cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronicles from the War on Young People: Teaching Teens to Cope with Violence - The LOVE Photojournalism Project

This paper outlines and describes a community-based art educator’s experience in an after school project that teaches photojournalism to adolescents whose lives have been affected by violence. Blending photography and writing the participants explore and document the issues surrounding violence in their personal lives as well as violence in the community. In addition, it identifies the personal transformation and the long-term impact on the life of the educator.
Can Magnetic Forces Do Work

Standard lore holds that magnetic forces are incapable of doing mechanical work. More precisely, the claim is that whenever it appears that a magnetic force is doing work, the work is actually being done by another force, with the magnetic force serving only as an indirect mediator. On the other hand, the most familiar instances of magnetic forces acting in everyday life—bar magnets lifting other bar magnets—appear to present manifest evidence of magnetic forces doing work. These sorts of counterexamples are often dismissed as arising from quantum effects that lie outside the classical regime. In this paper, however, we show that quantum theory is not needed to account for these phenomena, and that classical electromagnetism admits a model of elementary magnetic dipoles on which magnetic forces can indeed do work. In order to develop this model, we revisit the foundational principles of the classical theory of electromagnetism, showcase the importance of constraints from relativity, examine the structure of the multipole expansion, and study the connection between the Lorentz force law and conservation of energy and momentum.
Toxoplasma gondii Dysregulates Barrier Function and Mechanotransduction Signaling in Human Endothelial Cells.

ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii can infect and replicate in vascular endothelial cells prior to entering host tissues. However, little is known about the molecular interactions at the parasite-endothelial cell interface. We demonstrate that T. gondii infection of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) altered cell morphology and dysregulated barrier function, increasing permeability to low-molecular-weight polymers. T. gondii disrupted vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and β-catenin localization to the cell periphery and reduced VE-cadherin protein expression. Notably, T. gondii infection led to reorganization of the host cytoskeleton by reducing filamentous actin (F-actin) stress fiber abundance under static and microfluidic shear stress conditions and by reducing planar cell polarity. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) comparing genome-wide transcriptional profiles of infected to uninfected endothelial cells revealed changes in gene expression associated with cell-cell adhesion, extracellular matrix reorganization, and cytokine-mediated signaling. In particular, genes downstream of Hippo signaling and the biomechanical sensor and transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein (YAP) were downregulated in infected endothelial cells. Interestingly, T. gondii infection activated Hippo signaling by increasing phosphorylation of LATS1, leading to cytoplasmic retention of YAP, and reducing YAP target gene expression. These findings suggest that T. gondii infection triggers Hippo signaling and YAP nuclear export, leading to an altered transcriptional profile of infected endothelial cells. IMPORTANCEToxoplasma gondii is a foodborne parasite that infects virtually all warm-blooded animals and can cause severe disease in individuals with compromised or weakened immune systems. During dissemination in its infected hosts, T. gondii breaches endothelial barriers to enter tissues and establish the chronic infections underlying the most severe manifestations of toxoplasmosis. The research presented here examines how T. gondii infection of primary human endothelial cells induces changes in cell morphology, barrier function, gene expression, and mechanotransduction signaling under static conditions and under the physiological conditions of shear stress found in the bloodstream. Understanding the molecular interactions occurring at the interface between endothelial cells and T. gondii may provide insights into processes linked to parasite dissemination and pathogenesis.
Adverse childhood experiences and depressive symptoms: Protective effects of dietary flavonoids.

Abstract Objectives Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with increased inflammation, stress, and depression. Diet patterns rich in flavonoids may buffer the effects of ACEs on depression through neuroprotective mechanisms. No studies have examined the protective effects of dietary flavonoids on depressive symptoms after ACEs. We examine the relationships among ACEs, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and flavonoid intake in older adults. Methods In this longitudinal cohort study, flavonoid intake was provided by 6404 Seventh-day Adventist adults in North America who, as part of the Adventist Health Study-2, completed a validated food frequency questionnaire in 2002–6. ACEs, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms were assessed in the Biopsychosocial Religion and Health Study in 2006–7 and 2010–11. Bootstrapping models predicting depression were tested after controls. Results ACEs were associated with adult depressive symptoms and perceived stress mediated this relationship. A moderated mediation model indicates that flavonoid intake buffers the association between perceived stress and depressive symptoms after ACEs. Flavonoid consumption was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (β = −0.034, p = .03). As ACEs increased by one standard deviation, depressive symptoms increased through the interaction of perceived stress and flavonoids when flavonoids were consumed a standard deviation below the mean (effect = 0.040 SD, BC 95% CI [0.030, 0.052]). Depressive symptoms were lower for those that consumed flavonoids a standard deviation above the mean (effect =. 035 SD, BC 95% CI [0.025, 0.046]). Conclusion A varied diet rich in flavonoids may reduce depressive symptoms associated with perceived stress following ACEs exposure.
Efficacy and Safety of the 532-nm KTP and Long-Pulsed 1064-nm Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser for Treatment of Vascular Malformations.

Background Pulsed dye lasers (PDLs) are well-established for treatment of capillary malformations but are unable to penetrate the depth needed to treat deeper vascular lesions. A combined approach using a deeper penetrating wavelength with a "superficial" wavelength could more comprehensively treat vascular malformations than PDL alone. Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the long-pulsed 1064-nm neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (LP 1064-nm Nd:YAG) in conjunction with the 532-nm potassium titanyl phosphate (532-nm KTP) laser wavelengths for treatment of capillary venous and venous malformations. Methods In this retrospective single-center study, we queried patient records who underwent treatment with the 532-nm KTP and LP 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser wavelengths. A blinded panel of 3 physicians evaluated improvement in lesion color, elevation, texture, and overall architecture on a four-point scale: 0% to 25%; 26% to 50%, 51% to 75%, and 76% to 100%. Results Our cohort consisted of 23 cases. Sixteen cases had sufficient information for clinical assessment. Treatment number and parameters varied depending on lesion, skin type, and end point. Clinical assessment of treatment effectiveness revealed average scores of 51% to 75% improvement for color, elevation, texture, and overall architecture. Conclusion This study illustrates that 2 wavelengths, 532-nm KTP to target superficial components and LP 1064-nm Nd:YAG for deeper components, can safely and effectively treat both capillary venous and venous malformations.
Moving Target Detection and Classification with Dual-Matched Filter Discriminator for Coherent Jammer Suppression in Cognitive Radar

In this paper, we introduce an integrated moving target detection and classification closed-loop framework that utilizes a nested dual matched filter discriminator (DMFD) for coherent jammer (CJ) suppression. This is accomplished by incorporating the DMFD into a cognitive radar (CRr) framework utilizing the range-Doppler map (RDM) for extended moving target detection and classification. The DMFD is a technique that uses mutual information-based matched illumination transmit waveform to mitigate false target detection in the presence of CJ interference. Unlike traditional single matched filter detectors, the DMFD consist of two matched filters: one matched to the transmit waveform-target response (TWTR) echo and the other matched to the transmit waveform (TW) (i.e. CJ emission). This allows the discriminator to identify and suppress the CJ interference. The results from simulation show that by employing a nested DMFD that iteratively checks for CJ interference, we are able to identify and suppress the CJ emission; thereby achieving a probability of correct classification ( $P_{c}$ ) comparable to the $P_{c}$ in the absence of CJ interference.
Which Privacy and Security Attributes Most Impact Consumers’ Risk Perception and Willingness to Purchase IoT Devices?

In prior work, researchers proposed an Internet of Things (IoT) security and privacy label akin to a food nutrition label, based on input from experts. We conducted a survey with 1,371 Mechanical Turk (MTurk) participants to test the effectiveness of each of the privacy and security attribute-value pairs proposed in that prior work along two key dimensions: ability to convey risk to consumers and impact on their willingness to purchase an IoT device. We found that the values intended to communicate increased risk were generally perceived that way by participants. For example, we found that consumers perceived more risk when a label conveyed that data would be sold to third parties than when it would not be sold at all, and that consumers were more willing to purchase devices when they knew that their data would not be retained or shared with others. However, participants’ risk perception did not always align with their willingness to purchase, sometimes due to usability concerns. Based on our findings, we propose actionable recommendations on how to more effectively present privacy and security attributes on an IoT label to better communicate risk to consumers.
Influence of thermal radiation on layered dust explosions

Abstract Multidimensional unsteady numerical simulations were carried out to explore the influence of thermal radiation on the propagation and structure of layered coal dust explosions. The simulation solved the reactive compressible Navier-Stokes equations coupled to an Eulerian kinetic-theory-based granular multiphase model. The radiation heat transfer is modeled by solving the radiation transfer equation using the third-order filtered spherical harmonics approximation. The radiation was assumed to be gray and all boundaries of the domain are black at 300 K. The reaction mechanism is based on global irreversible reactions for each physical process including devolatilization, char burning, moisture vaporization, and methane combustion. The governing equations were solved using a high-order Godunov method. Several simulation configurations were considered: layer volume fractions of 47% and 1%, channel lengths of 10 m and 40 m, and radiative and non-radiative cases. The results show that gray radiation has a significant influence on the propagation and structure of a layered dust explosion. However, radiation can have opposite effects on different scenarios. For example, radiation promotes the propagation of the dust flame when the layer volume fraction was 1% and in the short-channel cases where reflected shock-flame interactions are important. However, radiation enhances quenching for the 47% volume fraction dust layer in the longer channel.
The Increasing Viability of Good News

In spite of what appears to be the increasingly negative tone of media coverage, this Element suggests that the prevalence of positive news is likely to increase, for three reasons: (1) valence-based asymmetries vary over time, (2) valence-based asymmetries vary across individuals, and (3) technology facilitates diverse news platforms catering to diverse preferences. Each of these claims is examined in detail here, based on analyses of prior and/or novel data on media content, psychophysiological responses, and survey-based experiments. Results are considered as they relate to our understanding of media gatekeeping, political communication, and political psychology, and also as actionable findings for producers of media content, communications platforms, and media consumers.
Perforated Appendicitis during a Pandemic: The Downstream Effect of COVID-19 in Children.

ABSTRACT Introduction Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic in March 2020. States issued stay-at-home orders and hospitals cancelled non-emergent surgeries. During this time, we anecdotally noticed more admissions for perforated appendicitis. Therefore, we hypothesized that during the months following the COVID-19 pandemic declaration, more children were presenting with perforated appendicitis. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective cohort study reviewing pediatric patients admitted at a single institution with acute and/or perforated appendicitis between October 2019 to May 2020. Interval appendectomies were excluded. COVID-19 months were designated as March, April, and May 2020. Additional analysis of March, April, and May 2019 was performed for comparison purposes. Analyzed data included demographics, symptoms, white blood cell count, imaging findings, procedures performed, and perforation status. Statistical analysis was performed. Results During the study period, 285 patients were admitted with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis with 95 patients being perforated. We identified a significant increase in perforated appendicitis cases in the three COVID-19 months compared with the preceding five months (45.6% vs 26.4%; P Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated stay-at-home orders have had downstream effects on healthcare. Our review has demonstrated a significant increase in the number of children presenting with perforated appendicitis following these stay-at-home ordinances. These results demonstrate that further investigations into the issues surrounding access to healthcare, especially during this pandemic, are warranted.
Magnetoplasma Resonance in the Dynamic Conductivity of a Type I Superlattice

We have examined the effect of a magnetic field on the strong plasma resonance of the dynamic conductivity of a close-packed Type I superlattice using a magneto-hydrodynamic analysis of the superlattice memory function. We have determined explicitly the finite jump in the imaginary part of the memory function characterizing a plasma resonance shifted by the magnetic field to the magneto-plasmon frequency (ωp 2+ωc 2)1/2 where ωc is the cyclotron frequency and ωp = (4πe2n2D/md)1/2 is the bulk plasmon frequency for a closely packed Type I superlattice of period d and 2D electron sheet density n2D.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT Conflict of Interest In Zoning Actions: Provide for Disqualification of a Zoning Official When There is a Conflict of Interest and expand Rezoning Applicants' Political Contribution Disclosure Requirements

The Act provides for disqualification of a zoning official from voting on a rezoning application where there is a conflict of interest. The Act expands a rezoning applicant's reporting requirements of political contributions to zoning officials. A rezoning applicant's agents (including attorneys) must disclose their contributions. The Act provides for disclosure of political contributions by opponents of rezoning applications.
Online bayesian models for personal analytics in social media

Latent author attribute prediction in social media provides a novel set of conditions for the construction of supervised classification models. With individual authors as training and test instances, their associated content ("features") are made available incrementally over time, as they converse over discussion forums. We propose various approaches to handling this dynamic data, from traditional batch training and testing, to incremental bootstrapping, and then active learning via crowdsourcing. Our underlying model relies on an intuitive application of Bayes rule, which should be easy to adopt by the community, thus allowing for a general shift towards online modeling for social media.
On the Classification of Algebraic Space Curves

In this paper we give a survey of some recent results and open problems concerning the classification of algebraic curves in projective 3-space ℙ3 k, over an algebraically closed field k.
Visible Light Absorption Characteristics of M-Nitrogen (M= Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) Co-Doped Monodisperse TiO 2 Microparticles

There is great interest in improving TiO 2 ’s photocatalytic activity in the visible portion of electromagnetic spectrum. Recent work has shown that co-doping mesoporous TiO 2 microparticles with a transition metal and nitrogen, hereby designated as (M,N) TiO 2 , significantly increases its visible light absorption. However, the hydrothermal method used to produce the microparticles creates a wide distribution in the size of the microparticles, which could affect the absorption properties. Recently, it has become possible to produce monodisperse, mesoporous TiO 2 microparticles with engineered sizes using a hybrid sol-gel/hydrothermal technique. Further, it has also been shown that the size of monodisperse TiO 2 microparticles affects the the photocatalytic activity. This study investigated whether using mondodisperse (M,N) TiO 2 microparticles would further increase visible-light absorption for (M,N)TiO 2 . The first-row transition metals chosen for this study - Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu – have been characterized in the earlier (M,N) TiO 2 UV-vis study, which was used as a baseline. The doping levels of the transition metals samples were set at the 2.5 percent level previously shown to be optimum for photocatalytic activity.
On the Impossibility of Information Intermediaries

Some argue that "information intermediaries" are the solution to the costs imposed by the ease of communication on the World Wide Web. Intermediaries are agents that facilitate relationships between buyers and sellers, and information intermediaries serve this role for information markets. Information intermediaries are said to reduce the costs of communication on the Web by helping users locate information (through portals, like Yahoo, and search engines, like AltaVista), by helping them filter information (through organizations like NetNanny), and by restricting how Web sites gather and use information (through privacy-certifying organizations, like TRUSTe). My purpose in this essay is to question whether information intermediaries are likely to provide consumers with useful and objective information. For many intermediaries, it may be more profitable, at least in the short term, to accept payments to skew the information they provide to consumers than it would be to provide objective information. And there may be little to restrain such conduct, because there may be little profit, again in the short term, in providing consumers with information about it, such information being a public good. Whether longer term factors, such as consumer experience and reputational effects, will cause intermediaries ultimately to provide objective information is less clear. To the extent that the market currently does not provide competition sufficient to induce information intermediaries to serve their users, the legal doctrines directed at maintaining competition might provide appropriate remedies. Those doctrines are contained largely in the various bodies of law addressing unfair competition, and particularly in the laws against false advertising and in antitrust law. It is the latter that is likely to be more useful, though the former might be applicable in some instances. However, to the extent that these legal remedies deny intermediaries the opportunity to provide non-objective information, they might make the intermediaries unprofitable in their current forms. In the end, information intermediaries might become public sector entities, like libraries, or the intermediaries might begin charging users directly for the information they provide.
Excimer laser therapy and narrowband ultraviolet B therapy for exfoliative cheilitis.

Background Exfoliative cheilitis is a condition of unknown etiology characterized by hyperkeratosis and scaling of vermilion epithelium with cyclic desquamation. It remains largely refractory to treatment, including corticosteroid therapy, antibiotics, antifungals, and immunosuppressants.
Cholinergic modulation of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the piriform cortex and associative memory function in a network biophysical simulation

The effect of activation of cholinergic receptors on long-term potentiation (LTP) in rat piriform cortex pyramidal cells was studied using extracellular and intracellular recordings in brain slice preparations. The functional role of this modulation was studied in a realistic network biophysical stimulation. Repetitive stimuli were applied in two paradigms: one in which the recorded cell was held at its resting potential and one in which synaptic activity was superimposed on a depolarizing pulse strong enough to evoke four action potentials. In the absence of cholinergic modulation, stimulation at 5 Hz induced LTP primarily in the second condition (13.7%, n = 6 out of 9, measured at 10 min after tetanus). When stimuli were applied in the presence of the muscarinic agonist carbachol (20 microM), LTP of greater amplitude was induced in both paradigms (resting: 41.5%, n = 11 out of 16, depolarized: 36%, n = 5 out of 7, measured at 10 min after tetanus). Increases in excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) amplitudes in the presence of carbachol were gradual, starting at the time 5 Hz stimuli were applied and continuing until an action potential was evoked synaptically. In the presence of the NMDA receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), LTP could not be induced. The muscarinic antagonist atropine also prevented LTP induction in the presence of carbachol. Cholinergic modulation of synaptic plasticity was examined in a previously developed realistic biophysical network simulation. In simulations, use of a gradual rate of synaptic modification prevented excessive strengthening of synapses, which could cause interference between stored patterns. The effect of excess synaptic strengthening can be avoided by introducing activity dependent depression of synaptic strength. Coactivation of learning and depression rules results in a stable system where no interference occurs, at any rate of learning. Implementing the depression rule only during recall does not improve the network's performance. This implies that reduction in the strength of synaptic connections should occur in the presence of ACh, more than in normal conditions. We propose that two effects of ACh--enhancement of LTP and enhancement of LTD--should act together to increase the stability of the cortical network in the process of acquiring information.
Massive Electricity Storage for a Developed Economy of Ten Billion People

Presently, America’s average electrical power consumption is $\sim 1.3$ kW/p; in the world as a whole, it is $\sim 0.33$ kW/p. If, for 2050, a world goal of 1 kW/p is adopted, this implies an average electric power draw of 1 GW for each population cohort of 1 000 000 residents; and the Earth will have $\sim $ 10 000 such cohorts. Multi-hour outages are already common; demand peaks daily; and renewable generation is intermittent. Hence, as a hedge against rare supply failures, each cohort would profit from local backup storage of electricity/energy in the order of 1–2 GWd. For comparison, the biggest electrochemical storage scheme yet seriously proposed will contain $\sim 240$ MWh, while even the largest pumped hydro storage reservoirs are <50 GWh. In approximately 50 years, when fossil fuels have become scarce, we should already have constructed this bulk storage. This review argues that the principal contenders for the storage of electricity in bulk are: 1) electrochemical storage in flow batteries; 2) chemical storage in agents, such as ammonia, hydrogen, methanol, or light hydrocarbons; 3) compressed air energy storage; and 4) underground pumped hydro. Finally, it will argue that not one of these four contenders has yet been built, tested, and perfected, while virtually none of the needed storage capacity exists today.
Discriminating Pediatric Condition Falsification from Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction in Toddlers

Pediatric condition falsification may masquerade as chronic and serious digestive disease, including chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. The purpose of this study was to define clinical criteria to discriminate between these two conditions. We compared medical records of 8 pediatric condition falsification victims to those of 14 children with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Clinical features suggesting pediatric condition falsification in toddlers presenting with chronic and severe digestive complaints included (a) daily abdominal pain, (b) illness involving three or more organ systems, (c) an accelerating disease trajectory, (d) a reported history of preterm birth, (e) absence of dilated bowel on x-ray, (f) normal antroduodenal manometry, and (g) no urinary neuromuscular disease. These results suggest that a diagnosis of pediatric condition falsification may be suspected in toddlers presenting with a phenotype for enteric neuromuscular disorders by features in the clinical history, symptoms, and signs.
Multiaxial fatigue evaluation using discriminating strain paths

Abstract Fatigue life and available cycle counting methodologies based on the critical plane approach are examined under discriminating axial-torsion strain paths with random and incremental changes in straining direction. Fatigue lives for quenched and tempered 1050 steel with no non-proportional hardening were found to be more sensitive to non-proportionality of loadings as compared to 304L stainless steel with significant non-proportional hardening. Proportional or in-phase axial-torsion cycles with different axial to shear strain ratios within an equivalent strain circle when applied in a random sequence resulted in significant additional hardening for 304L stainless steel, similar to the non-proportional cyclic hardening observed in 90° out-of-phase loading. In contrast, when such cycles are applied with a gradual increment of the axial to shear strain ratio, the stress response of 304L stainless steel is closer to that observed for in-phase loading. However, the sequence of loading did not significantly affect fatigue life for either material. Experimentally observed failure planes for all strain paths were in very good agreements with predicted failure planes based on the Fatemi–Socie critical plane parameter. Finally, fatigue lives for both materials under various strain paths were predicted satisfactorily employing Fatemi–Socie parameter, Palmgren–Miner linear damage rule, and either Bannantine–Socie or Wang–Brown cycle counting method.
Comparisons of the asymptotic efficiencies of two sample tests for discrete distributions

The asymptotic efficiencies are computed for several popular two sample rank tests when the underlying distributions are Poisson, binomial, discrete uniform, and negative binomial The rank tests examined include the Mann-Whitney test, the van der Waerden test, and the median test. Three methods for handling ties are discussed and compared. The computed asymptotic efficiencies apply also to the k-sample extensions of the above tests, such as the Kruskal-Wallis test, etc.
Pyrethroid-resistant Helicoverpa zea and transgenic cotton in South Carolina

Abstract Failures to control Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) on cotton in South Carolina were associated with resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Resistance to cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, and permethrin was observed in a colony collected as larvae from cotton in Estill, SC, in September 1996. Cyhalothrin resistance was expressed as an incompletely dominant trait. In 1997, resistance to cyhalothrin was observed in males captured in pheromone traps in Estill and nearby Ulmer. Resistance was also observed in Cameron and Holly Hill (Santee), SC, 150 km to the north, in adults reared from larvae collected from cotton. In contrast, all moths trapped in the Pee Dee River drainage 300 km to the north were susceptible. Putative mechanisms for resistance as related to improved monitoring of population genetics and implications for control of pests on transgenic insecticidal cotton are discussed.
Spectral analyses of fluorescences in dent maize infected with Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

Abstract Bright greenish yellow (BGYF) and blue white (BWF) fluorescences were associated with Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus infected maize. The fluorescences were studied spectrofluorometrically, the BGYF exhibiting a peak wave length between 480–485 nm and the BWF between 440–445 nm. Neither fluorescence varied in maize stored under different moistures and temperatures. BWF was similar spectrally to the fluorescence of the endosperm of sound kernels but × 5 20 more intense. The spectrum of BWF was similar to Aflatoxin G 1 or a mixture of aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 , G 1 and G 2 when they were spotted on endosperm tissue. A color reference for BGYF was similar in peak wave length to BGYF. Amsoy soybeans without the seed coat fluoresced with a peak 470–475 nm and the intensity was low compared to BGYF in maize. A fluorescence of maize kernels visually similar to BGYF but not associated with Aspergillus infection or aflatoxin contamination was also investigated. This “false BGY” fluorescence was spectrally similar to the BGYF in infected kernels.
Photochemical generation and reactivity of carbenes within an organic cavitand and capsule: photochemistry of adamantanediazirines.

Chemical behavior of carbenes (adamantylidenes) generated by photolysis of adamantanediazirines has been investigated while they were incarcerated within an organic container in water and on silica surfaces. Confined carbenes behave differently from the free ones, and their behavior is dictated by the nature and the structure of the host–guest complexes. The substituent present on the adamantyl skeleton controls the stoichiometry (1:1 or 2:2) and the orientation of guest molecules within the host.
Reconstructing the Adjusted Census for Florida: A Case Study in Data Examination

Abstract This article is a case study in the value of close examination of available data when one is attempting to make inferences. The article is also an example of what can be done to reconstruct government files when data have been concealed, whether for administrative or political reasons, as here, or to preserve confidentiality. The various methods currently used are under review by a panel under the aegis of the Committee on National Statistics of the National Research Council. The upshot of our work is that even suppressing half of the microlevel data in a file need not daunt a determined and reasonably adroit reconstructor equipped with modern computers. The particular problem discussed here arose due to a bizarre set of political and legal circumstances, explained in Section 1, whereby the U.S. Department of Commerce released a tape consisting of the adjusted population (cross-classified by age, race, and gender) of half the Census Blocks in the nation, together with certain summary adjusted inf...
Seed fall and field germination of needlerush, Juncus effusus L.

Abstract Juncus effusus seed fall during one growing season was determined by use of seed traps in a freshwater emergent wetland. These observations provided in situ seed fall estimates of ∼4.0 million seeds per square m within the growing season, only 5% of which germinated during the 3-month field study, presumably because of unfavorable environmental conditions. Estimated biomass of seeds collected during this study (29 g ash-free dry mass/m2) represents only 0.27% of J. effusus annual net production, despite the large numbers of seeds produced.
THE GOLDSTONE THEOREM AND DYNAMICAL REARRANGEMENT OF SYMMETRY IN THE PATH - INTEGRAL FORMALISM

Abstract The spontaneous breakdown of symmetry is investigated in the path-integral formalism. The generating functional is modified by the addition of a limiting “ϵ term” which fixes the direction of the breaking. The method is illustrated by means of several models with Abelian symmetries. The Goldstone theorem is a result of Ward-Takahashi identities in which the ϵ term plays a decisive role. The problem of how the original symmetry transformation of the Heisenberg fields manifests itself at the level of observable (physical) particles, expressed in terms of the in-field operators φ in ( χ ), is investigated. It is proved that, if spontaneous breakdown is present, the in-field transformation φ in ( χ ) → φ in ( χ ) + α ( χ ), with α (χ) satisfying the same field equation as φ in ( χ ) (Boson transformation), is an invariant transformation (i.e. leaves the equation of motion of the Heisenberg fields unchanged). It is also found that, when spontaneous breaking occurs, the invariant transformations of the Heisenberg and in-fields are different (dynamical rearrangement of symmetry). The form of the invariant in-field transformation is established for several models.
The Argument Over Civilian or Military Indian Control, 1865–1880

(1962). The Argument Over Civilian or Military Indian Control, 1865‐1880. The Historian: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 207-225.
Confirmed proton radioactivity of 53Com

Abstract Proton-induced reactions on 54Fe produce a proton activity [1.57±0.03 MeV; 242±15 ms] with a threshold of 26.3±0.4 MeV which can only arise from 53Com. Failure to detect positron-proton coincidences in the decay of this isomer establishes its direct proton radioactivity.
Challenges in adapting example-based texture synthesis for panoramic map creation: a case study

Panoramic hiking and skiing maps are popular among tourists and map collectors. Such three-dimensional (3D) maps allow for easy orientation and provide the observer with an immersive impression of the landscape to be discovered or remembered. The most impressive panoramic masterpieces are almost exclusively painted manually or with minor digital tool support. Software packages that allow modern cartographers to create 3D maps of comparable visual quality (semi-) automatically are currently not available. Computer graphics has developed a number of methods for painterly rendering, including imitating the characteristics of a panorama artist's brush stroke and raster-based methods that synthesize new texture from examples. In this article, the latter approach is explored, and the idea of creating terrain textures for arbitrary regions by reassembling them from pieces of scanned hand-painted masterworks is pursued. Panorama painters vary the appearance of land cover depending on terrain characteristics and v...
The influence of Cu2+ in the Maillard reaction

Abstract Cupric ions augmented the rate of nonenzymic browning in d -glucose-glycine, glyoxal-glycine, and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde-glycine systems. Rates of formation of both melanoidin and precursors of melanoidin were influenced in the d -glucose-glycine system. In the pH range of 4–6, study of the d -glucose-glycine reaction was complicated by the tendency for cupric ion to undergo reduction to metallic copper in systems depleted of molecular oxygen. An investigation was made of the ability of cupric ion to form strong complexes with melanoidins. In general, two H + ions were released for each Cu 2+ that became bound. The binding data suggested that at least half of the glycine moieties in the melanoidins contain a free carboxyl group.
Acoustic Impedance and Tympanometry with the Retarded: A Normative Study

Acoustic impedance and tympanometry data were obtained from 100 institutionalized mentally retarded children representing a broad range of ages, etiological classifications, and measured intelligence levels. Subjects had no known history of middle ear pathology and were demonstrated to have hearing within the normal range by behavioral pure-tone audiometry.Tests included measures of absolute impedance (expressed in acoustic ohms), relative impedance (stapedius muscle reflex activity), and pressure-compliance relationship. All tests were performed using a Madsen ZO-70 electro-acoustic impedance meter and a standard pure-tone audiometer. Pressure-compliance curves were plotted graphically with an X-Y plotter.Normative data, including measures of central tendency and intersubject variability, are reported for each or the criterion measures. A coustic reflex thresholds are presented with reference to the behavioral thresholds, and puretone-reflex threshold differences are discussed. Curves representing altera...
Differential rates of aggrecan synthesis and breakdown in different zones of the bovine growth plate

This study examines the basic metabolic events of aggrecan synthesis and breakdown in the growth plate at different depths and at different stages of development. Growth plate was harvested from the distal tibia of fetal and calf tissue and maintained as explants in serum-free-conditions. The tissue was sectioned into three equal depths (resting/proliferative zone, upper hypertrophic zone, and lower hypertrophic zone) and (a) cultured for three days with daily media change for studies of proteoglycan breakdown rates, or (b) incubated with [35S]-sulfate to determine relative rates of proteoglycan synthesis. Rates of both aggrecan synthesis and turnover were highest in the resting/proliferative zone compared to the upper or lower hypertrophic zones, and was greater in the calf compared to the fetal tissue. In situ hybridization studies showed that aggrecan gene expression in the cells of the resting/proliferative zone and the upper hypertrophic zones were similar, and was reduced in the deepest cells of the lower hypertrophic zone, adjacent to the zone of calcification. Proteoglycan structure was characterized by associative and dissociative Sepharose CL2B chromatography. These results showed that approximately 90% of the newly synthesized proteoglycan, and the total proteoglycan population, was able to aggregate and that the monomers were relatively large. The proteoglycan released into the media had a reduced ability to aggregate and the monomers were of a more variable size. These data support the hypothesis that the matrix proteoglycan content is controlled both by the rate of synthesis and breakdown, but in the lower regions the rate of synthesis may play a more dominant role. The higher metabolic activity of aggrecan in the calf than fetal growth plate may be a result of environmental stimuli (i.e., soluble mediators, loading) during different stages of development.
Evaluation of the Vision Theophylline assays in the emergency department setting.

Study objectives: To determine whether the use of fingerstick blood samples or venipuncture blood samples affect the accuracy and the precision of the Vision ® Theophylline I assay and the Vision ® Theophylline II assay in the emergency department setting. Design: Prospective clinical trial. Setting: ED in a university teaching hospital. Subjects/interventions: Simultaneous fingerstick and venipuncture blood samples were obtained from adult patients who required baseline theophylline levels in the ED. Measurements: The Vision ® system was used in the ED to measure theophylline concentrations from fingerstick and venipuncture samples. Vision ® samples were drawn and analyzed by one of three pharmacists rounding within the ED between March and October 1990. These pharmacists were instructed by laboratory personnel concerning pertinent operating procedures. The Vision ® Theophylline I and Theophylline II assays are enzyme-inhibitor immunoassays contained within a multi-chamber test packet. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) theophylline assay was used as the reference method. Main results: Linear regression of theophylline concentrations determined by the Vision ® Theophylline I assay versus HPLC revealed a significant correlation for fingerstick samples ( r = .9440; P r = .9750; P ® Theophylline I assay venipuncture and fingerstick samples versus HPLC were −0.63 ± 1.2 mg/L and 0.22 ± 1.8 mg/L, respectively. The precision for Vision ® Theophylline I assay venipuncture and finger-stick samples versus HPLC were 0.27 and 0.38, respectively. Linear regression of theophylline concentrations determined by the Vision ® Theophylline II assay versus HPLC revealed a significant correlation for fingerstick samples ( r = .9804; P r = .9875; P ® Theophylline II finger-stick and venipuncture samples versus HPLC were -0.53 ±1.4 mg/L and -0.65 ± 1.3 mg/L, respectively. Precision values for Vision ® Theophylline II fingerstick and venipuncture samples versus HPLC were 0.34 and 0.29, respectively. Conclusion: There is a strong correlation between theophylline concentrations measured by Vision ® Theophylline assay versus HPLC, regardless of whether the Vision ® Theophylline assay is performed on a fingerstick or venipuncture sample. Vision ® fingerstick samples were more accurate than Vision ® venipuncture samples for both Vision ® Theophylline I and II assays. Theophylline concentrations measured by the Vision ® system using venipuncture samples were slightly more precise than those using fingerstick samples when compared with HPLC analysis. These differences in accuracy and precision were not clinically relevant.
ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS IN THE SKIN OF THE GUINEA PIG WITH HIGH AND LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT ANTIBODIES AND GAMMA GLOBULINS

High molecular weight (19S) γ-globulin produces passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions with its specific antiserum only when it is used as intravenous antigen. Reversed PCA reactions cannot be produced when the 19S protein is injected intradermally in contradistinction to the results with 7S γ-globulin. Antibodies of the high molecular weight class, when injected intradermally, also failed to give PCA reactions following antigen injection. Heterophile antibodies from the sera of patients with infectious mononucleosis, demonstrated to be entirely of the 19S type, gave negative reactions, while 7S heterophile antibodies from guinea pig did give reactions following intravenous injection of sheep cells. Anti-B isoagglutinins of the 19S class failed to react, while those of the 7S class of similar titer gave clear reactions following the injection of B substance. Evidence was obtained that 19S antibodies were capable of inhibiting the PCA reactions obtained with the 7S type, indicating that interaction with antigen occurred. The failure to elicit PCA reactions appeared to be due to an inability to fix to guinea pig tissues in a manner similar to that known for 7S antibodies and γ-globulin.
Application of a Kinetic Model to Time-Dependent Density Correlations in Fluids

The kinetic model of Bhatnagar, Gross, and Krook is used to study the double Fourier transform of the time-dependent density correlation function $G(r, t)$. The results are appropriate to a dilute fluid for arbitrary ratio of wavelength to mean free path. The results of the model calculations are compared to those derived from the linearized hydrodynamic equations. Since neutron and light-scattering experiments can be analyzed in terms of $G(r, t)$, this comparison indicates that the hydrodynamic description should be applicable for momentum transfers less than ($\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{2\ensuremath{\lambda}}$), where $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is the collision mean free path in the fluid.
Experimental energy-band dispersions and lifetimes for ruthenium

We have determined energy-band dispersions and lifetimes for occupied and empty bands along the threefold axis of Ru using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation. The lowest valence band extends from - 7.5 eV below the Fermi energy at ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}^{+}$ to - 5.6 eV at ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ with an inverse lifetime of 1.2 eV. There is a band gap between - 5.5 and - 2.8 eV. The ${t}_{2g}$-like and ${e}_{g}$-like $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ points are at - 2.4 eV (${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{6}^{\ensuremath{-}},{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}^{+}$) and at - 0.3 eV (${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{6}^{+}$), respectively. A ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{5}$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{6}$ symmetry gap extends from - 1.7 to - 0.5 eV. A comparison with band calculations is given.
First and Second Moment of an Optical Wave Propagating in a Random Medium: Equivalence of the Solution of the Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter Equation to That Obtained by the Huygens-Fresnel Principle*

It is demonstrated, through terms of second order in the fluctuating part of the index of refraction, that the first and second statistical moment, as obtained from the Dyson and the Bethe-Salpeter equation, respectively, of an optical wave propagating in a random medium are identical to that obtained directly from the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle.
Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibits pre-osteoblast differentiation through its type-1 receptor

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with a profound role in many skeletal diseases. The cytokine has been described as a mediator of bone loss in osteolysis and other inflammatory bone diseases. In addition to its known bone resorptive action, TNF reduces bone formation by inhibiting osteoblast differentiation. Using primary and transformed osteoblastic cells, we first document that TNF inhibits expression of alkaline phosphatase and matrix deposition, both considered markers of osteoblast differentiation. The effects are dose- and time-dependent. Core-binding factor A1 (cbfa1) is a transcription factor critical for osteoblast differentiation, and we show here that it is activated by the osteoblast differentiation agent, beta-glycerophosphate. Therefore, we investigated whether the inhibitory effects of TNF were associated with altered activity of this transcription factor. Using retardation assays, we show that TNF significantly inhibits cbfal activation by beta-glycerophosphate, manifested by reduced DNA-binding activity. Next, we turned to determine the signaling pathway by which TNF inhibits osteoblast differentiation. Utilizing animals lacking individual TNF receptors, we document that TNFr1 is required for transmitting the cytokine's inhibitory effect. In the absence of this receptor, TNF failed to impact all osteoblast differentiation markers tested. In summary, TNF blocks expression of osteoblast differentiation markers and inhibits beta-glycerophosphate-induced activation of the osteoblast differentiation factor cbfa1. Importantly, these effects are mediated via a mechanism requiring the TNF type-1 receptor.
Coherent Population Trapping in Ruby at Room Temperature

The first experimental observation of coherent population trapping (CPT) in a crystal at room temperature is reported. CPT resonances are observed under the action of either nanosecond optical pulse or a train of ultrashort pulses.