cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vibrational intensities—XXIII. The effect of anharmonicity on the temperature dependence of integrated band intensities

Abstract The temperature variation of integrated vibrational band intensities has been studied using first-order anharmonic wave functions. Expressions have been derived for the intensifies of fundamentals, overtone, binary combinations and difference bands as explicit functions of the temperature, the force constants and the dipole-moment derivatives. The treatment applies only to molecules in the gas phase. It is found that the anharmonic terms introduce temperature dependence into the intensity of a fundamental; the temperature dependence of the overtones and combinations turns out, in first approximation, to be similar to that previously found in the harmonic-oscillator approximation.
Design and development of an electrostatic sampler for bioaerosols with high concentration rate

Abstract Integration of bioaerosol sampling methods with modern analysis techniques, such as the polymerase chain reaction as well as our ability to detect low concentrations of airborne agents require samplers that are able not only to efficiently collect the biological particles, but also to concentrate them in small amounts of fluids. In this research, we began development of a novel bioaerosol sampler, where a combination of electrostatic collection mechanism with superhydrophobic (“Lotus leaf” type) collection surface allows for efficient particle collection, removal and concentration in water droplets as small as 5 μL. This new sampling concept allowed achieving very high sample concentration rates (up to 1 million and higher) and could be applied to detect low concentrations of bioaerosols in various environments. The prototype electrostatic precipitator with superhydrophobic surface had a shape of a half-pipe, where a top plate served as the ground electrode, while the collecting surface was 3.2 mm wide rectangular electrode coated with a superhydrophobic substance and positioned in a groove in the flat bottom surface. Airborne particles drawn into the sampler were positively charged and then by the action of an electrostatic field deposited onto the negatively charged electrode. The sampler was positioned at a ∼1° inclination angle to the horizontal, and the injected water droplets rolled off of electrode's surface removing deposited particles. Sampler's performance has been analyzed with polystyrene latex particles of five aerodynamic diameters (0.5, 1.2, 1.9, 3.2, and 5.1 μm), collecting droplet volumes ranging from 5 to 60 μL, and sampling flow rates of 2, 5, and 10 L/min. It was determined that vast majority of particles deposited onto the electrode are removed by the first rolling droplet, which for 3.2 μm particle and 20 μL droplet translated into a concentration rate of 3×10 5 . By narrowing the electrode to 2.1 mm and lowering the droplet volume to 5 μL we achieved the concentration rate as high as 1.2×10 6 . These concentration rates were sustained for sampling times as long as 60 min. This novel sampling concept demonstrates a great potential for sampling and detecting airborne microorganisms in low concentration environments.
Temporal nerve neuropraxia and contralateral compensatory brow elevation.

An 80-year-old woman presented for surgical treatment of an invasive squamous cell carcinoma on the left temple (Figure 1). The lesion had been present for several months and had been enlarging. The patient did not have any motor deficit in the forehead region. The tumor was removed in two stages using the Mohs technique (Figure 2). Nerve tissue was not seen on the Mohs slides. The defect was closed primarily after careful undermining in the upper subcutaneous plane (Figure 3). After surgery the patient had a noticeable ipsilateral brow ptosis. At 1 month follow-up, she complained of heaviness of her left brow. Her vision was not affected. On exam, there was persistent ptosis of the left brow and compensatory elevation of the right brow (Figure 4). Manual elevation of the left brow caused an automatic release of the compensatory brow elevation of the right brow (Figure 5). The patient was unable to return for follow-up. In a phone interview 4 months after surgery, she noted the position of the eyebrows was 90% improved. Discussion
Statistics of nonclassical lasers generated via pump-noise suppression

We calculate intracavity photon-number and extracavity photocount distributions for a pump-noise-suppressed laser, using both the Lamb-Scully laser model in the number-state representation and the Haken-Risken laser model in the coherent representation. When pump fluctuations and spontaneous decay are suppressed, a pump-noise-suppressed laser has intracavity photon-number fluctuations squeezed by a factor up to 1/2. The extracavity photocount fluctuations are at the Poisson level for counting times much shorter than the cavity lifetime, whereas the variance for photocounts can be reduced to the mean of the intracavity photon number, which is markedly sub-Poissonian, under ideal conditions when the counting time is much longer than the cavity lifetime
Synthesis and Pharmacological Studies of Some Aliphatic Hemicholinium Analogs

Abstract The aromatic nucleus of hemicholinium-3 was replaced with an aliphatic hexamethylene chain without loss of the characteristic pharmacological activity. The toxic dose was elevated in mice about tenfold by the change. Choline chloride was a very effective antidote to intoxication from the aliphatic hemicholinium. Another compound synthesized, a pyridine analog, had marked anticholinesterase activity, but caused a flaccid paralysis in avian musculature. A third compound, a trimethylamine analog, elicited neuromuscular blockade typical of decamethonium.
Oxidative Addition of Water by an Iridium PCP Pincer Complex: Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Alkanes by IrH(OH){C6H3-2,6-(CH2PBut2)2}

The dehydrogenation of IrH2{C6H3-2,6-(CH2PBut2)2} (1) by tert-butylethylene followed by reaction with an excess of water leads to the isolation of IrH(OH){C6H3-2,6-(CH2PBut2)2} (2) in nearly quantitative yield. The hydrido hydroxo complex has been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy as well as a single-crystal X-ray structure determination. An isotopic labeling study with D2O indicates that 2 arises from the oxidative addition of water to the intermediate 14-electron complex Ir{C6H3-2,6-(CH2PBut2)2}. The title complex is an efficient catalyst for the transfer dehydrogenation of cyclooctane to cyclooctene but shows no catalytic activity for the hydroxylation of the alkane by water. The conversion of 1 to 2 can be reversed by placing a solution of 2 under 1 atm of H2 at 25 °C.
Late quaternary floodplain sedimentation along the Pomme de Terre River, southern Missouri

Abstract New cross sections and dates from along the Pomme de Terre River clarify the complex local history of valley development and floodplain sedimentation. The observed history begins with a series of ancient bedrock strath terraces that record past bedrock valley positions at 15.5 to more than 58 m above the modern bedrock floor. Each strath is capped by 1–2 m of channel gravel and sand permeated by red clay. Sometime previous to ca. 140,000 yr B.P., a much lower bedrock valley only about 5–6 m above the modern level was excavated. By 140,000 yr B.P., accumulation of red and gray mottled silty clay had commenced, and had reached to 8.5 m above the modern floodplain before 48,900 ± 900 14 C yr B.P. Sometime between ca. 49,000 and 45,000 14 C yr B.P., erosion caused abandonment of an oxbow meander, and lowered the bedrock valley to about its present depth. Younger yellowish-red and gray mottled silty clay alluvium then began accumulating. This mid-Wisconsinan fill reached to 2.5 m above the modern floodplain sometime before 31,800 ± 1340 14 C yr B.P., at which time another erosional phase was in progress. A late Wisconsinan olive clay accumulated between 27,480 ± 1950 and ca. 23,000 14 C yr B.P., followed by approximate stability until 13,550 ± 400 14 C yr B.P. After stability, an erosional episode began, but by 10,200 ± 330 14 C yr B.P., deposition of a distinctive brown clayey silt was underway. This early Holocene fill reached to about the same level as the mid-Wisconsinan fill by 8100 ± 140 14 C yr B.P. Erosion occurred between this date and 7490 ± 170 14 C yr B.P., but the former floodplain level was rapidly reattained, and was apparently stable until ca. 5000 14 C yr B.P. Finally, erosional unconformities and 17 dates from the brown clayey silt, and from younger grayish-brown silty sand underlying the modern floodplain, record subsequent episodes of floodplain erosion at ca. 5000, 2900, 1500 and 350 14 C yr B.P. The timing of Pomme de Terre floodplain sedimentary regimes, characterized by net aggradation, erosion, or stability, may have been controlled by climate. In particular, both periods of stability appear to have been coeval to times of strongly zonal upper atmospheric circulation. Intensified zonal circulation would have resulted in less frequent large floods and an increased dominance by floods of small to moderate size. In contrast, there are no obvious parallels to be drawn between this local alluvial history and sea level or glacial outwash induced baselevel changes.
Beyond Bertin: Seeing the Forest despite the Trees

Visualization is at a point in its development where its practitioners frequently find themselves grappling with big questions about its nature and purpose. These include fundamental questions about how visualization works-that is, how do people interpret visual forms as information? However, the answers to this question haven't evolved greatly since visualization's early days. The classical view is that visualization is a process of encoding numerical or categorical values as visual (or retinal) variables such as size, distance, or color, which the viewer then decodes to reconstruct the original information. This variable-encoding model is the simplified essence of Jacques Bertin's Semiology of Graphics and the years of visualization theory that have built upon it, including Jock Mackinlay's work on automated presentation design and Leland Wilkinson's The Grammar of Graphics.
Kinks and solitons solutions for the generalized KdV equation with two power nonlinearities

In this work, the generalized KdV equation with two power nonlinearities is studied. The tanh method and two sets of ansatze involving hyperbolic functions are introduced for analytic study of this equation. New kinds of solitary wave solutions are formally derived.
Subsynchronous Resonance in Series Compensated Transmission Lines

The concept of subsynchronous resonance in series compensated transmission lines is presented. Contributions of synchronous generator rotor motion and induction generation to sustained subsynchronous oscillation are discussed. Computer simulation studies of a 500 kv transmission system are shown to closely correspond to actual system test data. Adverse effects of subsynchronous resonance on system components are described.
PALO: a probabilistic hill-climbing algorithm

Abstract Many learning systems search through a space of possible performance elements, seeking an element whose expected utility, over the distribution of problems, is high. As the task of finding the globally optimal element is often intractable, many practical learning systems instead hill-climb to a local optimum. Unfortunately, even this is problematic as the learner typically does not know the underlying distribution of problems, which it needs to determine an element's expected utility. This paper addresses the task of approximating this hill-climbing search when the utility function can only be estimated by sampling. We present a general algorithm, palo , that returns an element that is, with provably high probability, essentially a local optimum. We then demonstrate the generality of this algorithm by presenting three distinct applications that respectively find an element whose efficiency, accuracy or completeness is nearly optimal. These results suggest approaches to solving the utility problem from explanation-based learning, the multiple extension problem from nonmonotonic reasoning and the tractability/completeness tradeoff problem from knowledge representation.
Effect of chronic cocaine on reproduction in female house mice

The effect of chronic cocaine exposure on the reproductive success of juvenile female house mice was studied. We followed two generations of female mice to examine the consequence of cocaine treatment on developmental and reproductive parameters such as weight gain, first estrus, impregnation, fertility, and maternal success. Twenty-two-day-old female mice were given cocaine at a daily total of 40 mg/kg body weight, delivered by two SC injections of 20 mg/kg each, until they were mated and inseminated by experienced males. The treatment attenuated weight gain and delayed puberty in the females but had no discernible effect on their pups. Administration of cocaine to lactating mothers decreased the weaning weight of their pups. Juvenile females previously nursed by mothers receiving cocaine and receiving 40 mg/kg cocaine daily themselves were impregnated at older ages than controls. Nevertheless, once these juveniles reached puberty, they mated successfully and their reproductive parameters did not differ from those of control mice. Thus, chronic cocaine treatment of juvenile female mice slows body growth and development but has little effect on the offspring produced later when they reached adulthood.
Hydra head activator peptide has trophic activity for eukaryotic neurons

The synthetic undecameric peptide, pGlu-Pro-Pro-Gly-Gly-Ser-Lys-Val-Ile-Leu-Phe, known as the hydra head activator peptide, present in high concentrations in mammalian hypothalamus and intestine, was tested for neurotrophic activity in a survival assay using cultured chick embryonic sympathetic and dorsal root ganglion cells, and for morphological differentiation activity on neuroblastoma cells. Hydra head activator peptide supported neuron survival. The optimal active concentration, 1 pM, was very similar to the concentration that causes bud and head formation in hydra. Maximal neuron survival obtained with hydra head activator peptide was close to that obtained with nerve growth factor: both substances enhanced survival up to 3 times that of control cultures. Bradykinin, which has some amino acid sequence homology with hydra head activator, was inactive as a neurotrophic factor. Hydra head activator induced rapid morphological differentiation of the mouse neuroblastoma cell line Neuro-2A. Neuro-2A responded to the peptide by process extension, 4 h after its addition to the culture medium. Neurotrophic factors isolated to date have been characterized by their ability to maintain cell viability and enhance neurite outgrowth. Hydra head activator peptide met these two criteria when tested in 3 different neuron culture systems. Our results suggest that the head activator peptide may act as a neurotrophic factor for neurons in other species, including mammals.
Implementation attack against EPOC-2 public-key cryptosystem

A chosen ciphertext attack against an implementation of EPOC-2 in which it is possible to tell for what reason the decryption of a given ciphertext fails is presented.
Revision of the schausi Group of Anastrepha Schiner (Diptera: Tephritidae), with a Discussion of the Terminology of the Female Terminalia in the Tephritoidea

Monophyly of a group of four species of Anastrepha is proposed based on characters of the head and the male terminalia. The group includes A. schausi Aldrich; A. fernandezi Caraballo; A. hermosa Norrbom, n. sp.; and A. bellicauda Norrbom, n. sp. Sexual dimorphism in these species is noted. A discussion of morphological terminology in the Tephritoidea, especially concerning female terminalia, is presented.
Measurements of spectral parameters of water-vapour transitions near 1388 and 1345 nm for accurate simulation of high-pressure absorption spectra

Quantitative near-infrared absorption spectroscopy of water-vapour overtone and combination bands at high pressures is complicated by pressure broadening and shifting of individual lines and the blending of neighbouring transitions. An experimental and computational methodology is developed to determine accurate high-pressure absorption spectra. This case study investigates two water-vapour transitions, one near 1388 nm (7203.9 cm−1) and the other near 1345 nm (7435.6 cm−1), for potential two-line absorption measurements of temperature in the range of 400–1050 K with a pressure varying from 5–25 atm. The required quantitative spectroscopy data (line strength, collisional broadening, and pressure-induced frequency shift) of the target transitions and their neighbours (a total of four H2O vapour transitions near 1388 nm and six transitions near 1345 nm) are measured in neat H2O vapour, H2O–air and H2O–CO2 mixtures as a function of temperature (296–1000 K) at low pressures (<800 Torr). Precise values of the line strength S(T), pressure-broadening coefficients γair(T) and , and pressure-shift coefficients δair(T) and for the ten transitions were inferred from the measured spectra and compared with data from HITRAN 2004. A hybrid spectroscopic database was constructed by modifying HITRAN 2004 to incorporate these values for simulation of water-vapour-absorption spectra at high pressures. Simulations using this hybrid database are in good agreement with high pressure experiments and demonstrate that data collected at modest pressures can be used to simulate high-pressure absorption spectra.
Near optimal bispectrum estimators for large-scale structure

Clustering of large-scale structure provides significant cosmological information through the power spectrum of density perturbations. Additional information can be gained from higher-order statistics like the bispectrum, especially to break the degeneracy between the linear halo bias ${b}_{1}$ and the amplitude of fluctuations ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{8}$. We propose new simple, computationally inexpensive bispectrum statistics that are near optimal for the specific applications like bias determination. Corresponding to the Legendre decomposition of nonlinear halo bias and gravitational coupling at second order, these statistics are given by the cross-spectra of the density with three quadratic fields: the squared density, a tidal term, and a shift term. For halos and galaxies the first two have associated nonlinear bias terms ${b}_{2}$ and ${b}_{{s}^{2}}$, respectively, while the shift term has none in the absence of velocity bias (valid in the $k\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ limit). Thus the linear bias ${b}_{1}$ is best determined by the shift cross-spectrum, while the squared density and tidal cross-spectra mostly tighten constraints on ${b}_{2}$ and ${b}_{{s}^{2}}$ once ${b}_{1}$ is known. Since the form of the cross-spectra is derived from optimal maximum-likelihood estimation, they contain the full bispectrum information on bias parameters. Perturbative analytical predictions for their expectation values and covariances agree with simulations on large scales, $k\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.09h/\mathrm{Mpc}$ at $z=0.55$ with Gaussian $R=20{h}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Mpc}$ smoothing, for matter-matter-matter, and matter-matter-halo combinations. For halo-halo-halo cross-spectra the model also needs to include corrections to the Poisson stochasticity.
A Recurrent Novel Motif For 3-Dimensional Magnetic Exchange Interactions in Chain Structures Containing Endo-Bidentate α-Di-Imine Ligands: π-π Overlap Interactions

Weakly associated five coordinate monomers based on high-spin trivalent iron α-di-imine complexes are found to exhibit surprisingly strong magnetic exchange interactions that lead to easily discern...
Predictors of adequacy of depression management in the primary care setting

OBJECTIVES: Depression is most commonly treated in the primary care setting. However, most studies have shown that depression care in this setting is often inadequate. This study examined the adequacy of antidepressant treatment and overall depression management by primary care physicians and identified patient characteristics related to inadequate care. METHODS: Adequacy of depression care among patients with depression who presented to a primary care office was evaluated by using physicians' self-reports and medication prescription data. Adequacy of depression care was measured in two ways: adequacy of the current medication trial was measured by using the Antidepressant Treatment and History Form (ATHF), and adequacy of overall management by the physician was measured by using an algorithm developed for this study. The association was examined between patient characteristics and adequacy of the medication trial or depression management. RESULTS: Data were gathered for 389 patients with depression. Over...
Effect of the large-scale convection electric field structure on the formation of thin ionization layers at high latitudes

Abstract A three-dimensional simulation of the high-latitude ionosphere was applied to investigate the geographical distribution of E-region thin ionization layers which may be formed by the action of the convection electric field. The simulation model computes the ion densities (O+, O+2, N+, N+2, NO+, Fe+), and temperatures as a function of altitude, latitude, and longitude. The stationary state momentum and continuity equations are solved for each ion species, then the energy equation is solved for electrons, neutrals, and a generic ion having the mean ion mass and velocity. The various electric field patterns of the Heppner and Maynard [(1987) J. geophys. Res.92, 4467–4489] convection electric field model were applied and the ionization density pattern was examined after a time sufficient for the formation of thin layers (≈2000 s). It was found that large areas of thin ionization layers were formed for each of the electric field patterns examined. Southward IMF Bz conditions resulted in thin layers forming in the pre-midnight sector in the latitude range north of about 70° to about 80°, and after midnight between 60 and 70°. For northward Bz conditions, the layers were mainly in the pre-midnight sector and covered a latitude range from about 60 to 80°.
Structural architecture of SNP effects on complex traits.

Despite the discovery of copy-number variation (CNV) across the genome nearly 10 years ago, current SNP-based analysis methodologies continue to collapse the homozygous (i.e., A/A), hemizygous (i.e., A/0), and duplicative (i.e., A/A/A) genotype states, treating the genotype variable as irreducible or unaltered by other colocalizing forms of genetic (e.g., structural) variation. Our understanding of common, genome-wide CNVs suggests that the canonical genotype construct might belie the enormous complexity of the genome. Here we present multiple analyses of several phenotypes and provide methods supporting a conceptual shift that embraces the structural dimension of genotype. We comprehensively investigate the impact of the structural dimension of genotype on (1) GWAS methods, (2) interpretation of rare LOF variants, (3) characterization of genomic architecture, and (4) implications for mapping loci involved in complex disease. Taken together, these results argue for the inclusion of a structural dimension and suggest that some portion of the “missing” heritability might be recovered through integration of the structural dimension of SNP effects on complex traits.
Development of 2‘-O-Methoxyethyl Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides as Antisense Drugs under Stereochemical Control

A systematic investigation of the stereoreproducibility of 2‘-O-methoxyethylribonucleoside phosphoramidite-based phosphorothioate oligonucleotide synthesis reveals that 1H-tetrazole-catalyzed phosphoramidite coupling followed by sulfurization with phenylacetyl disulfide (PADS) is under inherent stereochemical control. Analyses of single phosphorothioate linkages in oligonucleotides as well as in dimers by 31P NMR spectroscopy reveal reproducible stereochemical control in deoxy/2‘-O-methoxyethylribo- and 2‘-O-methoxyethylribo/deoxydinucleotide phosphorothioates and in 2‘-O-methoxyethylribo/2‘-O-methoxyethylribonucleotide phosphorothioate linkages. Particularly interesting is the fact that the R,S ratio of the phosphorothioate linkage is reproducible (within limits of experimental error) between syntheses and is independent of diastereomeric composition of phosphoramidites, synthesis scale, solid support, reactor, concentration during coupling or synthesis conditions. Activators, however, play a major role ...
Pathophysiology of ischemic acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) as a consequence of ischemia is a common clinical event leading to unacceptably high morbidity and mortality, development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and transition from pre-existing CKD to end-stage renal disease. Data indicate a close interaction between the many cell types involved in the pathophysiology of ischemic AKI, which has critical implications for the treatment of this condition. Inflammation seems to be the common factor that links the various cell types involved in this process. In this Review, we describe the interactions between these cells and their response to injury following ischemia. We relate these events to patients who are at high risk of AKI, and highlight the characteristics that might predispose these patients to injury. We also discuss how therapy targeting specific cell types can minimize the initial and subsequent injury following ischemia, thereby limiting the extent of acute changes and, hopefully, long-term structural and functional alterations to the kidney.
Mountain ecohydrology: quantifying the role of vegetation in the water balance of montane catchments

This paper introduces the special issue focused on mountain ecohydrology of the southwestern United States. The papers in this issue present initial results from a multi-disciplinary observatory effort coordinated by the NSF Science and Technology Center for the Sustainability of Semi-arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas (SAHRA). These studies contribute to an effort to understand how changes in vegetation affect basin-scale water balance and water availability, and explicitly address major knowledge gaps in: (1) understanding of the role of vegetation in the partitioning precipitation into evaporation, sublimation, transpiration, soil moisture, streamflow and recharge, and (2) the ability to represent process understanding, obtained at the plant or plot scale, at the scale of catchments or basins. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A two machine bicriteria scheduling problem

Abstract In this paper we consider the bicriteria problem of scheduling n jobs on two parallel machines to minimize the primary criterion of maximum tardiness ( T max ) and the secondary criterion of number of tardy jobs (NT). Algorithms are developed to optimize each of these criteria. Some properties on which the T max algorithm is based are developed. Computational experience with the algorithms is also reported.
Elliptic curve implementation of zero-knowledge blobs

In [2] the authors show how to construct the building blocks for perfect zero-knowledge proofs called "blobs" using the discrete log problem. Contrary to what they remark on p. 73 of [2], we argue that the Mordell group of an elliptic curve is more suitable than the multiplicative group of a finite field for the construction of a hard cryptographic suite of problems.
Was There a National Labor Market at the End of the Nineteenth Century? New Evidence on Earnings in Manufacturing

Average annual earnings calculated from the census of manufactures are used to extend previous research on labor market integration in the United States. In contrast to earlier research examining occupational wage rates, census average earnings indicate that a well-integrated labor market had emerged in the Northeast and North Central regions as early as 1879. They also reveal substantial convergence within the South Atlantic and South Central regions, suggesting the emergence of a unified southern labor market. Large and persistent North-South differentials indicate, however, that a unified national labor market did not develop before World War I.
Scale breaking and fluid dynamics in a dilute two-dimensional Fermi gas

We study two observables related to the anomalous breaking of scale invariance in a dilute two-dimensional Fermi gas, the frequency shift and damping rate of the monopole mode in a harmonic confinement potential. For this purpose we compute the speed of sound and the bulk viscosity of the two-dimensional gas in the high-temperature limit. We show that the anomaly in the speed of sound scales as $(2P\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\rho}{c}_{s}^{2})/P\ensuremath{\sim}z/{[\mathrm{ln}(T/{E}_{B})]}^{2}$ and that the bulk viscosity $\ensuremath{\zeta}$ scales as $\ensuremath{\zeta}/\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\sim}{z}^{2}/{[\mathrm{ln}(T/{E}_{B})]}^{6}$. Here, $P$ is the pressure, ${c}_{s}^{2}$ is the speed of sound, $\ensuremath{\eta}$ is the shear viscosity, $z$ is the fugacity, and ${E}_{B}$ is the two-body binding energy. We show that our results are consistent with the experimental results of Vogt, Feld, Fr\"ohlich, Pertot, Koschorreck, and K\"ohl [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 070404 (2012)]. Vogt et al. reported a frequency shift $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\omega}/\ensuremath{\omega}$ of the order of a few percent and a damping rate smaller than the background rate $\ensuremath{\Gamma}/{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}5%$.
Solid state nuclear track detectors and high fluences of light ions

Abstract A new application of solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs), the converter-layer approach to the study of high fluences of light ions, has been conceived and tested. The converter-layer concept is the use of a target layer in the path of the light ions to convert a few of the light ions to reaction products (such as alphas) via nuclear reactions (such as (x, α) where x is the species of light ion) between the light ions and the atoms of the target layer. The reaction products are then allowed to strike the SSNTD, leaving an etchable track. This concept has been tested by us using 150 keV deuterons incident on a Li2B4O7 target [6Li(d, α)4He dominates] and cellulose nitrate SSNTD (LR115, type 2B). The experimental results and thick-target calculations were in agreement within the uncertainties in the absolute cross sections (±25%) and the estimated experimental uncertainties (also ∼ ±25%). The concept was further tested by irradiation with intense ion beams generated in a dense plasma focus. This latter experiment tested the ruggedness of the detectors and also showed that the αs generated by 6Li(d, α)4He reactions could be distinguished from high-energy primary deutrons on the basis of track size.
MASS ABSORPTION BY ANNULAR LIQUID JETS: III. NUMERICAL STUDIES OF JET COLLAPSE

A domain‐adaptive technique which maps the unknown, time‐dependent, curvilinear geometry of annular liquid jets into a unit square is used to determine the steady state mass absorption rate and the collapse of annular liquid jets as functions of the Froude, Peclet and Weber numbers, nozzle exit angle, initial pressure and temperature of the gas enclosed by the liquid, gas concentration at the nozzle exit, ratio of solubilities at the inner and outer interfaces of the annular jet, pressure of the gas surrounding the liquid, and annular jet's thickness‐to‐radius ratio at the nozzle exit. The domain‐adaptive technique yields a system of non‐linearly coupled integrodifferential equations for the fluid dynamics of and the gas concentration in the annular jet, and an ordinary differential equation for the time‐dependent convergence length. An iterative, block‐bidiagonal technique is used to solve the fluid dynamics equations, while the gas concentration equation is solved by means of a line Gauss‐Seidel method. It is shown that the jet's collapse rate increases as the Weber number, nozzle exit angle, temperature of the gas enclosed by the annular jet, and pressure of the gas surrounding the jet are increased, but decreases as the Froude and Peclet numbers and annular jet's thickness‐to‐radius ratio at the nozzle exit are increased. It is also shown that, if the product of the inner‐to‐outer surface solubility ratio and the initial pressure ratio is smaller than one, mass is absorbed at the outer surface of the annular jet, and the mass and volume of the gas enclosed by the jet increase with time.
Morin hydrate inhibits amyloid formation by islet amyloid polypeptide and disaggregates amyloid fibers

The polypeptide hormone Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP, amylin) is responsible for islet amyloid formation in type-2 diabetes and in islet cell transplants, where it may contribute to graft failure. Human IAPP is extremely amyloidogenic and fewer inhibitors of IAPP amyloid formation have been reported than for the Alzheimer's Aβ peptide or for α-synuclein. The ability of a set of hydroxyflavones to inhibit IAPP amyloid formation was tested. Fluorescence detected thioflavin-T-binding assays are the most popular methods for measuring the kinetics of amyloid formation and for screening potential inhibitors; however, we show that they can lead to false positives with hydroxyflavones. Several of the compounds inhibit thioflavin-T fluorescence, but not amyloid formation; a result which highlights the hazards of relying solely on thioflavin-T assays to screen potential inhibitors. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and right-angle light scattering show that Morin hydrate (2′,3,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone) inhibits amyloid formation by human IAPP and disaggregates preformed IAPP amyloid fibers. In contrast, Myricetin, Kaempferol, and Quercetin, which differ only in hydroxyl groups on the B-ring, are not effective inhibitors. Morin hydrate represents a new type of IAPP amyloid inhibitor and the results with the other compounds highlight the importance of the substitution pattern on the B-ring.
Effect of l-Methionine and S-Adenosylmethionine on Growth of an Adenine Mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A pink, adenine-requiring yeast utilized adenine, hypoxanthine, or S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), in quantities up to 3 mumoles per 100 ml of medium, as equivalent sources of purine for cell growth, but not methylthioadenosine or S-adenosylhomocysteine. Utilization of SAM for growth was inhibited by the presence of l-methionine in quantities greater than 0.6 mumole per 100 ml of medium. However, 6 mumoles of l-methionine had no effect on growth when adenine or hypoxanthine was the source of purine. These sources also reversed the inhibitory effects of 6 mumoles of the amino acid on the utilization of SAM. The presence of 400 mumoles of the amino acid resulted in some inhibition of growth when the organisms were grown with adenine, hypoxanthine, or adenine plus SAM but had no effect on the total uptake of adenine-8-(14)C. Studies on the uptake of radioactivity from a mixture of SAM-adenine-8-(14)C and (3)H-labeled SAM-methyl indicated that these components were taken into the cells at different rates which were altered by the presence of l-methionine. The fixation of (35)S from (35)S-labeled adenosylmethionine into the cells was inhibited by the presence of the amino acid. The cells synthesized and accumulated SAM in the presence of 400 mumoles of l-methionine plus adenine even when exogenous SAM was supplied. Approximately 47% of radioactivity fixed from exogenous SAM-adenine-8-(14)C and 12% from (3)H-labeled SAM-methyl were found in reisolated SAM.
Direct sequence CDMA power control, interleaving, and coding

The authors develop and analyze models of power control that consider other aspects of code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems, such as interleaving and coding on the land mobile radio channel. The orientation is that a power control scheme keeps the received powers at the base station almost equal, and the performance degradation incurred if the powers are not exactly equal will be quantified. In doing so, the authors consider the performance implications of control latency and a maximum speech delay constraint. Because of positive correlations between the fading channel amplitudes, the effectiveness of the combination of interleaving and coding in combating the effects of power variations due to slow Rayleigh fading is reduced. It is shown that power control and interleaving/coding are most effective in complementary parameter regions, thus providing a degree of robustness for both fast and slow Rayleigh fading. >
Cuban Émigrés and the American Dream

According to Samuel Huntington, Latin Americans are eroding our country's core Anglo-Protestant values. The values, says he, made America great, unified the country, and allowed immigrant upward mobility through assimilation and acculturation. Huntington expresses concern that immigrants from Latin America, now our main newcomers, along with their U.S.-born progeny, are creating another America, culturally and socially distinct. The reason for this, he claims, is that they settle in close proximity to one another; they retain use of their mother tongue, Spanish; and they remain, in the main, committed Catholics. These conditions purportedly are bad both for America and for the immigrants. They impede new immigrant ability to live the American Dream and, by implication, America's continued global economic preeminence.Susan Eckstein is Professor of Sociology at Boston University (seckstei@bu.edu). Thanks to the Radcliffe Institute and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundations for financial support for the project on which this article draws, and to Richard Alba and Jorge Dominguez for comments on an earlier version of this essay. The author is also appreciative of the hundreds of Cuban Americans with whom she spoke who have deepened her understanding of Cuban American experiences. She has spoken with ordinary Cuban Americans who emigrated at different points in time, as well as with businessmen, politicians, clergy, leaders of diverse groups and organizations, scholars, and journalists.
ADRIFT IN THE CURRICULUM

As with any voyage, the successful transit of a university engineering education requires foresight knowledge of curricular objectives and structure. This simple requirement, which often seems overlooked, is especially important at the undergraduate-degree level, where contemporary engineering curricula are becoming increasingly complex in order to provide greater opportunities for subtrack specialization, degree minors, and joint degrees with nonengineering programs. This paper argues that, without foresight explanation of curricular objectives and structure, significant numbers of students soon find themselves effectively adrift in the curriculum, unsure as to where they are headed, undermotivated, and, consequently, underperforming. Foresight explanation also benefits faculty engaged in curriculum subtracks. It prompts them to monitor sequencing of course contents, to better appreciate the context of their own courses, and to coordinate textbook use. Two fairly straightforward ways are suggested to augment student-guidance techniques already used by colleges: course-direction lectures to indicate whence-and-whither guidance at key points throughout the curriculum, and an Internet World Wide Web site to help guide students (and faculty) through the curriculum.
An Industry Equilibrium Analysis of Downstream Vertical Integration

This paper investigates the effect of product substitutability on Nash equilibrium distribution structures in a duopoly where each manufacturer distributes its goods through a single exclusive retailer, which may be either a franchised outlet or a factory store. Static linear demand and cost functions are assumed, and a number of rules about players' expectations of competitors' behavior are examined. It is found that for most specifications product substitutability does influence the equilibrium distribution structure. For low degrees of substitutability, each manufacturer will distribute its product through a company store; for more highly competitive goods, manufacturers will be more likely to use a decentralized distribution system. This article was originally published in Marketing Science, Volume 2, Issue 2, pages 161--191, in 1983.
Modification of Surface Properties of Biomaterials Influences the Ability of Candida albicans To Form Biofilms

Candida albicans biofilms form on indwelling medical devices (e.g., denture acrylic or intravenous catheters) and are associated with both oral and invasive candidiasis. Here, we determined whether surface modifications of polyetherurethane (Elasthane 80A [E80A]), polycarbonateurethane, and poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) can influence fungal biofilm formation. Polyurethanes were modified by adding 6% polyethylene oxide (6PEO), 6% fluorocarbon, or silicone, while the PET surface was modified to generate hydrophilic, hydrophobic, cationic, or anionic surfaces. Formation of biofilm was quantified by determining metabolic activity and total biomass (dry weight), while its architecture was analyzed by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). The metabolic activity of biofilm formed by C. albicans on 6PEO-E80A was significantly reduced (by 78%) compared to that of biofilm formed on the nonmodified E80A (optical densities of 0.054 ± 0.020 and 0.24 ± 0.10, respectively; P = 0.037). The total biomass of Candida biofilm formed on 6PEO-E80A was 74% lower than that on the nonmodified E80A surface (0.46 ± 0.15 versus 1.76 ± 0.32 mg, respectively; P = 0.003). Fungal cells were easily detached from the 6PEO-E80A surface, and we were unable to detect C. albicans biofilm on this surface by CSLM. All other surface modifications allowed formation of C. albicans biofilm, with some differences in thearchitecture. Correlation between contact angle and biofilm formation was observed for polyetherurethane substrates (r = 0.88) but not for PET biomaterials (r = −0.40). This study illustrates that surface modification is a viable approach for identifying surfaces that have antibiofilm characteristics. Investigations into the clinical utility of the identified surfaces are warranted.
Value-added technology transfer: a pioneering NOAA system linking marine technologies with entrepreneurs

The NOAA Center for Technological Innovation (CTI) at the Coastal Services Center, Charleston, South Carolina, is a pilot coastal environmental technology system that links technology with entrepreneurs and provides access to resources to nurture new businesses. The CTI is a highly leveraged, catalytic and entrepreneurial organization that is pioneering innovative mechanisms that link government, academia, and business networks with entrepreneurs, technology, capital, and markets necessary for successful value added technology transfer to ensure that good ideas for technological environmental solutions reach the market. The CTI will augment existing means of Federal laboratory technology transfer that emphasize joint laboratory usage, missions directly applicable to the commercial market, spin-offs, licenses, and knowledge transfer. The CTI is particularly structured (1) to overcome the "technology transfer gap" which acts as a barrier to the commercialization of path-breaking, infrastructural, cutting edge technologies, paving the way for the introduction of American products and services abroad.
Biomechanical Properties of Human Coronary Sinus for Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Repair

Mitral valve regurgitation, the leakage of blood back to the left atrium during systole, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The current treatment options for symptomatic mitral regurgitation are mitral valve repair and replacement. However, the operative mortality for both of these treatments remains substantial (1). Furthermore, these treatments are often not referred for elderly patients with comorbidities. Thus, there is a pressing need for less invasive, non-surgical treatments of mitral regurgitation.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Possible detection of the Earth's free-core nutation

The 5.5 years of VLBI observations primarily collected under project IRIS are used to search for evidence of the free-core nutation (FCN). The observations are consistent with an irregular excitation process, and a model which assumes a step excitation in the FCN amplitude to about 2.0 milliseconds of arc in late 1985 fits the data well. Theoretical analysis appears to rule out the strong Mexican earthquake of September 19, 1985, as a cause of the excitation.
Microbiology and Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Rhinoplasty: A Review of 363 Consecutive Cases

ImportanceA practical technique for reducing infectious complications from rhinoplasty would represent an important surgical advance. ObjectivesTo describe the microbial flora of patients undergoin...
Radiation exposure from work-related medical X-rays at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard.

Background Previous analyses suggest that worker radiation dose may be significantly increased by routine occupational X-ray examinations. Medical exposures are investigated for 570 civilian workers employed at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PNS) at Kittery, Maine. The research objective was to determine the radiation exposure contribution of work-related chest X-rays (WRX) relative to conventional workplace radiation sources. Methods Methods were developed to estimate absorbed doses to the active (hematopoietic) bone marrow from X-ray examinations and workplace exposures using data extracted from worker dosimetry records (8,468) and health records (2,453). Dose distributions were examined for radiation and non-radiation workers. Results Photofluorographic chestexaminations resulted in 82% of the dose from medical sources. Radiation workers received 26% of theircollective dose from WRX and received 66% more WRX exposure than non-radiation workers. Conclusions WRX can result in a significant fraction of the total dose, especially for radiation workers who were more likely to be subjected to routine medical monitoring. OmissionofWRXfromthetotaldoseisalikelysourceofbiasthatcanleadtodosecategory misclassification and may skew the epidemiologic dose‐response assessment for cancers induced by the workplace. Am. J. Ind. Med. 47:206–216, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. {
Color Vision Variation and Foraging Behavior in Wild Neotropical Titi Monkeys (Callicebus brunneus): Possible Mediating Roles for Spatial Memory and Reproductive Status

The selective advantages to primates of trichromatic color vision, allowing discrimination among the colors green, yellow, orange, and red, remain poorly understood. We test the hypothesis that, for primates, an advantage of trichromacy over dichromacy, in which such colors are apt to be confused, lies in the detection of yellow, orange, or red (YOR) food patches at a distance, while controlling for the potentially confounding influences of reproductive status and memory of food patch locations. We employ socially monogamous titi monkeys (Callicebus brunneus) which, like most platyrrhine primates, have polymorphic color vision resulting in populations containing both dichromatic and trichromatic individuals. Wild Callicebus brunneus spent most foraging time in YOR food patches, the locations of most of which were likely to have been memorable for the subjects. Overall, both dichromatic and trichromatic females had significantly higher encounter rates than their dichromatic male pair mates for low-yield ephemeral YOR food patches whose locations were less likely to have been remembered. We detected no difference in the encounter rates of dichromatic and trichromatic females for such patches. However, the data suggest that such a difference may be detectable with a larger sample of groups of Callicebus brunneus, a larger sample of foraging observations per group, or both. We propose that a trichromatic advantage for foraging primates may be realized only when individuals’ energy requirements warrant searching for nonmemorable YOR food patches, a context for selection considerably more limited than is often assumed in explanations of the evolution of primate color vision.