cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous injuries during oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures

Abstract Purpose : This study estimated the frequency of percutaneous injuries (Pls) to dental health-care workers during oral and maxillofacial surgery and examined the circumstances surrounding the incidents. Material and Methods : A self-reported, prospective study was conducted to document PlS incurred during oral and maxillofacial surgery performed on outpatients and inpatients over 1-month and 6-month periods, respectively. Among the study variables examined were the numbers of patients treated, number and types of procedures performed, duration of treatment, numbers and types of health care workers at risk, treatment setting, and number of injuries. Results : Four injuries were recorded during 362 operating room procedures on 236 inpatients, for a rate of 1.1 Pls per 100 procedures (95% confidence interval: 0.3 to 2.8) and 1.7 Pls per 100 patients (95% confidence interval: 0.5 to 4.6). These four injuries occurred during 1,665 person-procedures (mean number of workers present at each procedure times the total number of procedures) for a rate of 0.24 Pls per 100 person-procedures (95% confidence interval: 0.1 to 1.0). Three injuries took place during fracture reductions; two were caused by surgical wire and the third by a needlepoint Bovie tip. One injury occurred during orthognathic surgery and involved a Woodson elevator. Residents recorded no injuries while treating 521 outpatients (0 Pls per 100 patients; 95% confidence interval: 0 to 0.6). Conclusion : The results support previous findings that Pls rarely occur during outpatient oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures. However, the findings suggest that operating room procedures for oral and maxillofacial surgery that use wire or involve fracture reduction may be associated with an increased risk of injury. Strategies such as using a cork or sponge to cap sharp wires or instruments, and protecting hands and fingers by double gloving, may be used to decrease the risk of PI.
Laminar flame speeds and extinction limits of preheated n-decane/O2/N2 and n-dodecane/O2/N2 mixtures

Abstract Laminar flame speeds of n -decane/air and n -dodecane/air mixtures are measured using the counterflow twin-flame configuration at preheat temperatures ranging from 360 to 470 K and equivalence ratios ranging from 0.7 to 1.4. Extinction stretch rate measurement as a function of equivalence ratio is also carried out for fuel/O 2 /N 2 mixtures with [N 2 /(O 2 + N 2 )] = 0.84 by mole and preheat temperature of 400 K. All experiments are conducted under atmospheric pressure conditions. In addition, the overall activation energies of n -decane/air mixtures at varying equivalence ratios are deduced. The experimental data for laminar flame speeds and extinction stretch rates are also simulated using chemical kinetic mechanisms available in the literature. Comparison of the experimental and computed results demonstrates the deficiencies of the existing mechanisms. Although sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the most sensitive reactions pertinent to laminar flame speed and extinction limit, the results are unable to assess the adequacy of the chemistry involving large hydrocarbons.
Category competition drives contrast maintenance within an exemplar-based production/perception loop

The evolution of competing lexical categories is simulated within a model in which lexical outputs are organized as sequences of articulatory gestures. When exemplar-based categories compete for assignment and storage of incoming exemplars in a production/storage loop, contrast between categories spontaneously emerges and remains stable, driven by the differences in storage consistency between more contrastive and less contrastive variants. Further, when lexical outputs are biased toward use of previously produced gestures, the set of exemplars in the lexicon evolve to be derived from a small set of contrastive units used in combination, despite the absence of direct selection for contrast at the sub-lexical level.
Determination of free amino acids in larval insect and gall tissues of the goldenrod, Solidago canadensis L.

Abstract 1. 1. Free amino acid occurrence in Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis Riley (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch) (Diptera: Tephritidae) larval body tissue; gall-free goldenrod, Solidago canadensis L., stem tissue; G. gallaesolidaginis caused elliptical galls; and E. solidaginis caused ball galls was assessed using two-dimensional paper chromatography. 2. 2. Eighteen free amino acids were identified in both larval insect body tissue and in normal stem tissue. 3. 3. Fifteen free amino acids were identified in both types of gall tissues. 4. 4. Free amino acids increased or remained constant in all tissues over time. 5. 5. Differences in free amino acids in the larval insect tissues could be due to differences in chronology of life cycles.
Stratocumulus instability reconsidered: a search for physical mechanisms

Conditions under which stratocumulus cloud decks become unstable and break apart into patchy trade cumulus are investigated using observations made over the Pacific and a theoretical analysis with a mixed-layer model. That the criterion that cloud-top entrainment fluxes be turbulence-generating is sufficient for instability is found to be overstated: it appears from the observations either that solid cloud decks can support positive entrainment buoyancy fluxes or that the criterion is simply impossible to measure due to inherent uncertainties about cloud-top structure. The former conclusion is also supported by the model analysis. Other criteria for stratocumulus instability are sought, and it is concluded that further numerical experiments are necessary to establish certainty about the process. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1984.tb00254.x
Biologic Agents for Tissue and Bone Regeneration.

Tissue regeneration and bone augmentation have slowly become mainstreams of periodontists’ daily practice. Biologic agents which attempt to promote soft and hard tissue repair as well as jump-start the healing process, especially in medically compromised individuals, are an integral part of clinical periodontics. Tissue engineering using biologic agents, such as enamel matrix derivative, platelet-derived growth factor, platelet-rich plasma or platelet-rich fibrin gel, bone morphogenetic protein, fibroblast growth factor, low dosage parathyroid hormone–related protein, or combination therapy, has recently become a focus of research and constant debate among clinicians, especially periodontists. These biologic agents have been tested and show promising results in promoting soft and hard tissue regeneration. The purpose of this special issue of Clinical Advances in Periodontics is to target this emerging field by inviting individuals who have expertise in this area to share their insights with our readers. All articles contain the most updated information and show how each biologic agent should be used in daily practice. Clinical examples of how each agent can be used in promoting tissue regeneration or bone augmentation are illustrated. In deciding which agent to use, it is important for clinicians to understand the mechanism of each biological modifier and the evidence that exists, as well as other factors such as cost/ benefit ratio, risk/benefit ratio, and long-term stability. Readers are encouraged to understand how these agents work, when to use them, and where they should be used, either alone or in combination, so they can make informed decisions in specific clinical situations. This special issue beginswith an introductionwith several focused questions such as: ‘‘What biologic agents are available to help promote periodontal regeneration and bone augmentation?’’; ‘‘How should clinicians decide which biologic agent(s) to use?’’; and ‘‘What are the approved uses for each agent?’’. The agents are then linked to their future perspectives in the second paper. In the following papers, the current available agents are introduced with clinical case illustrations as well as current evidence. The final paper demonstrates a combination approach using these agents. By reading this special issue of Clinical Advances in Periodontics, I hope readers gain a clear understanding of why, how, where, and when these biologic agents should be used in clinical practice to promote tissue andbone regeneration.n Hom-Lay Wang Guest Editor
The interdependence of work and family roles

The circumstances of the lack of attention to the interdependence of family functions and external employment in the research to date are considered. Major problems and barriers to progress are noted. One problem is the conceptual-theoretical barrier of viewing work as masculine and family responsibility as feminine. A second problem is a differential focus in the research to date in which either the family is studied with inadequate attention given to work, or the work setting is studied with insufficient consideration of family responsibilities. Research strategies are reviewed and discussed, including the need to identify combinations of types of occupations and family situations. Five work-family groups are identified. One of the five groups, single parent is used to illustrate policies pertaining to the interdependence of work and family roles. The relevance of research on role interdependence for both governmental policy and organizational policy is considered in a discussion of the effects of policy on effective integration of work and family roles.
Bone marrow involvement by subcutaneous Panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: a report of three cases

Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma is a rare subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Virtually all cases are confined to the subcutaneous adipose tissue. In this report, we describe the first small series of subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (three patients) with bone marrow involvement. All patients presented with skin or soft tissue nodules, fever, and constitutional symptoms, and were diagnosed with subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma based on the characteristic morphologic and immunophenotypic features of the subcutaneous lesions. Bone marrow core biopsies in these cases showed focal involvement by lymphoma with pathologic features similar to those seen in the diagnostic biopsies. Our observations suggest bone marrow involvement by subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma does occur, and can be identified histologically and confirmed using standard immunohistochemistry. Our findings raise awareness of bone marrow involvement in this rare entity. However, the incidence and significance of bone marrow involvement in subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma requires further evaluation.
Preventing loss of domain: a management strategy for closure of the "open abdomen" during the initial hospitalization.

Background In the management of the abdominal compartment syndrome resulting in an open abdomen, the so-called “planned ventral hernia” is considered an acceptable outcome. We describe a technique of surgical management of the abdominal wound that allows fascial closure in most cases during the initial admission. Methods Consecutive trauma patients with abdominal compartment syndrome managed with an open abdomen over a 3-year period were identified. Medical records and the trauma data registry were reviewed for demographics, injury characteristics, operative treatment, timing and type of wound management, closure of the abdomen, and outcome. Results From January 2004 to January 2007, 23 patients underwent management with an open abdomen. The mechanism of injury was blunt in 83% of patients and penetrating in 17%. All 18 survivors underwent primary fascial closure of the abdomen using a vacuum- and tie-assisted technique of wound closure. The mean time to closure was 11 ± 4.4 days (range, 4-18 days). In all, 9 complications occurred in 7 patients, which included 1 reoperation for abscess after fascial closure. There was no dehiscence and no fistula. The Apache II score was 19.3 ± 6.9 (range, 7-30), and the injury severity score was 32.3 + 10.6 (range, 9-50). Conclusions A technique of managing the open abdomen that prevents fascial retraction results in a high primary closure rate with an acceptable rate of short-term complications.
Molecular Orientation of Fibres by Polarized Internal Reflexion Spectroscopy

SUCCESSIVE drawing of synthetic fibres increases the molecular orientation of the polymer chains and is a method which is widely used for improving the tensile properties of yarns. Investigations of the changes in the dichroism of individual infra-red modes of the polymer with polarized infra-red radiation have yielded important conclusions regarding the structure and band assignments1. The dichroism of each infra-red mode, expressed as a dichroic ratio, is related to its transition moment; the angle of inclination of the bond to the molecular axis; and the degree of molecular orientation. Measurement of the dichroism of nylon fibres by infra-red transmission techniques has been introduced2 and questioned3 because sample preparation by microtoming can alter the existing orientation. Internal reflexion Spectroscopy4, however, provides a non-destructive, rapid and reproducible method for obtaining the surface dichroism of any oriented fibre or film—measurements which are difficult or impossible to obtain by conventional transmission techniques.
Effects of prazosin, clonidine, and propranolol on the elevations in brain reward thresholds and somatic signs associated with nicotine withdrawal in rats

Rationale Tobacco withdrawal is characterized by a negative mood state and relatively mild somatic symptoms. Increased noradrenergic transmission has been reported to play an important role in opioid withdrawal, but little is known about the role of noradrenergic transmission in nicotine withdrawal.
Vehicle-environment interaction workshop

On February 20–21, 1988, the Vehicle-Environment Interaction Workshop was held at the Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Md., to evaluate the current understanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur when vehicles in low Earth orbit (LEO) interact with the ambient atmosphere, the unique characteristic of this environment being 8-km/s impact velocity of the incoming atoms and molecules. Most of the papers on the first day were devoted to the phenomenology and interpretation of space vehicle glows, whereas on the second day, laboratory investigations and discussions of charged particle interactions were presented. The unambiguous recognition of the phenomenon of spacecraft glows occurred when the astronauts on shuttle flight STS-3, in March 1982, visually observed an orange glow on the shuttle surfaces visible from the flight deck [Banks et al., 1983]. Photographs showed that the glow was strongest on surfaces facing into the incoming atmosphere (the ram direction) and that it decayed with increasing distance from the surface, with a characteristic length on the order of 20 cm. The glow intensity was seen to be strongly enhanced when the rear attitude control thrusters were fired, when both surface-related and homogenous glows were observed.
Does the learning curve during laparoscopic colectomy adversely affect costs

This study aimed to investigate whether the learning curve during laparoscopic colectomy is associated with increased costs compared with the procedure after the learning curve has been achieved. The direct costs for patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy during the learning curve (group A) and after the attainment of proficiency by two colorectal surgeons performing the procedure (group B) between 2001 and 2007 were compared. The learning curve was defined as the first 40 laparoscopic colectomy cases for each surgeon. The distribution of cases for the surgeons ensured that cost-related differences were not influenced by lead time bias of cases performed during the learning curve. The study involved 80 group A and 74 group B patients. Groups A and B were similar in terms of age (P = 0.7), gender (P = 0.5), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (P = 0.5), body mass index (P = 0.3), diagnosis (P = 0.8), previous abdominal surgery (P = 0.07), and comorbidity (P = 0.4). The two groups also were similar with regard to performance of anastomosis (P = 0.2) or resection (P = 0.6), conversion to open surgery (P = 0.7), postoperative morbidity (P = 0.6), readmission (P = 0.1), reoperation rate (P = 0.6), and hospital length of stay (P = 0.6). The operation time was significantly longer for group A (P = 0.01). The total direct costs (P = 0.7) and the operating room (P = 0.6), nursing (P = 0.7), pharmacy (P = 0.9), radiology (P = 1), and professional (P = 0.051) costs were however similar between the two groups. As expected, laparoscopic colectomy during the learning curve period is associated with prolonged operating time. Concerns pertaining to increased conversions, complications, and direct costs during this period were not substantiated in this study.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Alkylzinc Complexes Stabilized with 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine

The synthesis and structural characterization of several novel alkylzinc guanidinate, alkoxide, and aryloxide complexes are reported. 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine, H-TMG, was successfully reacted with (Et)2Zn in a 4:3 and a 1:1 ratio to yield the corresponding linear [Zn3(μ-TMG)4(Et)2] (1) and cyclic [Zn(μ-TMG)(Et)]3 (2) complexes. Further investigations have shown 2 to react with alcohols, HOR, to form complexes with the general formula [Zn(Et)(OR)(H-TMG)]n, where OR = OCH2C(CH3)3 {ONep, n = 2 (3)}, OC6H3(CMe3)2-2,6 {DBP, n = 1 (4)}, and OC6H2But2-2,6-Me-4 {DBP-4-Me, n = 1 (5)}. The addition of (Et)2Zn to a solution of 4 yielded the unusual [Zn2(μ-TMG)(μ-DBP)(Et)2] (6). Complex 5 readily reacts with the alcohol, HOR‘, yielding dinuclear compounds with the formula [Zn(μ-OR‘)(DBP-4-Me)(H-TMG)]2, where OR‘ = OCH3 (OMe, 7) and OCH2CH3 (OEt, 8). Additionally, compound 4 was reacted with EtOH, yielding a complex with the formula [Zn(μ-OEt)(DBP)(H-TMG)]2 (9). The utility of compound 8 for use as a catalyst in t...
The endothelial cell in health and disease: its function, dysfunction, measurement and therapy

Endothelial cells have numerous endocrine functions and contribute to a variety of processes, including penile erection and vasodilation. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and ED. This study reviews endothelial function, in addition to endothelial dysfunction and its role in atherosclerosis and ED. Measurement of endothelial function is reviewed, including catheter-based methods, venous occlusion plethysmography, high-frequency ultrasound, peripheral arterial tonometry, digital pulse amplitude tonometry, digital thermal monitoring, the L-arginine test and measurement of compounds released by endothelial cells. Therapy and medications that improve endothelial function are reviewed. As the scientific community learns more about the importance of the endothelium, it is increasingly important for the clinician to understand endothelial function, dysfunction, measurement of endothelial function and therapies that affect this remarkable cell type.
Methods for national population forecasts: a review.

Abstract Three widely used classes of methods for forecasting national populations are reviewed: demographic accounting/cohort-component methods for long-range projections, statistical time series methods for short-range forecasts, and structural modeling methods for the simulation and forecasting of the effects of policy changes. In each case, the major characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of the methods are described. Factors that place intrinsic limits on the accuracy of population forecasts are articulated. Promising lines of additional research by statisticians and demographers are identified for each class of methods and for population forecasting generally.
Properties and Optimization of Photoanode in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

In order to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), the photoanode process conditions were optimized in this work. The effects on photoelectric conversion efficiency of three methods were mainly investigated, including magnetron sputtering barrier layer, printing scattering layer and post-treatment with TiCl4. The microstructure of TiO2 thin films was measured by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that porous photoanode benefited to electronic transmission. The photoelectric conversion efficiency and performance of DSSC were measured by I-V testing instrument. The results indicated that the short circuit current and photoelectric conversion efficiency were improved. Finally, the best result was obtained by combining the three optimal conditions. A high photoelectric conversion efficiency of 7.31% was achieved under illumination of simulated AM 1.5 sunlight (100mW/cm2). Compared to the previous result of 5.48%, the improvement of 33.4% was achieved.
Thermal Design and Analysis of the Mars Exploration Rover Surface Impact Airbags

The design of the Mars Exploration Rover surface impact airbags is described along with a thermal finite differencing model that was created and benchmarked to predict the internal gas temperature and pressure profiles within the airbags. The airbag system deployed on the Mars Exploration Rover missions was part of the landing system of Mars Pathfinder heritage that cushioned the rover’s impact landing onto the Mars surface for impact velocities of up to 24 m=s. The model predicted the internal gas temperatures and pressures for both hot and cold mission landing scenarios. These predictions were used to help define the boost grain propellant loading needed withinthegasgeneratorsinordertoproducethenecessaryinternalairbaggaspressure.Predictionsoftheamountof condensation created within the airbags during and after inflation proved to be the most crucial influence on the internalbagpressure.Finalmissionpredictionsfortheairbaginternalpressuresarepresentedforbothhotandcold landing scenarios.
Processing and properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/carbon nano fiber composites

Single wall carbon nanotubes, multi-wall carbon nanotubes, as well as carbon nano fibers (CNF) are being used for reinforcing polymer matrices. In this study, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites have been processed by melt blending, containing two different grades (PR-21-PS and PR-24-PS) of CNF manufactured by Applied Sciences Inc. The amount of nano fibers used was 5 and 10 wt%, respectively. The PMMA/CNF composites were processed into 4 mm diameter rods and 60 μm diameter fibers using small-scale melt spinning equipment. At 5 wt% CNF, composite rods as well as fibers show over 50% improvement in axial tensile modulus as compared to the control PMMA rod and fibers, respectively. The reinforcement efficiency decreased at 10 wt% CNF. The PMMA/CNF nanocomposite fibers also show enhanced thermal stability, significantly reduced shrinkage and enhanced modulus retention with temperature, as well as improved compressive strength. The CNF reinforcement efficiency has been analyzed using the modified Cox model.
Turkey's Emergence as a Geopolitical Power Broker

In a framing essay commenting on a symposium devoted to Turkey's role in a dynamic geopolitical world system, a prominent American political geographer presents the case for Turkey's evolution from regional power within that system to a key geopolitical balancing agent, reflecting its pivotal location within Eurasia. After first exploring the implications of the collapse of the USSR for U.S.-Turkey relations, he critically assesses the ruling Turkish political party's (AKP) recent foreign policy formulation of Turkey as a leader/role model of its own "civilizational basin" (Middle Eastern and Central Eurasian countries). Citing a range of linguistic, cultural, ethnic, and religious differences between Turkey and the Arab lands, he argues that Turkey's true civilizational basin is limited to Central Asia, where Russia holds geopolitical primacy, and advocates a broader framing of Turkey's geopolitical orientation as reflecting location, economics, oil, water, and natural interests. Such a conceptualization...
The Effects of Clarity of Decision Rule and Favorability of Verdict on Satisfaction with Resolution of Conflicts1

Favorability of outcome and clarity of decision rule were manipulated in a simulated conflict resolved by an impartial third party. Overall, subjects who received favorable outcomes were more satisfied than were those who received unfavorable outcomes. In addition, favorability of verdict and clarity of decision rule interacted in affecting overall satisfaction. Among subjects receiving an unfavorable verdict, those whose outcomes had been determined by a defined decision rule experienced greater satisfaction than those whose outcomes were based on an unclear, undefined rule. However, given a favorable outcome, the effects of clarity of decision rule were reversed-subjects reported greater satisfaction with the undefined than the defined rule. These results are discussed with reference to the particularism/universalism of defined and undefined decision rules.
Smoking Initiation During Young Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study of a Population-Based Cohort

Abstract Purpose To examine the extent to which young adults initiate smoking between the ages of 18 and 21 years; to characterize the frequency and quantity of use among initiators; and to examine predictors of initiation. Methods Participants included youth who were part of the Minnesota Adolescent Community Cohort Study and had not smoked a whole cigarette before age of 18 (n = 2,034). Initiation in the present study was defined as having smoked a whole cigarette or more between the ages of 18 and 21. Predictors of initiation were measured at age 18 and included sociodemographic characteristics, social influences, and attitudes and beliefs about smoking. Results Twenty-five percent (n = 510) of participants initiated smoking between the ages of 18 and 21 years. Among those who initiated, the majority (64%) reported smoking during the past 30 days, and approximately one-quarter (24%) reported smoking 100 cigarettes or more. Predictors of young adult initiation included being male, living in a metropolitan area, having friends who smoke, and the belief that smoking can calm someone down when they are angry or nervous. Conclusions This study indicates that smoking initiation during young adulthood is not uncommon. These results highlight the need for tobacco prevention programs that target young adults.
Multivariate Data Analysis as a Semi-quantitative Tool for Interpretive Evaluation of Comparability or Equivalence of Aerodynamic Particle Size Distribution Profiles

The purpose of this article is to investigate the performance of multivariate data analysis, especially orthogonal partial least square (OPLS) analysis, as a semi-quantitative tool to evaluate the comparability or equivalence of aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD) profiles of orally inhaled and nasal drug products (OINDP). Monte Carlo simulation was employed to reconstitute APSD profiles based on 55 realistic scenarios proposed by the Product Quality Research Institute (PQRI) working group. OPLS analyses with different data pretreatment methods were performed on each of the reconstituted profiles. Compared to unit-variance scaling, equivalence determined based on OPLS analysis with Pareto scaling was shown to be more consistent with the working group assessment. Chi-square statistics was employed to compare the performance of OPLS analysis (Pareto scaling) with that of the combination test (i.e., chi-square ratio statistics and population bioequivalence test for impactor-sized mass) in terms of achieving greater consistency with the working group evaluation. A p value of 0.036 suggested that OPLS analysis with Pareto scaling may be more predictive than the combination test with respect to consistency. Furthermore, OPLS analysis may also be employed to analyze part of the APSD profiles that contribute to the calculation of the mass median aerodynamic diameter. Our results show that OPLS analysis performed on partial deposition sites do not interfere with the performance on all deposition sites.
Phylogeny of ion channels: clues to structure and function

Voltage-gated ion channels are responsible for the electrical activity in a variety of cell types in modern-day animals. However, they represent the result of many millions of years of evolution of a family of ion channel proteins that are also found in prokaryotes and diverse eukaryotes, and probably exist in all life forms. This review traces the evolution of ion channels, with particular emphasis on the factors and evolutionary pathways that may have given rise to voltage-gated potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and sodium (Na+) channels. The review also highlights the utility of comparing phylogenetically distinct versions of the same protein as a means to better understand the structure and function of proteins.
Decannulation from the Tenuous Aorta

Arterial decannulation from a diseased aorta at high pressure can be hazardous. A technique increasing the safety of this maneuver is described.
Comparison of non-collagenous type IV collagen components in the human glomerulus and EHS tumor

Abstract A method for the isolation of the NC1 domain of type IV collagen has been developed using the EHS sarcoma, a basement membrane-producing mouse tumor. This NC1 domain has been compared to the NC1 of human glomerular basement membrane (hGBM) to assess its usefulness in the biochemical characterization of the Goodpasture antigen which is associated with NC1. Both NC1 isolates appeared to migrate by gel filtration as hexamers (Mr 160 000) and in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as dimers and monomers (Mr 54 000 and 26 000), and were shown to share biochemical identity by amino acid analysis. The hGBM NC1 showed greater complexity in the monomer region, and when compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was found to contain more components in both regions than EHS NC1. Anti-GBM autoantibodies from patients with Goodpasture's syndrome reacted with the EHS NC1 by immunoblotting of two-dimensional gels. The EHS NC1 isolated by reverse phase HPLC partially inhibited the reactivity of the anti-GBM autoantibodies against hGBM NC1 by inhibition ELISA assay. Reverse phase HPLC elution of EHS and hGBM NC1 showed differences in subunit composition and interaction; complete dissociation of the EHS monomers and dimers in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid was observed, whereas hGBM monomers and dimers eluted together. Rotary shadowing of hGBM NC1 domains revealed size heterogeneity of globular domains, compared with greater uniformity of EHS NC1 hexamers. We conclude that EHS NC1 contains an epitope(s) that is reactive with human autoantibodies to hGBM NC1. However, the immune response in Goodpasture's syndrome may involve antibodies directed against epitopes which are present in greater density and on a more complex array of peptides in the hGBM NC1 than in EHS NC1.
Linear and nonlinear elasticity in atomistic simulations

The use of either linear or nonlinear elastic theory in deriving methodologies for atomistic simulations is shown to be based on two very different views of the interaction of the `system' with the `reservoir'. These views may be related through the definition of a phenomenological relaxation time, which describes how the reservoir responds to changes in stress of the system. A general procedure for introducing a finite relaxation time of the reservoir into atomistic simulations is described, and numerical results are presented which demonstrate how the linear and nonlinear simulations can be brought into agreement. A discussion of the underlying thermodynamic assumptions is given, and the benefits of using Nose-Hoover chains in simulating structural transformations are demonstrated.
Optical techniques for imaging membrane topography

In recent years three powerful optical imaging techniques have emerged that provide nanometer-scale information about the topography of membrane surfaces, whether cellular or artificial: intermembrane fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence interference contrast microscopy (FLIC), and reflection interference contrast microscopy (RICM). In intermembrane FRET, the sharp distance dependence of resonant energy transfer between fluorophores allows topographic measurements in the Angstrom to few-nanometer range. In FLIC and RICM, interference between light from a membrane (either from fluorescent probes, or reflected illumination) and light reflected by a planar substrate provide spatial sensitivity in the few to hundreds of nanometer range, with few-nanometer resolution. All of these techniques are fairly easy to implement. We discuss the physics and optics behind each of these tools, as well as practical concerns regarding their uses. We also provide examples of their application in imaging molecular-scale structures at intermembrane junctions.
Risk and Protective Factors: A Brief Review

SUMMARY Alcohol and drug risk and protective factors are overviewed within the context of bio-psycho-social factors.
Pancreastatin, a presumed product of chromogranin-A (secretory protein-I) processing, inhibits secretion from porcine parathyroid cells in culture.

Chromogranin-A, also referred to as secretory protein-I, is a 50K protein found in and secreted by endocrine cells, in which it is costored with the native hormone. Porcine chromogranin-A contains a sequence identical to pancreastatin, a 49-amino acid, C-terminally amidated peptide that has been isolated from porcine pancreas, suggesting that chromogranin- A is the precursor of pancreastatin. Pancreastatin has been found to be a potent inhibitor of glucose-stimulated insulin release. As it is possible that pancreastatin inhibits secretion from other chromogranin-A-containing tissues in which it may be formed, we tested its action on dispersed porcine parathyroid cells in culture. Secretion of chromogranin-A and PTH was up to 6-fold greater at 0.5 mM Ca 2+ than at 3.0 mM Ca 2+ . Pancreas-
The elderly trauma patient: An investment for the future?

Background: The cost of care in elderly (ELD) trauma patients is high compared with younger patients, but the association between age and reimbursement relative to cost is less clear. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between total costs (TC) and reimbursement in young (YNG) and ELD trauma patients. Methods: The National Trauma Registry of the American College of Surgeons was queried for patients admitted to a level I trauma center between January 2002 and December 2004. YNG patients (18-64 years) were compared with ELD patients (≥65 years) for mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score, and outcome variables. Data obtained from the hospital cost accounting system included TC, total payment, and net margin (P-L). Virtually, all patients were reimbursed based on the fixed diagnostic-related group payment. Results: There were 641 ELD and 3,470 YNG patients included in the study. ELD patients were more commonly injured via a blunt mechanism than the YNG patients (97% vs. 83%; p < 0.001). The ELD were more severely injured (Injury Severity Score 14.9 ± 10.8 vs. 13.3 ± 10.9), developed more complications (54% vs. 34%), and died more frequently (17% vs. 4.7%; all p < 0.05). TC for the ELD were significantly higher than the YNG ($20,788.92 ± $28,305.54 vs. $19,161.11 ± $30,441.56 ; p = 0.02). Total payment ($20,049.75 ± $29,754.52 vs. $16,766.14 ± $31,169.15) and P-L (-$739.18 ± $17,207.84 vs. -$2,294.98 ± $22,309.51; both p < 0.05) were significantly better for the ELD cohort. However, a financial loss was realized for all patients with trauma. Conclusion: When compared with YNG trauma patients, reimbursement in the ELD appears favorable. However, compensation via diagnostic-related group payment fails to cover costs even in the ELD. Reimbursement for all patients with trauma is suboptimal and needs to be improved.
Tri-band cactus shaped printed monopole

This paper presents a printed multi-band monopole antenna for use in wireless systems. The antenna is designed to operate at 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, and 5.6 GHz under the maximum return loss of 10 dB. CST Microwave Studio was used for the design process. Chemical etching was used in the fabrication process. The resulting frequency bands cover 2.13-2.48 GHz, 3.51-3.88 GHz, and 5.56-6.70 GHz.
Evaluation and redesign for improving flexibility in linear systems with infeasible nominal conditions

Abstract This note deals with the problem of evaluating the flexibility index for existing designs for which the new nominal value of operation of the uncertain parameters is infeasible. In this case, one can not inscribe within the region of operation the largest hyperrectangle to determine the flexibility index. However, it is shown that for linear systems a negative value of the index can be defined in terms of active sets of constraints that limit flexibility. Furthermore, it is shown that the optimal redesign to increase flexibility can easily be obtained with the procedure by Pistikopoulos and Grossmann (1988). A small example is presented to illustrate these ideas.
Communal Mourning Revisited

AbstractReexamination of published data and previously unpublished information on communal mourning features excavated at sites in southern California in the 1930s to 1950s reveals important details about structure and constituents, as well as actions contributing to the formation of such features. Data from eight sites—some of which have not been previously identified as containing communal mourning features—are synthesized to document the range of structural diversity, consider specific material practices that may relate to alternate expressions of meaning, explore potential temporal patterns, and offer recommendations for future work. Such reanalysis contributes to the emerging picture of communal mourning practices in southern California and reveals information unavailable in regional ethnographies.
Non-repeatable runout of cantilever and doubly supported 514″ disc drive spindles

Abstract The effect of spindle bearing support on non-repeatable bearing runout is studied for a typical 5 1 4 inch disc drive spindle. Runout in the radial and axial directions is measured using rigidly mounted capacitance probe transducers, and statistical methods are applied to study the non-repeatable runout signal in the time and frequency domain. Comparison of cantilever and simply supported spindles indicates that the upper support significantly reduces the amplitude of the radial non-repeatable runout, but has little effect on the magnitude of the axial non-repeatable runout.
Movement Distances and Habitat Switching by Female Mallards Wintering in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley

Abstract. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) populations in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (hereafter, LMAV) comprise the largest concentration of wintering Mallards in North America. Radiotelemetry techniques were employed to assess movements by female Mallards during winters of 2004–2005 and 2005–2006; 467 paired (diurnal and nocturnal) observations on 80 radiomarked females were attained to assess effects of date, female age, hunting regime and habitat type on distances moved and potential habitat switching. Distance moved increased with date for females diurnally located in RICE but decreased for females in FOREST. Median movement distance was 1.5 km, suggesting suitable habitats for all activities were in close proximity. Habitat switching varied among diurnal habitat types used by females. Females diurnally located in FOREST and REFOR switched habitats in ≤22% of paired observations, whereas females diurnally located in RICE switched habitats in 55% of paired observations. The decreased movement di...
Substituent effects and the role of negative hyperconjugation in siloxycarbene rearrangements

Substituent effects and the role of negative hyperconjugation in 1,2-silyl migration and decarbonylation of methoxy(substituted-siloxy)carbenes have been investigated using quantum chemical calculations and natural bond orbital analysis. It has been found that σ-electron-withdrawing substituents generally lower the barriers for 1,2-silyl migration and decarbonylation, consistent with symmetry-forbidden concerted rearrangements involving intramolecular front-side nucleophilic attack by the carbene lone pair at silicon and by the methoxy oxygen at silicon, respectively. However, while good linear Hammett correlations are obtained for 1,2-silyl migration, those obtained for decarbonylation are poor. In addition, there appears to be a relationship between the extent of pertinent hyperconjugative interactions in the siloxycarbene conformers and the ease of intramolecular reactivity. As a matter of fact, the finding that 1,2-silyl migration is more favorable than decarbonylation seems to be primarily related to stronger negative hyperconjugation between the carbene lone pair and the O–Si antibonding orbital, compared to that between the methoxy oxygen n(σ) lone pair and the O–Si antibonding orbital. Moreover, the activation enthalpies for 1,2-silyl migration decrease linearly with stronger negative hyperconjugation, although no such correlation could be established for decarbonylation.
The product of the UL12.5 gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 is not essential for lytic viral growth and is not specifically associated with capsids

The herpes simplex virus type 1 UL12 gene encodes a pH-dependent deoxyribonuclease termed alkaline nuclease. An N-terminally truncated version of the UL12 gene, called UL12.5, was shown to be translated independently from a subgenic mRNA which shares its 3' terminus with the full-length UL12 mRNA. We showed previously that the UL12.5 gene product cannot compensate for the absence of the full-length UL12 gene product (R. Martinez, L. Shao, J. C. Bronstein, P. C. Weber, and S. K. Weller, 1996, Virology 215, 152-164); however, it was not known whether UL12.5 itself performs an essential function during lytic viral growth. In this article the initiation codon for the UL12.5 gene product was mapped and altered to create a gene no longer capable of producing UL12.5. This mutation was introduced into the viral genome to create a virus which was capable of producing full-length UL12 but not UL12.5. The growth properties of this virus indicate that UL12.5 is not essential for viral growth in culture. UL12.5 was previously reported to represent a capsid-associated form of alkaline nuclease (J. C. Bronstein, S. K. Weller, and P. C. Weber, 1997, J. Virol. 71, 3039-3047). Sucrose sedimentation analysis of capsids from cells infected with wild-type or mutant viruses indicates that both UL12 and UL12.5 are found in fractions from across the sucrose gradient which do not always correlate with the presence of viral capsids. Furthermore, UL12.5 is found in fractions across the gradient even in cells infected under conditions in which no capsids are formed. These results indicate that UL12.5 does not specifically associate with viral capsids. Taken together, these data indicate that UL12.5 is not likely to play an important role in lytic viral infection.
When Previously Expressed Wishes Conflict with Best Interests

Rising use of advance directives has made surrogate decision making both easier and harder. In many cases, these directives help guide decision making for patients who have lost decision-making capacity. In some cases, however, directives may conflict with what physicians or surrogates view as what is in the patient's best interest. These conflicts can place substantial emotional and moral burdens on physicians and surrogates, and there is little practical guidance for how to address them. We propose a 5-question framework for untangling the conflict between advance directives and best interests of a patient with a surrogate decision maker: (1) Is the clinical situation an emergency? (2) In view of the patient's values and goals, how likely is it that the benefits of the intervention will outweigh the burdens? (3) How well does the advance directive fit the situation at hand? (4) How much leeway did the patient provide the surrogate for overriding the advance directive? (5) How well does the surrogate represent the patient's best interests? We use 2 clinical cases with contrasting outcomes to demonstrate how this framework can help resolve common dilemmas.
Hypoxemia from an atrial septal defect 7 days after blunt thoracic trauma

H YPOXEMIA IS commonly seen in victims of thoracic trauma and usually occurs as a result of pulmonary contusion, atelectasis, aspiration, or pneumonia. The case of a mechanically ventilated trauma patient with an unusual cause of hypoxemia presenting 7 days after the uneventful repair of a transected thoracic aorta is presented. This patient's hypoxemia was unresponsive to an increased fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) and worsened with increased positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Ultimately, it was determined that this patient had an anatomic right-to-left shunt as a result of an atrial septal defect (ASD). This case report details the clinical presentation, the diagnosis by angiography, and the successful treatment of this unusual problem. The approach to treatment included a reduction in PEEP and an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. These measures decreased resistance to blood flow in the pulmonary circuit and reduced shunting through the ASD.
Estimating Age Change in List Recall in Asset and Health Dynamics of the Oldest-Old: The Effects of Attrition Bias and Missing Data Treatment.

Average change in list recall was evaluated as a function of missing data treatment (Study 1) and dropout status (Study 2) over ages 70 to 105 in Asset and Health Dynamics of the Oldest-Old data. In Study 1 the authors compared results of full-information maximum likelihood (FIML) and the multiple imputation (MI) missing-data treatments with and without independent predictors of missingness. Results showed declines in all treatments, but declines were larger for FIML and MI treatments when predictors were included in the treatment of missing data, indicating that attrition bias was reduced. In Study 2, models that included dropout status had better fits and reduced random variance compared with models without dropout status. The authors conclude that change estimates are most accurate when independent predictors of missingness are included in the treatment of missing data with either MI or FIML and when dropout effects are modeled.
Low temperature Mössbauer spectra and magnetic ordering of lithiated ferric molybdate: Li 2 Fe 2 (MoO 4 ) 3

Powder x-ray diffraction, variable temperature magnetic susceptibility, and zero field Mossbauer spectroscopy measurements were used to characterize the new phase Li2Fe2 (MoO4)3. This material is obtained topochemically simply by the mixing of solutions of lithium iodide in acetonitrile with solid Fe2(MoO4)3 at ambient temperature. Li2Fe2(MoO4)3 possesses the high temperature orthorhombic ferric molybdate $$\begin{gathered} Fe_2 (MoO_4 )_3 + 2LiI\xrightarrow{{CH_3 CN}}Li_2 Fe_2 (MoO_4 )_3 + I_2 \hfill \\ (solid)(solution)(solid)(solution) \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ structure. Guinier photographs were completely indexed in space group Pnca. Magnetic hyperfine splitting of the zero field Mossbauer spectrum below 12.5 K indicates a three-dimensional magnetically ordered state which susceptibility results show to be weakly ferromagnetic owing to probable canting of antiferromagnetically coupled sublattices.