cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The genetic toxicology of putative nongenotoxic carcinogens.

This report examines a group of putative nongenotoxic carcinogens that have been cited in the published literature. Using short-term test data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/International Agency for Research on Cancer genetic activity profile (EPA/IARC GAP) database we have classified these agents on the basis of their mutagenicity emphasizing three genetic endpoints: gene mutation, chromosomal aberration and aneuploidy. On the basis of results of short-term tests for these effects, we have defined criteria for evidence of mutagenicity (and nonmutagenicity) and have applied these criteria in classifying the group of putative nongenotoxic carcinogens. The results from this evaluation based on the EPA/IARC GAP database are presented along with a summary of the short-term test data for each chemical and the relevant carcinogenicity results from the NTP, Gene-Tox and IARC databases. The data clearly demonstrate that many of the putative nongenotoxic carcinogens that have been adequately tested in short-term bioassays induce gene or chromosomal mutations or aneuploidy.
iCVD growth of poly(N-vinylimidazole) and poly(N-vinylimidazole-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone)

Abstract The imidazole group plays an important role in α-chymotrypsin catalysis, metal-ion complexation, counterion or dye binding. Poly(N-vinylimidazole), PVI, is also a good model polymer interacting with neutral salts. The poly(N-vinylimidazole-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) copolymer P(VI-co-VP), can be used to produce highly functionalized polymers. PVI and P(VI-co-VP) thins films were achieved via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD), a solvent-free process to form films under mild conditions. The polymerization was initiated by hot wire heated tert -butyl peroxide (TBPO). The chemical structure and compositions of the polymers were analyzed using FTIR and XPS. The growth rate of PVI as a function of the pressure inside the iCVD reactor was measured to be 1 nm/h mTorr. The XPS results show that the functional groups were retained in the polymer deposited. For the P(VI-co-VP) deposition, there are more VI groups found in the co-polymer chain even when the reacting monomers were fed in the same ratio.
Feedback correction of angular error in grating READOUT

Angular and wavelength READ beam errors in holographic interconnection systems are often a recurrent problem. Several strategies have been proposed to minimize or eliminate such READOUT misalignments. Some years ago, Chatterjee and co-workers proposed a method involving READ beam wavelength tuning to correct output angular errors. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using an acousto-optic (A-O) Bragg cell with optoelectronic feedback to dynamically correct the scattered beam for deviations in the incidence direction of the READ beam of a hologram. The concept here is based on an acoustic frequency feedback strategy used recently by Balakshy and Kazaryan for laser beam directional stabilization. In the dynamic and adaptive method being proposed here, an acousto-optic Bragg cell is placed between the READ beam and the hologram. A photo-detector placed after the Bragg cell enables the estimation of scattered efficiency and hence (from the READ dephasing-based diffraction efficiency), the amount of the angular deviation. An algorithm for implementing the above scheme, to be used in a practical setup, is proposed and the results of numerical simulations are presented along with possible extensions to wavelength error correction and other applications.
Pharmacological characterization using selected antagonists of the leukotriene receptors mediating contraction of guinea-pig trachea

Abstract The effects of six leukotriene (LT) antagonists on LTC 4 -, D 4 - and E 4 -induced contraction of isolated guinea-pig tracheal spirals were examined. Concentration-response effects of the leukotrienes were determined by cumulative addition in the presence of indomethacin (5 μM) alone for LTE 4 , or with 10 mM of either glutathione or L-cysteine to inhibit metabolism of LTC 4 or LTD 4 , respectively. Concentration-response curves to the LTs were obtained in the absence and presence of Wy-45,911, Wy-44,329, FPL-55,712, Ly-171,883, Wy-48,252 and ICI-198,615 representing three structurally different chemical groups of LT antagonists. At 30 μM, the antagonist produced little or no antagonism of LTC 4 -induced contractions. Analysis of the Schild plots for antagonism of LTD 4 and E 4 suggested two receptors for the agonist effects of LTD 4 and a single receptor for the agonist effects of LTE 4 . Comparison of PA 2 values for Wy-45,911, FPL-55-712, LY-171-883 and Wy-48-252 provided evidence that LTE 4 is acting at the antagonist high affinity LTD 4 receptor to produce contractile effects. From the data, we conclude that there are three LT receptors (one for LTC 4 and two LTD 4 subtypes) through which exogenously applied LTs evoke contraction of the isolated guinea-pig trachea.
The effect of focal cerebral cooling on perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage.

We describe a method of focal cooling of the head and its effects on hypoxic-ischemic cerebral damage in neonatal rat. Focal cooling of the head was obtained by positioning a catheter under the scalp ipsilateral to the ligated common carotid artery and by running cold water through the catheter during 2 h of systemic hypoxia. Hypoxia was produced in neonatal rats by breathing 8% oxygen for 2 h in a 37°C chamber. Animals underwent focal cooling with ipsilateral scalp temperatures ranging from 22°C to 35°C. Temperature recordings from the ipsilateral scalp, cerebral hemisphere (dorsal hippocampus) and core (rectal) were obtained. The results suggest that the method is effective in cooling of brain and also to a lesser extent in lowering of the core temperature. At a mean scalp temperature of 28°C, mean hippocampal temperature in hypoxic rat was 29.5°C and mean core temperature in hypoxic rat was 32.8°C. At a lower scalp temperature of 22°C, mean hippocampal temperature in hypoxic rat was 24.7°C and mean core temperature was 31.3°C. Neuropathologic examination 3–4 days following hypoxia-ischemia showed that focal cooling with a scalp temperature of lower than 28°C completely protected from brain damage, and that there was a trend towards greater damage with higher scalp temperatures.
A Novel Method to Co-localize Glycosaminoglycan-Core Oligosaccharide Glycosyltransferases in Rat Liver Golgi CO-LOCALIZATION OF GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASE I WITH A SIALYLTRANSFERASE

4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-xyloside (XylβMU) primes glycosaminoglycan synthesis by first serving as an acceptor for the addition of 2 galactoses and 1 glucuronic acid residue to make the typical core structure, GlcUAβ1, 3Galβ1,3Galβ1,4XylβMU. To investigate the relative localization of these biosynthetic enzymes, intact and properly oriented rat liver Golgi preparations were incubated with XylβMU and 1 μM UDP-[3H]Gal and then chased with 5 μM of unlabeled UDP-Gal, UDP-GlcUA, UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-GalNAc, and CMP-Neu5Ac. Under these conditions, no intervesicular transport occurs and acceptor labeling depends entirely upon transporter-mediated delivery of the labeled sugar nucleotides into the lumen of a vesicle and co-localization of the appropriate glycosyltransferases. The labeled products were isolated from the incubation medium and from within the Golgi and their structures analyzed by C18, anion-exchange, and amine adsorption high performance liquid chromatography in combination with glycosidase digestions. Surprisingly, the major products within the Golgi were two sialylated xylosides (Siaα2,3Galβ1,4XylβMU and Siaα2,8Siaα2,3Galβ1,4XylβMU) rather than the expected group of partially completed GAG core structures. Less than 10% of the products within the Golgi are the expected core structures containing a second Gal residue or, in addition, GlcUA. The amount of the sialylated products is only partially decreased if the chase is omitted or if the chase is done in the absence of added CMP-Sia, suggesting a pool of previously transported CMP-Sia drives synthesis of the major products. Conversely, when detergent permeabilized vesicles are provided with high concentration of the same sugar nucleotides, the ratio of sialylated products is reduced and replaced by an increase in GAG-like products. These results argue that GAG core-specific Gal transferase I and II are not extensively co-localized within the same Golgi compartment. By contrast, glycosaminoglycan core Gal transferase I is substantially co-localized with an α-2,3-sialyltransferase and an α-2,8-sialyltransferase. Incubating intact Golgi vesicles with exogenous diffusible acceptors offers a novel method to assess the functional co-localization of glycosyltransferases of multiple pathways within the Golgi compartments.
Homovanillic acid concentration in rat brain: effect of a choline acetyltransferase inhibitor and comparison with cholinergic and dopaminergic agents.

Abstract Administration to rats of either atropine sulphate (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or 4-(1-naphthylvinyl) pyridine HCl (100 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of choline acctyltransferase, decreased the concentration of homovanillic acid in the corpus striatum by 50 per cent, as measured 1 hr later. The decrease in homovanillic acid induced by administration of either agent was prevented by pretreatment (10 min earlier) with either pilocarpine HCl (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or eserine sulphate (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.). Administration of apomorphine HCl (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or (+)-amphetamine sulphate (5 mg/kg. i.p.) also lowered the concentration of homovanillic acid. In contrast to the effects produced by atropine or naphthylvinyl pyridine, however, the decrease in homovanillic acid induced by treatment with either apomorphine or amphetamine was not reversed by pretreatment with either pilocarpine or eserine. Administration of either mecamylamine HCl (15 mg/kg, i.p.), atropine methylnitrate (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or neostigmine methylsulphatc (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) had no effect on the level of homovanillic acid. These results suggest that naphthylvinyl pyridine possesses central anticholinergic activity similar to that of atropine. Furthermore, the cholinergic effect on the metabolism of dopamine in the corpus striatum appears to be mediated via muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system.
Regulation of the genes for heme pathway enzymes in erythroid and in non‐erythroid cells

There are eight enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway and three enzymes in the heme catabolic pathway. Enzymatic defects in heme biosynthesis lead to clinical conditions termed porphyrias. cDNAs for five of the eight enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway and two of the three enzymes in the heme catabolic pathway have been cloned and characterized in mammalian cells. At least two enzymes exist as isozymes between erythroid and non-erythroid tissues. One is delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), and the erythroid and hepatic isozymes are coded by two separate genes. The other is porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), and both the erythroid and the non-erythroid PBGD mRNA are transcribed from a single PBGD gene by alternate transcription and splicing. There is also a significant tissue-specific control of expression of the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase gene which is expressed as a unique mRNA in all tissues.
Cost of Advertising: Long-Tailed Weasels (Mustela frenata) as Potential Acoustically-Orienting Predators of Neotropical Singing Mice (Scotinomys)

Abstract We report on three interactions between long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata) and Neotropical singing mice (Scotinomys). Our observations suggest that weasels are potential acoustically-orienting predators of singing mice. We speculate that differences in pressure from eavesdropping by weasels may contribute to differences in length and complexity of songs between sister species of Neotropical singing mice.
Effects of simulated high altitude on hibernating and non-hibernating rodents

1. 1. Albino and wild rats and the ground squirred (Citellus tridecemlineatus) were subjected to hypoxic conditions at stimulated altitudes of 20,000 ft. 2. 2. No appreciable difference between albino and wild rats in terms of their weight gain and loss, hemetocrit, hemoglobin or 59-Fe uptake in response to hypoxic stress was noted. 3. 3. Ground squirrels used as an example of a hibernator differ from non-hibernating rodents in that under hypoxic conditions their mortality is less; they do not show as great an increase in percentage rise of hematocrit or hemoglobin but show a greater increase in erythopoietic activity as indicated by 59-Fe uptake. 4. 4. Hibernators appear to have greater capacity to survive under hypoxic conditions.
A Structural Scaffolding of Intermediate Filaments in Health and Disease

The cytoplasm of animal cells is structured by a scaffolding composed of actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Intermediate filaments, so named because their 10-nanometer diameter is intermediate between that of microfilaments (6 nanometers) and microtubules (23 nanometers), assemble into an anastomosed network within the cytoplasm. In combination with a recently identified class of cross-linking proteins that mediate interactions between intermediate filaments and the other cytoskeletal networks, evidence is reviewed here that intermediate filaments provide a flexible intracellular scaffolding whose function is to structure cytoplasm and to resist stresses externally applied to the cell. Mutations that weaken this structural framework increase the risk of cell rupture and cause a variety of human disorders.
Intent to treat analysis of preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) versus expectant management (EM) in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL)

PGS protocol in the prospective study and 52 blastocysts in the retrospective evaluation. Sequencing was performed using MiSeq instrument. CNV analysis was accomplished by BlueFuse software. RESULTS: Reconstitution experiments results demonstrated that chromosomal mosaicism can be consistently identified by NGS, with the lower representation of detectable aneuploid cells being at 16% level. In addition, NGS was able to detect 86/86(100%) embryos with mosaicism, accounting for a total of 225 chromosomes involved by mosaicism. Paired comparison between NGS and aCGH showed 100% concordant results. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that NGS technique has a substantially increased sensitivity for detection low level mosaicism, three times higher compared to the resolution limits of the conventional methods, usually ranging from 35 to 50%. As a consequence, NGS may represent a more robust method for aneuploidy screening of embryos at blastocyst stage.
Potential Roles of Gene Expression Change in Adult Rat Spinal Motoneurons Following Axonal Injury: A Comparison among c-jun, Low-Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor (LNGFR), and Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS)

The present study investigates expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), immediate early genes (IEGs, c-jun, and c-fos), and low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR) in adult rat spinal motoneurons in response to three conditions of axonal injury: distal axotomy, root avulsion, and root avulsion followed by a peripheral nerve (PN) graft implantation. Expression of c-jun and LNGFR were predominately observed in motoneurons of the distal axotomized segment where most motoneurons survived. In contrast, expression of NOS was exclusively found in motoneurons of the rootavulsed segment where most motoneurons died. c-fos was not expressed in motoneurons following either distal axotomy or root avulsion. In animals with PN graft implantation, a double fluorescent labeling technique was used to evaluate motoneuron regeneration. Expression of NOS was completely inhibited in all motoneurons that regenerated into the PN graft, but was not inhibited in those that did not regenerate. Moreover, regenerated motoneurons expressed LNGFR and c-jun while the nonregenerated motoneurons expressed NOS. Results of the present study have shown that motoneurons undergo changes in expression of cellular molecules in response to the axonal injury. The expression of c-jun and LNGFR may be related to the regenerative process while expression of NOS is more likely involved in the degenerative process. The results also show that PN graft implantation can alter the expression of cellular molecules and reduce motoneuron death due to root avulsion. The survival-promoting effects of PN graft implantation (presumably the effects of neurotrophic factors) may be achieved by modifying certain cellular molecules such as NOS.
Characterization and three-dimensional localization of cancerous prostate tissue using backscattering scanning polarization imaging and independent component analysis

Characterization and three-dimensional (3-D) localization of human cancerous prostate tissue embedded in normal prostate tissue were demonstrated using backscattering scanning polarization imaging and an inverse imaging reconstruction algorithm, optical tomography using independent component analysis (OPTICA). Two-dimensional (2-D) backscattering images of a prostate tissue sample illuminated with a scanning laser beam were measured with a CCD camera to obtain multiple angular views of the target embedded inside the tissue. The recorded sets of 2-D images were used to determine the existence and 3-D location of the cancerous prostate tissue using the algorithm. The difficulty arises in the backscattering geometry because the profile of the incident beam and the surface property of the tissue sample appreciably affect the spatial distribution of the backscattered light. This challenge was addressed by: (1) synthesizing a "clean" background image of the host medium; and (2) numerically marching the propagation of the scattered light from the hidden target to the surface of the tissue sample until matching the retrieved independent component. The OPTICA algorithm was improved specifically for the backscattering model, and used to obtain 3-D locations of the cancerous tissue embedded in normal host tissue. The retrieved results were found in good agreement with the known 3-D positions of the cancerous tissue.
Characterization of the Transcription Unit of Mouse Kv1.4, a Voltage-gated Potassium Channel Gene

The mouse voltage-gated K+ channel gene, Kv1.4, is expressed in brain and heart as ∼4.5- and ∼3.5-kilobase (kb) transcripts. Both mRNAs begin at a common site 1338 bp upstream of the initiation codon, contain 3477 and 4411 nucleotides, respectively, and are encoded by two exons; exon 1 contains 0.5 kb of the 5′-noncoding region (NCR), while exon 2 encodes the remaining 0.8 kb of the 5′-NCR, the entire coding region (2 kb), and all of the 3′-NCR. The 3.5-kb transcript terminates at a polyadenylation signal 177 bp 3′ of the stop codon, while the 4.5-kb mRNA utilizes a signal 94 bp farther downstream. Although the proteins generated from either transcript are identical, the two mRNAs are functionally different, the 3.5-kb transcript producing ∼4-5-fold larger currents when expressed in Xenopus oocytes compared to the 4.5-kb mRNA. The decreased expression of the longer transcript is due to the presence of five ATTTA repeats in the 3′-NCR which inhibit translation; such motifs have also been reported to destabilize the messages of many other genes and might therefore shorten the life of the 4.5-kb transcript during its natural expression. The Kv1.4 basal promoter is GC-rich, contains three SP1 repeats (CCGCCC, −65 to −35), lacks canonical TATAAA and GGCAATCT motifs, and has no apparent tissue specificity. One region enhances activity of this promoter. Thus, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of mKv1.4, coupled with selective usage of the two alternate Kv1.4 mRNAs, may modulate the levels of functional Kv1.4 channels.
Measurement of matrix enzyme activity in isolated mitochondria made permeable with toluene.

Abstract Mitochondria isolated from rat liver and heart were made permeable to normally nonpentrating substrates and cofactors by treatment with toluene. The optimal conditions for preparing stable, permeable mitochondria were 2% toluene for 2 min at 4 °C in a buffered, isotonic medium containing 8.5% polyethylene glycol ( M r 6000–7500). Without polyethylene glycol, the toluene-treated mitochondria were unstable and released their matrix enzymes. The treated mitochondria were particularly unstable in dilute suspension under normal assay conditions of their enzyme activities. The levels of matrix enzyme activities unmasked by toluene treatment of mitochondria were very close to those of sonicated mitochondria under identical assay conditions. Mitochondria made permeable with toluene lost only small amounts of their protein and retained a major fraction of the nucleotides and coenzymes. Electron microscopic examination of toluenetreated mitochondria indicated that they were relatively intact with swollen and vesiculated cristae membranes. Such preparations will allow the study of mitochondrial enzymes at approximate in vivo concentrations.
Two‐dimensional electrophoresis in the development of clinical laboratory tests

Before any new test should be introduced into clinical laboratory practice the need for the test should be carefully assessed. Generally, new tests should only be made available when they have distinct advantages over other tests to assess the same organ function or disease process. The appropriateness of the test must be considered in relation to its intended application and it must be examined in the proper clinical context when it is advocated as a diagnostic test. The potential applications of two-dimensional electrophoresis in the clinical laboratory have been examined. These include its actual use as a diagnostic test with serum and urine specimens, if the simultaneous examination of several proteins can be justified, and if an important role in the identification of disease related changes in protein concentrations can be established which could subsequently be exploited to develop specific diagnostic tests; then the method has a valid application in the search for new clinical procedures.
Effect of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor on the expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility molecules by cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Abstract The expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) incubated with α tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was determined by fluorescence flow cytometry. HUVEC were stained with fluorescein conjugated monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) directed against monomorphic determinants of class I MHC molecules, HLA-A, B α chain (HLA-α) and β-2-microglobulin (B2m), and class II MHC molecules, HLA-DR and HLA-DQ. HUVEC exposed to TNF for 96 hr increase their expression of class I MHC molecules two- to fourfold. Similarly, IFN-γ increases the expression of class I MHC molecules two- to fivefold. No induction of HLA-DR or HLA-DQ was seen following exposure to TNF. IFN-γ induces the appearance and markedly increases the expression of HLA-DR following 96 hr incubation. HLA-DQ was also induced by IFN-γ but to a much lesser extent. TNF in combination with IFN-γ enhances HUVEC expression of HLA-α, B2m, and HLA-DQ greater than that observed with either mediator alone. TNF and IFN-γ reduced HUVEC expression of HLA-DR below the level observed with IFN-γ alone. Indomethacin (INDO) does not effect expression of HUVEC class I or class II MHC molecules induced by TNF, IFN-γ, or the combination of these mediators. These immune mediators produce unique and common effects on HUVEC, and therefore may act by at least two separate mechanisms, independent of the cyclooxygenase pathway, which regulate HUVEC expression of class I and class II MHC surface molecules.
Microdetermination of silicon in blood, serum, urine, and milk using furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract A simple, direct microanalytical method for quantitative determination of silicon in human whole blood, serum, urine, and milk by furnace atomic absorption technique has been developed. The method employs standard additions and combines the inherent specificity and simplicity of atomic absorption analysis with the greatly increased sensitivity possible with a heated graphite tube atomizer for the determination of silicon in microliter samples. The sensitivity of the method is 1.3 ng. The method is suitable for the direct analysis of silicon with no sample preparation other than dilution with deionized water, thereby minimizing contamination due to sample preparation. The relative standard deviation for 10 μl of blood (1:1), serum (1:1), urine (1:7), and milk (1:1) was 3.45% or less.
MDP-1: A novel eukaryotic magnesium-dependent phosphatase.

We report here the purification, cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel phosphatase, MDP-1. In the course of investigating the reported acid phosphatase activity of carbonic anhydrase III preparations, several discrete phosphatases were discerned. One of these, a magnesium-dependent species of 18.6 kDa, was purified to homogeneity and yielded several peptide sequences from which the parent gene was identified by database searching. Although orthologous genes were identified in fungi and plants as well as mammalian species, there was no apparent homology to any known family of phosphatases. The enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli with a fusion tag and purified by affinity methods. The recombinant enzyme showed magnesium-dependent acid phosphatase activity comparable to the originally isolated rabbit protein. The enzyme catalyzes the rapid hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate, ribose-5-phosphate, and phosphotyrosine. The selectivity for phosphotyrosine over phosphoserine or phosphothreon...
Tunneling Ultramicroelectrode: Nanoelectrodes and Nanoparticle Collisions

We describe the fabrication of a nanometer-size electrode based on an insulating TiO2 film and a metal nanoparticle (NP). The TiO2 film is deposited on the conducting Pt surface of an ultramicroelectrode (UME) to block electron transfer (ET) to solution species. The film thickness is, however, thin enough to enable tunneling to Pt NPs; thus, the subsequent contact of metal NP to the TiO2 film restores the ET to solution species solely on the NP surface via facile electron tunneling. Consequently, the composite of UME/metal oxide film/NP offers nm-scale active area. The TiO2 film is electrochemically deposited on the Pt UME (Pt UME/TiO2), monitoring the cyclic voltammetry (CV) of ferrocenemethanol until the oxidation wave just disappears. A single Pt NP is captured in a collision experiment by observing the current increase upon contact of the Pt NP with the Pt UME/TiO2 by means of Pt NP-mediated electrochemical reduction of Fe(CN)63–. The resultant Pt UME/TiO2/Pt NP (or tunneling UME, T-UME) showed long-t...
Capitalizing on Teacher Expertise: Motivations for Contemplating Transfer from Professional Development to the Classroom.

Of primary concern in professional development (PD) are the ways in which teachers transfer knowledge from PD to the classroom. This qualitative case study of a chemistry PD course for elementary teachers investigates the first step in the transfer process by examining why and how K-8 teachers consider transfer to the classroom. Motivations for considering transfer were the same whether teachers only proposed how they could use PD content or teachers actively utilized PD experiments and concepts in their own classrooms. Teacher learning of chemistry concepts, activities, and pedagogical strategies were motivating factors for considering transfer. Teachers appropriated and adapted PD materials based on the specific learning needs of their own students, the constraints of their teaching contexts, and their desired outcomes, including making science learning relevant for students. Understanding teachers’ motivations and means of adaptations in considering PD can inform PD provider programs how to be more effective and responsive to teacher needs. Furthermore, teachers’ active consideration of appropriations and adaptations highlights how teachers leverage their expertise in shaping their PD experiences.
Long-range recoil extension of high energy heavy ion damage in ceramics☆

When energetic heavy ions are used to produce displacement damage in ceramic targets, the light atom in the target ceramic experiences a recoil with a range well beyond that of the ion beam. This recoil mechanism produces a long-range extension of the heavy ion damage. Calculations have been carried out to estimate the damage profile produced by the long-range recoils. The range profile of recoiling atoms was estimated to first order by using a relocation cross-section formula. The displacement damage profile was then generated by calculating the nuclear and electronic energy deposition of these recoils. It was found that the longest range recoils deposit significant elastic and inelastic energy up to about twice the range of the incident ion. Calculations were made for the case of 0.28 MeV Cr+ bombardment of SiC, 1 MeV Ni+ bombardment of TiB2, and 4 MeV Zr+ bombardment of A12O3.
Urine drug screening: necessary or alienating?

Pain medicine holds a unique and dubious distinction as one of the most regulated area of medical practice [1]. The government has directly and indirectly mandated that when opioids are involved, the prescriber possesses dual roles as care provider and police. Indeed, urine drug screening in opioid-prescribed patients is strongly recommended in both state and national guidelines as an …
Job shop configuration optimization at Tinker Air Force Base

This paper discusses a large simulation model that was developed to aid the reconstruc tion efforts after a disastrous fire at Tinker Air Force Base. The model, developed in SLAM, facilitated the analysis and efficient design of the functional layout that replaced the previous machine-based layout in the appropriate number of machines to place within a modular repair center (MRC), stacker capacity for in-process inventory, location of elevators for sending parts to the conveyor, and the optimal design and routing scheme for overhead conveyor system. The new layout, as predicted by the simulation model, has proven to be quite effective compared with the pre fire layout. Improvements that have been achieved include a 50 to 80% decrease in material handling, substantive decrease in flow times, better manage ment control of part transfers, $4.3 million savings from the elimination of excess capacity, and $1.8 million savings resulting from higher direct labor efficiency.
Biexciton and Triexciton States in Quantum Dots

The formation, the binding energy and the structure of biexcitons and triexcitons in a strong magnetic field are studied within the method of hyperspherical harmonics. The magnetic field confines the excitons in quantum dots and results in formation of Wigner-crystal-like states of 4- and 6-particles.
Optical Response of Metakaolin after Ultraviolet and High Energy Electron Exposure

Metakaolin, which is part of a class of inorganic polymers called geopolymers, is being tested currently for its use as a lightweight mirror material in spacecraft applications. Metakaolin, as with most geopolymers, has the advantages of low initial coefficient of thermal expansion, easy preparation at room temperature and pressure, and high specific strength. Even though metakaolin has been known as a structural material for millennia, it has not been properly vetted for use as a material in spacecraft applications, especially with respect to exposure to its environments. This research highlights one particular aspect of response to the space environment; that is, how do the optical properties of metakaolin change after subjugation to bombardment by ultraviolet and high energy electron radiation? These two radiation sources are common in low earth orbit and a primary cause of degradation of organic polymers in space. Photospectroscopic analysis showed that ultraviolet in combination with high energy electrons causes changes in the metakaolin which need to be accounted for due to their potential impacts on the thermal management of a spacecraft and during application in composite mirror structures.
Scattering of Radiation by Moderately Nonspherical Particles

Abstract The nonsphericity of many atmospheric particles is often raised as an objection to radiative transfer analyses which assume sphericity. This paper studies the behavior of extinction and absorption cross sections, as well as direct backscattering, for rotationally symmetric nonspherical particles of the form r=r0[1+ϵTn(cosθ)], where ϵ is a deformation parameter and Tn a Chebyshev polynomial. For n=2 and 4, −0.2≤ϵ≤0.2 and size parameters up to 10, we compare the various nonspherical scattering parameters in both fixed and random orientation (calculated exactly using the Extended Boundary Condition Method) with those for equal-volume and equal-projected-area spheres. We find that: 1) The equal-volume-sphere approximation becomes increasingly poor above size parameter 5 unless the oscillations in the spherical curves are smoothed out, either by high absorption or size-averaging. 2) Orientation-averaging of extinction and absorption cross sections reduces spherical-nonspherical differences by an order...
Moment spectra in a simple model of an earthquake fault

The behavior of a simple one-dimensional, homogeneous, deterministic model of an earthquake fault is examined on the timescale of the rupture process. The model generates a complex spatial and temporal distribution of events from a frictional instability. I measure the frequency spectra of the moment release rate for events of different sizes, and observe power laws for the spectra. A bend in the spectra of large events is also observed. The paper concludes with a discussion of how these results may be relevant to real earthquake faults.
Nonlinear Vibration of Composite Shell Subjected to Resonant Excitations

Analysis of the vibration of a shallow, simply supported, nonsymmetric unbalanced cross-ply laminated, circular cylindrical composite shell is presented. The subject is particularly relevant considering the widespread use of cylindrical shell structures in engineering applications. This research applies the discretized Lagrangian/method of multiple scales solution technique. The Donnell shallow shell strain-displacement relations and the single-mode displacement field from the linear eigenvalue problem are applied. The system Lagrangian is developed and integrated over the spatial domain and then substituted into Lagrange’s equation. The resulting equation of motion is a second-order temporally nonlinear ordinary differential equation in the form of the Duffing oscillator. The natural frequency, the coefficient of the cubic nonlinearity, and the strength of the nonlinearity are investigated. The method of multiple scales is applied to the nonlinear equation of motion in order to analyze the frequency response. Primary resonance, subharmonic resonance, and superharmonic resonance are analyzed.
Looting and the politics of archaeological knowledge in Northern Peru

A closer examination of the ways archaeological knowledge is spoken about and represented locally provides significant insights into social divisions and power struggles within Peru. In an account of the ambivalent relations between archaeologists and local experts in the prehispanic past, this article considers how the authority that enables the construction and maintenance of sociopolitical models (such as the ‘nation’) is itself constructed, not just from above, but also at the local level. The relationship between power and authority grants legitimacy to historical discourses justifying sociopolitical inequality and reinforces the centralized power structure of the Peruvian state. The article discusses the implications of these local perceptions for archaeology, both as a discipline practiced within the local setting, and as a category through which the Peruvian government expresses tropes of a unified modern identity.
Immune-to-brain communication dynamically modulates pain: Physiological and pathological consequences

This review examines recently recognized roles of immunological processes in pain modulation and explores the potential implications of these immunologically derived phenomena for human chronic pain control. The focus is an examination of how activation of immune-like glial cells within the spinal cord can amplify pain by modulating the excitability of spinal neurons. Such glially driven enhancement of pain can be physiological, as occurs in response to peripheral infection or inflammation. Here, immune-to-brain-to-spinal cord communication leads to pain enhancement (hyperalgesia) as one component of the well-characterized sickness response. This sickness-induced hyperalgesia, like many sickness responses, is mediated by the activation of glia and the consequent release of proinflammatory cytokines. However, glially driven pain can also occur under pathological conditions, such as occurs following peripheral nerve inflammation or trauma. Here, immune- and trauma-induced alterations in peripheral nerve function lead to the release of substances within the spinal cord that trigger the activation of glia. Evidence is reviewed that such pathologically driven glial activation is associated with enhanced pain states of diverse etiologies and that such pain facilitation is driven by glial release of proinflammatory cytokines and other neuroexcitatory substances. This recently recognized role of spinal cord glia and glially derived proinflammatory cytokines as powerful modulators of pain is exciting as it may provide novel approaches for controlling human chronic pain states that are poorly controlled by currently available therapies.
Association Between Retained Placenta and Impaired Neutrophil Function in Dairy Cows

Materials and Methods The ability of the neutrophils to recognize fetal tissue was assessed by a chemotaxis assay (CHEM). In this assay fetal placenta homogenate from a normally expelled placenta is placed in the bottom of a Boyden chamber. A porous polycarbonate membrane is placed over the homogenate and whole blood is placed in the top portion of the chamber. The polycarbonate membrane allows placental chemoattractants to pass into the upper chamber and attract neutrophils to bind to the membrane. After 30 min incubation the number of neutrophils attached to the polycarbonate membrane were counted under the microscope. Typically in cows that responded well to the placental chemoattractants around 400 neutrophils were counted in 5 microscope fields. Neutrophil killing abilities were estimated by determining myeloperoxidase activity in a protein iodination assay (IOD) and these results are expressed as a % of lab. controls. Blood samples were obtained periodically prior to calving and for the first day after calving from 39 cows (7 cows developed RP) on one farm and 103 cows (13 cows developed RP) at another.
Patterns of EEG alpha during word processing and relations to recall.

Abstract EEG alpha activity was monitored during word presentation in a single trial cued-recall task. Initial post-word changes in alpha were related to a dimension of word meaning (arousal-neutral) while subsequent alpha asymmetry was a function of encoding instructions (verbal or visual). Initial bilateral reductions in alpha were associated with increased recall, but subsequent asymmetry in alpha was not. The results suggest a two stage pattern of cortical activation associated with memory storage processes.
Food motivation of rehabilitated malnourished rats: Implications for learning studies

Adult male, and female rats that had suffered either postnatal undernutrition or postnatal zinc deficiency were more highly motivated for food than normal rats. A progressive ratio schedule was used to test the rats for food motivation. All rats were deprived of food 24 h prior to testing. Each rat was tested once a week for 8 consecutive weeks. The smaller body size of the previously malnourished rats relative to their body surface area seemed to be the best explanation for their higher level of motivation.
The recycling of solid wastes: Personal values, value orientations, and attitudes about recycling as antecedents of recycling behavior

Abstract Using a structural modeling framework, this study investigated the relationships of personal values, value orientations, and attitudes about recycling with the frequency of recycling behaviors. The goals of the study were two-fold: (1) a practical concern of providing further understanding about the antecedents of recycling, and (2) a theoretical interest of testing the value-attitude-behavior hierarchy. Consistent with previous work by Homer and Kahle (1988) on values and health food purchases, it was found that values did not have direct relationships with behaviors. Values did, however, have direct influences on attitudes about the inconvenience of recycling and attitudes about the importance of recycling. As expected, attitudes about the inconvenience of recycling had a negative relationship with recycling behaviors. Discussion centers on the implications of these findings for the design and implementation of persuasive communications aimed at increasing recycling of solid wastes.
Depth dose determinations. II. A Monte Carlo program and a standard man phantom for neutron and gamma computations

For pt. I see abstr. A13171 of 1973. A complete analogue Monte Carlo program is described for the detailed computation of neutron-photon interactions with matter to at least 15 MeV, with versions for the CDC 3600 and IBM 360/75 systems. Forty-five regions, of any composition chosen from fifteen elements, may be specified, of any size, interrelation and shape expressible as algebraic functions. Similarly, a variety of sources may be included. Two geometric descriptions of Standard Man are proposed, closely matching ICRP specifications. One is an eleven region phantom which is homogeneous in composition excepting the lung regions and the second a heterogeneous phantom of 29 regions. The fraction of gamma -ray energy absorbed by, and the fraction of first collisions within these phantoms were obtained as a function of point source location along the phantom midline at gamma -ray source energies of 0.34, 2.75 and 8.00 MeV. The results obtained differ markedly, in many regions, from those previously obtained with the simple, symmetric, homogeneous solids used as human phantoms.
Quadratic and cubic spline interpolation

Abstract Some variational properties of (2, 0) and (3, 1) spline interpolations and their error estimates are considered.
A spectrophotometric method for the determination of mercaptans in air.

(1960). A Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Mercaptans in Air. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 466-470.
Nutrient amendments in a temperate grassland have greater negative impacts on early season and exotic plant species

Among the greatest challenges currently facing terrestrial plant communities are anthropogenic nutrient amendments. Nutrient inputs can change community attributes, such as diversity and composition, and have been implicated in the increasing dominance of certain groups of species, like exotics. Overall effects of nutrients will likely be contingent on other factors in the community. One such factor is within-season change in plant communities, which has seldom been examined but may be of considerable importance. We examined within-season effects of nutrient manipulations (fertilization and litter removal) on overall community attributes and different species groups in a temperate grassland. We found the effects of nutrient amendments varied significantly over the growing season. Fertilization reduced species richness and diversity at all census points, but had the greatest effects on communities early and late in the growing season. There were few seasonal effects on species richness within functional groups, suggesting that nutrient effects were consistent and established early. Although fertilization reduced both native and exotic forb species richness throughout the season, exotics surprisingly suffered greater species losses than natives. Comparisons between within-season data and data from the end of season showed nutrient amendments have stronger community effects than previously recognized. We found that differences in cumulative species richness (all species detected during the growing season) between fertilized and unfertilized plots were greater than differences in species richness measures from any single census date. Our results suggest that predicting the overall response of plant communities to anthropogenic nutrient amendments will require thorough temporal assessments, particularly of early season species, which are generally overlooked in community studies.
Cell-type-specific activation of p38 protein kinase cascades by the novel tumor promoter palytoxin.

Abstract Palytoxin is a potent non-12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-type skin tumor promoter. We used COS7 and HeLa cells to investigate the protein kinase cascades by which palytoxin activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38. Three p38 kinases have been identified: stress-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase-1 (SEK1), MAPK kinase 3 (MKK3), and MKK6. SEK1 phosphorylates and activates both p38 and c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase (JNK), whereas MKK3 and MKK6 selectively phosphorylate and activate p38. Although transiently overexpressed SEK1 activates p38 in cells, the importance of endogenous SEK1 for the activation of p38 by specific types of stimuli is unclear because some agents, such as sorbitol, can activate p38 in cells derived from SEK1 knockout mice. Because we previously showed that palytoxin activates JNK through an SEK1-dependent pathway, we investigated whether SEK1 also mediates the activation of p38 by palytoxin. The results presented here demonstrate that endogenous SEK1 does play an important role in the activation of p38 by palytoxin in specific cell types. In COS7 cells, palytoxin stimulated the phosphorylation of SEK1 and MKK6, and expression of dominant negative mutants of either SEK1 or MKK6 inhibited palytoxin-stimulated p38 activation. In HeLa cells, palytoxin stimulated the phosphorylation of MKK3 in addition to SEK1 and MKK6. In contrast to COS7 cells, in HeLa cells expression of a dominant negative mutant of SEK1 did not inhibit palytoxin-stimulated activation of p38, although expression of dominant negative mutants of either MKK3 or MKK6 did inhibit palytoxin-stimulated p38 activation in this cell type. These studies indicate that the importance of SEK1 in the activation of p38 by palytoxin depends on the ability of palytoxin to activate MKK3 and MKK6.
Tumors of the pulmonary vasculature.

Most primary tumors of the pulmonary vasculature are sarcomas arising in the main pulmonary arteries and veins with high mortality rates. Pulmonary artery sarcoma is far more prevalent than its venous counterpart, though both are rare. Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis is a rare low-grade tumor or tumor-like lesion of the pulmonary capillaries that causes severe pulmonary hypertension. Secondary involvement of pulmonary vasculature by malignant tumors may rarely mimic a primary vascular tumor or clinically present as unexplained pulmonary hypertension associated with thrombotic micro-angiopathy.