cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Furosemide Enhancement of Experimental Gentamicin Nephrotoxicity: Comparison of Functional and Morphological Changes with Activities of Urinary Enzymes

Dogs were given gentamicin (10 mg/kg) intramuscularly every 8 hr for 10 days. Levels of serum creatinine rose by day 6 (0.91 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.75 +/- 0.02 mg/dl for controls, P less than 0.05) and of blood urea nitrogen by day 8 (24.3 +/- 4.80 vs. 16.1 +/- 0.90 mg/dl for controls, P less than 0.05). Gentamicin nephrotoxicity occurred earlier and was more marked when furosemide (2 mg/kg) was added: the level of serum creatinine by day 6 was 1.62 +/- 0.25 mg/dl (P less than 0.05), and the level of blood urea nitrogen by day 8 was 181 +/- 23.5 mg/dl (P less than 0.01). Elevations in the activities of the urinary enzymes beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and muramidase preceded rises in levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Examination of serial percutaneous renal biopsy specimens showed that gentamicin administration was associated with hyaline droplet degeneration, lysosomal changes, and, later, cell necrosis (primarily of the proximal tubules). Changes in renal morphology were more severe and occurred earlier when furosemide was administered concomitantly. In summary, furosemide enhanced gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Enzymuria was an early sign of gentamicin nephrotoxicity.
Radio interferometric geolocation

We present a novel radio interference based sensor localization method for wireless sensor networks. The technique relies on a pair of nodes emitting radio waves simultaneously at slightly different frequencies. The carrier frequency of the composite signal is between the two frequencies, but has a very low frequency envelope. Neighboring nodes can measure the energy of the envelope signal as the signal strength. The relative phase offset of this signal measured at two receivers is a function of the distances between the four nodes involved and the carrier frequency. By making multiple measurements in an at least 8-node network, it is possible to reconstruct the relative location of the nodes in 3D. Our prototype implementation on the MICA2 platform yields an average localization error as small as 3 cm and a range of up to 160 meters. In addition to this high precision and long range, the other main advantage of the Radio Interferometric Positioning System (RIPS) is the fact that it does not require any sensors other than the radio used for wireless communication.
MMPI-2 profiles: Fibromyalgia Patients Compared to Epileptic and Non-Epileptic Seizure Patients

We compared MMPI-2 profiles of Gulf War veterans with fibromyalgia (FM) to epileptic seizure (ES) patients, psychogenic non-epileptic seizure (PNES) patients, and Gulf War veteran healthy controls. Both PNES and FM are medically unexplained conditions. In previous MMPI-2 research PNES patients were shown to have significantly higher Hs and Hy clinical scales than ES patients. In the present research the FM group had significantly higher Hs and Hy scale scores than both the ES group and the healthy control group. There was no significant difference between the FM and PNES Hs scale scores; however, the FM Hy scale score was significantly lower than the PNES Hy scale score. Present findings indicate a high level of psychological distress in the FM group.
An automatic HTTP cookie management system

HTTP cookies have been widely used for maintaining session states, personalizing, authenticating, and tracking user behaviors. Despite their importance and usefulness, cookies have raised public concerns on Internet privacy because they can be exploited by third-parties to track user behaviors and build user profiles. In addition, stolen cookies may also incur severe security problems. However, current Web browsers lack secure and convenient mechanisms for cookie management. A cookie management scheme, which is easy-to-use and has minimal privacy risk, is in great demand; but designing such a scheme is a challenge. In this paper, we conduct a large scale HTTP cookie measurement and introduce CookiePicker, a system that can automatically validate the usefulness of cookies from a Web site and set the cookie usage permission on behalf of users. CookiePicker helps users achieve the maximum benefit brought by cookies, while minimizing the possible privacy and security risks. We implement CookiePicker as an extension to Firefox Web browser, and obtain promising results in the experiments.
Adult Attachment and Personality: Converging Evidence and a New Measure

Study 1 presents the development of a measure of adult attachment qualities (the Measure of Attachment Qualities [MAAQJ). Three further studies relate self-reports of adult attachment qualities to broader aspects of personality. Results indicate that avoidant attachment is inversely related to extraversion and agreeableness but relatively unrelated to manifest anxiety or neuroticism. Qualities of ambivalence (reflecting both worry and desire for merger) are related to both manifest anxiety and neuroticism but unrelated to extraversion. An affirmatively secure attachment quality that emerged in the MAQ (i.e., as a separate factor, rather than by default as low scores on avoidance or ambivalence factors) was related positively to extraversion and agreeableness but generally unrelated to anxiety or neuroticism. The final study also permitted comparison of the MAQ to a measure derived from a four-component model of attachment. Although there was considerable convergence, the data also provided challenges to b...
Propagation and Purification of Rat Pneumocystis carinii in Short‐Term Cell Culture

A short-term cell culture is used to propagate and purify rat-derived Pneumocystis carinii (Pc). An aliquot of pelleted material washed out of the lungs of rats with moderate to severe Pc pneumonia is cultured for 7 to 10 days on the adherent mink lung cell line Mv 1 Lu, and the rest of the material is frozen down in medium with 10% glycerol. Although it has not been established that substantial multiplication of Pc occurs in culture, the Pc organisms harvested from the supernatant at the end of the culture period are relatively free of both host and feeder cells. This is in marked contrast with the lung wash inoculum in which the Pc organisms are heavily contaminated with rat cells and enmeshed in a highly sticky material. Lung wash preparations frozen down in glycerol and stored at -70 degrees C for as long as 6 months or more can be successfully cultured upon thawing with no apparent loss of viability of the Pc organisms.
Nitrocellulose-based RAST to detect IgE antibodies in workers hypersensitive to diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate

RAST was performed using both nitrocellulose (NC) and paper discs to compare these solid supports for ability to detect IgE antibodies in sera from two patients with hypersensitivity to the industrial chemical, diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI). NC disc had distinct advantages in ease of coupling the hapten-conjugate antigen to discs, and in use of lesser amounts of antigen. With regard to sensitivity, NC discs were better able to distinguish the positive sera from 34 control sera including those with elevated levels of total IgE. In both RAST systems, inhibition studies indicated high specificity of antibodies for MDI, with no reactivity detected toward the serum albumin portion of the MDI-HSA conjugate antigen. However, only in the NC RAST did antibodies from both patients react with p-tolyl isocyanate inhibitor. Based on the above results, NC discs displayed several advantages in RAST and are recommended for routine serological assay of isocyanate-specific antibodies.
Crop rotation effects on Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentus population dynamics in southern California vegetable production

Summary Control options for Cyperus rotundus and Cyperus esculentus (purple and yellow nutsedge) were evaluated within three cropping systems in the low desert of southern California: (1) standard vegetable crop rotation (weed-free, uncontrolled nutsedge and cultivation) with spring cantaloupe (Cucumis melo) – summer fallow – winter broccoli (Brassica oleracea), (2) cover crop rotation (halosulfuron and smother crop) with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)/corn (Zea mays) – summer sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) – Winter Fallow, (3) rotation with solarization (non-solarization and solarization) with spring wheat – summer fallow/solarization – winter broccoli. After two growing seasons, broccoli was planted without Cyperus control, to study the effect on yield. Cyperus rotundus tubers increased from 0.66 tubers per m2 to 1260 tubers per m2 in the uncontrolled treatment over two seasons. Cultivation during the growing season reduced C. rotundus tubers by 93% compared with the uncontrolled plots. Cover crop rotation did not reduce the number of C. rotundus tubers significantly, despite the dense sudangrass canopy shading the soil during most of the summer. Cyperus rotundus was effectively controlled by the solarization treatment. All methods controlled C. esculentus, especially when there were no crops growing in the summer. When broccoli was grown after two years of various management strategies, the cultivation treatment showed a 44% yield reduction compared with the weed-free control, while the solarization treatment increased broccoli yield by 64% compared with the non-solarization treatment. Rotations that included sudangrass had low broccoli yield when either C. rotundus or C. esculentus were present.
Localized fault-tolerant topology control in wireless ad hoc networks

Topology control algorithms have been proposed to maintain network connectivity while improving energy efficiency and increasing network capacity. However, by reducing the number of links in the network, topology control algorithms actually decrease the degree of routing redundancy. As a result, the derived topology is more susceptible to node failures or departures. In this paper, we resolve this problem by enforcing k-vertex connectivity in the topology construction process. We propose a fully localized algorithm, fault-tolerant local spanning subgraph (FLSS), that can preserve k-vertex connectivity and is min-max optimal among all strictly localized algorithms (i.e., FLSS minimizes the maximum transmission power used in the network, among all strictly localized algorithms that preserve k-vertex connectivity). It can also be proved that FLSS outperforms two other existing localized algorithms in terms of reducing the transmission power. We also discuss how to relax several widely used assumptions in topology control to increase the practical utility of FLSS. Simulation results indicate that, compared with existing distributed/localized fault-tolerant topology control algorithms, FLSS not only has better power-efficiency, but also leads to higher network capacity. Moreover, FLSS is robust with respect to position estimation errors.
Ethnic cuisine: Culture in nature

(1984). Ethnic cuisine: Culture in nature. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 387-397.
Effect of average worker size on tunneling behavior of formosan subterranean termite colonies

The effect of a colony’s average worker size on tunneling behavior of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in laboratory foraging arenas was investigated. Large groups of foragers from four colonies were added to arenas and allowed to tunnel for a period of 22 days. Various aspects of the resulting tunnel galleries were analyzed using ANOVA and regression analysis. After the exclusion of one colony due to high mortality, the only parameters shown to differ significantly were tunnel width and tunnel segmentation. Larger workers tended to construct less segmented galleries with wider tunnels. Tunnel length was positively correlated to size on the first 2 days, but the relationship reversed by day 4. Tunneling on day 1 was positively correlated to the discovery of food items. Our results indicate that a foraging group’s average worker size can affect tunnel pattern and that groups composed of larger workers are better tunnelers, but groups of smaller sized workers are able to make up the difference over time. Possible explanations for size-related variation in tunneling behavior are discussed.
The effect of the clutter-to-noise ratio on Doppler filter performance

The effect of the clutter-to-noise ratio on the performance of a Doppler filter is considered. Clutter is assumed to have a power level which is unknown and varies in range. The assessment of the performance of a Doppler filter is based on the gain of the filter, which is the normalized output signal-to-interference ratio improvement at a given Doppler. The gain is generally a complex function of the statistics of the clutter. New upper and lower bounds on the gain differential between the expected design point clutter-to-noise ratio and the actual clutter-to-noise ratio are found. These bounds are independent of the clutter covariance matrix and are only a function of the unknown clutter-to-noise ratio. The bounds are valid for both Gaussian and non-Gaussian noise and for arbitrary linear filters. The upper and lower bounds differ by the theoretical coherent integration gain, 10 logN dB, where N is the number of pulses. A tighter lower bound is found for the case when the filters are matched filters. A simple exact expression is found for matched filters assuming a Gaussian Markov clutter model as the clutter spectral width approaches zero. An easily implementable adaptive procedure is given which improves performance due to the unknown clutter-to-noise ratio. This work extends a previous result, valid for the Emerson filter, that shows the effect of clutter-to-noise ratio on performance in terms of an average quantity, the improvement factor. >
Dual n-back training increases the capacity of the focus of attention

Working memory (WM) training has been reported to benefit abilities as diverse as fluid intelligence (Jaeggi et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105:6829-6833, 2008) and reading comprehension (Chein & Morrison, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17:193-199, 2010), but transfer is not always observed (for reviews, see Morrison & Chein, Psychonomics Bulletin & Review, 18:46-60, 2011; Shipstead et al., Psychological Bulletin, 138:628-654, 2012). In contrast, recent WM training studies have consistently reported improvement on the trained tasks. The basis for these training benefits has received little attention, however, and it is not known which WM components and/or processes are being improved. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to investigate five possible mechanisms underlying the effects of adaptive dual n-back training on working memory (i.e., improvements in executive attention, updating, and focus switching, as well as increases in the capacity of the focus of attention and short-term memory). In addition to a no-contact control group, the present study also included an active control group whose members received nonadaptive training on the same task. All three groups showed significant improvements on the n-back task from pretest to posttest, but adaptive training produced larger improvements than did nonadaptive training, which in turn produced larger improvements than simply retesting. Adaptive, but not nonadaptive, training also resulted in improvements on an untrained running span task that measured the capacity of the focus of attention. No other differential improvements were observed, suggesting that increases in the capacity of the focus of attention underlie the benefits of adaptive dual n-back training.
Development of Block Co-Polymers as Self-Assembling Templates for Magnetic Media and Spin-Valves

Poly(styrene)-Poly(methylmethacrylate) block co-polymers (PS-b-PMMA) of appropriate block length and PS to PMMA ratio self-assemble into a 2-D hexagonal phase in which the PS majority phase is continuous and surrounds cylinders of the minority, PMMA phase. By UV irradiation and washing with acetic acid it is possible to remove the minority phase to leave empty channels. It is also possible to rearrange the PMMA phase with acetic acid to leave somewhat smaller pores. For most substrates the interactions between the polymer and the substrate surface are such that one block is preferentially adsorbed to the substrate resulting in alignment of the PMMA domains parallel to the substrate surface. It is possible to orient the polymer perpendicular to the surface by first adding a thin film of a random PS-PMMA co-polymer before applying the PS-b-PMMA block co-polymer. However thin films of the random PS-PMMA do not give good surface coatings, and thicker films are generally too thick for the pores in the PS-b-PMMA block co-polymer to be propagated to the substrate surface. For a few substrates, thin PS-b-PMMA films naturally adopt a perpendicular orientation after annealing, washing with acetic acid produces arrays of pores of diameter as small as 3 nm. For a number of other substrates the interaction between the polymer blocks and the surface is such that upon annealing the polymer rearranges to form micron sized domains which are not polymer coated, surrounded a areas which have a thicker polymer coating. We have observed this behavior with both carbon coated substrates and with ITO glass substrates. In both cases the areas of polymer are perpendicularly oriented, and upon washing with acetic acid give rise to pores that extend completely through the polymer film. In some cases films on ITO glass are continuous even after annealing. After washing with acetic acid it was possible to electrodeposit nickel into the pores to give nickel nano-pillars of 18 nm diameter.
Regulation of AID, the B-cell genome mutator

The mechanisms by which B cells somatically engineer their genomes to generate the vast diversity of antibodies required to challenge the nearly infinite number of antigens that immune systems encounter are of tremendous clinical and academic interest. The DNA cytidine deaminase activation-induced deaminase (AID) catalyzes two of these mechanisms: class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). Recent discoveries indicate a significant promiscuous targeting of this B-cell mutator enzyme genome-wide. Here we discuss the various regulatory elements that control AID activity and prevent AID from inducing genomic instability and thereby initiating oncogenesis.
Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III

1. From Type III pneumococci a biologically active fraction has been isolated in highly purified form which in exceedingly minute amounts is capable under appropriate cultural conditions of inducing the transformation of unencapsulated R variants of Pneumococcus Type II into fully encapsulated cells of the same specific type as that of the heat-killed microorganisms from which the inducing material was recovered. 2. Methods for the isolation and purification of the active transforming material are described. 3. The data obtained by chemical, enzymatic, and serological analyses together with the results of preliminary studies by electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, and ultraviolet spectroscopy indicate that, within the limits of the methods, the active fraction contains no demonstrable protein, unbound lipid, or serologically reactive polysaccharide and consists principally, if not solely, of a highly polymerized, viscous form of desoxyribonucleic acid. 4. Evidence is presented that the chemically induced alterations in cellular structure and function are predictable, type-specific, and transmissible in series. The various hypotheses that have been advanced concerning the nature of these changes are reviewed.
Interaction and spatial distribution of wetland nitrogen processes

Abstract A spatially-explicit, two-dimensional model was developed to evaluate the processes which determine the fate and transport of nitrogen (N) in wetland systems. The wetland soil profile was partitioned into floodwater, and aerobic, and anaerobic soil layers, with diffusion and settling accounting for the transport of N between layers. Nitrogen transformations considered in the model were; enzyme hydrolysis, mineralization, nitrification, NH4-N adsorption/desorption, NH3-N volatilization, denitrification, and vegetative assimilation and decay. Most processes were represented with first-order kinetics, except vegetative uptake, which was represented with Michaelis–Menten kinetics. STELLA® iconographic software was used to simulate processes regulating N removal from wetlands. Denitrification, ammonia volatilization, and accretion of organic N were identified as major pathways accounting for N removal. Downward flux of NO3− from floodwater to soil limited N removal through denitrification. Denitrification rates increased from 13 to 88 g N year−1 in response to augmented vertical flux of soluble N, caused by increasing diffusion coefficients two orders of magnitude. Edaphic organic N storage, through the production of inorganic N, negatively impacted N removal. Spatial simulation illustrated the phenomena of diminishing returns in the mass removal rates of N, which were in agreement with documented values.
Carboxylases in Natural and Synthetic Microbial Pathways

Carboxylases are among the most important enzymes in the biosphere, because they catalyze a key reaction in the global carbon cycle: the fixation of inorganic carbon (CO2). This minireview discusses the physiological roles of carboxylases in different microbial pathways that range from autotrophy, carbon assimilation, and anaplerosis to biosynthetic and redox-balancing functions. In addition, the current and possible future uses of carboxylation reactions in synthetic biology are discussed. Such uses include the possible transformation of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into value-added compounds and the production of novel antibiotics.
Theater of Memory against a Background of Stars: A Generation Starship Concept between Fiction and Reality

The concept of the generation starship constitutes a feasible response to the serious travel‐time restrictions that the light‐speed limit imposes upon human exploration of deep space—“feasible” in the sense that it could be realized within a reasonably short time span, given our present state of technological advancement. It was Tsiolkovsky, the Russian pioneer of space flight, who first conceptualized the generation starship. In his 1928 paper, The Future of Earth and Mankind, Tsiolkovsky imagines the creation of a fleet of “Noah’s Arks,” self‐sufficient, man‐made worldlets that would travel to a distant star system over a period of hundreds or thousands of years, while the crew onboard simply live out their lives maintaining and piloting the ships, and have children whom they teach the necessary skills to do the same once they are gone. Their distant descendants, tens or hundreds of generations in the future, will complete the voyage when the ships finally arrive at their appointed destination. Since Tsiolkovsky’s time, science and science fiction have leapfrogged each other in an attempt to imagine what the conditions and consequences of such a venture could be. For example: how could one maintain a stable society throughout such a long period of time—and what sort of governing body should operate during the voyage? How would the composition and number of the crew influence the danger of genetic drift or decay? How might the ship‐born generations retain their commitment to the goals of the culture(s) that first built and then equipped the ship back on Earth, when Earth itself has become less than a memory to them? How will space change them, both biologically and psychologically? Is it possible to imaginatively explore the impact of imponderable, unexpected factors—a shipboard emergency, a previously unobserved physical phenomenon, a paradigm‐changing discovery? This paper explores the evolution of the generation starship concept between 1940 and 1970, and the lessons that future planners of long‐term space missions might glean from these imaginative efforts.
Adenosine as Adjunctive Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Is It Time for Another Clinical Trial?

In the current era of translational research and evidence-based medicine, the published data abounds with examples of promising therapeutic strategies on the basis of brilliant theories that succeed in the laboratory and in pilot studies but fail in large-scale clinical trials. This has been
Is Ureteroscopy Needed Prior to Nephroureterectomy? An Evidence-Based Algorithmic Approach.

Objective To develop an evidence-based approach to the diagnostic workup of suspicious upper urinary tract lesions. Methods The PubMed database was searched using the following terms with a filter for English language: “upper tract urothelial carcinoma” and “upper tract transitional cell carcinoma,” along with the following corresponding terms: “cost,” “epidemiology,” “diagnosis,” “ureteroscopy,” and “workup.” A total of 404 articles were returned, and 33 were reviewed in full based on relevance. Results Computed tomography urogram is both sensitive and specific (96% and 99%). Cytology is utilized for its specificity (89%-100%). Ureteroscopy and biopsy of an upper tract lesion can be helpful in equivocal cases but can pose challenges in terms of yield and eventual pathologic upstaging. Due to the high sensitivity and specificity of other noninvasive tests, ureteroscopy can be obviated in select cases. We assess the available evidence and devise an algorithm for the evaluation of an upper tract urothelial carcinoma lesion. Conclusion Ureteroscopy can be omitted as part of the diagnostic workup in appropriately selected cases of upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
Disorders of Clotting

Family history, the patient’s history of bleeding, including site of bleeding and severity of the abnormal bleeding, age, and prior surgical complications.
Voith hydrodinamic couplings use for the speed control of a centrifugal compressors

Main reason for the use of speed con­trol is the saving of energy. Compared to other alternatives for oil flow and pressure control (inlet throttle, by­pass and inlet guide vane), speed control is by far the most economical control. It also allows a very wide regulation range, without causing increased wear, for example, as it occurs in throttle valves. Through the control possibility the compressor can be protected effectively against unpermissive operating ranges, for exam­ple, like the surge limit. If various ope­rating conditions (e.g. pressure varia­tion, mole weight, flushing, and flow adjustment) are to be realized, the speed control, in combination with other control possibilities, frequently offers the best solution. The speed control is also of valuable services to control the starting and stopping pro­cess. There is for example, the quick passage through the critical speed range. Last but not least, we would like to mention the flexibility. If system or process parameters are not yet known, not measurable or changes are to be expected later during opera­tion, final and exact adjustment is possible by speed control. For single-shaft turbocompressors, speed control is a very good alterna­tive for load adaptation. For this pur­pose more and more electric motors are used worldwide. For speed con­trol of these compressors with high power the Vorecon proved to be successful as hydrodynamic super­posing planetary gear. An operating experience from several project over a sufficient period of time confirm the forecasted availability and reliability
Clinical Faceoff: Are Distal-third Diaphyseal Humerus Fractures Best Treated Nonoperatively?

D istal-third diaphyseal fractures of the humerus are so variably treated that they seem to be a paradigm for bias and misconceptions in surgery. Conceptually, a functional brace seems ‘‘too low,’’ but the fractures almost always heal, although some fractures heal with varus deformity. The surgery is not easy because there is often a butterfly fragment—meaning that the plate must extend proximal, placing the radial nerve at risk. In order to get good fixation, one needs to extend the plate down the posterior, nonarticular part of the lateral column, which makes it difficult to use a straight plate. Consequently, the most distal screws might be unicortical, and subject to pull out in osteoportic bone. I invited two experts in the field of orthopaedic surgery to discuss the many treatment options associated with distal-third diaphyseal fractures of the humerus. Andrew Jawa MD is an orthopaedic surgeon at New England Baptist Hospital in Boston, MA, USA, whose primary clinical interests include shoulder reconstruction for instability, arthritis, and trauma. Lisa K. Cannada MD is an orthopaedic traumatologist from Saint Louis University Hospital and St. John’s Mercy Medical Center in Saint Louis, MO, USA. Her major interests include long bone malunion, pilon fractures, and general trauma orthopaedics.
Political interference in microfinance

In this paper, we survey the various episodes of political interference in microfinance. The paper highlights the common sequences of such intervention and its aftermath as well as the reasoning behind the interferences. We discuss the steps microfinance institutions (MFIs) need to take to reduce political risks. We find that the causes of political interferences vary from country to country. However, in most of the cases rapid commercialization that entailed profiteering instead of profit maximization resulted in a political backlash causing enormous damage to microfinance.
Response to |[ldquo]|Magnetic fields and miscarriage: A commentary on Mezei et al., JESEE 2006|[rdquo]|

In 2002, two studies were published, both of which reported that indices of peak magnetic field exposure were associated with an increased risk of miscarriage, whereas measures of central tendency of magnetic field exposure were not (Lee et al., 2002; Li et al., 2002). These were the first epidemiological studies of reproductive health outcomes to consider measures of peak exposure. In the spirit of opening further dialogue and to advance the understanding of the relationship between peak magnetic field exposure and miscarriage, Savitz (2002) introduced a testable hypothesis in an accompanying commentary. According to this hypothesis, the status and ultimate outcome of a woman's pregnancy may (through discomfort or cumbersomeness) affect her mobility and physical activity, which in turn could affect the measurement of her magnetic field exposure (Figure 1). In the wake of these papers and commentary, two studies were conducted to empirically address specific elements of Savitz' hypothesis of a non-causal basis for the association between peak magnetic field exposure and miscarriage. These efforts were intended to provide empirical data to help discriminate between causal and non-causal explanations for the observed EMF–miscarriage association. These are the papers that form the subject of the Neutra–Li letter.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with external radiotherapy, brachytherapy, and concurrent/adjuvant chemotherapy.

The standard treatment for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has become external beam radiation therapy (EBXRT) 70 Gy/7 weeks + 3 cycles of concurrent cisplatin followed by 2 to 3 cycles of adjuvant cisplatin/5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Some reports suggest that the addition of low-dose rate brachytherapy to EBXRT also improves local control. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the triple combination of EBXRT, brachytherapy, and concurrent/adjuvant chemotherapy. Eleven patients treated from 1992 to 1998 were evaluated. All patients had stage III/IV (excluding T4 lesions) NPC. Treatment consisted of EBXRT (64-70 Gy/7 weeks), followed by a brachytherapy boost (6-15 Gy delivered 0.5 cm deep to the mucosa). Chemotherapy consisted of concurrent cisplatin (100 mg/m 2 ) and post-XRT adjuvant cisplatin (80 mg/m 2 ) and 5-FU (1,000 mg/m 2 /day × 4 days) for 2 cycles. All 11 patients were evaluable. The average age was 44 years, and median follow-up was 38 months (range: 23-82 months). Median EBXRT dose was 66 Gy, and median brachytherapy dose was 9 Gy (median total dose: 75 Gy). All patients obtained primary tumor complete response (CR). Two patients required post-XRT neck dissection to achieve regional CR. To date, 10 patients are alive with no evidence of disease. The 3-year actuarial survival is 100%. One patient died at 82 months of a late distant recurrence (at 37 months post-XRT). No patient has had a local or neck failure. Chemoradiation plus brachytherapy offers encouraging survival and local-regional control. Further study of this regimen as an alternative or adjunct to intensity-modulated EBXRT is warranted.
Telemedicine and telepathology.

It is now possible to exchange medical images with unprecedented rapidity and ease. The field of telemedicine has developed from this new capability and from the need to accomplish consultations with shorter turn-around times. Telepathology is now in its second decade, and it is currently enjoying an explosive growth of interest and system implementations.
Photosynthetic Characteristics of Reciprocal F1 Hybrids between C3-C4 Intermediate and C4Flaveria Species

Artificial hybrids have been made between plants of different photosynthetic groups in an attempt to reduce photorespiration by the introduction of C4 traits inot C3 Atriplex (1). The genus Flaveria, which contains C3, C3, and many C3-C4 intermediate species (2), is an excellent candidate for generating different photosynthetic hybrids due to close phylogenetic relationships among these species. In this study reciprocal hybrids between F. floridana, a C4-C4 intermediate, and F. brownii, a C4 plant, were generated by artificial hybridization and their photosynthetic features examined. The reciprocal hybrids allow us to begin evaluating the relative contribution of the cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes to the expression of C4 characteristics and the control of photorespiration.
Raising infanta Catalina de Aragón to be Catherine queen of England

This study examines the household of infanta Catalina de Aragon, youngest daughter of Isabel of Castile and Fernando of Aragon, to demonstrate how trusted women at court provided the foundation for Catalina’s transformation from Spanish infanta to English queen. Using account records from the court of her mother and records from English royal sources, this essay focuses four women in particular –Ines Vanegas, Maria de Rojas, Maria de Salinas, Elvira Manuel– who were deeply embedded in a complex kin and patronage network at court. Their tutelage and loyalty prepared Catalina to navigate the complexity of court politics in Tudor England.
Public Education Religion Studies 1950–2000

(1988). Public Education Religion Studies 1950–2000. Religion & Public Education: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 403-416.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER : II. STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF MEXICAN TYPHUS FEVER.

We have adduced strong evidence in favor of identifying the virus of Mexican typhus fever with the Rickettsiae, or Mooser bodies, observed in the tunica lesions of Mexican typhus guinea pigs. Were it not for the possible presence of a few remaining cell fragments in the washings we would consider this evidence crucial proof.
Housing mobility and the intergenerational durability of neighborhood poverty

ABSTRACTThis article uses mixed methods to identify factors that account for the intergenerational durability of neighborhood poverty, drawing on longitudinal data from the Moving to Opportunity study in Baltimore from 1994 to 2010. We use quantitative survey data from 504 young adults and qualitative interview data from 51 young adults to examine family characteristics during childhood that account for residence in high-poverty neighborhoods in young adulthood, considering whether housing assistance interacts with these characteristics to break the intergenerational durability of neighborhood poverty. In combination with housing assistance, family economic resources, social ties to high-poverty neighborhoods, entrenchment in high-poverty neighborhoods, and parents’ neighborhood experiences and expectations influence where young adults live in the next generation. Housing assistance has both replacement effects—substituting for what families lack—and enhancement effects—enabling families with more resourc...
Human milk and the response of intestinal epithelium to infection.

The discussion about breast-feeding vs. formula is not an invention of modern times. Its roots go back to ancient times, and we find recommendations to delay breast-feeding from Indian authors as early as 1500 BC. During these centuries, philosophical theories and mythology, rather than facts about nutrition or immunology, dominated this dispute. Important revisions of pathologic concepts at the end of the 19thcentury allowed a scientific evaluation of the benefits of breast-feeding. The finding that infectious diseases were caused by microorganisms provided the basis for the idea that human milk might help the neonate to overcome these illnesses. Paul Ehrlich, coworker of Robert Koch and one of the most important microbiologists and immunologists in medical history, was the first to show the transfer of maternal antibodies to the neonate by human milk (Ehrlich & Hubner 1892; Brieger & Ehrlich 1893). Since then a variety of other immunologically active components have been described in human milk and evidence is accumulating that human milk may also exert active immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory functions and help the development of the child’s own mucosal immune system
Stereoselective Synthesis of 3,3’‐Bisindolines by Organocatalytic Michael Additions of Fluorooxindole Enolates to Isatylidene Malononitriles in Aqueous Solution

A highly diastereoselective organocatalytic reaction for the synthesis of fluorinated 3,3’-bisindolines exhibiting adjacent tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenters is described. A broad variety of heterochiral bisindolines was prepared in 91-99% yield using 3-fluorooxindoles and isatylidene malononitriles in the presence of catalytic amounts of triethylamine in water or aqueous solution. The reaction can be upscaled without compromising yield and diastereoselectivity and the general usefulness of this method was demonstrated with various Michael acceptors and extended to aldol and Mannich reactions.
Surf's up? How does water quality risk impact surfer decisions?

Abstract Water quality and the subsequent beach advisories resulting from impaired quality are significant problems throughout the world and specifically in the Gulf of Maine where our study took place. Surfers represent a culturally and economically important subpopulation of beachgoers who are subject to higher risks associated with impaired water quality. This increased risk is related to the amount of time surfers spend in the water, the higher incidence of water ingestion, and the propensity for surfers to surf around storm events when water quality is the lowest. In our research we surveyed 291 surfers and conducted 20 interviews with gatekeepers in the surfing community in the Gulf of Maine. We found that given the level of environmental exposure coupled with a strong sense of environmental sustainability within the local surfing community, Maine and New Hampshire surfers provide valuable insight on issues of water quality. We find that surfers indicate that water quality and pollution can impact an individual's decision to surf. Given this, surfers should have equal accesses to water quality information at their local surf spots. Surfer's knowledge can prove useful to researchers and help drive policy changes related to water quality management.
Clinical Impact of 21-Gene Recurrence Score Test Within the Veterans Health Administration: Utilization and Receipt of Guideline-Concordant Care

Abstract Introduction Ensuring guideline-concordant cancer care is a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) priority, especially as the number of breast cancer patients at VA medical centers (VAMCs) grows. We assessed the utilization and clinical impact of the 21-gene Recurrence Score test, which predicts 10-year risk of breast cancer recurrence and the likelihood of chemotherapy benefit, on veterans newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using 2011-2012 VA Central Cancer Registry, chart review, and laboratory test data. Independent variables assessed included patient and site-of-care characteristics. The outcome of interest was whether newly diagnosed, eligible (node negative, hormone-receptor positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2] negative) veterans underwent the 21-gene test. We performed descriptive statistics on all patients and multivariate logistic regression to determine associations. We correlated treatments received with test results. Results Among 328 eligible veterans, 82 (25%) had the 21-gene test; 100 eligible veterans (30%) sought care at a VAMC where no tests were ordered. Receiving care at a VAMC that had women's health services (odds ratio [OR], 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-3.22) and having tumor characteristics meeting the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 2010 test criteria (OR, 3.06, 95% CI, 1.69-5.57) were positive predictors of testing; increasing age (OR, 0.93, 95% CI, 0.91-0.96 per year) and fee-based care (OR, 0.46, 95% CI, 0.26-0.82) were negative predictors. The majority of tested patients received guideline-concordant care. Conclusion Site of care and tumor characteristics were important predictors of test uptake. Facilitating delivery of guideline-concordant cancer care requires improved laboratory informatics and clinical decision support.
Scalable Chitosan-Graphene Oxide Membranes: The Effect of GO Size on Properties and Cross-Flow Filtration Performance

Chitosan (CS)-graphene oxide (GO) composite films were fabricated, characterized, and evaluated as pressure-driven water filtration membranes. GO particles were incorporated into a chitosan polymer solution to form a suspension that was cast as a membrane via evaporative phase inversion allowing for scale-up for cross-flow testing conditions. Morphology and composition results for nano and granular GO in the CS matrix indicate that the particle size of GO impacts the internal membrane morphology as well as the structural order and the chemical composition. Performance of the membranes was evaluated with cationic and anionic organic probe molecules and revealed charge-dependent mechanisms of dye removal. The CSGO membranes had rejections of at least 95% for cationic methylene blue with mass balances obtained from measurements of the feed, concentrate, and permeate. This result suggests the dominant mechanism of removal is physical rejection for both GO particle sizes. For anionic methyl orange, the results...
Efficacy of H5 subunit vaccines to protect poultry against highly pathogenic North American H5N2 avian influenza virus

Between December 2014 and June 2015, North America experienced the H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epizootic, the largest recorded animal disease outbreak to date where over 48 million commercial poultry (e.g., chickens and turkeys) were euthanized or died from viral exposure. Soon after the epizootic began, the U.S. Department of Agriculture began testing the efficacy of different vaccines as a possible future control strategy. It was unknown whether heterologous H5 vaccines would affect infection and shedding of HPAI H5 virus in experimentally infected commercial chickens and turkeys. Three vaccine technologies were evaluated for efficacy: 1) inactivated reverse genetic laboratory-generated low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) H5 virus encoding H5 hemagglutinin (HA) gene (rgH5), 2) recombinant turkey herpes virus encoding H5 HA (rHVT-H5), and 3) recombinant replication-deficient alphavirus RNA particle vaccine encoding H5 HA (RP-H5). Among all experiments, the rgH5 vaccine (clade 2.3.4.4) gave the best results in preventing mortality and reducing shedding of the North American clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5N2 challenge virus in chickens and turkeys. The rHVT-H5 (Clade 2.2) and RP-H5 (clade 2.3.4.4) were most efficacious as a priming vaccine, followed by booster vaccinations with rgH5-inactivated or RP-H5. Heterologous prime (rHVT-H5) and boosting (RP-H5) provided 100% protection in turkeys challenged with HPAI H5N2, whereas a single dose of RP-H5 provided partial protection. Results of these studies led to the conditional approval for RP-H5 vaccine use in poultry as a control measure for future H5 HPAI outbreaks.
Automated flow-based/digital microfluidic platform integrated with onsite electroporation process for multiplex genetic engineering applications

We present a novel automated flow-based/digital microfluidic platform integrated with onsite electroporation function. In addition to high-throughput arraying of microdroplets and mixing of DNA parts and cells, proposed platform is capable of multiplexed electroporation process and dual optical detection of expressed fluorescence on chip. Unlike conventional microtiter plate based reactions, our platform would allow completely automated and robust genetic engineering steps using drastically smaller amounts of reagents and can be useful for gene editing processes such as CRISPR/Cas9 for synthetic biology applications.
Correlates of Condom use Among Community College Women: The Role of Victimization, Substance Use, and Mental Health Symptoms

Research is needed to understand intersecting health risks among community college students. Applying a syndemic framework, the present research explored childhood sexual victimization, adolescent sexual victimization, intimate partner violence (IPV), marijuana use, alcohol consumption, and symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder as additive as well as interactive correlates of women's condom use. Questionnaires were administered to a sample of 212 women between the ages of 18 to 24 attending a community college. A series of logistic regression analyses documented that an increased number of psychosocial risk factors was associated with not using a condom during sexual intercourse. Experiencing both adolescent sexual victimization and lifetime intimate partner violence (IPV), compared to experiencing one form of victimization, increased the odds of not using a condom. Endorsing both lifetime IPV and past year marijuana use, compared to endorsing only one of these factors, also increased the odds of not using a condom. These findings highlight the importance of targeting intersections between adolescent sexual victimization, IPV, marijuana use, and sexual risk behavior when developing educational programs for community college women.