cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SMASH: speculative state machine replication in transactional systems

We present SMASH, a high performance active replication approach for fault-tolerant distributed transactional systems. The active replication paradigm allows transactions to execute locally, costing them only a single network communication step during transaction execution. Shared objects are replicated across all sites, avoiding remote object accesses. Replica consistency is ensured by an optimistic atomic broadcast layer that total-orders transactional requests, while guaranteeing minimal message reordering. Additionally, a local multi-version concurrency control protocol efficiently enforces a commit order equivalent to transactions' delivery order, while read transactions are executed in parallel.
Reliability analysis for nonlinear structures

An efficient stochastic finite element-based procedure is proposed for the reliability analysis of two- or three-dimensional frame structures with linear or geometrical nonlinearity. The method is based on the advanced first order second moment reliability analysis procedure. The assumed stress field approach is used in the finite element formulation to efficiently compute the nonlinear structural response and the corresponding response gradients. The material properties, geometry, and external loads are considered to be random variables. The failure criteria of the structure are expressed in terms of the ultimate and serviceability limit state functions. The proposed method is not only very efficient but has several other advantages. >
Sensing the properties of liquids with doubly rotated resonators

Immersion of a resonator into a liquid results in changes in the resonator's frequency and impedance. These changes have been used to characterize liquid properties. Frequency can be measured with far higher accuracy than impedance or any other quantity. The goal of the project described in this paper was to investigate whether or not it is possible to measure a liquid's properties by means of frequency measurements alone. When a doubly rotated resonator (/spl theta//spl ap/35/spl deg/ and /spl phi/>0/spl deg/) is operated in a liquid, the displacement of the surface is partly out of the plane of the plate. By controlling the /spl phi/ angle, one may control the ratio of in-plane to out-of-plane displacements. The out-of-plane component of the displacement propagates a damped compressional wave into the liquid, while the in-plane component propagates a damped shear wave. The frequency changes of doubly rotated resonators have been measured in glycerol solutions of a variety of concentrations. At each concentration, the frequency change was found to increase with increasing /spl phi/ angle. A method is proposed for the determination of a fluid's density, viscosity and acoustic wave velocity.
Research to Go: Taking an Information Literacy Credit Course Online.

Adapting an existing face-to-face information literacy course that teaches undergraduates how to successfully conduct research and creating an online or hybrid version is a multi-step process. It begins with a desire to reach more students and help them achieve academic success. The primary learning outcomes for any information literacy course are to develop 21st century information literacy skills and provide clarity regarding the research process. This paper provides a step-by-step guide of the transition process from inception to implementation, offering insights and advice to librarians who may be planning such a transition or are building an online information literacy class from the ground up.
Language Deficits in Poor L2 Comprehenders: The Simple View

The simple view of reading (SVR) model proposes that reading comprehension is the product of word decoding and language comprehension, and that both components make independent contributions to reading skill (Gough & Tunmer, 1986). The model posits that there are good readers and three types of poor readers—dyslexic, hyperlexic, and garden variety—who exhibit different profiles of strengths and/or deficits in word decoding and language comprehension. In this study, 165 first- and second-year high school students studying Spanish as a second language in the United States were administered standardized measures of Spanish word decoding, pseudoword decoding, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. Participants' scores were compared to monolingual Spanish readers from grades 1 to 9 and then classified according to SVR reader types. The majority of students met the hyperlexic profile (good word decoding, poor reading comprehension). No participant fit the dyslexic criteria (poor decoding, good reading comprehension), and none met the good reader criteria (good word decoding, good reading comprehension) at a level higher than that of second-grade monolingual Spanish learners.
Total, resting, and activity-related energy expenditures are similar in Caucasian and African-American children

There is some evidence to suggest that ethnic differences in energy expenditure in adults may modulate different propensities for obesity. However, there is lack of data for the components of energ...
The Impact of Anticipated Regret on the Auction Seller's Optimal Reserve and Decision Making Task

We examine how optimal reserve prices, and the market information that sellers need to collect, change when sellers in open English auctions anticipate regret from setting the reserve so high that their property does not sell. We find that this regret can create reserves that have multiple optima, depend on the number of bidders, and equal the seller's own valuation. Regret can also make the seller's payoff less sensitive to the reserve. These results do not occur for regretless sellers. These results complicate decision-making and information gathering for regretful sellers, who need to obtain more market information to set the optimal reserve compared to regretless sellers. We find that regret's impact depends on how the seller forms regret, and compare three types - constant, best possible outcome, and close miss regret. The extent of polarization in bidder valuations affects regret's impact on reserves for some regret forms but not for others. Vickrey auctions create additional opportunities for anticipated regret that raise optimal reserves compared to open English auctions, and cause reserves to depend on the number of bidders.
Hetero-junctions of boron nitride and carbon nanotubes: Synthesis and characterization

Hetero-junctions of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are expected to have appealing new properties that are not available from pure BNNTs and CNTs. Theoretical studies indicate that BNNT/CNT junctions could be multifunctional and applicable as memory, spintronic, electronic, and photonics devices with tunable band structures. This will lead to energy and material efficient multifunctional devices that will be beneficial to the society. However, experimental realization of BNNT/CNT junctions was hindered by the absent of a common growth technique for BNNTs and CNTs. In fact, the synthesis of BNNTs was very challenging and may involve high temperatures (up to 3000 degree Celsius by laser ablation) and explosive chemicals. During the award period, we have successfully developed a simple chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique to grow BNNTs at 1100-1200 degree Celsius without using dangerous chemicals. A series of common catalyst have then been identified for the synthesis of BNNTs and CNTs. Both of these breakthroughs have led to our preliminary success in growing two types of BNNT/CNT junctions and two additional new nanostructures: 1) branching BNNT/CNT junctions and 2) co-axial BNNT/CNT junctions, 3) quantum dots functionalized BNNTs (QDs-BNNTs), 4) BNNT/graphene junctions. We have started to understand their structural, compositional, more » and electronic properties. Latest results indicate that the branching BNNT/CNT junctions and QDs-BNNTs are functional as room-temperature tunneling devices. We have submitted the application of a renewal grant to continue the study of these new energy efficient materials. Finally, this project has also strengthened our collaborations with multiple Department of EnergyA¢ÂÂs Nanoscale Science Research Centers (NSRCs), including the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINTs) at Sandia National Laboratories and Los Alamos National Laboratory. Results obtained during the current funding period have led to the publication of twelve peer reviewed articles, three review papers, two book and one encyclopedia chapters, and thirty eight conference/seminar presentation. One US provisional patent and one international patent have also been filed. « less
A New Form of Epstein-Barr Virus Latency in vivo

Epstein-Barr virus is a human herpesvirus that is associated with a number of tumors including Burkitts lymphoma, immunoblastic lymphoma, Hodgkins lymphoma, rare T cell lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, suggesting a relatively broad tissue tropism for the virus in vivo [1,2]. Immunosuppression through allograft transplantation or HIV infection is known to promote the development of EBV positive tumors, particularly immunoblastic lymphomas. In vitro the virus has a strong tropism for B cells which it infects and causes to become latently infected, immortalized lymphoblasts. This is the only model system for EBV latency in a normal cell. These latently infected cells express 9 known latent proteins and high levels of cell surface markers, such as CD23, that are characteristically expressed on activated B cells [3,4].
EXPRESSION OF FOREIGN GENES IN RECOMBINANT PLASMIDS UNDER THE CONTROL OF T7 AND T3 LATE PROMOTERS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the expression of foreign genes in recombinant plasmids under the control of T7 and T3 late promoters. Bacteriophages T3 and T7 code for structurally simple RNA polymerases. These enzymes are highly selective and initiate transcription only from homologous late promoters. DNA fragments containing the late promoters have been inserted into recombinant plasmids. When cells harboring these plasmids are infected by the appropriate phage, the promoters are recognized by the phage RNA polymerase resulting in the transcription of plasmid DNA sequences. The amount of RNA synthesized depends upon the orientation of the promoters within the plasmid. At maximal levels, a 6–10 fold increase in the level of plasmid transcription is observed upon the infection of the cells. As infection by T3 or T7 results in the inactivation of the host RNA polymerase, the only genes transcribed at late times after infection are those preceded by a late promoter. The highly selective nature of transcription suggests that these plasmids will serve as useful cloning vectors.
A shortened dental caries assay with the cotton rat.

SummaryA 30 day cotton rat assay was developed which gave results comparable to those obtained with rats assayed at 12 weeks. Age and growth rates were found to be factors which greatly affect the assay. Age and maturation of the tooth account for much of the biological variation encountered in experimental dental caries production and assay.
Solid State Coordination Chemistry of the Copper(II)/Pyridyl- and Pyrazine-Tetrazolate/Sulfate System

Hydrothermal reactions of Cu(SO4)·5H2O with pyridyl- and pyrazine-substituted tetrazoles provided a series of materials of the Cu(II)/imine-tetrazolate/SO42– class. [Cu3(OH)(H2O)3(3-pyrHtet-O)3(SO4)] (1) (3-pyrHtet-O = 2-hydroxy-3-Hpyridyltetrazolate) is molecular and exhibits the common {Cu3(μ3-OH)}5+ core. In addition, the pyridyl group of the ligand has been hydroxylated to the to the 2-hydroxy-3-Hpyridyltetrazole form. While the two-dimensional [Cu3(OH)2(H2O)3(3-pyrtet)2(SO4)] (2) also contains the {Cu3(μ3-OH)}5+, the 3-pyrtet ligands (3-pyridyltetrazolate) project outward from the cluster core to link to adjacent clusters in forming the network connectivity. The two-dimensional (Me2NH2)[Cu(2-pyrtet)(SO4)] (3) exhibits binuclear building units {Cu2(2-pyrtet)}2+ that link to adjacent units through the sulfato groups. In contrast, the pyrazinetetrazolate derivative, [Cu4(pyrztet)6(H2O)2(SO4)] (4), is constructed from {Cu4(tetrazolate)6(H2O)2(SO4)}n chains linked through the pyrazinetetrazolate ligands i...
Predictors of Extubation Success in Patients with Posterior Fossa Strokes.

Posterior fossa stroke is unique in its presentation and outcomes, and mechanical ventilation is commonly used in the management of these patients. We aimed to identify predictors of extubation success in patients with posterior fossa stroke, who require mechanical ventilation. We included consecutive adult patients admitted to the neurosciences ICU from January 2003 to December 2012. Extubation failure was defined as re-intubation within 7 days of extubation. A modified Rankin Scale score of 0–3 was considered a good outcome. We identified 150 patients with mean age of 65 ± 15.7 years with posterior fossa strokes; 77 (51 %) were hemorrhagic, and 73 (49 %) were ischemic. The most common reason for intubation was depressed consciousness (54 %). Fifty-two (35 %) were successfully extubated, 18 (12 %) failed extubation, 17 (11 %) patients had tracheostomy without attempted extubation, and 63 (42 %) were transitioned to palliative care prior to extubation. In the logistic regression analysis, controlling for transition to palliative care, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) score >6 at the time of intubation (p = 0.020), mechanical ventilation for less than 7 days (p = 0.004), and surgical evacuation of a hematoma (p = 0.058) were independently associated with successful extubation. The presence of cough, gag reflex, and absence of pneumonia/atelectasis were not associated with successful extubation. Success of extubation predicted a good outcome at hospital discharge. In posterior fossa stroke patients with a GCS ≤ 6 at the time of intubation and who remain intubated for more than 1 week, extubation is less likely to be successful, and tracheostomy should be considered.
STAMP: Enabling Privacy-Preserving Location Proofs for Mobile Users

Location-based services are quickly becoming immensely popular. In addition to services based on users' current location, many potential services rely on users' location history, or their spatial-temporal provenance. Malicious users may lie about their spatial-temporal provenance without a carefully designed security system for users to prove their past locations. In this paper, we present the Spatial-Temporal provenance Assurance with Mutual Proofs (STAMP) scheme. STAMP is designed for ad-hoc mobile users generating location proofs for each other in a distributed setting. However, it can easily accommodate trusted mobile users and wireless access points. STAMP ensures the integrity and non-transferability of the location proofs and protects users' privacy. A semi-trusted Certification Authority is used to distribute cryptographic keys as well as guard users against collusion by a light-weight entropy-based trust evaluation approach. Our prototype implementation on the Android platform shows that STAMP is low-cost in terms of computational and storage resources. Extensive simulation experiments show that our entropy-based trust model is able to achieve high $(>0.9)$ collusion detection accuracy.
A new species of Polyipnus (Teleostei: Stomiiformes) from the western Pacific, with comments on the P. triphanos species complex.

A new species of the teleostean family Sternoptychidae, Polyipnus notatus n. sp. , is described based on material collected mainly off Taiwan in the South China Sea. The new species is most similar to P. triphanos , based on the presence of a single posttemporal spine, lack of scale spination, and the second and third ACA (=supra-anal) photophores elevated relative to the first and connected to each other in a common organ. These characters typify other members of the P. asteroides species group that occur in various tropical to temperate ocean basins. Based on a limited sample of 27 specimens, P. notatus (maximum observed size 30.7 mm SL) appears to be smaller than most other congeners. It is also characterized by an unusual lateral pigment bar, which is narrow and distinctly triangular. Based on the material examined, the geographical distribution of the species appears to be restricted to the South China Sea and adjacent minor ocean basins.
Overall Employment and Income Strategies

Latin American countries have a better record of income growth than of either creating employment or improving income distribution. They seem incapable of incorporating all those able and willing to work into high productivity employment. They have been unable to achieve a rapid enough growth of income and productivity in the countryside and urban areas, in rural agriculture as well as rural services, in remote provinces as well as in the capital cities, in education, transportation as well as industry and mining, so that all labourers can contribute to output and receive a fair share of aggregate income and expenditures.1
Public Utility Rate Making and Competitive Structure: Carterfone in Jeopardy

The last 15 years have seen the beginning of major changes in the structure of the telecommunications industry. Through a series of decisions, the Federal Communications Commission has revitalized competition in a number of critical areas, although without directly altering the basic telephone network monopoly of the Bell System.1 The Commission has made alternative opportunities legally available and/or economically feasible through private microwave systems,2 specialized common carrier micro-wave service,3 communications satellites,4 and private ownership and non-Bell supply of terminal equipment (the so-called foreign attachments).5 These innovations have reflected industry growth, technological development, persuasive pressure from firms desirous of competing with the Bell System, and imaginative Commission attitudes and policies.6
Thrombomodulin-Dependent Protein C Activator Treatment Improves the Short-Term Outcome of Experimental Ischemic Stroke in Mice.

High dose human or mouse activated protein C (APC) treatment is neuroprotective in the transient intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion model of ischemic stroke, in mice. However, the therapeutic potential of systemic APC treatment in stroke might be limited because it can disable hemostasis. Low dose thrombomodulin-dependent protein C activator (PCA) enzyme treatment can generate antithrombotic APC on the intraluminal surface without profound systemic anticoagulation and antihemostatic effects in primates. We thus explored whether PCA treatment could produce short term outcome benefits in comparison to fibrinolysis with tPA in the mouse stroke model. Stroke was induced by MCAO between 0 and 60 min using an intraluminal filament that causes progressive and occlusive secondary thrombosis in the MCA region. Cortical perfusion as a measure of thrombotic occlusion was monitored from start until 75 min, i.e., following removal of the intraluminal filament. Cerebral infarct size (% brain volume, TTC stain), edema (% brain volume; calculated), and neurological damage scores (scale 0 – 5) were assessed in survivors at sacrifice next day. All animals (N=12 to 16 in each treatment group) were evaluated for macroscopic hemorrhage (intracerebral or other sites) on autopsy after death. Treatments with vehicle (saline bolus), recombinant PCA thrombin analog W215A/E217A (0.025 mg/kg IV bolus) or plasminogen activator (2.5 mg/kg Bolus, [tPA-B], or 10 mg/kg Infusion for 45 min, [tPA-I]) were started 15 min after initiation of MCAO. One day mortality rates were similar: 29% in the PCA, 38% in the tPA-B, and 23% in the tPA-I treatment groups vs. 23% in vehicle controls (P>0.05 each). Cerebral infarct size was reduced by 62%, 43%, and 73% in the PCA bolus, tPA-B, and tPA-I treated groups, respectively (p
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy

Ten infants with congenital myotonic dystrophy admitted to the Dept Pediatrics and Neonatal Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, 1982-86, were investigated by ultrasonography or CT brain scans between 1 day and 2 months of age.
Convergence or Divergence: Practice of Science by Migrant Faculty in India and the United States

Do immigrant faculty trained in American higher education institutions adopt the outlook and practices of native US scientists and engineers (“convergence”), or do they diverge from such practices?...
Socioeconomic Status and Care Metrics for Women Diagnosed With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

IN BRIEF Appropriate management of hyperglycemia can significantly attenuate perinatal risks associated with a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This article reports on a study evaluating the independent associations of maternal income and education with select measures of GDM management. This exploratory study demonstrates notable socioeconomic differences in select measures of GDM management. Additional studies are needed to determine the reasons for these differences and whether they exist in broader populations.
Superdense codes transmitted over optical fiber links decoded deterministically using time-polarization hyperentanglement

We report the first demonstration of superdense coding over optical fiber links, taking advantage of a complete Bell-state measurement enabled by time-polarization hyperentanglement, linear optics, and common single-photon detectors. We demonstrate the highest single-qubit channel capacity to date encoding on a single-degree of freedom utilizing linear optics, 1.665±0.018, and we provide a full experimental implementation of a hybrid, quantum-classical communication protocol for image transfer.
Body Temperature in Premature Infants During the First Week of Life: Exploration Using Infrared Thermal Imaging

Abstract Background Hypothermia is a problem for very premature infants after birth and leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Previously we found very premature infants exhibit abnormal thermal patterns, keeping foot temperatures warmer than abdominal temperatures for their first 12 h of life. Purpose We explored the utility of infrared thermography as a non-invasive method for measuring body temperature in premature infants in an attempt to regionally examine differential temperatures. Results Our use of infrared imaging to measure abdominal and foot temperature for extremely premature infants in heated, humid incubators was successful and in close agreement using Bland and Altman technique with temperatures measured by skin thermistors. Conclusions Our study methods demonstrated that it was feasible to capture full body temperatures of extremely premature infants while they were resting in a heated, humid incubator using a Flir SC640 infrared camera. This technology offers researchers and clinicians a method to examine acute changes in perfusion differentials in premature infants which may lead to morbidity.
Analysis of Sequence Configurations of the ISDR, PKR-Binding Domain, and V3 Region as Predictors of Response to Induction Interferon-α and Ribavirin Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis C Infection

Interferon (IFN) and ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection yields a sustained response rate of only ∼40%. Previous studies have linked IFN responsiveness to viral sequence variation in parts of the E2 and NS5A genes, but this remains controversial. We studied pretreatment sera from 28 subjects (23 with HCV genotype 1a) who received high-dose IFN induction followed by IFN–ribavirin combination therapy. Serum HCV sequences were amplified and compared from 14 responders with undetectable HCV RNA 24 weeks after therapy and 11 nonresponders (excluding three who dropped out of the study). Analysis included the E2 PKR eIF-2α phosphorylation homology domain (PePHD, codons 659–670), where the sequence was well conserved, and codons 2001–2420 of NS5A. In NS5A, the proposed PKR binding domain (codons 2209–2274), containing the putative IFN sensitivity determining region (ISDR, codons 2209–2248), showed too little variation among subjects to differentiate responders and nonresponders. NS5A codons 2356–2385 (which includes the V3 region) exhibited more variation. Here, six of 12 genotype 1a responders showed four or more amino acid changes from the prototype HCV-1 sequence, as compared with one of eight nonresponders, but this fell short of statistical significance (P = 0.16). NS5A sequences from posttreatment sera were examined in six nonresponders to look for selection of treatment-resistant viral subpopulations, but no consistent change was detected. In conclusion, our results indicate that the sequences of the ISDR, the PKR-binding domain, and the PePHD are unlikely to have predictive value for IFN treatment success in those infected with HCV genotype 1a. However, the finding of greater variability among treatment responders in the carboxy end of NS5A suggests that the V3 region merits further investigation.
Clinical Outcomes after Pulmonary Cryoablation with the Use of a Triple Freeze Protocol.

Abstract Purpose To elucidate clinical variables associated with safety and efficacy in patients after cryoablation of pulmonary tumors with the use of a triple freeze protocol. Materials and Methods Percutaneous cryoablation of pulmonary tumors was performed using Galil Medical cryoprobes (Arden Hills, Minnesota) with a triple freeze protocol: 67 nodules in 42 patients were treated at a single institution from 2012 to 2016. Average nodule diameter was 1.6 cm (range 0.4–5.9); 13 nodules (19.4%) were pathologically determined to be a primary lung malignancy, whereas 54 (80.6%) were metastatic nodules of extrapulmonary origin. Average patient age was 68.1 years (range 39.6–89.6), and the male-female ratio was 1.3:1. Ipsilateral thoracic surgery, intervention, or radiotherapy had been performed before the first cryoablation in 18 patients (42.9%). Mean imaging follow-up was 326 days (range 9–1,152). Results Pneumothorax occurred in 19 cases (33.9%), 7 (12.5%) requiring chest tube, the likelihood of which was significantly greater in patients with 3 or more cryoprobes ( P P Conclusions Cryoablation of pulmonary tumors with the use of a triple freeze protocol is a viable modality with low recurrence and complication rates.
Myosin goes for blood.

A major achievement of 20th century cell biology was the identification of the membrane cytoskeleton in mammalian red blood cells (RBCs) (1). This cytoskeletal network is comprised of long, flexible (α1β1)2 spectrin tetramers that are linked together by short, actin filament-based, junctional complexes to form a 2D, quasi-hexagonal lattice (2, 3). This lattice is then tethered to the RBC’s plasma membrane by numerous interactions, most notably the ankyrin B-dependent interaction of spectrin with band 3, an abundant transmembrane protein in RBCs. The RBC’s characteristic biconcave shape, as well as its physical properties—strong enough to withstand high shear forces, yet flexible enough to pass through capillaries half its diameter—are made possible by this membrane cytoskeleton. Two remarkable facts about the actin filament-based junctional complexes in this network are that they contain ∼96% of the RBC’s total actin, and that the single actin filament present in each complex is always ∼37 nm in length. Precise length control is created by the presence of capping proteins at the barbed and pointed ends of the junctional actin filament (αβ-adducin and tropmodulin, respectively), and two “short” tropomyosin isoforms (TM5b and TM5NM1) that extend along most of the junctional filament’s length. Importantly, the uniform length of junctional actin filaments permits just six spectrin attachments per filament, thereby promoting the network’s quasi-hexagonal symmetry. While junctional actin filaments are generally considered to be quite static, especially relative to actin filaments in the cortex of typical cells, they do undergo subunit exchange. When considering actin function in many cellular contexts, nonmuscle myosin 2 (NM2) naturally comes to mind, as these motors are the major actin-based contractile machines in most cell types (4, 5). Consistently, NM2s power a wide range of fundamental cellular processes, including cell migration, cytokinesis, tissue morphogenesis, and epithelial barrier … [↵][1]1Email: hammerj{at}nhlbi.nih.gov. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in Brain Synaptic Remodeling

Synapses are the functional connection between neurons which are necessary for the transfer of electric activity or chemical activity from one cell to another. Synapses are formed by the pre- and postsynaptic membrane which communicates between pre- and postneurons while a neurochemical modulator is operated in this process. H2S has been known as a toxic gas with rotten eggs smell. However, increasing number of researches show that it regulate a variety of physiological and pathological processes in mammals. Hence, H2S is a physiologically important molecule and has been referred to as the third gaseous molecule alongside carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. The previous era has made an exponential development in the physiological and pathological significance of H2S. Specifically, in the central nervous system, H2S facilitates long-term potentiation and regulates intracellular calcium concentration in brain cells. We as well as others have also shown that H2S has antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties against various neurodegenerative disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia. In this chapter, we highlight the current knowledge of H2S and its neuroprotective effects with a special emphasis on synaptic remodeling.
Prioritizing, Monitoring, Assessing, and Communicating Rehabilitation Efforts in Urbanized Watersheds

Remedying the effects of existing and growing urban areas on water quality, flow regime, and aquatic ecosystem function is a daunting challenge. Given the tens of millions of dollars committed to watershed restoration and rehabilitation and the uncertainty associated with effectiveness, there is a need to prioritize rehabilitation actions based on their potential for benefiting salmonids and watershed functions. Restoring ecosystem processes at the watershed-scale is generally assumed to have a much greater likelihood of long-term success than reach-scale rehabilitation or enhancement of individual habitat characteristics (Beechie and Bolton 1999), but most urban rehabilitation projects are still planned at the reach scale (Beechie et al. 2008). Restoration usually aims at restoring pre-disturbance conditions while rehabilitation targets short-term or local improvements when pre-disturbance conditions cannot be readily or are unlikely to be achieved (see Chap. 13). Recognizing the distinction between restoration and rehabilitation is essential to improving urbanized aquatic habitats because human structures and values constrain what can be ecologically achieved in urban and suburban areas. This chapter examines the fundamentals of prioritizing rehabilitation in urbanizing watersheds, assessing rehabilitation effectiveness, and communicating those results to multiple audiences.
Pectic changes in pears during storage and ripening

A study has been made of the pectic changes in different varieties of pears under cold storage and periodical ripening as a part of the different chemical changes taking place in the fruit under such conditions. The nature of pectic changes could be summarised as follows :
Abandoning ship at Scandia, Inc.: Part A

Scandia, Inc., is a commercial vessel management company located in the New York Metropolitan area and is part of a family of firms including Scandia Technical; International Tankers, Ltd.; Global Tankers, Ltd.; Sun Maritime S.A.;Adger Tankers AS; Leeward Tankers, Inc.; Manhattan Tankers, Ltd.; and Liuʼs Tankers, S.A. The companyʼs current market niche is the commercial management of chemical tankers serving the transatlantic market with a focus on the east and gulf coast of the United States and Northern Europe. This three-part case describes the commercial shipping industry as well as several mishaps that the company and its President, Chris Haas, have had to deal with including withdrawal of financial support by creditors, intercorporate firm conflict, and employee retention. Part A presents an overview of the commercial vessel industry and sets the stage for Parts B and C (to be published in the Spring 2011 issue) where the firmʼs operation is discussed.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer from ZrOCo Binuclear Light Absorber to Pyridine Elucidated by Transient Optical and Infrared Spectroscopy

All-inorganic heterobinculear units can be excited to a metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) state by visible and ultraviolet light and form the core of multicomponent artificial photosystems that rely on conjugated molecular wires to transmit electrons and holes across ultrathin silica separation membranes to catalytic sites. To understand electron transfer from a heterobinuclear unit to an organic molecule, model systems consisting of pyridine interacting with ZrIVOCoII or TiIVOCoII sites on silica nanoparticles were assembled and spectroscopically characterized. Transient optical absorption spectroscopy combined with infrared analysis revealed that visible light excitation of assemblies in which pyridine interacts with the Zr center of the ZrOCo unit results in sub-10 ns separation by electron transfer to the organic moiety. Rapid-scan FT-IR spectroscopy supported by density functional theory confirmed the identity of the pyridine radical anion charge-separated state. This state shows a lifetime of 22...
Enhanced Oxygen Solubility in Metastable Water under Tension

Despite its relevance in numerous natural and industrial processes, the solubility of molecular oxygen has never been directly measured in capillary-condensed liquid water. In this article, we measure oxygen solubility in liquid water trapped within nanoporous samples, in metastable equilibrium with a subsaturated vapor. We show that solubility increases two fold at moderate subsaturations (relative humidity ∼0.55). This evolution with relative humidity is in good agreement with a simple thermodynamic prediction using properties of bulk water, previously verified experimentally at positive pressure. Our measurement thus verifies the validity of this macroscopic thermodynamic theory to strong confinement and large negative pressures, where significant nonidealities are expected. This effect has strong implications for important oxygen-dependent chemistries in natural and technological contexts.
Mechanics of controlled release of insulin entrapped in polyacrylic acid gels via variable electrical stimuli

Controlled release insulin delivery systems possess multiple advantages over conventional ones, including maintaining desired blood glucose levels for prolonged periods and minimizing complications due to insulin overdose. Compared to other controlled-release mechanisms, electro-responsive polymers present the advantages of high controllability and ability to be coupled with microelectronics. This paper reports the possibility of using electro-responsive polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polymethacrylic acid (PMA) hydrogels for controlled delivery of insulin using intermittent electrical signals via matrix deformation. PAA hydrogels showed very good electrical responsivity under both constant and step current inputs, releasing up to 80% of protein at 10 V stimulus, compared to 20% release in the absence of stimulus. Analysis of spatial variation under electrical stimuli suggested that release of protein is a combined effect of deformation of the hydrogel and electrophoresis of protein molecules. Binding interaction analysis revealed that insulin entrapment is largely due to hydrogen bonding between the polymer matrix and insulin, and flooding the matrix with electrical charge likely disrupts the attractive forces that kept protein in place helping the release of the proteins. Understanding the molecular interactions affecting insulin retention and release mechanisms of PAA hydrogels is useful for developing and optimizing hydrogel-based controlled drug release systems.
Some Notes on the Energy Metabolism of Gadus callarias and Gadus virens in Relation to Body Size

The present work of oxygen consumption in Gadus callarias and Gadus virens shows that there is a connection between the body size and the acclimation time required for reaching a “normal” level of metabolism after being transferred to another aquarium (fig. : 1, 2, 3 & 4). The oxygen consumption under standard condition shows that there is a clear linear regression between the two variable used. However, the significant coefficient does not exclude the possibility of a difference in oxygen consumption in relation to the weight between small fish and bigger ones.
Associations of Caregiver-Oncologist Discordance in Prognostic Understanding With Caregiver-Reported Therapeutic Alliance and Anxiety.

Abstract Context Discordance in prognostic understanding between caregivers of adults with advanced cancer and the oncologist may shape caregivers' views of the oncologist and bereavement outcomes. Objectives We examined prospective associations of caregiver-oncologist discordance with caregiver-oncologist therapeutic alliance and caregiver anxiety after patient death. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of data collected in a cluster randomized controlled trial from August 2012 to June 2014 in Western New York and California. At enrollment, caregivers and oncologists used a seven-point scale to rate their beliefs about the patient's curability and living two years or more: 100%, about 90%, about 75%, about 50 of 50, about 25%, about 10%, and 0%. Discordance was defined as a difference of two points or more. Outcomes at seven months after patient death included caregiver-oncologist therapeutic alliance (The Human Connection scale, modified into five items) and caregiver anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7). We conducted multivariable linear regression models to assess the independent associations of discordance with alliance and anxiety. Results We included 97 caregivers (mean age 63) and 38 oncologists; 41% of caregiver-oncologist dyads had discordant beliefs about the patient's curability, and 63% of caregiver-oncologist dyads had discordant beliefs about living two years or more. On multivariate analysis, discordance in beliefs about curability was associated with lower anxiety (β = −2.20; SE 0.77; P = 0.005). Discordance in beliefs about length of life was associated with a weaker alliance (β = −5.87; SE = 2.56; P = 0.02). Conclusion A better understanding of how caregivers understand and come to terms with poor prognoses will guide interventions to improve cancer care delivery and outcomes of cancer treatment.
CRT-100.84 Complete Versus Culprit-Vessel-Only Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Multi-Vessel Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials

Studies comparing outcomes between complete revascularization (CR) versus culprit-vessel-only percutaneous coronary intervention (CV-PCI) in patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease (MVCAD) without cardiogenic shock in the setting of acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI
Current views on endocytosis in filamentous fungi.

Filamentous fungi grow by adding cell wall and membrane exclusively at the apex of tubular structures called hyphae. Growth was previously believed to occur only through exocytosis at the Spitzenkorper, an organised body of secretory macro- and microvesicles found only in growing hyphae. More recent work has indicated that an area deemed the sub-apical collar is enriched for endocytosis and is also required for hyphal growth. It is now generally believed that polarity of filamentous fungi is achieved through the balancing of the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis at these two areas. This review is an update on the current progress and understanding surrounding the occurrence of endocytosis and its spatial regulation as they pertain to growth and pathogenicity in filamentous fungi.
Modeling the Propagation of Salmonella within Bulk Almond Using Discrete Element Method Particle Simulation Technique

Abstract Modeling the propagation of bacterial cross-contamination within bulk material is a critical task for validating the microbial safety of the complex post-harvest processing of tree nuts. In this paper, discrete element method (DEM) coupled with a heat transfer modeling was applied to a bacterial cell transfer problem, and the model outputs were translated into the case of bulk almond kernels contaminated with Salmonella in a mixing process. The DEM model was calibrated via a small-scale (0.2 kg) dry transfer experiment with flat rotary drum mixing trials, and validated with medium-scale experimental data (1 kg) in terms of spatial-temporal distribution of the contamination in the bulk material. Thereafter, the DEM model was tested to simulate a large-scale drum mixing simulation (200 kg), which demonstrated its expandability with reasonable bacterial propagation outcomes. This study demonstrated that DEM is an efficient tool for modeling complex bacterial cross-contamination/propagation during bulk food material processing.
Medical and Endoscopic Management of Crohn Disease.

ABSTRACT In this review, through a series of questions and answers, we explore the current approach to classifying patients with Crohn disease into low-risk (mild-moderate) and high-risk (moderate-severe) categories with the recommended treatment approaches per guidelines from the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, American Gastroenterological Association, the American College of Gastroenterology, and the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization detailed here. The development pipeline of potential therapies is also summarized. We also review key information from magnetic resonance enterography and pelvis imaging studies that the abdominal radiologist can communicate to a multidisciplinary treatment team that includes gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons, with a goal of achieving optimal patient outcomes. Lastly, endoscopic and radiological treatment targets in a treat-to-target approach in Crohn disease are explored.
Oregon's Constitutional Barriers to Carbon Pricing

Oregon is generally considered to be an environmentally conscious state. Oregon was one of the original participants in the Western Climate Initiative (WCI), a multi-state effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). However, Oregon has not yet adopted statewide climate legislation since 2007, when it adopted GHG reduction targets: 10 percent below 1990 levels by 2020 and 75 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. According to a 2017 report, these targets are unlikely to be achieved. In an effort to improve the chances of meeting these targets, the Oregon legislature has studied implementation of a carbon tax. However, a carbon tax faces barriers due to two provisions in the Oregon Constitution: the limitation on the use of fuel tax revenue and the 3/5 majority requirement for enacting new taxes. These provisions were both added to the Oregon Constitution by voter initiative, a form of direct democracy through which voters can create law without interference from the legislature. This chapter will first provide background information on Oregon’s location, weather, population characteristics, industry, and sources of carbon emissions. This background information will show that Oregon’s GHG emissions come primarily from transportation. The next section will explore the history of Oregon’s Constitution and the voter initiative process. Then the chapter will examine the two salient provisions in depth, including judicial interpretations of those provisions. The following section will discuss Oregon’s efforts to mitigate climate change, including Oregon’s participation in WCI, its renewable portfolio standard, tax incentives for renewable energy, and carbon tax and cap-and-trade program proposals. Finally, the chapter will assess Oregon’s progress, focusing on the recently enacted transportation bill and the still ongoing conversation about carbon taxes.
Recent Advancements in Pyrrole Synthesis

This review article features selected examples on the synthesis of functionalized pyrroles that were reported between 2014 and 2019. Pyrrole is an important nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycle that can be found in numerous compounds of biological and material significance. Given its vast importance, pyrrole continues to be an attractive target for the development of new synthetic reactions. The contents of this article are organized by the starting materials, which can be broadly classified into four different types: substrates bearing π-systems, substrates bearing carbonyl and other polar groups, and substrates bearing heterocyclic motifs. Brief discussions on plausible reaction­ mechanisms for most transformations are also presented. 1 Introduction 2 From π-Systems 2.1 Alkenes 2.2 1,6-Dienes 2.3 Allenes 2.4 Alkynes 2.5 Propargylic Groups 2.6 Homopropargylic Amines 3 From Carbonyl Compounds 3.1 Aldehydes 3.2 Ketones 3.3 Cyanides and Isocyanides 3.4 Formamides 3.5 β-Enamines 3.6 Dicarbonyl Compounds 4 From Polar Compounds 4.1 Aminols 4.2 Diols 4.3 Organonitro Compounds 5 From Heterocycles 5.1 Munchnones 5.2 Isoxazoles 5.3 Carbohydrates 5.4 trans-4-Hydroxy- l -prolines 5.5 Pyrrolines 6 Summary
Did COVID 19 highlight disparities in stroke care: A real-world study of telehealth utilization between urban and suburban populations in a health care system

A viable alternative to in person assessments, telemedicine offered providers cost effective and safe alternative to patient care delivery during COVID19. Resource limitations, state and organizati...
Toward a Neuropsychology of Spiritual Development in Adolescence

Adolescents’ brains undergo development that enables and is enabled by emerging capacities for transcendent thoughts and emotions. These newly emerging psychological capacities form the basis for age-appropriate spiritual development because they push youth to move beyond considering only concrete actions and perceptions to deal with the values and broader meaning that social situations invoke. The current article reviews evidence for brain development relevant to transcendent thought, and argues that the neural underpinnings of these capacities present a useful starting point for studying the possible neural basis of adolescent spiritual development. Reviewing evidence that adolescents grow their brains and selves by actively making meaning in and through supportive social relationships and deeper reflections, the article posits that developmentally appropriate spiritual thinking may also grow the adolescent brain. Situating spirituality at the intersection of biological and psychological homeostasis, the article argues for the interest and benefits of launching a theoretically grounded interdisciplinary research program investigating the neuropsychological basis of adolescent spirituality.