cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Canopy structure and below-canopy temperatures interact to shape seedling response to disturbance in a Rocky Mountain subalpine forest

Abstract We examined the effects of two recent, high-severity disturbances on seed dispersal and conifer seedling establishment in a subalpine spruce-fir forest in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. Our study area had undergone high forest mortality from a spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) outbreak beginning ca. 2004, and a portion of the study area was additionally burned by the West Fork Complex wildfire in 2013. The aim of this study was to determine how seedling re-establishment patterns vary with seed availability, temperature, overstory composition, and understory cover across a topographically heterogeneous landscape with varying disturbance impacts. We established thirty study sites in the burned area and sixty sites in the unburned, beetle-affected area in order to capture a gradient of beetle outbreak severity. We assessed post-disturbance regeneration by conducting seedling counts in the summer of 2018, five years after the fire and more than a decade since the onset of the beetle outbreak. We determined seedling establishment after disturbances by using terminal bud scar counts to estimate seedling age. We measured Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) seed dispersal and below-canopy temperatures over three years (2017–2019) using in situ seed traps and Logtag® temperature sensors at 2 m height. We assessed relationships between (1) seed availability and live overstory remaining after the spruce beetle outbreak, and (2) seedling abundance and all explanatory variables using hierarchical Bayesian models. Conifer seed and seedling counts were zero in most of the burned area, though there was abundant aspen regeneration at lower elevations. In unburned, beetle-affected forests, we found that the degree of spruce overstory mortality did not strongly affect seed availability but showed a strong effect on spruce seedling densities. Conifer seedling densities were also influenced by below-canopy temperatures, aspect, and understory litter and shrub cover. These results indicate that the West Fork Complex fire has potentially resulted in a long-term loss of conifer forest throughout much of the burn area where distance to a seed source is >100 m. High-severity spruce beetle outbreaks have also limited regeneration, although seedlings are still present in the majority of beetle-killed sites. Future patterns of re-establishment will also be strongly influenced by topography and future warming trends.
Method Validation Approaches for Analysis of Constituents in ENDS.

Objective We assessed how many peer-reviewed publications reporting chemical quantities and/or yields from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have included adequate method validation characteristics in the publication for appropriate interpretation of data quality for informing tobacco regulatory science. Methods We searched 5 databases (Web of Knowledge, PubMed, SciFinder, Embase, EBSCOhost) for ENDS publications between January 2007 and September 2018. Of the 283 publications screened, 173 publications were relevant for analysis. We identified the publications that report a certain degree of control in data quality, ie, the publications that report marginally validated methods (MVMs). MVMs refer to the methods that: (1) report 3 or more International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) method validation characteristics, (2) state the method was validated, (3) cite their own previous publication(s) that report MVMs, or (4) use a method within the accreditation scope of an accredited laboratory. Results Overall, 97 publications (56%) report MVMs in their studies. This percentage also reflects the publication distribution for the majority of the 28 chemicals measured by MVMs. Conclusions This study highlights the need for reporting sufficient validation characteristics following appropriate guidance to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the published analytical data for proper data interpretations that may support policy.
GFAP at 50

Fifty years have passed since the discovery of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by Lawrence Eng and colleagues. Now recognized as a member of the intermediate filament family of proteins, it has become a subject for study in fields as diverse as structural biology, cell biology, gene expression, basic neuroscience, clinical genetics and gene therapy. This review covers each of these areas, presenting an overview of current understanding and controversies regarding GFAP with the goal of stimulating continued study of this fascinating protein.
Two extreme steep-spectrum, polarized radio sources towards the Galactic bulge

From an on-going survey of the Galactic bulge, we have discovered a number of compact, steep spectrum radio sources. In this present study we have carried out more detailed observations for two of these sources, located 43 arcmin and 12.7 deg from the Galactic Center. Both sources have a very steep spectrum (alpha ~ -3) and are compact, with upper limits on the angular size of 1-2 arcsec. Their flux densities appear to be relatively steady on timescales of years, months, and hours, with no indications of rapid variability or transient behavior. We detect significant circularly polarized emission from both sources, but only weak or upper limits on linear polarization. Neither source has a counterpart at other wavelengths and deep, high-frequency searches fail to find pulsations. We compare their source properties with other known compact, non-thermal source populations in the bulge (e.g. X-ray binaries, magnetars, the Burper, cataclysmic variables). Our existing data support the hypothesis that they are scatter broadened millisecond or recycled pulsars, either at the bulge or along the line of sight. We also consider the possibility that they may be a new population of Galactic radio sources which share similar properties as pulsars but lack pulsations; a hypothesis that can be tested by future large-scale synoptic surveys.
Using Model-Based Clustering to Improve Qualitative Inquiry: Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis, Latent Class Analysis, and Interpretive Transparency

A combination of computer-aided qualitative data analysis (CAQDAS) and latent class analysis (LCA) can substantially augment the qualitative analysis of textual data sources used in third-sector studies. This article explains how to employ both techniques iteratively to capture often implicit ideas and meaning-making by third-sector leaders, donors, and other stakeholders. CAQDAS facilitates the coding, organization, and quantification of qualitative data, effectively creating parallel qualitative and quantitative data structures. LCA facilities the discovery of latent concepts, document classification, and the identification of exemplary qualitative evidence to aid interpretation. For third-sector research, CAQDAS and LCA are particularly promising because diverse stakeholders usually do not share homogenous views about core issues such as organizational effectiveness, collaboration, impact measurement, or philanthropic approaches, for example. The procedure explained here provides a rigorous method for discovering and understanding diversity in perspectives and is especially useful in medium-n research settings common to third-sector scholarship.
Toward a Biblical Theology of God's Judgment: A Celebration of the Cross in Seven Phases of Divine Universal Judgment (An Overview of a Theocentric-Christocentric Approach)

The Scriptural teaching about judgment lies at the center of GodOs revelation. It is a crux of the biblical message, giving a profound paradigm for our thinking. Next to the fundamental proclamation that God is the Creator (Gen 1Ð2), the Lord is presented as the Judge: In the Garden of Eden there is the first reference to the trial judgment (Gen 3:8Ð24), where the grace and justice of God are intermingled. The biblical Flood narrative is an account about judgment (Gen 6Ð9). Abraham called God Othe Judge of all the earthO (Gen 18:25). Two biblical books carry the concept of judgment in their titles: the book of Judges and the book of Daniel.
Prediction of the temperature response to antibiotic treatment in children with pneumonia

Nielsen et al. [1] present in this issue an innovative retrospective study that attempts to define the population of children with pneumonia who will respond to antimicrobilal therapy. This was done by correlating the clinical, laboratory and radiological variables available at the time of admission to the hospital with the temperature response to intravenous antibiotic (mainly penicillin) treatment. Since typical and atypical bacterial and viral cultures as well as other methods of diagnosis were not routinely performed, a rapid reduction in fever following initiation of therapy signified in this study the presence of bacterial infection. What allows such an analysis, according to the authors, is that antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and of Haemophilus influenzae is practically nonexistent in Denmark. However, the absence of conclusive identifications of the pathogens reduces the significance of these conclusions. What also detracts from the validity of the analysis is that atypical pathogens (i.e. Mycoplasma, Chlamydia) are not susceptible to penicillin. Furthermore, penicillin is not the most effective antimicrobial even against non-beta lactamase producing Haemophilus influenzae. What also con-
Seismic Ground Strain Simulations for Pipeline Response Analysis

The analysis and design of buried pipelines to resist seismic ground motions relies on estimates of the seismic ground strains. It is generally assumed that estimates of the maximum axial strain along the pipeline can be determined from the ratio of the maximum velocity recorded at the site over the velocity of the apparent propagation of the motions. The validity of this assumption is examined through strain and velocity simulations from models of spatially incoherent and propagating seismic ground motions in near-source regions. It is shown that strain estimates obtained through this assumption considerably underestimate the actual strains of the earthquake. It is also shown, that the consideration of the apparent propagation of the motions as the basic source for spatial variability produces only a fraction (approximately 50%) of the seismic strains induced by spatially incoherent and propagating motions.
Interactive preference-aware query optimization

PASQL is an extension to SQL that allows users of a distributed database to specify privacy constraints on an SQL query evaluation plan. However, privacy constraints can be difficult for users to specify, and worse yet, all possible situations that could lead to a privacy violation may not be known to the user a priori. To address these challenges, we propose a GUI-based interactive process for detecting such violations and generating appropriate constraints. In this work, we demonstrate two approaches to implementing such a GUI that provide different ways of analyzing and interactively optimizing a PASQL query plan.
A 26 W 97%-Efficiency Fast-Settling Dimmable LED Driver With Dual-nMOS-Sensing Based Glitch-Tolerant Synchronous Current Control for High-Brightness Solid-State Lighting Applications

This paper presents an integrated buck-type dimmable synchronous LED driver for high-brightness solid-state lighting applications. A glitch-tolerant synchronous current control (GT-SCC) scheme is proposed to regulate the average LED current. The GT-SCC enables fast settling time of the LED current upon start-up or PWM dimming condition, and provides reliable operation under high dV/dt slewing during switching transitions of the LED driver. The proposed LED driver consists of a high-speed low-power HV synchronous gate driver to enable on-chip synchronous rectification with a dual-nMOS power train under different input voltages for the conduction power loss reduction. Two on-chip senseFET peak and valley current sensors are also developed to offer low-power and reliable current sensing under high input voltages. Implemented in a 0.35 $\mu$ m 50 V CMOS process, the proposed LED driver supports a wide input range from 5 V to 45 V, operates up to 4 MHz with a small-value inductor of 8.2 $\mu$ H, handles a high PWM dimming frequency of 20 kHz with a wide duty-ratio range from 0.1 to 1, and delivers an average LED current of 700 mA for driving up to 12 series-connected HB-LEDs (with the maximum output power of 26 W). The proposed LED driver achieves a peak power efficiency of 97.2% and the current deviation ${\leq}{\pm} $ 3.3% of the average LED current under different conditions. The worst-case settling time achieves 3.2 $\mu$ s that is at least 2.7 times improvement over state-of-the-art counterparts.
An Overview of Epa’s Regional Vulnerability Assessment (ReVA) Program

Regional Vulnerability Assessment (ReVA) is an approach to place-based ecological risk assessment that is currently under development by EPA’s Office of Research and Development. The pilot assessment will be done for the mid-Atlantic region and builds on data collected for the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program. ReVA is being developed to identify those ecosystems most vulnerable to being lost or degraded in the next 5 to 50 years and to elucidate which Stressors cause the greatest risk to ecosystem goods and services. The goal here is not exact predictions, but an early warning system to identify and prioritize the undesirable environmental changes we should expect over the next few decades. As such, ReVA represents a new risk paradigm for EPA that will require innovative approaches to combine existing knowledge, focus new research, and synthesize many types of information into a meaningful assessment designed to inform environmental decision-makers about future environmental risk.
Design and Construction of Newport Bridge

The east passage crossing of Narragansett Bay was forestalled by U.S. Naval operations until 1964, when a suitable site became available with the requirement that minimum clearances of 1600 ft horizontal and 205 ft vertical were maintained. This condition, plus esthetic requirements, demanded a suspension bridge. A central gorge in the alinement necessitated pile driving at great depths (100 ft and 140 ft) for the minimum span length. However, a longer main span length was found more expensive. Rock was located at minus 220 ft for the west tower pier and minus 432 ft for the east, and modified Potomac-type footings were selected. Pile cutoff was accomplished using a saturation diving unit. Footing forms were designed with variable buoyancy for controlled lowering. Of the remaining piers, some were constructed on piles or in the dry; and others on caissons drilled into rock, the technique used for the west anchorage. Significant features of the bridge superstructure include shop-fabricated parallel-wire cables, a unique cable anchorage, plastic rather than wire cable wrapping, and a new concrete deck curing-protective compound.
Detecting conserved RNA secondary structures in viral genomes: the RADAR approach

Conserved regions, or motifs, present among RNA secondary structures serve as a useful indicator for predicting the functionality of the RNA molecules. Automated detection or discovery of these conserved regions is emerging as an important research topic in health and disease informatics. In this short paper we present a new approach for detecting conserved regions in RNA secondary structures by the use of constrained alignment and apply the approach to finding structural motifs in some viral genomes. Our experimental results show that the proposed approach is capable of efficiently detecting conserved regions in the viral genomes and is comparable to existing methods. We implement our constrained structure alignment algorithm into a web server, called RADAR. This web server is fully operational and accessible on the Internet at http://datalab.njit.edu/biodata/rna/RSmatch/server.htm.
Cognitive Tools for Humanoid Robots in Space

The effective use of humanoid robots in space will depend upon the efficacy of interaction between humans and robots. The key to achieving this interaction is to provide the robot with sufficient skills for natural communication with humans so that humans can interact with the robot almost as though it were another human. This requires that a number of basic capabilities be incorporated into the robot, including voice recognition, natural language, and cognitive tools on-board the robot to facilitate interaction between humans and robots through use of common representations and shared humanlike behaviors.
Intercepted signals for ionospheric science

[1] The ISIS array (Intercepted Signals for Ionospheric Science) is a distributed, coherent software radio array designed for the study of geospace phenomena by observing the scatter of ambient radio frequency (RF) signals. ISIS data acquisition and analysis is performed using the MIDAS-M platform (Millstone Data Acquisition System - Mobile). Observations of RF signals can be performed between HF and L-band using the Array nodes and appropriate antennas. The deployment of the Array focuses on observations of the plasmasphere boundary layer. We discuss the concept of the coherent software radio array, describe the ISIS hardware, and give examples of data from the system for selected applications. In particular, we include the first observations of E region irregularities using the Array. We also present single-site passive radar observations of both meteor trails and E region irregularities using adaptive filtering techniques.
A methodology to design efficient BIST test pattern generators

This paper describes a new technique to design efficient test pattern generators (TPGs) for built-in self-test (BIST). The proposed technique identifies compatible circuit inputs that can be connected to the same TPG stage in the test mode. Compatibility between circuit inputs is determined by analyzing the circuit function to guarantee coverage of all faults in a given target fault set. Unlike pseudo-exhaustive testing, circuit inputs that fanout to the same output can be compatible, provided that connecting them to the same TPG stage does not cause any loss of fault coverage. Experimental results show that TPGs designed by the proposed technique achieve 100% stuck-at fault coverage in practical test length (/spl les/2/sup 28/) with low hardware overhead and performance penalty for a wide range of benchmark circuits.
Use of Fecal Samples as a Tool to Monitor Phosphorus Excretion in Lactating Dairy Cows

ABSTRACT Lactating Holstein cows were used to determine if disrupting their TMR intake by feeding a top-dress of alfalfa hay affected the diurnal concentration of P in feces and the usefulness of fecal P to monitor P excretion. All cows were fed the control TMR at 1400 h daily, but treatment cows were fed 2.27 kg (DM) of alfalfa hay at 0700 h. Cows had ad libitum access to feed except between 0800 to 1000 h and 1100 to 1400 h. Both diets contained 0.42% P. On d 21, fecal grab samples were collected every 4 h for 48 h to represent every 2 h in a diurnal period. Neither DMI (26 kg/d) nor milk yield (38 kg/d) was affected (P > 0.1) by treatment. The concentration of P in the feces (0.70 and 0.71% DM for control and treatment cows, respectively) was not affected (P > 0.1) by supplemental hay nor did it change diurnally. Therefore, for dairy cows fed a TMR containing 0.42% P there was no diurnal change in the concentration of P in feces, and a forage top-dress did not affect the concentration of P in feces. Thus, fecal grab sampling appears to be a reasonable method to monitor P excretion. In conclusion, because of the variation in the concentration of P in fecal samples, the number of cows sampled within a group is more important than the time during the day that the samples are taken.
Drug—Cytokine Interactions

Although the term “drug—cytokine interaction” has only recently been coined (1),the recognition of an interaction between the acute-phase response and hepatic drug metabolism has been appreciated in the laboratory since at least 1966 (2), and in clinical medicine since the late 1970s (3, 4). The acute-phase response (5) to infection or injury, with its complex cascade of cytokines, endocrine hormones, free oxygen radicals, arachidonic acid metabolites, catecholamines, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide, can have multiple effects on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of many drugs. Disturbances in drug disposition and action can be due to many physiologic changes, including alterations in protein binding, expansion of extracellular fluid volume, end-organ dysfunction (liver and kidney), hemodynamic compromise, hypoxia, and alterations in receptor availability or responsiveness (6). Theoretically, all of these changes could fall under a broad description of “drug—cytokine interactions;” however, this chapter will address the more commonly accepted, narrower focus of potentially important changes in hepatic drug metabolism due to cytokines (7), with an emphasis on the management of patients with infectious diseases.
Response of conifer shoot elongation to tephra from Mount St. Helens

Abstract To determine the impact of volcanic tephra on growth of conifer saplings, increments of tree height and lateral branch elongation for 1975–1982 were measured on a clearcut affected by tephra from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Abies amabilis Dougl. ex Forbes and Abies procera Rehd. trapped and retained the most tephra. Removing tephra from trees in 1980 increased growth of Abies amabilis and Abies procera ; other species were not significantly affected by cleaning. Height growth of both cleaned and uncleaned trees of all species significantly increased after the eruption. The increase for Abies spp. and Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. was considerable, and appears to be a response to the eruption. This growth acceleration was apparently related to some beneficial effect(s) of tephra on the soil, which more than offset the adverse effect of tephra on the foliage.
Hydrogen-induced platelets in silicon: Infrared absorption and Raman scattering.

The local vibrational modes of hydrogen-induced platelets in crystalline silicon have been studied using infrared absorption and Raman-scattering spectroscopy. Four overlapping but distinct bands are observed in the region 2000--2200 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. Hydrogen-isotope substitution confirms that these are hydrogen-related stretching vibrations. Hydrogen concentrations obtained from the integrated infrared band intensities are comparable to total hydrogen concentrations obtained from secondary-ion mass spectroscopy. Relative intensities of the bands depend on sample history and can be varied by annealing. This indicates that the four bands arise from at least three distinct structures. Polarization-sensitive Raman measurements indicate that the Raman-active local modes transform according to the fully symmetric representation of a trigonal point group. One structure possesses distinct ir and Raman-active local modes. We conclude that the platelets are highly ordered structures with fundamental building blocks consisting of silicon atoms with one hydrogen-saturated bond, and that at least one inversion-symmetric structure exists. We compare our results with previously proposed structures.
The Position of Cysteine Relative to the Transmembrane Domain Is Critical for Palmitoylation of H1, the Major Subunit of the Human Asialoglycoprotein Receptor *

The mammalian hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) is an endocytic recycling receptor that mediates the internalization of desialylated glycoproteins and their delivery to lysosomes where they are degraded. The human ASGP-R is a hetero-oligomeric complex composed of two subunits designated H1 and H2. Both subunits are palmitoylated at the cytoplasmic Cys residues near their transmembrane domains (TMD). The cytoplasmic Cys36 in H1 is located at a position that is five amino acids from the transmembrane junction. Because the sequences of subunits in all mammalian ASGP-R species are highly conserved especially at the region near the palmitoylated Cys, we sought to identify a recognition signal for the palmitoylation of H1. Various types of H1 mutants were created by site-directed or deletion mutagenesis including alteration of the amino acids surrounding Cys36, replacing portions of the TMD with that of a different protein and partial deletion of the cytoplasmic domain as well as transposing the palmitoylated Cys to positions further away from the TMD. Mutant H1 cDNAs were transiently expressed in COS-7 cells, and the H1 proteins were analyzed after metabolic labeling with [3H]palmitate. The results indicate that neither the native amino acid sequence surrounding Cys36 nor the majority of the cytoplasmic domain sequence is critical for palmitoylation. Palmitoylation was also not dependent on the native TMD of H1. In contrast, the attachment of palmitate was abolished if the Cys residue was transposed to a position that was 30 amino acids away from the transmembrane border. We conclude that the spacing of a Cys residue relative to the TMD in the primary protein sequence of H1 is the major determinant for successful palmitoylation.
Risk analyses for a water supply system: Occoquan Reservoir, Fairfax and Prince William Counties, Virginia, USA / Des analyses aléatoires d'un système d'approvisionnement en eau: Occoquan Reservoir, Fairfax et Prince William Counties, Virginia, USA

Abstract This report demonstrates two techniques for evaluating risks in the operation of a water supply system. Both rely on reconstructed historical streamflow data to develop estimates of the probabilities of certain specific events occurring in the future. These techniques are applied to the Occoquan Reservoir which was experiencing an unprecedented low level of storage in the autumn of 1977. The two techniques are used respectively to evaluate the overall adequacy of the existing reservoir and to evaluate the risks in the 1977 crisis. In the first technique, the general risk analysis model (GRAM), simulations of the reservoir's contents are carried out under a set of assumptions about withdrawal rates and emergency procedures. The results of the GRAM simulation for the Occoquan Reservoir are in the form of estimates of the probabilities that in any year contain emergency procedures will have to be invoked. These estimates are given for a range of rates of withdrawals and for four different stages of ...
The Feeling of Music Past: How Listeners Remember Musical Affect

This study was conducted to determine how listeners derive global evaluations of past musical durations from moment-to-moment experience. Participants produced moment-to-moment affective intensity ratings by pressing a pressure-sensitive button while listening to various selections. They later reported the remembered affective intensity of each example. The data suggest that the assumption that remembered affect equals the sum of all momentary affects fundamentally misrepresents how listeners encode and label past affective experiences. The duration of particular rather than uniform episodes contributes minimally to remembered affect (duration neglect). Listeners rely on the peak of affective intensity during a selection, the last moment, and moments that are more emotionally intense than immediately previous moments to determine postperformance ratings. The peak proves to be the strongest predictor of remembered affect. We derive a formula that takes moment-to-moment experience as input and predicts how listeners will remember musical affect. The formula is a better predictor of postperformance affect than any other on-line characteristic considered. Last, the utility of the formula is demonstrated through a brief examination of compositional decisions in a string quartet movement by Borodin and one typical format of four-movement symphonies from the classical period.
Statistical software pricing analysis through artificial intelligence and statistical methods

Companies and researchers around the world are interested in analysing prices of computer systems. Computer hardware prices have been studied at length, with several authors developing models to predict computer prices based upon specific hardware elements. However, relatively few studies have been conducted to analyse software prices. Some reasons for this could be scarcity of data, complexity of available data, and the need for sophisticated analysis methodology. This paper is an attempt to analyse the software prices using statistical and Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches using 39 software attributes. The study uses 2005 Statistical Software Survey data published in ORMS Today.
Unidimensional, sequential separation of PTH-amino acids by high-performance thin-layer chromatography

Abstract Eighteen of the twenty common protein PTH-amino acids derivatives are separated by continuous multiple development high-performance thin-layer chromatography. The separation is performed on silica gel plates using five development steps with four changes in mobile phase. The derivatives are identified by scanning densitometry, and the total analysis requires less than 1 h. The unseparated derivatives of alanine and tryptophan are baseline resolved in an alternative solvent system. Thus, all twenty of the common PTH-amino acid derivatives may be identified with the proposed method. By using the unidimensional method of development, the high sample capacity of the high-performance thin-layer chromatographic plate is preserved; samples and standards can be run simultaneously to improve the accuracy of identification. The detection limit for the PTH-amino acid derivatives determined by in situ reflectance scanning densitometry at 270 nm was found to be ca. 0.5 ng per spot.
The influence of HIV infection on antibody responses to a two-dose regimen of influenza vaccine.

We studied whether a two-dose regimen of inactivated influenza virus vaccine was more effective than a single dose in inducing protective hemagglutinationinhibition antibody responses in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Participants included subjects with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, subjects with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome—related complex, and HIV-seropositive individuals with either lymphadenopathy only or no symptoms. Control subjects were HIV-seronegative heterosexuals and HIV-seronegative homosexuals. Two doses of inactivated influenza vaccine containing 15 μg of the hemagglutinin of influenza A/Taiwan/1/86(H1N1), A/Leningrad/360/86(H3N2), and B/Ann Arbor/1/86 were administered intramuscularly in the deltoid region 1 month apart. The second dose of vaccine did not significantly increase the frequency or magnitude of antibody responses of either HIV-seropositive or HIV-seronegative subjects over that achieved by a single dose. The two-dose regimen induced a protective level (≥1:64) of hemagglutination-inhibition antibody to influenza A(H1N1) or (H3N2) virus less often in subjects with symptomatic HIV infection than in uninfected control subjects (39% vs 87% or 46% vs 97%, respectively). Our results suggest that a substantial proportion of individuals with symptomatic HIV infection might remain unprotected from influenza, even after immunization with a two-dose regimen. ( JAMA . 1989;262:779-783)
Materials for Printable, Transparent, and Low-Voltage Transistors

Since the 1990s, printable, transparent, and low-voltage transistors have attracted great attention from academia and industry due to the demand for specialized circuitry such as in radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, medical sensors, and electronically active textiles. Some flexible and portable devices have been available commercially; however, the challenge to convert more conceptual devices into real-life applications is still the materials. This article starts with a brief summary of some examples from silicon electronics, to place the other materials in context, followed by the topics including high-capacitance dielectrics, transparent conductors and semiconductors, and printability of recently developed electronic materials. The recent progress about these topics is reviewed, and discussions of each topic suggest future science and engineering research opportunities.
Polarization echoes in piezoelectric semiconductors

In many piezoelectric crystals, application of a se-quence of two or three microwave electric field pulses creates a polarization which radiates subsequent “echo” signals (analogous to spin echoes). Two distinct types of echo phenomena may be delineated. Both involve a nonlinear interaction of a forward propagating acoustic wave (ω,k) (launched by the first microwave pulse (ω,0), with the uniform microwave electric field of the second pulse (ω,0) . The nonlinearities are derivable on the basis of field induced ionization of electrons from shallow impurity states (traps). The first echo phenomenon, which we term “parametric echo”, is a backward wave parametric process. The pump being provided by the 2ω component of the conduction band electron density resulting from ionization by an ω electric field. In the second phenomenon, “holographic echo”, electrons are transferred among the traps to create a static charge distribution which is a stored hologram representing the interference pattern (with wave vectork) of the acoustic and electric fields. At low temperatures (4.2°K) in CdS, CdSe, and CdTe the pattern is stable in the dark for months. A third (or any subsequent) pulse, (ω,0) or (ω,k), produces an output echo (ω,k) or (ω,0), respectively, through electrostriction. Under illumination by low level white light the variation of echo amplitude with microwave power involves the energy distribution of the trap levels, and the latter may be obtained from the data. Results for a fully compensated CdS:S sample are presented.
Changing Perspectives in High School World Geography: 1950–2005

Abstract This study set out to better understand the changing links between geography and citizenship. Content analysis was conducted on eighteen high school world geography textbooks and state/national standards. Interviews were conducted with teachers and textbook authors. Five significant changes were noted: decline of national orientation and a greater focus on non-Western cultures; greater emphasis upon consumption over production; the accentuation of values clarification; increasing coverage of basic or prevocational skills; and standardization of format and content in textbooks. Many of these changes point towards a new cosmopolitan citizenship model, although some teachers and state social studies standards still see geography from a national perspective.
Kinetics of Nonproteolytic Incorporation of a Protein Ligand into Thermally Activated α2-Macroglobulin EVIDENCE FOR A NOVEL NASCENT STATE

Abstract We have previously shown that antigens complexed to the receptor-recognized form of α2-macroglobulin (α2M*) demonstrate enhanced immune responsiveness mediated by the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein LRP/CD91. Recently, we developed a proteinase-independent method to covalently bind antigens to α2M*. Given the potential applications of this chemistry, we analyzed the kinetics, thermodynamics, and pH dependence of this reaction. The incorporation of lysozyme into α2M* was a mixed bimolecular second-order reaction with a specific rate constant of 91.0 ± 6.9m −1 s−1, 50.0 °C, pH 7.4. The activation energy, activation entropy, and Gibbs' free energy at 50.0 °C were 156 kJ mol−1, 266 J mol−1K−1, and 70 kJ mol−1, respectively. The rate of incorporation increased as a function of pH from pH 5.0 to 7.0 and was unchanged thereafter. Furthermore, the reaction between α2M* and lysozyme was irreversible. The data are consistent with a two-step mechanism. In the first step, α2M* reforms its thiol ester bond, entering a reactive state that mimics the proteolytically induced “nascent state.” In the rate-limiting second step, the reformed bond quickly undergoes nucleophilic attack by lysozyme. The kinetic equations derived in this study are the basis for optimizing the formation of stable α2M*·antigen complexes.
Effect of constant light on rhythmic gastric functions in fasting rats

The effects of four weeks of continuous illumination (LL), a subacute stress, on gastric mucosal endogenous aggressive and defensive factors were studied. Young male Sprague-Dawley rats were used with two different illumination regimens: LL and 12 hr light/12 hr dark (LD). At the end of three to four weeks of either regimen of illumination, gastric acid secretion, pepsin secretion, mucus secretion, and potential difference (PD) were studied. All gastric parameters, except mucus secretion, were significantly reduced by LL. The reduction in acid secretion (13.3%) was not significant after Bonferroni correction for the fourt tests Pepsin secretion and PD were 27.9% and 24.6% less, respectively. These differences were significant after Bonferroni correction. The LD rats showed significant circadian rhythms for acid, mucus, and pepsin secretion. The LL rats showed significant rhythmicity for these same parameters with period lengths different from 24 hr. Gross inspection of the gastric mucosa indicated that 69.8% of the LL rats had lesion scores of 1.0 or higher, while none of the LD rats had scores above 0.5.
108 SEX DIFFERENCES IN AORTIC ROOT SIZE IN CHILDREN BY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

Differences in aortic root (Ao) size have been reported among normal adult male (M) and female (F) population. However, there is no data available on such a possibility in children. Thus, we studied 110 M and 90 F, normal school children, 5-14 years of age and with body surface area (BSA) of 0.7 to 1.59 by echocardiography (E). Strip chart E recordings of the Ao with the valve motion inside were obtained in the standard fashion by means of a 2.25 M Hz transducer focused from the 3rd or 4th left intercostal space. Inner Ao diameter was measured in millimeters at the onset of the Q wave of the EKG for several cardiac cycles and averaged. Our results for the mean and 1 standard deviation for the M and F children with different BSA were as follows: In this study there is only statistically significant differences (p = <0.01) in Ao size between M and F children in the group with BSA of 1.00-1.19. This may suggest that the sex differences in the Ao sizes in adult population probably establish in young adulthood than during childhood.
Tearing open nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Reductive alkylation of N-MWNTs with Li/NH3 results in fracturing of the nanotubes, ripping channels that breach the central core and generating significant new pore volume.
Nitrogen Fertilization of Wheat Double-Cropped Following Grain Sorghum in a No-Tillage System

(...) Fall and sping N application to winter wheat double-cropped following grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) was evaluated on a Grenada silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Glossic Fragiudalf). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement of treatments. Rates of N applied at planting (0, 34, and 67 kg ha −1 ) were the main plots, with N rates applied in the spring (0, 34, 67, 101, and 134 kg ha −1 ) the sub-plots. Fall N (N f ) increased both yield and plant height. Spring N (N s ) had a greater effect on yield and plant height than N f (...)
Cardioprotective Actions of Adiponectin

Adiponectin is a fat-derived hormone, which is downregulated in subjects with obesity-related complications. A number of experimental studies have shown that adiponectin has anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory characteristics and that adiponectin exerts beneficial effects on the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Recent experimental findings have shown that adiponectin directly modulates the signalling in the heart and plays a protective role in the development of obesity-linked heart diseases. This article focuses on the beneficial actions of adiponectin on various pathological heart conditions.
Concurrent Exposure of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) to Multiple Algal Toxins in Sarasota Bay, Florida, USA

Sentinel species such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) can be impacted by large-scale mortality events due to exposure to marine algal toxins. In the Sarasota Bay region (Gulf of Mexico, Florida, USA), the bottlenose dolphin population is frequently exposed to harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Karenia brevis and the neurotoxic brevetoxins (PbTx; BTX) produced by this dinoflagellate. Live dolphins sampled during capture-release health assessments performed in this region tested positive for two HAB toxins; brevetoxin and domoic acid (DA). Over a ten-year study period (2000–2009) we have determined that bottlenose dolphins are exposed to brevetoxin and/or DA on a nearly annual basis (i.e., DA: 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009; brevetoxin: 2000, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009) with 36% of all animals testing positive for brevetoxin (n=118) and 53% positive for DA (n=83) with several individuals (14%) testing positive for both neurotoxins in at least one tissue/ fluid. To date there have been no previously published reports of DA in southwestern Florida marine mammals, however the May 2008 health assessment coincided with a Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima bloom that was the likely source of DA observed in seawater and live dolphin samples. Concurrently, both DA and brevetoxin were observed in common prey fish. Although no Pseudo-nitzschia bloom was identified the following year, DA was identified in seawater, fish, sediment, snails, and dolphins. DA concentrations in feces were positively correlated with hematologic parameters including an increase in total white blood cell (p=0.001) and eosinophil (p,0.001) counts. Our findings demonstrate that dolphins within Sarasota Bay are commonly exposed to two algal toxins, and provide the impetus to further explore the potential long-term impacts on bottlenose dolphin health.
Stereochemical requirements for the existence of hydrogen bonds in β-bends

Abstract β-bends in proteins are characterized by a range of dihedral angles. They can be classified into eight groups, according to the orientation of the three peptide groups comprising the bend. The possibility of formation of intra-bend hydrogen bonds, involving NH and CO groups, depends on the relative orientation of the peptide groups, and hence differs for various types of bends. Therefore, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, or Raman spectroscopic data on hydrogen bonding or the shielding of NH groups can be used in some cases to distinguish between various types of bends.
Acid-Soluble Phosphorus Constituents of Bull Semen in Relation to Fructolysis and to Sperm Concentration,

Summary Eighty-seven semen samples from five bulls had an average phosphorus content (P Tot ) of 0.807mg. per milliliter and these acid-soluble phosphorus values in milligrams per milliliter: 0.039 inorganic (P i ), 0.046 inorganic + easily hydrolyzable (P i+h ), and 0.460 total acid-soluble (P tas ). During 3 hr. of incubation of these samples in citrate buffer, P i increased 0.013 (P i+h increased 0.008 (P i , however, showed a similar increase during both hours of comparison. Fifteen samples adjusted with seminal plasma to ½, 1, and 2×the original sperm concentration indicated that during 3 hr. of incubation increase in P i was largely, but not wholly, a function of sperm numbers, where sperm were from a similar source. The data do not give conclusive evidence as to the source of increase in P i in bull semen, but they do not contradict the concept that the increase is partially due to irreversible breakdown of ATP. Coupled with a report of P i increase upon cold shock of ram sperm, it is suggested that the increase indicates degenerative or senescent change.
Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water

Water has always been crucial to combustion and hydroelectric processes, but it could become the source of power in membrane-based systems that capture energy from natural and waste waters. Two processes are emerging as sustainable methods for capturing energy from sea water: pressure-retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis. These processes can also capture energy from waste heat by generating artificial salinity gradients using synthetic solutions, such as thermolytic salts. A further source of energy comes from organic matter in waste waters, which can be harnessed using microbial fuel-cell technology, allowing both wastewater treatment and power production.
RASCH RATING SCALE MODELING OF DATA FROM THE STANDARDIZED LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION

The Standardized Letter of Recommendation (SLR), a 28-item form, was created by ETS to supplement the qualitative rating of graduate school applicants' nonacademic qualities with a quantitative approach. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the following psychometric properties of the SLR using the Rasch rating-scale model: dimensionality, reliability, item quality, and rating category effectiveness. Principal component and factor analyses were also conducted to examine the dimensionality of the SLR. Results revealed (a) two secondary factors underlay the data, along with a strong higher order factor, (b) item and person separation reliabilities were high, (c) noncognitive items tended to elicit higher endorsements than did cognitive items, and (d) a 5-point Likert scale functioned effectively. The psychometric properties of the SLR support the use of a composite score when reporting SLR scores and the utility of the SLR in higher education and in admissions.
Surface Reaction Near a Stagnation Point

To measure rate constants while performing biomolecular interaction analysis (BIA), scientists often use resonant mirror devices such as the IAsysTM. A full mathematical model of the IAsysTM consists of a convection–diffusion equation in a closed well with a reacting surface at the bottom. The flow in the well is complex, but near the sensor, the qualitative nature of the reaction can be analyzed by reducing to stagnation point flow. The concentration of the reacting species in several cases is analyzed using singular perturbation techniques. Linear and nonlinear integral equations result from the analysis; explicit and series solutions are constructed for physically realizable cases. These solutions, which include the effects of transport on the reaction, provide improved estimates for the rate constants from raw IAsysTM binding data.
Service with a smile: Emotional contagion in the service encounter.

This study focuses on the antecedents and consequences of displayed emotion in organizations. I propose that customers “catch” the affect of employees through emotional contagion processes. Results...
Melt-processing of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ and Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub y/: influence of processing parameters on microstructure and magnetization behavior

An investigation of the flux-pinning behavior of melt-processed YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ and Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub y/ has been carried out by means of microstructural investigations and magnetization measurements. It was found that both microstructure and magnetization behavior strongly depend on the chemistry and the grain size of the starting material. The carbon content and the melting behavior of the YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ powders seem to play an important role in the development of microstructure and flux-pinning behavior during melt-texturing. Carbon, which is existing in different amounts in all commercially available YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ powders and is also easily introduced during processing, was found to have the same detrimental influence on the grain boundaries of melt-processed materials as on the grain boundaries of sintered pellets. On the other hand an increase in the flux-pinning behavior could be found when carbon was present during the melting and resolidification process. Our results indicate that the presence of carbon during the resolidification process results in the incorporation of precipitates and defects not only into the grain boundaries, but also into the bulk of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ leading to an increased intragrain critical current density. Initial experiments indicate that a similar effect might also be possible for Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub y/. >