cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mourning Life: William Wordsworth and Percy Bysshe Shelley

What does it mean that Shelley publicly mourns the death a living Wordsworth in his poetry? This essay argues that Percy Bysshe Shelley's renunciation of a narrow concept of selfhood not only infor...
Eighteen-Month Visit

Vladimir is a strappling 18-month-old who comes into the pediatric clinic running ahead of his mother and grandmother, Mrs. Samakov and Mrs. Dovbrinski. Vladimir’s weight is 13.6 kg (29.9 lb), which is in the 95th percentile. His height is 87 cm (34.8 in.), in the 97th percentile, and his head circumference is 50 cm (20 in.) in the 97th percentile. His grandmother is concerned that he eats sporadically despite his good weight for his age. At day care they tell Mrs. Samakov that Vladimir eats, but the grandmother doesn’t see him eating at home. He was breastfed but now is weaned to a cup. The parents are concerned about his strong will, especially when he has a temper tantrum in reaction to not getting what he wants, for example not sharing his toys with a child in day care. The mother and the grandmother want to talk about toilet training. They have observed that Vladimir stops playing when he is having a bowel movement. His anterior fontanelle is closed and he is a little potbellied and bow legged and has 14 teeth. He likes playing with push toys. Vladimir has receptive language and understands most of what is said to him. The family speaks Russian at home but English is spoken in day care. Vladimir says six words in Russian and four words in English. He likes to take off his socks by himself but cannot dress himself. He can point to a body part and uses a spoon and a baby cup. Vladimir can listen to a story being read, look at the pictures, and name the objects. He shows affection. He can walk upstairs with assistance. His daycare director reports that Vladimir engages in parallel play. Boris could be sitting next to Vladimir and each is playing with a separate fire truck and not interacting.
Cocaine and Kindling Alter the Sensitivity of Group II and III Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Central Amygdala

G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are being implicated in various forms of neuroplasticity and CNS disorders. This study examined whether the sensitivities of mGluR agonis...
Ghost Resonance in Light Scattering

We demonstrate the presence of ghost resonance in optical scattering from dielectric systems, and develop the theoretical description of this effect.
The Challenge for Stem Cell Therapy

Ischemic heart disease remains the leading cause of chronic heart failure (CHF). The prevalence of CHF has increased dramatically over the last three decades, with more than 10% of the US population over 65 years of age now carrying the diagnosis. Based on current trends, heart failure is predicted to increase to more than 6 million people in the United States by the year 2030 (1). One cause of the increased prevalence of CHF is our success in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Mortality rates of transmural MI in clinical trials has decreased from more than 10% in clinical trials in the late 1980s to less than 5% in recent primary percutaneous coronary intervention trials. These advances, combined with the compelling data that cholesterol-lowering therapy significantly decreases the risk of MI, would lead one to hypothesize that the incidence of CHF should be on the decline. However, we are a population of increasing risk, given the increasing incidence of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle. Thus, although great advances have been made in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, there is a great need for stem cell therapy to prevent and treat CHF.
A Lagrangian Vortex Method for the Barotropic Vorticity Equation on a Rotating Sphere

We present a Lagrangian vortex method for the barotropic vorticity equation (BVE) on a rotating sphere. The solution of BVE involves solving a conservative transport equation for the vorticity fields and a Poisson equation for the stream function. The vortex method tracks the flow map and absolute vorticity using Lagrangian particles and panels. The velocity is computed from the Biot-Savart integral on the sphere. An adaptive refinement strategy is implemented to resolve small-scale features and a treecode is used for efficient computation. A fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme is used for time integration. We start our investigation with point vortex method and the first test case is the Rossby-Haurwitz wave, which is the exact solution for BVE. Convergence study shows that the method is fourth order in time and first order in space for a uniform panel discretization of the sphere. Then we switch to vortex blob method for stability consideration. We also tested the evolution of vortex patch(s), which means the vorticity field is highly nonuniform on the surface of the sphere. Adaptive refinement strategy improves the computational efficiency.
Multiple jobholding in States, 2004

Multiple jobholding in 2004 in creased in 24 States (compared with 2003), decreased in 22 States and the District of Columbia, and showed no change in 5 States.1 (See table 1.) The national multiple jobholding rate (the number of employed persons re porting more than one job as a share of total employment) was little changed in 2004 at 5.4 percent, after trending downward since 1996. The largest over-the-year increases in the States were posted in Oklahoma (+0.9 per
Sensitization and allergic response and intervention therapy in animal models

A review is presented of 3 murine models and a swine neonatal model used to investigate immunotherapeutic options. In Model 1, mutation of linear IgE-binding epitopes of Ara h 1 for the preparation of a hypoallergenic Ara h 1 is discussed with respect to expression in transgenic tobacco plants and correct folding following expression in the pET16b construct. In Model 2, the mutations of Ara h 1 were assessed for use as an immunotherapeutic agent. Although some protective benefit was observed with the modified Ara h 1 protein, animals desensitized with heat-killed E. coil preparations showed increased protection to challenge. In Model 3, soybean homologs to peanut proteins were investigated to determine if soybean immunotherapy can potentially provide benefit to peanut-allergic subjects. Although some protection was provided, additional experimentation with respect to optimal doses for sensitization and challenge will need to be investigated. In Model 4, the neonatal swine model was used to profile different foods (low to moderate to high sensitizing) similar to food allergies in humans. Evidence suggests such feasiblity; however, threshold levels for sensitization and allergic responses will need additional study. In summary, murine and swine animal models are being used to address immunotherapeutic avenues and investigation into the mechanisms of food-allergic sensitization.
Squared-norm empirical processes

Abstract This note extends a result of Mendelson on the supremum of a quadratic process to squared norms of functions taking values in a Banach space. Our method of proof is a reduction by a symmetrization argument and simple observation about the additivity of the generic chaining functional. We demonstrate an application to positive linear functionals of the sample covariance matrix and the apparent variance explained by principal components analysis (PCA).
How to be a maker: You hum it, I'll play it

Add programmable components to make a theremin, the musical instrument that you don't touch. Hannah Joshua takes it away
Targeting Epigenetic Regulators in Cancer to Overcome Targeted Therapy Resistance

Therapies targeting epigenetic changes hold promise to prevent drug resistance and improve durability of therapy responses in lung and other cancers. Epigenetic control of gene expression occurs through a variety of dynamic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications. Currently, the only epigenetic therapies approved for use in humans are DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Clinical trials in lung cancer have shown some promise for combination therapy of DNMT and HDAC inhibitors and for combination of epigenetic inhibitors with targeted therapies. In this review, we describe the rationale for use of epigenetic inhibitors to overcome therapy resistance in cancer, with a focus on the role of epigenetics in resistance to targeted therapies. We also summarize completed and ongoing clinical trials utilizing epigenetic inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies.
An Update on the Relevance of the Life Course Perspective for Social Work

In recent years, the life course perspective has received increasing support from researchers across a number of behavioral science disciplines. The purpose of this article is to examine the releva...
Divergent roles of astrocytic versus neuronal EAAT2 deficiency on cognition and overlap with aging and Alzheimer’s molecular signatures

The excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) is the major glutamate transporter in the brain expressed predominantly in astrocytes and at low levels in neurons and axonal terminals. EAAT2 expression is reduced in aging and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients’ brains. The role EAAT2 plays in cognitive aging and its associated mechanisms remains largely unknown. Here, we show that conditional deletion of astrocytic and neuronal EAAT2 results in age-related cognitive deficits. Astrocytic, but not neuronal EAAT2, deletion leads to early deficits in short-term memory and in spatial reference learning and long-term memory. Neuronal EAAT2 loss results in late-onset spatial reference long-term memory deficit. Neuronal EAAT2 deletion leads to dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway, and astrocytic EAAT2 deficiency results in dysfunction of innate and adaptive immune pathways, which correlate with cognitive decline. Astrocytic EAAT2 deficiency also shows transcriptomic overlaps with human aging and AD. Overall, the present study shows that in addition to the widely recognized astrocytic EAAT2, neuronal EAAT2 plays a role in hippocampus-dependent memory. Furthermore, the gene expression profiles associated with astrocytic and neuronal EAAT2 deletion are substantially different, with the former associated with inflammation and synaptic function similar to changes observed in human AD and gene expression changes associated with inflammation similar to the aging human brain.
On-Chip Test Circuitry for a 2 ns Cycle 512Kb CMOS ECL SRAM

On-chip test circuitry which provides 8-bit-deep ECL-level patterns to 12 input pads of a 512Kb CMOS ECL SRAM at cycle times as fast as 1.4 ns has been built in a 0.8?m CMOS technology with L eff = 0.5?m. A unique approach for synchronizing the input signals to the chip-select signal in order to provide optimum set-up time and data-valid window is described. Measured results and extensive simulation demonstrate the stability of the on-chip test circuitry for cycle times of 1.4 ns to 50 ns.
Teaching and Learning in Virtual Places of Exception: Gone GITMO and the Guantánamo Bay Museum of Art and History

This chapter articulates the design thinking underlying the virtualization of “places of exception.” The Guantanamo Bay Museum of Art and History is a faux museum website premised on the imagined closure of Guantanamo. The site features artists who respond to the prison via mixed-media, photography, and art installations. Gone GITMO is a re-creation of the Guantanamo on the virtual simulated reality platform, Second Life. The projects’ designers upended phenomenological conceptions of place as concrete, material, or bound to human memory and histories. Not encumbered by human and geographical concerns, the designers fabricated the place of exception as it might be to educate public audiences, promote civic engagement, and stimulate dialogue about the imprisonment of suspected terrorists at Guantanamo Bay Prison.
An investigation into utterance-fluency patterns of advanced L2 bilinguals: Afrikaans and Spanish in Patagonia

Abstract Adult late-L2 learners are the main source of participants for research on utterance fluency. Although there are ample opportunities to study these learners, bilinguals who come from a more diverse background are under-researched. This paper investigates the effects of long-term bilingualism on the second-language fluency patterns of a community of L1-Afrikaans/L2-Spanish bilinguals residing in Patagonia, Argentina. These third-generation bilinguals are dominant in their L2 and are undergoing L1 attrition. The acoustic analysis draws from a corpus of Spanish sociolinguistic interviews obtained from the bilinguals, who were compared to Spanish monolinguals on speed, breakdown, and repair fluency. For some measures (mean-syllable duration and phonation-time ratio), the bilinguals performed similarly to the Spanish monolinguals, whereas for other measures the results were mixed: the bilinguals produced less filled pauses, but used longer silent pauses and more reformulations, than the monolinguals. These outcomes are theorized within current models of L2-speech production.
Mental Health Issues of the Medical Workforce during COVID-19: A Review

The COVID-19 pandemic is a public health emergency. As we write, the world counts more than 10 million positive cases and more than 500 thousand deaths. The difficult conditions faced by healthcare workers helping with the COVID-19 pandemic are leading to severe adverse mental health consequences. The aim of this review is to summarize and analyze the mental health issues that healthcare workers are experiencing during the COVID-19 outbreak. We conduct a systematic literature review to investigate the healthcare workforce’s mental health disorders. About 145 articles were retrieved for the period between January 1, 2020 and April 30, 2020. After screening, 27 articles were selected for full-text examination, 13 were included in the review. Of the studies included, 69% (9/13) and 61% (8/13) investigated depression and anxiety, respectively, although other mental health disorders such as insomnia, distress, stress, and fear were also assessed. Most of the healthcare workers in the studies reported high levels of stress, anxiety, and severe symptoms of depressions. Caregivers are working under high levels of pressure, in a high-risk environment, and are dealing with many physical and psychological challenges. Appropriate actions and well-timed psychological support to protect medical workers’ mental health should be considered.
Nomads and Soviet Rule: Central Asia under Lenin and Stalin: Alun Thomas, . London: I. B. Tauris. 2018. xii + 260 pp. £85 (hardback). ISBN: 9781350143340

The Russian Revolution and the collapse of the Russian Empire that ensued from it led to the establishment of Soviet rule in the colonial peripheries of the Empire (its ‘borderlands’), a vast swath...
Pediatric Bronchoscopy: A Personal Odyssey Through 5 Decades

The introduction of flexible bronchoscopy to pediatric practice had a significant impact on the diagnosis and management of children with airway and pulmonary problems. This chapter narrates the story of the development of the technology and techniques, in the words of the originator of the technique.
Steroid Regimen for Children with Nephrotic Syndrome Relapse

Nephrotic syndrome is the most common cause of glomerular disease in school-age and adolescent children, affecting two to five children in 100,000 each year ([1][1]). Standard first-line therapy for initial presentation of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is 6 weeks of daily corticosteroids, followed
The somatosensory system in anorexia nervosa: A scoping review

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by a number of symptoms including food restriction and body perception distortions. In the present scoping review, we outline th...
The orbitofrontal cortex is necessary for learning to ignore

Animals learn not only what is potentially useful but also what is meaningless and should be disregarded. How this is accomplished is a key but seldom explored question in psychology and neuroscience. Learning to ignore irrelevant cues is evident in latent inhibition-the ubiquitous phenomenon where presenting a cue several times without consequences leads to retardation of subsequent conditioning to that cue.1,2 Does learning to ignore these cues, because they predict nothing, involve the same neural circuits that are critical to learning to make predictions about other "real world" impending events? If so, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), as a key node in such networks, should be important.3 Specifically, the OFC has been hypothesized to participate in the recognition of hidden task states, which are not directly signaled by explicit outcomes.4 Evaluating its involvement in pre-exposure learning during latent inhibition would be an acid test for this hypothesis. Here, we report that selective chemogenetic inactivation of rat orbitofrontal cortex principal neurons during stimulus pre-exposure markedly reduces latent inhibition in subsequent conditioning. Inactivation only during pre-exposure ensured that the observed effects were due to an impact on the acquisition of information prior to its use in any sort of behavior, i.e., during latent learning. Further behavioral tests confirmed this, showing that the impact of OFC inactivation during pre-exposure was limited to the latent inhibition effect. These results demonstrate that the OFC is important for latent learning and the formation of associations even in the absence of explicit outcomes.
The association between blood pressure, blood pressure medications, and glaucoma in a nationwide electronic health records database

Abstract Purpose To measure the association between blood pressure, blood pressure medications, and glaucoma using the All of Us Research Program database. Design A retrospective, longitudinal cohort study leveraging a national electronic health records database administered by the National Institute of Health. Subjects, Participants and/or Controls Eye patients in the All of Us Research Program database with at least fifteen months of follow up and one blood pressure (BP) measurement. Methods, Intervention, or Testing Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models predicted the risk of developing incident open angle glaucoma (OAG). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the number of BP medication classes were entered as time-varying predictors to account for changes over time. Main Outcome Measures The risk of developing incident OAG, as defined by billing diagnosis codes. Results Of 20815 eligible eye patients who qualified for this study, 462 developed OAG. Low blood pressure (MAP 101.3 mmHg) and the number of BP medication classes were not associated with OAG after adjustment for covariates. Other risk factors associated with OAG included being Black (HR 3.31, 95% CI 2.63 - 4.17), Hispanic or Latino (HR 2.53, 95% CI 1.94 - 3.28), Asian (HR 2.22, 95% CI 1.24 - 3.97), older in age (80+ years, HR 20.1, 95% CI 9.10 – 44.5), and diabetic (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.04 - 1.67). Female gender was associated with decreased hazard of developing OAG (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.55 - 0.80). No significant interaction was observed between MAP and the number of BP medications on the risk of developing OAG. Conclusions We found that low blood pressure is associated with increased risk of developing OAG in a national longitudinal electronic health records database. We did not find evidence supporting a differential effect of medically treated and untreated low BP. This study adds to the body of literature implicating vascular dysregulation as a potential etiology for the development of OAG, particularly emphasizing the lack of influence of blood pressure medications on this relationship.
Analysis of Matched Cohort Data

Matching is occasionally used in cohort studies; examples include studies of twins and some studies of traffic crashes. Analysis of matched cohort data is not discussed in many textbooks or article...
Structural Steel Design

Structural steel is classified as either hot rolled or cold formed. The primary differences between the two classes are the method of forming the structural shapes, the thickness of the elements of the structural sections, and the availability of standard shapes.
A geometric constraint management system in Oar

This paper presents a constraint management system to experiment constraint-based design for mechanical engineering applications. The design is object-oriented and constraint-oriented. A design process can be viewed as incrementally creating design objects and imposing constraints on them. The system provides a sketch model and a constraint model which are loosely-coupled so that a designer can evolve a design by evolving both models separately. This system architecture is more appropriate for interactive design than existing systems. We use Operational Transformation Planning (OTP) as an approach to satisfy a network of geometric constraints [2]. The approach is different primarily in its use of geometric reasoning for satisfaction planning. An OTP system automatically generates a sequence of operations to satisfy a network of constraints, based on its understanding of the higher-level semantics of constraints and the geometric implications of the operations. Our system is implemented using Oar, an object-oriented programming environment with symbolic reasoning capabilities.
Discourse on regional economic integration: Towards a theory of PanAfrican authentic development

This study on regional economic integration in Africa critically examines major regional arrangements in Africa which produced meager results, does an evaluation of the level of trade between African countries [which is low], as they trade more with their former colonial masters than with themselves. The patterns of trade are unchallenged and unchanged and reflect the colonial model designed by European powers during colonialism. Like major policies suggested to Africa, the phenomenon of regional integration is deeply rooted in the neoclassical economics. The Theory of Pan-African Authentic Development is a paradigm shift as it merges five discourses: the political economy of panafricanism ( with the works of Cheikh Anta Diop and Kwame Nkrumah), the concept of authentic development anchored in the humanitarian paradigm, the theory of economic integration based on the total and simultaneous strategic sectoral integration, the Ubuntu philosophy, a unifying vision of Africa, with its key concepts, sharing, complementarity, and interconnectedness, and the spirit and letter of the original understanding of economics based on the concept of citizenship and social justice. It draws upon the very economic neoliberal principles (law of comparative advantage, principle of rational action, and cost-benefit analysis) to articulate a panafrican development framework.
Estimation of Nonlinear Three-dimensional Constitutive Law for DNA Molecules

Long length-scale structural deformations of DNA play a central role in many biological processes including gene expression. The elastic rod model, which uses a continuum approximation, has emerged as a viable tool to model deformations of DNA molecules. The elastic rod model predictions are however very sensitive to the constitutive law (material properties) of the molecule, which in turn, vary along the molecules length according to its base-pair sequence. Identification of the nonlinear sequence-dependent constitutive law from experimental data and feasible molecular dynamics simulations remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we develop techniques to use elastic rod model equations in combination with limited experimental measurements or high-fidelity molecular dynamics simulation data to estimate the nonlinear constitutive law governing DNA molecules. We first cast the elastic rod model equations in state-space form and express the effect of the unknown constitutive law as an unknown input to the system. We then develop a two-step technique to estimate the unknown constitutive law. We discuss various generalizations and investigate the robustness of this technique through simulations.
Alterations in the developing immune system of the F344 rat after perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: II. Effects on the pup and the adult.

Our recent work showed that in utero 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure produced alterations in fetal and neonatal thymocyte subpopulations. This study was designed to determine the persistence and functional significance of these alterations. One group of timed-bred pregnant F344 rats was dosed with 3.0 μg TCDD/kg by gavage on gestational day 14 (GD14). The immune function of the perinatally-exposed offspring and age-matched controls were assessed at 14–17 weeks old. Examination of the organ weights and splenic phenotypes showed that TCDD exposure increased the spleen/body weight ratio, decreased the thymus/body weight ratio, and decreased the percentage of splenic CD3+/CD4−CD8− cells in both genders. The delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was suppressed in both the TCDD-exposed males and females. The lymphoproliferative (LP) responses to T-cell and B-cell mitogens and the antibody response to sheep red blood cells were not affected by perinatal TCDD exposure in either gender except for a suppressed LP response to PWM in the females. A second set of timed-pregnant F344 rats was dosed with 0 or 1.0 μg TCDD/kg on GD14. One day after birth litters were cross-fostered to produce control, placental-only, lactational-only, and placental/lactational exposure groups. The organ weights and thymic and splenic phenotypes of these pups were assayed 1, 2, or 3 weeks post-partum, while the DTH response was assessed in 5-month-old males. Increased liver/body weight ratios, decreased percentages of thymic CD3+/CD4−CD8− cells, and increased percentages of thymic CD3+/CD4−CD8+ cells were seen through 3 weeks old in both genders after TCDD exposure. The severity of the effects was related to the route of exposure (i.e. placental/lactational>lactational>placental). The DTH response to BSA was suppressed in the males receiving both placental and lactational exposure. These results suggest that the immunotoxic effects of perinatal TCDD exposure of rats persist into adulthood and that suppression of the DTH response may represent the most sensitive biomarker for TCDD-induced immunotoxicity in this species.
Evidence of hole-optical-phonon interaction in degenerate silicon in tunneling measurements

Tunneling from a metal into degenerate $p$-type silicon exhibits peaks in $\frac{{d}^{2}i}{d{V}^{2}}$ at biases $eV=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$, where $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ is the $k=0$ optical-phonon energy of the semiconductor. It is suggested that these peaks reflect modifications in the bulk semiconductor states at energies $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ above and below the Fermi energy arising from hole-optical-phonon interaction. An additional peak near the optical-phonon frequency, but well resolved from it, is identified with vibrations of the boron acceptor impurity.
Optimization of Weld Conditions and Alloy Composition for Welding of Single-Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloys

Calculations were carried out to identify optimum welding conditions and weld alloy compositions to avoid stray grain formation during welding of single-crystal nickel-based superalloys. The calculations were performed using a combination of three models: a thermal model to describe the weld pool shape and the local thermal gradient and solidification front velocity; a geometric model to identify the local active dendrite growth variant, and a nucleation and growth model to describe the extent of stray grain formation ahead of the advancing solidification front. Optimum welding conditions (low weld power, high weld speed) were identified from the model calculations. Additional calculations were made to determine potential alloy modifications that reduce the solidification temperature range while maintaining high gamma prime content. The combination of optimum weld conditions and alloy compositions should allow for weld repair of single-crystal nickel-based superalloys without sacrificing properties or performance.
Haptic discrimination in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella): Evidence of manual specialization

Two experiments investigated the effects of haptic and visual discrimination on hand preference in 22 brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). The percentage of left-handed subjects in Experiment 1 were 63.6%, 45.5%, and 18.2% for haptic, bipedal, and quadrupedal reaching, respectively. In Experiment 2, the haptic demands of the task were manipulated by using additional food types and another tactile medium. Left-hand preferences were further strengthened when reaching into water compared to pineshavings in Experiment 1. Reaching with no tactile interference resulted in equal numbers of lateralized and nonlateralized subjects. These results show that when reaching demands the use of haptic cues, as opposed to visual ones, monkeys shift towards greater left hand use. This is consistent with what is known about right hemisphere superiority for haptic discrimination in humans.
Clinical disorders of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and hydrogen ion metabolism Diagnostic approach

Information concerning normal concentrations of serum calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and hydrogen ion, as well as clinically useful data concerning absorption and excretion of these physiologically important ions, are reviewed. Clinical approaches to diagnosis of these electrolyte disturbances are summarized with special emphasis on interpretations of these disorders in children.
The biogenesis of anthocyanins. IV. The inhibitory effect of methionine and other sulfur-containing compounds on anthocyanin formation

Abstract A survey of sulfur-containing compounds which inhibit anthocyanin formation shows that inhibition cannot be ascribed to the sulfhydryl group, to the SS linkage, to the sulfone grouping, or even probably to the sulfur atom itself. Among the most potent inhibitors are ethionine, methionine, sulfadiazine, and thiouracil. Many known antithyroid compounds inhibit pigment formation, but there is no correlation between antithyroid and “anti-anthocyanin” activity. The inhibition caused by methionine is not due merely to its sulfur atom nor to its amino acid grouping, though both these elements were shown to contribute to the inhibitory activity. Methionine does not inhibit through being oxidized to the sulfoxide or sulfoximine, for these compounds are less active than methionine itself. Ethionine does not reverse methionine inhibition but is itself the most active inhibitor studied. Ethionine does not inhibit the small amount of anthocyanin formation which occurs in the dark. It does, however, inhibit the subsequent formation of anthocyanin in the dark if it is preilluminated with the plants. After eliminating several possible alternatives, it is deduced that ethionine must inhibit a light reaction whose product is converted to anthocyanin in the dark.
Are second-generation antihistamines appropriate for most children and adults?

tigue, and an inability to concentrate. While these effects may be categorized as beneficial to some patients, they are often considered detrimental to others. A well-known characteristic of the newer, molecularly larger second-generation antihistamines, which are less lipid soluble, is their lesser ability to penetrate the bloodbrain barrier and thus influence the CNS. Initially, these newer medications had immediate applicability in situations where harm to life or limb was plausibly associated with mental performance impairment (eg, in operators of transport vehicles and heavy machinery). Later, in certain special populations, the elimination of the cardiac adverse effects previously associated with terfenadine and astemizole continued to expand the indications for secondgeneration antihistamines. Lately there have been strong proponents for extending the indications for these newer medications to include much larger populations previously and presently being served with first-generation antihistamines. The argument is that if your airplane pilot is not permitted to take first-generation antihistamines before going to work, why should your taxi driver, your child’s school bus driver, your dentist, your nurse, or your office assistant, to name a few examples? This has set the stage for a growing controversy over first- vs secondgeneration antihistamines. To resolve this controversy, we should consider systemic safety, efficacy, onset of action, adverse effects, and consequences of adverse effects of antihistamines, as well as the costs involved. This article argues that, on balance, comparison of these aspects supports the hypothesis that second-generation antihistamines are preferable for most children and adults. It must be remembered that untreated allergic rhinitis generally decreases performance. Learning tests 5 depict a performance hierarchy, with healthy patients turning in the top scores, patients with allergies treated with second-generation antihistamines or placebo achieving scores in the middle range, and patients with allergies treated with firstgeneration antihistamines scoring in the lower range. PRO
Collaborative Relationships: School Counselors and Non-School Mental Health Professionals Working Together to Improve the Mental Health Needs of Students.

Fifty-three school counselors and administrators employed in middle and high school settings were surveyed regarding their thoughts about school districts working collaboratively with non-school mental health professionals to respond to the mental health needs of students. In addition, the survey sought to understand what school counselors and their hiring principals/vice principals regard as the roles and responsibilities of school counselors and the scope of school counselor training.
Maximum entropy in applied econometric research

Recent approaches to the maximum entropy principle of estimation arc critically reviewed here from an applied econometric perspective in three directions: entropy and likelihood, entropy in bayesian estimation and in two-person games. Several types of illustrative examples are reviewed from an applied viewpoint and it is argued that the maximum entropy method of estimation has great scope in applied econometric work due to its non-parametric nature and flexibility.
Entamoeba histolytica: uptake of purine bases and nucleosides during axenic growth.

Abstract A comparison was made of the uptake mechanisms of selected purine bases and nucleosides by axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica. Adenine, adenosine, and guanosine were taken up, in part, by a “carrier”-mediated system. Guanine, hypoxanthine, and inosine entered amoebas via diffusion. Inhibitor studies support the presence of individual transport sites for adenine-adenosine and adenosine-guanosine. Additional sites for transport of adenine, adenosine, and guanosine are implied by “non-productive binding” involving guanine, hypoxanthine, and inosine. Uptake of adenine, adenosine, and guanosine was reduced by iodoacetate and N-ethylmaleimide. Ribose failed to inhibit uptake of purine nucleosides.
Super-resolution method for arbitrary retrospective sampling in fluorescence tomography with raster scanning photodetectors

Dense spatial sampling is required in high-resolution optical imaging and many other biomedical optical imaging methods, such as diffuse optical imaging. Arrayed photodetectors, in particular charge coupled device cameras are commonly used mainly because of their high pixel count. Nonetheless, discrete-element photodetectors, such as photomultiplier tubes, are often desirable in many performance-demanding imaging applications. However, utilization of the discrete-element photodetectors typically requires raster scan to achieve arbitrary retrospective sampling with high density. Care must be taken in using the relatively large sensitive areas of discrete-element photodetectors to densely sample the image plane. In addition, off-line data analysis and image reconstruction often require full-field sampling. Pixel-by-pixel scanning is not only slow but also unnecessary in diffusion-limited imaging. We propose a super-resolution method that can recover the finer features of an image sampled with a coarse-scale sensor. This generalpurpose method was established on the spatial transfer function of the photodetector-lens system, and achieved super-resolution by inversion of this linear transfer function. Regularized optimization algorithms were used to achieve optimized deconvolution. Compared to the uncorrected blurred image, the proposed super-resolution method significantly improved image quality in terms of resolution and quantitation. Using this reconstruction method, the acquisition speed with a scanning photodetector can be dramatically improved without significantly sacrificing sampling density or flexibility.
Every Minute Counts When the Renal Hilum Is Clamped During Partial Nephrectomy

Abstract Background The safe duration of warm ischemia during partial nephrectomy remains controversial. Objective Our aim was to evaluate the short- and long-term renal effects of warm ischemia in patients with a solitary kidney. Design, setting, and participants Using the Cleveland Clinic and Mayo Clinic databases, we identified 362 patients with a solitary kidney who underwent open ( n =319) or laparoscopic ( n =43) partial nephrectomy using warm ischemia with hilar clamping. Measurements Associations of warm ischemia time with renal function were evaluated using logistic or Cox regression models first as a continuous variable and then in 5-min increments. Results and limitations Median tumor size was 3.4cm (range: 0.7–18.0cm), and median ischemia time was 21min (range: 4–55min). Postoperative acute renal failure (ARF) occurred in 70 patients (19%) including 58 (16%) who had a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 2 within 30 d of surgery. Among the 226 patients with a preoperative GFR≥30ml/min per 1.73m 2 and followed ≥30 d, 38 (17%) developed new-onset stage IV chronic kidney disease during follow-up. As a continuous variable, longer warm ischemia time was associated with ARF (odds ratio: 1.05 for each 1-min increase; p p p Conclusions Longer warm ischemia time is associated with short- and long-term renal consequences. These results suggest that every minute counts when the renal hilum is clamped.
Focal traumatic brain injury causes widespread reductions in rat brain norepinephrine turnover from 6 to 24 h.

Abstract The effect of right sensorimotor traumatic brain injury (TBI) in male Sprague-Dawley rats on brain norepinephrine (NE) turnover was assessed by measuring the decline of endogenous NE levels following tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition produced with α-methyl-p-tyrosine. Right sensorimotor cortex contusions were produced by a pneumatically driven piston which depressed the dural surface by 2 mm at 3.2 m/s. TBI rats were compared to uninjured, anesthetized controls at 6 h and 24 h after surgery. While NE turnover was not affected at the lesion site at 6 h after TBI, it was either abolished or decreased by 33–75% bilaterally in the hypothalamus and in the cerebral cortex surrounding and rostral to the lesion site. In the cortex caudal to the lesion site, NE turnover was completely abolished. NE turnover in cerebral cortex opposite the lesion site and in the contralateral cerebellum was decreased by 51 and 43%, respectively, at 6 h. At 24 h, NE turnover was either abolished or decreased bilaterally by 45–92% in all cortical areas, in the hypothalamus, cerebellum, locus coeruleus and medulla. Thus, right sensorimotor cortex contusion causes a marked, early and widespread depression of brain NE turnover. Since amphetamine increases NE turnover, this may explain the dramatic improvement in behavioral deficits which occurs following amphatamine administration at 24 h after such lesions.
X-Box-Binding Protein 1 Activates Lytic Epstein-Barr Virus Gene Expression in Combination with Protein Kinase D

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a latent form of infection in memory B cells, while antibody-secreting plasma cells often harbor the lytic form of infection. The switch between latent and lytic EBV infection is mediated by the two viral immediate-early proteins BZLF1 (Z) and BRLF1 (R), which are not expressed in latently infected B cells. Here we demonstrate that a cellular transcription factor that plays an essential role in plasma cell differentiation, X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP-1), also activates the transcription of the two EBV immediate-early gene promoters. In reporter gene assays, XBP-1 alone was sufficient to activate the R promoter, whereas the combination of XBP-1 and protein kinase D (PKD) was required for efficient activation of the Z promoter. Most importantly, the expression of XBP-1 and activated PKD was sufficient to induce lytic viral gene expression in EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and lymphoblastoid cells, while an XBP-1 small interfering RNA inhibited constitutive lytic EBV gene expression in lymphoblastoid cells. These results suggest that the plasma cell differentiation factor XBP-1, in combination with activated PKD, can mediate the reactivation of EBV, thereby allowing the viral life cycle to be intimately linked to plasma cell differentiation.
Vapor‐liquid equilibrium measurements for the propane‐ethanol system at elevated pressures

Vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements have been carried out for the propane-ethanol system at 325°, 350°, 375°, 400°, and 425°K. The pressures corresponding to these temperatures ranged from 569.5 kPa (82.6 lb/in.2abs) to 5 618.5 kPa (814.9 lb/in.2abs). Altogether, nineteen experimental determinations were made; one of these determinations at 425°K approached the critical state, and this measurement assisted in establishing the entire critical temperature and critical pressure profiles for this binary system. The information associated with these measurements enabled the construction of isothermal bubble point-dew point relationships up to 500°K. These results made possible the establishment of isothermal relationships of K values vs. pressure for the components of the propane-ethanol system. Calculated K values for this system using the BWR method and the SRK method were found to be in fair agreement with corresponding experimental values.
Experimental investigation of ohmic heating of solid–liquid mixtures under worst-case heating scenarios

Abstract Sterilization of solid–liquid mixtures by ohmic heating requires the assurance that all parts of the mixture are treated adequately to ensure inactivation of pathogenic sporeformers. Two previously identified potentially hazardous situations were experimentally investigated, both involving a particle of electrical conductivity significantly different from its immediate surroundings (inclusion particle), one involving a static medium surrounding the solid; and the other involving a mixed fluid. Two sub-cases were examined: (1) where the particle was less conductive than the medium (medium-more-conductive) and (2) where the particle was more conductive than the medium (particle-more-conductive). For medium-more-conductive cases, the temperature of the inclusion particle significantly lagged that of the medium. Heating rates of the inclusion particle were faster under the static than under the mixed (agitated) condition, suggesting that a more conservative result occurred under the agitated condition. For the particle-more-conductive cases, the temperature of the particle led that of the medium, indicating that the mixture cold-spot was in the medium. In experiments involving a small particle (particle to tube area ratio of 0.1), worst-case heating was observed under the mixed condition. When a large particle (area ratio of 0.2) was involved, the worst-case heating occurred under the static condition. Trends in power input and medium heating rates for the large particle suggest that a thermal crossover might be observed after a longer duration of heating. These results are consistent with a separately reported modeling study, and provide verification of model-predicted trends.
Modeling Lost Production in the Gulf of Mexico—III. Results and Limitations

Abstract In extreme weather, damage to offshore facilities is unavoidable and can take many forms. To better understand the scope of weather risk and catastrophic loss in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), and the factors that impact the redevelopment decisions of operators, we quantify the value of lost production associated with the 2004–2005 hurricane seasons. We estimate that the value of lost production from the 2004–2005 hurricane seasons range from $1.3 billion to $4.5 billion, depending upon the future price path. For a future average oil and gas price of $100/bbl and $10/Mcf, the total lost production is estimated to be $3.7 billion. In the final part of this series, we present results that quantify the amount and value of lost production in the GOM under various price and model scenarios. We perform sensitivity analysis, describe the maximum redevelopment cost per structure that will yield a specific rate of return, and discuss the limitations of modeling.
Diameter and radius in the Manhattan metric

We investigate maximum size sets of lattice points with a given diameter,d, within a given rectilinearly bounded finite regionR inn dimensions, under the Manhattan orL1 metric. We show that when the length ofR in each dimension is an odd integer (as, for example, then-cube) there is, for every integerd, a maximum size set having radiusd/2 about some center, though the center need not be a lattice point. Similar results are obtained whenR has even length in some dimensions, except for a set ofd values whose cardinality is one less than the number of dimensions in whichR has even length. This question is still open for these values.
Activation of P2 late transcription by P2 Ogr protein requires a discrete contact site on the C terminus of the alpha subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.

Abstract Bacteriophage P2 late transcription requires the product of the P2 ogr gene. Ogr-dependent transcription from P2 late promoters is blocked by certain point mutations affecting the α subunits of the host RNA polymerase. An alanine scan spanning the putative activation target in the α C-terminal domain (αCTD) was carried out to identify individual residues essential for Ogr-dependent transcription from P2 late promoters. In addition, the effects of alanine substitutions in the regions of the αCTD previously reported to affect CAP-dependent activation of the lac promoter and UP-element DNA binding were examined. Residues E286, V287, L289 and L290 in helix 3, and residue L300 at the beginning of helix 4, define a surface-exposed patch on the αCTD important for Ogr-dependent activation. These residues, adjacent to the recently identified DNA-binding determinants, constitute a newly identified activation surface for protein:protein contact. Alanine substitutions at some of the residues that affect UP-element DNA binding also impaired activation. This suggests that upstream DNA-α contacts, in addition to α-Ogr contacts, may be important in P2 late transcription. Other residues implicated in the interaction of α with CAP are not required for activation by Ogr, consistent with previous genetic evidence suggesting that these activators contact different sites on the αCTD.