cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tensor scale-based image registration

Tangible solutions to image registration are paramount in longitudinal as well as multi-modal medical imaging studies. In this paper, we introduce tensor scale - a recently developed local morphometric parameter - in rigid image registration. A tensor scale-based registration method incorporates local structure size, orientation and anisotropy into the matching criterion, and therefore, allows efficient multi-modal image registration and holds potential to overcome the effects of intensity inhomogeneity in MRI. Two classes of two-dimensional image registration methods are proposed - (1) that computes angular shift between two images by correlating their tensor scale orientation histogram, and (2) that registers two images by maximizing the similarity of tensor scale features. Results of applications of the proposed methods on proton density and T2-weighted MR brain images of (1) the same slice of the same subject, and (2) different slices of the same subject are presented. The basic superiority of tensor scale-based registration over intensity-based registration is that it may allow the use of local Gestalts formed by the intensity patterns over the image instead of simply considering intensities as isolated events at the pixel level. This would be helpful in dealing with the effects of intensity inhomogeneity and noise in MRI.
Simulated Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction in the North Pacific from a GCM Coupled to a Constant-Depth Mixed Layer

Abstract The life cycle and structure of dominant wintertime SST anomalies and associated atmospheric response in the extratropical North Pacific are examined using results from a 100-yr seasonal simulation of a low-resolution atmospheric model with realistic geography coupled to a simple mixed layer ocean. The study focuses on composited SST anomalies produced solely by ocean–atmosphere energy exchange. One key pattern shows a negative (positive) SST anomaly in the central Pacific, denoted CCP (WCP), flanked by opposite signed anomalies in the western and eastern Pacific. For the WCP case, the SST anomaly reaches about 1.0°C in the central Pacific, whereas for the CCP case it is −1.5°C. During the growth phase of the WCP (CCP) SST anomalies, anomalous highs (lows) occur over the western Pacific and over western North America, and an anomalous low (high) is over the east-central Pacific. To the rear of the anomalous low (high), a negative (positive) SST anomaly develops in response to anomalous cold, dry ...
Universal conductivity of dirty bosons in two dimensions

In contrast to the case of free fermions which have all states localized in two dimensions, dirty, repulsively-interacting bosons exhibit a zero-temperature localization phase transition between superconducting and insulating states as disorder is increased. The conductivity σ* = g(2e)2/h at the quantum critical point is a universal critical amplitude analogous to the universal jump in superfluid density at the classical Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. Using numerical Monte Carlo methods we compute the value of g for disorder-tuned transitions with and without long-range Coulomb interactions. We argue that this model is relevant to experiments on superconducting thin films and Josephson junction arrays.
Molecular characterization of the B′ regulatory subunit gene family of Arabidopsis protein phosphatase 2A

Type 2A serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PP2A) have been implicated as important mediators of a diverse array of reversible protein phosphorylation events in plants. We have identified a novel Arabidopsis gene (AtB′δ) which encodes a 55-kDa B′ type regulatory subunit of PP2A. The protein encoded by this gene is 57–63% identical and 69–74% similar to the previously identified AtB′ genes. The AtB′δ gene appears to be expressed in all Arabidopsis organs indicating its protein product has a basic housekeeping function in plant cells. Unlike certain mRNAs derived from the AtB′γ gene, AtB′δ mRNAs do not fluctuate significantly in response to heat stress. Further analysis of cDNA sequences derived from the AtB′ genes identified an alternatively spliced cDNA derived from AtB′γ. This cDNA differs from the previously identified AtB′γ cDNA by the absence of a 133-bp region in its 5′ untranslated region. The missing 133-bp region appears to constitute an unspliced intron and its presence in the AtB′γ gene was confirmed by PCR using Arabidopsis genomic DNA as a template. AtB′γ mRNA containing the 133-bp intron accumulate in all Arabidopsis organs and their levels fluctuate differentially in response to heat stress. The 133-bp insert contains two short open reading frames and hence might serve as a translational control mechanism affecting AtB′γ protein synthesis. Finally we show, using both the yeast two hybrid system and in vitro binding assays, that the B′ subunit of Arabidopsis PP2A is able to associate with other PP2A subunits, supporting the notion that the B′ protein serves as a regulator of PP2A activity in plants.
High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete: Development and Evaluation as a Repairing Material

AbstractThis paper describes the development of high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (HPFRC) with very high strength and the feasibility of using this concrete as a repairing material. Initially two HPFRC mixtures were developed and cured using four different curing conditions. Compressive strength and flexural strength were determined for those eight combinations. Compared to high-performance fiber-reinforced cement composites (HPFRCC), the increase in compressive strength was in the range of 25–105%. Flexural strength was found to be similar to that of HPFRCC. Based on these strength results, one mixture proportion and two curing conditions were further selected for three bond tests, i.e., direct shear, slant shear, and pull-off. The results showed comparable bond strength in case of direct shear, 20% increase in slant shear, and 40% increase in pull-off when compared with other similar studies.
Connective MOOC for K-12 Teacher Professional Development in Native American Pueblo Schools

This case study describes preliminary work toward developing a teacher training project that is intended to increase STEM proficiency among elementary and high school teachers in Native American Pueblo schools in New Mexico. This project builds upon prior work that trained K-12 teachers to use investigative teaching, which in turn had a significant positive impact on the math and science proficiency of Native American and Hispanic students. The current project seeks to use Connectivist Massive Open Course (cMOOC) technology to capture and scale this professional development through the use of video, imagery, and community building in order to integrate Native American learning processes. The overall objective is to enable Pueblo teachers to more effectively teach STEM subject matter, as measured by an increase in both teacher and student content knowledge scores. If successful, the use of these technologies should facilitate rapid expansion of the program in all Native American reservation schools in USA, Canada, and Mexico.
DEEP-INELASTIC ELECTROPRODUCTION, SCALING, AND FORM FACTORS OF THE NUCLEON IN A BREMSSTRAHLUNG MODEL.

It is shown how one can account for the main features of the nucleon's elastic and inelastic form factors and of the electroproduction experiments in the framework of a simple bremsstrahlung model.
Computed tomography and conventional radiographs of the craniocervical region in rheumatoid arthritis

Radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans of 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine were reviewed to determine whether CT provides additional information to that obtained from conventional radiography and tomography. Modalities were compared with respect to determination of the extent of erosion, C1-C2 subluxation, atlantoaxial impact impaction, and soft tissue findings. CT showed greater extent of erosion in 9 of 12 patients. In 11 patients with C1-C2 subluxation, CT and plain radiographs were both useful because it was necessary to demonstrate both sagittal and axial relationships. In the 5 patients with atlantoaxial impaction both CT and plain radiographs demonstrated the abnormal relationships between the odontoid and the foramen magnum. CT showed attenuation of the transverse ligament and the presence or absence of spinal cord compression, whereas plain radiographs did not. Nevertheless, significant new information regarding the spinal cord was obtained by CT in only 1 of the 12 patients. Computed tomography provides additional information about the rheumatoid cervical spine that is unobtainable by conventional modalities. In particular, CT demonstrates bone changes in the axial projection and facilitates evaluation of soft tissue, ligament, and spinal cord involvement. However, CT should be reserved for those instances in which plain radiographs and tomograms do not explain clinical findings.
Cytoreductive surgery in testicular cancer

The role of cytoreductive surgery in testicular cancer has shifted from one of primary therapy to one of an adjunct to chemotherapy. In this setting, surgery restages the disease. It provides therapeutic benefit to many and determines the need for additional chemotherapy. Because of the heterogeneity of the tissue in the retroperitoneum, a thorough dissection is needed to reassess the patient adequately. Thoroughness is especially important in the case of teratoma. If active carcinoma is found in it, additional salvage chemotherapy is usually required. If teratoma without carcinoma is present, careful observation is required because of the propensity for local or distent later recurrence. The role of further chemotherapy in this group is not well defined. If neither carcinoma nor teratoma is present, the patient can be observed, because there is only a small likelihood of recurrence.
Population dynamics of Siphoninus philyreae in California in the presence and absence of a parasitoid, Encarsia partenopea

. 1. Densities of the whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae Haliday, remained at low levels at two sites where a parasitoid, Encarsia parknopea (Walker), was released on whitefly-infested ash, Fraxinus sp., and pomegranate, Punica granatum. Populations of S.phillyreae at control sites, where parasitoids were absent, were increasing in density at the beginning of the summer. 2. By mid-summer, E.partenopea had appeared at all four control sites, and densities of S.phillyreae declined to levels similar to those at the release sites. 3. In the absence of the parasitoid, the age structure of S.phillyreae populations was dominated by the egg stage, indicating a population increasing in density. After E.partenopea became abundant at a site, the age structure of the population had a decreasing proportion of young stages. 4. The changes in S.phillyreae age structures were explained by examining the percentage of fourth instar S.phillyreae from which E.partenopea, as opposed to adult whiteflies, emerged. After the parasitoid became abundant at a site, the majority of fourth instars produced parasitoids rather than whitefly adults. The result was that the adult S.phillyreae population declined, and few eggs were laid. 5. The dynamics of the interaction between E.partenopea and S.phillyreae were similar on ash and pomegranate.
Anatomical and psychological mechanism of reduplicative misidentification syndromes.

Reduplicative misidentifications syndromes (RMS) are rare memory disorders characterized by the subjective conviction that a place, person or event is duplicated. Even if RMS often follow a right frontal lesion, several studies have stressed the importance of bilateral hemispheric pathology. Moreover, from a psychological perspective, there is uncertainty if this symptom should be considered just as a kind of confabulation or if it should be associated with personal psychosocial and behavioral aspects. We report a patient who developed normal pressure hydrocephalus and RMS one year after a post-traumatic right frontal lesion. At the first neuropsychological evaluation, we found mild impairment of all function, associated with the presence of reduplicative paramnesia. After the ventricle-peritoneal shunt intervention, we observed a progressive improvement of all functions but the frontal ones. The memory deficit became less specific and the RMS disappeared. We therefore postulate that a focal right frontal lesion is not sufficient to cause RMS per se. Our clinical report suggests that paramnesic events held on reasonable ground, not being just a kind of confabulation.
Allosteric Modulation of Flunitrazepam Binding to Rat Brain Benzodiazepine Receptors by Methyl β‐Carboline‐3‐Carboxylate

The inhibition of flunitrazepam (FNP) binding to rat brain benzodiazepine (BZ) receptors by methyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (MCC) was studied. Biphasic dissociation was observed for [3H]FNP and [3H]MCC in cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus, although the dissociation of [3H]MCC was much faster. The dissociation rate of [3H]FNP was increased by MCC in the cerebellum, but was not altered in cerebral cortex or hippocampus. [3H]FNP binding stimulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid was enhanced in the presence of MCC in all three regions examined. These results indicate that MCC exerts these effects by interacting with allosteric sites that are different from the FNP recognition sites on the BZ receptors.
Discrete dynamics and metastability: Mean first passage times and escape rates

The problem of escape from a domain of attraction is applied to the case of discrete dynamical systems possessing stable and unstable fixed points. In the presence of noise, the otherwise stable fixed point of a nonlinear map becomes metastable, due to noise-induced hopping events, which eventually pass the unstable fixed point. Exact integral equations for the moments of the first passage time variable are derived, as well as an upper bound for the first moment. In the limit of weak noise, the integral equation for the first moment, i.e., the mean first passage time (MFPT), is treated, both numerically and analytically. The exponential leading part of the MFPT is given by the ratio of the noise-induced invariant probability at the stable fixed point and unstable fixed point, respectively. The evaluation of the prefactor is more subtle: It is characterized by a jump at the exit boundaries, which is the result of a discontinuous boundary layer function obeying an inhomogeneous integral equation. The jump at the boundary is shown to be always less than one-half of the maximum value of the MFPT. On the basis of a clear-cut separation of time scales, the MFPT is related to the escape rate to leave the domain of attraction and other transport coefficients, such as the diffusion coefficient. Alternatively, the rate can also be obtained if one evaluates the current-carrying flux that results if particles are continuously injected into the domain of attraction and captured beyond the exit boundaries. The two methods are shown to yield identical results for the escape rate of the weak noise result for the MFPT, respectively. As a byproduct of this study, we obtain general analytic expressions for the invariant probability of noisy maps with a small amount of nonlinearity.
Pioneer Venus Spacecraft Design And Operation

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe spacecraft design and operation enabled both remote and in-situ measurements of the Venusian environment from the outermost fringes of the atmosphere all the way to the surface. Both spacecraft were spin-stabilized and solar-cell powered from launch to Venus. Since orbit insertion, the Orbiter has been transmitting measurements from a highly elliptical 24-h orbit with periapsis altitudes down to about 150 km. Data rates up to 2048 bits/s have been utilized through a despun high-gain antenna transmitting at S-band frequency. Spacecraft attitudes, orbit periods, and periapsis altitudes are being maintained as required with a hydrazine propulsion system. The Multiprobe spacecraft (Bus with all four Probes attached) perfomed the necessary Probe checkouts and deployed the Probes to achieve the desired Probe and Bus targeting. Silver-zinc batteries provided the necessary power on each of the four Probes from separation from the Bus through the entry/descent sequence. Data rates of 256 and 128 bits/s on the Large Probe were maintained with 40-W radiated power, and 64 and 16 bits/s on the Small Probes were maintained with 10-W radiated power, through omni antennas directly to Earth-based stations. Each Probe's entry/descent sequence was controlled with a hardwired entry sequence programmer to achieve the desired scientific and spacecraft operations.
Newborns of preeclamptic women show evidence of sex-specific disparity in fetal growth.

Background Evidence suggests that in response to in utero insults, male versus female infants have greater disadvantages in pregnancy outcome. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that there is a sex-specific fetal response to maternal disease during pregnancy. We considered that a sex-specific relationship may exist between preeclampsia and reduced fetal growth. Objective We investigated if the relationship between preeclampsia and fetal growth was modified by fetal sex. Methods We limited the study population to singleton pregnancies of black and white normotensive and preeeclamptic women enrolled in the Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959–1965). The patients were offspring of 516 preeclamptic and 8801 normotensive women. After adjustment for confounders, interaction terms between preeclamptic status and fetal sex were evaluated to determine if the influence of preeclampsia on fetal growth varied with fetal sex. Separate linear and logistic regression models were then fitted for males and females to report the estimate of the relationship between preeclampsia and fetal growth by fetal sex. The results were stratified by preterm status (<37 vs ≥37 completed weeks of gestation). The mean head and chest circumferences, birthweight, ponderal index, and frequency of small for gestational age were examined. A 2-sided P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The results were stratified by preterm status. Male preterm offspring of preeclamptic mothers had greater reductions in chest circumference, head circumference, and birthweight than preterm female offspring of preeclamptic women (P = 0.01, P = 0.02, and P = 0.05, respectively, for interaction). Female versus male preterm offspring exposed to preeclampsia were less susceptible to being small for gestational age (synergy index 0.38; 95% CI, 0.00–0.84). The influence of preeclampsia on the growth of term offspring was more modest, and the influence of sex was opposite that in preterm infants. Compared with term offspring of normotensive women, the reduction in mean ponderal index was greater for female versus term male offspring of preeclamptic women (P = 0.02, interaction). Conclusion Fetal growth was more impaired among male versus female preterm infants born to preeclamptic women. Our study underlined the importance of incorporating sex differences in the study of biological mechanisms for immediate- and long-term consequences of suboptimal fetal growth.
Increased inducibility of inflammatory mediators from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of women with salpingitis.

Abstract To investigate whether immune system activation may contribute to the tissue damage observed in salpingitis, we isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and quantitated production of the monocyte activation products tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6. Unstimulated cells from 7 of 20 women with salpingitis spontaneously released tumor necrosis factor at a concentration >2 SD above the mean value produced by cells from 29 healthy donors. Interferon gamma (200 Ulml) further induced production of tumor necrosis factor from mononuclear cells of 11 women with salpingitis. In contrast, production of tumor necrosis factor by each of 23 other patients who lacked laparoscopic or clinical evidence of salpingitis was similar to that of the controls. In a subset of women whose cells were tested for production of other monokines, three of nine women with salpingitis spontaneously released interleukin-1 but none of the others did so. Four of nine patients with salpingitis also produced interleukin-6, but none of the others did so. None of the monokines were detected in serum from any subject. The results suggest that monocytes from women with salpingitis are primed in vivo and produce inflammatory mediators under conditions where monocytes from other women are poorly responsive. This increased monokine inducibility may contribute to the tubal damage that is the hallmark of salpingitis.
Multiple Imputation Methods for Estimating Regression Coefficients in the Competing Risks Model with Missing Cause of Failure

We propose a method to estimate the regression coefficients in a competing risks model where the cause-specific hazard for the cause of interest is related to covariates through a proportional hazards relationship and when cause of failure is missing for some individuals. We use multiple imputation procedures to impute missing cause of failure, where the probability that a missing cause is the cause of interest may depend on auxiliary covariates, and combine the maximum partial likelihood estimators computed from several imputed data sets into an estimator that is consistent and asymptotically normal. A consistent estimator for the asymptotic variance is also derived. Simulation results suggest the relevance of the theory in finite samples. Results are also illustrated with data from a breast cancer study.
Breast cancer banishes p27 from nucleus.

The cell-cycle inhibitor p27 is phosphorylated by the Akt kinase in breast cancer, according to three new studies. This phosphorylation keeps p27 in the cytoplasm and correlates with cancer aggressiveness ( pages 1136–1144 , 1145–1152 and 1153–1160 .)
An electron microscope study of nuclear-cytoplasmic exchange in oocytes of Ciona intestinalis

Electron microscope observations of glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixed oocytes of the tunicate Ciona intestinalis indicate that nuclear-cytoplasmic exchanges are prominent in young oocytes. Dense granular accumulations are noted at various regions on both sides of the nuclear envelope, and under favorable conditions they can be demonstrated to be continuous through the nuclear pores. The basophilic staining reaction of this product and the structural similarity to nucleolar components suggest that the exchange is from the nucleus to the ooplasm. The product transferred (which is Feulgen negative) appears to accumulate in the ooplasm adjacent to the nuclear envelope. The morphological variations observed suggest a subsequent transformation of this material into particulate ribosomes. Mitochondria often show a close association with the extruded ooplasmic masses.
Solid-state mixed potential gas sensors: theory, experiments and challenges

Abstract Solid-state mixed potential electrochemical sensors sense gases using differential electrocatalysis on dissimilar electrode materials. The response theory is typically expressed in terms of models invoking Butler–Volmer kinetics at high overpotentials (Tafel behavior). This model is not adequate for describing all types of mixed potential sensor responses. For low concentrations of analyte gas, mass transport limitations must also be considered. Experiments with sensors with air reference electrodes also demonstrate the importance of low overpotential oxygen reduction kinetics in establishing the device response. A sensor response model that predicts a linear relationship between response voltage and analyte gas concentration is derived. The development of oxide electrode based devices offers improved long-term response stability over metal electrode based devices.
Vertical transport properties of A-axis oriented YBa2Cu3O7/PrBa2Cu3O7/YBa2Cu3O7 sandwich junctions

Abstract We report on the conduction mechanism in PrBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 thin films and on the transport properties of a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 /PrBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 /YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 (YBCO/PBCO/YBCO) junctions. We find that the resistivity of a- and c-axis thin PBCO films is proportional to exp(T −1 4 ) which suggests that these materials exhibit Mott variable range hopping. For the junctions one finds two different types of behavior: either supercurrent-low resistivity junctions or no-supercurrent-high resistivity junctions. The supercurrent samples typically had barrier resistivities two to three orders of magnitude lower than the resistivity measured on single PBCO films suggesting that the supercurrents observed come from shorts in the barrier.
Adiposity and Different Types of Screen Time

OBJECTIVE: Few prospective studies have examined separate forms of screen time in relation to adiposity. Our objective was to assess independent relations of television, electronic games (video/computer), and digital versatile disc (DVD)/videos and total screen time with change in adolescent BMI. METHODS: Using data from the 2004, 2006, and 2008 waves of the ongoing Growing up Today Study II, we assessed baseline and 2-year change in reported screen time in relation to concurrent change in BMI among 4287 girls and 3505 boys aged 9 to 16 years in 2004. Gender-specific models adjusted for previous BMI, age, race/ethnicity, growth/development, months between questionnaires, and physical activity. RESULTS: Among girls and boys, each hour per day increase in reported television viewing was associated with a 0.09 increase in BMI (Ps CONCLUSIONS: Television, which remains the steadiest source of food advertising, was most consistently associated with BMI gains. Among girls, electronic games and DVDs/videos were also related to increased BMI, possibly due to influences of product placements and advergames on diet and/or distracted eating. Adolescents, especially overweight adolescents, may benefit from reduced time with multiple types of media.
The Creation and Implementation of a Wellness Initiative in a Large Adult Psychiatry Residency Program.

Being a physician is intrinsically stressful. Due to the steep learning curve in knowledge acquisition, long hours on call, and profound increase in the level of responsibility during residency, this may be the most stressful part of a physician’s training. As there are considerable data linking stress to the onset of depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, it is not surprising that these conditions are common among physicians, particularly resident interns [1]. Given this population’s professional responsibility, there has been growing concern regarding physician mental health. Unfortunately, physicians are often reluctant to seek mental health treatment [2]. One multi-site study assessing depression in interns found that barriers to seeking mental health treatment included lack of time, preference to manage problems individually, lack of convenient access, and concerns about confidentiality [3]. The same study found that interns who had previously sought treatment for depression were more likely to seek treatment during internship [3]. An emphasis on resident wellness has emerged as an attempt to improve physical and psychological wellbeing with the aim of reversing burnout and stress [4]. “Wellbeing” has been defined previously as a characteristic of positive psychological functioning that captures an individual’s level of positive affect, life satisfaction, and sense of purpose in life [5]. Intern wellbeing has been found to protect against future depression: individuals with lower wellbeing at baseline showed significant increases in depression symptoms across time [6]. Wellbeing has also been correlated with professionalism, including empathy and humanism [7]. Professionalism is a fundamental competency associated with being a physician. The effect of stress on core elements of physician performance—specifically, empathy and humanism—has become self-evident in recent years. This relationship between stress and decreased empathy and compassion likely starts in medical school, continues through residency, and then declines further as physicians move into practice [8]. However, wellbeing may promote professional attributes such as empathy and compassion [9]. Wellbeing is more than the absence of distress; wellbeing involves satisfaction in one’s emotional, physical, social, spiritual, occupational, environmental, and intellectual domains of life [10]. In recognition of the challenges of residency and of the potential value of wellness activities, we founded the Yale Psychiatry Wellness Initiative (YPWI). The YPWI was designed to provide opportunities for residents, faculty, and staff to promote physical and mental health and wellness, as well as foster an increased sense of community within the residency and department by connecting individuals with common interests. We describe below the process by which we created the program and preliminary assessment measures.
Evaluating Design Alternatives of an Extruded Food Production Line Using Simulation

Several designs of a manufacturing line for the production of extruded foods were developed and compared with the current production line design. The manufacturing line consisted of six unit operations: batching, grinding, extruding, drying, further processing, and packing. The authors performed the comparisons by simulating the current design and the proposed alternatives. The alternatives consisted of modifications to the extruder-dryer and/or packing line designs. The simulation results indicated that all the alternate designs roughly doubled system throughput compared to current designs but did not differ significantly in performance among themselves. The doubled output is worth about $2.5 million per year. This is easily enough to justify the cost of new equipment. One design would cost less to implement than the others and thus was the preferred option.
Microwave sintering of 8 mol% yttria-zirconia (8YZ) : An inert matrix material for nuclear fuel applications

Abstract This study focused on reducing overall processing time and temperature for fully stabilized zirconia, an inert matrix material candidate, to minimize the loss of actinides (that will be incorporated into the matrix material), while maintaining at least 90% theoretical density (TD). The effects of different processing routes on bulk density and microstructure were evaluated. The results obtained by adopting microwave sintering for 8 mol% Y 2 O 3 –ZrO 2 were compared to conventional sintering. A 20 min soak time at 1300 °C resulted in pellets with 90% TD for microwave-processed samples, compared to 77% TD for pellets processed conventionally. A similar density was obtained at lower temperature (1200 °C) by increasing the soak time to 100 min in microwave processing. This time and temperature resulted in 60% TD conventionally processed pellets. Compressive strength values obtained for a 1300 °C (20 min soak time) microwave-processed sample were higher (1600 MPa) as compared to a conventionally processed sample (1300 MPa).
298 METABOLIC CLEARANCE RATE OF OXYTOCIN IN MATERNAL AND FETAL SHEEP

Simultaneous maternal and fetal plasma oxytocin (OXY) concn. (μU/ml) were measured by radioimmunoassay before and during continuous infusion of synthetic OXY to steady state conditions into ewe or fetus (gestational age 124-140 days; at least 5 days post-surgery; estimated fetal wt. 3 kg). Fetal metabolic clearance rates (MCR in ml/kg/min) were calculated to be 18.1 ± 1.1 and 15.0 ± 1.3 at the two infusion rates; maternal MCR were 12.7 ± 2.8 and 13.4 ± 2.3, respectively. Examination of simultaneous fetal and maternal baseline OXY concentrations revealed that fetal levels were significantly higher than maternal: 1.9 ± 0.2 vs 0.7 ± 0.1 (p<.05). Continuous monitoring of uterine pressure revealed that uterine contractions were induced by maternal infusion of 800 μU/kg/min; no uterine contractions were induced by fetal infusion. Conclusions based on these data are: 1) plasma OXY levels exceed maternal levels in fetuses of 124-140 days gestation; 2) transplacental passage of OXY is minimal in both M-F and F-M directions; 3) maternal and fetal MCR of OXY are similar and unrelated to plasma OXY levels.
Development of a Coupled Groundwater–Atmosphere Model

Abstract Complete models of the hydrologic cycle have gained recent attention as research has shown interdependence between the coupled land and energy balance of the subsurface, land surface, and lower atmosphere. PF.WRF is a new model that is a combination of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) atmospheric model and a parallel hydrology model (ParFlow) that fully integrates three-dimensional, variably saturated subsurface flow with overland flow. These models are coupled in an explicit, operator-splitting manner via the Noah land surface model (LSM). Here, the coupled model formulation and equations are presented and a balance of water between the subsurface, land surface, and atmosphere is verified. The improvement in important physical processes afforded by the coupled model using a number of semi-idealized simulations over the Little Washita watershed in the southern Great Plains is demonstrated. These simulations are initialized with a set of offline spinups to achieve a balanced state of ini...
Numerical Evaluation of Stiffness and Energy Absorption of a Hybrid Unidirectional/Random Glass Fiber Composite

A finite element method is employed to numerically evaluate the stiffness and energy absorption properties of an architecturally hybrid composite material consisting of unidirectional and random glass fiber layers. An ls-dyna finite element model of a composite hollow square tube is developed in which the position of the random fiber layers varies through the thickness. The assessment of the stiffness and energy absorption is performed via three-point impact and longitudinal crash tests at two speeds, 15.6 m/s (35 mph) and 29.0 m/s (65 mph), and five strain rates, ɛ· = 0.1 s−1 , 1 s−1 , 10 s−1 , 20 s−1 , and 40 s−1 . It is suggested that strategic positioning of the random fiber microstructural architecture into the hybrid composite increases its specific absorption energy and, therefore, enhances its crashworthiness. The simulation data indicate that the composite structure with outer layers of unidirectional lamina followed by random fiber layers is the stiffest due to the considerable superior specific energy absorption of the random fiber micro-architecture. Moreover, it is illustrated that the specific energy absorption increases with the increased ratio of impact contact area over cross-section area. Of all the parameters tested the thickness of the unidirectional laminate on the specific energy absorption does not appear to have a significant effect at the studied thickness ratios.
Incorporation of short- and long-chain fatty acids into glycerides by lactating-goat mammary tissue☆

Abstract 1. 1. A particulate system obtained from lactating-goat mammary gland catalyzed the incorporation fo [I- 14 C]acyl-CoA into glycerides with dl -α-glyceroophosphate or α,β-diglyceride as acyl acceptor. 2. 2. The pathway for the triglyceride synthesis in this system appears to involve the formation of diglyceride form α-glycerophosphate and its subsequent conversion to triglyceride. 3. 3. Oleic, hexanoic, octanoic, and palmitic acids were incorporated into glycerides to different but considerable extents while the incorporation of butyrate was relatively low. 4. 4. The incorporation of palmitate into α-glycerophosphate resulted in the formation of considerable proportion of triglycerides. On the other hand, the incorporation of hexanoate or octanoate into α-glycerophosphate did not proceed beyond the formation of diglycerides to any appreciable extent. 5. 5. Utilization of glycerol for glyceride synthesis was not appreciable in this system.
Raindrops push and splash flying insects

In their daily lives, flying insects face a gauntlet of environmental challenges, from wind gusts to raindrop impacts. In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we use high-speed videography to film raindrop collisions upon both flying insects and dynamically scaled spherical mimics. We identify three outcomes of the collision based upon the insect's mass and characteristic size: drops push the insect while remaining intact, coat the insect, and splash. We present a mathematical model that predicts impact force and outcome consistent with those found in experiments. Small insects such as gnats and flies are pushed by raindrops that remain intact upon impact; conversely, large flyers such as locusts and micro-aerial vehicles cause drops to splash. We identify a critical mass of 0.3 g for which flyers achieve both peak acceleration (100 g) and applied force (104 dyn) from incoming raindrops; designs of similarly massed flying robots should be avoided.
DETERMINANTS OF SOIL CO2 FLUX FROM A SUB‐HUMID GRASSLAND: EFFECT OF FIRE AND FIRE HISTORY

Soil CO2 flux (Jc02) was measured at midday over a 2-yr period in undisturbed tallgrass prairie (Konza Prairie, Kansas, USA) to quantify seasonal and annual budgets, to evaluate temperature and moisture as determinants of soil CO2 flux, and to assess the effect of a common land management tool, spring fire, and fire history on soil respiration. We
Toward a dialogic theory of learning: Bakhtin's contribution to understanding learning in settings of collaboration

I propose here a new theoretical framework for understanding learning as a socially-grounded phenomenon based the writings of the Russian philologist, M. M. Bakhtin. Bakhtin's writings on the dialogic nature of all texts provide the basis for a new view of language, knowledge, and learning. From this perspective, learning is seen as the process of multiple voices coming into contact, both within and across speaker-produced utterances. Examples are provided of two types of studies based on such a theory of learning: studies of the appropriation of a social language and studies of speech genres. I conclude by recounting the potential advantages of adopting dialogicality as a conceptual basis for ongoing work in CSCL.
Examining the Relationship between Hope and Attachment: A Meta-Analysis

The authors report quantitative findings from a meta-analysis of studies investigating the relationship between attachment style, grounded in theory developed by Bowlby and Ainsworth; and Snyder’s theoretical model of hope (Ainsworth & Bowlby, 1991; Snyder, 1994). Statistically significant results provide support for further investigation of clinical value of the attachment/hope dynamic as an effective heuristic for conceptualizing human development, behavior and the therapeutic process.
Awakening concerns in India with degradation of the environment

Abstract An invitation to visit India in January 1987 was accepted in order to present lectures and have discussions at the Indian Institute of Technology (New Delhi), Andhra University, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Indian Institute of Science and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Selections from eight lectures on environmental protection, acid rain and atmospheric chemistry were presented and served as a means to introduce environmental questions being addressed in the United States and to initiate discussions on scientific programs being formulated in India. Impressions of the country and interests of its scientists are described. In general, there is an awakening concern in India with the need to protect the environment, and there is a cadre of scientists that are well informed in world environmental issues through whom a number of major activities are just getting underway. Their resources are modest and they look forward to assistance from and cooperation and involvement with foreign scientists.
Application of Advanced Problem Solving Software in Conceptual Design

This paper is devoted to the application and evaluation of the software supporting the problem solving in engineering conceptual design. This is a companion paper with IMECE 2012 [1]. Though the situation is slightly better now than in previous years, there is still no software suitable for a completely satisfactory automation of the engineering conceptual design process. However there are some program packages that could be the most helpful and would greatly influence the quality of the designed product, especially in cases of contradicting constraints. In this paper some results of research on the use and effectiveness of Invention Machine (IM™) software products are presented. As reported before such packages as Invention Machine V.2 for Windows, TechOptimizer V. 3.5, and TechOptimizer V.4 were used extensively giving excellent results in teaching, research and practical applications. In this paper some experience in use of Goldfire V. 6.5, Goldfire V.7 and Goldfire V.7.5, that was recently introduced is reported and evaluated. The content and effectiveness of the programs in teaching are discussed. Examples of applications are given, conclusions are derived, and the recommendations for the future use of the software are offered.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Gas Separation Using a Membrane

Gas-gas separation, to purify natural gas, is simulated using a membrane supported by a porous medium. Removing acidic gasses from the natural gas is gaining attention recently. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are conducted for asymmetric multi-component fluid flows in a channel. The flow system consists of a circular cross-section channel bounded by a porous layer which supports the membrane wall. The Navier-Stokes equations model the flow in the channel, while the flow in the porous medium is modeled by both the Darcy’s law and the extended Darcy’s law. Mass transport equations, including mass diffusion of mixtures of two gasses (CO2 and CH4), are employed to determine the concentration distribution. The membrane will be modeled as a functional surface; where the flux of each component will be determined based on the local partial pressure of each species, composition, and permeability and selectivity of the membrane. The effect of the porous medium on the membrane performance will be determined for a wide range of Reynolds number. The performance of the system will be measured by maximum mass separation with minimal frictional losses.
Preventing female gang involvement: Development of the Joint-Interest Core and Balance Model of Mother/Daughter Leisure Functioning

Female gang membership is increasing in the United States. Prevention and treatment interventions are needed to help protect girls from gang membership. Research suggests that the mother/daughter relationship can provide a protective resource for girls at higher risk for gang involvement. Discussion of female gang activity, its causes, and parent/child relationship of female gang members is included. This paper develops a theoretical model based on collective efficacy (CE), family resilience, and the Core and Balance Model of Family Leisure Functioning, which serves as a guideline for developing preventative and treatment interventions for girls at-risk.
Lipids and fatty acids of the benthic marine harpacticoid copepod Heteropsyllus nunni Coull during diapause: a contrast to pelagic copepods

Many free-living copepods produce and store lipids prior to entering diapause (long-term dormancy). Heteropsyllus nunni Coull is the only marine harpacticoid copepod known to undergo any form of diapause. This study presents the first information on the types of lipids and fatty acids produced for long-term diapause in this benthic species. Sexually immature adults of H. nunni undergo diapause within a pliable self-made cyst. Prior to entering diapause (which lasts 3–4 months), they produce and store large amounts of orange lipid. The lipids apparently are utilized during diapause. Although some residual lipids remain, chiefly around the gonads, after the copepods emerge from their cysts, the lipid stores are visibly reduced. Typically, the copepods mate and produce eggs within 48 h after diapause is terminated. Light level and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the lipid stores are distributed throughout the body in numerous oil droplets and not as a single oil sac, as seen in many marine calanoid copepods prior to overwintering (winter diapause). Transmission electron microscopy showed lipid spheres within the gut epithelium and large droplets of lipids stored extracellularly. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of copepods in pre-diapause, during diapause (encysted), post-diapause (recently excysted), and in reproductive condition, revealed that lipid stores are reduced following diapause, but are not totally absent. Analysis of lipid classes showed that H. nunni store predominantly wax esters/sterol esters (83% of total lipids) during diapause. The predominant lipid is most likely wax esters, as sterol esters typically are found only in small amounts in copepods. Fatty acid (FA) profiles of the copepods in diapause showed 16:0 to be most abundant followed by 16:1n-7 and 18:0; other FA occurred at concentrations <10% of total FA. Three polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 20:5n-3, 18:2n-6 and 20:4n-6, were found at concentrations <2% of total FA. These PUFA are "essential fatty acids" in H. nunni, obtained through dietary sources. The lipid classes and fatty acids present in H. nunni during diapause are compared to those of other copepods, some in a state of diapause and others not. It appears that lipid class and FA profiles are indicative of genetic makeup, type of diet or amount of food consumed prior to dormancy. Some classic paradigms of lipids and their association with copepod diapause are re-evaluated.
Temperature programmed desorption study of acetylene on a clean, H-covered, and O-covered Pt(111) surface

Abstract The reactions of acetylene on a clean, a H-covered and an O-covered Pt(111) surface were studied by temperature programmed desorption for various coverages of acetylene, and acetylene to H or O ratios. The desorption products were quantitatively determined. On a clean surface, acetylene decomposes to hydrogen and surface carbon. A small amount of self-hydrogenation to ethylene also occurs during decomposition. On a H-covered surface, hydrogenation to CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , and ethylene, and decomposition to hydrogen and surface carbon occur simultaneously. The reactions on these two surfaces can be explained by the presence of two sites. One site is a bare surface Pt atom on which decomposition is the primary reaction pathway. The other site is a Pt atom with adsorbed H on which hydrogenation is the primary reaction pathway. On the O-covered surface, the decomposition reaction takes place together with an oxidation reaction which yields CO, CO 2 , and water. The oxidation reaction probably proceeds via an intermediate that has a stoichiometry of CH. Results on the O-covered surface are consistent with the model that oxygen absorbs in islands, and the oxidation reaction takes place at the perimeter of the islands. These results are compared with those of ethylene reaction on the same Pt surfaces.
Biochemical and functional properties of somatostatin receptors.

The tetradecapeptide somatostatin (SRIF) exerts diverse biological actions in the endocrine and nervous systems (1, 2). It is the major physiological inhibitor of growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary and insulin and glucagon release from the pancreatic islets and also regulates gastric acid secretion from the gut (3–6). SRIF is also expressed in extrahypothalamic locations in the brain, where it has a role in controlling cognitive functions (7, 8). Furthermore, in the striatum, where it has been implicated in modulating locomotor activity (9, 10), SRIF is a major stimulant of dopamine release from nigrostriatal neurons and may interact with dopamine in modulating basal ganglia functions (11).
SEARIS's personally inspiring papers in review

The SEARIS (Software engineering and architectures for realtime interactive systems) workshop at IEEE Virtual Reality is five years old, which presents an opportunity for reflection. Papers were gathered in advance that were considered central to SEARIS. Audience members presented and then all discussed each paper, leading to frank discussions and firsthand stories. An analysis of these discussions and papers is presented here, along with suggestions for future research directions.