cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation in the Microstructure of Electrodeposited Black Chrome Solar Coatings

Electrodeposited black chrome solar coatings have been found to thermally degrade when used at temperatures near 300/sup 0/C. This degradation is evidenced by a large decrease in the solar absorptance for these coatings. A detailed study is done of the dependence of the coating microstructure and composition on the plating process variables and how these film properties change after thermal aging. The areal density of coatings deposited on steel substrates reaches a constant value as the plating time increases. The films are composed of roughly spherical Cr/Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/ particles with diameters in the range 90 to 150 nm. In the stable coatings, the particles tend to form clusters. This microstructure does not change upon heating, although the metallic chromium in the film oxidizes to form fine crystalline Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/. A model has been developed of the black chrome coating. This model is used to calculate the reflectance properties as a function of the average Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/ vol % within the film. The calculated reflectance curves are compared to experimental data for coatings aged for various times at 450/sup 0/C in air. Both model and experiment show that the solar absorptance initially decreases only slowly as the amountmore » of Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/ increases; however, a rapid decrease occurs when the Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/ content passes 70 vol %. Thus it is concluded that the decrease in solar absorptance with heating can be explained by oxidation of metallic Cr in the films to Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/. As a result of these investigations, it is concluded that careful control of the film morphology, through careful control of the plating process, is necessary to produce thermally stable black chrome coatings.« less
Divergence in proportional fat intake in AKR/J and SWR/J mice endures across diet paradigms

These experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the contrasting patterns of macronutrient selection described previously in AKR/J (fat preference) and SWR/J (carbohydrate preference) mi...
Risk Assessment-Based Individualized Treatment (RABIT): A Comprehensive Approach to Dental Patient Recall

Patient recall should be a tool to support prevention, allow early intervention, and ensure long-term dental health. Although the concept of patient-customized recall intervals has increased in popularity, recommendations vary significantly. Concepts of risk assessment-derived recalls are described in the literature separately for caries, periodontal disease, and edentulism, but no published guidelines exist for creating patient-centered recall systems that integrate all risks. Further, no recommendations exist regarding oral cancer risk assessment and recall intervals. The evidence shows that recall intervals of less than twelve months do not impact stage and tumor size at diagnosis although increasing this interval may significantly affect the outcome. The typical approach to recall scheduling is that the interval before the next oral health review should be chosen when no further treatment is indicated or on completion of a specific treatment journey. This article advocates a modified approach that supports individualized risk-based recall schedules not only after active therapy is completed but also during the course of treatment. The design of individualized recall schedules would address a patient's risk for caries and periodontal disease and the need to perform periodic oral cancer screenings. Evidence is also presented regarding the timing of recalls for edentulous patients. This article describes design principles for a Risk Assessment-Based Individualized Treatment (RABIT) system, presents an example of an electronic health record (EHR) recall module implemented at one dental school, and identifies barriers to implementation. As EHRs become more prevalent in dental practice, it is expected that the software industry and the profession will collaborate to include RABIT-like concepts in software management packages.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE GENETICS OF "MALE SEX-RATIO" PHENOTYPE IN DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA

A laboratory strain of Drosophila pseudoobscura (L116) is studied that, when crossed to sex-ratio homozygous females, produces sons that exhibit varying levels of the male sex-ratio (msr) phenotype. The msr phenotype occurs only in sex-ratio males and is due to the production of a high frequency of nullo-XY sperm. The level of the msr phenotype is variable, and new variability is generated in one father-son transmission. Pedigree studies indicate the genes for msr reside on the Y chromosome or the autosomes of the L116 stock.
Shewanella oneidensis cytochrome c nitrite reductase (ccNiR) does not disproportionate hydroxylamine to ammonia and nitrite, despite a strongly favorable driving force

Cytochrome c nitrite reductase (ccNiR) from Shewanella oneidensis, which catalyzes the six-electron reduction of nitrite to ammonia in vivo, was shown to oxidize hydroxylamine in the presence of large quantities of this substrate, yielding nitrite as the sole free nitrogenous product. UV-visible stopped-flow and rapid-freeze-quench electron paramagnetic resonance data, along with product analysis, showed that the equilibrium between hydroxylamine and nitrite is fairly rapidly established in the presence of high initial concentrations of hydroxylamine, despite said equilibrium lying far to the left. By contrast, reduction of hydroxylamine to ammonia did not occur, even though disproportionation of hydroxylamine to yield both nitrite and ammonia is strongly thermodynamically favored. This suggests a kinetic barrier to the ccNiR-catalyzed reduction of hydroxylamine to ammonia. A mechanism for hydroxylamine reduction is proposed in which the hydroxide group is first protonated and released as water, leaving what is formally an NH2(+) moiety bound at the heme active site. This species could be a metastable intermediate or a transition state but in either case would exist only if it were stabilized by the donation of electrons from the ccNiR heme pool into the empty nitrogen p orbital. In this scenario, ccNiR does not catalyze disproportionation because the electron-donating hydroxylamine does not poise the enzyme at a sufficiently low potential to stabilize the putative dehydrated hydroxylamine; presumably, a stronger reductant is required for this.
Federalist No. 76 : Does the Presidential Appointments Process Guarantee Control of Government?

Federalist No. 76 describes the process for appointing the top officers of government, which was seen as essential for recruiting the aptitude and tendency toward good administration. This essay examines the process as it has evolved into a series of Herculean tests of political endurance. Having illuminated the founders’ basic intent for expeditious and honorable appointments, the analysis provides a troubling indictment of the continuing difficulties recruiting, confirming, and retaining dedicated citizens as guarantors of liberty.
P300 event-related brain potential as an index of recognition response to autobiographical and recently learned information in closed-head-injury patients

Abstract Fourteen patients who sustained a closed-head injury had their P300 (P3) measured in a visual recognition paradigm to test the use of P3 as an index of recognition in this population. Subjects participated in recognition tests for both autobiographical information (their birthday) and for a word list learned immediately before testing while event-related potentials were recorded. Within-subjects tests were used to determine that the P3 amplitude in response to oddball items (the subject's birthday and the studied word list) was larger than the P3 in response to non-oddball items for 9 of 11 subjects in the autobiographical condition, and 6 of 12 subjects in the word-list condition. Averaged P3s to oddball items were also larger than P3s to non-oddball items in standard group tests (p < .001), suggesting this difference can be used as an index of recognition in closed-head-injury patients.
Creating a local black identity in a global context: the French writer Alexandre Dumas as an African American lieu de mémoire .

Western expansion and domination through colonial systems served as a form of globalization, spreading white hegemony across the globe. While whites retained the monopoly on ‘modernity’ as the exclusive writers of historical progress, ‘backward’ African Americans were perceived as ‘outside’ Western culture and history. As a result, there were no African American individuals perceived as succeeding in Western terms in the arts, humanities, and sciences. In response, African American intellectuals forged a counter-global bloc that challenged globalization conceived as hegemonic Western domination. They sought to insert African Americans as a whole into the history of America, (re)creating a local black American history ‘forgotten’ because of slavery and Western power. African American intellectuals thus created a ‘usable past’, or counter-memory, to reconstitute history through the inclusion of African Americans, countering Western myths of black inferiority. The devastating legacy of slavery was posited as the cause of the African Americans’ lack of Western cultural acclivity. Due to the lack of nationally recognized African American figures of Western cultural achievement, intellectuals constructed Dumas as a lieu de memoire as part of wider efforts to appropriate historical individuals of black descent from across the globe within a transnational community produced by the Atlantic slave trade. Since all blacks were perceived as having a uniting ‘essence’, Dumas’ achievements meant that all blacks had the same potential. Such identification efforts demonstrated African Americans’ social and cultural suitability in Western terms and the resulting right to be included in American society. In this process, African Americans expressed a new, local black identity by expanding an ‘African American’ identity to a wider range of individuals than was commonly applied. While constructing a usable past, African Americans redefined ‘America’ beyond the current hegemonic usage (which generally restricted the term geographically to the US) to encompass an ‘Atlantic’ world – a world in which the Dumas of memory was re-imagined as an integral component with strong connections to slavery and colonialism.
Parenting Characteristics in the Home Environment and Adolescent Overweight: A Latent Class Analysis

Parenting style and parental support and modeling of physical activity and healthy dietary intake have been linked to youth weight status, although findings have been inconsistent across studies. Furthermore, little is known about how these factors co-occur, and the influence of the coexistence of these factors on adolescents' weight. This article examines the relationship between the co-occurrence of various parenting characteristics and adolescents' weight status. Data are from Project EAT (eating among teens), a population-based study of 4,746 diverse adolescents. Theoretical and latent class groupings of parenting styles and parenting practices were created. Regression analyses examined the relationship between the created variables and adolescents' BMI. Having an authoritarian mother was associated with higher BMI in sons. The co-occurrence of an authoritarian mother and neglectful father was associated with higher BMI for sons. Daughters' whose fathers did not model or encourage healthy behaviors reported higher BMIs. The co-occurrence of neither parent modeling healthy behaviors was associated with higher BMIs for sons, and incongruent parental modeling and encouraging of healthy behaviors was associated with higher BMIs in daughters. Although, further research into the complex dynamics of the home environment is needed, findings indicate that authoritarian parenting style is associated with higher adolescent weight status and incongruent parenting styles and practices between mothers and fathers are associated with higher adolescent weight status.
Effect of angiotensin on uptake and release of norepinephrine by brain

Abstract Angiotensin has been shown to inhibit partially the uptake of 3 H-norepinephrine perfused through rat brain ventricles. This blockade most likely occurs at the cell membrane level. Angiotensin did not cause a release of norepinephrine from brain, although metanephrine, tyramine, and acetylcholine did. It is postulated that potentiation of sympathetic responses seen with angiotensin are due to inhibition of uptake or re-uptake of norepinephrine.
A content analysis of gender differences in children's advertising

This content analysis of children's advertising examined the differences between television advertisements featuring only one sex of actors. The advertisements that were studied aired during a week of after‐school and Saturday morning children's programming. Advertisers featured more boys than girls and placed boys in settings outside their homes more often. The sex of announcers corresponded to the sex of the characters in the ads. Overall, the advertisements exhibited stereotyped behavior for traditional sex roles.
Matroid optimization with generalized constraints

Matroids of rank n are studied in which each element has a real-valued cost and one of d > 1 colors. The problem of finding a minimum cost base in the matroid subject to linear inequality constraints on colors is explored. The color constraints are shown to form a strict hierarchy based on increasingly stronger notions of convexity. The concept of a lattice of color vectors and associated minimum cost bases is introduced. The relationship of the cost of a base to those of its neighbors in the lattice is examined. It is shown that the solution to the constrained problem must occur at constraint boundaries, allowing earlier algorithms for a simpler version of the problem to be extended. Finally, it is shown that a given set of constraints can be located within the hierarchy in polynomial time.
Management of the Patient Who Smokes and the Diabetic Patient in the Dental Office

Background: Approaches to patient care consistent with a greater emphasis on the importance of risk factors associated with periodontal disease should include measures to reduce risk. In this article, we investigate the extent to which periodontists' and general practice dentists' (GPs) behaviors and attitudes reflect current understanding of the most important environmental risk factor for periodontitis (smoking) and the most important systemic disease risk factor for periodontitis (diabetes mellitus).Methods: A mail survey of active periodontists and GPs in the Northeastern United States was conducted during the fall of 2002. Random samples of periodontists and GPs listed in the designated Northeastern states were drawn from the 2002 American Academy of Periodontology Directory and the 2001 American Dental Directory, respectively. Responses were received from 103 periodontists (for a response rate of 73%) and from 105 GPs (for a response rate of 80%).Results: Although periodontists generally perform ris...
Vinyl hydrogen acidities of two stereoisomers.

The gas-phase acidities of the vinyl hydrogens of cis- and trans-2-butene were measured by the silane kinetic method in a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer. The acidities of et...
A Finite Deformation Theory of Viscoplasticity Based on Overstress: Part II—Finite Element Implementation and Numerical Experiments

A one-step time integration method is developed for the finite deformation theory of viscoplasticity based on overstress. This time integration method is based on a forward gradient approximation and it leads to explicit expressions of the tangent operators suitable for finite element implementation. The numerical results show that a modification of the Jaumann rate and second-order terms of the inelastic rate of deformation are necessary to model the observed effects
FDI spillovers in China: why do the research findings differ so much?

This paper investigates a large body of research for the purpose of sorting out the variety of data-sets, research methods, and findings that have emerged over the past decade concerning FDI productivity spillovers in Chinese industry. The review includes 16 papers, which together represent a striking range of data-sets, models, econometric strategies, and research results. After reviewing six dimensions of comparisons of the literature, the paper seeks to identify the common findings, explain why the differences are so extensive, and identify a set of guidelines for framing future research in this field.
Measurements of acetabular cup position and pelvic spatial orientation after total hip arthroplasty using computed tomography/radiography matching

This study presents a clinical validation of postoperative measurements of acetabular cup alignment following total hip arthroplasty (THA). The methodology was based on concurrent anatomic three-dimensional (3D) measurements of both the acetabular cup alignment and pelvic orientation, using an original CT/X-ray matching algorithm named Xalign. The subjects were 19 patients who had undergone bilateral THA using CT-based surgical navigation. All patients had postoperative pelvic CT scans and multiple antero-posterior (AP) pelvic X-rays. Using a proprietary software algorithm, the X-rays included in the study were matched with the corresponding postoperative CT scans. The goal of this method was to allow 3D anatomic pelvic and acetabular measurements on two-dimensional AP X-rays. The postoperative cup abduction, version and pelvic flexion angles were determined in three different ways: using CT images directly, applying the Xalign method, and finally by performing conventional (abduction only) measurements on AP pelvic X-rays. The cup orientation measured on CT images was taken as the ground truth. The Xalign measurement errors were defined as the difference between the CT cup values and those obtained by applying the matching method. The mean cup abduction error was 0.85 degrees +/- 1.3 degrees (+/- standard deviation) and the mean version error was 0.01 degrees +/- 1.99 degrees . Conventionally measured cup abduction ranged from 44 degrees to 62 degrees and correlated significantly (p = 0.001, r = -0.5) with pelvic flexion angle, proving the linear negative correlation between pelvic flexion and the error in conventional radiographic cup measurements. The Xalign method offered reasonable accuracy for cup orientation, and allowed cup and pelvic 3D anatomic measurements at different times.
Direct effects on instrumental performance of outcome revaluation by drive shifts

In three experiments the sensitivity of instrumental responding to revaluation of the instrumental outcome in the absence of experience with the revalued outcome was examined. Hungry rats were trained to make one response for food pellets and a different response for sucrose liquid. In Experiment 1, these responses were tested in extinction when the animals were either thirsty or hungry. A significant preference for the sucrose-trained response was observed in the test conducted under thirst but not in that conducted under hunger. In Experiments 2 and 3, the effect of experience with sucrose under thirst on the magnitude of this preference was explored. Following training of the instrumental responses in Experiment 2, half of the animals received presentations of sucrose while they were thirsty; the other half received sucrose while they were hungry. In Experiment 3, the same design was used but these sucrose presentations were made contingent on an instrumental response. Also in Experiment 3, the specificity of the sucrose-response preference to a shift to thirst was examined by testing under increased and decreased levels of hunger. The results of those experiments indicated that the sucrose-response preference is exhibited only under thirst and that exposure to the sucrose under thirst only marginally enhanced that preference. These findings suggest that instrumental responding may be modified by changes in the value of its outcome in the absence of experience with the revalued outcome.
Periodic solutions of some nonlinear, autonomous functional differential equations. II

We develop here some new fixed point theorems and apply them to the question of existence of nontrivial periodic solutions of nonlinear, autonomous functional differential equations. We prove that the standard results of G. S. Jones and R. B. Grafton can be obtained by our methods, and we prove periodicity results for some equations, for instance a neutral functional differential equation, which appear inaccessible by previous techniques.
Evaluation of a pattern matching method for the Tennessee Eastman challenge process

Abstract In this paper, we evaluate multivariate pattern matching methods for the Tennessee Eastman (TE) challenge process. The pattern matching methodology includes principal component analysis based similarity factors and dissimilarity factor of Kano et al., that compare current and historical data. In our similarity factor approach, the start and end times of disturbances are not known a priori and the data are compared by moving a window though the historical data. Comparisons with methods used in earlier case studies of the TE challenge process show advantages of using the proposed similarity factor approach.
Tolerance Induction with Agonist Peptides Recognized by Autoaggressive Lymphocytes is Transient: Therapeutic Potential for Type 1 Diabetes is Limited and Depends on Time-point of Administration, Choice of Epitope and Adjuvant

Immunization with agonist peptides recognized by autoaggressive lymphocytes has been used successfully in several animal models for type 1 diabetes (T1D) or multiple sclerosis (MS) to prevent disease. Depending on the timing of immunization, use of adjuvant and route of administration either elimination of autoaggressive T cells or induction of regulation reflected by cytokine shifts were described. Since it was also reported that such agonist peptides could enhance autoimmunity by activating aggressive lymphocytes, our goal was to re-evaluate their efficacy in an antigen-specific model of virally-induced T1D that allowed us to precisely track the autoaggressive response. We find that rather than the route of administration (oral versus sc) the precise timing is important for inducing tolerance to self-antigens. Tolerance is transient and only immunization during a susceptible phase 10 to 20 days prior to the induction of disease but not in prediabetic mice resulted in protection. Further, use of a stronger adjuvant (CFA) compared to IFA enhanced the protective effect. Mechanistically, a transient loss of autoaggressive T cells was responsible for preventing disease, the effect was quantitative and no regulatory lymphocytes or cytokine shifts were induced by any of our treatments. Thus, MHC class I-restricted agonist peptides might only find a limited use in treating autoimmune disorders, because tolerance induction is transient and treatment has to be given very early, ideally prior to activation of the aggressive response.
Bog Turtle Habitat on the Lake Ontario Coastal Plain of New York State

Abstract We develop a concept of suitable habitat for Glyptemys (Clemmys) muhlenbergii (Bog Turtle) on the Lake Ontario Coastal Plain of central and western New York State and compare it to habitat for this species in other parts of its distribution. At the outset of our studies in 1987, only a single Bog Turtle population was known to survive on the Lake Ontario Plain. We located and visited nine of the 10 historically recorded Bog Turtle sites in northern, central and western New York and completed a survey of 84 selected wetlands in Oswego County, at the eastern end of the Lake Plain. In the course of the study, we confirmed the presence of the Bog Turtle at a site where it was last documented in 1916 and discovered populations at three previously undocumented sites, one of which is now the northernmost recorded site for the species. Bog Turtle habitat on the Lake Ontario Coastal Plain is open-canopy, sedge-dominated medium to rich fens contained within larger wetlands that often include an open pond a...
Frequency and erroneous usage of temporary medical exemptions and knowledge of immunization guidelines among some Miami-Dade County Florida providers

Abstract Objective We assessed knowledge and practices regarding immunization guidelines and the Florida Certificate of Immunization (DH-680) based on FL-DOH and CDC recommendations, to identify the cause of the increasing number of erroneously issued temporary medical exemptions (TME) among selected health care providers in Miami-Dade County Florida. Methodology After reviewing immunization certificates from all public schools, a list of physicians who improperly issued 3 or more TMEs, defined as one given to a child who was up to date for their kindergarten and seventh grade requirements, was compiled. The DOH-Miami-Dade developed educational materials and questionnaires, and conducted face-to-face interviews and interventions during site visits to these providers ( n = 134). Data was analyzed using SAS 9.2. Results Of the 104 questionnaires completed, 4 (3.85%) had correct answers to all 10 vaccine knowledge and practice related questions, while 10 (9.62%) had 7 or more incorrect answers. Frequently missed questions included: the required doses of varicella vaccine for seventh grade students entering the 2011–12 school year (86, 82.7%) and the proper scenario for issuing a TME (57, 54.8%). Conclusions In order to eliminate the improper use of TMEs, long-term efforts are needed to provide immunization-related educational materials and trainings to the medical community regarding vaccinations. These findings also suggest a need for enhanced explanation in multiple languages on the current Florida Immunization Certificate. Due to enhanced surveillance and education, the number of TMEs for kindergarten and seventh grade students was reduced by 12% and 4.9%, respectively, during the 2011 and 2012 school year.
An Assay of RNA Synthesis in Hepatic Nuclei from Control and Streptococcus pneumoniae-Infected Rats

Hepatic nuclei were isolated, purified, and partially characterized from control and Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected rats. Biochemical and morphologic examination showed little contamination by other cell organelles. An in vitro system for the incorporation of 2-[14C]uridine-5'-triphosphate into ribonucleic acid (RNA) was developed and characterized. Although the stimulatory effects of cytosol on incorporation of labeled precursors into RNA have been previously reported, nuclei isolated from the livers of S. pneumoniae-infected rats were stimulated to a significantly greater extent than were nuclei isolated from the livers of control rats. In the presence of cytosol prepared from either control or infected rats, the increased incorporation of labeled precursor into RNA by nuclei isolated from infected rats was observed over broad pH and temperature ranges. The increased activity of infected nuclei was eliminated when albumin was substituted for cytosol, and could not be accounted for by differences in endogenous precursor pool size. These results are consistent with other infection-induced alterations in hepatic RNA and protein synthesis.
Chemoirradiation: a new initiative in cancer treatment. 1991 RSNA annual oration in radiation oncology.

The use of concomitant continuous infusion chemotherapy and radiation therapy in the treatment of a variety of tumors has produced, in relatively limited clinical experience, substantial improvements in complete response and survival rates. Although there is still a need to establish the most effective combinations, concentrations, and scheduling of drugs, as well as optimum dose and fractionation of radiation, a number of benefits have already been recorded with this approach. Organ preservation is maximized in all but the most advanced cancers of the anus, esophagus, and bladder. In advanced head and neck cancers, particularly in the paranasal sinuses when bone destruction and infiltration have occurred, the total dose required for effective therapy can be reduced by 15%-30%, which substantially lowers the rate of complications. Therapeutic gains have also been seen in the treatment of other primary and recurrent gastrointestinal and gynecologic malignancies and their hepatic metastases. Finally, there ...
Effects of spermine and its cytotoxic analogs on nucleosome formation on topologically stressed DNA in vitro

We investigated the effects of the polyamine spermine and two of its cytotoxic analogs 1,11-bis(ethyl-amino)-4,8-diazaundecane (BE-3-3-3) and 1,19-bis(ethylamino)-S,10,15-tirazanonadecane (BE-4-4-4-4) on the formation of nucleosomes on negatively and positively supercoiled DNA in vitro. Histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 were reconstituted onto DNA to form nucleosomes and the polyamines were added either before or after histone addition. The structural state of the nucleosome was monitored by analyzing the DNA topoisomers that were present after topoisomerase I treatment. Although polyamines induced DNA aggregation to various degrees, high concentrations of topoisomerase I were able to relax the aggregated DNA and the helical pitch was found to be unaltered in the aggregates. When histones were associated with negatively coiled DNA, the polyamine-induced aggregation did not alter nucleosome structure. The induced aggregate did inhibit nucleosomal transitions when examined on positively coiled DNA. BE-4-4-4-4 was most effective and BE-3-3-3 least effective. These analogs were also extremely effective in inhibiting histone deposition onto DNA. A potential mechanism for the action of these analogs is both to inhibit histone deposition during DNA replication and also disrupt nucleosomal dynamics due to aberrant chromatin condensation. These results also suggest that BE-4-4-4-4 and BE-3-3-3 may produce their cytotoxic effect through slightly different mechanisms.
Organic aerogels: microstructural dependence of mechanical properties in compression

Aerogels are a unique class of ultrafine cell size (<1000 A), low-density foams. These materials have continuous porosity and a microstructure composed of interconnected colloidal-like particles or chains with characteristic diameters of 100 A. Traditional aerogels are inorganic, made via the hydrolysis and condensation of metal alkoxides (e.g. tetraisopropoxy titanate). Recently, the authors reported the development of organic aerogels from the sol-gel polymerization of resorcinol with formaldehyde. Because these new aerogels are composed of a highly crosslinked aromatic polymer, they can be pyrolyzed in an inert atmosphere to form vitreous carbon aerogels. This work describes how the microstructure of these organic aerogels can be manipulated and controlled. The microstructural dependence of the compressive mechanical properties of both resorcinol-formaldehyde and carbon aerogels is examined in detail.
The Influence of Cracked Soybeans and Other Factors upon Flavor of Milk and the Iodine Value of Milk Fat

Summary Twenty Holstein cows of the station herd were used to study the influence of cracked soybeans, level of production and age upon the flavor of milk and the relationship of the iodine number of butterfat to feed and temperature changes. In addition to the usual factors considered in selecting cows for flavor studies, the flavor of the milk produced by the cows while being fed a common ration should be considered. There was no indication that cracked soybeans produced an undesirable flavor in milk when constituting approximately 11 per cent of the concentrate mixture. The extreme fluctuations in iodine value with chronological time and the randomness of the last half of the last feeding period suggest that control groups should be carried continuously on each feed when fat composition changes are studied. The correlation coefficients between milk arid fat yields, and the occurrence of feedy, oxidized and rancid flavors in the milk were non-significant. Highly significant negative correlations between milk (−0.61) and fat (−0.65) yields and the occurrence of flat flavor indicate that, as the total milk and fat production increase, the tendency for the production of milk having a flat flavor decreases. Likewise, a significant negative correlation (−0.52) was found between age and the occurrence of flat flavor. The correlation coefficient between age and the occurrence of feedy flavor was non-significant. The correlation coefficient (−0.46) between age and the occurrence of rancid flavor was only 0.004 below the significant point. Possibly rancid flavors have a greater tendency to develop in the milk of younger cows. A significant negative correlation coefficient (−0.53) was obtained between age and the occurrence of oxidized flavor. The maximum effect of a feed on fat composition, as measured by the iodine value, may require at least 15 days. A close relationship may exist between mean external temperature and the iodine value of the milk fat produced.
The Effect of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction on Pitch Velocity in Major League Baseball Pitchers

Background:The medial ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is the primary restraint to valgus load, and injury is commonly encountered as a result of overuse in throwing athletes. Reconstruction of this ligament has allowed for a high rate of return to sport for elite pitchers. Public perception of this procedure has resulted in a commonly held belief of increased throwing velocity following UCL reconstruction.Hypothesis:Fastball velocity for Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers is significantly decreased following UCL reconstruction.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:A total of 129 pitchers were identified as undergoing UCL reconstruction from publicly available reports, and a final group of 80 MLB pitchers were included for analysis. Statistics were collected, including pitch velocity, pitch selection, and performance outcomes. Pre- and postoperative statistics were compared using paired t tests to allow for evaluation of each pitcher relative to his baseline velocity and performance.Resu...
Further studies on the in vitro replication of lactic dehydrogenase virus in peritoneal macrophage cultures.

SummaryLactic dehydrogenase virus has been cultivated in adult mouse peritoneal macrophage cultures for at least 21 days. The supernatant titer was higher than the cell titer at all times after inf...
Black Yanks in the Pacific: race in the making of American military empire after World War II. By Michael Cullen Green

Black Yanks in the Pacific: race in the making of American military empire after World War II. By Michael Cullen Green. Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press, 2010. x+206 pp., illus., bibliog...
A Semi-Empirical Cell Dynamics Model for Bone Turnover Under External Stimulus

The normal periodic turnover of bone is referred to as remodeling. In remodeling, old or damaged bone is removed during a ‘resorption’ phase and new bone is formed in its place during a ‘formation’ phase in a sequence of events known as coupling. Resorption is preceded by an ‘activation’ phase in which the signal to remodel is initiated and transmitted. Remodeling is known to involve the interaction of external stimuli, bone cells, calcium and phosphate ions, and several proteins, hormones, molecules, and factors. In this study, a semi-empirical cell dynamics model for bone remodeling under external stimulus that accounts for the interaction between bone mass, bone fluid calcium, bone calcium, and all three major bone cell types, is presented. The model is formulated to mimic biological coupling by solving separately and sequentially systems of ODEs for the activation, resorption, and formation phases of bone remodeling. The charateristic time for resorption (20 days) and the amount of resorption (∼0.5%) are fixed for all simulations, but the formation time at turnover is an output of the model. The model was used to investigate the effects of different types of strain stimuli on bone turnover under bone fluid calcium balance and imbalance conditions. For bone fluid calcium balance, the model predicts complete turnover after 130 days of formation under constant 1000 microstrain stimulus; after 47 days of formation under constant 2000 microstrain stimulus; after 173 days of formation under strain-free conditions, and after 80 days of formation under monotonic increasing strain stimulus from 1000 to 2000 microstrain. For bone fluid calcium imbalance, the model predicts that complete turnover occurs after 261 days of formation under constant 1000 microstrain stimulus and that turnover never occurs under strain-free conditions. These predictions were not impacted by mean dynamic input strain stimuli of 1000 and 2000 microstrain at 1 Hz and 1000 microstrain amplitude. The formation phase of remodeling lasts longer than the resorption phase, increased strain stimulus accelerates bone turnover, while absence of strain significantly delays or prevents it, and formation time for turnover under monotonic increasing strain conditions is intermediate to those for constant strain stimuli at the minimum and maximum monotonic strain levels. These results are consistent with the biology, and with Frost’s mechanostat theory.
Acoustic examination of naturalistic modal and falsetto voice registers

Acoustic characteristics of sustained vocalizations produced in modal and falsetto voice registers are reported for a group of seven adult males. Analysis of the overall intensity of modal and falsetto registers indicated no significant differences between the two registers. However, analysis of the relationship in amplitude of the fundamental (Fo) to the amplitude of the corresponding harmonic (H2) revealed consistent differences between the two registers. During modal register, the amplitude of the Fo was consistently lower compared to H2, while the opposite trend was found for falsetto registers. Discussion focuses on the possible physiological explanations for the acoustic patterns observed in this study.
Response to “Odunsi et al. Results for CM3 Cannot Be Extrapolated to Alginates in General”

TO THE EDITOR: We thank Strom and colleagues for their letter titled “Odunsi et al. Results From CM3 Cannot Be Extrapolated to Alginates in General” (1). We agree that the great variation in physical and chemical properties of fiber necessitates caution in generalizing the results obtained with a specific formulation. Therefore, the results of our study pertain specifically to the product evaluated, CM3, for the specified (10-day) treatment period and dose. We evaluated the commercially available product, following the manufacturer’s instructions to the public and a prior publication (2). Incidentally, gastric emptying measured by stable isotope breath test was also not significantly altered by CM3 (ref. 2). We have reviewed elsewhere the disparate effects of different forms of fiber on gastric functions and satiation (3). We thank Strom et al. for acknowledging that it is important to critically appraise the effects of commercial products claiming effects on weight loss or appetite. Our study represents a model of the spectrum of gastric functions and hormonal responses that need to be evaluated to assess the physiological mechanisms potentially responsible for the claimed effects on weight loss and appetite. We encourage commercial entities to commission such studies to independent or academic research groups that have extensively validated the relevant physiological studies.
Optimizing precision of rotating-analyzer and rotating-compensator ellipsometers

I investigate the dependence of shot-noise-limited uncertainties of the ellipsometric parameters psi, and delta for the rotating-analyzer ellipsometer (RAE) and the rotating-compensator ellipsometer (RCE) of the polarizer-sample-compensator-analyzer type. The development is general and takes into account correlations among the Fourier coefficients of the transmitted intensity, in particular the average intensity, which is necessarily correlated with all other coefficients through normalization. The results are expressed in terms of the traditional uncertainties delta(psi) and delta(delta) of the ellipsometric parameters psi and delta, respectively, although a more appropriate measure of uncertainty is the differential area 2delta(psi) x sin psi(delta)delta on the unit-radius Poincare sphere. Numerical results for broadband operation from 1.5 to 6.0 eV with a Si sample show that the optimum measurement conditions for both configurations occur when the intensity of light reflected from the sample is approximately balanced between the TE and the TM modes, and, for the RCE, when the analyzer azimuth is essentially equal to that of the polarizer. Under typical broadband operating conditions in which components cannot be optimized on a wavelength-by-wavelength basis, the RCE is better at determining delta, whereas the RAE is better at determining psi. The approach is easily generalized to other configurations and other types of experimental uncertainty, both random and systematic.
An Improved Thermal Dilution Method for Measuring Jugular Venous Flow

The local thermal dilution method of performing serial bilateral measurements of internal jugular venous flow is significantly improved by injecting a bolus of saline rather than by using a continuous injection of saline. New thermistor catheter designs maintain the proper separation between the sites of injection and of sampling and require only a single insertion per side. The method measures mean flow rates over a two-second to three-second interval. Measurements were made in 14 patients with cerebrovascular disease. Studies of five patients are presented to illustrate the value of the method for assessing internal jugular venous hemodynamics. Positive response to injection of acetazolamide was noted in four of these five patients. Cyclic variations in jugular flow were observed in one patient with Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Occasional retrograde flow in one jugular vein was recorded in another patient.
Geometrical Analysis of Cytochrome c Unfolding.

A geometrical model has been developed to study the unfolding of iso-1 cytochrome c. The model draws on the crystallographic data reported for this protein. These data were used to calculate the distance between specific residues in the folded state, and in a sequence of extended states defined by n = 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 residue units. Exact calculations carried out for each of the 103 residues in the polypeptide chain demonstrate that different regions of the chain have different unfolding histories. Regions where there is a persistence of compact structures can be identified, and this geometrical characterization is fully consistent with analyses of time-resolved fluorescence energy-transfer (TrFET) data using dansyl-derivatized cysteine side-chain probes at positions 39, 50, 66, 85, and 99. The calculations were carried out assuming that different regions of the polypeptide chain unfold synchronously. To test this assumption, lattice Monte Carlo simulations were performed to study systematically the possible importance of asynchronicity. Calculations show that small departures from synchronous dynamics can arise if displacements of residues in the main body of the chain are much more sluggish than near-terminal residues.
From Birth Control to that “Fresh Feeling”: A Historical Perspective on Feminine Hygiene in Medicine and Media

This essay traces the modern history of vaginal douching in the United States from its widespread adoption as the first clinical form of birth control in the nineteenth century, through the marketing success of cosmetic douches in the late twentieth century. Women's changing and often overlapping motivations for douching in the past provide insight into contemporary women's choices about douching. The persistence of the practice today despite its association with adverse health consequences is a troubling phenomenon that can only be fully understood by considering this complex history.
CUG-binding protein represses translation of p27Kip1 mRNA through its internal ribosomal entry site.

The cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 plays an important role in controlling the eukaryotic cell cycle. The 5’-untranslated region of the p27 mRNA harbors an internal ribosome entry site (I...
Technological implications in studies of nickel electrode performance and degradation

Abstract Several processes that are significant in sintered nickel electrode performance and degradation are addressed. The buildup of residual capacity is discussed in terms of the formation of a boundary layer between the current collector and the undischarged active material. The resistance characteristics that accompany the formation of the layer are presented, and the effects of changes in active material resistance and structure are correlated with electrode performance. Processes that can control nickel electrode recharge efficiency are also discussed, and data are presented indicating the kind of performance problems or changes that can be caused by changes in the interfacial morphology and physical structure of the active material deposit. Data are also presented indicating how variations in the composition of the active material can result during electrochemical deposition of active material into nickel electrodes.
Threefold coordinated model structure of amorphous GeS, GeSe and GeTe

Abstract The black P structure is presented as a model for the structures of amorphous GeS, GeSe and GeTe. It is shown that the short interatomic distances, low near neighbor coordinations and high covalencies of the amorphous materials, relative to the crystalline, can be rationalized with the model. When scaled to the near neighbor interatomic distances in the amorphous materials, the model yields satisfactory agreement with the observed position and area of the second neighbor X-ray radial distribution function peaks. The model predicts: (a) A first neighbor peak area for GeS which is significantly different from that predicted by the random covalent model and (b) phase separation in certain composition regions which, for the Ge-S system, should be observable by means of transmission electron microscopy. An explanation of why phase separation is not likely to be observable through transmission electron microscopy studies of amorphous GeTe and GeSe is also presented.
Conditional inactivation of FGF receptor 2 reveals an essential role for FGF signaling in the regulation of osteoblast function and bone growth

Human craniosynostosis syndromes, resulting from activating or neomorphic mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), underscore an essential role for FGFR2 signaling in skeletal development. Embryos harboring homozygous null mutations in FGFR2 die prior to skeletogenesis. To address the role of FGFR2 in normal bone development, a conditional gene deletion approach was adopted. Homologous introduction of cre recombinase into the Dermo1 ( Twist2 ) gene locus resulted in robust expression of CRE in mesenchymal condensations giving rise to both osteoblast and chondrocyte lineages. Inactivation of a floxed Fgfr2 allele with Dermo1-cre resulted in mice with skeletal dwarfism and decreased bone density. Although differentiation of the osteoblast lineage was not disturbed, the proliferation of osteoprogenitors and the anabolic function of mature osteoblasts were severely affected.