cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INFERENCE FOR ODDS RATIO REGRESSION MODELS WITH SPARSE DEPENDENT DATA

Suppose the number of 2 x 2 tables is large relative to the average table size, and the observations within a given table are dependent, as occurs in longitudinal or family-based case-control studies. We consider fitting regression models to the odds ratios using table-level covariates. The focus is on methods to obtain valid inferences for the regression parameters beta when the dependence structure is unknown. In this setting, Liang (1985, Biometrika 72, 678-682) has shown that inference based on the noncentral hypergeometric likelihood is sensitive to misspecification of the dependence structure. In contrast, estimating functions based on the Mantel-Haenszel method yield consistent estimators of beta. We show here that, under the estimating function approach, Wald's confidence interval for beta performs well in multiplicative regression models but unfortunately has poor coverage probabilities when an additive regression model is adopted. As an alternative to Wald inference, we present a Mantel-Haenszel quasi-likelihood function based on integrating the Mantel-Haenszel estimating function. A simulation study demonstrates that, in medium-sized samples, the Mantel-Haenszel quasi-likelihood approach yields better inferences than other methods under an additive regression model and inferences comparable to Wald's method under a multiplicative model. We illustrate the use of this quasi-likelihood method in a study of the familial risk of schizophrenia.
Dysimmune neurologic disorders.

This article reviews the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and current therapy of four neurologic diseases currently believed to be autoimmune in etiology: myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and Reye's syndrome. Nursing care of these patients is very challenging and crucial to the survival and prevention of further complications. Nursing interventions for the potential problems faced by these individuals are described.
Leriche's syndrome

Leriche's syndrome will be seen by the podiatric physician, and it can be misinterpreted as pain secondary to mechanical etiology. Often, symptoms of buttock or thigh pain occurring during walking resemble those seen with symptomatic pronation, so this disease entity must be ruled out.
Common Sense and Queer Matter

The study of barnacles would occupy much of Charles Darwin’s time from 1846 to 1854. His grappling with these creatures may also explain why the naturalist’s better known treatise on the evolutionary origin of species did not see publication until 1859. Certain species’ hermaphroditism and variable sexual relations were quite perplexing for the naturalist. For this reason, barnacles invite us to think about the constitution of common sense and queer matter.
Pseudoaneurysms of the Internal Carotid Artery in the Sellar Region

A pseudoaneurysm (false aneurysm) develops when all three walls of an artery (intima, media, and adventitia) are violated. In the sellar region, pseudoaneurysms of the internal carotid artery (ICA) usually occur iatrogenically as a result of surgical injury.
An overview of technical challenges in the design of current transformers

This paper presents approximate equations that may be used to obtain the lower cutoff frequency fL and higher cutoff frequency fH and thereby the bandwidth of a current transformer. The equations are validated by a PSpice simulation. The Bode plots for both low-frequency range and high-frequency range for a selected design are presented. Also an overview of the various problems that should be considered while designing a current transformer is given, including leakage inductance, stray capacitance, ringing, parasitic resonance, saturation, and mechanical clamping
Translating Mouse Models

Mice and humans branched from a common ancestor approximately 80 million years ago. Despite this, mice are routinely utilized as animal models of human disease and in drug development because they are inexpensive, easy to handle, and relatively straightforward to genetically manipulate. While this has led to breakthroughs in the understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships and in the identification of therapeutic targets, translation of beneficial responses to therapeutics from mice to humans has not always been successful. In a large part, these differences may be attributed to variations in the alignment of protein expression and signaling in the immune systems between mice and humans. Well-established inbred strains of "The Laboratory Mouse" vary in their immune response patterns as a result of genetic mutations and polymorphisms arising from intentional selection for research relevant traits, and even closely related substrains vary in their immune response patterns as a result of genetic mutations and polymorphisms arising from genetic drift. This article reviews some of the differences between the mouse and human immune system and between inbred mouse strains and shares examples of how these differences can impact the usefulness of mouse models of disease.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A and Leptin Expression Associated with Ectopic Proliferation and Retinal Dysplasia in Zebrafish Optic Pathway Tumors

Abstract In the central nervous system injury induces cellular reprogramming and progenitor proliferation, but the molecular mechanisms that limit regeneration and prevent tumorigenesis are not completely understood. We previously described a zebrafish optic pathway tumor model in which transgenic Tg(flk1:RFP)is18/+ adults develop nonmalignant retinal tumors. Key pathways driving injury-induced glial reprogramming and regeneration contributed to tumor formation. In this study, we examine a time course of proliferation and present new analyses of the Tg(flk1:RFP)is18/+ dysplastic retina and tumor transcriptomes. Retinal dysplasia was first detected in 3-month-old adults, but was not limited to a specific stem cell or progenitor niche. Pathway analyses suggested a decrease in cellular respiration and increased expression of components of Hif1-α, VEGF, mTOR, NFκβ, and multiple interleukin pathways are associated with early retinal dysplasia. Hif-α targets VEGFA (vegfab) and Leptin (lepb) were both highly upr...
Public Attitudes and Feelings of Warmth Toward Women and Men Experiencing Depression During the Perinatal Period.

Objective:Depression is a major public health concern and often goes untreated. In response to a growing body of research documenting stigma as a barrier to depression care, this study focused on examining public stigma toward potentially vulnerable subpopulations.Methods:Participants (N=241) were recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and randomly assigned to provide anonymous ratings on attitudes and feelings of warmth toward pregnant women and expectant fathers experiencing depression, mothers and fathers experiencing postpartum depression, or women and men experiencing depression during nonperinatal periods.Results:Participants reported significantly more negative attitudes about depressed men than women, and male participants reported significantly more negative attitudes than female participants toward depressed individuals. Similarly, participants felt significantly less warmth toward depressed men than women, and male participants expressed significantly less warmth than female participants towar...
Double-heart sign

![Figure][1] An 18-year-old man presented with a 2-month history of unintentional 23-kg weight loss, night sweats, and left-sided neck swelling. Physical examination revealed left supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. A complete blood count was within normal limits (white blood cells, 6.6 × 109/L
Negative Peer Experiences in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Abstract This chapter examines negative peer experiences (e.g., peer victimization, being ignored or excluded, and direct and indirect rejection) in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Discussion is concentrated on adolescents with higher cognitive and language abilities, with a focus on providing insights and suggestions for the next phase of studies that will inform interventions targeting negative experiences in this group. The chapter describes negative peer experiences in terms of nomenclature, general findings, and important issues for adolescents with ASD; identifies common methodological issues with previous studies on this topic; presents a study on the impact of peer victimization in adolescents with ASD using obese adolescents as a comparison group; and finally, provides suggestions for advancing research in this topic area.
Infrared metamaterial by RF magnetron sputtered ZnO/Al:ZnO multilayers

Hyperbolic metamaterials create artificial anisotropy using metallic wires suspended in dielectric media or alternating layers of a metal and dielectric (Type I or Type II). In this study we fabricated ZnO/Al:ZnO (AZO) multilayers by the RF magnetron sputtering deposition technique. Our fabricated multilayers satisfy the requirements for a type II hyperbolic metamaterial. The optical response of individual AZO and ZnO films, as well as the multilayered film were investigated via UV-vis-IR transmittance and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The optical response of the multilayered system is calculated using the nonlocal-corrected Effective Medium Approximation (EMA). The spectroscopic ellipsometry data of the multilayered system was modeled using a uniaxial material model and EMA model. Both theoretical and experimental studies validate the fabricated multilayers undergo a hyperbolic transition at a wavelength of 2.2 μm. To our knowledge this is the first AZO/ZnO type II hyperbolic metamaterial system fabricated by magnetron sputtering deposition method.Hyperbolic metamaterials create artificial anisotropy using metallic wires suspended in dielectric media or alternating layers of a metal and dielectric (Type I or Type II). In this study we fabricated ZnO/Al:ZnO (AZO) multilayers by the RF magnetron sputtering deposition technique. Our fabricated multilayers satisfy the requirements for a type II hyperbolic metamaterial. The optical response of individual AZO and ZnO films, as well as the multilayered film were investigated via UV-vis-IR transmittance and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The optical response of the multilayered system is calculated using the nonlocal-corrected Effective Medium Approximation (EMA). The spectroscopic ellipsometry data of the multilayered system was modeled using a uniaxial material model and EMA model. Both theoretical and experimental studies validate the fabricated multilayers undergo a hyperbolic transition at a wavelength of 2.2 μm. To our knowledge this is the first AZO/ZnO type II hyperbolic metamaterial system fabricated...
The Motion of Wave Packets: Fourier Analysis

Because we will need to work with wave packets of finite extent, it will be very useful to first give a brief review of Fourier analysis.
Effective Psychological Evaluation and Management of Behavioral Health Concerns

This chapter discusses the common components in the current Behavioral Health evaluation process. These basic components should be the same regardless of the type of BH professional completing the examination process and whether the BH professional is in the treating or forensic role. However, there are additional factors that must also be explored by the BH evaluator in order to complete a comprehensive evaluation that assesses the psychosocial aspects that may greatly impede the treatment, stay-at-work, and return-to-work processes. Unfortunately, these aspects are not regularly addressed by all BH evaluators and so, may serve as yellow flags regarding the depth of the completed process. The primary rationale for completing these additional components is that they serve to answer the question regarding the individual’s current level of functioning. By examining the person from a biopsychosocial stance, answers regarding the person’s ability to function in a variety of settings including work can be addressed.
Quality of life terminology included in package inserts for US approved medications.

Objectives: To identify and review prescription drugs approved in the US containing quality of life (QoL) terminology within the package inserts (PIs). Methods: The electronic Physician Desk Reference (PDR) was searched for the terminology 'Quality of Life' or 'QoL' as of December 2000. Summary basis of approvals (SBAs) served as the primary data sources were retrieved. The two categories evaluated within the SBAs were QoL components (year submitted, trials, efficacy, statistics, type of submission) and QoL instruments utilized within clinical studies. Results: Eighteen medications comprising 20 indications with QoL claims were documented in the PIs. The first approved QoL claim was submitted in 1989 and the most recent was in 1998. Eight (40%) of the drug indications had QoL measures included in two trials. One quarter of the PI listings used QoL measures as primary efficacy endpoints. Many sponsors provided detailed information on the types or categories of QoL data collected. Conclusion: Many drug development programs incorporate QoL measures into clinical studies however only a few are accepted into the PI. Despite this study finding, the increased interest in assessing the value and full impact of new therapies has led to greater inclusion of all types of patient assessments in clinical trials.
Body Image and Sexual Functioning

In this article, body image is conceptualized as both self-perceived attractiveness and perceptions regarding one’s own genitals. Sexual functioning is conceptualized as both overall sexual experience and the degree to which the individual functions satisfactorily within a particular sexual interaction with a partner, including negotiation of safer sexual activities. The limited research on the intersection of these concepts has been based most often on heterosexual college student participants in the United States, leaving many important questions unanswered. In addition to drawing conclusions based on review of the existing research, important directions for future research are considered.
Biomass to Liquid Fuel via Fischer–Tropsch and Related Syntheses

This chapter briefly reviews the state of art on the conversion of biomass to biofuels by gasification followed by the gas to liquid conversion of biosyngas via Fischer–Tropsch and related syntheses. An integrated process to produce heat, electricity, or fuel by gasification and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is analyzed. The present state of gasification reactor technology is outlined. The strategies for syn-gas cleanup are delineated. The catalysis and processes for methanol, Fischer–Tropsch, and isosynthesis are briefly evaluated. Finally, various approaches to an integrated process design depending on the desired end results (heat, electricity, or fuel) and the associated economics for each approach are outlined and briefly discussed.
Postactional goal pursuit: Consequences of task completion for thought content, affect, and behavioral intentions

Postactional goal pursuit remains an underexplored area of the mindset theory of action phases. According to the theory, individuals enter a postactional phase following the completion of an intention. This phase focuses on evaluating goal outcomes, answering questions such as: Was the goal completed successfully? Was it worth the effort? Contrasting postactional phase with predecisional and actional goal pursuit, the present research examines differences in cognitive orientation, affective responses to feedback, and functional benefits for adapting subsequent goal pursuit. Five experiments show that postactional goal pursuit engenders outcome-focused deliberation, more intense affect in reaction to the current state of goal pursuit, and increased readiness to adapt subsequent goal pursuit to experienced outcomes. Moving beyond conceptual arguments, the present work provides initial evidence that postactional goal pursuit provokes a mindset-like shift suitable for a phase-specific task of outcome evaluation.
Development of the mathematical model and the method to solve a problem on the optimization of packing the ellipsoids into a convex container

This paper addresses the problem on the optimal packing of the predefined set of ellipsoids into a convex container of minimum volume. The ellipsoids are assigned by the dimensions of semi-axes and arrangement parameters in the local coordinate system and may permit continuous rotation and translation. The container could be a cuboid (rectangular parallelepiped), a cylinder, a sphere, an ellipsoid, or a convex polyhedron. To analytically describe the non-overlapping relations between ellipsoids, we use the quasi-phi-functions. To model the inclusion relations, we apply the quasi-phi-functions or phi-functions depending on the shape of a container. By employing the appropriate modeling tools, we construct a mathematical model in the form of a non-linear programming task. The solution strategy is devised based on the method of a multistart. We propose a fast algorithm for generating the starting points from the region of feasible solutions, as well as the specialized optimization procedure that reduces the problem of large dimensionality O(n 2 ) with a large number of nonlinear inequalities to a sequence of sub-tasks in nonlinear programming with a smaller dimensionality O(n) with fewer non-linear inequalities. The optimization procedure makes it possible to significantly reduce (by 10 % to 90 %, depending on the dimensionality of a problem) computing resources, such as time and memory. Depending on the shape of a container, constraints for the orientation of ellipsoids (continuous turns, fixed orientation) and features in metric characteristics of ellipsoids, the result of solving the problem is the derived locally optimal or good feasible solutions. In the work we report numerical experiments for different containers (including a cylinder, a cuboid, a sphere, an ellipsoid).
Cerebral Autoregulation in Neonates With and Without Congenital Heart Disease

Author(s): Tran, Nhu N; Kumar, S Ram; Hodge, Felicia S; Macey, Paul M | Abstract: BackgroundCongenital heart disease (CHD) is a leading birth defect in the United States, affecting about 40 000 neonates each year. Despite efforts to prevent developmental delays, many children with CHD have neurological deficits that last into adulthood, influencing employability, self-care, and quality of life.ObjectiveTo determine if neonates with CHD have impaired cerebral autoregulation and poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes compared with healthy controls.MethodsA total of 44 full-term neonates, 28 with CHD and 16 without, were enrolled in the study. Inclusion criteria included confirmed diagnosis of CHD, stable hemodynamic status, and being no more than 12 days old. Exclusion criteria included intraventricular hemorrhage and intubation. Cerebral autoregulation was determined by measuring regional cerebral oxygenation during a postural change. The Einstein Neonatal Neurobehavioral Assessment Scale was used to measure overall neurodevelopmental outcomes (motor, visual, and auditory functions).ResultsOf the 28 neonates with CHD, 8 had single-ventricle physiology. A χ2 analysis indicated no significant difference in impaired cerebral autoregulation between neonates with CHD and controls (P = .38). Neonates with CHD had lower regional cerebral oxygenation than did neonates without CHD (P l .001). Regression analyses with adjustments for cerebral autoregulation indicated that neonates with CHD had poorer total neurodevelopmental outcomes scores (β = 9.3; P = .02) and motor scores (β = 7.6; P = .04).ConclusionPreoperative neonates with CHD have poorer developmental outcomes and more hypoxemia than do controls.
Measuring the effects of advertising on green industry sales: a generalized propensity score approach

This article estimates the effects of advertising expenditures on annual gross sales of green industry firms using a quasi-experimental framework. In order to account for potential selection bias, ...
The Multi-pursuer Single-Evader Game A Geometric Approach

We consider a general pursuit-evasion differential game with three or more pursuers and a single evader, all with simple motion (fixed-speed, infinite turn rate). It is shown that traditional means of differential game analysis is difficult for this scenario. But simple motion and min-max time to capture plus the two-person extension to Pontryagin’s maximum principle imply straight-line motion at maximum speed which forms the basis of the solution using a geometric approach. Safe evader paths and policies are defined which guarantee the evader can reach its destination without getting captured by any of the pursuers, provided its destination satisfies some constraints. A linear program is used to characterize the solution and subsequently the saddle-point is computed numerically. We replace the numerical procedure with a more analytical geometric approach based on Voronoi diagrams after observing a pattern in the numerical results. The solutions derived are open-loop optimal, meaning the strategies are a saddle-point equilibrium in the open-loop sense.
CD33 recruitment inhibits IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and desensitizes mast cells to allergen

Allergen immunotherapy for patients with allergies begins with weekly escalating doses of allergen under medical supervision to monitor and treat IgE mast cell-mediated anaphylaxis. There is currently no treatment to safely desensitize mast cells to enable robust allergen immunotherapy with therapeutic levels of allergen. Here, we demonstrated that liposomal nanoparticles bearing an allergen and a high-affinity glycan ligand of the inhibitory receptor CD33 profoundly suppressed IgE-mediated activation of mast cells, prevented anaphylaxis in Tg mice with mast cells expressing human CD33, and desensitized mice to subsequent allergen challenge for several days. We showed that high levels of CD33 were consistently expressed on human skin mast cells and that the antigenic liposomes with CD33 ligand prevented IgE-mediated bronchoconstriction in slices of human lung. The results demonstrated the potential of exploiting CD33 to desensitize mast cells to provide a therapeutic window for administering allergen immunotherapy without triggering anaphylaxis.
Leveraging synthetic biology for producing bioactive polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides in bacterial heterologous hosts

Bacteria have historically been a rich source of natural products (e.g. polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides) that possess medically-relevant activities. Despite extensive discovery programs in both industry and academia, a plethora of biosynthetic pathways remain uncharacterized and the corresponding molecular products untested for potential bioactivities. This knowledge gap comes in part from the fact that many putative natural product producers have not been cultured in conventional laboratory settings in which the corresponding products are produced at detectable levels. Next-generation sequencing technologies are further increasing the knowledge gap by obtaining metagenomic sequence information from complex communities where production of the desired compound cannot be isolated in the laboratory. For these reasons, many groups are turning to synthetic biology to produce putative natural products in heterologous hosts. This strategy depends on the ability to heterologously express putative biosynthetic gene clusters and produce relevant quantities of the corresponding products. Actinobacteria remain the most abundant source of natural products and the most promising heterologous hosts for natural product discovery and production. However, researchers are discovering more natural products from other groups of bacteria, such as myxobacteria and cyanobacteria. Therefore, phylogenetically similar heterologous hosts have become promising candidates for synthesizing these novel molecules. The downside of working with these microbes is the lack of well-characterized genetic tools for optimizing expression of gene clusters and product titers. This review examines heterologous expression of natural product gene clusters in terms of the motivations for this research, the traits desired in an ideal host, tools available to the field, and a survey of recent progress.
Abstract P3040: High-Fat Feeding Reduces Cardiac Adaptation to Pregnancy in C57BL/6 Mice

Objectives: Maternal mortality during pregnancy is rising in the United States. Obesity is the most common problem in obstetrics associated with pregnancy complications. The adverse effects of obes...
A comprehensive state-of-technology review for upgrading bio-oil to renewable or blended hydrocarbon fuels

Abstract Bioenergy sources are being advanced as a meaningful environmental solution and a substitute for conventional energy sources. Bioenergy from biomass feedstocks currently comprises the largest portion of renewables in the United States. Thus, more effective process-level solutions can result in scaling-up biomass-derived energy production (e.g., biofuels). Pyrolysis, a thermochemical conversion technology, offers a commercially viable pathway to produce bio-oil from a wide range of biomass feedstocks (e.g., algae and terrestrial). Bio-oil requires further upgrading to produce final bioproducts (e.g., transportation fuels and biochemicals). This article focuses on the upgrading of bio-oil to transportation fuels (liquid hydrocarbons), highlights the critical challenges of existing upgrading technologies, and identifies the potential research directions to meet the market needs. A comprehensive overview and classification of bio-oil upgrading pathways and their competencies are presented through both comparative and systematic literature reviews. It is concluded that the biofuel production cost is highly dependent on post-conversion pathways, particularly their hydrogenation and deoxygenation capacity. Thermochemical treatments are effective, but less cost-competitive due to the intensive process requirements (e.g., heat or pressure). Biochemical treatments are inadequate as a standalone process for upgrading bio-oil. Physicochemical treatments are less effective, however, they operate under mild process conditions and could be integrated with other treatments. It is further concluded that the electrochemical approach can be effective due to the retention of hydrogen from bio-oil water content during deoxygenation.
Distal radial access in the anatomical snuffbox for neurointerventions: a feasibility, safety, and proof-of-concept study

Purpose To report the first use of distal radial artery (dRA) access for a variety of neurointerventions and to demonstrate the safety and feasibility of this approach. Methods A retrospective review of our prospective neurointerventional database of endovascular interventions was conducted and, between May and October 2019, all patients in whom the intervention was performed via dRA in the anatomical snuffbox were identified. Patient demographics, clinical information, procedural and radiographic data were collected. Results 48 patients with a mean age of 64.4 years (range 35–84 years) were included. 27 patients were female. dRA access was achieved in all cases. Conversion to femoral access was required in five cases (10.4%) due to tortuous vessel anatomy and limited support of the catheters in the aortic arch. Interventions performed included aneurysm treatment (with flow diverters, Woven EndoBridge device placement, coiling or stent-assisted coiling), arteriovenous malformation and dural arteriovenous fistula embolization, carotid artery stentings, stroke thrombectomy, thrombolysis for central retinal artery occlusion, intracranial stenting, middle meningeal artery embolization, vasospasm treatment, and spinal angiography with embolization. Radial artery vasospasm was seen in two cases and successfully treated with antispasmolytic medication. No symptomatic radial artery occlusion or ischemic event was observed. Conclusion dRA access is safe and effective for a variety of neurointerventions. Our preliminary experience with this approach is very promising and shows high patient satisfaction.
Sentence-Level Constructions: A Demonstration in Support of Ambridge (2020).

Ambridge reviews and augments an impressive body of research demonstrating both the advantages and the necessity of an exemplar-based model of knowledge of one’s language. He cites three computatio...
Graphene photonic structures

We report the patterned growth of SiC micro- and nanostructures in different shapes (e.g., ribbon and dot) on Si wafer substrate using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and subsequent selective conversion of the SiC structures into graphene structures using a small continuous wave (CW) laser under ambient condition. This work demonstrates the feasibility of fabricating arrays of either SiC- or graphene-based micro- and nanostructures for a wide variety of photonic-related applications. The obtained SiC and graphene structures are studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy.
The current state of antifungal stewardship among pediatric antimicrobial stewardship programs

Objective: To characterize the current state of antifungal stewardship practices and perceptions of antifungal use among pediatric antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs). Design: We developed and distributed an electronic survey, which included 17 closed-ended questions about institutional antifungal stewardship practices and perceptions, among pediatric ASPs. Participants: ASP physicians and pharmacists of 74 hospitals participating in the multicenter Sharing Antimicrobial Reports for Pediatric Stewardship (SHARPS) Collaborative. Results: We sent surveys to 74 hospitals and received 68 unique responses, for a response rate of 92%. Overall, 63 of 68 the respondent ASPs (93%) reported that they conduct 1 or more antifungal stewardship activities. Of these 68 hospital ASPs, 43 (63%) perform prospective audit and feedback (PAF) of antifungals. The most common reasons reported for not performing PAF of antifungals were not enough time or resources (19 of 25, 76%) and minimal institutional antifungal use (6 of 25, 24%). Also, 52 hospitals (76%) require preauthorization for 1 or more antifungal agents. The most commonly restricted antifungals were isavuconazole (42 of 52 hospitals, 80%) and posaconazole (39 of 52 hospitals, 75%). Furthermore, 33 ASPs (48%) agreed or strongly agreed that antifungals are inappropriately used at their institution, and only 25 of 68 (37%) of ASPs felt very confident making recommendations about antifungals. Conclusions: Most pediatric ASPs steward antifungals, but the strategies employed are highly variable across surveyed institutions. Although nearly half of respondents identified inappropriate antifungal use as a problem at their institution, most ASPs do not feel confident making recommendations about antifungals. Future studies are needed to determine the rate of inappropriate antifungal use and the best antifungal stewardship strategies.
A Conversation on Visual Legal Rhetoric: Topics of Invention and Arrangement, and Tropes of Style

A Conversation on Visual Legal Rhetoric: Topics of Invention and Arrangement, and Tropes of Style based on the Facebook Live – Collected Postings of Comments, Questions, and Answers -- https://www.facebook.com/lwijournal/ (October 26, 2017)
Metalinguistic exchanges in child language development

Abstract In everyday speech, language is often the topic of talk. In this paper we aim to draw attention to the role of such metalinguistic activity in early language development. We approach this topic through an ecological lens. To achieve this goal, we examine observational data from a single child participating in conversational episodes concerning linguistic phenomena—episodes which we term “metalinguistic exchanges”—at 2 and 3 years old. We draw attention to how this child, at 2 years old, participates in naturally-occurring metalinguistic exchanges without yet having a productive command of metalinguistic vocabulary. The sequential organization of the metalinguistic exchanges enables her caregivers to scaffold her participation. We then compare the child's participation in metalinguistic exchanges recorded at 2 years old with a second set of exchanges recorded when she turned 3. This comparison shows that the child's participation in metalinguistic exchanges becomes increasingly skillful and agentive as she learns to initiate metalinguistic exchanges herself. We end the paper with recommendations for future research in an ecological approach to language development. We suggest that, in order to investigate the role of metalinguistic activity in language development, it is crucial to look at children's increasingly skillful and agentive participation in naturally-occurring metalinguistic exchanges.
Evaluating the experiences of individuals with personal health risks identified through expanded carrier screening.

Expanded carrier screening (ECS) is used to identify individuals and couples at risk for having children with recessive or X-linked genetic conditions; however, personal health risks (PHR) can also be identified through this testing. There is limited data on how genetic counseling regarding PHR from ECS is perceived by the individual, or how they use this information. This study quantitatively surveyed individuals identified with these risks between September 2013 and March 2020. The 30-item survey included the validated Genomics Outcome Scale Short Form, the validated Genetic Counseling Satisfaction Scale, and original questions. Survey topics included pre-test knowledge of the possibility of discovering PHR through testing, satisfaction with pre-test education that addresses potential risks, perceived severity of PHR, empowerment by and understanding of information, anxiety levels related to their PHR, perceived genetic counseling support, and satisfaction with telehealth. A total of 416 completed surveys were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and linear and logistic regressions. The majority of participants were satisfied or extremely satisfied with pre-test education (n = 328; 78.8%) and telehealth (n = 329; 79.1%). However, more participants who were aware of the possibility of identifying PHR through ECS prior to testing were satisfied with pre-test education compared to those who were not aware. Additionally, a lack of prior awareness of PHR was associated with lower empowerment scores (p = .004). Those who were highly satisfied with genetic counseling were more likely to feel empowered and understand the information presented (p = .001). The majority of individuals used their PHR information following their results appointment (n = 391; 94.0%). The results of this study suggest that receiving PHR information was useful and was positively influenced by both pre-test education and the genetic counseling process.
Asteroid and Comet Surveys

Past surveys are described in the logical sequence of (1) comets visually, (2) asteroids visually, (3) asteroids photographically and (4) comets photographically. Plots show the evolution of asteroid surveys in terms of visual discovery magnitude and ecliptic latitude, and similarities and differences between surveys for the different types of body are discussed. The paper ends with a brief discussion of more recent discovery methods and some thoughts on the future.
On the ∀∃-Sentences of α-Recursion Theory

Publisher Summary This paper is at least in some ways a survey of three major areas of a-recursion theory: the lattices of a-r. e. sets, a-degrees and a - r . e .degrees. Its major emphasis is on the last of these areas. We have, i n addition, limited ourselves by adopting a single viewpoint from which we will survey the work to date in these areas. In each case we focus on the progress made towards deciding the appropriate V I theory ( i . e . all sentences with only one alternation of quantifiers). We will use natural numbers as indices. E-re- The original purpose was to develop a theory on the companion of a normal functional of type k+2 such that semirecursion over type k in F and the theory are the same. The motivation for this was that this set-recursion theory might accept priority-arguments, arguments giving results about degrees of functionals. Some results from that program are given in Normann [I21 and [13]. The recursion theory we developed for that purpose, happened to be of a more general nature, and not quite unnatural even if one does not have the applications on degrees of functionals in mind. Moschovakis [ l o ] has constructed essentially the same theory, using inductive schemes and fixpoint operators. A computation theory on a structure must satisfy certain fundamental properties
Closing the Open Door: Using 'True Economic Realities' to Determine the Tax Deductibility of False Claims Act Settlements

A circuit split currently exists over how courts should determine the deductibility of False Claims Act settlement amounts in excess of single damages. These settlements often involve millions of dollars, so both the government and the taxpayer have much to lose. Unfortunately, only two circuits have addressed the issue, and neither circuit's approach is entirely correct. The Ninth Circuit, in Talley Indus. Inc. v. Comm'r focused too narrowly on the "intent of the parties" and effectively created a rule that requires a tax characterization agreement for a taxpayer to prove deductibility. In 2014, the First Circuit attempted to correct the issues with Talley by using an "economic realities" approach. However, the court's analysis was incomplete because it ignored the economic realities of settlements by allowing the taxpayer to prove compensatory damages at the expense of punitive damages without considering the purpose and effect of the settlement. While both approaches have their merits and are sound in theory, neither actually accomplishes what it claims to. Therefore, a true economic realities approach is needed to cure the inequities created by the existing approaches. If a tax characterization agreement exists, then the intent of the parties should control the deductibility of False Claims Act settlements. In the absence of such an agreement, courts should look to the economic realities of the transaction. This analysis should not be limited to the taxpayer's provable compensatory damages, but instead should consider the realities of the settlement. The court should then prorate the settlement amount above single damages into deductible and nondeductible portions based on the total compensatory and punitive amounts within treble damages. If, however, the taxpayer is unable to meet their burden of proving additional compensatory damages, then the entire contested amount should be nondeductible. This true economic realities approach combines the best parts of both existing approaches while correcting the inherent inequity of each. The government can no longer use the absence of a tax characterization agreement as a complete bar to deductibility. On the other hand, the taxpayer is not allowed a deduction for the entire amount, but is only allowed a deduction for the percentage of the amount that is determined to be compensatory based on the described proration. While many scholars have discussed the implications of the Talley and Fresenius decisions, none have endorsed a new approach such as the one this article proposes.
A High-Fidelity Codon Set for the T4 DNA Ligase-Catalyzed Polymerization of Modified Oligonucleotides

In vitro selection of nucleic acid polymers can readily deliver highly specific receptors and catalysts for a variety of applications; however, it is suspected that the functional group deficit of nucleic acids has limited their potential with respect to proteinogenic polymers. This has stimulated research toward expanding their chemical diversity to bridge the functional gap between nucleic acids and proteins to develop a superior biopolymer. In this study, we investigate the effect of codon library size and composition on the sequence specificity of T4 DNA ligase in the DNA-templated polymerization of both unmodified and modified oligonucleotides. Using high-throughput DNA sequencing of duplex pairs, we have uncovered a 256-membered codon set that yields sequence-defined modified ssDNA polymers in high yield and with high fidelity.
Summoned to the Roman Courts: Famous Trials from Antiquity

Detlef Liebs is a well-known specialist of Roman law, but this book, which is mainly the result of his teaching, is the first to be translated into English. In sixteen chapters, presented in chrono...
Complication of an acute subdural hemotoma located between dura and outer membrane space after burr-hole drainage for chronic subdural hemorrhage

Summary Chronic subdural hematoma (SDH) is a common clinical entity in neurosurgery. Craniostomy, including twist-drill holes or burr holes with or without drainage, is the treatment of choice for SDH. Despite convincing results from this surgical procedure, unexpected complications may still develop such as acute epidural hematoma, acute SDH, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), tension pneumocephalus, and empyema. We present a rare complication of an acute SDH located between the dura and the outer membrane instead of within the previous hematoma cavity (i.e., between the outer and the inner membrane), which occurred after chronic SDH burr-hole evacuation with closed-system drainage. This complication resulted from misplacement of the drainage catheter and superimposed coagulopathy. In conclusion, precisely inserting the drainage catheter in the chronic SDH space and reversing coagulopathy before and after the surgical procedure are necessary to prevent such complications.
The Effects of Catholic Schooling on Civic Participation

The promotion of adult civic engagement is one of the primary goals of public schools. And the putatively negative effects of private schooling on civic engagement provide one of the most fundamental motivations for publicly provided schooling. In this study, I examine the comparative effects of Catholic and public high schools on adult voter participation and volunteering in the United States. I find that students who attended Catholic high schools are actually more likely to vote, though not volunteer, as adults. These estimated effects are robust to conditioning on a rich set of individual, family and community traits. I also present two-stage least squares estimates, which provide suggestive evidence that these results are not due to selection biases.
What can schools do to foster student responsibility

Consider the following story: An illiterate criminal serving time in prison for armed robbery participates in a basic literacy program as part of his rehabilitation. He is a star student, learning to read and write in record time. Based on this success, he is granted an early parole. He goes free only to return to prison within a month-this time for forgery! This story is not intended to suggest that schools are prisons. Rather, it illustrates the fact that knowledge of basic skills is no guarantee that individuals will behave in ways consistent with conventional notions of good citizenship. Parents and educators consistently state that the public schools should do more than provide basic academic preparation (Gallup, 1984; Goodlad, 1984). Yet there have been relatively few attempts among the plethora of recent commission reports, studies, and calls for reform to delineate the precise nature of the school's obligation to develop a responsible citizenry. This article considers what schools can do to foster student responsibility.
Exocortis virus: An infectious free-nucleic acid plant virus with unusual properties

Abstract Infectivity of the free-RNA exocortis virus (CEV) from Gynura aurantiaca was maximal 40–60 days post-infection with the virus still recoverable after 140 days. An 8–16 S component was predominant in phenolized preparation from all stages of infection with a secondary form of 25–35 S of variable concentration suggesting sedimentation heterogeneity. The major form of CEV was soluble in 2 M LiCl and resistant to heat and concentrations of diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) that inactivated single-stranded viral RNA. The relative proportion of the rapidly sedimenting species was decreased by exposure to phosphodiesterase and DEP but increased by heating and rapid cooling, suggesting a strand separation. The infectivity distribution of CEV after Cs 2 SO 4 equilibrium sedimentation was more heterogeneous and of a lower buoyant density (1.51–1.59) than the cosedimented single- or double-stranded RNA markers, suggesting the presence of a low molecular weight “tRNA-Like” or a RNA: DNA hybrid molecule for the infectious form of CEV.
A suicide prevention program for Hopi youth

In recent years, Hopi Indians have been concerned about what they believe are rising suicide rates especially among teenagers and young adults. A review of 30 years of Hopi suicides reveals that: (a) although it is possible that rates are rising, it is more likely that they are relatively stable; (b) high age specific rates for those between 15 and 34 years of age is not a recent phenomenon; (c) the individuals at risk for suicide and for alcohol abuse are the children of parents who made traditionally disapproved marriages, i.e. intertribal, intermesa, and between clans of disparate social status. By labeling the parents as deviant the community creates 'primary' deviance in the second generation. To be successful, a suicide program must not be designed specifically for troubled adolescents. Nor can it identify the problem as caused by either acculturation or traditional culture. The proposed program and constraints placed upon its implementation are discussed.
Children's understanding of instructions presented in noise and reverberation.

Purpose This study examined children's ability to follow audio–visual instructions presented in noise and reverberation. Method Children (8–12 years of age) with normal hearing followed instructions in noise or noise plus reverberation. Performance was compared for a single talker (ST), multiple talkers speaking one at a time (MT), and multiple talkers with competing comments from other talkers (MTC). Working memory was assessed using measures of digit span. Results Performance was better for children in noise than for those in noise plus reverberation. In noise, performance for ST was better than for either MT or MTC, and performance for MT was better than for MTC. In noise plus reverberation, performance for ST and MT was better than for MTC, but there were no differences between ST and MT. Digit span did not account for significant variance in the task. Conclusions Overall, children performed better in noise than in noise plus reverberation. However, differing patterns across conditions for the 2 envir...
Red Blood Cell Population Dynamics

Hematology analyzers provide a static snapshot of the circulating population of red blood cells (RBCs). The RBC population is rapidly changing, with more than 2 million RBCs turning over every second in the typical healthy adult. The static snapshot provided by the complete blood count does not capture many of the dynamic aspects of this population, such as the rate of RBC maturation and the rate of RBC turnover. By integrating basic science with hematology analyzer measurements, it is possible to estimate the rates of these dynamic processes, yielding new insights into human physiology, with potential diagnostic application.