cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Ultrasound in the Assessment of Vocal Cord Function in Infants and Children

The determination of the cause of stridor in the infant and child is an important directive for the otolaryngologist. The limitations of current clinical diagnostic techniques have provided the impetus for pursuing newer, more practical techniques to diagnose vocal cord paralysis in children. The purpose of this paper is to describe a new technique to image the larynx and determine its role in discerning vocal cord paralysis in children. This study began with an animal study (lamb model) demonstrating that computerized ultrasound can accurately delineate laryngeal anatomy and function. The human protocol included 27 patients (age 1 day to 14 years): 15 with normal larynges and 12 with vocal cord paralysis. Recorded ultrasound studies of these subjects were compiled in a randomly ordered videotape and presented twice and viewed in a blinded manner by four expert raters. Statistical analysis of their readings revealed that ultrasound is a highly accurate technique to document vocal cord paralysis, with a high degree of interrater and intrarater reliability. Beyond the accuracy and consistency of computerized ultrasound, there are many other aspects of this technique that make it clinically attractive. Laryngeal ultrasound is noninvasive, painless, and widely accepted. It is relatively safe, with no radiation exposure and no need for sedation or anesthesia. It is well tolerated by patients and their families. The results are easily displayed and recorded and available for hard copy storage. This investigation should not be interpreted as an endorsement for laryngeal ultrasound as a replacement for endoscopy in children. This work does indicate, however, that ultrasound is a technique that can accurately address the special issue of vocal cord mobility in infants and children. At present, this is the primary use for laryngeal ultrasound, although with additional investigation and sophistication it is likely that ultrasound of the larynx may become useful for other purposes.
The Economics of a Public Fund for Environmental Amenities: A Study of CRP Contracts

The problem of targeting CRP purchases to buy environmental amenities under productivity and environmental heterogeneity is considered. Gini coefficients and Lorenz curves are used to measure the effectiveness of spending under alternative targeting criteria. The environmental benefits considered are water erosion, wind erosion, surface water quality, and wildlife habitat. The three alternative targeting criteria examined include purchasing land according to (i) the benefit-to-cost ratio, (ii) the level of benefits, and (iii) the level of cost. Results indicate that the degree of variability and correlation determine the extent to which suboptimal targeting achieves a significant portion of available environmental benefits.
Direct and Reversible Synthesis of AlH3−Triethylenediamine from Al and H2

Aluminum hydride, AlH3, is the most well-known alane. Though thermodynamically unstable under ambient conditions, it is easily prepared in a metastable state that will undergo controlled thermal decomposition to produce H2 and Al at around 100 °C. AlH3 contains 10.1 wt % hydrogen and has a density of 1.48 g/mL and is therefore of interest for on-board automotive hydrogen storage. ΔHf and ΔGf298K for α-AlH3 are −9.9 and 48.5 kJ/mol AlH3, respectively. The latter value yields an equilibrium hydrogen fugacity of ∼5 × 105 atm at 298 K, which is equivalent to a hydrogen pressure of ∼7 × 103 atm. Thus, the direct regeneration of AlH3 from spent Al with gaseous H2 is deemed impractical. This paper describes an alternate approach to the regeneration of AlH3 via a low-temperature, low-pressure, reversible reaction using Ti-doped Al powder and triethylenediamine (TEDA). The adduct is formed in a slurry of the Al powder and a solution of TEDA in THF in contact with H2. The AlH3−TEDA product is insoluble and precipit...
Apomorphine-induced and pilocarpine-induced hypothermia in mice: drug interactions and changes in drug sensitivity after caudate nucleus lesions.

Abstract 1 Apomorphine and pilocarpine each produced dose-dependent hypothermic effects in mice. However, the dose-response curve for pilocarpine was steeper than that for apomorphine. 2 Bilateral lesions of the caudate nucleus produced a permanent decrease in sensitivity to apomorphine but had no effect on sensitivity to pilocarpine. 3 Apomorphine and pilocarpine had synergistic effects; i.e. the hypothermic effect was greater following a combination of the drugs than following either drug alone. 4 The effect of apomorphine was antagonized by either haloperidol or scopolamine; only scopolamine antagonized the effect of pilocarpine. 5 These results suggest that a mechanism involving dopaminergic neurones in the caudate nucleus has a modulatory role in temperature regulation.
Multispectral imaging of continuum emission for determination of temperature and density profiles inside implosion plasmas

Abstract In inertial confinement fusion experiments, implosion of a cryogenic hydrogen isotope-filled capsule produces a plasma with a high-temperature, low-density core (the hot spot) surrounded by a low-temperature, high-density main fuel layer. Experimental measurements of temperature and density profiles in the hot spot are critical for implosion diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a simple technique for measuring core temperature and density profiles in cryogenic implosion plasmas. This technique uses absolutely calibrated continuum emission spectroscopy coupled with two-dimensional imaging to allow temperature and density profiles to be measured directly. We develop the technique analytically, and validate it using synthetic data and hydrodynamics simulation results. We find that the technique should be sufficiently accurate to measure central temperatures and densities to better than 20%. The technique may also find application to the diagnosis of other types of plasmas.
Information security using multiple reference-based optical joint transform correlation and orthogonal code

Abstract Protecting and processing of confidential information, such as personal identification, biometrics, remains a challenging task for further research and development. A new methodology to ensure enhanced security of information in images through the use of encryption and multiplexing is proposed in this paper. We use orthogonal encoding scheme to encode multiple information independently and then combine them together to save storage space and transmission bandwidth. The encoded and multiplexed image is encrypted employing multiple reference-based joint transform correlation. The encryption key is fed into four channels which are relatively phase shifted by different amounts. The input image is introduced to all the channels and then Fourier transformed to obtain joint power spectra (JPS) signals. The resultant JPS signals are again phase-shifted and then combined to form a modified JPS signal which yields the encrypted image after having performed an inverse Fourier transformation. The proposed cryptographic system makes the confidential information absolutely inaccessible to any unauthorized intruder, while allows for the retrieval of the information to the respective authorized recipient without any distortion. The proposed technique is investigated through computer simulations under different practical conditions in order to verify its overall robustness.
Photoelectron imaging of CH

Abstract The photoelectron images of CH− have been recorded using detachment wavelengths of 532 and 355 nm. The spectra show two features arising from photodetachment of the 3Σ− ground state of CH− to the ground, X2Π, and first excited, a4Σ−, states of CH. The electron affinity of CH is measured to be 1.26 ± 0.02 eV and the a4Σ− binding energy is 1.98 ± 0.02 eV. Photoelectron angular distributions depend on the detachment energy and are characteristic of electron ejection from two different, orthogonal, orbitals in CH−.
EPROF: An energy/performance/reliability optimization framework for streaming applications

Computer systems face increasing challenges in simultaneously meeting an application's energy, performance, and reliability goals. While energy and performance tradeoffs have been studied through different dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) policies and power management schemes, tradeoffs of energy and performance with reliability have not been studied for general purpose computing. This is particularly relevant for application domains such as multimedia, where some limited application error tolerance can be exploited to reduce energy [7]. In this paper, we present EPROF, an optimization framework based on Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) that selects possible schedules for running tasks on multiprocessors in order to minimize energy while meeting constraints on application performance and reliability. We consider parallel applications that express (on task graphs) the performance and reliability goals they need to achieve, and that run on chip multiprocessors made up of heterogeneous processor cores that offer different energy/performance/reli-ability tradeoffs. For the StreamIt benchmarks [16], EPROF can identify schedules that offer up to 34% energy reduction over a baseline method while achieving the targeted performance and reliability. More broadly, EPROF demonstrates how these three degrees of freedom (energy, performance and reliability) can be flexibly exploited as needed for different applications.
Vulnerable to exclusion: the place for segregated education within conceptions of inclusion

This research was undertaken to understand how general education teachers who work in inclusive classrooms conceptualise inclusive education and understand their individual commitments to this prac...
An algorithm for functional uncertainty

The formal device of functional uncertainty has been introduced into linguistic theory as a means of characterizing long-distance dependencies alternative to conventional phrase-structure based approaches. In this paper we briefly outline the uncertainty concept, and then present an algorithm for determining the satisfiability of acyclic grammatical descriptions containing uncertainty expressions and for synthesizing the grammatically relevant solutions to those descriptions.
Human lymphocyte-mouse myeloma somatic cell hybrids: selective hybrid formation.

Fusion of unfractionated human lymphocytes with mouse myeloma cells resulted in proliferating hybrid colonies, almost all producing human Ig. We examined whether this high frequency of Ig production was the result of selective formation of human B lymphocyte-mouse myeloma hybrids, rather than induction ofIg genes in T lymphocytes. Unfractionated peripheral lymphocytes and B lymphocytes from patients with the common variable form of agammaglobulinemia formed proliferating somatic cell hybrid colonies. In contrast, peripheral lymphocytes from a patient with agammaglobulinemia who lacked B lymphocytes, as well as albumin gradient fractions of peripheral blood which do not contain B lymphocytes, failed to produce somatic cell hybrids with three different myeloma parent cell lines. B, T, and precursor lymphocytes all had Sendai virus receptors, as witnessed by viral agglutination. We conclude that fusion of human lymphocytes with mouse myeloma cells results in selective hybrid formation, rather than activation ofIg genes in disparate cell types. Only B lymphocyte-mo use myeloma heterokaryons form hybrid cells.
AESTHETIC IDEOLOGY AND URBAN DESIGN

The three-dimensional shapes of contemporary American urban commerce, usually described as symptoms of cultural anarchy, are the products of coherent and comprehensible historical and economic patterns. Architectural form and the syntax of present-day commercial competition can be traced to the elaboration and evolution of late-nineteenth century World's Fair amusement zones. Criticisms of urban commercial environments based on aesthetic judgements have served as ideological programs for the resolution of class tensions over control of urban space. Aesthetic ideologies are perpetuated by professionals. In the present day they are the province of academics and policy-makers who function as disseminators of official culture.
The Study of Group-Level Factors in Epidemiology: Rethinking Variables, Study Designs, and Analytical Approaches

A key notion that has received much attention in epidemiology over the past few years has been that not all disease determinants can be conceptualized as individual-level attributes, hence the need to consider features of the groups to which individuals belong when studying the causes of ill health. This has led epidemiologists and public health researchers to rethink the ideas on ecologic studies and ecologic variables traditionally espoused in epidemiology (1–6). This reconceptualization of ecologic or group-level variables has been manifested, for example, in recent interest and debate on the possible health effects of group-level constructs, such as income inequality (7, 8), social capital (9, 10), and neighborhood characteristics (11–14). In this context, the advent of the statistical technique of multilevel models has been viewed as especially promising because of its ability to incorporate both group-level and individual-level predictors in the study of health (4, 15–17).
Delegate and conquer: an LP-based approximation algorithm for minimum degree MSTs

In this paper, we study the minimum degree minimum spanning tree problem: Given a graph G = (V,E) and a non-negative cost function c on the edges, the objective is to find a minimum cost spanning tree T under the cost function c such that the maximum degree of any node in T is minimized. We obtain an algorithm which returns an MST of maximum degree at most Δ*+k where Δ* is the minimum maximum degree of any MST and k is the distinct number of costs in any MST of G. We use a lower bound given by a linear programming relaxation to the problem and strengthen known graph-theoretic results on minimum degree subgraphs [3,5] to prove our result. Previous results for the problem [1,4] used a combinatorial lower bound which is weaker than the LP bound we use.
Field Sampling and Monitoring of Contaminants

Field sampling and monitoring of water/wastewater contaminants are strategically important for more sustainable integrated water resources management (IWRM). One of the vital first steps in IWRM is the collection of an inventory that characterizes existing watershed conditions. Relevant features include geographic and environmental aspects (e.g., land use, topography, wetlands), infrastructure (e.g., supply, sewerage and drainage), municipal data (e.g., numbers of people, growth rate, regulations, by laws), pollution sources/discharges (point and nonpoint sources, e.g., landfills, underground storage tanks), and the characteristics of receiving surface waters and groundwaters (indicators of flow rates and physical, chemical, biological, and microbiological quality). Water quality problems that require characterization through sampling and monitoring are a combination of the effects of human use and degradation of water in domestic, industrial, commercial, and agricultural activities (and its discharge as wastewater), and the impact of human activities that change land use/land cover on the water quality of runoff. Keywords: water pollution; sampling; monitoring; indicators; standards
Doppler echocardiographic study of the frequency and severity of aortic regurgitation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Aortic rergurgitation (AR) has been reported sporadically in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) but neither its frequency nor severity has been determined. Thirty-one consecutive patients with HC were evaluated by Doppler echocardiography over a 2-year period. Twenty-nine had echocardiographically normal aortic cusps and participated in the study; 2 had calcified aortic valves and were excluded. AR of grade I to grade II severity was demonstrated in 9 of 29 (31%) patients. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n = 9) with AR and group 2 (n = 20) without AR. Group 1 patients were significantly older than group 2 patients (73 ± 7 vs 60 ± 17 years, p
Designing a Personal Health Application for Older Adults to Manage Medications: A Comprehensive Case Study

Older adults with multiple chronic conditions often go through care transitions where they move between care facilities or providers during their treatment. These transitions are often uncoordinated and can imperil patients by omitted, duplicative, or contradictory care plans. Older adults sometimes feel overwhelmed with the new responsibility of coordinating the care plan with providers and changing their medication regimes. In response, we developed a Lesser General Public License (LGPL) open source, web-based Personal Health Application (PHA) using an iterative participatory design process that provided older adults and their caregivers the ability to manage their personal health information. In this paper, we document the PHA design process from low-fidelity prototypes to high-fidelity prototypes over the course of six user studies. Our findings establish the imperative need for interdisciplinary research and collaboration among all stakeholders to create effective PHAs. We conclude with design guidelines that encourage researchers to gradually increase functionality as users become more proficient.
Degrading and non-degrading sex in popular music: a content analysis.

Objectives.Those exposed to more degrading sexual references in popular music are more likely to initiate intercourse at a younger age. The purpose of this study was to perform a content analysis o...
Transient analysis of power systems using a frequency domain technique

Presents a review of a frequency domain technique for power system transient analysis. Frequency domain analysis represents the power system voltage and current equations as a function of the complex frequency. The system of equations is then solved using a numerical inverse Laplace transform technique, which yields the system voltages and currents. The technique is compared with a time domain method. The Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) is a time domain analysis program that allows the user to model the power system components to determine the response of the system to a variety of transient phenomena. The user inputs the system data to the program via a data file. The data file specifies the type of source, different models for the transmission lines, motors, transformers, and loads, as well as analog functions and time varying parameters. The program output includes system voltages, currents, and power flows. >
Low serum testosterone and sex-hormone-binding-globulin in massively obese men.

Reproductive hormonal dynamics were assessed in 10 massively obese men, 200–380% of ideal body weight (percentage ideal body weight) and 11 similarly-aged controls who were 85–135% of ideal body weight. The mean serum testosterone of the obese group was significantly lower than normal (223.1 ± 26.9 (sem) ng/dl vs. 599.2 ± 58.1 ng/dl, P < 0.001). Despite their reduced serum testosterone levels, the obese subjects had normal secondary sexual characteristics except for slightly decreased facial hair and normal sized testes. The mean sex-hormone-binding-globulin level of the obese group was also lower than normal (0.247 ± 0.037 (sem) μg dihydrotestosterone bound/dl vs. 0.672 ±0.125 μg/dl, P < 0.01), while their mean per cent free testosterone, determined by equilibrium dialysis, was higher than normal (4.19 ± 0.29 (SEM) % vs. 2.04 ± 0.08%, P < 0.001). Though the mean free testosterone was not significantly different in the 2 groups (obese 9.5 ± 1.3 (SEM) ng/dl, normal 12.1 ± 1.1 ng/dl), within the obese group...
Changes in the Pattern of Old Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction Produced by Acute Left Bundle Branch Block and Hemiblock

Varying degrees of functional conduction disturbances occurred in two patients with old IWMI during aberration of spontaneous, or induced, premature atrial contractions. Ventricular complexes transitional in form between those having normal (control) intraventricular conduction and those showing the most advanced grades of LBBB, LAH, LPH were interpreted as "incomplete" forms of the latter. Increasing degrees of LBBB first obscured, and finally masqueraded, the residual QRS changes of IWMI. On the other hand, IWMI could be suspected in beats showing LAH and RBBB since the left axis shifts produced by LAH were associated with Q waves in leads 2 and 3. However, the diagnosis of IWMI was impossible when LAH appeared without RBBB. Three possible explanations were offered for this paradoxic phenomenon, namely that: a) it was the RBBB not the LAH which permitted the diagnosis of IWMI when both processes coexisted; b) a minor degree of LBBB was present; and c) the site (s) at which the impulse entered into the ventricles varied with different degrees and combinations of functional blocks. Finally, LPH was characterized by an increase in the height of the R waves in leads 2 and 3 without a concomitant change in the size of the q waves. Hence, LPH made the diagnosis of IWMI more difficult
The investigation of injection timing for the IPNS RCS

The Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) of the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at ANL accelerates > 3.0 times 1012 protons from 50 MeV to 450 MeV with 30-Hz repetition frequency. During each acceleration cycle, the RF varies from 2.21 MHz to 5.14 MHz. In order to improve capture efficiency, we varied the injection timing and the early RF voltage profiles. The experimental results are compared with simulation results obtained with the 1-D tracking code, CAPTURE. This allowed us to optimize injection time and the RF voltage profile for better capture efficiency. An optimized injection time and RF voltage profile was found that resulted in raising the capture efficiency from 85.1% to 88.6%. These studies have now also been expanded to include second harmonic RF during the capture and initial acceleration cycle in the RCS.
Improving Speech Intelligibility in Noise Using Environment-Optimized Algorithms

While most speech enhancement algorithms improve speech quality, they may not improve speech intelligibility in noise. This paper focuses on the development of an algorithm that can be optimized for a specific acoustic environment and improve speech intelligibility. The proposed method decomposes the input signal into time-frequency (T-F) units and makes binary decisions, based on a Bayesian classifier, as to whether each T-F unit is dominated by the target signal or the noise masker. Target-dominated T-F units are retained while masker-dominated T-F units are discarded. The Bayesian classifier is trained for each acoustic environment using an incremental approach that continuously updates the model parameters as more data become available. Listening experiments were conducted to assess the intelligibility of speech synthesized using the incrementally adapted models as a function of the number of training sentences. Results indicated substantial improvements in intelligibility (over 60% in babble at -5 dB SNR) with as few as ten training sentences in babble and at least 80 sentences in other noisy conditions.
The Emerging Mobile Media Market: Exploring the Potential of Tablets for Media Content Consumption

In adopting the qualitative research method of semi-structured self-completion diaries, this study explores how young adult consumers utilize tablets to consume media content traditionally available through television, radio, newspaper, and magazine platforms, perceptions of tablets as a media content platform in terms of benefits/needs met, accessibility, compatibility with existing media, usefulness, ease of use, and fun, how a tablet substitutes and/or complements traditional media usage, and the adoption factors that are important for users to adopt the tablet platform for mobile media consumption. The results show all the participants had positive video viewing experiences, supporting the claim that tablets are well designed for the consumption of video entertainment content. From the perspective of
Identification of EGFR mutation, KRAS mutation, and ALK gene rearrangement in cytological specimens of primary and metastatic lung adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND The identification of molecular alterations has an important therapeutic implication in patients with lung adenocarcinomas. In the current study, the authors evaluated their experience with the identification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement using cytological specimens of primary and metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS A total of 54 cases of lung adenocarcinomas (11 primary and 43 metastatic tumors) in which molecular tests were performed were retrieved. Molecular tests were performed on the cell block material of 19 effusions and 35 fine-needle aspirates. EGFR mutation was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction sequencing analysis of exons 18, 19, 20, and 21. KRAS mutation was tested using polymerase chain reaction–single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis of codons 12 and 13. ALK gene rearrangement was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization using an ALK break apart probe. RESULTS Molecular tests were successful in 49 of 54 cases (91%). Evaluation of EGFR mutation, KRAS mutation, and ALK gene rearrangement were performed in 49 cases, 14 cases, and 22 cases, respectively. EGFR mutations were found in 14 of 49 cases (29%), including 5 primary and 9 metastatic tumors. Three metastatic/recurrent adenocarcinomas demonstrated an additional EGFR T790M mutation that was not identified in the original specimens. KRAS mutation was detected in 3 of 14 cases (21%) including 1 primary and 2 metastatic tumors. ALK gene rearrangement was evident in 3 of 22 cases (14%), all of which were metastatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study have demonstrated the feasibility of using cytological specimens for EGFR mutation, KRAS mutation, and ALK gene rearrangement analysis. Repeating molecular testing in metastatic/recurrent lung adenocarcinomas may uncover newly acquired molecular alterations. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:500–7. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
False-positive Anti-retinal Antibodies as a Cause of Psychogenic Vision Loss

AbstractPurpose: To report a case of psychogenic vision loss caused by false-positive anti-retinal antibody testing.Methods: We describe a case of visual and systemic symptoms following anti-retinal antibody detection. The case was analyzed for clinical presentation, diagnosis, and consequences of false-positive testing.Results: The patient presented with decreased vision without detectable pathology on ophthalmic examination. Tests were ordered in search of a diagnosis, including an antibody test. Following detection of anti-retinal antibodies, the patient developed worsening visual symptoms and systemic manifestations. A repeat antibody test performed at our institution revealed negative results, which, in conjunction with lack of visual field expansion, confirmed our suspicion of psychogenic vision loss.Conclusions: Laboratory screening may be limited by test specificity and can lead to false-positive results, affecting the patient psychologically and clinically. Care must be taken in patients with pos...
Chatter supression through variable impedance and smart fluids

A novel approach to mitigating chatter vibrations in machine tools is presented. Encountered in many types of metal removal processes, chatter is a dangerous condition which results from the interaction of the cutting dynamics with the modal characteristics of the machine-workpiece assembly. Tool vibrations are recored on the surface of the workpiece during metal removal, imposing a waviness which alters the chip thickness during subsequent cutting passes. Deviations from the nominal chip thickness effect changes in the cutting force which, under certain conditions, can further excite vibrations. The chatter mitigation strategy presented is based on periodically altering the impedance of the cutting tool assembly. A cyclic electric (or magnetic) field is applied to the spindle quill which contains an electro-rheological (or magneto-rheological) fluid. The variable yield stress in the fluid affects the coupling of the spindle to the machine tool structure, changing the natural frequency of oscillation. Altering the modal characteristics in this fashion disrupts the modulation of current tool vibrations with previous tool vibrations recorded on the workpiece surface. Results from a simulated milling process reveal that significant reductions in vibration amplitude can be achieved through proper selection of fluid and excitation frequency.
Recent Advances in Theoretical and Physical Aspects of NMR Chemical Shifts

In the first part of this review, theoretical aspects of nuclear magnetic shielding include (a) general theory, for example, newly developed approaches in relativistic theory of nuclear shielding, the relation between the spin-rotation tensor and shielding in relativistic theory, ab initio methods for treating open shell systems and a complete theory of chemical shifts in paramagnetic systems, the link between the definitions of the elusive concepts aromaticity and anti-aromaticity and the magnetic properties: the magnetizability tensor and the nuclear magnetic shielding tensor via delocalized electron currents and electron current maps, (b) ab initio and DFT calculations, both relativistic and non-relativistic, for various nuclei in various molecular systems using various levels of theoretical treatment. Physical aspects include (a) anisotropy of the shielding tensor, usually from solid state measurements, and calculations to support these, (b) shielding surfaces and rovibrational averaging, paying special attention to the sensitive relationship between shielding and bond angles or torsion angles that makes shielding such a powerful tool for structural/conformational determination in macromolecules, (c) chemical shifts that arise from isotopic substitution of NMR nucleus or neighboring nuclei, (d) intermolecular effects on nuclear shielding, and (e) absolute shielding scales.
Casting a Shadow Over War Zones: The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia's Impact on Violence Against Civilians

The post-Cold War era has witnessed unspeakable atrocities against civilians. In the Bosnian War alone, tens of thousands of civilians perished, not accounting for wider traumas wrought by the bombings of major cities and rampant sexual violence. A key hope behind the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and a subsequent generation of international criminal tribunals (ICTs) was that they might deter such atrocities. However, by holding out the threat of criminal prosecution, ICTs could potentially delay the end of hostilities as parties hold out for immunity, or even trigger violent retaliation. Over twenty years after the creation of the first post-Cold War ICT, we still know very little about wartime ICTs’ actual impact.This paper has two objectives. First, it turns to criminological theories of deterrence and perpetrator studies in order to enhance hypotheses concerning ICTs’ deterrent potential. These literatures indicate that ICTs’ deterrent potential likely hinges on two factors. First, ICT officials need to secure cooperation on enforcement tasks from influential actors. Such cooperation ensures that ICTs can function, and thereby levy both sanctions against violators. Second, the threat of punishment before an ICT is only likely to exercise a deterrent effect vis-a-vis combatant leaders who perceive few benefits in deploying violence against civilians. Such leaders are likely to include those seeking legitimacy for themselves and/or their cause. When ICT personnel confront combatant leaders who perceive high benefits in offending, ICTs are unlikely to exercise a deterrent effect. These leaders are likely to include those fighting for their very survival and/or control of territory.The paper’s second objective is to test its theory of international criminal deterrence using a most-likely case: the ICTY’s involvement in the 2001 Macedonian conflict. Drawing on a wealth of interview (55 semi-structured interviews) and archival data, the paper finds support for the theory. In particular, during periods in which the ICTY personnel secured cooperation on enforcement, it exercised a deterrent effect vis-a-vis combatant leaders who perceived few benefits in using one-sided violence. These leaders included those seeking legitimacy and support for their cause. The ICTY did not, on the other hand, exercise a deterrent effect vis-a-vis those leaders who had an overriding interest in offending. They included leaders bent on territorial control or secession. The ICTY’s involvement in the 2001 Macedonian crisis thus provides a basis for the assertion that ICTs can cast a shadow over war zones.
Visceral adiposity, increased adipocyte lipolysis, and metabolic dysfunction in obese postmenopausal women.

This study determines whether there are regional differences in lipolysis and whether adipocyte lipolysis is associated with the degree of visceral adiposity and its metabolic complications in 32 o...
Loss of Transcription Factor CREBH Accelerates Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis in Ldlr−/− Mice

Objective— Liver-enriched transcription factor cAMP-responsive element-binding protein H (CREBH) regulates plasma triglyceride clearance by inducing lipoprotein lipase cofactors, such as apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV), apoA-V, and apoC-II. CREBH also regulates apoA-I transcription. This study aims to determine whether CREBH has a role in lipoprotein metabolism and development of atherosclerosis. Approach and Results— CREBH-deficient Creb3l3 −/− mice were bred with Ldlr −/− mice creating Ldlr −/− Creb3l3 −/− double knockout mice. Mice were fed on a high-fat and high-sucrose Western diet for 20 weeks. We showed that CREBH deletion in Ldlr −/− mice increased very low–density lipoprotein–associated triglyceride and cholesterol levels, consistent with the impairment of lipoprotein lipase–mediated triglyceride clearance in these mice. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were decreased in CREBH-deficient mice, which was associated with decreased production of apoA-I from the liver. The results indicate that CREBH directly activated Apoa1 gene transcription. Accompanied by the worsened atherogenic lipid profile, Ldlr −/− Creb3l3 −/− mice developed significantly more atherosclerotic lesions in the aortas than Ldlr −/− mice. Conclusions— We identified CREBH as an important regulator of lipoprotein metabolism and suggest that increasing hepatic CREBH activity may be a novel strategy for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
Consumer’S Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction with a Membership-Based Service Organization

This study examines consumer’s satisfaction/dissatisfaction with a membership-based service organization, It found that initial motivations in getting a membership is significantly related to satisfaction. Also, it found a correlation between satisfaction and a display of certain behavior as a member such as carrying a membership bumper sticker on his car.
Comparison and Evolution of Copper CMP Consumable Technology

Intensive investigation of copper CMP over the past decade has revealed that consumable technology is of critical importance. There are several reasons for this, but all are ultimately due to the chemical and material properties of copper and associated barrier layers. Moreover, in comparison to conventional dielectric polishing, copper CMP (and, perhaps, metal CMP in general) is of a much more chemical nature. This is a consequence of the fact that metal removal generally requires an oxidation-reduction mechanism while, in contrast, dielectric removal typically requires only simple hydrolysis. As any chemist knows, oxidation-reduction reactions are often notoriously hard to control and easily upset by contaminants. Of course, contaminants can be intentionally added to the chemistry for beneficial purposes in which case they become known as “proprietary additives”. In addition, to the removal chemistry, abrasive and pad technology has also undergone considerable evolution. Indeed, free abrasive, fixed abrasive, and abrasiveless technologies have all been developed. In the case of fixed abrasive polishing, this has required modification of the pads as well, however conventional and abrasiveless polishing can be carried out with conventional polyurethane pads. This picture is further complicated by the various available hardware configurations and the use of multiplaten processes.
Engineering Social Incentives for Health

So much of what determines patients' health occurs out of clinicians' reach. There are many, largely untapped, ways of organizing interactions with friends and relatives who are already part of patients' lives to help engage them in beneficial health-related behavior.
Modifying Protein in Feed

Abstract Protein and amino acid (AA) nutrition for laying hens has become increasingly precise to ensure that pullet growth, hen maintenance, and egg production and quality are optimized. Bird AA requirements, once considered only on a total dietary AA basis, are now looked at on a digestible basis and in relationship to other AA. The goal is for no AA to be deficient in the diet or fed in excess of requirements, which can lead to negative consequences. Dietary protein and AA requirements of mature birds decrease with age for both laying hens and other commercially relevant avian species (e.g., ducks and quail). However, good quality protein ingredients (either conventional or organically approved in organic systems), with consistent composition and low cost (e.g., soybean meal), are needed throughout the life of the bird. Optimizing protein and AA nutrition is critical for maintaining adequate egg production, size, and quality for laying hens.
Building a Statewide Computer Science Teacher Pipeline

From 2012 to 2015, the number of Utah secondary teachers teaching computer science courses grew from 38 to 164. This growth was made possible by introducing three new CS teacher endorsements, which reduced the effort required for existing teachers to start teaching CS. Instead of committing to completing five college-level CS courses in two years, an existing but new-to-CS Utah teacher could complete an Exploring Computer Science (ECS) endorsement in half a year. Thanks to changes to high school graduation requirements, students were able to take a CS course without using an elective credit, boosting enrollment and broadening participation. Analysis of ECS teacher surveys and student surveys found surprisingly few differences between CS-experienced teachers and new-to-CS teachers in their ability to teach CS. By the end of the ECS course, even ECS students with low confidence in their own CS abilities believed that anyone could succeed in CS, regardless of their teacher's CS background. All students' interest in taking additional CS classes significantly increased after taking ECS, although CS-experienced teachers had a stronger impact on ECS students with low confidence than new-to-CS teachers. These results suggest that school districts seeking to provide computer science education for all their students can successfully staff their CS classes by supporting existing secondary teachers with no prior CS background with quality CS professional development and mentoring.
Tattoo detection and localization using region-based deep learning

Tattoos have been increasingly used as a discriminative soft biometric for people identification, such as criminal and victim identification in forensics investigation and law enforcement. However, automatic detection of tattoo images and accurate localization of the regions of interest are challenged by the large variations in artistic composition, color, shape, texture, location on the body, local geometric shape (e.g. neck and finger), imaging conditions, and image quality. In this paper, we train a tattoo detector from the Tatt-C and PASCAL VOC 2007 image datasets using region-based deep learning. The detector can effectively determine if an image contains tattoos and the locations of tattoo regions. We carry out a comprehensive evaluation of our tattoo image classification and detection localization. The detector improves upon the state-of-the-art algorithms in the Tatt-C challenge, achieving a better detection error trade-off curve. It yields low confidence scores on randomly sampled non-tattoo images from 397 scene categories in the MIT-SUN dataset. In addition, the same detector is also validated on the NTU Tattoo Image Dataset with 10000 images.
Glass Temperature Measurement Using Infrared Techniques

Abstract The physical principles of temperature measurements using infrared techniques and the application of these techniques to the measurement of glass temperatures are explained. Spectroscopic and pyrometrie measurements on several glass samples are presented to illustrate the principles. Finally, several examples of the application of infrared pyrometers to problems in industrial glass temperature measurements are given.
Effects of maternal high-fat diet and sedentary lifestyle on susceptibility of adult offspring to ozone exposure in rats

Epidemiological and experimental data suggest that obesity exacerbates the health effects of air pollutants such as ozone (O3). Maternal inactivity and calorically rich diets lead to offspring that show signs of obesity. Exacerbated O3 susceptibility of offspring could thus be manifested by maternal obesity. Thirty-day-old female Long-Evans rats were fed a control (CD) or high-fat (HF) (60% calories) diet for 6 wks and then bred. GD1 rats were then housed with a running wheel (RW) or without a wheel (SED) until parturition, creating four groups of offspring: CD-SED, CD-RW, HF-SED and HF-RW. HF diet was terminated at PND 35 and all offspring were placed on CD. Body weight and %fat of dams were greatest in order; HF-SED > HF-RW > CD-SED > CD-RW. Adult offspring were exposed to O3 for two consecutive days (0.8 ppm, 4 h/day). Glucose tolerance tests (GTT), ventilatory parameters (plethysmography), and bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) cell counts and protein biomarkers were performed to assess response to O3. Exercise and diet altered body weight and %fat of young offspring. GTT, ventilation and BALF cell counts were exacerbated by O3 with responses markedly exacerbated in males. HF diet and O3 led to significant exacerbation of several BALF parameters: total cell count, neutrophils and lymphocytes were increased in male HF-SED versus CD-SED. Males were hyperglycemic after O3 exposure and exhibited exacerbated GTT responses. Ventilatory dysfunction was also exacerbated in males. Maternal exercise had minimal effects on O3 response. The results of this exploratory study suggest a link between maternal obesity and susceptibility to O3 in their adult offspring in a sex-specific manner.
Audiologist perceptions of diagnosis and management of children with non-organic hearing loss (NOHL)

Purpose: About 7% of children between 6 and 17 years of age suffer from non-organic hearing loss (NOHL), yet little is known about how audiologists diagnose and manage this population. Audiologist ...
The Kinks of Financial Journalism

This paper studies the content of financial news as a function of past market returns. As a proxy for media content we use positive and negative word counts from general financial news columns from the Wall Street Journal and the New York Times. Our empirical analysis allows us to discriminate between theories that predict hyping good stock performance to those that emphasize negative news. The evidence is conclusive: negative market returns taint the ink of typewriters, while positive returns barely do.
From micromammals to paleoenvironments

Micromammal assemblages are often used in paleoecological reconstructions. However, in studies to date, the environmental variables reconstructed were not shown to drive micromammal community structure before the reconstruction was attempted. Furthermore, the relative abundance data is too often dismissed despite its potential paleoecological value. Here we chose to reconstruct the botanical succession stage known to impact micromammal communities in the Mediterranean zone of Israel. We used weighted averaging partial least squares (WAPLS) regression to model the connection between botanical succession phase and the micromammal faunas as reflected in Tyto alba pellets. In addition to cross-validation, we validated our model using historical T. alba pellet data and contemporary maps. Moreover, we tested the repercussions of misidentifying the owl species in archaeological micromammal assemblages by applying our model to Recent assemblages collected by other owl species. Our WAPLS model differentiated forested environments from garrigue or grassland dominated ones in both the cross-validation and in the reconstructed historical environments. However, urban environments were not well distinguished from grasslands and garrigues, and misidentifying the owl species severely compromised model performance. Our results stress the potential insight deducible from micromammal relative abundance data, given its reliance on empirically tested relationships between fauna, environment, and taphonomic agent (predator).
Test Review: Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language–Second Edition:

This article presents a review of the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language–Second Edition (CASL-2), in which reliability, utility, and validity are analyzed and discussed. Some limited recommendations for practice are made based on a review of the information provided by the publisher for clinicians.
Random Group Variance Estimators for Survey Data with Random Hot Deck Imputation

Random hot deck imputation is often applied to survey data with nonresponse. One of the popular methods for variance estimation without nonresponse is the random group method, which has to be adjusted when it is applied to imputed data. One such kind of adjustment is reimputing nonrespondents in each random group. We show that the random group method with reimputation produces asymptotically unbiased and consistent variance estimators for estimated population totals. As a special case of our general result, the random group variance estimator for the case of no nonresponse is asymptotically unbiased and consistent, a result that has not been documented although the random group method is frequently used in applications. We also show how to apply a shortcut random group method, which reduces the computational complexity due to reimputation, and establish the asymptotic unbiasedness and consistency of the resulting variance estimators.
Computer Models of Individual Living Cells in Cell Populations

The biosynthetic capacity of an individual cell is dependent on its structure. The response of large population of cells reflects the aggregated response of individual cells. Individual cell’s differ from one and another. The use of population balance equations to describe the dynamic response of populations to perturbations in their environment is computationally difficult when both the structure of individual cells and their distribution within the population are important. We circumvent these computational problems by building highly structured models of individual cells and then using a finite-representation technique to model the whole population. Application of this technique to predicting protein production from recombinant DNA is described.