cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redox Modulation of Vascular Tone Focus of Potassium Channel Mechanisms of Dilation

Opening of potassium channels on vascular smooth muscle cells with resultant hyperpolarization plays a central role in several mechanisms of vasodilation. For example, in the arteriolar circulation where tissue perfusion is regulated, there is an endothelial derived hyperpolarizing factor that opens vascular smooth muscle calcium-activated potassium channels, eliciting dilation. Metabolic vasodilation involves the opening of sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Adrenergic dilation as well as basal vasomotor tone in several vascular beds depend upon voltage-dependent potassium channels in smooth muscle. Thus hyperpolarization through potassium channel opening is a fundamental mechanism for vasodilation. Disease states such as coronary atherosclerosis and its risk factors are associated with elevated levels of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species that have well-defined inhibitory effects on nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation. Effects of ROS on hyperpolarization mechanisms of dilation involving opening of potassium channels are less well understood but are very important because hyperpolarization-mediated dilation often compensates for loss of other dilator mechanisms. We review the effect of ROS on potassium channel function in the vasculature. Depending on the oxidative species, ROS can activate, inhibit, or leave unaltered potassium channel function in blood vessels. Therefore, discerning the activity of enzymes regulating production or degradation of ROS is important when assessing tissue perfusion in health and disease.
Negative Differential Resistance in Ultra-Thin Ge-On-Insulator FETs

We report on ambipolar GeOI FETs fabricated on ultra-thin films of single crystal Ge, epitaxially grown on a high-k crystalline lanthanum-yttrium-oxide lattice matched to Si (111) substrate. The GeOI FETs show promising transistor characteristics at room temperature, while at low temperatures they exhibit negative differential resistance (NDR) in the drain current circuit
Does secondary structure determine tertiary structure in proteins

Is highly approximate knowledge of a protein's backbone structure sufficient to successfully identify its family, superfamily, and tertiary fold? To explore this question, backbone dihedral angles were extracted from the known three-dimensional structure of 2,439 proteins and mapped into 36 labeled, 60 degrees x 60 degrees bins, called mesostates. Using this coarse-grained mapping, protein conformation can be approximated by a linear sequence of mesostates. These linear strings can then be aligned and assessed by conventional sequence-comparison methods. We report that the mesostate sequence is sufficient to recognize a protein's family, superfamily, and fold with good fidelity.
DSS MOSFET With Tunable SDE Regions by Fluorine Pre-Silicidation Ion Implant

Fluorine pre-silicidation ion implant (F-PSII) is shown to enable reduction of the lateral source/drain extension junction depth (Xj,SDE) in NiSi dopant-segregated Schottky (DSS) source/drain SOI MOSFETs formed by implant-to-silicide (ITS) with P. F segregation at the NiSi/Si interface reduces the amount of Ni rejection from the NiSi during post-ITS anneal, which reduces the spatial vacancy distribution near the NiSi/Si interface, in turn reducing Xj,SDE and therefore short channel effects. The leakage floor lmin and electron Schottky barrier height are also reduced with F-PSII. This finding reveals new opportunities for single silicide DSS CMOS, whereby DSS MOSFETs can be individually tuned with F-PSII dose to obtain the optimal Xj,SDE.
An Artificial Latrine Log for Swamp Rabbit Studies

Managers use latrine surveys to monitor swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus) populations but may miss rabbits in sites lacking suitable latrine logs. We tested artificial latrine logs in logless thickets in southern Illinois, USA, generally detecting swamp rabbits in fewer visits than by live-trapping. Artificial logs can aid swamp rabbit monitoring, especially in logless habitats.
Feasibility of directional solidification of lanthanum hexaboride in a boron matrix

Attempts were made to directionally solidify lanthanum hexaboride as uniformly spaced rods, less than one micron in diameter, in a boron matrix. Lanthanum hexaboride and boron powders were combined in a near eutectic mixture, formed into right circular cylinders and melted by RF induction heating in a pure hydrogen atmosphere using a modified internal zone melting technique. Ball milling, uniaxial cold pressing, isostatic pressing and hot pressing were investigated as possible means of increasing the sample density before melting in the RF induction furnace. RF coupling was achieved directly in the hot pressed pellet, and indirectly through the use of a molybdenum preheater in the uniaxially cold pressed pellets. Internal zone melting and conventional crucible melting in various materials were tried. Directional growth was observed in the pellets that were uniaxially cold pressed and preheated with a molybdenum tube sleeve. Lanthanum hexaboride fibers with an l/d ratio of about ten to one and other forms of aligned microstructures were observed in selected areas of the pellet.
Long range planning in the U.S.A.— N.I.C.B. survey☆

Abstract Long Range Planning (as distinguished from annual budgeting) is carried out in more than 90% of the 165 manufacturing companies co-operating in the National Industrial Conference Board Survey of Business Opinions and Experience. About one-fourth of the survey participants have staff units primarily or exclusively engaged in this activity, these units typically conduct investigations and make recommendations to management. But the more common practice among those surveyed is to charge key executives with preparing long range plans as well as reviewing them. The respondents cite a number of obstacles to sound long range planning; insufficient commitment to planning by management; the pressure of day-to-day duties; lack of perspective on the part of those who plan; communication, organisation, and personnel problems; and various difficulties inherent in the planning process.
Katalytische enantioselektive Olefinmetathese in der Naturstoffsynthese: chirale Metallkomplexe für hohe Enantioselektivitäten und vieles mehr

Chirale Olefinmetathesekatalysatoren bieten einen Weg fur die hoch effiziente Synthese enantiomerenangereicherter Molekule. Synthesen unter Beteiligung derartiger Komplexe konnen deutlich kurzer und praktischer sein als entsprechende Umsetzungen von enantiomerenreinen Substraten in Gegenwart von achiralen Molybdanalkylidenen oder Rutheniumcarbenen. Damit geht die Forschung auf dem Gebiet der chiralen Katalysatoren uber die Entwicklung chiraler Varianten achiraler Verbindungen hinaus, denn ein chiraler Olefinmetathesekatalysator kann nicht nur Zugang zu Produkten hoher Enantiomerenreinheit bieten, sondern daruber hinaus auch Syntheseeffizienzen, Produktselektivitaten und/oder E/Z-Stereoselektivitaten bieten, die mit den achiralen Varianten nicht erreichbar sind. Dieses positive Attribut chiraler Katalysatoren (ob nun in racemischer oder enantiomerenangereichter Form eingesetzt) sollte allgemeingultig sein, d. h. auf andere Formen der chemischen Umwandlung ubertragen werden konnen.
Synthesis of task and message activation models in real-time distributed automotive systems

Modern automotive architectures support the execution of distributed safety- and time-critical functions on a complex networked system with several buses and tens of ECUs. Schedulability theory allows the analysis of the worst case end-to-end latencies and the evaluation of the possible architecture configurations options with respect to timing constraints. The paper presents an optimization framework, based on an ILP formulation of the problem, to select the communication and synchronization model that leverages the trade-offs between the purely periodic and the precedence constrained data-driven activation models to meet the latency and jitter requirements of the application. The authors demonstrate its effectiveness by optimizing a complex automotive architecture
Particulate iron delivery to the water column of the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica

Abstract The Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica, is home to the most productive polynyas of the Southern Ocean, where summer primary production can reach 3 g C m − 2 d − 1 . The remoteness of this region has meant that systematic studies of biogeochemistry in the Amundsen Sea polynyas have been limited, despite their importance to overall Antarctic shelf productivity and proximity to the fastest thinning glaciers on the continent. Particulate iron inputs to the productive shelf waters of the Amundsen Sea may be important to the overall bioavailability of Fe in this region of natural Fe fertilization. Here we discuss findings from the US–Swedish 2007–08 expedition aboard the I/B Oden, during which 12 stations were sampled for particulate trace metal analyses at depths of 8–800 m in the eastern and central polynyas as well as in sea ice covered waters, both on the Amundsen continental shelf and in deep waters north of the shelf break. Suspended particulate samples were collected in two size fractions, 0.45–5 μm and > 5 μm. Particulate Fe concentrations ranged from as low as 10 pmol L − 1 in open Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) waters off the continental shelf to > 100,000 pmol L − 1 near the Crosson Ice Shelf, and were dominated by particles > 5 μm at all stations. The relative concentrations of total particulate Fe, Al, Mn and P show the near-ubiquitous influence of crustal particles in the water column at stations on the Amundsen continental shelf. However, many samples had Fe/Al and Mn/Al ratios substantially in excess of mean crustal ratios, especially in the small size fraction (0.45–5 μm), suggesting that more labile Fe oxyhydroxides and authigenic MnO 2 phases, resulting from sediment resuspension, are also present at relatively high concentrations. In contrast, Fe/P ratios indicate that Fe associated with biogenic particles rarely accounts for more than 20% of total particulate Fe, even in offshore stations. A detailed examination of particulate elemental composition and spatial distribution in the context of water mass temperature and salinity gradients suggests that particle delivery processes associated with melting ice shelves and sediment resuspension dominate the particulate Fe sources to the Amundsen Sea water column.
Ecological Risk Assessment Issues Identified During the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Examination of Risk Assessment Practices

Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency examined its current risk-assessment principles and practices. As part of the examination, aspects of ecological risk-assessment practices were reviewed. Several issues related to ecological risk assessment were identified, including the use of organism-level versus population-level attributes to characterize risk, the possible opportunities associated with the increased use of probabilistic approaches for ecological risk assessment, and the notion of conservatism in estimating risks. The agency examination provides an understanding of current practices and is intended to begin a dialogue in which the risk assessment community can engage in addressing the identified issues to improve and enhance ecological risk assessment.
Dynamics of sectoral contributions to productivity development in context of business cycle

The main aim of this paper is to analyse sectoral contributions to dynamics productivity and output development in context of business cycle. Used dates were Czech Republic behind years 1995- 2009 (15 years). The main used indicators were labour productivity and capital productivity. The analysis has showed, that dynamics changes in growth rate of productivity has clear link to business cycle. Dynamic changes of growth rate labour and capital productivity in the context of business cycle is influence primarily by secondary sector (industry) and tertiary sector (private services). On the contrary, quaternary sector (public services) and quinary sector (developing services) have no significant relation to growth rate of productivity and business cycle. The growth rate of labour or capital productivity are not influenced by changes in structure of employment or investment.
Natural Language Question Answering and Analytics for Diverse and Interlinked Datasets

Previous systems for natural language questions over complex linked datasets require the user to enter a complete and well-formed question, and present the answers as raw lists of entities. Using a feature-based grammar with a full formal semantics, we have developed a system that is able to support rich autosuggest, and to deliver dynamically generated analytics for each result that it returns.
The impact of retirement on health: quasi-experimental methods using administrative data

Is retirement good or bad for health? Disentangling causality is difficult. Much of the previous quasi-experimental research on the effect of health on retirement used self-reported health and relied upon discontinuities in public retirement incentives across Europe. The current study investigated the effect of retirement on health by exploiting discontinuities in private retirement incentives to test the effect of retirement on health using a quasi-experimental study design. Secondary data (1997–2009) on a cohort of male manufacturing workers in a United States setting. Health status was determined using claims data from private insurance and Medicare. Analyses used employer-based administrative and claims data and claim data from Medicare. Widely used selection on observables models overstate the negative impact of retirement due to the endogeneity of the decision to retire. In addition, health status as measured by administrative claims data provide some advantages over the more commonly used survey items. Using an instrument and administrative health records, we find null to positive effects from retirement on all fronts, with a possible exception of increased risk for diabetes. This study provides evidence that retirement is not detrimental and may be beneficial to health for a sample of manufacturing workers. In addition, it supports previous research indicating that quasi-experimental methodologies are necessary to evaluate the relationship between retirement and health, as any selection on observable model will overstate the negative relationship of retirement on health. Further, it provides a model for how such research could be implemented in countries like the United States that do not have a strong public pension program. Finally, it demonstrates that such research need-not rely upon survey data, which has certain shortcomings and is not always available for homogenous samples.
THE IMPACT OF REAL ESTATE LENDING ON THRIFTS' FRANCHISE VALUES DURING THE 2007–2009 CRISIS: A COMPARISON WITH COMMERCIAL BANKS

The real estate bubble and 2007–2009 financial crisis revived the debate about the viability of the thrift charter and its imposed limits on lending diversification. We compare the impact of real estate exposure on franchise values of publicly traded thrifts and size-matched banks during and after the crisis. Whereas thrifts are mostly exposed to residential real estate, banks have a higher concentration in commercial real estate (CRE), which is significantly associated with the decline in their franchise values. We conclude that the constraints on loan portfolio diversification, such as the one on CRE, are not detrimental to the thrift charter.
Content Analysis by Word Group

This computer program analyzes content by classifying each individual sentence or phrase by its single, most important meaning. The total content of a document is then the sum of these individual c...
Mobile Learning Module Improves Knowledge of Medical Shock for Forward Surgical Team Members

ABSTRACTObjective: Acute trauma care is characterized by dynamic situations that require adequate preparation to ensure success for military health professionals. The use of mobile learning in this environment can provide a solution that standardizes education and replaces traditional didactic lectures. Methods: A comparative evaluation with a pre–post test design regarding medical shock was delivered via either a didactic lecture or a mobile learning video module to U.S. Army Forward Surgical Team (FST) members. Participants completed a pretest, were randomly assigned to treatment group by FST, and then completed the post-test and scenario assessment. Results: One-hundred and thirteen FST members participated with 53 in the mobile learning group and 60 in the lecture group (control). The percent mean score for the mobile learning group increased from 43.6 to 70 from pretest to post-test, with a scenario mean score of M = 56.2. The percent mean score for the control group increased from 41.5 to 72.5, with...
Stability of alumina, ceria, and silica nanoparticles in municipal wastewater

Inorganic oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are used in semiconductor manufacturing operations such as wafer chemical–mechanical planarization (CMP). Understanding the stability of NPs in municipal wastewater is essential for the evaluation of the fate of NPs released to municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study aimed to evaluate the stability of Al 2 O 3 , CeO 2 , and SiO 2 NPs and CMP waste effluents containing these NPs in municipal wastewater. Al 2 O 3 and CeO 2 NPs were destabilized by wastewater constituents, as indicated by the formation of large agglomerates. However, the same NPs in the CMP waste slurries showed high stability in wastewater, probably due to additives present in the slurry that modify the surface chemistry of the particles. Likewise, both the commercial SiO 2 NPs and the CMP waste slurry containing SiO 2 NPs showed substantial stability in wastewater since this NP has a very low point of zero charge, which suggests that this NP could be the hardest one to remove in conventional WWTPs by aggregation–sedimentation. In summary, the results indicate that wastewater may destabilize NPs suspensions, which would facilitate NP removal in WWTPs. However, some chemicals present in real CMP slurries may counterbalance this effect. More research is needed to completely understand the surface chemistry involved.
Pragmatic Holism:Beginning a History of Non-Anthropocentrism

The environment protection activities with anthropocentrism as the core value is increasingly criticized and its limits have been recognized gradually.The nature has intrinsic value and it defines the intrinsic value of human beings.The intrinsic value differs greatly from instrumental value.Considering the intrinsic value of the nature,human being is only a part of the nature.The paper introduces the history of anthropocentrism and discusses its application in environment protection.Based on the combination of practical holism and non-anthropocentrism,this paper makes a study on environmental ethics with non-anthropocentrism as the core value from the scientific,ethical and legal perspective.The research is supposed to improve the environmental ethics and promote its development.
Dissecting Antisocial Behavior: The Impact of Neural, Genetic, and Environmental Factors

Antisocial behavior is a heterogeneous construct. The adverse consequences of the behaviors and diagnoses related to this construct produce great burden for the perpetrators, victims, family members, and for society at-large. The articles presented in this special series build on decades of research aimed at identifying various factors across neural, genetic, and environmental levels that contribute to antisocial behavior. However, there are several methodological issues plaguing this research and it often fails to address the specificity of certain factors for subtypes of antisocial behavior. Furthermore, most research on antisocial behavior does not provide a good sense of how combinations of factors produce specific behaviors or how these underlying factors achieve a level of durability (e.g., adaptive constancy) that continually promotes chronic antisocial behavior. The articles in this series take an important step toward disaggregating factors and individuals to develop appropriate assessment techni...
Ownership Structure and Performance Among Entrepreneurial Firms: The Growth-Control Trade-Off

Roughly one-third of our sample firms show substantial ownership structure changes over time. Growth potential, risk sharing, and demand for external capital seem to be the main reasons behind dilutions of ownership structures, and these firms show strong growth in the following five years. After controlling for the unobserved firm fixed effects or the sample selection bias, we do not find any evidence suggesting a link between ownership structure and other dimensions of firm performance. Therefore, the trade-off between growth aspiration and retention of dominant control of the firms may be critical in ownership structure decisions among entrepreneurial firms.
Detection and characterization of a novel genotype of porcine astrovirus 4 from nasal swabs from pigs with acute respiratory disease

Metagenomic sequencing of three nasal swabs collected from 10- to 21-day-old pigs exhibiting unexplained acute respiratory disease from two different commercial production facilities in Oklahoma identified a novel genotype of porcine astrovirus 4 (PAstV-4). The genomes had only ~75 % nucleotide sequence identity to previously characterized PAstV-4 isolates, while the capsid-encoding ORF2 had only ~53 % amino acid sequence identity to reference strains. A TaqMan assay targeting the novel ORF2 gene found 21 % and 19 % incidence in nasal and fecal swabs, respectively, submitted for unrelated diagnostic testing. PAstV-4 RNA levels were significantly higher (P = 0.04) in nasal swabs, suggesting a possible atypical respiratory tropism.
Analysis of Carbon Dioxide and Cloud Effects on Temperature in Northeast China

Abstract With the observed rise in temperature, many researchers have tried to identify the causes of such climate change to help mitigate its effects. The objective of this study is to determine whether, under the same carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations, CO 2 with lower cloud coverage would raise the temperature at a greater rate than CO 2 with higher cloud coverage. The hypothesis was tested through data analysis and modeling. The relationships between the temperature and the CO 2 emissions, the temperature and the cloud coverage, and the CO 2 emissions and the cloud coverage were identified using Pearson's correlation test. The data analysis concluded that the relationship between the temperature and the CO 2 emission is positively proportional with a significant correlation. The relationship between the cloud coverage and the temperature and the relationship between the CO 2 emissions and the cloud coverage were determined to be negatively proportional with significant correlations. For modeling, the temperature increased more rapidly as cloud coverage shrank. The results supported the hypothesis that the cloud coverage mitigates warming effects created by carbon dioxide emissions. Further research is anticipated to reduce the uncertainties in the data along with specification of cloud types.
Genetics, Genome-Wide Association Studies, and Menarche.

Puberty is characterized by maturation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, development of secondary sexual features, increased linear growth velocity, maturation of the epiphyses limiting additional growth, and achievement of menarche. The age at menarche appears to have a significant genetic component. With the advent of genome-wide association studies (GWASs), the genome has been interrogated to find associations between specific loci and age at menarche. It is apparent that multiple genetic loci, epigenetic mechanisms, and environmental factors modulate this biological event crucial for reproductive competence.
Broadband Achromatic Anomalous Mirror in Near-IR and Visible Frequency Ranges

An anomalous achromatic mirror operating in the near-IR and visible frequency ranges was designed using an array of metal–insulator–metal (MIM) resonators. An incident wave interacting with the MIM resonator experiences phase shift that is equal to the optical path traveled by the gap plasmon excited by the wave. A phase gradient along the mirror surface is created through the difference in plasmon optical paths in the resonators of varying lengths. In a frequency region well below the plasma frequency of metal, the phase gradient is a linear function of frequency, and thus the mirror operates in the achromatic regime; that is, the reflection angle does not depend on the radiation frequency. Using silver–air–silver resonators, we predicted that the mirror can steer a normally incident beam to angles as large as 40° with high radiation efficiency (exceeding 98%) and small Joule losses (below 10%). Our study indicates that it is feasible to create an efficient broadband anomalous mirror.
Education for all

The major paradigm used so far to attain education for all is to build schools and train teachers. But this may not be an adequate strategy for the present and the future, particularly in the developing world. We should give serious attention to alternatives to schools and teachers that might help reach education for all. This is the direction this paper pursues. There is a promising alternative to schools.
Analyzing and Modeling the Dysfunction of Inhibitory Neurons in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the abnormal proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein, resulting in increased production of a self-aggregating form of beta amyloid (Aβ). Several lines of work on AD patients and transgenic mice with high Aβ levels exhibit altered rhythmicity, aberrant neuronal network activity and hyperexcitability reflected in clusters of hyperactive neurons, and spontaneous epileptic activity. Recent studies highlight that abnormal accumulation of Aβ changes intrinsic properties of inhibitory neurons, which is one of the main reasons underlying the impaired network activity. However, specific cellular mechanisms leading to interneuronal dysfunction are not completely understood. Using extended Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) formalism in conjunction with patch-clamp experiments, we investigate the mechanisms leading to the impaired activity of interneurons. Our detailed analysis indicates that increased Na+ leak explains several observations in inhibitory neurons, including their failure to reliably produce action potentials, smaller action potential amplitude, increased resting membrane potential, and higher membrane depolarization in response to a range of stimuli in a model of APPSWE/PSEN1DeltaE9 (APdE9) AD mice as compared to age-matched control mice. While increasing the conductance of hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channel could account for most of the observations, the extent of increase required to reproduce these observations render such changes unrealistic. Furthermore, increasing the conductance of HCN does not account for the observed changes in depolarizability of interneurons from APdE9 mice as compared to those from NTG mice. None of the other pathways tested could lead to all observations about interneuronal dysfunction. Thus we conclude that upregulated sodium leak is the most likely source of impaired interneuronal function.
Construct validity—Current issues and recommendations for future hand hygiene research

Health care–associated infection is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Hand hygiene is widely regarded as an effective prevention strategy. Often, hand hygiene research is designed and conducted by health care practitioners who may lack formal training in research methods, particularly in the area of social science. In a research context, a construct is a concept that can be measured or observed in some way. A construct can be directly or indirectly measured. For example, height can be directly measured by centimeters, whereas depression can be indirectly measured by a scale of 20 items. Every construct needs to be operationalized by measure(s) to make it a variable. Hence, construct validity refers to the degree of fit between the construct of interest and its operational measure. However, issues with construct validity often weaken the translation from construct to measure(s). This article will (1) describe the common threats to construct validity pertaining to hand hygiene research, (2) identify practical limitations in current research design, and (3) provide recommendations to improve construct validity in future hand hygiene research. By understanding how construct validity may affect hand hygiene research design, there is great potential to improve the validity of future hand hygiene research findings.
Tutorial: Referenceless Holography using Transport of Intensity and its Applications

Techniques for phase retrieval during optical propagation are examined, including transport of intensity and phase equations and their solution methods. Applications to induced phase determination during self-phase modulation, topography, tomography, and problems in linear and nonlinear propagation are discussed.
Resting state hypothalamic response to glucose predicts glucose-induced attenuation in the ventral striatal response to food cues

Feeding behavior is regulated by a complex interaction of central nervous system responses to metabolic signals that reflect nutrient availability and to food cues that trigger appetitive responses. Prior work has shown that the hypothalamus is a key brain area that senses and responds to changes in metabolic signals, and exposure to food cues induces the activation of brain areas involved in reward processing. However, it is not known how the hypothalamic responses to changes in metabolic state are related to reward responses to food cues. This study aimed to understand whether changes in hypothalamic activity in response to glucose-induced metabolic signals are linked to food-cue reactivity within brain areas involved in reward processing. We combined two neuroimaging modalities (Arterial Spin Labeling and Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) to measure glucose-induced changes in hypothalamic cerebral blood flow (CBF) and food-cue task induced changes in brain activity within reward-related regions. Twenty-five participants underwent a MRI session following glucose ingestion and a subset of twenty individuals underwent an additional water session on a separate day as a control condition (drink order randomized). Hunger was assessed before and after drink consumption. We observed that individuals who had a greater reduction in hypothalamic CBF exhibited a greater reduction in left ventral striatum food cue reactivity (Spearman's rho = 0.46, P = 0.048) following glucose vs. water ingestion. These results are the first to use multimodal imaging to demonstrate a link between hypothalamic metabolic signaling and ventral striatal food cue reactivity.
M1 Means Kill; M2 Means Heal

Macrophages are abundant in almost all tissues of all multicellular organisms, estimated to total 1010 cells in adult humans. Macrophage function is essential for health, as strikingly demonstrated by the severe pathologies of macrophage-deficient animal models. Therefore, understanding the
Something old, something new: Historicizing same-sex marriage within ongoing struggles over African marriage in South Africa:

This article examines contemporary struggles over same-sex marriage in the daily lives of black lesbian- and gay-identified South Africans. Based primarily on 21 in-depth interviews with such South...
FUEL CELLS – PROTON-EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS | Membrane: Life-Limiting Considerations

An overview of the state of the art related to membrane durability for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is presented. In particular, we discuss (1) causes of membrane failure in PEMFCs; (2) degradation reactions of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes as revealed by exposure of model compounds to peroxide in the presence of active metals and ultraviolet irradiation; and (3) currently emerging mitigation methods. We close with some brief comments on future prospects, notably the need for similar mechanistic elucidation of non-PFSA membranes.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of neutron, gamma-ray, and x-ray sources using spherical harmonic decomposition

Neutron, gamma-ray, and x-ray imaging are important diagnostic tools at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) for measuring the two-dimensional (2D) size and shape of the neutron producing region, for probing the remaining ablator and measuring the extent of the DT plasmas during the stagnation phase of Inertial Confinement Fusion implosions. Due to the difficulty and expense of building these imagers, at most only a few two-dimensional projections images will be available to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) sources. In this paper, we present a technique that has been developed for the 3D reconstruction of neutron, gamma-ray, and x-ray sources from a minimal number of 2D projections using spherical harmonics decomposition. We present the detailed algorithms used for this characterization and the results of reconstructed sources from experimental neutron and x-ray data collected at OMEGA and NIF.
Customer query handling in sales interactions

Using a novel approach with video-recordings of sales interactions, this study focuses on a dynamic analysis of salesperson effectiveness in handling customer queries. We conceptualize salesperson behaviors, namely, resolving, relating, and emoting, as separate elements of customer query handling and empirically identify the distinct verbal and nonverbal cues that salespeople use to display these behaviors during sales interactions. We draw from compensation effects in social cognition theory to propose that customers’ perceptions of a salesperson’s effectiveness are prone to trade-offs between competence (resolving behaviors) and warmth (relating and emoting behaviors). Results, robust to endogeneity corrections, support the proposed tradeoffs such that the effectiveness of salesperson’s resolving behavior is significantly curtailed, even neutralized, by the salesperson’s relating and emoting behaviors. We situate these counterintuitive results within the extant theory and research on sales interactions, and outline implications for practice.
Electron Beam—Specimen Interactions: Interaction Volume

By selecting the operating parameters of the SEM electron gun, lenses, and apertures, the microscopist controls the characteristics of the focused beam that reaches the specimen surface: energy (typically selected in the range 0.1–30 keV), diameter (0.5 nm to 1 μm or larger), beam current (1 pA to 1 μA), and convergence angle (semi-cone angle 0.001–0.05 rad). In a conventional high vacuum SEM (typically with the column and specimen chamber pressures reduced below 10−3 Pa), the residual atom density is so low that the beam electrons are statistically unlikely to encounter any atoms of the residual gas along the flight path from the electron source to the specimen, a distance of approximately 25 cm.
Richness and Composition of Ground-dwelling Ants in Tropical Rainforest and Surrounding Landscapes in the Colombian Inter-Andean Valley

Tropical rainforests are characterized by having high structural complexity, stratification, and species diversity. In Colombia, tropical rainforests are critically endangered with only 24% of their area remaining. Forest fragments are often valued based on the presence of vertebrate taxa despite that small habitat remnants may still harbor diverse invertebrate communities. We surveyed the ant fauna associated with rainforest fragments and their surrounding landscape elements (including mature forests, flooded forests, gallery forests, live fences, and pastures) in the Magdalena River watershed. Pitfall traps and litter samples were used to estimate ant richness and diversity, and to compare ant composition among landscape elements. We found 135 species from 42 genera, representing 16% of the species and 43% of the genera known for Colombia. Our surveys also uncovered 11 new ant records for the Colombian inter-Andean region and 2 new records for the country of Colombia: Mycocepurus curvispinosus (Mackay) and Rhopalothrix isthmica (Weber). The highest species richness was found in forest-covered sites, and richness and diversity was lower in the disturbed landscapes surrounding the forest patches. Species composition varied significantly between all habitat types, but was most similar between forest types suggesting that a loss of structural complexity has the greatest effect on ant communities. Across our study sites, ten species showed the greatest response to habitat type and could qualify as indicator taxa for this region. We conclude by discussing the value of conserving even small forests in this landscape due to their ability to retain high diversity of ants.
Kehte Hain Humko Pyar Se Indiawaale: Shaping a contemporary diasporic Indianness in and through the Bollywood Song

In a contemporary moment rife with cultural reciprocation and symbolized by exaggerated hyper-mobilities, Indianness in general and diasporic Indianness in particular is constantly subject to redef...
U chíikulil k’áatchi’: la forma, función y estandarización de la puntuación.

Although Yucatec Maya has a long history of written use compared to most indigenous languages, the widespread use of writing in day to day life and the development of an explicit standard writing system remain in their early stages. One important recent step in this process is the publication of a book –U nu’ukbesajil u ts’iibta’al maayat’aan / Normas de escritura para la lengua maya– presenting for the first time a comprehensive set of norms for writing in the language as well as motivating them, often by appeal to aspect of the language’s grammatical properties. This paper examines the relationship between grammar and standardization through a detailed case study of one particular norm: that the question mark not be used. While there may well be other countervailing factors besides grammar that justify the norm (e.g. tradition, a desire to create norms that differ from those of Spanish), we argue against the grammatical rationale for this norm through a detailed survey of interrogative and related constructions, showing that complex interactions between these various constructions validate the functional utility of the question mark for readers.
Are wishes for death or suicidal ideation symptoms of depression in older adults

Objective: Clinicians may question whether thoughts of being better off dead are normal consequences of aging or symptoms of depression. We examine whether thoughts of suicide are as strongly linke...
Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty for Charcot Arthropathy is Associated With High Complications but Improved Clinical Outcomes.

Abstract Background Neuropathic (Charcot) arthropathy of the hip is rare but can lead to joint destruction, bone loss, and dysfunction. While total hip arthroplasty (THA) may be considered a treatment option, only very limited data in the form of case reports are available on the results of THA. The goal of this study was to analyze the outcomes of primary THA for Charcot arthropathy with emphasis on implant survivorship, complications, and clinical outcomes. Methods Eleven patients undergoing 12 primary THAs for Charcot arthropathy from 2007 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients had a severe underlying neuropathy and clear radiographic evidence of Charcot arthropathy. Mean age was 54 years with 4 patients being female. Mean follow-up was 5 years. Results Survivorship free of any revision was 75% at both 2 and 5 years. Three THAs (3/12) were revised: 2 for recurrent instability and 1 for femoral component loosening. Survivorship free of any reoperation was 67% at both 2 and 5 years. One additional THA underwent open reduction and internal fixation of a Vancouver B1 periprosthetic fracture. The overall complication rate (including revisions and reoperations) was high at 58% with 3 recurrent dislocations, 2 periprosthetic fractures, 1 femoral component loosening, and 1 delayed wound healing. Harris Hip Scores improved from a mean of 43 preoperatively to 81 postoperatively (P Conclusion In this study, the largest to date, we found that patients undergoing primary THA for Charcot arthropathy have a significant improvement in clinical outcomes but that there was a high risk of early complications and revisions, mostly related to recurrent instability. Specific precautions to avoid early complications, namely utilization of components that provide robust fixation and strategies that provide enhanced hip stability, should be considered. Level of Evidence Level IV.
Stratospheric Response in the First Geoengineering Simulation Meeting Multiple Surface Climate Objectives

We describe here changes in stratospheric dynamics and chemistry in a first century‐long sulfate aerosol geoengineering simulation in which the mean surface temperature and the interhemispheric and equator‐to‐pole surface temperature gradients were kept near their 2020 levels despite the RCP8.5 emission scenario. Simulations were carried out with the Community Earth System Model, version 1 with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model as its atmospheric component [CESM1(WACCM)] coupled to a feedback algorithm controlling the magnitude of sulfur dioxide (SO_2) injections at four injection latitudes. We find that, throughout the entire geoengineering simulation, the lower stratospheric temperatures increase by ∼0.19 K per Tg SO_2 injection per year or ∼10 K with ∼40 Tg SO_2/year total SO_2 injection. These temperature changes are associated with a strengthening of the polar jets in the stratosphere and weakening of the mean zonal wind in the lower stratosphere subtropics and throughout the troposphere, associated with weaker storm track activity. In the geoengineering simulation the quasi‐biennial oscillation of the tropical lower stratospheric winds remains close to the presently observed quasi‐biennial oscillation, even for large amounts of SO2 injection. Water vapor in the stratosphere increases substantially: by 25% with ∼20 Tg SO_2/year annual injection and by up to 90% with a ∼40 Tg SO_2/year injection. Stratospheric column ozone in the geoengineering simulation is predicted to recover to or supersede preozone hole conditions by the end of the century.
Auxetic Regions in Large Deformations of Periodic Frameworks

In materials science, auxetic behavior refers to lateral widening upon stretching. We investigate the problem of finding domains of auxeticity in global deformation spaces of periodic frameworks. Case studies include planar periodic mechanisms constructed from quadrilaterals with diagonals as periods and other frameworks with two vertex orbits. We relate several geometric and kinematic descriptions.
Environmental Aspects of Managing of Natural Resource Assets within the Military Sector

Environmental aspects of managing natural resource assets within the military sector differs by degree, but not by principle, managing natural resource assets within the civilian sector. Within the time of NATO’s existence, comprehensive environmental laws, regulations and norms, and international conventions have been widely adopted. The same principles are found in most legal and administrative settings: polluter pays, public involvement and access to information, enforcement and compliance, regulations and norms apply to all (the level playing field), and a reliance on good science to guide action. Military natural resource assets, because of their size, longevity, and single owner/steward, contain many environmental and ecological assets of national importance. This intensifies the competition between preservation and alternative use. Environmental managers in NATO member and candidate countries face several common challenges including: effective response to laws, regulations and norms, deployment of new technology in a manner consistent with environmental stewardship, fulfillment of military operational objectives (and preserving the ability to do so into the future) in light of increasing competition for natural resources, and ‘beyond compliance’ management to take advantage of integrated risk assessments in a way that avoids future problems.
What does a 'right' to physician-assisted suicide (PAS) legally entail?

``What Does a Right to Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS) Legallyentail?''Much of the bioethics literature focuses on the morality ofPAS but ignores the legal implications of the conclusions thereby wrought. Specifically, what does a legal right toPAS entail both on the part of the physician and the patient? Iargue that we must begin by distinguishing a right to PAS qua``external'' to a particular physician-patient relationship from a right to PAS qua ``internal'' to a particular physician-patientrelationship. The former constitutes a negative claim right inrem that prohibits outside interference with the exercise of aright to PAS while the latter can provide the patient witha positive claim right in personam to obligatory assistancefrom his physician. Importantly, I argue that the creation of sucha patient right, however, originates with the physician who may exercise an unqualified right of first refusal prior to promisingto help her patient commit suicide. In doing so, I hope to establishthat explicit physician promises of assistance in dying shouldbecome legally binding. As such, current PAS law in both theNetherlands and Oregon is in need of substantive modification.
Direct observation of recombination-enhanced dislocation glide in heteroepitaxial GaAs on silicon

We use an electron beam to induce and directly observe dislocation glide in strained GaAs thin films on silicon substrates at room temperature using electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI). Plastic behavior in this brittle material is kinetically facilitated by a lowering of the Peierls barrier for glide due to recombination of cathodogenerated electron-hole pairs at dislocations. The high residual strain in the GaAs film provides the overall driving force for motion. The dynamics of a variety of previously inaccessible dislocation interactions are studied by tracking individual threading dislocations with high spatial and temporal resolution. The ECCI technique has an inherently high resolution and was conducted in a convenient scanning electron microscope environment. The results and methods described in this Rapid Communication provide insight into dislocation-filtering processes and failure mechanisms in technologically important III-V devices on silicon, as well as other mismatched heteroepitaxial systems.