cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximizing the Impact of Training Initiatives for Health Professionals in Low-Income Countries: Frameworks, Challenges, and Best Practices.

Historically the impact of many health professional training initiatives in low-income countries has been limited by narrow focus on a small set of diseases inefficient utilization of donor funding inadequate scale up insufficient emphasis on the acquisition of practical skills poor alignment with local priorities and lack of coordination. Fortunately several innovative training initiatives have emerged over the past five years in sub-Saharan Africa. This article focuses on four initiatives funded by the United States government: the Medical Education Training Partnership Initiative (MEPI) the Nursing Training Partnership Initiative (NEPI) the Rwanda Human Resources for Health Program (HRH Program) and the Global Health Service Partnership (GHSP). The best practices adopted by these initiatives are: alignment to local priorities country ownership competency-based training institutional capacity building and the establishment of long-lasting partnerships with international stakeholders. Based on these best practices we outline a framework for health professional training initiatives that can help better address the health workforce shortage in low-income countries. Summary points.
Ultra-low contact resistivity with highly doped Si:P contact for nMOSFET

We report a record setting low NMOS contact Rc of 2e−9 Ωcm2 with an all-silicon based solution. The ultra-low contact resistivity of Ti/Si system of 2e−9 Ωcm2 has been demonstrated with Highly Doped Si:P (HD Si:P) EPI layer which is compatible with FinFET S/D structures combined with millisecond laser anneal activation (DSA). Additionally, we show the pathway to further improve contact resistivity with HD Si:P using P implantation followed by laser anneal to reach the contact resistivity requirement for the 10nm or 7 nm nodes.
PAIN IN THE POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME.

Abstract 1. 1. Four patients with polycystic ovary syndrome are presented, in whom abdominal pain was the predominant presenting complaint. 2. 2. The occurrence of amenorrhea, irregular vaginal bleeding and an apparently unilateral adnexal mass in polycystic ovary syndrome is not unusual. If one adds low abdominal pain and tenderness to this, this group of patients must be included in the differential diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.
Caveolin-2 associates with intracellular chlamydial inclusions independently of caveolin-1

Background Lipid raft domains form in plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells by the tight packing of glycosphingolipids and cholesterol. Caveolae are invaginated structures that form in lipid raft domains when the protein caveolin-1 is expressed. The Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that replicate entirely within inclusions that develop from the phagocytic vacuoles in which they enter. We recently found that host cell caveolin-1 is associated with the intracellular vacuoles and inclusions of some chlamydial strains and species, and that entry of those strains depends on intact lipid raft domains. Caveolin-2 is another member of the caveolin family of proteins that is present in caveolae, but of unknown function.
On the relative merits of correlated and importance sampling for Monte Carlo integration

Given a totally finite measure space ( S , S , μ) and two μ-integrable, non-negative functions f ( x ) and φ( x ) defined in S , such that when then we define correlated sampling as the technique of estimating by sampling an estimator function where ξ is uniformly distributed in S with respect to μ (i.e. for any T ∈ S , p ( T ) = μ( T )/μ( S ) is the probability that ξ lies in T ): and importance sampling as estimating L by sampling the estimator function where η is distributed in S with probability density φ( x )/Φ Then, clearly, It follows that υ(ξ) and ν(η) are both unbiased estimators of L , and that their variances can both be made to approach zero arbitrarily closely by making φ( x ) a sufficiently close approximation to f ( x ).
Robert T. Morris, M.D.—appreciation of an enlightened surgeon and pioneer of ovarian transplantation

Objective To show that ovarian transplantation is a promising strategy for preserving fertility in young women and children who have cryopreserved tissue before undergoing potentially sterilizing treatment for cancer and other conditions. Conclusion Credit for the first transplants is because of a forgotten pioneer, Robert Morris of New York, who was an innovative surgeon as well as a model clinical investigator over a century ago.
Hotbeds of Activism: Locations of Student Protest

Some colleges and universities stand out in the popular imagination as hotbeds of political activism, while others do not. In this paper, I examine the factors that account for this variation in campus activism: why student activism occurred on some campuses during the 1960s and not others. With some notable exceptions (e.g., Soule 1997) theoretical developments and insights in the social movement literature have not been applied to student activism. In addition, most existing studies of student protest are ahistorical. They examine protest only within one time period, failing to recognize the influence of history and culture in fostering protest activity. I use social movement theory to explore the factors that influence the location of student protest, and develop the hypothesis that a history of activism is strongly associated with student protest. I also demonstrate that locations that have protest around one issue are likely to have protest around multiple issues. I suggest that this is due to the influence of activist subcultures, which underlie movement families within a protest cycle, influencing the ideology and tactics of activist organizations. A sample of 423 colleges forms the basis for these analyses, conducted using logistic and OLS regression models.
A new species of Neofedrizzia (Acarina: Trigynaspida: Fedrizziidae) from the Philippines

Abstract The female and male of Neofedrizzia leonilae n. sp. collected from Philippine passalid beetle are described and illustrated. Comments and characteristics for Neofedrizzia are given.
The Omega Upgrade laser facility for direct-drive experiements

In conclusion, we expect that the OMEGA Upgrade will provide a unique capability for the national inertial fusion program. Present plans call for the completion of the OMEGA Upgrade laser facility by the end of 1994. By the end of the experimental program conclusion (circa 2000), this program will have: 1. Developed and demonstrated drive uniformity techniques for high-performance direct-drive targets. 2. Investigated parametric instability scaling with laser intensity and plasma scale length. 3. Investigated fuel-pusher interface stability and mix. 4. Developed and demonstrated advanced cryogenic target fabrication techniques. 5. Investigated pulse shaping requirements for scaled high-performance targets. 6. Conducted direct-drive experiments approaching ignition conditions.
The Residue Mass of L-Pyrrolysine in Three Distinct Methylamine Methyltransferases

Single in-frame amber (UAG) codons are found in the genes encoding MtmB, MtbB, or MttB, the methyltransferases initiating methane formation from monomethylamine, dimethylamine, or trimethylamine, respectively, in certain Archaea. The crystal structure of MtmB demonstrated that the amber codon codes for pyrrolysine, the 22nd genetically encoded amino acid found in nature. Previous attempts to visualize the amber-encoded residue by mass spectrometry identified only lysine, leaving information on the existence and structure of pyrrolysine resting entirely on crystallography of a single protein. Here we report successful mass spectral characterization of naturally occurring pyrrolysine and the first demonstration of the amber-encoded residue in proteins other than MtmB. The sequencing of chymotryptic fragments from acetonitrile-denatured proteins by tandem mass spectrometry revealed the mass of the amber-encoded residue in MtmB, MtbB, and MttB as 237.2 ± 0.2 Da. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry produced an accurate measurement for the pyrrolysyl-residue as 237.1456 Da, within error limits of the predicted mass based on the empirical formula C12H19N3O2. These measurements support the structure of pyrrolysine in MtmB as 4-methylpyrroline-5-carboxylate in amide linkage with the ϵN of lysine but not the alternative structure in which the 4-substituent of the pyrroline ring is an amine group. The presence of pyrrolysine with statistically identical mass in all three methyltransferases is in keeping with the proposed direct incorporation of pyrrolysine into protein during translation of the UAG codon and suggests that MtbB and MttB may exploit the unusual electrophilicity of pyrrolysine during catalysis.
Subwavelength resolution of conical Fresnel zone lens

Compared to the bulky and heavy ordinary lens the Fresnel zone (FZ) plate has the advantage of being thin, light and easy to manufacture. The ordinary lens, however, has a broadband and effective focusing. For a better FZ lens efficiency the next techniques are employed: subzone phase-correcting, curved (3D) zone surface or both put together. Here the second technique is illustrated in a Conical Fresnel Zone (CFZ) lens of Metal rings (Soret-type CFZM.υ.α lens), and both techniques are applied in a CFZ lens of Dielectric rings (Wood-type CFZD.υ.α lens) rings, where υ is the number of rings and α is the cone half-opening angle.
Particle-particle and particle-antiparticle interactions

Abstract A general method for the derivation of the particle-particle and particle-antiparticle interaction operators by methods of field theory is given, and it is applied to the electromagnetic electron-electron and electron-positon interactions as well as to the pionic proton-proton and proton-antiproton interactions.
Non-parametric maximum likelihood estimation of censored regression models

Abstract This paper presents a consistent estimator of a censored linear regression model which does not require knowledge of the distribution of the error term. The estimator considered here applies Duncan's (1982) suggestion that the likelihood function for the censored regression model be treated as a functional of both the unknown regression vector and the unknown error distribution. Our estimator is the majorizing regression vector for this non-parametric likelihood functional. We find conditions which ensure the consistency of the NPMLE. The paper concludes with the results of Monte Carlo experiments which show the NPMLE to be more efficient than Powell's Least Absolute Deviations (LAD) estimator, particularly when the fraction of censored observations is large and the sample size is small.
Synergistic Activation of NF-κB by Nontypeable H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae Is Mediated by CK2, IKKβ-IκBα and p38 MAPK

In review of the past studies on NF-kappaB regulation, most of them have focused on investigating how NF-kappaB is activated by a single inducer at a time. Given the fact that, in mixed bacterial infections in vivo, multiple inflammation inducers, including both nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Streptococcus pneumoniae, are present simultaneously, a key issue that has yet to be addressed is whether NTHi and S. pneumoniae simultaneously activate NF-kappaB and the subsequent inflammatory response in a synergistic manner. Here, we show that NTHi and S. pneumoniae synergistically induce NF-kappaB-dependent inflammatory response via activation of multiple signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo. The classical IKKbeta-IkappaBalpha and p38 MAPK pathways are involved in synergistic activation of NF-kappaB via two distinct mechanisms, p65 nuclear translocation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Moreover, casein kinase 2 (CK2) is involved in synergistic induction of NF-kappaB via a mechanism dependent on phosphorylation of p65 at both Ser536 and Ser276 sites. These studies bring new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the NF-kappaB-dependent inflammatory response in polymicrobial infections and may lead to development of novel therapeutic strategies for modulating inflammation in mixed infections for patients with otitis media and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.
Dopamine inhibits mitochondrial motility in hippocampal neurons.

Background The trafficking of mitochondria within neurons is a highly regulated process. In an earlier study, we found that serotonin (5-HT), acting through the 5-HT1A receptor subtype, promotes axonal transport of mitochondria in cultured hippocampal neurons by increasing Akt activity, and consequently decreasing glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3β) activity. This finding suggests a critical role for neuromodulators in the regulation of mitochondrial trafficking in neurons. In the present study, we investigate the effects of a second important neuromodulator, dopamine, on mitochondrial transport in hippocampal neurons.
Executive leadership and ITs technical details: teaching approach for Steelscreen.com and beyond

In this paper, I contend that executive leaders can and should be prepared to spot timely opportunities and prevent major failures, even if it requires understanding IT technical details. An essential part of executive leadership is exception management – and exceptions occur everywhere, often surfacing first as details, nothing more. Here I present two cases that show technology is no exception. In this paper, I outline how Steelscreen.com's and RoweCom's early years can illustrate why understanding IT technical details helps explain IT-related failures and successes. In particular, I outline the differences between the two stories and argue that the show stopper for Steelscreen was at its crux a technology detail – the other shortcomings could have been addressed elsewhere. I conclude with some recommendations for executive leaders and a brief outline of a teaching approach suggestion for an MBA or a Senior Executive IT class based on the ideas presented.
Colon cancer in pregnancy with elevated maternal serum α-fetoprotein level at presentation

A case of colon cancer in pregnancy is presented in which the maternal serum a-fetoprotein level was elevated. Failure to evaluate colon cancer as a cause of the elevated maternal serum a-fetoprotein may have accounted for the poor outcome.
Reworked palynomorphs from the West Ice Shelf area, East Antarctica, and their possible geological and palaeoclimatological significance

Abstract Glacial marine sediments in the vicinity of the West Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, contain abundant recycled spores, pollen and microplankton. Analysis of the reworked spore and pollen aggregates in terms of the known ranges of constituent species indicates that they derive from the erosion of Permian, Lower Cretaceous, and uppermost Cretaceous to Lower Tertiary strata. The microplankton component suggests that the Eocene part of the eroding sequence was deposited under marine conditions. Physical and geological considerations suggest that a source for the recycled material lies somewhere in the West Ice Shelf-Prydz Bay area. The presence of pollen of probable Eocene age in this part of East Antarctica is of palaeoclimatological interest, suggesting that forest cover existed in the region at that time. Previous studies have indicated that parts of West Antarctica were vegetated during the same interval. Such evidence for widespread vegetation cover is not compatible with ice-sheet development to continental proportions during the Eocene.
Molecular Structure in Soil Humic Substances: The New View

A critical examination of published data obtained primarily from recent nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy, electrospray ionization−mass spectrometry, and pyrolysis studies reveals an evolving new view of the molecular structure of soil humic substances. According to the new view, humic substances are collections of diverse, relatively low molecular mass components forming dynamic associations stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. These associations are capable of organizing into micellar structures in suitable aqueous environments. Humic components display contrasting molecular motional behavior and may be spatially segregated on a scale of nanometers. Within this new structural context, these components comprise any molecules intimately associated with a humic substance, such that they cannot be separated effectively by chemical or physical methods. Thus biomolecules strongly bound within humic fractions are by definition humic...
Modeling the impact of public management: implications of structural context

Management theory suggests that management matters in public organizations-its impact is conditional on structure and often nonlinear in form. This article distills much of the theoretical work on management in public organizations into a formal, testable model. Management is presented as more crucial in networks than in more structured hierarchies. Management influences organization performance by 1) creating structure for the organization and thus system stability, 2) buffering the organization from environmental influences, and 3) exploiting opportunities in the environment. Decisions about which of these actions to take are at the core of strategic management. This article is the first step in a full model of managerial action in public organizations.
Magnetic hysteresis of Ni nanowires

Magnetization processes in Ni nanowire arrays are investigated. The wires are produced by electrodepositing Ni into porous anodic alumina and exhibit coercivities of the order of 0.05 T (500 Oe) along the wire axis. Transmission-electron microscopy of freed wires shows that the wires are polycrystalline and resemble a chain of nanocrystallites. To model the hysteresis loops, the wires are treated as one-dimensional random-anisotropy magnets where the magnetocrystalline bulk anisotropy is a weak perturbation to the leading anisotropy contribution. The calculation yields an analytical equation for the magnetization as a function of the applied magnetic field. For small and moderate reversed fields, the agreement between theory and experiment is very good, but the applicability of the model breaks down close to the coercive field. This failure is explained by the neglect of higher-order perturbation terms describing, for example, magnetic localization effects.
An Effective Decentralized Nonparametric Quickest Detection Approach

This paper studies decentralized quickest detection schemes that can be deployed in a sensing environment where data streams are simultaneously collected from multiple channels located distributively to jointly support the detection. Existing decentralized detection approaches are largely parametric that require the knowledge of pre-change and post-change distributions. In this paper, we first present an effective nonparametric detection procedure based on Q-Q distance measure. We then describe two implementations schemes, binary quickest detection and local decision fusion by majority voting, that realize decentralized nonparametric detection. Experimental results show that the proposed method has a comparable performance to the parametric CUSUM test in binary detection. Its decision fusion-based implementation also outperforms the other three popular fusion rules under the parametric framework.
Preliminary observations on the inhibitory effect of tetracycline on alveolar bone loss in beagle dogs.

Alveolar bone loss of selected periodontally diseased teeth in four beagles receiving daily tetracycline per os. was compared to three untreated beagle dogs. The percentage and rate of bone loss was measured radiographically over a 47 month period. This included a preliminary period of 20 months when no animals received antibiotics, and 27 months in which 4 animals were each given 250 mg tetracycline hydrochloride daily. During the preliminary period, all dogs progressively lost alveolar bone. However, with the institution of tetracycline treatment further loss of alveolar bone in the treated animals was arrested or markedly diminished for various intervals of time before resuming the original more accel;erated rate of bone loss. Bone loss in one animal was arrested for 27 moknths, whereas in another dog, the period of arrested bone loss was only 5 monghs. In two animals, bone loss was arrested for 17 months. Bacterial samples from one periodontal pocket in each dog revealed that a Gram negative flora predominated in all animals. Tetracycline administration altered the pocket flora slightly with a shift to more gram positive organisms in the treated animals. The data suggest that daily tetracycline administered orally may be effective in slowing the progressive loss of alveolar bone in beagle dogs.
Supporting “Everyday Analysts” in Safety-and Time-Critical Situations

The need for quick, timely, and accurate information is critical in emergency events. During mass emergencies, people assemble information from both official and unofficial sources. As digital access expands, people will increasingly incorporate information from digital sources into decision making and assess it against the local circumstances they experience. If we extrapolate what such behavior means for the future, we can see that information management under emergency conditions will need to become increasingly socially distributed. The key question then is how to assess the quality of information: how “good” or “bad” it is; whether it is “misinformation” or “disinformation.” Borrowing from Simon's notion of satisficing, the authors argue that people's assessment of information helpfulness and credibility is a function of the “everyday analytic” skills they employ during mass emergencies. To facilitate the critical work of “everyday analysts,” we outline a research agenda for the development of analytical support tools.
Near infrared light scattering by terrestrial clouds

Terrestrial clouds near IR light scattering compared to reflectivity of water and ice particles, discussing Mie and multiple scattering
Myocardial Damage and Cardiac Arrhythmias After Intracranial Hemorrhage. A Critical Review

Evidence is presented which supports the theory that intracranial hemorrhage may secondarily cause myocardial damage and cardiac arrhythmias. Fatal intracranial hemorrhage occasionally is accompanied by ECG changes which are consistent with myocardial infarction; histological examination of the heart revealed a variable amount of myocardial damage. After intracranial hemorrhage in animals, myocardial damage was frequent. Similar myocardial damage was produced in animals by intravenous infusion of norepinephrine or acetylcholine and by electrical stimulation of the stellate ganglia, vagus nerve or mesencephalic reticular formation. Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias and various degrees of A-V block were reported in patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Similar cardiac arrhythmias were found in animals after intracranial hemorrhage, and with electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve, stellate ganglia or CNS centers. Available data suggest that increased or altered autonomic activity may be the mechanism whereby intracranial hemorrhage produces myocardial damage and cardiac arrhythmias. The efficacy of autonomic blockade in preventing myocardial damage, which was secondary to experimental intracranial hemorrhage in animals, was demonstrated. It is suggested that the initiation of therapy with autonomic blocking drugs, as soon as possible after the onset of intracranial hemorrhage in patients, may be useful in preventing myocardial damage and cardiac arrhythmias.
Chains of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles

Molecularly linked gamma-Fe2O3 nanoparticles chains arc produced from superparamagnetic gamma-Fe2O3 nanoparticles under zero applied magnetic field. The chains exhibit ferromagnetic interaction between gamma-Fe2O3 nanoparticles that compose them as evidenced by an increase in blocking temperature from similar to 80 K in the case of isolated nanoparticles to similar to 120 K for chains.
Benzodiazepines both enhance γ-aminobutyrate responses and decrease calcium action potentials in guinea-pig myenteric neurones

Abstract The effect of two benzodiazepines, midazolam and diazepam, was studied in guinea-pig myenteric neurones, using intracellular recording techniques. Both these benzodiazepines (100–300 pM) potentiated the rapidly desensitizing, bicuculline-sensitive depolarization, induced by α-aminobutyrate ionophoresis. Concentrations of midazolam and diazepam higher than 100nM depressed the γ-aminobutyrate-induced depolarization. The potentiating effect of the benzodiazepines was reversibly abolished by Ro 15–1788 (1–100 nM) and by pentylenetetrazol (100 μM). A second effect of midazolam and diazepam (100–300 pM) was a reversible depression of the amplitude and duration of the directly evoked action potential in 29% of neurones, without affecting membrane potential or conductance. The effect was very marked when electrodes were filled with CsCl, and was also seen in the presence of tetrodotoxin. In some but not all of these neurones, the amplitude and duration of the action potentials was reduced also by γ-aminobutyrate (1–10μM). Ro 15–1788 and pentylenetetrazol reversibly abolished the effect of benzodiazepines on the action potential, but not that of γ-aminobutyrate. Thus, benzodiazepines have two effects on myenteric neurones. The first is an enhancement of the γ-aminobutyrate response (activation of Cl conductance); the second is a depression of the calcium action potential, which appears to be independent of γ-aminobutyrate.
Ultrastructure of tubular myelin and lamellar bodies in fast-frozen adult rat lung.

In order to study the structure of membranes of tubular myelin and lamellar bodies (pulmonary surfactant), tissue from adult rat lung was prepared for freeze fracture by the rapid freezing method of Heuser et al. which requires no prior fixation or cryoprotection. Other tissues were freeze substituted and thin sectioned. A layer of tissue 50-100μ thick was well preserved, but alveoli were partially collapsed. Freeze-fractured lamellar bodies were composed of tightly packed stacks of smooth lamellae about 100 A thick. Cross-fractures through tubular myelin exposed membranes organized into the square lattice described earlier. Fractures parallel to the longitudinal axis exposed particles arranged in rows which coincided with the corners. Membrane faces between the rows were smooth. These observations suggest (1) that in vivo the content of lamellar bodies is most likely arranged in layers, (2) that tubular myelin is present in tissues unexposed to fixatives or lipid solvents, (3) that smooth-surfaced lamell...
A New Technique for Portable Gonioscopy

We have developed a new technique for low-power gonioscopic examination of the anterior chamber angle. We use X4 binocular loupes for magnification and a portable halogen-streak retinoscope as the light source focused on a gonioscopic lens.
Novel, movable, multianode x-ray source for imaging detector calibrations

We have developed a moveable, multi-anode, electron-induced x-ray source for calibrating x-ray imaging detector systems. The source features four water-cooled, copper-based anodes that are easily replaced and interchangeable under vacuum. A spherically symmetric filament and anode configuration yields very symmetrical source spot sizes variable from 1 to 5 mm diam. The source is coupled to vacuum by means of a triple-axis translator with x and z motions computer controlled to better than +/- 13 micrometers step accuracy. Absolute source flux is continuously monitored with a proportional counter. We characterize the source spot in detail by aiming the anode towards a pin-hole imaging x-ray detector system. To date we have used Co, Fe, Mg, and Ge vapor-deposited on copper anodes. When filtered with Ni or Mg foils, these emitting materials provide sets of four moderately pure x-ray lines below 1.5 keV. High deposition purity as well as 1E-7 torr source chamber pressures help reduce source degradation. Source translation and data acquisition are computer controlled using a Macintosh/LabVIEW software system. We discuss the application of our source configuration to spatial calibrations of extended pinhole and slit imaging detector systems. In addition, our multi-anode capability is useful for calibrating x-ray spectrograph response versus wavelength.
An apparatus for the simultaneous performance of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis at multiple pHs.

Abstract Optimization of the operative pH of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis can be carried out on a single workday by a single operator using a multichamber PAGE apparatus. The apparatus was shown to be capable of simulataneous gel electrophoresls at up to 10 different pH values.
A high resolution RH map of the bovine major histocompatibility complex

The cattle MHC is termed the bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) and, along with the MHCs of other ruminants, is unique in its genomic organization. Consequently, correct and reliable gene maps and sequence information are critical to the study of the BoLA region. The bovine genome sequencing project has produced two assemblies (Btau_3.1 and 4.0) that differ substantially from each other and from conventional gene maps in the BoLA region. To independently compare the accuracies of the different sequence assemblies, we have generated a high resolution map of BoLA using a 12,000rad radiation hybrid panel. Seventy-seven unique sequence tagged site (STS) markers chosen at approximately 50 kb intervals from the Btau 2.0 assembly and spanning the IIa-III-I and IIb regions of the bovine MHC were mapped on a 12,000rad bovine radiation hybrid (RH) panel to evaluate the different assemblies of the bovine genome sequence. Analysis of the data generated a high resolution RH map of BoLA that was significantly different from the Btau_3.1 assembly of the bovine genome but in good agreement with the Btau_4.0 assembly. Of the few discordancies between the RH map and Btau_4.0, most could be attributed to closely spaced markers that could not be precisely ordered in the RH panel. One probable incorrectly-assembled sequence and three missing sequences were noted in the Btau_4.0 assembly. The RH map of BoLA is also highly concordant with the sequence-based map of HLA (NCBI build 36) when reordered to account for the ancestral inversion in the ruminant MHC. These results strongly suggest that studies using Btau_3.1 for analyses of the BoLA region should be reevaluated in light of the Btau_4.0 assembly and indicate that additional research is needed to produce a complete assembly of the BoLA genomic sequences.
Streams in the urban heat island: spatial and temporal variability in temperature

AbstractStreams draining urban heat islands tend to be hotter than rural and forested streams at baseflow because of warmer urban air and ground temperatures, paved surfaces, and decreased riparian canopy. Urban infrastructure efficiently routes runoff over hot impervious surfaces and through storm drains directly into streams and can lead to rapid, dramatic increases in temperature. Thermal regimes affect habitat quality and biogeochemical processes, and changes can be lethal if temperatures exceed upper tolerance limits of aquatic fauna. In summer 2009, we collected continuous (10-min interval) temperature data in 60 streams spanning a range of development intensity in the Piedmont of North Carolina, USA. The 5 most urbanized streams averaged 21.1°C at baseflow, compared to 19.5°C in the 5 most forested streams. Temperatures in urban streams rose as much as 4°C during a small regional storm, whereas the same storm led to extremely small to no changes in temperature in forested streams. Over a kilometer ...
Cytoskeletal Connections: Building Strong Cells in New Ways

Cell and tissue integrity requires the coordination of actin and microtubules and the linkage of these cytoskeletal elements to cell junctions. New findings reveal that the cytoskeletal linker protein Short stop works with EB1 and APC1 to help carry out this function.
An Investigation of the 17O NMR Chemical Shifts in Oxiranes Using Magnetically Corrected Basis Sets

The results of theoretical and experimental investigation of 17O NMR chemical shifts for a number of epoxidic compounds are reported. The calculations were performed for the MP2/6-311G(d) level reference geometries using the GIAO and CSGT methods within the coupled Hartree−Fock perturbation theory. Various basis sets were applied in calculations of the chemical shifts. The performance of recently developed magnetically consistent basis sets and their advantages over the standard ones are discussed. The obtained results allow one to assign NMR signals for epoxides for which experimental data were obtained for the mixtures of stereoisomers.
1298 ZINC DEFICIENCY POTENTIATES ETHANOL EMBRYOPATHY

Alcoholism has adverse effects on zinc (Z) nutrition. We postulate that Z deficiency is synergistic with ethanol (E) in the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). We compared the effects of E on progeny of pregnant mice fed a Z deficient diet compared to a diet with high Z. Pregnant CBA mice (n=66) were fed the Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet with 0%, 157, or 20% E containing .3 (L) or 8 (H)μg/ cc Z. Dams were sacrificed on day 18 of gestation. Number of implantations (Imp), resorptions (Res), fetal (F) wt., and external malformations were recorded. Fetal Z and Z metalloenzymes, soft tissue anomalies, and skeletal malformations were assessed. Fetal weights were lower in the groups fed the Z deficient diet for each concentration of E (p<.005). The groups fed the combination of low Z plus E had 37-52% res, while the animals on the Z deficient diet without E or the high Z diet with E had 0-2% res. Skeletal malformations were related to E concentration but not Z intake, while soft tissue anomalies were higher in those maintained on the low Z-E diet. These results suggest that Z deficiency potentiated the teratogenic effects of E and that nutritional intervention might reduce the incidence or severity of FAS.
Cortical lesions interfere with behavioral recovery from unilateral substantia nigra lesions induced by brain grafts

Effects of aspiration lesions of the cerebral cortex on the behavioral effects of intraventricular substantia nigra grafts were investigated. Apomorphine-induced rotational behavior consequent to unilateral lesions of the substantia nigra was used as a behavioral measure. Substantia nigra grafts reduced rotational behavior in animals with sham cortical lesions. Cortical lesions also decreased rotational behavior and, in these animals, no additional decrease in rotational behavior was induced by substantia nigra grafts. It is concluded that cortical lesions alter striatal circuitry so as to preclude a behavioral effect of substantia nigra grafts.
Saturation Factors for Leakage Reactance or Induction Motors

The leakage reactance of an induction motor that determines the locked-rotor current at full voltage is generally much smaller than the reactance that determines the full-load power factor or the pullout torque. Anything that can be done to bring these extreme values of the reactance together is helpful, as the designer can thereby either reduce the locked-rotor current or increase the power factor and pullout torque, whichever he prefers. A chief cause of reduced reactance at locked rotor, i.e., under starting conditions, is magnetic saturation of the stator and rotor tooth tips, due to the combined effects of zigzag and slot-leakage flux. In this report, the way in which this saturation occurs is analyzed, and a method to account for it is developed. A chief conclusion of the paper is that the reactance saturation factor is sharply reduced if the angle between the air-gap periphery and the slope of the teeth overhang is small. For motors to be started on full voltage, this angle probably should be greater than 30 degrees, especially for rotors with closed-slot bridges. It is concluded also that the current versus voltage curve of an induction motor with locked rotor can be represented by a straight line, with slope fixed by the nonsaturating portion of the leakage reactance, that starts from a point on the zero-current axis at a voltage V0, where V0 is the voltage induced by the flux in the saturating portion of the reactance when these paths are saturated.
The Docking of Kinesins, KIF5B and KIF5C, to Ran-binding Protein 2 (RanBP2) Is Mediated via a Novel RanBP2 Domain

The Ran-binding protein 2 (RanBP2) is a vertebrate mosaic protein composed of four interspersed RanGTPase binding domains (RBDs), a variable and species-specific zinc finger cluster domain, leucine-rich, cyclophilin, and cyclophilin-like (CLD) domains. Functional mapping of RanBP2 showed that the domains, zinc finger and CLD, between RBD1 and RBD2, and RBD3 and RBD4, respectively, associate specifically with the nuclear export receptor, CRM1/exportin-1, and components of the 19 S regulatory particle of the 26 S proteasome. Now, we report the mapping of a novel RanBP2 domain located between RBD2 and RBD3, which is also conserved in the partially duplicated isoform RanBP2L1. Yet, this domain leads to the neuronal association of only RanBP2 with two kinesin microtubule-based motor proteins, KIF5B and KIF5C. These kinesins associate directly in vitro and in vivo with RanBP2. Moreover, the kinesin light chain and RanGTPase are part of this RanBP2 macroassembly complex. These data provide evidence of a specific docking site in RanBP2 for KIF5B and KIF5C. A model emerges whereby RanBP2 acts as a selective signal integrator of nuclear and cytoplasmic trafficking pathways in neurons.
Individualism, innovation, and long-run growth

Countries having a more individualist culture have enjoyed higher long-run growth than countries with a more collectivist culture. Individualist culture attaches social status rewards to personal achievements and thus, provides not only monetary incentives for innovation but also social status rewards, leading to higher rates of innovation and economic growth.
An Examination of Posttraumatic Growth and Posttraumatic Depreciation: Two Exploratory Studies

Will people report both posttraumatic growth and depreciation following a highly stressful event? Using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory as the measure of growth, two studies compared responses to equivalent items designed to assess depreciation. Both types of change were reported, but growth was reported at much higher levels, and there was no correlation between growth and depreciation. Small order and gender differences were found when the items were grouped into two separate sets, but not when equivalent items were paired. People experience both growth and depreciation on the same dimensions following a stressful event. Implications of these studies are discussed.
Fragrance material review on tetrahydromuguol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of tetrahydromuguol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Differential Shannon Entropy as a sensitive measure of differences in database variability of molecular descriptors.

A method termed Differential Shannon Entropy (DSE) is introduced to compare differences in information content and variance of molecular descriptors between compound databases. The analysis is based on histograms recording the individual and grouped distributions of molecular descriptors and calculation of Shannon entropy (SE), a formalism originally applied to digital communication. We have recently shown that SE values reflect the nonparametric variability of descriptor settings. Now the analysis has been advanced to assess differences in information content of 143 molecular descriptors in databases containing synthetic compounds, natural products, or drug-like molecules. The DSE metric captures the degree to which descriptor distributions complement or duplicate information contained in molecular databases. In our analysis, we observe significant differences for a number of descriptors and rank them according to their associated DSE values. Using DSE calculations, relative information content of differ...
A synthetic approach for (S)-(3-benzyl-3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-6-yl)-piperidin-1-yl-methanone, a selective CB2 receptor agonist

Abstract ( S )-(3-Benzyl-3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-6-yl)-piperidin-1-yl-methanone, a selective CB2 receptor agonist, was obtained from 3-hydroxy-4-iodo benzoic acid in nine steps with 97.4% ee and 3.4% total yield, which involved palladium catalyzed tandem intramolecular Heck/Suzuki cross coupling reaction, chemical resolution with (+)-norephedrine and Wolf–Kishner reaction as the key steps. ( S )-(3-Benzyl-3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-6-yl)-piperidin-1-yl-methanone will be evaluated in vivo studies and this approach will be applied in the optimization process of CB2 receptor agonist.
Writing Workshops for Eligibility Examiners

The three technical writing workshops a colleague and I gave to Idaho eligibility examiners were especially challenging because of the discrepancy in education and writing ability within each group — as well as our own initial ignorance of what eligibility examiners do and write. The workshops gradually improved as we modified our material based on our increased knowledge of the examiners and their work, became increasingly problem oriented in our approach, and effectively implemented our inductive pedagogy.
Selection Of Subdomains In Hierarchic Path Generation

Hierarchic decomposition has been shown to be an effective technique for efficiently generating near optimal paths through a defended area. The objective is to avoid the combinatorial difficulties associated with searching large graphs by confining the search to specific advantageous subregions. Within the subregions, paths are constructed using the A heuristic search algorithm. The decomposition into subdomains introduces local horizon effects to the path generation process. The local horizon problem arises as a consequence of the required connection of paths generated by independent search procedures in contiguous subdomains. Several techniques are introduced to facilitate the inter-region handoff. The effects of subdomain size and handoff technique on path quality and efficiency are analyzed.
Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Program Improves Task Performance in Patients With Heart Failure

Abstract Gary RA, Cress ME, Higgins MK, Smith AL, Dunbar SB. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise program improves task performance in patients with heart failure. Objectives To assess the effects of a home-based aerobic and resistance training program on the physical function of adults with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II and III patients and systolic heart failure (HF). Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Home based. Participants Stable patients (N=24; mean age, 60±10y; left ventricular ejection fraction, 25%±9%; 50% white; 50% women) with New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes II and III (NYHA class III, 58%) systolic heart failure (HF). Intervention A 12-week progressive home-based program of moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise. Attention control wait list participants performed light stretching and flexibility exercises. Main Outcome Measures A 10-item performance-based physical function measure, the Continuous Scale Physical Functional Performance test (CS-PFP10), was the major outcome variable and included specific physical activities measured in time to complete a task, weight carried during a task, and distance walked. Other measures included muscle strength, HRQOL (Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale), functional capacity (Duke Activity Status Index), and disease severity (brain natriuretic peptide) levels. Results After the exercise intervention, 9 of 10 specific task activities were performed more rapidly, with increased weight carried by exercise participants compared with the attention control wait list group. Exercise participants also showed significant improvements in CS-PFP10 total score ( P P Conclusions Patients with stable HF who participate in a moderate-intensity combined aerobic and resistance exercise program may improve performance of routine physical activities of daily living by using a home-based exercise approach. Performance-based measures such as the CS-PFP10 may provide additional insights into physical function in patients with HF that more commonly used exercise tests may not identify. Early detection of subtle changes that may signal declining physical function that are amenable to intervention potentially may slow further loss of function in this patient population.
Syntheses of 3,7-Dimethyl-8-hydroxy-6-methoxyisochroman, the 3,7-Dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-methoxy Isomer, and Their Ester and Ether Derivatives: Plant Growth Regulatory Activity

A systematic invesitgation of ester and ether derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-6-methoxyisochroman and 3,7-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-methoxyisochroman has established that all of the derivatives synthesized exhibited activity in the wheat coleoptile assay, with several of the compounds being more active than the parent systems. Keywords: Esters and ethers of isochroman; plant growth regulatory activity
Anxiety and its determinants in patients undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging

This study assessed anxiety reactions in 40 adults outpatients undergoing MRI. Ninety-five percent of the patients completed the procedure although 37% reported moderate to severe anxiety. It is concluded that (a) anxiety in patients undergoing MRI is a multifaceted phenomenon involving fear of enclosed places (claustrophobia), pain, the unknown, as well as apprehension about what the test might reveal, and (b) the best way to avoid traumatizing the patient is to assess these variables in advance of the procedure. Methods to reduce anxiety can then be tailored to the needs of the patient.
An approach for the interoperation of web-distributed applications with a design model

This paper defines the data and inference requirements for the integration of analysis applications with a product model described by a CAD/CAE application. Application input conditions often require sets of complex data that may be considered views of a product model database. We introduce a method that is compatible with the STEP and PLIB product description standards to define an intermediate model that selects, extracts, and validates views of information from a product model to serve as input for an engineering CAD/CAE application. The intermediate model framework was built and tested in a software prototype, the Internet Broker for Engineering Services (IBES). The first research case for IBES integrates applications that specify certain components, for example pumps and valves, with a CAD/CAE application. This paper therefore explores a sub-set of the general problem of integrating product data semantics between various engineering applications. The IBES integration method provides support for a general set of services that effectively assist interpretation and validate information from a product model for an engineering purpose. Such methods can enable application interoperation for the automation of typical engineering tasks, such as component specification and procurement.
Transition Between Supercoiled and Open Circular Plasmid DNA During Alcohol Precipitation

Abstract Precipitation of a 6.9 kb pSVβ plasmid DNA using three different alcohols, i.e., methanol, ethanol, and 2‐propanol, as precipitating agents was performed. Precipitate composition was analyzed, and it was found that the quantity of supercoiled plasmid DNA recovered varied according to type and concentration of alcohol. Precipitation with 2‐propanol concentration greater than 70% (v/v) resulted in mostly open circular plasmid DNA, which could be converted back to supercoiled by diluting 2‐propanol concentration in the process. It appeared in this study that 2‐propanol at high concentration could affect supercoiling of the plasmid, and lead to the temporary supercoiled‐open circular transition without covalent breaking of the strands. Supercoiled DNA quantity slightly decreased in precipitation with methanol at high concentration, but remained quite constant in precipitation using ethanol.