cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoignition of methane-based fuel blends under gas turbine conditions

Abstract To determine gross autoignition behavior for power generation gas turbine engines over a wide range of possible blends, undiluted natural-gas-based mixtures combining CH 4 with C 2 H 6 , C 3 H 8 , C 4 H 10 , C 5 H 12 , and H 2 were tested at engine-relevant conditions. The experiments were performed behind reflected shock waves at an average pressure of 20 atm, target temperatures near 800 K, and an equivalence ratio of ϕ = 0.5. A statistical matrix approach developed in previous papers was employed to cover as wide a range of multiple-fuel blends as possible, resulting in 21 binary and ternary mixtures with methane content in the blends as low as 50% by volume in some mixtures. Both pressure and CH ∗ -emission histories were obtained from the endwall to determine the ignition delay time and the relative strength of the ignition process. Previous work has shown reduced ignition activation energies and similar behavior in the low-temperature, high-pressure regime for higher-order hydrocarbons such as heptane and iso -octane. Similar trends have been obtained in this study for methane-based fuel blends containing higher-order hydrocarbons up to n -pentane, implying a strong reduction in activation energy at lower temperatures and higher pressures. The mean ignition time for all mixtures around 800 K was found to be 7.9 ms with a standard deviation of 1.9 ms, or less than 25%, which is small compared to the relatively high reduction effect at higher temperatures. While most of the fuel blends exhibited strong ignition behavior, the pure methane tests exhibited weak ignition at the lower temperature. Assuming either type of ignition to be worthy of concern for autoignition in gas turbines, it was found that pure methane at low temperatures (800 K) and gas turbine pressures (20 atm) has about the same ignition delay time as other mixtures. The results from this study can be directly used for industrial purposes, as validation of potential chemical kinetics mechanisms in this regime, and as a starting point to conduct further studies into the behaviors observed.
Corrigendum to “Surface characteristics and degradational history of debris aprons in the Tempe Terra/Mareotis fossae region of Mars” [Icarus 179 (2005) 24–42]

On page 26, under “Data and methods,” it was incorrectly stated that ten bands were available in THEMIS night IR images. The text should state that of all the available bands in THEMIS IR images, not just night IR images, we use the best calibrated band 9 image. On page 30, the citation of “(Fig. 7c)” is incorrect. It should be “(Figs. 7c and 7d).” On page 30, the citation of “(Fig. 7d)” is incorrect. It should be “(Fig. 7a).” On page 33, the citation of “(Mellon et al., 2002)” is incorrect. It should be “(Putzig et al., 2005).” On page 34, the citation of “Mellon et al. (2002)” in the figure caption is incorrect. It should be “Putzig et al. (2005).” On page 39, many of the data in Table 1 have incorrect values. The corrected table is included. On page 40, the plot in Fig. 15B is incorrect. The corrected figure is included. On page 42, the article title for Li et al. (2005) is incorrect. The correct title in the reference is: Li, H., Robinson, M.S., Jurdy, D.M., 2005. Origin of martian northern hemisphere mid-latitude lobate debris aprons. Icarus 176, 382–394. On page 42, the following reference should be included: Putzig, N.E., Mellon, M.T., Kretke, K.A., Arvidson, R.E., 2005. Global thermal inertia and surface properties of Mars from the MGS mapping mission. Icarus 173, 325–341.
Plasma cell tumors in transplant patients.

In this issue of Blood , Perry and colleagues describe a form of plasmacytic posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) that occurs in pediatric organ recipients, is not associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and is responsive to minimal therapy.[1][1] Might this represent a separate
Phycocyanobilin:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase ofAnabaena sp. PCC 7120 BIOCHEMICAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION

In cyanobacteria, the biosynthesis of the phycobiliprotein and phytochrome chromophore precursor phycocyanobilin is catalyzed by the ferredoxin-dependent enzyme phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PcyA), which mediates an atypical four-electron reduction of biliverdin IXalpha. Here we describe the expression, affinity purification, and biochemical characterization of recombinant PcyA from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. A monomeric protein with a native M(r) of 30,400 +/- 5,000, recombinant PcyA forms a tight and stable stoichiometric complex with its substrate biliverdin IXalpha. The enzyme exhibits a strong preference for plant type [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins; however, flavodoxin can also serve as an electron donor. HPLC analyses establish that catalysis proceeds via the two electron-reduced intermediate 18(1),18(2)-dihydrobiliverdin, indicating that exovinyl reduction precedes A-ring (endovinyl) reduction. Substrate specificity studies indicate that the arrangement of the A- and D-ring substituents alters the positioning of the bilin substrate within the enzyme, profoundly influencing the course of catalysis. Based on these observations and the apparent lack of a metal or small molecule cofactor, a radical mechanism for biliverdin IXalpha reduction by phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase is envisaged.
Optical, electrical, and electrochemical characteristics of ultrathin poly(phenylene oxide) films: organic dielectrics less than 10 nm thick

Abstract Passive, ultra-thin dielectric films (5-7 nm) of poly(phenylene oxide), PPO, are formed by the anodic electropolymerization of tetramethylammonium phenoxide from acetonitrile onto Pt or Au electrodes. These films can have exceptionally low permeabilities to solution redox species, depending on electropolymerization potential, the time of deposition, and cross-linking reactions. The latter becomes evident at +0.4 V vs. SSCE and in the presence of electrogenerated mediator-oxidant. PPO blocks the cyclic voltammetry of ferrocene carboxylic acid and Cl− oxidations in acetonitrile by > 99% and 92%, respectively, and reduction of [Fe(CN)6]−3 and oxidation of the sodium salt of ferrocene carboxylic acid in water by ⩾ 99%. By rotating disk voltammetry, the permeability PDS,POL of the film to FeCp2* in CH3CN is as low as 8 × 10−11 cm 2 s . Films prepared from alkyl substituted phenolates are thicker, more hydrophobic, but also more permeable owing to less efficient cross-linking. Film thicknesses were obtained by profilometry, ellipsometry, XPS, and high frequency electrical capacitance measurements, and physical and structural information by use of contact angle measurements and attenuated total reflectance FTIR.
Analyzing channel assignment with rearrangement in multi-channel wireless line networks

In this paper, we analyze the blocking performance of a channel assignment scheme in a multi-channel wireless line network. We assume that the existing calls in the network may be rearranged on different channels to accommodate an incoming call. The analysis is limited to single-hop calls with different transmission ranges. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that the developed analytical model closely approximates the values obtained through simulations.
Mitotic synchrony in Naegleria amebae

Abstract Amebae of Naegleria gruberi can be cultured in suspension in buffer containing a dense suspension of Aerobacter aerogenes . At 30 °C the amebae grow exponentially with a doubling time of 2 h. Flagellates are rare in these cultures, but the amebae from liquid cultures transform into flagellates when washed relatively free of Aerobacter . If a growing culture of amebae is shifted to 38–39 °C, division ceases and the amebae increase in volume. After 100 min at the high temperature, when the volume of the amebae has nearly doubled, if the amebae are returned to 30 °C a single burst of mitosis occurs. Usually 80 to 90% of the amebae divide within one quarter of the normal doubling time, and 60 to 70% of the amebae may be found in mitosis simultaneously. After the single division, the amebae usually return to exponential growth, though occasionally a second synchronous division has been obtained. Amebae sampled at any time during a synchronized division are able to transform into flagellates. Some amebae, sampled just prior to division, complete nuclear but not cytoplasmic division, and become binucleate.
A direct method for computation of simple bifurcations

In the present study, we focus on the computational analysis of partial differential equations with emphasis on the stability of the equilibrium states and on their bifurcations. In practical applications, it is not sufficient to obtain an equilibrium solution at a point in the parameter space. The equilibrium solution branches, their stability characteristics, and particularly the critical points of transition from one state to another (e.g., bifurcation points), are required for understanding the physics of the problem. In principle, the linear stability of an equilibrium state can be investigated by solving an eigenvalue problem, and consequently, the points of bifurcations can be detected. We review alternative techniques for detecting bifurcation points which are direct and numerically efficient and, therefore, more practical. Starting with a large dimension dynamical system, which represents a projection of a set of coupled partial differential equations onto a basis function, we discuss the relative effectiveness of the time evolution approach, the test function approach, and the direct method. We will then extend the direct method for a more practical and efficient implementation. With this technique, we compute the sequence of transitions from steady state to chaotic flow in a two-dimensional lid-driven cavity of aspect ratio 0.8, 1.0, and 1.5. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique by computing interesting new dynamics in this relatively simple hydrodynamic system. In particular, we show that depending on the aspect ratio, the first transition from steady state could be through a supercritical or a subcritical Hopf bifurcation leading the system to a time periodic state. We construct the destabilizing disturbance structure and conclude that the first bifurcation of the primary steady state is due to the centrifugal instability of the primary eddy. The mechanism of transition to chaos is low-dimensional. The transition to chaos occurs after a secondary Hopf bifurcation.
Lectin receptors in the cockroach neuromuscular system. III. Distribution and identification within the thoracic ganglia of the nervous system.

Abstract A fluorescence microscopic study of the binding of an array of 10 fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated lectins to frozen sections of the cockroach thoracic ganglia was performed. Although a region of the neuropile receiving direct input from sensory neurons was observed to have distinctive lectin binding properties, no difference was detected between the lectin binding properties of Df and Ds, the two identified motor neurons that innervate the coxal depressor muscles in the leg. In addition, the three types of neurons identified in the ganglia, excitatory motor neurons, inhibitory motor neurons and dorsal unpaired median cells all had identical lectin binding properties. Therefore, in order to demonstrate the existence of macromolecules responsible for giving a biochemical identity to the various neurons it will be necessary to perform biochemical analyses of single cells or apply immunological techniques. A biochemical analysis of the ganglionic Con A and WGA receptors detected after fractionation by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of some receptors not found in extracts of muscles and which may be specific for ganglia. In addition, a set of ganglionic lectin receptors were detected which were of similar solubility and lectin binding properties to a set of receptors found in muscle extracts and which disappeared from the muscles within one week of their denervation. It is suggested that such lectin receptors are found in all motor neurons and are transported to axon terminals within the muscles.
Adaptation to Predators in a New Community: Swimming Performance and Predator Avoidance in Damselflies

Species evolve in response to the abiotic and biotic interactions they ex- perience in a community, and so studying the adaptation of species in a community context is a necessary component for understanding the development of community structure. Pre- vious studies have suggested that Enallagma damselflies (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in- vaded aquatic habitats with large dragonflies as the top predators at least twice, and large changes in morphological structures (e.g., caudal lamellae and abdomen), which should increase swimming speed, are associated with these invasions. This is significant because these species swim away from attacking predators, whereas species in the ancestral habitat (habitats with fish as the top predators) do not swim from attacking predators. We quantified swimming speed over a large ontogenetic size range for larvae of seven Enallagma species, two in dragonfly lakes and five in fish lakes. Results of analysis of covariance and a modification of Felsenstein's method of evolutionary contrasts indicate that a large evo- lutionary increase in the slope of the ontogenetic relationship between swimming speed and loge(body length) is associated with invasions into dragonfly lakes, and this shift results in larvae of dragonfly-lake species being faster swimmers, especially in larger size classes, than larvae of fish-lake species. We also present experimental results demonstrating that damselflies with larger lamellae are faster swimmers and have higher survival when exposed to dragonfly predation. The results of this study indicate that the change in selective en- vironment associated with habitat shifts into dragonfly lakes promoted adaptations for increased swimming speed in Enallagma lineages. The potential ramifications of this ad- aptation for community structure are discussed.
The mechanism of the aminoacylation of transfer ribonucleic acid. The kinetics and stoichiometry of the lysis of aminoacyl-tRNA.

Abstract It is often stated that the aminoacylation of transfer RNA proceeds in discrete steps: If this is a complete description of the reaction, the reverse overall formation of ATP should not be more rapid than the formation of Enz · (AA ∼ AMP). We show for four different amino acid:tRNA ligases that lysis of AA-tRNA (with PPi and AMP) to ATP is faster than lysis of AA-tRNA (with AMP only) to Enz · (AA ∼ AMP). This requires that the transition state proceeds from a quaternary complex of PPi, AMP, AA-tRNA and Enz. From the law of microscopic reversibility, this requires that in the forward reaction the AA-tRNA bond be formed before PPi leaves the enzyme complex. Therefore, the forward reaction passes through the quaternary complex Enz · ATP · AA · tRNA. (In view of recent evidence of the specific requirement of two cations, the complex is accurately described as senary.)
Building trust early: the influence of first and second order expectations on trust in international channels of distribution

Abstract Scenario-based survey data from export managers in the U.S. and Peru are used to explore interactive decision-making in an international distribution channel context. Export managers’ first and second order expectations [J. Acad. Market. Sci. 13 (1985) 4] are operationalized in terms of affect- and cognition-based trust mechanisms [Soc. Forces 63 (1985) 967] and are examined in relation to multi-stage interactive decision-making. Findings suggest that building trust early is more dependent on matching, rather than exceeding, a partner’s expectations. In addition, managers who heavily weigh their beliefs of what others expect of them in decision-making, tend to make affect-based decisions in the early stages of an interorganizational relationship. Finally, consistent with culture-based theories on in-group/out-group orientation, Peruvian export managers were more likely than US export managers to focus on a more instrumental, or cognitive, approach to building an initial export–import relationship.
If we change it – will they come?

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to raise issues about how libraries interact with users in the twenty‐first century, and design and deliver services that make a difference, using evolving digital reference services as one model.Design/methodology/approach – The author raises questions relating to a conference theme, “Recognizing the success of reference”, and provides examples from the UCLA Library to illustrate customer‐centered service.Findings – While there are no easy answers to the provocative questions, they must be asked in order to improve library services.Practical implications – Stimulates thinking and discussion about reference and other users' services in libraries.Originality/value – Asks important questions about the status of reference services in today's libraries, and challenges numerous core assumptions about the design and delivery of such services.
Three subroutines for dealing efficiently with permutations

Subroutines for generating and indexing permutations are described. The first generates a permutation of N integers, depending on the value of an index that may take on values between 1 and N!, the number of possible permutations of length N. The second subroutine calculates an index from a given permutation that denotes its position in the list of all possible permutations of that length. The last subroutine generates random permutations of any given length.
Caspase processing activates atypical protein kinase C ζ by relieving autoinhibition and destabilizes the protein

Treatment of HeLa cells with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) induced caspase processing of ectopic PKC (protein kinase C) zeta, which converted most of the holoenzyme into the freed kinase domain and increased immune-complex kinase activity. The goal of the present study was to determine the basis for the increased kinase activity that is associated with caspase processing of PKC zeta. Atypical PKC iota is largely identical with PKC zeta, except for a 60-amino-acid segment that lacks the caspase-processing sites of the zeta isoform. Replacement of this segment of PKC zeta with the corresponding segment of PKC iota prevented caspase processing and activation of the kinase function. Processing of purified recombinant PKC zeta by caspase 3 in vitro markedly increased its kinase activity. Caspase processing activated PKC zeta in vitro or intracellularly without increasing the phosphorylation of Thr410 of PKC zeta, which is required for catalytic competency. The freed kinase domain of PKC zeta had a much shorter half-life than the holoenzyme in transfected HeLa cells and in non-transfected kidney epithelial cells. Treatment with TNF-alpha shortened the half-life of the kinase domain protein, and proteasome blockade stabilized the protein. Studies of kinase-domain mutants indicate that a lack of negative charge at Thr410 can shorten the half-life of the freed kinase domain. The present findings indicate that the freed kinase domain has substantially higher kinase activity and a much shorter half-life than the holoenzyme because of accelerated degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
Vibration-based energy extraction for sensor powering: design, analysis, and experimental evaluation

This paper presents the design, analysis, and experimental verification of a piezoelectric device that extracts energy from low-level vibrations. Such a device may be configured as a new source of power supply to operate wireless sensor networks. A millimeter-sized, non-uniformly shaped beam consisting of two piezoelectric layers is proposed as the key component of the device. An analytical model of the beam is established and used to predict the dynamic response of the beam and subsequently, its power output, when it is subject to vibration inputs. Through a coupled-field analysis, the coupling between the mechanical and electrical domains of the energy extraction device is analyzed. Simulations and experiments on a vibration shaker have shown that, compared with the rectangular beam design that has been traditionally used, the new design has increased the energy extraction capability of the beam by as much as 70%. In addition to beam design, issues related to device packaging are also addressed in the paper.
Entropy-driven selective ion exchange for aromatic ions and the role of cosolvents

Abstract This study investigates favorable sorption of several environmentally significant aromatic anions, such as pentachlorophenate, benzene and naphthalene sulfonates, onto polymeric anion exchangers. Such favorable sorption processes are unique because they are all endothermic and entropy driven. The sorption behaviors of these aromatic anions are greatly influenced by both hydrophobic and ionic properties. The sorption of the aromatic anions onto the anion exchanger follows ion exchange stoichiometry, but the ion exchange selectivity is determined by concurrent hydrophobic interactions. The ion exchange selectivity in favor of the aromatic anions can be reduced and reversed in cosolvents. The cosolvent effects on the ion exchange selectivity are correlated to Lewis acidity and basicity of cosolvents.
REFLEX MODIFICATION OF THE HUMAN AUDITORY STARTLE BLINK BY ANTECEDENT INTERRUPTION OF A VISUAL STIMULUS

The effect of a preceding brief interruption in the illumination of a small numeral eight on the auditory startle blink was investigated in human subjects. In Exp. 1 (n = 9) trials were given in which a 20-msec. interruption of the visual stimulus preceded elicitation of the startle blink by a loud tone at intervals from 80 to 200 msec. Compared to trials on which the digit was continuously lit but the reflex was elicited, the blink was augmented at 80 msec. and depressed at longer intervals. Exp. 2 (n = 24) showed that the depressive effect peaked at about 200 msec. and did not depend upon requiring subjects to make judgements concerning the stimuli. In Exp. 3 (n = 17) dark intervals ranged from 1.25 msec. to 40 msec. and preceded the loud tone by 200 msec. Reflex effects paralleled subjects' reports: dark intervals of 10 msec. or greater reliably inhibited the reflex and subjects reported seeing the dark interval at least 50% of the time at intervals of 8 msec. or greater, suggesting that the reflex method may be useful as an alternative objective technique for measuring visual temporal resolution.
Selection Of Optimum Passband For Binary Phase-Only Filters

Abstract Efficient methods for determining the passband of the Binary Phase -Only Filter (BPOF) such that we get themaximum possible output Signal -to -Noise Ratio (SNR) are identified. Computer simulation results are presented toillustrate the advantages of including this optimal passband. 1 Introduction Binary Phase -Only Filters (BPOFs) have received much attentions, 2, 3, 4 in the recent past because of the convenience in implementing BPOFs on real -time Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs). The conventional BPOFs arecharacterized by the fact that the spatial filter takes on only two possible values (usually +1 and -1) in the filteraperture. However, Flannery et al.5 recently introduced the concept of a ternary -valued spatial filter which takes onone of three possible values ( +1, -1, and 0). Such a ternary -valued filter can be considered as the cascade of a BPOF with another spatial filter that takes on either a 1 or a O. Thus, this second filter in the cascade functions as thepassband of the BPOF.This paper presents a method for selecting the passband of the BPOF such that the resulting output Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is maximized. Previous approaches to the passband selection include: an adhoc procedures aimedat including filter pixels providing discrimination measures above a certain threshold and setting all pixels within asmall box centered at the origin to zero6.Section 2 provides the necessary background and introduces the notation. Then, we outline the basic algorithmin Section 3. This new algorithm is used on the image of a tank in Section 4 to obtain simulation results.
A Comparison of Slow, Uphill and Fast, Level Walking on Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Tibiofemoral Joint Loading in Obese and Nonobese Adults

We determined if slow, uphill walking (0.75 m/s, 6°) reduced tibiofemoral (TF) loading compared to faster, level walking (1.50 m/s) in obese and nonobese adults. We collected kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data as 9 moderately obese and 10 nonobese participants walked on a dual-belt instrumented treadmill. We used OpenSim to scale a musculoskeletal model and calculate joint kinematics, kinetics, muscle forces, and TF forces. Compressive TF forces were greater in the obese adults during both speed/grade combinations. During level walking, obese participants walked with a straighter leg than nonobese participants, resulting in early stance vasti muscle forces that were similar in the obese and nonobese participants. Early stance peak compressive TF forces were reduced by 23% in obese (2,352 to 1,811 N) and 35% in nonobese (1,994 to 1,303 N) individuals during slow, uphill walking compared to brisk level walking. Late stance peak TF forces were similar across speeds/grades, but were greater in obese (∼2,900 N) compared to nonobese (∼1,700 N) individuals. Smaller early stance TF loads and loading rates suggest that slow, uphill walking may be appropriate exercise for obese individuals at risk for musculoskeletal pathology or pain. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:324–330, 2014.
Control of nitrogenase in Azospirillum sp.

Many N2-fixing organisms can turn off nitrogenase activity in the presence of NH4 + and turn it on again when the NH4 +is exhausted. One of the most interesting systems for accomplishing this is by covalent modification of one subunit of dinitrogenase reductase by dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransfer-ase (DRAT). The system can be reactivated when NH4 + is exhausted, by dinitrogenase reductase activating glycohydrolase (DRAG) which removes the inactivating group. It is fascinating that some species of the genus Azospirillum possess the DRAT and DRAG systems (A. lipoferum and A. brasilense), whereas A. amazonense in the same genus lacks DRAT and DRAG. A. amazonense responds to NH4 + but does not exhibit modification of dinitrogenase reductase characteristic of the action of DRAT. However, it has been possible to clone DRAT and DRAG and to introduce them into A. amazonense, whereupon they become functional in this organism. The DRAT and DRAG system does not appear to function in Acetobacter diazotrophicus, an organism isolated from sugar cane, that fixes N2 at a pH as low as 3.0. A. diazotrophicus does show a rather sluggish response to NH4 +. A level of about 10ΜM NH4 + is required to switch off the system. The response to NH4 + is influenced by the dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC) as has been reported for Azospirillum sp. A DOC in equilibrium with 0.1 to 0.2 kPa O2 seems optimal for the response in A. diazotrophicus.
Social Space and the Periodization of Economic History: A Case from Taiwan

Case studies in local economic history and organization conventionally employ either of two rhetorical strategies. In the first, a particular world view, theoretical orientation, or set of basic categories is assumed and forms the basis for organizing a description of a particular case; in the second, the facts or data are marshaled in an attempt to validate, authenticate, or test an explicitly stated theoretical position. Of course, these are ideal types, and many studies quite appropriately combine both. Progress is conceived as an outcome over time in which both kinds of study contribute to ever more elegant, encompassing, and parsimonious orderings of data. The nature of the relationship between theory, assumptions, world view, and so forth on the one hand, and data, subject, or facts on the other, transcends otherwise widely divergent arguments-for example, “Marxist,” “dependency,” “neoclassical,” and (more subtly) “substantivist.” In short, a common value, broadly “positivist,” informs most Western sociaI science discourse.
Addressing instruction fetch bottlenecks by using an instruction register file

The Instruction Register File (IRF) is an architectural extension for providing improved access to frequently occurring instructions. An optimizing compiler can exploit an IRF by packing an application's instructions, resulting in decreased code size, reduced energy consumption and improved execution time primarily due to a smaller footprint in the instruction cache. The nature of the IRF also allows the execution of packed instructions to overlap with instruction fetch, thus providing a means for tolerating increased fetch latencies, like those experienced by encrypted ICs as well as the presence of low-power L0 caches. Although previous research has focused on the direct benefits of instruction packing, this paper explores the use of increased fetch bandwidth provided by packed instructions. Small L0 caches improve energy efficiency but can increase execution time due to frequent cache misses. We show that this penalty can be significantly reduced by overlapping the execution of packed instructions with miss stalls. The IRF can also be used to supply additional instructions to a more aggressive execution engine, effectively reducing dependence on instruction cache bandwidth. This can improve energy efficiency, in addition to providing additional flexibility for evaluating various design tradeoffs in a pipeline with asymmetric instruction bandwidth. Thus, we show that the IRF is a complementary technique, operating as a buffer tolerating fetch bottlenecks, as well as providing additional fetch bandwidth for an aggressive pipeline backend.
‘Determinants’ of organizational performance: An interdisciplinary review

The paper contains a review and evaluation of empirical and case studies on the performance of whole enterprises. Research from a diverse array of academic disciplines and research traditions is included. The central focus is on identifying factors that influence organizational performance, and discussing implications for future interdisciplinary research and the strategic management of contemporary organizations.
Uncertainty Optimization Applied to the Monte Carlo Analysis of Planetary Entry Trajectories

Recently, strong evidence of liquid water under the surface of Mars and a meteorite that might contain ancient microbes have renewed interest in Mars exploration. With this renewed interest, NASA plans to send spacecraft to Mars approx. every 26 months. These future spacecraft will return higher-resolution images, make precision landings, engage in longer-ranging surface maneuvers, and even return Martian soil and rock samples to Earth. Future robotic missions and any human missions to Mars will require precise entries to ensure safe landings near science objective and pre-employed assets. Potential sources of water and other interesting geographic features are often located near hazards, such as within craters or along canyon walls. In order for more accurate landings to be made, spacecraft entering the Martian atmosphere need to use lift to actively control the entry. This active guidance results in much smaller landing footprints. Planning for these missions will depend heavily on Monte Carlo analysis. Monte Carlo trajectory simulations have been used with a high degree of success in recent planetary exploration missions. These analyses ascertain the impact of off-nominal conditions during a flight and account for uncertainty. Uncertainties generally stem from limitations in manufacturing tolerances, measurement capabilities, analysis accuracies, and environmental unknowns. Thousands of off-nominal trajectories are simulated by randomly dispersing uncertainty variables and collecting statistics on forecast variables. The dependability of Monte Carlo forecasts, however, is limited by the accuracy and completeness of the assumed uncertainties. This is because Monte Carlo analysis is a forward driven problem; beginning with the input uncertainties and proceeding to the forecasts outputs. It lacks a mechanism to affect or alter the uncertainties based on the forecast results. If the results are unacceptable, the current practice is to use an iterative, trial-and-error approach to reconcile discrepancies. Therefore, an improvement to the Monte Carlo analysis is needed that will allow the problem to be worked in reverse. In this way, the largest allowable dispersions that achieve the required mission objectives can be determined quantitatively.
Hilbert’s Reciprocity Law

The Hilbert Reciprocity Law states that $$\prod\limits_p {\left( {\frac{{\alpha ,\beta }}{p}} \right)} = 1.$$ The major portion of this chapter is devoted to the proof of this formula for algebraic number fields. The formula is actually true over any global field, but we shall not go into the function theoretic case here. The Hilbert Reciprocity Law gives a reciprocity law for Hasse symbols, namely $$\prod\limits_p {{S_p}V} = 1,$$ and this can be regarded as a dependence relation among the invariants of the quadratic space V. We shall investigate the full extent of this dependence in § 72.
Congenital central hand deficit

A retrospective study of 60 patients in whom 80 hands demonstrated a congenital central deficit showed that 23% also had central foot deficits and 15% had a family history of similar hands. The hands are classified based on absence of one, two, or three central rats. The long ray is most affected, followed by the index and ring rays. Many also had lesser deficiencies in border rays. Surgery was performed on the central or border ray structures in 58% of the hands. Function of the hand cannot be predicted from its anatomic state. These patients did not consider their central deficits as a social catastrophe.
Does Implantation of Sonomicrometry Crystals Alter Regional Cardiac Muscle Function

Background Sonomicrometry is a gold standard in experimental studies on myocardial motion. However, limited information exists regarding mechanical and biochemical changes produced by sonomicrometry crystal (SC) insertion into the myocardial wall. Methods In 10 open-chest pigs, we implanted SCs into the inner half of apical anterior and midposterior regions. Longitudinal strains (systolic lengthening, end-systolic, peak shortening, and postsystolic shortening strains) and strain rate (SR) measurements (peak systolic ejection and early and late diastolic SRs) were obtained by Doppler SR echocardiography along with troponin I levels measured from peripheral blood before and after SC insertion. Results SR and strain parameters did not change significantly after SC implantation. Troponin I levels increased significantly from less than 0.010 to 0.129 ± 0.138 μg/L ( P Conclusions Our study demonstrates that despite biochemical evidence of myocardial injury, carefully implanted SCs do not alter systolic or diastolic regional myocardial function assessed by Doppler echocardiography.
Thioredoxin reductase as a potential molecular target for anticancer agents that induce oxidative stress.

Redox-sensitive signaling factors regulate multiple cellular processes, including proliferation, cell cycle, and prosurvival signaling cascades, suggesting their potential as molecular targets for anticancer agents. It is logical to set constraints that a molecular target should meet at least one of the following criteria: (1) inhibition of prosurvival signaling pathways; (2) inhibition of cell cycle progression; or (3) enhancement of the cytotoxic effects of anticancer agents. Therefore, we hypothesized that thioredoxin reductase 1 (TR), a component of several redox-regulated pathways, might represent a potential molecular target candidate in response to agents that induce oxidative stress. To address this issue, permanent cell lines overexpressing either the wild-type (pCXN2-myc-TR-wt) or a Cys-Ser mutant (pCXN2-myc-mTR) TR gene were used, as were parental HeLa cells treated with 1-methyl-1-propyl-2-imidazolyl disulfide (IV-2), a pharmacologic inhibitor of TR. Cells were exposed to the oxidative stressors, H2O2 and ionizing radiation (IR), and analyzed for changes in signal transduction, cell cycle, and cytotoxicity. Analysis of HeLa cells overexpressing the pCXN2-myc-TR-wt gene showed increased basal activity of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and activator protein (AP-1), whereas HeLa cells expressing a pCXN2-myc-mTR gene and HeLa cells treated with IV-2 were unable to induce NFκB or AP-1 activity following H2O2 or IR exposure. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis showed a marked accumulation of pCXN2-myc-mTR cells in the late G1 phase, whereas pCXN2-myc-TR-wt cells showed a decreased G1 subpopulation. Chemical inhibition of TR with IV-2 also completely inhibited cellular proliferation at concentrations between 10 and 25 μmol/L, resulting in a G1 phase cell cycle arrest consistent with the results from cells expressing the pCXN2-myc-mTR gene. Following exposure to H2O2 and IR, pCXN2-myc-mTR– and IV-2–treated cells were significantly more sensitive to oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity as measured by clonogenic survival assays. Finally, IV-2–treated cells showed increased tumor cell death when treated with H2O2 and IR. These results identify TR as a potential target to enhance the cytotoxic effects of agents that induce oxidative stress, including IR.
Towards Structural Sparsity: An Explicit l2/l0 Approach

In many cases of machine learning or data mining applications, we are not only aimed to establish accurate {\em black box} predictors, we are also interested in discovering predictive patterns in data which enhance our interpretation and understanding of underlying physical, biological and other natural processes. Sparse representation is one of the focuses in this direction. More recently, structural sparsity has attracted increasing attentions. The structural sparsity is often achieved by imposing l2/l1 norms. In this paper, we present the explicit l2/l0 norm to directly achieve structural sparsity. To tackle the problem of intractable l2/l0 optimization, we develop a general Lipschitz auxiliary function which leads to simple iterative algorithms. In each iteration, optimal solution is achieved for the induced sub-problem and a guarantee of convergence is provided. Further more, the local convergent rate is also theoretically bounded. We test our optimization techniques in the multi-task feature learning problem. Experimental results suggest that our approaches outperform other approaches in both synthetic and real world data sets.
Leaf decomposition and fine fuels in floodplain forests of the Rio Negro in the Brazilian Amazon

Despite being inundated for up to 9 mo of the year, black-water floodplain forests in the Brazilian Amazon are susceptible to fire. Post-fire tree mortality is higher and fire spreads further in the floodplain, compared with adjacent upland forest. To understand these differences between the two forest types, we compared how leaf decomposition and fine-fuel loads change with inundation and soil texture. Litterbags containing leaves of Clitoria fairchildiana were placed on upland forest floor and submerged at two depths in a backwater of the Rio Negro. We used 80 bags per treatment and retrieved subsets every ~16 d from which the contents were cleaned, dried, weighed and discarded. Over the 81-d experiment, upland leaves decomposed two to three times faster than submerged leaves. Fine-fuel biomass (litter + root mat) was measured at 28 upland forest sites and 29 floodplain forest sites of the middle Rio Negro. Floodplain forests held about twice the fine fuel (25.9 ± 10.6 Mg ha−1) of uplands (10.9 ± 2.3 Mg ha−1). Upland soils had more sand but a carpet of fine apogeotropic tree roots was more common and thicker in floodplains. We infer that slow decomposition of submerged leaves leads to high tree mortality from fire in black-water floodplains by (1) increasing fire intensity due to high fine-litter fuel load and (2) making tree roots more vulnerable to burning because they form a peat-like mat to absorb nutrients from the thick litter.
Photometric Self-Calibration of a Projector-Camera System

In this paper, we present a method for photometric self- calibration of a projector-camera system. In addition to the input transfer functions (commonly called gamma functions), we also reconstruct the spatial intensity fall-off from the center to fringe (commonly called the vignetting effect) for both the projector and camera. Projector-camera systems are becoming more popular in a large number of applications like scene capture, 3D reconstruction, and calibrating multi-projector displays. Our method enables the use of photometrically uncalibrated projectors and cameras in all such applications.
Diagnosis and treatment of a case of cutaneous cytomegalovirus infection with a dramatic clinical presentation

A patient receiving long-term immunosuppressive treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus developed multiple large painful ulcers on her upper body. Histologic analysis showed cytopathic changes typical of cytomegalovirus infection that was confirmed by immunoperoxidase staining and polymerase chain reaction analyses. Treatment with ganciclovir and foscarnet resulted in clinical resolution. No recurrence was evident 6 months later.
Imaging of Acute Appendicitis in Adults: Current Practices in Pregnant Women

Appendicitis is the most common non-obstetric surgical diagnosis made during pregnancy and is the most frequent indication for emergency surgical intervention. Swift and accurate diagnosis of appendicitis greatly impacts these pregnancy outcomes. For these reasons, imaging has become central to the diagnosis of appendicitis in the pregnant patient. Current recommendations for evaluation of appendicitis in pregnant women involve initial imaging with ultrasound. Ultrasound is known to be safe in pregnancy and is routinely used as the first line imaging modality to identify the source of abdominal pain in the pregnant patient. If the diagnosis remains inconclusive, a thoughtful conference with referring clinicians should help guide the radiologist’s next imaging modality of choice. MRI is preferable to CT given radiation concerns. The MR findings of appendicitis include a dilated, thick walled blind-ending tubular structure measuring >7 mm with periappendiceal stranding and inflammation. Periappendiceal inflammatory changes, best seen on T2-weighted imaging, correspond to edema surrounding the inflamed appendix. The use of gadolinium should be avoided in pregnancy. If MRI is unavailable, CT may be used although radiologists should make all efforts to reduce dose during this examination. Dose reduction recommendations include reduction of kilovoltage for smaller patients, decreasing milliamperage, increasing allowable noise, and taking care to limit the field of view and avoid multiple phases.
Multi-Resolution Geometric Analysis for Data in High Dimensions

Large data sets arise in a wide variety of applications and are often modeled as samples from a probability distribution in high-dimensional space. It is sometimes assumed that the support of such probability distribution is well approximated by a set of low intrinsic dimension, perhaps even a low-dimensional smooth manifold. Samples are often corrupted by high-dimensional noise. We are interested in developing tools for studying the geometry of such high-dimensional data sets. In particular, we present here a multiscale transform that maps high-dimensional data as above to a set of multiscale coefficients that are compressible/sparse under suitable assumptions on the data. We think of this as a geometric counterpart to multi-resolution analysis in wavelet theory: whereas wavelets map a signal (typically low dimensional, such as a one-dimensional time series or a two-dimensional image) to a set of multiscale coefficients, the geometric wavelets discussed here map points in a high-dimensional point cloud to a multiscale set of coefficients. The geometric multi-resolution analysis (GMRA) we construct depends on the support of the probability distribution, and in this sense it fits with the paradigm of dictionary learning or data-adaptive representations, albeit the type of representation we construct is in fact mildly nonlinear, as opposed to standard linear representations. Finally, we apply the transform to a set of synthetic and real-world data sets.
Ideological Hegemony and Global Governance

In this paper, I analyze libertarian discourse from the perspective of regulation theory, a~ a hegemonic ideology that underlies the emergence of a new mode of regulation. Within this general theoretical approach, I will also employ frames from regime theory as developed by international relations scholars, as well as the "epistemic community" approach from the same discipline. I want to suggest that free-market ideology could engender the emergence of rationalized global governance in order to maintain free trade, property rights, and other regulatory concerns of the emerging mode of accumulation, and that such a world state could conceivably extend liberalism's life by carrying liberalism to its extreme.
Expressive Modification and the Licensing of Measure Phrases

This squib points out that adjectives with measure phrases are incompatible with expressive modifiers such as goddamn. It shows that this otherwise mysterious fact can be explained relatively straightforwardly if, as Schwarzschild (2005) has argued, positive adjectives can support measure phrases only as the result of a type-shifting rule in the lexicon.
INTERMEDIATE VECTOR BOSONS AS UNOBSERVABLE PARTICLES.

A theory of the intermediate vector boson is proposed, in which the boson field can be described by a renormalizable Lagrangian in an indefinite-metric space. The circumstances under which an indefinitemetric space can be consistently applied are discussed. It is shown that for very massive bosons (M∼2500 proton masses) the indefinite metric of the space does not conflict with requirements of probability conservation. The coupling constant for the lepton-intermediate boson interaction is approximately given byg 2∼10−1 in this theory.
Impact of New Manufacturing Technologies on the Petrochemical Industry in the United States: A Methane-to-Aromatics Case Study

Recent growth in natural gas and natural gas liquid feedstocks available for the chemical manufacturing industry in the United States has changed feedstock costs, potentially making new technologies cost-competitive with traditional chemical manufacturing routes. Because of the interconnected material flows throughout many parts of the chemical manufacturing industry, introducing new technologies can potentially change the use of many related processes throughout the chemical manufacturing system. A network model of the 2012 United States petrochemical industry has been used to analyze the effect of a new methane-to-aromatics technology on the industry’s structure. The analysis examines the relationship between process cost and utilization and the ancillary effects caused by introduction of the new technology. Finally, the results show how selectivity of aromatic products from the new process is related to the cost-point when the process is likely to be introduced.