cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE GALACTIC SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF OB ASSOCIATIONS AND THEIR SURROUNDING SUPERNOVA-GENERATED SUPERBUBBLES

The Galactic spatial distribution of OB associations and their surrounding superbubbles (SBs) reflect the distribution of a wide range of important processes in our Galaxy. In particular, it can provide a three-dimensional measure not only of the major source distribution of Galactic cosmic rays, but also the Galactic star formation distribution, the Lyman continuum ionizing radiation distribution, the core-collapse supernova distribution, the neutron star and stellar black hole production distribution, and the principal source distribution of freshly synthesized elements. Thus, we construct a three-dimensional spatial model of the massive-star distribution based primarily on the emission of the H II envelopes that surround the giant SBs and are maintained by the ionizing radiation of the embedded O stars. The Galactic longitudinal distribution of the 205 μm N II radiation, emitted by these H II envelopes, is used to infer the spatial distribution of SBs. We find that the Galactic SB distribution is dominated by the contribution of massive-star clusters residing in the spiral arms.
A Legal Paradigm for the Health Inequity Crisis

People of color and the poor die younger than the white and prosperous. And when they are alive, they are sicker. Health inequity is morally tragic. But it is also economically inefficient, raising the nation’s healthcare bill and lowering productivity. The COVID pandemic only, albeit dramatically, highlights these pre-existing inequities. COVID sufferers of color die at twice the rate of whites. The cause, in large part, is structural inequality and racism. Neither the popular nor the scholarly discussion of health care inequity, while robust, has translated into palpable and rapid progress. This Article describes why health inequity has so far proven intractable. In the healthcare system, no one actor has both adequate incentive and adequate wherewithal to create progress. The healthcare system cannot solve the problem alone. To jumpstart reform, the Article makes the case for a new regulatory approach, grounded in principles of democratic experimentalism, cooperative federalism, and adaptive management. It draws inspiration from the examples that the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Clean Air Act provide. A federal health equity mandate, with funding and penalties for state non-compliance, will spur collaboration between federal, state, local, public and private entities, and start the U.S. on the path to remediating health care’s inequities.
Low incidence of hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) in patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) treated with inotuzumab ozogamicin (INO) followed by allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT).

e19024Background: Hepatic VOD is an uncommon, but often fatal complication of allo-SCT. The risk is increased after INO, an anti-CD22 antibody conjugated to calicheamicin with high remission rates ...
Snoring Remediation with Oral Appliance Therapy Potentially Reverses Cognitive Impairment: An Intervention Controlled Pilot Study.

Respiration rate (RR) dynamics entrains brain neural networks. RR differences between mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in response to oral appliance therapy (OAT) are unknown. This pilot study investigated if RR during stable sleep shows a relationship to pathological severity in subjects with MCI and AD who snore and if RR is influenced following stabilization of the upper airway using OAT. The study cohort was as follows: cognitively normal (CN; n = 14), MCI (n = 14) and AD (n = 9); and a sub-population receiving intervention, CN (n = 5), MCI (n = 7), AD (n = 6) subjects. The intervention used was an oral appliance plus a mouth shield (Tx). RR maximum (max) rate (breaths/minute) and RR fluctuation during 2116 stable sleep periods were measured. The Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) was administered before and after 4 weeks with Tx. Baseline data showed significantly higher RR fluctuation in CN vs. AD (p < 0.001) but not between CN vs. MCI (p = 0.668). Linear mixed model analysis indicated Tx effect (p = 0.008) for RR max. Tx after 4 weeks lowered the RR-max in MCI (p = 0.022) and AD (p < 0.001). Compared with AD RR max, CN (p < 0.001) and MCI (p < 0.001) were higher with Tx after 4 weeks. Some MCI and AD subjects improved executive and memory function after 4 weeks of Tx.
Effect of dietary fatty acids and protein intake on experimental tuberculosis.

Although there is much evidence which suggests that nutrition represents an important factor in tuberculosis, there has been little proof that any specific dietary factor exerts a singular effect on resistance to this disease. Studies have been made on the effect of high and low levels of protein intake on resistance to tuberculosis (Koerner et al., 1949; Howie and Porter, 1950; Ratcliffe, 1951; Ratcliffe, 1952; Ratcliffe, 1953; Ratcliffe, 1954; Dubos, 1955). While it has been demonstrated that dietary protein does influence experimental tuberculosis, the above reports were not in agreement with respect to the specific effect of various levels on resistance. Likewise, there have been conflicting reports concerning the effects of dietary lipids on resistance to tuberculosis. Thus, the addition of egg yolk to the diet decreased the resistance of guinea pigs (Cirio and Rosso, 1947) whereas the inclusion of peanut oil in a low protein, high carbohydrate diet resulted in increased resistance to murine tuberculosis (Dubos, 1955). Our previous work (Hedgecock, 1948) indicated that mice maintained on a synthetic ration containing coconut oil were more resistant to tuberculosis than animals which had received olive or linseed oil as a source of dietary fat. In the present investigation, the fatty acids found in coconut oil have been explored in relation to appropriate levels of protein to determine their role in resistance to tuberculosis. This study on experimental tuberculosis has entailed the dietary administration of a group of fatty acid esters mixed in proportions which simulate coconut oil. The effect of varied levels of protein intake in the presence of these fatty acids has been determined. Evidence has been obtained which may clarify the previous diver-
Long-term consequences of membership in trajectory groups of delinquent behavior in an urban sample: Violence, drug use, interpersonal, and neighborhood attributes

Research on stability and change in delinquent behavior over time has important implications for both the individual and the criminal justice system. The present research looks at this issue by examining the associations between the trajectories of delinquent behavior in adolescence and adult functioning. Data for the present study are from a four-wave longitudinal study of African American and Hispanic participants. Participants provided information at mean ages 14, 19, 24, and 29. We used growth mixture modeling to extract trajectory groups of delinquent behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. Regression analyses were conducted to examine whether memberships in the trajectory groups of delinquent behavior from mean age 14 to mean age 24 were associated with violence, substance abuse and dependence, partner discord, peer substance use, and residence in a high-crime neighborhood at mean age 29 when compared with the reference trajectory group of participants with low or no delinquent behavior. Four trajectory groups of delinquent behavior were identified: the no/low, the decreasing, the moderate, and the high persistent trajectory groups. Memberships in the trajectory groups were significantly correlated with variations in adult functioning. Memberships in some trajectory groups of delinquent behavior are significant predictors of later violent behavior, substance abuse and dependence, partner discord, peer substance use, and residence in a high-crime neighborhood. The findings reinforce the importance of investing in interventions to address different patterns of delinquent behavior. Findings are discussed in relation to previous investigations with non-Hispanic White samples. Aggr. Behav. 9999:XX-XX, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
A new construction for Hadamard matrices of orders 8t + 4

Abstract In Hadamard matrices of orders 8t + 4, there are usually four rows which agree on exactly one column. In fact, for t = 0, 1, 2 such a “Hall set” always occurs. This is obvious for t = 0, 1 and Hall has shown this for t = 2. When t = 3, the evidence indicates that nearly all H(28) have a Hall set. (Nearly the opposite seems to be true for matrices H(8t).) If a Hall set is assumed to exist for some H and some t, the remaining rows fall into 4 sets which determine 16 submatrices of order t. Several well-known techniques may be applied to such a configuration, and give immediate examples for t = 1, 2, 3, 4.
Modeling Misfit Dislocation Arrays for the Growth of Low-Defect Density AlSb on Si

We present analytical models and experimental results to describe low-defect density growth (∼ 6 × 10 5 /cm 2 ) of highly mismatched antimonides on Si and GaAs substrates, with strain relief achieved at the growth interface through periodic, 90° interfacial misfit dislocations (IMF). We use molecular mechanics (MM) based modeling techniques to understand, at the atomic level, the spontaneous formation and energetics of these IMF. We have modeled, grown and characterized two systems extensively, these are - AlSb on Si with ∼ 13% mismatch and GaSb on GaAs with 7.83% lattice mismatch. Growth of these materials by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and subsequent High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) has indicated that there is no tetragonal distortion in these two systems despite the high lattice mismatch. Instead, the mismatched epi-layers spontaneously form periodic IMF arrays that run along both [110] and [1-10] directions and relieve almost 100% of the strain in a few monolayers of deposition. To model this form of strain relief, we use existing theories of strain relief adapted for very high strain conditions and we also use bond energetics to model the strain-relieving interface. The IMFs in these systems are periodic and so is the deviation in bond lengths and bond angles, which restricts our calculation space to a finite number of elements. We shall also demonstrate extensive growth and characterization results of the materials grown with a particular emphasis on the strain-relieving interface to show excellent agreement of the experimental data with the proposed models. The high quality and low-defect density in AlSb grown on Si, has helped us demonstrate optically pumped IR VCSELs and edge emitters monolithically on Si (001) and this data will also be presented.
Rehabilitation from neonatal hypothyroidism: Spontaneous motor activity, exploratory behavior, avoidance learning and responses of pituitary - thyroid axis to stress in male rats

Abstract Long-Evans male rats were made hypothyroid from birth by the addition of 6- N -propylthiouracil (PTU) to their drinking water (0.1%). A group of animals was rehabilitated beginning at postnatal day 25 by withdrawal of the PTU from the drinking water. Subsequently, the rats were tested for a variety of behavioral tasks. Serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) were determined by radioimmunoassay. At 50 days of age, PTU-treated rats had non-detectable levels of T4 but an eight-fold increase of TSH. In 50-day-old, neonatally hypothyroid but rehabilitated rats, serum TSH and T3 were normal, although T4 was still significantly lower. At 90 days of age, basal levels of TSH and thyroid hormones were normal in the rehabilitated rats, but thyroid hormone secretion in response to various types of neural stress was markedly altered. Comparison of passive avoidance learning revealed no significant alteration in the memory retention of either PTU-treated or rehabilitated animals. The 50-day-old, rehabilitated rats showed increased locomotor activity both in running-wheel and in hole-board tests; this hyperactivity, though markedly reduced, still persisted at day 90. In the early phase of rehabilitation (50 days of age), decreases in exploratory activity and lack of habituation occurred with the hole-board test; by the late phase of rehabilitation (90 days of age) these behavioral parameters had become normal. These results suggest generally longer periods of plasticity of the brain and better prospects for rehabilitation from neonatal cretinoid retardation than commonly believed. Specifically, the pituitary - thyroid system and neural mechanisms integrating adaptive behavior possess considerable capacity for spontaneous recovery from hypothyroidism; certain types of altered neuroendocrine and behavioral responses appear to be less amenable to rehabilitation or require longer periods for complete rehabilitation.
Calcium independence of phosphoinositide hydrolysis-induced increase in cyclic AMP accumulation in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells.

: Previous work has shown that stimulation of muscarinic receptors in various cell lines increases intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. This unusual response has been hypothesized to be mediated by stimulation of calcium/calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase, secondary to inositol trisphosphate (IP3)-mediated calcium mobilization. To test this hypothesis, we stimulated muscarinic receptors in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells while blocking the IP3-mediated rise in intracellular calcium concentration using two different methods. Loading cells with the intracellular calcium chelator 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) abolished the carbachol-mediated intracellular calcium release without abolishing the carbachol-mediated increase in cAMP level. Similarly, in cells preexposed to carbachol, the agonist-induced change in intracellular calcium level was blocked, but the cAMP response was not. Thus, both of these methods failed to block the muscarinic receptor-mediated increase in cAMP level, thereby demonstrating that this cAMP level increase is not mediated by a detectable rise in intracellular calcium concentration.
Grigorenko YN, Chilingar GV, Sobolev VS, Andiyeva TA, and Zhukova LI: Petroleum Accumulation Zones on Continental Margins

The strength of this book is in its summation of continental margin oil and gas discoveries and production of the world. It cuts no new scientific ground, but appears to lay the basis for recommendations for Russian exploration of its marginal waters. The first two chapters are discussions of the habitat of continental shelf oil fields and the sedimentologic characteristics of the reservoir rocks, generally categorized. The language is convoluted and complex, probably owing to difficulties in translation to English. Chapters three and four are valuable synopses of Pacific Group continental margin hydrocarbon accumulations and Atlantic Group continental margins, the differences largely due to tectonic convergence versus passive behavior. These synopses form the meat of the book, encompassing all of the known continental margin hydrocarbon deposits. Such summaries are valuable tools for the practitioner who has widespread interest in identifying analogs for new plays. Of the book’s 400 plus pages, 350 are concerned with the synopses—a trove of global information. The ultimate goal of the book appears to be a forecast of hydrocarbon accumulations on Russian continental shelves, which is the last technical chapter of the book, based on analysis of similar accumulations around the world in the preceding chapters. The book concludes with a list of literature citations. Practitioners will find this book a handy reference to gain low-level insight into any of the global continental shelf oil and gas basins, but it may be most valuable to those working in the management of small to intermediate energy and petroleum companies considering new areas to explore. The technical level is appropriate for managers who are not employed as geoscientists but are familiar with principles of exploration geology. The book, Petroleum Accumulation Zones on Continental Margins, will be particularly interesting to those with business interests in Russia.
“I Can’t Go to College Because I Don’t Have Papers”: Incorporation Patterns Of Latino Undocumented Youth

Undocumented immigration has gained unprecedented prominence in many of the world's wealthiest nation-states. In the United States, a substantial population of undocumented youth is growing up with legal access to public education through high school, but facing legal and economic barriers to higher education, even when attaining college admission. The legal and social contradictions associated with undocumented status limit these youths’ chances for upward mobility through traditional means. Based on ethnography and in-depth interviews, this article examines the experiences of documented and undocumented children of working-class Latino immigrants in Los Angeles. Because their educational and home environments are not differentiated, undocumented youth undergo similar social incorporation processes as their documented peers early on. However, their legal protections end after high school, greatly limiting their chances for upward mobility through education. In some cases, knowledge of future barriers to college attendance leads to a decline in educational motivation. Existing assimilation theories need to be expanded to include this novel and sizeable phenomenon.
MOBI-D: a model-based development environment for user-centered design

MOBI-D (Model-Based Interface Designer) is a software environment the design and development of user interfaces from declarative interface models. End-users informally describe tasks and data, from end-users, from which developers construct formal models of user tasks and domain objects. The system supports development of presentation and dialog specifications from such models, and allows visualization of interface designs as units encompassing all relations and dependencies among the elements of task, data and user-interface specifications, MOBI-D is the first development environment to define an interface model as a comprehensive conceptual object, to identify an interface design as a declarative component of an interface model, and to establish a development cycle based on such a model. The sharable nature of the interface modeling language of MOBI-D, along with the open architecture of its system opens the door for many research areas in HCI to explore the benefits and potential of using interface models.
Conformational and Dynamic Changes of Yersinia Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Induced by Ligand Binding and Active Site Mutation and Revealed by H/D Exchange and Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry†

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPase) play important roles in the intracellular signal transduction pathways that regulate cell transformation, growth, and proliferation. Here, solvent accessibility is determined for backbone amide protons from various segments of wild-type Yersinia PTPase in the presence or absence of 220 μM vanadate, a competitive inhibitor, as well as an active site mutant in which the essential cysteine 403 has been replaced by serine (C403S). The method consists of solution-phase H/D exchange, followed by pepsin digestion, high-performance liquid chromatography, and electrospray ionization high-field (9.4 T) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Proteolytic segments spanning ∼93.5% of the primary sequence are analyzed. Binding of vanadate reduces the H/D exchange rate throughout the protein, both for the WpD loop and for numerous other residues that are shielded when that loop is pulled down over the active site on binding of the inhibitor. The single active s...
Causal commutative arrows

Arrows are a popular form of abstract computation. Being more general than monads, they are more broadly applicable, and, in particular, are a good abstraction for signal processing and dataflow computations. Most notably, arrows form the basis for a domain-specific language called Yampa, which has been used in a variety of concrete applications, including animation, robotics, sound synthesis, control systems, and graphical user interfaces. Our primary interest is in better understanding the class of abstract computations captured by Yampa. Unfortunately, arrows are not concrete enough to do this with precision. To remedy this situation, we introduce the concept of commutative arrows that capture a noninterference property of concurrent computations. We also add an init operator that captures the causal nature of arrow effects, and identify its associated law. To study this class of computations in more detail, we define an extension to arrows called causal commutative arrows (CCA), and study its properties. Our key contribution is the identification of a normal form for CCA called causal commutative normal form (CCNF). By defining a normalization procedure, we have developed an optimization strategy that yields dramatic improvements in performance over conventional implementations of arrows. We have implemented this technique in Haskell, and conducted benchmarks that validate the effectiveness of our approach. When compiled with the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC), the overall methodology can result in significant speedups.
Comparative evaluation of refractive surgery candidates with Placido topography, Orbscan II, Pentacam, and wavefront analysis

Purpose To study the role of the Pentacam (Oculus), Orbscan II (Bausch & Lomb), and WaveScan (Visx) in evaluating topographic features identified as risk factors for ectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis to identify parameters that may be important in interpreting elevation topography and wavefront data when screening refractive surgery candidates. Setting Private practice, New York, New York, USA. Methods One hundred forty-five eyes of 75 consecutive patients were evaluated for refractive surgery by ultrasound pachymetry (Humphrey Atlas), videokeratography, WaveScan, Orbscan II, and Pentacam. Eyes were classified as normal or suspect based on the Rabinowitz criteria for keratoconus suspect on Placido disk-based videokeratography. Forty-six parameters were evaluated in a comparison of topographically normal eyes and eyes that met the criteria for keratoconus suspect. Results The suspect group had thinner pachymetry, multiple distinguishing characteristics on the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces by elevation topography, and larger amounts of coma by wavefront analysis. Multivariable regression analysis identified the following as the strongest predictors of a suspect Placido topography: Pentacam, thinner pachymetry and larger differences between the highest and lowest points on the posterior elevation; Orbscan II, higher anterior maximum elevation, horizontal location of the thinnest point on the pachymetry map, and larger differences between the highest and lowest points on the posterior elevation. Conclusion Several parameters provided by the Pentacam, Orbscan II, WaveScan, and pachymetry were statistically correlated with keratoconus suspect, defined by higher asymmetry and steeper curvature on Placido topography.
Networks, control, and life-forms

In this paper we explore the technological, philosophical and political aspects of networks through a series of condensed, interrelated analyses.
The high cost of mutualism: effects of four species of East African ant symbionts on their myrmecophyte host tree

Three recent meta-analyses of protective plant-ant mutualisms report a surprisingly weak relationship between herbivore protection and measured demographic benefits to ant-plants, suggesting high tolerance for herbivory, substantial costs of ant- mediated defense, and/or benefits that are realized episodically rather than continuously. Experimental manipulations of protective ant-plant associations typically last for less than a year, yet virtually all specialized myrmecophytes are long-lived perennials for which the costs and benefits of maintaining ant symbionts could accrue at different rates over the host's lifetime. To complement long-term monitoring studies, we experimentally excluded each of four ant symbionts from their long-lived myrmecophyte host trees (Acacia drepanolobium) for 4.5 years. Ant species varied in their effectiveness against herbivores and in their effects on intermediate-term growth and reproduction, but the level of herbivore protection provided was a poor predictor of the net impact they had on host trees. Removal of the three Crematogaster species resulted in cumulative gains in host tree growth and/or reproduction over the course of the experiment, despite the fact that two of those species significantly reduce chronic herbivore damage. In contrast, although T. penzigi is a relatively poor defender, the low cost of maintaining this ant symbiont apparently eliminated negative impacts on overall tree growth and reproduction, resulting in enhanced allocation to new branch growth by the final census. Acacia drepanolobium is evidently highly tolerant of herbivory by insects and small browsers, and the costs of maintaining Crematogaster colonies exceeded the benefits received during the study. No experimental trees were killed by elephants, but elephant damage was uniquely associated with reduced tree growth, and at least one ant species (C. mimosae) strongly deterred elephant browsing. We hypothesize that rare but catastrophic damage by elephants may be more important than chronic herbivory in maintaining the costly myrmecophyte habit in this system.
Multibounce time-of-flight imaging for object reconstruction from indirect light

We demonstrate reconstruction methods that allow imaging “around a corner“ using time-of-flight data. We show an algorithm to reconstruct hidden objects from scattered light and ways to estimate the volume of hidden cavities.
Debt and development: The role of foreign capital in economic growth

Abstract Capital flows, whether between individuals or nations, are dominated by a two- fold paradox. Borrowers are initially primarily interested in obtaining sufficient funds for their needs, but once they have obtained a loan, their indebtedness becomes their principal concern. While a loan is being negotiated the lenders usually have the upper hand, but once it is made, they become dependent on the borrowers for repayment with interest. Their power to withhold future loans becomes their only real measure of control. Borrowing and lending has costs and benefits, and these balance out only in exceptional cases for both the borrowing and lending countries and the principal social groups within them. The debate about the impact of international capital flows accordingly has a long history. This paper begins with a historical perspective, and then reviews the principal characteristics of capital flows to developing countries since the 1950s. A discussion of the impact of capital flows on development, with a particular emphasis on trends in developing country indebtedness, follows. A brief examination of borrowing and debt management issues for borrowers, lenders and the international community concludes the paper.
Overview of bound residue chemistry.

(1990). Overview of Bound Residue Chemistry. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 22, No. 6-8, pp. 611-615.
In vitro characterization of aortic retrograde and antegrade flow from pulsatile and non-pulsatile ventricular assist devices.

Abstract Background Many advances have been made in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) development including the introduction of smaller, non-pulsatile pumps. However, controversy exists over the potential significance of non-pulsatile blood flow. In addition, some newer LVADs incorporate descending aortic anastomosis (and therefore retrograde ascending aortic flow) for outflow rather than the traditional ascending aortic anastomosis. This, combined with non-pulsatile flow, may significantly increase the risks of ascending aortic thrombus formation, especially if native cardiac function is negligible and the aortic valve remains closed. The purpose of this study was to compare pulsatile and non-pulsatile flow generated by LVADs with outflow to the ascending aorta and descending aorta. Methods An in vitro mock circulatory loop, driven by either a pulsatile or a non-pulsatile LVAD, was anastomosed to transparent aortic models at either the ascending or descending aortic position. The aortic valve was kept closed, modeling no native cardiac output. Normal saline was used as a blood analog. Methylene blue dye was injected into the ascending aorta and aortic arch to demonstrate flow patterns. Dye washout time (in seconds) was used as a marker of flow stagnation and potential thrombogenicity. LVAD flow, rate, after-load and coronary flow were measured. Results Dye washout times at a flow rate of 5 liters/min were 1.7 ± 0.75, 2.1 ± 0.71, 4.7 ± 0.82 and 9.9 ± 4.4 seconds for pulsatile ascending (PA), non-pulsatile ascending (NPA), pulsatile descending (PD) and non-pulsatile descending flow (NPD), respectively. Coronary flow averaged 294 ml/min over all set-ups. Dye washout times at a flow rate of 4-liters/min were 3.0 ± 1.0, 3.0 ± 0.8, 14.0 ± 3.8 and 25.0 ± 9.1 seconds for PA, NPA, PD and NPD, respectively. Coronary flow averaged 227 ml/min over all set-ups. Ascending aortic anastomoses were associated with shorter dye washout times compared with descending aortic anastomoses, regardless of flow type ( p p = 0.23 and 0.12 for 5 and 4 liters/min, respectively). Pulsatile flow in the descending aorta had shorter washout times than non-pulsatile flow in the descending aorta ( p p = 0.004 for 5 and 4 liters/min, respectively). Conclusions LVAD descending aortic anastomosis and retrograde aortic flow is associated with increased flow stagnation in the ascending aorta. This may increase the risk for thrombus formation in patients relying solely on retrograde aortic flow, especially if cardiac function and antegrade blood flow returns.
Value of routine radionuclide bone scans in renal cell carcinoma

Radionuclide bone scans were obtained as part of the routine evaluation of 85 patients with renal cell carcinoma. Twenty-nine patients (34%) were found to have metastatic disease at presentation. Bone scans were abnormal in 27 of these 29 patients for a sensitivity of 93 per cent; of the remaining 56 without metastatic disease, 48 had normal bone scans for a specificity of 86 per cent. In all patients whose abnormal bone scans indicated metastatic disease, there were either clinical signs (bone pain), laboratory findings (elevated alkaline phosphatase), or routine radiographic procedures (chest roentgenogram, intravenous pyelogram, or angiogram) suggesting disease metastatic to bone. Although bone scanning was useful for confirming clinically or radiographically suspected metastatic disease, it did not influence the staging of the renal cell carcinoma in any patient. We therefore conclude that bone scans should be used to confirm the presence and to determine the extent of osseous metastases in patients with renal cell carcinoma but are unnecessary as a routine staging procedure.
Laminar-flame instabilities in a taylor-couette combustor

Abstract Premixed-flame propagation in a Taylor-Couette combustor has been studied experimentally in order to examine the influence of laminar-flame instabilities on the burning velocity and flow-field properties upstream of the flame. An initially wrinkled annular flame propagating downward, away from the open end of the combustor, is found to undergo first deceleration and planarization and then acceleration and enhanced surface wrinkling, while intensities of axial and circumferential velocity fluctuations upstream of the flame, initially negligible, are strongly amplified. The evolution of flame speeds recorded during propagation in lean and stoichiometric methane–air mixtures is in good qualitative agreement with that found in earlier experiments of downward propane–air flame propagation in tubes. It is determined that primary and secondary laminar-flame instabilities associated with the coupling between acoustic waves and the rate of chemical heat release govern the evolution of both the flame-speed and the upstream flow field in the TC combustor, as was found in earlier experiments and predicted theoretically for downward flame propagation in tubes. The results are the first to describe laminar-flame instabilities in a TC combustor and to identify the development and growth of transverse acoustic waves associated with the secondary acoustic instability.
Changes in the terbium 5p branching ratio across the curie temperature

Abstract Using angle resolved photoemission, we have probed the magnetic ordering of thin terbium overlayers by measuring the terbium 5p 1 2 to 5p 3 2 branching ratio. We have also found evidence for substrate induced magnetic ordering in films deposited on Ni (111) above the bulk terbium Curie temperature. This magnetic ordering is observed to increase, reversibly, at temperatures well below the Curie temperature for terbium. The results are compared with previously reported results for gadolinium overlayers. We conclude that the 5p branching ratio can be used as a probe of magnetic ordering.
Phonological Assessment and Treatment of Bilingual Speakers

Given the demographic changes currently taking place in the United States, speech-language pathologists increasingly are being asked to provide speech and language services to bilingual speakers. T...
Applying horizontal gene transfer phenomena to enhance non-viral gene therapy

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is widespread amongst prokaryotes, but eukaryotes tend to be far less promiscuous with their genetic information. However, several examples of HGT from pathogens into eukaryotic cells have been discovered and mimicked to improve non-viral gene delivery techniques. For example, several viral proteins and DNA sequences have been used to significantly increase cytoplasmic and nuclear gene delivery. Plant genetic engineering is routinely performed with the pathogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens and similar pathogens (e.g. Bartonella henselae) may also be able to transform human cells. Intracellular parasites like Trypanosoma cruzi may also provide new insights into overcoming cellular barriers to gene delivery. Finally, intercellular nucleic acid transfer between host cells will also be briefly discussed. This article will review the unique characteristics of several different viruses and microbes and discuss how their traits have been successfully applied to improve non-viral gene delivery techniques. Consequently, pathogenic traits that originally caused diseases may eventually be used to treat many genetic diseases.
Glutamate receptor dysregulation in the hippocampus of transgenic mice carrying mutated human amyloid precursor protein.

Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) with the Swedish double mutation (hAPP(Sw)) develop age-related amyloid deposition and behavioral and electrophysiologic changes by an unknown mechanism. Analysis of glutamatergic receptor subtypes in 4- and 15-month-old heterozygous hAPP(Sw) transgenic mice revealed a selective increase in AMPA receptor binding in the hippocampus of 15-month-old transgenic mice, which have established cortical and hippocampal amyloid deposits. There were no significant alterations of GluR1, GluR2, and GluR4 protein expression by semiquantitative confocal analysis or GluR1 mRNA by in situ hybridization. There was no significant alteration in NMDA, in group I and II metabotropic glutamate and in muscarinic receptor binding, or in striatal dopamine and adenosine receptor binding in 15-month-old mice. These data suggest that mutant APP overexpression or age-related amyloid deposition produce a subtle specific alteration in hippocampal glutamate receptors with aging.
Determining a Modified Currency Board's Two-Period Exchange Rate Strategy

Is it preferable for a modified currency board (MCB) to disguise its true characteristics and preferences and renege later? This paper analyzes a model in which a MCB determines its first-period exchange rate strategy to maximize a two-period welfare function. The inflation rate anchored by a classical currency board (CCB) is always a benchmark to the MCB in its first period decision. If the benchmark inflation rate is either sufficiently low or sufficiently high, the MCB chooses the optimal exchange rate in both periods without playing a credibility game over time. However, if the benchmark is at a moderate level, a strategy of overtly deceiving the public by pretending to be a CCB is shown to be superior to a strategy of concealing through policy randomization.
A three‐dimensional model of corotating streams in the solar wind 2. Hydrodynamic streams

Theoretical aspects of corotating solar wind dynamics on a global scale are examined by means of numerical simulations executed with a nonlinear, inviscid, adiabatic, single fluid, three-dimensional hydrodynamic formulation. The factors most strongly affecting stream evolution, namely, the intrinsic correlations among density, temperature, and velocity existing near the source, the amplitude, longitudinal breadth and latitudinal breadth of the stream, and the heliographic latitude of the centroid of the stream, are considered. Calculations indicate that even in the presence of substantial meridional gradients, the latitudinal transport of mass, energy, and momentum by streams appears to have little impact on the overall evolution of the structure.
Subchronic Studies of Tripelennamine in B6C3F1 Mice

The subchronic toxicity of tripelennamine hydrochloride was determined to provide data for selecting dose levels for a 2-year study in mice. Male and female B6C3F1 mice were administered the drug in their feed at dose levels of 0, 150, 300, 600, 1200, and 2400 ppm (calculated as free amine) for 14 days or 0, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, and 4800 ppm for 90 days. Little toxicity was observed in the 14-day study. In the 90-day study, final body weights of males and females of the 4800 ppm groups were reduced 14% and 4%, respectively. Clinical observations and necropsy findings were unremarkable in the 90-day study. Decreased heart weight/brain weight ratios in males and increased liver weight/brain weight ratios in females were seen at dose levels as low as 600 ppm. Histologically, changes consisting of cytomegaly, karyomegaly, and cytoplasmic vacuolization of the liver, mild to severe cytomegaly and necrosis of parotid salivary gland acinar cells, and a mild degree of vacuolar degeneration of the bronchial epithe...
Autogenous lamellar scleral graft in the treatment of scleral melt after pterygium surgery.

We report a case series of three patients who developed scleral melting 18–26 months after pterygium removal with β-irradiation that refused to use any donor tissue. All patients presented with constant pain, redness and foreign body sensation on their eye. Initial evaluation revealed the presence of an area of scleral melt and epithelial defect with an underlying calcific plaque over the necrotic area in the nasal conjunctiva. Fluorescein staining and pooling was present at the base of the defect, indicating epithelial loss, in two patients. No signs of infection were present, and screening for associated systemic risk factors for melting was negative in all cases. The patients refused to use any kind of donor tissue to cover the area of melting. An autogenous lamellar scleral graft harvested from the superotemporal quadrant and an advancement of the nasal tenon was used. The use of autologous sclera and tenon has been described in the treatment of avulsive corneoscleral wounds and corneal fistulas. This case series describes the successful management of scleral melting with autogenous tissues.
Seed Yield Response of Perennial Ryegrass to Low Rates of Paclobutrazol

Lodging of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seed crop is a widespread problem. Crop lodging reduces seed yield and interferes with seed harvest. This study was conducted to determine if low rates of paclobutrazol [(2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-pentan-3-ol] influences seed yield and yield components of perennial ryegrass cv. Pennfine. Paclobutrazol was applied at either spikelet initiation or floret initiation at 0, 0.50, or 0.75 kg a.i. ha⁻¹. Paclobutrazol delayed the onset and reduced the severity of lodging. Averaged over the application timings, the 0.5 and 0.75 kg ha⁻¹ rates increased seed yield by 87 and 114% in 1983, respectively, and by 56 and 75% in 1984. No difference was observed between application timings in 1983, but in 1984 paclobutrazol had a greater effect in reducing lodging and increasing seed yield when applied at spikelet initiation rather than at floret initiation. Increases in seed yield were associated primarily with improvements in the number of seed set per spike, although paclobutrazol applied at spikelet initiation in 1983 also increased the number of spikes at maturity. Paclobutrazol did not affect straw weight, but increased harvest index in both years. Paclobutrazol, however, slightly reduced seed weight. We concluded that under western Oregon conditions, paclobutrazol rate as low as 0.5 kg a.i ha⁻¹ applied at spikelet initiation can significantly reduce lodging and increase perennial ryegrass seed yield, although rates greater than 0.75 kg a.i. ha⁻¹ may be required to achieve maximum yield. Contribution from the Oregon Agric. Exp. Stn., Tech. Paper no. 10811.
On widening region of convergence for newton' method - a numerical ODE perspective

A heuristic analysis is given showing the connection between failures of Newton' method and solving an initial value problem of ODE'with an unstable numerical scheme. As an option to overcome the convergence difficulty encountered by Newton' method, three families of iteration methods, based on nonlinear approximations, are briefly studied. Numerical examples are presented showing the advantages of using proposed iterations in terms of having, in general, much wider regions of convergence for certain “difficult geometries.
Airway Response during Exercise and Hyperpnoea in Non-Asthmatic and Asthmatic Individuals

Airway calibre is an important determinant of air flow and respiratory work both at rest and during exercise. While much is understood about control of airway calibre at rest, less is known about the dynamics and changes in airway resistance during exercise, especially in those with asthma. This article provides an overview of the current understanding provided by the literature that has addressed airway resistance during exercise in normal non-asthmatic individuals and in those with asthma. There are many interesting studies that provide some insight into this issue. In general, non-asthmatic individuals appear to have near maximally or maximally dilated airways at rest and, thus, have little change associated with exercise, at least during short duration exercise of 15 minutes in both normal and asthmatic individuals and the mechanisms operating in the various circumstances. Additionally, attention to resting pulmonary function in asthmatic individuals must be given as those with constricted airways may differ in response to exercise, or to voluntary hyperpnoea, from those with normal airway function at rest.
Highly localized plasma formation in air using space-time cusing of mJ ultrafast pulses

Space-time focusing of spatially-chirped Ti:Sapphire laser pulses is used to generate a plasma in air axially localized to 28× less than the confocal parameter, suppressing filamentation on the way to the focus.
Laudatio for Dr. Richard M. Lindstrom

Dr. Richard M. Lindstrom was born in Ashland, Wisconsin, USA. He received his B.S. (Honors) from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in 1963, and Ph.D. in 1970 from the University of California, San Diego. His Ph.D. dissertation ‘‘Radionuclides in Meteorites and in the Lunar Surface’’ was one of the first theses to be based on the Apollo 11 lunar samples. He then went to the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bombay as a postdoctoral fellow, and a year later moved to Brookhaven National Laboratory. Dr. Lindstrom joined the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, now NIST) in 1972 to develop a lowbackground counting laboratory. In 1974 he moved to the Inorganic Chemical Metrology Group, concentrating on accurate methods of elemental analysis using a variety of nuclear techniques. Dr. Lindstrom pioneered the development of promptgamma activation analysis (PGAA) and its application to the elemental characterization of substances and certification of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). He also led a team of specialists to develop the world’s first cold-neutron PGAA system at NIST, and participated in establishing PGAA facilities in Japan and Hungary. With other scientists, Dr. Lindstrom used PGAA to detect neutron standing waves for the first time, and also measured the 200microbarn thermal neutron cross section of Pb, with implications for nucleosynthesis and nuclear models. Dr. Lindstrom has contributed significantly to understanding of several fundamental aspects of gamma-ray spectrometry, namely dead time and pileup effects, lossfree counting methods, and methods for determining of peak areas. He developed an interactive computer program called SUM, originally written to address the incorrect calculation of peak area uncertainty in a commercial gamma spectrometry packages, but which also provides improved accuracy in cases where a photopeak is very large, very small, or non-Gaussian. Dr. Lindstrom has contributed to improved nuclear data, and thus improved accuracy of NAA measurements. He provided a more precise value for half-life of As and several other nuclides. As a direct result of his work, the nuclear data evaluation community has changed its algorithms for combining published values. He was one of the first to identify every feature in the background of a gamma-ray detector. He operates a state-of-the-art lowbackground counting facility, and has recently installed a low-background detector more than 500 m underground. S. Glover (&) University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA e-mail: seg3@cdc.gov
Opinions and acceptability of common weight-loss practices

A disconnect between research findings and public beliefs may lead to further dieting failures for consumers. Participants (N=300) were surveyed to determine their weight loss practices, opinions of weight loss methods, and rated the acceptability of popular and empirically validated weight loss programs. Dieting, the intention to diet, and the use of popular diets and diet aids were prevalent. There was a tendency for participants to view weight as more of a problem for society than themselves. The Behavioral Program was rated as most acceptable and Surgical Treatment least acceptable. However, participants were more likely to try a popular diet or supplement. It is vital for researchers and clinicians to improve communication with the public about efficacious weight loss programs.
Smoke inhalation causes a delayed increase in airway blood flow to primarily uninjured lung areas

Single lung inhalation injury causes tissue damage to the contralateral lung. We therefore examined airway blood flow after smoke inhalation in chronic instrumented sheep to get further information about the underlying pathophysiology. The right lung and lower trachea of 5 animals were smoke-exposed, while their left lung was air-insufflated using a split ventilation technique. Three animals, where both lungs were only air-insufflated, served as controls. Blood flow to the airway was measured using a labeled microsphere technique. All animals were studied for 24 h following smoke inhalation. Then they were sacrificed and their tissues harvested. The airway blood flow to the smoke-exposed lung was elevated 11-fold immediately after inhalation injury. The bronchial blood flow to the air insufflated lung became significantly elevated 24 h post-smoke, although to a lesser extent. The control animals did not show any changes of bronchial blood flow during the observation time. Damage to one lung can lead to pathophysiologic changes in the contralateral lung. This response appears to be mediated by hematogenous factors.