cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multilevel grid method for history matching multi-dimensional multi-phase reservoir models

Abstract The multilevel grid method (different from the multigrid method commonly used for accelerating the iterative solution process of linear algebraic equations) is used here to develop an efficient numerical algorithm for history matching multi-phase multi-dimensional reservoir models. The purpose of history matching is to identify the unknown oil reservoir structural parameters by matching the computed pressure values with measured pressure values at observation wells. One of the major problems in history matching is that the identified parameter distribution is very sensitive to the initial guess used to start the history matching process. The problem becomes worse as the number of grid points increases. With the multilevel grid, the history matching process starts on a coarse grid; the parameter distribution identified on the coarse grid is then interpolated onto a finer grid and used as a better initial guess to start the history matching on the finer grid. Although the history matching process becomes more sensitive to the initial guess as the number of grid points increases, the better initial guess obtained from the solution on the coarse grid offsets the increased sensitivity and improves the quality of the identified parameter distribution on the finer grid. The grid can be refined repeatedly until the desired resolution has been achieved. Numerical examples for two- and three-dimensional reservoir models are given in the paper, which demonstrate that the algorithm presented here is able to identify the reservoir absolute permeability distributions varying over the field by an order of magnitude with a constant initial guess deviating from the true distribution by two orders of magnitude. The use of the multilevel grid also reduces the computational complexity of the algorithm and speeds up the computations.
Phenomenology and the Question of Instant Replay: A Crisis of the Sciences?

In this article, I address the question of whether or not the use of instant replay in sports improves the ability of officials to make correct calls. I pay special attention to the use of instant reply in American gridiron football. I first explain the method of static phenomenology, by recourse to Edmund Husserl's work and apply a static phenomenological method to the official's quest for evidence in the analysis of a still frame of video. Second, I expose Husserl's genetic method of phenomenology and apply it to the official's search for evidence and accuracy when assessing a play in a frame-by-frame or super-slow-motion analysis. I then look critically at the intersection of these two methods in instant replay analysis. My conclusion is that in cases calling only for a static analysis, I think that instant replay is beneficial. In other cases, the application of a static, frame-by-frame analysis, abstracted from lived experience, to a context of movement, can disrupt the normality of perception such t...
Physically Based Hydrological Modeling of the 2002 Floods in San Antonio, Texas

AbstractThe July 2002 floods in South Texas resulted from excessive precipitation caused by a slow moving tropical wave accompanied by an abundance of tropical moisture, which resulted in 12 deaths and nearly $1 billion in damage. South Central Texas is particularly vulnerable to floods because of: (1) its proximity to a moist air source (the Gulf of Mexico); (2) the Balcones Escarpment, which concentrates rainfall runoff; (3) a tendency for synoptic scale features to become cut off and stall over the area; and (4) decaying tropical cyclones stalling over the area. This paper examines the hydrology of the July 2002 floods in three urbanized watersheds in the city of San Antonio and Bexar County, Texas. The physically based, distributed parameter gridded surface subsurface hydrologic analysis hydrologic model was used to simulate the flood over the three watersheds. Various flood control features were included in the simulations. The hydrologic model, driven by the next generation radar multi-sensor precip...
Synthesis and structures of two new metal–organic polymers containing imidazoldicarboxylate ligands for hydrogen bonding networks, one with a covalent pleated sheet conformation

The reactions of Cd(NO 3 ) 2 · 4H 2 O with imidazol-4,5-dicarboxylic acid and 4,4′-bipyridine under hydrothermal reaction conditions resulted in two metal–organic polymers [(H 2 O) 2 Cd(H 2 IDC) 2 ] · BPY ( 1 ) and [(H 2 O) 2 Cd 2 (HIDC) 2 BPY] ( 2 ). The compound 1 has a three-dimensional (3D) hydrogen-bonding network. The hydrogen-bonding linked 3D structure of complex 2 composed of covalent pleated sheets.
Celebrity Stalking, Homicide, and Suicide A Psychological Autopsy

Despite the high-profile nature of many celebrity stalking cases, little is known about the offenders and even less is known about those who kill their celebrity victims. The case of an obsessed fan who attempted to kill a rock star and then committed suicide is presented. By analyzing his detailed diary, both insight into the motivational dynamics of this type of stalker and delineation of several warning signs, which help differentiate an enthusiastic fan from one who harbors a potentially dangerous obsession, is gained.
The AAEA Membership: Employment and Mobility Patterns

Perceptions of one's profession are very subjective. For agricultural economists this subjectivity is increased because of the diversity of employment opportunities both within the profession and within even the academic component of that profession. Thus, data that can be used to provide more objective views are of interest, making individuals aware of more general patterns within the profession. Both Helmberger and Boddy have provided data on the market situation for agricultural economists in 1970, while Gray (1973a, b) has offered some interesting analyses of changing interest areas within the profession. This note summarizes data obtained in the 1971 survey of members of the American Agricultural Economics Association (AAEA). The first section summarizes this data to describe general employment patterns of agricultural economists, defined here as members of the AAEA. Then, some characteristics of the mobility of members are considered. Particular interest focuses upon academicians, and several measures examine the extent of inbreeding on faculties of agricultural economics. The AAEA membership data that were published as the " HandbookDirectory" of the AAEA in 1972 pose several problems for these analyses. Initially, all student members and all incomplete responses were eliminated. The remaining 2,075 members constitute this sample of the agricultural economics profession. It is a biased sample, representing mostly individuals who have obtained advanced degrees. Thus, the analyses should be extrapolated to the profession at large with a great deal of caution. The data constitute a snapshot of the profession, and that picture is now somewhat dated. Consequently, the material presented here is primarily descriptive. Interesting patterns do emerge, however, and these may stimulate others to seek further for explanations.
Asymptotic properties of least squares estimators for discrete compound distributions

Let (X, Λ) be a pair of random variables, where Λ is an Ω (a compact subset of the real line) valued random variable with the density functiong(Θ: α) andX is a real-valued random variable whose conditional probability function given Λ=Θ is P {X=x|Θ} withx=x 0, x1, …. Based onn independent observations ofX, x (n), we are to estimate the true (unknown) parameter vectorα=(α 1, α2, ...,αm) of the probability function ofX, Pα(X=∫ΩP{X=x|Θ}g(Θ:α)dΘ. A least squares estimator of α is any vector\(\hat \alpha \left( {X^{\left( n \right)} } \right)\) which minimizes $$n^{ - 1} \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {\left( {P_\alpha \left( {x_i } \right) - fn\left( {x_i } \right)} \right)^2 } $$ wherex (n)=(x1, x2,…,x n) is a random sample ofX andf n(xi)=[number ofx i inx (n)]/n. It is shown that the least squares estimators exist as a unique solution of the normal equations for all sufficiently large sample size (n) and the Gauss-Newton iteration method of obtaining the estimator is numerically stable. The least squares estimators converge to the true values at the rate of\(O\left( {\sqrt {2\log \left( {{{\log n} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\log n} n}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} n}} \right)} } \right)\) with probability one, and has the asymptotically normal distribution.
Surgical causes of failure in endoscopic sinus surgery

Objectives: Evaluate causes of surgical failure at time of revision endoscopic sinus surgery. Study Design : Prospective review of 682 cases that had endoscopic sinus surgery performed between 1991 and 1995. Methods: In all cases, variables of age, sex, asthma, allergy, computed tomography stage, associated procedures, complications, and operative findings were collected. Those cases that had a failure after a previous endoscopic sinus procedure and not an intranasal procedure or an external procedure were evaluated. Results: Fifty-two patients (7.6%) were identified. The age range was 24 to 70 years. The most common cause of failure was residual air cells and adhesions in the ethmoid area (30.7%), followed by maxillary sinus ostium stenosis in 27%, frontal sinus ostium stenosis in 25%, and a separate maxillary sinus ostium stenosis in 15% of the cases. Conclusion: Review of surgical causes of failure in endoscopic sinus surgery patients revealed that residual air cells and stenotic maxillary or frontal sinus ostium were the most common causes of failures.
Two-phase anaerobic treatment of cane-molasses alcohol stillage

Anaerobic treatment of cane-molasses alcohol stillage was studied in a thermophilic two-phase system comprising two bioreactors for the acidogenic and methanogenic phases respectively in comparison with the single-phase process. The experiments were conducted with HRT ranging from 36.0 to 9.0 days for single-phase and from 32.7 to 5.6 days for two-phase, corresponding to organic loading rates of 3.452 to 14.487 and 4.646 to 20.022 kgCODm −3 day −1 respectively. The treatment efficiency was essentially maintained at BOD 5 and COD removal of over 85% and 65% respectively in the two-phase process even with higher substrate loading. The acidogenic phase provided satisfactory conversion of initial COD to VFA averaging 15.6% in the degree of acidification. The methanogenic culture pH of both systems was maintained in a range of 7.4 to 7.8 through self regulation. The methane content of the biogas generated from the two-phase process was significantly higher by about 17% than that from the single-phase process, both decreasing with increasing substrate loading and shorter HRT. The mean overall methane yield was found to be 0.168 m 3 CH 4 (STP)kg −1 COD added or 0.292 m 3 CH 4 (STP)kg −1 VS added from two-phase methanogenesis, compared to 0.055 m 3 CH 4 (STP)kg −1 COD added or 0.082 m 3 CH 4 (STP)kg −1 VS added from single-phase fermentation. However, methane yield in the two-phase process was enhanced only at COD loading rates higher than 2.9 kgm −3 day −1 or VS loading rates higher than 1.8 kgm −3 day −1 . The ultimate methane yield was evaluated graphically to be 0.216 m 3 CH 4 (STP)kg −1 COD added , or 0.401 m 3 CH 4 (STP)kg −1 VS added . This indicated a methane yield efficiency of 73-78% for the two-phase anaerobic digestion of cane-molasses alcohol stillage, which was composed of 24.2% and 28.2% of non-biodegradable COD and VS respectively. Kinetic evaluation of the experimental data provided θ m (minumum SRT) and K (kinetic constant) values as 6.6 days and 0.166 respectively based on COD, or 7.0 days and 0.160 respectively based on VS. Application of the two-phase anaerobic process on full scale at an industrial treatment plant for alcohol stillage showed mean treatment efficiency in terms of BOD 5 and COD reduction of 84.3% and 63.2% respectively at an average loading rate of 5.1 kgCODm −3 day −1 , which was in good agreement with the bench-scale studies, considering the great variation in the raw wastewater characteristics typical of an industrial operation.
Solubilization of Oily Compounds into Fluorocarbon−Hydrocarbon Hybrid Surfactant Admicelles Formed on Alumina Surfaces

Sodium 1-oxo-1-[(4-fluoroalkyl)phenyl]-2-alkanesulfonates (FCm−HCn), fluorocarbon−hydrocarbon hybrid surfactants, exhibit a peculiar adsorption behavior on solid surfaces. This report dealt with an investigation on the solubilization of oily compounds into admicelles of the hybrid surfactant. Comparison was also made between the solubilization behavior of the hybrid surfactant and that of sodium 1-(4-alkylphenyl)-1-oxo-2-alkanesulfonates (HCm−HCn), double chain-type surfactants, in which the fluorocarbon chain in the hybrid surfactant is replaced by a hydrocarbon chain. As a result, FCm−HCn admicelles were found to solubilize fluorocarbons such as fluorobenzene and perfluorobenzene as well as hydrocarbon (2-naphthol). The amount adsolubilized for these oily compounds increased in the order 2-naphthol < fluorobenzene < perfluorobenzene, showing a high ability of the hybrid surfactant to solubilize oily compounds containing fluorine. On the other hand, HCm−HCn could solubilize fluorocarbons in only very sma...
Small proline-rich protein 1 is the major component of the cell envelope of normal human oral keratinocytes

Oral keratinocytes of buccal and gingival tissues undergo a terminal differentiation program to form a protective epithelial barrier as non-keratinized or parakeratinized stratified cells. We have examined the protein composition of cell envelopes (CEs) from normal human buccal and gingival tissues as well as keratinocytes from normal human gingival cells grown in culture. Biochemical and sequencing analyses reveal that the CEs contain 60-70% small proline-rich protein 1a/b (SPR1a/b), together with smaller amounts of involucrin, annexin I and several other known CE proteins. The data imply a specialized role for SPR1 proteins in the unique barrier function requirements of oral epithelia.
Gender Equality as a Means to Improve Maternal and Child Health in Africa

In this article we examine whether measures of gender equality, household decision making, and attitudes toward gender-based violence are associated with maternal and child health outcomes in Africa. We pooled Demographic and Health Surveys data from eight African countries and used multilevel logistic regression on two maternal health outcomes (low body mass index and facility delivery) and two child health outcomes (immunization status and treatment for an acute respiratory infection). We found protective associations between the gender equality measures and the outcomes studied, indicating that gender equality is a potential strategy to improve maternal and child health in Africa.
Regulation of antigen-induced human T-lymphocyte responses by calcineurin antagonists.

Abstract Background: Cyclosporin A (CS) and tacrolimus (FK506, FK) are calcineurin antagonists used widely as T-cell immunosuppressants; however, their relative efficacy on antigen-stimulated T-cell subsets remains undefined. Objective: We have examined the effects of CS and FK on antigen-driven proliferation and cytokine generation from human PBMCs and T-cell clones. Methods: Proliferation was assessed by tritiated thymidine incorporation. Cytokine generation was assessed by reverse transcription–PCR and ELISA. Results: Ragweed- and tetanus toxoid–driven proliferation of PBMCs was down-regulated equally by CS or FK. Gene expression for proinflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ) assessed by reverse transcription–PCR was down-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner by either drug. Antigen-induced proliferation of ragweed-specific Th0, Th1, or Th2 clones was inhibited by either CS or FK. Cytokine gene expression and protein secretion into culture supernatants (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ) were down-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner by either CS or FK in all relevant T-cell subsets. Interestingly, down-regulation of IL-5 protein generation from Th0 and Th2 clones was consistently less sensitive to either drug than was the effect on either IL-4 or IL-13 protein generation. Conclusion: CS and FK promote equivalent down-regulation of Th0, Th1, and Th2 responses; however, IL-5 generation is relatively insensitive to the immunomodulatory effects of calcineurin antagonists. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:828-35.)
Firms that choose outsourcing: a profile

Abstract A nationwide survey of senior Information Systems (IS) managers in U.S. organizations reveals several structural and managerial characteristics of organizations that outsource one or more IS activities. The characteristics include organizational position of the IS manager, CEO involvement in IS (e.g., presence on an IS steering committee and personal use of computers), and IS performance. Outsourcing activities examined are hardware (e.g., network, PC, workstation, minicomputer, and mainframe maintenance and support); software (e.g., contract programming and software support/ training) and comprehensive management activities (e.g., facility management and systems integration). Apparently CEOs who are heavily involved in a steering committee are the least likely to outsource. CEOs that actively use computers are more likely to outsource specific hardware and software activities, whereas CEOs who do not personally use a computer are more likely to outsource comprehensive management activities. In addition, the distance between the CEO and the IS manager is a factor: further distance makes it more likely that IS functions are outsourced. Industry leaders are among the smallest proportion of outsourcing firms, whereas close followers are the largest.
Surfactant-containing phosphate investments

Abstract Means for increasing the hygroscopic setting expansion of phosphate investments by the addition of surface-active agents to the liquids prior to mixing are reported. Increased expansions of about 40% are possible with some investment-surfactant combinations. Cationic, anionic, and non-ionic types are all shown in some instances to significantly increase expansions. All surfactants decrease consistencies. The maximum concentrations that were able to be added without significantly affecting consistencies were about 0.1% for the cationic and non-ionic types and 2% for the anionic type. Setting times were midly affected, whereas the compressive strengths were all significantly decreased.
Zinc, copper, and iron metabolism during porcine fetal development

Zinc, copper, and iron levels in maternal and fetal pig tissues and fluids were measured starting on d 30 of gestation and continuing to term (d 114) at 10-d intervals. Fetal hematocrit increased from a low of 19% on d 30 to 32% by d 50, after which it remained above 30% to term. Amniotic fluid zinc, copper, and iron all reached maximal levels by d 60 of gestation. Maternal serum zinc levels fluctuated little during gestation, but fetal serum zinc concentration was significantly elevated above maternal levels during the second trimester. Fetal serum copper levels were significantly lower than maternal values throughout gestation and this was also the case for ceruloplasmin oxidase activity. Maternal serum iron reached its lowest level by d 80 of gestation when rate of transfer of iron to the developing fetuses was high. Fetal serum iron declined throughout gestation, reaching its lowest level on d 100. In general, fetal liver concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron were higher than the corresponding maternal values throughout gestation. Distinct increases were noted for fetal hepatic zinc and copper concentrations during the second trimester of pregnancy and these were accompanied by increases in cytosolic and metallothionein-bound zinc and copper levels. Maternal hepatic iron declined during the second trimester, reaching its lowest point on d 80, indicative of the shunting of maternal iron reserves to fetal tissues. Fetal kidney metal levels did not demonstrate any distinctive developmental patterns with respect to zinc, copper, or iron concentrations, but a general accumulation of each metal was observed as gestation progressed. The results of this study highlight some of the distinct changes occurring in the metabolism of zinc, copper, and iron in both maternal and fetal tissues and fluids during gestation in the pig.
The Midterm and Long-term Results of the Mustard Operation in Patients with Transposition of the Great Vessels and Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

Eight of 43 patients with transposition of the great vessels (TGV) and either an intact ventricular septum or very small ventricular septal defect were found to have dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). The preoperative left ventricle-pulmonary artery (LV-PA) pressure gradient ranged between 14 and 60 mm Hg. In 3 patients the pulmonary artery could not be catheterized. They had a left ventricular pressure of 43, 45, and 62 mm Hg, respectively, no evidence of pulmonary vascular disease, and either echocardiographic or angiocardiographic demonstration of LVOTO. The outflow tract was explored in 3 patients at the time of the Mustard operation. Exposure of the LVOT was difficult, particularly in patients less than 6 months of age. A shallow septal myectomy was performed in 1 patient; a thin fibrous endocardial scar was resected in 2; and no procedure was performed in the third. All 8 patients survived and remain asymptomatic 1 to 11 years (mean, 5 years) after operation. The LV-PA pressure gradient has either remained the same or has increased in every patient except 1 in whom there was a slight reduction in the gradient. We conclude that dynamic LVOTO persists after the Mustard operation and is not amenable to direct surgical relief. However, an excellent clinical result can be obtained for up to 11 years after operation.
The effect of carriers on the production of antibodies to the gastrin tetrapeptide.

Abstract The physiologically active fragment of gastrin, its C-terminal tetrapeptide amide, was antigenic only when conjugated to serum protein carriers; conjugates with poly- l -lysine and poly- l -glutamic acid evoked no antibodies to the tetrapeptide moiety. The immunoreactivity of four gastrin tetrapeptide congeners (gastrin tetrapeptide, gastrin pentapeptide, human gastrin, and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin) was evaluated by examining the ability of equimolar quantities of the congeners to inhibit the reaction between anti-tetrapeptide antibody and either [125I] gastrin or to a radioiodinated conjugate of gastrin tetrapeptide to a copolymer of glutamic acid, alanine and tyrosine. When [125I] gastrin was the label, gastrin was the most effective inhibitors and tetrapeptide the least effective; with the [125I] copolymer-tetrapeptide conjugate, the most effective inhibitor was tetrapeptide sequence. For each labeled detector a defined series of parallel inhibition plots were noted (in which the homologous inhibitort was the most effective) which could be extrapolated to total inhibition. Finally, the study documented that the EDC and CMC carbodiimides form immunogenic products when reacted with proteins or poly amino acids, but products do not cross-react to a significant degree.
Phosphorus Runoff from Turfgrass as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilization and Clipping Management

Phosphorus enrichment of surface water is a concern in many urban watersheds. A 3-yr study on a silt loam soil with 5% slope and high soil test P (27 mg kg(-1) Bray P1) was conducted to evaluate P fertilization and clipping management effects on P runoff from turfgrass (Poa pratensis L.) under frozen and nonfrozen conditions. Four fertilizer treatments were compared: (i) no fertilizer, (ii) nitrogen (N)+potassium (K)+0xP, (iii) N+K+1xP, and (iv) N+K+3xP. Phosphorus rates were 21.3 and 63.9 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) the first year and 7.1 and 21.3 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) the following 2 yr. Each fertilizer treatment was evaluated with clippings removed or clippings recycled back to the turf. In the first year, P runoff increased with increasing P rate and P losses were greater in runoff from frozen than nonfrozen soil. In year 2, total P runoff from the no fertilizer treatment was greater than from treatments receiving fertilizer. This was because reduced turf quality resulted in greater runoff depth from the no fertilizer treatment. In year 3, total P runoff from frozen soil and cumulative total P runoff increased with increasing P rate. Clipping management was not an important factor in any year, indicating that returning clippings does not significantly increase P runoff from turf. In the presence of N and K, P fertilization did not improve turf growth or quality in any year. Phosphorus runoff can be reduced by not applying P to high testing soils and avoiding fall applications when P is needed.
Color scales in simulated daylight

The pigmentation plan used for production of the color cards made available by the Optical Society of America (OSA) for its Committee on Uniform Color Scales (UCS) was designed in such a manner that the color scales should, within the production tolerances, appear uniform in all phases of daylight. The production specifications were based on D65 of the Commission International de L'Eclairage (CIE) and the CIE supplementary observer (1964) for 10° visual-field subtense. To test for the intended invariance of uniformity of the scales in daylight, for normal observers, the effects on color differences between all nearest neighbors of the OSA colors have been studied for CIE Illuminant C with the 1931 observer, and for a “daylight” fluorescent luminaire (color temperature 6500 K) with both the 1931 and 1964 CIE observers. Although the colorimetric specifications (Y, x, y) of each color card are different for those three illuminant + observer combinations, the color differences computed with the formula of the OSA-UCS committee are, within the production tolerances, unchanged. The purpose of this article is to show how well the aim and expectation is fulfilled—that the uniformity of color differences between nearest neighbors in the scales of the OSA-UCS colors be essentially unchanged for normal observers and for ordinary variations of the quality of natural and artificial daylight. This invariance is found, even for daylight-quality fluorescent-lamp light.
The National Academy of Engineering in the United States

At the end of 1964 a National Academy of Engineering was formed under the charter of the US National Academy of Sciences. The new Academy was formed as part of the structure of the NAS but as an autonomous and parallel partner operating on a co-ordinated basis. After two and a half years the Academy is still feeling its way along. Its present aims and objectives are here reviewed together with the background which led to its formation.
The effects of various methods of sacrifice and of ethanol on adenosine levels in selected areas of rat brain.

Abstract The effect of acute ethanol on adenosine content in four motor areas of the male Sprague-Dawley rat brain was investigated using HPLC-fluorescence detection. Since basal adenosine levels are difficult to assess due to extremely rapid turnover of adenosine, four different methods of sacrifice were also evaluated for adenosine measurement. The rank order for best results in measuring adenosine content with the various methods of sacrifice was: focused microwave irradiation > decapitation into liquid nitrogen > immersion into liquid nitrogen > decapitation. These differences probably reflect differences in degree of hypoxia and postmortem anoxia, factors well known to elevate adenosine, associated with the sacrifice method. Focused microwave irradiation of appropriate duration was found to be the best method of sacrifice and the results probably most closely reflect true basal adenosine levels. No significant alteration in adenosine content in any brain region examined was observed due to ethanol administration.
Examination of Media Channels and Types as Health Information Sources for Adolescents: Comparisons for Black/White, Male/Female, Urban/Rural

Using Primary Socialization Theory, this survey of 452 young people indicates their most reported health learning is from television, followed by radio, print, Internet, and social networking media...
Histologic Effects of Ultrasound-assisted Lipoplasty

Abstract Background: In spite of the increasing popularity of ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty (UAL), questions remain about the effects of ultrasound energy on soft tissues, indications for the technique, and parameters for safe application and optimal results. Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the tissue effects of UAL and to correlate those effects with parameters based on clinical experience. Methods: Histologic evaluation with standard histologic staining was done on abdominoplasty specimens treated with UAL on one side and standard liposuction on the opposite side in patients undergoing both abdominoplasty and UAL. Additionally, 100 consecutive patients treated with UAL were reviewed. Results: It was found that optimal results correlated with submaximal amplitude settings, loss of tissue resistance to probe movement, and change in color of the aspirate from pale yellow to pink or tan as end points for the application of ultrasound. Histologic evaluation revealed that these parameters were associated with minimal effect on connective tissues and blood vessels. Longer application times were associated with disruption of collagen and elastin structures. Conclusions: This study confirms that UAL is an effective and safe technique in experienced hands when attention is given to easily observed end points for application of ultrasound energy.
Nature unmirrored, epistemology naturalized

A. Knowledge and Justification: The nature of epistemic justification and its supervenience.
Somatosensory neurons grown on functionalized carbon nanotube mats

We demonstrate that a functionalized carbon nanotube mat deposited on a track-etch membrane is a permissive substratum for somatosensory neurons from a dorsal root ganglion to grow in cell culture. The functional groups attached to the nanotube surface play an important role in assisting neurite extension during culture. Our scanning electron microcopy (SEM) study reveals intertwinement between the neurites and underlying functionalized carbon nanotubes which indicates their strong interaction at the nanoscale. The functional groups are considered to act as anchoring seeds which may enhance the adhesion of neurons as well as neurites, thus promoting neurite growth.
Minimally Invasive Open Renal Surgery

Purpose: Improved pediatric laparoscopic techniques and instruments have led to the increased popularity of laparoscopic pyeloplasty and nephrectomy at some centers. The recent trend has compared laparoscopic to open techniques to draw parallel conclusions from the adult literature that laparoscopic surgery in children offers the same advantages. Historically open renal surgery in the pediatric population has been done successfully but usually through more traumatic incisions. We present our experience with minimally invasive open renal surgery.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of the last 6 years was performed of consecutive open pyeloplasties for ureteropelvic junction obstruction and open nephrectomy for multicystic dysplastic kidneys and renal duplication anomalies at a tertiary hospital for children. Parameters evaluated were patient age at surgery, surgical incision size, operative time, hospital stay and the need for postoperative narcotics.Results: A total of 135 patients underwent ope...
Gene expression profiling in a mouse model of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis reveals upregulation of immediate early genes and mediators of the inflammatory response

Background The infantile form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (also known as infantile Batten disease) is caused by hereditary deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme, palmitoyl-protein thioesterase-1 (PPT1), and is characterized by severe cortical degeneration with blindness and cognitive and motor dysfunction. The PPT1-deficient knockout mouse recapitulates the key features of the disorder, including seizures and death by 7–9 months of age. In the current study, we compared gene expression profiles of whole brain from PPT1 knockout and normal mice at 3, 5 and 8 months of age to identify temporal changes in molecular pathways implicated in disease pathogenesis.
Paul's Mediterranean Gospel: Faith, Hope, Love

Paul's signature triad of faith, hope, and love carries significations that are at home in the domestic religion of Mediterranean culture. As such both the cosmology and the soteriology of the sonship of Jesus extend into domestic relations of subordination and obediential suffering. This inquiry into the Mediterranean understanding of faith, hope, and love reveals a corporate rather than personal meaning for the values, which Paul treats as standards for behavior in the evangelical assemblies.
Ergonomic design of handheld tools to prevent trauma to the hand and upper extremity

Abstract This article provides a literature review of the ergonomic design of handheld tools. Too often the handle of the tool that connects the worker to his or her work becomes the cause of cumulative trauma within industry. With increasing costs of workers’ compensation, increasing work-related injuries, and increasing need for biomechanical alterations of work station designs, industries are developing new strategies. Safety and personnel managers are now more likely to ask for budgets that include work-station analysis to reduce the incidence of cumulative trauma. This article presents the correct ergonomic design of tools and work stations for work analyses.
Sonoma State University’s North Bay Historic Preservation Digital Collection: Starting a Digital Project

A number of years ago, a staff member in the Sonoma State University (SSU) Library’s regional and special collections department discovered a box of mounted photographs and accompanying display material of Sonoma County sites. A bit of detective work led to further identification of these photos as part of a larger compilation of materials associated with History 362, a course offered at SSU in the mid-1970s. More recently, additional materials were connected to this original discovery, including photo negatives, proof sheets, and some slides; a dozen audiotaped interviews of Sonoma County residents; student papers on the architectural styles of buildings in the county; resource inventories of historic county sites; and files from the offices of two history professors who were involved in the work to create these documents. And History 362 wasn’t the only course with which various documents were associated. The organization of materials continues to this day, but the regional and special collections department staff has managed to piece together most of the history of this unique collection.
Hybrid Laser/Gas Metal Arc Welding of High Strength Steel Gas Transmission Pipelines

Despite significant investment, one-shot welding and power beam processes have not been very successful in achieving real benefits in pipeline construction. The most promising of the newer and more innovative welding processes is the hybrid Laser/arc welding process (HLAW), which can complete 5G welds, assure weld soundness, material properties, and an acceptable geometric profile. The combination of new lasers and pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW-P) power source technologies have led to important innovations in the HLAW process that have been shown to increase the travel speed for successful root pass welding. In particular, high power Yb fiber lasers with high efficiency (25% compared with 3% for a Nd:YAG laser) allow a 10kW laser to be built the size of a refrigerator. This allows for previously unheard of portability and power levels for use outside the laboratory and on the pipeline right-of-way. The objective was to develop and apply an innovative HLAW system for mechanized welding of high strength, high integrity, pipelines and develop 5G welding procedures for X80 and X100 pipe, including mechanical testing to API 1104. The main goal of a cost-matched JIP was to develop a prototype hybrid high power Yb fiber laser and GMAW head based on a commercially available bug and band system (Figure 1). Under the DOT project, the subject of this paper, innovative technologies for pipeline girth welding were developed. External hybrid root pass welding techniques were developed for variations of laser power (4–10 kW) and root face thickness (4–8 mm) as this has the greatest potential to meet existing pipeline integrity requirements and facilitate the use of new high power Yb fiber lasers for high speed HLAW of pipe root passes. Following the integration of the Yb fiber laser and GMAW head onto a commercially available bug and band system (CRC-Evans P450) the system was used to achieve full penetration welds with a 4 mm root at a travel speed of 2.3 m/min. The root welds were made in a “double down” configuration using laser powers up to 10kW and travel speeds up to 3 m/min. The final objective of the project is to demonstrate the hybrid LBW/GMAW system under field conditions.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The intensity of the addictive drive or what price pleasure

This paper makes observation as to the nature and intensity of the addictive drive. Three cases of addicts displaying physical mutilations of various sorts are described and others alluded to, wherein the addict failed to remove himself from a life-threatening situation. The recklessness of addictive behavior and its relationship to a drive state based on biological and pharmacological principles is discussed.
Differential luminescence thermometry in laser cooling of solids

We have developed a non-contact spectroscopic technique to measure the temperature change of Thulium-doped glasses and crystals with high precision. The approach makes use of temperature-dependent broadening of various peaks in the luminescence spectra A weak, cw probe laser excites the sample in vacuum. The luminescence spectrum is collected by a fiber and routed to a high-resolution spectrometer. We have demonstrated temperature resolution of 62 mK in Tin:BaY 2 F 8 .
Dynamics of quantum liquids at high momentum.

The dynamic form factor S(Q,\ensuremath{\omega}) in liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ is evaluated in the wave-vector transfer range 3\ensuremath{\le}Q\ensuremath{\le}15 A${\r{}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The input is the pair interatomic potential, developed by Aziz et al. The S(Q,\ensuremath{\omega}) is calculated within the random-phase approximation (RPA) which becomes valid when \ensuremath{\Elzxh}Q is much larger than the average momentum in the liquid. A T-matrix approximation represents the interaction appearing in the RPA. The aim is to explore how well S(Q,\ensuremath{\omega}) can be described for 3\ensuremath{\le}Q\ensuremath{\le}15 A${\mathrm{\r{}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ from first principles. In $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, we find S(Q,\ensuremath{\omega}) is a broad, nearly Gaussian function, centered just below the recoil frequency having a width and shape that agrees well with experiment. It does, however, have tails at high frequency which make important contributions to its moments. In $^{4}\mathrm{He}$, S(Q,\ensuremath{\omega}) is a more sharply peaked function which also agrees quite well with experiment. We are able to reproduce the oscillations in the peak position and in the width of S(Q,\ensuremath{\omega}) with Q in liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ observed by Martel et al. In the present model, these oscillations originate from oscillations in the magnitude of the T-matrix interaction with Q. The corresponding oscillations are predicted to be very small and probably unobservable in liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$.
NATIVE AND REGENERATED BOVINE ALBUMIN : II. IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES.

1. The effects of regeneration of whole bovine albumin on antigenic activity and serological specificity were determined by precipitin measurements on rabbit antisera to (1) native whole albumin, (2) albumin regenerated from 8 M urea, and (3) albumin regenerated from 8 M guanidine hydrochloride. 2. While numerically the mean antibody response to these three antigens was found to decrease in the order named, only the difference in antigenic activity between native and guanidine hydrochloride-regenerated albumin was statistically significant. Native, crystalline, carbohydrate-free albumin (crystalbumin) was considerably less antigenic than native whole bovine albumin, its activity being comparable to, if not less than, that observed for guanidine hydrochloride-regenerated whole albumin. 3. All four antigens were immunologically equivalent. 4. The antigenic activity of these proteins is discussed in terms of protein structure and carbohydrate content.
Providers’ Implicit and Explicit Stereotypes About Mental Illnesses and Clinical Competencies in Recovery

We examined community providers’ stereotypes about mental illnesses and their association with clinical competencies among mental health professionals in Washington State’s community mental health system (N = 584). Mental Health Competence and Recovery Implicit Association Tests were developed. The Competency Assessment Instrument (CAI) measured provider competencies in rehabilitation. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine the associations between stereotypes and clinical competencies. On average, providers did not differentially associate the concepts of competence or recovery with physical illnesses versus mental illnesses. However, providers that implicitly associated recovery more with physical illnesses had lower clinical competency scores (p = .03). Explicit stereotypes were associated with lower competency scores. Providers’ stereotypes about mental illnesses are predictors of clinical competencies.
Will The Surgical World Become Flat

We obtained price and quality information for nonurgent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery from a sample of internationally patronized hospitals in low-wage countries. We found rising quality standards, availability of U.S.-trained physicians, and prices far below insurer-negotiated U.S. prices. The price differentials easily accommodated the incentive specified as a condition for surgery abroad by about 30 percent of surveyed households with a sick member. These findings foreshadow growth in offshoring of expensive nonemergency surgeries among increasingly cost-sensitive U.S. consumers and purchasers.
Site Response at Treasure and Yerba Buena Islands, California

A variety of methods are utilized to reinvestigate the physical relationship between the seismic response of Treasure Island ~TI! and Yerba Buena Island ~YBI! in California. These islands are a soil ~TI! and rock ~YBI! site pair separated by 2 km. The site pair has been used previously by researchers to identify soil response to earthquake shaking. Linear regime ground motions ( MW4.0-MW4.6 and PGA: 0.014 -0.017 g! recorded in the TI vertical array indicate a coherent wavefield in the sediments and an incoherence between the rock and sediments. Our analyses show that the greatest change in the wavefield occurred between the rock and soil layers, corresponding to a significant impedance contrast. The waveforms change very little as they propagate through the sediments, indicating that the site response is a cumulative effect of the entire soil structure and not a result of wave propagation within individual soil layers. In order to highlight the complexity of the site response, correlation analysis was used to demonstrate that the rock and soil ground motions were not highly coherent between the two sites. YBI was, therefore, shown to be an inappropriate reference site for TI. One-dimensional ~1D! vertical wave propagation and inverse techniques were used to differentiate between 1D site response and more complex site behavior. Both 1D methods ~vertical wave propagation and inverse transfer functions! proved incapable of capturing the site response at TI beyond the initial four seconds of motion. Finite difference waveform modeling, based on a two-dimensional velocity structure of the northern San Francisco Bay was needed to explain the linear site response at TI as horizontally propagating surface waves trapped in the bay sediments. A simplified velocity structure for the San Francisco Bay including a single 100 m basin layer ~constant shear-wave velocity of 400 m/s! over a 1.5 km/s layer of Franciscan bedrock was able to trap energy in the basin and produce surface waveform ringing similar to that observed in the TI data. Due to surface waves propagating in the San Francisco Bay sediments, any 1D model will not fully characterize site response at TI. All 1D models will fail to produce the late arriving energy observed in the ground motions.
Cross-functional education: the need for case development

Abstract By the turn of the century, it had become increasingly evident that business schools needed to become more cross-functionally oriented. However, there is a dearth of commentary on how to develop and implement truly cross-functional academic programs. With case analysis as one of the most popular pedagogical tools in business schools, it is suggested that the development of cross-functional cases will aid in the development and implementation of cross-functional curriculums.
Crystallization of ZSM-5 with relatively high (Me2/n)2O/(TPA)2O reactant ratios

Crystallization phenomena were studied in the synthesis of ZSM-5 using relatively high (Me 2/ n ) 2 O/(TPA) 2 O ratios (12/4.5) in the starting batch composition, as this compositional reactant region has not been investigated previously. A typical starting mole ratio composition was 12Na 2 O-4.5(TPA) 2 O-Al 2 O 3 -90SiO 2 -2000H 2 O run at temperatures 140°–170°C usually up to 60 h. Crystallization curves were developed from XRD data in the Na 2 O, K 2 O, Li 2 O, BaO and SrO systems and apparent activation energies of nucleation and crystallization calculated from Arrhenius plots in the alkali metal systems. Generally, spherulitic aggregates 1–7 μ m were obtained, but some crystal growth up to 30 μ m was followed by scanning electron microscopy. The effects of using different silica and TPA sources were determined.
Chemistry. H₂O in a desert of carbon atoms.

Water is a crucial component of our world ( 1 ). The properties of water that allow waves to wash upon our sandy beaches are dependent upon the interactions between multiple water molecules ( 2 ). These interactions involve water's dipole moment and its ability to weakly associate with neighboring molecules through hydrogen bonding. In order to understand these interactions at the fundamental level, chemists have been finding routes to isolate and probe small, well-defined clusters of water molecules. On page 613 of this issue, Kurotobi and Murata report the formation of a molecular container compound that can isolate an individual water molecule and trap it inside a carbon cage of the most abundant fullerene, C60 ( 3 ). That molecular container compound is H2O@C60 (see the figure).
Isolation and properties of a fluorescent pigment from Pseudomonas mildenbergii

Abstract A water-soluble pigment was isolated from iron-deficient, liquid cultures of Pseudomonas mildenbergii , and was purified by repeated gel filtration on Sephadex G-25. The pigment contained threonine, serine, glutamic acid, and lysine in molar ratios of 5, 3, 2, 1, respectively; it was estimated that these four amino acids constituted 26% of the mass of the molecule. The pigment did not react with dinitrofluorobenzene or phenylisothiocyanate, suggesting that it lacked an N-terminal amino acid. The molecule was sensitive to alkaline pH's and had absorption maxima at 402 and 278 mμ, and an emission maximum at 462 mμ at pH 7. Trypsin split the pigment into three pieces implying that there are two moles of lysine per mole of pigment, and that the amino acid content of the molecule is twice its empirical formula.