cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late-thirteenth-century Ireland as a region.

The population distribution of late-thirteenth-century Irish cities is used to determine the status of culture (the term used anthropologically) of the island as a region. The evidence derives largely from areas of the cities and from numbers of city lots (burgages) in the descriptions (extents) of city taxation. Around A.D. 1275–85, Ireland had a population of about 650,000. Its largest city, Dublin, had about 10,000 inhabitants, thus nearly the expected 1 1/2 percent of the region. The other large cities or clusters of cities seem to fall into the expected pattern of size. So, although sharp social and economic differences existed between the urban and feudal English and the pastoral Irish, the possibility of a normal political and economic region was present. Although Edward I granted common law rights to the Welsh, he refused them to the Irish, thus preventing integration with the English and prolonging the Anglo-Irish rift at the one most favorable time to have ended it.
Management of the life and death of an earth-science database: some examples from GEOTHERM

Abstract Productive earth-science databases require managers who are familiar with and skilled at using available software developed specifically for database management. There also should be a primary user with a clearly understood mission. The geologic phenomenon addressed by the database must be sufficiently understood, and adequate appropriate data must be available to construct a useful database. The database manager, in concert with the primary user, must ensure that data of adequate quality are available in the database, as well as prepare for mechanisms of releasing the data when the database is terminated. The primary user needs to be held accountable along with the database manager to ensure that a useful database will be created. Quality of data and maintenance of database relevancy to the user's mission are important issues during the database's lifetime. Products prepared at termination may be used more than the operational database and thus are of critical importance. These concepts are based, in part, on both the shortcomings and successes of GEOTHERM, a comprehensive system of databases and software used to store, locate, and evaluate the geology, geochemistry, and hydrology of geothermal systems.
Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of telomerase activity by arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in endometrial carcinoma cells.

Abstract Objectives To examine the effects of arsenic trioxide (As 2 O 3 ) on human endometrial carcinoma cell lines with respect to cytotoxicity and the induction of apoptosis and telomerase expression in vitro. Methods Four endometrial carcinoma cell lines (Ishikawa, ECC-1, RL-95-2 and Hec-1B) were treated with increasing concentrations of As 2 O 3 . Results As 2 O 3 inhibited proliferation of all cell lines in a concentration and time-dependent manner (IC50 range of 3–7 μM). Coincident with the inhibition of growth, As 2 O 3 also induced apoptosis in all cell lines as measured by the time-dependent increase in M30 antibody fluorescence (binds a caspase-cleaved epitope of cytokeratin 18) detected by flow cytometry, and reduced telomerase activity by decreasing the hTERT mRNA expression. Conclusion As 2 O 3 may exert anti-tumor effects through the induction of the apoptosis pathway and telomerase and hTERT may play an important role in the anti-apoptotic effects which are observed when endometrial cancer cells are treated in vitro with As 2 O 3 .
The histone H3 lysine 56 acetylation pathway is regulated by target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling and functions directly in ribosomal RNA biogenesis

Epigenetic changes in chromatin through histone post-translational modifications are essential for altering gene transcription in response to environmental cues. How histone modifications are regulated by environmental stimuli remains poorly understood yet this process is critical for delineating how epigenetic pathways are influenced by the cellular environment. We have used the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway, which transmits environmental nutrient signals to control cell growth, as a model to delineate mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. A chemical genomics screen using the TOR inhibitor rapamycin against a histone H3/H4 mutant library identified histone H3 lysine 56 acetylation (H3K56ac) as a chromatin modification regulated by TOR signaling. We demonstrate this acetylation pathway functions in TOR-dependent cell growth in part by contributing directly to ribosomal RNA (rRNA) biogenesis. Specifically, H3K56ac creates a chromatin environment permissive to RNA polymerase I transcription and nascent rRNA processing by regulating binding of the high mobility group protein Hmo1 and the small ribosomal subunit (SSU) processome complex. Overall, these studies identify a novel chromatin regulatory role for TOR signaling and support a specific function for H3K56ac in ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene transcription and nascent rRNA processing essential for cell growth.
An Experimental Test of the Fractional Egg Size Hypothesis

Abstract One critical life-history trait for organisms is how energy is allocated among the individual offspring they produce. One way of examining the expected trade-off between number of offspring and offspring size is by examining how females respond to different amounts of resources. It has been predicted that females with increased energy uptake should allocate these resources to extra eggs if this does not decrease the size of the other offspring from an optimal value. However, the trade-off of egg size and number is more problematic when considering species that have small clutches (and very large eggs), because changing clutch size requires a large investment per additional egg (the fractional egg size hypothesis). Thus, species with large eggs and small clutches may be more likely to apportion additional energy into increasing offspring size than to increasing clutch size. This prediction has been tested rarely in reptiles. In this study, we placed females of the diadem snake, Spalerosophis diade...
Biological Level of Organization of the Chesowanja Robust Australopithecine

A PARTIAL cranium of an australopithecine has been described by Carney, Hill, Miller, and Walker1 from Chesowanja in Kenya, a new Pleistocene locality which has been dated between 1.1 and 1.2 million years. The explicit statement, both written and in the reconstructions in this report, that the Chesowanja cranium is a large brained robust australopithecine—an evolutionary novelty as far as the robust lineage is concerned—is of considerable importance. I interpret the evidence differently.
College for kids — What higher education can do to improve the educational opportunities for the exceptionally able — A review of the approaches in the United Kingdom and the United States

This article reviews the provision made for gifted children during their primary or elementary schooling in both the USA and the UK. It argues that all children have an entitlement to an education appropriate to their needs, and, that, in this respect, the able child has often been neglected. Colleges of Higher Education are well-placed to provide an in-put on this to:- (a) children via Saturday clubs and Summer schools; (b) teachers by offering courses aimed at improving their ability to differentiate the curriculum appropriately and (c) parents in how to cope with the cognitive, social and emotional needs of their able child. Education Departments in both countries have become aware of the importance of capturing the interest and nurturing the ability of gifted children; realising that without this, they could ultimately be “lost to their nations”.
Room Temperature Bulk Synthesis of Silver Nanocables Wrapped with Polypyrrole

Wet chemical synthesis of silver cables wrapped with polypyrrole is reported in aqueous media without use of any surfactant/capping agent and/or template. The method employs direct polymerization of pyrrole in an aqueous solution with AgNO 3 as an oxidizing agent. The four probe conductivity results for the as-synthesized silver nanocables of polypyrrole films were found to be 3, 5, 5, and 9 S cm -1 for a 1: 2, 1: 1, 1: 0.5, and 1: 0.1 silver-to-pyrrole ratio, respectively. This approach can be extended to other monomers such as aniline and N-methyl-aniline (NMA) to prepare different morphologies of silver nanostructures. Aniline monomer polymerization occurred at room temperature to produce a coating of a silver mirror on the side walls of the glass vial, as in the case of Tollen's process of making silver mirrors. The silver mirror coating strategy was extended to a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) surface and the resistivity of the polyaniline-coated Ag nanocomposites were measured and found to be semiconducting.
Impact of earthworms (Diplocardia: Megascolecidae) on cycling and uptake of nitrogen in coastal plain forest soils from northwest Florida, USA

Abstract The ecology of earthworms native to North America is poorly understood. Yet, in parts of the southeastern United States, these earthworms (principally Diplocardia mississippiensis ) are common and are harvested from forest soils for a fish-bait industry. We conducted an experiment, using intact soil cores from Apalachicola National Forest in northwest Florida, to assess impacts of different earthworm densities on microbial, plant, and soil pools of C and N. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of earthworm abundance (0, 2, and 6 earthworms per core) and plant associations (no plant, Aristida stricta plugs, and Pinus palustris seedlings). Each core received (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 fertilizer. After 110 d, increased earthworm abundance resulted in significantly ( p −1 for A. stricta shoots; 3.38, 5.85, and 14.69 mg N g tissue −1 for P. palustris stems; and 6.86, 8.07, and 11.06 mg N g tissue −1 for P. palustris leaves for 0, 2 and 6 earthworms, respectively). Though a trend of increasing dry mass accumulation with increasing earthworm abundance existed for all plants, the differences were significant only between the 0 and 6 earthworm treatments for A. stricta shoots (12.78 and 20.66 g dry mass individual −1 , respectively). Microbial biomass C was negatively related to earthworm abundance across plant treatments ( p
Pre-translational induction of pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase by pyridine.

Pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase activity, mainly associated with phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P450IIB1 (designated CYP2B1), was increased after a single treatment of pyridine (250 mg/kg, i.p.), and further increased by repeated treatments for 5 days. The catalytic activity and immunoreactive protein of CYP2B recognized by polyclonal antibodies were significantly induced by a relatively high dose of pyridine (250 mg/kg, i.p.) while ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450IIE1 (CYP2E1) could be induced by a low dosage (25 mg/kg, i.p.). Unlike CYP2E1 induction without changing its mRNA level, the induction of CYP2B by pyridine was accompanied by an elevation of its mRNA, indicating a pre-translational activation of this enzyme. These results indicate that pyridine induces various isozymes of cytochromes P450 by different induction mechanisms.
Effect of electroconvulsive shock on the content of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in rat brain.

Abstract Five grand-mal seizures were electrically induced in rats on alternate days. Forty-eight hours following the last seizure, TRH was quantitated in extracts of anterior cortex, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus plus midbrain, and hypothalamus. When compared to sham treated controls, TRH was found to be elevated 5-fold in the hippocampus and 2-fold in the striatum with no charges observed in the remaining regions. Since the time chosen for analysis excludes acute post-ictal effects, these results draw attention to a prolonged alteration of TRH levels in specific brain regions in an animal model of electroconvulsive treatment.
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: A genetic disorder of the eye

Abstract Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is a rare, maternal linked, genetic disorder that is characterized by progressive bilateral optic nerve degeneration. Male offspring are predominately affected, and blindness occurs during the second or third decade of life. There is no known treatment; however, individuals affected early in life may show some visual recovery in later years. These patients require a supportive and caring environment to assist them; as this disease often results in devastating life style changes.
Use of the thermotolerant Aeromonas group for the trophic state classification of freshwaters

Abstract Data obtained from 68 lakes surveyed in the United States showed a highly significant correlation between the densities of a specific group of autochthonous, heterotrophic bacteria, thermotolerant aeromonads and the trophic state of fresh waters. This measurement provides a sensitive, accurate and facile descriptor of limnetic water quality and shows strong correlations with certain other commonly employed physical, chemical and biological parameters used in this regard. The best correlations were obtained with Secchi depth ( r = −0.70 ), total phosphorus ( r = 0.72 ) and chlorophyll α ( r = 0.67 ). An even stronger correlation was obtained with a trophic index derived from these three parameters ( r = −0.84 ). Alternatively, total heterotrophic bacterial populations, as enumerated by epifluorescence microscopy, were very poorly correlated with all the individual trophic state measurements, and the indices derived from them. An analysis of correlation coefficients for trophic state parameters and indices used for this study indicated that the level of thermotolerant aeromonads was one of the most discriminating single parameters for defining trophic state. The economy of the measurement, coupled with its facility, makes it an exceptionally promising technique for assessing the degree and rate of fresh water eutrophication.
The effect of testosterone propionate on muscle glycogen in alloxan diabetic rats.

GROWTH hormone stimulates glycogen deposition in skeletal muscles of normal and hypophysectomized rats, but not in alloxan diabetic rats (Illingworth and Russell, 1951). Since testosterone acts similarly to growth hormone in increasing glycogen stores in skeletal muscles (Leonard, 1952 a,b), an investigation was made to determine if a normal insulin supply is required for glycogen deposition by testosterone. In view of the differences in behavior of different skeletal muscles to glycopexic hormones (Leonard, 1952b, 1953), three representative muscles were studied, namely the rectus femoris, diaphragm and levator ani. methods Adult normal and castrated male rats of the Long-Evans, strain weighing between 200–300 gm., were used. Diabetes was produced by the administration of alloxan monohydrate (175 mg./kg. body weight) intraperitoneally, after a 72 hour fast. In the castrated rats, alloxan was administered 23 days after castration. Four days later, blood samples from the tail vein were drawn and blood suga...
Urinary compound W in pregnant women is a potential marker for fetal thyroid function.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Previously we reported 3,3 -diiodothyronine sulfate–like material (compound W) in maternal serum, and studies suggest that compound W is derived from thyroid hormones of fetal origin. In this study we characterized gestational changes of urinary compound W concentrations to correlate with changes in serum concentrations. STUDY DESIGN: Urinary samples were collected from 94 women at various gestational ages ranging from 3 to 40 weeks. Urinary compound W was first identified biochemically. The concentrations of compound W (adjusted for creatinine levels) were assessed by a 3,3 -diiodothyronine sulfate radioimmunoassay in ethanol extracts of urine samples. RESULTS: Compound W increased to 88 ± 1.4 pmol (of 3,3 -diiodothyronine sulfate equivalent)/mmol creatinine in urinary samples obtained from 26 women in the first trimester of pregnancy compared with 40 ± 6.9 pmol/mmol creatinine in 10 nonpregnant women. Excretion of compound W increased further during the second and third trimesters: 171 ± 17 ( n = 18) and 434 ± 26 ( n = 50) respectively. In contrast, urinary 3,3 ,5-triiodothyronine sulfate concentrations measured by radioimmunoassay were similar during pregnancy to values in nonpregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary compound W concentrations increase with the progression of normal pregnancy and correlate with the increase in serum levels. Random spot urine compound W concentrations, adjusted for creatinine levels, may be used in place of serum levels in conditions in which obtaining serum samples may be technically difficult, especially during population screening. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:886-91.)
23Na NMR demonstrates prolonged increase of intracellular sodium following transient regional ischemia in the in situ pig heart.

This study tests the hypothesis that Na+ i increases during regional ischemia in the in situ pig heart. An extracorporeal shunt was created between the carotid artery and the left anterior descending artery of 14 open chest pigs. 23Na and 31P NMR spectroscopy measured myocardial Na+ i and high energy phosphates (HEPs). The protocol consisted of three 40 min periods: pre-ischemia (shunt pressure, 76±23 mmHg (S.D.)), ischemia (shunt pressure, 25±7 mmHg), and post-ischemia (shunt pressure, 53±11 mmHg). The pre-ischemia Na+ i concentration was 6.7±4.2 mM. Phosphocreatine (PCr) was 15.3±0.5 mM, ATP 9.4±0.4 mM, inorganic phosphate (Pi) 1.5±0.2 mM, and pHi 7.16±0.09. At the end of ischemia Na+ i had increased to 10.5±2.8 mM (p<0.0002); PCr decreased to 5.9±2.1 mM (p<0.0002); ATP was 6.5±0.5 mM (p<0.003); Pi had increased to 6.3±1.0 mM (p<0.0002), and pHi was 6.41±0.06 (p<0.0002). During the first 10 min of the reperfusion, Na+ i increased further to 12.4±2.8 mM (p<0.025), whereas HEPs all returned to pre-ischemic values. Na+ i increases during regional ischemia in the in situ pig heart, suggesting reduced Na+/K+ ATPase activity. While ATP probably does not limit Na+/K+ ATPase activity, increases in Pi and decreases in pHi may reduce Na+/K+ ATPase activity. Additional Na+ i increases during reperfusion suggest either augmented Na+ influx or decreased Na+ efflux.
A study on the strength and corrosion resistance of ZnAl eutectoid superplastic alloys

Abstract ZnAl eutectoid superplastic alloy is a typical superplastic alloy, but because its strength and corrosion resistance at room temperature are relatively low, its use is restricted. The present study was conducted to improved the performance of the alloy by adding some elements, seven alloys being prepared by the addition of copper, magnesium, manganese, bismuth, etc. The values of yield stress, σb elongtion at fracture, δ, and strain-rate sensitivity index, m, were measured. Various corrosion tests ofeach alloy were carried out employing steam corrosion and salt-bath corrosion. The performance of Zn-22%Al eutectoid alloy with the addition of alloying elements (Cx) and without the addition of alloying elements (C1) was compared, the test results showing that the strength and corrosion resistance of all seven alloys was enhanced. The strength of one of the seven alloys was greater by a factor of 2.5 compared to the basic Zn-22%Al eutectoid alloy, δ values for this alloy reaching 1500 percent, its corrosion resistance being increased also. The resistance to intercrystalline corrosion of these alloys increased markedly, the best being a more than 10-fold increase. The effect of the addition of elements on the performance of the Zn-22%Al eutectoid superplastic alloys is discussed.
Current Staging of Esophageal Carcinoma

The rational treatment of esophageal cancer requires the complete evaluation and preoperative staging of this disease. As the incidence of esophageal cancer increases, more clinicians will face the difficult task of allocating the appropriate treatment course for these patients. Accurate esophageal cancer staging is critical if stage-dependent algorithms are used to direct appropriate therapies. Although all of the staging techniques discussed may potentially provide useful information, it is not possible to use all techniques in all patients, especially given the limited availability of resources. The optimal staging strategy has not yet been determined; the authors provide the general algorithm used in our institution. Ultimately,minimally invasive surgical approaches will allow surgeons to evaluate locoregional disease with little or no procedure-associated morbidity, much as mediastinoscopy is used in lung cancer staging. Although currently the use of molecular biologic techniques may only be investigational, it holds great promise in the future.
Unified minimal supersymmetric model with large Yukawa couplings.

The consequences of assuming the third-generation Yukawa couplings are all large and comparable are studied in the context of the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model. General aspects of the renormalization group (RG) evolution of the parameters, theoretical constraints needed to ensure proper electroweak symmetry breaking, and experimental and cosmological bounds on low-energy parameters are presented. We also present complete and exact semianalytic solutions to the one-loop RG equations. Focusing on SU(5) or SO(10) unification, we analyse the relationship between the top and bottom masses and the superspectrum, and the phenomenological implications of the grand unified theory (GUT) conditions on scalar masses. Future experimental measurements of the superspectrum and of the strong coupling will distinguish between various GUT-scale scenarios. And if present experimental knowledge is to be accounted for most naturally, a particular set of predictions is singled out.
EM-Component-Based Design of Planar Circuits

In this article, the author starts with a quick tutorial about the ports used in EM analysis and how they are calibrated. Then, the paper discussed a new development -perfect internal port calibration. Finally, it concludes with a few examples illustrating the impact that perfect internal port calibration will have on microwave design.The author have also introduced a lot of new concepts in this article: perfectly calibrated box wall ports, perfectly calibrated (cocalibrated) internal ports, floating ground references, global ground references, several new component-based design methodologies, and baseline versus test structure validation.
Books, Places, Regions: A Natural Blend.

Abstract Children love books, and through carefully chosen ones geographic concepts can be conveyed. Books are good resources—great background material for describing a place, emphasizing the culture of a region, highlighting a geographical issue, or clarifying where a place is in the world. This article explains how literature encourages geographic thinking, builds geographic skills, and develops lasting mental maps of places and regions.
Alteration of Behavioral Sex Differentiation by Exposure to Estrogenic Compounds During a Critical Neonatal Period: Effects of Zearalenone, Methoxychlor, and Estradiol in Hamsters

The present study was designed to determine if neonatal exposure to the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone or the weakly estrogenic pesticide methoxychlor could masculinize and/or defeminize the behavior of female hamsters. Neonatal hamsters were given a single sc injection of either zearalenone (1 mg/pup), methoxychlor (1 mg/pup), 17 beta-estradiol (E2) (40 micrograms/pup), or the vehicle 2 days after birth. After puberty, behavioral estrous cyclicity was measured. The females were then ovariectomized, treated with the male hormone testosterone, and tested for their ability to mount a receptive female (a behavior not normally displayed by female hamsters). Females treated neonatally with estradiol or zearalenone were masculinized but not defeminized, an effect consistent with perinatal exposure to low doses of sex hormones. Females in these two treatment groups displayed normal 4-day behavioral estrous cycles, but following ovariectomy and testosterone treatment they mounted a sexually receptive female at a frequency comparable to the males. Methoxychlor-treated females did not differ from controls. The mounting behavior of similarly treated males was unaffected by any of the chemicals. However, males receiving estradiol treatment had smaller testes, seminal vesicles, and cauda epididymides and 57% had epididymal cysts. These results demonstrate that a single exposure to a weakly estrogenic chemical like zearalenone during a critical developmental period can cause the brain to differentiate in a manner inconsistent with the female's genetic sex. This enables the female to respond to the activational influence of testosterone as an adult and readily mount a sexually receptive female. The failure of methoxychlor to alter reproductive development in the current study may be due to an inability of the neonatal hamster to convert methoxychlor to estrogenic metabolites.
Flow-mediated dilation and exercise blood pressure in healthy adolescents.

Objectives Exercise blood pressure is a robust predictor of cardiovascular disease risk. Endothelial dysfunction occurs early in development of cardiovascular disease and is associated with greater exercise blood pressure in adults. However, it is not yet clear whether endothelial function is associated with exercise blood pressure in youth. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between endothelial function, indexed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, and submaximal exercise blood pressure in healthy adolescents.
Nasalis Island Pedicle Flap in Nasal Ala Reconstruction

Background. Defects of the nasal ala can be difficult to repair in a one-stage procedure. We describe a laterally based nasalis myocutaneous island pedicle flap to repair small but deep defects of the superior nasal ala. Objective. To describe a single-stage flap for repair of small defects on the nasal ala that confines the repair to one cosmetic unit. Methods. We discuss the anatomy of the flap and illustrate the method of placing the flap. Results. We present several case examples and discuss potential applications of the flap. We also discuss the flap's limitations by citing an example of necrosis. Conclusions. The nasalis myocutaneous island pedicle flap for repair of nasal alar defects is a new application of a one-stage procedure that yields excellent functional and cosmetic results. Knowledge of the limitations and the anatomy of the flap is crucial for a good outcome. MARYAM ASGARI, MD, MPH, AND PETER ODLAND, MD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS.
Analysis of an investment social network

Much research has been done in the last several years on social network dynamics as online social networks have become ubiquitous. While networks like Facebook and LinkedIn have given the research world access to data on large-scale, general human social interaction in an online environment, there are a growing number of smaller-scale social networks aimed toward certain niche user groups which can provide a richer context for the study of social network dynamics. One such network is Currensee, an emerging social network for foreign currency exchange (Forex) traders. Since all of the trades represented on the Currensee network are the actual trades being made by users, it can serve as a good model for the study of financial activity by individuals in the context of a social network. We present in this paper an analysis of this network in terms of its connectivity, social activity, and trading activity.
Karyotypes of bats of the subfamily carolliinae (mammalia; phyllostomatidae) and their evolutionary implications

Es werden die Kennzeichen der Chromosomen vonRhinophylla fischeri, R. pumilio undCarollia castanea beschrieben. Fur die GattungCarollia ist bei niedriger Diploidzahl (21 ♂♂, 20 ΦΦ) eine niedrige « nombre fondamental » (34–36) charakteristisch. Fur die GattungRhinophylla wird eine grossere Diploidzahl (34–36) und eine grossere « nombre fondamental » (56–62) gefunden.
A Stress and Relative Density-Dependent Dynamic Compliance Spectra Model of the Creep Response of Microcellular Polycarbonate

The present paper reports a new discrete complex compliance spectra method in which each frequency component is a direct function of stress and relative density. Comparisons between model calculations and experimental measurements show that the model exhibits excellent quantitative agreement at all experimental stress-relative density states and significantly smoothes the experimental input data. It is anticipated that design engineers will use the present method to accurately predict the creep strain histories resulting from a broad range of specific stress-relative density combinations.
Severity and characteristics of developmental delay can be assessed using variability measures of sitting posture.

Purpose We sought to identify measures of variability from sitting postural sway that are significantly different among infants who were developing typically, those who were developmentally delayed or hypotonic, and those who later on had a diagnosis of spastic or athetoid cerebral palsy. Methods Sixty-five infants were evaluated when they were just developing the ability to sit upright by assessing center of pressure (COP) data, using measures of both amount and temporal organization of COP variability. Results The results indicated that measures of variability of COP could discriminate between infants with developmental delay and infants with cerebral palsy and add to the description of sitting postural behavior. Conclusions Our method of evaluating sitting postural control could be an objective tool to help describe distinctive features of motor delay in an individual infant and could lead in the design of selective therapeutic interventions for improving postural control of infants with motor delays.
A novel chromatin tether domain controls topoisomerase IIα dynamics and mitotic chromosome formation

DNA topoisomerase IIα (Topo IIα) is the target of an important class of anticancer drugs, but tumor cells can become resistant by reducing the association of the enzyme with chromosomes. Here we describe a critical mechanism of chromatin recruitment and exchange that relies on a novel chromatin tether (ChT) domain and mediates interaction with histone H3 and DNA. We show that the ChT domain controls the residence time of Topo IIα on chromatin in mitosis and is necessary for the formation of mitotic chromosomes. Our data suggest that the dynamics of Topo IIα on chromosomes are important for successful mitosis and implicate histone tail posttranslational modifications in regulating Topo IIα.
Control of Turing Structures by Periodic Illumination

Spatially uniform illumination of Turing structures in the chlorine dioxide-iodine-malonic acid reaction-diffusion system affects the pattern characteristics and, at larger intensities, eliminates them. Periodic illumination is more effective than constant illumination with the same average light intensity. We observe the fastest suppression of pattern at a frequency of illumination equal to the frequency of autonomous oscillations in the corresponding well-stirred system. Numerical simulations demonstrate a similar resonant behavior of periodically illuminated Turing structures.
Cp*TaCl2B4H8: synthesis, crystal structure and spectroscopic characterization of an air-stable, electronically unsaturated, chiral tantalaborane

Reaction between Cp*TaCl4 (Cp* = η5-C5H5) and BH3·thf at 40 °C yields the pale red electronically unsaturated cluster Cp*TaCl2B4H8 1 which despite having two electrons fewer than the seven pairs required for the observed square pyramidal geometry is stable in air; viewed as a cluster, 1 is the first example of an unsaturated cluster containing a single metal atom; viewed as a chiral 16-electron organometallic complex it is isoelectronic with Cp(C2B9H11)TaCl2 and Cp[(Me3Si)2C2B4H4]TaCl2.
Using Hertzian Indentation to Understand the Strength and Ballistic Resistance of Silicon Carbide

This article presents an initial evaluation of the usefulness of spherical or Hertzian indentation for the determination and/or validation of constitutive models and for a potential link to ballistic resistance (interface defeat). Recent advancements in producing more confident elevated stress levels in Hertzian indentation make the usefulness of this test much more feasible. There are very few experimental techniques that can produce the high stresses, strains, and pressures produced in Hertzian indentation tests. Additionally, they are also relatively simple, repeatable, timely, and inexpensive. There is still the disadvantage that the stresses, strains, and pressures are not explicit outputs of the experiments requiring the constitutive response to be inferred by performing computations and comparing the computed force–deflection results to the experiment. Preliminary results indicate that Hertzian indentation can be used to help define the constitutive response but it is still uncertain if it can be used to rank a ceramic's ability to produce interface defeat.
Complete classification of tournaments having a disjoint union of directed paths as a minimum feedback arc set

A feedback arc set of a digraph is a set of arcs whose reversal makes the resulting digraph acyclic. Given a tournament with a disjoint union of directed paths as a feedback arc set, we present necessary and sufficient conditions for this feedback arc set to have minimum size. We will present a construction for tournaments where the difference between the size of a minimum feedback arc set and the size of the largest collection of arc disjoint cycles can be made arbitrarily large. We will also make a connection to a problem found in [Barthelemy et al., [2]. The reversing number of a digraph was defined to be $r(D)\, = |V(T)|-|V(D)|$ where T is a smallest tournament having the arc set of D as a minimum feedback arc set. As a consequence of our classification of all tournaments having a disjoint union of directed paths as a minimum feedback arc set, we will obtain a new result involving the reversing number. We obtain precise reversing numbers for all digraphs consisting of a disjoint union of directed paths. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 45: 28–47, 2004
What is this ‘black’ in Irish popular culture?

This article is an analysis of the racial signifiers in two contemporary popular shows, Riverdance and Lord of the Dance. It argues that we need to understand the history of transatlantic Irish and African American exchange in order to comprehend the popular appeal of Celtic revivalism.
Opportunistic access in frequency hopping cognitive radio networks

Researchers in the area of cognitive radio often investigate the utility of dynamic spectrum access as a means to make more efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum. Many studies have been conducted to find ways in which a secondary user can occupy spectrum licensed to a primary user in a manner which does not disrupt the primary user's performance. This article investigates the use of opportunistic access in a frequency hopping radio to mitigate the interference caused by other transmitters in a contentious environment such as the unlicensed 2.4 GHz region. This research demonstrates how dynamic spectrum access techniques can be used not only to prevent interfering with other users but also improve the robustness of a communication system.
Behavioral games and intrahousehold allocation: teenage mothers and their mothers in Brazil

Two games from experimental economics are paired to test household models. These experimental techniques can be helpful for informing policy that assigns welfare transfers, especially in the context of endogenous relationships or when impoverished families are omitted from income separability tests due to a lack of non-labor income, which is required for demand analysis of intrahousehold models. A trust game tests for Pareto efficiency, and a newly developed game tests for bargaining by determining if willingness-to-pay for a product changes based on endowment ownership. These games are applied in Salvador, Brazil, to a population not yet studied in the economic intrahousehold literature: adolescent mothers who live with their mothers. Their relationship is key for the welfare of adolescents’ children. The game outcomes reject Pareto efficiency but little evidence of bargaining is found. Qualitative survey questions confirm a cooperative relationship.
What academic impact are high school computing courses having on the entry-level college computer science curriculum?

It appears that the computer revolution is irreversible and almost every Americians' life will be affected by the use of its technology. More and more jobs will require computer literacy and skills, and as a result more courses will be offered by secondary schools to prepare their students. As this area of computer technology expands, the job market will require individuals that have been trained with various amounts of knowledge and skill. Many states are requiring a certain degree of computer literacy for high school graduation. These requirements are resulting in the development of secondary curriculum guides at the state and national levels.
A dual-band dual-polarized nested Vivaldi slot array with multilevel ground plane

In this paper, we present a systematic approach to the design, optimization and characterization of a broadband 5:1 bandwidth (0.8 to 4.0 GHz) antenna subarray. The array element is an optimized-taper antipodal Vivaldi slot with a bandwidth of 2.5:1. Two such elements of different sizes and with 0.4 GHz (10% of the highest frequency) overlapping bandwidths are arrayed in a nested lattice above a multilevel ground plane that shields the feeds and electronics. Return loss, radiation patterns, cross-polarization and mutual coupling are measured from 0.5-5.0 GHz. This array demonstrates E plane patterns with 50/spl deg/ and 45/spl deg/ 3-dB beamwidths in the lower and upper frequency bands, respectively. The coupling between the elements is characterized for different relative antenna positions in all three dimensions.
The mosaic theory revisited: common molecular mechanisms coordinating diverse organ and cellular events in hypertension.

More than 60 years ago, Dr. Irvine Page proposed the Mosaic Theory of hypertension, which states that many factors, including genetics, environment, adaptive, neural, mechanical, and hormonal perturbations interdigitate to raise blood pressure. In the past two decades, it has become clear that common molecular and cellular events in various organs underlie many features of the Mosaic Theory. Two of these are the production of reactive oxygen species and inflammation. These factors increase neuronal firing in specific brain centers, increase sympathetic outflow, alter vascular tone and morphology, and promote sodium retention in the kidney. Moreover, factors such as genetics and environment contribute to oxidant generation and inflammation. Other common cellular signals, including calcium signaling and endoplasmic reticulum stress are similarly perturbed in different cells in hypertension and contribute to components of Page’s theory. Thus, Page’s Mosaic Theory formed a framework for future studies of molecular and cellular signals in the context of hypertension, and has greatly aided
A Token-Based Access Control System for RDF Data in the Clouds

The Semantic Web is gaining immense popularity—and with it, the Resource Description Framework (RDF)broadly used to model Semantic Web content. However, access control on RDF stores used for single machines has been seldom discussed in the literature. One significant obstacle to using RDF stores defined for single machines is their scalability. Cloud computers, on the other hand, have proven useful for storing large RDF stores, but these system slack access control on RDF data to our knowledge. This work proposes a token-based access control system that is being implemented in Hadoop (an open source cloud computing framework). It defines six types of access levels and an enforcement strategy for the resulting access control policies. The enforcement strategy is implemented at three levels: Query Rewriting, Embedded Enforcement, and Post processing Enforcement. In Embedded Enforcement, policies are enforced during data selection using MapReduce, whereas in Post-processing Enforcement they are enforced during the presentation of data to users. Experiments show that Embedded Enforcement consistently outperforms Post processing Enforcement due to the reduced number of jobs required.
Treating refractory asthma with antibodies against IL-5: is it ready for prime time?

Evaluation of: Haldar P, Brightling CE, Hargadon B et al. Mepolizumab and exacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 360, 973–984 (2009).Although many asthmatics have mild symptoms or are well-controlled with current anti-asthma therapies, there is a subpopulation of patients who suffer from severe asthma, characterized by persistent symptoms and frequent exacerbations, despite therapy. Such patients with refractory asthma often show eosinophilia in their sputum, which is considered a potential marker for the identification of such patients. Because eosinophils are implicated in the pathogenesis of refractory asthma, they have become a target for potential therapeutic interventions. The current prospective study evaluates the effectiveness of mepolizumab, an agent that targets IL-5, which is a mediator of eosinophilia in patients with refractory asthma and sputum eosinophilia. The study shows that this treatment reduced eosinophilia and was associated with a significant reduction in...
Uniqueness of blowups and Łojasiewicz inequalities

Once one knows that singularities occur, one naturally wonders what the singu- larities are like. For minimal varieties the first answer, already known to Federer-Fleming in 1959, is that they weakly resemble cones 1 . For mean curvature flow, by the combined work of Huisken, Ilmanen, and White, singularities weakly resemble shrinkers. Unfortunately, the simple proofs leave open the possibility that a minimal variety or a mean curvature flow looked at under a microscope will resemble one blowup, but under higher magnification, it might (as far as anyone knows) resemble a completely different blowup. Whether this ever happens is perhaps the most fundamental question about singularities. It is this long stand- ing open question that we settle here for mean curvature flow at all generic singularities and for mean convex mean curvature flow at all singularities.
Trigeminal-rostral ventromedial medulla circuitry is involved in orofacial hyperalgesia contralateral to tissue injury.

Background Our previous studies have shown that complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced masseter inflammation and microinjection of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) into the subnucleus interpolaris/subnucleus caudalis transition zone of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Vi/Vc) can induce contralateral orofacial hyperalgesia in rat models. We have also shown that contralateral hyperalgesia is attenuated with a lesion of the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), a critical site of descending pain modulation. Here we investigated the involvement of the RVM-Vi/Vc circuitry in mediating contralateral orofacial hyperalgesia after an injection of CFA into the masseter muscle.
Multiple attribute scenarios, bounded probabilities, and threats of nuclear theft

Abstract A method is presented for developing descriptions of future scenarios and using expert judgment to assess bounds on the probabilities of these scenarios. Multiple attributes are used to describe the important features of the scenarios, and the scenarios are defined as collections of different possible levels of the attributes. Experts assess either numerical values or bounds on various unconditional and conditional probabilities for different attribute levels. These are used to establish constraints for a series of linear programs which are solved to determine the highest and lowest possible probabilities for each scenario. An application is presented to the assessment of potential threats against nuclear material safeguards systems.
Agitation, Aggressive Behavior, and Catastrophic Reactions

Current methods for characterizing the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) consider the quality of the symptoms together with their frequency, intensity, and, in some instruments, their impact on the caregiver or the environment. Although there have been significant advances in our understanding of these symptoms and their treatment, a key parameter, environmental contingency, has been largely ignored in characterizing symptoms, planning treatments, and evaluating responses. In this brief review, I consider the feasibility and usefulness of subtyping aggressive and agitated symptoms in patients with dementia according to whether these behaviors occur spontaneously or in response to environmental factors.
Does “Religious Violence” Exist?: An Argument Against Essentialism with Particular Reference to the Conquest of the Americas

Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, there has been a dramatic increase in social scientific literature on the topic of “religious violence,” much of it arguing that there is a uniquely intense and disturbing connection between religion and political conflict and bloodshed. In this article, I challenge mainstream accounts of “religious violence” with an illustrative example from the 16th century of the theoretical and empirical problems with all such essentialist claims. The terms employed in the construction of “religious violence” might today just as easily be applied to the violence of the putatively “secular” nation-state. Furthermore, framing the debate in these sharp binary terms, as William Cavanaugh compellingly demonstrates, is itself part of a political project that had a very particular historical beginning and that conceals as much as it reveals about the nature of violence, both in the past and in the present.
Serum and urinary aluminium levels of workers in the aluminium industry

We have measured serum aluminium and urinary aluminium/creatinine ratios in 235 aluminium workers and 44 controls to examine the association between occupational exposure to airborne aluminium and aluminium absorption. Serum and urine samples were taken before and after a 3- to 5-day work shift. Occupational exposure was estimated from aluminium measurements of respirable and total particulates in air. Median exposure values were 25 and 100 μg m−3, respectively. Serum aluminium and urinary aluminium/creatinine ratios did not change significantly during the shift; however, both pre-shift and post-shift serum aluminium and urinary aluminium/creatinine ratios were increased in the exposed group. Occupational exposure was associated with serum aluminium increments of 1.32μg l.−1 (P = 0.01) pre-shift, and 0.96μg l.−1 (P = 0.08) post-shift. Greater and more significant differences were seen between exposed and controls for the urinary aluminium/creatinine ratios [5.67 μg g−1 (P < 0.01) pre-shift; 8.01 μg g−1 (P < 0.01) post-shift]. Urinary aluminium/creatinine ratios were greater in plants with higher aluminium exposures. These results are consistent with the systemic absorption of aluminium from occupational exposure and suggest the presence of a sensitive uptake process for airway aluminium.