cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apparatus and technique involved in a laboratory method of detecting the addictiveness of drugs

A new procedure for the laboratory determination of drug addiction has been devised and subjected to a preliminary trial using rats as experimental subjects. Automatic equipment has been constructed and utilized to produce permanent records indicating the influence of morphine, codeine, glucose, saline, and insulin administration to pretreated and deprived animals. Preliminary data indicate the method to be worthy of further study.
Crowd-sourcing web knowledge for metadata extraction

We explore a new metadata extraction framework without human annotators with the ground truth harvested from Web. A new training sample is selected based on not only the uncertainty and representativeness in the unlabeled pool, but also on its availability and credibility in Web knowledge bases. We construct a dataset of 4329 books with valid metadata and evaluate our approach using 5 Web book databases as oracles. Empirical results demonstrate its effectiveness and efficiency.
Adolescent Adjustment and Patterns of Parents' Behaviors in Early and Middle Adolescence

In this study, we identified unique clusters of parenting behaviors based on parents' school involvement, community involvement, rule-setting, and cognitive stimulation with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics—Child Development Supplement. In early (n=668) and middle adolescence (n=634), parents who provided high cognitive stimulation (i.e., cognitive enrichment parents) or engaged in all parenting behaviors (i.e., engaged parents) had the highest family income, parent education, and percentage of European Americans. Adolescents of cognitive enrichment or engaged parents often evidenced the highest academic and social adjustment. Adolescents whose parents set a large number of rules (i.e., “Rule setters”) or were also heavily involved in the community (i.e., the “Managers” cluster) had the lowest adjustment.
Anisotropic piezoelectric polaron

A continuum theory is used to derive an anisotropic piezoelectric polaron Hamiltonian. The intermediate-coupling theory is applied to this Hamiltonian and it is shown that the polaron has a maximum velocity is each direction. This maximum velocity is less than the velocity of the phonons moving in the same direction. This effect was previously shown only for an isotropic Hamiltonian. The angular dependence of the coupling constant is derived from the anisotropic Hamiltonian and average values for the quasilongitudinal and quasitransverse modes are obtained. The increase in effective mass due to the polaron effect is also calculated for slow polarons.
Estimation of in situ rates of heterotrophy using diurnal changes in dissolved organic matter and growth rates of picoplankton in diffusion culture

A scheme has been developed for observing diurnal changes in dissolved organic matter in the photic zone and correlating the with specific microbial fractions and their rates of growth and uptake. Particulate ATP for procaryote and protist size fractions were augmented by pigment analyses to differentiate phototroph from phagotroph dominated accumulations. A temporary daytime increase in carbohydrates of some 32% above pre-dawn threshold values accounted for 41% of the labile DOC. Polysaccharide and monosaccharide maxima were mainly associated with phagotrophic protists, the monosaccharide maxima occurring during the daytime. Apparent maximum in situ heterotrophic uptake rates of this released DOC of 9.8 μg C L−1 hr−1 agree well with the growth rates of natural populations of the bacterial size fraction (picoplankton) on in situ water in diffusion culture of 5.1 μg C L−1 hr−1. This growth was associated with phototroph maxima but occurred only during the afternoon and evening hours and not during the early morning and intense daylight hours. Proposed follow-up studies are outlined.
Macrocyclic Eu3+ chelates show selective luminescence responses to anions.

A series of lanthanide-containing macrocycles, Eu(2)−Eu(5), exhibited unique luminescent responses in the presence of strong hydrogen-bond-accepting anions (F−, CH3COO−, and H2PO4−) in dimethyl sul...
Emotion work: disclosing cancer.

Introduction Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality for all women in the US. Current research has focused on the psychological relationship and not the sociological relationship between emotions and the experience of breast cancer survivors. This paper focuses on the emotion work involved in self-disclosing a breast cancer diagnosis in a racially or ethnically diverse population.
Particle representations of superprocesses with dependent motions

Abstract We establish Donnelly–Kurtz-type particle representations for a class of superprocesses with dependent spatial motions, and for a sequence of such superprocesses we prove convergence of the finite-dimensional distributions given convergence of the motion processes. As special cases, we construct a superprocess with coalescing spatial motion (SCSM) and a superprocess with dependent spatial motion (SDSM), where the underlying motion processes are one-dimensional coalescing and dependent Brownian motions, respectively. Under suitable conditions on the functions governing the interactions, we show convergence in distribution in D P ( R ) [ 0 , ∞ ) of a sequence of SDSMs to an SCSM.
Computer Modeling of Polymer Radiation Chemistry

Abstract Subjection of polymeric materials to high energy radiation leads to a variety of changes in the molecular structure and these changes can substantially affect macroscopic properties. Considerable experimental work has been done to identify and measure these structural alterations, and much evidence indicates that free radicals are the principal reactive intermediate involved.
A quantitative model for hyaline membrane disease.

A model based on the course of 31 infants with uncomplicated hyaline membrane disease is described. Based on data collected over the first 12 hr of life, it predicts the course of an infant for the next 60 hr, and estimates the outcome in terms of length of oxygen requirement and assisted ventilation. For the construction of the model, right-to-left intra- and extra-pulmonary shunting, expressed as venous admixture, was considered as the principal mechanism of hypoxemia in hyaline membrane disease and mean applied proximal airway pressure was used to quantify management. The model provides an objective estimate of severity early in the course of the disease, uses variables routinely available in an intensive care unit, and its use would strengthen the interpretation of clinical studies in which the comparability of experimental and control groups is critical.
Buffer-Gas Loading and Magnetic Trapping of Atomic Europium

Atomic europium has been magnetically trapped using buffer-gas loading. Laser ablated $\mathrm{Eu}(^{8}S_{7/2})$ atoms are thermalized to 800 mK in a ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ buffer gas (to 250 mK in a ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ buffer gas). Anti-Helmholtz superconducting coils produce a quadrupole magnetic field to trap the ${M}_{J}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}7/2$ state of Eu. Detection is via absorption spectroscopy at 462.7 nm. Up to $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{12}\mathrm{Eu}$ atoms are loaded at a central density of $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{12}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Atoms can be held for longer than 100 s.
Premixing of steam explosions: a three-fluid model

Abstract A transient, two-dimensional, three-fluid model is proposed to address the problem of premixing of molten fuel and coolant (prior to a steam explosion) in the lower plenum of a pressurized water reactor (PWR). Predictions for a typical reactor case are compared with a previous work that ignored steam-water slip and the energy change in fuel.
The Value of Clopidogrel Administered Postoperatively Following a Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome

to aspirin led to an insignificant 11% RRR in the primary outcome among those undergoing CABG a median of 25.5 days after randomization (14.5% vs 16.2%, respectively; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71 to 1.11). This sharply contrasts with the 28% RRR in the primary outcome noted in those receiving clopidogrel in association with percutaneous revascularization (95% CI, 0.57 to 0.90). Further analysis was able to demonstrate a strong trend toward benefit among those receiving clopidogrel in association with CABG during the initial hospitalization (RRR, 19%; 95% CI, 0.59 to 1.12); however, this effect was driven entirely by a reduction in the number of events prior to surgery (18% RRR in the primary outcome; 95% CI, 0.58 to 1.16), with no benefit noted in those receiving clopidogrel postoperatively (3% RRR; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.26). Patients receiving postoperative clopidogrel also experienced a strong trend toward an excess of life-threatening bleeds (30% increased risk; 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.83). Based on these findings, clopidogrel should not be routinely used in the postoperative management of patients undergoing CABG for treatment of NSTE-ACS. In fact, available data suggest that treatment with clopidogrel should probably be limited in the postoper
Cry not for books

Purpose – This article seeks to describe physical changes occurring in libraries, changes that accentuate public spaces, technology, and comfort while minimizing the prominence of stacks.Design/methodology/approach – The article uses features from the 2011 ALCTS Midwinter Symposium to argue in favor of user‐centered changes to academic libraries.Findings – The article suggests the decreased emphasis and number of physical books in libraries should not be seen as a death knell to libraries or librarians.Originality/value – The article offers encouragement to librarians who are concerned about the future role of the library.
Genetic correlations between lipoprotein phenotypes and indicators of sex hormone levels in Mexican Americans

Previous studies have shown that the inverse relationship between HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, is due largely to the effects of shared genes. HDL-C and TG are also known to be related to endogenous sex hormone levels, however the nature of the relationships is unclear. The objective of this study is to ascertain the extent to which these relationships are determined by shared genes. We conducted a multivariate quantitative genetic analysis of HDL-C, TG, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in 635 people from 27 pedigrees participating in the San Antonio Family Heart Study. Heritabilities (h2) and genetic and environmental correlations (ϱG and ϱE) were estimated simultaneously by maximum likelihood methods. All four traits showed significant (P < 0.05) heritabilities: h2HDL-C = 0.38, h2TG = 0.54, h2DHEAS = 0.43 and h2HBG = 0.26. Significant genetic correlations were detected between HDL and each of the other traits: ϱG(HDL-TG) = −0.56, ϱG(HDL-DHEAS) = 0.23 and ϱG(HDL-SHBG) = −0.56. However, there were no significant genetic correlations between TG and either measure of sex hormones. Thus, at least three separate groups of genes influence HDL-C levels in Mexican Americans: one group that has pleiotropic effects on HDL and TG, one group influences both HDL-C and SHBG and a third influences both HDL-C and DHEAS.
Noumenalism and Einstein's argument for the existence of God

Einstein argued in his latter years that the intelligibility of the world was in the nature of a miracle, and that in no way could one have expected a priori such a high degree of order; this is why he rejected the atheist, positivist standpoint, and believed in a Spinozist God. Einstein's argument, however, is essentially a form of the ‘argument from design’ for a personal God based on the existence of beautiful, mathematically simple laws of nature; that physical order is a unique, improbable alternative compared to the infinite number of chaotic universes that might have existed. Einstein, in his early manhood, was a Humean, but in later years, as he moved toward Spinoza, from phenomenalism to noumenalism, he clearly rejected Hume's restriction of probable inferences to observed sequences. Darwin's arguments against biological design did not apply to Einstein's argument, because the laws of physics are not the outcome of any cumulative struggle for existence and natural selection. Perhaps the beautiful...
The effect of spatial order on piecemeal shape recognition: a developmental study.

Stationary shapes were displayed piecemeal by moving an aperture from one place to another around their contours. Shape recognition was poorer with an unpredictable order of display. This result is more consistent with hypothesis-testing than with either eye-movement or visual information models of shape recognition. Shape recognition was poorer for 9- and 11-year-old children than for adults.
A sodium dodecyl sulfate micro-gel-electrophoresis technique suitable for routine laboratory analysis.

Abstract A micro-gel technique has been developed that permits routine analysis of protein down to 10 −9 g. Gel preparation, electrophoresis, staining, and destaining can be completed in less than 6 hr. Because these micro-gels are intermediate in size between traditional tube gels and micro-gels used with single cells (1), preparation and handling are simplified, and quantitative densitometry can be performed directly on the gels using standard equipment. The resolution and reproducibility of these micro-gels are comparable to those of the traditional tube gel. In addition, the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with this micro-gel system permits routine molecular weight determination of micro-samples.
Rate My Professor: Online Evaluations of Psychology Instructors

We analyzed students' ratings and comments of their psychology instructors that were posted on RateMyProfessors.com and RateMyProfessors.ca to determine which features of a course and an instructor...
Failure of Metronidazole to Prevent Preterm Delivery among Pregnant Women with Asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis Infection

Background Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis during pregnancy has been associated with preterm delivery. It is uncertain whether treatment of asymptomatic trichomoniasis in pregnant women reduces the occurrence of preterm delivery. Methods We screened pregnant women for trichomoniasis by culture of vaginal secretions. We randomly assigned 617 women with asymptomatic trichomoniasis who were 16 to 23 weeks pregnant to receive two 2-g doses of metronidazole (320 women) or placebo (297 women) 48 hours apart. We treated women again with the same two-dose regimen at 24 to 29 weeks of gestation. The primary outcome was delivery before 37 weeks of gestation. Results Between randomization and follow-up, trichomoniasis resolved in 249 of 269 women for whom follow-up cultures were available in the metronidazole group (92.6 percent) and 92 of 260 women with follow-up cultures in the placebo group (35.4 percent). Data on the time and characteristics of delivery were available for 315 women in the metronidazole grou...
Computation of high-order virial coefficients in high-dimensional hard-sphere fluids by Mayer sampling

The Mayer sampling method was used to compute the virial coefficients of high-dimensional hard-sphere fluids. The first 64 virial coefficients for dimensions 12 < D ⩽ 100 were obtained to high precision, and several lower dimensional virial coefficients were computed. The radii of convergence of the virial series in 13, 15, 17 and 19 dimensions agreed well with the analytical results from the Percus–Yevick closure.
PI3K limits TNF‐α production in CD16‐activated monocytes

IgG complexes bind to Fc receptor family members FcgammaRI (CD64), FcgammaRII (CD32) and FcgammaRIII (CD16), activating cell MAPK and PI3K resulting in increased cytokine production from particular leukocytes. The signaling molecules involved in cytokine production after cross-linking CD16 have not been determined in monocytes. To address this question, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 were measured in activated monocytes after inhibiting MEK1/2, PI3K and glycogen synthase kinase-beta (GSK-3beta). The roles of GSK-3beta and NF-kappaB were then determined using reporter assays and siRNA treatment. The data suggested that an MAPK pathway stimulated TNF-alpha release but that active PI3K limited TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 cytokine production after cross-linking CD16. PI3K was also shown to limit nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. The limiting effect of PI3K on TNF-alpha production from activated monocytes depended on the decrease of GSK-3beta activity, which significantly reduced the transactivation of NF-kappaB. Moreover, the TNF-alpha production induced by CD16 cross-linking was reduced in monocytes after treatment with siRNA against NF-kappaB, implying that this transcription factor functioned in TNF-alpha production. The results suggest that CD16 cross-linking activated PI3K and that active PI3K limited TNF-alpha production by inhibiting GSK-3beta activity, that blocked the action of NF-kappaB.
Deciding to Use the Emergency Room: A Qualitative Survey of Older Veterans

Increasing use in the past decade has created pressure for hospital emergency rooms (ERs). Healthcare provided through an ER is expensive and is not designed to meet the complex needs of an older, chronically-ill population. ER visits are presented as the outcome of a decision-making process. Thirty veterans who had visited the ER in the previous year were asked about their decisions to use the ER. Their responses reflected four distinct approaches to ER use, which are characterized by frequency (frequent/infrequent) and risk for social isolation (low/high). Appropriate interventions by social work personnel might reduce inappropriate use of the ER and enhance the care of this vulnerable population.
Knowledge‐Based Simulation for Business Process Redesign

This research focuses on knowledge-based simulation modeling for process redesign. Though the proposed technique can be utilized for ‘starting with a clean slate’, it is particularly well suited for situations where an existing process is already documented, and an attempt is being made to improve or redesign this process. We present a methodology that utilizes the basic process structure (represented in a matrix form), and using a rule-based knowledge acquisition system, interacts with the analyst to construct the process knowledge base. Once all the knowledge has been acquired, the system automatically generates an executable simulation model. Major benefits of this algorithmic approach include (1) reduced model building time, (2) increased analyst productivity, and (3) the assurance that basic process characteristics are not accidentally omitted in the simulation model. To test the validity and applicability of the proposed technique a prototype system has been developed that generates simulation programs in SLAM.© 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Variable Diameter vs. Unwaxed Floss

A clinical study was undertaken to compare the effect of a variable diameter dental floss with a conventional unwaxed dental floss in the removal of plaque and the reduction of gingival inflammation in 15 patients who had little or no previous experience with dental floss. Each patient, on a random basis, was instructed in the use of one type of floss in the maxillary arch and the other type of floss in the mandibular arch. Initially and after using the floss for 14 days, plaque and gingivitis were scored using the Plaque and Gingival Index. No significant differences were found in the mean reduction of the Plaque Index or Gingival Index when comparing the effectiveness of a variable diameter dental floss to a conventional unwaxed floss in patients with minimal oral hygiene instruction.
Decomposition of relational schemata into components defined by both projection and restriction

A generalized approach to the decomposition of relational schemata is developed in which the component views may be defined using both restriction and projection operators, thus admitting both horizontal and vertical decompositions. The realization of restrictions is enabled through the use of a Boolean algebra of types, while true independence of projections is modelled by permitting null values in the base schema. The flavor of the approach is algebraic, with the collection of all candidate views of a decomposition modelled within a lattice-like framework, and the actual decompositions arising as Boolean subalgebrac. Central to the framework is the notion of sidimensional join dependency, which generalizes the classical notion of join dependency by allowing the components of the join to be selected horizontally as well as vertically. Several properties of such dependencies are presented, including a generalization of many of the classical results known to be equivalent to schema acyclicity. Finally, a characterization of the nature of dependencies which participate in decompositions is presented. It is shown that there are two major types, the bidimensional join dependencies, which are tuple generating and allow tuple removal by implicit encoding of knowledge, and splitting dependencies, which simply partition the database into two components.
Prior exposure to indole-3-carbinol decreases the incidence of specific cyclophosphamide-induced developmental defects in mice.

BACKGROUND: Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a product of the hydrolysis of glucobrassicin that is found in cruciferous vegetables. I3C can intervene in toxic processes that are mediated by oxidative mechanisms because it possesses the chemical and pharmacokinetic properties necessary to provide a free radical trap. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a bifunctional alkylating agent known to produce DNA damage and to cause developmental toxicity, including malformations, in laboratory animals. METHODS: Pregnant CD-1 mice were given a 100 mg/kg dose of I3C 24 or 48 hr before administration of 20 mg/kg CP on gestation day 10 (GD 10). Controls were given the vehicle (DMSO), I3C, or CP. This regimen was carried out to determine if I3C could protect against the developmental toxicity of alkylating agents, such as CP. Dams were sacrificed on GD 17 and their litters were examined for adverse effects. RESULTS: Treatment with I3C 48 hr before CP administration was associated with decreased fetal limb and tail malformations. Limb malformation incidences were reduced from 42% litters affected in the CP control to 16% in the I3C/CP 48-hr treatment group, and tail malformations were reduced from 45% in the CP control to 16% in the I3C/CP 48-hr treatment group, indicating a protective effect of prior exposure to I3C. I3C given 24 hr before CP had no significant protective effect, while having an apparently adverse consequence with regard to the incidence of talipes. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure of a developing mammal to indole-3-carbinol before exposure to cyclophosphamide during organogenesis can influence the teratogenicity of cyclophosphamide. Birth Defects Res B. 74:261–267, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A política dos ciborgs no México e na América Latina

This article focuses on the cyborg body in contemporary Mexican science fiction, contrasting it with its depiction in other countries of Latin America. Beginning in the 1990s, Mexican science fiction authors write stories about implants and neo-cyborgs, anticipating Alex Rivera’s portrait of “cybraceros” in his 2008 film Sleep Dealer by nearly a decade. The defiant cyborgs of Mexico are distinct from those of the Southern Cone, where they relate most often to torture and unresolved political issues from the period of re-democratization, and from those of Brazil, where they are related to issues of race and urbanization. While in Mexico and Brazil the cyborg is often used as a critique of neoliberal policies and the privatization of public industries, the insistence on the embodiment of cyborgs in Mexico is often tied to labor and border issues, problematizing the idea of cyborg-mestizaje or hybridity. Heriberto Yepez questions concepts of hybridity that diminish the inherent sense of difference and struggle through a discourse of conciliation. The Mexican cyborg figure that insists on the importance of its body time and again demonstrates its resistance to facile notions of political and cybernetic hybridity
Refractory asthma: mechanisms, targets, and therapy

Asthma is a common medical condition affecting 300 million people worldwide. Airway inflammation, smooth muscle bronchoconstriction leading to airflow obstruction, and mucous hypersecretion are clinical hallmarks of asthma. The NHLBI Expert Panel Report 3 recommends inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) target gene transcription through their interactions with the glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) at the glucocorticoid response element (GRE). The GC/GR complex enhances anti-inflammatory but inhibits pro-inflammatory mediator production. Classically, asthma has been described as a Th2-associated eosinophil-predominant disease, but recently alternative models have been described including a Th17-mediated neutrophil-predominant phenotype resulting in patients with more severe disease who may be less responsive to steroids. Additional mechanisms of steroid resistance include increased activity of GR phosphorylating kinases which modify the interactions of GR with transcription factors to inhibit the ability of GR to bind with GRE, leading to an increase in pro-inflammatory gene transcription. Oxidative stress also affects the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory gene transcription through the modification of transcription factors and cofactors (such as PI3K) leading to the inhibition of histone deacetylase 2. Continued investigations into the mechanisms behind glucocorticoid resistance will lead to novel treatments that improve control of severe refractory asthma.
Effects of lithium on adrenergic amine uptake in rat brain synaptosomes.

Abstract The effects of lithium on the uptake and retention of (−)- erythro -metaraminol (MA) and (−)- m -octopamine (OA) by synaptosomes from rat whole brain were examined after (a) addition of lithium chloride (1 mmol/l.) to synaptosomal fractions in vitro and (b) administration of lithium chloride (1 mmol/kg) i.p. to rats twice daily for 10 days prior to isolation of synaptosomes. Under control conditions, apparent K m concentrations (5 min incubation) for MA and OA were 33 and 3 μM respectively. As incubation times were increased to 15 min, retention of MA increased and OA decreased. Retention of both amines was reduced by low temperature. Short term application of lithium to synaptosomes in vitro did not alter the uptake and retention of either amine during 5 or 10 min incubation periods. Chronic pretreatment of rats with lithium resulted in greater uptake and retention of low concentrations of MA when compared with synaptosomes from control (saline-treated) animals. Chronic lithium pretreatment did not alter retention of OA. The data support the hypothesis that lithium acts to increase synaptosomal membrane uptake of aromatic amines and decrease binding of accumulated amine.
Observations of magnetic flux ropes and associated currents in Earth's magnetotail with the Galileo spacecraft

On December 8, 1990, during its first flyby of the Earth, Galileo recorded signatures of several flux rope type structures in the Earth's magnetotail. One of the prominent structures had a negative/positive polarity in the Bz component and was moving earthward, whereas another of the prominent structures had a positive/negative polarity in Bz and was observed to be traveling away from the Earth. Both of these flux ropes had strong core fields (≥10 nT) aligned in the positive YGSM direction. We have performed an analysis of combined field and particle data obtained within these flux ropes. We show that the length scale of a flux rope can be determined quite accurately from magnetic data if an independent measure of either the current density or the convection velocity is available. A surprising result that emerges from this analysis is that even though temporal durations (5–10 min) and magnetic field perturbations of the two flux ropes are similar, the scale sizes of the two structures are very different. The earthward moving flux rope with a radius ≤1000 km was traveling very slowly (υx < 10 km/s). The tailward moving flux rope with a radius of ∼8 RE had a speed of ∼150 km/s. Even though the earthward moving flux rope was small in size, the current density in its core was well above that of the tail current sheet and was detected directly by the plasma instrument. We believe that this is the first time that measurements of field aligned current in a flux rope core have been made directly by a plasma instrument. We discuss the details of the distribution functions of the current-carrying particles. We also speculate on the conditions that led to the vast differences in the scale sizes of the two flux ropes.
Interdependence, Garbage Dumping, and Feral Dogs: Exploring Three Lifeworld Resources of Young Children in a Rural School

In this article, we concentrate upon the lifeworld resources that comprise the funds of knowledge for children living in a rural community in the southeastern United States. Through interview conversations with a group of third grade children, we identified three lifeworld resources—interdependence, garbage dumping, and feral dogs—that rural teachers might draw on to generate curriculum that is connected to the community in which they teach. Through such connections rural teachers may increase the likelihood that they will remain teaching in rural schools.
Feathers Before Flight

Feathers are branched structures consisting of β-keratin—a rigid protein material formed by pleated β sheets—with a hollow central shaft. They are strikingly different from other forms of vertebrate integument such as scales, skin, and hair. Until recently, evolutionary hypotheses envisioned their origin through elongation of broad, flat scales driven by selection for aerial locomotion such as gliding or flapping flight. Over the course of the past two decades, fossil discoveries, especially from northeast China, have revealed that the early precursors of feathers were filament-like rather than expanded scales and that branched pinnate feathers of modern aspect predate the origin of active flight. The revolution in our understanding of feather evolution continues, driven by rapid fossil discoveries and by new information from the study of extant birds.
Time-resolved photoelectron angular distributions as a means of studying polyatomic nonadiabatic dynamics

We propose based on theoretical arguments, and illustrate numerically the possibility of using time-resolved photoelectron angular distributions to follow the dynamics of nonradiative transitions in large polyatomic systems.
Psychiatric and Demographic Predictors of Memory Deficits in African Americans with Schizophrenia: The Moderating Role of Cultural Mistrust

Although African Americans are overrepresented among schizophrenia diagnoses, assessments of memory deficits in schizophrenia often do not consider issues of race, ethnicity, and culture. Digit span testing (DST) is often used to assess memory problems associated with schizophrenia. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of psychiatric symptoms and demographic background on the DST performances of 128 African American schizophrenic patients. It was hypothesized that level of cultural mistrust would moderate the relationship of psychiatric and demographic variables to memory deficits. The study involved the secondary analysis of data from the Culturally-Sensitive Diagnostic Interview Research Project. Different models of the relationship among predictor variables in their impact on DST performance were tested via structural equation modeling (SEM); and the moderating effects of level of cultural mistrust were evaluated with the best SEM model. The results supported the hypothesis that level of cultural mistrust moderates the relationship among variables in the SEM model. Specifically, psychiatric symptoms negatively impacted DST performance in the low cultural mistrust group, but they had no significant association to the memory deficits of the high cultural mistrust group. The pattern of findings for the effects of psychiatric symptoms on DST performance is consistent with the view of cultural mistrust as an adaptive mechanism in African Americans. One implication is that cultural factors should be taken into account when assessing memory deficits in African Americans with schizophrenia.
Speed and torque range increases of electric drives through compensation of flux weakening

Electric drives for automobiles require at low speed for starting a torque which is a multiple of the rated torque, and for above rated speed a torque which is about the rated torque. Known (V/f) control results in a decreasing torque above rated operation while the (V · p)/(f · N) control -where the terminal voltage V=3DV t is less or equal to V rated , the number of series turns of the stator winding N is less or equal to N rated - increases torque, speed operation, and power rating. This new control is accomplished by employing pole-changing techniques and/or changing/switching the number of series turns per phase N of an alternating current/voltage machine combined with the use of an inverter/rectifier supplying/absorbing power to/from the machine when operated as a motor/generator. The switching techniques have about the same effect as a mechanical gear.
A Survey of Reference Accuracy in Five National Dental Journals

Previous studies have examined the bibliographic accuracy of citations in medical journals. The purpose of this study was to assess reference accuracy in five national dental journals.One hundred references were randomly selected from the March, 1987, issue of each of five dental journals (a total of 500 references). Each reference was verified either from the original source or from other indexing tools if the original was unavailable. References were divided into two categories: incorrect and correct. The number of incorrect references was counted and subdivided into major and minor errors. The errors were grouped by types of error: author, article title, citation (which included errors in journal title, volume, issue, and page numbers), and "unable to verify". This survey found 211 (42%) inaccuracies out of 500 references reviewed, with a total of 248 errors within the incorrect group. Out of the latter, 173 (70%) were minor errors, and 75 (30%) were major errors. Types of minor errors ranked as follow...
Parmenides, B 8. 4

The text of Parmenides 8. 4 is unusually corrupt. Most recent critics, however, agree that Plutarch's printed in the later editions of DielsKranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, should be excluded in favour of As G. E. L. Owen remarks (‘Eleatic Questions’, CQ [1960], 102), ‘[Plutarch's] is inappropriate since is to be proved from and not vice versa’.
Allowed transitions and the dipole moment of HD

Abstract Within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation homopolar isotopically unsymmetric diatomic ions (HD+, 14N15N+, 35Cl37Cl+, etc.) have D∞h symmetry and a non-vanishing dipole moment. This apparent paradox is reconciled here by treating carefully the transformation properties of the dipole moment operator in the D∞h group.
Mother's education and effect of son preference on fertility in Matlab, Bangladesh

This analysis follows earlier research that hypothesized and substantiated that, in a society with strong son preference, its effect on fertility would be conditional on the level of contraceptive use. Present analysis of the prospective fertility experience of 22,819 women of reproductive age during 3.5 years in Matlab, Bangladesh, shows that this effect is higher among mothers with postprimary schooling versus those with primary or no education. The higher effect conforms with the known positive relationship of contraceptive use with maternal schooling. However, this increase when contrasted with the idea that education promotes modern values, including gender equality, suggests that education in Matlab, with its traditional slant, is not resistant to son preference. In a poor, traditional society with low status for women, schooling alone is not enough to motivate women to abandon low esteem for daughters though schooling promotes child survival. But if preference for smaller family size increases, promoted by education including such modern values as gender equality, then sex preference, although it cannot be completely removed, will have minimal effect on fertility as in most developed countries.
Health Care Providers' and Cancer Patients' Preferences Regarding Disclosure of Information About Advance Directives

The Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) of 1990 requires hospitals to tell patients when they are admitted to the hospital about their right to complete an advance directive. The purpose of the study was to learn how providers and patients believe information about advance directive should be presented. When focus groups of providers and patients from a regional cancer center were held, nurses expressed more comfort with the requirements of the PSDA than did physicians, who were particularly concerned about the effect of the Act on their ability to treat patients in critical situations. Although patients were in favor of advance directives, they felt that hospital admission was not the best time to learn about them. This exploratory study suggests that testing the effectiveness of distributing written information to patients before admission and using specially trained personnel to discuss advance directives with patients may be worthwhile.
Retinoic Acid Therapy Resistance Progresses from Unilineage to Bilineage in HL-60 Leukemic Blasts

Emergent resistance can be progressive and driven by global signaling aberrations. All-trans retinoic acid (RA) is the standard therapeutic agent for acute promyelocytic leukemia, but 10–20% of patients are not responsive, and initially responsive patients relapse and develop retinoic acid resistance. The patient-derived, lineage-bipotent acute myeloblastic leukemia (FAB M2) HL-60 cell line is a potent tool for characterizing differentiation-induction therapy responsiveness and resistance in t(15;17)-negative cells. Wild-type (WT) HL-60 cells undergo RA-induced granulocytic differentiation, or monocytic differentiation in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (D3). Two sequentially emergent RA-resistant HL-60 cell lines, R38+ and R38-, distinguishable by RA-inducible CD38 expression, do not arrest in G1/G0 and fail to upregulate CD11b and the myeloid-associated signaling factors Vav1, c-Cbl, Lyn, Fgr, and c-Raf after RA treatment. Here, we show that the R38+ and R38- HL-60 cell lines display a progressive reduced response to D3-induced differentiation therapy. Exploiting the biphasic dynamic of induced HL-60 differentiation, we examined if resistance-related defects occurred during the first 24 h (the early or “precommitment” phase) or subsequently (the late or “lineage-commitment” phase). HL-60 were treated with RA or D3 for 24 h, washed and retreated with either the same, different, or no differentiation agent. Using flow cytometry, D3 was able to induce CD38, CD11b and CD14 expression, and G1/G0 arrest when present during the lineage-commitment stage in R38+ cells, and to a lesser degree in R38- cells. Clustering analysis of cytometry and quantified Western blot data indicated that WT, R38+ and R38- HL-60 cells exhibited decreasing correlation between phenotypic markers and signaling factor expression. Thus differentiation induction therapy resistance can develop in stages, with initial partial RA resistance and moderate vitamin D3 responsiveness (unilineage maturation block), followed by bilineage maturation block and progressive signaling defects, notably the reduced expression of Vav1, Fgr, and c-Raf.
Towards PHLIP Insertion in the Plasmamembrane of Cancer Cells at Physiological Tumor Acidity

The pH-(Low) Insertion Peptide (pHLIP) can target cancer cells based on their low extracellular pH (pHe). Under slightly acidic conditions, pHLIP inserts into membrane, forming a transmembrane (TM) helix. When cargo is attached to pHLIP's C-terminus, it is carried across the membrane during pHLIP insertion. Therefore, pHLIP is also a drug carrier that can deliver cargo directly into the cell cytoplasm. Imaging studies have shown that pHLIP can target acidic tumors in mice (and the signal stayed in the tumor for more than a week). We ask whether such targeting and long residence time arise from pHLIP insertion into the plasmamembrane of cancer cells or preferential binding to cell surface without TM insertion (followed by endocytosis and insertion in the endosomal membrane). To quantify pHLIP insertion in cells, we developed fluorescently self-quenched pHLIP probes that upon interactions with cells become more fluorescent. The turn-on fluorescence (i.e. dequenching) results from cleavage of a C-terminal disulfide bond that would only occur in cells. Our data suggest that even at pH 6.2 (which is more acidic than tumor pHe), pHLIP insertion is highly cell line dependent. When the experiment was carried out at 4°C instead of 37°C, about 50% of the gain in fluorescence signal is lost, suggesting at least half of pHLIP insertion occurred in endosomes. Further, compared to the ‘WT’ pHLIP, the D25E pHLIP variant inserts more readily at plasmamembrane. Using Structure-Activity-Relationship (SAR) studies (i.e. by changing pHLIP sequence and/or side-chain structures), we searched for new pHLIP variants that would (a) insert in plasmamembrane more readily at the tumor acidity of pH 6.5-7.0, and (b) with insertion occurring over a narrower pH range. The results of these SAR efforts will also be discussed.
Electrochemical Polishing of p-Type 4H SiC

This article discusses the electrochemical polishing of silicon-face p-type 4H SiC using diluted aqueous HF solution. Etchings on the silicon and carbon faces of SiC samples are performed and compared. The experimental results show that the RMS surface roughness of the electrochemically polished Si-face could be as low as about 2 nm. Carbon-face electrochemical polishing gives a rougher surface. Therefore, silicon-face 4H SiC is a better candidate for MEMS processing. The underlying mechanism is also discussed.
High-power and high-efficiency mid-infrared type-II quantum well and interband cascade lasers

High power and high quantum efficiency operation of both diode-pumped and interband cascade lasers based on InAs/Ga(In)Sb type-II quantum well with a broken gap band alignment have been demonstrated. The interband cascade laser yielded 0.5 W peak and 16 mW average output per facet under 1- and 5-microsecond(s) long pulses at 80K, while the optically pumped 4-micrometers devices yielded 0.9-1.6 W peak and 90-150 mW average output per facet for 0.1- to 1-ms long pulses at 71K. These output powers are among the highest long-pulse results reported from any semiconductor laser at these wavelengths.
Production of aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid by various aspergilli: An ELISA analysis

An enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to monitor a total of 153 fungi in theAspergillus flavus group, Including 130A. flavus, 15A. parasiticus and 8A. tamarii, for their ability to produce aflatoxins (AFs) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in a mycologlcal broth-sucrose-yeast extract medium. Of 15A. parasiticus isolates, ten produced AFs In a range of 12.4 to 89.3 μg/vial (average 56.9 μg/vial); two isolates produced only trace amounts of AFs and three isolates produced none at all. Production of CPA was not demonstrated in anyA. parasiticus isolate. On the other hand, all A. tamarii isolates produced only CPA with a range of 310 to 1100 gmg/vial. Fifteen percent (14.6%) of theA. flavus isolates (19/130) produced more than 500 μg CPA/vial, but yielded no or little AF (less than 0.1 μg/vial). About 22.3% ofA. flavus (29/130) that produced less than 500 μg of CPA also yielded little or no aflatoxin. MostA. flavus isolates (44.6%) produced both CPA (50 to 300 μg/vial) and AFs (10 to 40 μg/vial). About 9.2% of theA. flavus are low CPA producers (less than 100 μg/vial) but yielded higher amounts of AFs. A small percentage (12/130 or 9.2%) of A. flavus isolates produced neither CPA nor aflatoxin. Excluding the isolates that produced neither AFs nor CPA, there is a negative correlation between the production of CPA and AFs by most A.flavus isolates. Data obtained from ELISA for the production of CPA were consistent with TLC results. Thus, the ELISA method for CPA and AFB could be applied to the screening of toxigenic fungi. Data on the simultaneous production of both toxins by a large percentage of the toxigenicA. flavus isolates suggest that there is a potential health hazard for co-existence of both toxins in foods and feeds.
Seeking Work-Life Balance: Employees' Requests, Supervisors' Responses, and Organizational Barriers

This qualitative research examines how supervisors respond to the work-life balance needs of their employees. Supervisors from a Fortune 500 company were surveyed regarding their responses to employees' requests for work-life accommodations. Responses representing 1,150 employees' requests were content coded to explore trends and were clustered into meaningful categories. Data show that schedule changes and flexibility were the most commonly requested work-life accommodation and that such requests were accommodated 58% of the time. Supervisors responded to requests for work resources and modifications to daily work 81 and 44% of the time, respectively. The most frequent barrier to accommodating employees' request was lack of authority. Results provide insight into the ways that work organizations can support and empower supervisors to facilitate employees' work-life balance.
Beobachtungen an korrodierten Teilen einer stationären 10‐MW‐Gasturbine

Der vorliegende Beitrag zum Problem der Hochtemperaturkorrosion beschreibt die an Brennkammerteilen einer mit Schwerol betriebenen Gasturbine gemachten Beobachtungen. Es handelt sich vor wiegend um einen Angriff durch die heisen Brenngase. Zeitweise reduzierende Bedingungen und die Einwirkung von Schwefel fuhren vor allem zu einer Cr-Verarmung der Grundmasse durch Sulfid- und Carbidbildung und damit zu einem beschleunigten Angriff unter oxydierenden Bedingungen. Versuchsweise wurde das Verhalten von 6 verschiedenen hitzebestandigen und warmfesten Werkstoffen unter Betriebsbedingungen gepruft. Dabei zeigte die Ni-Basis Legierung NiCr20Ti einen schwacheren Angriff als die Fe- haltigen Materialien. Observations on corroded parts of a stationary 10 MW gas turbine The present contribution to the problem of high-temperature corrosion deals with the observations made on parts of the combustion chamber of a gas turbine driven by heavy oil. The corrosion phenomena encountered are mainly due to the hot combustion gases. Temporarily reducing conditions and the effects of sulphur lead, mainly to a reduction of the Cr content of the base material through the formation of sulphides and carbides and thus to a higher corrosion rate under oxidising condition. By way of experiment, the behaviour of six different heat-resistant materials of high strength at high temperatures was tested under normal working condition. The nickel-based alloy NiCr20Ti was found to show a lower corrosion rate than the materials with fe contents.