cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Successional stability of vector fields in dimension three

A topological invariant, the community transition graph, is introduced for dissipative vector fields that preserve the skeleton of the positive orthant. A vector field is defined to be successionally stable if it lies in an open set of vector fields with the same community transition graph. In dimension three, it is shown that vector fields for which the origin is a connected component of the chain recurrent set can be approximated in the C1 Whitney topology by a successionally stable vector field.
CHARACTERIZATION OF VEHICLE DECELERATION TIME HISTORIES IN THE ANALYSIS OF IMPACT DYNAMICS

It is frequently desirable to construct a characterization of vehicle deceleration which is significantly simplified from its actual time history. A number of interesting techniques have been developed to perform this characterization based upon polynomial and Fourier-type series approximations and utilizing goodness of fit criteria related to both least squared error and the satisfaction of boundary conditions. Extensive mathematical occupant simulations indicate that characterizations involving as few as four parameters are adequate to describe the primary effects of complex vehicle deceleration time histories as they influence occupant dynamics with conventional restraint systems. /HSRI/
Diffusion of Liquid Hydrocarbons in Supercritical CO2 by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy

Binary diffusion coefficients of benzene and heptane in supercritical CO2 were measured by photon correlation spectroscopy. The measurements were carried out along isochores in the dense gas region at concentrations less than 5 mole percent hydrocarbon. The results of an analysis of data using mode-mode-coupling theory indicated that the exponent of the correlation length, ν = 0.67 ± 0.03 on the critical isochore. On the other hand, ν = 0.86 ± 0.05 was obtained on isochores that were not critical and the background contribution became significant.
Will the light truck bumper height-matching standard reduce deaths in cars?

Abstract Background In a collision between a car and a sport utility vehicle (SUV) or pickup truck, car occupants are more likely to be killed than if they crashed with another car. Some of the excess risk may be due to the propensity of SUVs and pickups with high bumpers to override the lower bumpers in cars. To reduce this incompatibility, particularly in head-on collisions, in 2003 automobile manufacturers voluntarily established a bumper height-matching standard for pickups and SUVs. Objective To assess whether height-matching bumpers in pickups and SUVs were associated with the risk of death in either car occupants or pickup and SUV occupants. Methods Case–control study of collisions between one car and one SUV or pickup in the US during 2000–2008, in which the SUV or pickup was model year 2000–2006. Cases were all decedents in fatal crashes; one control was selected from each crash in a national probability sample of crashes. Findings Occupants of cars that crashed with SUVs or pickups with height-matching bumpers may be at slightly reduced risk of death compared to those that crashed with other SUVs or pickups (adjusted odds ratio: 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.61–1.13)). There was no evidence of a reduction in risk in head-on crashes (1.09 (0.66–1.79)). In crashes in which the SUV or pickup struck the car on the side, height-matched bumpers were associated with a reduced risk of death (0.68 (0.48–0.97)). Occupants of SUVs and pickups with height-matching bumpers may also be at slightly reduced risk of death (0.91 (0.64–1.28)). Conclusions Height-matching bumpers were associated with a reduced risk of death among car occupants in crashes in which SUVs or pickups struck cars in the side, but there was little evidence of an effect in head-on crashes. The new bumper height-matching standard may not achieve its primary goal of reducing deaths in head-on crashes, but may modestly reduce overall deaths in crashes between cars and SUVs or pickups because of unanticipated benefits to car occupants in side crashes, and a possible beneficial effect to SUV and pickup occupants.
Preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of mouse UPR responsive protein P58(IPK) TPR fragment.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces the unfolded protein response (UPR), which can promote protein folding and misfolded protein degradation and attenuate protein translation and protein translocation into the ER. P58(IPK) has been proposed to function as a molecular chaperone to maintain protein-folding homeostasis in the ER under normal and stressed conditions. P58(IPK) contains nine TPR motifs and a C-terminal J-domain within its primary sequence. To investigate the mechanism by which P58(IPK) functions to promote protein folding within the ER, a P58(IPK) TPR fragment without the C-terminal J-domain was crystallized. The crystals diffract to 2.5 A resolution using a synchrotron X-ray source. The crystals belong to space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 83.53, b = 92.75, c = 84.32 A, α = 90.00, β = 119.36, γ = 90.00°. There are two P58(IPK) molecules in the asymmetric unit, which corresponds to a solvent content of approximately 60%. Structure determination by MAD methods is under way.
Introducing the World Society for Transport and Land Use Research

The excitement that many brought to the Journal of Transport and Land Use (JTLU) over the past five years and its rapid success (as measured by number of quality submissions, breadth of the research reported, and number of downloaded articles) suggests a broad and healthy research community. To provide the opportunity for a face-to-face research exchange, JTLU co-sponsored the inaugural World Symposium on Transport and Land Use Research (WSTLUR) in July 2011. Looking forward, it is important to formalize the process for the next WSTLUR (anticipated in 2014) and provide a forum for scholarly land use-transport activities. To fill this need, the symposium launched the World Society on Transport and Land Use Research.
Fabry-Perot cavities with birefringent single-mode fibers and their applications as polarimetric sensors

The fields and resonance conditions of Fabry-Perot (FP) cavities containing several birefringent single-mode fibers are analyzed in terms of the fiber birefringence and misalignment of birefringent axes. For FP cavities with birefringent materials, two sets of fringes, corresponding to two cavity modes, are observed. Information is extracted from the separation between adjacent peaks of cavity modes of the same polarization as well as those of different polarizations. Thus an FP cavity containing birefringent fibers can be used as an optical-fiber polarimetric sensor without the use of polarization analyzers. Polarimetric sensors of this type are constructed and tested. The change of fiber birefringence due to a lateral stress applied to low-birefringence fibers is measured and the experimental results are shown to be in good agreement with the theoretical estimates. >
Production of Levan and Dextran in Plaque In Vivo

Frequent eating of small amounts of sucrose for a period of three days resulted in the in vivo accumulation in plaque of about 1% dextran and about 3% levan.
Surfing for sex: Studying involuntary celibacy using the internet

The Internet offers possibilities for sexuality research that could not have been imagined even a decade ago. Although Internet users are not representative of the general population, they are easily accessible, and the openness with which they discuss sensitive topics has created a tremendous and largely untapped pool of respondents for sex research. Moreover, the web provides access to populations that are largely hidden and difficult to reach using traditional methods. In this article, we explore such issues as sampling, research design, data collection and management, and the ethics of web-based research. In doing so, we review past research, investigate the advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet in sexuality studies, draw examples from our web-based study of involuntary celibacy, and recommend guidelines for future web based inquiries.
Three educational values for a multicultural society: Difference recognition, national cohesion and equality

Educational aims for societies comprising multiple ethnic, cultural and racial groups should involve three different values—recognizing difference, national cohesion and equality. Recognition of difference acknowledges and respects ethnocultural identities and in educational contexts also encourages mutual engagement across difference. National cohesion involves teaching a sense of civic attachment to a nation and to one’s fellow citizens of different groups and identities. ‘Multiculturalism’ has traditionally been understood to support the first value but not as much the second, a charge made by ‘interculturalism,’ a newer idea in Europe and francophone Canada. But Tariq Modood, this year’s Kohlberg Memorial Lecturer, has argued that national integration has always been a goal of multiculturalism. However, neither multiculturalism nor interculturalism has placed sufficient emphasis on equality as a social and educational ideal. Equality is a complex idea that involves both equal treatment by teachers of ...
ATYPICAL GLY-X-Y SEQUENCES SURROUND INTERRUPTIONS IN THE REPEATING TRIPEPTIDE PATTERN OF BASEMENT MEMBRANE COLLAGEN

The triple-helical domains of type IV collagen chains have more than 20 sites at which the repeating (Gly-X-Y)n pattern is interrupted. Analysis of alpha 1 (IV) and alpha 2 (IV) chains indicates the residues in the three Gly-X-Y triplets preceding or following interruptions differ statistically from the rest of the chain. Unusually high frequencies of charged residues are seen at a number of X and Y sites, with the charge density being particularly high C-terminal to the interruption site. Analyses were carried out on individual categories of interruptions, classified as insertions or deletions in the Y position. All of the residues in the X and Y positions of the triplets flanking insertion sites are atypical, with a high concentration of charged residues. Triplets flanking sites where there has been a deletion in the Y position show unusually high frequencies of charged residues at some sites, hydrophobic residues at other sites, and an invariant imino acid N-terminal to the interruption. The presence of atypical sequences surrounding interruptions could be important at a molecular level, related to triple-helix stability, or at a supramolecular level, related to the association of molecules to form networks in basement membranes.
Lessons from the Natural Course of Complex Posttraumatic Disorders

The natural course of complex posttraumatic disorders typically consists of a gradual “social breakdown.” Sufferers and their partners (e.g., parents, siblings, and lifemates) become increasingly avoidant of opportunities for intimacy. The proposed mechanism for the breakdown is the sufferers' method of testing others' trustworthiness. They test unproductively, repetitively, without closure either way. Partners misunderstand it as manipulation for trivial wants or instigation to replicate old betrayals. Patients often suffer social breakdown despite psychotherapy. Tempted to experiment in intimate relationships privately, outside therapy, they become hopeless faster than gains in therapy can generalize. I present a psychotherapy model to avert this breakdown: Clinicians and patients jointly stage experiments with intimacy in the relationships that matter from the beginning of therapy.
Increased pituitary and adrenal reactivity in premenopausal women with posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract Background: Limited studies of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder have been performed in premenopausal women. We therefore undertook a study of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation in this population. Methods: Outpatient posttraumatic stress disorder subjects were compared with healthy, age- and weight-matched nontraumatized subjects. Subjects were free from psychotropic medications, alcohol and other illicit substances for at least 4 weeks before study. Menstrual cycle phase was determined by monitoring the LH surge and plasma progesterone levels. Corticotropin releasing factor and adrenocorticotropin stimulation tests, as well as 24-hour urinary-free cortisol measurements were performed. Results: Corticotropin releasing factor test: Baseline adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels did not differ between the 12 PTSD and 11 comparison subjects, but the posttraumatic stress disorder group had greater adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol responses to corticotropin releasing factor, as well as a later cortisol peak. Adrenocorticotropic hormone test: Baseline cortisol levels did not differ between the 10 posttraumatic stress disorder subjects and seven controls, but the posttraumatic stress disorder group showed greater cortisol responses to adrenocorticotropic hormone. Peak cortisol responses to corticotropin releasing factor and adrenocorticotropic hormone were correlated with each other and with 24-hour urinary-free cortisol excretion. Conclusions: Pituitary and adrenal hyperreactivity to exogenous corticotropin releasing factor and adrenocorticotropic hormone is demonstrated in premenopausal women with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Cortisol hyperreactivity thus may play a role in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder in women.
Hyperaldosteronism with non-suppressible ACTH

In an 11 yr old male with the syndrome of primary hyperaldosteronism and hypertension due to adrenal hyperplasia, we have found evidence for abnormal ACTH regulation. Since renin is completely suppressed, it is not regulating aldosterone. Diurnal periodicity of F was normal and F, DOC and B were normally stimulable with ACTH and suppressible with dexamethasone. In contrast, though aldosterone was stimulable with prolonged ACTH administration it was not suppressible with high-dose, long-term dexamethasone. Circulating ACTH levels were repeatedly elevated and were also non-suppressible with dexamethasone despite complete suppression of F, DOC and B. The data suggest the presence of two hypothalamic-pituitary systems, one regulating F in the normal fashion, the second involving a species of non-suppressible ACTH which presumably does not regulate F secretion. Preliminary characterization of the patient's ACTH showed that it is of a higher molecular weight than the normal ACTH 1-39. Whether chronic elevation of this form of ACTH is related to the hyperaldosteronism and adrenal hyperplasia or, indeed, is the cause of selective hypersecretion of aldosterone in this patient is under investigation.
Toxic Lysolipoid: Isolation from Pseudomonas pseudomallei

A lipoid of low molecular weight, isolated from the supernatant fluid of cultures of Pseudomonas pseudomallei, killed mice, but not rabbits, in doses comparable to those of the homologous lipopolysaccharide and also lysed sheep erythrocytes. In rabbits this lipoid failed to elicit primary dermal lesions, to prepare the skin for the local Schwartzman reaction, or to induce antibody formation.
Social network sites and international students' cross-cultural adaptation

Directed communication with local host nationals reduced uncertainty.Directed communication with local co-nationals increased uncertainty.Results suggest SNSs supplement offline communication.Results extend anxiety/uncertainty management theory.SNS effect depends on how and with whom to communicate. Prior research demonstrates the great potential of social network sites (SNSs) to international students' cross-cultural adaptation, but fails to explain how specific dimensions of SNS use may be related to cross-cultural adaptation. Extending anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory, we added new antecedents about social ties on SNSs distinguished by cultural origins and geographic locations to understand the role of SNS use in cross-cultural adaptation. Path analysis results from an online survey (N=156) show that directed communication via SNSs with local host nationals was positively associated with uncertainty reduction, but that with local co-nationals was negatively related to uncertainty reduction, suggesting that the effectiveness of SNSs in developing and maintaining local relationships may lie in their ability to provide a supplementary channel to offline communication. Overall, our results demonstrate that SNS effect on cross-cultural adaptation depends on individuals' proficiency of host language, who they communicate with and how they communicate via SNSs.
Analytical utility of coupled transport across a supported liquid membrane Selective preconcentration of zinc.

Abstract A liquid membrane comprising 5–10% bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid in dodecane that is supported between an aqueous sample at pH 4.7–6.0 and a 0.1M HCl receiver results in uphill transport of Zn(II) from the sample into the receiver. With 2 ml of receiver, a 5 cm2 membrane and 60 min dialysis time, Zn(II) is preconcentrated by a factor of ca. 13 when the initial concentration in the sample is in the range 1.5 × 10−7−1.5 × 10−4M. The enrichment factor is directly proportional to time up to 30 min since the transport rate of Zn(II) across the membrane is constant over this period. At longer times the flux is slowed as the system begins to approach equilibrium. The presence of other metals such as Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Fe(II) does not change the enrichment factor for Zn(II), even when the interferent is at a concentration high enough for the rate of transport (nmole/min) of the interferent and Zn(II) to be about the same. The flux of Zn(II) was about 40 times that of Cu(II) and 100 times that of Co(II) when their concentrations in the sample were equal. The other metal ions examined are not significantly transported.
A Highly Recoverable and Efficient Filesystem

Abstract Data recovery is a significant problem that presents a real challenge to forensics investigators today. File carvers have traditionally helped mitigate these difficulties. However, two issues still present significant challenges – 1) Prior knowledge of file types is required for building file carvers, and 2) fragmentation prevents file carvers from successful recovery. In previous research, we proposed a framework for recovering deleted files without prior knowledge of file types and with the existence of fragmentation. In this paper, we introduce the design and a functioning implementation of our system by modifying an exFat filesystem running on top of FUSE. Evaluation of the overhead of our filesystem shows only a 5% decrease in performance in write operations when compared to an unmodified exFat filesystem, and almost identical read measurements. Our system also shows significantly better recovery rates in the presence of fragmentation when compared to two selected file carvers.
Plasma-Enhanced Hypersonic Performance Enabled by MHD Power Extraction

This paper reviews work underway on the development of new technologies that will enhance the performance of hypersonic vehicles through plasma-related processes and the utilization of MHD to provide the large power levels that are required to drive these processes. Three technologies are discussed for plasma-enhanced hypersonic performance. These include: (1) the use of off-body plasmas for drag reduction, steering, and enhanced inlet performance; (2) the use of surface or near-surface plasmas for mitigating local heating and controlling separation; and (3) the use of electron beam and plasma processes for controlling combustion for enhanced performance inside the engine and for local heat addition applications in other regions of the flow path. For realistic scale vehicles, the energies required for these applications exceed the present capability of on-board auxiliary power units, and, therefore, will require power to be generated directly from the hypersonic air passing over the vehicle or through the engine. In the high Mach number regime characteristic of re-entry vehicles, there is sufficient heating of the air to allow MHD power extraction using equilibrium ionization of alkali vapor seed material. By replacing a portion of the vehicle surface with a hollow core truss structure containing an embedded magnet coil, hundreds of kilowatts of power can be extracted during re-entry and used for vehicle control or other applications. At lower Mach numbers, MHD power extraction can be done downstream of the engine, then the temperature of the exhaust can be high enough to allow conductivity to be achieved with alkali seeding. This MHD generated power extracted from the flow aft of the engine can be used for plasma control upstream of the engine as well as for engine performance enhancement. Some aspects of this reverse energy bypass concept are analyzed in the paper, including plasma heating of the inlet flow that would allow elimination of the isolator, snowplow surface arcs for boundary layer and separation control, and electron beam and microwaves for initiation and control of combustion.
An agonist of human complement fragment C5a enhances vaccine immunity against Coccidioides infection

Abstract Coccidioides is a fungal pathogen and causative agent of a human respiratory disease against which no clinical vaccine exists. In this study we evaluated a novel vaccine adjuvant referred to as EP67, which is a peptide agonist of the biologically active C-terminal region of human complement component C5a. The EP67 peptide was conjugated to live spores of an attenuated vaccine strain (ΔT) of Coccidioides posadasii. The non-conjugated ΔT vaccine provided partial protection to BALB/c mice against coccidioidomycosis. In this report we compared the protective efficacy of the ΔT-EP67 conjugate to the ΔT vaccine in BALB/c mice. Animals immunized subcutaneously with the ΔT-EP67 vaccine showed significant increase in survival and decrease in fungal burden over 75 days postchallenge. Increased pulmonary infiltration of dendritic cells and macrophages was observed on day 7 postchallenge but marked decrease in neutrophil numbers had occurred by 11 days. The reduced influx of neutrophils may have contributed to the observed reduction of inflammatory pathology. Mice immunized with the ΔT-EP67 vaccine also revealed enhanced expression of MHC II molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, and in vitro recall assays of immune splenocytes showed elevated Th1- and Th17-type cytokine production. The latter correlated with a marked increase in lung infiltration of IFN-γ- and IL-17-producing CD4 + T cells. Elevated expression of T-bet and RORc transcription factors in ΔT-EP67-vaccinated mice indicated the promotion of Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation. Higher titers of Coccidioides antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a were detected in mice immunized with the EP67-conjugated versus the non-conjugated vaccine. These combined results suggest that the EP67 adjuvant enhances protective efficacy of the live vaccine by augmentation of T-cell immunity, especially through Th1- and Th17-mediated responses to Coccidioides infection.
A Structural Optimization Framework for Multidisciplinary Design

This work describes the development of a structural optimization framework adept at accommodating diverse customer requirements. The purpose is to provide a framework accessible to the optimization research analyst. The framework integrates the method of moving asymptotes into the finite element analysis program (FEAP) by exploiting the direct interface capability in FEAP. Analytic sensitivities are incorporated to provide a robust and efficient optimization search. User macros are developed to interface the design algorithm and analytic sensitivity with the finite element analysis program. To test the optimization tool and sensitivity calculations, three sizing and one topology optimization problems are considered. In addition, flutter analysis of a heated panel is analyzed as an example of coupling to nonstructural discipline. In sizing optimization, the calculated semianalytic sensitivities match analytic and finite difference calculations. Differences between analytic designs and numerical ones are less than 2.0% and are attributed to discrete nature of finite elements. In the topology problem, quadratic elements are found robust at resolving checkerboard patterns.
21st birthday celebratory drinking: evaluation of a personalized normative feedback card intervention.

This research was designed to evaluate a personalized normative feedback birthday card intervention aimed at reducing normative perceptions, alcohol consumption, and negative consequences associated with 21st birthday celebrations among college students (N = 281; 59.15% women). Students were randomly assigned to receive or not receive a birthday card about 1 week prior to their 21st birthday. Approximately 1 week following their birthday, students were asked to complete a brief survey concerning their birthday celebration activities. Findings indicated that the birthday card intervention was not successful at reducing drinking or consequences; however, the card did reduce normative misperceptions. Additional findings indicated that many students experienced negative consequences, such as passing out or driving after consuming alcohol. Combined, these findings suggest that prevention is needed for drinking associated with turning 21. However, prevention efforts should consist of more than a birthday card.
Microstructure and Fractography of Eutectoid Fe30Ni20Mn35Al15

A mixture of 99.97% Fe, 99.95% Ni, 99.9% Mn and 99.9% Al was arc melted three times in a water-cooled copper crucible under an Ar atmosphere. The ingot was flipped over between each melting to improve homogeneity. The resulting ingot was polished using 0.3 μm alumina powder followed by etching using a solution of 4% nitric acid in distilled water. The etched surface was examined in a FEI XL30 scanning electron microscope (SEM) operated at 15 kV. Tensile tests were performed on the alloy and the fracture surfaces were examined in the SEM. Thin foils were produced by electro-polishing 3 mm dia. discs in a solution of 30% nitric acid in methanol at -20 o C at a potential of 9V. A FEI Technai F20 transmission electron microscope (TEM) operated at 200 kV was employed to examine the thin foils. The chemical compositions of the phases were determined using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in both the SEM and TEM. Secondary electron imaging in the SEM showed that the alloy had a fine eutectoid structure (Fig.1). A bright field TEM image and selected area diffraction patterns from the two phases are shown in Fig.2. The dark regions in Fig.2 are B2 structured (ordered BCC) whereas the light regions are FCC. The volume fractions of the B2 and FCC phases were estimated to be 47% and 53%, respectively, from Fig.1, values corroborated by results from X-ray diffraction analysis [3]. The B2 lamellae were ~200 nm wide while the FCC lamellae were ~500 nm wide. EDS showed that the B2 phase was Ni-28Al-18Mn-7Fe (at. %) and the FCC phase was Fe-37Mn-7Ni-6Al. The yield strength was ~780 MPa, with an elongation of ~8% [3]. Both brittle cleavage and ductile dimpled features were observed on the fracture surface (Fig.3). The cracks may have initiated in the brittle B2 phase and then propagated in both phases.
Combined historical and electrocardiographic timing of acute anterior and inferior myocardial infarcts for prediction of reperfusion acheivable size limitation

The historical time of acute symptom onset is not always an accurate indication of the timing of onset of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Consideration of electrocardiographic (ECG) timing parameters could supplement historical timing alone as a clinical guide for decisions regarding the use of reperfusion therapy. Three hundred ninety-five patients from 4 trials of thrombolytic therapy conducted in the northwestern United States and western Canada are included in the present study. A total of 316 patients received either streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator, and 79 received no reperfusion therapy. Historical time of symptom onset was acquired by emergency or cardiology department personnel and recorded on patient report forms. An ECG method for estimating the timing of the AMI, the Anderson-Wilkins (AW) acuteness score, was calculated from the inital standard 12-lead recording by investigators blinded to the knowledge of symptom duration or any other study variables. Tomographic thallium-201 imaging 7 weeks after hospital admission was used to measure final AMI size. The ECG timing method achieved a relation with final AMI size similar to that previously reported for historical timing. The AW acuteness score proved most useful for anterior AMI location when there was a ≥2 hour delay following symptom onset, but was most useful for the inferior AMI location when there was a <2 hour delay. Despite a longer delay, patients with high AW acuteness scores had 50% lower final anterior AMI size than those with low scores; and despite a shorter delay, those with low ECG acuteness scores had 50% greater final inferior AMI size than those with high scores. The AW acuteness score combined with the historical estimation of symptom duration should provide a more accurate basis for predicting the potential for limitation of final AMI size than either method alone. These results could potentially provide the basis for developing a new method for noninvasive guidance of clinical decisions regarding administration of reperfusion therapy in the initial evaluation of patients with AMI.
Chemical and Sensory Assessment of Roundnose Grenadier (Macrourus rupestris) Subjected to Long Term Frozen Storage

Roundnose grenadier (Macrourus rupestris) were filleted either immediately when they were caught or after storage (gutted or ungutted) in ice for different periods of time. The fillets were frozen and then stored at −23°C for up to 24 months. Both pre-freezing treatment and frozen storage time significantly (P < 0.05) affected all sensory variables. The sensory quality was very stable during early and intermediate stages of frozen storage and compared very favorably to that reported for other groundfish species. Dimethylamine, trimethylamine, and moisture concentrations were also significantly affected by both pre-freezing treatment and frozen storage time but extractable protein nitrogen and hypoxanthine were dependent upon an interaction between both major treatments. The usefulness of any of the chemical variables as indices of sensory quality was questionable.
Spacecraft-to-earth communications for Juno and Mars Science Laboratory critical events

This paper describes the Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) Data Analysis system (EDA). The EDA software supports the real-time interpretation of Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying (MFSK) tones provided by the spacecraft. The objective of this software is to provide communication of status between the spacecraft and the mission personnel on Earth during critical events when low rate telemetry is not possible due to high dynamics and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Although these communications cannot be used to affect the landing due to the length of time required at these distances, this information is important in the case of a mission failure. Mars Science Laboratory will utilize the EDA software during EDL. Juno usage will include Jupiter orbital insertion (JOI), with predicted SNR of 12–15 dB-Hz. Results are presented from the Juno tones test. Simulated signals were also generated for Juno at JOI and Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) EDL and these results are analyzed.
Protozoa Tetrahymena pyriformis as single cell protein: Fermentation and nutritional aspects

Abstract The biological treatment of water generally causes the formation of a considerable amount of sludge, which is always costly and very often difficult to remove. However, its potential nutritional value is worthy of note and, for this reason, we have studied the possibility of obtaining an end-product from this treatment which would have a much higher quality than the activated sludge. In this context, the ciliated protozoa seemed to present outstanding qualities and they are proposed as a new single cell protein.
Role of prostaglandins in aldosterone production by the human adrenal.

Summmary PGE1 and PGE2 significantly increased human adrenal aldosterone output in a dose related fashion upon 32 min incubaton. Low doses (1, 10 μg/ml), however, depressed basal aldosterone output at the earlier time intervals. PGF and PGF 2α significantly depressed aldosterone output except PGF1α (100 μg/ml) and PGF2α (1 μg/l). Indomethacin and 7-oxa-prostynois acid depressed basal aldosterone output. When applied in conjunctions with ACTH they inhibited ACTH stimulation of aldosterone output. The findings demonstrate that E and F series prostaglandins act antagonistically in respects to mineralocorticoid secretion. The inhibitor studies suggest that prostaglandins function as a link in ACTH stimulated aldosterone output.
Primary hepatic or hepatosplenic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma confined to the liver is unusual in adults and has not been reported in children. Two children with primary hepatic and one with hepatosplenic NHL are described. All three patients are males, and both tumors examined for cell surface markers were of B-cell origin. Two patients, treated with chemotherapy and radiation, developed disseminated disease and died with 7 months of diagnosis. A third patient treated aggressively with radiotherapy and multiagent chemotherapy (LSA2–L2 protocol) remains in complete continuous remission 22 months after initiation of therapy. Hepatic NHL, even if well localized at diagnosis appears to warrant an aggressive therapeutic approach. Cancer 52:2285-2288, 1983.
New Species of Exomalopsis and Its Associated Cleptoparasite Nomada from Colombia with Description of the Nest (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila: Apidae)

We describe two new species of bees from Colombia; one is a species of Exomalopsis found nesting in the city of Medellin, Colombia, (the host) and its cleptoparasitic bee, a species of the genus Nomada. In addition, we provide information on the nest architecture of the new species and provide data on occupancy by both the host bee and its cleptoparasite. We present an updated list of the species of Exomalopsis and Nomada of Colombia and taxonomic keys to the species of Exomalopsis.
Electrographic analysis of the sleep cycle in young depressed patients.

Abstract Electrographic (EEG) patterns df nocturnal sleep were investigated in young psychiatric patients during unipolar depressive episodes. EEG-sleep data was recorded in 20 non-psychotic depressed patients all under 26 years old individually matched with a normal control group. All 20 subjects slept in the laboratory for 1–3 consecutive baseline nights from 12–8:00 a.m. During a subsequent extended condition 14 in each group were allowed to sleep ad-lib . Although the mean total time asleep on baseline nights was about the same between groups (> 7.1 hr), the depressives had a statistically significant reduction in REM time, increased transitions into stage 1, but most especially averaged: (a) less stage 4; and (b) more stage 1. Compared with the prior eight-hour night 27 28 subjects among both groups exhibited elevated time asleep during the extended condition, but the patients' mean total 10.3 hr sleep was significantly greater by 1.5 hr than the controls ( X =8.8 hr ) . Sleep exceeding 9 hr on the ad-lib night was a consistent phenomenon which occurred in significantly more ( 11 14 ) young depressed patients contrasted to 4 14 control subjects. These findings indicate that young persons with primary affective disorders do not exhibit nocturnal EEG disturbances of comparable severity to most older depressed patients such as reduced time asleep, increased wakefulnees or lowered slow-wave (stages 3 and 4) sleep. Although no direct evidence of symptomatic ‘hypersomnia’ in these patients was provided, the present results demonstrated that some young persons with clinical depression have the capacity to sleep for sustained periods.
Navigating to new frontiers in behavioral neuroscience: traditional neuropsychological tests predict human performance on a rodent-inspired radial-arm maze.

We constructed an 11-arm, walk-through, human radial-arm maze (HRAM) as a translational instrument to compare existing methodology in the areas of rodent and human learning and memory research. The HRAM, utilized here, serves as an intermediary test between the classic rat radial-arm maze (RAM) and standard human neuropsychological and cognitive tests. We show that the HRAM is a useful instrument to examine working memory ability, explore the relationships between rodent and human memory and cognition models, and evaluate factors that contribute to human navigational ability. One-hundred-and-fifty-seven participants were tested on the HRAM, and scores were compared to performance on a standard cognitive battery focused on episodic memory, working memory capacity, and visuospatial ability. We found that errors on the HRAM increased as working memory demand became elevated, similar to the pattern typically seen in rodents, and that for this task, performance appears similar to Miller’s classic description of human working memory capacity of 7±2 items. Regression analysis revealed that measures of working memory capacity and visuospatial ability accounted for a large proportion of variance in HRAM scores, while measures of episodic memory and general intelligence did not serve as significant predictors of HRAM performance. We present the HRAM as a novel instrument for measuring navigational behavior in humans, as is traditionally done in basic science studies evaluating rodent learning and memory, thus providing a useful tool to help connect and translate between human and rodent models of cognitive functioning.
A Taxonomy-Based Model for Expertise Extrapolation

While many Expert Finder applications succeed in finding experts, their techniques are not always designed to capture the various levels at which expertise can be expressed. Indeed, expertise can be inferred from relationships between topics and subtopics in a taxonomy. The conventional wisdom is that expertise in subtopics is also indicative of expertise in higher level topics as well. The enrichment of Expertise Profiles for finding experts can therefore be facilitated by taking domain hierarchies into account. We present a novel semantics-based model for finding experts, expertise levels and collaboration levels in a peer review context, such as composing a Program Committee (PC) for a conference. The implicit coauthorship network encompassed by bibliographic data enables the possibility of discovering unknown experts within various degrees of separation in the coauthorship graph. Our results show an average of 85% recall in finding experts, when evaluated against three WWW Conference PCs and close to 80 additional comparable experts outside the immediate collaboration network of the PC Chairs.
Effect of process conditions on the analysis of free and conjugated estrogen hormones by solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPE-GC/MS).

Simultaneous analysis of 11 free estrogen hormones and five conjugated estrogens in water and municipal wastewater was studied. The analytical method was developed and tested for different types of solid-phase extraction adsorbents, eluents, sample containers and storage conditions, derivatization, and matrix effects. Varian Bond Elut C-18 solid-phase extraction adsorbent cartridge was selected based on its high recoveries for both free and conjugated estrogens. Sample storage conditions, as well as selection and pretreatment of sample container materials, can affect the trace level analysis of estrogens. Silanization of glassware is observed to provide low relative standard deviation (RSD) in the analysis and less percentage loss due to contacting with sample container materials. Light exposure during the test can significantly impact the results. The derivatized samples stored at −20°C for at least 6 days showed less than 10.5% average RSD in the analysis. The recovery efficiency in clean water varies from 72% to 101% for free estrogens and 78% to 82% for conjugated estrogens. The method detection limits (MDL) for most of the compounds range from 30 to 870 ng/L using a sample volume of 200 mL. With a sample volume of 3 L, the most sensitive compound produces a MDL of 0.03 ng/L. Dilute methanol is used to wash the loaded cartridge as a cleanup step in order to remove interfering species during analysis of wastewater samples. Using the optimized analytical methods, the concentration level of free estrogens in the influent and effluent municipal wastewaters is tested.
Angiogram-negative subarachnoid hemorrhage: relationship between bleeding pattern and clinical outcome.

Angiogram-negative subarachnoid hemorrhage (anSAH) accounts for 15% of spontaneous SAH. Recent studies suggest the outcome and diagnostic yield in anSAH differ based on initial bleeding pattern. We present a single-center experience in managing patients with SAH and negative initial digital-subtracted angiogram (DSA). Records of all patients with anSAH were reviewed. Bleeding pattern was determined from computed tomography (CT) and was categorized as perimesencephalic (PMN), diffuse, cortical, or xanthochromia (blood not detectable by CT). Diagnostic yield, in-hospital complications, and outcome parameters were analyzed. Of 352 patients admitted with spontaneous SAH from 2003 to 2008, 68 (19.3%) had negative initial DSA. Mean age was 59.5 ± 14, and 33 were female. By CT, 27 (39.7%) patients exhibited PMN SAH, 33 (48.5%) diffuse SAH, 6 (8.8%) cortical SAH, and 2 (2.9%) xanthochromia only. Sixty-one patients had good Hunt and Hess (H/H) grades (I–III) and seven had poor grades (IV–V). Additional diagnostic studies included repeat angiogram (54), brain and C-spine magnetic resonance imaging (20), and repeat CTA (15). A structural bleeding cause was determined in six (8.8%) patients, 4 of which had diffuse SAH and 2 cortical SAH. Among these, two aneurysms (2.9%) were detected and surgically clipped, and both had diffuse SAH. Twenty-nine patients (42.6%) experienced medical complications, with infection (18), cardiovascular problems (12), and vasospasm (10) being the most frequent events. Additional surgeries included 13 ventriculoperitoneal shunts, 4 tracheostomies, and 9 gastric tube placements. Favorable outcome (mRS = 0–2) was recorded in 49 (72.1%) patients and unfavorable (3–6) in 19 (17.49%), with 1 (1.2%) in-hospital death. Multivariable logistic regression revealed older age and diffuse bleeding pattern were significant predictors of unfavorable outcome. The overall incidence of true aneurysms in patients with angiogram-negative SAH is low (2.9%). Initial bleeding pattern strongly correlates with diagnostic yield and clinical outcome. Diffuse bleeding pattern is associated with significantly higher diagnostic yield, more in-hospital complications, and worse clinical outcome. Patients with initial imaging characteristics other than diffuse pattern SAH developed few disease related complications, with the majority of in-hospital adverse events treatment related.
Robust Time-Optimal Command Shaping for Piezoelectric Actuators: STM Application

A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) uses a piezoelectric actuator to perform constant-velocity scanning motion. Many feedback strategies have been proposed, but their achievable scan rate is substantially limited by the turnaround transients in the scan path. Therefore, a robust time-optimal command shaping technique with an iterative search procedure is introduced in this paper to improve the scan speed of piezoactuators, and is applicable to a general class of systems without rigid-body mode. Furthermore, a time-energy-optimal formulation is presented to reduce the in-maneuver oscillation. The hysteresis nonlinearity of piezoactuators is compensated using the proposed continuous numerical inversion algorithm. Finally, the closed-loop simulation shows the performance robustness in the presence of hysteresis cancellation error and natural frequency perturbation.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Boundary-Layer Receptivity to Transient Convected Disturbances

Previous work has shown that the boundary layer is receptive to acoustic and convected disturbances in regions where there is a rapid streamwise variation in the mean flow such as at the leading edge or at roughness elements or suction strips. Much of this work involved single-frequency, two-dimensional waves, and further studies are required to determine the effects of the broadband three-dimensional nature of turbulent fluctuations. An experimental investigation of the receptivity of a Blasius boundary layer to transient two-dimensional convected disturbances is presented here. A ribbon located upstream of a flat plate and aligned parallel to the plate leading edge was used to introduce disturbances into the freestream. Two-dimensional roughness elements distributed on the surface of the plate provided a receptivity site. Measurements of the boundary-layer response to single-frequency waves, pulses, and random noise disturbances are reported. Similar receptivity was measured for each of these disturbance types, showing that the broadband nature of transient disturbances does not affect the receptivity characteristics of the boundary layer and that linear superposition may be used to extend theories for single-frequency disturbances to applications involving broadband disturbances
Physician-assisted suicide and the politics of problem definition

In the United States the issue of physician-assisted suicide (PAS) first reached the governmental agenda in the state of Michigan. This occurred because of the personal crusade of Dr Jack Kevorkian...
Prenatal Stress Alters Reproductive Responses of Rats in Behavioral Estrus and Paced Mating of Hormone-Primed Rats

Adult female offspring of dams exposed to gestational stress (prenatal stress, PNS) may show altered reproductive behavior, exploration in novel environments, and/or social interactions than do their non-PNS counterparts. These behavioral differences may be more readily observed in a seminatural, paced mating paradigm, in which females have greater control of their sexual contacts, than in a standard mating situation. Adult offspring of dams exposed to restraint and lights for 45 min on Gestational Days 14-20 (PNS) were compared with those not subjected to stress (non-PNS, control condition). The motor, reproductive, and sociosexual behaviors of hormone-primed (Experiment 1) or cycling adult offspring in behavioral estrus (Experiment 2) were examined following 20 min of restraint stress under bright lights (postnatal stress). Hormone-primed PNS rats displayed less motor behavior in a novel arena than did non-PNS rats. In a standard mating test, hormone-primed PNS females tended to be more aggressive toward the male than were non-PNS rats. In a seminatural mating situation, hormone-primed PNS females showed increased avoidance behavior, such as longer latencies to the initial intromission, greater return latencies following mounts and intromissions, and more exiting subsequent to mounts and intromissions, than did non-PNS rats. PNS rats in behavioral estrus had decreased incidence and intensity of lordosis, and fewer solicitation behaviors, in both standard or paced mating situations, in which latency to and number of mounts were also increased. Thus, hormone-primed PNS rats exposed to restraint showed more avoidance behaviors in paced mating situations, while cycling PNS rats in behavioral estrus had greater disruption of reproductive responses in standard or paced mating paradigms than did non-PNS control rats.