cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aviation-Contrail Impacts on Climate and Climate Change: A Ready-to-Wear Research Mantle for Geographers

Although geographers are highly visible in research into contemporary climate changes accompanying greenhouse gas increases (“global warming”), a relatively little explored component by them is the impact of aviation. This contrasts with the atmospheric science community of cloud physicists, chemists, and numerical modelers, who use geographic tools of trade. Geographers are well positioned to investigate aviation-climate impacts, especially related to contrail clouds, given geographic traditions of environment, spatial variation, regionalization, generalization, and the integrative approach to studying physical and human systems (here, climate, transportation, and energy). We highlight the role played by geographers in contrail-climate studies and advocate for a broader involvement in aviation policy formulation.
Discovery of Potent Parthenolide-Based Antileukemic Agents Enabled by Late-Stage P450-Mediated C—H Functionalization

The sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide has recently attracted considerable attention owing to its promising antitumor properties, in particular in the context of stem-cell cancers including leukemia. Yet, the lack of viable synthetic routes for re-elaborating this complex natural product has represented a fundamental obstacle toward further optimization of its pharmacological properties. Here, we demonstrate how this challenge could be addressed via selective, late-stage sp3 C–H bond functionalization mediated by P450 catalysts with tailored site-selectivity. Taking advantage of our recently introduced tools for high-throughput P450 fingerprinting and fingerprint-driven P450 reactivity prediction, we evolved P450 variants useful for carrying out the highly regioselective hydroxylation of two aliphatic sites (C9 and C14) in parthenolide carbocyclic backbone. By chemoenzymatic synthesis, a panel of novel C9- and C14-modified parthenolide analogs were generated in order to gain initial structure–activity ins...
WE-G-18C-02: Estimation of Optimal B-Value Set for Obtaining Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Free From Perfusion in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: Diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) is increasingly being investigated for radiotherapy planning and response assessment. Selection of a limited number of b-values in DW-MRI is important to keep geometrical variations low and imaging time short. We investigated various b-value sets to determine an optimal set for obtaining monoexponential apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) close to perfusion-insensitive intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model ADC (ADCIVIM) in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Methods: Seven patients had 27 DW-MRI scans before and during radiotherapy in a 1.5T scanner. Respiratory triggering was applied to the echo-planar DW-MRI with TR=4500ms approximately, TE=74ms, pixel size=1.98X1.98mm{sub 2}, slice thickness=4–6mm and 7 axial slices. Diffusion gradients were applied to all three axes producing traceweighted images with eight b-values of 0–1000μs/μm{sup 2}. Monoexponential model ADC values using various b-value sets were compared to ADCIVIM using all b-values. To compare the relative noise in ADC maps, intra-scan coefficient of variation (CV) of active tumor volumes was computed. Results: ADCIVIM, perfusion coefficient and perfusion fraction for tumor volumes were in the range of 880-1622 μm{sup 2}/s, 8119-33834 μm{sup 2}/s and 0.104–0.349, respectively. ADC values using sets of 250, 800 and 1000; 250, 650 and 1000; and 250–1000μs/μm{sup 2} only were not significantly different from ADCIVIM(p>0.05,more » paired t-test). Error in ADC values for 0–1000, 50–1000, 100–1000, 250–1000, 500–1000, and three b-value sets- 250, 500 and 1000; 250, 650 and 1000; and 250, 800 and 1000μs/μm{sup 2} were 15.0, 9.4, 5.6, 1.4, 11.7, 3.7, 2.0 and 0.2% relative to the reference-standard ADCIVIM, respectively. Mean intrascan CV was 20.2, 20.9, 21.9, 24.9, 32.6, 25.8, 25.4 and 24.8%, respectively, whereas that for ADCIVIM was 23.3%. Conclusion: ADC values of two 3 b-value sets (250, 650 and 1000; and 250, 800 and 1000μs/μm{sup 2}) approached ADCIVIM, with relative noise comparable to that of ADCIVIM. These sets may be used to obtain perfusion-insensitive ADC values in lung tumors. E. Weiss: Funding through Varian Medical Systems and Philips Oncology Systems, UpToDate royalties. G. Hugo: NIH R01CA166119, P01 CA116602, NHMRC Project Grant.« less
Psychopathology in the relatives of depressed-abused children

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the type of symptomatology abused children manifest is related to family history of psychopathology. METHOD: Lifetime history of psychopathology was assessed in the relatives of 26 preadolescents--13 depressed abused (MDD-AB) and 13 depressed nonabused (MDD-NA) children. Rates of disorder in the relatives of these children were compared to published rates of psychopathology in relatives of 27 normal control (NC) children. Data were obtained on 104 first-degree relatives (MDD-AB = 25, MDD-NA = 29, NC = 50) and 503 second-degree relatives (MDD-AB = 127, MDD-NA = 117, NC = 259). The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia was used to assess psychopathology in parents, and Family History method was used to obtain lifetime psychiatric data for all other relatives. RESULTS: When compared to first-degree relatives of NC children, first-degree relatives of MDD-AB children had approximately a nine-fold increased risk for major depression, and a three- to nine-fold increased risk for other disorders associated with the familial subtype of affective illness known as Depression Spectrum Disease (e.g., antisocial personality, alcohol and substance dependence). Similar findings were reported in second-degree relatives, and comparisons between the relatives of MDD-NA and NC children. CONCLUSION: The findings extend results of prior research and (1) suggest familial vulnerability factors influence the symptom profile of abused children; and (2) highlight the value of incorporating psychiatric formulations into multidisciplinary models of child abuse research and treatment programs. Language: en
Cold Front Acceleration over Lake Michigan

Abstract High-resolution Eta Model simulations of a strong but relatively dry late winter surface cold front that occurred during the STORM-FEST project depicted a pronounced acceleration of the front during the afternoon hours over the southern end of Lake Michigan. In this note, the impact of the lake on the front is examined. Reduced lower atmosphere turbulence due to both thermal stabilization and diminished surface roughness acting on postfrontal northerly winds increased frontogenesis strongly over the lake. The enhanced frontal circulation increased the front speed so that a noticeable frontal bulge occurred over the southern end of Lake Michigan. Some observational evidence is available to support the simulated frontal acceleration.
IMPROVED SURVIVAL FROM INTRACAVITARY PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY OF RAT GLIOMA

— The effectiveness of intratumoral photoradiation in photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a polyporphyrin photosensitizer was studied in the RT-2 rat glioma model. One week after intracerebral implantation of RT-2 cells, experimental rats received a single i.p. injection of 2 mg/kg of PhotofrinTM. After administration of the photosensitizer (48 h), the tumors were partially resected and the exposed cavity was irradiated with 15 J of laser light at a wavelength of 630 nm. Further treatment with a large craniectomy significantly enhanced rat survival. Control rats which received no photosensitizer but were treated with surgery, alone or in combination with laser irradiation, succumbed from early tumor recurrence. Photodynamic therapy without decompressive surgery resulted in hemorrhagic infarction of residual tumor and adjacent brain with focal cerebral edema which resulted in cerebral herniation and early death. Our results indicate that photodynamic therapy is effective in treating residual brain tumor but at the expense of brain tissue surrounding the tumor. Unless relieved, intracranial pressure from photodynamic therapy-associated cerebral edema in this animal model resulted in shortened survival.
Verbal Analogical Reasoning in Children With Language-Learning Disabilities

This study was designed to explore the influences of both cognitive and linguistic abilities on verbal analogy completion. School-age children classified as language-learning disabled were administered five types of verbal analogies: synonyms, antonyms, linear order, category membership, and functional relationship. The performance of the children with language-learning disabilities was compared with one group of normally developing children matched for mental age and another group matched for language age. Results indicated that the group matched for mental age performed better than the other two groups on all types of analogies. Although they had significantly higher mental ages, the children with language-learning disabilities did no better than the language-matched group on any analogy type except antonyms.
The potentiation of arterial contraction with platelet activating factor.

The incubation of porcine carotid arteries with platelet activating factor induces a potentiation of contraction when the artery is subsequently challenged with 100mM KCl compared with control preparations. This potentiation of arterial contraction is not observed when extracellular Ca2+ influx or prostaglandin metabolism is inhibited.
Evolutionarily Conserved Glucocorticoid Regulation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Expression

Glucocorticoids (GCs) exert feedback regulation on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons in mammals. The nature of GC actions is cell-type specific, being either inhibitory (e.g. paraventricular nucleus) or stimulatory (e.g. amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis). Nothing is known about differential regulation of CRF gene expression by GCs in nonmammalian vertebrates. We studied the actions of GCs on CRF expression in discrete brain regions of the frog Xenopus laevis. Treatment with corticosterone (CORT) decreased, whereas the corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor metyrapone increased CRF expression in the anterior preoptic area (homolog of the mammalian paraventricular nucleus), as measured by CRF primary transcript, mRNA, and CRF immunoreactivity (ir) (by immunocytochemistry). By contrast to the preoptic area, CORT increased CRF-ir in the medial amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, whereas metyrapone decreased CRF-ir in the medial amygdala. CRF-ir and glucocorticoid receptor-...
Organizational Ecology: Past, Present, and Future Directions

We situate the Special Research Forum on Organizational Ecology in the program of ecological research on organizations. We begin with a broad description of organizational ecology's theoretical and...
The Person in Personality Research: An Alternate Lifestyle Case Study.

The current crisis in personality research, with large-scale, objective, reductionistic, vs. individual, subjective, holistic paradigms, is seen as a real issue that reflects the prevailing schism between academic and professional, applied psychology. Each approach is seen as uniquely useful, but limited in its conception of man. A clinician-personologist approach that allows the combined implementation of the best of both traditions is proposed. A case study of a homosexual is presented as an illustration of this method, which also substantively provides a new perspective on man. Methodological considerations and refinements of this technique and closely related techniques also are discussed in the context of their relevance for both the "helping" orientation of professional psychology and the heuristic orientation of personology.
In situ investigation of ices and hydrous minerals at the lunar poles using a combined X-ray fluorescence and diffraction instrument

Un nombre croissant d'observations convergent vers l'hypothese d'une preservation d'eau ou de mineraux hydrates sur la Lune, voire l'existence de grandes quantites de glace dans les zones d'ombre permanente de crateres aux poles lunaires. CheMin, un instrument miniature de diffraction/fluorescence X en cours de developpement, permettait de verifier de maniere irrevocable si les recentes mesures de Lunar Prospector sont la consequence d'un reservoir aqueux ou d'une accumulation anomale d'hydrogene de vent solaire. Une version adaptee de CheMin, combinee a un systeme de forages pour la collecte d'echantillons a quelques decimetres dans le regolite lunaire, permettrait une recherche de glaces ou de mineraux hydrates. Un tel dispositif respecterait les contraintes en volume, masse et puissance des micromissions Ariane 5.
Comment on “Margules Equations Applied to PAH Solubilities in Alcohol−Water Mixtures”

Article providing comment on "Margules Equations Applied to PAH Solubilities in Alcohol-Water Mixtures," published in 'Environmental Science & Technology," 1997.
Medication adherence in asthma patients

Purpose of review Although current asthma guidelines stress the importance of assessing and enhancing adherence to asthma treatment, medication adherence rates in asthma patients are consistently low in practice. In this review, we summarize current literature on method of measurement, prevalence, outcome and intervention of medication adherence in asthma patients. Recent findings Nonadherence to prescribed treatment continues to be a frequent problem in patients with asthma even in recent years. Objective measurement of adherence should be implemented whenever possible. Review of pharmacy refill data or electronic monitoring of inhaler actuation may be a preferred method to assess adherence. Educational programmes should be specifically designed to address the unmet need and specific reasons for nonadherence for the target population. Large, well designed clinical trials to assess the efficacy of remote electronic monitoring and reminder systems to improve adherence are needed. Summary There is an urgent clinical need for systematic, proven methods to assess and address medication nonadherence in asthma patients.
Effects of gesture+verbal and semantic‐phonologic treatments for verb retrieval in aphasia

Background: Reports have indicated that gesture+verbal treatments and semantic‐phonologic treatments are effective for improving lexical retrieval in aphasia. Most studies focus on noun production, with verb production less commonly reported. Because of links between verbs and gesture knowledge, verbs may be particularly amenable to gesture+verbal training. We extend our appreciation to our four participants who diligently completed this study. This project was supported by NIH (NIDCD) grant P50 DC03888‐01A1 to the University of Florida (subcontract to Old Dominion University), and by the Dept. of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research & Development Center of Excellence Grant F2182C to the Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Gainesville, Florida. Aims: The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of gesture+verbal and semantic‐phonologic treatments on verb retrieval in patients with chronic aphasia. Methods & Procedures: We report treatment results for four individuals, three men and one...
Microscopic detection of chromium as chromium(III)

Trisodium phosphate is recommended as a reagent for the microscopic detection of chromium (III). Sensitivity of the test is 6γ of chromium (III) in a volume of 0.01 ml. Of particular importance is the fact that aluminum and iron (III) do not react with the reagent to form crystalline precipitates.
The efficacy of a multicomponent approach to the prevention of cigarette smoking

Abstract The efficacy of a 12-session multicomponent peer leadership smoking prevention program was tested on 426 seventh graders. The program focused on the acquisition of basic life skills and the improvement of personal competence, with particular emphasis on coping with social influences to smoke. Experimental and control groups were compared in terms of self-reported smoking status and several knowledge and psychological variables hypothesized to be related to smoking onset. In addition, saliva thiocyanate (SCN) levels were analyzed in a subsample of students. A significant reduction in new smoking was seen in students in the experimental group, based on both the analysis of self-reported smoking status and SCN levels. There also were significant end-of-treatment differences between the experimental and control groups on three of the knowledge variables and two of the psychological variables. At 1-year follow-up, significantly fewer of the students in the experimental group had become regular (weekly) cigarette smokers than those in the control group. These results indicate the short-term effectiveness of a broad-spectrum smoking prevention program that may be applicable to several areas of health education.
No Services Needed? The Case for Mentoring High-Achieving African American Students.

In this article, I report on high-achieving African American students' perceptions of the importance of a mentor, their definition of a good mentor, and ways in which mentoring aided them in reaching their academic potential.
Identity formation: The role of identity processing style and cognitive processes

The role that rational and automatic cognitive processes and identity processing styles play in accounting for variation on measures of identity formation was investigated. Results indicated that relationships between rational processing and identity commitments and identity achievement were mediated by an informational identity style. Automatic/intuitive processing was associated with identity achievement and a collective sense of identity. The former relationship was mediated by an informational style; the latter was partially mediated by a normative identity style. Findings are considered in terms of a social-cognitive model of identity formation and maintenance.
Autophagy as a Melanocytic Self-Defense Mechanism

Defects in autophagy have implications for melanocyte survival and manifestations of skin pigmentary disorders. Zhang et al. (2015) show that mouse melanocytes lacking the autophagy protein Atg7 undergo premature senescence in vitro and accumulate products of oxidative damage, despite activation of the redox response. Interestingly, contrary to previous findings, the melanocyte-specific deficiency in autophagy did not cause major defects in melanosome biogenesis, nor did it produce visually striking changes in mouse coat color.
Cultures in Organizations: Three Perspectives

This is essentially a textbook in organizational culture. But, unlike most textbooks authors, Professor Martin is making a contribution to the field in that she focuses on a way of looking at the field that is new. In the past, those who have studied organizational culture have usually done so from one of three perspectives: 1) "Integration" - all members of an organization share a consensus of values and purpose; 2) "Differentiation" - there are frequent conflicts among groups in organizations with limited consensus; 3) "Fragmentation" - there is considereable ambiguity in organizations with consensus coexisting with conflict, and much change among groups. The author argues that the best way to view organizations is to see them through all three perspectives - each revealing a different kind of truth. The author has done extensive research studying the organizational culture of a large California high technology firm (which is not identified in the book). She interviewed many employees at different levels and in different departments, and used surveys to extend the interviews. Her work is like an ethnography in which the researcher's own perspectives and cultural norms have to be accounted for. As a result, the book explores what she learned from her studies and how she learned it.
Office-Based Laryngeal Procedures

Office-based interventional laryngology for voice and swallow disorders will increase steadily. Some of the office-based procedures scarcely would have been done even 10 years ago; these include biopsies, injections, and lesion removals. Why would office-based procedures be on the upswing when such procedures have been known and written about since the nineteenth century [1]? Some of the factors are related to economics, others are due to demographics, and still others are due to technology. This article outlines treatments that can be performed under local anesthesia in the general otolaryngologist’s office. These procedures can be performed without a lot of expensive equipment and can be done with existing diagnostic equipment that is supplemented by a few simple instruments. This article gives details about the technique of office anesthesia, and the necessary office equipment and instruments. The procedures and their indications follow. The major reason why office procedures will increase in popularity is based on patient acceptance. This is because an office-based procedure, when compared with a procedure that is performed under general anesthesia, is always deemed less invasive by patients and physicians. When given the option of an office-based laryngeal biopsy or a trip to the operating room, most patients will opt for a brief procedure under local anesthesia. This is especially true in elective surgery or procedures. Where voice enhancement for quality of life improvement is being discussed, an office procedure is accepted more readily than the same procedure that necessitates a trip to the operating room. The ability to offer the patient a safe and quality experience under local anesthesia increases the otolaryngologists’ options for delivery of care [2].
Reasoning and giving reasons

(2000). Reasoning and giving reasons. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 575-594.
Henry Hurd Rusby: the father of economic botany at the New York Botanical Garden.

Henry Hurd Rusby (1855–1940) is one of the outstanding personalities in the history of the New York Botanical Garden (NYBG). He played a significant role, not only in the founding of NYBG in 1891, but also in establishing a strong precedent of research and exploration in the field of economic botany at the new institution. As a result of Rusby’s influence and activity, the study of useful plants formed an important part of NYBG’s original mandate, an institutional commitment that was rejuvenated nearly a century later, with the formation of the Institute of Economic Botany. An indefatigable researcher both in the field and in the herbarium, Rusby left behind a voluminous corpus of published work in systematic and economic botany that is a legacy for modern botanists and pharmacologists.
The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Qatar: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract (342 words) Background: The scale and nature of hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease burden in Qatar is poorly known. In addition to establishing the level of infection among the Qatari population, characterizing HCV disease burden is of particular relevance as Qatar has a large expatriate population some of whom are from countries with substantial HCV prevalence. Objective: To investigate the epidemiology of HCV in Qatar among Qataris and expatriate resident populations. Methods: We conducted a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Sources of data included PubMed and Embase databases. Our analysis included all primary studies reporting HCV prevalence or incidence measures in Qatar. Extracted measures were then classified and analyzed on the basis of the study population's risk of acquiring HCV. Meta-analyses were conducted incorporating inverse variance weighting and using a random-effects model to pool summary estimate...
Rearing a Giant Silkworm Moth, Hyalophora cecropia,on an Artificial Culture Medium

An artificial medium is described for rearing a giant silkworm, the cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia (L.), in the presence of antibiotics. Test series from several different sources disclosed different responses in terms of larval survival. The variability of response and yields of pupae were comparable to those reported for mass outdoor rearings. Several organisms reared on this diet have reached the adult stage.
Effects of Rotation Frequency and Starting Task on Localized Muscle Fatigue and Performance During Simulated Assembly Work

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS This study simulated rotating between assembly tasks at two different intensity levels performed for a total duration of 1 hour, during which rotation occurred every 15 minutes, every 30 minutes, or not at all. Under the scenario studied here, rotation reduced shoulder muscle fatigue compared to only performing a higher intensity task and increased fatigue compared to only performing a lower intensity task. Neither rotation frequency nor starting task significantly affected fatigue or performance. Based on the results, rotation frequency and starting task may not need substantial consideration when designing rotation schedules or plans. Generalizing the current results to actual occupational tasks, however, may be limited due to the inclusion of only two tasks, the constrained nature of the task, and the small sample size. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Rotating between tasks is widely used and considered to reduce the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, though there ...
A distinct variant of high-titanium mare basalt from the Van Serg core, Apollo 17 landing site

A fragment of basalt picked from the drive tube collected at Van Serg crater at the Apollo 17 landing site has a bulk chemistry more primitive than that of other high-titanium mare basalt groups collected at the site. The sample has a fine-grained olivine phyric, subophitic texture that is distinct from that of other high-titanium basalt samples. The grain size and texture suggest that the sample has a composition close to that of a magma. The crystallization sequence, with appearance of oxide minerals later than in other groups, and other petrographic features such as more-calcic plagioclase and early pigeonite rather than augite, are consistent with this sample representing a distinct variant of Apollo 17 high-titanium basalts. It is not related through closed-system igneous processes to any of the other mare basalt groups identified among Apollo 17 samples. Its characters emphasize the complexity of contemporaneous magma processes on the moon and the heterogeneity of that part of the mantle that was melted.
The Location of Ebonics Within the Framework of the Africological Paradigm

A new approach to cultural and social issues has been ushered in by the general discussion of Afrocentric scholars who have challenged the old theories of communication, social institutions, artistic developments, and economics by suggesting that Africans must be studied from the standpoint of agency. The discipline of linguistics-like history, anthropology, and sociology-is trapped in its discourse about Africans, because they have written from the standpoint of the European in the role of the dominator. Even African scholars writing about language have been captured by the same aura of European dominance and have written out of the same paradigm. Thus popular and well-known scholars of language and linguistics have often written from the standpoint of the received paradigm. For example, Mufwene (1993, 1994) stated that "African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) is adopted for the continental nonstandard varieties of African-American speech" (1994, p. 3). Smitherman (1977, 1994) referred to the language used in the African American community as "Black Talk, African American English, AAE, Black/African American Language, and Black/African American Lingo" (1994, p. 1). Africanized English is another term that Smitherman (1994) employed (p. 30). In reference to the language of African people in the diaspora, Rickford (1993) indicated that "Caribbean creoles share with American vernacular Black English a systematic but apparently unique rule" (p. 348). These few examples are simply indications
Extended Polynomial Dimensional Decomposition for Arbitrary Probability Distributions

This paper presents an extended polynomial dimensional decomposition method for solving stochastic problems subject to independent random input following an arbitrary probability distribution. The method involves Fourier-polynomial expansions of component functions by orthogonal polynomial bases, the Stieltjes procedure for generating the recursion coefficients of orthogonal polynomials and the Gauss quadrature rule for a specified probability measure, and dimension-reduction integration for calculating the expansion coefficients. The extension, which subsumes nonclassical orthogonal polynomials bases, generates a convergent sequence of lower-variate estimates of the probabilistic characteristics of a stochastic response. Numerical results indicate that the extended decomposition method provides accurate, convergent, and computationally efficient estimates of the tail probability of random mathematical functions or reliability of mechanical systems. The convergence of the extended method accelerates significantly when employing measure-consistent orthogonal polynomials.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A NUCLEAR‐ENCODED PHOTOGENE FOR A CHLOROPLAST RNA POLYMERASE SIGMA FACTOR IN THE UNICELLULAR ALGA CYANIDIUM CALDARIUM (RHODOPHYTA)

Previously we identified the gene (rpoD1) for a σ factor of chloroplast RNA polymerase from the unicellular rhodophyte Cyanidium caldarium Geitler and presented evidence for a multigene family of σ factors in this organism. In the present investigation, a new member of this gene family, rpoD2, was isolated and characterized. This gene was identified in a subgenomic library screened with the “rpoD box” probe, a highly conserved 28-base sequence found in the −10 promoter recognition motif of σ factors from eubacteria and cyanobacteria. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence of RpoD2 (the gene product of rpoD2) with other σ factors from C. caldarium showed that this protein contained all four conserved regions found in eubacterial and cyanobacterial σ factors in addition to a newly identified conserved domain. Northern analyses showed that rpoD2 transcripts were not detectable in dark-grown cells but were enriched in polyA+ RNA from illuminated cells, which suggests that rpoD2 is a positively regulated, nuclear-encoded photogene. The patterns of rpoD2 and rpoD1 transcript accumulation after transfer of cells from dark to light were distinct, which suggests that σ-factor genes are differentially expressed. Collectively, the results obtained support the hypothesis that differentially expressed, nuclear-encoded σ factors may transcribe subsets of plastid genes for photosynthesis during chloroplast development.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization: method of choice for a definitive diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using IGH/CCND1 probes was used to analyze 35 specimens including 27 paraffin sections, 3 bone marrow aspirates, and 5 peripheral blood smears. The 27 paraffin sections included 7 bone marrows, 10 lymph nodes, 3 spleens, 3 tonsils, 3 gastrointestinal biopsies, and 1 skin biopsy. Among these cases, 23 specimens were from 20 patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and 12 specimens were from 12 patients with non-MCL lymphomas/lymphoid hyperplasia. Specimens from all MCL patients showed positive results with FISH. In one patient, the archived paraffin sections were negative with FISH, but a fresh peripheral blood specimen showed a positive result. Negative results were obtained in all specimens from non-MCL cases. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that all cases of MCL showed CD19/CD5 staining, but the percentages of cells positive for CD23 and FMC-7 were variable, thus they cannot be depended upon for a definitive diagnosis of MCL. Immunohistochemical stains demonstrated positive staining for CD5 and CD20 and negative staining for CD23 in MCL cases but cyclin D1 was positive in only 10 of 13 MCL cases studied. Therefore, it appears that immunophenotyping alone is not sufficient to establish a definitive diagnosis of MCL. FISH should be routinely used when the diagnosis needs confirmation. FISH can be performed in a routine clinical laboratory, and it is applicable to archived material for retrospective studies. Other molecular cytogenetic techniques in comparison with FISH are discussed. Am. J. Hematol. 74:78–84, 2003. Published © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Development of the Distraction Coaching Index

Children's distress during medical procedures can be decreased when professionals or parents provide distraction coaching, but the quality of distraction may contribute to the variation in the results. This article describes the development of the Distraction Coaching Index (DCI), a tool for measuring the quality and frequency of distraction coaching. Nominal group technique and consensus agreement were used for concept clarification and development of behavioral indicators and descriptors. Videotapes of untrained parents, trained parents, and expert professional coaches, who provided distraction to children (4–10 years old) undergoing peripheral intravenous catheter insertion, were used to assess interrater reliability and construct validity. DCI scores were significantly higher for the experts versus untrained parents and trained parents versus untrained parents. The DCI can be used by researchers to evaluate treatment fidelity of distraction coaching and by clinicians for teaching health professionals ...
Employing a Mechanistic Model for the Mapk Pathway to Examine the Impact of Cellular all or None Behavior on Overall Tissue Response

The mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a three-tiered phosphorylation cascade that is ubiquitously expressed among eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to propagate signals from cell surface receptors to various cytosolic and nuclear targets. Recent studies have demonstrated that the MAPK cascade exhibits an all-or-none response to graded stimuli. This study quantitatively investigates MAPK activation in Xenopus oocytes using both empirical and biologically-based mechanistic models. Empirical models can represent overall tissue MAPK activation in the oocytes. However, these models lack description of key biological processes and therefore give no insight into whether the cellular response occurs in a graded or all-or-none fashion. To examine the propagation of cellular MAPK all-or-none activation to overall tissue response, mechanistic models in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulations are employed. An adequate description of the dose response relationship of MAPK activation in Xenopus oocytes is achieved. Furthermore, application of these mechanistic models revealed that the initial receptor-ligand binding rate contributes to the cells' ability to exhibit an all-or-none MAPK activation response, while downstream activation parameters contribute more to the magnitude of activation. These mechanistic models enable us to identify key biological events which quantitatively impact the shape of the dose response curve, especially at low environmentally relevant doses.
Improvement of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium cycling in dogs with heart failure following long-term therapy with the Acorn Cardiac Support Device.

Abnormal Ca2+-homeostasis is a hall-marked characteristic of the failing heart. In the normal myocardium, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a principal organelle that controls intracellular Ca2+ concentration during the cardiac cycle. The SR consists of longitudinal and terminal cisternea regions. The former contains the Ca2+-ATPase pump or SERCA-2a whose function is to transport cytosolic Ca2+ into the lumen of the SR during diastole and whose activity is regulated by reversible phosphorylation of the endogenously SR-bound phospholamban (PLB). The SR's terminal cisternea region contains ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+-release channels (RR), the activity of which is regulated by direct and indirect reversible phosphorylation. These channels release the SR-stored Ca2+ during contraction. We have shown that in left ventricular (LV) myocardium from dogs with coronary microembolization-induced heart failure, ability of the SR to sequester and release Ca2+ during the cardiac cycles is impaired. This abnormality was associated with reduced expression (protein and mRNA) levels of Ca2+-ATPase, PLB, and reduced PLB phosphorylation. Long-term therapy with the Acorn Cardiac Support Device (CSD) is associated with restoration of the ability of the SR to sequester Ca2+. This improvement in SR function following chronic CSD therapy was due primarily to increased affinity of the SERCA-2a for calcium. The later was associated with (1) increased phosphorylation of PLB at serine 16 and threonine 17, (2) unchanged protein expression of PLB and (3) unchanged protein expression of SERCA-2a in LV myocardium of CSD-treated dogs compared to controls. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of the CSD in modulating SR calcium cycling in an experimental canine model of chronic heart failure produced by multiple sequential intracoronary microembolizations.
Some comments on the behavior of sign-sign adaptive identifiers

Abstract The sign-sign variant of the LMS algorithm, with and without leakage, is investigated. Three basic questions are considered through simplistic examples: the need to redefine input excitations for parameter convergence, the influence of designer-selected variables on offset due to leakage, and the effect of measurement noise in underexcited systems.
A note on the photo-pupil reflex.

A study of the variation of pupil diameter with illumination of the retina indicates that the photo-pupil reflex is confined to the photopic range of illumination. On the basis of this result, the hypothesis is proposed that the photo-pupil reflex is essentially initiated by cone response. Suggestions are made for further investigation.
Multiple micronutrient supplementation during early childhood increases child size at 2 y of age only among high compliers

Background Micronutrient deficiencies are common, even in middle-income countries. Objective The objectives were to determine whether multiple micronutrient (MM) supplementation from 3 to 24 mo of age improves growth and whether the effect is modified by MM supplementation during pregnancy. Design We conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in central Mexico. Singleton live births (n = 650) from a prenatal MM trial were randomly assigned to receive either MM supplements (1-1.5 times the Recommended Dietary Allowance of vitamins A, B-6, B-12, and C; folic acid; iron; zinc; and other nutrients) or supplements containing similar amounts of iron and vitamin A (Fe-A) within the maternal supplementation groups (MM and iron only) 6 d/wk from 3 to 24 mo of age. Anthropometric measurements were obtained at 3 and 24 mo of age. Results There was no effect of supplement group on child growth in intention-to-treat analyses. However, infants who consumed MM supplements regularly (greater than the median compliance of 79%) were 0.8 (95% CI: -0.4, 1.9) and 1.6 (95% CI: 0.4, 2.8) cm taller at 24 mo in the maternal MM and iron-only groups, respectively, than were those in the Fe-A group; these differences were 0.2 (95% CI: -1.0, 1.4) and -0.5 (95% CI: -1.7, 0.7) cm among those with compliance below the median. Mean body mass index (in kg/m(2)) was significantly higher in those exposed to iron only in utero and Fe-A during childhood (16.2) than in the other groups (15.8). Conclusions MM supplements increased the length of children who consumed them regularly from 3 to 24 mo. Strategies that promote compliance through effective delivery of micronutrient interventions are needed.
Analysis of recovery in a database system using a write-ahead log protocol

In this paper we examine the recovery time in a database system using a Write-Ahead Log protocol, such as ARIES [9], under the assumption that the buffer replacement policy is strict LRU. In particular, analytical equations for log read time, data I/O, log application, and undo processing time are presented. Our initial model assumes a read/write ratio of one, and a uniform access pattern. This is later generalized to include different read/write ratios, as well as a “hot set” model (i.e. x% of the accesses go to y% of the data). We show that in the uniform access model, recovery is dominated by data I/O costs, but under extreme hot-set conditions, this may no longer be true. Furthermore, since we derive anaytical equations, recovery can be analyzed for any set of parameter conditions not discussed here.
Superiorly Based Nasalis Myocutaneous Island Pedicle Flap with Bilevel Undermining for Nasal Tip and Supratip Reconstruction

Background. Superiorly based flaps with bilevel undermining for the reconstruction of nasal tip and supratip defects have not been utilized to this point for reconstruction of this cosmetic subunit. Objective. The purpose of this presentation is to describe a new flap for the reconstruction of nasal tip and supratip defects and to introduce a new method of undermining—bilevel undermining—in the raising of these flaps. Methods. In this presentation we demonstrate (diagrammatically and with fresh cadaver dissection) the methods of preparing, raising, and preforming this new flap. We further introduce and describe the concept of bilevel undermining. Results. We describe the first author's 4-year experience in the development of this flap. We show clinical representative cases with pre- and postoperative results. Conclusions. Superiorly based myocutaneous island pedicle flaps with bilevel undermining, a new method of nasal tip and supratip reconstruction, yields excellent functional and cosmetic results. Bilevel undermining is a new and valuable method of achieving greater tissue mobility in muscle-based flaps.
Enabling, facilitating, and precipitating factors associated with women's career orientation

Abstract Women who had completed a career/life survey 13 to 21 years after enrolling as freshmen in college were classified as career ( N = 372) or homemaker ( N = 797) oriented on the basis of their actual work experiences. Statistically significant differences between the groups were found on 90% of the variables within the enabling conditions (i.e., family characteristics), 60% of the variables within the facilitating conditions (i.e., educational and vocational characteristics), and 88% of the variables within the precipitating conditions (i.e., attitudinal factors). The proportion of variance accounted for in career orientation by these variables varied from 0 to 32%. The variables which best differentiated between the two groups were categorized within the enabling conditions. The results are discussed in terms of previous theory, research, and practical application.
Opportunistic Beamforming with Partial Channel State Information

In a wireless network the channel fluctuations of the users can be exploited by means of multiuser diversity where the user transmissions are scheduled when they experience a high instantaneous SNR. When fading is slow, beamforming at a multiple antenna transmitter can be used to induce artificial temporal fading to ensure multiuser diversity in the network. Such a beamforming scheme is called opportunistic beamforming [1] since the transmitter sends random beamforming vectors to artificially induce opportunism in the network. Opportunistic beamforming requires a large number of users in the system in order to achieve the performance of the true beamforming that uses perfect channel state information (CSI). In this paper we investigate the benefit of having partial CSI at the transmitter. We show that opportunism is still exploited to increase the average throughput of the system. Numerical results show that with partial CSI at the transmitter performance close to that of true beamforming can be obtained with even fewer number of users in the system.
Lipid composition and metabolism of cultured hamster brain astrocytes.

— The lipid composition and metabolism of confluent cultures of cells derived from newborn hamster brain and having morphology characteristic of immature astrocytes or spongioblasts was investigated and compared to that of newborn hamster brain dispersions and cloned glioma cells (C6). The cells displayed stable morphology for at least 30 subcultures; thereafter spontaneous transformation occurred. No appreciable changes were observed in either composition or metabolic characteristics of any major neutral lipid or phospholipid class in successive subcultures or following transformation. The overall lipid composition of the hamster astrocyte cultures closely resembled that of newborn hamster brain, but the phospholipid composition showed substantial differences. The cells contained as a percent of lipid P relatively more ethanolamine plasmalogen, choline plasmalogen and sphingomyelin and somewhat less phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The phospholipids of the hamster astrocyte and C6 cells were similar. Of the lipid precursors examined, [U-14C]glucose was incorporated best into all preparations. C6 glioma cells incorporated both [U-14C]glucose and [1-14C]acetate most actively. From 69–88% of 32P incorporated into hamster astrocyte phospholipids was present in choline phosphoglycerides, whereas the corresonding figure for hamster brain dispersions was 53%. The ratio of specific activities of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylinositol was substantially higher in the cultured cells than in the brain preparations. The small pool of choline plasmalogen in the hamster astrocytes usually achieved the highest specific activity of any phospholipid. When [U-14C]glucose and [1-14C]acetate were precursors, the bulk of label in the astrocytes appeared in choline phosphoglycerides and triacyglycerol. Our results indicate that the hamster astrocyte cell line as grown expresses distinctive features of lipid composition and metabolism which are nearly constant through many generations.
Self-injurious behavior in infancy and young childhood

Self-injurious behavior is a complex clinical phenomenon with multiple etiologies. Topographies are quite varied and may be related to etiology, especially for genetic conditions. This article reviews the clinical literature regarding self-injurious behavior in infants and young children with particular emphasis on the developmental aspects of the behavior. It also discusses ways that the behavior is identified, methods of clinical assessment, and appropriate clinical interventions. The final section addresses unmet clinical and research needs regarding self-injurious behavior.
Crawling peg and the variability of the real exchange rate

Abstract This paper assesses the extent to which exchange rate policies of crawling⧸galloping peg in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay did contribute to the overall variability of their real exchange rates in the 1970's.
Theory and design of capacitor electrodes for chronic stimulation.

Conventional metal electrodes generate electrochemical byproducts during stimulation of nerve or muscle. These byproducts may cause tissue damage, especially with the long-term stimulation necessary with neural prosthetic devices. To prevent the possibility of such damage, completely insulated electrodes have been devised which deliver current pulses by capacitive charging of the electrode surface, not involving electrochemical reactions. Anodised discs of porous tantalum, 1·0 mm in diameter and 0·25 mm thick, can deliver 0·5 ms, 5 mA pulses. Such electrodes are available as components of commercial capacitors and are easily adapted for biological use. The design may be optimised by mathematical analysis of an equivalent electrical circuit.In vitro tests demonstrate a clear advantage of these electrodes over capacitively coupled platinum-iridium electrodes in preventing oxidation-reduction reactions. The electrodes are stable on chronic implantation and should provide a safer interface between neural prosthetic devices and human tissue.