cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Dendritic Spines in the Mouse Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

In the mammalian cortex, neurons form extremely complicated networks and exchange information at synapses. Changes in synaptic strength, as well as addition/removal of synapses, occur in an experience-dependent manner, providing the structural foundation of neuronal plasticity. As postsynaptic components of the most excitatory synapses in the cortex, dendritic spines are considered to be a good proxy of synapses. Taking advantages of mouse genetics and fluorescent labeling techniques, individual neurons and their synaptic structures can be labeled in the intact brain. Here we introduce a transcranial imaging protocol using two-photon laser scanning microscopy to follow fluorescently labeled postsynaptic dendritic spines over time in vivo. This protocol utilizes a thinned-skull preparation, which keeps the skull intact and avoids inflammatory effects caused by exposure of the meninges and the cortex. Therefore, images can be acquired immediately after surgery is performed. The experimental procedure can be performed repetitively over various time intervals ranging from hours to years. The application of this preparation can also be expanded to investigate different cortical regions and layers, as well as other cell types, under physiological and pathological conditions.
Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth

Myostatin is a transforming growth factor-β family member that acts as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. To identify possible myostatin inhibitors that may have applications for promoting muscle growth, we investigated the regulation of myostatin signaling. Myostatin protein purified from mammalian cells consisted of a noncovalently held complex of the N-terminal propeptide and a disulfide-linked dimer of C-terminal fragments. The purified C-terminal myostatin dimer was capable of binding the activin type II receptors, Act RIIB and, to a lesser extent, Act RIIA. Binding of myostatin to Act RIIB could be inhibited by the activin-binding protein follistatin and, at higher concentrations, by the myostatin propeptide. To determine the functional significance of these interactions in vivo, we generated transgenic mice expressing high levels of the propeptide, follistatin, or a dominant-negative form of Act RIIB by using a skeletal muscle-specific promoter. Independent transgenic mouse lines for each construct exhibited dramatic increases in muscle mass comparable to those seen in myostatin knockout mice. Our findings suggest that the propeptide, follistatin, or other molecules that block signaling through this pathway may be useful agents for enhancing muscle growth for both human therapeutic and agricultural applications.
Evaluation of prospectively collected presenting signs/symptoms of biopsy-proven melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and seborrheic keratosis in an elderly male population

Background Presenting signs/symptoms of skin cancer may aid in earlier detection and diagnosis. Objective We sought to compare prospectively collected, presenting signs/symptoms of malignant melanoma (MM), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and seborrheic keratosis (SK). Methods This analysis was part of a larger study on teledermatology involving 3039 skin neoplasms in 2152 patients at a Department of Veterans Affairs medical center. At presentation, participants were asked about signs/symptoms of specific skin lesions. In all, 912 biopsy-proven MM (39), BCC (411), SCC (238), and SK (224) were included in this analysis. Pearson χ 2 analyses were used to test associations of lesion type and specific signs/symptoms in pairwise comparisons. Results "No symptoms" was reported more often with MM (82%) as compared with BCC (relative risk [RR] 2.26, confidence interval [CI] 1.86, 2.75), SCC (RR 3.31, CI 2.54, 4.32), or SK (RR 2.0, CI 1.61, 2.48; all P P P ≤ .007). Limitations The small number of MM and study population characteristics (elderly, Caucasian, male) limit generalizability. Conclusion This study describes common signs/symptoms of BCC, SCC, and SK. Our findings suggest that MM may be asymptomatic more often than previously recognized.
On Burst-Mode Synchronization of SOQPSK

In this paper, we present a maximum likelihood synchronization algorithm which jointly estimates frequency offset, symbol timing and carrier phase for shaped-offset quadrature phase-shift keying (SOQPSK) signals. We have considered a burst-mode transmission scenario in which a known and optimized training sequence is embedded in the beginning of each burst for the purpose of data-aided (DA) synchronization in a feedforward structure. The proposed algorithm first estimates the frequency offset independently from other parameters. The estimated frequency is then used to derive the symbol timing which is followed by the carrier phase estimation. The mean-squared error (MSE) of the proposed algorithm is computed via simulations. The results show that the proposed algorithm performs near the theoretical Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) as low as 0 dB.
Quantitative modeling of the physiology of ascites in portal hypertension

Although the factors involved in cirrhotic ascites have been studied for a century, a number of observations are not understood, including the action of diuretics in the treatment of ascites and the ability of the plasma-ascitic albumin gradient to diagnose portal hypertension. This communication presents an explanation of ascites based solely on pathophysiological alterations within the peritoneal cavity. A quantitative model is described based on experimental vascular and intraperitoneal pressures, lymph flow, and peritoneal space compliance. The model's predictions accurately mimic clinical observations in ascites, including the magnitude and time course of changes observed following paracentesis or diuretic therapy.
A null pronominal in the noun phrase

Un syntagme nominal commun (SNC) est soumis a la Condition C de la theorie du liage, dans la mesure ou il ne doit pas coreferer avec un SN le c-commandant. Toutefois, bien qu'il ne soit pas un pronom, le SNC peut etre soumis a la Condition B, lorsqu'il est en disjonction avec un SN qui le c-commande et qui se trouve dans son domaine de liage local. Dans cette note, l'A. propose une solution au probleme pose par le contraste entre ces deux cas de figure. Cette solution, qui est basee sur le fait que le SNC contient des petites propositions, a des implications sur la theorie de la structure interne du syntagme nominal
A novel approach to robot control using fuzzy logic

The authors have developed a robot controller that exploits the principles of fuzzy logic to circumvent the mathematically complex inverse kinematic equations that are at the heart of operations of conventional robot controllers. They describe the derivation of the fuzzy control rules for a planar robot with an arbitrary number of serial degrees-of-freedom (DOF). Computer simulation results are presented to verify the proposed concept. In addition, experimental results of implementing the developed fuzzy logic controller on a four DOF planar laboratory robot are discussed. Bench mark tests comparing the execution speed of the proposed fuzzy logic controller with the traditional controller revealed that the approach described was 33% times faster than traditional methods, which require solution of the inverse kinematic equations. >
Changes in PKA activity and Gsα and Golfα levels after amphetamine‐ and cocaine‐induced behavioral sensitization

Neuroadaptations in the cAMP signal transduction system have been proposed to play a critical role in psychostimulant-induced behavioral sensitization. Studies relevant to this hypothesis have provided conflicting evidence, however, because repeated cocaine and amphetamine treatment has been alternately reported to either increase or decrease protein kinase A (PKA) activity in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum. In an attempt to reconcile these disparate findings, PKA activity and the stimulatory G-protein subunits, Gsα and Golfα, were measured after rats had received a sensitization-inducing regimen of amphetamine or cocaine. Results showed that seven consecutive daily injections of amphetamine or cocaine produced locomotor sensitization and caused a reduction in accumbal PKA activity. A challenge injection of amphetamine on the test day also reduced dorsal striatal PKA activity. Gsα levels were unaffected by psychostimulant exposure, while Golfα levels in the nucleus accumbens declined significantly after amphetamine or cocaine pretreatment. Because repeated amphetamine and cocaine treatment both induced behavioral sensitization and decreased accumbal PKA activity, it appears that psychostimulant-induced increases in PKA activity are not necessary for the ultimate expression of behavioral sensitization. Synapse 51:241–248, 2004. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assessment of axonal fiber tract architecture in excised rat spinal cord by localized NMR q-space imaging: Simulations and experimental studies†

NMR q-space imaging is a method designed to obtain information from porous materials where diffusion-diffraction phenomena were observed from which pore size was derived. Recently, the technique has been applied to the study of biological structures as well. Although diffusive diffraction has so far not been observed in multicellular systems, displacement profiles have been used with some success as a means to estimate structure size. However, there have been no quantitative correlations of the retrieved structure sizes with histology. Clearly, the complexity of tissue architecture poses significant challenges to the interpretation of q-space data. In this work, simulations were first performed on a two-compartment model to demonstrate the effects of interference of the diffraction patterns arising from intra and extra-axonal compartments and finite boundary permeability on q-space data. Second, q-space echo attenuation was simulated on the basis of histologic images of various rat spinal cord fiber tracts and the information obtained from the displacement profiles were compared with structural parameters computed from the histologic images. The results show that calculated mean displacements and kurtosis parallel mean axon size and axonal density. Finally, spatially localized q-space measurements were carried out at the locations where simulations had previously been performed, resulting in displacement data that support those obtained by simulation. The data suggest the NMR q-space approach has potential for nondestructive analysis of the axonal architecture in the mammalian spinal cord.
Practical correlation for thermal resistance of horizontal enclosed airspaces with downward heat flow for building applications

The 2009 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (Chapter 26) provides a table that contains the thermal resistances (R-values) of enclosed airspaces for different values of airspace thickness, effective e...
Batch and semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate–butyl acrylate. II. Morphological and mechanical properties of copolymer latex films

Vinyl acetate/(VAc)-butyl acrylate/(BuA) copolymer latex films of various copolymer compositions were investigated for their morphological properties by electron microscopy techniques, and for their mechanical properties by dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile strength measurements. Batch copolymer latex films showed domains of PBuA dispersed in PVAc matrix; the domain sizes were increased with increased BuA content. Semicontinuous latex films were homogeneous in composition. Glass transition temperatures Tg determined from DMS and DSC indicated the presence of two, low and high, transition temperatures for batch latex films. The two temperatures approached the individual homopolymers, with increased PBuA content up to 51 mol %. Semicontinuous latex films showed only one single Tg. Tensile properties of the batch copolymer films showed a higher ultimate tensile strength, higher Young's modulus, and lower percent elongation to break compared to semicontinuous latex films. These differences were found to reflect the effect of mode of monomer addition during the emulsion copolymerization process on the particle morphology, and confirmed earlier data on bulk, colloidal, and surface properties of the same copolymer latexes.
SLOW + FASHION—an Oxymoron—or a Promise for the Future …?

AbstractConceptually, the slow food movement provides the point of departure for this article, which asks if the slow approach can offer a sustainable solution for fashion. Three “lines of reflection” are addressed: the valuing of local resources and distributed economies; transparent production systems with less intermediation between producer and consumer; and sustainable and sensorial products that have a longer usable life and are more highly valued than typical “consumables.” Each is investigated using examples that together address the possible global dominance of fast fashion, provide more sustainable ways of approaching fashion, and concentrate on the implication of fashion as actual material garments, which are used and discarded. The approaches mentioned simultaneously challenge existing hierarchies of designer, producer, and consumer; question the notion of fashion being concerned exclusively with the new; confront fashion's reliance on image; present fashion as a choice rather than as a mandat...
A suggested minimum standard deep brain stimulation evaluation for essential tremor

Abstract Background A comprehensive, multidisciplinary screening process for deep brain stimulation (DBS) candidates is recommended, but is often time-consuming. Objective To determine the number of essential tremor (ET) referrals excluded from surgery and why, in order to develop recommendations for a minimum standard DBS evaluation process. Methods We reviewed the referrals of 100 consecutive potential DBS candidates with presumed ET at our center, identified reasons for excluding patients from DBS, and the point at which they dropped out of our evaluation process. Results Of the 100 tremor patients referred for DBS, 36 patients were approved for surgery. Patients were mainly excluded because of the movement disorders neurologist and neuropsychologist evaluations. Reasons included an inadequate medication trial (n = 20), incorrect diagnosis (n = 3), dementia (n = 3), and antagonistic interactions with the team (n = 1). 37 patients did not present, were uninterested or lost to follow-up. Neither neurosurgical evaluation nor brain imaging excluded candidates in this study, but are needed to proceed with DBS. Conclusions Our suggested minimum standard DBS screening process begins with a movement disorders neurologist and neuropsychologist evaluation in order to determine eligibility. Neurosurgical evaluation and brain imaging can then be performed if candidates are deemed eligible.
8Cl-cAMP Cytotoxicity in Both Steroid Sensitive and Insensitive Multiple Myeloma Cell Lines Is Mediated by 8Cl-Adenosine

We have examined the cytotoxic effects of cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) derivatives on multiple myeloma cells lines and determined that the 8-Chloro substituted derivative (8Cl-cAMP) is one of the most potent. We report here that 8Cl-cAMP is cytotoxic to both steroid sensitive and insensitive myeloma cells with a half maximal concentration of approximately 3 μmol/L. 8Cl-cAMP toxicity in myeloma cells is dependent on phosphodiesterase activity in the serum of cell culture medium. A metabolite of 8Cl-cAMP, 8-Chloro-adenosine (8Cl-AD), kills myeloma cells as effectively as 8Cl-cAMP. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) converts 8Cl-AD into 8Cl-inosine and abrogates the cytotoxic effects of 8Cl-cAMP, 8Cl-AMP, and 8Cl-AD, as does 5-(p-Nitrobenzyl)-6-Thio-Inosine (NBTI), an inhibitor of nucleoside uptake. These data suggest that 8Cl-cAMP must be converted to 8Cl-AD and that 8Cl-AD is the compound that enters the cell. Contrary to glucocorticoid-mediated cell death in myeloma cells, the pathway of 8Cl-AD–mediated cell death appears to be independent of interleukin-6 (IL-6) actions. Although the exact mode of action for this agent is currently unknown, its ability to kill steroid sensitive and insensitive multiple myeloma cells in an IL-6 independent fashion may offer exciting new therapeutic options. © 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.
DEACTIVATION OF VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICES: WHO AND WHEN RESULTS OF AN ACC MEMBERSHIP SURVEY

Patients with ventricular assist devices (VAD) may experience serious complications that limit survival. Patients, caregivers and clinicians may face hard decisions about VAD deactivation at or near end-of-life. Little is known concerning this critical step. Invitations to participate in a survey
Architectures for an Integrated Human Space Exploration Program

Long-duration missions to the surface of Mars are generally regarded as the ultimate goal for the human spaceflight program in the foreseeable future. In order to make such missions a reality, significant advances in various capabilities need to be achieved. Such advancements will require a sustained, long-term space program to provide steady funding over several decades. It is unlikely that any space agency would be capable of such funding without interim returns on investment through scientific investigations or high-visibility public events. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out missions to other interesting locations in the inner solar system before a mission to the surface of Mars is achieved. This paper describes an approach for developing a sustainable human spaceflight program by investigating the relationships between the capabilities needed for a Mars surface mission and the capabilities required for other destinations for human spaceflight. Nine critical capabilities ranging from long-duration surface habitation to aero-entry and aero-capture technologies are outlined based on a review of NASA’s Mars Design Reference Architecture 5.0. Six destinations which can be visited before reaching the surface of Mars such as Near Earth Objects and the lunar surface are also outlined. By investigating the relationship between the capabilities required for a Mars surface mission and the capabilities required for each mission type, feasible integrated human spaceflight architectures can be constructed. The two main classes of these programs involve developing the capabilities required for Mars which support advanced in-space missions, such as Mars flyby missions, before developing the capabilities to support lunar surface missions and vice-versa.
Bio-inspired visualization of polarization information using temporal fusion, flicker, coherently moving dots and texture

The human eye is effectively “polarization-blind”, i.e., it is only sensitive to the intensity and wavelength of optical waves, and encodes and maps these into the perceptual qualities of brightness and color. Polarization, the third characteristic of optical waves, however, has been shown to be an important information-carrying features of waves, and may reveal useful information about a scene such as local curvature, material contrast, surface shapes, and the relative direction of illumination [1]. Since the unaided human eye cannot sense the polarization of light, information collected by polarimetric imaging systems must be exh ibited as a set of cues visible to a human observer, preferably in a way that, by and large, preserves important non-polarization information such as that carried by the spectral and luminance distributions in the image. Effectively, some form of “sensory substitution” is required for presenting polarization “signals” to a “polarization-blind” observer, without affecting other visual information such as color and brightness.
The Agallian Leafhoppers of the Biologia Material

This paper is primarily a summary of the species of the genus Agallia and related genera which are represented in the “Biologia Centrali-Americana” material of the British Museum. This material was originally sent to Dr. E. D. Ball for study, but Doctor Ball kindly sent the specimens to the writer for report at the time the latter was preparing a classification of the North American species of the group. The writer expresses his thanks to Doctor Ball for the opportunity to study the material.
Laryngeal Tuberculosis Masquerading as Carcinoma

Two patients were cared for during a 3-month period. Both smoked at least 1 pack of cigarettes a day for many years. Both complained of hoarseness, which did not respond to antibiotics and did not resolve with time. In both cases, the initial diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Both patients had laryngeal tuberculosis, and when appropriate therapy was instituted, their symptoms and lesions cleared.
Comprehensive Assessment of the Psoriasis Patient (CAPP): A Report from the GRAPPA 2015 Annual Meeting

Outcome measures for psoriasis severity are complex because of the heterogeneous presentation of the disease. At the 2015 annual meeting of the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA), members introduced the Comprehensive Assessment of the Psoriasis Patient (CAPP), a novel disease severity measure to more accurately assess the full burden of plaque psoriasis and subtypes, including inverse, scalp, nail, palmoplantar, and genital psoriasis. The CAPP is based on a 5-point physician's global assessment for 7 psoriasis phenotypes and incorporates visual analog scale-based, patient-derived, patient-reported outcomes. By quantifying disease effects of plaque psoriasis, 6 other psoriasis subtypes, as well as quality of life and daily function, the CAPP survey identifies a subset of psoriasis patients with moderate to severe psoriasis that would not be considered moderate to severe when assessed by the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index. The current version of CAPP is focused entirely on psoriasis. Feedback from our industry colleagues and collaborators has suggested that a psoriatic arthritis (PsA) measure may be important to include in the CAPP. At the 2015 GRAPPA meeting, we administered a survey to 106 GRAPPA members to determine whether a PsA measure should be included. A majority (74%) of respondents across all professions agreed that the CAPP should include a measure of PsA. Although responses varied widely on how PsA should be measured, a majority of the respondents reported that presence of PsA in both peripheral and axial joint assessment was important.
Feasibility and operating costs of an air cycle for CCHP in a fast food restaurant

Abstract This work considers the possibilities of an air-based Brayton cycle to provide the power, heating and cooling needs of fast-food restaurants. A model of the cycle based on conventional turbomachinery loss coefficients is formulated. The heating, cooling and power capabilities of the cycle are extracted from simulation results. Power and thermal loads for restaurants in Knoxville, TN and in International Falls, MN, are considered. It is found that the cycle can meet the loads by setting speed and mass flow-rate apportionment between the power and cooling functional sections. The associated energy costs appear elevated when compared to the cost of operating individual components or a more conventional, absorption-based CHP system. A first-order estimate of capital investments is provided. Suggestions for future work whereby the operational costs could be reduced are given in the conclusions.
Call the Cath Lab

This case discusses the pharmacokinetic interaction between clopidogrel and omeprazole, possibly resulting in loss of antiplatelet efficacy. Clopidogrel is a cytochrome P450 2C19 prodrug. Omeprazole inhibits conversion of clopidogrel to the active metabolite.
Rebeliões metropolitanas e planejamento insurgente no século XXI

A insurgencia inaugurou o seculo XXI com uma serie de rebelioes metropolitanas. Buenos Aires, Atenas, Reykjavik, Tunes, Cairo, New York, Madri, Phnom Penh, Istambul, Sao Paulo e inumeras outras cidades ao redor do mundo rebelaram-se de formas diferentes, rejeitando as politicas existentes e assaltando o Estado com alternativas. Muitas dessas alternativas surgiram da propria producao da vida cotidiana urbana dos manifestantes e foram prefiguradas em seus proprios meios de assembleias e deliberacao. Este artigo examina, por um lado, se essas rebelioes metropolitanas constituem um novo tipo de cidadania urbana insurgente que realizaria e demandaria novas formas de democracia direta, e, por outro, como elas podem inspirar um planejamento urbano insurgente. Esse exame e feito por meio da analise da intersecao entre os processos de “fazer a cidade acontecer” ( city-making ), “ocupar espacos urbanos” ( city-occupying ) e “reivindicar direitos” ( rights-claiming ). Ademais, e-se considerada a transformacao da esfera politica e do planejamento por elas produzida.
Membrane Currents in Rhythmic Neurons

The peptide proctolin can initiate strong pyloric and gastric rhythms from the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of lobsters and crabs. To account for the effects of proctolin on the neural networks that produce the pyloric rhythms, we have attempted to determine the specific neural targets for proctolin, and to describe the membrane currents influenced by it. To this end, we have placed individual STG neurons in dissociated cell culture. We find that many of these neurons oscillate subsequent to hyperpolarizing pulses, and that proctolin increases the oscillatory activity of these neurons.
Geographic Information Systems and Spatial Statistics Applied for Soil Mapping: A Contribution to Land Use Management

Abstract Soil maps support sustainable land management because they provide important information about where different management practices are most appropriate. However, mapping soil is not a trivial task as limitations in directly observing the soil make spatial prediction a key component in the quality of the map. Geographic information systems and spatial statistics offer powerful tools for producing soil maps, but to maximize their utility it is important for the mapper to understand the principles and assumptions behind the methods. This chapter provides a broad overview of digital soil mapping methods, categorizing methods by geographic principle and describing sampling methods that support the strengths of the respective prediction approaches. For each category of spatial prediction approaches, examples are provided from sampling to the production of the final map, including the quantified mapping of uncertainty.
Simulating extracted connectomes

Connectomes derived from volume EM imaging of the brain can generate detailed physical models of every neuron, and simulators such as NEURON or GENESIS are designed to work with such models. In principal, combining these technologies, plus transmitter and channel models, should allow detailed and accurate simulation of real neural circuits. Here we experiment with this combination, using a well-studied system (motion detection in Drosophila. Since simulation requires both the physical geometry (which we have) and the models of the synapses (which are not currently available), we built approximate synapses corresponding to their known and estimated function. Once we did so, we reproduced direction selectivity in T4 cells, one of the main functions of this neural circuit. This verified the basic functionality of both extraction and simulations, and provided a biologically relevant computation we could use in further experiments. We then compared models with different degrees of physical realism, from full detailed models down to models consisting of a single node, to examine the tradeoff of simulation resources required versus accuracy achieved. Our results show that much simpler models may be adequate, at least in the case of medulla neurons in Drosophila. Such models can be easily derived from fully detailed models, and result in simulations that are much smaller, much faster, and accurate enough for many purposes. Biologically, we show that a lumped neuron model reproduces the main motion detector operation, confirming the result of Gruntman, that dendritic compution is not required for this function.
Unpacking the City-Soul Analogy

In the Republic, the city-soul analogy made by Plato paves the way for the entire dialogue. The main interlocutors use the analogy to show the nature of justice and aim to prove that just people live better and are happier than unjust people, by establishing a city to which justice, as defined by them, is applied. Scholars have recently been debating the validity of this analogy. Some critics assert that there are several significant structural inconsistencies and logical misconceptions, thus making the analogy fallacious; at the same time, there are proponents who write extensively in favor of this analogy and defend it against the objections raised. In this paper, I will re-examine passages in the Republic where the analogy first occurs, evaluate the critique made by Bernard Williams, and present arguments defending Plato’ strategy. Ultimately, I will show that Plato’ city-soul analogy is not as far-fetched as Williams argues and this analogy – as a crucial strategy of Plato’s – is efficient and powerful enough in showing the similarities between the city and the soul, for the interlocutors to justifiably and reasonably reach the conclusion that the justice of the individual is the same as that of the city.
CULTURAL FACTORS IN SOCIAL RELATIONS

This chapter discusses the cultural factors that play a role in the formation of student groups. The chapter discusses the role played by the factor of school membership in students' social relations. The importance of school groups is something, which first began to emerge in the Edinburgh survey. It became apparent that students often confused class consciousness with consciousness of being public or grammar school people and confused class divisions with the same school differences. Differences emerge constantly between males and females in terms of class and school composition so that in a sense sex itself becomes yet another social factor in student social relations with important implications for the formation of student groups. In case of influence of social class in choice of friends, sex is an attribute which is differentially weighted in different situations. The relevance of sex varies with situation and where it is combined with social class, it influences the relevance of that attribute. The chapter considers the membership groups as socializing agents. However, the members may not represent a random social cross-section of students and that they have already been shaped by other membership groups to which they refer. Although, the institutional membership groups may overlay existing culture patterns with new ones—as in halls of residence—this greatly depends on the randomization of social classes, schools, areas of home residence, and other cultural identities within them.
Fire in de Cane: Metaphors of Indo Trinidadian Identity in Ramabai Espinet's The Swinging Bridge

The evolution of identity is on-going, yet to articulate identity is the self analysis of a people9s understanding of who they are at a particular time. Perhaps in more stable societies, identity has not been a preoccupation, not the “stuff” of literature and other types of art. However, for us, in the western hemisphere, where indigenous populations have been brutally decimated and room made for more brutality in the uprootment, transportation and relocation of peoples from different parts of the globe, we find it a crucial to pause and understand who we are as we connect with each other. In the Caribbean, the articulations of identity are also placed within the geographic structure of an archipelago of islands. Physically each island is surrounded by the mighty Atlantic, yet each is one step away the other. Historically and psychologically, the Caribbean populations are also one step away from their ancestral cultures, from the colonial cultures, and from the dominant culture of North America. A “swinging bridge” is an apt metaphor to explore the Caribbean history and reality of flux yet rooted-ness, of connectedness yet separation.
A New HOPE? Lessons from Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation-3

Lifestyle modification is the cornerstone of preventing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. When this is not sufficient in reducing risk, statin therapy is first line. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE-3) was a randomized controlled trial of rosuvastatin versus placebo, which demonstrated a significant net benefit in a lower-risk population without known atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. There were many novel characteristics about this trial that should not be overlooked. It contained a diverse population and was the first trial to base inclusion solely on easily ascertainable metabolic risk factors. It had high adherence in the statin arm, likely due to several factors, including a run-in phase, close follow-up, and low intolerance of moderate-dose rosuvastatin. Attempting to simulate these could increase adherence among clinic populations. Although HOPE-3 did not demonstrate a significant decrease in cardiovascular events among women, meta-analysis including prior randomized controlled trials still demonstrates significant benefit, supporting prior guidelines for statin therapy in this group. Finally, HOPE-3 provides data that potentially support the legacy effect of statins. Understanding these key points provides additional insight into the benefits of statin therapy.
Soliton microcomb operation to 778 nm

Soliton microcombs are demonstrated at both 1064 nm and 778 nm by dispersion-engineering on-chip silica resonators. These are the shortest wavelength soliton microcombs demonstrated to date and have potential applications in optical clocks and metrology.
Preferences and Perceptions of Flavored Hookah Tobacco among US Women.

Objective We assessed preferences, perceptions, and intentions to use flavored waterpipe (hookah) tobacco (HT) among women of reproductive age in the United States. Methods A convenience sample of women 18-44 years of age (N = 238; mean age = 28; 74% white) were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk to complete a survey assessing preferences, perceptions, and intentions to use flavored HT. Results Of the women who had ever used hookah (62%), most (82%) used hookah sweetened with fruit flavors. Preferences for hookah flavors were statistically different between flavors such that women overall preferred sweet flavors (fruits, candy or other sweets, chocolate) versus other flavors (menthol/mint, clove/spice, alcohol, other beverages, tobacco/unflavored). Perceptions of general or pregnancy-related harmfulness did not differ between flavors. Sweet flavors (fruits, candy or other sweets, chocolate) were perceived to be less harsh than tobacco/unflavored hookah among women who had ever used hookah. Flavor preferences (but not perceptions of harmfulness or harshness) predicted intentions to use flavored HT in the future. Conclusions Sweet flavored tobacco is preferred and used by reproductive-age women. Prohibiting flavorings in HT will likely lessen the appeal of smoking hookah to protect the health of women and children.
I Always Feel Like Somebody’s Watching Me: Understanding the Authoritarian Tendencies of the U.S. National Security State

George Orwell’s novel 1984 defined authoritarianism as a consequence of overarching surveillance in the modern state. Nearly 70 years later, the threat of tyranny reemerges in the present surveillance state—the U.S. Beyond the Orwellian concept of Big Brother to examine the U.S. national security state, this research examines the expansion of domestic surveillance in the post-9/11 age. Using a within-case comparative analysis of the presidencies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama, it argues that institutional manipulation has forged the U.S. national security state into a surveillance heavy Banopticon (Bigo 2006). Though the latter operates to maintain state and citizen security, it undermines citizens’ freedoms through invasive surveillance policies which embolden state repression, despotism, and unconstitutional policy. Such authoritarian tendencies can be seen in the creation of surveillance under Bush and the expansive development of surveillant assemblages, surveillant culture, and surveillance capitalism (Zuboff 2015) during the Obama era.
Mental Retardation: Past, Present, and Future

Tremendous changes in the approach to persons with mental retardation have occurred over the past century. This article reviews past, present, and future directions of service delivery to such individuals. Major changes in societal attitudes, definitions, and the evaluation and treatment of mental retardation have been observed.
Limit theorems and diffusion approximations for density dependent Markov chains

One parameter families of Markov chains X A (t) with infinitesimal parameters given by q k,k+l A =Af(A −1 k,l) k, l ∈Z′ l≠0 are considered. Under appropriate conditions X A (t)/A converges in probability as A→∞ to a solution of the system of ordinary differential equations, \(\dot X = F(X)\)where F(x)=σt lf(x, l). Limit theorems for these families are reviewed including work of Norman, Barbour and the author. A natural diffusion approximation is discussed.
What Happens After I Order a DXA

In a recent survey of our primary care colleagues that asked “what would you like to know about DXA,” two very common themes were the request to learn more about the process and what to tell patients ahead of time. This chapter is dedicated to exactly that, provides an example of simple pre-DXA instructions, a pre-DXA questionnaire, and a step-by-step look into the process of obtaining bone mineral density measurements (Fig. 3.1).
Notorious Poisoners and Poisoning Cases

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by Joanna Willis, Thomas Holdsworth and Katherine Cathrow, volume 3, pp 265–276, © 2005, Elsevier Inc.
Quasi-locality bounds for quantum lattice systems. I. Lieb-Robinson bounds, quasi-local maps, and spectral flow automorphisms

Lieb-Robinson bounds show that the speed of propagation of information under the Heisenberg dynamics in a wide class of nonrelativistic quantum lattice systems is essentially bounded. We review works of the past dozen years that has turned this fundamental result into a powerful tool for analyzing quantum lattice systems. We introduce a unified framework for a wide range of applications by studying quasilocality properties of general classes of maps defined on the algebra of local observables of quantum lattice systems. We also consider a number of generalizations that include systems with an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space at each lattice site and Hamiltonians that may involve unbounded on-site contributions. These generalizations require replacing the operator norm topology with the strong operator topology in a number of basic results for the dynamics of quantum lattice systems. The main results in this paper form the basis for a detailed proof of the stability of gapped ground state phases of frustrationfree models satisfying a local topological quantum order condition, which we present in a sequel to this paper.Lieb-Robinson bounds show that the speed of propagation of information under the Heisenberg dynamics in a wide class of nonrelativistic quantum lattice systems is essentially bounded. We review works of the past dozen years that has turned this fundamental result into a powerful tool for analyzing quantum lattice systems. We introduce a unified framework for a wide range of applications by studying quasilocality properties of general classes of maps defined on the algebra of local observables of quantum lattice systems. We also consider a number of generalizations that include systems with an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space at each lattice site and Hamiltonians that may involve unbounded on-site contributions. These generalizations require replacing the operator norm topology with the strong operator topology in a number of basic results for the dynamics of quantum lattice systems. The main results in this paper form the basis for a detailed proof of the stability of gapped ground state phases of frust...
Wolves of the Sea: Managing human-wildlife conflict in an increasingly tense ocean

Abstract Human-wildlife conflict has been receiving increased scientific and management attention, predominantly in terrestrial systems, as a side effect of successful predator conservation and recovery. These same conflicts exist in the ocean; however, they are mostly regarded in a region- or taxa-specific context despite evidence that human-wildlife conflict is prevalent across the global oceans and likely to increase as a result of successful conservation measures. Can the lessons learned from conflicts on land promote more sustainable success in the sea? Or, do ocean human-wildlife conflicts create unique challenges that require new solutions? This paper synthesizes evidence from human-wildlife conflicts in the ocean and provides initial suggestions for progressing with effective management in the ocean. Humans have extensive experience managing conflict with terrestrial predators and several of the strategies are transferable to marine predators, but several important differences between systems necessitate a marine-specific focus and evaluation of existing mitigation strategies. Further, in managing marine wildlife conflict, it is crucial to recognize that perceived conflicts can be just as important as actual conflict and that, in many cases, human-human conflict is at the root of human-wildlife conflict. As efforts to recover important predator populations continue, humans are faced with the exciting opportunity and a new necessity to constructively manage these recoveries to continue to meet goals for marine conservation while simultaneously promoting human safety and industry in the seas.
The impact of learner metacognition and goal orientation on problem-solving in a serious game environment

Abstract To understand the impact of learner metacognition and goal orientation on problem-solving, this study investigated 159 undergraduate students’ metacognition, goal orientations, and their problem-solving performances and processes in a laboratory setting using a Serious Game (SG) environment that adopts problem-based learning (PBL) pedagogy to teach space science. Utilizing cluster analysis, multiple regression, similarity measure and data visualization, this study analyzed multiple data sources, including computer log data, problem-solving performance scores, and survey data. The results show that both learner metacognition and goal orientation affected problem-solving. The findings of this study offer insights of how learner characteristics impact on problem-solving in SG environments with PBL pedagogy. It also contributes to understanding the design of SG environments to benefit learners based on their metacognitive levels.
Abstract 4701: Single cell mass cytometry analysis distinguishes indolent from aggressive lung adenocarcinomas

Lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) is a heterogeneous group of tumors associated with dramatically different survival rates, even when detected at an early stage. The overarching goal of our research is to identify the cellular and molecular predictors of indolent and aggressive behavior of early lung ADCs. In the work presented here, we hypothesized that mass cytometry, a single cell proteomic approach, would allow the discovery of cellular determinants of early lung ADC behavior. To test this hypothesis, we prepared a mass cytometry panel of 34 labeled antibodies and validated their performance in four lung ADC cell lines (A459, H23, PC9 and H3211), and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We then tested our panel in a set of 11 early stage lung ADCs. Based on radiomics features, four of these ADCs were predicted to have long (LS), one intermediate and 6 short survival (SS) establishing the rationale for the comparisons. Tumors were disaggregated into a single cell suspension within one hour after resection and cryopreserved before mass cytometry analysis. We used unsupervised clustering algorithm FlowSOM to identify cellular subpopulations and analyze differences in their distribution both within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the epithelial compartment. We found that predicted LS tumors had a higher proportion of leukocytes (p-value = 0.027), moderately enriched in CD8+ T cells (p-value = 0.5671), whereas predicted SS tumors had a higher proportion of fibroblasts/mesenchymal cells (p-value = 0.138). Additionally, tumors show high degree of heterogeneity with distinct protein expression profiles among epithelial subpopulations. Epithelial subsets with high vimentin and low HLA-DR, and other subsets expressing p-ERK and p-S6 were mainly present in predicted SS tumors, whereas subsets with a high HLA-DR and low vimentin were mainly present in predicted LS tumors. Also, similarities on the subsets distribution in some samples suggest the presence of ADC molecular subtypes. It remains to elucidate if the observed heterogeneity of the epithelial compartment in combination with a specific composition of the TME could lead to a stronger association with predicted survival. Our preliminary results of mass cytometry in early lung ADCs confirm a distinct cellular profile of epithelial and stromal cells among indolent vs aggressive ADCs. This work deserves further validation at the cellular and molecular level to gain further insights into tumor behavior. [Supported by UO1CA196405 to PPM.] Citation Format: Maria-Fernanda Senosain, Yong Zou, Deon B. Doxie, Aneri Balar, Rosana Eisenberg, Jonathan M. Lehman, Jonathan M. Irish, Pierre P. Massion. Single cell mass cytometry analysis distinguishes indolent from aggressive lung adenocarcinomas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4701.
Sociodemographic Characteristics Associated with Harmful Use of Alcohol Among Economically and Socially Disadvantaged Immigrant Patients in Italy

In many contexts, individuals with lower socioeconomic status, especially immigrants, have a higher burden of negative alcohol-related consequences and a higher probability of receiving a psychiatric diagnosis. This study aimed at exploring sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with harmful use of alcohol (HUA) among immigrant patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Rome (Italy) on a sample of 330 immigrant patients admitted to the gastroenterology outpatient clinic of the INMP (March 2013-October 2014). HUA was evaluated through the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire. The presence of psychiatric disorders was diagnosed through SCID I-II interviews. The association between sociodemographic characteristics and psychiatric disorders and HUA was evaluated through a multivariate log-binomial regression model. HUA was associated with unemployment, longer stay in Italy, mood disorder and not being married, especially among African immigrants. We provide original findings about a selected, hard-to-investigate population, suggesting priorities in interventions on HUA among specific vulnerable subgroups.