cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral depression and its neurochemical correlates at high doses of d-amphetamine in rats.

Abstract D-Amphetamine at low doses (0.5–1.0 mg/kg; base i.p.) increased spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and induced stereotypy (ST) in rats with the peak effects occurring during the 2nd hr. Dopamine (DA) levels in the caudate nucleus (CN) and diencephalon-midbrain (DM) as well as the noreptnephrtne (NE) level in the DM were markedly elevated at 60 min postdrug. However, at high doses (2 mg/kg or more) the peak effect on SMA occurred during the 1st hr and was decreased, whereas ST was further enhanced; neurochemically, DA level in the DM and serotonin (5-HT) level in the pons-medulla (PM) showed most marked elevation. Decrease in SMA at high doses appears to be partly due to DA-related increase in ST and partly due to an enhanced inhibitory 5-HT mechanism.
Development of rapid methodologies for the isolation and quantitation of drug metabolites by differential mobility spectrometry – mass spectrometry

Clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories are inundated with thousands of samples requiring lengthy chromatographic separations prior to mass spectrometry. Here, we employ differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) interfaced to nano-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry to provide a rapid ion filtration technique for the separation of ions in gas phase media prior to mass spectral analysis on a DMS-integrated AB SCIEX API 3000 triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. DMS is efficient at the rapid separation of ions under ambient conditions and provides many advantages when used as an ion filtration technique in tandem with mass spectrometry (MS) and MS/MS. Our studies evaluated DMS-MS/MS as a rapid, quantitative platform for the analysis of drug metabolites isolated from urine samples. In targeted applications, five metabolites of common drugs of abuse were effectively and rapidly separated using isopropanol and ethyl acetate as transport gas modifiers, eliminating the gas chromatography or liquid chromatography-based separations commonly employed in clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories. Calibration curves were prepared for the selected drug metabolites utilizing deuterated internal standards for quantitative purposes. The feasibility of separating and quantitating drug metabolites in a rapid fashion was evaluated by compensation voltage stepping followed by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) detection. Rapid profiling of clinical and forensic toxicology samples could help to address an urgent need within the scientific community by developing high-throughput analytical methodologies, which could reduce significant case backlogs present within these laboratories.
CATALYST EFFECTIVENESS FACTOR FOR LANGMUIR-HINSHELWOOD-HOUGEN-WATSON KINETIC EXPRESSIONS

(1982). CATALYST EFFECTIVENESS FACTOR FOR LANGMUIR-HINSHELWOOD-HOUGEN-WATSON KINETIC EXPRESSIONS. Chemical Engineering Communications: Vol. 15, No. 5-6, pp. 305-311.
"Factor analyses of the family assessment device," by Ridenour, Daley, & Reich.

Ridenour, Daley, and Reich conducted a series of factor analyses using the correlational matrix of the subscale scores of the Family Assessment Device (FAD), published in Family Process, December, 1999. They conclude that "the FAD subscales be reorganized from their current seven-subscale format" (p. 507). We propose that this suggestion for reorganization is premature and based on the inappropriate application of an "internal consistency" model of scale construction to the FAD. We further suggest that the most important criteria regarding an assessment instrument are those of reliability, validity, and clinical utility. In the absence of this kind of data regarding alternative organizations of the FAD, we believe that the original subscales remain the best choice.
Insertion sequence IS10 anti-sense pairing initiates by an interaction between the 5' end of the target RNA and a loop in the anti-sense RNA.

Abstract Transposition of insertion sequence IS10 is regulated by an anti-sense RNA which inhibits transposase expression when IS10 is present in multiple copies per cell. The anti-sense RNA (RNA-OUT) consists of a stem domain topped by a flexibly paired loop; the 5′ end of the target molecule, RNA-IN, is complementary to the top of the loop, and complementarity extends for 35 base-pairs down one side of RNA-OUT. We present here genetic evidence that anti-sense pairing, both in vitro and in vivo , initiates by interaction of the 5′ end of RNA-IN and the loop domain of RNA-OUT; other features of the reaction are discussed. In the context of this model, we discuss features of this anti-sense system which are important for its biological effectiveness, and suggest that IS10 provides a convenient model for design of efficient artificial anti-sense RNA molecules.
Avoiding bias in mixed model inference for fixed effects

Analysis of a large longitudinal study of children motivated our work. The results illustrate how accurate inference for fixed effects in a general linear mixed model depends on the covariance model selected for the data. Simulation studies have revealed biased inference for the fixed effects with an underspecified covariance structure, at least in small samples. One underspecification common for longitudinal data assumes a simple random intercept and conditional independence of the within-subject errors (i.e., compound symmetry). We prove that the underspecification creates bias in both small and large samples, indicating that recruiting more participants will not alleviate inflation of the Type I error rate associated with fixed effect inference. Enumerations and simulations help quantify the bias and evaluate strategies for avoiding it. When practical, backwards selection of the covariance model, starting with an unstructured pattern, provides the best protection. Tutorial papers can guide the reader in minimizing the chances of falling into the often spurious software trap of nonconvergence. In some cases, the logic of the study design and the scientific context may support a structured pattern, such as an autoregressive structure. The sandwich estimator provides a valid alternative in sufficiently large samples. Authors reporting mixed-model analyses should note possible biases in fixed effects inference because of the following: (i) the covariance model selection process; (ii) the specific covariance model chosen; or (iii) the test approximation.
Corticotropin-releasing factor in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with secondary psychotic symptoms, nonpsychotic PTSD, and healthy control subjects

Abstract Background Recent studies have reported a high comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychotic symptoms, and it has been hypothesized that PTSD with comorbid psychosis is a severe form of PTSD. Few studies have examined the neurobiology of PTSD with comorbid psychosis. If PTSD with secondary psychotic symptoms (PTSD-SP) is a severe form of PTSD, then it might be expected to show more extreme perturbations in the neuroendocrine patterns that characterize PTSD. Methods Patients with PTSD with secondary psychotic symptoms (PTSD-SP), PTSD without psychosis, and healthy comparison subjects were compared for differences in cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and somatotropin-release-inhibiting hormone (SRIF). Results The PTSD-SP subjects had significantly higher mean levels of CRF than either the PTSD or control subjects ( p Conclusions These data implicate abnormalities in the secretion of CRF with the production of secondary psychotic symptoms in PTSD. This finding supports the validity of PTSD-SP as a PTSD subtype and as a severe form of PTSD.
Introduction: The myth of ‘Somalia’

Abstract A myth can either be a false belief or an idealised conception. This introduction demonstrates why ‘Somalia’ is both.
Relative isometric embeddings of Riemannian manifolds

We prove the existence of C 1 isometric embeddings, and C ∞ approximate isometric embeddings, of Riemannian manifolds into Euclidean space with prescribed values in a neighborhood of a point.
Continuum orbital approximations in weak-coupling theories for inelastic electron scattering

Two approximations, motivated by heavy-particle scattering theory, are tested for weak-coupling electron-atom (ion) inelastic scattering theory. They consist of replacing the one-electron scattering orbitals by their Langer uniform approximations and the use of an average trajectory approximation which entirely avoids the necessity for generating continuum orbitals. Numerical tests for a dipole-allowed and a dipole-forbidden event, based on Coulomb-Born theory with exchange neglected, reveal the error trends. It is concluded that the uniform approximation gives a satisfactory prediction for traditional weak-coupling theories while the average approximation should be limited to collision energies exceeding at least twice the threshold energy. The accuracy for both approximations is higher for positive ions than for neutral targets. Partial-wave collision-strength data indicate that greater care should be exercised in using these approximations to predict quantities differential in the scattering angle. An application to the $2s^{2}S\ensuremath{-}2p^{2}P$ transition in Ne viii is presented.
The effects of hyperatmospheric oxygen concentrations on early cleavage in the sand dollar, Echinarachnius parma: Studies with an optical-pressure vessel.

Abstract 1. 1. An optical-pressure vessel, permitting direct microscopic observation of living material while under hyperatmospheric gas concentrations, is described. This vessel was employed in a study of the effects of high oxygen concentrations on the early cleavage stages of the egg of the sand dollar, Echinarachnius parma. 2. 2. While oxygen pressures of 45–60 psi (abs.) caused an acceleration in the cleavage rate, pressures of 110–115 psi prevented further cell division after successful completion of first cleavage under oxygen pressure. This block to further cleavage can be reversed by exposing the arrested eggs to atmospheric air within four hours. Normal cleavage obtained with oxygen equivalents of an atmosphere of normal air and superimposed nitrogen presures to equal 110–115 psi, indicate that a direct effect by oxygen is responsible for the block, not a mechanically induced pressure effect. 3. 3. Exposing fertilized eggs to 110–115 psi of pure oxygen for periods up to 60 minutes, resulted in increasing the time before first cleavage could occur. Subsequent cleavages were not effected by such short exposure times and development proceeded normally. Exposure of fertilized eggs to 110–115 psi of oxygen for 120 minutes resulted in delays of second and third cleavage. The time required to complete a single cleavage was also prolonged by exposure to 110–115 psi of oxygen. 4. 4. Eggs that had undergone first cleavage in normal air and were then placed under 110–115 psi of oxygen showed a 400–500 per cent increase in the time required for second cleavage to occur. Such eggs invariably show developmental anomalies and eventually cytolyze upon return to normal air. 5. 5. Visualization of pressurized, cleaving eggs with infrared photomicrography revealed a distinct image of the achromatic figure at the 2 cell stage. It is concluded that, at the pressures employed, oxygen had no visible effect on the structural integrity of the blocked mitotic apparatus. The interference with cleavage is most likely mediated through an oxygen susceptible biochemical system associated with metabolic rather than structural mechanisms. The oxygen-induced effects on early cleavage are discussed with reference to the possible role of sulfhydryl groups.
X and Ku band GaAs m.e.s.f.e.t.

A GaAs Schottky-barrier f.e.t. (m.e.s.f.e.t.) with a 1 ?m gate has been built, which is suitable for X band and Ku band applications. The unilateral power gain over the X band is above 9 dB and the noise figure is only 5 dB at 10 GHz.
Lying and Cheating: Fraudulent Excuse Making, Cheating, and Plagiarism

Undergraduates reported their use of fraudulent excuses; 72% of the student participants claimed to have used a fraudulent excuse in college at least once. This activity was correlated with an independently obtained self-report measure of cheating (r = .38) and plagiarism (r = .27). Grade point average was negatively correlated with all 3 measures but did not reach statistical significance with the measure of plagiarism.
Inhibitors of ER Ca2+‐ATPase activity deplete the ATP‐ and thrombin‐sensitive Ca2+ pool in UMR 106–01 osteosarcoma cells

While calcium release from intracellular stores is a signaling mechanism used universally by cells responding to hormones and growth factors, the compartmentalization and regulated release of calcium is cell type-specific. We employed thapsigargin and 2,5,-di-(tert-butyl)-1,4-benzohydroquinone (tBuHQ), two inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca 2+ -ATPase activity which block the transport of Ca 2+ into intracellular stores, to characteriie free Ca 2+ compartmentalization in UMR 106-01 osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells. Each drug elicited transient increases in cytosolic the Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ), followed by a stable plateau phase which was elevated above the control [Ca 2+ ] i . The release of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores was coupled to an increased plasma membrane Ca 2+ permeability which was not due to L-type Ca 2+ channels. Thapsigargin and tBuHQ emptied the intracellular calcium pool which was released in response to either ATP or thrombin, identifying it as the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium store. The results of sequential and simultaneous additions of thapsigargin and tBuHQ indicate that both drugs depleted the same Ca 2+ store and inhibited the same Ca 2+ -ATPase activity
A novel micro-technique for the analysis of the cuticular hydrocarbons of insects

Abstract Using a pyroprobe, the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of Solenopsis richteri workers was examined by capillary column gas chromatography. This sampling procedure was compared to the more conventional solvent extraction methods. It proved to be faster, more sensitive and selective, and required no solvents. The pyroprobe method routinely generates data from a single insect specimen [or even part(s) of an insect], whereas the information obtained from the solvent extraction methods is usually an average from a pooled sample. Although solvent extraction can be performed on a single insect, the purity of the solvent and the sample workup become increasingly critical.
The Wealth of Nations at the Turn of the Millennium: A Classification System Based on the International Division of Labor*

Abstract: Simple dichotomies, such as First World–Third World, developed–developing countries, and north–south, are no longer adequate for understanding the complex economic geography of the world. Even the division into core, semi-periphery, and periphery groups diverse economies into an excessively limited number of categories. It is time to develop a new scheme that better classifies the countries of the world into coherent groups. This article constructs a new classification based on the international division of labor, using three fundamental dimensions. The first dimension is the success of the industrial and services economy in providing employment to the people within a country. The second is the export orientation of a country, concentrating either on natural-resource-intensive products (e.g., agricultural produce, food and beverages, minerals and metals) or on core industrial manufactures (from textiles to computers). The third is the presence of control functions in the world economy: countries that include the headquarters of major firms and are the source regions of major flows of foreign direct investments. The combination of these three dimensions leads to the creation of eight basic categories. I introduce a terminology that combines these basic categories into larger groups, depending on the context. This new conceptual scheme should facilitate a more informed analysis of world economic, political, social, and environmental affairs.
EPR OF COPPER(II) HIPPURATE AND ACETYLGLYCINE COMPLEXES

Abstract The epr spectrum of the green anhydrous copper(II) hippurate complexes suggests a dimer structure similar to copper acetate monohydrate. The blue tetrahydrate copper(II) hippurate complex exhibits exchange narrowed lines and a simple analysis of the data points to a low-dimensional interaction. This is generally consistent with earlier x-ray data. The tetrahydrate complex of copper(II) acetylglycine is believed to be structually similar to the blue hippurate complex and exhibits a similar epr spectrum.
Contemporary immunomodulatory therapy for multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is no longer considered an unmanageable disease. Five drugs have obtained regulatory approval to safely and effectively modify the course of MS. Three preparations of interferon β-Avonex (interferon β-1a), Betaseron (interferon β-1b), and Rebif (interferon β 1a)-have shown efficacy in relapsing-remitting MS and show promise in slowing the course of secondary progressive MS. Glatiramir acetate (Copaxone) has demonstrated efficacy in relapsing-remitting MS, and is being tested for the management of primary progressive disease. Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) has been approved for secondary progressive and progressive relapsing MS. There is a tendency toward early diagnosis and treatment based on the hypothesis that treatment effectiveness declines with advancing disease.
The U.S. health care economy: from guild to market in ten years.

The U.S. health care economy is changing with remarkable speed from the non-competitive guild system of the past 50 years to a competitive market stem. A more efficient industry, more responsive to consumer preferences, is emerging. National health care expenditures grew from 5.3 percent of GNP in 1950 to 10.7 percent in 1983. Three factors that were especially important contributors to this are now being changed. The first is the fee-for-service method of payment of providers. The second is the principle of 'free choice of provider', a medical-economic concept designed to assure that the payor has no bargaining power and that there will be no economic competition among doctors. The third is that most government subsidies were open-ended subsidies of marginal costs. Important changes took place in the early 1980s, and additional changes appear inevitable, that will bring the open-ended era to an end. These changes are setting in motion an accelerating process that seems sure to change the whole system of health care finance from fees for individual items of service reimbursed after the fact, to prospective payments for global units of care, with providers at risk for their use of resources, and from cost-unconscious 'free choice' of provider to cost-conscious choice among limited groups of selected providers contracting in advance. The likely outcome of the process appears to be consolidation of the medical care system into comprehensive health care financing and delivery organizations serving, perhaps, several hundred thousand to several million people each.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The role of dietary fatty acids in predicting myocardial structure in fat-fed rats.

Obesity increases the risk for development of cardiomyopathy in the absence of hypertension, diabetes or myocardial ischemia. Not all obese individuals, however, progress to heart failure. Indeed, obesity may provide protection from cardiovascular mortality in some populations. The fatty acid milieu, modulated by diet, may modify obesity-induced myocardial structure and function, lending partial explanation for the array of cardiomyopathic phenotypy in obese individuals. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 1 of the following 4 diets for 32 weeks: control (CON); 50% saturated fat (SAT); 40% saturated fat + 10% linoleic acid (SAT+LA); 40% saturated fat + 10% α-linolenic acid (SAT+ALA). Serum leptin, insulin, glucose, free fatty acids and triglycerides were quantitated. In vivo cardiovascular outcomes included blood pressure, heart rate and echocardiographic measurements of structure and function. The rats were sacrificed and myocardium was processed for fatty acid analysis (TLC-GC), and evaluation of potential modifiers of myocardial structure including collagen (Masson's trichrome, hydroxyproline quantitation), lipid (Oil Red O, triglyceride quantitation) and myocyte cross sectional area. Rats fed SAT+LA and SAT+ALA diets had greater cranial LV wall thickness compared to rats fed CON and SAT diets, in the absence of hypertension or apparent insulin resistance. Treatment was not associated with changes in myocardial function. Myocardial collagen and triglycerides were similar among treatment groups; however, rats fed the high-fat diets, regardless of composition, demonstrated increased myocyte cross sectional area. Under conditions of high-fat feeding, replacement of 10% saturated fat with either LA or ALA is associated with thickening of the cranial LV wall, but without concomitant functional changes. Increased myocyte size appears to be a more likely contributor to early LV thickening in response to high-fat feeding. These findings suggest that myocyte hypertrophy may be an early change leading to gross LV hypertrophy in the hearts of "healthy" obese rats, in the absence of hypertension, diabetes and myocardial ischemia.
Slavery and English polarity: The persuasive campaign of john bright against english recognition of the confederate states of America

John Bright's persuasive influence in public and in Parliament was one important reason England did not intervene in the American Civil War or recognize the Confederacy. Brighfs efforts are a good illustration of the effectiveness of choosing correct issues in political debate. This paper focuses on his use of slavery as a dominant and constant emotional issue to maintain negative British attitudes about Confederate recognition.
On a qualitative theory of satisfactory control

Satisfactory control is defined as a control which yields the performance below a given tolerance limit over the entire range of uncertainties (disturbances). Some results on the existence of a satisfactory control are given and such questions as sensitivity and feedback are considered. Results are applied to the systems described in function spaces and by differential equations.
Real-Time Scheduling over Markovian Channels: When Partial Observability Meets Hard Deadlines

In this study, downlink scheduling of multiuser traffic with hard deadlines and packet-level priorities is cast as a partially observable Markov decision process. User channels are modeled as Markovian and the base station can learn only the channel condition of the currently scheduled user. The optimization of joint channel learning and scheduling presents the combined challenges incurred by the strict deadline constraint of real-time traffic and the partial observability of multiuser channels. In particular, we show that idling adds a new dimension to the action space; and that, through a case study of heterogeneous multiuser networks, idling is indeed the optimal action under certain system states. This somewhat surprising result reveals the existence of the fundamental tradeoffs between exploitation and exploration/idling, going beyond the classic `exploitation vs exploration'. We find that, due to hard deadlines and packet priorities, idling is intimately related to the tradeoff between the successful transmission of backlogged packets and that of future arrivals. In contrast, for the special case with a symmetric two-user system, we show that the scheduling problem exhibits unique structures, rendering a non-idling greedy policy optimal.
Food Intake and Mood in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimiaa

It is clear that patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia have disturbances of mood, and it is likely that the mood disturbances bear an important relationship to the disturbances of eating behavior. We have as many questions, however, about the relationship between mood and eating behavior in these syndromes as we have answers. Although patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia are frequently depressed, they fail to exhibit many of the biological characteristics of typical depressive illness, suggesting that these eating disorders are probably not simply variants of depression. Patients with bulimia appear to binge in response to dysphoric emotional states and to derive some transient relief from their bingeing. But it is unclear what facet or facets of the binge produce the alteration in emotional state, and thereby may serve to reinforce the behavior. A more detailed examination of this issue may significantly advance our understanding of the relationship between mood and food in eating disorders.
Decoding of finger, hand and arm kinematics using switching linear dynamical systems with pre-motor cortical ensembles

Previous works in Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMI) have mostly used a single Kalman filter decoder for deriving continuous kinematics in the complete execution of behavioral tasks. A linear dynamical system may not be able to generalize the sequence whose dynamics changes over time. Examples of such data include human motion such as walking, running, and dancing each of which exhibit complex constantly evolving dynamics. Switching linear dynamical systems (S-LDSs) are powerful models capable of describing a physical process governed by state equations that switch from time to time. The present work demonstrates the motion-state-dependent adaptive decoding of hand and arm kinematics in four different behavioral tasks. Single-unit neural activities were recorded from cortical ensembles in the ventral and dorsal premotor (PMv and PMd) areas of a trained rhesus monkey during four different reach-to-grasp tasks. We constructed S-LDSs for decoding of continuous hand and arm kinematics based on different epochs of the experiments, namely, baseline, pre-movement planning, movement, and final fixation. Average decoding accuracies as high as 89.9%, 88.6%, 89.8%, 89.4%, were achieved for motion-state-dependent decoding across four different behavioral tasks, respectively (p&#60;0.05); these results are higher than previous works using a single Kalman filter (accuracy: 0.83). These results demonstrate that the adaptive decoding approach, or motion-state-dependent decoding, may have a larger descriptive capability than the decoding approach using a single decoder. This is a critical step towards the development of a BMI for adaptive neural control of a clinically viable prosthesis.
Reactions of the Sulfhydryl Groups of Membrane-Bound Bovine Rhodopsin

Reactions of the sulfhydryl groups of bovine rhodopsin in rod outer segment membranes have been investigated using 4,4′-dithiopyridine. This reagent is uncharged at neutral pH and rapidly equilibrates across phospholipid bilayers. Membrane-bound rhodopsin has two kinetically distinguishable sulfhydryl groups reactive to the reagent, this stoichiometry being unchanged by bleaching provided the sulfhydryl reactions themselves are carried out in the dark. The rates of the reactions, however, are substantially increased by bleaching. Irradiation of bleached membranes, either with white light or wavelengths in the neighborhood of 475 nm, results in an increase in the number of reactive sulfhydryls relative to that found for bleached membranes in the dark. A component of the light-driven reaction is dependent on the Ca2+ content of the medium.
Spectrum and energy levels of eight-times ionized rubidium (Rb ix)

The spectrum of the copperlike ion Rb ix was observed with a low-inductance spark and a 10.7-m grazing-incidence spectrograph from 70 to 630 A. From the identification of 18 lines, a system of 16 energy levels of the type 3d10nl was determined. The level system includes the configurations ns (n = 4–7), np (n = 4–7), nd (n = 4), nf (n = 4), and ng (n = 6). The 4f2F term is inverted. The observed energy levels are compared with relativistic and nonrelativistic Hartree–Fock calculations. The ionization energy derived from the 3d10ns and np series is 1 214 900 ± 200 cm−1 (150.63 ± 0.02 eV).
Females born large for gestational age have a doubled risk of giving birth to large for gestational age infants

Obesity is a major health problem in the Western world. Mean birth weight has increased during the last 25 years. One explanation is that the proportion of large for gestational age (LGA) infants has increased. Such infants risk developing obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes later in life. Despite the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia, their postnatal metabolic adaptation has not been investigated. Our data, obtained with stable isotope labeled compounds, demonstrate that newborn LGA infants have increased lipolysis and decreased insulin sensitivity. After administration of glucagon, the plasma levels of glucose and the rate of glucose production increased. The simultaneous increase in insulin correlated with the decrease in lipolysis, indicating an antilipolytic effect of insulin in these infants.We also demonstrated an intergenerational effect of being born LGA, since women born LGA, were at higher risk of giving birth to LGA infants than women not born LGA. Further, the LGA infants formed three subgroups: born long only, born heavy only, and born both long and heavy. Infants born LGA of women with high birth weight or adult obesity were at higher risk of being LGA concerning weight alone, predisposing to overweight and obesity at childbearing age. In addition we found that pregnant women with gestational diabetes were at increased risk of giving birth to infants that were heavy alone. This could explain the risk of both perinatal complications and later metabolic disease in infants of this group of women.To identify determinants of fetal growth, 20 pregnant women with a wide range of fetal weights were investigated at 36 weeks of gestation. Maternal fat mass was strongly associated with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance was related to glucose production, which correlated positively with fetal size. The variation in resting energy expenditure, which was closely related to fetal weight, was largely explained by BMI, insulin resistance, and glucose production. Lipolysis was not rate limiting for fetal growth in this group of women. Consequently, high maternal glucose production due to a high fat mass may result in excessive fetal growth.
Tuberculosis Screening: Evaluation of A Food Handlers' Program

An evaluation of a tuberculosis screening program for food handlers revealed an unexpectedly low cost ($45) per identifiable candidate for preventive treatment (324 of 6,090 individuals screened). Four new active cases of tuberculosis were identified, and a risk/benefit analysis projected a potential reduction of 19.4 new active cases over the subsequent ten-year period.
The application of overcoupled tank circuits to NMR probe design

In viva NMR measurements from many different nuclei are now being used to study physiologic and medical problems (e.g., ‘H, 19F, 3’P, 23Na, 7Li, and 13C). Concurrent acquisition of in vivo NMR data from more than one nucleus increases the information available from an experiment without requiring extra data collection time, while eliminating many of the problems of biological variability. The development of multinuclear probes capable of performing with high sensitivity is a prerequisite to collecting NMR data concurrently from any set of nuclei. We have already reported on double-tuned probes that will perform at both ‘H and “P with high sensitivity (1, 2). Simple extension of our existing design has provided a useful probe to collect 23Na “P and ‘H in vivo (3). However, this method of probe tuning does not accommodate closely spaced resonances well, resulting in a probe with somewhat reduced sensitivity at either 23Na or “P. Applying the same technique to tuning nuclei even closer in frequency, such as 19F and ‘H, would result in a large sacrifice in sensitivity at both resonances. Since many of the nuclei of interest resonate at relatively closely spaced frequencies (Table I), the development of other techniques to tune probes is necessary. We propose a method of probe tuning that utilizes coupled “tank” circuits to “split” a resonance, and thus is ideal for closely spaced nuclei. A useful NMR probe is created by using an LC tank circuit with an impedance matching network on the input. This circuit will have a single resonance at the resonant frequency of the tank circuit, which can be split into two resonances by strongly coupling this tank circuit to another tank circuit on resonance with the sample-coil tank circuit. Several well described methods exist to achieve this (i.e., transformer coupling, inductive coupling, and capacitive coupling), but we found capacitive coupled tank circuits to be particularly convenient (Fig. la) (4-6). In general three conditions of coupling exist: undercoupled, critically coupled, and overcoupled. The overcoupled case will yield two distinct resonances so only this will be described in detail.
Dielectric and viscoelastic properties of some meta-tetramethyl xylene diisocyanate-based polyurethanes as a function of sample composition

A series of linear segmented polyurethanes were synthesized, based on soft segments of polycaprolactone having an average number molecular weight of 2100, or hydroxy–terminated polybutadiene having an approximate molecular weight of 2800. Hara segments were made of meta–tetramethyl xylene diisocyanate and diethyl toluene diamine. The dynamic Young's modulus and loss tangent, relative permittivity, and dielectric loss, were found to be significantly affected by soft segment polarity and hard segment content. These results are discussed in terms of polymer morphology, such as degree of phase separation and soft segment phase state.
Recent Trends and Controversies in Industry‐sponsored Clinical Trials

. In recent years, industry has become an important source of funding for biomedical research. Industry-sponsored clinical trials are a particular source of controversy. In light of recent developments, the authors reevaluate the 1995 SAEM guidelines for investigator involvement in industry-sponsored clinical trials. The authors divide industry-funded clinical trials into two categories: investigator-initiated and industry-initiated, and discuss the differences between them. They examine several areas of ethical debate, including exclusivity contracts between a principal investigator and a corporate sponsor, the size of per-patient reimbursements for recruiting patients into clinical trials, and authorship criteria. Finally, the authors oppose the assumption that industry-sponsored research is automatically biased, and suggest that multiple levels of review will help to uncover bias, whatever the source. Once mutual respect for ethical guidelines and practices are established, collaboration between emergency medicine researchers and industry should be encouraged.
An optimization-based method for designing modular systems that traverse dynamic s-Pareto frontiers

The use of multiobjective optimization in identifying systems that account for changes in needs (preferences), operating environments, concepts, and analysis models over time is generally not explored. In terms ofidentifying sets of non-dominated designs, these changes result in the concept of dynamic Pareto frontiers, or dynamic s-Pareto frontiers in cases where sets of system concepts are being evaluated simultaneously over time. In a previous work by the authors, a 6-step optimization-based method was presented to identify systems that account for predicted changes in preferences by moving from one s-Pareto design to another through module addition. Addressing some of the limitations of this method, this paper presents an improved 5-step optimization-based method that builds on recent developments in multiobjective problem formulations of dynamic s-Pareto frontiers. In addition, recognizing the inherent uncertainty associated with predicting future needs or preferences and dynamic s-Pareto frontiers, the incorporation of uncertainty analysis in this improved method is also presented as an additional method improvement. Application of the presented method is illustrated through a modular plywood cart system for developing countries.
Unsteady Transonic Aerodynamics of Oscillating Airfoils in Supersonic Freestream

Nonlinear transonic/supersonic flows over an airfoil are studied comparatively using two computational codes, AZTRAN and TMOC, based on the small-disturbance theory. While AZTRAN is unified for all Mach numbers in the transonic regime, TMOC is restricted to the shock-attachment case. Computed results are verified with each other and with those of the ATRAN2 code, the linear theory, and other data whenever appropriate. Cases studied include inverse airfoil design, computation of pressure for an airfoil in pitching oscillations, and calculation of stiffness and damping moments. Finally, calculations of bending-torsi on flutters according to linear and nonlinear theories are presented for a sharp and a blunt-leading-edge airfoil. Our findings indicate that the nonlinearity plays an essential role in this transonic regime.
Cultural Competence When Working With American Indian Populations: A Couple and Family Therapist Perspective

This article focuses on treating the underrepresented American Indian and Alaska Native population in therapy. The lack of literature on this topic may impede the ability of couple and family therapists (CFTs) to work effectively with members of this group. Issues such as the underutilization of therapy, dropout rates, culturally syntonic joining and assessment, religion, and spirituality are discussed. In addition, potential boundary issues of gift giving and community integration are explored. Finally, cultural strengths are addressed so they may be clinically integrated with this unique population.
In vitro binding of vitamin D receptor occupied by 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to vitamin D responsive element of human osteocalcin gene.

Abstract We previously reported that 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [24R,25(OH) 2 D 3 ] activates the human osteocalcin gene (hOC) through vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D responsive element (VDRE) in the same manner as 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 ] [17]. In the present study, the interaction of 24R,25(OH) 2 D 3 -liganded VDR [24R,25(OH) 2 D 3 -VDR] with the hOC VDRE in vitro was investigated. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) revealed that the binding of 24R,25(OH) 2 D 3 -liganded VDR to the hOC VDRE was weak, even at concentrations of 24R,25(OH) 2 D 3 10 5 -fold higher than 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 . The effect of the nuclear accessory factor (NAF), which is required for the high affinity interaction of the VDR to the VDRE, on the binding of the 24R,25(OH) 2 D 3 -VDR to the VDRE was studied using hOC VDRE affinity column chromatographic assays. In the absence of NAF, the 24R,25(OH) 2 D 3 -VDR associated weakly with the VDRE compared to the 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 -liganded VDR [1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 -VDR], whereas the NAF enhanced the binding of the 24R,25(OH) 2 D 3 -VDR for the VDRE. In the absence of the hOC VDRE, the binding affinity of the 24R,25(OH) 2 D 3 -VDR for the NAF was weaker than that of 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 -VDR. These results suggest that the weak interaction of the 24R,25(OH) 2 D 3 -VDR with both NAF and hOC VDRE is responsible for the weak binding of the 24R,25(OH) 2 D 3 -VDR to the VDRE detected in EMSA. In terms of VDR function, 24R,25(OH) 2 D 3 was more potent in transactivation than in vitro binding.
Congenital duodenal web in an adult

1. A case of a congenital duodenal web in an adult is reported. 2. Sixty cases of this entity have now been described. 3. Symptoms are often vague and nonspecific. X-ray diagnosis may be difficult. 4. Treatment in most cases should consist of excision or incision of the web.
Teaching and executing verb phrases

This paper describes a framework for an agent to learn models of verb-phrase meanings from human teachers and combine these models with environmental dynamics to enact verb commands. The framework extends prior work in apprenticeship learning and leverages recent advancements in modeling activities and planning in domains with multiple objects. We show how to both learn a verb model as a relational finite state machine and how to turn this model into reward and heuristic functions that can then be composed with an MDP model of an environment. The resulting “combined model” can then be efficiently searched by a planner to enact a verb command in this environment. Our experiments in simulated robot domains show this framework can be used to quickly teach verb commands and improves over the current state of the art method.
Illusions in quantified reasoning: How to make the impossible seem possible, and vice versa

The mental model theory postulates that reasoners build models of the situations described in premises, and that these models normally represent only what is true. The theory has an unexpected consequence. It predicts the existence ofillusions in inferences. Certain inferences should have compelling but erroneous conclusions. Two experiments corroborated the occurrence of such illusions in inferences about what is possible from disjunctions of quantified assertions, such as, “at least some of the plastic beads are not red.” Experiment 1 showed that participants erroneously inferred that impossible situations were possible, and that possible situations were impossible, but that they performed well with control problems based on the same premises. Experiment 2 corroborated these findings in inferences from assertions based on dyadic relations, such as, “all the boys played with the girls.”
WOMEN'S SATISFACTION WITH PRENATAL CARE SETTINGS: A FOCUS GROUP STUDY

ABSTRACT: Background: Patient satisfaction is considered, together with health status, to be an outcome of the delivery of health care services as well as a measure of its quality. A focus group study of 50 low-income Mexican-American, Puerto Rican, African-American, and white women in Chicago, Illinois, explored the characteristics of prenatal care that affect women's satisfaction. Methods: Transcripts from the focus groups were analyzed using researcher-derived coding categories to develop broad themes. Results: Despite their diverse ethnic backgrounds, participants revealed few differences with respect to what they value in prenatal care. Aspects of care that appeared to affect women's satisfaction included the “art of care,” the technical competence of the practitioner, continuity of caregiver, and the atmosphere and physical environment of the care setting. The one characteristic that did not appear to affect satisfaction was the caregiver's ethnicity. Conclusion: Knowledge of how the characteristics of prenatal care affect women's satisfaction can help increase use of care and ultimately improve perinatal outcomes.
Temperature Dependence of Magneto-Mechanical Response in Ni-Mn-Ga Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys

In this work, a systematic investigation is being carried out on single crystals of Ni 47.8 Mn 27.5 Ga 24.7 alloy to determine the effect of temperature on the magneto-mechanical behaviour of the Ni-Mn-Ga alloys. Repeated mechanical and magnetic forces have been applied at various temperatures below the martensite finish ( M F ) temperature. It has been observed that twinning start and finish stresses, critical magnetic field and maximum magnetic-field-induced strain all remain almost constant within about 20K below M F and then change substantially at lower temperatures. Eventually no magnetic-field-induced strain can be observed at temperatures below 262K. It is proposed that although magnetic anisotropy constant increases with decreasing temperature, it is not sufficient to overcome the increasing twinning stresses required for twin boundary motion at lower temperatures.
Dansgaard-Oeschger Cycles and the California Current System: Planktonic foraminiferal response to rapid climate change in Santa Barbara Basin, Ocean Drilling Program Hole 893A

High-resolution planktonic foraminiferal census data from Santa Barbara Basin (Ocean Drilling Program hole 893A) demonstrate major assemblage switches between 25 and 60 ka that were associated with Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles. Stadials dominated by Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral), and Globigerinoides glutinata suggest a strong subpolar California Current influence, while interstadials marked by abundant N. pachyderma (dextral) and G. bulloides indicate a relative increase in subtropical countercurrent influence. Modern analog technique and transfer function (F-20RSC) temperature reconstructions support δ18O evidence of large rapid (70 years or less) sea surface temperature shifts (3° to 5°C) between stadials and interstadials. Changes in the vertical temperature gradient and water column structure (thermocline depth) are recorded by planktonic faunal oscillations suggest bimodal stability in the organization of North Pacific surface ocean circulation. Santa Barbara Basin surface water demonstrates the rapid response of the California Current System to reorganization of North Pacific atmospheric circulation during rapid climate change. Supporting assemblage data are, available on diskette or via Anonymous FTP from Kosmos.agu.org, Directory APEND (username = anonymous, Password = guest). Diskette may be ordered from American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009 or by phone at 800-966-2481; $5.00. Payment must accompany order.
Pro-social behavior in rats is modulated by social experience

Humans help family members and friends under circumstances where they may not help strangers. However, they also help complete strangers through both direct actions, such as helping someone who has stumbled, and indirect actions, such as giving to charity. Ben-Ami Bartal et al. have now explored the biological basis of such socially selective helping by testing whether rats help strangers, and if so, under what circumstances. In the experiments a free rat was exposed to another rat trapped inside a plastic tube with an outward-facing door for 12 one-hour sessions. When tested with a cagemate trapped inside the tube, most free rats learned within a few days to release the trapped rat by opening the door. Ben-Ami Bartal et al. then exposed the free rats to strangers they had never met or seen before. Remarkably the rats consistently released the trapped stranger, acting toward strangers just as they had acted toward familiar cagemates. This result suggested that individual familiarity is not required for helping to occur. To test the limits of rat benevolence, Ben-Ami Bartal et al. tested free rats (always white albino rats) with trapped rats from a different outbred strain (black-hooded rats). The rats helped cagemates of a different strain but not strangers of a different strain. These results could be explained by a requirement for strain familiarity or individual familiarity. To distinguish between these possibilities, albino rats were housed for 2 weeks with a rat of a different strain, and then re-housed with another albino rat before being tested with a trapped rat belonging to a different strain. Consistent with a requirement for strain but not individual familiarity, the free rats now helped stranger rats from the different, but now familiar, strain. To explore if there is any role for genetics or relatedness in socially selective helping, Ben-Ami Bartal et al. tested whether rats will help strangers of their own strain based on genetic relatedness alone. To do this albino pups were transferred to litters of a different strain on the day they were born, and never saw or interacted with another albino rat until testing. Remarkably, the albino rats helped strangers from the different strain that they were raised with, but they did not help strangers of their own strain because this strain was unfamiliar to them. The fact that the motivation to help other rats has its origins in social interactions rather than genetics provides the flexibility that is needed to navigate their way through social environments that often change unexpectedly.