cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Projection matrix analysis of the demography of an invasive, nonnative shrub (Ardisia elliptica)

Despite recent advances in the study of invasive, nonnative species, we still understand very little about the variability of their population dynamics over space and time, and the processes that contribute to their demographic success. The goal of this study was to quantify the population dynamics of the invasive, subtropical shrub, Ardisia elliptica (Myrsinaceae), growing in a disturbed area of Everglades National Park, Florida, USA. We used bootstrap sampling and randomization tests to test hypotheses about spatial and tem- poral variation in population dynamics. Five populations spanning a range of habitats were studied for three years. Significant spatial and temporal variation in fruit production, relative growth, fates of vegetative individuals, and population growth rates were detected; however, spatial variation among populations had an overall stronger effect than temporal variation. Population growth rates were greater than 1 or not different from 1, implying that popu- lations are on average increasing in size. Similar to most other shrubs, prospective analysis showed that stasis of large stage classes had the highest elasticities. However, a retrospective analysis indicated that it was variation in growth to larger stage classes that contributed the most to observed variation in population growth rates. Simulations suggest that his- torically higher population growth rates of A. elliptica were necessary to produce current population sizes in Everglades National Park.
Consolidated slabs on the floor of the Eastern Pacific

Abstract Tabular masses, largely phillipsite coated with manganese oxide, are abundant on the floor of the eastern Pacific. They appear to be remnants of layers of volcanic ash derived in large part from volcanoes within the basin. Some of the ash may correlate with the Worzel ash off Central and South America.
A community-based organization's integration of HIV and substance abuse treatment services for ex-offenders.

Summary This paper explores the point of intersection of the substance abuse treatment and HIV services industries with the criminal justice system. Section I reviews the literature and “best practices” that have integrated substance abuse treatment and HIV care and prevention services for ex-offenders and which informed the development of a community-based organization's initiative, the VIP STRIVE Project. Section II presents a brief history of VIP in the context of its ability to adapt to its environment and to the changing needs of its target population, with specific reference to the development of HIV and substance abuse treatment services for members of the criminal justice population. The concluding section brings the two previous sections together by explaining how the VIP STRIVE Project can assist VIP in enhancing its capacity to integrate its substance abuse treatment and HIV services in order to improve services for this target population.
Review of Dark Energy: Hitchcock's Absolute Camera and the Physics of Cinematic Spacetime

Skerry’s Dark Energy draws from astrophysics’ most popular and intriguing concepts—from Eisenstein’s theories of relativity to questions surrounding the expanding universe—and trace them metaphorically through Hitchcock’s films.
NMR Studies of Crowded Diels–Alder Adducts of Phencyclone with N‐(2,6‐Dialkylphenyl)maleimides. Hindered Rotations and Magnetic Anisotropy

Abstract Phencyclone, 1, reacted with N‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)maleimide, 2a; with N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl)maleimide, 2b; and with N‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)maleimide, 2c, respectively, to yield the corresponding Diels–Alder adducts, 3a–c. The adducts were extensively characterized by NMR (7 T) at ambient temperatures using one‐ and two‐dimensional (1D and 2D) proton and carbon‐13 techniques for assignments. Slow exchange limit (SEL) spectra were observed, demonstrating slow rotations on the NMR timescales, for the unsubstituted bridgehead phenyl groups [C(sp3)–C(aryl sp2) bond rotations] and for the 2,6‐dialkylphenyl groups [N(sp2)–C(aryl sp2) bond rotations]. Substantial magnetic anisotropic shifts were seen in the adducts. For example, in the N‐(2,6‐dialkylphenyl) moieties of the adducts, one of the alkyl groups is directed “into” the adduct cavity, toward the phenanthrenoid portion, and these “inner” alkyl proton NMR signals were shifted upfield. Thus, in CDCl3, the “inner” methyl of adduct 3a exhibits a pro...
CHRONIC FEEDING STUDIES OF BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOLE IN DOGS.

Groups of three dogs each were maintained for one year on diets containing the following amounts of BHA as a 50% solution in propylene glycol: 0 (control group), 0.3, 3.0, 30, and 100 mg/kg. An additional group received a 30 mg BHA/kg as a 20% solution in propylene glycol containing about 6% propylgallate and 4% citric acid. Body weights increased slightly or were maintained in every dog except one. The dogs were in good condition during the year; there were no deaths. Urine analyses initially and at the end showed normal values for sugar and protein. Blood samples taken on nine occasions during the study gave normal hematologic values. Organ weights lay in the normal ranges. There was no storage of BHA in fat, brain, liver, and kidney; and there was no increase in urinary reducing substances. Thorough histologic examinations revealed no evidence of any tissue change that was attributed to the administration of BHA.
Crack-tip behaviors of stationary and growing cracks in Al-Fe-X alloys: Part I. Near-tip strain field

The crack-tip strain fields of monotonically loaded stationary and growing cracks in Al-Fe-X alloys have been examined using the stereoimaging technique. The experimental results confirm the dominance of the Hutchinson[10,11] and Rice and Rosengren[12] (HRR) field in a stationary crack and the logarithmic singularity in a nonstationary crack. Initiation of fracture is preceded by the formation of localized shear bands emitted from the crack tip. The dominance of the HRR or the logarithmic field ceases to exist within the fracture process zone, whose size is related to the crack-tip opening displacement and the limit effective strain prior to shear localization. In all cases, the value of the limit effective strain outside the shear bands approximately equals the fracture strain measured in a tensile specimen. These observations are used to establish the origin of stable crack growth and a local fracture criterion.
Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis: The Oft-forgotten Cousin of Venous Thromboembolic Disease.

Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) accounts for between 4% and 10% of all deep venous thromboses, and may be due to primary or secondary causes. The incidence of UEDVT is increasing, partly due to the exponential growth in the use of central venous catheters and the increasing placement of permanent cardiac pacemaker or defibrillator devices. UEDVT not only compromises future vascular access but results in significant morbidity and mortality, with symptomatic pulmonary embolus occurring in approximately 12%, post-thrombotic syndrome in 13%, and mortality ranging from 15–50%. Treatment of UEDVT depends on the underlying cause, primary or secondary. In this review, we will evaluate the management options and present a proposed treatment algorithm for primary UEDVT, involving catheter-directed thrombolysis, selective use of mechanical thrombectomy, anticoagulation and antithrombotic therapy, expeditious early first rib resection to decompress the thoracic outlet, and the role of adjunctive endovascular balloon angioplasty and stenting in improving axillo-subclavian vein patency. With regard to secondary UEDVT, we will present a treatment algorithm for managing central venous catheter (CVC) thrombosis; review the options for antithrombotic and anticoagulant therapy; and discuss the role of endovascular therapy. Finally, we will review the data supporting the growing role of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) or venoplasty and endovascular stenting as the modality of choice in managing SVC obstruction, whether due to benign or malignant causes, and provide a brief description of the role, benefits and potential complications of SVC filter placement.
Dual-pump CARS of Air in a Heated Pressure Vessel up to 55 Bar and 1300 K

Dual-pump Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) measurements have been performed in a heated pressure vessel at NASA Langley Research Center. Each measurement, consisting of 500 single shot spectra, was recorded at a fixed location in dry air at various pressures and temperatures, in a range of 0.03-55×10(exp 5) Pa and 300-1373 K, where the temperature was varied using an electric heater. The maximum output power of the electric heater limited the combinations of pressures and temperatures that could be obtained. Charts of CARS signal versus temperature (at constant pressure) and signal versus pressure (at constant temperature) are presented and fit with an empirical model to validate the range of capability of the dual-pump CARS technique; averaged spectra at different conditions of pressure and temperature are also shown.
The impact of blood pressure in the emergency department on survival in transient ischemic attack

Study objectives: The role of blood pressure in acute brain ischemia has been long been a subject of controversy. Although it is generally accepted that too high a blood pressure can harm survival, the lower end of the spectrum is seldom considered. Is there a range of blood pressure below which chances of survival are again poorer so that the survival curve is no longer a linear one? We determine how the mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic blood pressure, or diastolic blood pressure in the emergency department (ED) correlates with mortality in transient ischemic attack (TIA). Methods: The records of all patients with a final diagnosis of TIA ( International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code 435) presenting to the Saint Mary's Hospital ED in a 6-month period was performed. Data on ED blood pressure measurements and dates of death and last follow-up were abstracted. All consecutive patients in the mentioned period were captured; all but 1 patient (subsequently deceased) had blood pressure measurements recorded. Associations with survival were evaluated according to fitting univariate Cox proportional hazards models and summarized by calculating risk ratios (RR, risk/10-unit decrease) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). This study was approved by the authors' institutional review board. Results: Among the 72 patients with TIAs, 8 deaths occurred, with mean time until death of 196.3 deaths (median, 173 days). The 8 deaths occurred at 17, 17, 61, 145, 201, 321, 377, and 431 days after the initial ED visit. Among the remaining 64 patients who were alive at last follow-up, the mean duration of follow-up was 275.6 days (median 310; range 0 to 463 days). According to univariate Cox models, patients with low systolic blood pressure were more likely to have poorer survival (RR 1.4, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.8, P =.036). Likewise, patients with low MAP were more likely have poorer survival (RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.5, P =.026). There was also a trend for patients with low diastolic blood pressure to have poorer survival (RR 2.1, 95% CI 0.99 to 4.7, P =.054). Conclusion: Low MAP, systolic blood pressure, or diastolic blood pressure in the ED in the setting of a TIA all appear to be associated with poorer survival. These findings argue for judicious use of antihypertensive medications to patients with TIA in the acute setting.
Nickel(II) Pincer Carbene Complexes: Oxidative Addition of an Aryl C–H Bond to Form a Ni(II) Hydride

The synthesis and characterization of a series of nickel(II) pincer complexes of the meta-phenylene-bridged bis-N-heterocyclic DIPPCCC ligand framework are reported. Characterization of the Ni(II)Cl complex revealed a square planar species with Cl– and the anionic carbon trans to one another. Formation of Ni(II) alkyl complexes derived from complex 1 was accomplished by addition of LiR [R = CH3 (2); CH2SiMe3 (3)]. Furthermore, we report a synthetic pathway to access the catalytically relevant Ni(II)H species (DIPPCCC)NiH (4), by direct oxidative addition of an aryl C–H bond across a Ni(0) center. Complexes 1–4 have been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and electronic absorption spectroscopies as well as X-ray crystallography.
A High Sensitivity Wire Spark Chamber Readout Useful in Strong Magnetic Fields

A developmental wire spark chamber is described which can detect extremely weak discharges The readout circuits are not affected by magnetic fields, thus offering the opportunity to use such chambers in strong magnetic field areas. Each wire in the chamber is in series with a memory capacitor. A discharge in the chamber charges this capacitor. However, the displacement current's charge, associated with pulsing the chamber, averages to zero, thus making it possible to detect very weak discharges. Readout consists of discharging each memory capacitor with a Field Effect Transistor (FET) into a digital scanner. Preliminary tests indicate that a charge gain of 106 to 107 in the chamber is the lower limit of useful operation of the present capacitor - FET readout combination. By using small diameter wires in the chamber, discharges as low as .02? Coulombs will give efficient operation.
The vascular surgeon-scientist: A 15-year report of the Society for Vascular Surgery Foundation/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-mentored Career Development Award Program

The Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) Foundation partnered with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1999 to initiate a competitive career development program that provides a financial supplement to surgeon-scientists receiving NIH K08 or K23 career development awards. Because the program has been in existence for 15 years, a review of the program's success has been performed. Between 1999 and 2013, 41 faculty members applied to the SVS Foundation program, and 29 from 21 different institutions were selected as awardees, resulting in a 71% success rate. Three women (10%) were among the 29 awardees. Nine awardees (31%) were supported by prior NIH F32 or T32 training grants. Awardees received their K award at an average of 3.5 years from the start of their faculty position, at the average age of 39.8 years. Thirteen awardees (45%) have subsequently received NIH R01 awards and five (17%) have received Veterans Affairs Merit Awards. Awardees received their first R01 at an average of 5.8 years after the start of their K award at the average age of 45.2 years. The SVS Foundation committed $9,350,000 to the Career Development Award Program. Awardees subsequently secured $45,108,174 in NIH and Veterans Affairs funds, resulting in a 4.8-fold financial return on investment for the SVS Foundation program. Overall, 23 awardees (79%) were promoted from assistant to associate professor in an average of 5.9 years, and 10 (34%) were promoted from associate professor to professor in an average of 5.2 years. Six awardees (21%) hold endowed professorships and four (14%) have secured tenure. Many of the awardees hold positions of leadership, including 12 (41%) as division chief and two (7%) as vice chair within a department of surgery. Eight (28%) awardees have served as president of a regional or national society. Lastly, 47 postdoctoral trainees have been mentored by recipients of the SVS Foundation Career Development Program on training grants or postdoctoral research fellowships. The SVS Foundation Career Development Program has been an effective vehicle to promote the development and independence of vascular surgeon-scientists in the field of academic vascular surgery.
Targeting ADAM-mediated ligand cleavage to inhibit HER3 and EGFR pathways in non-small cell lung cancer

We describe here the existence of a heregulin-HER3 autocrine loop, and the contribution of heregulin-dependent, HER2-mediated HER3 activation to gefitinib insensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ADAM17 protein, a major ErbB ligand sheddase, is upregulated in NSCLC and is required not only for heregulin-dependent HER3 signaling, but also for EGFR ligand-dependent signaling in NSCLC cell lines. A selective ADAM inhibitor, INCB3619, prevents the processing and activation of multiple ErbB ligands, including heregulin. In addition, INCB3619 inhibits gefitinib-resistant HER3 signaling and enhances gefitinib inhibition of EGFR signaling in NSCLC. These results show that ADAM inhibition affects multiple ErbB pathways in NSCLC and thus offers an excellent opportunity for pharmacological intervention, either alone or in combination with other drugs.
Evaluation of COSMO-SAC method for the prediction of the alcohol-water partition coefficients of the compounds encountered in aqueous phase fructose dehydration

Abstract Liquid-liquid extraction of fructose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and HMF rehydration products, levulinic acid (LA) and formic acid (FA), from aqueous solutions to C4 to C7 linear and branched alcohols was studied. The alcohol-water partition coefficients for these compounds were measured at 30 °C and 1 atm. The COSMO-SAC method was used to predict these partition coefficients and the water/alcohol and HMF/water/alcohol liquid-liquid equilibria. The predictions are in good agreement with experiments, and both show that the partition coefficients decrease with increasing the number of carbon atoms in the alcohols. Furthermore, with the same alcohol, the partition coefficient of HMF is higher than that of fructose and the HMF rehydration products. The agreement between the results of experiments and calculations indicates that the COSMO-SAC method is reasonable for the prediction of such thermodynamic data, and can be used to provide insights into the separations of these systems that is generally lacking in biomass processing. This is an important step towards screening organic solvents for liquid-liquid extraction that may preferentially extract HMF from an aqueous phase into an organic phase, thereby preventing HMF rehydration.
ESEEM of Orientationally Disordered Systems (II). Lineshape Singularities in S = {1}/{2}, I = 1 Systems with Small Quadrupole Interaction

Abstract The electron spin-echo envelope-modulation (ESEEM) spectra of S = 1 2 , I = 1 systems with small quadrupole interaction (for instance, deuterium nuclei 2D) are analyzed for orientationally disordered systems. It is shown that the commonly accepted description of deuterium ESEEM spectra using theory developed for the S = 1 2 , I = 1 2 case is valid only in the limit of small hyperfine (HFI) and nuclear quadrupole interactions (NQI) relative to the nuclear Zeeman interaction. For larger HFI, apart from the "simple" basic (να and νβ) and combination (να ± νβ) features, the "higher" basic (2να and 2νβ) and combination [2να(β) ± νβ(α), 2να ± 2νβ] harmonics appear in the spectra for I = 1. Analytical expressions are derived that define the positions of the higher combination harmonics. The presence of small NQI will complicate the basic and combination lineshapes, giving rise to line broadenings and/or to observable line splittings. These, in turn, can be interpreted in terms of the relative angle between the principal axes of the HFI and NQI tenser. The approach developed is demonstrated on the example of silver atoms stabilized in γ-irradiated AgNO3/D2O matrices.
Infantile Leukoencephalopathy Owing to Mitochondrial Enzyme Dysfunction

Mitochondrial disease is classically associated with deep gray-matter lesions. When white matter is involved, the lesions are typically subcortical and overshadowed by more significant disease in the gray matter. We report six infants in five families who developed neurodegenerative diseases characterized primarily by abnormalities in deep white-matter structures such as the periventricular region, internal capsule, and corpus callosum. Five patients had impairments of mitochondrial enzymes, including a pre-electron transport chain defect and defects in respiratory chain complexes I, III, and IV (cytochrome-c oxidase). One patient, the sibling of one of the others, was diagnosed clinically with complex III deficiency. These six patients, along with others in the literature, appear to represent a distinct syndrome of mitochondrial infantile leukoencephalopathy. Our observations suggest that infants with leukoencephalopathies, especially leukodystrophies, who do not have one of the more common causes of white-matter disease should be evaluated for mitochondrial dysfunction.
A Comparison of Linear Support Vector Machine Algorithms on Large Non-Sparse Datasets

This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of Linear Support Vector Machines (SVM) when applied to non-sparse datasets with a large number of instances. Two linear SVM algorithms are compared. The coordinate descent method (LibLinear) trains a linear SVM with the L2-loss function versus the cutting-plane algorithm (SVMperf), which uses a L1-loss function. Four Geographical Information System (GIS) datasets with over a million instances were used for this study. Each dataset consists of seven independent variables and a class label which denotes the urban areas versus the rural areas.
An integrated analog CMOS Viterbi detector for digital magnetic recording

An analog Viterbi detector has been fabricated in a 2- mu m double-poly p-well CMOS process. The detector takes a continuous-time analog input equalized to a class-IV partial response and produces the corresponding digital output at over 40 Mb/s while consuming less than 100 mW from a single 5-V supply. Measured performance is close to theoretical expectations and the performance is demonstrated to be robust with respect to changes in bias. >
WORD SORTING: A DEVELOPMENTAL SPELLING APPROACH TO WORD STUDY FOR DELAYED READERS

This article presents an approach to word study instruction, wordsorting, that is based on recent spelling research. The first section reviews findings from research that support the conceptual and developmental nature of learning to spell, the close relationship between word knowledge in reading and spelling, and the similar patterns of development for normally progressing and delayed readers. The second section focuses on the use of word sorting as an instructional technique. Supporting studies are reviewed, and a conceptual framework consistent with research findings is presented. Then variations in word sorting activities are explained, basic components and extensions are described, and special considerations for working with delayed readers are discussed.
Individualizing organizations: Progress and possibilities

A critical determinant of organizational effectiveness is how individuals are treated. It affects both their well-being and organizational performance. This article is the third in a series of Organizational Dynamics journal articles that make the case for management and organization design approaches that treat individuals differently based on their preferences and capabilities. It points out how many of the human resource (HR) management systems of organizations can be individualized, as well as how the job design and leadership practices of an organization can and should be. Since the first article appeared in 1974, a great deal has changed. Organizations have become more individualized than they were 40 years ago, but many new and old opportunities to further individualize them exist and – if utilized – can make them more sustainably effective.
Functional taxonomy: An immodest proposal

Abstract The thesis is presented that classical taxonomy is of limited value to ecosystem science, and that the further development of ecosystem theory may actually be hindered by a reliance on the biological (phylogenetic) species as the basic functional unit of ecosystems. It is further argued that this situation could be improved if ecologists could agree on a system of functional classification in which ecological taxa would be distinguished solely on the basis of what they do in the context of an ecosystem, and not on their evolutionary relationships. A functional classification system is proposed in which functional taxa for specific ecosystems (ecological sectors) are defined as broad trophic groups of organisms in common vertical habitat zones, and with common inputs and outputs (ecosystem commodities and services). This system is envisioned as potentially useful in the development of comparative ecosystem theory, for constructing simulation models, for ongoing research in economic versus ecological values, and for cataloging new functional information as it becomes available. The proposed system is tentatively applied to the salt marsh estuarine ecosystem in the southeastern U.S.A. and to the swampforest ecosystem in Louisiana (U.S.A.). Twenty-five sectors are identified in the former and twenty in the latter. “It is by endless subdivisions based upon the most inconclusive differences, that some departments of natural history become so repellingly intricate”. Melville (1851), Moby Dick .
Arsenic Exposure, Dietary Patterns, and Skin Lesion Risk in Bangladesh: A Prospective Study

Dietary factors are believed to modulate arsenic toxicity, potentially influencing risk of arsenical skin lesions. The authors evaluated associations among dietary patterns, arsenic exposure, and skin lesion risk using baseline food frequency questionnaire data collected in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) in Araihazar, Bangladesh (2000-2009). They identified dietary patterns and estimated dietary pattern scores using factor analysis. Scores were tested for association with incident skin lesion risk and interaction with water arsenic exposure by using ∼6 years of follow-up data (814 events among 9,677 individuals) and discrete time hazards models (adjusting for key covariates). The authors identified 3 clear dietary patterns: the "gourd and root," "vegetable," and "animal protein" patterns. The gourd and root pattern score was inversely associated with skin lesion risk (P(trend) = 0.001), with hazard ratios of 0.86, 0.73, and 0.69 for the second, third, and fourth highest quartiles. Furthermore, the association between water arsenic and skin lesion incidence was stronger among participants with low gourd and root scores (multiplicative P(interaction) < 0.001; additive P(interaction) = 0.05). The vegetable pattern and animal protein pattern showed similar but weaker associations and interactions. Eating a diet rich in gourds and root vegetables and increasing dietary diversity may reduce arsenical skin lesion risk in Bangladesh.
Fault-Tolerant Techniques for Ambient Intelligent Distributed Systems

Ambient Intelligent Systems provide an unexplored hardware platform for executing distributed applications under strict energy constraints. These systems must respond quickly to changes in user behavior or environmental conditions and must provide high availability and fault-tolerance under given quality constraints. These systems will necessitate fault-tolerance to be built into applications. One way to provide such fault-tolerance is to employ the use of redundancy. Hundreds of computational devices will be available in deeply networked ambient intelligent systems, providing opportunities to exploit node redundancy to increase application lifetime or improve quality of results if it drops below a threshold. Pre-copying with remote execution is proposed as a novel, alternative technique of code migration to enhance system lifetime for ambient intelligent systems. Self-management of the system is considered in two different scenarios: applications that tolerate graceful quality degradation and applications with single-point failures. The proposed technique can be part of a design methodology for prolonging the lifetime of a wide range of applications under various types of faults, despite scarce energy resources.
Inhibition of Nuclear Import and Alteration of Nuclear Pore Complex Composition by Rhinovirus

Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathways and the status of nuclear pore complex (NPC) components were examined in cells infected with rhinovirus type 14. A variety of shuttling and nonshuttling nuclear proteins, using multiple nuclear import pathways, accumulated in the cytoplasm of cells infected with rhinovirus. An in vitro nuclear import assay with semipermeabilized infected cells confirmed that nuclear import was inhibited and that docking of nuclear import receptor-cargo complexes at the cytoplasmic face of the NPC was prevented in rhinovirus-infected cells. The relocation of cellular proteins and inhibition of nuclear import correlated with the degradation of two NPC components, Nup153 and p62. The degradation of Nup153 and p62 was not due to induction of apoptosis, because p62 was not proteolyzed in apoptotic HeLa cells, and Nup153 was cleaved to produce a 130-kDa cleavage product that was not observed in cells infected with poliovirus or rhinovirus. The finding that both poliovirus and rhinovirus cause inhibition of nuclear import and degradation of NPC components suggests that this may be a common feature of the replicative cycle of picornaviruses. Inhibition of nuclear import is predicted to result in the cytoplasmic accumulation of a large number of nuclear proteins that could have functions in viral translation, RNA synthesis, packaging, or assembly. Additionally, inhibition of nuclear import also presents a novel strategy whereby cytoplasmic RNA viruses can evade host immune defenses by preventing signal transduction into the nucleus.
Visualizing optimization algorithms via rapid prototyping of graphical user interfaces

Graphical visualization of algorithm behavior can be a powerful technique for assessing the effectiveness of different algorithms and heuristics, provided that the graphical user interface (GUI) can be prototyped and modified quickly. Visualization was used to prototype a placement and routing package for the MITRE digital transform machine (DTM), a reconfigurable logic array. Use of the galaxy, programming language and environment greatly simplified GUI construction, allowing the prototyper to concentrate on placement and routing algorithms instead of the details of conventional GUI programming. >
Time optimal control of spiking neurons

By injecting an electrical current control stimulus into a neuron, one can change its inter-spike intervals. In this paper, we investigate the time optimal control problem for periodically firing neurons, represented by different one-dimensional phase models, and find analytical expressions for the minimum and maximum values of inter-spike intervals achievable with small bounded control stimuli. We consider two cases: with a charge-balance constraint on the input, and without it. The analytical calculations are supported with numerical results for examples of qualitatively different neuron models.
Interference-Aware Real-Time Flow Scheduling for Wireless Sensor Networks

With the emergence of wireless sensor networks, an enabling communication technology for distributed real-time systems, we face the critical challenge of meeting the end-to-end deadlines of real-time flows. This paper presents Real-time Flow Scheduling (RFS), a novel conflict-free real-time transmission scheduling approach for periodic real-time flows in wireless sensor networks. In contrast to existing transmission scheduling algorithms that ignore interference between transmissions or prevent spatial reuse within the same channel, RFS supports spatial reuse through a novel interference-aware transmission scheduling. While recent work on conflict-free transmission scheduling focused on specialized communication patterns such as queries and converge cast, RFS is designed for peer-to-peer real-time flows with arbitrary inter-flow interference. Moreover, RFS has three salient that make it particularly suitable for real-time systems: First, RFS includes a real-time schedulability analysis that accounts for interference between real-time flows. Second, RFS improves reliability by incorporating retransmissions in a flexible scheduling scheme. Finally, RFS enhances scalability by dividing the network into neighborhoods and provides real-time performance for flows crossing multiple neighborhoods through a novel application of the Release Guard protocol. RFS was evaluated through simulations based on the traces collected from an indoor wireless sensor network test bed. Compared to a traditional TDMA protocol, RFS reduces flow latencies by up to 2.5 times, while improving the real-time capacity by as much as 3.9 times.
Motivations to participate in online communities

A consistent theoretical and practical challenge in the design of socio-technical systems is that of motivating users to participate in and contribute to them. This study examines the case of Everything2.com users from the theoretical perspectives of Uses and Gratifications and Organizational Commitment to compare individual versus organizational motivations in user participation. We find evidence that users may continue to participate in a site for different reasons than those that led them to the site. Feelings of belonging to a site are important for both anonymous and registered users across different types of uses. Long-term users felt more dissatisfied with the site than anonymous users. Social and cognitive factors seem to be more important than issues of usability in predicting contribution to the site.
Content-based similarity measures of weblog authors

With recent research interest in the confounding roles of homophily and contagion in studies of social influence, there is a strong need for reliable content-based measures of the similarity between people. In this paper, we investigate the use of text similarity measures as a way of predicting the similarity of prolific weblog authors. We describe a novel method of collecting human judgments of overall similarity between two authors, as well as demographic, political, cultural, religious, values, hobbies/interests, personality, and writing style similarity. We then apply a range of automated textual similarity measures based on word frequency counts, and calculate their statistical correlation with human judgments. Our findings indicate that commonly used text similarity measures do not correlate well with human judgments of author similarity. However, various measures that pay special attention to personal pronouns and their context correlate significantly with different facets of similarity.
Mantle fluids in the San Andreas fault system, California

Fluids associated with the San Andreas and companion faults in central and south-central California have high3He/4He ratios. The lack of correlation between helium isotopes and fluid chemistry or local geology requires that fluids enter the fault system from the mantle. Mantle fluids passing through the ductile lower crust must enter the brittle fault zone at or near lithostatic pressures; estimates of fluid flux based on helium isotopes suggest that they may thus contribute directly to fault-weakening high-fluid pressures at seismogenic depths.
γ-Tubulin plays a key role in inactivating APC/CCdh1 at the G1–S boundary

A γ-tubulin mutation in Aspergillus nidulans, mipA-D159, causes failure of inactivation of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) in interphase, resulting in failure of cyclin B (CB) accumulation and removal of nuclei from the cell cycle. We have investigated the role of CdhA, the A. nidulans homologue of the APC/C activator protein Cdh1, in γ-tubulin–dependent inactivation of the APC/C. CdhA was not essential, but it targeted CB for destruction in G1, and APC/CCdhA had to be inactivated for the G1–S transition. mipA-D159 altered the localization pattern of CdhA, and deletion of the gene encoding CdhA allowed CB to accumulate in all nuclei in strains carrying mipA-D159. These data indicate that mipA-D159 causes a failure of inactivation of APC/CCdhA at G1–S, perhaps by altering its localization to the spindle pole body, and, thus, that γ-tubulin plays an important role in inactivating APC/CCdhA at this point in the cell cycle.
A Collection of 56 Topics with Contradictory Results in Case-Control Research

This research was done to learn more about the frequency and characteristics of conflicting research in case-control studies. In a survey of the epidemiological and medical literature, we found 56 topics in which the results of a case-control study were in conflict with the results from other studies of the same relationship. Cancer was the associated disease for 30 of the controversial topics. We suggest that much of the disagreement may occur because a set of rigorous scientific principles has not yet been accepted to guide the design or interpretation of case-control research. Consequently, the investigator's 'judgement' is the main precaution against scientific hazards and distortions in the validity of evidence. To correct this deficiency, we propose using the principles of an experimental trial to develop the scientific standards for case-control research.
An Efficient Algorithm for Tracking Multiple Maneuvering Targets

Tracking multiple maneuvering targets in a cluttered environment is a challenging problem. A combination of interacting multiple model (IMM) and joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) has been successfully applied to track multiple maneuvering targets. In IMM, the motion of a maneuvering target is approximated by a finite number of simple, distinct kinematic models. However, the exact computation of the combined approach has the time complexity which is exponential in the numbers of kinematic models and measurements. When applying JPDA and IMM, the numbers of targets and kinematic models are known, so we can design a tracking system suitable for the given numbers of targets and kinematic models. But the number of measurements is not known in advance, and it poses a serious problem in computing association probabilities in JPDA. Hence, for a large problem, we need to seek for an efficient approximation algorithm. In this paper, we present a randomized algorithm which finds approximations of association probabilities with good fidelity and prove that the time complexity of the algorithm is polynomial in the size of the problem.
Dielectronic satellite spectra for He-like ions

Abstract Radiative transition wavelengths and rates as well as Auger transition probabilities for the deexcitation of the 1 s 2 s 2 2 p , 1 s 2 s 2 p 2 , and 1 s 2 p 3 configurations of Be-like ions have been calculated relativistically by the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock method. Eight ions with atomic numbers in the range 6 ⩽ Z ⩽ 26 are considered. The transverve Breit interaction and quantum electrodynamic corrections are taken into account in the energy calculations. The transition rates are computed in intermediate coupling with configuration interaction within the same complex. Both Coulomb and generalized Breit interactions are included in the evaluation of relativistic Auger matrix elements. The dielectronic satellite intensity factors and line fluorescence yields are also calculated.
Breaking the Language Barrier: Describing Chicano Archives with Bilingual Finding Aids

As American society becomes more diverse, archivists increasingly work with multilingual collections and patrons. In Arizona, this situation occurs most frequently with materials created by individuals and communities using Spanish as their primary language. This case study discusses Arizona State University's creation of English and Spanish finding aids for six collections processed as part of a Council on Library and Information Resources grant. It describes the process of creating a Spanish finding aid template; reviews the challenges encountered and solutions designed while translating, encoding, and publishing Spanish guides; and analyzes use of the final documents.
Effect of Attribution Length on the Use and Cost of Health Care for a Pediatric Medicaid Accountable Care Organization.

Importance Little is known about the effect of pediatric accountable care organizations (ACOs) on the use and costs of health care resources, especially in a Medicaid population. Objective To assess the association between the length of consistent primary care (length of attribution) as part of an ACO and the use and cost of health care resources in a pediatric Medicaid population. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective study of Medicaid claims data for 28 794 unique pediatric patients covering 346 277 patient-attributed months within a single children’s hospital. Data were collected for patients attributed from September 1, 2013, to May 31, 2015. The effect of the length of attribution within a single hospital system’s ACO on the use and costs of health care resources were estimated using zero-inflated Poisson distribution regression models adjusted for patient characteristics, including chronic conditions and a measure of predicted patient use of resources. Exposures Receiving a plurality of primary care at an ACO clinic during the preceding 12 months (attribution to the ACO). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome measure was the length of attribution at an ACO clinic compared with subsequent inpatient hospitalization and subsequent use and cost of outpatient and ancillary health care resources. Results Among the 28 794 pediatric patients receiving treatment covering 346 277 patient-attributed months during the study period, continuous attribution to the ACO for more than 2 years was associated with a decrease (95% CI) of 40.6% (19.4%-61.8%) in inpatient days but an increase (95% CI) of 23.3% (2.04%-26.3%) in office visits, 5.8% (1.4%-10.2%) in emergency department visits, and 15.3% (12.5%-18.0%) in the use of pharmaceuticals. These changes in the use of health care resources combined resulted in a cost reduction of 15.7% (95% CI, 6.6%-24.8%). At the population level, the impact of consistent primary care was muted by the many patients in the ACO having shorter durations of participation. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest significant and durable reductions of inpatient use and cost of health care resources associated with longer attribution to the ACO, with attribution as a proxy for exposure to the ACO’s consistent primary care. Consistent primary care among the pediatric Medicaid population is challenging, but these findings suggest substantial benefits if consistency can be improved.
Information processing and the study of the self

Publisher Summary The self is an important concept in personality and social psychology. The mental representation of the self includes both abstract information about the person's attributes (semantic knowledge) and concrete information about the person's experiences, thoughts, and actions (episodic knowledge). Mental representations fall into two broad classes. Those representations that are perception based contain details extracted from stimulus information processed by the sensory-perceptual system. Representations that are meaning based contain the gist of an object or event, which has been abstracted from stimulus information by higher mental processes. The basic architecture of the cognitive system is briefly described in the chapter. Autobiographical memory is interesting in and of itself, but it also may be able to shed important light on various other aspects of information processing about the self. In addition to analyzing the structure of mental representations of the self, information-processing concepts may be useful in the study of the involvement of the self in social judgment and behavior.
Fallen Women: The Gender of Horizontality and the Abandonment of the Pedestal by Giacometti and Epstein

This essay interrogates some of the gendered conventions of figurative sculpture by focusing on modern sculpture's abandonment of the pedestal and the move of the statue to the shared space of the gallery floor. Using the coincident creation of Alberto Giacometti's 'Woman with her throat cut' and Jacob Epstein's 'Woman possessed' (both 1932), it shows how both sculptors registered long-standing gendered connotations for the erect, freestanding statue and its difference from the reclining or horizontal format. The case of Giacometti and Epstein points to the larger question of how gender has underwritten ostensibly formal decisions in the history of sculpture. A central focus is Rosalind Krauss's discussion of horizontality in Giacometti's work and how 'Woman with her throat cut''s engagement with the statuary tradition failed to feature in her account.
Other Neuromuscular Diseases

Progressive neurologic and muscle diseases can cause progressive and severe scoliosis. Some of these diseases include Duchenne muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, Rett syndrome, and congenital myopathies. Besides the severe scoliosis, these diseases commonly affect other organ systems including the pulmonary and cardiac systems, which need to be considered when treating the scoliosis. Frequently, scoliosis is not well managed with bracing or other non-operative interventions. Spinal fusion is recommended in the older patient. In patients with early-onset scoliosis, fusion is typically delayed with a growth friendly procedure such as growing rods, VEPTR, and Shilla.
Radius and Skew Effects in an HAMR Hard Disk Drive

Over the past year, heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) has continued to make significant progress toward production and remains the most promising technology to enable areal density growth beyond 1 Tb/in2. In this paper, we present an experimental study on the effects of disk radius and head skew angle in a HAMR hard disk drive. We demonstrate the dependence of laser power on disk radius and the sensitivities to several additional factors that can potentially change that characteristic. We also contrast adjacent track interference and areal density capability performance in drive to conventional perpendicular recording and their respective sensitivities to radius and skew angle.
Journey of Sustainable Development by Private Sector Actors

While valiant efforts have been made to reduce natural resource extraction and companies are increasingly incorporating sustainability initiatives into business planning, greater collective action, integrated government policies, innovation and support are needed to ensure natural resource sustainability—especially when it comes to water, the heart of sustainable development. After exploring three key water trends of the last 30 years, this chapter looks ahead to the next 30 years, informing of three areas where businesses, in partnership with governments and civil society, should focus efforts to make a positive difference on global water challenges.
Every 15 Minutes: A Preliminary Evaluation of a School Based Drinking/Driving Prevention Program

This study focused on evaluating the effectiveness of “Every 15 Minutes,” a popular drinking/driving prevention program. Participants were 1651 students in 81 California high schools. Pretest/post-tests comparisons revealed that student participating in the program as the “living dead” characters reported drinking less, being more likely to talk to their friends about drinking and driving, and being less likely to drive after drinking or ride with someone who had been drinking.
Meconium proteins and mucoproteins in meconium ileus.

SummaryQualitative and quantitative profiles were established for 14 proteins and mucoproteins in meconium from meconium ileus and control subjects. Three of these substances were found in both meconiums, at different concentrations. The abnormal meconium characteristically contained 6 and lacked 5 proteins and mucoproteins.
Preferred City Size by Ruralists and Urbanites

30 women rated three specific rural, urban, and metropolitan environments on an Environmental Rating Scale. The scale was a semantic differential having 23 bipolar adjectives. Half of the subjects ...