cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apoptosis in AIDS

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of apoptosis following HIV infection and discusses the potential mechanisms that may lead to CD4 T lymphocyte apoptosis, focusing on in vitro studies as well as animal and human studies. Although the exact role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of HIV infection remains to be defined, an increasing body of evidence suggests that apoptosis is a major contributor to the depletion of CD4 lymphocytes in vivo . As HIV infection appears to alter both the susceptibility of CD4 T cells to apoptosis and the production of ligands responsible for inducing apoptosis, strategies designed to decrease HIV viral production is expected to reduce the induction of CD4 T cell apoptosis. As research into the physiologic regulation of apoptosis continues, new apoptosis-inducing receptors and ligands, as well as new regulatory proteins, including those belonging to the Bcl-2 family, are being described. The study of the regulation (or dysregulation) of these proteins following HIV infection in vitro and in vivo is considered to be of critical importance. Once the mechanisms promoting apoptosis in HIV-infected individuals are understood, rational specific antiapoptotic therapies can be developed.
Can Psychological Software be Reduced to Physiological Hardware

The question of the title I answer in the negative. There are four strands to my argument. The first, which corresponds to the first section of the paper, analyzes the nature of computation. The second concerns the nature of goal-oriented behavior. The third uses an argument that the mind is computationally irreducible. The fourth asserts the irrelevancy of the standard attempts to provide a reduction via general ideas about determinism.
Using a smoothing maximum entropy model for chinese nominal entity tagging

This paper treats nominal entity tagging as a six-way (five categories plus non-entity) classification problem and applies a smoothing maximum entropy (ME) model with a Gaussian prior to a Chinese nominal entity tagging task. The experimental results show that the model performs consistently better than an ME model using a simple count cut-off. The results also suggest that simple semantic features extracted from an electronic dictionary improve the model’s performance, especially when the training data is insufficient.
Making Good Cybersecurity Law and Policy: How Can We Get Tasty Sausage?

This brief essay focuses on two interesting questions: First, whether or not there is a class of issues and challenges in policy making that is unique to the cyber domain; and second, whether there are issues that, if not unique, are more predominant or readily apparent in the context of cyber policy making than in other areas of governmental endeavor. I submit that the answer to the question is “yes” on both accounts. There are unique challenges that arise from the nature of the cyber domain and from the failure of policy makers to adequately understand and adapt to that nature. Two aspects of that nature in particular have yet to be comprehended: the cyber domain’s ubiquity and rapidity; and its asymmetric empowerment.Relatedly, there is a class of challenges that, though not unique to the cyber domain are significantly exacerbated in that domain. These are the types of challenges that are predominant in most public policy making involving developing science and technology. They involve the rapidity of change, policy makers’ lack of familiarity with the technology under development and the unpredictability of future developments.
Broccoli bioactives inhibit human prostate cancer cell invasions in vitro (1045.5)

Previous studies have found that various bioactives in broccoli may have anti-cancer activities, including anti-invasion ability. We hypothesized that regular consumption of broccoli may inhibit prostate cancer via inhibition of invasion. Thus, the invasive human prostate cancer cell line, DU145, was treated with two broccoli bioactives—sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol. Cells were seeded in matrigel inserts in 24-well plates containing complete medium as the chemoattractant. Treatments were renewed at the 24th hour. After a total of 48 hours treatment, the matrigel layer was removed, and cells on the bottom membrane were stained and counted. The invasive ability of DU145 was significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by treatment with sulforaphane at concentrations as low as 3µM. Indole-3-carbinol also significantly reduced invasion, but at concentration as low as 0.2µM. In summary, two major bioactives in broccoli show anti-invasion activity in vitro, at physiologically-achievable concentrations.
Proportions of diether, macrocyclic diether, and tetraether lipids in Methanococcus jannaschii grown at different temperatures.

Growth of Methanococcus jannaschii over a wide temperature range (47 to 75 degrees C) is correlated with an ability to alter dramatically the proportions of three ether lipid cores. These lipids shifted from predominantly diether (2,3-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycerol) at the lower growth temperatures to macrocyclic diether and tetraether at near optimal growth temperatures. Lipid head groups varied as well, especially with respect to an increase in phosphate at the higher temperatures. Images
Measuring patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services

Common conceptualizations of satisfaction are discussed, and different ways of measuring patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services are suggested. Patient satisfaction is becoming increasingly popular as an indicator of the quality of health care services, including pharmaceutical services. Satisfaction can be conceptualized as a performance evaluation, disconfirmation of expectations, an affect-based assessment, or an equity-based assessment. A satisfaction measure should have a theoretical base on which the measure's validity can be assessed. The measure chosen must fit the context of an overall research process, and the researcher must have a clear idea of what is to be measured. A large pool of items, or questions, for potential inclusion in a patient-satisfaction questionnaire can then be generated. The researcher should develop a format for each item (e.g., Likert scale). The items should be reviewed by experts for relevance and completeness. Questions that will help validate other questions should be included. To assess reliability and validity, the questionnaire should be given to a representative sample of respondents before being refined into its final format. Finally, the researcher must ensure that the patient-satisfaction questionnaire is practical (e.g., in terms of length and complexity). No single standard measure of patient satisfaction is applicable to all pharmacy situations. Researchers should either use an existing measure with demonstrated reliability and validity or develop a new measure by using a systematic process.
Evaluation of Tumor Measurements in Oncology: Use of Film-Based and Electronic Techniques

PURPOSE: To evaluate the variability in bidimensional computed tomography (CT) measurements obtained of actual tumors and of tumor phantoms by use of three measurement techniques: hand-held calipers on film, electronic calipers on a workstation, and an autocontour technique on a workstation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three radiologists measured 45 actual tumors (in the lung, liver, and lymph nodes) on CT images, using each of the three techniques. Bidimensional measurements were recorded, and their cross-products calculated. The coefficient of variation was calculated to assess interobserver variability. CT images of 48 phantoms were measured by three radiologists with each of the techniques. In addition to the coefficient of variation, the differences between the cross-product measurements of tumor phantoms themselves and the measurements obtained with each of the techniques were calculated. RESULTS: The differences between the coefficients of variation were statistically significantly different for the aut...
Exchange of Spacer Regions Between rRNA Operons in Escherichia coli

The Escherichia coli rRNA operons each have one of two types of spacer separating the 16S and 23S coding regions. The spacers of four operons encode tRNA(Glu2) and the other three encode both tRNA(Ile) and tRNA(Ala1B). We have prepared a series of mutants in which the spacer region of a particular rrn operon has been replaced by the opposite type. Included among these were a mutant retaining only a single copy of the tRNA(Glu2) spacer (at rrnG) and another retaining only a single copy of the tRNA(Ile)-tRNA(Ala1B) spacer (at rrnA). While both mutants grew more slowly than controls, the mutant deficient in tRNA(Glu2) spacers was more severely affected. At a frequency of 6 X 10(-5), these mutants phenotypically reverted to faster growing types by increasing the copy number of the deficient spacer. In most of these phenotypic revertants, the deficient spacer type appeared in a rrn operon which previously contained the surplus type, bringing the ratio of spacer types closer to normal. In a few cases, these spacer changes were accompanied by an inversion of the chromosomal material between the donor and recipient rrn operons. Two examples of inversion of one-half of the E. coli chromosome between rrnG and rrnH were observed. The correlation of spacer change with inversion indicated that, in these particular cases, the change was due to an intrachromatid gene conversion event accompanied by a reciprocal crossover rather than reciprocal exchange between sister chromatids.
A descriptive study of factors affecting longevity of independently owned ethnic restaurants in four Alabama cities.

Abstract Factors affecting the longevity of independently owned ethnic restaurants in four Alabama cities were identified. A proportional stratified random sample of 43 restaurateurs representing African-American, Asian, Hispanic and Mediterranean cuisines was selected. A questionnaire was administered to restaurateurs during face-to-face interviews to explore factors affecting viability of ethnic restaurants. Twenty (46.5%) restaurants were open fewer than five years and 23 (53.5%) were open more than five years. Significant differences between newer and established restaurants included whether the owner purchased an existing restaurant business or began a new one, employment practices, method of customer payment, and marketing strategies.
Problems in using surface analysis techniques for the depth profiling of microelectronic materials

Practical problems associated with the depth profiling of impurity distributions in silicon and silicon dioxide are illustrated for several widely used surface analysis techniques as applied at a number of laboratories. The methods used for depth profiling were Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The profiles measured for zinc-implanted silicon displayed good overall agreement when presented on a normalized scale, but when presented on an absolute basis displayed large discrepancies attributed to matrix effects and instrumental artifacts. An examination of some typical analysis craters by optical interferometry, stylus profilometry, and scanning electron microscopy revealed severe redeposition of the sputtered material, asymmetrical cavities with concave or convex bottoms, and severe undercutting at material interfaces.
529 Audit on Swine Flu Vaccination Uptake in Staff Working in Pediatric Department at Ipswich General Hospital

Background: H1N1 influenza pandemic management was the most challenging scenario faced by health authorities worldwide recently. Department of health (DOH) in UK after doing epidemiological study of first wave of swine flu (April to Sep 2009) gave recommendations for management of predicted Second wave. One of the important recommendations was to prioritize vaccination of frontline health and social care workers. Previous studies have shown that the uptake of seasonal flu vaccine among healthcare workers has consistently been low. Objective: To evaluate the uptake rate and reasons for non-uptake of HINI Influenza vaccine in frontline healthcare staff working in a busy Pediatric and Neonatal Unit in a Hospital in East Anglia, U.K. Method: Prospective study conducted over 4 week period during Second Wave of Swine Flu Pandemic. A simple anonymised questionnaire was equally distributed throughout various areas of pediatric and Neonatal department. Staff was randomly informed verbally and actively encouraged to ensure maximum responses. Results: 46(62%) out of 74 respondants were not vaccinated. 30 (65%) out of 46 staff were not vaccinated because of Lack of information either relating to vaccine itself (safety, efficacy, side effects); its availability and accessibility.16 (35%) out of 46 said they were “too busy to get vaccinated”. Other reasons stated were - unpleasant reaction to seasonal flu vaccine, needle phobia and people being on annual leave. Conclusion: Despite the pandemic nature of disease and robust mechanisms in place, Swine flu vaccination uptake continued to be poor. Onsite departmental information and vaccination sessions can be helpful to improve uptake.
A new medium for primary cultures of adult murine epidermal cells: Application to experimental carcinogenesis

Abstract A culture medium has been formulated to support the long-term proliferation and differentiation of normal murine epidermal cells in primary cultures. This formulation is based upon MCDB-151 modified by the addition of 1.2 mM Ca 2+ , 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or 0.1% purified bovine serum albumin (BSA), trace elements, and growth supplements. For 4–12 weeks, the cultures demonstrate desmosomes, keratin fibers, basal proliferation, and stratification characteristic of keratinocytes. The addition of 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) resulted in approximately 70% cellular detachment, but with continued treatment, the remaining cells proliferated to confluence and stratified. This culture medium has application to a number of studies related to skin carcinogenesis in the murine model system that have not previously been possible.
Refiguring the human

In this commentary on Weinstein and Broda’s paper, I consider their promising claims for the liberatory potential of the grotesque in biology/science education. In response to their analysis of four “specimen” examples, I address the question of confronting the limits of pedagogical representations of the grotesque and the abject. I offer suggestions to enrich their project with critical use of historical undercurrents informing normative images of the body. I propose that the functioning of a contemporary epistemic convergence of the grotesque and the sublime opens up the space for a continual reimaging and refiguring of bodies.
Drought survival tactics of subsistence farmers in Niger

Previous research into drought-response tactics has tended to be undertaken after the fact, and hence has been forced to be impressionistic. This study quantifies the importance of farmer drought-response strategies in southcentral Niger based on a survey which began during the drought of 1984. Livestock sales, food aid, temporary migration, remunerative non-agricultural activities, and loans were the principal drought-survival tactics employed
Stability of cylindrical shells under combined wind and snow loads

Abstract Stability analysis of perfect and imperfect cylindrical shells under combined wind pressures and snow loads is performed using the finite element method. A 48 degree-of-freedom (d.o.f.) thin shell element, free from both shear and membrane locking and capable of modelling shells with arbitrary imperfections, is used. Nonlinear effects due to prebuckling rotations are included. The nonlinear response is obtained using Riks-Wempner algorithm. Effect of the imperfection amplitude on the limit load points under combined wind and snow loads is studied. The snow loads are modelled as axial loads. The interaction diagrams for perfect and imperfect shells are given.
A tool to assess barriers to adherence to hand hygiene guideline

Abstract This Brief Report presents results of preliminary testing of a tool, "Attitudes Regarding Practice Guidelines," adapted from previous work by Cabana et al to examine barriers to adherence to practice guidelines. In a small sample of 21 clinicians (10 infectious disease physicians and 11 clinical nurses), the test-retest reliability was .86 and Chronbach α was .80, indicating acceptable levels of stability. It is recommended that the instrument undergo further testing and adaptation as a measure of potential barriers to adherence to practice guidelines in general, and to the new Hand Hygiene Guideline for Healthcare Settings specifically.
Mapping of herpes simplex virus-1 neurovirulence to gamma 134.5, a gene nonessential for growth in culture

The gene designated gamma 134.5 maps in the inverted repeats flanking the long unique sequence of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) DNA, and therefore it is present in two copies per genome. This gene is not essential for viral growth in cell culture. Four recombinant viruses were genetically engineered to test the function of this gene. These were (i) a virus from which both copies of the gene were deleted, (ii) a virus containing a stop codon in both copies of the gene, (iii) a virus containing after the first codon an insert encoding a 16-amino acid epitope known to react with a specific monoclonal antibody, and (iv) a virus in which the deleted sequences were restored. The viruses from which the gene was deleted or which carried stop codons were avirulent on intracerebral inoculation of mice. The virus with the gene tagged by the sequence encoding the epitope was moderately virulent, whereas the restored virus reacquired the phenotype of the parent virus. Significant amounts of virus were recovered only from brains of animals inoculated with virulent viruses. Inasmuch as the product of the gamma 134.5 gene extended the host range of the virus by enabling it to replicate and destroy brain cells, it is a viral neurovirulence factor.
Java classes for nonprocedural variogram modeling

A set of JavaTM classes was written for variogram modeling to support research for US EPA's Regional Vulnerability Assessment Program (ReVA). The modeling objectives of this research program are to use conceptual programming tools for numerical analysis for regional risk assessment. The classes presented use of object-oriented design elements, and their use is described for the benefit of programmers. To help facilitate their use, class diagrams and standard JavaDoc commenting were employed. Java's support for polymorphism and inheritance is used and these are described as ways to promote extension of these classes for other geostatistical applications. Among the advantages is the ease of programming, code reuse, and conceptual, rather than procedural implementation.A graphical application for variogram modeling that uses the classes is also provided and described. It can also be used by non-programmers. This application uses a generalized least-squares fitting algorithm for robust parametric variogram model fitting through the variogram cloud. This feature makes this program unique from other freely available variogram modeling programs, though the classes are presented primarily so they may be extended for use in other Java programs. More traditional variogram plotting and fitting utilities are also provided. This application is graphical and platform-neutral. It uses classes of the recently proposed Java API for linear algebra, called the JAMA package.
A Framework for Creating Binary Rewriting Tools (Short Paper)

The design of many binary-level rewriting and instrumentation systems is based on specifying and implementing an application-programmer interface (API) to provide the necessary functionality for implementing various instrumentation tools. Users implement instrumentation tools by writing code that uses the functionality provided by the implementation of the API. This paper describes a novel approach for realizing powerful binary level instrumentation systems that is based on a simple, low-level language, called SPRI. SPRI is a simple language for specifying edits to apply to a binary. Its simplicity makes SPRI an ideal target language for binary analysis and instrumentation tools. A SPRI specification can then be applied to a binary statically or dynamically to insert the desired instrumentation. To demonstrate the advantages, flexibility, and power of this approach, the paper presents an exemplar instrumentation system that uses a software dynamic translator to apply SPRI-specified edits to a binary, along with several case studies of how the system has been used.
Oxygen Consumption in Relation to Body Size, Wave Exposure, and Cirral Beat Behavior in the Barnacle Balanus Glandula

Barnacle feeding and respiration depend on the activity of feeding appendages known as cirri. We measured the oxygen consumption of individuals of the acorn barnacle Balanus glandula Darwin, 1854 to determine how changes in beating behavior, body size, and cirrus length affected energy demand. Respiration rates increased exponentially with body mass to the 0.66 power. Respiration rates did not differ significantly among pumping, normal, and fast beats, even though these beats involve different levels of cirral and opercular activity. Finally, barnacles from a location of high water motion exhibited significantly shorter cirri and lower oxygen consumption for a given body size than those from calmer waters.
Volatilization of cobalt, technetium, and uranium isotopes from soils through salt amendment and calcination.

Abstract The effects of alkali and alkaline earth metal chloride salts on the decontamination (through volatilization) of radionuclides from clay soils in a calcination process were examined. Calcium chloride was found to decontaminate 60 Co -containing soils to a maximum extent of about 65% of 60 Co present before treatment by calcination for 8 h at 1000°C with the addition of about 4 milliequivalents (meq) of chloride per gram of soil. Repeated calcination treatments raised the level of decontamination to 80%, but not beyond. Technetium could be removed from clay soils slightly more effectively using a similar salting and calcination process. No decontamination of strontium or uranium soils was found using this process under reducing or oxidizing conditions. The data presented indicate areas in which the presence of chlorides may result in problems in the thermal treatment of soils or similar matrices; however, no viable decontamination process was achieved.
Continuum Sensitivity Analysis for Structural Shape Design Variables Using Finite-Volume Method

Two of the most important requirements when using gradient-based optimization for fluid–structure interaction problems are efficiency and accuracy in calculating the sensitivities. As a result, analytical continuum sensitivity formulations are finding their place due to their lower cost and accuracy. However, the necessary computation of mesh sensitivities in shape optimization is becoming a bottleneck, especially when handling complex geometries. In this research, an algorithm based on continuum sensitivity analysis for structural shape design variables is developed. In the proposed method, regularized Heaviside functions are used to modify the properties of mesh cells. Therefore, mesh dependency is removed from the sensitivity equations. This method does not require moving or modifying the mesh to handle the shape changes. This method is applied to two different validation cases where continuum sensitivity equations are formulated and solved. Validation cases are selected as a structural and thermal pro...
Phenotypic and functional characterization of mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells coexpressing different levels of c-Kit

Abstract In this report we evaluated the exact expression pattern of c-Kit on mobilized peripheral blood (PB) CD34 + cells. Using a monoclonal antibody against CD117 antigen (95C3), flow cytometric analysis revealed that approximately 25% of the mobilized PB CD34 + cells coexpress c-Kit. This cell fraction showed a considerable heterogeneity with respect to c-Kit expression, consisting of a small fraction with high levels of c-Kit (4.2%) (CD34 + /CD117 high fraction) and a larger proportion of cells expressing low levels of this antigen (21.0%) (CD34 + /CD117 low fraction). Clonogenic assays showed that CD34 + /CD117 high cell fraction consisted almost exclusively of erythroid progenitors, in contrast to CD34 + /CD117 low cell subset which gave rise mostly to granulocyte-monocyte colonies. The majority of CFU-GEMM and the most primitive week 6 cobblestone area forming cells (CAFCs) segregated in the CD34 + /CD117 low cell subset, suggesting the highest content of multipotential progenitors within this cell fraction. None of the sorted cell subsets was able to produce reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI). However, ex vivo expansion of the sorted subsets with interleukin 3, stem cell factor and FLT3 ligand for 2 weeks resulted in a significant production of O 2 − and H 2 O 2 /HOCl by CD34 + /CD117 low cell fraction, compared to the same sorted but not expanded counterparts. According to the major content of multipotential hematopoietic progenitors and highest capacity to generate sufficient amounts of ROI after ex vivo expansion, we suggest that CD34 + /CD117 low cell subset would be one of the most potential candidates for transplantation in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which lack c-Kit antigen expression.
An integrated micro- and macrolevel discussion of global green issues: “It isn't easy being green”

Abstract Two key issues arising from globalization of world markets are the impact of business activities on the environment and threats to sustainable development. These issues are usually referred to as “green” issues. This paper presents a detailed discussion of global green issues in the context of a number of environments that include the socioeconomic, political, technological, and competitive arenas. The discussion is based on an attempt to integrate two conceptual models by Maslow (Maslow, A., 1954. Motivation and Personality. Harper & Row, New York) and Cateora (Cateora, P.R., 1983. International Marketing, 4th. ed. Irwin, Chicago, IL). The goal is to bring together both a microlevel perspective of the individual consumer and a macrolevel perspective of business through analysis in multiple environments that are affected by green issues. This integration is viewed conceptually as a recursive system of mutually reinforcing causes and effects at the micro- and macrolevels. The leitmotiv throughout the paper is that “it isn't easy being green,” either for consumers, activists, corporate leaders and managers, or public policymakers. Practical examples are presented to support and illustrate the discussion. The main finding is that a new approach is needed to business in general through a new dominant social paradigm (DSP) and to international business in particular in order to achieve both sustainable development and sustainable consumption. In conclusion, the importance of individual responsibility and action by consumers and managers alike is underlined.
A Mössbauer study of ultrathin 57Fe(110)/Ag(111) heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract We have grown good quality single crystal heterostructures of Fe(110) / Ag(111) with a high degree of epitaxy not previously achieved for films this thin. The iron-free mica substrates are transparent to gamma rays and aid in the epitaxial growth process. These films were characterized by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), residual gas analysis (RGA), and transmission Mossbauer spectroscopy. The film with the thickest Fe component (8 monolayers) showed a hyperfine field comparable to bulk while the films with the thinnest Fe components (1.3 and 2.0 monolayers) showed an enhanced hyperfine field at 4.2 K. All the films were magnetically ordered at all the temperatures measured. Most importantly, and in contrast to other work, the direction of magnetization was in-plane for all of the films.
Apparent digestibility of selected ingredients in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) diets.

Abstract Production of cultured red drum requires use of formulated diets for grow-out to marketable size. However, insufficient information is available regarding the nutrition of this species to make least-cost feed formulation practical. Knowledge of the digestibility of ingredients used in red drum diets could facilitate least-cost formulation and reduce feed costs. The objective of this study was to determine apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and energy in blood meal, corn grain, cottonseed meal, grain sorghum, meat and bone meal, menhaden fish meal, rice bran, soybean meal, and wheat middlings in formulated red drum diets. Digestibility coefficients were determined using a reference diet and test diets that contained 70% of the reference diet mixture and 30% test ingredient. All diets contained 1% chromic oxide as a digestibility indicator. Fecal samples were manually stripped from anesthetized fish to prevent contact with water. Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein, and energy in the reference and test diets were determined, and digestibility coefficients for the test ingredients were calculated based on differences in the digestibility of test diets relative to the reference diet. Apparent crude protein digestibility coefficients ranged from 74 to 100% for all feedstuffs tested, indicating that red drum utilized dietary protein efficiently regardless of source. Protein digestibility was highest in feedstuffs with high protein content (> 60%) and low fiber content (
Development of large area photon counting detectors optimized for Cherenkov light imaging with high temporal and sub-mm spatial resolution

Progress towards the development of a 20 cm sealed tube optical detector with imaging and photon event time stamping is presented. Novel microchannel plates employing borosilicate micro-capillary arrays have been tested. These provide many performance characteristics typical of conventional MCPs, but have been made in sizes up to 20 cm, have low intrinsic background (0.085 events cm−2 s−1) and very stable gain behavior for at least 1 C cm−2 of charge extraction. Bialkali (Na 2 KSb) photocathodes with > 20% quantum efficiency have also been made on borofloat-33 windows compatible with a 20 cm sealed tube device.
Educating advanced practice nurses for collaborative practice in the multidisciplinary provider team.

Purpose To describe the use of a clinical decision-making work sheet as a tool to teach com-munication skills to advanced practice nurse (APN) students. Achievement of competencies in communication and docu-mentation that utilize language and communication strategies that are shared with other health professionals promotes effective collaborative practice among members of the multidisciplinary provider team. Data Sources Review of the recent Institute of Medicine report on health professions education and other health professional literature. Conclusions The Clinical Decision-Making Work Sheet helps APN students effectively communicate in real-world clinical settings. The clinical work sheet allows nurse practitioner students to communicate more effectively and efficiently, using a vocabulary that is shared with other members of the multidis-ciplinary health care provider team. Use of the tool in students’ clinical-rotation settings facilitates effective application and refinement of the clinical decision-making skills that students learned in the advanced health assessment course. Implications for Practice Faculty have the responsibility to assist nurses as they transition from traditional nursing to APN roles. The work sheet facilitates learning the common language for data col-lection, clinical decision making, documentation, and reporting that is shared with other health professionals. Using the tool, students learn to efficiently organize information that supports communication and documentation that enhances their clinical problem-solving skills. Case presentation and documentation using the work sheet provide a basis for preceptor and student interaction and for student evaluation.
Terrestrial superrotation - A bifurcation of the general circulation

When sufficiently large zonally asymmetric tropical heating is introduced in a two-level model of global atmospheric flow, its general circulation becomes strongly superrotating. The nature of the superrotating solutions is studied by examining momentum and heat budgets for a range of values of thermal forcing. Changes in the transport of zonal momentum by transient eddies appear to play the key role in the transition to superrotation. The dramatic bifurcation of the solutions of this model may help explain the maintenance and variability of the zonal mean flow in the tropics.
Comparison of Varicella-Zoster Virus RNA Sequences in Human Neurons and Fibroblasts

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection causes varicella, after which the virus becomes latent in ganglionic neurons. In tissue culture, VZV-infected human neurons remain viable at 2 weeks, whereas fibroblasts develop cytopathology. Next-generation RNA sequencing was used to compare VZV transcriptomes in neurons and fibroblasts and identified only 12 differentially transcribed genes of the 70 annotated VZV open reading frames (ORFs), suggesting that defective virus transcription does not account for the lack of cell death in VZV-infected neurons in vitro.
A note on distributions of temperature and eddy diffusivity for heat in turbulent flow near a wall

Es wird eine theoretische Untersuchung durchgefuhrt, die auf der Energiegleichung aufgebaut ist, um Auskunft uber die Verteilungen der Temperaturen und den Energieaustausch in turbulenter Stromung in der Nahe einer Wand zu geben. Es wurde herausgefunden, dass der turbulente Energieaustausch nahe der Wand mit der dritten Potenz des Wandabstandes variiert.
Metabolic and functional consequences of chronic alcoholism on the rat heart.

Abstract Conflicting data concerning cardiac function and energy metabolism in chronic alcoholism have been reported. Previous studies have shown preferential metabolism of ketone bodies and acetate, a primary metabolite of ethanol, leading to diminished myocardial high energy phosphate stores. We evaluated the following parameters in chronically, severely alcoholic rats: cardiac function utilizing working heart preparations with variable afterload; high energy phosphate stores; and mitochondrial respiratory activity. At low work load no differences existed in hemodynamic measurements between hearts from alcoholic and control animals; however, immediately after the imposition of an increased afterload, hearts from alcoholic animals exhibited a subnormal increment in pressure development. This decrement normalized during the following 30 min of perfusion. ATP and creatinine phosphate levels in hearts from alcoholic animals which were excised and immediately frozen and in those which had been perfused as working heart preparations for 120 min were not different from those found in controls. Studies on mitochondrial respiration revealed a diminished activity of the myocardium from alcoholic rats to utilize glutamate as a substrate; however, the utilization of other substrates was unaffected by alcohol consumption. It is concluded that in chronically alcoholic rats minor changes occur in cardiac function; the heart maintains normal high energy stores; however, alternative substrates are utilized for the production of energy.
An XPS study of the elemental enrichment on aluminum alloy surfaces from chemical cleaning

The native oxide structure on aluminum alloys is usually modified by chemical treatments prior to the application of corrosion resistant coatings to increase adhesion and performance. Certain commercial modifications were studied to determine their effects on the alloy surfaces, which might have substantial implications on the interface between the alloys and plasma polymers deposited on them. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling investigation of the effects of these chemical cleaners revealed enrichments of alloying elements on the metal surface beneath the modified oxide. Aspects of the enrichment phenomena showed a correlation with data from corrosion-performance testing of interface engineered corrosion protection systems. The authors would like to acknowledge the support of DARPA through the US Air Force contract # AF F33615-96-C-5055.
Characterization of the morphological and lattice orientational microstructure of As-Cast aluminum ingot

The morphological and lattice orientational microstructure of commercial-purity aluminum ingot (1100 series) is investigated by section analysis and individual measurements of crystallite orientation from electron backscattering diffraction (EBD). These measurements render possible the determination of the sectional grain-area distribution, the number-of-sides per grain section distribution, the mean grain-interception length, the orientation distribution function, and the nearest-neighbor orientation coherence function. It is found that the morphological measures of the aluminum ingot are consistent with predictions based upon the classical Johnson-Mehl model. A small anisotropy of grain shape is observed, with the grains exhibiting a 17 pct larger dimension in the axial direction of the ingot compared with radial and hoop directions. The orientational measures indicate that the ingot has a random texture with random spatial orientation coherence relationships.
Acidic Residues Involved in Cation and Substrate Interactions in the Na+/Dicarboxylate Cotransporter, NaDC-1†

The role of acidic amino acid residues in cation recognition and selectivity by the Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporter, NaDC-1, was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis and expression in Xenopus ...
Effect of a six-week walking program on work place activity limitations among adults with arthritis.

Objective To conduct an exploratory evaluation of the impact of the Arthritis Foundation's evidence-based Walk With Ease (WWE) program on work place activity limitations of adults with self-reported or doctor-diagnosed arthritis. Methods WWE participants who were self-identified as “employed” completed the Workplace Activity Limitation Scale (WALS) at 6-week (postintervention; n = 94) and 1-year followup (n = 69). Paired t-tests were used to determine whether reduced work place limitations were reported at 6 weeks and maintained at 1-year followup. Results Participants were on average age 55 years, 88% women, and 61% white. The mean body mass index was 32 kg/m2, and 81% had more than a high school education. Overall WALS scores improved significantly from a mean ± SD of 6.7 ± 3.99 at baseline to 5.5 ± 4.20 at 6-week followup (P < 0.001, effect size 0.30). Improvements were maintained at 1-year followup, i.e., no change from 6-week followup (P = 0.87). Work place activities reported by participants as “some” or “a lot” of difficulty at baseline, i.e., “crouch/bend/kneel/work in awkward positions,” “stand for long periods,” and “lift/carry/move objects,” showed some of the highest improvements at 6 weeks. “Concentrate/keep your mind on the job” also improved significantly, although it was not rated as a substantial difficulty at baseline. Conclusion Our study provides encouraging evidence that WWE, a brief, low-cost, and easy-to-do community-based walking program, may provide both immediate and sustained benefits for people with self-reported arthritis who also report a range of work place limitations related to their arthritis symptoms.
THE NEAR‐SPINELESS TRACHELOMONAS GRANDIS (EUGLENOPHYCEAE) SUPERFICIALLY APPEARS SPINY BY ATTRACTING BACTERIA TO ITS SURFACE1,2

Trachelomonas grandis Singh has a mucilaginous, highly porous mineralized lorica (envelope) generally without ornamentation except occasionally for a few short, tapered, anterior or posterior spines. However, as our first cultures of this species aged, rod-shaped structures appeared on the loricas. That these surface projections were bacteria was determined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The bacteria, 2-6 μm long with rounded apices, were oriented perpendicular to the exterior lorica surface and were attached on one end by apically produced tie-down fibers. The bacteria also secreted fibers over their entire surface, forming a network between them that collapsed during specimen preparation for scanning electron microscopy. The density of the surface bacteria increased with time until the lorica took on a “spiny” appearance superficially similar to lorica extensions of algal origin. In mature algal specimens, an estimated 1200-1800 bacteria per lorica occurred as a monolayer, the maximum number related to the surface area of the lorica available for bacterial colonization. The bacteria, always motionless while attached, showed putative evidence of budding. Fission formed short chains of up to three cells on the lorica. Our cultures maintained this association for 8 years (1972-1979). However, cultures ordered for further study in the past year have failed to develop loricas with more than just a few bacterial cells, and most have none.
Determinantal inequalities among 〈rn〉

This paper considers two types of 2 × 2, 3 × 3, and 4 × 4 determinantal inequalities. The elements of one type are 〈rn〉, while the elements of the other type are c〈rn〉;, where c = 3 + n. The 2 × 2, 3 × 3, and 4 × 4 determinantal inequalities involve n = −1, 0, 1, n = −1, 0, 2, 3, 4, and n = −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. The two types of 2 × 2, 3 × 3, and 4 × 4 inequalities are used to obtain lower bound estimates of 〈r〉, 〈r3〉, and 〈r5〉 for the noble gas atoms He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe. The values of these quantities obtained from the inequalities are compared with the quantum mechanical values of Boyd, who calculated them with the near Hartree–Fock analytical wave functions of Clementi and Roetti. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nano Wear of Noble Metals Against Silicon

We study the wear behavior of noble metals against a semiconductor substrate within a highly focused area. The nano-wear was generated on the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM). The substrate is single crystal silicon. AFM tips were coated with noble metals, gold and silver, so that no complication of oxidation was introduced. The Au-Si and Ag-Si are two eutectic systems. The Au and Si atoms are more compatible compared with that of the Ag and Si system. During nano-wear experiments, the Au or Ag coated AFM tip slid against Si substrate. It was found that the Au tip showed adhesive wear but Ag tip showed abrasive wear. In this paper, we report results obtained in the nanoscale wear.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Interaction of various cytokines with interleukin 2 in the generation of killer cells from human bone marrow: Application in purging of leukemia

We have shown that incubation of bone marrow (BM) with interleukin 2 (IL-2) generates activated bone marrow cells (ABM) with potent tumoricidal activity in vitro and in vivo. The present study was carried out to define the interaction of other cytokines with IL-2 in generation of ABM. Our data show that interleukin 1 (IL-1), interferon (IFN)- both gamma and alpha, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) significantly increased the cytolytic potential of ABM. Interleukin 3, interleukin 4, transforming growth factor-beta and adherent cells were reduced, while granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor had no influence on the generation of cytolytic activity. IL-1 was enhanced while TNF-alpha depressed the BM progenitor cell activity in vitro. The IL-2-induced purging ability of BM contaminated with leukemic cells was increased by IL-1, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. This study shows that biomodulation of BM with combination of cytokines in vitro can be useful in purging a large leukemic burden.
Dairy Farm Survival in a Metropolitan Area: Dutchess County, New York, 1984–19901

Abstract The effect of nonfarm development on dairy farm survival in New York's highly developed lower Hudson Valley is analyzed. The major hypothesis is that significant losses of dairy farms during this period are the result of urban development pressures. Contrary to this hypothesis, however, the bivariate and multivariate analyses of data from a mail survey of all commercial dairy operators in Dutchess County as of 1984 and industry survivors, exiters, and new entrants through 1990 demonstrate that nonfarm development has a negligible effect on dairy farm survival; rather, survival is significantly affected by age of operator and by family disruption. Thus, demographic and family process factors are found to be more powerful determinants of dairy farm survival in this particular metropolitan context.
Factors involved in associations between Facebook use and college adjustment

Perception & use of Facebook (FB) mediate the social competence-college adjustment tie.1st-level mediators: perceived FB usefulness to (a) maintain (b) pursue relationships.2nd-level mediators: FB time; FB interaction with (a) on-campus friends (b) strangers. Although previous research has investigated widespread use of social media, especially Facebook, by youth attending college, the conditions under which these media foster adjustment to college remain unclear. This study tested a model illuminating pathways linking social competence to college adjustment via students' perceptions about the usefulness of Facebook and ways in which they used the medium. Self-report survey data from 321 college students (M age=20.09; 58% female; 84% Caucasian) attending a major Midwestern university supported the proposed model, indicating that higher social competence could foster or impede college adjustment, depending upon how it was related to beliefs about the usefulness of different Facebook functions and how these perceptions, in turn, were associated with patterns of Facebook use. Findings underscore the importance of considering connections among personal attributes, perception of media effectiveness, and media behaviors in assessing the implications of social media for users' psychosocial well-being.
Correction: Bromergocryptine and Birth Defects

Excerpt To the editor: In our article on diagnosis and therapy of galactorrhea and amenorrhea syndromes (1) we pointed out the clinical experience with bromergocryptine therapy in pregnancy. We rep...
Using optical pattern filtering defect inspection tools and process-induced defects per wafer pass for process defect control

A patterned wafer inspection system using optical pattern filtering (OPF) has been integrated into sub-half micron semiconductor device pilot production lines (125 mm and 200 mm) for the purpose of process defect control. The optical pattern filtering tool offers the advantages of 0.2 micrometer or better sensitivity with high throughput as compared to other patterned wafer inspection systems, and offers exceptional ability to find defects located deep inside the patterns of a typical device. This three dimensional capability offers unique capability when inspecting contacts or vias. A highly repetitive pattern must be used with the OPF tool. However, this limitation is easily overcome by using large highly repetitive arrays such as those found on DRAM or SRAM technologies. Additionally, the use of specially designed highly repetitive defect array masks such as a diffraction grating (comb) or a series of highly repetitive holes (vias and contacts) can be used.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.