cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and implementation of a multifunctional self-balancing mobile platform

A multifunctional self-balancing mobile platform is designed and implemented based on the inverted pendulum model and the theory of inertial navigation platform, which could carry both people and objects. Through the establishment and analysis of its motion equation, put forward the specific control scheme of the self-balancing mobile platform. Realize the platform angle, speed, direction control by feedback circuit. At the same time, the platform equipped with a comfortable human body mechanics saddle chair and a display screens which could output real-time motion parameters of the platform. By using WiFi remote control, realized the intelligent automation control. The platform is flexible, convenient, stable and reliable. It's also simple operational, environment-friendly. The platform can be used for daily short journeys, handling everyday objects, carry professional photographic equipment, realize the smooth track shoot. After adding intelligent sensor and processor, it can be used as the basic platform of two-wheels self-balancing service robot. Included nine axis of gyroscope, the platform can monitoring robot posture as an assistant controller of the robot.
Time Use and Productivity: The Wage Returns to Sleep

Author(s): Gibson, Matthew; Shrader, Jeffrey | Abstract: While economists have long been interested in effects of health and human capital on productivity, less attention has been paid to the influence of time use. We investigate the productivity effects of the single largest use of time--sleep. Because sleep influences performance on memory and focus intensive tasks, it plausibly affects economic outcomes. We identify the effect of sleep on wages by exploiting the relationship between sunset time and sleep duration. Using a large, nationally representative set of time use diaries from the United States, we provide the first causal estimates of the impact of sleep on wages: a one-hour increase in long-run average sleep increases wages by 16%, equivalent to more than one year of schooling. We also document the nonlinearity of the sleep-wage relationship. Our results highlight the economic importance of sleep and pose potentially fruitful questions about the effects of time use on labor market outcomes. (JEL No. J22, J24, J31)
Guardians of Their Own Health: Tuberculosis, Rationalism, and Reform in Modern Mexico

Jose Villagran Garcia9s Tuberculosis Sanatorium at Huipulco (1929–36), outside of Mexico City, was one of Mexico9s first important modern buildings. Commissioned by the federal government and designed to cure and transform the Mexican working class, the project reflected its architect9s pioneering integration of architectural rationalism, Julien Guadet9s theories, and the reform ambitions of the Mexican government. At Huipulco, Villagran also referenced established sanatorium design as a means of visually associating Mexican architecture and medicine with admired European practices in both fields. In Guardians of Their Own Health: Tuberculosis, Rationalism, and Reform in Modern Mexico, Kathryn E. O9Rourke argues that understood in the context of Mexican social policy and compared to buildings by Guadet9s famous student Auguste Perret, the Huipulco Sanatorium reveals the reach of French rationalism and the complex genesis of modern architecture in Mexico. Its story helps to historicize and particularize the International Style within histories of modern architecture and open further the question of how modern architecture was understood by architects working beyond European centers.
Lost in Conversation: The Compensatory Function of Antitrust Law

Today’s conversation about antitrust civil remedies generally, and the private action specifically, focuses most often on optimal deterrence and effectiveness. Generally lost in conversation is the basic idea that antitrust violations cause economic harm, and that those victimized by that harm should be entitled to damages from those who have violated the law.This article seeks to revive the underappreciated compensatory function of antitrust. The article reviews the debates over the Sherman and Clayton Acts, showing that compensation was the main focus of debate, traces the shift from compensation to deterrence in a series of Supreme Court cases decided in the 1960s and 1970s, and concludes with a review of three areas in which a focus on compensation could produce results different than current law and enforcement practice - indirect purchaser suits, suits by persons injured outside the United States, and federal government suits under Section 4A of the Clayton Act for damages that the United States has suffered from antitrust violations.
Determinants of Depositor Demand for the Texas Local Government Investment Pool

Local government investment pools (LGIP's) provide the political subdivisions of a state with a cost-effective option for investing their daily cash balances in an income-producing fund. LGIP's have grown into a $250 billion dollar industry in 44 states. This study reports on the factors that affect demand by depositors using time series data from TexPool. The results show that the yield spread of LGIP's has a nonlinear relationship with demand, the pool's liquidity was inversely related to demand, and TexPool's average monthly yield levels had no effect on demand. This study supports the normative values expected of local government investors—priority on safety and liquidity of principal. Outsourcing of the fund's management and aligning the pool's average maturity to the purpose of the pool brought a high level of confidence in the fund as seen by the substantial growth in both the average balance of investments and the number of depositors.
SemEval-2010 Task 13: Evaluating Events, Time Expressions, and Temporal Relations (TempEval-2)

We describe the TempEval-2 task which is currently in preparation for the SemEval-2010 evaluation exercise. This task involves identifying the temporal relations between events and temporal expressions in text. Six distinct subtasks are defined, ranging from identifying temporal and event expressions, to anchoring events to temporal expressions, and ordering events relative to each other.
Computational Study of F/A-18 E/F Abrupt Wing Stall in the Approach Configuration

This computational study evaluated lateral instabilities observed during developmental testing of the preproduction F/A-18E/F in the power-approach configuration. These instabilities, described here as abrupt wing stall (AWS), occurred whenever the airplane exceeded 12-deg angle of attack. The AWS was quickly corrected in flight test by the closure of a vent at the wing root, without understanding its physical cause or cure. Computational solutions with both the vent open and closed provide insight into the likely cause of the instability, revealing two distinctive flow topologies. Specifically, all F/A-18 Hornet models depend upon strong vortex flows from the leading-edge extension (LEX) to provide lift at elevated angle of attack. Flow through the open vent displaces the LEX vortex core inboard and up off the wing's upper surface. This displacement dramatically weakens the flow stability over the wing's entire upper surface. Wind-tunnel studies performed in parallel by another researcher provide quantitative corroboration of the computational solutions. Finally, computational-fluid-dynamics metrics developed within the NASA/Navy/Industry AWS program are applied to determine their validity at this low-speed flight condition and modified to enhance their viability as predictive tools for AWS prone configurations.
Dispositional Forgiveness and Meaning-Making: The Relative Contributions of Forgiveness and Adult Attachment Style to Struggling or Enduring With God

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition) continues to recognize the role of spirituality in mental health by including a V-Code (V62.89) for Religious or Spiritual Problem (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). As individuals may question basic religious assumptions following negative life events, this study examines attachment style, dispositional forgiveness, and spiritual response after negative life events. Analyses revealed that both forgiveness and secure attachment significantly predicted spiritual struggle and endurance. However, attachment style and forgiveness did not significantly combine to predict spiritual response. Results indicate that both attachment style and dispositional forgiveness are important in spiritual functioning.
Neuroanatomical Characteristics Associated With Response to Dorsal Anterior Cingulotomy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

[0.18] vs −0.08 [0.65]; P = .04), putamen (−0.55 [0.35] vs 0.50 [0.33]; P = .001), thalamus (−0.82 [0.19] vs 0.41 [0.24]; P = .001), pallidum (−0.78 [0.18] vs 0.43 [0.48]; P = .001), and hippocampus (−0.66 [0.33] vs 0.33 [0.18]; P = .001) also correlated significantly with clinical response, with increased right-sided connectivity predicting greater response.
Paleoclimatic aspects of El Niño/Southern Oscillation

A workshop on paleoclimatic aspects of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon was held May 2–4 in Boulder, Colo. Sponsored by the National Geophysical Data Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, goals of the workshop were to review the state of knowledge of the ENSO phenomenon based on instrumental and historical records and modeling experiments; to review paleoclimatic proxy evidence from records of tree rings, sea corals, tropical glacier ice cores, and fluvial and lacustrine sediment sequences from North and South America, Australasia and the equatorial Pacific for their sensitivity to ENSO, and to assess their potential for reconstructing past ENSO variability; to explore ways to integrate different aspects of ENSO paleoclimatic information with contemporary observations and numerical models of ENSO; and to identify strategies and goals for future interaction and collaboration between climatologists and paleoclimate researchers working on ENSOsensitive proxy records.
Immobilization Using Dental Material Casts Facilitates Accurate Serial and Multimodality Small Animal Imaging.

Custom disposable patient immobilization systems that conform to the patient’s body contours are commonly used to facilitate accurate repeated patient setup for imaging and treatment in radiation therapy. However, in small-animal imaging, immobilization is often overlooked or done in a way that is not conducive to reproducible positioning. This has a negative impact on the potential for accurate analysis of serial or multimodality imaging. We present the use of vinyl polysiloxane dental impression material for immobilization of mice for imaging. Four different materials were examined to identify any potential artifacts using magnetic resonance techniques. A water phantom placed inside the cast was used at 4.7 T with magnetic resonance imaging and showed no effect at the center of the image when compared with images without the cast. A negligible effect was seen near the ends of the coil. Each material had no detectable signal using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging at 9 mT. The use of dental material also greatly enhances the use of fiducial markers that can be embedded in the mold. Therefore, image registration is simplified as the immobilization of the animal and fiducials together helps in translating from one image coordinate system to another.
Temperature-dependent metabolic response of juvenile Dungeness crab Cancer magister Dana: ecological implications for estuarine and coastal populations☆

Abstract Oxygen consumption (Qo2) of juvenile Dungeness crab Cancer magister Dana in two age groups, 0 + crab [6–16 mm carapace width (CW), 8–116 mg AFDW] and 1 + (35–104 mm CW, 1.03–21.50 g AFDW) was measured at four temperatures of 6, 10, 14 and 18 °C which span seasonal and geographical ranges measured in the Grays Harbor estuary and along the nearshore open coast. Metabolic rate of 0 + crab was significantly higher than Qo2 of 1 + crab at all temperatures except 18 °C. The pattern of change in Qo2 of 0 + crab was an increase from 6 to 14 °C but no change from 14 to 18 °C, which is consistent with estuarine residence on intertidal flats where temperatures can be toward the high end of the range. Qo2 of 1 + crab was more stable at low temperatures (Q10 6–10 °C ≈1) and is consistent with emigration from the estuary to colder coastal water as animals approach a size near sexual maturity. The pattern of increased Qo2 with temperature is in accord with a marked difference in growth rate of 0 + crab of the same year class that settle during June in estuaries or along the coast and are ≈35 and 14 mm CW, respectively, in September. Metabolic rate of 0 + was not weight-dependent but that of 1 + crab was best described by the quadratic equation: logeQO2− aT2 − bTlogcW − cT + d. Predicted metabolic rates over the range of 6–18 °C showed that, even within the same age class, smaller crab (2 g) have much higher QO2 than larger animals (16 g) by 18 °C.
Beyond Nature Appropriation: Towards Post-development Conservation in the Maya Forest

The establishment of biosphere reserves in Mexico was followed by alternative livelihood conservation/development projects to integrate indigenous groups into Western style conservation under the idea of sustainable development and participation. In this paper, I discuss the outcomes of two forest wildlife management projects in one Maya community along the Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve in the state of Quintana Roo. Both projects ultimately failed and the community mobilised and expelled the NGO from the community. I argue that the failure of these projects involved two dynamics: 1) lack of coherence between the objectives of state agencies, conservation NGOs, and the local community; and 2) unequal ethnic relations, reproducing relations of colonial inequality and dictating how indigenous groups can participate in managing a territory for conservation. If collaboration and local participation are key in conservation management programs, these case studies suggest that greater institutional accountability and community autonomy are needed to make the practice of conservation more democratic and participatory. The expulsion of the NGO as a conservation and development broker also opened the space for, and possibilities of, post-development conservation practice that challenges the normalising expectations of Western biodiversity conservation.
Analysis and improvement of batch-based production lines with Bernoulli machines

Steady state analysis of production systems have been extensively studied during the past several decades. This type of analysis is usually applicable in large-volume manufacturing as the transient can be ignored compared to the overall production run-time. However, when the volume of the production is relatively small, transient may play a major role during the production process and steady state analysis may become inapplicable. Such systems are commonly seen in practice, where production orders are handled as batches and a system works with one batch at a time. In this paper, under the framework of serial production lines with finite buffers and with machines having the Bernoulli reliability model, we study the problem of performance analysis and improvement of such systems. Specifically, we derive the mathematical model for the two-machine case and derive analytical formulas to evaluate production rate, consumption rate, and average completion time of the system. In addition, workforce allocation and bottleneck identification problems are discussed. For longer lines, preliminary results based on simulations are presented.
Head‐to‐head vinyl chloride–vinyl acetate copolymer

Addition chlorination of cis-1,4-polybutadiene in the presence of acetic acid as a cosolvent resulted in the formation of head-to-head vinyl chloride–vinyl acetate copolymer. Chlorine analysis, IR, and NMR spectra of the chlorinated polybutadiene indicated that reaction was primarily double bond addition; there was little evidence for substitutive chlorination. Acetate was incorporated by nucleophilic participation of the acetic acid cosolvent. The extent of incorporation of the acetate group in the polymer chain was a function of the acetic acid concentration. Both the glass transition temperatures and the densities of the chloroacetylated polymers decreased as the degree of acetylation increased.
The New Focus for Career Development Programs in Business and Industry

The continuing need to deal with technological change and increased economic uncertainty has had an impact on carer development programs in business and industry. The focus of existing career development programs has changed from a shared vision of meeting both individual and organizational goals to an emphasis on fulfilling organizational needs. Although the rationale for implementing these career development programs was to promote both career planning and career management for the individual and the organization, the current programs reflect a new trend. The research on the current economic factors that affect business and industry indicates that the current career development programs tend to stress career management for the organization. This focus on organizational goals leaves the individual employee with a greater responsibility for his or her own career planning. A review of the research results also provides new information and strategies that can assist employees in their career planning.
Strongly focused light beams interacting with single atoms in free space

We construct three-dimensional solutions of Maxwell’s equations that describe Gaussian light beams focused by a strong lens. We investigate the interaction of such beams with single atoms in free space and the interplay between angular and quantum properties of the scattered radiation. We compare the exact results with those obtained with paraxial light beams and from a standard input-output formalism. We put our results in the context of quantum information processing with single atoms.
Attitudes regarding filial responsibilities to help elderly divorced parents and stepparents

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore attitudes regarding the obligations of family members to help elderly parents and stepparents. Two hundred and ninety-one adults responded to vignettes portraying possible obligations of a woman to assist a divorced parent who had not resided with her for much of her childhood and a stepparent with whom she had spent part of her childhood years. Several conclusions were drawn: (a) there is general agreement that adult children have some responsibility to help elderly divorced parents, but there is no consensus on what type of help should be given; (b) maintaining contact over the years is an important factor in judgments regarding obligations to help elderly parents and stepparents; (c) gender of the elderly family member is not related to attributing obligations to help; (d) the needs of adult children and their offspring rank higher than the responsibility to lend assistance to an elderly divorced parent or stepparent; (e) kinship alone is not enough justification to assign obligations to adult children, nor is the absence of legal and genetic ties enough to exclude stepparents from being considered as deserving recipients of help.
Infrared Laser Nerve Stimulation as a Potential Diagnostic Method for Intra-Operative Identification and Preservation of the Prostate Cavernous Nerves

The cavernous nerves, which course along the surface of the prostate gland, are responsible for erectile function. Urologic surgeons are challenged in preserving these nerves during prostate cancer surgery, due to their microscopic nature and variable location among patients. Current intra-operative diagnostic methods for identifying, imaging, and preserving these delicate nerves during removal of a cancerous prostate gland remain sub-optimal. Our laboratory is focused on developing optical-based methods for detecting these nerves. This manuscript reviews progress in pre-clinical development of infrared optical nerve stimulation as a potential technique for identifying the cavernous nerves. Critical laser parameters for safe and reliable stimulation of the cavernous nerves, development of laser and fiber optic probe instrumentation, and novel approaches are presented.
Hematopoietic dysplasia and marrow hypocellularity in children." A preleukemic condition

Seven children with hematopoietic dysplasia were identified by morphologic criteria. The peripheral blood and bone marrow findings in these children were characterized by macro-ovalocytosis, progressive marrow hypoplasia, proteinaceaus debris in the marrow interstices, and megaloblastoid changes. Six of the patients had major constitutional abnormalities including coarse or unusual facies (4), short stature (4), and mental retardation (4). These children were prone to recurrent bacterial infections prior to the onset of documented leukopenia. Chromosome studies of blood and bone marrow demonstrated a clonal abnormality involving the B, C, and E groups in 3/5 patients. An increase in the number of spontaneous chromosome breaks or radial figures was not observed. CFU-Cs were uniformly decreased in 5/5 patients, prior to the onset of leukopenia in one. Incomplete and transient responses to folic acid (3/4), androgens (1/4), and steroids (3/3) were noted. There were no responses to vitamin B12 in three patients or to ATG or other immunosuppressive therapies in four patients. One child has a sustained response to pyridoxine and one has had successful hematopoietic reconstitution by bone marrow transplantation. Three of the patients developed myelogenous leukemia 13, 47, and 100 months, respectively after presentation. Two have died from leukemia and one from intracranial hemorrhage. Children with HD differ morphologically and clinically from adults with “the preleukemic syndrome” by manifesting marrow hypocellularity and constitutional abnormalities. Both groups are at high risk for the development of progressive pancytopenia and myelogenous leukemia. Unlike those with Fanconi anemia, these children respond poorly to treatment with androgens and steroids. Results of bone marrow transplantation in one of the patients are encouraging
Long-term Persistence of CD4+ but Rapid Disappearance of CD8+ T Cells Expressing an MHC Class I-restricted TCR of Nanomolar Affinity

Most T cells have T cell receptors (TCR) of micromolar affinity for peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligands, but genetic engineering can generate TCRs of nanomolar affinity. The affinity of the TCR used, m33, for its cognate non-self peptide–MHC-I complex (SIYRYYGL-Kb) is 1,000-fold higher than of the wild-type TCR 2C. The affinity of m33 for the self-peptide dEV-8 on Kb is only twofold higher. Mouse CD8+ T cells transduced with an m33-encoding retrovirus showed binding of SIY-Kb and potent function in vitro, but in vivo these T cells disappeared within hours after transfer into syngeneic hosts without causing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Accordingly, in cases where such CD8-dependent self-reactivity might occur in human adoptive T cell therapies, our results show that a peripheral T-cell deletion mechanism could operate to avoid reactions with the host. In contrast to CD8+ T cells, we show that CD4+ T cells expressing m33 survived for months in vivo. Furthermore, the m33-transduced CD4+ T cells were able to mediate antigen-specific rejection of 6-day-old tumors. Together, we show that CD8+ T cell expressing a MHC class I-restricted high-affinity TCR were rapidly deleted whereas CD4+ T cells expressing the same TCR survived and provided function while being directed against a class I-restricted antigen.
Recovery, recrystallization and grain growth in ordered alloys

Abstract The recovery, recrystallization and grain growth behavior of ordered alloys are reviewed from a phenomenological viewpoint. These processes are essentially similar to those occurring in metals except that below the critical ordering temperature their kinetics are much slower, particularly due to the ordered nature of the grain boundaries. Recovery in weakly-ordered compounds below their critical temperature is associated with strain-age hardening whereas more strongly-ordered compounds exhibit recovery softening. An alloy deformed in the ordered state recrystallizes more rapidly than one deformed in the disordered state, a feature associated with a higher stored energy of cold work in the ordered state. Competition between ordering and recrystallization in some strained initially-disordered compounds can cause them not to easily recrystallize in certain temperature ranges, even though they recrystallize readily at both higher and lower temperatures. Antiphase boundaries are relatively scarce in strongly-ordered compounds, but common in weakly-ordered compounds after recrystallization, a feature that may arise because of the (partial) disorder of grain boundaries in the latter materials. Deviations from the stoichiometric composition, because of the increasing disorder, and hence, faster diffusion, generally lead to faster recrystallization and grain growth than at the stoichiometric composition.
Expression and characterization of recombinant human ADAMTS-13

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a severe disease associated with unusually large, hemostatically hyperactive von Willebrand factor (VWF) and severe deficiency in ADAMTS-13, the protease responsible for the proteolytic degradation of VWF in plasma. ADAMTS-13 prevents inappropriate microvascular platelet aggregation by cleaving VWF between Tyr1605 and Met1606 thereby producing dimers of 176 kd and 140 kd and smaller multimers. Identification of the ADAMTS13 gene and cloning of the corresponding cDNA allowed for the application of recombinant techniques, such as genetic engineering of ADAMTS13 cDNA, cell culture expression, and in vitro activity studies to analyze the functional relationship between ADAMTS-13 and the pathophysiology of ADAMTS-13 deficiency. In vitro expression and characterization of recombinant ADAMTS-13 (rADAMTS-13) clearly established that ADAMTS-13 is deficient in congenital TTP and inhibited in acquired TTP. Recent studies have contributed greatly to our current understanding of the molecular mechanism leading to congenital and acquired TTP. Apart from being a useful tool, availability of rADAMTS-13 raised the prospect of developing a recombinant substitution therapy to improve TTP treatment and allowing present diagnostic assays to be simplified. Here we report on recent advances in cell culture expression and functional characterization of human rADAMTS-13.
Evidence for the Role of Nitric Oxide in the Circulation of the Dental Pulp

Many authors have studied the hemodynamics of the dental pulp; however, there are scarcely any data regarding the involvement of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway in the regulatory mechanism. Thus, we have examined the physiological effects of (1) NG-nitro-L-arginine as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis and (2) the nitric oxide donor 3-morpholinosydnonimine on blood flow and vascular resistance in the canines of anesthetized cats to study the potential involvement of nitric oxide in the regulation of dental vascular homeostasis. Mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, blood gases, pH, cardiac output, and tissue blood flow were determined prior to and 15 min after i.v. administration of either NG-nitro-L-arginine (30 mg/kg, n = 9) or 3-morpholinosydnonimine (1 mg/kg, n = 7). Blood flow was measured by radioactive-labeled microspheres. There were no significant differences in baseline parameters between the two groups of cats. The dental pulp blood flow decreased to 53 +/- 13% (p < 0.01) of the control level after NG-nitro-L-arginine administration, while it decreased only slightly (to 82 +/- 12%) after 3-morpholinosydnonimine administration. The dental pulp's vascular resistance increased to 367 +/- 69% (p < 0.01) of the control level after NG-nitro-L-arginine, while it decreased to 73 +/- 10% (p < 0.05) of control after 3-morpholinosydnonimine. We found that the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway plays an important role in the regulation of pulpal blood circulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Thermal electrodes based on "Peltier effect".

Abstract Solid state “Peltier” electrodes have been constructed for thermal stimulation of the cortex, subcortex, skin and other organs. They are simple to operate and permit a fine control of the rate and extent of warming and cooling within a limited temperature range.
Increments to Genus Chamaecrista (Caesalpiniaceae: Cassiinae) from Bolivia and from Atlantic and Planaltine Brazil

Six taxa of genusChamaecrista are described: In sect.Apoucouita (Bentham) Irwin & Barneby,Ch. amorimii Barneby andCh. pteropoda Barneby, both from Atlantic Bahia; in sect.Absus ser.Incurvatae Irwin & Barneby,Ch. caspariifolia Barneby andCh. linearifolia var.latifolia Barneby, both from interior Minas Gerais; in sect.Absus ser.Hedysaroides Irwin & Barneby,Ch. fulgida Barneby, from northern Goias; and in ser.Prostratae (Bentham) Irwin & Barneby,Ch. chiquitana Barneby, from lowland Bolivia. The affinities and differential characters of each are pointed out, and all but var.latifolia are illustrated.
Two-Stage Least Squares: In Which Direction Should the Residuals Be Minimized?

Abstract A structural equation in a complete system may be written with the coefficient of one endogenous variable as unity and the coefficients of the other endogenous variables as parameters. To estimate these parameters two-stage least squares is usually applied by minimizing residuals in the direction of the first variable. In this paper, when there is one such parameter, that procedure is compared with adapting two-stage least squares to minimize residuals in the direction of the second endogenous variable. Estimation of the slope of a linear functional relationship by using least squares to minimize residuals in alternative directions is also treated.
Water-exchange rates of lanthanide ions in an ionic liquid

The first ligand-exchange rate measurements of lanthanide ions in an ionic liquid are reported here. The trend of water-exchange rates in the ionic liquid is the opposite of the trend in water.
Neighborhoods as Service Providers: A Methodology for Evaluating Pedestrian Access:

Research on neighborhoods is dominated by a focus on the social aspects of neighborhood life. The ability of neighborhoods to function as service providers is a critical and understudied aspect of neighborhood research. This paper offers a methodological contribution of the analysis of neighborhoods as service providers. Provision of services is defined in terms of accessibility, or the spatial proximities between residents and the facilities. Because the focus is on neighborhoods, access is defined on the basis of the pedestrian rather than the automobile. In addition, the needs of the neighborhood population are considered. A case study of Portland, Oregon, is used to demonstrate how an evaluation of pedestrian access could be conducted at the neighborhood scale.
Bipotential glial progenitors are targets of neuronal cell line-derived growth factors

The growth-promoting activity of conditioned medium (CM) from the B104 CNS neuronal cell line was studied in glial cultures from neonatal rat brain. This CM at 33% (v/v; 8-12 micrograms protein/ml) produced large numbers of oligodendrocytes and multipolar glial progenitors after an 8 to 12-day treatment. At all times studied, cells of the oligodendrocyte/type 2 astrocyte (O-2A) lineage were increased due to CM-treatment, while type 1 astrocytes, microglia, and other cell types were not. Furthermore, we observed a large decrease in the percentage of oligodendrocytes in the O-2A lineage, suggesting a delay in differentiation of the progenitors. By 8 days in vitro (DIV), dose-dependent increases in numbers of galactocerebroside (GalC)-positive cells (oligodendrocytes) and A2B5-positive cells (immature oligodendrocytes and glial progenitors) occurred. In contrast, at 4 DIV only A2B5-positive cells were increased in a dose-dependent manner. The latter cells can differentiate primarily into oligodendrocytes or type 2 astrocytes depending on the culture conditions. Complement lysis studies confirmed that the A2B5-positive, but not the GalC-positive, population at 4 DIV was required for increases in oligodendrocytes to occur by 8 DIV. The [3H]thymidine labeling index of the A2B5-positive population also increased in response to CM in a dose-dependent manner, but the GalC-positive labeling index showed only small increases at 4 DIV and none at later times. Our results suggest that the delayed differentiation coupled with the selective stimulation of the bipotential glial progenitors produces the large increases in numbers of oligodendrocytes observed at 8-12 DIV.
Characterizing primary refractory neuroblastoma: Prediction of outcome by microscopic image analysis

Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer that starts in very early forms of nerve cells found in an embryo or fetus. It is a highly lethal cancer of sympathetic nervous system that commonly affects children of age five or younger. It accounts for a disproportionate number of childhood cancer deaths and remains a difficult cancer to eradicate despite intensive treatment that includes chemotherapy, surgery, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, radiation therapy and immunotherapy. A poorly characterized group of patients are the 15% with primary refractory neuroblastoma (PRN) which is uniformly lethal due to de novo chemotherapy resistance. The lack of response to therapy is currently assessed after multiple months of cytotoxic therapy, driving the critical need to develop pretreatment clinic-biological biomarkers that can guide precise and effective therapeutic strategies. Therefore, our guiding hypothesis is that PRN has distinct biological features present at diagnosis that can be identified for prediction modeling. During a visual analysis of PRN slides, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, we observed that patients who survived for less than three years contained large eosin-stained structures as compared to those who survived for greater than three years. So, our hypothesis is that the size of eosin stained structures can be used as a differentiating feature to characterize recurrence in neuroblastoma. To test this hypothesis, we developed an image analysis method that performs stain separation, followed by the detection of large structures stained with Eosin. On a set of 21 PRN slides, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, our image analysis method predicted the outcome with 85.7% accuracy.
Bioprocessing of plant-derived virus-like particles of Norwalk virus capsid protein under current Good Manufacture Practice regulations

Despite the success in expressing a variety of subunit vaccine proteins in plants and the recent stride in improving vaccine accumulation levels by transient expression systems, there is still no plant-derived vaccine that has been licensed for human use. The lack of commercial success of plant-made vaccines lies in several technical and regulatory barriers that remain to be overcome. These challenges include the lack of scalable downstream processing procedures, the uncertainty of regulatory compliance of production processes, and the lack of demonstration of plant-derived products that meet the required standards of regulatory agencies in identity, purity, potency and safety. In this study, we addressed these remaining challenges and successfully demonstrate the ability of using plants to produce a pharmaceutical grade Norwalk virus (NV) vaccine under current Good Manufacture Practice (cGMP) guidelines at multiple gram scales. Our results demonstrate that an efficient and scalable extraction and purification scheme can be established for processing virus-like particles (VLPs) of NV capsid protein (NVCP). We successfully operated the upstream and downstream NVCP production processes under cGMP regulations. Furthermore, plant-derived NVCP VLP demonstrates the identity, purity, potency and safety that meet the preset release specifications. This material is being tested in a Phase I human clinical trial. This research provides the first report of producing a plant-derived vaccine at scale under cGMP regulations in an academic setting and an important step for plant-produced vaccines to become a commercial reality.
Dynamic holography for extended object beam shaping

We describe a laboratory experiment to improve the energy-on-target for an extended object. We utilize an iterative approach combining digital holography for detection and SLM beam shaping for object re-illumination. We developed a technique to modify the SLM phase to prevent oversharpening of glints and other high intensity return signal points that cause the beam to collapse to a single point with further iterations. Instead, the gain is increased as more light uniformly hits the intended target with each iteration. We present laboratory results to verify this approach and demonstrate the increased gain resulting from this dynamic beam-shaping.
Ontogenetic changes in individual growth and egestion rates in the deposit-feeding polychaete Capitella sp. 1

Repeated measurements of individual worms over a 28-d period were used to calculated volumespecific growth (G) and egestion rates at a high, constant food ration (> 1000 mg N · m −2 · d−1). Worm sizes ranged from 0.1–9.0 mm3 body volume (BV) (≈20–1600 μg dry weight (DW)), 1.8–18.7 mm live body length). The relationship between G and BV was highly variable but displayed a plateau at sizes between 0.5–3.5 mm3 (120–830 μg D W) where G remained in the range of 18–20% · d−1. In contrast to predictions of empirical growth models, G did not show a monotonie decrease with increasing worm volume. Individual volume-specific egestion rates (Ver = mm3 sediment egested · (mm3 worm) −1 · d −1) showed an analogous but less broad peak at ≈2 mm3 B V, suggesting a functional coupling between specific egestion and growth rates. No relationships were found between G and sex or G and body size. G was also independent of the total volume or mass of sediment processed for time lags of up to 28 d. G increased linearly as a function of Ver up to specific egestion rates of 2.7 mm3 sediment egested · (mm3 worm)−1d−1. With further increases in Ver, growth rates remained constant at 25% ·d−1. BV was positively related to cumulative egestion (mm3 sediment egested) with an average female reaching sexual maturity after egestion of ≈ 20 mm3 of sediment. Increased variability in measurements of gross individual production efficiency for the smallest animals (GPE = G · (mm3 sediment egested)−1 · 100) suggests that the efficiency of energy transfer from ingested food to tissue in smaller worms ⩽ 1 mm3) may be much more sensitive to environmental or physiological influences. Smaller worms experience both greater growth and degrowth per unit egested sediment than larger worms. The increased variability of GPE in smaller animals may be due to a lack of stored energy reserves in combination with the interaction between absolute body size and the scale of distribution of the sedimentary food resource.
Analysis of regulatory dye in diesel petroleum

Abstract This study is concerned with alternative analytical methods for determining the content of red dye in diesel fuel. It was found that a preconcentration step consisting of adsorption chromatography on silica gel, followed by either HPLC or gas chromatography–mass spectrometry greatly increases the sensitivity of the method employed. Structures for the main components in the commercial dye are proposed based on NMR data.
Pleiotropic Roles of Bile Acids in Metabolism

Enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol generates numerous distinct bile acids that function both as detergents that facilitate digestion and absorption of dietary lipids, and as hormones that activate four distinct receptors. Activation of these receptors alters gene expression in multiple tissues, leading to changes not only in bile acid metabolism but also in glucose homeostasis, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, energy expenditure, intestinal motility and bacterial growth, inflammation, liver regeneration, and hepatocarcinogenesis. This review covers the roles of specific bile acids, synthetic agonists, and their cognate receptors in controlling these diverse functions, as well as their current use in treating human diseases.
Phase Separation of the Electron-Hole Drop in 〈 111 〉 -Stressed Ge

We present a theoretical study of the electron-hole drop containing both "hot" and "cold" carriers in $〈111〉$-stressed Ge at $T=0$. We predict that for certain values of the stress this system phase separates into two degenerate Fermi liquids, one containing "cold" and the other containing both "hot" and "cold" electrons. It should be possible to verify this prediction experimentally.
Vibrational overtone enhancement of methyl methacrylate polymerization initiated by benzoyl peroxide decomposition

Abstract Vibrational overtone initiated polymerization has been demonstrated using intracavity photolysis of a benzoyl peroxide/methyl methacrylate mixture. Excitation of the 6 ν CH overtone transition of the ground electronic state of benzoyl peroxide creates radicals which subsequently begin the polymerization process. Polymer yield was monitored by comparison of the 2 ν CH overtone absorptions for the methyl, methylenic and olefinic CH stretches at 5946 and 6170 cm −1 , respectively. Plots of polymer yield versus time demonstrate an autoacceleration of the polymerization rate commencing many hours after the photolysis period. The delay before autoacceleration depends on the duration of the photolysis.
Saving Democratic Education from Itself: Why We Need Homeschooling

We need homeschooling to save education in a liberal democracy from taking a religious form—what I call Democratic Education. Democratic Education emerges when the democratic identity and narrative become elevated to the highest priority when thinking about educating human beings. This elevation becomes particularly dangerous when other nonpolitical ends and aspects of our humanity are ignored, downplayed, or, worse, delegitimized. This article argues that three signs of this danger currently exist in educational theory and practice. First, Democratic Educators are offering a reductive view of human persons in which undue focus is placed upon those skills or educational justifications that relate to students’ political identity and capacities. Second, the liberal tradition of education that seeks to show justice to the diversity of narratives or comprehensive reasonable worldviews that exist in America is being undermined. Third, educational alternatives outside the public system are attacked by Democrati...
Symmetric overbounding of correlated errors

: In aviation navigation systems such as the Ground-Based and Space-Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS and SBAS) for GPS, it is critical for users to compute a conservative navigation-error bound during precision approach and landing. This paper describes a method for overbounding outputs of linear systems (i.e., conservatively describing their error distributions). Whereas earlier overbounding methods apply only to sets of independent samples, the methods developed in this paper handle samples drawn from correlated time series, so long as those samples have a probability distribution which a linear mapping can make spherically symmetric. Conservative error bounds constructed with these methods are useful in modeling the worst-case performance of filters under a wide range of environmental conditions. An example illustrates how symmetric bounding could enable aircraft to apply user-customized filtering to differential GPS corrections in GBAS.
Ab Initio Study of Gas-Phase Proton Transfer in Ammonia-Hydrogen Halides and the Influence of Water Molecules

The gas-phase proton-transfer reaction between ammonia and the hydrogen halides HF, HCl, and HBr and the influence of one, two, and three water molecules are investigated with high-level ab initio ...
Reflection based Extraordinary Optical Transmission Fiber Optic Probe for Refractive Index Sensing.

Abstract Fiber optic probes for chemical sensing based on the extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) phenomenon are designed and fabricated by perforating subwavelength hole arrays on the gold film coated optical fiber endface. The device exhibits a red shift in response to the surrounding refractive index increases with high sensitivity, enabling a reflection-based refractive index sensor with a compact and simple configuration. By choosing the period of hole arrays, the sensor can be designed to operate in the near infrared telecommunication wavelength range, where the abundant sources and detectors are available for easy instrumentation. The new sensor probe is demonstrated for refractive index measurement using refractive index matching fluids. The sensitivity reaches 573 nm/RIU in the 1.333–1.430 refractive index range.
Simple Syntheses of CdSe Quantum Dots

Quantum dots are an excellent resource for demonstrating quantum phenomena. Two new methods for synthesizing quantum dots are presented. Proceeding at relatively low reaction temperatures, these exercises are safe and easy to conduct in an undergraduate student laboratory. The quantum dots prepared from the first method exhibited visible luminescence across a broad range of colors. The size-dependent spectral properties of quantum dots were examined quantitatively in the second method. Following this procedure, students in an advanced chemistry laboratory course synthesized their own quantum dots and gained experience with these important nanomaterials.
Boundary conditions for hemodynamics

The structured tree boundary condition is a physiologically-based outflow boundary condition used in hemodynamics. We propose an alternative derivation that is considerably simpler than the original one and yields similar, but not identical, results. We analyze the sensitivity of this boundary condition to its parameters and discuss its domain of validity. Several implementation issues are discussed and tested in the case of arterial flow in the Circle of Willis. Additionally, we compare results obtained from the structured tree boundary condition to the Windkessel boundary condition and measured data.
A study of intergranular cavity growth controlled by the coupling of diffusion and power law creep

A technique based on pre-creeping and sintering is used to create large, widely spaced cavities at grain boundaries in copper. The size and spacing of the cavities is such that cavity growth is expected to be controlled by the coupling of diffusion and power law creep. The rupture properties of these pre-cavitated samples are studied over a range of stresses and temperatures and the results are compared with the predictions of various theoretical treatments of cavity growth. The stress and temperature dependence of rupture can be described using an analysis of the type suggested by Chen and Argon, provided that the diffusional length is based on the ligament stress rather than the applied stress.
Atherosclerosis in youth : are hypertension and other coronary heart disease risk factors already at work ?

The purposes of this review were to describe the natural history of atherosclerosis in youth, discuss the role of adult coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in the development of atherosclerosis – particularly in the young – and present the relationship between atherosclerosis and hypertension. Evidence is presented that, by age 15 years, 100% of the youth have aortic atherosclerosis and about one-half have coronary atherosclerosis. Risk factors for adult CHD, including lipoproteins, smoking, glycohemoglobin (a marker for diabetes), obesity, and hypertension, are associated with extent and prevalence of atherosclerosis in young people. Hypertension seems to play its role mainly by converting early atherosclerotic lesions (fatty streaks) to more advanced lesions (raised lesions).