cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unique phylogenetic position of Diplomonadida based on the complete small subunit ribosomal RNA sequence of Giardia ardeae, G. muris, G. duodenalis and Hexamita sp.

Complete small-subunit rRNA (SSU-rRNA) coding region sequences were determined for two species of the intestinal parasite Giardia: G. ardeae and G. muris, both belonging to the order Diplomonadida, and a free-living member of this order, Hexamita sp. These sequences were compared to published SSU-rDNA sequences from a third member of the genus Giardia, G. duodenalis (often called G. intestinalis or G. lamblia) and various representative organisms from other taxa. Of the three Giardia sequences analyzed, the SSU-rRNA from G. muris is the smallest (1432 bases as compared to 1435 and 1453 for G. ardeae and G. duodenalis, respectively) and has the lowest G+C content (58.9%). The Hexamita SSU-rRNA is the largest in this group, containing 1550 bases. Because the sizes of the SSU-rRNA are prokaryotic rather than typically eukaryotic, the secondary structures of the SSU-rRNAs were constructed. These structures show a number of typically eukaryotic signature sequences. Sequence alignments based on constraints impo...
Reed-Sternberg Cells and the TNF Family of Receptors/Ligands

Treatment of cancer with means other than chemo- and radiation therapy becomes more and more important. Through the better understanding of tumor biology approaches towards the cure of cancer interfering with the pathophysiological mechanisms of malignancy can be considered. Hodgkin's disease is a good example for the role of the immune system in cancer. The Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells, malignant cells of Hodgkin's disease (HD), are surrounded by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and still evade immunesurveillance. In this respect the importance of the superfamily of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors and ligands is becoming more and more clear. Ligand-receptor interaction either leads to death or survival signals. Many of these receptors and ligands are expressed by the RS cells and the surrounding lymphocytes. Their expression and function in HD are discussed and future directions for possible therapeutical investigations are proposed.
Lattice super-Yang–Mills: a virial approach to operator dimensions

Abstract The task of calculating operator dimensions in the planar limit of N = 4 super-Yang–Mills theory can be vastly simplified by mapping the dilatation generator to the Hamiltonian of an integrable spin chain. The Bethe ansatz has been used in this context to compute the spectra of spin chains associated with various sectors of the theory which are known to decouple in the planar (large- N c ) limit. These techniques are powerful at leading order in perturbation theory but become increasingly complicated beyond one loop in the 't Hooft parameter λ = g YM 2 N c , where spin chains typically acquire long-range (non-nearest-neighbor) interactions. In certain sectors of the theory, moreover, higher-loop Bethe ansatze do not even exist. We develop a virial expansion of the spin chain Hamiltonian as an alternative to the Bethe ansatz methodology, a method which simplifies the computation of dimensions of multi-impurity operators at higher loops in λ. We use these methods to extract previously reported numerical gauge theory predictions near the BMN limit for comparison with corresponding results on the string theory side of the AdS/CFT correspondence. For completeness, we compare our virial results with predictions that can be derived from current Bethe ansatz technology.
The utility of thyrotropin receptor messenger RNA detection in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma

RESULTS: TSHR-mRNA was detected in peripheral blood in 46% preoperatively, which is less than that for macroscopic papillary thyroid carcinoma (80%), but higher than for benign thyroid disease (18%) (p<0.001). The focus of cancer was larger in TSHRmRNA positive compared to negative group (0.41 vs. 0.30 cm, respectively, p1⁄40.015). Incidence of tall cell variant was higher in the TSHR-mRNA positive group. The rate of lymph node (LN) metastasis (16% vs. 10%), multifocality (46% vs. 49%) and extrathyroidal extension (10% vs. 5%) were similar between the TSHR-mRNA positive and negative groups, respectively. In patients 45 years or older, rate of LN metastasis was higher in TSHR-mRNA positive (10%) versus negative (2%) group (p1⁄40.039). TSHR-mRNA positivity predicted a higher likelihood of radioactive iodine treatment (36% vs. 17%, p1⁄40.009) postoperatively.
Nanomedicine Captures Cardiovascular Disease

Nanomedicine, the research field that makes use of nanoparticulate agents for biomedical applications, is well established in oncology.1 In fact, the application of nanotechnology in medicine started with, and is most prominently present in, targeted therapeutics for cancer. The initial goals included altering pharmacokinetics, increasing the percentage of injected dose to reach the tumor, accomplishing target-specific delivery and uptake therefore decreasing doses of compounds with antitumor activity.2 Furthermore, nanoparticles may be used to solubilize hydrophobic or amphiphilic molecules. Many nanoparticulate formulations (eg, cytostatic agents) have been shown to exhibit increased therapeutic efficacy and diminished adverse effects, which have ultimately resulted in their clinical application.3 The most well-known nanoparticulate formulations applied are liposomes (bilayered vesicles of phospholipids) which can contain a hydrophilic payload in their lumen or an amphiphilic payload in the lipid bilayer.3 Doxil, a liposomal formulation of doxorubicin, is approved for the treatment of solid tumors in patients with breast-carcinoma metastases, and has resulted in a subsequent improvement in survival.4 Gene targeting to angiogenic tumor blood vessels using cationic liposomes specific for αvβ3-intergin has shown efficacy in tumor bearing mice.5 Using this approach, apoptosis of the tumor-associated endothelium was induced by a mutant Raf gene, ultimately leading to tumor cell apoptosis and sustained regression of established …
Double detachment in collisions between protons and negative hydrogen ions

Abstract The two most basic processes of single- and double-electron detachments, H++H−→H++H+e− and H++H−→2H++2e−, are analysed within a quantum-mechanical four-body distorted wave scattering theory. Thus far the indicated double detachment has not been investigated experimentally. As to the mentioned single detachment, we cover all the incident velocities v for which the experimental data are available from the threshold (0.235 au) to the Bethe asymptotic region (∼10 au). Throughout the derivation, a special emphasis is placed onto the significance of a fundamental relation between the preassigned Coulomb distorted waves and the associated perturbative distorting potentials. This is well within the realm of Dollard's asymptotic convergence problem which ought to be conceived of (i) imposition of the exact asymptotic behaviors to the chosen distorted scattering wave functions χ±i,f and (ii) assurance of the emergence of the associated perturbations Ui,f strictly from the pertinent full Schrodinger ansatz (H−E)χ±i,f. Of the paramount importance is to preserve this relation in the transition amplitudes themselves, T±if. Any further calculational simplifications of the perturbations Ui,f which are explicitly present in T±if=〈χ−f∣H−E∣χ+i〉=〈χ−f∣Ui,f∣χ+i〉 may lead to very serious errors, as done previously in the case of the single detachment. It is comforting that there is a simple way to avoid such errors with no significant additional effort in the analytical and/or numerical computations. The gain factor is remarkable, since the previous 2–3 orders of magnitude discrepancy between theory and experiment is transformed into a perfect agreement from the threshold to the Bethe asymptotic region ∼v−2ln(v). A mere glance at the most recent results of a measurement from Salzborn's group testifies to this better than any detailed description. In our theory, with due respect to a simultaneous fulfillment of the ammended requirements (i) and (ii) for the correct boundary conditions, both the direct and the correlated mechanisms are treated on the same footing. The ratio of the first and the second ionization thresholds for H− is small and, therefore, a negligible perturbation would suffice to ionise the first electron. This ejected electron could readily liberate the second electron through the correlation effects. The need for detailed investigations of the dynamic electron–electron correlations is stressed. The major two-step mechanisms which could lead to the ejection of both electrons from H− are enlighted for a proton impact. A distractive interference of these mechanisms would imply that a proton is less effective in producing double detachment than an electron. An experimental verification of the relative importance of the double to single scatterings should be given a high priority. The urge for such a very first experiment on two electron detachment in the H+–H− collision is further rationalized.
Factors influencing recruitment of walleye and white bass to three distinct early ontogenetic stages

Determining the factors that influence recruitment to sequential ontogenetic stages is critical for understanding recruitment dynamics of fish and for effective management of sportfish, particularly in dynamic and unpredictable environments. We sampled walleye (Sander vitreus) and white bass (Morone chrysops) at 3 ontogenetic stages (age 0 during spring: ‘age-0 larval’; age 0 during autumn: ‘age-0 juvenile’; and age 1 during autumn: ‘age-1 juvenile’) from 3 reservoirs. We developed multiple linear regression models to describe factors influencing age-0 larval, age-0 juvenile and age-1 juvenile walleye and white bass abundance indices. Our models explained 40–80% (68 ± 9%; mean ± SE) and 71%–97% (81 ± 6%) of the variability in catch for walleye and white bass respectively. For walleye, gizzard shad were present in the candidate model sets for all three ontogenetic stages we assessed. For white bass, there was no unifying variable in all three stage-specific candidate model sets, although walleye abundance was present in two of the three white bass candidate model sets. We were able to determine several factors affecting walleye and white bass year-class strength at multiple ontogenetic stages; comprehensive analyses of factors influencing recruitment to multiple early ontogenetic stages are seemingly rare in the literature. Our models demonstrate the interdependency among early ontogenetic stages and the complexities involved with sportfish recruitment.
An interactive linear programming approach to model parameter fitting and worst case circuit design

An interactive linear programming-based method is proposed for optimization problems in worst case circuit design and device modeling. The method maximizes the impact of a single constrained Linear Programming (LP) step on a nonlinear design problem. The method thus becomes, for large problems, an economic first-order alternative to expensive completely convergent optimization algorithms. By fully exploiting the customary investment of IC designers in large change (and/or adjoint) sensitivity computation, the interactive (and inexpensive) LP design subproblem becomes a paradigm of the larger nonlinear design problem, in which critical tradeoffs and limitations become evident. In comparison with previously reported design methods, the key points of novelty are 1) the interactive role of the user in searching for a maximally effective LP step, 2) the combination of function minimization, step size minimization, and function inequality constraints in the LP step, and 3) linear prediction of all performance objective functions. Examples are given of the application of the method to the design and modeling of practical digital logic circuits.
Ultrasonic Protocols for Separately Measuring Subcutaneous Fat and Skeletal Muscle Thickness in the Calf Area

Information regarding the use of brightness-mode (B-mode) ultrasound for separately measuring the thickness of subcutaneous fat and skeletal muscle in the calf area was evaluated. Subjects were volunteers, 32 men and 32 women college students. Fat was measured with skinfold calipers and B-mode ultrasound. We used calf circumference and B-mode ultrasound simultaneously to assess muscle size. Ultrasonic measurements of both fat and muscle were repeated within 30 minutes to evaluate reliability. Men were 24 percent heavier than women but had a thinner fat layer as measured by skinfolds (49%) and ultrasound (29%). Men also had a relatively larger calf muscle as assessed by circumference (7%) and ultrasound (29%). Intraclass correlation coefficients were no less than .99 for repeated ultrasonic measurements of both fat and muscle for men and women; therefore, these procedures are reliable for at least a short period of time. Associations between skinfolds and fat sonograms were high in men ( r = .87) and moderate in women ( r = .50). Associations between circumferences and muscle sonograms were moderately high in both men ( r = .80) and women ( r = .76). All four associations were statistically significant ( p < .05).
Prosody-Preserving Voice Transformation to Evaluate Brain Representations of Speech Sounds

This study employs a voice-transformation to overcome the limitations of brain mapping to study brain representations of natural sounds such as speech. Brain mapping studies of natural sound representations, which present a fixed sound to many neurons with different acoustic frequency selectivity, are difficult to interpret because individual neurons exhibit considerable unexplained variability in the dynamical aspects of their evoked responses. This new approach samples how a single recording responds to an ensemble of sounds, instead of sampling an ensemble of neuronal recordings. A noise excited filter-bank analysis and resynthesis vocoder systematically shifts the frequency band occupied by sounds in the ensemble. The quality of the voice transformation is assessed by evaluating the number of bands the filter bank must have to support emotional prosody identification. Perceptual data show that emotional prosody can be recognized within normal limits if the bandwidth of filter-bank channels is less than or equal to the bandwidth of perceptual auditory filters. Example physiological data show that stationary linear transfer functions cannot fully explain the responses of central auditory neurons to speech sounds, and that deviations from model predictions are not random. They may be related to acoustic or articulatory features of speech.
High-dose radiotherapy in trimodality treatment of Pancoast tumors results in high pathologic complete response rates and excellent long-term survival.

Objective We sought to study the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients treated with a surgery-inclusive multimodality approach for Pancoast tumors. Methods Clinical records of patients with Pancoast lung cancer who were enrolled for multimodality treatment between 1993 and 2003 at our institution were reviewed retrospectively. Results Thirty-six patients completed neodjuvant chemoradiation followed by en bloc surgical resection, whereas one patient received high-dose radiation alone followed by surgical intervention. There were 22 men and 15 women. Thirty-four lobectomies and 3 pneumonectomies were performed. Pretreatment non-small cell lung cancer stages were IIB, IIIA, IIIB, and IV (presenting with solitary brain metastasis) in 18, 8, 6, and 5 cases, respectively. R0 resection was achieved in 36 (97.3%) patients. Operative mortality was 2.7% (n = 1). High-dose radiotherapy was successfully tolerated in all but 1 patient. Mean total radiation dose was 56.9 Gy. Pathologic complete response was found in 40.5% (n = 15) of patients. Recurrences were found in 50% (n = 18) of patients. Brain metastasis was the most common recurrence (n = 9), followed by other distant recurrences (n = 4) and local recurrences (n = 5). Median survival time for the group is 2.6 years, and median survival time (pathologic complete response) is 7.8 years. It is noteworthy that median survival time of patients with positive pretreatment lymph nodes (12 patients) was not reached. Conclusions Surgical resection of Pancoast tumors after neoadjuvant high-dose radiation and chemotherapy can be safely performed. High-dose radiation in trimodality treatment is well tolerated and might be beneficial. Similar to other studies, late central nervous system relapse is problematic and indicates a need for assessing the role of prophylactic cranial irradiation in this disease.
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes by compounds from Daucus carota L. Seeds.

Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes inhibitory assay directed investigation of Daucus carota seed extracts resulted in the isolation and characterization of compounds, 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (1), oleic acid (2), trans-asarone (3) and geraniol (4). Compounds 1–4 showed 3.32, 45.32, 46.15, and 3.15% of prostaglandin H endoperoxide synthase-I (COX-I) inhibitory activity and 52.69, 68.41, 64.39 and 0% prostaglandin H endoperoxide synthase-II (COX-II) inhibitory activity, respectively at 100 mg mL−1. Compound 1 showed selectivity towards COX-II enzyme inhibition at 100 µg mL−1. The COX-II/COX-I ratio for compound 1 was 17.68 at 100 µg mL−1 compared to solvent control. Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Aspirin, Celebrex and Vioxx at concentrations of 2.06, 2.52, 180, 1.67 and 1.67 µg mL−1, respectively, gave COX-II/COX-I ratios of 1.13, 0.92, 0.24, 16 and 75, respectively. The inhibition of COX-II enzymes by compounds 1 at 100 µg mL−1 was signiﬁcant when compared to Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Naproxen and Celebrex at concentrations studied. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anterolateral Transtibial Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Combined With Anatomical Reconstruction of Posterolateral Corner Insufficiency Comparison of Single-Bundle Versus Double-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Over a 2- to 6-Year Follow-Up

Background: There is a paucity of clinical studies comparing single- and double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction combined with a posterolateral corner reconstruction.Purpose: To compare the clinical outcomes of single- and double-bundle transtibial PCL reconstruction combined with reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament and popliteus tendon for posterolateral corner insufficiency.Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence 3.Methods: The study population consisted of 42 patients for whom a minimum of 2 years of follow-up data were available. The authors compared the clinical outcomes of 2 surgical techniques: a single-bundle technique (23 patients) and a double-bundle technique (19 patients), each combined with reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament and popliteus tendon for posterolateral corner insufficiency.Results: There was no significant difference between the single- and double-bundle groups in mean side-to-side difference of posterior translation as mea...
Stock Price Evolution

There exists a fundamental difference in investing in risk-free instruments, such as cash accounts discussed in the previous chapter, and risky assets, such as stocks of publicly traded companies. The risk that an investor assumes when investing in stocks has to be understood and taken into consideration. Estimating how much risk is actually taken when investing, deciding in advance how much risk to take when investing, and then according to such a decision how to invest, are some of the central issues in computational financial mathematics.
Autozone: How Long Will They Be in the Zone?

Bad news for AutoZone: until recently the sales and store-count leader in the retail auto-parts category, AutoZone has been surpassed by Advance Auto Parts; Wall Street has punished AutoZone and is praising Advance Auto. Students will examine why this has happened and what AutoZone can do to compete with Advance Auto.
The influence of the boundary conditions on the buckling load of cylindrical shells under axial compression

The buckling load equations for a semi-infinite cylindrical shell are obtained for eight sets of boundary conditions, so-called simply supported and clamped. These expressions directly lead to the same conclusion as that of OHIRA without any numerical computation. In addition, the effect of elastically supported boundaries is calculated. A study on the value of spring constants of experimental set-up yields the following conclusion: the well-known result that the experimental buckling stress is much lower than the classical theory cannot be explained as the effect of the boundary condition. Furthermore, it is noticed that in the classical theory the in-plane shearing strain energy is unexpectedly large in the total potential energy.
Developmental regulation of the vertebrate globin multigene family.

"Hemoglobin switching," or the sequential expression of globin genes in erythroid cells during development, has provided an important paradigm for tissue- and stage-specific gene regulation. Over the past decade, regulatory DNA sequences and transcription factors involved in controlling the expression of individual globin genes in erythroid cells have been identified. The picture that has emerged indicates that gene proximal control elements collaborate with a "locus control region" located far upstream - probably via a DNA looping mechanism - to ensure that each gene is turned on only in erythroid cells and at the appropriate time during development. Interactions among the various regulatory sequences are thought to be mediated and stabilized by an array of tissue-specific and ubiquitous proteins. Chromatin structure plays a critical but still poorly understood role in this process.
Urologic Issues in LGBT Health

This chapter provides a brief primer on urologic care with a focus on the particular needs of LGBT persons. The content is targeted for primary care physicians who will see LGBT persons with urologic issues and to urologists who may not be familiar with issues germane to the LGBT community. We will address general urologic issues but will focus on urologic issues for which there is evidence of significant differences between LGBT and non-LGBT patients. Specific areas of focus addressed in this chapter include symptoms and medical/surgical management of lower urinary tract symptoms, sexual function and dysfunction in LGBT patients, the impact of HIV on the genitourinary (GU) tract, as well as unique considerations for screening and counseling LGBT patients regarding GU malignancy. Our goal is to educate physicians on the unique urologic needs of LGBT patient with the hope of improving quality of care for this patient demographic.
Animal: What Is an Animal?

The distinction between animals and other life forms seems so discrete as to be obvious. However, when the full spectrum of modern animal diversity is taken into account, the boundary between animals and other eukaryotes becomes blurred. This article examines some of the features commonly heralded as unique to animals, and argues that any enduring definition of animals must be phylogenetic in nature.
Evaluation of a bone biopsy technique for determining the calcium and phosphorus status of swine from weaning to market weight.

Tibia biopsies were taken from 75 live pigs at 4-wk intervals and from 251 slaughtered pigs to evaluate bone biopsy as a procedure for determining Ca/P status in pigs fed 70, 85, 100, 115 and 130% of the NRC (1979) estimated dietary Ca and P percentage requirements from weaning to market. Least squares means and SE of live and slaughter biopsy wet weight, ash weight and dry, fat-free ash percentage (DFF%) were compared at each time in each trial and found not to differ. Diet and time effects on ash weight, ash percentage of wet weight and DFF% of the biopsy core also did not differ greatly between slaughter and live biopsies and generally responded linearly and quadratically (P less than .01) to increasing Ca/P level and time. Biopsy measures were correlated (P less than .05) with third and fourth metacarpal and metatarsal length, bending and shear stress and DFF%. Means for slaughter biopsy DFF% did not differ greatly from the average of third and fourth metacarpal and metatarsal DFF% from slaughter pigs. Means for live and slaughter biopsy DFF% were lower than those for whole bones for the 70 and 85% NRC estimated Ca/P levels, but not for the 100, 115 and 130% NRC levels. Bone biopsy offers potential as a reliable noninvasive procedure for monitoring Ca/P status of swine from weaning to market, but it needs further study for use in Ca/P research in swine.
Clan-na-Gael Terrorism Challenges the Atlantic Community, 1881–1885

In February 1881, just days after the first the Irish nationalists’ bombings inaugurated a half-decade dynamite war in Great Britain, in his essay on the Irish land question Henry George wrote, the civilized world is on the verge of the most tremendous struggle, which, according to the frankness and sagacity with which it is met, will be a struggle of ideas or a struggle of actual physical force, calling upon all the potent agencies of destruction which modern invention has discovered, every sign of the times portends. The voices that proclaim the eve of revolution are in the air. Steam and electricity are not merely transporting goods and carrying messages. They are everywhere changing social and industrial organization; they are everywhere stimulating thought, and arousing new hopes and fears and desires and passions; they are everywhere breaking down the barriers that have separated men, and integrating nations into one vast organism, through which the same pulses throb and the same nerves tingle.1 George’s words, composed during the sanguineous agrarian Land War in Ireland, presaged a novel breed of terrorism confronting the Western world. Various strains of Irish-American nationalist groups utilizing technological innovations to attack the British Empire introduced significant challenges for the Atlantic community.
Germinal Center B Cell and Non-Germinal Center B Cell-Like DLBCL Have Similar Clinical Features at the Time of Progression and Comparable Outcome Following Autologous HSC Transplantation.

Background: Germinal center B cell-like (GCB) DLBCL, as determined by gene expression profiling or immunohistochemistry, is more likely to be cured by initial conventional chemoimmunotherapy than non-germinal center B cell-like (non-GCB) DLBCL. For patients with relapsed or refractory chemosensitive DLBCL, high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant is considered standard-of-care treatment, but it is unknown whether the outcome of these patients is similarly influenced by the subtype of DLBCL. We therefore explored the differences between patients with GCB and non-GCB DLBCL as regards their clinical features at relapse after first line therapy and their outcome following salvage autologous HSC transplant. Methods: Patients undergoing BEAM conditioning and autologous HSC transplantation for relapsed or refractory chemosensitive DLBCL at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN between 2001 and 2006 were included. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed for CD10, BCL-6 and MUM1 allowing classification in GCB and non-GCB-like DLBCL, as well as for BCL-2. GCB and non-GCB groups were compared in terms of known prognostic factors at time of progression and outcome after HSC transplant Results: Fifty-nine patients were included and had retrievable tumor samples to allow immunohistochemical analysis. Median follow-up of survivors was 25 months; median age at the time of transplant was 60 years (range 17–77); All patients had failed at least one previous anthracycline-based regimen (15 had refractory disease). Overall, 25/59 cases (42%) were positive for CD10, 32/58 (55%) for BCL-6, and 19/58 (32%) for MUM1. Thirty-two patients (54%) were classified as having GCB and 27 (46%) non-GCB-like DLBCL. Patients in the GCB and non-GCB group had similar time to progression (TTP) (median 12.5 months vs. 11 months, Wilcoxon P=0.81) after first line therapy and similar IPI-R scores (Chi-square, P=0.38). In univariate analysis, GCB and non-GCB did not differ in time to relapse after HSC transplant (log rank test P=0.77) or survival (log rank test P=0.48; figure). The lack of demonstrable difference in survival persisted even after correction for IPI-R and TTP, factors know to affect transplant outcome (Cox regression, RR=0.80 for GCB; P=0.28). BCL-2 was highly expressed in both GCB (81%) and non-GCB (96%) and did not correlate with outcome in the entire population nor in any of the two groups. Conclusion: Patients with chemosensitive relapsed or refractory GCB and non-GCB-like DLBCL derive similar benefit from autologous HSC transplant. ![Figure][1] Figure [1]: pending:yes
Optimal allosteric stabilization sites using contact stabilization analysis.

Proteins can be destabilized by a number of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and mutation. The ability to subsequently restore function under these conditions by adding small molecule stabilizers, or by introducing disulfide bonds, would be a very powerful tool, but the physical principles that drive this stabilization are not well understood. The first problem lies is in choosing an appropriate binding site or disulfide bond location to best confer stability to the active site and restore function. Here, we present a general framework for predicting which allosteric binding sites correlate with stability in the active site. Using the Karanicolas–Brooks Gō-like model, we examine the dynamics of the enzyme β-glucuronidase using an Umbrella Sampling method to thoroughly sample the conformational landscape. Each intramolecular contact is assigned a score termed a “stabilization factor” that measures its correlation with structural changes in the active site. We have carried out this analysis for three different scaling strengths for the intramolecular contacts, and we examine how the calculated stabilization factors depend on the ensemble of destabilized conformations. We further examine a locally destabilized mutant of β-glucuronidase that has been characterized experimentally, and show that this brings about local changes in the stabilization factors. We find that the proximity to the active site is not sufficient to determine which contacts can confer active site stability. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
APLIKASI SERBUK WORTEL SEBAGAI SUMBER β-KAROTEN ALAMI PADA PRODUK MI INSTAN

ABSTRACTThe objective of this research was to study the use of carrot powder as a source of natural β-carotene in instant noodle. Four formulas were developed based on carrot powder level added into the formula (0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The carrot instant noodle was evaluated for sensory properties by 30 panelists. The best formula was analyzed for chemical properties, including proximate composition, dietary fibre, and β-carotene. The physical properties were analyzed in color, cooking time, elasticity, and water holding capacity. The experimental design applied terms of Complete Randomized Design. The result showed that instant noodle with 15% carrot powder was the best formula of carrot instant noodle. No significant difference in acceptance between this formula and commercial instant noodles. Product was composed of moisture content 7.75% (wb), ash 1.59% (d.b), protein 12.82% (d.b), fat 1.41% (d.b), carbohydrate 84.18% (d.b) and β-carotene 2 390 μg/100 g (199 RE or 99.5 RAE/serving size). Carrot instant noodle had physical properties as cooking time was 3.5 minutes, the color was yellow-redish, elasticity properties was 162.22%, and water holding capacity was 143.89%. This noodle contribute above 15% RDA of vitamin A for the children aged 4—5 years.Key words: β-carotene, carrot powder, instant noodleABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari penggunaan serbuk wortel sebagai sumber beta karoten alami dalam mi instan. Empat formula dikembangkan berdasarkan jumlah serbuk wortel yang ditambahkan (0%, 10%, 15%, dan 20%). Mi instan wortel dievaluasi sifat organoleptiknya oleh 30 orang panelis. Formula terbaik dianalisis sifat-sifat kimianya meliputi komposisi, serat pangan, dan beta karoten, sedangkan sifat-sifat fisik yang dianalisis adalah warna, waktu masak, elastisitas, dan daya serap air. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mi instan dengan penambahan 15% serbuk wortel merupakan formula terbaik. Tidak ada perbedaan yang nyata dalam penerimaan antara mi instan formula ini dengan mi instan komersial. Produk mi instan ini mengandung air sebesar 7.75% (bb), abu 1.59% (bk), protein 12.82% (bk), lemak 1.41% (bk), karbohidrat 84.18% (bk) dan karoten 2 390 μg/100 g (199 RE atau 99.5 RAE/takaran saji). Mi instan wortel mempunyai sifat-sifat fisik seperti waktu masak 3.5 menit, warna kuning kemerahan, elastisitas 162.22%, dan daya serap air 143.89%. Mi ini berkontribusi sebesar 15% terhadap Angka Kecukupan Gizi vitamin A untuk anak usia 4—5 tahun.Kata kunci: β-karoten, mi instan, serbuk wortel
Immune Functions of Dendritic-Type Cells

Over the last several years considerable evidence has accumulated indicating that cells with a dendritic morphology play important roles in a variety of immune functions. A list of the immunologically relevant dendritic-type cells (D cells) and the immune functions associated with each is presented in Table 1. As indicated in the footnotes in this table, a number of names have been used to describe and identify different D cells. The names and abbreviations used in the body of this table have been tentatively agreed upon by the RES committee on nomenclature.
Adsorption of Water, Methanol, and Formic Acid on Fe2NiP, a Meteoritic Mineral Analogue

The surface of an analogue to the meteoritic mineral schreibersite or (Fe,Ni)3P was investigated to provide insight into the interaction of the mineral surface with prebiotic molecules such as water, methanol, and formic acid. A protocol for creating synthetic metal-phosphide samples with a surface reflectivity suitable for reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) was developed and is outlined in this paper. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed an average defect size less than 1 μm and evidence of subsurface phosphorus segregation. At surface temperatures between 120 and 140 K, RAIRS spectra indicate that water and formic acid interact molecularly with surface atoms, while methanol appears to dissociate into methoxy and protons upon adsorption. The observed infrared spectra provide insight into the adsorption geometries of these prebiotic molecules on synthetic schreibersite. This data suggests the importance of the schreibersite mineral surface in a...
Tearing mode stability of model plasmas in NCSX

Predictive simulations of target plasmas for the National Compact Stellarator Experiment (NCSX) were performed as part of the design effort. The resistive stability of these simulated target plasmas was studied using a quasi-cylindrical A' stability code, as has been done with some success for W7-AS plasmas. The plasmas were found to be classically unstable to an m =2, n =1 tearing mode during the start-up, but the 2/1 saturated island size in the target equilibrium was small, <2%. Inclusion of neoclassical effects resulted in negligible island sizes throughout.
Microbiota and Metabolism -- What's New in 2018

The concept that the gut microbiota plays a broadly important role in health and disease in general, and metabolic health in particular, is now well established. However, many of the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood while approaches to reliably manipulate the microbiota to promote health have not yet been clearly defined. Nonetheless, progress in these areas is steadily accelerating. Herein, we review select areas of progress that have been made in the last year that should hasten the era in which the microbiota can be therapeutically manipulated to promote metabolic health.
sox2 and sox3 Play unique roles in development of hair cells and neurons in the zebrafish inner ear.

Abstract Formation of neural and sensory progenitors in the inner ear requires Sox2 in mammals, and in other species is thought to rely on both Sox2 and Sox3. How Sox2 and/or Sox3 promote different fates is poorly understood. Our mutant analysis in zebrafish showed that sox2 is uniquely required for sensory development while sox3 is uniquely required for neurogenesis. Moderate misexpression of sox2 during placodal stages led to development of otic vesicles with expanded sensory and reduced neurogenic domains. However, high-level misexpression of sox2 or sox3 expanded both sensory and neurogenic domains to fill the medial and lateral halves of the otic vesicle, respectively. Disruption of medial factor pax2a eliminated the ability of sox2/3 misexpression to expand sensory but not neurogenic domains. Additionally, mild misexpression of fgf8 during placodal development was sufficient to specifically expand the zone of prosensory competence. Later, cross-repression between atoh1a and neurog1 helps maintain the sensory-neural boundary, but unlike mouse this does not require Notch activity. Together, these data show that sox2 and sox3 exhibit intrinsic differences in promoting sensory vs. neural competence, but at high levels these factors can mimic each other to enhance both states. Regional cofactors like pax2a and fgf8 also modify sox2/3 functions.
Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency.

This review provides a brief history of newborn screening (NBS) for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), discusses the theoretical basis for the T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) assay, highlights the results of recent studies using the TREC, and provides practical advice for the evaluation of infants with an abnormal TREC assay. Currently, all but three states perform NBS for SCID in the USA. NBS using the TREC assay is highly sensitive in identifying infants with SCID and may also identify infants with T cell lymphopenia due to other causes such as congenital syndromes, multiple congenital anamolies, and some combined immunodeficiencies. Regardless of the genetic etiology, all forms of SCID are characterized by a severe deficiency of naive T cells. TRECs are a biomarker of newly formed, naive T cells that have recently left the thymus. Consequently, the TREC assay identifies infants with SCID and other causes of severe T cell lymphopenia.
Preventing Relapse: Guidelines for the Psychiatrist

Preventing relapse first means establishing a state of recovery. This involves completing the first step of a 12-step program, whereby a teenager accepts that alcohol and drugs have been so destructive in his or her life that he or she needs to be abstinent. Moderate use is not possible if the teenager is at the stage of severe abuse or chemical dependency. Being around alcohol- and drug-abusing friends and the presence of psychiatric disorders are the most common causes of relapse.
Nearest neighbor search in high-dimensional spaces

Nearest neighbor search in high-dimensional spaces is a ubiquitous problem in searching and analyzing massive data sets. In this problem, the goal is to preprocess a set of objects (such as images), so that later, given a new query object, one can efficiently return the object most similar to the query. This problem is of key importance in several areas, including machine learning, information retrieval, image/video/music clustering, and others. For instance, it forms the basis of a widely used classification method in machine learning: to label a new object, just find a similar but already-labeled object. Nearest neighbor search also serves as a primitive for other computational problems such as closest pair, minimum spanning tree, or variants of clustering.
Perceptions of gender in young consumers of animated films.

PERCEPTIONS OF GENDER IN YOUNG CONSUMERS OF ANIMATED FILMS April 12 , 2012 Katherine Barnes The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender stereotyping of two animated films by boys and girls (N=25). Based on Bern's (1983) gender schema theory, it was hypothesized that children would stereotype Aladdin as being for males and Pocahontas as being for females, based on the gender of the lead character. Interviews with participants (five to six years old) revealed that they did not gender stereotype the two films. A majority of both boys and girls liked the two films and felt they were for boys and girls. However, they did not think a girl could rescue another girl when asked to imagine different plot scenarios. They were more likely to believe a boy could save another boy. This study demonstrated that boys and girls relied on gender schemas in their interpretation of animated film.
Productivity and Morphologic Traits of Thickspike Wheatgrass, Snake River Wheatgrass, and Their Interspecific Hybrids

Abstract Many rangeland restoration sites in the Intermountain West are environmentally challenging due to low precipitation and invasive species competition; thus, more effective native plant materials are needed. We aim to develop improved Snake River wheatgrass (Elymus wawawaiensis) germplasm through hybridization of this widely used bunchgrass with its nearest relative, the rhizomatous thickspike wheatgrass (E. lanceolatus), followed by backcrossing to Snake River wheatgrass. This approach can potentially introduce desirable adaptive traits from thickspike wheatgrass into Snake River wheatgrass. We measured shoot and root dry matter per plant (DMPP), specific leaf area, C:N ratio, and specific root length (SRL) of nine Elymus populations at two planting densities (25 and 7.8 plants m− 2) in two repeated field experiments established from transplants in May 2005 and 2006, both at Millville, Utah. Populations included “Bannock” thickspike wheatgrass; “Secar,” “Discovery,” and three experimental Snake River wheatgrass populations; and three interspecific backcross hybrid populations. Compared with Snake River wheatgrass, the backcross hybrids displayed 10.4 − 33.7% greater shoot DMPP (P 0.05) or 17% greater (P
Multi-Scale Remote Sensing of Tornado Effects

To achieve risk-based engineered structural designs that provide safety for life and property from tornadoes, sufficient knowledge of tornado wind speeds and wind flow characteristics is needed. Currently, sufficient understanding of the magnitude, frequency, and velocity structure of tornado winds remain elusive. Direct measurements of tornado winds are rare and nearly impossible to acquire, and the pursuit of in situ wind measurements can be precarious, dangerous, and even necessitating the development of safer and more reliable means to understand tornado actions. Remote-sensing technologies including satellite, aerial, lidar, and photogrammetric platforms, have demonstrated an ever-increasing efficiency for collecting, storing, organizing, and communicating tornado hazards information at a multitude of geospatial scales. Current remote-sensing technologies enable wind-engineering researchers to examine tornado effects on the built environment at various spatial scales ranging from the overall path to the neighborhood, building, and ultimately member and/or connection level. Each spatial resolution contains a unique set of challenges for efficiency, ease, and cost of data acquisition and dissemination, as well as contributions to the body of knowledge that help engineers and atmospheric scientists better understand tornado wind speeds. This paper examines the use of remote sensing technologies at four scales in recent tornado investigations, demonstrating the challenges of data collection and processing at each level as well as the utility of the information gleaned from each level in advancing the understanding of tornado effects.
Characterizing Helium Pulsating Heat Pipes

A series of experiments and modeling activities have been carried out over the past few years at the University of Wisconsin – Madison with a helium pulsating heat pipe (PHP). This report describes the results of various methods used to characterize the behavior of the PHP, including developing correlations of the heat flux q" at the evaporator end in terms of dimensionless parameters such as the Karman number (Ka), Jacob number (Ja), and Prandtl number (Pr), and exploring the use of CFD tools such as ANSYS Fluent to visualize the internal 3D behavior of the two-phase flows. These combined efforts, along with other published reports, provide both physical understanding and design tools for future applications of helium pulsating heat pipes.
Evaluation of the Use of Argatroban or Bivalirudin for the Management of Suspected Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in the Setting of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy:

Studies have shown an association between continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and thrombocytopenia. Patients on CRRT usually receive unfractionated heparin (UFH), and heparin-induced thromb...
Family Leave and Return-to-Work Experiences of Physician Mothers.

Importance With the substantial increase in the proportion of women graduating from medical school, factors surrounding family leave require careful attention. Although many circumstances and experiences are unique to the training setting and specialty, a nationwide representation of physician mothers across all disciplines and all levels of training may reveal common themes and experiences among them, enable comparison across training setting and subspecialties, and identify best practices for supporting physician mothers throughout their careers. Objective To characterize family leave and return-to-work experiences of physician mothers across subspecialties. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional US nationwide survey study evaluating the experiences of 844 physician mothers was administered electronically via REDCap from September 2 to December 20, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures A survey was developed using a modified Delphi process with a panel of experts to characterize physician mothers’ family leave and return-to-work experiences. The survey covered both negative and positive experiences of physician mothers for each child they conceived or adopted after medical school to identify areas for change and strategies for successfully supporting physician parents. Results Of 1465 potentially eligible survey respondents, 844 (57.6%) were verified as unique respondents with complete surveys. Their mean (SD) age was 35.8 (5.2) years (range, 27-67 years), with most women (826 [97.9%]) currently practicing and 138 women (16.4%) currently in a residency program. Participants were included from 19 subspecialty groups. Of the women surveyed, 619 (73.3%) felt that leave time was insufficient. The majority (751 [89.0%]) would have preferred 11 weeks to 6 months of leave vs the 5 to 12 weeks (often not paid) most commonly available. The most frequently reported negative experiences when returning to work were associated with lack of facilities for breast pumping (range, 12 of 78 [15.4%] for the third child to 272 of 844 [32.2%] for the first child) and time for breast pumping (range, 27 of 78 [34.6%] for the third child to 407 of 844 [48.2%] for the first child), difficulty obtaining childcare (eg, for the first child, 298 of 844 [35.3%]), and discrimination (eg, for the first child, 152 of 844 [18.0%]). The most common positive experience was emotional support (eg, for the first child, 504 of 844 [59.7%]), primarily from colleagues. Conclusions and Relevance The present study, capturing one of the largest and most heterogeneous samples of physician mothers, showed that a substantial number of women physicians working in a variety of specialties at all levels of training across the United States needed and wanted more support for maternity leave and return to work. Support at the institutional level, such as paid leave, adequate breast pumping time without penalty, on-site childcare, and schedule flexibility, would likely provide the greatest direct assistance to help physician mothers thrive in their careers.