cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SP24 Molecular Imaging

Several studies, including the MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC) project, have reported that concordant results in relative expression measures can be obtained in different microarray laboratories using the same RNA samples. These encouraging results have led to increased interest in and utilization of microarray technology in clinical and diagnostic assays, which require stringent regulatory approval. Many laboratories monitor microarray quality metrics calculated from each hybridization image, such as background or percent present. While these internal metrics provide essential information for individual hybridizations, they are not sufficient for validating overall competency of the facility, including precision and accuracy of the results, which may vary between laboratories and over time. Comprehensive assessments of laboratory performance must include inter-laboratory comparisons, such as a proficiency testing program, where identical samples are tested in multiple facilities. We have initiated a proficiency testing program for microarray laboratories using the Affymetrix platform. In previous testing rounds, we compared data from 18 laboratories over a nine-month period using rat samples. Now we are expanding the program to additional laboratories using human samples. Three replicates of the two human MAQC reference RNA samples were repeatedly tested in multiple facilities. The poster will show the results of several analyses to assess the repeatability and comparability of each laboratory’s results with a variety of microbiomes to understand complex metabolic interactions and their impact on the host health and nutritional status.
Nature and significance of intraspecific variation in the early Cambrian oryctocephalid trilobite Oryctocephalites palmeri Sundberg and McCollum, 1997

Oryctocephalid trilobites are seldom abundant and often tectonically deformed, creating problems for robust species delimitation and compromising their utility in biostratigraphic and evolutionary studies. By studying more than 140 specimens recovered from the upper portion of the Combined Metals Member (Pioche Formation, Nevada; Cambrian Stage 4, Series 2), we exploit a rare opportunity to explore how morphological variation among oryctocephalid specimens is partitioned into intraspecific variation versus interspecific disparity. Qualitative and quantitative analyses reveal that two species are represented: Oryctocephalites palmeriSundberg and McCollum, 1997 and Oryctocephalites sp. A, the latter known from a single cranidium stratigraphically below all occurrences of the former. In contrast to the conclusions of a previous study, there is no evidence of cranidial dimorphism in O. palmeri. However, that species exhibits considerable variation in cranidial shape and pygidial spine arrangement and number. Cranidial shape variation within O. palmeri is approximately one-half of the among-species disparity within the genus. Comparison of cranidial shape between noncompacted and compacted samples reveals that compaction causes significant change in mean shape and an increase in shape variation; such changes are interpretable in terms of observed fracture patterns. Nontaphonomic variation is partitioned into ontogenetic and nonallometric components. Those components share similar structure with each other and with interspecific disparity, suggesting that ontogenetic shape change might be an important source of variation available for selection. This highlights the importance of ontogenetic and taphonomic sources of variation with respect to species delimitation, morphospace occupation, and investigation of evolutionary patterns and processes.
Mineral Induction by the Soluble Matrix from Molluscan Shells

Whole matrix (a soluble/insoluble complex) was prepared from Nautilus septal nacre. Spherules formed on the whole matrix in solutions with activities resembling extrapallial fluid. Tripling the calcium in the incubation solution resulted in the formation of blade-like and plate-like crystals on the whole matrix. Mineral did not form on insoluble matrix even in the triple calcium incubation solution. Thus, the soluble matrix appears necessary to induce mineral. In contrast, a number of investigators have shown that the soluble matrix, when it is free in solution, binds to growing crystals and inhibits further growth. Accordingly, we conclude that the soluble matrix must be immobilized in order to induce mineralization.
A computational model of ESAT-6 complex in membrane.

One quarter of the world’s population are infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which is a leading death-causing bacterial pathogen. Recent evidence has demonstrated that two virulence fact...
Chemical subdiffusivity of critical 2D percolation

We show that random walk on the incipient infinite cluster (IIC) of two-dimensional critical percolation is subdiffusive in the chemical distance (i.e., in the intrinsic graph metric). Kesten (1986) famously showed that this is true for the Euclidean distance, but it is known that the chemical distance is typically asymptotically larger. More generally, we show that subdiffusivity in the chemical distance holds for stationary random graphs of polynomial volume growth, as long as there is a multi-scale way of covering the graph so that "deep patches" have "thin backbones". Our estimates are quantitative and give explicit bounds in terms of the one and two-arm exponents $\eta_2 > \eta_1 > 0$: For $d$-dimensional models, the mean chemical displacement after $T$ steps of random walk scales asymptotically slower than $T^{1/\beta}$, whenever \[ \beta < 2 + \frac{\eta_2-\eta_1}{d-\eta_1}\,. \] Using the conjectured values of $\eta_2 = \eta_1 + 1/4$ and $\eta_1 = 5/48$ for 2D lattices, the latter quantity is $2+12/91$.
A breeding strategy to identify modifiers of high genetic risk for methamphetamine intake

Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (Taar1) impacts methamphetamine (MA) intake. A mutant allele (Taar1m1J ) derived from the DBA/2J mouse strain codes for a non-functional receptor, and Taar1m1J/m1J mice consume more MA than mice possessing the reference Taar1+ allele. To study the impact of this mutation in a genetically diverse population, heterogeneous stock-collaborative cross (HS-CC) mice, the product of an eight-way cross of standard and wild-derived strains, were tested for MA intake. HS-CC had low MA intake, so an HS-CC by DBA/2J strain F2 intercross was created to transfer the mutant allele onto the diverse background, and used for selective breeding. To study residual variation in MA intake existing in Taar1m1J/m1J mice, selective breeding for higher (MAH) vs lower (MAL) MA intake was initiated from Taar1m1J/m1J F2 individuals; a control line of Taar1+/+ individuals (MAC) was retained. The lines were also examined for MA-induced locomotor and thermal responses, and fluid and tastant consumption. Taar1m1J/m1J F2 mice consumed significantly more MA than Taar1+/+ F2 mice. Response to selection was significant by generation 2 and there were corresponding differences in fluid consumed. Fluid consumption was not different in non-MA drinking studies. Taar1m1J/m1J genotype (MAL or MAH vs MAC mice) was associated with heighted MA locomotor and reduced hypothermic responses. MAL mice exhibited greater sensitization than MAH mice, but the selected lines did not consistently differ for thermal or tastant phenotypes. Residual variation among high-risk Taar1m1J/m1J mice appears to involve mechanisms associated with neuroadaptation to MA, but not sensitivity to hypothermic effects of MA.
Near-Field Backscattering-Based Sensing for Hardware Trojan Detection

This article presents the near-field measurement setup and the sensor topology used to measure the backscattered signal from a small spot of $\sim 1$ mm on an FPGA to enable hardware Trojan (HT) detection. The novel sensor topology used in the setup contains a combination of $E$ - and $H$ -field probes with a tip diameter of 0.2 mm, which is used to excite a carrier and receive the modulated scattered signal that carries a signature of the inspected logic circuit. As a proof of concept and to develop insight, an EM-circuit co-simulation is presented to show that the received signal contains a signature of the logic circuit under test, which is imprinted on the relative power levels of the modulated scattered clock harmonics. The received modulated scattering signature was successfully used to detect the presence of an HT in the original circuit with 100% accuracy without false positives. The effects of using $E$ - and $H$ -field probes in very close proximity, such as resolution and mutual coupling, are analyzed and discussed. It is shown that there is a 12% decrease in resolution and less than 0.01 dB impact on invasiveness. The frequency band of operation for the measurement setup is 3–5 GHz. The probe combination is shown to have a spot size of ~1 mm, a coupling isolation better than 20 dB over the whole band and 30 dB for the design frequency.
Surgical management of lingual Nerve injuries

SUMMARY The lingual nerve, as a commonly injured and functionally important structure, should be considered for early microsurgical repair when objective signs of normal spontaneous recovery are absent and when pain or neuropathy interferes with function. Fortunately, early repairs have a high probability of success for re-establishing pain-free, basic tactile reflexes.
Childhood obesity may accelerate timing of human facial growth.

Abstract Objective We hypothesize that childhood obesity influences both facial and mandibular size and form in children and adolescents. Design Pre-treatment records of patients (n = 181; 86 males, 95 females) from the Department of Orthodontics at the University of Illinois at Chicago representing six different ancestry groups (Asian, African-American, Caucasian Non-Hispanic, Hispanic, Multiracial, Unknown) were reviewed retrospectively. Body mass index (BMI) scores and categories were calculated using the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. Twenty-two landmarks were collected on lateral cephalometric radiographs. The landmark dataset was analyzed as a whole (facial shape) and a subset of landmarks was also used to study mandibular shape in isolation. Results Evidence of allometry (size related shape differences) was detected. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) were performed on the allometric regression residuals. Overall facial shape did not correlate with BMI. A series of one-way ANOVA tests on PC1-6 on a mandible-only subset of the landmarks using BMI category (normal, overweight, obese) showed PC5 and PC6 were significant (p = 0.003; p = 0.027). Centroid size was positively correlated with BMI when controlling for age (facial: p = 0.011, r = 0.196; mandibular: p Conclusions Our results mostly did not support a relationship between high BMI and facial shape. However, we found larger facial skeletal sizes in high BMI children, providing tentative evidence that childhood obesity may lead to accelerated timing of facial growth.
Viruses Resistant to Oseltamivir or Baloxavir: What Do the Data Reveal About Resistance?

Three classes of antiviral drugs are approved for the treatment or prophylaxis of influenza: the M2 inhibitors (amantadine and rimantadine), the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, peramivir, zanamivir, and laninamivir), and the polymerase inhibitors (favipiravir and baloxavir). These antiviral drugs are fully effective against drug-susceptible viruses but work less well or not at all against drug-resistant viruses. The clinical significance of antiviral drug-resistant viruses is influenced by many factors including their frequency of emergence, genetic stability, pathogenicity, transmissibility, and replication fitness. The emergence and global spread of M2 inhibitor-resistant viruses and oseltamivir-resistant viruses occurred in the early 2000s. Recently, human-to-human transmission of baloxavir-resistant viruses has been observed. These resistant viruses are genetically stable, show similar or higher pathogenicity, transmissibility, and replication fitness compared with their susceptible counterparts, and exhibit highly reduced antiviral susceptibility. The clinical efficacy of oseltamivir and baloxavir is limited in patients infected with these resistant viruses compared with those infected with wild-type viruses, indicating that antiviral-resistant viruses can lead to clinical resistance to antiviral drugs.
A Wideband Miniaturized Tapered Slot Vivaldi Antenna

A coplanar Vivaldi antenna featuring miniaturized size, wide bandwidth and high gain is presented. The miniaturization is achieved by introducing slots in the main radiating part that results in a small width of 16 mm that is 60% smaller than a standard Vivaldi operating at the same frequency. Fabricated on a RO4350B laminate, the antenna occupies 110×16 mm2 and has a bandwidth of 5 GHz (7.5 to 12.5 GHz). The measured gain is 10 dBi gain with a radiation efficiency of 87% making it suitable for remote sensing and phased array applications.
Impact of Dietary Lipid and Garlic on the Binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) to Mammary DNA

The present studies determined the impact of dietary lipids in the presence or absence of supplemental garlic on the binding of DMBA to mammary cell DNA in female Sprague-Dawley rats. In all studies rats were fed for 2 weeks prior to DMBA treatment (25 mg/kg body weight). DMBA-DNA adducts were quantitated using a 32P-postlabeling technique. In experiment 1, rats were feed diets with or without 2% garlic and varying amounts of corn oil (5, 10, or 20%). Increasing dietary corn oil resulted in a proportional increase in DMBA-DNA binding. The depression in total and individual DMBA-DNA adducts resulting from garlic consumption was greatest in rats fed 20% corn oil. Experiment 2 examined the influence of source of lipid (15% corn, olive, coconut, or fish oil) added to basal diets containing 5% corn oil. Regardless of source, consumption of diets containing 20% lipid increased DMBA-DNA binding by approximately 100% compared to diets containing 5% dietary corn oil in experiment 2. Garlic depressed DMBA-DNA binding by 50, 29, and 70% when diets contained 20% corn, olive, or fish oil, respectively. Although coconut oil increased the formation of DMBA-DNA adducts, garlic failed to reduce the binding when this source of lipid was provided. These studies demonstrate an effect of several sources of lipids on the initiation phase of carcinogenesis. Furthermore, these studies suggest the effect of garlic is dependent upon the degree of unsaturation of the dietary lipid fed.
On Formal Definition and Analysis of Formal Verification Processes

This paper suggests that there is considerable value in creating precise and formally-defined specifications of processes for carrying out formal verification, and in then subjecting those processes to rigorous analysis, and using the processes to guide the actual performance of formal verification. The paper suggests that some of the value could derive from widening the community of verifiers by having a process definition guide the performance of formal verification by newcomers or those who may be overawed by the complexities of formal verification. The paper also suggests that formally-defined process definitions can be of value both to novices and more experienced verifiers by serving as subjects of both dynamic and static analyses, with these analyses helping to build the confidence of various stakeholder groups (including the verifiers themselves) in the correct performance of the process and hence the correctness of the verification results. This paper is a status report on early work aimed at developing such processes, and demonstrating the feasibility and value of such analyses. The paper provides an example of a formally-defined verification process and suggests some kinds of dynamic and static analyses of the process. The process incorporates specification of both the nominal, ideal process as well as how the process must be iterated in response to such verification contingencies as incorrect assertions, incorrectly stated lemmas, and failed proofs of lemmas. In demonstrating how static analyses of this process can demonstrate that it assures certain kinds of desirable behaviors, the paper demonstrates an approach to providing effective verification guidance that assures sound verification results.
Characteristics of linearly tapered slot antenna with CPW feed on high resistivity silicon

A linearly tapered slot antenna (LTSA) has been fabricated on a high-resistivity silicon substrate and tested at C-band frequencies. The LTSA is electromagnetically coupled to a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed. The measured radiation patterns, gain, and return loss are presented and discussed. The LTSA exhibits good impedance match and radiation patterns. >
The fitting of a unilateral shoulder disarticulation prosthesis after electrical burn injury: A case report

Acquired amputation of an upper extremity is less common than lower extremity amputation. In the pediatric age group the most common causes of amputation are trauma and disease. Traumatic injuries include those from automobile accidents, farm accidents, lawn mower accidents, and high tension electrical wires. In 90% of acquired amputations, a single limb is involved [2]. Surgical intervention may differ from the adult guidelines to conserve all possible length of the residual extremity. Children may be given a disarticulation rather than a transdiaphyseal amputation, which preserves epiphyseal growth plates and also avoids development of terminal overgrowth [2]. Amputations related to electrical burns present additional rehabilitation challenges beyond those typically encountered due to tumors, trauma, or infection. Electrical burn injuries are complicated because of damage to structures including blood vessels, muscles, nerves, tendons, bone and skin. Tissue injury is the result of the conversion of electrical energy into thermal energy or heat. The voltage determines the pathway of the electricity, with high voltage following the most direct
Unilateral hyperplasia and exostosis of the mandibular condyle. A clinical syndrome.

Abstract A case of unilateral hyperplasia and exostosis of the mandibular condyle is presented. This benign lesion produced marked facial asymmetry and speech impediment in a 26-year-old woman. The etiological factors responsible for enlargement of the mandibular condyle are discussed briefly. A detailed histologic study of the resected condyle is presented, and a definitive clinical syndrome is described.
CINCO CUENTOS ENTRE EL BARROCO Y LA MODERNIDAD: EL NEOBARROCO PERLONGHIANO

En este trabajo, propongo examinar Evita Vive y otros relatos (2009), una coleccion de cinco cuentos de Nestor Perlongher: “Evita Vive” (1975), “Azul” (1985), “Chola, o el precio” (1990), “el Sabra” (S.d.) y “El informe Grossman” (S.d.), a la luz del concepto de neobarroco o - en la propia voz de Perlongher - del “neobarroso”, el que se mezcla con el barro del Rio de la Plata para la creacion de un lenguaje propio argentino, con todos sus matices latinoamericanos y los pliegues deleuzeanos, que forman una estetica singular de resistencia contra la imposicion del canon literario europeo (Perlongher 13). El neobarroso esta entre la resonancia del “senor barroco” de Lezama Lima y El Manifiesto Antropofago (1928) del brasileno Oswald de Andrade.
Ammonia oxidation rates and nitrification in the Arabian Sea

[1] Nitrification rates, as well as the relationships between rates and ammonia oxidizer abundance (both archaeal and bacterial), were investigated in the Arabian Sea. Ammonia oxidation rates were measured directly using 15N-NH4+stable isotope additions in gas-impermeable, trace metal clean trilaminate bags (500 mL) at in situ temperature. Tracer incubations were performed at three stations at depths above, below, and within the oxycline of the open-ocean oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Ammonia oxidation rates were similar to previous open-ocean measurements, ranging from undetectable to 21.6 ± 0.1 nmol L−1 d−1. The highest rates at each station occurred at the primary nitrite maximum (above the OMZ), and rates were very low at depths greater than 900 m. The abundances of both ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were estimated using theamoA gene by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Both AOA and AOB amoA were detected above, within, and below the OMZ, although the AOA were always more abundant than the AOB, by a factor of 35–216. Nitrification rates were not directly correlated to AOA or AOB amoA abundance. These rates offer new insight into the role of nitrification in the mesopelagic zone. The abundance of AOA amoA genes at 1000 m suggests that ∼50% of the microbial biomass could be autotrophic. Additionally, the integrated nitrification rate at depth implies that nitrification could consume most of the ammonium produced by the flux of organic carbon in the mesopelagic zone.
Application of automatic tuning in transient stability analysis using analog VLSI

By employing integrated circuit technology, power system can be modeled in a tiny analog VLSI chip. This scaled-down analog model can perform the transient stability analysis in a very fast speed. However, due to the capacitor deviations during the VLSI chip manufacture, the simulation result has a large error. This work presents a new method to compensate the capacitor deviations. The simulation results of one-generator system show that this method can effectively improve the accuracy.
Confidence Regions for Location and Scale Parameters Based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Goodness of Fit Statistic

Computational methods are derived which permit the construction of confidence regions and intervals for location and scale parameters in a specified family of continuous distributions. The methods, which follow the procedures proposed by Barr and Davidson [1] and Easterling [2], are based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit statistic, and are readily adapted to type II censored samples.
Effects of a contoured apex on vortex breakdown

References g, P. K., Control of Flow Separation, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976, pp. 251-277. Howard, F. G., Quass, B. F., Weinstein, L. M., and Bushnell, D. M., "Longitudinal Afterbody Grooves and Shoulder Radiusing for Low-Speed Bluff Body Drag Reduction," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Paper 81-WA/FE-5, Nov. 1981. 3 Howard, F. G. and Goodman, W. L., "Axisymmetric Bluff-Body Drag Reduction Through Geometrical Modification," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 22, June 1985, pp. 516-522. Quass, B., Howard, F., Weinstein, L., and Bushnell, D., "Longitudinal Grooves for Bluff-Body Drag Reduction," AIAA Journal, Vol. 19, April 1981, pp. 535-537. Lin, J. C., Howard, F. G., and Selby, G. V., "Turbulent FlowSeparation Control Through Passive Techniques," AIAA Paper 890976, March 1989.
Manganese chloride enhances natural cell-mediated immune effector cell function: Effects on macrophages

Abstract A single intramuscular injection of MnCl2 in mice caused an increase in macrophage functional activity. Spleen cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against both chicken erythrocytes and P815 tumor cell targets was enhanced 24 h following a single injection of MnCl2. Enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity following MnCl2 treatment was not associated with a change in spleen cellularities compared with saline-injected mice. Resident peritoneal macrophages from mice injected intramuscularly with MnCl2 displayed enhanced phagocytic activity for chicken erythrocytes in the presence or absence of opsonizing antibody. Enhanced cytolytic activity against P815 mastocytoma target cells and enhanced cytostatic activity against MBL-2 lymphoma target cells was also observed for nonelicited resident peritoneal macrophages from mice injected intramuscularly with MnCl2. There were no differences in the cellularity or relative number of adherent cells obtained from the peritoneal cavity of saline of MNCl2-injected mice. These enhanced macrophage functions were associated with the induction of increased interferon levels in mice injected with MnCl2.
Mechanism by which Liddle's syndrome mutations increase activity of a human epithelial Na^+ channel

Abstract Liddle's syndrome is an inherited form of hypertension caused by mutations that truncate the C-terminus of human epithelial Na + channel (hENaC) subunits. Expression of truncated β and γ hENaC subunits increased Na + current. However, truncation did not alter single-channel conductance or open state probability, suggesting there were more channels in the plasma membrane. Moreover, truncation of the C-terminus of the β subunit increased apical cell-surface expression of hENaC in a renal epithelium. We identified a conserved motif in the C-terminus of all three subunits that, when mutated, reproduced the effect of Liddle's truncations. Further, both truncation of the C-terminus and mutation of the conserved C-terminal motif increased surface expression of chimeric proteins containing the C-terminus of β hENaC. Thus, by deleting a conserved motif, Liddle's mutations increase the number of Na + channels in the apical membrane, which increases renal Na + absorption and creates a predisposition to hypertension.
Supercritical-fluid fractionation of poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)

Abstract Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) copolymers of 3.1 and 3.9 mol % acrylic acid are fractionated with supercritical propane, butane, and dimethyl ether. The fractionations are performed isothermally using increasing pressure profiling that provides gram-size fractions with molecular-weight distributions of ∼ 1.2 to 3.0 as compared to the parent copolymers which have polydispersities near 6.0. It is possible to fractionate these acid copolymers with respect to chemical composition by first using one of the poor quality solvents, propane or butane, that solubilize the nonpolar ethylene-rich oligomers and then using dimethyl ether, a very strong solvent for these acid copolymers, to solubilize the acid-rich oligomers. The performance of the SCF fractionation is directly related to the cloud-point behavior exhibited by the copolymer-solvent mixture.
Modelling of Textile Structural Composites Part I: Processing-science Model for Three-dimensional Braiding

This paper demonstrates a unified approach to the design, analysis, and manufacturing of three-dimensional braids for structural composites. The linkage between manufacturing and performance is accomplished through a processing-science model. By combining a topological model of the braiding process with geometrical and mechanical models, a process structure/properties relationship for 3-D braid-reinforced composites is created to form a communication link between structural-design engineers and textile-materials engineers.
Effects of sulfur dioxide and ozone on growth of hybrid poplar leaves.

Hybrid poplar plants were exposed to 0.5 ppM SO/sub 2/, 0.25 ppM O/sub 3/ or 0.5 ppM SO/sub 2/ + 0.25 ppM O/sub 3/ 12 hr/day for 24 days to ascertain their effects on leaf growth and abscission. The data revealed that both O/sub 3/ alone and O/sub 3/ + SO/sub 2/ promoted leaf abscission, while SO/sub 2/ alone had no effect. Leaf area and dry weight were reduced while leaf abscission was stimulated by ozone fumigation. The interaction found between SO/sub 2/ and O/sub 3/, with all the parameters measured, was an antagonistic relationship in which SO/sub 2/ reduced the toxic effect of ozone. The data analyzed, in relation to leaf position, demonstrated that ozone did not affect development of the six youngest rapidly growing leaves. However, ozone significantly reduced both leaf area and leaf weight, at later stages of development. 14 references, 4 tables.
Downstream of guidance receptors: entering the baroque period of axon guidance signaling.

Abstract The Roundabout ("Robo") family of transmembrane proteins are the receptors and mediators of the repellent axon guidance signal Slit. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Robo signaling leads to growth cone or neuron repulsion are still poorly understood. A study by Fan et al. in this issue of Neuron expands the repertoire of Robo pathway components and stimulates a new look at axon guidance signaling in general.
Uncovering the role of APC-Cdh1 in generating the dynamics of S-phase onset

Premature S-phase entry due to Cdh1 ablation results from premature loss of the CDK inhibitor p27 and a reduced requirement for cyclin E1. This prolonged S phase coincides with slowed replication f...
Hierarchical Group Structures in Multi-person Tracking

This paper presents a novel approach for improving multi-person tracking using hierarchical group structures. The groups are identified by a bottom-up social group discovery method. The inter- and intra-group structures are modeled as a two-layer graph and tracking is posed as optimization of the integrated structure. The target appearance is modeled using HOG features, and the tracking solution is obtained via dynamic programming. The group structures are updated continuously and re-initialized intermittently using collected tracking evidence. We test our method on videos from four challenging datasets and evaluate it against state-of-the-art trackers. The significant performance improvement shows the importance of modeling the intra-group relationships and the advantage of the two-layer graph structure.
De novo biosynthesis of linoleic acid in insects

Abstract The de novo biosynthesis of linoleic acid was demonstrated in 8 of the 32 insect species examined, which include members of three orders and encompass both holometabolous and hemimetabolous species. The incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into linoleate was demonstrated by radio-GLC, and in selected species by radio-HPLC, silver nitrate thin-layer chromatography, radio-GLC and GLC linked to mass spectrometry of ozonolysis products. In most of the species which synthesized linoleate, there was a time-dependent increase in the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into linoleate from 2 to 24 h, and most of the labeled linoleate was recovered in the phospholipid fraction. There was no readily discernable evolutionary, physiological or nutritional pattern in the ability of certain species to synthesize linoleate.
Dorsal ulnar cutaneous nerve conduction studies in an asymptomatic population

Abstract Young SH-Y, Kalantri A. Dorsal ulnar cutaneous nerve conduction studies in an asymptomatic population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:1171-2. Objectives: To establish the average distal sensory latency and amplitude of the dorsal ulnar cutaneous nerve under controlled temperature and settings. Design: Dorsal ulnar cutaneous nerve conduction studies were performed with a bar electrode between the fourth and fifth metacarpals. The nerve was stimulated at 8 and 10cm from the active electrode. The temperature of the limbs under study was kept at 32°C to 35°C. Participants: Fifty-four arms of 27 subjects were studied. Results: Results showed that distal sensory latencies were normally distributed. The average distal sensory latencies at 8cm and 10cm were 1.84 ±.20msec and 2.09 ±.21msec, respectively, with average amplitudes of 26.5 ± 9.7μV and 23.5 ± 8.8μV. Comparison with a previously reported study in which the limb temperature was not controlled showed a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: It is important to use standardized technique and to measure and maintain optimal temperature of the arm under study to prevent erroneous results and misdiagnosis. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Religiousness/spirituality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: cultural integration for health research and intervention.

Objective Recently, behavioral scientists have developed greater interest in understanding the relations between religiousness and spirituality (R/S) and health. Our objectives were to (a) provide an overview of the R/S and health literature specific to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer, (b) discuss the importance of religious culture considerations to behavioral medicine research, (c) suggest methodological changes to advance this research toward greater depth of understanding, and (d) begin discussion on clinically appropriate ways to integrate R/S into treatment. Method Individual studies and meta-analyses on the relations of R/S with CVD and cancer were reviewed along with articles on the importance of culture to understanding R/S phenomena. Results Trends in the literature suggest that R/S predicts reductions in all-cause and CVD-related but not cancer mortality. R/S also shows relations with cardiovascular morbidity, and various dimensions of R/S show relations with cancer risk factors and well-being in cancer patients. Investigators have progressively studied more specific dimensions of R/S but have largely failed to consider them within religious cultural contexts. This context is essential for a deeper understanding of R/S and health relations and has profound methodological implications for future studies. Conclusions R/S and health research is expanding; yet, the field needs more programmatic research and greater theoretical organization. We propose that consideration of R/S variables within their religious culture will provide structure for greater integrative understanding to move the field forward. This understanding is imperative if R/S is to be appropriately integrated into culturally sensitive clinical interventions.
Adenoma detection rate increases with each decade of life after 50 years of age.

Background The adenoma detection rate (ADR) has recently been used as a quality measure for screening colonoscopy. We hypothesize that the ADR will increase with each decade of life after 50 years of age. Objective The aim of this study was to define age-based goals for the ADR and advanced neoplasia to improve the quality of colonoscopy. Methods Using the Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative database, we identified patients who underwent screening colonoscopy between 2005 and 2006. Pathology of polyp findings was reviewed, and the ADR and the prevalence of advanced neoplasia were calculated based on age and sex. Results A total of 7756 polypectomies (44.9%) were performed on 17,275 patients between 2005 and 2006. Of these polyps, 56.3% (4363) were adenomas or more advanced lesions. The ADR was higher in men than women and increased with age. The ADR in men younger than age 50 was 24.7 (95% CI, 18.2-31.2); for those 50 to 59 years of age, it was 27.8 (95% CI, 26.5-29.1); for those 60 to 69 years of age, it was 33.6 (95% CI, 31.7-35.4); for those 70 to 79 years of age, it was 34.3 (95% CI, 31.5-37.1); and for those older than 80 years of age, it was 40.0 (95% CI, 32.9-47.1). The ADR in women younger than 50 years old was 12.6 (95% CI, 6.8-18.4); in those 50 to 59 years of age, it was 17.0 (85% CI, 15.9-18.1); for those 60 to 69 years of age, it was 22.4 (95% CI, 20.8-24.0); for those 70 to 79 years of age, it was 26.1 (95% CI, 23.7-28.5); and for those older than 80 years of age, it was 26.9 (95% CI, 21.4-32.5). Limitations The Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative database offers access to demographic information as well as endoscopy and pathology data, but there is limited clinical information about patients in the database. Conclusion The ADR, and, importantly, the rate of advanced neoplasia increased with each decade of life after the age of 50 and are higher in men than women in each decade of life.
Clenbuterol reduces soleus muscle fatigue during disuse in aged rats.

High levels of clenbuterol have been shown to preserve muscle mass and function during disuse. In this study we report that a low dose of clenbuterol (10 μg/kg per day) lessened the loss of in situ soleus muscle isometric force normalized to wet muscle weight (Po/g wet weight) by 8% and reduced isometric fatigue by ∼30% in senescent rats after 21 days of hindlimb suspension (HS). Clenbuterol did not reduce the loss of relative force in the soleus of adult rats or the plantaris of old or adult rats. Furthermore, clenbuterol failed to improve muscle force or isometric fatigue in the soleus of adult rats or in the plantaris of either age group after HS. We conclude that low levels of clenbuterol reduce muscle fatigue in slow muscles during disuse and this β-agonist may also have therapeutic value for reducing fatigue in slow muscles (e.g., postural muscles) in the elderly during disuse. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 211–222, 2001
Impulse Characteristics of Aerial Spacer Cable

Although the overall performance record of aerial spacer cable on the Public Service Electric and Gas Company system has been excellent, the number of failures caused by lightning appears to be disproportionately high. To determine the optimum design criteria of this type of distribution system, a program of laboratory impulse tests was established. This paper presents the results of the laboratory tests, with volt-time curves for various components of the spacer cable system. This study is one of several performed by the Public Service Electric and Gas Company.
Enthalpy of Solution of 1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate in Water and in Aqueous Sodium Fluoride

An adiabatic calorimeter was used to measure the enthalpy of solution of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (0.0035 mol·kg-1 to 0.02 mol·kg-1) in water and in aqueous sodium fluoride of different ionic strengths (0.1 mol·kg-1 to 0.43 mol·kg-1) at nominal temperatures of 298 K, 306 K, and 313 K. Two additional measurements of the enthalpy of solution of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (0.013 mol·kg-1) in water at 298 K are also reported. The present results lead to the standard-state changes of enthalpy and heat capacity for the solution process. The contribution of a methylene group to the enthalpy of solution of these ionic liquids was determined from the measurements and is shown to be in agreement with the value obtained from other classes of organic compounds. The enthalpy of solution increment for the methylene group is used to calculate the enthalpy of solution of the series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborates. Calculated standard-state heat capacity values for...
Toxicity of metal mixtures to chick embryos

The toxic effects of mercury/selenium and certain other metal mixtures on the chick embryo are examined to determine whether antagonistic, additive or synergistic interactions occur. White Plymouth Rock chicken eggs were treated by yolk injection with cadmium chloride, mercuric chloride, zinc chloride and sodium selenate. Test aliquots were injected prior to incubation using the needle track procedure. Using a sample size of 200, percent survival was determined as hatchability of experimental eggs/controls. Metal mixtures used included mercury/cadmium, mercury/selenium, mercury/zinc, cadmium/selenium, and cadmium/zinc. Except for mercury/selenium, all other metal mixtures gave actual values that were within 5% of those for additive toxic effects. Actual hatchability frequencies for test concentrations of mercury/selenium indicated a moderate degree of synergism. Results indicate that the strong mercury/selenium synergism which affects embryonic development in the carp does not apply for the chick embryo; that most two-way combinations of cadmium, mercury, selenium and zinc exert purely additive effects on chick hatchability; and that these metal mixtures give no discernible antagonistic interactions which affect survival of chick embryos. (MFB)
On-orbit absolute temperature calibration using multiple phase change materials: overview of recent technology advancements

ABSTRACT NASAs anticipated plan for a mission dedicated to Climate (CLARREO) will hinge upon the ability to fly SI traceable standards that provide irrefutable absolute measurement accuracy. As an example, instrumentation designed to measure spectrally resolved infrared radiances will require high-emissivity calibration blackbodies that have absolute temperature uncertainties of better than 0.045K (3 sigma). A novel scheme to provide absolute calibration of temperature sensors on-orbit, that uses the transient melt signatures from multiple phase change materials, has been demonstrated in the laboratory at the University of Wisconsin and is now undergoing technology advancement under NASA Instrument Incubator Program funding. Using small quantities of phase change material (less than half of a percent of the mass of the cavity), melt temperature accuracies of better than 10 mK have been demonstrated for mercury, water, and gallium (providing calibration from 233K to 303K). Refinements currently underway focus on ensuring that the melt materials in their sealed confinement housings perform as expected in the thermal and microgravity environment of a multi-year spaceflight mission. Thermal soak and cycling tests are underway to demonstrate that there is no dissolution from the housings into the melt materials that could alter melt temperature, and that there is no liquid metal embrittlement of the housings from the metal melt materials. In addition, NASA funding has been recently secured to conduct a demonstration of this scheme in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station. Keywords: Absolute
Oxygen-isotope fractionation between marine biogenic silica and seawater

A stepwise fluorination technique has been used to selectively react away the water component of hydrous silica in order to better investigate the oxygen-isotope fractionation between biogenic opal and seawater, and to determine whether all taxa produce opal which is suitable for oxygen isotope paleothermometry. {delta}{sup 18}O of the tetrahedrally coordinated silicate oxygen of siliceous sponge spicules grown at a wide variety of temperatures varies independently of temperature. {delta}{sup 18}O from an Eocene radiolarian ooze sample is much more enriched than would be expected from any reasonable isotopic temperature curve, given the probable growing temperature of the sample. {delta}{sup 18}O of diatom samples seems to vary systematically with temperature and to conform approximately to the isotopic temperature curve for diatom frustules obtained by Labeyrie and coworkers using an entirely different analytical technique. Sponges appear to precipitate silica in isotopic disequilibrium with seawater oxygen, and old radiolarian silica may exchange readily with could oceanic bottom water. Neither will apparently be useful for paleoclimate reconstructions. Diatoms maybe useful in deducing ancient surface-water temperatures, but the systematic variation of {alpha} with temperature for diatoms may not be related to the quartz-H{sub 2}O equilibrium isotope fractionation.
A kinetic study of embryonic cell adhesion.

Abstract A new assay is described for measuring the kinetics of adhesion of cells to collecting aggregates. The parameter measured is the percentage of cells in suspension adhering to a large number of collecting aggregates per unit time. Using this assay on trypsinized cells it is shown that several hours of recovery are required before the maximum adhesion rate is reached. The recovery period is sensitive to cycloheximide and to low temperature (4°C). As the cells approach the maximum adhesion rate, their collection to aggregates becomes increasingly insensitive to the addition of cycloheximide; this adhesion remains sensitive to low temperature. Specificity studies show that the rate of adhesion of embryonic cells to collecting aggregates is highest between cells and aggregates of the same histotype. This rate is affected by the embryonic age of the cells. Finally, when cells of a tissue are fractionated on Ficoll gradients, it is shown that subpopulations of cells adhere to collecting aggregates at different rates.
A note on quality differences and United States/Canadian wheat trade☆

Abstract This paper provides some insights as to why the United States, the fifth largest wheat producer in the world, imports a significant amount of wheat from Canada. The assessment relies on an implicit price function of the import demand for wheat. This function focuses on the physical and intrinsic characteristics of wheat. There is a premium for the protein content and the percentage of heat damaged kernels in wheat. The fact that wheat is a differentiated commodity possessing a mix of physical and intrinsic characteristics together with price considerations helps to explain why the import of Canadian wheat by the United States exists and why this became a significant issue in 1993.
Spectrum Fatigue Testing and Small-Crack Life Prediction Analysis on a Coupon Similar to a Critical Design Detail of a CF188 Hornet Component

Numerous studies have shown that small-crack methodology can be used to predict the total fatigue life of laboratory type (KT = 1 and 3) specimens under variable amplitude loading. Prior to investigating how well this fatigue life prediction capability could be extended to “real” aircraft structures, an intermediary step was taken where total fatigue life was predicted for a laboratory type specimen similar to a critical design detail in a fighter aircraft fuselage bulkhead. Using the small-crack analysis in the computer code called FASTRAN and assuming an initial crack size of 20 microns, the time to catastrophic failure of the test coupons was predicted to within 10% of the average test times.
Subspace-based localization and inverse scattering of multiply scattering point targets

The nonlinear inverse scattering problem of estimating the locations and scattering strengths or reflectivities of a number of small, point-like inhomogeneities (targets) to a known background medium from single-snapshot active wave sensor array data is investigated in connection with time-reversal multiple signal classification and an alternative signal subspace method which is based on search in high-dimensional parameter space and which is found to outperform the time-reversal approach in number of localizable targets and in estimation variance. A noniterative formula for the calculation of the target reflectivities is derived which completes the solution of the nonlinear inverse scattering problem for the general case when there is significant multiple scattering between the targets. The paper includes computer simulations illustrating the theory and methods discussed in the paper.
Public confidence in the U.S. Supreme Court: A new look at the impact of Court decisions

Abstract Judicial scholars have long debated the notion that Court decisions can influence the public's attitudes toward the U.S. Supreme Court. We engage this literature by introducing new dimensions to existing theory for predicting the impact of Court decisions on public confidence in the Court and by introducing innovative methods to test our hypotheses. We begin our analysis by examining the relationship between specific Court decisions and public confidence with aggregate time series data. Our analysis then shifts to an examination of individual-level survey data to examine the same hypotheses. Our results indicate that specific decisions can have a significant positive and negative impact on individual-level confidence in the Court. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings for the theoretical and methodological debates over the influence of Court decisions on public confidence.