cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A High Power Density Intermediate‐Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with Thin (La0.9Sr0.1)0.98(Ga0.8Mg0.2)O3‐δ Electrolyte and Nano‐Scale Anode

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with thin (La0.9Sr0.1)0.98Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-δ (LSGM) electrolytes are primary candidates for achieving high (> 1 W cm-2) power density at intermediate (< 650 °C) temperatures. Although high power density LSGM-electrolyte SOFCs have been reported, it is still necessary to develop a fabrication process suitable for large-scale manufacturing and to minimize the amount of LSGM used. Here we show that SOFCs made with a novel processing method and a Sr0.8La0.2TiO3-α (SLT) oxide support can achieve high power density at intermediate temperature. The SLT support is advantageous, especially compared to LSGM supports, because of its low materials cost, electronic conductivity, and good mechanical strength. The novel process is to first co-fire the ceramic layers – porous SLT support, porous LSGM layer, and dense LSGM layer – followed by infiltration of nano-scale Ni into the porous layers. Low polarization resistance of 0.188 Ωcm2 was achieved at 650 °C for a cell with an optimized anode functional layer (AFL) and an (La,Sr)(Fe,Co)O3 cathode. Maximum power density reached 1.12 W cm−2 at 650 °C, limited primarily by cathode polarization and ohmic resistances, so there is considerable potential to further improve the power density.
The Status of Hispanic American Students in Science: Attitudes:

This study examined attitudes towards science among Hispanic American students in schools that participated in the National Assessment of Educational Progress over the past three testing periods. Examining four areas of attitudes with three age levels-elementary, junior high, and senior high schoolthe results for Hispanic students were compared with attitudes toward science of white and black students of the same age levels. Results indicated variations in attitude among ethnic minority students, both males and females, toward science classes, science teachers, careers in science, and the value of science. Interesting changes were observed over the testing periods, with minority students showing continual increase in positive attitudes. Attitudes toward science can be expected to influence course and career choice, yet other explanations for barriers facing minority students must be considered when attitudes cannot be identified as a primary factor preventing participation in science.
Free Convection over Parallel Sources of Heat

One phase of a fundamental investigation of convection over point and line sources of heat, conducted through the past decade at the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, simulated a method of fog dispersal used for the landing of aircraft in England during the war. This involved the release of heat from parallel lines of burners, the convection from which produced characteristic patterns of mean flow and of heat intensity above the burners. Experiments described in this paper consisted of the measurement of the velocity distribution and the temperature distribution at various model scales and rates of heat generation. The results have been reduced to dimensionless diagrams of the two distribution functions which satisfy the elementary continuity and impulsemomentum requirements. From these diagrams generalized families of stream lines and isotherms for the mean motion above the sources have been plotted. The general functions reveal the basic pattern of convection and permit the approximate evaluation of velocity and temperature rise for any desired combination of the independent variables.
PERCEIVED VALUE OF TIME FOR TRUCK OPERATORS

Value of time for trucks was estimated from stated preference data collected in California. Truckers were asked about a choice between an existing free road versus a toll facility for different combinations of travel time and cost. Estimation was based on the point of diversion at which the switch of facility occurred in the stated preference questions and also on the use of a modified logit model in which the coefficients to be estimated were assumed to be distributed lognormally across the population. Comparisons between data sets that were segmented according to business type, shipment size, and the method of driver compensation indicated that for-hire trucks tend to have higher values of time than private ones and the companies that pay drivers hourly wages have higher values of time than those who pay commissions or fixed salary.
In vivo demonstration of nitrogen-sparing mechanisms for glucose and amino acids in the injured rat

Changes in protein metabolism 8 hr after anesthesia and femur fracture were studied in healthy rats fasted or receiving either intravenous glucose or crystalline amino acids. Whole body rates of amino acid turnover (flux) and release from protein (breakdown) as well as fractional synthetic rates of mixed muscle, liver, and plasma protein were measured using the constant infusion of L-(I-14C)-leucine. Injury resulted in a 24% and 63% increase in the synthesis of liver (p < 0.05) and plasma proteins (p < 0.01), respectively. Amino acid infusions in the injured animals further increased the synthesis of liver protein (from 36.6% to 44.3%/day, p < 0.05) and increased muscle protein synthesis (from 7.0% to 9.3%/day, p < 0.05) without altering rates of protein breakdown. Glucose infusions, in contrast, reduced whole body protein breakdown 36% (p < 0.05) when compared to fasting, and depleted the plasma essential amino acid pool (p < 0.05). The usual increases in liver protein synthesis observed in fasted rats following injury were not seen when the animals were receiving intravenous glucose. The nitrogen-sparing mechanism of these two infusions are different. Protein-free glucose infusions impair the normal response to injury aimed at increasing visceral protein synthesis and maintaining plasma essential amino acid concentrations.
Grammatical Outcomes of 3- and 6-Year-Old Children Who Are Hard of Hearing

Purpose Spoken language skills of 3- and 6-year-old children who are hard of hearing (HH) were compared with those of children with normal hearing (NH). Method Language skills were measured via mean length of utterance in words (MLUw) and percent correct use of finite verb morphology in obligatory contexts based on spontaneous conversational samples gathered from 185 children (145 HH, 40 NH). Aided speech intelligibility index (SII), better-ear pure-tone average (BE-PTA), maternal education, and age of amplification were used to predict outcomes within the HH group. Results On average, the HH group had MLUws that were 0.25–0.5 words shorter than the NH group at both ages, and they produced fewer obligatory verb morphemes. After age, aided SII and age of amplification predicted MLUw. Aided SII and BE-PTA were not interchangeable in this analysis. Age followed by either BE-PTA or aided SII best predicted verb morphology use. Conclusions Children who are HH lag behind their peers with NH in grammatical aspec...
Levels of Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Lemna gibba G-3 and in a Large Lemna Mutant Regenerated from Tissue Culture.

Large changes in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels occur during growth of Lemna gibba G-3 in sterile culture. The levels of IAA were measured in plants during a 45 day growth cycle using HPLC and isotope dilution analysis followed by selected ion current monitoring GC-MS analysis with 13C6-IAA as the internal standard. Even though the rate of plant growth remained constant over the entire growth period, IAA levels ranged from a high of 222 to a low of 6 nanograms per gram fresh weight. A Lemna mutant (jsR1) which has a giant phenotype was obtained by regeneration from primary callus cultures. Microspectrofluorometry of diamidino-2-phenylindole stained cells showed that jsR1 has the same amount of DNA per nucleus as the parent line (PL). All jsR1 cell types measured are about 1.5 times larger than in PL. The endogenous levels of IAA per gram fresh weight were higher in jsR1 at several stages of the plant culture cycle as compared to PL. This difference ranged from 1.2 to over 100 times as much. While PL showed only one high peak at day 9, jsR1 had IAA levels of 480 and 680 nanograms per gram fresh weight at days 9 and 45, respectively. Throughout the midculture stage of the growth cycle (20-28 days) both jsR1 and PL had IAA levels in the range of 9 to 14 nanograms per gram fresh weight. In contrast to PL, at day 45, jsR1 had no detectable ester or amide conjugates of IAA. These changes in IAA levels were determined in sterile plant cultures and thus cannot be attributed to bacterial or fungal activity.
Using the Drosophila melanogaster D17-c3 cell culture system to study cell motility

Cultured Drosophila melanogaster S2 and S2R+ cell lines have become important tools for uncovering fundamental aspects of cell biology as well as for gene discovery. Despite their utility, these cell lines are nonmotile and cannot build polarized structures or cell-cell contacts. Here we outline a previously isolated, but uncharacterized, Drosophila cell line named Dm-D17-c3 (or D17). These cells spread and migrate in culture, form cell-cell junctions and are susceptible to RNA interference (RNAi). Using this protocol, we describe how investigators, upon receiving cells from the Bloomington stock center, can culture cells and prepare the necessary reagents to plate and image migrating D17 cells; they can then be used to examine intracellular dynamics or observe loss-of-function RNAi phenotypes using an in vitro scratch or wound healing assay. From first thawing frozen ampules of D17 cells, investigators can expect to begin assaying RNAi phenotypes in D17 cells within roughly 2–3 weeks.
Deviation of freezing rate from translation rate in the Bridgman-Stockbarger technique I. Very low translation rates

Abstract The effect of moderate ampoule motion rates on interface position, velocityand temperature gradient in Bridgman-Stockbarger crystal growth is examined. An analytical solution for the area averaged temperature field is obtained using a regular perturbation method. The predictions of the present model are in excellent agreement with numerical calculations for a semi-infinite ampoule and are in qualitative agreement with experimental data. Simple expressions are derived for the range of validity of the analytical solution. Small ampoule velocities increase the freezing rate near the bottom of the ampoule and decrease the interface velocity near the top. The shift in interface position increases with increasing travel rate, proximity of an end of the ampoule, and decreasing temperature difference between heater and cooler. The minimum deviation of freezing rate from translation rate occurs when the ampoule is approximately centered in the apparatus. In order for this deviation to be small over a substantial portion of the ampoule, it is helpful for the ampoule to be long, the radius small, the thermal conductivity small, and the heat exchange with the furnace large.
Soft X-ray imaging with a normal incidence mirror

By sputtering, it is possible to make multilayered structures (layered synthetic microstructures or LSMs) with individual layers as thin as a fraction of a nanometer. These techniques have been used to make a multilayered interference mirror to reflect carbon K X rays (at a wavelength of 4.48 nm) at normal incidence. The structure consists of 76 layers of tungsten of thickness 0.765 nm with layers of carbon (thickness 1.510 nm) interspersed, deposited on a 111 line type silicon wafer substrate. This LSM was formed into a concave mirror of radius approximately 1.1 m by bending the substrate, and used in an optical set-up to form images of grids illuminated by an X-ray source. The mirror was found to have a resolution of 5 lines/mm and an efficiency, integrated over the CK band, of between 4 and 8%.
Novel probabilistic approach to generating rough sets

Rough set theory, introduced by Pawlak in the early 1980s, in a mathematical tool to deal with vagueness and uncertainty. In contract, for centuries, uncertainty was measured in terms of probability theory. In this paper a novel method based on the Bayesian approach is proposed to generate the rough set decisions. The results of this approach may be summarized as the following: (1) The classification accuracy of a concept can be calculated as a prior probability of the class. (2) The accuracy of approximation of each atomic event equals the posterior probability of the atomic event. The posterior probability can be calculated using the lower and the upper approximations of the event. These accuracy measures can then be used to derive the final decision. (3) Normalized class conditional probabilities can be used to determine the significance of attributes. In addition, a minimal (reduced) subset, which ensures a satisfactory quality of approximation, can be calculated as a product of the accuracy of approximation of each event and the frequency of the event in the original set. The reduced set, however, does not play any role in the decision making process if the proposed probabilistic approach is utilized.
Sexual arousal and the pursuit of attractive mating opportunities

Abstract From an evolutionary perspective, sexual arousal may function, in part, to motivate the pursuit of attractive mating opportunities. We designed a study to test three aspects of this hypothesis. Several hundred heterosexual men and women completed a short survey about sexual arousal in response to a casual sex mating opportunity. We replicated previous research documenting that men report greater sexual arousal than women in response to a short-term mating opportunity. We argue that it is unlikely that a “downplaying of alternatives” psychology evolved, whereby mated individuals rate opposite-sex targets as less attractive than do unmated individuals, but instead that men and women have a relationship-seeking psychology, motivating them to pursue attractive mating opportunities. The results supported this relationship-seeking psychology rather than a downplaying alternatives psychology. Discussion addresses directions for future research on the motivational properties of sexual arousal.
Formulation of soy-based RTE foods influences radiation sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes and postirradiation product sensory properties

Ionizing radiation can eliminate pathogenic bacteria from ready-to-eat (RTE) food products. An outbreak strain of L. monocytogenes was irradiated after inoculation onto (1) three meatless, soy-based frankfurter products (“Soyl”, “Soy2”, “Soy3”), (2) soy-based tofu (“Tofu”) and (3) a beef frankfurter product (“Beef”). The D10 was significantly influenced by the substrate: Beef (0.622kGy) = Tofu (0.622 kGy) < Soy2 (0.680 kGy) = Soy3 (0.695 kGy) <Soy1(0.761 kGy). The antioxidant strength of the products also varied significantly, but was not correlated with the D10 values obtained. To determine the sensory impact of irradiation, the products were treated with 1.5 kGy or 3.2 kGy, doses equivalent to 1.9–2.4 or 4.2–5.1 log10 reductions, respectively. These doses significantly decreased redness in Beef and Soy2, and significantly increased redness in Soy3. The maximum shear force of Beef and Soy1 was significantly decreased following irradiation. Product formulation was found to be key in determining the product response to irradiation.
Stable dicentric chromosomes induced by chemical mutagens in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells

Stable, tandem dicentric chromosomes were discovered in two mutant cell colonies resulting from exposure of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells to chemical mutagens. These unusual dicentrics were present in all metaphase cells examined from these colonies, even after approximately 65 cell generations in culture. Observation of cells in metaphase and anaphase suggests that the interstitial centromere in these dicentrics is non-functional, and that the terminal centromere is solely responsible for their orderly anaphase segregation.
Logic and Whitehead's Criteria For Speculative Philosophy

In Process and Reality,1 Whitehead explicitly states what he conceives his task to be: "Speculative Philosophy," he writes, "is the endeavor to frame a coherent, logical, necessary system of general ideas in terms of which every element of our experience can be interpreted." (p. 4) He then goes on to ex plain what he means by the key terms in this passage. By 'in terms of which every element of our experience can be interpreted', "I mean," he explains, "that everything of which we are conscious, as enjoyed, perceived, willed, or thought, shall have the character of a particular instance of the general scheme." (p. 4) This universality, or all-comprehensiveness, of the system is interpreted in terms of two characteristics: applicability and adequacy. Whitehead explains: "Here 'applicable' means that some items of experience are thus interpretable, and 'adequate' means that there are no items incapable of such interpretation." (p. 4) It is these two characteristics of the system which give an explication of the term 'necessary' as applied to the system of general ideas: "The metaphysical first principles can never fail of ex emplification. We can never catch the actual world taking a holiday from their sway." (p. 9) From this definition of the task of speculative philosophy, we can, then, abstract four criteria for evaluating the relative success or failure of any at tempt to do speculative philosophy, as Whitehead sees it: logicality, coherence, applicability, and adequacy. Any endeavor to do speculative philosophy is successful to the degree that the general system of ideas con structed fulfills these four criteria and the system fails to the degree that it does not fulfill them.
Improved corral trap fabrication and microfluidic device integration

The corral trap is a novel, microscale device for user-controlled trapping of single fluorescent molecules and other nanoand microparticles in solution. This trapping method does not require particle monitoring for trap operation, has multiparticle trapping capabilities, and can be turned off at will to release the trapped particle(s). We present an improved fabrication method and describe the integration of the corral trap into a microfluidic device, which will further increase its versatility and expand its range of applications.
Microstructures of B72 acrylic resin/MTMOS composites

Gels prepared from solutions of B72 acrylic resin and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) are examined by SEM. Four initial mixtures - 0,2,5 and 10% w/v B72/MTMOS - produced gels whose fractured surfaces exhibit distinct features. Scanning electron microscopy shows that neat MTMOS produces a glass-like gel while the addition of B72 creates MTMOS-derived spheres in a “connective tissue” of acrylic resin. These particle sphere/acrylic resin solids are mechanically weak composites.
Recent Trauma is Associated with Antiretroviral Failure and HIV Transmission Risk Behavior Among HIV-Positive Women and Female-Identified Transgenders

Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder disproportionally affect HIV-positive women. Studies increasingly demonstrate that both conditions may predict poor HIV-related health outcomes and transmission-risk behaviors. This study analyzed data from a prevention-with-positives program to understand if socio-economic, behavioral, and health-related factors are associated with antiretroviral failure and HIV transmission-risk behaviors among 113 HIV-positive biological and transgender women. An affirmative answer to a simple screening question for recent trauma was significantly associated with both outcomes. Compared to participants without recent trauma, participants reporting recent trauma had over four-times the odds of antiretroviral failure (AOR 4.3; 95% CI 1.1-16.6; p = 0.04), and over three-times the odds of reporting sex with an HIV-negative or unknown serostatus partner (AOR 3.9; 95% CI 1.3-11.9; p = 0.02) and <100% condom use with these partners (AOR 4.5; 95% CI 1.5-13.3; p = 0.007). Screening for recent trauma in HIV-positive biological and transgender women identifies patients at high risk for poor health outcomes and HIV transmission-risk behavior.
Improved Multiprocessor Global Schedulability Analysis of Sporadic DAG Task Systems

Bonifaci et al have recently introduced some novel analytical techniques in order to derive a speed-up bound for the multiprocessor global EDF scheduling of systems of recurrent tasks that are represented using the sporadic DAG task model, and have applied these techniques to obtain a pseudo-polynomial time sufficient schedulability test. In this paper, these techniques are further generalized to yield an improved pseudo-polynomial time sufficient schedulability test for global EDF scheduling of systems of sporadic DAG tasks. It is shown that this new test strictly dominates the one by Bonifaci et al, in addition, schedulability experiments demonstrate that the improvement can be quite substantial for certain kinds of task systems.
An Electrostatic Parallel-Plate Electron-Energy Selector for Determinations of Critical Ionization Potentials by Electron Impact

An ion source employing an electron beam of narrow energy spread is described. The method of beam-energy selection and analysis consists of passing the beam through an electric field determined by a potential placed across two plane-parallel conducting plates. A selected electron beam of 10.0 ev energy was found to have an energy distribution with a 0.063 ev width at half-peak value. The ion source was used with a 12-in. radius 80 deg -sector type of direction- focusing mass spectrometer. A method for electronically differentiating an ion- appearance-potential curve is presented. Initial data are presented for formation of Ar/sup +/ near its appearance potential as a test of the efficacy of the instrumentation. A tentative explanation of the results is presented.
Follicular-Patterned Afflictions of the Thyroid Gland: Reappraisal of the Most Discussed Entity in Endocrine Pathology

The past 25 years has seen a marked increase in our understanding of thyroid neoplasia, from the interrelationship with radiation exposure, the definition of variants of papillary carcinoma, to the application of molecular biology techniques to capture a more basic definition of tumor development, diagnosis, and prognostic implications. No other group of thyroid tumors has been studied as much as those with follicular pattern. In this review, we present a reappraisal of these controversial lesions in light of the issues with the diagnostic problems and classification schemes of follicular thyroid lesions, with emphasis on the progress made in the past quarter century and a focus on the current persistent controversies.
Spontaneous magnetic ordering in CeRh3B2 observed by zero-field muon-spin relaxation

Abstract Muon-spin relaxation measurements have been made on polycrystalline CeRh3B2 in zero magnetic field. Well above the Curie temperature (T c ≅ 120 K) muon relaxation is described by a Gaussian rate (∼ 0·1 μs−1) indicative of static and random nuclear 11B dipole moments. Near Tc the relaxation rate increases dramatically due to slowing down of fluctuating Ce magnetic moments. Oscillations are observed in the muon spin polarization below Tc , which is unambiguous evidence for the onset of local magnetic ordering. The magnitude of the ordered field initially increases with decreasing temperature and attains a maximum value of 13mT near 50 K. The general shape of the field versus temperature curve resembles the magnetization curve, as expected for an ordinary ferromagnet. However, further decrease in temperature reduces the field to 11 mT at 12K, which we attribute to magnetic ordering of Rh moments. Below 50 K these moments appear to order antiferromagnetically with Ce moments thus producing an effecti...
Effects of selective D1 and D2 dopamine antagonists on the development of behavioral sensitization to apomorphine

The objective of the present study was to determine whether the development of behavioral sensitization to apomorphine could be blocked by either D1 or D2 selective dopamine antagonists. In three experiments, male rats received 10–21 daily injections of a selective D1 (SCH 23390; 0 or 0.5 mg/kg IP) or D2 (sulpiride; 0, 30, or 100 mg/kg IP) antagonist followed by an apomorphine (0 or 1.0 mg/kg SC) injection. In two experiments, the rats were tested for locomotor activity in photocell arenas after the daily injections. In all experiments, the rats were tested for sensitization to apomorphine following the training phase. The results indicated that apomorphine produced a progressively greater increase in locomotor activity with each injection, and this apomorphine-induced increase in activity was completely blocked by both sulpiride and SCH 23390 treatments. However, although both sulpiride and SCH 23390 blocked apomorphine-induced activity, only SCH 23390 injections prevented the development of sensitization to apomorphine. That is, rats pretreated with sulpiride and apomorphine displayed significant sensitization when subsequently tested with a challenge dose of apomorphine alone. These findings suggest that the development of behavioral sensitization to apomorphine is related specifically to the stimulation of dopamine D1 receptors.
Performance metrics: keeping the focus on runtime

Although current parallel system performance metrics include the many variants of speedup, efficiency and isoefficiency, the authors argue that none should be used independently of system runtime. These secondary metrics only matter to the extent that they favor systems with better runtime.
Ultra-low power fiber-coupled gallium arsenide photonic crystal cavity electro-optic modulator

We demonstrate electro-optic modulation in a GaAs laterally doped photonic crystal cavity diode with ultra-low switching energy of several fJ/bit. A short non-radiative carrier lifetime allows fast switching with an upper threshold of 100 GHz.
Mechanisms of Self-Assembled Monolayer Desorption Determined Using in Situ Atomic Force Microscopy

We have observed the dissolution of a self-assembled monolayer of octadecylphosphonic acid from a mica surface into organic solvent in real time using atomic force microscopy. Holes in the monolayer are observed to nucleate, grow, and percolate across the sample, leaving isolated monolayer islands that gradually decrease in size. The relative rates of hole growth and hole nucleation suggest that removing a molecule from the monolayer/hole boundary is about 5 × 104 times more likely than removing a molecule from within a continuous region of monolayer. The rate of dissolution is increased by flowing solvent through the cell compared to stagnant solvent and increased even further by rapid stirring using the AFM tip. The coverage kinetics can be quantitatively described by a model that incorporates desorption from “hole” regions and diffusive solution-phase transport through a stagnant layer of finite thickness. The coverage kinetics and hole nucleation and growth rates are consistent with a picture of monol...
Using pictorial models to teach complex tax rules: An experimental investigation

Abstract This study investigates the benefits of using pictorial models to teach complex tax rules. A pictorial model is a simplified visual representation of the major concepts and relations of a complex rule. Prior research suggests that a pictorial model will improve a student's ability to apply a tax rule by affecting the type of mental models available for problem solving. This hypothesis was tested in an experiment in which 135 introductory tax students received instruction in two complex tax rules, and then took a problem-solving test. Some students received only a narrative description of the rule (text-only instruction), whereas other students received a narrative description supplemented by a pictorial model (text-plus-model instruction). The text-plus-model students outperformed the text-only students in solving problems like those covered during instruction, but not in solving novel problems. This finding, in conjunction with supplementary data, suggests that the benefits of pictorial models may be more fully realized by informing students how to best integrate visual and narrative instructional materials.
Lower Limits of Crop Water Use in Three Soil Textural Classes

Accurate knowledge of the amount of soil water available for crop use allows better management of limited water supplies. Using neutron scattering, we determined the mean lower limit of field soil water use (LLF, m³ m⁻³) to a depth of 2.2 m at harvest (three seasons each) of short-season maize (Zea mays L.), grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The objective was to determine whether the laboratory-measured soil water content at -1.5 MPa matric potential (LL₋₁.₅, m³ m⁻³) for each soil textural class was representative of the LLF of each crop. The crops were grown in monolithic cores of clay loam, silt loam, or sandy loam soil contained in lysimeters with a surface dimension of 1.75 m² and a depth of 2.4 m at Bushland, TX. For the 2.2-m profile, the LLF of cotton was significantly smaller than the LL–₁.₅ of the silt loam soil by 0.052 m³ m⁻³ and significantly smaller than the LL–₁.₅ of the sandy loam soil by 0.016 m³ m⁻³. The LLF of maize was significantly larger than the LL–₁.₅ of the clay loam soil by 0.037 m³ m⁻³ and the LLF of sorghum was significantly smaller than the LL–₁.₅ of the silt loam soil by 0.045 m³ m⁻³. Of the nine soil and crop combinations, LLF did not vary among seasons by more than 0.01 m³ m⁻³ in five soil and crop combinations but did vary by more than 0.01 m³ m⁻³ in four combinations due to differences in meteorological conditions among years. Crop type, soil textural class, soil chemical layers (e.g., calcium carbonate), and interannual variations in climate all affected the ability of a crop to use soil water up to and beyond LL–₁.₅.
Seasonal behavior and long-term trends of tropospheric ozone, its precursors and chemical conditions over Iran: A view from space

Abstract To identify spatial and temporal variations over the Iranian region, this study analyzed tropospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) columns from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), carbon monoxide (CO) columns from the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), and tropospheric column O 3 (TCO) from OMI/MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) satellites from 2005 to 2012. The study discovered high levels of HCHO (∼12 × 10 15 molec./cm 2 ) from plant isoprene emissions in the air above parts of the northern forest of Iran during the summer and from the oxidation of HCHO precursors emitted from petrochemical industrial facilities and biomass burning in South West Iran. This study showed that maximum NO 2 levels (∼18 × 10 15 molec./cm 2 ) were concentrated in urban cities, indicating the predominance of anthropogenic sources. The results indicate that maximum concentrations were found in the winter, mainly because of weaker local winds and higher heating fuel consumption, in addition to lower hydroxyl radicals (OH). The high CO concentrations (∼2 × 10 18 molec./cm 2 ) in the early spring were inferred to mainly originate from a strong continental air mass from anthropogenic CO “hotspots” including regions around Caspian Sea, Europe, and North America, although the external sources of CO were partly suppressed by the Arabian anticyclone and topographic barriers. Variations in the TCO were seen to peak during the summer (∼40 DU), due to intensive solar radiation and stratospheric sources. This study also examined long-term trends in TCO and its precursors over a period of eight years in five urban cities in Iran. To perform the analysis, we estimated seasonal changes and inter-seasonal variations using least-squares harmonic estimation (LS-HE), which reduced uncertainty in the trend by 5–15%. The results showed significant increases in the levels of HCHO (∼0.08 ± 0.06 × 10 15 molec./cm 2 yr −1 ), NO 2 (∼0.08 ± 0.02 × 10 15 molec./cm 2 yr −1 ), and peak annual TCO (∼0.59 ± 0.56 DU yr −1 ) but decreases in minimum annual TCO (∼−0.42 ± 0.60 DU yr −1 ) caused by an increase in NO 2 species and annual CO (∼−0.95 ± 0.41 × 10 16 molec./cm 2 yr −1 ) partly resulting from the transport of reduced CO. The time series of the HCHO/NO 2 column ratio (a proxy for the chemical conditions) indicated that during the last decade, the cities of Tehran, Ahvaz, and Isfahan exhibited steady chemical conditions while Tabriz and Mashhad exhibited a change from NO x -saturated/mixed to more NO x -sensitive chemical conditions.
Intercalation stages in potassium doped (CH)x

Abstract During its doping with potassium, the appearance and disappearance of well ordered phases in polyacetylene have been yet proposed. From the evolution of the ESR peak to peak linewidth with the doping level, it was suggested that doping, up to 12% of doping level, occurs via two ordered phases at 5% and 10%, whereas three phases are present during undoping at 10%, 5% and 2%. The simulated behaviour of the ESR linewidth with doping level, based on a biphasic system, is in good agreement with the experimental data indicating that, between the above doping levels the system is a combination of two phases. The behaviour of the ESR linewidth with the temperature shows that the material is still metallic at 2% during the undoping while it is observed to be metallic for doping above 5% during doping.
New Methodology for Shape Classification of Aggregates

Aggregate shape characteristics play a major role in determining the structural and functional properties of asphalt mixes. A comprehensive, statistically based methodology for the analysis and classification of the shape characteristics of both fine and coarse aggregates is presented. These characteristics are form (three dimensions of coarse aggregates), angularity, and surface texture. The methodology was developed by measuring the distribution of the shape characteristics of aggregates from a wide range of sources and varying sizes. The limits for the classification groups were determined with the use of a cluster analysis. The new methodology offers several advantages over current methods used in practice. It is based on the distribution of shape characteristics in an aggregate sample rather than on average indices of these characteristics. The coarse aggregate form is determined with the use of a three-dimensional analysis of particles, which allows particles to be distinguished between flat, elonga...
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: Reversible Inhibitor of Pollen Tube Growth

Five percent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) completely inhibited tube initiation, stopped tube growth and suppressed the high respiration associated with tube growth of lily pollen. The effect of DMSO on respiration was indirect because uncoupling concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol abolished the inhibition of respiration. Five percent DMSO did not inhibit rapid starch synthesis during the first 30 minutes of incubation, nor did DMSO inhibit the period of high respiration associated with rapid starch synthesis. DMSO did not cause permanent damage to the cells since normal pollen tube growth occurred after its removal. Dimethyl sulfoxide is not a general inhibitor of pollen metabolism, but it may be a specific inhibitor of a process required for tube growth.
The photodimerization of 17β-hydroxy-estra-4,9(10)-dien-3-one

The irradiation of 17β-hydroxy-estra-4,9(10)-dien-3-one with ultraviolet light at 3550 A resulted in a dimeric product. Structural information has shown that dimerization occurred across the α,β-olefinic bond. The structure of the dimer is discussed.
Exact Results for a Model Ternary Polymer Mixture

A model ternary polymer mixture is considered with bi- and -functional monomers and a solvent embedded on a honeycomb lattice. The model is shown to be equivalent to an eight-vertex model on the same lattice. Using this equivalence which further maps the problem into an Ising model in a non-zero magnetic field, an exact analysis of the model is carried out. The two phase coexistence surface in the temperature- composition space is determined exactly and connectivity properties of the model are studied.
Starch as a renewable finish to improve the pesticide-protective properties of conventional workclothes.

Because many pesticide handlers persist in wearing and reusing conventional workclothes, a renewable functional finish that enhances the pesticide-protective qualities of fabrics would be useful. This study investigated the ability of starch to act as a pesticide trap, preventing transfer and increasing removal by laundering, and the effect of carboxymethyl cellulose on release of pesticide in laundry. The retention and distribution of methyl parathion (MeP) on 65% polyester/35% cotton fabric was studied with four finishes: starch and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as nondurable finishes; durable press resin (DP) and durable press/ carboxymethyl cellulose (DP/CMC) as durable finishes. Starching with an add-on of 8% (w/w) effectively reduced the area of contamination and enhanced the removal of methyl parathion from polyester/cotton fabrics. Residual pesticide values for CMC, DP, and DP/CMC finishes were similar to that of the unfinished fabric. While distribution profiles of methyl parathion throughout the yarn and fiber structures were similar for all the finishes, lower concentrations of pesticide were observed on the cotton fibers from the starched fabric. Starch reduced the pesticide transferring by rubbing from both 100% cotton and 65% polyester/cotton fabrics. These studies support the intriguing theory that starch can act as a pesticide trap on the fabric surface to decrease pesticide transfer and to enhance pesticide removal. Extensive penetration studies, field studies, and additional investigation of fiber, yarn, and fabric parameters are needed to further quantify the effects of starch.
Carrier-amino acid stoichiometry in amino acid transport in Ehrlich ascites cells.

1. 1.The initial flux of l-tryptophan in “exchange diffusion” and in “competition” experiments with other amino acids is significantly increased by certain of the amino acids. 2. 2.For the straight-chain amino acids with aliphatic side chains, there is a progressive, almost constant increase in the stimulatory effect obtained in these experiments for each additional CH2 group in the side chain. 3. 3.In the competition experiments, branching the chain, decreases the stimulation of initial flux. 4. 4.A model of the transport system in which the ratio of amino acid to carrier is I:I can predict the stimulation in the exchange-diffusion experiments. An Amino acid to carrier ratio of 2:1 must be assumed to also predict the stimulation observed in competition experiments.
Sources, input pathways, and distributions of Fe, Cu, and Zn in a Chesapeake Bay tidal freshwater marsh

Tidal freshwater marshes exist at the interface between watersheds and estuaries, and thus may serve as critical buffers protecting estuaries from anthropogenic metal pollution. Bi-weekly samples of newly deposited marsh sediments were collected and analyzed for Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations over 21 months from July 1995 to March 1997 in five distinct habitats at the head of Bush River, Maryland. Bi-weekly anthropogenic metal enrichments ranged from 0.9–4.7. Anthropogenic excess metal loadings averaged over 1996 ranged from 6–306 and 25–1302 μg cm−2 year−1 between sites for Cu and Zn, respectively. Based on Fe-normalized trace metal signatures, Susquehanna River sediment does not significantly contribute to upper Bush River. Organic matter was found to dilute total metal concentrations, whereas past studies suggested organics enhance labile metal content. Analysis of metal input pathways shows that marsh metals are primarily imported from nearby subtidal accumulations of historic watershed material by tidal flushing.
Personal Information Privacy: A Multi-Party Endeavor

Individuals can no longer manage their own personal information privacy. Rather, organizations with which individuals interact must recognize vulnerabilities and actively manage their data to guarantee known data sharing and to prevent data leakages. A more complete model of consumersâ€™ personal information privacy that includes not only data gathering, but also data sharing and data leakage is presented and defended here.
The Major Immunoreactive α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (αMSH)-Like Substance Found in Human Fetal Pituitary Tissue Is Not αMSH but May Be Desacetyl αMSH (Adrenocorticotropin1–13NH2)

Pituitary glands were obtained from human abor-tuses during the second half of gestation. Acid extracts were made from the anterior and neurointermediate lobes, and aMSH immunonoreactivity (αMSHi) was quantified by RIA. αMSH; wasfound in both lobes of the pituitary gland, with 20–80% of the total pituitary αMSHi being present in extracts of the anterior lobe. Anterior and neurointermediate lobe extracts subjected t o gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 revealed one peak of αMSHi having an elution profile identical to those of αMSH and desacetyl αMSH (ACTH1−13NH2). To characterize further)the αMSHi, extracts were subjected to high pressure liquid chromatography. No αMSH could be identified in extracts of the anterior lobe, and most of the αMSHi had an elution profile identical to that of desacetyl αMSH. Although small amounts of αMSH might be present in the neurointermediate lobe, most of the αMSHi in this lobe coeluted with desacetyl αMSH. Since αMSH was not converted to desacetyl αMSH during the extraction a...
The transcription factor MafB antagonizes antiviral responses by blocking recruitment of coactivators to the transcription factor IRF3

Viral infection induces type I interferons (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) that recruit unexposed cells in a self-amplifying response. We report that the transcription factor MafB thwarts auto-amplification by a metastable switch activity. MafB acted as a weak positive basal regulator of transcription at the IFNB1 promoter through activity at transcription factor AP-1-like sites. Interferon elicitors recruited the transcription factor IRF3 to the promoter, whereupon MafB acted as a transcriptional antagonist, impairing the interaction of coactivators with IRF3. Mathematical modeling supported the view that prepositioning of MafB on the promoter allows the system to respond rapidly to fluctuations in IRF3 activity. Higher expression of MafB in human pancreatic islet beta cells might increase cellular vulnerability to viral infections associated with the etiology of type 1 diabetes.
Collapses and Revivals of Bose-Einstein Condensates Formed in Small Atomic Samples

The macroscopic wave function for atomic samples composed of a few thousand particles is shown to exhibit collapses and revivals on a few seconds time scale, while Bose-Einstein condensation remains in the form of off-diagonal long-range order in the one-particle reduced density matrix. A recently proposed measurement scheme which is sensitive to Bose-broken gauge symmetry, and hence to the macroscopic wave function, could be used to detect the collapses and revivals experimentally. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Monolithic integrated circuits for mm-wave instrumentation

The GaAs sampling head IC fabricated makes use of a monolithic nonlinear transmission line (NLTL). This is accomplished by using the voltage-dependent capacitance of GaAs varactors distributed periodically along a coplanar transmission line to cause shock-wave formation when driven by a large, approximately 10-V signal. A two-diode sampling bridge is integrated with the NLTL as the strobe pulse generator to achieve a sampling bandwidth of over 290 GHz. Also integrated are two samplers with a resistive directional bridge to form an S-parameter test-set on a chip. Greater than 10-dB directivity is demonstrated to 60 GHz. The speed of the sampler is evaluated by using the onboard NLTL test signal generator. With the test NLTL driven at 10 GHz+100 Hz and the strobe NLTL driven at 5 GHz, the sample output showed a 160- mu s 90% to 10% falltime which corresponds to 1.6 ps in real-time. >
A phase II trial of intraperitoneal photodynamic therapy for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis.

Purpose: A previous phase I trial of i.p. photodynamic therapy established the maximally tolerated dose of Photofrin (Axcan Pharma, Birmingham, AL)-mediated photodynamic therapy and showed encouraging efficacy. The primary objectives of this phase II study were to determine the efficacy and toxicities of i.p. photodynamic therapy in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis. Experimental Design: Patients received Photofrin 2.5 mg/kg i.v. 48 hours before debulking surgery. Intraoperative laser light was delivered to the peritoneal surfaces of the abdomen and pelvis. The outcomes of interest were ( a ) complete response, ( b ) failure-free survival time, and ( c ) overall survival time. Photosensitizer levels in tumor and normal tissues were measured. Results: One hundred patients were enrolled into one of three strata (33 ovarian, 37 gastrointestinal, and 30 sarcoma). Twenty-nine patients did not receive light treatment. All 100 patients had progressed by the time of statistical analysis. The median failure-free survival and overall survival by strata were ovarian, 2.1 and 20.1 months; gastrointestinal cancers, 1.8 and 11.1 months; sarcoma, 3.7 and 21.9 months. Substantial fluid shifts were observed postoperatively, and the major toxicities were related to volume overload. Two patients died in the immediate postoperative period from bleeding, sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and cardiac ischemia. Conclusions: Intraperitoneal Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy is feasible but does not lead to significant objective complete responses or long-term tumor control. Heterogeneity in photosensitizer uptake and tumor oxygenation, lack of tumor specificity for photosensitizer uptake, and the heterogeneity in tissue optical properties may account for the lack of efficacy observed.
Gallium Scintigraphy in Bronchogenic Carcinoma: The Effect of Tumor Location on Sensitivity and Specificity

Fifty-one patients with primary lung cancer were evaluated using 67Ga citrate scintigraphy with respect to detection of peripheral primary, hilar metastasis, and mediastinal metastasis. The results demonstrated the necessity for an understanding of the criteria used in considering the gallium scintigram as either positive or negative, as well as the instrumentation employed in performing the test before any meaningful sensitivity and specificity figures can be derived within a given institution. Only with this understanding can actual strategy for instituting invasive procedures be achieved.
Bulk synchronous parallel computing-a paradigm for transportable software

A necessary condition for the establishment, on a substantial basis, of a parallel software industry would appear to be the availability of technology for generating transportable software, i.e. architecture independent software which delivers scalable performance for a wide variety of applications on a wide range of multiprocessor computers. This paper describes H-BSP-a general purpose parallel computing environment for developing transportable algorithms. H-BSP is based on the Bulk Synchronous Parallel Model (BSP), in which a computation involves a number of supersteps, each having several parallel computational threads that synchronize at the end of the superstep. The BSP Model deals explicitly with the notion of communication among computational threads and introduces parameters g and L that quantify the ratio of communication throughput to computation throughput, and the synchronization period, respectively. These two parameters, together with the number of processors and the problem size, are used to quantify the performance and, therefore, the transportability of given classes of algorithms across machines having different values for these parameters. This paper describes the role of unbundled compiler technology in facilitating the development of such a parallel computer environment. >