cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation of neuroblast proliferation in explant culture of the Drosophila larval CNS.

The developmental control of neuroblast proliferation is absolutely required for the assembly and function of the central nervous system. A lethal mutation in trol results in the failure of quiescent neuroblasts to begin division at the appropriate time. I have established a culture system in which quiescent neuroblasts in explants of Drosophila larval CNSs initiate cell division in vitro to normal in vivo levels. This activation requires removal of the CNS for culture after a specific developmental stage and the presence of fetal calf serum or a larval extract in the medium. Either supplement is effective when heat-treated. Substitution of the steroid hormone ecdysone or the non-steroidal ecdysone analog RH5992 for either fetal calf serum or larval extract also results in activation of neuroblast proliferation. Culture of trolsd CNSs with wildtype larval extract or ecdysone results in the defective neuroblast proliferation phenotype observed in trol mutants in vivo, while culture of wildtype CNSs with trolsd extract produces normal neuroblast proliferation.
Adolescent socialization and use of licit and illicit substances: Impact on adult health

Abstract This study examined the impact of adolescent substance use on young adult health. Longitudinal data from 825 participants were assessed when the participants were junior high school and high school students (1969-1973) and again in 1981. Latent variable models were used to determine what effect adolescent drug use had on later health. General substance use, which included tobacco, alcohol, stimulants, sedatives, and other hard drugs, had a small effect on adult health problems associated with substance use, and also predicted accidents related to substance use. In addition, the specific use of tobacco and cannabis in adolescence predicted later respiratory problems, while cigarette smoking during adolescence also predicted decreased physical hardiness. Lower adolescent socialization predicted post high school accidents (automobile and other) serious enough to require medical attention, and predicted increased psychosomatic and seizure symptoms, as well as general psychiatric distress. Implication...
Human breast cancer cell line xenografts as models of breast cancer — The immunobiologies of recipient mice and the characteristics of several tumorigenic cell lines

The ability to maintain and study human tissues in an in vivo environment has proved to be a valuable tool in breast cancer research for several decades. The most widely studied tissues have been xenografts of established human breast cancer cell lines into athymic nude mice. Human breast tumor xenografts provide the opportunity to study various important interactions between the tumor and host tissues, including endocrinologic, immunologic, and tumor-stroma interactions. The nude mouse is not the only immune-deficient recipient system in which to study xenografts. Additional single and combined mutant strains have been used successfully, including mice homozygous for the severe combined immune deficiency mutation (scid), both the beige (bg) and nude (nu) mutations in combination (bg/nu), and mice bearing the combined bg/nu/xid mutations. The differing immunobiologies are discussed, with particular reference to the immunobiology of breast cancer, as are the characteristics of several of the more frequently utilized breast cancer xenografts and cell lines. The ability of several endocrine treatments to modulate effectors of cell mediated immunity, e.g., estrogens and antiestrogens, and the effect of site of inoculation on tumor take and metastasis, also are described.
BILATERAL KIDNEY HERNIATION Complication of Cutaneous Pyelostomy

A case of bilateral kidney herniation through cutaneous pyelostomy stomas is reported. The child is doing well after successful closure of the pyelostomies and repair of both ureteropelvic junctions obstructions.
Consumers' mood states: The mitigating influence of personal relevance on product evaluations

This article reports the results of two studies where subjects' mood states (good, bad) were manipulated. In keeping with previous findings, subjects' evaluations were biased by their mood state. As predicted, however, this bias was only discernible when the product evaluation was perceived to be relatively unimportant. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A generalized approach for measuring microcapsule permeability with Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching

Measurement of the permeability of microcapsules with Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) enables analysis of individual microcapsules, the study of their batch heterogeneity, and the survey of changes in an individual capsule’s transport properties under different environmental conditions. We present a modified protocol and analysis which expands the parameter space of microcapsule sizes and permeabilities that can be accurately measured with FRAP. Simulations and experiments show that the hybrid analysis, which accounts for both permeation through the shell and free diffusion, precisely captures the kinetics of typical fluorescence recovery curves. The modified approach eliminates the need for painstaking controls to determine the FRAP measurement volume and the spatial distribution of bleached tracers, while accurately extracting the permeability of the microcapsule from FRAP data acquired using a straightforward procedure.
An Estimation of the Performance Limits of Dry Cooling on Trough-Type Solar Thermal Plants

The southwestern US is an ideal location for solar power plants due to its abundant solar resource, while there is a difficulty in implementing wet cooling systems due to the shortage of water in this region. Dry cooling could be an excellent solution for this, if it could achieve a high efficiency and low cost as wet cooling. Some dry cooling systems are currently in operation, and investigations of their performance have been reported in the literature. This paper looks into the limits to the power production implicit in dry cooling, assuming that improvements might be made to the system components. Use of higher performance heat transfer surfaces is one such possible improvement. We have developed a model of a fairly typical, but simplified, solar trough plant, and simulated thermodynamic performance of this with the software Gatecycle. We have examined the power generation and cycle efficiency of the plant for the Las Vegas vicinity with conventional wet cooling and conventional dry cooling cases considered separately using this software. TMY2 data are used for this location for this purpose. Similarly, the same studies are carried out for “ideal” cooling systems as a comparison. We assumed that in the ideal dry cooling system, the condensing temperature is the ambient dry bulb temperature, and in the ideal wet cooling system, it is the ambient wet bulb temperature. It turned out that the ideal dry cooling system would significantly outperform the conventional wet cooling system, indicating the possibility of the dry cooling system being able to achieve increased performance levels with component improvements.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Organolanthanide-catalyzed intra- and intermolecular tandem C-N and C-C bond-forming processes of aminodialkenes, aminodialkynes, aminoalkeneynes, and aminoalkynes. New regiospecific approaches to pyrrolizidine, indolizidine, pyrrole, and pyrazine skeletons

This contribution describes catalytic tandem C−N and C−C bond-forming reactions involving the intramolecular hydroamination/bicyclization and intermolecular hydroamination/cyclization of olefins and alkynes using the organolanthanide complexes Cp‘2LnCH(SiMe3)2 and Me2SiCp‘‘2LnCH(SiMe3)2 (Cp‘ = η5-Me5C5; Cp‘‘ = η5-Me4C5; Ln = lanthanide) as precatalysts. In the case of the intramolecular processes, substrates of the structures RC⋮C(CH2)aNH(CH2)bC⋮CR, RC⋮C(CH2)cNH(CH2)dCHCH2, and H2CCH−(CH2)eNH(CH2)fCHCH2 are regiospecifically bicyclized to the corresponding pyrrolizidine and indolizidine skeletons, with turnover frequencies ranging from 2 to 777 h-1 at 21 °C and isolated product yields ranging from 85 to 93%. In the case of e = 3 and f = 1 mediated by Cp‘2Sm−, the kinetic rate law is zero-order in substrate concentration and first-order in lanthanide concentration. In the case of R = Ph, c = 3, and d = 1, the Cp‘2Ln-catalyzed turnover frequencies fall precipitously with decreasing Ln+3 ionic radius. In the...
A Subjective History of Laser Cooling

Although the notion of optical forces comes from Maxwell, the modern era of cooling began with the advent of tunable lasers. After a brief introduction, I will present a personal view beginning in the 1980's.
Unexplained early-onset lacunar stroke and inflammatory skin lesions: Consider ADA2 deficiency

We report 2 brothers who presented at young age with multiple lacunar strokes, inflammatory skin rash, and a range of neurologic symptoms.
Overview of the Plasma Science and Innovation Center (PSI – Center)

The principal goal of the Plasma Science and Innovation Center (PSI – Center) is to achieve significantly improved computational predictive capability for smaller-scale devices. This is being accomplished through the refinement of existing computational tools through adding sufficient physics modeling, boundary conditions, and geometric capabilities while benchmarking results against experimental data. The work emphasizes the modeling needs of emerging concept (EC) experiments, but improved simulation capabilities for all innovative confinement concepts (ICC) are expected. A special emphasis is placed on physics effects that may extend beyond the standard analysis applied to the mainline programs.
The multiple reflection expansion for confined scalar, Dirac, and gauge fields

Multiple reflection expansions are derived for scalar, Dirac, and gauge field propagators obeying confining boundary conditions.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in infants and preschool age children: experience with a new technique.

Abstract Objectives. To develop a less invasive method for performing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) with the intent of decreasing the morbidity of the procedure in young children. Methods. A novel percutaneous renal access technique (“mini-perc”) was developed using an 11F peel-away vascular access sheath. Tract dilation and insertion of the sheath into the collecting system was performed with a single pass over an access wire. PCNL was performed using pediatric instruments and electrohydraulic lithotripsy. Sheath design improvements were implemented that make it specific for pediatric PCNL. Results. Eleven procedures have been performed with the 11F sheath. Patient age ranged from 2 to 6 years (mean 3.4) and weight from 5 to 24 kg (mean 12.5). The average stone burden was 1.2 cm 2 . Mean procedure time, estimated blood loss, and length of hospitalization were 203 minutes, 25 mL, and 6 days, respectively. Six (85%) of 7 patients are currently stone free with an average follow-up of 12 weeks. No patient required transfusion, developed urosepsis, or had a procedure-related complication. One procedure was performed in an outpatient setting with no postoperative nephrostomy tube. Conclusions. The 11F “mini-perc” technique was successful in rendering 85% of patients stone free with minimal morbidity. Its advantages over obtaining access with standard 24 to 34F access sheaths include a smaller skin incision, single-step dilation and sheath placement, good working access for pediatric instruments, variable length, and lower cost. In addition, the hypothesized decrease in renal and body wall trauma may result in less pain, reduced severity or risk of complications, and shorter hospital stays including the possibility of performing “tubeless” outpatient PCNLs. Further study is needed to confirm these possibilities.
Online Simulator Use in the Preparing Chemical Engineers

Active learning strategies including simulations have been promoted by engineering education reformers as an effort to move traditional STEM teaching toward more constructivist practices. In this study chemical engineering students were studied during the implementation of simulators to promote critical thinking. While many have studied achievement and perceptions of students to measure engineering tools and their development, this study specifically examined students' outcomes connecting the tool to specific teaching and learning strategies. A case study was conducted using pre-and post-test, survey questionnaire, individual interviews, and classroom observations. Results showed the use of simulator was associated with increases in students' scores but the novelty of innovation was not the single explanation for increased scores or favored technology usage. Interviews and other qualitative data suggested that outcomes may closely tie teaching strategies to the effectiveness of the tool rather than the focus on the tool itself. Implications for teaching and future research are discussed.
A simultaneous-mounting process for automated printed circuit board assembly

SUMMARY Current robotized printed circuit board assembly systems allow one component to be inserted onto the board at a time and the corresponding design usually causes complicated operation planning problems for plant engineers. This paper addresses an opportunity for productivity improvement in automated printed circuit board assembly through the design of a new assembly mechanism from plant engineer's viewpoint. The mechanism not only will allow simultaneous insertions of multiple components but also will simplify the component placement planning task.
Female hormone receptors are differentially expressed in mouse fibrocartilages

Summary Objective Despite the female predilection for joint diseases, and the known effects of female hormones in regulating chondrocyte function, the various female hormone receptor subtypes in joints are not well characterized, and comparisons in receptor profiles between joints and genders are lacking. This investigation characterized and compared the relative levels of estrogen receptors (ER)-α and -β, relaxin receptors LGR7 and LGR8, and progesterone receptor (PR) in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc, knee meniscus (KM) and pubic symphysis fibrocartilages. Methods Fibrocartilaginous cells from 12-week-old mice were maintained in serum-containing α-modified Eagle's medium (MEM) until confluence. Total RNA and cell lysates were assayed by RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and Western blots, and joint sections subjected to immunohistochemistry. Results All hormone receptors assayed were present in the three joints, but showed substantial differences in expression levels between joints. TMJ cells had higher ER-α (>2.8-fold), ER-β (>2.2-fold), LGR7 (>3-fold) and PR (>1.8-fold), and lower LGR8 (0.5-fold) gene expression levels than KM cells. The ratio of ER-α:ER-β and LGR7:LGR8 was 1.8- and 7.5-fold higher, respectively, in TMJ than in KM cells. The profile of hormone receptors in the TMJ disc was similar to those in the pubic symphysis. Immunochemistry confirmed the differential expression patterns of these receptors in the three tissues. The TMJ cells demonstrated sexual dimorphism in the levels of both ER isoforms, but not of LGR7, LGR8 or PR. Conclusions The findings suggest that these fibrocartilages are putative target tissues for actions of female hormones. The differential expression profiles of the hormone receptors in the three joint fibrocartilages and the sexual dimorphism in ERs in TMJ disc cells are likely to result in varied downstream effects in response to hormones within these fibrocartilaginous tissues.
A numerical simulation to verify the stress-free growth of silicon crystal ribbon

Thermal stresses developed during the growth of silicon crystal ribbon have been shown to be negligible, thus eliminating residual stresses and dislocations, if the temperature profile satisfies a second-order partial differential equation inside the ribbon. This has been numerically verified through a finite element model, an outline of which is presented here. This model shows that, for homogeneous isotropic material with temperature independent thermal expansion coefficients, thermal stresses will vanish if the temperature profile satisfies the Laplacian. A comparison of stresses due to uniform and nonuniform temperature gradients in the plane of the ribbon is also presented. The strategies employed to control the round-off error and to validate the computer model are discussed.
OBSERVING EVOLUTION IN THE SUPERGRANULAR NETWORK LENGTH SCALE DURING PERIODS OF LOW SOLAR ACTIVITY

We present the initial results of an observational study into the variation of the dominant length scale of quiet solar emission: supergranulation. The distribution of magnetic elements in the lanes that from the network affects, and reflects, the radiative energy in the plasma of the upper solar chromosphere and transition region at the magnetic network boundaries forming as a result of the relentless interaction of magnetic fields and convective motions of the Suns' interior. We demonstrate that a net difference of ~0.5 Mm in the supergranular emission length scale occurs when comparing observation cycle 22/23 and cycle 23/24 minima. This variation in scale is reproduced in the data sets of multiple space- and ground-based instruments and using different diagnostic measures. By means of extension, we consider the variation of the supergranular length scale over multiple solar minima by analyzing a subset of the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory Ca II K image record. The observations and analysis presented provide a tantalizing look at solar activity in the absence of large-scale flux emergence, offering insight into times of "extreme" solar minimum and general behavior such as the phasing and cross-dependence of different components of the spectral irradiance. Given that the modulation of the supergranular scale imprints itself in variations of the Suns' spectral irradiance, as well as in the mass and energy transport into the entire outer atmosphere, this preliminary investigation is an important step in understanding the impact of the quiet Sun on the heliospheric system.
Relation of Marginality to Extraversion-Introversion Dimension:

A brief review of the literature shows marginality to be both a characteristic of certain roles which function between two or more groups and a personal orientation with respect to such roles. The ...
The market potential for gift baskets of Hawaiian food products in China

China is an emerging market for U.S. agricultural products. However, producers in Hawaii face challenges in entering this market due to their small volume and lack of expertise. A marketing strategy involving packaging food products in handmade containers as Hawaiian gift baskets may hold some potential for these producers. This paper analyzes the results of a survey done in China involving gift baskets with various attributes using conditional (CL), rank-ordered (RL), and mixed rank-ordered (MRL) logit models. The MRL model identified heterogeneity among the preferences of survey respondents. Some respondents are willing to pay a large positive amount for a gift basket in a handmade container. Moreover, if a basket is labeled as containing Hawaii-grown food products, an additional large positive value can be added to the basket. This methodology can be used to investigate heterogeneous preferences and identify the value of attributes to various market segments. [JEL Code: M310, D12]. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 23: 553–565, 2007.
Representations of asl2

We study representations of the algebra asl 2 introduced in [5]. We show that representations of asl 2 form a subclass of representations of the Lie superalgebra osp(1|2) characterized by the property C = 0, where C is the Casimir element of the universal enveloping algebra . We deduce that asl 2 has no nontrivial finite-dimensional representations and classify infinite-dimensional weighted (Harish-Chandra) representations. It turns out that asl 2 has exactly one highest (and one lowest) weight representation.
Metallothionein and mercury tolerance in the killifish, fundulus heteroclitus

Abstract Synthesis of metallothionein (MT) as a possible mechanism by which Fundulus heteroclitus adapts to heavy metal pollution has been investigated in relation to responses to methylmercuric chloride (meHg) and HgCl 2 (Hg 2+ ) at different life stages. Clutches of embryos from unpolluted sites exhibit teratogenic responses to a standard dose of meHg or of Hg 2+ which range from little or no effect (tolerant) to severely affected or almost complete inhibition of development (susceptible). At the time of hatching, untreated embryos from tolerant clutches had twice as much of a protein which co-migrates in SDS-PAGE gels with Fundulus MT as do those of susceptible clutches. This difference could be a mechanism for conveying tolerance to Hg 2+ and also to meHg if demethylation occurs. However, eggs at the time of deposition had virtually no MT, suggesting that the protein is synthesized too late to provide tolerance in the early stages of development which are critical in the etiology of malformations. Treatment of embryos with non-teratogenic doses of either meHg or Hg 2+ did not increase the amount of MT-like protein. This may indicate that the thionein gene is already fully active, and would also explain observations that Hg 2+ pretreatment of embryos does not enhance tolerance to Hg 2+ in the larval stage. MT, isolated from livers of Hg 2+ - or Cu 2+ -dosed or control adults, is associated with Cu and Zn but not with Hg, although it can bind Hg 2+ in vitro. Fundulus , like other fish, methylates much (ca. 75 %) of its Hg burden, and meHg is considered by some not to react with MT. Fundulus liver has its Hg burden distributed between homogenate sediment (25 %), the cytosol (60 %) and the remainder in lipid. The liver responds to Hg 2+ treatment by increasing lipid content. This may allow sequestration of some lipid-soluble meHg. Of the cytosolic Hg, most is associated with larger proteins and some (ca. 25 %) is dialyzable. These data suggest that metallothionein is not a significant factor in Hg tolerance in Fundulus adults, and has a questionable role in embryonic and larval tolerance to Hg 2+ and none to the more toxic meHg.
Speed loop cancellation governor for hydrogenerators. II. Application

For pt.I see ibid., vol.3, no.1, p.85-90 (1988). The essential dynamics for a hydrogenerator supplying a large grid may be represented by two control loops: the first for power and the second for speed. Previously, the authors developed a governor design intended to neutralize the speed loop's destabilizing effects while tuning for improved load tracking. The practical implementation of such a controller by computer is considered. An approximate system is used to develop analytical expressions for the control parameters. These parameters are functions of load level throughout the operating range and may be computed in real time. The effectiveness of the approximate-system-derived control is verified by simulation. Computed transients are indistinguishable from transients for the optimally tuned control. >
A numerically expedient scheme for elastic-plastic calculations in incremental finite element analysis

Abstract A numerically expedient scheme developed by Yang [1]for the modification of a Cholesky decomposed stiffness matrix is outlined. When used in conjunction with an incremental elastic-plastic finite element program, this method may result in a substantial reduction of computer time. The technique is appropriate for small strain problems, and optimal benefits are realized in situations involving contained plastic flow. The numerical efficiency of the technique is substantiated by case studies.
Vaginal evisceration managed by transvaginal bowel resection and vaginal repair

When evisceration occurs through a large enterocele surgical repair can be performed vaginally, including bowel resection and reanastomosis, thereby avoiding the morbidity associated with laparotomy.
Atmospheric effects on the wind retrieval performance of satellite radiometers

Atmospheric emission contributes to radiometer measurements meant to study the ocean surface. The relative importance of this contribution depends on the amount of water (vapor and liquid) in the air column, and on the frequency and polarization used. For vertical and horizontal polarization, the atmosphere contributes a significant bias to observed brightness temperatures. The U stokes parameter, however, is relatively insensitive to the atmosphere, and is therefore a more reliable measure of surface conditions.
Tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis rate and turnover time in neuronal cultures from embryonic rat mesencephalon and hypothalamus.

: 6-(R)-(L-erythro-1′,2′-Dihydroxypropyl)-2-amino-4-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine (tetrahydrobiopterin, BH4) synthesis rate and turnover time were estimated in cultures derived from the embryonic rat mesencephalon (MES) and hypothalamus (HYP) by following the decline in BH4 levels after blockade of BH4 biosynthesis by N-acetylserotonin (NAS) or 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (DAHP). BH4 content of both culture systems decreased by 75% following an 8-h incubation with maximally effective concentrations of NAS (200 μM) or DAHP (10 mM). Parameters describing BH4 metabolism were calculated from steady-state levels of BH4 and first-order rate constants determined by a nonlinear regression analysis of the exponential BH4 decline. These parameters were confirmed using an alternative procedure that examined the first-order rate of recovery of BH4 following termination of BH4 synthesis inhibition. Steady-state levels of BH4 in HYP cultures (70.3 ± 9.4 pg/culture) were significantly greater than that for MES (46.5 ± 2.8 pg/culture). The average fractional rate constants of BH4 loss for MES (0.153 ± 0.015/h) and HYP (0.159 ± 0.014/h) were equivalent. The calculated rate of BH4 synthesis was significantly greater for HYP (11.29 ± 2.13 pg/culture/h) than for MES (7.11 ± 0.85 pg/culture/h), owing to the greater steady-state concentration of BH4. BH4 turnover time for MES (6.68 ± 0.67 h) and HYP (6.40 ± 0.62 h) and half-life for MES (4.63 ± 0.46 h) and HYP (4.44 ± 0.43 h) did not differ. The turnover of the cofactor is thus rapid enough that alterations in its synthesis or degradation could acutely modify the rate of monoamine biosynthesis. These data also indicate that BH4 metabolism may be different between populations of dopamine-containing neurons.
Stochastic time scales: Quadratic Lyapunov functions and probabilistic regions of stability

We present a version of Lyapunov theory for stochastically generated time scales. In the case of quadratic Lyapunov functions for the LTI case, our results improve the requirement that spec(A) ⊂ Hmin. Our approach also allows us to consider a special class of LTV problems where the dependence on time is only through the graininess.
Independent component analysis of Gabor features for face recognition

We present an independent Gabor features (IGFs) method and its application to face recognition. The novelty of the IGF method comes from 1) the derivation of independent Gabor features in the feature extraction stage and 2) the development of an IGF features-based probabilistic reasoning model (PRM) classification method in the pattern recognition stage. In particular, the IGF method first derives a Gabor feature vector from a set of downsampled Gabor wavelet representations of face images, then reduces the dimensionality of the vector by means of principal component analysis, and finally defines the independent Gabor features based on the independent component analysis (ICA). The independence property of these Gabor features facilitates the application of the PRM method for classification. The rationale behind integrating the Gabor wavelets and the ICA is twofold. On the one hand, the Gabor transformed face images exhibit strong characteristics of spatial locality, scale, and orientation selectivity. These images can, thus, produce salient local features that are most suitable for face recognition. On the other hand, ICA would further reduce redundancy and represent independent features explicitly. These independent features are most useful for subsequent pattern discrimination and associative recall. Experiments on face recognition using the FacE REcognition Technology (FERET) and the ORL datasets, where the images vary in illumination, expression, pose, and scale, show the feasibility of the IGF method. In particular, the IGF method achieves 98.5% correct face recognition accuracy when using 180 features for the FERET dataset, and 100% accuracy for the ORL dataset using 88 features.
Large aperture digital acoustic array

A digital array of 120 acoustic channels 900 m in length has been constructed to study low-frequency (20-200 Hz) ambient noise in the ocean. The array may be deployed vertically or horizontally from the research platform FLIP and the array elements are localized with a high-frequency acoustic transponder network. The authors describe the instrumentation, telemetry, and navigation systems of the array during a vertical deployment in the northeast Pacific. Preliminary ambient noise spectra are presented for various array depths and local wind speeds. Ambient noise in the frequency band above 100 Hz or below 25 Hz increases with local wind speed. However, in the frequency band 25-100 Hz, ambient noise is independent of wind speed and may be dominated by shipping sources. >
A model for front evolution with a nonlocal growth rate

In this paper we provide a new mathematical model for front propagation with a nonlocal growth law in any space dimension. Such a problem arises in composite fabrication using the vapor infiltration process and in other physical problems involving transport and reaction. Our model, based on the level set equation coupled with a boundary value problem of the Laplace equation, is an Eulerian formulation, which allows robust treatment for topological changes such as merging and formation of pores without artificially tracking them. When applied to the fabrication of continuous filament ceramic matrix composites using chemical vapor infiltration, this model accurately predicts not only residual porosity but also the precise locations and shapes of all pores. (c) 1999 Materials Research Society.
Health care transition: youth, family, and provider perspectives.

Objective. This study examined the process of health care transition (HCT) posing the following questions: What are the transition experiences of youths and young adults with disabilities and special health care needs, family members, and health care providers? What are promising practices that facilitate successful HCT? What are obstacles that inhibit HCT? Methods. A qualitative approach was used to investigate these questions. Focus group interviews were conducted. Content and narrative analyses of interview transcripts were completed using ATLAS.ti. Results. Thirty-four focus groups and interviews were conducted with 143 young adults with disabilities and special health care needs, family members, and health care providers. Content analysis yielded 3 content domains: transition services, which presents a chronological understanding of the transition process; health care systems, which presents differences between pediatric and adult-oriented medicine and how these differences inhibit transition; and transition narratives, which discusses transition experience in the broader context of relationships between patients and health care providers. Conclusion. This study demonstrated the presence of important reciprocal relationships that are based on mutual trust between providers and families and are developed as part of the care of chronically ill children. Evidence supports the need for appropriate termination of pediatric relationships as part of the transition process. Evidence further supports the idea that pediatric and adult-oriented medicines represent 2 different medical subcultures. Young adults’ and family members’ lack of preparation for successful participation in the adult health care system contributes to problems with HCT.
New Strategies with Dopaminergic Drugs: Modified Formulations of Levodopa and Novel Agonists

Most new pharmacological therapies in Parkinson's disease focus on the dopaminergic system. Drugs that enhance dopaminergic function fall into three primary categories: amino acid precursors to dopamine, agonists that stimulate dopamine receptors, and enzyme antagonists that prevent the metabolism of dopamine and hence permit more or prolonged neurotransmitter activity; the first two are discussed below. Within the first category, levodopa is the amino acid precursor to dopamine, and a number of modifications in its formulation have been developed to enhance dopaminergic activity. In the area of agonists, new agents pramipexole, ropinerole, and cabergoline have recently been developed to complement the currently available bromocriptine and pergolide, and these new drugs may be released in the United States.
A Scan Through the History of STEM

The development of STEM is outlined from the first developments by Baron Manfred von Ardenne, through the first successful field emission gun STEM by Albert Crewe and his collaborators, to its widespread application today in the era of aberration correction. The review focuses on the development and understanding of incoherent imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy at atomic resolution and will not include details on microanalysis, low loss imaging, or specialized modes such as cathodoluminescence. Although it attempts to cover all the major advances in approximately chronological order, undoubtedly there are omissions and an overemphasis on developments that the author is most familiar with from his own history.
μ-Chain–Deficient Mice Possess B-1 Cells and Produce IgG and IgE, but Not IgA, following Systemic Sensitization and Inhalational Challenge in a Fungal Asthma Model

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is often difficult to treat and results in morbidity associated with chronic airway changes. This study assessed the requirement for B cells and their products in the allergic pulmonary phenotype in a murine model of fungal allergic asthma that mimics allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. C57BL/6 and μMT mice (assumed to lack peripheral B cells) were sensitized with Aspergillus fumigatus extract and challenged with two inhalation exposures of live conidia to induce airway disease. Airway hyperresponsiveness after methacholine challenge, peribronchovascular inflammation, goblet cell metaplasia, and fibrotic remodeling of the airways was similar between μMT mice and their wild-type counterparts (C57BL/6). Surprisingly, even in the absence of the μ-chain, these μMT mice produced IgE and IgG Abs, although the Abs induced did not have specificity for A. fumigatus Ags. In contrast, IgA was not detected in either the lavage fluid or serum of μMT mice that had been exposed to A. fumigatus. Our findings also reveal the existence of CD19(+)CD9(+)IgD(+) B-1 cells in the lungs of the μMT animals. These data show the μMT mice to have a developmental pathway independent of the canonical μ-chain route that allows for their survival upon antigenic challenge with A. fumigatus conidia, although this pathway does not seem to allow for the normal development of Ag-specific repertoires. Additionally, this study shows that IgA is not required for either clearance or containment of A. fumigatus in the murine lung, as fungal outgrowth was not observed in the μMT animals after multiple inhalation exposures to live conidia.
An evaluation of group scheduling heuristics in a flow-line manufacturing cell

When a company adopts cellular manufacturing and creates a cell, one operational problem that must be addressed is how to schedule parts within the cell. Many studies have investigated scheduling rules in a cellular manufacturing environment. However, there has been little consensus on the best scheduling rule to use. To address this lack of consensus, this study evaluated the best scheduling rules from most of these studies in a flow-line cell. The impact of two environmental factors, setup to runtime ratio and number of part families, was also investigated. Out of the five best scheduling rules found, three of these had not been investigated in previous group scheduling studies. The scheduling rule that most often performed best was selecting the part family with the most waiting jobs and sequencing these jobs in shortest processing time order, a relatively simple rule. The more complex rules generally showed poorer performance.
Perceived Age Discrimination and Mental Health

Although perceived discrimination (especially due to race-ethnicity) decreases mental health, the influence of perceived discrimination due to other reasons on mental health needs to be explored. This study examines the relationship between perceived age discrimination and mental health and determines whether psychosocial resources explain or buffer (i.e., reduce the strength of) this relationship. Using a nationally-representative sample of persons aged 25-74 from the Midlife Development in the United States survey, this study finds that perceived age discrimination is associated with higher psychological distress and lower positive well-being. Perceived age discrimination is more negatively associated with women's mental health than men's. Although sense of control buffers the relationship between perceived age discrimination and psychological distress, perceived age discrimination decreases sense of control and social support.
When More Is Less: Contradictions of Nonprofit Work

This study uses an employee-centric approach to investigate working conditions in nonprofit social service organizations in Memphis, Tennessee. Many entities exert control over the nonprofit labor process, muddling decision making and contributing to the overall opacity of governance. Oftentimes, nonprofits' structures appoint executive directors as the gatekeeper between employees and boards of directors, complicating paths to expressing grievances. Nonprofits' reliance on external funding to operate also imbues funders with enormous influence over daily operations. In turn, many granting agencies impose fiscal accountability systems that force nonprofits to quantify the qualitative work that they do. This relationship pits categories of employees against one another: high-ranking “administrative” staff must track and report program information to funders; “programming” staff are responsible for implementing these systems. This dynamic widens the communication gap between the former, who are removed from direct contact with the clients and are low ranking, and the latter, who are responsible for and possess the greatest knowledge of front-line service delivery. Furthermore, programming employees and clients often forge deep caring relationships, which collapse their options for self-advocacy. Yet individual employees, especially at lower levels, strive daily to provide high-quality care and bring about social change within the confines of a hierarchical and increasingly corporatized structure. In addition to these structural conditions, the nonprofit labor process co-opts broader ideologies about gender and race that reinforce this hierarchy of power, pay, and prestige. By privileging the perspectives of employees at all levels, this study shows that program outcomes are linked to donor satisfaction rather than to client satisfaction, suggesting that nonprofits have many “uses” besides their stated missions and that striving to meet the “needs” of outside groups often comes at the cost of service delivery to clients and employee satisfaction.
Inscribing Defeat: The Commemorative Dynamics of the Athenian Casualty Lists

Beginning ca. 500 bc, the Athenians annually buried their war dead in a public cemetery and marked their graves with casualty lists. This article explores the formal and expressive content of the lists, focusing in particular on their relationship to defeat. The lists created a monumental, visual rhetoric of collective resilience and strength that capitalized on Athenian notions of manhood and exploited conceptions of shame. For most of the fifth century, the casualty lists were undecorated, austere monuments testifying to the endurance of the community. When decoration began anew, the public reliefs, in contrast to private funerary reliefs, represented, through imagery and setting, struggle rather than victory. The selective remembrance and, paradoxically, frequent forgetting both enacted and enabled by the lists helped the Athenians elide internal political strife and facilitated their repeated return to the fields of war.
The Design Compass: A Computer Tool for Scaffolding Students' Metacognition and Discussion about their Engineering Design Process

This paper reports on the Design Compass, a classroom tool for helping students record and reflect on their design process as they work on and complete a design challenge. The Design Compass software provides an interface where students can identify and record the various design steps they used while performing them, and add digital notes and pictures to document their work. In the Design Log view, students can review steps taken, and print the record of work done, which can be shared and discussed with their instructor or classmates. The paper describes the concepts underlying the creation of the Design Compass, its features as a metacognitive tool and how it works, and provides scenarios of its use as a teaching and assessment tool with eighth-grade technology education students, and in teacher professional development workshops.
Learning partial lexicographic preference trees over combinatorial domains

We introduce partial lexicographic preference trees (PLP-trees) as a formalism for compact representations of preferences over combinatorial domains. Our main results concern the problem of passive learning of PLP-trees. Specifically, for several classes of PLP-trees, we study how to learn (i) a PLP-tree consistent with a dataset of examples, possibly subject to requirements on the size of the tree, and (ii) a PLP-tree correctly ordering as many of the examples as possible in case the dataset of examples is inconsistent. We establish complexity of these problems and, in all cases where the problem is in the class P, propose polynomial time algorithms.
Virologie der menschlichen Hepatitis

Untersuchungen und Spekulationen uber die Pathogenese der Virus-Hepatitis findet man bereits in den medizinischen Schriften des Altertums, doch die Infektiositat und das Auftreten in Epidemien wurde sicher erstmals genauer in einem Brief von Papst Zacharias an St. Bonifacius, Erzbischof zu Mainz im 8. Jahrhundert A.D. beschrieben (Migne, 1850). Papst Zacharias schlagt in diesem Brief vor, das Personen mit MORBUS REGIO aus der Stadt herausgebracht werden, und das Gelbsuchtskranke in der Kirche die heilige Kommunion erst am Schlus nach allen anderen Gemeindemitgliedern erhalten sollten: „De his qui regio morbo vexantur inquisisti sive homines, sive equi sint, quid faciendum sit de illis. Si homines ex navitate, aut genere hujus morbi sunt, hi extra civitatem commanere debebunt...“ und „At tamen in ecclesia, dum ad communionem venerit post omnium impletionem erit ingressurus ad participandum munus“. Es dauerte aber noch mehr als 1000 Jahre bis McDonald (1908, 1918) als erster am Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts an eine Virusatiologie der Gelbsucht dachte und die Bemuhungen, die Erreger der Hepatitis darzustellen, waren bis vor kurzem durch eine lange und oft hoffnungslos erscheinende Kette von Untersuchungen gekennzeichnet. Versuche, die Hepatitiserreger in Zell- oder Gewebekulturen zu isolieren, sie mit immunologischen Methoden darzustellen oder die Erkrankung auf Versuchstiere zu ubertragen, waren erfolglos, anfanglich positive Resultate konnten spater nicht wiederholt werden oder waren durch nicht-spezifische Ursachen bedingt (fur generelle Ubersichten siehe Deinhardt und Holmes, 1965; Deinhardt, 1970, 1971; Deinhardt et al., 1975; Regamey et al., 1975; Zuckerman, 1975; Krugman et al., 1975; Deinhardt, 1976; Deinhardt und Deinhardt, 1976). Die Entwicklung, die in den letzten Jahren zumindest zu einer teilweisen Charakterisierung der Erreger der Virus-Hepatitis gefuhrt hat, wurde hauptsachlich durch sieben Entdeckungen oder Beobachtungen ermoglicht: 1. Unterscheidung zwischen Hepatitis A(HA) und B(HB) durch epidemiologische Beobachtungen; 2. Ubertragung der Hepatitis auf menschliche Freiwillige; 3. Erkenntnis, das Affen Hepatitis auf den Menschen ubertragen konnen (Primatenassoziierte menschliche Hepatitis); 4. Experimentelle Ubertragung menschlicher Hepatitis auf Affen; 5. Entdeckung des sogenannten Australia- oder Hepatitis-B-Antigens und Dane-Virusteilchens; 6. Entdeckung von virusahnlichen Teilchen in Faeces, Leberzellen oder Seren von Kranken mit HA oder experimentell infizierten Affen und Nachweis von Antikorpern gegen diese virusahnlichen Teilchen in Konvaleszentenseren durch Immunelektronenmikroskopie; 7. Entwicklung serologischer Untersuchungsmethoden (Komplementbindungsreaktion, Immunadherenz und Radioimmunoassays fur HA-Virus-Antigene und -Antikorper (HA-Ag, anti-HA).
Isotopic tracer studies of methanol-to-olefins conversion over HSAPO-34: The role of the olefins-based catalytic cycle

Abstract The concurrent propagation of the aromatics-based and olefins-based catalytic cycles at early stages of the methanol-to-olefins reaction over HSAPO-34 and the resulting consequences on light olefins selectivities are demonstrated with 13 C 3 -propylene/ 12 C 2 -dimethyl ether isotopic tracing studies at 623 K and sub-complete dimethyl ether conversions. Transients in effluent product selectivities were rationalized by the maturation of the entrained hydrocarbon pool where catalyst turnover number is introduced as a compendious descriptor of hydrocarbon pool maturity and reaction progress. The distinct 13 C-content of ethylene from other effluent products and its agreement with the 13 C-content of entrained polymethylbenzenes indicate that ethylene is a product of aromatics-based dealkylation events while the match between methylation-predicted and experimentally observed 13 C-contents for C 5+ olefins establishes that they are products of olefins-based methylation events. Methanol-to-olefins conversion proceeds through a dual cycle mechanism proposed earlier for methanol conversion over other solid acid catalysts where the topology of HSAPO-34 specifically engenders the prevalence of the aromatics-based cycle at >∼200 mol C mol H + - 1 catalyst turnovers.
From being bullied to being accepted: The lived experiences of a student with Asperger’s enrolled in a Christian university:

Thirteen participants from two private universities located in the western region of the United States shared their lived experiences of being a college student who does not request accommodations....
Development of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) after Onyx embolisation of a cavernous carotid fistula.

Patients with cavernous carotid fistulas (CCFs) can present with pituitary hypoperfusion and hypopituitarism; however, there are no previous reports of pituitary or hormonal abnormalities developing after CCF embolisation in an asymptomatic patient. We describe a patient with no hormonal abnormalities who developed syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion after CCF embolisation. The patient had bilateral indirect CCFs, which were completely embolised via a transvenous approach, and was neurologically stable postoperatively and discharged. In the subsequent 2 weeks the patient was readmitted twice for acute hyponatraemia and a tonic-clonic seizure. Laboratory studies revealed severe SIADH. Clinical status and sodium levels improved after treatment. One year later the patient was weaned off all medications and remained neurologically stable. SIADH may be a delayed phenomenon after CCF embolisation. Given the proximity of embolised vessels to the pituitary9s vascular supply, CCF treatment may result in flow disturbance, ischaemia and hormonal abnormalities.