cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Positive illusions of preference consistency: When remaining eluded by one’s preferences yields greater subjective well-being and decision outcomes

Psychological research has repeatedly demonstrated two seemingly irreconcilable human tendencies. People are motivated towards internal consistency, or acting in accordance with stable, self-generated preferences. Simultaneously though, people demonstrate considerable variation in the content of their preferences, often induced by subtle external influences. The current studies test the hypothesis that decision makers resolve this tension by sustaining illusions of preference consistency, which, in turn, confer psychological benefits. Two year-long longitudinal studies were conducted with graduating students seeking full-time employment. Results show that job seekers perceived themselves to have manifested greater preference consistency than actually exhibited in expressed preferences. Additionally, those harboring illusions of preference consistency experienced less negative affect throughout the decision process, greater outcome satisfaction, and subsequently, received more job offers.
AEOLIAN ADDITIONS TO SOILS AND SEDIMENTS IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC AREA

Summary The particle-size distribution of the whole sample and the content, particle-size distribution, and oxygen-isotope abundance (δ18O) in quartz were employed to determine the extent to which aeolian materials such as aerosolic dust (10 to I /μm) from Australia, loess (50 to 10μm) in New Zealand, and flottsand (250 to 20 μm) in Australia have been accreted into soils and sediments in the South Pacific area. Although aeolian material from both local and more distant sources has been deposited on the Franz Josef, Fox, and Tasman glaciers, the extent to which aeolian materials have been added to soils in South Westland, New Zealand, could not be determined because the oxygen-isotope abundance (12.9 to 13.5 0/00 in quartz from the soils was similar to that (13.1 to 13.9 0/00) in quartz from the dust samples. The quartz from loess added to two basaltic soils in North Auckland, New Zealand, had an oxygen-isotope abundance (12.9 to 13.9 0/00) slightly lower than that (15.0 to 15.4 0/00) in quartz from a greywacke-derived soil and the underlying rock also in North Auckland. The oxygen-isotope abundance (13.6 to 15.4 0/00) in quartz from a chronosequence of soils developed in basalt in Victoria, Australia, indicates that the quartz did not originate from the parent basalt, but probably was transported by aeolian processes from stranded beach ridges and dunes and added to the soils in the form of flottsand, an aeolian material coarser than loess and finer than dune sand. Most particles of the pelagic sediments fell within the aerosolic dust size range. The oxygen-isotope abundance (12.1 to 15.1 0/00) in quartz isolated from several pelagic sediments between latitudes 35 and 45° S. was similar to that (12.9 to 15.4 0/00) in quartz from New Zealand and Australian soils located between these latitudes. An aeolian source of quartz explains the above relationship and also the decreasing delta values of quartz from sediments and soils with increasing latitude in the South Pacific area. Oxygen-isotope abundance in quartz refutes a volcanic origin of quartz in pelagic sediments but supports the deduction of Griffin et al. (1968) from mineralogical analyses that the quartz and associated minerals were transported from lands to seas.
The state of the art of planning models

On October 9–10, 1975, representatives from approximately 75 companies in the United States, Canada, and Mexico attended a symposium in New Orleans entitled “The Future of Corporate Planning Models.” The symposium, sponsored by the Corporate Modeling Users Group of Social Systems, Inc., featured 13 presentations on the application of corporate planning models.
Evaluation of the response of unresectable carcinoid tumors to radiotherapy.

Abstract Sixteen patients with unresectable primary or metastatic carcinoid tumors were treated with radiotherapy. Objective responses (CR + PR) were documented in 4 of 16 patients (25%). The median survival of the responders was 46 months following radiotherapy, as compared to the 10-month median survival of the entire group of 16 patients. There were five additional patients who improved symptomatically or had minor responses. The seven patients who received the highest doses of radiotherapy (>29 GY), to local or regional treatment ports, had the best response rate (43%). Many patients eventually had objective evidence of relapse or tumor progression within the radiotherapy port, in part reflecting the relatively low radiotherapy doses used in the treatment of the nine patients with abdominal carcinoids. One patient remains disease free at 103 months. Patients who exhibited the carcinoid syndrome appeared to respond less frequently to radiotherapy than patients who did not have ectopic hormone secretion, although the number of patients with ectopic hormone secretion was too small to establish this point in a definitive manner. The results of this study demonstrate that carcinoid tumors respond to moderate doses of radiotherapy in a manner similar to many other epithelial tumors.
Computing the Meanings of Words in Reading: Cooperative Division of Labor Between Visual and Phonological Processes.

Are words read visually (by means of a direct mapping from orthography to semantics) or phonologically (by mapping from orthography to phonology to semantics)? The authors addressed this long-standing debate by examining how a large-scale computational model based on connectionist principles would solve the problem and comparing the model's performance to people's. In contrast to previous models, the present model uses an architecture in which meanings are jointly determined by the 2 components, with the division of labor between them affected by the nature of the mappings between codes. The model is consistent with a variety of behavioral phenomena, including the results of studies of homophones and pseudohomophones thought to support other theories, and illustrates how efficient processing can be achieved using multiple simultaneous constraints.
Predicting the effect of viscosity ratios on the mixing of polymer blends using the boundary element method

Mixing or blending two or more fluids of different viscosities is an important and complex issue in the polymer industry. Simulating these types of processes leads to a better understanding of the flow phenomena that take place during mixing. The boundary element method is ideal to simulate mixing flows, because of the large deformations and moving boundary nature of internal batch mixers and extruders. This paper presents a boundary element simulation of the flow of multi-viscous polymer blends inside extruders and internal mixers. In addition, the governing equations, boundary integrals, and their numerical implementation for creeping flows are presented. The simulation is used to predict the mixing quality of polymer blends in realistic mixing processes. A model describing the relationship of drop strain to matrix strain as a function of viscosity ratio is also presented. The flow simulation results are in good agreement with analytical and experimental results.
Involvement of calmodulin in the regulation of adenylate cyclase activity in guinea-pig enterocytes.

Abstract The involvement of calmodulin as an activator of adenylate cyclase activity was examined in isolated guinea-pig enterocytes and in a membrane preparation. In enterocytes, which responded to prostaglandin E1, vasoactive intestinal peptide and cholera toxin with a significant increase in the rate of cAMP formation, trifluoperazine, a calmodulin antagonist, completely inhibited cAMP formation. In a membrane preparation adenylate cyclase activity was stimulated 10–20-fold by the GTP analog, guanosine 5′-[β-imido] 5′-triphosphate (Gpp[NH]p). Prostaglandin E1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide enhanced cAMP formation in this system by 2–3- and 1.2–1.6-fold, respectively. Addition of 200 nM calmodulin to membranes, in which endogenous calmodulin was decreased from 1.4 μg/mg protein to 0.5 μg/mg protein by washing with buffer containing EGTA and EDTA, resulted in a 3–4-fold increase of adenylate cyclase activity. The absolute increment in adenylate cyclase activity caused by calmodulin (10–15 pmol cAMP/min per mg protein) was approximately the same in the absence or presence of Gpp[NH]p. The apparent Ka for Gpp[NH]p (6·10−7M) was not significantly changed by the addition of calmodulin. Although endogenous calcium (approx. 10 μM) in the enzyme assay was adequate to affect stimulation by calmodulin, a maximal effect was observed at a calcium concentration of 100 μM. These findings indicate that a calmodulin-sensitive form of adenylate cyclase is present in guinea-pig enterocytes, and that stimulation of cAMP formation in the intestinal mucosa may involve a calmodulin-mediated mechanism.
Individual differences in leadership decision making

Abstract The present study was directed to the evaluation of an abbreviated methodology for the study of Vroom and Yetton's normative model ( Vroom, V. H., & Yetton, P. W., Leadership and decision making , Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973 ) of leadership decisions and the determination of the extent and nature of individual differences in responses to Vroom—Yetton problems. Subjects' decisions in leadership situations were explored using as stimuli only the presence or absence of problem attributes rather than cases ( Vroom & Yetton, 1973 ). The degree of variance attributable to individual differences and situations was evaluated for 33 subjects. Groups of individuals were identified by principal components analysis and the nature of those groups' decision strategies was examined by analysis of variance of their responses. The results indicate the abbreviated methodology yields results substantially similar to those obtained by Vroom and Yetton (1973) . A major proportion of the variance is attributable to situations; however, there are interpretable individual differences in decision strategy.
Isolation and Characterization of a Bacteriocin from a Homofermentative Lactobacillus

Nearly 100 isolates of Lactobacillus were obtained from human and animal sources. Screening tests with the isolates revealed seven possible bacteriocinogenic strains and 26 strains sensitive to one or more of these inhibitory strains. Three homofermentative strains were selected for additional study after it was shown that their inhibitory substances differed in activity spectrum and in susceptibility to inactivation by proteolytic enzymes. One of these, L. helveticus strain LP27, was shown to produce a potent bacteriocin called lactocin 27. The lactocin was isolated from the culture supernatant fluid as a protein-lipopolysaccharide complex. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate the complex was dissociated, and the activity was found to reside in a small glycoprotein (molecular weight 12,400). The amino acid composition of purified lactocin 27 is similar to that of the L. fermenti bacteriocin; neither requires disulfide bonds for activity.
Precancerous lesions of endometrium.

Cystic and adenomatous hyperplasia, anaplasia (dysplasia) and carcinoma in situ of the endometrium have been observed in endometrium prior to the development of adenocarcinoma both in retrospective and prospective studies. The continuous unopposed action of estrogen in the human who harbors granulosatheca cell tumors seems to be related to the production of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma. In premenopausal patients who are still ovulating adenocarcinoma probably arises in an abnormal focus which fails to respond to progesterone or in a focus of atypical hyperplasia resulting from prolonged estrogenic stimulation prior to ovulation.
Melting of monolayer argon adsorbed on a graphite substrate.

Argon films physisorbed on a graphite substrate were studied at coverages near monolayer completion using high-resolution vapor-pressure isotherms. New experimental evidence is presented that is consistent with a picture of monolayer argon melting via a two-stage process involving the existence of an intermediate phase with short-range spatial order and solidlike properties. These findings resolve the interpretational inconsistensies concerning the melting of argon films which presently exist between the earlier thermodynamic studies and various microscopic scattering measurements.
Biochemical research elucidating metabolic pathways in Pneumocystis.

Les avancees dans le sequencage du genome de Pneumocystis carinii ont permis d'identifier des voies metaboliques potentiellement operationnelles chez ce microorganisme. Ainsi, les donnees apportees sur sa nature biochimique et physiologique permettent aujourd'hui d'elucider des voies metaboliques et ouvrent sur de nouveaux defis et questions qui appellent de nouvelles experiences. Ces experiences sont realisees malgre la difficulte de les faire directement sur ce pathogene qui doit etre cultive indefiniment pour produire un nombre important de cellules in vitro. Cet article passe en revue des approches biochimiques qui ont eclaire plusieurs pistes metaboliques chez le Pneumocystis. Il se focalise sur: 1) la S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet ; SAM), qui est un participant omnipresent dans les nombreuses reactions cellulaires ; 2) les sterols: l'oxidosqualene cyclase qui forme le lanosterol chez P. corinii ; la SAM:sterol C-24 methyltransferase qui ajoute des groupes methyle a la position C-24 de la chaine laterale du sterol; la sterol 14α-demethylase qui enleve un groupe methyle a la position C-14 du noyau sterol; et 3) la synthese d'ubiquinones homologues qui ont un role majeur au niveau de la membrane mitochondriale interne et d'autres transports electroniques cellulaires de membrane.
Embedded discontinuity finite element modeling of fluid flow in fractured porous media

In many geomaterials, particularly rocks and clays, permeability is greatly enhanced by the presence of fractures. Fracture sets create an overall permeability that is anisotropic, enhanced in the directions of the fractures. In modeling the fractures via a finite element method, for example, meshing around these fractures can become quite difficult and result in computationally intensive systems. In this article, we develop a relatively simple method for including the fractures within the elements. Flow through the bulk medium is assumed to be governed by Darcy’s law, and the flow on the fracture by a generalization of the law. This model is embedded in a finite element framework, with the fractures passing through the elements. In this formulation, elements with fractures are given an enhanced permeability in the direction of the fractures. With these enhancements, the material essentially becomes anisotropically more permeable in the direction of fracture sets.
The preparation of bile acid amides and oxazolines.

Abstract Amides obtained by the condensation of some bile acid chlorides with 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol on cyclization yield bile acid oxazolines. Physical properties of these bile acid derivatives are described. Some of the oxazolines are non-toxic and are inhibitors of 7-dehydroxylaseactivity in fecal anaerobic bacteria and purified enzymes from these bacteria.
Engraver beetles (Scolytidae : IPS species) as vectors of the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium subglutinans

Ips mexicanus (Hopkins) and I. paraconfusus Lanier can transmit a frugal pathogen that causes pitch canker [Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw, and Reink.) Nelson, Toussoun, andMarasas], a disease recently identified in Monterey pines (Pirns radiata D. Don) in California. In Santa Cruz County, F. subglutinans was recovered from Ips spp. that emerged from pitch canker-in fee ted P. radiata and were captured in multiple-funnel traps baited with racemic Ips spp. pheromones. Ips paraconfusus adults experimentally contaminated with propagules of the fungus transmitted it to seedlings and mature pines. Field transmission was demonstrated when cankers were produced following pheromone-induced beetle attacks on pines. Ips spp. inoculated F. subglutinans into pine slash, thus creating reservoirs of this fungus. Larvae, pupae, and young adults acquired the fungus when their parents introduced it into logs. Ips spp. progeny production and development were not significantly altered by the fungus. In proximity to other bark beetle-associated fungi, growth of F. subglutinans was reduced and patchy. A new association may be developing among native Ips spp. and F. subglutinans.
Using Jini to enable pervasive computing environments

Pervasive computing is a vision aimed at facilitating access to information anywhere and anytime, wherein stationary and mobile devices interact seamlessly to aid the users in their tasks. As the enabling hardware becomes smaller, smarter and cheaper this vision is poised to become a reality. While hardware devices form the building blocks of pervasive environments, a pervasive environment requires a robust software technology that can integrate them into a single cohesive unit. This paper discusses the suitability of Jini networking technology as an enabling and integrating technology used by pervasive environments. Specific issues of Jini's suitability for mobile devices and alternative technologies are also discussed.
Thymectomy and ACTH in lymphatic leucemia

Summary 1. Four patients with lymphaticleucemia were thymectomized and later treated with ACTH. 2. Temporary clinical and hematologicalremissions occurred following both the thymectomy and ACTH therapy. 3. All four patients relapsed. PatientAll four patients relapsed. Patients2 and 4 have died. Patient 1 has relapsed and is being treated with transfusions. Patient 3 is in temporary remission following a second course of ACTH therapy. and 4 have died. Patient 1 has relapsed and is being treated with transfusions. Patient 3 is in temporary remission following a second course of ACTH therapy. 4. In our four cases thymectomyand ACTH were of temporary benefit in lymphatic leucemia. 5. If thymectomy is to be of any benefit, it should be performed early.
Hormonal influence on ionic channels in myometrium.

Smooth muscle cells in culture isolated from myometrium were characterized by scanning microscope and immunohistochemistry. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration, and the single channel bilayer technique, the properties of ionic channels expressed in both non-pregnant and pregnant myometrium have been described. The predominantly expressed potassium channel changes from a transient inactivating outward current seen before puberty, to a calcium sensitive delayed outward current present in the adult stage. A change in the calcium channel population occurs from the nonpregnant to the pregnant state. Finally, sodium channels are expressed with greater frequency towards the end of gestation suggesting that these channels may play a role in labor. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Osteogenic sarcoma of the somatic soft tissues. Clinicopathologic study of 26 cases and review of literature

Twenty-six cases of osteogenic sarcoma of the somatic soft tissue were found during a review of more than 2,100 somatic soft-tissue sarcomas in the files of the Mayo Clinic. These cases bring the total reported in the English literature through 1968 to 94. In the present series, no tumors occurred during the first two decades of life, in contrast to those primary in bone in which the peak incidence is in the second decade. Twenty-four tumors were found in the limbs and limb girdles, and two in the retroperitoneum. The spectrum of histologic patterns as described for osteogenic sarcoma in bone was applied to establish the diagnosis. Five tumors were subtyped as chondroblastic, 10 as fibroblastic, and 11 as osteoblastic; all were poorly differentiated. Sarcomas with benign osseous or chondromatous metaplasia, mixed mesenchymal sarcomas, pseudo-malignant tumors of soft parts (niyositis ossificans), and parosteal osteogenic sarcomas were excluded. In the series, 21 patients had died. Of the 5 living patients, only 2 are long-term survivors (8 and 12 years). The average survival period was between 3 and 4 years, although 3 patients died with recurrent or mctastatic disease 7, 9, and 14 years after initial treatment. No histologic difference could be detected between tumors with a rapid clinical course and those with a prolonged course.
Endotoxin-induced alterations in glucose transport in isolated adipocytes

Abstract 2-Deoxyglucose and 3-O- methyglucose were used to assess endotoxin-induced changes in glucose transport in rat adipocytes. 6 h after Escherichia coli endotoxin injection insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake was significantly depressed ( V decreased , K m unaltered ), phosphorylation of 2-deoxyglucose was seemingly unimpaired; basal 3-methylglucose entry was significantly increased, insulin-stimulated uptake was unaltered. Insulin significantly reduced K m in control and endotoxin-treated cells. Cytochalasin B-insensitive uptake of both 2-deoxyglucose and 3-methylglucose, a small fraction of total transport, increased significantly in endotoxic cells. Endotoxin reduced spermine- and insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake to a similar extent. Results are consistent with the hypotheses that (1) a site of endotoxin-induced insulin resistance is at the cell membrane level and may reflect a decrease in number or activity of effective carrier units, rather than alterations in affinity, (2) endotoxin does not compromise the hexokinase system, (3) the cell membrane-localized effect of endotoxin on hexose transport is not necessarily mediated by the insulin receptor and (4) the entry of 2-deoxyglucose and 3-methylglucose may involve two separate transport systems.
Specific transgene expression in antigen presenting cells derived from lentivirally transduced hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells

Abstract We previously demonstrated that we could achieve sustained transgene expression in dendritic cells (DCs) differentiated in vitro from retrovirally transduced human CD34 + hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC). We report here our attempt to specifically express a transgene in DCs and other antigen presenting cells (APC) derived from transduced HSPC. We used self-inactivating lentiviral vectors, in which the GFP reporter expression in transduced cells is solely controlled by the promoter of either human HLA-DRα (MHC II) gene or a housekeeping gene (PGK or EF1α). The three vectors (DR.GFP, PGK.GFP and EF.GFP) were pseudotyped with the VSV-G envelope using 293T cells, and they can transduce a variety of human and murine cells efficiently. The levels of transgene expression by EF.GFP or PGK.GFP (3–8 fold lower) were equivalent in both MHC II + and MHC II − cells. In contrast, transgene expression mediated by DR.GFP is 10–20 fold lower in human MHC II − cells (K562 and U937) than in MHC II + cells (TF1). Similarly, the expression by DR.GFP vector was strong inthe murine MHC II + cells (A20) but reduced drastically in murine MHC II − cells (RENCA and CT26). We also monitored transgene expression in differentiated DC derived from mouse bone marrow (BM) cells in vitro . Fresh BM cells from normal mice were transduced by either DR.GFP or EF.GFP, and then cultured for 8 days to allow DC differentiation. GFP expression was observed exclusively in the MHC II + cell population derived from DR.GFP transduced BM cells, whereas transgene expression was observed equally in both MHC II + and MHC II − cell populations derived from EF.GFP transduced BM cells. Thus, we have developed a gene transduction system to allow stable and specific transgene expression in APC, which has many applications for immunobiology and immunotherapy.
Bethe's Formula for Coulomb-Nuclear Interference

Approximations involved in the deduction of Bethe's formula for Coulomb-nuclear interference are reexamined. Some corrections to the formula are obtained by improving the approximations. It is, however, expected that these corrections are small.
Laboratory Measurement of Heat Transfer and Thermal Structure Near an Air-Water Interface

Abstract Experiments have been conducted in a wind-water tunnel to establish a quantitative relationship between wind profile parameters, heat flux through the air-water interface, and the temperature difference across the water thermal boundary layer as observed with an infrared radiometer. Two distinct regimes of boundary layer characteristics were identified which are separated by a transition that coincides with the onset of surface waves. At low wind speeds the boundary layer can he characterized as laminar and a relatively large temperature difference is observed; a surface-active film enhances the temperature difference. At higher wind speeds, when the surface is roughened by waves, the boundary layer appears to become turbulent, resulting in a marked decrease in the temperature difference across the layer. Based on these results, estimates of sea surface, boundary-layer temperature differences agree with the few published field measurements. By using a simple laminar model of the water boundary la...
Law and regulation of benzene.

OSHA has created final benzene regulations after extensive rulemakings on two occasions, 1978 and 1987. These standards have been the subject of extensive litigation for nearly 20 years. This article examines in detail the conceptual underpinnings of the Benzene Case, (which was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1980) in light of U.S. administrative law precedents that have set limits upon administrative discretion under the test for "substantial evidence" and the "hard look doctrine." This article also addresses recent developments in the wake of the Benzene Case and their implications for benzene regulations following the "significant risk" doctrine in that case. This article briefly describes other national, regional, and international laws governing the use of benzene. This article concludes that the revisions of the benzene regulation and subsequent rulemaking provide substantial evidence of scientific underpinnings for regulatory action and that laws from other nations reflect an international consensus that occupational exposure to benzene is a proper subject of regulation. Such regulations and policies are therefore likely to withstand scrutiny and remain enforceable as widely accepted norms.
Methane Steam Reforming Kinetics on a Ni/Mg/K/Al2O3 Catalyst

The kinetics of methane steam reforming were studied on a Ni/Mg/K/Al2O3 catalyst that was developed for conditioning of biomass-derived syngas. Reactions were conducted in a packed-bed reactor while the concentrations of reactants (methane and steam) and products (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide) were varied at atmospheric pressure, with the effects of temperature (525–700 °C) and residence time also being investigated. A power law rate model was developed using nonlinear regression to provide a predictive capability for the rate of methane conversion over this catalyst, to be used for reactor design and technoeconomic analysis of process designs. In order to provide some mechanistic insight, and to compare this catalyst to other non-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalysts reported in the literature, a reaction mechanism consisting of five elementary steps, using a Langmuir–Hinshelwood type approach, was also considered. These five steps included: (i) CH4 adsorption, (ii) H2O adsorption, (iii) surface reaction of adsorbed CH4 and H2O to form CO and H2, (iv) CO desorption, and (v) H2 desorption. Nonlinear regression was then used to fit each of the rate laws to the experimental data. From these results, the model that assumed CH4 adsorption to be the rate determining step provided the best fit of the experimental data. This finding is consistent with literature studies on non-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalysts, in which methane adsorption has been proposed to be the rate determining step during catalytic methane steam reforming. Both the power rate laws and the rate law assuming CH4 adsorption to be the rate determining step can be used as predictive tools for determining methane conversion for a given set of process conditions. Additionally, a rate expression that assumed the rate was only a function of methane partial pressure was considered, namely, \(rate = k*P_{{CH_{4} }}\), where \(k = k_{0} *e^{{^{{ - {\text{Ea}}/{\text{RT}}}} }}\), with PCH4 in units of Torr. This first-order-methane rate expression fit the data well, yielding an apparent activation energy over this catalyst of Ea = 93 kJ/mol and the pre-exponential rate constant of k0 = 7.67 × 105 mol/(g-cat s Torr CH4).
Epitaxial Ni films, e-beam nano-patterning and BMR

Abstract We have attempted to clarify possible domain-wall processes present in the recently reported large ballistic magnetoresistance effects in nano-contacts. To that effect we have used e-beam lithography applied to epitaxial Ni films to fabricate nano-bridges in more controlled geometry than electrochemical deposition. Our preliminary results indicate that magnetic domains do play a role in the magneto-resistance of these nano-bridges but the order of magnitude of the observed effect is considerably smaller than the reported observations in electrochemically prepared nano-contacts.
Activators and repressors: making use of chromatin to regulate transcription

Metazoans and yeast use enzymes that modulate histone acetylation and nucleosomal integrity in order to regulate transcription. Repressor complexes deacetylate histones and stabilize nucleosomes. Activator complexes acetylate histones and disrupt nucleosomes. Variation in chromatin structure makes a major contribution to gene regulation. Here we discuss the enzymatic complexes and molecular machines that make use of chromatin to control transcription.
Labeling library functions in stripped binaries

Binary code presents unique analysis challenges, particularly when debugging information has been stripped from the executable. Among the valuable information lost in stripping are the identities of standard library functions linked into the executable; knowing the identities of such functions can help to optimize automated analysis and is instrumental in understanding program behavior. Library fingerprinting attempts to restore the names of library functions in stripped binaries, using signatures extracted from reference libraries. Existing methods are brittle in the face of variations in the toolchain that produced the reference libraries and do not generalize well to new library versions. We introduce semantic descriptors, high-level representations of library functions that avoid the brittleness of existing approaches. We have extended a tool, unstrip, to apply this technique to fingerprint wrapper functions in the GNU C library. unstrip discovers functions in a stripped binary and outputs a new binary, with meaningful names added to the symbol table. Other tools can leverage these symbols to perform further analysis. We demonstrate that our semantic descriptors generalize well and substantially outperform existing library fingerprinting techniques.
The importance of polysaccharide configurational entropy in determining the osmotic swelling pressure of concentrated proteoglycan solution and the bulk compressive modulus of articular cartilage

One important contribution to the osmotic swelling pressure of concentrated proteoglycan and hence the elasticity of articular cartilage arises from the configurational entropy of the polysaccharide chains in the extracellular matrix. The work presented here provides a theoretical determination of this entropy and an analysis of its effect on the equilibrium osmotic swelling pressure of concentrated proteoglycan solutions. This effect is calculated in a manner similar to the Flory-Huggins technique where the solution is treated as a lattice (P. Flory, Principles of polymer chemistry (Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, 1953); J. Chem. Phys. 12 (1944) 425). In addition, the charge-related contribution to the elasticity of these materials is reviewed in the form of a Donnan equilibrium model (T. Hill, Faraday Soc. Discussions 21 (1956) 31; A.G. Ogston and J.D. Wells, Biochem. J. 119 (1970) 67; C. Tanford, Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules (Wiley, New York, 1961)). It is found that the configurational entropy of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain polysaccharides together with the charge effects reproduce the equilibrium swelling pressure of concentrated proteoglycan solutions as experimentally determined by J.P.G. Urban et al., Biorheol. 16 (1979) 447. In addition this theoretical model is manifestly independent of the proteoglycan molecular weight, consistent with prior experimental findings (J.P.G. Urban et al., Biorheol. 16 (1979) 447). The model is also extended to include polydispersity of proteoglycan size and to predict the equilibrium bulk compressive modulus of articular cartilage. This work represents the first comprehensive theoretical description of the equilibrium elastic properties of proteoglycan solutions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The body politic: Performance, pedagogy, and the power of enfleshment

EDUCATION AND CULTURAL STUDIES: TOWARD A PERFORMATIVE PRACTICE. Ed. Henry A. Giroux and Patrick Shannon. New York: Routledge, 1997; pp. x‐272; $75; paper $18.95. PEDAGOGY: THE QUESTION OF IMPERSONATION. Ed. Jane Gallop. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995; pp. xiv‐170; $24.95; paper $12.95. TEACHING POSITIONS: DIFFERENCE, PEDAGOGY, AND THE POWER OF ADDRESS. By Elizabeth Ellsworth. New York: Teachers College Press, 1997. xii‐199; $50; paper $21.95.
Effect of disrupting the mitral apparatus on left ventricular function in dogs.

BACKGROUND The importance of the mitral apparatus to left ventricular function has been suggested in clinical studies. The effect of disruption of the mitral apparatus on left ventricular diastolic and systolic properties has not been fully documented. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the end-diastolic and end-systolic pressure-volume and stroke work-end-diastolic volume relations and measured the isovolumic relaxation time constant (tau infinity) during nonfilling beats before and after disruption of the mitral apparatus under different loading conditions in 14 dogs using our recently developed volume-clamping technique for the in situ left ventricle. Disruption of the mitral apparatus increased left ventricular diastolic equilibrium volume (V0d) without changing the slope of the end-diastolic pressure-volume relation (Sd) and increased end-systolic pressure-volume relation dead volume (V0s) and volume-axis intercept of stroke work-end-diastolic volume relation (V0sw) without changing the slopes of these relations (maximum elastance, Ees, and Ssw). Disruption of the mitral apparatus increased tau infinity. CONCLUSION Disruption of the mitral apparatus increases the equilibrium volume without changing left ventricular diastolic stiffness or contractility and slows left ventricular relaxation. These results support and help explain the clinical observation that it is desirable to maintain the mitral apparatus during mitral valve replacement surgery.
A pressure profile analysis of high-beta ISX-B tokamak plasmas using MHD equilibrium geometry

The paper describes a method, as implemented in the computer code ZORNOC, for the analysis of high-beta, non-circular ISX-B tokamak plasma profiles. Thomson scattering electron temperature and density profiles, obtained at a fixed time into the discharge, are used as a basis for performing a complete energy analysis of the plasma and for obtaining confinement parameters assuming steady-state conditions. Self-consistent models for both magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium and ion power balance are used to obtain internal flux surface and ion temperature profiles, respectively, consistent with all the known diagnostic data. Using boundary conditions consistent with poloidal magnetic measurements, a current profile parameterization is obtained that is consistent with the observed location of the q = 1 surface as indicated by soft X-ray diagnostics. A specific high-beta discharge is analysed in order to illustrate the procedure.
Significance of the South Pacific convergence zone in energy conversions of the southern Hemisphere during FGGE, 10-27 January 1979

An attempt is made to relate the circulation features of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) to those of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) for the whole area and for three subsections. It is established that during the period of Jan. 10-24, 1979, when the SPCZ was convectively active, it played a significant role in the baroclinic energy conversion (CE) within the tropical SH. When the SPCZ dissipated the CE did likewise. A zonal wavenumber analysis shows that wavenumber four was dominant in the CE process in the SH topics when the SPCZ was active, but that it did not dominate when the SPCZ dissipated. It is shown that the most intense convective activity in the tropics occurred in the SPCZ and that its location corresponded favorably to maximum values of CE greater than zero.
Introduction to Session 1B

Topics presented in the “Plant Biotechnology and Genomics” session focused on technologies that highlight the important role of plant biotechnology and genomics in the development of future energy crops. Several excellent presentations demonstrated the latest advances in energy crop development through the use of plant cell wall regulation and by engineering new energy crops such as brown midrib sweet sorghum. Approaches included the control of cellulose production by increased expression of cellulase synthase genes and the selection of high-yield varieties of shrub willows. The potential of producing hydrolytic enzymes using transgenic plants as a cost-effective means for the large-scale production of these enzymes was also explored in the session, as was the role of posttranslational modifications on the activities of heterologous expressed cellulases in hosts such as Pichia pastoris.
Absence of fatty liver in familial hypobetalipoproteinemia linked to chromosome 3p21

Our aim was to ascertain whether fatty liver may be present in the genetic form of familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL) linked to a susceptibility locus on chromosome 3p21. Three genetic forms of FHBL exist: (a) FHBL caused by truncation-specifying mutations of apolipoprotein B (apoB), (b) FHBL linked to chr3p21, and (c) FHBL not linked either to APOB or to chr3p21. Fatty liver is common in apoB-defective FHBL. Hepatic fat contents were quantified by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 16 subjects with 3p21-linked FHBL, 32 subjects with apoB-defective FHBL, and 39 sex- and age-matched controls. Mean liver fat of 3p21 subjects was similar to controls and approximately 60% lower than apoB-defective FHBL subjects ( P = .0012). Indices of adiposity (body mass index, waist/hip ratio) and masses of abdominal subcutaneous, retroperitoneal, and intraperitoneal adipose tissue (IPAT) were quantified by MR imaging. Mean measures of adiposity were similar in the 3 groups, suggesting that adiposity per se was not responsible for differences in liver fat. Liver fat content was positively correlated with IPAT. The intercepts of regression lines of IPAT on liver fat content were similar in controls and 3p21, but higher in apoB-defective FHBL subjects. The slopes of the lines were steepest in apoB-defective, intermediate in 3p21, and flattest in controls. Lipoprotein profiles and very low density lipoprotein-apoB100 kinetics of 3p21 and apoB-defective groups also differed. Thus, 2 genetic subtypes of FHBL also differ in several phenotypic features.
Consensus functions on tree quasi-orders that satisfy an independence condition☆

Abstract McMorris and Neumann in 1983 proved a straightforward analog of Arrow's Theorem for tree quasi-orders. By dropping the Pareto condition and replacing it with two profile conditions, this result is extended by showing that the resulting class of consensus functions must be quasi-oligarchic.
Index transposition after resection of the long finger ray

Ten patients underwent index-to-long-finger ray transposition for repair after resection of the long finger ray. Care was taken to preserve the second web space and prevent painful neuromas. Rigid internal fixation was achieved with a T plate, and mobilization was started immediately. There were no nonunions. Postoperative motion was equal to preoperative motion in acute cases and equal or better in chronic cases. Mean grip strength was 0.65, and pinch strength was 0.78 compared with the uninjured hand. There were no painful neuromas, hypersensitive scars, or deterioration of monofilament or two-point sensibility. The breadth and appearance of the first and second web spaces were equal bilaterally. Digit alignment and rotation were normal. The six patients receiving worker's compensation returned to work in between 3 and 24 weeks, and the other patients returned in between 11 days and 12 weeks.
Wafer-Bonded p-n Heterojunction of GaAs and Chemomechanically Polished N-Polar GaN

This letter reports wafer-bonded p-n heterojunction diodes, which consist of GaAs and chemomechanically polished N-polar GaN. The measured I-V and C-V show well-behaved p-n junction characteristics. The built-in voltage extrapolated from the C-V is 0.2 V less than the theoretical, suggesting the existence of interface states. However, this offset is much less than that (1.14 V) reported of wafer-bonded GaAs/Ga-polar GaN p-n diodes. The limited maximum current suggests pinning of the Fermi level at interface traps near the conduction band accessed under forward bias. Yet, this junction shows promise as a collector junction for wafer-bonded devices to achieve higher breakdown voltages.
A Capsule History of Pain Management

Pain is a complex clinical problem. Assessment depends on verbal report, and the patient's physical perceptions may be modified by cognitive and affective factors. The salience of pain as a problem in its own right has grown since 1945 and new therapeutic alternatives have developed from research and from new theoretical perspectives. This short historical review of the highlights of the history of pain management gives particular emphasis to the 20th century and to chronic and cancer pain.
Ethical issues in pain management

Dr Albert Schweitzer is reported to have stated, "We must all die. But that I can save ... [someone] from days of torture, that is what I feel is my great and ever new privilege". If, in spite of their anecdotal texture, the reflections in this article challenge my clinical colleagues to further hard reflection, comparison, or contrast with their own professional experience, they will have been worthwhile. If our collective experiences view pain management as a clinical-ethical issue, then no patient should ever have to bear pain due to the ignorance or apathy of well-intentioned but misinformed caregivers. I conclude with the words of Judith Spross, an oncology nurse: Pain is an emergency for the person who experiences it regardless of the urgency of the underlying pathology. I believe we must apply the science and art of pain relief as though life depended upon it. Certainly the quality of life does.
Further Studies of the Biological Control of Pieris rapae Using Supplemental Host and Parasite Releases

When supplemental releases of the host, Pieris rapae (L.), and two of its parasites, Trichogramma evanescens Westwood and Apanteles rubecula Marshall, were made in cabbage fields in Missouri, the host population was controlled sufficiently that larval damage remained below the level causing economic injury. All check plots had populations that exceeded this level. Natural populations of T. evanescens were ineffective in controlling early generations of the host. Natural populations of A. rubecula apparently do not overwinter successfully at Columbia, Missouri, but when this parasite was released during late September and October, the progeny did overwinter. Releases of A. rubecula at a rate of about 5000 adults per acre were sufficient to control populations of host larvae. Releases of A. glomeratus (L.) were ineffective when populations of A. rubecula were present.
Resonant laser ablation of metals detected by atomic emission in a microwave plasma and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

It has been shown that an increase in sensitivity and selectivity of detection of an analyte can be achieved by tuning the ablation laser wavelength to match that of a resonant gas-phase transition of that analyte. This has been termed resonant laser ablation (RLA). For a pulsed tunable nanosecond laser, the data presented here illustrate the resonant enhancement effect in pure copper and aluminum samples, chromium oxide thin films, and for trace molybdenum in stainless steel samples, and indicate two main characteristics of the RLA phenomenon. The first is that there is an increase in the number of atoms ablated from the surface. The second is that the bandwidth of the wavelength dependence of the ablation is on the order of 1 nm. The effect was found to be virtually identical whether the atoms were detected by use of a microwave-induced plasma with atomic emission detection, by an inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometric detection, or by observation of the number of laser pulses required to penetrate through thin films. The data indicate that a distinct ablation laser wavelength dependence exists, probably initiated via resonant radiation trapping, and accompanied by collisional broadening. Desorption contributions through radiation trapping are substantiated by changes in crater morphology as a function of wavelength and by the relatively broad linewidth of the ablation laser wavelength scans, compared to gas-phase excitation spectra. Also, other experiments with thin films demonstrate the existence of a distinct laser–material interaction and suggest that a combination of desorption induced by electronic transition (DIET) with resonant radiation trapping could assist in the enhancement of desorption yields. These results were obtained by a detailed inspection of the effect of the wavelength of the ablation laser over a narrow range of energy densities that lie between the threshold of laser-induced desorption of species and the usual analytical ablation regime. Normal ablation employs high-power lasers in an attempt to create a vapor plume without selective vaporization, and with a stoichiometry that accurately represents the stoichiometry of species in the solid sample. RLA, as a method of selective vaporization, appears to provide an opportunity to exploit selective vaporization in new ways.
Osteoporosis and coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic postmenopausal women.

Estrogen deficiency is a risk factor for osteoporosis and coronary artery disease. Osteoporosis can be evaluated by measuring bone mineral density (BMD). Coronary atherosclerotic burden can be evaluated by measuring coronary calcium using electron beam computed tomography (EBT) of the heart. We compared coronary calcium scores in 45 asymptomatic postmenopausal women with normal and low BMD. BMD of the lumbar spine and proximal femur was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and coronary calcium was measured quantitatively by EBT. Women were divided into control, osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups based on the T score of the lumbar spine. Women were similar in age, years since menopause, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). BMD ± SD (g/cm2) of L1–L4 was 0.96 ± 0.11, 0.83 ± 0.03, and 0.73 ± 0.05, in control, osteopenia, and osteoporosis group, respectively. The total coronary calcium score ± SD (relative units) was 41.9 ± 83.1, 115.1 ± 181.9, and 221.7 ± 355.4 for control, osteopenia, and osteoporosis group, respectively; the score was significantly higher in the osteoporosis than in the control group. This study provides initial data suggesting that women with osteoporosis may have a higher risk of developing coronary atherosclerosis.