cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of a native bamboo [Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.] in a wind-disturbed forest

Abstract Numerous bamboos are known to form extensive single-species stands, including species in the United States. Formerly prominent in the southeastern US, canebrakes are dense stands of the bamboos collectively called “cane” [ Arundinaria (Michx)]. Canebrakes are now a critically endangered component of the bottomland hardwood forest ecosystem. Cane still occurs in its historic range, primarily in small remnant patches. A poor understanding of the ecological processes that generated large canebrakes limits their restoration and management. We hypothesize that cane's spreading clonal structure enables these bamboos to persist beneath a forest canopy and then respond rapidly to large-scale wind disturbances. We quantified patterns of clonal growth in one cane species, “giant cane” [ Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.], in a very large tornado-generated canopy gap and in surrounding bottomland hardwood forest in Louisiana. We tested these four hypotheses over a 12-month study period in the large canopy gap: (1) production of new culms should be greater, (2) clonal expansion should be greater, (3) culm damage rate should be reduced, and (4) culm size should be reduced compared to giant cane stands under forest canopy. We found that new culm production in tornado-blowdown plots was twice that in forest plots. Accordingly, culms were younger on average in the tornado blowdown than under forest. Rate of clonal expansion was similar between the two environments, suggesting clonal spread was not disturbance-dependent. With fewer branch-fall impacts, culms in the tornado blowdown were less often damaged. Culms were smaller in tornado-blowdown plots than in forest plots. Giant cane's clonal plasticity should enable it to persist in old-growth bottomland forests by responding to local light conditions. Genets should increase culm production in small gaps and senesce as gaps fill in. Giant cane stands could thereby shift location over time. Wind disturbance that opens forest canopy should trigger redevelopment of denser stands that could merge with other expanding stands into expansive canebrakes. Giant cane's clonal ecology may be a useful model for understanding spreading bamboos and other forest-growing clonal perennials.
Online vehicle mass estimation using recursive least squares and supervisory data extraction

This paper examines the online estimation of onroad vehicles' mass. It classifies existing estimators based on the dynamics they use for estimation and whether they are event-seeking or averaging. It then proposes an algorithm comparable to this literature in accuracy and speed, but unique in its minimal instrumentation needs and ability to provide conservative mass error estimates, in the 3sigma sense. The algorithm builds on the simple idea, inspired by perturbation theory, that inertial dynamics dominate vehicle motion over certain types of maneuvers. A supervisory algorithm searches for those maneuvers, and feeds the resulting filtered data into a recursive least squares-based mass estimator and conservative mass error estimator. Both simulation and field data demonstrate the viability of the resulting approach.
Evaluation of the Interactionist Model of Socioeconomic Status and Problem Behavior: A Developmental Cascade across Generations

The current multigenerational study evaluates the utility of the interactionist model of socioeconomic influence on human development (IMSI) in explaining problem behaviors across generations. The IMSI proposes that the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and human development involves a dynamic interplay that includes both social causation (SES influences human development) and social selection (individual characteristics affect SES). As part of the developmental cascade proposed by the IMSI, the findings from this investigation showed that Generation 1 (G1) adolescent problem behavior predicted later G1 SES, family stress, and parental emotional investments, as well as the next generation of children's problem behavior. These results are consistent with a social selection view. Consistent with the social causation perspective, we found a significant relation between G1 SES and family stress, and in turn, family stress predicted Generation 2 (G2) problem behavior. Finally, G1 adult SES predicted both material and emotional investments in the G2 child. In turn, emotional investments predicted G2 problem behavior, as did material investments. Some of the predicted pathways varied by G1 parent gender. The results are consistent with the view that processes of both social selection and social causation account for the association between SES and human development.
Interannual variations of Arctic cloud types in relation to sea ice.

Abstract Sea ice extent and thickness may be affected by cloud changes, and sea ice changes may in turn impart changes to cloud cover. Different types of clouds have different effects on sea ice. Visual cloud reports from land and ocean regions of the Arctic are analyzed here for interannual variations of total cloud cover and nine cloud types, and their relation to sea ice. Over the high Arctic, cloud cover shows a distinct seasonal cycle dominated by low stratiform clouds, which are much more common in summer than winter. Interannual variations of cloud amounts over the Arctic Ocean show significant correlations with surface air temperature, total sea ice extent, and the Arctic Oscillation. Low ice extent in September is generally preceded by a summer with decreased middle and precipitating clouds. Following a low-ice September there is enhanced low cloud cover in autumn. Total cloud cover appears to be greater throughout the year during low-ice years. Multidecadal trends from surface observations over ...
Strain Inhomogeneity in Epitaxial Colossal Magnetoresistive La1-xCaxMnO3 Thin Films

The strain inhomogeneity and crystallographic domain structures and their influence on the electrical transport and magnetic properties of epitaxial colossal magnetoresistive La1-xCaxMnO3 (x = 0.2, 0.33) films have been studied as a function of film thickness and two types of (001) substrates, SrTiO3 and LaAlO3. Out-of-plane and in-plane lattice parameters were determined using normal and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GID), and least-squares fits of off-axis x-ray reflections. The lattice strain near the film surface as determined by GID appears to relax faster than that at the film interior as determined by the least-squares fit, indicating the presence of strain inhomogeneity in the films. The observed strain inhomogeneity appears to influence the magnetic and electrical transport properties. In particular the measured temperature dependent magnetization exhibits multiple transitions indicating a variation of Curie temperatures within the same sample. While the very thin films exhibit single out-of-plane domains, accompanied by a high crystalline coherence and smooth surfaces, strain relaxation in thicker films leads to mixed ( 001)T and (110)T textures, and increased mosaic spread and surface roughness. The films also exhibit electrically insulating “dead” layers about 100 - 200A thick.
Prevalence of ompT among Escherichia coli isolates of human origin.

OmpT is a protease associated with the outer membrane of Escherichia coli and possesses a high degree of homology to the plasminogen activator, Pla, of Yersinia pestis. We show here that OmpT from intact cells can indeed activate plasminogen. Clinical specimens of E. coli were examined for protease activity and for the ompT gene. Few isolates (12%) were found to be positive for OmpT acitivity, whereas most (77%) carried the ompt gene and expressed the cloned protease gene. In this report we present evidence suggesting that the surface architecture of E. coli influences the activity of OmpT and that OmpT may be indicative of the pathogenic potential of the organism.
Intracellular calcium reaches different levels of elevation in hyperactivated and acrosome‐reacted hamster sperm

Calcium plays a role in sperm mo- tility hyperactivation and the acrosome reaction, but the relationship between cytoplasmic calcium (Ca",,) levels in the two states was heretofore unknown. The Ca2+ indica- tor indo-1 was used to detect Ca2+in in moving hamster sperm in two sets of experiments. In the first experiment, activated, hyperactivated, and zona pellucida-induced acrosome-reacted/hyperactivated sperm were analyzed at the time of peak of activity for each state. In the second experiment, sperm in all states were analyzed at one time point. In both sets, mean Ca2+i, in the acrosomal region, postacrosomal region, and flagellar midpiece was greater in hyperactivated sperm than in activated sperm, and in acrosome-reacted/hyperactivated sperm than in unreacted/hyperactivated sperm (P < 0.001). Ca2+in had increased to a greater extent in the midpiece than in the head in hyperactivated sperm, while the reverse was true for acrosome-reacted sperm. Oscillations at the frequency of the flagellar beat cycle were detected chiefly in the proximal flagellar midpiece of acrosome-reacted sperm, as they had been previously reported to occur in activated and hyperactivated sperm. Thus, Ca2+,, may be main- tained at two different elevated levels in sperm, and contin- ues to oscillate after the acrosome reaction. 0 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Factors influencing degradation of DNA and hormones in maned wolf scat

The ability to noninvasively detect the presence of species and assess physiological health by DNA and hormone analysis makes scat a valuable tool for ecology and conservation. We assessed factors associated with DNA and hormone degradation in a four-season study that employed detection dogs to collect scats from maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) in the Brazilian Cerrado, a tropical savanna landscape mosaic. Fecal DNA sample viability was assessed by attempting polymerase chain reaction amplification of a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) locus (~ 246 bp) and a nuclear DNA zinc finger protein gene (~ 195 bp). We assessed how extraction method, environmental exposure, and amount of odor, moisture and diet items in the sample influenced DNA amplification and allelic dropout rates. Samples that amplified mtDNA were assayed for glucocorticoids and thyroid hormone. Amount of odor and moisture (indicating freshness) predicted mtDNA amplification success, as well as mean hormone levels. While factors related to sample condition were negatively correlated with lower mean hormone levels, samples comprised mainly of fruit had higher levels of glucocorticoids and lower levels of thyroid hormone, and we thus interpret this result as biologically meaningful. In summary, DNA and hormone degradation are predicted by measures of sample freshness, making the assessment of sample quality an important criterion for sample collection as well to manage measurement error in analyses of hormone concentration associated with environmental disturbance.
Urine sampling in ambulatory women: midstream clean-catch versus catheterization

We conducted a study to determine if there were any significant differences in urinalyses or urine cultures obtained by midstream clean-catch (MSCC) urine sampling in comparison with in-and-out catheterization (CATH). One hundred five women with symptoms suggestive of a urinary tract infection were studied prospectively. Each woman had a MSCC urine sample obtained initially, followed by a CATH sample. The MSCC and CATH urine samples were analyzed and compared for urine culture, leukocyte esterase, nitrites, microscopic bacteriuria, and pyuria. Of the 105 patients, 42 (40%) had a culture-proven urinary tract infection. The concordance rates between MSCC and CATH urine cultures, nitrites, leukocyte esterase, significant microscopic bacteriuria, and pyuria were 96%, 94%, 93%, 90%, and 90%, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between MSCC and CATH sensitivities, specificities, or positive or negative predictive values for any urinalysis variable (leukocyte esterase, nitrites, significant microscopic bacteriuria, or pyuria). We conclude that if proper MSCC technique is used, the differences between MSCC and CATH urinalyses or urine cultures do not appear to be significant in the majority of ambulatory women without active vaginal bleeding who present with symptoms suggestive of a urinary tract infection.
Mortality and intestinal failure in surgical necrotizing enterocolitis.

Abstract Background/Purpose To examine whether as initial surgical intervention for necrotizing enterocolitis, primary peritoneal drainage as compared to primary laparotomy is associated with increased mortality or intestinal failure. Methods Retrospective observational study of 240 infants with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis. Results There was no difference concerning the composite outcome of mortality before discharge or survival with intestinal failure after adjusting for known covariates (Odds Ratio 1.73, 95% CI 0.88, 3.40). More surviving infants in the peritoneal drainage with subsequent salvage or secondary laparotomy had intestinal failure compared to those who received a peritoneal drain without subsequent laparotomy and survived (12% vs. 14% vs. 1%, p = 0.015). Conclusions There is no difference between peritoneal drainage and laparotomy in infants with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis concerning the combined outcome of mortality or survival with intestinal failure. There is increased intestinal failure in surviving infants treated with peritoneal drain with either subsequent salvage or secondary laparotomy compared to peritoneal drainage alone.
To Bargain or Not to Bargain? A Response to Bargaining for Development Post-Koontz

In this essay, Dean Saxer responds to Sean F. Nolon’s Bargaining for Development Post-Koontz: How the Supreme Court Invaded Local Government. The Supreme Court held, in Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District, that proposed local government monetary exactions from property owners to permit land development are subject to the same heightened scrutiny test as imposed physical exactions. In his article, Nolon explores whether such heightened scrutiny for proposed exactions will chill permit negotiations between local governments and developers. Nolon predicts that the Koontz decision will “impede developers’ ability to improve their projects in the development review process.” Saxer responds that the consequences of this decision are not as dire as predicted by Nolon and that developers and local officials will continue to work together for the benefit of both the developer and the community.
Rethinking aesthetic guidelines for manganese and iron in drinking water

Manganese and iron are both internationally known causes of aesthetic issues in drinking water, however, there are limited data supporting their specific aesthetic guidelines, of which typical values are 0.05 mg/L Mn and 0.3 mg/L Fe. This study aims to clarify the concentrations at which off-flavors and off-colors caused by manganese and iron may be detected by consumers. Triangle tests of Mn(II) determined a best estimate taste threshold of 165 mg/L Mn(II), which is much higher than the reported range of 0.03–0.17 mg/L for Fe(II). Unlike Fe(II), Mn(II) taste tests showed there is no relationship between individual taste threshold and subject age. Mn(II) and Fe(II) oxidation in artificial saliva showed that Mn(II) had a non-detectable amount of oxidation and Fe(II) had up to 80% oxidation within 5 minutes at both 22 and 37 °C. Neither Mn(IV) nor Fe(III) exhibited detectable tastes. Visual testing of Mn(IV) and Fe(III), using the one-in-five forced choice method, showed that oxidized metals are visually detectable at concentrations below their typical aesthetic guidelines. Reduced Mn(II) and Fe(II) are colorless at concentrations much greater than established standards. This study demonstrates that current manganese and iron aesthetic standards may not be protective of off-flavors and off-colors.
Recidivism Risk Assessment for Adult Sexual Offenders

Sexual offending is a significant public health problem in the USA due to its prevalence and the substantial impact it has on victims, victims' families, and the legal and mental health systems. The assessment of sexual offender recidivism risk is an important aspect of developing effective management strategies for sexual offenders in terms of placement, treatment, and other interventions. Researchers have developed numerous tools to aid in the assessment of sexual violence recidivism risk, including actuarial measures, structured professional judgment methods, and psychophysiologic assessment of sexual interests. The Static-99R and Sexual Violence Risk-20 are two instruments that have received substantial research attention for their ability to accurately compare offenders' risk of recidivism to normative group data. Penile plethysmography and visual reaction time are used to evaluate subjects' responses to sexual stimuli in an effort to characterize offenders' sexual arousal and interest, respectively. Though current research has focused on risk assessment tools' predictive utility, future research will need to examine the impact that actuarial and structured professional judgment tools have on reducing recidivism if they are to have relevance in the management of sexual offenders.
Semiconducting TlSr2RCu2O7 (R=rare earth) and its superconducting derivatives

Semiconducting TlSr2RCu2O7 (R=Pr or Er) with a 1212-type structure has been synthesized in the single-phase form. Partial substitution of Sr2+ for R3+ converts this semiconductor to a 90 K superconductor TlSr2(R1−ySry)Cu2O7. A combination substitution, Sr2+ for R3+ and Pb4+ for Tl3+, leads to the Ca-free 100 K superconductor (Tl, Pb)Sr2(R, Sr)Cu2O7. The results are explained in the framework of the mixed Cu2+/Cu3+ valence.
The decision to accept disability: One family's perspective.

At 21 weeks’gestation, we were informed that our daughter, Annie, had a genetic condition associated with profound disabilities. Thus began the most difficult but, ultimately, most enriching journey of our lives.
Reconsidering adjuvant versus salvage radiation therapy for prostate cancer in the genomics era.

Aim: We developed a decision analysis framework to simulate the clinical choice of early adjuvant versus delayed salvage radiation therapy after radical prostatectomy. Materials & methods: We designed a Markov decision analysis model to represent two alternative treatment approaches for prostate cancer after prostatectomy over a 10-year time horizon. The model contained individualized inputs including genomic classifier score. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate model results. Results: Observation with delayed salvage radiation is preferred according to the base case, with greater average length and quality of life. However, adjuvant therapy is preferred over observation with salvage when genomics-based estimates of recurrence are high. Conclusion: Model results were sensitive to genomics-based estimates of cancer recurrence and to nonprostate cancer mortality.
Molecular-Level Insight into the Differential Oxidase and Oxygenase Reactivities of de Novo Due Ferri Proteins

Using the single-chain due ferri (DFsc) peptide scaffold, the differential oxidase and oxygenase reactivities of two 4A→4G variants, one with two histidines at the diiron center (G4DFsc) and the other with three histidines (3His-G4DFsc(Mut3)), are explored. By controlling the reaction conditions, the active form responsible for 4-aminophenol (4-AP) oxidase activity in both G4DFsc and 3His-G4DFsc(Mut3) is determined to be the substrate-bound biferrous site. Using circular dichroism (CD), magnetic CD (MCD), and variable-temperature, variable-field (VTVH) MCD spectroscopies, 4-AP is found to bind directly to the biferrous sites of the DF proteins. In G4DFsc, 4-AP increases the coordination of the biferrous site, while in 3His-G4DFsc(Mut3), the coordination number remains the same and the substrate likely replaces the additional bound histidine. This substrate binding enables a two-electron process where 4-AP is oxidized to benzoquinone imine and O2 is reduced to H2O2. In contrast, only the biferrous 3His var...
From Disinterested Expert to Marketplace Competitor: How Anti-Monopoly Law Transformed the Ethics and Economics of American Architecture in the 1970s

In 1970, the ethical code of the American Institute of Architects defined a coherent framework for practice, one that had characterised the architectural profession in America and Great Britain since the mid-nineteenth century. An architect should not act as a builder or developer; his only payment was the client’s fee, fixed by a mandatory schedule. This ethical framework was the cornerstone for architecture’s professional project: establishing the architect’s status within the competitive market economy by assuring his expertise and disinterestedness. During the 1970s, two separate groups of critics—consumer advocates on the political left, and advocates for a deregulated laissez-faire economy on the political right—used anti-monopoly law to dismantle the ethical codes of architecture and other professions. By 1980, the American architect operated within a changed world. Architects could play any role in the building process and they could compete freely by price. The disinterested expert had been trans...
An Efficient Lock-Free Logarithmic Search Data Structure Based on Multi-dimensional List

Logarithmic search data structures, such as search trees and skiplists, are fundamental building blocks of many applications. Although the self-balancing binary search trees are among the most ubiquitous sequential search data structures, designing non-blocking rebalancing algorithms is challenging due to the required structural alternation, which may stall other concurrent operations. Skiplists, which probabilistically create multiple levels of shortcuts in an ordered list, provide practical alternatives to balanced search trees. The use of skiplists eliminates the need of rebalancing and ensures amortized logarithmic sequential search time, but concurrency is limited under write-dominated workload because the linkage between multiple distant nodes must be updated. In this paper, we present a linearizable lock-free dictionary design based on a multi-dimensional list (MDList). A node in an MDList arranges its child nodes by their dimensionality and order them by coordinate prefixes. The search operation works by first generating a one-to-one mapping from the scalar keys to a high-dimensional vectors space, then uniquely locating the target position by using the vector as coordinates. Our algorithm guarantees worst-case search time of O(log N) where N is the size of key space. Moreover, the ordering property of the data structure is readily maintained during mutations without rebalancing nor randomization. In our experimental evaluation using a micro-benchmark, our dictionary outperforms the state of the art approaches by as much as 100% when the key universe is large and an average of 30% across all scenarios.
Predictions of Detonation Propagation Through Open Cell Foam Embedded in Chemically Sensitized Nitromethane

We report results of Eulerian hydrodynamic simulations of detonation shock waves propagating through open cell foams constructed of aluminum, polymethylmethacrylate, and lead at approximately 20 % relative density in nitromethane. By varying pore sizes, as well as material impedance, we predict the dynamic responses at the mesoscale using a reactive flow model in the ALE3D software package. We explain predictions of the detonation profile of each explosive system, along with the stress-strain response of the foams therein. Finally, we describe predictions of a radially expanding detonation front and apply the theory of Detonation Shock Dynamics to the expansion rate of the shock front.
Toward Wearable App Design for Children's In-the-World Science Inquiry

Little is understood on how to design wearables for education, especially for children. We explore how smartwatches may allow children to see the world through the lens of science. In our study, 20 children are tasked to record stories related to specific scientific concepts in their daily life and drawing from their embodied experiences using a commodity smartwatch. Our findings describe the types of "science stories" that the children capture through the smartwatch, and how the stories relate to science. From our findings, we elicit seven areas of future research needed to catalyze the design of wearable apps to support informal science learning for children.
Pediatric Blood Cultures

In pediatrics as in adult medicine, the clinical microbiology laboratory plays an integral role in providing accurate and timely data to aid in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of various infectious diseases. Because of the associated morbidity and mortality with bloodstream infection (BSI), blood cultures are among the most critical diagnostic tests in pediatric laboratory medicine. Despite the critical nature of the pediatric blood culture, there remains a great deal of myth and misunderstanding surrounding these cultures. The unique challenges associated with pediatric blood cultures include the wide range of patient blood volumes making one standard recommended culture volume impossible, an ever evolving epidemiology of sepsis due in large part to the availability of various vaccines, and a diverse range of clinical presentations due to the dynamic patient population, ranging from neonates through the late teenage years. This chapter focuses on these uniquely pediatric challenges.
Hyperoxia Disrupts Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1/2-Induced Angiogenesis in the Developing Lungs

Hyperoxia contributes to the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease of infants that is characterized by interrupted alveologenesis. Disrupted angiogenesis inhibits alveologenesis, but the mechanisms of disrupted angiogenesis in the developing lungs are poorly understood. In pre-clinical BPD models, hyperoxia increases the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2; however, its effects on the lung endothelial ERK1/2 signaling are unclear. Further, whether ERK1/2 activation promotes lung angiogenesis in infants is unknown. Hence, we tested the following hypotheses: (1) hyperoxia exposure will increase lung endothelial ERK1/2 signaling in neonatal C57BL/6J (WT) mice and in fetal human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs); (2) ERK1/2 inhibition will disrupt angiogenesis in vitro by repressing cell cycle progression. In mice, hyperoxia exposure transiently increased lung endothelial ERK1/2 activation at one week of life, before inhibiting it at two weeks of life. Interestingly, hyperoxia-mediated decrease in ERK1/2 activation in mice was associated with decreased angiogenesis and increased endothelial cell apoptosis. Hyperoxia also transiently activated ERK1/2 in HPAECs. ERK1/2 inhibition disrupted angiogenesis in vitro, and these effects were associated with altered levels of proteins that modulate cell cycle progression. Collectively, these findings support our hypotheses, emphasizing that the ERK1/2 pathway is a potential therapeutic target for BPD infants with decreased lung vascularization.
Urban Debris and Networking Imperialism in Un Arte de Hacer Ruinas by Antonio José Ponte

In his article, Arriaga analyzes the short story collection Un arte de hacer ruinas (2005) by Antonio Jose Ponte, as a literary work that represents the global city from the inside out. Contrary contemporary transnational nomadic novelists writing about and from global cities with a complex Latin American point of view, Ponte writes about and from Havana—a globalized colonial city—exiling himself to the interior of the urban ruins in order to bring in global connections as a way to assess political, social, urban and aesthetic local processes. Arriaga also illuminates how Ponte dialogues with the iconic urban fictions of the Boom authors who connected global and local spaces to understand Latin America’s place in the world. Ponte’s Havana, however, inverts such a connection showing how the ruins of the Cuban city extend throughout the globe forcing people to live within and become disposable materials.
Adiabatic shear bands and examples of their role in severe plastic deformation

The accommodation of severe plastic deformation in impact crater formation, ballistic rod flow and penetration in thick targets, shaped charge formation, and a variety of friction-stir welding and processing is shown to occur by microstructure refinement, particularly dynamic recrystallization in the development of localized or overlapping adiabatic shear bands. Optical metallography and transmission electron microscopy observations of solid-state flow in adiabatic shear zones are compared to illustrate these mechanisms which can often involve intermixed microstructural regimes composed of recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth phenomena.
Outcomes of initial hemodialysis vascular access in patients initiating dialysis with a tunneled catheter.

Abstract Background Our aim was to determine factors that influence time to removal of tunneled hemodialysis catheter (THC), probability of repeat vascular access creation, and time to repeat vascular access. Methods The Optum Clinformatics Data Mart claims database was queried from 2011 to 2017 for patients who initiated hemodialysis with a THC. Time from initial arteriovenous fistula (AVF)/graft (AVG) to THC removal and time to repeat AVF/AVG were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards. The likelihood of repeat AVF/AVG was analyzed using logistic regression. Results A total of 8941 vascular access met the inclusion criteria: 6913 (77%) AVF and 2028 (23%) AVG. Median follow-up was 595 days among AVF patients (range, 1-2543 days) and 579 days among AVG patients (range, 1-2529 days). Patients undergoing AVF were younger, more likely to be male, of white race, and obese. Patients undergoing AVF were also slightly less likely to have diabetes, cardiac arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease than patients undergoing AVG. At 90 days and at 180 days after index access creation, significantly more patients who underwent index AVG had their THC removed compared with patients who underwent index AVF. By day 365, 78% of patients in both AVF and AVG had their THC removed. A total of 2550 (28.5%) patients underwent a repeat vascular access creation during the follow-up period: 30% of index AVF and 24% of index AVG. At 90 days, 180 days, and 365 days, significantly more patients in the index AVF group underwent a repeat vascular access creation than those in the index AVG group. Multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant interaction between vascular access type and age ≥70 years (P Conclusions Creation of AVG vs AVF significantly decreases the time to THC removal in dialysis-dependent patients, with a larger difference in patients aged ≥70 vs
Efficacy of hearing conservation education programs for youth and young adults: a systematic review

Many youth and young adults experience high noise exposure compounded by lack of access to hearing health education. Although the need for hearing health education programs is evident, the efficacy of these programs for youth is unclear. We evaluated the literature for efficacy of various hearing conservation programs aimed at youth and young adults, and analyzed their strengths and limitations. Studies reporting results of hearing conservation or hearing loss prevention programs with youth or young adults, using randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental designs, experimental design, or qualitative research, and published in peer-reviewed journals in English between 2001 and 2018 were included. Studies were found through searches of selected literature databases (i.e., PubMed, Google Scholar, NIOSH Toxline, and Scopus). Identified publications were assessed for relevance, and data were extracted from the studies deemed relevant. A total of 10 studies were included. Very little evidence of efficacy of hearing conservation educational programs was found in these studies. Several methodological limitations including lack of rigorous study designs, inadequate power, and application of inappropriate statistical analysis were noted. Some use of technology in programs (e.g., smartphone apps, mobile phone text messages, and computers) was observed, but conclusions as to the effectiveness of these tools were limited by the small number of studies and small sample sizes. The number of studies of educational hearing conservation programs for youth and young adults was low. The efficacy of the program was not reported in most studies, and it is difficult to draw public health conclusions from these studies due to their multiple methodological limitations. While use of technology in hearing conservation educational programs offers promise, its effectiveness has not been studied.
Form of Life

In this chapter, a lack of what Wittgenstein calls “objective certainty” enables further shifting of the subject position and a series of maskings and unmaskings, self-impersonations, and self-corrections. Golub tries on his Jewishness as an Ashke (non)normative ilk-boy in genre fictions and so manifests the anomaly of not/being who or what he is. Themes of comedic masking and assimilation (Lenny Bruce) and of betrayal and forgetting of friendship (Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis) advance the theme of the unsustainable “I.” The “we”-ness of friendship joins the ranks of the other fictional varieties of “we”-ness—family, cancer, Jewishness, history, and origin.
Review of international efforts to strengthen the global outbreak response system since the 2014–16 West Africa Ebola Epidemic

The 2014-16 West Africa Ebola epidemic was a watershed moment for global health. The outbreak galvanized global action around strengthening infectious disease prevention, detection and response capabilities. We examined the nascent landscape of international programmes, initiatives and institutions established in the aftermath of the 2014-16 Ebola outbreak with the aim of assessing their progress to date to illustrate the current state of the world's global health security architecture. We also compare these efforts with shortcomings in epidemic management documented during the epidemic, and underscore remaining gaps in regional and global epidemic response capabilities that might benefit from additional programmatic and financial support. Notably, most of the post-Ebola initiatives considered in this analysis have yet to meet their financial goals. Operational progress has also been limited, revealing a need for continued investments to improve outbreak surveillance and detection capabilities specifically. Furthermore, our review highlighted the dominance of the USA and Europe in leading and financing efforts to coordinate long-term recovery efforts in West Africa, strengthen health systems across the continent, and enhance global preparedness for future epidemics, raising important questions about ownership of global health security efforts in non-Western regions of the world. Finally, the lack of transparency and available data on these initiatives' activities and budgets also complicate efforts to project their impacts on the global health security landscape.
A RARE CASE OF ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (STEMI) SECONDARY TO EXTENSIVE THROMBOEMBOLISM

While management of STEMI is well-defined, there are no clear guidelines regarding treatment strategies in patients found to have a STEMI secondary to an embolic event. A 43-year-old man with recent cocaine use presented with chest pain and dyspnea. The initial electrocardiogram (EKG) showed
Disorders of Coagulation in the Neonate

Neonates have a coagulation system that is distinct from adults, but despite quantitative and qualitative differences in hemostatic factors, healthy neonates do not exhibit coagulopathy. Yet, in the setting of systemic disease or in rare congenital disorders, neonates can manifest significant hemorrhagic or thrombotic events. Work over the last 20 years has helped uncover the molecular and genetic bases of rare congenital disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis, but more work is needed to uncover the mechanisms of acquired neonatal thrombotic and hemorrhagic disorders in order to improve the treatment and outcome in these infants.
Safety and effectiveness of intramuscular ketamine sedation in the management of children with oro-dental trauma in a paediatric emergency department.

Background/aims Ketamine sedation has not been reported to be widely used as a pharmacological behavioural management strategy to facilitate the treatment of acute paediatric oro-dental trauma. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and effectiveness of intramuscular ketamine sedation for managing paediatric oro-dental trauma in a paediatric Emergency Department (ED). Methods The database of all paediatric procedural sedations performed in the hospital ED from 01 January 2014 to 31 December 2016 was reviewed to identify cases where intramuscular ketamine sedation was administered for dentists' treatment of oro-dental trauma. Patient demographics and epidemiological data, the type and number of sedation-related adverse events, and interventions performed were extracted from the database. Clinical notes were reviewed to verify the dental diagnoses and dental treatment performed. Adverse events were further risk stratified using the World SIVA adverse event reporting tool. Results In the study period, 167 intramuscular ketamine sedations were administered by ED doctors for dental treatment of oro-dental trauma. The patients' median age was 3.6 years (range 1.1 to 12 years). All dental procedures were successfully completed. Nineteen adverse events were reported (11.4%, n = 19) with the most common being emesis (9.0%) followed by transient desaturation (1.8%) and hypersalivation (0.6%). The lowest oxygen saturation level was 90%. None of the patients aspirated, and none required assisted ventilation or chest compression. The most common dental diagnosis was primary tooth luxation (49.1%). The most common dental treatment was primary teeth extraction (70.7%). When adverse events were stratified using the World SIVA tool, there were only 17 (10.2%) minor risk outcomes. Conclusions The data support the safety and effectiveness of intramuscular ketamine sedation administered by trained ED doctors to facilitate the management of paediatric oro-dental trauma emergencies.
Abstract 4834: Effective treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) using a combined regimen of tipifarnib and cetuximab

Background: H-RAS driven carcinogenesis has been reported in many types of cancer including squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). The mutation rate of H-RAS in HNSCC is 4 - 8%. Tipifarnib is a potent and highly selective inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (FT). It is known that H-RAS, but not K-RAS and N-RAS, is delocalized into cytoplasm and inactivated by farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTI), such as tipifarnib. Tipifarnib has demonstrated proof of concept activity in H-RAS mutant HNSCC in an ongoing clinical trial (NCT02383927). In this study, we examined H-RAS associated signaling pathway in HNSCC cell lines and PDX models to see if inhibition of wild-type HRAS signaling could re-sensitize cetuximab resistant cells and tumors to inhibition by cetuximab. UMSCC47 and SCC1-C are both H-RAS wild-type HNSCC cell lines, and SCC1-C is resistant to EGFR targeted therapy. Methods:In vitro cell growth with and without tipifarnib and/or cetuximab treatments were examined by Sulforhodamine B (SRB) and colony formation assay. Patient derived xenograft (PDX) models were then used to study the efficacy of the tipifarnib treatment as a single agent or in combination with cetuximab. Western blot analyses were performed to verify the effect of these treatments on EGFR/ERK/AKT signaling pathways. Results: Our results showed that tipifarnib could inhibit HNSCC growth, both in vitro and in the PDX model in a dose-dependent manner (control vs the low dose of tipifarnib, p = 0.02; control vs the high dose of tipifarnib, p = 0.001). However, the combined treatment with cetuximab significantly enhanced tipifarnib efficacy in the H-RAS wild type setting, particularly in the PDX model (control vs tipifarnib, p = 0.123; control vs cetuximab, p = 0.022; control vs the combination, p = 0.010). Western blot analyses showed that neither ERK nor AKT phosphorylation was effectively reduced after a prolonged treatment (48 hours) with tipifarnib alone. However, the addition of cetuximab reduced pERK. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that cetuximab enhances the anti-tumor effect of tipifarnib in the H-RAS wild type setting through ERK inhibition. This study supports the rationale for combining tipifarnib with EGFR inhibitors as a possible effective therapeutic approach in HNSCC. Citation Format: Lihua Shu, Dongsheng Wang, Sreenivas Nannapaneni, Dong M. Shin, Nabil F. Saba, Georgia Z. Chen. Effective treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) using a combined regimen of tipifarnib and cetuximab [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4834.
Quasi-two-dimensional magnon identification in antiferromagnetic FeP S 3 via magneto-Raman spectroscopy

Recently it was discovered that van der Waals bonded magnetic materials retain long range magnetic ordering down to a single layer, opening many avenues in fundamental physics and potential applications of these fascinating materials. One such material is $\mathrm{FeP}{\mathrm{S}}_{3}$, a large spin $(S=2)$ Mott insulator where the Fe atoms form a honeycomb lattice. In the bulk, $\mathrm{FeP}{\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ has been shown to be a quasi-two-dimensional-Ising antiferromagnet, with additional features in the Raman spectra emerging below the N\'eel temperature $({T}_{\mathrm{N}})$ of approximately 120 K. Using magneto-Raman spectroscopy as an optical probe of magnetic structure, we show that one of these Raman-active modes in the magnetically ordered state is actually a magnon with a frequency of $\ensuremath{\approx}3.7\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{THz}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}(122\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$. Contrary to previous work, which interpreted this feature as a phonon, our Raman data shows the expected frequency shifting and splitting of the antiferromagnetic magnon as a function of temperature and magnetic field, respectively, where we determine the $g$ factor to be $\ensuremath{\approx}2$. In addition, the symmetry behavior of the magnon is studied by polarization-dependent Raman spectroscopy and explained using the magnetic point group of $\mathrm{FeP}{\mathrm{S}}_{3}$.
Epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in Nyingtri , Tibet from 2008 to 2012

Objective To analysis the epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in Nyingtri,Tibet from 2008 to 2012,and provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of hand-foot-mouth disease.Methods Descriptive epidemiology was used for the statistical analysis of epidemiological data of hand-foot-mouth disease in Nyingtri from 2008 to 2012.Results 384 cases of hand-foot-mouth disease were reported in Nyingtri from 2008 to 2012,no severe and death cases were reported.The cases were reported throughout all the 12 months,peaked from April to July (89.32％) and October (3.39％).65.89％ of the cases were children under 5 years old.Morbigenous pathogen was mainly CoX16 and other enterovirus.Conclusions The number of hand-foot-mouth disease showed an upward trend year by year in Linzhi.It is important to pay more attention to the dynamics of the epidemic during hand-foot-mouth disease season.The scattered children and kindergarten children under 5 years old are high risk population.To strengthen the monitoring of epidemic situation and adjust prevention and control system are important to control the epidemic situation of hand-foot-mouth disease. Key words: Hand-foot-mouth disease ; Surveillance ; Eepidemiologic feature
Brain Tumor Stem Cells

In this chapter, we summarized the current understanding of stem cell biology in brain tumors, as well as emerging concepts. We have approached the issue from two perspectives: the cell of origin of brain tumors and cancer stem cells in brain tumors (BTSCs). Throughout the chapter, we discussed the possibility of neurogenic niches in normal brain as the putative origin of brain tumors and we highlighted molecular signatures and signaling pathways implicated in BTSC biology. Due to their intrinsic resistance to chemoradiotherapy and their highly tumorigenic nature, BTSCs represent attractive therapeutic targets. However, lack of universal molecular markers identifying BTSCs and complex interplay between signaling pathways regulating BTSC biology have thus far impaired the successful clinical implementation of directed therapeutics toward these cells. Furthermore, the overlap between molecular signatures in BTSCs and normal adult stem cells complicates the issue further due to putative toxicity. We believe that a better understanding of cellular heterogeneity and hierarchy in these tumors will be crucial to overcoming these issues and designing effective therapies against brain tumors and other malignancies.
Impact of tumor location on effectiveness of first-line 5-FU-based palliative doublet chemotherapy in patients with metastatic gastroesophageal cancer.

240Background: While gastroesophageal cancers with different primary tumor locations can have distinct molecular characteristics and clinical outcomes, the efficacy of palliative chemotherapy in tu...
Re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 in Patients Undergoing Serial Laboratory Testing.

BACKGROUND: A better understanding of re-infection after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has become one of the healthcare priorities in the current pandemic. We determined the rate of re-infection, associated factors and mortality during follow up in a cohort of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: We analyzed 9,119 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who received serial tests in total of 62 healthcare facilities in United States between December 1, 2019 to November 13, 2020. Re-infection was defined by two positive tests separated by interval of greater than 90 days two after resolution of first infection was confirmed by two or more consecutive negative tests. We performed logistic regression analysis to identify demographic and clinical characteristics associated with re-infection. RESULTS: Re-infection was identified in 0.7% (n=63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5%-0.9%) during follow up of 9,119 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The mean period (±standard deviation [SD]) between two positive tests was 116 ± 21 days. A logistic regression analysis identified that asthma (odds ratio [OR] 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.2) and nicotine dependence/tobacco use (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.6-4.5) were associated with re-infection. There was a significantly lower rate of pneumonia, heart failure, and acute kidney injury observed with re-infection compared with primary infection among the 63 patients with re-infection There were two deaths (3.2%) associated with re-infection. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a low rate of re-infection confirmed by laboratory tests in a large cohort of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although re-infection appeared to be milder than primary infection, there was associated mortality.
Length and area generating functions for height-restricted Motzkin meanders.

We derive the length and area generating function of planar height-restricted forward-moving discrete paths of increments +1, 0, or -1 with arbitrary starting and ending points, the so-called Motzkin meanders, and the more general length-area generating functions for Motzkin paths with markers monitoring the number of passages from the two height boundaries ('floor' and 'ceiling') and the time spent there. The results are obtained by embedding Motzkin paths in a two-step anisotropic Dyck path process and using propagator, exclusion statistics and bosonization techniques. We also present a cluster expansion of the logarithm of the generating functions that makes their polynomial structure explicit.