cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Continental Trace Fossils in Cenozoic Paleoenvironmental and Paleoecological Reconstructions

Trace fossils are the preserved remains of burrows, tracks, trails, nests, borings, or any other record of the behavioral interaction between an organism and a substrate. This chapter reviews the significance of trace fossils to paleoenvironmental and paleoecological studies with an emphasis on their application to the interpretation of Cenozoic continental deposits. Topics include the behavioral and environmental significance of trace fossils, methods utilized in studying trace fossils in outcrop and core, as well as analogous traces of extant organisms, and the strengths, biases, and limitations of trace-fossil data and analyses. The utility of continental trace fossils to paleoecological, paleoenvironmental, and paleoclimatic interpretations are illustrated by two case studies of continental depositional environments from the Eocene-Oligocene and Miocene of North America. Future areas of research with trace fossils then are discussed including experimental and field research with modern organisms and digitization of both modern and ancient traces.
Raising the bar on-bead: Efficient on-resin synthesis of α-conotoxin LvIA

α4/7-Conotoxin LvIA is an isoform-selective inhibitor of the α3β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. An efficient strategy for the synthesis of this toxin is critical to advancing its utility as a probe for receptor function and as a potential pharmaceutical lead target. On-resin methods for peptide synthesis offer potential synthetic advantages; however, strategies for on-resin formation of multiple disulfides have historically been low-yielding. Here, we harness the reactivity of the Allocam protecting group and employ 3-amino acid spacer strategy to synthesize α4/7-conotoxin LvIA via three different on-resin strategies, each of which results in an isolated yield higher than prior fully on-resin approaches.
Biological Sand Filter Performance Test Using Multiple Methods for Pathogen Detection: a Longitudinal Field Study in Kenya

Fifty biological sand filters (BSFs) housed in 70-L plastic containers were built and installed in the West Pokot County of Kenya. Half of the BSFs were installed in June 2010; the remainder were installed in June 2012. BSF performance was analyzed during June 2012 and 2015. Performance indicators included the removal of turbidity and fecal and total coliforms. In 2012, 17 of the original 25 BSFs installed were operational, and their performance was evaluated. In 2015, 15 of the BSFs were operational. BSF performance during 2015 showed an average fecal coliform removal of 98.9%. The most common reasons provided to explain why the BSF installed was no longer in use included the family moved and the BSF was too heavy to carry, and the effluent pipe broke. Relative affluence was observed using the Progress out of Poverty Index (PPI)™. With an increase in elevation, we noted a decrease in PPI. The average PPI for homesteads with operation BSFs was 10 points higher than homes where the BSFs were in disrepair. An assay to estimate Escherichia coli presence and concentration was modified, and the results were compared with more traditional field enumeration methods. The field assay used a five-compartment bag to quantify the most probable number (MPN) of E. coli to provide a low-tech option to field workers in developing country to test the viability of drinking water sources. We used a Hach medium, varying from that prescribed by Aquagenx. Results from using the modified method compared well with the more traditional field assay.
The Neoliberal Production of Cultural Citizenship in My Year of Meats

This essay draws together political theory on immigration and theories of neoliberalism to examine their shared interest in the individual’s ability to have agency and be acted upon by the nation-state. Though both theoretical perspectives tend to separate these subject and object positions, this essay argues that Ruth L. Ozeki’s novel My Year of Meats helpfully problematizes such a bracketed understanding by narrating the complex political and economic positionality known as cultural citizenship. Ozeki shows, through the character of Japanese housewife Akiko Ueno, how an immigrant’s subject and object positions cannot be separated from one another within the transnational work of neoliberalism. Individual agency and external control occur simultaneously until they are difficult to distinguish. Ozeki navigates various artistic, economic, and political conflicts to show that they cannot be separated into simple binaries. Instead, the narrative foregrounds the simultaneity of these experiences to suggest opportunities for freedom and agency are both possible and impossible all at once. This essay contends that My Year of Meats envisions forms of substantive individual and communal resistance to neoliberal values while also identifying how socially-produced cultural citizenship still places immigrants within the purview of the neoliberal nation-state.
Deep Vein Thrombosis in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Bridged Lung Transplant Recipients

Purpose Rates of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) range from 20-60% in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Data on the rates of DVT in lung transplant recipients bridged with ECMO is limited. The objective of this study was to report incidence and outcomes, including use of anticoagulation and subsequent bleeding rates, of DVT in ECMO-bridged transplant recipients. Methods This was a single center retrospective cohort study of all adult ECMO-bridged lung transplant recipients from 5/1/15 to 9/30/19. Recipients underwent routine ultrasound screening for upper extremity (UE) and lower extremity (LE) DVT following ECMO decannulation. Results Of the 45 ECMO-bridged recipients, 3 died before ECMO decannulation and 4 did not have screening ultrasounds, leaving 38 patients in the cohort. The majority (81.5%) were bridged using venovenous ECMO and most (63%) were decannulated immediately following transplant (Table 1). Among remaining recipients, mean time to decannulation was 4 days. Among recipients with adequate studies, the incidence of LE DVT was 26.4% and the incidence of UE DVT was 63.6%. Neither total time on ECMO, cannula size, nor need for femoral vein cannulation was associated with LE or UE DVT. All of the recipients with LE DVT but two, were anticoagulated. Three needed an inferior vena cava filter placed. Of recipients with UE DVT only, 43.75% were anticoagulated. Among all anticoagulated recipients, five (31.25%) had significant bleeding during their initial hospitalization requiring cessation of anticoagulation. Conclusion DVTs are common in patients bridged to lung transplantation with ECMO, particularly in the upper extremity. Bleeding poses further challenges for systemic anticoagulation in this high risk population. Additional studies are needed to identify risk factors for both LE DVT and for bleeding to help guide decisions for systemic anticoagulation in this population.
Clinical characteristics of 95 children with systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective To investigate the clinical features of children with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE). Methods Ninety-five patients hospitalized in Wuxi Children's Hospital from Jan.2003 to Dec.2013 were analyzed retrospectively.They were diagnosed as SLE for the first time.The clinical features of SLE between boys and girls were compared.Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results Of the 95 cases with SLE, 12 were boys and 83 were girls.Clinical manifestations showed 69 cases with facial rash (72.6%), 43 cases with fever (45.3%), 31 cases with arthritis (32.6%), 24 cases with serositis (25.3%), 23 cases with oralulcer (24.2%), 13 cases with allergy to sunlight (13.7%), 11 cases with nervous system damage (11.6%). Laboratory examination: 94 cases(98.9%) with anti-nuclear antibody positive, 91 cases(95.6%) with decreased C3 complement, 71 cases(74.7%) with anti-dsDNA antibody positive, 71 cases(74.7%) with decreased C4 complement, 69 cases(72.6%) with anti-SSA antibody positive, 62 cases(65.3%) with anti-Sm antibody positive, 52 cases (54.7%) wiht proteinuria, anti-SSB antibody po-sitive 49 cases(51.6%), 46 cases (48.4%) with decreased leukocyte, 38 cases(40.0%) with anti-nucleosome antibody, 38 cases (40.0%) with anemia, 26 cases(27.4%) with hematuresis, 14 cases(14.7%) with decreased platelet, 6 cases(6.3%) with injury of renal function.Renal injury, anti-Sm antibody and anti-nucleosome antibody of male children with SLE were significantly higher than those of female children(χ2=9.989, 4.224, 4.070, all P<0.05). The positive rate of anti-SSB antibody in female children with SLE was significantly higher than that of male children(χ2=3.885, P<0.05). Conclusions Male childre with SLE are easy to appear the renal injury, proteinuria is the most common.Anti-Sm antibody is a risk factor for the high incidence of renal injury in male children with SLE.Anti-nucleosome antibody is a risk factor for the high incidence of SLE disease activity in male children than that of female children.The risk of future Sjogren's syndrome in female children with SLE is higher than that of male children. Key words: Systemic lupus erythematosus; Clinical features; Child
Physics-Based Compressive Sensing Approach to Monitor Turbulent Flow

Turbulent flow is ubiquitous in nature and also has wide industrial applications. The direct observation of turbulent flow can help us to gain the fundamental insights of its physics. However, the ...
Multinational Banks and Financial Stability

We study the scope for international cooperation in macroprudential policies. Multinational banks contribute to and are affected by fire sales in countries they operate in. National governments setting quantity regulations non-cooperatively fail to achieve the globally efficient outcome, under-regulating domestic banks and over-regulating foreign banks. Surprisingly, non-cooperative national governments using Pigouvian taxation can achieve the global optimum. Intuitively, this occurs because governments internalize the business value of foreign banks through the tax revenue collected. Our theory provides a unified framework to think about international bank regulations and yields concrete insights with the potential to improve on the current policy stance.
Ruskin in the 1830s: Emerging Authorship and the Print Culture of Travel

On the basis of his family’s first major Continental tour (1833), John Ruskin composed and illustrated a handmade verse and prose travel narrative, “Account of a Tour on the Continent” (1833–1834). What he later dismissed as an “unfinished folly” scholars have treated as a foundation of his critical project in the 1840s, revealing his first engagement with J. M. W. Turner and the sister arts of painting and poetry. This essay argues for situating the “Account” more aptly in the 1830s, as an engagement with the decade’s burgeoning illustrated travel publications describing scenes on the Continent. Ruskin’s study of new print technologies led him to regard the sister arts as cooperative, working cumulatively to illustrate a subject, rather than competitively, as the artist’s and writer’s roles were defined by tradition and theory. Tensions arose in these composite-genre topographic and ekphrastic poems, essays, and pictures, but not between representational modes. The narrative reopened problematic encounters on the Continent with Roman Catholic art and with signs of poverty and disease in the picturesque landscape. As Ruskin looked to his models in 1830s print culture for strategies to cope with these disquieting subjects, he borrowed methods to deflect or suppress their representation.
Diamond-reinforced cutting tools using laser-based additive manufacturing.

Abstract Production-volume and cost requirements currently limit machine tool manufacturers’ ability to produce application-specific tooling with traditional methods, motivating the development of innovative manufacturing technologies. To this end, we detail a manufacturing framework for the design and production of application-specific cutting tools based on industry standard tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co)-based “carbide” cutting materials using additive manufacturing (AM). Herein, novel diamond-reinforced carbide structures were designed and manufactured via AM and subsequently tested in comparison to current commercial products that are traditionally-processed. The resulting diamond-reinforced composites were free from large scale cracking and maintained microstructures with multiple reinforcing phases. Diamond incorporation had a remarkable effect on the processing, microstructure, and machining performance of the WC-Co based material in comparison to a commercial carbide cutting tool of similar composition, as well as the base WC-Co matrix. Detailed microstructure, phase analysis, and machining experiments demonstrate the ability to exploit laser-based directed energy deposition (DED)-based AM to create multifunctional cutting tools that can be designed to meet ever-increasing manufacturing demands across many industries.
We Need to Know: A Call for Interdisciplinary Education on COVID-19

COVID-19 disrupted numerous disciplines which led to widespread misinformation on the virus. Thirteen students from across the USA designed a web-based conference, or "webinar," to minimize the misinformation among student populations. Professionals presented the current and possible future impacts of COVID-19 in their respective fields. Pre- and post-conference surveys were administered to the attendees to gauge the impact of the conference. Survey results demonstrated increased knowledge and a lower degree of feeling overwhelmed by COVID-19 information overall, indicating a niche use for webinars during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
Gender Moderates the Association Between Exposure to Interpersonal Violence and Intermittent Explosive Disorder Diagnosis.

Exposure to interpersonal violence (EIV) is a prevalent risk-factor for aggressive behavior; however, it is unclear whether the effect of EIV on clinically significant aggressive behavior is simila...
Salinity thresholds for understory plants in coastal wetlands

The effects of sea level rise and coastal saltwater intrusion on wetland plants can extend well above the high-tide line due to drought, hurricanes, and groundwater intrusion. Research has examined how coastal salt marsh plant communities respond to increased flooding and salinity, but more inland coastal systems have received less attention. The aim of this study was to identify whether ground layer plants exhibit threshold responses to salinity exposure. We used two vegetation surveys throughout the Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula (APP) of North Carolina, USA to assess vegetation in a low elevation landscape (≤ 3.8 m) experiencing high rates of sea level rise (3–4 mm/year). We examined the primary drivers of community composition change using Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and used Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis (TITAN) to detect thresholds of compositional change based on indicator taxa, in response to potential indicators of exposure to saltwater (Na, and the Σ Ca + Mg) and elevation. Salinity and elevation explained 64% of the variation in community composition, and we found two salinity thresholds for both soil Na+ (265 and 3843 g Na+/g) and Ca+ + Mg+ (42 and 126 µeq/g) where major changes in community composition occur on the APP. Similar sets of species showed sensitivity to these different metrics of salt exposure. Overall, our results showed that ground layer plants can be used as reliable indicators of salinity thresholds in coastal wetlands. These results can be used for monitoring salt exposure of ecosystems and for identifying areas at risk for undergoing future community shifts.
Sharper bounds on the Fourier concentration of DNFs.

In 1992 Mansour proved that every size-$s$ DNF formula is Fourier-concentrated on $s^{O(\log\log s)}$ coefficients. We improve this to $s^{O(\log\log k)}$ where $k$ is the read number of the DNF. Since $k$ is always at most $s$, our bound matches Mansour's for all DNFs and strengthens it for small-read ones. The previous best bound for read-$k$ DNFs was $s^{O(k^{3/2})}$. For $k$ up to $\tilde{\Theta}(\log\log s)$, we further improve our bound to the optimal $\mathrm{poly}(s)$; previously no such bound was known for any $k = \omega_s(1)$. Our techniques involve new connections between the term structure of a DNF, viewed as a set system, and its Fourier spectrum.
Effect of the Baffle on the Cryogenic Helium Container Viscous Stress and Moment Fluctuations in Microgravity

The dynamical behavior of fluids affected by the asymmetric gravity jitter oscillations, in particular the effect of surface tension on partially-filled rotating fluids in a dewar tank, with and without installing baffle-board, imposed by time-dependent directions of background gravity have been investigated. Results show that lower frequency gravity jitter imposed on the time-dependent variations of the direction of background gravity induced a greater amplitude of oscillations and a stronger degree of asymmetry in liquid-vapor interface geometry than that made by the higher frequency gravity jitter. As viscous force, between liquid and solid interface, greatly contributes to the damping effect of slosh wave excitation, rotating dewar installed with baffle provide more areas of liquid-solid interface than that of rotating dewar without installing baffle. Results show that damping effect provide by baffle reduce the amplitude of slosh wave excitation, lower angular momentum and fluid moment fluctuation than that without installing baffle and lower degree of asymmetry in liquid-vapor distribution.
Comparison of intact antibody structures and the implications for effector function.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the intact antibody structures and their implications for effector function. Immune systems of vertebrates rely on antibody molecules, structurally dynamic glycoproteins for coupling foreign body recognition with elimination processes. An intact immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecule is composed of four polypeptide chains—two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains—with variable (V) and constant (C) regions that form two Fab segments and one Fc segment for a total of 12 domains. Inherent flexibility of the immunoglobulin yields a spectrum of molecular conformations, making crystallization problematic. Mutational studies pertinent to hinge sequence and effector interactions—taken in the structural context of the intact antibody models—suggest that some ideas regarding antibody flexibility should be reevaluated. Genetic hinge-deleted antibodies such as Dob and Mcg are the most rigid human myeloma proteins. Both Dob and Mcg are of the IgG1 subclass but contain “genetic” hinge deletions. Fragment studies have provided insight into mechanisms of antigen binding by the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) and of some effector protein interactions with the Fc.
Patterns of Flow in Chemical Process Vessels

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on two idealized patterns (of all possible flow patterns), plug flow and back-mix flow. Plug flow assumes that fluid moves through the vessel “in single file” with no overtaking or mixing with earlier or later entering fluid. Back-mix flow assumes that the fluid in the equipment is perfectly mixed and uniform in composition throughout the vessel. All patterns of flow other than plug and back-mix flow may be called nonideal flow patterns because for these the design methods are not nearly as straightforward as those for the two ideal flow patterns. The treatment of nonideal flow patterns discussed in the chapter divides naturally into two parts: flow of single fluids and flow of two fluids. The main emphasis falls on the nonideal flow of single fluids through process equipment. Conversion in a reactor with nonideal flow can be determined either directly from tracer information or by use of flow models. The distribution of residence times gives information on how long various elements of fluid spend in the reactor but not on the detailed exchange of matter within and among the elements. The exact nature of the surrounding molecules is of no importance. Thus, the distribution of residence times yields sufficient information for the prediction of the average concentration in the reactor effluent. Because of a lack of applications, conversion expressions for two region models have not been developed for homogeneous systems. For heterogeneous systems, the appropriate expressions can be found in the works of the individual investigators.
An Examination of the Dissemination of Island Trades through the Cincinnati Stock Exchange

On March 18th 2002, the ECN Island, in a cost saving move, began reporting trades to the Cincinnati Stock Exchange (CSE). We use this trade reporting change to analyze differences in trading costs between Island and Nasdaq. We analyze trade-based execution costs for Nasdaq trades and Island trades that are disseminated through the CSE. We find that effective spreads, percentage effective spreads and traded spreads are all significantly lower for Island trades. In addition, we examine trade price clustering and find a higher degree of clustering on nickels, dimes and quarters for trades executed by Nasdaq than for Island trades.
Analyzing the AIR language: a semantic web (production) rule language

The Accountability In RDF (AIR) language is an N3-based, Semantic Web production rule language that supports nested activation of rules, negation, closed world reasoning, scoped contextualized reasoning, and explanation of inferred facts. Each AIR rule has unique identifier (typically an HTTP URI) that supports reuse of rule. In this paper we analyze the semantics of AIR language by: i) giving the declarative semantics that support the reasoning algorithm, ii) providing complexity of AIR inference; and iii) evaluating the expressiveness of language by encoding Logic Programs of different expressivities in AIR.
Tradición petrarquista y originalidad creadora en los sonetos amorosos de Luis de Góngora

Tras la feliz adaptacion de las formas italianas por Gracilazo de la Vega y Boscan, la influencia petrarquista inunda la lirica espanola y la nueva forma de poetizar es seguida por sucesivas generaciones de poetas a lo largo de todo el Siglo de Oro. Tradicionalmente se ha venido senalando dos corrientes en el cultivo de la poesia lirica durante el siglo XVI. Sin querer dar excesiva importancia a la division regional, hay, sin embargo, ciertas diferencias que proceden de la vida general distinta que llevan en la epoca Salamanca y Sevilla, centros de estas corrientes, que desembocaran en lo que se denomina conceptismo y cultismo o culteranismo respectivamente, que no forman simplemente dos escuelas poeticas distintas, sino que se trata mas bien, como dice Jose L. Aguirre, de "dos modos de en tender la literatura, que se proyectan sobre todos los generos literarios y las mas diversas tematicas ".
ON THE THEORY OF DROPLET FORMATION IN ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLUIDS

Abstract A heuristic argument is given to show why droplets form in one-dimensional classical fluids at sufficiently low temperatures. The average droplet size is then computed exactly for nearest-neighbour square well interaction in the limit of a large system.
Reductions in Child Obesity Among Disadvantaged School Children With Community Involvement: The Travis County CATCH Trial

The objective of this study was to compare the impact of two intervention approaches on the prevalence of child overweight and obesity: (i) Coordinated Approach To Child Health BasicPlus (CATCH BP), in which schools were provided evidence-based coordinated school health program training, materials, and facilitator support visits, and (ii) CATCH BP and Community (BPC), in which BP schools received additional promotion of community partnerships with the aim of integrating community members and organizations into schools, local decision making and action, and best practices workshops. Schools (n = 97) in four central Texas districts were recruited to participate in the 4-year project. Of the low-income schools (n = 58), 15 schools were selected to receive the BPC intervention and matched with 15 schools in the BP condition. A serial cross-sectional design was used, in which 4th grade student BMI, physical activity, and diet were assessed in the 30 schools in spring 2007 and 2008. Measurements in spring 2007 included 1,107 students, with 53% female; 61% Hispanic, and 14% African American; and mean age of 9.9 years. Adjusted prevalence of overweight/obesity (>or=85th percentile) was 42.0 and 47.4% in spring 2007 for the BP and BPC students, respectively. From spring 2007 to spring 2008, the percent of students classified as overweight/obese decreased by 1.3 percentage points (P = 0.33) in BP schools, compared to a decrease of 8.3 percentage points (P < 0.005) in students from BPC schools; the difference between conditions was significant (P = 0.05). CATCH BPC students also reported more positive trends in related behaviors. Implementation of a community-enhanced school program can be effective in reducing the prevalence of child overweight in low-income student populations.
Production, purification and characterization of an alkaliphilic endo-β-1,4-xylanase from a microbial community EMSD5

In this study, a novel alkaliphilic extracellular endo-β-1,4-xylanase was purified from the culture filtrate of microbial community EMSD5, which could grow in liquid culture fermentation under static condition with corn stover as inducement. Single step purification was achieved using anion exchange chromatography. The purified enzyme showed a single band on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with an apparent molecular weight of 22 kDa and pI of 7.1. Stimulation of the activity by β-mercaptoethanol, and dithiotheritol (DTT) was observed. Moderately thermostable xylanase showed optimum activity at 50 °C in pH 8.0. 16S rDNA clone library analysis indicated this community was mainly composed of bacteria related to genera Clostridium, Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Lysinibacillus and Dysgonomonas. The present work reports for the first time the purification and characterization of an alkaliphilic xylanase from a microbial community, and the alkaliphilicity and moderate thermostability of this xylanase may have potential implications in pulp and paper industries.
Personality traits and anxiety symptoms: the multilevel trait predictor model.

Abstract Investigation of relations between personality traits and mental disorders can inform key issues in psychopathology research. However, it has been hindered by extensive correlations among the traits. Building on studies of affect–psychopathology relations (e.g., the tripartite model), an organizational framework is proposed to solve this problem with respect to anxiety pathology. To test the resulting model, associations between four traits (negative emotionality, positive emotionality, anxiety sensitivity, and negative evaluation sensitivity) and four anxiety symptoms (chronic worry, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, panic, and social anxiety) were examined in an undergraduate sample ( N =907). Confirmatory factor analyses supported operationalizations of the constructs in this study. Examination of the trait–symptom links using hierarchical multiple regression analyses supported most of the predicted relations. Specifically, negative emotionality emerged as a general predictor that was significantly related to all four symptom dimensions. In contrast, anxiety sensitivity was specific to panic and worry, whereas negative evaluation sensitivity was specific to social anxiety and worry. Finally, positive emotionality was uniquely related to social anxiety. The model accounted for a substantial amount of variance in the symptoms and almost all of the covariation among them.
Literary Self-Determination and The Disciplinary Boundaries of Hindi Literature in the Early Twentieth Century

This article examines Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi’s project of literary self-determination, as articulated in two programmatic essays published in the Hindi journal Sarasvati under his editorship (1903–1920), scrutinising his construction of literature as a culturally embedded category of national consequence. His theorisation of Hindi literature as broadly inclusive in terms of its basic definition and function supported the growth of what he considered a national treasury of literature. His discussion of its historical and linguistic parameters and his emphasis on a prioritised plan of literary production, reified the notion of a modern discipline oriented towards a narrowly constructed national collective that sought to establish its sovereign identity via literature in Khari Boli Hindi. Though not explicit in its anti-colonial nationalism, this project nevertheless privileged Hindi as the projected lead language of a modern sovereign nation, with all the risks that delimitation entailed.
Coherent Fiber Optic Coupling Techniques For Downhole Imaging Cameras l

Cameras used to monitor underground nuclear testing experiments are subjected to a variety of harsh conditions which must be accounted for during the design phase. Since experiments are buried several thousand feet below ground, reliability is of foremost concern. Many of the cameras designed at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory contain coherent fiber optic components such as microchannel plate image intensifiers, fiber optic reducers, and diode or CCD imaging arrays. Coupling of these components calls for hardware which will maintain precise contact and alignment in conditions of high vibration, large thermal transition, and high humidity. In addition, the hardware must be easily assembled by untrained technical personnel under less than ideal conditions (windy, dusty, rainy, etc.). A high speed imaging camera based upon a Fairchild CCD array chip was designed at Livermore in 1984. Problems in coupling the array window to a fiber optic reducer were aggravated by mounting of the array chip rigidly to the main video circuit board. A new array chip daughter board, attached by flat ribbon cable and supported by a spring loaded lever combination was designed to overcome the problem. The hardware did not increase the overall size of the existing camera and increased the unit cost by less than 1 K$. The design of this hardware will be discussed along with useful techniques for designers of cameras used in harsh environments.
The establishment of beating myocardial cells in long-term culture in fluid medium

Abstract Long term observations have been made on primary cultures of a mixed population of cells prepared from embryonic chick heart. Cell dissociation was accomplished by employing dialyzed bacterial collagenase in a balanced salt solution. In these experiments, rapid plating and the almost immediate appearance of elongated cells possessing cross striations was evident. Establishment of cellular reticuli was virtually complete by the end of 48 to 96 hr of in vitro growth. Under optimal conditions, an estimated 40 per cent of the cells contracted spontaneously. Coordinated beating of an entire cell sheet was never observed, although synchronous activity in small areas was seen. In cultures 0–48 hr in vitro no correlation was found between cell morphology and the cell's capability for spontaneous contractility. As the culture propagated in vitro the overall morphology of the cells became progressively more homogeneous so that by four days virtually no fibroblast-like cells were seen. Spontaneous contractility was maintained for as long as two and one half to three weeks.
Bone marrow-derived, endothelial progenitor-like cells as angiogenesis-selective gene-targeting vectors

Human and mouse proliferation-competent, bone marrow or peripheral circulation derived endothelial progenitor-like cells (EPCs) were isolated, expanded and genetically engineered ex vivo to express the beta galactosidase (β-gal), green fluorescence protein or thymidine kinase (TK) genes using retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Genetically labeled EPCs were transplanted into sublethally irradiated tumor-bearing mice and were found to migrate to and incorporate into the angiogenic vasculature of growing tumors while maintaining transgene expression. Ganciclovir treatment resulted in significant tumor necrosis in animals previously administered TK-expressing EPCs with no systemic toxicity. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using genetically modified EPCs as angiogenesis-selective gene-targeting vectors and the potential of this approach to mediate non-toxic and systemic antitumor responses.
Land use, habitat, and water quality effects on macroinvertebrate communities in three watersheds of a lake michigan associated marsh system

Abstract Three watersheds within a marsh system draining into Lake Michigan in northwest Indiana, USA, were studied for differences among land use, habitat conditions and water quality to determine their influence on macroinvertebrate community structure. Much of this area had been altered for agricultural, commercial, industrial and residential land uses. Land use, habitat conditions and water quality were significantly different among watersheds. Water quality varied more among streams than within streams. Several variables were related to land use, especially dissolved ions. Macroinvertebrate communities depicted neither a healthy wetland nor a healthy stream system. Some sites were typical of a sand-based, erosional stream system and others were more typical of a wetland system. Communities were different both in and among streams; relationships with water chemistry variables and land use suggested that community structure was a function of local-scale, abiotic factors rather than watershed-scale char...
Cementless porous-coated sockets without holes implanted with pure press-fit technique.

Abstract We evaluated the use of a pure press-fit technique in 220 porous-coated acetabular components without screw holes at mean follow-up of 6.1 years (4-7.5 years). The socket had a 14° enhanced gradient at the periphery and was underreamed by 1 to 2 mm depending on bone quality. The Harris Hip average score was 44.3 (26-70) preoperatively and 93.1 (66-100) at final follow-up. There were no postoperative gaps in any zone. Nonprogressive radiolucent lines were detected in 4 hips. There was no movement or migration of the acetabular component on the follow-up x-rays. Pelvic osteolysis was not observed. Whereas 5 cups (2.3%) had revisions, none was revised for aseptic loosening. The press-fit technique provides stability in appropriate cases avoiding the theoretical complications related to screws or screw holes.
Frontal-executive constructional apraxia: When delayed recall is better than copying

In assessments of visuospatial function and memory, patients are often required to copy a figure and later to reproduce that figure from memory. Whereas most people perform better on a copying task than when drawing from memory, in this study we describe an unusual pattern of performance in which patients are better at drawing from memory than copying. Consecutive patients in a neurocognitive disorders clinic were given a battery of clinical cognitive tests that included copying a figure of intersecting pentagons and then drawing the figure from memory. Patterns of drawing performance at the two time points were compared to the profile of other cognitive deficits. Results: A subgroup of four patients with frontal dysfunction showed marked improvement in drawings at a delay compared to copying. Prior studies have indicated that most patients have declines in drawing performance at a delay. The unusual pattern of better performance at a delay compared to an initial copy occurred in patients with frontal dys...
Convulsant component of a depressant benzodiazepine.

Abstract The convulsant influence of high doses of diazepam, in the presence of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788, was studied in rats. Animals were implanted with permanent cortical screw electrodes for EEG recording. EEG spiking and accompanying clonic activity was observed in rats receiving ≥ 20 mg/kg diazepam, followed 10 minutes later by Ro 15-1788 (20 mg/kg). Pentylenetetrazole and picrotoxin seizure thresholds, measured during constant rate iv infusion, were significantly lowered by pretreatment with diazepam (250 mg/kg) and Ro 15-1788 (20 mg/kg) administered 30 and 20 minutes, respectively, before seizure threshold measurement. It is proposed that this convulsive activity of diazepam is mediated through the picrotoxinin receptor.
Influence of Cadmium Sorption on FeS2 Oxidation

Pyrite oxidation leads to the formation of acid-mine drainage and the release of associated trace metals. A better understanding of the processes that influence pyrite oxidation will help to determ...
High precision positioning control for SPM based nanomanipulation: A robust adaptive model reference control approach

Scanning probe microscope (SPM) based nanomanipulations have been successfully applied to various fields to explore and study the unique structures and properties in the nano world. SPM has the ability to manipulate nanoparticles and modify a sample surface in nano scale. Therefore, the positioning accuracy of the SPM probe is the crucial for nanomanipulations. In general, the precision of SPM based nanomanipulations has been limited mainly by hysteresis, creep and drift of the piezo actuator. In this research, a new control strategy named hysteresis creep inverse based robust adaptive model reference control (RAMRC) is proposed to reduce the hysteresis, creep and system drift of the SPM scanner for improving the positioning accuracy of nanomanipulations. The RAMRC approach uses a compensator to compensate the hysteresis and creep. In addition, to tackle the unknown drift, the RAMRC also has a robust adaptive controller to explicitly deals with the noise and disturbance. This is suitable for manipulating nano-objects in a noisy environment, which is difficult for fixed operators/parameters based compensators and controllers. Additionally, the numerical experimental results support the RAMRC theory well and the position error can be controlled within approximate ten nanometers based on simulation results.
Prediction by multiple regression how many variables to enter

Abstract Multiple regression techniques have been used in a number of outcome prediction problems in psychiatric research with results that are encouraging, but far from satisfactory in terms of cross-validation. The authors draw attention to the increased risk of Type 1 error that accompanies entry of a large number of variables into a multiple regression equation. An approach is proposed that consists of a step-wise sliding scale of F-values to enter variables into the equation according to the assumed number of predictor dimensions, the number of variables that have already been entered and the degree of risk that the experimenter is willing to assume that a variable being entered is not a true predictor.
A Kazdan–Warner type identity for the σk curvature

Abstract We prove a Kazdan–Warner type identity involving the σ k curvature and a conformal Killing vector field on a compact manifold. Our method also works to provide a unified proof for the necessary conditions in the Christoffel–Minkowski problem. To cite this article: Z.-C. Han, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 342 (2006).
Classical knot and link concordance

In [G1], we combined the slicing obstructions of Levine [L] with those of Casson and Gordon [CGI], [CG2], [Go] in a nontrivial way. Essentially we related the metabolizer for the Seifert form of a slice knot which Levine guaranteed to the characters on the homology of the 2-fold branched cover (with vanishing Casson Gordon invariants) which Casson and Gordon guaranteed. In this paper we will simultaneously consider all the q-fold branch covers for q a prime power. We will define F + which strengthens the group F ' of [GI]. In [GL2] Livingston and Gilmer applied these methods to concordances of two component links with linking number zero. They defined an algebraic group ~ which enhanced F' to study concordances of links with two components. In this paper we will define an analogous strengthening ~ ' of ~, We also calculate enough Casson-Gordon invariants to decide when a genus one knot maps to zero in F +. Finally we give a new example of a link which is a fusion of a boundary link but not concordant to a boundary link. Cochran and Orr [CO] were the first to discover such links. Livingston was the first to observe that our work on Casson Gordon invariants could be applied to this problem [Li]. We would like to thank Chuck Livingston for many valuable conversations. We work in the smooth category.
ANTIGEN-INDUCED CHANGES IN LYMPHOID CELL HISTONES: III. In Vitro and in Extract

Previous papers in this series have reported an acute, transitory effect of antigens on lymphoid cell nuclei. In the previous reports the effect was related to a change in ammoniacal silver (A-S) stainability of smears and cryostat sections. The variable substrate was identified as histone. This paper reports the results of an extended series of studies of histone and chromatin extracts from thymus glands exposed to antigen in vivo and in vitro. The antigen effect on A-S stainability is demonstrable not only in vitro but also in chromatin fibers representing a DNA-histone complex. However, it is not demonstrable in isolated histone fractions. The inference is drawn that the antigen-induced alteration in A-S stainability is brought about not by any quantitative change in histone, but by a biologically significant shift in histone binding, perhaps to DNA. It is suggested that alteration in DNA-histone binding during gene activation may alter A-S stainability of histones.
Learning subgoals and methods for solving probability problems.

We hypothesize that typical example problems used in quantitative domains such as algebra and probability can be represented in terms of subgoals and methods that these problems teach learners. The “quality” of these subgoals and methods can vary, depending on the features of the examples. In addition, the likelihood of these subgoals’ being recognized in novel problems and the likelihood of learners’ being able to modify an old method for a new problem may be functions of the training examples learners study. In Experiment 1, subjects who studied examples predicted to teach certain subgoals were often able to recognize those subgoals in nonisomorphic transfer problems. Subjects who studied examples demonstrating two methods rather than one exhibited no advantages in transfer. Experiment 2 demonstrated that if the conditions for applying a method are highlighted in examples, learners are more likely to appropriately adapt that method in a novel problem, perhaps because they recognize that the conditions do not fully match those required for any of the old methods. Overall, the results indicate that the subgoal/method representational scheme may be useful in predicting transfer performance.
Eight-and-a-Half-Month-Old Infants' Reasoning about Containment Events.

The present research examined whether 8.5-month-old infants take into account the width and compressibility of an object when determining whether it can be inserted into a container. The infants in Experiment 1 saw 2 test events. At the start of each event, a tall container rested on the apparatus floor. Next, the container was hidden by a screen, and a large ball attached to the lower end of a rod was introduced into the apparatus and lowered behind the screen into the container. Finally, the screen was removed to reveal the ball's rod protruding above the container's rim. The only difference between the 2 test events had to do with the width of the containers: in 1 event (large-container event), the container was slightly wider than the ball; in the other event (small-container event), the container was only half as wide as the ball, so that it should have been impossible for the ball to be lowered into it. Infants in a control condition saw identical test events except that a small ball was used that could fit into either the large or the small container. The infants in the experimental condition looked reliably longer at the small- than at the large-container event, whereas those in the control condition tended to look equally at the 2 events. These results suggested that, although the infants never saw the ball and the container simultaneously, they realized that the large ball could fit into the large but not the small container, whereas the small ball could fit into both containers. In Experiment 2, the large ball used in Experiment 1 was replaced with an equally large but compressible ball. The results were negative, suggesting that the infants understood that the large compressible ball could be inserted into either the small or the large container. Finally, Experiment 3 confirmed the results of the experimental condition in Experiment 1, with a slightly different procedure. Together, the present results indicate that, by 8.5 months of age, infants are already capable of sophisticated reasoning about containment events.
Axiomatic bargaining theory on economic environments

Abstract Axiomatic bargaining theory is reexamined by focusing upon the economic exhange environment instead of the traditional utility possibility set. It is argued that the axioms of the traditional theory impose stronger restrictions than can be supported by their motivating economic intuitions. Weaker alternative axioms, making explicit use of economic information, are used to characterize the standard bargaining solutions. A key idea is to impose consistency of the solution with respect to changes in the dimension of the commodity space. Even these weaker economic axioms, however, may be unrealistic restrictions to impose on the bargaining solution in the context of many economic bargaining problems.
Nonparametric estimation of returns to scale in the public sector with an application to the provision of educational services

Nonparametric programming models have been developed to measure technical efficiency and scale economies. The programming models used for public sector applications, however, are based on standard private sector production theory. In the public sector environmental variables have a significant impact on the provision of public services. Without controlling for these environmental factors point estimates of efficiency and returns to scale will be biased. This paper extends nonparametric methods to allow measurement of returns to scale in the provision of public services. The method is applied to the provision of educational services in New York State school districts for illustrative purposes.
Scattering center analysis of radar targets using fitting scheme and genetic algorithm

Development of successful radar target discrimination schemes using ultrawideband signatures hinges on an accurate understanding of the scattering behavior of complex radar targets. Since it is very difficult to calculate the scattered field of complex targets theoretically, a mathematical model (Altes (1976) model) representing scattering center impulse response has been developed to describe the scattered field. The extraction of temporal positions, pulse responses, and transfer functions of target scattering centers is demonstrated using artificially created and measured responses. Two different scale aircraft models (B-58 and B-52) are utilized. The fitting scheme based on the least squares method is quite satisfactory but its accuracy deteriorates when the overlapping of scattering-center pulse responses is severe. To overcome this problem a genetic algorithm is used to improve the results. While the genetic algorithm gives much better accuracy, it consumes much more computer time due to its global nature and lack of derivative information. The purpose of this analysis is to provide a method to reduce data storage for ultrawideband signatures in target discrimination.