cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Establishing conservation units to promote recovery of two threatened freshwater mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionida: Potamilus).

Population genomics has significantly increased our ability to make inferences about microevolutionary processes and demographic histories, which have the potential to improve protection and recovery of imperiled species. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) represent one of the most imperiled groups of organisms globally. Despite systemic decline of mussel abundance and diversity, studies evaluating spatiotemporal changes in distribution, demographic histories, and ecological factors that threaten long-term persistence of imperiled species remain lacking. In this study, we use genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) and mitochondrial sequence data (mtDNA) to define conservation units (CUs) for two highly imperiled freshwater mussel species, Potamilus amphichaenus and Potamilus streckersoni. We then synthesize our molecular findings with details from field collections spanning from 1901 to 2019 to further elucidate distributional trends, contemporary status, and other factors that may be contributing to population declines for our focal species. We collected GBS and mtDNA data for individuals of P. amphichaenus and P. streckersoni from freshwater mussel collections in the Brazos, Neches, Sabine, and Trinity drainages ranging from 2012 to 2019. Molecular analyses resolved disputing number of genetic clusters within P. amphichaenus and P. streckersoni; however, we find defensible support for four CUs, each corresponding to an independent river basin. Evaluations of historical and recent occurrence data illuminated a generally increasing trend of occurrence in each of the four CUs, which were correlated with recent increases in sampling effort. Taken together, these findings suggest that P. amphichaenus and P. streckersoni are likely rare throughout their respective ranges. Because of this, the establishment of CUs will facilitate evidence-based recovery planning and ensure potential captive propagation and translocation efforts are beneficial. Our synthesis represents a case study for conservation genomic assessments in freshwater mussels and provides a model for future studies aimed at recovery planning for these highly imperiled organisms.
From Beaming Cancer to Beaming Parent: Paternity Leave Experiences in Radiation Oncology.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) With the arrival of a child, working professionals often struggle with child-caring responsibilities. This can be exacerbated by the absence of an adequate support system at work, such as lack of parental leave. Though supported by most men and women, paternity leave is heavily underutilized across industries due in part to external pressures and a lack of consistent availability. To date, the topic of paternity leave has not been examined in our field. Therefore, our goal is to evaluate the utilization of paternity leave in radiation oncology (RO) practices and identify any associated barriers. MATERIALS/METHODS After IRB approval, a voluntary, anonymous 36-item survey was distributed via email to 536 male domestic RO attending & resident physicians. Questions assessed paternity leave policies, utilization, and departmental support. Data was collected using an online survey platform from January to February 2021. Descriptive statistics were obtained for analysis. RESULTS The survey response rate was 20% (n = 108) with 98% of participants completing all applicable questions. Respondents comprised of 58% (n = 63) attending physicians and 42% (n = 45) resident physicians. The median age of all respondents was 35 years. Eighty-five percent (n = 92) of respondents were married and 67% (n = 72) had at least one child. Seventy-nine percent (n = 50) of attending physicians were 0 to 5 years removed from training. Amongst all participants, 47% (n = 51) stated their practice had a formal paternity leave policy in place, 18% (n = 19) stated paternity leave was allowed but there was no formal policy available, and 25% (n = 27) stated their department did not offer paternity leave. Of the 72 men with children, 64% (n = 46) reported they have taken paternity leave at least once while 22% (n = 16) noted that they would have but none was available. The median time allowed for leave was 4 weeks (range 0.5 weeks to unlimited) while median time taken was 2 weeks (range 0.5 to 12 weeks). Sixteen men stated they felt pressure to take less leave than what is allowed by their policy. In retrospect, 46% of men stated they would take more time off for paternity leave. Only 2% (n = 1) did not feel supported by their colleagues while 15% (n = 7) experienced financial repercussions by taking leave. CONCLUSION This is the first study to investigate the utilization of paternity leave in RO practices in the United States. More than a third of respondents did not have a formal paternity leave policy. Of those that utilized paternity leave, the median taken time was less than the median allotted time, partially due to departmental pressure. In retrospect, close to 50% of respondents would have taken more leave. Integrating expanded family leave policies, including specifically allowing for paternity leave and accompanying these policies with cultural changes acknowledging the importance of family leave, would be beneficial to improving quality of life and work-life balance for parents.
A Polyamine Twist on Hedgehog Signaling

The Hedgehog pathway plays important roles in embryonic development and oncogenesis, but how it affects metabolism is less clear. D'Amico et al. (2015) now demonstrate that the Hedgehog pathway regulates translation of ornithine decarboxylase, thereby enhancing polyamine biosynthesis and cell proliferation in neural precursor cells and in brain tumors.
Policy and Change: Getting Beyond Bureaucracy

One of the toughest nuts to crack in educational change is policy itself- not this policy or that policy, but the basic ways in which policy is conceived, developed and put into practice.
Multiple Scattering in Clouds: Insights from Three-Dimensional Diffusion/P1 Theory

In the atmosphere, multiple scattering matters nowhere more than in clouds, and being a product of its turbulence, clouds are highly variable environments. This challenges three-dimensional (3D) ra...
Defective prophage in Escherichia coli K12 strains.

Abstract Many E. coli K12 strains carry genes analogous to the late gene positive regulator (gene Q) and lysis genes (genes S and R) of phage λ. This block of genes (called qsr′) has been identified by isolating λ strains in which these genes have replaced λ genes Q, S, and R. Late gene control by at least some of these phages is similar to that of previously recognized substitution mutants (λp4 and λqin). λqsr′ phages cannot be recovered from a strain (AB1157) which lacks other genes (rac, recE, rev) attributed to a defective prophage. Qsr′ and these other genes may, therefore, be derived from a common prophage.
Soviet feedgrain consumption: A stable long-run relationship?

Abstract This study questions the widespread assumption that Soviet feedgrain consumption was targeted and, therefore, fixed. We postulate that the Soviet Union's policy allowed consumption to adjust to a set of economic factors. Soviet feedgrain consumption is explained by Soviet terms of trade, planted acreage, and yield. Using unit-root tests, the time-series properties of the variables are examined to ensure that the statistical results are not spurious. These tests established that the variables are cointegrated, which means that a stable long-run relationship existed.
LMO2 and BCL6 are associated with improved survival in primary central nervous system lymphoma

Summary Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an aggressive sub-variant of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with morphological similarities to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). While methotrexate (MTX)-based therapies have improved patient survival, the disease remains incurable in most cases and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. We evaluated 69 cases of PCNSL for the expression of HGAL (also known as GCSAM), LMO2 and BCL6 – genes associated with DLBCL prognosis and pathobiology, and analysed their correlation to survival in 49 PCNSL patients receiving MTX-based therapy. We demonstrate that PCNSL expresses LMO2, HGAL(also known as GCSAM) and BCL6 proteins in 52%, 65% and 56% of tumours, respectively. BCL6 protein expression was associated with longer progression-free survival (P = 0·006) and overall survival (OS, P = 0·05), while expression of LMO2 protein was associated with longer OS (P = 0·027). Further research is needed to elucidate the function of BCL6 and LMO2 in PCNSL.
Displacement of a root form implant into the mandibular canal

An unusual complication associated with the placement of osseointegrated root form implants is presented. Discussion of this complication focuses on treatment planning and anatomic considerations in the posterior mandible that impact the viability of implant placement. Vital structures in this location, including the mandibular canal, are often obscured on routine panoramic radiography. Tomograms of the maxilla or mandible can provide data on cortical plate thickness, location of vital structures, and the presence of large medullary spaces, information that will decrease the incidence of implant complications.
Optimality conditions in fractional programming

Optimality conditions of Kuhn-Tucker and Fritz John, with and without differentiability requirements, are established for a nonlinear fractional programming problem. The transformation introduced by Manas and Schaible plays a key role.
The Boycott of the Law and the Law of the Boycott: Law, Labour, and Politics in British Columbia

This article uses a critical theoryllegal mobilization perspective to study the 1987–92 trade union boycott of the British Columbia labour law. The problems encountered establishing a total boycott–one that would eschew all contact with the state–and the subsequent modification of the parameters of the boycott through a selective reliance on the law offer an important case from which to learn more about the role of law and legal rights in highly regulated organizations and how collectives mobilize the law. The author argues that legal rights are important to unions because of their ability to mediate the complexity of labour relations through a decentralization of authority. At the same time, mobilization of the law for this purpose accentuates localized identities and unequal resources that operate in tension with a boycott ethos, necessitating a deliberative politics to legitimize the law. By exploring the tension between these two forms of mobilization around law–one to reduce complexity, another to legitimize broad collective norms–the author analyzes and draws some conclusions about the reproduction of social unionism in British Columbia.
Structure and energetics of carbon nanotube ropes

Abstract High-resolution electron microscopy observation and energetic analysis have been performed on ropes formed from single-walled carbon nanotubes. When individual nanotubes are twisted, the nanotube ropes become energetically stable—a configuration that also offers better structural stability. Electron microscopic image simulations of an energetically-stable rope composed of seven single-walled carbon nanotubes have been carried out as well to elaborate the salient features that were observed experimentally.
PGC-1β in the Regulation of Hepatic Glucose and Energy Metabolism

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional coactivator that regulates multiple aspects of cellular energy metabolism, including mitochondrial biogenesis, hepatic gluconeogenesis, and β-oxidation of fatty acids. PGC-1α mRNA levels are increased in both type-1 and type-2 diabetes and may contribute to elevated hepatic glucose production in diabetic states. We have recently described PGC-1β, a novel transcriptional coactivator that is a homolog of PGC-1α. Although PGC-1β shares significant sequence similarity and tissue distribution with PGC-1α, the biological activities of PGC-1β in the regulation of cellular metabolism is unknown. In this study, we used an adenoviral-mediated expression system to study the function of PGC-1β both in cultured hepatocytes and in the liver of rats. PGC-1β, like PGC-1α, potently induces the expression of an array of mitochondrial genes involved in oxidative metabolism. However, in contrast to PGC-1α, PGC-1β poorly activates the expression of gluconeogenic genes in hepatocytes or liver in vivo, illustrating that these two coactivators play distinct roles in hepatic glucose metabolism. The reduced ability of PGC-1β to induce gluconeogenic genes is due, at least in part, to its inability to physically associate with and coactivate hepatic nuclear receptor 4α (HNF4α) and forkhead transcription factor O1 (FOXO1), two critical transcription factors that mediate the activation of gluconeogenic gene expression by PGC-1α. These data illustrate that PGC-1β and PGC-1α have distinct arrays of activities in hepatic energy metabolism.
Biochemical diversity among sulfur‐dependent, hyperthermophilic microorganisms

Hyperthermophiles are a recently discovered group of microorganisms that grow at and above 90 degrees C. They currently comprise over 20 different genera, and except for two novel bacteria, all are classified as Archaea. The majority of these organisms are obligately anaerobic heterotrophs that reduce elemental sulfur (S degree) to H2S. The best studied from a biochemical perspective are the archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus, and the bacterium, Thermotoga maritima, both of which are saccharolytic. P. furiosus is thought to contain a new type of Entner-Doudoroff pathway for the conversion of carbohydrates ultimately to acetate, H2 and CO2. The pathway is independent of nicotinamide nucleotides and involves novel types of ferredoxin-linked oxidoreductases, one of which has tungsten, a rarely used element, as a prosthetic group. The only site of energy conservation is at the level of acetyl CoA, which is the presence of ADP and phosphate is converted to acetate and ATP in a single step. In contrast, T. maritima utilizes a conventional Embden-Meyerhof pathway for sugar oxidation. P. furiosus also utilizes peptides as a sole carbon and energy source. Amino acid oxidation is thought to involve glutamate dehydrogenase together with at least three types of novel ferredoxin-linked oxidoreductases which catalyze the oxidation of 2-ketoglutarate, aryl pyruvates and formaldehyde. One of these enzymes also utilizes tungsten. In P. furiosus, virtually all of the reductant that is generated during the catabolism of both carbohydrates and peptides is channeled to a cytoplasmic hydrogenase. This enzyme is now termed sulhydrogenase, as it reduces both protons to H2 and S degrees (or polysulfide) to H2S. S degrees reduction appears to lead to the conservation of energy in P. furiosus but not in T. maritima, although the mechanism by which this occurs is not known.
Role of the Inflammasome, IL-1β, and IL-18 in Bacterial Infections

The inflammasome is an important innate immune pathway that regulates at least two host responses protective against infections: (1) secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 and (2) induction of pyroptosis, a form of cell death. Inflammasomes, of which different types have been identified, are multiprotein complexes containing pattern recognition receptors belonging to the Nod-like receptor family or the PYHIN family and the protease caspase-1. The molecular aspects involved in the activation of different inflammasomes by various pathogens are being rapidly elucidated, and their role during infections is being characterized. Production of IL-1β and IL-18 and induction of pyroptosis of the infected cell have been shown to be protective against many infectious agents. Here, we review the recent literature concerning inflammasome activation in the context of bacterial infections and identify important questions to be answered in the future.
Synthesis, characterization, and X-ray crystallography of a series of ditungsten complexes with bis(diphenylphosphino)amine

Abstract The W2(II, II) and W2(III, III) compounds, W2(μ-O2CC6H5)2Cl2(μ-dppa)2 (1), W2(μ-O2CC6H5)2Br2(μ-dppa)2 (2), W2(μ-O2CC6H5)2I2(μ-dppa)2 (3), W2Cl4(μ-dppa)2 (4), W2(μ-Cl)2Cl4(μ-dppa)2 (5), and W2(μ-H)2Cl4(μ-dppa)2 (6), have been synthesized using the chelating phosphine ligand dppa (bis(diphenylphosphino)amine). The series of metal–metal multiply bonded complexes has been characterized by NMR and UV–vis spectroscopy, and the structures of 2·(THF)2, 5·(THF)4, and 6·(THF)2 determined by X-ray crystallography.
Apoptotic DNA fragmentation and tissue homeostasis

DNA fragmentation is a hallmark of apoptosis. The tightly controlled activation of the apoptosis-specific endonucleases provides an effective means to ensure the removal of unwanted DNA and the timely completion of apoptosis. Over the past several years, crucial progress has been made in identifying the long-awaited apoptotic endonucleases, and their importance in tissue homeostasis is beginning to unfold. Here, we focus on the most recent discoveries about the functions and mechanisms of these endonucleases in the context of apoptosis. We also discuss consequences that defective DNA fragmentation might have for tissue homeostasis and disease development.
Influence of drugs on macromolecular synthesis during cell synchronization

Abstract A cell culture system has been used to examine the effect of various pharmacologic agents on DNA synthesis with the hope of utilizing this system for the evaluation of drugs at the cellular level. Glucocorticoids have been shown to have a differential effect on growth dependent on the cell type studied. For this reason steroidal anti-inflammatory agents were chosen to study in our culture system. Aspirin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, was also studied for a comparison with glucocorticoids. The CNS stimulants, caffeine and amphetamines, were studied for their effects on non-target cells in culture and compared with the response of target cells. Doxorubicin, an anti-neoplastic agent, has been shown to depress growth in a variety of cells. This drug was also studied in our culture system. We have found that steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induced a dose-dependent stimulation of DNA synthesis in normal human fibroblasts that was also age-dependent, while decreasing DNA synthesis in SV40 virus transformed cells. Aspirin (25 μg/ml) exhibited a similar response. Human fibroblasts were found to be responsive to the CNS stimulants, exhibiting a dose-dependent decrease in DNA synthesis when exposed to caffeine. Amphetamine (200 μM) depressed DNA synthesis in normal fibroblasts and increased it in SV40 virus transformed cells. All cells studied exhibited a depression of DNA synthesis when treated with doxorubicin (0.1 μg/ml).
A suggested program of teacher education for secondary education students

A recent survey conducted by the Secondary Education Department of San Francisco State College1 indicated, among other things, that graduates of the secondary education department of that institution felt that they should have had additional training in their teaching field. Of those taking part in the survey, nearly six times as many indicated need for more preparation in subject matter than for additional work in any other area including professional education courses. Ninety-nine of the graduates responding to the survey said that they needed additional training in their teaching field. Only seventeen suggested more work in counseling and guidance, the next most frequently mentioned category. In another section of this report,2 the graduates now teaching identified the educational psychology and secondary education courses as the least helpful to them in their credential program. Further, the respondents in the survey listed student teaching and curriculum and instruction in their major and minor subjects as the most helpful in completing their work for the credential and preparing them to teach. It may be argued that it is not the duty of a secondary education department to provide training in subject-matter areas. Since students major and minor in specific fields, it should be the responsibility of the traditional academic divisions to strengthen their courses so as to provide a better background for the future teacher. Certainly there is merit in this position. However, it is the ultimate responsibility of the secondary education department to identify those students who are
The futures of physicians: agency and autonomy reconsidered

The corporatization of U.S. health care has directed cost containment efforts toward scrutinizing the clinical decisions of physicians. This stimulated a variety of new utilization management interventions, particularly in hospital and managed care settings. Recent changes in fee-for-service medicine and physicians' traditional agency relationships with patients, purchasers, and insurers are examined here. New information systems monitoring of physician ordering behavior has already begun to impact on physician autonomy and the relationship of physicians to provider organizations in both for-profit and 'not-for-profit' sectors. As managed care practice settings proliferate, serious ethical questions will be raised about agency relationships with patients. This article examines health system dynamics altering the historical agency relationship between the physician and patient and eroding the tradiational autonomy of the medical profession in the United States. The corporatization of medicine and the accompanying information systems monitoring of physician productivity is seen to account of such change, now posing serious ethical dilemmas.
Admission control threshold in cellular relay networks with power adjustment

In the cellular network with relays, the mobile station can benefit from both coverage extension and capacity enhancement. However, the operation complexity increases as the number of relays grows up. Furthermore, in the cellular network with cooperative relays, it is even more complex because of an increased dimension of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) formed in the cooperative wireless transmission links. In this paper, we propose a new method for admission capacity planning in a cellular network using a cooperative relaying mechanism called decode-and-forward. We mathematically formulate the dropping ratio using the randomness of "channel gain." With this, we formulate an admission threshold planning problem as a simple optimization problem, where we maximize the accommodation capacity (in number of connections) subject to two types of constraints. (1) A constraint that the sum of the transmit powers of the source node and relay node is upper-bounded where both nodes can jointly adjust the transmit power. (2) A constraint that the dropping ratio is upper-bounded by a certain threshold value. The simplicity of the problem formulation facilitates its solution in real-time. We believe that the proposed planning method can provide an attractive guideline for dimensioning a cellular relay network with cooperative relays.
Energy-dependent photodissociation dynamics probed by fluorescence polarization.

A linearly polarized tunable cw dye laser was used to excite ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$ from the ground $X^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{\mathrm{g}}^{+}$ state into the continuum of the $B^{1}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{\mathrm{u}}$ state. Resulting photodissociation produces excited atomic $\mathrm{K}(^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}})$ which radiates on the ${D}_{2}$ line. As the laser is tuned through the molecular bound-free absorption profile, we have observed a large variation in the polarization of atomic fluorescence ranging from plus 15% \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2% to minus 6.3% \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.4%. We believe this variation can be explained in terms of molecular rotation during dissociation. These results are consistent with a completely adiabatic model for the dissociation.
The presence of polyriboadenylic acid sequences in calf lens messenger RNA.

The presence of poly(rA) sequences in lens RNA has been demonstrated by the isolation of RNase A and T1-resistant fragments of approximately 50 nucleotide residues. These poly(rA)-rich sequences, obtained from lenses incubated for six hours in organ culture with [3H]adenosine, are located at the 3′ termini of mRNA as determined by 3′ exoribonuclease digestion. Limited digestion of the [3H]adenosine-labeled mRNA with the enzyme led to the abolition of binding to poly(rU)-filters and a concomitant loss of template activity with avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Furthermore, after incubation of lenses in organ culture with 3′-deoxyadenosine, the isolated polysomal RNA was unable to function as a template in an avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase-catalyzed reaction system.
Serum IgG to heat shock proteins and Porphyromonas gingivalis antigens in diabetic patients with periodontitis.

Background:Past studies have reported a correlation between the presence and severity of periodontitis and serum antibody titers to species-specific antigens of Porphyromonas gingivalis or to cross-reactive antigens, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and heat shock proteins (HSP), shared between P. gingivalis and other bacteria. Our recent study of periodontal treatment outcome in insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus patients with severe periodontitis (IDDMI/periodontitis) resulted in two key findings: 1. serum glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody (GAD65 Ab) levels were significantly associated with periodontal pocket depth change (PDC) and 2. serum IgG titers to P. gingivalis cells were positively associated with GAD65 Ab level in seropositive (GAD65 Ab +) patients. We have therefore hypothesized that profiles of serum autoantibody levels and IgG titers, to P. gingivalis-specific antigens may be useful in assessing risk for refractory periodontitis in such patients. Aim:To determine whether PDC resulting from non-surgical periodontal treatment can be predicted using profiles of baseline IgG titers to P. gingivalisspecific antigens, human HSP, and GAD65. Methods:PDC was assessed two months after non-surgical periodontal treatment of 7 GAD65 Ab + and 11 GAD65 AbIDDM/periodontitis patients. Pretreatment titers to GAD65, recombinant human heat shock proteins (HSP90, HSP70, and HSP60), and various P. gingivalis antigens were measured using radioligand precipitation or enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays and compared to the same measurements for 154 recent-onset IDDM patients and 46 non-diabetic controls. Results:Median titers (ELISA units) to HSP90 and HSP70 were significantly higher than non-diabetic controls for GAD65 Ab + (p°= 0.002) and GAD65 Ab- (p = 0.034) IDDM/periodontitis patients, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis indicated significant partial correlation of PDC with log-transformed titers to HSP90 (r = − 0.62, p = 0.008), HSP70 (r = + 0.62, p = 0.009), GAD65 (r = − 0.60, p = 0.01) and P. gingivalis LPS (r = − 0.5 1, p = 0.04). Furthermore, hierarchical clustering of baseline profiles of log-transformed HSP90, HSP70, and GAD65 Ab titers sorted patients into two distinct clusters with significantly different median PDC (1.45 min, n = 10 vs. 0.65 min, n = 8; p = 0.016, Mann–Whitney). Conclusion:Pretreatment profiles of serum antibody titers to HSP90, HSP70, GAD65, and P. gingivalis LPS may be useful for predicting which patients with IDDM/periodontitis will have a poor response to non-surgical periodontal therapy. (Less)
Nutrient Management Zones for Citrus Based on Variation in Soil Properties and Tree Performance

Site-specific soil management can improve profitability and environmental protection of citrus groves having large spatial variation in soil and tree characteristics. The objectives of this study were to identify soil factors causing tree performance decline in a variable citrus grove, and to develop soil-specific management zones based on easily measured soil/tree parameters for variable rate applications of appropriate soil amendments. Selected soil properties at six profile depths (0–1.5 m), water table depth, ground conductivity, leaf chlorophyll index, leaf nutrients and normalized difference vegetation index were compared at 50 control points in a highly variable 45-ha citrus grove. Regression analysis indicated that 90% of spatial variation in tree growth, assessed by NDVI, was explained by average soil profile properties of organic matter, color, near-infrared reflectance, soil solution electrical conductivity, ground conductivity and water table depth. Regression results also showed that soil samples at the surface only (0–150 mm) explained 78% of NDVI variability with NIR and DTPA-extractable Fe. Excessive available copper in low soil organic matter areas of the grove apparently induced Fe deficiency, causing chlorotic foliage disorders and stunted tree growth. The semivariograms of selected variables showed a strong spatial dependence with large ranges (varied from 230 m to 255 m). This grove can be divided into different management zones on the basis of easily measured NDVI and/or soil organic matter for variable rate application of dolomite and chelated iron to improve tree performance.
Somatic cell genetic evidence for X-chromosome linkage of three enzymes in the mouse.

THE X linkage of loci coding for glucose-6-phosphate de-hydrogenase (G6PD), hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) has been determined for the mouse species Mus musculus and M. caroli. Evidence was obtained from a somatic cell genetic analysis of cultured embryonic cells of an interspecific hybrid foetus. The X-chromosomal assignment of these loci has been determined already for several other mammalian species. This evidence was obtained from genetic analyses of electrophoretic variants1 and enzyme deficiencies2,3; from the expression of these genes in viable interspecific hybrids4–6; from somatic cell genetic analyses of heterozygotes7–9, and from the expression of these loci in interspecific somatic cell hybrids10.
Relationship of communication style to egalitarian marital role expectations.

Abstract This study examined the relationship between the marital model endorsed by American couples and their style of communication. Subjects were 76 married couples obtained from college psychology, nursing, and home economics classes. The couples individually completed a personal data form, the Marriage Role Expectation Inventory (Dunn, 1960), Locke and Wallace's (1959) Short Marital Adjustment Test, and the Marital Communication Inventory (Bienvenu, 1978). Twenty of the couples selected to participate in a communication simulation were shown Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) cards and instructed to create oral stories. Each couple's interaction was evaluated by an investigator. Results showed that marital communication was significantly correlated with both egalitarianism and marital adjustment. The communication simulation revealed differences between the moderately egalitarian and very egalitarian couples.
Durable goods and long-run electricity demand: : Evidence from air conditioner purchase behavior

I estimate a dynamic structural model of demand for air conditioners, the most energy-intensive home appliance in the US. The model explores the links between demand for durable goods and expected changes in key attributes: energy efficiency and price. I incorporate expectations explicitly as a feature of the choice setting, and use parameter estimates from the model to calculate durable good demand elasticities with respect to energy efficiency, electricity price, and price of the durable itself. These estimates fill a large gap in the literature, and also shed light on consumer behavior in this setting. Results indicate that consumers are forward-looking and value the stream of future savings derived from energy efficiency.
Vibration and buckling characteristics of composite cylindrical panels incorporating the effects of a higher order shear theory

Abstract An analytical study is conducted to determine the fundamental frequencies and critical buckling loads for laminated anisotropic circular cylindrical shell panels, including the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia, by using the Galerkin technique. A linearized form of Sander's shell strain-displacement relations are derived, which include a parabolic distribution of transverse shear strains. The theory is valid for laminate thickness to radius ratios h / R of up to 1/5. Higher order constitutive relations are derived for the laminate. A set of five coupled partial differential equations of motion and boundary conditions are derived and then solved using the modified Galerkin technique. Simply supported and clamped boundary conditions are investigated. Comparisons are made with the Donnell shell solutions. The effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia arc examined by comparing the results with classical solutions, where applicable. The radius of curvature is varied to determine the effects of membrane and bending coupling. The theory compares exactly with the Donnell solutions, which are valid up to 1/50. As expected, as length to thickness ratios are reduced, shear deformation effects significantly lower the natural frequencies and buckling loads. Analysis also shows that rotary inertia effects are very small. Finally, as h / R is varied from 0 (flat plate) to 1/5. (maximum limit), the frequencies and buckling loads increase due to membrane and bending coupling.
Effect of Tranexamic Acid on Gastric Bleeding in Rats

Bleeding from an induced gastric mucosal wound was monitored for 2 h in a rat model, in which normal hemostasis was disturbed mechanically by perfusing the lesion with saline. The hemorrhage was characterized by continuous bleeding and/or episodes of spontaneous rebleeding, as often seen in patients with gastric hemorrhage. The antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid, significantly reduced total bleeding volume and number of rebleeding episodes, suggesting that plasmin-induced fibrinolysis might aggravate gastric mucosal hemorrhage.
Efficient solid phase synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted hydantoins

Abstract An efficient solid phase synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted hydantoins is described. The treatment of a resin-bound diamino acid containing dipeptide with carbonyldiimidazole or triphosgene afforded the five member ring hydantoins. A second site of diversity is included following N-acylation of the free amine side chain with a wide range of commercially available carboxylic acids.
Enhancement of strength and stiffness of Nylon 6 filaments through carbon nanotubes reinforcement

We report a method to fabricate carbon nanotube reinforced Nylon filaments through an extrusion process. In this process, Nylon 6 and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are first dry mixed and then extruded in the form of continuous filaments by a single screw extrusion method. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies have indicated that there is a moderate increase in Tg without a discernible shift in the melting endotherm. Tensile tests on single filaments have demonstrated that Young’s modulus and strength of the nanophased filaments have increased by 220% and 164%, respectively with the addition of only 1wt.% MWCNTs. SEM studies and micromechanics based calculations have shown that the alignment of MWCNTs in the filaments, and high interfacial shear strength between the matrix and the nanotube reinforcement was responsible for such a dramatic improvement in properties.
Redox inactivity of colloidal ferric oxyhydroxide solids

Abstract A low-molecular-weight dialysis membrane was used to exclude colloidal ferric oxyhydroxide solids with molecular weights of > 6000–8000 daltons from a portion of an anaerobic ferric/ferrous chloride solution. Redox potential measurements taken in the presence and absence of colloidal ferric solids agree within ± 7 mV, indicating that ferric colloids of this size are redox inactive. Experiments conducted under varying solid.aqueous ferric ratios also indicate that ferric solids do not contribute exchange current density and are therefore inactive. In spite of tabulated exchange currents which indicate stable potentials require ⩾ 10−5 M Fe3+, stable electrode response was seen in solutions as dilute as 10−6 M Fe3+. Differences in experimental conditions may cause this difference in observed results.
The role of the nonanticipativity constraint in commercial software for stochastic project scheduling

Recently announced commercial project scheduling products address the stochastic project scheduling problem. Their solution methods do not consider the nonanticipativity constraint and thus provide potentially unattainable solutions to stochastic resource constrained project scheduling problems. The nonanticipativity constraint of multiperiod stochastic problems imposes the requirement that solutions be based only on information known at the time of decisions. Users should use the results from these programs with extreme care.
Survivability demonstration and characterization of a multibillion-shot Q-switched Nd:YAG laser

As part of NASA's suite of Earth Observing Satellites, Goddard Space Flight Center is developing a laser altimeter for measuring the polar ice sheet mass balance. The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) requires a diode pumped, Q-switched, Nd:YAG laser transmitter producing 150 mJ, 4 ns pulses at a 40 Hz repetition rate in a single transverse mode. The mission lifetime goal is five years (6.3 billion shots). The projected performance of the GLAS laser can be limited by a number of failure sources including optical damage to the components and degradation of the pump laser diodes. To the authors' knowledge, no data exists describing the multi-billion shot accumulative exposure effect Q-switched, 4 ns pulses have on intracavity optical components. To obtain multi-billion shot results in a reasonable time, an accelerated repetition rate (500 Hz) version of the GLAS oscillator was built with modifications for thermal management. An Accelerated GLAS Exposure System (AGES) was developed to autonomously monitor the laser's vital signs. Upon analysis of the stored data, the system dynamics were decoupled to identify the sources of degradation. Over 7 billion shots were accumulated during AGES' non-stop 5.5 month operation.
Gastropericardial fistula with pneumopericardium: an unusual complication of benign peptic ulceration.

Perforation of a benign gastric ulcer with the formation of a gastropericardial fistula and pneumopericardium is an extremely rare and frequently fatal complication of peptic ulcer disease. Patients often present with severe substernal chest pain and dyspnea and may rapidly become hypotensive as a result of the accumulation of air and fluid within the pericardial sac and subsequent cardiac tamponade.1-10 The condition is usually fatal, with a mortality of 68% in one series.11 We present a case of a benign gastric ulcer in a hiatal hernia that perforated, resulting in the formation of a gastropericardial fistula and pneumopericardium. At upper GI endoscopy, the heart could be seen beating through the defect in the base of the ulcer. The patient underwent effective surgical treatment. This is only the second case where the diagnosis was made endoscopically and highlights the need for and difficulties in achieving an accurate diagnosis.
Juvenile hormone III-dependent conformational changes of the nuclear receptor ultraspiracle

The identification of potential endogenous or synthetic ligands for orphan receptors in the steroid receptor superfamily is important both for discerning endogenous regulatory pathways and for designing receptor inhibitors. The insect nuclear receptor Ultraspiracle (USP), an ortholog of vertebrate RXR, has long been treated as an orphan receptor. We have tested here the fit of terpenoid ligands to the JH III-binding site of monomeric and homo-oligomeric USP from Drosophila melanogaster (dUSP). dUSP specifically bound juvenile hormone III (JH III), but not control farnesol or JH III acid, and also specifically changed in conformation upon binding of JH III in a fluorescence binding assay. Juvenile hormone III binding caused intramolecular changes in receptor conformation, and stabilized the receptor's dimeric/oligomeric quaternary structure. In both a radiometric competition assay and the fluorescence binding assay the synthetic JH III agonist methoprene specifically competed with JH III for binding to dUSP, the first demonstration of specific binding of a biologically active JH III analog to an insect nuclear receptor. The recombinant dUSP bound with specificity to a DR12 hormone response element in a gel shift assay. The same DR12 element conferred enhanced transcriptional responsiveness of a transfected juvenile hormone esterase core promoter to treatment of transfected cells with JH III, but not to treatment with retinoic acid or T3. The activity of JH III or JH III-like structures, but not structures without JH III biological activity, to bind specifically to dUSP and activate its conformational change, provide evidence of a terpenoid endogenous ligand for Ultraspiracle, and offer the prospect that synthetic, terpenoid structures may be discovered that can agonize or antagonize USP function in vivo.
Synthesis and X-ray structural determination of pentamethylcyclopentadienyl dichloro oxo molybdenum

Abstract Dark red crystals of the paramagnetic complex Cp*MoCl 2 (O) (Cp*=η 5 −C 5 (CH 3 ) 5 ) were obtained from the reaction of Cp*MoCl 4 and water. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with a =8.654(2), b = 11.150(3), c =6.545(1) A, α= 93.76(3), β = 91.12(3), γ= 85.68(3)°, V = 628.3(3) A 3 , D calc =l.681 g/cm 3 and Z =2. The structure was solved and refined based on 1463 reflections with F o ⩾6σ( F o ) (6104 collected; Mo Kα radiation, λ=0.71073 ») and R =0.033. The piano-stool structure, exhibiting a distorted Cp* ligand, is compared with reported structures for the closely related compounds, CpMoCI 2 (O) (Cp=η 5 −C 5 H 5 ), Cp*VCl 2 (O) and Cp*ReCl 2 (O).
Distinct palmitoylation events at the amino-terminal conserved cysteines of Env7 direct its stability, localization, and vacuolar fusion regulation in S. cerevisiae.

Palmitoylation at cysteine residues is the only known reversible form of lipidation and has been implicated in protein membrane association as well as function. Many palmitoylated proteins have regulatory roles in dynamic cellular processes, including membrane fusion. Recently, we identified Env7 as a conserved and palmitoylated protein kinase involved in negative regulation of membrane fusion at the lysosomal vacuole. Env7 contains a palmitoylation consensus sequence, and substitution of its three consecutive cysteines (Cys13–Cys15) results in a non-palmitoylated and cytoplasmic Env7. In this study, we further dissect and define the role(s) of individual cysteines of the consensus sequence in various properties of Env7 in vivo. Our results indicate that more than one of the cysteines serve as palmitoylation substrates, and any pairwise combination is essential and sufficient for near wild type levels of Env7 palmitoylation, membrane localization, and phosphorylation. Furthermore, individually, each cysteine can serve as a minimum requirement for distinct aspects of Env7 behavior and function in cells. Cys13 is sufficient for membrane association, Cys15 is essential for the fusion regulatory function of membrane-bound Env7, and Cys14 and Cys15 are redundantly essential for protection of membrane-bound Env7 from proteasomal degradation. A role for Cys14 and Cys15 in correct sorting at the membrane is also discussed. Thus, palmitoylation at the N-terminal cysteines of Env7 directs not only its membrane association but also its stability, phosphorylation, and cellular function. Background: Env7 is a conserved palmitoylated kinase that regulates vacuolar fusion. Results: Specific Env7 palmitoylated cysteines direct its membrane localization, stability, and function. Conclusion: Distinct palmitoylation events direct Env7 membrane localization as well as its stability and function at the membrane. Significance: This may represent the largest set of functions attributed to palmitoylated cysteines in a single protein.
SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL BILE DUCT LIGATION IN THE DOG

The common bile duct was surgically ligated in five normal adult dogs. Ultrasonographic examinations of the gallbladder and biliary system were performed after duct ligation at intervals of 24 hours. The sequence of biliary system dilation was from the common duct to the peripheral intrahepatic ducts. Common duct enlargement was evident in 24–48 hours, while peripheral biliary duct dilation was recognized by five to seven days after obstruction. When compared with hepatic and portal veins, dilated biliary ducts were more tortuous and had irregular branching patterns. Gross pathologic changes were correlated with ultrasonographic findings at seven, 14, 15, 18 and 21 days after obstruction.
Space for performing teacher identity: through the lens of Kafka and Hegel

Franz Kafka’s 1912 novella The Metamorphosis provides an analogy for a consideration of the process of teacher identity formation and performance. Gregor Samsa awoke to find himself transformed into a giant beetle. He faced a complete loss of identity as he lost connection with the micro‐political space that formed the context of his former role performances. Teachers face an analogous situation. Within the context of institutional role scripts and political influences, do teachers choose to become determined by outside forces rendering them incapable of change? Do they forfeit their rights and responsibilities within society? Or, do teachers, through positive action within discursive practices, express their freedom and their self‐consciousness by recognizing their ethical responsibility to serve society? G.W.F. Hegel provides a framework within which to consider the potential responses to these questions. Teachers have a choice to make: surrender or act. An examination of the development of teacher iden...
Cryopreservation of embryonic chick myogenic lineage-committed stem cells

Undifferentiated embryonic chick stem cells provide a good in vitro test system to examine the effects of recombinant growth factors on the resultant phenotypic expression of these cells. One of the major difficulties in using freshly isolated cells is variation in the proportion of stem cells recovered from different cell harvests. Variation is of particular concern when multiple cell harvests are necessary to provide cells for assaying a single growth factor. As an attempt to minimize this variation, we have examined the efficacy of cryopreserving myogenic lineage-committed stem cells derived from embryonic chick leg muscle. Percent recovery, viability, differentiation morphology, and cellular proliferation rates were compared between sister cultures of freshly isolated and cryopreserved stem cells. Embryonic chick stem cells retained their capacity to differentiate myogenically in culture when slowly frozen in and recovered from 7.5% dimethyl sulfoxide medium supplemented with horse serum and stage-specific embryo extract.