cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemorheology of thermosetting resins. III. Effect of low‐profile additive on the chemorheology and curing kinetics of unsaturated polyester resin

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of low-profile thermoplastic additives on the rheological behavior during cure and the curing kinetics of unsaturated polyester resin. For the study, a general-purpose polyester resin was used and two different types of thermoplastic additive, poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), were used as low-profile additives. It has been found that, during cure, the resin/PMMA system exhibits shearthinning behavior even before the cure time reaches the critical value tη∞ whereas the resin/PVAc system does not. Also, both PVAc and PMMA help reduce the shrinkage of the resin during cure. However, our study shows that shrinkage control becomes effective only when the shear rate is greater than a certain critical value. The curing behavior determined with the aid of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows that the rate of cure and the final degree of cure are decreased when the amount of low-profile additive is increased.
Are we losing trust through technology

The field of marketing has had a history of individuals and organizations attempting short‐term gain through less than ethical means. The advent of the Web and other technological advances has placed powerful resources in the hands of practitioners. Coupled with that power is an acute public awareness of marketing abuses that have adversely hindered subsequent marketing efforts. Marketers need to address basic marketing skills through old‐fashioned personal contact and personal relations that probably never will be effectively replaced with modern IT methodology. Additionally, marketing should take a proactive approach to defining marketing responsibilities to the public it serves to overcome the reputation that is established by a few who are unethical in their approach to the craft.
Apocytochrome c induces pH-dependent vesicle fusion

The ability of apocytochrome c and the heme containing respiratory chain component, cytochrome c, to induce fusion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) small unilamellar vesicles containing 0-50 mol % negatively charged lipids was examined. Both molecules mediated fusion of phosphatidylserine (PS):PC 1:1 vesicles as measured by energy transfer changes between fluorescent lipid probes in a concentration- and pH-dependent manner, although cytochrome c was less potent and interacted over a more limited pH range than the apocytochrome c. Maximal fusion occurred at pH 3, far below the pKa of the 19 lysine groups contained in the protein (pI = 10.5). A similar pH dependence was observed for vesicles containing 50 mol % cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylinositol (PI) in PC but the apparent pKa values varied somewhat. In the absence of vesicles, the secondary structure of apocytochrome c was unchanged over this pH range, but in the presence of negatively charged vesicles, the polypeptide underwent a marked conformational change from random coil to alpha-helix. By comparing the pH dependencies of fusion induced by poly-L-lysine and apocytochrome c, we concluded that the pH dependence derived from changes in the net charge on both the vesicles and apocytochrome c. Aggregation could occur under conditions where fusion was imperceptible. Fusion increased with increasing mole ratio of PS. Apocytochrome c did induce some fusion of vesicles composed only of PC with a maximum effect at pH 4. Biosynthesis of cytochrome c involves translocation of apocytochrome c from the cytosol across the outer mitochondrial membrane to the outer mitochondrial space where the heme group is attached. The ability of apocytochrome c to induce fusion of both PS-containing and PC-only vesicles may reflect characteristics of protein/membrane interaction that pertain to its biological translocation.
Community vulnerability assessment tool methodology

Communities must identify exposure to hazard impacts to proactively address emergency response, disaster recovery and hazard mitigation, and incorporate sustainable development practices into comprehensive planning. Hazard mitigation, an important part of sustainable development, eliminates or minimizes disaster-related damages and empowers communities to respond to and recover more quickly from disasters. The Community Vulnerability Assessment Tool (CVAT) is a risk and vulnerability assessment methodology designed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Coastal Services Center to assist emergency managers and planners in their efforts to reduce hazard vulnerabilities through hazard mitigation, comprehensive land-use, and development planning. CVAT analysis results provide a baseline to prioritize mitigation measures and to evaluate the effectiveness of those measures over time. This methodology is flexible, as results may be achieved using a geographic information system or static maps with overlays and handwritten data. This paper outlines how to engage stakeholders and explains the CVAT process. Several case studies also highlight some of the challenges/problems and best practices/opportunities associated with applying the CVAT methodology.
Impaired speech shadowing after early lesions of either hemisphere.

Abstract Patients with unilateral (right, left),non-progressive cerebral lesions incurred in infancy (prior to age one) or childhood (ages one to fifteen) were asked to shadow (rapidly repeat) passages of speech either in the form of syntactically correct sentences or random word order (RWO) sentences presented at varying rates. Both patient groups and same-age controls made more errors with faster rates of presentation. Error frequency was significantly higher for all patient groups than for controls, but did not significantly differ among the patient groups themselves. The abnormal performance of the group with later childhood right hemisphere lesions was remarkable in view of that group's normal function on other language tests and normal verbal IQ score, and suggested that the cause of the problem in this group was either a specific linguistic factor not assessed by the other tests or a general factor brought out by speech shadowing.
Heterogeneity of TERT promoter mutations status in squamous cell carcinomas of different anatomical sites

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) can arise from different anatomical sites including the skin, head and neck, lung, esophagus, genital area, and so on. Despite the same histopathologic features and immunohistochemistry profile, the SCCs of different body sites can show tremendous differences in their presenting symptoms, risk factor associations, natural history, prognosis, and response to treatment. This may reflect the fact that SCCs are heterogenous and likely have unique molecular characteristics at different anatomical sites. Recurrent somatic mutations in the TERT promoter region were first reported in human melanomas. Subsequently, other tumors including cutaneous SCC were found to demonstrate high frequencies of the same mutations. However, the incidences of TERT promoter mutation in noncutaneous SCCs have not been systemically studied. We investigated the TERT promoter mutation status among SCCs from different sites. We collected 84 cases of SCC from the skin (27), head and neck (12), lung (25), and cervix (10), as well as 10 cases of urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation (UC-SqD). We found that the frequencies of TERT promoter mutation among SCC of different sits are quite heterogenous: ~70% in skin SCC and UC-SqD, 16.67% in head and neck SCC, and 0% in lung and cervix SCC. These results may support the hypothesis of different carcinogenesis mechanisms of SCC in different sites. It also indicates that TERT promoter mutation could be a biomarker for distinguishing skin SCC or UC-SqD vs pulmonary SCC.
Management of Surgical Hemostasis: Systemic Agents:

Despite improvements in surgical techniques, the risk for perioperative bleeding remains significant. Transfusion of allogeneic red blood cells, platelets, and hemostatic factors remains the mainstay of current therapy strategy for management of perioperative bleeding. Transfusions significantly contribute to perioperative adverse events. Pharmacologic strategies to prevent or decrease perioperative bleeding are also important therapeutic approaches to reduce the need for allogeneic transfusions. This article discusses systemic pharmacologic prohemostatic agents (aprotinin, lysine analogues, protamine, desmopressin, and recombinant factor VIIa).
A Generic Multibody Parachute Simulation Model

Flight simulation of dynamic atmospheric vehicles with parachute systems is a complex task that is not easily modeled in many simulation frameworks. In the past, the performance of vehicles with parachutes was analyzed by simulations dedicated to parachute operations and were generally not used for any other portion of the vehicle flight trajectory. This approach required multiple simulation resources to completely analyze the performance of the vehicle. Recently, improved software engineering practices and increased computational power have allowed a single simulation to model the entire flight profile of a vehicle employing a parachute.
2 S 1 2 → 1 S 1 2 + one − photon decay of muonic atoms and parity-violating neutral-current interactions

The decay $2{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}+1 \mathrm{photon}$, in muonic atoms, is considered as a probe of parity-violating interactions between muons and nucleons. It is shown that a parity-violating interaction, arising from neutral currents, with a strength comparable to the Fermi interaction, would induce a small admixture of $2{P}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state into the $2{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state of muonic atoms, with a magnitude of approximately ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$. Such an admixture would allow the $2{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ to decay to $1{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}+1 \mathrm{photon}$ by an $E1$ transition, as well as by the known $M1$ transition. Since the $E1$ matrix element is much larger than the $M1$ matrix element, the small state admixture will be enhanced in the decay matrix element. In particular, the circular polarization of the emitted photon, or the photon angular asymmetry relative to the muon polarization, would be of order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ in nuclei near $Z=30$, and so are perhaps measurable. The branching ratio of the $2{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}+1\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{photon}$ decay to other transitions from the $2{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state is considered, and found to be around ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ in nuclei of interest. In an appendix, similar considerations are given for the $2{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}+1\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{photon}$ decay of electron hydrogenic ions, where it is found that the circular polarizations are much smaller, but the branching ratios can be substantially larger.
An Alternative Approach to Social Capital: Exploring the Linkage Between Health Consciousness and Community Participation

In recent years, social capital has received a great deal of attention in health communication. The fundamental premise behind the increased attention to social capital is the positive health outcome of social capital. Social capital is treated as an antecedent to health. Building on recent research that points out the role of trait-level variables in the production of social capital, this article examines the role of health consciousness in the production of social capital. The central idea here is that health conscious individuals choose to participate in their communities because of the positive health benefits of such participation.
Toward a National Collecting Policy for Business History: The View from Baker Library

In this article, the curator of manuscripts and archives at the Harvard Business School's Baker Library discusses the opportunities and difficulties confronting present-day archivists as they seek to establish rational collecting policies for their repositories. Ms. Lathrop first describes the past focus of Baker Library's collection decisions and the strengths to which those emphases have led. She then discusses some areas of less comprehensive coverage, as well as the general problems archivists face in dealing with twentieth-century materials. She points out that collecting gaps tend to be replicated among other repositories, a situation leading her to believe that a national collecting policy, developed by both historians and archivists, is necessary to ensure the widest possible documentation of the varieties of American business history.
De Novo CNVs in Bipolar Disorder: Recurrent Themes or New Directions?

In this issue of Neuron, Malhotra and colleagues report an enrichment of de novo copy number variants in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia when compared with those of controls. The study highlights the importance of a genetic model involving rare and disruptive variants to further our understanding of complex neuropsychiatric traits.
Ca2+-stimulated production of H2O2 from naphthoquinone oxidation in Arbacia eggs

Abstract O2 consumption of an Arbacia egg homogenate is stimulated by addition of millimolar calcium concentrations. The O2 consumption is calcium-dependent, cyanide-insensitive, non-mitochondrial and associated with the pigment granules. The purified naphthoquinone pigment of the pigment granules, echinochrome A, also undergoes a Ca2+-stimulated oxidation with similar behavior—with respect to Ca2+ and H+ concentrations—as the homogenate O2 consumption. This oxidation of echinochrome accounts for the bulk of the Ca2+-stimulated homogenate O2 consumption. The Ca2+-stimulated oxidation results in the production of H2O2. As naphthoquinone pigment is released by eggs and the extent of release is increased at fertilization, this Ca2+-mediated oxidation of the pigment may be the source of H2O2 used in hardening the fertilization membrane. Ca2+-mediated echinochrome oxidation might also function in an antibacterial role.
How specific are the relationships between eating disorder behaviors and perfectionism

Perfectionism is associated with several mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. The goal of this study was to test the specificity of the associations between perfectionism facets and eating disorder behaviors, by examining whether neuroticism and conscientiousness mediated or moderated associations between these variables. Participants from a representative community sample (N = 407; 47% female) completed questionnaires assessing perfectionism, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and eating disorder behaviors. Neuroticism partially mediated associations between binge eating, restraint, body dissatisfaction, and maladaptive perfectionism facets. Neuroticism did not mediate associations between restriction and achievement striving perfectionism facets. Conscientiousness did not mediate any associations between perfectionism facets and eating disorder behaviors, yet Doubts about Actions interacted with conscientiousness to predict body dissatisfaction. Results indicate that neuroticism is key for understanding general risk factors that lead to myriad internalizing disorders, whereas maladaptive perfectionism has limited usefulness as a specific risk factor for eating disorder behaviors. Nevertheless, there is a unique association between dietary restraint and achievement striving dimensions of perfectionism that cannot be explained by higher-order personality traits.
In defense of radiation use efficiency: a response to Demetriades-Shah et al. (1992)

Abstract Radiation use efficiency (RUE) is the conversion factor between the amount of radiation intercepted or absorbed by a plant canopy and the corresponding amount of carbon dioxide fixed or biomass produced. This factor has been applied to the study of the growth and the analysis of a wide variety of plant species, in diverse environments, for many years. Criticism has recently arisen regarding the utility of RUE in fostering increased understanding of plant growth. Specifically, critics propose that the variability in reported RUE values is a symptom of the inherent inadequacies of this concept. We argue that this criticism arises from both an inconsistent definition of RUE and a lack of consideration of the physiological basis of RUE. The RUE concept represents a fundamental description of plant growth which has enhanced understanding of both potential growth rates and reductions in these potentials owing to stressful conditions. Variability in RUE values can be understood in terms of the physical and biological processes which determine the state of the plant canopy. Furthermore, the use of RUE has advanced the development of robust plant growth models.
Reflections on Alternative Visions of Schooling

The social science literature of the 1980s and 1990s may have overemphasized minority school failure and the difficulties of meeting the needs of a rapidly increasing population in the United States. Recently, however, educational anthropology and critical theory have been focusing on new and more hopeful perspectives, on the success stories and the learned lessons that can help us face the educational challenges of the 21st century. My comments are organized in two parts. One is a recapitulation of the contributions made by the authors of the various articles, and the issues requiring additional attention. The second part is an attempt to link two theoretical perspectives as foundational to the understanding of teacher empowerment: cultural therapy and critical pedagogy.
A study on the equivalence of metabolic patterns in rat adipose tissue: Insulin versus glucose concentration

Abstract The rat epididymal fat pad has been incubated with increasing concentrations of glucose. The metabolic patterns obtained in the absence and presence of insulin are quantitatively different in several respects. In particular, insulin appears to stimulate glycogen synthesis, the oxidation of carbon 1 of glucose to CO 2 and fatty acid synthesis, while increasing glucose concentrations favor the oxidation of carbon 6 of glucose to CO 2 and the synthesis of glycerol from glucose. The mechanism of action of insulin in adipose tissue is considered in the light of these observations. It is suggested that insulin action on glucose permeability or activation alone does not adequately explain the patterns observed.
Real-time bio-sensing using micro-channel encapsulated thermal-piezoresistive rotational mode disk resonators

This work presents a label-free bio-molecular detection technique based on real-time monitoring of the resonant frequency of micromechanical rotational mode disk resonators in a solution. Due to their extremely high mass sensitivities, adsorption of thin films or even molecular monolayers on the surface of such devices results in a measurable frequency shift. In this work, in order to insulate the electrical connections from the solution, protect the device against contaminants, and minimize the sample size requirements, MEMS resonators were encapsulated in PDMS-based micro-fluidic channels. To demonstrate the molecular detection capability, the strong non-covalent binding of Avidin with its ligand, biotin was utilized. Biotin chained with PLL-PEG was used to functionalize the silicon dioxide surface of the resonators. The positively charged PLL backbone sticks to the negatively charged silicon dioxide surface of the resonators and the PEG side chains stretch away from the surface. A frequency shift of 3400ppm after PLL-PEG-BIOTIN adsorption and 4000ppm after Avidin adsorption was observed. Similar procedures can be used to further attach biotinylated DNA strands or other proteins for real time label-free detection of a variety of bio-molecules.
Primary banding in norite and gabbro

The remarkable regularity of banding in such complexes as the Stillwater, the Bushveld, and a number of other large mafic intrusions, has attracted attention of petrologists for the last two decades. Many hypotheses have been advanced to account for this banding; though no one hypothesis is completely in accord with all the facts concerning them, nearly every hypothesis has an element of truth in it. Coats [see 1 of “References” at end of paper] has ably reviewed the literature on the subject, has presented an hypothesis of his own to account for banding, and has backed that hypothesis with laboratory-experiments. This work seems to the writer to be the most satisfactory that has appeared on this subject. It may be the correct explanation for the banding of certain gabbros, but it is not entirely adequate to explain the banding which the writer has studied in the Stillwater Complex. The writer independently came to the conclusion that differential settling of the crystalline constituents of the bands is a major factor in the explanation of their origin. In this he completely agrees with Coats. He diverges from Coats' views, however, as to the cause of rhythmic repetition of the bands. Only a brief analysis of the problem will be presented at this time. The subject will be treated more comprehensively at a later date.
Toxicology of the pancreas

The pancreas of mammals is capable of biotransforming drugs and other chemicals and subject to toxic injury by the resultant reactive metabolites. In the case of experimental animals, especially rodents, numerous chemical toxicants have been identified for the exocrine pancreas and, to a lesser degree, the endocrine component. These include alcohol, alloxan, azaserine, dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene, ethionine, 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide, beta-oxidized derivatives of dipropylnitrosamine, oleic acid, and streptozotocin. Depending on the toxicant, the cellular effects span the gamut from acute injury and death, to hyperplasia, metaplasia, and malignant transformation. In contrast to the well-established toxic effects of chronic alcohol abuse on the human pancreas, its susceptibility to toxic injury by therapeutic drugs has become clinically apparent more recently. A drug should be considered as toxic only when it induces acute pancreatitis documented by clinical findings and laboratory tests; the condition improves when the drug is discontinued and worsens when the patient is challenged by readministration of the drug. At present, only 8 therapeutic drugs have fulfilled these criteria and are classified as toxic for pancreas. These are, azathioprine, estrogens, furosemide, methyldopa, pentamidine, procainamide, sulfonamides, and thiazide diuretics. Controlled exposure to cultured component cells of pancreas may be of potential value in identifying such drugs, documenting their toxicity, and allowing for biochemical and toxicologic investigation of the mechanisms involved.
Utility of Free α-Subunit as an Alternative Neuroendocrine Marker of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Stimulation of the Gonadotroph in the Human: Evidence from Normal and GnRH-Deficient Men

To examine the hypothesis that the secretion of free α-subunit (FAS) can serve as an alternative to LH as a neuroendocrine marker of gonadotroph stimulation by GnRH in euthyroid humans, we have investigated the relationship of pulsatile FAS secretion in euthyroid GnRH-deficient men (n = 10) before and after exogenous GnRH stimulation and in normal men under the influence of endogenous GnRH secretion (n = 18). Before GnRH exposure, the GnRH-deficient men showed a complete absence of both LH and FAS pulses. During the initial 7 days of GnRH exposure, all GnRH-deficient men exhibited pulsatile release of FAS by the third day, whereas the appearance of pulsatile release of LH and FSH was more variable. Long term administration of GnRH led to pulses of LH and FAS that were 100% concordant with a demonstrable dose-response relationship between GnRH and FAS, which was quantitatively similar to but more exuberant than that for LH. All doses of GnRH that produced LH pulses within the normal adult range yielded sup...
Differential effects of the cytochrome P-450/reductase ratio on the oxidation of ethanol and the hydroxyl radical scavenging agent 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyric acid (KMBA).

Abstract NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase catalyzes a low rate of oxidation of hydroxyl radical scavenging agents such as ethanol and 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyric acid (KMBA), in a reaction markedly stimulated by the addition of ferric-EDTA. The effect of various ratios of cytochrome P-450 (pheno-barbital-inducible isozyme)/reductase on the oxidation of ethanol and KMBA was determined. There was essentially no increase in KMBA oxidation over the range of ratios from 0.5 to 5 as compared to the reductase-catalyzed rate. High ratios actually caused some decrease in KMBA oxidation, which was especially notable under conditions of increased rates of hydroxyl radical generation (presence of increasing amounts of ferric-EDTA). This decrease at high P-450/reductase ratios could reflect tight coupling of reductase to P-450-PB, therefore decreasing electron transfer from reductase to ferric-EDTA, or could involve non-specific scavenging of OH by P-450-PB. Indeed, native, but not boiled, P-450 inhibited KMBA oxidation by the xanthine oxidase system. By contrast, the oxidation of ethanol was stimulated at all concentrations of P-450-PB, and this increase was not sensitive to desferrioxamine. However, under conditions of high rates of OH production, the ethanol oxidation profile tended to resemble the KMBA oxidation profile with respect to the effect of P-450-PB, whereas the two profiles were different under conditions of low rates of OH production. These results suggest that P-450-PB does not catalyze the oxidation of OH scavengers or promote the production of OH, even at ratios of P-450/reductase approaching those found with intact microsomes and even in the presence of excess iron-EDTA, whereas ethanol is directly oxidized by P-450-PB, as are typical drug substrates. However, the P-450-PB-dependent oxidation of ethanol can be masked under conditions in which OH production is increased.
Nuclear matter incompressibility coefficient in relativistic and nonrelativistic microscopic models

We systematically analyze the recent claim that nonrelativistic and relativistic mean field (RMF) based random phase approximation (RPA) calculations for the centroid energy ${E}_{0}$ of the isoscalar giant monopole resonance yield for the nuclear matter incompressibility coefficient ${K}_{\mathrm{nm}}$ values which differ by about $20%.$ For an appropriate comparison with the RMF based RPA calculations, we obtain the parameters of the Skyrme force used in the nonrelativistic model by adopting the same procedure as employed in the determination of the NL3 parameter set of the effective Lagrangian used in the RMF model. Our investigation suggests that the discrepancy between the values of ${K}_{\mathrm{nm}}$ predicted by the relativistic and nonrelativistic models is significantly less than $20%.$
Elevation of hippocampal extracellular acetylcholine levels by methoctramine

Abstract Previous studies suggest that m2 muscarinic receptors serve as presynaptic autoreceptors. Blocking these receptors by selective antagonists may, therefore, lead to increased acetylcholine (ACh) release. This study assessed changes in extracellular ACh levels, via in vivo microdialysis, following administration of the m2 antagonist methoctramine. Drug or placebo (Ringer's solution) was perfused via a microdialysis probe into the CA1 hippocampal region of unrestrained, awake male Fischer rats. HPLC-EC was used for online analysis of the dialysates. Methoctramine significantly enhanced ACh release in a dose-dependent fashion as compared to placebo for the doses employed (0.25–16 μM). The present in vivo data corroborate studies that show increased ACh levels in vitro following application of m2 antagonists.
Euro-politics of scale: competing visions of the region in eastern Germany

As John Agnew (Political geography: a reader, 1997) has argued, political and economic change often occasions competing visions of the scales that are appropriate for organizing particular political and economic activities. Nowhere is this more evident than in the European Union, and eastern Germany offers compelling evidence of the contested nature of contemporary scalar politics. Yet a recent debate in human geography (see, e.g. Marston et al., Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 30:416–432, 2005) calls into question the very concept of scale and rejects its hierarchical conceptualization. In light of this debate, it is appropriate to draw on real-world case studies to examine the ways in which geography figures into policy. Drawing on field work in Saxony, evidence is offered in the form of competing visions of regionalism in the EU context. The evidence presented complicates both hierarchical and flat notions of scale. The current process of querying space to identify those scales that are best-suited for the globalized economy offers insights into both the socially constructed nature of scale as well as the ways in which scalar lenses help to illuminate the geographical aspects (and consequences) of strategies for coping with structural changes.
Intensification of recycling of organic matter at the sea floor near ocean margins

QUANTIFICATION of the flux of organic carbon from the ocean surface to the deep ocean and sea floor is crucial to the prediction of future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and the interpretation of organic carbon variations in marine sediments. We report here the results of a study of benthic exchange and metabolism based on in situ benthic flux-chamber, in situ oxygen microelectrode and shipboard pore-water measurements performed off the central California continental shelf. At the base of the continental slope, the rates of benthic carbon mineralization exceed 0.8 mol C m−2 yr−1. Seaward of the slope and rise, however, rates decrease to <0.05 mol C m−2yr−1 in the North Pacific central gyre. These results indicate that, across the northeast Pacific, about half of the input of organic carbon to the sea floor occurs within 500 km of the continental slope. Measured rates of benthic carbon oxidation near the continental margin exceed the fluxes of organic carbon determined from previous sediment-trap studies by a factor of about three. In this region, therefore, either traps significantly underestimate the mean flux of vertically sinking particulate organic carbon (perhaps by under-sampling important episodic events) or more than half of the organic-carbon input is due to processes that by-pass traps, such as near-bottom lateral or active biological transport.
Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

Refractive index (RI) sensing is a powerful noninvasive and label-free sensing technique for the identification, detection and monitoring of microfluidic samples with a wide range of possible sensor designs such as interferometers and resonators. Most of the existing RI sensing applications focus on biological materials in aqueous solutions in visible and IR frequencies, such as DNA hybridization and genome sequencing. At terahertz frequencies, applications include quality control, monitoring of industrial processes and sensing and detection applications involving nonpolar materials. Several potential designs for refractive index sensors in the terahertz regime exist, including photonic crystal waveguides, asymmetric split-ring resonators, and photonic band gap structures integrated into parallel-plate waveguides. Many of these designs are based on optical resonators such as rings or cavities. The resonant frequencies of these structures are dependent on the refractive index of the material in or around the resonator. By monitoring the shifts in resonant frequency the refractive index of a sample can be accurately measured and this in turn can be used to identify a material, monitor contamination or dilution, etc. The sensor design we use here is based on a simple parallel-plate waveguide. A rectangular groove machined into one face acts as a resonant cavity (Figures 1 and 2). When terahertz radiation is coupled into the waveguide and propagates in the lowest-order transverse-electric (TE1) mode, the result is a single strong resonant feature with a tunable resonant frequency that is dependent on the geometry of the groove. This groove can be filled with nonpolar liquid microfluidic samples which cause a shift in the observed resonant frequency that depends on the amount of liquid in the groove and its refractive index. Our technique has an advantage over other terahertz techniques in its simplicity, both in fabrication and implementation, since the procedure can be accomplished with standard laboratory equipment without the need for a clean room or any special fabrication or experimental techniques. It can also be easily expanded to multichannel operation by the incorporation of multiple grooves. In this video we will describe our complete experimental procedure, from the design of the sensor to the data analysis and determination of the sample refractive index.
A Load Test Research on Large Power Transformers

Due to the large capacity of large power transformers, normally the power capacity of a load test is difficult to meet the test requirement, which makes the ancillary devices such as induction regulator, intermediate transformer etc. difficult to meet the test demands too. The transformer factories with limited power capacity can only perform load test under less than fifty-percent of the rated load current, which not obeys the standards and technical protocols. Thus, a field load test method for large power transformers is proposed in this paper. It carries out the reactive power compensation with compensation capacitors, which reduces the capacity of test power supply and makes the field load test possible. This method also gives a guarantee for the safe and stable operation of power transformers.
Temperature measurement in a CW HF chemical laser plenum

Abstract : The temperature of a SF6-He gas mixture in the plenum of a supersonic diffusion laser was measured by observing spectra of the HF(v) molecules when trace amounts of H2 were injected into the hot plenum gas. Because the plenum pressures were relatively high and the mean free path very short, rotational equilibrium was expected to be obtained. Thus, the rotational temperature obtained from the observed spectra was expected to equal the gas translational temperature. Precision of the temperature was + or - 10% largely because of the limited precision involved in the measurement of the slope of the intensity data. The observed values are about 10 to 36% higher than temperatures obtained from a pressure ratio method. This difference is probably because of the wall heat loss that occurs between plenum and throat, which was not taken into account in the pressure ratio method.
Swarm intelligence metaheuristics for enhanced data analysis and optimization

The swarm intelligence (SI) computing paradigm has proven itself as a comprehensive means of solving complicated analytical chemistry problems by emulating biologically-inspired processes. As global optimum search metaheuristics, associated algorithms have been widely used in training neural networks, function optimization, prediction and classification, and in a variety of process-based analytical applications. The goal of this review is to provide readers with critical insight into the utility of swarm intelligence tools as methods for solving complex chemical problems. Consideration will be given to algorithm development, ease of implementation and model performance, detailing subsequent influences on a number of application areas in the analytical, bioanalytical and detection sciences.
Lack of suppression of IgE production by recombinant interferon gamma: A controlled trial in patients with allergic rhinitis

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that interferon-γ ( IFN -γ) is a potent inhibitor of IgE synthesis in rodents. We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, two-period clinical trial of human recombinant IFN -γ in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Forty-five adults with well-documented ragweed-allergic rhinitis were randomized into three groups of 15 adults each and received subcutaneous injections three times weekly. The first treatment period (4 weeks during the off season) began on April 18, 1988; the second treatment period (6 weeks during ragweed pollination) began on August 15, 1988. All subjects received the same treatment in both periods. Group 1 received 0.2 mg per injection of IFN, group 2 received 0.02 mg of IFN, and group 3 received placebo. One subject in group 1 and three subjects in group 2 withdrew because of adverse reactions, and three subjects withdrew for personal reasons. There were no significant differences in mean weekly symptom scores or supplemental medication scores among the three groups in either treatment period. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the changes of serum IgE antibody to crude ragweed extract or in serum total IgE among the three groups during or before the ragweed-pollination season. These results indicate that this treatment regimen with IFN-γ does not alter IgE production in patients with ragweed hay fever and indicate the need for further clinical research of lymphokine modulation of IgE production.
Waterflood Design (Pattern, Rate, and Timing)

In this paper, an attempt is made to review the reservoir engineering and geological parameters which control waterflood recovery. Also included is a discussion of criteria used in selecting a water injection rate, pattern and the timing of water injection. No attempt has been made to provide details of methods of forecasting waterflood recovery; however, the types of techniques generally used today are mentioned. A special emphasis is placed on offshore waterflooding since it is now of significant concern. 30 refs.
Hard turbulence in rotating Rayleigh-Bénard convection.

We report a transition to hard turbulence in rapidly rotating Boussinesq convection at high Rayleigh and Taylor numbers. The probability density for vertical vorticity develops exponential tails, as in nonrotating hard-turbulent convection, whereas the temperature and velocity retain Gaussian distributions. The Nusselt-number scaling with Rayleigh number for the rotating hard-turbulent state is identical to that for nonrotating laboratory experiments, viz., Nu\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathrm{Ra}}^{2/7}$.
Disaster and crisis management in Turkey: a need for a unified crisis management system

Purpose – Crisis management has gained importance in the policy agendas of many countries around the world due to the increases in the number of natural disasters and terrorist attacks. Thus, this paper has two purposes. The first is to illustrate how the Turkish Government's Disaster and Crisis Management System has been developed. The second purpose is to make a qualitative evaluation of the current disaster and crisis management systems.Design/methodology/approach – Literature review shows that the disaster and crisis management system in Turkey has been developed after tragic events. The paper examines what kinds of initiatives were introduced and what is the trend in shift. After analyzing recent cases and exploring some government initiatives, alternative approaches and suggestions were included.Findings – Turkey has developed its disaster and crisis management system since 1930, which mostly depended on experiences. The current disaster and crisis management system is governed by a centralized stru...
Steal syndrome complicating hemodialysis access

The purposes of this study were to examine potential causes for arterial steal syndrome in patients with hemodialysis shunts and to evaluate the results of treatment. A retrospective analysis was performed on all hemodialysis patients who presented with arterial steal syndrome over a 3-year period. Medical records were reviewed to determine demographic data, time to development of symptoms, operative details, and treatment outcome. Results of upper-extremity arteriography in the last five patients were also documented. Eighteen patients presented with steal syndrome at a mean of 7(4) months after shunt placement. Four patients had prior ipsilateral grafts. Fifteen (83%) patients had forearm shunts in loop configuration between the main brachial artery and a superficial vein, and three had straight upper-arm shunts. Graft sizes were 6 mm in five patients and 4- to 7 step grafts in 13. Graft banding was used to treat steal in 11 shunts, one of which remained patent. All five patients who underwent upper-extremity arteriography had arterial stenoses demonstrated in the inflow circulation. In conclusion, arterial steal is an uncommon complication of hemodialysis shunts. Shunt location and choice of graft do not appear to be major factors: steal can develop regardless of access site, configuration, or use of straight versus step graft. Banding is an ineffective method of treatment. Arteriography may be important to detect unsuspected inflow stenoses in patients with steal syndrome.
Moving from the Lab to the Field: The Role of Fidelity and Achieved Relative Intervention Strength.

Abstract As an example of how the effectiveness of well-designed laboratory interventions is often diffused in the field, we examined the effects of a motivation intervention on students' perceptions and learning. The intervention proved to be more effective in the laboratory (g = 0.45) than the field (g = 0.05) in enhancing subsequent motivation. We explored this reduction in treatment effectiveness through a fidelity analysis that examined the extent to which participants responded to the treatment. We calculated fidelity as three indices of achieved relative treatment strength (Cordray & Pion, 2006), and found that, regardless of how fidelity was calculated, achieved relative strength was about 1 standard deviation less in the classroom than the laboratory. In addition, greater levels of achieved relative strength were associated with greater differences in the motivational outcome—indicating that intervention was more effective for participants who actually received the treatment than those who did no...
Evaluation of Persons of Varying Ages.

Dual coding theory (Paivio, 1986) suggests that communicating a stimulus person's age verbally/abstractly through words and numbers arouses little feeling and has little effect on the way others evaluate her or him, whereas communicating age nonverbally/concretely through facial photographs arouses more feeling and has a greater impact on evaluation. Two experiments reported in this article, involving U.S. students and incorporating techniques developed in prior research by Levin (1988) strongly support these theoretical expectations.
Comparative behavior of sterols in phosphatidylcholine-sterol monolayer films.

AbstractThe ability of sterols other than cholesterol (CHOL) to support membrane functions in membranes that normally containCHOL as the primary, if not sole, sterol may be due, in part, to how well such sterols can mimic CHOL’s behavior andphysical properties in membranes. We compared the mixing properties of CHOL, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), anddesmosterol (DES) in egg phosphatidylcholine-sterol monolayer films containing 10, 20, and 30 mol percent sterol,measuring pressure-area isotherms on a Langmuir^Blodgett trough with the aqueous, buffered subphase maintained at 37‡C.Under the conditions employed, the pressure-area isotherms for all three sterols were similar, with 7DHC exhibiting slightlylarger molecular areas on the water surface at all compositions. These results are discussed in the context of the ability ofsterols such as 7DHC and DES to substitute structurally and functionally for CHOL in biological membranes. s 2001Published by Elsevier Science B.V. Keywords: Cholesterol; 7-Dehydrocholesterol; Desmosterol; Desmosterolosis; Langmuir ¢lm; Phosphatidylcholine;Smith^Lemli^Opitz syndrome
Another Look at Bargaining and Negotiating in Intergovernmental Management

A renewed focus on the intergovernmental bargaining and negotiating employed by administrators working across governmental boundaries is the focus of this paper. Three basic concerns constitute the case for renewed attention to this venerable practice. First, the U.S. system is identified as an "open field" for negotiations, given its noncentralized nature. Second, we demonstrate that bargaining and negotiating extend beyond the grants implementation covered in the literature to include regulatory, contractual, audit, and many other transactions. Third, a set of previously unexamined research issues are identified in order to broaden public management understanding of the degree to which intersectoral adjustment contributes to program performance.
Man and Climate: An Overview

The possibility that human activities are affecting climate on a regional or global scale has been studied with increasing diligence during the past 20 years. Monitoring programs have been started and expanded, and mathematical models of climatic change, ofever increasing complexity, have been developed as computer capability has increased. Examination of all published information shows that the atmospheric carbon-dioxide content has increased by about 3 percent between 1958 and 1975 as a result of fossil-fuel combustion, that the solid-particle loading of the atmosphere has risen noticeably downwind of large urbanindustrial complexes in developed countries, although volcanoes and wind still provide nearly all the dust loading on a global scale, and that waste heat from man's activities now amounts to about 0.016 percent, or 1 part in 6000, of the average input of solar energy to the planet. Human influences are felt most strongly in and downwind of cities; in such areas the mean temperatures are higher, the mean diurnal temperature range is smaller, and the annual precipitation is higher than they would be were the cities absent. The urban influence is felt for only tens or a few hundred kilometers from these source regions.
Querying text databases for efficient information extraction

A wealth of information is hidden within unstructured text. This information is often best exploited in structured or relational form, which is suited for sophisticated query processing, for integration with relational databases, and for data mining. Current information extraction techniques extract relations from a text database by examining every document in the database, or use filters to select promising documents for extraction. The exhaustive scanning approach is not practical or even feasible for large databases, and the current filtering techniques require human involvement to maintain and to adapt to new databases and domains. We develop an automatic query-based technique to retrieve documents useful for the extraction of user-defined relations from large text databases, which can be adapted to new domains, databases, or target relations with minimal human effort. We report a thorough experimental evaluation over a large newspaper archive that shows that we significantly improve the efficiency of the extraction process by focusing only on promising documents.
Capturing Ideation Paths for Discovery of Design Exploration Strategies in Conceptual Engineering Design

In conceptual design, the ideation state of a designer changes over time. As the designer gets deeper insight, discovers hidden requirements and conflicts, finds poor fit between proto-solutions and requirements, he/she adjusts or abandons particular directions of investigation. Thus, there is a continual change in issue formulation and solution strategy. We have created an instrument which facilitates the capture of the sequence of search and solution strategies in association with ideation states. We term this history of an individual’s process in generating design concepts, the “Ideation Path”. Our instrument provides the designer access to a range of intuitive and experiential ideation methods and tools, such as TRIZ, Bio-mimetics, Physical Effects/Working Principles, Design Repositories and several others. Ideation states are characterized in terms of ideation blocks, such as fixation, and the current level of production or satisfaction with ideas generated (quantity, quality, variety, novelty). We hope to use this instrument in collecting data from large numbers of designers and problems, in order to assess the effectiveness of different methods and paths in generating creative solutions.