cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Acidity Variations During Manufacture on the Quality and Rate of Ripening of Blue or American Roquefort Cheese

The limits of desirable acidity development at the various stages in the manufacture of cheddar cheese have been established by the results of numerous investigations. Comparatively little of such information is available to the manufacturer of Blue or American Roquefort cheese. No mention is made of acidity control in the reports of the methods used in France in the manufacture of Roquefort cheese (1, 2, 3). Funder (4), working in Norway on a modification for making Roquefort type cheese from cow's milk, recommended the addition of 2 to 2.5 per cent culture in order to secure mold vegetation. He considered a high acidity necessary for abundant growth of the penicillium. Thorn and Matheson (5) have given the subject considerable attention. According to their experiments cow's milk should be brought to an acidity of about 0.23 per cent by the addition of starter or by the use of a smaller amount of starter with a subsequent ripening period, before the addition of the rennet. The cheese from milk set at a lower acidity did not drain properly, were soft and developed off-flavors. Higher setting acidities were found to be detrimental to the texture of the curd ; as tough, waxy or gummy textures frequently developed. Matheson (6) later again recommended that the milk be set at an acidity of 0.21 to 0.23 per cent. Goss, Neilson and Mortensen (7), however, state that the rennet should be added when the milk reaches an acidity of 0.19 to 0.20 per cent. The actual amount of acidity due to added starter and to ripening, which doubtless is of more importance than the acidity of the milk itself, is not mentioned.
Long-Term Outcome of Patients After Successful Radiofrequency Ablation for Typical Atrial Flutter

The aim of the study was to determine the long-term freedom from atrial arrhythmias after radiofrequency ablation of atrial flutter and to determine the factors associated with recurrent arrhythmias. Radiofrequency ablation has emerged as the preferred treatment for recurrent, typical atrial flutter. Although the short-term results after radiofrequency ablation of atrial flutter have been widely reported, there is insufficient data on long-term outcome with respect to the occurrence of atrial arrhythmias in patients after successful ablation. The first 108 patients to undergo successful ablation for typical atrial flutter at the authors' institutions were followed prospectively until the occurrence of typical atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, atypical atrial flutter, or death. Several prespecified clinical and procedural factors were tested using univariate and multivariate analysis as predictors of arrhythmia recurrence. Patients were followed for a minimum of 3 years and a maximum of 8 years, or until the first arrhythmia recurrence (average duration 17 +/- 17 months). Recurrences of typical atrial flutter were usually observed within the first 6 months (73%, n = 16), with the remainder (27%, n = 6) occurring between 6 months and 2 years, and none were observed later. Freedom from recurrence of typical atrial flutter was 80% at 1 year (95% CIs 72-89%), 73% at 2 years (CIs 63-83%), and 73% at 5 years (CIs 63-83%). By contrast, freedom from occurrence of atrial fibrillation or atypical atrial flutter progressively declined over time; 80% at 1 year (CIs 71-88%), 59% at 2 years (CIs 48-70%), and 33% at 5 years (CIs 19-48%). A history of atrial fibrillation or atypical atrial flutter prior to ablation was associated with an increased risk of occurrence during follow-up (relative risk 3.4, CIs 1.5-8.1, P < 0.05). Freedom from occurrence of any atrial arrhythmia was only 27% at 5 years (CIs 15-40%). After successful ablation of typical atrial flutter, recurrence of typical flutter is relatively uncommon and usually occurs early. However, there is a progressive occurrence of atrial fibrillation and/or atypical flutter during follow-up so that many patients require further antiarrhythmic or additional ablative therapy. Radiofrequency ablation of typical atrial flutter should be considered a palliative procedure for most patients and only one component of the long-term care of the patient with atrial tachyarrhythmias.
Coronary MR angiography: True FISP imaging improved by prolonging breath holds with preoxygenation in healthy volunteers

In 15 healthy volunteers undergoing coronary magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, the breath-hold duration with and without preoxygenation was measured. The effect of preoxygenation on coronary artery imaging was also evaluated. A three-dimensional magnetization-prepared true fast imaging with steady-state precession sequence was employed for coronary MR angiography. All subjects showed an increase in comfortable breath-hold duration with preoxygenation. This extra imaging time allowed coronary artery imaging with increased spatial resolution. © RSNA, 2003
Competitive Fitness of Listeria monocytogenes Serotype 1/2a and 4b Strains in Mixed Cultures with and without Food in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Enrichment Protocol

Thirteen different serotypes of the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes have been described. Serotype 4b strains are most often associated with illness, and serotype 1/2a strains are most often isolated from foods and processing plants. Different abilities to respond to stresses have been described for serotype 4b and 1/2a strains. One of the common enrichment protocols used to test foods for the presence L. monocytogenes is described in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Bacterial Analytical Manual (BAM). We compared three strains of L. monocytogenes serotype 4b and five strains of serotype 1/2a in direct competition with each other in two-strain mixed cultures by using the FDA BAM enrichment protocol, which includes both enrichment broth and selective agar, with and without added food to mimic the conditions that occur during attempts to isolate Listeria species from contaminated foods. Using a colony immunoblot procedure and analyzing over 112,000 colonies, we observed differences in strain fitness, but these differences were not attributable to serotype or genetic lineage.
Cutaneous vasoconstrictor response to whole body skin cooling is altered by time of day.

To test for a diurnal difference in the vasoconstrictor control of the cutaneous circulation, we performed whole body skin cooling (water-perfused suits) at 0600 (AM) and 1600 (PM). After whole bod...
A biochemical study of spontaneous atherosclerosis in pigeons.

Two breeds of pigeons (White Carneau and Silver King) have been found to have a high incidence of spontaneous atheromatous lesions in the aorta, while two breeds of homing pigeons (Racing Homers and Show Racers) seemed to be resistant to atherosclerosis. The weight of the aorta, and its cholesterol content, paralleled the severity of the disease. The levels of serum cholesterol and phospholipids, and the cholesterol: phospholipid ratio, however, appear to be unrelated to the incidence and severity of atherosclerosis in pigeons. The differences observed among the four breeds of birds showed little correlation with age, sex, diet, or physical activity.
Agricultural Policy And Childhood Obesity: A Food Systems And Public Health Commentary

For thirty-five years, U.S. agriculture has operated under a "cheap food" policy that spurred production of a few commodity crops, not fruit or vegetables, and thus of the calories from them. A key driver of childhood obesity is the consumption of excess calories, many from inexpensive, nutrient-poor snacks, sweets, and sweetened beverages made with fats and sugars derived from these policy-supported crops. Limiting or eliminating farm subsidies to commodity farmers is wrongly perceived as a quick fix to a complex agricultural system, evolved over decades, that promotes obesity. Yet this paper does set forth a series of policy recommendations that could help, including managing commodity crop oversupply and supporting farmers who produce more fruit and vegetables to build a healthier, more balanced agricultural policy.
Copper surfaces in the ICU reduced the relative risk of acquiring an infection while hospitalized

The acquisition of microbes with the subsequent development of an infection while hospitalized continues to challenge healthcare worldwide. The CDC estimates the overall risk, mortality and cost to the USA to be ~5%, 100,000 deaths and ~45 billion additional dollars; rates for Medical Intensive Care Units (MICU) are higher where the risk often exceeds 25%. At issue is whether reducing the microbial burden of the environment can lead to an effective method to limit the risk of acquiring an infection while hospitalized.
Regulatory response to washout of amniotic fluid in sheep

To test the hypothesis that a substance present in the amniotic fluid could serve as a regulator of amniotic fluid volume, we drained and discarded amniotic fluid while replacing it with lactated R...
Readiness for Smoke-free Policy and Overall Strength of Tobacco Control in Rural Tobacco-growing Communities

Rural, tobacco-growing areas are disproportionately affected by tobacco use, secondhand smoke, and weak policies. The study determined whether overall strength of Resources, Capacity, and Efforts i...
Quiet Supersonic Jet Engine Performance Tradeoff Analysis Using a Response Surface Methodology Approach

Recent market studies indicate a renewed interest for a quiet Supersonic Business Jet (SBJ). The success of such a program will be strongly dependent upon the achievement of stringent engine noise, emissions and fuel consumption goals. This paper demonstrates the use of advanced design methods to develop a parametric design space exploration environment which will be ultimately used for the identification of an engine concept capable of satisfying acoustic levels imposed by FAR part 36 (stage IV) and NOx and CO2 standards as stated in the 1996 ICAO. The engine performance is modeled through the use of Response Surface and Design of Experiments Techniques, enabling the designer/decision-maker to change initial engine parameter values to detect the effects of the responses in a time efficient manner. Engine performance and engine weight results are obtained through physicsbased engine analysis codes developed by NASA. An SBJ airframe baseline model is used in conjunction with the engine performance data and executed through a synthesis and sizing code to simulate a supersonic mission. This paper focuses on the tradeoffs associated with noise, emissions and specific fuel consumption of the supersonic engine by employing design parameters such as overall pressure ratio, fan pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature and throttle ratio. Finally, an optimal engine combination is created to satisfy all the constraints imposed by the aforementioned regulations for a particular mission configuration. Using a statistical analysis package, the designer has the ability to analyze tradeoffs that allows adjustments to be made to certain parameters that, although may compromise others, will still allow the system to fall within engine regulatory limits.
CHARACTERIZING THE VAN HIELE LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT IN GEOMETRY

This study provides a description of the van Hiele levels of reasoning in geometry according to responses to clinical interview tasks concerning triangles and quadrilaterals. The subjects were 13 students from Grades 1 through 12 plus a university mathematics major. The tasks included drawing shapes, identifying and defining shapes, sorting shapes, determining a mystery shape, establishing properties of parallelograms, and comparing components of a mathematical system. The students' behavior on the tasks was consistent with the van Hieles' original general description of the levels, although the discreteness of levels, particularly of analysis and abstraction, was not confirmed. The use of formal deduction among students who were taking or had taken secondary school geometry was nearly absent, consistent with earlier observations by Usiskin (1982).
Preserving XML queries during schema evolution

In XML databases, new schema versions may be released as frequently as once every two weeks. This poster describes a taxonomy of changes for XML schema evolution. It examines the impact of those changes on schema validation and query evaluation. Based on that study, it proposes guidelines for XML schema evolution and for writing queries in such a way that they continue to operate as expected across evolving schemas.
Myocardial arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging with improved sensitivity.

Myocardial arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a noninvasive MRI based technique that is capable of measuring myocardial blood flow (MBF) in humans. It suffers from poor sensitivity to MBF due to high physiological noise (PN). This study aims to determine if the sensitivity of myocardial ASL to MBF can be improved by reducing image acquisition time, via parallel imaging. Myocardial ASL scans were performed in 7 healthy subjects at rest using flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) tagging and balanced steady state free precession (SSFP) imaging. Sensitivity encoding (SENSE) with a reduction factor of 2 was used to shorten each image acquisition from roughly 300 ms per heartbeat to roughly 150 ms per heartbeat. A paired Student’s t-test was performed to compare measurements of myocardial blood flow (MBF) and physiological noise (PN) from the reference and accelerated methods. The measured PN (mean ± standard deviation) was 0.20 ± 0.08 ml/g/min for the reference method and 0.08 ± 0.05 ml/g/min for the accelerated method, corresponding to a 60% reduction. PN measured from the accelerated method was found to be significantly lower than that of the reference method (p = 0.0059). There was no significant difference between MBF measured from the accelerated and reference ASL methods (p = 0.7297). In this study, significant PN reduction was achieved by shortening the acquisition window using parallel imaging with no significant impact on the measured MBF. This indicates an improvement in sensitivity to MBF and may also enable the imaging of subjects with higher heart rates and imaging during systole.
Using an In Vitro Spinal Cord-Hindlimb Rat Model to Address the Role of Sensory Feedback in Spinally Generated Locomotion

Understanding how sensory feedback can be used to facilitate locomotion is vital for designing effective locomotor rehabilitation strategies for spinal cord injury. Here we describe an in vitro spinal cord-hindlimb preparation (SCHP) that can be used to answer clinically relevant questions about the interaction of sensory feedback and spinal locomotor circuitry. The SCHP, composed of the exposed rodent spinal cord with hindlimbs intact, combines the neural accessibility and manipulability of classic in vitro isolated cord preparations with intact sensory feedback and many of the behavioral analysis techniques used in the clinic, such as kinematics, treadmill walking, and electromyography. Using the SCHP, we demonstrate the importance of task-appropriate limb loading and posture for establishing intact rat-like kinematic trajectories and muscle activation patterns. We also show that applying stepping-like movements to the limbs, similar to those applied during physical therapist-assisted or robot-guided bo...
ACE gene polymorphism is not associated with outcome in patients requiring admission to liver ITU with paracetamol-induced acute liver failure

Introduction Patients with paracetamol-induced acute liver failure have a clinical state resembling septic shock with progressive loss of vascular tone and endothelial dysfunction. Increased levels of NO in conjunction with pro-inflammatory cytokines are present in acute liver failure with a high incidence of multiorgan failure. The outcome, however, is unpredictable and is unrelated either to the quantity of paracetamol ingested or the severity of liver injury. There is a functional insertion (I)/deletion (D) variation in intron 16 of the ACE gene resulting in three genotypes II, ID and DD. The D allele is associated both with higher tissue ACE activity and with blunting of endothelial-dependant vasodilatation in response to NO. We investigated whether the ACE gene polymorphism might be associated the incidence and outcome of multiorgan failure in patients with paracetamol-induced acute liver failure. Patients and methods 118 patients with severe paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity requiring ITU were studied. ACE gene polymorphisms were determined by standard PCR based techniques. Haplotype frequency was compared with those of 86 racially and geographically matched controls. Results These are shown in Table 39. Genotype frequencies were compared using χ2 test with Yates correction. No significant association was found. Conclusion In patients with paracetamol-induced acute liver failure there is no association between survival, ARDS, ARF or vasopressor requirement with ACE gene polymorphisms.
Disassociation between the in vitro and in vivo effects of nitric oxide on a neurotropic murine coronavirus.

Intranasal inoculation of the neuroattenuated OBLV60 strain of mouse hepatitis virus results in infection of mitral neurons in the olfactory bulb, followed by spread along olfactory and limbic pathways to the brain. Immunocompetent BALB/c mice were able to clear virus by 11 days postinfection (p.i.). Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) may play a role in clearance of OBLV60 from infected immunocompetent BALB/c mice through a nonlytic mechanism. Among the variety of immunomodulatory activities of IFN-gamma is the induction of expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), an enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide (NO). Studies were undertaken to investigate the role of IFN-gamma and NO in host defense and clearance of OBLV60 from the central nervous system (CNS). Exposure of OBLV60-infected OBL21a cells, a mouse neuronal cell line, to the NO-generating compound S-nitroso-L-acetyl penicillamine resulted in a significant decrease in viral replication, indicating that NO interfered with viral replication. Furthermore, infection of IFN-gamma knockout (GKO) mice and athymic nude mice with OBLV60 resulted in low-level expression of iNOS mRNA and protein in the brains compared to that of OBLV60-infected BALB/c mice. Nude mice were unable to clear virus and eventually died between days 11 and 14 p.i. (B. D. Pearce, M. V. Hobbs, T. S. McGraw, and M. J. Buchmeier, J. Virol. 68:5483-5495, 1994); however, GKO mice survived infection and cleared virus by day 18 p.i. These data suggest that IFN-gamma production in the olfactory bulb contributed to but may not be essential for clearance of OBLV60 from the brain. In addition, treatment of OBLV60-infected BALB/c mice with aminoguanidine, a selective inhibitor of iNOS activity, did not result in any increase in mortality, and the mice cleared the virus by 11 days p.i. These data suggest that although NO was able to block replication of virus in vitro, expression of iNOS with NO release in vivo did not appear to be the determinant factor in clearance of OBLV60 from CNS neurons.
Impurity Effects on Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis at Platinum Ultramicroelectrodes: A Critical Assessment

Impurity effects associated with an increase in the rate of mass transport induced by a decrease in the size of electrodes have been examined with emphasis on species capable of undergoing irreversible adsorption. Calculations show that for hemispherical ultramicroelectrodes 50 nm in radius, the flux of a solution-phase contaminant, such as a small organic molecule, present at ppb levels, is large enough to reach saturation coverage over times on the order of seconds. In the case of dioxygen reduction on Pt in aqueous electrolytes, such adsorbed species are believed to be responsible for marked changes in the mechanism, promoting a two-electron over a four-electrode reduction pathway. Such aspects must be considered in the analysis of results obtained with Pt ultramicroelectrodes, either as single particles or in dilute arrays.
Quantitative determinations of phenol and resorcinol in pharmaceutical dosage forms by high-pressure liquid chromatography

The quantitative determinations of phenol in phenolated calamine lotion USP and of phenol and resorcinol in phenol-resorcinol-boric acid solution by high-pressure liquid chromatography are reported. The procedures are simple, rapid (no special preliminary treatment is required), and accurate. There is no interference from other ingredients of the lotion (bentonite magma, calamine, and zinc oxide) or solution (acetone and boric acid).
Die phantastische Reise: Nanoroboter mit Eigenantrieb

Nanoroboter, die scheinbar wundersame Aufgaben ausfuhren, kennen wir aus dem Reich der Science-Fiction.1 Obwohl naturlich Vieles davon immer Fiktion bleiben wird, haben Wissenschaftler einige der physikalischen Herausforderungen, die mit dem Betrieb von Funktionseinheiten auf kleinster Skala einhergehen, uberwunden und die erste Generation von autonomen energieautarken Nanomotoren und Nanopumpen entwickelt. Diese Motoren konnen durch chemische und Lichtgradienten gelenkt werden, Fracht aufnehmen und transportieren und kollektives Verhalten zeigen.
Women up, men down: the clinical impact of replacing the Framingham Risk Score with the Reynolds Risk Score in the United States population.

Background The Reynolds Risk Score (RRS) is one alternative to the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) for cardiovascular risk assessment. The Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) integrated the FRS a decade ago, but with the anticipated release of ATP IV, it remains uncertain how and which risk models will be integrated into the recommendations. We sought to define the effects in the United States population of a transition from the FRS to the RRS for cardiovascular risk assessment. Methods Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, we assessed FRS and RRS in 2,502 subjects representing approximately 53.6 Million (M) men (ages 50-79) and women (ages 45-79), without cardiovascular disease or diabetes. We calculated the proportion reclassified by RRS and the subset whose LDL-C goal achievement changed. Results Compared to FRS, the RRS assigns a higher risk category to 13.9% of women and 9.1% of men while assigning a lower risk to 35.7% of men and 2% of women. Overall, 4.7% of women and 1.1% of men fail to meet newly intensified LDL-C goals using the RRS. Conversely, 10.5% of men and 0.6% of women now meet LDL-C goal using RRS when they had not by FRS. Conclusion In the U.S. population the RRS assigns a new risk category for one in six women and four of nine men. In general, women increase while men decrease risk. In conclusion, adopting the RRS for the 53.6 million eligible U.S. adults would result in intensification of clinical management in 1.6 M additional women and 2.10 M fewer men.
Performance prediction of scalable computing: a case study

While computers with tens of thousands of processors have successfully delivered high performance power for solving some of the so-called "grand-challenge" applications, the notion of scalability is becoming an important metric in the evaluation of parallel machine architectures and algorithms. In this study the prediction of scalability and its application are carefully investigated. A simple formula is presented to show the relation between scalability, single processor computing power, and degradation of parallelism. A case study is conducted on a multi-ring KSR-1 shared virtual memory machine. Experimental and theoretical results show that the influence of topology variation of an architecture is predictable. Therefore, the performance of an algorithm on a sophisticated hierarchical architecture can be predicted and a good algorithm-machine combination can be selected for a given application. >
Sensing Assessment in Unknown Environments: A Survey

This paper surveys sensing assessment solutions from the literature with a particular focus on techniques which can be used in unknown environments, including the following: sensor fault detection and identification (FDI), sensor or source evaluation, and isolating poorly sensed regions. Each approach is evaluated in terms of its ability to perform sensing assessment tasks in unknown environments and its coverage of the range of potential sensing problems. These tasks include sensing problem detection and characterization, as well as performance evaluation (e.g., estimating accuracy or reliability), for a sensor or group of sensors. This survey shows that over 40 existing approaches are focused on either detection and identification of traditional sensor faults (e.g., drift or physical damage) in known environments or evaluation of the reliability of a source (e.g., sensor or agent). Only eight approaches surveyed have tackled environment-dependent problems (e.g., exteroceptive sensor FDI, miscalibration, or use of an inappropriate sensor) in a useful manner for unknown environments. Even less work (two studies) appears to have been done on isolating poorly sensed regions. The survey concludes with a list of opportunities for future research, including developing methods for detecting and characterizing environment-dependent problems and creating comprehensive sensing assessment systems.
Olanzapine usage associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

Received June 12, 2001; revised July 29, 2001; accepted August 7, 2001. From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Philibert, Department of Psychiatry, Room 2-126 MEB, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 53346. E-mail: robert-philibert@uiowa.edu Copyright 2001 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. Suspicion of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a frequent cause of emergent psychiatric consultation. This uncommon syndrome, characterized by muscular rigidity, autonomic instability, hyperthermia, and mental status changes, has been associated with conventional dopamine D2 receptor antagonist treatments such as haloperidol or fluphenazine. Patients presenting with symptoms characteristic of NMS frequently are initially hospitalized in medical intensive care units or general medicine wards. Psychiatric consultants may be called on to assist in establishing the diagnosis of NMS, to make recommendations for management of psychiatric symptoms in NMS patients, and to reestablish neuroleptic therapy. Despite early recognition, NMS has remained a syndrome that causes high rates of morbidity and mortality. The development of alternative antipsychotic agents that do not have NMS as a possible side effect has been a high priority for the pharmaceutical industry. The last decade has seen considerable progress in the development of these alternative medications. The introduction of the first atypical antipsychotic, clozapine, in 1990 was accompanied by hopes that this drug might cause a lower incidence of NMS. Although a reduction in NMS may have occurred, the frequency of agranulocytosis secondary to clozapine usage has reduced the utility of this medication in the general psychiatric population. In an attempt to retain the unique therapeutic profile of clozapine while eliminating the risk of agranulocytosis, researchers developed a close chemical analog of clozapine, named olanzapine. In premarketing studies of more than 2,500 patients treated with olanzapine before its introduction in 1996, no cases of NMS were reported. These results raised hopes that the new generation of antipsychotics may not cause this potentially deadly syndrome. Unfortunately, since the introduction of this medication to the market, six cases of NMS associated with olanzapine treatment have been reported in the literature. We now report a seventh case of NMS in a patient treated with olanzapine.
Auditing Cases That Made A Difference: Funds Of Funds

A few fraud cases stand out for the impact they have had on the auditing profession. These cases continue to affect how today’s auditing professionals perform the critical job of expressing opinions on financial statements. Names and dates of certain cases appear in nearly all auditing textbooks, but rarely are the stories behind these cases presented. Fund of Funds is an international case so convoluted that it is difficult to tell the players without a score card. It spanned the globe from the Arctic wastelands to European palaces, across the Atlantic to Costa Rican hideaways and then traversed the United States to Hollywood movie lots. It included contact with a couple of US Presidents and a foreign leader thrown in for good measure. Like other “Audit Cases That Made a Difference,” Fund of Funds clearly shows students that fraud is not limited to today’s corporations and that there is, indeed, little that is new under the sun.
Association of plasma triglyceride concentration and LDL particle diameter, density, and chemical composition with premature coronary artery disease in men and women.

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) physical-chemical characteristics were studied as nontraditional risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a well-characterized popula- tion of 98 men aged 5 50 and 100 women aged 5 60 who under- went elective diagnostic coronary arteriography. The average LDL diameter was determined by gradient gel electrophoresis, chemical composition (%w/w) was measured, and the density of the major LDL peak was determined by equilibrium density gradient ultracentrifugation. Logistic regression was used to ex- amine the association of various LDL characteristics with CAD before and after adjustment for other covariates. Smaller, cholesterol-poor LDL particles were associated with CAD in- dependently of traditional risk factors (age, sex, smoking, dia- betes, LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations), other than the plasma triglyceride concentration. These characteristics were generally more strongly associated with CAD when mea- sured on the major LDL subfraction (defined as the density gradient ultracentrifugation fraction with the highest LDL con- centration) than the average characteristics of the more hetero- geneous parent LDL (d 1.019-1.063 g/ml). The associations with CAD among men and women were generally similar. These data show that a broad range of LDL characteristics are associated with CAD before, but not after, adjustment for the plasma tri- glyceride concentration. These data further indicate the impor- tance of hypertriglyceridemia and LDL heterogeneity in prema- ture CAD.-Coresh, J., P. 0. Kwiterovich, Jr., H. H. Smith, and P. S. Bachorik. Association of plasma triglyceride concen- tration and LDL particle diameter, density, and chemical com- position with premature coronary artery disease in men and women. J. Lipid Res. 1993. 34: 1687-1697.
A Methodology for Assessing Intrasegmental Kinematics of the Whole Human Spine during Impacts

ABSTRACT: Evaluating the biofidelity of spinal response in ATDs and computational models requires additional benchmarking data. The current study presents a kinematic analysis methodology for obtaining intrasegmental kinematics of the spine including elongation, compression, displacement, and anatomical rotations of the spine including flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation. The presented methodology divides the spine into five spine segments selected for detailed kinematic analysis which were specifically the following: head-to-T1, T1-to-T8, T8-to-L2, L2-to-L4, and L4-to-pelvis. The methodology provides a technique to more comprehensively describe the kinematics of the whole human spine than has been performed to date in the impact environment.
Effects of Hormone Therapy on Intraocular Pressure: The Women's Health Initiative-Sight Exam Study

Purpose Previous studies suggest that hormone therapy favorably affects intraocular pressure (IOP). Here, we examined the association between hormone therapy use and IOP in the context of a large randomized trial. Design Secondary data analysis from a randomized controlled trial. Methods We used data from the Women's Health Initiative-Sight Exam (WHISE). Women with prior hysterectomy received oral conjugated equine estrogen (0.625 mg/day) or placebo. Women with a uterus received estrogen plus progestin (medroxyprogesterone acetate 2.5 mg/day) or placebo. IOP was measured 5 years after randomization. Adjusted linear regression models were used to assess the association between hormone therapy and IOP. Results The WHISE included 1668 women in the estrogen-alone trial (aged 63–86, mean 72 years) and 2679 women in the estrogen-plus-progestin trial (aged 63–87, mean 72 years). In multivariate analyses, compared to placebo treatment, treatment with estrogen alone was associated with a 0.5 mm Hg reduction of the IOP in the right eye (95% CI: −0.8, −0.1, P = .005) and a 0.6 mm Hg (95% CI: −0.9, −0.3, P P = .30 right eye and P = .43 left eye). Conclusions This study represents an IOP analysis in the largest hormone trial available. Estrogen-alone therapy in postmenopausal women is associated with a small but significant IOP reduction of 0.5 mm Hg. The clinical significance of this small decrease remains to be determined.
Toxic effects in scorbutic guinea pigs produced by large doses of thiamin.

During the study of the effects of administration of thiamin to scorbutic and non-scorbutic animals, it was observed that young scorbutic pigs fed large amounts of thiamin sometimes develop irreversible symptoms after the resumption of a normal diet. The strength of the jaw muscles decreases and the animals are unable to chew their food properly, although they appear hungry and persistently try to eat. There is also decreased control of jaw muscles and the animals often spend long periods with jaws constantly opening and closing in a rapid chewing motion. This condition sometimes becomes permanent until death. The lack of muscle control is also often manifested by a shivering movement of the face accompanied by chattering of the teeth. In some cases the mouth is distorted and the muscles involved are in spastic contraction, causing the animals to claw the face in attempts to relieve the spasm. These muscle dyscrasias are usually accompanied by increased salivation or loss of saliva which may be due to dif...
MULTISLICE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING OF TRANS-CATHETER AORTIC VALVE IMPLANTATION IN DIFFERENT BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE ANATOMIES

Limited data exist about trans-catheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for patients with severe bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) stenosis. From January 2013 to July 2015, 90 patients had contrast computed tomography before and after balloon-expandable TAVI. We classified this study population into
Beyond remodeling : A new paradigm for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors following myocardial infarction

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, originally designed to treat hypertension, were quickly demonstrated to confer hemodynamic and survival benefit to patients with congestive heart failure. Extending this paradigm to patients with left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) post-myocardial infarction (MI), ACE inhibitors were shown to attenuate ventricular remodeling and reduce mortality. An unexpected finding that ACE inhibitors could reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction, prompted enormous interest in their anti-ischemic potential. Indeed, a significant body of experimental literature supports the concept that ACE inhibitors have direct anti-atherosclerotic and anti-ischemic effect. Recent clinical trials have shown that ACE inhibitors confer significant protection from ischemic events.
Recent Advances in Crude Oil Bio-demulsifier

Bio-demulsifier generated by bacteria and other micro-organisms is a class of biological molecules with high surface activity,and has been successfully applied in some fields as the characteristics of environment-friendly,easy-biodegradable etc.The recent advances,process mechanism,the main production methods and the application in petroleum industry of crude oil bio-demulsifier are reviewed,and the important research directions in future are discussed.
Dual role for AlF4--sensitive G proteins in the function of T84 epithelial cells : transport and barrier effects

T84 monolayers were studied to determine the effect of AlF4, an activator of heterotrimeric G proteins, on Cl-secretion and intestinal barrier function. Basolateral (but not apical) addition of AlF4- increased short-circuit current (I(sc)) and decreased transepithelial resistance. Preincubation with the heavy metal chelator deferoxamine showed that both effects were dependent on Al3+. The effect on I(sc) was abolished by the intracellular Ca2+ chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid or in Cl(-)-free solutions, whereas the decrease in resistance was unaffected. AlF4- also increased intracellular Ca2+, as assessed via fura 2 fluorometry. AlF4- had no effect on adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) or guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) levels in T84 cells. The effect of AlF4- on transepithelial resistance was accompanied by a decrease in cellular F-actin as well as increased transepithelial fluxes of the paracellular markers mannitol and inulin. The results indicate that AlF4(-)-sensitive G proteins regulate both epithelial secretory and barrier functions, but via different pathways. AlF4- increases Cl- secretion via a Ca2+-dependent and cAMP- and cGMP-independent mechanism in T84 cells, whereas the decrease in resistance is independent of Ca2+.
Comparison of human and mouse E-selectin binding to Sialyl-Lewis x

During inflammation, leukocytes are captured by the selectin family of adhesion receptors lining blood vessels to facilitate exit from the bloodstream. E-selectin is upregulated on stimulated endothelial cells and binds to several ligands on the surface of leukocytes. Selectin:ligand interactions are mediated in part by the interaction between the lectin domain and Sialyl-Lewis x (sLex), a tetrasaccharide common to selectin ligands. There is a high degree of homology between selectins of various species: about 72 and 60 % in the lectin and EGF domains, respectively. In this study, molecular dynamics, docking, and steered molecular dynamics simulations were used to compare the binding and dissociation mechanisms of sLex with mouse and human E-selectin. First, a mouse E-selectin homology model was generated using the human E-selectin crystal structure as a template. Mouse E-selectin was found to have a greater interdomain angle, which has been previously shown to correlate with stronger binding among selectins. sLex was docked onto human and mouse E-selectin, and the mouse complex was found to have a higher free energy of binding and a lower dissociation constant, suggesting stronger binding. The mouse complex had higher flexibility in a few key residues. Finally, steered molecular dynamics was used to dissociate the complexes at force loading rates of 2000–5000 pm/ps2. The mouse complex took longer to dissociate at every force loading rate and the difference was statistically significant at 3000 pm/ps2. When sLex-coated microspheres were perfused through microtubes coated with human or mouse E-selectin, the particles rolled more slowly on mouse E-selectin. Both molecular dynamics simulations and microsphere adhesion experiments show that mouse E-selectin protein binds more strongly to sialyl Lewis x ligand than human E-selectin. This difference was explained by a greater interdomain angle for mouse E-selectin, and greater flexibility in key residues. Future work could introduce similar amino acid substitutions into the human E-selectin sequence to further modulate adhesion behavior.
Diversified recommendation on graphs: pitfalls, measures, and algorithms

Result diversification has gained a lot of attention as a way to answer ambiguous queries and to tackle the redundancy problem in the results. In the last decade, diversification has been applied on or integrated into the process of PageRank- or eigenvector-based methods that run on various graphs, including social networks, collaboration networks in academia, web and product co-purchasing graphs. For these applications, the diversification problem is usually addressed as a bicriteria objective optimization problem of relevance and diversity. However, such an approach is questionable since a query-oblivious diversification algorithm that recommends most of its results without even considering the query may perform the best on these commonly used measures. In this paper, we show the deficiencies of popular evaluation techniques of diversification methods, and investigate multiple relevance and diversity measures to understand whether they have any correlations. Next, we propose a novel measure called expanded relevance which combines both relevance and diversity into a single function in order to measure the coverage of the relevant part of the graph. We also present a new greedy diversification algorithm called BestCoverage, which optimizes the expanded relevance of the result set with (1-1/e)-approximation. With a rigorous experimentation on graphs from various applications, we show that the proposed method is efficient and effective for many use cases.
Co-occurring aggression and suicide attempt among veterans entering residential treatment for PTSD: The role of PTSD symptom clusters and alcohol misuse

Aggression and suicidality are two serious public health concerns among U.S. veterans that can co-occur and share many overlapping risk factors. The current study aims to elucidate the contribution of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters defined by a five-factor model and alcohol misuse in predicting aggression and suicide attempts among veterans entering residential treatment for PTSD. Participants were 2570 U.S. veterans across 35 Veterans Health Administration sites. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to identify correlates of aggression only (n = 1471; 57.2%), suicide attempts only (n = 41; 1.6%), co-occurring aggression and suicide attempts (n = 202; 7.9%), and neither behavior (n = 856; 33.3%) over the past four months. When compared to veterans endorsing neither behavior, greater PTSD re-experiencing symptoms were related to suicide attempts (odds ratio [OR] = 1.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-2.30), aggression (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02-1.26), and co-occurring aggression and suicide (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.13-1.68), and higher PTSD dysphoric arousal symptoms and alcohol misuse symptoms were related to aggression (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.38-1.71; OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.18-1.44, respectively) and co-occurring aggression and suicide (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.35-2.04; OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.28-1.75, respectively). Our findings suggest that assessment of PTSD symptom clusters and alcohol misuse can potentially help to identify veterans who endorse suicide attempts, aggression, or both concurrently. These results have important implications for risk assessment and treatment planning with U.S. veterans seeking care for PTSD.
Compressing genome resequencing data via the Maximal Longest Factor

We propose a new algorithm for reference-based compression of genome resequencing data. First, we recap a recent reference-based technique for compressing resequencing data via the Longest Previous Factor (LPF). Viewing the problem from a new light, we call this the Sequential Longest Factor (SLF) method, and introduce improvements to the SLF approach. We further leverage the LPF and propose a new compression method: the Maximal Longest Factor (MLF). For the Homo sapiens genome, our proposed MLF achieves a compression ratio of 486, a significant improvement over 399 (newly improved SLF), 360 (original SLF, Beal, et al., BMC Genomics, 2016), 171 (Pinho, et al., NAR, 2011), and 157 (Wang and Zhang, NAR, 2011).
CHAPTER 7 – Vertebrate Pest Control Chemicals and Their Use in Urban and Rural Environments

Vertebrate pest control is used to control vertebrate pests, including amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals that have an adverse effect on human health and well-being or conflicts in some significant way with human activities or interests. This chapter focuses on chemicals, approaches, and techniques used in vertebrate pest management. Vertebrate pesticides are represented by two major groups of agents: the lethal or toxic compounds selected or developed for killing the pest animal and the nontoxic chemical repellents that are used to discourage pests from feeding or gnawing on some item or to repel them from some particular area. Chemical repellents are extensively employed in an attempt to manage certain vertebrate pests such as deer, rabbits, rats, dogs, snakes, bats, and a wide variety of others. Based on the mode or modes of action of active ingredients of repellents, they can be are categorized as: predator-like odors, intense novel odors, irritants, distasteful substances, and taste-aversive conditioners. The chapter provides information on toxic vertebrate control methods such as poison rodent baits, glue boards, livestock protection collar, toxic bird perches, fumigants, and toxic tracking powders. Toxic vertebrate pesticides are inherently hazardous because they are developed or selected for their ability to kill pest birds and mammals, which are biologically more similar to humans than to other categories of pests such as insects or nematodes.
Factors associated with post-concussion syndrome in high school student-athletes.

Abstract Objectives To identify factors associated with post-concussion syndrome (PCS) among a national sample of high school student-athletes from the 2011/12–2013/14 academic years. Design Ambispective cohort study from sports injury surveillance data. Methods Sport-related concussion data originated from the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION) surveillance program, consisting of 27 sports from a convenience sample of 196 high schools across 26 states. All SRCs were reported by certified athletic trainers. The PCS and non-PCS groups consisted of concussed individuals with symptoms resolution time of >4 weeks and ≤2 weeks, respectively. Logistic regression estimated the association of athlete and concussion characteristics on the odds of PCS, and calculated adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Overall, 1334 concussed high school athletes met inclusion criteria: 215 in the PCS group and 1119 in the non-PCS group. In the multivariable analysis, concussion symptoms associated with increased odds of PCS included: retrograde amnesia (OR = 3.01, 95%CI: 1.31–6.91), difficulty concentrating (OR = 2.72, 95%CI: 1.56–4.77), disorientation (OR = 1.86; 95%CI: 1.04–3.33), insomnia (OR = 2.79; 95%CI: 1.62–4.80), loss of balance (OR = 1.76; 95%CI: 1.00–3.10), sensitivity to noise (OR = 1.80; 95%CI: 1.02–3.17), and visual disturbance (OR = 2.21; 95%CI: 1.23–3.97). Sex and recurrent concussion were not associated with PCS. Conclusions As in previous research, somatic and cognitive symptoms were associated with PCS. The identification of factors associated with PCS may assist clinicians in identifying concussed athletes at greater risk of having longer symptom resolution time.
A review of studio-based learning in computer science

Studio-based learning (SBL), a pedagogical technique that promotes learning through the iterative construction and review of problem solutions, is becoming increasingly popular in computer science education. This paper reviews the use of SBL in computing education with respect to the ways in which it has been implemented, its impact on the curriculum, and the educational outcomes it has promoted.