cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feature Removal Is a Unifying Principle for Model Explanation Methods.

Researchers have proposed a wide variety of model explanation approaches, but it remains unclear how most methods are related or when one method is preferable to another. We examine the literature and find that many methods are based on a shared principle of explaining by removing - essentially, measuring the impact of removing sets of features from a model. These methods vary in several respects, so we develop a framework for removal-based explanations that characterizes each method along three dimensions: 1) how the method removes features, 2) what model behavior the method explains, and 3) how the method summarizes each feature's influence. Our framework unifies 25 existing methods, including several of the most widely used approaches (SHAP, LIME, Meaningful Perturbations, permutation tests). Exposing the fundamental similarities between these methods empowers users to reason about which tools to use and suggests promising directions for ongoing research in model explainability.
Tissue-specific transcription patterns support the kinship theory of intragenomic conflict in honey bees (Apis mellifera).

Kin selection may act differently on genes inherited from parents (matrigenes and patrigenes), resulting in intragenomic conflict. This conflict can be observed as differential expression of matrigenes and patrigenes, or parent-specific gene expression (PSGE). In honey bees (Apis mellifera), intragenomic conflict is hypothesized to occur in multiple social contexts. Previously, we found that patrigene-biased expression in reproductive tissues was associated with increased reproductive potential in worker honey bees, consistent with the prediction that patrigenes are selected to promote selfish behaviour in this context. Here, we examined brain gene expression patterns to determine if PSGE is also found in other tissues. As before, the number of transcripts showing patrigene expression bias was significantly greater in the brains of reproductive vs. sterile workers, while the number of matrigene-biased transcripts was not significantly different. Twelve transcripts out of the 374 showing PSGE in either tissue showed PSGE in both brain and reproductive tissues; this overlap was significantly greater than expected by chance. However, the majority of transcripts show PSGE only in one tissue, suggesting the epigenetic mechanisms mediating PSGE exhibit plasticity between tissues. There was no significant overlap between transcripts that showed PSGE and transcripts that were significantly differentially expressed. Weighted gene correlation network analysis identified modules which were significantly enriched in both types of transcripts, suggesting that these genes may influence each other through gene networks. Our results provide further support for the kin selection theory of intragenomic conflict, and provide valuable insights into the mechanisms which may mediate this process.
Do fishes enjoy the view? A MaxEnt assessment of fish habitat suitability within scenic rivers

Abstract Scenic rivers programs are a potential tool to conserve freshwater habitat but few studies have attempted to characterize fish habitat within scenic rivers. Using the Virginia Scenic Rivers Program as a case study, we built species distribution models for a representative set of Virginia freshwater fishes and tested whether model-predicted habitat suitability values for scenic rivers are consistently higher than the range-wide average values. We began by selecting 33 fish species that were broadly representative of the complete functional trait space comprised by Virginia's freshwater ichthyofauna. This subset included 11 state-listed imperiled species. Next, we built maximum entropy species distribution models for each of the 33 fishes and used the models to predict habitat suitability throughout each species' range. Habitat suitability within state-listed scenic rivers was then summarized and compared with the complete, state-wide distribution of habitat suitability for each species. For 21 of 33 species, model-predicted habitat suitability was significantly higher in currently listed Virginia scenic rivers than in the state-wide distribution; of these 21 species, 5 were imperiled taxa. Furthermore, habitat suitability within scenic rivers is predicted to exceed the range-wide average by a significant margin for 25 species, including eight imperiled species, if all pending scenic listing petitions are approved. We conclude that scenic rivers provide important conservation benefits to Virginia's freshwater fishes. We also note that our flexible, model-based process can be applied in other rivers and used to inform other types of freshwater conservation programs that seek to identify and protect the highest quality habitats.
Protection of Occupants of Commercial Vehicles by Integrated Seat/Belt Systems

Five different types of integrated seat/belt systems were evaluated in frontal crash experiments at an impact speed of 35 km/h, using dummies in a truck cab on the catapult unit. The results were compared with those obtained with conventional three-point belts and with unrestrained dummies. The experimental results showed that when the dummy was unrestrained or protected only by a lap belt, the upper load limits used as protection criteria were far exceeded because of the heavy impact on the steering wheel; this did not apply to three-point belt systems. Very favorable forward displacement kinematics were achieved when using special seats of adequate structural strength with integrated three-point belt systems. The experiment showed that a vibration-absorbing seat with integrated three-point belt and additional supports fitted to the seat and backrest is the optimum solution. Language: en
Learning Actions through Imitation and Exploration: Towards Humanoid Robots That Learn from Humans

A prerequisite for achieving brain-like intelligence is the ability to rapidly learn new behaviors and actions. A fundamental mechanism for rapid learning in humans is imitation: children routinely learn new skills (e.g., opening a door or tying a shoe lace) by imitating their parents; adults continue to learn by imitating skilled instructors (e.g., in tennis). In this chapter, we propose a probabilistic framework for imitation learning in robots that is inspired by how humans learn from imitation and exploration. Rather than relying on complex (and often brittle) physics-based models, the robot learns a dynamic Bayesian network that captures its dynamics directly in terms of sensor measurements and actions during an imitation-guided exploration phase. After learning, actions are selected based on probabilistic inference in the learned Bayesian network. We present results demonstrating that a 25-degree-of-freedom humanoid robot can learn dynamically stable, full-body imitative motions simply by observing a human demonstrator.
Resilient Widowed Older Adults and Their Family and Friend Relations

This study examined the relationship of family and friends to the resiliency of older widows. Data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) survey (Waite et al., 2007), which sampled persons 57-85 years of age (n = 3005), was used. It was hypothesized that older widows have greater breadth and depth of family and friend relationships than older married adults. Multiple regression analysis results revealed that older widows engaged more frequently in family and friend relations compared to older married adults, possibly enabling greater resilience to widowhood.
Towards Bridging Scale-Space and Multiscale Frame Analyses

We address a well known problem in nonlinear image diffusion techniques, namely a premature loss of texture information. We do so by first determining that it is due to unaccounted correlation structure in the image. We subsequently propose a solution based on a nonlinear theme of a wavelet frame-based technique. This, by the same token establishes a theoretical bridge between the scale space methodology and the multiscale analysis approach. We provide examples to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Buyer Satisfaction with Residential Brokerage Services

This study employs ordered probit to estimate a model of buyer satisfaction with real estate brokerage services. The model provides evidence that (1) satisfaction falls with length of search; (2) s...
Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates

In order to assess the environmental exposure from chemicals in various media, you must know the rate at which a chemical will degrade. Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates saves you the time and money collecting and evaluating this important information. The Handbook provides rate constant and half-life ranges for various processes and combines them into ranges for different media (air, groundwater, surface water, soils), which can be directly entered into various models.Some of the processes the Handbook includes are aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation, direct photolysis, hydrolysis, and reaction with various oxidants or free radicals (e.g., hydroxyl radical and ozone in the atmosphere). Experimental data are used and cited when available, and validated estimation methods are used when no experimental data are available. Researched and organized by leading experts, Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates is easy-to-use and is well indexed by chemical name and CAS Number.
The buck stops here: trust management in multi-agent systems with accountability

Much of security in multi-agent systems is based on models where each agent declares limits on what other agents are permitted to receive. Traditional systems are engineered to operate without violating their agents' cumulative declared constraints (V. Swarup and J. T. Fbrega, 1999 and J. Vitek and C. J., 1999). In contrast, here, we consider a trust model that is suited for use by ensembles of closely coupled agents operating in a system supporting agent accountability using audit trails for information flows. In such systems, an agent does not require enforcement of absolute limits on what other agents receive, but instead seeks assurance that its personal liabilities never exceeded its declared risk tolerance. In short, each agent expects the system to behave in a manner which respects its declared accountability constraints - quantitative limits on what the agent agrees to be held accountable for sending. This paper outlines a suite of protocols with which a multi-agent system can fulfill the cumulative accountability (K. Aberer and Z. Despotovic, 2001) constraints of its constituent agents, and avoid subjecting any individual agent to greater liability than its declared risk tolerance. The protocols are shown to be efficient in a dynamic network setting, and are analyzed under a comprehensive set of failure models including link delay, link failure, and limited corruption in the control and data processing logic of agents.
Multicolor immunophenotyping: human immune system hematopoiesis.

Publisher Summary Flow cytometry is a technique for the examination of patterns of protein expression, particularly on the cell surface. Using fluorescent-labeled antibodies that bind with high avidity and specificity to selected antigens, information regarding hematopoietic maturation has been generated. This chapter describes the identification of normal maturational stages of hematopoietic cells in human bone marrow by multiparametric flow cytometry. The normal immunophenotypic patterns of maturation are (1) CD45 and side scatter gating, (2) stem cells and blasts, (3) neutrophilic maturation, (4) monocytic maturation, (5) erythroid maturation, (6) B-cell maturation, and (7) miscellaneous patterns. Hematopoiesis begins with a quiescent stem cell that proliferates under environmental influences giving rise to progeny capable of differentiation along multiple lineages. The maturation of hematopoietic cells is a result of the tightly regulated and sequential expression of genes and gene products. As a result, the derived protein products exhibit predictable and reproducible patterns of expression with maturation that correlate with morphological or functional stages. However, in hematopoietic neoplasms, an increasing variety of specific genetic abnormalities is described, which are either directly or indirectly capable of perturbing these normal patterns of protein expression. Stem cell disorders such as myelodysplastic syndromes serve as an informative model of maturational dysregulation and illustrate the association between genetic and immunophenotypic abnormalities.
Genomic definition of RIM proteins: evolutionary amplification of a family of synaptic regulatory proteins.

RIMs are synaptic proteins that are essential for normal neurotransmitter release. We now show that while invertebrates contain only a single RIM gene, vertebrates contain four: two large genes encoding RIM1α (0.50 Mb) or RIM2α, 2β, and 2γ (0.50–0.75 Mb) and two smaller genes encoding RIM3γ (14 kb) or RIM4γ (55 kb). RIM1α and RIM2α consist of an N-terminal Zn2+-finger domain, central PDZ and C2A domains, and a C-terminal C2B domain; RIM2β consists of a short β-specific sequence followed by central PDZ and C2A domains and a C-terminal C2B domain; and RIM2γ, 3γ, and 4γ consist of only a C2B domain. In the RIM2 gene, RIM2β and 2γ are transcribed from internal promoters. α- and β-RIMs are extensively alternatively spliced at three canonical positions, resulting in >200 variants that differ by up to 400 residues. Thus gene duplication, alternative splicing, and multiple promoters diversify a single invertebrate RIM into a large vertebrate protein family. The multiplicity of vertebrate RIMs may serve to fine-tune neurotransmitter release beyond a fundamental, evolutionarily conserved, and common function for RIMs.
Barros Introduction by James Heckman (University of Chicago and American Bar Foundation)

This special issue of the Brasilian Review of Econometrics recognizes some of the basic contributions to knowledge of Ricardo Paes de Barros.
Drug-induced stereochemical changes in psoralen photoaddition to DNA

Abstract The photoaddition of HMT (4′-hydroxymethyl-4′,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen) to DNA gives, as the major monoadducts, cis-syn photodimers formed between the psoralen 4′–5′ furan double bond and the thymidine 5–6 double bond. Enzymatic hydrolysis liberates the HMT-dT nucleoside as a mixture of diastereomers, which arise from addition to the 3′ face (diastereomer I) or 5′ face (diastereomer II) of dT in DNA. For calf thymus DNA, the I/II ratio is 66 34 . DNA-binding drugs, specifically cisplatin, distamycin A, and dipyrandium, change the I/II ratio. In each case relatively more of the 5′ adduct results.
Book review: COMPUTATIONAL VISION By Harry Wechsler (Academic Press London, 1990)

During my academic lifetime, I have read many textbooks and articles concerned with the various subjects of computer science, and I now expect a familiar format --- equations, cryptic explanations, and a narrow scope --- which can, at times, be rather tedious. In Computational Vision, Harry Wechsler has created a reading environment that captures the reader's interest and imagination by describing his insights from philosophy, biology, and the arts, and yet provides the necessary rigor found in the traditional format. He is also quite bold in stating his beliefs about the current state and the future directions of the vision sciences. Because of the complexity and inaccessibility of the biological vision systems that computational vision seeks to emulate, one would surmise that introspection and subjective opinion would be the norm, but this is not the case, Hopefully, readers of Wechsler's book will realize that by adopting this style, the vision community can only benefit from the stimulation of seeking to prove or disprove various hypotheses.
Supervisory Control of 30,000-Kva Hydroelectric Plant

Ocoee 3, a 1-unit 30,000-kva supervisory-controlled generating station of the Tennessee Valley Authority, has been in operation since April 30, 1943. An underground cable was selected for the control and telemetering channel, and neutralizing transformers were installed to protect against voltage rise resulting from transmission line faults. Instrumentation, controls, and station auxiliaries were designed particularly to safeguard the unattended equipment. Maintenance includes two or three inspections per week. The cost of supervision, operation, and maintenance is as low as $0.101 per 1,000 kilowatt-hours.
Modeling and Analysis of Closed-Loop Systems from Operating Data

A multivariate time series procedure of modeling closed-loop systems from operating data is outlined and illustrated by real life data from a paper-making process. The procedure does not require a priori knowledge, sample correlations or spectra for guessing the model form. The paper also illustrates a simple method of obtaining the minimum mean squared error control equation and ascertaining the performance of the existing control strategy.
Tracking acidic pharmaceuticals, caffeine, and triclosan through the wastewater treatment process

Pharmaceuticals are a class of emerging contaminants whose fate in the wastewater treatment process has received increasing attention in past years. Acidic pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen, naproxen, mefenamic acid, ketoprofen, and diclofenac), caffeine, and the antibacterial triclosan were quantified at four different steps of wastewater treatment from three urban wastewater treatment plants. The compounds were extracted from wastewater samples on Waters Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic balance solid-phase extraction columns, silylated, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For the chemicals studied, it was found that the majority of the influent load was removed during secondary treatment (51-99%), yielding expected surface water concentrations of 13 to 56 ng/L.
Echocardiographic assessment of commissural calcium: a simple predictor of outcome after percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy.

Abstract Objectives. This study was undertaken to determine whether the presence of calcium in the mitral valve commissures, as demonstrated echocardiographically, could predict outcome and to compare this with an established echocardiographic scoring system. Background. Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy is an effective form of treatment for mitral valve stenosis. It is important to identify patients who would benefit from this procedure. Commissural splitting is the dominant mechanism by which mitral valve stenosis is relieved by this technique, and thus commissural morphology may predict outcome. Methods. One hundred forty-nine consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy at the Mayo Clinic were evaluated retrospectively. The morphology of the mitral valve apparatus on the baseline echocardiograms was scored in blinded manner using a semiquantitative grading system of leaflet thickening, mobility, calcification and subvalvular thickening (Abascal score). Additionally, each of the medial and lateral commissures was graded for the presence or absence of calcification. End points were death, New York Heart Association functional class, repeat percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy and mitral valve replacement at follow-up. Results. The mean follow-up period was 1.8 years (maximum 7.9 years). Univariate predictors of death and all events combined included age, the use of a double-balloon technique, the presence of calcium in a commissure and the Abascal score, as continuous variables. Patients with an Abascal score ≤8 showed a trend toward improved survival at 36 months free of death, repeat percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy or mitral valve replacement (78 ± 6% vs. 67 ± 8%, p = 0.07) and free of all events combined (75 ± 6% vs. 64 ± 8%, p = 0.07) versus those patients with a score >8. However, survival at 36 months free of death, repeat percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy or mitral valve replacement (86 ± 4% vs. 40 ± 4%) and free of all events combined (82 ± 5% vs. 38 ± 10%) at follow-up was significantly different between patients without commissural calcium and those with commissural calcium (p Conclusions. The presence of commissural calcium is a strong predictor of outcome after percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. Patients with evidence of calcium in a commissure have a lower survival rate and a higher incidence of mitral valve replacement and all end points combined. Thus, the simple presence or absence of commissural calcification assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography can be used to predict outcome. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:175–80)>
Macroscopic and single-channel studies of two Ca2+ channel types in oocytes of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis.

Whole-cell and single-channel patch-clamp experiments were performed on unfertilized oocytes of the ascidianCiona intestinalis to investigate the properties of two voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents found in this cell. The peak of the low threshold current (channel I) occurred at −20 mV, the peak of the high-threshold current (channel II) at +20 mV. The two currents could be distinguished by voltage dependence, kinetics of inactivation and ion selectivity. During large depolarizing voltage pulses, a transient outward current was recorded which appeared to be due to potassium efflux through channel II. When the external concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were reduced sufficiently, large inward Na currents flowed through both channels I and II. Using divalent-free solutions in cell-attached patch recordings, single-channel currents representing Na influx through channels I and II were recorded. The two types of unitary events could be distinguished on the basis of open time (channel I longer) and conductance (channel I smaller). Blocking events during changel I openings were recorded when micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ or Mg2+ were added to the patch pipette solutions. Slopes of the blocking rate constantvs. concentration gave binding constants of 6.4×106 m −1 sec−1 for Mg2+ and 4.5×108 m −1 sec−1 for Ca2+. The Ca2+ block was somewhat relieved at negative potentials, whereas the Mg2+ block was not, suggesting that Ca2+, but not Mg2+, can exit from the binding site toward the cell interior.
Trigonometric Identities on a Graphing Calculator

3. C. H. Edwards, The Historical Development of the Calculus, Springer, New York, 1979. 4. P. Lax, S. Burstein, and A. Lax, Calculus with Applications and Computing, Springer, New York, 1976. 5. R. L. Finney, M. D. Weir, and F. R. Giordano, Thomas' Calculus, Addison Wesley Logman, New York, 2001. 6. 0. Toeplitz, The Calculus, a Genetic Approach, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1963. 7. F. Wattenberg, Calculus in a Real and Complex World, PWS Publishing Company, Boston, 1995.
Closure of circular arc cracks under general loading: effects on stress intensity factors

The two-dimensional circular arc crack solution of Muskhelishvili (Some basic problems of the mathematical theory of elasticity, P. Noordhoff Ltd, Groningen, Holland, 1953) has been used widely to study curved crack behavior in an infinite, homogeneous and isotropic elastic material. However, for certain orientations and magnitudes of the remotely applied loads, portions of the crack will close. Since the analytical solution is incorrect once the crack walls come into contact, the displacement discontinuity method is combined with a complementarity algorithm to solve this problem. This study uses stress intensity factors (SIFs) and displacement discontinuities along the crack to define when the analytical solution is not applicable and to better understand the mechanism that causes partial closure under various loading conditions, including uniaxial tension and pure shear. Closure is mainly due to material from the concave side of the crack moving toward the outer crack surface. Solutions that allow interpenetration of the crack tips yield non-zero mode I SIFs, while crack tip closure under proper contact boundary conditions produce mode I SIFs that are identically zero. Partial closure of a circular arc crack will alter both mode I and II SIFs at the crack tips, regardless of the positioning or length of the closed section along the crack. Friction on the crack surfaces in contact changes the total length and positioning of closure, as well as generally decreases the magnitude of opening along the portions of the crack that are not closed.
STIMULATING EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY ON HAIR GROWTH AND MELANIN DEPOSITION IN BLACK RATS FED DIETS ADEQUATE AND DEFICIENT IN THE FILTRATE FACTORS OF VITAMIN B1

IN VIEW of the reports that diets deficient in the filtrate factors of vitamin B have resulted in atrophy and necrosis of the adrenal cortex (1–4), as well as in graying of the fur in black or brown rats (5–7), we were prompted to study the effects of adrenalectomy in rats maintained on diets deficient in ‘filtrate factors’. A reversal of the graying process, together with an acceleration of hair growth, followed ablation of both adrenal glands. This report is concerned with the investigation of the changes so far observed. Rats of the Long-Evans strain bred in the laboratory, were used. The diet deficient in ‘filtrate factors’ consisted of casein 22 per cent, sucrose 64 per cent, primex 9 per cent, salt mixture 5 per cent, and 1.9 cc. of cod liver oil per 100 gm. of the mixture. In addition, the rats were given daily 15 micrograms each of thiamine chloride and pyridoxine and 45 micrograms of riboflavin.
A bipolar device modeling technique applicable to computer-aided circuit analysis and design

The development of a modeling technique for bipolar devices is described. The application of the technique results in complete and realistic large-signal models which are amenable to computer-aided analysis. SCEPTRE has been used to effectively analyze derived models, and results of SCEPTRE analyses of a developed transistor model are presented to illustrate the general capabilities of the modeling technique and to indicate the efficiency with which the resulting models are handled by SCEPTRE. The models are structured such that systematic modifications in model complexity can be effected to reflect refinements in the states of the art of device processing and analysis, as well as to efficiently satisfy the user's model capability requirements.
Virtual workstation: a multimodal stereoscopic display environment

A head-mounted, wide-angle, stereoscopic display system controlled by operator position, voice and gesture has been developed for use in a multipurpose interface environment. The system provides a multisensory, interactive display environment in which a user can virtually explore a 360-degree synthesized or remotely sensed environment and can viscerally interact with its components. Primary applications of the system are in telerobotics, management of large-scale integrated information systems, and human factors research. System configuration, application scenarios, and research directions are described.
Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD) Occurs in the Perinatal Mesenteric Microvasculature and is Age Dependent ♦ 1017

The mechanostimulus of flow across endothelial cells activates the constitutive isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS); this action increases nitric oxide (NO) production, which in turn relaxes vascular smooth muscle. This response, called FMD is a key determinant of vessel diameter. FMD occurs in the large conduit arteries (ie., dia >3 mm) of the newborn mesenteric circulation; its presence in the mesenteric microcirculation is not known, but would be significant because of the pivotal role of these arterioles is setting vascular resistance across the gut. To this end, terminal mesenteric arterioles (ie., those piercing the gut wall) from 3- and 35-d old swine were mounted between glass microcannulae and buffer-perfused in vitro by means of a servocontrolled pump apparatus which allowed independent manipulation of flow rate and intravascular pressure. Vessel diameter (in μm) was measured at: zero flow (noQ); 100 μl flow (Q100); 100 μl flow after LNMMA, an NOS inhibitor (Q+L); and during perfusion with Ca2+-free buffer to determine maximal diameter (MaxD); intravascular pressure was held constant at 40 mmHg.Table
Differential Modulation of Cocaine’s Discriminative Cue by Repeated and Variable Stress Exposure: Relation to Monoamine Transporter Levels

Discriminative stimulus functions of drugs of abuse play an important role in the acquisition, maintenance and reinstatement of drug-taking behavior. The present study tested whether two different schedules of stressor presentation, i.e., repeated and variable, for 10 days, can modify the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in male rats trained to discriminate cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) from saline. Dopamine (DAT), serotonin (SERT) and norepinephrine (NET) transporter levels in mesocorticolimbic areas were also measured using western blotting after stress exposure to determine if the relative ratio of these proteins may explain differences in behavior. Rats exposed to both repeated and variable stress displayed shifts in the cocaine dose-response curve but with different patterns of responding. In handled controls, ED(50) values for cocaine-like responding were stable after 10 days of handling compared to baseline. Repeated stress produced a transient left-ward shift in cocaine-like responding, indicating increased sensitivity to the cocaine cue. ED(50) values after variable stress did not differ from baseline, although maximal cocaine-like responding was lower at the two highest doses of cocaine tested at which variably stressed rats exhibited more saline-like responding. Alterations in DAT and NET were found in the Repeated Stress group and DAT and SERT in the Variable Stress group in select brain regions which may be responsible for differences in behavior.
Simultaneous nonlinear regression analysis for n- and k-dispersion data.

A new nonlinear regression procedure for classical dispersion relations has been developed to represent simultaneously both refractive-index and absorption coefficient data. The technique is applied to experimental data for several solids.
Is your support services train derailing?: how one integrated software package got us back on track

Loras College is a ThinkPad University and our IT Department was faced with several issues from a support standpoint that needed addressing. We were looking for an efficient way to image large quantities of laptops for distribution to our Faculty, Staff and Students as well as manage the hardware and software in our mobile user environment. Our networking staff needed a way to enforce compliance of specific patch/security levels and remediate any vulnerabilities on systems before allowing them access to our network. Our Help Desk needed a way to remote control our users both on and off campus to alleviate the need to send a technician on-sight to work on their machines. The answer to all our problems was an application suite called LANDesk®. LANDesk® provides many useful tools and services which include: Image capture and Deployment, Remote Control, Trusted Access, Security and Patch Management, and a Software Distribution Portal. This paper takes a closer look at each of these applications in more detail and explains how they have helped us reach many of our support services goals.
Giant intrinsic magnetic hardness in RFe5−x Ni x (R=rare earth,x=4 to 5)

Giant low temperature intrinsic magnetic hardness is observed in structurally homogeneous CaCu5 type compounds RFe5−x Ni x . In SmFe5−x Ni x , this magnetic hardness peaks approximately at a composition SmFe0.2Ni4.8, with an extrapolated coercive force of 230 kOe at absolute zero. The transition metal sublattice is not anisotropic. Thus, the rare earth alone creates giant coercivity. Only compounds withc-axis preference exhibit substantial magnetic hardness (Sm, Er, Tm). Partial substitution of a tetravalent rare earth to produce crystal field anisotropy fluctuations apparently increases coercivity somewhat in the axis-preference compound SmFeNi4, but has no effect in the plane-preferred compound TbFeNi4.
Codex and Roll in the New Testament

During the last twenty or thirty years evidence has been rapidly accumulating to prove that the codex was in general use for books at a much earlier time than was formerly supposed. The definite testimony of Martial and others on the subject could be misinterpreted, discounted, or overlooked so long as there was no clear corroborating archaeological evidence. Papyrus and the roll had taken firm hold upon the classicistic imaginations of modern students of ancient literatures, especially after the nineteenth-century discoveries of papyri in Egypt, and no one dreamed that the New Testament documents could have been written originally on anything but papyrus sheets and papyrus rolls.
Chaotic bandgaps in hybrid acousto-optic feedback and their implications

The nonlinear dynamics of a hybrid acousto-optic device was examined from the perspective of the Lyapunov exponent (LE) and bifurcation maps. The plots for LE versus system parameters and bifurcation maps have recently been examined against known simulation results including chaotic encryption experiments [1]. It is verified that the "loop gain" (feedback gain (β) times incident light amplitude (I in ) needs to be greater than one as a necessary , but not sufficient condition for the onset of chaos. It is found that for certain combinations of β, I in , net bias voltage (α tοt ), and the initial value of the first-order scattered light (I 1 (0)), there are pronounced regions of chaos in the parameter field, while for others, chaos is minimal. It is also observed that in some cases, the negative "spikes" in the LE are far larger than its positive amplitudes, hence indicating a greater tendency to become non-chaotic. Additionally, we have examined the bifurcation plots versus the two most salient system parameters, α tοt and β. These maps have revealed behavior that is by no means uniformly chaotic. It is found that the system moves in and out of chaos within distinct bands along the α tοt and β axes. These results imply strong sensitivity vis-a-vis these parameters around the passbands and stopbands , and may indicate control of chaos by appropriate parameter adjustment. Such control may have applications in biological chaos, such as arresting malignant, chaotic cell multiplication. Overall, the dynamical results compare favorably with time-domain characteristics of encrypted chaotic waveforms in signal modulation and transmission applications.
RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ARSENIC IN SUCCESSIVE INSTARS OF THE SILKWORM

The susceptibility of the silkworm to arsenic decreases during its larval development. Relative susceptibility may be expressed numerically as a ratio of areas under dosage-effect curves.
Investigation of condensed matter via resonant neutron scattering. Correlation-function formalism with application to the study of the interatomic force density

Resonant epithermal neutron scattering provides a new regime for the study of the properties of condensed matter. The differential scattering cross section is developed in a resonant-correlation-function formalism involving the positions of two scattering centers at four different times. The resonant correlation functions contain information which cannot be obtained from a study of the Van Hove correlation functions which are related to the thermal neutron scattering law, and these resonant correlation functions enable one to observe phenomena which are beyond the scope of thermal neutron scattering. The extraction of the time-dependent interatomic force density is taken as an example.
On searching for heavy hadrons through jet invariant mass in electron-positron annihilation

On the basis of theoretical arguments that heavy hadrons carry almost all of the energy of heavy-quark jets, we investigate a possible recipe to isolate or to concentrate events of heavy-hadron production in electron-positron annihilation.
THREE‐DIMENSIONAL CELL SHAPE IN THE TUBEROUS ROOTS OF ASPARAGUS AND IN THE LEAF OF RHOEO

Protuberances on Red Kidney beans were observed on both surfaces of the trifoliate leaves, as a result of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid treatment. They are different in . shape and structure from other known overgrowths occurring on plants. External factors, light, temperature, and moisture condition, seemed to have only a minor role in stimulating them, although a saturated atmosphere definitely inhibited their appeararnce. A considerable increase of peroxidase activity was present in the proliferated tissues.
Can we get any better information about the nature of light by comparing radio and light wave detection processes

Comparing the radio and the light wave detection processes, this paper clarifies that what we normally call "interference" of EM waves, is actually the summation of the field induced signals carried out by the detectors. We have also presented a generalized definition of the superposition effects as measured (SEM) due to multiple physical steps behind any detection process. Thus the manipulation of the various physical properties of the detectors to various parameters of the EM waves can yield different "interference" effects for the same set of superposed waves. If EM waves interfered by themselves, such manipulation would not have been possible. We also give simple examples of visibility degradations due to rotation of the states of polarization and underscore that such degradation should not be assigned to degradation of coherence properties of the EM waves. It is due to the change in the stimulating amplitude, reduced by Malus'cosθ law, which is accessible to the uniaxial dipole like response of the detecting molecules.
The interaction of plasma proteins with polymers. I. Relationship between polymer surface energy and protein adsorption/desorption

Adsorption of bovine albumin, gamma-globulin and fibrinogen from phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.5) onto several polymer films was studied using the radioiodinated proteins (125I). The kinetics of desorption of the proteinated polymer films in bovine plasma was determined. Contact angle measurements on these same polymers allowed the calculation of dispersive (WA d) and polar (Ip) components of the polymer-protein solution system. Results from these measurements show that the nondispersive-dispersive force balance at the polymer-protein solution interface, expressed by the Ip/WA d ratio, is an important factor for binding of proteins on polymer surfaces. The purity of fibrinogen and the cleaning procedures for the polymer surfaces influence the absolute values of proteins adsorbed on polymer surfaces.
Fractional colorings with large denominators

The m-chromatic number χm(G) of a graph G is the fewest colors needed so each node has m colors and no color appears on adjacent nodes. The fractional chromatic number is χ*(G)=limm∞χm(G)/m. Let m(G) be the least m so that χ* (G) = χm(G)/m. For n node graphs, Chvatal, Garey and Johnson showed m(G) ≦ nn/2 and gave example, where m(G) is asymptotically . This note gives examples where m(G) is asymptotically λn, where λ ≈ 1.346193. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Architecture of the nerve ending membrane.

Abstract Recent studies elucidating the composition and structure of synaptosomal plasma membrane are reviewed and discussed. The chemical composition of this membrane has been very well characterized; it is similar in a general manner to that of other membrane, but shows several distinctive features. The structure of the membrane, including the nature of protein-lipid interactions and the lateral and topographical arrangements of these components, has been less intensively studied, but the available data indicate many features of organization in common with other systems. A close correspondence of synaptosomal plasma membrane composition and structure with that of internal neuronal components is pointed out, and on the basis of it and other observations a model of membrane synthesis is proposed. It is concluded that further studies of this membrane should focus on identifying local differences in membrane organization, the mechanisms by which they are brought about, and their role in synaptic transmission.
Field investigations on the snow chemistry in central and southern California—I. Inorganic ions and hydrogen peroxide

Measurements of various inorganic species in snow collected in central and southern California during the winter of 1987–1988 indicate a combined influence of anthropogenic and maritime sources, depending on the meteorological conditions and wind patterns. Ion balance calculations revealed that organic acids are significant contributors to the overall chemical budget in snow samples. 60–95% of the total SO_4^(2−) was calculated to habe been derived from S(IV) oxidation. H_2O_2 concentrations up to 7.4 μmole l^(−1) were analyzed in fresh snow. No systematic trends in the concentrations of H_2O_2 were observed during collection periods in marked contrast to the behavior of inorganic species (e.g. Na^+, Cl^−, SO_4^(2-), NO_3^−). H_2O_2 concentrations found in snow were 2–3 times lower than those found in rainwater collected during the same events at a lower elevation site, whereas inorganic ion levels were 2–7 times lower in snow. In an accumulated season snowpack a decrease of [H_2O_2] and an increase of [SO_4^(2−)] with depth was observed.
Weight loss strategies: Association with consumption of sugary beverages, snacks and values about food purchases

Objective To examine whether weight loss strategies are associated with consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), snacks or food values.
Supervising the Unethical Selling Behavior of Top Sales Performers: Assessing the Impact of Social Desirability Bias

This study measures social desirability bias (SD bias) by comparing the level of discipline sales managers believe they would administer when supervising unethical selling behavior with the level of discipline they perceive other sales managers would select. Results indicate the presence of SD bias; the sales manager respondents consistently claimed that they would be stricter while their peers would be more lenient. Using an analytical technique that takes social desirability bias into account, it appears that sales managers’ use of discipline is affected by the sales performance of the salesperson being disciplined resulting in more lenient discipline for top sales performers. In addition, the more lenient treatment for top sales performers persists even when there is a pattern of a prior ethical infraction and the existence of an explicit organizational policy proscribing the act in question. Sales managers believe that, like themselves, others would be stricter when an unethical act is committed for the second time but not as strict as they personally would be. A within-subjects interaction effect indicates more SD bias under the condition of the unethical act being committed for the second time.
Introduction to the symposium

Peter Manus is a Professor of Law at New England School of Law, where he specializes in environmental law. Professor Manus graduated from Dartmouth College in 1980 and Cornell Law School in 1987, practiced environmental law at the Boston law firms of Goodwin, Procter & Hoar and Peabody & Arnold, and joined the New England faculty in 1992, where he teaches Environmental Law, Environmental Theory and Politics, Administrative Law, Property, and related courses. Professor Manus has written a number of articles on environmental law.
Ist neoadjuvante Therapie für lokal fortgeschrittene Magenkarzinome Standard

Das fortgeschrittene Magenkarzinom bedarf trotz der Ergebnisse der erweiterten chirurgischen Therapie und einzelner positiver Daten zu postoperativen Therapieverfahren der Entwicklung grundlegender multimodaler Therapiekonzepte. Diese sollten, im Falle der praoperativen Anwendung zur Erhohung der R0-Resektionsrate und damit einer Verbesserung der Prognose fuhren. Neoadjuvante Therapiekonzepte bieten den theoretischen Vorteil der fruhzeitigen Elimination von Mikrometastasen und damit einer Verzogerung des Auftretens oder einer Verhinderung von Fernmetastasen. Bei Reduktion der Primartumorausdehnung ist weiterhin mit einer verbesserten R0-Resektabilitat zu rechnen. In mehreren Phase II-Studien konnte dieses Konzept unter Verwendung platinhaltiger Chemotherapieschemata, mit einer hohen Signifikanz (p=0,001) fur die Gruppe der Patienten, die auf die Therapie ansprachen, gezeigt werden. Die Verwendung einer sequentiellen Chemotherapie und Radiochemotherapie in neoadjuvanter Intention erreichte in 20–25% der Falle eine komplette Remisson am histopathologischen Praparat. Langzeitergebnisse liegen hierzu jedoch noch nicht vor. Neben den zu erwartenden Daten aus Phase III-Studien ist eine Optimierung der neoadjuvanten Therapie jedoch wahrscheinlich erst durch den Einsatz neuer und effektiverer Zytostatika und die gleichzeitige Identifizierung von Faktoren, die das Ansprechen auf die gewahlte Modalitat voraussagen, erreichbar.
Asymmetries of Information and LDC Borrowing with Sovereign Risk

The dramatic rise in the amount and extent of private lending to the lessdeveloped countries following I973 has received widespread attention. During the current recession, the Western press has often reported that creditors were unaware of the total amount of lending to individual LDCs, thereby incorrectly assessing the risk of default. This paper presents a theoretical model of international lending with sovereign risk which emphasises the role of asymmetric information about total debt-service obligations between creditors and debtors. The model is used to explain how sovereign risk leads to important special features observed in LDC borrowing. The characteristics of borrowing by the LDCs on international capital markets have been investigated and described in several recent studies (see, for example, Eaton and Gersovitz (I98I b); Fleming (I98I); Hope (I98I); IMF (I98I and I980); O'Brien (1 98 I) and Wellens (I 977)). Eaton and Gersovitz (1 98 I b), in particular, argue that the threat of possible repudiation of debt by a sovereign country is responsible for the salient differences between market outcomes for LDC borrowing and the nature of loan contracts observed in lending between developed nations and in domestic corporate finance. Access to long-term loans on the Eurobond market is limited to very few non-OPEC LDCs, and most LDCs which receive loans on the private credit market obtain medium-term commercial credit from the major U.S. and European banks. Therefore, LD C debt is typically of shorter maturity than most developed country corporate debt. The lowest income LDCs almost never gain access to the private loan market and rely upon long-term borrowing from official creditors and international agencies. Private creditors are also reported to analyse individual countries' credit-worthiness, that is, their ability, or proclivity, to absorb capital inflows and repay debts. Therefore, the adoption of policies intended to signal credit-worthiness by LDC governments is often observed. Credit on international markets is typically quantity-rationed, with countries having higher rates of saving and investment receiving larger loans at lower rates of interest. Because lenders are often unable to obtain legal remedies for breach of contract in a debtor's political jurisdiction, mutually advantageous contracts common in domestic corporate bond-finance are unenforceable in the international credit market. In the presence of sovereign risk, lenders must rely upon the threatened denial of future credits and the disruption of a debtor's commodity trade or access to trade-finance to discourage the repudiation of debt. In the case of corporate finance, bond convenants and bankruptcy provisions protect creditors from increases in their exposure to default risk created by subsequent borrowing