cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The mnemonic effects of recall on immediate retention.

In three experiments, we investigated the mnemonic effects of an initial recall on later recall in an immediate memory setting. Recall is generally assumed to interfere with the recall of subsequent items (output interference), but previous experiments have failed to control for the confounding effects of time. In the experiments reported here, the passage of time was held constant on all trials; what varied was whether an additional item was recalled (or simply presented) during the retention interval. The results revealed clear evidence of recall’s mnemonic effects, but output interference seemed strongest when the initial recall was of an item that followed the target item in the memory list. When participants initially recalled an item immediately preceding the target, target recall improved. This pattern of results places constraints on current models of immediate retention.
Pressure induced transitions in calcium: a tight-binding approach

A tight-binding (TB) hamiltonian for calcium is built with a high precision parametrization technique based on density functional calculations of the energy bands and the total energy at various lattice volumes. The new set of TB parameters is appropriate to study phenomena under pressures as high as 20 GPa. Specifically, both the metal to nonmetal transition at 4 GPa and the structural transition fcc to bcc at 19 GPa are well reproduced. These transitions and several static properties are in excellent agreement with experiments. Phonon frequencies, plasmon energy, melting temperature and the coefficient of thermal expansion were calculated with a molecular dynamics scheme of this TB hamiltonian.
Cloud chamber studies of dark transformations of sulfur dioxide in cloud droplets

Abstract A large (6.6m 3 ) expansion type cloud chamber, capable of simulating atmospheric clouds for periods up to twenty minutes has been used to investigate the chemical interactions that occur between SO 2 and cloud droplets under controlled dark conditions. Specialized apparatus has been developed and tested that will collect the cloud droplets in sufficient quantity for chemical analysis by means of ion chromatography. The cloud droplet collector has been designed specifically to discriminate between cloud droplets and any interstitial aerosols. Other specialized instrumentation includes a CO 2 laser transmissometer (10.6 μm wavelength) that permits real-time measurement of the liquid water content of the simulated clouds. The experimental work to date has focused upon the nighttime conversion of SO 2 to sulfate ions in cloud droplets that form on specific cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Suitable variation of the size and chemical composition of the CCN is used to control the cloud droplet pH and the concentration of catalysts. Initial SO 2 concentrations used are approx. 500 ppb. Results to date indicate that when the CCN are small (~ 0.1 μm), the SO 2 conversion rates are very low and not dependent on CCN composition, including buffers, because of the extreme dilution that occurs during droplet growth. In these cases, the final cloud water pH is generally in the vicinity of 5, apparently due to the self-limiting action of the sulfuric acid production. On the other hand, when larger, buffered CCN (~ 0.5 μm) are used, SO 2 conversion rates rise dramatically when the droplet pH is held between 7 and 8, in contrast to those cases where it is held to near 4, as is expected from known reaction kinetics. The addition of catalysts such as manganese also shows markedly higher oxidation rates, especially at low pH values.
Channel State Tracking for Large-Scale Distributed MIMO Communication Systems

This paper considers the problem of estimating and tracking channels in a distributed transmission system with $N_{t}$ transmit nodes and $N_{r}$ receive nodes. Since each node in the distributed transmission system has an independent local oscillator, the effective channel between each transmit node and each receive node has time-varying phase and frequency offsets which must be tracked and predicted to facilitate coherent transmission. A linear time-invariant state-space model is developed and is shown to be observable but nonstabilizable. To quantify the steady-state performance of a Kalman filter channel tracker, two methods are developed to efficiently compute the steady-state prediction covariance. The first method requires the solution of a $2(N_{t}+N_{r}-1)$ -dimensional discrete-time algebraic Riccati equation, but allows for nonhomogenous oscillator parameters. The second method requires the solution of four two-dimensional discrete-time algebraic Riccati equations but requires homogenous oscillator parameters for all nodes in the system. An asymptotic analysis is also presented for the homogenous oscillator case for systems with a large number of transmit and receive nodes with closed-form results for all of the elements in the asymptotic prediction covariance as a function of the carrier frequency, oscillator parameters, and channel measurement period. Numeric results confirm the analysis and demonstrate the effect of the oscillator parameters on the ability of the distributed transmission system to achieve coherent transmission.
Pilot study of vascular health in survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma.

Background Vascular-related toxicities have been reported among survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), but their genesis is not well understood.
Cladding and duct materials for advanced nuclear recycle reactors

The expanded use of nuclear energy without risk of nuclear weapons proliferation and with safe nuclear waste disposal is a primary goal of the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP). To achieve that goal the GNEP is exploring advanced technologies for recycling spent nuclear fuel that do not separate pure plutonium, and advanced reactors that consume transuranic elements from recycled spent fuel. The GNEP’s objectives will place high demands on reactor clad and structural materials. This article discusses the materials requirements of the GNEP’s advanced nuclear recycle reactors program.
Calixarene-based anionic receptors: highlights from 2011

The calixarene scaffold has been extensively utilised in anion receptor chemistry. This review covers published work in the year 2011.
Fetal surgery for cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung

We reviewed our experience with fetal therapy for congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung (CCAM) at the University of California, San Francisco Fetal Treatment Center. Fetuses with life-threatening CCAM were selected for prenatal treatment according to predetermined guidelines, including the gestational age of the fetus, the size of the intrathoracic lesion, maternal health, and the development of fetal hydrops. The knowledge that fetuses with hydrops are at high risk for fetal or neonatal death led to fetal surgical resection of the massively enlarged pulmonary lobe (fetal lobectomy) in six cases. In the first case, resection was too late, since preoperative labor and maternal preeclampsia could not be reversed, leading to premature delivery of a nonviable infant. In the next four cases, CCAM resection led to resolution of the hydrops, impressive in utero lung growth, and neonatal survival. Right middle and lower lobe resection in the sixth fetus at 21 weeks was successful, but subsequent inexplicable fetal death highlights the need for better postoperative fetal monitoring and treatment. Three other fetuses with a single predominant cyst underwent thoracoamniotic shunt placement alone; two survived after delivery and prompt neonatal surgery with the assistance of high-frequency ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Fetal therapy can now be considered for otherwise fatal space-occupying intrathoracic lesions in the fetus.
Genetically engineered poxviruses for recombinant gene expression, vaccination, and safety

Vaccinia virus, no longer required for immunization against smallpox, now serves as a unique vector for expressing genes within the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. As a research tool, recombinant vaccinia viruses are used to synthesize and analyze the structure-function relationships of proteins, determine the targets of humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and investigate the types of immune response needed for protection against specific infectious diseases and cancer. The vaccine potential of recombinant vaccinia virus has been realized in the form of an effective oral wild-life rabies vaccine, although no product for humans has been licensed. A genetically altered vaccinia virus that is unable to replicate in mammalian cells and produces diminished cytopathic effects retains the capacity for high-level gene expression and immunogenicity while promising exceptional safety for laboratory workers and potential vaccine recipients.
Free Convection in the Turbulent Ekman Layer of the Atmosphere

Abstract This paper deals with the problem of fully developed free convection in the atmospheric boundary layer. In free convection, the height of the Ekman layer is much larger than the absolute value of the Monin-Oboukhov length. The kinetic energy budget of the turbulence above the surface layer shows that the standard deviations of vertical velocity and of temperature are related to h/L by σw/u*∝(−h/L)⅓ and σθ/θ*∝(−h/L)⅓. Because convection has no natural length scale, the height of the neutral Ekman layer (h∝u*/f) is used to explore the consequences of the proposed expressions for σw and σθ. The dissimilarity between the heat flux and the momentum flux is studied in terms of time- and length-scale ratios and in terms of a flux Richardson number. A definitive solution of the problem, however, cannot be formulated until an expression for the height of unstable Ekman layers, as a function of the time of day and the stability conditions at the top of the boundary layer, can he found.
Human cytomegalovirus pp71: A new viral tool to probe the mechanisms of cell cycle progression and oncogenesis controlled by the retinoblastoma family of tumor suppressors

The DNA tumor virus oncogenes (adenovirus E1A, simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen, and papillomavirus E7) have been instrumental in illuminating the molecules and mechanisms of cell cycle progression and carcinogenesis. However, since these multifunctional proteins target so many important cellular regulators, it is sometimes difficult to establish the functional importance of any individual interaction. Perhaps a herpesvirus protein, newly defined as a cell cycle regulator, can help address these issues. Like the DNA tumor virus proteins, the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pp71 protein contains a retinoblastoma protein (Rb) binding motif (LxCxD), and stimulates DNA synthesis in quiescent cells. Unlike E1A, T antigen, and E7, pp71 expression does not induce apoptosis, nor does it cooperate to transform primary cells. Determining how pp71 induces cell cycle progression without invoking apoptosis or leading to cellular transformation may help in defining the signals that ultimately lead to these processes.
Characterization of the 78 kDa mast cell protein phosphorylated by the antiallergic drug cromolyn and homology to moesin.

Abstract Mast cells (MC) can be stimulated to secrete by cross-linking immunoglobulin E bound to specific surface receptors, as well as in response to polycationic molecules such as substance P and compound 48 80 . The antiallergic drug disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn) inhibited MC secretion and rapidly incorporated phosphate into a 78 kDa protein, speculated to be its mode of action. This protein was purified by single and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and was shown to be phosphorylated primarily on serine residues by protein kinase C. Partial amino acid sequencing of two generated fragments was identical to that of portions of mouse moesin, a member of the band 4.1 superfamily of proteins, with no definitive function known to date. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the rat basophil leukemia cell moesin cDNA expressed in Escherichia coli immunoprecipitated the 78 kDa phosphoprotein quantitatively, and immunocytochemistry localized it to the plasma membrane. Reversible phosphorylation of this 78 kDa phosphoprotein could affect its possible cytoskeletal binding through which it may regulate stimulus-secretion coupling in MC.
Caregiver Preferences for Emerging Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Treatments: A Comparison of Best-Worst Scaling and Conjoint Analysis

Through Patient-Focused Drug Development, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) documents the perspective of patients and caregivers and are currently conducting 20 public meetings on a limited number of disease areas. Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy (PPMD), an advocacy organization for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), has demonstrated a community-engaged program of preference research that would complement the FDA’s approach. Our objective was to compare two stated-preference methods, best-worst scaling (BWS) and conjoint analysis, within a study measuring caregivers’ DMD-treatment preferences. Within one survey, two preference-elicitation methods were applied to 18 potential treatments incorporating six attributes and three levels. For each treatment profile, caregivers identified the best and worst feature and intention to use the treatment. We conducted three analyses to compare the elicitation methods using parameter estimates, conditional attribute importance and policy simulations focused on the 18 treatment profiles. For each, concordance between the results was compared using Spearman’s rho. BWS and conjoint analysis produced similar parameter estimates (p < 0.01); conditional attribute importance (p < 0.01); and policy simulations (p < 0.01). Greatest concordance was observed for the benefit and risk parameters, with differences observed for nausea and knowledge about the drug—where a lack of monotonicity was observed when using conjoint analysis. The observed concordance between approaches demonstrates the reliability of the stated-preference methods. Given the simplicity of combining BWS and conjoint analysis on single profiles, a combination approach is easily adopted. Minor irregularities for the conjoint-analysis results could not be explained by additional analyses and needs to be the focus of future research.
Effects of overtraining on the establishment of mental set in anagram solving

Three groups of 10 Ss each solved a list of 60 anagrams. In a set group (S) the first 45 anagrams were five-letter words rearranged into a 54123 letter-order pattern. In a random-set group (RS) the first 30 anagrams were in several varying letter arrangements followed by 15 anagrams in the 54123 order. A random group (R) received 45 anagrams in varying letter arrangements. The last 15 anagrams for all three groups were arranged in a 32145 order. The median solution times for the S group were significantly faster than those of the RS group in the last 15 trials.
Dynamic behaviour of unsaturated porous media: governing equations using the Theory of Mixtures with Interfaces (TMI)

Theory of Mixtures with Interfaces (TMI) is used to develop field equations governing the behaviour of unsaturated porous media under dynamic loading conditions. Interfaces existing between bulk phases in unsaturated porous media are explicitly considered in the TMI. Volume fractions and area densities are introduced as independent constitutive variables. A new definition for the total stress that explicitly includes interfacial effects is deduced. Thermodynamic restrictions are used to derive the constitutive relationships. It is found that there exists a well-defined potential (i.e. Gibbs' thermodynamic potential) to drive the flow of the fluids. Effective stress for unsaturated soils is theoretically shown to dependent not only on the degree of saturation but also on the stress path and soil type. Theoretical basis for the use of two stress state variables, net stress and suction, instead of a single effective stress is provided. The soil–water characteristic curve is shown to be none other than the linear momentum balance equation of all the interfaces. Realistic functional forms are suggested to take into account the variation of suction when the solid skeleton undergoes deformation. The final set of governing equations presented are easily implementable into finite element methods and can be used to analyse problems such as the earthquake loading of compacted soil embankments. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Universal Filtering Via Hidden Markov Modeling

The problem of discrete universal filtering, in which the components of a discrete signal emitted by an unknown source and corrupted by a known discrete memoryless channel (DMC) are to be causally estimated, is considered. A family of filters are derived, and are shown to be universally asymptotically optimal in the sense of achieving the optimum filtering performance when the clean signal is stationary, ergodic, and satisfies an additional mild positivity condition. Our schemes are comprised of approximating the noisy signal using a hidden Markov process (HMP) via maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation, followed by the use of the forward recursions for HMP state estimation. It is shown that as the data length increases, and as the number of states in the HMP approximation increases, our family of filters attains the performance of the optimal distribution-dependent filter. An extension to the case of channels with memory is also established.
Controlling magnetism of a complex metallic system using atomic individualism.

When the complexity of a metallic compound reaches a certain level, a specific location in the structure may be critically responsible for a given fundamental property of a material while other locations may not play as much of a role in determining such a property. The first-principles theory has pinpointed a critical location in the framework of a complex intermetallic compound---${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{4}$---that resulted in a controlled alteration of the magnetism of this compound using precise chemical tools.
Examining Teachers' Use of Evidence-Based Practices During Core Mathematics Instruction

The extent to which teachers implement evidence-based practices, such as explicit instruction, is critical for improving students’ mathematics achievement. The purpose of this study was to examine ...
Model-independent constraints on possible modifications of Newtonian gravity.

New model-independent constraints on possible modifications of Newtonian gravity over solar-system distance scales are presented, and their implications discussed. The constraints arise from the analysis of various planetary astrometric data sets. The results of the model-independent analysis are then applied to set limits on a variation in the l/r-squared behavior of gravity, on possible Yukawa-type interactions with ranges of the order of planetary distance scales, and on a deviation from Newtonian gravity of the type discussed by Milgrom (1983).
Surface hardening by diffusion in copper single crystals

Abstract The effect of composition changes below the surface of copper single crystals on the critical-resolved-shear stress and on dislocation configuration near the surface was studied. Various gradients with a solute concentration decreasing from the surface were developed by diffusing platinum from an electroplated layer into copper crystals. Concomitant with the resulting concentration gradients are gradients of elastic constants and lattice parameters. For all surface treatments used in these experiments the critical-resolved-shear stress was increased; the highest value was found to be 360 g/mm 2 , which is about four times that measured for pure untreated crystals. The steeper the composition gradient near the surface the greater was the measured critical-resolved-shear stress. For most treatments the structural changes that accompanied the strengthening were identified as networks of accommodation dislocations in the subsurface region. The mesh size of these networks increased when the composition gradient was decreased. In evaluating the surface strengthening mechanism the effects of shear modulus, orientation of the crystal, and ordering were considered. From these experiments the prominent strengthening mechanism appears to be due to the impedance of glide dislocation movement by the acaommodation—dislocation network in the subsurface layer.
Molecular scattering: Convergence of close-coupling expansions in the presence of many open channels

In low-energy atomic scattering theory it is well known that the accuracy of the familiar target eigenstate expansion or "close coupling" methods cannot be totally relied upon unless all open channels of the target system are included in the expansion. We show that the same methods, as applied to low-energy scattering by a molecular target, converge even though all open channels above a certain energy level may be truncated in the target eigenstate expansion. The result is applicable only in the energy regime where rotational channels are open but vibrationally and electronically excited state channels are closed.
Information flow, volatility and spreads of infrequently traded Nasdaq stocks

Abstract This paper examines the information flow, return volatility, and trading costs of infrequently traded stocks. A mixture-of-distribution model is employed to decompose volume into informed and liquidity components. It is found that the intensity of informed trading is higher for infrequently traded stocks. This higher intensity of informed trading causes larger spreads. The positive volatility–volume relationship is much stronger when informed volume replaces raw volume in the volatility regression. A striking negative relationship between volatility and liquidity volume is uncovered. Finally, prices of infrequently traded stocks are more sensitive to informed trading than those of frequently traded stocks.
Synthesis and characterization of platinum(II) complexes with 3-methylpiperidine: crystal and molecular structure of [Pt(3-methylpiperidine)2(malonato)]·H2O

Abstract A series of new platinum complexes of the type [Pt(3-mepip) 2 X] (where 3-mepip=3-methylpiperidine, and X=dichloro, sulfato, oxalato, malonato, methylmalonato, dimethylmalonato, tartronato, 1,1-cyclopropanedicarboxylato (CPDCA) or 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato (CBDCA) ligand) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and 195 Pt nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The crystal structure of [Pt(3-mepip) 2 (malonato)]·0.79H 2 O was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In this complex platinum has slightly distorted square planar geometry with two adjacent corners being occupied by two nitrogens of 3-methylpiperidine, whereas the remaining two adjacent corners are occupied by two oxygen atoms of the malonato group. An intricate network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds holds the crystal lattice together. In the other complexes, 3-mepip acts as non-leaving ligands, whereas the carboxylato ligands act as leaving groups.
Hypersensitivity reaction of Brassica nigra L. (Cruciferae) kills eggs of Pieris butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Some individual plants of the mustard Brassica nigra in lowland California kill eggs of the Crucifer-specialist herbivores Pieris rapae and P. napi by producing a necrotic zone at the base of the egg, thereby apparently desicating it. This is a typical hypersensitivity reaction, but to an atypical stimulus. The eggs can be “rescued” by maintaining them in a saturated atmosphere. Attempts to demonstrate a bacterial or fungal agent associated with the reaction were unsuccessful.
Groucho and dCtBP mediate separate pathways of transcriptional repression in the Drosophila embryo

The precellular Drosophila embryo contains ≈10 well characterized transcriptional repressors. At least half are short-range repressors that must bind within 100 bp of either upstream activators or the core transcription complex to inhibit (or quench) gene expression. The two long-range repressors can function over distances of 1 kilobase or more to silence transcription. Previous studies have shown that three of the five short-range repressors interact with a common corepressor protein, dCtBP. In contrast, the two long-range repressors, Hairy and Dorsal, recruit a different corepressor protein, Groucho. Hairy also was shown to interact with dCtBP, thereby raising the possibility that Groucho and dCtBP are components of a common corepressor complex. To investigate this issue, we have misexpressed wild-type and mutant forms of Hairy in transgenic embryos. Evidence is presented that Hairy-mediated repression depends on the Groucho interaction sequence (WRPW) but not the weak dCtBP motif (PLSLV) present in the native protein. Conversion of the PLSLV motif into an optimal dCtBP interaction sequence (PLDLS) disrupts the activity of an otherwise normal Hairy protein. These results suggest that dCtBP and Groucho mediate separate pathways of transcriptional repression and that the two proteins can inhibit one another when both bind the same repressor.
Surgical evolution: collaboration is the key.

Surgery is an evolving profession. Only a decade ago, surgeons had well-defined and relatively isolated clinical practices. Most surgical procedures were performed through large incisions that required prolonged hospitalizations. In the 21st century, however, minimally invasive techniques and advanced technology, which require collaborative work with internal medicine specialists, are more prevalent. Fortunately for our patients, these developments are resulting in improved outcomes and reduced hospitalization times. This change in approach to the patient from unilateral to collaborative, however, is leading to a breakdown of the surgeon's traditional role. To best serve our patients, surgeons need to reevaluate their isolated position within the medical profession.
Aged Mice Exhibit a Severely Diminished CD8 T Cell Response Following Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Respiratory virus infections in the elderly result in increased rates of hospitalization and death. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe virus-induced respiratory disease in individuals over the age of 65. CD8 T cells play a critical role in mediating RSV clearance. While it is clear that T cell immunity declines with age, it is not clear to what extent the CD8 T cell response to RSV is altered. Using aged BALB/c mice, we demonstrated that RSV-specific CD8 T cell responses were significantly reduced in the lungs of aged mice at the peak of the T cell response and that this decrease correlated with delayed viral clearance. Despite a decrease in the overall numbers of RSV-specific CD8 T cells during acute infection, their capacity to produce effector cytokines was not impaired. Following viral clearance, the RSV-specific memory CD8 T cells were similar in total number and phenotype in young and aged mice. Furthermore, following infection with a heterologous pathogen expressing an RSV epitope, RSV-specific memory CD8 T cells exhibited similar activation and ability to provide early control of the infection in young and aged mice. These data demonstrate a decrease in the capacity of aged mice to induce a high-magnitude acute CD8 T cell response, leading to prolonged viral replication, which may contribute to the increased disease severity of RSV infection observed for aged individuals.
The increasing problem of unusual pancreatic tumors

Hypothesis Patients presenting with a pancreatic mass often have a curable lesion rather than the more common adenocarcinoma. Greater awareness of this among nonsurgeons is necessary. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Tertiary care referral hospital. Patients All patients who presented with a pancreatic mass during the 8 years from 1990 to 1998 were studied. Patients with a history of chronic pancreatitis, a functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, or pancreatic adenocarcinoma were excluded. Forty patients were identified, demographic and clinical characteristics recorded, and long-term follow-up obtained. Interventions Therapy included either a Whipple procedure or distal pancreatectomy. Two patients underwent a biliary bypass. Main Outcome Measures Tumor histology, morbidity, and survival. Results Three hundred thirty-six patients with a pancreatic mass were treated during this 8-year period. Two hundred ninety-six of these had pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Forty (11.9%) of the 336 patients had other types of pancreatic tumors. Two thirds of these patients were female, with an average age of 57 years. Seventy-five percent of these tumors were either malignant or potentially malignant. In several instances, cystic tumors were diagnosed as inflammatory pseudocysts and managed accordingly. Fourteen (35%) of 40 patients had no symptoms and their tumor was found on a computed tomographic scan performed for another indication. Percutaneous biopsy was performed in 9 patients, of whom 5 were assigned an incorrect diagnosis. There were no operative deaths, although the postoperative complication rate was 23%. Conclusions In this series, nearly 12% of patients presenting with a pancreatic mass did not have pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but rather more favorable lesions amenable to operation. Preoperative biopsy should not be carried out. Curative procedures can be safely performed in centers seeing a large number of patients with pancreatic tumors, and the long-term results of extirpation are excellent.
Social Support and the Adjustment of Children in Divorced and Remarried Families

This article draws together some of the key findings to emerge from research - in particular, from three longitudinal studies that the author was involved in - on children's and adult's adjustment ...
Curriculum-Based Measures of Written Expression for Learning-Disabled and Nondisabled Students.

This study examined differences in written expression between a sample of learning-disabled and nondisabled middle school students, matched by grade and sex, using eight curriculum-based measures. All of the learning-disabled students had been identified as having written language deficits as part of their handicapping conditions. The nondisabled students showed superior written expression skills, especially on the production-independent measures. Implications of these results are discussed in relation to psycho educational assessment, the use of CBM for ongoing assessment of written expression, and future studies.
Use of a motorized wheelchair in conjunction with a guide dog for the legally blind and physically disabled

There is limited literature concerning use of wheelchairs by patients with combined visual impairment and neuromuscular diseases. This case report describes the use of a motorized wheelchair and guide dog by a legally blind patient with severe visual loss due to oculocutaneous albinism. He had concomitant decreased functional mobility from degenerative joint disease of both knees, which limited his ambulation capability. After careful consideration of risks and a successful trial of its use in the corridors of our institution, as well as successfully traveling with it outdoors, he was given a motorized wheelchair. He has continued to use it safely and successfully along with his guide dog. Combined visual and neuromuscular diseases will be encountered with increasing frequency because of the aging population, and it is therefore important for physiatrists to be able to provide assistive devices for such individuals. Vision loss is not an absolute contraindication to motorized wheelchair use.
Theory of a two-cavity gyrotron frequency multiplier.

A frequency multiplying device is analyzed that provides power at selected cyclotron harmonics in a quasioptical gyrotron. The device utilizes a prebunching cavity and an uptapered magnetic field that impose a double-resonance condition on the radiation generated. This selects among cyclotron harmonics in the output cavity even though the cavity structure may support all harmonics. The prebunching is accomplished by modulation of electron orbital magnetic moments by a low-frequency-input rf field. Two design examples are given for quasioptical gyrotron frequency multiplier operation at the third cyclotron harmonic (four or seven times the input frequency) with a 10--15 % electronic efficiency and greater than 33% overall rf conversion efficiency. The drawback of this method of prebunching is that high-input electric-field intensities are required for efficient operation. However, it is shown that the double-resonance method allows complete harmonic selection in the linear regime for zero detuning between the cyclotron and field frequency. When this detuning is nonzero, the selected harmonic still has a higher linear efficiency than all others.
Quasiconformal Lipschitz maps, Sullivan's convex hull theorem and Brennan's conjecture

We show that proving the conjectured sharp constant in a theorem of Dennis Sullivan concerning convex sets in hyperbolic 3-space would imply the Brennan conjecture. We also prove that any conformal mapf:D→Ω can be factored as aK-quasiconformal self-map of the disk (withK independent of Ω) and a mapg:D→Ω with derivative bounded away from zero. In particular, there is always a Lipschitz homeomorphism from any simply connected Ω (with its internal path metric) to the unit disk.
Effect of in ovo retinoic acid exposure on forebrain neural crest: In vitro analysis reveals up‐regulation of N‐CAM and loss of mesenchymal phenotype

In a prior study of in ovo exog- enous retinoic acid (RA) exposure, we observed a prolonged expression of cell surface N-CAM in cranial neural crest (NC) cells exhibiting migra- tory failure. In the present studies, we employed an experimental strategy in which embryos were first exposed to exogenous RA in ovo and incu- bated for 45-60 hr; this was followed by extirpa- tion and in vitro culturing of these same RA-ex- posed cranial neural tubes. NC cell outgrowth from the explant was assayed, as was the im- munohistochemical localization of HNK-1 and N-CAM antigens. In RA-exposed explants, the size of the NC cell outgrowths were comparable to controls. However, almost all NC cells lost their mesenchymal phenotype and were arranged in an "epithelioid" pattern of tightly packed polygonal cells that expressed N-CAM at adjacent cell boundaries. By contrast, control NC cells were flattened and multipolar in shape and expressed HNK-1, rarely co-expressing N-CAM. These obser- vations indicate that RA modulates NC cell N-CAM expression and microanatomical pheno- type, a finding consistent with prior in ovo studies of RA-exposure. Several possible explanations are considered. o 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Atmospheric vanadium transport to the ocean.

Abstract The distribution of atmospheric vanadium in urban and remote marine areas is evaluated. It appears that most of the vanadium present in the northern hemisphere westerlies over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans is from anthropogenic sources. Several crude models are utilized to calculate the flux of vanadium from the atmosphere to the oceans and it is concluded that approx. 10% of the anthropogenic atmospheric vanadium produced in continental areas is deposited in open ocean regions. Vanadium may serve as a valuable tracer in theoretical and experimental models designed to evaluate transport of atmospheric pollutants to the open ocean areas.
Present-ing the Past: The Persistence of the Para-Revolutionary Moment in Jean-Claude Fignolé's Aube tranquille

In his 1990 work of prose fiction Aube Tranquille, Jean-Claude Fignole, Hai - tian author and co-founder of the Spiralist literary ethic-aesthetic, considers the extent to which an unresolved revolutionary Haitian history persists in and troubles the global present. His novel-spiral makes Haiti's pararevo - lutionary moment pertinent to an understanding of its contemporary fate through a complex and spatio-temporally destabilizing account of one family's New World drama. i mplicating the spiral form as a narrative model from which to explore the persistence of a traumatic and meaningful past, Fignole writes away from even the most ostensibly nontraditional literary representations of time's passage. He exposes the fraught foundations of Haiti's relationships with a frica, europe, and the a foreground - ing the island republic's transatlantic and transhistorical dimensions. This essay looks closely at the specific mechanisms by which Fignole allows the colonial past to resonate in the postcolonial present and considers the author's profound resistance to authoritative reconstructions of ambivalent american histories.
An integrated dynamic memory tracing tool for C

Dynamic memory management has been a high cost component in many software systems. A study has shown that memory intensive C programs can consume up to 30% of the program run time in memory allocation and liberation. Especially, in C++ programs, they tend to have object creation and deletion prolifically. C++ memory allocation rate can be as much as 10 times higher than the comparable applications written in C. Despite the importance of dynamic memory management in C++, there exist few software tools to study dynamic memory in C++. This paper introduces a tracing tool, called mtrace++, to study the dynamic memory allocation behavior in C++ programs.Mtrace++ is a source code level instrumented tracing tool which produces records of allocation and deallocation information. The allocation information contains size, type and path. The allocation paths may lead to indirect memory allocation. The collected traced data is analyzed by stat. Stat produces concise information from the traced data. Mtrace++ provides extended functionalities which include measuring life-spans and detecting memory leaks. With limited overheads, mtrace++ can help programmers to solve dynamic memory problems with affordable cost.
Mitigation of Double-crested Cormorant Impacts on Lake Ontario:From Planning and Practice to Product Delivery

Abstract. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation initiated a Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) control program in the eastern basin of Lake Ontario to mitigate cormorant impacts in 1999. Key objectives included improving the quality of Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu) and other fisheries, restoring the structure and function of the warmwater fish community and reducing cormorant impacts to nesting habitats of other colonial waterbird species. In eight years of intensive control, cormorant numbers declined, with a corresponding reduction in estimated fish consumption. Diversity and numbers of co-occurring waterbirds either increased or have not been shown to be negatively impacted by management. Woody vegetation favorable to Black-crowned Night-Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) has been maintained. A ca. 2.5-fold increase in the abundance of Smallmouth Bass abundance in assessment nets over the last seven years is a sign of improved recruitment to the fishery. Since t...
The role of income in reducing racial and ethnic disparities in emergency room and urgent care center visits for asthma-United States, 2001-2009.

Objective. To examine racial/ethnic disparities and associated factors in asthma-related emergency room (ER) and urgent care center (UCC) visits among US adults and determine whether disparities vary across increasing income strata. Methods. We analyzed data from 238,678 adult respondents from the 2001 to 2009 National Health Interview Survey and calculated the weighted annual prevalence of an ER/UCC visit for persons with current asthma. We used logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for asthma-related ER/UCC visits by race/ethnicity and income, adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic, and other health-related factors. Results. The average annual prevalence of asthma-related ER/UCC visits among adults with current asthma was highest for Puerto Ricans (24.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.3–29.9) followed by non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaskan Natives (22.1%, 95% CI: 14.4–32.4), non-Hispanic blacks (20.4%, 95% CI: 18.5–22.4), other Hispanics (17.3%, 95% CI: 15.0–19.9), Asians (...
Drag relationships for liquid droplets settling in a continuous liquid

Experiments are reported in which the drag of single liquid droplets settling in a tall column of another lighter immiscible liquid are measured. The experimental data for the eight pairs of liquids that were tested covered a range of droplet Reynolds numbers from 10[sup [minus]3] to 10[sup 4]. Two regimes of droplet settling were encountered. In the first regime, the droplets remained spherical, and the drag agreed very well with established solid sphere drag models. In the second regime, the droplets became deformed and oscillated; the drag was found to depart suddenly from predictions of spherical models and to increase with increasing Reynolds number. Empirical models for the point of departure from spherical drag and the coefficient of drag in the unstable regime are derived. The broad scope of applications for such research includes the analysis of particle motion in fluids, the study of phenomena such as rainfall, boiling and aerosol decontamination, the design of condensing economizers and air pollution control equipment, as well as the design of evaporative coolers and cooling towers.
Palmityl-coenzyme A inhibition of the citrate-condensing enzyme.

Abstract The citrate-condensing enzyme (citrate oxaloacetate-lyase (CoA-acetylating), EC 4.1.3.7) can be partially protected from palmityl-CoA inhibition by oxaloacetate. The interaction between the enzyme and palmityl-CoA led to the firm binding of about 16 moles of the compound per mole of enzyme for a 27% inhibited enzyme. With a 70% inhibited enzyme little change was seen in the sedimentation behavior. On the basis of relationships already reported between palmityl-CoA levels and citrate levels in tissues it is suggested that the interaction is not physiologically significant.
Stronger supply chain relationships: learning from research on strong families

Purpose – The need for long‐term relationships between customer and supplier has been suggested for some time. The literature of supply chain management often compares customer‐supplier relationships to a marriage. The purpose of this paper is to apply results of research on successful families to supply chain management in order to improve these critical business relationships.Design/methodology/approach – The family strengths research is based on surveys and interviews of more than 6,000 successful families over a period exceeding 20 years, and has been summarized in six characteristics of successful families, which are used as the basis of a model of a successful supply chain relationship. The proposed model for successful supply chain relationships is then compared with the existing literature that addresses relationship success and failure.Findings – Support for the characteristics in the supply chain relationships model was found in the literature. One weakness of the model was the failure to explic...
Cost-effectiveness and pain medicine

The specialty of pain medicine, as noted by Lippe,“… justifies itself as a unique medical specialty by virtue of a distinct body of knowledge and a well-defined scope of practice. In common with other medical specialties, it is founded on an infrastructure of scientific research, education, and clinical practice [1].“ The traditional methods of education for healthcare providers, such as medical schools, nursing schools, physical therapy schools, and clinical psychology programs, do not prepare their students adequately for the delivery of evaluation and treatment services to patients experiencing pain. Also apparent, as evidenced by the dearth of medical literature, is that the traditional methods of educating pain specialists do not adequately prepare students for an effective approach to the realities of healthcare economics in their respective fields.The result of a lack of significant education in the economics of pain medicine can be financially devastating to a new practitioner who is practicing “good” medicine yet not meeting the financial obligations incipient in the operation of a multidisciplinary pain center or even a solo practice. One important concept in the study of healthcare economics is the issue of cost-effectiveness [2].
Short‐ and long‐term auditory recognition memory in 14‐month‐old human infants: Electrophysiological correlates

Two studies were conducted over a 2‐week period in an attempt to determine whether familiar and novel sounds would evoke different auditory event‐related potentials (ERPs) from a group of 14‐month‐old infants. Nine infants were presented with one of two bisyllabic nonsense syllables, consonant‐vowel‐consonant‐vowel (CVCV) over a 2‐day training period. On the third day, auditory ERPs were recorded from over the left and right hemisphere frontal, temporal, and parietal scalp regions of these infants while they listened to this familiar CVCV nonsense syllable as well as a novel CVCV syllable. An ERP component that peaked approximately 370 ms following speech onset discriminated familiar from novel speech sound sequences following the 2 days of training. This component was centered over the left and right frontal regions. Similar findings were noted at these sites when these same infants were tested after 1 week, as was an additional left hemisphere response that occurred approximately 200 ms later in time an...
Lipid-coated nano-calcium-phosphate (LNCP) for gene delivery

While calcium-phosphate has been used to deliver plasmid DNA (pDNA) for decades, the method is typically characterized by low and irreproducible transfection efficiency relative to the other non-viral approaches, such as liposomes and polymers. Here we report a novel gene transfer vector comprising lipid-coated nano-calcium-phosphate (LNCP) that provides consistently efficient and satisfactory pDNA delivery. It is based on core-shell nanoparticles comprising a calcium-phosphate core and a cationic lipid shell. This method, in contrast to the solution precipitation methods used in the past, yields colloidally stable calcium-phosphate nanoparticles inside the cationic liposomes. Our results indicate that the particle size and the size distribution of the LNCP remain virtually unchanged even after 21 days of storage. Atomic force microscopy measurements reveal that the LNCP have a 5-fold higher rigidity than common cationic liposomes. The LNCP transfected pDNA 24 times greater than the naked pDNA and 10-fold greater relative to the standard calcium-phosphate precipitation preparations, suggesting that the LNCP may have potential as a novel transfection agent for gene therapy.
Kinetics and products from flash pyrolysis of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) at 460–600°C

Abstract Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) was flash-pyrolyzed at 600–1000°C/s to temperatures in the 460–600°C range under 1 atm Ar. By using nonnegative least squares analysis of the data, 11 specific products (CO, CO2, acids, esters, ketenes, aldehydes, and CAB oligomers) were resolved as a function of concentration and time. Ketene and ethyl ketene are the most novel products. The values of the Arrhenius activation energy are 20–45 kcal/mol at 460–520°C ± 20°C, and 2–13 kcal/mol at 520–600°C ± 20°C. These data are interpreted as resulting predominately from bulk-phase decomposition reaction rates in the lower temperature range, and from desorption/evaporation rates in the higher temperature range. A global Arrhenius expression that combines these processes is presented to model the kinetic results.