cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 13 – Ecosystem Services

Ecosystems provide goods and services that help sustain human livelihoods. Provision of ecosystem services may be altered by climate change, because all are made up of species whose growth, productivity, and location are determined by climate. Coastal protection, water provision and carbon storage are among the critical ecosystem services that will be impacted by climate change.
Utilization of Integrated and Colocated Behavioral Health Models in Pediatric Primary Care

Integrating behavioral health services within pediatric primary care may help address barriers to these services for youth, especially the underserved. Models of primary care behavioral health include coordinated, colocated, integrated, and collaborative care. This study began exploring the comparative utility of these models by investigating differences in the demographics and diagnoses of patients seen for a behavioral health warm handoff (integrated model) and a scheduled behavioral health visit (colocated model) across 3 pediatric primary care sites. The 3 sites differed in their rates of warm handoff usage, and there were differences in certain diagnoses given at warm handoffs versus scheduled visits. Depression diagnoses were more likely to be given in warm handoffs, and disruptive behavior, trauma/adjustment, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-related diagnoses were more likely to be given in scheduled visits. These results have implications for the influence of office structure and standardized procedures on behavioral health models used in pediatric primary care.
Utilization of High-Volume Hospitals for High-Risk Cancer Surgery in California Following Medicaid Expansion.

A primary goal of the recent state and federal health reform is to increase access to care through expanded insurance coverage. We sought to evaluate the effect of Medicaid expansion (ME) on four high-risk cancer operations in California. The California Office of Statewide Health Planning database was used to identify patients who underwent either lung, esophageal, pancreas, or rectal resection for cancer between 2012 and 2016. To include only patients eligible for Medicaid and not Medicare, patients > 65 years were excluded. Trends in insurance coverage rates and utilization of high-volume hospitals were evaluated relative to the pre-policy (2012–2013) versus the post-policy (2014–2016) period. Overall 10,569 individuals (esophageal: 5.6%; lung: 38%; pancreas: 14.1%; rectal: 42.3%) underwent a cancer operation. Following ME, Medicaid coverage increased from 12.4 to 20.2% (p 0.05). Of note, following ME, there was an increase in probability of utilization of high-volume hospitals for lung (47.6% vs. 56.3%), rectal (74.0% vs. 77.7%), and pancreas (60.2% vs. 68.5%) (p 0.05). ME was associated with an increase in Medicaid coverage, which resulted in more beneficiaries undergoing cancer operations at high-volume hospitals. While ME was associated with increased access to care, peri-operative outcomes were comparable pre- versus post-ME implementation.
Regulated delivery controls Drosophila Hedgehog, Wingless and Decapentaplegic signaling

Morphogen signaling proteins disperse across tissues to activate signal transduction in target cells. We investigated dispersion of Hedgehog (Hh), Wingless (Wg), and Bone morphogenic protein homolog Decapentaplegic (Dpp) in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc, and found that delivery to targets is regulated. Cells take up <5% Hh produced, and neither amounts taken up nor extent of signaling changes under conditions of Hh production from 50-200% normal amounts. Similarly, cells take up <25% Wg produced, and variation in Wg production from 50-700% normal has no effect on amounts taken up or signaling. Similar properties were observed for Dpp. Wing disc-produced Hh signals to disc-associated tracheal and myoblast as well as an approximately equal number of disc cells, but the extent of signaling in the disc is unaffected by the presence or absence of the tracheal cells and myoblasts. These findings show that target cells do not take up signaling proteins from a common pool and that both the amount and destination of delivered morphogens are regulated.. SummaryThe extent of Hh, Wg, and Dpp signaling is independent of the amount of signal produced or the number of recipient cells.
Lobbying and Product Recalls: A Study of the US Automobile Industry

Reports of the influence of corporate lobbying suggest that firms (e.g., automotive companies) try to persuade regulators (the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration – NHTSA) not to order recalls of products (vehicles) with potentially harmful or fatal defects (e.g., rapid acceleration). Lobbying as a political mechanism is widely studied in social science research, but remains unexplored in the marketing literature on product-harm crisis. In a utopian setting, only product quality should influence product recalls, and lobbying should not matter. To examine whether corporate lobbying influences recalls, the authors combine automotive recall data with firms’ corporate lobbying expenditures. The results reveal that increase in lobbying expenses reduces number of voluntary recalls (which the automobile firm initiates) and mandatory recalls (which NHTSA recommends). Firms with higher lobbying expenditure are less likely to initiate a recall, such that approximately $417,014 more in lobbying expenditures is associated with one less voluntary recall by the firm. This amount is important, as a typical conservative estimates of recall costs a firm are around $12 million. Results suggest that a firm’s political influence also led the regulatory agency to adopt a bias that favors the lobbying firm; approximately $1.55 million more in lobbying expenditures are associated with one less mandatory recall. The authors exploit changes in individual political contributions as an instrumental variable to address potential endogeneity concerns for lobbying expenditures. The consistent results affirm that lobbying is an important (marketing) tool used by automotive companies to influence automotive recalls.
Congenital microvillus inclusion disease in a child

1例先天性微绒毛包涵体病患儿主要表现为持续性水样腹泻、间断腹胀、早期反复低血糖、营养不良、代谢性酸中毒及电解质紊乱，肠内喂养可导致腹泻加重，需长期静脉营养维持生命。全外显子组基因检测提示MYO5B基因杂合变异c.320T>C（p.L107P）和c.947-2A>G，分别遗传自母亲和父亲（均为杂合变异），均未被报道。病理检查结果显示胃肠镜大体观正常，呈慢性炎症活动性改变。.
Crude Oil Pipeline Capacity and Economic Stability

This study estimates how crude oil pipeline capacity affects the volatility of industrial production. The standard economic impacts of pipelines on jobs, output, value added, and government revenues are firmly established. However, this paper fills a void in the literature by exploring whether pipeline capacity leads to greater economic stability. Results show that pipelines play a critical role in promoting economic stability.
Development of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Inflammatory Disorders and Cancer: Current Drug Design Strategies and Future Directions.

Aldose Reductase (AR) is an enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol during the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism. AR has been shown to be involved in the development of secondary diabetic complications due to its involvement in causing osmotic stress as well as oxidative stress. Various AR inhibitors have been tested for their use to treat secondary diabetic complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy in clinical studies. Recent studies also suggest the potential role of AR in mediating various inflammatory complications. Therefore, the studies on the development and potential use of AR inhibitors to treat inflammatory complications and cancer besides diabetes currently are on rising. Further, genetic mutagenesis studies, computer modeling, and molecular dynamics studies have helped design novel and potent AR inhibitors. This review discussed the potential new therapeutic use of AR inhibitors in targeting inflammatory disorders and cancer besides diabetic complications. Further, we summarized recent studies on how AR inhibitors have been designed and developed for therapeutic purposes in the last few decades.
Stare Decisis and the Inferior Courts of the United States

While circuit courts are bound to follow circuit precedent under “law of the circuit”, the practice among federal district courts is more varied and uncertain, and routinely involves little or no deference to their own precedent. I argue that the different hierarchical levels and institutional characteristics do not account for the differences in practices between circuit and district courts. Rather, district courts can and should adopt a “law of the district” similar to that of circuit courts. Through this narrow proposal, I explore the historical practices and policies of stare decisis in federal courts that are not Supreme.
The Discounted Labor of BIPOC Students & Faculty

Black Law Students experienced a different COVID-19 pandemic than their majority counterparts due in part to the emotional and physical toll caused by the violent, public mistreatment of Black persons at the hands of law enforcement. While some law faculty at some institutions were proactive in identifying the struggles that their Black students were facing, most law faculty and administrators did nothing—prompting Black students to take time away from their studies to organize, draft letters, gather signatures, and have very uncomfortable conversations with university administrators and faculty about the need for change. Meanwhile, Black faculty and faculty of color, who were experiencing their own trials with pandemic teaching, childcare, increased service obligations and mental fatigue from the political and racial unrest, were often called upon to contribute substantial time to the design and implementation of the “diversity” or “anti-racism” initiatives necessary to increase diversity and to create inclusive environments for their BIPOC students and faculty. Most of this labor discounted, if acknowledged at all. We offer recommendations for how law schools can help shift some of these burdens.
A Statistical Analysis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Investigating the Relationship Between Economic Growth and Pollution In China

The purpose of this paper is to present statistical analysis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory, the hypothesized relationship between different environmental indicators, by analyzing empirical studies from existing literature. This paper describes the critical history and theory of the EKC, its theoretical foundations, and possible deviations with the focus on utilizing the Simultaneous Equation Model (SEM). The Kuznets Curve proposes that as an economy develops, the inequality will increase as the income per capita increases; however, it will then decrease and display an inverted U-shaped pattern. The goal is to assess if EKC aligns with the imperial analysis in the case of the Chinese economy as China has experienced the fastest economic growth over the past decade.
The Role of the Phagosomal Transporter (Pht) Family of Proteins in Legionella pneumophila Pathogenesis

A central aspect of the pathogenesis of Legionella pneumophila is its ability to differentiate in response to nutrient availability. The phagosomal transporter (Pht) proteins are members of the major facilitator superfamily of proteins which are ATP-independent transporters that perform diverse functions in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. One of these transporters, PhtA, is required by intracellular L. pneumophila for threonine acquisition, differentiation, and growth. Accordingly, the authors have developed a model in which Pht proteins are responsible for acquisition of nutrients in the nascent phagosome; have postulated that this process is absolutely required both for L. pneumophila differentiation and growth within host macrophages. Knowing that nutrient starvation in broth triggers differentiation of replicative cells to the transmissive form, the authors tested if threonine limitation, caused by mutation of the phtA locus, impaired differentiation of intracellular bacteria. Analysis of mutants that lack one of each of the other members of the Pht family indicated that some of the putative transporters are required for growth within mouse macrophages, but others are not. In particular, the phtB, phtG, phtH, phtIK genes are not essential for growth within macrophages, while phtC, phtD, phtE, phtF, and phtJ are required for replication.
Abstract 54: Ezrin enhances signaling and nuclear translocation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in non-small cell lung cancer cells

The cytoskeletal cross linker protein ezrin is a member of the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family and plays important roles not only in cell motility, cell adhesion, and apoptosis, but also in various cell-signaling pathways. Ezrin interacts with EGFR in the cell membrane and involves in cell motility events, but little is known about the effects of this interaction on the EGFR signaling pathway. We investigated the role of Ezrin in EGFR signaling and nuclear trafficking in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. The ligand induced interaction between Ezrin and EGFR was evaluated by immunoprecipitation (IP) and immunofluorescence (IF) in H292 and A549 cells. Ezrin levels were reduced using siRNA in these two cell lines. Downstream signaling protein phosphorylation and nuclear localization of EGFR were detected after EGF treatment. Expressions of nuclear EGFR target genes were evaluated by qPCR. Endogenous Ezrin was found in a complex with EGFR in IP and IF. When Ezrin protein expression was inhibited, phosphorylation levels of EGFR at Y1068, Y1101 and Y845 were reduced as well as phosphorylation levels of downstream signaling pathway proteins ERK and STAT3. Cell fractionation revealed that EGFR nuclear translocation after EGF treatment significantly reduced in Ezrin-knockdown cells. Further, mRNA levels of EGFR target genes AuroraK-A, COX2, Cyclin D1 and iNOS were decreased in Ezrin-knockdown A549 cells. Small molecule ezrin inhibitors showed strong synergy with EGFR inhibitors in cytotoxicity assays. These results suggest that Ezrin has a role as an enhancer in the EGFR pathway and targeting ezrin may potentiate anti-EGFR based therapies in NSCLC. Citation Format: Yasemin Saygideger Kont, Haydar Celik, Hayriye V. Erkizan, Tsion Minas, Jenny Han, Jeffrey Toretsky, Aykut Uren. Ezrin enhances signaling and nuclear translocation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in non-small cell lung cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 54. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-54
Justification Structures for Document Reuse

Document drafting—an important problem-solving task of professionals in a wide variety of fields—typifies a design task requiring complex adaptation for case reuse. This paper proposes a framework for document reuse based on an explicit representation of the illocutionary and rhetorical structure underlying documents. Explicit representation of this structure facilitates (1) interpretation of previous documents by enabling them to “explain themselves,” (2) construction of documents by enabling document drafters to issue goal-based specifications and rapidly retrieve documents with similar intentional structure, and (3) maintenance of multi-generation documents.
Accomplices to neuronal death.

The shaky movements of people with Huntington's disease are caused by death of a specific group of nerve cells. One culprit — the mutant huntingtin protein — is well known. Another has now been discovered.
Increasing Hamiltonian paths in random edge orderings

Let f be an edge ordering of Kn: a bijection . For an edge , we call f(e) the label of e. An increasing path in Kn is a simple path (visiting each vertex at most once) such that the label on each edge is greater than the label on the previous edge. We let S(f) be the number of edges in the longest increasing path. Chvatal and Komlos raised the question of estimating m(n): the minimum value of S(f) over all orderings f of Kn. The best known bounds on m(n) are , due respectively to Graham and Kleitman, and to Calderbank, Chung, and Sturtevant. Although the problem is natural, it has seen essentially no progress for three decades. In this paper, we consider the average case, when the ordering is chosen uniformly at random. We discover the surprising result that in the random setting, S(f) often takes its maximum possible value of n – 1 (visiting all of the vertices with an increasing Hamiltonian path). We prove that this occurs with probability at least about 1/ e. We also prove that with probability 1- o(1), there is an increasing path of length at least 0.85 n, suggesting that this Hamiltonian (or near-Hamiltonian) phenomenon may hold asymptotically almost surely. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2015
Testing the Clausius‐Clapeyron constraint on the aerosol‐induced changes in mean and extreme precipitation

[1] The impacts of aerosol and greenhouse gas forcing of the 20th century on the climatological mean and extremes of precipitation are compared in an atmospheric GCM with improved parameterizations of aerosol direct and indirect effects. In spite of different forcing patterns, the thermodynamic effects of aerosol cooling and greenhouse gas warming on the zonally averaged precipitation have similar latitudinal patterns but opposite signs, plausibly due to the effects of temperature on atmospheric water vapor content and moisture flux. The fractional thermodynamic change, for both the moisture convergence in mid- and high latitudes and precipitation extremes at all latitudes, scales linearly with the abundance of atmospheric moisture at a rate of ∼5%/K, somewhat less than the expectation from the Clausius-Clapeyron relation.
Using Semantic Web Technologies to Annotate and Align Microarray Designs

In this paper, we annotate and align two different gene expression microarray designs using the Genomic ELement Ontology (GELO). GELO is a new ontology that leverages an existing community resource, Sequence Ontology (SO), to create views of genomically-aligned data in a semantic web environment. We start the process by mapping array probes to genomic coordinates. The coordinates represent an implicit link between the probes and multiple genomic elements, such as genes, transcripts, miRNA, and repetitive elements, which are represented using concepts in SO. We then use the RDF Query Language (SPARQL) to create explicit links between the probes and the elements. We show how the approach allows us to easily determine the element coverage and genomic overlap of the two array designs. We believe that the method will ultimately be useful for integration of cancer data across multiple omic studies. The ontology and other materials described in this paper are available at http://krauthammerlab.med.yale.edu/wiki/Gelo.
Block Random Assignment

The validity of the comparison between any two treatment groups is predicated on the comparability of these two treatment groups in all relevant respects other than the treatments under study. Without this condition, any observed differences in the outcomes across the treatment groups can be attributed to either the treatments or the underlying differences having nothing to do with the treatments. To definitively attribute observed differences to the treatments themselves (the intended conclusion), all competing potential attributions must be falsified. Randomization is used to create comparable comparison groups, but the extent to which it does so depends on the specifics of how it is implemented. If at some point during the study there exists an imbalance across treatment groups in the number of subjects allocated, and this imbalance is subsequently corrected, then time effects are confounded with treatment effects, and the comparison groups may not be comparable. To ensure that this chronological bias does not occur, block randomized assignment may be used. This ensures that at no point in time will the imbalance ever become larger than some specified threshold. One drawback to block randomized assignment is that it can lead to predictable allocations. If the allocation sequence is predictable, then selection bias could interfere with the comparability of the comparison groups. The trade-off between chronological bias and selection bias has implications for the selection of the block size, or the use of alternative procedures. Keywords: chronological bias; randomization; randomized blocks; selection bias
Pineal transplants in oculo: limitations on the ability of collateral sprouts of foreign neurons to establish normal function

The pineal gland is innervated by sympathetic neurons whose cell bodies are located in the superior cervical ganglia. This pathway, which carries information concerning environmental lighting to the gland, is important for maintaining a circadian rhythm in the activity of the pineal enzyme serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT). Lesioning this pathway blocks the normal nighttime increase in NAT activity. Following transplantation of the pineal gland to the anterior chamber of the eye, the gland becomes reinnervated by collateral sprouts of sympathetic neurons that innervate the iris. In addition, a day-night rhythm in NAT activity is restored to the transplanted glands (Moore, 1975; Backstrom et al., 1976). These findings raise the possibility that the neural regulation of pineal function may be restored to normal by collateral sprouts of foreign neurons. To determine whether this is the case, other aspects of the neural regulation of NAT activity were examined in transplanted and in situ pineal glands. When the dark period was extended into the normal light period, NAT activity decreased to daytime values in both groups, suggesting that, in both cases, darkness is only effective in maintaining high levels of NAT activity at certain times during the day-night cycle. In contrast to their similar responses to extended darkness, the 2 groups of pineal glands responded differently to a brief pulse of light during the dark period. While the light exposure caused a dramatic decrease in nighttime NAT activity in in situ pineal glands, it produced no change in this enzyme activity in transplanted glands.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Up to Speed: A Role for Trainees in Advancing Health Information Technology

* Abbreviations: EHR — : electronic health record HIT — : health information technology The six-year old wheezed for two days before the steroids took full effect. As his airways relaxed and his retractions calmed, we prepared to send him home. When rounds finished, I ran to a computer and started the tedious process of discharge paperwork. As a last step, I leafed through a 14-page instructional binder and clicked through the dozen checkboxes required to create his asthma action plan. When I started residency, I expected that asthma care would be a “bread and butter” component of my learning. I did not anticipate, however, the time I would spend mastering the multi-click process for generating asthma action plans, among many other daily computer tasks. I certainly did not expect to spend more time working with clunky software than I spent interacting with my patients and their families. The goal of utilizing electronic health records (EHRs) in medicine is to deliver high-quality care more safely and effectively. Too often, we fall short of that goal. Whether completing asthma action plans, reconciling medications, or simply dealing with a frozen computer, many of the current digital tools in medicine fail to achieve their potential. As a result, trainees (like many other providers) are becoming increasingly frustrated. The Institute of Medicine’s 2011 report1 pointed out the quality and safety deficiencies inherent in EHR workflow and highlighted the need to examine and address the impact of EHRs in these areas. The Joint Commission has also published two “Sentinel Event Alerts,”2,3 cautioning providers about the surprisingly high incidence of … Address correspondence to James Xie, MD, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: james.xie{at}childrens.harvard.edu
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy presenting as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-associated dementia

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disorder of the CNS that usually causes hemiparesis or hemianopsia. Dementia occurs in combination with other neurologic abnormalities. We report a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-infected man whose only manifestation of proven PML was dementia that was clinically indistinguishable from HIV-associated dementia.
Microsurgical management of anterior communicating artery aneurysms.

Objective Aneurysms of the anterior communicating (ACOM) artery are the most frequently occurring type of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. The peculiar anatomy of the anterior communicating artery complex, its anatomic variations, and its multiple perforators, along with the deep location of these aneurysms and our difficulty accessing them, pose challenging anatomic problems in their surgical treatment. Methods We present our operative techniques for microsurgical treatment of ACOM artery aneurysms. Special, complex situations that may arise during treatment of these aneurysms and their solutions are also discussed. We highlight the technical aspects of microsurgical clipping of ACOM artery aneurysms. Results Operative videos are provided to illustrate the technical variations of approaching and clipping these aneurysms, the A3-A3 bypass technique, and the complexity of managing these aneurysms. Conclusion Attention to detail is critical for successful treatment of ACOM artery aneurysms. Management of each patient must be tailored, because no one technique is suitable for all situations. Not all ACOM artery aneurysms can be coiled; therefore, the surgeon's microsurgical clipping technique is an important facet of managing these aneurysms.
The Role of Prior Pubertal Development, Biochemical Markers of Testicular Maturation, and Genetics in Elucidating the Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

As our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) expands, it becomes increasingly important to define the phenotypic spectrum of IHH. In this study we examined historical, clinical, biochemical, histological, and genetic features in 78 men with IHH to gain further insight into the phenotypic heterogeneity of the syndrome. We hypothesized that at least some of the spectrum of phenotypes could be explained by placing the disorder into a developmental and genetic context. Thirty-eight percent of the population had Kallmann syndrome (KS; IHH with anosmia), 54% had normosmic IHH, and 8% had acquired IHH after completion of puberty. Phenotypically, KS represented the most severe subtype (87% with complete absence of any history or signs of spontaneous pubertal development), normosmic IHH displayed the most heterogeneity (41% with some evidence of spontaneous puberty), and acquired IHH after completion of puberty clustered at the mildest end (all had complete...
The Receipt of Subsidized Housing across Generations

In this paper, I ask whether children who grow up in subsidized housing return to the program as adults. I use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (IPTW) to compare children who grew up in subsidized housing to those who did not but lived in households eligible to receive the subsidy. I find that children who grew up in subsidized housing have small albeit statistically significant probabilities of returning to subsidized housing as adults.
Early Delivery of Misfolded PrP from ER to Lysosomes by Autophagy.

Prion diseases are linked to the accumulation of a misfolded isoform (PrPSc) of prion protein (PrP). Evidence suggests that lysosomes are degradation endpoints and sites of the accumulation of PrPSc. We questioned whether lysosomes participate in the early quality control of newly generated misfolded PrP. We found PrP carrying the disease-associated T182A mutation (Mut-PrP) was delivered to lysosomes in a Golgi-independent manner. Time-lapse live cell imaging revealed early formation and uptake of GFP-tagged Mut-PrP aggregates into LysoTracker labeled vesicles. Compared with Wt-PrP, Mut-PrP expression was associated with an elevation in several markers of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, and it extensively colocalized with the autophagosome-specific marker, LC3B. In autophagy deficient (ATG5−/−) mouse embryonic fibroblasts, or in normal cells treated with the autophagy-inhibitor 3-MA, Mut-PrP colocalization with lysosomes was reduced to a similar extent. Additionally, 3-MA selectively impaired the degradation of insoluble Mut-PrP, resulting in an increase in protease-resistant PrP, whereas the induction of autophagy by rapamycin reduced it. These findings suggest that autophagy might function as a quality control mechanism to limit the accumulation of misfolded PrP that normally leads to the generation of PrPSc.
How Foreign Aid Can Foster Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes

Donors in recent years have made some foreign aid conditional on progress toward democracy. This study investigates whether and how such conditionality works in practice. The promise of higher aid if the country democratizes only provides an incentive for democratization for political leaders who expect to remain in office after democratization occurs. I show that dictators with large distributional coalitions, who have a good chance of winning fair elections, tend to respond to aid by democratizing. In contrast, aid helps dictators with the smallest distributional coalitions hang on to power. I present a model that shows a dictator's decision calculus, given different a priori support coalitions and varying degrees of aid conditionality, and test the model implications with data from 190 authoritarian regimes in 101 countries from 1960 to 2002.
Incorporation of [14C]leucine into nuclear pH-5 fraction and its transfer to nuclear ribosomes

Abstract Incubating nuclear pH-5 fraction of calf thymus with l -[14C]leucine results in incorporation of radioactivity into both RNA and protein, and partial degradation of pH-5 RNA to acid-soluble products. The s-RNA-bound l -[14C]leucine is transferred to nuclear ribosomal protein when an ammonium sulfate fraction of the nuclear soluble proteins is present. The transfer reaction requires GTP as a co-factor.
Sex and hemisphere differences when mentally rotating meaningful and meaningless stimuli

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the influence of stimulus type and sex on strategy use and hemispheric processing during the mental rotation task. Participants included 67 right-handed men and women who completed three mental rotation tasks, all presented bilaterally. Participants rotated human stick figures, alphanumeric stimuli, and a two-dimensional (2D) meaningless object. No hemispheric differences were observed when rotating human stick figures, suggesting that men and women may rely on the same strategy. A left hemisphere advantage was observed in women when rotating alphanumeric stimuli, suggesting they may be relying on a verbal strategy, whereas no hemispheric differences were observed for men. Finally, inconsistent with predictions, no hemisphere differences were observed when rotating two-dimensional objects. The findings from the current study suggest that both the meaningfulness and the type of stimulus presented may influence strategy use differently for men and women.
A brief history of PRIDE

PRIDE (PRediction In Dynamic Environments) is a framework that provides an autonomous vehicle's planning system with information that it needs to perform path planning in the presence of moving objects. The underlying concept is based upon a multi-resolutional, hierarchical approach that incorporates multiple prediction algorithms into a single, unifying framework. This framework supports the prediction of the future location of moving objects at various levels of resolution, thus providing prediction information at the frequency and level of abstraction necessary for planners at different levels within the hierarchy.This paper presents the chronology of the development of the PRIDE framework. We describe the different prediction algorithms developed for moving object predictions. We provide details on different work performed specifically for each prediction algorithm and how these algorithms are used together to give better predictions. The chronology also relates the successive simulation packages and testbeds1 used in each step of the development of the PRIDE framework.
GROWTH RESPONSE OF A NITROGEN FIXER (ANABAENA FLOS-AQUAE, CYANOPHYCEAE) TO LOW NITRATE1

Anabaena flos-aquae (Lyngb.) Breb. was grown in varying concentrations of nitrate. Specific growth rates, as estimated in batch culture, were constant and approached the maximum rate at all concentrations of NO3−-N tested bewteen 0 and 400 μ/L. Steady-state biomass, as determined in semicontinuous culture, did not vary with NO3− at slower dilution rates. However at a faster dilution rate, significantly less biomass occurred in intermediate concentrations of NO3− than in either higher or lower concentrations. The results indicate that both growth rate and standing crop are maximized by either N2 fixation or NO3− assimilation, but extracellular NO3− reduces the rate of N2 fixation. Consequently, at very low NO3− concentrations, growth is virtually maximized by N2 fixation alone, and at high concentrations of NO3−, N2 fixation is inhibited but growth is maximized by assimilation of NO3−. At intermediate concentrations of NO3−, growth becomes a function of NO3− assimilation augmented by N2 fixation. In this case, full growth potential is realized only if hydraulic residence time is sufficiently long to compensate for the reduced rate of N2 fixation. Growth rate and standing crop are not diminished in response to the large amount of energy allocated to N2 fixation. Instead, other cellular processes are probably affected negatively during N2 fixation.
Large-Scale Computations on a Scalar, Vector and Parallel “Supercomputer”

We discuss two experimental parallel computer systems 1CAP-1 and 1CAP-2 which can be applied to the entire spectrum of scientific and engineering applications. These systems achieve “supercomputer” levels of performance by spreading large scale computations across multiple cooperating processors — several with vector capabilities. We outline system hardware and software, and discuss our programming strategy for migrating codes from a conventional sequential system to parallel. The performance of a variety of applications programs is analyzed to demonstrate the merits of this approach. Finally, we discuss 1CAP-3 an extension to this computing system, which has been recently assembled.
Chromosomal assignment of genes coding for the wheat gliadin protein components of the cultivars 'Cheyenne' and 'Chinese Spring' by two-dimensional (two-pH) electrophoresis.

The gliadin proteins of the hexaploid bread wheat cultivar ‘Cheyenne’ (Triticum aestivum L. var. aestivum), which has good mixing and baking characteristics, were analyzed by 2-dimensional (2-pH) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (pH 3.2 in the 1st dimension, pH 9.2 in the 2nd). Genes for most of the 35 resolved components were assigned to the chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 6 through the use of various aneuploids and substitution lines. A similar analysis was carried out for the cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’, which does not have good quality, and which had been analyzed by a different 2-dimensional procedure by Wrigley and Shepherd (Ann NY Acad Sci 209:154, 1973). A coordinate system was devised for description of the components in the 2-dimensional patterns.
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties for Self-Consolidating, Normal, and High-Performance Concrete

The use of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is becoming increasingly popular in the United States. Several departments of transportation are currently accepting SCC mix design in some of their projects. Moreover, FHWA is also promoting SCC. However, because SCC is a relatively new material, its mechanical properties and durability are not fully understood. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate and compare the mechanical properties of SCC with normal-conventional concrete, as well as with high-performance concrete. The effect of supplementary cementitious materials on the mechanical properties of SCC is also investigated, and the experimental results of this study are compared to prediction equations. The results show that SCC has a lower modulus of elasticity compared with normal or conventional concrete but higher tensile splitting strength. SCC also has higher drying shrinkage and passes a higher charge (coulombs when using the rapid chloride permeability test).
Equivalent Circuits for Oscillating Systems and the Riemann-Christoffel Curvature Tensor

Many electromechanical systems that are being studied in connection with the war effort have so many degrees of freedom that it is totally impractical to analyze their performance by direct calculation. It is, therefore, increasingly important to develop equivalent circuits for these multiple oscillating systems, that can be put on the a-c calculating board and so solved by direct reading of instruments. In this paper it is shown that a necessary (though not sufficient) condition for the existence of a physical model, corresponding to a given set of equations, is that the set should be a tensor equation. This follows from the fact that only quantities that are tensors can be measured by instruments. The conclusion is therefore reached that only equations that are in tensor form can be set up on the a-c calculating board. The principle is illustrated by setting up equivalent circuits with the aid of tensorial hunting equations for the determination of the steady-state, hunting, and self-excitation performance of two interconnected instrument-Selsyns, of two salient-pole synchronous machines, and of a capacitor-compensated transmission line connected to a salient-pole synchronous machine. A companion paper, ``Self-Excited Oscillations of Capacitor-Compensated Long-Distance Transmission Systems''12 contains the results of an extended study made on the a-c network analyzer with the aid of one of the equivalent circuits developed here.
On broken ballooning symmetry

Abstract A 2-D ballooning transform is devised to investigate ballooning symmetry breaking effects. It is found that there are stringent limitations on the use of 1-D eigenmode equations to describe plasma stability.
Femtosecond laser written embedded diffractive optical elements and their applications

Femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW) has been widely employed to create volumetric structures in transparent materials that are applicable as various photonic devices such as active and passive waveguides, couplers, gratings, and diffractive optical elements (DOEs). The advantages of fabrication of volumetric DOEs using FLDW include not only the ability to produce embedded 3D structures but also a simple fabrication scheme, ease of customization, and a clean process. DOE fabrication techniques using FLDW are presented as well as the characterization of laserwritten DOEs by various methods such as diffraction efficiency measurement. Fresnel zone plates were fabricated in oxide glasses using various femtosecond laser systems in high and low repetition rate regimes. The diffraction efficiency as functions of fabrication parameters was measured to investigate the dependence on the different fabrication parameters such as repetition rate and laser dose. Furthermore, several integration schemes of DOE with other photonic structures are demonstrated for compact photonic device fabrication.
Reflections on an Interdisciplinary, Community-Based, Team-Taught Adventure

Abstract A new team-taught course focused on interdisciplinary teaching and integrative learning was offered at Grand Valley State University during the Summer of 2008 at a regional campus in Holland, Michigan. Faculty from Engineering and Business developed this community-based, alternative-format course to engage students in the question: “What will the community look like in 10 years?” A unique, four-week-long course emerged: Socially Conscious Innovation. Given the nontraditional nature of the course, the faculty engaged a fellow faculty member and a campus administrator to solicit feedback in the following areas: course architecture, interdisciplinary team teaching, and community involvement. This article outlines the educational philosophies and guiding principles used in developing Socially Conscious Innovation, and provides a summary of faculty, administrator, and student feedback used to improve the course for the upcoming year.
Endoscopic incision of a postoperative colonic stricture.

Strictures at the anastomotic site after colonic resection are an uncommon occurrence but can cause considerable discomfort to the patient when they do occur. Endoscopic balloon dilation is currently the first line of therapy, and surgery is typically avoided because of the technical difficulty of a repeat operation.1,2 In general, repeated dilation sessions are frequently required due to lack of durability of endoscopic dilation.2 This is a report of a case wherein endoscopic incision with corticosteroid injection of an anastomotic stricture resulted in good relief of symptoms and documented endoscopic patency over a 14-month follow-up period.
Clinical manifestations and epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis in Stockholm 1976-95.

81 cases of tuberculosis infection (17) and disease (64), seen between 1977 and 1995 at St Goran's Children's hospital, Stockholm, Sweden are reviewed. The incidence of tuberculosis disease increased from 1 to 6/105 children/y. The increase was due to immigration from high-prevalence countries, with an incidence of 20/105 in a partly segregated suburb. Most of the children were foreign-born. Of the 31 0-4-y-old cases, 19 were born in Sweden, and 7 had received BCG vaccination. For Swedish-born children with Swedish-born parents, the incidence of tuberculosis disease remained stable at < 0.5. 50 patients were symptomatic when first seen (60% pulmonary tuberculosis, 8% miliary tuberculosis, 25%, cervical adenitis, 15% other extrapulmonary tuberculosis). There was 1 death, and in 2 children complicated tuberculosis courses. Side effects of drug therapy were seen in 5% of the children. In conclusion, tuberculosis remains an important differential diagnosis in children of immigrants from high-prevalence countr...
Disentangling the Crime-arrest Relationship: The Influence of Social Context

Drawing on the economic and conflict perspectives of crime control, as well as insights from the tipping effect literature, the present investigation examines the extent to which the social context within which potential offenders operate tempers the macro-level, reciprocal relationship between crime and arrests. We use autoregressive integrated moving average techniques to assess the extent to which the April 2001 race-related riot in Cincinnati, Ohio conditions the reciprocal relationship between property crime and arrests for the entire city and disaggregated by police district. Consistent with a majority of prior longitudinal studies, our analyses for the entire length of the times series reveal no evidence of an association between our measures of crime and arrest, regardless of the level of spatial aggregation. In contrast to the results from our baseline models, the post-riot transfer function models indicate that there is a reciprocal association between crime and arrests that is contingent upon the social context. The implications of our findings for the further study of the reciprocal relationship between crime and arrests are discussed.
Long-term prognosis of patients with angina treated with enhanced external counterpulsation: five-year follow-up study

Background: Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a noninvasive treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD) that has been used successfully in patients not responding to medical and/or surgical therapy. Hypothesis: The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of EECP on long-term prognosis in such patients. Methods: Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were tracked in 33 patients with CAD treated with EECP. Patients were subgrouped based on whether or not they demonstrated an early improvement in radionuclide stress perfusion imaging (Responders vs. Nonresponders) and followed for MACE over a mean follow-up of 5 years. Patient population characteristics included 73% with multivessel disease; 45% with prior myocardial infarction(s); and 61% who had undergone either coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), or both. Results: There were 26 of 33 (79%) Responders, and 7 of 33 (21%) Nonresponders. Subsequent MACE over the 5-year follow-up included four deaths and eight patients with cardiovascular events [acute myocardial infarct (4), new CABG or PTCA (6), valve replacement (1), unstable angina (1)]. Nonresponders had significantly (p <0.01) more MACE (6/7 or 86%) than Responders (6/26 or 23%). Overall, 21 of the 33 (64%) patients remained alive and without MACE and the need for revascularization 5 years post EECP treatment Conclusion: This study suggests that, particularly for the majority of patients demonstrating improvement in radionuclide stress perfusion post treatment, EECP may be an effective long-term therapy.
Numerical Method for Boundary Layers with Blowing—The Exponential Box Scheme

The paper describes a new numerical scheme based on exponential difference operator concepts combined with Keller's (1968) box scheme approach to produce a stable second-order accurate finite-difference scheme for convection-diffusion problems arising in boundary layer flows in the presence of massive injection through a porous surface. The technique is demonstrated by application to the self-similar boundary layer equations with massive blowing at the surface.
Some doubts about the efficacy of monetary policy under flexible exchange rates

Abstract This paper raises doubts about the proposition that monetary policy is effective, under flexible exchange rates, in stabilizing domestic output. It is argued that if the price elasticities of the demands for exports and imports are affected by the transition to flexible rates, and capital flows are assumed to be dependent on the exchange rate, the efficacy of monetary policy under flexible rates will not necessarily follow.
Clinical and hemodynamic follow-up after percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty in the elderly

Abstract This study reports clinical (84 patients) and catheterization (15 patients) follow-up of the first 90 patients who underwent percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (PBAV) at Massachusetts General Hospital. Eight patients died within 1 week inhospital; 1 patient was lost to follow-up. Mean age of the group was 79 ± 1 year (range 52 to 95). Before PBAV 25% of the patients were in New York Heart Association class III and 73% were in class IV. Endpoints were aortic valve surgery, death, second PBAV or interview. Mean follow-up was 5.5 ± 0.3 months after PBAV. Although all patients improved symptomatically immediately after PBAV, at follow-up 16% were in New York Heart Association class I, 20% were in class II, 11% were in class III and 25% were in class IV. Twentythree (28%) patients died during the follow-up period. A second PBAV was performed in 15 patients who had repeat catheterization. All had restenosis but only 13 of 15 had recurrent symptoms. Repeat PBAV produced results similar to the first PBAV despite the use of larger or double balloons. Although PBAV improves most patients' symptoms, recurrence of clinical symptoms and a high mortality within 6 months should limit the procedure to selected patients.