cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of augmented somatosensory feedback on standing postural sway.

Abstract Impaired balance resulting from reduced postural control occurs with aging and various medical conditions. Sensory input for balance control is provided by the visual, vestibular and somatosensory systems. Previous research suggests that increased proprioceptive feedback from various lower extremity devices improves balance. Mixed results have been reported with the use of orthoses such as ankle foot orthoses (AFOs). In this study, 20 healthy subjects wore footplates in their shoes or straps around their lower legs in order to imitate the somatosensory feedback produced by wearing AFOs, but without providing ankle restriction. Subjects’ standing balance was assessed using force plates and computerized dynamic posturography (the sensory organization test-SOT) to determine if either the footplates or the lower-leg straps would affect standing balance. The results revealed no significant difference with the use of the footplates, however, wearing the straps resulted in reduced postural sway for conditions when visual cue deprivation was combined with manipulation of somatosensory or vestibular feedback. This effect was more pronounced in participants with the poorest baseline measures of balance. These findings suggest that lower extremity devices, such as AFOs, may augment somatosensory feedback that could improve balance during challenging sensory deprivation conditions, independent of orthotic support at the ankle.
Working with Homeless Populations to Increase Access to Services: A Social Service Providers’ Perspective Through the Lens of Stereotyping and Stigma

Through the lens of stereotyping and stigma, this article examines discrimination and prejudice toward homeless families from the perspective of social service providers. Semi-structured qualitativ...
Representing and Querying the Evolution of Databases and their Schemas in XML.

We show that XML views combined with XML query languages can provide surprisingly effective solutions to the problem of representing and querying the evolution of databases—both the evolution of their contents and the evolution of their schemas. Indeed, using XML, the histories of database relations can be represented naturally by means of temporally grouped data models. We show that schema changes and table histories that would be very difficult to represent in relational databases can be easily represented using XML, and also queried using XQuery.
Thermodynamic Functions for Systems of Localized (Distinguishable) Particles

In the preceding chapter we have laid the groundwork for determining all the state functions of a system of distinguishable particles. We proceed immediately to erect a structure on this groundwork by showing that all these functions can be expressed in terms of the partition function. Then, as soon as the latter can be calculated, all the state functions can also be found.
Derivation of a bound for error-correcting codes using pivoting techniques

Using an integer programming formulation of the problem of finding a binary linear error-correcting code of minimum length n with 2k code words and minimum distance d, a lower bound on n is constructed. The bound is shown to be equivalent to one previously obtained. Possible extensions using this approach are indicated.
CT colonography screening in extracolonic cancer survivors: impact on rates of colorectal and extracolonic findings by cancer type

To compare the rates of colorectal and extracolonic findings at CT colonography (CTC) screening between patients with and without a personal prior history of other. Over a 160-month interval, 349 adults (mean age, 60.3 years; 67% female) with a positive history of extracolonic cancer [Ca(+)], excluding 271 patients with isolated non-melanoma skin cancers, underwent CTC screening. This study cohort was compared against 8859 controls (mean age, 57.0 years; 53% female) without a prior cancer history [Ca(−)]. Primary outcome measures included the rates of relevant colorectal (C-RADS C2–C4) and extracolonic (C-RADS E3-E4) findings at CTC. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to test for statistical significance with post-hoc analysis by relative rate (RR). Both colorectal (C2–C4) and extracolonic (E3–E4) findings were significantly increased in the Ca(+) group versus Ca(−) control group (p = 0.0283 and 0.0236, respectively). Positive colorectal findings were most notably increased among survivors of non-small cell lung cancer (RR 3.1), head/neck cancers (RR, 3.4), and bladder cancers (RR 2.2). The proportion of C2–C4 patients undergoing intervention in the Ca(+) cohort was not significantly different than the Ca(−). Potentially relevant extracolonic findings (E3) were increased in survivors of hematogenous malignancies (RR 2.0), while likely important extracolonic findings (E4) were increased in survivors of female gynecological malignancies (RR 3.4). Relevant colorectal and extracolonic findings at CTC screening are increased in patients with a previous extracolonic cancer history, particularly among certain cancer subsets. These results may have important implications for choice of colorectal test in these patients.
Chromosomal copy number alterations (CNAs) for risk assessment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).

565 Background: Population-wide screening mammography has contributed to a significant increase in the diagnosis of DCIS, raising questions about over-diagnosis and over-treatment. We aimed to determine whether adding genomic variables to standard clinico-pathologic factors may identify low-risk versus high-risk DCIS, with an ultimate goal of tailoring therapy. Methods: Patient-level clinical and pathologic data were extracted from the electronic medical records of Stanford Cancer Institute and linked to demographic data from the population-based California Cancer Registry; results were integrated with data from tissue microarrays of biopsies revealing DCIS only versus concurrent invasive breast cancer (IBC) with DCIS. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization to investigate the predictive values of CNAs of 1q, 8q24 and 11q13 (reported by The Cancer Genome Atlas to be among the most frequent CNAs in IBC) in the DCIS component of the biopsies. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to de...
Putting the K+ in K+aloric Restriction.

Metabolic changes affect T lymphocyte function, and understanding this phenomenon could improve immunotherapy. In a recent paper in Science, Vodnala et al. (2019) report that tumor microenvironmental potassium impairs T cell nutrient uptake and thus causes functional caloric restriction and allows improved anti-tumor immune responses.
Making collaboratives work: how complex organizational partnerships succeed

Organizations often collaborate with other organizations with the aim of providing outcomes that cannot be easily attained through a single organization’s efforts. In the contexts of public adminis...
Transition-to-U.S. Practice Experiences of Internationally Educated Nurses: An Integrative Review

Internationally educated nurses (IENs) are an important part of the U.S. nursing workforce. Optimizing their transition-to-practice (TTP) experiences in the United States is crucial for ensuring high-quality patient and IENs' outcomes. The purpose of this integrative review is to analyze and synthesize the current evidence surrounding IEN TTP experiences in the United States from 2000 to 2018 to inform improvements in TTP. Eighteen studies were included. TTP was defined through IENs' description of facilitators and barriers of the transition process and presented in seven themes. Two themes were facilitators: support from family and nursing colleagues, and perceptions of self-efficacy. The remaining five themes were barriers: (a) the stigma associated with educational preparation, (b) communication and language, (c) differences in culture, (d) differences in nursing practice, and (e) legal issues. Findings are important for improving TTP programs. Further research focusing on the outcomes of transition programs is needed to inform policymaking surrounding IEN recruitment and retention.
Effects of 7°C environmental temperature acclimation during a 3-week training period.

Cold environmental temperatures during exercise and recovery alter the acute response to cellular signaling and training adaptations. Approximately 3 wk is required for cold temperature acclimation to occur. To determine the impact of cold environmental temperature on training adaptations, fitness measurements, and aerobic performance, two groups of 12 untrained male subjects completed 1 h of cycling in 16 temperature acclimation sessions in either a 7°C or 20°C environmental temperature. Fitness assessments before and after acclimation occurred at standard room temperature. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle before and after training to assess molecular markers related to mitochondrial development. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) mRNA was higher in 7°C than in 20°C in response to acute exercise before training (P = 0.012) but not after training (P = 0.813). PGC-1α mRNA was lower after training (P 0.05). PGC-1α protein and mtDNA were not different before training, after training, or between temperatures (P > 0.05). Cycling power increased during the daily training (P < 0.001) but was not different between temperatures (P = 0.169). Vo2peak increased with training (P < 0.001) but was not different between temperature groups (P = 0.460). These data indicate that a 3-wk period of acclimation/training in cold environmental temperatures alters PGC-1α gene expression acutely but this difference is not manifested in a greater increase in Vo2peak and is dissipated as acclimation takes place.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study examines the adaptive response of cellular signaling during exercise in cold environmental temperatures. We demonstrate that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α mRNA is different between cold and room temperature environments before training but after training this difference no longer exists. This initial difference in transcriptional response between temperatures does not lead to differences in performance measures or increases in protein or mitochondria.
Legitimate Power without Authority: The Transmission Model

Some authors have argued that legitimacy without authority is possible, though their work has not found much uptake in mainstream political philosophy. I provide an improved model how legitimate political institutions without authority are possible, the Transmission Model, which I couple with a thin substantive position, the Moral Value View. I defend the model against three common objections.
PREMARTENSITIC BEHAVIOR AND CHARGE DENSITY WAVES IN TiNi ALLOYS.

Variations of the intermetallic compound TiNi are well-known examples of shape-memory alloys. The addition of Fe, for example, is a method of changing the martensitic start temperature, and thus the shape memory effect, over a wide temperature range. A puzzling aspect of these materials has been the presence of precursive effects. Reports of the appearance of superlattice spots in x-ray studies, of resistivity and susceptibility anomalies, and of changes in crystal structure have appeared without a suitable explanation.
Navigating the Phonology-Syntax Interface and Tri-P Mapping

While it is widely acknowledged that phonological processes may be restricted to certain domains, appearing in a particular location or spanning some - but not all - junctures within (morpho-)syntactic structure, debate centers on how to derive phonological domains. There are three main models in the current literature: Relational Mapping, Syntax-Driven Mapping, and Syntactic-Spell Out. Comparisons between specific approaches have been made, but the only side-by-side test of all three approaches using the same data is found in Miller 2018. As part of that study, extreme morpho-syntactic complexity or "polysynthesis" is argued to be the crucial test for any interface model. A side-by-side test using data from Kiowa and Saulteaux Ojibwe shows that no current model is entirely successful. Building on those results, this paper introduces the foundations for Tri-P Mapping, a new model of the phonology-syntax interface.
From continuous to snapping-back buckling: A post-buckling analysis for hyperelastic columns under axial compression

Abstract Since Euler’s elastica, buckling of straight columns under axial compression has been studied for more than 260 years. A low width-to-length ratio column typically buckles at a critical compressive strain on the order of 1%, after which the compressive load continuously increases with the displacement. Here using a general continuum mechanics-based asymptotic post-buckling analysis in the framework of finite elasticity, we show that a straight hyperelastic column under axial compression exhibits complex buckling behavior. As its width-to-length ratio increases, the column can undergo transitions from continuous buckling, like the Euler buckling, to snapping-through buckling, and eventually to snapping-back buckling. The critical width-to-length ratios for the transitions of buckling modes are determined analytically. The effect of material compressibility on the buckling modes and their transitions is further investigated. Our study provides new insights into column buckling.
Schlafen 12 Is Prognostically Favorable and Reduces C-Myc and Proliferation in Lung Adenocarcinoma but Not in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Schlafen 12 (SLFN12) is an intermediate human Schlafen that induces differentiation in enterocytes, prostate, and breast cancer. We hypothesized that SLFN12 influences lung cancer biology. We investigated survival differences in high versus low SLFN12-expressing tumors in two databases. We then adenovirally overexpressed SLFN12 (AdSLFN12) in HCC827, H23, and H1975 cells to model lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and in H2170 and HTB-182 cells representing lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). We analyzed proliferation using a colorimetric assay, mRNA expression by RT-qPCR, and protein by Western blot. To further explore the functional relevance of SLFN12, we correlated SLFN12 with seventeen functional oncogenic gene signatures in human tumors. Low tumoral SLFN12 expression predicted worse survival in LUAD patients, but not in LUSC. AdSLFN12 modulated expression of SCGB1A1, SFTPC, HOPX, CK-5, CDH1, and P63 in a complex fashion in these cells. AdSLFN12 reduced proliferation in all LUAD cell lines, but not in LUSC cells. SLFN12 expression inversely correlated with expression of a myc-associated gene signature in LUAD, but not LUSC tumors. SLFN12 overexpression reduced c-myc protein in LUAD cell lines but not in LUSC, by inhibiting c-myc translation. Our results suggest SLFN12 improves prognosis in LUAD in part via a c-myc-dependent slowing of proliferation.
Picturing Silence: The Visual Grammar of Speak: The Graphic Novel

The framework of visual grammar (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006, via Serafini, 2014) is used to examine the artwork of Laurie Halse Anderson and Emily Carroll’s Speak: The Graphic Novel, which tells through words and pictures the story of Melinda Sordino, a girl who is raped just prior to beginning her freshman year in high school. Three key sets of images that depict the various dimensions of Melinda’s silence are analyzed in order to demonstrate how Carroll’s images, in conjunction with Anderson’s text, work to convey Melinda’s ongoing trauma and eventual recovery: Melinda’s artwork, the various mirrors that appear in the book, and the abandoned janitor’s closet that Melinda transforms into her private refuge. The overall purpose of the paper is not to compare the original novel with the graphic adaptation, but rather to interrogate how—and how effectively—Carroll is able to depict silence, and Melinda’s eventual triumph over silence, through the visual grammar of pictures. The paper argues that the visual grammar instructs us in how to read the images, which ultimately work to show us what Melinda cannot tell us.
Correcting a 135-year error: Limulidae Leach, 1819 (Chelicerata, Xiphosura) is the proper authority, not Limulidae Zittel, 1885

The horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a famous species, renowned as a ‘living fossil’ (Owen, 1873; Barthel, 1974; Kin and Blazejowski, 2014) for its apparently little-changed morphology for many millions of years. The genus Limulus Muller, 1785 was used by Leach (1819, p. 536) as the basis of a new family Limulidae and synonymized it with Polyphemus Lamarck, 1801 (Lamarck's proposed but later unaccepted replacement for Limulus, as discussed by Van der Hoeven, 1838, p. 8) and Xyphotheca Gronovius, 1764 (later changed to Xiphosura Gronovius, 1764, another junior synonym of Limulus). He also included the valid modern genus Tachypleus Leach, 1819 in the family. The primary authority of Leach (1819) is widely recognized in the neontological literature (e.g., Dunlop et al., 2012; Smith et al., 2017). It is also the authority recognized in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS Editorial Board, 2021).
The Single Leg Squat Test: A "Top-Down" or "Bottom-Up" Functional Performance Test?

# Background Medial knee deviation (MKD) during the single leg squat test (SLST) is a common clinical finding that is often attributed to impairments of proximal muscular structures. Investigations into the relationship between MKD and the foot and ankle complex have provided conflicting results, which may impact clinicians’ interpretation of the SLST. # Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) and foot posture in subjects that perform the SLST with MKD (fail) versus without MKD (pass). # Hypothesis There will be a difference in ankle dorsiflexion ROM and/or foot posture between healthy individuals that pass and fail the SLST for MKD. # Study Design Cross-sectional study. # Methods Sixty-five healthy, active volunteers (sex = 50 female, 15 male; age = 25.2 +/- 5.6 years; height = 1.7 +/- .1 m; weight = 68.5 +/- 13.5 kg) who demonstrated static balance and hip abductor strength sufficient for performance of the SLST participated in the study. Subjects were divided into pass and fail groups based on visual observation of MKD during the SLST. Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) scores and measures of non-weight bearing and weight bearing active ankle dorsiflexion (ROM) were compared. # Results There were 33 individuals in the pass group and 32 in the fail group. The groups were similar on age (p = .899), sex (p = .341), BMI (p = .818), and Tegner Activity Scale score (p = .456). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups on the FPI-6 (pass group mean = 2.5 +/- 3.9; fail group mean = 2.3 +/- 3.5; p = .599), or any of the measures of dorsiflexion range of motion (non-weight bearing dorsiflexion with knee extended: pass group = 6.9^o^ +/- 3.7^o^, fail group = 7.8^o^ +/- 3.0^o^; non-weight bearing dorsiflexion with knee flexed: pass group = 13.5^o^ +/- 5.6^o^, fail group = 13.9^o^ +/- 5.3^o^; weight bearing dorsiflexion: pass group = 42.7^o^ +/- 6.0^o^, 42.7^o^ +/- 8.3^o^, p = .611). # Conclusions Failure on the SLST is not related to differences in clinical measures of active dorsiflexion ROM or foot posture in young, healthy individuals. These findings suggest that clinicians may continue using the SLST to assess neuromuscular performance of the trunk, hip, and knee without ankle dorsiflexion ROM or foot posture contributing to results. # Level of Evidence Level 3.
μ-Methyl-ene-bis-[di-bromido(diethyl ether-κO)aluminium(III)]: crystal structure and chemical exchange in solution.

In the title compound, [Al2Br4(CH2)(C4H10O)2], the mol­ecule lies on a crystallographic twofold axis passing through the bridging C atom. Each AlIII atom is four-coordinate, being bonded to two bromide ions, bridging the CH2 group as well as the oxygen atom of a diethyl ether ligand in a slightly distorted tetra­hedral arrangement with angles ranging from 101.52 (8) to 116.44 (5)°. The Al—CH2—Al angle, 118.4 (2)°, is the smallest observed for a structure where this moiety is not part of a ring. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯Br inter­actions, characterized as R22(12) rings, link the mol­ecules into ribbons in the [101] direction. The title compound is monomeric and coordinatively saturated in the solid state, as each aluminum is four-coordinate, but in solution the ether mol­ecules from either or both Al atoms can dissociate, and would be expected to rapidly exchange, and this is supported by NMR data.
The Impact of SES on Language Domain in Kindergartners’ Quick Interactive Language Screener (QUILS) Performance:

To explore the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and language domain (vocabulary, syntax, process), the QUILS was administered to 212 kindergartners. Children from very-high poverty s...
Acute appendicitis and SARS-CoV-2 in children: imaging findings at a tertiary children's hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background Evidence suggests severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may be associated with appendicitis or clinical symptoms that mimic appendicitis, but it is not clear if the findings or utility of imaging in pediatric patients with suspected appendicitis have changed since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Objective To evaluate for potential differences in SARS-CoV-2 positive and SARS-CoV-2 negative pediatric patients imaged for suspected appendicitis to determine the reliability of the existing medical imaging approach for appendicitis in a population that contains both SARS-CoV-2 positive and SARS-CoV-2 negative pediatric patients. Materials and methods Patients imaged for suspected appendicitis Apr. 1, 2020, to Dec. 31, 2020, were identified via an electronic medical records search. Differences in ultrasound (US) diagnostic performance, use of computed tomography (CT) following US, rates of appendicitis, imaging findings of appendicitis and perforation were compared between SARS-CoV-2 positive and SARS-CoV-2 negative tested patients, using pathology and surgery as reference standards for appendicitis and perforation, respectively. Fisher exact test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results One thousand, six hundred and ninety-three patients Conclusion In pediatric patients with suspected appendicitis, no significant difference was found in the diagnostic performance of US, CT usage or perforation rates between SARS-CoV-2 positive and SARS-CoV-2 negative patients.
An iterative differential block demodulation algorithm for fading channels

This paper presents an iterative algorithm for differential block demodulation of amplitude-phase-shift keying in channels whose characteristics change within a block. The algorithm has some features in common with both the expectation-maximization algorithm and the K-means clustering algorithm. The algorithm also provides symbol reliability information and block reliability information that can be used for iterative soft-decision decoding, errors-and-erasures decoding, adaptive modulation algorithms, and retransmission algorithms. The reliability information has the additional benefit that it can be determined even if amplitude scaling (due to an AGC device) is unknown. A reduced complexity algorithm has also been investigated. Numerical results are presented for a variety of modulation formats with Reed-Solomon coding and errors-and-erasures decoding in a fading channel. Compared with other techniques, results show that these algorithms, as a function of performance and complexity, perform extremely well.
PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, RECORDS | Late Pleistocene North Atlantic

During the late Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles as well as the millennial-scale Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles, the North Atlantic experienced the largest and most rapid changes in climate found anywhere on Earth. Ice sheets on the surrounding continents grew and shrank, sea ice margins expanded and contracted, and the sea-surface temperature (SST) changed by as much as 15 °C. Many of the changes have been linked to smaller-amplitude climate changes in distance regions (teleconnections). The cause of this extreme climate sensitivity lies in the feedbacks and nonlinear relationships between different aspects of the climate system, including land and sea ice, land and ocean albedo, the atmospheric circulation, and the ocean surface and deep circulation, interactions that are still being explored. Rather than being constant through time, the sensitivity of North Atlantic climate has evolved through the late Pleistocene to its present state, dominated by the 100 000-year glacial–interglacial cycles.
From signal to substance and back: insights from environmental sound research to auditory display design

A persistent concern in the field of auditory display design has been how to effectively use environmental sounds, which are naturally occurring familiar non-speech, non-musical sounds. Environmental sounds represent physical events in the everyday world, and thus they have a semantic content that enables learning and recognition. However, unless used appropriately, their functions in auditory displays may cause problems. One of the main considerations in using environmental sounds as auditory icons is how to ensure the identifiability of the sound sources. The identifiability of an auditory icon depends on both the intrinsic acoustic properties of the sound it represents, and on the semantic fit of the sound to its context, i.e., whether the context is one in which the sound naturally occurs or would be unlikely to occur. Relatively recent research has yielded some insights into both of these factors. A second major consideration is how to use the source properties to represent events in the auditory display. This entails parameterizing the environmental sounds so the acoustics will both relate to source properties familiar to the user and convey meaningful new information to the user. Finally, particular considerations come into play when designing auditory displays for special populations, such as hearing impaired listeners who may not have access to all the acoustic information available to a normal hearing listener, or to elderly or other individuals whose cognitive resources may be diminished. Some guidelines for designing displays for these populations will be outlined.
Possible relationship between in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure and male fertility.

Abstract Seventeen men who were exposed in utero to diethylstillbestrol (DES), 12 non-DES-exposed volunteers, and 11 fertile control subjects were evaluated by physical examination, seminal fluid analysis, and sperm penetration assay (SPA). Fourteen of the 17 male subjects exposed to DES in utero and two of the 12 non-DES-exposed volunteers had SPAs of less than 14% and qualified as infertile by the criteria of this test. All 11 fertile control subjects had demonstrated SPA values in the fertile range. Thirteen of the 17 DES-exposed male subjects, four of the 12 non-DES-exposed volunteers, and four of the 11 fertile control subjects demonstrated at least one abnormality of the reproductive organs.
Synthesis of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid After Bacteriophage T1 Infection

Abstract Synthesis of host-specific and phage-specific messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was studied in bacteria infected by unmodified (T1 · B) or modified [T1 · B(P1)] bacteriophage T1. In a “standard” infection of Escherichia coli B by T1 · B (no host-controlled modification involved), the rate and amount of T1 mRNA synthesis was intermediate between those values reported for infections by a virulent phage such as T4 or a temperate phage such as lambda. The initial rate of mRNA synthesis was slightly increased after T1 · B(P1) infection of E. coli B in comparison with T1 · B infection of the same host. Little or no phage mRNA synthesis could be detected in T1 · B infection of E. coli B(P1). Phage mRNA synthesis in T1 · B(P1)-infected E. coli B(P1) cells was approximately the same in amount as that seen in T1 · B(P1) infection of E. coli B. Synthesis of host-specific mRNA continued throughout the latent period in all infections studied. However, the enzyme β-galactosidase could not be induced, except after T1 · B infection of E. coli B(P1). In an attempt to understand the apparent differences in mRNA synthesis after infection of E. coli B by phages T1 · B or T1 · B(P1), the effect of altered T1 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation on mRNA synthesis was studied. Methyl-deficient T1 DNA, made in cells infected with ultraviolet-irradiated phage T3, inhibited 14C-uridine incorporation more strongly than normal T1. One passage of methyl-deficient T1 through E. coli B restored uracil incorporation rates to those seen with ordinary T1. This suggests that methylation of T1 DNA can influence the rate of phage mRNA synthesis. However, attempts to relate the difference in mRNA synthesis seen between T1 · B and T1 · B(P1) in E. coli B to the activity of the P1 modification gene were not conclusive.
Membrane topology and multimeric structure of a mechanosensitive channel protein of Escherichia coli

We have studied the membrane topology and multimeric structure of a mechanosensitive channel, MscL, which we previously isolated and cloned from Escherichia coli. We have localized this 15-kDa protein to the inner membrane and, by PhoA fusion, have shown that it contains two transmembrane domains with both the amino and carboxyl termini on the cytoplasmic side. Mutation of the glutamate at position 56 to histidine led to changes in channel kinetics which were dependent upon the pH on the periplasmic, but not cytoplasmic side of the membrane, providing additional evidence for the periplasmic positioning of this part of the molecule. Tandems of two MscL subunits expressed as a single polypeptide formed functional channels, suggesting an even number of transmembrane domains per subunit (amino and carboxyl termini on the same side of the membrane), and an even number of subunits per functional complex. Finally, cross-linking studies suggest that the functional MscL complex is a homohexamer. In summary, these data are all consistent with a protein domain assignment and topological model which we propose and discuss.
Automatic Generation of High-Performance Trace Compressors

Program execution traces are frequently used in industry and academia. Yet, most trace-compression algorithms have to be re-implemented every time the trace format is changed, which takes time, is error prone, and often results in inefficient solutions. This paper describes and evaluates TCgen, a tool that automatically generates portable, customized, high-performance trace compressors. All the user has to do is provide a description of the trace format and select one or more predictors to compress the fields in the trace records. TCgen translates this specification into C source code and optimizes it for the specified trace format and predictor algorithms. On average, the generated code is faster and compresses better than the six other compression algorithms we have tested. For example, a comparison with SBC, one of the best trace-compression algorithms in the current literature, shows that TCgen's synthesized code compresses SPECcpu2000 address traces 23% more, decompresses them 24% faster, and compresses them 1029% faster.
Relational Dimensions of Virtual Social Work Education: Mentoring Faculty in a Web-Based Learning Environment

The increasing use of cyber technologies in graduate social work education mirrors the exponential growth of virtual educational strategies in education across fields. The social work emphasis on person-in-environment has led to intense questioning within the field regarding the impact of the virtual environment on teacher-student interactions and relationships in professional knowledge acquisition and development of practice skills. While some theorizing of faculty-student relationships in online education exists in the literature, there has as yet been little integration of a dynamic relational perspective, nor much attention to effects of the virtual environment on those who teach. This article discusses relational dimensions of teaching in a virtual environment in the context of an extensive virtual MSW program that is hybrid in design, and national and international in scope. An innovative program to provide instructional support and mentoring to faculty was created, combining pedagogical and clinical perspectives and techniques to meet the challenges of the new educational paradigm.
MECSYN-IMP-ANIMEC: Foundation for a new computer-aided spatial mechanism design system

Abstract The basis for a new computer-aided mechanism design system is described. It includes the programs MECSYN for synthesis. IMP for analysis, and a new program, ANIMEC, for automatic geometric modelling, assembly and animation of planar mechanisms. Key features of the system are effective graphical input, a common synthesis-analysis database and realistic automatic modelling and animation output for rapid evaluation of results. An example session showing synthesis, analysis, automatic modelling and animation is presented.
Power Problems at the Managerial level

There are few ideas as attractive—and also as misleading—as those which have to do with managerial power and authority. As one is introduced to each new job, there is pointed out in both subtle and not‐so‐subtle ways the power that the new occupant will shortly have. The space to be occupied, the furniture, and the prequisites all reflect it. One is shown a job description, is introduced to staff already there, and has pointed out via the organizational chart the lines of authority. One sees not only the new responsibilities to be assumed but also the power and prestige which will ensure their being fulfilled.
Averaging over Fast Gravity Waves for Geophysical Flows with Unbalanced Initial Data

Various facets of recent mathematical theories for averaging over fast gravity waves on advective time scales for geophysical flows with unbalanced initial data are presented here including nonlinear Rossby adjustment and simplified reduced dynamics. This work is presented within the context of simplified geophysical models involving the rotating shallow-water equations and the rotating stably stratified Boussinesq equations. Novel mechanisms for enhanced gravity wave dissipation through the catalytic interaction with potential vortical modes are also developed here within the context of the rotating shallow-water equations.
A deterministic approximation algorithm for computing the permanent of a 0,1 matrix

We consider the problem of computing the permanent of a 0,1n by n matrix. For a class of matrices corresponding to constant degree expanders we construct a deterministic polynomial time approximation algorithm to within a multiplicative factor ([email protected])^n, for arbitrary @e>0. This is an improvement over the best known approximation factor e^n obtained in Linial, Samorodnitsky and Wigderson (2000) [9], though the latter result was established for arbitrary non-negative matrices. Our results use a recently developed deterministic approximation algorithm for counting partial matchings of a graph (Bayati, Gamarnik, Katz, Nair and Tetali (2007) [2]) and Jerrum-Vazirani method (Jerrum and Vazirani (1996) [8]) of approximating permanent by near perfect matchings.
Effects of amino acids on the isolated chicken retina, and on its response to glutamate stimulation.

— The effect of a number of amino acids on the transparency and on the release of of [14C]glutamate from isolated chicken retinae charged with this compound was investigated. Also the effect of various amino acids on the response of the retina to stimulation with unlabelled glutamate, which causes an increase in transparency and a release of the label, was examined. In parallel experiments the effect of these same amino acids on the transparency and spreading depression (SD) was investigated in preparations consisting of the posterior part of the eye. A number of amino acids such as L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, L-lysine, L-histidine, L-arginine and others had little or no effect on these preparations. DL-valine and DL-homoserine caused an increase in transparency but no release of the label and did not affect the response to glutamate. Another group of amino acids comprising DL-a-alanine, L-serine, L-threonine, L-proline and glycine also caused an increase in the transparency of the retina without a release of labelled glutamate, but prevented the increase in transparency resulting from glutamate stimulation without affecting the release of the label. A final group of amino acids which included L-glutamic acid diethyl ester, DL-a-methyl glutamate, L-glutamine, L-asparagine, DL-homocysteate and L-cysteine caused a change in transparency of the retina accompanied by a release of the label; they prevented the change in transparency as well as the release of the label during stimulation by glutamate. Some amino acids, L-serine, L-threonine, DL-a-methyl glutamate, L-asparagine, DL-homocysteate and L-cysteine, caused wrinkling and folding of the retinae which furthermore became opaque. Of the amino acids investigated, proline gave promise of being a practical antagonist to the action of glutamate on the retina.
Nitrates and bacterial distribution in rural domestic water supplies

Abstract The protection of underground water resources in an important facet of the Safe Drinking Water Act. Effective intervention strategy for active source protection requires up-to-date information on ground water quality and the knowledge of potential sources and causes of contamination. In the present study the state of well water supplies in rural East Texas was evaluated in order to develop a practical approach to surveying water sources in ‘back-country’ areas, which would allow the differentiation of natural from anthropogenic factors affecting water quality. The specific focus was on nitrates, their extent, causes and sources in rural well water. Data were processed using synographic mapping which permitted the comparison of the natural tendency in distribution of nitrates with the patterns induced by man's activities. Trend surface analysis of data indicated that the surveyed Tertiary and Quaternary sands were not naturally nitrate-rich. Localized and well-defined spots of nitrates, many times in excess of the background, were traceable to the anthropogenic sources. The study identified the characteristics of high risk wells.
The UAN: a user-oriented representation for direct manipulation interface designs

Many existing interface representation techniques, especially those associated with UIMS, are constructional and focused on interface implementation, and therefore do not adequately support a user-centered focus. But it is in the behavioral domain of the user that interface designers and evaluators do their work. We are seeking to complement constructional methods by providing a tool-supported technique capable of specifying the behavioral aspects of an interactive system–the tasks and the actions a user performs to accomplish those tasks. In particular, this paper is a practical introduction to use of the User Action Notation (UAN), a task- and user-oriented notation for behavioral representation of asynchronous, direct manipulation interface designs. Interfaces are specified in UAN as a quasihierarchy of asynchronous tasks. At the lower levels, user actions are associated with feedback and system state changes. The notation makes use of visually onomatopoeic symbols and is simple enough to read with little instruction. UAN is being used by growing numbers of interface developers and researchers. In addition to its design role, current research is investigating how UAN can support production and maintenance of code and documentation.
CX-DIFF: a change detection algorithm for XML content and change visualization for WebVigiL

The World Wide Web is an omni-present and ever-expanding source of data. The exponential increase of information on the web has affected the manner in which it is accessed, disseminated and delivered. The emphasis has shifted from mere viewing of information to efficient retrieval and monitoring of selective changes to information content. Hence, an effective monitoring system for change detection and notification based on user-profile is needed. WebVigiL is a general-purpose, active capability-based information monitoring and notification system for HTML and XML documents. It handles specification, management, and propagation of customized changes as requested by a user. A novel aspect of WebVigiL is its ability to detect customized changes on the content of the document. This paper deals with change detection to XML documents, and change visualization in WebVigiL. The ordered tree property of an XML document is exploited for change detection. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to handle customized change detection to the contents of XML documents based on user-intent. In addition, an optimization to this algorithm is presented that has a better performance with certain desired characteristics. We also discuss various change visualization schemes to display the changes computed by WebVigiL. We highlight the change presentation in WebVigiL and briefly describe the rest of the system.
Trifascicular and Complete Heart Block with Anterior Myocardial Infarction: Electrocardiographic Patterns and Long-Term Medical Management

A 45-year-old man exhibited various patterns of delay in trifascicular conduction, culminating in complete heart block during acute myocardial infarction. A temporary pacemaker was utilized for the short period of heart block. Delay in ventricular conduction subsided, and the patient refused implantation of a permanent pacemaker. Ventricular irritability, which was detected eight months later, was suppressed with administration of digitalis, guided by testing with acetylstrophanthidin. Neither heart block nor delay in ventricular conduction recurred during 43 months after the infarction. In certain patients with heart block complicating anterior myocardial infarction, long-term prognosis may be dictated by coronary and myocardial residual function, rather than by the hazard of recurrent heart block.
Silicon Photonic Switch Fabrics in Computer Communications Systems

We discuss silicon photonic switch fabric designs that target data-intensive computing networks, reviewing recent results, and projecting future performance goals. We analyze the achievements of demonstrated hardware in terms of switching time, footprint, crosstalk, and power consumption, concluding that the most crucial metric to improve upon is net loss. We propose integrating semiconductor optical amplifiers into the switch fabric using either flip-chip or wafer-bonding technology, and investigate its potential merits alongside several challenges in implementation. Furthermore, we explore the dominant causes of crosstalk, and discuss manners for reducing it. We perform switch simulations that project a 7-dB reduction in crosstalk, when using a push–pull, rather than a single-ended phase shifter drive scheme. We also evaluate crosstalk effects on transmission performance using a full-link model that incorporates multiple crosstalk-accumulating photonic switch hops. The study demonstrates the degree to which crosstalk may degrade signal integrity after just a few occurrences. Finally, a comparison of four topologies highlights tradeoffs in physical-layer design and scheduling complexity, illustrating the scales that may be accomplished with the simplest topologies, and the device improvements required to achieve the more robust architectures.
Single Sensor Differential Thermal Analysis of Phase Transformations and Structural Changes During Welding and Postweld Heat Treatment

The technique of Single Sensor Differential Thermal Analysis (SS DTA) has been subjected to series of verification experiments. Its accuracy and sensitivity to various phase transformations and structural changes has been evaluated by comparison to the classic differential thermal analysis (DTA) and to dilatometric analysis (DA). The reliability of thermocouple and SS DTA measurements in the typical ranges of heat treatment and weld heating rates has been estimated utilizing the endothermic effect of the ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition and the Curie temperature as a reference point. The sensitivity of SS DTA to various phase transformations and structural changes has been demonstrated by in-situ applications during fusion and solid-state welding, casting, heat treatment and post weld heat treatment (PWHT). Its application range includes construction of continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams, development and testing of processing procedures, weldability studies, development of welding consumables and new alloys.
A rapid in vitro method for measuring cell proliferation in human breast cancer.

A method has been developed for studying in vitro the cell proliferation kinetics of human breast cancer, Surgical specimens from primary tumors were studied in 56 patients. Viable cell suspensions for assay were obtained by the dissociation of tumor tissue with collagenase. Mean Labeling indices of 2.43 +/- S.D 2.05 and 4.48 +/- S.D. 3.73, respectiviely, were found after incubation with 3HTdR for 2 hours and 24 hours. Mean S-times of 21.9 +/- S.D. 4.3 hours were estimated by 3H and 14C-TdR double-labeling. The kinetic data have been validated by parallel labeling studies in vivo and in vitro in four patients. The processing of autoradiographs using gold latensification provided slides for kinetic analysis within 3 days. The assay offers a method that is useful in the planning and monitoring of drug therapy.
The Influence of Ethephon Application Timing and Rate on Plant Growth, Yield, Tuber Size Distribution and Skin Color of Red LaSoda Potatoes

Optimizing the response of growth regulators depends in part on finding the most appropriate application rate and timing. Preliminary trials indicate that ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) may be useful for improving potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber appearance and skin color of red-skinned cultivars, but relatively little is known about optimum application practices. Two separate trials were conducted at the University of Idaho Parma Research and Extension Center to evaluate the effect of ethephon foliar application timing and rate on plant growth, tuber yield, size distribution, and skin color of the cultivar Red LaSoda. Skin color was rated visually and by colorimeter at harvest and periodically throughout storage at 4 °C. In 2011, ethephon application timing did not influence plant height, total yield, tuber size or skin color but did affect some tuber size classes. In contrast, all of these parameters were significantly influenced by application timing in 2012. The optimum application timing to influence skin color was a relatively narrow window during initial flower development, to 10 days after initial flowering (coinciding with tuber initiation). Increasing rates of ethephon significantly reduced plant height, increased foliar injury symptoms, and reduced average tuber size, but did not influence total yield in Red LaSoda. Higher ethephon rates resulted in significantly darker tuber skin (lower L* values) and increased red color (increased chroma and reduce hue angle values) when compared to the non-treated control. Evaluation of samples held in storage showed that differences in skin color ratings at harvest were maintained throughout the storage period. It is concluded that two foliar applications of ethephon at a rate between 292 and 438 ml ha−1applied ten days apart, initiated at pre-bloom, will provide the optimum change in skin color and reduce average tuber size without reducing total yield.
Current trends in ion-selective electrodes

Abstract Recent advances in the development of ion-selective electrodes have led to the production of new potentiometric sensors with superb selectivity. These electrodes are frequently good enough to allow for analyses in complex, multicomponent samples such as blood or urine.