cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seeking Recognition: Women’s Struggle for Full Citizenship in the Community of Religious Worship

This chapter addresses the struggle of religiously observant women in the United States to participate in public prayer. It focuses on two small but highly visible religions: Islam and Judaism.1 Within each group, a few earnestly follow religious law. Among these only a small fraction are feminists—religious devotees who adhere to their respective religious laws and yet aim to find ways to reconcile these laws with principles of inclusion and equal citizenship for men and women. The traditional regulation of public prayer, in both Islam and Judaism, has either excluded women or delegated them to a marginal role.
Scorecard for Bulgaria's Currency Board

After ten years of running under a new law, Bulgaria’s central bank can be proud of its record writes Steve Hanke.
From Labour to the Biopolitical: Biopolitical Production and Respiratory Capital

This paper is concerned primarily with only one variant of Marxian theoretical explanation, and in particular one text which preoccupied many debates among Marxist theorists – political, social, cultural and literary alike – for the better part of the past decade. The principle argument of Hardt and Negri’s Empire (2000) was an ontologically situated description of a changing political economic landscape; a landscape whose transition was said to have been driven by epochal shifts in the production of value; or as they put it, a shift “from labour to the biopolitical” (2008: 160).
High-Energy Elastic Scattering of π +/- , K - , and p̄ on Hydrogen at c.m. Angles from 22° to 180°

Elastic ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{-}p$, ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}p$, and $\overline{p}\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering cross sections have been measured using three different experimental arrangements covering the c.m. angular regions \ensuremath{\sim}20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, \ensuremath{\sim}135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-169\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and \ensuremath{\sim}165\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} at incident momenta from 6 to 17 GeV/c. In the region 130\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, only ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering was measured. In the angular region near 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, the energy dependences and shapes of the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}p$ backward peaks were determined up to crossed-momentum transfers of $u\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}2$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$. At all energies, the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}\ensuremath{-}p$ backward peak had a sharp dip at $u=\ensuremath{-}0.13$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$, with no similar effect in the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}p$ case. Nearly complete angular distributions of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}p$ elastic scattering from 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} have been obtained at 6 and 10 GeV/c. These results at 6 and 10 GeV/c as well as at 8 GeV/c reveal a sharp dip in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering at $t=\ensuremath{-}3$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$. Several structures in the form of dips or shoulders were seen in the $\overline{p}\ensuremath{-}p$ angular distributions also, with less pronounced structure observed in ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering. At fixed momentum transfer, all cross sections when expressed as $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dt}}$ appear to be decreasing with increasing energy.
Teaching for transformative educational experience in a sport for development program

Despite the assumption that Sport for Development and Peace programs can foster social change, many fail to provide intentional educational experiences. This limits the attainment and sustainability of positive outcomes for participants and communities. The literature calls for such programs to use sport as an educational tool that shifts power to participants in a way that is responsive and respectful to the local context. In this article, we present findings from a program designed to promote youth development and social change through youth sport in a Central American nation. The teaching personal and social responsibility (TPSR) model provides the instructional framework for this program and local coach training was guided by the principles of critical pedagogy. Participants were eight youth sport coaches who became local trainers in the program. Data sources include interviews, observations and artifacts. Participants appeared to have meaningful educational experiences characterized by the following ...
Selection of Web Browser Controls with and without Impenetrable Borders: Does Width Make a Difference?

Graphical user interface elements can be selected faster if they are placed against the edge of the screen. Doing so creates an impenetrable border between the element and the edge of the screen that the mouse cursor cannot penetrate, which changes how users move the mouse resulting in quicker selection times. This study assessed the influence of visible width on selection time when targets did or did not have impenetrable borders. Ten participants selected targets that varied in Target Type (with or without impenetrable borders), Width (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 cm), and Distance (2, 4, 8, 16, 32 cm). For a given width, targets with impenetrable borders were always selected faster than targets without impenetrable borders. Also, increasing the width of targets with impenetrable borders had little effect on selection time, whereas doing so when targets did not have impenetrable borders resulted in a substantial effect on selection time. The results indicate that a 1 cm wide target is adequate to make use of the advan...
Weld Lines Control of Exterior Trim Parts based on Sequence Valve Technology

Many weld lines were caused in traditional injection molding of exterior trim parts.It led the chromatism problem frequently and the mechanical strength was low.The form mechanization for weld lines and control action of Sequence Valve Technology were analysed,and then took the car front bumper as an example,the running systems of a front bumper though the hot runner sequence valve was designed by UG and Modlflow.Compared with several schedules,the reasonable hot runner gating system and parameters were obtained.The validated results showed that the surface of product had fewer weld lines than traditional injection.The sequence valve technology control method was of great practical significance to exterior trim parts manufacturing.
Analysis on Results of Influenza Surveillance in the Fourth People's Hospital in Shenzhen in 2007

Objective To investigate the epidemiological status of influenza in Futian District of Shenzhen city in 2007. Method Ten or fourteen throat swabs were collected every week from January to December in 2007. Influenza viruses were isolated by MDCK cells and identified by Hemagglutination inhibition test. Result A total of 273 samples were monitored. The positive rate of influenza was 22.8%,of which 2 cases were influenza H1N1 virus,41 cases of influenza H1N1 virus,13 cases of influenza B (V) virus and 6 cases of influenza B (Y) virus. Conclusion The influenza epidemiological status of Futian District in Shenzhen city was stable. Obviously there are seasonal peaks of the disease. Most outbreaks happened in June. H3N2 is the advantage prevalent strain,the same prevalent strain with Shenzhen city.
Ultrastructure of Vesicourethral Innervation. II. Postganglionic Axoaxonal Synapses in Intrinsic Innervation of the Vesicourethral Lissosphincter: A New Structural and Functional Concept in Micturition

The interrelationships of postganglionic axons in intrinsic neuroplexuses of the vesicourethral lissosphincter ('internal sphincter') were studied ultrastructurally in the cat and rat of both sexes. Direct axoaxonal contracts between cholinergic and adrenergic axons were common in preterminal axon bundles and at neuroeffector junctions. Similar contacts between 2 cholinergic or 2 adrenergic axons were less frequent. Most contacts were ultrastructurally simple, but some had focal areas of very close axolemmal apposition, and some were focally specialized as bona fide chemical synaptic complexes. The axoaxonal contacts are introduced as a complex interaxonal synaptic system that chemically, and possibly also electrically, modulates neurotransmission in postganglionic axons innervating the lissosphincter, presynaptically (prejunctionally) at the infraganglionic level, especially by reciprocal cholinergic/adrenergic axonal interaction. This synaptic system is introduced as a potential, hitherto unrecognized, site of action of autonomic drugs, and as a key factor in the neural mechanism controlling continent closure of the lissosphincter during bladder filling, its opening to initiate and maintain voiding, and its closure to terminate the micturition cycle.
Complement fixing and tissue binding serum globulins in patients with myasthenia gravis, and their relation to muscle ribonucleoprotein.

Abstract The serum of patients with myasthenia gravis was found to react with ribonucleoprotein isolated from human skeletal muscle in 48 per cent of 63 patients by the complement fixation test, and with striations of skeletal muscle in 62 per cent of 60 patients, and with speckled intranuclear structures in 15 per cent of 53 patients by immunofluorescent staining. The activity of the serum was localized in the 7S gamma globulin fraction. The serum globulin was more reactive with microsomes and ribonucleoprotein than with other fractions of skeletal muscle. The binding of serum globulins with striations of skeletal muscle and nuclei of various cells, as well as with cytoplasm of thymic epithelial cells, was inhibited by prior absorption of the serum by muscle ribonucleoprotein or microsomes or by pretreatment of the tissues with ribonuclease. Immunization of rabbits with muscle ribonucleoprotein evoked antibody with properties similar to the tissue binding globulins in the serum of myasthenic patients. These observations indicate that ribonucleoprotein or a substance with similar antigenic determinant in skeletal muscle striations, in nuclei of various cells, and in cytoplasm of thymic epithelial cells may play a role in the binding of these cells with serum globulin of myasthenic patients.
In Sickness and in Health: The Relationships Between Bacteria and Bile in the Human Gut.

Colonization of a human host with a commensal microbiota has a complex interaction in which bacterial communities provide numerous health benefits to the host. An equilibrium between host and microbiota is kept in check with the help of biliary secretions by the host. Bile, composed primarily of bile salts, promotes digestion. It also provides a barrier between host and bacteria. After bile salts are synthesized in the liver, they are stored in the gallbladder to be released after food intake. The set of host-secreted bile salts is modified by the resident bacteria. Because bile salts are toxic to bacteria, an equilibrium of modified bile salts is reached that allows commensal bacteria to survive, yet rebuffs invading pathogens. In addition to direct toxic effects on cells, bile salts maintain homeostasis as signaling molecules, tuning the immune system. To cause disease, gram-negative pathogenic bacteria have shared strategies to survive this harsh environment. Through exclusion of bile, efflux of bile, and repair of bile-induced damage, these pathogens can successfully disrupt and outcompete the microbiota to activate virulence factors.
Cotton Fiber Tenacity and Elongation in Rapidly Changing Relative Humidity

Five cotton samples were tested for 3.2 mm-gauge tenacity and elongation five times daily as relative humidities (RH) were cycled within the limits of 70 and 48%. Tenacity and elongation responded ...
Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties of a Mn21 Single-Molecule Magnet

is the anion of 2-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine), with an average Mn oxidation state of +2.85. Complex 3‚7MeCN crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1. The structure consists of a low symmetry [Mn21(I4-O)4(I3-O)12(I-O)16] core, with peripheral ligation provided by 16 MeCO2 - , 8 hmp - , and 2 pic - groups and one molecule each of water and pyridine. The magnetic properties of 3 were investigated by both dc and ac magnetic susceptibility measurements. Fitting of dc magnetization data collected in the 0.1-0.8 T and 1.8-4.0 K ranges gave S ) 17 /2, D -0.086 cm -1 , and g 1.8, where S is the molecular spin of the Mn21 complex and D is the axial zero-field splitting parameter. ac susceptibility studies in the 10-997 Hz frequency range reveal the presence of a frequency-dependent out-ofphase ac magnetic susceptibility ( M′′) signal consistent with slow magnetization relaxation rates. Fitting of dc magnetization decay versus time data to the Arrhenius equation gave a value of the effective barrier to relaxation (Ueff) of 13.2 K. Magnetization versus applied dc field sweeps exhibited hysteresis. Thus, complex 3 is a new member of the small but growing family of single-molecule magnets.
Economia abierta y politica cerrada

La sugerencia —inspirada por algunas experiencias latinoamericanas re cientes— de que las economias del Tercer Mundo abiertas a los flujos in ternacionales de comercio y capital se asocian inexorablemente a regime nes politicos autoritarios parece absurda, y sin embargo es inquietante para alguien educado en la teoria economica ortodoxa. La formacion tradi cional en los principales centros de ensenanza que imparten el doctorado ayuda muy poco al analisis de las relaciones que puedan existir entre la apertura y el autoritarismo, mientras que la tradicion menos formal que podria absorber en tales centros el estudiante graduado tipico, releyendo algunos pasajes seleccionados de Smith, Ricardo, Mills, y aun Marx, o a traves del paradigmatico "sentido comun", en realidad conduce a una asociacion de las economias cerradas con el despotismo de diversas cla ses. En este ensayo alguien formado en la economia ortodoxa reflexio nara sobre algunas de las diversas hipotesis, conjeturas e insinuaciones que se han formulado acerca de la relacion entre apertura y autoritaris mo, sobre todo en el ambiente latinoamericano. No se explorara el tema mas amplio de las relaciones entre los sistemas economicos y la libertad politica, como tampoco se examinaran la naturaleza y los origenes del Estado autoritario. Debido quizas al limitado objetivo de este ensayo no resulta facil encontrar enunciados claros de hipotesis y argumentos revisionistas que conecten las economias abiertas con los regimenes autoritarios. Una li nea de razonamiento sostiene que para competir en los mercados inter nacionales y atraer inversiones la fuerza de trabajo nacional debera per manecer barata y docil. Tambien se afirma que las inversiones de largos periodos de gestacion requieren ambientes politicos mas previsibles; es posible que la apertura se acompane de un incremento de tales inversio nes, lo que favorecera la aparicion de lideres autoritarios, ansiosos por
The influence of startReact on long-latency reflexive muscle activation during the transition from posture to movement

Many motor tasks involve transitions from posture to movement such as shifting from holding an object to setting it on a surface. Although many movements are voluntary processes, they are facilitated through motor pathways that span the continuum between reflexive and voluntary control. The mechanisms driving the long-latency stretch reflex (LLSR) have remained hotly contested. Recently, startReact has been shown to influence the fast muscular response to perturbations (Ravichandran et. al. 2013). The objective of this study was to evaluate how the LLSR and startReact impact the muscular response during the transition from posture to movement. We hypothesized that both the LLSR and startReact would be involved throughout the transition from posture to movement; however there would be a clear transition from LLSR dominance during posture to startReact dominance near/during movement. We tested this hypothesis using perturbations of elbow posture at various times before a fast ballistic extension movement. We found clear evidence that both the LLSR and startReact components were influenced changes in the late long-latency time window. The results provide insights on how the nervous system regulates involuntary responses to perturbations during the transition from maintenance of arm posture to movement.
Epstein Barr virus Latent Membrane Protein-1 enhances dendritic cell therapy lymph node migration, activation, and IL-12 secretion

Dendritic cells (DC) are a promising cell type for cancer vaccines due to their high immunostimulatory capacity. However, improper maturation of DC prior to treatment may account for the limited efficacy of DC vaccine clinical trials. Latent Membrane Protein-1 (LMP1) of Epstein-Barr virus was examined for its ability to mature and activate DC as a gene-based molecular adjuvant for DC vaccines. DC were transduced with an adenovirus 5 vector (Ad5) expressing LMP1 under the control of a Tet-inducible promoter. Ad5-LMP1 was found to mature and activate both human and mouse DC. LMP1 enhanced in vitro migration of DC toward CCL19, as well as in vivo migration of DC to the inguinal lymph nodes of mice following intradermal injection. LMP1-transduced DC increased T cell proliferation in a Pmel-1 adoptive transfer model and enhanced survival in B16-F10 melanoma models. LMP1-DC also enhanced protection in a vaccinia-Gag viral challenge assay. LMP1 induced high levels of IL-12p70 secretion in mouse DC when compared to standard maturation protocols. Importantly, LMP1-transduced human DC retained the capacity to secrete IL-12p70 and TNF in response to DC restimulation. In contrast, DC matured with Monocyte Conditioned Media-Mimic cocktail (Mimic) were impaired in IL-12p70 secretion following restimulation. Overall, LMP1 matured and activated DC, induced migration to the lymph node, and generated high levels of IL-12p70 in a murine model. We propose LMP1 as a promising molecular adjuvant for DC vaccines.
Defect Engineering by Codoping in KCaI 3 :Eu 2 + Single-Crystalline Scintillators

Suppressing afterglow is important for extending the application of high-light-yield, high-density metal halides in sensor technology, from homeland security to medical imaging, but is thwarted by our limited understanding of the photophysics involved. This study uses codoping to successfully diminish afterglow in a high-performance halide scintillator. Its experimental results and theoretical calculations show why this approach works: Introducing a small cation to intentionally form a positively charged interstitial can reduce the formation of halogen vacancies, which act as deep electron traps that promote the undesirable afterglow.
Using Patient Evidence to Guide Clinical Care: Consulting the Other Expert in the Room

The evidence-based practice movement in health care has gained both momentum and scrutiny since its inception. Previous IJATT editorials have highlighted the dynamic interplay among evidence sources including the clinician’s internal evidence, best available external evidence, and patient evidence.1,2 In general, health care professions have applauded the integration of these three sources for making clinical decisions, as it incorporates science/knowledge (external evidence), expertise/experience (internal evidence), and the values/preferences/experiences of the individual patient (patient evidence).1,2 However, it seems that athletic training has focused predominantly on the utilization of the best available external evidence as the largest contributor to evidence-based practice (EBP); thus, our EBP education has primarily focused on the development of PICO questions (Patient or Population of interest, Intervention, Control or Comparison, Outcome of interest), searching and critically appraising external evidence. In our quest to become evidence-based practitioners, we have not given enough appreciation to the third source—patient evidence2 (e.g., the patient’s values, preferences, experiences, etc.). The integration of the patient in to decision-making in traditional athletic training settings is obscured by a lack of (a) clear clinical standards for achieving patient engagement and (b) the documentation and quanti?cation of the patient’s perspective. These challenges, combined with the nuances of patient individuality, have made a complex topic much more challenging.
STATISTICAL TOLERANCE LIMITS--WHAT ARE THEY

In this paper, Mr Burrows discusses methods of setting tolerance limits under different assumptions and provides tables for this purpose.
problems and promises of deterministic extended range forecasting

The past 20 years have encompassed remarkable scientific and technical advances in the atmospheric and oceanic sciences which herald a new era for deterministically predicting atmospheric behavior. Many of the key innovations were directly influenced, if not originated by Harry Wexler during his very productive career. This paper will deal with a critique of recent progress in modelling the atmosphere-ocean system, some of the newly exposed problems, and the needs and expectations for the future.
Reservoir rock chemo-mechanical alteration quantified by triaxial tests and implications to fracture reactivation

Abstract CO2 injection into geological formations shifts the geochemical equilibrium between the minerals and resident brine. The induced mineral-brine-CO2 reactions can alter the reservoir rock strength and deformational behavior, which subsequently affects CO2 storage mechanical integrity. This study attempts to investigate quantitatively the effect of mineral cement and particle dissolution through numerical modeling and validation of triaxial tests performed on unaltered and geologically altered Entrada Sandstone . We utilize a numerical model that couples the discrete element method (DEM) and the bonded-particle model (BPM) to perform simulations of triaxial tests on synthetic rocks that mimic tested rock samples under various confining stresses. Numerical results, in agreement with experimental evidence, show that both cement and particle dissolution significantly contribute to rock weakening in sandstone samples with carbonate/hematite cements and pore-filling carbonate. Sensitivity analyses show that the brittleness of DEM numerical samples is mostly conditioned by the cement bond size among all cement microscopic parameters. An alteration path that mimics the mineral dissolution under subsurface boundary conditions leads to (1) vertical compaction and horizontal stress relaxation in the reservoir rock and (2) transfer of stresses to adjacent strata that results in bond breakage and potentially natural fracture reactivation at a large scale.
Rankings and Total Orderings on Sets of Generalized Fuzzy Numbers

Ranking and ordering generalized fuzzy numbers are hot topics in decision making under uncertainty. By extension principle, addition and multiplication of generalized fuzzy numbers are presented for establishing goodness criteria. This paper initially proposes four criteria for judging the goodness of a given ranking or total ordering defined on a set of generalized fuzzy numbers and then discusses the methods of rankings and total orderings which satisfy these goodness criteria. Besides, the cardinality of the set of all generalized fuzzy numbers is, for the first time, determined.
SOME THOUGHTS REGARDING EF-HANDS AND THE STRUCTURE OF CALBINDINS

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates some of the ways in which EF-hand proteins have diversified and to speculate concerning possible variations yet to be discovered on the EF-hand theme. Calcium- binding sites in proteins coordinate the calcium ion by protein oxygen atoms and water molecules in a roughly octahedral arrangement. The prototypic EF-hand presumably gained calcium-binding ability in a similar way by modification of a protein or a protein fragment, which originally had some other function. The archetypal EF-hand protein is calmodulin, a four-domain protein whose two halves are similar but not identical. Parvalbumin (Pa) has only three domains, one of which has lost the ability to bind calcium. The 9 Kilodalton vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein or calbindin (CaBP ) consists of just two domains, one of which is a variant EF-hand in which the majority of the calcium ligands are main chain carbonyls. Some myosin light chains, although retaining a four-domain structure, have entirely lost the ability to bind calcium and have presumably acquired some other function in muscle contraction. There are now a number of EF-hand proteins for which amino acid sequences but no three-dimensional structure are available.
Role of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase in Ischemic Injury

Molecular mechanisms of ischemic brain damage remain poorly understood. To develop effective therapeutic agents, it is important to identify the primary neurochemical determinants of ischemic injury. Within the past decade, several attractive mechanisms of ischemic injury have been proposed (Siesjo, 1981; Raichle, 1983). First, loss of calcium homeostasis may be a major factor leading to cellular damage (Siesjo, 1988). During ischemia, depletion of energy reserves causes membrane failure, resulting in rapid entry of calcium into the cell (Harris et al., 1981; Hansen, 1985). In addition, release of calcium from intracellular stores may contribute to an overwhelming increase in intracellular calcium concentration [Ca]i. Although the increase in [Ca]i is reversible, even a transient rise may trigger secondary alterations that cause permanent cellular injury. A number of targets of increased [Ca]i have been postulated, but definitive proof implicating a specific target in cellular injury is lacking. Indeed, a causative relationship between increased [Ca]i and ischemic injury has not been established (Siesjo, 1988).
Integrating Terms for Inexact Differentials

Given n functions P1,...,Pn on a region A⊂Rn, we seek n other functions p1,...,pn on A such that \( \int\limits_A {({p^{{1^2}}} + ... + {p^{{n^2}}})} \) is minimal, subject to the condition that $${({p^j} + {p^j})_i} = ({p^i} + {p^i})j,1 \le i \le j \le n,$$ where subscripts indicate partial derivatives. The problem is solved for the case n = 2 and A, an interval. The key to the solution is the Fourier expansion of the discrepancy \(P_1^2 - P_2^1\) in terms of the eigenfunctions of the vibrating string.
Combining land use data acquired from Landsat with soil map data

A method currently used to derive agrophysical units (APUs), i.e., geographical areas having definable/comparable agronomic and physical parameters which reflect a range in agricultural use and management, is discussed with reference to results obtained for South Dakota and an area in China. The method consists of combining agricultural land use data acquired from Landsat with soil map data. The resulting map units are soil associations characterized by cropland use intensity, and they can be used to identify major cropland areas and to develop a rating reflecting the relative potential of the soils in the delineated area for crop production, as well as to update small-scale soil maps.
Cell Traction Force Microscopy

Cell traction forces are vital for many biological processes, including angiogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and metastasis. The study of cell traction forces enables us to better understand the mechanisms of these biological processes at the cellular and molecular levels. Because of the small size of a cell and low magnitude of cell traction forces (∼10nN), it is a daunting task to determine cell traction forces reliably and accurately. In this chapter we review the current methods for determining cell traction forces, with special focus on a new technology for cell traction force microscopy (CTFM) we have recently developed. We conclude this chapter by discussing possible areas for improvement in CTFM and also suggesting potential applications of this technology.
Nadia Boulanger and the Stravinskys: A Selected Correspondence

Reading the letters of others perhaps always feels voyeuristic. By perusing reflections that range from hasty missives, to dry business mundanities, to sincere updates on the writers’ personal cond...
N-Alkoxyimidazolylidene Transition-Metal Complexes: Application to [5+2] and [4+2] Cycloaddition Reactions

Silver(I) bis[(benzyloxy)imidazol-2-ylidene] complex 6 is prepared by reaction of an alkoxyimidazolium bromide (4) with Ag2O. In situ deprotonation of the alkoxyimidazolium bromide 4 afforded the r...
Decision-making process underlying bystanders’ helping cyberbullying victims: A behavioral economic analysis of role of social discounting

Abstract The goal of the present study was to examine a decision-making process underlying bystanders' helping cyberbullying victims from a behavioral economic perspective. In a novel social-discounting task that involved a hypothetical scenario in which participants encountered cyberbullying instances as a bystander, they rated their likelihood of helping cyberbullying victims versus taking no action. Several cyberbullying situations were presented in the vignettes of the task, in which the social distance to the victims ranged from the person who is emotionally closest to the participants to a mere acquaintance and participants were asked to imagine each situation. The vignettes also presented three levels of intensity of cyberbullying (mild, moderate, and severe). The results showed that the likelihood of helping victims (a) decreased as a hyperbolic function of the social distance to the victims, (b) was greater for participants who had a past experience of helping victims, (c) varied systematically as a function of the intensity of cyberbullying, (d) was significantly correlated with empathy toward victims, and (e) significantly predicted intention to help victims. These findings support the importance of the social-discounting process in bystanders’ decision to help victims as well as indicate the novel task possess some validity. Implications for developing effective interventions strategies and the utility of the present task as a research tool are discussed.
Comparison of well-to-wheels energy use and emissions of a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle relative to a conventional gasoline-powered internal combustion engine vehicle

Abstract The operation of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs) is more efficient than that of gasoline conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), and produces zero tailpipe pollutant emissions. However, the production, transportation, and refueling of hydrogen are more energy- and emissions-intensive compared to gasoline. A well-to-wheels (WTW) energy use and emissions analysis was conducted to compare a HFCEV (Toyota Mirai) with a gasoline conventional ICEV (Mazda 3). Two sets of specific fuel consumption data were used for each vehicle: (1) fuel consumption derived from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) window-sticker fuel economy figure, and (2) weight-averaged fuel consumption based on physical vehicle testing with a chassis dynamometer on EPA's five standard driving cycles. The WTW results show that a HFCEV, even fueled by hydrogen from a fossil-based production pathway (via steam methane reforming of natural gas), uses 5%–33% less WTW fossil energy and has 15%–45% lower WTW greenhouse gas emissions compared to a gasoline conventional ICEV. The WTW results are sensitive to the source of electricity used for hydrogen compression or liquefaction.
Loss Evaluation of Low-Loss Boost-Chopper Circuit for Inverter Systems in Air Conditioners

This paper deals with the loss evaluation of boost choppers in inverter systems, which are used in large capacity air conditioners. The basic principle of the previously proposed low-loss boost-chopper with super-junction MOSFET (SJ-MOSFET) is briefly introduced. Then, it is shown that the conduction loss can be reduced by synchronous rectification and the switching loss can also be decreased greatly. Loss analysis results of three boost choppers are experimentally compared with that of the previously proposed low-loss boost-chopper circuit. Experimental results demonstrate that the conduction loss of the upper arm circuit at light load condition can be reduced by 62 %, and switching loss of the lower arm circuit at the rated load condition can be reduced by 80 % as compared to conventional boost chopper with Si device.
Predicting Photovoltaic Module Series Resistance based on Indoor-Aging Tests and Thermal Cycling Cumulative Exposure Estimates

The IEC 61215 and Qualification Plus indoor aging tests are recognized as valuable assessment procedures for identifying photovoltaic (PV) modules that are prone to early-life failures or excessive degradation. However, it is unclear how well the tests match with reality, and if they can predict in-field performance. Therefore, the present work performed indoor-aging thermal cycling tests on pristine-condition modules and evaluated, using in-field current and voltage (I-V) curve scans, modules of the same make and model exposed to the actual environment within a production field. The experiment included the estimate of the overall exposure to thermal cycling in both indoor and outdoor environments, the extraction of the series resistance from the I-V curves, the development of a model based on the indoor results, and finally the testing of the model on outdoor exposure amounts to predict actual changes in resistance. Index Terms—photovoltaic, accelerated aging, series resistance
Cytotoxic effects of S Carvone on selected human cancer cell lines

nbsp S Carvone S CVN the main constituent of Caraway seed Carum carvi L Umbelliferae has been reported to show significant anticancer and chemopreventive effects against several cancer types The current study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of S CVN on four different human cancer cell lines ovarian cancer SW triple negative breast cancer BT prostate cancer PC and lymphoma RAJI Using MTS proliferation assay S CVN showed significant concentration dependent anti proliferative effects against the chosen cancer cell lines with IC values of and M in SW PC BT and RAJI respectively Mechanistically S CVN with its unsaturated carbonyl functionality has the potential to interact with cellular nucleophilic functional groups through Michael rsquo s addition type of reaction The covalent interaction may explain the observed anti proliferative activity To further understand the mechanism of S CVN cytotoxicity glutathione GSH and GSSG were added to SW cell line as pre and co treatments with S CVN According to results the cell viability was enhanced and the cytotoxic effect of S CVN was extremely decreased using a range of GSH GSSG concentrations M Moreover the interaction between GSH and S CVN was further confirmed by using thin layer chromatography TLC This is presumably attributed to the fact that the nucleophilic thiol function in GSH interacts with S CVN unsaturated ketone moiety at C The obtained data suggests that the reactivity of the electrophilic functionality of S CVN plays a crucial role in its cytotoxicity
Predicting greenhouse gas benefits of improved nitrogen management in North American maize.

Farmers, food supply companies, and policymakers need practical yet scientifically robust methods to quantify how improved nitrogen (N) fertilizer management can reduce nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions. To meet this need, we developed an empirical model based on published field data for predicting N2 O emission from rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) fields managed with inorganic N fertilizer in the United States and Canada. Nitrous oxide emissions ranged widely on an area basis (0.03-32.9 kg N ha-1 yr-1 ) and a yield-scaled basis (0.006-4.8 kg N Mg-1 grain yr-1 ). We evaluated multiple modeling approaches and variables using three metrics of model fit (Akaike information criteria corrected for small sample sizes [AICc], RMSE, and R2 ). Our model explains 32.8% of the total observed variation and 50% of observed site-level variation. Soil clay content was very important for predicting N2 O emission and predicting the change in N2 O emission due to a change in N balance, with the addition of a clay fixed effect explaining 37% of site-level variation. Sites with higher clay content showed greater reductions in N2 O emission for a given reduction in N balance. Therefore, high-clay sites are particularly important targets for reducing N2 O emissions. Our linear mixed model is more suitable for predicting the effect of improved N management on N2 O emission in maize fields than other published models because it (a) requires only input data readily available on working farms, (b) is derived from field observations, (c) correctly represents differences among sites using a mixed modeling approach, and (d) includes soil texture because it strongly influences N2 O emissions.
When is money smart? Mutual fund flows and disposable income

Abstract This study shows that the representative mutual fund investor's ability increases with the time-varying constraints on household disposable income at the aggregate level. I use changes in retail energy prices to proxy for short-run changes in the disposable income of potential investors. Flows to actively-managed U.S. equity funds decrease with the constraints on disposable income. The representative investor shows fund selection and timing ability in periods when the constraints on disposable income sharply increase, but no discernable ability otherwise. The results are consistent with money being smarter when the constraints on household disposable income in the economy are more binding.
Data-based individualization in mathematics to support middleschool teachers and their students with mathematics learning difficulty

Abstract Project STAIR (Supporting Teaching of Algebra: Individual Readiness) aims to develop and iteratively refine a framework for using data-based individualization (DBI) to support the readiness for algebra of middle-school students with mathematics learning difficulty. Project STAIR was tested in four middle schools in the United States to assess the impact of intensive professional development, ongoing coaching, and frequent student progress monitoring on teachers’ DBI practices, school-level culture and climate, and students’ algebra readiness. Findings from this exploratory research point to the promise of Project STAIR for improving teacher perceptions of school culture and climate related to support of students experiencing mathematics learning difficulty as well as increasing specific DBI practices, including teachers’ ratings of importance, understanding, and confidence with assessment practices. Students’ mathematics outcomes improved on several algebra-readiness progress monitoring measures, along with a diagnostic measure, but not on a more distal measure of mathematics performance.
Criminal Threat, Immigrant/Minority Threat, and Political Ideology: An Examination of Handgun Permits Across Texas Counties

Objectives To assess the extent to which crime, Hispanic‐to‐white population changes, black‐to‐white population changes, and conservative political appeals affect gun permit application rates across Texas counties. Methods This article uses spatial lag regression and robust regression with county‐level data to assess structural sources of variation in handgun permitting across Texas counties in 2016. Conclusions Spatial and robust regression model results confirm that median incomes, Republican votes, and rising rates of Hispanic‐to‐white populations are significant predictors of handgun permit application rates. The results call attention to the centrality of Hispanic threat and the prevalence of partisan politics in aggregate permit‐seeking processes.
The role of distress and fear transdiagnostic dimensions in emotion regulation choice.

Abstract Background Most research in the area of psychopathology and emotion regulation has focused on specific disorder categories and maladaptive strategy implementation. This study aimed to extend previous research by examining emotion regulation choice in higher-order dimensions (i.e., the distress and fear transdiagnostic dimensions) predisposing individuals toward commonly co-occurring internalizing syndromes. Methods The sample consisted of 127 college students with varying levels of distress and fear proneness. They were randomly assigned to a short- or long-term goal condition and were asked to select between two strategies, distraction and reappraisal, in response to pictures of differing emotional intensity. The moderating effects of distress and fear dimensions were explored to assess whether they interact with emotional intensity and goal proximity to influence strategy selection. Results Fear proneness was positively, and distress proneness was negatively, associated with the odds of choosing distraction. Fear proneness was a significant moderator in our analysis, suggesting that increased fear magnifies the effect of emotional intensity on choosing distraction as a regulatory strategy. Limitations Although an effort was made to select individuals from the full range of the internalizing spectrum, this was a college student sample and thus results should be replicated in clinical samples. Additionally, the response rate in this study was low. Conclusion These findings expand our understanding of emotion regulation choice in internalizing psychopathology by identifying common tendencies of individuals who share dispositions toward fear and distress.
Soil precipitation legacies influence intraspecific plant-soil feedback.

Feedbacks between plants and soil microbial communities can play an important role in structuring plant communities. However, little is known about how soil legacies caused by environmental disturbances such as drought and extreme precipitation events may affect plant-soil feedback or whether plant-soil feedback operates within species as it does between species. If soil legacies alter plant-soil feedback among genotypes within a plant species, then soil legacies may alter the diversity within plant populations. We conducted a fully factorial pairwise plant-soil feedback experiment to test how precipitation legacies influenced intraspecific plant-soil feedbacks among three genotypes of a dominant grass species, Panicum virgatum. Panicum virgatum experienced negative intraspecific plant-soil feedback, i.e., genotypes generally performed worse on soil from the same genotype than different genotypes. Soil precipitation legacies reversed the rank order of the strength of negative feedback among the genotypes. Feedback is often positively correlated with plant relative abundance. Therefore, our results suggest that soil precipitation legacies may alter the genotypic composition of P. virgatum populations, favoring genotypes that develop less negative feedback. Changes in intraspecific diversity will likely further affect community structure and ecosystem functioning, and may constrain the ability of populations to respond to future changes in climate.
Automated construction of energy test oracles for Android

Energy efficiency is an increasingly important quality attribute for software, particularly for mobile apps. Just like any other software attribute, energy behavior of mobile apps should be properly tested prior to their release. However, mobile apps are riddled with energy defects, as currently there is a lack of proper energy testing tools. Indeed, energy testing is a fledgling area of research and recent advances have mainly focused on test input generation. This paper presents ACETON, the first approach aimed at solving the oracle problem for testing the energy behavior of mobile apps. ACETON employs Deep Learning to automatically construct an oracle that not only determines whether a test execution reveals an energy defect, but also the type of energy defect. By carefully selecting features that can be monitored on any app and mobile device, we are assured the oracle constructed using ACETON is highly reusable. Our experiments show that the oracle produced by ACETON is both highly accurate, achieving an overall precision and recall of 99%, and efficient, detecting the existence of energy defects in only 37 milliseconds on average.
How Has COVID-19 Impacted Research Productivity in Economics and Finance?

Following the onset of COVID-19 around the world in March of 2020, research productivity in economics and finance (measured by the posting of working papers) increased by 35%. Part of this increase was due to research related to COVID-19, but productivity went up even excluding COVID papers. Productivity increases were widespread across geographies, job titles, and departments, with particularly large increases in top-10 departments. Individuals of all ages experienced productivity gains, with particularly large increases for people under 35. Men and women both experienced productivity increases with the exception of women between the age of 35 and 49, who experienced no productivity gains despite large increases for men in the same age group.
Microvascular Reconstruction of Osteonecrosis: Assessment of Long-term Quality of Life.

ObjectiveReview long-term clinical and quality-of-life outcomes following free flap reconstruction for osteonecrosis.Study DesignRetrospective multi-institutional review.SettingTertiary care center...
TPOT-NN: augmenting tree-based automated machine learning with neural network estimators

Automated machine learning (AutoML) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) have revolutionized the field of artificial intelligence by yielding incredibly high-performing models to solve a myriad of inductive learning tasks. In spite of their successes, little guidance exists on when to use one versus the other. Furthermore, relatively few tools exist that allow the integration of both AutoML and ANNs in the same analysis to yield results combining both of their strengths. Here, we present TPOT-NN—a new extension to the tree-based AutoML software TPOT—and use it to explore the behavior of automated machine learning augmented with neural network estimators (AutoML+NN), particularly when compared to non-NN AutoML in the context of simple binary classification on a number of public benchmark datasets. Our observations suggest that TPOT-NN is an effective tool that achieves greater classification accuracy than standard tree-based AutoML on some datasets, with no loss in accuracy on others. We also provide preliminary guidelines for performing AutoML+NN analyses, and recommend possible future directions for AutoML+NN methods research, especially in the context of TPOT.
Radar Pulse on Pulse Identification Algorithm Hardware Acceleration Performance Analysis

The performance in radar receiver signal processing is a critical factor in identifying radar pulses. The use of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) in hardware acceleration provides multiple advantages in radar signal processing. High-level synthesis (HLS) tools enable systems developed in high-level languages, such as C, flexibility in conversion to a register-transfer level (RTL) design. A direct HLS translation for an FPGA target may not always improve performance, and analysis is compelling in systems where speed and performance are crucial. System on a Chip (SoC) FPGAs includes a processing system (PS) and programmable logic (PL) architectures on a single device. The performance between high-level language designs executed on the PS and HLS adaption implemented on the PL can be directly analyzed. This paper presents the performance comparisons of a Python and HLS versions of a previous work radar pulse on pulse identification algorithm implemented on an SoC FPGA.