cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Service Science Perspective on the Role of ICT in Service Innovation

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is often considered the main enabler of service innovation. The unique role of ICT in service innovation, however, is not fully understood and advancing knowledge in this area emerged as the top research priority in the fields of service science and information systems research. To date, substantial insights regarding the role of ICT in service innovation are not available, and new theoretical lenses and perspectives are needed to develop these. In this conceptual paper, we define service innovation as service system reconfiguration, which allows us to classify the role of ICT in this process more succinctly and ultimately overcome the shortcomings in the existing body of literature. Specifically, we deconstruct and extend previous views of ICT as a “black box” in service innovation research, and focus on the actual innovation process and its mechanisms. We define and delineate these as resource shifting and resource access, explain the role of ICTs in each, and outline further research opportunities that result from these new insights.
A Modest Proposal: Legalize Millions of Undocumented Immigrants with the Change of a Single Statutory Date

Nearly 12 million undocumented immigrants currently live in the United States. Seemingly not a day goes by where the press does not cover immigration and immigrant issues. These articles discuss everything from the day-to-day experiences of undocumented immigrants in Alabama or Arizona, to the macro-political implications of Congress passing, or failing to pass, comprehensive immigration reform legislation. Yet, despite the press coverage, the on the ground realities, and the political ramifications, Congress has been unable to reform our broken immigration system. One reason posited for this failure is that the proposed solutions are simply too complicated. However, with respect to addressing the U.S.’s undocumented immigrant population, the solution need not be: Congress may amend a single date in the registry statute under Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) § 249, 8 U.S.C. § 1259, last altered during the Reagan Administration. By amending a single date, Congress could provide a path to legalization and citizenship for millions of undocumented immigrants with strong ties to the communities where they live and work.
Neutral red uptake by corneal epithelial cells and by injury-activated corneal stromal cells. II. Competitive inhibition by riboflavin derivatives.

Riboflavin, which has many structural similarities to neutral red, inhibited dye uptake by both injury-activated corneal stromal cells and by normal corneal epithelial cells. Kinetic studies were undertaken to determine the nature of the inhibition produced. The solubility characteristics of riboflavin were unsatisfactory for kinetic studies so its derivatives, flavin adenine mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), were used. FMN and FAD both competitively inhibited the uptake of neutral red by epithelial cells. FAD competitively inhibited neutral red uptake by injury-activated corneal connective tissue cells. The kinetic data obtained with FMN on the connective tissue system proved to be too complex for analysis. Basic poly-1-amino acids had no effect on neutral red uptake by injury-activated corneal stromal cells. The possible significance of these findings in wound healing is discussed.
Experimental ischemic myopathy. Effects of aortic ligation and serotonin.

Abstract Support for the hypothesis that biogenic amines are involved in the production of muscle diseases comes from a report that rat muscle is damaged by combining distal aortic ligation with serotonin injection. Our studies explore the role of serotonin in the production of the myopathic changes in the aortic ligation-serotonin model. Twenty-six young Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected either to aortic ligation alone, aortic ligation followed by injection of serotonin (40 mg/kg, i.p.), or injection of serotonin alone. Following sacrifice 7–14 days later, 10 μm frozen sections of the soleus muscle were stained by trichrome, NADH-TR, and ATPase methods. Focal necrosis and phagocytosis or focal regeneration were seen after aortic ligation with, or without, subsequent serotonin injection. Serotonin alone produced only occasional mild changes in muscle. Therefore, we conclude that the significant damage to muscle in the ligation-serotonin model is provided by the aortic ligation, not the serotonin injection.
A Measurement of H0 from the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect

We present a determination of the Hubble constant, H0, from measurements of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect in an orientation-unbiased sample of seven z < 0.1 galaxy clusters. With improved X-ray models and a more accurate 32 GHz calibration, we obtain H0 = 64 ± 14sys km s-1 Mpc-1 for a standard cold dark matter (CDM) cosmology, or H0 = 66 ± 15sys km s-1 Mpc-1 for a flat ΛCDM cosmology. In combination with X-ray cluster measurements and the big bang nucleosynthesis value for ΩB, we find ΩM = 0.32 ± 0.05.
Defect Accumulation and Recovery in Ion-Implanted 6H−SiC

Single crystal wafers of -oriented 6H-SiC were irradiated at different temperatures using a variety of ion species. The disorder on both the Si and C sublattices has been studied in situ using a combination of ion beam analyses in multiaxial channeling geometry. The fraction of the irradiation-induced defects surviving simultaneous recovery processes decreases with decreasing ion mass and with increasing irradiation temperature. Some of the Si and C defects are well aligned with the axis and the rate of C disordering is higher than that of Si disordering. Three recovery stages in Au2+-irradiated 6H-SiC have been identified.
Experimental amitriptyline poisoning: Treatment of severe cardiovascular toxicity with cardiopulmonary bypass

Study objective: To compare cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with more conventional therapy in the treatment of severe amitriptyline poisoning. Design: Prospective, randomized controlled, laboratory investigation. Interventions: Profound cardiovascular toxicity was induced in 20 anesthetized Yorkshire swine (72±8.3 kg) by amitriptyline infusion at 0.5 mg/kg/min. Ventilation was adjusted to keep arterial pH at 7.50±0.05 and the P CO 2 at 35 mm Hg. The swine were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to one of two groups, CPB or control. Both groups received amitriptyline infusion until they experienced near-lethal toxicity, defined as a systolic blood pressure below 30 mm Hg for one minute. The control group was then given supportive treatment, including IV fluids, sodium bicarboate, vasopressors, and standard pharmacologic (advanced cardiac life support) interventions. Control animals failing to respond to supportive measures after five minutes were given open-chest cardiac massage, for 30 minutes or until the return of spontaneous circulation. The CPB group received only mechanical support by CPB for 90 to 120 minutes. No sodium bicarboate, antiarrhymics, or cardiotonic agents were provided to the CPB group, during this resuscitation. Results: All 20 animals experienced cardiac conduction delays, dysrhythmias, and progressive hypotension within 30 minutes of receiving IV amitriptyline at 0.5 mg/kg/min. The ten swine receiving CPB as treatment for cardiovascular toxicity were able to completely correct the dysrhythmias, cardiac conduction abnormalities, and hypotension produced by the amitriptyline; however, only one of ten control animals could be resuscitated ( P =0001). Nine of ten swine treated with CPB were easily weaned off bypass without any pharmacologic intervention; however one required norepinephrine to be weaned. All 11 resucitated swine were able to be salvaged. Conclusion: CPB improved survival in our swine model of severe amitriptyline poisoning.
Regulatory use of computational toxicology tools and databases at the United States Food and Drug Administration's Office of Food Additive Safety.

Over 10 years ago, the Office of Food Additive Safety (OFAS) in the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition implemented the formal use of structure–activity relationship analysis and quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis in the premarket review of food-contact substances. More recently, OFAS has implemented the use of multiple QSAR software packages and has begun investigating the use of metabolism data and metabolism predictive models in our QSAR evaluations of food-contact substances. In this article, we provide an overview of the programs used in OFAS as well as a perspective on how to apply multiple QSAR tools in the review process of a new food-contact substance.
Presta: The parameter reduced electron-step transport algorithm for electron monte carlo transport

A new electron transport algorithm for use with electron Monte Carlo transport codes is presented. Its components are: a path-length correction (PLC) algorithm which is based on the multiple scattering theory of Moliere and which takes into account the differences between the straight path length and the total curved path length for each electron step; a lateral correlation algorithm (LCA) which takes into account lateral transport; and a boundary crossing algorithm (BCA) which ensures that electrons are transported accurately in the vicinity of interfaces. The algorithm has been implemented in the EGS4 code system and a variety of tests validating the algorithms are presented. In its standard configuration, use of this algorithm will allow the inexperienced user to obtain reliable results from the EGS Monte Carlo code without having to do a detailed study of the electron transport parameters. In many situations, substantial savings in computing time may be realized in comparison to the present EGS algorithm. The developments described in this report may be adapted to other electron transport codes where many of the same conclusions may be drawn.
Direct Observation of Unconventional Topological Spin Structure in Coupled Magnetic Discs

Confined magnetic thin films are known to exhibit a variety of fascinating topological spin states such as Skyrmions, vortices, and antivortices. Such topological excitations are fundamentally important to our understanding of quantum critical phenomenon and related phase transitions. Here we report on the direct observation of an unconventional topological spin state and its behavior in antiferromagnetically coupled NiFe discs at room temperature. The observed spin structure is similar to the theoretically predicted merons which have not yet been observed directly. We have used in situ Lorentz microscopy magnetizing experiments combined with micromagnetic simulations to follow the stability and the behavior of the meron state. The work presented in this paper will open new opportunities for direct experimental investigation of various topological states that can provide insights into the fundamental physics of their interactions.
Direct transmembrane clustering and cytoplasmic dimerization of focal adhesion kinase initiates its tyrosine phosphorylation.

Abstract We investigated mechanisms for inducing focal adhesion kinase (FAK) tyrosine phosphorylation and their ability to trigger MAP kinase signaling using transmembrane chimeras that localize FAK and its mutants to the plasma membrane. We tested whether tyrosine phosphorylation was triggered by FAK transmembrane aggregation using antibodies against the chimeric extracellular domain. Experimental clustering of chimeras containing integrin β cytoplasmic domains or FAK induced FAK tyrosine phosphorylation and trans-phosphorylation of endogenous FAK, as well as strong ERK activation. Next, we examined whether lower-order molecular proximity, namely dimerization, could regulate FAK tyrosine phosphorylation. We found that even relatively low-affinity FAK dimerization ( K d =3.9×10 −5 M), in either of two different orientations, could induce FAK tyrosine phosphorylation. However, this cytoplasmic FAK dimerization could not induce MAP kinase activation or trans-phosphorylation of endogenous FAK. We conclude that dimerization of FAK is sufficient to induce its tyrosine phosphorylation, but that higher-order molecular proximity (clustering) at the cell membrane is apparently needed for additional biochemical events. This study identifies a proximity mechanism for regulating the initiation of FAK-mediated biochemical signaling.
Introduction to papers on Women’s Leadership Roles in Theravāda Buddhist Traditions

These papers were presented at a panel, organized by us and chaired by Liz Wilson, on ‘Women’s Leadership and Monastic Organizations in Theravāda Buddhist Traditions’, at the 2008 American Academy of Religion meeting, Chicago. Here, we bring together articles that examine the roots of the teachings on nuns in Pāli literature with others which investigate issues relating to contemporary Theravāda nuns, as well as an analysis of relevant debates in ancient China. The objective of these papers is to contribute to discussion of the multiple ways in which professionally celibate women are represented, organized and empowered in the textual and contemporary traditions of Pāli and Theravāda Buddhism, to study how representations of female monasticism are related to organizational structures of leadership and agency, and explore how debates over the need for ‘dual ordination’ have occurred in traditions other than the Theravāda.
Non-invasive detection of biomechanical and biochemical responses of human lung cells to short time chemotherapy exposure using AFM and confocal Raman spectroscopy

Cellular biomechanical properties including cell elasticity and cell adhesion are regarded as criteria to differentiate cancer cells and normal cells. In this study, the biomechanical properties including the Young's modulus and adhesion force of human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line A549 and non-cancerous human primary small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) were measured by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that primary SAECs are stiffer and more adhesive than cancerous A549 cells. Upon treatment with anti-cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) for a short time (4 hours), both biomechanical properties of A549 cells were found to be increased while those of SAECs were decreased, implying that DOX-induced response mechanisms are different between these two types of cells (cancerous vs. primary cells). Using confocal Raman spectroscopy, we measured the changes in (sub)cellular biochemical compositions of both cell types before and after DOX exposure. Our ultimate goal is to find out the potential relationship between the changes in biomechanics and biochemical compositions of lung epithelial cells in response to anti-cancer drugs.
Optical Spectra and Paramagnetic Resonance of U 4+ Ions in Alkaline Earth Fluoride Lattices

Paramagnetic resonance absorption measurements of uranium in various symmetries in Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and Sr${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ crystals are given. It is concluded that the centers seen in trigonal symmetry are ${\mathrm{U}}^{4+}$ ions. This conclusion is based on the observed direct correlation between the trigonal center resonance and one of two components which, generally speaking, together constitute the optical absorption spectra of these crystals. This spectral component is isolated and shown to agree with the published optical absorption spectra of ${\mathrm{U}}^{4+}$ compounds. Also, it is shown that the observed asymmetry of the trigonal center resonance and its zero ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ value characterize the ground state (${f}^{2}, ^{3}H_{4}$), in trigonal symmetry and cannot be properties of the state (${f}^{3}, ^{4}I_{\frac{9}{2}}$). A model is proposed for the ${\mathrm{U}}^{4+}$ center.
Characterization of a Rotary Hybrid Multimodal Energy Harvester

In this study, experimental characterizations of a new hybrid energy harvesting device consisting of piezoelectric and electromagnetic transducers are presented. The generator, to be worn on the legs or arms of a person, harnesses linear motion and impact forces from human motion to generate electrical energy. The device consists of an unbalanced rotor made of three piezoelectric beams which have permanent magnets attached to the ends. Impact forces cause the beams to vibrate, generating a voltage across their electrodes and linear motion causes the rotor to spin. As the rotor spins, the magnets pass over ten electromagnetic coils mounted to the base, inducing a current through the wire. Several design related issues were investigated experimentally in order to optimize the hybrid device for maximum power generation. Further experiments were conducted on the system to characterize the energy harvesting capabilities of the device, all of which are presented in this study.
Cisplatinum enhancement of myocardial Mg2+ transport.

Abstract Cisplatinum in a concentration (4.3 × 10−6M) corresponding to the therapeutic plasma concentration for cancer patients was found to cause a marked enhancement of magnesium efflux and uptake in perfused frog myocardium. The magnesium content of the perfused frog ventricle is increased from 6.66 ± 0.34 μ mol g wet wgt to 8.03 ± 0.38 μ mol g wet wgt. Cisplatinum had a negative inotropic action reducing contractile force to 46 ± 8% of initial force after 40 min of perfusion. The corresponding control contractile force was reduced to 74 ± 7%. Removal of calcium and magnesium from the perfusion solution containing 0.5 mM EDTA for 10 minutes caused contractile force to be reduced to 0 after 6 beats at 24 min−1. After ten minutes of perfusion with EDTA, 1.87 μ mol g wet wgt of magnesium was lost from control ventricles. Cisplatinum increased the loss to 4.08 ± 0.34 μ mol g wet wgt. The magnesium lost during EDTA perfusion was completely recovered after 5 minutes of perfusion in Ringer or Tyrode solution by both control and cisplatinum treated frog ventricles. The contractile force also recovered to the level prior to perfusion with EDTA Ringer. The rate of Mg2+ efflux in EDTA Ringer is largest during the first 3 minutes and was 0.170 ± 0.051 p mol cm−2 sec−1 for controls and 0.798 p mol cm−2 sec−1 for the cisplatinum treated ventricles. During the last 7 min of perfusion in EDTA Ringer the Mg2+ efflux was reduced to 0.057 ± 0.005 p mol cm−2 sec−1 for control ventricles and 0.170 p mol cm−2 sec−1 for the cisplatinum treated ventricles. Cisplatinum increased both magnesium efflux and influx in the frog myocardium, increased magnesium content to a higher level and reduced contractile force. The effect of cisplatinum on magnesium transport is attributed to an increase in the charged form of cisplatinum that accumulates inside the cell where chloride content is low and the chloride of cisplatinum is displaced to form a positively charged cisplatinum.
Studies on the blastogenic response of murine lymphocytes. II. The effects of serum-stimulant-cell interactions on phytohemagglutinin- -induced stimulation.

SummaryIn PHA-induced blastogenesis of mouse spleen lymphocytes cultured in a medium supplemented with serum, the specific response obtained with any combination of these three variables was governed by their relative concentrations, indicating that the three factors interacted with each other.The PHA-binding function of serum exerted a buffering effect which was expressed as a suppression of the activity of very low concentrations of PHA and as a tolerance of levels of PHA which otherwise would have been inhibitory. The PHA-binding caapcity of lymphocytes resulted in a similar effect.A medium containing no supplement supported a moderate degree of blastogenesis. Supplementation with either serum albumin, gelatin or methylcellulose provided a chemically defined medium which supported blastogenesis nearly as well as with whole serum. However, cells in such media were very sensitive to the toxic effects of PHA in concentrations above a sharply defined maximum.The technical assistance of Mrs. P. Buzzerd and ...
17α-Ethinyl Estradiol is More Potent than Estradiol in Receptor Interactions with Isolated Hepatic Parenchymal Cells

Estradiol (E2) and 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) were compared for their abilities to promote nuclear translocation of the hepatic estrogen receptor. High levels of nonradioactive E2 and EE2 were incubated in vitro with isolated rat liver parenchymal cells. Cytosol and nuclear receptors were then partially purified and measured by exchange with [3H]E2. E2 was required in an approximately 100-fold higher concentration than EE2 for promotion of receptor translocation (for example, 10(-5) M E2 was equivalent to 10(-7) M EE2). When the metabolisms of the estrogens by parenchymal cells were compared, it was found that [3H]E2 was metabolized much more extensively than [3H]EE2 after a short time interval. Inhibitors of estrogen metabolism were used to test the hypothesis that the high dose requirement for receptor translocation may be due to metabolism. In isolated liver cells, SKF 525A (beta-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenylpentanoate; an inhibitor of hepatic mixed function oxidase) could increase levels of unmetabolized EE2, cytosol receptor deletion, and nuclear receptor accumulation. SKF 525A alone was not sufficient to increase levels of unmetabolized E2 or receptor translocation in the presence of this estrogen. When testosterone (a transient inhibitor of the 17-oxidoreductase active on E2) was included in cellular incubations (using female liver cells) with E2 and SKF 525A, levels of unmetabolized E2 were substantially increased in conjunction with increased depletion of cytosol receptors and increased levels of nuclear receptors. These data suggest that hepatic metabolism may limit the availability of estrogens for binding to receptors. The present study suggests that E2 is more extensively metabolized than EE2 to metabolites which are less capable of promotion of receptor translocation.
Alternating Whitney sums and matchings in trees, part II

Abstract The number of k -node subtrees of a tree is its k th Whitney number. This paper investigates the behavior of certain alternating sums of these Whitney numbers and shows how they are related to the structure of maximum matchings in the tree. It is shown that the alternating sum of the Whitney numbers gives the maximum cardinality of an independent set of nodes. Moreover, a weighted alternating sum yields the number of nodes left uncovered by at least one maximum matching.
Polymers and Other Composites

Abstract The structure–morphology-property relationship of such classical solids as metals, oxides and ceramics, and of organic crystals has been quite successfully explored, but our corresponding knowledge of polymeric materials is still very incomplete. The work in progress today considers the very different magnitudes of domains and numbers of dislocations in these two classes of materials, the differences in the interfaces, and the much greater extensibility of the polymeric molecule. Most progress has been made so far in the field of highly crystalline polymers, of block co-polymers, and of polymers filled or laminated with reinforcing or rubberizing agents. Here again, a great deal of work has centered on the role of chain mobility in the dissipation of energy, the special part played by the interphase as locus of flaw formation or stoppage, and on the very large structure changes during work hardening. The most useful approach starts from the known mechanics of dispersed systems and composites, adapting them to the special morphologies of polymers, particularly of the partly crystalline-amorphous variety. The moduli are found to follow the established theory of inhomogeneous elastic solids rather well, and so do solubility, density, heat capacity and optical behavior. Their capacity for absorbing energy depends greatly on temperature and rate of deformation, which in turn depend on the cohesive energy based on molecular chemistry. The greatest difficulties arise in the understanding of the effects of processing history and from the extensive deformation, delayed internal elasticity, and miscibility and phase boundary defects typical for long chain materials. Studying failure behavior is unduly complicated by our lack of understanding of ultimate properties in small domains ahead of propagating cracks. Block polymers are particularly good subjects for learning more about domain properties.
Hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with baclofen pump catheter failure

A 29-year-old man with C6 tetraplegia (ASIA A) using an implanted baclofen pump and intrathecal catheter infusion system for spasticity control developed severe spasticity, hyperthermia, hypotension, rhabdomyolysis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation after catheter disconnection. Tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation were necessary. Extensive workup for a concurrent infection was negative except for urine cultures. The patient remained febrile for 10 days despite empirical antibiotic trials. Administration of high-dose benzodiazepines was inadequate for spasticity control. Spasticity control and his clinical condition, including body temperature, did not improve until his catheter was surgically replaced and intrathecal baclofen administration was resumed. The pharmacopathology of abrupt baclofen withdrawal and the similarities between this presentation, sepsis, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and malignant hyperthermia are discussed. High-dose dantrolene was not used; however, based on similarities between this patient's presentation and neuroleptic malignant syndrome, it may have been the drug of choice.
Brief battery for measurement of stigmatizing versus affirming attitudes about mental illness

Abstract Decreasing the stigma of mental illness is not sufficient. Rather promoting important ideas, such as recovery, empowerment, and self-determination, is important to increase social inclusion, or more broadly, affirming attitudes. The goal of this article is to evaluate the psychometrics of a battery of measures that assess both stigmatizing and affirming attitudes toward people with mental illnesses. The aforementioned battery was used in four separate RCTs on stigma change with different samples: college students, adults, health care providers, and mental health service providers. Test–retest indices were satisfactory for all samples except for the Empowerment Scale score for the mental health providers. Attribution Questionnaire-9 (AQ-9) scores were significantly and inversely associated with the three affirming attitude scale scores for eight of twelve correlations, with five of these meeting the Bonferroni Criterion. Research on social attitudes and structures needs to incorporate assessment of affirming perspectives about a group and effective anti-stigma programs need to promote social inclusion and affirming attitudes.
Solitary epididymal metastasis from carcinoma of prostate.

Abstract A case of solitary epididymal metastasis from carcinoma of the prostate is reported.A review of the literature disclosed only 5 documented cases of this unusual pathologic finding. In our case metastasis to the epididymis by the retrograde lymphatic route appears to be most reasonable.
Thyroidectomy does not alter hypothalamic oxytocin and vasopressin expression in chronically hypernatremic rats.

Sustained hyperosmolality increases the levels of hypothalamic oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs). Gonadectomy is known to abolish this response (12,18). In this study we investigated whether thyroidectomy would alter OT and AVP mRNA levels in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hyperosmotically stimulated rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent thyroidectomy (hypothyroid) or sham thyroidectomy (euthyroid) at 7 weeks of age. Three weeks later hypothyroid and euthyroid animals were administered 2% NaCl (6–11 days) or tap water and sacrificed at the end of the experiment. Northern blot hybridization was used to assess size and levels of hypothalamic OT and AVP mRNAs. Hypothyroid rats had significantly lower levels of serum thyroxine (T4) than their euthyroid cohorts (P < 0.0001). Both the euthyroid and the hypothyroid animals receiving 2% NaCl developed hypernatremia and increased the levels and the size of OT and AVP mRNAs compared to their tap water cohorts. We conclude that in contrast to gonadectomy, thyroidectomy does not alter the level of OT and AVP mRNAs in the hypothalamus of chronically hypernatremic male rats.
Toxicity of Fungicides to Urediniospores of Six Rust Fungi That Occur on Ornamental Crops.

ABSTRACT The recent introduction and rapid spread of rust on daylilies, caused by Puccinia hemerocallidis, suggested a need for fungicide treatments that reduce urediniospore viability on plant sur...
Rectifiability of the distributional Jacobian for a class of functions

Abstract We define the class B2V of functions of bounded 2-dimensional variation, and we sketch the proof of a theorem showing that, for u e B2V(ℤ3 ; S1), the distributional Jacobian of u is supported on a 1-dimensional rectifiable set.
Collisionless electron shocks in electron-beam-plasma systems

One‐dimensional Vlasov simulations show that when an electron beam is suddenly injected into a plasma, a fast‐moving monotonic shock forms during the early stage of the transient plasma response. In the shock, the ions are nearly immobile. The shock appears to be an electrostatic electron‐beam–plasma mode. The shock evolves from an initial positive potential perturbation, which is supported by an ion burst. The steepening of the perturbation into a shock is characterized by an electron‐beam–plasma mode.
Coronary arteriosclerosis as an underlying cause of an acute cardiac insult

Abstract Pre-existing coronary atherosclerosis is a necessary requisite for the development of acute coronary and myocardial changes under certain conditions. There are, however, various relatively rare diseases of the coronary arteries that may also precipitate acute cardiac changes. Extracoronary factors, such as anemia, polycythemia, hemorrhage, shock, extreme tachycardia and arrhythmia and cardiac hypertrophy, may at times produce acute myocardial changes in the absence of gross coronary disease. An acute cardiac insult developing in the absence of these extracoronary factors and, in many cases in their presence, is to be attributable to a sudden acceleration of a chronic atherosclerotic process in the coronary arteries.
Substitutions for Hydrophobic Amino Acids in the N-terminal Domains of IGFBP-3 and -5 Markedly Reduce IGF-I Binding and Alter Their Biologic Actions

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 and -5 (IGFBP-3 and -5) have been shown to bind insulin-like growth factor-I and -II (IGF-I and -II) with high affinity. Previous studies have proposed that the N-terminal region of IGFBP-5 contains a hydrophobic patch between residues 49 and 74 that is required for high affinity binding. These studies were undertaken to determine if mutagenesis of several of these residues resulted in a reduction of the affinity of IGFBP-3 and -5 for IGF-I. Substitutions for residues 68, 69, 70, 73, and 74 in IGFBP-5 (changing one charged residue, Lys(68), to a neutral one and the four hydrophobic residues to nonhydrophobic residues) resulted in an approximately 1000-fold reduction in the affinity of IGFBP-5 for IGF-I. Substitutions for homologous residues in IGFBP-3 also resulted in a >1000-fold reduction in affinity. The physiologic consequence of this reduction was that IGFBP-3 and -5 became very weak inhibitors of IGF-I-stimulated cell migration and DNA synthesis. Likewise, the ability of IGFBP-5 to inhibit IGF-I-stimulated receptor phosphorylation was attenuated. These changes did not appear to be because of alterations in protein folding induced by mutagenesis, because the IGFBP-5 mutant was fully susceptible to proteolytic cleavage by a specific IGFBP-5 protease. In summary, residues 68, 69, 70, 73, and 74 in IGFBP-5 appear to be critical for high affinity binding to IGF-I. Homologous residues in IGFBP-3 are also required, suggesting that they form a similar binding pocket and that for both proteins these residues form an important component of the core binding site. The availability of these mutants will make it possible to determine if there are direct, non-IGF-I-dependent effects of IGFBP-3 and -5 on cellular physiologic processes in cell types that secrete IGF-I.
Binding modes of 6,7 di-substituted 4-anilinoquinoline-3-carbonitriles to EGFR

Abstract 4-Anilino-3-cyanoquinolines were reported to have irreversible binding to epidermal growth factor receptor kinase (EGFRK) by forming a covalent linkage to C773. Our initial docking studies gave results inconsistent with the in vitro data and showed two different binding modes. To perceive the exact mode of binding of these ligands, two models of the ligand–EGFR complexes were considered: (1) reversible binding mode in which the ligand had hydrogen bond interactions at the binding site and (2) irreversible binding mode wherein the ligand's Michael acceptor side chain has proximity to the sulfhydryl group of C773 of EGFR, thereby enabling a covalent interaction. The irreversible binding mode correlated better than reversible binding mode with respect to in vitro data. However, our results indicate that both modes are being adopted by the ligands and could be utilized to design more potent EGFRK inhibitors.
Use of Coloured Petri Net models in planning, design, and simulation of intelligent wireless medical device networks for safe and flexible hospital capacity management

US hospitals often now operate at full capacity, frequently causing incoming ER patients to be staged in ER hallways or detoured to more distant facilities. The process of moving patients from the ER is complex, requiring matching of resources to the unique hour-to-hour mixture of patients and illnesses in the enterprise. Some hospitals are adapting 'lean manufacturing' techniques by using wireless patient monitors to allow flexible creation and reconfiguration of 'Virtual Intensive Care Units (VICUs)' to match changing demands. Unfortunately, wireless medical devices cannot be deployed carelessly because radio- and data-interference and capacity limitations can create patient monitoring safety problems. This paper describes using Coloured Petri Net (CPN) formal simulation modelling tools to perform wireless medical network pre-planning and ongoing configuration management. CPN models can be part of an effective Verification and Validation (V&V) process for wireless medical devices in VICUs to ensure patient safety while meeting clinical capacity demands.
Weak C-H···X (X = O, N) hydrogen bonds in the crystal structure of dihydroberberine.

Di­hydro­berberine (systematic name: 9,10-dimeth­oxy-6,8-dihydro-5H-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-g]iso­quinolino­[3,2-a]iso­quinoline), C20H19NO4, a reduced form of pharmacologically important berberine, crystallizes from ethanol without inter­stitial solvent. The mol­ecule shows a dihedral angle of 27.94 (5)° between the two arene rings at the ends of the mol­ecule, owing to the partial saturation of the inner quinolizine ring system. Although lacking classical O—H or N—H donors, the packing in the crystalline state is clearly governed by C—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the two acetal-type C—H bonds of the 1,3-dioxole ring. Each di­hydro­berberine mol­ecule is engaged in four hydrogen bonds with neighbouring mol­ecules, twice as donor and twice as acceptor, thus forming a two-dimensional sheet network that lies parallel to the (100) plane.
The impact of environmental policies on household incomes for different socio-economic classes: The case of air pollutants in Indonesia

Abstract With outdoor air pollutants in Indonesia as a case study, this paper expands a Social Accounting Matrix to include the link from the economy to the environment, as well as the link from the environment to the economy. This paper explores the relationship between production activities, pollution, and human health problems. It utilizes the Constrained Fixed Price Multipliers method to analyze the impact of policies designed to reduce the amount of pollutants in the air on household incomes for different socio-economic classes in Indonesia. The results show that if policies designed to reduce the amount of pollutants in the air do not decrease the output of production sectors, then the policies also improve income distribution.
Comparison of adaptive controllers applied to the robotic manipulators

Abstract The objective of this paper is to verify through computer simulations the capabilities and limitations of several adaptive and robust controllers. Two different adaptation algorithms are reviewed and applied to a Puma 560 manipulator model. Both compensators consist of a PD type controller in conjunction with an adaptation law, which enables the system to estimate the magnitude of the unknown parameters. Two different trajectory generators are used, and for some simulations the inputs are corrupted with white noise. Performance claims were verified and some limitations of the algorithms were identified.
A generalized formulation of diffusion effects in μm resolution nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

A generalized formulation of the diffusion related nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) signal is derived from a random walk model. Previous analyses performed in the NMR spectroscopy were the formulations of the diffusion related signal amplitude at a specific time, such as the spin echo formation time. They are, in general, not applicable to continuous time domain analyses. In this paper, we have extended the theory to the two‐dimensional imaging case and derived an analytical formula useful for the computation of the diffusion affected signal as a function of continuous time for a time variant gradient. This formulation will be useful in NMR imaging, especially in NMR microscopy where the diffusion associated signal attenuation is serious due to the strong gradient fields (100–1000 G/cm), and at the same time data are acquired continuously for the acquisition period. In addition to the loss of the resolution and signal‐to‐noise ratio due to the random phase fluctuation by diffusion, the variation of the intensity during the data acquisition period introduces a line broadening whose full width at half‐maximum is found to be much larger than the bandwidth‐limited resolution or diffusion related intrinsic resolution. This line spreading effect is integrated in a computer simulation and is evaluated as an integral part of the overall diffusion effects in μm resolution NMR imaging or NMR microscopy.
Evaluation of skin tests and serologic methods in fungus infections.

Abstract It has been assumed that the specific immunologic tests used in each of the mycoses wil be discussed in other papers of this Symposium; therefore, this presentation is limited to general remarks concerning the evaluation and interpretation of the results of immunologic procedures. For ease in presentation, this paper is divided into three parts. The first part, “Antigens Used in Immunologic Tests”, deals with the various preparations which have been recommended for use in immunologic studies. The second part, “Immunologic Procedures,” summarizes briefly the various techniques which can be used and their limitations. The third part, “Practical Application of Immunologic Tests”, gives the relative values of immunologic procedures from the standpoint of: (1) determining epidemiologic patterns. (2) finding cases, (3) confirming suspected cases by laboratory examination. (4) evaluating prognosis, and (5) planning therapy.
The Operator (sgn x) d²/dx² is Similar to a Selfadjoint Operator in L² (R)

Krein space operator-theoretic methods are used to prove that the operator (sgn x) d is similar to a selfadjoint operator in the Hilbert space L2 (R) . Let L be a symmetric ordinary differential expression. Spectral properties of the operators associated with the weighted eigenvalue problem Lu = )wu have been studied extensively. When w is positive, this problem leads to a selfadjoint problem in the Hilbert space L2(w). In recent years there has been considerable interest in the case when w changes sign; for a survey see [5] and also [2]. In this case the problem may have nonreal and nonsemisimple spectrum. Since the problem is symmetric with respect to an indefinite scalar product, it is natural to consider the problem in the associated Krein space. The corresponding operator can be studied using the spectral theory of definitizable selfadjoint operators in Krein spaces. For definitions and basic results of this theory see [4]. Let (X, [*I*]) be a Krein space, A a definitizable operator in X, and E the spectral function of A. Of particular interest are the so-called critical points of A where its spectral properties are different from the spectral properties of a selfadjoint operator in Hilbert space. Definitizable operators may have at most finitely many critical points. Significantly different behavior of the spectral function occurs at singular critical points in any neighborhood of which the spectral function is unbounded. The critical points which are not singular are called regular. The simplest class of definitizable operators are positive operators with nonempty resolvent set: an operator A is positive if [Ax, x] > 0, x E -'(A). The spectrum of a positive operator is real; only 0 may be a nonsemisimple eigenvalue; only 0 and x may be critical points. Moreover, if 0 and x are not singular critical points and if 0 is not an eigenvalue, then the operator A is a selfadjoint operator in the Hilbert space (X, [(E(R+) E(R_)) Ii); see [4, Theorem 5.7]. Received by the editors June 15, 1993 and, in revised form, July 1, 1993. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 47B50, 47E05; Secondary 47B25, 34L05. The second author was supported in part by Fond za znanstveni rad Hrvatske. This research was done while the second author was visiting the Department of Mathematics, Western Washington University. Q 1995 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/95 $1.00 + S.25 per page
Supersonic expansion cooling of electronically excited OH radicals

Abstract Supersonic nozzle cooling of excited-state melecular radicals produced in a corona discharge is demonstrated and investigated using hydroxyl radicals. Rotational temperatures of 11 ± 2 K and vibrational temperatures of 3400 ± 300 K are typically observed in the OH A 2 Σ + state.
Performance of resonator fiber optic gyroscope using external-cavity laser stabilization and optical filtering

A bench-top resonator fiber optic gyroscope (RFOG) was assembled and tested, showing encouraging progress toward navigation grade performance. The gyro employed a fiber length of 19 meters of polarizing fiber for the sensing coil which was wound on an 11.5 cm diameter PZT cylinder. A bias stability of approximately 0.1 deg/hr was observed over a 2 hour timeframe, which is the best bias stability reported to date in an RFOG to our knowledge. Special care was taken to minimize laser phase noise, including stabilization to an optical cavity which was also used for optical filtering, giving angle random walk (ARW) values in the range of 0.008 deg/rt-hr. The ARW performance and bias stability are within 2x and 10x, respectively, of many civil inertial navigation grade requirements.
Capabilities, Entitlements, Rights: Supplementation and Critique

Abstract Capabilities are closely related to human rights. Capabilities are important human entitlements, inherent in the idea of basic social justice, and can be viewed as one species of a human rights approach. This paper explores this relationship, expanding on earlier publications, notably Capabilities and Human Rights (1997), Women and Human Development (2000), Capabilities as Fundamental Entitlements (2003), and Frontiers of Justice (2005). Capabilities are complementary to and augment, rather than competing with, human rights. Capabilities can supplement the language of rights in clarifying the basic concept of human rights, by emphasizing the material and social aspect of all rights and the need for government action to protect and secure all rights. They also ground entitlements in the lives of ordinary people, without tying them down to a specific cultural context. Human rights can also supplement the language of capabilities. Human rights makes clear that the idea of capabilities is not an opti...
Theory of J-matrix Green's functions with applications to atomic polarizability and phase-shift error bounds

The recently introduced Jacobi or $J$-matrix techniques for quantum scattering are developed to include the construction of exact analytic matrix elements of regular and Coulomb partial-wave zeroth-order and full Green's functions. Very simple results obtain for the unperturbed Green's functions, while full Green's functions require a single diagonalization of an $N\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}N$ Hamiltonian matrix, where $N$ is the number of basis functions coupled by the matrix truncated potential. In an application of the $J$-matrix Green's functions to the theory of atomic dynamic polarizabilities, the analytic result for hydrogen is derived, and it is shown how more general systems may be treated in a way which is superior to the usual $N$-term variational approach. In an application to error bounds for phase shifts, we show how the full Green's functions can be used to demonstrate the absence of false pseudoresonances in $J$-matrix scattering calculations, and bound the possible errors in computed phase shifts.
Analysis of two-phase flow processes in rocket exhaust plumes

An overview is given of the coupled two-phase flow processes occurring in rocket exhaust plumes, and modeling procedures developed to treat these processes are surveyed. The full spectrum of particle size groups encountered is modeled by a hybrid partially equilibrated mixture approach, whereby a portion of the particulaies is treated via nonequilibrium techniques. The influence of particulates on Mach disk locations and the treatment of particulate relaxation and turbulent mixing behind Mach disks is discussed in detail. A preliminary approach for treating the turbulent dispersion of particulates is presented which relates the particle diffusivity to that of the gas phase via local time scale relations. This approach is assessed via comparisons with available data extracted from the Russian literature.
Modeling of the Extreme-Ultraviolet and Soft X-Ray Emission in a Solar Coronal Bright Point

Previous studies have been able to reproduce both the observed intensities and the morphology of high-temperature solar plasma using steady state heating models. These models, however, have been unable to reproduce the lower temperature emission observed in active regions. Here we present results from numerical simulations of a coronal bright point. We use potential field extrapolations of a Kitt Peak magnetogram to compute the coronal field lines and populate them with solutions to the hydrostatic loop equations based on a volumetric heating function that scales as /L, where is the magnetic field strength averaged along a field line and L is the loop length. We consider the effects of altering the magnitude and scale height of the energy deposition and the effect of allowing the loop cross sections to expand proportionally to 1/. We then use the computed densities and temperatures to calculate average intensities and simulated EUV and soft X-ray images and compared them to Yohkoh and SOHO observations. We find that our best-case model (apex heating of expanding loops) can reproduce the high-temperature emission, the general morphology of the lower temperature emission, and the majority of the average intensities of reliable lines over a wide range of temperatures to within ~20%. The morphology in the EUV visualizations, however, shows some differences from the observations. These results suggest the role of nonpotential or evolving magnetic fields, or dynamic processes, but indicate that departures from the potential field hydrostatic case may not be too large.