cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Developmental Relationships and Specific Markers of Mouse Periodontium Cellular Subsets

The periodontium is essential for supporting the functionality of the tooth, composed of diversity of mineralized and non-mineralized tissues such as the cementum, the periodontal ligament (PDL) and the alveolar bone. The periodontium is developmentally derived from the dental follicle (DF), a fibrous tissue surrounding the developing tooth bud. We previously showed through in vivo lineage-tracing experiments that DF contains mesenchymal progenitor cells expressing parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), which give rise to cells forming the periodontal attachment apparatus in a manner regulated by autocrine signaling through the PTH/PTHrP receptor. However, the developmental relationships between PTHrP+ DF cells and diverse cell populations constituting the periodontium remain undefined. Here, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analyses of cells in the periodontium by integrating the two datasets, i.e. PTHrP-mCherry+ DF cells at P6 and 2.3kb Col1a1 promoter-driven GFP+ periodontal cells at P25 that include descendants of PTHrP+ DF cells, cementoblasts, osteoblasts and periodontal ligament cells. This integrative scRNA-seq analysis revealed heterogeneity of cells of the periodontium and their cell type-specific markers, as well as their relationships with DF cells. Most importantly, our analysis identified a cementoblast-specific metagene that discriminate cementoblasts from alveolar bone osteoblasts, including Pthlh (encoding PTHrP) and Tubb3. RNA velocity analysis indicated that cementoblasts were directly derived from PTHrP+ DF cells in the early developmental stage and did not interconvert with other cell types. Further, CellPhoneDB cell-cell communication analysis indicated that PTHrP derived from cementoblasts acts on diversity of cells in the periodontium in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Collectively, our findings provide insights into the lineage hierarchy and intercellular interactions of cells in the periodontium at a single-cell level, aiding to understand cellular and molecular basis of periodontal tissue formation.
Walk-off Induced Dissipative Quadratic Solitons in Degenerate Optical Parametric Oscillators

We demonstrate quadratic soliton formation in a synchronously pumped degenerate optical parametric oscillator displaying significant pulse compression leading to the formation of femtosecond pulses at half-harmonic from picosecond pump pulses.
Looking for the neural basis of memory.

Memory neuroscientists often measure neural activity during task trials designed to recruit specific memory processes. Behavior is championed as crucial for deciphering brain–memory linkages but is impoverished in typical experiments that rely on summary judgments. We criticize this approach as being blind to the multiple cognitive, neural, and behavioral processes that occur rapidly within a trial to support memory. Instead, time-resolved behaviors such as eye movements occur at the speed of cognition and neural activity. We highlight successes using eye-movement tracking with in vivo electrophysiology to link rapid hippocampal oscillations to encoding and retrieval processes that interact over hundreds of milliseconds. This approach will improve research on the neural basis of memory because it pinpoints discrete moments of brain–behavior–cognition correspondence.
Potential Substrates for Single Cell Protein Production

Due to a rapidly increasing world population, and frequent food shortages, considerable interest has developed in the use of microbial biomass as a food supplement for animal or human consumption. The cultivation of microorganisms has great potential as a food source because of high nutritional value (Table I), high growth rate (Table II), ability to grow on a wide variety of relatively inexpensive carbon and nitrogen sources, and amenability to genetic engineering. Controlled fermentations have an additional advantage over traditional agriculture in that they are not subject to variability in weather conditions and can be implemented in most geographical locations (Moo-Young et al. 1977). Major international conferences on the use of microbial biomass for food were held at MIT in 1967 and 1973, and it was in 1967 that the term “Single Cell Protein” (SCP) was coined to describe microbial biomass of any origin.
The role of large woody debris in modulating the dispersal of a post-fire sediment pulse

Abstract In 2001, a series of post-fire debris flows brought ~ 30,000 m3 of sediment, deposited as fans, to the narrow valley floor of Sleeping Child Creek in western Montana (USA). In 2005, pebble-counts and surveys of the channel in proximity to six of the debris flow fans documented a regular sequence of fine-grained aggradation upstream of the fans, incision through the fans, and coarse-grained aggradation downstream of the fans. These measurements were repeated in 2012. We found that the delivery of large woody debris (LWD) over the intervening 7 years has been a dominant factor in the disposition of the debris-flow material. The amount of LWD in the study reach has increased by as much as 50% in the areas with a high burn severity, leading to the formation of large logjams that interrupt the flow of sediment along the streambed. Nearly all of the surveyed reaches have aggraded since 2005, including those that had initially begun incising through the debris flow deposits, and the streambed has become generally finer. We hypothesize that, over the next few decades, debris flow sediment not colonized and anchored by riparian vegetation will trickle out of the affected reaches as the logjams slowly degrade.
The Future of Hughes Syndrome

Five years ago, in these pages, at the request of the editors, I speculated about the future of the antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) field. I argued for more precise clinical distinctions and for answers to several explicit biological questions and noted the absence of the large-scale clinical collaborations that are necessary for clinical studies to advance. Progress since then has been considerable. Table 46.1 lists the questions I raised in 2000 and compares them to the answers available in mid-2004. What a remarkable period it has been! Many of the old questions have been answered and much new information has accrued. Major contributions have come from Asia and Europe, from the Middle East and Africa, from Australia and all the Americas. Consensus statements from the 10th International Antiphospholipid Antibody meeting in Taormina helped standardize vocabularies, clinical approaches, priorities, and more consensus documents will come from the meeting in Sydney in late 2004. Investigators in the Hughes syndrome field have learned to analyze separately, in treatment and prognosis studies, patients with arterial thromboses from those with venous thromboses or with pregnancy loss only. Most clinical
Auditory modulation of visual proto-object formation in a hierarchical auditory-visual saliency map

Organisms use the process of selective attention to optimally allocate their computational resources to interesting subsets of a visual scene - ensuring that they can parse the scene in realtime. Many models of attention assume that basic image features (e.g. intensity, color and orientation) behave as attractors for attention. Gestalt psychologists, however, argue that humans perceive the whole before they analyze individual features. This is supported by recent psychophysical studies that show that objects predict eye-fixations better than features. In this paper we present a neurally inspired algorithm of object based, bottom up attention. In this paper we extend the original object-based visual saliency map using border ownership to include auditory integration. The integration is implemented using the modulation of the receptive field for border ownership in the process of protoobject formation. We report on preliminary experimental results from our model using data from two types of objects, people and cars.
Contract-Based Reasoning for Verification and Certification of Secure Information Flow Policies in Industrial Workflows

Successful transfer of formal engineering methods from academia to industrial development depends on a variety of factors: a proper understanding of the industrial development context, effective and usable technology that can be integrated with development workflows to provide a compelling solution to serious development challenges, "buy-in" from industrial developers and management, an appropriate business model for supporting the deployed technology, plus a lot of luck. I describe how many of these factors are manifesting themselves in an effort by our research group to transition rigorous static analyses and novel Hoare-style logics into a large industrial development process for information assurance and security applications. The applications that we are targeting address the following problem: international infrastructure and defense forces are increasingly relying on complex systems that share information with multiple levels of security (MLS). In such systems, there is a strong tension between providing aggressive information flow to gain operational and strategic advantage while preventing leakage to unauthorized parties. In this context, it is exceedingly difficult to specify and certify security policies, and produce evidencethat a system provides end-to-end trust. In the past, verification and certification obligations in this domain have been met by using heavy-weight theorem proving technology that requires many manual steps or by light-weight contract-based static analyses that are too imprecise for specifying and verifying crucial information flow properties. In this talk, I will explain how our research team is (a) building integrated tool support for automatically discovering and visualizing information flows through programs and architectures, and (b) providing code-integrated software contracts for specifying information flow policies, and (c) applying synergistic blends of static analyses and automated reasoning based on weakest-precondition calculi to aid developers in automatically discharging verification obligations. These techniques aim to hit a "sweet spot" that provides greater automation and developer integration than previous theorem-proving-based approaches while offering increased precision over previous static-analysis-based frameworks. Throughout the presentation, I will assess approaches/strategies that have been successful in moving our research results into industrial practice and summarize challenges that remain.
The Political Press and the Parti-Prêtre: The Anticlerical Campaign of 1828–1829

These seditious words were in a letter, written in 1825, by a village cure to a fellow priest.1 They define the political outer limits of clericalism and the extravagant hatred felt by some members of the clergy for liberal thought. The period after 1815 was one of ascendant political involvement by the Catholic clergy; an inevitable reaction to twenty-six years of secular domination which either had suppressed or neutralized its influence. After the duc de Berri’s murder in 1820, neither liberals nor the good intentions of the King could stay their hand as the Gallican high clergy and the counterrevolutionary priests of the “little Church”, grew more impatient and demanding. The Society of Jesus, still formally an outlaw in France, had regained Papal recognition in 1814 and its members were allowed to return in increasing numbers.2 Their novitiate in the suburb of Montrouge was regarded as a nest of sinister plots by the Left, as were the two lay organizations, the Congregation and the more covert Chevaliers de la Foi. The latter had disbanded politically by 1826 because of its resentment of Villele’s attempts to manipulate it,3 but the former society continued to be politically effective and had a membership estimated at over two thousand.4 A religious revival was also expanding in the rural areas, partly as a result of “missions”. These included outdoor sermons by friars who evoked fervid emotions in their rustic audiences with the aid of such props as jack-o-lanterns. The anticlerical press made much of this and also reported that these harangues often resulted in bonfires of “wicked” books.5 Shades of the auto da fe! For all these incidents, real or imagined, the liberals usually managed to blame the Jesuits.
A Proposed Obstacle Sensor for a Mars Rover

The unmanned surface vehicle planned for the exploration of Mars will require obstacle detection in order to navigate without direct human control. An injection laser rangefinder is proposed and analyzed for an obstacle detection sensor. Several different types of photodetectors are considered; the best signal-to-noise ratio is achieved with an avalanche photodiode. The proposed sensor scans the terrain without use of wearing parts by employing a vibrating mirror for elevation scan and a fixed array for azimuthal scan. Methods of processing the range data to discern the presence of obstacles are discussed, and an analog processing scheme is suggested.
Antiplatelet therapy: Ticagrelor in ACS-what does PLATO teach us?

The novel antiplatelet agent ticagrelor was evaluated against clopidogrel in the PLATO trial of patients with acute coronary syndromes. This article discusses the main findings and importance of this study, including the reduction in mortality associated with ticagrelor therapy.
Detection of Arterial Calcification in Mammograms by Random Walks

A fully automatic algorithm is developed for breast arterial calcification extraction in mammograms. This algorithm is implemented in two major steps: a random-walk based tracking step and a compiling and linking step. With given seeds from detected calcification points, the tracking algorithm traverses the vesselness map by exploring the uncertainties of three tracking factors, i.e., traversing direction, jumping distance, and vesselness value, to generate all possible sampling paths. The compiling and linking algorithm further organizes and groups all sampling paths into calcified vessel tracts. The experimental results show that the performance of the proposed automatic calcification extraction algorithm is statistically close to that obtained by manual delineations.
Self-Stabilizing Master-Slave Token Circulation Algorithm in Undirected Rings and Unicyclic Graphs of Arbitrary Size and Their Orientations

Token circulation is a fundamental task in the distributed systems. In this paper, we propose a constant space randomized self-stabilizing master-slave token circulation algorithm that works for undirected rings and undirected unicyclic graphs of arbitrary size. We consider the recently introduced and studied master-slave model where a single node is designated to be a master node and other nodes are anonymous slave nodes. The expected stabilization time is O ( n log n ) steps, and the space requirement at each node is 4 bits for any undirected ring (or unicyclic graph) of size n under an unfair distributed daemon; the nodes do not need the knowledge of the size of the ring and hence the protocol is suited for dynamic graphs. The proposed token circulation algorithm is further extended to achieve orientation in the ring and the unicyclic graph. Disregarding the time for stabilization, the orientation can be done in at most O ( n ) steps with 1 bit extra storage at each node for the ring and the unicyclic graph.Â
Compact narrowband and wideband circularly-polarized filtering antennas

In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and experimental evaluation of compact circularly-polarized (CP) filtering antennas with both narrow and wide operational bandwidths. For the narrowband design, the radiator consists of a complex load on the filter, while for the wideband design, the radiator serves as the last resonator of the filter. Coupled stripline open-loop resonators were used to realize the filter circuits. Two examples are presented targeting the 2.4–2.48 GHz and 3.75–4.25 GHz bands, respectively. Prototypes are fabricated and characterized, showing strong agreement between simulated and measured results. Both filtering antennas achieve S 11 below −13.5 dB and axial ratios less than 3 dB in the targeted band. The gain response exhibits a profile similar to the transmission of a BPF. The integrated filtering and radiating modules with a compact form factor and improved performance metric are expected to find potential applications in a variety of wireless communication systems.
The isolation of hypertensin from the circulating blood of dogs by dialysis in an artificial kidney.

A vasopressor substance has been dialyzed out of the circulating blood of dogs by means of an artificial kidney. This substance is similar to hypertensin. It has been recovered from normotensive and hypotensive dogs and from animals with malignant hypertension. The method for concentration of this substance in the dialyzate is described and concentration data which, due to the loss in recovery, is only roughly quantitative, is given.
Cooperative MIMO Paradigms for Cognitive Radio Networks

This paper investigates the benefits that cooperation brings to cognitive radio networks. We focus on the cooperative Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology, where multiple distributed secondary users cooperate on data transmission and reception. Energy efficient cooperative MIMO paradigms are proposed to maximize the diversity gain and significantly improve the performance of both overlay and underlay systems. In the proposed overlay system the secondary users can assist (relay) the primary transmissions even when they are far away from the primary users. In the proposed underlay system the secondary users can share the primary users' frequency resources without any knowledge about the primary users' signals while meet the strict interference constraint that the transmitted spectral density of the secondary users falls below the noise floor at the primary receivers. Numerical and experimental results are provided in order to discuss the advantages and limits of the proposed paradigms.
Superparamagnetic Photonic Crystals

Photonic crystals consisting of monodisperse superparamagnetic colloidal particles have been synthesized. The particles (see Figure) are obtained by emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of freshly precipitated surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles. A magnetic field self-assembles the particles and controls the diffraction wavelength and crystal parameters of the array.
The intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study-II

Background. Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS)-II, (1978–1984) had the general goals of improving the survival and treatment of children with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Methods. Nine hundred ninety-nine previously untreated eligible patients entered the study after surgery and were randomized or assigned to therapy by IRS Clinical Group (I-IV), tumor site, and histologic type. Outcomes were compared between treatments and with results of IRS-I (1972–1978). Results. Patients in Group I, excluding extremity alveolar (EA) RMS, were randomized to standard vincristine (V), dactinomycin (A), and cyclophosphamide (C) or standard VA. At 5 years, disease-free survival (DFS) and survival (S) rates were similar between VAC and VA (DFS:80%, 70%, P = 0.47; S:85%, 84%, P = 0.73). Patients in Group II, excluding EA RMS, received radiation and were randomized to intensive VA or repetitive-pulse VAC. Outcomes were similar for rates of DFS (69%, 74%, P = 0.83) and S (88%, 79%, P = 0.17). Patients in Group III, excluding certain pelvic tumors, received radiation and were randomized to repetitive-pulse VAC or repetitivepulse VAdrC-VAC (Adr, Adriamycin [doxorubicin]). Complete remission (CR) rates were close at 74%, 78%, respectively (P = 0.32), as were percentages in CR (73%) and S (66%) rates; the latter outcomes were significantly better than IRS-I (CR: 56%, P < 0.001; S:50%, P < 0.001). Central nervous system prophylaxis for Group III patients with cranial parameningeal sarcoma increased S rate to 67% from 45% in IRS-I (P < 0.001). Patients in Group IV received the same regimens as Group III; the CR rate was 53%, 38% remained in CR and S rate was 27% with and 26% without Adr (P = 0.90). At 5 years, S rate for IRS-II, including EA and all pelvic tumors, was 63%: an 8% increase over IRS-I (P < 0.001). Outcomes by primary site were as good as, or better than, the IRS-I experience. Conclusions. Combining all Groups and treatments in IRS-II, the major improvement in S rate at 5 years between studies was in nonmetastatic patients (71% for IRS-II versus 63% for IRS-I, P = 0.01).
Computable Dynamic Design Repository for Product Data Representation

The product representation for storing design information presented in this paper is based on a dynamic object-oriented data model. This model stores design data as they are generated during design in a computable format, as well as supports case-based reasoning and sharing of data among all design teams. This model represents each entity in the product as a generic container that encompasses its form, function, behavior, taxonomy, composition and relationships. Different features can be added dynamically, i.e. during run time, to the container as needed. The model integrates multiple views of various design teams, supports dynamic design evolution and exploration, and is extensible. Finally, the model is computable because it provides means of establishing quantitative and qualitative relationships between model parameters and entities. Any subsequent change of related model parameters or entities will cause an automatic controlled propagation of changes to take place in dependent parameters and entities.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Periodic and aperiodic ozone variations in the middle and upper stratosphere

Umkehr, ozonesonde and satellite observations are used to determine the height/latitude distribution of the amplitude and phase of the periodic components of the variation in the ozone mixing ratio in the middle and upper stratosphere. The amplitude of the first (annual) harmonic is found to be small in the subtropics and to increase to a maximum at polar latitudes. In addition, it increases with height in the mid and upper stratosphere to an apparent maximum just below the stratosphere. The second (semi-annual) harmonic possesses an amplitude that is largest in tropical regions and in subpolar regions at a level of about 40 km. Very little ozone variation is seen above 30 km with dominant periods close to the quasi-biennial period of total ozone observed in the tropics. The percentage of the total variance of the ozone mixing ratio accounted for by the first harmonic is found to be larger than 60 percent at all heights from 20 deg to 60 deg latitude in both hemispheres (except near 40 km in the Northern Hemisphere).
Of boundaries, borders, and contact zones: Author(iz)ing pedagogical practices

(1993). Of boundaries, borders, and contact zones: Author(iz)ing pedagogical practices. Communication Education: Vol. 42, When Teaching “Works”: Stories of Communication in Education, pp. 367-376.
Functional improvement after phacoemulsification cataract surgery.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate subjective functional visual improvement after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and identify patient characteristics and treatment features associated with no functional improvement. Setting Academic referral practice, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Methods A retrospective review was performed of the surgical results in 106 consecutive eyes of 102 patients who completed the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS) Cataract Data Collection Form© preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively. One surgeon performed all the surgery. The relationship of patient characteristics and treatment features and reported visual function was analyzed using an analysis of variance and the Wilcoxon rank sum and Fisher exact tests. Results One month postoperatively, all patients demonstrated improved visual acuity. However, 15 patients (14%) reported unimproved or decreased visual function. No statistically significant intergroup difference (P > .05) was detected in mean preoperative, postoperative, and fellow eye best spectacle-corrected visual acuities or refractive errors; reported severity of preoperative symptoms or satisfaction with vision; reported preoperative daily activity functioning or prevalence of hypertension and diabetes; type of anesthesia, lens material, or wound closure used; intraoperative or postoperative complication rates. However, patients reporting unimproved vision tended to be older and less satisfied with their quality of life and medical care than those reporting improved vision (P = .02, .03, .01, respectively). Conclusions Self-reported visual function generally improved after phacoemulsification and IOL implantation; however, some older patients less satisfied with their quality of life and medical care reported no functional improvement despite improved visual acuity. These patients might benefit from an extended preoperative discussion of postoperative expectations.
Parent Training for Families of Girls with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: An Analysis of Three Cases

ABSTRACT Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with a number of core and secondary problems. Core symptoms, such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, are often treated with stimulant medications like Ritalin. Secondary symptoms reflect difficulties in conduct, relationships, and coping skills and are usually treated with parent training and other psychotherapeutic means. Research examining the effectiveness of parent training for alleviating secondary symptoms is inconclusive, especially regarding its effects in the home. Moreover, few girls have been employed as research participants. The purpose of this study is to examine the home behavior and maternal perceptions of girls with ADHD, before, during, and after a parent training intervention. Three families having a daughter with ADHD (aged ten to eleven years) completed the study. Parent ratings of behavior and emotional status were collected and observations of parent and child home behaviors were made. Observational ...
Estimating seasonal evapotranspiration from temporal satellite images

Estimating seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) has many applications in water resources planning and management, including hydrological and ecological modeling. Availability of satellite remote sensing images is limited due to repeat cycle of satellite or cloud cover. This study was conducted to determine the suitability of different methods namely cubic spline, fixed, and linear for estimating seasonal ET from temporal remotely sensed images. Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) model in conjunction with the wet METRIC (wMETRIC), a modified version of the METRIC model, was used to estimate ET on the days of satellite overpass using eight Landsat images during the 2001 crop growing season in Midwest USA. The model-estimated daily ET was in good agreement (R 2 = 0.91) with the eddy covariance tower-measured daily ET. The standard error of daily ET was 0.6 mm (20%) at three validation sites in Nebraska, USA. There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) among the cubic spline, fixed, and linear methods for computing seasonal (July–December) ET from temporal ET estimates. Overall, the cubic spline resulted in the lowest standard error of 6 mm (1.67%) for seasonal ET. However, further testing of this method for multiple years is necessary to determine its suitability.
DETECTION OF ROLLER BEARING DEFECTS USING EXPERT SYSTEM AND FUZZY LOGIC

Abstract A fuzzy expert system, Bearing_Expert, has been developed. This expert system is PC-based. It is menu driven and it is very user-friendly. This expert system offers specific knowledge of various aspects about bearing monitoring, such as diagnostic methods, defect frequencies, feature selection, fuzzy bearing classification etc. By responding to different questions successively, the user can obtain very specific knowledge via the shortest path. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of Bearing_Expert, experiments have been conducted. Radial accelerations have been measured and analysed. Feature selection has been performed effectively by the integration of Bearing_Expert and a computer program. The average of the top five values of frequency response in the high frequency region (5–22 kHz) has been found to be the best feature for the detection of roller bearing defects. Fuzzy reasoning has also been used via Bearing_Expert. Piecewise linear membership functions have been developed. A 100% reliability has been achieved for the detection of roller bearing defects via fuzzy reasoning. Bearing_Expert is very beneficial for factory automation and preventive maintenance.
Phenomenological contributions to a theory of social cognition

Hidden away in the remote corners of one of the largest parts of Husserl’s Korper, if we can use that word to translate Corpus, there is ein Leib, an animate body of text that reverberates not only with some of Husserl’s other little known texts, but also with some of the most recent discoveries in neuroscience. These texts suggest a theory of intersubjectivity, or what psychologists term social cognition. Let me start with a proviso: whether Husserl ever fully settled on this theory is completely open to interpretation. Accordingly, I will leave it to Husserlian scholars to determine whether this is a position that Husserl ultimately embraces, either in the years 1906 through 1913 when he writes some of these texts, or later when he writes other related texts. Some of the texts in question are from Husserl’s early years and they are rather tentative and reactive in nature, since he was just beginning to think of these problems, and he was responding to proposals put forward by Lipps (1903, 1905a,b, 1907) and Meinong (1902).2 This is the reason that I will not attribute this theory to Husserl, but I will claim that it is Husserlian, or at least, inspired by Husserl. This is also why I claim that these texts suggest a theory of social cognition rather than anything like a pure phenomenology of intersubjectivity. Husserl was trying to work out ways to counter the theories of Lipps and Meinong, and his reflections, I think, should count as phenomenologically informed theory. The texts that I want to call to your attention are found in Husserl’s volumes on intersubjectivity (especially Hua 13), and I also want to make reference to Ding und Raum (Hua 16), and Ideen II (Hua 4). By way of a further qualification, however, my title is not “Husserl’s contributions”; it is rather “Phenomenological contributions to a theory of social cognition,” and I will also be pointing to texts by Scheler (1913/1954) and Gurwitsch (1931/1979). Here is what I want to claim.
Some comments on the dynamics of super-cooled liquids near the glass transition

Abstract Apparently contradictory evidence for and against cooperativity, as well as for and against spatial homogeneity, has been cited in dynamics of super-cooled liquids near the glass transition. It is possible to unify both sets of claims. Cooperativity should be understood in terms of ‘sequential correlations’ of individual molecules, or atoms. Then, the timescale of the relaxation is defined by a single rate (selected from a distribution according to geometrically based criteria), while the shape of the relaxation is affected by the correlations. Second, the relevance of inhomogeneity is a function of the length scale investigated. Over small length scales (and, therefore, short time scales of relaxation), super-cooled liquids look inhomogeneous; over larger length scales, they appear homogeneous. A percolation-based theoretical approach consistent with all these basic conditions has also yielded results in accord with a large body of experimental data.
Electron Transfer Mediated Photoreductions of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones

Abstract The photoreduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones with triethylamine-alcohol solutions yields dihydro- and pinacol products. With 2 to 3 M trietbylamine in methanol, the photoreduction occurs with good efficiency. Protonation by methanol of the semi-enone intermediate occurs at the β-carbon to yield the dihydro product.
Large‐Scale Professional Development for Schoolteachers: Cases from Pittsburgh, New York City, and the National School Reform Faculty

Case studies from three cities show how concrete evidence often runs counter to a common wisdom. Using the example of professional development for teachers, this chapter illustrates how evaluation evidence can offer insights into education policies.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotics in Patients with Impaired Renal Function

Many antibiotics are eliminated renally and dosage adjustments are commonly made in patients with renal insufficiency. This is a critical review of antibiotic pharmacokinetics in patients with various degrees of renal function. Detailed information regarding pharmacokinetic alterations with specific antibiotics or antibiotic classes has been compiled and tabulated. From pharmacokinetic evidence, recommendations for dosage adjustments of antibiotics are supplied. The criteria used for assigning rating levels to specific pharmacokinetic articles as well as the grading system for dosage adjustments are outlined. In addition, a basic review of pharmacokinetic alterations in renal failure and factors affecting the removal of drugs by haemodialysis is included.
THE OCCURRENCE OF MICROORGANISMS IN MICROSCOPIC SECTIONS OF APHTHOUS AND NONAPHTHOUS LESIONS AND OTHER ORAL TISSUES.

Abstract The association between transitional L-forms of bacteria and aphthous lesions was tested by searching for these microorganisms in histopathologic sections stained by the Giemsa method. Microorganisms were found in the majority of aphthous lesions (93.3 per cent) and less frequently in nonaphthous lesions (40 per cent) and oral mucosa obtained at autopsy (47 per cent). The high incidence of these microorganisms in aphthous lesions tends to support the thesis that there may be an association between the transitional L-forms of bacteria (probably a streptococcus) and the pathogenesis of aphthous conditions. The presence of microorganisms in histopathologic sections may be a useful adjunct to clinical and microbiologic findings for the diagnosis of aphthous conditions. Systemic use of antibiotics did not seem to affect the incidence of these organisms in the oral tissues.
Exploration of relationships between physiological parameters and growth performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings under salinity stress using multivariate analysis

Knowledge of relationships between physiological parameters and growth performance of seedlings and respective genotypic differences would permit selection of salt tolerance at early growth stages. The goals of this study were to investigate the relationships between physiological parameters and growth performance and quantify the respective genotypic differences using multivariate analysis.. Plants of thirty-one genotypes were grown in sand tanks in a greenhouse and irrigated with Yoshida nutrient solution. Two salinity treatments were imposed at 0.9 dSm−1 (control) and 6.4 dSm−1 with sodium chloride and calcium chloride (~ 6: 1 molar ratio). Seedlings were sampled 34 days after planting (7th to 8th leaf stage). The characters of Na+, K+, Ca2+, K-Na selectivity (SK,Na) and Na-Ca selectivity (SNa,Ca) were measured as physiological parameters. The characters of tiller number, leaf area, plant height and shoot dry weight were measured as growth performance. Under salinity stress, SK,Na increased whereas SNa,Ca decreased compared to the controls. Canonical correlation analysis indicates a strong relationship between physiological parameters and growth performance. Tiller number is a desirable parameter among the growth parameters analyzed to predict seedling growth under salinity stress. Genotypes grouped into four clusters based on ion contents and ion selectivity using Ward’s minimum-variance cluster analysis. SK,Na and shoot Na+ content contributed the most to the cluster formation. Similarly, genotypes grouped into four clusters based on growth performance. Ge notypes were classified into three categories based on ion cluster rankings: Category 1 with high SK,Na and low shoot Na+ content; Category 2 with intermediate SK,Na and shoot Na+ content; Category 3 with low SK,Na and high shoot Na+ content. The classification of the genotypes into Categories 1 and 3 based on their high or low SK,Na was generally consistent with their growth performance under salt stress. In contrast, ion selectivity was a less dominant mechanism controlling salt tolerance in Category 2 with intermediate SK,Na. It was concluded that ion selectivity was a relatively dominant mechanism controlling salt tolerance among rice genotypes although multiple mechanisms may be involved under moderate salt stress. The results also provide the first example of the effectiveness of cluster analysis for physiological responses to salinity stress.
The effect of pentaerythritol tetranitrate pretreatment on experimental coronary occlusion

Abstract The present investigation indicates that PETN treatment (1) results in a slight increase in mean blood pressures but has little or no effect on other hemodynamic or plasma biochemical parameters; (2) slightly improves hemodynamic parameters following coronary occlusion; (3) increases glucose extraction by myocardium and lowers lactate levels which suggests some improved metabolism; and (4) results in increased mortality following coronary occlusion.
Glucagon physiology and aging: evidence for enhanced hepatic sensitivity.

To evaluate the role of abnormal glucagon physiology in the glucose intolerance of aging, we have examined: (1) basal glucagon concentration, (2) suppression of plasma glucagon by hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, (3) plasma glucagon response to intravenous alanine, (4) glucagon kinetics, and (5) hepatic sensitivity to glucagon (3 ng·kg-1·min-1 for 3 h) using 3-3H-glucose in young (24±1 years), middleaged (41±2 years), and older (62±2 years) subjects. Fasting plasma glucagon levels in 58 young, 21 middle-aged, and 32 older subjects were 89±10, 91±12, and 96±21 pg/ml, respectively (p=NS). Following elevation of plasma glucose to 2.2–6.9 mmol/l above basal for 2 h (hyperglycaemic clamp technique), young, middle-aged, and older subjects showed similar depressions in plasma glucagon levels during all three studies. Elevation of the plasma insulin concentration to approximately 100 mU/l while maintaining euglycaemia (insulin clamp technique) also resulted in a similar decline in plasma glucagon levels in both young and older subjects (by 25±3 and 27±3 pg/ml respectively). Following intravenous alanine infusion, the increase in plasma glucagon was not significantly different in young compared with older subjects (65±16 versus 38±7 pg/ml). Plasma insulin (7±1 versus 8±1 mU/l) and glucose (0.33±0.11 versus 0.50±0.11 mmol/l) responses were comparable in young and older subjects. During continuous glucagon infusion, the steady-state plasma glucagon concentration (267±32 versus 252±12 pg/ml) and the metabolic clearance rate of glucagon (16±1 versus 15±1 ml· kg-1·min-1) were similar in young and older subjects. However, the increase in plasma glucose concentration was significantly greater in the older than young subjects (Δ=1.17±0.11 versus 0.67±0.06 mmol/l, p<0.01). Basal glucose production in older subjects (0.13 ±0.01 mmol·kg-1·min-1) was slightly less than in the young (0.15±0.01 mmol·kg-1· min-1). However, the rise in glucose production following glucagon was significantly greater in older than young subjects (31±5 versus 18±4%, p<0.05). In conclusion, (1) basal glucagon levels are not consistently elevated in older subjects, (2) glucagon suppression by both hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia is similar in young and older subjects, (3) α cell sensitivity to alanine is not affected by age, (4) the metabolic clearance rate of glucagon is similar in young and older subjects, and (5) hepatic sensitivity to a physiological increment in plasma glucagon is increased in older subjects.
Discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine: modulation by dopamine D1 receptors in the nucleus accumbens

Dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptors are involved in mediating the behavioral effects of cocaine, including its discriminative stimulus properties. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of the nucleus accumbens and, in particular, accum bens DA D1 receptors in modulating the stimulus effects of cocaine. Thus, rats were trained to discriminate cocaine (10 mg/kg, IP) from saline using a two-lever, water-reinforced FR 20 drug discrimination task. In substitution tests, systemic (IP) administration of cocaine (0.625–20 mg/kg) produced a dose-related increase in cocaine-appropriate responding. Microinjections of cocaine (2.5–40 µg) into the nucleus accumbens also engendered dose-dependent and complete substitutions (> 80% drug-lever responding) for the systemic training dose of cocaine, whereas intra-accumbens artificial cerebrospinal fluid (1 µl/side) produced primarily saline-appropriate responding. In antagonism tests, pretreatment with the DA D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (3–12 µg/kg) completely antagonized (<20% drug-lever responding) a dose of cocaine (5 mg/kg) that produced greater than 90% cocaine-lever responding when given alone. Additionally, intra-accumbens injections of SCH 23390 (0.025–0.4 µg) prior to systemic cocaine (5 mg/kg) also significantly blocked the cocaine stimulus. The present results confirm the importance of the nucleus accumbens in mediating the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine and suggest a primary role of accumbens DA D1 receptors in modulating this behavior.
Transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions from ears with tympanostomy tubes

Abstract Objective: Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are low-level acoustic signals which emanate from the cochlea and can be recorded in the ear canal. The two types of OAEs are spontaneous and evoked otoacoustic emissions. Methods: In this retrospective study, transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) were measured in 385 ears from 204 children with normal hearing and tympanostomy tubes. Results: The results indicate that, when using the Quick Screen option on the Oto-Dynamics ILO88 Otoacoustic Emission Analyzer, postoperative TEOAEs were present at all measured frequencies in 81% of the ears. The remaining 19% of ears showed the absence of an observable emission at one or more of the measured response frequencies. The overwhelming factor contributing to an absent emission was insufficient stimulus energy at 4 kHz. The use of T-type tympanostomy tubes also appeared to decrease the probabilities obtaining normal TEOAEs in ears with normal peripheral auditory function. The use of grommet-type tympanostomy tubes, the type of middle ear effusion, the age and gender of the child, and the physical volume of the ear canal as measured by tympanometry with the tympanostomy tube patent and in place had negligible effects on the measurement of TEOAEs. Conclusions: Clinicians must be cautious when interpreting click-evoked TEAOEs if the patient has a T-tube in place and may need to modify this testing to rule out high-frequency hearing loss when using TEOAEs with these patients. For those patients who have tympanostomy tubes and fail to meet the “pass criteria” for TEOAEs at 4 kHz in the Quick Screen option, TEOAE should be repeated either in the Diagnostic mode or by using a 4 kHz tone-burst stimulus centered at 4 kHz to recover the loss of energy in this region due to the high-frequency roll-off of the stimuli used in the Quick Screen option.
Mapping America's Sporting Landscape: A Case Study of Three Statues

This article examines three sport statues in the United States: Pat Tillman, National Football League player and American soldier; Tommie Smith and John Carlos, 1968 Olympians; and Wilma Rudolph, the first American woman to win three gold medals in track and field at the 1960 Olympic Games. Each statue was analysed in material culture terms as a hegemonic representative of the dominant types of sport statue found in the USA and in terms of their role in American cultural sporting memory, heritage construction and myth-making. Key themes include their forms and functions, their processes of construction, the selection of the artist and the multiple readings of the statue by the public.
Effect of the Aswan High Dam on the Distribution of Salinity in the Suez Canal

THE Suez Canal, being an artificially created body of water, is not in stable equilibrium with the surrounding seas. A continuous effort has to be made to keep the canal in working order, and hence the hydrography undergoes continuous changes that have to be periodically recorded and analysed. These analyses show that the currents and distribution of salt in the canal vary seasonally.
Effect of Nonsuckling Interval and Duration of Suckling on the Suckling-Induced Fall in Pituitary Prolactin Concentration in the Rat

Two and 30 min of suckling by 6 pups following 8 hr of nonsuckling on postpartum day 7 induced equivalent falls in pituitary prolactin concentration in the lactating rat. Neither 2 nor 30 min of suckling by 6 pups induced a fall in the pituitary prolactin concentration if the mothers were previously nonsuckled for 16 hr. Increasing the number of pups to 9 at the time of suckling likewise was ineffective. Milk ejection, however, was normal in all rats after 16 hr of nonnursing. Normal reductions in pituitary prolactin concentration in response to 30 min of suckling by 6 pups occurred providing either 1 or 2 short periods of suckling stimulation (5 or 30 min) were provided to the mammary glands during the first 8 hr of the 16-hr isolation period. These data suggest that in the rat the mechanism involved in prolactin release in response to suckling operates efficiently only if the sucking stimulus is applied periodically and at short intervals. (Endocrinology 81: 449,1967)
A nine-dimensional ab initio global potential energy surface for the H₂O⁺ + H₂ → H₃O⁺ + H reaction.

An accurate full-dimensional global potential energy surface (PES) is developed for the title reaction. While the long-range interactions in the reactant asymptote are represented by an analytical expression, the interaction region of the PES is fit to more than 81 000 of ab initio points at the UCCSD(T)-F12b/AVTZ level using the permutation invariant polynomial neural network approach. Fully symmetric with respect to permutation of all four hydrogen atoms, the PES provides a faithful representation of the ab initio points, with a root mean square error of 1.8 meV or 15 cm−1. The reaction path for this exoergic reaction features an attractive and barrierless entrance channel, a submerged saddle point, a shallow H4O+ well, and a barrierless exit channel. The rate coefficients for the title reaction and kinetic isotope effect have been determined on this PES using quasi-classical trajectories, and they are in good agreement with available experimental data. It is further shown that the H2O+ rotational enhancement of reactivity observed experimentally can be traced to the submerged saddle point. Using our recently proposed Sudden Vector Projection model, we demonstrate that a rotational degree of freedom of the H2O+ reactant is strongly coupled with the reaction coordinate at this saddle point, thus unraveling the origin of the pronounced mode specificity in this reaction.