cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Use of Multi-Chambered Fission Detectors for In-Core, Neutron Spectroscopy

Presented is a short, computational study on the potential use of multichambered fission detectors for in-core, neutron spectroscopy. Motivated by the development of very small fission chambers at CEA in France and at Kansas State University in the U.S., it was assumed in this preliminary analysis that devices can be made small enough to avoid flux perturbations and that uncertainties related to measurements can be ignored. It was hypothesized that a sufficient number of chambers with unique reactants can act as a real-time, foilactivation experiment. An unfolding scheme based on maximizing (Shannon) entropy was used to produce a flux spectrum from detector signals that requires no prior information. To test the method, integral, detector responses were generated for singleisotope detectors of various Th, U, Np, Pu, Am, and Cs isotopes using a simplified, pressurized-water reactor spectrum and fluxweighted, microscopic, fission cross sections, in the WIMS-69 multigroup format. An unfolded spectrum was found from subsets of these responses that had a maximum entropy while reproducing the responses considered and summing to one (that is, they were normalized). Several nuclide subsets were studied, and, as expected, the results indicate inclusion of more nuclides leads to better spectra but with diminishing improvements, with the best-case spectrum having an average, relative, group-wise error of approximately 51%. Furthermore, spectra found from minimum-norm and Tihkonov-regularization inversion were of lower quality than the maximum entropy solutions. Finally, the addition of thermal-neutron filters (here, Cd and Gd) provided substantial improvement over unshielded responses alone. The results, as a whole, suggest that in-core, neutron spectroscopy is at least marginally feasible.
Update on Noninvasive Diagnostic Imaging and Management of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

The focus of this review is to present some of the new noninvasive diagnostic imaging tools and their use in conjunction with nonsurgical modalities that have been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment and prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Given the vast prevalence of NMSC and substantial associated morbidity, clinicians are working toward effective nonsurgical therapeutic options, including topical treatments, laser and photodynamic therapy, radiation as well as newer systemic treatment modalities. With this shift toward increasingly nonsurgical therapies comes the need to find new noninvasive ways to assess treatment efficacy, monitor treatment response, and detect subclinical residual disease. Recent developments in imaging modalities, including dermoscopy, optical coherence tomography, and reflectance confocal microscopy, are emerging as useful tools for diagnosis and treatment management of NMSC.
Hungry Nation: Food, Famine, and the Making of Modern India

This ambitious and engaging new account of independent India's struggle to overcome famine and malnutrition in the twentieth century traces Indian nation-building through the voices of politicians, planners, and citizens. Siegel explains the historical origins of contemporary India's hunger and malnutrition epidemic, showing how food and sustenance moved to the center of nationalist thought in the final years of colonial rule. Independent India's politicians made promises of sustenance and then qualified them by asking citizens to share the burden of feeding a new and hungry state. Foregrounding debates over land, markets, and new technologies, Hungry Nation interrogates how citizens and politicians contested the meanings of nation-building and citizenship through food, and how these contestations receded in the wake of the Green Revolution. Drawing upon meticulous archival research, this is the story of how Indians challenged meanings of welfare and citizenship across class, caste, region, and gender in a new nation-state.
Engaging Secondary and Post-Secondary Students to Learn and Explore Programming Using a Theme-Based Curriculum and the Sphero SPRK+ Robot

The recent emergence of durable, low cost, and highly capable robots on the commercial market provides opportunity for engaging and highly motivational new curricula to teach computer programming and problem solving principles such as those typically found in a CS 0.5 course and those implementing the College Board's CS Principles curriculum framework. This paper documents a seventeen lesson curriculum based on the Sphero SPRK+ robot, the Sphero Edu development environment, and a motivating theme based upon the 2015 movie, The Martian. Along with the curriculum itself, discussion includes an experience report with a pilot run of the curriculum with two small sections of a freshman-level introduction to computing course aligned with the College Board's CS Principles curriculum framework. Initial results indicate great potential for highly engaging and effective pedagogy based on this approach. The results also reveal some practical challenges with implementing similar approaches based upon current and near-term technologies.
Is It Unethical to Evade the Estate Tax

The ethics of tax evasion has been relatively ignored in both the accounting and ethics literature. The recent work that has been done in this area has focused primarily on the ethics of evading the income tax. This article builds on that literature by looking at the ethical questions involved in evading the estate tax.
Diffusion in quasi-steady-state irreversible systems; epitaxy of nickel telluride from halide vapour phase

Abstract The epitaxy of single crystal non-stoichiometric nickel telluride NiTey in closed chemical vapor transport ampoule reactor from vapor phase composed of NiCl2, NiCl, Te2, Te5, TeCl2, TeCl4, and Cl2/ is an archetype of a class of irreversible phenomena that are driven by chemical potential gradients. The tellurium-deficient NiTex solid constitutes the source, which at the higher temperatures of the source-zone, reacts with the chlorine solvent producing NiCl^, TeCl2, Te^, and so forth. The substrate is a tellurium-rich NiTey solid, held at a lower temperature in the deposition zone, on which the epitaxial growth occurs by reactions between the nickel chlorides, tellurium, and chlorides of tellurium. The quasi- steady-state growth rate of the telluride is computed by assuming virtual equilibria in the end zones with diffusive mass transport of vapor species between them constituting the irreversible phenomenon that mitigates the chemical potential (or partial pressure) differential.
Case Study of Hydraulic Fracture Experiments at the Multiwell Experiment Site, Piceance Basin, Colorado, USA

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a case study of hydraulic fracture experiments at the Multiwell Experiment site in the Piceance basin of Colorado, USA. It reviews the use and application of rock mechanics principles in the testing, evaluation, stimulation and production of natural gas from a low-permeability reservoir. Mesaverde gas reservoirs in the Piceance basin of Colorado and other western US basins are a difficult target for stimulation and production. The reservoirs consist of narrow distributary channels, silty splay deposits and multistoried, heterogeneous, fluvial meanderbelts. Continuous, near-shoreline, marine sandstones are found at the bottom of the Mesaverde section, however, the marine reservoirs were not the focus of this study. In situ stresses are important for stimulation design and well layout in these reservoirs. The stress contrasts between the reservoir rocks and the surrounding non-reservoir lithologies are large in some zones and they keep the fractures mostly confined to the sandstones. In the fluvial section, however, stress contrasts are considerably less than other intervals, and fracture height growth becomes a consideration. The in situ stresses are also found to be aligned with the natural fractures, indicating that paleostresses and current stresses have the same orientation. In some areas of the basin, however, structure and topography have likely reoriented the stress field, and hydraulic fracturing in such areas should be more successful.
Role of Neural Control in Gastrointestinal Motility and Visceral Pain

Neural control mechanisms play a critical role in pain perception and modulation of gastrointestinal motility. However, little is known about the role of the nervous system in mediating symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Subsets of patients with the diagnosis of IBS have symptoms either of altered bowel habit (diarrhea and/or constipation) or of altered visceral sensation (pain, “gaseous distension”), or changes in bowel habits and visceral sensation can occur together. Current selection criteria (self-selection of health-seeking patient subset, diagnosis by exclusion, lack of distinct pathophysiological marker) result in a highly heterogeneous group of patients who share the following: (1) a high degree of psychoneuroticism; (2) symptoms are not local but affect the entire GI tract to various degrees; (3) GI symptoms are embedded in a matrix of symptoms of chronic pain and/or psychosocial distress. 1–3 Thus, careful questioning of IBS patients reveals pain in multiple sites, including headaches, back pain, muscle pain, and heartburn.4–10 In addition, non-GI symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, palpitations, dizziness, perspiration, sweaty palms, brisk reflexes, dysuria, and dysmenorrhea are common in IBS.1 Recent studies indicate that there is a disturbance in colonic electrolyte transport in certain patients with IBS. These common features suggest a more generalized systemic dysregulation that may be mediated in part by the autonomic nervous system.
Temporal Patterning in a Small Rhythmic Neural Network

Rhythmic motor patterns such as walking, flying, and chewing form a large part of the behavioral repertoire of most animals. It is now clear that the fundamental characteristics of such motor patterns (their rhythmicity and the sequence of movements that make up the pattern) result from the activity of relatively small neural networks that produce appropriately ordered motor outputs in the absence of timed input from either the periphery (e.g., proprioceptive inputs) or the rest of the nervous system (e.g., descending pathways) (Delcomyn, 1980). Over the last twenty years the mechanisms underlying the ability of these central pattern generator (CPG) networks to inherently produce ordered rhythmic motor outputs has been intensively studied, and a fairly deep understanding of this process has been achieved for several invertebrate model systems.
PLANT NUTATION IN SIMULATED HYPOGRAVITY

ABSTRACT As part of a study of the effects of gravitational forces on the nutation of the sunflower hypocotyl, we employed a centrifuge and various kinds of clinostats to examine the kinetic properties of nutation over a wide range of g -levels both above and below one g . During centrifugation (resultant g -vector coincident with plant axis) we had found properties of seedling nutation to be relatively insensitive to the intensity of the imposed g -force. By clinostat simulated hypogravity (0 g > 1) we found a marked dependence on the axially directed g -force that was not linear with g At simulated“zero g ”nutational activity persisted at 20% of the intensity at unit g .
Subthreshold PTSD and PTSD in a prospective-longitudinal cohort of military personnel: Potential targets for preventive interventions

Background Prevention of PTSD requires identification of subpopulations contributing most to the population burden of PTSD. This study examines the relative contribution of subthreshold PTSD and probable PTSD on future PTSD in a representative military cohort. Methods We analyze data on 3,457 U.S. National Guard members from the state of Ohio, assessed by telephone annually from 2008 to 2014. At each wave, participants were classified into one of three groups based on the PTSD Checklist: probable PTSD (DSM-IV-TR criteria), subthreshold PTSD (Criterion A1, at least one symptom in each cluster, symptom lasting longer than 30 days, and functional impairment), and no PTSD. We calculated the exposure rate, risk ratio (RR), and population attributable fraction (PAF) to determine the burden of future probable PTSD attributable to subthreshold PTSD compared to probable PTSD. Results The annualized prevalence of subthreshold PTSD and probable PTSD was respectively 11.9 and 5.0%. The RR for probable PTSD was twice as great among respondents with probable PTSD the prior interview than that of those with subthreshold PTSD (7.0 vs. 3.4); however, the PAF was considerably greater in participants with subthreshold PTSD the prior interview (PAF = 35%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 26.0-42.9%) than in those with probable PTSD (PAF = 28.0%; 95% CI = 21.8-33.8%). Results were robust to changes in subthreshold PTSD definition. Conclusions Subthreshold PTSD accounted for a substantial proportion of this population's future PTSD burden. Population-based preventive interventions, compared to an approach focused exclusively on cases of diagnosable PTSD, is likely to affect the greatest reduction in this population's future PTSD burden.
The Forum: The Evolving Downtown-Suburban Retail Pattern:

During the past decade the rise of new suburban competition has shaken the retailing structures of metropolitan areas across the nation. The present article illustrates the pattern which has been u...
Amino acid substitutions resulting from suppression of nonsense mutations: II. Glutamine insertion by the Su-2 gene; tyrosine insertion by the Su-3 gene

The N1 class of phosphatase nonsense mutations is suppressible by either the Su-1, Su-2 or Su-3 suppressor genes of Escherichia coli . It was previously shown that suppression by the Su-1 gene results in the incorporation of a serine residue into the phosphatase molecule at the position specified by a nonsense codon. The present experiments demonstrate that the amino acid incorporated is glutamine when Su-2 is the suppressor gene, and is tyrosine when Su-3 is the suppressor gene. Thus, the same nonsense codon can be translated in three ways, as serine, glutamine or tyrosine, depending on which of the three suppressor genes is responsible for suppression.
Social Psychology Theory Extensions

Abstract A social psychological perspective places much emphasis on the juxtaposition of personality traits and environmental stimuli to predict behavior. Borne from this perspective are two theories that have been applied to the study of cyberbullying: the Theory of Planned Behavior and the (distal) General Aggression Model. Both theories put much emphasis on the role that learned attitudes and norms have on predicting behavior. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the postulates of both theories, discuss the cyberbullying research that has used each theory, and offer strengths and limitations for each theory according to its ability to predict cyberbullying perpetration. This chapter concludes by presenting evidence that these theories can both validly predict cyberbullying; however, their incremental validity above and beyond traditional bullying is elusive.
Regionalization, decentralization and administrative reform in Europe: theoretical and methodological aspect

Basically this article is divided into three parts – theoretical points of the decentralization of powers, methodological points of territorial and political regionalization and the basis and principals of administrative systems, especially concerning the historical borders of the territories and regions, in different countries of Europe. We found out that all that kinds of abovementioned processes principally are counted as a theoretical part of the decentralization process. We opened in this paper such definitions as decentralized unitary country and regionalized unitary country. We strongly think that decentralized unitary country precedes the regionalized unitary country, because as we found, process of decentralization and regionalization basically are the parts of one united historical process, where the decentralization is first, and regionalization is a second part. Abovementioned processes are actual for Ukraine, because now our country is on the way of reforms, especially into the reform of decentralization. So, we could try to analyse how deep decentralization and administrative reform could go and supposed that except of decentralization, regionalization of powers could not be actual in close perspective, but is actual from the theoretical and methodological points of view.
3-Cyclobutenyl-1,2-dione-substituted porphyrins. 2. A simple and general entry to quinone-porphyrin-porphyrin-quinone tetrads and related molecules.

The synthesis of meso-linked quinone−porphyrin−porphyrin−quinone tetrads has been accomplished by the simple treatment of a CH2Cl2 solution of zincated 5-substituted-10,20-diphenylporphyrins (where the substituent = 3-cyclobutenyl-1,2-dione, various quinonyl derivatives, and p-anisyl) with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanoquinone (DDQ). The zincated porphyrinic quinones were synthesized from 5-(3-cyclobutenyl-1,2-dione)-10,20-diphenylporphyrin(Zn). The meso-linked dimer of 5-(3-cyclobutenyl-1,2-dione)-10,20-diphenylporphyrin(Zn) was also shown to be a useful precursor to meso-linked quinone−porphyrin−porphyrin−quinone tetrads. This DDQ-based oxidative dimerization appears to be general and effective for various zincated 5-substituted-10,20-diphenylporphyrins bearing both electron-withdrawing and -donating substituents. The oxidative dimerization was very sensitive to the reaction solvent (dimerization occurred in CH2Cl2, not in THF) and required the zincated porphyrins (the corresponding free base porphyrins did n...
History of Sexual Violence and Associated Negative Consequences: The Mediating Role of Body Image Dissatisfaction

AbstractThis article explores body image dissatisfaction (BID) as a potential mediating variable that may explain why those who have experienced sexual violence are more vulnerable to negative outc...
Achieving Value in Orthopedic Surgery: Clinical Pathways, Bundled Payment Programs, and Proactive Risk Assessment for Elective Orthopedic Procedures

Bundled payment models hold providers accountable for both the quality and cost of care provided to the patients. Proactive risk assessment can improve quality and reduce the costs of care. Numerous risk factors may impact patient outcomes. Personalized care plans aimed at reducing or eliminating risks are key to improving patient outcomes. Opportunities to provide personalized risk modification exist before, during, and after the elective surgical admission. A variety of validated tools exist to assist providers in assessing risk in patients planning an elective procedure.
A Cell-based Screen in Actinomyces oris to Identify Sortase Inhibitors

Sortase enzymes are attractive antivirulence drug targets that attach virulence factors to the surface of Staphylococcus aureus and other medically significant bacterial pathogens. Prior efforts to discover a useful sortase inhibitor have relied upon an in vitro activity assay in which the enzyme is removed from its native site on the bacterial surface and truncated to improve solubility. To discover inhibitors that are effective in inactivating sortases in vivo, we developed and implemented a novel cell-based screen using Actinomyces oris, a key colonizer in the development of oral biofilms. A. oris is unique because it exhibits sortase-dependent growth in cell culture, providing a robust phenotype for high throughput screening (HTS). Three molecules representing two unique scaffolds were discovered by HTS and disrupt surface protein display in intact cells and inhibit enzyme activity in vitro. This represents the first HTS for sortase inhibitors that relies on the simple metric of cellular growth and suggests that A. oris may be a useful platform for discovery efforts targeting sortase.
A Qualitative Analysis of Surgical Faculty and Surgical Resident Perceptions of Potential Barriers to Implementing a Novel Surgical Education Curriculum.

Objective Sociocultural differences between patients and physicians affect communication, and suboptimal communication can lead to patient dissatisfaction and poor health outcomes. To mitigate disparities in surgical outcomes, the Provider Awareness and Cultural dexterity Toolkit for Surgeons was developed as a novel curriculum for surgical residents focusing on patient-centeredness and enhanced patient-clinician communication through a cultural dexterity framework. This study's objective was to examine surgical faculty and surgical resident perspectives on potential facilitators and barriers to implementing the cultural dexterity curriculum. Design, Setting, and Participants Focus groups were conducted at 2 separate academic conferences, with the curriculum provided to participants for advanced review. The first 4 focus groups consisted entirely of surgical faculty (n = 37), each with 9 to 10 participants. The next 4 focus groups consisted of surgical residents (n = 31), each with 6 to 11 participants. Focus groups were recorded and transcribed, and the data were thematically analyzed using a constant, comparative method. Results Three major themes emerged: (1) Departmental and hospital endorsement of the curriculum are necessary to ensure successful rollout. (2) Residents must be engaged in the curriculum in order to obtain full participation and “buy-in.” (3) The application of cultural dexterity concepts in practice are influenced by systemic and institutional factors. Conclusions Institutional support, resident engagement, and applicability to practice are crucial considerations for the implementation of a cultural dexterity curriculum for surgical residents. These 3 tenets, as identified by surgical faculty and residents, are critical for ensuring an impactful and clinically relevant education program.
Insight into human Miro1/2 domain organization based on the structure of its N-terminal GTPase.

Dysfunction in mitochondrial dynamics is believed to contribute to a host of neurological disorders and has recently been implicated in cancer metastasis. The outer mitochondrial membrane adapter protein Miro functions in the regulation of mitochondrial mobility and degradation, however, the structural basis for its roles in mitochondrial regulation remain unknown. Here, we report a 1.7A crystal structure of N-terminal GTPase domain (nGTPase) of human Miro1 bound unexpectedly to GTP, thereby revealing a non-catalytic configuration of the putative GTPase active site. We identify two conserved surfaces of the nGTPase, the "SELFYY" and "ITIP" motifs, that are potentially positioned to mediate dimerization or interaction with binding partners. Additionally, we report small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data obtained from the intact soluble HsMiro1 and its paralog HsMiro2. Taken together, the data allow modeling of a crescent-shaped assembly of the soluble domain of HsMiro1/2. PDB RSEFERENCE: Crystal structure of the human Miro1 N-terminal GTPase bound to GTP, 6D71.
The Magellan Infrared Multiobject Spectrograph project

The Magellan Infrared Multi-object Spectrograph (MIRMOS) is a near-infrared (NIR) multi-object spectrograph (MOS) and integral field unit (IFU) to be deployed at the Magellan 6.5-meter telescopes at Las Campanas Observatory. MIRMOS is designed to address frontier scientific questions in extragalactic, cosmological, and exoplanetary science. These scientific questions led us to spectrograph with an instantaneous wavelength range from 0.89-2.4 µm with a spectral resolution < 3, 700. The spectrograph is fed by a front end that switches between a robotic mechanical slit mask capable of deploying nearly 90 slits over a 13' x 3' field, or by an image slicer IFU with a wide field of 26" × 20". MIRMOS is currently under design at the Carnegie Observatories.
Exploring Trait Trade-Offs for Fungal Decomposers in a Southern California Grassland.

Fungi are important decomposers in terrestrial ecosystems, so their responses to climate change might influence carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics. We investigated whether growth and activity of fungi under drought conditions were structured by trade-offs among traits in 15 fungal isolates from a Mediterranean Southern California grassland. We inoculated fungi onto sterilized litter that was incubated at three moisture levels (4, 27, and 50% water holding capacity, WHC). For each isolate, we characterized traits that described three potential lifestyles within the newly proposed "YAS" framework: growth yield, resource acquisition, and stress tolerance. Specifically, we measured fungal hyphal length per unit litter decomposition for growth yield; the potential activities of the extracellular enzymes cellobiohydrolase (CBH), β -glucosidase (BG), β -xylosidase (BX), and N-acetyl- β - D -glucosaminidase (NAG) for resource acquisition; and ability to grow in drought vs. higher moisture levels for drought stress tolerance. Although, we had hypothesized that evolutionary and physiological trade-offs would elicit negative relationships among traits, we found no supporting evidence for this hypothesis. Across isolates, growth yield, drought stress tolerance, and extracellular enzyme activities were not significantly related to each other. Thus, it is possible that drought-induced shifts in fungal community composition may not necessarily lead to changes in fungal biomass or decomposer ability in this arid grassland.
Survival and Recurrence Following Wedge Resection Versus Lobectomy for Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

To determine if wedge resection is equivalent to lobectomy for Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and to evaluate the impact of radiologic and pathologic variables not available in large national databases. Records were reviewed from 2010–2016 for patients with pathologic Stage I NSCLC who underwent wedge resection or lobectomy. Propensity score matching was performed on pre-operative variables and patients with ≥1 lymph node removed. Clinical variables were compared. Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models for 5-year overall survival (OS), disease-free (DFS), and locoregional-recurrence-free survival (LRFS) were created. A total of 1086 patients met inclusion criteria; 391 lobectomies and 695 wedge resections. Propensity score matching yielded 167 pairs of lobectomy and wedge resection patients. Complications were fewer for wedge resections than lobectomies, 19.2% for wedge resection patients vs 34.1% for lobectomy patients, p 10 mm the LRFS was equal to that of lobectomy patients, 86.4% for wedge resection patients vs 91.8% for lobectomy patients p = 0.140. Patients with Stage I NSCLC can experience similar OS, DFS, and LRFS with wedge resection as compared to lobectomy, when wedge resection margins are >10 mm and appropriate lymph node dissection is performed.
Identification of Fall-related Injuries in Nursing Home Residents using Administrative Claims Data.

BACKGROUND Fall-related injuries (FRIs) are a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and costs among nursing home (NH) residents. Carefully defining FRIs in administrative data is essential for improving injury-reduction efforts. We developed a series of novel claims-based algorithms for identifying FRIs in long-stay NH residents. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort of residents of NH residing there for ≥100 days who were continuously enrolled in Medicare Parts A and B in 2016. FRIs were identified using four claims-based case-qualifying (CQ) definitions [Inpatient (CQ1), Outpatient and Provider with Procedure (CQ2), Outpatient and Provider with Fall (CQ3), or Inpatient or Outpatient and Provider with Fall (CQ4)]. Correlation was calculated using phi correlation coefficients. RESULTS Of 153,220 residents (mean [SD] age 81.2 [12.1], 68.0% female), we identified 10,104 with at least one FRI according to one or more CQ definition. Among 2,950 residents with hip fractures, 1,852 (62.8%) were identified by all algorithms. Algorithm CQ4 (n=326 to 2,775) identified more FRIs across all injuries while CQ1 identified less (n=21 to 2,320). CQ2 identified more intracranial bleeds (1,028 v. 448) than CQ1. For non-fracture categories, few FRIs were identified using CQ1 (n= 20 to 488). Of the 2,320 residents with hip fractures identified by CQ1, 2,145 (92.5%) had external cause of injury codes. All algorithms were strongly correlated, with phi coefficients ranging from 0.82-0.99. CONCLUSIONS Claims-based algorithms applied to outpatient and provider claims identify more non-fracture FRIs. When identifying risk factors, stakeholders should select the algorithm(s) suitable for the FRI and study purpose.
The Race between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment

We examine the concerns that new technologies will render labor redundant in a framework in which tasks previously performed by labor can be automated and new versions of existing tasks, in which labor has a comparative advantage, can be created. In a static version where capital is fixed and technology is exogenous, automation reduces employment and the labor share, and may even reduce wages, while the creation of new tasks has the opposite effects. Our full model endogenizes capital accumulation and the direction of research towards automation and the creation of new tasks. If the long-run rental rate of capital relative to the wage is sufficiently low, the long-run equilibrium involves automation of all tasks. Otherwise, there exists a stable balanced growth path in which the two types of innovations go hand-in-hand. Stability is a consequence of the fact that automation reduces the cost of producing using labor, and thus discourages further automation and encourages the creation of new tasks. In an extension with heterogeneous skills, we show that inequality increases during transitions driven both by faster automation and introduction of new tasks, and characterize the conditions under which inequality is increasing or stable in the long run.
Childhood Socialization: Comparative Studies of Parenting, Learning and Educational Change

An analysis of the socialization of the child in diverse cultures, focusing on parent-child relationships, enculturation, and child development under changing educational conditions. The author examines intersections among patterns of childhood experience, cultural values and institutional change.
Vice and Virtue Food: Perceived Impulsiveness and Healthfulness of 100 Food Items

This paper reports subjective ratings of unhealthiness and impulsiveness of 100 food categories that are purchased by a typical American consumer. These ratings are used to identify food items that are considered as vice and virtue products.
Characterization and use of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in agricultural production systems

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi are the most common fungal endophytic symbionts associated with plant roots. They form associations with a wide range of hosts in diverse soil types and climatic regions of the world. This review describes VAM occurrence in agricultural production systems and the effects that cultural practices have on them. The role of VAM fungi in improving the growth of plants by increasing the absorption of phosphorus and micronutrients and enhancing tolerance to drought is reviewed. The potential for commercial use of VAM is described along with the most recent advances in inoculum production technology. New approaches to identification of VAM fungi, including ELISA with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, isozyme analysis, and restriction fragment length polymorphism are discussed in the context of a model for research and development of VAM-fungus inoculation.
Stokesian simulation of two unequal spheres in a pressure-driven creeping flow through a cylinder

Abstract In this paper, a novel numerical technique is generalized for analysis of mutual flow interactions between unequal particles in cylinder-bound pressure-driven flow of highly viscous fluid. The methodology is general enough to account for any polydisperse many-sphere system confined in a circular channel. The scheme is especially useful for the geometric configurations where both interparticle and particle-wall hydrodynamic interactions are significant. In such situation, particulate dynamics is governed by strong spatial variation of mobility tensors relating motion-inducing quantities (like force and torque on the bodies along with the pressure-drop in the vessel) to motion-defining ones (like translational and rotational velocities of each sphere as well as the flow-rate). Accordingly, the mobility tensors are evaluated as spatial functions to solve two different problems. First, we compute force and torque due to incoming fluid on two particles when these are fixed at a specific position inside the flow-domain. Then, we assume both to be freely suspended, and determine their motion driven by the transporting medium. In both problems, the additional pressure-loss in the channel due to the presence of the particles is also calculated representing the increase in channel-resistivity and effective viscosity, respectively.
Nosocomial transmission of respiratory syncytial virus in immunocompromised adults

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) isolates obtained from nine infected immunocompromised adult patients hospitalized during two consecutive winters (January through April 1987 and 1988) were collected and analyzed against a panel of monoclonal antibodies by an enzyme immunoassay. The history of the patients' illness, onset of symptoms, and date of initial isolation of virus was correlated with the hospital ward and time of hospitalization. Three patients died of respiratory failure related to RSV infection acquired nosocomially. A cluster of RSV disease in four patients hospitalized simultaneously during the 1987 season was demonstrated to be caused by four antigenically distinct viruses; despite an epidemiologic link among the patients, each had been infected from a different source. The RSV disease in the five immunocompromised adults in 1988 was caused by two distinct strains; three patients were infected with RSV subgroup A/4, and two were infected with RSV subgroup B/2. Combining the epidemiologic and strain characterization studies, none of four patients in 1987 were infected from each other, and two of five patients in 1988 may have been infected, directly or indirectly, from one of the other five. The strain characterization studies demonstrated the potential complexity of RSV nosocomial transmission and the need to consider a number of sources for transmission in developing effective prevention strategies. The three deaths underscore the importance of nosocomial RSV disease and the importance of effective prevention strategies.
Effect of Preexisting Back Pain on the Incidence and Severity of Back Pain in Intercollegiate Rowers

BackgroundBack pain is a common problem among rowers.PurposeTo determine whether preexisting back pain is a significant risk factor for back pain in intercollegiate rowers and how it relates to the ability of athletes to participate in college rowing.Study DesignSurvey.MethodsSurveys from 1829 former intercollegiate rowing athletes were analyzed. The surveys included questions concerning back pain before the subjects' college career, back pain during intercollegiate rowing, missed practices, the duration of time lost from college rowing because of back pain, and career-ending back pain. Back pain was defined as pain lasting longer than 1 week.ResultsMore subjects with preexisting back pain developed back pain during their college rowing career than subjects without preexisting back pain (57.1% versus 36.6%). Of those with preexisting pain, 55% missed practice because of back pain and 8% ended their college rowing careers; for those without preexisting pain, the percentages were 62% and 17%, respectively. ...
Identification, Cloning, and Characterization of a Novel Soluble Receptor That Binds IL-22 and Neutralizes Its Activity

With the use of a partial sequence of the human genome, we identified a gene encoding a novel soluble receptor belonging to the class II cytokine receptor family. This gene is positioned on chromosome 6 in the vicinity of the IFNGR1 gene in a head-to-tail orientation. The gene consists of six exons and encodes a 231-aa protein with a 21-aa leader sequence. The secreted mature protein demonstrates 34% amino acid identity to the extracellular domain of the IL-22R1 chain. Cross-linking experiments demonstrate that the protein binds IL-22 and prevents binding of IL-22 to the functional cell surface IL-22R complex, which consists of two subunits, the IL-22R1 and the IL-10R2c chains. Moreover, this soluble receptor, designated IL-22-binding protein (BP), is capable of neutralizing IL-22 activity. In the presence of the IL-22BP, IL-22 is unable to induce Stat activation in IL-22-responsive human lung carcinoma A549 cells. IL-22BP also blocked induction of the suppressors of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) gene expression by IL-22 in HepG2 cells. To further evaluate IL-22BP action, we used hamster cells expressing a modified IL-22R complex consisting of the intact IL-10R2c and the chimeric IL-22R1/γR1 receptor in which the IL-22R1 intracellular domain was replaced with the IFN-γR1 intracellular domain. In these cells, IL-22 activates biological activities specific for IFN-γ, such as up-regulation of MHC class I Ag expression. The addition of IL-22BP neutralizes the ability of IL-22 to induce Stat activation and MHC class I Ag expression in these cells. Thus, the soluble receptor designated IL-22BP inhibits IL-22 activity by binding IL-22 and blocking its interaction with the cell surface IL-22R complex.
Effect of aminophylline on coronary reactive and functional hyperaemic response in conscious dogs

This study was undertaken to determine whether adenosine release from myocardial cells plays a role in coronary reactive and functional vasomotion. Reactive hyperaemic blood flow responses to 10 s complete occlusions and 400 ms diastolic occlusions of the left circumflex coronary artery and to the vasomotor responses to the increased cardiac demand following ventricular extra-activation were examined in a chronic, heart-blocked dog preparation during a control period and following intravenous bolus administration of aminophylline (5 mg X kg-1). Aminophylline administration resulted in a 19% decrease in the blood flow debt repayment ratio of 10 s reactive hyperaemic responses compared with the control period. However, administration of aminophylline had no effect on the coronary vascular response to 400 ms diastolic occlusions or to ventricular extra-activations. These observations indicate that adenosine may play a role in the coronary vascular response to prolonged interventions but that other factors, as yet unidentified, may be implicated in the beat-to-beat regulation of coronary vascular resistance.
A note on PASTA and anti-PASTA for continuous-time Markov chains

The result Poisson Arrivals See Time Averages PASTA is well established in the queueing literature. Although there are some well known examples where non-Poisson arrivals see time averages, arrival and time averages usually are different when arrivals are not Poisson. There are also situations where it has been shown that arrivals see time averages only if arrivals are Poisson, a property called Anti-PASTA. We present a simple and direct proof of Anti-PASTA for continuous-time Markov chains.
Phosphorus-nitrogen donor ligand complexes of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten carbonyls

Abstract Metal carbonyl complexes of the general formula M(CO)4(PN) containing a phosphorus-nitrogen donor bidentate ligand were prepared and characterized by their proton nmr and infrared spectra. The metals, M, were Cr, Mo, or W, and the ligands contained either (1) alkylamine donor groups as in (C6H5)2PCH2CH2N(CH3)2, (C6H5)2PCH2CH2N(C2H5)2 and (C6H5)2PCH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2 or (2)pyridine donor groups as in (C6H5)2PCH2C5H4N, (C6H5)2PCH2CH2C5H4N, (C6H5)2PCH2CH2CH2C5H4N and (C6H5)2PN(H)C5H4N.
Can Virtual Schools Thrive in the Real World

Despite the relatively large number of students enrolled in Ohio’s virtual schools, it is unclear how virtual schools compare to their traditional school counterparts on measures of student achievement. To provide some insight, we compared the school performance from 2007-2011 at Ohio’s virtual and traditional schools. The results suggest that Ohio’s virtual schools have grown rapidly, but also have experienced much lower levels of school performance than traditional schools. In light of these findings, we discuss factors that may be contributing to the large number of low-performing virtual schools in Ohio. Considering the lack of sufficient evidence that Ohio’s virtual schools are effective, we conclude that the relentless pursuit to expand virtual schools is problematic.
Early Pleistocene Glacial Lake Lesley, West Branch Susquehanna River valley, central Pennsylvania

Abstract Laurentide glaciers extended into north central Pennsylvania repeatedly during at least the last 2 million years. Early Pleistocene glaciation extended farther south into central Pennsylvania than any subsequent glaciation, reaching the West Branch Susquehanna River (WBSR) valley. Early Pleistocene ice dammed the northeast-flowing West Branch Susquehanna River at Williamsport, forming Glacial Lake Lesley, a 100-km-long proglacial lake. In this paper, we present compelling evidence for the lake and its age. Maximum lake volume (∼ 100 km 3 ) was controlled by the elevation of the lowest drainage divide, ∼ 340 m above sea level at Dix, Pennsylvania. Stratified deposits at McElhattan and Linden are used to reconstruct depositional environments in Glacial Lake Lesley. A sedimentary section 40 m thick at McElhattan fines upward from crossbedded sand to fine, wavy to horizontally laminated clay, consistent with lake deepening and increasing distance from the sediment source with time. At Linden, isolated cobbles, interpreted as dropstones, locally deform glacio-lacustrine sediment. We use paleomagnetism as an age correlation tool in the WBSR valley to correlate contemporaneous glaciofluvial and proglacial lacustrine sediments. Reversed remanent polarity in finely-laminated lacustrine clay and silt at McElhattan ( I = 20.4°, D = 146.7°, α 95 = 17.7°) and in interbedded silt and sand at Linden ( I = 55.3°, D = 175.2°, α 95 = 74.6°) probably corresponds to the latter part of the Matuyama Reversed Polarity Chron, indicating an age between ∼ 770 and ∼ 970 ka. At McElhattan, a diamicton deformed the finely laminated silt and clay by loading and partial fluidization during or soon after lake drainage. As a result, the deformed clay at McElhattan lacks discrete bedding and records a different characteristic remanent magnetism from underlying, undeformed beds. This difference indicates that the characteristic remanent magnetism is detrital. An electrical resistivity survey and drill borings define a buried bedrock channel at Bald Eagle near the drainage divide that is the proposed spillway for Glacial Lake Lesley. The highest terrace at Bald Eagle (Qt1 be ) was truncated by the spillway channel. Age of Qt1 be is estimated as at least middle Middle Pleistocene to Early Pleistocene by correlation of soil physical properties on Qt1 be to soil chronosequences developed for Susquehanna River alluvial terraces, further downstream. This age is generally consistent with the age estimated from paleomagnetism.
Contrast-increment thresholds are related to variability in the apparent contrast function.

Although Fechner (1860/1912) asserted that the gain of a sensory system should determine its ability to resolve different stimulus magnitudes, most researchers have found that gain and resolving power are not consistently related. The present study assessed gain (measured by magnitude estimation) and increment threshold (measured by a forced-choice procedure) in the same observers under the same viewing conditions. It was found that gain and increment threshold were not inversely related, as proposed by Fechner. However, relative variability in apparent contrast (standard error/magnitude estimate) was correlated with relative increment threshold (increment thresholdlbackground contrast). This correlation was even higher following pattern adaptation. These findings imply that resolving power for contrast is determined by variability in the system’s response to contrast rather than by its gain. Because this relationship is strengthened by adaptation, adaptation may reduce the contribution of other factors that add noise to the unadapted visual system.
Tropospheric relative diffusion to hemispheric scales

Abstract A three-range model of the atmospheric energy spectrum, suggested by the recent GASP spectra and consisting of an enstrophy-cascade range (I), an energy-cascade range (II), and a dissipation range (III), is applied to the problem of long-range atmospheric diffusion. Clouds and plumes are observed to diffuse rapidly and coherently in range-II. This spreading extends to hundreds of kilometers, at rates satisfactorily described by existing diffusion theories, including similarity theories. The Lagrangian time-scale of the range-II diffusion is shown to be defined by tII = 1/f, where /tf is the Coriolis parameter. Diffusion at greater distances is much less regular because it is due to the quasi-two-dimensional, range-I eddies. Clouds and plumes are quickly distorted into streaks and patches by the 2D motions of range-I; but individual pieces of cloud continue to be diffused at the asymptotic (parabolic) rate of the range-II 3-D eddy turbulence. The effect of these processes is a lumpy, streaky cloud, clearly depicted by the results of a numerical modeling study. Concentrations of a unique tracer (heavy methane), released in the troposphere near Antarctica and followed by surface and aircraft observations for several weeks, support this characterization of the longrange diffusion process.