cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A supported routines approach to active treatment for enhancing independence, competence and self-worth

The traditionally accepted approach to treatment in residential facilities for adults with mental retardation is examined in terms of its impact on the lives of the intended recipients and its interaction with emerging standards for treatment. It is noted that the primary emphasis in traditional treatment providing services to meet individual needs often results in the preponderance of service being directed toward the acquisition of skills required for later independent living, rather than the immediate facilitation of independence. We offer several reasons why a heavy emphasis on skill building is not only impractical but also inappropriate for meeting the real needs of adults with retardation. We suggest that a functional definition of independence from the individual's perspective would be to have a daily routine that is as free of outside assistance as possible and that is rewarding to the individual. We suggest that many persons with mental retardation already exhibit a sufficient array of behaviors from which appropriate personal routines could emerge. It is argued that functional assessments of the need for new skills should be conducted only from within such routines. We conclude that active treatment provided in this way will improve individual self-worth because its focus is on producing immediate competence and independence, rather than perpetuating the ‘student’ status of adults in residential facilities. We refer to this as a ‘supported routines’ approach. The implementation of this approach within the current standards for ‘active treatment’ is discussed, as well as the individual's right to be supported in this way.
Formation and stability of vee simultons

Abstract Recent work on coincident propagation of radiation in three level media led to the prediction of simultaneously excited solitons in different modes of the field. The combined travelling wave was termed a simulton. In this letter, simulton excitation in a vee three level system is investigated. Propagation then depends on the synchronous or nonsynchronous nature of the inputs, leading to a response similar to that of a logical and-gate, with a time resolution of the order of the pulse-width.
Assessing Academic Risk of Student-Athletes: Applicability of the NCAA Graduation Risk Overview Model to GPA.

In an effort to standardize academic risk assessment, the NCAA developed the graduation risk overview (GRO) model. Although this model was designed to assess graduation risk, its ability to predict grade-point average (GPA) remained unknown. Therefore, 134 individual risk assessments were made to determine GRO model effectiveness in the identification of academic risk for Division I student-athletes as determined by semester GPA. Pearson correlations and least-squares multiple-regression analyses revealed the GRO model as an effective means by which to assess academic risk. Academic advisors and other stakeholders of college student-athlete well-being can use this model to identify student-athletes most at risk for academic struggles and advise them accordingly.
A critical analysis of data‐based studies examining behavioral interventions with children and adolescents with brain injuries

This paper is a review and critical analysis of 20 data-based studies examining the effects of behavioral interventions with children and adolescents with brain injuries in the rehabilitation, residential, and educational settings. First, the selection criteria and article search methods that were used to locate the studies are described. The procedures for each of the studies are then discussed. The studies are evaluated along several dimensions related to experimental control and are discussed for their significance to both the brain injury and behavioral disciplines. Future areas of research are also proposed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shell shape variation in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis L., and its association with enzyme heterozygosity

Abstract A negative correlation between allozyme heterozygosity and shell shape variability in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis L. is reported. For a population sample of 103 individuals taken from the Cape Cod Canal, Mass., U.S.A., we have estimated shell size and shape with 14 measurements and allozyme heterozygosity with four polymorphisms. Morphological measurements were treated with principal components analysis, and projections on the first four principal axes were used to measure size and shape. Mean size and mean shape were not related to enzyme heterozygosity, but shell shape variability decreased as enzyme heterozygosity increased.
Affinity chromatography of hyaluronate on glutaraldehyde-fixed SV-3T3 cells

Abstract An affinity chromatography method for the purification of small quantities of hyaluronate using glutaraldehyde-fixed simian virus-transformed 3T3 (SV-3T3) cells as the immobile phase of the columns has been developed. The fixed SV-3T3 cells exhibit sites on their surfaces which specifically bind approximately 10 fg hyaluronate/cell. Because binding is strongest at high ionic strength, [3H]hyaluronate-containing samples were applied to the columns in 0.5 m NaCl, 0.02 m Tris, pH 7.5, and eluted with either 0.02 m Tris, pH 7.5, or 1 mg/ml hyaluronate in 0.5 m NaCl, 0.02 m Tris, pH 7.5. Other glycosaminoglycans did not elute bound [3H]hyaluronate from the column, nor did 35S-labeled heparan sulfate bind to the columns. Several biological preparations containing labeled hyaluronate were used to test the efficacy of the procedure. In each case, hyaluronate could be selectively and quantitatively recovered in pure form, as judged by Streptomyces hyaluronidase digestion and DEAE-cellulose chromatography.
Photodetachment in a microwave field.

Photodetachment from negative chlorine ions has been studied in the presence of a strong microwave field. Detachment near the single-photon threshold at 3.613 eV was observed by measuring the production of neutrals resulting from illumination of the ions by pulsed ultraviolet laser light and without microwaves. Microwaves with a frequenty of 2.6 GHz and maximum field strengths near 3 kV/cm produced results consistent with the assumption that each photodetachment event takes place in a constant electric field. No ponderomotive shift in the threshold was evident.
Na+-independent binding of GABA to the triton X-100 treated synaptic membranes from cerebellum of rat brain

Abstract The treatment of the membranes from cerebellum of rat brain with 0.5% Triton X-100 increases both the affinity and the density of the Na+-independent binding sites for 3H-GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) from the values obtained from membranes of rat brain after an extensive freezing and thawing treatment (Young et al. , 1976). Upon repeated washings of the Triton-treated membranes, the binding of 3H-GABA is further increased and follows biphasic kinetics which indicates two binding components having dissociation constants of 5.9 and 27 nM and densities of 1.35 and 3.9 pmole/mg protein, respectively. GABA agonist, imidazoleacetic acid, and the GABA antagonists, bicuculline and d-tubocurarine, inhibit 50% of 3H-GABA binding at 1, 47 and 85 μM concentrations (IC50 values), respectively. The IC50 values for these compounds are unchanged by Na+. Thus, the Na+-independent binding of 3H-GABA to the Triton-treated membranes may represent binding to the synaptic GABA receptors.
Fire Regime Attributes of Wildland Fires in Yosemite National Park, USA

Past attempts to suppress all fires in some western forests have altered historic fire regimes. Accumulated debris and dense understories of shade tolerant species coupled with a warmer climate have led to catastrophic wildfires. Prescribed fires and wildland fire use fires are used by land managers to reduce fuels and restore natural conditions. Little is known about how wildfires, prescribed fires, and wildland fire use fires differ in their fire regime attributes. We compared the attributes of start date, duration, 95th percentile burning index, size, fire rotation and fire return interval, and fire severity of 144 fires >40 ha that occurred in Yosemite National Park from 1974 through 2005, and mean patch size and patch squareness (an index of complexity) of 106 fires that occurred from 1984 through 2005. We used fire history, weather records, and the Relative differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (RdNBR) derived from satellite imagery to make the comparisons. Prescribed fires started both earlier and later than wildfires and wildland fire use fires, and had the shortest return intervals. Prescribed fires burned during periods with a lower 95th percentile burning index (an estimate of potential flame length and fire line intensity), and resulted in larger patches that were unchanged or that burned with low severity. Wildfires were the largest in size and had the largest percent area burned at moderate and high severity. Wildfires also had the largest moderate and high severity patches, and the high severity patches were the most square. The significant differences in fire regime attributes suggest that land managers seeking to restore natural fire regimes and forest composition and structure must consider more than the metrics of area burned or fuel loading.
The α‐Tocopherol Transfer Protein

Almost a century ago, plant extracts were documented to be critical for the fertility of rodents. This activity was later ascribed to vitamin E, a term comprising a number of structurally related plant lipids that function as fat soluble antioxidants. The α‐tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) is a critical regulator of vitamin E status that stimulates the movement of vitamin E between membrane vesicles in vitro and facilitates the secretion of tocopherol from hepatocytes. Heritable mutations in the ttpA gene cause ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by low plasma vitamin E levels and progressive neurodegeneration. This chapter summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and physiological aspects of TTP activity.
FUROSEMIDE PHARMACODYNAMICS FOLLOWING ACUTE & CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION

Furosemide (F) pharmacodynamics in VLBW infants have not been described following initial and subsequent doses during chronic adminstration. F acts from the luminal side of the loop of Henle and there is a log dose-response relationship between diuretic responses (Na excretion rate, urine output) and F urinary excretion rate. Serial urine collections were performed on 8 VLBW infants begun on F for treatment of BPD. Urine volume and F and sodium concentrations were measured. A linear relationship between diuretic response and F excretion rate was noted in all patients. Natriuretic response (mEq/hr) to initial doses of F decreased significantly with increasing gestational age (p<.02). The F excretion rate required to produce a standard diuretic response was significantly greater (p=.05) during chronic administration than following the initial dose. No consistent pattern of maturation of diuretic response was noted during subsequent chronic administration. We conclude that apparent sensitivity to F decreases with increasing gestational age at the start of therapy and with subsequent chronic doses. These changes may reflect the ability of the renal tubule to compensate for diuretic induced sodium and water loss. Results of previous studies of furosemide pharmacodynamics in VLBW infants following single initial doses can not be extrapolated to chronic administration.
The shifting balance of littoral predator-prey interaction in regimes of hydrodynamic stress

Above lowshore levels of wave-beaten rocky shores, desiccation from tidal exposure and hydrodynamics stresses from wave action are thought to create refuges from predation, allowing concentrations of sedentary prey such as mussel beds. Underwater time-lapse photography on rocky shores in Southern California revealed that dense aggregations of spiny lobsters prey on mussels during nocturnal high tides. In contradiction of the refuge hypothesis, the densest aggregations occurred on midshore levels of the most wave-exposed site, a semi-protected site showed intermediate densities, and a protected site showed only sparse numbers of lobsters. On wave-beaten shores, the lobsters' high mobility and rapid prey handling allowed them to exploit intertidal prey in the brief period at extreme high tide, when both desiccation and hydrodynamic stresses were at a minimum. The spatial differences in lobster densities were, however, positively related to the recruitment rates of juvenile mussels, the preferred prey. A field experiment demonstrated that predation by lobsters within a mussel bed affects the age/size structure of the bed without changing primary percent coverage. Therefore, concentrations of adult prey on some wave-swept sites appear to result from elevated rates of prey recruitment that surpass rates of predation, rather than absolute refuges from predation.
On exosubsets and internal models

Discrete-time dynamical systems defined on input, state, and output sets which do not admit binary operations have recently been studied with regard to the regulator problem of feedback control theory. If it is assumed that the regulation condition places no constraint on control states, that the exosystem can be observed from the controller, that all exosystem states are effective in generating output requests, and that feedback is inoperative when the regulation condition is satisfied, then it is known that the controller contains an algebraic model of the exosystem, provided that a suitable exosubset of regulator states exists to represent the action of the exosystem within the context of the overall regulator. This paper examines the possibility of directly constructing the exosubset from elementary dynamical descriptions of plant, exosystem, and controller, with the aid of quotient set representation of exosystem states. The construction indicates that exosubset existence is a non-trivial question, and brings out the importance of product versus coproduct state descriptions for the regulator.
Clostridial myonecrosis resulting from subcutaneous epinephrine suspension injection

A 32-year-old asthmatic man developed a life-threatening Clostridium perfringens infection after subcutaneous epinephrine suspension injection. Extensive surgical debridement, including forequarter amputation, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and appropriate antibiotics were used as life-saving measures. The patient made a fair functional recovery. We could find no previously reported cases of gas gangrene following subcutaneous injection in otherwise healthy individuals. The pathogenesis and treatment of this infection are discussed.
The pragmatics of codeswitching on Ghanaian talk radio

Radio, in particular, the popular Asante Twi talk-radio format that emerged in the mid-1990s, provides a unique forum for analyzing the linguistic tensions of contemporary Ghana. Radio is a context where talk and debate are central; since language is foregrounded, anxieties and beliefs about what the use of a particular language indexes socially are thrown into stark relief. This paper draws on conversation analysis, information structure, and ethnography to make sense of the prevalence of intrasentential codeswitching into English in the context of predominantly Twi talk-radio debates. It proposes that switches into English mark new or salient information, and as such function as a pragmatic tool in radio discourse, allowing speakers to negotiate the conversational floor and metapragmatically frame the speech event. It is argued that English’s pragmatic force in this context is drawn from its ability to index a multivalent prestige born of contradictory sites of authority within contemporary Ghanaian life.
La structure argumentale des noms déverbaux : du corpus au lexique et du lexique au corpus

Dans ce travail, nous presentons une ressource linguistique incluant un lexique –extrait d’un corpus– de noms deverbaux codes par rapport a sa structure argumentale (SA), qui est, a notre connaissance, la seule ressource de ce type pour le francais. Pour d’autres langues, il y a des ressources sur la SA des noms deverbaux, comme Nomlex (Macleod & al., 1998) ou NomBank (Meyers & al., 2004), pour l’anglais, ou Ancora (Taule & al., 2008), pour l’espagnol. Pour le francais, si on laisse de cote le lexique sur la SA adjectivale de Kupsc (2009), on trouve seulement des ressources sur la SA verbale ; entre autres : Lexique-Grammaire (Gross, 1975 ; Leclere, 2002) ; LexValf (Salkoff & Valli, 2005) ; SynLex (Gardent & al., 2006) ; DicoValence (van den Eynde & Mertens, 2006) ; Lefff (Sagot & al. 2006) ; TreeLex (Kupśc & Abeille, 2008) ; EasyLex (Gardent, 2009) ; LexSchem (Messiant, Korhonen & Poibeau, 2008) ; LGLex (Tolone, 2011)). Dans notre cas, nous ne nous interessons pas a un systeme de tres large couverture, mais a un prototype, permettant de confronter certains postulats theoriques a un echantillon significatif des donnees reelles. Quelque part, on pourrait dire que notre approche est plus qualitative que quantitative. Parmi les questions theoriques que l’on veut verifier, il y a l’hypothese de la preservation de la SA (HPSA), selon laquelle les noms deverbaux heritent leur SA des verbes dont ils derivent.
Persistence of Belief Change in the Face of Deception: The Effect of Factual Stories Revealed to Be False

Readers typically respond with anger and derogation when they discover that an author has engaged in intentional deception (representing a false story as true). Does this negative response to the author also cause individuals to correct beliefs that may have been changed by the discredited story? In this experiment (N = 160), the alleged truth status of a narrative was manipulated. In one condition, the narrative was presented as fictional (a socially accepted form of untruth). The remaining three conditions initially presented the story as factual. Participants in two of these conditions were informed after reading the story that it was inaccurate due to a) accidental error or b) intentional deception. The story changed attitudes from a no-story control in all conditions. Although readers derogated a deceptive author, they did not correct their attitudes even in the intentional and accidental error conditions. A measure of the parts of the story that the participants rejected (false note circling), sugge...
AN ULTRA-HIGH VACUUM BEAM CHOPPER

The construction and operation of a small mechanical modulator for molecular beams are described. This device consists of a vibrating reed that is magnetically driven at its resonant frequency. There is a minimum of moving parts, and the associated electrical circuitry is extremely simple. The modulator is constructed from materials with low vapor pressures and is well- suited to operation in ultra-high vacuum ( approximates 10/sup -10/ torr). (auth)
Regular and p-regular orbits of solvable linear groups

Abstract Let V be a faithful G-module for a finite group G and let p be a prime dividing | G | . An orbit v G for the action of G on V is p-regular if | v G | p = | G : C G ( v ) | p = | G | p . Zhang asks the following question in Zhang (1993) [8] . Assume that a finite solvable group G acts faithfully and irreducibly on a vector space V over a finite field F . If G has a p-regular orbit for every prime p dividing | G | , is it true that G will have a regular orbit on V? In Lu and Cao (2000) [4] , Lu and Cao construct an example showing that the answer to this question is no, however the example itself is not correct. In this paper, we study Zhangʼs question in detail. We construct examples showing that the answer to this question is no in general. We also prove the following result. Assume a finite solvable group G of odd order acts faithfully and irreducibly on a vector space V over a field of odd characteristic. If G has a p-regular orbit for every prime p dividing | G | , then G will have a regular orbit on V.
Fossil penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) cranial material from the Eocene of Seymour Island (Antarctica)

Our knowledge of the cranial morphology of early penguins remains poor, particularly for Paleogene taxa. This paper describes a partial penguin skull and additional isolated cranial elements from the Eocene La Meseta Formation of Seymour Island, Antarctica. These specimens cannot be assigned to named taxa at present, but there is a strong possibility they belong to La Meseta penguins known only from postcranial elements. The skull shares extensive dorsal development of the temporal fossae with extant and fossil Spheniscus and the fossil penguins Paraptenodytes and Marplesornis, indicating the adductor complex was powerful in early penguins. Partial mandibles belonging to a much larger penguin are similar to Paraptenodytes and differ from all living penguins in the lack of a hooked medial process of the articular and the presence of a foramen anterior to the mandibular cotyles. Given the rarity of penguin cranial remains, these specimens provide important new insight into early penguin evolution.
Birefringence and dichroism of oriented epoxy thermoset films

A series of oriented liquid–crystalline epoxy thin films were prepared by the in situ polymerization of a liquid–crystalline diepoxide, 1,4-phenylene bis[4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzoate], with an aromatic diamine, 4,4′-diaminobiphenyl, in a 7.0-T magnetic field. The birefringent measurements of the oriented films were made from 543.5 to 830 nm. In this range, the values of birefringence (Δn) range from 0.155 to 0.130. When they are extrapolated to the microwave region, Δn = 0.105. The dichroism of a guest azo dye, 4-(4-nitrophenylazo)-3-hexyloxyaniline, in the oriented thin films was examined in the visible region. From the results, the order parameter of the polymer was calculated to 0.65 by extrapolating the concentration of the guest azo dye to zero. The guest azo dye compound does not affect the birefringence. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 915–919, 2001
Age of onset for binge eating: Are there different pathways to binge eating?

Objective In examining individuals with binge eating disorder (BED), we aimed to determine whether their binge eating preceded their first diet or their first diet preceded their binge eating, the age of their first diet, the age of their first binge, and the age when they met DSM-IV criteria for BED. Additionally, we aimed to identify psychological factors that may distinguish the two groups. Method: Eighty-seven individuals with BED (19 men and 68 women) were administered the Eating Disorders Examination, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, and several other measures of psychological functioning and psychiatric disturbance. Results: Forty-five percent of the subjects reported that dieting preceded their first binge episode (dietfirst) and 55% reported that binge eating preceded their first diet (bingefirst). There were no significant differences in current eating disturbance, body mass index (BMI), or age for these two groups, but they differed on the age of the first episode of binge eating and the age when binging met BED criteria. The group reporting having binged first had a younger age of onset of binge eating and a younger age at which binge eating met diagnostic criteria than the dietfirst group. The bingefirst group also had a history of more psychiatric problems and were more likely to have an Axis II personality disorder. Discussion: Age of onset of the first binge and BED is markedly different depending on whether an individual began dieting or binging first. These findings suggest that there may be important etiological differences between individuals who binge first and those who diet first. Moreover, individuals who binge first may be at greater risk for psychiatric disturbance. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of the 6,7-bis[2-methoxycarbonyl(1,1- dideutero)-ethyl] derivative of protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester

A new total synthesis of a protoporphyrin IX derivative in which the α-methylene protons of the 13,17-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl) substituents are regioselectively deuterated is described. The deuterated porphyrin was obtained using the oxidative cyclization of an a,c-biladiene dihydrobromide.
Don't Fire the Architect! Where Were the Requirements?

The Healthcare.gov debacle of 2013 leads many to wonder if a better understanding of the project's requirements could have lessened the impact of the failed launch. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/qyQldlPz1ws is an audio podcast of author Jane Cleland-Huang reading her Requirements column, in which she discusses the Healthcare.gov debacle of 2013 and how it led many to wonder if a better understanding of the projec's requirements could have lessened the impact of the failed launch.
Pupillometric Signs of Brain Activation Vary with Level of Cognitive Processing

The idea that hierarchically higher brain processes require greater amounts of central nervous system vigilance or activation for their execution was tested in two experiments measuring pupillary dilation during the decision interval of a hierarchically structured letter-matching task. Larger dilations indicative of increased activation were observed for letter pairs requiring higher levels of processing.
Regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis: correlations with actin polymerization.

(1990). Regulation of Neutrophil Chemotaxis: Correlations with Actin Polymerization. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 651-654.
Development of a hospice formulary for psychotropic medications

Objective: The authors describe the concept of hospice formulary as is utilized at the hospice service of a university medical center. Method: A periodic review of hospice formulary, focusing on psychotropic medications and delirium prevention, was accomplished in 2006. This effort represents a multidisciplinary effort among hospice nursing, internal medicine, and psychiatry. Results: An updated formulary adopting contemporary psychopharmacologic best practices was produced and implemented along with targeted in-service training to nurse clinicians. Significance of results: The modern hospice formulary offers opportunities to offer state-of-the-art psychopharmacological care and minimization of delirium through judicious use of psychopharmacological treatments for the psychiatric comorbidities common in terminally ill patients.
Characterization of calcium transport by basolateral membrane vesicles of human small intestine

The present studies investigated the mechanism of Ca2+ transport across basolateral membrane vesicles (BLMVs) prepared from human small intestine. Ca2+ uptake represented transport into the intravesicular space as evident by osmolality study and by the demonstration of Ca2+ efflux from the intravesicular space by Ca2+ ionophore A23187. Ca2+ uptake was stimulated by Mg2+-ATP. Kinetic parameters for ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake revealed a Michaelis constant (Km) of 0.02 +/- 0.01 microM and a maximum rate of uptake (Vmax) of 1.00 +/- 0.03 nmol.mg protein-1.min-1.Ca2+ uptake in the absence of Mg2+ was inhibited by 75%. The Km of ATP concentration required for half-maximal Ca2+ uptake was 0.50 +/- 0.1 mM. Calmodulin (10 micrograms/ml) increased Vmax to 1.62 +/- 0.02 nmol.mg protein-1.min-1 (P less than 0.001). Km values were 0.017 +/- 0.001 microM, which was not significantly different from control values. Basolateral membranes depleted of calmodulin by EDTA osmotic shock decreased ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake by 65%. Trifluoperazine, an anticalmodulin drug, inhibited ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake by 50%, while no inhibition was noted in calmodulin-depleted membranes. Efflux of Ca2+ in the BLMVs was stimulated by trans-Na+. Na+-dependent Ca2+ uptake was saturable with respect to Ca2+ concentration and exhibited a Km of 0.09 +/- 0.03 microM and a Vmax of 1.08 +/- 0.01 nmol.mg protein-1.min-1. These results are consistent with the existence of a Na+-Ca2+ exchange system and ATP and Mg2+-dependent, calmodulin-regulated Ca2+, transport mechanism in BLMVs of human enterocytes.
Transpiration in response to variation in microclimate and soil moisture in southeastern deciduous forests.

Responses of forests to changes in environmental conditions reflect the integrated behavior of their constituent species. We investigated sap flux-scaled transpiration responses of two species prevalent in upland eastern hardwood forests, Quercus alba in the upper canopy and Acer rubrum in the low to mid canopy, to changes in photosynthetically active radiation above the canopy (Q o), vapor pressure deficit within the canopy (D), and soil moisture depletion during an entire growing season. Water loss before bud break (presumably through the bark) increased linearly with D, reaching 8% of daily stand transpiration (E C) as measured when leaf area index was at maximum, and accounting for 5% of annual water loss. After leaves were completely expanded and when soil moisture was high, sap flux-scaled daily E C increased linearly with the daily sum of Q o. Species differences in this response were observed. Q. alba reached a maximum transpiration at low Q o, while A. rubrum showed increasing transpiration with Q o at all light levels. Daily E C increased in response to daily average D, with an asymptotic response due to the behavior of Q. alba. Transpiration of A. rubrum showed a greater response to soil moisture depletion than did that of Q. alba. When evaluated at a half-hourly scale under high Q o, mean canopy stomatal conductance (G S) of individuals decreased with D. The sensitivity of G S to D was greater in species with higher intrinsic G S. Regardless of position in the canopy, diffuse-porous species in this and an additional, more mesic stand showed higher G S and greater stomatal sensitivity to environmental variation than do ring-porous species.
Occurrence of globular formations in thermosetting resins

Electron-microscopic examination discloses the existence of globular formations, or micelles, in thermosetting resins, varying in apparent diameter from 400–900 A. These micelles are seen in thin sections, in preshadowed carbon replicas, in shadowed plastic strips revealed in profile, and as shadowed individuals. Micelles are abundant in phenolic, diallyl phthalate, and epoxy resins, and comparatively rare in silicones. The existence of micelles is in accordance with the theories of Houwink and Stager, who consider that polymerization proceeds most rapidly at specific points in the resin; and explains the discrepancies between theoretical and observed tensile strengths. At least in the case of phenolics, micelles appear to arise in filaments formed in the polymerization process. The occurrence of linear arrays is in accordance with this mechanism of micelle formation.
The role of the therapist in family therapy impasses

Abstract Impasses in family therapy are experienced as inertia, stalemate, and the inability to move toward goals. While impasses involve interactions of the client-family and the therapist, this paper highlights the role of the therapist. This role relates to 1) the therapist's ignorance about the fit of all the patterns and pattern pieces involved within and around the family; and 2) the therapist's fears of failure, loss of control, loss of “face,” and involvement. The essence of the therapist's role in impasses, then, is ignorance and fear. Family therapy teachers try to help therapists develop positive complements of ignorance and fear: wisdom and courage.
Identification of a protein that interacts with the nuclear factor-1 (NF-1) binding site in cells that do not express NF-1: comparison to NF-1, cellular distribution, and effect on transcription

We examined expression of nuclear factor-1 (NF-1) in different cell lines. Expression was low or undetectable in T and B lymphocyte cell lines, whereas fibroblasts and other adherent cell lines generally had a relatively high level of NF-1 mRNA. In cell lines that did not express NF-1, gel retardation assays, nevertheless, indicated complexes between a protein or proteins and the NF-1 site. These complexes were less abundant than those formed with NF-1, they migrated more slowly, and they appeared as single species instead of the multiple species observed with NF-1. NF-1 site-binding proteins were compared in the fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 (expressed the highest level of NF-1 in our study) and the B cell line Raji (does not express NF-1). UV-crosslinking studies indicated that the NF-1 site-binding proteins in both cell lines were similar in size. Proteolytic clipping band shift assays suggested that the Raji protein and NF-1 share structural similarity in their DNA binding domains, but are distinct proteins. The NF-1 site mediated transcriptional stimulation in cell lines where NF-1 is expressed; however, this element did not affect transcription in cell lines that do not express NF-1, suggesting that the NF-1 site-binding protein in these cells is functionally distinct from NF-1.
Uptake and metabolism of [3H]retinoic acid delivered to human foreskin keratinocytes either bound to serum albumin or added directly to the culture medium

Retinoic acid (RA), a potent modulator of cell proliferation and differentiation is present in plasma bound to serum albumin. The biologic significance or source of plasma RA is not clear. Although most cellular RA is believed to be made in situ via the oxidation of retinol, plasma RA could potentially provide target cells with a source of preformed RA. To investigate RA uptake, we have used a model system of human foreskin keratinocytes (HKc) cultured in serum-free media to compare the uptake and metabolism of [3H]RA added directly to the culture medium in ethanol to that delivered bound to bovine serum albumin (BSA). [3H]RA added directly to the culture medium was rapidly taken up by HKc during the first 10 min of incubation (25–35% of the applied RA), no further accumulation occurred between 10 min and 90 min, and then cell-assocaited radioactivity rapidly decreased to about 3–5% of the applied dose by 12 h. In contrast, when [3H]RA delivered to HKc bound to BSA, total cell-associated radioactivity reached about 2.5% of the applied dose by 5 min, increased to 3–5% of the applied radioactivity by 1 h, and no further accumulation or loss occurred over the next 23 h. The uptake by HKc of [3H]RA delivered bound to BSA or added directly to the culture medium was not influenced by pre-treatment of the cells for 72 h with unlabeled RA or by excess unlabeled RA added at the time of uptake. Analysis of the cells and media by high-performance liquid chromatography for RA metabolites found that [3H]RA added directly to the medium is rapidly converted by HKc to polar compounds that are subsequently excreted back into the medium. Also, RA added directly to the medium was susceptible to degradation in the absence of cells. In marked contrast, [3H]RA added to the media bound to BSA was much less susceptible to degradation in the absence of cells, and few [3H]RA metabolites were found in the media even after exposure to HKc for 24 h. The binding of RA to albumin clearly protects RA from conversion to polar metabolites, and also provides for a controlled delivery of RA from the aqueous extracellular environment to the cell surface.
Optical molecular imaging and its emerging role in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The advent of molecular therapies targeted against specific, stereotyped cellular mutations that occur in this disease has ushered in new hope for treatment options. However, key questions regarding optimal dosing schedules, dosing duration, and patient selection remain unanswered. In this review, we describe how recent advances in molecular imaging, specifically optical molecular imaging with fluorescent probes, offer potential solutions to these questions. We begin with an overview of optical molecular imaging, including discussions on the various methods of design for fluorescent probes and the clinically relevant imaging systems that have been built to image them. We then focus on the relevance of optical molecular imaging to colorectal cancer. We review the most recent data on how this imaging modality has been applied to the measurement of treatment efficacy for currently available as well as developmental molecularly targeted therapies. We then conclude with a discussion on how this imaging approach has already begun to be translated clinically for human use.
Effects of varying conditioning temperature and mixer-added fat on feed manufacturing efficiency, 28- to 42-day broiler performance, early skeletal effect, and true amino acid digestibility

SUMMARY Three experiments (EXP) were conducted with the objective of evaluating the effects of varying steam conditioning temperatures (CT) and mixer-added fat (MAF) on a practical broiler finisher diet on feed manufacture variables (EXP 1), 28- to 42-d broiler performance (EXP 2), and early skeletal effect using 3-to 21-d broiler performance and tibiae ash measurements and true amino acid digestibility using cecectomized roosters (EXP 3). For all EXP, we used a 3 CT (74, 85, or 96°C) by 2 MAF (low or high) factorial arrangement, resulting in 6 experimental diets. Prior to EXP 2 and 3, all diets were ground to a common crumble size. In EXP 1, increasing both CT and MAF decreased relative electrical energy use at the pellet mill. In EXP 2, feeding finisher diets manufactured utilizing increased CT and decreased MAF to broilers from 28 to 42 d resulted in increased FCR. Also, CT by MAF interactions demonstrated the highest BW gain when birds were fed diets with high MAF, conditioned at 85°C. In EXP 3, feeding diets manufactured in EXP 1 to broilers from 3 to 21 d resulted in no significant effects on live performance variables. However, a significant CT by MAF interaction was observed, where chicks fed diets using low MAF conditioned at 85 and 96°C resulted in incrementally increased percent tibia ash over those with high MAF. In addition, based on true amino acid digestibility data, altering MAF and especially CT can affect the digestibility of several amino acids.
Uncertainty, Learning, Stock Externalities and Capital Irreversibilities

This paper concerns the irreversibilitity effect in stock externalities. In an environment of uncertainty with learning taking place, one may wish to under-emit today to avoid potential environmental irreversibilities. Alternatively, one may wish to under-invest in pollution control capital, avoiding investments in sunk capital that turn out to be wasted. The paper reviews theoretical results on the tension between these two effects and separates risk aversion from the irreversibility effect. The paper also presents a simple example of climate change policy.
Boys & girls clubs and school collaborations: A longitudinal study of a multicomponent substance abuse prevention program for high‐risk elementary school children

This study tested the effectiveness of a multicomponent after-school substance abuse prevention program for high-risk second- and third-grade children implemented collaboratively by Boys & Girls Clubs and their local schools. The 2-year program was designed to reduce risk factors predictive of later substance abuse, and to enhance protective factors shown to buffer risk. Results showed positive effects on program children's personal competency skills including (1) refusing wrongdoing; (2) solving peer and school problems; (3) showing courteousness to teachers and other school personnel; and (4) behaving ethically. For the most part, the program also had positive effects on children's feelings toward school and grades in spelling. Results suggest that youth-serving organizations and schools can collaboratively implement multicomponent interventions that provide protective factors that may buffer high-risk elementary school children from the multiple risks in their lives for future drug abuse. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using posts to an online social network to assess fishing effort

Fisheries management has evolved from reservoir to watershed management, creating a need to simultaneously gather information within and across interacting reservoirs. However, costs to gather information on the fishing effort on multiple reservoirs using traditional creel methodology are often prohibitive. Angler posts about reservoirs online provide a unique medium to test hypotheses on the distribution of fishing pressure. We show that the activity on an online fishing social network is related to fishing effort and can be used to facilitate management goals. We searched the Nebraska Fish and Game Association Fishing Forum for all references from April 2009 to December 2010 to 19 reservoirs that comprise the Salt Valley regional fishery in southeastern Nebraska. The number of posts was positively related to monthly fishing effort on a regional scale, with individual reservoirs having the most annual posts also having the most annual fishing effort. Furthermore, this relationship held temporally. Online fishing social networks provide the potential to assess effort on larger spatial scales than currently feasible.
Viscosity estimates for the crust and upper mantle from patterns of lacustrine shoreline deformation in the Eastern Great Basin

The deformed shorelines of Lake Bonneville constitute a classic source of information on lithospheric elastic thickness and upper mantle viscosity. We describe and apply a new model to a recently augmented data set. New data better constrain both the complex spatio-temporal pattern of the lake load and the crustal deformation response to that load. The history of lake level fluctuations has been significantly refined and somewhat modified. This is due to both more radiocarbon dates from within the Bonneville basin and to an improved calibration of the radiocarbon timescale itself. The data which constrain the crustal deformation pattern consist of ages and shoreline elevations from several hundred points which sample three major levels of Lake Bonneville and corresponding elevations from the high stands of three smaller lakes situated to the west of Lake Bonneville. The data from the smaller lakes help elucidate the pattern of deflection which occurred beyond the edge of the big lake. The geometry of the Earth model incorporates an arbitrary number of layers overlying a half-space, and the rheology of each level can accommodate an arbitrary number of Maxwell viscoelastic elements in parallel. The inverse modeling comprises three complementary approaches' for the simplest configurations, we performed a direct search of the parameter space and delineated the irregular boundary of the subspace of acceptable models. For more complex configurations, we constrained the elastic parameters to their seismically determined values and then solved for viscosity versus depth profiles by either expressing the log(viscosity) versus log(depth) profile as a series of specially constructed orthogonal polynomials, or by allowing each of 8-10 layers (plus the half-space) to have an independently determined viscosity. We found that the data do not strongly support (nor can they conclusively exclude) a more complex rheology than simple Maxwell viscoelasticity. The orthogonal polynomial solution exhibits an essentially monotonic decrease in viscosity with depth. The most rapid change occurs at shallow depths, decreasing from 1023 Pa s at 3 km to 102o Pa s at 30 km. The decrease is much more gradual below, with only another factor of 5 decrease between 30 and 300 km depth. The unconstrained solution exhibits a rapid decrease in viscosity with depth from 2x 10 24 Pa s in the top 10 km to 4x 1017 Pa s at a depth of 40 km. A nearly isoviscous asthenospheric region extends from 40 to 150 km and is underlain by a mantle lithospheric region with increased viscosity (2x 102o Pa s) extending from 150 to 300 km depth and by a uniform viscosity (1019 Pa s) half-space below.
Structure of ribonuclease P — a universal ribozyme

Ribonuclease P (RNase P) is one of only two known universal ribozymes and was one of the first ribozymes to be discovered. It is involved in RNA processing, in particular the 5' maturation of tRNA. Unlike most other natural ribozymes, it recognizes and cleaves its substrate in trans. RNase P is a ribonucleoprotein complex containing one RNA subunit and as few as one protein subunit. It has been shown that, in bacteria and in some archaea, the RNA subunit alone can support catalysis. The structure and function of bacterial RNase P RNA have been studied extensively, but the detailed catalytic mechanism is not yet fully understood. Recently, structures of one of the structural domains and of the entire RNA component of RNase P from two different bacteria have been described. These structures provide the first atomic-level information on the structural assembly of the RNA component, and the regions involved in substrate recognition and catalysis. Comparison of these structures reveals a highly conserved core that comprises two universally conserved structural modules. Interestingly, the same structural core can be found in the context of different scaffolds.
Small-signal equivalent π networks for carrier generation--recombination--trapping at imperfection centres in semiconductors

A π network for carrier generation--recombination--trapping processes under arbitrary steady-state conditions is obtained, which has the following features which are useful for computer calculations of the admittance functions of semiconductor devices: the admittances are positive real, the voltage-controlled current sources are connected between the hole and electron quasi-Fermi potential nodes, and the current sources vanish at zero external excitation.
Extensive interallelic polymorphisms drive meiotic recombination into a crossover pathway

Recombinants isolated from most meiotic intragenic recombination experiments in maize, but not in yeast, are borne principally on crossover chromosomes. This excess of crossovers is not explained readily by the canonical double-strand break repair model of recombination, proposed to account for a large body of yeast data, which predicts that crossovers (COs) and noncrossovers (NCOs) should be recovered equally. An attempt has been made here to identify general rules governing the recovery of the CO and NCO classes of intragenic recombinants in maize. Recombination was analyzed in bz heterozygotes between a variety of mutations derived from the same or different progenitor alleles. The mutations include point mutations, transposon insertions, and transposon excision footprints. Consequently, the differences between the bz heteroalleles ranged from just two nucleotides to many nucleotides, indels, and insertions. In this article, allelic pairs differing at only two positions are referred to as dimorphic to distinguish them from polymorphic pairs, which differ at multiple positions. The present study has revealed the following effects at these bz heteroalleles: (1) recombination between polymorphic heteroalleles produces mostly CO chromosomes; (2) recombination between dimorphic heteroalleles produces both CO and NCO chromosomes, in ratios apparently dependent on the nature of the heteroalleles; and (3) in dimorphic heterozygotes, the two NCO classes are recovered in approximately equal numbers when the two mutations are point mutations but not when one or both mutations are insertions. These observations are discussed in light of a recent version of the double-strand break repair model of recombination that postulates separate pathways for the formation of CO and NCO products.