cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partially autoionizing states of atomic oxygen

The Rydberg states 3d' (3Po)2,1,0 and 3s'' (3Po)2,1,0 and the inner shell transition 2s 2p5 (3Po)2,1,0, which are forbidden to autoionize on the basis of LS coupling, were observed in emission spectroscopy and in autoionization spectra produced in the photoelectron spectrum of atomic oxygen.
The calcium channel blocker verapamil and cancer chemotherapy

Verapamil is an agent which inhibits the transmembrane flux of calcium ions and is used clinically in the management of cardiac arrhythmias. Combination of this calcium antagonist with antineoplastic agents results in the establishment of chemosensitivity in tumor cells resistant to accepted chemotherapeutic agents and, to a lesser degree, potentiates the efficacy of such compounds in drug-sensitive malignancies. Preliminary indications are that the clinical role of such a potentiation of efficacy would not be limited by an increase in generalized toxicity in non-malignant tissues. Data accumulated indicates a verapamil-induced inhibition of the ability of resistant cells to actively extrude chemotherapeutic agents, possibly due to a decrease in calmodulin activity as a result of a drug-induced alteration of the intracellular calcium environment. The results of preclinical trials to date indicate a role for verapamil in augmenting currently accepted chemotherapeutic regimens.
Studies in Clinical Shock and Hypotension: The Value of Bedside Hemodynamic Observations

Hemodynamic studies have been performed at the bedsides of 50 patients with hypotension or clinical shock. Data important to the management of the patient were obtained quickly and with minimal discomfort. In a number of cases cited, hemodynamic and clinical improvement could be related to the employment of therapeutic approaches suggested by the studies but not considered on clinical grounds. Particularly important were observations of femoral-arterial pressure significantly higher than sphygmomanometer cuff pressures, recognition of heart failure, therapeutic application of blood volume expansion, and individualization of the choice of vasopressor drug. Proper management of the hemodynamic abnormality of hypotension and shock requires an assessment of the circulatory status of the individual patient.
Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for sheep growth hormone.

SummaryA procedure for solid-phase radioimmunoassay of ovine and bovine GH is described. Fasting sheep with functional rumens did not result in increased plasma GH levels. Young calves had somewhat higher levels of plasma GH than did mature cows.
Exploiting data-distribution patterns in modeling tuple selectivities in a database

Abstract To estimate the number of tuples satisfying a certain query, a data-distribution model is proposed. The model is based on a discrete approximation of the data space and belongs to the class of nonparametric models. Using texture-analysis techniques applied to the multidimensional data space, it is proposed that a segmentation of this space be obtained as a means of obtaining a discrete approximation. Thus the space is divided into a number of homogeneous regions which can be later queried to obtain good estimates of the size of the response set. To obtain this segmentation, an adaptation of a hierarchical segmentation method from pattern recognition is proposed to extend its applicability from three dimensions to D dimensions. In order to flatten the hierarchical segmentation while maintaining a high accuracy model, the homogeneity of the bit patterns of the segments is assessed. A sampling method is proposed to assess the homogeneity of these bit patterns. The accuracy of this sampling technique is analyzed and in particular, it is shown that only a small sample is needed to provide reasonably accurate estimates.
Novel three-point diffusion model for image reconstruction from optical nevoscope images

The depth of invasion and three-dimensional characteristics of skin lesions are important parameters in the early diagnosis and prognosis of malignant melanoma. `Nevoscopy' (Nevus - pigmented skin lesion), an optical trans-illumination based modality, has previously been proposed for the non-invasive assessment of skin tumors. The skin area surrounding a lesion is illuminated with a visible light source in contact with the skin, avoiding all surface illumination. The Nevoscope with its mirrors at different angles and orientations provides multiple 2D views of the trans-illuminated lesions. Nevoscopy together with image analysis has the potential to quantify all the parameters used in melanoma diagnosis. This paper describes the development of reconstruction algorithms for application to Nevoscopy. Initially, x-ray CT algorithms were applied to Nevoscopy data under heuristic assumptions of linear source-detector relationships. In reality, the reconstruction from scattered optical radiation is a nonlinear inverse problem which is typically solved by progressively solving linear inverse problems. The problem defaults to determination of influence of increased localized absorption on a given source-detector measurement. Photon transport theory and its surrogate diffusion theory are employed to compute this local contribution or `weight.' A three-point diffusion theory model, based on diploe solutions to the diffusion equation, is proposed as a deterministic method to compute the voxel weights for a discrete representation of a homogeneous medium. Simulations of 2D Nevoscope-like imaging geometries indicate that the weights computed by this method approximate those computed by rigorous statistical Monte Carlo statistical procedure. Reconstructions of embedded absorber in homogeneous media using the three-point diffusion weights are comparable to those obtained using Monte Carlo weights. The proposed three point diffusion model was extended to the existing image geometry and applied to reconstruct volumes from the projections of phantom and skin images. Results are presented. Direct extension of the three point diffusion model to the existing Nevoscope geometry has brought into light some of the deficiencies of both the current geometry of the system and the model.
Alternative stable rotors in an excitable medium

Abstract A given excitable medium (continuous, uniform, isotropic, simply connected, two- or three-dimensional) may support alternative types of vortex-like solution radiating from a ‘rotor’. These have distinct periods, wavelengths, behaviors near interfaces, and, in rotationally symmetric vortex rings, different contraction or expansion rates and drift rates. Initial conditions select among the discrete alternatives. Rotors of different types may coexist within one medium, until the interface between their domains encroaches upon the rotor of longer period. Examples are given using the FitzHugh-Nagumo model. They are interpreted in terms of the measured dispersion curve for one-dimensional propagation and a hypothetical ‘curvature relation’ with one undetermined parameter.
Nearly optimal detection of known signals in correlated Gaussian noise

Abstract The problem of detecting a known signal in correlated Gaussian noise is considered. The Neyman-Pearson optimal detector for this problem is, of course, well known. Unfortunately, unless the number of observations is small, the amount of computation required to design this optimal detector can be quite substantial. For this reason, two suboptimal detectors are introduced which, for a given noise autocorrelation matrix, are much easier to design than the optimal detector. Both suboptimal detectors are based on simple modifications of the white-noise detector, and yet their performance, in many instances, is nearly optimal. In addition, a numerical study is presented which indicates that these detectors are much less sensitive to changes in the underlying noise autocorrelation function than is the Neyman-Pearson optimal detector.
Apparent Depth of Modulation as a Function of Frequency and Amplitude of Temporal Modulations of Luminance

White light was temporally modulated and subjects gave magnitude estimations of the apparent depth of modulation. Three stimulus parameters were varied: level of time-average luminance, amplitude of modulation, and frequency of modulation. At the lowest luminances, apparent depth of modulation decreased monotonically as modulation frequency increased toward fusion. At the higher luminances, only large amplitudes of modulation produced monotonic functions relating apparent depth of modulation to frequency; smaller amplitudes of modulation produced nonmonotonic functions with maxima in the region of 5–10 Hz. Derived contours relating modulation amplitude to frequency for constant apparent depth of modulation generally resemble functions relating modulation amplitude to frequency for threshold.
Immunoscintigraphy in patients with colorectal, ovarian, and prostate cancer. Results with site-specific immunoconjugates

Application of monoclonal antibody (MoAb) technology to cancer management is discussed by reviewing the development and clinical evaluation of two MoAb-based immunoscintigraphic agents (111In-satumomab pendetide [OncoScint CR/OV-In] and 111In-CYT-356; Cytogen Corporation, Princeton, NJ). Both agents were prepared using a site-specific MoAb modification method that preserves the immunoreactivity of the radiolabeled immunoconjugate. 111In-satumomab pendetide is an 111In-labeled conjugate of the murine MoAb B72.3, which is directed to TAG-72, an antigen expressed by the majority of adenocarcinomas. By providing information that complements the results of standard radiographic diagnostic modalities, this imaging agent can aid in the treatment of patients with colorectal or ovarian cancer. Immunoscintigraphy with 111In-satumomab pendetide has been shown to assist in medical-surgical management by detecting occult extrahepatic lesions, clarifying equivocal results of other diagnostic imaging tests, and evaluating the extent and resectability of known tumor lesions. 111In-CYT-356 is an 111In-labeled conjugate of the murine MoAb 7E11-C5.3, which is reactive with prostatic carcinoma, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and, to a lesser extent, normal prostatic tissue. Results of preliminary clinical investigations suggest that 111In-CYT-356 immunoscintigraphy can be useful for the presurgical staging of prostatic carcinoma and for the detection of occult distant disease in patients with negative or equivocal results on standard imaging tests. Results with these site-specifically radiolabeled immunconjugates demonstrate the clinical utility of MoAb-based imaging agents in the treatment of patients with solid tumors.
Identification and Characterization of TRH-Precursor Peptides

We have now characterized five cryptic peptides in rat brain together with two partially processed TRH-progenitor sequences. Our studies indicate that pro-TRH is processed at paired basic residues to a family of peptides, including TRH, and flanking and intervening sequences. These cryptic sequences may have evolutionary significance or have functions during mRNA processing, translation, and posttranslational processing, or may be biologically active peptides in their own right. We have recently identified a TRH producing-cell line and are characterizing cell lines stably transfected with expression vectors containing prepro-TRH cDNA. These models should provide further insights into the posttranslational processing of pro-TRH.
Message from the PDS program chair

PDS is a well-recognized, major international forum for researchers and practitioners to present innovative, high-quality results in the analysis and assessment of computer systems and networks in terms of their performance, dependability, and security. As much as the considered systems vary from extremely small embedded devices and hardware components to large scale networked systems and infrastructures, so do the properties of interest with various aspects of performance, dependability, and security and the assessment approaches ranging from empirical and experimental studies to refined mathematical modeling methods. This year, we received 113 submissions (95 regular papers, 11 practical experience reports, and 7 tool descriptions) from 20 countries, covering various facets of research and practice on these topics.
Identification of 7,4′-dihydroxyflavone in forages

Abstract 7,4′-Dihydroxyflavone, a previously unrecognized constituent of plants, has been found in alfalfa ( Medicago saliva ) and in ladino clover ( Trifolium repens ).
Why Should We Care about Social Justice

Deep and enduring socioeconomic inequalities form the backdrop to any public health policy, and influenza policy is no different. And although social justice is a core value of public health, it is important to be reminded that public health officials can neglect the disadvantaged and even exacerbate underlying inequalities. Uscher-Pines and colleagues give us such a reminder. They show how three measures of social justice are missing from influenza plans across the globe: identification of traditionally disadvantaged groups, civic engagement with these communities, and policies to address their special needs. These are important measures of whether a nation is attuned to social justice in its disaster planning. I want to discuss why social justice requires that we care about these measures. This will also help us understand what social justice requires--not only in influenza planning, but throughout public health practice. A core insight of social justice is that the many dimensions of disadvantage have many causes. Poverty, inferior education, unhygienic and polluted environments, social disintegration, and other causes lead to systematic hardships in health and in nearly every other aspect of social, economic, and political life. (1) Prevailing inequalities beget other inequalities, which is one major reason those already disadvantaged will suffer disproportionately from major health hazards. Among the most basic and commonly understood meanings of justice is fairness or reasonableness, especially in the way people are treated or decisions are made. Justice stresses fair disbursement of common advantages and the sharing of common burdens. But it does more than that by demanding equal respect for all members of the community. There is good reason to believe that the poor and less powerful will be treated unfairly in an influenza pandemic. Medical countermeasures such as vaccines and antiviral medications will almost certainly be extremely scarce, forcing nations to set treatment priorities. In the United States and most other countries, influenza plans give preference to those necessary for scientific/medical functioning (scientists, health workers, vaccine producers), those necessary for social functioning (public officials, first responders, security personnel, critical infrastructure personnel), and those with special medical needs (infants, the elderly, pregnant women). The first two categories strongly favor those in high socioeconomic groups. …
EVIDENCE FOR STIMULATION OF INSULIN SECRETION BY GROWTH HORMONE IN THE RAT1

Based on the observation that only insulin will increase the concentration of glycogen in rat adipose tissue both in the presence and the absence of the pancreas, evidence for insulin secretion in response to growth hormone treat-ment was sought by measuring adipose tissue glycogen levels in fed intact and eviscerated rats. It had previously been shown that growth hormone had no influence on adipose tissue glycogen in 48-hour fasted rats, but the pancreas of these animals may be presumed to have been depleted of insulin. In fed rats given 2 ml. of 50 per cent glucose by stomach tube both insulin and growth hormone brought about significant increases in the glycogen content of the dorsal interscapular brown fat pad. Acutely eviscerated rats, which lack the pancreas, showed no accumulation of adipose tissue glycogen in response to a subcutaneous glucose load compared to intact controls unless given insulin.
Dissociation of chloride from ortho-, meta- and para-chloromethylphenoxides: The enthalpy of formation of meta-quinomethane

Abstract The enthalpy of formation of m-quinomethane has been determined by energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation measurements involving chloro-substituted phenoxide ions. The chloride affinity of m-quinomethane is measured to be 202 ± 9 kJ/mol, whereas the chloride affinities of o- and p-quinomethane are both 57 ± 5 kJ/mol. The difference in the chloride affinities reflects the difference in the stabilities of the Kekule and non-Kekule structures. Combination of the dissociation energy of the meta-isomer with the gas-phase acidity of 3-(chloromethyl)phenol, measured by using the kinetic method to be 1432 ± 6 kJ/mol, results in an enthalpy of formation of 166 ± 13 kJ/mol for the m-quinomethane diradical. The measured value agrees with that predicted by bond additivity. The low bond dissociation energies for the o- and p-isomers, along with electronic structure calculations, suggest that the corresponding chlorine-substituted ions are best described as halide/diradical complexes.
Electron microscopy of microspheres in embolized liver.

Scanning electron microscopy images of swine liver at magnifications of 467 (Figure, a) and 3,110 (Figure, b) were obtained following catheter-directed transarterial embolization with 40-mm hydrogel microspheres (Embozene; CeloNova BioSciences, Peachtree City, Georgia). Figure, a, shows a small hepatic arterial branch in the periphery of the right hepatic lobe filled with microspheres. Figure, b, shows a small volume of thrombus consisting of fibrinous strands and adherent cellular components between the spheres. Catheter-directed transarterial embolization is one of the most widely practiced and established therapies in interventional oncology. Although histologic studies have successfully imaged embolic particles by using light microscopy, these electron microscopy images provide an enhanced appreciation of how the microspheres interact with cellular components of blood, leading to end vessel blockade.
Self Tuning of Hair Cell Bundle after Prolonged Deflection

Active hair bundle motility is one of the signatures of the amplification mechanism in non-mammalian hair cells. Here we impose high-amplitude deflections on the hair bundle for 0.1-50 seconds. Due to incompleteness of the adaptation mechanism, this is expected to change the opening probability of the transduction channels, thus mechanically bringing the bundle out of its equilibrium state. Recovery of hair bundle motion was characterized, and the effects of calcium on the feedback mechanism were investigated. Traces of hair bundle motility recorded immediately post stimulation show a slow drift towards the equilibrium position, without oscillatory motion. Bundles recover their innate oscillation between 0.1 - 1 second after cessation of the stimuli, and the quiescent time (Tq) shows a strong dependence on stimulus duration. Relaxation of hair bundles is fitted by the sum of two exponentials. The shorter of the time constants is found to be in the range ∼20-50 ms, consistent with myosin-motor dynamics. The longer time constant is significantly slower, ∼0.5-1 s. Decreased calcium concentration leads to a slower spontaneous oscillation, consistent with prior results in the field. The quiescent interval induced by deflection of hair bundles in a low-calcium environment is shorter, recovering more rapidly post stimulus cessation. Blockage of the extrusion pumps that regulate its concentration inside the stereocilia was likewise seen to prolong the induced quiescence, indicating that calcium accumulation may underlie the suppression of spontaneous motility.
High-level expression of branching enzyme II from maize endosperm in Escherichia coli.

The gene that encodes the mature branching enzyme II (BEII) protein from maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm was amplified by means of a polymerase chain reaction technique and inserted into a T7-based expression vector. Although this has been an efficient expression system of maize BEII in Escherichia coli, an example is presented in this report which allows a greater expression of mBEII protein from the bacterial system by changing only one codon. The key to the level of expression appears to be related to the conversion of the third thymine base in the 285 position codon of the mBEII cDNA to cytosine without altering the encoded mBEII protein product. The crude cell extracts of enzyme prepared from E.coli exhibited seven-fold higher expression of branching enzyme activity compared to expression of the native enzyme. The enzymes from wild-type and the silent mutation genes were purified. The proteins were indistinguishable kinetically and immunologically. Thus, we obtained a significantly improved expression of mBEII protein in the bacterial system.
Effects of contrast agents on renal function.

Rationale and objectives Contrast-induced changes produced in normal renal function are discussed, and possible mechanisms by which such changes may occur are described. Animal experiments are reviewed, with the dog model providing results most closely approximating observations in humans. Methods In the previous studies considered, standard clearance techniques were used to assess glomerulo-vascular changes, while urinary enzyme and protein excretions, along with changes in tubular reabsorption of electrolytes, were examined as indirect measures of contrast-induced tubular effects. The selection of papers for review was based primarily on studies conducted in large animals and humans. To be incorporated, traditional studies regarding accepted methods of analyzing renal function that did not involve extensive surgical preparation were reviewed. Results Renal vascular effects of contrast media induce a biphasic change in renal blood flow--a brief increase followed by a more prolonged decline--the magnitude of which varies by dose and route of administration. Tubular effects include increased excretion of cytosolic enzymes plus changes in tubular reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and chloride. A transient osmotic diuresis also occurs. Conclusions Changes in renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, urinary electrolyte and solute excretion, and modification of the urinary concentrating-diluting mechanisms have yielded insights into the tubulo-glomerular actions of contrast media. The link between acute renal effects and subsequent contrast-associated nephropathy, while not absolutely defined, is becoming better understood as new information is gained using experimental models that more closely approximate high-risk states, including states of volume depletion, circulatory insufficiency, and pre-existing renal damage. Current attention is focused on the tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism as accounting for the renal effects of contrast media.
Finite element analysis of localization and micro–macro structure relation in granular materials. Part II: Implementation and simulations

The formation of strain localization influences the stability and stiffness of the soil mass or geosystem. The thickness of shear bands provides insight about overall strength and stiffness inside the granular body, and the shear band angle gives information about the failure surface in a given soil or soil mass. Thus, it is important to be able to predict when a shear band forms and how this zone of intense deformation is located and oriented within the granular medium. A rational finite element analysis for capturing the formation and development of shear bands has been performed and implemented by using a Cosserat continuum in finite element simulations. An extension of plane strain Drucker–Prager elastoplasticity to Cosserat continua is implemented in ABAQUS by using its User-defined ELement (UEL) option. The finite element formulation is discussed in the companion paper. The length scale–size effect relation has been investigated to understand the micro–macro structure relation. Several practical engineering problems are simulated in two dimensions by using the finite element code ABAQUS together with analyst-supplied extensions. The effect of Cosserat parameters on the finite element simulations has been simulated.
The Fable of the Oversimplifying Professor

A short fable for aspiring teachers and students of organization change. A new slant on “oversimplification”?
Dopamine, Reward Prediction Error, and Economics

The neurotransmitter dopamine has been found to play a crucial role in choice, learning, and belief formation. The best-developed current theory of dopaminergic function is the “reward prediction error” hypothesis—that dopamine encodes the difference between the experienced and predicted “reward” of an event. We provide axiomatic foundations for this hypothesis to help bridge the current conceptual gap between neuroscience and economics. Continued research in this area of overlap between social and natural science promises to overhaul our understanding of how beliefs and preferences are formed, how they evolve, and how they play out in the act of choice. I. INTRODUCTION Dopamine is a neurotransmitter—a substance that transmits information from one nerve cell of the brain to another. A long line of neurobiological studies have shown that dopamine plays a crucial role in many aspects of behavior that are important to economic decision-making (see Section II). 1 The goal of this paper is to characterize the “dopaminergic reward prediction error” (DRPE) hypothesis, which has become the standard model within neuroscience. This model asserts that neurons that contain this neurotransmitter release dopamine in proportion to the difference between the “predicted reward” and the “experienced reward” of a particular event. The model was developed following experimental work on monkeys by Schultz, Apicella, and Ljungberg (1993) and Mirenowicz and Schultz (1994). They established that the extent to which dopamine is released in response to a juice “reward” depends critically on whether or not receipt of the reward has already been signaled. In the presence of a clear prior cue, the release of dopamine shifts forward in time to coincide with the cue rather than with receipt of the reward. Recent theoretical and experimental work on dopamine release has focused on the role this neurotransmitter plays in
Calcium in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis

Osteoporotic fractures have many sources. Low bone mass is one such, and inadequate calcium intake, in turn, is one of the causes of low bone mass. Calcium intake may be inadequate because it is low in its own right or, even if 'normal', it may not be sufficient to compensate for exaggerated obligatory losses. Inadequate calcium intake may cause bone mass to be low either because calcium intake during growth limits achievement of genetically programmed skeletal mass, or because low intake later in life aggravates involutional loss, or both. Ensuring a generous calcium intake throughout life will prevent both of these consequences. However, it is important to stress that even a calcium surfeit will not prevent or reverse bone loss due to inactivity, gonadal hormone deficiency, alcohol abuse or, indeed, any other factor. Calcium is a nutrient, not a drug. The only disorder it can be expected to alleviate is calcium deficiency. However, the evidence suggests that calcium deficiency is prevalent among Western populations, particularly in North America, and that it thereby contributes substantially to their osteoporotic fracture burden. This component of that burden is therefore entirely preventable.
USE OF A NITROGEN POLARIMETER AS A POLARIZED PROTON DETECTOR

Abstract The ability of 14 N to produce a 60% polarization in a beam of protons elastically scattered at 45° lab , for incident proton energies between 8 and 12 MeV, makes nitrogen attractive as a proton polarization analyzer. Because of the 3–4% energy resolution obtainable with 10 −2 sr solid angles and the absence of isospin-zero excited states below 3.95 MeV in 14 N, a 45° nitrogen polarimeter would be especially suitable for resolving proton groups close in energy, such as would occur in (p, p′) or (d, p) reactions on nuclei in the mass range A = 40 to 70.
Determination of saccharides by high performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection

High performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAC) coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) under alkaline conditions (pH 13) separates neutral saccharides based upon their molecular size, saccharide composition, and glycosidic linkages. Carbohydrates were detected by oxidation with a gold-working electrode. HPAC-PAD was compared to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with refractive index (RI) detection in terms of selectivity and sensitivity of saccharides. The results indicate that HPAC-PAD was more precise, two orders of magnitude more sensitive (pmol range) and gives better resolution of saccharides than HPLC-RI. HPAC-PAD required less sample preparation and was not subjected to matrix interferences. The use of HPAC-PAD was applied to the analysis of organic materials (plant residues, animal wastes and sewage sludge) and soil.
Mechanical integration of muscle, tegument, and subtegumental tissues by anchoring fibrils and microfibrils in the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta

Abstract Electron microscopic examination of the epidermal basement membrane region of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, has revealed specialized connective tissue structures that appear to anchor the epidermis, or tegument, to the parenchymal tissues of the helminth, as well as interconnect subtegumental muscle fibers, tegument, and parenchyma. Anchoring fibrils-cross-banded bundles of ca. 3 nm diameter filaments—were observed to directly interlink tegument and muscle, muscle and muscle, and tegument, muscle, and parenchymal connective tissue. Anchoring fibrils therefore appear to mechanically integrate epidermal tissue movements in response to subtegumental muscle contraction. A well-developed stratum of microfibrils, forming the lamina reticularis of the tegumental basement membrane, may also help anchor the tegument as well as to serve as a flexible, reinforcing sheath that protects parenchymal tissues from excessive radial displacement due to muscle contraction.
Sense-Data and Cartesian doubt

NOTES 1"Russell's 'Theory of Descriptions'," The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell, The Library of Living Philosophers, Vol. V (Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University, 1944), pp. 147-225, especiallv p. 204. "Anlaysis of 'Correct' Language," Mind, 55:328-40 (1946), especially p. 334. "Some Non-Formal 'Logical' Relations," Philosophical Studies, 8:89-92 (December 1957). ' In addition to my paper mentioned in note 2, I discussed the issue again in "Indexical Expressions," Mind, 63:359-79 (1954), especially pp. 376ff. 6 "Some Non-Formal 'Logical' Relations," p. 91. ?"Indexical Expressions," pp. 363ff. "Some Non-Formal 'Logical' Relations," p. 90.
The role of cardiolipin as an acyl donor in dog heart n-acylethanolamine phospholipid biosynthesis

N-Acylethanolamine phospholipids were produced from endogenous substrates with dog heart mitochondrial and microsomal preparations. With mitochondria the N-acyl group contained 13.8% linoleate, with microsomes only 3.6%. Cardiolipin comprised 18.5% of mitochondrial and 3.3% of microsomal lipid P and contained 93.7 and 72.4% linoleic acid, respectively. Incubation of dog heart subcellular fractions with [1-14C]linoleoyl Cardiolipin in the presence of Ca2+ resulted in the formation of N-acylethanolamine phospholipids labeled primarily in the N-acyl and 1-O-acyl moieties. The data indicate that cardiolipin is the major source of linoleic acid used in the N-acylation of ethanolamine phospholipids by transacylase activity.
Excision of focal aortic arch atheroma using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest

A 68-year-old woman who had a stroke was found by transesophageal echocardiography to have two focal areas of pedunculated atherosclerosis in the arch of her aorta. Using echocardiographic imaging for guidance in aortic cannulation placement and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, we removed the localized atheromata from the otherwise relatively normal aorta. She had an uneventful recovery. With the more frequent identification of discrete areas of aortic atherosclerosis as a result of transesophageal echocardiography, this procedure may become the standard by which to treat this problem.
Differentiation of granulated metrial cells in the uterus of the pregnant rat: an electron microscopic study.

The fine structure of the granular metrial gland cell of the pregnant rat was studied during early stages of differentiation. “Precursor cells” were identified with the electron microscope that exhibited characteristic features of the mature cell as well as many cytoplasmic ribosomes. Notable features of differentiation were: a great increase in cell size, decrease in overall electron density, formation of a large centrosphere surrounding the centrioles, and accumulation of granules. The first sign of granule formation was the appearance of dense-core vesicles in the Golgi complex. Subsequently, larger granules appeared which had small vesicles between a dense core and the limiting membrane. Finally, multilaminated myelin figures were noted in the mature granule in addition to the core material and vesicles. The possible role of coated vesicles in granule formation is discussed.
The Processing of Non-canonically Ordered Constituents in Long Distance Dependencies by Pre-school Children: a Real-time Investigation

Four experiments were performed which had the goal of determining how and when young children acquire the ability to understand long distance dependencies. These studies examined the operations underlying the auditory processing of non-canonically ordered constituents in object-relative sentences. Children 4-6 years of age and an adult population participated in the study, which employed a cross modal picture priming methodology to determine when constituents in a non-canonical position are reactivated during ongoing sentence comprehension. The results support the view that even very young children have the same structural processing reflex seen in adults. Namely, children re-activate a non-canonically positioned (fronted) direct object NP immediately at the post-verb gap site during sentence processing.
Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation of Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers: Effects of Substrate and pH on Dendrimer Deformation

Substrate effects, volume reproducibility, and pH effects on the size and shape of ethylenediamine core poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (generations 6−9) were explored using tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. A statistical analysis of the measurements indicated a 4% variation in volume for repeated measurement using the same tip. Volume determinations by numerical integration and a spherical cap estimation method were explored. The spherical cap model was shown to overestimate dendrimer volumes by a factor of ∼2. As substrates were changed from mica to more hydrophobic surfaces, AFM-measured heights and diameters approached ideal-sphere dendrimer diameters. Acidification of dendrimer samples from generations 6−9 led to an observed 33% increase in volume, 26% increase in height, and 9% decrease in diameter. Expansion upon acidification can be attributed to maximization of charge separation and increased solvent retention within the dendrimers. Single dendrimer resolution within two-dimens...
Recent Developments in Accelerator Based Atomic Physics

Much progress toward a detailed understanding of atomic collision phenomena and atomic structure has recently been made with the aid of accelerated ion beams. Beam foil Lamb shift measurements and the possible observation of spontaneously created positrons from quasi-superheavy atoms give promise for critical tests of QED. The mechanisms of innershell ionization and charge transfer in ion atom collisions have been intensively investigated and the results have brought together the various approaches - Coulomb excitation and MO treatments for these processes. That violent collisions at high energies can cause multiple ionization of the target atom has been known for some time. However, only recently have theoretical treatments been able to predict, e.g., the degree of L shell ionization accompanying K shell ionization. The highly charged ions formed in these collisions have themselves come under intensive investigation and are used for the study of the structure and collision physics of multiply charged species. Electron-Ion collision studies have also been started and initial results on dielectronic recombination are reported.
A specific antidote against lethal alkyl phosphate intoxication. IV. Effects in brain.

Summary The recovery of acetylcholinesterase activity in brain following injection of alkyl phosphates (DFP, paraoxon, and OMPA) has been studied without and in combination with PAM. Whole brains of mice were used throughout the experiments. 1. For the evaluation of the enzyme activity in the intact cell during lifetime, a procedure has been used in which the tissue has been extracted with chloroform. The values obtained with this method were much higher during the first 24-hr. period than in homogenized tissue without chloroform extraction. This result indicates that considerable amounts of alkyl phosphate must be present, during the 24-hr. period following injection, in the extracellular fluid and in lipide, unable to reach the intracellular esterase. After that period of time no measurable difference was found between the two techniques; apparently all the extracellular alkyl phosphate had been removed. The new method proved to be greatly superior compared to those previously used for evaluating intracellular enzyme activity during life. 2. The esterase activity after LD 50 of paraoxon is about 25–30% of the initial, whether the animal dies or survives. The activity after injection of DFP is much lower than that after injection of paraoxon, about 5% of the initial. The rate of recovery is slow and not markedly different whether DFP or paraoxon is used. 3. After injection of 35 mg./kg. of OMPA, which is close to a sure lethal dose, inhibition of only 10% was found. 4. In contrast to the marked rise of enzyme activity in diaphragm following the administration of PAM, no effect of this compound is detectable on the enzyme activity in brain with amounts which protect the animal against death. Only by repeated injections of PAM, a 25 % increase of enzyme activity was found following injection of paraoxon; when DFP was used no clear-cut reactivation by PAM was observed, even after repeated injections. These results indicate that PAM in concentrations adequate to preserve life does not readily penetrate into the brain. Since, however, whole brains were used for the determinations, the experiments do not exclude that in some parts of the brain PAM restored enzyme activity important for survival. 5. The availability of PAM makes it possible to apply much higher amounts of DFP or paraoxon compatible with life than ever used before. Therefore, the minimum enzyme activity in brain compatible with life has been determined with extreme doses. Repeated injections of LD 50 of either DFP or paraoxon did not seem to influence markedly the concentration as compared with the first injection. However, after a single very high dose of DFP (50 mg./kg., i.e., about 12-fold LD 50 ) against which PAM in combination with atropine is still able to protect, the hydrolytic activity was found to be 2.4 mg./g./hr. or about 2% of the initial. This value was found at the peak of inhibition. Two hours later, the value was about doubled. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Permeability of the Outer Membrane of Bacteria

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is an attractive system for the study of the structure-function relationships in biological membranes. This membrane has, inter alia, the task of regulating the inflow of nutrients and outflow of waste products. Investigations with the aid of mutants showed that there are at least two general pathways for the diffusion of small molecules across the outer membrane: one for hydrophobic and one for hydrophilic compounds. In the case of the “hydrophobic pathway” the hydrophobic compound dissolves in the interior of the membrane and then crosses the membrane in accordance with the partition coefficient. In wild-type forms of enteric bacteria this pathway cannot be used—presumably owing to the absence of regions with phospholipid bilayers. Small hydrophilic molecules, on the other hand, penetrate the membrane through water-filled pores.
Susceptibility of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) to Pyrethroid Insecticides and to Insecticidal Dusts with or without Pyrethroid Insecticides

Relative increases of bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., populations are probably due in large measure to their resistance to pyrethroids, which have been used extensively against urban pests. A Connecticut population of bed bugs was assessed for sensitivity to pyrethroids and exposed to commonly-used commercial insecticides applied to various substrates on which the residues were allowed to age for 0-24 wk. Type I and type II pyrethroids differed in toxicity when applied at a high dosage (1 microg) per bed bug. Some type II pyrethroids (cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cis-cypermethrin, and deltamethrin) caused > 80% mortality, whereas exposure to type I pyrethroids caused 0.95) an exponential rise to a maximum model from which the survival half-life (S1/2) was calculated directly. Tempo Dust (Bayer Environmental Science, Montvale, NJ) killed bed bugs relatively quickly, as did Syloid 244 (Grace Davison, Columbia, MD) and Drione (Bayer Environmental Science, Montvale, NJ) on hardboard and mattress fabric substrates (S1/2 < 1 d); DeltaDust (Bayer Environmental Science, Montvale, NJ) provided a relatively slow kill (S1/2 approximately equal to 3.5 d). The sprayable pyrethroids, Cyonara 9.7 (Insecticide Control solutions, Pasadena, TX) and D-Force HPX Aerosol 0.06% (Waterbury Companies, Waterbury, CT), displayed reduced residual toxicity as they aged; the mortality was < 50% on some substrates after 4 d. Desiccant dusts, with their physical mode of action and long residual activity, appear to be superior to sprayable pyrethroid products for killing bed bugs.
Is There a Gold Standard for Management of the Difficult Airway

Numerous practice guidelines have been developed to assist clinicians in the management of the difficult airway. The nature of difficult airway management, however, does not provide a practical way of comparing different guidelines or algorithms; no evidence supports one set of guidelines over another. Nevertheless they play an important role in patient safety as dissemination of such guidelines encourages airway practitioners to consider their strategies and formulate specific plans for the management of a predicted or unexpected difficult airway.
Variation-tolerant, low-power PN-code acquisition using stochastic sensor NOC

Presented in this paper is an energy-efficient and variation-tolerant PN-code acquisition architecture for the wireless CDMA2000 standard. The architectures is based on the recently proposed stochastic sensor network-on-chip (SSNOC) computational paradigm. The latter employs the principles of statistically similar decomposition and robust estimation theory to compensate for timing errors due to process variations. Performance of the SSNOC-based PN-code acquisition architecture at the slow process corner indicates that the average probability of detection PDet improves by up to 3 orders-of-magnitude over that of the conventional architecture, while the variation in PDet(sigma / mu) is reduced by up to 2 orders-of-magnitude over that of the conventional architecture while simultaneously achieving a power reduction of 39%.
The urinary excretion of glutarylcarnitine is an informative tool in the biochemical diagnosis of glutaric acidemia type I

Glutaric acidemia type I (GA-1) is a progressive neurodegenerative inborn error of metabolism that typically manifests acutely in infants during an intercurrent illness. The diagnosis is established biochemically by the detection of glutaric acid and 3-hydroxy glutaric acid in urine and glutarylcarnitine in plasma. However, some patients excrete only small amounts of glutaric acid and may be overlooked, especially if the plasma concentration of glutarylcarnitine is not elevated. To test the hypothesis that measuring the excretion of glutarylcarnitine may improve the recognition of GA-1 patients without significant glutaric aciduria, urine glutarylcarnitine was analyzed in 14 cases. Five of them lacked significant glutaric aciduria, 9 (of 10 available) had a normal plasma glutarylcarnitine concentration. As controls, we also evaluated 54 subjects with glutaric aciduria secondary to other causes (16-7509 mmol/mol creatinine; reference range: <15; no significant amounts of 3-hydroxy glutaric acid detectable). The excretion of glutarylcarnitine was significantly elevated in all GA-1 patients (14-522 mmol/mol creatinine; reference range: <5.2) and in none of the controls with glutaric aciduria. These findings suggest that the urinary excretion of glutarylcarnitine is a specific biochemical marker of GA-1 which could be particularly useful in the work up of patients with suggestive clinical manifestations but without glutaric aciduria and with normal plasma acylcarnitine profiles.
Acceleration of the Smith-Waterman algorithm using single and multiple graphics processors

Finding regions of similarity between two very long data streams is a computationally intensive problem referred to as sequence alignment. Alignment algorithms must allow for imperfect sequence matching with different starting locations and some gaps and errors between the two data sequences. Perhaps the most well known application of sequence matching is the testing of DNA or protein sequences against genome databases. The Smith-Waterman algorithm is a method for precisely characterizing how well two sequences can be aligned and for determining the optimal alignment of those two sequences. Like many applications in computational science, the Smith-Waterman algorithm is constrained by the memory access speed and can be accelerated significantly by using graphics processors (GPUs) as the compute engine. In this work we show that effective use of the GPU requires a novel reformulation of the Smith-Waterman algorithm. The performance of this new version of the algorithm is demonstrated using the SSCA#1 (Bioinformatics) benchmark running on one GPU and on up to four GPUs executing in parallel. The results indicate that for large problems a single GPU is up to 45 times faster than a CPU for this application, and the parallel implementation shows linear speed up on up to 4GPUs.
Extracting Meaning from Abbreviated Identifiers

Informative identifiers are made up of full (natural language) words and (meaningful) abbreviations. Readers of programs typically have little trouble understanding the purpose of identifiers composed of full words. In addition, those familiar with the code can (most often) determine the meaning of abbreviations used in identifiers. However, when faced with unfamiliar code, abbreviations often carry little useful information. Furthermore, tools that focus on the natural language used in the code have a hard time in the presence of abbreviations. One approach to providing meaning to programmers and tools is to translate (expand) abbreviations into full words. This paper presents a methodology for expanding identifiers and evaluates the process on a code based of just over 35 million lines of code. For example, using phrase extraction, fs_exists is expanded to file_status_exists illustrating how the expansion process can facilitate comprehension. On average, 16 percent of the identifiers in a program are expanded. Finally, as an example application, the approach is used to improve the syntactic identification of violations to Deissenbock and Pizka's rules for concise and consistent identifier construction.