cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neoplastic cells. Modulation of the differentiated state.

For at least a century and a half, biologists have been aware that, relative to normal cells, many cancer cells appear morphologically undifferentiated. While some have concluded that cancer cells must arise by the dedifferentiation of normal cells, others consider it more likely that many cancer cells develop from normal cells that never fully differentiated. Since these undifferentiated cancer cells can be shown to share many fundamental characteristics with normal cells, it is not altogether surprising that some neoplasms can be induced to differentiate and become postmitotic benign cells. If only one or a few malignant tumors had the potentiality for differentiation, the phenomenon would be of interest primarily because of its rarity. However, many types of malignant neoplasms, such as plant teratomas, fish tumors, amphibian cancers, and malignant neoplasms of all three embryonic germ layers of mammals, can be induced to differentiate. This indicates that the phenomenon is not rare, and it suggests the possibility that the control of differentiation could be exploited in the treatment of cancer.
Learning a Lexical Simplifier Using Wikipedia

In this paper we introduce a new lexical simplification approach. We extract over 30K candidate lexical simplifications by identifying aligned words in a sentencealigned corpus of English Wikipedia with Simple English Wikipedia. To apply these rules, we learn a feature-based ranker using SVMrank trained on a set of labeled simplifications collected using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Using human simplifications for evaluation, we achieve a precision of 76% with changes in 86% of the examples.
Mechanical Comparison of Cyclic Loading in Five Different First Metatarsal Shaft Osteotomies

The purposes of the current study were: to analyze the relative fatigue endurance of five different first metatarsal shaft osteotomies (proximal crescentic, proximal chevron, Ludloff, Mau, and Scarf), as performed on sawbone models using the most common fixation techniques (part I); andto compare the two more commonly used techniques (per part I results) in matched-pair cadaver specimens (part II).In part I, the proximal chevron and Mau osteotomies were significantly more stable (P >0.005) than all other osteotomies except the Ludloff. In part II, there was no significant difference in fatigue endurance between the proximal chevron and Ludloff osteotomies.
Immigrants across the U.S. Federal Laboratory: Explaining State-Level Innovation in Immigration Policy

The passage of a restrictive immigration law in Arizona in 2010 rekindled an old debate in the United States on immigration policy and the role of federalism. Despite periodic constitutional controversies, scholars of federalism and U.S. state politics have not adequately explained variation in state-level policy making on immigration. The authors explore pressures leading to state immigration policy innovation and adoption in the United States. The article evaluates factors leading to the introduction and adoption of two types of policies: those dictating the cultural and economic incorporation of immigrants and those attempting to control their flow and settlement. Factors such as fiscal federalism, ethnic contact, and ethnic threat generate incentives for states to pass such laws. The authors compiled a comprehensive data set of state immigration laws from the past decade to explain how factors commonly associated with national immigration policy development—economic conditions, rates of immigration, d...
Optimization of porous structure of superparamagnetic nanoparticle adsorbents for higher and faster removal of emerging organic contaminants and PAHs

Superparamagnetic permanently confined micelle array (Mag-PCMAs) nanoparticle adsorbents have been successfully synthesized with a core/shell structure of a silica/surfactant mesostructured hybrid layer on negatively charged maghemite nanoparticles. A micelle swelling agent, 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene, was introduced during the synthesis and removed afterward to optimize the porous structure of Mag-PCMAs to achieve larger surface area and higher pore volume. The isotherms and kinetics of three representative EOCs (methyl orange, sulfamethoxazole and gemfibrozil) and two PAHs (acenaphthene and phenanthrene) onto Mag-PCMAs were determined, and the regeneration and reusability of Mag-PCMAs for methyl orange removal was also investigated. With the optimization of porous structure, the sorption kinetics and capacities of EOCs and PAHs were significantly improved. All of the results showed that Mag-PCMAs can provide fast, effective and sustainable approach for EOCs and PAHs remediation.
Partnerships in Sexual and Reproductive Health

Abstract One of the elements of successful access to youth friendly sexual and reproductive health services consists of effective partnerships between the civil society, Government, and the corporate world. Key elements that define successful partnerships for any organisation are trust, openness, respect and interdependence.
Mechanism of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Airway Obstruction or Obesity?

Study Objectives:This is the first study to compare reflux events during wake and sleep in obese and non-obese individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and obese individuals without OSA. The ...
Minimizing the cost of availability of coverage from a constellation of satellites: Evaluation of optimization methods: Regular Paper

Satellite systems to provide terrestrial surface coverage are currently optimized by independently optimizing parts of the system or by locally starting at a “baseline” configuration and making small changes. Even when using a “baseline,” the various components such as constellation configuration, satellite design, and acquisition have generally been optimized separately. A model was developed to minimize the life-cycle cost of the system as a whole with the appropriate linkages between the major parts of the system in both cost and performance. The model consists of a cost model, and a performance model. The cost model includes the cost of purchasing and maintaining an inventory of satellites and launch vehicles, launch operations, and orbit operations. The performance model evaluates the availability over geographic grid averaging areas over a given period of time. The performance of local optimization techniques (Simplex and Complex) was evaluated against global optimization techniques (Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithms) for providing availability of coverage. The global optimization techniques performed much better with Genetic Algorithms performing slightly better than Simulated Annealing. The quality of the solutions found was benchmarked against a trade study and local optimization methods, and our proposed global systems approach provided significant cost savings over the existing techniques. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 7: 113–122, 2004
New Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Polysilsesquioxane–Silica Particles as Sunscreens

Effectiveness of organic sunscreens is limited by phototoxicity and degradation. Both of which can be significantly reduced by encapsulation in hollow particles or covalent incorporation into the solid structure of particles, but direct comparisons of the two methods have not been reported. In this study, physical encapsulation and covalent incorporation of sunscreens were compared with 1 mol % salicylate and curcumeroid sunscreens. 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate was physically encapsulated in hollow silica nanoparticles prepared by oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsion polymerizations (E-Sal). Some of these particles were coated with an additional shell or cap of silica to reduce leaking of sunscreen (cap-E-Sal). Covalent incorporation involved co-polymerizing tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with 0.2 mol % of new salicylate and curcuminoid sunscreen monomers with triethoxsilyl groups. Particles were prepared with the salicylate attached to the silica matrix through single silsesquioxane groups (pendant; P-Sal) and two sils...
Use of cuffed tracheal tubes in neonates, infants and children: A practice survey of members of the Society of Pediatric Anesthesia.

Abstract Study Objective This study aimed to characterize the current practice patterns with cuffed tracheal tubes (CTT) in neonates, infants, and children among members of the Society of Pediatric Anesthesia (SPA). Design and setting An electronic mail survey was distributed using Survey Monkey to members of SPA between December 2013 and February 2014. Each member was permitted one response. Patients/Intervention/Measurements Not applicable as this is a practice survey study. Main results A total of 805 (28%) of the 2901 members of the SPA responded. Of the respondents, 88% were from the US, 83% were fellowship trained, 82% practiced pediatric anesthesia >50% of the time, and 65% practiced in academic centers. Eighty-five percent used CTT >50% of the time in children >2 years and 60% used CTT in full-term neonates >50% of the time. Twenty-nine percent reported always using CTT whereas 5% reported never using CTT. Those in practice 20 years, not fellowship trained or in private practice ( P P = .0003 and P = .0005, respectively). The most common reason for avoiding CTT was concern about post-extubation stridor (39%). Almost 70% of respondents accept the TT if it passes the subglottis without resistance and has a leak at 15 to 20 cmH 2 O. More than 60% of respondents do not monitor cuff pressures in CTT. Conclusion A majority of SPA members routinely use CTT in neonates, infants and children.
The Feature and Countermeasures of the Class Quality Evaluation of Further Education in the Field of Military Sports

To carry out the class quality evaluation of further education in the field of military sports is aiming to deepen the educational reform,raise the quality of class,and accelerate the development of the subjects so as to promote the development of the educational transformation.Based on the requirement of each position in the army,this article found out the features of the class quality evaluation of further education in the field of military sports,and push forward some ways to handle with problems which would happen to occur in that evaluation.
Technology-Based Support for Older Adult Communication in Safety-Critical Domains

Abstract The study of how age-related changes in cognition influence communication and learning in safety-critical domains has important practical and theoretical implications. The work described in this chapter leveraged theories of communication and cognitive aging in order to investigate how collaboration between older adults and their health-care providers can be supported by technology. According to interactive theories of communication, collaboration requires providers and older adults to present, understand, and ground contributions so that these contributions are accepted as mutually understood and relevant to shared goals. These collaborative processes are influenced by resources and constraints associated with communication media (e.g., face-to-face versus asynchronous communication) and communication partners (e.g., health literacy abilities such as processing capacity and knowledge). We investigated how older adult/provider collaboration needed for self-care can be supported by technology. We built on benefits of face-to-face communication (e.g., rapid turn-taking, nonverbal cues to affective as well as cognitive meaning) while using technology to address constraints associated with this communication situation, such as transient speech and message reviewability.
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II and IGF binding proteins in serum and mammary secretions during the dry period and early lactation in dairy cows.

Concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-II, and IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) in serum and mammary gland secretions were surveyed during the dry period and early lactation of 30 Holstein cows. Although there was a threefold drop in the concentration of IGF-I in serum from the last week of the dry period to parturition (81 +/- 7 to 24 +/- 3 ng/ml, P less than .01), there was no significant change in serum IGF-II concentration during this period (150 +/- 17 vs 173 +/- 13 ng/ml, P greater than .05). Furthermore, a 57% increase in serum IGF-I was observed from the last week of lactation to the second week of drying off (100 +/- 5 to 157 +/- 8 ng/ml, P less than .05). Changes in serum IGF-II were not observed (126 +/- 11 vs 150 +/- 10 ng/ml, respectively; P greater than .05). Although IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBP concentrations in mammary secretions peaked 2 wk before parturition (2.95 +/- 1.1, 1.83 +/- .6, and 7.27 +/- .76 micrograms/ml, respectively), total output/quarter was highest in colostrum (394 +/- 119, 295 +/- 132, and 2,680 +/- 1,967 micrograms/quarter, respectively). Weekly milking of two individual quarters during the dry period did not affect (P greater than .05) IGF-I or IGF-II concentration (ng/ml) or total output (microgram/quarter) and milk yield in colostrum and milk (2 wk and 7 wk) compared with the ipsilateral quarter. The data support the hypothesis that IGF-I may be transported by the mammary gland epithelium. Furthermore, the secretion mechanisms of IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBP by the gland may be related to each other.
Possible cases of infanticide by immigrant females in a group-breeding bird

Observations de cas d'infanticides chez des Melanerpes formicivorus se reproduisant en groupe dans les Monts Magdalena, Nouveau Mexique
In vivo bone strain in the mandibular corpus of Sapajus during a range of oral food processing behaviors.

It has been hypothesized that mandibular corpus morphology of primates is related to the material properties of the foods that they chew. However, chewing foods with different material properties is accompanied by low levels of variation in mandibular strain patterns in macaques. We hypothesized that if variation in primate mandible form reflects adaptations to feeding on foods with different material and geometric properties, then this variation will be driven primarily by differences in oral food processing behavior rather than differences in chewing per se. To test this hypothesis, we recorded in vivo bone strain data from the lateral and medial surfaces of the mandibular corpus during complete feeding sequences in three adult male Sapajus as they fed on foods with a range of sizes and material properties. We assessed whether variation in mandibular corpus strain regimes is associated with variation in feeding behaviors and/or chewing on different foods, and we quantified the relative variation in mandibular corpus strain regimes associated with chewing on foods of different material properties versus a range of oral food processing behaviors (incisor, premolar, and molar biting; pulling on incisors; mastication). Feeding behavior had a significant effect on mandibular corpus strain regimes, as did chewing side and the cycle number in a feeding sequence. However, food type had weaker effects and usually only through interaction effects with chewing side and/or cycle type. Strain regimes varied most across different chew sides, then across different behaviors, and lastly between mastication cycles on different foods. Strain magnitudes associated with premolar, molar, and incisor biting were larger than those recorded during mastication. These data suggest that intra- and inter-specific variation in mandible morphology is a trade-off between performance requirements of different oral food processing behaviors and of variation in chewing side, with direct effects of food type being less important.
Medical Malpractice in Dermatology—Part II: What To Do Once You Have Been Served with a Lawsuit

Facing a malpractice lawsuit can be a daunting and traumatic experience for healthcare practitioners, with most clinicians naive to the legal landscape. It is crucial for physicians to know and understand the malpractice system and his or her role once challenged with litigation. We present part II of a two-part series addressing the most common medicolegal questions that cause a great deal of anxiety. Part I focused upon risk-management strategies and prevention of malpractice lawsuits, whereas part II provides helpful suggestions and guidance for the physician who has been served with a lawsuit complaint. Herein, we address the best approach concerning what to do and what not to do after receipt of a legal claim, during the deposition, and during the trial phases. We also discuss routine concerns that may arise during the development of the case, including the personal, financial, and career implications of a malpractice lawsuit and how these can be best managed. The defense strategies discussed in this paper are not a guide separate from legal representation to winning a lawsuit, but may help physicians prepare for and cope with a medical malpractice lawsuit. This article is written from a US perspective, and therefore not all of the statements made herein will be applicable in other countries. Within the USA, medical practitioners must be familiar with their own state and local laws and should consult with their own legal counsel to obtain advice about specific questions.
Coherent all-optical polarization switching in quantum wells

A coherent all-optical nonlinear polarization switch based on exciton-exciton correlations is demonstrated in a multiple-quantum-well semiconductor structure. A contrast ratio of 8:1 and a relaxation time of less than a picosecond are reported at 80 K using only 10 wells. The results are compared to a similar switch, which makes use of electron spin.
TOLEDO CORSI, César: Tutela de la Libertad Sindical, Abeledo Perrot, Legalpublishing, Santiago de Chile, 2013. 383 páginas.

TOLEDO CORSI, Cesar: Tutela de la Libertad Sindical, Abeledo Perrot, Legalpublishing, Santiago de Chile, 2013. 383 paginas.
Literature Review on Diabetes Internet-based Spanish-Language Information.

Background: Diabetes is a growing epidemic that is affecting Hispanics in high rates. Introduction: Although Hispanics use the internet for health-related informational and educational purposes, there is a lack of information available in the Spanish-language. Methods: A review was conducted to examine the literature on internet-based, Spanish-language, diabetes focused information. One search was conducted using three different databases (i.e. CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PubMed). The search used the keywords diabetes, internet, and Spanish, and was based on published articles from January 1, 2005 to June 30, 2016. Results: Of the 46 articles reviewed, one was a duplicate, and 41 were eliminated. These findings show a lack of data and research on Spanish-language, internet-based diabetes informational and educational sites. Conclusion: Qualitative and quantitative studies are needed to develop and examine Spanish-language diabetes internet sites and the health-related impact they have on Hispanics who prefer Spanishlanguage sites.
Predicting Concentrations of Ultrafine Particles and Volatile Organic Compounds Resulting from Desktop 3D Printer Operation and the Impact of Potential Control Strategies

Summary Recent studies have shown that potentially hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ultrafine particles (UFPs) are emitted from many desktop three-dimensional printer and filament combinations. We use recently published measurements of UFP and speciated VOC emission rates from a number of desktop 3D printers and filaments to predict the magnitudes of human exposures to airborne pollutants that would be expected in multiple locations within a typical small office environment. We also model the impacts of several control strategies for reducing occupational exposures. Results demonstrate that UFP and VOC concentrations within close or moderate proximity (i.e., within 3 and 3 to 18 meters, respectively) to some desktop 3D printer and filament combinations with the highest emissions can exceed recommended exposure levels (RELs) for some VOCs and typical indoor concentrations for both UFPs and VOCs. Concentrations of caprolactam within close proximity to a printer using some nylon-based filaments are predicted to exceed both acute and chronic RELs set by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. UFP concentrations are predicted to reach as high as 80,000 particles per cubic centimeter in close proximity to the highest emitting printer and filament combinations. The printer and filament combinations with the lowest UFP and VOC emission rates are not expected to yield concentrations at levels of concern. The most effective control strategies for reducing both UFP and VOC concentrations included installing a high-flow spot ventilation system and operating the printer in a sealed enclosure with high-efficiency gas and particle filtration.
Nonepithelial Neoplasms of the Pancreas, Part 2: Malignant Tumors and Tumors of Uncertain Malignant Potential From the Radiologic Pathology Archives

Almost all neoplasms of the pancreas are derived from pancreatic epithelial components, including the most common pancreatic mass, primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Nonepithelial neoplasms comprise only 1%-2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. Although some may arise directly from intrapancreatic elements, many originate from mesenchymal, hematopoietic, or neural elements in the retroperitoneal peripancreatic space and grow into the pancreas. Once these tumors reach a certain size, it can be challenging to identify their origin. Because these manifest at imaging as intrapancreatic masses, awareness of the existence and characteristic features of these nonepithelial neoplasms is crucial for the practicing radiologist in differentiating these tumors from primary epithelial pancreatic tumors, an important distinction given the vastly different management and prognosis. In part 1 of this article, the authors reviewed benign nonepithelial neoplasms of the pancreas. This article focuses on malignant nonepithelial neoplasms and those of uncertain malignant potential that can be seen in the pancreas. The most common malignant or potentially malignant nonepithelial pancreatic tumors are of mesenchymal origin and include soft-tissue sarcomas, solitary fibrous tumor, and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. These tumors commonly manifest as large heterogeneous masses, often containing areas of necrosis and hemorrhage. The clinical features associated with these tumors and the imaging characteristics including enhancement patterns and the presence of fat or calcification help distinguish these tumors from PDAC. Hematopoietic tumors, including lymphoma and extramedullary plasmacytoma, can manifest as isolated pancreatic involvement or secondarily involve the pancreas as widespread disease. Hyperenhancing paragangliomas or hypervascular metastatic disease can mimic primary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors or vascular anomalies.
Parabolic and Elliptic Equations in Unbounded Domains

In this chapter we extend to unbounded domains the method of upper and lower solutions for parabolic and elliptic equations in bounded domains. For the parabolic equation this extension includes the Cauchy problem in ℝ n , a half-space problem in ℝ + n and problems in the exterior of a bounded domain as well as in a general unbounded domain. Similar extension is given to the corresponding elliptic equation, including an exterior problem with nonlinear boundary condition. In the case of the Cauchy problem sufficient conditions for the asymptotic stability and instability of a steady-state solution and the monotone convergence of the time-dependent solution to the maximal and the minimal steady-state solutions are obtained. A characterization of the global existence and the blowing-up behavior of the solution in relation to the spatial dimension n and the growth property of the reaction function are also given. For the elliptic equation in ℝ n an infinite number of radially symmetric positive solutions are constructed and are applied to a special model arising from differential geometry and applied physics. In addition, a Dirichlet boundary-value problem in a general unbounded domain is considered, and a similar iteration process as in the case of a bounded domain is formulated. It is shown that without any prescribed condition at infinity there exist two monotone sequences which converge to a maximal solution and a minimal solution in the same fashion as for the corresponding problem in bounded domains. Sufficient conditions for the positivity and the uniqueness of the solution are given.
Isolation of a novel hepatic CYP2-related protein from channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) have been previously shown to express two major cytochrome P450 (CYP) protein bands that are cross-reactive with anti-CYP2K1 (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss) antibodies on Western blots. These proteins appear to be the major constitutive CYPs in channel catfish and show distinct sex- and age-specific variations in expression. Because I. punctatus is an important agricultural and ecological commodity, and because it displays a high degree of resistance to the toxic effects of many pesticides, the molecular and catalytic characteristics of its biotransformation systems are of interest to those in areas of environmental science and aquaculture research. Using a chromatographic method similar to that employed in the purification of other fish CYP2 enzymes, a single CYP2-related protein (CM-HA3) was isolated from channel catfish hepatic microsomes. The isolated protein displays a relative molecular mass of approximately 47 kDa, and a CO-reduced difference spectrum λmax of 449.6 nm. The sequence of 15 residues at the amino-terminal of CM-HA3 is 27% identical to both CYP2K1 and CYP2M1 isoforms of rainbow trout. Correlational analysis was employed to characterize potential substrates for this isoform, but no significant relationship was observed with E2 hydroxylation, testosterone hydroxylation, or 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activities. These data indicate that CM-HA3 is a CYP2 family protein, with as yet uncharacterized substrate specificities.
The tangiBook: A Tangible Display System for Direct Interaction with Virtual Surfaces

The only commonly known source for some in situ measured spectral radiances is ISO 17321-1. It describes the principle of how the color characterization of a digital camera works and pro - vides spectral radiances for 14 common objects. This paper summarizes the results of a project that was started to collect several hundred measure - ments of all different kinds of objects under various illuminations keeping in mind typical scenes and ob - jects that people take photographs of. In many cases the spectral radiation of objects is not only that of the reflected light. Sometimes the light coming form ob - jects like leaves for example is a mixture of the re - flected and the transmitted light. In other cases inter reflections between the objects modify the spectral radiance in scenes and some objects like the human skin appears totally different in real live compared to the skin tones of a reflective color target. The collected data can be used as a scientific data basis for different studies related to natural objects. But the main reason to collect the data was to provide training data for the color characterization of digital cameras. Future work will show whether a carefully collected subset of the database is sufficient to create an ideal matrix or look up table for a digital camera but for the time being all app. 2500 measurements are available and used to calculate camera matrices. Winner of the Abstract: In this paper we introduce the tangiBook, a tangible display system that allows realistic simula - tion and direct interaction with virtual surfaces. The tangiBook is based on an off-the-shelf laptop com - puter that incorporates an accelerometer and a web - cam as standard equipment. Custom software allows the orientation of the laptop screen and the position of the observer to be tracked in real-time. Using this information, realistic images of surfaces with com - plex textures and material properties, illuminated by environment-mapped lighting, are rendered to the screen at interactive rates. Tilting the laptop or mov - ing in front of the screen produces realistic changes in surface lighting and material appearance. Thus the tangiBook allows virtual surfaces to be observed and manipulated as naturally as real ones, with the added benefit that the material properties of the surfaces can be changed in real-time. We demonstrate the po - tential utility of the tangiBook in three application ar - eas: material perception research, computer-aided appearance design, and enhanced access to collec - tions in digital libraries and museums. With its unique capabilities and commodity roots, the tangi - Book can be broadly deployed and should be useful in a wide range of applications.
Improving the effectiveness of the bioreductive antitumor agent SR 4233 by induced hypoxia.

The benzotriazine N-oxide, SR 4233 (1,2,4-benzotriazine-3-amine 1,4-di-N-oxide) is selectively toxic to hypoxic cells in vitro 1,2,3and shows significant anti-tumor activity against a selection of experimental tumors in vivi.4,5 The probable mechanism underlying the cytotoxicity of this compound is thought to involve the 1-electron reduction of the parent molecule to a free radical intermediate which results in DNA double strand breaks and subsequent cell death.6,7,8,9 Under oxygenated conditions this cytotoxicity is ameliorated by back oxidation to the parent molecule and a second oxygen dependent pathway involving 2-electron reduction to a non-cytotoxic metabolite. Therefore, in order for this agent to be effective when combined with radiotherapy, tumors must contain cells at subnormal oxygen tension. While many previous modalities aimed at improving cancer therapy have focused on reducing the population of hypoxic cells within tumors, this therapy should work more effectively on tumors containing a high proportion of hypoxic cells. An aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of SR 4233 when the proportion of hypoxic cells within the tumor has been artificially increased.
Observing an adult model can cause immediate improvement in preschoolers’ knowledge judgments

Abstract We addressed whether preschoolers could learn how to make knowledge judgments by observing an adult make them correctly. In Experiment 1, children looked on as one adult answered another adult’s questions about a hidden toy. In the modeling condition, the questions concerned whether the adult knew the identity of the toy. The model answered correctly and justified her answers by noting whether she had seen the toy being hidden. In the control condition, the model saw which toy was hidden on every trial and answered yes-no recognition questions about it. In both conditions, the children were then asked to make the kind of judgments that had only been demonstrated in the modeling condition. Younger children (Mage = 3–4) were not affected by condition, but among the older children (Mage = 4-1), those in the modeling condition made more accurate judgments and provided more perceptual access justifications than those in the control condition. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the modeling of knowledge judgments caused the accuracy of the older children’s knowledge judgments to increase regardless of whether the model justified her judgments. Also, the modeling of perceptual access justifications increased the older children’s tendency to give such justifications for knowledge judgments regardless of whether the justifications had been modeled for knowledge judgments or recognition responses.
Cafestol Increases Fat Oxidation and Energy Expenditure in Caenorhabditis Elegans via DAF-12-dependent Pathway (OR34-02-19)

Cafestol, a diterpene found in coffee beans, is reported to be an agonist of farnesoid X receptors (FXR), nuclear hormone receptors involved in cholesterol homeostasis. It is also known that FXR plays critical roles in other metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism; however, little is known about cafestol's effects on lipid metabolism. The goal of the current study was to investigate the effects of cafestol on lipid metabolism using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system. C. elegans was treated for 2 days with cafestol or 0.2% dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle control). Triglycerides, locomotor behavior (an indicator of energy expenditure) and lipid metabolism-related gene expressions were measured. Cafestol at 60 µM significantly reduced fat accumulation by 20% compared to the control. Cafestol increased locomotor activity by 38% compared to the control. The effects of cafestol on fat accumulation were dependent on daf-12 (a functional homolog of the human FXR) and further confirmed by the upregulation of a DAF-12-target gene, fard-1 (the homolog of the human fatty acid reductase 1). Cafestol's fat-lowering effects were also dependent on tub-1 (an ortholog of the human TUBBY), which is involved in the neurological regulation of energy expenditure. Cafestol upregulated the expression of ech-1.1, involved in fatty acid β-oxidation; however, no effects of cafestol were observed on lipogenesis, lipolysis or lipid uptake and transport. In conclusion, cafestol regulates lipid metabolism in C. elegans by increasing fatty acid β-oxidation and energy expenditure dependent on daf-12/FXR. Brazilian National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq).
Teaching Tongue Lateralization as a Component of Chewing Instruction

This study evaluated the efficacy of a treatment package which included tongue lateralization as part of chewing instruction. Participants consisted of three children who consumed only pureed food and had no history of chewing. Using the outcome measures, tongue lateralization and chewing, we demonstrated improvements in these outcomes for each of the three children. Prior to the end of treatment, all three transitioned to table food and continued to consume table food in follow-up. In addition to measuring changes in observed outcomes, three speech pathologists not involved with the intervention independently rated video clips taken across the course of treatment for each child. These independent raters reported improvements in both tongue lateralization and chewing. The current study was the first to demonstrate a method of integrating tongue lateralization into an intervention for chewing.
Age-related Hearing Loss: Recent Developments in Approaching a Public Health Challenge

Age-related hearing loss is highly prevalent and increasingly recognized as a public health priority. The purpose of this review is to summarize developments in understanding the role hearing plays in aging and new approaches to hearing health care. Growing evidence from large epidemiologic studies documents an association between hearing loss and the development of incident dementia, accelerated cognitive decline, depression, decreased quality of life, and falls, as well as increased risk of hospitalizations, health care utilization, and expenditures. Recent advances in legislation and delivery models hold promise in increasing access to hearing health care with the ultimate goal of mitigating the impact of hearing loss. With an aging population, age-related hearing loss will remain a public health priority. While progress has been made in the past decade, more research must be conducted to better understand the consequences of age-related hearing loss and the benefits of treatment, as well as expand access to hearing health care, particularly, as a potentially essential tool to aging well.
Eyebrow Deserves Attention: Upper Periocular Biometrics

Ocular biometrics is attracting exceeding attention from research community and industry alike thanks to its accuracy, security, and ease of use in mobile devices, especially in the presence of occlusions such as masks worn during the COVID-19 pandemic. When considering the extended periocular region, eyebrows have not been getting enough attention due to their perceived low uniqueness. In this paper, we evaluate a mobile-friendly deep-learning model for eyebrow-based user authentication. Specifically, we used a fine-tuned lightCNN model for eyebrow based user authentication with promising results on a particularly challenging dataset and evaluation protocol (open-set with simulated twins). The methods achieved 0.99 AUC and 4.3% EER in VISOB dataset and 0.98 AUC and 5.6% EER on SiW datasets using closed-set and open-set analysis, respectively.
Multi-crack formation in soft solids during high rate cavity expansion

Abstract The parameters governing failure in ultra soft solids can be difficult to quantify since traditional characterization techniques often cannot be implemented. The effects of increasing rate further complicate efforts. However soft solids, especially biological tissues, are frequently subjected to high rate deformation leading to damage and failure and should therefore be understood. We present results from high rate, needle-mediated cavity expansions in soft silicone and ballistic gelatin samples with moduli on the order of 10 kPa. We find that increasing rate of expansion increases the number of cracks initiated in the cavity surface, leading to multi-lobed as opposed to penny-shaped cracked cavities. Comparison of these experimental observations with an elastic wave speed-dependent fracture correlation model originally developed for hard materials suggests that counting the number of cracks may provide a measure of the soft solid’s fracture energy.
Medical gentrification and transposition: health care systems as urban redevelopers

The redevelopment of urban spaces by hospitals and universities, often aided by the public sector, has been heralded by academic researchers and policy-makers as a public good, especially in deindu...
Impact of Electronic Prescribing of Controlled Substances on Opioid Prescribing: Evidence From I-STOP Program in New York.

New York’s Internet System for Tracking Over-Prescribing (I-STOP) Act, requires prescribers in the state to electronically prescribe controlled substances (EPCS). We examine the effects of this man...
Editorial: Instrumental Learning in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Rewarding Review Incentivizing Future Research.

The mechanisms underlying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) continue to elude researchers, hindering efforts to improve diagnosis and treatment of the disorder.1 Notably, mechanisms such as operant conditioning, or instrumental learning, have been surprisingly underemphasized in the ADHD literature. This is curious given that behavioral interventions, which rely on the principles of operant conditioning, are one of only a few well-established interventions for ADHD.2 In this issue of the Journal, Hulsbosch et al.3 sought to answer critical questions regarding instrumental learning in children with ADHD through a systematic review that updates and extends prior reviews.4.
Stock Implied Volatility, Stock Turnover, and the Stock-Bond Return Relation

The authors study time-variation in the co-movements between daily stock and Treasury bond returns over 1986 to 2000. Their innovation is to examine whether variation in stock-bond return dynamics can be linked to non-return-based measures of stock market uncertainty, specifically the implied volatility (IV) from equity index options and detrended stock turnover (DTVR). The authors investigate two empirical questions suggested by recent literature on stock market uncertainty and cross-market hedging. First, from a forward-looking perspective, they find that the levels of IV and DTVR are both negatively associated with the future correlation between stock and bond returns. The probability of a negative correlation between daily stock and bond returns over the next month is several times greater following relatively high values of IV and DTVR. Second, from a contemporaneous perspective, the authors find that bond returns tend to be relatively high (low) during days when IV increases (decreases) and during days when stock turnover is unexpectedly high (low). Their findings suggest that stock market uncertainty has cross-market pricing influences that play an important role in understanding joint stock-bond price formation. Further, our results imply that stock-bond diversification benefits increase with stock market uncertainty.
Brief report: Risk factors for pneumococcal vaccine refusal in adults

BACKGROUND: Invasive pneumococcal disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Despite availability of an effective vaccine, many patients refuse vaccination.
Organizational Identity and Interorganizational Alliances - Dissertation Executive Summary

This dissertation examines the relationship between organizational identity and the early formation and performance implications of interorganizational alliances. Chapter 2 investigates how the comprehensibility of an identity - a fundamental issue a new organization faces - affects how it forms its initial portfolio of alliances. The findings indicate that comprehensibility affects the search for alliance partners in terms of the speed of alliance formation and the diversity between the new organization and its partners. Chapter 3 investigates how organizational identity affects the impact that alliances have on performance outcomes. Results indicate that weak identity reduces the impact that an organization’s exploration alliances have on its performance.
Life Cycle and Economic Analysis of Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle Idling Alternatives

Heavy Duty Diesel Truck (HDDT) divers are required by law to rest 8 hours for every 10 driving hours. As a consequence, the trucks are idled for long periods of time to heat or cool the cabin, to keep the engine warm, to run electrical appliances, and to refrigerate or heat truck cargo. This idling results in gaseous and particulate emissions, wasted fuel and is costly. Various technologies can be used to replace truck idling, including heaters, auxiliary power units, parking space electrification, and heating and air conditioning units in the parking space. In this paper the results of a life cycle analysis are reported giving the associated emissions savings and ecological burdens of these four technologies compared to truck idling. In this analysis the savings related to reduced engine maintenance and increased engine life are included. The fuel consumed and emissions produced by a truck engine at idle was obtained from experiments performed at Aberdeen Test Center (ATC). These idle emissions were compared to the pony pack auxiliary power unit (APU), the Espar direct-fired heater (DFH), Truck Stop Electrification (TSE), and Advanced Truckstop Electrification (ATSE). Of the four evaluated technologies, the Truckstop Electrification showed the most benefits to the truck drivers and the state. At a current average fuel price of $1.50 per gallon, the results show that truck stop electrification is most economical for the purposes of this study. Truck Stop Electrification results in a payback period of 1.53 for the driver, and 1.16 for the rest area, at the current price of diesel fuel. Advanced Truck Stop Electrification has a payback period of 0.83 years for the driver and a payback period of 3.66 for the rest area, based on a fee of $1.25 per hour. The rest area could reduce the payback by charging a higher fee, which would result in a greater payback for the driver. In addition, truck stop electrification showed the most emissions savings and the least ecological burdens. The APU and DFH showed considerable emissions reduction but were less economical, showing approximately 5 kg and 4 kg emissions savings per dollar, respectively.
Majority Rule, Exclusive Representation, and the Interests of Individual Workers: Should Exclusivity Be Abandoned?

Under the Taft-Hartley Act, the National Labor Relations Board is authorized to conduct elections among groups of employees to determine whether a union, by obtaining a majority vote, shall be the exclusive representative of any given group of employees for the purposes of collective bargaining with their employer. In addition, the Act has been interpreted to permit, or even require, an employer to recognize a union as the exclusive bargaining representative of a group of its employees without an election if it is established, first, that the union was selected by a majority of those employees to be represented, and second, that the employer's antiunion conduct made a fair election improbable. Since the Act only requires a majority, and not unanimity, the Board is not charged to determine what each individual employee believes or desires to be the appropriate unit; and the Board does not consult the employees or attempt to ascertain their wishes. Rather, the Board looks to many “objective” factors in any given case to make the determination. The union not only negotiates collective bargaining contracts on behalf of the employees who opposed it, but is also the exclusive agent of those opposition employees in settling their individual grievances with the employer. The purposes of this Article are, first, to explore the apparent consequences of the doctrine of exclusive representation, and second, to ask whether the federal labor laws would do better by abandoning the doctrine.
The sounds of dominance: Vocal precursors of perceived dominance during interpersonal influence

A study was conducted to determine the effects of vocal cues on judgments of dominance in an interpersonal influence context. Physical measures of human vocal cues and participant ratings of dominance were obtained from videotapes of actors delivering short influence messages. After controlling for linguistic and visual content of messages, results indicated that mean amplitude and amplitude standard deviation were positively associated wit dominance judgments, whereas speech rate was negatively associated with dominance judgments. An unexpected interaction revealed that mean fundamental frequency (F 0 ) was positively associated with dominance judgments for male speakers but not significantly associated with dominance judgments for female speakers. F 0 standard deviation was not significantly associated with dominance judgments. Results support the conclusion that dominance judgments are inferred from multiple sources of information and that some vocal markers of dominance are more influential than others
Amino acid compositions of all the tryptic peptides from the and polypeptide chains of adult hemoglobin of the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang). Biochemical studies on hemoglobins and myoglobins. X.

Hemoglobin was prepared from blood of adult animals of slow loris, and furthermore a and β polypeptide chains of the globin were separated by column chromatography. These two kinds of polypeptide chains were respectively digested with trypsin. The tryptic peptides thus obtained were isolated and purified by column chromatography and paper chromatography, and then each amino acid composition was analyzed.