cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A molecular phylogenomic analysis of the ILR1‐like family of IAA amidohydrolase genes

The ILR1-like family of hydrolase genes was initially isolated in Arabidopsis thaliana and is thought to help regulate levels of free indole-3-acetic-acid.We have investigated how this family has evolved in dicotyledon, monocotyledon and gymnosperm species by employing the GenBank and TIGR databases to retrieve orthologous genes. The relationships among these sequences were assessed employing phylogenomic analyses to examine molecular evolution and phylogeny. The members of the ILR1-like family analysed were ILL1, ILL2, ILL3, ILL6, ILR1 and IAR3. Present evidence suggests that IAR3 has undergone the least evolution and is most conserved. This conclusion is based on IAR3 having the largest number of total interspecific orthologues, orthologous species and unique orthologues. Although less conserved than IAR3, DNA and protein sequence analyses of ILL1 and ILR1 suggest high conservation. Based on this conservation, IAR3, ILL1 and ILR1 may have had major roles in the physiological evolution of ‘higher’ plants. ILL3 is least conserved, with the fewest orthologous species and orthologues. The monocotyledonous orthologues for most family-members examined have evolved into two separate molecular clades from dicotyledons, indicating active evolutionary change. The monocotyledon clades are: (a) those possessing a putative endoplasmic reticulum localizing signal; and (b) those that are putative cytoplasmic hydrolases. IAR3, ILL1 and ILL6 are all highly orthologous to a gene in the gymnosperm Pinus taeda, indicating an ancient enzymatic activity. No orthologues could be detected in Chlamydomonas, moss and fern databases.
Constant Potential Vorticity Hydraulically Controlled Flow—Complexities from Passage Shape*

Velocity, surface height profiles, and volume flux are calculated for critically controlled flow of a layer of rotating fluid from a channel to an exit passage. The upstream fluid possesses constant potential vorticity. These are models of an internal layer of ocean water flowing out of a basin through a passage. An analysis is used that allows general passage bottom shapes. A number of features differ from those of nonrotating critically controlled flow. First, sizeable gyres appear for a range of upstream conditions. Second, more than one critical flow (maximum flux) is possible at the control point for the same upstream condition, but only one of these is allowed with continuous laminar flow from the channel to the passage. Third, a bottom that slopes away from the right-hand side (Northern Hemisphere rotation) and that is at right angles to flow direction produces small volume flux at high rotation rates. Fourth, although there is a rigorous bound for flux out of a passage, this is exceeded for some cases with multiple exits.
Fusing research into practice: The role of research methods education

A survey was conducted among library and information science (LIS) practitioners to examine the effect of the research methods course on LIS practitioners' work. Findings suggest the research methods course is a valuable component of the master's in library and information science (MLIS) program. Taking the research methods course increases LIS practitioners' research interest and assists them by helping them critically evaluate published literature and apply it at work, provide better assistance to library patrons, produce valid and reliable data to facilitate decision making, identify problems at work and design and implement studies to solve them, and write grants and for publication. Suggestions are made to improve the research methods curriculum and enhance the educational experience for LIS practitioners.
A Dynamin–Cortactin–Arp2/3 Complex Mediates Actin Reorganization in Growth Factor-stimulated Cells

The mechanisms by which mammalian cells remodel the actin cytoskeleton in response to motogenic stimuli are complex and a topic of intense study. Dynamin 2 (Dyn2) is a large GTPase that interacts directly with several actin binding proteins, including cortactin. In this study, we demonstrate that Dyn2 and cortactin function to mediate dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in response to stimulation with the motogenic growth factor platelet-derived growth factor. On stimulation, Dyn2 and cortactin coassemble into large, circular structures on the dorsal cell surface. These “waves” promote an active reorganization of actin filaments in the anterior cytoplasm and function to disassemble actin stress fibers. Importantly, inhibition of Dyn2 and cortactin function potently blocked the formation of waves and subsequent actin reorganization. These findings demonstrate that cortactin and Dyn2 function together in a supramolecular complex that assembles in response to growth factor stimulation and mediates the remodeling of actin to facilitate lamellipodial protrusion at the leading edge of migrating cells.
Death Taxes In The United States: A Brief History

Death taxes have been used in various forms in the United States, from a simple stamp tax to the complex estate tax currently in use. On June 7, 2001, President George W. Bush signed legislation that would abolish the federal estate tax in 2010. This would end a 200 year history of death taxes in the U.S., at least for one year, unless Congress changes that legislation. Experts are still debating whether Congress will take such action. This paper examines the history of death taxes, including stamp taxes, inheritance taxes, and estate taxes, in the U.S. and the reasons that death taxes were enacted. They were usually enacted as revenue raising provisions, but some feel that their potential for redistributing wealth is a better reason for their existence. This paper also examines the current estate tax and why such a tax on the wealthy has had the support of several wealthy and influential individuals.
Influence of environment and substrate quality on root decomposition in naturally regenerating and restored Atlantic white cedar wetlands

Restoration efforts and ecologically based management practices for Atlantic white cedar wetlands have recently focused on organic matter aggradation as an ecosystem function critical to this system’s maintenance. The objective of this study was to evaluate environmental and substrate quality factors influencing root decomposition in naturally recovering (reference) and restored Atlantic white cedar wetlands in southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina. Chamaecyparis thyoides roots were used as a standard substrate to evaluate environmental influences. Roots native to each site were used to evaluate community-level decay dynamics. Standard root mass loss was similar across all sites. Surprisingly, substantial differences in hydrology and soil organic matter among sites did not influence standard root decay. Although regression analysis detected a significant relationship between soil pH and decomposition rates, no significant relationship was found with depth to ground water. Native root decomposition rates were similar among the reference sites, but were substantially faster on the restored sites. This suggests that litter quality exerts a strong controlling influence on decomposition in Atlantic white cedar wetlands. Native root decomposition rates were correlated with lignin concentration and L:N ratios, which were higher in the roots on the reference sites due to greater proportions of woody species. Nitrogen alone did not appear to be a major regulating factor for root decomposition on our sites. Our results imply that as soon as a restored Atlantic white cedar wetland develops a closed canopy of cedar, its decomposition dynamics are likely to equilibrate with natural mature stands.
On the Nature of Records Management Theory

Theory is defined as a view or description of the nature of something. The nature of theory relating to records management is examined, including information retrieval, the records life cycle, and information policy. Records management theory should not be seen in isolation and need not be unique to records management. Functional, professional, and educational contexts of records management theory are outlined, with examples.Note: This paper is reprinted, with a few minor changes, from Association of Records Managers and Administrators, Proceedings of the ARMA International 35th Annual Conference, 1990 (Prairie Village, Kans.: ARMA, 1990), pp. 801-13.
Site Occupation Determinations in Ni3Ai by Atom Probe

The site occupation of three substitutional elements, hafnium, iron and cobalt, in substoichiometric Ni/sub 3/Al was determined from atom probe field-ion microscopy. The hafnium was found to have a strong preference for the aluminum sites, the cobalt had a strong preference for the nickel sites, and the iron had a weak preference for the aluminum sites. The atom probe results were in agreement with zone axis electron channeling microanalysis of the same alloys and predictions from the position of the solubility lobes in the ternary phase diagrams.
Lake Drawdown Revisited: The Value Of Two Inches Of Water

This paper uses a hedonic price model to estimate the impact of water level on the value of real estate on Lake Koshkonong in Wisconsin. Hedonic techniques are employed to show that a reduction in the lake’s water level has a significant effect on shoreline property values. The body of existing research demonstrates that changes in both the subjective and objective indicators of value are important for estimating the implicit value of water quality in hedonic analysis. This paper provides new evidence on the economic harm to lake communities created by the reduction of water levels.
Illuminating Growth and Struggles Using Mixed Methods: Practice-Based Professional Development and Coaching for Differentiating SRSD Instruction in Writing.

In this mixed methods study, qualitative, quantitative, and single-case methods were combined to provide a comprehensive investigation of teacher and student outcomes following practice-based professional development (PBPD) for self-regulated strategy development (SRSD) in writing. Qualitative observations were used to determine outcomes among the three-fourth grade teachers involved, a nested quantitative model was used to analyze classwide student writing outcomes across 53 students in the three classes, and single case design was used to determine differential outcomes among randomly selected struggling and average writers in each class. PBPD was followed by coaching for differentiation based on student performance and fidelity as teachers taught their students strategies for writing timed imaginary stories (with self as main character), as required by the state writing test. Qualitative results indicated two teachers did not differentiate writing instruction without coaching; one teacher was unresponsive to coaching and did not differentiate instruction. Classwide analysis demonstrated significant growth in writing at the class level for students from baseline to posttesting. Single case design results indicated mixed outcomes among struggling and average writers and instances where instruction was not effective. Teachers indicated high social validity for PBPD and for SRSD; students indicated high social validity for SRSD. Results across the multiple methods illuminate growth and struggles often disguised in group data and are addressed to aid in understanding and enhancing PBPD as well as instruction in SRSD and other evidence-based practices. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Adrenal Response of Rats to Salicylamide and Sodium Salicylate with and Without Para-Aminobenzoic Acid.

SummaryBoth oral and intraperitoneal administration of salicylamide to rats was found to cause a drop in the ascorbic acid and cholesterol content of the adrenal glands. The simultaneous administration of PABA or its sodium salt along with either salicylamide or Na-salicylate had no influence on the intensity or duration of the adrenal effect.
Dissimilarity of Changes Induced in Absorption Spectrum of 2-(4′-Hydroxyphenylazo)-Benzoic Acid by Different Serum Albumins

SummaryAddition of different serum albumins to solutions of the dye 2-(4′-hydroxyphenylazo)-benzoic acid caused widely different changes in the absorption spectrum of the dye. The changes differed in pattern as well as in magnitude, being largely independent of the quantitative differences in dye binding displayed by the different albumins. Different preparations of the individual albumins induced dye absorption changes sufficiently consistent and distinctive that each of the albumins could be distinguished from most of the others.
The Data Box and Within-Subject Analyses: A Comment on Nesselroade and Molenaar (2016)

Nesselroade and Molenaar suggest that it is the relationships between latent variables within subjects that are invariant across subjects and thus the appropriate unit of analysis. We disagree and take the view that between-factor correlations may differ systematically across subjects. Further, individual differences in these correlations may be an important source of information about each unique individual. Following from this premise, analyses of consistencies and differences between subjects of the within-subject pattern of interfactor correlations is a step toward an integrative science of behavior. We give several examples demonstrating how this approach has the potential to yield novel insights into personality functioning.
Aortic occlusion and lower extremity exercise induced stress urinary incontinence

AbstractAn unusual case of intermittent stress urinary incontinence associated with lower extremity exercise in a patient with aortoiliac occlusive disease is reported. Preoperative noninvasive vascular testing revealed severe compromise of lower extremity and pelvic blood flow. Fluoroscopically guided preoperative urodynamic evaluation without exercise revealed a competent urethral sphincter mechanism that became incompetent following exercise sufficient to induce claudication. The claudication and exercise-induced incontinence resolved after aortobifemoral bypass, and postoperative urodynamic studies were normal.
Are Gasoline Prices a Factor in Residential Relocation Decisions? Preliminary Findings from the American Housing Survey, 1996-2008.

Residential relocation choice is affected by numerous factors, but gasoline prices as a potential factor have not been investigated. This study examines gasoline price changes and residential relocation choice using 1996–2008 American Housing Survey data. We found higher gasoline prices are associated with a higher percentage of movers choosing locations closer to workplaces. The findings have implications for addressing the impacts of volatile gasoline prices on land use planning and policies; resilient “smart cities or communities” are one possible solution.
Minor actinide separation in the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels: recent advances in the United States

Essential for realizing the goal of a fully closed nuclear fuel cycle, separations of minor actinides are being pursued in the United States at the level of fundamental research through demonstration of process concepts. Research entails developing a concept for achieving a separation of americium and curium from fission products (FPs) using a single solvent system for the combined extraction of trivalent actinides and lanthanides together with selective complexants for stripping americium and curium. An alternative line of research addresses the question concerning the possibility of exploiting the higher oxidation states of americium to achieve its selective separation from FPs and curium.
Improved Estimates of the Critical Point Constants for Large n-Alkanes Using Gibbs Ensemble Monte Carlo Simulations

In this work, we present improved estimates of the critical temperature (Tc), critical density (ρc), critical pressure (Pc), and critical compressibility factor (Zc) for n-alkanes with chain lengths as large as C48. These are obtained for several different force field models with Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations. We implement a recently proposed data analysis method designed to reduce the uncertainty in Tc, ρc, Pc, and Zc when predicted with molecular simulation. The results show a large reduction in the uncertainties compared to the simulation literature with the greatest reduction found for ρc, Pc, and Zc. Previously, even the most computationally intensive molecular simulation studies have not been able to elucidate the n-alkane Pc trend with respect to larger carbon numbers. The results of this study are significant because the uncertainty in Pc is small enough to discern between conflicting experimental data sets and prediction models for large n-alkanes. Furthermore, the results for Tc resolve...
Working-fluid selection for minimized thermal resistance in ultra-thin vapor chambers

Abstract The behavior of a vapor chamber is strongly coupled to the thermophysical properties of the working fluid within. It is well known that these properties limit the maximum power (heat load) at which a vapor chamber can operate, due to incidence of the capillary limit. At this limit, the available capillary pressure generated within the wick structure balances the total pressure drop incurred along the path of fluid flow within the wick. A common figure of merit prioritizes working fluids that maximize this capillary-limited operating power. The current work explores working fluid selection for ultra-thin vapor chambers based on a thermal performance objective, rather than for maximized power dissipation capability. A working fluid is sought in this case that provides the minimal thermal resistance while ensuring a capillary limit is not reached at the target operating power. A resistance-network-based model is used to develop a simple analytical relationship for the vapor chamber thermal resistance as a function of the working fluid properties, operating power, and geometry. At small thicknesses, the thermal resistance of vapor chambers becomes governed by the saturation temperature gradient in the vapor core, which is dependent on the thermophysical properties of the working fluid. To satisfy the performance objective, it is shown that the choice of working fluid cannot be based on a single figure of merit containing only fluid properties. Instead, the functional relationship for thermal resistance must be analyzed taking into account all operating and geometric parameters, in addition to the thermophysical fluid properties. Such an approach for choosing the working fluid is developed and demonstrated.
Monsoon Gyres of the Northwest Pacific: Influences of ENSO, the MJO, and the Pacific–Japan Pattern

AbstractAn objective definition of monsoon gyres in the northwest Pacific was developed in order to construct a gyre climatology. Over a 31-yr period, 53 gyres were identified with a median formation location at 16.5°N, 135°E. More than 80% formed during July–September. More than half of gyres developed during El Nino periods at a median location 1200 km farther to the east-southeast than during La Nina. Cyclonic winds at 850 hPa extended across a diameter of more than 4000 km, with maximum tangential wind near the 1000-km radius. A precipitation maximum extended westward for several thousand kilometers south of the gyre. Typhoons were most common north and east of the gyre centers. More than 70% of gyres developed during large-amplitude MJO events, with a strong preference for Real-time Multivariate MJO (RMM) phases 5–7. In boreal summer these phases contain circulation and convective anomalies that coincide most closely with those of the climatological monsoon trough. Gyres are most likely to form when ...
MHD stagnation point flow and heat transfer in viscoelastic fluid with Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model

This article presents an analysis of stagnation point of coupled flow and heat transfer of an upper-convected Maxwell fluid over a stretching sheet along with magnetic effects and slip condition at the boundary. The recently proposed Cattaneo–Christov model is employed in the energy equation to investigate the effects of thermal relaxation time. Similarity transformations are adopted to convert the governing partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. Numerical solution of the system of ODEs is achieved by shooting method together with Runge–Kutta method of order four. The effects of stretching ratio parameter (0 ≤ e ≤ 0.5), elasticity number (0 ≤ β ≤ 1.5), heat flux relaxation time (0 ≤ γ ≤ 1.5), magnetic parameter (0 ≤ M ≤ 1.5), slip coefficient (1 ≤ b ≤ 4) and Prandtl number (0 ≤ Pr ≤ 1.5) on velocity and temperature are investigated graphically and numerically. It is observed that temperature boosts up with an increase in thermal relaxation time.
EFFECT OF MATERNAL HIGH-FAT DIET ON KEY COMPONENTS OF THE PLACENTAL AND HEPATIC ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM

Maternal obesity in pregnancy has been linked to a spectrum of adverse developmental changes. Involvement of eCBs in obesity is well characterized. However, information regarding eCB physiology in ...
Book Reviews The Outcomes Measurement Movement and Mental Health Services Research: A Review of Three Books

This article discusses the important area of outcome measurement, and reviews three recently published books on the topic. The books that are reviewed focus on different aspects of outcome measurement, but the concurrence of opinion evident in these texts highlights the fact that the outcome measurement field is on solid ground. Consensus has apparently been reached in the following four domains: (1) purpose or rationale for outcome assessment; (2) application of outcome data; (3) outcome domains and their selection; and (4) outcomes measurement strategies. Few would argue that more development is needed to further our knowledge in the area. Nonetheless, the strength of these books and other recent literature on the topic indicates that outcome measurement has arrived and is generating a great deal of excitement and promise in mental health services research.
Abstract A004: Developing ovarian cancer xenograft in mouse model to see FSHR-mediated anticancer effect of Moringa oleifera root extract

Introduction: Sex hormones play an important role in ovarian cancer as novel redirected T-cell-based immunotherapy targeting human follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR)is tried. Moringa olifera root extract has shown efficacy in cancer cell as well as in hormonal milieu of ovary and reproductive organ. Hence, the aim of the present study was to study the anticancer effect of Moringa oleifera on human OAW 42 & MCF-7 cell line through its putative FSHR antagonistic role. Methods: The colorimetric MTT metabolic activity assay was used to see cell viability. Western blot analysis was performed to check its effect in apoptosis. Clonogenic assay was carried out to see the effect of Moringa root extract on cancer cell proliferation. Cell cycle analysis was done based on incorporation of Propidium Iodide into DNA (BD Cycletest™ Plus DNA Kit). Analyses of the samples were carried out flow cytometrically using BD LSRFortessaTM SORP (San Jose, CA) cell analyzer and BD FACSDiva v8.0.1 software.On day 35, mice were sacrificed and histopathologic analysis of the ovaries was carried out following standard protocol followed by IHC for detection of FSHR. Result: The dose-dependent analysis on viability of OAW-42 and MCF-7 cells by MTT assay showed 50% lethal toxicity (IC-50) of MRE (Moringa root extract) to be 250µg/ml and 200µg/ml, respectively, with synergestic effect of Moringa extract with both cisplatin and paclitaxol in OAW-42 cell line. Moringa extract at its IC-50 value showed visible effect in case of cleaved caspase-9. In clonogenic assay approximately 40% reduction of colony formation was observed. Flow cytometric data showed that after 24 hours and 48 hours of treatment with MOL root extract at its IC-50 dose, DNA content progressively increased in the sub G0 phase. However, approximately 3% upregulation and 11.4% downgulation of PI intensity at G0/G1 phase was also observed. Profuse expression of FSHR and its downstream target cMyc in the stroma of carcinoma control mice compared to control or Moringa-treated mice. Conclusion: We can conclude that MRE is a promising candidate for treatment of ovarian cancer by an FSHR-mediated pathway either alone or in combination with traditional chemotherapeutic drugs like cisplatin and paclitaxol at a sublethal dose of their toxicity. Citation Format: Chinmay Kumar Basu. Developing ovarian cancer xenograft in mouse model to see FSHR-mediated anticancer effect of Moringa oleifera root extract [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2017 Oct 26-30; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2018;17(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A004.
The role of consultants and management prestige in management control system adoption

Abstract Consultants are often involved in management control system (MCS) adoption, but the literature ignores their role. In two experimental studies, I identify conditions in which consultant recommendations and, in turn, manager MCS choices intend to benefit management rather than optimize benefits for the firm. The experiments focus on the effects of management's prestige. I find that professional consultants recommend new (as opposed to established) MCS to high prestige managers, despite believing that established MCS will benefit the firm. In turn, high prestige managers disproportionately choose the new (as opposed to established) MCS when recommended and believe doing so is the highest quality choice, even when NPV and risk are constant across MCS. When prestige is moderate, consultants recommend established MCS and managers gravitate towards these MCS. I argue that consultant involvement can lead to an MCS adoption risk: recommending and choosing MCS because they are new or used by others, not because they are better choices for the firm.
Awakened Leadership: A Mindful Roadmap for Perpetual Design Thinking

In this chapter, we present awakened leaders as future-focused individuals who lead from the heart, and with great consideration for the well-being of as many stakeholders as possible. Awakened leaders have experienced their share of mistakes in life but learned from them. They developed a solid value system based on their reflections. They are corporate, community, and household leaders who refuse to put on different hats when it comes to their personality. Awakened leaders practice a holistic and authentic approach in every environment and at every time. While it becomes easier with time to practice awakened leadership, there are easy and difficult sides to this style. Some of the easy elements are authenticity, real freedom, yielding, values, and focus. Some of the difficult issues surrounding awakened leadership are pressure and politics, uncooperativeness and standards, ego management, remaining authentic, and inner-connection. In spite of the challenges, awakened leaders can be found in every segment of society and in every circumstance. Leaders who choose to become awakened will find themselves more in balance with everything around them. They learn to turn inward for solutions, because they know that this is where the answers lie.
Review of a Null Space Strategy for Damage Localization

The damage localization strategy reviewed here rests on the fact that stress fields that can be computed from the kernel of changes in transfer matrices are identically zero over the subset of the domain where damage (reductions in stiffness) have taken place. Damage can be located, therefore, by extracting these loads and inspecting the associated stress fields. In structures identified from output signals it is not possible to compute changes in transfer matrices but the methodology can be used by replacing the transfer matrix change with a surrogate that shares the same null space. The paper reviews the essential theory and discusses the issues that arise when the strategy is applied in practice.
Crack Blunting in Sintered SiC

Submicron powder of β-SiC with small additions of boron and carbon (approximately 0.5 w/o of each) can be densified to greater than 98% of theoretical by solid state sintering in a reducing atmosphere at approximately 2100°C.1 The consolidated material is composed of (3 and/or α-SiC,2–4 depending on impurities and sintering conditions, with isolated inclusions of carbon and B4C. The resulting high temperature properties are excellent in terms of creep, oxidation, and stress rupture,3–5 probably due to the lack of any continuous grain boundary phase. These excellent properties combined with the availability of shaping techniques such as slip casting and injection molding qualify boron-doped sintered SiC as one of the most promising ceramics for structural applications in oxidizing environments at temperatures of 1400°C and above.
CT-Based Attenuation Correction for PET

In order to perform attenuation correction in PET, the set of line integrals through the linear attenuation map at 511 keV corresponding to the geometry of the acquired PET data is needed. The fundamental step in CT-based attenuation correction is to use the CT images to generate the linear attenuation map at 511 keV. The use of PET-CT for cardiac applications, whether assessing myocardial viability or performing perfusion studies, requires a special consideration of the role of CT-based attenuation correction.
Supply chain network equilibrium with strategic financial hedging using futures

Abstract In this paper, we develop a network equilibrium model for supply chain networks with strategic financial hedging. We consider multiple competing firms that purchase multiple materials and parts to manufacture their products. The supply chain firms’ procurement activities are exposed to commodity price risk and exchange rate risk. The firms can use futures contracts to hedge the risks. Our research studies the equilibrium of the entire network where each firm optimizes its own operation and hedging decisions. We use variational inequality theory to formulate the equilibrium model, and provide qualitative properties. We provide analytical results for a special case with duopolistic competition, and use simulations to study an oligopolistic case. The analytical and simulation studies reveals interesting managerial insights.
Global Warming and Climate Change

Global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. Climate change is an effect of global warming that cause drastic changes in the weather. Volcanic eruptions, solar radiation, and movement of crustal plates are some of the natural causes of climate change. Additionally, modern lifestyle is a substantial contributor to climate change. Global warming influenced by society is caused through an increase in greenhouse gases. Some of these gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, fluorinated gases and nitrous oxide. These gases warm the Earth’s atmosphere by trapping heat. Fluorinated gases have the highest warming potential followed by nitrous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide and water vapor. In the environment, water vapor is released in enormous amounts followed by carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases. Water vapor is a special gas because it has a low warming potential but is released in such high amounts, therefore, it has the highest warming effect. The carbon cycle circulates and transforms carbon back and forth between living species and the environment. Animal agriculture, transportation, and water utilities disrupt the carbon cycle by releasing stored carbon. As a result of global warming the following occur: intense heat, droughts, hurricanes, fires, floods, and rising of the sea level. Researchers created two experiments, the first experiment tested the warming potential of greenhouse gases at a constant rate. In contrast, the second experiment tested the warming potential of greenhouse gases at the rate they are released in the environment. In order to conduct these experiments greenhouses, ice sculptures, lights and thermometers were used. The results stated fluorinated gases had the greatest warming potential, while gases were distributed at a constant rate and carbon dioxide had the greatest warming potential when release in correlation to the environment. In conclusion, global warming is caused by greenhouse gases that are released by modern lifestyle. If global warming continues there will be fatal outcomes and congress has the power to prevent this by imposing a law in which methane is taxed.
A structural model evaluating the relationships among dining frequency, involvement, and restaurant attributes

This study develops and tests a dining involvement model based on the involvement construct and elaboration likelihood model. Our model links the perceived importance of dining attributes with dini...
Before the Storm: Stressors Associated with the Hurricane Irma Evacuation Process for Families

ObjectiveParents and children are vulnerable populations following hurricanes, and evacuation is an important safety strategy. Yet, little is known about “before the storm” stressors, particularly the surrounding evacuation, affecting families. Thus, following Hurricane Irma, we evaluated both stressful and positive aspects of the evacuation process for families, and we compared perceived safety and stress before, during, and after the hurricane across evacuating and non-evacuating families.MethodsSouth Florida parents of children under age 18 years (N=554; 97% mothers) completed an online survey in the months following Hurricane Irma, assessing perceptions of stress, safety, and evacuation experiences. Quantitative data and open-ended responses were gathered.ResultsMost families (82%) residing in mandatory evacuation zones evacuated, although many not in mandatory zones (46%) also evacuated. Parents who evacuated felt significantly safer during the storm, but more stressed before and during the storm, than non-evacuees. Evacuation-related travel and multiple family issues were rated as most stressful, although some positive aspects of evacuation were offered.ConclusionFindings have implications for emergency planners (eg, pre-/post-storm traffic flow needs, emotional needs of parents arriving at shelters) and for families (eg, importance of developing family disaster plans, controlling media exposure) to reduce evacuation stress for future storms. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:63-73)
Total syntheses of (±)-frondosin C and (±)-8-epi-frondosin C via a tandem anionic 5-exo dig cyclization–Claisen rearrangement sequence

Abstract Microwave-assisted anionic 5- exo dig cyclization–Claisen rearrangement sequence has been investigated as a convenient ‘one-pot’ route to fused cycloheptanoid ring systems. This process was used as the key transformation to construct the tetracyclic framework of frondosin C. Subsequent manipulation of the core allowed the first total syntheses of (±)-frondosin C and (±)-8- epi -frondosin C in a combined overall yield of 20.8% over 14 steps.
Analytical and numerical study of curved-base rocking walls

Abstract In light of the socio-economic impact of earthquakes, several novel lateral force resisting systems have recently been developed to improve the seismic performance and resilience of structures. One promising class of systems, and the focus of this work, are post-tensioned rocking systems. Despite the many benefits of rocking systems (e.g. small residual drift and simplified repairs after extreme events), several additional opportunities for improved performance remain. This paper introduces the concept of curved-base rocking walls, a redesign over traditional rectangular profile walls, and explores the potential benefits of this simple geometric modification. Analytical equations are developed to study the static and dynamic behavior of curved-base rocking walls in concert with gravity frames. These equations also provide insight into the parameter sensitivities and identify key components that drive the behavior. A finite element modeling approach is also proposed for modeling curved-base rocking structures. Finally, a preliminary investigation of how curved-base rocking walls may improve rocking wall performance and how the modifications effect the nonlinear dynamic response is presented.
Development and Application of Duplex Sequencing Strategy for Cell-Free DNA-Based Longitudinal Monitoring of Stage IV Colorectal Cancer.

Potential applications of cell-free DNA (cfDNA)–based molecular profiling have used in patients with diverse malignant tumors. However, capturing all cfDNA that originates from tumor cells and identifying true variants present in this minute fraction remain challenges to the widespread application of cfDNA-based liquid biopsies in the clinical setting. In this study, we evaluate a systematic approach and identify key components of wet bench and bioinformatics strategies to address these challenges. We found that concentration of enrichment oligonucleotides, elements of the library preparation, and the structure of adaptors are critical for achieving high enrichment of target regions, retaining variant allele frequencies accurately throughout all involved steps of library preparation, and obtaining high variant coverage. We developed a dual molecular barcode–integrated error elimination strategy to remove sequencing artifacts and a background error correction strategy to distinguish true variants from abundant false-positive variants. We further describe a clinical application of this cfDNA-based duplex sequencing approach that can be used to monitor disease progression in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer. The findings also suggest that cfDNA-based molecular testing observations are highly concordant with observations obtained by traditional imaging methods. Overall, the findings presented in this study have potential implications for early detection of cancer, identification of minimal residual disease, and evaluation of therapeutic responses in patients with cancer.
Republished: Late recanalization of basilar artery occlusion in a previously healthy 17-month-old child

Endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke in children is increasingly being reported, although the time window for intervention is unclear. We describe a previously healthy 17-month-old child who presented with vertebral artery thrombosis and cerebellar stroke requiring posterior fossa decompression. She later progressed to basilar artery thrombosis treated with mechanical thrombectomy 50 hours after clinical decline. At 3 month follow-up, the patient had a modified Rankin Scale score of 0.
Ramsey numbers of books and quasirandomness

The book graph B^((k))_n consists of n copies of K_(k+1) joined along a common K_k. The Ramsey numbers of B^((k))_n are known to have strong connections to the classical Ramsey numbers of cliques. Recently, the first author determined the asymptotic order of these Ramsey numbers for fixed k, thus answering an old question of Erdős, Faudree, Rousseau, and Schelp. In this paper, we first provide a simpler proof of this theorem. Next, answering a question of the first author, we present a different proof that avoids the use of Szemeredi's regularity lemma, thus providing much tighter control on the error term. Finally, we prove a conjecture of Nikiforov, Rousseau, and Schelp by showing that all extremal colorings for this Ramsey problem are quasirandom.
Association of peripheral artery disease with life-space mobility restriction and mortality in community-dwelling older adults.

Abstract Objective Symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) impairs walking, but data on the impact of PAD on community mobility is limited. Life-space mobility measures the distance, frequency, and assistance needed as older adults move through geographic areas extending from their bedroom (life-space mobility score: 0) to beyond their town (life-space mobility score: 120). We evaluated the association of PAD with longitudinal life-space mobility trajectory. Methods Participants were part of the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging, a longitudinal study of community-dwelling older adults who were observed from 2001 to 2009. We limited our analysis to those who survived at least 6 months (N = 981). PAD was based on self-report with verification by physician report and hospital records. Our primary outcome was life-space mobility score assessed every 6 months. A multilevel change model (mixed model) was used to determine the association between PAD and life-space mobility trajectory during a median 7.9 years of follow-up. Results Participants had a mean age of 75.7 (standard deviation, 6.7) years; 50.5% were female, and 50.4% were African American. PAD prevalence was 10.1%, and 57.1% of participants with PAD died. In participants with both PAD and life-space restriction, defined as life-space mobility score Conclusions Life-space mobility is a novel patient-centered measure of community mobility, and PAD is associated with significant life-space mobility decline among community-dwelling older adults. Further study is needed to mechanistically confirm these findings and to determine whether better recognition and treatment of PAD alter the trajectory of life-space mobility.
Planting the Seed: Innovation Diffusion of Craft Breweries in Florida

Though the craft brewing industry has witnessed significant growth in the last two decades, Florida saw a delay in craft brewery development, from very few breweries in the 1990s to an exponential increase in the mid-2010s. Though geographers have examined consumers’ interests in beer, none have questioned why growth is uneven in Florida, and, moreover, what role economics, identity, and politics play in the establishment of craft breweries. This study sought to understand why Florida lagged behind most of the U.S. in craft brewery expansion. We hypothesized that the unique features of the craft brewing industry (strong interpersonal connections, economic strategies, geography, politics, and identity) created both a means and hindrance to diffusion. Using qualitative and quantitative methodologies, this exploratory study concentrated on 87 microbreweries operating from 2013 until early 2016. Informal, unstructured and/or semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 craft brewery employees, and participant observations were collected at 14 beer industry-focused events. We used diffusion analysis to understand the spread of craft breweries, considering the role of external and internal influences on permeation. Results indicate that Florida craft brewing follows a unique pattern of distribution contrary to most models, as craft brewers rely on internal sources of influence. The social aspect of brewing is the predominant influence of diffusion. As craft brewing is social, it is noted that the initial pause in growth stems from possible risk reluctance by early adopters. Despite internal influence growth, external influences may have created barriers. Florida’s legal restrictions limited expansion for craft breweries due to distribution boundaries. Craft breweries saw an exponential increase following the lessening of beer-related laws. Future research is needed to determine if this phenomenon is true across other regions of the United States.
Ludo Hashing: Compact, Fast, and Dynamic Key-value Lookups for Practical Network Systems

Key-value lookup engines running in fast memory are crucial components of many networked and distributed systems such as packet forwarding, virtual network functions, content distribution networks, distributed storage, and cloud/edge computing. These lookup engines must be memory-efficient because fast memory is small and expensive. This work presents a new key-value lookup design, called Ludo Hashing, which costs the least space (3.76 + 1.05 ι bits per key-value item for ι-bit values) among known compact lookup solutions including the recently proposed partial-key Cuckoo and Bloomier perfect hashing. In addition to its space efficiency, Ludo Hashing works well with most practical systems by supporting fast lookups, fast updates, and concurrent writing/reading. We implement Ludo Hashing and evaluate it with both micro-benchmark and two network systems deployed in CloudLab. The results show that in practice Ludo Hashing saves 40% to 80%+ memory cost compared to existing dynamic solutions. It costs only a few GB memory for 1 billion key-value items and achieves high lookup throughput: over 65 million queries per second on a single node with multiple threads.
An Empirical Study of API Calls in Ransomware

Modern cryptographic ransomware pose a severe threat to the security of individuals and organizations. Targeted ransomware attacks exhibit refinement in attack vectors owing to the manual reconnaissance performed by the perpetrators for infiltration. The result is an impenetrable lock on multiple hosts within the organization which allows the cybercriminals to demand hefty ransoms. Reliance on prevention strategies is not sufficient and a firm comprehension of implementation details is necessary to develop effective solutions that can thwart ransomware after preventative strategies have failed. Ransomware depend heavily on the abstraction offered by Windows APIs. This paper provides a detailed review of the common API calls in ransomware. We propose four classes of API calls that can be used for profiling and generating effective API call relationships useful in automated detection. Finally, we present counts and visualizations pertaining to API call extraction from real-world ransomware that demonstrate that even advanced variants from different families carry similarities in implementation.
Thoracic aortic dissection classification among radiologists and surgeons and management trends

To investigate the discrepancy rate in classification of newly diagnosed aortic dissection (AD) between radiologists and surgeons and explore patient management. 3255 CTs performed for AD from June 2013 to June 2018 at our institution were retrospectively identified. CT reports and charts were reviewed to identify newly diagnosed AD or intramural hematoma (IMH). Radiology reports and electronic health records were reviewed for Stanford type A or B classification and surgical versus medical management. Newly diagnosed AD was diagnosed in 1.9% (62/3255) with one false positive, mean age 60 years. Discrepancy rate was 1.6% (1/61). Type A AD/IMH was treated surgically in 85% (23/27), medically in 15% (4/27). Type B AD/IMH was treated surgically in 56% (19/34) (endovascular 95% (18/19)), medically in 44% (15/34). Discrepancy rate between radiologists and surgeons in Stanford classification of aortic dissection was low. Management of type B AD/IMH was predominantly endovascular, reflecting a shift in practice from the historical binary management strategy of type A dissections being treated surgically and type B dissections medically.