cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cross-Field Thermal Structure of Coronal Loops from Triple-Filter TRACE Observations

The highly suppressed thermal transport across the magnetic field in the solar corona makes the determination of the cross-field thermal distribution within coronal loops a powerful diagnostic of the properties of the heating process itself. The cross-field thermal structure is currently being strongly debated. Spectroscopic observations with high temperature fidelity but low spatial resolution indicate that some observed loops are multithermal, whereas imaging observations with high spatial resolution but low temperature fidelity indicate more isothermal conditions. We report here on triple filter observations of coronal loops made by the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), which has the best spatial resolution currently available. We tested the isothermal hypothesis using the emission measure loci technique and found that the loops are consistent with an isothermal plasma near 1.5 MK only if a generous estimate of the photometric uncertainties is used. A more restrictive estimate based on discussions with the TRACE experimenters rules out the isothermal hypothesis. The observations are much better explained by a multithermal plasma with significant emission measure throughout the range 1-3 MK. The details of the emission measure distribution are not well defined, however. Future subarcsecond spectroscopic observations covering a wide range of temperatures are the most promising means of unlocking the thermal structure of the corona.
Convection of saline brines in enclosed lacustrine basins: A mechanism for potassium metasomatism

Metasomatic potassium enrichment is found in a number of different geologic environments. One type of metasomatism that is often spatially and temporally associated with volcanism and sedimentation is found in ancient closed lacustrine basins. We propose that metasomatizing fluids may have been plumes driven by instabilities inherent in evaporation-induced density stratification found beneath saline lakes. For instabilities to occur, the hydraulic conductivity of the stratigraphic section should be greater than ∼10 −7 m/s. Metasomatized Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary rocks near Socorro, New Mexico, and in the Harcuvar Mountains, Arizona, show potassium enrichment by a factor of two or more. In both areas, the stratigraphic section is estimated to have an overall vertical hydraulic conductivity larger than ∼10 −7 m/s, sufficient for ground-water convection and potassium transport. In contrast, data from Searles Lake and Lake Tecopa in eastern California show little or no net addition of potassium. Lithology of these sediments suggests initial vertical hydraulic conductivities to range from 10 −8 to 10 −10 m/s, insufficient to sustain salinity-driven convection. Vertical convective transport of potassium was therefore unlikely at Searles Lake and Lake Tecopa.
Adjacent Segment Pathology Requiring Reoperation After Anterior Cervical Arthrodesis: The Influence of Smoking, Sex, and Number of Operated Levels

Study Design. A retrospective study. Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine, using survivorship analysis, the rate of adjacent segment pathology (ASP) development and to identify the risk factors for reoperation. Summary of Background Data. The study of Hilibrand defined “adjacent segment disease” as symptomatic radiculopathy or myelopathy due to an adjacent segment documented on 2 consecutive office visits. In addition to being somewhat subjective, their criterion is not as practical as identifying the rate of adjacent pathology by the need for reoperation. Methods. This was a retrospective analysis of 1038 consecutive patients who underwent primary anterior cervical spine arthrodesis for radiculopathy and/or myelopathy by 1 surgeon. Annual incidence and prevalence of ASP requiring surgery were calculated and survivorship was determined. We used the Cox regression for risk factor analysis. Results. Secondary surgery on adjacent segments occurred at a relatively constant rate of 2.4% per year (95% confidence interval, 1.9–3.0). The Kaplan-Meier analysis predicted that 22.2% of patients would need reoperation at adjacent segments by 10 years postoperatively. Factors increasing the risk were smoking, female sex, and the number of arthrodesis segments. One or 2-segment arthrodesis had an 1.8 times greater risk than arthrodesis involving 3 or more segments. Age, neurological diagnosis, diabetes, Klippel-Feil syndrome, and noncontiguous segmental-type ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament were not significant risks. Conclusion. Patients treated with 1- or 2-segment anterior cervical arthrodesis are more likely to develop ASP than those treated with arthrodesis involving 3 or more segments. Smokers and women had a higher ASP reoperation rate. Our series, the largest in the literature, predicts that 22.2% of patients will require reoperation for ASP within 10 years, substantially higher than the Hilibrand study. Conclusion. Level of Evidence: 3
Dynamic Competition under Cap and Trade Programs

Greenhouse gases (GHG), like carbon dioxide (CO2), which are released in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic activities like power production, are now accepted as the main culprits for global warmi...
Learning to Use Assistive Technology for Cognition: A Survivor's Perspective

Rehabilitation professionals serving individuals with acquired brain injuries perform myriad tasks related to the complex needs of this population: assessment, treatment, client and family educatio...
Preemptive treatment of fungal infection: has its time arrived in liver transplantation?

Background Invasive fungal infection remains a major challenge in liver transplantation and the mortality rate is high. Early diagnosis and treatment are required for better results. Patients We prospectively measured plasma (1 → 3)β-d glucan (BDG) levels in 180 living donor liver transplant recipients for 1 year after surgery. Fungal infection was defined as proposed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group. Preemptive treatment (intravenous fluconazole and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) was started when the BDG level was greater than 40 pg/ml. Results Twenty-four patients (13%) were diagnosed with invasive fungal infection. The responsible pathogens included Candida spp. in 14 cases, Aspergillus fumigatus in 5, Cryptococcus neoformans in 3, and Pneumocystis jiroveci in 2. Preemptive treatment was performed in 22% of patients (n = 40). Renal impairment and mild gastrointestinal intolerance due to the drugs were observed in 28% (11/40) of patients during treatment. Among them 14 patients were diagnosed with fungal infection including seven candidiasis, five aspergillosis, and two Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. The sensitivity and specificity of BDG for overall fungal infection was 58% and 83%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 35% and a negative predictive value of 93%, and a positive likelihood ratio of 3.41 and a negative likelihood ratio of 1.98. The overall mortality for fungal infection in our series was 0.6%. Conclusion Although the sensitivity and positive predictive value were low, the low mortality rate after fungal infection and the mild side effects of the preemptive treatment might justify our therapeutic strategy. Based on the effectiveness, this strategy warrants further investigation.
Experimental determination of the particle reflection coefficients of low‐energy (100–1500 eV) 3He and 4He atoms from the (110) plane of tungsten

The particle reflection coefficients (RN ) for low‐energy (100–1500 eV) implanted 3He and 4He atoms were determined employing the atom‐probe field‐ion microscope (FIM) technique. The implantations were made in situ at 60 K with the ion beam parallel to the [110] direction, within ±5°, of tungsten; the atom‐probe FIM analysis were also performed at 60 K. At this temperature both the 3He and 4He atoms, as shown in our earlier work, are completely immobile. After an implantation, to a given fluence, the value of the particle retention coefficient (TN ) was determined directly from the total measured number of helium atoms retained in the range profile that was parallel to the [110] direction. Then the value of RN was calculated from the relationship RN = 1−TN. The experimental value of RN decreases from ∼0.85 to ∼0.25, as the energy of the incident helium ion beam increases from 100 to 1500 eV. The results are compared with values of RN calculated employing Biersack’s and Haggmark’s TRIM program; the calcula...
Fast development of hardware-based run-time monitors through architecture framework and high-level synthesis

Recent work has shown that hardware-based runtime monitoring techniques can significantly enhance security and reliability of computing systems with minimal performance and energy overheads. However, the cost and time for implementing such a hardware-based mechanism presents a major challenge in deploying the run-time monitoring techniques in real systems. This paper addresses this design complexity problem through a common architecture framework and high-level synthesis. Similar to customizable processors such as Tensilica Xtensa where designers only need to write a small piece of code that describes a custom instruction, our framework enables designers to only specify monitoring operations. The framework provides common functions such as collecting a trace of execution, maintaining meta-data, and interfacing with software. To further reduce the design complexity, we also explore using a high-level synthesis tool (Cadence C-to-Silicon) so that hardware monitors can be described in a high-level language (SystemC) instead of in RTL such as Verilog and VHDL. To evaluate our approach, we implemented a set of monitors including soft-error checking, uninitialized memory checking, dynamic information flow tracking, and array boundary checking in our framework. Our results suggest that our monitor framework can greatly reduce the amount of code that needs to be specified for each extension and the high-level synthesis can achieve comparable area, performance, and power consumption to handwritten RTL.
Human Tolerance to Hot Climates

The sections in this article are: 1 Hot Climates 2 Physiological Factors affecting Heat Tolerance 3 Human Tolerance to Heat in Various Occupations 3.1 Prescriptive and Compensatory Zones of Climates 3.2 Findings Pertinent to the Prescriptive and Compensatory Zones from Other Studies 3.3 Intolerable Zone of Climates 4 Concluding Remarks
The Community Health Information System (CHIS): delivering web-based customised healthcare using an AI-infused expert system

The Community Health Information System (CHIS) is an integrated, patient-centric, web-based application that assists all stakeholders in healthcare management. CHIS is a single sign-on portal that allows users to query an immense interconnected database of medical research, healthcare providers, regulations, nurses and physicians. A three member faculty team at Western Michigan University has developed a system prototype using a collection of technologies to deliver the content via a variety of interfaces such as the web, mobile devices, voice and kiosks. The focus of this paper is on the technical building blocks such as decision-making process, system models and functional components.
Broken Rules and Constrained Confusion: Toward a Theory of Meso-Institutions

abstract Meso-institutions are weak, intermediate forms of institutions that bridge the gap between institutional disintegration and the development of new, more firmly established institutions. Meso-institutions lack the stronger behaviour-guiding signs and symbols of more established institutions, but instead contain fragments of former institutions mixed with emerging, but fragile, components of developing institutions. Institutional disintegration leads to a disorienting period characterized by the dissolution of fundamental, widely held ideologies. This offers an opportunity for actions rather than institutions to guide actions. Because meso-institutions are weak, only after actions are repeated will they solidify into specific patterns that may be retrospectively granted legitimacy. Using archival data supplemented by interviews, we identified three meso-institutional occurrences with the phenomenologically based manifestations of fractured ideology, actions as rules and retrospective legitimization.
On the stability of adaptive controllers for robotic manipulators

The design of an adaptive force and position control system with adjustable gains for robotic manipulators is presented. The design is based on a hybrid feedforward-feedback architecture. The force control module is developed in a feedforward loop and is governed by a control law which includes time-dependent proportional, integral and derivative gains. The position control module is developed in a feedback loop and is governed by a linear adaptive control law which include position, velocity, and acceleration gains. The control gains are continually adapted according to well-defined adaptation schemes formulated to minimize force and position error signals, respectively. Stability considerations in the sense of Lyapunov are formulated, and an outline of a proposed simulation scheme is presented. >
Sum rule for high-energy electron - proton scattering

We show that the nonrelativistic quark model leads to an exceptionally simple sum rule involving a form factor determined by high-energy inelastic electron-proton scattering. The simplicity of this result appears to be a unique consequence of the peculiar quark charges.
Three-component cure rate model for nonproportional hazards alternative in the design of randomized clinical trials

BAKGROUND Cure rate models have been extensively studied and widely used in time-to-event data in cancer clinical trials.
Combined spinal and epidural anesthesia with low doses of intrathecal bupivacaine in women with severe preeclampsia: A preliminary report

Background and Objectives: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the quality of anesthesia for cesarean delivery (CD), analgesia for labor (LA), hemodynamic changes, and neonatal effects of combined spinal and epidural anesthesia (CSE) with low intrathecal doses of bupivacaine and fentanyl in patients with severe preeclampsia. Methods: Of the 85 patients with severe preeclampsia (systolic pressures [SBP] 160 mm Hg or diastolic pressures [DBP] 110 mm Hg, and proteinuria 100 mg/dL), 46 underwent CD and 39 delivered vaginally. The CD group received 7.5 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine and 25 g fentanyl intrathecally with a goal of obtaining a T4 sensory block. Those with levels less than T4 received 2% lidocaine epidurally to extend the block. In the LA group, the intrathecal dose was 1.25 mg of plain bupivacaine with 25 g of fentanyl, followed by epidural infusion of 0.0625% to 0.125% bupivacaine with 2 to 4 g fentanyl/mL at 12 to 15 mL/h. Results: In the CD group, all but 4 patients had T4 block, and these 4 patients received 2% lidocaine epidurally. None required conversion to general anesthesia. In the LA group, sensory levels were T10 (range, T6-L2) with adequate analgesia. The baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 122 13 mm Hg in the CD group and 117 12 mm Hg in the LA group. After CSE, MAP decreased significantly and reached a nadir within 5 minutes in both groups (103 12 mm Hg in the CD group and 96 13 mm Hg in the LA group, P .05). The maximum decrease in MAP was similar in the 2 groups (15% 8% in the CD group and 16% 9% in the LA group). The neonatal Apgar scores and umbilical artery (UA) pH were similar, and there were no significant correlations between UA pH and lowest MAP before delivery or the maximum percentage change in MAP in either group. Conclusions: The results indicate that CSE with low intrathecal doses of bupivacaine and epidural supplementation, when needed, produces adequate anesthesia for CD and analgesia for labor in patients with severe preeclampsia. The maximum decreases in MAP after CSE were modest and quite similar in the 2 groups. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001;26:46-51.
Timing of Cortical Interneuron Migration Is Influenced by the Cortical Hem

Cerebral cortical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons originate from the basal forebrain and migrate into the cortex in 2 phases. First, interneurons cross the boundary between the developing striatum and the cortex to migrate tangentially through the cortical primordium. Second, interneurons migrate radially to their correct neocortical layer position. A previous study demonstrated that mice in which the cortical hem was genetically ablated displayed a massive reduction of Cajal-Retzius (C-R) cells in the neocortical marginal zone (MZ), thereby losing C-R cell-generated reelin in the MZ. Surprisingly, pyramidal cell migration and subsequent layering were almost normal. In contrast, we find that the timing of migration of cortical GABAergic interneurons is abnormal in hem-ablated mice. Migrating interneurons both advance precociously along their tangential path and switch prematurely from tangential to radial migration to invade the cortical plate (CP). We propose that the cortical hem is responsible for establishing cues that control the timing of interneuron migration. In particular, we suggest that loss of a repellant signal from the medial neocortex, which is greatly decreased in size in hem-ablated mice, allows the early advance of interneurons and that reduction of another secreted molecule from C-R cells, the chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12, permits early radial migration into the CP.
Evaluation of silver-titanium implants activated by low intensity direct current for orthopedic infection control: An in vitro and in vivo study.

Silver is an alternative antimicrobial of interest for the prophylaxis of prosthetic infections and electrical activation is known to augment its oligodynamic efficacy. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a silver (Ag)-titanium (Ti) implant activated by 30 µA direct current compared with three controls - passive Ag-Ti, active Ti-Ti, and passive Ti-Ti. We hypothesized that the experimental group would provide better resistance to pathogenic colonization on the implant. Modified Kirby-Bauer technique was used to evaluate in vitro efficacy of the four groups against five bacteria and one fungus. For in vivo evaluation, forty-eight rats were divided into four groups. The implant was secured in a wound cavity along the posterior margin of the femur. The wound was inoculated with 7.5 × 10(5) CFU of Staphylococcus aureus. Rats were euthanized 14 days postsurgery and quantitative cultures were performed on the implant segments and the wound cavity tissue. In vitro tests showed that the growth of all six pathogens was inhibited around the active Ag anodes of the experimental group. In vivo, none of the four groups were able to prevent wound infection, but the experimental group resulted in reduced colonization. The mean bacterial loads on Ti segments were significantly lower in the implants which also had an Ag segment (p = 0.0007), and this effect was more pronounced with electrical activation (p = 0.0377). The results demonstrate the antimicrobial potential of LIDC-activated Ag-Ti implants. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1023-1031, 2016.
An Exploratory Examination of Teaching Styles Currently Employed in Marketing Education: Developing a Typology and its Implications for Marketing Students:

The state of marketing education has been discussed a great deal in the discipline. Unfortunately, very few empirical studies have examined the actual perceptions of marketing academicians. To better understand these perceptions, a study was conducted that examined the interaction of individual differences in marketing faculty and instructional style. Results propose an "instructional style typology" consisting of three distinct types of teaching approaches. In addition, the results suggest individual differences do not seem to have a major influence on method of teaching.
Exploiting Linguistic Features in Lexical Steganography: Design and Proof-of-Concept Implementation

This paper develops a linguistically robust encryption, LUNABEL, which converts a message into semantically innocuous text. Drawing upon linguistic criteria, LUNABEL uses word replacement, with substitution classes based on traditional word replacement features (syntactic categories and sub-categories), as well as features under-exploited in earlier works: semantic criteria, graphotactic structure, inflectional class and frequency statistics. The original message is further hidden through the use of cover texts — within these, LUNABEL retains all function words and targets specific classes of content words for replacement, creating text which preserves the syntactic structure and semantic context of the original cover text. LUNABEL takes advantage of cover text styles which are not expected to be necessarily comprehensible to the general public, making any semantic anomalies more opaque. This line of work has the promise of creating encrypted texts which are less detectable than earlier steganographic efforts.
Activity in the Paracingulate and Cingulate Sulci during Word Generation: An fMRI Study of Functional Anatomy

The supracallosal medial frontal cortex can be divided into three functional domains: a ventral region with connections to the limbic system, an anterior dorsal region with connections to lateral prefrontal systems, and a posterior dorsal region with connections to lateral motor systems. Lesion and functional imaging studies implicate this medial frontal cortex in speech and language generation. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of word generation was designed to determine which of these three functional domains was substantially involved by mapping individual subjects' functional activity onto structural images of their left medial frontal cortex. Of 28 neurologically normal right-handed participants, 21 demonstrated a prominent paracingu- late sulcus (PCS), which lies in the anterior dorsal region with connections to lateral prefrontal systems. Activity increases for word generation centered in the PCS in 18 of these 21 cases. The posterior dorsal region also demonstrated significant activity in a majority of participants (16/28 cases). Activity rarely extended into the cingulate sulcus (CS) (3/21 cases) when there was a prominent PCS. If there was no prominent PCS, however, activity did extend into the CS (6/7 cases). In no case was activity present on the crest of the cingulate gyrus, which is heavily connected to the limbic system. Thus, current findings suggest that medial frontal activity during word generation reflects cognitive and motor rather than limbic system participation. The current study demonstrates that suitably designed fMRI studies can be used to determine the functional significance of anatomic variants in human cortex.
Ocular immune privilege: therapeutic opportunities from an experiment of nature.

Most higher animals require sight for survival, yet even minor distortions of the visual axis can cause blindness. For this reason, intraocular inflammation is incompatible with good vision. Nature has found a way to provide the eye with immune protection against pathogens in a manner that greatly reduces the threat of inflammation-induced vision loss. Nature's way — known as 'immune privilege' — arises from anatomical, cellular and molecular specializations of the eye and the immune system. Knowledge of these unique characteristics indicates new ways to prevent and treat autoimmune and immunopathogenic diseases of the eye, as well as other organs and tissues, and to promote acceptance of cornea and other types of solid-tissue allograft.
On a new basis for a generalized Clifford algebra and its application to quantum mechanics

A generalized Clifford algebra is formulated in terms of a simple Euclidean carrier space. Using this space the eigenvalues, shifting operators, and the Casimir operator are easily derived for a few selected quantum mechanical problems.
Effect of seeding density and time in culture on vascular smooth muscle cell proteins

The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of seeding density and time in culture on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of myosin in primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Enzymatically dispersed VSMCs from femoral arteries and saphenous veins of adult dogs were seeded at a density of 10(3)-10(5) cells/cm2 and assayed after 7 days or at 10(5) cells/cm2 and assayed between 1 and 10 days. Myosin, actin, and total protein contents as well as electrophoretic and immunoreactive characteristics of myosin heavy chains (MHCs) were determined. Total and contractile protein contents were independent of seeding density and increased with time in culture. Freshly dispersed cells exhibited two MHCs (MHC-1 and MHC-2) but, within 24 h after culturing, only cells attached to the dish expressed a third protein band (MHC-3), which had electrophoretic mobility and immunoreactivity similar to purified platelet MHC. MHC-3 appeared before onset of cell division and, by 4 days in culture when cells were proliferating, became the dominant MHC form. Loss of MHC-1 and MHC-2 could be prevented by growing cells in a serum-free, defined media that prevented proliferation. These data indicate that seeding density does not affect myosin content, but that with time in culture expression of a MHC with characteristics similar to nonmuscle myosin occurs. Expression of MHC-3 is associated with cell attachment, whereas loss of MHC-1 and MHC-2 requires proliferation.
Mach's Principle and Invariance under Transformation of Units

A gravitational theory compatible with Mach's principle was published recently by Brans and Dicke. It is characterized by a gravitational field of the Jordan type, tensor plus scalar field. It is shown here that a coordinate-dependent transformation of the units of measure can be used to throw the theory into a form for which the gravitational field appears in the conventional form, as a metric tensor, such that the Einstein field equation is satisfied. The scalar field appears then as a "matter field" in the theory. The invariance of physical laws under coordinate-dependent transformations of units is discussed.
Baccalaureate Nursing Education: Students' Perceptions of Roles, Effort, and Performance

This study analyzed differences in the perceptions of three groups of nursing students regarding their total role investment, quality of effort, and nursing performance. One hundred ninety-four senior baccalaureate nursing students enrolled in generic or RN completion programs responded to a questionnaire containing three measurements: The Total Role Investment Scale, Pace's College Questionnaire, and Lubno's modified version of Schwirian's Six-Dimension Scale of Nursing Performance. Significant differences were found among the three groups of students in biographical data, total role involvement, quality of effort, and nursing performance. Quality of effort and total role investment were the best predictors of nursing performance. The type of baccalaureate nursing program was not a significant predictor of nursing performance.
A Review of “Electronic Resource Management”

It has become impossible to ignore the shift from physical library holdings to digital library content and the many staffing challenges this can cause for just about any technical services departme...
Probe lasers for characterizing high-temperature, high-density plasmas

The unique combination of the LCLS x-ray laser with high-power nanosecond and femtosecond laser beams at the Matter of Extreme Conditions allows precision pump-probe studies of high energy density plasmas. For this purpose, we are building a new 200 TW laser system to measure and uncover the underlying physics mechanism that determine the interaction of ultra intense laser beams with matter. The repetition rate and pulse width provide a natural match to the LCLS x-ray capabilities allowing pump-probe experiments with ultrahigh temporal resolution with very high data throughput with shot rates ranging from about 1 shot/min at 200 TW to about 5 Hz at 30 TW. In this talk we will present first Thomson scattering results with unprecedented spectral, wavenumber and temporal resolution in shock compressed matter and will discuss future experiments aimed at measuring the physical properties of dense plasmas.
Gonadotropic Action of Testosterone Propionate on the Immature Mouse Ovary

SummarySingle injections of testosterone propionate produced a gonadotropic effect on the mouse ovary. Follicle stimulation resulted but lutein tissue did not form. Other investigators have suggested that the ovarian response to this hormone is dependent on the pituitary.7
PHENOTYPIC CORRELATES OF GENOME SIZE VARIATION IN AEDES ALBOPICTUS.

Relation entre la variation de la taille du genome chez Aedes albopictus et 2 caracteres phenotypiques associes avec le fitness, le temps de developpement et la taille corporelle
Brief Amicus Curiae of the ACLU in Support of Respondent in the Case of Van De Kamp v. Goldstein, (U.S. Sept. 4, 2008) (No. 07-854)

This amicus brief was submitted on behalf of exoneree Thomas Goldstein who was wrongfully convicted based on the testimony of a jailhouse snitch. The Supreme Court will be considering the question of whether the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office has absolute or qualified immunity in the face of its failure to maintain a system to keep track of and disclose its use of such informants. The brief describes the systemic and largely undocumented use of criminal informants and argues that prosecutorial maintenance of such data systems is integral to due process.
Studies on protection against the diabetogenic effect of alloxan by glucose.

Summary3-Methyl-D-glucose protects the rat against the diabetogenic effect of alloxan when injected intravenously at 0.006 Mole/kg body weight, 5 minutes prior to injection of alloxan. This protection was not blocked by phentolamine. α-D-methylglucoside, L-malate, DL-lactate, and a pyruvatefumarate mixture failed to offer similar protection. The bearing of these findings on the mechanism of protection against alloxan by the hexoses is discussed.
Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient for a Fin Cooled by Convection and Radiation

The physical situation considered in this fundamental study is heat transfer along a horizontal fin of finite length and cylindrical cross-section. Heat is transferred by conduction along the fin and dissipated from the surface via natural convection and radiation. The base of the fin is maintained at a constant elevated temperature, while the tip loses heat due to convection and radiation. A general finite difference formulation, that accounts for natural convection with a published correlation and for radiative heat transfer with a simple model, is used to predict the temperature and rate of heat transfer along the fin. The fundamental quantity investigated is the “average” or overall or representative heat transfer coefficient. In this study, the overall heat transfer coefficient is defined as the heat transfer coefficient that properly predicts the heat loss from a well-known analytical expression. Results are presented for a range of base temperatures, fin properties, and fin diameters.
Survivorship of Bled Voles Measured by Recapture

L'influence des prelevements sanguins dans le sinus suborbital sur la survie a ete mesuree a l'aide du taux de recapture du campagnol M. ochrogaster
Mediterranean Fruit Fly: Attraction of Females to Acetic Acid and Acetic Anhydride, to Two Chemical Intermediates in the Manufacture of Cue-lure and to Decaying Hawaiian Tephritids

Acetic acid and acetic anhydride, 2 highly volatile impurities of cue-lure, an attractant for ♂ melon flies, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, were found to be attractive to ♀ Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), in the laboratory. Also, the crude condensation product resulting from the reaction between p -hydroxybenzaldehyde and acetone during the manufacture of cue-lure was attractive as was (to a lesser degree) the spent charcoal used to decolorize and purify the crude product. When dead flies of each sex of the 3 Hawaiian tephritids were exposed in traps in the field, ♀ Mediterranean fruit flies were most attracted to dead ♂ oriental fruit flies, D. dorsalis Hendel. Moreover, in the laboratory, 3 chromatographic fractions of ether extracts of dead oriental fruit flies of mixed sex that had decomposed for 196 h were attractive to ♀ Mediterranean fruit flies and also to ♀ melon flies.
RE-EXAMINATION OF THE USE OF CASSIDULINA NEOTERETIS AS A PLEISTOCENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC MARKER IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN

Foraminiferal tests from two sediment cores from the western Arctic Ocean were investigated for evidence of an evolutionary transition from Cassidulina teretis Tappan to Cassidulina neoteretis Seidenkrantz during the Pleistocene. Previous results based on core material from the North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas suggested minute differences between these test types and resulted in the emendation of C. neoteretis , as well as its designation as a Pleistocene biostratigraphic marker. This study identifies both species throughout most of the western Arctic foraminiferal record, without a clear pattern of evolution from one to another, except for the uppermost part of the stratigraphy (late Pleistocene). These results indicate that the C. teretis/C. neoteretis transition was more time-transgressive than previously believed and that these foraminifers may be ecophenotypes rather than different species. The stratigraphic use of C. neoteretis is likely to be site-specific and caution should be taken in its application across the entire Polar region.
Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm Based on GiST

The hierarchical clustering is an important method of clustering analysis.This kind of method can decompose the datum into different levels,and support people with an understanding procedure from superficiality and generality to detail and specific.A new hierarchical clustering method based on GiST-tree is proposed,which can store the structure of the tree generated during the clustering procedure into the hard disk.So it can support very detailed analyzing procedure.The users can discover the relationship among clusters conveniently with this method.
Development of backcross-inbred line with yield-enhancing genes from Oryza rufipogon by MAS in MH63

To investigate the yield-increasing effect of QTL alleles from oryza rufipogon after they were transferred into cultivar rice.In the study,MH63(a restorer line of hybrid rice)was used as recipient and recurrent parent.Oryza rufipogon which contained two major yield-enhancing QTL alleles(yld1.1 and yld2.1) on chromosomes 1 and 2 respectively,was chosen as the donor of yield-enhancing QTL alleles.Through six generations of backcross and three generations of inbreeding,three types of backcross-inbred lines(BILs)with yield-enhancing genes yld1.1 and yld2.1 or yld1.1 or yld2.1from Oryza rufipogon were developed by marker-assisted selection(MAS).Backcross-inbred lines of the two yield-enhancing QTL alleles had higher yield than its original parent MH63.The results indicated that the two yield-enhancing QTL could be transferred into the restoration line of hybrid rice,which could increase rice yield.The yield-increasing effect of the yield-enhancing QTL alleles with both yld1.1and yld2.1 was higher than that of the single yield-enhancing QTL allele yld2.1 or yld1.1.
Dust Hazard in Workshops in Sichuan

Objective To understand the dust hazard and relevant occupational health management in workplace.Methods In 2011,methods of the occupation health survey and occupation disease hazards examination were adopted to analyze the dust hazards in different scale and kinds of industries.Results There were 20,821 people from 28 enterprises surveyed and 13,174 workers were exposed to occupational hazards,with 749 occupational patients.The major diseases were pneumoconiosis,occupational skin disease,hearing loss and carbon monoxide poisoning.The dust concentration was 4.92mg/m3 and the qualified rate was 90.2% in large enterprises.The dust concentration was 5.16mg/m3 and 7.51mg/m3 in medium-sized enterprises and for small businesses,the concentration and qualified rate were respectively 7.51 mg/m3 and 51.3%.The total dust concentration of the mining industry had the lowest pass rate of merely 42.9%.More than 85.7% of the enterprises allocated dust control measures.Conclusion The dust hazards mainly concentrate in the mining industry and are relatively severe in small and medium-sized enterprises than in large ones.Although protective measures has been equipped in most of the enterprises,their effectiveness needs to be further elevated.
Experience with Free Grafts in Urethral Reconstruction

AbstractA total of 33 patients underwent hypospadias or epispadias repair by patch or tubular grafts of skin or bladder epithelium from July 1980 to January 1985. Indications included previous circumcision, proximal primary hypospadias, severe chordee alone, inadequate local skin during extended urethroplasty at 2-stage hypospadias repair, multiple previous reconstructions and failed epispadias repair. Genital skin grafts were used in 25 patients, extragenital skin grafts in 4 and bladder epithelial grafts in 4.Complications occurred in 13 patients (39.4 per cent): 8 required reoperation for a fistula, stricture or diverticulum, and 5 underwent internal urethrotomy or urethral dilation. Of the 8 patients 3 needed more than 1 revision. These revisions were short and generally uncomplicated. Final results uniformly were good functionally and cosmetically.Based on our experience and that of others we believe that despite a high incidence of minor complications a free graft serves as an excellent substitute u...
Aberration and depolarization compensation of a 10-m large-core (up to 1-mm) fiber by using a Brillouin phase-conjugate mirror

Multi mode-optical-fiber beam-delivery systems with lengths of more than 1 m produce a severely distorted and highly depolarized output beam, even when the initial high-power laser beam is nearly diffraction limited and is linearly polarized. Correction of these fiber distortions by using a Brillouin phase-conjugate mirror (PCM) has been previously demonstrated1 in short (2-m) fibers having core diameters ≤400 μm. Most high-power applications require longer lengths and larger core sizes.
Pathophysiology of Infantile Spasms

An age-specific endogenous-convulsant hypothesis implicating corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), an excitant neuropeptide suppressed by ACTH/steroids, is proposed for the pathophysiology of massive infantile spasms in a report from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
“Regardless of Their Gender”: Descriptions of Sexual Identity among Bisexual, Pansexual, and Queer Identified Individuals

The present research investigates the way individuals under the bisexual umbrella conceptualize their sexual identity. Participants included 172 adults who self-identified as bisexual, pansexual, a...
Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of repetitive sequences in Neurospora crassa: RIP, DNA methylation, and quelling.

The genome of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa is approximately 100-fold smaller than that of vertebrates, and contains little repetitive DNA. The existence of repeat-induced point mutation (RIP; reviewed in Selker 1990b) and quelling (Pandit and Russo 1992; Romano and Macino 1992) may account for the rarity of repetitive sequences. RIP is a dramatic example of gene inactivation: duplicated gene-sized DNA sequences are efficiently detected and peppered with transition mutations in the sexual phase of the Neurospora life cycle. Asexual inactivation of repeated genes, termed quelling, has also been observed in some Neurospora transformants. DNA methylation is often associated with quelling and RIP, but methylation has not been demonstrated to be a requirement for these processes. Many eukaryotic organisms can silence repetitive genes. The phenomena in higher plants referred to as trans-inactivation, co-suppression, and RIGS (repeat induced gene silencing), reviewed in Matzke and Matzke (1993) and in other chapters of this volume, show similarities to RIP and quelling. It is still unclear, however, whether the phenomena in plants are mechanistically related to gene inactivation processes operating in fungi.
Efficient parameterization of cardiac action potential models using a genetic algorithm

Finding appropriate values for parameters in mathematical models of cardiac cells is a challenging task. Here, we show that it is possible to obtain good parameterizations in as little as 30-40 s when as many as 27 parameters are fit simultaneously using a genetic algorithm and two flexible phenomenological models of cardiac action potentials. We demonstrate how our implementation works by considering cases of "model recovery" in which we attempt to find parameter values that match model-derived action potential data from several cycle lengths. We assess performance by evaluating the parameter values obtained, action potentials at fit and non-fit cycle lengths, and bifurcation plots for fidelity to the truth as well as consistency across different runs of the algorithm. We also fit the models to action potentials recorded experimentally using microelectrodes and analyze performance. We find that our implementation can efficiently obtain model parameterizations that are in good agreement with the dynamics exhibited by the underlying systems that are included in the fitting process. However, the parameter values obtained in good parameterizations can exhibit a significant amount of variability, raising issues of parameter identifiability and sensitivity. Along similar lines, we also find that the two models differ in terms of the ease of obtaining parameterizations that reproduce model dynamics accurately, most likely reflecting different levels of parameter identifiability for the two models.
Patterns of Scientific Hypotheses

The question of how scientific hypotheses are formed is an intriguing problem that has puzzled psychologists and philosophers of science for a long time. More recently it has been studied from the point of view of artificial intelligence (see Notes A) and this may eventually lead to a better understanding of how humans create hypotheses. The way hypotheses are suggested in the sciences may have more in common with the mental processes of artistic creation than with the strict schemes of the computer programs used in artificial intelligence.
Constraining a deterministic parser

At the Naval Research Laboratory, we are building a deterministic parser, based on principles proposed by Marcus, that can be used in interpreting military message narrative. A central goal of our project is to make the parser useful for real-time applications by constraining the parser's actions and so enhancing its efficiency. In this paper, we propose that a parser can determine the correct structures for English without looking past the "left corner" of a constituent, i.e. the leftmost element of the constituent along with its lexical category (e.g. N, V, Adj). We show that this Left Corner Constraint, which has been built into our parser, leads quite naturally to a description of verb complements in English that is consistent with the findings of recent linguistic theory, in particular, Chomsky's government and binding (GB) framework.
Weed Suppression in Cover Crop Monocultures and Mixtures

Interest in planting mixtures of cover crop species has grown in recent years as farmers seek to increase the breadth of ecosystem services cover crops provide. As part of a multidisciplinary project, we quantified the degree to which monocultures and mixtures of cover crops suppress weeds during the fall-to-spring cover crop growing period. Weed-suppressive cover crop stands can limit weed seed rain from summer- and winter-annual species, reducing weed population growth and ultimately weed pressure in future cash crop stands. We established monocultures and mixtures of two legumes (medium red clover and Austrian winter pea), two grasses (cereal rye and oats), and two brassicas (forage radish and canola) in a long fall growing window following winter wheat harvest and in a shorter window following silage corn harvest. In fall of the long window, grass cover crops and mixtures were the most weed suppressive, whereas legume cover crops were the least weed suppressive. All mixtures also effectively suppressed weeds. This was likely primarily due to the presence of fast-growing grass species, which were effective even when they were seeded at only 20% of their monoculture rate. In spring, weed biomass was low in all treatments due to winter kill of summer-annual weeds and low germination of winter annuals. In the short window following silage corn, biomass accumulation by cover crops and weeds in the fall was more than an order of magnitude lower than in the longer window. However, there was substantial weed seed production in the spring in all treatments not containing cereal rye (monoculture or mixture). Our results suggest that cover crop mixtures require only low seeding rates of aggressive grass species to provide weed suppression. This creates an opportunity for other species to deliver additional ecosystem services, though careful species selection may be required to maintain mixture diversity and avoid dominance of winter-hardy cover crop grasses in the spring.Nomenclature: Austrian winter pea, Pisum sativum L.; canola, Brassica napus L.; cereal rye, Secale cereale L., corn, Zea mays L., forage radish, Raphanus sativus L., medium red clover, Trifolium pratense L.; oats, Avena sativa L.; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.
Concentration-dependent charge-discharge characteristics of non-aqueous redox flow battery electrolyte combinations

Abstract Non-aqueous redox flow batteries (naRFBs) are promising candidates as high-capacity energy storage devices. Although the wide redox windows associated with the organic solvents used in naRFBs are useful to realize high open circuit voltages, the low solubilities of electrolytes often minimize the energy densities. Strategies have emerged to increase the concentration of active materials employed in naRFBs; however, the dilute conditions typically associated with chronoamperometry and voltammetric experiments are orders of magnitude lower than those found in a working RFB. The electrochemical behavior of non-aqueous electrolytes may differ at high concentrations due to changes in solvation structure, aggregation, solution resistance, and mass transport, which in turn affect the overall cell performance. Accordingly, we studied a series of naRFB systems using ferrocene/TEMPO as a posolyte, and cobaltocenium hexafluorophosphate/N-methylphthalimide as a negolyte, to investigate the effect of concentration on charge-discharge profiles. Cycling studies were performed with four combinations of the above-mentioned catholyte and anolyte materials. Concentration regimes were explored ranging from 10 mM to 1 M depending on the maximum solubility of a given active species. The results indicate that cycling behaviors are concentration dependent. Coulombic efficiencies and voltage efficiencies are calculated for each system. In addition, it was observed that the specific combination of catholyte/anolyte also affects the charge-discharge profiles and that membrane crossover and fouling is a major contributor to performance losses.
Technology and the Aging Adult: Career Development and Training

Direct observation of the impact of technology on the organization may be difficult, particularly when resulting changes occur slowly and on many levels. Theories exist, however, to serve as guides as to where changes may be expected.