cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple 3D inhomogeneous inclusions in a half space under contact loading

Abstract A semi-analytic solution is given for multiple three-dimensional inhomogeneous inclusions of arbitrary shape in an isotropic half space under contact loading. The solution takes into account interactions between all the inhomogeneous inclusions as well as the interaction between the inhomogeneous inclusions and the loading indenter. In formulating the governing equations for the inhomogeneous inclusion problem, the inhomogeneous inclusions are treated as homogenous inclusions with initial eigenstrains plus unknown equivalent eigenstrains, according to Eshelby’s equivalent inclusion method. Such a treatment converts the original contact problem concerning an inhomogeneous half space into a homogeneous half-space contact problem, for which governing equations with unknown contact load distribution can be conveniently formulated. All the governing equations are solved iteratively using the Conjugate Gradient Method. The iterative process is performed until the convergence of the half-space surface displacements, which are the sum of the displacements due to the contact load and the inhomogeneous inclusions, is achieved. Finally, the obtained solution is applied to two example cases: a single inhomogeneity in a half space subjected to indentation and a stringer of inhomogeneities in an indented half-space. The validation of the solution is done by modeling a layer of film as an inhomogeneity and comparing the present solution with the analytic solution for elastic indentation of thin films. This general solution is expected to have wide applications in addressing engineering problems concerning inelastic deformation and material dissimilarity as well as contact loading.
XAS and XPS Characterization of Mercury Binding on Brominated Activated Carbon

Brominated powdered activated carbon sorbents have been shown to be quite effective for mercury capture when injected into the flue gas duct at coal-fired power plants and are especially useful when burning Western low-chlorine subbituminous coals. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been used to determine information about the speciation and binding of mercury on two commercially available brominated activated carbons. The results are compared with similar analysis of a conventional (non-halogenated) and chlorinated activated carbon. Both the XAS and XPS results indicate that the mercury, though introduced as elemental vapor, is consistently bound on the carbon in the oxidized form. The conventional and chlorinated activated carbons appeared to contain mercury bound to chlorinated sites and possibly to sulfate species that have been incorporated onto the carbon from adsorbed SO2. The mercury-containing brominated sorbents appear to contain mercury bound pri...
Raman spectroscopic monitoring of droplet polymerization in a microfluidic device

Microfluidic methodologies are becoming increasingly important for rapid formulation and screening of materials, and development of analytical tools for multiple sample screening is a critical step in achieving a combinatorial ‘lab on a chip’ approach. This work demonstrates the application of Raman spectroscopy for analysis of monomer composition and degree of conversion of methacrylate-based droplets in a microfluidic device. Droplet formation was conducted by flow focusing on the devices, and a gradient of component composition was created by varying the flow rates of the droplet-phase fluids into the microchannels. Raman data were collected using a fiber optic probe from a stationary array of the droplets/particles on the device, followed by partial least squares (PLS) calibration of the first derivative (1600 cm−1 to 1550 cm−1) allowing successful measurement of monomer composition with a standard error of calibration (SEC) of ±1.95% by volume. Following photopolymerization, the percentage of double bond conversion of the individual particles was calculated from the depletion of the normalized intensity of the CC stretching vibration at 1605 cm−1. Raman data allowed accurate measurement of the decrease in double bond conversion as a function of increasing crosslinker concentration. The results from the research demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy is an effective, on-chip analytical tool for screening polymeric materials on the micrometre scale.
Food web models: a plea for groups

The concept of a group is ubiquitous in biology. It underlies classifications in evolution and ecology, including those used to describe phylogenetic levels, the habitat and functional roles of organisms in ecosystems. Surprisingly, this concept is not explicitly included in simple models for the structure of food webs, the ecological networks formed by consumer‐resource interactions. We present here the simplest possible model based on groups, and show that it performs substantially better than current models at predicting the structure of large food webs. Our group-based model can be applied to different types of biological and non-biological networks, and for the first time merges in the same framework two important notions in network theory: that of compartments (sets of highly interacting nodes) and that of roles (sets of nodes that have similar interaction patterns). This model provides a basis to examine the significance of groups in biological networks and to develop more accurate models for ecological network structure. It is especially relevant at a time when a new generation of empirical data is providing increasingly large food webs.
IMPROVED AMINO-ACID QUANTIFICATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES - CHARGE-MATCHED RECOVERY STANDARDS AND REDUCED ANALYSIS TIME

We describe an improved technique for hydrolytic extraction of amino acids from environmental samples and reverse-phase liquid chromatographic separation of their o-phthaldialdehyde derivatives. Modifications to existing procedures are employed to reduce sample hydrolysis and preparation times. Quantification is improved relative to existing methods by addition of a variety of non-protein amino acids before hydrolysis. They are used as charge-matched recovery standards which help to compensate for differential losses of acidic, neutral and basic amino acids during extraction and analysis. Two experiments demonstrate that selective amino acid losses can be important in the analysis of environmental samples and may have considerable effect on final hydrolysate composition. The results also indicate that the selected recovery standards accurately mimic the behaviour of their corresponding charge classes of protein amino acids. Use of multiple recovery standards is likely also to be of value in dissolved amino acid analyses, particularly in cases such as pore waters where the solution contacts mineral surfaces and associated organic materials.
The Contribution of Motor Skills and Playfulness to the Play Performance of Preschoolers

Consideration of a child's motor proficiency, intrinsic motivation, internal locus of control, and freedom to suspend many of the constraints of objective reality were proposed to provide a more comprehensive assessment of play than would an assessment of play performance alone. For empirical validation of this conceptual model of play, 29 subjects (15 nondisabled children and 14 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis) between the ages of 4 years 6 months and 6 years 6 months were given four assessments: (a) the Preschool Play Scale (Bledsoe & Shepherd, 1982, Knox, 1974); (b) the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Bruininks, 1978); (c) the Preschool and Primary Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (Nowicki & Duke, 1974); and (d) tests of associative fluency (Wallach & Koogan, 1965; Ward, 1968). Multiple regression procedures revealed that, when considered together, scores on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, tests of associative fluency, and the Preschool and Primary Internal-External Locus of Control Scale predicted scores on the Preschool Play Scale, thereby supporting the usefulness of the proposed theoretical model. Further, there was no significant difference in the mean scores of the two groups on the Preschool Play Scale. Although this finding may be an artifact of the small sample size, it also may support the authors' belief that children with motor impairments are able to compensate for their limitations by developing areas of relative strength that allow them to play normally. When this belief was further tested with Pearson product-moment correlations and Fisher's Z transformations, it was found that correlations between the test scores of the nondisabled children were not significantly different from those of the children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clearly, further research is needed.
Off the Mark? Efficiency in Targeting the Most Marketable Sites Rather Than Equity in Public Assistance for Brownfield Redevelopment

Targeting public redevelopment funding toward the most marketable brownfields is viewed as an economically efficient use of scarce resources because it may guarantee the greatest likelihood of success. But to what extent does this policy result in spatial and social inequities by neglecting contaminated sites in distressed neighborhoods containing minority and low-income populations? This case study of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, identified that tracts with above-average percentages of African Americans and Hispanics, although containing above-average numbers of brownfields per square mile and higher percentages of brownfields compared to percentage of the city's area, had below-average city-assisted redevelopments as a percentage of all brownfields. A policy implication is that despite difficulties promoting brownfield redevelopment in distressed neighborhoods, in addition to economic efficiencies, more emphasis is needed on the social benefits of public assistance for brownfield redevelopment, including poten...
Models and the Semantic View

I begin by distinguishing two notions of model, the notion of a truth‐making structure and the notion of a mathematical model (in one specific sense). I then argue that although the models of the semantic view have often been taken to be both truth‐making structures and mathematical models, this is in part due to a failure to distinguish between two ways of truth‐making; in fact, the talk of truth‐making is best excised from the view altogether. The result is a version of the semantic view which is better supported by the direct evidence offered for it, better equipped to achieve its avowed aims, and, I think, closer to the intentions of the original proponents of the view in many ways, despite some of their own declarations to the contrary.
A developmental analysis of mothers' reports of normal children's fears.

Summary Factor analyses of mothers' ratings of children's fears yielded five oblique primary factors and a higher-order general fearfulness factor at each of three age levels between 6 and 16 years. The primary factors were labeled Physical Injury, Animals, School-Related, Night Fears, and Fear of Public Places. Congruence Coefficients, computed between similarly-named factors, ranged from .77 to .95, thus suggesting stability in the content of children's fears across this age range. Regression analyses indicated age-related decreases in the frequency of fears of Animals, Night, and Public Places, as well as an increase in School-Related fears. Low social class children had more Physical Injury but fewer School-Related fears than high social class children. Girls were reported to have more fears of Physical Injury, Animals, Night Fears, and Public Places.
Castrating the Female Advantage: Feminist Standpoint Research and Management Science

This essay is a critique of the `female advantage" as it is currently represented in the management science literature. It draws on recent work in women's psychology to detail the essence of feminine, relational strengths, contrasts this with the instrumental representation of these strengths in the management literature, and names what is missing. It is a critique that suggests that management's diminished portrayal of feminine strengths is in danger of silencing rather than legitimizing women's voice. Finally, it suggests that a fully empowered representation of feminine strengths has the potential to transform organizational theory and practice by giving voice to the powerfulness of relational activity and challenging the preeminence of instrumentality in organizational discourse.
Trabeculectomy With 5-Fluorouracil for Adult Inflammatory Glaucoma

We reviewed the records of 12 eyes of ten adult patients with inflammatory glaucoma who underwent trabeculectomy with the adjuvant use of 5-fluorouracil between January 1986 and January 1989. Intraocular pressure decreased from 36 ± 10 mm Hg (range, 17 to 50 mm Hg) preoperatively to 11 ± 4 mm Hg (range, 3 to 17 mm Hg) postoperatively after a median follow-up of 7.75 months (range, six to 38 months). All eyes achieved an intraocular pressure of
Minority Nationalities in China's Yunnan Province: Assimilation, Power, and Policy in a Socialist State

The varying experiences of different minority groups in China's Yunnan province are analyzed in light of the power resources that each possesses. The size, location, and impregnability of the group account for whether or not it can exert leverage on the regime in attempting to obtain cultural, political, and economic benefits. The author found that a group's assimilability, or its propensity to change its cultural traits, is negatively correlated with its numbers, with living in an isolated territory, and with its impregnability. The treatment the group has received under the People's Republic is dependent upon the same three power resources, as affected by the regime's policy and goals. For example, efforts have been made toward the political integration of groups whose main power resource is numbers, while the regime's main goal, when faced with groups whose principal resource is impregnability, has been to maintain civic peace.
Interseasonal covariability of Sierra Nevada streamflow and San Francisco Bay salinity

The ecosystems of the San Francisco Bay estuary are influenced by the salinity of its waters, which in turn depends on flushing by freshwater inflows from the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada. Estimates of full-natural flows in eight major rivers that flush the Bay are analyzed here by extended empirical-orthogonal-function analyses to characterize distinct ‘modes’ of seasonal flow and runoff variability. These modes provide a clear identification of the seasons in which the various rivers respond to hydroclimatic forcings and the seasons during which the rivers most strongly affect San Francisco Bay salinities. About 60 percent of the runoff variability is shared by the rivers over the course of a year but season-to-season differences among the rivers are more subtly distributed. Autumn and winter streamflows respond directly to concurrent (autumn and winter) precipitation and temperatures. Autumn and winter salinities are dominated by these flows, which in each season reflect mostly variations in flows from the central Sierra Nevada and the large Sacramento River. In contrast, spring runoff-rate and streamflow modes are functions of precipitation and temperature during the entire wet (winter and spring) season and are dominated by rivers of the central and southern Sierra Nevada. In turn, the critical spring salinities depend most on the streamflow fluctuations in those central and southern rivers. q 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Minocycline reduces articular cartilage damage following osteochondral injury

Abstract Introduction Secondary injury pathways activated after chondral and osteochondral injury represent a potential target for therapies designed to minimize articular cartilage loss. The primary objective of this study was to test the potential chondroprotective effects of intra-articular minocycline following osteochondral injury. Methods In vitro experiments were first performed with rabbit femoral condyles explants using an osteochondral drill injury model. Data from these in vitro experiments showed that minocycline at concentrations of 10–1000nM decreased chondrocyte apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo experiments were then conducted using the same injury model, studying the effects of intra-articular minocycline on chondrocyte apoptosis, chondrocyte cell number, and cartilage thickness. Results Four days after injury, minocycline delivered daily directly into the rabbit knee joints decreased acute chondrocyte apoptosis by 56% compared to controls. Analysis performed six weeks after injury demonstrated superior chondrocyte cell number, cartilage thickness, and cartilage repair in animals receiving short-term (one-week) minocycline treatment compared to controls. Conclusions These data support a therapeutic approach utilizing drugs like minocycline for the acute treatment of osteochondral injuries.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of DOTA–Peptides

A general synthetic route to two DOTA-linked N-Fmoc amino acids (DOTA-F and DOTA-K) is described that allows insertion of DOTA at any endo-position within a peptide sequence. Three model pentapeptides were prepared to test the general utility of these derivatives in solid-phase peptide synthesis. Both DOTA derivatives reacted smoothly by means of standard HBTU activation chemistry to the point of insertion of the DOTA amino acid, but extension of the peptide chain beyond the DOTA-amino acid insertion required the use of pre-activated C-pentafluorophenyl ester N-alpha-Fmoc amino acids. Three Gal-80 binding peptides (12-mers) were then prepared by using this methodology with DOTA positioned either at the N terminus or at one of two different internal positions;the binding of the resulting GdDOTA-12-mers to Gal-80 were compared. The methodology described here allows versatile, controlled introduction of DOTA into any location within a peptide sequence. This provides a potential method for the screening of libraries of DOTA-linked peptides for optimal targeting properties.
Characterization of Polymeric Microcapsules Containing a Low Molecular Weight Peptide for Controlled Release

A need exists to prolong the release of rapidly metabolized peptides of a low molecular weight, while delivering this peptide without environmental interference. Previous studies have used bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model peptide to study release characteristics from alginate microcapsules. BSA is 66 kDa in size, while the peptide of interest here, connexin-43 carboxyl-terminus mimetic peptide (αCT1), is only 3.4 kDa. Such a change in size results in a much different set of release parameters. Our overall goal is a sustained release over a 24+ h period. Prolonged application of the peptide to a wound site to investigate therapeutic effects is ideal. As a result, a diffusion method using alginate microcapsules, along with the addition of poly-l-lysine and poly-l-ornithine, has been explored. We first aimed to establish and characterize our parameters through a set of parametric tests. Variations in polymer coating, change in pH, and changes in loading ratio have previously been shown to effect release using model compounds. Here we test specific changes in these parameters to show effects on the release of αCT1. Additionally, the microcapsules were attached to several biomaterials and surgical implants by ultraviolet cross-linking to study the effectiveness of attachment and delivery. Analysis and measurements using phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize changes in microcapsule morphology.
STEADINESS, HANDEDNESS, AND HAND PREFERENCE.

This experiment was concerned with the relative performance of the preferred and non-preferred hands in right- and left-handed Ss. Self-classified strongly right-handed and strongly left-handed Ss ...
The effect of solar illumination angle and sensor view angle on observed patterns of spatial structure in tallgrass prairie

While it has long been recognized that the anisotropic reflectance properties of a natural surface affect the intensity and spectral distribution of radiance received by a remote sensing instrument, the effects of canopy reflectance geometry on the observed spatial structure of canopy reflectance have not adequately been evaluated. In this paper, near-surface spectrometers were used as part of two experiments to evaluate the systematic variations in the sun-target-sensor geometry on semivariogram metrics (range, sill+nugget variance) summarizing the spatial structure observed in a tallgrass prairie canopy. In the first experiment, reflectance measurements and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values were collected at five sensor viewing angles (-50/spl deg/, -25/spl deg/, 0/spl deg/, 25/spl deg/, and 50/spl deg/) from six measurement grids representing three burn treatments and two slope/aspect situations. In the second experiment, data were collected at 2-h intervals, beginning at /spl ap/0800 LST from the same grids with the radiometer at nadir, allowing the spatial structure of reflectance and NDVI to be observed under naturally changing illumination. Results of the geostatistical analysis show that both the range and sill+nugget variance values change with viewing angle. These effects were consistent across all treatments and slope/aspect combinations. However, when viewed from nadir, the sill+nugget variance values of the canopy changed with solar illumination angle and the range values remained nearly constant. These relationships were also observed across all treatments and slope/aspect combinations. The results suggest that sill+nugget values for the same surface may not be directly comparable if not acquired under very similar view angle and illumination conditions. Range values are comparable if the nadir view is used, but not under off-nadir viewing conditions. The implications of these findings point to the need for caution in interpreting spatial structure derived from close-range radiometry or from satellite/aircraft instruments with cross-track or off-nadir pointing capabilities, and in the comparison of images acquired under varying illumination conditions.
Altered signaling in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis monocytes

Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) is characterized by systemic inflammation and arthritis. Monocytes are implicated in sJIA pathogenesis, but their role in disease is unclear. The response of sJIA monocytes to IFN may be dysregulated. We examined intracellular signaling in response to IFN type I (IFNα) and type II (IFNγ) in monocytes during sJIA activity and quiescence, in 2 patient groups. Independent of disease activity, monocytes from Group 1 (collected between 2002 and 2009) showed defective STAT1 phosphorylation downstream of IFNs, and expressed higher transcript levels of SOCS1, an inhibitor of IFN signaling. In the Group 2 (collected between 2011 and 2014), monocytes of patients with recent disease onset were IFNγ hyporesponsive, but in treated, quiescent subjects, monocytes were hyperresponsive to IFNγ. Recent changes in medication in sJIA may alter the IFN hyporesponsiveness. Impaired IFN/pSTAT1 signaling is consistent with skewing of sJIA monocytes away from an M1 phenotype and may contribute to disease pathology.
The Effects of Frequent and Fictitious Frauds on Auditor Litigation: An Analysis of Sec Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases

This study examines whether frequent and fictitious financial statement frauds increase the likelihood of litigation against independent auditors. We expect that auditors are more likely to be judged responsible for failing to detect frauds with these characteristics. We use companies with SEC Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases for our fraud sample, then designate whether the types of fraud present in their financial statements are frequent and fictitious. We examine whether these fraud characteristics are related to auditor litigation in analyses that control for various client, auditor, and case characteristics. Our results provide some support for our two primary hypotheses -- auditors are more likely to be sued when financial statement frauds are frequent and fictitious.
EPR of Fe 3 + and Mn 2 + in single-crystal Zn Ga 2 O 4 spinel

The EPR spectra of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ in the single crystal Zn${\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ have been measured. The room-temperature spin-Hamiltonian parameters of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$, which are related to the magnetocrystalline anisotropy in the spinel ferrites, are ${g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=2.005(2)$, ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=2.008(3)$, $D=\ensuremath{-}0.2442(2)$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $a=+0.0444(8)$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and $a\ensuremath{-}F=0.0353(4)$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. For ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ the parameters are $g=2.0011(6)$ and $A=\ensuremath{-}76.2(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The details of the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ spectra indicate a small degree of $A\ensuremath{-}B$ disorder in this normal spinel. The ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ are located on $B$ and $A$ sites, respectively.
A Chemical Approach for the Detection of Protein Sulfinylation.

Protein sulfinic acids are formed by the reaction of reactive oxygen species with protein thiols. Sulfinic acid formation has long been considered an irreversible state of oxidation and is associated with high cellular oxidative stress. Increasing evidence, however, indicates that cysteine is oxidized to sulfinic acid in cells to a greater extent, and is more controlled, than first thought. The discovery of sulfiredoxin has demonstrated that cysteine sulfinic acid can be reversed, pointing to a vast array of potential implications for redox biology. Identification of the site of protein sulfinylation is crucial in clarifying the physiological and pathological effects of post-translational modifications. Currently, the only methods for detection of sulfinic acids involve mass spectroscopy and the use of specific antibodies. However, these methodologies are not suitable for proteomic studies. Herein, we report the first probe for detection of protein sulfinylation, NO-Bio, which combines a C-nitroso warhead...
Post-Soviet or Eurasian Lands? Rethinking Analytic Categories in the Ukraine–EU and Russia–China Borderlands

Is there something “post-Soviet” about Eurasian borders? Literature in the social sciences encourages us to think about post-Soviet spaces as sharing certain family resemblances. More recently, influential work in political theory views contemporary borders across the globe as expressing a common experience of waning state sovereignty. But do these taxonomical and theoretical constructs, and their underlying assumptions, reflect the work that borders in Eurasia actually do? Our investigation is grounded in two fieldwork-based investigations on the demarcations separating Ukraine and the European Union (EU), and China and the Russian Federation. Loaded with ideas of legacy and continuity, the word “post” suggests a continuum in space and time that, in our fieldwork, is confronted with the contingent realities of two very different kinds of borders.
S4 Implications of guidance in scotland on eligibility for treatment with mepolizumab and omalizumab – an ideal study analysis

Rationale Severe asthma is a heterogeneous disease in which patients have diverse clinical characteristics and biomarkers, like eosinophils and IgE. It is important to understand their relationship in a severe asthma population. The IDEAL (Identification and Description of Severe Asthma Patients in a Cross-Sectional Study) study aimed to identify the proportion of patients with severe asthma who could be eligible for an anti IL-5 (mepolizumab) or anti-IgE (omalizumab) directed treatment, and those who may be eligible for either therapy. Methods IDEAL, an observational study included subjects aged ≥12 years with severe asthma defined according to ATS/ERS guidelines by treatment with high-dose ICS plus additional controller(s) for ≥12 months. Assessments included spirometry, a blood sample, and symptom/burden of illness questionnaires. Eligibility to mepolizumab and omalizumab were defined according to SMC advice (2016) and NICE MTA guidance (2013), which has been adopted in Scotland, respectively. Mepolizumab eligibility is defined as per SMC advice: patients who have eosinophils of at least 150 cells per microlitre (0.15 x 109/L) at initiation of treatment and have had at least four asthma exacerbations in the preceding year or are receiving maintenance treatment with oral corticosteroids. Omalizumab eligibility (NICE MTA guidance) is defined as evidence of severe persistent allergic asthma and need for continuous or frequent treatment with oral corticosteroids (defined as 4 or more courses in the previous year), and meeting bodyweight and IgE criteria for omalizumab treatment. Results 748 subjects with severe asthma were enrolled in the study of which 670 met analysis criteria. After exclusion of subjects currently treated with omalizumab (n = 168), 502 subjects were included in this post-hoc analysis (mean age = 50.9 years; 62% female). 60 subjects (12% [95% Exact CI: 9.2–15.1%]) were eligible for mepolizumab (SMC advice) and 16 (3.2% [1.8–5.1]) were eligible for omalizumab (NICE MTA guidance). Among the 60 mepolizumab eligible subjects, 10 (16.7% [8.3–28.5%]) were also eligible for omalizumab. Conclusions This is the first cross-sectional study providing estimation of the proportion of severe asthma patients eligible for biologic therapy in accordance with Scottish guidance, indicating 12% mepolizumab-eligible and 3.2% omalizumab-eligible patients with limited overlap. Funding GSK; 201722
Esophageal Cancer: Radiation Therapy Planning

The treatment of esophageal cancer with radiation therapy presents many challenges. The propensity of esophageal cancer to invade and spread within the submucosa with resultant lymph node involvement requires particular attention to areas of elective coverage beyond the gross tumor. Moreover, the intimate association of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction with adjacent organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdomen dictates attention to normal tissue constraints. Although most patients receive preoperative chemoradiation, patients treated postoperatively may require larger treatment fields, further increasing treatment-related normal tissue toxicities. This chapter will discuss the rationale of radiation treatment field design and dose for esophageal cancer patients based on thoracic anatomy, imaging, and patterns of spread/failure, as well as practical considerations for patient simulation and treatment.
Implementation of the Structural Condition Index into the Louisiana Pavement Management System Based on Rolling Wheel Deflectometer Testing

Structural condition data are commonly collected at the project level with falling weight deflectometer measurements. However, recent developments in continuous deflection devices allow characterization of pavement structural conditions at the network level. This study introduces a framework for incorporating pavement structural conditions into the decision matrix of Louisiana’s pavement management system at the network level. The proposed framework fills the gap between network-level and project-level decisions, allowing more accurate budget estimation. In this study, rolling wheel deflectometer measurements were used to evaluate pavement structural conditions according to the structural condition index (SCI). Two enhanced decision trees, for collectors and arterials, were developed, such that both functional and structural pavement conditions are considered in the decision-making process. Implementation of the SCI in the decision-making process is demonstrated and is expected to improve the overall perf...
Experimental Verification of Buffet Calculation Procedure Using Unsteady Pressure-Sensitive Paint

Typically, a limited number of dynamic pressure sensors is employed to determine the unsteady aerodynamic forces on large, slender aerospace structures. This paper describes a robust calculation pr...
Evaluating the predictive validity of personality trait judgments using a naturalistic behavioral criterion: A preliminary test of the self-other knowledge asymmetry model

Abstract We tracked 87 participants over two days using the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR). Coded variables included expressions of mood, amount of talking in various situations (e.g., with one other person, with a friend, etc.), locations, and behavioral markers of the Big Five. Collection of self-, informant-, and stranger-ratings on markers of the Big Five allowed for a unique test of the Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry (SOKA) model. Although effect sizes were modest, there was evidence for the validity of both self- and informant-ratings across most trait dimensions. Stranger-ratings showed evidence of validity in the domain of Extraversion. Predictions derived from the SOKA model were partially supported, though more research with larger samples is needed to provide stronger tests of SOKA.
Nutrition Facts Use in Relation to Eating Behaviors and Healthy and Unhealthy Weight Control Behaviors

Abstract Objective Investigate the relationship between use of Nutrition Facts labels on packaged foods and weight-related behaviors. Design Cross-sectional survey in 2015–2016. Participants Young adult respondents (n = 1,817; 57% women; average age 31.0 ± 1.6 years) to the Project Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults–IV survey, the fourth wave of a longitudinal cohort study. Variables Measured Use of Nutrition Facts labels on packaged foods; healthy, unhealthy, and extreme weight control behaviors; intuitive eating; binge eating. Analysis Linear and logistic regression models were adjusted for age, ethnicity/race, education, income, and weight status. Results In women, greater Nutrition Facts use was associated with a 23% and 10% greater likelihood of engaging in healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviors, respectively, and a 17% greater chance of engaging in binge eating. In men, greater label use was associated with a 27% and 17% greater likelihood of engaging in healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviors, respectively, and a lower level of intuitive eating. Conclusions and Implications Professionals advising patients and clients on weight management may consider possible gender differences in response to weight loss and management guidance. Since label use was related to engagement in some unhealthy behaviors in addition to healthy behaviors, it is important to consider how individuals may use labels, particularly those at risk for, or engaging in, disordered eating behaviors. Future research investigating potential relationships between Nutrition Facts use, intuitive eating, and binge eating is needed.
Chemotherapy of Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas

Abstract Children and young adults with high-grade glioma (HGG) continue to have very poor outcomes with currently available therapies. Although the addition of adjuvant chemotherapy has improved survival in some children, success has been limited and painstakingly slow. Additionally, toxicities related to high-dose and myeloablative chemotherapy have hindered dose intensification. Recent advances in the biology of pediatric HGG offer opportunities to use targeted therapy at molecular pathways implicated in tumorigenesis. Clinical trials incorporating these molecularly targeted agents into radiation therapy and chemotherapy regimens and the insights from adult cancer trials with immunotherapy offer renewed hope for pediatric HGG.
Composite Warfare and Civil War Outcome

Can rebels utilize variation in modes of warfare to overcome long odds and defeat incumbent forces? I find that rebel use of hybrid forms of warfare – the alternating use of conventional and irregu...
PTEN Gene Alterations in Lymphoid Neoplasms

Recently, a novel phosphatase designated PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 and located on chromosome 10q23.3 has been implicated as a new tumor suppressor gene in human cancer. Allelic loss and mutation of this gene has been reported in epithelial derived tumors, including breast cancer and prostate cancer, and in glioblastoma multiforme. The present study was designed to evaluate the potential involvement of PTEN in the pathogenesis of lymphoid neoplasms. We analyzed 27 hematopoietic cell lines (representing a variety of lymphoid lineages), 65 primary lymphoid tumors (including 24 lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma [LBL], 30 large B-cell lymphoma [LBCL], 7 Burkitt's lymphoma [BL], and 4 anaplastic large cell lymphoma [ALCL]), and 25 nonmalignant lymph node controls. Gene deletion and gross rearrangement were evaluated using Southern blot analysis, and mutations were studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) (PCR-SSCP) and sequencing. Six of 27 cell lines (22.2%) and 3 of 65 primary lymphomas (4.6%) contained alterations of this gene. A large homozygous deletion spanning exons 2 through 5 was detected in one LBL cell line, and two insertions potentially resulting in premature termination, were detected in a second LBL cell line. Nonconservative nucleotide variations were found in two other cell lines (one LBCL and one BL) and in one primary case of LBCL. In addition, two other cell lines (one BL and one myeloma) and two primary lymphomas, both LBCL, contained small deletions within intron 7. These deletions mapped to a poly-T-rich tract just 5' to the intron 7/exon 8 spice site. Their significance is unclear, as they may represent polymorphisms. Overall, our results suggest that abnormalities of the PTEN gene can contribute to pathogenesis in a small percentage of malignant lymphomas.
Can the Clean Water Act Succeed as an Ecosystem Protection Law

The objective of the Clean Water Act is “to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.” Yet forty years after the Act’s passage, the nation’s aquatic ecosystems are among its most distressed. A number of commentators have looked at the law’s failure to fulfill its water quality goals. In this article, we go a step further, asking explicitly whether the law can protect and restore aquatic ecosystems. As a vehicle for that question, we use a case study of the law’s operation in the San Francisco Bay/Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta ecosystem. We regard this as a best case example, because California is more committed than most states to the cause of ecosystem protection and because state law has integrated the management of water quality and water rights. Although the case study shows that the Clean Water Act can play an important role in ecosystem protection efforts, even in this best case those efforts have so far fallen short. There are two key barriers to ecosystem restoration. First, restoring degraded aquatic ecosystems necessarily requires changes in the water management status quo, and those changes are necessarily politically difficult. Second, the Bay-Delta, like other complex ecosystems, remains poorly understood, a situation which further entrenches the status quo and makes it difficult to identify effective ecosystem restoration measures. We believe EPA could use its Clean Water Act authority to address both of these barriers. On the political side, if EPA can gather the courage to push its authority, it can change the political dynamic that encourages inaction at the state level. On the information side, EPA is in a better position than the states to generate, compile, and distribute information about the relationship between water quantity and water quality. Furthermore, EPA could increase the utility of that information by pushing the states to more specifically define water uses. In the long term, major legislative changes are needed if the CWA is to achieve its ecosystem restoration goals nationwide. In the short term, while it awaits a Congress that might take on that task, EPA could take pragmatic steps to help willing states take on that role more effectively.
Clinician Bias in Diagnosis and Treatment

Clinicians’ attitudes and biases, both implicit and explicit, contribute to disparities in psychiatric care. Biases impact medication dosing and choices, use of restraints, the level of care, and involuntary commitment, especially in the treatment of black patients. Stigma, lower socioeconomic status, and limited access to care contribute to differences in management of patients’ mental health needs. However, the impact of stereotypical beliefs about black and other racial minorities on diagnosis and treatment cannot be ignored. The ideal clinical encounter is one in which both the provider and the patient are keenly aware of the impact of racism and bias on mental health, and they are both able to freely discuss the experience and consequences of racism. This chapter identifies evidence of bias in mental health care and discusses strategies for avoiding common pitfalls that negatively impact the care of racial minorities.
The effects of roux en y gastric bypass surgery on neurobehavioral symptom domains associated with severe obesity

Abstract Background Neurobehavioral symptoms and cognitive dysfunction related to mood disorders are present in individuals with severe obesity. We sought to determine acute improvements in these symptoms and relationships with adiposity, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity after roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Methods The self-report Zung Depression Rating (ZDRS) and Neurotoxicity Rating (NRS) scales were administered before, and at 6-months after RYGB surgery in severely obese women (body mass index > 35 kg/m2; N = 19). Symptom domains corresponding to depressed mood/suicide ideation, anxiety, cognitive, somatic, and neurovegetative symptoms were assessed. Biologic measures were of adiposity [leptin, abdominal visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue], inflammation [IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP)], and insulin sensitivity (Si). Spearman correlations and linear regression (adjusted for biologic measures) assessed relationships between changes in biologic measures and changes in neurobehavioral domains. Results By 6-months after RYGB, VAT, SAT, Si, CRP, and IL-6 had improved (p Conclusion Anxiety, somatic and neurovegetative symptoms, improved within 6 months after RYGB, but depressed mood/suicidal ideation and cognitive symptoms did not improve. Associations between visceral adiposity, IL-6 concentrations and neurovegetative and cognitive symptoms support links between obesity, inflammation and distinct neurobehavioral symptoms.
Mirrors of the present in stories of the past and prophecies of things to come: Contemporary commentaries by younger female pilgrims to Juazeiro do Norte

Este artigo analisa as historias contadas por mulheres jovens participantes da peregrinacao que homenageia o Padre Cicero Romao Batista no sertao nordestino de Juazeiro do Norte. Dedica especial atencao a varios tipos de historias e comentarios, concluindo com uma analise a algumas versoes atuais das profecias que os oradores atribuem ao sacerdote durante sua vida (1844-1934). Essas profecias tendem a representar o Padre Cicero como uma presenca solidaria em uma sociedade que ainda olha com desconfianca para as mulheres que buscam melhorar suas vidas por meio da educacao formal adicional e/ou do trabalho satisfatorio fora de casa. O espaco que eles oferecem a individuos em grande parte pobres para comentar sobre o presente e um futuro imaginado faz deles um testemunho particularmente revelador de mudancas rapidas e desafios continuos no Brasil atual. Palavras-chave: Padre Cicero, mulheres, peregrinacao.
WHITEOUT. A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

The polar phenomenon of whiteout is described through the medium of quotations from persons who have experienced the phenomenon. The meteorological conditions indicated to produce the phenomenon are noted and the mechanism of their operation discussed in terms of research findings available in the literature. Topics considered are: diffuse illumination, meteorological range, and illumination levels. Contributory physiological factors are noted and discussed under the following headings: retinal illumination, empty-field myopia, and entoptic phenomena. The psychological import of whiteout is discussed in relation to perception of the vertical, directional orientation, and distance estimation.
Public art, cultural representation, and the just city

Recent controversies around public art demonstrate that cultural representation in urban public space is enormously consequential. Given that urban planners and policymakers are often involved in t...
Haemorrhage after a fairground ride

Within 24 hours of enjoying theme park rides, a 3 year old boy with Burkitt’s lymphoma developed limb, skull, and trunk …
Suicidal selection: Programmed cell death can evolve in unicellular organisms due solely to kin selection.

Abstract Unicellular organisms can engage in a process by which a cell purposefully destroys itself, termed programmed cell death (PCD). While it is clear that the death of specific cells within a multicellular organism could increase inclusive fitness (e.g., during development), the origin of PCD in unicellular organisms is less obvious. Kin selection has been shown to help maintain instances of PCD in existing populations of unicellular organisms; however, competing hypotheses exist about whether additional factors are necessary to explain its origin. Those factors could include an environmental shift that causes latent PCD to be expressed, PCD hitchhiking on a large beneficial mutation, and PCD being simply a common pathology. Here, we present results using an artificial life model to demonstrate that kin selection can, in fact, be sufficient to give rise to PCD in unicellular organisms. Furthermore, when benefits to kin are direct-that is, resources provided to nearby kin-PCD is more beneficial than when benefits are indirect-that is, nonkin are injured, thus increasing the relative amount of resources for kin. Finally, when considering how strict organisms are in determining kin or nonkin (in terms of mutations), direct benefits are viable in a narrower range than indirect benefits. Open research badges This article has been awarded Open Data and Open Materials Badges. All materials and data are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://github.com/anyaevostinar/SuicidalAltruismDissertation/tree/master/LongTerm.
Using Simulation to Improve Students’ Proficiency in Taking the Sexual History of Patients Identifying as LGBTQ: A Pilot Study

Abstract Background Self-disclosure of sexual orientation is one of the most difficult things to share with health care providers. A fear of stigmatization or discrimination, coupled with health care providers' lack of knowledge about lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ)-specific health issues, creates an environment that makes it difficult to divulge one's sexual orientation. Methods The researchers sought to determine whether a low-fidelity simulation using role-playing and structured sexual history scenarios impacted students' self-confidence in taking sex histories and providing culturally competent care for LGBTQ patients. Using pretest–post-test survey methodology, researchers used the gay affirmative practice scale that measures the beliefs of health care providers regarding LGBTQ clients. Results A paired samples t-test revealed a statistically significant difference in pretest (M = 64.2, SD = 7.4) versus post-test (M = 70.0, SD=6.7) mean scores, t(75) = -13.4, p Conclusion The findings from this study suggest that the simulation is effective in improving students' gay affirmative practice beliefs.