cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic models for synthesis by a thermophilic alcohol dehydrogenase

Alcohol dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.1) from Thermoanaerobium brockii at 25 degrees C and at 65 degrees C is more active with secondary than primary alcohols. The enzyme utilizes NADP and NADPH as cosubstrates better than NAD and NADH. The maximum velocities (V(m)) for secondary alcohols at 65 degrees C are 10 to 100 times higher than those at 25 degrees C, whereas the K(m) values are more comparable.At both 25 degrees C and 65 degrees C the substrate analogue 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol inhibited the oxidation of alcohol competitively with respect to cyclopentanol, and uncompetitively with respect to NADP. Dimethylsulfoxide inhibited the reduction of cyclopentanone competitively with respect to cyclopentanone, and uncompetitively with respect to NADPH. As a product inhibitor, NADP was competitive with respect to NADPH. These results demonstrate that the enzyme binds the nucleotide and then the alcohol or ketone to form a ternary complex which is converted to a product ternary complex that releases product and nucleotide in that order.At 25 degrees C, all aldehydes and ketones examined inhibited the enzyme at concentrations above their Michaelis constants. The substrate inhibition by cyclopentanone was incomplete, and it was uncompetitive with respect to NADPH. Furthermore, cyclopentanone as a product inhibitor showed intercept-linear, slope-parabolic inhibition with respect to cyclopentanol. These results indicate that cyclopentanone binds to the enzyme-NADP complex at high concentrations. The resulting ternary complex slowly dissociates NADP and cyclopentanone.At 65 degrees C, all of the secondary alcohols, with the exception of cyclohexanol, show substrate activation at high concentration. Experiments in which NADP was the variable substrate and cyclopentanol as the constant-variable substrate over a wide range of concentrations gave double reciprocal plots in which the intercepts showed substrate activation and the slopes showed substrate inhibition. These results indicate that the secondary alcohols bind to the enzyme-NADPH complex at high concentrations and that the resulting ternary complex dissociates NADPH faster than the enzyme-NADPH complex.
CONGESTION AS A SOURCE OF VARIATION IN PASSENGER AND FREIGHT RAILWAY FUEL EFFICIENCY

Recent railway industry campaigns have highlighted the relative average fuel efficiency of freight and passenger trains as a key benefit of the railway transportation mode. These efficiencies are anticipated to increase rail market share as rising energy costs make less efficient competing modes less attractive. However, the fuel consumption and energy efficiency of a specific passenger or freight rail system, and even individual trains, depend on many factors. Changes in these factors can have various effects on the overall fuel consumption and efficiency of the system. One of these factors is the amount of congestion and delay due to increased traffic on the line. Thus, it is possible that the additional traffic anticipated to shift to the rail mode due to its energy benefits may increase congestion and actually have a negative impact on overall network energy efficiency. Such a case would tend to dampen the future shift of traffic to the rail mode. While simple train performance calculators can evaluate the energy efficiency of a train for an ideal run, more powerful train dispatching simulation software is required to simulate the performance of trains in realistic operating scenarios on congested single-track lines. Using this software, the relative impact of congestion on efficiency can be analyzed and compared to changes in factors related to fuel consumption. In this study, several factors affecting the efficiency of both passenger and freight rail systems were selected for analysis. Rail Traffic Controller (RTC), a train dispatching software, simulated representative single-track rail subdivisions to determine the performance of specific passenger and freight trains under different combinations of factor level settings. For passenger rail, the effects of traffic volume and station spacing on fuel consumption were analyzed while the effects of traffic volume and average speed were analyzed for freight rail. Each system was analyzed on level track and on territory with grades. Preliminary results suggest that passenger trains, if given priority, maintain their efficiency until large numbers of passenger trains are present on the network, while freight trains experience degradation in energy efficiency as congestion increases. These results will be used to develop a factorial experiment to evaluate the relative sensitivity of freight and passenger rail efficiency to congestion and other system parameters. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of possible technologies to improve efficiency and offset potential losses due to future congestion.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Towards Leap-Ahead Advances in Radiation Detection

Tension metastable fluid states offer unique potential for leap-ahead advancements in radiation detection. Such metastable fluid states can be attained using tailored resonant acoustics to result in acoustic tension metastable fluid detection (ATMFD) systems. ATMFD systems are under development at Purdue University. Radiation detection in ATMFD systems is based on the principle that incident nuclear particles interact with the dynamically tensioned fluid wherein the intermolecular bonds are sufficiently weakened such that even fundamental particles can be detected over eight orders of magnitude in energy with intrinsic efficiencies far above conventional detection systems. In the case of neutron-nuclei interactions the ionized recoil nucleus ejected from the target atom locally deposits its energy, effectively seeding the formation of vapor nuclei that grow from the sub-nano scale to visible scales such that it becomes possible to record the rate and timing of incoming radiation (neutrons, alphas, and photons). Nuclei form preferentially in the direction of incoming radiation. Imploding nuclei then result in shock waves that are readily possible to not only directly hear but also to monitor electronically at various points of the detector using time difference of arrival (TDOA) methods. In conjunction with hyperbolic positioning, the convolution of the resulting spatio-temporal information provides not just the evidence of rate of incident neutron radiation but also on directionality — a unique development in the field of radiation detection. The development of superior intrinsic-efficiency, low-cost, and rugged, ATMFD systems is being accomplished using a judicious combination of experimentation-cum-theoretical modeling. Modeling methodologies include Monte-Carlo based nuclear particle transport using MCNP5, and also complex multi-dimensional electromagneticcum-fluid-structural assessments with COMSOL’s Multi-physics simulation platform. Benchmarking and qualification studies have been conducted with Pu-based neutron-gamma sources with encouraging results. This paper summarizes the modeling-cum-experimental framework along with experimental evidence for the leap-ahead potential of the ATMFD system for transformation impact on the world of radiation detection.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Teaching a computer to speculate

Advanced natural language processing techniques may well lead to a major breakthrough in computer applications. Those working in artificial intelligence are seeking ways in which the computer can be made to emulate the ability of the human mind to handle language. This article illustrates the challenges of restructuring human semantic knowledge into computer-usable forms. We discuss hierarchies, Venn diagrams, chainings, cycles, matrices, maps, networks, webs, hubs, and scripts, all of which can be used in our attempts to teach the computer to handle meaning and thereby speculate.
Can a leopard change its spots?: Augustine and the crypto-Manichaeism question

Throughout his life, Augustine faced the charge that, despite his apparent conversion to the orthodox Christian faith of the Catholic Church, his thought nonetheless retained vestiges of his roughly ten-year sojourn with the Manichees. No one was more relentless in this accusation than Augustine's Pelagian nemesis of his twilight years, Julian of Eclanum. Throughout most of church history, Augustine's reputation was little troubled by these allegations of crypto-Manichaeism. However, over the last century or so, the charge has once again taken on life. This article begins with a brief orientation to some of the main philosophical and theological tenets of Manichaeism, with an emphasis on those elements that will be important for assessing the Augustine question. Next, the history of the accusation that the Christian Augustine remained, in important if unconscious ways, a crypto-Manichaean will be traced from the time of Augustine to the present. Finally, one methodological direction in which an eventual resolution to this long-standing question may lie will be considered.
Serial radiography in the infant shaken impact syndrome.

Certain CT and/or MRI abnormalities have been used medicolegally to time intracranial injuries from the infant shaken impact syndrome (ISIS). For example, parenchymal hypodensities on CT scans are sai
The Transition From Algae to Embryophytes: Chloroplast Phylogenomic Evidence (II)

The transition of plant life from aquatic algae to land plants was one of the major events in the history of life. However, in hypothesizing the evolutionary path of the transition, limited shared phenotypic characters in aquatic algae and land plants (embryophytes) have been a major hinderance. Chloroplast genomes contain characters useful in tracing evolutionary histories. Embryophyte chloroplast genomes are distinguished from algal cpDNAs by the presence of over 20 group II introns and three ribosomal protein operons (rpl23, clpP and 3Œrps12 operons). These phylogenomic features indicate a phylogenetic relationship of charophytes and embryophytes. In addition to these operons and introns, the evolution of rRNA and psbB operon evolution of streptophyte lineages will be incorporated with major biological phenotypic features to produce a phylogenetic tree. Basal embryophytes, the antithetic hypothesis, monophyly of embryophytes, and paraphyly of charophytes will be discussed. Strepotophytes are classified into three major groups (basal streptophytes, mid-divergent streptophytes and late divergent charophytes-embryophytes).
Fuzziness in LGBT non-profit ICT use

This note reports on the use of ICTs by a small nonprofit organization that serves LGBT youth. Our work centers on a reflective evaluation of the use of online communities for LGBT community through qualitative interviews with the organization. Perceived issues around ICT use in the organization were shaped by the blurred lines between professional and personal interactions online, the small size of the community and ubiquity of social media use, and ambivalence of members toward online communication. The project models one way for researchers in ICT4D to work within communities to develop an understanding of self-identified issues in vulnerable populations.
Gender Differences in the Use of a Public Library

Experience and anecdotal evidence suggest that men and women use—or do not use—public libraries in different ways and amounts. Compared to extensive research on male and female differences in reading, computer use or within the context of the school library, there is relatively little descriptive research showing the library preferences of adult men and women. This study analyzed over 1,200 user responses in a survey conducted as part of a strategic planning process of an affluent public library. Male patrons in many respects were simply below‐average in many areas (fewer visits, fewer services or resources used) but also showed distinctly different choices in a few areas, mainly related to electronic and business‐related items. They also are almost completely uninterested in children's areas, a sharp contrast with adult female patrons). Male usage is distinct enough to warrant special attention from library planners. The results help library managers understand better what different patrons already use, ...
Burial of living dinoflagellate cysts in estuarine and nearshore sediments

The deposition and burial of living dinoflagellate cysts was studied in two different environments: the nearshore waters of the southern Gulf of Maine and a small shallow shat pond on Cape Cod, Massachusetts (Perch Pond). Vertical profiles of cysts and two naturally occuring radionuclides (210Pb, 234Th) differed significantly between the two environments. At 160 m depths in the Gulf of Maine, cyst profiles in the sediment often showed a subsurface peak in abundance 6–8 cm below the surface. The 210Pb profiles were consistent with a rapidly mixed surface layer (2–6 cm thick) above another region (6 at least 12 cm thick) where mixing was slower but still dominant over sediment deposition. The sediment mixing coefficient (Db) ranged from 15 to 26 cm2 y−1 in this lower region. The radiotracer profiles and modelling results both suggest that the subsurface peaks in cyst abundance are not the result of a pulse input in one year followed by burial (via bioturbation or sediment deposition). Instead, we hypothesize that they arise from a combination of germination from the surface mixed layer and mortality at depth. In contrast, the cyst and radiotracer profiles in the shallow Perch Pond embayment are consistent with a single thin (2 cm) mixed layer at the sediment surface. Burial of cysts below this level is due to a relatively high rate of sediment deposition (2.9 mm y−1), with little or no biological mixing. This lack of mixing is consistent with reports of seasonal anoxia in Perch Pond, a recurrent process which kills benthic animals before they reach the size or community composition needed for deep bioturbation. Opportunistic, recolonizing species are only capable of mixing the top 1 or 2 cm. Resuspension and redeposition of cysts by wind and storms appears to be limited by the small size and somewhat protected location of the pond. The lack of deep mixing allows us to compare the survival of cysts of different species by modelling the decrease in cyst abundance below 2 cm. A simple exponential decay equation fits the data well, and indicates that the living cysts of some species (e.g., Gyrodinium uncatenum, Gonyaulax polyedra) are more susceptable to mortality in the deeper anoxic sediments than are Gonyaulax verior and Alexandrium (formerly Protogonyaulax) tamarense.
Kinetic Studies of Septum Synthesis, Erosion and Nuclear Migration in a Growing B-Mutant of Schizophyllum commune

Microscopic measurements of apical growth and primary branch elongation were compared with nuclear movements, septum synthesis and erosion in a growing B-mutant of Schizophyllum commune. Apical growth, mitosis, septum formation, and intercalary cell division were similar to wild-type hyphae. Nuclear replication and new cross-wall formation also occurred in either apical cells bounded by eroding septa or in subterminal cells adjoined by eroded septa. An anucleate subterminal unit of the B-mutant hypha was invaded by a migrant nucleus which subsequently replicated and laid down a new septum in this region. Septum erosion occurred as early as 1 h following synthesis. Cellular granules and filaments were implicated in both septum synthesis and erosion.
Computation of input impedance of printed antennas with finite size and arbitrarily shaped dielectric substrate and ground plane

The input impedances of a microstrip antenna with finite and curved substrates are calculated using the hybrid volume surface integral equation approach. The results for flat and large substrate cases are compared with the measurement as well as the method of moment solution based on the spectral domain Green's function for infinitely large ground plane. Numerical results show that the input impedance can be significantly influenced when the substrate of a patch antenna is reduced in size or curved in shape.
Evaluation of High Power Experimental SiC SGTO Devices for Pulsed Power Applications

The development of new semiconductor designs requires that extensive testing be completed in order to fully understand the device’s characteristics and performance capabilities. This paper describes the evaluation of experimental Silicon Carbide high power Super Gate Turn Off Thyristors (SiC SGTOs) in a unique test bed that is capable of stressing the devices with very high energy/power levels while at the same time mimicking a realistic, real world application for such devices.
The anterior commissure in man: Functional variation in a multisensory system ☆

Abstract The anterior commissure, which has been presumed to play a minor role in interhemispheric communication, was tested for the transfer of visual, auditory, and olfactory information in patients with complete sections of the corpus callosum. Four of five patients tested with presumed intact anterior commissures demonstrated interhemispheric transfer of verbal and pictorial stimuli presented visually to a single hemisphere. Evidence was also obtained for auditory and olfactory transfer, although successful interhemispheric communication in all three modalities was not found for any one patient. The data suggest that the human anterior commissure is capable of mediating multisensory, interhemispheric messages of a complex nature and provide evidence of functional plasticity in a phylogenetically early cerebral structure.
Characterization of the interaction of parathyroid hormone with the mitochondrial ATPase.

Abstract Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been shown to bind specifically to the β subunit of the mitochondrial ATPase on nitrocellulose blots. We have now examined this interaction further, using intact mitochondria, submitochondrial particles, and the purified F1 ATPase. With intact mitochondria, 1 μ m concentrations of PTH and its biologically active 1–34 fragment activate the ATPase about 3-fold. This effect was reduced to a 1.4-fold activation with 3–34 and 7–34 fragments of the hormone, and oxidized PTH gave no detectable activity. Activation could only be observed below pH 7. PTH had no significant effect on the activity of the purified enzyme or on submitochondrial particles. However, specific binding of an iodinated PTH analog, [Nle 8,18-Tyr 34] bPTH (1–34) amide, was found with submitochondrial particles and the purified ATPase. Binding affinity with the purified enzyme was about 10−3 that of the plasma membrane receptor, and the molar stoichiometry was close to 1:1 (PTH:intact enzyme). With submitochondrial particles the affinity was about 10-fold higher than with the purified enzyme. This binding was further examined with PTH derivatives and fragments, and compared to that seen in the plasma membrane receptor. Oxidation of methionine 18 in PTH reduced the affinity about 50%, oxidation of methionine 8 reduced the affinity 95%, and oxidation of both methionines further decreased affinity in both membranes and submitochondrial particles. However, when compared to the native hormone, the 3–34 and 7–34 PTH fragments had much higher affinity for the submitochondrial particles than for the plasma membranes. PTH also reduced chemical crosslinking of the ATP analog, p-fluorosulfonyl benzoyl 5′-adenosine, to the α subunit of this enzyme, but did not alter labeling of the enzyme with 3′-O-(4′-benzoyl) benzoyl ATP, suggesting that the hormone binds near a regulatory nucleotide binding site. Direct chemical crosslinking of PTH to the β-subunit of the enzyme was attained with a cleavable, photoactivate crosslinker, sulfosuccinimidyl 2-(p-azidosalicylamido) ethyl-1,3-dithiopropionate. The crosslinked protein was cleaved with cyanogen bromide and the labeled fragments were sequenced. The labeled fragments were found to be segments of the protein which have previously been implicated as being close to the noncatalytic ATP binding sites.
Comparative Mutant Prevention Concentrations of Pradofloxacin and Other Veterinary Fluoroquinolones Indicate Differing Potentials in Preventing Selection of Resistance

Pradofloxacin (PRA) is an 8-cyano-fluoroquinolone (FQ) being developed to treat bacterial infections in dogs and cats. Its mutant prevention concentrations (MPC) were determined for Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 at 0.225 μg/ml, and for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 at 0.55 μg/ml. At drug concentrations equal to or above the MPC, growth (implying selective clonal expansion) of first-step FQ-resistant variants, naturally present in large bacterial populations, was inhibited. MPC 90 derived from 10 clinical isolates each of E. coli and Staphylococcus intermedius , the latter species being of greater clinical relevance than S. aureus in companion-animal medicine, amounted to 0.2 to 0.225 and 0.30 to 0.35 μg/ml, respectively. MPCs of other veterinary FQs were assessed to determine relative in vitro potencies. The MPCs of marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, danofloxacin, sarafloxacin, orbifloxacin, and difloxacin were 1.2-, 1.4-, 2.3-, 2.4-, 5-, and 7-fold higher than the MPC of PRA for E. coli ATCC 8739, and 6-, 6-, 19-, 15-, 15-, and 31-fold higher than the MPC of PRA for S. aureus ATCC 6538, respectively. MPC curves revealed a pronounced heterogeneity in susceptibility within populations of ≥4 × 10 9 CFU employed, extending to 10-fold above the MICs. The duration of incubation and, for S. aureus , inoculum density profoundly affected the MPCs. With appropriate dosing, PRA may combine high therapeutic efficacy with a high potential for restricting the selection for FQ resistance under field conditions in the species analyzed.
A balloon-borne coded aperture telescope for low-energy gamma-ray astronomy

Abstract A telescope for imaging cosmic γ-ray emission over the energy range 160 keV to 9.3 MeV has been developed and successfully flown on a high altitude balloon over Palestine, Texas on 1 October, 1984. This instrument consists of a coded mask based on a 5 × 7 uniformly redundant array (URA) and a scintillator array consisting of 35 bismuth germanate (BGO) detectors. The telescope can image sources with an intrinsic resolution of 3.8° within a 15.2° × 22.8° field of view. The properties of the instrument are described and its imaging capability is demonstrated with results from an observation of the region of the Crab Nebula. The imaging response to the Crab was found to be well represented by a bivariate Gaussian function of full width at half-maximum (FWHM) 4.8°. The centroid of the response was determined to a precision of ± 12 arc min.
Stabilization, partial purification, and effects of activating cations, ADP, and phosphoenolpyruvate on the reaction rates of an erythrocyte pyruvate kinase.

Abstract Stability of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase was found to be independently enhanced by inorganic ortho -phosphate, magnesium, and 2-mercaptoethanol. Phosphoenolpyruvate could substitute for and was more effective than phosphate. The enzyme was more stable below pH 7.4 than above. These data were utilized to help achieve a partial purification ( K m value for magnesium-ADP was found to be about 3.3 × 10 −4 m . High levels of ADP were found to inhibit reaction rates. This inhibition was released by addition of more magnesium, suggesting free ADP was the inhibitor. The K m value for phosphoenolpyruvate was found to be about 4.6 × 10 −5 m . Optimal assay conditions (TES buffer) were found to be at about: pH 7.0, 90 m m K; 6.4 m m Mg: 2 m m ADP, and 0.8 m m PEP.
The frictional flow of a dense granular material based on the dilatant double shearing model

Slow flow of granular materials, which typically occurs during the emptying of industrial storage hoppers and bins, has great industrial relevance. In the present study, we have employed our newly developed dilatant double shearing model [H. Zhu, M.M. Mehrabadi, M. Massoudi, Incorporating the effects of fabric in the dilatant double shearing model for granular materials, Int. J. Plast. 22 (2006) 628-653] to study the slow flow of a frictional, dense granular material. Although most models pertain only to the fully developed granular flow, the application of the dilatant double shearing model is shown to be valid from the onset of granular flow to the fully developed granular flow. In this paper, we use the finite element program ABAQUS/Explicit to numerically simulate the granular Couette flow and the frictional granular flow in a silo. For the granular Couette flow, the relative density variation and the velocity profile obtained by using the dilatant double shearing model are in good quantitative agreement with those obtained from a DEM simulation. For the frictional flow in a silo, the major principal stress directions are obtained at various time steps after the onset of silo discharge. We find that, in the hopper zone, the arching of the granular material between the sloping hopper walls is clearly demonstrated by the change in direction of the major principal stress. We also compare the pressure distribution along the wall before and after the onset of silo discharge. The numerical results show that the dilatant double shearing model is capable of capturing the essential features of the frictional granular flow.
Metabolism of Leukotriene C4 in γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase-deficient Mice

We have investigated the metabolism of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) in γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)-deficient mice (Lieberman, M. W., Wiseman, A. L., Shi, Z-Z., Carter, B. Z., Barrios, R., Ou, C-N., Chevez-Barrios, P., Wang, Y., Habib, G. M., Goodman, J. C., Huang, S. L., Lebovitz, R. M., and Matzuk, M. M. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.93, 7923–7926) and have found substantial conversion of LTC4 to leukotriene D4 by high performance liquid chromatography and continuous flow fast atom bombardment-tandem mass spectrometric analyses. LTC4-converting activity has a tissue distribution different from GGT with highest activity in spleen followed by small intestine, kidney, and pancreas and lower activity in liver and lung. The activity is membrane-bound and is inhibited by acivicin, a known inhibitor of GGT. The enzyme was partially purified from the small intestine of GGT-deficient mice by papain treatment and gel filtration chromatography. The partially purified fragment released by papain has an apparent molecular mass of 65–70 kDa and the same substrate specificity as the tissue homogenate. In addition to LTC4, S-decyl-GSH is also cleaved. GSH itself, oxidized GSH, and the synthetic substrates used to analyze GGT activity (γ-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide and γ-glutamyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide) are not substrates for this newly discovered enzyme. These data demonstrate that in addition to GGT at least one other enzyme cleaves LTC4 in mice. To reflect this enzyme's preferred substrate, we suggest that it be named γ-glutamyl leukotrienase.
How Do People Adhere to Goals When Willpower Is Low? The Profits (and Pitfalls) of Strong Habits

Across 5 studies, we tested whether habits can improve (as well as derail) goal pursuit when people have limited willpower. Habits are repeated responses automatically triggered by cues in the performance context. Because the impetus for responding is outsourced to contextual cues, habit performance does not depend on the finite self-control resources required for more deliberative actions. When these resources are limited, people are unable to deliberatively choose or inhibit responses, and they become locked into repeating their habits. Thus, depletion increases habit performance. Furthermore, because the habit-cuing mechanism is blind to people's current goals, depletion should boost the performance of both desirable and undesirable habits. This habit boost effect emerged consistently across experiments in the field (Studies 1-2) and in the laboratory (Studies 3-4), as well as in a correlational study using a trait measure of self-control (Study 5). Given that many of people's habits in daily life are congruent with their goals, habit processes can improve goal adherence when self-control is low.
The Concept of Continuity in German Anthropology

The question mark after the title of this symposium connotes two uncertainties. One refers to the meaning of the concept of continuity in German social anthropology; the other to its usefulness in studying empirical phenomena in the field. The two editors of this slim but important volume are rather unhappy on either score, and their feelings appear abundantly justified. Anthropology in German is called Volkskunde, the People's Lore. What is in the name? In this case probably a great deal. In fact, it may lie at the root of the trouble with the subject matter of the book. Das Volk in German is a word heavily loaded and overloaded with political emotions. For the Left it meant the oppressed and exploited multitudes, and the German socialists sang: Mit uns das Volk, mit uns der Sieg. For the Right, Volk was coterminous with nation, the German nation. The Nazi slogan proclaimed: Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Fuehrer. And it was the political Right in its manifold ramifications that placed its imprint on Volkskunde, which unlike Anthropology never was a neutral term. It has been strongly dominated by conservatism and nationalism, and the discipline essentially dealt with the German people, showing little interest in, if not shunning, general and comparative approaches. Under these conditions, culture as the subject matter of Volkskunde could not be neutralized either. Kultur of the German people was bound to be regarded as something very positive. Kultur meant Volksgeist or Volksleben-terms disastrously vague, but irresistible in their appeal to emotion. It is not surprising, therefore, that cultural tradition has been defined as the 'passing on of honorific group symbols' (ehrenvolle Gruppenabzeichen, pp. 28 and 155), and very generally what is being handed down from generation to generation is called Kulturgut, a doubly positive term;
Geochemistry and hydrodynamics of deep-basin brines, Palo Duro Basin, Texas, U.S.A.

Abstract Permeable strata of the Deep-Basin Brine aquifer system underlie bedded Permian evaporites in the Palo Duro Basin, Texas Panhandle. Formation water samples collected from four U.S. Department f of Energy test wells and two independent oil and gas company wells in the basin were analyzed for chemical and isotopic compositions to characterize the geochemical environment and to determine the origin and compositional evolution of the water. Formation waters are Na Cl brines that contain 140 to 290 g/l total dissolved solids (TDS). Chemical and isotopic compositions suggest grouping the brine samples into one of two types. Samples from western Palo Duro Basin have high Cl:Br ratios, Sr isotopic ratios that are significantly more radiogenic than Permian seawater or precipitates from Permian seawater, and oxygen isotopic compositions that are depleted with respect to values predicted for equilibrium with calcite under in situ conditions. Samples from central and eastern Palo Duro Basin have low Cl:Br ratios, Sr isotopic ratios only slightly radiogenic relative to Permian marine Sr, and oxygen isotopic compositions that suggest equilibration with calcite. The concentrations of major and minor ions appear to be controlled by equilibrium with calcite, dolomite, anhydrite, celestite, low albite, microcline, and Na-smectite. High Na activities drive ion exchange reactions, which, coupled with maintenance of chemical equilibrium, elevate the concentrations of divalent cations and lower the concentrations of dissolved SO 4 and carbonate. The origin and evolution of deep-basin brines are interpreted from chemical and isotopic compositions integrated with results of previous geological and hydrogeological investigations. Brines from western Palo Duro Basin acquired salinity by dissolving halite along a lateral flow path from the recharge zone; radiogenic Sr was derived from detrital silicate minerals and oxygen isotopic equilibrium with aquifer minerals has not been attained. Brines from central and eastern Palo Duro Basin originated as either recharge that achieved chemical and isotopic equilibrium with the host rock during long residence times or as Permian seawater concentrated by evaporation. Regional chemical and isotopic variations augment the results of hydrogeological modeling: brines in the western part of the basin flow from the west and southwest where siliciclastic sedimentary rocks predominate; brines in the central and eastern parts of the basin flow from the south and southwest where carbonate strata predominate.
Abnormal dynamics of language in schizophrenia

Language could be conceptualized as a dynamic system that includes multiple interactive levels (sub-lexical, lexical, sentence, and discourse) and components (phonology, semantics, and syntax). In schizophrenia, abnormalities are observed at all language elements (levels and components) but the dynamic between these elements remains unclear. We hypothesize that the dynamics between language elements in schizophrenia is abnormal and explore how this dynamic is altered. We, first, investigated language elements with comparable procedures in patients and healthy controls. Second, using measures of reaction time, we performed multiple linear regression analyses to evaluate the inter-relationships among language elements and the effect of group on these relationships. Patients significantly differed from controls with respect to sub-lexical/lexical, lexical/sentence, and sentence/discourse regression coefficients. The intercepts of the regression slopes increased in the same order above (from lower to higher levels) in patients but not in controls. Regression coefficients between syntax and both sentence level and discourse level semantics did not differentiate patients from controls. This study indicates that the dynamics between language elements is abnormal in schizophrenia. In patients, top-down flow of linguistic information might be reduced, and the relationship between phonology and semantics but not between syntax and semantics appears to be altered.
The effect of standard care, ibuprofen, and distraction on pain relief and patient satisfaction in children with musculoskeletal trauma

Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of nursing interventions in decreasing pain for children with minor musculoskeletal trauma and moderate pain and to examine patient satisfaction. Methods: Children were assigned to 1 of 3 intervention groups: (1) standard care (ice, elevation, and immobilization) only; (2) standard care and ibuprofen; or (3) standard care and distraction. Children were monitored for pain ratings for 60 minutes. Children who sustained minor musculoskeletal trauma within the past 24 hours and presented with pain ratings of 2 or greater using the 0-5 Wong/Baker faces scale were included. Two patient satisfaction questions were asked of parents upon their child's discharge from the emergency department. Results: A statistically significant decrease in pain for all patients (76) occurred at 30 minutes (F = 4.39, P P Discussion: Children with musculoskeletal trauma may be undermedicated. Distraction techniques can be an effective adjunct to analgesia for children with musculoskeletal pain in the emergency department and should be made available. Ibuprofen may not be an effective analgesic for children with these injuries; stronger analgesics may be required.
Mechanical Characterization of SCS-6/Ti-6-4 Metal Matrix Composite

Off-axis tension tests were performed on SCS-6/Ti-6-4 metal matrix com posite. A one-parameter plasticity model was used to characterize the elastic-plastic prop erties. In addition, a micromechanical model was developed assuming elastic fiber and elastic-plastic matrix properties. This model was employed to relate the apparent yielding with the fiber/matrix separation in the MMC. From the micromechanical model, the fiber/matrix interfacial bond strength was estimated, and with the aid of a damage model, the nonlinear off-axis stress-strain curves were accurately predicted.
m-plane ( 101¯0) and ( 202¯1) GaN/AlxGa1–xN conduction band offsets measured by capacitance-voltage profiling

The reduced polarization of nonpolar and semipolar orientations of the III-Nitrides is very attractive for optoelectronics applications. Several properties of these orientations have yet to be investigated. In particular, there is no a priori reason for the band offset to be the same for different crystallographical orientations. In the present article, we report on the extraction of the GaN/AlxGa1–xN conduction band offsets through capacitance-voltage profiling for m-plane ( 101¯0) and ( 202¯1) orientations. We extracted a ΔEc:ΔEv of 50:50–60:40. We measured a non-zero hetero-interface charge for the ( 202¯1) orientation which made the extraction of ΔEc less reliable.
An optoelectronic smart detector array for the classification of fingerprints

Abstract The design and test results of an optoelectronic smart detector array for use in a fingerprint ridge extraction system are presented. The system comprises a microlens array for taking multiple Fourier transforms and an array of detectors with 8 or 16 elements. Each detector is composed of a set of wedge photodetectors with associated winner-take-all circuitry and encoders for reporting the maximally stimulated wedge element. The size of one pixel is 440 X 440 μm2. The rises and fall times of the detector were 80 and 750 μs, respectively. By using the system, the extraction of fingerprint ridge directions has been successfully demonstrated.
Intermittent momentum transport in a geophysical boundary layer

THE development of flow visualisation techniques1,2 has prompted a renewal of interest in investigating the dynamics of turbulent boundary layers. The discovery that turbulence is generated intermittently, in “bursts”3, near the wall, is of particular significance. It has also been found that the ejections and inrushes of fluid that accompany the bursts of turbulence generation are dominant contributors to the Reynolds stress4–6. These ejections and inrushes extend well into the flow. It follows that momentum transport in turbulent boundary layers is an intermittent process and that the intermittency is not confined to the region near the wall where most of the turbulence production takes place.
Modulation, adaptation, and control of orofacial pathways in healthy adults.

Abstract Although the healthy adult possesses a large repertoire of coordinative strategies for oromotor behaviors, a range of nonverbal, speech-like movements can be observed during speech. The extent of overlap among sensorimotor speech and nonspeech neural correlates and the role of neuromodulatory inputs generated during oromotor behaviors are unknown. The focus of this review is to consider the adaptive capacity of the orofacial substrate, and the neural correlates of kinematic parameter encoding at cortical and subcortical levels subserving oromotor behaviors. Special emphasis is directed toward distributed neural networks that are dynamically modulated by environment and task related demands. Learning outcomes Readers will (1) gain a better understanding of healthy adult orofacial pathways, (2) be able to identify orofacial pathway components that contribute to sensorimotor integration, and (3) better understand the flexible connectivity among distributed neural networks subserving oromotor behavior.
A postscript to education for autonomy

When I first read Professor Malla's comments about my interview with Thomas Szasz I was disappointed to hear that he saw "very little discussion or challenge" on my part. And when Malla claimed that "largely there is agreement between" Szasz and me, I was lost for words. Yet, as I struggled to make some kind of response to what I now consider to be Malla's misconceptions about my dialogue with Szasz, I remembered that in his recently published book The Gentle Art of Philosophical Polemics Joseph Agassi follows Plato and Martin Buber when he endorses the very insightful idea that "any criticism is better than a dismissal or an oversight" (1988, p. 5). Thus, after returning once again to the works of Plato, Buber, and Agassi, I have learned to appreciate and be grateful for Malla's response to the conversation I had with Szasz nearly five years ago; what follows will, I hope, be seen as an attempt to continue a dialogue rather than end it. Although Malla is not specific about what he views as "banal" in my discussion with Szasz, it should be acknowledged that much of what we said to each other is old hat; when Szasz and I recommended that public school systems should "offer hundreds of educational alternatives" we were not breaking new ground. On the contrary, I think I made it quite clear that this idea was advocated by people such as Paul Goodman over 30 years ago. However, in the last quarter of a century, the trend in public school systems in countries such as the United States, Canada, and England has not been in the direction of more creative choices for students and teachers. Instead we are living in what can be seen as the age of the revival of the standardized curriculum; in this new age of standardization it is not surprising that established educational authorities are taking seriously Mortimer Adler's recommendation about having the same course of study for all students. Moreover, the brief comments that Szasz and I made about Adler's views on education were an outgrowth of asking Szasz the question, "Do you have any recommendations for parents and teachers who must deal with children who are uncontrollable?" When I asked Szasz this question I considered it to be quite challenging; my opinion on this matter has not changed after reading Malla's critical comments. Furthermore, I was delighted when Szasz explored answers which did not resort to ~imple solutions that relied on the use of drugs. Although I agree with Malla that "certain forms of pharma-
Olfaction and taste processing in autism.

Background Autism is often associated with sensory symptoms, but few studies have examined chemosensory functions in this population. We examined olfactory and taste functioning in individuals with autism to characterize chemosensory processing and test competing hypotheses about underlying brainstem versus cortical abnormalities. Methods Twenty-one participants (10–18 years) with autism were compared with 27 well-matched control participants with typical development. Taste identification was tested via sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, and quinine solutions applied to standard locations on the anterior tongue. Taste detection thresholds were established in the same regions with electrogustometry, and olfactory identification was evaluated with “Sniffin’ Sticks.” Results Participants with autism were significantly less accurate than control participants in identifying sour tastes and marginally less accurate for bitter tastes, but they were not different in identifying sweet and salty stimuli. Taste detection thresholds via electrogustometry were equivalent. Olfactory identification was significantly worse among participants with autism. Conclusions True differences exist in taste and olfactory identification in autism. Impairment in taste identification with normal detection thresholds suggests cortical, rather than brainstem dysfunction. Further research is needed to determine the neurologic bases of olfactory and taste impairments, as well as the relationship of chemosensory dysfunction to other characteristics of autism.
An Ancient Gene Network Is Co-Opted for Teeth on Old and New Jaws

Vertebrate dentitions originated in the posterior pharynx of jawless fishes more than half a billion years ago. As gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) evolved, teeth developed on oral jaws and helped to establish the dominance of this lineage on land and in the sea. The advent of oral jaws was facilitated, in part, by absence of hox gene expression in the first, most anterior, pharyngeal arch. Much later in evolutionary time, teleost fishes evolved a novel toothed jaw in the pharynx, the location of the first vertebrate teeth. To examine the evolutionary modularity of dentitions, we asked whether oral and pharyngeal teeth develop using common or independent gene regulatory pathways. First, we showed that tooth number is correlated on oral and pharyngeal jaws across species of cichlid fishes from Lake Malawi (East Africa), suggestive of common regulatory mechanisms for tooth initiation. Surprisingly, we found that cichlid pharyngeal dentitions develop in a region of dense hox gene expression. Thus, regulation of tooth number is conserved, despite distinct developmental environments of oral and pharyngeal jaws; pharyngeal jaws occupy hox-positive, endodermal sites, and oral jaws develop in hox-negative regions with ectodermal cell contributions. Next, we studied the expression of a dental gene network for tooth initiation, most genes of which are similarly deployed across the two disparate jaw sites. This collection of genes includes members of the ectodysplasin pathway, eda and edar, expressed identically during the patterning of oral and pharyngeal teeth. Taken together, these data suggest that pharyngeal teeth of jawless vertebrates utilized an ancient gene network before the origin of oral jaws, oral teeth, and ectodermal appendages. The first vertebrate dentition likely appeared in a hox-positive, endodermal environment and expressed a genetic program including ectodysplasin pathway genes. This ancient regulatory circuit was co-opted and modified for teeth in oral jaws of the first jawed vertebrate, and subsequently deployed as jaws enveloped teeth on novel pharyngeal jaws. Our data highlight an amazing modularity of jaws and teeth as they coevolved during the history of vertebrates. We exploit this diversity to infer a core dental gene network, common to the first tooth and all of its descendants.
Capturing three-dimensional clavicle kinematics: a validation of surface sensor measurements

Despite conclusions from previous research that clavicle rotation is necessary for normal shoulder motion, dynamic clavicle rotations are rarely included in shoulder studies. This is likely due to the difficult nature in capturing clavicle motion. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of non-invasive electromagnetic measures of dynamic clavicle motion against bone pin measurements. 3D rotations of the clavicle were collected simultaneously from a surface sensor and bone pin mounted sensor from six cadaveric shoulders. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to determine the validity of the surface sensor measurements compared to the bone pin measurements. It was determined that the electromagnetic surface sensor accurately tracks retraction and elevation, but underestimates axial rotation. A mathematical equation was developed to improve the fit of surface sensor values for axial rotation. The strong ICC values for each clavicle rotation suggest that the surface sensor...