cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and mechanisms of dopexamine in the prevention of ischemia-reperfusion induced organ damage: role of oxygen free radicals.

The studies reported in this article provide evidence that several complex mechanisms are involved in the ability of dopexamine HCl (DPX) in preventing ischemia-reperfusion induced organ damage. In a canine model of hemorrhagic shock in which shed-blood was reinfused, DPX prevented deterioration in renal blood flow via an action on β-2 and DA-1 receptors, whereas its ability to preserve tubular function was essentially due its agonistic effects on DA-1 receptors. In a different experimental model in anesthetized rats, acute generation of oxygen free radicals (OFR) via intravenous administration of Xanthine (X) followed by Xanthine Oxidase (XO) resulted in depression of circulation and death of more than 80% of the animals within the observation period of 120 min. Pretreatment of the rats with DPX significantly enhanced survival rate in a dose dependent manner to about 70%. Neither dobutamine nor prenalterol, which are β-1 adrenoceptor agonists and like DPX, potent chronotropic and inotropic agents were ef...
A Model Study of Salt-Water Intrusion to a River Using the Sharp Interface Approximation

Between Salina and Enterprise, Kansas, the salinity of the Smoky Hill River increases sharply. As a result, the river downstream at various times exceeds the recommended drinking-water-quality standards for chloride. The Smoky Hill and Kansas Rivers are important sources of water for several population centers in eastern Kansas. Therefore, this problem has an impact on a significant part of the Kansas population. The source of the saline water is predominantly from ground-water dissolution of the Hutchinson Salt Member of the Wellington Formation of Permian age. The dissolution of the salt has caused a north-south trending collapsed zone called the Wellington aquifer to occur along the present eastern extent of the salt. A confining shale layer exists between the Smoky Hill alluvium and the Wellington aquifer in most areas. However, between New Cambria and Solomon, Kansas, the layer is thin and fractured, allowing the salt water to move up into the alluvium. The steady-state model presented in this study indicates that the salt-water layer of the alluvium in the Smoky Hill River valley should be in an unstable condition near the river. This indicates that unstable interface upconing should be a dominant mechanism for supplying salt water to the river system. The time-varying model shows that the response of the chloride discharge to a flood event can be qualitatively explained by the unstable interface upconing mechanism. As the river stage rises, the salt-water intrusion declines. As the river stage declines, the salt-water intrusion increases beyond its normal value and subsides to the normal value over the period of a few months if no new flood events occur. During rising river stage, the river is supplying the ground-water system, and the salt-water intrusion or unstable upconing is shut off. During falling river stage, bank storage and perhaps an elevated water table cause the fresh ground-water discharge to be greater than normal, which in turn causes greater than normal salt-water intrusion. In addition, the time-varying model shows that several years would elapse before significant benefit would be seen in the river system from a proposed Wellington aquifer relief-well scheme.
Abdominal grooming in the cockroach: Development of an adult behavior

Abstract Chemical or tactile irritants delivered to the dorsomedial region of the abdomen of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. evoke a complex grooming response. In larvae the response consitsts of extension of all six legs and arching of the abdomen which is rubbed against any solid surface presented. In adults, leg extension and arching are accompanied by side to side wagging of the abdomen and rapid scissoring of the wings. In some decapitated late instar larvae, abdominal wagging behavior can be evoked by chemical or tactile stimulation of the dorso-medial region of the abdomen. The form of the wag is somewhat different in these animals than in the adults, and it occurs at a lower frequency. Neuronal circuitry underlying the rhythmic wagging response of the adult may therefore be laid down or made functional in the mid- to late-larval stages. The wagging behavior is not normally expressed until the final ecdysis. A population of sensory setae is found on the abdomen at all stages of development, and some of these are presumed to trigger the grooming behavior when stimulated. The morphology and distribution of some of the adult receptors differs from some of the larval receptors. All larvae, including those late-instar individuals which show an adult-like response (wagging) have identical receptors on the abdomen in terms of morphology, distribution, and general responsiveness. Thus, no obvious changes in abdominal sensory receptors are correlated with the emergence of the wagging behavior. Anatomical and/or functional changes within the central nervous system are most likely responsible for the emergence of adult wagging behavior.
Perceptual pre-processing filter for adaptive video on demand content delivery

We describe the use of perceptual pre-processing to reduce the bitrate needed for delivery of Video on Demand (VOD) content. The proposed system exploits estimated viewing conditions to remove image oscillations which are not visible to the user under the specific viewing conditions. The pre-processing uses parameters such as: viewing distance, pixel density, ambient illumination, etc. A model of human visual system contrast sensitivity is used to remove oscillations in the image data which cannot be seen and need not be encoded. Experiments demonstrate significant bitrate savings compared to conventional encoding methods which do not exploit viewing conditions.
Excited states in InAs self-assembled quantum dots

We use capacitance and photoluminescence spectroscopy to study the energy splitting of electron and hole states in InAs self assembled quantum dots embedded in GaAs bulk material. In our photoluminescence spectra, measured with high excitation, we observe five peaks below the wetting layer transition which we attribute to electron hole recombination from quantum dot levels of the same quantum number. Resonant excited photoluminescence experiments show clearly the existence of phonon enhanced carrier relaxation if the energy splitting between two different quantum dot levels matches a multiple of the available phonon energies. Therefore a maximum in the intensity of the resonantly excited photoluminescence does not necessarily occur when most of the dots are pumped resonantly into an excited state, the main criterion, however, is that the energy distance between the pumped levels and the levels below matches a multiple of the available phonon energies.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Le triage aux urgences : le point de vue nord-américain

Le triage n’existe plus, il est devenu les triages. Au debut, il y avait le triage historique, c’est-a-dire le triage de guerre pratique par les chirurgiens militaires sur le « champ d’honneur » (c’est Ambroise Pare, apres avoir pratiquer un nombre impressionnant d’amputations sans anesthesie, qui a dit : « pour etre un chirurgien de qualite, il faut la main sure, l’œil vif, et l’indifference totale aux cris du malade »). Aux Etats-Unis, l’idee moderne de triage aux urgences est apparue en meme temps que la specialite de la medecine d’urgence, c’est-a-dire vers la fin des annees 1960 [1]. Les premiers articles en anglais sur le sujet posaient d’abord la question de savoir si le triage etait une fonction medicale ou infirmiere. Les infirmieres ont gagne, ou perdu, selon votre point de vue [2]. En revanche, tout le monde etait d’accord sur les principes du triage : reconnaitre les gens les plus malades afin d’intervenir le plus tot possible, une responsabilite lourde dont les infirmieres de l’epoque n’avaient pas l’habitude. Les choses ont vite change, et en 1973, les infirmieres de Brooklyn se sont declarees pretes a realiser le triage. Cela a donne un role tres important aux infirmieres d’urgence puisqu’elles prenaient des lors en charge la selection des malades a voir en priorite. L’idee de triage a tres vite pris sa place dans les esprits, et bientot les autres triages (dans d’autres circonstances ou lieux que le service ses urgences) sont apparus en psychiatrie [3], en medecine de ville [4], en soins intensifs [5], et meme au telephone [6]. Dans le domaine prehospitalier, l’ancien triage de guerre s’est transforme en triage moderne avec des methodes pour coter les blessures et objectiver leur gravite [7]. Mais le triage de base, « le triage », c’est celui que realise l’infirmiere aux urgences. Grâce a la loi americaine sur les obligations des services d’urgences vis-a-vis des malades (Emergency Medical Treatment and Labour Act, EMTALA), la toute premiere personne que voit le malade ou le blesse en arrivant est l’infirmiere de triage. Avec cette lourde responsabilite et le nombre de malades qui ne cesse d’accroitre, on a reconnu des les annees 1970 que le role d’infirmiere au triage etait tres stressant [8]. Ce stress devient de plus en plus prononce avec l’evolution des protocoles de diagnostic et de traitement aigu des maladies tels l’infarctus du myocarde, l’accident vasculaire cerebral (AVC) et le polytraumatisme. Tous ces protocoles exigent la connaissance des maladies mais aussi des details de multiples etapes dans la prise en charge de ces malades. La mauvaise application des protocoles du triage peut eventuellement donner lieu a des proces en cas de mauvais resultat.
Identification of the PP2A-interacting region of heat shock transcription factor 2

Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated the existence of an association between heat shock transcription factor 2 (HSF2) and the serine/threonine phosphatase 2A, which is mediated by interaction between HSF2 and the A subunit (also called PR65) of this protein phosphatase. In light of the importance of HSF2-PP2A association for HSF2 cellular function, in this study, we have sought to dissect the sequences within HSF2 that are important for interaction with the A subunit of PP2A. The results of these experiments indicate that the HSF2 region comprising amino acids 343–363 is important for A subunit interaction. This region includes part of the C-terminal leucine zipper motif of HSF2 called heptad repeat C (HR-C). The results of transfection/immunoprecipitation experiments also show that deletion of the 6 amino acids from 343 to 348 from HSF2 (HSF2 (Δ343–348)), is sufficient to prevent HSF2 from interacting with PP2A. These data provide insight into a new functional domain of HSF2, the PP2A A subunit-interacting region.
Auscultating Again: Rhetoric and Sound Studies

Acoustic Territories: Sound Culture and Everyday Life, by Brandon LaBelle. New York: Continuum, 2010. 304 pp. $27.95 (paper). Ambient Rhetoric: The Attunements of Rhetorical Being, by Thomas Ricker...
Experimental and numerical study of sidewall profile effects on flow and heat transfer inside microchannels

Abstract The laminar flow characteristics inside slightly tapered silicon microchannels in the hydraulic diameter range of 53–112 μm are investigated. Velocity profiles for planes located at different channel depth are measured using micro resolution particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV). It is revealed that the location of the maximum velocity deviates from the mid-plane along the depth direction due to the wall taper. Numerical simulations are also carried out to examine the effects of the sidewall angle on flow and heat transfer. Large deviation in the velocity profile and consequent significant degradation in heat transfer are observed for considerably tapered microchannels.
Multi layered anti-reflective coatings for ultra-thin CIGS solar cells

In this study, we have developed top side multilayer stacks as anti-reflective coatings to serve as light traps in the red and near infrared where enhanced absorption is required for solar cells with ultra-thin Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 (CIGS) absorbers. Multiple AR layers were deposited on the solar cells and large increases in short circuit current density were observed. We have explored various materials in order to reduce overall AR coating thickness (and thus complexity) for ease of manufacturing.
Concurrently evolving sensor morphology and control for a hexapod robot

Evolving a robot's sensor morphology along with its control program has the potential to significantly improve its effectiveness in completing the assigned task, plus accommodates the possibility of allowing it to adapt to significant changes in the environment. In previous work, we presented a learning system where the angle, range, and type of sensors on a hexapod robot, along with the control program, were evolved. The evolution was done in simulation and the tests, which were also done in simulation, showed that effective sensor morphologies and control programs could be co-learned by the system. In this paper, we describe the learning system and show that the simulated results are confirmed by tests on the actual hexapod robot.
Adrenergic Mechanisms And The Adenyl Cyclase System In Atopic Dermatitis

Patients with atopic dermatitis have abnormal autonomic responses of the arterioles, pilomotor smooth muscle, and sweat glands. Their lesions have been reported to contain increased amounts of the neurohumors, acetylcholine and norepinephrine, as well as increased activity of acetylcholinesterase and catechol-O-methyltransferase. In vitro studies of epidermis show that beta adrenergic agonists fail to evoke the normal inhibition of mitosis of basal cells of patients with atopic dermatitis. Epidermis removed not only from the lesions, but also from normal-appearing skin, responded abnormally. The increase in intracellular levels of cAMP after exposure to catecholamines was similar in normal and atopic epidermis. Lymphocytes and PMN leukocytes isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis show both a decreased physiologic response (glycogenolysis and inhibition of lysosome enzyme release) and a decreased rise in intracellular levels of cAMP upon incubation with beta agonists, but a normal response to PGE1. Cortisol increases the response of lymphocyte adenyl cyclase to both agonists and, in the case of the patients with atopic disease, more than overcomes the depressed response to beta agonists. Because the leukocytes respond normally to PGE1 and because others have reported normal activities of skin and adenyl cyclase, phosphodiesterase, and protein kinases, we conclude that the step responsible for the diminished beta adrenergic response lies antecedent to the catalytic site of adenyl cyclase.
Lattice relaxation and small-polaron hopping motion in disordered materials

Abstract The process via which a small-polaron can hop between adjacent positions in a disordered material is considered. In particular, the question of the independence of successive small-polaron hops is raised. It is argued that the relaxation of the atomic deformation associated with a hop often proceeds sufficiently slowly (with or without order in the vibrational system) so as to preclude treating a given hop as independent of its predecessor. As a first approximation to a calculation of the carrier's jump rate in the regime of correlated jumps, it is assumed that only the correlation of successive hops need be considered. In this model, lattice relaxation effects substantially reduce the activation energy which characterizes small-polaron hopping.
Intensive care unit outcomes in elderly cancer patients.

In the next 30 years, one in five Americans will be over 65 years of age [1,2]. Because 60% of malignant disease occurs in persons over 65 years of age, physicians will be seeing an increasing number of elderly patients with cancer. Recently, there have been more data suggesting that selected elderly patients with cancer can receive the same benefit from therapy as their younger counterparts, without a significant increase in morbidity [3–6]. The result of the changes will be an increase use of cancer therapeutics in the elderly patient population with accompanying intensive care management. In this article we will review issues related to the care of elderly cancer patients in the intensive care unit. Intensive care unit and the elderly Over the past 20 years, the nature of cancer treatment has changed dramatically with the introduction of new and intensified treatment protocols and improved supportive care. This has led to improved prognosis and survival times, and also to an increased number of complications, which may warrant intensive care [7]. These changes are not only reflected in the younger cancer patient population; the benefits of cancer therapeutics have also been demonstrated in the elderly [3,6]. The management of the critically ill cancer patients can be difficult, and decisions to admit cancer patients to the intensive care unit (ICU) are complex. The chances of a potentially curative cancer therapy must be weighed against the associated risk of significant morbidity and high mortality. These patients are
Recent Research on the Andes before Independence: Ethnohistory, Social History, and Revolt and Revolution

Over the last few decades, scholars of the Andes have peopled the institutions studied and defined by previous generations of investigators. The resulting scholarship shows the sometimes stark contrast between legal theory and practice through the re-telling of incidents and anecdotes and the analysis of the collective biographies of Spanish colonists, native peasants, blacks, and mixed-bloods (the castas). This overview will highlight the contributions of recent research on native societies, social history, and the mounting instability that characterized the eighteenth century.
The Skin as a Portal of Entry in Br. Melitensis Infections

The evidence obtained during an investigation of cases of undulant fever among employees in packing plants first suggested that the infecting organisms of undulant fever might gain entrance through abrasions on the hands, or even through the apparently normal skin. Moreover, we frequently observed that on farms it was the men who handled the stock who were infected, even though other members of the family drank more raw milk. This again suggested that the skin might be a portal in Br. melitensis infections. We determined, therefore, to investigate this both experimentally and epidemiologically.
Adjustment and family functioning of grandmothers rearing their grandchildren

The adjustment and family functioning of grandmothers who were rearing one or more of their grandchildren were examined in two studies. One study used the Dyadic Adjustment Scale and the Family Assessment Device. There were no differences between guardian and non-guardian grandmothers on the seven FAD scales, but guardians were higher on the DAS Dyadic Cohesion and lower on Dyadic Consensus. The second study used a 4-hour individual, structured interview to identify personal adjustment difficulties and coping strategies resulting from having to rear a grandchild. Results indicate that guardian grandparent families frequently may provide therapeutic challenges and that they have the potential to provide unique insights into transgenerational family processes.
Grass carp growth rates in Lake Wales, Florida

Abstract Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were collected from Lake Wales, Florida, a hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) infested lake, for a 4-year period. Average daily growth per year ranged from 10.0 to 10.4 g/day. Grass carp averaged 962 mm total length and 15.0 kg after 48 months.
Rad54, the motor of homologous recombination

Homologous recombination (HR) performs crucial functions including DNA repair, segregation of homologous chromosomes, propagation of genetic diversity, and maintenance of telomeres. HR is responsible for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and DNA interstrand cross-links. The process of HR is initiated at the site of DNA breaks and gaps and involves a search for homologous sequences promoted by Rad51 and auxiliary proteins followed by the subsequent invasion of broken DNA ends into the homologous duplex DNA that then serves as a template for repair. The invasion produces a cross-stranded structure, known as the Holliday junction. Here, we describe the properties of Rad54, an important and versatile HR protein that is evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes. Rad54 is a motor protein that translocates along dsDNA and performs several important functions in HR. The current review focuses on the recently identified Rad54 activities which contribute to the late phase of HR, especially the branch migration of Holliday junctions.
Dextransucrase: studies on donor substrate specificity.

Abstract Previous studies (D. S. Genghoff and E. J. Hehre, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1972, 140, 1298–1301) have shown that an α-linked fluorine atom at C-1 of glucose provided sufficient activation to permit this analog to be a donor substrate for dextransucrase. In order to study the specificity at the donor substrate binding site, a series of α-1-fluorosugars have been synthesized. In kinetic experiments, it has been determined that they served as competitive inhibitors of sucrose, the natural substrate. A comparison of the Ki's provided information about the importance of specific changes in the glucose moiety with regard to binding to the enzyme. Similar kinetic studies were carried out with several β-1-fluorosugars, and the corresponding free monosaccharides. These were found to be noncompetitive inhibitors, and to bind poorly. The α-1-fluorosugars were also examined as donor substrates in reactions with known acceptors. With the exception of α-1-fluoroglucose, none of these analogs were active in this capacity.
Paraplegia following intrathecal cytosine arabinoside

Paraplegia following prophylactic intrathecal cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) is described in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia in remission who received doses of 100 mg/m2/d for 5 consecutive days. Cerebrospinal fluid examination prior to the last dosage of cytosine arabinoside revealed a mononuclear pleocytosis and increased protein. The neurological manifestations developed within one week after the last dose of Ara-C and persisted for over 8 weeks. Administration of intrathecal Ara-C in the same dose over longer intervals within 3-5 days between consecutive doses resulted in mild, transient neurological symptoms (paresthesias) in only one of 30 patients so treated.
What the Classroom Teacher Needs to Know about Children with Chronic Medical Problems.

(1994). What the Classroom Teacher Needs to Know about Children with Chronic Medical Problems. Childhood Education: Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 196-201.
Factors associated with successful and unsuccessful intervention with child abusive families

Abstract The authors conducted a treatment outcome study on 79 patients engaged in a program for maltreating parents. Treatment modalities included individual psychotherapy and counseling, group therapy, home visiting, and telephone advocacy with the duration of treatment ranging from 6 sessions to 36 months. On the basis of ratings by the primary therapist consensually validated by other staff, 2 3 of the sample demonstrated at least symptomatic improvement, whereas 28% improved significantly. Overall improvement was highly correlated with more subtle indices of childrearing, perception of the child, object relations, insight, and capacity for self-observation. The profiles of those maltreating parents who improved and those who did not emerged with respect to the impact of critical demographic, psychological, and therapeutic variables. Favorable outcomes were unlikely among parents who themselves had a history of maltreatment, who inflicted the more severe injuries, who entered the program involuntarily or who terminated against advice; while positive results were more prevalent in those parents with a less abusive childhood experience and who perceived a need for involvement in the program. Home visiting and advocacy appeared to enhance the potential for improvement.
Food-related coping strategies after Hurricane Andrew

Abstract This telephone survey examined food-related coping strategies in Floridian households after Hurricane Andrew. Approximately 137 households of university faculty and staff who lived in hurricane-damaged areas were interviewed. The average respondent was a college-educated woman between 41 and 60 years old. Prevailing food-purchasing problems included food stores that were either closed, without perishable food, distant, or crowded. In the absence of electricity and water, changes in food preparation included preparation of meals without a stove, more frequent use of grills and canned food, simpler meals, and less cooking. Changes in kitchen cleanup included using more disposables, cleaning more often, washing dishes by hand, and cleaning up less often because of damage in the kitchen. Respondents indicated that the hurricane experience taught them that they should have acquired more general supplies (eg, coolers, thermoses, propane stoves, and gas burners), more water and ice, and more nonperishable foods before the hurricane.
A 65-year-old woman with acute cough illness and an important engagement.

DR REYNOLDS: Mrs W is a 65-year-old woman who recently switched to a commercial Medicare insurance plan and who presents for an urgent visit with symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection [URI]. She works in the family business and lives with her husband; they have 3 grown children. Because her new insurance plan did not cover her former physician, Mrs W made an appointment with a new physician in a large, university-affiliated group practice. Before her initial appointment, however, she became ill and requested an urgent visit. Seen the same day, she complained of 24 hours of sore throat, cough occasionally productive of small amounts of green sputum, and subjective fevers and chills. She also had mild shortness of breath, but no pleuritic chest pain. She had not taken her temperature at home. She denied ear pain, sinus pressure, headache, orthopnea, or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. She had been treating herself with fluids and acetaminophen. Her husband had similar symptoms the previous week and had been empirically treated with levofloxacin. Mrs W requested antibiotics because she hoped to feel well for a planned family party for her birthday, and because she wanted to avoid infecting her family, especially her pregnant daughter. Mrs W’s medical history is significant for hypertension, hypothyroidism, iritis (6 episodes, positive for HLA-B27 antigen), and arthritis. Her medications at the time of her visit were atenolol (25 mg/d), levothyroxine (0.125 mg/d), triamterene (37.5 mg/d), aspirin (81 mg/d), and acetaminophen as needed. Mrs W does not smoke, drinks alcohol in moderation, and exercises with a personal trainer several times weekly. Her family history is significant for a father with a distant history of tuberculosis, a sister with uterine cancer, and a son who had an angioplasty at age 32. One brother has ankylosing spondylitis. Another brother died in an airplane crash on September 11, 2001. On physical examination, Mrs W had a temperature of 99.9°F. Her ears, mouth, neck, lungs, and heart were all normal. No laboratory studies or radiographs were obtained. The treating physician, Dr C, explained that Mrs W’s illness was very likely viral and would be best treated with fluids, rest, and a cough suppressant. Mrs W repeatedly requested antibiotics, and Dr C prescribed azithromycin, with the caveat that the antibiotic was unlikely to prevent transmission of the illness to family members. Five days after her visit with Dr C, Mrs W was seen in an initial visit by her new primary physician. She complained of a persistent cough. Her physician began albuterol and steroid inhalers and checked her white blood cell count, which was normal. Later that evening, after starting the inhalers, Mrs W called the on-call physician to report an increase in her cough and a fever of 101°F. The on-call physician sent her to a local emergency department, where she had normal chest radiographs. As she had just finished her 5-day course of azithromycin, the emergency physician prescribed a 1-week course of levofloxacin, and Mrs W was released with a diagnosis of bronchitis.
The Mechanism of Precipitation Formation in Northeastern Colorado Cumulus III. Coordinated Microphysical and Radar Observations and Summary

Abstract Much of the previous work which has led to the conclusion that coalescence is the dominant precipitation forming mechanism in cumulus clouds is reviewed. Observations in northeastern Colorado from several independent methods of investigation are summarized to show that in northeastern Colorado the ice (Bergeron–Findelsen) process is in all probability the dominant mechanism in spring and summer cumuli in their early and intermediate stages of development. Results of microphysical observations coordinated with simultaneous radar observations are presented. The microphysical observations in clouds with observed effective reflectivities of up to 40 dBZ show that the observed reflectivities can be accounted for by measured ice particle sizes and concentrations. Liquid precipitation elements are not necessary and have been observed only rarely in these clouds except below the melting level. Possible explanations of the differences between clouds in northeastern Colorado and those in other areas are di...
Phase shift to algal dominated communities at mesophotic depths associated with lionfish (Pterois volitans) invasion on a Bahamian coral reef

Mesophotic coral reefs (30–150 m) have been assumed to be physically and biologically connected to their shallow-water counterparts, and thus may serve as refugia for important taxonomic groups such as corals, sponges, and fish. The recent invasion of the Indo–Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans) onto shallow reefs of the Caribbean and Bahamas has had significant, negative, effects on shallow coral reef fish populations. In the Bahamas, lionfish have extended their habitat range into mesophotic depths down to 91 m where they have reduced the diversity of several important fish guilds, including herbivores. A phase shift to an algal dominated (>50% benthic cover) community occurred simultaneously with the loss of herbivores to a depth of 61 m and caused a significant decline in corals and sponges at mesophotic depths. The effects of this invasive lionfish on mesophotic coral reefs and the subsequent changes in benthic community structure could not be explained by coral bleaching, overfishing, hurricanes, or disease independently or in combination. The significant ecological effects of the lionfish invasion into mesophotic depths of coral reefs casts doubt on whether these communities have the resilience to recover themselves or contribute to the recovery of their shallow water counterparts as refugia for key coral reef taxa.
Efflux time of soap bubbles and liquid spheres.

The efflux time, T, of gas from soap bubbles of radius, R, through their blow tube of length, 1, and radius, p, is given by the equation see pdf for equation where η is the viscosity of the gas and ό the surface tension of the bubble solution, all in centimeter-gram-second units. Similar relations between time and diameter were established for the flow from one bubble to another or from one bubble within another. The same relations hold for the flow of liquid spheres, suspended in another liquid of equal density, following Plateau's classic method. They have been extended to the flow of spheres to cylinders and catenoids of rotation. In all these cases the driving force is the surface or interfacial tension, creating an excess pressure as defined by Laplace's equation.
An artist's preference for the pope color system

For the practice of painting and for teaching color theory the Pope color system has distinct advantages over other color systems. Within the Pope color solid all the visual attributes of color are clearly represented and can be visually displayed depending on where the solid is sliced. This helps clarify color terminology and facilitates understanding color relationships. It also has practical advantages for the artist who must have some knowledge of color both conceptually and visually in order to realize the possibilities of their arrangement in a painting.
Effects of Circumcision on Male Sexual Function: Debunking a Myth?

Purpose: Claims of superior sexual sensitivity and satisfaction for uncircumcised males have never been substantiated in a prospective fashion in the medical literature. We performed such a study to investigate these assertions.Materials and Methods: The Brief Male Sexual Function Inventory (BMSFI) was administered to sexually active males older than 18 years before undergoing circumcision. After a minimum interval of 12 weeks after the operation, the survey was again administered. The 5 domains of the BMSFI (sexual drive, erections, ejaculation, problem assessment overall satisfaction) were each given a summed composite score. These scores before and after circumcision were then analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank testing.Results: All 15 men who participated in the study between September 1999 and October 2000 were available for followup. Mean patient age plus or minus standard deviation was 36.9 ± 12.0 years. There was no statistically significant difference in the BMFSI composite scores of reported sexual...
Towards an immortal operating system in virtual environments

We show how a commercial OS can be successfully recovered from a crash.Support from the virtualization layer (Hypervisor) can significantly help in diagnosis and recovery of the OS.We evaluate the time taken to automatically recover from an OS crash for different workloads.This technology can significantly reduce the downtime and maintenance costs in data centers.This technology can be easily integrated into the support operations of OS vendors. Many OS crashes are caused by bugs in kernel extensions or device drivers while the OS itself may have been tested rigorously. To make an OS immortal we must resurrect the OS from these crashes. We present a novel OS-hypervisor infrastructure that allows automated and transparent OS crash diagnosis and recovery in a virtual environment. This infrastructure eliminates the need for reboots or checkpoint-restart mechanisms, which require preserving the states of critical applications before the crash happens and also require extensive modifications to those applications. At the core of our approach is a small hidden OS-repair-image that is dynamically created from the healthy running OS instance. When an OS crashes, the hypervisor dynamically loads this repair-image to perform diagnosis and repair. One way of repair we have experimented with, is to quarantine the offending process and resume the running of the fixed OS automatically without a reboot. Experimental evaluations demonstrated that it takes less than 3s to recover from an OS crash. This approach can significantly reduce the downtime and maintenance costs in data centers, and is the first design and implementation of an OS-hypervisor combo capable of automatically resurrecting a crashed commercial server-OS. In addition to online diagnosis and recovery, this infrastructure can also be used for offline diagnosis and can be incorporated into the technical support tools of the OS vendor. Additionally, we have used parts of this infrastructure to speed-up the diagnosis of AIX OS-crashes for the IBM technical support teams.
The formation of trinitite-like surrogate nuclear explosion debris (SNED) and extreme thermal fractionation of SRM-612 glass induced by high power CW CO 2 laser irradiation

We describe a new approach to the bench top production of surrogate nuclear explosion debris by employing high power continuous wave CO2 laser irradiation. High surface temperatures >2,500 K can be rapidly attained, allowing virtually any combination of materials to be fused into a glassy matrix that can display high levels of elemental fractionation. Examples of the laser fused glasses will be presented and compared to trinitite nuclear explosion glass along with the elemental fractionation effects that were induced in the NIST glass standard SRM-612 by this method.
Separation of Mixtures of Œstrogens in Urinary Extracts using Gradient Elution Chromatography

IN the course of studying the metabolism of œstradiol-4-14C in human mammary cancer, a method of separating mixtures of œstrogens was developed. The method consists of gradient elution chromatography on silica gel with progressively increasing concentration of ethyl acetate in benzene. Separation of mixtures of œstrogens on columns impregnated with alkali1 was considered potentially detrimental to labile œstrogen metabolites. Other schemes, such as chromatography of œstrogen methyl ethers on alumina3, were likewise considered inadequate to demonstrate subtle œstrogen metabolic differences without risking either partial decomposition or ease of subsequent identification of metabolites. With the system which has been devised, the separation of a synthetic mixture of œstrogens is complete, and excellent recoveries are obtained. The slight variation in retention volumes is presumably due to lack of temperature control. While the capacity of the columns for separating synthetic mixtures has not been determined, microgram amounts of radioactive œstrogens in urinary extracts weighing 250 mgm. have been successfully separated on 2 gm. columns.
Analytical closed-form solution for binary logit regression by categorical predictors

In contrast to the common belief that the logit model has no analytical presentation, it is possible to find such a solution in the case of categorical predictors. This paper shows that a binary logistic regression by categorical explanatory variables can be constructed in a closed-form solution. No special software and no iterative procedures of nonlinear estimation are needed to obtain a model with all its parameters and characteristics, including coefficients of regression, their standard errors and t-statistics, as well as the residual and null deviances. The derivation is performed for logistic models with one binary or categorical predictor, and several binary or categorical predictors. The analytical formulae can be used for arithmetical calculation of all the parameters of the logit regression. The explicit expressions for the characteristics of logit regression are convenient for the analysis and interpretation of the results of logistic modeling.
Police–Social Work Crisis Teams: Practice and Research Implications

The purpose of this article is to examine the empirical evidence demonstrating the efficacy of police–social work crisis teams, barriers to effective teamwork, and the tasks and situations that police social workers are likely to experience. Descriptive data obtained from a police–social work team within a midsize law enforcement agency located in the northeastern U.S. is used to illustrate the situations and tasks that social workers encounter. Implications for the use of such teams with assisting law enforcement agencies with their community service and community policing functions, and research implications for conducting program evaluations to determine the efficacy of police–social teams are discussed.
Genesis of an Online Course

This paper presents a descriptive and evaluative analysis of the transformation of a face‐to‐face graduate tax accounting course to an online course. One hundred fifteen students completed the compressed six‐week class in 2001 and 2002 using WebCT, classroom environment software that facilitates the creation of webbased educational environments. The paper provides a description of the required technology tools and the class conduct. The students used a combination of asynchronous and synchronous learning methods that allowed them to complete the coursework on a self‐determined schedule, subject to semi‐weekly quiz constraints. The course material was presented in content pages with links to Excel® problems, Flash examples, audio and video files, and self‐tests. Students worked the quizzes and then met in their groups in a chat room to resolve differences in answers. Student surveys indicated satisfaction with the learning methods.
Algal responses to experimental nutrient addition in the littoral community of a subtropical lake

Summary 1. An in situ experiment was performed in the littoral zone of a large, subtropical lake to quantify effects of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) on algal biomass, productivity, nutrient content and phosphate uptake kinetics. 2. We hypothesized that resident periphyton rapidly sequester added nutrients from the water column, but once a certain threshold is reached, nutrients remain in the water and permit a shift to a phytoplankton-dominated community. 3. Three duplicate sets of 1.2-m diameter mesocosms were treated with 10, 20 or 50 μg P L−−1 in combination with 100, 200 or 500 μg N L−−1, respectively. The nutrients were added thrice weekly for 14 days, after which the treatment doses were doubled for an additional 9 days. The cumulative amounts of P and N added over the course of the study were 700 and 7000 μg L−−1, respectively. Two untreated mesocosms and two open reference sites were used as controls. 4. The total P concentration in the water column of nutrient-treated mesocosms remained low, even after prolonged high dosing. However, there was a two-fold increase in the P content of surface algal mats and epiphyton. This indicates that some of the added P was sequestered by those components of the community. In contrast, metaphyton and epipelon displayed little or no increase in their P content. Large quantities of added P could not be accounted for in the periphyton community, and may reflect unmeasured losses to the sediments or other pools. 5. Nitrogen also was depleted from the water column, but there were no significant increases in periphyton N content. Much of the added N could not be accounted for in mass balances, and may have been lost from the mesocosms through volatilization or other biochemical processes. 6. Chlorophyll-a in epiphyton increased significantly after 14 days in the highest nutrient treatment, where there also was a proliferation of Spirogyra on day 28. 7. On day 28, water column samples from the highest nutrient treatment also displayed a significantly higher rate of carbon uptake, and a significantly higher concentration of midday dissolved oxygen. 8. The hypothesis that phytoplankton become dominant at high nutrient loading rates was not supported. However, there were dramatic changes in community structure (increased dominance by epiphytic Spirogyra) and function (increased productivity and dissolved oxygen) in response to nutrient additions.
A numerical study of multiple imputation methods using nonparametric multivariate outlier identifiers and depth-based performance criteria with clinical laboratory data

It is well known that if a multivariate outlier has one or more missing component values, then multiple imputation (MI) methods tend to impute nonextreme values and make the outlier become less extreme and less likely to be detected. In this paper, nonparametric depth-based multivariate outlier identifiers are used as criteria in a numerical study comparing several established methods of MI as well as a new proposed one, nine in all, in a setting of several actual clinical laboratory data sets of different dimensions. Two criteria, an ‘outlier recovery probability’ and a ‘relative accuracy measure’, are developed, based on depth functions. Three outlier identifiers, based on Mahalanobis distance, robust Mahalanobis distance, and generalized principle component analysis are also included in the study. Consequently, not only the comparison of imputation methods but also the comparison of outlier detection methods is accomplished in this study. Our findings show that the performance of an MI method depends o...
Fabrication of Au sidewall micropatterns using Si-reinforced PDMS molds

Existing lithographic approaches are good at patterning the top surface of a substrate, but not suited to producing patterns on the sidewalls of microstructures. In this work, we have developed a new method to generate sidewall micropatterns using Si-reinforced polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds through hot-embossing processes. We have successfully produced one and two arrays of 10 μm Au dots, respectively, on the 42- and 85-μm-high sidewalls of 300-μm-wide polymer channels. We have also explored the possibility to fabricate 110-μm-wide Au wires on these channel sidewalls.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE OPPORTUNITY TO PERFORM TRAINED TASKS ON THE JOB

One factor that can affect the transfer of technical skills to the job is the extent to which the trainee is given the opportunity to perform trained tasks on the job. The opportunity to perform trained tasks was conceptualized as consisting of three dimensions: breadth, activity level, and type of tasks performed. Graduates from an Air Force technical training program and their supervisors (N= 180) responded to questionnaires measuring these three dimensions and various organizational, work context, and individual factors 4 months after the airmen had completed the training program. The results indicated that airmen obtained differential opportunities to perform trained tasks and that these differences were related to supervisory attitudes and workgroup support as well as the trainee's self-efficacy and cognitive ability. Implications for training research and practice are discussed.
An atomic oxygen beam system for the investigation of mass spectrometer response in the upper atmosphere

An atomic oxygen beam system has been designed and tested for the laboratory evaluation of mass spectrometers used in upper atmospheric measurements. The atomic oxygen is generated by thermal dissociation of molecular oxygen on the surface of a tungsten filament heated to 2800 K. A symmetrical bidirectional beam is produced to permit simultaneous monitoring of the particle flux in the beam while target experiments are being conducted. Flux levels of 5×1014 particles cm−2 sec−1 over a cross‐sectional area of 1 cm2 have been produced with a relative atomic oxygen concentration of 70%. At flux levels below 1013 particles cm−2 sec−1, relative atomic oxygen concentrations of more than 90% were obtained. The oxygen beam is of high purity and free from chemically active contaminants. Strong chemical and low temperature pumping are used to reduce background gas contributions to less than 1%. Measurements of the relative atomic concentration in the beam were made with a quadrupole spectrometer using an open flowth...
The evolution of hierarchical gene regulatory networks

Comparative developmental evidence indicates that reorganizations in developmental gene regulatory networks (GRNs) underlie evolutionary changes in animal morphology, including body plans. We argue here that the nature of the evolutionary alterations that arise from regulatory changes depends on the hierarchical position of the change within a GRN. This concept cannot be accomodated by microevolutionary nor macroevolutionary theory. It will soon be possible to investigate these ideas experimentally, by assessing the effects of GRN changes on morphological evolution.
Thermal Isomerization of cis,anti,cis-Tricyclo[6.3.0.02,7]undec-3-ene to endo-Tricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]undec-8-ene

The gas-phase thermal isomerization of cis,anti,cis-tricyclo[6.3.0.02,7]undec-3-ene (1) to endo-tricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]undec-8-ene (2) at 315 °C occurs cleanly through a symmetry-forbidden [1,3] suprafacial,retention (sr) pathway.
World-brane actions of superstring solitons and duality

Abstract In this talk it is reviewed how effective world-brane actions of solitons of ten-dimensional type IIA and IIB superstring theory can be derived by using the formulation of solitons as Dirichlet branes. In particular, it is shown how the one-brane actions one obtains confirm the predictions of SL (2, Z ) strong-weak coupling duality. It is also shown how the two-brane action, which contains a hidden eleventh target space coordinate, turns out to be the Bergshoeff-Sezgin-Townsend supermembrane action.