cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Water-Cooled Steel-Tank Rectifier Corrosion Problem

The first mercury-arc rectifiers utilized glass tubes and consequently the physical size and electrical capacity was limited. The efforts to increase the available output led to the development of water-cooled steel-tank vacuum chambers after many years of research and the solution of many problems. This paper is primarily concerned with the solution of the problem presented by corrosion. Corrosion is essentially the returning of a metal to its original state and the problem consists in finding a means to retard the return sufficiently so that corrosion will not be a limiting factor in the life of rectifiers. Analysis of the problem indicates that pitting corrosion causes the greater damage and is largely a function of the character and condition of the metal, the quantity of electricity passing, and also that it is self-propagative. The rate of corrosion is affected by the temperature of the cooling water, the chemical constituency of the water, and potential differences between points on the surface of the rectifier tank. The first efforts in the solution of the corrosion problems were directed toward finding a protective coating to isolate the steel tank from the cooling water. Various paints, varnishes and lacquers, and enamels were investigated, as well as sprayed metal, but were not found satisfactory. Chemical treatment of the water was then investigated and sodium chromate found to give excellent results. The action of this chemical is reviewed and both laboratory and field evidence of its effectiveness submitted, followed by a discussion of the various factors to be considered in the application of this chemical to prevent corrosion. Introduction With few exceptions, all machines for the generation and conversion of electrical energy have been mechanical in nature. During the early part of the present century, Cooper-Hewitt and Steinmetz presented to the electrical world a conversion unit for transforming alternating current to direct current which was nonmechanical, but electronic in nature. This conversion unit known to us as the glass-bulb mercury-arc rectifier, has since its introduction won wide acclaim as an efficient, practical converter. Because of the fragility of glass, the physical size and current rating of the mercury-in-glass rectifier has been essentially limited. The desirable features of this particular type of converter are as follows: (a). High operating efficiency (b). Silent operation (c). Absence of moving parts (d). Comparatively long life
The nonlinear dynamics of the classical few body problem

Abstract The complicated behavior that small dynamical systems can display is reviewed and its relevance to such diverse fields as celestial mechanics, semi-classical mechanics and fluid dynamics is discussed.
Elevated exhaled carbon monoxide concentration in hemoglobinopathies and its relation to red blood cell transfusion therapy.

In this study, the authors examined a possible role of measurements of end-tidal carbon monoxide (CO), corrected for inhaled CO (ETCOc), as a noninvasive screening tool for hemoglobinopathies and as an indicator for when transfusions would be required in patients receiving chronic transfusions. ETCOc measurements were obtained in subjects with sickle cell disease (n = 18), thalassemia (n = 21), and healthy controls (n = 62). ETCOc values less than 3 parts per million (ppm) yielded a positive predictive value of 93% and negative predictive value of 94% in identifying hemoglobinopathies. Subsequently, 7 subjects with thalassemia had laboratory parameters and ETCOc measured over 2 transfusion cycles. ETCOc values were 4.90 ± 0.32 ppm (mean ± SD), with 89% of values being above normal (≥3 ppm). Pretransfusion ETCOc levels significantly correlated with pretransfusion reticulocyte count (r = .96, P <.001), but not with pretransfusion hemoglobin (r = .44, P = .16) or pretransfusion soluble transferrin receptors ...
Multi-energy soft-x-ray technique for impurity transport measurements in the fusion plasma edge

A new diagnostic technique was developed to produce high-resolution impurity transport measurements of the steep-gradient edge of fusion plasmas. Perturbative impurity transport measurements were performed for the first time in the NSTX plasma edge (r/a ∼ 0.6 to the SOL) with short neon gas puffs, and the resulting line and continuum emission was measured with the new edge multi-energy soft-x-ray (ME-SXR) diagnostic. Neon transport is modeled with the radial impurity transport code STRAHL and the resulting x-ray emission is computed using the ADAS atomic database. The radial transport coefficient profiles D(r) and v(r), and the particle flux from the gas puff Φ(t), are the free parameters in this model and are varied to find the best fit to experimental x-ray emissivity measurements, with bolometry used to constrain the impurity source. Initial experiments were successful and results were consistent with previous measurements of core impurity transport and neoclassical transport calculations. New diagnostic tools will be implemented on NSTX-U to further improve these transport measurements.
Mixed finite element methods for elliptic problems

Abstract This paper treats the basic ideas of mixed finite element methods at an introductory level. Although the viewpoint presented is that of a mathematician, the paper is aimed at practitioners and the mathematical prerequisites are kept to a minimum. A classification of variational principles and of the corresponding weak formulations and Galerkin methods—displacement, equilibrium and mixed—is given and illustrated through four significant examples. The advantages and disadvantages of mixed methods are discussed. The concepts of convergence, approximability and stability and their interrelations are developed, and a resume is given of the stability theory which governs the performance of mixed methods. The paper concludes with a survey of techniques that have been developed for the construction of stable mixed methods and numerous examples of such methods.
Somatic mitosis in the root tip ofAllium cepa—A review and a reorientation

Despite the obvious truism that a proper understanding of somatic mitosis is basic to the whole field of biology, and particularly to cytology, embryology and genetics, such understanding is confined, for the most part, to the professional cytologist and cytogenetist, and is not to be found in elementary texts, which are about a quarter of a century behind the frontiers of research. Furthermore, there are several important parts in the picture which have remained to the present time unfilled by the cytologists themselves. Three forms are generally used to illustrate mitosis in elementary courses and in advanced histology and cytology-somatic cells of whitefish, gonial cells of grasshopper follicle, and meristematic cells of onion-root tips. Whitefish preparations are excellent for an overall picture showing the asters and spindles, and the four classical stages, viz., prophase, metaphase, telophase and interphase, but the chromosomes are too small for detailed study. The situation in the grasshopper will be treated in another series of papers. My present topic is onion-root tip mitosis, for which there is at present no complete and up-to-date account in the literature, despite the great importance of this form in both pedagogy and research. Chromosome morphology and karyokinesis have been described in the genus by various older workers (1, 2, 26, 27, 57-78), and latterday authors (16, 42, 43, 80) employ Allium in studies of the structure and behavior of the chromonemata, which are particularly clear in many members of the Liliaceae. Belar (3) illustrates his text with a sequence in Allium cepa, and Heitz has investigated the nucleolus
The EEG and reaction to photic stimulation as an index of anxiety-proneness.

Abstract One hundred and ninety one subjects (patients and controls) were utilized in an attempt to develop an EEG measure for selecting anxiety-prone individuals. All were carefully studied by psychological tests and psychiatric interviews and rated for their proneness to develop anxiety under stress. EEGs were taken under resting conditions and during intermittent photic stimulation. An electronic brain wave analyser was used. There was a significant correlation between the criteria of anxiety-proneness and the following: 1. 1. Per cent of fast, slow and low alpha activity in the electronically analysed resting EEG. 2. 2. Pattern of fundamental driving response. 3. 3. Amount of harmonic driving response, particularly in the 20–30 c/sec. range to stimulation with flicker frequencies 1 2 or 1 4 this rate. 4. 4. Amount of subjective dysphoria produced by intermittent photic stimulation. A check list of EEG anxiety indicators derived from the above correlated 0.51 with the validating criterion of anxiety-proneness.
Prediction of Columnar to Equiaxed Transition during Diffusion-Controlled Dendritic Alloy Solidification

A model is presented to predict the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) in alloy castings. The model is based on a multiphase approach and accounts for heat and solute diffusion, as well as for grain nucleation, growth, and morphology. The model equations are applicable to both columnar and equiaxed dendritic solidification, thus offering an efficient single-domain formulation. A fixed grid, fully implicit finite-difference procedure is employed in the numerical solution, and a novel front tracking technique is incorporated that is also implicit in nature and readily applies to multidimensional situations. Calculations are performed for one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) castings of Al-Cu and Sn-Pb alloys. The calculated CET positions are compared with previous measurements in a (1-D) ingot cast under well-controlled conditions, and good agreement is found. The effects of various casting parameters on the CET are numerically explored.
A Critique of Research Measures Used to Assess Inappropriate Psychoactive Drug Use in Older Adults

An overview and critique of research measures of inappropriate psychoactive drug use in the treatment of frail older adults is presented. These measures are compared on the basis of six key criteria for the complex determination of inappropriate psychoactive drug use as a research variable. These six instruments/standards are examined also for their advantages and disadvantages as research tools. Based on this review and related literature, recommendations are made that future studies of inappropriate psychoactive drug use include expert clinician assessment, measures of target symptoms and functional status, physiological indicators wherever possible, and drug and dosage classifications according to interdisciplinary consensus-based criteria.
Cross-Cutting Messages and Political Tolerance: An Experiment Using Evangelical Protestants

Democratic theorists believe that exposure to rationales for conflicting views augments deliberation and tolerance. Evidence suggests that people are more tolerant of opposing groups after being exposed to alternative points of view, yet it is unclear how source credibility and previous exposure to the source moderates this effect. Using experimental survey data from a sample of evangelical Protestant PAC donors, I manipulate Christian Right activists’ exposure to dissonant messages on immigration reform and capital punishment and vary the source of these messages. I find that when the opposing viewpoints are attributed to a religious leader generally found outside the Christian Right social movement (a mainline Protestant), evangelicals are less tolerant than when attributed to a religious leader sometimes found within the movement (a Catholic). Moreover, I find the amount of contact with the respective religious group moderates source effects. In this way, the study reveals how social networks may moderate the effect of elite discourse on public opinion.
Phenolic Acids in Foods: An Overview of Analytical Methodology

Phenolic acids are aromatic secondary plant metabolites, widely spread throughout the plant kingdom. Existing analytical methods for phenolic acids originated from interest in their biological roles as secondary metabolites and from their roles in food quality and their organoleptic properties. Recent interest in phenolic acids stems from their potential protective role, through ingestion of fruits and vegetables, against oxidative damage diseases (coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancers). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as well as gas chromatography (GC) are the two separation techniques reviewed. Extraction from plant matrixes and cleavage reactions through hydrolysis (acidic, basic, and enzymatic) are discussed as are the derivatization reagents used in sample preparation for GC. Detection systems discussed include UV-Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, electrochemical, and fluorometric detection. The most common tandem techniques are HPLC/UV and GC/MS, yet LC/MS is becoming more common. The masses and MS fragmentation patterns of phenolic acids are discussed and tabulated as are the UV absorption maxima.
Mental nerve neuropathy: A complication of sickle-cell crisis

Anesthesia of the mental nerve, a rare complication of sickle-cell disease, has been reported. This is the first documented and reported case occurring in the United States. A review of the basic pathophysiology of the disease has been presented.
Quartz isolation from rocks, sediments and soils for determination of oxygen isotopes composition

Abstract Fusion of ground samples of rocks, sediments, and soils with sodium pyrosulfate removed most of the minerals except quartz and feldspars. Treatment of the residue with hydrofluosilicic acid (H2SiF6) completely removed feldspars. Quartz thus isolated, with O 18 O 16 ratio unchanged, is suitable for isotopic analysis.
Learning opportunities and negotiating social norms in mathematics class discussion

In this paper, we describe our current understanding of the relationship between learning opportunities and the negotiation of social norms in mathematics class discussion. With supportive social norms, a student non-acceptance can lead to constructive discussion in which students compare, contrast, elaborate and refute mathematics assertions just as mathematicians do. Under this circumstance, opportunities for learning are ample because students are more likely to find a situation problematic during inquiry activities. However, incompatible interpretations often cause emotional responses. Negative emotional responses, when not dealt with appropriately, tend to discourage students from participating in inquiry activities. Therefore, teachers need to take an active role in helping students interpret such situations through negotiating social norms. The negotiation of social norms makes possible the negotiation of mathematical meaning.
The postpartum formation of egg cells in the cat

The summary of this paper is as follows: 1 From an examination of 108 ovaries from eighty-nine individuals it was apparent that, in the cat a certain but variable amount of degeneration of primary follicles occurs in all life epochs. 2 The primary oocytes undergo the degeneration, while the follicle cells remain for an undetermined time. 3 The most profound instances of such degeneration were encountered in kittens of 6 to 9 weeks, accompanying or follwing the resolution of the egg cords into primary follicles and the establishment of the cortical or marginal zone. A sporadic degeneration of young oocytes occurs at earlier periods. 4 No evidence was seen of a new formation of egg cells from the residual follicle cells after the degeneration of the oocytes. The degenerations of the 6 to 9 weeks epoch are not believed to be of universal occurrence. 5 No adequate evidence was encountered of a new formation of egg cells from the surface epithelium, either before or after sexual maturity. 6 No evidence linking the degeneration of primary follicles with the estrous cycle was seen. 7 The stock of primary follicles established in the first few weeks after birth is believed to be adequate for the growth of graafian.
Delivery levels and behavior of 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, and other toxic volatile organic compounds in mainstream tobacco smoke from two brands of commercial cigarettes.

Mainstream tobacco smoke (MTS) was collected from Camel and Marlboro cigarettes for the determination of the delivery levels and equilibrium gas/particle partitioning constants Kp (m3 μg-1) of 26 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of toxicological interest. Kp values are important for understanding the fractional distribution of each compound of interest between the gas and the particle phases of MTS. The experimental method involved (i) drawing a smoke sample into a Teflon sampling bag at 20 °C, (ii) allowing the smoke particulate matter (PM) to collect on the walls of the bag, (iii) sampling the bag to determine the initial gas phase concentration of each VOC, (iv) removing the gas phase from the bag, (v) refilling the bag with humidified nitrogen gas, (vi) reestablishing the gas/PM equilibrium, and (vii) redetermining the gas phase concentrations. For each smoke sample, a comparison of the initial and redetermined gas phase concentrations allowed calculation of the total (i.e., gas + particle) delivery ...
Enamel Dissolution in a Weak Acid Containing 0.05, 0.5, or 5.0 mM Sodium Fluoride

The calcium and phosphorus dissolved from enamel were determined in 0.5-hour fractions during flow of a weak acid solution through small chambers containing surfaces of tooth enamel. The results demonstrated reactions of Ca and P dissolution and concurrent reactions of CaF2 formation at the surface of enamel minerals.
Pulsed operation of (Al,Ga,In)N blue laser diodes

Room temperature (RT) pulsed operation of blue (420 nm) nitride based multi-quantum well (MQW) laser diodes grown on a-plane and c-plane sapphire substrates has been demonstrated. A combination of atmospheric and low pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using a modified two-flow horizontal reactor was employed. The emission is strongly TE polarized and has a sharp transition in the far field pattern above threshold. Threshold current densities as low as 12.6 kA/cm 2 were observed for 10 X 1200 micrometer lasers with uncoated reactive ion etched (RIE) facets on c-plane sapphire. Cleaved facet lasers were also demonstrated with similar performance on a-plane sapphire. Differential efficiencies as high as 7% and output powers up to 77 mW were observed. Laser diodes tested under pulsed conditions operated up to 6 hours at room temperature. Performance was limited by resistive heating during the electrical pulses. Lasing was achieved up to 95 degrees Celsius and up to a 150 ns pulse length (RT). Threshold current increased with temperature with a characteristic temperature, T 0 , of 125 K.
The Role of Ionic Strength and Ion Valence in RNA Collapse and Folding

RNA folds efficiently in the presence of divalent ions, Mg2+ ions in particular. In fact, enhanced charge screening by divalent ions is a recurring theme in the study of nucleic acid electrostatics. Although site-specific ions have been identified in RNA crystal structures, the counterion atmosphere that screens the RNA charge is largely composed of a diffuse and mobile ion cloud. Here, we use Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) and microfluidic mixing kinetics to investigate the role of ionic strength and ion valence in the interactions, collapse and folding of small model RNA molecules. Our measurements suggest that in the presence of divalent ions the effective charge density near the RNA surface is smaller. We propose that a tighter localization of divalent ions leads to a larger degree of charge compensation and facilitates RNA folding.
A note on non-performing loans as an indicator of asset quality

Abstract In 1983, the public was given its first opportunity to review bank asset quality in the form of non-performaing asset information. The purpose of this study is to evaluate that information. A regression analysis comparing the non-performing asset statistics with examiner classifications of assets suggests that the non-performing asset information can be useful aid in analyzing the asset quality of banks, particularly when the information is timely.
Effect of the pump state on the dynamics of the parametric amplifier

The parametric amplifier is usually studied under the assumption that the pump mode is in a large-amplitude coherent state. We consider what happens when this is no longer the case. We first derive some exact relations between the number fluctuations of the pump and signal, the pump and the idler, and also the signal and the idler. It is then determined how much phase noise can be tolerated in the initial pump state if two-mode squeezing is to be produced in the signal-idler field. The relation between the rotational symmetry in phase space of the initial pump state and that of the signal-idler subsystem is determined. We find that the sum phase distribution of the signal and idler has twice the rotational symmetry as that of the initial pump state. Finally, we generalize the parametric approximation to treat pump states which are not coherent states. We examine the effect of a phase-squeezed pump state and find that the pump squeezing can actually decrease the two-mode squeezing of the signal-idler field while enhancing a form of higher-order squeezing, sum squeezing, for these fields.
Quantifying the interplay effect in prostate IMRT delivery using a convolution-based method.

The authors present a segment-based convolution method to account for the interplay effect between intrafraction organ motion and the multileaf collimator position for each particular segment in intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) delivered in a step-and-shoot manner. In this method, the static dose distribution attributed to each segment is convolved with the probability density function (PDF) of motion during delivery of the segment, whereas in the conventional convolution method (“average-based convolution”), the static dose distribution is convolved with the PDF averaged over an entire fraction, an entire treatment course, or even an entire patient population. In the case of IMRT delivered in a step-and-shoot manner, the average-based convolution method assumes that in each segment the target volume experiences the same motion pattern (PDF) as that of population. In the segment-based convolution method, the dose during each segment is calculated by convolving the static dose with the motion PDF specific to that segment, allowing both intrafraction motion and the interplay effect to be accounted for in the dose calculation. Intrafraction prostate motion data from a population of 35 patients tracked using the Calypso system (Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA) was used to generate motion PDFs. These were then convolved with dose distributions from clinical prostate IMRT plans. For a single segment with a small number of monitor units, the interplay effect introduced errors of up to 25.9% in the mean CTV dose compared against the planned dose evaluated by using the PDF of the entire fraction. In contrast, the interplay effect reduced the minimum CTV dose by 4.4%, and the CTV generalized equivalent uniform dose by 1.3%, in single fraction plans. For entire treatment courses delivered in either a hypofractionated (five fractions) or conventional (>30 fractions) regimen, the discrepancy in total dose due to interplay effect was negligible.
A Uniform Framework for Dynamic Load Balancing Strategies in Distributed Processing Systems

Load balancing plays a central role in processor utilizations in distributed systems. Several strategies have been proposed in the literature to achieve load balancing. Usually, these strategies attempt to achieve a tradeoff between reducing the execution time of an application and minimizing the synchronization and the communication overhead. In this paper, we present a general model in which load balancing decisions are reached by enforcing performance metrics which may be adapted to reflect the specific requirements of different environments. Many of the load balancing schemes that have been suggested in the literature can be viewed as specific instances of the general framework presented in this paper. The basic scheme in this framework uses a load contention number that accounts for the load of the processors, the communication cost and the distance among processors. It is meant to be adaptable to the overall load on the system, the load on the communication devices, the run time characteristics of the tasks, and the configuration of the system. Furthermore, its implementation is not computationally complex. Thus, the gains made by load balancing are not overshadowed by the load balancing cost.
Lifting of generic depth zero representations of classical groups

Abstract We describe how generic depth zero supercuspidal representations of classical groups lift to a general linear group. The main tool is a computation of reducibility points of certain parabolically induced representations.
An efficient semisynthesis of taxol from (3R,4S)-N-Benzoyl-3-[(t-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone and 7-(Triethylsilyl)baccatin III

Abstract An investigation of the ester enolate-imine cyclocondensation demonstrated that (−)-10-dicyclohexylsulfamoyl-D-isoborneol is an excellent chiral auxiliary for the formation of (3R,4S)-3-[(t-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone in high enantiomeric purity. Coupling between (3R,4S)-N-benzoyl-3-[(t-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone and 7-(triethylsilyl)baccatin III in the presence of sodium hydride as the base provided an efficient taxol semisynthesis.
Equilibrium constant for the reaction ClO + O2 ClO · O2

Photolysis of Cl2/Cl2O/O2 mixtures at 197 K has been used to place an upper limit of 4×l0−18 cm3 on the equilibrium constant for the ClO + O2 ClO·O2 reaction at that temperature. This value is three orders of magnitude below the current NASA recommendation [DeMore et al., 1990]. Estimating S°(ClO·O2 ) as 73 cal/mol-K, the bond energy for the complex is less than 7.7 kcal/mole.
Implementing SpokenMedia for the Indian Institute for Human Settlements

The SpokenMedia project implemented a proof-of-concept demonstration of its automatic lecture transcription and video player technologies for the Indian Institute for Human Settlements. This paper describes the development of the technologies, production of the automatic lecture transcripts, deployment of the transcripts via a video player, initial reactions and future directions.
Aerobic blood cardioplegia for revascularization of acute infarct: Effects of delivery temperature☆

The effects of different cardioplegia temperatures on myocardial protection with continuous aerobic blood cardioplegia were studied in a canine model of acute regional injury after left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and subsequent revascularization. Twenty-five animals underwent 90 minutes of occlusion followed by revascularization during 60 minutes of electromechanical arrest with continuous retrograde blood cardioplegia delivered at one of three temperatures: 18 degrees C (n = 8), 28 degrees C (n = 8), and 37 degrees C (n = 9). Left ventricular protection was assessed in a right heart bypass model in terms of the left ventricular pressure-volume relationships, myocardial oxygen consumption, regional myocardial blood flow, adenosine trisphosphate concentration, and water content. The preload recruitable stroke work relationship at 90 minutes after reperfusion was better in the 18 degrees C and 28 degrees C groups than that in the 37 degrees C group (18 degrees C, 85 +/- 14 erg x 10(3)/mL; 28 degrees C, 77 +/- 17 erg x 10(3)/mL; 37 degrees C, 58 +/- 13 erg x 10(3)/mL; p < 0.05). The maximum elastance and stress-strain relationships showed there were no significant differences between the groups at 90 minutes. The myocardial oxygen consumption was greatest in the 37 degrees C group during the first hour after reperfusion (18 degrees C, 5.4 +/- 1.4 mL O2.min-1.100 g-1; 28 degrees C, 4.7 +/- 1.1 mL O2.min-1.100 g-1; 37 degrees C, 6.3 +/- 1.6 mL O2.min-1.100 g-1; p < 0.05). The regional myocardial blood flow, adenosine triphosphate concentration, and myocardial water content were similar in the three groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An Investigation of Online Course Management Systems in Higher Education: Platform Selection, Faculty Training, and Instructional Quality

Colleges and Universities across the United States have experienced an unprecedented growth in the demand for online course instruction in the recent years. With the large increase in the number of students participating in courses in the online format, there is a lack of research or empirical data that examines both the overall effectiveness and the quality of instruction.Â This study was designed to examine three major components of online instruction: 1) Course Management Systems (CMS), 2) Instructor training and support and, 3) The evaluation of online courses. Thirty institutions of higher education in the tri-state area of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia participated in the research.Â The study was a Mixed-Methods approach with both quantitative and qualitative data gathered and analyzed. The methodology and results examined the process of selecting an institutional CMS, the training practices for online instructors, and the evaluation of online courses from an administrative and student perspective.
Evaluation of high frequency ground penetrating radar (GPR) in mapping strata of dolomite and limestone rocks for ripping technique

This paper presents how high frequency Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) can be effectively used for mapping the subsurface characterization of dolomite and limestone strata for determination if the rock is suitable for ripping. The results of the experiments conducted in the course of this project illustrated that water saturation helps in increasing the contrast between the dielectric constants of the separations, due to water escaping into cracks and clay layers. Running the survey on a dry rock will give a larger penetration depth; but during the interpretation of the results, one can omit small voids or clay layers.
A quantitative analysis of the crossed septohippocampal projection in the rat brain.

The projection from the medial septal-diagonal band complex (MSDB) to the hippocampal formation is generally considered to be primarily an uncrossed projection. The present study examined the number of MSDB neurons which project to the contralateral hippocampus, the position of these cells, their identity as either cholinergic or GABAergic, and the question of bilateral collateral projections. The fluorescent dyes Fluoro-Gold or diamidino yellow were injected into 5 equally-spaced sites along the septotemporal extent of the right hippocampus of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. In some animals True Blue (5%) was also injected in a similar fashion into the left hippocampus. Five days later the brains were processed for fluorescence microscopic examination. The number of retrogradely labeled cells on each side was counted in every fifth section (200 μm interval) through the MSDB and the percentage of contralaterally projecting neurons was calculated. Averaging across all sections and all brains, it was found that approximately 15% of the medial septal neurons and 17% of the diagonal band neurons project to the contralateral hippocampus. Most of the labeled neurons, both ipsilateral and contralateral, were present in the caudal half of the MSDB. Within the medial septum contralaterally placed cells were distributed uniformly throughout the mediolateral extent and some of these stained immunocytochemically for choline acetyltransferase or glutamic acid decarboxylase. In brains in which diamidino yellow was injected into the right hippocampus and True Blue into the left numerous neurons were observed to contain both dyes, thus indicating projections to both hippocampi.
Reaction time to change in visual orientation

The aftereffects of viewing diagonal lines for 50, 500, and 1,000 msec were measured by the speed and accuracy of identification of a variably tilted test grating. Significant RT and tilt aftereffects were found as functions of the duration of orientation-specific adaptation and the angle of separation between inspection and test lines. The results throw light on anchoring effects of the main visual coordinates and support a structural interpretation of orientational selectivity in human vision.
A novel autologous scaffold for diced-cartilage grafts in dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty

Diced-cartilage grafts have been used for dorsal nasal augmentation for several years with good results. However, compounds such as Surgicel and temporalis fascia used as a wrap have inherent problems associated with them, predominantly inflammation and graft resorption. An autologous carrier could provide stabilization of cartilage grafts while avoiding the complications seen with earlier techniques. In our patients, a malleable construct was used for dorsal nasal augmentation in which autologous diced-cartilage grafts were stabilized with autologous tissue glue (ATG) created from platelet-rich plasma (platelet gel) and platelet-poor plasma (fibrin glue). A prospective analysis of 68 patients, who underwent dorsal nasal augmentation utilizing ATG and diced-cartilage grafts between 2005 and 2008, were included in the study. Although there was notable maintenance of the dorsal height, no complications occurred that required explantation over a mean follow-up of 15 months. The use of ATG to stabilize diced-cartilage grafts is a safe, reliable technique for dorsal nasal augmentation. The platelet gel provides growth factors while the fibrin glue creates a scaffold that allows stabilization and diffusion of nutrients to the cartilage graft.
Dissipative Dynamics of Collisionless Nonlinear Alfvén Wave Trains

The nonlinear dynamics of collisionless Alfv\`en trains, including resonant particle effects, is studied using the kinetic nonlinear Schr\"odinger (KNLS) equation model. Numerical solutions of the KNLS reveal the dynamics of Alfv\'en waves to be sensitive to the sense of polarization as well as the angle of propagation with respect to the ambient magnetic field. The combined effects of both wave nonlinearity and Landau damping result in the evolutionary formation of stationary $S$- and arc-polarized directional and rotational discontinuities. These wave forms are frequently observed in the interplanetary plasma.
Autocrine down-regulation of collagenase-3 in rat bone cell cultures by insulin-like growth factors.

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-I and -II are presumed to act as autocrine regulators of bone formation. Recently, we demonstrated that IGF-I and -II inhibit bone collagen degradation and collagenase-3 synthesis in osteoblast cultures. Therefore, we tested the autocrine role of IGFs in the endogenous expression of collagenase-3 in cultures of osteoblast-enriched cells from 22-day fetal rat calvariae (Ob cells). Steady-state messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were determined by Northern blot analysis and collagenase concentrations in the culture medium were determined by Western immunoblot. Basal level collagenase-3 transcripts decreased in Ob cell cultures, coinciding with an increase in IGF-I and -II protein levels. Removal of the conditioned medium modestly increased collagenase-3 mRNA levels and restored the ability of exogenously added IGF-I to repress collagenase-3 transcripts. IGF neutralizing antibodies and IGF binding proteins-2 and -3 in excess increased and sustained collagenase mRNA, heterogeneous n...
Mathematical methods for analyzing leads.

Abstract Five equations have been derived which express quantitatively, for any given lead, the errors involved in the concept that the heart generator may be represented as a single dipole generator of fixed location and variable moment. The application of these equations to the study of the fundamental structure of leads is discussed.
A Quantitative Evaluation of the Frequency-Response Characteristics of Active Human Skeletal Muscle In Vivo

This paper describes an investigation of the frequency-response characteristics of active human skeletal muscle in vivo over the frequency range 1 Hz to 15 Hz. The applied force, forearm position, and surface electromyograms (from biceps, triceps, and brachioradialis) were recorded simultaneously in four normal adult male subjects for small oscillations of the forearm about a mean position of 90 deg flexion. Two modes of oscillatory behavior are discussed: externally forced oscillations under constant muscle force and voluntary oscillations against an elastic resistance. The observed amplitude and phase relations are presented herein and are compared to the response predicted by a simple model for neuromuscular dynamics. It appears that the small amplitude frequency response of normal skeletal muscle in vivo can be represented by a second order model. The main muscle parameters of this model are a muscular stiffness K, two time constants τ1 and τ2 associated with contraction dynamics, and a time delay τ: typical values of these parameters at moderate contraction levels (approximately 20 percent of maximum voluntary effort) are K = 100 N · m/rad, τ1 and τ2 = 50 ms, and τ = 10 ms. Reflex feedback under forced-oscillation conditions was also examined and may be characterized by a gain parameter (ΔE/Δθ), the ratio of the surface EMG amplitude to the angular displacement of the forearm, and the phase by which the EMG leads muscle stretch. The reflex EMG is observed to lead muscle stretch at all frequencies between 1 Hz and 15 Hz. The muscle stiffness K and the reflex gain parameter (ΔE/Δθ) are approximately proportional to the average force of contraction.
Coulomb interactions and energy-level spectrum of a small electron gas

Abstract Transport measurements are presented of a small island of electrons confined within a semiconductor heterostructure. Low bias measurements are used to infer the addition spectrum of the island as a function of gate voltage and magnetic field. Nonlinear measurements are used to explore the excitation spectrum of the island. These measurements are interpreted in terms of a model that treats the Coulomb interactions between electrons in a self-consistent manner.
Cretaceous Marine Nutrients, Greenhouse Carbonates, and the Abundance of Turritelline Gastropods

Abstract Modern marine carbonate sediments accumulate where carbonate‐producing organisms are abundant and siliciclastic input is low. Such accumulations occur today in two main environments and may be characterized as warm, low‐nutrient (WLN; also known as tropical or chlorozoan) carbonates or cool, high‐nutrient (CHN; also known as cool‐water, temperate, nontropical, foramol, or heterozoan) carbonates. Few carbonates form today in warm, high‐nutrient (WHN) conditions because such environments are very rare. Modern WLN environments occur mainly in low latitudes, where nutrients from upwelling or terrestrial runoff are low. Modern CHN environments occur mainly in middle to high latitudes, where nutrients, mostly from upwelling, are abundant. However, WHN depositional environments may have been widespread during the Cretaceous and Paleogene. During these times, upwelled nutrient‐rich waters would, in general, have been warmer than they are today. Nutrients in these waters supported diverse carbonate‐produc...
Materials Characterization and Device Performance of a CMR-Ferroelectric Heterostructure

The films of colossal magnetoresistive La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 (LCMO) and ferroelectric SbSI were grown by pulsed laser deposition method for fabricating their heterostructures. By varying the processing conditions during film growth and controlling subsequently the annealing conditions, the resistivity transport properties of the LCMO films could be greatly modified. Preliminary tests on the ferroelectric field effect transistor (FeFET) based on LCMO-SbSI heterostructure showed that the device behaves like a nonvolatile memory element. The FeFET showed a maximum channel modulation of ~10% at room temperature, and the switching voltage was less than 2 V.
EFFECTS OF THE CUTOFF CENTER ON THE MEAN POTENTIAL AND PAIR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS IN LIQUID WATER

Molecular dynamics simulations of extended simple point charge (SPC/E) water have been performed to study the effects of the truncation of long-range interactions on some calculated bulk properties of the liquid. The mean potential calculated in liquid water is sensitive to the choice of the cutoff center in the water molecule. The pair distribution function is also dependent on this choice, although not as strongly as the mean potential. An analysis is carried out to understand the origin of these effects. A common cutoff center is at the oxygen atom in the water molecule, but our study shows that this choice does not yield a mean potential value consistent with a more accurate estimate when no cutoff is applied. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Increasing the cache efficiency by eliminating noise

Caches are very inefficiently utilized because not all the excess data fetched into the cache, to exploit spatial locality, is utilized. We define cache utilization as the percentage of data brought into the cache that is actually used. Our experiments showed that Level 1 data cache has a utilization of only about 57%. In this paper, we show that the useless data in a cache block (cache noise) is highly predictable. This can be used to bring only the to-be-referenced data into the cache on a cache miss, reducing the energy, cache space, and bandwidth wasted on useless data. Cache noise prediction is based on the last words usage history of each cache block. Our experiments showed that a code-context predictor is the best performing predictor and has a predictability of about 95%. In a code context predictor, each cache block belongs to a code context determined by the upper order PC bits of the instructions that fetched the cache block. When applying cache noise prediction to L1 data cache, we observed about 37% improvement in cache utilization, and about 23% and 28% reduction in cache energy consumption and bandwidth requirement, respectively. Cache noise mispredictions increased the miss rate by 0.1% and had almost no impact on instructions per cycle (IPC) count. When compared to a sub-blocked cache, fetching the to-be-referenced data resulted in 97% and 44% improvement in miss rate and cache utilization, respectively. The sub-blocked cache had a bandwidth requirement about 35% of the cache noise prediction based approach.
Electrode Boundary Layers in Direct-Current Plasma Accelerators

One of the problems that must be faced in the development of direct-current plasma accelerators is that of boundary-layer growth on the electrode surfaces. These surfaces must be maintained at a somewhat lower temperature than is desirable in the bulk of the gas flow. The associated reduction in electrical conductivity near the electrode surface, together with the continuous current through the boundary layer, may result in greatly augmented Joule heating near the surface, and increased heat transfer. This phenomenon is treated within the framework of boundary layer theory. It is found that similar solutions for the thermal and viscous boundary layers exist for a certain class of accelerated flows in which the velocity varies as a power of the streamwise coordinate. The solutions show that the heat-transfer rate at Mach numbers near unity may be as much as ten times that which would be expected for a normal boundary layer. At higher Mach numbers, the similarity is not precisely valid; however, the analysis indicates qualitatively that a stagnation enthalpy overshoot may occur in the high-temperature portion of the boundary layer as a result of the electromagnetic acceleration.
Asymptotic neutrality of diatomic molecules

We use the no-binding theorem of Thomas-Fermi theory to prove that a large diatomic molecule is “almost” neutral. That is to say, that if the total nuclear charge isZ then the numberN of electrons required for the diatomic molecule to be stable satisfies\(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{Z \to \infty } N/Z = 1\). In contrast to the atomic case the emphasis here is on the lower bound onN. Our analysis will imply a new bound on the size of the molecule. These results are proved in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. We also give bounds onN which hold for allZ by a very elementary method, not assuming the Born-Oppenheimer approximation.
The Experiences and Effects of Economic Status Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities

We propose and test a theory of opportunities that explains the conditions in which economic status affects support for racial and ethnic group interests among African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans. Using data from a 2001 Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University national survey, our analysis finds that, for all minority groups, the effect of economic status on support for group interests is mediated by the socioeconomic experiences of individuals. Intergroup differences therefore result from varying experiences and perceptions of discrimination among minority groups rather than from group-specific theoretical processes. Compared to Latinos and Asian Americans, African Americans are least responsive to changes in economic circumstances because they are on the whole more pessimistic about their life prospects and more likely to encounter discrimination. But we find in general that, among those minority individuals who perceive equal opportunity and experience less discrimination, higher economic status often leads to a reduced emphasis on race and ethnicity. These results demonstrate that the incorporation of a minority group into American society depends not only on the actions of group members but also on the fair treatment of that group by the majority population.
The many faces of common variable immunodeficiency

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a rare immune deficiency characterized by low levels of serum IgG, IgA, and/or IgM, with a loss of Ab production. The diagnosis is most commonly made in adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years, but both children and much older adults can be found to have this immune defect. The range of clinical manifestations is broad, including acute and chronic infections, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and an increased incidence of cancer and lymphoma. For all of these reasons, the disease phenotype is both heterogeneous and complex. In the past few years, data from large patient registries have revealed that both selected laboratory markers and clinical phenotyping may aid in separating groups of subjects into biologically relevant categories. CVID consists of 2 phenotypes, 1 in which infections are the characteristic and another in which impressive inflammatory and/or hematologic complications also develop, including lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, autoimmune cytopenias, enteropathy, and/or and granulomatous disease. These phenotypes appear to be stable, are related to immunologic and inflammatory markers, and are predictive of outcomes. This review outlines current understanding about this syndrome based on studies of large cohorts, highlighting the evaluation and treatment of complications and, in particular, the autoimmune and inflammatory conditions that affect these patients.