cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunological analysis of 140-kDa adenovirus-encoded DNA polymerase in adenovirus type 2-infected HeLa cells using antibodies raised against the protein expressed in Escherichia Coli

Abstract The E2B region of adenovirus genome contains a long open reading frame (ORF) extending from 24 to 14.2 map units which encodes most of the 140-kDa DNA polymerase. It was cloned at the polylinker region of pUC18 vector with Escherichia coli 1M109 as the host. A clone was serendipitously isolated that expressed in E. coli a protein of approximately 120 kDa in size at high levels. DNA sequence analysis of this clone showed the presence of an in-frame fusion of a region, encoding 13 amino acids located upstream, to the first ATG of the ORF. Polyclonal antibodies raised against this protein purified from E. coli were used for immunological analysis. The antibodies were able to detect a 140- and a 66-kDa polypeptide from the adenovirus type 2-infected HeLa cells on Western blots. In addition, the antibodies showed evidence of cross-reactivity with partially purified DNA polymerase a from uninfected HeLa cells. The subcellular localization of the viral polymerase in the infected HeLa cells by using indirect immunofluorescence showed that the viral protein is associated with globular structures in the nucleus. The replicating viral DNA and the polymerase were colocalized in these globular sites. Furthermore, HeLa cells infected with Ad5ts149, a temperature sensitive mutant defective in DNA replication, showed the presence of these globular sites only at the permissive temperature, suggesting that these sites are probably involved in viral DNA replication.
Cancer: Oncogenes in context

In certain types of gastrointestinal cell, mutations in the protein KIT give rise to gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Why are other cell types that express KIT not affected? The answer lies with a second protein. See Letter p.849 Gastroinestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) arise in the interstitial cells of Cajal, cells embedded in the musculature of the gastrointestinal tract where they generate electrical rhythmicity. Chi et al. now show that the transcription factor ETV1 is required for the development of these cells, and also promotes tumour development. The KIT gene, often activated by mutations in GIST, cooperates with ETV1 in the transformation of interstitial cells of Cajal, in part by promoting ETV1 stabilization. ETV1 seems to be present in high levels in all GISTs, making it a candidate diagnostic biomarker, and ETV1 blockers may prove useful against drug-resistant GIST.
Fuel price increases and the timing of changes in household driving decisions

Abstract Using the oil price increase of 1979 as a natural experiment and several event study specifications, this paper finds evidence that the oil spike induced significant decreases in carbon emissions on both the intensive (miles driven) and extensive (auto fuel efficiency) margins. Further, it appears that substitution on the intensive margin occurred instantaneously whereas extensive margin substitution occurred with a significant lag. Given the timing of the changes, the results appear robust to the implementation of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards over the same time period. These findings have important implications for estimating demand elasticities for durable goods with respect to energy prices and the price elasticity of fuels themselves.
An Analytic Study of Caching in Computer Systems

Cache performance is analyzed for the independent reference model (IRM) of data reference in conjunction with the least recently used (LRU) cache block replacement policy. The method has low computational complexity and high accuracy. The method computes the cache-hit rate, the probabilities of various numbers of references to a block while it is cache resident, the probabilities a block being replaced belongs to each memory segment (grouping by probability of access), the probability that a block being replaced was modified while in cache (assuming write-back policy), and the average number of references made to all blocks since the last reference to a block being replaced. The analysis is extended to address cache coherence in parallel and distributed systems.
Behavioural and electrophysiological investigation of 1‐(7‐ethoxygeranyl)‐2‐methylbenzimidazole on the house fly Musca domestica

The insecticidal properties of 1-(7-ethoxygeranyl)-2-methylbenzimidazole (EGMB) were investigated on larval and adult house flies. Unsynergised EGMB gave topical LD50 values of 0.53 μg per female fly on NAIDM strain house flies. When flies were pretreated with 5.2 μg piperonyl butoxide, susceptibility was increased (LD50 0.12 μg per female fly). House fly larvae were less susceptible to EGMB (LD50 2.2 μg). Poisoning with EGMB resulted in a rapid reduction in locomotor activity of both larval and adult house flies. This reduction in locomotion was progressive and led to complete paralysis. Various parameters of larval nervous system function were investigated in larvae during these early phases of poisoning. As early as 15 min after dosing larvae with LD95 doses of EGMB, sensory nerves were less responsive. Over a somewhat longer time (2–4 h), neurally evoked contractures were adversely affected by EGMB. In some cases, this effect appeared to be due to reduced postsynaptic potential amplitude; in other instances, it appeared to be due to an effect independent of neuromuscular transmission. The close temporal correlation between behavioural and electrophysiological observations suggests that the nervous and muscular systems are important sites of action of EGMB.
Proyecto MercadoFRESCO: A Multi-level, Community-Engaged Corner Store Intervention in East Los Angeles and Boyle Heights

Urban food swamps are typically situated in low-income, minority communities and contribute to overweight and obesity. Changing the food landscape in low income and underserved communities is one strategy to combat the negative health consequences associated with the lack of access to healthy food resources and an abundance of unhealthy food venues. In this paper, we describe Proyecto MercadoFRESCO (Fresh Market Project), a corner store intervention project in East Los Angeles and Boyle Heights in California that used a multi-level approach with a broad range of community, business, and academic partners. These are two neighboring, predominantly Latino communities that have high rates of overweight and obesity. Located in these two communities are approximately 150 corner stores. The project used a community-engaged approach to select, recruit, and convert four corner stores, so that they could become healthy community assets in order to improve residents' access to and awareness of fresh and affordable fruits and vegetables in their immediate neighborhoods. We describe the study framework for the multi-level intervention, which includes having multiple stakeholders, expertise in corner store operations, community and youth engagement strategies, and social marketing campaigns. We also describe the evaluation and survey methodology to determine community and patron impact of the intervention. This paper provides a framework useful to a variety of public health stakeholders for implementing a community-engaged corner store conversion, particularly in an urban food swamp.
An analysis of carotid artery stenting procedures performed in New York and Florida (2005-2006): procedure indication, stroke rate, and mortality rate are equivalent for vascular surgeons and non-vascular surgeons

Objective Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has emerged as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for the treatment of carotid artery stenosis. Unlike CEA, CAS is performed by a wide variety of specialists including vascular surgeons (VS), interventional cardiologists (IC), and interventional radiologists (IR). This study compares the indications, in-patient mortality rate, and in-patient stroke rate for patients undergoing CAS, according to operator specialty. Methods The State In-patient Databases from New York and Florida, made available by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, were reviewed by International Classification of Disease (ICD)-9-CM codes to identify all patients treated with CAS for the years 2005 and 2006. This cohort was then stratified according to operator specialty defined by procedures performed by each operator over the years surveyed. Primary endpoints were in-patient death and stroke. Propensity score matching adjusting for indication, demographics, and comorbidities was employed to evaluate the influence of operator type on outcomes. Results During the study period, 4001 CAS procedures were performed. All primary analyses compared VS (n = 1350) to non-VS (n = 2651). Patient characteristics were similar, except VS treated fewer patients with CAD (44.2% vs 50.9%, P Conclusion Despite a paucity of level 1 evidence for CAS in asymptomatic patients and current Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) policy limiting reimbursement for CAS to only high-risk symptomatic patients, VS and non-VS are treating primarily asymptomatic patients. Perioperative rates of stroke and death are equivalent between VS, IC, and IR. Regional variation of operator type is substantial, and despite similar outcomes,
Planned change at The Center on Philanthropy: The CLER model

This article examines the creation of The Center on Philanthropy as an example of organizational change using the Configurational, Linkages, Environments, Resources (CLER) Model. In a case study, the CLER Model is used as a tool for analyzing planned change. Applying the model aided the rapid identification of the environment as favorable and able to provide necessary support. CLER determined that linkages were key in this change, due to the numerous formal and informal linkages that were positive and favorable toward the change. The importance of resources for implementing this change also became apparent in the analysis.
Towards Microcantilever-based Force Sensing and Manipulation: Modeling, Control Development and Implementation

This paper presents a distributed-parameters-based modeling framework for piezoresistive microcantilever (MC)-based force sensors used in a variety of cantilever-based nanomanipulation processes. Current modeling practices call for a simple lumped-parameters approach rather than modeling the piezoresistive MC itself. Owing to the widespread applications of such MCs in nanoscale force sensing or non-contact atomic force microscopy with nano-Newton to pico-Newton force measurement requirements, precise modeling of the piezoresistive MCs is essential. Instead of the previously used lumped-parameters modeling, a distributed-parameters modeling framework is proposed and developed here to arrive at the most complete model of the piezoresistive MC including tip-mass, tip-force and base movement considerations. In order to have online control and real-time sensor feedback, a closed-form model of the piezoresistive MC, which expresses the MC's piezoresistive output voltage as a function of tip force and base motion, is highly desirable. Along this line of reasoning, a closed-form model for the piezoresistive MC is presented. Following mathematical modeling, both numerical simulations and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed distributed-parameters model when compared with the previously reported lumped-parameters modeling approach. Utilizing the developed model, a modified robust controller with perturbation estimation is adopted to target the problem of slow imaging acquisition and manipulation at the nanoscale. It is shown that the proposed controller can stabilize such nanomanipulation process in less than a second. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the stability and performance characteristics of the designed controller. Such modeling and control development could pave the way for MC-based nanomanipulation and nanopositioning.
Developmental changes in presynaptic Ca2+ clearance kinetics and synaptic plasticity in mouse Schaffer collateral terminals

Presynaptic Ca2+ influx pathways, cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffering proteins and Ca2+ extrusion processes undergo considerable change during the first postnatal month in rodent neurons. These changes may be critical in establishing short-term plasticity at maturing presynaptic terminals where neurotransmitter release is directly dependent on the dynamics of cytoplasmic residual Ca2+ ([Ca2+]res). In particular, the robust paired-pulse facilitation characteristic of adult neurons is almost entirely lacking in newborns. To examine developmental changes in processes controlling [Ca2+]res, we measured the timecourse of [Ca2+]res decay in presynaptic terminals of Schaffer collateral to CA1 synapses in acute hippocampal slices following single and paired orthodromic stimuli in the stratum radiatum. Developmental changes were observed in both the rise time and slow exponential decay components of the response to single stimuli such that this decay was larger and faster in the adult. Furthermore, we observed a greater caffeine-sensitive basal Ca2+ store, which was differentially affected when active uptake into the endoplasmic reticulum was blocked, in the presynaptic fields of the Schaffer collateral to CA1 terminals of P6 and younger mice when compared to adults. These transitions in [Ca2+]res dynamics occurred gradually over the first weeks of postnatal life and correlated with changes in short-term plasticity.
Angle measurements of the distal radius: a cadaver study

The quality of reduction of distal radius fractures is assessed mainly by degree of restoration of radial angle and palmar tilt. This cadaver study investigates the effects of forearm rotation of these measurements. A 5° rotational change produces a 1.6° change in palmar tilt on the conventional lateral view and a 1.0° change on the 15° lateral view. Lateral radiographs could be rotated 15°–30° and still be considered acceptable. Therefore, rotation may produce up to a 4.0° (15° lateral view) or 6.4° (conventional lateral view) change in measured palmar tilt. To provide clearer measuring landmarks and minimize error due to rotation, we recommend obtaining the 15° lateral view routinely in fractures with significant dorsal angulation. We also studied the interobserver variability of different surgeons assessing radial angle and palmar tilt. The mean standard deviation between surgeons was 3.2° for radial angle, 3.6° for conventional lateral palmar tilt, and 2.1° for 15° lateral palmar tilt.
Flow of simple liquids down narrow ssV grooves.

The dynamics of spreading of simple liquids down straight, narrow ssV grooves open at the top were captured by real-time video imaging. Groove depths in polished copper ranged between 40 and 100 \ensuremath{\mu}m and extended approximately 2 cm with ssV angles of 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The surface tension to viscosity ratios ranged from 46 to 970 cm/sec and the capillary number was small, Ca\ensuremath{\ll}1 in all cases. The length of the spreading liquid scaled with \ensuremath{\surd}t accurately for every case examined; the dynamics were well represented by two numbers, the location of the front in reduced coordinates and a diffusion coefficient. A simple theory is presented for the dynamics of the advancing front that requires no adjustable parameters and fits well the experimental data collected with six alcohols. Unlike drop spreading, the ad hoc slip boundary condition of that theory is not invoked for the open groove problem; only the static advancing contact angle is used.
Supported metallocene catalysis for in situ synthesis of high energy density metal oxide nanocomposites.

The 0−3 metal oxide−isotactic polypropylene nanocomposites are synthesized via in situ propylene polymerization using the C2-symmetric metallocene catalyst dichloro[rac-ethylenebisindenyl]zirconium(IV) (EBIZrCl2) immobilized on methylaluminoxane (MAO)-treated barium titanate (BaTiO3) or titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. The composite materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It is shown that the nanoparticles are homogeneously dispersed in the polyolefin matrices. Electrical measurements reveal nanocomposite leakage current densities of ∼10-6 to 10-9 A/cm2, permittivities as high as 6.1, and breakdown strengths of ∼4 MV/cm. Energy densities are estimated to be as high as 9.4 J/cm3.
Remark on Callias' index theorem

Abstract The Callias index theorem for the Dirac operator in certain background fields on open Euclidean spaces is precisely derived from the Hormander-Fedosov index theorem, using a topological approach inspired by Bott and Seeley.
Adjuvant Tamoxifen Treatment Outcome According to Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) Phenotype in Early Stage Breast Cancer: Findings from the International Tamoxifen Pharmacogenomics Consortium.

Background: An estimated 1.3 million women worldwide will be diagnosed this year with early stage breast cancer. The majority of women have estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer and are candidates for endocrine therapy. Tamoxifen remains the most commonly employed agent worldwide and substantially reduces recurrence and mortality. Tamoxifen is a pro-drug. CYP2D6 converts tamoxifen to endoxifen, which is primarily responsible for inhibition of estrogen-stimulated breast cancer growth in vitro. There have been conflicting reports regarding the relationship between CYP2D6 genotype/phenotype and tamoxifen clinical outcome. The ITPC was established to collect the worldwide experience relating to genetic variation in CYP2D6 and the outcomes of women with ER positive breast cancer treated with adjuvant tamoxifen. Establishment of the predictive value of CYP2D6 would enable the a priori identification of patients that could be spared ineffective therapy.Methods: Individual patient data including tumor characteristics, genotype, medication data, and recurrence information were requested from all published and non-published reports of clinical outcomes related to CYP2D6 and deposited at PharmGKB. CYP2D6 genotype was available for the following null (*3, 4, 5 and 6) and IM (*10, 17 and 41) alleles. CYP2D6 inhibiting medication data was requested for weak and potent CYP2D6 inhibitors. The primary analysis was to determine the association of CYP2D6 phenotype (combined genotype and medication) with breast cancer recurrence in tamoxifen treated early stage, ER positive invasive breast cancer.Results: At this time, the ITPC has received patient data on 3432 patients from the U.S., Sweden, UK, Germany, Belgium, and Japan. Median age at diagnosis was 62 years. CYP2D6 genotype was available in 3,392 (99%). The allele frequency for CYP2D6*4, the most common allele associated with the CYP2D6 poor metabolizer phenotype, was q=0.23. A total of 1152 recurrences representing first events (either local, regional, distant, or contralateral breast cancer) were recorded. At the time of abstract submission, patient and genotype data from an additional 1300 tamoxifen treated patients were pending submission.Conclusions: The ITPC represents the largest collection of individual patient data in regard to the potential importance of CYP2D6 phenotype in adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. The findings from this consortium are expected to substantially improve the global understanding of CYP2D6 and tamoxifen clinical outcome. Final results will be presented at the meeting Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 33.
One step from prediabetes to diabetes: hypothalamic inflammation?

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a devastating disease that arises from prediabetic conditions including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and obesity, which, together with a few others, collectively is termed metabolic syndrome. Due to the absence of severe hyperglycemia and its chronic complications, prediabetes offers an early therapeutic window to reverse glucose and insulin abnormalities to prevent the development of T2D. To this end, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the progression from prediabetes to diabetes represents an area of keen research. In this issue, Burgos-Ramos et al. (1) provide evidence demonstrating that the development of diabetes from prediabetes in a mouse model may involve a central nervous system mechanism in relation with hypothalamic inflammation (Fig. 1).
Class-Driven Attribute Extraction

We report on the large-scale acquisition of class attributes with and without the use of lists of representative instances, as well as the discovery of unary attributes, such as typically expressed in English through prenominal adjectival modification. Our method employs a system based on compositional language processing, as applied to the British National Corpus. Experimental results suggest that document-based, open class attribute extraction can produce results of comparable quality as those obtained using web query logs, indicating the utility of exploiting explicit occurrences of class labels in text.
Surgery in the patient with liver disease.

Patients with liver disease often undergo surgery. With the increasing prevalence of liver disease and improved survival due to newer medications and treatments, a growing number of patients with liver disease will require preoperative assessment. Because of the multiple physiological roles of the liver, hepatic dysfunction places these patients at an increased risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality. The precise risks associated with specific liver dis- eases are poorly understood but are greater with increased impairment of hepatic function. Identifying preexisting problems that could be optimally and appropriately managed before surgery (eg, coagulation status, intravascular volume, renal function, electrolytes, cardiovascular status, and nutrition) may reduce these risks and decrease mortality in patients with liver disease undergoing surgery.
BEHAVIORAL AND GENETIC IDENTIFICATION OF A HYBRID VIDUA: MATERNAL ORIGIN AND MATE CHOICE IN A BROOD-PARASITIC FINCH

Abstract Hybrid male Vidua were observed in the field and recorded to document host song mimicry. The mtDNA of one male was sequenced to identify the maternal parent. The hybrid males mimicked songs of Melba Finch (Pytilia melba), the usual host of Long-tailed Paradise Whydah (V. paradisaea), but the mtDNA matched that of indigobirds (V. chalybeata or another species), which parasitize and mimic other estrildid finches. This combination of song behavior and genetics is consistent with a two-generation history that began with a female indigobird (e.g. V. chalybeata) laying in a Melba Finch nest rather than in a nest of her usual host (e.g. Red-billed Firefinch [Lagonosticta senegala]). Her daughter, genetically an indigobird, imprinted on her Melba Finch foster parents and then mated with a male paradise whydah mimicking Melba Finch song. She also laid eggs in Melba Finch nests. Her son, the male hybrid carrying his grandmother's indigobird mtDNA, learned and later mimicked Melba Finch song. Genetic identi...
Aerobic exercise, subjective health and psychological well-being within age and gender subgroups

Abstract This research examines relationships between different forms of aerobic exercise (swim, walk, jog, dance) and two measures of health: subjective health and psychological well-being. We hypothesize that the relationship between aerobic exercise and subjective health/well-being will be notably stronger for older than younger persons and females than males. This prediction is based on Homans' exchange theory of investments and rewards. Since social norms concerning aerobic exercise are likely to be weaker among older (than younger) persons and among women than men, older persons and women who do exercise are making special investments and should expect greater rewards (good health). The concept of ‘exercise norms’ implies social comparisons with others. Accordingly, age comparative data were analyzed to see if older persons who exercise see themselves as more active than their age peers than do younger persons. Data come from a national probability sample of 3025 adults (National Survey of Personal Health Practices and Consequences). As predicted, exercise was much more strongly related to subjective health and well-being among older than younger respondents. In the main, the gender hypothesis was not supported.
Effect of microwave heating on pyrazine formation in a model system

The role played by microwave heating was contrasted with conventional heating in pyrazine formation using a model system containing glucose, glycine and base. The data obtained from this study showed clearly that the heating system, and the time and temperature of heating, greatly influenced pyrazine formation and pyrazine distribution. Kinetic studies indicated that pyrazine formation follows pseudo zero order reaction rates, and this order is the same regardless of the heating method used.
Divergence in the Kalman Filter

Under certain conditions, the orbit estimated by a Kalman filter has errors that are much greater than predicted by theory. This phenomenon is called divergence, and renders the operation of the Kalman filter unsatisfactory. This paper investigates the control of divergence in a Kalman filter used for autonomous navigation in a low earth orbit. The system studied utilizes stellar-referenced angle sightings to a sequence of known terrestrial landmarks. A Kalman filter is used to compute differential corrections to spacecraft position, spacecraft velocity, and landmark location. A variety of filter modifications for the control of divergence was investigated. These included the Schmidt-Pines analytical modification and an "empirical" modification based upon Pines' machine noise treatment. Several simplified approximations to the theoretically optimum analytical modifications were also investigated. The principal numerical results are presented in graphs of the magnitude of the error in estimated position and velocity vs time for sixteen orbits. These graphs compare actual position and velocity errors with the theoretical estimates furnished by the trace of the position and velocity covariance matrices. Numerical results indicate that a properly modified filter achieves a steady-state operating level.
Postdoctoral Research Scholar

Exploring Folding Intermediates of a β-Clam Protein by FRET AnalysisHarekrushna Sahoo1, Anne Gershenson2 and Lila M. Gierasch1,3.Department of 1Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and 3Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA; 2Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454.A complete understanding of a protein-folding landscape requires detailed characterization of intermediates that are populated during a folding reaction. We are exploring the folding intermediates sampled by a 136-amino acid β-barrel protein, cellular retinoic acid-binding protein I (CRABP I). This model protein is made up of two five-stranded orthogonal β-sheets wrapped around a central ligand-binding cavity. Previous work has shown that the folding of CRABP I involves well-defined stages: An early intermediate forms in ca. 300 μs by hydrophobic collapse, next (∼100 ms) an intermediate is populated that has native topology including the ligand-binding cavity, and lastly, in ca. 1 s, interstrand hydrogen bonds form and native packing of side chains develops. The nature of the intermediates is relatively poorly understood, including structural details, compactness, and the size of the intermediate ensembles. To address these questions, we have designed CRABP I mutants with solvent-accessible Cys residues (M1C, S55C, N64C, K106C, and D103C) suitable for attachment of thiol-reactive fluorophores, as well as transglutaminase (TGase) tags at their C-termini for enzymatically mediated labeling with a second fluorophore. The Cys residues have been labeled with HyLite488 or BODIPY-FL (donor), and the TGase tags have been labeled with tetramethylrhodamine (acceptor). As an additional strategy to deduce the nature of the folding intermediates, we are varying solvent conditions using salts that differentially affect species stabilized by hydrophobic, electrostatic, or hydrogen bonding interactions. Taken together, ensemble and single-molecule FRET studies of doubly-labeled variants are providing a increasingly detailed picture of the CRABP I folding landscape. [Supported by NIH grant OD000945]
Morphology and distribution of setae on the antennules of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus reveal new types of bimodal chemo-mechanosensilla

This study describes the morphology and distribution of setae on the lateral and medial flagella of the antennules of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus in an effort to identify antennular chemoreceptors in addition to the well-studied aesthetasc chemosensilla. Setae were examined using light and electron microscopy, and their distribution on flagellar annuli was analyzed. We identified ten setal types based on external morphology: hooded, plumose, short setuled, long simple, medium simple, short simple, aesthetasc, guard, companion, and asymmetric setae, with the last four types being unique to the "tuft" located on the distal half of the lateral flagellum. The three setal types whose ultrastructure was examined--hooded, long simple, and medium simple setae--had characteristics of bimodal (chemo-mechanoreceptive) sensilla. The antennules have four distinct annular types based on their setal complement, as shown by cluster analysis. This basic distribution of non-tuft setal types is similar for both lateral and medial flagella. Annuli in the tuft region have tuft setal types superimposed on a basic organization of non-tuft setal types. These results show that the antennules possess a diverse set of setae, that these setae have a highly ordered arrangement on the antennules, that at least four (and probably many more) of these setal types are chemosensilla, and suggest that most antennular chemosensilla are bimodally sensitive.
FIELD VALIDATION OF NEW SUPERPAVE LOW-TEMPERATURE BINDER SPECIFICATION PROCEDURE: PERFORMANCE DATA FROM PENNSYLVANIA TEST SECTIONS

A new specification procedure was proposed recently to determine the low-temperature performance grade of asphalt binders. This new procedure uses bending beam rheometer (BBR) and direct tension test (DTT) data at two temperatures to determine the low-temperature grade of an asphalt binder. A study was conducted to validate this procedure by using asphalt binder retained samples from the widely published test road in Pennsylvania. This road was constructed in 1976 in Elk County, and performance—including low-temperature transverse cracking index—was monitored over 6 years. In this study, the retained binder samples from test sections T-1 to T-6 were tested with the BBR and the new Superpave® DTT. The data from these two tests were analyzed to obtain critical cracking temperatures and low-temperature performance grades. Results indicate that the new procedure correctly predicts the temperature at which cracking was observed in the field.
Lattice-Oriented Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with preferred 2D orientations were synthesized for the first time by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of methane on silicon surfaces terminated with hydrogen,...
Switching between Allosteric and Dimerization Inhibition of HIV-1 Protease

Refining the functional groups on a phenethylamine moiety within an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease led to a switch in the mechanism of inhibition from competitive and allosteric to dimerization inhibition. Phenylether extensions to the phenethylamine group led to agents that target the dimerization interface of HIV-1 protease with high potency.
Enhanced pilocarpine-induced oral activity responses in neonatal 6-OHDA treated rats.

Abstract Neonatal destruction of rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic fibers results in an enhanced oral activity response to both dopamine (DA) D1 and serotonin (5-HT) agonists. Because cholinergic systems represent another one of the neural circuits involved in oral behavior, it was of interest to determine whether muscarinic receptors might also be sensitized in the lesioned rats. At 3 days after birth, rats were pretreated with desipramine HCl (20 mg/kg, IP) 1 h before 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) HBr (100 μg in each lateral ventricle) or saline-ascorbic acid (0.1%) vehicle. Between 2 and 4 months, behavioral supersensitivity to a D1 agonist (SKF m-CPP) was established before rats were challenged with the muscarinic receptor agonist, pilocarpine HCl (0.125 to 10.0 mg/kg, IP). The pilocarpine dose-effect curve was shifted to the left, with a maximal effect of 63.7 ± 8.6 oral movements being produced by a 1.0 mg/kg pilocarpine HCl dose in the 6-OHDA lesioned rats, versus 15.0 ± 2.4 oral movements in the control group (p
Pathogenesis and chemotherapy of experimental Legionella pneumophila infection in the chick embryo.

Summary The pathogenicity of Legionella pneumophila , serogroup 1, strain Nottingham N 7 , was assessed in terms of LD 50 data and the ability of the organism to induce pathological lesions in the fertile hen's egg. Histopathological examination of embryo organs after inoculation with 1, 10, 100 and 1000 times the yolk sac LD 50 revealed a disseminated infection. Systemic spread of the organism resulted in widespread necrosis and evidence of consolidation together with generation of copious amounts of oedema fluid. These were particularly severe in the liver, heart, spleen and kidney. The infection elicited a massive inflammatory response typified by infiltration with polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes. Selected antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents were investigated in protection studies for their capacity to ameliorate or control disease processes in this test system. Of those examined ciprofloxacin was most effective in reducing the incidence of lesions in these tissues and for prolonging embryo viability. Rifampicin, and to a lesser degree, erythromycin and doxycycline, also showed antimicrobial activity in these-in vivo trials. These results indicate that the fertile hen's egg may be a useful alternative to other animal systems for the in vivo testing of clinically putative antimicrobial agents in the treatment of Legionnaires' disease.
Non-trisomic homeobox gene expression during craniofacial development in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome

Trisomy 21 in humans causes cognitive impairment, craniofacial dysmorphology, and heart defects collectively referred to as Down syndrome. Yet, the pathophysiology of these phenotypes is not well understood. Craniofacial alterations may lead to complications in breathing, eating, and communication. Ts65Dn mice exhibit craniofacial alterations that model Down syndrome including a small mandible. We show that Ts65Dn embryos at 13.5 days gestation (E13.5) have a smaller mandibular precursor but a normal sized tongue as compared to euploid embryos, suggesting a relative instead of actual macroglossia originates during development. Neurological tissues were also altered in E13.5 trisomic embryos. Our array analysis found 155 differentially expressed non-trisomic genes in the trisomic E13.5 mandible, including 20 genes containing a homeobox DNA binding domain. Additionally, Sox9, important in skeletal formation and cell proliferation, was upregulated in Ts65Dn mandible precursors. Our results suggest trisomy causes altered expression of non-trisomic genes in development leading to structural changes associated with DS. Identification of genetic pathways disrupted by trisomy is an important step in proposing rational therapies at relevant time points to ameliorate craniofacial abnormalities in DS and other congenital disorders.
Simple test of pelvic muscle contraction during pelvic examination: correlation to surface electromyography.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the utility of a "Kegel" contraction test in a primary care setting. Fifty-seven adult women completed a questionnaire, underwent pelvic examination, "Kegel" assessment, and measurement of same by vaginal sensor electromyography. Thirty-seven underwent repeat evaluations within 4 weeks. Inter- and intra-rater reliability of digital scale, intra-rater reliability for sEMG measurement, correlation between raters and sEMG, and correlation between scale scores and sEMG with history and pelvic exam were determined. Fifty-six percent were pre-menopausal, 44% post-menopausal. Urinary (62%) and rectal (37%) dysfunction were reported. Inter-rater reliability, intra-observer reproducibility for both raters and sEMG measurements, and correlation between raters and sEMG were significant (P< 0.05). Comparison of continence status and digital scores showed scores </=4 were more frequently associated with reported urinary incontinence (P<0.05). sEMG data also correlated to hormonal status and parity (P < 0.05). This digital scale is a useful assessment of "Kegel" contraction, correlating well to sEMG vaginal sensor readings and self-reported overall urinary continence status. Neurourol. Urodynam. 18:603-612, 1999.
Reagentless electrochemical immunoassay using electrocatalytic nanoparticle-modified antibodies

We describe a new approach for reagentless electrochemical immunoassay sensing in which Au/Pd NPs can be "loaded" onto antibodies to create an electrocatalytic antibody that is sensitive to the oxygen reduction reaction.
Morphometry and allometry of the primate humerus

The primate distal humerus has been used both in phylogenetic reconstruction and in assessing locomotor and postural adaptations. This study uses an allometric approach to predict locomotor patterns of extant primates regardless of phylogenetic position. By showing the relationship between form and function in living primate taxa it will be possible to use this data set to predict locomotor behavior of extinct primates. Several linear measurements were taken from the distal humerus of 71 extant primate species (anthropoids and prosimians). Allometric regressions of each measurement were performed with mandibular M2 area as a surrogate for body size. These measurements were used to determine if significant differences in distal humerus morphology exist among locomotor groups. The results were then used to test several hypotheses about the relationship between humeral form and function. For example, the hypothesis that suspensory primates have a large medial epicondyle is confirmed; the hypothesis that terrestrial quadrupeds have a deep olecranon fossa could not be confirmed with quantitative data. In addition to this hypothesis testing, the residuals from the allometric regressions of the humeral measurements were used in a discriminant functions analysis to estimate locomotor behavior from distal humerus morphology. The discriminant functions analysis correctly reclassified 64/71 (90%) species.
Differences in growth, fillet quality, and fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression between juvenile male and female rainbow trout

Sexual maturation occurs at the expense of stored energy and nutrients, including lipids; however, little is known regarding sex effects on nutrient regulatory mechanisms in rainbow trout prior to maturity. Thirty-two, 14-month-old, male and female rainbow trout were sampled for growth, carcass yield, fillet composition, and gene expression of liver, white muscle, and visceral adipose tissue. Growth parameters, including gonadosomatic index, were not affected by sex. Females had higher percent separable muscle yield, but there were no sex effects on fillet proximate composition. Fillet shear force indicated females produce firmer fillets than males. Male livers had greater expression of three cofactors within the mTOR signaling pathway that act to inhibit TORC1 assembly; mo25, rictor, and pras40. Male liver also exhibited increased expression of β-oxidation genes cpt1b and ehhadh. These findings are indicative of increased mitochondrial β-oxidation in male liver. Females exhibited increased expression of the mTOR cofactor raptor in white muscle and had higher expression levels of several genes within the fatty acid synthesis pathway, including gpat, srebp1, scd1, and cd36. Female muscle also had increased expression of β-oxidation genes cpt1d and cpt2. Increased expression of both fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation genes suggests female muscle may have greater fatty acid turnover. Differences between sexes were primarily associated with variation of gene expression within the mTOR signaling pathway. Overall, data suggest there is differential regulation of gene expression in male and female rainbow trout tissues prior to the onset of sexual maturity that may lead to nutrient repartitioning during maturation.
Continuous Tamper-Proof Logging Using TPM 2.0

Auditing system logs is an important means of ensuring systems' security in situations where run-time security mechanisms are not sufficient to completely prevent potentially malicious activities. A fundamental requirement for reliable auditing is the integrity of the log entries. This paper presents an infrastructure for secure logging that is capable of detecting the tampering of logs by powerful adversaries residing on the device where logs are generated. We rely on novel features of trusted hardware TPM to ensure the continuity of the logging infrastructure across power cycles without help from a remote server. Our infrastructure also addresses practical concerns including how to handle high-frequency log updates, how to conserve disk space for storing logs, and how to efficiently verify an arbitrary subset of the log. Importantly, we formally state the tamper-proofness guarantee of our infrastructure and verify that our basic secure logging protocol provides the desired guarantee. To demonstrate that our infrastructure is practical, we implement a prototype and evaluate its performance.
IPTV over Wimax: Overview on the video path from the server to the Wimax end-user

In this paper we will have an overview on Television and video streams, how they are generated, how they are transmitted over an Internet Protocol (IP) network. This technique, known as IPTV, requires fulfillment of Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, as well as Quality of Experience (QoE) parameters, to deliver an application-dependant quality video reception. We will mainly focus on the transmission over the access network Wimax, the "last mile hop" that delivers wirelessly the stream to the end-user.
A comparison of film structure and surface chemistry of carbon and oxide disk overcoats

Satisfactory durability and stiction results have been obtained with hydrogenated carbon, zirconia, and silica overcoated disks lubricated with a perfluoropolyether with functional end groups. Higher levels of lubricant bonding at room temperature are observed on silica and zirconia surfaces. It is believed that this is related to the high levels of surface OH for these overcoats. The lubricant affinity for the overcoat is believed to be a primary factor in the durability and stiction performance of the disk. Thus, oxide overcoats should have an inherent advantage over diamond-like carbon because of surface chemistry; however, processing restrictions such as the need for RF sputtering and sensitivity to sputter defects make their use less attractive. >
ALGUNAS CONCEPCIONES DE LA JUSTICIA

This text treats the concept of justice, the conceptions of justice and the difficulties presented by the judgments of justice. In addition, it shows some justice conceptions, especially Kant, Kelsen, Ross, Bobbio, Rawls, Habermas, Dworkin, Finnis and Sen, in order to make this paper useful for law students at the moment they should deal with the purposes of law, among these, the justice.
Estudio del componente genético de fenotipos de riesgo cardiovascular en población mexicana

Fundamento y objetivo: El Estudio en Familias de la Genetica de las Enfermedades Metabolicas en Mexico (The GEMM Family Study) se dirige a cuantificar el ligamiento genetico de fenotipos considerados factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerosa (ECA) en individuos mexicanos. Este informe preliminar describe heredabilidades (h2) para fenotipos de riesgo cardiovascular estimadas utilizando componentes de la variancia. Sujetos y metodo: Como un primer paso en establecer un estudio multicentrico, se recluto a 381 individuos provenientes de 21 arboles genealogicos extendidos, de 8 areas geograficas en Mexico. Se obtuvieron mediciones antropometricas y muestras de sangre en ayuno de todos los participantes. Se estimo la magnitud de los efectos al azar de genes compartidos (heredabilidades) utilizando el programa genetico computarizado SOLAR. Resultados: Se detectaron h2 significativas para: circunferencia de la cintura (h2 = 0,28 [0,12]), glucosa en ayuno (h2 = 0,14 [0,08]), indice de masa corporal (IMC) (0,28 [0,10]), presion arterial sistolica (h2 = 0,13 [0,06]), colesterol (h2 = 0,31 [0,13]) y trigliceridos (h2 = 0,23 [0,10]). Conclusiones: Estos datos preliminares representan las primeras estimaciones de heredabilidades en estos fenotipos en Mexico. Los resultados indican que el diseno del estudio ofrece poder suficiente para descubrir en la poblacion genes de las enfermedades metabolicas
Poly-Si Thin-Film Transistors: An Efficient and Low-Cost Option for Digital Operation

In this paper, we propose an optimization methodology to design low-temperature polycrystalline-silicon thin-film transistors (LTPS TFTs) for submicrometer ultralow-power digital operation. LTPS TFTs incur low fabrication cost and can be fabricated on a variety of substrates (flexible such as polymer, glass, etc.). LTPS TFT has significantly reduced mobility, resulting in reduced driving current; however, we show that, for ultralow-power subthreshold operation (Vdd < Vth) , LTPS TFTs can be optimized to achieve comparable performance as a single-crystalline silicon (c-Si) silicon-on-insulator (SOI). For LTPS TFTs with TS1 < 10 nm , ring oscillators (operating in subthreshold region) show significant reduction in intrinsic delay when the midgap trap density gets properly controlled (< 1012 cm-2) after hydrogenation with less dynamic energy consumption under isostatic power consumption compared to a c-Si SOI MOSFET. We also address the inherent variations in grain boundaries at device and circuit levels to gain practical insights.
‘Effective inefficiency’: cellular control of protein trafficking as a mechanism of post-translational regulation

The great writer and polyglot, W Somerset Maugham said, 'I'll give you my opinion of the human race in a nutshell...their heart's in the right place, but their head is a thoroughly inefficient organ.' If his words are applied to trafficking of the human pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, it turns out that he was more right than he knew. Paradoxically, the inefficiency of receptor trafficking to the plasma membrane can bring regulatory advantages to cells. Understanding the mechanism by which cells recognize correctly folded proteins in health and disease opens doors to new therapeutic approaches and provides a more accurate view of mechanisms of normal cell function than is presently available.
Resin/fiber thermo‐oxidative interactions in pmr polyimide/graphite composites

The amounts of resin weight loss and fiber weight loss in four PMR polyimide/graphite fiber composites were calculated from the composite weight losses and the fiber/resin ratios of the composites after long term thermo-oxidative aging in 600° F air. The accelerating effect of graphite fiber on resin weight loss, compared to neat resin weight loss, indicated the presence of a deleterious resin/fiber thermo-oxidative interaction, presumably due to fiber impurities. Similarly, the declerating effect of the protective matrix resin on fiber weight loss, compared to bare fiber weight loss, was also demonstrated. The amount of hydrazine indigestible resin and the amount of loose surface graphite fiber that formed during 600° F exposure of the composites were quantitatively determined. The indigestible residual resin was also qualitatively studied by scanning electron microscopy.