cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to The General Theory of Second Best, Its Central Implications, and the Appropriate Way to Respond to It

Section 1.1 explains that, when the optimum is “maximizing economic efficiency”1 and the set of sufficient conditions for that optimum’s achievement is the Pareto-optimal conditions,2 The General Theory of Second Best3 concludes that, if one or more of the Pareto-optimal conditions will not be fulfilled, increasing the fulfillment of the remaining conditions will not in general even tend to increase economic efficiency (because individual departures from those conditions [individual Pareto imperfections] will in general be as likely to counteract the misallocative tendencies of the remaining departures to any given extent as to compound them to that extent). Section 1.2 explains why economists use an economic-efficiency-analysis protocol that ignores and is invalidated by The General Theory of Second Best. Section 1.3 lists some of the standard economic-efficiency conclusions this General Theory undermines. Section 1.4 outlines the protocol for economic-efficiency analysis that I claim responds economic-efficiently to this General Theory—a protocol that focuses both on the impact of a choice on the relevant economy’s Pareto imperfections and resource allocations and on the different ways in which such imperfections interact to cause or not cause the various categories of economic inefficiency an economy can generate (most of which conventional economic-efficiency analyses ignore).
‘Horny and wanting to watch something’: an exploratory qualitative analysis of heterosexual men’s pornography viewing preferences

The current study qualitatively explores the pornography viewing preferences of a non-university-based male sample from the United States. Cisgender heterosexual men (N = 34) completed an online st...
The Protective Role of Character Strengths in COVID-19 Stress and Well-Being in Individuals With Chronic Conditions and Disabilities: An Exploratory Study

Individuals with chronic conditions and disabilities, in response to stress associated with COVID-19, may experience a decrease in their overall well-being beyond that experienced by otherwise heal...
Speculations on the political agency of public MatterBio

Beatrice Dube's article directs those engaged in the study of discourse to an important line of inquiry: while states and governments may evolve political policies may not, and the persistence of t...
Tuning the Number of Active Sites and Turnover Frequencies by Surface Modification of Supported ReO4/(SiO2–Al2O3) Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis

A series of supported ReOx catalysts were synthesized by incipient-wetness impregnation of perrhenic acid onto one component (Al2O3 and SiO2) and surface-modified mixed-oxide supports (SiO2/Al2O3, ...
Sample size re-estimation in clinical trials.

In clinical trials, sample size re-estimation is often conducted at interim. The purpose is to determine whether the study will achieve study objectives if the observed treatment effect at interim preserves till end of the study. A traditional approach is to conduct a conditional power analysis for sample size only based on observed treatment effect. This approach, however, does not take into consideration the variabilities of (i) the observed (estimate) treatment effect and (ii) the observed (estimate) variability associated with the treatment effect. Thus, the resultant re-estimated sample sizes may not be robust and hence may not be reliable. In this article, a couple of methods are proposed, namely, adjusted effect size (AES) approach and iterated expectation/variance (IEV) approach, which can account for the variability associated with the observed responses at interim. The proposed methods provide interval estimates of sample size required for the intended trial, which is useful for making critical go/no go decision. Statistical properties of the proposed methods are evaluated in terms of controlling of type I error rate and statistical power. The results show that traditional approach performs poorly in controlling type I error inflation, whereas IEV approach has the best performance in most cases. Additionally, all re-estimation approaches can keep the statistical power over 80 % ; especially, IEV approach's statistical power, using adjusted significance level, is over 95 % . However, IEV approach may lead to a greater increment in sample size when detecting a smaller effect size. In general, IEV approach is effective when effect size is large; otherwise, AES approach is more suitable for controlling type I error rate and keep power over 80 % with a more reasonable re-estimated sample size.
The Psychometric Properties for the Test of Perceived Physical Competence for Youths with Visual Impairments

IntroductionLimited inquiries exist for perceptions of physical competence for people with visual impairments, since there are no specific, psychometrically tested scales. The purpose of this study...
The Dynamical Analysis of Log Data Within Educational Games

Games and game-based environments frequently provide users multiple trajectories and paths. Thus, users often have to make decisions about how to interact and behave during the learning task. These decisions are often captured through the use of log data, which can provide a wealth of information concerning students’ choices, agency, and performance while engaged within a game-based system. However, to analyze these changing data sets, researchers need to use methodologies that focus on quantifying fine-grained patterns as they emerge across time. In this chapter, we will consider how dynamical analysis techniques offer researchers a unique means of visualizing and characterizing nuanced decision and behavior patterns that emerge from students’ log data within game-based environments. Specifically, we focus on how three distinct types of dynamical methodologies, Random Walks, Entropy analysis, and Hurst exponents, have been used within the game-based system iSTART-2 as a form of stealth assessment. These dynamical techniques provide researchers a means of unobtrusively assessing how students behave and learn within game-based environments.
The Effect of Regional Characteristics on the Relationship Between University Resources and Knowledge-Based Startup’s Performance

There is considerable evidence that regional resource endowments promote the viability of firms within those regions. University resources endowments are often portrayed as especially important to the development and success of firms, especially knowledge-based firms that benefit from faculty expertise, specialized facilities, and intellectual property. Recent research, however, suggests that the contribution of university resources endowments to firm performance and viability is contingent on the presence of complementary regional resource endowments. Thus, firms that draw resources from universities are more likely to realize performance benefits when a regional economy is rich in complementary resources. We propose that for knowledge-based startup firms, in addition to the direct positive effects of regional and university resources endowments on firm performance found in prior research, regional resource endowments availability will moderate the impact of university resources endowments on firm performance. We examine these relationships within the population of university-based incubators in the US and a sample of knowledge-based firms associated with those incubators.
Femtosecond Electron Imaging and Spectroscopy: Proceedings of the Conference on Femtosecond Electron Imaging and Spectroscopy, FEIS 2013, December 9–12, 2013, Key West, FL, USA

Abstract We are witnessing tremendous opportunities in ultrafast sciences with the development of extremely bright radiation sources to investigate the structure and spectroscopy of matter with atomistic space and femtosecond time resolution. While generally a strong focus has been on X-ray sources—notably free electron laser (FEL) sources—the use of femtosecond electron pulses has also shown enormous promise in the last decade, especially in the investigation of materials from the sub-micrometer down to the angstrom scale, facilitated by the high sensitivity of electron scattering and the relative ease in designing electron optics for imaging and diffraction from nanomaterials. Moreover, important innovations have been achieved by incorporating ultrafast photoemission sources into various electron microscope setups. Most recently, a new trend of integrating the FEL high-brightness electron beam concept into the ultrafast electron diffraction and microscope system design is likely to open up new prospects and applications of femtosecond diffraction, imaging, and spectroscopy with high throughput. The conference on Femtosecond Electron Imaging and Spectroscopy (FEIS 2013) was held on December 9–12, 2013 in Key West, Florida. FEIS 2013 built on the potential synergy between related technology developments and various emerging scientific opportunities and brought together leaders engaged in cutting-edge development of high-brightness electron and X-ray beam systems and their applications to frontier science problems. FEIS 2013, the first in this series, was organized with the goal of initiating conversation between different communities with the following objectives in mind: (1) to review the current state-of-the-art development and open issues of ultrafast electron imaging technologies; (2) to discuss emerging scientific opportunities enabled by ultrafast imaging and spectroscopy; (3) to identify the key technical challenges in the design and applications of ultrafast electron imaging systems; and (4) to forge cross-fertilization between the electron microscopy, accelerator and beam physics, and ultrafast communities, and to have experimentalists and theorists address common challenges and promote synergistic developments.
Problems with Interpreting the Radio Emission from Hot Stars

The hypothesis that the radio emission from a hot star is due solely to bremsstrahlung in a spherically symmetric wind flowing at a constant velocity and the constraint that the wind be transparent enough to allow the stationary photosphere to be seen place a limit on Ṁ/v∞. The constraint that the momentum in the wind be provided by the radiation field places a limit on Ṁ/v∞. It is noted that both constraints are satisfied by the usually deduced values of Ṁ and v∞ for OB supergiants. The case for early 0 stars is marginal, while for Wolf-Rayet stars Ṁ/v∞ and Ṁ/v∞ are too large to satisfy the several bypotheses usually made. The trouble is due to Ṁ being too large by at least a factor 10. It is noted that postulating that part of the radio flux from Wolf-Rayet stars is caused by processes in a low-density magnetized plasma provides a solution to the dilemma. This solution offers advantages when accounting for the emission lines of Wolf-Rayet stars.
Structure and Development of Viruses as Observed in the Electron Microscope XI. Entry and Uncoating of Herpes Simplex Virus

Abstract Two morphologically distinct types of capsids are described. The dense capsid appeared to be disrupted near the cellular membrane with release of core material. The light capsid was more stable and was frequently encountered close to the nucleus, where empty capsids were also found. Pretreatment of cells before infection with either puromycin or actinomycin D markedly decreased the percentage of empty capsids. It is suggested that the two types of capsids play different roles in the process of initiating infection. One (the dense capsid) releases deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) shortly after entry. This DNA is transcribed into a virus-specific ribonucleic acid, which codes for an enzyme capable of altering the permeability of the second type of capsid (the light capsid). In proximity to the nucleus, the infectious DNA then escapes without gross disruption of the capsid.
Comparison of serum prolactin, plain radiography, and hypocycloidal tomography of the sella turcica in patients with galactorrhea

Abstract Hypocycloidal tomography of the sella turcica is being used with increasing frequency in patients with galactorrhea in order to establish the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma. In 201 patients with galactorrhea, serum prolactin (PRL) levels were correlated with anteroposterior (AP)-lateral plain radiographs and hypocycloidal tomography of the sella turcica. Plain films were normal in 167 and abnormal in 34 patients. Of the 167 patients with normal AP-lateral plain films, 80 had normal tomograms and normal serum prolactin levels while 80 patients had normal tomograms and elevated serum PRL levels (21 to 256 ng/ml). The remaining seven of the 167 patients had normal plain films with abnormal tomograms and elevated serum PRL levels (28 to 176 ng/ml). All patients with abnormal plain radiographs had abnormal tomograms and had either elevated or normal serum PRL levels. In view of these findings, sella tomography is only necessary in patients with normal plain radiographs and elevated serum PRL levels.
Justice in Time

Challenges raised by the subject of intergenerational justice seem often to be thought almost uniquely intractable. In particular, apparent conflicts between the core values of impartiality and efficiency raised by a large and still growing number of intertemporal impossibility results derived by Koopmans, Diamond, Basu and Mitra, and others have been taken to foreclose fruitful policy assessment done with a view to the distant future. This Essay aims to dispel the sense of bewilderment, pessimism, and attendant paralysis that afflicts intertemporal justice assessment. It works toward that end by demonstrating that the most vexing puzzles raised by questions of intergenerational justice afflict only one family of justice theories, a family whose members never were coherent to begin with. By contrast, it argues, the correct approach to justice is no more challenged by transtemporal puzzles than is any other exercise in future planning. The Essay proceeds first by showing that puzzles concerning intergenerational—or what it also calls “intertemporal,” “transtemporal,” or “diachronic”—justice can be helpfully divided into two classes. One such class the Essay calls “epistemic.” The other it calls “analytic.” The epistemic puzzles are those occasioned by uncertainties endemic to all contemplation of future contingencies, not simply our justice assessments thereof. The analytic puzzles, by contrast, afflict only one family of justice conceptions—those that erroneously take maximizing (“efficiency”) imperatives to be logically independent of distributive imperatives. The analytic puzzles afflict these conceptions, moreover, irrespective of whether the latter be applied synchronically or diachronically. The supposed intractability of intergenerational justice, that is to say, is in fact nothing more than an incoherence afflicting that mistaken understanding of justice which currently predominates in intertemporal distributive-ethical inquiry. The Essay next shows that all of the notorious intertemporal impossibility results from Koopmans’s on down afflict only the erroneous justice conceptions just mentioned. Indeed, like all of the other best known impossibility results from Arrow’s on down, the intertemporal results are no more than in
New heteroaromatic compounds—XII: Further evidence for the aromaticity of the borazarenes

Abstract Snyder and his co-workers2 have reported that the cyclic boric ester (I) is stable to hydrolysis and may be nitrated. These observations suggests that the stability of the heterocyclic boron compounds described in previous papers of this series might be due to their cyclic nature rather than to aromatic resonance. Their reactions with bases, and a comparison of the properties of 2:1-borazaronaphthalenes with those of their 3:4-dihydro derivatives seem to make this unlikely.
A Developmental Psychobiological Approach to Human Development

Individuals inherit not just genes from the parents but also an epigenetic pattern, an ecological (social, biological, and physical) niche, and perceptual and behavioral biases (e.g., culture), all of which can provide experiences necessary for the formation of nascent systems upon which subsequent learning and development depend. Some models of development are evaluated and the developmental psychobiology model is presented as the best way of elucidating how certain early experiences can shape nascent systems that will contribute to the development of a wide range of social, emotional, and cognitive abilities in humans. An example from handedness development is used to illustrate the model.
Reply by Author to W. P. Rodden

3 Rodden, W. P. and Revell, J. D., "The Status of Unsteady Aerodynamic Influence Coefficients," Paper FF-33, presented to IAS 30th Annual Meeting, Jan. 22-24, 1962; preprinted as Rept. TDR-930(2230-09)TN-2, Nov. 22, *1961, Aerospace Corp., El Segundo, Calif. 4 Rodden, W. P., "Aerodynamic Influence Coefficients From Strip Theory," Journal of the Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 26, No. 12, Dec. 1959, pp. 833-834. 5 Hassig, H. J., "An Approximate True Damping Solution of the Flutter Equation by Determinant Iteration," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 8, No. 11, Nov. 1971, pp. 885-889. * Members of the Aerodynamics and Structures Research Organization of The Boeing Company, "An Analysis of Method for Predicting the Stability Characteristics of an Elastic Airplane; Appendix B: Methods for Determining Stability Derivatives," CR-73275, Nov. 1968, NASA. / 7 Bergh, H, and Zwaan, R. J., "A Method for Estimating Unsteady Pressure Distributions for Arbitrary Vibration Modes from Measured Distributions for One Single Mode," Rept. NLR-TRF.250, Feb. 1966, National Aerospace Lab., Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .
Efficacy of cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in the management of malignant ascites.

Background In peritoneal surface disease, accumulation of malignant ascites represents a difficult problem to treat, with adverse impact on quality of life. The role of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in controlling malignant ascites is not well defined.
Optical tomography for breast cancer imaging using a two- layer tissue model to include chest-wall effects

In this paper we have combined the solutions of diffusion equations for two-layer tissue structure with the linear perturbation method for imaging and shown the advantages of this method over the use of semi-infinite tissue model for imaging two-layer tissue structures. Analytical solutions have been derived for diffusion equations of light propagation in a two-layer tissue structures and several groups have used them to fit for the optical properties of the two layers. Using these solutions for imaging tumors embedded in two-layer tissue structures is shown to yield better images due to more accurate evaluation of the weight matrix that takes into account the light propagation effects in both the tissue layers, as compared to using the solutions of semi-infinite tissue model which is a good approximation for the problem when the upper layer of tissue is at least 2 cm thick. Although this method can be used for imaging any layered tissue, in this paper we have shown examples of breast imaging and account for the effect of underlying chest-wall. It is shown that considering a semi-infinite tissue model leads to higher errors in breast imaging when the patient has a breast thickness smaller than about 2 cm. We have shown improved imaging contrast especially for cases with smaller breast using this new method. The method was optimized using data obtained from Finite-element method (FEM) for target embedded in two-layer tissue structures and phantom experiments. Clinical results are also presented for breast imaging using this new method.
Relationship between Precipitative and Protective Antibodies of Type III Shigella paradysenteriae (Flexner) Immune Serum.

Summary1. Antisera prepared by prolonged immunization of rabbits with Type III Shigella paradysenteriae (Flexner) contain mouse protective antibodies which can be removed by absorption with the chemically purified type specific antigen. Absorption of the serum with the polysaccharide portion of the antigenic complex removes approximately 80-90% of the precipitating and protective antibodies.2. Most, if not all, of the protective antibodies present in Flexner Type III antiserum are directed against the homologous specific antigen. Any protective antibodies reactive with other constituents of the bacterial cell appear to have little or no significance in the immune response. The polysaccharide hapten is the component of the antigenic complex most important in orienting the protective and precipitative antibodies.†
Age of acquisition predicts naming and lexical-decision performance above and beyond 22 other predictor variables: an analysis of 2,342 words.

Age of acquisition (AoA) ratings were obtained and were used in hierarchical regression analyses to predict naming and lexical-decision performance for 2,342 words (from Balota, Cortese, Sergent-Marshall, Spieler, & Yap, 2004). In the analyses, AoA was included in addition to the set of predictors used by Balota et al. (2004). AoA significantly predicted latency performance on both tasks above and beyond the standard predictor set. However, AoA was more strongly related to lexical-decision performance than to naming performance. Finally, the previously reported effect of imageability on naming latencies by Balota et al. was not significant with AoA included as a factor. These results are consistent with the idea either that AoA has a semantic/lexical locus or that AoA effects emerge primarily in situations in which the input–output mapping is arbitrary.
Ultrastructure of the placenta of antarctic seals during the first third of pregnancy

The chorioallantoic placenta from six crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) with fetuses from 15–180 mm crown rump length (CRL), and two leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) with fetuses 76 and 86 mm CRL was lobulated, zonary, labyrinthine and endotheliochorial. The fine structure of the placenta was essentially similar in both species. Maternal capillaries of the labyrinth had attenuated endothelial cells unlike the fissiped carnivores. They were surrounded by an outer syncytiotrophoblast, incomplete inner cytotrophoblast, and a core of mesenchymal tissue containing fetal vessels. In general, the cytotrophoblastic cells were less electron-opaque than the syncytium; the former possessed abundant free ribosomes, while the latter had many nuclei, mitochondria, and numerous strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Mitotic figures were observed only in the cytotrophoblast. Plasma membranes between the trophoblastic layers had interdigitating processes which showed many desmosomes along the intercellular spaces, whereas membranes surrounding the maternal capillaries were usually smooth. In the limb-bud stage embryo, the syncytiotrophoblast had thick and thin areas which became progressively attenuated in older fetuses. Instances of intratrophoblastic fetal capillaries were observed in seals with fetuses of 40 mm CRL and older, with consequent greatly thinned placental barriers. By Perl's reactions, Turnbull's method, and electron microscopy, rows of granular bodies positive for iron were demonstrated along the basement membrane of the trophoblastic cells and in the mesenchymal cells of the crabeater seals, but not the leopard seals. Furthermore, it is suggested that the deposits of granular bodies show the sites of iron storage in the placentas. In the limb-bud stage embryo the hematome borders and isolated pouches of the central hematome were observed. The central hematome was antimesometrial. The hematomes were lined by columnar cytotrophoblastic cells which phagocytized extravasated maternal blood and absorbed histiotrophic material.
Synthesis and Langmuir−Blodgett Film Formation of Amphiphilic Zwitterions Based on Benzothiazolium Tricyanoquinodimethanide

Five zwitterions based on a coupling reaction between 2-methylbenzothiazole and its selenium and tellurium analogues with the lithium salt of tetracyanoquinodimethane were designed and synthesized, bearing long alkyl tails to facilitate Pockels−Langmuir film formation at the air−water interface. Stable monolayers were formed at the air−water interface. Z-type and Y-type Langmuir−Blodgett multilayers were formed on Al and Si substrates. A test for molecular rectification for the most promising molecule in the series was negative.
Attenuation of some signs of opioid withdrawal by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase

Effects of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors (l-NG-nitroarginine,l-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester) on precipitated opioid withdrawal were studied in morphine-dependent rats given naloxone, in order to assess the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in opioid dependence.l-NG-Nitroarginine (7.5 mg/kg, IP, 1 h before naloxone or b.i.d. on days 4–7 of an 8-day morphine treatment) reduced wet dog shakes and weight loss; when given by osmotic pumps (15 mg/kg per day), the drug reduced wet dog shakes but not weight loss.l-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester (60 mg/kg, 1 h before naloxone) also reduced wet dog shakes and weight loss. The results indicate that NOS inhibitors warrant further study as potential treatment of the opioid withdrawal syndrome.
The benefits of strength training for older adults.

Aging is associated with a number of physiologic and functional declines that can contribute to increased disability, frailty, and falls. Contributing factors are the loss of muscle mass and strength as age increases, a phenomenon called sarcopenia. Sarcopenia can result or be exacerbated by certain chronic conditions, and can also increase the burden of chronic disease. Current research has demonstrated that strength-training exercises have the ability to combat weakness and frailty and their debilitating consequences. Done regularly (e.g., 2 to 3 days per week), these exercises build muscle strength and muscle mass and preserve bone density, independence, and vitality with age. In addition, strength training also has the ability to reduce the risk of osteoporosis and the signs and symptoms of numerous chronic diseases such as heart disease, arthritis, and type 2 diabetes, while also improving sleep and reducing depression. This paper reviews the current research on strength training and older adults, evaluating exercise protocols in a variety of populations. It is clear that a variety of strength-training prescriptions from highly controlled laboratory-based to minimally supervised home-based programs have the ability to elicit meaningful health benefits in older adults. The key challenges as this field of exercise science moves forward are to best identify the most appropriate strength-training recommendations for older adults and to greatly increase the access to safe and effective programs in a variety of settings.
A Minimum-Error, Minimum-Correlation Filter For Images

We treat the linear estimation problem with two simultaneous, competing objectives: minimum mean-squared error and minimum error-signal correlation. The latter objective minimizes the signal component in the error and maximizes the correlation of the estimator with the signal. The problem is solved, both for the scalar and stationary random process cases, as an optimal trade-off which produces a slightly higher mean-squared error and a much larger reduction in error-signal correlation over that of the minimum mean-squared error single objective solution. The optimal trade-off solution, which we call the mini-mum-error, minimum correlation (MEMC) filter is then applied to the problem of recovering space-invariant, blurred images with additive noise. As the theory predicts, the images restored through the MEMC filters are sharper and clearer than their minimum mean-squared error (Wiener) filter counterparts, but slightly noisier in appearance. Most viewers prefer the MEMC restorations to the Wiener ones, despite the noisier appearance.
Validation of annual growth rings in freshwater mussel shells using cross dating

We examined the usefulness of dendrochronological cross-dating methods for studying long-term, interannual growth patterns in freshwater mussels, including validation of annual shell ring formation...
THE RELATION OF THE SPLEEN TO BLOOD DESTRUCTION AND REGENERATION AND TO HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE : XIV. CHANGES IN THE BLOOD FOLLOWING DIVERSION OF THE SPLENIC BLOOD FROM THE LIVER. A CONTROL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF SPLENECTOMY.

1. In dogs whose splenic veins have been ligated or transplanted into the inferior vena cava, or in which an Eck fistula has been made, an anemia occurs which resembles that following splenectomy and shows the same general variation in degree and duration. 2. The resistance of the red cells to hypotonic salt solution is quickly increased, sometimes coincident with and sometimes preceding the anemia. As a rule, it gradually returns to normal in about the same length of time as it takes the anemia to disappear, but may remain increased for longer periods. 3. There is an initial leukocytosis, involving at first the polymorphonuclear leucocytes and transitional cells. As the total leukocytosis diminishes there is both a relative and actual increase of small lymphocytes and usually of eosinophils. This may either be temporary or last during the rest of the period of observation and differs from the ordinary postoperative leukocytosis. 4. Ligation of the splenic vein is followed by considerable atrophy of the spleen, but not by necrosis or thrombosis. There is rarely adequate new vein formation. The other operations cause little or no change in the spleen. 5. Whether the disturbances as described are due to the loss of a certain volume of blood to the liver, or, as has been previously suggested, to the loss of a splenic hormone, it is impossible to say. If the former is true, the method of production of the anemia still remains unexplained. It is evident, furthermore, that the latter theory has also no value unless it is assumed that this hormone must be activated by passage through the liver.
A liquid-hydrogen Čerenkov counter

Abstract Two models of a liquid-hydrogen Cerenkov counter have been constructed and tested. The first served as a prototype and was used to demonstrate the feasibility of the design concept and to show that liquid hydrogen does not give scintillation light of intensity comparable to that of Cerenkov light. The second, final version, was designed for use in an experiment in which particles brought to rest in the hydrogen could give rise to relativistic electrons. In this second counter, the efficiency for detecting relativistic particles by their Cerenkov radiation in liquid hydrogen was measured by stopping μ + mesons in the hydrogen and detecting their decay electrons outside of the flask after a suitable time delay. An average detection efficiency of 75% was obtained, taken over the volume of the hydrogen.
Predictive Physics-Based TCAD Modeling of the Mixed-Mode Degradation Mechanism in SiGe HBTs

We study mixed-mode stress degradation in SiGe HBTs using a novel physical TCAD model in which the processes of hot carrier generation within the semiconductor, carrier propagation to the oxide interface, and formation of interface traps are directly modeled. Transient degradation simulations using a calibrated 2-D SiGe HBT model correlate well with measured data. With this novel simulation tool, we investigate the bias dependence and location of interface traps and show that secondary holes produced by impact ionization are the dominant carrier to damage the emitter-base (EB) spacer oxide interface, confirming previously reported results. We also compare in detail trap formation at the EB spacer and shallow-trench-isolation (STI) oxide interfaces as a function of time and stress condition. At the STI oxide interfaces, we find that hot electrons and holes each dominate trap formation in different regions, and the hot carriers that reach the STI predominately originate outside of the selectively implanted collector, revealing the important role played by dopant diffusion from the extrinsic base of quasi-self-aligned SiGe HBTs.
Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia IV: Renal hyperplasia is associated with pulmonary hypoplasia☆

The hypothesis of this article is that growth of the fetal lung is stimulated by a pulmonary growth factor (PGF) produced by the kidneys, which is modulated by a feedback signal from the lungs, a pulmonary-derived renotropin (PDR). In the fetus with pulmonary hypoplasia (PH), the lungs may maximally stimulate this feedback loop to release more PDR, resulting in continual stimulation of the kidneys and renal enlargement. If such a schema plays a role in the pathophysiology of PH, newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) or chronic amniotic fluid leak (CAFL) should have enlarged kidneys. To investigate this hypothesis, we created models of CDH in fetal lambs and CAFL in fetal rabbits, and then analyzed lung (Lu) and kidney (K) growth. When compared to controls, newborn CDH lambs had significantly smaller lungs and larger kidneys. The lungs were hypoplastic as defined by either decreased lung weight/body weight (LuW/BW), lung DNA/body weight (Lu DNA/BW), or lung total protein/body weight (LuTP/BW) (P < .01). Renal hyperplasia was confirmed by KW/BW, K DNA/BW (P < .01), and KTP/BW (P < .05). An inverse relationship between lung size and kidney size could be described by the equation KW/BW = 1.04 - 0.12 LuW/BW (r = -.75). The CAFL model in newborn rabbits produced severe oligohydramnios when compared with controls (P < .01). This resulted in fetuses with smaller lungs and larger kidneys as compared with those of controls. The lungs were significantly smaller and more hypoplastic than controls when compared by LuW (P < .01), LuW/BW (P < .01), Lu DNA/BW (P < .05), and Lu TP/BW (P < .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Rett syndrome: 1H spectroscopic imaging at 4.1 Tesla.

Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder predominantly affecting girls, is characterized by regression of psychomotor development, communication dysfunction, and hand stereotypies. Brain morphologic studies demonstrate increased neuronal packing density and reduced dendritic arborizations, suggesting an arrest or interruption of normal maturation. Numerous neurotransmitter systems have been implicated. Among these, cerebrospinal fluid glutamate levels are elevated and glutamate receptors, particularly in putamen, are reduced. Therefore, 1H spectroscopy at 4.1 Tesla was used to evaluate glutamate, creatine, and N-acetylaspartate in six girls with Rett syndrome and four normal sibling controls. The ratio of creatine to N-acetylaspartate was significantly elevated in white matter, primarily reflecting reduced N-acetylaspartate levels, and normal in gray matter. The glutamate to N-acetylaspartate ratio was elevated in gray matter and normal in white matter. These findings are consistent with previous neur...
Trends in malpractice premiums for dermatologists: results of a national survey.

OBJECTIVE To analyze professional liability premiums in dermatology and factors associated with premium variation. DESIGN This study examines data from a survey of dermatologists conducted in 2004. RESULTS Survey respondents (n = 1095) reported mean medical liability premiums of $10,898 in 2004 (95% confidence interval, $10,295-$11,501). Premiums increased by 24.4% in 2003 and 16.7% in 2004. There was substantial variation by state, and mean premiums were higher in American Medical Association (AMA)-declared "crisis states" than in those states listed as "currently OK" ($11,669 vs $9527; P = .03). Premium growth from 2002 through 2004 was higher in AMA crisis states and in states without $250 000 caps in place for noneconomic damages. Even when excluding payment for cosmetic riders, premium levels were higher for dermatologists spending more than 10% of their time in cosmetic practice ($13,816 vs $10,185; P<.001) or more than 30% of their time in noncosmetic surgery ($12,551 vs $10,453; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS While premiums paid by dermatologists for professional liability insurance in 2004 were well below those experienced by higher-risk specialties, geographic factors and state tort law variation seem to be affecting dermatology premiums in much the same way they affect the field of medicine as a whole.
Neural correlates of short-term memory in primate auditory cortex.

Behaviorally-relevant sounds such as conspecific vocalizations are often available for only a brief amount of time; thus, goal-directed behavior frequently depends on auditory short-term memory (STM). Despite its ecological significance, the neural processes underlying auditory STM remain poorly understood. To investigate the role of the auditory cortex in STM, single- and multi-unit activity was recorded from the primary auditory cortex (A1) of two monkeys performing an auditory STM task using simple and complex sounds. Each trial consisted of a sample and test stimulus separated by a 5-s retention interval. A brief wait period followed the test stimulus, after which subjects pressed a button if the sounds were identical (match trials) or withheld button presses if they were different (nonmatch trials). A number of units exhibited significant changes in firing rate for portions of the retention interval, although these changes were rarely sustained. Instead, they were most frequently observed during the early and late portions of the retention interval, with inhibition being observed more frequently than excitation. At the population level, responses elicited on match trials were briefly suppressed early in the sound period relative to nonmatch trials. However, during the latter portion of the sound, firing rates increased significantly for match trials and remained elevated throughout the wait period. Related patterns of activity were observed in prior experiments from our lab in the dorsal temporal pole (dTP) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the same animals. The data suggest that early match suppression occurs in both A1 and the dTP, whereas later match enhancement occurs first in the PFC, followed by A1 and later in dTP. Because match enhancement occurs first in the PFC, we speculate that enhancement observed in A1 and dTP may reflect top-down feedback. Overall, our findings suggest that A1 forms part of the larger neural system recruited during auditory STM.
Further investigations of quantization in mean terrain height estimation

Abstract The estimation error of mean terrain height when sampled and quantized data are used in the estimation process is investigated. The main concern here is the quantization effect. Two parameters are investigated: eq, the difference between the mean estimator using sampled data and the mean estimator using sampled and quantized data ( μ q ) ; and eqs, the difference between μ q and the actual mean terrain height. The mean and mean square of eq are derived using elliptical distribution properties and Fourier series expansion; we also find that they cannot be determined exactly. For eqs, the cumulative distribution function is shown to be related to that of sampling error.
The Exercise Pill — Too Good to Be True?

Mice treated with an agonist of the AMP-activated protein kinase showed an increase in endurance as compared with exercise-trained controls.
Species-specific gating of gametangial dehiscence as a temporal reproductive isolating mechanism in Coelomomyces.

Abstract Hybridzygotes of Coelomomyces dodgei and Coelomomyces punctatus can be produced in the laboratory by making reciprocal crosses of their gametes. Although the F1 hybrid sporophyte is viable, the F1 gametophyte is inviable. Gametangial dehiscence (gamete release) in both species is relatively synchronous and follows a photoperiod-dependent diel periodicity, but even in populations grown under identical conditions, the gametes of each species are released during significantly different time frames. When the fungi are reared on an 8/16-hr dark/light regime, the gametes of C. punctatus are released during hours 7-11, whereas those of C. dodgei are released during hours 16-19. These results demonstrate that gametangial dehiscence is gated and, furthermore, indicate that this gating serves as a temporal reproductive isolating mechanism for these species of Coelomomyces. Additional preliminary studies with C. dodgei demonstrate that gametogenesis and gametangial dehiscence are photoperiod-dependent functions triggered by the onset of the dark period during the last day of gametophyte development, a dark period as short as 2 hr being sufficient to stimulate gametogenesis and gametangial dehiscence.
Do Invasive Trees have a Hydraulic Advantage over Native Trees

The hypothesis was tested that invasive trees have hydraulic traits that contribute to their invasive nature. Five pairs of co-occurring invasive and native trees, in mesic habitats, were selected: (1) Tamarix ramosissima and Salix amygdaloides; (2) Robinia pseudoacacia and Alnus rhombifolia (3) Schinus terebinthifolius and Myrica cerifera; (4) Ligustrum sinense and Acer negundo; and (5) Sapium sebiferum and Diospyros virginiana, respectively. Resistance to cavitation (the water potential [Ψx] at 75% loss of hydraulic conductivity [Ψ75]) was not consistently greater for invasive compared to native species (Ψ75=−1.91 and −1.67 MPa, respectively). Xylem specific conductivity (Ks), a measure of xylem efficiency, was not different between native and invasive species (Ks = 3.50 and 3.70 kg s−1 MPa−1 m−1, respectively). The lack of difference for resistance to cavitation among invasive and native species suggests that the sampled invaders are not more tolerant to water stress than co-occurring native species. Apparently the spread and invasive nature of the sampled species cannot be explained by hydraulic traits alone.
THROWING THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION INTO THE GARBAGE: USING STUDENTS' WASTE DISPOSAL HABITS TO ILLUSTRATE C. WRIGHT MILLS'S CONCEPT*

Sociologists agree that the sociological imagination fosters students' critical thinking skills. The challenge lies in motivating students to develop their sociological imaginations. Convincing them of its importance and practical value takes creativity beyond requiring readings, class discussions, and papers describing its theoretical importance. Students need to see the relevancy of C. Wright Mills's work applied to everyday living. In this paper I outline an interactive technique using garbage to teach the relevancy of Mills's sociological imagination.
VITAMIN C AND β‐CAROTENE IN FRESH AND FROZEN GREEN BEANS AND BROCCOLI IN A SIMULATED SYSTEM

The reduced ascorbic acid and β-carotene contents of “retail market-fresh” (RMF) and “fresh-frozen” (FF) green beans and broccoli in a simulated handling system were determined. Changes in ascorbic acid content in the two vegetables during a retail market period and frozen storage followed different patterns. In green beans, ascorbic acid content decreased during refrigerated storage for up to 7 days, but in broccoli there was a significant increase. Blanching resulted in a loss of approximately 40% of the ascorbic acid in broccoli. Ascorbic acid content of FF green beans stored at-20C for 16 weeks was approximately twice that in RMF green beans, but in FF broccoli stored under the same conditions it was only about half that of RMF broccoli. β-carotene content of green beans and broccoli did not change during either the retail market simulation of frozen storage and did not differ from that of fresh.
Effects of endotoxin tolerance on hepatic excretory function: in vivo study.

Abstract Induction of endotoxin tolerance in rats led to reductions in bile flow and BSP excretion. BSP serum retention or storage of BSP in the liver was not affected. Although serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was slightly elevated in endotoxin-tolerant rats, the levels of serum aspartate amino-transferase (AST) and hepatic 5'-nucleotidase were normal. These in vivo data support the validity of in vitro studies demonstrating the cholestatic effects of endotoxin and the viewpoint that endotoxin may be responsible for the cholestatic jaundice associated with Gram-negative bacterial infections.
Global evacuation of burn patients does not increase the incidence of venous thromboembolic complications.

Abstract : Background: Case-control studies have suggested that air travel may be a risk factor for the development of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE). Burned patients from the current war in Iraq and Afghanistan, are transported across three continents to our Burn Center with total ground and air transport time being approximately 24 hours spread over 3 days to 4 days. We hypothesized global evacuation results in increased VTE rates. Methods: Retrospective review of 1,107 consecutive patients admitted to our burn center from January 2003 to December 2005. Results: In the time period evaluated, no detectible differences were found in incidence of VTE between air- evacuated soldiers and those admitted to our facility from South Texas (1.31% vs. 0.83%, p = ns). The air-evacuated soldiers were younger (26 7 vs. 41 19, p less than 0.0001) but had a higher incidence of inhalation injury (14.4% vs. 8.0%, p less than 0.0001) and higher Injury Severity Score (10.9 + or - 13.0 vs. 6.5 + or - 9.2, p less than 0.0001). No difference in average percent total body surface area involvement was found (15.8 + or - 19.4 vs. 15.5 + or - 18.4, p = ns). Overall, 11 of 1,107 (0.99%) burned patients developed VTE. Prolonged global evacuation is not associated with increased risk of VTE.
Overcoming City Limits: Vertical and Horizontal Models of Local Redistributive Policy Making*

Objectives. Contrary to conventional wisdom, Census data show a substantial local role in providing health, housing, and public welfare services. I evaluate two models to explain local social welfare: an intergovernmental model, based on federal and state funds, and an interjurisdictional model, based on measures of local monopoly power. Methods. I estimate a panel data model of local redistributive expenditures from 1992–2002 to test between these alternative explanations for local redistribution. Results. I find that vertical arrangements tend to drive local redistributive spending. Conclusions. Intergovernmental factors drive local social welfare policy and suppress the local welfare race to the bottom.
“Eigentlich Teutsch?” Depictions of Yiddish and its Relations to German in Early Modern Christian Writings

Discussing the unique phenomenon of Christian literature on Yiddish, written and published between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries in the German-speaking lands, the present article focuses on the depictions of the Jewish language in Christian works. It demonstrates the various ways in which the Christian authors described Yiddish via its relations to the German language—both in the linguistic dimension, which relates to the structure of the language, and in the functional dimension, relating to the social functions of Yiddish within German society—and discusses the social and cultural determinants that shaped the German-Christian perceptions of the language of the German Jews.
RECURSIVE DYNAMICS ALGORITHM FOR MULTIBODY SYSTEMS WITH PRESCRIBED MOTION

This paper uses spatial operator techniques to develop a new algorithm for the dynamics of multibody systems with hinges undergoing prescribed motion. This algorithm is spatially recursive, and its computational complexity grows only linearly with the number of degrees of freedom in the system. Its structure is a hybrid of known recursive forward and inverse dynamics algorithms for regular multibody systems. Changes to the prescribed/nonprescribed nature of hinges can be implemented during run time since they are handled with very low overhead in the algorithm.