cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical investigation of cladding mode overlap of evanescent waves with air channels in index-guiding photonic crystal fiber long-period gratings

The array of axially aligned air channels and the robust waveguide characteristics of index-guiding photonic crystal fibers (IG-PCFs) integrated with long-period gratings (LPGs) make them a powerful platform for chemical sensing and detection. Compared to their conventional all-solid fiber counterpart, the IG-PCFs are a particularly attractive sensing device as they are both a waveguide and a vapor/aqueous transmission cell, permitting light intensity-analyte interaction over long path length without the removal of fiber cladding. While the fundamental core-mode in the IG-PCF has been utilized for evanescent field based sensing, there exist two inherent limitations: (1) only short distance extended by evanescent waves from the guiding core to the surrounding PCF cladding air channels to restrict the probing of an analyte only in the inner most ring of the air channels in cladding, and (2) less than 1% power of the core-mode overlap with the surrounding air channels leading to weak light intensity-analyte interactions due to the localization of the coremode in the fiber core area. Should a cladding-mode with maximum overlap in air channels be excited by an LPG, it would fundamentally increase the evanescent field sensitivity. In this work, we present the simulation for the mode properties of selected IG-PCF for optimization of mode field distribution and light power overlap with air channels in fiber cladding. The numerical calculation reveals that if the optimized cladding-mode is selectively coupled, the evanescent wave overlap (at wavelength of 1550 nm) with cladding air channels of the round and hexagonal structures can be increased from 0.11% and 0.13% up to 4.01% and 6.54%, respectively.
Four-Electrode Method for Measuring the Direct-Current Resistivity of Ice

The improved system here described has been used successfully in systematic measurements of direct-current conductivity of ice doped with hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids. The use of four electrodes allows continuous control of measurement reliability.
Rapid separation of microbial lipids using solid phase extraction columns

Abstract A method was developed to rapidly separate lipid classes commonly found in microorganisms. The method is based on the use of aminopropyl solid phase extraction columns to separate polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), phospholipids, sterols, triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, and steryl esters. Recoveries of all lipid classes, with the exception of PHA and sterols, ranged from 91% to greater than 99%. PHA were recovered at 69% of the standard, and sterols from 82–84% of the standard. When applied to the analysis of lipids extracted from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis, the method afforded excellent recovery and separation of phospholipids and diglycerides including saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The S. platensis lipids also contained hydrocarbons and phytol recovered in the steryl ester and diglyceride fractions, respectively. This method provided a high yield, specific and rapid separation of microbial lipids with little contamination from other lipid groups, and will be useful for the characterization of microbial communities in environmental samples.
Weighted L2-estimates for dissipative wave equations with variable coefficients

Abstract We establish weighted L 2 -estimates for the wave equation with variable damping u t t − Δ u + a u t = 0 in R n , where a ( x ) ⩾ a 0 ( 1 + | x | ) − α with a 0 > 0 and α ∈ [ 0 , 1 ) . In particular, we show that the energy of solutions decays at a polynomial rate t − ( n − α ) / ( 2 − α ) − 1 if a ( x ) ∼ a 0 | x | − α for large | x | . We derive these results by strengthening significantly the multiplier method. This approach can be adapted to other hyperbolic equations with damping.
Mineral-solution equilibria—IV. Solubilities and the thermodynamic properties of FeCl20 in the system Fe2O3-H2-H2O-HCl

Abstract The solubility of hematite in chloride-bearing hydrothermal fluids was determined in the temperature range 400–600°C and at 1000 and 2000 bars using double-capsule, rapid-quench hydrothermal techniques and a modification of the Ag + AgCl buffer method ( Frantz and Popp , 1979). The changes in the molalities of associated hydrogen chloride ( m HC l 0 ) as a function of the molality of total iron in the fluid at constant temperature and pressure were used to identify the predominant species of iron in the hydrothermal fluid. The molality of associated HCl varied from 0.01 to 0.15. Associated FeCl20 was found to be the most abundant species in equilibrium with hematite. Determination of Cl/Fe in the fluid in equilibrium with hematite yields values approximately equal to 2.0 suggesting that ferrous iron is the dominant oxidation state. The equilibrium constant for the reaction Fe2O3 + 4HCl0 + H2 = 2FeCl20 + 3H2O was calculated and used to estimate the difference in Gibbs free energy between FeCl20 and HCl0 in the temperature range 400–600°C at 1000 and 2000 bars pressure.
Synchronous detuned microwave-oscillator power combiners

The feasibility of a new technique of combining powers of microwave oscillators which have stable large-signal locking characteristics has been demonstrated. Power addition to signals an order of magnitude higher has been accomplished.
Nucleic acid content and cell cycle distribution of five human bladder cell lines analysed by flow cytofluorometry

Five human bladder cell lines, four derived from tumor tissue and the fifth originating from presumed benign transitional epithelium, were examined by flow cytofluorometry to estimate the DNA and RNA content per cell during exponential and stationary phases of growth. A new staining technique was employed using acridine orange to differentially stain DNA and RNA in unfixed cells made permeable to the dye and other reagents by treatment with detergent at low ph. Stemline chromosome numbers for each cell line correlated well with relative DNA content of the G1 population as measured by this technique. In addition, the simultaneous measurements of DNA and RNA per cell yielded cell cycle distributions for each cell line. The ratio of stainable RNA/DNA was lower for all cell lines derived from bladder tumors as compared to the presumed normal cell line, indicating high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratios for the former.
Evidence of binocular fusion in a 3-week-old infant with transient abducens nerve paresis

We report an infant with clinical evidence of binocular fusion at 3 weeks of life. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report providing evidence of binocularity in the first month of life.
The Horse and the Cart: The Contemporary Artist and the Aesthetician

This informal survey of magazine covers and lead articles from Art in America 1990–1993 indicates new artistic forms such as advertising and photo journalism, new media such as digital imaging and installation, and new contents such as the politics of race, gender, and revolution, all of which may challenge the assumptions of both empirical and philosophical aesthetics.
Tactical implementation and Murphy's law: factors affecting the severity of problems

Abstract In this paper, we argue that effective implementation of tactical initiatives depends on the ability of managers to anticipate and minimize problems during execution. We conceptualize tactical implementation as a problem-sensing task and develop predictions regarding factors expected to affect a manager's ability to anticipate and respond to implementation problems. Our findings indicate that the severity of problems encountered during implementation increase as a result of higher levels of time pressure, affective conflict among implementers, and project novelty. Our findings also indicate that having more experienced managers, greater buy-in to the implementation plans and detailed implementation plans decreases problem severity. Finally, we found that the adverse effects of time pressure on implementation problem severity could be largely offset by the use of more detailed implementation plans.
Exploring the Potential of Electronic Mentoring

Abstract In this article we discuss the development of four electronic mentoring programs as distributed communities of practice that support both pre-service and in-service teachers. A distributed community of practice implies that the majority of interactions take place in an online environment. In these projects, electronic conferences provided the infrastructure on which to build the programs and the research. Data were collected as part of an internal evaluation of each initiative developing electronic conferences to support teacher education in four institutional contexts. Our work investigates the nature of both novice Teachers' and mentors' participation within the electronic conferences, the roles they assumed, and their perceptions of the opportunities and constraints surrounding electronic mentoring through this medium. The findings are discussed in relation to the conditions that encouraged and discouraged interaction as well as the role Teachers' perceptions played in their participation.
A Fast Analysis of Scattering From Large-Scale Finite Periodic Microstrip Patch Arrays Arranged on a Non-Orthogonal Lattice Using Sub-Entire Domain Basis Functions

A sub-entire domain (SED) basis function method, which was first introduced for modeling large-scale finite periodic PEC structures in free space, has been extended for fast characterization of electromagnetic scattering from an electrically large planar finite periodic microstrip patch array. The microstrip array may have a nonrectangular layout and non-orthogonal lattice configurations (e.g., hexagons or quadrangles). Based on the mixed potential integral equation, and utilizing the proposed SED basis function algorithm, the original large-scale finite periodic array of microstrip patches can be efficiently simulated by decomposing it into two problems with matrix equations of small dimensions. The first is to construct the SED basis functions for the corresponding microstrip arrays with orthogonal/non-orthogonal lattices. Three kinds of the SED basis functions are constructed, including those related to the edge patch elements, the interior patch elements, and the corner patch elements. The second is to solve the system equation with significantly reduced problem dimension as compared to the original larger problem. Based on the obtained SED basis functions, the reduced matrix equation of small size can be generated by the Galerkin procedure, and solved by use of the LU (lower-upper) decomposition-based direct solver, which results in a fast solution. The accuracy and efficiency of the developed algorithms are demonstrated by numerical tests that include the scattering from several large-scale finite periodic arrays of microstrip patches with rectangular, non-orthogonal lattices.
A Kinetic Model for the Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Alcohols over a Sulfided Co−K−Mo/C Catalyst

A statistically designed set of experiments was run in a recycle reactor to evaluate the kinetics of the formation of higher-molecular-weight alcohols (higher alcohols) and total hydrocarbon byproducts from synthesis gas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) in a range of experimental conditions that mirrors the limits of commercial production. The alkali-promoted, C-supported Co−Mo sulfide catalyst that was employed in this study is well known for its sulfur resistance. The reaction was carried out in a gradientless Berty-type recycle reactor. A two-level fractional−factorial set consisting of 16 experiments was performed. Five independent variables were selected for this study, namely, temperature, partial pressure of carbon monoxide, partial pressure of hydrogen, partial pressure of inerts, and methanol concentration in the feed. The major oxygenated products were linear alcohols up to n-butanol, but alcohols of higher carbon number were also detected, and analysis of the liquid product revealed the presence ...
Recovery of Fiber in the Corn Dry-Grind Ethanol Process: A Feedstock for Valuable Coproducts

ABSTRACT A new process was developed to recover corn fiber from the mash before fermentation in dry-grind ethanol production. In this process, corn is soaked in water (no chemicals) for a short period of time and then degermed using conventional degermination mills. In the remaining slurry, corn coarse fiber is floated by increasing the density of the slurry and then separated using density differences. The fiber recovered is called quick fiber to distinguish it from the conventional wet-milled fiber. This study evaluated the percent of quick fiber recovery for a normal yellow dent and high oil corn hybrid. The quick fiber was analyzed for levels of corn fiber oil, levels of ferulate phytosterol esters (FPE) and other valuable phytosterol components in the oil and compared with conventional wet-milled corn coarse and fine fiber samples. Fiber samples were also analyzed and compared for yields of potentially valuable corn fiber gum (CFG, hemicellulose B). Comparisons were made between the quick fiber sampl...
P01-63 - The « desire and automatism cue-reactivity questionnaire”

Introduction Alcohol misuse is associated to cue-reactivity phenomena leading to consummation following desire and/or automatic processes. Objective The objective of the present study is to create a scale (the Desire and Automatism alcohol cue-Reactivity Questionnaire: DARQ-Alcohol) in order to assess desire and automatic reactivity to cue-stimuli-related to alcohol. Aims The present study aims to preliminary assess reliability of the DARQ-Alcohol and its external validity. Methods To be included in the study, participants had to drink alcohol at least once per week. Participants had to assess 60 alcohol related picture (valence, arousal and dominance) and to complete the AUDIT and the DARQ-Alcohol. Results Eighty-nine participants (60 women) participated in the study. The reliability coefficients (Cronbach's alpha) calculated on DARQ-Alcohol were high both for the triggering of desire to drink (α=.88) and for the automatic proneness to drink (α=.90). Pearson's correlations were computed between (1) the three affective dimensions of the pictures, (2) the two dimensions of the ACRQ, (3) the total score on the AUDIT. Individuals who found the alcohol related pictures more pleasant, arousing and dominating have higher DARQ Alcohol automatic sub-score. DARQ Alcohol automatic sub-score is moderately related to the AUDIT score, whereas the DARQ Alcohol desire sub-score is less lightly correlated with the AUDIT score. Conclusions The DARQ Alcohol seems to be a useful scale allowing the distinction of automatic and desire-related cue-reactivity. Further studies on clinical sample are warranted to further validate the DARQ scale.
Cell Signaling in the Chemoaccumulation Response of the Colonial Green Alga Astrephomene Gubernaculifera

A. gubernaculifera can grow on acetate even in the dark. Interestingly, it displays a well-developed chemoaccumulation response to added acetate. We suggest that this chemoaccumulation results from a receptor-based signaling pathway because the alga responds to the structurally similar molecule propionate even though the latter compound cannot support growth. Based on suggestions about chemotactic signaling pathways in other eukaryotes and postulated phototactic response of some algae, we hypothesized that the signaling pathway involves heterotrimeric G-proteins. The effectiveness of the chemoresponse was determined by measuring the diameter of the chemoaccumulation cloud after addition of 10 mL aliquots of media containing acetate to colonies swimming in media without acetate. Neomycin, which inhibits the G-protein dependent activity of phospholipase C, completely inhibited chemoaccumulation at 100 mM, and markedly reduced the density of the accumulation response at 10 mM with no obvious changes in general colonial motility. EGTA, a calcium chelator, abolished the chemoresponse. Mastoporan, a G-protein activator, caused accumulation even in the absence of acetate. These results support the hypothesis that chemoaccumulation in A. gubernaculifera uses a G-protein mediated, calcium-dependent, cell-signaling pathway.
The temperature dependence of impurity-assisted tunneling

Abstract The temperature dependence of impurity-assisted tunneling in Al−Al oxide-Pb tunnel junctions has been studied. Impurity-caused peaks in the second derivative of the I–V characteristics of these junctions have been studied at temperatures from 4·2 to 148K. In agreement with previous predictions it was found that the width W of such a peak was related to the temperature T by W =[(5·4 kT ) 2 + W 0 2 ] 1/2 where W 0 is the width of the peak at T =0. The amplitude of a peak was found to be proportional to W −1 , and the intensity of a peak (area under the peak) was independent of T .
Boloceroides daphneae, a new species of giant sea anemone (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Boloceroididae) from the deep Pacific

A previously known but undescribed species of sea anemone from the deep Eastern Pacific Ocean is described as Boloceroides daphneae Daly 2005. This description is based on five relatively small specimens collected on the East Pacific Rise in an area defined by latitude 8°36.687′N–12°48.719′N and longitude 103°56.467′W–104°12.531′W and depth of 2,400–2,650 m. Boloceroides daphneae is easily distinguished when alive based on its extremely large size and sinuous, deciduous tentacles. Because it is the only sea anemone reported from the deep sea with abundant spirocysts on the column and with ectodermal longitudinal muscle, preserved specimens are relatively easy to identify. The spirocysts of B. daphneae are considerably larger than those of any other species from the deep sea, and are among the largest ever reported.
Visibility Problems for Polyhedral Terrains

In this paper we study several problems concerning the visibility of a polyhedral terrain @s from a point (or several points) lying above it. Our results are: (1) For a fixed point a, one can preproeess a in time O(n@a(n) log n), to produce a data structure of size O(n@a(n) log n), which supports fast ray shooting queries, where each such query asks for the point on @s that is visible from a in a specified direction. Here n is the number of faces of @s and @a(n) is the extremely slowly growing functional inverse of Ackermann's function. (2) If the viewing point a can vary along a fixed vertical line L, then the entire visibility structure of @s from L is of combinatorial complexity O(n@l"4(n)), where @l"4(n) is the maximal length of an (n, 4) Davenport-Sehinzel sequence, and is nearly linear in n, and where the visibility structure in question is the decomposition of L x S^2 into maximal connected regions, such that for each such region R, all points (a, u)@? R are such that the ray from a @? L in direction u @? S^2 first intersects @s at a point on the same face of @s. Furthermore, we present an O(n@l"4(n)log n)-time algorithm that preprocesses L and @s into a data-structure of size O(n@l"4(n)) which supports O(log^2n) time ray shooting queries. (3) Concerning the results in (2) we show that (i) if L is not vertical, then the resulting visibility structure can be of size @W(n^3); (ii) there exist a vertical line L and a polyhedral terrain a with n faces, for which the resulting visibility structure is of size @W(n^2@a(n)). (4) Finally, we consider the problem of placing on the surface @s one or several viewing points which collectively cover the entire surface (i.e. each point on @s is visible from at least one of these viewing ''stations''). We show (i) in the case of a single viewing station, one can determine in time O(n log n) whether such a station exists, and if so, produce such a point; (ii) the problem of finding the smallest number of points on @s that can collectively see the entire surface @s is NP-hard.
What Educational Research Says about the Development of Economic Thinking

Abstract Helping young people learn to grapple successfully with economic issues is clearly a fundamental goal of citizenship education. During the 1950's, there was the beginning of some research about how children and adolescents think about economic-related ideas. This research waned throughout most of the 1960's and early 1970's. Recently, there is new but limited evidence of an increased interest in this area of investigation. This article provides a summary of the studies done in the 1950's and early 1960's as a backdrop for a report on more recent work done in the mid-1970's.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: a clinicopathologic study comparing two classifications.

The Lukes and Collins classification is based on the premise that malignant lymphomas (ML) should be classified on the basis of immunologic markers and that the B, T or „undefined” nature of these tumors can be morphologically recognized. The difficulties of achieving this are discussed in this study. The „undefined” type of these investigators posed a particular problem since it appears to be a heterogeneous group which includes ML currently classified as „histiocytic,” lymphoblastic and undifferentiated. The prognosis appeared to be closely related to cytologic types in both the Rappaport and the Lukes and Collins classifications. In the follicular center cell (FCC) lymphomas the overall median survival of patients with follicular lymphomas was longer than that of patients with diffuse lymphoma (p < 0.0001). Extending this comparison to cell types we found longer median survivals of follicular lymphomas in each subgroup but with variable statistical significance. For all cleaved cell lymphoma the p value was 0.02, for the small cleaved cell type 0.16, for the large cleaved cell type 0.09 and for the large noncleaved cell type 0.1. The lymphomas which we identified as being of the diffuse large cleaved FCC type seemed to have a relatively favorable prognosis in comparison to other diffuse large cell lymphomas (p ρ 0.08). However, within this latter group a morphologic separation into large noncleaved FCC, immunoblastic, and true histiocytic seemed difficult. For the purpose of this study, however, we attempted to apply the designation of immunoblastic sarcoma to tumors composed of large lymphoid cells with plasmacytoid features, but found no differences in survival when comparing it with diffuse large noncleaved FCC tumors.
Big renin: identification, chemical properties and clinical implications.

Abstract Big renin has a greater molecular weight (63,000 versus 43,000) than normal renin, but it shares the characteristic enzymatic and immunologie properties of normal renin. As it exists in the kidney or plasma of a patient, big renin is less active than normal renin, but its enzymatic activity is greatly enhanced by exposure to pH values of 3.0 to 3.6 or by brief incubation with pepsin or trypsin. Use of the terms prorenin and zymogen might be withheld until big renin is shown to exist in normal tissue or plasma and to be converted to normal renin in vivo. To date, big renin has been found in renal tumors and other abnormal kidney tissues as well as in the plasma of patients with renal disorders. The remarkable activation of big renin at pH levels of 3.3 can be used to detect its presence. If a method involving acidification is used to quantitate plasma renin activity of a patient with circulating big renin, the activated plasma renin activity greatly exceeds that measured in plasma maintained at neutral pH. Gel filtration of plasma is used to prove the presence of big renin. When large amounts of big renin are secreted by a renal tumor, hypertension may ensue and be cured by removal of the tumor. The secretion of small amounts of big renin does not necessarily result in any physiologic disorder. However, if there is a concomitant diminution or absence of normal renin a state of apparent hyporeninemia exists, as we have observed in diabetic nephropathy; this may be associated with hypoaldosteronism and hyperkalemia. Big renin does not appear to respond to physiologic changes that stimulate or suppress normal plasma renin activity. The finding of big renin may indicate the presence of certain renin-secreting renal tumors or other renal disorders, especially diabetic nephropathy.
The Influence of University Coursework on Pre-service Middle and High School Teachers’ Experiences with Multicultural Themes

The study explored the influence of university-based teacher education courses on pre-service middle and high school teachers’ experiences with multicultural themes in a secondary science alternative certification program. Eight participants (N = 8), six women and two men, volunteered to be a part of the study that took place over a period of four semesters. Qualitative data was collected, coded and analyzed to make meaning of the participants’ experiences. Data comprised of participants’ reflective journals, personal and group interviews, and classroom observations done in middle school practicum and high school student teaching placements. The findings indicated that while the participants became more familiar with the themes of multicultural education, many did not demonstrate fluency with these themes and struggled with balancing their responsibilities as a science teacher and a culturally competent teacher.
Bounds in the Yukawa2 Quantum Field Theory: Upper Bound on the Pressure, Hamiltonian Bound and Linear Lower Bound*

We prove bounds of the formZ∧≦ea|∧| and (SZ)∧≦ea|∧| in theY2 Euclidean field theory and from this obtain Glimm's Hamiltonian bound and Schrader's linear lower bound.
Results of radiotherapy for T2N0 glottic carcinoma: does the “2” stand for twice-daily treatment?

Abstract Purpose: Radiotherapy (RT) is often the therapy of choice for patients with Stage T2 glottic carcinoma. This retrospective study updated the results of RT for patients treated at our center. The primary focus of this study was whether a policy of using hyperfractionated RT for these patients resulted in a therapeutic gain. Methods and Materials: A search of the database of patients treated in the Department of Radiation Oncology at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center was performed to identify patients with Stage T2 glottic carcinoma treated with RT alone between 1970 and 1998. A total of 230 patients formed the study cohort. Results: The median follow-up for all patients was 82 months. Of the 230 patients, 180 were treated with parallel-opposed fields, and the median field size was 30 cm 2 . Eighty-one patients (36%) were treated with twice-daily fractionation to 74–80 Gy. Eighty-nine patients (38%) were treated with 32–75 Gy at 2-Gy per fraction once daily, and 57 patients (25%) were treated with 2.06–2.26 Gy, once daily, to 66–70 Gy. The 2- and 5-year actuarial local control rate was 75% and 72%, respectively. After salvage therapy, the ultimate 5-year local control and disease-specific survival rate was 91% and 92%, respectively. The presence of subglottic extension and treatment with a daily dose of ≤2 Gy were associated with poorer local control ( p p = 0.06). Conclusion: The 5-year local control rates with hyperfractionated RT for Stage T2 glottic carcinoma approach 80%. Patients treated with twice-daily fractionation to a median dose of 77 Gy had an improvement in local control compared with patients treated with 70 Gy in 35 fractions. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group is testing these two fractionation schedules in a randomized study. High control rates were also seen in selected patients treated with hypofractionated schedules, leaving the question of the optimal schedule for patients with Stage T2 disease unanswered.
Influence of milk and selected milk products on the development of medial arteriosclerosis in the rat

Abstract Medial arteriosclerosis was found in 30 % of male albino rats relegated to a diet of dry whole cow's milk and in 40 % of those given nonfat dry milk beginning at 6 weeks of age. In all instances, the vascular degeneration was accompanied by obstructive renal disease and in most instances by disseminated smooth muscle necrosis in the stomach wall. Complete protection against the arterial and gastric lesions was afforded by diets of (i) reliquefied whole milk; (ii) dry whole milk supplemented with iron, copper, manganese and iodine; (iii) reliquefied whole milk and the trace elements; and (iv) reliquefied nonfat dry milk, sweet cream providing 3.6 % milk fat and the trace elements. A diet of nonfat dry milk, 3.5 % butter and the trace minerals gave almost complete protection, slight arteriosclerotic damage being found on histologic examination in only 1 (3.3 %) of the 30 animals. Neither the induction nor the prevention of the medial arteriosclerosis was related to the blood cholesterol, calcium or phosphorus levels. The present findings support the concept of a pathogenic association between renal damage and the development of medial arteriosclerosis and degenerative gastric lesions in the rat. The suspected mechanism is impaired renal function resulting in deranged mineral metabolism which precipitates increased adrenal cortical and parathyroid activity.
Some Language-Related Cognitive Advantages of Bilingual Five-Year-Olds

ED 031 307 PS 002 057 By-Feldman, Carol; Shen, Michael Some Language-Related Cognitive Advantages of Bilingual Five Year Olds. Early Education Research Center, Chicago, III.; National Lab. on Early CMdhood Education. Spons Agency-Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C. Div. of Educational Labs. Report No NLECE -70706 -WG -4 Pub Date 1691 Contract OEC 3 -7 -070706 -3118 Note-21p. EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC-$1.15 Descriptors-*Bilingualism, Bthngual SIudents, Caucasian Students, Child Language, *Cognitive Development, Cognitive Processes, *Language Development, *Language Research, Language SkO1s, Mexican Americans, Negro Students, Preschool Children Identifiers-Head Start Fifteen bilingual and 15 monohngual Head Start children, ranging in age from 4 to 6, were administered three types of tasks: (1) object constancy task: subject was shown a common object, a transformation was done on the object, e.g., crushing a paper cup, and then that object plus an identical pre-transformed object, were shown to the subject and he was asked to pick out the first object; (2) naming task: subject was asked to use object labels under three conditions: use of the common name, use of a nonsense name, and use of switched common names; and (3) a sentence task: .subject was required to use the three label conditions (2) .in simple relational sentences. It lwas hypothesized that (I) bilinguals would perform better than monohnguals on all three tasks, and that for all subjects, task (1) would be easier than (2) which would be easier than (3). Both hypotheses were supported by the gross data. It was found that bilinguals, although better at using names in relational statements, were not better than monolinguals in the use of common names alone nor nonsense names *alone. Also, bihnguals performed consistently better than monohnguals where nonverbal pointing responses were required, but not where spoken responses were required. It was suggested that having a notion of meaning as a function of use facilitates acquisition of the ability of young children to use labels in sentences. (WD)
Evolving a Bayesian classifier for ECG-based age classification in medical applications

Objective: To classify patients by age based upon information extracted from their electrocardiograms (ECGs). To develop and compare the performance of Bayesian classifiers. Methods and material: We present a methodology for classifying patients according to statistical features extracted from their ECG signals using a genetically evolved Bayesian network classifier. Continuous signal feature variables are converted to a discrete symbolic form by thresholding, to lower the dimensionality of the signal. This simplifies calculation of conditional probability tables for the classifier, and makes the tables smaller. Two methods of network discovery from data were developed and compared: the first using a greedy hill-climb search and the second employed evolutionary computing using a genetic algorithm (GA). Results and conclusions: The evolved Bayesian network performed better (86.25% AUC) than both the one developed using the greedy algorithm (65% AUC) and the naive Bayesian classifier (84.75% AUC). The methodology for evolving the Bayesian classifier can be used to evolve Bayesian networks in general thereby identifying the dependencies among the variables of interest. Those dependencies are assumed to be non-existent by naive Bayesian classifiers. Such a classifier can then be used for medical applications for diagnosis and prediction purposes.
Binding of p23 and hsp90 during assembly with the progesterone receptor.

Upon incubation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, the unactivated progesterone receptor (PR) associates with the heat shock proteins hsp90 and hsp70, the immunophilins FKBP52, FKBP54, and CyP-40, and another protein p23. We have previously described a protein complex between p23, hsp90, and the immunophilins that forms in rabbit reticulocyte lysate in the absence of the PR. Immunodepletion of p23 from lysate prevented the binding of hsp90 and CyP-40 to the PR, suggesting that hsp90, CyP-40, and p23 bind the receptor as a complex. We have further examined the properties of this p23 complex to determine how it is involved in receptor assembly in vitro. Use was made of three chemical probes, sodium molybdate, the nonhydrolyzable ATP analog, 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate, and the hsp90-binding agent geldanamycin. Molybdate has previously been shown to stabilize the heat-induced dissociation of hsp90 and p23 from the PR. This stabilization is not mediated through the PR, as molybdate stabilizes the heat-induced dis...
Exposure to low frequency noise during rearing induces spongiform lesions in gerbil cochlear nucleus: High frequency exposure does not

Spongiform lesions of the gerbil cochlear nucleus are reduced in number and extent by rearing in acoustic isolation compared with rearing while exposed to normal colony low-frequency background noise. This study tested whether rearing under exposure to noise bands of moderate intensity would increase the number and extent of cochlear nucleus spongiform lesions. Gerbils were reared from weaning to young adulthood in acoustic isolation chambers while continually exposed to moderately intense bands of either high frequency or low frequency noise. Exposure to low frequency noise resulted in lesion number and area densities that were more than twice those seen in gerbils exposed to high frequency noise. Lesion extent in the low frequency group was similar to that in colony-reared gerbils; lesion extent in the high frequency group was similar to gerbils reared in acoustic isolation. Comparisons within the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus revealed that the differences in lesion extent were most pronounced in the middle and dorsal-medial portions, the regions that are most responsive to middle and high frequencies. These finding suggest that the regional restriction of spongiform lesions within the cochlear nucleus does not have a tonotopic basis.
Effect of ligand binding and conformational changes in proteins on oxygen quenching and fluorescence depolarization of tryptophan residues

Abstract The rotational freedom of tryptophan residues in protein-ligand complexes was studied by measuring steady-state fluorescence anisotropies under conditions of oxygen quenching. There was a decrease in the oxygen bimolecular quenching constant upon complexation of trypsin and α-chymotrypsin with proteinaceous trypsin inhibitors, of lysozyme with N -acetylglucosamine (NAG) and di( N -acetyl-D-glucosamine) ((NAG) 2 ) and of hexokinase with glucose. Binding of the bisubstrate analogue N -phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA) to aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) and binding of biotin to avidin resulted in increased oxygen quenching constants. The tryptophan of human serum albumin (HSA) in the F state was more accessible to oxygen quenching than that in the N state. With the exception of ATCase, the presence of subnanosecond motions of the tryptophan residues in all the proteins is suggested by the short apparent correlation times for fluorescence depolarization and by the low apparent anisotropies obtained by extrapolation to a lifetime of zero. Complex formation evidently resulted in more rigid structures in the case of trypsin, α-chymotrypsin and lysozyme. The effects of glucose binding on hexokinase were not significant. Binding of biotin to avidin resulted in a shorter correlation time for the tryptophan residues. The N → F transition in HSA resulted in a more rigid environment for ihe tryptophan residue. Overall, these changes in the dynamics of the protein matrix and motional freedom of tryptophan residues due to complex formation and subsequent conformational changes are in the same direction as those observed by other techniques, especially hydrogen exchange. Significantly, the effects of complex formation on protein dynamics are variable. Among the limited number of cases we examined, the effects of complex formation were to increase, decrease or leave unchanged the apparent dynamics of the protein matrix.
A Novel Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna With Switchable Circular Polarization

This letter presents a novel reconfigurable microstrip antenna with switchable circular polarization using a piezoelectric transducer (PET). Two dielectric perturbers attached to the PETs are used to create perturbations for the desired circular polarizations. Right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) or left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) can be produced by pulling down one of the PETs and lifting up the other one. The full-wave simulation and measured results show good agreement. An axial ratio of less than 1 dB is observed
Time-Domain Analysis of Excited Subsonic Jet Noise

Building on previous work showing that far-field jet noise has significant intermittent aspects and the statistical analysis of those intermittent aspects, the present work applies the same analysis techniques to an excited jet. Using an experimental database covering several operating conditions [jet Mach number (Mj = 0.9), nozzle diameter (D = 2.54 cm), and jet stagnation temperature ratios (TTR = 1.0 - 2.5)] and a wide array of excitation parameters (azimuthal mode mF = 0, 1, & 3 and Strouhal number StDF = 0.09 - 3.0), these events are extracted from the farfield noise signals measured in an anechoic chamber. This database is analyzed to determine how the noise event characteristics are altered by excitation. The relationship between the noise events and the flow-field dynamics of the excited jet are discussed. Analysis of the excited jet reveals the existence of a resonance condition. When excited at the resonance condition, large noise amplification occurs - this is associated with nearly every large...
Development of coronary collateral circulation in left circumflex Ameroid-occluded swine myocardium.

Coronary collateral development was examined in 34 pigs after gradual occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) with an Ameroid constrictor. Collateral development was assessed by measurements of myocardial blood flow and regional myocardial function at rest and during exercise over a 16-wk period after placement of the constrictor. Coronary collateral development was adequate to prevent severe infarction and restore blood flow to the collateral-dependent LCX region within 3-7 wk. Infarction averaged 5.0 +/- 1.3% of the LCX region. Blood flows at rest were 1.05 +/- 0.14 and 1.13 +/- 0.15 ml.min-1.g-1 in the subendocardium of the collateral and control regions, respectively, 7 wk postoperatively. Concurrently, collateral vessel development supported normal myocardial function at rest as determined by systolic wall thickening in the LCX region. However, collateral development was limited, since blood flows during moderate and severe exercise were reduced in the LCX region compared with control and left anterior descending and right coronary regions. Blood flow ratios (collateral/control flow) during severe exercise 3 wk postoperatively were 0.23 +/- 0.03 and 0.57 +/- 0.05 in the subendocardium and subepicardium and were constant throughout the 16-wk period throughout the study. Myocardial function of the collateral region also was reduced during exercise and a 30-min recovery period. We suggest that this limited coronary collateral circulation, which develops in response to gradual coronary occlusion in swine, serves as a model for the human collateral circulation for the study of protocols to alter growth and development of coronary collateral vessels.
Susceptibility of Salix monticola to Cytospora canker under increased temperatures and decreased water levels

In the past two decades, a large-scale decline of tall riparian willow populations has occurred in parts of the Rocky Mountains, USA. Previous research has demonstrated that the biotic factors ungulate browsing and Valsa sordida (Cytospora chrysosperma), a fungal infection, are drivers of the decline. Increased air temperatures and decreased water levels as predicted by climate models may interact with biotic factors to produce further decline. To examine the effects of potential climate change on willows, we implemented a factorial field experiment in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. We measured the effects of high and low water levels, increased air temperature, and fungal infection on above and belowground willow biomass. There was no significant difference in aboveground biomass under any treatment. Warmed treatments resulted in significantly greater belowground biomass. Inoculated stems were highly susceptible to potentially lethal fungal cankers under all treatments. This suggests that willows presently are highly sensitive to Cytospora canker and future climate changes may have little additional effect on their susceptibility to fungal infection. Cytospora canker can lead to stem death and resource managers should work to reduce mechanisms of stem wounding, such as ungulate browsing, that may allow entrance for fungal infection and lead to further riparian willow dieback.
Construction of finite element vertebral models from X-rays

Finite element modeling has proven to be an effective but expensive method to monitor vertebral body strength. This study proposes a method for updating existing finite element models (FEMs) using periodic sets of X-rays for longitudinal monitoring in osteoporotic patients. The present study uses a CT scan of a single human lumbar vertebra, numerically generated 2-D X-rays, with an introduced density error in the original dataset. Reconstruction was done using an algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) applied to the projections. The ART and the subsequent FEM were able to predict vertebral body stiffness to within 4%, providing the error introduced does not exceed 30%. Annual bone loss in osteoporotic patients averages approximately 2-3%, well within the range of effectiveness for the ART used.
Functional subdivision of fin protractor and retractor muscles underlies pelvic fin walking in the African lungfish Protopterus annectens

African lungfish Protopterus annectens can produce rotational movements around the joint between the pelvis and the pelvic fin, allowing these animals to walk across benthic substrates. In tetrapods, limb rotation at the hip joint is a common feature of substrate-based locomotion. For sprawling tetrapods, rotation can involve nine or more muscles, which are often robust and span multiple joints. In contrast, P. annectens uses a modest morphology of two fan-shaped muscles, the pelvic fin protractor and retractor, to accomplish this movement. We hypothesized that functional subdivision, coupled with their broad insertions on the femur, allows each of these muscles to pull on the limb from multiple directions and provides a mechanism for fin rotation. To test this hypothesis, we examined the muscle activity at three locations in both the protractor and the retractor muscles during walking. Electromyograms show differences in the timing of muscle activation between dorsal and ventral regions of each muscle, suggesting that each muscle is functionally subdivided once. The subdivisions demonstrate sequential onsets of muscle activity and overlap of activity between regions, which are also features of limb control in tetrapods. These data indicate that subdivisions of protractor and retractor muscles impart functional complexity to a morphologically simple system, and suggest a mechanism that allows lungfish to produce a tetrapod-like walking gait with only two muscles. As one of few extant sarcopterygian fishes, P. annectens may provide important functional data to inform interpretation of limb movement of fossil relatives.
Toward a History of Christianity

You readers of Church History and of other series devoted to the historiography of Christianity will have smelled audacity in my title.1 I am not blind to the plenitude of reports concerning persons who, in their many places and times, took themselves, and thus may be taken, as Christians. Discrete information about past Christianity abounds. But few and far between are overall histories of this religion, even in its western manifestation. And the separate episodes can hardly be made to fit into a whole story until we fashion the pieces according to some consistent historical interpretation. For certain segments of the tale, certain broad interpretations now command remarkable consensus. For one example, the history of American religion (however problematic one may judge its connections with Christendom to be) has been synoptically surveyed by nearly a dozen of this Society's own members over the last dozen years.2 Similarly, the Reformation as an international religiousecclesiastical movement exhibiting coherence and diversity, continuity and change, has often been narrated by scholars of our Society's ranks as well as by our colleagues abroad. The early church might be advanced as a third (perhaps less telling) example. But to search for histories of Christianity at large, even in the West, is to encounter dearth. Among such books by living members of this Society I count three; one is frankly for children, another is a very brief study guide, and the third is called "short" in its title. Interestingly enough, two of these authors also wrote general histories of American religion and the other a history of the Reformation.3 To be sure, three of our past presidents resuscitated Williston Walker's A History of the Christian Church, and one has again updated this old standby.4 Yet the only recent single author of a general history of Christianity in English is Kenneth Scott Latourette, whose book in fact summarizes his sevenvolume history of missions. To look for such works in languages other than English reduces somewhat but hardly dispels the sense of paucity of works that try concretely to explain Christianity in its various cultural contexts. To attribute
Sequestered Plutonium: [PuIV{5LIO(Me‐3,2‐HOPO)}2]—The First Structurally Characterized Plutonium Hydroxypyridonate Complex

The first single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of a hydroxypyridonate plutonium(IV) complex is presented, that of the tetradentate ligand 5LIO(Me-3,2-HOPO) with Pu(IV). The [Pu(IV){5LIO(Me-3,2-HOPO)}(2)] complex crystallizes in the space group Pna2(1) with the asymmetric unit cell containing two unique eight-coordinate plutonium complexes and one perchlorate anion. According to shape measure analysis, the geometry of both Pu centers is closest to a bicapped trigonal prism (C(2v) symmetry, for Pu 1: S(C(2v))=13.48 degrees , S(D(4d))=15.43 degrees , S(D(4d))=16.10 degrees ). The average bond length for the Pu--O(phenolic) is 2.31(4) A, whereas the Pu--O(amide) distances are slightly longer, averaging 2.40(2) A. The preparative chemistry of this compound and the implications of the structure are discussed.