cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytokine Networks in the Regulation of Inflammation and Fibrosis in the Lung

To understand the processes regulating inflammation and fibrosis in the human lung, we characterized the effects of recombinant interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, and gamma interferon on fibroblast proliferation, collagen production, interleukin-1-α production, interleukin-1-β production, and interleukin-6 production. These studies demonstrated the existence of complex cytokine networks by which inflammatory cells regulate fibroblast function and fibroblasts, in turn, feed back to regulate inflammatory cell function. They also demonstrated that, in this complex network, the effect of an individual cytokine varies with the state of activation of the target cell, the presence of other cytokines in the local microenvironment, and the ability of the target cell to produce bioactive autocoids such as prostaglandins. Aspects of this cytokine network are discussed and a testable hypothesis for granuloma and abscess formation is detailed.
Placental pathophysiology in preeclampsia

Abstract The two central pathophysiological themes of preeclampsia are: (1) placental trophoblast dysfunction; and (2) endothelial dysfunction within the maternal systemic vasculature. No single factor has been identified as the cause of preeclampsia, however, substantial evidence suggests that the increased oxidative stress, production of vasoconstrictor agents, altered placental cytokine generation, and the formation of other toxic compounds produced by the placenta promote several forms of endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia. The effects of such placental factors on maternal vascular cells (e.g. endothelial cells, neutrophils and platelets), combined with pre-existing maternal risk factors (vascular, renal, and metabolic diseases), with immune abnormalities and genetic factors pose substantial risks for developing this disorder during pregnancy. While placental dysfunction may not be the sole cause of preeclampsia, placental dysfunction may trigger, or significantly contribute to the vascular complications associated with preeclampsia.
Basal cell carcinoma arising in a cleft lip repair scar.

Background. A case of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) developing in the repair scar of a cleft lip is presented. Objective. Primary BCCs arising in surgical scars are very rare and no known reported cases exist of a BCC developing in a surgically repaired cleft lip scar. Methods. A 69-year-old white man presented with a 5 mm primary BCC on his upper lip at the site of his cleft lip repair scar. The diagnosis was made by a tangential biopsy that showed an ulcerated BCC. Results. Review of the medical literature indicates that a scar may be an independent risk factor for developing BCC. Conclusion. BCC may rarely arise in a cleft lip repair scar.
Ramanujan's inversion formulas for the lemniscate and allied functions

Abstract In the unorganized portions of his second notebook, Ramanujan states without proofs 10 inversion formulas for the lemniscate integral and two similar integrals. These 10 formulas are proven here.
The fine structure of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) chromosomes as revealed by pachytene analysis.

A standard pachytene karyotype of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is presented for the first time. Individual pachytene chromosomes were identified and described in detail. An idiogram was prepared on the basis of chromosome length, arm ratio, and distribution of heterochromatin and euchromatin. Chickpea pachytene chromosomes belong to the “differentiated” type with darker staining heterochromatin proximal to and lighter staining euchromatin distal to the centromeres. Chromosomes were numbered from 1 to 8 following a descending order of length. The total length of the chromosome complement at pachytene was 335.33 μ, and chromosome size ranged from 58.05 to 30.53 μ.
Enhancing Business School Effectiveness: A Multiple-Constituency Approach

Abstract This study used a multiple-constituency approach to evaluate the effectiveness of business schools. The critical questions that formed the focus of this effort were (a) is there a consensus in perceptions of business school effectiveness from the perspectives of the three distinct constituencies: the business community, faculty, and students and (b) what are the infrastructural factors that a business school can focus on to increase the level of effectiveness as perceived by each of the three groups? In an empirical examination of 20 U.S. business schools, it was found that students' perceptions of effectiveness of their institutions were divergent from the assessments of effectiveness provided by faculty and the business community. MBA program level factors such as diversity of student body and acceptance rate were found to significantly influence the satisfaction of the student community. Faculty seemed to be more concerned about business school characteristics such as class size and faculty-st...
An Antibody-Catalyzed Isomerization Reaction

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated against the coplanar transition state (TS⧧) analogue 1 and assayed for their ability to catalyze the isomerization of bridged biphenyls 4, 6, and 7. This is a relatively simple unimolecular reaction whose activation barrier arises from unfavorable steric interactions between the two benzylic methylene groups and strain in the bridging ring system. Seven mAbs were found that catalyzed the isomerization of 4 to 6; the most efficient (mAb 64D8E10) has kcat and KM values of 4.3 × 10-5 s-1 and 420 μM, respectively. This corresponds to a rate enhancement over the unimolecular uncatalyzed reaction (kcat/kuncat) of 2900. The dissociation constant for the TS⧧ analogue, Kd, was determined to be 210 nM. For both the antibody (64D8E10) catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions, the free energy of activation (ΔG⧧) is comprised largely of the enthalpy term; the antibody decreases the enthalpy of activation by 5 kcal/mol. Despite relatively large differences in the values of kcat/ku...
Plantar Condylectomy for Instability of the Second Metatarsophalangeal Joint

Second metatarsal phalangeal joint instability and synovitis can be a cause of forefoot pain. The instability can be diagnosed by conducting a thorough history and physical examination. It is important to identify contributing pathology and address this at the time of surgery. When conservative treatment fails, surgical correction via a plantar condylectomy may be effective in treating the instability and plantar metatarsalgia. This procedure is simple to perform, effective, and avoids overtightening that may occur with plantar plate reconstructive procedures.
Ethnic differences in BMI and body/self-dissatisfaction among Whites, Asian subgroups, Pacific Islanders, and African-Americans.

Abstract Purpose To distinguish body mass index (BMI) and body/self-dissatisfaction among Asian subgroups. Method 211 white, 155 Japanese, 112 African-American, 79 Filipino, 70 Chinese, 70 Hawaiian, and 124 multiethnic college students in Hawaii completed: Figure Drawings (index of body-dissatisfaction), self-loathing subscale (SLSS, exercise-based measure of self-dissatisfaction), Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI), and symptom self-report. Pearson correlation analyses were performed to determine whether BMI scores were related to self- and body-dissatisfaction and the relationship between self- and body-dissatisfaction. Results BMI was highly correlated with body and self-dissatisfaction for males and females. Males appeared more satisfied than females with the body and more diverse in choice of larger or smaller ideal body type. Highly significant BMI/ethnic group differences emerged. White males were large (high BMI) but very satisfied with body and self. Filipino males were the largest of all male groups but followed a female pattern of strong body/self-dislike and preference for smaller body. Chinese females were small and highly satisfied with body/self whereas Japanese females were small but highly dissatisfied with body/self. Conclusion Combining various ethnic groups under a single "Asian" category obscures important group differences. Study clearly demonstrates Asian ethnic subgroup differences in BMI and body/self dissatisfaction.
Structure of deep western boundary currents

Abstract Deep western boundary currents are wider by about an order of magnitude than such currents of the upper water as the Gulf Stream. Their structure is discussed here within the framework of a linear, continuously stratified model with lateral diffusion of density and momentum. They are treated as boundary layer corrections to interior fields, where the interior field is presumed given by observation, and the density-depth variation at the western boundary is taken (also from observation) as a prescribed boundary condition. A level bottom is assumed. For parameter values appropriate to the deep ocean, the lateral diffusion of density severely limits the geostrophic velocities and thus requires a relatively broad flow field. For a mixing coefficient of 1·2 × 10 7 cm 2 s −1 and suitable boundary conditions, a detailed calculation for the deep current at Lat. 28°S in the western South Pacific reproduces the scale and other gross features of the density field there and accounts qualitatively, in terms of the associated flow field, for prominent features in the distributions of dissolved oxygen and silicate.
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase expression is less prone to variegation when driven by its own promoter.

Abstract The ability to transfer permanently genes into mammalian cells makes retroviruses suitable vectors for the ultimate purpose of treating inherited genetic disease. However, expression of the retrovirally transferred genes is variable ( position effect and expression variegation ) because retroviruses are highly susceptible to the influence of the host genome sequences which flank the integration site. We have investigated this phenomenon with respect to the human housekeeping enzyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (hG6PD). We have constructed retroviral vectors in which the hG6PD cDNA is driven by either of two conventional retroviral promoters and enhancers from the Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MMLV) and the Myeloproliferative Sarcoma Virus (MPSV) long terminal repeats (LTR) or by the hG6PD own promoter replacing most of enhancer and promoter LTR (GRU5). We have compared the activity of retrovirally transferred hG6PD driven by these promoters after retroviral integration in bulk cultures and in individual clones of murine fibroblasts. The level of hG6PD expressed by the hG6PD promoter of GRU5-G6PD was significantly lower than that expressed by conventional retroviral vectors. However, analysis of the single copy clones showed less variation of expression with GRU5-G6PD (coefficient of variation, CV, 35.5%) than with conventional vectors (CV, 58.9%). Thus we have several vectors competent for reliable transfer and expression of hG6PD. The hG6PD promoter provides reproducible expression of hG6PD and limits the variability of expression. This decreased variability is important in order to help ensuring a consistent level of delivery of the needed gene product in future therapeutic protocols.
Acyl chain interactions and the modulation of phase changes in glycerolipids.

Fluorescence polarization measurements with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to monitor phase transitions and order in the liquid state in sonicated dispersions of mono-, di- and triacylglycerols. Residual order in melted glycerolipids was indicated when the structural order parameter, S, assumed non-zero values at temperatures, t ≥ tf, the DSC-determined fusion temperature. Residual order was observed with cis unsaturated di- and triacylglycerols but not with corresponding trans unsaturated or with saturated compounds. The reduced fluidity was attributed to adjacent binding of fatty acids to the glycerol molecule and the resulting interactions between fatty acyl moieties and packing effects. Lipids were considered as in an isotropic liquid or highly fluid state when diphenylhexatriene fluorescence anisotropy, rs, was equal to or less than 0.08, corresponding to S = 0. Temperatures, t0.08, for transition from the fluid state upon cooling were noted when rs = 0.08, and Δt = t0.08 − tf was then taken as a measure of residual order. Tri-, 1,2-di and 1,3-dioleoylglycerol Δt values were 75, 60.9 and 13.6°C, respectively. Tri-, 1,3-di- and monolinoleoylglycerol Δt values were 86, 30 and 41°C, respectively. Restrictions in mobility when observed are attributable to interactions between adjacent acyl chains. Double bond location in the hydrocarbon chain affected ordering in the liquid state as simple triacylglycerol esters of cis 18:1Δ6, trans 18:1Δ6 and cis 24:1Δ15 exhibited t = 37, 14 and 18°C, respectively.
Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) suppresses EL4 tumor growth by induction of apoptosis involving reciprocal regulation of SIRT1 and NF-κB.

Scope Understanding the molecular mechanisms through which natural products and dietary supplements exhibit anticancer properties is crucial and can lead to drug discovery and chemoprevention. The current study sheds new light on the mode of action of Resveratarol (RES), a plant-derived polyphenolic compound, against EL-4 lymphoma growth.
Ontogeny of control over the acoustic startle reflex by visual prestimulation in the rat

In Experiment I, rats 13-35 days of age were presented with acoustic startle stimuli in conjunction with light flashes or noise bursts at 4-320 msec lead times. Inhibition of the startle reflex by leading noise bursts was present on Days 13-15, whereas light flashes were not effective until Days 21-23. In Experiment II, 3 intensities of noise and 3 intensities of light preceded the reflex-eliciting stimuli on Days 16 and 35. All intensities of noise were effective on Day 16, whereas no visual stimuli were. On Day 35, all stimuli were effective. These data reveal that intrinsic visual structures and/or connections between these structures and reflex-control mechanisms mature relatively late in the rat.
640 Gbits/s photonic logic gates.

We demonstrate 640Gbits/s all-optical A AND B¯, and A¯ AND B logic functions using pump depletion in a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide. Bit-error-rate measurements show the effectiveness of the scheme, with a penalty of <2dB.
Adam33 polymorphisms are associated with COPD and lung function in long-term tobacco smokers

Background Variation in ADAM33 has been shown to be important in the development of asthma and altered lung function. This relationship however, has not been investigated in the population susceptible to COPD; long term tobacco smokers. We evaluated the association between polymorphisms in ADAM33 gene with COPD and lung function in long term tobacco smokers.
Breaking the stereo barrier of amino acid attachment to tRNA by a single nucleotide.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are responsible for attaching amino acid residues to the tRNA 3′-end. The two classes of synthetases approach tRNA as mirror images, with opposite but symmetrical stereochemistries that allow the class I enzymes to attach amino acid residues to the 2′-hydroxyl group of the terminal ribose, whereas, the class II enzymes attach amino acid residues to the 3′-hydroxyl group. However, we show here that the attachment of cysteine to tRNACys by the class I cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CysRS) is flexible; the enzyme is capable of using either the 2′ or 3′-hydroxyl group as the attachment site. The molecular basis for this flexibility was investigated. Introduction of the nucleotide U73 of tRNACys into tRNAVal was found to confer the flexibility. While valylation of the wild-type tRNAVal by the class I ValRS was strictly dependent on the terminal 2′-hydroxyl group, that of the U73 mutant of tRNAVal occurred at either the 2′ or 3′-hydroxyl group. Thus, the single nucleotide U73 of tRNA has the ability to break the stereo barrier of amino acid attachment to tRNA, by mobilizing the 2′ and 3′-hydroxyl groups of A76 in flexible geometry with respect to the tRNA acceptor stem.
PROCESSES AFFECTING SEAWATER CIIARACTERISTICS ALONG THE OREGON COAST

Local processes that modify surface water properties are described. Temperature and salinity data from Oregon coastal waters during 1961 and 1962 are examined to assess the effects of the various processes. The temperature-salinity pairs are divided into sets; each set is considered as dominated by a single modifying process. The set is defined by a process sector on a T-S field. The percentage of observations in each process sector is determined; these provide a basis for quantitative comparison of different samples of data. During winter, rainfall is the dominant process all along the Oregon coast. Rainfall effects were found in 72% of the winter observations. During summer, two other processes dominate: along the northern Oregon coast, mixing with Columbia River water occurred 23% of the time; near Cape Blanco, upwelling in conjunction with heating was found 42% of the time.
The role of computer based training for marine engineers

This paper describes the latest developments in applications of Computer Based Training-interactive programs (CBT) for the familiarization with marine machinery; specially taking into account the safety aspects. The experience of Gdynia Maritime Academy in CBT applications, as well as benefits and advantages of the use of interactive programs in the educational process of marine officers are also presented. The paper includes an example of CBT interactive program concerning steering gear installation and controllable pitch propeller plant. Also, the basic tasks for CBT interactive programs in maritime education, based on the new methods and procedures for accident prevention, are described. In the two programs the newest graphic presentation technigues were applied. Finally it is concluded that the use of CBT interactive programs in maritime education results in increasing emergency preparedness and reduction of possible human errors in the operation and maintenance of marine eguipment.
3D RF emitter location estimation

This paper describes a novel approach of a robust and efficient 3D location estimation technique for non-cooperative, active or passive RF emitters in a noisy environment with two or more arbitrary shaped arrays. Each array can provide precise frequency, direction of arrival (DOA) estimation and time of - arrival (TOA) estimation for the far field RF emitters. For an M-element array, the DOA estimator can adaptively estimate and track up to 2/3M independent emitters. We then apply the TDOA estimation and adaptive tracking algorithms to adaptive position finding and tracking involving one or two plane waves impinging on two synchronized uniform circular arrays, in the presence of uncorrelated receiver noise. Matlab simulations for mobile RF emitters location estimation are presented and discussed. The algorithms have been implemented to utilize an 8 - element uniform circular array that operates at 5.8GHz. Two identical arrays have been used for locating and tracking two fixed or/and mobile RF emitters‥ Test results show that the proposed system can achieve accuracy within 6 meters and resolution about 25 meters with the 8 - element circular array at a distance of 10 km. 1,2
High-Pressure Research at the Advanced Photon Source

Pressure, together with temperature, composition, or external fields, alone or in combination, can be used as principal variables in directing and controlling matter as well as for the synthesis of revolutionary new materials. The impact of extreme conditions to science, however, has been previously limited by the available vessels and probes. The last decade has witnessed a significant surge in extreme conditions science, thanks to the development of in situ synchrotron radiation (SR) probes and high-pressure (HP) instrumentation. Extreme conditions directly alter chemical, structural, mechanical, electronic, magnetic, and phonon properties of materials, revealing intriguing behaviors across boundaries between insulators and metals, ferromagnets and superconductors, ordered and disordered, and vigorously reactive and inert compounds. In Earth and planetary sciences, research from simulating experiments at high pressure and high temperature provides key information in understanding processes, dynamics, an...
The impacts of change management practices on project change cost performance

Change cost is one of the most sensitive aspects of construction project management, but it is also one of the most difficult to control. It has been widely recognized that construction projects that adopt change management practices generally incur lower change costs in comparison with project budgets. The relationship between change management practices and cost performance is investigated. Construction project data for this research are derived from the Construction Industry Institute Benchmarking and Metrics database. Multiple one‐way ANOVA and linear regression are performed to investigate the effectiveness of individual change management practices elements and overall change management practices implementation in controlling project change cost, respectively. The data analysis results show that individual change management practices elements have different levels of leverage in helping to control project change cost and that using change management practices is truly helpful in lowering the proporti...
Effect of propranolol and nitroglycerin plus methoxamine on transmural creatine kinase activity after acute coronary occlusion.

Transmural creatine kinase activity was determined 5 hours after acute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in 27 open chest anesthetized dogs. In seven dogs, propranolol, 2 mg/kg, was given intravenously over a 10 minute period 10 minutes after occlusion. In 10 dogs, nitroglycerin, 300 μg/min, was infused intravenously for 1 hour 10 minutes after occlusion. Methoxamine, 300 to 500 μg, was administered to return blood pressure and heart rate to prenitroglycerin levels. In untreated dogs, there was a distinct transmural gradient of creatine kinase activity in the ischemic region from subepicardium to subendocardium: nonischemic subepicardium 1,187 ± 50 international units (IU)/g versus ischemic subepicardium 1,054 ± 46 IU/g and nonischemic subendocardium 1,170 ± 53 IU/g versus ischemic subendocardium 766 ± 42 IU/g, respectively. Administration of propranolol did not affect the transmural creatine kinase gradient after 5 hours of occlusion. In contrast, nitroglycerin plus methoxamine significantly (P <0.05) decreased subendocardial creatine kinase depletion after 5 hours of occlusion (776 ± 42 versus 978 ± 47 IU/g). These findings demonstrate the unique capability of nitroglycerin plus methoxamine to protect the subendocardium during ischemic insuit.
The indigenous gastrointestinal microflora

The indigenous gastrointestinal (GI) tract microflora has profound effects on the anatomical, physiological and immunological development of the host. The indigenous microflora stimulates the host immune system to respond more quickly to pathogen challenge and, through bacterial antagonism, inhibits colonization of the GI tract by overt exogenous pathogens. Indigenous GI bacteria are also opportunistic pathogens and can translocate across the mucosal barrier to cause systemic infection in debilitated hosts.
Serum Glutathione in Adolescent Males Predicts Parental Coronary Heart Disease

Background—Traditional risk factors account for only half of the morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD). There is substantial evidence that oxidative injury plays a major role in the atherosclerotic process. Thus, antioxidants may protect against development of atherosclerosis. Glutathione, an intracellular tripeptide with antioxidant properties, may be protective. Methods and Results—This case-control study compared total serum glutathione (tGSH) in 81 adolescent male offspring of parents with premature CHD (ie, before 56 years of age) and 78 control male offspring of parents without known or suspected CHD. Case offspring had significantly lower tGSH than control offspring. In multiple logistic regression with parental CHD status as the dependent variable, age entered as a covariate, and other CHD risk factors competing to enter the model as significant independent predictor variables, LDL cholesterol (odds ratio [OR], 2.15 [units=1.5 SD]; 95% CI, 1.21 to 3.82), tGSH (OR, 0.40; 95% CI,...
Fermions with a domain wall mass: Explicit Greens function and anomaly cancellation

Abstract We calculate the explicit Greens function for fermions in 2+1 dimensions, with a domain wall mass. We then show a calculation demonstrating the anomaly cancellation when such fermions move in the background of an abelian gauge field.
Molecular simulation of humic substance Ca-montmorillonite complexes

An understanding of the processes that lead to long-term stabilization of organic matter in soils is essential to the effective implementation of strategies designed to mitigate CO 2 loss from the soil carbon reservoir in temperate climatic zones. Decomposition studies indicate that montmorillonite, a smectite that often forms with interlayers rich in Ca 2+ , greatly retards the microbial mineralization of soil organic matter. We performed a series of atomistic simulations designed to identify favorable molecular-scale organo-mineral interactions within nanoscale, hydrated complexes consisting of a humic substance and Ca-montmorillonite. Both protonated and Ca-saturated forms of the model humic molecule, representing acidic and circumneutral solution conditions, respectively, were studied within the hydrated interlayer region of a rigid-atom model of Ca-montmorillonite. The protonated humic substance formed direct hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) interactions with the clay mineral. A few polar organic groups adsorbed via water bridging interactions. The Ca-saturated humic substance adsorbed via numerous cation bridges, less numerous water bridges, and indirect H-bonding interactions mediated by water molecules. Application of molecular modeling techniques to this complex organo-mineral system thus allowed identification of interactions favorable to carbon sequestration under both acidic and circumneutral conditions.
RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND COMPARISON OF CEFEPIME AND CEFTAZIDIME THERAPY FOR URINARY TRACT INFECTION

Abstract Seventy-seven adults with urinary tract infections were randomly assigned in double-blind fashion to receive cefepime or ceftazidime 500 mg intravenously every 12 hours. Forty-eight patients (26 in the cefepime group and 22 in the ceftazidime group) were assessable bacteriologically. Groups were similar in mean age (cefepime, 60.6 years; ceftazidime, 63.4 years), sex distribution (cefepime, 77% male; ceftazidime, 59% male), frequency of complicated urinary tract infection (cefepime, 69%; ceftazidime, 77%), frequency of pyelonephritis (cefepime, 15%; ceftazidime, 18%), and days of therapy (cefepime, 10.3 days; ceftazidime, 10.7 days). Pretherapy isolates were Escherichia coli (cefepime, 16 patients; ceftazidime, 14 patients), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (cefepime, 3; ceftazidime, 5), Klebsiella species (cefepime, 4; ceftazidime, 3), Enterobacter aerogenes (cefepime, 3), Citrobacter freundii (cefepime, 1), and Morganella morganii (ceftazidime, 1). Using the criterion of 4 colony-forming units/mL, 22 (85%) of 26 cefepime patients and 20 (91%) of 22 ceftazidime patients were cured 1 week posttherapy ( P = 0.67). Early failures were due to E coli (cefepime, 3; ceftazidime, 2) and P aeruginosa (cefepime, 1). At 4 to 6 weeks posttherapy, 12 (71%) of 17 cefepime patients and 12 (63%) of 19 ceftazidime patients remained cured ( P = 0.73). Adverse events were mild to moderate, reversible, and occurred in 6 (15%) of 39 cefepime patients and 4 (11%) of 38 ceftazidime patients ( P = 0.74). Cefepime appears to be as safe and effective as ceftazidime in the treatment of adults with urinary tract infections.
Decision Support for Watershed Management Using Evolutionary Algorithms

An integrative computational methodology is developed for the management of nonpoint source pollution from watersheds. The associated decision support system is based on an interface between evolutionary algorithms (EAs) and a comprehensive watershed simulation model, and is capable of identifying optimal or near-optimal land use patterns to satisfy objectives. Specifically, a genetic algorithm (GA) is linked with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for single objective evaluations, and a Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm has been integrated with SWAT for multiobjective optimization. The model can be operated at a small spatial scale, such as a farm field, or on a larger watershed scale. A secondary model that also uses a GA is developed for calibration of the simulation model. Sensitivity analysis and parameterization are carried out in a preliminary step to identify model parameters that need to be calibrated. Application to a demonstration watershed located in Southern Illinois reveals the capability of the model in achieving its intended goals. However, the model is found to be computationally demanding as a direct consequence of repeated SWAT simulations during the search for favorable solutions. An artificial neural network (ANN) has been developed to mimic SWAT outputs and ultimately replace it during the search process. Replacement of SWAT by the ANN results in an 84% reduction in computational time required to identify final land use patterns. The ANN model is trained using a hybrid of evolutionary programming (EP) and the back propagation (BP) algorithms. The hybrid algorithm was found to be more effective and efficient than either EP or BP alone. Overall, this study demonstrates the powerful and multifaceted role that EAs and artificial intelligence techniques could play in solving the complex and realistic problems of environmental and water resources systems.
Arthur Morgan Ushers in the Era of Engineered Flood Control in the Wake of the 1913 Dayton Flood

Arthur Morgan was born in 1878, the son of a Minnesota surveyor who joined his father as a partner. At age 26 he wrote the Minnesota Water Control Code, adopted in 1905. He then gained national notoriety as the Supervising Drainage Engineer of the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1907-10. In 1910 Morgan founded the Morgan Engineering Company in Memphis, strategically located halfway up the Mississippi River. The firm specialized in flood plain drainage and reclamation. In March 1913 record flooding along the Miami River devastated Dayton, Ohio, drowning more than 300 people. Dayton's citizens hired Morgan Engineering Co. to develop a plan of fail-safe flood control. Morgan moved his firm to Dayton to carry out the work and thrust himself into the research, design, and construction of a resilient flood control system, involving the entire watershed of the Miami River, some 3,937 square miles. The Miami Conservancy District required legal pioneering to formulate the agency on a solid legal foundation that would withstand a flood of challenges from the affected communities. Morgan's experience with drainage legislation west of the Mississippi proved invaluable. Morgan decided to design for a flow 40 percent above that of 1913. He devised an innovative plan using normally dry flood control basins rather than storage reservoirs, to provide flood storage and meter the peak flows. Five dry dams would be the largest embankment dams in the country and were bereft of any moving parts, so that they would indeed be fail-safe. Morgan presented his scheme to the public on October 3, 1916, and the project was constructed over the next six years, being essentially complete by the end of 1922. The Miami Conservancy District became a model for other urban centers across the United States, such as Los Angeles, San Diego, and Pueblo. The necessary legislation was so novel it faced 61 legal challenges—all the way to the Supreme Court.
A spatially explicit census reveals population structure and recruitment patterns for a narrowly endemic pine, Pinus torreyana

We conducted a census of the rare pine, Pinus torreyana ssp. torreyana, to determine (a) its population size and whether it is stable, growing, or declining; (b) the spatial variation in population structure; (c) the spatial patterning of trees in different life stages; and (d) the environmental factors that are related to seedling recruitment. Trees were classified into four stage classes: adult (>160 cm tall with cones); sub-adult (>160 cm without cones); saplings (30–160 cm); and seedlings (<30 cm). Stem diameter was measured for adults and sub-adults, and height for saplings and seedlings. Stands were defined by spatial clustering of the tree map. Univariate and bivariate point pattern analyses were used to explore spatial patterns for adult and juvenile trees and identify potential stand development processes such as density dependence, dispersal limitations, and patchy recruitment. Logistic regression was used to analyze seedling establishment and survival in relation to environmental variables derived from digital maps. Earlier studies reported little or no recruitment. We mapped 5,394 individuals, and tree size had “reverse J-shaped” distribution suggestive of a recruiting population. However, population structure was variable among stands. The predominant spatial pattern detected for adult and juvenile trees was clustering at lag distances <10 m. Bivariate pattern analysis did not suggest repulsion between adult and juvenile size classes. Seedlings tended to be found close to adults and on certain soil types. This suggests that the clustered patterns resulting from patchy recruitment of juveniles persist over time.
Secrets of Drug Resistance in NSCLC Exposed by New Molecular Definition of EMT

NSCLC metastasis and drug resistance has been associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This study reports the development of a robust gene expression signature of EMT in NSCLC and reveals new insights into the key molecular events that underlie EMT and drug resistance in NSCLC.
Autoradiographic study of histogenesis in the mouse olfactory bulb. I. Time of origin of neurons and neuroglia.

Time of origin (final cell division) of neurons and neuroglia of the mouse olfactory and accessory olfactory formations was determined by autoradiography. Animals were injected with thymidine-H3 at various developmental stages and killed at or near maturity. In the olfactory formation mitral cells (the largest neurons) arise first, mainly over the three day period from the eleventh day of gestation (E11) to E13, tufted cells chiefly from E13 to E18, and granule cells (the smallest neurons) mainly from E18 to postnatal day 20. Most of the smaller and more superficial peripheral tufted cells arise later than the deeper and larger middle and internal tufted cells. All three types of granule cells have a time of origin extending well into postnatal life, with internal granule cells arising over a longer and later period than periglomerular cells or granule cells of the mitral cell layer. Neuroglial precursors undergo final cell division chiefly between E17 and P10. In the phylogenetically less evolved accessory olfactory formation, mitral cells originate earlier than their homologues in the olfactory formation; mitral cells principally from E10 to E12 and granule cells chiefly from E12 to E18. The results support the concept that some germinal layers of the central nervous system are programmed to produce a succession of cell types, larger cells before smaller ones.
Petersen plane arrangements and a surface with multiple 7-secants

We study configurations of 2-planes in P 4 that are combinatorially described by the Petersen graph. We discuss conditions for configurations to be locally Cohen-Macaulay and de- scribe the Hilbert scheme of such arrangements. An analysis of the homogeneous ideals of these configurations leads, via linkage, to a class of smooth, general type surfaces in P 4 . We compute their numerical invariants and show that they have the unusual property that they admit (multiple) 7-secants. Finally, we demonstrate that the construction applied to Petersen arrangements with additional symmetry leads to surfaces with exceptional automorphism groups.
Skin-effect considerations on transmission lines subjected to external time-domain EM fields

The transient skin resistance is taken into account to characterize a single transmission line above a lossy ground and exposed to time-varying electromagnetic fields. To solve for the response voltage, modified transmission line equations are used. These new telegrapher's equations include an integral-differential term which takes into account the transient skin-effect resistance. The equations consist of the equivalent voltage and current sources which respresent the external time-domain electromagnetic fields. The time-domain finite-differences approach is then applied to the modified telegrapher's equations. This method also makes it possible to investigate how the response voltage propagates along the transmission line. >
Modeling and electrostatic focusing for a field emission electron source

Summary form only given. Because of their small emitting area and high emission current density, tip-based field emitters produce beams of low intrinsic emittance and high-brightness. Most prospective applications, such as high-resolution X-ray imaging, free electron lasers, and high-frequency TWT and terahertz interaction structures, require a focused electron beam to be transported over distances many orders of magnitude larger than the typical field emitter's transverse dimensions.This paper presents theory, simulations, and analysis that describe focusing and transport of the electron beam from a field emission tip in the electrostatic field produced by two gate apertures and a focusing anode. The idea of two gates was considered first by W. B. Hermannsfeldt [1] and further investigated by others. However, the two-gate concept does not allow sufficiently long focused electron beams. We introduced a focusing anode into the geometry and obtained optimized configurations that provide the desired long aspect ratio focusing and beam transport. For more adequate description of the field emission, we derive an emission model with higher order corrections to the Fowler-Nordheim theory and suggest a new concept of bandgap-spread multilevel field emission which involves emission from the multiple energy states that are either discretely or continuously distributed within the bandgap. The bandgap spread can be caused by various kinds of imperfections, intentional or accidental, such as lattice defects, dislocations, phase and chemical impurities, doping, and surface treatment. We implemented these new model concepts with the MICHELLE [2] particle optics code. We also discuss the calculated particles transverse energy distributions, intrinsic emittance and brightness threshold including the thermal effects, consider effects of the emission parameters on the beam properties, and show an example of a multiple-beam field emission source that could be integrated with a terahertz periodic structure for extended beam-wave interaction with no magnetic field for focusing.
Weakly Integrally Closed Numerical Monoids and Forbidden Patterns

An integral domain D is weakly integrally closed if whenever x is in the quotient field of D, and J is a nonzero finitely generated ideal of D such that xJ ⊆ J 2, then x is in D. We define weakly integrally closed (WIC) numerical monoids similarly. If a monoid algebra is weakly integrally closed, then so is the monoid. The characteristic function of a numerical monoid M can be thought of as an infinite binary string s(M). A pattern of finitely many 0's and 1's is called forbidden if whenever s(M) contains it, then M is not weakly integrally closed. The pattern 11011 is forbidden. We show that a numerical monoid M is WIC if and only if s(M) contains no forbidden patterns. We also show that for every finite set S of forbidden patterns, there exists a numerical monoid M that is not WIC and for which s(M) contains no stretch (in a natural sense) of a pattern in S.
British Romanticism and Latin America, 2: Atlantic Revolution and British Intervention

The second part of ‘British Romanticism and Latin America’ explores the repercussions of Robertson’s hemispheric heterotopia of the New World in the larger narratives of Atlantic revolution and British intervention that shaped the relationship between Britain and Latin America from the 1790s to the 1820s. The poems and essays that represented insurrection in Latin America drew on the shared histories of Africans and Amerindians in the American hemisphere to negotiate revolutionary sympathies in light of the rebellion of Tupac Amaru in 1781, which, after the Carib War of the 1770s, became the largest movement of indigenous resistance against European power until Toussaint Louverture. The figure of Tupac Amaru haunts the poetry of William Blake and Helen Maria Williams to suggest a returning insurgency and continued struggle for indigenous self-determination, while Ottobah Cugoano’s reinterpretation of the history of Amerindians in Robertson’s America expands the denunciation of European imperialism to include crimes against Africans. Other authors such as Robert Southey, John Thelwall, and George Colman develop the idea of Britain as the ‘noble deliverer’ or liberator of Latin America, an idea that Creole authors such as Francisco Miranda and Jose Blanco White also promulgated. The narrative of Britain as liberating power facilitated the penetration of British capital and political influence in the region, and resulted in the dissonant portraits of South American independence that informed the work of Maria Graham and British representations of the region in the 1820s.
A Coordinated Distributed Scheme for Cognitive Radio Based IEEE 802.22 Wireless Mesh Networks

The IEEE 802.22 standard based on cognitive radio is envisioned as one of the solutions that can harness the unused or under-utilized spectrum that was primarily been allocated for licensed TV services. This allows the cognitive radio enabled devices to opportunistically use the spectrum without spatial and temporal interference with the licensed devices. Alongside, the success of wireless mesh networks is enabling the possibility of creating wide-area wireless back-haul networks that will have increased network resource utilization and better performance. In this paper, we study the limitations of the current IEEE 802.22 MAC in mesh establishment and propose a coordinated distributed scheme for IEEE 802.22 enabled devices to establish a mesh network with reduced latency and control signaling. The coordination is initiated by the base station and is followed by the gradual joining of the IEEE 802.22 consumer premise equipments to the mesh network in a repeated, distributed manner. Through extensive simulation experiments, we demonstrate how the proposed mesh creation algorithm helps minimize mesh initialization latency, reduce control signaling, reduce start-up delay, reduce collisions during network initialization, and most importantly, increase spectrum utilization among IEEE 802.22 devices.
GcvA-mediated activation of gcvT-lacZ expression involves the carboxy-terminal domain of the α subunit of RNA polymerase

Several LysR-type transcriptional regulators have been shown to require the carboxy-terminal domain of the α subunit (αCTD) of RNA polymerase to activate their target genes. We show here that GcvA, a LysR-type protein, also uses the αCTD to activate the Escherichia coli gcvTHP operon. Amino acid residues in the αCTD important for GcvA-dependent activation, however, have no effect on GcvA-mediated repression of the operon.
A simulation study of dispatching rules and rework strategies in semiconductor manufacturing

Two major operational components of semiconductor fabs that effect fab productivity are dispatching rules and rework strategies. Although prior research has been conducted independently on these two issues, the hypothesis here is that the interrelationship between the dispatching rules and rework strategies has a significant effect on the productivity of the fab. Moreover, the goal is to determine which combination of widely-used dispatching rules and new and existing rework strategies results in the highest level of fab productivity. To test this hypothesis, a four-factor experiment is conducted to determine the effect of dispatching rules, rework strategies, fab types, and rework levels on key fab performance measures. Five dispatching rules are combined with three previously studied rework strategies and the first bottleneck strategy which is developed in this study. The treatment combinations are compared based on fab performance measures.
Regionally selective decreases in cerebral glucose metabolism in a mouse model of phenylketonuria

Impairment of cognitive function is characteristic of untreated phenylketonuria in humans and in the pahenu2 mouse model of phenylketonuria. We measured regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose in the adult male pahenu2 mouse to determine the effect of PKU on functional activity in brain and to discern what, if any, brain areas are affected. Our results demonstrate selective decreases (17–21%) in regions thought to be involved in executive function. Regions most significantly affected include prelimbic, anterior cingulate, orbital frontal and perirhinal cortex. Sensory and motor areas of cortex and hippocampus were remarkably unaffected.
Inflammation in dry eye diseases culminating in loss of ocular homeostasis

This article describes recent advances in the principles of dry eye diseases, with a strong focus on the autoimmune-mediated disease, Sjogren’s syndrome. The lacrimal functional unit, comprised of the lacrimal glands, the meibomian glands, components of the ocular surface, as well as the connecting sensory and motor neurons, is not merely a target of inflammation and autoimmunity in response to glandular injury or perturbations, but an integral player in the development and onset of disease. To better understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in dry eye syndromes, animal models that mimic individual or multiple clinical manifestations of the human disease have been developed and studied. Although an increasing number of CD4+ T-helper cell populations are being identified as critical components in the pathogenesis of dry eye conditions, recent studies have defined the importance of B lymphocytes in both the preclinical and clinical phases of the disease process. Furthermore, data are accumu...
Genetic rescue to the rescue

Genetic rescue can increase the fitness of small, imperiled populations via immigration. A suite of studies from the past decade highlights the value of genetic rescue in increasing population fitness. Nonetheless, genetic rescue has not been widely applied to conserve many of the threatened populations that it could benefit. In this review, we highlight recent studies of genetic rescue and place it in the larger context of theoretical and empirical developments in evolutionary and conservation biology. We also propose directions to help shape future research on genetic rescue. Genetic rescue is a tool that can stem biodiversity loss more than has been appreciated, provides population resilience, and will become increasingly useful if integrated with molecular advances in population genomics.