cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic evidence for alloparental care and frequent multiple paternity in the brooding sea star (Leptasterias sp.)

Echinoderms form an abundant and ecologically important group of marine animals, and they are found in nearly every marine environment, from shallow tropical waters to deep polar benthos and even in the pelagic zone. They exhibit a wide diversity of reproductive strategies that range from broadcasting millions of gametes, with no parental care, to internal brooding of a few embryos for several weeks. While many echinoderm species have become model systems for studies of community ecology, evolutionary genetics, and development biology, very little is known about the distribution of mating and reproductive success in natural populations. In this study, we examined patterns of genetic maternity and paternity in the six-rayed sea star Leptasterias sp., an important predator of many intertidal communities and a species that exhibits maternal care of embryos. We used next-generation sequencing to rapidly develop informative microsatellite markers for this species, and used these markers to genotype 439 juveniles across 15 broods collected from the intertidal in Fogarty Creek, Oregon, USA. Our data show an unambiguous pattern of multiple paternity in all but one clutch examined, with some broods showing some of the highest levels of polyandry reported for a marine invertebrate. Moreover, we detected two cases of mixed maternity in which a female sea star carried another mother’s offspring mixed with her own. Alloparental care by females is rare, and since female Leptasterias do not eat during the 40–60 days brooding period, this expensive behavior may provide a useful system for examining the evolutionary costs and benefits of parental care in dynamic intertidal environments.
Standardization and reproducibility of sonographic stomach position grades in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of stomach position grading in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) as proposed by Cordier et al and Basta et al after standardization of the methods at our center. METHODS We collected sonographic images from 23 fetuses with left-sided CDH at our center from 2010 to 2018. Nine operators (one maternal fetal medicine expert and eight sonographers) reviewed the selected images and graded the stomach position according to the methods of Cordier et al and Basta et al. We assessed the interoperator agreement with Fleiss's kappa statistics. RESULTS Overall agreement amongst all operators was moderate for both methods proposed by Cordier et al (k = 0.60, SE 0.07, 95% CI 0.47-0.73, P < .0001) and Basta et al (k = 0.60, SE 0.06, 95% CI 0.47-0.73, P < .0001). Interoperator agreement was moderate for grade 3 with the method by Cordier et al (k = 0.45, SE 0.09, 95% CI 0.27-0.64, P < .0001) and fair for grade 4 with the method by Basta et al (k = 0.33, SE 0.08, 95% CI 0.18-0.49 P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a fair to moderate interoperator agreement of the stomach position grading methods proposed in the literature after standardization of the methods at our center. Further multicenter studies are needed to confirm our results.
Life As I Don't Know It.

Peter Magolda, a twelve-year veteran in higher education, spent eighteen months closely observing students at a small residential college and came away humbled. He found that he really hadn't known...
Survival of sheep and goats fed salt marsh plants.

Two penned groups of sheep and goats were fed on the fresh aerial parts of H. strobileceum, a salt marsh plant, in an attempt to determine their ability to survive and maintain themselves when fed this plant as the sole constituent of their diet, or as a gradual replacement for hay. Voluntary intake was recorded; rumen and blood matabolites such as rumen ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), free fatty acids (FFAs), serum urea-nitrogen (SUN), sodium (Na), potassium (K), glutamic oxalocetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyrovic transminase (GPT) levels were measured.
The Effect of Symbol Background Color on the Speed of Locating Targets by Adults Without Disabilities: Implications for Augmentative and Alternative Communication Display Design

Purpose Previous research with children with and without disabilities has demonstrated that visual–perceptual factors can influence the speech of locating a target on an array. Adults without disab...
Linear Elliptic Operators

Fundamental solutions are very useful in the theory of partial differential equations. Among many applications, they are used, e.g., in solving non-homogeneous equations like (1.4.13), and in telling us about the regularity and growth of solutions. We have proved a general existence and uniqueness theorem (Theorem 1.4.2). We will now prove that every partial differential operator L(D) with constant coefficients has a fundamental solution. This result which was a conjecture until 1954 when it was established independently by Ehrenpreis (1954) and Malgrange (1955), together with the definition of hypoellipticity, implies that a differential operator with constant coefficients is hypoelliptic iff it has a fundamental solution which belongs to the class C ∞ in a region that does not contain the origin. The existence of a tempered fundamental solution for a partial differential operator with constant coefficients was proved by Hormander (1958). We will derive fundamental solutions for the classical elliptic differential operators, like the Laplace, Helmholtz, and Cauchy-Riemann operators, and also a method for constructing fundamental solutions for homogeneous elliptic operators, and discuss maximum principle. Specific applications in the area of boundary element methods will be discussed in Chapter 10.
Role of correlation in systematic variation modeling

Systematic process variation is typically modeled using process corners where parameter range is set at the time of corner generation. Recent efforts to reduce design guard bands has led to considerable interest in more accurate random variable (RV) based models of systematic process variation, typically known as Universal Variation Model (UVM) or Die to Die (D2D) model. In this work, we show the important, and so far unrecognized, role that the fine structure of parameter correlations plays in accurate modeling of electrical measurement (E-Test) distributions. We also provide an intuitive reasoning to help understand why simple correlation coefficient is insufficient. Finally, we develop a statistical model, compatible with simulation tools, that accurately captures the fine structure of parameter correlations.
Outcome of patients with non-metastatic versus metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) treated with second-line hormonal therapy consisting of ketoconazole (keto) plus granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF).

4626 Background: Second line hormonal manipulations are frequently used in pts with HRPC. It is unknown if these manipulations are more effective in patients without clinical metastases. The effica...
What are the benefits of delisting endangered species and who receives them?: Lessons from the gray wolf recovery in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract This paper uses a spatial predator-prey model to provide insights into the complex and politically charged management of species recently removed from the federal endangered species list. The model is motivated by the recently delisted gray wolf with spatiotemporal dynamics between elk, wolves, hunters, cattle ranchers, and the tourism industry in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. State wildlife managers set hunting rates for elk and wolves to maximize the discounted net benefits from tourism, hunting, cattle grazing, and non-use values that accrue to the area while ensuring a minimum viable wolf population meant to prevent extinction. We show that the cost of wolf conservation paid by residents and visitors to the area falls substantially after delisting. These costs savings arise by taking advantage of differences in habitats and economies across the region resulting in an unequal spatial distribution of wolves and of wolf hunting opportunities. The cost savings from delisting are reduced when a more even distribution of wolves and hunting opportunity is achieved, highlighting a bioeconomic equity-efficiency tradeoff. Finally, we show that current livestock compensation programs cannot decrease the discrepancy between state and federal management following delisting but propose a federally-funded alternative that can.
Further validation of the motivations for electronic interaction scale

Many individuals use social media on a daily basis worldwide. Social media use has both positive and negative effects on mental health, which may be based on an individuals’ reasons for utilizing social media sites. The Motivations for Electronic Interaction Scale (MEIS; Nesi & Prinstein, 2015) was developed to assess attitudes and behaviors regarding the use of social media sites, allowing researchers to examine how motivation for social media site use relates to other important variables. Because there is no existing factor structure for the MEIS in the published literature, the current study seeks to gain an increased understanding of the underlying structure of the MEIS through exploratory factor analysis. Further, it has not been validated with a college student population. In an effort to gain an increased understanding of the construct validity of the MEIS, researchers performed an exploratory factor analysis on the MEIS with a sample of 643 college students. Results yielded a 22-item five-factor model with the following factors: Sexual Health, Feedback Seeking, Social Comparison, Emotion Regulation, and Romantic Communication. The current study’s identification and statistical support for differing subscales of the MEIS suggests it is a valuable tool for further exploration of social media use motivations.
Fossil Record of Viruses, Parasitic Bacteria and Parasitic Protozoa

Fossil evidence of ancient pathogens is rare and limited mostly to specimens associated with arthropod vectors in amber. In various fossil vectors is evidence of cytoplasmic and nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, pathogenic spirochetes, rickettsia, actinomycetes and protozoa. Also present in amber are examples of fossil virus-like tumors and indirect evidence of iridoviruses, polydnaviruses, pathogenic bacteria and protozoans. Many of these pathogens resemble those being transmitted today to a range of vertebrate hosts by arthropod vectors. Based on these findings, it is clear that invertebrate and vertebrate viruses, as well as a range of pathogenic bacteria and protozoa, were well established by the mid-Cretaceous.
Describing the Unobserved and Other Essays : Unspeakable Sentences after Unspeakable Sentences, edited by Sylvie Patron,

The seven essays gathered in this volume are all concerned, more or less directly, with the “unspeakable sentences” of fictional narration, that is, sentences that do not bear any explicit mark nor any implicit indication of a first person and which are not interpretable as the expression of a speaker’s subjectivity. Chief among them are the sentences of free indirect style, which this book prefers to call sentences of “represented speech and thought.” All of these essays were written after the publication of Unspeakable Sentences: Narration and Representation in the Language of Fiction (1982). They take up its theoretical frameworks and extend its analyses into other contexts, where they acquire other uses, other functions, and other values. Taken as a whole, this work bears witness to the richness and vitality of the encounter between linguistics, philosophy, and the theory and analysis of narrative and the novel.
Participatory Algorithmic Management: Elicitation Methods for Worker Well-Being Models

Artificial intelligence is increasingly being used to manage the workforce. Algorithmic management promises organizational efficiency, but often undermines worker well-being. How can we computationally model worker well-being so that algorithmic management can be optimized for and assessed in terms of worker well-being? Toward this goal, we propose a participatory approach for worker well-being models. We first define worker well-being models: Work preference models---preferences about work and working conditions, and managerial fairness models---beliefs about fair resource allocation among multiple workers. We then propose elicitation methods to enable workers to build their own well-being models leveraging pairwise comparisons and ranking. As a case study, we evaluate our methods in the context of algorithmic work scheduling with 25 shift workers and 3 managers. The findings show that workers expressed idiosyncratic work preference models and more uniform managerial fairness models, and the elicitation methods helped workers discover their preferences and gave them a sense of empowerment. Our work provides a method and initial evidence for enabling participatory algorithmic management for worker well-being.
Monogenic Lupus

Purpose of Review Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease known for its clinical heterogeneity. Over time, new insights into the complex genetic origin of SLE have started to explain some of this clinical variability. These findings, reviewed here, have also yielded important understanding in the immune mechanisms behind SLE pathogenesis.
Augmenting Coverage Control with Robot-Environment Dependency for Multi-Robot Systems

This paper presents the development of an augmented coverage control policy for a team of autonomous robots. Current coverage control strategies optimize coverage by dynamically regulating the positions of the robotic agents. This is achieved through the design of optimal control policies with respect to cost functions that characterize the desired coverage scenarios. Although several extensions related to various scenarios such as agent heterogeneity and time-varying densities exist, control designs that incorporate and analyze robot-environment dependencies are not well addressed in the literature. In this paper, we propose a novel coverage control strategy that improves coverage performance of the multi-agent team by incorporating robot-environment dependency into its design. Stability and performance of the proposed strategy are analyzed and numerical simulations are presented to quantify the efficacy of the strategy. Our results demonstrate enhancements over standard coverage control, especially in practical environments governed by multimodal density functions.
Lipid mediated Signaling

ENZYME SYSTEMS INVOLVED IN LIPID-MEDIATED SIGNALING Methods for Measuring the Activity and Expression of Phospholipases A2 Prerna Rastogi, Janhavi Sharma, and Jane McHowat Methods of Measuring the Activity and Expression of Phospholipases C Ryan A. Frieler, John A. Watt, and Thad A. Rosenberger Methods for Measuring the Activity and Expression of Phospholipase D Wenjuan Su and Michael A. Frohman Methods for Measuring the Activity and Expression of Diacylglycerol Kinase Kaoru Goto, Yasukazu Hozumi, Tomoyuki Nakano, Alberto M. Martelli, and Hisatake Kondo Methods for Measuring Endocannabinoid Production and Expression and Activity of Enzymes Involved in the Endocannabinoid System Tiziana Bisogno, Luciano De Petrocellis, and Vincenzo Di Marzo MASS SPECTROMETRY METHODS FOR LIPID ANALYSIS Mass Spectrometry Methods for the Analysis of Phospholipid Molecular Species Analysis: A Shotgun Lipidomics Approach Xianlin Han, Hua Cheng, Xuntian Jiang, and Youchun Zeng Mass Spectrometry Methods for the Analysis of Bioactive Sphingolipids: A High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Approach Jacek Bielawski, Motohiro Tani, and Yusuf A. Hannun Mass Spectrometry Methods for the Analysis of Oxidant Stress in Biological Fluids and Tissues: Quantification of F2-Isoprostanes and F4-Neuroprostanes Using Mass Spectrometry Ginger L. Milne and Jason D. Morrow LIPID-MEDIATED REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION Methods for Assessing the Role of Lipid-Activated Nuclear Receptors in the Regulation of Gene Transcription Jenny Kaeding, Jocelyn Trottier, and Olivier Barbier Fluorescence Methods to Assess the Impact of Lipid Binding Proteins on Ligand-Mediated Activation of Gene Expression Heather A. Hostetler, Avery L. McIntosh, Anca D. Petrescu, Huan Huang, Barbara P. Atshaves, Eric J. Murphy, Ann B. Kier, and Friedhelm Schroeder METHODS TO ASSESS FATTY ACID AND PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM Methods for Measuring Fatty Acids Using Chromatographic Techniques Gwendolyn Barcelo-Coblijn, Cameron C. Murphy, and Eric J. Murphy Methods for Measuring Fatty Acid Uptake and Targeting in Cultured Cells and In Vivo Paul G. Millner, Serena M. Lackman, and Eric J. Murphy Methods for Kinetic Analysis of Fatty Acid Incorporation and Turnover In Vivo: A Steady-State Kinetic Radiotracer Approach Dhaval P. Bhatt and Thad A. Rosenberger
Determination of agmatine using isotope dilution UPLC-tandem mass spectrometry: application to the characterization of the arginine decarboxylase pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

A method has been developed for the direct determination of agmatine in bacterial culture supernatants using isotope dilution ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Agmatine determination in bacterial supernatants is comprised of spiking culture or isolate supernatants with a fixed concentration of uniformly labeled 13C5,15N4-agmatine (synthesized by decarboxylation of uniformly labeled 13C6,15N4-arginine using arginine decarboxylase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa) as an internal standard, followed by derivatization with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBDF) to improve the reversed-phase chromatographic retention characteristics of agmatine, as well as the selectivity and sensitivity of UPLC-MS/MS detection of this amine in complex biologically derived mixtures. Intrasample precisions for measurement of agmatine in culture supernatants average 4.1 % (relative standard deviation). Calibration curves are linear over the range 5 nM to 10 μM, and the detection limit is estimated at 1.5 nM. To demonstrate the utility of the method, agmatine levels in supernatants of overnight cultures of wild-type (UCBPP-PA14), as well as arginine decarboxylase and agmatine deiminase mutant strains of P. aeruginosa strain UCBPP-PA14 were measured. This method verified that the mutant strains are lacking the specific metabolic capabilities to produce and metabolize agmatine. In addition, measurement of agmatine in supernatants of a panel of clinical isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis revealed that three of the P. aeruginosa isolates hyper-secreted agmatine into the supernatant, hypothesized to be a result of a mutation in the aguA gene. Because agmatine has potential inflammatory activities in the lung, this phenotype may be a virulence factor for P. aeruginosa in the lung environment of cystic fibrosis patients.
Insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathways and resistance to farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH66336 (Lonafarnib) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 1267 Purpose: The farnesyltransferase inhibitors exhibit antitumor activities in a limited number of cancer cells; however, the mechanism that induces resistance to FTI treatment is still incompletely understood. In this study, we studied the molecular mechanism that interferes with the activities of FTIs, especially [SCH66336][1], in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. Methods: The effects of [SCH66336][1] and its combination with inhibitors of IGF-1R signaling components on proliferation and apoptosis were assessed in a subset of HNSCC cell lines in vitro by the MTT assay, a flow cytometry-based TUNEL assay, and western blot analyses. The specific role of the survivin in the mechanisms inducing [SCH66336][1] resistance in HNSCC cells were assessed with synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNA). Results: [SCH66336][1] showed a variable level antiproliferative and apoptotic activities in HNSCC cell lines. We found that [SCH66336][1] suppressed protein expression of survivin, one of the IAP family, and that [SCH66336][1] sensitivity correlated with survivin regulation by the drug. The interference of survivin expression in [SCH66336][1]-insensitive HNSCC cell lines by the transfection with siRNA induced apoptosis in [SCH66336][1]-insensitive HNSCC cell lines. While searching for signaling mechanisms that induce [SCH66336][1]-mediated increase in survivin expression in HNSCC cells, we found that IGF-1R signaling pathway has a major role in controlling survivin expression. In addition, [SCH66336][1] stimulated IGF-1R in [SCH66336][1]-insensitive HNSCC cells. Moreover, combined treatment with [SCH66336][1] and inhibitors of IGFR signaling pathway showed synergistically enhanced antiproliferative effects, which were accompanied by induction of apoptosis. Conclusion: [SCH66336][1] appears to stimulate IGF-IR signaling pathway, which in turn induces survivin expression and resistance to the [SCH66336][1] treatment in HNSCC cells. These results suggest that simultaneous treatment with inhibitors of IGF signaling pathway and [SCH66336][1] might be an effective therapeutic strategy against HNSCC. Supported in by the W81XWH-04-1-0142-01-VITAL from the Department of Defense (to W. K. Hong); National Institutes of Health Grants R01 CA109520-01 (to H-Y. Lee) and CA100816-01A1 (to H-Y. Lee), National American Cancer Society, RSG-04-082-01-TBE 01(to H-Y. Lee) [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=GENPEPT&access_num=SCH66336&atom=%2Fcanres%2F66%2F8_Supplement%2F299.3.atom
On the Role of a Palmityl Thioesterase in Fatty Acid Elongation

Abstract Elongation of palmityl-CoA to longer chain fatty acids by the high molecular weight fatty acid synthetase from Mycobacterium phlei requires a factor present in boiled mycobacterial extracts in addition to and distinct from the polysaccharides (3 - O - methylmannose - containing polysaccharide (MMP) or lipopolysaccharide that contains 6-O-methylglucose and glucose (MGLP)) which support the de novo synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA in this system. This elongation factor (EF) has been purified 46-fold and is shown to be a protein with a molecular weight of about 10,500. EF catalyzes the hydrolysis of long chain acyl-CoA derivatives and the following evidence indicates that it functions as a thioesterase in palmityl-CoA elongation. (a) Elongation and thioesterase activities show parallel chain-length specificities for acyl thioesters from C10 to C18. (b) The two activities are inactivated at similar rates on heating at 50°. (c) Elongation and thioesterase activities migrate the same distance on gel electrophoresis at pH 8.5. (d) Thioesterase I from Escherichia coli can replace EF in stimulating palmityl-CoA elongation by the Mycobacterium phlei fatty acid synthetase. (e) Free coenzyme A, in adequate concentrations, stimulates palmityl-CoA elongation as effectively as EF. It is concluded that EF, by virtue of its thioesterase activity, adjusts intracellular concentrations of palmityl-CoA and free CoA to levels which are favorable for chain elongation. The regulatory significance of thioesterase activities is discussed.
Dopamine Control of Gene Expression in Basal Ganglia Nuclei: Striatal and Nonstriatal Mechanisms

Publisher Summary Although the effects of dopamine depletion and dopamine receptor blockade on gene expression, have been studied not only in the striatum, but also in other regions of the basal ganglia and the brain, most of the attention has been devoted to the effects of dopamine on gene regulation in the striatum. In an effort to examine changes in gene expression caused by alterations in dopaminergic transmission in regions of the basal ganglia that received striatal inputs, the effects of nigrostriatal lesions and haloperidol administration on the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (Mr 67,000: GAD 67) mRNA in the globus pallidus have been examined. Measuring GAD mRNA offers a distinct opportunity to obtain information on the GABAergic efferent neurons of this region, because, in contrast to GAD or GABA, the mRNA is contained in their cell bodies, not in the terminals of striatal neurons projecting to the pallidus. Although there is evidence that GABA and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors decrease in the globus pallidus after prolonged alteration in dopamine transmission, less is known about other molecules that are likely to play a role in changes in neuronal activity. One intriguing possibility is that prolonged changes in neuronal firing are associated with changes in expression of ion channels, in particular, potassium channels, which are known to influence the pattern of neuronal firing.
Establishment of a transfusion clinic

Summary 1. The establishment of an outpatient transfusion clinic is described. 2. Type O washed red blood cells obtained from the Red Cross Blood Donor Center are used exclusively. These are supplied free and are essential to the maintenance of the clinic. It is to be hoped that these cells will be available in the postwar period. 3. The case histories of six patients with severe Mediterranean anemia are presented. These patients formerly had many serious illnesses and required frequent hospitalizations. Since attending the transfusion clinic they have been in good health, and the five older children have attended school regularly for the first time. The first two patients admitted to the clinic have now been followed for seventeen months. 4. An outpatient clinic of the type described can probably be organized to treat any form of chronic anemia requiring repeated interval transfusions.
CCK-JMV-180, an analog of cholecystokinin, releases intracellular calcium from an inositol trisphosphate-independent pool in rat pancreatic acini

In pancreatic acinar cells cholecystokinin and its analogs, caerulein and CCK-JMV-180, stimulate an increase in intracellular free [Ca2+] by releasing Ca2+ from non-mitochondrial intracellular pools. It is generally believed that the caerulein-induced release of Ca2+ is mediated by phospholipase C-catalyzed production of 1,4,5-inositol triphosphate (IP3). In this study we have investigated the source and mechanism of Ca2+ release induced by CCK-JMV-180 using streptolysin O-permeabilized pancreatic acinar cells. Caerulein-stimulated release of Ca2+ was completely blocked by either neomycin, an inhibitor of phospholipase C, or by heparin, an IP3 receptor antagonist. These observations are compatible with the conclusion that caerulein releases Ca2+ from an IP3-sensitive pool. In contrast to caerulein, however, CCK-JMV-180-stimulated release of Ca2+ was not blocked by either neomycin or by heparin, indicating that CCK-JMV-180 releases Ca2+ by mechanisms which do not involve the generation or action of IP3. CCK-JMV-180 stimulated the release of Ca2+ even after the IP3-sensitive pool had been completely emptied by prior exposure to a supramaximally stimulating concentration of IP3 (40 microM). Prestimulation of permeabilized acini with 20 mM caffeine did not abolish the CCK-JMV-180-induced Ca2+ release. These results indicate that CCK-JMV-180 stimulates release of Ca2+ from a hitherto uncharacterized intracellular storage pool which is insensitive to either IP3 or caffeine.
S1 Analysis of Messenger RNA Using Single‐Stranded DNA Probes

This method takes advantage of the ability of oligonucleotides to be efficiently labeled to a high specific activity at the 5' end through the use of kinase. The oligonucleotide is hybridized to a specific single-stranded template containing the complementary sequence to the oligonucleotide, and this hybrid is extended through the use of the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I. The mixture is cut with a restriction enzyme to give the probe a defined 3' end, and the probe is isolated on an alkaline agarose gel. Before using this protocol it is first helpful to have an M13 clone. If this is unavailable, a double-stranded plasmid clone of the region to be studied may be used, as described in an alternate protocol. Another alternate protocol describes the use of long oligonucleotides as probes for S1 analysis (useful for rapid and easy quantitation of the level of mRNA produced from a characterized promoter). For the mapping of the 5' end of an RNA species, hybridization of the probe to RNA is then carried out. S1 nuclease is added to digest all of the unhybridized portion of the probe. Electrophoresis of the hybrid on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel allows a determination of the length of the remaining DNA fragment. This length equals the distance between the 5' end of the probe to the 5' end of the RNA, defining the transcriptional start site to the nucleotide. By performing the hybridization reaction in vast probe excess, quantitation of the relative amounts of RNA can be estimated between samples.
PI3K/AKT Pathway and Brain Malformations

Investigators from Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, and collaborating institutions sought to evaluate 10 genes in the PI3K/AKT pathway as it relates epileptogenic brain malformations in patients with megalencephaly, hemimegalencephaly, and focal cortical dysplasia.
Political Science and Publicity

Should political science be publicly relevant? Instead of furnishing a direct answer, I propose to complicate the question. Yet in doing so, I will indicate an answer. And the answer is yes, political science should be publicly relevant – but not in any simple sense, since ‘political science', ‘should’ and indeed ‘publicly relevant’ are less straightforward than they might seem. In what follows I will first complicate the questions posed to political science. I will proceed to reflect on the connection between publication – one of the central activities of all science, including political science – and publicity. I will then briefly tell a story about the journal that I edit, Perspectives on Politics, and the distinctive mission of this journal, which is to serve as ‘a political science public sphere'. I will conclude with some brief reflections on the best ways of thinking about how political science can and should be ‘publicly relevant'.
Safety of RBC apheresis and whole blood donation in allogeneic and autologous blood donors

Automated red cell collection is now a well-established technology. As with any new method, the risks and benefits must be weighed against older approaches, in this case manual collection. Although widely perceived to be safe, manual collection is associated with a number of potential complications, some of which can be serious, even debilitating. The safety record of 2-RBC and other RBC automated procedures is excellent. Physiologic, cardiovascular, and neurocognitive responses are modest and fall within those seen for manual collection. The long term effects related to erythropoietic response and iron loss are manageable and are similar to the effects of repeated whole blood donation. The collection of whole blood by manual means has been performed for nearly a century and as result the safety of this procedure is assumed. Conversely, the safety of automated collection in general and particularly RBC has had to "prove" itself, primarily because it is much more recent and is a different paradigm. Millions of procedures have been performed using both approaches. The blood donor, the "raw material" which makes hemotherapy possible, is the essential enabler in these processes. This article examines the complications of both manual and automated RBC collection.
THE USE OF COLOR‐CODED GENOGRAMS IN FAMILY THERAPY

A variable color-coding system has been added to the standard family genogram. Characteristics or issues associated with a particular presenting problem or for a particular family are arbitrarily assigned a color. The family is then asked to mark each family member with the colors that represent characteristics that fit. Advantages of the color-coding are presented, followed by clinical examples of the color-coding as an assessment tool and as a family task during treatment.
Root diseases in bareroot and container nurseries of the Pacific Northwest: epidemiology, management, and effects on outplanting performance

In forest and conservation nurseries in the Pacific Northwest USA, seedling production can be limited by root diseases caused by fungi in the genera Fusarium Link:Fr., Cylindrocarpon Wollenw., Phytophthora de Barry, and Pythium Pringsh. Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon, and Pythium are the most ubiquitous, whereas incidence of Phytophthora is mostly associated with coastal bareroot nurseries. All of these root pathogens are encouraged by water saturated soils or media. Seedlings infected with Fusarium, Phytophthora, or Pythium often appear chlorotic or necrotic with extensive root decay. Cylindrocarpon often causes serious root decay without shoot symptoms. The best approach to mitigate losses from these diseases is to use a holistic integrated pest management program. This program should combine chemical controls with cultural practices, particularly those that increase soil permeability and drainage and reduce potential sources of inoculum, especially by disinfesting seeds and containers reused for crops. In general, we found that seedlings meeting nursery specifications for outplanting on forest soil (proper height, root collar diameter, healthy shoot color, lack of disease symptoms) but having these disease organisms on their root systems perform as well as non-infected seedlings.
Me Tarzan, You Jane

Hurford considers the earliest forms of human communication and the development of the grammars that enable communication and underlie all languages.
Grant funding for libraries

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the sources for grants funding available to librariesDesign/methodology/approach – The author provides a narrative article.Findings – A number of funding sources – both government and private – exist for academic, special, and public libraries.Originality/value – Practical suggestions on where to look for possible grants funding. Additional reading on grants preparation is also provided.
Precursors for Assembly of Supramolecules Containing Quadruply Bonded Cr24+ Units: Systematic Preparation of Cr2(formamidinate)n(acetate)4–n (n = 2–4)

Four quadruply bonded dichromium complexes with mixed-ligand sets, Cr2(formamidinate)n(acetate)4–n (n = 2–4), were synthesized from reactions of anhydrous Cr2(O2CCH3)4 and formamidinate anions. The Cr–Cr bond lengths fall in the range for “supershort” Cr–Cr bonds as they vary from 1.8897(5) A to 2.012(1) A. The distance variation depends on the presence or absence of weak axial interactions. Because formamidinate ligands are less labile than acetate groups, these compounds may be useful building blocks for the construction of neutral supramolecules having dichromium units linked by polydentate dianions.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
What Shall We Do with the Data We are Expecting from Upcoming Earth Observation Satellites

Abstract The community of researchers studying global climate change is preparing to launch the first Earth observing system (EOS) satellite, EOS Terra. The satellite will generate huge amounts of data, filling gaps in the information available to address critical questions about Earth's climate. But many data handling and data analysis problems must be solved if we are to make best use of the new measurements. In key areas, the experience and expertise of the statistics community could be of great help.
Bulk and localized oxygen concentration measurements of steam-oxidized zircaloy-4 using nuclear analysis techniques

Quantitative measurement of both bulk and localized oxygen concentrations is of importance in the study of oxidation kinetics. We describe the combined application of two nuclear techniques, fast neutron activation analysis and (d, p) nuclear microprobe, to the determination of oxygen concentrations and surface profiles for steam-oxidized Zircaloy-4 cladding specimens. Results of measurements using these techniques are presented.
Influence of Shallow Cumuli on Subcloud Turbulence Fluxes Analyzed from Aircraft Data

Abstract The purpose of this study is to improve understanding of shallow cumuli in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) by quantitatively analysing subcloud turbulence variables. Aircraft turbulence data for three flights from the 1986 Hydrologic–Atmospheric Pilot Experiment project over southwest France is extensively analyzed in terms of both cumulus regime and eddy dimensions. The turbulent part of any variable has been divided into three spatial frequency bands to estimate the scale-dependent effects of cumuli on the total turbulent fluxes and energy at several levels within the subcloud layer. Case 1 (21 May) had strong active (positively buoyant) cumuli that were deep and large in diameter; additionally, there were weak active cumuli that were shallow and small in diameter. Case 2 (9 May) had weak active cumuli with a smaller vertical depth, and case 3 (13 June) had only forced (negatively buoyant) cumuli. The National Center of Atmospheric Research King Air aircraft made gust probe measurements alon...
Abstract 1710: Quantitative 3D mapping of total choline in human breast cancer using high-speed MR spectroscopic imaging at 3T

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL INTRODUCTION We report initial experience with 3D mapping of tCho to monitor treatment response in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy to predict outcome [1]. METHOD Eleven patients aged: 28 - 77 years with biopsy-confirmed, infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) were studied before and during neoadjuvant therapy. Data were collected on a 3T MR scanner equipped with 8- and 16-channel breast array using PRESS volume prelocalized 3D high-speed Proton-Echo-Planar-Spectroscopic-Imaging (PEPSI) [2] with MEGA lipid suppression (TR/TE=2000ms/135ms, matrix size up to 32×16×8, voxel size=1cc, scan time: 10 minutes including a water reference scan). Spectral quantification was performed using LCModel-based spectral fitting in reference to tissue water [3] using a customized basis set with empirically modeled Lorentzian singlet peaks to account for broad and irregular line shapes of residual lipid signals, relaxation correction and automated spectral quality thresholds. RESULTS Strongly elevated tCho with mean concentrations up to 5.1 mmol/kg was measured in 7 patients with single and multi-centric enhancing lesions (Table 1). Decreases in tCho concentration and number of voxels with detectable tCho were measured in 4 patients who underwent neoadjuvant therapy. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study demonstrates feasibility of quantitative 3D mapping of tCho in invasive breast carcinoma and assessment of regional tCho changes during neoadjuvent therapy. The long-term goal is to utilize 3D high-speed MRSI as an early predictor of treatment failure in women undergoing neoadjuvant therapy. REFERENCES [1] Danishad, A., et al. NMR Biomed. 2010; 23: 233-241. [2] Posse, S., et al., Magn Reson Med, 1997. 37(6): p. 858-65. [3] Provencher et al MRM 1993. GRANT SUPPORT: NIH, DoD, UNM Cancer Center. ![Figure][1] Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1710. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1710 [1]: pending:yes
A low molecular weight glycosaminoglycan from the human aorta.

A low mol.wt, dialyzable glycosaminoglycan was isolated from human aorta and was found to be homogeneous on 2 dimensional electrophoresis. As judged by its electrophoretic mobilities and its hydrolysis by chondroitin sulfatase ABC, it was concluded that this hitherto unknown glycosaminoglycan is an oversulfated chondroitin sulfate.
A high molecular weight collagenase inhibitor made by rabbit chondrocytes in cell culture.

Abstract A new, high molecular weight (66,000 daltons) inhibitor of collagenase (LCI) has been isolated and partially characterized. It accounted for 20% of the collagenase-inhibitory activity in the supernatants of rabbit chondrocytes cultured in 10% acid-treated fetal bovine serum (ATFBS). LCI was stable to 60 °C and sensitive to reduction and alkylation. Unlike a low molecular weight collagenase inhibitor, similar to Tissue Inhibitor of Metallo-Proteinases (TIMP), it did not bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B.
The notorious John White Webster: guilty or innocent?

In today’s world, celebrity trials have become commonplace. But, a century and a half ago, it was almost unheard of for a man of position and influence to be put on trial, especially for murder. Such was the case of John White Webster, Erving Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy at Harvard Medical School, who, in 1850, was accused of the murder of a man just as prominent, George Parkman, another physician and one of the wealthiest men in Boston. So began, what can fairly be called, the case of the century.
The Effect of Location and Congruency of Text Ads on Information Search

Almost half of all advertising revenues are attributed to the sponsored links on pages generated by search engines (IAB, 2008). This drives the need to better understand how users view and search the contents of a search engine results page that includes sponsored links. In the current study, we manipulated whether target information was located in sponsored links at the top or on the right side of a search result page. We also manipulated the congruency of the sponsored ad content. Results indicate that the target location influenced search performance but not recall. Congruency, on the other hand, did not influence search performance or recall. Also, task success did not influence recall. This might indicate that location is a stronger determinant for search task success than the semantic relevance of the sponsored links with the search query. Target location influenced fixations on the main results, top and side sponsored links.
Mechanisms of Sn Hillock Growth in Vacuum by In Situ Nanoindentation in a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Nanoindentation is an excellent technique to quantitatively probe the Sn film surface and to introduce controlled compressive stresses. In this work, we have conducted a long-term study of whisker growth in Sn films plated on Cu. In situ indentations were conducted in a scanning electron microscope under vacuum, to elucidate the effect of whiskering without significant oxidation. The evolution of whisker growth up to 1500 h was studied. Measurements of whisker height and width were used to determine the relationship between nodule volume and time. Extensive nodule growth was observed at indentations. Competing mass flow between indentations was observed, with some indentations exhibiting extensive growth, while the growth of others arrested within 100 h. It can be postulated that, when stresses are relieved slowly, hillock heights grow nearly linearly over time. When stress is relieved quickly, a sigmoidal-type curve (arresting growth) is predicted.
Evidence for contagious behaviors in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): An observational study of yawning and stretching

Yawning is contagious in humans and some non-human primates. If there are social functions to contagious behaviors, such as yawning, they might occur in other highly social vertebrates. To investigate this possibility, we conducted an observational study of yawning and an associated behavior, stretching, in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), a social, flock-living parrot. Flock-housed budgerigars were videotaped for 1.5h at three time-blocks during the day (early morning, afternoon and early evening), and the times of all yawns and stretches for each bird were recorded. Both yawning and stretching were temporally clumped within sessions, but were uniformly distributed across the trials of a particular time-block. This suggests that clumping was not a result of circadian patterning and that both behaviors could be contagious. There was additional evidence of contagion in stretching, which occurred in two forms - a posterior-dorsal extension of either one foot or both feet. Birds that could have observed a conspecific stretch, and that then stretched themselves within 20s, replicated the form of the earlier stretch significantly more often than expected by chance. This study provides the first detailed description of temporal patterns of yawning under social conditions in a flock-living species as well as the first support for contagious yawning and stretching in a non-primate species in a natural context. Experimental evidence will be necessary to confirm the extent of contagion in either behavior.
Paracentral acute middle maculopathy in nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion.

Purpose To better characterize a novel spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) presentation, termed paracentral acute middle maculopathy, to describe this finding in patients with nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), and to support a proposed pathogenesis of intermediate and deep retinal capillary ischemia. Design Retrospective observational case series. Methods Clinical histories, high-resolution digital color imaging, red-free photography, fluorescein angiography, near-infrared reflectance, and spectral-domain OCT images of 484 patients with acute CRVO from 2 centers were evaluated for the presence of coexisting paracentral acute middle maculopathy. Results Of 484 patients diagnosed with CRVO, 25 (5.2%) demonstrated evidence of concurrent paracentral acute middle maculopathy. Patients averaged 51 years of age and presented with complaints of paracentral scotomas. All patients demonstrated hyper-reflective plaquelike lesions at the level of the inner nuclear layer by spectral-domain OCT and showed corresponding dark-gray lesions on near-infrared reflectance and perivenular deep retinal whitening on color fundus photography. There was no fluorescein angiographic correlate to these lesions. On follow-up spectral-domain OCT imaging, the lesions had resolved into areas of inner nuclear layer atrophy with persistence of scotomas. Conclusions Paracentral acute middle maculopathy refers to characteristic hyper-reflective spectral-domain OCT lesions involving the middle layers of the retina at the level of the inner nuclear layer that may develop in response to ischemia of the intermediate and deep capillary plexuses. This series is the largest to describe this spectral-domain OCT finding to date, and it is the first to associate it with nonischemic CRVO.
Slow channel calcium activators, a new group of pharmacological agents

Abstract Specific calcium channels in myocardium and vascular smooth muscle and pharmacologic agents which possess the ability to block them have been the subject of intense research over the past several years. Many studies have utilized dihydropyridine derivatives (e.g. nifedipine, nitrendipine, nisoldipine) which have been shown to be efficacious inhibitors of calcium influx through voltage sensitive slow channels. Administration of these agents results in vascular smooth muscle relaxation and negative inotropic effects. Recently, novel dihydropyridines such as Bay k 8644, CGP 28 392 and YC-170, with actions diametrically opposed to those of compounds typified by nifedipine have been synthesized. These agents demonstrate vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects — actions which might be expected of compounds capable of stimulating the transmembrane influx of calcium into vascular smooth muscle and myocardium. Actions of Bay k 8644 and CGP 28 392 studied in vitro and in vivo have also shown that pharmacological blockade of beta or alpha adrenergic receptors does not influence the direct effects of these agents. Future analogs, with similar but more selective actions on myocardial calcium channels, may prove useful in the management of pathologic states characterized by insufficient contractile function of the heart.