cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The GENACIS project: a review of findings and some implications for global needs in women-focused substance abuse prevention and intervention

Gender, Alcohol, and Culture: An International Study (GENACIS) is a collaborative study of gender-related and cultural influences on alcohol use and alcohol-related problems of women and men. Members conduct comparative analyses of data from comparable general population surveys in 38 countries on five continents. This paper presents GENACIS findings that (1) age-related declines in drinking are uncommon outside North America and Europe; (2) groups of women at increased risk for hazardous drinking include women who cohabit, women with fewer social roles, more highly educated women in lower-income countries, and sexual minority women in North America; (3) heavier alcohol use shows strong and cross-culturally consistent associations with increased likelihood and severity of intimate partner violence; and (4) one effect or accompaniment of rapid social, economic, and gender-role change in traditional societies may be increased drinking among formerly abstinent women. These findings have potentially important implications for women-focused intervention and policy. Substance abuse services should include attention to middle-aged and older women, who may have different risk factors, symptoms, and treatment issues than their younger counterparts. Creative, targeted prevention is needed for high-risk groups of women. Programs to reduce violence between intimate partners must include attention to the pervasive role of alcohol use in intimate partner aggression. Social and economic empowerment of women, together with social marketing of norms of abstention or low-risk drinking, may help prevent increased hazardous alcohol use among women in countries undergoing rapid social change. Greater attention to effects of gender, culture, and their interactions can inform the design of more effective prevention, intervention, and policy to reduce the substantial global costs of alcohol abuse in both women and men.
Ptf1a is a molecular determinant for both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the hindbrain

The pancreas transcription factor 1a ( Ptf1a ) gene encodes a bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) transcription factor that has been shown to be required for the specification and formation of the pancreas, as well as for the generation of Purkinje cells (PCs) and interneurons in the cerebellum ([Hoshino
Molecular pathways involved in loss of graft function in kidney transplant recipients.

Interstitial fibrosis (IF) and tubular atrophy (TA) are integral parts of chronic allograft dysfunction and represent in the new classification a separate entity with or without the identification of a specific etiology. Loss of kidney graft function with IF/TA is one of the causes of most kidney allograft losses. Despite progress in immunosuppression, chronic allograft dysfunction remains the main clinical challenge for improving long-term graft survival. The sustained damage to the allograft does not represent a single entity but the summated effects of tissue injury from several pathogenic insults, as well as the kidney’s healing response, modified by alloimmunity and immunosuppression. A major challenge in the future of kidney transplantation includes the study of chronic allograft dysfunction pathogenesis to identify early markers of disease progression, as well as potential therapeutics pathways.
Sustainability, or how I learned to stop worrying and love the photons.

Walkintoanyhouseholdappliancesuperstore and you will notice that each stainless steel refrigerator door is highlighted by a yellow EnergyGuide label, as required by the US Department of Energy. The annual operating cost of therefrigeratorisinboldtypeatthetop ofthelabel,andjustbelowisasliderbar that shows the range of operating costs for similar refrigerators. Some may disregard the annual energy consumption described in kilowatt-hours, but becausecostvarieswithenergyconsumption, most prospective customers will (at least indirectly) factor energy efficiency into their purchase decision. Societyhasaninterestintheindivid
Probing the magnetosphere with artificial electron beams

An analysis is conducted of the University of Minnesota Electron Echo experiments, which so far have included five sounding rocket experiments. The concept of the Echo experiment is to inject electron beam pulses from a rocket into the ionosphere at altitudes in the range from 100 to 300 km. The electrons move to the conjugate hemisphere following magnetic field lines and return on neighboring field lines to the neighborhood of the rocket where the pulses may be detected and analyzed. Attention is given to the detection and analysis of echoes, the structure of echoes, and the Echo V experiment. The Echo V experiment showed clearly that detection of remote echo beams by atmospheric fluorescence using low light level TV system is not a viable technique. A future experiment is to use throw-away detectors for direct remote echo detection.
Monolayers of mitochondrial cardiolipin and cerebronic acid and their equimolar mixture

Abstract Biological membranes are essentially organized mixtures of oriented film-forming compounds. Thus the study of monolayers of mitochondrial cardiolipin and cerebronic acid alone and in mixtures should shed light on the structure and function of biomembranes. Mitochondrial cardiolipin forms a monolayer which shows essentially no compression-expansion-recompression hysteresis up to 24 dyn/cm and reaches a maximum pressure of 29 dyn/cm. Electron micrographs of the collapsed film reveal disks unlike any collapse structures heretofore observed. The precursors of the disks may well be liposomes formed by double-layer folds of the monolayer moving down into the aqueous substrate. Cerebronic acid forms a rigid fatty-acid type monolayer whose isotherm rises to a stable maximum pressure of 68 dyn/cm. Such stability is most unusual for a film of this type. Electron micrographs of the “collapsing” film show many tall ridges normal to the direction of compression but no fallen ridges (flat ribbons or platelets) like those that have dominated the micrographs of similar films. Isotherms for an equimolar mixture of cardiolipin and cerebronic acid show slight interference (mixing) at moderate pressures, squeezing out of considerable cardiolipin near its collapse pressure, and moderate interference at high pressures where cerebronic acid dominates. Electron micrographs suggest considerable mixing of the collapsed structures.
Cure characterization of soybean oil—Styrene—Divinylbenzene thermosetting copolymers

Bio-based resins are an alternative to petroleum-based resins in the production of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) by processes such as pultrusion. A detailed understanding of the cure behavior of the resin is essential to determine the process variables for production of FRPs. In this work, the cure kinetics of soybean oil-styrene-divinylbenzene thermosetting polymers is characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. By varying the concentration of the cationic initiator from 1 to 3 weight percent (wt %), the most viable resin composition for pultrusion is identified. The ability of phenomenological reaction models to describe the DSC measurements for the optimum resin composition is tested and kinetic equations, which can be used to determine the degree of cure at any temperature and time, are determined. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Building the body: active learning laboratories that emphasize practical aspects of anatomy and integration with radiology.

Active learning exercises were developed to allow advanced medical students to revisit and review anatomy in a clinically meaningful context. In our curriculum, students learn anatomy two to three years before they participate in the radiology clerkship. These educational exercises are designed to review anatomy content while highlighting its relevance to the study of radiology. Laboratory exercises were developed using inexpensive materials in the form of hands-on stations designed for use by students working together in small groups. Station exercises include model building, exploring relevant radiological imaging, and practicing clinical techniques. Students are encouraged to move from abstract conceptualization of the anatomy using models to applying knowledge to living tissues by using a portable ultrasound to explore superficial anatomy on each other. Stations are designed to integrate knowledge and reemphasize concepts in different contexts, so that upon completion students have a reinforced understanding of the three-dimensional anatomy of the region in question, the appearance of the anatomy on radiological images, and an appreciation of the relevance of the anatomy to radiological procedures. Anat Sci Educ, 2010 © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Particle simulation code for fusion ignition

Abstract Inertial fusion ignition phenomena including effects of non-Maxwellian ion velocity distributions are studied by molecular dynamics particle simulation. 10,000 DT ions at a density 100 g/cm 3 and temperature ∼10 keV are followed for 10 to 20 ps. The simulations include ion collisions, electron–ion coupling and radiation emission and absorption. Fusion reactions produce energetic alphas and the plasma self-heats to 20–30 keV. It is found that calculations starting from a variety of initial conditions evolve to approach a unique self-heating trajectory which can be called an ignition attractor . A calculation starting with 3 keV DT ignites within a few ps after 2 MeV alpha particles are injected and deposit ∼300 MJ/g; this demonstrates that fast ions are highly effective for fast ignition of precompressed DT.
Carbohydrate associated with gamma-crystallin of the calf lens

Abstract It appears that gamma-crystallin of calf lens has more bound sugar than either alpha- or beta-crystallins. The various fractions of gamma-crystallin obtained from three different methods of the preparation all were found to contain some carbohydrate. In the major fractions, the carbohydrate was composed of xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose and hexosamine, which were present in the same proportions. Under certain procedures of separating gamma-crystallin from the other two crystallins, a minor protein fraction was isolated that contained a large carbohydrate component made up principally of glucose.
Optimal Sampling Theory: Effect of Error in a Nominal Parameter Value on Bias and Precision of Parameter Estimation

The authors examined the robustness of optimal sampling theory in estimating the parameter values of two different populations of patients receiving a constant rate, half-hour intravenous infusion of theophylline. One population consisted of smokers; the other included nonsmokers. The smoking population was predicted to have a serum clearance approximately 50% greater than the nonsmokers because of an induction of the cytochrome P450 system. After an initial study to provide both patient-specific and population mean parameter values, optimal sampling strategies that were derived from each population (seven sample split designs) and the patient's seven sample and four sample design were determined. A second study was performed with an overall sampling strategy that was superset of all the above strategies. The analysis of all samples served as the reference for the parameter values. Bias and precision of the values determined with each of the optimal sampling sets (seven sample sets based on the "correct" and "wrong" populations, the patient's seven and four sample sets) were determined relative to these reference values. Irrespective of the sample set used for analysis, unbiased and precise parameter estimates, particularly of hybrid parameters were provided. With the patient's four sample set, Vss was significantly biased, but the value of (2.2%) was clinically insignificant. The authors conclude that optimal sampling theory, as implemented in this study, provides robust estimates of important pharmacokinetic parameter values, even when errors of 50% are present in the clearance of the population used to calculate the optimal sampling design.
Retrospective comparison of taping and ankle stabilizers in preventing ankle injuries

The effectiveness of taping and the effectiveness of wearing a laced stabilizer in preventing ankle injuries and reinjuries over six seasons of collegiate football practices and games were assessed retrospectively. For 1 1/2 years the players all had taped ankles, and for the remaining 4 1/2 years the players chose their type of ankle support. Over the entire period, the players chose high-top or low-top shoes as preferred. During 51,931 exposures to injury (46,789 practice-exposures and 5,142 game-exposures), the 297 players sustained 224 ankle injuries and 24 reinjuries. Tape was worn during 38,658 exposures to injury (233 players), stabilizers during 13,273 exposures (127 players). Tape had been worn when 159 of the injuries and 23 of the reinjuries occurred; a stabilizer had been worn when 37 of the injuries (P = 0.003) and one of the reinjuries occurred. The combination allowing the fewest injuries overall was low-top shoes and laced ankle stabilizers.
Imperfect science: Uncertainty, diversity, and experts

Seismic safety issues related to nuclear reactors in the eastern United States pose special challenges to the Earth and engineering sciences, given the severe consequences that can attend even very infrequent earthquakes. To deal with low-probability, potentially damaging ground motions, two major probabilistic seismic hazard analyses were conducted in the 1980s for nuclear reactors in the eastern United States, that part of the country east of the Rocky Mountains. The first study was performed by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) [Bernreuter et al., 1989] and was supported by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC). The second was commissioned by the Seismicity Owners Group of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), [1989]. These studies generally agreed in terms of median hazard estimates, but mean hazard estimates at individual sites varied considerably, in several cases by 2 orders of magnitude or more.
Congruent paleomagnetic and archeomagnetic records from the Western United States: a.d. 750 to 1450.

Two independently dated, high-resolution paleomagnetic records, one lacustrine and one archeological, record the passage across western North America of the same nondipole feature of the geomagnetic field during the time interval from A.D. 750 to 1450. Although these sequences indicate that correlation between paleomagnetic and archeomagnetic records is feasible under certain conditions, differences between the records underscore the difficulty of dating accurately an archeological site by correlation of a single archeomagnetic direction with a secular variation curve.
A Screed, a Surrender, and a Summons: Facing the Political Surround

This essay offers a politics of possibility and hope in the face of right-wing politics. It outlines tempting but unproductive stances that provide some relief from the right-wing assault before advocating some strategies that might work in behalf of social justice. Its call to action is located in an ethic of care.
An Educational Program in the Medical Uses of Computers for Rural Physicians

Abstract The Medical College of Ohio and three rural hospitals co-sponsored three educational programs in the medical applications of computers for rural physicians in Northwest Ohio. The College's Outreach Librarian played a major role in the programs. These programs were significant and possibly unique because of the comprehensiveness of the material presented and their focus on training rural physicians. Topics covered in the programs included: basic computer skills; online catalogs; online databases; CD-ROMs; the World Wide Web; and e-mail.
Employee assistance programs: Industrial and clinical perspectives

Comprehensive employee assistance programs have evolved from alcohol treatment programs. Nonetheless, alcohol is still seen by many as industry's primary problem.
To everything there is a season and a time to every purpose: retirement and the neurosurgeon.

✓ Neurosurgery has designed a rigid curriculum that must be followed precisely by those who wish to enter the specialty. A similar process at the other end of the practice cycle has never been formalized except for mandatory retirement from certain administrative positions at a particular age. Basic considerations for strategic decision making about voluntary retirement from neurosurgery, especially operative neurosurgery, are investigated. Statistical data from the US Census Bureau and sources in the medical literature were reviewed regarding life expectancy and retirement ages. Age-related differences in verbal and performance intelligence quotients, attention span, verbal memory recall, and visuospatial facility were surveyed. A questionnaire was sent to 29 recently retired academic neurosurgeons about their age and reasons for retirement along with postretirement activities; 22 responses were received. Analysis of the data indicates that surgeons are now retiring at the age of approximately 60 years, ...
Sulfur cleavage of a phosphorus-phosphorus double bond

Abstract Cleavage of the phosphorus-phosphorus double bond takes place when the diphosphene, (2,4,6-( t -Bu)3C6H2P)2, is treated with excess sulfur in the presence of DBU (1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-5-ene).
Disabling Juvenile Justice Engaging the Stories of Incarcerated Young Women of Color With Disabilities

One of the field’s most enduring problems is the overrepresentation of students of color in special education. A less acknowledged challenge is the overrepresentation of students with disabilities in juvenile incarceration. Quantitative studies have documented the overrepresentation of students with disabilities in juvenile justice. Yet, little is known about the education they receive once they become incarcerated. This qualitative study examined the education of 10 young women of color labeled with emotional disabilities in the School-to-Prison Pipeline. Through in-depth interviews and observations, this study explored the following questions: (a) What processes and practices impact juvenile incarceration education for students with historically marginalized identities (e.g., disability, gender, race, culture)? (b) How is the education of young women of color with disabilities affected by these processes and practices? Findings illustrate how socializing processes and practices aimed at control and comp...
Packaging for high performance computers

The session will be focused on how packaging technology influences the performance and cost of current and future computers. Alternative packaging designs will be compared, with emphasis on their capabilities, limitations and extendability to future machines.
A differential pulse polarographic serum protein assay.

Abstract Human serum and albumin show a differential pulse polarographic band near −0.6 V. For sufficiently dilute solutions (
Hydrogen as a vector for central receiver solar utilities

Abstract An assessment is presented to use hydrogen or hydrogen-rich fuels as a vector in the Central Receiver Solar Utility (CRSU) concept. The CRSU is conceived to meet primarily the domestic energy requirements for space heating and hot water production of a community. It normally operates to provide low grade heat with sensible seasonal heat storage and district heating systems. However, there are institutional problems connected with using sensible heat storage and low grade energy distribution systems into dwellings. An alternative to this would be to produce hydrogen and hydrogen-rich fuels by using an advanced conversion technology and eliminate low grade heat storage and distribution systems. Two developing technologies, namely high temperature electrolysis and thermochemical processes, are considered for production of the vector. Then, an assessment is carried out at the conceptual level for fully dedicated Central Receiver Solar Utility Plants which integrate a central receiver system, thermochemical plant or electrical power generating system and synthetic fuel production plant with necessary auxiliary sub-systems. It is shown that for a 10% capital recovery factor, the cost of hydrogen at the plant will be about $18 per GJ using thermochemical processes and about $20 per GJ using high temperature electrolysis processes. The solar-hydrogen can also be converted to a more easily stored fuel for domestic use such as methanol, ethanol, ammonia or fuel oil. In this case, there is a distinct possibility that by using waste heavy fuels, tar sands and biomass, the cost of synthetic fuel can be considerably reduced.
Empirical science and value assumptions: Lessons from C. G. Jung.

The impact of Carl Jung's discussion of psychic phenomena is well known. In 1937, he was invited by Yale University to deliver the Terry Lectures on "Psychology and Religion." On that occasion and many times thereafter, he stated: "Notwithstanding the fact that I have often been called a philosopher, I am an empiricist and adhere to the phenomenological standpoint." Throughout his writings, Jung laid great stress upon the fact that he was primarily an empirical scientist. For example, in Psychology and Religion he set forth the theoretical limitations of his perspective. "Inasmuch as religion has a very important psychological aspect, I am dealing with it from a purely empirical point of view; that is, I restrict myself to the observation of phenomena and I refrain from any application of metaphysical or philosophical considerations. I do not deny the validity of other considerations, but I cannot claim to be competent to apply them correctly."1 Unlike Freud, Jung readily acknowledged the function of philosophy in calling attention to unacknowledged assumptions. As he said: "It was a great mistake on Freud's part to turn his back on philosophy. Not once does he criticize his premises or even the assumptions that underlie his personal out look. ... I have never refused the bittersweet drink of philosophical criticism, but have taken it with caution, a little at a time. ... At any rate, philosophical criticism has helped me to see that every psychology?my own included?has the character of a subjective confession."2 For an empirical investigator, Jung had a great deal to say about metaphys ics. Further, these statements are remarkable for their ambiguity. In my opinion, Jung's writings express a number of inconsistencies, views that are incompatible with one another. At times Jung maintained that psychology and
Large scale, low frequency variability of the 1979 FGGE surface buoy drifts and winds over the Southern Hemisphere

Abstract The surface response of the Southern Hemisphere's oceans to the large spatial scale, interseasonal changes in wind forcing during the FGGE year of 1979 is investigated. The primary data are the analyzed daily wind fields, and the trajectories of the FGGE drifting buoy array. The zonal wind forcing is characterized by large spatial patterns of low frequency (annual and semiannual) variability. particular attention is paid to the second harmonic, which has amplitude peaks at 35°–40° S with solstitial maxima, and amplitude peaks at 60°S with equinoctial maxima. The distinct phase change occurs at 50°S. The analysis of the drifting buoy data is guided by the wind patterns, but first the question of the current-following characteristics of the FGGE buoys is addressed. Compared to the wind, the buoy drift has even larger spatial scales, and more low frequency contributions to its intra-annual variance. Like the wind, amplitude peaks in the second harmonic of monthly mean zonal drift are found in each o...
Isolated abdominal wound metastasis from a gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Background. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) frequently recur even after complete resection. The typical pattern of failure from GISTs is both local and distant with hepatic and peritoneal metastases being most common. Isolated abdominal-wall recurrence from GISTs has not been previously described.
Clinical characteristics and long-term follow-up in 119 survivors of cardiac arrest: Relation to inducibility at electrophysiologic testing

Electrophysiologic studies were performed in 119 survivors of cardiac arrest. Sustained ventricular arrhythmias were initiated by programmed ventricular stimulation in 72 patients (61%). Coronary artery disease patients with induced sustained ventricular arrhythmias had a higher incidence of prior myocardial infarction (95 versus 72%) and ventricular aneurysm (59 versus 28%) and a lower ejection fraction (37 versus 50%) than those with no inducible sustained ventricular arrhythmias. Of the 72 patients with inducible ventricular arrhythmias, 11 (15%) died suddenly during a mean follow-up of 18 months (range 15 days to 58 months). In this group, 6 of 41 patients (15%) discharged on a successful antiarrhythmic regimen and 5 of 27 patients (19%) discharged on an unsuccessful regimen or without a predischarge study have died suddenly. Of these 27 patients, 1 of 12 patients treated with amiodarone and 4 of 15 (27%) with conventional antiarrhythmic therapy died suddenly. The remaining 4 patients died of nonarrhythmic causes in the postoperative period. Of 47 patients without inducible sustained ventricular arrhythmias, 15 (32%) died suddenly at a mean follow-up of 20 months, 10 (34%) with and 15 (28%) without empiric therapy. It is concluded that sustained ventricular arrhythmias can be initiated in most patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Patients with inducible arrhythmias have greater left ventricular dysfunction than those without inducible arrhythmias. Medical or surgical therapy that prevented the induction of sustained ventricular arrhythmias was predictive of a successful outcome in 85% of the patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Poetic Economy of the Frame: The Critical Stance of Auguste Perret

This essay explores Auguste Perret's justification for his technique in shaping an aesthetic for the material of reinforced concrete. Beginning with an archival document recording a conversation between Perret and the poet Paul Valery, the argument first explores critiques of Perret's handling of concrete, using Reyner Banham as a point of reference. It then considers the contrasting themes of his working method: the priority of technique over material, the imperative of a modern structural frame being rooted in a classicist lineage, and the disciplined method of an elaborative practice that constantly seeks to define the relationship between economy and style.
Sarcoidosis associated with nephrocalcinosis in young children

Three patients with nonpulmonary sarcoldosis had chronic erythema nodosum within the first 2 years of life. Each subsequently had renal sarcoidosis and nephrocalcinosis; hypercalcemla was documented in each patient and hypercalciuria in two patients. Treatment with prednisone was not uniformly successful in normalizing creatinine clearance. Nephrocalcinosis may be more common than previously reported in patients with sarcoidosis.
Vascular Endothelium and Smooth Muscle Remodeling Accompanies Hypertrophy of Intestinal Arterioles in Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats

The purpose of this study was to document alterations in endothelial and smooth muscle cell morphology of first- and second-order intestinal arterioles after 6 months of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Both light and scanning electron microscopic techniques were used to quantitate the changes in the microvasculature. After rendering the first- and second-order intestinal arterioles passive and processing the vessels, it was determined that these microvessels were significantly dilated in the diabetic animals. Further examination revealed that in the diabetic animals, the cross-sectional area of the endothelial layer was increased in both 1A and 2A vessels, and the smooth muscle layer cross-sectional area was significantly increased in 1A vessels. Individual smooth muscle cells were significantly increased in width in the diabetic animals, but not in length. These data suggest that in this model of diabetes in rats, intestinal arteriolar hypertrophy was accompanied by significant remodeling of the arteriolar wall.
Marked suppression of gastric ulcerogenesis and intestinal responses to stress by a novel class of drugs.

When exposed to prolonged stress, rats develop gastric ulceration, enhanced colon motility with depletion of its mucin content and signs of physiological and behavioral arousal. In this model, we tested whether antidepressants (fluoxetine and bupropion), anxiolytics (diazepam and buspirone) or the novel nonpeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) type-1 receptor (CRH-R1) antagonist, antalarmin, modify these responses. Fluoxetine, bupropion, diazepam and antalarmin all suppressed stress-induced gastric ulceration in male Sprague–Dawley rats exposed to four hours of plain immobilization. Antalarmin produced the most pronounced anti-ulcer effect and additionally suppressed the stress-induced colonic hypermotility, mucin depletion, autonomic hyperarousal and struggling behavior. Intraperitoneal CRH administration reproduced the intestinal but not the gastric responses to stress while vagotomy antagonized the stress-induced gastric ulceration but not the intestinal responses. We conclude that brain CRH-R1 and vagal pathways are essential for gastric ulceration to occur in response to stress and that peripheral CRH-R1 mediates colonic hypermotility and mucin depletion in this model. Nonpeptide CRH-R1 antagonists may therefore be prophylactic against stress ulcer in the critically ill and therapeutic for other pathogenetically related gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic ulcer disease and irritable bowel syndrome.
A Linguistic Analysis of Discourse on the Killing of Nonhuman Animals

Human attitudes about killing nonhuman animals are complex, ambivalent, and contradictory. This study attempts to elucidate those attitudes through a linguistic analysis of the terms used to refer to the killing of animals. Whereas terms used for killing human beings are highly specific and differentiated on the basis of the motivation for the killing, the nature of the participants, and evaluative and emotional content, terms used for killing animals are vague and interchangeable. Terms for animal-killing often background aspects of the act, making it more palatable to humans. When a term is extended from use with humans to use with animals, it lends a connotation of compassion and mercy to the killing. When a term is extended from use with animals to use with humans, it gives the killing a connotation of brutality. These findings reflect assumptions about the human "right" to take animals' lives while serving to ameliorate the negative feelings such killings evoke.
Dissecting delays in trauma care using corporate lean six sigma methodology.

Objective: The Institute of Medicine has identified trauma center overcrowding as a crisis. We applied corporate Lean Six Sigma methodology to reduce overcrowding by quantifying patient dwell times in trauma resuscitation units (TRU) and to identify opportunities for reducing them. Methods: TRU dwell time of all patients treated at a Level I trauma center were measured prospectively during a 3-month period (n = 1,184). Delays were defined as TRU dwell time >6 hours. Using personnel trained in corporate Lean Six Sigma methodology, we created a detailed process map of patient flow through our TRU and measured time spent at each step prospectively during a 24/7 week-long time study (n = 43). Patients with TRU dwell time below the median (3 hours) were compared with those with longer dwell times to identify opportunities for improvement. Results: TRU delays occurred in 183 of 1,184 trauma patients (15%), and peaked on days with > 15 patients or with presence of five simultaneous patients. However, 135 delays (74%) occurred on days when ≤15 patients were treated. Six Sigma mapping identified four processes that were related to TRU delays. Reduction of TRU dwell time by 1 hour per patient using interventions targeting these specific processes has the potential to improve our TRU capacity to care for more patients. Conclusion: Application of corporate Lean Six Sigma methodology identified opportunities for reducing dwell times in our TRU. Such endeavors are vital to maximize operational efficiency and decrease overcrowding in busy trauma centers working at capacity.
Human pancreatic enzymes: properties of two minor forms of chymotrypsin.

Abstract Two minor forms of chymotrypsin have been isolated from activated extracts of acetone powders of human pancreas. Except for charge differences both appear to be identical in physical and chemical properties. Comparison of these enzymes with human δ-chymotrypsin indicates a high degree of similarity in both amino acid composition and in the method of activation. However, differences in specific esterase activity would suggest that each of the three enzymes was derived from a separate, distinct zymogen.
Diatom elemental and morphological changes in response to iron limitation: a brief review with potential paleoceanographic applications

Diatoms are a major group of phytoplankton that account for approximately 40% of the ocean carbon fixation and the vast majority of biogenic silica production through the construction of their cell walls (termed frustules). These frustules accumulate and are partially preserved in the ocean sediments. Diatom growth and nutrient utilization in high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll regions of the world's oceans are mostly regulated by iron availability. Diatoms acclimate to iron limitation by decreasing cell size. The associated increase in surface area-to-volume ratio and decrease in diffusive boundary layer thickness may improve nutrient uptake kinetics. In parallel, cellular silicon (Si) contents are elevated in iron-limited diatoms relative to nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). Variations in degree of silicification and nutritional requirements of iron-limited diatoms have been hypothesized to account for higher cellular Si and/or lower cellular N and C, respectively. However, in some diatoms, frustule silicification does not significantly change when cells are iron-limited. Instead, changes in the Si-containing valve surface area relative to volume within these diatoms is hypothesized to be responsible for the variations in the cellular Si : N and Si : C ratios. In particular, some examined iron-limited pennate diatoms have reduced widths relative to their lengths (i.e. lower length-normalized widths, LNW) compared to iron-replete cells. In the pennate diatom Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, the mean LNWs of valves preserved in sediments throughout the Southern Ocean (a well-characterized iron-limited region) is positively correlated with satellite-derived, climatological net primary productivity in the overlying waters. Because of the specific morphological changes in pennate diatom frustules in response to iron availability, the valve morphometerics (e.g. LNWs) can potentially be used as a diagnostic tool for iron-limited diatom growth and relative changes in the Si : N (and Si : C) ratios in extant diatom assemblages as well as those preserved in the sediments.
The influence of oxygen on the continuum emission from ion-bombarded metal surfaces

Abstract Spectral scans of 12 metals: Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mo, Ni, Pd, Si, Ti and W under Ar + ion bombardment have been taken with and without backfilled oxygen in the target chamber to study the effect of oxygen on the emission of continuum radiation. Some of the observed broad band features can be attributed to sputtered metal-oxide molecular emission while other continua remain unidentified. In all cases except Pd, increasing the partial pressure of oxygen enhances the continuum emission.
On Student's 1908 Article “The Probable Error of a Mean”

This month marks the 100th anniversary of the appearance of William Sealey Gosset's celebrated article, “The Probable Error of a Mean” (Student 1908a). Gosset's elegant result represented the first in a series of exact, “small-sample” results that were developed by Gosset, Fisher, and others to form a central component of the modern theory of statistical inference. This review celebrates the centenary of Gosset's article by discussing both its background and its impact on statistical theory and practice.
Numerical Simulation of a Completely Passive Spent Fuel Pool: Lessons Learned

As part of the design and safety analyses of the KIPT accelerator driven subcritical assembly system of Ukraine, a passive cooled spent fuel pool has been conceived, designed and analyzed numerically. The total decay power of the pool is low and The maximum heat load is 0.5 kW. Air cooling of the spent fuel pool tank through a natural convection thermo-siphon is deemed sufficient to provide sufficiently low temperatures. Natural convection of the water within the tank removes the decay heat from the fuel elements to the tank surface. The present work discusses the numerical simulations of such facility by the means of CFD. While the system has low power and it is relatively simple, it poses significant challenges for the CFD simulations. In fact the presence of two natural convection patterns is a source of numerical instability at such low power. These issues and the obtained solutions are discussed in this paper. Since the problem (the simulation of two coupled natural convection systems) is general and likely to be of significant relevance to the design of future power plants, this paper is targeted to a broader audience. Rather than the specific design the focus will be on the theoretical and the practical problems involved with this kind of simulations. The problem is analyzed theoretically and numerically. For CFD simulations, the range of meshes used ranges from 1 million points to 40 million points. Several turbulence models and wall modeling approaches have been tried and tested. Several set of simulations have been performed: sets of simplified simulations considering only the external air thermo-siphon assuming a constant heat flux at the tank wall as well as a set of simulations of the coupled system using a porous medium approach in the fuel tank. All simulations provided consistent predictions and helped confirm that the temperature within the pool is below boiling point.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Recent advances in the recording physics of thin-film media

This article addresses the basic physics of the magnetic recording process with special emphasis on thin-film recording media for high-density magnetic recording. Magnetization reversal, recording theory as well as noise theory is reviewed. The onset of super-paramagnetism, which potentially limits the storage density, is discussed in detail.
Synthesis of the reported structures for kealiinines B and C

Syntheses of the reported structures of kealiinines B and C have been executed. An intermolecular electrophile-induced cyclization of a pendant arene on an ene–guanidine affords the tetracyclic, oxidized naphthimidazole cores.
Comparison of two- and three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography for measurement of aortic annulus diameter in children.

Background Accurate evaluation of aortic root geometry is necessary in congenital aortic valve lesions in children, to guide surgical or angiographical intervention. Aim To compare aortic annulus diameters measured by two- and three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2D- and 3D-TTE), to determine the feasibility and reproducibility of 3D imaging and assess the dynamic changes during the cardiac cycle. Methods Thirty children without heart disease were prospectively included. Two orthogonal aortic annulus diameters were measured offline using multiplanar reconstruction in diastole and in systole and were compared with the measurement of the aortic annulus diameter by 2D-TTE. Results Mean age was 11 ± 3.6 years. Feasibility of 3D imaging was 100%. The coefficients of intra- and interobserver variability were 3.5% and 6%, respectively. The 2D mean diameter was significantly smaller than the 3D maximum diameter in systole (1.94 vs. 2.01 mm; p = 0.005). 2D and 3D measurements were well correlated (p < 0.0001). The maximum and minimum diameters in 3D were significantly different both in systole and in diastole (p < 0.001) underlining an aortic annulus eccentricity. The mean aortic annulus diameters were not significantly different between systole and diastole, with important individual variability during the cardiac cycle. Conclusion This study demonstrated the feasibility and reproducibility of 3D-TTE for the assessment of the aortic annulus diameter in a normal paediatric population. Because of an underestimation of the maximum diameter by 2D-TTE and the asymmetry of the aortic annulus, 3D measurements could be important before percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty or surgical replacement.
A Species-Specific PCR Assay for Detection of Diplodia pinea and D. scrobiculata in Dead Red and Jack Pines with Collar Rot Symptoms.

ABSTRACT A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay was developed for the specific detection of the fungal pathogens Diplodia pinea and D. scrobiculata from pine host tissues. Variation among mitochondrial small subunit ribosome gene (mt SSU rDNA) sequences of Botryosphaeria species and related anamorphic fungi was exploited to design primer pairs. Forward primer DpF and forward primer DsF, each when used with the nonspecific reverse primer BotR, amplified DNA of D. pinea or D. scrobiculata, respectively. Specificity was confirmed using multiple isolates of each of these two species and those of closely related fungi including Botryosphaeria obtusa. The detection limits for DNA of each pathogen in red and jack pine bark were 50 to 100 pg μl-1 and 1 pg μl-1 in red and jack pine wood. The assay was tested using naturally occurring red and jack pine seedlings and saplings exhibiting symptoms of Diplodia collar rot. Samples from lower stems/root collars of 10 dead trees of each species from each of three s...
Characterization of nonlinear optical polymers fabricated from dye doped UV curing epoxy

Optical second-order nonlinear thin film was developed by doping dye organic molecules in a UV curing epoxy host polymer system and followed by an electric field poling step. The nonlinear optical polymeric thin film fabrication will be described. Results from a systematic evaluation of the film physical and optical properties using AFM, ellipsometer and Maker Fringe will be presented. The film absorption spectrum shows a promising advantage for frequency doubling in the blue color window. Optical nonlinear constants extraction from the Maker Fringe raw data will also be discussed.
Exposure of the Promonocytic Cell Line THP-1 to Escherichia coli Induces IFN-γ-Inducible Lysosomal Thiol Reductase Expression by Inflammatory Cytokines

IFN-gamma-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT), which plays a role in MHC class II-restricted processing and presentation of Ags containing disulfide bonds, can be induced in various cell types by the cytokine IFN-gamma. APCs, including circulating macrophages, constitutively express high levels of GILT, although the pathways regulating its expression in these cells have not been characterized. In this study, we used the promonocytic cell line THP-1, an established model for monocyte to macrophage differentiation, to investigate the induction of GILT upon exposure to bacteria. We show that contact with LPS or intact Escherichia coli causes THP-1 cells to undergo programmed differentiation, characterized by adhesion, cytokine secretion, and up-regulation of Ag processing and presentation components, including GILT. Unlike GILT induction in response to IFN-gamma treatment, induction by bacteria is dependent on new protein synthesis, NF-kappaB signaling, and secretion of the inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1beta. Furthermore, we show that both cytokines are sufficient for GILT induction in the absence of a microbial stimulus. The majority of GILT synthesized by differentiated THP-1 cells is secreted as the precursor form rather than being transported to, and maturing in, lysosomes, suggesting a novel role for GILT in cells of the macrophage lineage.
Learning kernels from indefinite similarities

Similarity measures in many real applications generate indefinite similarity matrices. In this paper, we consider the problem of classification based on such indefinite similarities. These indefinite kernels can be problematic for standard kernel-based algorithms as the optimization problems become non-convex and the underlying theory is invalidated. In order to adapt kernel methods for similarity-based learning, we introduce a method that aims to simultaneously find a reproducing kernel Hilbert space based on the given similarities and train a classifier with good generalization in that space. The method is formulated as a convex optimization problem. We propose a simplified version that can reduce overfitting and whose associated convex conic program can be solved efficiently. We compare the proposed simplified version with six other methods on a collection of real data sets.
Characterizing Episodic Stream Acidity During Stormflows in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Episodic acidification of surface waters has been observed in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, similar to other forested watersheds with base-poor bedrock in the eastern US receiving acids from atmospheric deposition. Three remote, forested, high-elevation streams were selected in the Little Pigeon River watershed for study; two of which brook trout have extirpated, and believed to have resulted from severe acidity during stormflows. This research characterized stream chemistry during episodes in order to better understand potential factors that contribute to rapid drops in pH and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) during stormflows. Autosamplers initialized by sondes, collected samples during storm events for analysis of pH, ANC, cations, and anions over a 15-month period. ANC and pH depressions, and increased concentrations in sulfate, nitrate, and organic acids were observed for all storms at each study site. ANC contribution analysis indicated sulfate was the strongest contributor to ANC depressions, but nitrate, cation dilution, and organic acids were also significant in some cases. Acidic deposition appears to be the primary source of episodic acidification, supported also by the finding that larger stormflows preceded by long, dry periods resulted in significantly larger pH depressions. It appears stream acidification episodes may be driven by acid deposition. However, this study documents the variability of several ion contributors to observed stormflow ANC depressions illustrating the spatial and temporal complexity of watershed processes that influence this phenomenon.
Electron Energy Loss Fine Structure of Carbides and Nitrides

Transition metal carbides and nitrides are important in a wide range of materials problems which include precipitates in high strength alloys and ceramic wear coatings. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is a high spatial resolution (probe sizes < 100nm) analytical technique which is sensitive to variations in carbon or nitrogen stoichiometry. This sensitivity to light elements depends on the ability to relate the measured EELS spectrum to a material’s electronic structure. The unique capabilities of EELS for the characterization of carbonitrides with high spatial resolution are discussed along with some of the experimental and analytical methods used to relate measured spectra to electronic structure. Data are presented for several members of the systems Ti-N-C and Cr-Fe-C.