cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MSP-CACRR: Multidimensional Sequential Patterns Based Call Admission Control and Resource Reservation for Next-Generation Wireless Cellular Networks

In this paper, we propose and evaluate a multidimensional sequential pattern (MSP) based CAC and RR technique called MSP-CACRR technique which is designed for next generation of cellular networks. MSP-CACRR is based on an efficient multidimensional sequence mining approach called MobilePrefixSpan and is designed for the wireless cellular networks. MobilePrefixSpan is an extension version of the well-known sequence mining technique PrefixSpan and its multidimensional sequences version. The spatial, temporal, and usage information are used in MobilePrefixSpan to extract the movement patterns of mobile users. Simulation was conducted to study the effect of each of these dimensions on the network performance. Simulation results show that the proposed MSP-CACRR technique uses the mobility patterns effectively to enhance the performance of cellular networks
Persistent Measles Infection of the Central Nervous System: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

Measles can persist in the central nervous system and cause subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a progressive disease that is almost always fatal. The clinical findings of SSPE include behavioral changes, ataxia, seizures, and mental-motor deterioration that begins several years after natural infection with the virus. Measles antibody is found in the spinal fluid, and its presence is particularly useful in establishing the diagnosis. The mechanisms of pathogenesis of SSPE apparently involves the selection of clones of virus, which do not replicate to become complete virus particles. These "suppressed" viruses are able to multiply and spread from cell to cell. The immune system of the patient is unable to clear this infection. Several hypotheses are advanced to explain these events. Further studies are needed, however, to develop a complete understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases. Fortunately, SSPE is disappearing in the United States. This apparently is related to the widespread use of measles vaccines and to the resulting low frequency of natural measles infections.
Impact of temperature variation on the energy resolution of 3D position sensitive CZT gamma- ray spectrometers

Prototype 3D position sensitive CZT gamma spectrometers have been developed using 10x10x10 mm3 pixellated CZT detectors and a RENA-3 readout system from NOVA R&D. Under stable room temperature, excellent energy resolution of ~1% FWHM at 662 keV is consistently demonstrated for single interaction events in the detector with one time pre-measurement calibration. To test the feasibility of using the 3D CZT spectrometers for outdoor applications where ambient temperature is subject to a wide range of variation, the energy resolution performance of two detectors, one from Redlen Technologies and one from Yinnel Tech Inc., has been evaluated over the ambient temperature range from -5 to 45degC. The temperature related contributors to energy resolution, such as the readout electronics response and electron trapping in CZT detectors, have been investigated. The Redlen detector shows good stability in electron trapping with typical (mutau)e (electron mobility-lifetime product) of ~1.5e-2 cm2/V, but a temperature- related gain drift up to +/-0.8% is observed with contribution from readout electronics. The Yinnel Tech detector has a typical (mutau)e of ~5e-3 cm2/V at room temperature and shows significantly reduced (mutau)e and increased electron trapping at lower temperatures. These results indicate both detectors need temperature related multiple calibrations to avoid significant energy resolution degradation from varying ambient temperature. With multiple 3D detector response calibrations at different temperatures, energy resolution close to ~1% FWHM at 662 keV can be maintained for both detectors.
Engineering stochasticity in gene expression

Stochastic fluctuations (noise) in gene expression can cause members of otherwise genetically identical populations to display drastically different phenotypes. An understanding of the sources of noise and the strategies cells employ to function reliably despite noise is proving to be increasingly important in describing the behavior of natural organisms and will be essential for the engineering of synthetic biological systems. Here we describe the design of synthetic constructs, termed ribosome competing RNAs (rcRNAs), as a means to rationally perturb noise in cellular gene expression. We find that noise in gene expression increases in a manner proportional to the ability of an rcRNA to compete for the cellular ribosome pool. We then demonstrate that operons significantly buffer noise between coexpressed genes in a natural cellular background and can even reduce the level of rcRNA enhanced noise. These results demonstrate that synthetic genetic constructs can significantly affect the noise profile of a living cell and, importantly, that operons are a facile genetic strategy for buffering against noise.
Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride

A new task goal elicits a feeling of pride in individuals with a subjective history of success, and this achievment pride produces anticipatory goal reactions that energize and direct behavior to approach the task goal. By distinguishing between promotion pride and prevention pride, the present paper extends this classic model of achievement motivation. Regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997) distinguishes between a promotion focus on hopes and accomplishments (gains) and a prevention focus on safety and responsibilities (non-losses). We propose that a subjective history of success with promotion-related eagerness (promotion pride) orients individuals toward using eagerness means to approach a new task goal, whereas a subjective history of success with prevention-related vigilance (prevention pride) orients individuals toward using vigilance means to approach a new task goal. Studies 1–3 tested this proposal by examining the relations between a new measure of participants' subjective histories of promotion success and prevention success (the Regulatory Focus Questionnaire (RFQ)) and their achievement strategies in different tasks. Study 4 examined the relation between participants' RFQ responses and their reported frequency of feeling eager or vigilant in past task engagements. Study 5 used an experimental priming technique to make participants temporarily experience either a subjective history of promotion success or a subjective history of prevention success. For both chronic and situationally induced achievement pride, these studies found that when approaching task goals individuals with promotion pride use eagerness means whereas individuals with prevention pride use vigilance means. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutrient uptake and removal by Christmas tree harvest

ABSTRACTWriting nutrient management plans for Christmas tree production requires accurate values for nutrient removal and harvest records. Freshly cut trees of each of Norway spruce (Picea abies), Canaan fir (Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were collected in December 2005. Minimum, maximum, and mean cut tree size measurements were documented. Nutrient contents were calculated and there were no significant differences in nutrient uptake values among species. In a spacing of 1.5 m × 1.5 m (4302 trees per hectare), a clear-cut harvest would remove on average (kg/ha) 560 nitrogen (N), 60.87 phosphorus (P), 168 potassium (K), 243.51 calcium (Ca), 37.75 magnesium (Mg), 28.25 sulfur (S), 0.54 boron (B), 3.39 iron (Fe), 4.74 manganese (Mn), 0.11 copper (Cu), 2.79 zinc (Zn), 2.92 aluminum (Al), 105.85 chlorine (Cl), 0.02 molybdenum (Mo), and 1.44 sodium (Na). Except for Mn and Na, nutrient removal increased linearly as dry weight of whole tree increased.
A preliminary investigation of dislocation cell structure formation in metals using continuum dislocation dynamics

A continuum dislocation dynamics model capable of capturing the cellular arrangements of dislocations in deformed crystals is presented. A small strain formulation of the model is given, followed by sample results of stress-strain behaviour, dislocation density evolution, dislocation cell pattern, lattice rotation, and geometrically necessary dislocation density and strain energy density distributions. An important finding of the current work is that dislocations form patterns under all circumstances due to their long range interactions. It is found, however, that the famous cell structure pattern forms when cross slip is activated. It is also found that cells are 3D sub-regions surrounded by dislocations walls in all directions, and they form, disappear, and reappear as a result of the motion of cell walls and formation of new walls by cross slip. It is further found that the average cell size is connected with the applied resolved shear stress according to the similitude principle observed in related experiments. The importance of these results is briefly discussed in the context of recrystallization.
Post-Trial Motions in Private Antitrust Actions: A Practitioner's Guide

This article discusses post-trial motion practice in private antitrust actions brought in federal court. It is designed to provide the antitrust lawyer with a practical guide to identifying and briefing recurring issues in post-trial motion practice. The article discusses motions affecting the jury’s determination of the prevailing party, including motions to poll the jury, for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV), and for new trial. The article then discusses motions affecting the amount of the judgment, including motions for set-off of prior settlements and for grant of interest and applications for attorney’s fees and costs.
Psychobiology of Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders

New techniques for studying receptor pharmacology, neurotransmitter activity, and neuroendocrine function in affective illness have made it possible to carry out sophisticated neurochemical and neuropharmacologic investigations of the anxiety disorders. Some important reasons for pursuing these strategies have been the high frequency of depression in anxious patients, the effectiveness of antidepressants in the treatment of panic disorder, and the availability of probes for studying the physiologic changes that occur during anxiety states in human subjects. In addition, the ability reliably to induce anxiety states in man has made it possible to study at least some clinical forms of anxiety under laboratory conditions. Although animal models for simple phobia have been developed, there are currently no adequate animal models of panic disorder in man. If valid, reliable animal models, for panic disorder and other human anxiety disorders can also be identified, then a much better understanding of the nature and causes of anxiety and more effective diagnosis and treatment of clinically important anxiety disorders may be possible.
“Extensive” Computerization in Organizations: Marketing Implications

This paper studies the effect of extensive computerization in undergraduate education. The problems that result from computerization are more serious when all or most individuals in an organization are required to work with a computer. This problem, therefore, is one that is of great relevance to manufacturers of computers who sell to organizational markets.
The Longue Durée Of Quran Schooling, Society, And State In Senegambia

This chapter is a narrative of the history of the Quran school (daara/dudal) in Senegambia and, later, in Senegal. It is based on primary documentation and a wide reading of secondary works on the social, political, religious, and cultural history of Senegambia.2 In these pages I explore the social location of Quran schooling from the precolonial period to the end of the twentieth century. Islam has been an important part of Senegambia since the eleventh century, but it is only one factor that has given a certain analytical integrity to the region. The major ethnic groups in contemporary Senegambia share intertwined social and political histories stretching back to at least the thirteenth century. Speakers of Pular, Wolof, Sereer, Manding, and Soninke all mingled in Senegambia, and they had many similar (but not identical) social and political institutions. With the exception of many Sereer speakers, all belong to a broader distribution of societies containing lineages of royal, free, slave, and casted origins.3 Although all the major polities formed in Senegambia in the past millennium seem to have had an ethnic core, they were multiethnic states with enough aspects of shared social organization that mobility between ethnic groups was often more fluid than between social categories.
Drought-tolerant corn hybrids yield more in drought-stressed environments with no penalty in non-stressed environments

The potential benefit of drought-tolerant (DT) corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids may depend on drought intensity, duration, crop growth stage (timing), and the array of drought tolerance mechanisms present in selected hybrids. We hypothesized that corn hybrids containing DT traits would produce more consistent yields compared to non-DT hybrids in the presence of drought stress. The objective of this study was to define types of production environments where DT hybrids have a yield advantage compared to non-DT hybrids. Drought tolerant and non-DT hybrid pairs of similar maturity were planted in six site-years with different soil types and seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), representing a range of macro-environments. Irrigation regimes and seeding rates were used to create several micro-environments within each macro-environment. Hybrid response to the range of macro and micro-environmental stresses were characterized in terms of water use efficiency, grain yield, and environmental index. Yield advantage of DT hybrids was positively correlated with environment ET and VPD. Drought tolerant hybrids yielded 5 to 7% more than non-DT hybrids in high and medium ET environments (> 430 mm ET), corresponding to seasonal VPD greater than 1200 Pa. Environmental index analysis confirmed that DT hybrids were superior in stressful environments. Yield advantage for DT hybrids appeared as yield dropped below 10.8 Mg ha-1 and averaged as much as 0.6 to 1 Mg ha-1 at the low yield range. Hybrids with DT technology can offer a degree of buffering against drought stress by minimizing yield reduction, but also maintaining a comparable yield potential in high yielding. Further studies should focus on the physiological mechanisms presented in the commercially available corn drought tolerant hybrids.
Unsteady interfacial coupling of two-phase flow models

The primary coolant circuit in a nuclear power plant contains several distinct components (vessel, core, pipes,...). For all components, specific codes based on the discretization of partial differential equations have already been developped. In order to obtain simulations for the whole circuit, the interfacial coupling of these codes is required. The approach examined within this work consists in coupling codes by providing unsteady information through the coupling interface. The numerical technique relies on the use of an interface model, which is combined with the basic strategy that was introduced by Greenberg and Leroux in order to compute approximations of steady solutions of non-homogeneous hyperbolic systems. Three different coupling cases have been examined: (i) the coupling of a one-dimensional Euler system with a two-dimensional Euler system; (ii) the coupling of two distinct homogeneous two-phase flow models; (iii) the coupling of a four-equation homogeneous model with the standard two-fluid model.
Does Suprapubic Stimulation in Infants Facilitate Collection of a Clean Catch Urine Specimen

Review of recent evidence with translation to practice for the advanced practice nurse (APN) role is presented using a case study module for "Faster Clean Catch Urine Collection (Quick Wee Method) From Infants: Randomised Controlled Trial." This prospective study enrolled 344 infants between 1 and 12 months of age seeking care in an emergency department with a complaint that led to the ordering of a clean catch urine specimen. Use of the Quick Wee procedure yielded clean catch urine specimens without the use of an invasive procedure. Variables of interest were time to specimen collection and patient and provider satisfaction with procedure. Study subjects in the intervention group voided spontaneously within 5 min more often than subjects in the usual care group. This study highlights the important role of the APN in ordering clean catch urine specimen collection and avoidance of invasive procedures.
Social and Contextual Influences on Mental Health Following an Episode of Mass Violence.

Few studies explore how the recovery context following an episode of mass violence affects posttragedy mental health (MH), despite clear implications for developing posttrauma supports. Following a...
Automatic Detection of Structural Deficiencies Using 4D Hue-Assisted Analysis of Color Point Clouds

Recent developments in the fields of robotics and remote sensing technologies such as 3D laser scanners and photogrammetric approaches have provided an unprecedented opportunity to collect a massive amount of data from infrastructure systems in a contactless and nondestructive manner, which can potentially improve the structural health monitoring process. However, the complex nature of these geometrically accurate and high-resolution 3D models makes it inefficient and time-consuming to manually analyze and manipulate them and automating this process continue to pose a challenge. Thus, procedures that automate the data processing in order to detect a variety of damages are desired to make full use of these modern inspection technologies as a tool for infrastructure integrity assessment and asset management. The aim of this paper is to present a new algorithm to automatically identify and evaluate structural deficiencies in massive 3D point clouds of complex infrastructure systems. This approach takes advantage of both local geometry and color data properties associated with each point to improve the damage detection capabilities in a variety of scenarios. Linear and non-linear transformations from the RGB color space to non-RGB spaces were performed to increase separability between the damage and the structure and to achieve robustness to changes in illumination. Recently, a complex and large-scale gravity dam in Maryland, USA has served as a test bed for the developed methodology. In this experiment, a multi-scale photogrammetric computer vision approach was utilized to generate accurate and highly detailed 3D models of the targeted dam. In order to maximize the accessibility and to overcome geometric constraints, different multi-rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms with varied payload and maneuverability capabilities, each equipped with different optical sensors were used in this study. Experimental results demonstrate that the presented 4D point cloud analysis method can accurately detect and quantify a variety of anomalies from spalling to moisture infiltration in exposed concrete structures.
The History of Mathematics Education: Developing a Research Methodology

The aim of this chapter is to discuss answers to two basic questions: what does the history of mathematics education investigate, and how does it carry out its investigation? Consequently, the discussion addresses various directions of research that seem to be interesting, methods and forms of analysing and interpreting sources in the history of mathematics education, as well as the question of what may constitute such sources. This chapter concludes by addressing existing myths in the history of mathematics education.
Group Psychotherapy as the Century Turns: Toward a Philosophy of Care

A futuristic essay should be written by two persons so as to invoke Bion's “basic assumption pairing” (Bion, 1964) with its connotations of hope, no matter how irrational. Accordingly, I split my self in two parts, one, the hard-headed realist, and the other, the prophetic visionary. As idealized identities, neither comes easily to me. But, perhaps heeding the two has permitted the articulation of some presentable notions about group psychotherapy and its evolving fate.
Towards Novel Hybrid Biomass and Coal Processes for Satisfying Transportation Fuel Demands

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to expand upon the methodology of the H2Car process by producing gasoline, diesel, and kerosene in mass ratios consistent with the United States consumption of transportation fuels. Novel biomass and coal flow sheets are developed to satisfy United States transportation sector fuel needs using the principles of the H2Car process. A fuel-carbon conversion near 100% is achieved for all systems using a renewable source of hydrogen and the reverse water gas shift reaction. Each flow sheet is fully heat and power integrated using a heat exchanger and heat engine network to sequentially minimize the annualized utility cost and the annualized heat exchanger cost. A detailed economic analysis reveals the crude oil price for which the processes become competitive with current petrochemical systems.
Monte-Carlo study of electronic transport in non-σh-symmetric two-dimensional materials: Silicene and germanene

The critical role of silicon and germanium in the semiconductor industry, combined with the need for extremely thin channels for scaled electronic devices, has motivated research towards monolayer silicon (silicene) and monolayer germanium (germanene). The lack of horizontal mirror (σh) symmetry in these two-dimensional crystals results in a very strong coupling—in principle diverging—of electrons to long wavelength flexural branch (ZA) phonons. For semi-metallic Dirac materials lacking σh symmetry, like silicene and germanene, this effect is further exacerbated by strong back-scattering at the Dirac cone. In order to gauge the intrinsic transport limitations of silicene and germanene, we perform low- and high-field transport studies using first-principles Monte-Carlo simulations. We take into account the full band structure and solve the electron-phonon matrix elements to treat correctly the material anisotropy and wavefunction overlap-integral effects. We avoid the divergence of the ZA phonon scattering rate through the introduction of an optimistic (1 nm long wavelength) cutoff for the ZA phonons. Even with this cutoff for long-wavelength ZA phonons, essentially prohibiting intravalley scattering, we observe that intervalley ZA phonon scattering dominates the overall transport properties. We obtain relatively large electron mobilities of 701 cm2 V−1 s−1 for silicene and 2327 cm2 V−1 s−1 for germanene. Our results show that silicene and germanene may exhibit electronic transport properties that could surpass those of many other two-dimensional materials, if intravalley ZA phonon scattering could be suppressed.
Developing Digital Intervention Games for Mental Disorders: A Review

There is limited research on mental health interventions delivered in a digital game format and even less to guide developers on how to develop such games. This review focuses on understanding how to develop therapeutic digital games based primarily on mental health intervention games that have been empirically tested. The review was generated through database searches and backward search techniques for digital game-based interventions for specific mental disorders. We evaluated digital games that were based on validated psychological treatments. We located 24 studies and 18 games that met our search criteria. These games and their outcomes have been summarized. This review showed that these types of games have the potential to make an impact on mental health concerns but that there are currently few digital games available for the treatment or prevention of mental disorders. In addition, guidelines for digital mental health intervention game development have been presented. The consolidation of guidelines addressing multiple game development factors (e.g., time, cost, engagement) may help those interested in developing new therapeutic games that target a greater variety of disorders, thereby expanding access to larger populations.
Light and unbound nuclei. An introduction to ab initio methods in nuclear structure and reaction theory

Light nuclei display a wide variety of phenomena: from stable bound states, to rare unstable isotopes and transient resonances, to mutual dynamical interactions during a reaction. After an overview of these phenomena, basic formalism and concepts in ab initio nuclear structure and reaction theory are introduced, followed by selected examples of how powerful techniques for the description of the nuclear force and the solution of the nuclear quantum many-body problem combined with cutting-edge high-performance computing are enabling a comprehensive understanding of light exotic nuclei and thermonuclear reactions that play an important role in the Cosmos and on Earth.
Computational study of synergistic effects of electron withdrawing groups as catalysts for fullerene formation

Abstract We have computationally modeled several derivatives of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon C18H10 to determine if replacing particular hydrogen atoms with chlorine, fluorine, nitro or amine groups would make pentagon closure more energetically favorable. Pentagon closure is the key to fullerene formation. Computational results show that replacing any hydrogen atom on C18H10 with a chlorine atom, except at the meta position to the pentagon closure site, makes pentagon closure more favorable. For fluorine, only the sites ortho and para to the pentagon closure site increase favorability. For nitro groups, every position had increased favorability for pentagon closure. For amine groups, every position except at the meta position to the pentagon closure site, makes pentagon closure more favorable. When multiple chlorine or fluorine atoms are placed on the same C18 model at sites that favor ring closure, there is a synergistic effect on the favorability of pentagon closure.
The Misuse of Genetics: The Dihybrid Cross & the Threat of “Race Crossing”

Biology teachers consider basic Mendelian genetics to be value-free, objective science, immune to misinterpretation and misuse. It may thus come as a surprise to learn that in the early days of genetics a cornerstone of genetics education, the dihybrid cross, was employed to support claims of the racial superiority of whites over blacks and to provide a “scientific” rationale for laws prohibiting interracial marriages. In 1917 the prominent eugenicist Charles B. Davenport warned of the danger of “disharmonious combinations” of physical and behavioral traits in the second generation of “wide race crosses,” equivalent to the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross. He tried and failed to find data to support his arguments in a study of the mixed-race inhabitants of Jamaica. Davenport9s analysis was deeply flawed, especially by the racist assumptions underlying this work. Although these events occurred a century ago, biology teachers may still be able to use this regrettable episode as an example of how even the most basic science may be misapplied by those with a social or political agenda.
Integrating Hardware Prototyping Platforms into the Classroom

Computer education is in the midst of a major transformation as a result of the rapid emergence of new technologies, intersection of computing with other disciplines and growing interest among students in computing courses. Such transformation prompted educators to redefine the way computing education is delivered and experiment a wide range of learning approaches. One of these approaches is the integration of hardware prototyping platforms such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi and Intel Internet of Things as part of project-based learning. These platforms have become in recent years instrumental tools for improving students' learning process and promoting proactive thinking. The aim of this study is to investigate the usefulness of integrating low cost open-source hardware platforms into engineering and computer science courses. In particular, we explore the use of an experiential learning approach using these kits for improving the students' learning experience in computer science and engineering courses. Throughout this paper, we discuss the outcome of our investigation and provide insights on how to make classrooms more experiential using the hardware prototyping paradigm.
A review of methods for the study of bumble bee movement

Understanding animal movement is critical for conservation planning, habitat management, and ecological study. However, our understanding is often limited by methodological constraints. These limitations can be especially problematic in the study of ecologically and economically important pollinators like bumble bees, where several aspects of their biology limit the feasibility of landscape-scale studies. We review the methods available for the study of bumble bee movement ecology, discussing common limitations and tradeoffs among several frequent data sources. We provide recommendations on appropriate use for different life stages and castes, emphasizing where recent methodological advances can help reveal key components of understudied parts of the bumble bee life cycle such as queen movement and dispersal. We emphasize that there is no one correct method and encourage researchers planning studies to carefully consider the data requirements to best address questions of interest.
Optimal timing and route of nutritional support after esophagectomy: A review of the literature

Some controversy surrounds the postoperative feeding regimen utilized in patients who undergo esophagectomy. Variation in practices during the perioperative period exists including the type of nutrition started, the delivery route, and its timing. Adequate nutrition is essential for this patient population as these patients often present with weight loss and have altered eating patterns after surgery, which can affect their ability to regain or maintain weight. Methods of feeding after an esophagectomy include total parenteral nutrition, nasoduodenal/nasojejunal tube feeding, jejunostomy tube feeding, and oral feeding. Recent evidence suggests that early oral feeding is associated with shorter LOS, faster return of bowel function, and improved quality of life. Enhanced recovery pathways after surgery pathways after esophagectomy with a component of early oral feeding also seem to be safe, feasible, and cost-effective, albeit with limited data. However, data on anastomotic leaks is mixed, and some studies suggest that the incidence of leaks may be higher with early oral feeding. This risk of anastomotic leak with early feeding may be heavily modulated by surgical approach. No definitive data is currently available to definitively answer this question, and further studies should look at how these early feeding regimens vary by surgical technique. This review aims to discuss the existing literature on the optimal route and timing of feeding after esophagectomy.
New evidence supporting lung cancer screening with low dose CT & surgical implications.

Abstract Introduction Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-death worldwide. The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPTSF) approved screening for current or former smokers aged 55–80 based on the results of the National Lung Screening trial (NLST). Following the NLST, new evidence has emerged from clinical trials and updates to previous trials prior to the anticipated update to the USPSTF guideline. We review the new evidence on lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography (LDCT) and the surgical implications. Methods A review of new literature was performed pertaining to lung cancer screening since implementation of UPSTF guidelines. Articles for inclusion were identified by both authors’, then search of the Pubmed and Cochrane database was performed from January 1st, 2013 through February 4th, 2020 using the MeSH search terms: “lung cancer”; “screening”; “low dose CT”. The results of these studies are summarized. Results We identified multiple prospective randomized control trials and meta-analysis since the NLST supporting lung cancer-specific mortality with screening. We identified new nodule classification systems and the development of risk-models which may reduce false positive rates and identify high risk patients not currently eligible for screening. Finally, we discussed the surgical implications of screening. Conclusion New data supports NLST findings and show ongoing benefit to LDCT for lung cancer screening. Standardized LDCT screening classification has been shown to reduce harm and lower false positive rates. Further study is needed regarding use of risk-modeling. Screening will require an increase in the thoracic workforce to accommodate the amount of surgically operable cancers.
Mechanosensitive activation of mTORC1 mediates ventilator induced lung injury during the acute respiratory distress syndrome

Abstract Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a highly lethal condition that impairs lung function and causes respiratory failure. Mechanical ventilation maintains gas exchange in patients with ARDS, but exposes lung cells to physical forces that exacerbate lung injury. Our data demonstrate that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is a mechanosensor in lung epithelial cells and that activation of this pathway during mechanical ventilation exacerbates lung injury. We found that mTORC1 is activated in lung epithelial cells following volutrauma and atelectrauma in mice and humanized in vitro models of the lung microenvironment. mTORC1 is also activated in lung tissue of mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS. Deletion of Tsc2, a negative regulator of mTORC1, in epithelial cells exacerbates physiologic lung dysfunction during mechanical ventilation. Conversely, treatment with rapamycin at the time mechanical ventilation is initiated prevents physiologic lung injury (i.e. decreased compliance) without altering lung inflammation or barrier permeability. mTORC1 inhibition mitigates physiologic lung injury by preventing surfactant dysfunction during mechanical ventilation. Our data demonstrate that in contrast to canonical mTORC1 activation under favorable growth conditions, activation of mTORC1 during mechanical ventilation exacerbates lung injury and inhibition of this pathway may be a novel therapeutic target to mitigate ventilator induced lung injury during ARDS.
Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Steatohepatitic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Reveals Novel Distinct Biologic Features

Objectives Steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma is a distinct variant of hepatocellular carcinoma strongly associated with underlying nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The molecular biology of steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma is not fully elucidated, and thus we aimed to investigate the molecular underpinnings of this entity. Methods Transcriptomic analysis using RNAseq was performed on eight tumor-nonneoplastic pairs of steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma with comparison to conventional hepatocellular carcinoma transcriptomes curated in The Cancer Genome Atlas. Immunohistochemistry was used to validate key RNA-level findings. Results Steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma demonstrated a distinctive differential gene expression profile compared with The Cancer Genome Atlas curated conventional hepatocellular carcinomas (n = 360 cases), indicating the distinctive steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma morphology is associated with a unique gene expression profile. Pathway analysis comparing tumor-nonneoplastic pairs revealed significant upregulation of the hedgehog pathway based on GLI1 overexpression and significant downregulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 transcript. Glutamine synthetase transcript was significantly upregulated, and fatty acid binding protein 1 transcript was significantly downregulated and immunohistochemically confirmed, indicating steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma tumor cells display a zone 3 phenotype. Conclusions Steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma demonstrates a distinctive morphology and gene expression profile, phenotype of zone 3 hepatocytes, and activation of the hedgehog pathway and repression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2, which may be important in tumorigenesis.
The Outsider Vantage Point

Relatively little research has focused specifically on the outsider role in incidents of school bullying; this role is often overlooked in favor of focusing on more active participants. However, a more thorough understanding of the personal characteristics associated with those who assume this participant role can inform interventions that attempt to make these students more active agents against school bullying. This chapter provides the reader with a definition of the outsider role, information on its prevalence, and details the individual and ecological characteristics that help explain why a large proportion of students tend toward this participant disposition. Additionally, the chapter describes anti-bullying curricula that specifically aim to sway outsiders toward active defending and discusses possible avenues for further research.
Images of a Better, Financially Secure Life

This chapter explored the second of the mutually reinforcing anticipatory images held by the students: living a better, more financially secure life in the future. The students placed themselves and their families in this vision of the future. It was an image inextricably linked to the image of a certain preferred career. The students envisioned their ideal, preferred career as an essential stepping-stone to achieving their image of living a better, financially secure life in the future. In their own voices, they described how their parents played a significant role in influencing their acceptance of this image believing that a better, financially secure life would enable them to avoid the poverty-related challenges their parents faced. This chapter also describes how the students’ lived experience growing up in poverty and in dangerous, unsafe neighborhoods contributed to their formation of the better, financially secure image of the future.
Institutional Investors and the Informational Efficiency of Prices

Using a broad panel of NYSE-listed stocks between 1983 and 2004, we study the relation between institutional shareholdings and the relative informational efficiency of prices, measured as deviations from a random walk. Stocks with greater institutional ownership are priced more efficiently, and we show that variation in liquidity does not drive this result. Onemechanismthroughwhichpricesbecomemoreefficientisinstitutionaltradingactivity, even when institutions trade passively. But efficiency is also directly related to institutional holdings, even after controlling for institutional trading, analyst coverage, short selling, variation in liquidity, and firm characteristics. (JEL G12, G14) Institutional shareholdings and trading have increased dramatically over the past several decades. In 1965, members of the Securities Industries Association held 16% of U.S. equities; in 2001, they held 61% according to the Securities Industry Association Fact Book (2002). Moreover, nonretail trading accounted for 96% of New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) trading volume in 2002 (Jones and Lipson 2004). How this broadened scope of institutional ownership and trading affects the quality of equity markets, however, is an open question. Using a broad cross-section of NYSE-listed stocks between 1983 and 2004, we link institutional ownership to the informational efficiency of transaction prices. Intraday prices of stocks with greater institutional ownership more closelytrackfundamentalvalues,inthattheymorepreciselyresemblearandom walk, than prices of stocks with less institutional ownership. Moreover, we use proprietary NYSE data to establish institutional trading activity as one source of the improved short-horizon information environment. These findings have
Virtual student experiences: A case study of objectives, outcomes, and anticipated consequences

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, most in-person visiting clerkship opportunities have been canceled Many institutions have developed virtual experiences to fill this void;however, the format and objectives of these experiences are variable This article describes an education intervention for visiting students where both learner-oriented and program-oriented outcomes of a nonclerkship virtual student experience are explored This intervention consisted of five 1-hour case-based teaching sessions in addition to attendance at weekly residency conference over a 1-week period The primary outcomes were student ratings of how the experience impacted their 1) perception of the program's educational environment and culture, 2) medical knowledge, and 3) program ranking before and after the experience Of 24 participants, 15 students (63%) completed the final evaluation, all with positive summative rankings in every domain measured Of the 15 respondents, 12 (80%) reported an increase in where they would rank the program after the experience compared to before, and nine of 15 (60%) stated that they would rank the program #1 if making a list at the time they completed the final evaluation Future study should examine long-term outcomes of these interventions including decisions regarding where students apply, who programs interview, and ranking decisions of students and programs © 2021 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
A wake-like state in vitro induced by transmembrane TNF/soluble TNF receptor reverse signaling.

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) has sleep regulatory and brain development roles. TNF promotes sleep in vivo and in vitro while TNF inhibition diminishes sleep. Transmembrane (tm) TNF and the tmTNF receptors (Rs), are cleaved by tumor necrosis factor alpha convertase to produce soluble (s) TNF and sTNFRs. Reverse signaling occurs in cells expressing tmTNF upon sTNFR binding. sTNFR administration in vivo inhibits sleep, thus we hypothesized that a wake-like state in vitro would be induced by sTNFR-tmTNF reverse signaling. Somatosensory cortical neuron/glia co-cultures derived from male and female mice lacking both TNFRs (TNFRKO), or lacking TNF (TNFKO) and wildtype (WT) mice were plated onto six-well multi-electrode arrays. Daily one-hour electrophysiological recordings were taken on culture days 4 through 14. sTNFR1 (0.0, 0.3, 3, 30, 60, and 120 ng/µL) was administered on day 14. A final one-hour recording was taken on day 15. Four measures were characterized that are also used to define sleep in vivo: action potentials (APs), burstiness index (BI), synchronization of electrical activity (SYN), and slow wave power (SWP; 0.25–3.75 Hz). Development rates of these emergent electrophysiological properties increased in cells from mice lacking TNF or both TNFRs compared to cells from WT mice. Decreased SWP, after the three lowest doses (0.3, 3 and 30 ng/µL) of the sTNFR1, indicate a wake-like state in cells from TNFRKO mice. A wake-like state was also induced after 3 ng/µl sTNFR1 treatment in cells from TNFKO mice, which express the TNFR1 ligand, lymphotoxin alpha. Cells from WT mice showed no treatment effects. Results are consistent with prior studies demonstrating involvement of TNF in brain development, TNF reverse signaling, and sleep regulation in vivo. Further, the current demonstration of sTNFR1 induction of a wake-like state in vitro is consistent with the idea that small neuronal/glial circuits manifest sleep- and wake-like states analogous to those occurring in vivo. Finally, that sTNF forward signaling enhances sleep while sTNFR1 reverse signaling enhances a wake-like state is consistent with other sTNF/tmTNF/sTNFR1 brain actions having opposing activities.
The locus of recognition memory signals in human cortex depends on the complexity of the memory representations

Representational theories predict that brain regions contribute to cognition according to the information they represent (e.g., simple versus complex), contradicting the traditional notion that brain regions are specialized for cognitive functions (e.g., perception versus memory). In support of representational accounts, substantial evidence now attests that the Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) is not specialized solely for long-term declarative memory, but underpins other functions including perception and future-imagining for complex stimuli and events. However, a complementary prediction has been less well explored, namely that the cortical locus of declarative memory may fall outside the MTL if the to-be-remembered content is sufficiently simple. Specifically, the locus should coincide with the optimal neural code for the representations being retrieved. To test this prediction, we manipulated the complexity of the to-be-remembered representations in a recognition memory task. First, participants in the scanner viewed novel 3D objects and scenes, and we used multivariate analyses to identify regions in the ventral visual-MTL pathway that preferentially coded for either simple features of the stimuli, or complex conjunctions of those features. Next, in a separate scan, we tested recognition memory for these stimuli and performed neuroimaging contrasts that revealed two memory signals - feature memory and conjunction memory. Feature memory signals were found in visual cortex, while conjunction memory signals emerged in MTL. Further, the regions optimally representing features via preferential feature-coding coincided with those exhibiting feature memory signals. These findings suggest that representational content, rather than cognitive function, is the primary organizing principle in the ventral visual-MTL pathway. Significance StatementRepresentational theories of cognition propose that the primary principle driving how memory and perception map onto the brain is the type of information that each brain region contains. A key prediction is that a classic "memory region", the medial temporal lobe (MTL), should underpin cognitive tasks beyond memory, if the task stimuli necessitate representations of MTL-appropriate information (e.g., complex objects and scenes). Substantial evidence now supports this prediction. However, the complementary prediction - that declarative memory should engage areas outside of MTL if the stimuli are sufficiently simple - is less thoroughly explored. We provide neuroimaging evidence that extra-MTL regions support long-term recognition memory for simple information, and that the location of a memory signal depends on its information content.