cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Globalization in the United States. By Edward S. Cohen. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2001. 214p. $60.00 cloth, $24.95 paper

There is no shortage of research that purports to tell us something new about globalization and its varied impacts on domestic politics and international relations today. Moreover, students mining this literature continue to find a broad spectrum of opinion on globalization, from those offering a strong state thesis that seemingly willfully ignores the many interdependent relationships states are entangled in today, to those embracing a weak state thesis that accepts the erosion of state sovereignty as a given. Edward Cohen's new book avoids these analytical traps, as he navigates through both popular and academic debates on globalization to produce a well-rounded and useful picture of a prosperous and hegemonic United States nonetheless increasingly agitated and divided internally over trade, immigration, and language policy at the end of the twentieth century.
The Antifungal Agent Itraconazole Induces the Accumulation of High Mannose Glycoproteins in Macrophages

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a key mediator in the development of Gram-negative septic shock, which is a major health problem. The effect of LPS on myeloid cells is mediated by a multicomplex receptor system in which CD14, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein, and Toll-like receptor 4 are the major players. We have found that incubation of macrophages with itraconazole (ICZ), an azole antifungal commonly used in humans, altered both the expression and glycosylation of CD14. This glycoprotein, which is endo H-resistant in untreated cells, becomes endo H-sensitive following ICZ treatment. The effect of ICZ on glycan processing was observed in all newly synthesized glycoproteins as indicated by incorporation of [2-3H]mannose. In addition, cells treated with ICZ increased surface concanavalin A (ConA) binding, corroborating an increase in high mannose surface glycoproteins. Although the glycosylation pattern of CD14 was altered, this glycoprotein was delivered to the cell surface or was secreted. Moreover, it appeared functional as demonstrated by the release of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α under conditions specific for a CD14-mediated activation process. The effect of ICZ on glycosylation was not dependent on inhibition of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and was specific for this drug because other azole antifungals, such as ketoconazole and econazole, did not alter glycan processing. These results suggest a possible secondary effect of ICZ that impacts the processing of glyconjugates and may alter cellular function and homeostasis.
Tough-on-Crime Tolerance: The Cultural Criminalization of Bigotry in the Post-Civil Rights Era

This article extends critical scholarship on the problem of hate crimes in the U.S. into the field of cultural criminology. Highlighting the role cultural production plays in reinforcing identity-based social harms, this study analyzes the cultural construction of the figure of the white hate crimes perpetrator, or “the hater.” The article integrates findings from a comprehensive discourse analysis of major U.S. news sources from 1986 to 2010 with insights from the fields of whiteness studies and critical criminology. The study first finds that the figure of the hater embodies modern day bigotry through terse stereotypes about white poverty, masculinity, hate group membership, and criminality. It then argues that these widely distributed discursive performances create rhetorical opportunities to define bigotry as an individualized problem with law enforcement remedies and to further normalize extreme hate crimes cases. Ultimately, a new theoretical construct, “post-difference ideology,” is mobilized to challenge the hater’s prescribed role as folk devil.
A bijection from ordered trees to binary trees that sends the pruning order to the Strahler number

Abstract In accordance with the principle from other branches of mathematics that it is better to exhibit an explicit isomorphism between two objects than merely to prove that they are isomorphic, we adopt the general principle that it is better to exhibit one-to-one correspondence (bijection) between two sets than merely to prove that they have the same number of elements. (Richard Stanley [2], p. 11.)
Microcracking and Healing in Granites: New Evidence from Cathodoluminescence

Quartz grains in granitic rocks usually have blue cathodoluminescence (CL). Within the blue-luminescing grains, there are often red-luminescing domains which are frequently impossible to detect without CL contrast. This finding suggests that the red-luminescing quartz is sealing preexisting mnicrocracks. The presence of these now-healed microcracks has important implications with respect to the role of pore fluid pressure and fluid transfer in metamorphism, the origih of granites, longperiod crustal deformation, earthquake mechanics, physical properties of rocks, and deep-seated geothermal energy.
Roles of Speech Output in Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Narrative Review

Speech output from speech-generating devices (SGD) and SGD software, such as talking word processors, has changed the landscape of options for aided communication. The purpose of this paper is to review and critique research into the roles of speech output for communication partners, learners, and learner-partner dyads. Research on partner - oriented roles is reviewed in terms of attitudes and perceived communicative competence, and communicative behavior. Learner-oriented roles of speech output are summarized in terms of graphic symbol learning, communicative functions and social regulation, learner preference, challenging behaviors, natural speech production, comprehension, and literacy. Roles for the learner - partner dyad include changes to interaction patterns. Methodological issues are discussed and practical implications are drawn where appropriate. Finally, directions for future research are proposed.
Interview with a Quality Leader. Penny Feldman on Home Healthcare Quality and Research

Penny Hollander Feldman, PhD, is Vice President for Research and Evaluation at the Visiting Nurse Service of New York (VNSNY) and Director of the Center for Home Care Policy and Research. Prior to joining VNSNY, Dr. Feldman served on the faculties of the Kennedy School of Government and the Department of Health Policy and Management at the Harvard School of Public Health. At the Center for Home Care Policy and Research, she directs projects focused on improving the quality, outcomes, and cost-effectiveness of home-based care, supporting informed policymaking by long-term care decision makers, and helping communities promote the health, well-being and independence of people with chronic illness or disability. The translation and implementation of research in both service and policy settings has been an issue of ongoing focus for Dr. Feldman. She also served as a member of the Institute of Medicine Committee on Improving the Quality of Long-Term Care, which issued its report in 2001.
Prelinguistic Vocalizations of Hearing-Impaired and Normally Hearing Subjects

Phonetic transcriptions of 48 babbling samples from 11 normally hearing subjects, aged 4–18 months, and 39 samples from 14 hearing-impaired (HI) subjects, aged 4–39 months, were analyzed to determine the inventory of consonantal phones for each recording session. Group comparisons revealed that inventories of the hearing-impaired subjects were generally smaller than those of the hearing infants and that they evidenced little change in size prior to 20 months. Analysis of place and manner of articulation of supraglottal phones in the inventories showed that, compared with inventories of the normally hearing subjects, inventories of HI subjects with sensori-neural loss tended to have (a) a higher proportion of labial consonants; (b) a higher proportion of prolongable consonants such as nasals, glides and fricatives, and syllabic consonants; (c) a lower proportion of alveolars; and (d) a lower proportion of stops and nonsyllabic affricates. Differences were also observed between the inventories of hearing-im...
Interaction of soil manganese and reaction of cotton to verticillium wilt and rhizoctonia root rot

Abstract Cotton cultivars known to differ in tolerance to Verticillium wilt in soil with no other obvious growth limiting factors were tested for reaction to this disease as well as to Rhizoctonia solani in limed soil (pH 6.31) and unlimed Mn toxic soil (pH 4.61). Disease severity in the limed soil was higher than in unlimed soil. Both Verticillium albo‐atrum and R. solani were sensitive to Mn toxicity when grown in vitro with 120–500 g/ml Mn++ as indicated by reduced microsclerotia production and mycelia pigmentation. Increased disease severity in low Mn soil might be due to Mn neutralization by CaCO3, enhancing survival and virulence of the pathogens. Development of Mn tolerant cotton cultivars would provide economic control of both Verticillium wilt and Rhizoctonia root rot in Mn toxic soils.
On Media Concentration and the Diversity Question

Abstract Corporate mergers and the consolidation of ownership in the American communications arena have long been sources of concern. U.S. regulatory and antitrust policy traditionally attempted to secure a “diversity of voices” structurally, largely through rules regarding ownership. Although the meaning of diversity was always problematic and undertheorized, the Federal Communications Commission long set ceilings on the numbers of broadcast outlets any single person or corporation could own and enacted cross-ownership rules such as a prohibition against a corporation owning a newspaper and broadcast outlets in the same market. These rules, and the FCC's authority to make them, were upheld, occasionally even compelled, by the federal appellate courts. In the last 20 years, however, legal trends, in conjunction with political developments, have undermined the diversity rationales behind ownership rules and associated structural regulations of mass media. Paradoxically, even as media corporations are becom...
Highly efficient interconnect for use with a multistage optical switching network

A multistage optical nonguided switching network has been proposed with orthogonally polarized data and address information. This network is unique in that the data information remains in optical form throughout the network (i.e., it is never converted into electrical information). Since the data are never regenerated throughout the network, the system has two main characteristics: (1) the bandwidth of the data is not restricted by electrical circuit considerations; and (2) the optical interconnections from one stage of the network to the next must be highly efficient. The second effect is of interest here. An interconnection that is 90% efficient between stages results in approximately a 57% attenuation of the data through a nine stage network (eight routing interconnections). After examining several methods for achieving this efficiency, a novel system layout is introduced.
Ion Thruster Systems with Thrust Vector Deflection

I thruster systems may be used either for primary propulsion or stationkeeping of stationary satellites. In either case the most efficient system designs require continuous thruster operation to utilize efficiently the source of electrical power. If the thrust deflection can be employed, there will be no need for additional attitude-control thrusters. For instance, three thrusters with vectorable thrust directions pointing in the north, south, and east (or west) directions can control the stationkeeping functions as well as the pitch, roll, and yaw of a synchronous satellite. The means for controlling the direction of thrust may be either purely electrical (electrostatic) or electromechanical, whereby some part of the thruster is physically moved by an electrically generated force. The electrostatic systems have rapid response, but are typically more difficult to construct than the slower mechanical systems. While a detailed study of each mission is required to define the system requirements accurately, the criteria listed in Table 1 generally prevail.
Design and implementation of an interactive tutorial framework

The work described in this paper is part of an NSF funded project to develop tutorial materials for introductory computer science courses. We had several general goals for these materials that had an impact on their design and implementation:• they should be delivered on-line;• they should be highly interactive;• they should be useful on a wide variety of hardware/software platforms; and• it should be easy to extend the content to different courses or contexts.In trying to meet these goals we designed and implemented a package of Java classes that provided a framework for creating our set of tutorials, yet was general enough to be used in other contexts such as interactive laboratories. This paper describes the framework and the design decisions that governed the implementation. Information about obtaining the package is included in section 7.
Data-Based Models of How Pressure Ulcers Develop in Daily-Living Contexts of Adults With Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Clark FA, Jackson JM, Scott MD, Carlson ME, Atkins MS, Uhles-Tanaka D, Rubayi S. Data-based models of how pressure ulcers develop in daily-living contexts of adults with spinal cord injury. Objective To examine the daily-lifestyle influences on the development of pressure ulcers in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Qualitative investigation using in-depth interviewing and participant observation. Setting Participants were studied in their homes and other naturalistic contexts. Participants Twenty men and women of diverse ethnicities with paraplegia or tetraplegia who were recruited at a pressure ulcer management clinic in a large rehabilitation facility. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Detailed descriptive information pertaining to the development of recurring pressure ulcers in relation to participants' daily routine and activity, personal choices, motivating influences, lifestyle challenges, and prevention techniques and strategies. Results The daily-lifestyle influences on pressure ulcer development in adults with SCI can be described through various models that vary in complexity, depending on whether they incorporate individualization, interrelations among modeled elements, situational specificity, and/or temporal comprehensiveness. Ulcers are most likely to develop when a person with a relatively high-risk background profile is exposed to an equilibrium-disrupting change event that culminates in a specific pressure ulcer risk episode. Conclusions The results underscore the significant degree of complexity and individualization that characterize the emergence of pressure ulcers in daily-life contexts. Prevention efforts should therefore incorporate attention to the unique constellation of circumstances that comprise a person's everyday life.
Infected cell carriers: A new strategy for systemic delivery of oncolytic measles viruses in cancer virotherapy

Attenuated measles viruses (MVs) propagate selectively in human tumor cells, and phase I clinical trials are currently underway to test their oncolytic activity. A major theoretical impediment to systemic MV application is the presence of pre-existing antiviral immunity. We hypothesized that autologous MV-infected cells might be a more reliable vehicle than cell-free virions to deliver the infection to tumor cells in subjects with neutralizing titers of anti-measles antibodies. Our in vitro studies, using a dual-color fluorescent model, demonstrated efficient cell-to-cell transfer of infection via heterofusion. In contrast to infection by naked virions, heterofusion between infected cell carriers and tumor cells was more resistant to antibody neutralization. Infected monocytic, endothelial, or stimulated peripheral blood cells could deliver oncolytic MV to tumor lesions in vivo, after intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration. Single or repeated i.p. injections of monocytic carriers significantly improved survival of animals bearing human ovarian cancer xenografts. Systemic or i.p. injection of MV-infected cells successfully transferred infection by heterofusion to Raji lymphomas or hepatocellular carcinoma tumors in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. These results suggest a novel strategy for systemic delivery of oncolytic virotherapy in cancer patients that can "bypass" the pre-existing humoral immunity against MV.
Microscopic calculation of in-medium proton-proton cross sections.

We derive in-medium proton-proton cross sections in a microscopic model based upon the Bonn nucleon-nucleon potential and the Dirac-Brueckner approach for nuclear matter. We demonstrate the difference between proton-proton and neutron-proton cross sections and point out the need to distinguish carefully between the two cases. We also find substantial differences between our in-medium cross sections and phenomenological parametrizations that are commonly used in heavy-ion reactions.
Existence of K-limits of holomorphic maps

Let D be a complete hyperbolic domain in ℂn, n >1, and N a compact Hermitian manifold. We prove a criterion for the existence of the K-limit of an arbitrary holomorphic mapf: D → N at an arbitrary boundary point D under the condition that f has the corresponding radial limit at this point.
A Womb with a Political View: Barbara Park's "MA! There's Nothing to Do Here!" Prenatal Parenting, and the Battle over Personhood.

This essay makes the case that Barbara Park’s picture book MA! There’s Nothing to Do Here!: A Word from Your Baby-in-Waiting (2008) adds another equal-parts absurdist and alarming item to the ever-growing responsibilities of expecting mothers: ensuring that their fetus is entertained. The messages that Park’s narrative sends about fetal needs, however, have implications that extend beyond individual mothers; they also encompass larger societal issues concerning the origins of human life, the embryonic capacity for discomfort, and the existence of “fetal children.” Given the way in which MA! There’s Nothing to Do Here! ascribes thoughts and emotions to an unborn baby, the narrative engages with current highly-politicized questions about the rights of the unborn and the debate over personhood. The fetus in Park’s text may be ostensibly complaining about being bored in the womb, but he is making a far more powerful, if tacit, argument for life beginning before birth.
Pilot Testing and Preliminary Evaluation of a Suicide Prevention Education Program for Emergency Department Personnel

Emergency department personnel play an important role in recognizing individuals with suicidality and intervening to prevent completed suicide. An educational program was designed to be offered to emergency department personnel, and was piloted with a convenience sample of 54 clinicians. Pre-test and post-test measures showed an increase in knowledge scores (from 7.9 ± 1.9 to 13.6 ± 2.1, P < .001) and self-efficacy scores (from 24.0 ± 9.1 to 32.3 ± 9.2, P < .001) regarding management of suicidal patients or those at elevated risk for suicide in the emergency department immediately after participating in the training session. In addition, participants favorably rated the training session, and would recommend it to others. With further development and refinement, this program could be implemented on a statewide level and targeted at emergency department personnel to enhance their ability to provide appropriate resources, support, and treatment for individuals identified as being at risk for suicide.
Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelin 1 levels in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon: Implications for vascular dysfunction and progression of disease

Objective To compare microvascular and macrovascular functions in a cohort of patients with primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) who were matched for demographic, risk factor, and severity profiles. Methods Forty patients with primary or secondary RP matched for vascular risk factors and severity scores underwent testing of endothelial function and cold pressor responsiveness of the brachial artery. Microvascular perfusion of the digital vasculature was assessed using laser Doppler fluxmetry in response to reactive hyperemia. Plasma was assayed for endothelin 1 (ET-1), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). Results Patients with RP had abnormal vasoconstrictor responses to cold pressor tests (CPT) that were similar in primary and secondary RP. There were no differences in median flow-mediated and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation or CPT of the brachial artery in the 2 populations. Patients with secondary RP were characterized by abnormalities in microvascular responses to reactive hyperemia, with a reduction in area under the curve adjusted for baseline perfusion, but not in time to peak response or peak perfusion ratio. Plasma ET-1, ADMA, VCAM-1, and MCP-1 levels were significantly elevated in secondary RP compared with primary RP. There was a significant negative correlation between ET-1 and ADMA values and measures of microvascular perfusion but not macrovascular endothelial function. Conclusion Secondary RP is characterized by elevations in plasma ET-1 and ADMA levels that may contribute to alterations in cutaneous microvascular function.
USE OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR NEUROBLASTOMA (NB) IN THE DETECTION AND COMPLEMENT MEDIATED LYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC DISEASE

Three murine hybridomas [3A7(IgM), 3G6(IgM), 3F8(IgG3)] against human NB cell surface antigens were established using standard hybridization techniques. Both by ELISA and immunofluorescence, these monoclonal antibodies do not bind to normal bone marrow (BM) or peripheral blood cells. They all bind intensely to human NB and NB cell lines (except SKNSH and SKNMC). The cross reactivity patterns with other sarcomas and their relative degree of binding suggest that the three monoclonal antibodies have different specificities and are not reacting with common neuro-ectodermal antigens. Using immunofluorescence these antibodies can detect reproducibly ≤0.1% of tumor cells seeded in BM samples. Patients with widespread NB even though negative in their BM aspirate and biopsy by standard light microscopy are often positive by immunofluorescence in their BM aspirates with all 3 monoclonals. Less than 250 ng of 3A7 or 3G6 can kill 100% of 3X105 NB cells in the presence of 1:8 dilution of guinea pig complement, while not affecting normal blood or BM cells. In summary (1) these antibodies appear to be useful in detecting and monitoring residual NB in BM samples, (2) they are potent cytotoxic antibodies and may be suitable for complete and specific removal of residual NB cells before autologous BM transplantation.
Children's Motivation to Explore Partially Completed Exhibits in Hands-On Museums

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine the impact of partially completed, hands-on exhibits in science museums on children's motivation and engagement. The central question was whether partially completed exhibits are more motivating for children than fully completed or uncompleted exhibits. In Study 1, 120 children (Grades 1–6) were observed interacting with either a fully completed, partially completed, or uncompleted tangram exhibit in a children's science museum. Data were examined for differences between possible exhibit conditions, ages, and genders for two dependent variables: (1) children's preference for various levels of exhibit completion and (2) the final level to which children assembled the exhibit. Children demonstrated a preference for interacting with partially completed exhibits over uncompleted exhibits and reached a higher level of final completion when exhibits were approached in a partially completed state. In Study 2, 40 children (Grades 1–3) were observed in a different museum interacting with a maze exhibit in order to establish the generalizability of the Study 1 results. Again, children showed a preference for partially completed exhibits over uncompleted exhibits but the higher level of final completion when exhibits were approached in a partially completed state was not replicated. The findings are discussed in terms of tasks that provide incongruity and challenges that foster children's risk-taking, self-assessment, and self-efficacy.
Role of monoaminergic systems in morphine-induced respiratory depression.

Abstract The respiratory response to morphine sulfate was assessed in rats pretreated with different modifiers of noradrenergic and serotonergic activity and, additionally, the respiratory depression was related to the brain levels of the two amines, serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE). At respiratory depressant doses, morphine induced an increase in 5-HT and a decrease in NE levels in the medullapons area. The time sequence of respiratory depression correlated with a decline in NE and a rise in 5-HT levels. Pretreatments which increased 5-HT levels potentiated the respiratory depression and agents which increased NE levels antagonized the depression. A system of antagonistic modulation by the two amines of morphine-induced respiratory depression is proposed, whereby 5-HT functions as a depressant mediator and NE as an excitatory mediator. Naloxone appears to reverse the respiratory depression by altering the serotonergic component of the action of morphine.
School- and home-based drug prevention: Environmental, parent, and child risk reduction

The study purpose was to test the effect of a school- and home-based alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) prevention program on reducing environmental, parent, and child risk factors for ATOD use. The design was a three-group pretest–posttest with interviews at baseline and 1 and 6 months post-intervention. The sample was 126 parents and their 5- to 6-year-old children from three elementary schools serving high-risk children. The quality of the home environment, parents’ depressive symptoms and school activity involvement, and parents’ perception of child adjustment were measured. A school- and home-based version of Beginning Alcohol and Addictions Basic Education Studies (BABES) with a parent–child interaction component (BABES Plus) was compared to a classroom-only version of BABES (BABES Only) and a no-treatment control group. The quality of the home environment improved and depressive symptoms decreased over the post-intervention period for the BABES Plus group, but not for the other two groups. The...
FRACTIONATION OF AQUATIC NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER UPON SORPTION TO GOETHITE AND KAOLINITE

Natural organic matter (NOM) consists of a complex mixture of organic molecules; previous studies have suggested that preferential sorption of higher molecular weight, more hydrophobic, and more aromatic components may lead to fractionation of the NOM pool upon passage through porous media. Our work expands upon previous studies by quantifying the change in solution-phase weight average molecular weight (Mw) upon sorption of bulk (rather than isolated) surface water NOM from the Suwannee River (SR) and the Great Dismal Swamp (GDS) to goethite and kaolinite at different sorption densities and at pH 4, 22°C. High pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was used to quantify changes in Mw upon sorption, and molar absorptivities at λ=280 nm were used to approximate changes in solution NOM aromaticity. Two SR water samples were used, with Mw=2320 and 2200 Da; a single GDS sample was used, with Mw=1890 Da. The SR NOM was slightly more hydrophobic and aromatic. These differences were reflected in greater sorption of SR NOM than GDS NOM. Both surface water NOMs showed a much greater affinity for goethite than for kaolinite. HPSEC analysis of the NOM remaining in solution after 24 h reaction time with goethite revealed that the largest changes in solution phase Mws (decreases by 900–1700 Da) occurred at relatively low equilibrium sorbate concentrations (approximately 5–20 mg C l−1); the decrease in solution Mw suggested that reactive surface sites were occupied disproportionately by large and intermediate size NOM moieties. At higher equilibrium NOM concentrations (>20 mg C l−1), as percent adsorption decreased, Mw in solution was similar to original samples. A smaller decrease in solution NOM Mw (300–500 Da at 10–20 mg C l−1 ∼100 Da at >20 mg) also occurred upon sorption to kaolinite. Overall, our results showed that factors (as related to NOM composition, clay mineral surface properties, and position along the sorption isotherm) which promote a higher percent sorption lead to the most pronounced decreases in solution Mw.
Calpain and caspase-3 are required for sepsis-induced diaphragmatic weakness

it is well established that many critically ill patients exhibit severe respiratory muscle weakness. This weakness could be due to many interacting factors, including malnutrition, cancer-mediated cachexia, mechanical ventilation-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction, and sepsis. In regard to muscle
Fibroblast growth factor 23 and uremic vascular calcification: is it time to escalate from biomarker status to pathogenic agent?

Although epidemiologic associations have been informative, the elucidation of the role of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires testing with robust experimental models. Jimbo et al. used animal and cell-culture models to query whether FGF23 is a direct ‘vasculotoxin.’ We discuss the interpretation of their findings. At this juncture, much remains unanswered about the significance of FGF23 elevation in CKD.
An integrating perspective on interdisciplinary, cross‐cultural research

Interest in methods, processes and problems associated with conducting interdisciplinary, cross‐cultural research in team‐based settings has increased dramatically in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of six different viewpoints regarding identifying and managing problems inherent to the successful creation of intellectual, internationally based joint ventures. Following a detailed description of each article, integrative conclusions are presented.
Temporal responses to environmental scale in the lizard Anolis carolinensis (reptila, lacertilia, iguanidae)

An influence of spatial scale on temporal processing has been described in humans (De Long, 1981). The hypothesis that a similar relationship exists in reptiles was tested by placing twelve lizards in volumetrically constant but large-scale or small-scale "home" environments and alternately exposing them to large and small scale novel environments in a counterbalanced design. Behavioral measures included latencies and frequencies for four types of behavior associated with behavioral arousal and exploration and for duration of behavioral states. Results indicate (1) behavioral latencies are significantly reduced in small-scale novel environments and (2) as predicted, the ratio of latencies in large-scale divided by small-scale novel environments is essentially identical to the ratio of the scales of the environments themselves. Linear regression analyses relating latencies to the ratio yield results remarkably similar to those previously reported for temporal experience and spatial scale in human subjects. This research suggests that an experiential temporal-spatial relativity may be phylogenetically primitive.
Crystal structure‐based studies of cytosolic sulfotransferase

Sulfation is a widely observed biological reaction conserved from bacterium to human that plays a key role in various biological processes such as growth, development, and defense against adversities. Deficiencies due to the lack of the ubiquitous sulfate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) are lethal in humans. A large group of enzymes called sulfotransferases catalyze the transfer reaction of sulfuryl group of PAPS to the acceptor group of numerous biochemical and xenochemical substrates. Four X-ray crystal structures of sulfotransferases have now been determined: cytosolic estrogen, hydroxysteroid, aryl sulfotransferases, and a sulfotransferase domain of the Golgi-membrane heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1. These have revealed the conserved core structure of the PAPS binding site, a common reaction mechanism, and some information concerning the substrate specificity. These crystal structures introduce a new era of the study of the sulfotransferases.
Formation of Molecular Monolayers on TiO2 Surfaces: A Surface Analogue of the Williamson Ether Synthesis

Strategies to modify metal oxide surfaces are important because of the increasing applications of metal oxides in catalysis, sensing, electronics, and renewable energy. Here, we report the formation of molecular monolayers on anatase nanocrystalline TiO(2) surfaces at near-ambient temperatures by a simple one-step immersion. This is achieved by an analogue of the Williamson ether synthesis, in which the hydroxyl groups of the TiO(2) surface react with iodo-alkane molecules to release HI and form a Ti-O-C surface linkage. The grafted molecules were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to confirm the formation of covalently bonded monolayers. Kinetic studies yielded an activation barrier of ∼59 kJ/mol for the grafting reaction. Measurements of hydrolytic stability of the grafted molecules in water show that approximately half the molecules are removed within minutes to hours at temperatures of 25-100 °C with an activation energy of ∼82 kJ/mol, while the remaining molecules are stable for much longer periods of time. These different stabilities are discussed in terms of the different types of Ti-O-C bonds that can form on TiO(2) surfaces.
A new high affinity technetium-99m-bombesin analogue with low abdominal accumulation.

99mTc-labeled bombesin analogues have shown promise for noninvasive detection of many tumors that express bombesin (BN)/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptors. 99mTc-labeled peptides, however, h...
Threshold fracture energies for elastomers

Fracture energies have been measured for two types of polybutadiene elastomer, crosslinked to various extents and torn under various conditions. Threshold values, ranging from 40 to 80 jm−2, were observed for samples torn at extremely low rates of tearing, at high temperatures, and in the swollen state. These values were found to be independent of temperature and rate of tearing, and also of the degree of swelling and the nature of the swelling liquid, provided a correction is made for the reduced areal concentration of molecular chains. They decreased somewhat with increased crosslinking, in good agreement with theoretical predictions of Lake and Thomas.6 The results for the two elastomers were substantially the same. These observations are strikingly different from those made at normal temperatures and rates of tearing, when large differences in fracture energy were observed between the elastomers, and between samples crosslinked to different extents, due to energy losses from nonequilibrium deformation processes in addition to the energy required for fracture.
Political Action Versus Personal Action Understanding Social Movements’ Pursuit of Change Through Nongovernmental Channels

Scholarship commonly treats the state as social movements’ default target and venue, explaining pursuit of change through nongovernmental channels in terms of lack of political opportunity. This ar...
Exogenous trehalose promotes non-structural carbohydrate accumulation and induces chemical detoxification and stress response proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana grown in liquid culture

Abstract Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide that functions as a storage carbohydrate and osmoprotectant in yeast, fungi and certain insects. Endogenous trehalose also is present in trace amounts in flowering plants and metabolites derived from trehalose were necessary for embryo development. In contrast to its role in endogenous metabolism, exogenous trehalose is toxic to higher plants as evidenced by a severe inhibition of root and cotyledon growth. In the current study, 30 mM trehalose or sterile water was added to 2-week-old liquid cultures containing Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Henyh seedlings. After 12 h of exogenous trehalose treatment sucrose and trehalose were increased 3.2- and 145-fold, respectively, compared to the controls. These were the only metabolites measured in this study that responded to trehalose treatment at this time point. Starch was increased and ATP levels were decreased in Arabidopsis samples after 1 day of treatment with 30 mM trehalose. Conversely, glutamate, glutamine, hexoses and chlorophyll were unaffected by trehalose treatment. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that for whole Arabidopsis seedlings, nine proteins were altered by 12 h of trehalose treatment relative to the controls. Seven of the nine polypeptides were successfully identified by sequence analysis. Four of the identified proteins induced by trehalose treatment, Phi glutathione S -transferase 2 ( At GSTF2), flavin mononucleotide-binding flavodoxin-like quinone reductase 1 (FQR1), cytosolic dehydroascorbate reductase 1 (DHAR1) and S -adenosylmethionine synthetase 2 (SAMS2), were involved in either detoxification or stress responses. The above results indicated that feeding exogenous trehalose to liquid cultures of Arabidopsis seedlings rapidly altered disaccharide levels and induced detoxification and stress response proteins. These findings supported the suggestion that exogenous trehalose functioned as an elicitor of genes involved in biotic and abiotic stress.
Current approaches and future directions for contaminant-related impact assessments in coastal environments: Brazilian perspective

Abstract Coastal ecosystems are subject to the discharge of contaminants via sewage, industrial effluents, storm water runoff, dredged material and accidental chemical spills. The majority of contaminants reaching the ocean tend to be adsorbed to particulate matter and eventually settle on the ocean floor, where they can deleteriously affect the sediment-associated community. The degree to which a receiving body is impacted is usually assessed by the analysis of the sediments from the area of concern. If chemical data generated by monitoring programs are available, they can be compared to Sediment Quality Guidelines to help identify a potential problem. A more cost-effective approach involves the use of a sensitive toxicity test to identify areas of concern, with comprehensive chemical analyses conducted at a later stage and focusing on the toxic sites identified in the initial screening survey. More complex studies involve the assessment of the benthic communities, in addition to toxicity tests and chemical analyses can be conducted. While methodologies for chemical and benthic community assessments are relatively well established, several approaches can be used to determine sediment toxicity, including acute or chronic tests, conducted in the laboratory or in situ, on the whole sediment or the liquid phase. Several factors should be considered when interpreting toxicity test results, such as the enhancement of toxicity by the photo-oxidation of organic chemicals by ultraviolet light (UV), and confounding factors such as salinity, ammonia, sulfides, particle size distribution, organic matter content, and acid volatile sulfides (AVS). Once an impact has been identified, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures can be applied to help establish the chemical or classes of chemicals responsible for the observed adverse effects. The international and Brazilian scientific literatures are reviewed to illustrate these approaches.
Shades of gray: a comparison of linkage disequilibrium between Hutterites and Europeans.

Founder or isolated populations have advantages for genetic studies due to decreased genetic and environmental heterogeneity. However, whereas longer-range linkage disequilibrium (LD) in these populations is expected to facilitate gene localization, extensive LD may actually limit the ability for gene discovery. The North American Hutterite population is one of the best characterized young founder populations and members of this isolate have been the subjects of our studies of complex traits, including fertility, asthma and cardiovascular disease, for >20 years. Here, we directly assess the patterns and extent of global LD using single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes with minor allele frequencies (MAFs) ≥5% from the Affymetrix GeneChip® Mapping 500 K array in 60 relatively unrelated Hutterites and 60 unrelated Europeans (HapMap CEU). Although LD among some marker pairs extends further in the Hutterites than in Europeans, the pattern of LD and MAF are surprisingly similar. These results indicate that (1) identifying disease genes should be no more difficult in the Hutterites than in outbred European populations, (2) the same common susceptibility alleles for complex diseases should be present in the Hutterites and outbred European populations, and (3) imputation algorithms based on HapMap CEU should be applicable to the Hutterites. Genet. Epidemiol. 34: 133–139, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Effects of Food Marketing on Children's Preferences: Testing the Moderating Roles of Age and Gender:

A large body of research suggests that food marketing affects children's food preferences, short- and long-term dietary consumption, and purchase requests directed to parents. It is frequently argued that younger children are more susceptible to marketers' messages than older children because they do not understand the persuasive nature of advertising; however, little direct evidence supports this claim. Employing an experimental design, this study examined the influence of food marketing on children's preferences and tested whether age (and gender) moderated the effects of ad exposure. The sample consisted of 133 children between the ages of five and eleven. Results indicated that exposure to food commercials increased children's preferences for the advertised products. Age did not moderate this effect; younger and older children were equally persuaded by the commercials. Boys were more influenced by the commercials than girls. Implications for the study of food marketing to children are discussed.
An Unusual Case of Anti-GBM Antibody Elevation in HIV-Associated Nephropathy

Introduction. The most commonly seen glomerular disease in HIV infected patients is HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN); however, a multitude of other nephropathies can occur in HIV infection with an almost equal cumulative frequency. We report an unusual case of a patient with clinical and histological evidence of HIVAN in which the diagnosis was initially confounded by the finding of an elevated serum anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody. Case Presentation. We present a case of a 27-year-old African American female with a history of schizophrenia, cocaine abuse, and HIV infection who upon admission to our hospital was found to have severe acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis. Urine studies revealed nephrotic range proteinuria and a serological workup was positive for anti-GBM antibody elevation with a value of 91 units (normal: 0–20 units). A renal biopsy revealed HIVAN with no evidence of crescentic glomerulonephritis or anti-GBM disease. Conclusion. This case highlights the need for careful interpretation of anti-GBM antibody tests in HIV infected patients with kidney disease and, in particular, the need for biopsy confirmation of the diagnosis prior to starting therapy. More research is needed to study the prognostic correlation between the degree of anti-GBM antibody elevation in HIVAN and disease severity.
Where the ice meets the sea ‐ high resolution paleoenvironmental studies in the northern North Atlantic

Andrews, J. T., Austin, W. E. N., Bergsten, H. & Jennings, A. E. (eds), 1996: Late Quaternary Paleoceanography of the North Atlantic Margins
Energy cost of coordination algorithms for wireless mobile sensor networks

Wireless mobile sensor networks are becoming increasingly popular. They mostly consist of low-cost mobile platforms equipped with sensors and an on-board battery. Energy consumption is therefore typically one of the main factors that needs to be addressed during the deployment. Communication accounts for much of the energy expenditures in a sensor network. The goal of this paper is to establish lower bounds on energy cost due to communication for several robot coordination schemes. In particular, we study how the energy cost changes with the number of mobile nodes in the wireless network, and we compare a peer-to-peer communication model with a multicast system.
An Experimental Evaluation of Rate Adaptation for Multi-Antenna Systems

Increasingly wireless networks use multi-antenna nodes as in IEEE 802.11n and 802.16. The Physical layer (PHY) in such systems may use the antennas to provide multiple streams of data (spatial multiplexing) or to increase the robustness of fewer streams. These physical layers also provide support for sending packets at different rates by changing the modulation and coding of transmissions. Rate adaptation is the problem of choosing the best transmission mode for the current channel and in these systems requires choosing both the level of spatial multiplexing and the modulation and coding. Hydra is an experimental wireless network node prototype in which both the MAC and PHY are highly programmable. Hydra's PHY is essentially the 802.11n PHY, and currently supports two antennas and the same modulations and codings as 802.11n. Because of limitations of our hardware platform, the actual rates are a factor of 10 smaller than 802.11n. The MAC is essentially the 802.11 MAC with extensions, including the ability to feedback channel state or rate information from the receiver. Hydra was designed to allow experimentation with real radios, PHYs, and network stacks over real-world channels and it is well suited to studying rate adaptation in multi-antenna systems. To allow controlled experimentation, we also have the ability to perform experiments over emulated channels using exactly the same MAC and PHY used for RF transmissions. We present rate control experiments based on transmission over both real and emulated channels. Our experiments include measurements for single antenna systems and two antenna systems using a single or multiple spatial streams. We study rate adaptation algorithms using both explicit and implicit feedback from the receiver. A novel aspect of our results is the first experimental study of adaptation between single and multiple spatial streams for 802.11n style systems. Increasingly wireless networking technologies, including IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.16, support radios with multiple an- tennas. These antennas can be used to support multiple data streams (spatial multiplexing) or to increase robustness by tak- ing advantage of channel diversity (1), (2). Choosing between
Molecular Clues Assist in the Cancer Clinic

The winner of the Wachtel prize navigates a journey from the prostate cancer genome to the clinic.