cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary Care Physicians' Strategic Pursuit of Multiple Goals in Cost-of-Care Conversations with Patients

Despite the importance of cost-of-care conversations between physicians and patients, such discussions are not well understood. We used multiple goals theory to examine the specific goals that are salient in these discussions and how physicians pursue these goals. We used qualitative descriptive coding to analyze the verbatim transcripts from in-depth interviews with 36 primary care physicians. Our analysis identified a number of goals that are commonly salient in cost conversations, including task goals (reducing the cost of care, making treatment decisions, and promoting patient adherence), identity goals (reinforcing their professional identity as a "good doctor," acting as a steward of medical resources, being an advocate for patients, and preventing patient embarrassment), and relational goals (strengthening the physician-patient relationship and mitigating damage to the physician-patient relationship). In addition, participants articulated a number of ways in which these goals compete with each other, making cost conversations challenging. We found that physicians use a common repertoire of rhetorical strategies to manage these goals, including directly addressing cost, avoiding discussion of cost, and falsely reassuring patients about cost concerns. Our analysis revealed that the meaning of the cost conversation explains the connection between physicians' goals and strategies. Specifically, we found that physicians invoke polysemic meanings of cost conversations to achieve their multiple goals using seemingly contradictory strategies. The results of our analysis have implications for building theory and improving practice.
Spectral processing of SEAPOL weather radar observations

In this paper, a spectral domain signal processing technique is demonstrated to filter out sea clutter from data of ship-borne weather radar. A procedure is shown for correcting the velocity errors in the spectrographs that is due to ship’s motion during radar scanning. A novel thresholding criterion named as spectral signal quality index (SSQI) is developed to suppress noise and unwanted interference in the spectral domain processing. It is shown that the application of SSQI based thresholding leads to a better discrimination of weather signals against noise and sea clutter. This technique is demonstrated using data from SEAPOL a C-band shipborne dual polarimetric weather radar to effectively remove sea clutter.
The Usability of the Plan Quality Index to Support Evaluation of Community Health Action Plans.

Introduction The U.S. Army requires community health coalitions to develop targeted action plans in order to more effectively address top public health priorities. Reviews of community action plans indicate that they are often poorly developed and not fully implemented. To date, the U.S. Army has not implemented a standardized tool or process to evaluate action plans and provide recommendations for improvement to local installations. The Plan Quality Index (PQI) is an evidence-based, standardized tool that has been used successfully by technical experts to review and improve community action plans related to the prevention of obesity, injury and violence, and cancer. Materials and methods The objective of this project was to determine the usability of the PQI and to provide recommendations for improving community health action plans focused on injury prevention for the U.S. Army. Five Health Promotion Project Officers and one Health Promotion Project Assistant at Army Public Health Center were trained on the PQI and reviewed injury prevention action plans for 17 installations. After using the PQI to assess injury prevention action plans, the individuals were given a System Usability Scale (SUS) survey to assess the usability of the PQI. Results Results of the SUS survey can range from 0 to 100, but do not represent percentages. A score of 65 indicates "greater than average" usability. Participant scores on the SUS demonstrated that the PQI has a high degree of usability. Mean usability was calculated at 83.3 (range 72.5-97.5, median 85, sd +/- 9.3). Conclusion The PQI demonstrated a high level of usability by technical experts for providing feedback and recommendations regarding community health action plans for injury prevention in the U.S. Army. As a result, the PQI may be beneficial as a standard tool for community health improvement planning and consultation throughout the Army Public Health Center.
Development of a preliminary vegetation-based indicator of ecosystem health for coastal wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes

Abstract Wetland plants, due to their sedentary nature, hold great potential for use as indicators of ecosystem condition in the Great Lakes. However, natural variations in lake levels have historically confounded efforts to create such indicators. Our goal was to use zone-level vegetation data collected over a seven-year period of low to high water levels to overcome these difficulties and identify metrics capable of accurately reflecting disturbance despite lake-level variation. Through a combination of multivariate statistical analyses and a review of the literature, we identified and tested a series of plant-based metrics for wet meadow, emergent, and submergent zones of lacustrine coastal wetlands of Western Lake Huron. These were combined into zone-specific indicators of ecosystem health, which were then applied to wetlands of the remaining Great Lakes to assess basin-wide viability. The resulting indicators were found to reflect disturbance without bias towards high or low water levels. While they must be assessed for use in riverine and barrier-beach coastal wetlands before full-scale implementation can occur, we suggest their use on a preliminary basis in monitoring and management efforts.
The Stock Market Tips

We investigate the influence of public companies on their local economies through the spending of their employees on local goods and services. Using the taxicab industry in New York City as a laboratory, we find that tips paid for taxis taken near firms’ headquarters are higher on the days their stock returns are higher. This finding is stronger for firms offering greater stock-based compensation, and tipping also increases following the initial public offerings (IPOs) of firms particularly at the end of the IPO lock-up period. Idiosyncratic stock returns are more strongly associated with tipping than are aggregate stock market returns, suggesting that the increase in tipping with stock returns is due to firm-level factors. The number of taxis taken near firms’ headquarters, too, increases with their stock returns. Additional tests suggest that these findings are non-spurious.
Systematic review of racial and ethnic disparities in reproductive endocrinology and infertility: where do we stand today?

Objective To conduct a comprehensive review of racial and ethnic health disparities in infertility care and treatment. Evidence Review Systematic literature searches were performed in PubMed and Embase from inception to April 2021. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were original research performed in humans, observational study design, focused on circumstances contributing to infertility, access to infertility care, or outcomes of infertility treatment, and provided relevant information on racial or ethnic groups. Titles and abstracts were reviewed independently by two reviewers to identify pertinent articles. In addition, references of included articles were screened. Result(s) The PubMed search yielded 2,113 articles. An additional 2,301 articles were found in the Embase search. In total, 4,414 articles were screened on the basis of title and, where necessary, abstract. Thirty-four were found to meet the inclusion criteria and included in this review. Three additional studies were found from searching references of the included articles, resulting in 37 articles for discussion: 26 retrospective cohort studies, 2 prospective cohort studies, and 9 cross-sectional studies. The overall consensus in the literature is that reproductive health disparities on the basis of race and ethnicity impact fertility, access to care, and fertility treatment outcomes. Conclusion(s) Racial and ethnic differences in access to full-spectrum reproductive care, including infertility evaluation and treatment, remain. Despite access to infertility treatment, disparate treatment outcomes persist. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as the institutionalization of racism and discrimination within medicine, remain influential in the diagnosis, care, and treatment outcomes of individuals with infertility. To address these inequities, we should mitigate provider bias, fund high-quality health disparity research, improve patient reproductive health knowledge, and advocate for increased access to treatment for all.
An Application of Holland’s Theory to Career Interests and Selected Careers of Automotive Technology Students

This study investigated whether postsecondary automotive technology students’ interests were congruent with their chosen career pathways. One hundred eighty-six students from three institutions completed Holland’s Self-Directed Search assessment. Realistic was the predominant Holland code followed by Enterprising for the participants within this study. A majority of participants had a medium level of congruence between their interests and career choices as measured by the C-index. The findings may be useful for educators, counselors, and career development professionals interested in diversifying instruction and professional development strategies to promote future career success. Keywords: postsecondary career and technical education, automotive technology students, Self-Directed Search assessment, Holland’s theory of vocational personalities and environment.
El financiamiento de sistemas de salud: alternativas y dilemas

Este articulo es una revision muy rapida de los rasgos principales de algunos modelos alternativos de financiamiento de los sistemas de salud publico y privado en cuatro paises, dos desarrollados (Canada y Estados Unidos) y dos subdesarrollados (Costa Rica y Chile), que han mostrado tremendas mejoras en indicadores de salud en los ultimos 20 anos. El articulo tambien presenta los rasgos principales del sistema de financiamiento de salud prevaleciente en un gran numero de paises latinoamericanos del norte de Sudamerica y Centroamerica (excluyendo Costa Rica). El proposito es mostrar que la forma como se financian los servicios y como participa el sector privado tiene consecuencias directas en el costo del sistema, la cantidad y calidad de los servicios prestados y la equidad (es decir, como el gasto del gobierno llega a los beneficiarios). El articulo muestra que, en general, no hay un sistema de financiamiento perfecto, en parte, por las situaciones demograficas, epidemiologicas y tecnologicas cambiantes, y, en gran parte, porque no es facil compatibilizar los objetivos de los prestadores de servicios, los usuarios y el Fisco que paga por la atencion de salud de pobres e indigentes. El sistema canadiense, que ha sido bastante exitoso en controlar gastos prestando servicios aceptables a toda la poblacion, enfrenta nuevos retos, como el control de costos en el futuro, en vista del gran poder que han ganado los hospitales y los cambios tecnologicos y epidemiologicos de la poblacion. El sistema de financiamiento de Estados Unidos esta siendo muy criticado por el excesivo aumento de costos y la falta de cobertura de grupos que no son tan pobres para beneficiarse del sistema federal Medicare y tampoco tienen ingresos suficientes para pagar un seguro privado. El sistema de Costa Rica, al igual que el de Canada, ha sido descrito como exitoso en terminos de cobertura de la poblacion y los excelentes indicadores de salud alcanzados, pero presenta graves problemas en la forma de financiamiento a traves de impuestos en las planillas, y la deficiencia de servicios, especialmente los ambulatorios. El sistema de financiamiento de Chile esta en transicion desde uno centralizado y totalmente estatal a uno descentralizado y con participacion de las municipalidades y del sector privado. Los sistemas para transferir fondos del nivel central han sido disenados para pagar a los prestadores de servicios por atencion prestada, para inducir aumentos en cobertura y mejor servicio. Es necesario mejorar el sistema de reembolso a los proveedores para hacer una estructura de pago mas realista con los costos y para introducir
Digital Video Processing Techniques and Applications

This chapter contains sections titled: Fundamentals of Motion Estimation and Motion Compensation General Methodologies in Motion Estimation Motion Estimation Algorithms Video Enhancement and Noise Reduction Case Study: Object Segmentation and Tracking in the Presence of Complex Background Tutorial 22.1: Block-based Motion Estimation Tutorial 22.2: Intraframe and Interframe Filtering Techniques Problems
Data, Metadata, and Ted

My conversations with Ted Nelson began in earnest in 2004 when we shared an office at the Oxford Internet Institute (OII). He was working on Xanadu, and I was working on Scholarship in the Digital Age: Information, Infrastructure, and the Internet [7]. My work was in conversation with Ted’s since I was a graduate student, having read Computer Lib early on. Ted signed my copy of Literary Machines [25] at a talk in the mid-1990s, thus I was in awe of the man when Bill Dutton put us together as visiting scholars in the OII attic, a wonderful space overlooking the Ashmolean Museum.
Paleosecular variation and GAD studies of 0–2 Ma flow sequences from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska

[1] A study was undertaken in the late 1960s to investigate paleosecular variations of the geomagnetic field as recorded in volcanic rocks from the Aleutian Islands. The early results were internally consistent but to be wholly credible by today's standards needed more detailed demagnetization. Complete thermal demagnetization protocols have been applied to the unmeasured archived samples from the six flow sequences used in the initial study, and 40Ar/39Ar techniques have been used to improve the time resolution. The flow sequences have ages ranging from about 50 ka to 2 Ma, and the number of sequential flows in the individual sequences varies from 8 to 21. After strict selection criteria were applied (MAD < 5°, α95 < 5°) for both demagnetization data from samples and samples within one flow, the number of acceptable flows per flow sequence dropped to between 5 and 15. With the exception of a sequence showing transitional field behavior, the between-flow dispersion and the α95 values for the other sequences were notably low with respect to secular variation models, and their mean directions were very close to the GAD field. Since the time represented by the individual sequences is not well determined, the low dispersion could represent very short eruption times. In contrast, the lack of dispersion with respect to the GAD field can be taken to indicate good time averaging. Since the locations of the sampled flows are at roughly the same latitude (about 50°N) but are spread over about 10° of longitude, the dispersion was calculated for both the locality-means and the flow-means. These data represent the whole 2 Myr and give a dispersion which is lower than current secular variation models predict. A similar data set published for locations in western Canada that are at roughly the same latitude and overlap in age with the Aleutian sites gives dispersions that are close to the model predictions. At face value this can be interpreted as indicating low secular variation for the Aleutian sites.
On the structure of homogeneous turbulence

Full turbulence simulation has been conducted of homogeneous turbulence subject to irrotational strains and under relaxation from these. The behavior of the anisotropy in the Reynolds stress, dissipation and vorticity fields has been analyzed to reveal new physics in distorting and relaxing turbulence. A model for the relaxation process is proposed for the vorticity field from the study of the structure of homogeneous turbulence.
Cryogenic operation of static induction (SIT/SITh) devices

Detailed measurements and modeling of a 200 V, n-channel SIT with a vertically walled gate structure and a 500 V, asymmetrical planar gate SITh in the 300 to 77 K temperature range are described for the first time. When the temperature is reduced from 300 to 77 K, it has been observed that: maximum blocking voltage in these devices decreases by 20%; DC blocking gain increases slightly, a 7.5/spl times/ reduction in forward drop occurs for the SIT while a 40% increase in the knee voltage and a dramatically improved I-V slope occurs at high current densities for the SITh; and during gate turn off of the SITh, a 95/spl times/ and 10/spl times/ reduction in extracted gate charge and turn off time occurs, respectively. The SITh forward drop vs turn off time trade off curve obtained by temperature reduction is much superior to that obtained by electron radiation.
Importance of cohorts in analyzing trends in safe at-home food-handling practices

Abstract Safe in-home food preparation is the last line of defense for preventing foodborne illness. The Food Safety Survey assessing consumers' food handling behavior has been conducted every 3–5 years (1993, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2010) using a random digit telephone sample of United States adult consumers. Sample sizes ranged from 1620 to 4547. A previous analysis of this data has examined trends in safe food handling (as measured by washing hands and/or cutting boards after touching/cutting raw meat or chicken and by washing hands after cracking eggs). We continue and expand this analysis by modeling the unique effects of age, survey period (year) and birth cohort on safe food handling. We find that age, period, and cohort effects are relevant in measuring changes in food handling behavior; however, the effects are not similar in size or apparent mediating process. The strongest effect is period, followed by age and cohort. Thus it appears contemporaneous changes in information activity can make relatively large short-run improvements, whereas changes in one's maturation and accumulated experience have quadratic effects, and the unique shared experience of cohort leaves its own definite long-lasting imprint. We propose that the birth cohort effects can be explained by the food safety environment during young adulthood. Those who were young adults in two critical time periods – before 1940 when there were widespread foodborne infections and immediately after the 1993 outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 -- have better food handling behaviors.
Reconstruction of the Lateral Patellofemoral Ligament: How I Do It

Ostensibly, reconstruction of the lateral patellofemoral ligament should be used for the treatment of medial instability of the patella.1,6,7,15 And that it should. But in my hands, a far more frequent use of this lateral reconstruction is for the surgical reconstruction of the extensor mechanism of knee after having failed prior surgery for the treatment of lateral instability of the patella when a lateral retinacular release had been included in the procedure. The relative contributions of the lateral retinaculum to medial and lateral patellar stability have been well described.3,8,12 But in brief, the lateral retinaculum contributes not only to medial restraint of the patella,but lateral restraint as well. Perhaps it is best if we remember to visualize the lateral retinaculum as exerting a sagittal force upon the patella that helps to engage and hold the patella within the femoral trochlea, rather than a predominantly ­horizontal force that would be implied from most illustrations.
The 1707 Mw8.7 Hoei earthquake triggered the largest historical eruption of Mt. Fuji

[1] Studies in magma-tectonics point to a spatiotemporal correlation between earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Here, we examine the correlation between two great Japanese earthquakes, the 1703 Mw 8.2 Genroku and 1707 Mw 8.7 Hoei, and Mt. Fuji's explosive (VEI 5) Hoei eruption, 49 days after the 1707 earthquake. We model the static stress changes and dilatational strain imparted on the Mt. Fuji magmatic system due to each earthquake to determine if these mechanisms enhanced the potential for eruption. Our results show that both earthquakes clamped the dike from 8 km to the surface and compressed magma chambers at 8 km and 20 km depths. The 1707 earthquake decreased the normal stress on the dike at 20 km, the proposed depth of a basaltic magma chamber, by 1.06 bars (0.106 MPa). We hypothesize that the stress change and strain generated by the 1707 earthquake triggered the eruption of Mt. Fuji by permitting opening of the dike and ascent of basaltic magma from 20 km into andesitic and dacitic magma chambers located at 8 km depth. The injection of basaltic magma into the more evolved magmatic system induced magma mixing and a Plinian eruption ensued.
TEACHING READING IN THE 21ST CENTURY: A GLIMPSE AT HOW SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS PROMOTE READING COMPREHENSION

In this study, we conducted 124 observations of 41 special education teachers teaching reading to their third- through fifth-grade students with learning disabilities to determine the extent to which and in what ways they promoted students' read ing comprehension. In 42 lessons, we did not observe any compre hension instruction. In 30 lessons, the only comprehension-related activity consisted of asking students questions about what they had read by means of mostly factual, rote-level questions. In 49 les sons, teachers provided additional comprehension instruction, although this mostly consisted of prompting students to use a strat egy rather than providing explicit instruction. Predicting was the most common strategy observed. We rarely saw teachers use more complex strategies, such as finding the main idea or summarizing. Most special education teachers seemed unsure of how to promote their students' reading comprehension. We noted many missed opportunities to do so. Our findings suggest implications for researchers and teacher preparation programs.
Metal-cavity quantum-dot lasers with enhanced thermal performance

We designed, fabricated, and characterized thermal performances of Fabry-Perot quantum-dot lasers with both metal-coated and conventional dielectric waveguides. With proper design, metals, such as Ag, Au, Cu, and Al can function as a low loss waveguide wall as well as an efficient heat remover. Metal-cavity waveguide lasers showed excellent threshold and characteristic temperature working above 120 °C, while dielectric waveguide lasers ceased operation near 80 °C under the same conditions. The thermal analysis of these lasers showed that metal-cavity lasers have approximately 1.5 times higher thermal conductivity compared with those of the dielectric lasers. We believe that the metal-coating of waveguides and the proper selection of metal efficiently remove the heat from the active region and enable stable lasing operation at high temperature.
Evaluating Experiment with Computation in Physical Chemistry: The Particle-In-A-Box Model with Cyanine Dyes

The results from a classic experiment in the undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory, the particle-in-a-box model for spectroscopic transitions of conjugated dyes, is compared to computational results obtained using a molecular mechanics structural approach and the extended Huckel molecular orbital picture. The goal of this exercise is to help students to think critically about their experimental data and to use comparisons of mathematical and computational models to try to understand departures of an experiment from expectations.
A colorimetric method for assaying citrulline

Abstract A method is available for assaying 0.1 to 1.0 m M citrulline. Urea, carbamyl phosphate, and carbamyl aspartate do not interfere with the citrulline assay.
Dual equivalence with applications, including a conjecture of Proctor

Abstract We make a systematic study of a new concept in the theory of jeu-de-taquin , which we call dual equivalence . Using this, we prove a conjecture of Proctor establishing a bijection between standard tableaux of ‘shifted staircase’ shape and reduced expressions for the longest element in the Coxeter group B l . We also get a new and more illuminating proof of the analogous theorem, due to Greene and Edelman, for the Coxeter group A l , and arrive at yet one more theorem of a similar type. We explain some symmetric functions associated to reduced expressions by Stanley and prove his conjecture that one of these for B l is the Schur function s λ for λ an l-by- l square. We classify shifted and unshifted shapes for which the total promotion operator has special properties; in one case this proves another conjecture of Stanley. We determine the previously unknown ‘dual Knuth relations’ for the shifted Schensted correspondence.
Monitoring Design and Data Analysis for Trend Detection

ABSTRACT This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of alternative water quality monitoring programs in detecting water quality trends over time, identifying differences in water quality between water bodies, and examining spatial variability in water quality within a single water body. Monthly historical data on phosphorus, nitrogen, and specific conductance from the North Carolina Division of Environmental Management and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were analyzed. The historical data on nutrients and specific conductance were first examined for deterministic patterns. In most cases, the concentration varied seasonally according to a cyclical pattern that repeated each year. In addition, concentration at riverine sampling sites was often inversely related to streamflow. Following removal of the deterministic patterns from the data, autocorrelation was found in a few cases. Once it was concluded that only white noise remained in residuals for a particular data series, the required sample si...
In vivo acetylation of natural amino acids.

SummaryIntravenously injected acetyltryptophan and acetylglycine are excreted in part by rats. Advantage was taken of this behavior to trap any radioactive acetylamino acids that are formed in vivo. The results show that natural amino acids can be acetylated in vivo.
High-Fidelity Nonlinear Analysis of Compression-Loaded Composite Shells

The results of an experimental and analytical study of the effects of initial imperfections on the buckling and postbuckling response of unstiffened thin-walled compression-loaded graphite-epoxy cylindrical shells are presented. The shells considered in the study have four different shell-wall laminates and two different shell-radius-to-thickness ratios. The shell-wall laminates include two different orthotropic laminates and two different quasi-isotropic laminates. The shell-radius-to-thickness ratios include shell-radius-to-thickness ratios equal to 100 and 200. The results identify the effects of traditional and nontraditional initial imperfections on the nonlinear response characteristics and buckling loads of the shells. The traditional imperfections include the geometric shell-wall mid-surface imperfections that are commonly discussed in the literature on thin shell buckling. The nontraditional imperfections include shell-wall thickness variations, local shell-wall ply-gaps associated with the fabrication process, shell-end geometric imperfections, nonuniform applied end loads, and variations in the boundary conditions including the effects of elastic boundary conditions. A high-fidelity nonlinear shell analysis procedure that accurately accounts for the effects of these traditional and nontraditional imperfections on the nonlinear response characteristics and buckling loads of the shells is described. The analysis procedure includes a nonlinear static analysis that predicts the stable response characteristics of the shells, and a nonlinear transient analysis that predicts the unstable response characteristics. The results of a local shell-wall stress analysis used to estimate failure stresses are also described.
Stagnation slip flow and heat transfer on a moving plate

Abstract A two-dimensional or axisymmetric stagnation flow impinges on a plate moving in its own plane. The no slip condition on the solid boundary is replaced by the partial slip condition. The Navier–Stokes and energy equations admit exact similarity solutions. The resulting nonlinear differential equations are solved asymptotically and numerically. The flow depends heavily on the velocity slip factor λ . We find drag decreases as 1 / λ and heat transfer increases with λ , the Prandtl number, and decreased thermal slip.
Shoulder demands in manual wheelchair users across a spectrum of activities

Objective Investigate shoulder joint kinetics over a range of daily activity and mobility tasks associated with manual wheelchair propulsion to characterize demands placed on the shoulder during the daily activity of manual wheelchair users.
A 2D Vibration Array as an Assistive Device for Visually Impaired

This paper deals with the design, simulation and implementation of a 2D vibration array used as a major component of an assistive wearable navigation device for visual impaired. The 2D vibration array consists of 16 (4x4) miniature vibrators connected to a portable computer, which is the main computing component of the entire wearable navigation system, called Tyflos. Tyflos consists of two miniature cameras (attached to a pair of dark glasses), a microphone, an ear speaker, the 2D vibration array, and a portable computer. The cameras capture images from the surrounding environment and after appropriate processing 3D representations are created. These 3D space representations are projected on the 2D array, which vibrates in various levels corresponding to the distances of the surrounding obstacles. The 2D array is attached to the user's chest in order to provide the appropriate sensation (via vibrations) of the distances from the surroundings.
Decentralized robotic assembly with physical ordering and timing constraints

Our prior work presented a system for decentralized robotic assembly[1]: given a team of robots, a cache of components, and a desired structure specified as a blueprint, the algorithm computes a sequence of part deliveries and assembly steps to achieve the desired structure, while considering physical dependencies and reachability constraints for the goal structure. In this paper we introduce a new algorithm that extends our prior result to incorporate the duration of each assembly operation. We also extend the algorithm to be adaptive to the availability of parts. When a part is not available, the assembly sequence is recomputed. The algorithms are provably convergent and their execution does not depend on the size of the robot team. We implement the algorithms using a team of four youBot robots that can (1) locate and identify parts; (2) use communication to achieve coordinated hand-off of parts; and (3) create complex log-cabin style structures.
Extensive fixed drug eruption induced by temazepam.

Summary A patient with extensive fixed drug eruption caused by temazepam is reported. The widespread distribution and minimal post inflammatory hyperpigmentation were unusual features. The possibility that the eruption was deliberately induced by the patient is considered.
Social Class Variations in Psychiatric Referral of Withdrawn and Aggressive Case Descriptions

One hundred couples from the working and middle classes were asked to assess two fictitious case descriptions of an aggressive “spouse” and a withdrawn “spouse.” Only weak correlations appeared between estimates of deviance (unusualness and incompatibility) and predictions of psychiatric referral. However, the assignment of high accountability to the aggressive case strengthened the deviance-referral relationship, reflecting greater middle-class opposition to unusualness and greater working-class opposition to incompatibility. The observed positive contribution of high assignments of accountability to the referral decision suggests that under specifiable conditions the public may expect the psychiatrist to serve as a practicing moralist rather than a value-neutral physician.
Policy Driven Development: Flexible Policy Insertion for Large Scale Systems

The success of a software system depends critically on how well it reflects and adapts to stakeholder requirements. Traditional development methods often frustrate stakeholders by creating long latencies between requirement articulation and system deployment, especially in large scale systems. One source of latency is the maintenance of policy decisions encoded directly into system workflows at development time, including those involving access control and feature set selection. We created the Policy Driven Development (PDD) methodology to address these development latencies by enabling the flexible injection of decision points into existing workflows at runtime, thus enabling policy composition that integrates requirements furnished by multiple, oblivious stakeholder groups. Using PDD, we designed and implemented a production cyber infrastructure that demonstrates policy and workflow injection that quickly implements stakeholder requirements, including features not contemplated in the original system design. PDD provides a path to quickly and cost effectively evolve such applications over a long lifetime.
Embryo survival and smolt to adult survival in second-generation outbred coho salmon

Outbreeding depression was not detectable in observations of embryonic survival and of survival of smolts to adulthood relative to controls in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch experimentally outbred over two generations by crossing fish from three widely separated populations. Survival in outbred coho salmon was not detectably less than that in second-generation hybrid controls or second-generation parental controls. Variation of embryonic survival was affected by the maternal source population and by individual females but not by the paternal source population or by individual males. Survival of smolts to adulthood at sea was greater in one second-generation control group than in two others, but survival in second-generation outbred groups was no less than in parental controls or hybrid controls.
CD4+ T Cells but Not CD8+ or γδ+ Lymphocytes Are Required for Host Protection against Mycobacterium avium Infection and Dissemination through the Intestinal Route

Disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection is common in AIDS patients that do not receive anti-AIDS therapy and in patients for whom therapy fails. M. avium is commonly acquired by ingestion, and a large number of AIDS patients have M. avium in their intestinal tracts. To better understand the dynamics of the infection in patients with AIDS, we studied orally infected mice. To determine if immunocompetent mice challenged orally with M. avium can develop protection against the infection, and if so, which cell population(s) is responsible for the protection, we exposed wild-type as well as CD4(-/-), CD8(-/-), and gammadelta(-/-) knockout mice to low concentrations of M. avium strain 101 given orally, followed by treatment with azithromycin. After 1 month, the mice were challenged with kanamycin-resistant M. avium 104. Only CD4(+) T cells appeared to be required for protection against the second challenge. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells produced comparable amounts of gamma interferon after the first exposure to the bacterium. Tumor necrosis factor alpha was elevated in CD4(+) T cells but not in CD8(+) T cells. Following exposure to a small inoculum of mycobacteria orally, wild-type mice did not develop disseminated infection for approximately 4 months, although viable bacteria could be observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes. The ingestion of small numbers of M. avium cells induces a protective immune response in the intestines against subsequent infection. However, the bacteria remain viable in intestinal lymph nodes and might disseminate later.
Anomalous rolling of spheres down an inclined plane

Abstract A sphere in air will roll down a plane that is tilted away from the vertical. The only couple acting about the point of contact between the sphere and the plane is due to the component of the weight of the sphere along the plane, provided that air friction is negligible. If on the other hand the sphere is immersed in a liquid, hydrodynamic forces will enter into the couples that turn the sphere, and the rotation of the sphere can be anomalous, i.e., as if rolling up the plane while it falls. In this paper we shall show that anomalous rolling is a characteristic phenomenon that can be observed in every viscoelastic liquid tested so far. Anomalous rolling is normal for hydrodynamically levitated spheres, both in Newtonian and viscoelastic liquids. Normal and anomalous rolling are different names for dry and hydrodynamic rolling. Spheres dropped at a vertical wall in Newtonian liquids are forced into anomalous rotation and are pushed away from the wall while in viscoelastic liquids, they are forced into anomalous rotation, but are pushed toward the wall. If the wall is inclined and the fluid is Newtonian, the spheres will rotate normally for dry rolling, but the same spheres rotate anomalously in viscoelastic liquids when the angle of inclination from the vertical is less than some critical value. The hydrodynamic mechanisms underway in the settling of circular particles in a Newtonian fluid at a vertical wall are revealed by an exact numerical simulation based on a finite-element solution of the Navier-Stokes equations and Newton's equations of motion for a rigid body.
Observations on the Weeping of Double, Boiler Scrambled Egg Products and Its Prevention

Experimental scrambled egg products were prepared with liquid whole eggs or liquid egg whites as the major ingredient. The effects of ingredients, length of cooking time and holding time on the weeping of double boiler cooker products were observed. For both types of products, longer cooking time resulted in products with lower weeping volumes. The presence of yolk greatly reduced the weeping. Most of the weeping occurred within the first 5 min after cooking and reached a maximum between 20 and 30 min of holding. A slight reabsorption of the weeping fluid was observed for some of the products after 40 min of holding. The addition of carboxymethylcellulose either reduced or prevented weeping.
The Exxon Valdez and BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spills Reducing Risk in Socio-Technical Systems

One way to assess whether governments and industry (at any level) learn from their disaster experience is to examine two similar events at different points in time. The authors investigate and compare the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster with the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster to determine whether oil spill prevention and oil spill risk management have advanced over time. The study recounts facts, analyzes features of both incidents, and offers an intergovernmental interpretation of changes in policy and practice over four decades of oil spill management informed by theories of nested sets, distributed cognition, and socio-technical systems.
P27 expression is regulated by separate signaling pathways, downstream of Ras, in each cell cycle phase

The cyclin inhibitory protein p27Kip1 (p27) plays a vital role in regulating cell proliferation in response to the extracellular growth environment. Active proliferation requires the suppression of p27 levels throughout the cell cycle. Late in the cell cycle, p27 degradation requires phosphorylation of Thr 187 by cyclin dependent kinase 2, leading to recognition by the SCF ubiquitin ligase containing the Skp2 F-box protein. Suppression of p27 is also essential for cell proliferation early in the cell cycle, but this occurs independently of Skp2, whose expression is suppressed during G1 phase. In this study, we use a time lapse and quantitative imaging approach to study the connection between proliferative signaling and the degradation of p27 during each cell cycle period in actively cycling cells. Ras activity was required for the suppression of p27 levels throughout the cell cycle, but separate pathways downstream of Ras signaling were required in different cell cycle periods. For example, inhibitors of MEK and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase induced p27 expression primarily in G1 phase, while inhibitors of AKT activity stimulated these levels primarily in S phase. Skp2 was expressed in a Ras-dependent manner at higher levels late in the cell cycle. Its ablation resulted in higher p27 levels primarily in G2 phase as expected. The fact that separate signaling pathways downstream of Ras function in each cell cycle phase to suppress p27 levels helps explain the vital connection between proliferative signaling, cell cycle control, and p27 expression.
Fecundity and feeding preference of the twospotted spider mite on domestic and wild species of peanuts.

The fecundity and feeding preference of Tetranychus urticae Koch were compared on 10 peanut entries. The 10 domestic and wild species of peanuts were selected from previous screening tests for resistance to feeding damage from T. urticae . Mites feeding on wild species PI 262286 and 262840 had greatly reduced egg production when compared to the domestic line NC 5. Mites oviposited 8.5 eggs/female on NC 5 in 48 h and only 0.8 eggs/female on PI 262286. The domestic lines NC accessions 302, 827. and GK-53 exhibited a moderate reduction in mite egg production when compared to NC 5. Adults females of T. urticae exhibited a high level non-preference for feeding on the wild species PI 262286 and 262840. No significant degree of non-preference for feeding was found among the domestic lines.
Tricyclic antidepressants and the Brugada syndrome: An example of Brugada waves appearing after the administration of desipramine

Since its initial description in the early 1990s, the Brugada syndrome has become increasingly familiar to active researchers and practicing clinicians. The Brugada wave, a characteristic electrocardiographic abnormality of downsloping ST-segment elevation in leads V1-V3 and right bundle-branch block morphology, has now been associated with an increased risk of sudden death. Currently, very little is known about the relationship between the Brugada syndrome and tricyclic antidepressants. Accordingly, we report the case of a patient who developed prominent Brugada waves with the administration of increasing doses of desipramine. We believe the mechanism of Brugada wave augmentation or production secondary to tricyclic antidepressants is consistent with the current model of early repolarization. We also speculate that the increased risk of sudden death that may occur with tricyclic antidepressants could be related to the development of the Brugada syndrome. We advocate the judicious use of tricyclic antidepressants in cardiac and elderly patients, with careful monitoring of the electrocardiogram for the development Brugada waves.
The phenogenetic logic of life

For nearly a century we have understood that life works through genes, and so have had an elegant theory for general evolution. But this did not explain the kinds of traits that characterize organisms, nor how genes produce them. Advances in recent decades have opened the way for an understanding of the phenogenetic logic or relational principles of life, by which a few basic characteristics of genomes produce biological phenotypes through some basic developmental processes. This logic provides a general explanation of the nature and source of organismal design, and a powerful programme for research.
Simple radiographic evaluation of ileoanal pouch volume.

PURPOSE: Total colectomy and mucosal proctectomy with ileal reservoir and anal pull-through is used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis or familial polyposis, with one complication being frequent bowel movements. A simple radiographic test to predict frequency of bowel movements and measure spasticity was evaluated. METHODS: Fourteen patients underwent evaluation after ileal reservoir and anal pull-through J-pouch construction. Barium sulfate suspension was instilled into the pouch via the anus in the standing position until reflux flowed into the small intestine proximal to the pouch and patients felt the urge to defecate. Total volume infused (VOLtot), volume to reflux (VOLrflx), and volume voided (VOLvoid) were measured. RESULTS: VOLvoid and the “voiding efficiency” (VOLvoid/VOLtot) correlated significantly with stool frequency (R =−0.744,P <0.002 and R =−0.754,P <0.002, respectively). Time from operation was correlated with VOLvoid and stool frequency (R =−0.723,P <0.003 and R0.573,P <0.032, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of quantitative measurements to this radiographic test gives useful information about pouch performance. Furthermore, the data imply that spasticity, as measured by voiding quantum and efficiency, rather than actual pouch volume is a major determinant of bowel movement frequency.
Addressable morphology control of silica structures by manipulating the reagent addition time

The current synthesis strategies focus on addition of all reagents together. Herein, we demonstrate the effect of reagent addition time on the final morphology of colloidal silica structures without changing the actual reaction conditions, and utilize this effect to synthesize silica rods with addressable diameter control.
Identification of both Myt-1 and Wee-1 as necessary mediators of the p21-independent inactivation of the cdc-2/cyclin B1 complex and growth inhibition of TRAMP cancer cells by genistein.

BACKGROUND The G2/M cell-cycle arrest is one mechanism by which genistein exerts its anti-proliferative effects, and the proposed underlying causes encompass the transcriptional repression of cyclin B1 and the activation of p21. However, the involvement of upstream kinases Myt-1 and Wee-1 in this arrest remains to be elucidated. METHODS Myt-1 and Wee-1 modulation by genistein was examined via Western blot analysis and the effect of their inhibition by siRNA on cyclin B1 levels/localization, cdc2 kinase activity, and cellular proliferation of genistein-treated TRAMP-C2 cells was determined. RESULTS The sustained G2/M arrest by genistein in TRAMP-C2 cells is associated with increased phospho-cdc2(Tyr15), decreased cdc2 protein, and cytoplasmic retention of cyclinB1, resulting in decreased cdc2 kinase activity independently of p21. Genistein treatment increased Myt-1 levels and decreased Wee-1 phosphorylation. Downregulation of Myt-1 and Wee-1 by siRNA restored cdc2 levels, its kinase activity, cyclinB1 nuclear localization, and partially restored cell proliferation of genistein-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS Myt-1 and Wee-1 rather than p21 are necessary for genistein-induced G2/M arrest in TRAMP-C2 cells and their inhibition partially restores proliferation of TRAMP-C2 cells in the presence of genistein. Prostate 66: 1542–1555, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Outage performance evaluation over Rayleigh fading channels of WiFi Direct networks in Smart Grid application

WiFi Direct with Power Saving Mechanism (PSM) is a promising technology in Smart Grid applications. This paper studies the outage performance of WiFi Direct networks over Rayleigh fading channels. Considering PSM, the traffic intensity and the number of devices in the WiFi Direct network that are connected with a specific WiFi Direct device are modeled as a Markov chain. By employing the distribution property of the power of Rayleigh fading channel, the closed-form outage probabilities of WiFi Direct networks with PSM are obtained for high Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) case and low SNR case, respectively. Numerical results show the impact of traffic intensity as well as the total number of devices on the outage performance of WiFi Direct network.