cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Advanced Platform for Development and Evaluation of Grid Interconnection Systems Using Hardware-in-the-Loop: Part III -- Grid Interconnection System Evaluator

The world's energy paradigm continues to undergo a rapid shift towards an increased use of renewable energy sources. To support this shift, an advanced electric power system architecture is being implemented by many electric utilities, interconnected with new distributed energy resources. As these new installations occur, it is essential to verify that their grid interconnection systems (ICS) conform to the relevant grid interconnection standards and that they perform satisfactorily under a variety of variable resource input and grid output conditions. This paper describes a Grid Interconnection System Evaluator (GISE) that leverages hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation techniques to rapidly evaluate the grid interconnection standard conformance of an ICS according to the procedures in IEEE Std 1547.1TM. The architecture and test sequencing of this evaluation tool, along with a set of representative ICS test results from three different photovoltaic (PV) inverters, are presented. The GISE adds to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) evaluation platform that now allows for rapid development of ICS control algorithms using controller HIL (CHIL) techniques, the ability to test the dc input characteristics of PV-based ICSs through the use of a PV simulator capable of simulating real-world dynamics using power HIL (PHIL), and evaluation of the grid interconnection conformance of an ICS.
A Generalization of the FAVOR Code to Include BWR Geometries and Heat-Up Transients

The FAVOR computer code, developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), under United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) funding, has been and continues to be extensively applied by analysts from the nuclear industry and regulators at the NRC to apply established fracture mechanics and risk-informed methodologies to assess / update regulations designed to insure that the structural integrity of aging and increasingly radiation-embrittled nuclear reactor pressure vessels (RPVs) is maintained throughout the life of the reactor. Earlier versions of FAVOR were primarily developed to perform probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) analyses of RPVs subjected to thermal hydraulic transients associated with accidental pressurized thermal shock (PTS) conditions and therefore were limited to modeling internal surface breaking flaws and / or embedded flaws near the RPV internal (wetted) surface. For cool-down transients, these flaws are particularly vulnerable, because at the inner surface the temperature is at its minimum and the tensile stress and radiation-induced embrittlement are at their maximum. Tensile stresses tend to open existing cracks located on or near the internal surface of a reactor pressure vessel (RPV). These earlier versions of FAVOR did not have the capability to model external-surface breaking flaws and / or embedded flaws near the RPV outer surface which are the primary flaws of concern for heat-up transients, such as those associated with reactor start-up. Furthermore, earlier versions of FAVOR were limited to the calculation of applied stress intensity factors (applied KI) of internal surface breaking flaws in RPVs with an internal radius to wall thickness (Ri / t) ratio of approximately 10:1, characteristic of pressurized water reactors (PWRs). This limitation is because the stress intensity factor-influence coefficients (SIFICs), applied by FAVOR to calculate applied KI for surface breaking flaws, were applicable only to internal-surface breaking flaws in RPV geometries characteristics of PWRs. Most boiling water reactors (BWRs) have an (Ri / t) ratio of approximately 20:1, although a few BWRs in the United States have an (Ri / t) ratio of approximately 15. Work has recently been performed at ORNL to generalize the capabilities of the next version of FAVOR, and its successors, such that it will have the capability to perform deterministic and PFM analyses of cool-down and heat-up transients on all domestic commercial PWR and BWR RPV geometries. This paper provides an overview of this generalization of the FAVOR fracture mechanics computer code.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Alpha male black howler monkey responses to loud calls: effect of numeric odds, male companion behaviour and reproductive investment

When fighting is costly, avoiding contests with superior opponents should confer fitness advantages. Black howler monkeys, Alouatta pigra, produce loud calls that reliably indicate the minimum number of male group members. Using playback recordings, I manipulated ‘numeric odds’ (number of defending to intruding males) to examine whether alpha males use loud calls to assess relative fighting ability, and whether they modify responses to intruders based on relationships with male companions, level of subordinate male cooperation and/or presence of vulnerable offspring in the group. Results indicated that alpha males assess relative fighting ability; howling and approach responses were weakest when subjects faced unfavourable odds. Subordinate male contest participation was inconsistent and alpha males relied less on these unpredictable companions during risky approaches; whereas intruder number affected most howling and approach responses, companion number only influenced howling and orienting duration. Post hoc analyses suggested no effect of alpha–subordinate relationships on alpha reactions. However, preliminary evidence suggested that if subordinates participated, alpha males escalated most when they outnumbered intruders. Alpha males also had shorter howling delays as numeric odds (based on the presence of all subordinates) were increasingly in their favour. Thus, alpha males seemed to escalate in order to signal group-level fighting superiority rather than as a means to gather information on closely matched opponents. Finally, alpha males howled more quickly and for longer at potentially infanticidal intruders if small offspring were present in their group and never called when odds were against their group unless offspring were present, suggesting that contest value was influential.
Assessing the utility of whole-genome amplified serum DNA for array-based high throughput genotyping

Whole genome amplification (WGA) offers new possibilities for genome-wide association studies where limited DNA samples have been collected. This study provides a realistic and high-precision assessment of WGA DNA genotyping performance from 20-year old archived serum samples using the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 (SNP6.0) platform. Whole-genome amplified (WGA) DNA samples from 45 archived serum replicates and 5 fresh sera paired with non-amplified genomic DNA were genotyped in duplicate. All genotyped samples passed the imposed QC thresholds for quantity and quality. In general, WGA serum DNA samples produced low call rates (45.00 +/- 2.69%), although reproducibility for successfully called markers was favorable (concordance = 95.61 +/- 4.39%). Heterozygote dropouts explained the majority (>85% in technical replicates, 50% in paired genomic/serum samples) of discordant results. Genotyping performance on WGA serum DNA samples was improved by implementation of Corrected Robust Linear Model with Maximum Likelihood Classification (CRLMM) algorithm but at the loss of many samples which failed to pass its quality threshold. Poor genotype clustering was evident in the samples that failed the CRLMM confidence threshold. We conclude that while it is possible to extract genomic DNA and subsequently perform whole-genome amplification from archived serum samples, WGA serum DNA did not perform well and appeared unsuitable for high-resolution genotyping on these arrays.
A New Ultrasonic Interferometer for the Determination of Equation of State Parameters of Sub-millimeter Single Crystals

A new giga-Hertz ultrasonic interferometer has been developed, based on ultrasonic microscopy technology. The interferometer operates from 0.3 GHz to 1.5 GHz. The high frequency and associated small wavelengths together with the large bandwidth make it possible to measure travel times in samples with thicknesses of several microns and allow for unprecedented accuracy in bond corrections. An absolute accuracy of 1 part in 105 in travel time measurements is achievable in single crystals (thickness of ∼200 microns) or glasses of interest to the earth sciences. The high precision travel time data, combining with sample length measurements using a laser interferometer built in our laboratory, yield very high precision ultrasonic velocities.
Cool: a portable project for teaching compiler construction

The compiler course is a fixture of undergraduate computer science education. Most CS programs offer a course on compilers that includes a substantial project where students write a compiler for a small programming language. The project often serves two distinct purposes: it teaches something about language design and compiler implementation, and it gives students the experience of building a substantial software system. A compiler project is the most complex software engineering task many students complete in an undergraduate program.
Self‐selection Accounts for Inverse Association Between Weight and Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Background: Men and women who exercise regularly and who are physically fit tend to be leaner than those who are sedentary and not fit. Although exercise is known to attenuate weight gain and promote weight loss, there may also be a propensity for leaner men and women to choose to exercise vigorously (self-selection). Pre-exercise body weights have been shown to account for all the weight differences between fast and slow walkers, but seem to account for only a portion of the weight differences associated with walking distances. Whether these results apply to maximum exercise performance (i.e., cardiorespiratory fitness) as well as to doses of vigorous exercise (metabolic equivalents >6) remains to be determined. Objective: Assess whether the cross-sectional relationships of BMI to cardiorespiratory fitness and vigorous activity are explained by BMI prior to exercising. Methods and Procedures: Cross-sectional study of the relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness (running speed during 10 km foot race) and vigorous physical activity (weekly running distance) to current BMI (BMIcurrent) and BMI at the start of running (BMIstarting) in 44,370 male and 25,252 female participants of the National Runners' Health Study. Results: BMIstarting accounted entirely for the association between fitness and BMIcurrent in both sexes, but only a quarter of the association between vigorous physical activity levels and BMIcurrent in men. In women, BMIstarting accounted for 58% of the association between BMIcurrent and vigorous activity levels. Discussion: Self-selection based on pre-exercise BMI accounts entirely for the association found between fitness and BMI (and possibly a portion of other health outcomes).
Some comments on “socio‐economic policy alternatives in national development: A parametric programming analysis”

The article by Golladay and Adelman (1972) is criticized about certain assumptions of policy making as a rational process and the composition of the decision making environment on which the authors base their model of planning for national development. Specifically, decision assumptions inherent in the aggregate planning model, an input-output perspective of policy making, and the authors' definition of economic and educational policy systems are criticized.
Potent and Selective Indolomorphinan Antagonists of the Kappa-Opioid Receptor

The indole moiety in the delta-opioid antagonist, naltrindole (2, NTI), was employed as a scaffold to hold an “address” for interaction with the kappa-opioid receptor. The attachment of the address to the 5‘-position of the indole moiety was based on superposition of NTI upon the kappa antagonist, norbinaltorphimine (1, norBNI). A variety of cationic groups were employed as a kappa address in an effort to investigate its interaction with the anionic address subsite, Glu297, on the kappa receptor. Some of the groups that were employed for this purpose were amines, amidines, guanidines, and quaternary ammonium. Members of the series were found to have a varying degree of kappa antagonist potency and kappa selectivity when tested in smooth muscle preparations. The 5‘-guanidine derivative 12a (GNTI) was the most potent member of the series and had the highest kappa selectivity ratio. GNTI was 2 times more potent and 6−10-fold more selective than norBNI (1). In general, the order of potency in the series was: ...
Gersgorin variations II: On themes of Fan and Gudkov

Assume F={f1,. . .,fn} is a family of nonnegative functions of n−1 nonnegative variables such that, for every matrix A of order n, |aii|>fi (moduli of off-diagonal entries in row i of A) for all i implies A nonsingular. We show that there is a positive vector x, depending only on F, such that for all A=(aij), and all i, fi≥∑j|aij|{xj}/xi. This improves a theorem of Ky Fan, and yields a generalization of a nonsingularity criterion of Gudkov.
Accretion torques in X-ray pulsars

An analysis of the accretion process in an X-ray pulsar, whereby angular momentum is transferred to the star and its rotation period is changed, is presented, and an expression for the fractional rate of change of the pulse period in terms of X-ray luminosity and other star parameters is derived. It is shown that observed characteristic spin-up time scales for seven X-ray pulsars strongly support the view that in every source (1) the pulse period reflects the rotation period of a compact object, (2) the accretion is mediated by a disk surrounding the compact object and rotating in the same sense, and (3) the compact object is a neutron star rather than a white dwarf.
Some properties of view-based replication control algorithms for distributed systems

Abstract Distributed systems with replicated resources need controlled access to these resources to maintain consistency. We state and prove some important properties related to update operations with so-called view-based algorithms for maintaining consistency.
N-pulse homoclinic orbits in perturbations of resonant hamiltonian systems

In this paper we develop an analytical method to detect orbits doubly asymptotic to slow manifolds in perturbations of integrable, two-degree-of-freedom resonant Hamiltonian systems. Our energy-phase method applies to both Hamiltonian and dissipative perturbations and reveals families of multi-pulse solutions which are not amenable to Melnikov-type methods. As an example, we study a two-mode approximation of the nonlinear, nonplanar oscillations of a parametrically forced inextensional beam. In this problem we find unusually complicated mechanisms for chaotic motions and verify their existence numerically.
In situ hybridization analysis of the FMRFamide neuropeptide gene in Drosophila. II. Constancy in the cellular pattern of expression during metamorphosis

We have studied changes in the pattern of specific neuropeptide gene expression during the metamorphosis of the Drosophila nervous system. Prior to metamorphosis, the Drosophila FMRFamide gene is expressed exclusively within the central nervous system in a stereotyped pattern that comprises roughly 60 neurons (Schneider et al., '91). Using in situ hybridization, we found that the FMRFamide gene was continuously expressed throughout all stages examined: at each of 15 stages of adult development and through at least the first 10 days of adult life. There were no differences between the results observed with 2 exon-specific hybridization probes, thus indicating little if any alternative splicing during postembryonic development. Despite many changes in the positions of individual hybridization signals due to the large-scale reorganization of the nervous system, the continuous pattern of gene expression through adult development permitted many adult signals to be identified as larval signals. We concluded that the adult pattern of FMRFamide gene expression was largely derived from persistent larval neurons. Adult-specific hybridization signals in the brain and ventral ganglion were also detected and these corresponded to many of the approximately 40 adult-specific FMRFamide-immunoreactive neurons. One specific larval signal was lost during adult development and the intensities of other signals fluctuated in reproducible manners. These stereotyped differences in hybridization signal intensity resemble similar observations made in larval stages (Schneider et al., '91) and support the hypothesis that the steady-state levels of FMRFamide transcripts are differentially regulated among the diverse neurons that express the gene.
1983 lightning, turbulence, wind shear, and Doppler radar studies at the National Severe Storms Laboratory

As part of continuing research on aviation related weather hazards, numerous experiments were incorporated into the 1983 Spring Observation Program. This year's program was an abbreviated one because of commitments made to the development of the Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) project. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) P-3 Orion and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) RB-57B and U-2 were the main aircraft involved in the studies of lightning, wind shear, turbulence, and storm structure. A total of 14 flights were made by these aircraft during the period of May 16 through June 5, 1983. Aircraft instrumentation experiments are described, and resultant data sets available for research are detailed. Aircraft instrumentation and Doppler radar characteristics are detailed.
Regulation of estrogen receptor‐α gene expression by 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D in MCF‐7 cells

This report describes an investigation of the role of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (VD(3)) in the regulation of estrogen receptor-alpha (ER) in the ER-positive breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Treatment of cells with 10 nM VD(3) resulted in a 50% decline in the concentration of ER protein at 24 h. Scatchard analysis showed a corresponding decrease in the number of estradiol binding sites and no alteration in the binding affinity of estradiol for the ER (K(d) = 0.08 nM in VD(3)-treated cells compared with K(d) = 0.07 nM in control cells). Vitamin D treatment also caused a 50% decrease in the steady state amount of ER mRNA, which was maximal by 18 h. In vitro transcription run-on experiments demonstrated a decrease of approximately 60% in transcription of the estrogen receptor gene. Transient transfections using an ER promoter-CAT construct also demonstrated a 40% decrease in CAT activity after VD(3) treatment. Sequence analysis identified a potential vitamin D response element (nVDRE) within the ER promoter. When this element was mutated, the ability of VD(3) to block transcription from the ER promoter was lost. When the nVDRE was placed upstream of a heterologous promoter, nVDRE-SV40-CAT, treatment with VD(3) resulted in a 50% decrease in CAT activity. Interestingly, co-transfection of either the ER promoter-CAT or the nVDRE-SV40-CAT construct and a vitamin D receptor expression vector into COS-1 or CV-1 cells showed an approximately 4-fold increase in CAT activity after VD(3) treatment. Taken together these data suggest that VD(3) inhibition of ER gene transcription is mediated through a nVDRE in the ER promoter. Inhibition appears to be cell specific.
Influence of Molecular Oxide Cages on Metal Carbonyls

A series of DFT calculations have been performed on mononuclear d(6) metal tricarbonyls supported on molecular oxide cages. The molecular cages were chosen both as models for phosphate, silicate, and aluminosilicate surfaces and because experimental data is available for a few of these molecular complexes. By systematically varying the nature of the oxide surface, qualitative estimates of metal carbonyl geometry, relative metal-CO bond strengths, and predictions of the shifts in C identical withO stretching frequencies upon changes in oxide basicity have been determined for a range of transition metals. Although most of the calculated trends correlate with expectations, additional insights into some of the bonding characteristics of these systems were obtained.
Effects of 5-HT1A receptor antagonists on fluoxetine-induced changes in extracellular serotonin concentrations in rat frontal cortex

Abstract Clinical studies in which serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors have been co-administered with pindolol have demonstrated a shortened time to onset of antidepressant activity. This effect has been attributed to the antagonist effects of pindolol at the presynaptic 5-HT 1A receptor which augments the action of the serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors. In the present study, we demonstrate that acute fluoxetine-induced increases in extracellular serotonin concentrations, as measured by microdialysis in the frontal cortex, can be potentiated by 5-HT 1A receptor blockade using N -[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1- piperazinyl]ethyl]- N -(pyridinyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY100635), the silent and selective 5-HT 1A receptor antagonist. WAY100635 at doses as low as 0.03 mg/kg s.c. maintained this potentiation effect across a range of fluoxetine doses. In addition, using antagonists with different intrinsic agonist activities for the 5-HT 1A receptor, we have determined that only compounds with very low intrinsic agonist activity can produce a potentiation of the acute fluoxetine-induced increases in extracellular serotonin.
Estimating the distribution of software complexity within a program

This paper proposes an approach to the characterization of complexity within computer software source texts. We estimate the information content of individual program tokens as the basis for a relative ordering of tokens by their 'uncertainty' or 'perculiarity' within the context of the program in which they reside. The analysis method used is in part an extension of software science methods. The information gained from the analysis highlights language usage anomalies and potential errors. This information may be useful in guiding software review activities.More theoretical work and experimental validation will be necessary before the analysis technique may be used in a productive environment.
Simulations of water at the interface with hydrophilic self-assembled monolayers (Review)

Simulations of water at hydrophilic self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces are especially relevant for biological interfaces. Well-defined, atomically smooth surfaces that can be continuously varied are possible with SAMs. These characteristics enable more accurate measurements than many other surfaces with the added advantage of tailoring the surface to treat specific chemical groups. A fundamental question is how solid surfaces affect the structure and dynamics of water. Measurements of the structure and dynamics of water at solid surfaces have improved significantly, but there remain differences among the experiments. In this article, the authors review simulations of water at the interface with hydrophilic SAMs. These simulations find that while the interfacial water molecules are slower than the bulk water molecules, the interfacial dynamics remains that of a liquid. A major biological application of SAMs is for making coatings resistant to protein adsorption. SAMs terminated with ethylene glycol monomers have proven to be excellent at resisting protein adsorption. Understanding the mechanisms behind this resistance remains an unresolved issue. Recent simulations suggest a new perspective of the role of interfacial water and the inseparable interplay between the SAM and the water.
Design of microvascular flow networks using multi-objective genetic algorithms

A multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to design 2D and 3D microvascular networks embedded in bio-mimetic self-healing/self-cooling polymeric materials. Various objective functions and constraints are considered, ranging from flow efficiency and homogeneity to network redundancy and void volume fraction. The design variables include the network topology defined over a template and the microchannel diameters chosen among a finite set of values. The effect of network redundancy, template geometry and microchannel diameters on the Pareto-optimal fronts generated by the genetic algorithm is investigated.
Developing and Validating a Quantitative Measure of Organizational Courage

Purpose To present the Organizational Courage Assessment (OCA) and explore its construct validity.
A tale of two laws

As Amdahl's law and Moore's law reach their 50th anniversaries, we review the roles they have played in shaping both perception and reality in high-performance computing. Along the way, we also attempt to clarify some misconceptions that have surrounded both of these highly influential but not always fully appreciated ?laws.?
Nonlinear transmission through a tapered fiber in rubidium vapor

Subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers surrounded by rubidium vapor can undergo a substantial decrease in transmission at high atomic densities due to the accumulation of rubidium atoms on the surface of the fiber. Here we demonstrate the ability to control these changes in transmission using light guided within the taper. We observe transmission through a tapered fiber that is a nonlinear function of the incident power. This effect can also allow a strong control beam to change the transmission of a weak probe beam.
Entrepreneurs of punishment: The legacy of privatization

Privatization of corrections is problematic in large part because advocates claim that private contractors can provide the same or better services at less cost than public agencies. This article ar...
Is Spousal Similarity for Personality A Matter of Convergence or Selection

We investigated whether spousal similarity for personality traits results from convergence (i.e., couples becoming more similar to one another over time) or selection (i.e., individuals selecting partners with similar traits) in a sample of 1296 married couples. Personality was assessed using the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. We evaluated whether similarity increased with increasing length of marriage. Evidence of spousal convergence was inconsistent across analyses, arguing against this mechanism as a compelling explanation for spousal similarity. Accordingly, selection processes may better explain spousal similarity in these data. The one exception might be for aggressive aspects of personality.
Supervisee Incompatibility and Its Influence on Triadic Supervision: An Examination of Doctoral Student Supervisors' Perspectives

A qualitative study was conducted to explore supervisors' experiences of supervisee incompatibility in triadic supervision. In-depth interviews were completed with 9 doctoral student supervisors in a counselor education program, and a whole-text analysis generated 3 categories. Supervisee incompatibility took a wide variety of forms and negatively affected the content of supervision, including its progress and productivity. It also negatively influenced the process of supervision, including the feedback and support offered by either the supervisor or the supervisees and the general atmosphere of supervision meetings. Implications of the findings for counseling supervision and for further research are also addressed.
Resistance And Capacity Of Coils At Radio Frequencies

The various practical methods of determining the resistance of coils at radio frequencies are described, and their conditions of maximum usefulness given. The resistances of various forms of coils on different mountings are determined at various frequencies, and the laws of variation of resistance with frequency are considered. Measurements are also made of the internal capacity of coils at radio frequencies, and the physics of this capacity is investigated. The effects on its resistance and capacity of various methods of terminating the coil, mounting it, and varnishing it are experimentally investigated. Finally, solid wire and stranded cable are compared at various frequencies; and numerical data are given on the possible resistances obtainable in actual receiving sets.
Getting more from flashcards: examples from medical microbiology.

Four flashcard techniques, developed to stimulate in-depth studying, are discussed in this activity. For each, a medical microbiology course-based example is given. Each activity assumes that students have already familiarized themselves with the names and/or definitions on the flashcards. Smaller sets of terms should be used when first introducing the strategies; once students gain proficiency, larger numbers of flashcards may be included. Technique variations and other applications are discussed.
Origins of the Chilean Binominal Election System

Many analysts and observers have assumed that the current Chilean binominal election system was a strategic reaction by the military regime to the defeat of General Augusto Pinochet in the 1988 Plebiscite since the system was formally established during the period between the plebiscite and the first postauthoritarian elections in 1989. This theory, however, offers a mistaken account of the history and evolution of the binominal election system whose origins are considerably more complex than the conventional wisdom suggests. This article explores the internal political processes and the ideology that led the military government to adopt the binominal system. It argues that the election system was the capstone of the authoritarian institutional framework designed by the military government to protect the 1980 Constitution from efforts by the Concertaci on to reform it. Contrary to popular belief, the binominal system was proposed long before the 1988 Plebiscite by Arturo Marin Vicuna, then secretary of a government commission studying a new electoral law. This article maintains that, more than any other factor, the binominal system reflects and responds to an interpretation of Chilean political history between 1960 and 1973 that was widely shared among the Pinochet government’s legal advisors.
COINCIDENT GENE CONVERSION DURING MITOSIS IN SACCHAROMYCES

During mitosis, gene conversion events at the TRP5 locus on chromosome VII are coupled with conversion events at LEU1 , a locus 18 cM away, 1200 times more frequently than would be expected for two independent acts of recombination. Such coincident conversion events that occur over relatively long distances could be due to several mechanisms. We discuss these possibilities and describe an experiment that indicates that a portion of coincident events is due to extensive heteroduplexes. The phenomenon of coincident gene conversion is discussed in relation to our earlier evidence that spontaneous recombination between homologues occurs prereplicationally in mitosis.
The Philosophical Versus Actual Adoption of Community Policing: A Case Study

Community policing is the operating philosophy of the majority of American police departments in the new millennium. Though most departments claim to engage in community policing, research has shown that implementation of the strategy is uneven. One way to investigate the implementation of community policing is to study patrol officer attitudes toward community policing because research has shown that attitudes are related to behavior. The present study used qualitative data to explore the extent to which patrol officers have endorsed and implemented community policing in one medium-sized agency in Florida. Furthermore, the research sought to gain insight into the organizational barriers that prevented officers from adopting community policing in their daily work. Results indicated that although most officers agreed with the philosophy of community policing, significant barriers, such as lack of resources, prevented its full implementation in this agency. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Tuneable resolution as a systems biology approach for multi-scale, multi-compartment computational models

The use of multi-scale mathematical and computational models to study complex biological processes is becoming increasingly productive. Multi-scale models span a range of spatial and/or temporal scales and can encompass multi-compartment (e.g., multi-organ) models. Modeling advances are enabling virtual experiments to explore and answer questions that are problematic to address in the wet-lab. Wet-lab experimental technologies now allow scientists to observe, measure, record, and analyze experiments focusing on different system aspects at a variety of biological scales. We need the technical ability to mirror that same flexibility in virtual experiments using multi-scale models. Here we present a new approach, tuneable resolution, which can begin providing that flexibility. Tuneable resolution involves fine- or coarse-graining existing multi-scale models at the user's discretion, allowing adjustment of the level of resolution specific to a question, an experiment, or a scale of interest. Tuneable resolution expands options for revising and validating mechanistic multi-scale models, can extend the longevity of multi-scale models, and may increase computational efficiency. The tuneable resolution approach can be applied to many model types, including differential equation, agent-based, and hybrid models. We demonstrate our tuneable resolution ideas with examples relevant to infectious disease modeling, illustrating key principles at work.
The Origin and Content of Expletives: Evidence from “Selection”

Abstract. While expletive there has primarily been studied in the context of the existential construction, it has long been known that some but not all lexical verbs are compatible with there insertion. This paper argues that there insertion can be used to diagnose vPs with no external argument, ruling out transitives, unergatives, and also inchoatives, which are argued to project an event argument on the edge of vP. Based on the tight link between there insertion and low functional structure, I build a case for low there insertion, where the expletive is first merged in the specifier of a verbalizing head v. The low merge position is motivated by a stringently local relationship that holds between there and its associate DP; this relationship plays a crucial role in the interaction of there with raising verbs, where local agreement rules out cases of “too many theres” such as *There seemed there to be a man in the room. An account of these cases in terms of phase theory is explored, in which I ultimately suggest that there must be merged in a nonthematic phasal specifier position.
Performance Test of a Laboratory Pump for Liquid Transfer Based on the Fountain Effect

A laboratory scale pump has been tested in detail in order to determine the flow characteristics of a heater-activated all-metal thermomechanical pump (fountain effect pump FEP). The emphasis is on the functional dependence of the fountain pressure difference versus mass throughput. A modified Vote et al. power law approximation is employed for a simplified description of the flow rate as a function of the driving force. Flow rates of up to 10 Litres/(hr cm2) have been obtained despite a large nominal pore size of the porous plug of 2 μm (filtration rating) used for the FEP.
Opinions regarding abortion among male Nigerian undergraduate students in the United States.

Abstract Acculturation theory suggests that contemporary Africa has been experiencing sociocultural changes (opinions, beliefs, values, and so on) because of the impact of Western culture, especially through the exposure to Western eduction. Based on first‐hand data on 117 male Nigerian students attending American colleges and universities at the undergraduate level, the issue of abortion is raised in terms of (1) whether these students favor or oppose abortion, and (2) what factors are statistically related to abortion. The analysis of the data indicates that 64.1 per cent of the students are against abortion, 18.8 per cent endorsed abortion, while 17.1 per cent were uncertain. The outcome of varying cross‐tabulations and chi‐square tests shows that abortion is statistically related to the number and sex of children. It is also revealed that marital status, religious preference, and opinion about the present population of Nigeria are related to abortion.
Conceptualizing How Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment Affect Turnover and Absenteeism

This paper presents one conceptualization of how job involvement and organizational commitment could interact to affect turnover and absenteeism.
Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria That Use Furans as the Sole Carbon Source

Five bacterial strains were isolated from wastewater treatment facilities which were able to use furfural as the sole carbon source. Based on 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis, these strains were identified as Cupriavidus pinatubonensis (designated ALS1280), Pigmentiphaga sp. (ALS1172), Pseudomonas sp. BWDY (ALS1279), Pseudomonas mendocina (ALS1131), and Pseudomonas putida (ALS1267). In all cases, growth under oxygenated conditions on furfural was accompanied by the transient accumulation of 2-furoic acid (furoate) with no furfuryl alcohol observed. ALS1267 and ALS1279 were also able to metabolize 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural. The five isolates and their phylogenetic near neighbors were compared for furfural dehydrogenase activity and tolerance to furfural and furoate in defined and complex media. P. putida ALS1267 was the most tolerant to furans and tolerated 17 mM furfural or 195 mM furoate before its growth rate was reduced by 50 % in a defined medium. This strain also had the greatest specific growth rate on furfural (0.6/h at 27-30 °C) and showed the highest specific activity of furfural dehydrogenase (170 mIU/mg) of any furfural-utilizing strain that has been characterized to date.
Stroke Symptoms as a Predictor of Future Hospitalization

Background Stroke symptoms in the general adult population are common and associated with stroke risk factors, lower physical and mental functioning, impaired cognitive status, and future stroke. Our objective was to determine the association of stroke symptoms with self-reported hospitalization or emergency department (ED) visit. Methods Lifetime history of stroke symptoms (sudden weakness, numbness, unilateral or general loss of vision, loss of ability to communicate or understand) was assessed at baseline in a national, population-based, longitudinal cohort study of 30,239 blacks and whites younger than 45 years, enrolled from 2003 to 2007. Self-reported hospitalization or ED visit and reason were collected during follow-up through March 2013. The symptom–hospitalization association was assessed by proportional hazards analysis in persons who were stroke/transient ischemic attack-free at baseline (27,126) with adjustment for sociodemographics and further adjustment for risk factors. Results One or more stroke symptoms were reported by 4758 (17.5%). After adjustment for sociodemographics, stroke symptoms were most strongly associated with greater risk of hospitalization/ED for cardiovascular disease (CVD) (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.78-1.96), stroke (HR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.55-1.85), and any reason (HR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.34-1.44). These associations remained significant and only modestly reduced after risk factor adjustment. Conclusions Stroke symptoms are a marker for future hospitalization and ED visit not only for stroke but also for CVD in general. Findings suggest a role for stroke symptom assessment as a novel and simple approach for identifying individuals at high risk for CVD including stroke in whom preventive strategies could be implemented.
Programming in Ω mega

This report was originally prepared as notes for a short courseon Ωmega taught at the Central-European FunctionalProgramming School held in Cluj, Romania, between 25-30 June, 2007.It can be viewed as a tutorial on the use of theΩmega programming language. It introduces readers to the types as propositionsnotion based upon the Curry-Howard isomorphism. Such types canexpress precise properties of programs. The Ωmegalanguage allows us to use a single language for the specificationof designs, the definition of properties, the implementation ofprograms, and the production of proofs that programs adhere totheir properties. Ωmega bundles all these in acoherent manner into a single unified system that appears to theuser to be a programming language.
The Social-Interactive Ontology of Language

Language is almost universally considered an encoding of mental contents into an utterance stream, and mental contents, in turn, are almost universally considered constituted as, or derived from, encodings of the environment. This basic framework has been in place for millennia, but it has remained mysterious and perplexing how it could be modeled. I have argued for some time that both aspects of this encoding framework are fatally flawed, and here I outline an alternative perspective on the nature of both mental representation and language. The model outlined is generally pragmatist in the senses of Peirce (although it is not semiotic) and Dewey. It is an interaction-based model in which representation is emergent in interaction systems and language is constituted as a conventional system for generating interactions with social realities—which, in turn, are constituted as relations among individuals' representations of their environments.
PGL germ granule assembly protein is a base-specific, single-stranded RNase

Cellular RNA-protein (RNP) granules are ubiquitous and have fundamental roles in biology and RNA metabolism, but the molecular basis of their structure, assembly, and function is poorly understood. Using nematode "P-granules" as a paradigm, we focus on the PGL granule scaffold protein to gain molecular insights into RNP granule structure and assembly. We first identify a PGL dimerization domain (DD) and determine its crystal structure. PGL-1 DD has a novel 13 α-helix fold that creates a positively charged channel as a homodimer. We investigate its capacity to bind RNA and discover unexpectedly that PGL-1 DD is a guanosine-specific, single-stranded endonuclease. Discovery of the PGL homodimer, together with previous results, suggests a model in which the PGL DD dimer forms a fundamental building block for P-granule assembly. Discovery of the PGL RNase activity expands the role of RNP granule assembly proteins to include enzymatic activity in addition to their job as structural scaffolds.
Toward a Men's Health Research Agenda in Health Education: Examining Gender, Sex Roles, and Health-seeking Behaviors in Context

(2005). Toward a Men's Health Research Agenda in Health Education: Examining Gender, Sex Roles, and Health-seeking Behaviors in Context. American Journal of Health Education: Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 309-312.
On Amicable Numbers and their Generalizations

(1921). On Amicable Numbers and their Generalizations. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 195-200.
Comparison of dynamic changes in anterior ocular structures examined with anterior segment optical coherence tomography in a cohort of various origins.

PURPOSE To identify risk factors associated with primary angle closure (AC) using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) measurements of the iris and to determine if these risk factors differ according to geographic origin. METHODS Anterior segment OCT images were collected on 267 persons (eyes) whose family origin was determined by a standardized method. In the 257 eyes with pupil diameter increase in the dark of 0.5 mm or more, findings were compared between bright light conditions and those in a dark room. In 130 eyes, comparison was made after pharmacological pupil dilation. After marking the position of the scleral spur, an automated program quantified many angle and iris parameters, with use of a manual method for a minority that the software could not analyze. RESULTS Iris area in bright light was larger with increasing age (univariate regression, P = 0.0005), largest in European and African-derived, and smallest in Korean and Chinese eyes (multivariable regression, P = 0.0001), and was significantly larger in AC groups compared with normal and open angle glaucoma groups (univariate regression, P < 0.0001). The absolute iris area loss per mm pupil dilation was significantly less in Chinese persons than African-derived persons (multivariable regression, P < 0.05 adjusted Tukey). Furthermore, in persons with past acute AC attack, the baseline iris area was not different from others, but their iris area lost per millimeter dilation was significantly less than in persons without past acute AC attack (multivariable regression, P = 0.04). The odds of AC disease significantly increased in eyes with smaller percent iris area lost and percent iris area lost per millimeter pupil increase, but when adjusted for geographic origin, this was significant only in persons of Chinese origin (interaction regression model). Apparent gain of iris volume on pupil dilation, due to an artifact in calculation from iris area loss, may indicate a detrimental shift in iris tissue toward the angle. CONCLUSIONS Chinese persons in this cohort had relatively low baseline iris area, but less loss of iris area on pupil dilation than other groups, a feature also associated with greater prevalence of past acute AC attack. Disproportionate peripheral redistribution of iris area on dilation may contribute to AC.
Effects of Surface Explosion on Underground Tunnel and Potential Mitigation Measures

An explosion on the ground surface can cause significant damage to a tunnel located at a shallow depth below ground. The effects of explosion were studied through a combination of physical model tests and numerical analyses. The physical model tests were conducted on a geotechnical centrifuge, where 1:70 scale models were subjected to 70 g acceleration. Due to centrifuge scaling laws related to explosions, the effects of an explosion, such as cratering and damage, scale as the cube of the g level. Using this scaling relation, it was possible to study the effects of a relatively large explosion in a test, utilizing a small amount of actual explosives. Strain gage readings, collected in real time during the centrifuge tests, provide measurements of damage on the tunnel due to the explosion. Numerical modeling using an explicit dynamic hydrocode allows simulation of the explosion in a three-dimensional model. The results of the numerical model appear to indicate a good match with results of physical model tests. The presence of a compressible barrier immediately outside the tunnel may reduce the damage to the tunnel due to a surface explosion. This was investigated in the physical model tests and numerical models, where a polyurethane geofoam barrier was included. The highest hoop strain at the crown of the tunnel immediately below the explosion reduced from 6.0 to 1.6 % when a 0.9-m-thick polyurethane geofoam barrier was added, in conjunction with a 0.9-m-thick soil cover. The corresponding reduction in vertical displacement was from 1.1 to 0.56 m.
Conceptualization and Development of the Behavior Analysis Programs at the Florida Institute of Technology.

We describe the conceptualization and development of the Behavior Analysis programs at the Florida Institute of Technology (Florida Tech). From its beginnings as a small master’s program in applied behavior analysis (ABA), the Behavior Analysis programs at Florida Tech have now grown to include three Master of Science programs across two campuses, a Ph.D. program in Behavior Analysis, an undergraduate degree (B.A.) in ABA, an online certificate program that has attracted students internationally, and a hybrid (live and online) Master of Arts in Professional Behavior Analysis program at several sites around the USA. These programs are now housed in the first ever School of Behavior Analysis at a Tier 1, nationally ranked private university.