cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compositional verification of hybrid systems with discrete interaction using simulation relations

Simulation relations can be used to verify refinement between a system and its specification, or between models of different complexity. It is known that for the verification of safety properties, simulation between hybrid systems can be defined based on their labeled transition system semantics. We show that for hybrid systems without shared variables, which therefore only interact at discrete events, this simulation preorder is compositional, and present assume-guarantee rules that help to counter the state explosion problem. Some experimental results for simulation checking of linear hybrid automata are provided using a prototype tool with exact arithmetic and unlimited digits
Long-Term Correlates of High School Racial Composition: Perpetuation Theory Reexamined.

Background/ContextPerpetuation theory predicts that attending a racially segregated school paves the way for a lifetime of segregated experiences in neighborhoods, schools, and jobs. Research condu...
Learning Bayesian networks with ancestral constraints

We consider the problem of learning Bayesian networks optimally, when subject to background knowledge in the form of ancestral constraints. Our approach is based on a recently proposed framework for optimal structure learning based on non-decomposable scores, which is general enough to accommodate ancestral constraints. The proposed framework exploits oracles for learning structures using decomposable scores, which cannot accommodate ancestral constraints since they are non-decomposable. We show how to empower these oracles by passing them decomposable constraints that they can handle, which are inferred from ancestral constraints that they cannot handle. Empirically, we demonstrate that our approach can be orders-of-magnitude more efficient than alternative frameworks, such as those based on integer linear programming.
Modeling Accountant Whistleblowing Intentions: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Fraud Triangle

ABSTRACT: Accounting fraud represents a severe threat to the public interest, and whistleblowing remains the most effective fraud discovery mechanism. In this research, we integrate the theory of planned behavior with the fraud triangle to organize prior whistleblowing literature and model the intention of professional accountants to blow the whistle on a material accounting fraud. The results, based on responses from 284 professional organizational accountants, support our theory development and indicate that attitudes and perceptions of control over whistleblowing are positively related to whistleblowing intention. In supplemental analyses, we also find that gender and management level are significantly associated with whistleblowing intent. Our results provide evidence for using our integrated theoretical model to explain and predict the reporting intention of corporate accountants. Findings should aid organizations and regulators seeking to improve corporate ethical culture and aid governance research...
Chapter 25 – 1960 Motivation and Drive

Internal energy, or drive, was used to help to explain why an animal changes its activity levels. Motivation for different activities varies depending on an animal’s physiological state, season, and its social environment. Motivation and drive were concepts that helped early ethologists to understand why and when an animal behaves, but they have been supplanted by modern concepts in neurobiology.
Life’s Critical Role in the Long-term Carbon Cycle: the Biotic Enhancement of Weathering

The biotic enhancement of weathering (BEW) has important implications for the long-term carbon cycle, in particular as a driver of climatic cooling. The BEW factor is defined as how much faster the silicate weathering carbon sink is under biotic conditions than under abiotic conditions at the same atmospheric pCO2 level and surface temperature. The BEW factor and its evolution over geological time can potentially be inferred from consideration of empirical and theoretical weathering studies. Estimates of the global magnitude of the BEW are presented, drawing from laboratory, field, watershed data and models of the long-term carbon cycle, with values ranging from one to two orders of magnitude.
A Peek Back—and Then Ahead

Anticipating my formal retirement, Tim Owens—earlier a Postdoctoral Fellow in a program I directed and later a collaborator in preparing works on self and identity issues—asked whether I would approve an effort to mount a conference and subsequently a volume in my honor. I was careful to emphasize that I would not be pleased by a conference that was intended as a celebration of my work or of me. Appreciating the sentiment inherent in his offer, I suggested that if what he wanted to do was to organize a conference around the concept of identity—subsequent publication of course depending on the quality of the work presented—I would approve of that. I was careful to emphasize that it was not a conference on Identity Theory, meaning by that term the focus of my own work in social psychology over roughly the past forty year s, nor even on the concept of identity as I conceptualize or define it, that would please me. Nor, I added, would I be pleased if positive appreciation of my work were used as a criterion when inviting participants in the conference. Rather, what would truly honor me was bringing together a set of persons who have worked or are working the terrain of identity, asking them in the papers they prepared for the conference to deal with the question of where they would have work on identity go, however they have defined, theorized and conceptualized that terrain. Finally, I said, I did not wish to be involved at all in the process of developing a list of possible participants because I did not wish to influence that process in any way.
Corruption in International Business: Does Economic Globalization Help?:

While many studies have shown that increased levels of economic globalization diminish the level of corruption among trading partners, there are studies that have raised doubts against this claim. ...
A new approach for detecting copy-move forgery in digital images

The copy-move forgery is a common way to manipulate the digital images, which copied regions come from the same image. The detection process of altered regions is known as forgery detection. In this paper, we propose a new block-based approach for detecting copy-move forgery in digital images. The novelty of the proposed approach is the usage of structural similarity index as the method for similarity matching step. Additionally, Gaussian pyramid decomposition method allows us to improve run-time speed of the approach considerably. Therefore, feature extraction would not require, hence; it can help to diminish time-consuming issue. Accordingly, simplicity in calculating and analyzing is the significant specification of the proposed approach. Experiments are provided to illustrate an efficiency of suggested approach and evaluate its robustness and sensitivity against some post-processing operations.
AC Joint Separation

Acromioclavicular dislocations are common injuries for athletes and polytrauma patients alike. Identification, classification, and management are frequently asked and important to understand.
Preliminary Information About Waves and Materials

This chapter is divided on two parts. One part is devoted to waves and the other to materials. The first part includes preliminary general information about waves. It includes observation of waves in the world around us, scientific definitions of waves, some facts from the history of the study of waves, and some frequently used classifications of waves. This information can be found in many fundamental books on the theory of waves and in articles from Wikipedia and Scolarpedia. See the references on waves in different areas of science (40 titles) [1–40] and on elastic waves (24 titles) [41–64] at the end of the chapter.
Therapeutic use of classic psychedelics to treat cancer-related psychiatric distress

Cancer is highly prevalent and one of the leading causes of global morbidity and mortality. Psychological and existential suffering is common in cancer patients, associated with poor psychiatric an...
A pilot RCT of sarcopenia-focused prehabilitation in pancreas cancer.

TPS10127Background: Now the 3rd leading cause of US cancer deaths, pancreatic cancer (PanC) incidence is rising. Surgery is the only chance at cure, but sarcopenia (low muscle mass, strength, funct...
Translating Sexual Dysfunction: Does Language Impact Clinical Discussion of Painful Sex?

ObjectivesDyspareunia and sexual dysfunction are estimated to affect up to 22% and 43% of women, respectively. There is concern that these statistics do not depict the true prevalence and that these conditions are frequently undiagnosed and untreated. By 2060, Latinos will make up 30% of the total p
Muscular Judaism: The Jewish Body and the Politics of Regeneration

Providing valuable insights into an element of European nationalism and modernist culture, this book explores the development of the 'Zionist body' as opposed to the traditional stereotype of the physically weak, intellectual Jew. It charts the cultural and intellectual history showing how the 'Muscle Jew' developed as a political symbol of national regeneration.
The networks and success of female entrepreneurs in China

Abstract Despite population opinion in China favoring men over women, data on a large probability sample of Chinese entrepreneurs show that men and women — on average — build similar network structures, experience similar distributions of network advantage, achieve similar levels of business success, and experience similar performance returns to their network advantage. Digging into network content, male and female entrepreneurs have similarly close and trusting relations with similar kinds of contacts, with one exception, gender homophily: men are more likely than women to operate in a network composed entirely of men, while women operate more often than men in a network containing multiple female contacts. There is also gender pattern in the use of contacts, reflecting conservative attitudes in the broader society: Women are the object of more interaction on technical matters out of the public eye, while men are the preferred contact for representation (men and women more often cite male contacts for help in founding the business, dealing with suppliers, and dealing with customers). The gender pattern is more obvious in the business contacts of men than in the business contacts of women, and more linked with business success for men. In sum, there is gender pattern to the networks around male and female entrepreneurs, but the network theory of advantage from access to structural holes similarly predicts the success of male and female entrepreneurs regardless of gender.
The Contented Professors: How Conservative Faculty See Themselves within the Academy

Liberal faculty have long outnumbered conservative faculty on college campuses and that quantity has increased substantially over the past decade. I formally show that over 60% of faculty identify as liberal compared to just over 10% being conservative in 2014 and this is quite a change from the parity present in the early 1980s. This previously unspecified ideological imbalance on campuses has led to cries of discrimination against right of center professors and scores of reports from both academic and popular press sources which have chronicled the concerns with this “beleaguered” and “oppressed” minority on campus. Drawing on the decadeslong faculty survey from the Higher Education Research Institute, I empirically examine how conservative faculty actually see themselves on campuses today and inject quantitative measures into the debate about ideological diversity among our nation’s professors. The data clearly reveal that conservative faculty are not only as satisfied with their career choice - if not more so - as their liberal counterparts, but that these faculty are also as progressive in their teaching methods and maintain almost identical outlooks toward their personal and professional lives.
Co-transplantation of Vascularized Thymic Graft with Kidney in Pig-to-Nonhuman Primates for the Induction of Tolerance Across Xenogeneic Barriers.

Using advanced gene editing technologies, xenotransplantation from multi-transgenic alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout pigs has demonstrated marked prolongation of renal xenograft survival, ranging from days to greater than several months for life-supporting kidneys and >2 years in a heterotopic non-life-supporting cardiac xenograft model. However, continuous administration of multiple immunosuppressive drugs continues to be required, and attempts to taper immunosuppression have been unsuccessful. These data are consistent with previous reports indicating that the human-anti-porcine T cell response is similar or stronger than that across allogeneic barriers. Due to the strength of both the innate and adaptive immune responses in xenotransplantation, the level of continuous immunosuppression needed to control these responses and prolong xenograft survival has been associated with prohibitive morbidity and mortality. These facts provide compelling rationale to pursue a clinically applicable strategy for the induction of tolerance.Mixed chimerism and thymic tissue transplantation have both achieved xenogeneic tolerance in pig-to-mouse models, and both have recently been extended to pig-to-baboon models. Although these strategies are promising in small animal models, neither direct intravenous injection of porcine bone marrow cells nor direct fetal thymic tissue transplantation into recipients was able to achieve >2 days chimerism following BM Tx or the engraftment of thymic tissues across xenogeneic barriers in pig-to-nonhuman primate models. Several innovative procedures have been largely developed by Kazuhiko Yamada to overcome these failures. These include vascularized thymic transplantation, combined with either thymokidney (TK) or vascularized thymic lobe (VTL) transplantation. Utilizing the strategy of transplanting vascularized thymic grafts with kidney from the same GalT-KO donor without further gene modification, we have achieved longer than 6 months survival of life-supporting kidneys in a baboon. Notably, the recipient became donor specific unresponsive and developed new thymic emigrants. In this chapter, we introduce a brief summary of our achievements to date toward the successful induction of tolerance by utilizing our novel strategy of vascularized thymic transplantation (including thymokidney transplantation), as well as describe the step-by-step methodology of surgical and in vitro procedures which are required for this experiment.
Dispersion and effects of metal impregnated granular activated carbon particles on the hydration of antimicrobial mortars

Abstract Granular activated carbon (GAC) particles impregnated with antimicrobial metals were incorporated into cementitious materials for the express purpose of inhibiting biogenic concrete corrosion. We report herein the influence of such metal-laden GAC particles on the hydration of cement mortars when substituted for fine aggregate, as well as the dispersion of metal in the cured matrix. Isothermal calorimetry was utilized to study the influence of GAC without and with copper and/or cobalt on select hydration characteristics of ordinary portland cement (OPC) mortars. When 1% of the fine aggregate mass was replaced with GAC particles of similar size, total evolved heat in all formulations was similar, regardless of GAC pretreatment. However, as the substitution approached 10% of the fine aggregate mass, metal-laden GAC formulations imparted delays in heat liberation and lowered heat fluxes. Results also substantiate that metal-laden GAC particles participate in the enhanced uptake of the calcium that is normally liberated during cement mixing and that the water delivered with GAC particles is not readily available during the first 142 h of curing. Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) elucidated that copper and cobalt were homogenously distributed throughout the cement paste with metal-laden GAC, with these metals concentrations localized in a 50–100 μm region surrounding the GAC particles. Compressive strengths were not affected by the presence of metal-impregnated GAC in the concentration ranges tested and reported herein.
Cancer, hear my battle CRY

Circadian clocks are cell-autonomous self-sustaining oscillators that allow organisms to anticipate environmental changes throughout the solar day and persist in nearly every cell examined. Environmental or genetic disruption of circadian rhythms increases the risk of several types of cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we discuss evidence connecting circadian rhythms-with emphasis on the cryptochrome proteins (CRY1/2)-to cancer through in vivo models, mechanisms involving known tumor suppressors and oncogenes, chemotherapeutic efficacy, and human cancer risk.
Spectrum of the Dirac operator in a QCD instanton liquid: two versus three colors

Abstract Approximating the sum over all gauge field configurations in the QCD partition function by a liquid of instantons, we calculate the spectrum of the Dirac operator for two and three colors and for zero, one and two flavors. We find a remarkable difference in the spectrum near zero virtuality between two and three colors, which can be explained in terms of chiral random matrix theory. For two colors the Dirac operator is real , and the appropriate random matrix ensemble has real matrix elements. For three colors the Dirac operator is complex , and the spectrum can be described by a random matrix ensemble with complex matrix elements. These results provide further evidence that the spectrum near zero virtuality is universal and is completely determined by symmetries.
Response to Comment on Pantalone et al. The Probability of A1C Goal Attainment in Patients With Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes in a Large Integrated Delivery System: A Prediction Model. Diabetes Care 2020;43:1910-1919.

We would like to thank Larroumet et al. (1) for their interest in our article (2) and for sharing their institution’s significant experience (3). Certainly, admission to a specialized ward can durably improve the HbA1c control in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (T2D). Investigating this concept was not part of our initial intention and research focus; rather, our focus was to develop a prediction model regarding …
Witz und Leichtigkeit in der Wissenschaft – die internationale Perspektive

Ein Gesprach mit Bruce Lewenstein, Dean der Fakultat „Science & Technology“ der renommierten Cornell University, USA. Er ist Allrounder und Jetsetter rund um Wissenschaftskommunikation. Der Tenor bei der Begegnung mit Wolfgang Chr. Goede in Munchen: Wissenschaft und Humor begegnen sich schuchtern.
Pregestational Diabetes and Family Planning.

Pregestational diabetes is a condition in which a woman with diabetes (most commonly type 1 or type 2 diabetes) before the onset of pregnancy becomes pregnant and therefore vulnerable to increased risk for maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. Pregestational diabetes has been observed in 1–2% of all pregnancies, but rates are rising (1). Approximately one in nine women (14.9 million) have diabetes, and 35% of people with newly diagnosed diabetes are women of reproductive age (2). This means diabetes is increasingly affecting women of childbearing age. Furthermore, nearly one in five adolescents aged 12–18 years and one in four young adults aged 19–34 years are living with prediabetes, which has the potential to cross the threshold into diabetes (3). The increasing prevalence of diabetes among women of reproductive age is largely driven by an increase in type 2 diabetes, which in turn is driven by unhealthy nutrition, obesity, and increasingly sedentary lifestyles (4,5). Pregestational type 2 diabetes disproportionately affects women of ethnic minorities and disadvantaged socioeconomic status. For example, Pacific Islanders, Asian Indians, and Native Americans are more commonly affected by type 2 diabetes (6). In the United States, rates of pregestational diabetes have doubled since 1996, with ∼24% of women having preexisting type 1 diabetes and 76% having preexisting type 2 diabetes (7). The greatest increase is among Hispanic women. Moreover, women with pregestational type 2 diabetes are typically older (≥30 years of age) and more likely to be African American, Hispanic, or Asian (7). Thus, management of pregestational diabetes is not only a racial-ethnic equity issue, but is also important from a clinical impact standpoint. An estimated $327 million in direct medical costs and $90 billion in lost productivity could be saved by implementing comprehensive preconception care for all women diagnosed with diabetes (8). …
Patrons’ Desire : Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s Prolific Replicas

Dante Gabriel Rossetti stopped exhibiting after the 1850s and relied on commissions for paintings and their replicas from then on. This chapter discusses Rossetti’s modes of autograph replica production, his rhetorical promotion of his replicas, his patrons’ desire for them, his attitudes toward replication and his relationships with selected patrons who eagerly commissioned replicas: London solicitor Leonard Valpy, Liverpool shipping magnate Frederick Leyland, Glasgow and Liverpool cotton and wine merchant William Graham, and Birkenhead banker George Rae and his wife Julia. Rossetti’s replication production was part of his larger practice of continuously revising his works, whether singular or replicated paintings. Rossetti’s patrons had different motives and perspectives on his art—Graham’s religious projection, Leyland’s specification of size and subject, the Raes’ aestheticist pleasures, Valpy’s prudishness and volatility. American collectors believed European art would raise public taste and inspire future artists, and with these motives they were eager to own works by celebrity artists like Rossetti.
Examining energy uncertainty in battery bus deployments for transit agencies in California

Abstract Due to the adoption of the Innovative Clean Transit (ICT) regulation, California is transitioning its public transit buses from fossil fuel to zero-emission buses (ZEBs). Due to required high upfront investment for battery electric buses (BEBs), transit agencies must make planning decisions with a system-wide optimization mindset. This study presents a tool to investigate the optimal split between depot charging and opportunity charging for transit networks. A case study was performed on the Unitrans transit system in Davis, California, and it was found that 35 buses would be sufficient to provide the existing level of service over the bus network, which is approximately the same number of buses that Unitrans is currently using to serve those routes. The sensitivity of the relationship between the energy use of BEBs and the deployment decisions was investigated. Decreasing the energy use of the buses by removing the probabilistic effects of drive cycle aggression decreased the maximum required number of buses from 73 to 45 and the interquartile range (IQR) of the number of buses from 10 to 2. The results indicate that a BEB fleet is more sensitive to these changes than a fossil fuel fleet. This relationship needs to be more strongly considered in planning BEB deployments.
Comparison of Three Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays for the Detection and Genotyping of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Isolates

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important infectious disease in cattle. Isolates of BVDV are classified into type I or type II based upon the genomic sequences. Several reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques utilizing different genomic regions, such as 5'UTR, E0, and NS5B, have been developed for detecting and genotyping BVDV isolates. The purpose of this study was to compare the agreement among RT-PCR assays based upon these three different BVDV genomic regions in detecting and genotyping BVDV field isolates.
Characterizing real-time dense point cloud capture and streaming on mobile devices

Point clouds are a dense compilation of millions of points that can advance content creation and interaction in various emerging applications such as Augmented Reality (AR). However, point clouds consist of per-point real-world spatial and color information that are too computationally intensive to meet real-time specifications, especially on mobile devices. To stream dense point cloud (PtCl) to mobile devices, existing solutions encode pre-captured point clouds, yet with PtCl capturing treated as a separate offline operation. To discover more insights, we combine PtCl capturing and streaming as an entire pipeline and build a research prototype to study the bottlenecks of its real-time usage on mobile devices, consisting of a depth sensor with high precision and resolution, an edge-computing development board, and a smartphone. In a custom Unity app, we monitor the latency of each operation from the capturing to the rendering, as well as the energy efficiency of the board and the smartphone working at different point cloud resolutions. Results reveal that a toolset helping users efficiently capture, stream, and process color and depth data is the key enabler to real-time PtCl capturing and streaming on mobile devices.
Action-Based Learning for Language Proficiency and Cross-Cultural Competence: Learners’ Perspectives

The purpose of this article is to investigate how students perceived the effect of an action-based/action learning (AL) approach used in a course called Global Business Project (GBP) in their learning of a foreign language and culture. A total of 112 students’ descriptive data and responses from GBP course evaluations over the past three years (2011–2013) were examined. Quantitative data indicated that the majority of students held positive beliefs that their language proficiency and cultural competence had improved as a result of the AL experience in this course. The findings also suggested that students’ degree of satisfaction was significantly associated with their learning experience, and was increased with a faculty language mentor. Based on the results, recommendations are provided for curriculum developers, decisionmakers, and language educators to consider incorporating the AL approach into their curriculum.
Integration of software development information

A software development methodology that can be termed structured software development information generation is presented. Current software development methodologies fall short of completely documenting the entire software development. Some means for filling these shortfalls and inadequacies are presented. The methods proposed are based on collecting information into a relational database. An entity-relationship conceptual model is presented that includes information entities and relationships required during all phases of software development. Management, analysis, design, testing and maintenance of the software process are made easier when all of the information is integrated in a manner that allows users to view the data as needed. >
Latent variable models for time series: A frequency domain approach with an application to the permanent income hypothesis☆

Abstract The theory of estimation and inference in a very general class of latent variable models for time series is developed by showing that the distribution theory for the finite Fourier transform of the observable variables in latent variable models for time series is isomorphic to that for the observable variables themselves in classical latent variable models. This implies that analytic work on classical latent variable models can be adapted to latent variable models for time series, an implication which is illustrated here in the context of a general canonical form. To provide an empirical example a latent variable model for permanent income is developed, its parameters are shown to be identified, and a variety of restrictions on these parameters implied by the permanent income hypothesis are tested.
Introduction to Fuel Processing

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a thorough analysis of the important aspects of fuel-processing technology. Fuel cells are essentially continuously operating batteries, which generate electricity from a fuel, such as hydrogen, and an oxidant, such as air. Each type of fuel cell is designed to meet a different application. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell is being pursued by a number of companies because of its low operating temperature, response to transients, and compact size, which make it desirable for a number of residential, commercial, and military applications. Solid oxide fuel cells are being developed for small-scale stationary power applications, auxiliary power units for vehicles, and mobile generators for civilian as well as military applications. The purpose of a fuel processor is to convert a commonly available fuel, such as gasoline, diesel, or natural gas, into a gas stream containing primarily, or only, the compound(s) required by the fuel cell. The fuel to power the fuel cells can, in principle, be a wide range of oxidizable compounds, such as hydrogen, CO, CH4, and methanol. Because each type of fuel cell requires a different fuel, the fuel processor must be designed to match the fuel cell. There are three predominant modes of catalytic reforming: partial oxidation, steam reforming, and oxidative steam reforming. All three involve oxidation of the hydrocarbon fuel to produce a hydrogen-rich synthesis gas.
The role of voluntary factors in heritage language development: how speakers can develop the heritage language on their own

L'A. examine les facteurs qui entrent en jeu dans le developpement de la competence linguistique concernant la langue d'heritage, en l'occurrence le coreen, chez des enfants d'immigres asiatiques vivant aux Etats-Unis. Une analyse predictive est effectuee a l'aide de coefficients de regression. L'âge des sujets et la duree de residence dans le pays d'accueil ne sont pas des predicteurs significatifs. Le predicteur le plus significatif est la visite dans le pays d'origine. L'etude montre que cette competence peut se developper sans contact avec des locuteurs natifs, mais en ayant acces a des lectures et des emissions televisees en coreen
Eine ungewöhnliche Kombination aus Chorea Huntington und Epilepsie

Epileptische Anfalle gelten als eher seltenes und marginales Symptom spaterer Erkrankungsstadien einer Chorea Huntington. Wir berichten uber den ungewohnlichen Krankheitsverlauf eines Patienten, bei dem sich die Epilepsie viele Jahre vor dem erkennbaren Ausbruch der Huntington-Erkrankung manifestierte. Die Mutter des Patienten war an einer Chorea Huntington verstorben. Der Patient litt seit dem 8. Lebensjahr an einer fokalen Epilepsie (Temporallappenepilepsie) mit generalisierten tonisch-klonischen und psychomotorischen Anfallen, die in den letzten Jahren therapieresistent verliefen. Die Chorea begann schleichend zwischen dem 20. und 25. Lebensjahr, als er sein Studium aufgeben musste. Der Nachweis einer Chorea Huntington erfolgte mittels direkter DNA-Diagnostik (19±1 und 50±1 CAG-Kopien). Klinisch standen lange Zeit Ataxie und Dysarthrie ganz im Vordergrund, dann traten schwere psychiatrische Auffalligkeiten (Grosenwahn, fremdaggressive Durchbruche, schwere Verwahrlosung, Demenz) hinzu, wahrend choreatiforme Bewegungsmuster erst im Spatstadium manifest wurden. Der Patient verstarb im Alter von 37 Jahren. Epileptische Anfalle treten im Rahmen einer Chorea Huntington eher als Symptom spaterer Erkrankungsstadien auf, lediglich bei der sich im Kindesalter manifestierenden Chorea gehoren epileptische Anfalle zu den fruhen Symptomen. Bei unserem Patienten lag der Beginn der Epilepsie ungewohnlich weit vor dem der typischen Chorea-Huntington-Symptome. Die fruh beginnende Chorea Huntington zeigt haufig eine sehr hohe Zahl von CAG-repeats sowie eine paternale Vererbung, was beides bei unserem Patienten nicht zutraf. Deshalb bleibt offen, ob die Epilepsie hier tatsachlich ein Fruhsymptom der Chorea war, oder ob es sich um ein zufalliges gemeinsames Auftreten der beiden Erkrankungen handelt.
Effects of residence in fishes upon the pathogenicity of salmonella serotypes for laboratory white mice

Abstract Increasing evidence indicates that freshwater fishes may be naturally and experimentally infected with Salmonella and may harbor the pathogen for more than 100 days. The effects upon the pathogenicity of various serotypes for white mice following residence in freshwater fishes was evaluated. Virulence patterns of serotypes cultured from fish were compared with the same serotypes cultured from man and lower animals. LD50 and ID50 values for the respective isolates were ascertained following intraperitoneal injection of mice. With the exception of 1 strain of S. typhimurium, var. Copenhagen (a smooth (S) phase culture, which rapidly mutated to the rough (R) state) there was no evidence of attenuation or loss of virulence of the sero‐types. Results of the study indicate that residence or colonization in poikilotherms has no marked effect on pathogenicity for homoeio‐thermic hosts.
Repetitively Switched Circuits

The general problem of repetitively switched circuits is solved in closed form using a matrix formalism and eigenvalue techniques. The method is similar to that used in treating alternating gradient focusing in modern accelerators. As a simple example, this method is applied to a dc-dc converter power supply.
Activated ADP-ribosylation Factor Assembles Distinct Pools of Actin on Golgi Membranes

The small GTP-binding protein ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) has been shown to regulate the interaction of actin and actin-binding proteins with the Golgi apparatus. Here we report that ARF activation stimulates the assembly of distinct pools of actin on Golgi membranes. One pool of actin cofractionates with coatomer (COPI)- coated vesicles and is sensitive to salt extraction and the plus end actin-binding toxin cytochalasin D. A second ARF-dependent actin pool remains on the Golgi membranes following vesicle extraction and is insensitive to cytochalasin D. Isolation of the salt-extractable ARF-dependent actin from the Golgi reveals that it is bound to a distinct repertoire of actin-binding proteins. The two abundant actin-binding proteins of the ARF-dependent actin complex are identified as spectrin and drebrin. We show that drebrin is a specific component of the cytochalasin D-sensitive, ARF-dependent actin pool on the Golgi. Finally, we show that depolymerization of this actin pool with cytochalasin D increases the extent of the salt-dependent release of COPI-coated vesicles from the Golgi following cell-free budding reactions. Together these data suggest that regulation of the actin-based cytoskeleton may play an important role during ARF-mediated transport vesicle assembly or release on the Golgi.
A Computational Study of Dry Static Friction Between Elastoplastic Surfaces Using a Statistically Homogenized Microasperity Model

Friction is a complex phenomenon that arises from the interaction of deforming surface microasperities and adhesive forces at very small length scales. In this work, we use a computational model to understand the effects of various physical parameters on the friction response between two similar linearly elastic-perfectly plastic surfaces. The main ingredients of the computational model are a statistical model of the surface based on a Gaussian autocorrelation function (ACF), a parametric representation of the normal and shear responses of a single microasperity, and a statistical homogenization procedure to compute the overall friction response. The surfaces are assumed to be isotropic in nature. We employ this computational model to develop constitutive relationships for the friction force and coefficient of friction for Aluminum 6061 and stainless steel surfaces. We study the effects of various quantities such as surface roughness, material properties, normal load, and adhesive forces on the overall friction response. Our results show that the model is able to capture a wide variety of friction responses. Our results also suggest that the root mean squared (RMS) roughness of the surface alone is insufficient to describe the friction characteristics of a surface, and that an additional parameter is needed. We propose one such parameter, the aspect ratio, which is the ratio of the RMS roughness to the correlation length.
Flexibility in text processing: A strategy competition model

Abstract In two experiments, college students read passages in which some of the points were signaled through the use of enumeration markers such as First, Second, Third . Sentences were read one at a time but readers could go back and forth in the passage. Analyses of the reading behavior indicated that there was considerable variability within individuals in how the passages were read at both global and local levels. Three global approaches ( Once Through, Review , and Regress ) and ten local rereading strategies were identified. Over 90 percent of the students read passages with at least two of the global approaches. Patterns of local strategy use indicated a great deal of flexibility in how readers read and reread the passages. A Strategy Competition Model is proposed to explain readers' flexibility. The model includes Procedural Decision Rules that are activated by structural and semantic cues present in the input text and Strategy Choice processes that guide local strategy selection when comprehension failures occur. Data from a verbal protocol study provide preliminary validation for the model.
Efficient search: the informedia video retrieval system

We introduce an interface for efficient video search that exploits the human ability to quickly scan visual content, after an automatic system has done its best to arrange the images in order of relevance. While extreme video retrieval is taxing to the human, it has also been shown to be very effective. The system will demonstrate several ways to rapidly scan images, change search queries, and employ different types of relevance feedback.
Release of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor from rat hypothalamus in vitro

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) had been found in brain tissues. Its role and the mechanisms by which it is produced and functions in the brain were not clear. We have initiated in vitro studies to find whether it is released from brain tissue and to elucidate the mechanism of its release. ANF was found to be released from rat hypothalamus by a depolarizing concentration of potassium and by a calcium-dependent mechanism. The ANF released was found to be predominantly a low molecular weight form. A small amount of high molecular weight form was also released. These results suggest that ANF produced in brain tissues is released, by a depolarization-induced and calcium-mediated mechanism, presumably from neuronal cells.
An Analytical Method for Integrating Environmental and Traditional Design Considerations

Abstract Designing products for reduced environmental impact and improved performance requires that a diverse range of characteristics be considered. Such tradeoffs require a practicable method for combining specialized tools into an integrated analytical system. The paper describes how an integrated design tool can be constructed from modules which correspond to different aspects of the problem, such as geometry, materials and mathematical subproblems. An electronics housing design example (subject to electromagnetic, heat transfer, environmental and cost considerations) illustrates the use of the design methodology. The tool is then used to demonstrate the ability to investigate and understand interactions between different design goals.
Derogatory and cynical humour directed towards patients: views of residents and attending doctors.

Context A study of medical students’ perspectives on derogatory and cynical humour was published in 2006. The current study examines residents’ and attending doctors’ perspectives on the same phenomenon in three clinical departments of psychiatry, internal medicine and surgery. Methods Two focus groups were conducted in each of the three clinical departments, one with residents and one with attending doctors, during the 2006–07 academic year. Seventy doctors participated, including 49 residents and 21 attendings. The same semi-structured format was used in each group. Questions focused on characterisations of derogatory and cynical humour along with motives and rules for its use. All focus groups were audiotaped and the tapes transcribed. Each transcript was read independently by each researcher as part of an inductive process to discover the categories that describe and explain the uses, motives and effects of such humour. Results Three categories that appeared in the first study with medical students – locations for humour, the humour game, and not-funny humour – emerged as virtually identical, whereas two others – objects of humour and motives for humour – were more fully elaborated. Discussion Discussions of derogatory and cynical humour should occur in any department where teaching and role modelling are priorities. In addition, the tenets of appreciative inquiry and the complex responsive process, particularly as they are used at the Indiana University School of Medicine, offer medical educators valuable tools for addressing this phenomenon.
A primary determinant for lipoxygenase positional specificity

THE three mammalian lipoxygenases are named according to the carbon position (5,12 or 15) at which they catalyse the oxygenation of arachidonic acid1; they are implicated in inflammatory disorders, for example 15-1ipoxy gen ase is induced in atherosclerosis2 and can oxidize low-density lipoprotein to its atherogenic form3'4. To identify what determines this positional specificity, we have exchanged conserved differences in the isoforms of 12- and 15-lipoxygenases. Substitution of methionine with valine at position 418 of human 15-lipoxygenase results in an enzyme that performs 12- and 15-lipoxygenation equally. This effect can be mimicked by incubating wild-type 15-lipoxygenase with a synthetically altered substrate which has its doubly allylic methylene carbons shifted by one carbon relative to arachidonic acid. Other mutations at the neighbouring amino acids 416 and 417 give an enzyme which performs 12- and 15-lipoxygenation in a ratio of 15:1. These results indicate that this region might position the substrate in the active site.
A Note on the Empirical Adequacy of the Expressive Theory of Voting Behavior

In their article, Geoffrey Brennan and Loren Lomasky (1985, p. 199) present an alternative to market theories of voting behavior. Contrary to market theories which view the voter as acting to maximize the expected self-interest, the alternative view sees voting as fundamentally an act of self-expression: “Voting, like speech, is an expressive activity providing an outlet for one's moral sentiments. We suggest that it is the expressive return to a vote that frequently determines the behavior of individuals in large-number electorates.”
Tunneling conductance of asymmetrical barrier

I~OWELL (1) and BRINKMAN, DYNES and ROWELL (~) discussed the conductance vs. voltage for M-I-A1 (M=A1, Sn, Pb) junctions. They found that the small asymmetry in conductance can be understood in the symmetric case (Al-I-Al). When the conductance is small, they could reasonably fit the experimental conductance vs. voltage of Al-I-A1 junctions by choosing a set of parameters which describe an idealized trapezoidal potential barrier. IIowever for asymmetric barriers (M-I-A1, M = Sn, Pb) and when V is not very large, the measured conductance is of the form G = a(1 +7(V--V0)2 ) with V o = the asymmetric voltage being positive when M is positively biased. They could no longer fit the experimental data, due to the relatively large value of V 0, without sacrificing their assumption about the general shape of the barrier namely A~v > ~. We will see that V 0 is of the same order as experimentally reported. And as the Fermi levels and the W's of both sides are very close, the asymmetry will disappear to such extent that it can be associated with the known and well interpreted cases of symmetric barrier.
The existence of traveling wave front solutions of a model of the Belousov-Zhabotinskii chemical reaction☆

The boundary value problem ∂u∂t′ = u(1 − u − rv) + ∂2u∂x′2∂v∂t′ = − buv + ∂2y∂x′2 where u(− ∞, t′) = v(∞, t′) = 0 and v(− ∞, t′) = u(∞, t′) = 1 for each t′ > 0 has been proposed by Murray as a model for the Belousov-Zhabotinskii chemical reaction. Here u and v are proportional to the concentrations of bromous acid and bromide ion, respectively. We prove that there is a range of values for b and r over which the boundary value problem has traveling wave front solutions.
Comparative economic factors on the use of radionuclide or electrical sources for food processing with ionizing radiation

Abstract Food irradiation is a promising addition to conventional food processing techniques. However, as is the case with most new technologies, its economic suitability will be determined by comparison to current methods. Assuming that current food processing facilities are adaptable to the incorporation of a food irradiation capability, an analysis of cost for several different optional systems able to process up to 100 Mrad ton/day (1 MGy ton/day; or 1,000 ton/day at 100 krad) will be made. Both radionuclide and electrical accelerators will be compared as sources of ionizing radiation. The cost of irradiation will be shown to be competitive with most other treatments including fumigation, low-temperature storage, and controlled atmosphere. A proper figure-of-merit for comparing the different sources will be defined and used as a basis for an economic evaluation of food irradiation.
Theoretical performance limits of 2.1–4.1 μm InAs/InGaSb, HgCdTe, and InGaAsSb lasers

Ideal threshold current densities of 2.1–4.1 μm IR lasers are calculated for active layers composed of InAs/InGaSb superlattices, InGaAsSb quantum well quaternaries, InAsSb bulk ternaries, and HgCdTe superlattices. The fully K‐dependent band structure and momentum matrix elements, obtained from a superlattice K⋅p calculation, are used to calculate the limiting Auger and radiative recombination rates and the threshold current density. InGaAsSb quantum wells and InAs/InGaSb superlattices are found to be more promising laser candidates than HgCdTe superlattices and InAsSb bulk ternaries. The calculated threshold current densities of InAs/InGaSb superlattices are similar to those of InGaAsSb active layers at 2.1 μm, but are significantly lower at longer wavelengths. Comparison with experiment indicates that the threshold current densities of InGaAsSb‐based devices are about three times greater than those calculated for 25 cm−1 gain. The threshold current densities of present InAs/InGaSb superlattices are about 100 times above their theoretical limit.
Electronic properties of small model compounds that undergo excited-state intramolecular proton transfer as measured by electroabsorption spectroscopy

Abstract Electroabsorption (Stark spectroscopy) is used to measure the electronic properties of o -hydroxybenzaldehyde ( o HBA) and o -hydroxyacetophenone ( o HAP), two molecules that undergo excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in a non-interacting organic glass matrix. We report the change in dipole moment, | Δ μ → | , and the average change in polarizability, Δ α , for both o HBA and o HAP as well as for a molecular analog of o HAP, o -methoxyacetophenone ( o MAP), in which proton transfer is blocked by methyl substitution. The experimental results for the two ESIPT molecules are found to compare well to the results of ab initio calculations. In contrast, the measured values of | Δ μ → | and Δ α for these systems compare poorly to the INDO/SCI results. Preparation for ESIPT in the Franck–Condon region of the potential energy surface in o HAP and o HBA is apparent from the calculated atomic charge distributions as an increase of the intramolecular hydrogen bond strength and a decrease in the aromaticity of the phenyl ring.