cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of cephalometric measurements: a picture archiving and communication system versus the hand-tracing method—a preliminary study

SUMMARY Traditionally, cephalometric analysis has been carried out using a hand-tracing manual method. In imaging, picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are information management systems used for the capture and measurement of medical and dental radiographs. Although not customized for lateral cephalometry, this study aimed to evaluate the cephalometric measurements made on screen using PACS compared with the conventional hand-tracing method. Six angular and four liner parameters were measured on f﻿ive radiographs of four females and one male with an age range of 14–20 years. Analysis was completed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. For the electronic method, SNB (P = 0.04) and lower incisor angle (P = 0.05) were the only parameters found to be signif﻿i cantly different between the two operators. There was no signif﻿i cant difference between operators 1 and 2 for the hand-tracing method for any measurement. All measurements were comparable between the two methods. This preliminary study would suggest that using PACS may be an acceptable method for obtaining cephalometric measurements for treatment planning; however, further evaluation is necessary with a larger sample size.
Externally forced and internally generated decadal climate variability associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

AbstractGlobally averaged surface air temperatures in some decades show rapid increases (accelerated warming decades), and in other decades there is no warming trend (hiatus decades). A previous study showed that the net energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere of about 1 W m−2 is associated with greater increases of deep ocean heat content below 750 m during the hiatus decades, while there is little globally averaged surface temperature increase or warming in the upper ocean layers. Here the authors examine processes involved with accelerated warming decades and address the relative roles of external forcing from increasing greenhouse gases and internally generated decadal climate variability associated with interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO). Model results from the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), show that accelerated warming decades are characterized by rapid warming of globally averaged surface air temperature, greater increases of heat content in the upper ocean layers, an...
Optimal Voting Rules

Modern social choice theory, following Kenneth Arrow, treats voting as a method for aggregating diverse preferences and values. An earlier view, initiated by Marquis de Condorcet, is that voting is a method for aggregating information. Voters' opinions differ because they make errors of judgment; absent these errors they would all agree on the best choice. The goal is to design a voting rule that identifies the best choice with highest probability. This paper examines maximum likelihood estimation. Surprisingly, the optimal rule can also be axiomatized by variations of Arrow's axioms.
Ultra-thin particulate films prepared from capped and uncapped reverse-micelle-entrapped silver particles

The formation of thin particulate films from silver nanoparticles, generated by the sodium borohydride reduction of aqueous silver nitrate within aerosol-OT [AOT; sodium bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl) sulfosuccinate] reverse micelles in 2,2,4-trimethylpentane(isooctane), is described. The silver nanoparticles were dispersed on a water subphase in a Langmuir trough and the structure of the ultra-thin films formed was investigated by using Brewster-angle microscopy (BAM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and reflectivity measurements. Silver nanoparticles were also successfully ‘capped’ by octadecanethiol and, after isolation, could be readily redispersed in chloroform. The ultra-thin particulate films of the capped silver nanoparticles were highly uniform and displayed excellent reproducibility, while the films formed from the reverse-micelle solutions were somewhat less reproducible.
Stable Growth of Wild-Type Hepatitis A Virus in Cell Culture

Human wild-type (wt) hepatitis A virus (HAV), the causative agent of acute hepatitis, barely grows in cell culture and in the process accumulates attenuating and cell culture-adapting mutations. This genetic instability of wt HAV in cell culture is a major roadblock to studying HAV pathogenesis and producing live vaccines that are not overly attenuated for humans. To develop a robust cell culture system capable of supporting the efficient growth of wt HAV, we transfected different cell lines with in vitro RNA transcripts of wt HAV containing the blasticidin resistance gene. Blasticidin-resistant colonies grew only in transfected Huh7 cells and produced infectious virus. HAV was genetically stable in Huh7 cells for at least nine serial passages and did not accumulate attenuating or cell culture-adapting mutations. Treatment with alpha interferon A/D cured the blasticidin-resistant Huh7 cells of the HAV infection. The cured cells, termed Huh7-A-I cells, did not contain virus or HAV antigens and were sensitive to blasticidin. Huh7-A-I cells were more permissive than parental cells for wt HAV infection, including a natural isolate from a human stool sample, and produced 10-fold-more infectious particles. This is the first report of a cell line that allows the genetically stable growth of human wt HAV. The viral vectors and cells described here should allow better insight into the pathogenesis of HAV and the development of attenuated vaccines. The cell lines susceptible to wt HAV growth may also be used to detect and isolate infectious virus from patient and environmental samples.
A kindred with congenital vellus hair cysts

Vellus hair cysts were present from birth in two of four siblings and their mother. There has been no tendency for remission. This is the first report of vellus hair cysts appearing at birth, and the second report of a kindred in which there was apparent autosomal dominant inheritance. This disorder appears to represent a developmental anomaly of vellus hair follicles.
A Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Medication for Primary Care Panic Disorder

Objective: To implement and test the effectiveness of a combined pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral intervention for panic disorder tailored to the primary care setting. Design: Randomized, controlled study comparing intervention to treatment as usual. Setting: Six primary care clinics associated with 3 university medical schools, serving an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse patient population. Participants: Two hundred thirty-two primary care patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder. Comorbid mental and physical disorders were permitted, provided these did not contraindicate the treatment to be provided and were not acutely life threatening. Intervention: Patients were randomized to receive either treatment as usual or an intervention consisting of a combination of up to 6 sessions (across 12 weeks) of cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT) modified for the primary care setting, with up to 6 follow-up telephone contacts during the next 9 months, and algorithm-based pharmacotherapy provided by the primary care physician with guidance from a psychiatrist. Behavioral health specialists, the majority inexperienced in CBT for panic disorder, were trained to deliver the CBT and coordinated overall care, including pharmacotherapy. Main Outcomes Measures: Proportion of subjects remitted (no panic attacks in the past month, minimal anticipatory anxiety, and agoraphobia subscale score 10 on Fear Questionnaire) and responding (Anxiety Sensitivity Index score 20) and change over time in World Health Organization Disability Scale and short form 12 scores. Results: The combined cognitive-behavioral and pharmacotherapeutic intervention resulted in sustained and gradually increasing improvement relative to treatment as usual, with significantly higher rates at all points of both the proportion of subjects remitted (3 months, 20% vs 12%; 12 months, 29% vs 16%) and responding (3 months, 46% vs 27%; 12 months, 63% vs 38%) and significantly greater improvements in World Health Organization Disability Scale (all points) and short form 12 mental health functioning (3 and 6 months) scores. These effects were obtained in spite of similar rates of delivery of guideline-concordant pharmacotherapy to the 2 groups. Conclusion: Delivery of evidence-based CBT and medication using the collaborative care model and a CBTnaive, midlevel behavioral health specialist is feasible and significantly more effective than usual care for primary care panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:290-298
Relationless Completeness and Separations

This paper extends Valiant’s work on VP and VNP to the settings in which variables are not multiplicatively commutative and/or associative. Our main result is a theory of completeness for these algebraic worlds. We define analogs of Valiant’s classes VP and VNP, as well as of the polynomials permanent and determinant, in these worlds. We then prove that even in a completely relationless world which assumes no commutativity nor associativity, permanent remains VNP-complete, and determinant can polynomially simulate any arithmetic formula, just as in the standard commutative, associative world of Valiant. In the absence of associativity, the completeness proof gives rise to the following combinatorial problem: what is the smallest binary tree which contains as minors all binary trees with n leaves. We give an explicit construction of such a universal tree of polynomial size, a result of possibly independent interest. Given that such non-trivial reductions are possible even without commutativity and associativity, we turn to lower bounds. In the non-associative, commutative world we prove exponential circuit lower bounds on explicit polynomials, separating the non-associative commutative analogs of VP and VNP. Obtaining such lower bounds and a separation in the complementary associative, non-commutative world has been open for about 30 years.
Power-Aware Connection Provisioning for All-Optical Multicast Traffic in WDM Networks

The connection provisioning problem attempts to achieve its objective of guaranteeing the maximum throughput and minimal blocking probability. In optical networks, this problem is mainly the classical routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem, which includes many constraints. In this study, we investigate the RWA problem for connection provisioning under multicast traffic while considering the optical power constraints. The problem is first formulated as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) with the objective of minimizing the session blocking rate. In order to provide fast and efficient solutions, the paper introduces a novel heuristic solution that divides the problem into subproblems and solves them separately, while still taking the interdependency between them into account. The results obtained from both solutions are found to be closely comparable. The results obtained from the heuristic also provide insight for the network operators about the maximum performance enhancement that can be achieved by upgrading the network capacity.
Complete denture fabrication with CAD/CAM record bases

One of the primary goals of new materials and processes for complete denture fabrication has been to reduce polymerization shrinkage. The introduction of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology into complete denture fabrication has eliminated polymerization shrinkage in the definitive denture. The use of CAD/CAM record bases for complete denture fabrication can provide a better-fitting denture with fewer postprocessing occlusal errors.
Parental Relationship Quality and Masculine Gender-Role Strain in Young Men Mediating Effects of Personality

Research has demonstrated that experiences with attachment to and psychological separation from parents predict men's reports of masculine gender-role stress and conflict. This article extends the literature by examining possible variations in these links that may be accounted for by men's core personality characteristics. The author hypothesizes that Big Five personality traits mediate the association between parental relationship quality and masculine role strain. Results from structural equation modeling with data from 307 young men generally were consistent with these hypotheses, with several key findings: (a) Replicating past research, the author observed several associations between parental relationship quality and masculine role-strain variables; (b) as expected, indirect effects were obtained for neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, though those for openness and extraversion were not statistically significant; (c) comparison of alternate models suggested that a fully mediated model ...
Hadron-hadron interactions with orthogonal lattice-gauge-field configurations. II. Nucleon-nucleon system

The application of a model based on lattice-gauge considerations of multiquark interactions to the nucleon-nucleon system is given. The model is a nonrelativistic Born-Oppenheimer approach which includes a confinement mechanism consistent with the local gauge invariance required by QCD. Inclusion of a one-pion-exchange interaction between quarks and a linkage exchange term as suggested in the preceding paper gives a four-parameter model which yields a remarkably good fit to low-energy neutron-proton phase shifts and the static properties of the deuteron. The results overall are similar to those obtained by phenomenological potentials based on conventional meson-exchange ideas such as the Paris potential. The parameters of this model for the nucleon-nucleon system are consistent with the parameters needed to describe the internal excitations of nucleons.
Surface Vibrational Spectroscopy of Adsorbates on Metals, Semiconductors and Liquid/Solid Interfaces by Sum-Frequency Generation

Surface vibrational spectroscopy is of central importance for surface studies. Most of the existing spectroscopic techniques, unfortunately, have serious limitations. Recently, we have developed a new versatile surface spectroscopic tool, infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG)1, that has a number of clear advantages over the existing techniques. Like optical second harmonic generation, SFG is highly surface-specific, and is applicable to all interfaces accessible by light. With the help of ultrashort pump pulses, it has the potential of being able to monitor in-situ surface dynamics, surface reactions, and intermediate transient species with picosecond time resolution.
Optical properties of glass from Alamogordo, New Mexico

Specimens of glass resulting from the explosion of the experimental atomic bomb at Alamogordo, New Mexico, have, by various means' come into the hands of numerous institutions and collectors. Notwithstanding this availability, no studies of the material have been published, although a mere description of its physical character would have no bearing on atomic problems. Samples of the glass were collected by C..A. Anderson of the Geological Survey with the permission of Major General Leslie R. Groves, Commanding General for the Manhattan District. The results of a brief study of this glass, made in the laboratories of the U. S. Geological Survey, will no doubt be of interest to mineralogists and petrologists. The glass, in general, formed alayer 1 to 2 centimeters thick, with the upper surface marked by a very thin sprinkling of dust which fell upon it while it was still molten. At the bottom is a thicker fiIm of partly fused material, which grades into the soil from which it was derived. The color of the glass is a pale bottle green, and the material is extremely vesicular' with the size of the bubbles ranging to nearly the full thickness of the specimen. Figure 1 shows photomicrographs of typical specimens of the
PREPARING FOR THE COMPLEXITIES OF TEACHING: MODELING CONCEPTUAL THINKING IN POST-OBSERVATION CONFERENCES

In order for teacher educators to prepare teachers for complexities of language teaching, their nat ure needs to be understood. Vygotskian sociocultural theory ofers a useful framework for construing s uch complexities. Vygotsky distinguished between everyday and scientiic concepts, and saw the interaction of the two as concep tual thinking, the basis for higher order cognitive skills. Johnson (2009) frames learning to teach as the developm ent of conceptual thinking and considers the nature of the dialogue in teacher education activities as crucial to this development. Drawing on longitudinal data from a semester-long case study of the dialogic interactions bet ween
From SPARQL to MapReduce: the journey using a nested TripleGroup algebra

MapReduce-based data processing platforms offer a promising approach for cost-effective and Web-scale processing of Semantic Web data. However, one major challenge is that this computational paradigm leads to high I/O and communication costs when processing tasks with several join operations typical in SPARQL queries. The goal of this demonstration is to show how a system RAPID+, an extension of Apache Pig, enables more efficient SPARQL query processing on MapReduce using an alternative query algebra called the Nested TripleGroup Algebra (NTGA). The demonstration will offer opportunities for users to explore NTGA-Hadoop query plans for different SPARQL query structures as well as explore relationships between query plans based on relational algebra operators and those using NTGA operators.
A New and Some Overlooked Patrons of Greek Cities in the Early Principate

In 1990 John Nicols published in the Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik an article which discussed the status of patrons of the Greek cities during the early empire.
Sources of developmental change in pragmatic inferences about scalar terms.

Pragmatic implicatures—inferences that weak statements imply that stronger ones could not be used—are a popular case study of children’s pragmatic development. A growing literature suggests that children make implicatures under certain conditions, but their performance varies widely across tasks, and few datasets allow direct comparisons between implicature types. We designed a simple paradigm to address these issues. In Experiment 1, we included both ad-hoc (contextual) and scalar (quantifier) descriptions and found that 4-year-olds were at ceiling in ad-hoc trials but had difficulty with scalar implicatures. In Experiment 2, 4-year-olds’ performance increased when we included only scalar trials, but was still low. Across both datasets, performance for “some” and “none” quantifiers was positively correlated. Our work provides more precise developmental data on the emergence of different implicature computations and illustrates that preschoolers’ recognition of implicatures relates both to their comprehension of particular lexical items and also their recognition of relevant alternatives.
Fine-grained entity recognition

Entity Recognition (ER) is a key component of relation extraction systems and many other natural-language processing applications. Unfortunately, most ER systems are restricted to produce labels from to a small set of entity classes, e.g., person, organization, location or miscellaneous. In order to intelligently understand text and extract a wide range of information, it is useful to more precisely determine the semantic classes of entities mentioned in unstructured text. This paper defines a fine-grained set of 112 tags, formulates the tagging problem as multi-class, multi-label classification, describes an unsupervised method for collecting training data, and presents the FIGER implementation. Experiments show that the system accurately predicts the tags for entities. Moreover, it provides useful information for a relation extraction system, increasing the F1 score by 93%.We make FIGER and its data available as a resource for future work.
Decentralized multi-agent path selection using minimal information

This work studies conflict avoidance between moving, non-communicating agents with minimum sensing information. While safety can be provided by reactive obstacle avoidance methods for holonomic systems, deadlock avoidance requires reasoning over different homotopic paths in cluttered scenes. A method to compute the “interaction cost” of a path is proposed, which considers only the neighboring agents’ observed positions. Minimizing the interaction cost in a prototypical challenge with two agents moving through two corridors from opposing sides guarantees the selection of non-conflicting paths. More complex scenes, however, are more challenging. This leads to a study of alternatives for decentralized path selection. Simulations indicate that following a “minimum-conflict” path given the other agents’ observed positions provides deadlock avoidance. A scheme that selects between the minimum-conflict path and a set of shortest paths given their interaction cost improves path quality while still achieving deadlock avoidance. Finally, learning to select between the minimum-conflict and one of the shortest paths allows agents to be adaptive to the behavior of their neighbors and can be achieved using regret minimization.
The Cultural Evolution of Hard-to-fake Rituals

It has been proposed that costly rituals act as honest signals of commitment to group beliefs when such rituals appear dysphoric and unappealing (costly) to non-believers, but appealing to true believers (Irons, 2001). If only true believers are willing to endure ritual behaviors and true belief also entails belief in altruistic cooperation, associating with other ritual practitioners can help solve cooperation dilemmas in groups by sorting out potential free-riders. While this hypothesis is obviously true if such 'faking' of ritual is strictly impossible, strict impossibility seems implausible. 'Faking' is defined by Irons in this context to be to be performing the ritual without commitment to group beliefs. In this paper, I posit various ways that such faking might be difficult, instead of impossible, or different ways in which such ritual faking might be 'costly' and then formally model the social learning and cultural evolution dynamics to see where it may still hold theoretically that such rituals help maintain altruism in group and under what conditions. Analytic solution for evolutionary equilibrium is derived for each model, verifying that under a wide range of conditions for some, but not all interpretations, such hard-to fake rituals can help groups solve cooperative dilemmas, including in some circumstances that might not be intuitively obvious, such as where such free-riding is not visible and free-riders successfully represent themselves as true believers to observers. It is also the case that while there has been some progress in cleaning up the definitional confusions in the animal signaling literature around costly signaling, the literature on human rituals as costly signals has introduced novel uses of the term 'cost'. Theories referring to completely different mechanisms or even definitions of 'cost' are sometimes conflated. To contextualize the analysis of costly-to-fake rituals, this paper provides a review of the ideas proposed in the literature on costly human rituals and differentiates them from costly signaling as used in the animal behavior literature.
Computational study of Simultaneous synthesis of optically active (RS)-1,2,4-butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN)

In respective water or ethanol polarizable continuum cavity environments, simultaneous aldol condensation was performed using density functional theory (DFT) computational method to model the synthesis of optically active (RS)-1,2,4-butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN). The results of reaction energy barrier analysis suggested feasible routes with lower activation energies to obtain either the (R)- or (S)-configuration product in ethanolic solution. In addition, local analysis of average inter-particulate distances of reaction species revealed that a stronger inter-particulate interaction accompanied a shorter average distance in the ethanol system. The stabilization effect also indicated that related syntheses would be able to proceed in ethanol. Furthermore, relative to the production of (R)-BTTN, a lower overall energy of 425.3 kJ/mol was required for the synthesis of (S)-BTTN. Through analysis of the effects of temperature on the reaction rates of individual parallel stages of (R)- and (S)-species synthesis, it was simple to adjust the reaction temperature accordingly to differentiate between relative rates in order to obtain a product of a specific configuration.
The Real vs the Imaginary: Sir William Chambers on the Chinese Garden

AbstractSir William Chambers was one of the most important English architects in the eighteenth-century, but both in his day and later his international recognition was closely connected with his a...
Lung Cancer: Preventable Disease

Objective of the paper is to present lung cancer as preventable disease based on epidemiological, molecular and genomic data. Lung cancer is the most deadly malignancy around the world, both in male and female population. Vast majority of lung cancers (close to 90%) are directly caused by cigarette smoking, and thus present one of the most preventable deadly disease in humanity. Analysis of history of cigarette consumption and rise of lung cancer as world epidemics. Review of efforts to fight tobacco epidemics and how it influences incidence and prevalence of the lung cancer. Investigation of the effects of cigarette smoking on health and economic status of Bosnia and Hercegovina. Tobacco epidemics and lung cancer can be prevented. Goal is to exterminate cigarette smoking. That can be achieved only concerted effort by members of family, patients themselves, physicians, researchers, non-governmental organizations, political figures and society as a whole. Conclusion. In country like Bosnia and Herzegovina first step is to inform society about devastating effects of cigarette smoking. Best practices already exist and initial goal should be to start using them.
Universelle biochemische Fakten

Nahezu in jedem Kapitel dieses Buches wurde das Konzept universeller biochemischer Reaktionen erwahnt, d. h. die Tatsache, das in verschiedenen Formen des Lebens gleiche Eigenschaften, Systeme und Prinzipien zu finden sind. Dieses Konzept soll an dieser Stelle systematisch entwickelt werden, wobei gleichzeitig die Voraussetzungen fur eine allgemeine und universelle Erkenntnis des Lebens geschaffen werden. Die Tatsache universeller biochemischer Prozesse unterstreicht die Konstanz aller biologischer Grundeigenschaften und Systeme seit der Entwicklung des Lebens auf der Erde vor zwei Billionen Jahren. In den folgenden Abschnitten sollen diese unveranderten Merkmale lebender Systeme im einzelnen besprochen werden.
Diffusion-reaction kinetics of microfluidic amperometric biosensors

Amperometric biosensors are widely applied for rapid biomarker detection in physiological and environmental samples. The dynamics and linearity of the current signal, however, are only partially understood. This study investigates the diffusion-reaction kinetics of amperometric biosensing using a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) based biosensor for bacterial 16S rRNA. A numerical model is developed to optimize the chamber dimensions and elucidate the concentration dependences of the biosensor. The results revealed that depletion of substrates associated with the chamber dimension can limit the current signal in a target concentration dependent manner. This study provides practical guidelines in the design and interpretation of microfluidic amperometric biosensors for biochemical applications.
The Maximum Principle: Continuous Time

The main purpose of this chapter is to introduce the maximum principle as a necessary condition that must be satisfied by any optimal control for the basic problem specified in Sect. 2.1. Although vector notation is used, the reader can consider the problem as one with only a single state variable and a single control variable on the first reading. In Sect. 2.2, the method of dynamic programming is used to derive the maximum principle. We use this method because of the simplicity and familiarity of the dynamic programming concept. The derivation also yields significant economic interpretations. In Appendix C, the maximum principle is also derived by using a more general method similar to that of Pontryagin et al. (1962) , but with certain simplifications. In Sect. 2.3, we apply the maximum principle to solve a number of simple, but illustrative, examples. In Sect. 2.4, the maximum principle is shown to be sufficient for optimal control under an appropriate concavity condition, which holds in many management science applications. Finally, Sect. 2.5 illustrates the use of Excel spreadsheet software to solve an optimal control problem.
Can we prevent chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in caregivers of critical care patients

In an editorial entitled “Risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in family caregivers of neuroscience intensive care unit patients” Choi and Tate (2018) (1) discussed family caregivers’ challenges associated with caring for critical care patients, their risk for chronic emotional distress, and need for psychosocial interventions focused on preventing chronic emotional distress. The editorial highlights a recent article led by Choi et al . (2018) (2) which found, in a prospective study of caregivers of intensive care unit (ICU) patients followed from hospitalization to 3 and 6 months later, that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remained generally stable over time, and early PTSD was the strongest predictor of PTSD at a future time point.
Dynamic imaging of obstructed opossum esophagus : from altered load to altered contractility

We studied by barium contrast the dynamics of experimental obstruction in the opossum esophagus. Immediately after banding the gastroesophageal junction, entrapment of the bolus between the band and the peristaltic contraction led to esophageal bulging, forceful retropulsion of the bolus at the band, and the repeated triggering of peristaltic contractions by the retropelled bolus. In ensuing weeks, triggering of contractions became more difficult and contractions led to bizarre “corkscrew” movements of the increasingly distended and tortuous esophagus. A tight contraction ring that moved very slowly retrograde was occasionally observed in the chronically distended esophagus. Computer-assisted analysis showed that the area and perimeter of the bolus were abnormally large in chronic obstruction and that during its passage through the esophagus the compactness of the bolus increased no longer. Configurational analysis of the cone that the peristaltic contraction shapes at the tail of the barium column showed this to narrow progressively on passage through the normal esophagus and, paradoxically, to widen in both acute and chronic obstruction.
Effects of Changes in Apnea Time on the Clinical Status of Neonates on NIV-NAVA.

BACKGROUND: Apnea time allows the clinician to set a minimum spontaneous respiratory frequency when using noninvasive neurally-adjusted ventilatory assist (NIV-NAVA). Short apnea times may provide backup ventilation during periods of physiologic variability causing overventilation and suppression of spontaneous respiratory drive. Longer apnea times may allow more spontaneous ventilation but can result in insufficient respiratory support. The purpose of this study was to evaluate various apnea times in neonates on NIV-NAVA. METHODS: This was a 2-center, prospective, 1-factorial, interventional study of neonates RESULTS: 15 neonates (26 ± 1.6 weeks gestational age, birthweight 893 ± 202 g) were studied. When compared to the 5-s apnea time, the 2-s apnea time showed increased switches into backup ventilation from 0.5 switches/min to 2.5 switches/min (P CONCLUSION: Short apnea times resulted in more switches into backup ventilation and longer time in backup ventilation but promoted clinical stability with fewer clinically important events in neonates ventilated with NIV-NAVA.
Victimization, Poverty, and Resilience Resources: Stress Process Considerations for Adolescent Mental Health

Growing evidence suggests that exposure to early life adversity poses risk to youth development, with impaired mental health a central concern. This population-representative study of adolescent students (n=11,222) investigates the effects of two key forms of early adversity- victimization and poverty-on adolescent mental health in a step-wise fashion, also accounting for mutable and accessible resilience resources. Victimization and poverty prevalence reflected social patterning wherein being female, racial and ethnic minority youth, and those with lower resilience resources all reported significantly higher levels of victimization and family poverty. Greater levels of these adversities were significantly associated with lower levels of resilience resources. Poverty and particularly victimization demonstrated significant cumulative and distinct contributions across three indicators of compromised mental health-depression, suicidality, and broader psychological well-being. Resilience resources of family bondedness, school engagement, and sleep sufficiency all carried significant effects and accompanied lesser explanatory strength of victimization and family poverty. In separate analyses, each of four forms of victimization-adult maltreatment, bullying, dating violence, and feeling unsafe at school-were significant contributors to mental health, with cumulative exposure conveying the strongest unique effects. Implications and opportunities for prevention and remedial strategies are discussed, with particular attention to school-based responding.
Do Multiracial Subjects Really Challenge Race?: Mixed-Race Asians in the United States and the Caribbean

(1997). Do Multiracial Subjects Really Challenge Race?: Mixed-Race Asians in the United States and the Caribbean. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 1-16.
A Multiplex, Droplet Digital PCR Assay for the Detection of T-Cell Receptor Excision Circles and Kappa-Deleting Recombination Excision Circles.

Background: T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) and κ-deleting recombination receptor excision circles (KREC) concentrations can be used to assess and diagnose immune deficiencies, monitor thymic and bone marrow immune reconstitution, or follow responses to drug therapy. We developed an assay to quantify TREC, KREC, and a reference gene in a single reaction using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Methods: PCR was optimized for 3 targets: TREC, KREC, and ribonuclease P/MRP subunit p30 (RPP30) as the reference gene. Multiplexing was accomplished by varying the target’s fluorophore and concentration. Correlation with clinical results was evaluated using 47 samples from healthy donors, 59 samples with T-cell and B-cell markers within the reference interval from the flow cytometry laboratory, 20 cord blood samples, and 34 samples submitted for exome sequencing for severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). Results: The limit of the blank was 4 positive droplets, limit of detection 9 positive droplets, and limit of quantification 25 positive droplets, or 2.0 copies/μ L. TREC and KREC copies/μ L were as expected in the healthy donors and cord blood samples and concordant with the healthy flow cytometry results. Of the samples from the SCID Panel, 56.5% had a TREC count Conclusions: Our multiplex ddPCR assay is an analytically sensitive and specific method for the absolute quantification of TREC and KREC. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to describe the simultaneous quantification of TREC, KREC, and a reference gene by use of ddPCR.
The dynamical perspective on speech production: data and theory

Presented here, in preliminary form, is a general theoretical framework that seeks to characterize the lawful regularities in articulatory patterns that occur when people speak. A fundamental construct of the framework is the coordinative structure, an ensemble of articulators that functions cooperatively as a single task-specific unit. Direct evidence for coordinative structures in speech is presented and a control scheme that realizes both the contextually varying and invariant character of their operation is outlined. Importantly, the space – time behavior of a given articulatory gesture is viewed as the outcome of the system’s dynamic parameterization, and the orchestration among gestures is captured in terms of intergestural phase information. Thus, both time and timing are deemed to be intrinsic consequences of the system’s dynamical organization. The implications of this analysis for certain theoretical issues in coarticulation raised by Fowler (Journal of Phonetics, 1980, 8, 113–133) receive a speculative, but empirically testable, treatment. Building on the existence of phase stabilities in speech and other biologically significant activities, we also offer an account of change in articulatory patterns that is based on the nonequilibrium phase transitions treated by the field of synergetics. Rate scaling studies in speech and bimanual activities are shown to be consistent with a synergetic interpretation and suggest a principled decomposition of languages. The CV syllable, for example, is observed to represent a stable articulatory configuration in space–time, thus rationalizing the presence of the CV as a phonological form in all languages. The uniqueness of the present scheme is that stability and change of speech action patterns are seen as different manifestations of the same underlying dynamical principles—the phenomenon observed depends on which region of the parameter space the system occupies. Though probably wrong, ambitious, and the outcome of much idle speculation, the simplicity of the present scheme is attractive and may offer certain unifying themes for the traditionally disparate disciplines of linguistics, phonetics and speech motor control.
Metabolic Implications of Circadian-HIF Crosstalk

Research over the past few decades has shed light on the mechanisms underlying the link between circadian disruption and the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. However, how the clock network interacts with tissue-specificnutrient-sensing pathways during conditions of nutrient stress or pathological states remains incompletely understood. Recent work has demonstrated that the circadian clock can 'reprogram' the transcriptome to control distinct sets of genes during altered nutrient conditions, such as high fat diet, aging, and exercise. In this review, I discuss connections between circadian clock transcription factors and the oxygen- and nutrient-responsivehypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. I highlight recently uncovered mechanistic insights underlying these pathway interactions and address potential implications for the role of circadian disruption in metabolic diseases.
Positive and free energy satisfying schemes for diffusion with interaction potentials

Abstract In this paper, we design and analyze second order positive and free energy satisfying schemes for solving diffusion equations with interaction potentials. The semi-discrete scheme is shown to conserve mass, preserve solution positivity, and satisfy a discrete free energy dissipation law for nonuniform meshes. These properties for the fully-discrete scheme (first order in time) remain preserved without a strict restriction on time steps. For the fully second order (in both time and space) scheme, a local scaling limiter is introduced to restore solution positivity when necessary. It is proved that such limiter does not destroy the second order accuracy. In addition, these schemes are easy to implement, and efficient in simulations. Both one and two dimensional numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the performance of these schemes.
Fully Automated Pipeline for Body Composition Estimation from 3D Optical Scans using Principal Component Analysis: A Shape Up Study

The increasing prevalence and adaptability of 3D optical scan (3DO) technology has invoked many recent studies which use 3DO scanning as a convenient and inexpensive means for predicting body composition and health risks. The Shape Up studies seek a device-agnostic solution for body composition estimation based on principal component analysis (PCA). This paper reports a progress made on Shape Up’s previous work which served as a criterion analysis for PCA-based body composition and health risk prediction. This study presents proof-of-concept for a novel automated landmark detection step that allows for a fully automated PCA-based approach to body composition estimation that facilitates a practical device-agnostic PCA-based solution to body composition estimation from 3DO scans. Our results show that replacing expensive and time-consuming manual point placement with the proposed automated landmarks will not diminish the quality of body composition estimates allowing for a more practical pipeline that can be used in real-world settings.
Roll Call Voting by Congress

Discounting the possibility of simple error, we are left with two hypotheses that can explain the passage of various laws: Laws are passed to benefit various special-interest groups, or laws are passed because of ideological reasons. These hypotheses are not inconsistent: Special-interest groups may benefit from some laws, while other people may favor these laws for ideological reasons, although the strong form of the special-interest argument advanced by Stigler (1971) would be inconsistent with any argument based on ideology. In order to discriminate between these hypotheses, we now need to examine data; theoretical argument can take us no further.
Energy-efficient removal of PFOA and PFOS in water using electrocoagulation with an air-cathode.

Abstract Electrocoagulation (EC) with a zinc anode demonstrated promising results to remove perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from an aqueous solution. However, the energy requirement for EC is usually very high due to water electrolysis or aeration. This study aims to reduce energy consumption using an air-cathode in EC (ACEC) to supply oxygen electron acceptor without aeration for attenuating PFOA/PFOS in this new configuration. For the high PFOA concentration (0.25 mM), ACEC with 45 min of the reaction time exhibited an excellent PFOA removal (99.8 ± 0.3% removal) comparable to an EC with aeration (EC-aeration, 100% removal) while achieving much less energy consumption (0.14 kWh/m3). For the low PFOA concentration (0.1 μM), only 41.1 ± 11.6% was removed by the ACEC due to the low concentration gradient for adsorption. EC-aeration achieved higher PFOA removal (81.9 ± 15.1%) for the low PFOA concentration, possibly because air bubbles floated PFOA to the water surface, thereby concentrating PFOA. The PFOS removals in the ACEC and EC-aeration (76.4–88.5%) at the high concentration (0.25 mM) were lower than PFOA due tentatively to its micelle formation. However, PFOS was removed better than PFOA at the low concentration (0.1 μM) due to its higher hydrophobicity.
COVID-19 risk mitigation behaviors among rural and urban community-dwelling older adults in summer, 2020.

Purpose Risk mitigation behaviors are important for older adults, who experience increased mortality risk from COVID-19. We examined these reported behaviors among rural and urban community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older. Methods We analyzed public use files from the National Health and Aging Trends Study, which fielded a COVID survey from June to October, 2020, restricted to community-dwelling adults (n = 2,982). Eight behaviors were studied: handwashing, avoid touching face, mask wearing, limiting shopping, avoiding restaurants or bars, limiting gatherings, avoiding contact with those outside the household, and distancing. Residence was defined as urban (metropolitan county) or rural (nonmetropolitan county). Difference testing used Chi Square tests, with an alpha level of P = .05. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios. Results Rural residents constituted 18.8% (± Standard Error 3.6%) of the study population. In bivariate comparisons, rural older adults were less likely to report 5 of 8 studied behaviors: keep 6-foot distance (rural: 88.3% ±1.0%, urban 93.2% ±.08%), limit gatherings (rural 87.5% ±1.8%; urban 91.6% ±0.8%), avoid restaurants/bars (rural 85.3% ±1.9%, urban 89.6% ±0.8%), avoid touching face (rural 83.1% ±2.3%, urban 88.6%, 0.8%), and avoid contact with those outside the household (rural 80.4% ±2.4%, urban 86.2% ±1.0%). After adjusting for demographic characteristics, only maintaining a 6-foot distance remained lower among rural older adults (AOR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.42-0.81). Conclusions Within older adults, reported compliance with recommended behaviors to limit the spread of COVID-19 was high. Nonetheless, consistent rural shortfalls were noted. Findings highlight the need for rural-specific messaging strategies for future public health emergencies.
Far from a monolith: a typology of externalizing behavior among African American youth.

Previous studies have examined externalizing behaviors among African American youth using variable-centered approaches that study aggression and delinquency separately. However, aggression and delinquency often operate together in shaping adolescent behavior. For this reason, person-centered approaches are essential for identifying subgroups of African American youth using multiple indicators of aggression and delinquency to model the behavioral heterogeneity within this population. We examined the relationship between interpersonal, school, and parenting factors and externalizing behaviors among African American youth. Drawing from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2015–2018, we conducted latent class analysis based on 5 externalizing behavior indicator variables (i.e., serious fight, attack to harm, stealing, drug selling, handgun carrying) using a sample of 7,236 African American adolescents, aged 12–17. We identified a three class solution: Class #1—No Involvement (74.4%), characterized by very low levels of involvement in all of the externalizing behaviors examined; Class #2—Serious fight (23.3%), which is characterized by near-universal involvement in a serious fight, far lower levels of attack to harm, and negligible levels of stealing, drug selling, and handgun caring; and Class #3—Multidimensional externalizing (2.3%), characterized by very high levels of involvement in all of the externalizing variables examined. Most African American youth are not involved in externalizing behaviors. It is vital to support both the large majority of African-American youth who are abstaining from externalizing behaviors and to develop/implement programs to address the contextual and interpersonal needs of youth at elevated risk for consequences related to externalizing.
Review of Don’t give up your voice!

Don’t give up your voice!, directed by Mark Dworkin and Melissa Young., Argentina/United States, 2019
Evaluation of Ice Slurries as a Control for Postharvest Growth of Vibrio spp. in Oysters and Potential for Filth Contamination

Raw oyster consumption is the most common route of exposure for Vibrio spp. infections in humans. Vibriosis has been increasing steadily in the United States despite efforts to reduce the incidence of the disease. Research has demonstrated that ice is effective in reducing postharvest Vibrio spp. growth in oysters but has raised concerns of possible contamination of oyster meat by filth (as indicated by the presence of fecal coliform bacteria or Clostridium perfringens). This study examined the use of ice slurries (<4.5°C) to reduce Vibrio growth. Ice slurries showed rapid internal cooling of oysters, from 23.9°C (75°F) to 10°C (50°F) within 12 min. The initial bacterial loads in the ice slurry waters were near the limits of detection. Following repeated dipping of oysters into ice slurries, water samples exhibited significant (P < 0.05) increases in median levels of fecal coliforms (9.5 most probable number [MPN]/100 ml), C. perfringens (280 MPN/100 ml), Vibrio vulnificus (11,250 MPN/ml), and total Vibri...