cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Congestive heart failure and renal failure in total shoulder arthroplasty: a national database study

Abstract Background Congestive heart failure and renal failure are volume sensitive pathologies that lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Due to the aging population in the United States, more patients with volume sensitivity are expected to undergo shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of volume sensitive comorbidities on acute postoperative outcomes following shoulder arthroplasty. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was used to identify patients who underwent primary elective shoulder arthroplasty from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2018. Patients who were diagnosed with volume sensitive diseases (congestive heart failure, kidney failure, and dialysis) were compared with non-volume sensitive patients. Demographic data, length of hospital stay, and postoperative complications within 30 days were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was used isolate the effect of volume sensitivity on postoperative complications and readmission. Results A total of 23,761 patients underwent shoulder arthroplasty and 218 (0.9%) were volume sensitive. The overall adverse event rate across all patients was 6.5%. On univariate analysis, volume sensitive patients were more likely to need a reoperation within 30 days, require readmission within 30 days, have a minor or major complication, and were less likely to be discharged home (P Conclusion There is an increased rate of adverse acute outcomes following shoulder arthroplasty in the volume sensitive population which may be a result of comorbid factors, such as dependent functional status, increasing age, and higher ASA classification. Level of Evidence Level III; Retrospective Case-Control Study
Addressing adolescent substance use in an urban pediatric federally qualified health center.

Abstract Objective Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is a systematic approach to identification and intervention for individuals at risk for substance use disorders. Prior research indicates that SBIRT is underutilized in pediatric primary care. Yet few studies have examined procedures for identifying and addressing substance use in clinics that serve publicly insured adolescents (i.e., federally qualified health centers [FQHC]). This descriptive, multi-method study assessed adolescent substance use frequency and provider perspectives to inform SBIRT implementation in an urban pediatric FQHC in California. Methods A medical record review assessed substance use frequency and correlates among publicly insured adolescents aged 12–17 years who completed a well-child visit in pediatric primary care between 2014 and 2017 (N = 2252). Data on substance use (i.e., alcohol, illicit drugs, and tobacco) were from a health assessment tool mandated by Medicaid. Semi-structured interviews with 12 providers (i.e., pediatricians, nurse practitioners, behavioral health clinicians) elicited information about the current clinic workflow for adolescent substance use and barriers and facilitators to SBIRT implementation. Results Of 1588 adolescents who completed the assessment (70.5%), 6.8% reported current substance use. Self-reported use was highest among non-Hispanic Black (15.2%) adolescents and those with co-occurring depressive symptoms (14.4%). Provider-reported challenges to implementing SBIRT included a lack of space for confidential screening and a lack of referral options. Providers favored implementing technology-based tools such as tablets for adolescent pre-visit screening and electronic medical record–based decision support to facilitate brief intervention and treatment referrals. Conclusions This study fills a substantial research gap by examining factors that impede and support SBIRT implementation in pediatric FQHC settings. Successful SBIRT implementation in these settings could significantly reduce the unmet need for substance use treatment among uninsured and publicly insured adolescents. Pediatric primary care and urgent care providers perceived SBIRT to be feasible, and health information and digital technologies may facilitate the integration of SBIRT into clinic workflows. Ensuring confidentiality for screening and expanding referral options for adolescents in need of community-based addiction treatment are also critical to increasing SBIRT uptake.
In Her Days as a Gentleman a Decline & Rise in Humours & Fortunes

MY FREQUENT COMPLAINTS: A DIARY'S CATALOG These summer months at Huddlesfield Parish, I pace the floor & do not put a pen to paper but slubberingly. My essays of dissent are failing; they do not make one bit of sense. I am like the Moth who natters at the flame, only to be caught in the stump by morning. Now I've yet to put myself to bed but reserve these early hours for my diary, long neglected since late winter last. Even the spring has escaped me. I do not recall one blossom, though vaguely I remem ber a vapour transpiring through the trees. A sullen March. A meager May. Whole months proceed by salty murmur & sigh, succumbing as I have to the temptations of complaint. I adore complaint, so long as it is mine:
Immune responses in human colon cancer: I. Microcytotoxicity assay for measuring killing of adherent human colon cancer cell lines

Abstract A short term microcytotoxicity assay system using radioisotope release as an index of target cell damage has been developed to evaluate immune killing of cultured adherent human colon cancer cell lines. Using this assay system, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity of adherent human colon cancer cell lines can be assessed in 4 hr or less. An essential step in the development of this system was the successful 51 Cr-labeling of human colon cancer target cells with subsequent low spontaneous release. This was achieved through careful attention to cellular growth phase and medium p H during the labeling and assay period. In this microsystem, labeled colon cancer cells spontaneously released 51 Cr at a mean rate of 2% per hr during the assay, a level low enough not to obscure specific cytotoxic responses. Complement-dependent cytoxicity was measured most conveniently over a 2-hr period, whereas antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity were optimal when measured over a 4-hr period.
Solar wind iron abundance variations at speeds greater than 600 km/s, 1972-1976

An analysis has been conducted of the Fe/H ratios in the peaks of high-speed streams during the decline of solar cycle 20 and the following minimum (October 1972-December 1976). The response of the 50- to 200-keV ion channel of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory energetic particle experiments (EPE) on IMP 7 and 8, which is (in the absence of energetic ions) dominated by solar wind iron ions at high solar wind speeds (V approximately equal to or greater than 600 km/s) as inferred from calibrations of flight spare detectors. The conducted Fe measurements have been compared with solar wind H and He parameters from the Los Alamos National Laboratory instruments on the same spacecraft. In general, the Fe distribution parameters (bulk velocity, flow direction, temperature) are found to be similar to the He parameters. Although the average Fe/H ratios found in the peaks of many steady high-speed streams agree within observational uncertainties with the nominal coronal ratio of 4.7 x 10 to the -5th, abundance variations of a factor of up to 6 are obtained across a given coronal-hole associated high-speed stream. There are, as well, a factor of 2 variations between stream-averaged abundances for recurrent high-speed streams emanating from different coronal holes occurring on the sun on the same solar rotation. Flare-related solar wind flows sometimes show Fe/H ratios enhanced by factors of 4-5 more than in coronal-hole associated, quiet-time streams, while in one case the Fe/H enhancement was still observable one rotation after the flare activity. Over the period 1973-1976, a steady decrease in the average quiet time Fe/H ratio by a factor of approximately 4 is measured on both IMP 7 and 8.
Microprocessor Controlled Optimal Helicopter Turret Control System

The design and implementation of microprocessor-based optimal controllers for the XM-97 helicopter turret control system is considered. Nonfiring and firing test results are presented. Significant performance improvement of the optimal turret over the original turret has been obtained in terms of percent overshoots, settling times, and shot pattern dispersions. The system investigated in this paper may be considered as an interesting and important case study in the design of optimal control systems.
Disposable Women and Other Myths of Global Capitalism

Introduction: Disposable Women and Other Myths of Global Capital Chapter 2: Disposable Daughters and Factory Fathers Chapter 3: Manufacturing Bodies Chapter 4: The Dialectics of Still Life: Murder, Women and Disposability Chapter 5: Maquiladora Mestizas and a Feminist Border Politics Chapter 6: Crossing the Factory Frontier Chapter 7: Paradoxes and Protests Notes Bibliography Index
Downside vs. Symmetric Risk in Conservation Portfolio Design to Manage Climate-Change Uncertainty

Recent work uses mean-variance portfolio theory to identify optimal spatial conservation planning in the face of spatial variation in future benefits from uncertainty in climate change. Use of variance to measure risk may lead to inefficient portfolio allocation decisions when returns do not follow a multivariate normal distribution or when conservation agents are loss averse. In this paper, we use downside risk measures to evaluate the risk-reward tradeoffs involved in optimal conservation planning and compare the results against the standard mean-variance approach to identify the significant differences in optimal portfolio allocation strategies based on the measure of risk used. We use a case study of the current and potential future status of 147 bird species in the eastern United States to illustrate the difference in the optimal spatial targeting of bird conservation activity in this region subject to uncertain climate scenarios. We find that when returns are multivariate normal, the use of either risk measure arrives at identical portfolio allocation strategies. However, if the returns are not jointly normal, the choice of risk measure significantly alters the portfolio allocation decisions and also changes the risk-return profile.
Institutional Change and Factor Movement: A Test of the Coase Theorem's Invariance Principle

The strong version of the Coase Theorem suggests that in the absence of transactions costs, the distribution of resources is invariant to the assignment of the rights to those resources. While the theoretical work that underlies the Theorem is vast, the empirical work is less available. The obvious reason being the difficulty in finding real world examples of markets that have experienced "rights" changes. Such a change however has occurred in Major League Baseball. Starting in the late 1970s the "rights" of players were switched from owners to players. This allows us to examine if the distribution of players was impacted by the change. If players switched teams more or less at the same rate before and after the introduction of free agency, this would support the Coase Theorem. In the end, the characteristics of player movement do appear to have been impacted by the re-assignment of rights and therefore are inconsistent with the predictions of the strong version of the Coase Theorem.
LPP-1 Infection of the Blue-Green Alga Plectonema boryanum III. Protein Synthesis

The structural proteins of mature LPP-1 particles and the patterns of protein synthesis after LPP-1 infection have been examined by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. Structural proteins account for 35% of the LPP-1 genome, and proteins that would require about 65% of the total coding capacity have been detected after infection. The major head proteins have molecular weights of 39,000 and 13,000, whereas the major tail protein is an 80,000-molecular-weight species. Host protein synthesis is depressed soon after infection and appears to be entirely shut off by 5 hr. Three classes of viral proteins are distinguished in infected cells, based on their time course of synthesis and their presence in mature virions. Images
The dark side of the Solar Flare Myth

Gosling [1993, 1994] reviewed the growing observational evidence that traveling interplanetary shocks, large solar energetic particle (SEP) events, and large nonrecurrent geomagnetic storms are produced by coronal mass ejections (CMEs), not by solar flares. The growing evidence for CMEs as the cause of these phenomena constituted a declaration of independence from the flare community, and certainly squelched the attitude of benign neglect that had beset interplanetary phenomena and observations. In one case it produced hostile dismay that [Jack Gosling and a few other revisionists] would [wage an assault on the last 30 years of solar-flare research] based on the [low-grade optical data that the CME people use] [Zirin, 1994]. Calmer objections were raised by Hudson, Haisch, and Strong [1995], who accept the interplanetary consequences of CMEs but suggest that [it is shortsighted to distinguish CMEs and flares.]
Survey of computed grain boundary properties in face-centered cubic metals: I. Grain boundary energy

Abstract The absolute grain boundary mobility of 388 nickel grain boundaries was calculated using a synthetic driving force molecular dynamics method; complete results appear in the Supplementary materials. Over 25% of the boundaries, including most of the non-Σ3 highest mobility boundaries, moved by a coupled shear mechanism. The range of non-shearing boundary mobilities is from 40 to 400 m/s GPa, except for Σ3 incoherent twins which have mobilities of 200–2000 m/s GPa. Some boundaries, including all the 〈1 1 1〉 twist boundaries, are immobile within the resolution of the simulation. Boundary mobility is not correlated with scalar parameters such as disorientation angle, Σ value, excess volume or boundary energy. Boundaries less than 15° from each other in five-dimensional crystallographic space tend to have similar mobilities. Some boundaries move via a non-activated motion mechanism, which greatly increases low-temperature mobility. Thermal roughening of grain boundaries is widely observed, with estimated roughening temperatures substantially among boundaries.
An alpha plotter for point-contact transistors

A test set for showing a plot of alpha versus emitter current on an oscilloscope is described. It is useful in the application of point-contact transistors in large-signal switching circuits.
A unified theory of nucleation-rate-limited DNA renaturation kinetics

Abstract DNA renaturations under nucleation-rate-limiting conditions on simple DNA such as bacterial and bacteriophage DNA show significant deviation from ideal second-order kinetics when followed by optical density measurements at 260 nm. Ideal second-order kinetics yield linear plots when the data is plotted in the standard reciprocal second-order (RSO) manner. The observed deviations from ideal second-order behavior take the form of steadily downward-curving RSO plots. In this paper, experiments are presented for E. coli and T2 DNA documenting this non-ideal behavior. Since experiments usine, T4, T5 ind B. subtilis DNA yield identical non-ideal behavior, this behavior appears to be a property of DNA renaturation followed by optical density, not a peculiarity of a particular DNA. Identical non-ideal behavior is also seen in kinetics followed by S1 nuclease assay. A theory is developed to explain this deviation from ideal second-order kinetics. The theory also explains why kinetics followed by hydroxyapatite chromalography show nearly ideal second-order kinetics. In contrast to the approach taken by others in developing equations that describe S1 nuclease monitored reactions, our view is that non-ideal second-order kinetics are fundamentally due to the reaction of free single strands to yield partially helical duplex species. Later reactions of these species tend to reduce the deviations from non-ideal second-order kinetics.
Increasing development in the surroundings of U.S. National Park Service holdings jeopardizes park effectiveness.

Abstract Protected areas are cornerstones of biodiversity conservation, but they are in danger of becoming islands in a sea of human dominated landscapes. Our question was if protected areas may even foster development in their surroundings because they provide amenities that attract development, thus causing the isolation of the ecosystems they were designed to protect. Our study analyzed historic aerial photographs and topographical maps to reconstruct road development and building growth within and around Indiana Dunes and Pictured Rocks National Lakeshores in the U.S. Great Lakes region from 1938 to 2005, and to estimate the effects of park creation in 1966 on changes in landscape patterns. Historic U.S. census housing density data were used as a baseline to compare observed changes to. Our results showed that park establishment was effective in reducing and stopping the fragmenting impact of development within park boundaries. However, increased amenity levels following park establishment led to enhanced development in the surroundings of both parks. In the extreme case of Indiana Dunes, building density outside the park increased from 45 to 200 buildings/km 2 and road density almost doubled from 3.6 to 6.6 km/km 2 from 1938 to 2005. Development rates of change were much higher than in the broader landscape, particularly after park establishment. The potential amenity effect was up to 9500 new buildings in the 3.2-km zone around Indiana Dunes between 1966 and 2005. For Pictured Rocks the absolute effect was smaller but up to 70% of the observed building growth was potentially due to amenity effects. Our findings highlight the need for conservation planning at broader scales, incorporating areas beyond the boundaries of protected areas.
The NFκB inhibitory peptide, IκBα, prevents human vascular smooth muscle proliferation

Abstract Background . Vessel injury results in an inflammatory response characterized by the elaboration of cytokines and growth factors, which ultimately influence vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth and contribute to atherogenesis. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) is a central transcription factor important in mediating stress and inflammatory-induced signals. We hypothesized that strategies aimed at inhibiting NFκB would abrogate mitogen-induced human VSMC proliferation. Methods . Human aortic VSMC were stimulated with basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), and proliferation was quantified by a colormetric assay. The influence of NFκB on VSMC proliferation was examined by both nonspecific NFκB blockade with calpain inhibitor-1 (CI-1) and dexamethasone (Dex) and specific NFκB blockade with liposomal delivery of the NFκB inhibitory peptide, IκBα. Results . FGF and TNF induced concentration-dependent VSMC proliferation ( p p Conclusion . The mitogenic effect of FGF and TNF on human arterial VSMC may be prevented by inhibiting NFκB. Furthermore, liposomal delivery of endogenous inhibitory proteins such as IκBα may represent a novel, therapeutically accessible method for selective transcriptional suppression in the response to vascular injury.
Differential programming of p53-deficient embryonic cells during rotenone block.

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in chemical toxicities. The present study used an in vitro model to investigate the differential expression of metabolic pathways during cellular stress in p53-efficient embryonic fibroblasts compared to p53-deficient cells. These cell lines differed with respect to NADH/NAD+ balance. This ratio constitutes a driving force for NAD- and NADH-dependent reactions and is inversed upon exposure to Rotenone (complex I inhibitor). Rotenone perturbed the structure of the elongated fibrillar tubulin network and decreased mRNA expression of tubulin genes both suggesting reprogramming and reorganization of the cytoskeleton in both cell lines. These changes were reflected in the abundance of specific mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) species as determined from genome-based analysis. Changes in mRNA and miRNA expression profiles reflected differences in energy utilizing pathways, consistent with the notion that the p53 pathway influences the cellular response to mitochondrial dysfunction and that at least some control may be embedded within specific mRNA/miRNA networks in embryonic cells.
WE-D-BRA-03: Cyberknife Experience

Purpose: The purpose of this presentation is to show in selected case studies where differential dose planning is used in Cyberknife treatments, and which challenges are associated with each approach. Method and Materials: Three case studies were selected to demonstrate different situations were differential dose planning would be used in Cyberknife SRS. Case1: Multiple, anatomically close cranial lesions of varying sizes. As experience with Gammaknife SRS has shown, the risk of complications in treating brainmetastasis is correlated with dose and lesion size. Lesions larger than 2 cm in diameter are typically treated with a lower dose. In the situation were multiple lesions of different size are located closely together in the brain, creating separate treatment plans on the Cyberknife would lead to longer treatment times, higher whole‐body dose due to scatter and leakage, and difficulty to asses multiple plan dose overlays. Case 2: The second situation involved mostly head and neck cancers where the GTV and CTV are treated to different doses as a boost after conventional IMRT treatments. Typically, the GTV encompasses the PET positive areas. Around the GTV, a CTV enclosing the microscopic extension of the disease as determined by the physician based on the case history. Case 3: Unusual cases. A patient with pituitary adenoma was also diagnosed with Graves disease. Because of the proximity of the lesion and the orbital muscles affected by Graves disease, the tumor and orbital muscles were treated at the same time with different dose. Results: All three categories could be planned to the physicians' satisfaction. In case 1 patients, attention has to be paid to minimizing the dose to the healthy brain between the lesions. This can be achieved by using tuning structures or tuning shells around the tumors. In Case 2, the limiting factor is the dose fall‐off outside the GTV. A fraction of the CTV will be treated at a higher dose than planned. In case 3, the combined planning of the Graves disease and the pituitary adenoma achieved good dose sparing of the optic apparatus. Conclusion: The Cyberknife software is very flexible and allows relatively easy planning for complex situations.
Characterization of porous Sol-Gel films on fiber optic surface plasmon resonance sensors

ABSTRACTFiber optic surface plasmon resonance sensors are used to characterize thin porous Sol-Gel films applied to the sensor surfaces. Techniques for coating the sensors and curing the films are discussed. Experimental and analytical methods are presented for using analysis of wavelength modulated surface plasmon resonance spectra to determine pore volume and refractive index of the films. INTRODUCTION Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has been investigated as a phenomenon useful in the sensing of refractive index (RI)1. Surface plasmons, or surface plasmon waves (SPWs), describe the optical excitation of charge density waves along theinterface between a metal and a dielectric medium. Optical excitation occurs when incident light is transferred to charge density waves. SPR sensing techniques analyze either the angular or wavelength reflection spectra off the sensor interface asthe reflections change in response to RI changes in the sensed medium. SPR has also been successfully utilized for chemicalsensing. One method involves monitoring the RI of a sample, as is commonly done to determine concentration of sugars oralcohols in a solution2. A second technique involves utilizing a transducing film on the sensor surface. Transducing filmshave been created by binding selective chemistry directly to the metal interface3 or into a porous matrix applied to the sensorsurface4. If a chemical specific reaction occurs that affects either the RI or thickness of the transducing film, the change canbe detected via SPR and correlated to the presence of the analyte.Thin ceramic films produced by the Sol-Gel method are of general interest for use in chemical selective transducing films.
The generation of the cardiac action potential: after the first millisecond.

After an initial, transient voltage-and time-dependent burst of sodium current (equivalent to that occurring in nerve), the membrane current of cardiac muscle reverses in sign to a maximum value that is orders of magnitude smaller than that seen in nerve. The membrane of cardiac muscle, rather than exchanging an increased permeability to sodium ions (Na+) for one to potassium ions (K+), appears to become relatively impermeable to a variety of ions. It is argued that in a tissue such as cardiac muscle where the time when the cell is active is comparable to that when it is quiescent, the current generated by the active electrogenic transport/exchange of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ must be comparable to the corresponding currents generated by the passive transport of these ions. Consequently, the complex voltage and time dependency of the membrane current on the time scale of repolarization and beyond is generated, at least in part, by the complex time and voltage dependency of these transport/exchange processes. Measurement of the electrochemical properties of such transport/exchange mechanisms must ultimately be made on the individual mechanisms in isolation, e.g., in artificial membrane systems, before their contribution to the generation of the cardiac action potential can be unequivocably determined.
Simulating blast effects on steel beam-column members: Applications

Validation and application examples are presented for a beam-column element that uses bounding surface plasticity models to characterize the effects of blast-induced damage in structures with steel wide-flange members. Element formulation and implementation within the nonlinear explicit dynamic finite element code CU-BAMM appears in the companion paper [1]. The current paper details the creation of a library of bounding surfaces for various wide-flange members and explosive scenarios, and library integration with the code. A validation example shows favorable agreement between CU-BAMM simulation results and results obtained from a high-resolution model for prediction of the post-blast collapse load for an A-frame system.
Effects of aging on mnemonic discrimination of emotional information.

Episodic memory loss is one of the hallmarks of age-related cognitive decline and a major symptom of Alzheimer’s disease. The persistence and strength of memories is determined by modulatory factors such as emotional arousal. Whether emotional memories are preserved with age or if these memories are just as susceptible to loss and forgetting is not well understood. We have recently shown that emotion alters how similar memories are stored using nonoverlapping representations (i.e., pattern separation) in an emotional mnemonic discrimination task. Here, we extend this work to testing young and older adults at 2 time points (immediately after encoding and 24 hr later). Overall, older adults performed worse than young adults, a memory deficit that was not secondary to perceptual or attentional deficits. When tested immediately, older adults were impaired on neutral target recognition but intact on emotional target recognition. We also found that a pattern we previously reported in young adults (reduced emotional compared to neutral discrimination of similar items) was reversed in older adults. When tested after 24 hr, young adults exhibited less forgetting of emotional targets compared to neutral, while older adults exhibited more forgetting of emotional targets. Finally, discrimination of highly similar positive items was preserved in older adults. These results suggest that emotional modulation of memory interacts with age in a complex manner such that the emotion-induced memory trade-off reported in young adults is reversed in older adults. These findings shed light on how emotion and memory interact in the aging brain.
EFFECTS OF SELECTED SOIL FUNGICIDES ON NITRIFICATION AND GROWTH OF PRIVET IN A PINE BARK MEDIUM

Nitrification inhibitors were evaluated for their capacity to retard oxidation of ammonium in a pine bark medium. Nitrapyrin, captan, etridiazole, and metalaxyl were added to a pine bark medium in amounts ranging from none to 133% of manufacturers' or research-based recommendations. Inhibition of nitrification was assessed by measurements of appearance of nitrate and disappearance of ammonium at 4-wk intervals for 12 wk. The effects of these chemicals on the growth and nitrogen (N) composition of privet (Ligustrum ibolium L.) in containers of pine bark mix were assessed. Based on retention of ammonium and suppression of nitrate accumulation, etridiazole and nitrapyrin were effective inhibitors, whereas captan and metalaxyl were not. Etridiazole was more effective than nitrapyrin, and the efficacy of etridiazole increased as amount of application increased. The efficacy lasted for about 4 wk with nitrapyrin or etridiazole. With the amounts of fertilization and inhibitors used, growth or total N concentration of privet was not affected by the inhibitors.
Freedom of information, privacy, and official secrecy: The evolution of federal government information policy concepts

At present, the ‘freedom of information’ concept has particular appeal to various democracies seeking to realize or refine a popular right to government information. The American experience with this construct provides both a significant theoretical model and a legislative realization of this idea. However, drafting imperfections and political tampering with the policy purpose of the Freedom of Information Act are apparent in the legislative history of the Federal statute and, hopefully, can be avoided by other nations pursuing this type of law. In addition, the United States has developed privacy of information and has sought to reconcile it and official secrecy with the ‘freedom of information’ concept. While the former is regarded as a valuable symbiont the latter appears to be a dangerous competitor to the effective realization of ‘the people's right to know’.
Orienting bias in the rat produced by hippocampal lesion.

A recent view of hippocampal function is that it acts as an attentional gating device, a theory which relies heavily on the inability of hippocampally lesioned animals to orient normally. The results of the first experiment are consistent with the attentional theory: unilateral lesions of the hippocampus produce ipsilateral orienting to symmetrically presented stimuli. However, a second experiment shows that the direction of orienting bias to a visual stimulus is not altered by cutting the optic chiasm, a procedure which functionally reverses visual influence to lesioned and intact hemispheres. Since the direction of bias produced by unilateral hippocampal lesion is unchanged by this reversal of sensory input, it seems likely that the orienting bias is due to a motor rather than a sensory impairment.
Past-Tense Marking by Children With and Without Specific Language Impairment

This study examined the productivity and representation of past-tense marking in children with and without specific language impairment (SLI). Participants were 11 6-year-olds with SLI, 11 age-matc...
The hemopexin domain of MMP-9 inhibits angiogenesis and retards the growth of intracranial glioblastoma xenograft in nude mice

Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) consists of a prodomain, catalytic domain with three fibronectin-like type II modules and C-terminal hemopexin-like (PEX) domain. These domains play distinct roles in terms of proteolytic activity, substrate binding and interaction with inhibitors and receptors. In order to assess the potential of the MMP-9-PEX domain to interfere with tumor progression, we stably transfected human glioblastoma cells with an expression vector containing a cDNA sequence of the MMP-9-PEX. The selected clones exhibited decreased MMP-9 activity and reduced invasive capacity. We assessed how secretion of MMP-9-PEX by glioblastoma cells affects angiogenic capabilities of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) in vitro. MMP-9-PEX conditioned medium treatment caused a reduction in migration of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) and inhibited capillary-like structure formation in association with suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and VEGF receptor-2 protein level. The suppression of HMECs survival by conditioned medium from MMP-9-PEX stable transfectants was associated with apoptosis induction characterized by an increase in cells with a sub-G0/G1 content, fragmentation of DNA, caspase-3, -8 and -9 activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. A significant tumor growth inhibition was observed in intracranial implants of MMP-9-PEX stable transfectants in nude mice with attenuation of CD31 and MMP-9 protein expression. These results demonstrate that MMP-9-PEX inhibits angiogenic features of endothelial cells and retards intracranial glioblastoma growth.
Exploring Layers of Meaning with Deep Brain Stimulation Patients

Tens of thousands of patients have received deep brain stimulation (DBS) implants that aim to treat a variety of movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). We share Muller and Christen...
Assessment of Ventricular Remodeling in Heart Failure Clinical Trials

Adverse remodeling involves a complicated process of structural and functional changes in the left ventricle (LV). LV remodeling is progressive and, if left unchecked, culminates in heart failure that portends a poor prognosis. Clinical trials in heart failure have employed various techniques to assess ventricular remodeling while focusing on therapeutic-specific strategies to halt or reverse remodeling. These strategies include (1) those designed to reduce wall stress by limiting LV dilatation and reducing LV loading conditions (nitrates and epicardial restraint), (2) those designed to block neurohormonal activation, including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, β-adrenergic receptor blockers, and aldosterone receptor blockers, (3) ionotropic agents/cardiac glycosides, and (4) cardiac resynchronization therapy. Strategies in development include mechanical assist devices and myocardial regeneration. To date, trials have demonstrated a linkage between indices of remodeling and clinical outcomes measures. Indices of remodeling have facilitated identification of targets for novel pharmaceutical agents and new device therapies.
Aggregation of Variables in Dynamic Systems

In many problems of economic theory we need to use aggregates. The general Walrasian system and its more modern dynamic extensions are relatively barren of results for macroeconomics and economic policy. Hence, in our desire to deal with such questions we use highly aggregated systems by sheer necessity, often without having much more than the same necessity as our justification. Perhaps the most important result to date for justifying aggregation under certain circumstances is the Lange-Hicks1 condition, about which we shall say more later.
Interdependence of Optical Excitation and Surface Chemistry in Laser Induced Deposition and Etching

Laser-assisted modification of solid surfaces, e.g. thin film deposition and etching, frequently involves a chemically reacting system whose optical and thermal properties change continuously in time. This leads to a coupling between excitation and reaction which has profound consequences for the cumulative effect of microscopic processes occurring at the surface, whether thermal or photochemical in nature. An understanding of this coupling provides an essential bridge between investigations of discrete mechanistic steps in surface photoreactions and measurements of macroscopic rates of laser etching and deposition. A range of situations have been found to lead to significant interdependence between optical properties and reactivity: formation of waveguides and gratings, chemical enhancement of absorption, coupling of optical properties and temperature, and optical feedback in scanning. Typical examples are presented and discussed. The real-time effects of growth of a reflecting Ni film on an absorbing substrate, of optical interference in the laser thermal oxidation of copper and of grating formation in the photochemical deposition of copper are described in detail.
Documenting a computer architecture

The documentation of a computer architecture requires that special conditions be satisfied in its preparation to ensure exactness, consistency, and completeness. One group in IBM, Central Systems Architecture, has spent many years refining procedures for producing quality documentation of this type, most notably for the System/370 architecture and the System/370 Extended Architecture (370-XA). This paper describes the steps this group performs in documenting a computer architecture, the requirements identified for the finished description, and the procedures followed to satisfy those requirements.
The Generation and Dissipation of Solar and Galactic Magnetic Fields

Turbulent diffusion of magnetic field plays an essential role in the generation of magnetic field in most astrophysical bodies. Review of what can be proved and what can be believed about the turbulent diffusion of magnetic field. Observations indicate the dissipation of magnetic field at rates that can be understood only in terms of turbulent diffusion. Theory shows that a large-scale weak magnetic field diffuses in a turbulent flow in the same way that smoke is mixed throughout the fluid by the turbulence. The small-scale fields (produced from the large-scale field by the turbulence) are limited in their growth by reconnection of field lines at neutral points, so that the turbulent mixing of field and fluid is not halted by them. Altogether, it appears that the mixing of field and fluid in the observed turbulent motions in the sun and in the Galaxy is unavoidable. Turbulent diffusion causes decay of the general solar fields in a decade or so, and of the galactic field in 100 m.y. to 1 b.y. It is concluded that continual dynamo action is implied by the observed existence of the fields.
Angular correlation function based on the second-order Kirchhoff approximation and comparison with experiments

The angular correlation function (ACF) of scattering amplitudes is presented using the second-order Kirchhoff approximation (KA) with angular and propagation shadowing functions. The theory is applicable to surfaces with large radii of curvature and high slopes of the order of unity. The correlation consists of contributions from single and second-order scattering. The single scattering provides the necessary condition for substantial correlation to occur. The second-order scattering yields high peaks in the correlation function. The ladder term gives a peak when two waves that have the same incident and scattering angles are traveling in the same direction. The cyclic term gives another peak in the time-reversed direction. These two peaks are related by the reciprocity condition. Although the second-order KA contains several approximations and the solution is simplified to yield a numerically tractable form, its agreement with experimental results is excellent. The theory correctly shows the peaks in the ACF observed in both co-polarization and cross-polarization responses. The width of the memory line is also very close to the value predicted by the theory.
Direct numerical simulation of saturated deformable porous media using parallel hybrid Lattice–Boltzmann and finite element method

Numerical techniques for modeling saturated deformable porous media have mainly been based on mixture theory or homogenization techniques. However, these techniques rely on phenomenological relationships for the constitutive equations along with assumptions of homogeneous and isotopic material properties to obtain closure. Direct numerical simulations of the multiphasic problem for flow in deformable porous media avoid such assumptions and thus can provide significantly accurate understanding of the physics involved. They serve as a tool to investigate the constitutive relationships in complex geometries. They also allow the validation of the existing mixture theory models and determine their limitations. In this work, a parallel hybrid method using Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) for fluid phase and Finite Element Method (FEM) for solid phase is used for direct numerical simulation of saturated deformable porous media. The method provides a number of unique features including scalability on distributed computing necessary for such a problem. The method has been validated for modeling fluid―structure interactions in complex geometries against a number of experimental and analytical solutions. Further some challenging problems has been chosen to show the capability of the method.
Unexpected Voltage Fade in LMR-NMC Oxides Cycled below the “Activation” Plateau

A common feature of lithium-excess layered oxides, nominally of composition xLi2MnO3•(1-x)LiMO2 (M = transition metal) is a high-voltage plateau (~4.5 V vs. Li/Li+) in their capacity-voltage profile during the first delithiation cycle. This plateau is believed to result from activation of the Li2MnO3 component, which makes additional lithium available for electrochemical cycling. However, oxides cycled beyond this activation plateau are known to display voltage fade which is a continuous reduction in their equilibrium potential. In this article we show that these oxides display gradual voltage fade even on electrochemical cycling in voltage ranges well below the activation plateau. The average fade is ~0.08 mV-cycle-1 for Li1.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1O2 vs. Li cells after 20 cycles in the 2–4.1 V range at 55°C; a ~54 mV voltage hysteresis, expressed as the difference in average cell voltage between charge and discharge cycles, is also observed. The voltage fade results from a gradual accumulation of local spinel environments in the crystal structure. Some of these spinel sites result from lithium deficiencies during oxide synthesis and are likely to be at the particle surfaces; other sites result from the migration of transition metal atoms in the partially-delithiated LiMO2 component into the lithium planes during electrochemical cycling. Themore » observed rate of voltage fade depends on a combination of factors that includes the phase equilibrium between the layered and spinel components and the kinetics of transition metal migration.« less
Synthesis of purine and pyrimidine 2′-deoxynucleosides from a 1,2-dithio sugar precursor

Abstract 9-(2- S -Ethyl-2-thio- and α- D -mannofuranosyl)adenine ( 8α and 8β ) were synthesized from ethyl 3,5,6-tri- O -acetyl-2- S -ethyl-1,2-dithio-α- D -mannofuranoside ( 1 ) by bromination followed by coupling of the resultant bromide ( 2 ) with 6-benzamido-(chloromercuri)purine. The 2-chloro analogues ( 10α and 10β ) of 8α and 8β were obtained by way of a fusion reaction between 1,3,5,6-tetra- O -acetyl-2- S - ethyl-2-thio-α- D -mannofuranose ( 5 ) and 2,6-dichloropurine. Fusion of the bromide 2 with 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)pyrimidine and its 5-methyl derivative led to 1-(2- S - ethyl-2-thio-β- D -mannofuranosyl)uracil ( 16 ) and its thymine analogue ( 15 ). The action of Raney nickel led to rapid dechlorination of 10α and 10β , and all of the 2′-thio-nucleosides underwent desulfurization to give the corresponding 2′-deoxynucleosides. Sequential periodate oxidation-borohydride reduction converted the hexofuranosyl nucleosides into their pentofuranosyl analogues. Thus prepared were 9-(2-deoxy-α-and β- D - arabino -hexofuranosyl)adenine ( 11α and 11β ) and their 2-deoxy- D - threo -pentofuranosyl counterparts ( 6α and 2′-deoxy-3′-epiadenosine, 6β ), and 1-(2-deoxy- β- D - arabino -hexofuranosyl)-thymine ( 17 ) and -uracil ( 18 ) and their 2-deoxy- D - threo -pentofuranosyl counterparts (3′-epithymidine, 21 , and 2′-deoxy-3′-epiuridine, 20 ). Detailed n.m.r.-spectral correlations are described for the series, and various derivatives of the nucleosides are reported.
New Computer Architectures and Their Relationship to Physics or Why Computer Science is No Good

In the past, computation scientists have found it convenient and productive to adopt a model of the computational universe that was very different from our models of the physical universe. This is chaning. As we build bigger computers out of smaller components, our models of computation are forced to change. There is reason to hope that our new models, for specific systems, will be similar to the models of physics. The paper is divided into three sections. The first argues that computer science is missing many of the things that make the laws of physics so powerful—locality, symmetry, invariance of scale. This is why physics is so nice and computer science isn't. The second section gives an example of a new-wave computing machine, and shows some physicslike laws that apply to its computations. The final section gives some reasons for expecting this convergence of physical and computational law.
A new model system for lipid interactions in stratum corneum vesicles: Effects of lipid composition, calcium, and pH

We prepared large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) with three different stratum corneum lipid compositions: constant amounts of ceramides (55 wt %) and fatty acids (15%) with varying amounts of cholesterol sulfate (0-15%) and cholesterol (15-30%). One of the compositions served as a model for normal stratum corneum, while the second one served as a model for recessive X-linked ichthyosis stratum corneum. The third composition consisted of no cholesterol sulfate. Intervesicle lipid interactions in these LUVs were monitored by fluorescence methods for content leakage, and contents mixing at pH 9, in the absence and presence of Ca2+, and at pH 6. Since the content leakage and contents mixing assays were originally developed for phospholipid vesicles, we characterized the probe binding and the probe quenching properties for stratum corneum LUV systems, and modified the assays slightly accordingly. The time-dependent fluorescence intensity changes in the probe-containing LUVs at pH 9 and 6 and in response to the addition of calcium were monitored. Our results demonstrated that all three types of LUVs were relatively stable at pH 9. Addition of Ca2+ or decreasing the pH to 6 activated intervesicle lipid mixing followed by vesicle fusion and lysis. We found that the LUVs with no cholesterol sulfate and 30% cholesterol exhibited a more extensive Ca2+- or low-pH-activated intervesicle lipid interaction than LUVs with either 5% cholesterol sulfate and 25% cholesterol or 15% cholesterol sulfate and 15% cholesterol. These results suggest that fusogenic agents such as Ca2+ and H+ act to neutralize the fatty acids in the lipid bilayer of stratum corneum vesicles. The inclusion of 5-15% cholesterol sulfate helps to prevent the collapse of fused vesicles into other structures.