cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adam+: A Stochastic Method with Adaptive Variance Reduction

Adam is a widely used stochastic optimization method for deep learning applications. While practitioners prefer Adam because it requires less parameter tuning, its use is problematic from a theoretical point of view since it may not converge. Variants of Adam have been proposed with provable convergence guarantee, but they tend not be competitive with Adam on the practical performance. In this paper, we propose a new method named Adam+ (pronounced as Adam-plus). Adam+ retains some of the key components of Adam but it also has several noticeable differences: (i) it does not maintain the moving average of second moment estimate but instead computes the moving average of first moment estimate at extrapolated points; (ii) its adaptive step size is formed not by dividing the square root of second moment estimate but instead by dividing the root of the norm of first moment estimate. As a result, Adam+ requires few parameter tuning, as Adam, but it enjoys a provable convergence guarantee. Our analysis further shows that Adam+ enjoys adaptive variance reduction, i.e., the variance of the stochastic gradient estimator reduces as the algorithm converges, hence enjoying an adaptive convergence. We also propose a more general variant of Adam+ with different adaptive step sizes and establish their fast convergence rate. Our empirical studies on various deep learning tasks, including image classification, language modeling, and automatic speech recognition, demonstrate that Adam+ significantly outperforms Adam and achieves comparable performance with best-tuned SGD and momentum SGD.
DASH: A Universal Intersection Traffic Management System for Autonomous Vehicles

Waiting in a long queue at a traffic light has been a common and frustrating experience of the majority of daily commuters, which not only wastes valuable time but also pollutes our environments. With the advances in autonomous vehicles and their collaboration capabilities, the previous jamming intersection has a great potential to be turned into weaving traffic flows that no longer need to stop. Towards this envision, we propose a novel autonomous vehicle traffic coordination system called DASH. Specifically, DASH has a comprehensive model to represent intersections and vehicle status. It can constantly process a large volume of vehicle information of various kinds, resolve scheduling conflicts of all vehicles coming towards the intersection, and generate the optimal travel plan for each individual vehicle in real time to guide vehicles passing intersections in a safe and highly efficient way. Unlike existing works on the autonomous traffic control which are limited to certain types of intersections and lack considerations of practicability, our proposed DASH algorithm is universal for any kind of intersections yields the near-maximum throughput while still ensuring riding comfort that prevents sudden stop and acceleration. We have conducted extensive experiments to evaluate the DASH system in the scenarios of different types of intersections and different traffic flows. Our experimental results demonstrate its practicality, effectiveness, and efficiency.
Chest Pain and Fevers in an 11-year-old Boy.

1. Deana H. Miller, MD 1. Coastal Children’s Services, New Hanover Regional Medical Center, Wilmington, NC An 11-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with chest pain and fevers. Two months ago, he had a gunshot wound to his chest requiring pericardiocentesis followed by sternotomy and repair of his right ventricle. He was in the PICU for 1 week and discharged home without any sequelae. He was doing well until 3 days before admission when he developed cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, and generalized body aches. He was seen in the emergency department and was diagnosed as having a viral illness and costochondritis. He had a normal chest radiograph and negative influenza testing. He was discharged home on scheduled ibuprofen, which he has been taking every 6 hours for the past 3 days. On the day of admission, he has an episode of bloody emesis and a temperature of 101°F (38.3°C). He is not having diarrhea and refuses to drink more than a few sips of water. He is crying intermittently, and in the emergency department he cannot lie flat due to worsening chest pain. He is …
Infarct Progression in the Early and Late Phases of Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Purpose of Review To explore factors associated with infarct progression in the early and late phase of acute ischemic stroke in patients undergoing endovascular therapy. Recent Findings Following ischemic stroke, brain injury can progress at a variable rate, at the expense of “penumbral tissue,” which is the ischemic tissue at risk of infarction. Despite dramatic advances in endovascular stroke therapies with early revascularization in more than 80% of cases, nearly half of patients do not achieve functional independence despite successful recanalization. This is largely attributed to the irreversible damage that is already extensive at the time of revascularization. Summary The underlying pathophysiology and determinants of the core infarct progression are complex and multifactorial, depending on a balance between brain energy consumption and collateral perfusion supply. It is crucial to develop creative and individualized theranostics to predict infarct progression and to “freeze” the tissue at risk prior to recanalization.
Intracellular survival by Legionella.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a strategy that allows the isolation of bacterial mutants specifically defective for intracellular replication in cultured macrophages. This strategy is used to isolate mutants of the Gram-negative bacterium Legionella pneumophila but should also be applicable to other intracellular pathogens. The enrichment strategy is based on intracellular thymine-less death of thymine-requiring but otherwise replication-competent microorganisms. The chapter discusses the methods for cultivation of bacteria and tissue culture of the U937 macrophage cell line that is used. The reconstruction studies that are carried out to develop the enrichment strategy are described, followed by the procedure that is used to enrich intracellular growth mutants from a mixed bacterial population via intracellular thymine-less death. It is useful to enrich for desired mutants in a mixed population, because it reduces the number of candidates that must be screened to identify mutants. The rationale for thymineless death enrichment of L. pneumophila intracellular growth mutants is analogous to the use of penicillin to enrich bacterial auxotrophs.
On Using the Manual

One important goal of the Manual has always been to assist in the identification of procaryotes, but another goal, equally important, is to indicate the relatedness that exists among the various groups of procaryotes. This goal seemed elusive until the late 1950s and early 1960s, with the realization that the DNA of an organism makes it what it is. Initially, overall base compositions of DNAs (mol% G + C values) were used to compare procaryotic genomes, and organisms for which mol% G + C values differed markedly were obviously not of the same species. If, however, two organisms had the same mol% G + C value, they might or might not belong to the same species, and thus a much more precise method of comparison was needed. The development of DNA-CDNA hybridization techniques fulfilled this need. The continua that often blurred the separation between groups defined by phenotypic characteristics did not usually occur with DNA-CDNA hybridization. Organisms tended to be either closely related or not, because DNA-CDNA duplex formation did not even occur if base pair mismatches exceeded 10–20%. Thus DNA-CDNA hybridization solved many of the problems that had long plagued bacterial taxonomy at the species level of classification. It was almost useless, however, for estimating more distant relationships among procaryotes, i.e., at the generic level, family level, or above. An important development was the discovery by Doi and Igarashi (1965) and by Dubnau et al. (1965) that the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) cistrons in bacterial species were conserved (slower to change) to a greater extent than the bulk of the genome, probably because of their critical function for the life of a cell. This function would allow only slow changes in nucleotide sequence to occur over long periods of time, relative to other genes that were not so critical for the cell. This in turn led to the idea that rRNA-CDNA hybridization might be useful for deducing the broader relationships that DNA-CDNA hybridization could not reveal. For instance, in 1973 a monumental study by Palleroni et al. showed that the genus Pseudomonas consisted of five rRNA groups (tantamount to five different genera).
A Dynamic Test of Sphincter Strength: Its Application to the Lower Esophageal Sphincter

Summary Measurement of sphincter force of closure has been achieved by utilizing intraluminal infusion of microliter quantities of fluid. This infusion causes an elevation in recorded pressure (yield pressure) when the catheter tip is within a sphincter. The yield pressure agrees exactly with force of closure in a model sphincter and predicts model sphincter strength more exactly than do other methods currently employed for sphincter measurement. The infusion system described has been used to study 40 subjects whose degree of lower esophageal sphincter competence has been defined on either clinical grounds (symptom of heartburn) or by objective measurement (Tuttle test). Subjects with competent sphincters had significantly higher yield pressures than did those subjects without competent sphincters. The overlap of yield pressures was least when the presence or absence of competence was defined by the Tuttle test. No significant difference between competent and incompetent sphincters was found when resting lower esophageal sphincter pressures were measured. It is concluded that infusion of microliter quantities of fluid into the lumen of a closed sphincter allows more accurate prediction of sphincter force of closure than does static measurement of intrasphincteric pressure.
Radon—Nikodym theorems for multimeasures and transition multimeasures

В работе доказываютс я две теоремы типа Радона—Никодима в мн огозначном случае. Первая из них касаетс я просто многозначны х мер, а вторая — многозначны х мер переноса. В ходе доказательств а второй теоремы уста новлен один результат, представл яющий самостоятельный инт ерес о селекторах пер еноса для многозначных мер пер еноса.
Newly isolated viruses in respiratory disease.

Adenoviruses are common agents often found in the respiratory tract in acute illness and from tonsils and adenoids removed at surgery. These viruses are responsible for certain cases of respiratory infection in man, but a great deal of combined clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic study is necessary before a final picture can be drawn. At the present time, there is good evidence that type 3 adenovirus causes pharyngo-conjunctival fever, an acute illness characterized by fever, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis and cervical lymphadenopathy. This illness may be considered clinically distinct only when most of the features are present or when an epidemic is occurring. There is also accumulating good evidence that types 4 and 7 adenovinus cause acute febrile respiratory disease in military recruits. This is characterized by fever, chills, headache, generalized aches and pains, hoarseness and irritated throat; symptoms considered relatively specific by those dealing with military personnel. Whether these observations can be borne out in children, on indeed whether types 4 and 7 adenovirus infections occur in children, is questionable. Apparently types 1,2,3,4,5, and 7 adenoviruses may also cause nonbacterial pharyngitis, but sufficient cases have not been reported to allow a full description.
The impact of robotic surgery on the surgical management of prostate cancer in the USA.

Objective To describe the surgeon characteristics associated with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) adoption and determine the possible impact of this adoption on practice patterns and cost. Patients and Methods A retrospective cohort study with a weighted sample size of 489 369 men who underwent non-RARP (i.e., open or laparoscopic RP) or RARP in the USA from 2003 to 2010 was performed. We evaluated predictors for RARP adoption, defined as performing >50% of annual RP using the robotic approach. Additionally, we identified the resulting changes in prostate cancer surgery practice patterns and expenditures. Results From 2003 to 2010, RARP adoption increased from 0.7% to 42% of surgeons performing RP. High-volume surgeons, defined as performing >24 RPs annually, had statically significantly higher odds of adopting RARP throughout the study period. From 2005 to 2007, adoption was more common among surgeons at teaching (odds ratio [OR] 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7–3.4), intermediate- (200–399 beds; OR 5.96, 95% CI 1.3–26.5) and large-sized hospitals (≥400 beds; OR 6.1, 95% CI 1.4–25.8); after 2007, adoption was more common among surgeons at urban hospitals (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.7–6.4). RARP adoption was generally associated with increased RP volume, greatest for high-volume surgeons and least for low-volume surgeons (<5 RPs annually). The annual number of surgeons performing RP decreased from about 10 000 to 8200, with the proportion of cases performed by high-volume surgeons increasing from 10% to 45%. RARP was more costly, disproportionally contributing to the 40% increase in annual prostate cancer surgery expenditures. RARP costs generally decreased plateauing at slightly over $10 000, while non-RARP costs increased to nearly $9000 by the end of the study. Conclusion There was widespread RARP adoption in the USA between 2003 and 2010, particularly among high-volume surgeons. The diffusion of RARP was associated with a centralisation of care and an increased economic burden for prostate cancer surgery.
Heterogeneity of violence in schizophrenia and implications for long-term treatment.

Summary Aims: Most patients with schizophrenia are not violent. However, persistent violent behaviour in a minority of patients presents a therapeutic challenge. Published treatment guidelines and most pharmacological and epidemiological literature on violence in schizophrenia treat overt physical aggression as a homogeneous phenomenon. The aim of this review is to address the subtyping of violent behaviour in schizophrenia, and to relate the subtypes to treatment. Method: Literature describing subtypes of violence in schizophrenia and the treatment of this problem was reviewed. ‘Schizophrenia’, ‘violence’, ‘aggression’, ‘hostility’ and ‘personality disorders’ were the principal search terms describing behaviours. Generic names of individual atypical antipsychotics and mood stabilisers were used in treatment searches. Results: There are at least three aetiological subtypes of violence in schizophrenia (i) that related directly to positive psychotic symptoms, (ii) impulsive violence and (iii) violence stemming from comorbidity with personality disorders, particularly psychopathy. Current treatment of violence in schizophrenia relies on antipsychotics and mood stabilisers. The evidence of effectiveness is relatively strong for clozapine, but inconsistent for other treatments. No systematic recommendations relating the treatment to aetiological subtypes of violence were found. Discussion: The inconsistent effectiveness of the current treatments of violent behaviour in schizophrenia is due, at least in part, to the aetiological heterogeneity of that behaviour. We should not expect that any given pharmacological treatment will be equally effective in reducing violent behaviour caused by psychosis, impaired impulse control or personality disorder. Conclusion: Violence in schizophrenia is aetiologically heterogeneous. This heterogeneity has therapeutic implications that impact clinical practice today and should be further explored in future studies.
Temporal Trends in Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 Seroconversion 1984–1989 A Report from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS)

The 5-year temporal trends in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroconversion between 1984 and 1989 among homosexual/bisexual men participating in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) are reported. Of 3,262 initially seronegative men, 368 (11.3%) had seroconverted by December 31, 1989. Although the incidence of seroconversion declined precipitously during the first 3 years of follow-up (from 4.1% to 0.9% per 6 months), no evidence for a further substantial reduction was noted after mid-1987, since 6-month incidence rates ranged between 0.5% and 1.2%. The Chicago cohort experienced an increase in HIV-1 seroconversion during both semesters of 1989; 2.1% and 1.6% per 6 months, respectively, became newly infected. Other MACS centers did not report such an increase. Center-specific differences were observed by race; black men were at higher seroconversion risk than white men in Baltimore/Washington (relative risk (RR) = 3.4) and Chicago (RR = 2.4), while Hispanic men were at higher risk than white men in Chicago (RR = 3.3). Younger age (less than 35 years) was also associated with HIV-1 seroconversion (RR = 1.5). It is disturbing to report an overall annual seroconversion rate of 1.2% for the 2 years prior to December 31, 1989, as well as evidence for a sustained recent increase in Chicago during 1989. Long-term maintenance of safe-sex behaviors should be the cornerstone of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome prevention among homosexual/bisexual men.
A tongue biopsy technique for the detection of trichinosis in swine.

Abstract A tongue biopsy technique developed for the detection of Trichinella spiralis infection in swine involves taking a deep core biopsy of the tongue musculature, and examination of the sample by digestion. Using this procedure, 31 of 52 (60%) swine from an Indiana herd were found to be infected with T. spiralis. The average biopsy weighed 0.42 g, and the intensity of infection averaged 180 larvae per gram (range 2–1157). The biopsy was quick and easy to perform and the tongues healed well following the procedure. This technique may have applicability for Trichinella detection in epidemiological, control and research studies on swine and other animals.
Analysis of the kinetics of photoinduced crosslinkage of the protein and RNA components of the Escherichia coli 50 S ribosomal subunit.

Abstract The kinetics of photoinduced crosslinkage of the protein and ribosomal RNA components of the Escherichia coli 50 S ribosomal subunit were determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. One group of ribosomal proteins was found to be reactive in the crosslinkage reaction at doses of 254 nm radiation of 2.9 × 103 ergs · mm−2. A second group of 50-S ribosomal proteins was found to be unreactive in the crosslinkage reaction at doses of 254 nm radiation less than 8.6 × 103 ergs · mm−2, but were reactive at higher doses.
Nocardia sp. vanillic acid decarboxylase

Abstract Vanillic acid is an abundant renewable chemical useful for the biocatalytic synthesis of aromatics. The bacterium, Nocardia sp. NRRL 5646 efficiently catalyzes the decarboxylation of vanillic acid to the phenolic product, guaiacol. For purification and characterization of vanillic acid decarboxylase (VAD), a simple, rapid enzyme assay was devised to couple the vanillic acid decarboxylase reaction with horseradish peroxidase/H 2 O 2 . Guaiacol formed in the decarboxylation reaction is oxidized by peroxidase to tetraguaiacol, a chromophoric substance, which is measurable at 470 nm. Soluble, VAD activity was inducible in cells grown with vanillic acid. VAD was purified 185-fold by a combination of DEAE cellulose, phenylsepharose and sephacryl S-200 chromatographies. SDS-PAGE gave an estimated molecular mass of 46 ± 0.8 kDa while active native VAD was 92 kDa by gel chromatography. VAD required no cofactors, displayed optima at pH 7.0 and 30 °C, and a K m of 0.8 mM for vanillic acid. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined to be AEYTLPDLDYDYSALEPHIS. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid were excellent substrates, while VAD showed no activity for isovanillic acid, ferulic acid, p -coumaric acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid. Purified VAD required a phenolic functional group para to the carboxylic acid moiety in the best substrates. The vanillic acid decarboxylation reaction is non-oxidative in nature. Conduct of the decarboxylation process in deuterium oxide results in incorporation of one deuterium atom para to the phenolic hydroxyl group of guaiacol. Vanillic acid decarboxylation likely involves enzymatic tautomerization to a vinylogous β-keto acid that spontaneously decarboxylates to guaiacol.
Collaborative Governance and Civic Empowerment: A Discussion of Investing in Democracy: Engaging Citizens in Collaborative Governance

Whether as a solution to problems of political legitimacy or social mistrust, as a way of involving civil society, or as a method of crafting more effective “third way” policies, collaborative governance has been a topic of renewed interest for political scientists and policy intellectuals. Carmen Sirianni's Investing in Democracy: Engaging Citizens in Collaborative Governance (Brookings, 2009) is an important new book that raises many of these issues. Perspectives on Politics is a forum for raising questions of interest to a broad range of political scientists. In this symposium, we have asked a number of prominent political scientists and policy analysts to assess the book and to address two broader questions: in what ways does the book draw from and add to political science scholarship, and in what ways does political science scholarship help to shed light on the book's core themes?
Preparation of derivatives of 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine as potential antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic agents

This paper describes the preparation of twenty-eight derivatives of 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine as potential antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic agents. In twenty-six of the preparations a chloro nitrogen heterocycle was caused to react with an excess of 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine in the absence of solvent. A specific example is given above.
Increased Membrane-bound Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity Accompanying Development of Enhanced Solute Uptake in Washed Corn Root Tissue

Washing of excised corn (Zea mays L., variety WF9×M14) root tissue is accompanied by an increase in (Mg2+ + K+)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase. This is the adenosine triphosphatase described by Fisher, Hansen, and Hodges as positively correlated with ion accumulation rates. The increase in activity is confined to the microsomal fraction. A close parallel exists between increases in adenosine triphosphatase and phosphate absorption, and they respond similarly to inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. However, the amplitude of change is much smaller in adenosine triphosphatase. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
Fracture of oxide dispersed stainless steels at 80°F

Particle fracture in oxide dispersed stainless steels during plastic deformation at room temperature
Blood flow and muscle metabolism in chronic fatigue syndrome

The purpose of this study was to determine if chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is associated with reduced blood flow and oxidative delivery to skeletal muscle. Patients with CFS according to CDC (Center for Disease Control) criteria ( n =19) were compared with normal sedentary subjects ( n =11). Muscle blood flow was measured with Doppler ultrasound after cuff ischaemia and exercise. Muscle oxygen delivery was measured as the rate of post-exercise and post-ischaemic oxygen-haem resaturation. Oxygen-haem resaturation was measured in the medial gastrocnemius muscle using continuous wavelength near-IR spectroscopy. Muscle metabolism was measured using (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. CFS patients and controls were not different in the peak blood flow after cuff ischaemia, the rate of recovery of phosphocreatine after submaximal exercise, and the rate of recovery of oxygen saturation after cuff ischaemia. In conclusion, CFS patients showed no deficit in blood flow or oxidative metabolism. This suggests that CFS symptoms do not require abnormal peripheral function.
Twentyfour-hour periodicity in the uptake of tritiated thymidine and its relation to mitotic rate in urodele larval epidermis.

The uptake of 3H-thymidine by epidermis of Amblystoma tigrinum larvae, during a period of 2 and 4 hr after injection, was studied over one 24-hr period. Uptake was found to be rhythmic, indicating that two peaks of DNA synthesis rate occurred during the 24-hr interval. In both the 2-hr and 4-hr groups the maximum rates of synthesis corresponded in time. The variations of uptake indicate that at certain hours of the day either more cells of the standard population are synthesizing DNA or that the rate of individual cells is altered. The mean values of 3H-thymidine uptake over the 24-hr period did not differ significantly between the 2-hr and 4-hr groups. This fact gives evidence that the labeled precursor is not available to salamander larval epidermal cells for more than 2 hr. Mitotic rate of the epidermis also showed periodicity. One peak of 3H-thymidine uptake is correlated to a peak of mitosis occurring 9–10 hr later; another peak of uptake is correlated to a mitotic peak occurring 16 hr later. This difference in time intervals, suggests that two subpopulations of cells behave differently in terms of the time required for their combined synthesis and postsynthetic stages, prior to visible mitosis.
Neutral pion decay

Neutral pion decay is studied quantitatively with dispersion relation techniques. The process is pictured as proceeding mainly through pion disintegration into baryon pairs, the latter annihilating to produce the photons. In detail we take into account only the nucleon pair, as representative of baryon pair contributions generally. The final expression for the decay rate has a structure very different from what one obtains in perturbation theory. It turns out, however, that the numerical results are not appreciably different.
Molecular Reorganizations of Rod−Coil Molecules on a Solid Surface

Rod−coil molecules of 4,4‘-bis[4-methyloxypoly(propyleneoxy)-propyloxy-4‘-biphenyloxymethy]biphenyl with 3, 6, 17, and 22 repeating propylene oxide units (CRC-N) have been investigated for their ability to form organized monolayers on a solid surface. We observed a complete spectrum of molecular reorganizations at variable surface pressure for the CRC-17 molecule. These reversible molecular reorganizations, ranging from separated circular micelles composed of 20−30 molecules to a rectangular lattice of circular micelles with the unit cell of 10.6 × 9.7 nm and further to a perfectly ordered lamellar structure with 6.5 nm periodicity, all are induced by the variation of surface area available for the molecule. We suggest that continuous compression results in folding of water-soluble flexible tails and their desorption from the air−water interface into the water subphase. As a result, the effective content of the rod blocks at the air−water interface is changing continuously from 20% for close to zero surfa...
Health-related quality of life and severity of symptoms in patients with Barrett's esophagus and gastroesophageal reflux disease patients without Barrett's esophagus.

Health-related quality of life and severity of symptoms in patients with Barrett's esophagus and gastroesophageal reflux disease patients without Barrett's esophagus
Conformational changes in a replication origin induced by an initiator protein

The replication initiator protein of the plasmid R6K binds to seven contiguous 22 bp direct repeats that form an indispensable part of the three replication origins α, β, and γ. Binding of the initiator to the direct repeats induced a marked bending of the region of γ replication origin. Binding of the initiator also promoted unwinding of the origin DNA by at least two turns. Distamycin appeared to antagonize the binding of the initiator to the seven 22 bp direct repeats. At the appropriate DNA and protein concentrations the initiator enhanced topoisomerase-induced catenation of the origin containing supercoiled DNA but not of DNA lacking the origin sequence. Thus, the initiator protein caused significant changes in the secondary and tertiary structures of the replication origin.
Self-reference and group membership: evidence for a group-reference effect

Two experiments were designed to explore whether encoding information in reference to a group would facilitate the later recall of that information to the same extent as encoding with reference to the self. In both experiments, participants encoded adjectives with reference to the self, semantic properties, or a group and were subsequently given a surprise-free recall test. In Experiment 1 (N = 37), the participants' university served as the reference group. In Experiment 2 (N=41), the participants' family served as the reference group. In both experiments, self-reference resulted in better recall than semantic processing, replicating the typical self-reference effect (SRE). More importantly, strong evidence for a group-reference effect (GRE) was found in that group-reference resulted in better recall than semantic processing and in fact facilitated recall to the same extent as self-referencing. The existing explanations (schemas, organization, elaboration, mental cueing, and evaluation) for the SRE were compared with regard to their viability in accounting for the GRE patterns. We discuss additional features that may be important in the explanation of the SRE and suggest future directions for research on group-referencing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcome of prenatally diagnosed solid fetal tumors.

Abstract Background/Purpose: In the last 10 years, the ability to diagnose fetal tumors in the prenatal period has improved greatly because of technical advances in imaging. Early diagnosis and determination of tumor may affect prognosis. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 1316 fetuses who underwent sonographic evaluation for congenital defects at University of California-San Francisco over a 6-year period. Of these, 16 had fetal tumors and were followed up at our institution. There were solid or predominately solid with small cystic component masses in one of 3 locations: cervical, mediastinal, or abdominal. Excluded from our study were those fetuses with either sacrococcygeal teratoma, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung, or ovarian cyst, because these defects have been extensively reviewed elsewhere. In addition, masses that were primarily cystic also were excluded. Data collected included diagnosis, gestational age at diagnosis and at delivery, mode of delivery, fetal and neonatal survival, and disease confirmation. Results: Of the 16 fetuses, 4 had mediastinal tumors: 2 with pericardial teratomas (both of whom died in utero) and 2 with cardiac rhabdomyomas (1 died; the other presented tuberous sclerosis and is alive at 2 years of age). Four patients had cervical tumors (3 died; 1 survived and is alive and well), and 8 had abdominal tumors (3 with liver tumors, 4 with a left adrenal mass, and 1 with retroperitoneal teratoma). All eight patients with an abdominal tumor are alive and well. Conclusions: Fetal tumors are rare, and the prognosis seems to depend on their location and size. Although easier to detect, cervical and mediastinal tumors have a worse prognosis. Abdominal masses are more difficult to detect but have a better prognosis. J Pediatr Surg 36:1244-1247. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
The Work of Art as Theory of Work: Relationality in the Works of Weiss and Negt & Kluge

Peter Weiss first met Alexander Kluge at a special 1962 meeting of Gruppe 47 dedicated to cinema. Weiss left records of this and other subsequent meetings in ensuing years. After an extended hiatus, Kluge (along with Oskar Negt) reappeared in Weiss's notebooks in the guise of their newly published second book of social theory; "Geschichte u. Eigensinn," Weiss jotted in June 1981, taking note of their book's title. This author contends that Weiss's Die Asthetik des Widerstands (The Aesthetics of Resistance) and Negt and Kluge's Geschichte und Eigensinn, both completed the same year, are remarkable kindred spirits. Both underscore the importance of labor since the emergence of postindustrial societies after 1945. For labor to retain its capacity for protest, Weiss's novel and Negt and Kluge's theory identify the work of art and the theorization of work as concomitant forms of labor instilled with the same capacity for resistance that is rooted in all material forms of human labor.
OLFACTORY NERVE FIBERS

Cross sections of olfactory nerves present a unique appearance. They indicate the presence of large numbers of very small nerve fibers, with a modal diameter of about 0.2 micro and a narrow range for their size variation. From one side of the nasal septum of a pig the yield of fibers was estimated at 6,000,000; the number arising from the turbinates would be considerably larger. The fibers are attached to the membranes of the Schwann sheaths in large bundles through mesaxons longer and more branched than those that have been seen in other nerves. Continuity of the axons between the nerves and the bipolar cells was traced in an examination of the olfactory mucous membrane; and the indication of a one-to-one relationship between cells and axons was reinforced by a comparative count. After the axons leave the bipolar cells they become incased in the central projections of the sustentacular cells. Where the latter come into contact with the basal cells the axons emerge to push back the plasma membranes of the basal cells in the first step in acquiring their nerve sheaths. Later steps are described. When the axons are delivered by the basal cells to the collecting Schwann tubes, they are already aggregated into small bundles with sheaths fundamentally the same as those they will possess until they are delivered to the glia in the olfactory bulb. Some of the aspects of the cytology of the bipolar cells and adjoining sustentacular cells are described. A survey of the physiological properties of olfactory nerve fibers was made in some experiments on the olfactory nerve of the pike. Almost all of the action potential is encompassed within a single elevation, manifesting at its front a conduction velocity of 0.2 m./sec. For a comparison, the last elevation in the C action potential in the sciatic nerve of the frog is cited as an example of conduction at the same velocity. Though expressed through long time constants, the properties of the pike olfactory fibers conform to the generalized schema for properties of vertebrate nerve fibers. This conformity signalizes that they differ from the exceptional properties of the unmedullated fibers of dorsal root origin. An afferent function for unmedullated nerve fibers does not imply that the fibers concerned are alike in their physiological properties.
A double-edged sword: Event centrality, PTSD and posttraumatic growth

Previous research has demonstrated negative mental health consequences (including PTSD symptoms) of construing a potentially traumatic event as central to one's identity. In the current paper, we replicated an association between event centrality and PTSD symptoms. We also found event centrality similarly predicts posttraumatic growth (PTG) even after controlling for PTSD symptoms, depression, DSM-IV A1 and A2 status of the event, coping styles and cognitive processing of the event. Because predictive relationships between event centrality and PTSD symptoms, as well as event centrality and PTG were positive, construing an event as central to one's identity can indeed become a double-edged sword, allowing for both debilitation and growth. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Cytotoxicity of Plasticizers and Ionic Liquids Using Drosophila melanogaster S2 Cell Culture

One successfully demonstrated application of ionic liquids (ILs) is to produce flexible polymeric materials, i.e., as plasticizers. However, the use of ILs as plasticizers, especially in medical plastics and children's toys, requires a thorough toxicological investigation. This is particularly important considering the safety concerns associated with leaching of many traditional plasticizers. This paper encompasses cellular biology and engineering aspects of the application of ILs as novel plasticizers by analyzing the cytotoxic effects of a variety of ILs on Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) S2 cell culture. While the effects observed have been correlated with previous observations, the cytotoxicity of ILs was found to depend on the selection of specific cations, anions, exposure time, concentration and solubility of the ILs in the culture media, and the toxicity of the parent chemicals used to synthesize the ILs.
BIO-SPEAD: a parallel computing environment to accelerate development of biologic signal processing algorithms

We have created BIO-SPEAD (pronounced speed), a BIOlogical Signal Processing Environment for Algorithm Development. BIO-SPEAD is designed to accelerate development of complex algorithms which integrate information derived from single or multiple physiologic waveforms. BIO-SPEAD currently performs all of the basic analyses of several arterial blood pressure waveforms, and allows the user to utilize the results of those low-level analyses for development of more complex algorithms. We utilized a parallel programming architecture called the Process Trellis which keeps the different tasks, or processes, within BIO-SPEAD independent of each other. Additionally, we have developed a graphics interface to enable the user to visualize the waveform under analysis, the low-level system analysis, and the internal workings of the algorithm under development. The system has been used for several algorithm development projects and has demonstrated its utility.
In Vivo Low-Density Lipoprotein Exposure Induces Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Correlated With Activator Protein-1 Expression

Objective— We tested the hypothesis that direct native low-density lipoprotein (LDL) injection into LDL receptor–deficient (LDLR−/−) mice would induce the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in their aortic endothelial cells, and that transcriptional regulation of this pathway involved activator protein-1 (AP-1) but not nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Methods and Results— Using tail vein injection of LDL into LDLR−/− mice, we were able to maintain atherogenic LDL blood levels, which induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in their aortic endothelial cells after 24 hours. We were able to visualize and quantify this expression using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Under conditions in which ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were expressed, the regulatory AP-1 proteins c-Fos and c-Jun were also highly expressed in the endothelial cell cytoplasm and observed within the cell nucleus. The NF-κB protein P65, although expressed in the endothelial cell cytoplasm after LDL injection, was not observed within the cell nucleus. Conclusions— Elevated LDL blood levels, maintained in vivo, increased the expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in aortic endothelial cells. This effect appeared to correlate with AP-1 but not NF-κB.
A 45nm Self-Aligned-Contact Process 1Gb NOR Flash with 5MB/s Program Speed

Advancing to 45 nm 1 Gb NOR flash requires new process and design techniques. The process developments of SACS, tungsten source rail, and better pump capacitors increase cell size and reduce overall die size. The design techniques of two-transistor row decoders, a new sensing architecture, more effective charge pumps and program performance improvements enable multilevel flash cells to meet a die size of 30 mm2 and 5 MB/s program speed in 45 nm technology.
Ocular abnormalities in abetalipoproteinemia: a clinicopathologic correlation

The present paper documents the clinical characteristics and ocular pathology in a patient with abetalipoproteinemia. Noteworthy were: the predominant involvement of the posterior fundus characterized by a loss of photoreceptors; loss or attenuation of the pigment epithelium (producing a sharply demarcated white appearance on ophthalmoscopy); preservation of the submacular pigment epithelium with an excessive accumulation of lipofuscin (including bizarre laminar profiles by electron microscopy); invasion of the retina by macrophage-like pigmented cells. The retina and pigment epithelium in the periphery were morphologically normal. The patient died of a presumably unrelated brain tumor which was believed to have accounted for the terminal blindness and loss of ganglion cells in the retina.
Restricted Elasticity and Rings of Integer-Valued Polynomials Determined by Finite Subsets

Let D be an integral domain such that Int(D) ≠ K[X] where K is the quotient field of D. There is no known example of such a D so that Int(D) has finite elasticity. If E is a finite nonempty subset of D, then it is known that Int(E, D) = {f(X) ∈ K[X] | f(e) ∈ D for all e ∈ E} is not atomic. In this note, we restrict the notion of elasticity so that it is applicable to nonatomic domains. For each real number r ≥ 1, we produce a ring of integer-valued polynomials with restricted elasticity r. We further show that if D is a unique factorization domain and E is finite with |E| > 1, then the restricted elasticity of Int(E, D) is infinite.
Modulation of the transcriptional rate of Fcγ receptor mRNA in human mononuclear phagocytes

Human monocytes and macrophages bear three classes of cell surface receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (Fc gamma RI, Fc gamma RII, and Fc gamma RIII). These receptors mediate phagocytosis and other effector functions and are important in the pathophysiology of hematologic disease, inflammation, and host defense. We have previously shown that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and dexamethasone modulate total Fc gamma RII mRNA levels as well as Fc gamma RI and Fc gamma RII protein expression on monocytes and the monocyte-like cell line U937. In this study, we investigated the modulation of Fc gamma RI mRNA. Additionally, we utilized mRNA stability and nuclear run-on assays to study the mechanism of the modulation of Fc gamma receptor transcripts in the monocyte/macrophage cell line U937. In U937 cells, IFN-gamma increased Fc gamma RI mRNA levels 7.5-fold. Treatment with dexamethasone reduced Fc gamma RI mRNA levels to 0.6-fold of baseline and inhibited by 20-60% the increase in mRNA observed after treatment of the U937 cells with IFN-gamma. On monocytes, treatment with IFN-gamma increased monocyte Fc gamma RI mRNA 6.7-fold. Cotreatment of the IFN-gamma-stimulated monocytes with dexamethasone resulted in a 160% further increase in Fc gamma RI expression. Fc gamma RI and Fc gamma RII mRNA half-lives were then determined in U937 cells by incubation with dexamethasone and/or IFN-gamma for 16 hr and then arresting mRNA transcription with actinomycin-D (10 micrograms/ml). The mRNA half-lives in untreated U937 cells were 3.3 +/- 0.3 hr (Fc gamma RI) and 3.1 +/- 0.3 hr (Fc gamma RII). For either Fc gamma RI and Fc gamma RII, the effect of dexamethasone and/or IFN-gamma on mRNA half-life was not significant (P > 0.5). We also performed nuclear run-on experiments with U937 cells which indicated that IFN-gamma increased the transcription of Fc gamma RI 4.2-fold and Fc gamma RII 1.7-fold. Our data suggest that these changes in Fc gamma RI and Fc gamma RII protein are likely due, at least in part, to increases in mRNA levels secondary to alteration in gene transcription.
Growth hormone response after administration of L-dopa, clonidine, and growth hormone releasing hormone in children with down syndrome

We studied the response of growth hormone secretion after the administration of L-dopa, clonidine, and growth hormone releasing hormone in eight growth-retarded children with Down syndrome aged 1 to 6.5 years. After L-dopa administration, five children had low growth hormone secretion (M = 3.7 ng/ml, SD = 2.12 at 30 min) and three children had elevated growth hormone levels (> 30 ng/ml). After clonidine administration, six children had relatively low growth hormone levels (M = 3.15 ng/ml, SD = 2.53 at 60 min) and two children had high levels (38.3 ng/ml and 16.8 ng/ml, respectively). There was a better response after growth hormone releasing hormone administration; only one child had a growth hormone level of or = 10 ng/ml) at least during one of the stimulation tests. In comparison with peak growth hormone levels reported in normal children, our cohort had significantly lower growth hormone levels only after clonidine administration. It is postulated that children with Down syndrome have both anatomical and biochemical hypothalamic derangements that may result in decreased growth hormone secretion and reduced linear growth. In addition, other mechanisms that may be in part responsible for the observed growth retardation are discussed.
Towards automatic translation of OpenMP to MPI

We present compiler techniques for translating OpenMP shared-memory parallel applications into MPI message-passing programs for execution on distributed memory systems. This translation aims to extend the ease of creating parallel applications with OpenMP to a wider variety of platforms, such as commodity cluster systems. We present key concepts and describe techniques to analyze and efficiently handle both regular and irregular accesses to shared data.We evaluate the performance achieved by our translation scheme on seven representative OpenMP applications, two from SPEC OMPM2001 and five from the NAS Parallel Benchmarks suite, on two different platforms. The average scalability (execution time relative to the serial version) achieved is within 12% of that achieved by corresponding hand-tuned MPI applications. We also compare our programs with versions deployed for a Software Distributed Shared Memory (SDSM) system and find that the direct translation to MPI achieves up to 30% higher scalability. A comparison with High Performance Fortran (HPF) versions of two NAS benchmarks indicates that our translated OpenMP versions achieve 12% to 89% better performance than the HPF versions.
History of the Psychonomic Society III: The meetings of the Psychonomic Society

A primary function of the Psychonomic Society, founded in 1959, has been the conduct of scientific meetings. Its first 37 meetings have been held in 18 different cities, St. Louis being the most popular with 11 meetings. The 5 Chicago meetings have been held at 5 different sites. Although there have been some changes in format and procedure, there has been a general adherence to guidelines laid down by the Society’s founders whereby the format is kept simple, with a strong emphasis on the communication of results of scientific research.
Effects of wind shear on some aspects of convection

A jet ascending through a fluid possessing vertical shear of the horizontal wind will show a difference in horizontal velocity from that of the ambient air. The magnitude of the difference is shown to be a function of the vertical shear and the rate of entrainment of mass into the jet. The effect of this relative horizontal velocity on the slopes of dry thermals and on cumulus cloud processes is discussed. The observed horizontal asymmetries in the turbulence associated with trade cumulus are offered as an example.
Study 2a neutrino-factory front-end design

We describe a new front end design for a neutrino factory. This design, denoted as Study 2a, was done as part of the APS study on the physics of neutrinos. The channel is 295 m long and produces 0.17 μ / p into the accelerator transverse acceptance of 30 mm and longitudinal acceptance of 150 mm.