cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Midbrain pathways of audiogenic seizures in DBA2 mice

Abstract The effects on audiogenic seizures of bilateral electrolytic lesions at levels of the inferior colliculus (IC), superior colliculus (SC), or medial geniculate body were determined for inbred DBA 2 mice. Of 88 control mice (surgical and nonsurgical), 82% displayed the full seizure syndrome when exposed to intense sound: wildrunning attacks progressed to clonic convulsions and then tonic convulsions. All remaining control animals displayed at least wild-running attacks. In 27 of 49 mice with IC-level lesions, either no seizure activity was observed or the syndrome terminated at the wild-running stage. In these mice, lesions consistently damaged the central IC nucleus (ICC) and sometimes adjacent midbrain tegmentum. In the 12 IC-lesion mice that displayed the full seizure syndrome, IC damage was generally lateral, primarily involving the external IC nucleus (ICX). In SC-lesion mice, absence of wild-running was observed in only 3 of 23 mice, but termination of seizures at wild-running or clonic stages was often seen (14 of 23 mice). Attenuation of seizure activity was correlated with damage to the deep SC and tegmentum, including the central gray. Little or no effect on audiogenic seizures was found with lesions of the dorsal SC or medial geniculate body. Analysis of the time course of components of the seizure syndrome revealed that IC-lesion mice attaining only the wild-running stage had increased latencies to onset of this behavior. In SC-lesion mice, time to onset of wild-running did not differ significantly from controls. Progression from wild-running attacks to onset of clonic convulsions was slowed by lesions at both IC and SC levels. The data indicate that the primary pathway of audiogenic seizure activity includes the ICC, deep SC, and adjacent tegmentum. Wild-running attacks appear to be mediated at the IC level, whereas progression to clonic and tonic convulsions may require more rostral levels.
Fish Populations along Natural and Revetted Banks on the Lower Mississippi River

Abstract Fish populations along two natural and two revetted banks on the Lower Mississippi River near Greenville, Mississippi, were investigated during 1979. Collections were made during April, June, September, and November with hoop nets and electroshocking. The number of species taken in the habitats were similar: 24 species were collected from natural banks; 27 from the revetted banks. The relative abundances of the species were different for the two habitats. Six species (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, Cyprinus carpio, Ictalurus punctatus, Stizostedion canadense, and Cycleptus elongatus) were more abundant on revetted banks and four species (Aplodinotus grunniens, Pylodictis olivaris, Lepomis macrochirus, and Alosa chrysochloris) were more abundant on natural banks. Percentage composition by weight showed the greatest difference between habitats. Species of sport or commercial value were more abundant by weight on revetted banks. Mean catch per effort in numbers and weight were greater on natural banks...
Finger length ratio (2D : 4D) and sex differences in aggression during a simulated war game

We tested the association between a biomarker of early sex differentiation, the second-to-fourth finger length ratio (2D:4D), and unprovoked attack during a simulated war game (n = 176). We also investigated whether 2D:4D mediated the tendency for men to attack more than women and whether personality dimensions previously associated with sex differences in aggression or hostility (social dominance orientation, narcissism, perceived stress, and self-esteem) mediated either relationship. We found that sex and lower, more male-typical, 2D:4D predicted unprovoked attack independently. In men, high levels of narcissism predicted greater than 10 times greater odds of attacking. We also found non-monotonic effects of social dominance orientation and of perceived stress on unprovoked attack, which were not as predicted. However, we saw no evidence that effects of sex or 2D:4D were mediated by the personality dimensions we measured.
Accelerated acquisition of high resolution triple-resonance spectra using non-uniform sampling and maximum entropy reconstruction.

Abstract Non-uniform sampling is shown to provide significant time savings in the acquisition of a suite of three-dimensional NMR experiments utilized for obtaining backbone assignments of H, N, C ′ , CA, and CB nuclei in proteins : HNCO, HN(CA)CO, HNCA, HN(CO)CA, HNCACB, and HN(CO)CACB. Non-uniform sampling means that data were collected for only a subset of all incremented evolution periods, according to a user-specified sampling schedule. When the suite of six 3D experiments was acquired in a uniform fashion for an 11 kDa cytoplasmic domain of a membrane protein at 1.5 mM concentration, a total of 146 h was consumed. With non-uniform sampling, the same experiments were acquired in 32 h and, through subsequent maximum entropy reconstruction, yielded spectra of similar quality to those obtained by conventional Fourier transform of the uniformly acquired data. The experimental time saved with this methodology can significantly accelerate protein structure determination by NMR, particularly when combined with the use of automated assignment software, and enable the study of samples with poor stability at room temperature. Since it is also possible to use the time savings to acquire a greater numbers of scans to increase sensitivity while maintaining high resolution, this methodology will help extend the size limit of proteins accessible to NMR studies, and open the way to studies of samples that suffer from solubility problems.
Robert Southey on Portugal: Travel Narrative and the Writing of History

Robert Southey was once referred to by Ernest Bernhardt-Kabisch as “one of the best known of the unread poets” in a study that deliberately focused on what he considered Southey's largely failed po...
The relationship between successful defibrillation and delivered energy in open-chest dogs: reappraisal of the defibrillation threshold concept

The traditional assessment of the energy required for successful ventricular defibrillation involves the measurement of a "defibrillation threshold" (DFT), implying a clear-cut distinction between effective and ineffective energies. We examined the relationship between delivered energy and the likelihood of successful defibrillation in 10 open-chest pentobarbital anesthetized dogs, with the use of an internal spring/patch electrode system. An initial DFT was determined by decreasing the energy discharged until a failure first occurred (10.3 +/- 3.4 J). Six energy levels in 1 to 2 J increments were then selected surrounding this value and each was administered eight times in balanced random order (total 48 trials). The relationship between energy and percent success in defibrillation exhibited a shallow slope, with a gradual increase in success from 0% to 100% over several energy increments. The initial DFTs showed actual success rates varying from 25% to 87.5% (mean 71 +/- 26%). The results were fitted to a sigmoidal dose-response curve by logistic regression analysis and the energy associated with 50% success (E50) and 80% success (E80) was determined, as no single value for DFT could be defined in any animal. In 12 other dogs, a defibrillation curve was similarly constructed at baseline and was repeated after 90 minutes. No significant change in E50 (5.0 +/- 2.1 J vs 5.2 +/- 2.7 J) or E80 (6.3 +/- 2.5 J vs 6.6 +/- 3.2 J) was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Counterexamples to the strong d-step conjecture for d ≥ 5

A Dantzig figure is a triple (P,x,y) in which P is a simple d -polytope with precisely 2d facets, x and y are vertices of P , and each facet is incident to x or y but not both. The famous d -step conjecture of linear programming is equivalent to the claim that always # d P(x,y) ≥ 1 , where # d P(x,y) denotes the number of paths that connect x to y by using precisely d edges of P . The recently formulated strong d -step conjecture makes a still stronger claim—namely, that always # d P(x,y) ≥ 2 d-1 . It is shown here that the strong d -step conjecture holds for d ≤ 4 , but fails for d ≥ 5 .
Party Loyalty in the Progressive Years: The Senate, 1909-1915

T HE INFLUENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES upon the legislative process has long been an object of study by students of American politics, and in recent years particularly, many investigations in this area have involved quantitative analysis of legislative voting behavior.* With few exceptions, however, such studies have analyzed legislative voting behavior during the years since 1945; comparable works dealing with more remote time periods are rare. This paper is concerned with the influence of political parties upon the legislative process in the Senate during the Sixty-First, the Sixty-Second,, and the Sixty-Third Congresses which were in session from 1909 to 1915. These were the two Taft Congresses and the first Congress of the Wilson administration, and it was during these years that the progressive reform movement had its greatest impact upon politics and government at the national level.' Through the use of data processing equipment we have analyzed all roll-call votes in the Senate during these Congresses, a total of over eleven hundred. This analysis was designed to assess the comparative level of party unity characteristic of the Senate voting record and to gauge the correspondence between voting behavior and party affiliation. In analyzing the Senate voting record during these Congresses,
Using Videoconferencing Technology to Enhance Classroom Observation Methodology for the Instruction of Preservice Early Childhood Professionals

AbstractTo learn about and become acclimated to the environment in which they someday plan to work, preservice teachers and pre-professional daycare providers are typically required to conduct onsite observations. Traditionally, these observations require that the pre-professional spend a required number of hours studying the dynamics of the real-world classroom. Although there are clear benefits to this practice, there are also limitations. In one educational program, videoconferencing technology was used as a means to offset these limitations and, more important, to enhance the benefits of this necessary practice. Results from this study indicate that remote video observations were preferred by participants in most aspects over those conducted onsite and produced quantifiably richer and more effective observation experiences.
Tunable time delays in photonic-crystal waveguides

We study tunable time-delay devices in which the time delay is tuned by changing the group velocity of the propagating signal. The device is designed to place the operating frequency near a photonic band edge. This enhances the change in delay for a given tuning range of the device refractive index. Here we provide an extended explanation of mode symmetry, nomenclature, and the complete band structure of a sample, integrated device to aid the understanding of our previously published work.
Spin fluctuation rates from Mössbauer spectra of high-spin ferrous rubredoxin

Abstract Spin fluctuation rates deduced from 57 Fe Mossbauer spectra of the iron protein rubredoxin in applied fields between 10 K and 150 K are reproduced by a one-parameter model based on the direct process using Blume's stochastic theory of line shape.
P300 sequence effects, probability, and interstimulus interval.

Abstract Polich, J. and T. Bodurant. P300 sequence effects, probability, and interstimulus interval. Physiol Behav 61(6) 843–849, 1997.—Probability and interstimulus interval effects on P3(00) event-related potential (ERP) stimulus sequences were examined in 2 experiments. ERPs were elicited with an auditory-discrimination paradigm in which subjects were instructed to detect target stimuli from a series of target (T) and standard (S) tones that were varied by randomly presenting 1 of 4 sequence patterns (SS, TS, TT, ST). Experiment 1 manipulated target stimulus probability as either 0.33 or 0.67; Experiment 2 kept target probability at 0.33 and manipulated the interstimulus interval (ISI) as either 2 or 6 s. Increases in target stimulus probability produced smaller P300 amplitudes that were additive with stimulus sequence type. ISI did not reliably affect P300 amplitude, although ISI interacted with stimulus sequence. P300 latency from the stimulus sequences was influenced weakly by the probability and ISI factors, with few consistent sequence effects obtained for the N1, P2, and N2 potentials. The results suggest that even relatively short sequences can affect P300 amplitude in the same way as longer sequences: as the number of standard stimuli preceding the target increased, P300 amplitude increased. The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed in the context of applied testing situations.
Route dependence of adriamycin effectiveness in murine osteosarcoma

Summary Adriamycin administered i.p. to mice bearing pulmonary tumor colonies of Dunn osteosarcoma was ineffective in reducing tumor burden or prolonging survival. The i.v. route, although technically more difficult, resulted in significant reductions in tumor burden when microscopic and macroscopic tumor foci were treated.
Proximal, tracheal, and alveolar pressures during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in a normal rabbit model.

ABSTRACT: To study the effect of different high-frequency oscillatory ventilation parameters on airway pressure we measured oscillatory pressure amplitude (| Paw |) and mean airway pressure (Paw)at three sites in open-chested normal rabbits: proximal, trachea, and alveolus. Five animals were studied to test a new pleural capsule design, which was then used in two groups of animals to measure right upper (n = 4)or middle (n = 5) lobe alveolar pressures. Animals were randomly sequenced through combinations of frequency (10, 15, and 20 Hz) and fractional inspiratory time (T) (0.3 and 0.5) while normoxic and encapnic. During capsule testing, we noted that alveolar pressures increased (p < 0.05) with increasing capsule mass. suggesting that compressive forces from the capsule may alter the capsule measurement. We thus used a lowmass (430 mg) transducer system in the rabbit high-frequency oscillatory ventilation experiments. Using multifactorial analysis of variance, we found significant main effects of Ti on Paw, and of measurement site on both |Paw| and Paw (p < 0.009). Frequency did not influence variations in either |Paw| Paw. For both Ti settings, alveolar upper lobe Paw was lower compared with that of the middle lobe (p < 0.0005). Lengthening Ti (03 to 0.5) increased tracheal Paw in each capsule group (p < 0.0005). At Ti = 0.5, tracheal Paw exceeded Paw measured proximally (p < 0.05). Our data support in vivo alveolar Paw inhomogeneity and demonstrate significant changes in pressures within the lung related to Ti during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.
The virtual site museum: a multi-purpose, authoritative, and functional virtual heritage resource

The Virtual Site Museum is an interactive virtual reality interface for various purposes including archaeological research, education, and public demonstration. Its virtual environment contains precise, authoritative, and integrated archaeological and historical files culled from published and unpublished excavation records and the various art museums, which preserve artifacts from the real archaeological site. Running in real-time, it provides full-body immersion, 3D ancient figure animation, and a virtual artifacts interface and corresponding user-oriented interactions in a functional virtual environment. The first of the sites to be documented in the Virtual Site Museum was the Northwest Palace of King Ashurnasirpal II (883-859 BC), located in northeastern Iraq, a famous Assyrian world heritage archaeological site. In this paper we describe how we applied Virtual Reality (VR) to a cultural heritage in peril, and how we are adapting previously generated PC versions to UNIX platforms. We also explain our experiences and achievements in archaeological research and classroom accessibility.
Usability of a metadata creation application for resource authors

Abstract This article analyzes resource authors' use of a metadata creation application at the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). Users' behavior was observed as they created metadata, and feedback about the application was solicited. Data analysis focused on usability—specifically task structure, duration, user perceptions, and researcher observations. Developing a conceptual understanding of metadata and its use in retrieval was challenging for users. The study identifies particular interface elements (e.g., input fields) as well as element semantics and syntax that impact application usability and metadata creation. Implications for information architecture and interface design include the need to incorporate metadata creation into user-centered design processes and develop advanced applications that reduce the burden on authors.
Evaluation of ovum storage techniques for reproductive studies of fishes

– We compared dry masses of mature oocytes and ripe eggs from Etheostoma lynceum and Etheostoma caeruleum that were stored in varying concentrations of either formalin or isopropyl alcohol. In comparison to 10% formalin, alcohol significantly reduced the weights of both mature oocytes and ripe eggs, with 25% isopropyl alcohol resulting in much smaller reductions than 50% isopropanol. Three percent formalin resulted in smaller decreases in the masses of oocytes and eggs than the alcohol treatments, and not all comparisons with 10% formalin were significantly different. We recommend fixing specimens and storing them and gametic cells removed from them in 10% formalin. In cases where specimens or eggs in alcohol must be used in addition to material in formalin, correction factors (to formalin standard) should be developed, but the correction should not be made uncritically due to the varying effects alcohol may have among samples.
Integrating demand and supply variability into safety stock evaluations

Managing inventories efficiently is a key factor for effective supply chain management. The area of inventory management has received significant attention in both academic and practitioner fields. Several tools and techniques have been developed and applied for managing inventories across the entire supply chain in order to reduce costs and improve efficiency. This paper presents the application of a well‐established model for managing the made‐to‐stock inventories at a large multinational pharmaceutical company. The model effectively incorporates both demand and supply variability into the safety stock evaluations. A comparative analysis between the proposed and existing models is performed by utilizing data from four production plants and the resulting cost benefits are presented. The paper concludes with recommendations for managing the safety stocks of the company by discussing various strategic and operational policies.
Dangerous rises in blood pressure upon heating of trigeminal rootlets; increased bleeding times in patients with trigeminal neuralgia.

During radiofrequency (RF) heating of trigeminal rootlets, we regularly measured blood pressure rises to 250 to 300 mm Hg, confirming two previous reports. We also found abnormally increased bleeding times in 12% of 127 patients awaiting operation for trigeminal neuralgia. These two facts probably explain 6 fatalities and 2 lasting hemiplegias from intracranial bleeding unrelated to vascular puncture by the needle electrode during RF procedures for trigeminal neuralgia. We recommend correction of the abnormal bleeding time and control of the blood pressure rises by i.v. sodium nitroprusside.
Effects of age and alcoholism on sleep: a controlled study.

Objective: Sleep problems are common, costly and potentially fatal in older adults. Sleep problems are also commonly associated with alcoholism. Yet few studies have examined the combined effects of alcoholism and aging on sleep. The purpose of this study was to investigate the main and interactive effects on sleep of diagnostic group and age group. Method: Alcohol dependent patients (n = 139; 118 men) and nonalcoholic controls (n = 87; 57 men) completed full-montage polysomnography, structured psychiatric diagnostic interviews, validated rating scales and alcohol histories at the University of Michigan between 1989 and 1996. The sample was divided for analytic purposes into older (aged 55+ years) and younger (aged <55 years) subgroups. Results: After controlling for gender, race, body mass index and psychiatric-related sleep symptoms, alcoholics and older adults had significantly decreased total sleep time, and increased Stage 1 sleep percentage, respiratory distress and periodic limb movements. Older ad...
Enhancement of tumor-liver contrast-to-noise ratio with gadobenate dimeglumine in MR imaging of rats.

The efficacy for tumor detection of the hepatocyte-specific contrast agent gadobenate dimeglumine (gadolinium-BOPTA/Dimeg) was evaluated in four different experimental tumor models in rats. Histo-logic findings were correlated with quantitative data derived from ex vivo relaxometry and in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Noninfiltrating tumors showed maximal enhancement of liver parenchyma 5–10 minutes after contrast agent administration, with a plateau over the next 30 minutes. In contrast, infiltrating tumors, which caused hepatocellular injury and inflammatory changes, delayed maximal enhancement of tumor-free parenchyma by 15–20 minutes. Nonspecific tumor enhancement depended on tumor vascularity and occurred in the early phase after contrast agent administration. Despite differences in specific enhancement of tumor-free parenchyma and nonspecific tumor enhancement, tumor-liver contrast-to-noise ratios increased 96%–248% in all tumor models 30 minutes after intravenous administration of 75 mmol/kg Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg. Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg enhanced tumor conspicuity independently of the histologic characteristics of the tumor.
Revisiting a Science Fiction Classic: Interpreting The Day the Earth Stood Still for Contemporary Film Audiences

The Day the Earth Stood Still is a rich and complex science fiction film that was clearly trying to communicate many messages to the American film audience of 1951. The film's Cold War themes resonated with its original viewers. But could a contemporary audience extrapolate any meaning from this film nearly six decades after its theatrical release? The author describes how this classic Hollywood film has telling reverberations for what has transpired in America post-9/11.
Multiresolution Schemes for the Reactive Euler Equations

We present multiresolution (MR) schemes for the efficient numerical solution of the one-dimensional system of the reactive Euler equations, which has possibly stiff source terms. The original version of the method was developed by A. Harten (1995, Comm. Pure Appl. Math.48(12), 1305) for homogeneous hyperbolic conservation laws. By computing the cell average MR-representation of the solution, we obtain much information about the solution's regularity. This description of smoothness is then used to reduce the number of direct flux computations as well as the expensive high-order ENO (essentially nonoscillatory) reconstruction both of which are now performed only near discontinuities. Thereby, the numerical solution procedure becomes considerably more efficient. In the present case of the reactive Euler equations, the average efficiency factor measured by counting the number of actual flux computations ranges from about 5 to 12. This is on the same order of, and in some cases comes reasonably close to, actual speed-up factors obtained by code timings, which were between 3 to 5. The MR overhead rate was about 10% for the ENO and 36% for TVD schemes, respectively. The quality of the solution is shown to be the same as that of the finest grid. Detailed numerical and performance results are shown for up to fourth-order accuracy, for source terms ranging from moderate to extremely stiff.
Secondhand Smoke Policy and the Risk of Depression

Background Banning smoking in work and public settings leads to immediate reductions in disease burden. However, no previous studies have looked specifically at the impact smoking bans may have on depression.
Evolution of water conservation mechanisms in Drosophila

Flies of the genus Drosophila inhabit a wide range of habitats, from the tropics to deserts to boreal forests. The primary physiological mechanism allowing Drosophila and other insects to survive in arid habitats is a reduction in rates of water loss. To understand mechanisms of water retention in greater detail, we investigated the three main routes by which Drosophila lose water: excretion, cuticular transpiration and respiratory loss through the spiracles. Excretory losses comprised <6% of total water flux and did not differ between xeric (cactophilic) and mesic species. No consistent relationship was observed between water-loss rates and the composition, physical properties or amounts of cuticular hydrocarbons, suggesting that cuticular transpiration did not differ among species from different habitats. Metabolic rates and water-loss rates were highly correlated. Cactophilic Drosophila were less active, and female cactophiles had lower metabolic rates than female mesic species of the same size. They were also more likely to exhibit a pattern of cyclic CO(2) release that may help to conserve water. We conclude that lower overall rates of water loss are achieved primarily by reduction of respiratory losses.
MDM2 Is Required for Suppression of Apoptosis by Activated Akt1 in Salivary Acinar Cells

Chronic damage to the salivary glands is a common side effect following head and neck irradiation. It is hypothesized that irreversible damage to the salivary glands occurs immediately after radiation; however, previous studies with rat models have not shown a causal role for apoptosis in radiation-induced injury. We report that etoposide and gamma irradiation induce apoptosis of salivary acinar cells from FVB control mice in vitro and in vivo; however, apoptosis is reduced in transgenic mice expressing a constitutively activated mutant of Akt1 (myr-Akt1). Expression of myr-Akt1 in the salivary glands results in a significant reduction in phosphorylation of p53 at serine18, total p53 protein accumulation, and p21WAF1 or Bax mRNA following etoposide or gamma irradiation of primary salivary acinar cells. The reduced level of p53 protein in myr-Akt1 salivary glands corresponds with an increase in MDM2 phosphorylation in vivo, suggesting that the Akt/MDM2/p53 pathway is responsible for suppression of apoptosis. Dominant-negative Akt blocked phosphorylation of MDM2 in salivary acinar cells from myr-Akt1 transgenic mice. Reduction of MDM2 levels in myr-Akt1 primary salivary acinar cells with small interfering RNA increases the levels of p53 protein and renders these cells susceptible to etoposide-induced apoptosis in spite of the presence of activated Akt1. These results indicate that MDM2 is a critical substrate of activated Akt1 in the suppression of p53-dependent apoptosis in vivo.
GroEL/GroES promote dissociation/reassociation cycles of a heterodimeric intermediate during αg2β2 protein assembly: Iterative annealing at the quaternary structure level

Abstract Whereas the mechanism of GroEL/GroES-mediated protein folding has been extensively studied, the role of these chaperonins in oligomeric protein assembly remains poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the interaction of the chaperonins with an αβ heterodimeric intermediate during the α2β2 assembly of human mitochondrial branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase/decarboxylase (BCKD). Incubation of the recombinant His6-tagged BCKD in 400 mm KSCN for 45 min at 23 °C caused a complete dissociation of the α2β2 heterotetramers into inactive αβ heterodimers. Dilution of the denaturant resulted in a rapid recovery of BCKD independent of the chaperonins GroEL/GroES. Prolonged incubation of BCKD in 400 mm KSCN resulted in the generation of nonproductive or “bad” heterodimers, which were unable to undergo spontaneous reactivation but capable of binding to GroEL to form a stable GroEL-αβ complex. Incubation of this complex with GroES and Mg-ATP led to the slow reactivation of BCKD with a second-order rate constant k = 480m −1 s−1. Mixing experiments with radiolabeled and unlabeled protein substrates provided direct evidence that GroEL/GroES promote dissociation and subunit exchange between bad heterodimers. This was accompanied by the transformation of bad heterodimers to their “good” or productive counterparts. The good heterodimers were capable of spontaneous dimerization to initially form an inactive heterotetrameric species, followed by conversion to active heterotetramers. However, a large fraction of bad heterodimers were regenerated and rebound to GroEL. The cycle was perpetuated until the reconstitution of active BCKD was complete. Our data support the thesis that chaperonins GroEL/GroES mediate iterative annealing of nonproductive assembly intermediates at the quaternary structure level. This step is essential for an efficient subsequent higher order oligomerization.
GaSb Thermophotovoltaic Cells Grown on GaAs Substrate Using the Interfacial Misfit Array Method

We present gallium antimonide (GaSb) p–i–n photodiodes for use as thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells grown on gallium arsenide (100) substrates using the interfacial misfit array method. Devices were grown using molecular beam epitaxy and fabricated using standard microfabrication processes. X-ray diffraction was used to measure the strain, and current–voltage (I–V) tests were performed to determine the photovoltaic properties of the TPV cells. Energy generation at low efficiencies was achieved, and device performance was critically analyzed.
CAMPBELL SOUP'S CONTINUOUS REPLENISHMENT PROGRAM: EVALUATION AND ENHANCED INVENTORY DECISION RULES

Campbell Soup's continuous replenishment (CR) program is a novel innovation designed to improve the efficiency of inventory management throughout the supply chain. With CR (1) retailers pay a constant wholesale price but continue to participate in consumer promotions, (2) retailers transmit to the supplier daily inventory information via electronic data interchange (EDI), and (3) the supplier assumes responsibility for managing retailer inventories, i.e., vendor managed inventories (VMI). We develop simple inventory management rules to operate CR, and we test these rules with a simulation using actual demand data provided by Campbell Soup. On this sample we find that retailer inventories were reduced on average by 66% while maintaining or increasing average fill rates. This improvementreduces a retailer's cost of goods sold by 1.2%, which is significant in the low profitmargin grocery industry. Furthermore, these savings could have been achieved without VMI.
Recovery From Injury in Sport: Considerations in the Transition From Medical Care to Performance Care

Return from athletic injury can be a lengthy and difficult process. The injured athlete commonly receives care from several providers during rehabilitation. As their condition improves, injured athletes resume strength and conditioning programs and sport-specific activities in preparation for return to play. Until full medical clearance is provided to return to sport and the athlete is psychologically ready to return to play, the injured athlete remains a patient regardless of who is developing and supervising each component of the recovery process. An understanding of and commitment to the plan of care for each athlete, as well as communication among health care providers, strength and conditioning specialists, coaches, and the athletes, are essential to the safest and most efficient recovery from injury.
Financial Development and Economic Growth: A Review and New Evidence

In recent years there has been substantial theoretical and empirical work on the role that financial markets play in fostering economic growth and development. This paper provides a selective review of the literature, as well as new empirical evidence on the relationship between financial development and economic growth for a large sample of countries. While the results indicate that the effect of financial development on growth is positive, the size of the effect varies with different indicators of financial development, estimation method, data frequency and the functional form of the relationship. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Catchment infiltration I: Distribution of variables

Environmental modelling usually requires spatially distributed inputs for model operation. We propose that such inputs are best obtained from field measured data. Geographic information systems (GIS) provide a logical framework to distribute measured inputs spatially, to manipulate ensuing data fields during analysis, and to display the results. This paper describes a study conducted on a 123 km2 catchment in Pennsylvania. The purpose was to evaluate how spatial variability of macroporosity affects distribution of other infiltration-related parameters. We measured sorptivity, conductivity and macroporosity at specific points within a catchment, and interpolated their spatial distributions by kriging. The measurements were made with ring and disk infiltrometers, sampling locations were geo-referenced with a global positioning system (GPS), and data were analysed using geostatistical techniques in a GIS context. Field values (hard data) were supplemented by soft data derived from cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) and available soil maps. Results showed that, when spatial variability associated with macroporosity was removed, infiltration parameters became less variable. Observed correlation among measured parameters suggested a form of potential transfer functions. We conclude that infiltration can be modelled at either the farm or catchment scale if macroporosity and spatial variability of infiltration parameters are adequately defined, and we suggest approaches which can be used in a GIS context to attain that goal.
Redefining a Bizarre Situation: Relative Concept Stability in Affect Control Theory

I analyze the process by which we react cognitively to information that contradicts our culturally held sentiments in the context of affect control theory. When bizarre, unanticipated events come to our attention and we have no opportunity to act so as to alter them, we must reidentify at least one event component: the actor, the behavior, or the person who is the object of the action. Currently, however, affect control theory includes no formal model predicting which concept will undergo reidentification. I consider theoretical reasons why actors, behaviors, and object persons each might be predicted to undergo reidentification more than the others. I also present an alternative prediction, consistent with affect control theory logic, based on the contribution made by each concept to the total deflection of the event; I label these discrete contributions “component deflections.” I then test these possibilities in two separate experimental studies, using event vignettes. By far, the most commonly reidenti...
Contribution of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation to Congestive Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction

Objectives The purpose of this study was to define the contribution of ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) to the occurrence of congestive heart failure (CHF) after myocardial infarction (MI). Background After MI, CHF is a frequent and serious complication, but its determinants and, particularly, the role of IMR are poorly defined. Methods We analyzed 173 asymptomatic patients with previous Q-wave MI (>16 days) with echocardiographic quantitation of IMR (measuring effective regurgitant orifice [ERO] and regurgitant volume). The 102 patients with IMR were matched to 71 patients without IMR for age (71 ± 11 years vs. 68 ± 9 years; p = 0.11), gender (76% vs. 82% males; p = 0.41), and left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) (37 ± 14% vs. 36 ± 11%; p = 0.92). Results Five-year rates of CHF and of CHF or cardiac death (CD) were 36 ± 5% and 52 ± 5%, respectively. Independent determinants of CHF were EF, sodium plasma level, and presence and degree of IMR (p Conclusions After MI, incidence of CHF and of CHF/CD are high even in patients with no or minimal symptoms at baseline and are higher in patients with IMR. Congestive heart failure is independently determined by larger ERO of IMR. These data suggest that detecting and quantifying IMR is essential for risk stratification after MI. Value of IMR treatment in improving post-MI outcome should be investigated.
Mars Global Surveyor mission

The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Spacecraft was successfully launched on November 7, 1996 to the planet Mars for an extended study of the planet's surface, atmosphere, gravitational field and magnetic field. In order to achieve the scientific objectives of the mission, the spacecraft will be inserted into a low-altitude, near-polar, sun-synchronous orbit. Data will be collected and returned from six prime experiments on the spacecraft for over one Martian year (687 Earth days) and will provide for a better understanding of the geology, geophysics, and climatology of Mars.
Increased homocysteine in a patient diagnosed with Marfan syndrome

A 53-year-old Caucasian woman was diagnosed in late childhood with Marfan syndrome according to characteristic skeletal features and bilateral lens dislocation. In addition, she has a history of nonischemic cardiomyopathy with severe left ventricular failure and atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus type 2, hyperlipidemia, progressive dementia, numbness in the lower extremities, and hypothyroidism following thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer. Additional findings revealed in a physical examination included an upper-to-lower segment ratio of 0.88, an arm span–to–height ratio of 1.02 (an upper-to-lower–segment ratio 1.05 are 2 of the diagnostic criteria for Marfan syndrome), an elongated face, a high arched palate, and crowded dentition. She recently underwent further laboratory testing after a cardiologist did not find 2 characteristic features of Marfan syndrome, namely an enlarged aortic root and mitral valve prolapse. Her total plasma homocysteine and methionine concentrations were increased at 198 μmol/L (reference interval, 5–15 μmol/L) and 370 μmol/L (reference interval, 10–50 μmol/L), respectively. The patient's plasma homocystine concentration was 48 μmol/L (reference interval, <2 μmol/L), and her urine homocystine concentration was also markedly increased. These biochemical abnormalities are not characteristic of Marfan syndrome. Her diagnosis was reconsidered in light of these new data. In this case, a long-standing clinical diagnosis was inconsistent with recently obtained clinical and biochemical data. The biochemical data were virtually diagnostic of homocystinuria [OMIM3 (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) 236200], a term historically used to describe inborn errors of metabolism characterized by excessive excretion of homocystine in urine and high concentrations of total plasma homocysteine. Homocystinuria is most commonly caused by autosomal recessive inheritance of a deficiency in cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) activity (1). The worldwide incidence has been estimated to be between 1 in 200 000 and 1 in 335 000 population (2), with the highest incidence (1 in 1800) reported in Qatar …
Using Gap Symmetry and Structure to Reveal the Pairing Mechanism in Fe-based Superconductors

Abstract I review theoretical ideas and implications of experiments for the gap structure and symmetry of the Fe-based superconductors. Unlike any other class of unconventional superconductors, one has in these systems the possibility to tune the interactions by small changes in pressure, doping or disorder. Thus, measurements of order parameter evolution with these parameters should enable a deeper understanding of the underlying interactions. I briefly review the “standard paradigm” for s-wave pairing in these systems, and then focus on developments in the past several years which have challenged this picture. I further discuss the reasons for the apparent close competition between pairing in s- and d-wave channels, particularly in those systems where one type of Fermi surface pocket – hole or electron – is missing. Observation of a transition between s- and d-wave symmetry, possibly via a time reversal symmetry breaking “s + id” state, would provide an important confirmation of these ideas. Several proposals for detecting these novel phases are discussed, including the appearance of order parameter collective modes in Raman and optical conductivities. Transitions between two different types of s-wave states, involving various combinations of signs on Fermi surface pockets, can also proceed through a T -breaking “s + is” state. I discuss recent work that suggests pairing may take place away from the Fermi level over a surprisingly large energy range, as well as the effect of glide plane symmetry of the Fe-based systems on the superconductivity, including various exotic, time and translational invariance breaking pair states that have been proposed. Finally, I address disorder issues, and the various ways systematic introduction of disorder can (and cannot) be used to extract information on gap symmetry and structure.
Linear and Nonlinear Dynamic Linkages between Emerging Market Adrs and Their Underlying Stocks

I examine the causal linkages between the returns on emerging market ADRs, their underlying stocks, and changes in the relevant exchange rate. Using a linear VAR model with a cointegration constraint and a nonlinear causality test on daily data, I provide evidence of significant linear and nonlinear causal transmissions from the underlying stocks to the ADRs. Contrary to results from the industrialized markets, there are also significant causal transmissions from the ADRs to the underlying stocks for several days. In fact, the ADRs have greater predictive ability for their underlying stocks than vice versa. Price transmissions from the currency market are generally less persistent, except in the case of Mexico where there are significant bi-directional linear causality between ADRs/underlying stocks and the exchange rate. A trading strategy using the predictability of the ADRs and underlying stocks provide a large excess return relative to a buy-and-hold strategy, but this is unprofitable after accounting for transaction costs.
Nirenberg, Marshall Warren

1927– American scientist who deciphered the genetic code in living cells. Keywords: genetic code; UUU; poly-U
Conversion from Fluvastatin to Simvastatin Therapy at a Dose Ratio of 8 to 1: Effect on Serum Lipid Levels and Cost

The objective of this study was to assess the effect on serum lipid levels of the substitution of simvastatin for fluvastatin at a dose ratio of 8:1 (fluvastatin to simvastatin). A secondary objective was to determine the number of patients at goal lipid levels before and after this substitution. The study included 60 outpatients with hyperlipidemia who had received a constant dose of fluvastatin for at least 6 weeks. After a baseline 12-hour lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein [LDL]) was obtained, patients were switched from fluvastatin to simvastatin at an 8:1 dose ratio. Patients were instructed to split the simvastatin tablets in half with a pill splitter and to take one half-tablet at bedtime. A repeat lipid profile and liver function testing were performed after 6 to 8 weeks of simvastatin therapy. Lipid components were compared before and during simvastatin therapy using a paired t test. Target LDL levels were based on guidelines issued by the National Cholesterol Education Program. Fifty-six patients completed the study. No change in lipid components was observed, except for a statistically significant decrease in LDL. The majority of patients had a decrease in LDL levels, rather than an increase, after the conversion to simvastatin. Six patients required a dose increase of simvastatin in response to increased LDL levels. Forty-one percent of patients achieved goal LDL levels with simvastatin, compared with 30% with fluvastatin. Four patients withdrew from the study, two because of troublesome side effects and two for failure to complete the protocol. The results show that simvastatin can be substituted for fluvastatin at a dose ratio of 8:1 without loss of lipid control in the majority of patients and that by using this ratio and splitting tablets, significant cost savings can be realized.
Learning of the insoluble conditional reaction problem by rhesus monkeys

Spiker’s modification of the Hull-Spence learning theory predicts that one particular type of conditional reaction problem is insoluble. However, a context-sensitive theory of discrimination learning developed by Medin predicts that this problem is soluble. Eight rhesus monkeys were trained on this previously uninvestigated problem for 36 days. Seven of the eight monkeys learned the problem, thus supporting the context-sensitive theory of discrimination learning.
Localization of endogenous ARF6 to sites of cortical actin rearrangement and involvement of ARF6 in cell spreading

To study the function of the endogenous ARF6 GTP binding protein in cells, we generated an antibody which specifically recognizes ARF6, and not the other ARF proteins. Using this antibody, ARF6 was detected in all mouse organs tested and in a variety of cultured cell lines including RBL, MDCK, NRK, BHK, COS, and HeLa cells. In NRK cells, by immunofluorescence, ARF6 localized to the plasma membrane, especially at regions exhibiting membrane ruffling, and was also concentrated in a fine punctate distribution in the juxtanuclear region. This pattern of localization of the endogenous protein was similar to the localization of ARF6 when overexpressed in NRK, or HeLa, cells. Treatments which perturb cortical actin in NRK cells, such as replating of cells after trypsinization or treatment with phorbol ester, resulted in the recruitment of endogenous ARF6 to the regions of cortical actin rearrangement. ARF6 activation and subsequent membrane recycling was required for cell spreading activity since expression of the dominant-negative, GTP-binding defective mutant of ARF6, T27N, previously shown to inhibit ARF6-regulated membrane recycling, inhibited cell attachment and spreading in HeLa cells. Furthermore, phorbol ester treatment enhanced the cell spreading activities in NRK cells, and in HeLa cells, but was not observed in cells expressing T27N. Taken together, these observations support a role for endogenous ARF6 in modeling the plasma membrane and cortical actin cytoskeleton.
Order restricted randomized designs and two sample inference

This paper develops a new design that relies on subjective judgment ranking to compare subsets of experimental units. This judgment ranking is used along with restricted randomization to improve statistical inference for the contrast between two levels of a treatment. The new design assigns the judgment ranked units in a subset to different treatments. Such an assignment translates the positive dependence among units within each subset into negative dependence for the estimators of treatment means, and hence leads to a reduction in variance for the contrast. For the proposed design, a test for the difference in means of two treatment levels is developed along with an associated confidence interval. It is shown that the null distribution of the proposed test is approximated reasonably well with the Student’s t-distribution for sample sizes as small as 6. A simulation study indicates that the proposed design is advantageous compared to its competitors in the literature for both high and low quality rankings. The new design’s advantage increases with the quality of rankings.