cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental folding and faulting of rocks under confining pressure Part IX. Wrench faults in limestone layers

Abstract Strike-slip (wrench) fault zones are induced experimentally under confining pressures up to 100 MPa, in initially intact layers of Indiana limestone subjected to strike-slip displacement along a lubricated 45° sawcut in an underlying sandstone forcing block. The purpose is to investigate in three dimensions, the geometries, origins, and sequence of development of structural elements comprising the fault zones. Specimens (2.8 or 3.4 × 3.4 × 9.4 cm) are loaded parallel to their longest dimension, at an average displacement rate of 7.3 · 10 −3 cm sec −1 , room dry, and at room temperature. The narrow, linear fault zones in the limestone layers consist of en echelon fractures with gouge, which trend at low angles to the precut direction. Their orientations and slip directions are identical to the Riedel shears ( R and R '), and the P -shears, described by Tchalenko and Ambraseys (1970), for shear zones at the field scale. Within the en echelon zone, major displacement is accommodated along a few principal displacement ( Y ) shears (parallel to the precut in the forcing blocks) which extend nearly continuously along the entire zone. In cross-section, the fault zone is wedge-shaped, narrowing with proximity to the forcing block-veneer interface. An asymmetrical wedge results from oblique slip along the sawcut, resembling the “flower or palm tree” structure noted by Sylvester and Smith (1976), in the Salton Sea area, California. The bounding fault above the down-dropped block dips at a lower angle to the forcing block-veneer interface than that over the high block. With increasing displacement, the fault zone evolves as follows: 1. (a) Upon loading to peak shear strength, R -shears, P -shears, intragranular microfractures, and calcite twin lamellae form concurrently, 2. (b) In the post-peak shear-strength region, lengthening of existing R -shears, generation of new R -shears, and interconnection of R - and P -shears form a through-going network 3. (c) In the pre-residual shear-strength region, one or two Y -shears form and take up most of the displacement. This sequence differs from that observed by Tchalenko (1970), among others, in that the P -shears form concurrently, rather than subsequent to, R -shears. This concurrent development precludes both P - and Riedel shears from being explained by the Coulomb-Mohr shear-failure criterion. The overall three dimensional geometry of the fault zone is not significantly affected by increasing confining pressure, endloading the limestone veneers simultaneously with the forcing blocks, or increasing the thickness of the limestone layers.
Inhibition of REM sleep by fluoxetine, a specific inhibitor of serotonin uptake.

Abstract Fluoxetine, a specific inhibitor of serotonin uptake, suppressed REM sleep in cats. The onset of action was prompt and with doses of 2.5 mg/kg, (p.o.) the effect lasted a full 24 hr. After 2 or 3 weeks of daily dosing, the amount of REM sleep began to increase again. A small dose of fluoxetine added to a small dose of l -5-hydroxy-tryptophan caused a significant decrease in REM sleep whereas either treatment alone did not. Administered to cerveau isole cats fluoxetine did not antagonize EEG desynchronization induced by the muscarinic stimulant arecoline, indicating the lack of a direct anticholinergic effect. These experiments indicate that REM sleep is suppressed when 5-HT accumulates at synapses as a consequence of fluoxetine administration. These data and a similar suppression of REM sleep that occurs when norepinephrine accumulates suggest that both NE and 5-HT can inhibit the cholinergic system that seems crucial for REM sleep. Non-REM sleep was usually increased in cats. In rats REM sleep was suppressed by fluoxetine but SWS did not increase.
Evaluating uniform expressions within two steps of minimum parallel time

Consider an array of Processing Elements [PEs], connected by a 2-dimensional grid network, and holding at most one operand of an expression in each PE. Suppose that each PE is allowed, in any one parallel step, to receive one item of data from any of its four immediate neighbors, and to transmit one datum, as well. How can an associative operator, such as addition, combine all the operands, using as little time for communciation as possible? An expression using such a single operator is termed a uniform expression. When the total number of communication links used is the measure of goodness, this problem becomes a Steiner Tree problem, in the Manhattan Distance metric. When the measure is minimizing the parallel time to completion, a method for solving this problem is given which is optimal to within an additive constant of two time-steps. The method has applications when the operands are matrices, spread over an array of PEs, as well. Some lower bounds for this problem, in more general networks, are also proven.
Sterol biosynthesis: Establishment of the structure of 3β-p-bromobenzoyloxy-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-15β-ol

Abstract Previous studies have established that hydride reduction of 3β-benzoyloxy-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one yields two epimers (at C-15) of 5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β,15-diol which were designated as diol A and B. Efficient enzymatic conversion of both compounds to cholesterol was observed. To determine the absolute configuration of the 15-OH function in the two compounds, the 3β- p -bromobenzoyl ester of diol B was prepared from 3β- p -bromobenzoyloxy-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one by reduction with sodium borohydride. Crystals of the derivative were found to belong to the space group P1, with unit cell parameters; a = 9.24 A , b = 12.61 A , c = 7.03 A , α = 93.05°, β = 100.27°, γ = 90.82°, and one molecule per unit cell. Least-squares refinement of the structure was carried out to final R value of 0.14. The configuration of the hydroxyl group at the 15 position of diol B has been determined to be β.
In vivo roles of BamA, BamB and BamD in the biogenesis of BamA, a core protein of the β-barrel assembly machine of Escherichia coli.

Assembly of the β-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) is an essential cellular process in Gram-negative bacteria and in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes—two organelles of bacterial origin. Central to this process is the conserved β-barrel OMP that belongs to the Omp85 superfamily. In Escherichia coli, BamA is the core β-barrel OMP and, together with four outer membrane lipoproteins, BamBCDE, constitutes the β-barrel assembly machine (BAM). In this paper, we investigated the roles of BamD, an essential lipoprotein, and BamB in BamA biogenesis. Depletion of BamD caused impairment in BamA biogenesis and cessation of cell growth. These defects of BamD depletion were partly reversed by single-amino-acid substitutions mapping within the β-barrel domain of BamA. However, in the absence of BamB, the positive effects of the β-barrel substitutions on BamA biogenesis under BamD depletion conditions were nullified. By employing a BamA protein bearing one such substitution, F474L, it was demonstrated that the mutant BamA protein could not only assemble without BamD but also facilitate the assembly of wild-type BamA expressed in trans. Based on these data, we propose a model in which the Bam lipoproteins, which are localized to the outer membrane by the BAM-independent Lol pathway, aid in the creation of new BAM complexes by serving as outer membrane receptors and folding factors for nascent BamA molecules. The newly assembled BAM holocomplex then catalyzes the assembly of substrate OMPs and BamA. These in vivo findings are corroborated by recently published in vitro data.
Improved performance of DPSK and NCFSK signals under nonidentical Nakagami fading channels

Square-law combining is the traditional linear combining scheme used in conjunction with noncoherent and differentially coherent modulation/detection systems. For fading scenarios other than identical Rayleigh channels, such as nonidentical Nakagami-m channels, the square-law receiver is suboptimum, and in fact it incurs combining loss (does not aid the use of signal diversity) at relatively low average signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). To overcome these disadvantages, this paper presents a receiver design with postdetection weighting for differentially coherent phase-shift keying (DPSK) and noncoherent orthogonal frequency shift-keying (NCFSK) signals over nonidentical Nakagami-m channels. It is shown that the proposed receiver is capable of eliminating the noncoherent loss associated with the square-law receiver, and providing improvements on the average error performance, as compared with the square-law receiver, over the whole range of the average (SNRs).
Performance of silica aerogel threshold cerenkov counters

Results from a series of test beam measurements are presented for a two-cell silica aerogel Cerenkov counter system. The main achievement is the detection of 13 ± 1 photoelectrons in a full-sized n=1.008 silica aerogel cell which is read out with a fine mesh photomultiplier in diferent magnetic fields up to 1.35 T.
Bispectral Index® and the incidence of apnea during monitored anesthesia care☆

Abstract Purpose: The Bispectral Index (BIS) provides an estimate of depth of consciousness during sedation. If apnea can be shown to correlate with BIS, then a potential improvement in safety during MAC/sedation may be achieved. Scope: Ninety-nine patients undergoing MAC anesthesia were monitored with BIS for level of consciousness, and capnography for apnea detection. The anesthesia provider was blinded to BIS and capnography data. Forty-nine percent of subjects experienced apnea independent of medical history, procedure, or medication. BIS immediately preceding apneic episodes (55 ± 18) was frequently lower than that recommended for an upper limit during general anesthetics ( Conclusions: The incidence of apnea during MAC is high, and incidence increases as BIS decreases.
TRANSBRONCHOSCOPIC LUNG BIOPSY IN DIFFUSE PULMONARY DISEASE.

Transbronchoscopic lung biopsy, in our opinion, can be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis and management of patients with diffuse pulmonary disease. Lung biopsy through the bronchoscope was attempted in 13 patients and pulmonary tissue way obtained from 11. In each of the 11 cases, microscopic examination of lung tissue was helpful in diagnosis and management of the problem. The only complication among the 13 patients was one pneumothorax which was easily controlled.
p120 catenin is essential for mesenchymal cadherin–mediated regulation of cell motility and invasiveness

During epithelial tumor progression, the loss of E-cadherin expression and inappropriate expression of mesenchymal cadherins coincide with increased invasiveness. Reexpression experiments have established E-cadherin as an invasion suppressor. However, the mechanism by which E-cadherin suppresses invasiveness and the role of mesenchymal cadherins are poorly understood. We show that both p120 catenin and mesenchymal cadherins are required for the invasiveness of E-cadherin–deficient cells. p120 binding promotes the up-regulation of mesenchymal cadherins and the activation of Rac1, which are essential for cell migration and invasiveness. p120 also promotes invasiveness by inhibiting RhoA activity, independently of cadherin association. Furthermore, association of endogenous p120 with E-cadherin is required for E-cadherin–mediated suppression of invasiveness and is accompanied by a reduction in mesenchymal cadherin levels. The data indicate that p120 acts as a rheostat, promoting a sessile cellular phenotype when associated with E-cadherin or a motile phenotype when associated with mesenchymal cadherins.
The immunologic response to group A streptococcal upper respiratory tract infections in very young children.

The immunologic responses to streptolysin O and streptococcal deoxyribonuclease B were evaluated in children with group A streptococci recovered from the upper respiratory tract to re-examine the hypothesis that a limited capacity to respond to group A streptococcal infection may explain the rare occurrence of acute rheumatic fever in very young children. ASO and anti-DNase B titers were determined on serial bleedings from a total of 301 individuals (52≤3 years, 249 older than 3 years). Very young children with group A streptococcal upper respiratory tract infections had an immunologic response to SO greater than the response in older children as reflected by the magnitude of the antibody rise, and comparable to the ASO response in older children as measured by the percentage showing a significant titer rise. Similar analyses of the anti-DNase B responses showed the response in young children to be comparable to those of the older group. Clinical manifestations of group A streptococcal upper respiratory tract infection in very young children differ from those observed in older children and have not changed significantly in the past several decades. These data suggest that the infrequent occurrence of acute rheumatic fever in very young children is not due to a difference in antibody response to streptolysin O or streptococcal DNase B.
Parallel-and distance-alleys with moving points in the horizontal plane.

Stimulus points were presented on the horizontal plane of eye level under both dark and illuminated homogeneous spaces. When two apparent movements towards the subject were generated and positions of points were so adjusted that the two movements appeared straight and parallel (P alley) or with a constant lateral distance (D alley), the D alley lay outside the P alley, as traditionally shown with stationary sets of points. The two alleys were constructed with various patterns and velocities of movement, and the Luneburg formulas were used as experimental equations to describe the results. The equations have two parameters: K (curvature) and o (sensitivity in depth perception). Values of K and o obtained with stationary points in previous experiments are shown too. Predominantly, K < 0 (hyperbolic), and the same is true in the present study. No first-order effect of patterns and velocities of the movement upon K and o was found.
Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate following intravenous and intraventricular administration in acute lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

A pharmacokinetic study of methotrexate (MTX) administered by the intravenous (IV) and intraventricular (via an Ommaya reservoir) route was performed in 16 children, 13 with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and three with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Five children with ALL were treated "prophylactically" for presumed subclinical central nervous system (CNS) leukemia. The remaining 11 patients were treated for overt meningeal involvement. MTX was administered intravenously at a dose of either 500 mg/m2 or 1500 mg/m2 with one third by rapid intravenous infusion and two thirds intravenously over 24 hours with leucovorin rescue. Intraventricular MTX was given in some treatment courses at a dose of 12 mg/m2. At either 500 mg/m2 or 1500 mg/m2, when given only IV, MTX results in a 100 fold higher concentration in plasma compared to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The plasma levels are three times higher with the 1500 mg/m2 dose compared to the 500 mg/m2 dose. After intraventricular administration of MTX, patients with overt CNS leukemia retained MTX in the CSF significantly longer than patients treated prophylactically. This may be due to abnormal transport of MTX out of the CSF in patients with meningeal disease.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Microtubule‐Associated Protein Kinase After Transient Ischemia in the Gerbil Brain

The tyrosine phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein (MAP) kinase was examined in the gerbil brain after transient ischemia and reperfusion. Phosphorylation of MAP kinase was maximal within 1 min of reperfusion following 5 min of ischemia and returned to control levels as early as 5 min postischemia. The greatest increase in MAP kinase phosphorylation was detected in the hippocampus, with minor increases in other ischemic regions of the brain. Several tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins were detected in the gerbil hippocampus; however, the ischemia and reperfusion injury only increased tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinase. The increase in tyrosine phosphorylation was prevented by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker (+)-MK-801, whereas a non-NMDA receptor blocker, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, was ineffective. Pretreatment of gerbils with calcium channel blockers also prevented the tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinase in the ischemic brain. Altogether, these results imply an involvement of glutamate receptors and calcium during the tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinase. Tyrosine phosphorylation was also prevented when ischemia and reperfusion were conducted under hypothermic conditions, which protect against neurodegenerative damage. These findings implicate a role for MAP kinase in neuronal damage resulting from ischemia and reperfusion.
TWO-FREQUENCY MICROWAVE QUENCHING OF HIGHLY EXCITED HYDROGEN ATOMS

This contribution is a preliminary report on the study of ionization of hydrogen atoms in Rydberg states by the simultaneous interaction of these atoms with a microwave field with two frequency components. Since the original work of Bayfield and Koch,1 the ionization of a highly excited atom by a single microwave field has been studied experimentally in increasing detail. Recently2 there has been considerable progress in understanding theoretically not only some overall characteristics of the ionization process but also more detailed structures in the ionization curves. The relevant theories have exploited the periodicity of the Hamiltonian to calculate those characteristics. This has motivated us to set up experiments to break this periodicity by applying a second microwave field with a different frequency.
Security analysis of public cloud computing

Cloud computing is in its infancy and continues to evolve. As this evolution proceeds, there are a number of privacy and security concerns emerging from the cloud computing model that need to be addressed before broad acceptance occurs. This paper is an initial literature survey of cloud computing security, which promises to be a challenging research area. Although cloud computing security research inherits previous research from its elemental technologies, this paper will limit its focus on surveying cloud computing targeted research. By performing a systematic analysis of the security aspects of the cloud model, this work seeks to succinctly clarify why security continues to be a significant impediment for cloud adoption.
Blunt trauma in patients with pre-existing intra-abdominal lesions: CT diagnosis

This pictorial essay illustrates a variety of unsuspected diseases detected in blunt trauma patients who underwent helical CT for suspected abdominal injuries. Representative cases of benign and malignant diseases, congenital abnormalities, and other miscellaneous expansive intra-abdominal lesions were selected from the CT registry of a level I trauma center. The recognition of underlying disease is important for the management of trauma patients.
Castaway: a context-aware task management system

This paper describes the development of Castaway, a context-aware task management system. Specifically, we describe a three-week field study with thirty-five participants, the results of which illuminate the nature of people's recorded tasks. We further describe in detail iterations made to our task management interface, including a map-based view, and the insights gained that will inform future design and development.
The evolution of structural changes in ettringite during thermal decomposition

Abstract The thermal decomposition of ettringite, Ca6[Al(OH)6]2(SO4)3·∼26H2O, was studied with pulsed neutron time-of-flight diffraction combined with Rietveld structure refinement. Like prior investigations, transition from a crystalline to amorphous state occurred following the loss of ∼20 water molecules. In contrast to earlier investigations, which relied upon indirect measurements of water and hydroxyl occupancies, the present study inferred the occupancies directly from Rietveld crystal structure refinement of the diffraction data. The decomposition pathway was shown to be more complex than previously envisioned, involving the simultaneous loss of hydroxyl and water molecules. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies of the rigid lattice lineshapes of fully and partially hydrated ettringite were performed and confirmed our decomposition model.
Controls on emergent macrophyte composition, abundance, and productivity in freshwater Everglades wetland communities

The relationships between tissue nutrient content, species-specific productivity, and species abundance were investigated in seven emergent wetland species to determine how important a functional role phosphorus availability plays in controlling specific composition, abundance, and productivity in two naturally occurring Everglades wetland communities (sawgrass and wet prairie). Evidence from our tissue nutrient data suggest that the dominant taxa in each of these communities (Cladium jamaicense in the sawgrass community andEleocharis spp. in the wet prairie community) are strongly limited by phosphorus and that the availability of this nutrient is important in controlling the productivity of each of these taxa.Cladium jamaicense had a significantly higher molar N:P ratio than either of the two other species, which were found to co-exist in the sawgrass community, suggesting that this species has extremely low requirements for phosphorus and, consequently, may be able to most effectively use phosphorus under conditions of low availability. Nutrient availability also seemed to be important toPeltandra virginica, although it seems that this species may be limited by nitrogen as opposed to phosphorus. Unlike bothC. jamaicense andP. virginica, nutrient availability (either nitrogen or phosphorus) was insufficient to explain patterns of productivity or abundance forP. cordata, suggesting that some other environmental factor is more important for this species. In the wet prairie community, bothEleocharis spp. and the second most abundant species,Sagittaria lancifolia, had relationships that suggested that the productivity or abundance of both of these species is regulated by phosphorus availability. In contrast,Panicum hemitomon, an important Everglades plant, did not show either productivity or abundance patterns that could be adequately explained in terms of nutrient availability. It seems more likely that, similar toP. cordata in the sawgrass community, some other environmental variable is more important than phosphorus availability—although the high N:P ratios inP. hemitomon leaf tissue do suggest that this species is phosphorus-limited. Furthermore, leaf tissue N:P data also suggested thatHymenocallis palmeri may be limited entirely by nitrogen, rather than phosphorus.
Intelligent Assistant for Context-Aware Policies

Recent advancements in document handling tools have greatly simplified the tasks of reusing content and copying between secure and unsecure locations. As a result, intentional and unintentional data leaks are occurring more often and so posing a serious risk. To address this issue, context-aware policies have been introduced so that the policies pertain to the patterns of text contained in actual run-time content -- as well as static document-level metadata -- with the aim of distinguishing different types of sensitive documents. Unlike traditional metadata based policies, context-aware policies do not need to have any overlap in their conditions for contradictions to occur, which makes it harder to create and manage coherent, ambiguity free sets of policies. We provide a novel Intelligent Modeling Assistant (IMA) that automatically deals with resolvable complications in modelling, while breaking tasks requiring manual intervention into a set of simple decisions. The IMA also helps the administrator to understand possible consequences of policies through sets of examples. Our implementation using constraint satisfaction technology is described.
Integrated Countercurrent Two-Stage Extraction and Cream Demulsification in Enzyme-Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Soybeans

Countercurrent two-stage extraction and cream demulsification were fully integrated and demonstrated on laboratory scale (2 kg soybeans) wherein the enzyme used for demulsifying the cream was used in the extraction steps of enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP). Protease enzyme (Protex 6L) entered the integrated EAEP process in the demulsification step and the skim, which contained the enzyme, resulting from breaking the cream emulsion was recycled upstream into the second extraction stage and then to the first extraction stage. Oil, protein and solids extraction yields of 96.1 ± 1.4%, 89.3 ± 1.0%, and 81.2 ± 2.0%, respectively, were achieved with steady-state operation of integrated EAEP. Higher degrees of protein hydrolysis (DH) were obtained when using the integrated process compared with the process when not recycling the enzyme. Higher extents of hydrolysis probably increased emulsion formation thereby affecting lipid distribution among the fractions. Overall free oil recovery was reduced due to more oil shifting to the skim fraction.
Perinatal heptachlor exposure increases expression of presynaptic dopaminergic markers in mouse striatum.

Although banned in the 1970s, significant levels of the organochlorine pesticide heptachlor are still present in the environment raising concern over potential human exposure. In particular, organochlorine pesticides have been linked to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Studies from our laboratory and others have demonstrated that exposure of laboratory animals to heptachlor alters the levels and function of the dopamine transporter (DAT), an integral component of dopaminergic neurotransmission and a gateway for the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP. In this study, we examined the effects of developmental exposure to heptachlor on DAT, and other key components of the dopaminergic system, including the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). Female C57BL/6J mice received 0 or 3 mg/kg heptachlor in peanut butter every 3 days for 2 weeks prior to breeding and throughout gestation and lactation until the offspring were weaned on postnatal day (PND) 21. On postnatal day 28, DAT, VMAT2, and TH levels were increased by 100, 70, and 30%, respectively, with no change in AADC levels or total dopamine levels. The ratio of DAT:VMAT2 was increased 29%. Since an increase in the DAT:VMAT2 ratio appears to predict susceptibility of brain regions to Parkinson's disease (PD) and results in increased toxicity of MPTP, these results suggest that alterations of the dopaminergic system by developmental heptachlor exposure may increase the susceptibility of dopamine neurons to toxic insult.
Observation of Shapiro steps in the charge-density-wave state of NbSe3

Abstract We report the observation of ac-induced Shapiro-like steps in the dc I-V characteristics of NbSe 3 . Analysis of the steps in terms of a classical model of charge-density-wave (CDW) transport, mathematically equivalent to the Stewart-McCumber model of Josephson tunnel junctions, indicates a highly coherent sample response, and that coupling phenomena well known in the Josephson literature also occur for CDW transport.
B-Cell Tolerance Defects in the B6.Aec1/2 Mouse Model of Sjögren’s Syndrome

Purpose Primary Sjogren’s syndrome (SjS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary and lacrimal glands, B-cell clonal expansions and an increased risk of lymphoma. In order to understand the role of B cells in this disorder, the antibody repertoire and B-cell maturation were studied in a mouse model of SjS called B6.Aec1/2.
Meaning and suffering in organizations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of suffering for meaning making and spirituality in organizational contexts.Design/methodology/approach – The paper explores how organizational spaces may be created for meaning making and how this is linked to the idea of compassion.Findings – The paper suggests that while suffering has been explored in organizations, it has not been studied relative to existential meaning making. This is identified as a significant gap in research on organizational spirituality. The paper attempts to fill this gap and suggests that the study of suffering has to separate suffering as an objective phenomenon, which should be eliminated in organizations, from suffering as a subjective experience in which meaning may be found. It is also proposed that, for existential meaning to be uncovered in the face of suffering, organizational spaces have to be created in which such meaning making can take place.Originality/value – The paper suggests that suffering can be a pat...
EWall: a visual analytics environment for collaborative sense-making

We introduce EWall, an experimental visual analytics environment for the support of remote-collaborative sense-making activities. EWall is designed to foster and support 'object focused thinking', where users represent and understand information as objects, construct and recognize contextual relationships among objects, as well as communicate through objects. EWall also offers a unified infrastructure for the implementation and testing of computational agents that consolidate user contributions and manage the flow of information among users through the creation and management of a 'virtual transactive memory'. EWall users operate their individual graphical interfaces to collect, abstract, organize and comprehend task-relevant information relative to their areas of expertise. A first type of computational agents infers possible relationships among information items through the analysis of the spatial and temporal organization and collaborative use of information. All information items and relationships converge in a shared database. A second type of computational agents evaluates the contents of the shared database and provides individual users with a customized selection of potentially relevant information. A learning mechanism allows the computational agents to adapt to particular users and circumstances. EWall is designed to enable individual users to navigate vast amounts of shared information effectively and help remotely dispersed team members combine their contributions, work independently without diverting from common objectives, and minimize the necessary amount of verbal communication.
Harbinatic Acid, a Novel and Potent DNA Polymerase β Inhibitor from Hardwickia binata

Bioassay-guided fractionation of an active methyl ethyl ketone extract of Hardwickia binata, using an assay sensitive to DNA polymerase β inhibition, resulted in the isolation of a potent inhibitor. This proved to be a novel diterpenoid, which has been named harbinatic acid (1). The structure of 1 was established as 3α-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-7-labden-15-oic acid from spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with the published data for a structurally related compound. Compound 1 strongly inhibited calf thymus DNA polymerase β, with an IC50 value of 2.9 μM.
Interfacial-Tension-Directed Self-Assembly of Nanowires on Superhydrophobic Surfaces

This paper describes a novel method of nanowire assembly using a superhydrophobic surface as a template. Well-defined superhydrophobic structures on a template surface direct the site-specific self-assembly of nanowires due to interfacial tension in evaporation, enabling simple but highly-efficient and ordered assembly of nanowires. High-aspect-ratio (HAR) microstructures with tapered tips are fabricated by deep reactive ion etch (DRIE) and are coated with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) for hydrophobicity. Nickel nanowires are fabricated in a porous alumina membrane by electrodeposition. A uniformly-dispersed nanowire suspension is dispensed and evaporated on the superhydrophobic template surface. Due to surface superhydrophobicity, a three-phase (i.e., liquid-solid-gas) interface is created on the surface structures, enabling the nanowires to reside only over the interface. After complete evaporation, the nanowires are mostly left on the structural tips, driven by the interfacial forces constituted at the three-phase boundary. Although the alignment yield rate of the nanowires to the surface pattern has not reached 100%, current experimental results demonstrate that the idea of using interfacial tension on superhydrophobic surfaces can serve as a novel nano-assembly technique with high throughput and high rate. The key parameters affecting the yield of self-assembly and alignment will continue to be studied for further improvement.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Non‐transition metal‐catalyzed living radical polymerization of vinyl chloride initiated with iodoform in water at 25 °C

Non-transition metal-catalyzed living radical polymerization (LRP) of vinyl chloride (VC) in water at 25–35 °C is reported. This polymerization is initiated with iodoform and catalyzed by Na2S2O4. In water, S2O dissociates into SO that mediates the initiation and reactivation steps via a single electron transfer (SET) mechanism. The exchange between dormant and active propagating species also includes the degenerative chain transfer to dormant species (DT). In addition, the SO2 released from SO during the SET process can add reversibly to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) radicals and provide additional transient dormant ∼SO radicals. This novel LRP proceeds mostly by a combination of competitive SET and DT mechanisms and, therefore, it is called SET-DTLRP. Telechelic PVC with a number-average molecular weight (Mn) = 2,000–55,000, containing two active ∼CH2CHClI chain ends and a higher syndiotacticity than the commercial PVC were obtained by SET-DTLRP. This PVC is free of structural defects and exhibits a higher thermal stability than commercial PVC. SET-DTLRP of VC is carried out under reaction conditions related to those used for its commercial free-radical polymerization. Consequently, SET-DTLRP is of technological interest both as an alternative commercial method for the production of PVC with superior properties as well as for the synthesis of new PVC-based architectures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 6267–6282, 2004
Three-dimensional characteristics of dike intrusion along the northern Iceland Rift from inversion of geodetic data

Abstract The geophysical inversion technique is used, together with a forward model of a three-dimensional dislocation in an elastic half-space, to investigate characteristics of the source for the observed surface deformation across the mid-Atlantic rift in Iceland. The geodetic measurements of elevation changes associated with the January 1979 intrusion in Krafla, northern Iceland, require a 20-km-long dike at a depth of 0.5–7.5 km; a 60° east-dipping normal fault on the west side of the graben, with a strike length of 5 km and a downdip depth of 0–5 km, and two 65° west-dipping normal faults in the east graben with strike lengths of 7.5 and 6 km and downdip depths of 0–6 km. The opening displacements are smoothly distributed over the dike, and the largest opening is located at the northern part of the dike immediately below the leveling line at a depth of 2.5 km. The normal slip distributions on the three normal faults are also very smooth, with high slip concentrations in the northern part of the west fault at shallow downdip depth, and in the central part of the east faults at downdip depth of 3 km. These results support the previous conclusion that faulting occurred in advance of the laterally propagating dike. In the model, only long wavelength features of the dike opening are well resolved. The sources at shallower depths immediately below the leveling line are best resolved both in length and amplitude. The resolution becomes worse and worse when the dike sources are at greater depths and away from the leveling line.
Towed-float satellite telemetry tracks large-scale movement and habitat connectivity of myliobatid stingrays

Batoids are important mesopredators whose high mobility and extensive migrations can link seemingly distant food webs in coastal ecosystems. Despite this recognition, our knowledge of the movement patterns of many species is limited due to the logistical challenge of tracking these animals on multiple scales. Smart Positioning or Temperature (SPOT) satellite-linked transmitters allow for precise, multi-scale tracking of species that regularly use surface waters. To date, SPOTs have been predominantly used on sharks, with only a single application to a batoid. Given the epipelagic nature of myliobatid stingrays, we examined the potential for towed-float SPOT transmitters to monitor large-scale movements of two representative species: the Cownose Ray (Rhinoptera bonasus; n = 15) and Spotted Eagle Ray (Aetobatus narinari; n = 9). Tracking data identified several consistent outmigration patterns of Cownose Rays along the Mississippi-Alabama shelf and seasonal variation in movement rates along barrier island habitats. We also documented sex-related differences in movement rates and habitat use of Spotted Eagle Rays along the Bermuda platform, where males exhibited significantly higher movement rates than females and more transient behavior between inshore lagoons and outer coral reefs. Both Cownose and Spotted Eagle Rays were shown to exhibit connectivity among several habitat types along continental shelves in their respective locales, demonstrating future challenges to the management of these species over large spatial scales. While reductions in tag size and improved tethering techniques would undoubtedly broaden the applicability of towed-float satellite telemetry to other species and sizes, our work highlights the strong potential for this technology to provide insights into the spatial ecology and habitat use of myliobatid rays.
Signatures of neutral pseudo Goldstone bosons from technicolor

Abstract Non-minimal technicolor models can contain neutral pseudo Goldstone bosons that can be produced in conjuction with a photon at LEP. We investigate all possible production and decay modes of such pseudo Goldstone bosons and show that all decay modes yield distinctive signatures for which one can readily search in current experiments. Possible signatures of this particle include three final state photons or single or double photons with missing energy. We also consider the possibility of searching for such particles at LEP II and hadron colliders.
Effect of SKF compound 525A on excretion of pentothal-S35 in mice.

SummaryAdministration of SKF Compound 525A to mice (50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg) prolongs significantly Pentothal-induced sleeping time, the duration of which is dependent on the dose of SKF-525A. The excretion of tracer amounts of Pentothal-S35 has been shown to be delayed by pretreatment with SKF-525A. Over a 7 hour period control animals excreted the maximum percentage of the injected dose (13.455%) within one hour, while treated animals retained S35 until the fourth hour after injection (11.228%). At the end of the 7 hour observation period, 31.1 and 30.08% of the injected doses were recovered from treated and control series, respectively. These observations are being extended to other barbiturates and the possible mechanism of action of SKF-525A.
Cancer Stem Cells: A Minor Cancer Subpopulation that Redefines Global Cancer Features

In recent years cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been hypothesized to comprise only a minor subpopulation in solid tumors that drives tumor initiation, development and metastasis; the so-called “cancer stem cell hypothesis”. While a seemingly trivial statement about numbers, much is put at stake. If true, the conclusions of many studies of cancer cell populations could be challenged, as the bulk assay methods upon which they depend have, by and large, taken for granted the notion that a ‘typical’ cell of the population possesses the attributes of a cell capable of perpetuating the cancer, i.e., a CSC. In support of the CSC hypothesis, populations enriched for so-called ‘tumor-initiating’ cells have demonstrated a corresponding increase in tumorigenicity as measured by dilution assay, although estimates have varied widely as to what the fractional contribution of tumor-initiating cells is in any given population. Some have taken this variability to suggest the CSC fraction may be nearly 100% after all, countering the CSC hypothesis, and that there are simply assay-dependent error rates in our ability to ‘reconfirm’ CSC status at the cell level. To explore this controversy more quantitatively, we developed a simple theoretical model of cancer stem cell-driven tumor growth dynamics. Assuming CSC and non-stem cancer cell subpopulations coexist to some degree, we evaluated the impact of an environmentally-dependent cancer stem cell symmetric division probability and a non-stem cancer cell proliferation capacity on tumor progression and morphology. Our model predicts, as expected, that the frequency of CSC divisions that are symmetric highly influences the frequency of CSCs in the population, but goes on to predict the two frequencies can be widely divergent, and that spatial constraints will tend to increase the CSC fraction over time.
Activity level and secondary motivation: Frustration

Three groups of hooded rats were given 15 placements to either continuous reward, alternating partial reward, or nonreward in a box where activity level was monitored. In acquisition, nonrewarded animals appeared more active than continuously rewarded animals, with partially rewarded animals showing activity levels similar to the group matching their reward type on that trial. In extinction, the continuously rewarded Ss’ activity rose to a level significantly above both the nonrewarded and partially rewarded groups, consistent with predictions of frustration-induced arousal and activity.
Revised Review for Critical Issues: “Leap into the Boundless …”

Dear Author: You offer a wonderful, innovative lens for looking at literacy philosophies, teacher decision making, and instruction. I agree that "educational literature written in English is grounded almost exclusively in western philosophy and a fresh perspective" is needed. Your work has the potential to generate this perspective because of its many strengths: lucid writing, clear organization, readability, a timely literature review, and wonderful citations from Taoist works that made me think deeply. Because of your novel approach, this was one of the most interesting manuscripts I have read for JLR and also one of the most difficult I have ever reviewed. Both in content and format, it did not fit neatly into a specific discourse pattern or communityand therein lies its greatest strength and weakness. On one hand, I found myself thinking about your text for days and discussing its ideas with colleagues. This shows me that you have many important thoughts to convey. I have studied Eastern philosophy at length and found the notion of applying Taoist tenets to literacy practices and my own emancipatory practices as a teacher educator tantalizingly relevant. On the other hand, because it is such a philosophical piece, I found myself frustrated by its contradictions, as well as its ethereal nature in many parts.
USER INFLUENCE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORECAST ACCURACY, APPLICATION AND LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE

When companies develop and apply more accurate forecasts in their planning and management activities, they have the potential to improve performance throughout their organization and across the supply chain. To realize these improvements, however, companies must (1) implement techniques and practices that improve forecast accuracy, and (2) integrate the more accurate forecasts into their planning and management activities. While much research has focused on accomplishing the first of these requirements, few studies have investigated the important role that user's play in the application of forecasts for logistics planning and management. This article establishes a connection between forecast performance, user perceptions of the quality of forecasts they receive, the extent that they use the forecasts and the resulting impact on logistics performance.
A longitudinal assessment of the determinant relationship between employee commitments to the occupation and the organization.

A review of the research literature suggested that occupational commitment may be an antecedent to employees' commitment to the organization. Although several studies have assessed the general relationship between occupational and organizational commitment, none have attempted to establish the causal priority between the two constructs. In the present study, occupational commitment was viewed as a causal antecedent to organizational commitment. Based on longitudinal data from 100 management information systems professionals, this view was supported through cross-lagged analysis. Further, we examined a longitudinal causal model of the turnover process in which occupational commitment was placed as an antecedent to organizational commitment. Structural equation analysis supported the fit of this model to the data. Implications of the findings are discussed.
STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF LIPID A PREPARATIONS ISOLATED FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI AND SHIGELLA FLEXNERI

Abstract : An earlier report stated that the D-glucosamine units in the lipid A of Serratia marcescens were linked I to 6 and were probably in the beta configuration. Investigation of the chemical structure of lipid A, particularly the linkage between the D-glucosamine units has been extended to the lipid A of Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri, respectively. These studies have shown that the D-glucosamine units of lipid A of both species are linked I to 4 in contrast to those of S. marcescens; the configurations are probably beta. Possible structures for both lipid A's are proposed. (Author)
Template design and propagation gain for multipath UWB channels with per-path frequency-dependent distortion

Due to the large bandwidth allocation, Ultra-Wideband (UWB) channels exhibit frequency-dependent distortion of individual multipath components. This per-path distortion is particularly significant in outdoor UWB applications, where line-of-sight (LOS) or non-distorted reflected signals might not be available at the receiver, and the dominant propagation mechanisms involve shadowing (diffraction) or reflection by small objects (e.g. signs or lamp-posts). In this paper, a physical model is employed in the design of robust correlation receiver templates for outdoor single and multipath impulse radio channels characterized by per-path distortion. It is demonstrated that receivers which employ a set of partial derivatives templates are near-optimal in terms of energy capture while the simple transmit pulse template provides excellent complexity-performance trade-offs for most practical scenarios. Moreover, iterative receiver structures that maintain the energy capture in the presence of overlapping multipath components are investigated. Finally, a large gap between the propagation gains of the transmit pulses in the lower and upper bands of the FCC spectrum is characterized for several propagation mechanisms.*