A common method of determining the differential vertical movements is by measuring the load transfer efficiency (LTE) at the joints by using nondestructive deflection testing devices. A study was conducted with a rolling dynamic deflectometer (RDD) to evaluate the movement of joints in concrete pavements. Evaluation of joint movements by RDD testing permits estimation of the LTE of each joint or transverse crack. On the basis of the assumption that reflection cracks are more likely to form at joints or cracks with low LTE than with high LTE, pavement engineers can use the results to identify areas with low LTE and perform necessary repairs at these locations to reduce the potential for creating reflection cracking. Field data collected before rehabilitation work on US-82 near Gainesville, Texas, are presented as a case study, and the benefits of continuous deflection profiling for use in the district's rehabilitation strategy are discussed.
Progress in optimal processing of frequency-agile lidar data

This paper reviews recent progress in methods for optimal detection and estimation of vapor concentration using data from frequency-agile lidar. Following a summary of the likelihood ratio statistical method for constructing optimal tests, the paper shows how the basic approach derived in an earlier paper can be generalized to include the use of transmitter pulse energy measurements for reducing the estimation variance due to shot-to-shot fluctuations in the pulse energy. The transmitter normalization method developed here is compared with the usual ratioing approach on simulated and actual lidar data. Finally, the paper extends the earlier fixed-size data sample likelihood ratio approach to include the time series aspect of data collection. Modeling the path-integrated concentration vector as a simple random walk process in time, the earlier maximum likelihood (ML) estimates are replaced by Kalman filter estimates. The Kalman filter estimates are compared to the unfiltered ML estimates on vapor chamber data.
Deficiency of the mle of a smooth survival function under the proportional hazard model

The problem of estimating a smooth distribution function F at a point t is treated under the proportional hazard model of random censorship. It is shown that a certain class of properly chosen kernel type estimator of F asymptotically perform better than the maximum likelihood estimator. It is shown that the relative deficiency of the maximum likelihood estimator of F under the proportional hazard model with respect to the properly chosen kernel type estimator tends to infinity as the sample size tends to infinity.
A Simple Kinetic Model of Polymer Adsorption and Desorption

A model of the desorption and adsorption of a polymer layer at a planar surface indicates a transition from exponential kinetics at high temperatures to nonexponential kinetics (stretched exponential with index one-half) at lower temperatures where these processes are diffusion-limited. Measurements of polystyrene desorption through polyisoprene overlayers show this predicted transition. Corroborative results are obtained for polystyrene desorption through polymethylmethacrylate overlayers. This identification of two distinct kinetic regimes suggests a unifying perspective from which to analyze polymer and biopolymer mobility at surfaces.
Capentin : a novel sesquiterpene from the roots of Piper capense

Further studies on extracts of Piper capense root have resulted in the isolation and characterization of the novel sesquiterpene capentin. This compound contains a highly oxidized farnesane skeleton and an unusual eleven-membered ether ring.
Directional solidification of isotactic and atactic polypropylene blends

The directional solidification of polypropylene (PP) films results in an oriented semicrystalline microstructure and may offer a method to improve the properties of a product. The directional solidification of isotactic PP samples blended with 0% to 50% atactic PP, by mass, was therefore studied. The effects of composition and processing conditions were monitored to determine how they affect the quality and microstructure of the directionally solidified films. Difficulty was encountered in reproducing testable samples with a unidirectional crystal microstructure. Tensile testing of directionally solidified films was used to quantify the yield strength and elastic modulus of the films. These properties were compared with those of other PP films. The tensile test results do not support the hypothesis that enhanced mechanical properties were produced by directional solidification of the PP films. Improving the sample fabrication method and optimizing the processes involved may, however, lead to directionally solidified PP films with enhanced mechanical properties.
Potential distortion model for contact angle and spreading. II. Temperature dependent effects

Abstract A previously proposed model [J. Colloid Interface Sci., 27, 180 (1968)] relating adsorption isotherms and contact angle or spreading coefficient is extended to provide for temperature dependence. If it is assumed that the adsorbed film, while liquid-like, differs from bulk liquid both in enthalpy and entropy, then a number of new relationships are generated, including the temperature variation of contact angle. The model as modified is applied to literature data on the n-octane Teflon and n-decane Teflon systems. One prediction resulting from this application is that there should be a critical temperature for spreading, that is, a temperature above which the contact angle is zero. This temperature is found to be between the normal boiling point and the critical temperature of the bulk liquid.
Modeling and Representation of Manufacturing Knowledge for DFM Systems

The manufacturing knowledge today spans a vast spectrum, from manufacturing process capability/constraint, precedence, algorithms/heuristics of performing feature recognition, process planning and manufacturing time/cost estimation, to Design for Manufacturing (DfM) tactics and strategies. In this paper, different types of manufacturing knowledge have been identified and the ways to represent and apply them are described. An information model is developed as the backbone to integrate other existing tools into the framework. A computational framework is presented to help the manufacturing knowledge engineers formulize their knowledge and store it into the computer, and help the designers systematically analyze the manufacturability of the design.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Identification of tasks for expert systems development in auditing

THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION has shown significant interest in research and development of Decision Support Systems (DSS) and Knowledge-based Expert Systems (KES) in recent years. Reviews of the literature (Abdolmohammadi, 1987; Messier & Hansen, 1987, 1984; O'Leary & Watkins, 1989) indicate that such efforts have centered around complex audit tasks such as analytical review procedures, statistical sampling, auditing electronic data processing centers, going concern judgments, and evaluation of pertinent controls. This is based on some research indicating that expert systems are best suited to tackle unstructured audit tasks (Abdolmohammadi, 1987). Although much time and resources have been spent on efforts to develop expert systems in auditing, these efforts do not represent a systematic approach to identification of tasks for expert system development. Instead, these efforts have been based primarily on consideration of tasks one-at-a-time. This study uses a systematic model to identify viable audit tasks for KES development. The model represents a mechanism to identify audit tasks individually, and in relation with other tasks, within each of the main phases of the audit. The model has the following components: (l) compilation of a comprehensive inventory of audit tasks; (2) organization of audit tasks into audit phases, audit parts within each phase, and audit tasks within each part; and (3) Identification of viable tasks for KES development by very experienced auditors (partners and managers) from international accounting firms that
Influence of Porosity on Deformation and Fracture of UO2

The effects of porosity on the deformation characteristics of sintered polycrystalline UO2 were determined at 500°, 1250°, and 1600°C at a strain rate of ∼0.1 h−1. At 500°C, fracture was brittle and transgranular and initiated from the large pores present after fabrication. An increase in porosity from 5 to 16 vol% caused a 79% reduction in strength. At 1250° and 1600°C, plastic deformation preceded fracture, and the effect of porosity was much more complex. At 1250°C, an increase in porosity increased the strength but lowered the ductility, and the fracture mode changed from intergranular to transgranular. In contrast, at 1600°C porosity had little effect on strength. This behavior was associated with the relative magnitudes of the stress necessary to extend a preexisting flaw and the yield stress and their influence on the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature, Tc.
Growth factor signalling in prostatic growth: significance in tumour development and therapeutic targeting

The intricate balance maintained between cell growth and proliferation factors and apoptosis-inducing factors is fundamental to the regulation of prostate growth. Disruptions in this homeostasis often trigger the loss of apoptosis and the over-expression of factors promoting cell survival and proliferation, inevitably leading to tumorigenesis and cancer. Deregulation of prostate growth during prostate cancer development and progression is characterized by apoptotic evasion, uncontrolled proliferation, and increased invasive potential. Thus, in advanced stages of disease progression, surviving prostate tumour cells acquire the ability to migrate and invade heterotopic tissues, with the bone and lymph nodes being the most common sites for human prostate cancer metastasis. The challenges in the implementation of effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of advanced metastatic prostate cancer reflect the multidimensional nature and functional significance of antiapoptotic pathways in the emergence of therapeutic resistance of prostate tumours. In this chapter, we discuss the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing growth factor signalling pathways with often overlapping functions that contribute to loss of apoptosis control and activation of cell proliferation towards aggressive prostate tumorigenic growth and metastatic behaviour. While a full understanding of the prosurvival characteristics of these growth factor pathways is still evolving, the impact that growth factors such a epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-β can be recognized by the vigorous attempts at therapeutic targeting of their key signalling steps.
An Infrared Gas Microcell

A simple microcell has been developed for infrared spectroscopy of gases. This cell is based on the light-pipe principle, and employs no curved optical surfaces. A cell with path length of 7.5 cm and internal volume 1.0 cm3 has been constructed, and made to give transmittances of about 50% throughout the 2–15-μ region of the infrared spectrum. Methods for further reduction of sample volume are discussed. This cell should be particularly useful for examination of impurity components from gas chromatography samples.
A systematic review of neuroimaging data during visceral stimulation.

Abstract Objectives The application of functional imaging to study visceral sensation has generated considerable interest regarding insight into the function of the brain-gut axis, but also some contradictory and confusing results that require appraisal. Methods Published studies of visceral sensation were grouped according to stimulus region and study population. The results of each study were tabulated and the center of reported activations plotted onto the lateral and medial surface of a representative brain. Results Esophageal distension predominantly activated primary sensory and motor cortices and the midsection of the medial surface. Lower GI distension predominantly activated bilateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices and more anterior and ventral regions of the medial surface. Conclusions Activation sites are reasonably well clustered within stimulus modality, implying consistent brain response to visceral sensation. The differences in reported activation during esophageal and lower GI sensation imply altered motor, autonomic, and affect response during distension at opposite ends of the GI tract that may be explored in future studies.
A heuristic for paradigms

This paper helps clarify one of the pervasive problems of linguistic analysis: the interaction between the paradigmatic and syntagmatic dimensions of language. Paradigms are sets of alternatives: the speaker must decide on one member of the set to use, and the hearer must figure out which he used. In a syntagm or construction, an element chosen out of one paradigm is put together with elements chosen out of others. Thus far all grammars of all languages agree.
Natto Characteristics as Affected by Steaming Time, Bacillus Strain, and Fermentation Time

Natto was made in a laboratory scale from soybean using 2 steaming times, 9 Bacillus natto strains, and 6 fermentation times. Natto characteristics including color, firmness, viscosity, ammonia content, and bacteria population were determined. The highest viscosity value of the final products was the natto inoculated with B. nattoâItobiki strainâ; the 2nd was natto with B. natto NRRL Bâ3383 strain. A higher steaming time reduced fermentation time and ammonia content in the final products. A combination of soaking at the room temperature for 20 h (weight increase ratio: 2.1 to 2.3), steaming at 121Â°C for 40 min, inoculated with âItobiki strainâ or NRRLâ3383 strain, and fermented at 40 to 42Â°C for 18 h was able to produce good natto products in a laboratory scale.
A weighted random pattern test generation system

This paper describes a weight generation algorithm that is driven by tests created by a test generator. New concepts with regard to throwing away ineffective weight sets are developed as an integral part of the system. Various parameters that help improve the effectiveness of the weight generation system are discussed.
Endoscopic Endonasal Dissection of the Pterygopalatine fossa, Infratemporal fossa, and Post‐styloid compartment. Anatomical Relationships and Importance of Eustachian Tube in the Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery

treatment of skull base disorders and is routinely used in some centers for the treatment of neoplastic and non-neoplastic cranial base pathology. The group of minimally invasive endoscopic techniques used to approach the cranial base are also known as expanded endoscopic approaches (EEA), which are classified in a modular fashion under two main categories: sagittal (or cranio-caudal) and coronal (or medio-lateral). Figure 1
The nilpotence class of the Frattini subgroup

Ap-group of sufficiently large nilpotence class cannot occur as a normal subgroup contained in the Frattini subgroup of any finite group. The Frattini subgroup of a group of order Πpiαi with max αi at least 3, has nilpotence class at most 1/2 (max αi − 1). The Frattini subgroup of at-group is abelian. The occurrence of groups of orderp4 as normal subgroups contained in Frattini subgroups is investigated.
Performance to varied reward following continuous reward training in the runway

Depressed runway performance of rats to varied large and small reward following consistent high-incentive training was found. Ss shifted to varied reward displayed a depression effect following both large- and small-reward trials, a finding particularly nonsupportive of Capaldi’s stimulus aftereffect theory and supportive of Amsel’s frustration theory.
Synthetic aperture radar interferometry by using ultra-narrowband continuous waveforms

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) uses the phase difference between two SAR images acquired at different positions to infer ground topography. Conventional IFSAR technique is based on wideband transmitted waveforms. As a result, the interferometric phase forms an iso-Doppler surface containing the height information. In this work, we present a novel interferometric SAR technique using ultra-narrowband continuous waveforms to infer ground topography. Due to high Doppler resolution of the transmitted waveforms, we refer to this technique as the Doppler-IFSAR. We form SAR images by backprojecting onto iso-Doppler contours. We present the interferometric phase model for Doppler-IFSAR and outline the relationship between the height and interferometric phase.
Convergence in environmental values: An empirical and conceptual defense

Bryan Norton's convergence hypothesis, which predicts that nonanthropocentric and human-based philosophical positions will actually converge on long-sighted, multi-value environmental policy, has drawn a number of criticisms from within environmental philosophy. In particular, nonanthropocentric theorists like J. Baird Callicott and Laura Westra have rejected the accuracy of Norton's thesis, refusing to believe that his model's contextual appeals to a plurality of human and environmental values will be able adequately to provide for the protection of ecological integrity. These theoretical criticisms of convergence, however, have made no real attempt to engage the empirical validity of the hypothesis, the dimension that Norton clearly takes to be the centerpiece of his project. Accordingly, the present paper attempts to provide an empirical analysis of the convergence argument, by means of a study of the Vermont public's environmental commitments and their attitudes toward national forest policy. Our find...
FORCED VIBRATIONS OF SLACKED CARBON NANOTUBE RESONATORS

In this paper, we present an investigation of the dynamics of electrically actuated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) resonators including the effect of their initial curvature due to fabrication (slack). A nonlinear arch model is used to simulate the motion of the slacked CNT. A reduced-order model using a multimode Galerkin procedure based on the mode shapes of the straight un-actuated CNTs is derived. The reduced-order model equations are integrated numerically with time to reveal the steady-state response of the CNT when actuated by a DC load superimposed to an AC harmonic load. A perturbation method, the method of multiple scales, is used to obtain analytically the forced vibration response due to DC and small AC loads for various slacked CNT. Results of the perturbation method are verified with those obtained by numerically integrating the reduced-order model equations. The effective nonlinearity of the CNT is calculated as function of the slack and the DC load while using a beam model for the CNTs showing a softening dominant behavior.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Chlorophyll-deficient cell lines which are genetically uncharacterized can be inappropriate for use as phenotypic markers in developmental studies

Periclinal chloroplast chimeras are genetic mosaics which possess shoot apices composed of one or more chlorophyll-deficient histogens and can exist as a series of arrangements of normal and mutant layers (A-B-B, A-B-A, etc.). Three periclinal chimeral cultivars of Sansevieria trifasciata L., each of which possesses normal green cell layer(s) but a genetically different chlorophyll-deficient cell layer(s), were utilized to study the effect of genotype on the ability of the cell layers of leaf cuttings and of cultured leaf tissue to regenerate shoots. The epidermis and LI derivatives were apparently incapable of shoot regeneration via leaf cutting, yet in two cultivars produced some shoots in vitro. In two of the cultivars, the chlorophyll-deficient cells never produced shoots. In the third, the capability of chlorophyll-deficient cell layers to produce shoots was less in vitro than in vivo, indicating that when determining morphogenic potential, direct comparisons between in vitro and in vivo systems may not be valid. Results also demonstrate that because genetically different albino cell layers can differ in their morphogenic response, utilizing a series of periclinal chimeras is useful only if the series is composed of the same two genotypes.
Machines in the conversation: detecting themes and trends in informal communication streams

Data-mining techniques that detect trends and patterns in structured data are often ill-suited for analysis of unstructured text. Information critical to business- and generated by groups such as employees, customers, and the public-appears in such forms as chats, electronic discussion forums, and blogs. This paper describes techniques developed to detect themes and trends in such informal communication streams. Our approach begins with unsupervised text clustering to create initial categories. A human analyst then refines the categories into easily understandable themes. To facilitate this process, we developed an interactive approach to text category creation and validation that aids the analyst in evaluating each category of a taxonomy and makes it possible to visualize relationships among categories. The resulting analysis can then be communicated to participants in real time. We report on the results of using these techniques in IBM companywide "Jam" events, during which tens of thousands of employees worldwide participated in electronic discussions of key business issues.
The sources and intracerebral distribution of auditory evoked potentials in the alert rhesus monkey

Average auditory evoked potentials (AEP) to click stimuli were recorded from chronically implanted electrodes in alert rhesus monkeys. The cortical sources of each AEP component were identified on the basis of transcortical polarity inversions. The active loci were limited to the supratemporal plane (STP) and to a region within precentral motor cortex. Small and inconstant responses were generated in the lateral superior temporal gyrus and no locally generated activity was detected in frontal granular cortex. The responses from STP were complex, with early components generated mainly within auditory koniocortex and later components in surrounding regions. Each of these components was volume-conducted widely, both above and below the STP, and they projected onto various regions of dorsolateral surface cort(x. The volume-conducted potentials from the STP summed with the potentials generated in motor cortex to produce a complex resultant waveform. Barbiturate anesthesia abolished all but the primary AEP and reduced the volume-conducted projection of this response at the cortical surface. The configuration and intracranial distribution of the monkey AEP were compared to human intracerebral and scalp AEP recordings.
On isospectral potentials on flat tori II

(1995). On isospectral potentials on flat tori II. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 20, No. 3-4, pp. 709-728.
A new monoclonal antibody, 4-1a, that binds to the amino terminus of human lipoprotein lipase.

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) has been highly conserved through vertebrate evolution, making it challenging to generate useful antibodies. Some polyclonal antibodies against LPL have turned out to be nonspecific, and the available monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against LPL, all of which bind to LPL's carboxyl terminus, have drawbacks for some purposes. We report a new LPL-specific monoclonal antibody, Mab 4-1a, which binds to the amino terminus of LPL (residues 5–25). Mab 4-1a binds human and bovine LPL avidly; it does not inhibit LPL catalytic activity nor does it interfere with the binding of LPL to heparin. Mab 4-1a does not bind to human hepatic lipase. Mab 4-1a binds to GPIHBP1-bound LPL and does not interfere with the ability of the LPL–GPIHBP1 complex to bind triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Mab 4-1a will be a useful reagent for both biochemists and clinical laboratories.
Designs for Discriminating Between Two Rival Models

In most statistical literature on the design of experiments it is assumed that the correct form of the mathematical model is known and the problem is to select the experimental conditions so that some criterion is satisfied, for example, the parameters are estimated with maximum precision. Such an approach, however, ignores one important question that often confronts experimenters who, instead of having only one model known to be correct, have a number of rival candidate models to consider. Such situations can arise, for example, at the outset of investigations on the kinetics of solid-catalyzed gas reactions in chemical engineering. Often the immediate question in these circumstances is: how should experiments be planned so that the inadequate models can be detected and hence eliminated most eliiciently? In this paper a sequential design procedure is proposed for discriminating between two rival models. The basic idea is to select for the next experimental point that at which the models differ the most. ...
Measurement of a large deformable aspherical mirror using SCOTS (software configurable optical test system)

The software configurable optical test system (SCOTS) is an efficient metrology technology based on reflection deflectometry that uses only an LCD screen and a camera to measure surface slope. The surface slope is determined by triangulations using the coordinates of the display screen, camera and test mirror. We present our recent SCOTS test results concentrated on high dynamic range measurements of low order aberrations. The varying astigmatism in the 91 cm diameter aspheric deformable secondary mirror for the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) was measured with SCOTS, requiring no null corrector. The SCOTS system was designed on axis with camera and screen aligned on the optical axis of the test mirror with the help of a 6 inch pellicle beam splitter. The on-axis design gives better control of the astigmatism in the test. The high dynamic range of slope provided a measurement of astigmatism with 0.2 μm rms accuracy in the presence of 231 μm peak-to-valley (PV) aspheric departure. The simplicity of the test allowed the measurements to be performed at multiple elevation angles.
If it looks like a dog: The effect of physical appearance on human interaction with robots and animals

This study was designed to compare the natural free form communication that takes place when a person interacts with robotic entities versus live animals. One hundred and eleven participants interacted with one of four entities: an AIBO robotic dog, Legobot, Dog or Cat. It was found that participants tended to rate the Dog as more capable than the other entities, and often spoke to it more than the robotic entities. However, participants were not positively biased toward live entities, as the Cat often was thought of and spoken to similarly to the AIBO robot. Results are consistent with a model in which both appearance and interactivity lead to the development of beliefs about a live or robotic entity in an interaction. Keywords: Human-robot interaction; human-animal interaction; AIBO; free form communication; attributions; human-entity interaction
Improving glycemic control in medical inpatients: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND Inpatient hyperglycemia is associated with poor patient outcomes. Current guidelines recommend that in an inpatient non-ICU setting there be treatment to achieve a glucose level below 180 mg/dL. METHODS Objectives of this prospective quality-improvement pilot study were to implement a subcutaneous insulin protocol on a general medicine service, to identify barriers to implementation, and to determine the effect of this protocol on glycemic control. Eighty-nine patients with a preexisting diagnosis of type 2 diabetes or inpatient hyperglycemia were eligible. Study outcomes included resident acceptance of the protocol, insulin-ordering practices, and mean rate of hyperglycemia (glucose > 180 mg/dL) per person. Results were compared with those of a previously conducted observational study. RESULTS Residents agreed to use the protocol in 56% of cases. Reasons for declining the protocol included severity of a patient's other disease states, desire to titrate oral medications, and fear of hypoglycemia. Basal and nutritional insulin were prescribed more often in the pilot group compared with at baseline (64% vs. 49% for basal, P = .05; 13% vs. 0% for nutritional, P < .001). Basal insulin was started after the first full hospital day in 42% of patients, and only one-third of patients with any hypo- or hyperglycemia had any subsequent changes in their insulin orders. The mean rate of hyperglycemia was not significantly different between groups (31.6% of measurements per patient vs. 33.3%, P = .85). CONCLUSIONS Adherence to a new inpatient subcutaneous insulin protocol was fair. Barriers included fear of hypoglycemia, delays in starting basal insulin, and clinical inertia. Quality improvement efforts likely need to target these barriers to successfully improve inpatient glycemic control. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2008;3:55–63. © 2008 Society of Hospital Medicine.
The adsorption of CO on the (110) plane of tungsten; LEED, XPS, and Auger measurements

Abstract Adsorption of CO on W(110) at 100 K produces a number of ordered LEED patterns as coverage increases, culminating in a p (5 × 1) pattern for a full virgin CO layer. The beta-1 layer obtained by heating a virgin layer to 400 K has a p (2 × 1) structure. Absolute coverages, obtained by comparison of XPS intensities (and Auger intensities where feasible) with those of oxygen on tungsten at O / W = 0.5 indicate that CO/W ≅ 0.8 for the full virgin layer and ≅ 0.3 for beta-1. These results, together with the LEED data, indicate that low temperature adsorption of virgin CO is not very site specific, and that beta-1 must be dissociated with C and O lying along alternate closepacked rows of W. XPS results for the oxygen 1s peak show that the latter shifts in beta and beta-1 from its position in virgin CO to an energy equal to that seen for pure oxygen on tungsten. A number of electron impact desorption results are also presented, and the nature of the various binding states of CO on this plane is discussed.
On the use of the nephelometer in estuarine waters

A study of the problems encountered in nephelometric determinations of suspended sediment loads in the Chesapeake Bay estuary has led to development of a technique which uses nephelometer readings as a guide for sampling at vertical profiles in an estuary. This permits optimum sampling for concentration profiles and allows one to use nephelometer/load ratios to characterize particles.