cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein-disulfide Isomerase Displaces the Cholera Toxin A1 Subunit from the Holotoxin without Unfolding the A1 Subunit *

Protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI) has been proposed to exhibit an "unfoldase" activity against the catalytic A1 subunit of cholera toxin (CT). Unfolding of the CTA1 subunit is thought to displace it from the CT holotoxin and to prepare it for translocation to the cytosol. To date, the unfoldase activity of PDI has not been demonstrated for any substrate other than CTA1. An alternative explanation for the putative unfoldase activity of PDI has been suggested by recent structural studies demonstrating that CTA1 will unfold spontaneously upon its separation from the holotoxin at physiological temperature. Thus, PDI may simply dislodge CTA1 from the CT holotoxin without unfolding the CTA1 subunit. To evaluate the role of PDI in CT disassembly and CTA1 unfolding, we utilized a real-time assay to monitor the PDI-mediated separation of CTA1 from the CT holotoxin and directly examined the impact of PDI binding on CTA1 structure by isotope-edited Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Our collective data demonstrate that PDI is required for disassembly of the CT holotoxin but does not unfold the CTA1 subunit, thus uncovering a new mechanism for CTA1 dissociation from its holotoxin.
Trisomy 7 in keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinoma detected by fluorescence in-situ hybridization

Keratoacanthoma (KA) is generally considered to be a clinically and histologically distinct entity, but it often remains difficult to separate from well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC). Recently, trisomy 7 has been identified in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. In this study, we examined classical KA (n=6), WDSCC (n=7) and squamous cell carcinoma with KA-like features (SCC-KA) (n=8) for trisomy 7 by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) to determine if this chromosomal abnormality is unique to squamous lesions diagnosed as WDSCC, or shared by both KA and SCC. In addition, the pertinent clinical-histopathologic findings were summarized. Trisomy 7 was identified in one KA, one SCC-KA and two WDSCC. This study demonstrates that there is a chromosomal abnormality shared by KA and SCC, providing further evidence that KA is most likely a form of SCC. Further studies are required to determine if trisomy 7 in these lesions is of prognostic significance.
Evidence for Independent Genetic Influences on Fat Mass and Body Mass Index in a Pediatric Twin Sample

Objective. Insight into genetic and environmental influences on fat mass, independent of body mass index (BMI; kg/m 2 ), is expected to enhance methods for treating pediatric obesity. However, few studies have estimated the heritability of fat mass in pediatric samples, and those conducted have relied primarily on BMI measurements. Present Study. Using bioimpedance analysis, the present study tested a series of hypotheses predicting significant genetic and environmental influences on percent body fat (PBF) above and beyond BMI. Subjects were 66 pairs of twins, including 41 monozygotic and 25 dizygotic pairs, from 3 to 17 years of age. Structural equation modeling tested hypotheses, adjusting for demographic variables. Results. Analyses indicated significant genetic influences on PBF, with genes estimated to account for 75% to 80% of the phenotypic variation. The remaining variation was attributable to nonshared environmental influences. Multivariate analyses revealed sizable genetic correlations and environmental correlations between BMI and PBF (r g =.74 and r e =.67, respectively), suggesting that some genes and environmental experiences influence both phenotypes. However, analyses confirmed genetic and environmental influences on PBF above and beyond BMI. For example, 62.5% of the total genetic variation in PBF was attributable to genes that influenced PBF but not BMI. Conclusion. There seems to be a substantial genetic contribution to fat mass distinct from BMI in a sample of children and adolescents. Studies testing putative genetic or environmental determinants of pediatric obesity might be strengthened further by including research-based body composition methods. Pediatrics 1999;104: 61-67; pediatric obesity, twin design, heritability, nonshared environment, bioimpedance analysis, body mass index, body composition.
Pollinator effectiveness and seed set in populations of Agalinis strictifolia (Scrophulariaceae)

Examining variation in pollinator effectiveness and seed production resulting from single pollinator visits can provide a deeper understanding of how pollinators may influence reproduction in plant populations. When comparing populations, differences in the number of seeds produced from single pollinator visits to flowers may not always be attributable to differences in pollen deposition, but rather to differences in plant fecundity or resource availability. Pollinator effectiveness and seed production were studied for two populations over a 4-year period and were measured using single bee visit manipulations of flowers. No significant difference in pollinator effectiveness (pollen deposited on stigmas) was observed between the two populations. However, a significant difference between the two populations was observed in the number of seeds produced per flower. The Wellhouse population produced approximately three times as many seeds/flower from a single pollinator visit as did the Firefly Meadow population. Within each population, pollinators (Bombus pennsylvanicus and Apis mellifera) did not differ in the number of pollen grains deposited on stigmas or seeds produced per flower from single visit experiments. Differences in plant density, pollen viability, and ovules per flower also could not account for a significant amount of the variation. A resource augmentation experiment (water and fertilizer application) resulted in a decrease in seeds per flower per bee visit for the water treatment at the Wellhouse population only. For both populations, pollen deposition, pollen viability, and ovules per flower were unaffected by the resource augmentation. Alternative possibilities for the observed differences in seeds per flower per bee visit are discussed.
Nanomechanics: Crossing a bridge into the unknown

The ability to excite extreme states of motion such as shock waves in nanomechanical resonators will provide new insights into the interactions between electrons and phonons.
Analytical methods involving chelation: Phenanthroline and O,O′-dihydroxyazo compounds as reagents

IN 1937 it was possible to gather all the available information on the chelate ring compounds into one long review article [l]. The classification of chelate ring compounds attempted in that paper is still pertinent, but in 1962 a thorough compilation of the knowledge of chelate ring chemistry would take the form of a volume or two of Beilstein or Gmelin, and no one has the time, nor the interest, nor the money to carry out the chore such a compilation would entail. Not that it isn’t needed nor that it would be of less than great utility. The phenomenon of chelate ring formation plays a part in surprisingly diverse fields : the tanning of leather, the mordant dyeing of cloth; the study of the stereochemistry of the metals; the sequestering of metal ions in solution and the ramifications of this into the softening of water, the preservation of foods and the inhibition of the catalytic activities of metal ions; the biological activity of such basic components of plant and animal life as chlorphyll, hemoglobin, vitamin Blz and the enzymes; and finally, in analytical chemistry in the action of organic precipitating and color forming reagents. The biological and analytical aspects, of course, come closest to medicine. That metals and those organic compounds which unite with them by chelation play a part in medicine is attested by this and other recent symposia. That the analytical chemist has been improving his own tools and operations by chelate ring forming compounds may not have been so evident. In the following discussion two fields of chelate ringanalytical chemistry are reviewed and the thesis argued that the clinical and medical professions have and will further benefit from what might appear a remote or even aloof branch of the chemical profession.
How do health insurer market concentration and bargaining power with hospitals affect health insurance premiums

The US health insurance industry is highly concentrated, and health insurance premiums are high and rising rapidly. Policymakers have focused on the possible link between the two, leading to ACA provisions to increase insurer competition. However, while market power may enable insurers to include higher profit margins in their premiums, it may also result in stronger bargaining leverage with hospitals to negotiate lower payment rates to partially offset these higher premiums. We empirically examine the relationship between employer-sponsored fully-insured health insurance premiums and the level of concentration in local insurer and hospital markets using the nationally-representative 2006-2011 KFF/HRET Employer Health Benefits Survey. We exploit a unique feature of employer-sponsored insurance, in which self-insured employers purchase only administrative services from managed care organizations, to disentangle these different effects on insurer concentration by constructing one concentration measure representing fully-insured plans' transactions with employers and the other concentration measure representing insurers' bargaining with hospitals. As expected, we find that premiums are indeed higher for plans sold in markets with higher levels of concentration relevant to insurer transactions with employers, lower for plans in markets with higher levels of insurer concentration relevant to insurer bargaining with hospitals, and higher for plans in markets with higher levels of hospital market concentration.
Influence of plant preservative mixture (PPM)TM on adventitious organogenesis in melon, petunia, and tobacco

The influence of PPMTM on somatic embryogenesis in melon, adventitious shoot organogenesis in petunia, and androgenesis in tobacco was studied by culturing explants in regeneration media supplemented with 0, 2, 5 or 10 ml l−1 PPM for 8–12 wk. The percentage of melon cotyledon explants that produced callus and somatic embryos and the number of embryos per explant were reduced when incubated in embryo initiation and embryo development media containing more than 5 ml l−1 PPM. Less PPM was required to inhibit petunia shoot organogenesis. The number of shoots and number of buds per Petri dish were reduced 3–6.9-fold when leaf explants were incubated in shoot regeneration medium containing more than 2 ml l−1 PPM. In contrast, the addition of up to 10 ml l−1 PPM to tobacco anther culture medium had no effect on androgenesis. Our results suggest that the influence of PPM on plant regeneration depends on the plant species. We recommend that experimenters examine a range of PPM concentrations when using it for the first time on an untested plant species.
New role for the primate fovea: A retinal excavation determines photoreceptor deployment and shape

In humans, an increasing density of foveal cone photoreceptors occurs slowly over several years after birth, and accounts for a region that subserves high visual acuity. Concurrently, inner retinal cells move centrifugally away from the foveal center. Such developmental rearrangements reflect complex cellular remodeling after the retinal neuronal cells have differentiated and have formed synapses. Explaining foveal morphogenesis is difficult, because differentiated neuronal cells seem incapable of moving actively. Presented here is a biomechanical explanation of how the above events occur. This hypothesis assumes that the cellular movements throughout the retinal layers occur passively as the eye grows and the retina is stretched. Retinal stretch was simulated using virtual engineering models that were analyzed with finite element analysis. A pit combined with retinal stretch causes the retinal layers to deform in a way that accounts for both the centrifugal and centripetal movement of various retinal cell types. Axially directed, tensile forces associated with stretching the retinal tissue surrounding the pit also accounts for the elongated morphology of foveal cone photoreceptors. These simulations suggest that a pit is required for both the centripetal displacement of cone cells toward the center of the fovea, and for the elongated foveal cone morphology. Since the primate fovea may have minimal impact on acuity, its primary role may be to initiate foveal morphogenesis in slowly developing eyes.
Development of Guanase and Xanthine Oxidase in Rat Liver

SummaryActivities of the metabolically related rat liver enzymes, guanase and xanthine oxidase, increase markedly from birth to maturity. Temporal difference in the increases suggests that they are signaled differently.
The Hydrogen Spectrum in the New Quantum Theory

The Born and Jordan matrices representing the "coordinates" of the hydrogen atom are calculated. The model is that of an electron revolving without rotation about a positive nucleus. The computation is based on a method developed independently by the author and by E. Schroedinger. Half quantum numbers appear in the formulas for the matrices. It is stated without proof, that they also enter into the formula for the relativistic fine structure. This will necessitate the consideration of a more elaborate model for the hydrogen atom (the rotating electron of Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit). The intensity ratio of the two brighter components of Hα is calculated and found to be 10:2.1 in contradiction with the observed 10:8. For Hβ the calculated ratio is 10:3.6, and the observed 10:9. The discrepancy is too great to be accounted for by the incompleteness of the model, and points to a difficulty in the Born and Jordan theory.
The effects of coumarin and suramin on the growth of malignant renal and prostatic cell lines

Coumarin is known to exert an anti-neoplastic action in patients with malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. We examined the effects of various concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500 μg/ml) of coumarin on the proliferation of two renal cell carcinoma cell lines (786-O and A-498) and two malignant prostatic cell lines (DU145 and LNCaP). After 5 days of treatment, coumarin inhibited the growth of the four cell lines. The LNCaP prostatic cell line was more sensitive than the other cell lines to the inhibitory effects of coumarin. We also examined the effects of various concentrations of suramin (0, 50, 200 and 400 μg/ml), an anti-neoplastic compound currently undergoing clinical trials, on the growth of the 786-O and LNCaP cell lines. Both of these were inhibited by suramin at concentrations greater than 100 μg/ml. Finally we examined the effects of combined treatment with coumarin and suramin on the growth of LNCaP and 786-O cells. When combined with all concentrations of suramin studied (0, 50, 200 and 400 μg/ml), coumarin further inhibited cellular proliferation of the LNCaP and 786-O cell lines. However, the combination of the highest concentration of coumarin (500 μg/ml) with suramin at 400 μg/ml did not inhibit the proliferation of the cells more than 500 μg/ml coumarin alone.
An Examination of Full-Time Employment in the Direct-Care Workforce:

The article provides a sociodemographic and socioeconomic portrait of individuals in the direct-care workforce. Multinomial logistic regression is used to compare socioeconomic and sociodemographic predictors of part-time and full-time employment in the direct-care occupation and other occupations using data from the 2003 and 2004 Annual Social and Economic Surveys. The results indicate that race, limited education, and having children younger than age 6 are significant predictors of full-time employment in direct care. Full-time and part-time direct-care employees are significantly less likely to have job-related health insurance than those in other occupations. Despite the recognized needs of older Americans and the decreasing number of women available to provide such care, development of this workforce is not a policy priority. State and federal policies should provide the direct-care workforce with wages and benefits sufficient to support their families and enable them to remain in the workforce provi...
Active Transport of 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Oxazolidinedione

5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedinedione, a substance commonly used to estimate intracellular pH, moves against both a concentration gradient and a hydrogen-ion gradient in the everted gut sac. Furthermore, the value of the flux ratio for this substance under conditions of zero electrochemical potential across the bowel wall unequivocally demonstrates active transport.
Comparisons among some theoretical studies of electrical conductivity in polymers

The following three theoretical schemes for the study of electronic band structures in polymers are compared: (a) Extended Huckel, (b) Valence Effective Hamiltonian, and (c) Ab-Initio. In the last category, both the conventional approach and a novel approximate scheme are compared with the other methods.
Numerical simulations of marine hydrothermal plumes for Europa and other icy worlds

Abstract The liquid water interiors of Europa and other icy moons of the outer Solar System are likely to be driven by geothermal heating from the sea floor, leading to the development of buoyant hydrothermal plumes. These plumes potentially control icy surface geomorphology, and are of interest to astrobiologists. We have performed a series of simulations of these plumes using the MIT GCM ocean circulation model. We assume here that Europa’s ocean is deep (of order 100 km) and unstratified, and that plume buoyancy is controlled by temperature, not composition. Our experiments explore a limited region of parameter space, with ocean depth H ranging from 50 to 100 km deep, source heat flux Q between 0.1 and 10 GW, and Coriolis parameter f corresponding to Europa latitudes between 9° and 47°. As predicted by earlier work, the plumes in our simulations form narrow cylindrical chimneys (a few km across) under the influence of the Coriolis effect. These plumes broaden over time until they become baroclinically unstable, breaking up into cone-shaped eddies when they become 10–35 km in diameter; the shed eddies are of a similar size. Large-scale currents in the region of the plume range between 1 and 5 cm/s; temperature anomalies in the plume far from the seafloor are tiny, varying between 10 and 180 μK. Variations in plume size, shape, speed, and temperature are in excellent agreement with previous laboratory tank experiments, and in rough agreement with theoretical predictions. Plume dynamics and geometry are controlled by a “natural Rossby number” which depends strongly on depth H and Coriolis parameter f, but only weakly on source heat flux Q. However, some specific theoretical predictions are not borne out by these simulations: this may occur because the plumes are “reingesting” their own emissions, a process not considered in our earlier theory.
Origin of Bahama Platform: ABSTRACT

The origin of the Bahama platform and its continued subsidence to permit the accumulation of a thick carbonate cap have been a problem of Middle American geology. The relation of this feature to previously published reconstructions of the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic "fit" of North America, Africa, and South America also has posed a problem. A new model incorporating the volcano-tectonic rift and ignimbrite-sheet association is proposed to explain the origin of the Bahama platform as an integral part of Caribbean plate tectonics. A new North America-South America join is utilized to account for the major geologic and tectonic continuities of Paleozoic age throughout Mexico and Central America. The clockwise rotation of North America as it separated from South America and Africa caused the counterclockwise bending of the entire peninsula of Mexico and Central America, with the newly accreted Caribbean plate into a subduction zone that was to evolve into the arc-trench system of the Greater Antilles. The rotation and beginning of subduction of this Caribbean plate into the Cuban trench, in Jurassic time, triggered volcanic eruptions that provided the foundations for the Cuban volcanic arc. Additionally the eruptions provide the usual thick and widespread ignimbrite sheet behind the arc in the area now occupied by peninsular Florida and the Bahama Banks. Not only is evidence for this feature found in wells drilled in Florida, but it also provides the foundation on which was deposited the thick sequence of carbonate strata that form the Bahama Banks. This interpretation eliminates the overlap of the Bahama salient onto Africa, explains the origin of the Old Bahama Channel, serves the same purpose as the sedimentary prism proposed by Dietz and others, and has the volcanic character to meet the geophysical requirements indicated by Uchupi et al. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2213------------
Slow wins: patience, perseverance and behavior change

607 ISSN 1758-3004 10.4155/CMT.11.59 © 2011 Future Science Ltd The converging of climate disruption, energy descent and economic instability is stressing civilization, perhaps foreshadowing a downshift to a lower level of complexity [1]. It is easy to despair at the unsustainability of human behavior; however, such despair may come from taking too narrow and pessimistic a view of human nature, such as believing:
Broadband superluminescent diodes with height-engineered InAs-GaAs quantum dots

Ultra-wide bandwidth superluminescent diodes (SLDs) using multiple layers of InAs-GaAs quantum dots (QDs) with engineered height are realised. A tilted and tapered active region is used to reduce the effective reflectivity from the facets. A 3 dB emission bandwidth up to 140 nm centred at 1100 nm is achieved at a continuous-wave drive-current of 600 mA. It is shown that varying the height of the dots from one layer of dots to another within the active region considerably broadens the emission spectrum of the QD-SLDs compared to those made of similar layers of inhomogeneous QDs.
Robust Network Coding for Bidirected Networks

We consider the problem of finding a linear network code that guarantees an instantaneous recovery from edge failures in communication networks. With instantaneous recovery, lost data can be recovered at the destination without the need for path re-routing or packet re-transmission. We focus on a special class of bidirected networks. In such networks, for each edge there exists a corresponding edge in the reverse direction of equal capacity. We assume that at most one pair of bidirected edges can fail at any time. For unicast connections, we establish an upper bound of O (2 2h ) on the minimum required field size and present an algorithm that constructs a linear network code over GF (2 2h ). For multicast connections, we show that the minimum required field size is bounded by O (t ldr 2 2h ), where t is the number of terminals. We also discuss link- and flow-cyclic bidirected coding networks with instantaneous recovery.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Structural Studies of Transition Metal Open Fulvalene Complexes

Starting from the 3-methylpentadienyl anion, a route to 3,8-dimethyl-1,3,5,7,9-decapentaene has been devised. This pentaene reacts readily with Co(C5H5)(C2H4)2 or [Ru(C5Me5)Cl]4 (2 and 0.5 equiv, respectively) to yield the expected (η4,η4‘-decapentaene)dimetal complexes, in which the two external diene fragments of the pentaene are each coordinated to a metal center, leaving the central CC bond uncoordinated. Subsequent respective two-electron oxidation or reduction then leads to (η5,η5‘-dimethyldecapentaene)MLn species (MLn = Co(C5H5)+ or Ru(C5Me5)). The first three complexes have been found to exist as mixtures of two isomers, and structural studies have confirmed the natures of the two open fulvalene (η5,η5‘) complexes. A related reaction, involving the reduction of [V(C5H5)Cl(PMe3)2]2 and the pentaene with magnesium, has been found to lead to a similar η5,η5‘ complex for which MLn = V(C5H5)(PMe3). Its structural nature has also been confirmed through a diffraction study.
The fair distributed queue (FDQ) protocol for high-speed metropolitan-area networks

A new protocol, fair distributed queue (FDQ), suitable for very high-speed metropolitan-area networks (MANs), is presented. FDQ is a slotted system implemented on a unidirectional fiber bus. It has similarities to distributed queue dual bus (DQDB), the IEEE 802.6 Standard for MANs, including the bus topology and same nodal hardware. Like DQDB, FDQ achieves full throughput efficiency independent of the bus length, the transmission speed, and the number of nodes. Unlike DQDB, FDQ allocates equal bandwidth under heavy load to all active users in a time period less than or equal to the round-trip propagation delay without wasting bandwidth. Its delay characteristics are studied via simulation and compared to DQDB. FDQ has lower average delays under Poisson load than DQDB with or without the bandwidth balancing (BWB) mechanism. Two distinct implementations of priority levels are given and their characteristics are discussed. It is shown that FDQ's delay and throughput characteristics are little affected with increasing distances or transmission rates. Thus, FDQ possesses excellent scalability properties which allow its total length to extend over 100 km and transmission rate well above 1 Gb/s.
SELF-CONCEPT AND IDENTIFICATION OF STUDENTS NEEDING A COUNSELING CENTER

This study discriminated between students who used a university counseling center and those who did not on the basis of several simple measures. Highly neurotic subjects, those who acknowledged problems freely, and subjects with low self-concepts were more likely to use the counseling center. Canonical function predicted use of a counseling center for a second group of students. Such information may be used to plan preventive counseling early for those with potential problems.
VHC: quickly building an optimizer for complex embedded architectures

To meet the high demand for powerful embedded processors, VLIW architectures are increasingly complex (e.g., multiple clusters), and moreover, they now run increasingly sophisticated control-intensive applications. As a result, developing architecture-specific compiler optimizations is becoming both increasingly critical and complex, while time-to-market constraints remain very tight. We present a novel program optimization approach, called the virtual hardware compiler (VHC), that can perform as well as static compiler optimizations, but which requires far less compiler development effort, even for complex VLIW architectures and complex target applications. The principle is to augment the target processor simulator with superscalar-like features, observe how the target program is dynamically optimized during execution, and deduce an optimized binary for the static VLIW architecture. Developing an architecture-specific optimizer then amounts to modifying the processor simulator which is very fast compared to adapting static compiler optimizations to an architecture. We also show that a VHC-optimized binary trained on a number of data sets performs as well as a statically-optimized binary on other test data sets. The only drawback of the approach is a largely increased compilation time, which is often acceptable for embedded applications and devices. Using the Texas Instruments C62 VLIW processor and the associated compiler, we experimentally show that this approach performs as well as static compiler optimizations for a much lower research and development effort. Using a single-core C60 and a dual-core clustered C62 processors, we also show that the same approach can be used for efficiently retargeting binary programs within a family of processors.
A Polysynaptic Feedback Circuit in Rat Visual Cortex

Feedback connections from extrastriate cortex to primary visual cortex (V1) in the primate may provide “top-down” information that plays a role in visual attention and object recognition. Our work in a rodent model of corticocortical circuitry demonstrates that feedback pathways synapse preferentially with pyramidal cells in V1 (Johnson and Burkhalter, 1996) and favor excitation over inhibition in cortical microcircuits (Shao and Burkhalter, 1996). To investigate the polysynaptic circuits activated by feedback inputs, we studied chains of neurons postsynaptic to feedback connections using a combination of axonal tract tracing and anterograde degeneration. This approach enabled independent labeling of local collaterals of forward-projecting neurons in V1 and feedback connections from extrastriate lateromedial (LM) visual area to V1. Postsynaptic targets were identified in the electron microscope after retrograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) to identify dendrites of forward-projecting neurons (i.e., from V1 to LM) and postembedding immunogold labeling to identify GABAergic interneurons. The results show that feedback connections provide strong monosynaptic input to forward-projecting neurons in V1. These neurons in turn make local connections that preferentially form synapses with other pyramidal cells (∼97%), many of which were identified as forward-projecting neurons. This indicates that feedback pathways provide input directly to neurons which make the reciprocal forward connection, and that feedback-recipient forward-projecting neurons are strongly interconnected. The function of these excitatory networks within V1 may be to amplify feedback activity and provide a circuit for modulation of striate cortical activity by top-down influences.
High-throughput Isolation and Characterization of Untagged Membrane Protein Complexes: Outer Membrane Complexes of Desulfovibrio vulgaris

Cell membranes represent the "front line" of cellular defense and the interface between a cell and its environment. To determine the range of proteins and protein complexes that are present in the cell membranes of a target organism, we have utilized a "tagless" process for the system-wide isolation and identification of native membrane protein complexes. As an initial subject for study, we have chosen the Gram- negative sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris. With this tagless methodology, we have identified about two-thirds of the outer membrane- associated proteins anticipated. Approximately three-fourths of these appear to form homomeric complexes. Statistical and machine-learning methods used to analyze data compiled over multiple experiments revealed networks of additional protein−protein interactions providing insight into heteromeric contacts made between proteins across this region of the cell. Taken together, these results establish a D. vulgaris outer membrane protein data set that will be essential for the detection and characterization of environment-driven changes in the outer membrane proteome and in the modeling of stress response pathways. The workflow utilized here should be effective for the global characterization of membrane protein complexes in a wide range of organisms.
Choice and accommodation in parental child care decisions

As women approach parity with men in their representation in the U.S. labor force, child care has become a critical concern both for families and for community development professionals. In this paper, we review recent literature on parental child care decisions and on socio-economic differences in child care utilization. We contrast two bodies of theoretical and empirical research on the determinants of child care arrangements, comparing models of individual consumption choice with models of socially constructed or situated patterns of action. This research suggests that parental child care decisions may be best understood as accommodations—to family and employment demands, social and cultural expectations, available information, and financial, social, and other resources—that often reproduce other forms of economic and social stratification.
The Lekin System

This appendix provides examples of the formats of files that contain workstation information and job information. It also gives an example that illustrates how input data are read and how output data are written by a program that is linked to the LEKIN system.
Effects of Blood Pressure and Blood Viscosity on Fluorescein Transit Time in the Cerebral Microcirculation in the Mouse

Fluorescein transit time from pial arterioles to pial venules was measured in the mouse by analyzing motion pictures taken at 40 frames/sec. Increased blood pressure reduced the transit time. Increased blood viscosity lengthened the transit time. Viscosity was increased by rendering the animals polycythemic, or by infusions of high molecular weight dextran. Two different dextrans were used. The one with the higher molecular weight (500,000) produced a higher viscosity and a more prolonged transit time than the one with the lower molecular weight (250,000). These dextrans produced a prolongation of the transit time equal to that, or greater than that, observed in the polycythemic animals, even though whole blood viscosity in polycythemia exceeded that of the dextran treated mice over a wide range of physiologically pertinent shear rates applied in vitro in a rotational viscometer. Results indicate that increases of blood viscosity produce decreases in the velocity of the plasma, and that viscosity increments brought about by raising the hematocrit, may be less effective than viscosity increments brought about by raising the viscosity of the plasma.
Worldwide Test Reviewing at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century

This article sets the stage for the description of a variety of approaches to test reviewing worldwide. It describes the importance of test reviewing as a protection of the public and of society and also the benefits of this activity for test users, who must choose measures to use in particular situations with particular clients at a particular time.
A model-based approach to synthesizing insulin infusion pump usage parameters for diabetic patients

We present a model-based approach to synthesizing insulin infusion pump usage parameters against varying meal scenarios and physiological conditions. Insulin infusion pumps are commonly used by type-1 diabetic patients to control their blood glucose levels. The amounts of insulin to be infused are calculated based on parameters such as insulin-to-carbohydrate ratios and correction factors that need to be calibrated carefully for each patient. Frequent and careful calibration of these parameters is essential for avoiding complications such as hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. In this paper, we propose to synthesize optimal parameters for meal bolus calculation starting from models of the patient's insulin-glucose regulatory system and the infusion pump. Various off-the-shelf global optimization techniques are used to search for parameter values that minimize a penalty function defined over the predicted glucose sensor readings. The penalty function “rewards” glucose levels that lie within the prescribed ranges and “penalizes” the occurrence of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. We evaluate our approach using a model of the insulin-glucose regulatory system proposed by Dalla Man et al. Using this model, we compare various strategies for optimizing pump usage parameters for a virtual population of in-silico patients.
Early Detection of Sequela-Prone Osteomyelitis in Children with Use of Simple Clinical and Laboratory Criteria

To determine which clinical or laboratory criteria best reflected the prognosis for 83 children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO), they were compared with outcomes after a follow-up of at least 2 months (for 78%, > or = 6 months). Twenty-eight children (34%) developed sequelae. They had higher serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (days 1-6 of treatment; P = .0004 to .0001) and higher clinical scores (P = .0001) than did patients who had an uneventful recovery. The frequency of sequelae increased from 3% to 73% (P = .0001) when CRP concentrations exceeded the defined cutoff limits and the clinical scores were > or = 1. Age, the duration of symptoms at diagnosis, and the type and duration of intravenous antimicrobial therapy or surgical management did not differ (P > .05) between children with and without sequelae. Both CRP determinations and clinical evaluations with use of a scoring system enable early detection of sequela-prone AHO in children and are most accurate when used together.
Prognostic Impact of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Classification

To evaluate the prognostic impact of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) classifications, specimens from 300 patients with 20% or more bone marrow myeloblast cells were studied. Specimens were classified according to the French-American-British Cooperative Group (FAB), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Realistic Pathologic Classification, and a cytogenetic risk group scheme. Cases with fewer than 30% blast cells did not have a 5-year survival significantly different from cases with 30% or more blast cells, and survival was similar for the low blast cell count group and cases with multilineage dysplasia and 30% or more blasts. Categories of AML with recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities of t(15;17), t(8;21), inv(16)/t(16;16), and 11q23 showed significant differences in 5-year survival. No significant difference was identified between AMLs arising from myelodysplasia and de novo AMLs with multilineage dysplasia, but all cases with multilineage dysplasia had a worse survival than all other AMLs and other AMLs without favorable cytogenetics. FAB types M0, M3, and M4Eo showed differences in survival compared with all other FAB types, with M0 showing a significant association with high-risk cytogenetics and 11q23 abnormalities. Other FAB groups and WHO AML, not otherwise categorized subgroups did not show survival differences. These findings suggest that the detection of recurring cytogenetic abnormalities and multilineage dysplasia are the most significant features of current AML classification.
Photo-acoustic effects in Er:YAG laser lens emulsification

The goal of this study is to investigate the acoustic effects in Er:YAG laser lens emulsification. We studied two types of acoustic (or pressure) waves generated, during pulsed laser tissue ablation. These waves are the results of impulse-induced pressure generated through momentum coupling and the pressure generated as a result of laser-induced cavitation.
Meteoric Vs. Non-Meteoric Ground Water

Increased demand for surface water and groundwater that is replenished by hydrologic cycle; possibilities discussed of developing potable nonmeteoric water supplies; research indicates that practically all juvenile water is too highly mineralized for most uses.
Neurohormonal activation does not explain elevated tissue factor expression in heart failure.

Neurohormonal Activation does not explain Elevated Tissue Factor Expression in Heart Failure -
LIFO Distortions in the Manufacturing Industry

For years, LIFO (Last in First Out) inventory method has been used by the U.S. companies for its tax advantages as long as LIFO is also used for financial reporting purposes (the “conformity rule”). However, LIFO is prohibited under IFRS (the International Financial Reporting Standards). With the impending acceptance of IFRS by the SEC and the Obama administration’s budget proposals (2010, 2011 and 2012) which contained a provision to eliminate LIFO for tax purposes, LIFO is expected to be repealed. This study examines the use of LIFO in the manufacturing industry from 2008 (the start of recession) through 2014 with a focus on income distortions & liquidity measurements. This study provides transparency of LIFO accounting information in the manufacturing industry.
Momentary ambiances: psychogeography in action:

This paper describes and contextualizes the Situationist concept of psychogeography as a radical political strategy that can transform our experience in public space and examines three psychogeogra...
Elevation of blood magnesium and potassium in avian erythromyeloblastic leukosis.

SummaryStudies were made on the levels of Ca+ +, Na+, Mg++ and K+ in the plasma of birds with erythromyeloblastic leukosis. No changes from the normal were observed with the extracellular elements Ca++ and Na+. In contrast, the ordinarily intracellular elements Mg+ + and K+ were elevated in close relationship to the capacity of the plasmas to dephos-phorylate adenosine triphosphate and, consequently, to the virus content of the plasmas. The source of the abnormal amounts of Mg+ + and K+ have not been determined. The possible origin of the elements was discussed.
Reactions of Five-Coordinate Platinum(IV) Complexes with Molecular Oxygen

The reactions of various five-coordinate Pt(IV) complexes with molecular oxygen have been studied. In arene solution, the complexes (tBuMe2nacnac)PtMe3 (1; tBuMe2nacnac– = [((4-tBu-2,6-Me2C6H2)NC(CH3))2CH]−), (Me3Me-nacnac)PtMe3 (2; Me3Me-nacnac– = [((2,4,6-Me3C6H2)NC(CH3))2CCH3]−), and (tBu2PyPyr)PtMe3 (3; tBu2PyPyr– = 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-(2-pyridyl)pyrrolide) reacted immediately with oxygen to form peroxo species in which two oxygen atoms bridge between the metal center and a carbon atom in the ligand backbone. In contrast, no reaction between (iPr2AnIm)PtMe3 (4a; iPr2AnIm– = [o-C6H4-{N(C6H3iPr2)}(CH═NC6H3iPr2)]−) or (Me3AnIm)PtMe3 (4b; Me3AnIm– = [o-C6H4-{N(C6H2Me3)}(CH═NC6H2Me3)]−) and oxygen was observed. As activation of oxygen by five-coordinate Pt(IV) species was found to involve cooperation between the metal center and the ligand, the ability of the ligand to participate in the oxygen binding appears to be a vital component. Oxygen atom transfer reactions of the novel peroxo species are also pres...
Electron temperature measurements inside the ablating plasma of gas-filled hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility

The first measurement of the electron temperature (Te) inside a National Ignition Facility hohlraum is obtained using temporally resolved K-shell X-ray spectroscopy of a mid-Z tracer dot. Both isoelectronic- and interstage-line ratios are used to calculate the local Te via the collisional–radiative atomic physics code SCRAM [Hansen et al., High Energy Density Phys 3, 109 (2007)]. The trajectory of the mid-Z dot as it is ablated from the capsule surface and moves toward the laser entrance hole (LEH) is measured using side-on x-ray imaging, characterizing the plasma flow of the ablating capsule. Data show that the measured dot location is farther away from the LEH in comparison to the radiation-hydrodynamics simulation prediction using HYDRA [Marinak et al., Phys. Plasmas 3, 2070 (1996)]. To account for this discrepancy, the predicted simulation Te is evaluated at the measured dot trajectory. The peak Te, measured to be 4.2 keV ± 0.2 keV, is ∼0.5 keV hotter than the simulation prediction.
Preliminary report on cultivation technique of dry direct seeding for single-middle-late season rice

Study on cultivation technique of dry direct-seeded for single-middle-late season rice was carried out in Huizhou Huida vegetable farm in 2012. The results showed that, the yield of dry direct seeding cultivation technique of single-middle-late season rice was 491.84～582.80 kg per 667 m2. The yield of live in water had higher yield level, significantly increased 35.93～38.71 kg per 667 m2than moisture management, with increasing rate of 7.11%～7.31%. Under the condition of live in water for rice, the tillering ability was strong, highest number of seedlings and effective panicles was big, plants was stout, ears was large, grain number per spike was big,spikelets was much, grain was full, 1 000-grain weight was big; amount of roots was large, root was developed, number of white roots was small, root activity was weak; and protein content of rice decreased, amylose content of rice increased.
A survey on the related factors of cervical erosion in Jincheng city

Objective To understand the related risk factors of cervical erosion among women in Jincheng city,and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and cure of the disease.Methods From 2011to 2012,the gynecological examination and related laboratory examination results were retrospectively analyzed.Routine gynecological test,vaginal smear test and cervical scraping smear cell pathology test were taken among women of different age,occupation,mode of delivery,contraceptive methods,and living habits.Results The detection rate of cervical erosion was 8.13%(317/3816).The incidence of 20~age group was significantly higher than that of other age groups.The incidence of 20~ age group was 15.76% and that of 30~ age group was 10.1%;10.87% for women with occupation in service sector;9.61% for vaginal delivery women and 10.87% for women of tailed IUD.Women who have cervical erosion became younger in average age.It was closely related to contraceptive methods,delivery methods,reproductive tract infections and so on.Conclusions It is recommended that gynecological examination be taken every year or every two years in order to have early discovery,diagnosis and treatment.And it′s necessary to let women know more about cervical erosion and enhance the awareness of self-health care.
Enhanced light collection in fluorescence microscopy using self-assembled micro-reflectors

In fluorescence microscopy, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the optical system is directly linked to the numerical aperture (NA) of the microscope objective, which creates detection challenges for low-NA, wide-field and high-throughput imaging systems. Here we demonstrate a method to increase the light collection efficiency from micron-scale fluorescent objects using self-assembled vapor-condensed polyethylene glycol droplets, which act as micro-reflectors for fluorescent light. Around each fluorescent particle, a liquid meniscus is formed that increases the excitation efficiency and redirects part of the laterally-emitted fluorescent light towards the detector due to internal reflections at the liquid-air interface of the meniscus. The three-dimensional shape of this micro-reflector can be tuned as a function of time, vapor temperature and substrate contact angle, providing us optimized SNR performance for fluorescent detection. Based on these self-assembled micro-reflectors, we experimentally demonstrate ~2.5-3 fold enhancement of the fluorescent signal from 2-10 μm sized particles. A theoretical explanation of the formation rate and shapes of these micro-reflectors is presented, along with a ray tracing model of their optical performance. This method can be used as a sample preparation technique for consumer electronics-based microscopy and sensing tools, thus increasing the sensitivity of low-NA systems that image fluorescent micro-objects.
When intravesical measures fail. Indications for cystectomy in superficial disease.

SUMMARY The indications for intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer include multifocal or recurrent tumors, lamina propria invasion, CIS, and superficial involvement of the prostatic urethra. Tumor-free success rates approach 70% in most series. Intravesical therapy is usually administered as a 6-week course with a re-evaluation of the bladder at the 3-month interval. If disease persists, a second 6-week course of therapy is administered. If tumor recurs or persists at the 6-month evaluation, treatment is considered to have failed, and another form of therapy is instituted (Fig. 1). In the 30% of patients failing an adequate course of intravesical therapy, cystectomy may be indicated for uncontrollable superficial disease not amenable to transurethral resection, persistent grade III lesions, lamina propria invasion, persistent CIS, persistent involvement of the prostatic urethra, and persistence of tumor in a nonfunctioning bladder. Rarely, cystectomy may be indicated because of severe adverse effects related to intravesical therapy.