cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomic distribution of periprostatic adipose tissue: a mapping study of 100 radical prostatectomy specimens.

BACKGROUND Because the prostatic capsule is often indistinct, recognition of extraprostatic extension by carcinoma depends heavily on the identification of carcinoma cells in the periprostatic adipose tissue. However, the distribution of adipose tissue along the prostatic surfaces has not been studied extensively. METHODS The authors analyzed the periprostatic adipose tissue in specimens from 100 patients treated with radical retropubic prostatectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy for prostatecarcinoma. Each specimen was totally embedded and examined by the whole mount method. The presence or absence of adipose tissue on the anterior, posterior, right, and left surfaces of the prostate was determined and analyzed. RESULTS Periprostatic adipose tissue was present on 48% of all prostatic surfaces examined. The distribution of periprostatic adipose tissue varied among the different surfaces of the prostate, with the anterior, posterior, right, and left surfaces showing 44%, 36%, 59%, and 57% adipose tissue, respectively. The amount of periprostatic adipose tissue was similar among specimens from operations performed by different surgeons (P = 0.72). However, nerve-sparing procedures resulted in less adipose tissue (46%) than non-nerve-sparing procedures (54%) (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Less than half of the prostatic surfaces examined were covered by adipose tissue. The absence of adipose tissue over large areas of the prostatic surface, especially the posterior surface, makes the evaluation of extraprostatic extension difficult and unreliable. Further refinement of the prostate carcinoma staging system is needed. Cancer 2003;97:1639–43. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11231
Identification of surface hydronium: Coadsorption of hydrogen fluoride and water on platinum (111)

The adsorption of HF and its coadsorption with water were studied on Pt(111) by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) as a step in the UHV modeling of the acidic aqueous electrolyte/electrode interface. Anhydrous HF adsorbs without dissociation. HF coadsorbed with water reacts to form several phases distinguishable by TPD. HREELS spectra show that the reaction forms the H3O+ ion. The stoichiometries of thermal desorption identify an acid monohydrate phase ([H3O+][F−]) and fully hydrated phases with stoichiometries of HF · 5H2O in the monolayer and HF · 8H2O in the multilayer. To the as-yet-unknown extent that low-temperature measurements are relevant to normal aqueous electrochemistry, these results indicate that even such classically “non-specifically” adsorbed ions as H+ and F− interact sufficiently strongly with Pt surfaces to displace some water from their inner solvation shells. These data also show that Bronsted acid-base chemistry can be carried out and spectroscopically observed in low temperature monolayers in UHV, and point the way towards UHV studies of such pH-dependent phenomena as corrosion and electrocatalysis.
Differential Effectiveness of Applicant Impression Management Tactics on Employment Interview Decisions1

It has been a commonly held belief for some time that applicants attempt to manage impressions of interviewers in the employment interview process, but only recently have researchers begun to examine systematically the tactics applicants use, and how effective they are. The present study contrasted two sets of impression management tactics used by applicants and observed their effects on interviewer decisions in a controlled laboratory experiment. An applicant who employed self-focused-type impression management tactics was rated higher, received more recommendations for a job offer, and received fewer rejections from business students, who had just completed an interviewer training program, than when he used other-focused-type tactics. The implications of these results in terms of both theory and practice are discussed.
Transient heat conduction in an anisotropic medium in cylindrical coordinates

Abstract Three dimensional, time dependent heat conduction for an anisotropic medium of a triclinic system is solved for an infinitely long hollow or solid cylinder of finite radius with a restriction e 23 = e 12 e 13 . Several special cases are obtained from the present solution.
Step one within stepped care trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for young children: a pilot study.

This pilot study explored the preliminary efficacy, parent acceptability and economic cost of delivering Step One within Stepped Care Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (SC-TF-CBT). Nine young children ages 3–6 years and their parents participated in SC-TF-CBT. Eighty-three percent (5/6) of the children who completed Step One treatment and 55.6 % (5/9) of the intent-to-treat sample responded to Step One. One case relapsed at post-assessment. Treatment gains were maintained at 3-month follow-up. Generally, parents found Step One to be acceptable and were satisfied with treatment. At 3-month follow-up, the cost per unit improvement for posttraumatic stress symptoms and severity ranged from $27.65 to $131.33 for the responders and from $36.12 to $208.11 for the intent-to-treat sample. Further research on stepped care for young children is warranted to examine if this approach is more efficient, accessible and cost-effective than traditional therapy.
Blood-brain barrier disruption and vascular damage induced by ultrasound bursts combined with microbubbles can be influenced by choice of anesthesia protocol

Numerous animal studies have demonstrated that ultrasound bursts combined with a microbubble-based ultrasound contrast agent can temporarily disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with little or no other apparent effects to the brain. As the BBB is a primary limitation to the use of most drugs in the brain, this method could enable a noninvasive means for targeted drug delivery in the brain. This work investigated whether BBB disruption and vessel damage when overexposure occurs can be influenced by choice of anesthesia protocol, which have different vasoactive effects. Four locations were sonicated transcranially in each brain of 16 rats using an unfocused 532 kHz piston transducer. Burst sonications (10 ms bursts applied at 1 Hz for 60 s) were combined with intravenous Definity (10 μl/kg) injections. BBB disruption was evaluated using contrast-enhanced MRI. Half of the animals were anesthetized with i.p. ketamine and xylazine, and the other half with inhaled isoflurane and oxygen. Over the range of exposure levels tested, MRI contrast enhancement was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for animals anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine. Furthermore, the threshold for extensive erythrocyte extravasation was lower with ketamine/xylazine. These results suggest that BBB disruption and/or vascular damage can be affected by vascular or other factors that are influenced by different anesthesia protocol. These experiments may also have been influenced by the recently reported findings that the circulation time for perfluorocarbon microbubbles is substantially reduced when oxygen is used as the carrier gas.
Calcium-dependent regulation of aldosterone production in isolated adrenal glomerulosa cells: effects of the ionophore A-23187.

The effect of the calcium ionophore A-23187 on the regulation of aldosterone synthesis was investigated in isolated rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. Over the concentration range of 0.1-1.0 JUM, A-23187 increased aldosterone production in a dose-dependent manner, with half-maximal stimulation at approximately 0.3 μM. Stimulation of aldosterone production by A- 23187 was dependent on the concentration of extracellular calcium and was not accompanied by detectable increases in cAMP production. In contrast to the stimulation of steroidogenesis elicited by A-23187 alone, the ionophore significantly inhibited the aldosterone responses to angiotensin II and potassium. In angiotensin II-stimulated cells, 0.2 [μM A-23187 caused half-maximal inhibition of aldosterone production, and 2 μM A-23187 inhibited aldosterone production by about 70%. The ionophore did not affect the binding of angiotensin II to isolated glomerulosa cells and did not change the sensitivity of the cells to either angiotensin II or potassium. Ho...
Relationship between crystal chemistry and the local structure and electronic properties of Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 superconductors determined by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) have been used to characterize the local structure and electronic properties of ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{10}$ single crystals prepared from 4:1:3:6 and 4:1:3:10 stoichiometry melts. Magnetic-susceptibility, resistivity, x-ray-fluorescence, and x-ray-diffraction measurements indicate that samples prepared from the 4:1:3:6 melts (type 1) have a chemical inhomogeneity, while crystals obtained from the 4:1:3:10 melts (type 2) are high quality. STM studies of the type-1 crystals demonstrate that the inhomogeneities can be associated with distortions in the TlO layer atomic structure. STS measurements on the distorted TlO layer of the type-1 samples have shown that this layer is also metallic. STM and STS investigations of the type-2 samples have shown, however, that the TlO layer in these crystals is tetragonal and semiconducting. In addition, a superstructure that is localized over small regions of the TlO surface has been characterized in the type-1 crystals. These results demonstrate that single crystals of the same average structure and composition can exhibit substantial differences in the local-structure electronic states and superconducting properties.
Correlation of vegetable oil-hexane solution vapor pressures

Variations between commercial hexanes from different sources and boiling ranges of some solvents are sufficiently large to require specific data on vapor pressures for the solvent or solvent fraction in a miscella. Pressure-concentration-temperature relations, experimentally determined for three commercial hexanes and a heptane in soybean oil, have been correlated and presented graphically as a single set of curves, characteristic of n-hexane. An example of a method is given by which these curves can be used to obtain specific data for any hexane solvent. A variation of ±5°F. in solvent boiling point is shown to cause a ±6% change in miscella concentration which can be corrected by a change of ±8°F. in operating temperature. This effect is due to a ± 7.5% variation in miscella vapor pressure, when the solvent boiling point varies by ±5°F., which is sufficiently greater than the uncertainty of pressures read from the correlation, about ±2%, to require consideration in design and operation of solvent recovery equipment.
On the possibility of using an electromagnetic radioisotope separator in conjunction with charged-particle and photon-activation analysis

A proposal is made for the use of electromagnetic radioisotope separation following charged particle, photon- or neutron-activation. Features of this separation technique are speed and selectivity, opening new possibilities for simultaneous determination of several trace elements, especially the light ones. Preliminary experiments have shown the possibilities if this separation technique is used in conjunction with activation analysis.
Smartphone based multimodal activity detection system using plantar pressure sensors

There have been numerous efforts to detect human physical activities automatically. Healthcare professionals who want to monitor patients remotely, people who want to know their measure of physical activity objectively, or people who develop context-sensitive systems are interested in such systems. A majority of such systems use accelerometers to collect data from different parts of the body. Recently, some systems have used the accelerometer and gyroscope sensors of smart phones to develop unobtrusive systems. Such systems require users to carry smart phones with them. Such requirement limits the practical usability of these systems because people often place their phones on the table while sitting and women usually carry phones in their purses. We have developed a multimodal system where we used pressure sensor data from shoes along with accelerometers and gyroscope data from smart phones to make a more robust system. In this paper, we present our novel activity detection system along with evaluation briefly.
Weighted approximation for weak convex external fields

Abstract Let w ( x ) ≢ 0 be a non-negative continuous weight function which decays faster than 1 / x near infinity and let q ( x ) = − l o g w ( x ) . Totik proved that if q ( x ) is convex, then a continuous function f ( x ) can be approximated by weighted polynomials w ( x ) n P n ( x ) , n = 0 , 1 , 2 , … , if and only if f ( x ) vanishes outside the support of the equilibrium measure associated with q ( x ) . We prove a similar result in the case when q ( x ) is only “weak convex”.
Corneal cells: chatty in development, homeostasis, wound healing, and disease.

Abstract Purpose To provide an overview of cell–cell interactions in the cornea that have a critical role in corneal development, homeostasis, wound healing, and disease. Design Review. Methods Review of the literature. Results Cell–cell interactions make critical contributions to development, homeostasis, and wound healing in the cornea. Many of these interactions are mediated by cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines. The best characterized are stromal–epithelial interactions between epithelial cells and stromal cells such as keratocytes, keratoblasts, and myofibroblasts. However, interactions also occur between corneal nerves and epithelial cells and between corneal cells (epithelial cells and stromal cells) and corneal immune cells. Although investigations are limited, it is likely that there are interactions between corneal endothelial cells and keratocytes in the posterior stroma. Conclusions Cellular communications in the cornea are critical during development, homeostasis, and wound healing. Disorders of cellular communication likely contribute to many corneal diseases.
Responsive, deterministic IEEE 802.5 token ring scheduling

This paper presents a novel approach for scheduling the IEEE 802.5 token ring. This approach not only guarantees deadlines for synchronous class messages, but also dramatically reduces asynchronous class response times. Further, highly responsive guaranteed service is introduced for alert class asynchronous messages. Conventional use of the IEEE 802.5 token ring standard guarantees synchronous communication services using Time Domain Multiplexing (TDM) techniques while relegating asynchronous class message services to background status. The result is poor responsiveness. Further, the TDM schedules tend to be fragile and difficult to modify and extend. This paper presents an algorithmic-based scheduling approach that supportsa priori schedulability determination for arbitrary synchronous message sets without the costly development, testing, and tuning of TDM schedules. This capability allows the IEEE 802.5 standard to support dynamic, adaptive, and reconfigurable run-time environments where the inflexibility of TDM would be prohibitive. Advanced real-time scheduling theory is applied to the IEEE 802.5 token ring standard and dramatically enhances asynchronous class messages' responsiveness while still maintaining guaranteed service for the synchronous class. The result is a highly responsive real-time ring that can form the backbone of predictable, stable, and extendible real-time systems.
Pharmacological modification of tremor and enhanced acoustic startle by chlordecone and p,p'-DDT.

Pretreatment of rats with phenoxybenzamine (5 mg/kg; SC), an alpha adrenergic antagonist, decreased the peak tremor power and startle magnitude of rats subsequently given DDT (75 mg/kg; PO) or chlordecone (60 mg/kg; IP), without having a significant effect on control animals. Pretreatment with an intracerebroventricular injection of calcium (3.75 μM in 5 μl NaCl) decreased the peak tremor power due to subsequently administered DDT, while increasing the tremor response in rats later dosed with chlordecone. The effects of phenoxybenzamine are postulated to be due to a blockade of an excitatory influence of the adrenergic system. Calcium may decrease DDT-induced tremor by acting as a neuronal stabilizer. Potentiation of the tremorigenic effect of chlordecone by calcium may be due to increased levels of intracellular calcium, resulting in augmented release of neurotransmitters in chlordecone-exposed animals.
Acetabular hypertrophy in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease.

Measurements from the radiographs of 65 children with unilateral Legg-Calve-Perthes disease showed that in 61 cases, the acetabulum was larger on the affected side by a mean of 4.0 mm. The mean femoral head size was increased in 60 of 65 cases by 6.8 mm. Acetabular and femoral head overgrowth occurred in a parallel fashion with onset early in the course of the disease. Hyperemia is the most likely explanation for this joint overgrowth. Acetabular contour was evaluated in 83 hips. Nineteen of these hips exhibited the sign of acetabular bicompartmentalization. This appears to be the result of maximally active cartilage hypertrophy and lateral placement of the femoral head. Bicompartmentalization can be seen 3 months after the onset of symptoms and is a poor prognostic sign.
Low delay and large effective area few-mode fibers for mode-division multiplexing

We report graded index few mode fiber designs for mode-division multiplexing and demonstrate a 100-km few-mode fiber span with effective areas larger than 160 μm2 and differential mode group delay of less than 6 ps/km.
Primary interaction between antibody and components of Alternaria: I. Immunological and chemical characteristics of labeled antigens

Abstract Components were isolated from Alternaria tenuis and its culture filtrate, and were radiolabeled with 125 I. The labeled antigenic components had a high polysaccharide content as determined by staining patterns following electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels and by inactivation with sodium metaperiodate. A primary binding test was employed to detect and measure serum antibodies to the components from A. tenuis . This procedure was more sensitive in detecting antibodies that bound to antigens than were comparable tests dependent upon precipitin types of reactions. The labeled components of A. tenuis cross-reacted or shared antigens with 3 other species of molds: Stemphylium sp., Curvularia sp. , and Aspergillus fumigatus , but not with a variety of other fungal and nonfungal materials.
Whole-Exome Capture and Sequencing Identifies HEATR2 Mutation as a Cause of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

Motile cilia are essential components of the mucociliary escalator and are central to respiratory-tract host defenses. Abnormalities in these evolutionarily conserved organelles cause primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Despite recent strides characterizing the ciliome and sensory ciliopathies through exploration of the phenotype-genotype associations in model organisms, the genetic bases of most cases of PCD remain elusive. We identified nine related subjects with PCD from geographically dispersed Amish communities and performed exome sequencing of two affected individuals and their unaffected parents. A single autosomal-recessive nonsynonymous missense mutation was identified in HEATR2, an uncharacterized gene that belongs to a family not previously associated with ciliary assembly or function. Airway epithelial cells isolated from PCD-affected individuals had markedly reduced HEATR2 levels, absent dynein arms, and loss of ciliary beating. MicroRNA-mediated silencing of the orthologous gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii resulted in absent outer dynein arms, reduced flagellar beat frequency, and decreased cell velocity. These findings were recapitulated by small hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of HEATR2 in airway epithelial cells from unaffected donors. Moreover, immunohistochemistry studies in human airway epithelial cells showed that HEATR2 was localized to the cytoplasm and not in cilia, which suggests a role in either dynein arm transport or assembly. The identification of HEATR2 contributes to the growing number of genes associated with PCD identified in both individuals and model organisms and shows that exome sequencing in family studies facilitates the discovery of novel disease-causing gene mutations.
Baculovirus systems for the expression of human gene products

Significant advances in basic and applied biology have resulted from the use of baculovirus vectors for the expression of heterologous proteins in cultured insect cells and in insect larvae. The development of improved vectors has greatly facilitated the construction of recombinant baculoviruses, both by increasing the efficiency of identifying recombinant viruses and by reducing or eliminating the tedious steps used to purify the desired recombinant virus from its non-recombinant parent virus.
Necrotizing enterocolitis in multiple-birth infants.

Abstract Over a 5-year period, 20 infants of multiple-gestation births (16 twin, 2 triplet) developed necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (15 infants) or suspected NEC (5 infants). During the same period, 532 infants of multiple gestations were admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit, yielding a NEC incidence in this population of 3.8%. In two twin sets, both infants developed NEC or suspected NEC, and in three sets only the affected twin was transferred to our nursery. Five infants required surgical intervention (25%) and three infants died (overall mortality, 15%). Fifteen siblings who did not develop NEC served as a control group. Analysis showed that the 1-minute Apgar score was the most significant factor in predicting NEC ( P P
Defects of mitochondrial β-oxidation: a growing group of disorders

Abstract Two disorders of fatty acid metabolism were described in 1973. Since then, at least 22 different inborn errors of metabolism affecting β-oxidation in skeletal muscle and other tissues have been identified. Neurological findings are prominent in many of these, including hypotonia, myopathy (often with lipid storage), and peripheral neuropathy. Recurrent rhabdomyolysis and hypoglycemia are frequent clinical problems. In many cases, a correct diagnosis will only be made if these disorders are specifically considered and appropriate tests are obtained, since screening tests which detect other inborn errors of metabolism are often normal in patients with β-oxidation defects under many circumstances. Clinical symptoms, diagnostic testing, and issues of newborn screening for this important group of disorders are discussed.
Product spaces and semi-separation axioms

In this paper new characterizations of semi-R0 and semi-R1 spaces are obtained and used to prove that the product space of semi-R0, semi-T1, and semi-T0 spaces is, respectively, semi-R0, semi-T1, and semi-T0; and that the product space of semi-R1 space need not be semi-R1. An example is given where the product space is semi-T2 and one of the factor spaces is not semi-T0 or semi-R0.
Hole velocity enhancement in sub-100 nm gate length strained-SiGe channel p-MOSFETs on insulator

Hole effective mobility and velocity have been extracted from measurements of sub-100 nm gate length strained Si0.45Ge0.55 channel MOSFETs. The hole effective mobility is observed to provide a 2.4x enhancement over Si hole universal mobility for channel lengths in the range of 200 to 80 nm. The extracted virtual source velocity is enhanced by 45% relative to Si control devices. These results are promising for future high-Ge content SiGe-channel p-MOSFETs.
Sexual reproduction in solitary corals: Overlapping oogenic and brooding cycles, and benthic planulas in Balanophyllia elegans

The temperate solitary coral Balanophyllia elegans Verrill, 1864 was collected monthly between January 1977 and August 1978 off the California coast. B. elegans reproduces only sexually, is gonochoric, and broods its embryos. Males are ripe only in late summer, but oocytes and embryos (ca. 40 per female) are found throughout the year. The presence of oocytes and embryos throughout the year may be the result of very long, overlapping oocyte growth and embryonic developmental times. Large, crawling, benthic planulas are released mainly in the winter. The skeletal design of the corallum of B. elegans accommodates the brooding of unusually large embryos; this design may be indicative of brooding large embryos in other species of corals, particularly dendrophyllids.
Earlier detection of prostate cancer in African American men treated with radiotherapy: Results of a targeted screening program

Our objective was to determine whether earlier detection of prostate cancer was possible among African American men (AAM) using targeted screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA). One thousand one hundred five AAM had PSA screening through the local churches. In total, 35 prostate cancers were discovered, for which 13 men received external beam irradiation. These patients' tumor characteristics were compared with those of 107 AAM who received irradiation during the same period but who were not a component of this targeted screen (comparison group). The screened group was older (72 vs. 68 years) than the comparison group. However, the screened group had a lower average PSA value (16.3 vs. 29.8 ng/ml; P < 0.05) and a lower median PSA value (6.8 vs. 14.2 ng/ml; P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the patient distribution by Gleason score; however, the screened patients had significantly fewer T3/T4 tumors (9% vs. 29%; P < 0.05). This analysis supports the hypothesis that early detection of prostate cancer is possible among AAM using targeted screening with PSA. Radiat Oncol Invest 1996;4:80–82. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Novel Method for Economical Diagnosis of Cladograms under Sankoff Optimization

Abstract Abstract —A method is proposed to recode certain phylogenetic cost matrices in order to lessen the computational burden involved in the search for parsimonious cladograms. Multistate characters with complex costs among character states are converted to unordered multistate and binary variables with differential weights. These new variables can be optimized efficiently. The method has applications in cases where character states are distributed hierarchically and symmetrically. Cases of "inapplicable" states in morphology, and transition-transversion weighting in molecular sequence data are discussed this light.
Predicting public child welfare employees' intentions to remain employed with the child welfare organizational culture inventory

Abstract High employee turnover continues to be a serious problem in the field of public child welfare. In a statewide study of public child welfare employees in a southern state, the Child Welfare Organizational Culture Inventory was used to assess employees' perceptions of organizational culture and to examine which factors might be predictors of employees' intentions to remain on the job as measured by the Intent to Remain Employed-Child Welfare scale. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between organizational culture and employees' intent to remain in their in child welfare. These analyses provide a view into which employees might be at higher risk for leaving their positions and which organizational factors are contributing to the problem of high worker turnover.
The asymmetry of lateral interference in visual letter identification

Asymmetry of masking refers to the fact that a masking letter placed on the peripheral side of a target in the visual field will interfere more with recognition of the target than will a masking letter placed on the central side of the target. The experiments in this paper show that lateral masking for a pair consisting of a single target and a single mask cannot be entirely explained by processing interference caused by the mask but that masking ]has a component of purely sensory interference. Furthermore, the asymmetry of masking at the sensory level, when all sources of processing interference are eliminated, can be explained in terms of the falloff in acuity from the center to the periphery of the retina. The sensory component of masking is asymmetrical because, with the target at a constant retinal location, the target-plus-mask configuration is, as a whole, more peripherally located with a peripheral mask than a central one, and it is the location of the target-plus-mask configuration that determines performance.
Intrinsic organization of snake dorsomedial cortex: An electron microscopic and golgi study

The intrinsic organization of medial cortex in snakes, primarily of the genera Natrix and Boa, was studied using Golgi and electron microscopic techniques. The area has three distinct layers, each containing a characteristic population of neurons. Stellate cells comprise a relatively small population of neurons with their somata and dendrites restricted to layer 1, the most superficial layer. Their axons course horizontally in layer 1. Candelabra cells form the largest population of neurons in medial cortex. Their somata lie densely packed in layer 2 and are joined by specialized junctions. Ascending dendrites extend from the somata into layer 1. They consist of spine-free proximal segments and spine bearing distal segments. Descending dendrites extend from the somata into the upper half of layer 3. The proximal segments bear few spines but branch into several tapered, distal segments which have a moderate covering of spines. One or two axons originate from the descending dendrites and descend through layer 3. The axons bear collaterals in the deep half of layer 3 and eventually bifurcate in the alveus. The medial branches run into the septum; the lateral branches course through other cortical areas. The axons bear frequent varicosities within medial cortex. Periventricular cells lie in the deep half of layer 3, either singly or in clusters. Their ascending dendrites extend radially into layer 1 where they branch into distal segments which resemble those of the candelabra cells. Their descending dendrites arborize horizontally in the alveus and bear a moderate covering of spines. Ependymal cells line the ventricular surface and send radial processes through the area's depth bearing lamellate processes.
Current 3-ω large optic test procedures and data analysis for the quality assurance of National Ignition Facility optics

A reliable metric is required to describe the damage resistance of large aperture 3(omega) transmissive optics for the NIF laser. The trend from single site testing to the more statistically valid Gaussian scanning test requires a well modeled experimental procedure, accurate monitoring of the test parameters, and careful interpretation of the resulting volumes of data. The methods described here provide reliable quality assurance data, as well as intrinsic damage concentration information used to predict the performance expected under use conditions. This paper describe the equipment, test procedure, and data analysis used to evaluate large aperture 3(omega) optics for the NIF laser.
Activation of physiological stress responses by a natural reward: Novel vs. repeated sucrose intake

Pharmacological rewards, such as drugs of abuse, evoke physiological stress responses, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. It is not clear to what extent the natural reward of palatable foods elicits similar physiological responses. In order to address this question, HPA axis hormones, heart rate, blood pressure and brain pCREB immunolabeling were assessed following novel and repeated sucrose exposure. Briefly, adult, male rats with ad libitum food and water were given either a single (day 1) or repeated (twice-daily for 14 days) brief (up to 30 min) exposure to a second drink bottle containing 4 ml of 30% sucrose drink vs. water (as a control for bottle presentation). Sucrose-fed rats drank more than water-fed on all days of exposure, as expected. On day 1 of exposure, heart rate, blood pressure, plasma corticosterone, and locomotion were markedly increased by presentation of the second drink bottle regardless of drink type. After repeated exposure (day 14), these responses habituated to similar extents regardless of drink type and pCREB immunolabeling in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) also did not vary with drink type, whereas basolateral amygdala pCREB was increased by sucrose intake. Taken together, these data suggest that while sucrose is highly palatable, physiological stress responses were evoked principally by the drink presentation itself (e.g., an unfamiliar intervention by the investigators), as opposed to the palatability of the offered drink.
Autism Research and Services for Young Children: History, Progress and Challenges

For three decades after Leo Kanner's first clinical description, research progress in understanding and treating autism was minimal but since the late 1960s the growth of autism discoveries has been exponential, with a remarkable number of new findings published over the past two decades, in particular. These advances were made possible first by the discovery and dissemination of early intensive behavioural intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism that created the impetus for earlier accurate diagnosis. Other factors influencing the rapid growth in autism research were the first accepted diagnostic test for autism, the Autism Diagnostic Interview and Observation Schedule (ADI and ADOS). Developments in brain imaging and genetic technology combined to create a fuller understanding of the heterogeneity of autism, its multiple aetiologies, very early onset and course, and strategies for treatment. For a significant proportion of children with autism, it appears EIBI may be capable of promoting brain connectivity in specific cerebral areas, which is one of autism's underlying challenges. Disagreements about the most appropriate early intervention approach between developmental and behavioural psychologists have been unproductive and not contributed to advancing the field. Naturalistic behavioural and structured discrete trial methods are being integrated with developmental strategies with promising outcomes. Over these past 30 years, young people with autism have gone from receiving essentially no proactive treatment, resulting in lives languishing in institutions, to today, when half of children receiving EIBI treatment subsequently participate in regular classrooms alongside their peers. The future has entirely changed for young people with autism. Autism has become an eminently treatable condition. The time is overdue to set aside philosophical quarrels regarding theories of child development and apply what we know for the benefit of children with autism and their families.
Distributivity and deformation of the reals from Tsallis entropy

Abstract We propose a one-parameter family R q of deformations of the reals, which is motivated by the generalized additivity of the Tsallis entropy. We introduce a generalized multiplication which is distributive with respect to the generalized addition of the Tsallis entropy. These operations establish a one-parameter family of field isomorphisms τ q between R and R q through which an absolute value on R q is introduced. This turns out to be a quasisymmetric map, whose metric and measure-theoretical implications are pointed out.
Inhibition of precartilaginous chick somites by oncogenic virus.

Abstract Infection of embryonic chicken notochord-somite explants with Rous sarcoma virus inhibited the in vitro differentiation of somites into cartilage. Visual inspection of the explants revealed that viral infection reduced the size of cartilage nodule formation. Formation of the complex of sulfated proteoglycans with hyaluronic acid was inhibited by RSV infection, and sedimentation analysis of the sulfated proteoglycans showed that very little fast sedimenting proteoglycans were synthesized by RSV-infected explants. The infected explants primarily synthesize a slowly sedimenting sulfated proteoglycan which was chondroitinase resistant. These slow-sedimenting sulfated proteoglycans lack the ability to associate with hyaluronic acid and appear to be noncartilaginous. These effects of RSV are apparently due to the src gene of this virus since the mutant td108, which lacks part of the src gene, has no detectable influence on the chondrogenic differentiation of somite explants. Similarly, infection with RAV-2 as well as with uv-irradiated virus had no detectable effect. The inhibition of synthesis of fast sedimenting proteoglycans was observed at 41°C with explants infected with tsNY68, suggesting that residual activity of transforming gene of this virus at the nonpermissive temperature is sufficient for this inhibition in the explants.
Service of refractories in the continuous casting of 100 ton converter heats

Refractories for steel-casting ladles used at present in the converter shop of the Novolipetsk Factory can be used for casting 100-ton heats. However, it is necessary to increase the resistance of the ladle linings.
An Important Question Half-Answered: A Response to Perry's Article

Robin E. Perry's article, Do Social Workers Make Better Child Welfare Workers Than Non-Social Workers?, is an important step in studying the relationship between education of child welfare workers and their job performance. In this case, however, workers’ performance was measured by poorly designed performance evaluation tools completed routinely by Florida supervisors and peers. The iterative and labor-intensive process of job analysis, competency development, and performance appraisal validation is not typically done in child welfare nor studied in social work research. Until we can validate and reliably measure the knowledge and skills necessary to perform child welfare work, we cannot answer many questions about the relationship between worker education and performance on the job.
Labview implementation of speed detection for mains-fed motors using motor current signature analysis

The speed of an induction motor (IM) can be extracted from the motor currents of an induction motor with a Labview implementation of motor current signature analysis (MCSA). The implementation is applied to an IM driven by the 60 Hz mains. The estimation system consists of data acquisition, demodulation and FFT spectrum analyses. The above estimation algorithms are implemented in Labview for Windows, with the Labview output being compared to measurements from a tachometer, with acceptable results.
Structure and asymptotic behaviour of a non–decreasing Markov chain

Let be a non-decreasing Markov chain with a transition probability Q satisfying .Assuming that Q(x,By),where ,is non-increasing in x, and that Q(x,By+x) B is non-decreasing in x,we prove that ,where {Zi} is stochastically non-increasing and asymptotically i.i.d.,possessing a mixin property.We use this to show that (a.s) and that in probability,if ,where T(y) is the hitting time of (y,∞).We also show that is Markov renewal process where are sojourn times of
Shape Control of Tensegrity Plates: An Experimental Study

Tensegrity is a special class of tension-trusses. Strings play an important role in the deployment and shape changing of these structures. A simple class-1 tensegrity unit consists of 3 bars and 9 strings. This unit can be arranged to form a tower or a flat plate. With the integration of sensors and actuators, the tower and plate can be a smart structure. In this paper, we demonstrate the shape changing of a 7-unit tensegrity structure from a flat plate to a parabolic dish by controlling the length of strings in each unit. This provides a feasible structure for a next generation shape changing antenna and space telescope.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A critic's view of some recent proposed applications of Catastrophe theory

Recent attempts to defend Catastrophe Theory from the harsh criticism to which it has been subjected have emphasized the idea that the applicability of the theory should not be judged on the basis of the original claims made by its own proponents. The early claim that CT was a revolutionary breakthrough that would, for the first time in history, enable us to deal with discontinuity in a mathematical way, and that the main impact of this revolution was going to be felt in the social sciences and in biology, is now being replaced by the much more modest idea that CT should be judged on the basis of recent proposed applications to physics. This paper presents a critic's assessment of this new type of application.
Oncologic Efficacy of Radio Frequency Ablation for Small Renal Masses: Clear Cell vs Papillary Subtype.

Purpose: Current radio frequency ablation series do not distinguish renal cell carcinoma subtypes when reporting oncologic efficacy. Papillary neoplasms may be more amenable to radio frequency ablation than clear cell carcinoma because they are less vascular, which may limit heat energy loss. We report the long-term outcomes of patients treated with radio frequency ablation for small renal masses by renal cell carcinoma subtype.Materials and Methods: The records of patients undergoing radio frequency ablation for small renal masses (cT1a) at 2 institutions from March 2007 to July 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were included in analysis if they had biopsy confirmed clear cell or papillary renal cell carcinoma histology. Patients had at least 1 contrast enhanced cross-sectional image following radio frequency ablation. Demographic data between tumor subtypes were compared using the paired t-test. Oncologic outcomes were determined by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and survivor curves were comp...
Cell type-restricted expression of erythrocyte tropomodulin Isoform41 in exon 1 knockout/ LacZ knock-in heterozygous mice

Full-length erythrocyte tropomodulin (E-Tmod or Tmod1) isoform of 41 kDa is an actin nucleation protein and caps the pointed end of tropomyosin-coated actin filaments. It participates in the length control of short actin protofilaments in the erythrocyte membrane skeletal network as well as the organization of microfilaments in non-erythroid cells. Recently we discovered and characterized a truncated isoform of 29 kDa, which lacks the N-terminal sequence encoded by exons 1 and 2 required for nucleation and capping. Thus, it is important to study the expression pattern of solely the E-Tmod41 isoform in tissues. We utilized our exon 1 knockout (KO) mouse model with a knock-in lacZ reporter gene which reports the expression of E-Tmod41, but not E-Tmod29. Because this homozygous isoform-specific KO is an embryonic lethal mutation, we used heterozygous mice. X-gal staining localized specific signals at the single cell level and revealed a timed expression during embryonic development and restricted expression in adult mice. Our results showed that E-Tmod41 expressing cells include developing and young erythroid cells, developing somites, young fiber cells in the lens, certain subtype(s) of tubular cells in the kidney, smooth muscle cells in various tissues, and horizontal cells in the retina. A comparison with previous studies revealed that most if not all tissues known to express E-Tmod contained lacZ-expressing cells. Interestingly, some tubular cells were lacZ-positive while others in the same renal tubule were not, indicating heterogeneity within the tubular cells. Combined with double immunocytochemistry, we further localized E-Tmod41 to dendritic spines of horizontal cells. These timed and cell-type restricted expressions of E-Tmod41 suggest a role of actin nucleation and/or short actin protofilaments in these cell types and sub-cellular structures.
A Novel Mechanism for Cross-Adaptation between Heat and Altitude Acclimation: The Role of Heat Shock Protein 90

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a member of a family of molecular chaperone proteins which can be upregulated by various stressors including heat stress leading to increases in HSP90 protein expression. Its primary functions include (1) renaturing and denaturing of damaged proteins caused by heat stress and (2) interacting with client proteins to induce cell signaling for gene expression. The latter function is of interest because, in cancer cells, HSP90 has been reported to interact with the transcription hypoxic-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α). In a normoxic environment, HIF1α is degraded and therefore has limited physiological function. In contrast, in a hypoxic environment, stabilized HIF1α acts to promote erythropoiesis and angiogenesis. Since HSP90 interacts with HIF1α, and HSP90 can be upregulated from heat acclimation in humans, we present a proposal that heat acclimation can mimic molecular adaptations to those of altitude exposure. Specifically, we propose that heat acclimation increases HSP90 which then stabilizes HIF1α in a normoxic environment. This has many implications since HIF1α regulates red blood cell and vasculature formation. In this paper we will discuss (1) the functional roles of HSP90 and HIF1α, (2) the interaction between HSP90 and other client proteins including HIF1α, and (3) results from in vitro studies that may suggest how the relationship between HSP90 and HIF1α might be applied to individuals preparing to make altitude sojourns.
Anemia of inflammation: the cytokine-hepcidin link

The anemia of inflammation, commonly observed in patients with chronic infections, malignancy, trauma, and inflammatory disorders, is a well-known clinical entity. Until recently, we understood little about its pathogenesis. It now appears that the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 induces production of hepcidin, an iron-regulatory hormone that may be responsible for most or all of the features of this disorder.
Transformations and neoformations of clay in the cryogenic environment: examples from Transbaikalia (Siberia) and Patagonia (Argentina)

Summary Permafrost desiccates and indurates soil horizons. During summer, the perennially frozen ground under the active thawed layer creates confined conditions, Whereas in winter the closed system between the permafrost and the freezing front migrating downwards leads to irreversible changes in the soil structure and to transformation and neoformation of minerals. Two examples were studied by field observation and laboratory analyses (optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy and analytical electron microscopy). In Transbaikalia (southeastern Siberia) a Pleistocene cryogenic slope deposit on syenite contains detrital clays (chlorite, illite), but neoformed ferroan smectites dominate. In Patagonia, centimetre-sized silica concretions containing spongy and spheroidal opal occur in alluvium ascribed to cold Pleistocene periods. They seem to have formed from primary detrital smectite that was transformed to fibrous clay (sepiolite) then to acicular opal, and eventually to spheroidal opal. The neoformed opal contains 27% magnesium. These features occur systematically within fossil cryoturbations not related to present conditions. It appears that clay transformation and neoformation can happen at temperatures far lower than 0°C.
Television Camera Movement as a Source of Perceptual Information.

Studies of visual perception show that observer motion provides perspective changes that make information available about the environment. This study tested the hypothesis that television camera movement supplies similar information. Fixed and moving‐camera videotaped versions of a scene were shown to 92 adult participants. Results indicated that moving‐camera viewers better understood and remembered the physical properties of the scene. These findings indicate that the moving camera could benefit productions where knowledge of the environment is important.