cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ventricular remodeling: insights from pharmacologic interventions with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

Structural remodeling of the left ventricular (LV) myocardium develops in a time-dependent fashion following acute myocardial infarction and may be an integral component in the transition toward overt heart failure. Globally, the remodeling process is characterized by progressive LV enlargement and increased chamber sphericity. At the cellular level, the remodeling process is associated with myocyte slippage, hypertrophy, and accumulation of collagen in the interstitial compartment. In the present study, we examined the effects of early, long-term monotherapy with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, enalapril, on the progression of LV remodeling in dogs with LV dysfunction (ejection fractions 30–40%) produced by multiple sequential intracoronary microembolizations. Dogs were randomized to 3 months oral therapy with enalapril (n=7) or to no treatment (n=7). In untreated dogs, LV end-systolic volume index (ESVI), end-diastolic volume index (EDVI) and chamber sphericity increased significantly during the 3 months follow-up period. In contrast, in dogs treated with enalapril ESVI, EDVI and chamber sphericity remained essentially unchanged. Treatment with enalapril attenuated myocyte hypertrophy and the accumulation of interstitial collagen in comparison to untreated dogs. These data indicate that early treatment with ACE inhibitors can prevent the progression of LV remodeling in dogs with LV dysfunction. Afterload reduction, inhibition of direct action of angiotensin-II and possibly the decrease in bradykinin degradation elicited by ACE inhibition may act in concert in preventing the progression LV chamber remodeling.
Magnetic and optical properties of thin films in the system 1-xFe 3 O 4 &#183;xFe 8/3 O 4

The magnetic and optical properties of thin films prepared by chemical vapor deposition in the system (1-x)Fe 3 O 4 .xFe 8/3 O 4 are a strong function of x. In particular, the coercive field increases significantly with x. Considering the solid solution of magnetite and λ-Fe 2 O 3 as a defect vacancy form of magnetite, Fe3+[Fe3+ 1+2δ Fe2+ 1-3δ box$^b$ δ ]O 4 where δ = x/3, it is suggested that the increase in H c with x is due to a Fe2+- box$^b$ interaction producing a preferred alignment of the vacancy on an octahedral site, which in turn would produce an additional uniaxial anisotropy superimposed on the cubic anisotropy. This interpretation is supported by the observed variation of H c with time for compositions within the system. The optical absorption coefficient at 0.63 μm and the optical Faraday effect also are functions of the value of x. The decrease in α with x is associated with the decrease in Fe2+content, while the decrease in θ is associated with the near equality of the opposing contribution to the rotation of the Fe3+ions on the octahedral and tetrahedral sites, respectively. Thin films of compositions in the above system have been deposited on glass disks suitable for disk-file applications. Typical recording outputs are shown.
Thiol−Ene Reaction for the Synthesis of Multifunctional Branched Organosilanes

Various commercially available thiols react photochemically with tetravinylsilane to give the corresponding tetrasubstituted thioether compounds. The reactions are conducted in air using typical borosilicate glassware. Yields range from 64 to 100%, and purification steps, if necessary, involve simple precipitation or extraction steps. Thiol addition occurs predominantly to give the anti-Markovnikov product; amounts of Markovnikov addition range from 1 to 5%.
Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Thyroid in a Population Irradiated for Hodgkin Disease, 1910–1960

Post-irradiation carcinoma of the thyroid is usually histologically well-differentiated. In general, those subjects who developed carcinoma had been exposed to low-to-moderate doses of irradiation for benign conditions. We reviewed the charts of 520 patients with Hodgkin's disease seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, and found 2 cases of anaplastic carcinoma amongst other thyroidal abnormalities. The existing reports of post-irradiation carcinoma are reviewed and suggestions are made for the management of heavily irradiated, potentially cured patients with Hodgkin's disease.
'New trends of thought’ on the cultural revolution

Most rebels of the Cultural Revolution were rebels, but not revolutionaries. Although they might have long been discontented with the establishment, few ever seriously thought about structural ways to overcome the social maladies that existed in pre‐CR China. They never questioned whether an old power structure with new power holders would be able to make any fundamental changes; and they had no idea about what they would do with their power. Instead, they were interested simply in power as such. The events of 1967 and 1968 clearly demonstrate that the primary concern of most rebel organizations was merely to maximize their own share of power. There were, however, a handful of clairvoyants who were trying not only to reshuffle the bureaucracy but also to create a new society, a society that was modeled after the Paris Commune of 1871. What they represented then was called ‘new trends of thought’ (xinshichao). By tracing the rise and evolution of xinshichao over the 10 years between 1966 and 1976, this ess...
Moral stance in the workplace narratives of novices

Recent work on workplace narratives as a site for the discursive construction of professional identities has focused on speakers who can be considered experienced and knowledgeable experts in their fields (e.g. university professors, business managers). The present study, in contrast, explores two types of workplace narratives — reflective and relational narratives — produced by a group of professionals who are non-experts: in this case, novice language teachers. Specifically, the article illustrates how the moral stance that a novice constructs within a narrative may be formulated in uncertain terms, may be destabilized by the primary narrator, or may be subject to revision by other participants. Finally, the study highlights the relationship between the narrative dimensions of moral stance and tellership, and suggests that participant structure, participants' role relationships, and institutional power asymmetry are especially relevant factors to consider in any further analyses of novices' workplace na...
Intracardiac Surgery in Infants Under Age 3 Months: Incremental Risk Factors for Hospital Mortality

Abstract During the 13 year period from January 1967 to July 1980, the hospital mortality rate for open intracardiac operations in infants in the first 3 months of life was 43 percent (75 deaths among 194 patients), higher than the 22 percent mortality rate (35 deaths in 161 patients) for closed operations in the same age group. The mortality rate was lower late in the experience (p = 0.0001). Poor preoperative condition of the patient increased the mortality rate 87 percent in patients preoperatively acidotic or in shock [preoperative class V]and 22 percent in patients with moderate or severe symptoms but without recent hemodynamic deterioration (preoperative class II or III). The presence of major associated cardiac lesions increased hospital mortality (p
Adversarial Problem Solving: Modeling an Opponent Using Explanatory Coherence

In adversarial problem solving (APS), one must anticipate, understand and counteract the actions of an opponent. Military strategy, business, and game playing all require an agent to construct a model of an opponent that includes the opponent's model of the agent. The cognitive mechanisms required for such modeling include deduction, analogy, inductive generalization, and the formation and evaluation of explanatory hypotheses. Explanatory coherence theory captures part of what is involved in APS, particularly in cases involving deception.
ANANDAMIDE SYNTHESIS IS INDUCED BY ARACHIDONATE MOBILIZING AGONISTS IN CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

The hypothesis that the capability of agents to mobilize arachidonic acid (AA) could predict increased anandamide (ANA) synthesis in a macrophage cell line has been examined. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), platelet-activating factor (PAF) and cannabinoids such as Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and anandamide were all found to be agonists for the release of AA and led to increased ANA synthesis in RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells. Nitric oxide, in contrast, stimulated AA release without raising ANA levels. ANA stimulation of its own synthesis indicates the existence of a positive feedback mechanism. The possible involvement of the CB2 receptor in THC-mediated AA release and ANA synthesis is addressed using the antagonist SR144528. ANA synthesis is also increased by the combination of calcium ionophore and indomethacin, suggesting that ANA is metabolized by a cyclooxygenase in this system. The data imply that ANA could play a role in the response of the immune system to cannabinoids and bacterial endotoxins and that AA mobilization is a predictor for increased ANA synthesis.
Concerning the precision of standard density functional programs : Gaussian, molpro, nwchem, Q-chem, and gamess

Abstract The density functionals BLYP and B3LYP in five major quantum chemistry packages have been applied to 83 molecules found in the G2/97 test set. The goal of this research is to provide guidelines for researchers concerning the precision to be expected for the various integration grid quadratures implemented within those codes. This work also tests the compatibility of the different methods. These program packages are: Gaussian , M olpro , NWC hem , Q-C hem , and G amess .
Long-term complications of living donor liver transplantation

Key Points 1. Donor outcome after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is related to type of liver resection. Left lateral segmentectomy is used in pediatric cases and right lobectomy is used in adult cases. 2. Biliary complications occur in 5% to 10% of both pediatric and adult cases. 3. Three donors, 2 in pediatric LDLT and 1 in adult LDLT, have died. Estimated mortality is 0.13% for pediatric donation and 0.2% for adult donation. 4. Postoperative cholestasis occurs commonly in donors, but clinically relevant jaundice occurs in less than 5%. 5. Other donor morbidity may be related to incisional hernias, postoperative gastric dysfunction, and pain. 6. Donors report overall satisfaction with LDLT, and 88% believed that the role of LDLT should be increased. 7. All donors returned to predonation activities; 25% by 1 month, 75% by 3 months, 88% by 6 months, and 100% by 1 year.
Climate forcing by the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo

[1] We determine the volcano climate sensitivity λ and response time τ for the Mount Pinatubo eruption, using observational measurements of the temperature anomalies of the lower troposphere, measurements of the long wave outgoing radiation, and the aerosol optical density. Using standard linear response theory we find λ = 0.15 ± 0.06 K/(W/m2), which implies a negative feedback of −1.4 (+0.7, −1.6). The intrinsic response time is τ = 6.8 ± 1.5 months. Both results are contrary to a paradigm that involves long response times and positive feedback.
Analysis of gentamicin sulfate by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with thermospray mass spectrometry

Abstract The quantitative analysis of gentamicin sulfate by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with mass spectrometry was performed on-line utilizing thermospray mass spectrometry (TSP-MS). Chromatographic reversed-phased separation utilizing trifluoroacetic acid as an ion pair reagent resulted in the observation by TSP-MS of the major components (C1a, C2 and C1) of gentamicin sulfate as well as an additional minor component. This minor component had the identical [M + H]+ ion and fragmentation pattern of the major Method development and optimization of the mobile phase for HPLC-TSP-MS werer accomplished with a variable simplex algorithm. HPLC with electrochemical detection was utilized in conjunction with the simplex algorithm to establish a mobile phase suitable for the HPLC-TSP-MS analysis of gentamicin sulfate. Bulk preparations of gentamicin sulfate were assayed by HPLC-TSP-MS for the major components by comparison with an external standard, and by a comparison of peak areas obtained for the individual components vs. the totaled peak areas.
Fundamental solutions of biot's equations of dynamic poroelasticity

Abstract Fundamental solutions pertaining to Biot's equation of three-dimensional dynamic poroelasticity are derived in the Laplace transform domain. These solutions define the displacement field in fluid-saturated media due to point forces in the solid and fluid phases. In addition, for the two extreme cases of a medium with low and high permeabilities, time domain approximations of the fundamental solutions are derived by inverting Laplace transform expressions. Finally, numerical results are presented to highlight the salient features of the problem as well as investigate the accuracy of the time domain solutions. These analytical expressions are also used to define the equivalent one-phase material properties for the more usual undrained dynamic analyses.
Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells Contribute to Staphylococcus Aureus Orthopedic Biofilm Infection

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature monocytes and granulocytes that are potent inhibitors of T cell activation. A role for MDSCs in bacterial infections has only recently emerged, and nothing is known about MDSC function in the context of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Because S. aureus biofilms are capable of subverting immune-mediated clearance, we examined whether MDSCs could play a role in this process. CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) MDSCs represented the main cellular infiltrate during S. aureus orthopedic biofilm infection, accounting for >75% of the CD45+ population. Biofilm-associated MDSCs inhibited T cell proliferation and cytokine production, which correlated with a paucity of T cell infiltrates at the infection site. Analysis of FACS-purified MDSCs recovered from S. aureus biofilms revealed increased arginase-1, inducible NO synthase, and IL-10 expression, key mediators of MDSC suppressive activity. Targeted depletion of MDSCs and neutrophils using the mAb 1A8 (anti-Ly6G) improved bacterial clearance by enhancing the intrinsic proinflammatory attributes of infiltrating monocytes and macrophages. Furthermore, the ability of monocytes/macrophages to promote biofilm clearance in the absence of MDSC action was revealed with RB6-C85 (anti-Gr-1 or anti-Ly6G/Ly6C) administration, which resulted in significantly increased S. aureus burdens both locally and in the periphery, because effector Ly 6C monocytes and, by extension, mature macrophages were also depleted. Collectively, these results demonstrate that MDSCs are key contributors to the chronicity of S. aureus biofilm infection, as their immunosuppressive function prevents monocyte/macrophage proinflammatory activity, which facilitates biofilm persistence.
Dendritic spines: cellular specializations imparting both stability and flexibility to synaptic function.

Dendritic spines, the tiny protrusions that stud the surface of many neurons, are the location of over 90% of all excitatory synapses that occur in the CNS. Their small size has, in large part, made them refractory to conventional experimental approaches. Yet their widespread occurrence and likely involvement in learning and memory has motivated extensive efforts to obtain quantitative descriptions of spines in both steady state and dynamic onditions. Since the seminal mathematical analyses of D’Arcy Thompson (1992), the power of quantitatively establishing key parameters of structure has become recognized as a foundation of successful biological inquiry. For dendritic spines, highly precise determinations of structure and its variation are again proving to be essential for establishing a valid concept of function. The recent conjunction of high quality information about the structure, function, and theoretical implications of dendritic spines has, in fact, produced a flurry of
Thermal Constraints to the Sporogonic Development and Altitudinal Distribution of Avian Malaria Plasmodium relictum in Hawai'i

Abstract More than half of the Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae) known from historical records are now extinct. Introduced mosquito-borne disease, in particular the avian malaria Plasmodium relictum, has been incriminated as a leading cause of extinction during the 20th century and a major limiting factor in the recovery of remaining species populations. Today, most native Hawaiian bird species reach their highest densities and diversity in high elevation (>1,800 m above sea level) forests. We determined the thermal requirements for sporogonic development of P. relictum in the natural vector, Culex quinquefasciatus, and assessed the current distribution of native bird species in light of this information. Sporogonic development was completed at constant laboratory and mean field temperatures between 30 and 17 C, but development, prevalence, and intensity decreased significantly below 21 C. Using a degree-day (DD) model, we estimated a minimum threshold temperature of 12.97 C and a thermal requirement ...
Ultrasonic detection of myocardial infarction by amplitude analysis.

The detection of myocardial infarction by ultrasound represents one of the outstanding research goals in echocardiography. Methods which allow detection and especially mapping of infarcts are desperately needed in the clinical evaluation of myocardial infarction. This preliminary study is presented to demonstrate the efficacy of signal amplitude processing for the recognition of abnormally perfused and infarcted myocardium in animals and to offer preliminary characterization of abnormal areas in a quantitative manner obtained through computer processing of ultrasound images.
Commentary on an article by Kyucheol Noh, MD, et al.: "Targeting inflammatory kinase as an adjuvant treatment for osteosarcomas".

A subset of osteogenic sarcomas overexpresses RAS, a major initiator of the MEK and ERK1/2 pathways, which are essential for many cellular functions1. This makes inhibition of the ERK pathway a logical candidate therapeutic strategy for osteogenic sarcoma. Furthermore, a new agent that targets this pathway, PD98059, is already in clinical use to treat melanoma. Thus, it is tantalizing to think that there is an agent that could break the therapeutic logjam that has kept the cure rate of osteogenic sarcoma at about 70% for thirty years. In the preliminary study reported herein, Noh et al. examined the therapeutic effect of PD98059 on osteogenic sarcoma in vitro with use of two cell lines and in vivo with a single cell line in a nude mouse xenograft model. They found that PD98059 increased the expression of proapoptotic proteins and was associated with increased cell death. As a stand-alone agent, PD98059 prolonged survival by 10% and, intriguingly, had an additive benefit when used in concert with doxorubicin, prolonging survival by 22%. The additive effects were noteworthy because of the compatibility of the two agents, lack of obvious overlapping toxicity, and consistency with the current practice of combining multiagent targeted agents with nonspecific therapy2. Furthermore, the …
AAC Language Assessment: Considerations for Adults With Aphasia

Abstract The process of recommending AAC systems and strategies for adults with aphasia requires clinicians to analyze both the language skills of the client and the specific language demands posed by different AAC systems. This paper describes some of the challenges people with aphasia face when attempting to use AAC approaches and presents a brief overview of language assessment techniques for people with aphasia. We review the AAC-Aphasia Classification System (Garrett & Lasker, 2005)—a tool for describing communication behaviors of people with aphasia. We present a brief analysis of the language features inherent in some AAC systems in terms of language storage and retrieval. We also discuss the importance of matching clients' current and potential language skills with an appropriate AAC tool.
Spatial Demand Decisions in the Pacific Northwest: Mode Choices and Market Areas

Individual transportation demand decisions form the basis of aggregated demand models that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ACE) uses to evaluate infrastructure improvements. The treatment by ACE planning models has been criticized on the grounds that the demand expressions are inappropriate. Specifically, the demand models used are perfectly inelastic (to a threshold point) and ignore the spatial market setting in which transportation decisions are made. This paper reports the results of a survey of shippers located on and off the Columbia-Snake waterway in the Pacific Northwest to estimate shipper-level demand decisions. The model addresses the concerns about the current ACE planning models by estimating elasticities rather than assuming them and by allowing the probability of using the river to be explained in terms of the spatial setting of the demander. The survey provides choices made in both revealed and stated preference settings. The choice attributes are rate, transit times, and reliability. Th...
“Idiots, infants, and the insane”: mental illness and legal incompetence

Prior to the second world war, most persons confined in insane asylums were regarded as legally incompetent and had guardians appointed for them. Today, most persons confined in mental hospitals (or treated involuntarily, committed to outpatient treatment) are, in law, competent; nevertheless, in fact, they are treated as if they were incompetent. Should the goal of mental health policy be providing better psychiatric services to more and more people, or the reduction and ultimate elimination of the number of persons in the population treated as mentally ill?
Simple, Accurate Parsing with an All-Fragments Grammar

We present a simple but accurate parser which exploits both large tree fragments and symbol refinement. We parse with all fragments of the training set, in contrast to much recent work on tree selection in data-oriented parsing and tree-substitution grammar learning. We require only simple, deterministic grammar symbol refinement, in contrast to recent work on latent symbol refinement. Moreover, our parser requires no explicit lexicon machinery, instead parsing input sentences as character streams. Despite its simplicity, our parser achieves accuracies of over 88% F1 on the standard English WSJ task, which is competitive with substantially more complicated state-of-the-art lexicalized and latent-variable parsers. Additional specific contributions center on making implicit all-fragments parsing efficient, including a coarse-to-fine inference scheme and a new graph encoding.
The dynamics of competitive equilibrium allocations with borrowing constraints

Abstract This paper studies the dynamics of equilibria for a one sector production economy with heterogeneous consumers who face borrowing constraints. It is proved that equilibrium capital stock converge to the unique steady state stock provided capital income increases in the capital stock.
Reproductive Biology of Four Species of Freshwater Mussels (Molluscs: Unionidae) in the New River, Virginia and West Virginia

ABSTRACT The gametogenic cycle, spawning and glochidial release periods, and age at sexual maturity were determined for four unionid species from the New River in Virginia and West Virginia: mucket, Actinonaias lieamentina; spike, Elliptio dilatata; purple wartyback Cyclonaias tuberculata; and pistolgrip, Tritogonia verrucosa. The mucket is a long-term brooder, spawning in mid-summer, brooding glochidia throughout fall and winter, and releasing them in spring. The spike, purple wartyback, and pistolgrip are short-term brooders. Spawning began in mid-March and continued into May for T. verrucosa, into June for C. tuberculata, and into July for E. dilatata. Glochidia were released upon maturation, beginning in mid-April and continuing through June for T. verrucosa, into August for E. dilatata, and extending from March through June for C. tuberculata. All four species are sexually mature at 4 to 6 years of age.
Cardiotoxicity in signal transduction therapeutics: erbB2 antibodies and the heart.

Abstract Cardiotoxicity is a common and potentially devastating side effect of antineoplastic drug therapy. This empiric observation is seen as paradoxical given that the cardiomyocyte is considered to be a terminally differentiated cell. Despite the fact that these cells do not divide after birth, adult cardiomyocytes may become “innocent bystander” targets of anticancer drugs designed to interfere with cell signaling pathways in rapidly proliferating cells. In breast cancer clinical trials, treatment with the erbB2 receptor antibody trastuzumab combined with anthracyclines has been associated with an increased risk for the development of cardiac pump failure. Trastuzumab/anthracycline cardiomyopathy may be the first clinically significant cardiotoxicity to emerge from signal transduction therapeutics. The erbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase is known to have a critical role in cardiac development. In addition, erbB2 is thought to participate in an important pathway for growth, repair, and survival of adult cardiomyocytes as part of a signaling network that involves neuregulins and the neuregulin receptor erbB4. However, erbB2 levels in the adult heart are low when compared with the levels found in erbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells that are the intended targets of trastuzumab therapy. Thus, trastuzumab-associated cardiotoxicity must be explained by some alternative mechanism. After confirming that trastuzumab is capable of inducing tyrosine phosphorylation of the human cardiomyocyte erbB2 protein, a novel system for culturing human myocardium was developed in our laboratory. We used this system to study the effects of trastuzumab on human cardiomyocytes in vitro and observed trastuzumab-induced structural and functional changes in human cardiomyocytes that were at least partially reversible with the addition of recombinant neuregulins. The results obtained in these experiments support a direct action of trastuzumab on human cardiomyocytes. In addition, these data provide insight regarding potential molecular mechanisms. Most importantly, these data draw attention to the inherent risk of cardiotoxicity associated with a newly emerging class of antineoplastic drugs that interfere with signal transduction pathways.
Effects of Biogenic Amines on Growth and The Incidence of Proventricular Lesions in Broiler Chickens

Abstract Biogenic amines have been implicated in a malabsorption syndrome characterized by decreases in feed efficiency and enlargement of the proventriculus. Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of two common biogenic amines, histamine (HIS) and cadaverine (CAD), on broiler growth and the incidence of pathologies associated with proventriculitis. In the first experiment, broiler chicks were fed diets containing 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% HIS, and in the second experiment chicks were fed diets containing 0, 0.1, and 0.2% HIS, 0.1% CAD, or a combination of 0.1% HIS and 0.1% CAD. Histamine at 0.1 and 0.2% or the combination of HIS and CAD (0.1% each) reduced body weight and feed conversion at 21 d of age. Histamine (0.2%) or the combination of 0.1% HIS and 0.1% CAD increased the circumference of the gastric isthmus 14 and 16%, respectively, and the relative weight of the proventriculus by 21 and 36%, respectively. Histamine and CAD increased the total number, incidence, and severity of gizzard erosion and proventricular ulcers (plaques), and decreased the prominence of gastric papillae by 9 to 108%, depending on the lesion and level of biogenic amine. Dietary HIS (0.2%) increased putrescine by 91% and spermidine by 41% in proventriculus, and dietary CAD increased tissue CAD to detectable levels. Analysis of 49 commercially available, animal by-product feedstuffs suggests that if biogenic amines were the singular cause of proventriculitis, the current industry levels of dietary animal protein (5 to 10%) would not compromise growth performance.
Interactive participatory dramas for language learning

Interactive participatory dramas are software applications that engage the users by involving them as a character in a story. Although these dramas have been part of computer-assisted language learning(CALL) for more than a decade, they have not become a widespread genre. However, recent advances in video, graphics, and speech recognition, as well as the spread of interactive participatory dramas in other areas of education and training, make the proliferation of such applications in CALL considerably more likely. As there is presently little in the way of research or agreed-on standards of practice to inform the process of creating participatory dramas, this article offers some preliminary guidelines for software developers and evaluators engaged in their design. Among other points, it argues for the use of engaging characters and plots, the use of speech recognition for verbal interaction, the presentation of choice points with consequences for the learners, and the abandonment of the common use of full text prompts that are simply read out loud. It concludes by observing that most of these language learning considerations are equally relevant for simulations and role plays.
Nothing but NET: A review of norepinephrine transporter expression and efficacy of 131I-mIBG therapy

Neuroblastoma is unique amongst common pediatric cancers for its expression of the norepinephrine transporter (NET), enabling tumor-selective imaging and therapy with radioactive analogues of norepinephrine. The majority of neuroblastoma tumors are avid for (123)I-metaiodobenzaguanidine (mIBG) on imaging, yet the therapeutic response to (131) I-mIBG is only 30% in clinical trials, and off-target effects cause short- and long-term morbidity. We review the contemporary understanding of the tumor-selective uptake, retention, and efflux of meta-iodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) and strategies currently in development for improving its efficacy. Combination treatment strategies aimed at enhancing NET are likely necessary to reach the full potential of (131)I-mIBG therapy.
Total systemic arterial compliance: evaluation of time and frequency domain methods

Systemic arterial compliance is an important determinant of the dynamic arterial load to the left ventricle. Based on linear arterial system models, the authors evaluated commonly used time and frequency domain methods for the calculation of compliance. Results show that accuracy in the assessment of arterial compliance is dependent on the differing approaches for its determination.
MoS2 deposited by ion beam assisted deposition: 2H or random layer structure?

The structure of MoS 2 films grown by ion beam assisted deposition is investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Films consist of stacks of S–Mo–S planes with a [001] texture; however, three-dimensional crystal symmetry is disrupted by a high density of planar defects. Selected area electron diffraction patterns show ( hk 0) and (00 l ) reflections, features similar to a random layer structure, as well as diffuse (103) reflections. It is suggested that these films do not have a true random layer structure, but rather a two-dimensional structure formed by nonrandom in-plane translations.
Elimination of cross sensitivity in a three-dimensional magnetic sensor

In three-dimensional (3-D) integrated magnetic sensor design, cross-axis sensitivities among the various components of the magnetic field have been a problem. In this brief it is demonstrated that complete elimination of the cross-sensitivity is possible if a 3-D magnetic sensor is implemented in BiCMOS technology. A compact device structure is designed to detect the three components of the magnetic field vector by placing a split-collector magnetotransistor and a split-drain MOSFET adjacent to each other. Measured sensitivities of the sensor are presented. >
InTune: a musician's intonation visualization system

A beloved music teacher taught us to embrace the "face the music" approach, in which we learn to hear ourselves as others hear us by listening to recordings. We apply the "face the music" approach to the practice of intonation --- the precise tuning of frequencies corresponding to different musical pitches. While good intonation, "playing in tune," is often neglected in the earliest years of musical practice, it is as essential a part of technique as the playing of fast notes or the control of emphasis. Intonation is also central to what some see as the illusion of tonal beauty --- that is, for a sound to be beautiful it must commit itself clearly to the "correct" pitch. We introduce a system that allows musicians to visualize pitch in ways that leverage the centuries-long tradition of music notation, and are intuitive to the non-scientist.
A Student Teacher's Personal Pathway to Education for Sustainability

Increasing attention is being given to the inclusion of Education for Sustainability in pre-service teacher education. However, there is little research to explain why and how early-career teachers include Education for Sustainability in their work, or how teacher education providers can encourage and support them to do this. Through analysis of two interviews this paper examines the way in which a pre-service primary school teacher interprets her role in Education for Sustainability. Her personal reflections on the manner in which her life experiences, including her own schooling, have influenced her intentions as teacher are explored. Her university teacher education program in Education for Sustainability and her teaching internship experience also appear to have influenced her teaching goals. The profile presented in this paper outlines her intentions and sense of identity as teacher and how that has developed and is expressed. Conclusions centre on the relevance of her reflections for education for sustainability in pre-service teacher education. In particular, her example demonstrates how the development of pedagogical content knowledge relevant to Education for Sustainability during the pre-service years can play an integral part in an individual's decision-making when teaching.
Effects of Increased Image Noise on Image Quality and Quantitative Interpretation in Brain CT Perfusion

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is a desire within many institutions to reduce the radiation dose in CTP examinations. The purpose of this study was to simulate dose reduction through the addition of noise in brain CT perfusion examinations and to determine the subsequent effects on quality and quantitative interpretation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 22 consecutive reference CTP scans were identified from an institutional review board–approved prospective clinical trial, all performed at 80 keV and 190 mAs. Lower-dose scans at 188, 177, 167, 127, and 44 mAs were generated through the addition of spatially correlated noise to the reference scans. A standard software package was used to generate CBF, CBV, and MTT maps. Six blinded radiologists determined quality scores of simulated scans on a Likert scale. Quantitative differences were calculated. RESULTS: For qualitative analysis, the correlation coefficients for CBF (−0.34; P CONCLUSIONS: From a reference CTP study performed at 80 keV and 190 mAs, this simulation study demonstrates the potential of a 33% reduction in tube current and dose while maintaining image quality and quantitative interpretations. This work can be used to inform future studies by using true, nonsimulated scans.
Broadband Wireless Access

Broadband wireless access (BWA) is an access technology that is particularly suited to new operators without an existing infrastructure to serve the end users. It is in direct competition with incumbent telecom operators' digital subscriber lines (DSL) and cable operators' cable modem technology. BWA systems make use of millimeter-wave radio frequencies above 20 GHz as well as of microwave frequencies between 2 and 11 GHz. BWA systems at millimeter-wave frequencies are often referred to as Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) systems. While LMDS systems are designed for line-of-sight (LOS) propagation and use small cell sizes, BWA access systems at lower microwave frequencies are designed for non-LOS propagation and typically use much larger cell sizes. In this article, we present the basic characteristics of both types of BWA networks, describe the technologies used and the current standardization work in this field by the IEEE 802.16 Group in the US and the ETSI in Europe. Keywords: broadband wireless access; fixed wireless access; MMDS; LMDS
Sensory results after lateral rectus muscle recession for intermittent exotropia operated before two years of age

Introduction Early surgical treatment of early-onset intermittent exotropia is controversial. The condition does not always progress, and postoperative esotropia can produce adverse consequences, such as suppression, amblyopia, and loss of binocular vision, particularly stereopsis. It is not known whether surgery before age two years affects the sensory outcome. Methods Using a noncomparative (nonrandomized, uncontrolled) interventional case series, we reviewed the medical records during a 14-year period of 24 patients with intermittent exotropia with onset before age 1 year who also received bilateral lateral rectus muscle recessions before two years of age. Twelve patients were identified who received follow-up examinations at ages ≥4 years, when testing with Worth 4-Dot and Titmus stereo circles would likely be reliable. Results Mean age of the patients at last follow-up examination was 87 months. Stereoacuity was measured at 40 arcsec in 2 patients, 100 arcsec in 3 patients, 140-400 arcsec in 2 patients, and none in 5 patients. Among the 5 patients without demonstrated stereopsis, 1 had a history and clinical course consistent with congenital exotropia, and 1 had a nonstrabismic explanation for poor stereopsis. Overall, 7 patients (58%) ultimately obtained favorable motor alignment, defined as a phoria or intermittent tropia Δ at distance and near. No patient required treatment for amblyopia. Conclusions Early-onset intermittent exotropia usually responds well to surgical treatment, and high-grade stereopsis can be achieved in some cases. More than one clinical entity presenting as intermittent exotropia in infancy probably exists.
Impact of Northwest Atlantic SST Anomalies on the Circulation over the Ural Mountains during Early Winter

Both the observed background circulation and the northwest Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) associated with the circulation anomaly over the Ural Mountains during early winter (October-December) are investigated, and it is shown that a positive height anomaly over the Urals is remotely linked to a positive SSTA by an upper wave-train-like anomaly chain across the North Atlantic and coastal Europe. To investigate whether and how the SSTA affects the circulation over the Urals, large-ensemble atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) experiments are conducted, and the results show that the SSTA forces a similar wave-train-like anomaly chain, resulting in a positive geopotential height anomaly over the Urals. The mechanism that maintains the response is diagnosed by investigating the roles of anomalous diabatic heating, and transient vorticity forcing, via a linear baroclinic model (LBM). The results suggest that the two upstream anomalies in the chain are largely maintained by anomalous transient vorticity forcing, although it is modulated by anomalous diabatic heating. In contrast, the Ural response is largely maintained by anomalous diabatic heating. To mimic the initial mechanism of the response, an idealized heating representing the initial SSTA-induced heating is prescribed. The LBM response to the idealized heating is obtained, and then transient feedback to the heating-induced anomalous flow is simulated, via a linear storm track model (STM). The LBM responses to the anomalous transient vorticity forcing resulting from the idealized heating resembles the GCM simulation upstream, but is not significant over the Urals. This suggests further that the Ural response is triggered, and maintained, by anomalous diabatic heating.
Use of constant composition polyvinylpyrrolidone columns to study the interaction of fat particles with plasma

Fat particles (lipoproteins of Sf > 400) have been obtained from dog and human lymph and from human post-alimentary plasma. They were flocculated by a solution of 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in 10% NaCl and layered at the bottom of tubes of PVP of various concentrations between 2% and 5% (w/v). As the concentration of PVP increased, a greater proportion of the particles accumulated at the top of the tube ("primary" particles). When the concentration of PVP in the tube was held constant at 3% PVP, dilution of the sample with plasma was found to produce an increased propor- tion of bottom particles ("secondary" particles). This observa- tion suggests that bottom particles result from an interaction of top particles with plasma.
Symposium on Robert Burns's A Theory of the Trial

This Symposium addresses issues raised by Robert Burns's A Theory of the Trial and includes short essays by scholars in a range of disciplines such as rhetoric, social theory, social psychology, law, legal history, and comparative law. The book provides an example of "the interpretive turn" in the social sciences. Several of the contributions explore and challenge the ways in which the book presents an idealized picture of the American trial that still claims to be an accurate interpretation of the what the trial is. Several question the significance of the highly contextual form of decision-making explored in the book to the rule of law. Another questions the extent to which the work is an interpretation specifically of the American trial as opposed to trials in other common law countries. Burns provides a response to the essays.
The Indochinese Peninsula: A Demographic Anomaly

It is a commonplace that the great majority of the world's inhabitants are concentrated within a few demographic areas covering only a small portion of the surface of the earth. Of these, perhaps only three are of a first order of magnitude, while easily the greatest of these, the agglomeration in Monsoon Asia, may contain as much as 50 per cent and certainly more than 40 per cent of the world's population. Within this crescent of favored littorals and archipelagoes, certain areas – Japan, China, Java, India, and Tonkin in particular – demonstrate the most delicate and potentially disastrous balance between the physical endowment of an area and the ability of men to win a livelihood and to increase their numbers.
Developmental origins of diabetes: the role of epigenetic mechanisms.

Purpose of review Intrauterine growth retardation has been linked to later development of type 2 diabetes. An abnormal intrauterine milieu affects the development of the fetus by permanently modifying gene expression of susceptible cells. Altered gene expression persists after birth suggesting that an epigenetic mechanism may be responsible for changes in transcription. The purpose of this article is to review basic epigenetic mechanisms and familiarize the reader with the latest research linking epigenetics, fetal programming, and the development of type 2 diabetes. Recent findings Intrauterine growth retardation causes hypomethylation and hyperacetylation of genomic DNA in brain and liver of rats. These findings are associated with zinc deficiency that often accompanies fetal growth retardation. Studies in the intrauterine growth retardation rat demonstrate that an abnormal intrauterine environment induces epigenetic modifications of key genes regulating beta-cell development and experiments directly link chromatin remodeling to suppression of transcription. Dietary protein restriction of pregnant rats induces hypomethylation of the glucocorticoid receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma genes in liver of the offspring. It is postulated that these epigenetic changes result in the observed increase in expression of these genes. Summary Future research will be directed at elucidating the mechanisms underlying epigenetic modifications in offspring.
PMU-based reduced-order modeling of power system dynamics via selective modal analysis

This paper investigates how to perform online system identification employing synchrophasor data. Two approaches to identifying a reduced-order model are presented: a purely data-driven approach, and an approach that integrates online data-driven dynamic system identification with first-principle offline selective modal analysis. With prior knowledge of the frequency range interesting to power system operators, it is shown that the second approach recovers the key modes of the original system and produces a much reduced-order model of grid-level dynamics. Even with the presence of uncertainty about the actual modes of interest, an automatic tuning scheme is devised to adaptively adjust the frequency range to improve system identification. Numerical examples with synthetic synchrophasor data demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed identification approach.
Prison States and Games of Chicken

Expanding frontiers of social science field research will continue to bring scholars trained in experimental methodologies into "hard authoritarian" environments. This essay suggests four questions designed to help field researchers weigh risks, organized around two generic classes of normative criticism: The "Prison State" problem and the "Games of Chicken" problem. For both problems, the strength of the normative criticism may rise proportionally to certainty of having establishing a well-identified causal relationship. I emphasize that while in theory there are incentives for reckless behavior, in practice open dialogue within our community has successfully curbed ambitions that could generate "black swan" events.
Modeling the effects of distortion, contrast, and signal-to-noise ratio on stereophotogrammetric range mapping

Stereophotogrammetry typically employs a pair of cameras, or a single moving camera, to acquire pairs of images from different camera positions, in order to create a three dimensional ‘range map’ of the area being observed. Applications of this technique for building three-dimensional shape models include aerial surveying, remote sensing, machine vision, and robotics. Factors that would be expected to affect the quality of the range maps include the projection function (distortion) of the lenses and the contrast (modulation) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the acquired image pairs. Basic models of the precision with which the range can be measured assume a pinhole-camera model of the geometry, i.e. that the lenses provide perspective projection with zero distortion. Very-wide-angle or ‘fisheye’ lenses, however (for e.g. those used by robotic vehicles) typically exhibit projection functions that differ significantly from this assumption. To predict the stereophotogrammetric range precision for such applications, we extend the model to the case of an equidistant lens projection function suitable for a very-wide-angle lens. To predict the effects of contrast and SNR on range precision, we perform numerical simulations using stereo image pairs acquired by a stereo camera pair on NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity. Contrast is degraded and noise is added to these data in a controlled fashion and the effects on the quality of the resulting range maps are assessed.
Observational databases: a clinical perspective

Observational databases by providing data on patient outcomes from diverse therapies and by severity of illness offer the potential for: ‘living textbooks’, quality care assessment, risk-stratification and subgrouping, clinical predictions, and health care policy modeling. Such databases are expanding exponentially primarily in response to the needs of cost-containment and quality assurance forcing increasingly sophisticated data collection and analytic techniques.