cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activity changes related to the location of lesions in the hippocampus

Studies were made of the effects of dorsal or ventral hippocampal lesions, as related to extent of damage to cytoarchitectural fields, on open field activity. Rats with dorsal, ventral, or near-total hippocampal damage, animals with lesions restricted to the neocortex, and operated control animals without damage to the brain were given daily 5-min open-field activity tests in nine postoperative testing sessions. Rats with dorsal or near-total hippocampal damage had significantly more destruction of CA1 fields than rats with ventral hippocampal damage. In contrast, rats with ventral or near-total hippocampal damage had significantly more damage to CA3 fields than rats with dorsal damage and were significantly more active than the other groups. However, the results of within-group correlational analyses indicate that differential CA field destruction was not correlated with open field activity.
Sub-wavelength resolution in air-coupled ultrasound images of spot welds

Resistance spot welds joining steel sheets were examined using air-coupled ultrasound at 1 MHz. Transmission C-scan images were obtained using two axially aligned transducers, with each focused on its adjacent surface of the specimen. Because of the enormous impedance mismatch between air and steel, the transmitted signal was exceedingly weak, requiring several hours to collect an image. Although the air-coupled images resembled the weld shapes as determined by an independent technique, surface topography introduced considerable image distortion. The smearing of the images was substantially less than the 5.9-mm wavelength in steel, with the steepness of the transition between welded and unwelded areas indicating a transverse resolution about 1 mm. Similarities to near-field imaging are mentioned as a possible explanation for the observed sub-wavelength resolution.
THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF NARCOTIC ANALGESICS IN THE GUINEA‐PIG ILEUM

1. Intracellular recordings were made from neurones in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum. Single myenteric ganglia were maintained in vitro and drugs were applied by adding them to the perfusing solution. 2. Narcotic analgesics hyperpolarized the membrane of a proportion of neurones in the myenteric plexus. 3. The membrane hyperpolarization was sometimes associated with a decrease in input resistance. These effects reduced the excitability of myenteric neurones. 4. The effects of narcotics occurred at low concentrations (10 nM to 1 micrometer), were stereospecific and were reversed by naloxone. 5. It is proposed that the morphine-sensitive neurones may be the cholinergic efferents to the muscle layers. By hyperpolarizing these neurones, morphine may prevent their excitation by electric field stimulation. This may explain why narcotic analgesics reduce the output of acetylcholine and the contractile response of this preparation when it is excited by field stimulation.
Predictors of Maternal Encouragement to Diet: A Moderated Mediation Analysis

Maternal encouragement to diet has been linked to child disordered eating, overweight and obesity, and negative psychosocial outcomes. A limited amount of research has examined variables that may contribute to maternal encouragement to diet. The current study examined the relationship between child BMI, parent BMI, maternal concern about child weight status, and maternal encouragement to diet. 80 youths, aged 8–17, and their mothers were administered questionnaires to assess maternal weight concern and child perception of maternal encouragement to diet. Data were analyzed using a bootstrapped moderated mediation model. Higher child BMI predicted increased maternal weight concern, which in turn was related to increased encouragement to diet. Mothers of overweight and obese youth were more likely to be concerned about their child’s weight if mothers themselves were overweight or obese. Overweight or obese girls (but not boys) with an overweight or obese mother were more likely to be encouraged to diet. The model accounted for 48 % of the variance in maternal encouragement to diet. Results indicate a potential mechanism by which encouragement to diet occurs and highlight the relevance of maternal weight and child gender in the prediction of encouragement to diet.
The curative fantasy in group psychotherapy

The concept of a curative fantasy includes patient's conscious and unconscious hopes and expectations of what is necessary for their relief of suffering. On entering group psychotherapy these elements emerge in the treatment matrix. This paper describes how patients with significant deficits in their intrapsychic organization express their curative fantasies through the development of selfobject transferences. The concept illuminates aspects of patients entering and forming a group as well as some elements in unanticipated terminations.
Chemical stratification and solidification in a differentially heated melt

Abstract Horizontal directional solidification of Ga–5%mass In was investigated with real-time radioscopic density visualization. A method to quantify the indium stratification from radioscopic images was developed. It was found experimentally that significant indium stratification developed in the melt-phase, with an average vertical indium concentration gradient of 0.09% mass/mm when the volume fraction of solid reached 0.5. Such a large gradient is justified only by a two-phase particulate melt and not by a liquid solution. Validation of the quantitative results was obtained through a heat transfer model for solidification developed from the observed solid–liquid interface morphology and position. Under a set of reasonable assumptions, the calculated interfaces agree well with observed ones, both in morphology and in position. Factors influencing the morphology of the interface are discussed in detail. The agreement of the conductive model with experiments ascertains that at rather large horizontal temperature gradients the melt is in a conductive mode while common CFD codes may predict convection.
Occurrence, characteristics and prognostic significance of early postacute myocardial infarction angina pectoris.

Abstract To determine the incidence, clinical characteristics and prognostic significance of early spontaneous angina after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the database involving the 867 participants of the Multicenter Post-AMI Program, who were followed for 1 to 4 years after AMI, was analyzed. Two hundred eighty-six patients (33%) had in-hospital postinfarction angina. During a mean follow-up of 31 months, patients with postinfarction angina were more frequently (p
Recent developments in Raman and infrared spectroscopy and imaging of bone tissue

Vibrational spectroscopy is an important tool in mineralized tissue research. This review focuses on recent applications of Raman and IR spectroscopies as contrast enhancement agents, tools for studying the chemical nature of changes in bone tissue with age and disease and understanding the molecular nature of changes in bone tissue during mechanical loading and fracture.
Digital Simulation for Automobile Maneuvers

A new all-digital simulation of automobile handling allows severe maneuvers involving braking or accel eration and cornering. A novel feature is the in corporation of closed-loop control based on a mathematical model of the human driver. The program is modular and well-documented. The model includes provisions for nonlinear tire and suspension forces and moments; it also allows the user to switch off the nonlinearities and to include an antilock brake system.
Feeling and Time: The Phenomenology of Mood Disorders, Depressive Realism, and Existential Psychotherapy

Phenomenological research suggests that pure manic and depressive states are less common than mixtures of the two and that the two poles of mood are characterized by opposite ways of experiencing time. In mania, the subjective experience of time is sped up and in depression it is slowed down, perhaps reflecting differences in circadian pathophysiology. The two classic mood states are also quite different in their effect on subjective awareness: manic patients lack insight into their excitation, while depressed patients are quite insightful into their unhappiness. Consequently, insight plays a major role in overdiagnosis of unipolar depression and misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder. The phenomenology of depression also is relevant to types of psychotherapies used to treat it. The depressive realism (DR) model, in contrast to the cognitive distortion model, appears to better apply to many persons with mild to moderate depressive syndromes. I suggest that existential psychotherapy is the necessary corollary of the DR model in those cases. Further, some depressive morbidities may in fact prove, after phenomenological study, to involve other mental states instead of depression. The chronic subsyndromal depression that is often the long-term consequence of treated bipolar disorder may in fact represent existential despair, rather than depression proper, again suggesting intervention with existential psychotherapeutic methods.
Establishing Embodiment in Psychology

The dominant discourse within the western tradition and within the psychology it has spawned can be described as exclusionary: history, culture and community are generally not considered as central...
Making the Case for Selective and Directed Cultural Adaptations of Evidence-Based Treatments: Examples From Parent Training

With prevailing concerns about the generalizability of evidence-based treatments (EBTs) in real-world practice settings, there has been increased attention to the potential of cultural adaptations of treatments to ensure fit with diverse consumer populations. However, it could also be argued that there has been insufficient dissemination and evaluation of our existing EBTs with minority populations to warrant and guide adaptation efforts. This article discusses a framework (a) for identifying instances where cultural adaptation of EBTs may be most indicated, and (b) for using research to direct the development of treatment adaptations to ensure community engagement and the contextual relevance of treatment content. Ongoing work in the area of parent training is highlighted to illustrate key issues and recommendations.
No Peace beyond what Line

This inquiry began with some sentences in James A. Williamson's magnificent study Hawkins of Plymouth:‘In peace or war in Europe', says Williamson, ‘there was no peace beyond the line. The phrase is often quoted by people who do not explain what line they mean. The Tropic of Cancer will not by itself answer the question, neither will the lines of demarcation. “Line” is in fact a misquotation which should be “lines”. The “lines of amity” were verbally agreed upon by the French and Spanish negotiators of the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559. They were to be the Tropic of Cancer and the prime meridian passing through Ferro in the Canaries. On the European side of both lines the treaty was to be binding; west and south of them it was to be disregarded. The agreement was a belated recognition of what had long been the practice.’
A study of the roles of consultants in facilitating theassembly manufacturing flow among segments of the US semiconductor and electronics industries

Three separate research approaches were utilized to study technology, markets, and business factors underlying current and future demand for consulting services in packaging and assembly. This research included a literature search, an expert opinion survey, and a series of case studies of consulting practices. Findings of the individual studies were compared and combined to develop conclusions about current demand for consulting services and to construct a consulting opportunity roadmap as a guide to future demand for and application of these services. These findings indicate that major determinants of current and future demand include the increasing dependency of semiconductor and end product manufacturers on suppliers for both input materials and technology supporting the manufacturing process. Evolution of the semiconductor technology toward ever greater complexity is driving companies to concentrate resources in the primary area of wafer fabrication, thus driving a continuing exodus of operations and component sourcing to external contract manufacturers. This complicates both the manufacturing flow and the innovative process of bringing new products to market. Consulting services are not highly specialized in assembly and packaging at present, but increasing demand for support in creating and maintaining industry infrastructure is expected to drive specialization in the future. >
Seed dispersal by Ceratogymna hornbills in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon

Seed dispersal is a process critical to the maintenance of tropical forests, yet little is known about the interactions of most dispersers with their communities. In the Dja Reserve, Cameroon, seed dispersal by the hornbills Cerato- gymna atrata, C. cylindricus and C. fistulator (Aves: Bucerotidae) was evaluated with respect to the taxonomic breadth of plants dispersed, location of seed deposition and effects on seed germination. Collectively, the three hornbill species consumed fruits from 59 tree and liana species, and likely provided dispersal for 56 of them. Hornbill-dispersed tree species composed 22% of the known tree flora of the site. Hornbill visit lengths, visit frequencies, and seed passage times indicated that few seeds were deposited beneath parent trees; in five hornbill/tree species pairings studied, 69-100% of the seeds ingested were deposited away from the parent trees. Germination trials showed that hornbill gut passage is gentle on seeds. Of 24 tree species tested, 23 germinated after passage by hornbills; of 17 planted with con- trols taken directly from trees, only four species showed evidence of inhibition of germination rate, while seven experienced unchanged germination rates and six experienced enhanced germination rates. Results suggested that Ceratogymna horn- bills rank among the most important seed dispersers found in Afrotropical forests, and they deserve increased conservation attention. Ceratogymna hornbills are likely to become increasingly important in forest regeneration as populations of larger mammalian seed dispersers (such as forest elephants and primates) diminish.
Use of aortic cuffs to exclude iliac artery aneurysms during AneuRx stent-graft placement: initial experience.

PURPOSE As many as 39% of patients who undergo aortic endografting for abdominal aortic aneurysm disease will have ectasia of the iliac arteries that will require intervention. Coil embolization of the internal iliac artery and extension of the graft to the external iliac artery is one solution to this problem. However, 19%–41% of these patients experience buttock claudication, which may be permanent, after unilateral embolization. The authors examined an alternative: the use of larger-sized aortic cuffs to seal the iliac limb. Outcomes and short-term results are presented in this article. MATERIALS AND METHODS From October 1999 to August 2000, 144 AneuRx stent-grafts were placed at the authors' institution. Among the population receiving stent-grafts, 14 patients had 15 aortic cuffs placed across the distal iliac graft limbs to seal them and preserve flow to the internal iliac artery. One patient had bilateral cuffs placed. Five patients had embolization of the contralateral internal iliac artery because of bilateral disease. Patients were followed with computed tomography (CT) at 1, 6, and 12 months to evaluate for endoleaks. RESULTS Oneand 6-month endoleak rates, determined from only those patients with follow-up CT, were 0% and 10%, respectively. One type II endoleak was first discovered 9 months after graft placement. It sealed spontaneously at 15-month follow-up. One patient among the five who had internal iliac artery embolization had claudication. Mean CT follow-up was 7.8 months (range, 1–15). One patient declined CT but was alive and well 11 months after endografting. One patient moved across the country and declined follow-up. CONCLUSION Placement of aortic cuffs in dilated iliac arteries can preserve flow to the ipsilateral internal iliac artery and provide an adequate seal. Additionally, the option of later treatment is maintained. Patients with bilateral iliac ectasia can undergo stent-graft placement without bilateral internal iliac artery embolization. Longer-term follow-up in larger numbers of patients will be important to determine the ultimate durability of this technique.
Comparison of parenteral treatments of acute primary headache in a large academic emergency department cohort.

ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to compare acute primary headache patient outcomes in those initially treated with parenteral opiates or non-opiate recommended headache medications in a large academic medical emergency department (ED).BackgroundMany acute primary headache patients are not diagnosed with a specific headache type and are treated with opiates and nonspecific pain medications in the ED setting. This is inconsistent with multiple expert recommendations.MethodsElectronic charts were reviewed from 574 consecutive patients who visited the ED for acute primary headache (identified by chief complaint and ICD9 codes) and were treated with parenteral medications.ResultsNon-opiate recommended headache medications were given first line to 52.6% and opiates to 22.8% of all participants. Patients given opiates first had significantly longer length of stays (median 5.0 vs. 3.9 hours, p < 0.001) and higher rates of return ED visits within seven days (7.6% vs. 3.0%, p = 0.033) compared with those ...
A Corrective That Goes Too Far

John Mueller's six propositions are a welcome corrective to many of the exaggerated, even breathless, declarations about the threat of terrorism today. It is hard to fault Mueller's general theme a...
Composition and stability of the condensate observed at the Viking Lander 2 site on Mars

Surface energy balance and near-surface temperature data from the Viking Lander 2 site taken during the first winter that condensated were observed and analyzed to determine the relative stability of CO2 and H2O frosts. The CO2 frost stability is calculated with an equilibrium surface energy balance model, i.e., the total energy incident on a frost surface is compared with the blackbody energy emitted by the surface. The energy sources considered were IR emission from the atmosphere, sunlight, and the sensible heat flux from the atmosphere. H2O stability was examined as a function of buoyant diffusion and turbulent mixing processes which could remove saturated near-surface gases. The CO2 frost is found to be sufficiently unstable at the time the condensate was observed on the ground, so all CO2 ice deposited at night would boil away in a few hours of sunlight. CO2 ice would not form during a dust storm. Water frost would be stable during the condensate observations, since sublimation would occur at a rate below 1 micron/day. A stable winter thickness of 10 microns is projected for the water ice.
Residual Effects of Fresh and Composted Dairy Manure Applications on Potato Production

Potato growers in Idaho and other dairy producing regions often grow potatoes on fields that have had a history of fresh and composted manure applications. Growers remain uncertain of the impacts that previous manure applications will have on tuber yield and quality, as well as diseases, physiological disorders, and contamination by human pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli. The focus of this study was to determine the long term effects of manure, compost, and chemical phosphorus (P) fertilizer applications on tuber yields, tuber quality, nutrient uptake, tuber disorders and diseases, and soil nutrient concentrations. Russet Burbank potatoes were grown in 2008 and 2009 on plots that had received dairy manure, dairy compost, P fertilizer, or no P source (control) at the same target P rate in 2003, 2004, and 2005. Compared with the P fertilizer treatment, applications of manure and/or compost significantly increased total yields, soil potassium (K), soil nitrate (NO3-N), early season petiole P, and late season petiole K in at least one year of the two-year study. There were no significant differences between P fertilizer, manure, and compost treatments on soil test P, late season petiole P, early season petiole K, E. coli populations on tuber surfaces, common tuber diseases and disorders, and tuber quality. Based on our findings, tuber yields significantly increased three years after applications of fresh and composted dairy manure, while tuber diseases, disorders, and quality were not affected.
Mythe et remous historique : A Lunda Response to De Heusch

Oral traditions are the common patrimony of a varied group of scholars. Although professional historians embraced African traditions only in the late 1950s, local -- and usually amateur -- historians had been writing from them throughout the colonial period and occasionally before. Meanwhile, students of anthropology and comparative religion from Frazer on have been studying the same traditions from very different perspectives. They have pointed out the common motifs recurring within the genre in widely scattered and disparate areas, and have related myth to its functions in present-day society, watching how it is molded to fit changing realities.At the same time that academic historians at last began to overcome their doubts about the historical value of African oral traditions and began to use them, a French anthropologist was propounding a new approach to myth, a principle he called “structuralism.” Claude Levi-Strauss argued that even the seemingly most direct and least stereotyped American Indian traditions he examined were actually philosophical expositions of world-view and religious belief encoded in symbolism. This article tests the structuralist approach through a detailed critique of one particular example of its application.Luc de Heusch, a Belgian disciple of Levi-Strauss, has recently studied the traditions of Lunda state formation as myth in Le roi ivre, ou l'origine de l'Etat. His aim is to discover the univers intellectuel of the Lunda and the other peoples of the Central African savanna, but his work touches the historian in two crucial respects. First, he highlights dangers in the path of the naive and helps paint parts of the larger human dimension in which historical events and historical records have existed.
The tau-charm factory: concept and construction

The authors first explain the tau-charm factory concept: a high luminosity, low-energy two-ring, electron-positron collider which enables precise and probing studies of the physics of the charm quark, tau lepton, and tau neutrino. They then describe the plans for the construction of a tau-charm factory in Spain. >
Controlled physical random functions

A physical random function (PUF) is a random function that can only be evaluated with the help of a complex physical system. We introduce controlled physical random functions (CPUFs) which are PUFs that can only be accessed via an algorithm that is physically bound to the PUF in an inseparable way. CPUFs can be used to establish a shared secret between a physical device and a remote user. We present protocols that make this possible in a secure and flexible way, even in the case of multiple mutually mistrusting parties. Once established, the shared secret can be used to enable a wide range of applications. We describe certified execution, where a certificate is produced that proves that a specific computation was carried out on a specific processor. Certified execution has many benefits, including protection against malicious nodes in distributed computation networks. We also briefly discuss a software licensing application.
Valuing Coca-Cola Using The Free Cash Flow To Equity Valuation Model

In this paper, we provide a detailed example of applying the free cash flow to equity valuation model proposed in Damodaran (2006). Damodaran (2006) argues that the value of a stock is the discounted present value of the future free cash flow to equity discounted at the cost of equity. We combine the free cash flow to equity model with the super-normal growth model to determine the current value of Coca-Cola. At the time of this paper, we determined a value of Coca-Cola at $161 billion using the free cash flow to equity model, and the actual market value of Coca-Cola was $150 billion.
Future Role of the Pediatrician in Child Abuse and Neglect

This article reviews the recent history of responses to child abuse and the present roles of pediatricians. It outlines actions that are needed to protect children, recognizes the difficulties in effecting intervention, and concludes that pediatricians cannot afford to stand by while children continue to suffer harm.
ATP and Magnesium Promote Cotton Short-Form Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (Rubisco) Activase Hexamer Formation at Low Micromolar Concentrations

We report a fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) study of the assembly pathway of the AAA+ protein ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activase (Rca), a ring-forming ATPase responsible for activation of inhibited Rubisco complexes for biological carbon fixation. A thermodynamic characterization of simultaneously populated oligomeric states appears critical in understanding Rca structure and function. Using cotton β-Rca, we demonstrate that apparent diffusion coefficients vary as a function of concentration, nucleotide, and cation. Using manual fitting procedures, we provide estimates for the equilibrium constants for the stepwise assembly and find that in the presence of ATPγS, the Kd for hexamerization is 10-fold lower than with ADP (∼0.1 vs ∼1 μM). Hexamer fractions peak at 30 μM and dominate at 8–70 μM Rca, where they comprise 60–80% of subunits with ATPγS, compared with just 30–40% with ADP. Dimer fractions peak at 1–4 μM Rca, where they comprise 15–18% with ATPγS and 26–2...
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE FITNESS IN TRANSFERRIN GENOTYPES OF MICROTUS OCHROGASTER.

Fluctuations of microtine rodent populations provide an added dimension to the analysis of a genetic polymorphism. In these species the classic question-how is this polymorphism maintained?-must be considered in light of the relationship of the genetic composition of the population to its demographic performance. We report here on a series of field experiments which were designed to study selection on and demographic performance of three transferrin genotypes in the vole Microtus ochrogaster. Tamarin and Krebs (1969) monitored genetic changes at the transferrin (Tf) locus in Microtus ochrogaster and demonstrated that changes in gene frequency were correlated with population density. They found evidence for one Tf genotype (TfE/ TfE) having a selective advantage in the increase phase of the population cycle and another genotype (TfE/TfF) having an advantage in the decline. The third genotype at this locus, the TfFI/TfF homozygote, was
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography of Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts with Mass Spectrometric Identification of Allicin

Supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry has been used successfully to identify allicin (2-propene-1-sulfinothioic acid S-2-propenyl ester), the predominant thiosulfinate in freshly cut garlic (Allium sativum). A low oven temperature (50 degrees C) and low restrictor tip temperature (115 degrees C) were needed in order to obtain a chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrum of allicin with the protonated molecular ion, m/z 163, as the major ion. The effects of tip temperature on the CI mass spectrum of allicin are presented.
The Treatment Research on Childhood Refractory Nephrotic Syndrome and Hyperlipidemia

Objective: To study the characteristics of lipid metabolism in childhood refractory nephrotic syndrome and the treatment effects of captopril and Astragalus to childhood refractory nephrotic syndrome and hyperlipidemia. Methods: Forty-two healty children were enrolled as the control and sixty cases of childhood refractory nephrotic syndrome were randomly divided into three groups:the conventional group(group A), the captopril-treated group(group B) and the captopril and Astragalus combination treatment group(group C) and twenty patients were assigned to each group. Blood-lipid figures were determined before treatment and eight, twelve weeks after the treatment to evaluate the effect. Results: (1)The levels of serum TC,TG,LDL-C,HDL-C, apoAI, apoB100 in all sixty patients with refractory nephrotic syndrome increased remarkably compared with the control group (P 0.01).(2)The levels of serum TC,TG,LDL-C decreased (P 0.01) at the end of eight and twelve weeks after the treatment in group B and group C compared with those before treatment.The figure difference was not statistically significant in group A compared with pretreatment(P 0.05). The figures had decrease at the end of twelve weeks after the treatment compared with those at the end of eight weeks only in group C (P 0.05). Conclusion:(1)Obviouse abnormality of lipid is seen in childhood refractory nephrotic syndrome. (2)Combination of captopril and astragalus treatment can reduce severe hyperlipidemia so that prevent the seconday renal injury in these children.
BaSE (byte addressable storage engine) access method

Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) is an emerging memory technology that combines the best properties of today's hard disks and today's main memory by combining non-volatility, high density, high speed, and byte addressability. This provides an opportunity to redesign systems and their software stacks to improve performance and to reduce the system and software complexity. Present-day database systems are designed and optimized for traditional disks and deep memory hierarchies. This makes them very complex because they have to handle varying levels of storage latencies, from CPU caches to hard disks. Our intention is to build a prototype storage engine optimized for NVM to take advantage of the collapsed memory hierarchy, and to develop this storage engine in an incremental way. In this paper, we discuss the optimizations for the data access module. We modified the B-tree access module of an open source storage engine, which reduced the lock contention by 99.6%, i.e., by a factor of 273.
Measuring temperature rise during orthopaedic surgical procedures

A reliable means for measuring temperatures generated during surgical procedures is needed to recommend best practices for inserting fixation devices and minimizing the risk of osteonecrosis. Twenty four screw tests for three surgical procedures were conducted using the four thermocouples in the bone and one thermocouple in the screw. The maximum temperature rise recorded from the thermocouple in the screw (92.7±8.9°C, 158.7±20.9°C, 204.4±35.2°C) was consistently higher than the average temperature rise recorded in the bone (31.8±9.3°C, 44.9±12.4°C, 77.3±12.7°C). The same overall trend between the temperatures that resulted from three screw insertion procedures was recorded with significant statistical analyses using either the thermocouple in the screw or the average of several in-bone thermocouples. Placing a single thermocouple in the bone was determined to have limitations in accurately comparing temperatures from different external fixation screw insertion procedures. Using the preferred measurement techniques, a standard screw with a predrilled hole was found to have the lowest maximum temperatures for the shortest duration compared to the other two insertion procedures. Future studies evaluating bone temperature increase need to use reliable temperature measurements for recommending best practices to surgeons.
Opposing Forms of Power Through a University Student Labor Union’s Advocacy for Its Student Members

This qualitative research study explores critical theory within the context of a university student labor union, the Student Labor Union (SLU)’s advocacy for the needs of its members. Through grounded theory methodology, interviews, and observations, this study examines how and why the SLU’s leading members lobby for the needs of fellow students. The construct of opposing forms of power, a modification of Freire’s (1970/2000) power construct, emerged from the interview and observation data and served as the conceptual framework for this study. This construct of opposing forms of power was exemplified through the three themes of tangible versus intangible power, conceptual versus empirical power, and deceptive versus honest power that emanated from the SLU’s leading members’ words and actions. It has implications for the study of critical literacy in that it illustrates how critical literacy is expressed through contrasting types of power in the language and activities of the labor union’s student leaders.
Individualisierte Behandlung der chronischen Hepatitis C

Die Standardtherapiedauer fur Patienten mit chronischer Hepatitis C betragt 48 (HCV-1) bzw. 24 Wochen (HCV-2/3). Unter zusatzlicher Berucksichtigung der Ausgangsviruslast, des initialen virologischen Ansprechens und des Fibrosestadiums erscheint eine weitere Individualisierung moglich. Nichtzirrhotische Patienten mit einer HCV-1-Infektion, einer Viruslast vor Therapiebeginn von unter 600.000 U/ml und einem raschen virologischen Ansprechen (HCV-RNA < 50 U/ml zu Woche 4) erreichen mit einer 24-wochigen Therapie dauerhafte virologische Ansprechraten von fast 90%. HCV-2- und HCV-3-infizierte Patienten mit niedriger Viruslast zu Therapiebeginn und nicht nachweisbarer HCV-RNA zu Woche 4 konnen fur weniger als 24 Wochen behandelt werden, ohne die dauerhaften virologischen Ansprechraten zu verringern. Eine Verlangerung der Therapiedauer auf 72 Wochen scheint hingegen fur HCV-1-infizierte Patienten von Vorteil zu sein, die nach 12 Wochen Therapie noch eine Viruslast von 50–6000 IU/ml im Serum nachweisbar haben.
Perihematomal Edema Expansion Rates and Patient Outcomes in Deep and Lobar Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Perihematomal edema (PHE) expansion rate may predict functional outcome following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We hypothesized that the effect of PHE expansion rate on outcome is greater for deep versus lobar ICH. Subjects (n = 115) were retrospectively identified from a prospective ICH cohort enrolled from 2000 to 2013. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 18 years, spontaneous supratentorial ICH, and known onset time. Exclusion criteria were primary intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), trauma, subsequent surgery, or warfarin-related ICH. ICH and PHE volumes were measured from CT scans and used to calculate expansion rates. Logistic regression assessed the association between PHE expansion rates and 90-day mortality or poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale > 2). Odds ratios are per 0.04 mL/h. PHE expansion rate from baseline to 24 h (PHE24) was associated with mortality for deep (p = 0.03, OR 1.13[1.02–1.26]) and lobar ICH (p = 0.02, OR 1.03[1.00–1.06]) in unadjusted regression and in models adjusted for age (deep p = 0.02, OR 1.15[1.02–1.28]; lobar p = 0.03, OR 1.03[1.00–1.06]), Glasgow Coma Scale (deep p = 0.03, OR 1.13[1.01–1.27]; lobar p = 0.02, OR 1.03[1.01–1.06]), or time to baseline CT (deep p = 0.046, OR 1.12[1.00–1.25]; lobar p = 0.047, OR 1.03[1.00–1.06]). PHE expansion rate from baseline to 72 h (PHE72) was associated with mRS > 2 for deep ICH in models that were unadjusted (p = 0.02, OR 4.04[1.25–13.04]) or adjusted for ICH volume (p = 0.02, OR 4.3[1.25–14.98]), age (p = 0.03, OR 5.4[1.21–24.11]), GCS (p = 0.02, OR 4.19[1.2–14.55]), or time to first CT (p = 0.03, OR 4.02[1.19–13.56]). PHE72 was associated with poor functional outcomes after deep ICH, whereas PHE24 was associated with mortality for deep and lobar ICH.
Endocrine Therapy in Premenopausal Hormone Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer

Systemic therapy for premenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer has evolved in the last 5 years, but critical questions remain. Recent randomized trials have demonstrated a benefit for the addition of ovarian suppression to endocrine therapy in patients with breast cancers considered to be at high risk for recurrence, whereas those with lower-risk cancers seem to have a favorable outcome with tamoxifen alone. Two large randomized trials have demonstrated a benefit for extending adjuvant tamoxifen beyond 5 years. Currently the choice of systemic therapy is selected empirically but molecular profiling may, in the near future, provide a more conclusive means of selecting an endocrine therapeutic approach for premenopausal patients. Given that a significant subset of hormone receptor-positive cancers are intrinsically resistant to endocrine agents, as well as the finding that inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 and mammalian target of rapamycin appears to potentially reverse this resistance in patients with metastatic disease, evaluation of these agents in the early-stage setting is ongoing.
A 230 GHz quadrupler with 2 dBm output power in 90 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology

A 230 GHz ×4 frequency multiplier chain implemented in an advanced 90 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology (f T /f MAX = 300/350 GHz) is presented. The chain achieves a peak output power of 2 dBm and consists of D-Band balanced doubler, D-Band single-ended three stages common-emitter power amplifier which drives a Schottky-diode based H-Band doubler. It operates from 214 GHz to 245 GHz (3 dB power bandwidth) with 5 dBm input power at V-Band and consumes a total DC power of 200 mW. The D-Band PA is operated with 1.6 V supply and achieves output saturated power of 14 dBm, at 115 GHz and 14 dB small signal gain.
A stimulated Brillouin microresonator laser referenced to rubidium

We demonstrate a Brillouin microresonator laser operating at 1560 nm that is frequency doubled and stabilized to Rubidium to improve the microresonator's drift by 1000×, reaching a fractional frequency stability of 4.8×10−12 at 1000 s.
Management of Back Pain in Myeloma Patients Using Vertebral Augmentation: A Practical Approach to Elimination of Pain and Improvement of Functional Status

Abstract Abstract 4713 Background: Management of pain and height restoration in multiple myeloma (MM) patients with vertebral compression fractures remains an important area of symptom management among a group of patients that is living longer through advances in therapeutic approaches. Prior studies demonstrated that pain reduction after vertebral augmentation was associated with reduction in patient-reported symptom relief, but clearly more emphasis is needed in this quarter (Julka A, 2012; Mendoza TR, 2012).We report the multidisciplinary approach adapted at our center to management of back pain in MM patients through early and aggressive intervention. Materials and Methods: Our study evaluated ten consecutive MM patients from a single center with vertebral compression fractures refractory to conservative treatment and treated with vertebral augmentation. Per our protocol, after a thorough review of pre-procedure magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluoroscopic examination of the spine was performed. Symptomatic levels were topographically localized by marking the skin. Demographic, clinical, and procedural data on patients were retrospectively analyzed. The primary measure of outcome is pain relief and functional status, as assessed by the pre and post-procedure Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Paired-Samples T test is used for comparison of pre and post measures of outcome. Results: Ten patients with refractory back pain and 36 levels of vertebral compression by MRI were evaluated for potential cement augmentation. Of these levels, 50% (18 levels) were selected for treatment based on fluoroscopic assisted palpation of the spine eliciting a moderate to severe pain-response. A review of the MRI findings of the treated levels showed the absence of traditional MR signal finding of marrow edema; and had little utility in guiding therapy at the time of exam. 15 levels were treated with kyphoplasty alone and 3 levels by a combination of pediculoplasty and kyphoplasty with no adverse outcomes. All patients experienced significant improvement in pain score as measured by VAS. The mean pre and post-procedure VAS were 6.8 and 1.3 (p=0.000), respectively. All patients experienced significant improvement in there functional ability as measured by their ODI questionnaire. Mean pre and post-procedure ODI were 51.4 and 29.8, (p=0.001), respectively. Conclusion: Solely relying on MRI alone to determine who may benefit from vertebral augmentation and pain relief is not sufficient, and often may preclude patient's potential to gain significant benefit. Careful selection of symptomatic levels may be difficult due to the presence of multilevel MR signal abnormalities, but by utilizing a clinical-based approach and primarily relying on palpation of the spine under direct fluoroscopy, excellent results may be achieved, which is critical to palliative success. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
What Randomized Benchmarking Actually Measures.

Randomized benchmarking (RB) is widely used to measure an error rate of a set of quantum gates, by performing random circuits that would do nothing if the gates were perfect. In the limit of no finite-sampling error, the exponential decay rate of the observable survival probabilities, versus circuit length, yields a single error metric $r$. For Clifford gates with arbitrary small errors described by process matrices, $r$ was believed to reliably correspond to the mean, over all Clifford gates, of the average gate infidelity between the imperfect gates and their ideal counterparts. We show that this quantity is not a well-defined property of a physical gate set. It depends on the representations used for the imperfect and ideal gates, and the variant typically computed in the literature can differ from $r$ by orders of magnitude. We present new theories of the RB decay that are accurate for all small errors describable by process matrices, and show that the RB decay curve is a simple exponential for all such errors. These theories allow explicit computation of the error rate that RB measures ($r$), but as far as we can tell it does not correspond to the infidelity of a physically allowed (completely positive) representation of the imperfect gates.
Thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene expression in breast cancer predicts 5-FU sensitivity by a histocultural drug sensitivity test: Laser capture microdissection and real time RT-PCR method for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples

4279 Thymidylate synthase (TS), Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) and Thymidine Phosphorylase (TP) gene expressions are reported to be predictive markers for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) sensitivity in gastrointestinal cancer. However, in breast cancer, it is still controversial whether those molecular markers predict 5-FU sensitivity or not. One possible reason for the difficulty may be the histological heterogeneity in breast cancer specimens. The application of the Laser capture microdissection (LCM) technique together with our method for extracting RNA from formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples (Shirota et al. J Clin Oncol 19, 2001), allows intratumoral gene expression of cancer cells (Ca) and cancerous stroma (Str) within the same paraffin section to be separately analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. In this study, we investigated the heterogeneity of gene expression in the section of breast cancer and the association between TS, DPD and TP mRNA expression and 5-FU chemosensitivity. TS, DPD and TP mRNA expression in 40 breast cancer tumors were semi-quantified separately in Ca and Str using LCM+RT-PCR. The histoculture drug response assay (HDRA) for 5-FU sensitivity was performed for 22 tumors. TS and TP mRNA expressions were higher in Ca than Str (P=0.0024 and 0.028 in TS and TP respectively), although DPD gene expression was lower in Ca than Str (P=0.0001). High TS gene expression in Ca or high DPD expression in Ca was followed by resistance to 5-FU in HDRA. Combining these two markers, the group of high TS and high DPD gene expression in Ca was resistant to 5-FU, and the group of low TS and low DPD gene expression in Ca was sensitive to 5-FU (P=0.048 chi-square test). These results show that LCM+RT-PCR provides a useful technique for analyzing gene expressions in PPFE breast cancer specimens. TS and DPD mRNA expressions measured using LCM+RT-PCR might be useful predictive markers for 5-FU sensitivity in human breast cancer.
A pilot study evaluating the prognostic utility of platelet indices in dogs with septic peritonitis

Objective To characterize platelet indices at time of diagnosis of septic peritonitis in dogs and to assess the relationship between platelet parameter data and survival to discharge in dogs treated surgically. Design Retrospective, observational, descriptive pilot study from 2009 to 2014. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals Forty-eight dogs diagnosed with septic peritonitis were included in this study. Thirty-six dogs had surgical source control. Blood samples from 46 healthy control dogs were used for reference interval (RI) generation. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Dogs with septic peritonitis had significantly increased mean values for mean platelet volume (MPV), plateletcrit (PCT), and platelet distribution width (PDW) with increased proportions of dogs having values above the RI compared to healthy dogs. A significantly increased proportion of dogs with septic peritonitis had platelet counts above (12.5%) and below (8.3%) the RI, with no significant difference in mean platelet count compared to healthy dogs. No significant differences in the mean platelet count, MPV, PCT, or PDW were found between survivors and nonsurvivors in dogs with surgical source control; however, dogs with MPV values above the RI had significantly increased mortality compared to dogs within the RI (P = 0.025). Values outside the RI for other platelet parameters were not associated with significant differences in mortality. Conclusions Dogs with septic peritonitis have increased frequency of thrombocytosis and thrombocytopenia with increased MPV, PCT, and PDW. An increased MPV may be a useful indicator of increased risk of mortality in dogs treated surgically.