cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inelastic scattering of 16O from 60Ni at 114 MeV

Abstract The 60Ni(16O, 16O') reaction has been measured with about 100 keV energy resolution at a bombarding energy of 114 MeV. Twelve transitions to 2+, 3−, 4+ and 5− states were observed in the region below 5.8 MeV excitation and angular distributions of the corresponding differential cross sections were measured. DWBA and CC analyses are presented and spectroscopic information, in particular pertaining to the two-phonon strengths, is deduced. The deformation lengths βLR2 are compared to previous results from inelastic scattering with 4He, 14C, and 16O particles. Supplementary data in the region of the giant quadrupole resonance (GQR) were obtained, although the GQR was not identified. The experimental results are used in a discussion of the energy loss process in heavy ion collisions.
The lysozyme content of blood

Summary The lytic effect of serum, plasma, whole blood and of leucocytes upon a susceptible organism ( Micrococcus lysodeikticus ) has been studied. The lysozyme titer of serum in acute infections did not differ greatly from that in normal individuals. When comparative tests of plasma, whole blood, and leucocytes were made in a group of cases, plasma was found to be least active while leucocytes possessed the greatest activity. In certain acute infections and after artificial fever, the lytic power of the leucocytes was found to be increased. It was decreased after the crisis in pneumonia. In normal control subjects and in children during acute infections, the lysozyme content of the leucocytes seemed to be increased or decreased in direct relationship to the percentage of the polymorphonuclear cells.
The Efficacy of Written Corrective Feedback in Improving L2 Written Accuracy: A Meta‐Analysis

Written corrective feedback has been subject to increasing attention in recent years, in part because of the conceptual controversy surrounding it and in part because of its ubiquitous practice. This study takes a meta-analytic approach to synthesizing extant empirical research, including 21 primary studies. Guiding the analysis are two questions: Does written corrective feedback help to improve the grammatical accuracy of second language writing? What factors might mitigate its efficacy? Results show that written corrective feedback can lead to greater grammatical accuracy in second language writing, yet its efficacy is mediated by a host of variables, including learners' proficiency, the setting, and the genre of the writing task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Influence of a moderately cold environment on venous pressure in the superficial veins of normal young men and patients with chronic congestive heart failure.

Abstract Sudden chilling of the body of normal young men by a moderately cold atmosphere definitely increased venous tone and venous pressure, whereas it tended to increase systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure and decrease pulse and respiratory rates. The superficial veins of the body constricted greatly. This response is certainly concerned with thermal regulation. The response of 15 patients with chronic congestive heart failure to sudden exposure to a moderately cold environment was essentially the same as that for the normal subjects. Superficial venous pressure increased, especially in response to pressure over the hepatic area. Four subjects experienced increased dyspnea after several minutes of exposure to the colder environment, 2 seriously enough to necessitate immediate transferral to a warm room. An environment considered comfortable by the subject appears to be most desirable. Acclimatization, physical and mental activity, clothing, and cardiac reserve are among the many factors to be evaluated in selection of the ideal environmental atmosphere. These experiments indicate the important, and possibly detrimental, influence of sudden cooling of a subject with cardiac disease, a factor worthy of some consideration in therapy. These studies show further that the veins are not passive vascular tubes but rather participate actively in cardiovascular regulatory phenomena.
Experimental observation of triple junction behavior during DIGM

Summary An unexpected phenomenon, new grain formation at triple junctions during DIGM, has been studied by transmission electron microscopy. It is suggested that this is a manifestation of the plastic deformation that occurs prior to the initiation of DIGM.
Separation of the Tryptic Peptides and Cyanogen Bromide Fragments of the Human Embryonic Zeta (§) Chains of Hemoglobin Portland I and II by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography

The amino acid compositions of tryptic peptides and cyancgen bromide fragments of the purified §, chain of Hb Portland I [§2γ2) and Hb Portland II (§, 2β2) have been determined. The hemoglobins were obtained from bloos from neonates with hydrops fetalis due to homozygous α-thalassemia. The globin chains, tryptic peptides and cyanogen bromide fragments were all separated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Several different types of C-18 columns were used with two different developer systems. The tryptic peptides of aminoethylated §. chain were separated using an ammonium acetate-acetonitrile gradient. An aqueous trifuoroacetic acid-I-propanol developer gradient was used for the separation of cyanogen bromide fragments.Of the seventeen tryptic peptides obtained, two (§T10a and §T10b) resulted from the unusual cleavage of a Tyr-Ile peptide bond. This was observed even when using TPCK treated trypsin. From this study and results of others, it can be deduced that trypsin will hydro...
Predictors of Response to Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy for Social Phobia

Response to cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia was assessed at posttest and 6-month follow-up in a sample of 62 clients (41 generalized subtype, 21 nongeneralized). Predictors assessed were depression, expectancy, personality disorder traits, clinician-rated breadth and severity of impairment, and frequency of negative thoughts during social interactions. Outcome measures included self-report questionnaires and behavioral tests of dyadic interaction and a public speech. Although no predictor was related to outcome across all domains of measurement, higher depression, more avoidant personality traits, and lower treatment expectancy were each related to poorer treatment response on one or more outcome criteria. Cognitive change was consistently associated with change on self-report symptom measures, but, contrary to expectation, lower rates of negative thinking at posttest did not predict better maintenance of treatment gains at follow-up.
The Role of Selenium Nutrition in the Development of Neonatal Rat Lung

ABSTRACT: Our study was designed to assess the role of selenium (Se) in development of neonatal lungs under conditions of normoxia and hyperoxia. Thirty-six female Sprague Dawley rats were bred and fed a Se-deficient (0.03 ppm Se) or a Se-adequate (0.5 ppm Se) diet during pregnancy and lactation. At d 2 postpartum, 24 litters were randomly assigned to either high oxygen (>95%) or air and were cross-fostered for 4 d. Lung weight was significantly enhanced in Se-adequate pups and was not related to high oxygen or air exposure of either the pups or dams. Two types of histologic lesions were observed in the lungs of the pups: septal attenuation and interstitial inflammation. When reared in oxygen, all (17 of 17) Se-deficient pups had lesions. In contrast, only 60% (9 of 15) of Se-adequate pups were affected (p < 0.01). Lung lesions also were more severe in Se-deficient pups. Se-deficient pups also displayed a significant degree of septal attenuation when reared in air. Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in the pup lung was significantly elevated in response to hyperoxia and was unrelated to Se nutriture. No differences in activities of lung superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione s-transferase were noted between Se-deficient and Se-adequate pups reared in air or high oxygen environments. These data indicate that Se has an important role in the development of neonatal lungs, a role that is even more pronounced during conditions of hyperoxia. The protective role of Se in developing lung tissue cannot be completely explained by enhanced glutathione peroxidase activity.
Inner-shell photoionization of alkaline-earth-metal atoms

The photoionization cross sections, branching ratios, and angular-distribution asymmetry parameters for the inner shells of alkaline-earth-metal atoms have been calculated using the relativistic random-phase approximation and the relativistic random-phase approximation modified to include relaxation effects. Our main purpose is to determine whether relaxation effects are important throughout the group IIA of alkaline-earth metals. Comparisons are made between relaxed and unrelaxed results. Results for beryllium and strontium are compared with experiments. Strong relaxation effects are noted for the ionization of 3d electrons in barium.
Histochemical and morphological observations on rat myocardium after exercise.

Effects of seven levels of chronic physical activity on the metabolic and morphologic characteristics of left ventricular myocardium of adult male albino rats were investigated.
Heterogeneity of collagens from basement membranes of lens and cornea.

Abstract Collagen was solubilized by pepsin digestion of bovine Descemet's membrane and anterior lens capsule. From these preparations “segment long-spacing” crystallites were precipitated by ATP. Comparison with bovine types I, II and III collagens by electron microscopy showed that two new types of segments were present. These new crystallites represented only a small fraction of the collagen precipitated on the microscope grids and therefore it is not certain that the collagen producing these segments is representative of the collagen comprising most of the two basement membranes; these new collagens may be derived from minor components of these tissues. Segments identical to one of those from Descemet's membrane were also observed in the mixture of collagens solubilized by pepsin from heart valve.
A Note on Sample Size Determination for the Estimation of the Mean Vector of a Multivariate Population

In this article, we present a straightforward Bonferroni approach for determining sample size for estimating the mean vector of a multivariate population under two scenarios: (1) a pre-specified overall confidence level is desired; and (2) a pre-specified confidence level needs to be guaranteed for each individual variable. It is demonstrated that correlation between variables helps reduce the sample size. The formula to calculate the reduced sample size is derived. A binormal example is presented to illustrate the effect of correlation on sample size reduction for various values of the correlation coefficient.
Encystment ofAzotobacter vinelandii in liquid culture

Cyst formation in liquid cultures ofAzotobacter vinelandii could be raised to 90% by including 0.6% CaCO3 in the Burk's basal salts solution. The cysts were resistant to desiccation and possessed exine and intine capsular components when observed by electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. Cells grown in liquid medium containing no CaCO3, but in which the pH was controlled by addition of 0.1m KOH, were not resistant to desiccation. The capsular material was loosely aggregated and not organized into the typical coat structure. The culture supernatant fluid became viscous and could be precipitated with CaCl2, yielding a thick, polysaccharide-like gel. Calcium carbonate in the liquid encystment medium served both as a means of acid neutralization and as a source of calcium ions. Calcium ions appear to be structural units necessary for coordination of the coat components into the rigid cyst structure. Other metal ions examined could not substitute effectively for calcium in the encysting system.
Overcoming Gender Bias in Reward Allocation: The Role of Expectations of Future Performance

The present study examined the relationships among gender, causal attributions for success, and the distribution of organizational rewards. In this study, which attempted to control for methodological deficiencies of previous research, male and female undergraduates reviewed the performance of four stimulus managers: three men and one woman. Participants were asked to make causal attributions for the stimulus manager's success, and to rate how effectively they believed the manager would perform in the future. They were then asked to nominate a manager for an organizational reward. Bias against the female manager was exhibited by females only. Results indicated that lower expectations of future performance for the female manager significantly predicted the bias against her in reward allocation.
Stability of General Coupled Inertial Agents

We investigate the stability of a system of multiple inertial agents, using the decomposition approach, in which the velocity/position coupling can be generally non-balanced. The stability of the system is determined by two sorts of factors: the velocity/position coupling and the damping/stiffness gains. We indicate all possibly invariant quantities of the system and give sufficient conditions for stability. Also, our result gives a less conservative estimate to design the damping/stiffness gains of the system for stability than some other recent results.
An Atmospheric Turbulence, Scattering, and Weather Monitoring System for Three kilometers, Partially Over Water Path for Monitoring the Statistics of Turbulence

ABSTRACT So-called free-space laser communication systems working near the surface of the Earth must operate in thepresence of atmospheric turbulence. The eects of the atmospheric turbulence on the laser beam which arerelevant to optical communications are a broadening of the laser footprint, random jitter of the laser beam, andhigh spatial frequency intensity uctuations referre d to as scintillation. The overall goal of our program is toimprove performance and extend the range of optical communications systems by exploring the use of adaptiveoptics and channel coding. To better model the performance of a real system operating in the real world, we havedeveloped an outdoor turbulence-measurement and monitoring system. In this paper we describe an atmosphericturbulence monitoring system for three kilometers, partially over water path. The laser transmitter operatesat 808 nm with a source power of 2mW. The receiver consists of relay opti cs, a Hartmann wave front sensor(WFS), and a CCD camera. The WFS is used to monitor atmospheric turbulence-induced phase aberrations,and the camera is used for both conventional imaging studies and measurements of anisoplanatic eects. In thispaper we describe this system and present some pre liminary results obtained from the measurements.Keywords: laser communication channel, turbulence, scintillation, adaptive optics
Functional characterization of the pre- and postjunctional α-adrenoceptors in the in situ perfused rat mesenteric vascular bed

Pressor responses to periarterial nerve stimulation in the in situ perfused mesentery were potentiated by rauwolscine while responses to norepinephrine and phenylephrine were unaffected. Pressor responses to nerve stimulation, norepinephrine and phenylephrine were abolished by prazosin. No responses could be elicited in the mesentery by tramazoline. Thus, pressor responses to nerve stimulation and norepinephrine in this vascular bed are mediated by α1-adrenoceptors while prejunctional α2-adrenoceptors exert a negative feedback influence on vascular neurotransmission.
Solidification modeling of plasma sprayed TBC: Analysis of remelt and multiple length scales of rough substrates

A two-dimensional, finite-element model based on an enthalpy formulation, was developed to simulate a splat solidifying on a rough substrate (with an idealized, sinusoidal-shaped roughness) capturing the multiple-length scales seen in real coatings as well as different aspect ratios. The model was used to study the effects of substrate temperature, splat temperature, and roughness characteristics on the onset and extent of remelt. Remelt is studied since it is indicative of local heat transfer conditions and might explain observed coating properties. Multiple splats were simulated using the two-dimensional model for short-time cooling coupled to a one-dimensional model for long-time cooling to predict substrate temperature rise prior to subsequent splat impacts. The presence of roughness promoted substrate remelting at conditions under which no remelting was observed for a smooth surface, suggesting that substrate roughness is an important parameter to include in splat solidification studies. The effects of splat temperature and substrate temperature on remelt were consolidated into a single nondimensional parameter, which captured a number of critical phenomena including characterization of the onset of remelt with a nondimensional remelting point.
Invasion of the western Ampelmännchen

Since the unification of Germany in 1990, academics have debated the consequences of the integration of the former German Democratic Republic with the Federal Republic of Germany. We explore the rise of the Ampelmannchen within the context of the Ostalgie industry to argue that East Germans have turned to one imported institution as a vehicle for the expression of their interests and identity: the market. In contrast to other GDR icons, the Ampelmannchen is finding popular resonance because it is entirely untainted by the negative aspects of GDR life. Its economic success contributes to the creation of an eastern cultural identity.
How popular is the Personality Assessment Inventory in practice and training

A review of recent survey data indicates that the Personality Assessment Inventory ranks among the most frequently used objective personality tests in practice and clinical training.
Gene-environment interaction in yeast gene expression

The effects of genetic variants on phenotypic traits often depend on environmental and physiological conditions, but such gene-environment interactions are poorly understood. Recently developed approaches that treat transcript abundances of thousands of genes as quantitative traits offer the opportunity to broadly characterize the architecture of gene-environment interactions. We examined the genetic and molecular basis of variation in gene expression between two yeast strains (BY and RM) grown in two different conditions (glucose and ethanol as carbon sources). We observed that most transcripts vary by strain and condition, with 2,996, 3,448, and 2,037 transcripts showing significant strain, condition, and strain-condition interaction effects, respectively. We expression profiled over 100 segregants derived from a cross between BY and RM in both growth conditions, and identified 1,555 linkages for 1,382 transcripts that show significant gene-environment interaction. At the locus level, local linkages, which usually correspond to polymorphisms in cis-regulatory elements, tend to be more stable across conditions, such that they are more likely to show the same effect or the same direction of effect across conditions. Distant linkages, which usually correspond to polymorphisms influencing trans-acting factors, are more condition-dependent, and often show effects in different directions in the two conditions. We characterized a locus that influences expression of many growth-related transcripts, and showed that the majority of the variation is explained by polymorphism in the gene IRA2. The RM allele of IRA2 appears to inhibit Ras/PKA signaling more strongly than the BY allele, and has undergone a change in selective pressure. Our results provide a broad overview of the genetic architecture of gene-environment interactions, as well as a detailed molecular example, and lead to key insights into how the effects of different classes of regulatory variants are modulated by the environment. These observations will guide the design of studies aimed at understanding the genetic basis of complex traits.
Freeze-fracture analysis of structure of plasma membrane of photoreceptor cell outer segments

The plasma membrane of the outer segments of photoreceptor cells in the guinea pig retina was analyzed by means of freeze-fracturing. Two fracture faces with greatly different structure were observed. The relationship of these two faces to the edge which was exposed when the fracture passed across the membrane made it possible to establish that they revealed the cytoplasmic and the peripheral surfaces of the plasma membrane. The thickness of the plasma membrane was measured to be about 100 A. The difference in appearance of the cytoplasmic and the peripheral surfaces of the plasma membrane was interpreted to reveal a layered structure with a predominantly lipid layer at the cytoplasmic surface, and a predominantly protein layer at the peripheral surface. A concept describing the molecular structure of the membrane is proposed. The outer segment plasma membrane differs structurally from the outer segment disk membranes. Certain aspects of disk membrane formation as invaginations of the plasma membrane are discussed. The fact that only two fracture faces were observed and no complementary faces was explained by a simple analysis of some effects of the fracturing on the frozen material.
Evidence of adrenergic-cholinergic interaction in the central nervous system II. Dopamine and its analogues

Abstract The effects of dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OH-DA), and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) administered into the cerebro spinal fluid on choline acetylase (ChAc) activity, endogenous levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the rat brain were studied. In vitro tests, showed that dopamine and 6-OH-DA at concentrations of 10−2 to 10−4 M significantly decreased ChAc activity. Chronic studies showed that both DA and 5-OH-DA activated ChAc whereas 6-OH-DA caused an initial decrease in the enzyme activity followed rapid recovery after 4 days. DA treatment increased the levels of NE and DA in the brain whereas 5-HT level was not significantly changed. 5-OH-DA treatment markedly reduced the levels of NE, increased the levels of 5-HT but did not significantly affect the DA level. 6-OH-DA treatment caused a significant reduction in NE, a small decrease in DA level, and no significant change in the level of 5-HT. The data showed interaction between the various monoamines and their effects on ChAc activity. These findings support the concept suggested in previous studies on the control of eating behaviour, of an adrenergic-cholinergic interaction in the central nervous system.
Large-scale structure: entering the precision era

Abstract In recent years, the framework for a plausible theory of large-scale structure formation has emerged: primordial, quasi-scale-invariant perturbations from inflation, which subsequently grow by gravitational instability in a universe with a substantial component of cold dark matter. At the same time, with the development of large galaxy surveys, the precision of statistical measurements of large-scale structure has begun to improve rapidly. In the near future, a new generation of surveys, along with cosmic microwave background missions and other cosmological probes, will probe this structure formation paradigm and ultimately provide clues to the dynamics of inflation itself. This chapter highlights recent progress and expected future developments in our understanding of large-scale structure and in testing the inflationary scenario for its formation.
Solid Core in Neutron Stars

The identification of pulsars as rotating neutron stars has led to an increased interest in the structure calculation of neutron stars. It may be said with reasonable confidence that the state of matter in the outer regions of a neutron star is relatively well understood, while our knowledge of the equation of state in the density range upwards of 1015 g cm−3is still far from clear.
Periumbilical pain secondary to persistent urachal band

Abstract An eight-year-old boy had periumbilical pain associated with micturition; the disorder was secondary to a persistent urachal band. Surgical excision of the urachus resulted in resolution of the .symptoms. Although urachal anomalies are unusual, they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of periumbilical pain with micturition.
CIRCULATING THYMIC-HORMONE ACTIVITY IN CONGENITAL IMMUNODEFICIENCY

Circulating thymic-hormone activity was assayed by measuring Thy 1-2 antigen induction on null lymphocytes from athymic mice incubated with human plasma or serum. Plasma from 19 normal children aged under 10 had inductive activity equivalent to 10-6-16-2 ng thymopoitin/ml. Plasma from 15 infants were severe combined immuno-deficiency, 2 of whom had appreciable immunoglobulin synthesis, and from 2 infants with DiGeorge syndrome had little or no inductive activity. Successful reconstitution with thymus or bone-marrow grafts and with red-cell infusions (if adenosine-deaminase deficiency is present) was followed by a rise in circulating thymic-hormone activity.
New variational wave function for liquid 3 He

Variational calculations, with a new wave function based on the Feynman-Cohen correlation operator, are carried out for liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ with a Lennard-Jones potential. The wave function contains three-body correlations and momentum-dependent two-body correlations, in addition to the Jastrow correlations commonly used in variational calculations. The Fermi hypernetted-chain summation methods are generalized to calculate energy expectation values wiith this wave function. The calculated equilibrium energy and density are -2.\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and $0.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, a significant improvement over the -1.25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and $0.22{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ obtained with the Jastrow wave function, and closer to the experimental -2.56\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and $0.28{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
Theoretical aspects of Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA)

Fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) is a methodology for obtaining linguistic summarizations from data that are associated with cases. It has recently been described as a collection of 13 steps [7]. In this paper we focus on how to greatly speed up some of the computationally intensive steps of fsQCA and show how to use the speed-up equations to obtain some interesting and important properties of fsQCA. These properties not only provide additional understanding about fsQCA, but also lead to different ways to implement fsQCA. One of the properties is so important (Section 8) that unless its results are adopted, when a variable is described by more than one term (e.g., Low and High), fsQCA will provide incorrect results.
Major differences in the pulmonary circulation between birds and mammals

The lungs of domestic chickens were perfused with blood or dextran/saline and the pulmonary artery pressure (P(a)) and venous pressure (P(v)) were varied in relation to air capillary pressure (P(A)). In Zone 3 conditions, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was virtually unchanged with increases in either P(a) or P(v). This is very different behavior from mammals where the same interventions greatly reduce PVR. In Zone 2 conditions blood flow was essentially independent of P(v) as in mammalian lungs but all the capillaries appeared to be open, apparently incompatible with a Starling resistor mechanism. In Zone 1 the capillaries were open even when P(A) exceeded P(a) by over 30 cm H(2)O which is very different behavior from that of the mammalian lung. We conclude that the air capillaries that surround the blood capillaries provide rigid support in both compression and expansion of the vessels. The work suggests a pathogenesis for pulmonary hypertension syndrome in chickens which costs the broiler industry $1 billion per year.
Congenital polyps of the prostatic urethra. A review of the literature and report of two cases.

SUMMARY Two cases of prostatic urethral polyps are reported. These along with the 28 previously reported cases are analysed from a clinical and pathological standpoint. I t is concluded that this is a non-neoplastic congenital defect. Because of its obstructive qualities it is of clinical significance and should be recognised as a separate entity. To eliminate further discrepancies in nomenclature it is suggested that this lesion be identified with the title “congenital polyp of the prostatic urethra.
Bisphosphonate adaptors for specific protein binding on zirconium phosphonate-based microarrays.

Two bisphosphonate adaptors were designed to immobilize histidine-tagged proteins onto glass substrates coated with a zirconium phosphonate monolayer, allowing efficient and oriented immobilization of capture proteins, affitins directed to lysozyme, on a microarray format. These bifunctional adaptors contain two phosphonic acid anchors at one extremity and either one nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) or two NTA groups at the other. The phosphonate groups provide a stable bond to the zirconium interface by multipoint attachment and allow high density of surface coverage of the linkers as revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Reversible high-density capture of histidine-tagged proteins is shown by real-time surface plasmon resonance enhanced ellipsometry and in a microarray format using fluorescence detection of AlexaFluor 647-labeled target protein. The detection sensitivity of the microarray for the target protein was below 1 nM, despite the monolayer arrangement of the probes, due to very low bac...
Effects of annealing time and temperature on the crystallinity and heat resistance behavior of injection-molded poly(lactic acid)

The effects of annealing time and temperature on the crystallinity of injection-molded poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and wide-angle x-ray diffraction. Differential scanning calorimetry, tensile test, and dynamic mechanical analysis showed that an increase in crystallinity in the PLA parts from the annealing treatment offers several benefits such as a higher glass transition temperature, better heat resistance, and greater storage modulus and tensile strength. Based on the experimental data, the degree of crystallinity, annealing time, and annealing temperature were found to closely follow the time–temperature superposition relationship. Namely, a master curve could be constructed based on either the Williams–Landel–Ferry equation or the Arrhenius relationship by shifting the crystallinity isotherms in the logarithmic scale horizontally along the log-time axis. This relationship provides a quantitative guideline for annealing postinjection-molded PLA parts to improve the heat resistance and mechanical properties. An increase of over 17% and 26% in tensile strength was achieved at an annealing temperature of 80°C for 30 min and 65°C for 31 h, respectively. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Getting the lead out: important exposure science contributions.

Exposure to lead has long been known to exert toxic effects on the nervous system as a key target, with the greatest concern typically being for unborn fetuses, infants, and young children. It is now recognized, however, that people of all ages can be affected (including geriatric populations) and that lead impacts virtually all organ systems. Since the 1960s, as research revealed adverse effects of lead at lower and lower exposure levels, views regarding “unacceptable” lead concentrations have been repeatedly revised downward to prevent or reduce human lead exposures. This has led to remarkable progress in reducing exposures, as well illustrated by the graph above showing decreased percentages of blood lead levels in US children. These dramatic decreases in lead exposure are attributable mostly to the phase-out of the use of leaded gasoline in the United States. The ongoing decline also reflects success in reducing other major lead sources (e.g., house paint, soil, house dust, drinking water from leaded pipes, and food). Exposure science has been essential to showing the need for reducing lead exposure, pathways of exposure, and the success of implementing laws aimed at exposure reduction, e.g., the Lead Contamination Control Act of 1988. As sources of lead are further elucidated, exposure science will continue to play a crucial role in enabling protection of public health. Lead is a highly useful metal, but it has long been feared because of the risks it poses to human health. The characterization of human lead-exposure pathways and internal lead burdens is an important exposure science advance that has contributed to an impressive public health success story that is not yet finished. Getting the lead out: important exposure science contributions
Psychological insulin resistance among low-income, U.S. racial minority patients with type 2 diabetes.

Aims To examine psychological insulin resistance (PIR), the unwillingness to accept insulin therapy, within a unique U.S. population of patients with diabetes.
Molecular dynamics simulation of flow past a plaste

Molecular dynamics simulations with a soft-sphere potential have been carried out to model two dimensional fluid flow obstructed by a plate. At fluid velocities large enough to obtain adequate signal to noise resolution, two counter-circulating vortices are observed behind the obstruction. The stationary state length scale of these vortices is found to be roughly proportional to the average velocity in the system, as predicted by the hydrodynamic theory.
Effects of various metal substrata on accumulation of pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and the efficacy of monochloramine as a biocide

Monochloramine at 4 mg·l−1 was used to treat biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in annular reactors on various metal substrata, including stainless steel, mild steel and copper. Disinfection of in situ biofilms was most efficient on the stainless steel slides. The treatment reduced viable cells in the biofilm on the stainless steel slides by more than 4 orders of magnitude after 60 min, while the same treatment reduced viable cells in the biofilms on the other slides (mild steel and copper) by only 2 orders of magnitude. Mild steel corrosion products retarded the disinfection of homogenized biofilm cells. The composition of steady state biofilms on the various substrata (before biocide treatment) differed. Biofilm on stainless steel slides had more viable cells but less extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Biofilms on mild steel and copper slides had fewer viable cells but more EPS. Almost 95% of total cells in the biofilm on the copper slides were dead cells. The lower efficacy of disinfection ...
Time-intensity trade for speech: a temporal speech-Stenger effect.

Time-intensity trade for selected spondaically stressed words was investigated using a centering method for interaural time delays of 0.00, 1.00, 2.00, 2.25, 2.50, and 2.75 msec at five levels of presentation: 0-, 25-, 40-, 55-, and 70-dB HL (ANSI, 1969). Lateralization effects increased with level of presentation, with a maximum lateralization effect of between 22 and 30 dB occuring with an interaural time delay of 2.25 msec. Multiple images were perceived by all subjects with an interaural time delay of 2.75 msec and by some subjects with an interaural time delay of 2.50 msec at high levels of presentation. No “ear effect” was observed for any of the listeners. A potential clinical application is discussed for this temporal speech-Stenger effect.
ADENOSINE DIALDEHYDE ANALOGS. I: REGIOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF ADENOSINE MONOALDEHYDES

Abstract Selective borohydride reduction of adenosine dialdehyde ( 1 ) gave the known adenosine 2′-monoaldehyde ( 2 ). Reaction of 1 with N,N′-diphenylethylenediamine, followed by reduction and deblocking gave adenosine 3′-monoaldehyde ( 5 ), a new compound. Unlike 2 , compound 5 inhibited S -AdoHcy hydrolase and showed antiviral activity in vitro.
A soluble relativistic field theory

Abstract The theory of a selfcoupled spinors field with L = λ ψ ψ ψ ψ is solved in one space and one time dimension. A representation of the eigenstates of the energy is given. Some observable quantities are calculated and found to be finite after renormalization. They can be expanded in powers of λ with a finite radius of convergence.
Multispectral InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs laser arrays by MBE growth on patterned substrates

Abstract Multispectral semiconductor laser arrays on single chip is demonstrated by molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) growth of In 0.2 Ga 0.8 As GaAs quantum well lasers on GaAs (1 0 0) substrates patterned by dry etching. No regrowth is needed for simple edge emitting lasers. It was observed that the laser characteristics are not degraded by the patterned growth. The shift in the emission wavelength obtained by this method can be controlled by varying the width of the pre-patterned ridges as well as by selecting the regions with different number of vertical sidewalls on both sides. We have also shown that multispectral vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays can be made by this technique with a single regrowth.
Activation of a mouse macrophage cell line by acemannan: The major carbohydrate fraction from Aloe vera gel

Acemannan is the name given to the major carbohydrate fraction obtained from the gel of the Aloe vera leaf. It has been claimed to have several important therapeutic properties including acceleration of wound healing, immune stimulation, anti-cancer and anti-viral effects. However, the biological mechanisms of these activities are unclear. Because of this wide diversity of effects, it is believed that they may be exerted through pluripotent effector cells such as macrophages. The effects of acemannan on the mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 cells were therefore investigated. It was found that acemannan could stimulate macrophage cytokine production, nitric oxide release, surface molecule expression, and cell morphologic changes. The production of the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha were dependent on the dose of acemannan provided. Nitric oxide production, cell morphologic changes and surface antigen expression were increased in response to stimulation by a mixture of acemannan and IFN-gamma. These results suggest that acemannan may function, at least in part, through macrophage activation.
Characterization of acidity in AlPO4-Al2O3 (5–15 wt% Al2O3) catalysts using pyridine temperature-programmed desorption

Abstract TPD of pyridine desorbed from the surface of AlPO4Al2O3 catalysts, with different Al2O3 loadings (5–15 wt%), yields a complex desorption curve consisting of three overlapped peaks which are ascribable to weak (Tm ∼ 460 K), medium (Tm ∼ 530 K) and strong Tm ∼ 590 K) acid sites (Bronsted and Lewis). Moreover, three is a homogeneous distribution of acid strength, and, besides, the increase in alumina loading leads to an increase in the number of pyridine-adsorbing sites even though there is no change in the strength distribution when catalysts are calcined at 773–1073 K. Furthermore, calcination at 1273 K reduces both the number and the strength of acid sites for as long as the alumina content increases. Finally, the overall number of acid sites continuously decreases as the temperature of pyridine adsorption increases.
Human Papillomavirus Type 31 Uses a Caveolin 1- and Dynamin 2-Mediated Entry Pathway for Infection of Human Keratinocytes

Papillomaviruses are species-specific and epitheliotropic DNA viruses that cause tumors in their natural hosts. Certain infections with genital human papillomavirus (HPV) types are causally related to cervical cancer development. Most papillomaviruses are thought to infect cells via a clathrin-dependent pathway, yet no studies have determined the entry route in permissive host epithelial cells. Employing fluorescently labeled and native virions, we tested the effects of dominant-negative and biochemical inhibitors of cellular endocytosis pathways. Infections of human keratinocytes, a natural host cell type for HPVs, were assessed visually and by infectious entry assays. We found that HPV type 31 (HPV31) entry and initiation of early infection events require both caveolin 1 and dynamin 2 and occur independently of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Treatment with chlorpromazine and filipin had opposing effects on HPV31 and HPV16 infection. HPV31 entry was remarkably slow, with a half-time of ≈14 h, whereas the entry half-time of HPV16 was 4 h. Consistent with a caveola-mediated entry pathway for HPV31, the virions associated with detergent-resistant lipid rafts. During a 16-h microscopic tracking of HPV31 and HPV16 virions, no colocalization of the two viral types was observed. These data suggest that HPV31 and HPV16 virions use distinct routes for host epithelial cell entry.
Specific Amino Acids in the First Fibronectin Type III Repeat of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Play a Role in Its Recognition and Polysialylation by the Polysialyltransferase ST8Sia IV/PST

Polysialic acid is an anti-adhesive protein modification that promotes cell migration and the plasticity of cell interactions. Because so few proteins carry polysialic acid, we hypothesized that polysialylation is a protein-specific event and that a specific polysialyltransferase-substrate interaction is the basis of this specificity. The major substrate for the polysialyltransferases is the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM. Previous work demonstrates that the first fibronectin type III repeat of NCAM (FN1) was necessary for the polysialylation of the N-glycans on the adjacent immunoglobulin domain (Ig5) (Close, B. E., Mendiratta, S. S., Geiger, K. M., Broom, L. J., Ho, L. L., and Colley, K. J. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 30796–30805). This suggested that FN1 may be a recognition site for the polysialyltransferases. In this study, we showed that the second fibronectin type III repeat (FN2) of NCAM cannot replace FN1. Arg substitution of three unique acidic amino acids on the surface of FN1 eliminated polysialylation not only of a minimal Ig5-FN1 substrate but also of full-length NCAM. Ala substitution of these residues eliminated Ig5-FN1 polysialylation but not that of full-length NCAM, suggesting that the two proteins are interacting differently with the enzymes and that multiple residues are involved in the enzyme-NCAM interaction. By using another truncated protein, Ig5-FN1-FN2, we confirmed the importance of enzyme-substrate positioning for optimal recognition and polysialylation. In sum, we have found that acidic residues on the surface of FN1 are part of a larger protein interaction region that is critical for NCAM recognition and polysialylation by the polysialyltransferases.
Food cravings and energy regulation: the characteristics of craved foods and their relationship with eating behaviors and weight change during 6 months of dietary energy restriction

Food cravings and energy regulation: the characteristics of craved foods and their relationship with eating behaviors and weight change during 6 months of dietary energy restriction
The Binding of Apolipoprotein E to Oligomers and Fibrils of Amyloid-β Alters the Kinetics of Amyloid Aggregation

Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is strongly correlated with the APOE genotype. However, the role of apolipoprotein E (apoE) in Aβ aggregation has remained unclear. Here we have used different apoE preparations, such as recombinant protein or protein isolated from cultured astrocytes, to examine the effect of apoE on the aggregation of both Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42. The kinetics of aggregation, measured by the loss of fluorescence of tetramethylrhodamine-labeled Aβ, is shown to be dramatically slowed by the presence of substoichiometric concentrations of apoE. Using these concentrations, we conclude that apoE binds primarily to and affects the growth of oligomers that lead to the nuclei required for fibril growth. At higher apoE concentrations, the protein also binds to Aβ fibrils, resulting in fibril stabilization and a slower rate of fibril growth. The aggregation of Aβ1-40 is dependent on the apoE isoform, being the most dramatic for apoE4 and less so for apoE3 and apoE2. Our results indicate that the detrimental role of apoE4 in AD could be related to apoE-induced stabilization of the soluble but cytotoxic oligomeric forms and intermediates of Aβ, as well as fibril stabilization.
Use of Orthogonal Arrays for Efficient Evaluation of Geometric Designs for Reducing Vibration of a Non-Pneumatic Wheel During High-Speed Rolling

Abstract During high speed rolling of a nonpneumatic wheel, vibration may be produced by the interaction of collapsible spokes with a shear deformable ring as they enter the contact region, buckle, and then snap back into a state of tension. In the present work, a systematic study of the effects of six key geometric design parameters is presented using Orthogonal Arrays. Orthogonal Arrays are part of a design process method developed by Taguchi which provides an efficient way to determine optimal combinations of design variables. In the present work, a two-dimensional planar finite element model with geometric nonlinearity and explicit time-stepping is used to simulate rolling of the nonpneumatic wheel. Vibration characteristics are measured from the FFT frequency spectrum of the time signals of perpendicular distance of marker nodes from the virtual plane of the spoke, and ground reaction forces. Both maximum peak amplitudes and RMS measures are considered. Two complementary Orthogonal Arrays are evaluat...
Geochemical Assessment of Iron and Vanadium Relationships in Oxic Soil Environments

Geochemical assessment has become a cost-effective and highly accurate tool for estimating metal contamination, especially in those cases where the level of contamination is not considered severe. Difficulties frequently arise in attempting to discriminate between pristine metal concentrations and low-level environmental impacts. As an example, Vanadium contamination is frequently associated with coal and petroleum bi-products; however, air and water contamination pathways are also possible. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the V and Fe concentration relationship among a wide variety of soil types and to formulate an estimate of the pristine V concentrations in these soils. If a linear relationship may be established between Fe and V, then geochemical analysis of impacted soils may discriminate between V as a natural background component and anthropogenic V. Forty-six moderately well-drained to well-drained soil profiles having cambic, argillic or calcic soil horizons were characteriz...
The Effects of Acute and Chronic Alcoholism on Tumor Necrosis Factor and the Inflammatory Response

Ethanol intoxication has been shown to suppress selected functions of the immune system, thereby compromising host defenses against bacterial infections. Because the macrophage secretory protein, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), plays a central role in the inflammatory cascade, the effect of acute and chronic alcoholism on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF activity was studied. Saline or ethanol was given intraperitoneally to normal or chronic alcoholic rats followed 30 min later by either intravenous or intratracheal LPS. Intravenous LPS caused a substantial increase in serum TNF at 90 min in both normal and chronic alcoholic rats. In marked contrast, peak serum TNF levels were significantly suppressed in normal and chronic alcoholic rats given an acute injection of ethanol. When LPS was instilled intratracheally into normal rats, high levels of TNF appeared in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Similar levels of TNF were found in chronic alcoholic rats after intratracheal LPS. However, acute ethanol intoxication significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In a similar manner, acute ethanol intoxication, but not chronic alcohol consumption, markedly inhibited both systemic and intrapulmonary polymorphonuclear leukocyte aggregation in response to either intravenous or intratracheal LPS. Alcohol-induced inhibition of TNF is a potential mechanism of the antiinflammatory effects of ethanol.