cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A spectroscopic study of the carbonisation of poly(acrylonitrile) and poly(acrylonitrile-co-acrylic acid)

Abstract The advantages and limitations of modern infra-red (ir) and solid state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques are described for the characterisation of poly(acrylontrile) (PAN) and poly(acrylonitrile-co-acrylic acid) after various thermal treatments. The thermal treatments were chosen to model the pre-oxidation and carbonisation steps in the production of carbon fibres from PAN. Infra-red is particularly useful in following reactions of nitrile groups and the production of carbonyl species. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is particularly valuable in following aromatisation processes. Both techniques are more limited by problems in spectral assignments than by difficulties in obtaining spectra. At high carbonisation temperatures (>500°C) 13 C NMR is restricted by the reduction in the amount of hydrogen available for the effective use of cross polarisation techniques.
The Under-Examined Life: A Proposal for Critically Evaluating Teachers’ and Students’ Philosophies of Teaching

Teachers are encouraged to critically evaluate their philosophy of teaching and to help students recognize and examine their implicit ideas about education as well. This critical evaluation entails examining assumptions about teaching and learning, investigating the implications that follow from those assumptions, and considering alternative ideas about teaching and learning that might better fit educational objectives and practices. A four-step process is suggested that may help facilitate this form of critical analysis, attenuate any clashes of teaching philosophies that might take place between teachers and students, and reduce the unwanted compromises that often ensue.
Neighborhoods, social support, and african american adolescents' mental health outcomes: a multilevel path analysis

This study explored how neighborhood characteristics may relate to African American adolescents' internalizing symptoms via adolescents' social support and perceptions of neighborhood cohesion. Participants included 571 urban, African American adolescents (52% female; M age = 17.8). A multilevel path analysis testing both direct and indirect effects of neighborhood characteristics on adolescents' mental health outcomes was conducted. Higher neighborhood poverty and unemployment rates predicted greater internalizing symptoms via lower cumulative social support and perceptions of neighborhood cohesion. In contrast, higher concentrations of African American and residentially stable residents in one's neighborhood related to fewer internalizing symptoms among adolescent residents via greater cumulative social support and perceptions of neighborhood cohesion. Implications of these findings are discussed.
The Association of Inbreeding With Lung Fibrosis Incidence in Beagle Dogs That Inhaled 238PuO2 or 239PuO2.

Studies of health effects in animals after exposure to internally deposited radionuclides were intended to supplement observational studies in humans. Both nuclear workers and Beagle dogs have exhibited plutonium-associated lung fibrosis; however, the dogs' smaller gene pool may limit the applicability of findings to humans. Data on Beagles that inhaled either plutonium-238 dioxide (238PuO2) or plutonium-239 dioxide (239PuO2) were analyzed. Wright's Coefficient of Inbreeding was used to measure genetic or familial susceptibility and was assessed as an explanatory variable when modeling the association between lung fibrosis incidence and plutonium exposure. Lung fibrosis was diagnosed in approximately 80% of the exposed dogs compared with 23.7% of the control dogs. The maximum degree of inbreeding was 9.4%. Regardless of isotope, the addition of inbreeding significantly improved the model in female dogs but not in males. In female dogs, an increased inbreeding coefficient predicted decreased hazard of a lu...
The Structure of Agricultural Unemployment in the United States

This paper examines whether employment in agriculture is more sensitive to fluctuations in the level of economic activity than is employment in the economy as a whole. The analytical framework of the investigation rests on two functional relationships between unemployment and economic activity introduced by Thurow. The results indicate that agricultural unemployment is impacted by variations in economic activity to the same extent as is total unemployment. Finally, when subjected to a stability test, the underlying structural relationships are deemed to be stable over the sample period (1948-1988).
Carbodiimide Induced Cross-Linking, Ligand Addition, and Degradation in Gelatin

The water-soluble carbodiimide, 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) is widely used in protein chemistry. We used EDC-induced gelatin cross-linking as a model for amide bond formation to resolve reaction ambiguities with common variables of buffers, gelatin concentration, and pH. Percentage changes in SEC high molecular weight peak areas were used to follow the reactions. Differences in reaction rate and extent were observed with four commonly used buffers, while differences in extent were observed for commonly used concentrations and pH. We also investigated an anhydride mechanism for aqueous EDC-induced amide bond formation that has received little attention since its proposal in 1995. Gelatin carboxyl groups had a synergistic role during the addition of hydrazine to corroborate the anhydride formation between carboxyl groups. EDC-induced degradation of gelatin was investigated using percentage changes in SEC low molecular weight peak areas. The degradation occurred in excess EDC at neu...
Empires and Civilizations: The Search for Standards Continues

The Empire of Civilization: The Evolution of an Imperial Idea. By Brett Bowden. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009. 320 pp., $45.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-226-06814-5). The Empire of Civilization: The Evolution of an Imperial Idea by Professor Brett Bowden opens with “Guizot's Question: Universal Civilization?”—a fitting introduction to the book's three parts. “Part 1 is about ideas and concepts” (p. 12), specifically the historical arguments for, and limits of, Civilization, Progress, and History as universals. Parts 2 and 3 “are about the application and consequences of those ideas” (p. 12)—the Art and Science of Empire, including the Expansion of Europe and the Classical Standard of Civilization and the Burden of Civilization (Part 2), and issues of New Barbarism and “New Realities” of Imperialism (Part 3). The book's Conclusion calls for open, nonjudgmental intercivilizational relations and dialogue.1 Such dialogue is deemed important today because of ongoing conceptual and practical connections: “the same set of ideas and concepts—civilization, progress, universality, and modernity—remain both salient and powerful when it comes to explaining and justifying policy making and decision making” (p. 17). The purposes that The Empire of Civilization identifies for itself include: to provide “a better understanding of the language of civilization” and “a better understanding of the actions that tend to follow the language of civilization” (pp. ix–x); to examine “the concerted attempt to inculcate ‘civilization’ in all corners of the globe” (pp. 1–2); to “argue that certain forces are at work in world politics striving to impose a purposefully charted ‘directionality’ on our world's near-term history and future” (p. 2); and to “say that the dominant architects of international society continue to be informed and influenced by a faith in the Enlightenment ideal of progress and humankind's universal linear March toward modernity” (pp. 2–3). Among …
A Review of Parent Participation Engagement in Child and Family Mental Health Treatment

Engagement in child and family mental health treatment has critically important clinical, implementation, and policy implications for efforts to improve the quality and effectiveness of care. This article describes a review of the existing literature on one understudied element of engagement, parent participation. Twenty-three published articles were identified. Questions asked of the literature include what terms are used to represent parent participation engagement, how parent participation engagement is measured, what are the rates of parent participation engagement reported in studies of child and family mental health treatment, whether parent participation engagement has been found to overlap with attendance engagement, what factors have been identified as associated with parent participation engagement, whether parent participation engagement is associated with improved outcomes, and what strategies have been designed to improve PPE and whether such strategies are associated with improved outcomes. Results indicate varied terms and measures of parent participation engagement, moderate overall rates, and high overlap with measures of attendance engagement. The extant literature on factors associated with parent participation engagement was somewhat limited and focused primarily on parent-/family-level factors. Evidence of links between parent participation engagement and outcome improvements was found across some outcome domains, and strategies designed to target parent participation engagement were found to be effective overall. A framework for organizing efforts to examine the different elements of engagement is described, and findings are discussed in terms of suggestions for consistent terminology, clinical implications, and areas for the future research.
Rheumatoid arthritis: status of drug therapies.

This article describes the current drug therapies used to manage rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A brief description of the pathology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of RA is presented. The purpose of the article is to increase an awareness among physical therapists regarding the medications their patients might be taking and how these agents might influence the outcome of physical therapy intervention. The general approach to prescribing medication is presented according to the status of the disease. The attributes of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, slow-acting antirheumatic drugs, and cytotoxic and experimental drugs used in RA are described. Given the potential benefits, side effects, and adverse reactions of these potentially powerful medications, it is important for the physical therapist to monitor closely what is happening to the patient with respect to the use or nonuse of the medication.
Correlation-induced Doppler-type frequency shifts of spectral lines

The question is examined whether there may be scattering media which could generate spectral frequency shifts in radiation from sources that are at rest relative to the observer and yet would imitate Doppler shifts. Scattering kernels of media whose physical properties fluctuate randomly in both space and time are presented which achieve this to a good approximation. The frequency shifts produced in this manner are not necessarily small. The results might be of particular interest in connection with the long-standing controversy about the origin of some of the large redshifts observed in the spectra of certain quasars.
Wearable Technology in the Rehabilitation Hospital of the Future

Wearable systems for continuous monitoring of patient status could positively affect the quality of patient management in rehabilitation hospitals. Wireless systems are particularly attractive in the context of monitoring patients over periods of a few days to a week. Special garments constitute an appealing solution for monitoring patients over periods of weeks to months. Two main categories of applications are relevant to rehabilitation medicine: 1) monitoring patients in the inpatient units and 2) monitoring patients in an outpatient setting.
Occurrence, development, and losses associated with silver scurf and black dot on Colorado potatoes.

Silver scurf, caused byHelminthosporium solani, and black dot, caused byColletotrichum atramentarium, are pathogens of tuber periderm whose presence in Colorado was only recently reported. A field survey conducted in September 1977 revealed thatC. atramentarium was more prevalent (21.8% tuber infection) and had a wider distribution thanH. solani (5.4% tuber infection). A greater incidence of both pathogens was observed on thin skinned tubers of chipping cultivars (49.0% infection) than on thicker skinned tubers of table stock cultivars (9.1% infection). Conidial development ofH. solani is tretic, pleurogenous, and requires 17–21 hours per conidium. Conidial septations appear while conidial elongate, and require 3–5 hours per septum. Light microscopy revealed that at least 11 conidia per conidiophore are produced in culture in 54 hours at 20–25 C (68–77 F) and humidity >90%. Scanning electron microscopy showed that fructifications ofH. solani (conidiophores-conidia) arise from beneath infected tuber periderm. Histological studies indicate some peridermal loosening and sloughing. Heavy deposition of unidentified compounds was observed in infected periderm, and hyphae were restricted to periderm cells. Fresh weight loss of tubers naturally infected withC. atramentarium was significantly greater than fresh weight loss of nearly noninfected (< 1% surface area infected) control tubers. Periderm infected with eitherH. solani orC. atramentarium appeared similar, i.e. shriveled, suggesting infections from either pathogen may result in increased fresh weight loss through alteration of the periderm.
Reacting in real-time to production contingencies in a capacitated flexible cell

We present a PC-based procedure for the real-time revision of production and inventory schedules in a capacitated flexible manufacturing cell, so as to counter the impact of production contingencies (defined as unanticipated disturbances that force a revision in the schedule). In capacity constrained production systems, a reallocation of capacity among the various manufactured items coupled with a backordering of the end-item must occur to counter such contingencies. However, by taking advantage of existing and planned inventories in the current schedule generated using Materials Requirement Planning (MRP), it is possible to delay the onset of these end-item backorders, and provide the scheduler with additional time to explore other corrective measures such as using overtime and sub-contracting, before resorting to backordering. The objectives in our problem are to delay the end-item backorders as far as possible, minimize the magnitude of these backorders, and maximize the savings in inventory costs that may result from these backorders. The algorithm is capable of handling problems of large size and is computationally efficient. The implementation of the algorithm is extremely simple and requires only three items of data input in an open format as prompted by the system.
A Two-Component Regulator Mediates Population-Density-Dependent Expression of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum Nodulation Genes

Bradyrhizobium japonicum nod gene expression was previously shown to be population density dependent. Induction of the nod genes is highest at low culture density and repressed at high population densities. This repression involves both NolA and NodD2 and is mediated by an extracellular factor found in B. japonicum conditioned medium. NolA and NodD2 expression is maximal at high population densities. We demonstrate here that a response regulator, encoded by nwsB, is required for the full expression of the B. japonicum nodYABC operon. In addition, NwsB is also required for the population-density-dependent expression of both nolA and nodD2. Expression of nolA and nodD2 in the nwsB mutant remained at a basal level, even at high culture densities. The nwsB defect could be complemented by overexpression of a second response regulator, NodW. Consistent with the fact that NolA and NodD2 repress nod gene expression, the expression of a nodY-lacZ fusion in the nwsB mutant was unaffected by culture density. In plant assays with GUS fusions, nodules infected with the wild type showed no nodY-GUS expression. In contrast, nodY-GUS expression was not repressed in nodules infected with the nwsB mutant. Nodule competition assays between the wild type and the nwsB mutant revealed that the addition of conditioned medium resulted in a competitive advantage for the nwsB mutant.
A symbol recognition system

A hierarchical neural network approach is presented for the automatic conversion of image documents (ACID), which specifically describes a prototype symbol recognition system (SRS) for automatic computer processing of electrical engineering drawings. This approach achieves a significant reduction of human involvement in the symbol model encoding and recognition processes in contrast to such traditional approaches based on thinning, line tracing, and other structural feature extraction techniques. A set of image intensity moments, which are invariant to geometric transformations, is used as features. A hierarchical neural classifier demonstrates faster and more accurate capabilities for model encoding and recognition. The test results from hand-drawn images by using templates achieves a recognition rate of 98.5% on training symbols and 89% on test symbols. >
Femtochemistry. Past, present, and future

This review highlights, with a historical perspective, the development of the field, with focus on the evolution since its birth in 1987, the scope of applications in present-time research, and some future developments in femtochemistry and the sibling field, femtobiology.
Feeling Another's Pain: Sympathy and Psychology Saga Style

Progress is hardly a given in the humanities or the suspect sciences. In many ways we are not quite as astute as our grandparents, and they not as much as theirs, and so forth in an infinite entropic regress. Would I trade Montaigne or Stendhal's psychological acumen for even the best work that comes from social psychology departments? In this short essay I want to show just how good some medieval people, medieval Icelanders to be exact, were at understanding the mental and emotional states of others, and if of others then presumably, though not necessarily, also of themselves. And I hope to show in some ways they were rather more sophisticated than we are.
The geology of the Viking Lander 2 site revisited

Abstract Reevaluating the geologic history of the prior Mars landing sites provides important ground truth for recent and ongoing orbital missions. At the Viking 2 Lander (VL2) site, topographic measurements of relict landforms indicate that at least 100 m of sedimentary mantle material has been stripped away. The observed paucity of impact craters
Hydrogen activation on organometallic complexes and H2 production, utilization, and storage for future energy

Abstract This perspective article serves to highlight the contributions to this special volume of Journal of Organometallic Chemistry entitled “Organometallics for Energy Conversion”. The key features of dihydrogen coordination to transition metal complexes are discussed in the context of the challenge of producing and utilizing hydrogen as the energy carrier of the future. Ultimately, production of H2 fuel from water will be needed rather than its current production principally from natural gas. Schemes involving use of solar energy to split water are currently of high interest, and a massive research effort is underway worldwide to accomplish this goal. This is primarily a chemistry problem (rather than engineering or materials), and it can then be assumed that organometallic chemistry will play an important role for both hydrogen production and storage.
Radioisotope Dilution Assay (RIDA) for the Estimation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

A radioisotope dilution assay (RIDA) having an accountability of 94-99% for the estimation of total polychlorlnated blphonyls (PCBs) is described. Biological samples are spiked with a radioactive PCB of known specific activity. LIpids and PCBs are extracted from the samples by the use of chloroform:methanol (2:1 v/v). PCBs are separated from Ilplds either by sulfuric acid treatment or by gel permeation chromatography. The PCB fraction Is further cleaned up using Florisil PR-60 and is perchlorinated. Decachlorobiphenyl is estimated by gas chromatography and radioactivity assayed by liquid scintillation counting. Because dilution of radioactivity is taken into consideration, the complete recovery of PCBs is not required for their estimation; thus, this method overcomes the handling losses in the cleanup, perchlorinatlon, and preparation of samples.
McDonald's Japan: A case study of effective public relations

Abstract This case study presents how McDonald's Japan improved its corporate image through food education as corporate social responsibility activity. Email interviews with a CSR representative and seven public school teachers who experienced the company's educational program reveal the company has successfully improved its corporate image, which may have contributed to its increased sales performance.
Wilderness Medicine Education in the City: A New Paradigm

The field of wilderness medicine continues to mature and is now making headway into urban medical institutions not historically viewed as repositories of backcountry care. We discuss these factors as well as offer our institution’s recent experience in developing a wilderness medicine curriculum as a rationale and a potential template for expanding educational and practice opportunities for other urban graduate medical education training programs.
Does Instructor Type Matter? Undergraduate Student Perception of Graduate Teaching Assistants and Professors

Graduate teaching assistants (GTAs) are used extensively as instructors in higher education, yet their status and authority as teachers may be unclear to undergraduates, to administrators, and even to the GTAs themselves. This study explored undergraduate perception of classroom instruction by GTAs and professors to identify factors unique to each type of instructor versus the type of classes they teach. Data collection was via an online survey composed of subscales from two validated instruments, as well as one open-ended question asking students to compare the same class taught by a professor versus a GTA. Quantitative and qualitative results indicated that some student instructional perceptions are specific to instructor type, and not class type. For example, regardless of type of class, professors are perceived as being confident, in control, organized, experienced, knowledgeable, distant, formal, strict, hard, boring, and respected. Conversely, GTAs are perceived as uncertain, hesitant, nervous, relaxed, laid-back, engaging, interactive, relatable, understanding, and able to personalize teaching. Overall, undergraduates seem to perceive professors as having more knowledge and authority over the curriculum, but enjoy the instructional style of GTAs. The results of this study will be used to make recommendations for GTA professional development programs.
Structure of Waves in a Time Dependent Hydromagnetic Plane Couette Flow

On obtient des solutions exactes pour la distribution de vitesse. La structure des ondes est analysee pour des cas particuliers du champ de vitesse et du gradient de pression. On obtient l'expression generale pour la distribution de vitesse dans le cas d'un champ magnetique transversal constant
MPQC: Performance Analysis and Optimization

MPQC (Massively Parallel Quantum Chemistry) is a widely used computational quantum chemistry code. It is capable of performing a number of computations commonly occurring in quantum chemistry. In order to achieve better performance of MPQC, in this report we present a detailed performance analysis of this code. We then perform loop and memory access optimizations, and measure performance improvements by comparing the performance of the optimized code with that of the original MPQC code. We observe that the optimized MPQC code achieves a significant improvement in the performance through a better utilization of vector processing and memory hierarchies.
M&A in Japan

Japan is roughly the second largest economy in the world. However, the amount of M&A activity in Japan has been less than in other industrialized countries. And most Japanese M&A has been domestic—Japanese firms acquiring other Japanese companies. But recent changes have created a more favorable environment for corporate restructuring and M&A activity. Does this mean new opportunities for investors outside of Japan? © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developing a Trace Level GC-MS Method for Detecting Methylhydrazine in an Experimental Drug Substance

Methylhydrazine (NH2NHCH3, CAS 60-34-4) is a highly reactive reducing agent used as an intermediate for synthesizing an experimental drug substance. Methylhydrazine is a known mutagen, an animal carcinogen, and a suspected human carcinogen. A gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry method was developed as a limit test method for analyzing trace levels of methylhydrazine in the experimental drug substance. The method utilizes acetone as a dissolving solvent for the drug substance and a derivatizing agent for methylhydrazine in the meantime, thus eliminating the need for post-derivatization sample clean-up prior to analysis. The gas chromatographic (direct injection) conditions provide good separation for the acetone-methylhydrazine derivative (acetone methylhydrazone) from matrix interference, and mass spectrometric detection (selected ion monitoring mode, m/z 86) allows sufficient sensitivity for detecting 1 part per million methylhydrazine relative to the drug substance.
A Simple Hierarchical Approach to Modeling Distributions of Substitution Rates

Genetic sequence data typically exhibit variability in substitution rates across sites. In practice, there is often too little variation to fit a different rate for each site in the alignment, but the distribution of rates across sites may not be well modeled using simple parametric families. Mixtures of different distributions can capture more complex patterns of rate variation, but are often parameter-rich and difficult to fit. We present a simple hierarchical model in which a baseline rate distribution, such as a gamma distribution, is discretized into several categories, the quantiles of which are estimated using a discretized beta distribution. Although this approach involves adding only two extra parameters to a standard distribution, a wide range of rate distributions can be captured. Using simulated data, we demonstrate that a "beta-" model can reproduce the moments of the rate distribution more accurately than the distribution used to simulate the data, even when the baseline rate distribution is misspecified. Using hepatitis C virus and mammalian mitochondrial sequences, we show that a beta- model can fit as well or better than a model with multiple discrete rate categories, and compares favorably with a model which fits a separate rate category to each site. We also demonstrate this discretization scheme in the context of codon models specifically aimed at identifying individual sites undergoing adaptive or purifying evolution.
Potential energy calculations for various water dimer configurations

Intermolecular potential energy curves are presented and analyzed for three different water dimer structures: the normal hydrogen-bonded structure (C/sub s/); a weakly hydrogen-bonded structure (C/sub 1/) thought to be important in encounters of hydrated ions in aqueous solution; and a repulsive configuration (C/sub 2h/) characterized by a head-on approach of hydrogen atoms (OH...HO). Results are based on ab initio calculations (SCF and CI (at the MP2 level), with and without counterpoise (CP) correction for basis set superposition error (BSSE)) and also a recent semiempirical effective pair potential (RWK2). The CP corrections have a significant effect on the location and depth of the potential wells for the hydrogen-bonded structures, even when CI and extended basis sets are employed.
Computed tomographic analysis of curved and straight guides for placement of suture anchors for acetabular labral refixation.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare suture anchor placement in the acetabular rim between straight and curved drill guides regarding angle and distance of the suture anchor tip from the articular cartilage during labral refixation. Methods A total of 14 fresh-frozen cadaveric hips underwent arthroscopic labral incision from the 12 to 3 o'clock positions and subsequent repair with either a curved drill guide or a straight drill guide. These hips were then compared by computed tomographic imaging analysis by measuring the angle of suture anchor insertion and the distance of the tip of the suture anchor to the articular cartilage at the 1 o'clock, 2 o'clock, and 3 o'clock positions. Results The curved suture anchor (CSA) guide significantly increased the insertion angle ( P = .009) and distance from the articular cartilage to anchor ( P = .003) at the 1 o'clock position on the acetabulum. The angle of insertion at the 2 and 3 o'clock positions was greater for the CSA guide compared with the straight suture anchor (SSA) guide but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions A CSA guide was shown to be significantly more effective in increasing the angle of insertion of suture anchors and increased the distance of the suture anchor tip to the articular cartilage surface at the 1 o'clock position but not at the 2 or 3 o'clock position. Clinical Relevance The use of SSA guides can be difficult because of the osseous morphologic characteristics of the acetabular rim, leading to placement of the suture anchor away from the acetabular rim and therefore resulting in a nonanatomical refixation of the acetabular labrum. The use of a curved guide, flexible drill, and flexible suture anchor inserter may provide more precise placement of suture anchors in the acetabular rim.
Graph color minimization using neural networks

The problem considered here is that of register allocation which has been shown to map to the non-planar graph coloring problem. Given a graph G, the problem is to color, or label, the vertices such that no two adjacent vertices are the same color. The neural network model presented also minimizes the number of colors used. This additional capability provides for a higher efficiency of resource usage as well as having application to other problems that map to graph coloring. Test results are compared with previous neural network techniques for graph coloring, and it is shown that this neural network model consistently will provide a significant reduction in the number of colors, or registers, required while maintaining a high convergence rate.
Activity of the Src-kinase inhibitor AZD0530 in androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC): Pre-clinical rationale for a phase II trial

14542 Background: Cells with neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation are found in prostate cancer and may facilitate the transition to AI by supplying alternate growth factors. Androgen deprivation fur...
Beyond East and West: Reorienting Political Theory through the Prism of Modernity

While critiquing the dominance of the Western tradition in the discipline of political theory, recent methodological discussions in Comparative Political Theory (CPT) fail to move beyond the East-West dichotomy. More specifically, CPT does not offer the resources to deal with global convergence as embodied in the phenomenon of modernity. I focus on the emergence of the sovereign state in the modern period and argue that the universal acceptance of the state form creates a globally-shared institutional condition. This condition, in turn, necessitates a shared normative and conceptual apparatus centered on ideals like constitutionalism, rights, and democracy. Two implications follow from my argument. First, we should reconceptualize the history of political thought such that we move from an East/West division to a modern/pre-modern division. Second, alternatives to the dominant (“Western”) model are not real alternatives unless they transcend the sovereign state itself, charting a new course of multilayered local, regional, and global political arrangements.
Surface Reactions in the Decomposition of Zinc Alkyls on Si(100)-2×1 Surfaces

The adsorption and reaction of dimethylzinc and diethylzinc on Si(100)-2×l surfaces was studied using temperature programmed desorption and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. These zinc alkyls were found to dissociate at temperatures less than 300 K to produce adsorbed alkyl species and deposit zinc on the surface. During temperature programmed desorption zinc metal desorbed at 530 K leaving only alkyl species on the surface at higher temperatures. Surface methyl groups were found to decompose to carbon and hydrogen or desorb as methyl radicals, while surface ethyl groups underwent a series of surface reactions which resulted in three separate ethylene desorption peaks. The results of this study provide new insight into the reactions of group II metal alkyls on silicon surfaces.
Lichen metabolites inhibit cell wall-degrading enzymes produced by the lichen parasite Nectria parmeliae

We report results of laboratory experiments showing that the cell wall-degrading enzymes of the lichen parasite Nectria parmeliae exhibit sensitivities to the lichen metabolites of two lichens, Punctelia rudecta and Flavoparmelia baltimorensis, that reflect known dif? ferences in the parasite's ability to degrade these li? chens. In the case of P. rudecta, which is apparently well-defended chemically from N. parmeliae, the activ? ity of wall-degrading polysaccharidases produced by N. parmeliae was reduced by half in the presence of lichen compounds. In the case of F. baltimorensis, which is apparently poorly defended, the parasite's growth and enzyme production were suppressed during the first week on walls containing lichen compounds. However, growth was observed to increase during the second week, at which time no effects of these com? pounds on enzyme activity were evident. These results are significant because: 1) they demonstrate for the first time a correlation between host tissue degrada? tion by a lichen parasite and the activity of wall-de? grading enzymes; and 2) they indicate an important role of lichen metabolites in modulating this degra-
Highly sensitive detection of proteins and bacteria in aqueous solution using surface-enhanced Raman scattering and optical fibers.

We report the detection of the proteins lysozyme and cytochrome c as well as the live bacterial cells of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in aqueous solutions with sensitivities order(s) of magnitude higher than those previously reported. Two highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensors using optical fibers have been employed for such label-free macromolecule detections. The first sensor is based on a tip-coated multimode fiber (TCMMF) with a double-substrate “sandwich” structure, and a detection limit of 0.2 μg/mL is achieved in protein detections. The second sensor is based on a liquid core photonic crystal fiber (LCPCF) with a better confinement of light inside the fiber core, and a detection limit of 106 cells/mL is achieved for the bacteria detection. Both SERS biosensors show great potential for highly sensitive and molecule-specific detection and identification of biomolecules.
Research on the Development Process of Management in Higher Physical Education under the Perspective of Organization Theory

On the basis of organization theory,and based on the analysis of the theoretical system of organization theory and the main mode,the purpose of this study is to investigate the main mode and development process of the management of higher physical education from the two aspects of the macro and micro management of the school educational administration,to explore the changes in operation of higher physical education management track.
Large Fundic Gland Polyps in the Stomach.

A42-year-old white man was referred to our center by his primary care physician for symptoms of chronic diarrhea associated with cramping, abdominal pain, and flatulence. The patient had chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and had been taking omeprazole 20 mg twice daily for the past 12 years. A colonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) were performed for symptom workup. The colonoscopy revealed no significant findings. The EGD showed approximately 30 large pedunculated polyps in the gastric body and fundus (Figure 1). The size of the largest polyp was approximately 2 cm. Biopsies of the polyps were obtained with cold forceps. Histologic examination of the specimens showed multiple fragments of fundic gland mucosa with occasional dilated glands. Based on the EGD and histology, the patient was diagnosed with fundic gland polyps (FGPs). The most likely etiology was thought to be the prolonged use of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. Therefore, omeprazole was discontinued, and ranitidine 150 mg bid was started. A repeat EGD performed 5 months later showed a significant decrease in the size of the polyps and no polyps were pedunculated (Figure 2). Pathology of the biopsy sample confirmed the presence of FGPs with no evidence of malignancy. Figure 1. An endoscopic image of fundic gland polyps while the patient was on omeprazole. Figure 2. An endoscopic image of fundic gland polyps after the discontinuation of omeprazole.
Comparison of blood pressure between Indiana AMA and NMA members.

Objective 1) To determine whether African-American physicians, compared to caucasian physicians, were at increased risk to develop hypertension; and 2) to determine whether physicians' knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors influenced their pattern of exercise. Design A mailed survey of members of the American Medical Association (AMA) and the National Medical Association (NMA) was completed to assess health status and plans for retirement. Results High-normal blood pressure was defined as systolic blood pressure of 85-89 mmHg. Mild (stage-1) hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of 140-159 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of 90-99 mmHg. Gender (male), age, and body mass index (BMI) were significantly correlated with elevated levels of selected blood pressure measures. Using regression analysis to control for gender, age, and BMI, ethnicity was identified as a fourth factor accounting for elevated blood pressure. NMA physicians had 3.25 times the risk of having systolic blood pressure in the mild (stage-1) hypertension range, 5.78 times the risk for blood pressure in the high-normal diastolic hypertension range, and 5.19 times the risk for blood pressure in the mild (stage-1) diastolic hypertension range. Medical specialty and type of psychological support were not significant predictors of elevated blood pressure. Conclusion These data suggest that African-American physicians may be at an increased risk to develop abnormal blood pressure, compared to caucasian physicians, potentially affecting the number of physicians available to minority communities.
Imaging with 11B of intact tissues using magnetic resonance gradient echoes.

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a proposed method of treating Glioblastoma Multiforme. BNCT is based on /sup 10/B intake by the tumor and in-situ activation by neutron beam. It is estimated that to have successful BNCT, a /sup 10/B delivery mechanism must deposit 20 ppM or more of /sup 10/B within the tumor. To study and understand this delivery mechanism, /sup 11/B can be used instead of /sup 10/B. The pharmacokinetics of any compound using /sup 11/B will be the same as /sup 10/B. The advantage of using /sup 11/B over /sup 10/B is its greater nuclear magnetic resonance sensitivity for both spectroscopy and imaging. The use of /sup 11/B imaging to detect and quantitate boron uptake non-invasively in animal tumor modes will facilitate continued work with /sup 10/B. Preliminary work has shown that /sup 11/B nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (nonlocalized) can detect /sup 11/B in intact mouse tissues and the area under the boron peak correlates with the total boron content (correlation coefficient of 0.997). Once the ability to non-invasively measure the boron compound is established using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with spectroscopy, we will be able to address the following questions: (1) what is themore » optimum method of boron administration for maximum tumor selective uptake, (2) at what time is peak tumor boron concentration after infusion, and (3) what is the dose distribution in the head (based on neutron radiation and boron concentration). The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of imaging /sup 11/B in intact tissues using magnetic resonance.« less
The End of Nihilism: Systemic Therapy of Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and many other parts of the world. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprises 85-90% of lung cancers. Historically, the expected survival of patients with advanced disease has been estimated in months. In recent years, however, lung cancer has come to be seen as a treatable disease with multiple therapeutic options. Enormous advances in the understanding of its pathways and mechanisms have enabled personalized therapy in NSCLC. The evolving approach to therapy focuses on genomic profiling of the tumors to find molecular targets and develop specific agents for individualized therapy. In addition, maintenance therapy has emerged as a valid approach, and the choice of chemotherapy now varies by histology. Most recently, immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has shown promising results, with impressive durations of response and a tolerable toxicity profile. Together, these discoveries have improved overall survival substantially in patient populations that have access to these advancements. We review the clinical data surrounding these impressive improvements.
Bicyclic 5-6 Systems: Three Heteroatoms 1:2

The literature of 5/6 fused ring systems with one heteroatom in the five-membered ring and two heteroatoms in the six-membered ring is reviewed. The period covered is from the beginning of 1994 through the end of 2005. During this span of years, the number of citations has more than doubled since the appearance of the review found in CHEC-II(1996) dealing with these same ring systems. Because of this expansion and the necessity of controlling the number of pages devoted to this topic in this edition, certain limitations have been imposed on the extent of coverage. These limitations have resulted in coverage of only the journal literature, excluding nearly all of the patent literature, and those ring systems that bear two nitrogen atoms in the six-membered ring. The vast majority of these ring systems are aromatic in nature. The formerly known miscellaneous ring systems (CHEC-II(1996)) that possess combinations of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms in the six-membered ring have, regrettably, been excluded. The literature covered in this chapter is focused mainly on syntheses of specific compounds. Consequently, this occupies the large majority of the pages devoted to this chemistry. Reactions of the rings and their substituents are covered where the chemistry is determined to be either unique or beyond ‘standard reactions’ found in most textbooks or other similar treatises. Finally, very little has been explored outside of synthesis and reactions and so this is reflected in the paucity of coverage in the remaining sections.
Irreversible desiccation shrinkage of cement paste caused by cement grain dissolution and hydrate precipitation

When cementitious materials are dried, internal stresses are generated that lead to desiccation shrinkage, a portion of which is irreversible. Previous research has indicated that, while a cementitious composite is subjected to a state of stress, dissolution of cement grains and precipitation of hydrates can yield irreversible creep strains, and it is hypothesized that the same process can lead to irreversible shrinkage during drying. To evaluate this hypothesis, a computationally implemented model integrating a microstructural evolution model with a finite element calculation routine was utilized. This computationally implemented model is capable of predicting the magnitude of shrinkage deformation of cement paste during drying conditions as a result of cement grain dissolution and hydrate precipitation. From the simulation results, the mechanism of cement grain dissolution and hydrate precipitation can lead to significant shrinkage behavior of cement paste, and it is also a potential mechanism resulting in the irreversible component of desiccation shrinkage at early ages (e.g., while the hydration rate is significant). The predicted irreversible shrinkage decreases with the age at which drying is initiated as a result of the decreasing hydration reaction rate.
A New Century and a New Era – Moscow, Kazan, Dorpat

This chapter relates the tensions arising from importing German scholars into Russia to staff Moscow University, the oldest in Russia, and the newly established one at Kazan. While the German scholars were receptive to the general thrust of Kant’s idealism, their Russian counterparts were far less so, resulting in clashes from the start. The promise of enlightened rule in the first years of the century gave way to reactionary forces that saw philosophy as a threat to the established order.
Brachiopod geochemical records from across the Carboniferous seas of North America: Evidence for salinity gradients, stratification, and circulation patterns

Abstract Stable isotopic analyses of > 100 well-preserved Carboniferous brachiopod shells, representing two time slices from across North America, reveal systematic regional changes in environmental conditions. For both of the time slices studied, the Chesterian (latest Mississippian) and the Virgilian (latest Pennsylvanian), δ18O and δ13C show a stepwise decrease moving across the continent from modern-day west to east. Higher δ18O in the west reflects greater water depths, less freshwater input, and more direct upwelling influence from cool, open-marine waters than in the east. Modelling based on these regional isotopic data indicates salinity reductions on the order of ~ 1–4 psu in the Appalachian Basin relative to the Midcontinent Basin for the Virgilian time interval over a range of reasonable thermal gradient and δ18Ofw assumptions. The magnitude of this gradient is similar to those of modern-day Hudson Bay and the Panama Bight, which exhibit permanent haloclines driven by freshwater discharge. Considering existing paleoecological evidence for freshening, the lack of more dramatic benthic freshening suggests that the depth of a regional halocline was shallower than the depths inhabited by thick-shelled stenotopic brachiopods, although other lines of evidence are necessary to verify the strength of the halocline. Estimated δ18O temperatures for Appalachian Basin brachiopods are ~ 3–5 °C cooler than those of coeval conodonts, due to either slightly warmer, fresher surface waters or uncertainty in the phosphate 18O paleothermometer. Despite discrepancies in calculated temperatures, the magnitude of the regional isotopic gradient derived from brachiopod and conodont proxies is similar after making appropriate glacioisotopic and water depth corrections. A decreasing δ13C trend toward the east (southern paleolatitude) likely reflects greater restriction and terrestrial influence near the sea's tropical shoreline. Trace element trends are less consistent and are affected by species and metabolism. Erratic variations in Mg/Ca concentrations, even among pristine samples of the same genera with similar δ18O values, and unrealistic Mg/Ca-derived temperatures justify continued caution in applying existing Mg/Ca thermometer equations to Paleozoic brachiopods.