cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebral blood flow quantification in swine using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling

Purpose To develop quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) imaging using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) in swine, accounting for their cerebrovascular anatomy and physiology. Materials and Methods Five domestic pigs (2.5–3 months, 25 kg) were used in these studies. The orientation of the labeled arteries, T1bl, M0bl, and T1gm were measured in swine. Labeling parameters were tuned with respect to blood velocity to optimize labeling efficiency based on the data collected from three subjects. Finally, CBF and arterial transit time (ATT) maps for two subjects were created from PCASL data to determine global averages. Results The average labeling efficiency over measured velocities of 5–18 cm/s was 0.930. The average T1bl was 1546 ms, the average T1gm was 1224 ms, and the average blood-to-white matter ratio of M0 was 1.25, which was used to find M0bl. The global averages over the subjects were 54.05 mL/100 g tissue/min CBF and 1261 ms ATT. Conclusion This study demonstrates the feasibility of PCASL for CBF quantification in swine. Quantification of CBF using PCASL in swine can be further developed as an accessible and cost-effective model of human cerebral perfusion for investigating injuries that affect blood flow. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1111–1118. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Examining the Association between Cultural Environments and Survey Nonresponse

Survey response rates have decreased over time, particularly in the developed nations of North America and Western Europe (Battaglia et al. 2008; Curtin et al. 2005; de Leeuw and de Heer 2002). Since nonresponse can affect the quality of survey data, it has become an overarching research topic among survey methodologists (
Reticuloendotheliosis and myeloproliferative disorders: presentation of a case intermediate between these disorders and a discussion of their interrelationships.

1. The case of a three-year-old boy is presented who had hepatosplenomegaly, bleeding manifestations, reticulocytosis, marked thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis and in whom abnormal cells of various types were found in the peripheral blood. These abnormal cells included nucleated red cells, young myeloid forms as well as immature monocytes. The bone marrow was characterized by a marked increase of nucleated red cells, in all stages of developments, as well as by a moderate increase of mature and immature monocytes. 2. This case appeared to be related clinically to: (1) erythroleukemia; (2) leukoerythroblastosis; (3) monocytic leukemia, both of the Naegeli type and (4) of the Schilling type with leukomoid reaction; (5) leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, and (6) patient No. VII of Downey. 3. The interrelationships between these disorders is discussed.
Autoimmune Cerebellar Ataxia: Treatment Responses and Outcomes in 118 Patients (I4-4B)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate outcomes in autoimmune cerebellar ataxia. BACKGROUND: Autoimmune cerebellar degeneration is generally considered neurologically devastating. METHODS: A review of autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (Mayo Clinic, 1989-2012) included patients seropositive for 蠅1 neural autoantibodies, who received 蠅1 immunotherapy (102) or cancer therapy (42), and had neurologist-reported outcomes documented. Paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic autoimmune cases were compared. RESULTS: Inclusion criteria were met by 118 patients. Median neurologic symptom-onset age was 58 years (range, 27-83); 87 were women (73.7[percnt]). Median follow-up duration was 8 months (range, 1-220). Of 55 patients with a non-paraneoplastic cause, all were seropositive for 蠅1 autoantibodies targeting neuronal cytoplasmic GAD65 (33) or neural ion channels or receptors (N-type calcium channel, 9; P/Q-type calcium channel, 8; VGKC-complex, 6; muscle or neuronal acetylcholine receptors, 6). Of 63 patients with a paraneoplastic cause, 53 were seropositive for 蠅1 autoantibodies with high cancer-predictive value (neuronal cytoplasmic [PCA-1, 37; CRMP5-IgG, 7; other, 9] or nuclear [ANNA-1, 4; AGNA-1, 2; ANNA-3, 2]) and 10 were seropositive for 蠅1 antibodies with low cancer-predictive value only (targeting GAD65, neural ion channels or receptors), but also had cancer detected. Overall, 54/118 patients (45.8[percnt]) improved with immunotherapy (50) or cancer therapy (13). Final evaluations revealed: walker-dependency, 44; wheelchair-dependency, 37; independent ambulation, 24; bed-bound, 7 (caused by cancer [4], ataxia [2], infection [1]), and cane-dependency, 6. Neurologic improvements occurred more commonly among non-paraneoplastic patients (31/55 vs 23/63, p=0.04) and in patients seropositive for antibodies targeting neural ion channels or receptors only (14/21 versus 33/82 patients seropositive for neuronal nuclear/cytoplasmic antibodies only, p<0.001). The non-paraneoplastic patients were more likely ambulatory at last follow-up (44/55 versus 30/63, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The autoantibody profile of autoimmune cerebellar ataxias is diverse. Though usually severe, improvements may occur, particularly in patients with non-paraneoplastic disorders and in those harboring autoantibodies directed against neural plasma membrane protein antigens. Disclosure: Dr. Jones has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pittock9s institution has received compensation for activities with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Medimmune, and Chugai Pharma. Dr. Pittock and his institution stand to receive royalty payments in the technology entitled "Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantibodie Dr. Lennon stands to receive royalty payments for commercial assays to detect of Aquaporin 4-specific Autoantibody. Dr. Eggers has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ahlskog has nothing to disclose. Research support from MedImmune for a laboratory diagnostics study.
Synovial cadherin-11

Cadherin-11 is a homophilic adhesion molecule that is expressed on fibroblast-like synoviocytes. To investigate a role for cadherin-11 in modulating synovial function, we have examined the synovial architecture and inflammatory responses in cadherin-11 mutant mice. We find these mice display a hypoplastic synovial lining with decreased cellular condensation and reduced extracellular matrix deposition. When challenged with arthritogenic serum in the KRN anti-GPI antibody-induced arthritis model in mice, cadherin-11-deficient animals display resistance to arthritis development. In animals that do develop detectable swelling and inflammation, there is a noted absence of cartilage damage, compared with wild-type animals with arthritis. Moreover, the architecture of the synovial response to inflammation is disorganized. In contrast to wild-type arthritic mice in which the synovial lining undergoes marked hyperplasia, the cadherin-11-deficient synovial reaction lacks a clearly detectable lining layer and shows a disorganized random inflammatory reaction. These results support the concept that fibroblast-like synoviocytes are direct participants in the highly orchestrated synovial reaction that occurs in inflammatory arthritis. Furthermore, these results reveal a role for synovial cadherin-11 in regulating synovial fibroblast function both in the healthy state and in the pathologic context of inflammatory arthritis.
Adipose-tissue specific deletion of TGF-β receptor 1 kinase protects mice from diet-induced obesity and diabetes (577.4)

The adipose tissue depot is one of main organs targeted during pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity. We previously showed that the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway regulates the appearance of brown ad...
Evaluating Michigan's community hospital access: spatial methods for decision support

Community hospital placement is dictated by a diverse set of geographical factors and historical contingency. In the summer of 2004, a multi-organizational committee headed by the State of Michigan's Department of Community Health approached the authors of this paper with questions about how spatial analyses might be employed to develop a revised community hospital approval procedure. Three objectives were set. First, the committee needed visualizations of both the spatial pattern of Michigan's population and its 139 community hospitals. Second, the committee required a clear, defensible assessment methodology to quantify access to existing hospitals statewide, taking into account factors such as distance to nearest hospital and road network density to estimate travel time. Third, the committee wanted to contrast the spatial distribution of existing community hospitals with a theoretical configuration that best met statewide demand. This paper presents our efforts to first describe the distribution of Michigan's current community hospital pattern and its people, and second, develop two models, access-based and demand-based, to identify areas with inadequate access to existing hospitals. Using the product from the access-based model and contiguity and population criteria, two areas were identified as being "under-served." The lower area, located north/northeast of Detroit, contained the greater total land area and population of the two areas. The upper area was centered north of Grand Rapids. A demand-based model was applied to evaluate the existing facility arrangement by allocating daily bed demand in each ZIP code to the closest facility. We found 1,887 beds per day were demanded by ZIP centroids more than 16.1 kilometers from the nearest existing hospital. This represented 12.7% of the average statewide daily bed demand. If a 32.3 kilometer radius was employed, unmet demand dropped to 160 beds per day (1.1%). Both modeling approaches enable policymakers to identify under-served areas. Ultimately this paper is concerned with the intersection of spatial analysis and policymaking. Using the best scientific practice to identify locations of under-served populations based on many factors provides policymakers with a powerful tool for making good decisions.
Metal-insulator transition in Ba1−xKxBiO3

Abstract Raman and infrared measurements were conducted on Ba 1−x K x BiO 3 single crystals as a function of potassium concentration x. The sample with x=0.5 was found to superconduct below 32 K, while the other two samples with x=0.2 and 1.0 were semiconducting and insulating, respectively. The observed peaks in these samples are tentatively assigned to lattice phonons.
Exocentric judgements in real environments and stereoscopic displays

Spatial direction errors during interpretation of perspective images, such as 3D map displays, may originate from misjudgment of the orientation of the viewing direction used to make the display. One source of these errors could be perceptual evidence of the display surface. Two experiments are reported in which the same judgment exocentric task was presented, but the cues to the picture surface were reduced or eliminated by presenting the task as a stereoscopic, virtual image or by a geometrically matched physical model. A theory developed to model exocentric direction errors on perspective displays has been fitted to the data from these two experiments. The parameters estimated from the fit in both experiments indicate that the subjects may be more correctly estimating the viewing direction than in ordinary perspective displays. Consequently, in some real world or stereo viewing conditions, errors in estimating the viewing direction are not likely to dominate exocentric direction errors.
Proposed revisions to the social and professional knowledge area for CS2013 (abstract only)

The ACM/IEEE-CS 2001/2008 computer science curricular guidelines are in the process of being updated and the strawman version of CS2013 will be unveiled at SIGCSE 2012. Inclusion of the ethical, societal and professional responsibility issues dates back to Computing Curricula 1991. This poster session will present the revised Social and Professional issues knowledge area and provide a means for any SIGCSE community member to provide feedback directly to SIGCAS and the CS2013 steering committee. Specific core and elective knowledge units, topics and learning outcomes will be delineated. The current state of the discipline and the profession were examined to provide contemporary guidance for the education of ethical behavior, professional practice and societal impact for computer science majors.
Core manufacturing capabilities and their links to product differentiation

Notes that substantive relationships between dimensions of competition and supportive manufacturing strengths have not been clearly established. Existing priorities‐based models of strategy ignore the dynamics of manufacturing capabilities. Furthermore, these models employ highly aggregated concepts which mix together operational priorities, outcomes, and capabilities, making hierarchical relationships in strategy difficult to define. Develops and proposes a new framework which modifies existing models of business strategy and manufacturing strategy in order to clarify and define core dimensions of competitive differentiation and manufacturing capabilities. Discusses relationships among these dimensions that are apparent in previous research and case studies. These relationships are summarized by a comprehensive model with propositions regarding supportive links between manufacturing capabilities, manufacturing outcomes, and product differentiation. Concludes by suggesting directions for tests of the model and for related future research.
Observations of hydrogen and helium isotopes in solar cosmic rays

The isotopic composition of hydrogen and helium in solar cosmic rays provides a means of studying solar flare particle acceleration mechanisms since the enhanced relative abundance of rare isotopes, such as 2H, 3H and 3He, is due to their production by inelastic nuclear collisions in the solar atmosphere during the flare. In this work the Caltech Electron/Isotope Spectrometer on the IMP-7 spacecraft has been used to measure this isotopic composition. The response of the dE/dx-E particle telescope is discussed and alpha particle channeling in thin detectors is identified as an important background source affecting measurement of low values of (3He/4He). The following flare-averaged results are obtained for the period, October, 1972 - November, 1973: (2H/1H) = 7+10-6 X 10-6 (1.6 - 8.6 MeV/nuc), (3H/1H) less than 3.4 x 10-6 (1.2 - 6.8 MeV/nuc), (3He/4He) = (9 ± 4) x 10-3, (3He/1H) = (1.7 ± 0.7) x 10-4 (3.1 - 15.0 MeV/nuc). The deuterium and tritium ratios are significantly lower than the same ratios at higher energies, suggesting that the deuterium and tritium spectra are harder than that of the protons. They are, however, consistent with the same thin target model relativistic path length of ~ 1 g/cm2 (or equivalently ~ 0.3 g/cm2 at 30 MeV/nuc) which is implied by the higher energy results. The 3He results, consistent with previous observations, would imply a path length at least 3 times as long, but the observations may be contaminated by small 3He rich solar events. During 1973 three "3He rich events," containing much more 3He than 2H or 3H were observed on 14 February, 29 June and 5 September. Although the total production cross sections for 2H,3H and 3He are comparable, an upper limit to (2H/3He) and (3H/3He) was 0.053 (2.9-6.8 MeV/nuc), summing over the three events. This upper limit is marginally consistent with Ramaty and Kozlovsky's thick target model which accounts for such events by the nuclear reaction kinematics and directional properties of the flare acceleration process. The 5 September event was particularly significant in that much more 3He was observed than 4He and the fluxes of 3He and 1H were about equal. The range of (3He/4He) for such events reported to date is 0.2 to ~ 6 while (3He/1H) extends from 10-3 to ~ 1. The role of backscattered and mirroring protons and alphas in accounting for such variations is discussed.
Shape representation via conformal mapping.

Representation and comparison of shapes is a problem with many applications in computer vision and imaging, including object recognition and medical diagnosis. We will discuss some constructions from the theory of conformal mapping which provide ways to represent and compare planar shapes. It is a remarkable fact that conformal maps from the unit disk to a planar domain encode the geometry of the domain in useful and tangible ways. Two examples of the relationship between conformal mapping and geometry are provided by the medial axis and the boundary curvature of a planar domain. Both the medial axis and the boundary curvature can be used in applications to compare and describe shapes and both appear clearly in the conformal structure. Here we introduce some results demonstrating how conformal mapping encodes the geometry of a planar domain.
New U.S. Wetland Protection Guidance Issued

A new joint guidance intended to help field officers distinguish whether or not specific wetlands fall under federal protection will expand the amount of hydrological and ecological information collected for wetlands, according to government officials. The guidance, issued on 5 June by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Army Corps of Engineers, should help the agencies comply with a June 2006 ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in Rapanos v. United States and Carabell v. United States. The Court ruled against the plaintiffs, who wanted to fill in their wetlands, but was split over further details regarding how wetlands are protected under the Clean Water Act (CWA), which governs the ecological health of U.S. navigable waters. Using the justices' written opinions, the EPA and Corps adopted specific criteria to assess whether wetlands are protected under the CWA.
Spatial variation of nonmetropolitan industrial location

This study examines economic development and industrial location in the rural Southeast using a varying coefficient model. Empirical results generated with a Poisson regression show that the varying coefficient model is appropriate and that the posited variables help explain the number of manufacturing firms which have located to a rural county. The model distinguishes between the ability of a county to attract industry both independent of distance and as a function of the distance to the nearest strategic urban center. Differences exist between the locational preferences of traditional industry and nontraditionial (diversification-enhancing) industry.
Interlocked DNA rings. II. Physicochemical studies.

Several species of topologically interlocked λb2b5c DNA rings (catenanes) have been prepared in vitro. The sedimentation behavior of dimeric catenanes containing 0, 1, or 2 covalently closed duplex rings has been studied as a function of the superhelical density of the covalently closed ring or rings. In general, if XtpY represents rings X and Y topologically interlocked, the sedimentation coefficient of this species, SXtpY, is related to the sedimentation coefficients SX and SY of the component rings by the empirical relationship SXtpY/SY = [(MX + MY)/MY] [1 + (MX/MY)1.78(SY/SX)1.78]−0.56 This equation can also be extended to the case where three monomeric rings are topologically linked in a chain. For two topologically interlocked monomeric rings with neither ring covalently closed, the sedimentation coefficient is 1.35 times that of the monomeric ring. This is different from results reported for mitochondrial and P22 catenanes by others. Several possibilities are discussed to account for this discrepancy. The sedimentation coefficient of a species containing one covalently closed duplex ring and a single-stranded ring was also measured in an alkaline medium. This species, which can be easily derived from a dimeric catenane containing two covalently closed duplex rings, is particularly useful for the identification of covalently closed dimeric catenanes. Some electron microscopic studies of these interlocked rings are presented in an accompanying paper.
SHORT COMMUNICATION: Inhibition of aflatoxin M1 excretion in rat urine during dietary intervention with oltipraz

4-Methyl-5-(2-pyrazinyl)-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (oltipraz) is an effective chemopreventive agent against several classes of carcinogens in many target organs. Induction of carcinogen detoxication enzymes, particularly glutathione S-transferases, appears to be an important component of the protective actions of oltipraz. It has recently been observed that addition of oltipraz to rat liver microsomes or to cultured human hepatocytes blocks the oxidative metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to its 8,9-oxide and the hydroxylated derivative aflatoxin Ml (AFM1). 0ltipraz is a competitive and perhaps irreversible inhibitor of cytochromes P450 1A2 and 3A4. To determine whether oltipraz can affect cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of AFB1 in vivo we have assessed the effect of oltipraz on the urinary excretion of oxidative metabolites of AFB1 before, during and after a transient intervention. Male F344 rats, housed individually in glass metabolism cages, were gavaged daily with 25 microg [3H]AFB1 for 28 consecutive days. Starting on day 6 and extending to day 16 half of the rats were fed a diet supplemented with 0.075% oltipraz. Sequential 24 h urine samples were collected and a subset analyzed for AFB1 metabolites. AFM1 was the major metabolite detected in all urine samples, accounting for 2-6% of the administered dose. The excretion of AFM1 was greatly reduced (77%) during the active phase of the intervention, when oltipraz was added to the diet, but rapidly returned to control levels after cessation of oltipraz administration. This inhibition of AFM1 excretion was not seen in animals receiving oltipraz by gavage 24 h prior to dosing with AFB1. Collectively these data are consistent with the view that oltipraz or a short-lived metabolite inhibits cytochrome P450 1A2 in vivo.
Storeys: designing collaborative storytelling interfaces

Storeys is a graph-based visualization tool designed for collaborative story writing that represents stories in a branching tree of individual sentences. The fine-grained, branching structure supports collaboration by reducing contribution cost, conflict over text ownership, and production blocking. Also designed to be ludic and playful, in initial evaluations Storeys was seen as a fun tool for creativity that balanced the exploration and elaboration of ideas.
Ethical Issues of Medical Missions: The Clinicians' View

Surgery is an important part of health care worldwide. Without access to surgical treatments, morbidity and mortality increase. Access to surgical treatment is a significant problem in global public health because surgical services are not equally distributed in the world. There is a disproportionate scarcity of surgical access in low-income countries. There are many charitable organizations around the world that sponsor surgical missions to under served nations. One such organization is Operation Smile International, a group with which both authors have volunteered. This paper will describe the purpose and processes involved in Operation Smile and identify some of the key ethical issues that arise in short term medical volunteer work highlighting the importance of sustainability.
The Terroir of Culture

AbstractCurrent fears regarding the disappearance of long-term cultural traditions in the face of globalization have led anthropologists and policymakers alike to engage in activities aimed at promoting “cultural survival” and preserving heritage evocative of nineteenth-century salvage anthropology. Yet there are important ways in which cultural traditions persist in specific locales, where practices are enacted and expressed at the intersection of culture and region. Borrowing a term from the wine and food world, where the maintenance of traditions is of great concern, we might call this intersection “terroir.”Invoking terroir, this article argues that archaeology, with its long-term perspective on culture change and the ways in which cultural traditions persist over time, may contribute to reframing current discourse over heritage preservation. Drawing on research in the Black Sea region of Turkey where a particular and distinctive “Black Sea culture,” specific to place much like terroir, has persisted ...
Introduction—Cybercrime: A Note on International Issues

Cybercrime investigations often transcend national boundaries. This creates problems for investigators because the procedural laws that govern the conduct of criminal investigations are territorially-baseds that is, they apply only within the territory of the country which promulgated those laws. Cybercrime investigations often require that evidence be traced, preserved and collected in more than one country, which of course means that the process is governing by the laws of multiple nations. The formal processes that have been created to govern transnational evidence-gathering are cumbersome and ineffective in cybercrime investigations, which move quicklys officers therefore tend to rely on informal methods, which are idiosyncratic in nature.
Average connectivity and average edge-connectivity in graphs

Abstract Connectivity and edge-connectivity of a graph measure the difficulty of breaking the graph apart, but they are very much affected by local aspects like vertex degree. Average connectivity (and analogously, average edge-connectivity ) has been introduced to give a more refined measure of the global “amount” of connectivity. In this paper, we prove a relationship between the average connectivity and the matching number in all graphs. We also give the best lower bound for the average edge-connectivity over n -vertex connected cubic graphs, and we characterize the graphs where equality holds. In addition, we show that this family has the fewest perfect matchings among cubic graphs that have perfect matchings.
Effect of alkyl functionalization on charging of colloidal silica in apolar media

Abstract The present work examines the effect of alkyl-silane treatment on the charging of colloids in apolar solvent using two otherwise identical 250 nm diameter, spherical silica particles, one with untreated surface and the other treated with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (C16), dispersed in an apolar isoparaffin solvent (Isopar-L) containing one of three oil-soluble surfactants: Aerosol-OT, OLOA 11,000, and zirconyl 2-ethyl hexanoate. The electrophoretic mobility of each dispersion was determined using phase angle light scattering (PALS). It was found that at sufficiently high surfactant concentration, i.e., where micelles begin to form in the bulk, the particle surfaces could be electrically charged. All three surfactants studied imparted a negative surface charge to the untreated silica particles. In all cases, the C16-treated particles were also found to be negatively charged but had a much higher magnitude of mobility than the untreated silica. Although the increase in magnitude of mobility as a result of the alkyl functionalization was surprising, it could be attributed to the increase in the number of surface hydroxyl groups arising from the hydrolysis of unbound methoxy groups of the silane molecules. The added hydroxyl groups provided additional potential acid–base interaction sites, resulting in higher particle mobility. It was also found that further increases in surfactant concentration lowered the particle mobility, attributed to the increasing concentration of electrically charged micelles, which may partially neutralize the surface charge or compress the electrical double layer.
Emerging subspecialties: neuroinformatics.

In the last few years, there has been an overwhelming influx of advanced genomics and brain imaging research data. The evolution of computational infrastructures needed to accompany neuroscience data growth eventually led to the birth of neuroinformatics.1 Neuroinformatics combines neuroscience and informatics research to develop innovative tools for organization of large-volume, high-dimensional neuroscience data. It also applies computational models to integrate and analyze these data to eventually understand brain structure and function.2
Quality Research and Practical Relevance: Can We Find the “Sweet Spot?”

This article presents an examination of research that explores the idea that the quality of academic research is positively associated with judgments about managerial relevance. The authors also explore the notion that if managers cannot distinguish between high and low quality research than they cannot distinguish the relevance of the work. The authors examine the overlap between academics and practitioners and also comment on some of the issues that have given rise to conflict between these two groups.
Quantum theory of the free electron laser in the laboratory frame

Abstract We have developed a formalism that allows us to use ordinary quantum mechanics (instead of quantum electrodynamics) to study the FEL in the laboratory frame. In this paper, we apply that formalism to the study of spontaneous emission and the growth of coherence in the linear (small-signal) regime, via a multimode calculation. We also present single-mode results concerning the effect of quantum-mechanical corrections to the gain and the saturation. Finally, we review the question of photon statistics; an extension of earlier results is pointed out.
Polarization of atomic radiative transitions in crossed electric and magnetic fields

A density-matrix approach is under development for the investigation of the angular distribution and polarization of atomic radiative emissions in crossed quasi-static electric and magnetic fields. Particular interest has centered on applications to spectroscopic observations in the intense fields of the high-power light-ion inertial fusion device PBFA II at Sandia National Laboratories, and to magnetic field measurements in tokamak plasmas. Noteworthy features of our general density-matrix analysis include allowances for the mixing of both the bound and continuum field-free atomic eigenstates in an arbitrary arrangement of electric and magnetic fields, and for the possible coherent excitation of the nearly degenerate field-dependent atomic substates that produce the overlapping Stark-Zeeman components. The influence of directed collisional excitation may also be taken into account. From the angular-momentum selection rules, specific results have been obtained for observation of polarized radiative emissions in the direction of the magnetic field.
Conservation of angular momentum in the problem of tunneling of the magnetic moment.

Tunneling of the magnetic moment has some unique features not encountered in other tunneling problems. The conservation of energy and angular momentum prohibits transitions between degenerate magnetic states in a free single-domain magnetic particle. For such transitions to occur, the particle must be firmly coupled with a large solid matrix that absorbs the change in the angular momentum. We show that the contribution of this effect to the tunneling rate is determined by the ratio of the magnetic anisotropy energy to the shear modulus of the matrix. An experiment is suggested that can test this prediction.
Manifolds: a very high-level conceptual framework of interprocess synchronization and communication

This paper presents a new linguistic mechanism for expressing and controlling inter-process interactions. Unlike existent designs such as monitor- or message-based mechanisms, which generally provides a set of relatively low-level primitives for users to implement various inter-process synchronization constraints, this mechanism provides a general conceptual framework to help users visualize and specify inter-process synchronization and communication from a higher-level vantage point. This conceptual framework highlights two distinct and frequently-used high-level concepts in parallel programming : condition synchronization and scheduling and, in most of the useful cases, users can simply specify the synchronization constraints imposed by these concepts in a given problem, without having to implement the constraints with some lower-level primitives.
On wind-wave-current interactions during the Shoaling Waves Experiment

[1] This paper presents a case study of wind-wave-current interaction during the Shoaling Waves Experiment (SHOWEX). Surface current fields off Duck, North Carolina, were measured by a high-frequency Ocean Surface Current Radar (OSCR). Wind, wind stress, and directional wave data were obtained from several Air Sea Interaction Spar (ASIS) buoys moored in the OSCR scanning domain. At several times during the experiment, significant coastal currents entered the experimental area. High horizontal shears at the current edge resulted in the waves at the peak of wind-sea spectra (but not those in the higher-frequency equilibrium range) being shifted away from the mean wind direction. This led to a significant turning of the wind stress vector away from the mean wind direction. The interactions presented here have important applications in radar remote sensing and are discussed in the context of recent radar imaging models of the ocean surface.
Murine prolactin-like protein E synergizes with human thrombopoietin to stimulate expansion of human megakaryocytes and their precursors

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of promegakaryocytopoietic murine hormone prolactin-like protein E (PLP-E) on human megakaryocytopoiesis. Human bone marrow CD34+ cells, cultured in serum-free medium with combinations of thrombopoietin (TPO), stem cell factor (SCF), Flt-3 ligand (Flt-3L), and PLP-E, were analyzed via microscopy, flow cytometry, and clonogenic assay. Unlike the situation with mouse cells, PLP-E alone did not promote human megakaryocyte (MK) differentiation, but instead synergizes with TPO to increase colony-forming unit megakaryocyte (CFU-MK), burst-forming unit erythroid (BFU-E), and and colony-forming unit granulocyte erythroid macrophage mixed (CFU-GEMM) expansion, as well as total MK production. These effects can be attributed to an increase in colony frequency, combined with a significantly greater total cell expansion induced by adding PLP-E along with TPO. The number of cells in each CFU-MK colony is an indication of the maturity of the progenitor population, with larger colonies deriving from a more immature progenitor cell. PLP-E significantly expanded immature, intermediate, and mature CFU-MK subsets at 3 days of culture, as well as the intermediate and mature subsets at day 6. PLP-E combined with TPO induced significant expansion of all CFU-MK subsets at all time points. PLP-E further increased the effect of SCF and Flt-3L on TPO-induced total cell and CFU-MK expansion.PLP-E may act as a survival factor for primitive human megakaryocytic and erythroid progenitors. It appears to preserve the highly proliferative immature fraction of the progenitor compartment but by itself does not promote total cell proliferation or human MK production. PLP-E may prove useful in combination with TPO and other cytokines for ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic progenitors to be used in a clinical setting.
Effects of chlordiazepoxide on the acquisition of shuttle avoidance in the rabbit

Rabbits injected with various dosages of chlordiazepoxide showed a decrement in the acquisition of a two-way shuttle-avoidance response. It is suggested that these results are not consistent with the notion that chlordiazepoxide reduces fear.
Characterization of the replication and mobilization regions of the multiresistance Klebsiella pneumoniae plasmid pJHCMW1.

Abstract A 2.4-kbEcoRI fragment including the replication and origin of transfer regions of theKlebsiella pneumoniaemultiresistance plasmid pJHCMW1 has been cloned and sequenced. The isolated replication region was sufficient for stable maintenance of the plasmid and shares homology with RNA-regulated replicons. Homology was highest with the replication region of the plasmid p15A. Incompatibility experiments, however, determined that pJHCMW1 is compatible with pACYC177, a plasmid harboring the p15A replicon. Differences in their RNA I nucleotide sequences may account for their compatibility. A mobilization origin was also found in the 2.4-kbEcoRI pJHCMW1 DNA fragment analyzed. Conjugation experiments showed that although non-self-transmissible, the recombinant clone including the 2.4-kbEcoRI pJHCMW1 fragment could be mobilized in the presence of the helper plasmid pRK2073.
Orthogonal activation of the reengineered A3 adenosine receptor (neoceptor) using tailored nucleoside agonists

An alternative approach to overcome the inherent lack of specificity of conventional agonist therapy can be the reengineering of the GPCRs and their agonists. A reengineered receptor (neoceptor) co...
Ectopic orthodenticle Expression Alters Segment Polarity Gene Expression but Not Head Segment Identity in the Drosophila Embryo

Abstract The cephalic gap genes specify anterior head development in theDrosophilaembryo. However, the mechanisms of action of these genes remain poorly understood. Here, we focused on the cephalic gap geneorthodenticle (otd),which establishes a specific region of the anterior head. It has been proposed thatotdacts in a combinatorial fashion with the cephalic gap genesempty spiracles (ems)andbuttonhead (btd)to assign segmental identities in this region. To test this model, we used a heat-inducible transgene to generate pulses of ubiquitousotdexpression during embryonic development. Ectopicotdexpression caused significant defects in head formation, including the duplication of sensory structures derived fromotd-dependent segments. However, these defects do not appear to result from the transformation of head segment identities predicted by the combinatorial model. Instead, they correlate with specific regulatory effects ofotdon the expression of the segment polarity genesengrailed (en)andwingless (wg).Ectopicotdexpression also caused the loss of head structures derived from the maxillary segment, which lies posterior to theotddomain. We show that this effect is associated withotdrepression of the homeotic selector geneDeformed (Dfd).
The object is integration

The new thing in the computer programming arena is object-oriented programming (OOP). OOP distinguishes itself from conventional programming in three important ways: encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. Encapsulation describes the organization of both code and data into powerful units called objects. This organization, a natural extension of a data-structure, creates an implicit relationship between object-code and object-data. Encapsulation describes the organization of objects into an object hierarchy. A child-object is said to inherit and specialize the behavior of one or more parent-objects. Polymorphism describes the ability of an object to react to a command with a reaction consistent with the object. There are many methods of effecting encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Several object-oriented programming languages (OOPLs) have been developed including Smalltalk, Turbo Pascal with Objects, and C++ (pronounced C plus plus). C++ is a popular OOPL among electrical engineers. This popularity is due in part to a strong similarity to ANSI-C. The similarity allows an engineer to first use C++ as a "better C" by learning encapsulation techniques. This first step, encapsulation using C++, is the topic of the present article. Using C++ as a "better C," however, should not be the ultimate goal. The full power of C++ can only be realized by mastering all the underlying OOP mechanisms. >
Monitoring of kidney and simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation rejection by release of donor-specific, soluble HLA class I.

Abstract Using an HLA-A2-specific ELISA we monitored daily pretransplantation and posttransplantation sera from five kidney and eight simultaneous pancreas-kidney HLA-A2-negative recipients of HLA-A2-positive transplants during hospitalization. We found that, unlike transplants, neither kidney nor simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants continuously secreted donor HLA proteins. However, three of four rejection episodes in kidney recipients and seven of seven rejection episodes in simultaneous pancreas-kidney recipients were accompanied by elevated serum levels of donor sHLA-A2 (>5 ng/ml). In only one kidney patient was there a release of donor antigen without evidence of rejection, but in the simultaneous pancreas-kidney group most patients had at least one time point of detectable sHLA-A2 without strong evidence of kidney rejection. While total sHLA levels were also elevated during rejection, the rise in donor-specific sHLA was more dramatic when compared to pretransplantation background levels. We hypothesized that the release of donor sHLA class I proteins by transplanted organs might be a systemic indication of rejection in both pancreas and kidney allografts. The detection of donor sHLA in recipient sera could be an important noninvasive monitor of rejection, especially in the pancreas, which is currently difficult to monitor as a single-organ transplant.
Passive Ranging in Multipath Dominant Environments: Part II-Unknown multipath parameters

Passive ranging accuracy using arrays deteriorates at long ranges because of the vanishing wavefront curvature observable by an array. The idea of including a priori knowledge of propagation conditions in ranging procedures for the purpose of improving the range estimate has received considerable attention in recent years. The interest is based on an observation that a large propagation delay measured between two coherent arrivals at a single receiver is equivalent geometrically to a delay generated by a single arrival in propagating to two widely spaced receivers. If the equivalent sensor spacing is on the order of or larger than the dimensions of an actual array, multipath ranging appears to be an attractive alternative to conventional curvature measurement approaches. This paper considers the potential performance improvements attainable in the process of exploiting a second path in long range ranging. The performance of line arrays is pursued in detail for a problem setting in which all of the parameters describing the signal and channel parameters are known a priori. >
Isotopic evidence of the persistent dominance of blood lead concentrations by previous gasoline lead emissions in Yerevan, Armenia.

Abstract Recent (1999) blood lead (PbB) isotopic compositions ( n =17) of males and females in Yerevan, Armenia, indicate that previous emissions of leaded gasoline still dominate the populace's PbB concentrations 2 years after the country's apparent de facto elimination of leaded gasoline in Armenia. The range of PbB isotopic compositions overlaps those of air and near-road surface soils in Yerevan, and the averages of those isotopic compositions in blood ( 208 Pb/ 207 Pb=2.442; 206 Pb/ 207 Pb=1.158) and near-road soils ( 208 Pb/ 207 Pb=2.442; 206 Pb/ 207 Pb=1.157) are indistinguishable. Using a proxy for historic leaded-gasoline emissions in Armenia, these analyses suggest that leaded gasoline was, is, and will continue to be via the resuspension of lead-bound soils contaminated by previous depositions from leaded-gasoline emissions, a relatively important source of industrial lead in both Yerevan's atmosphere and its populace. However, the level of lead contamination in the Armenian populace, based on the PbB geometric mean of 4.0 μg/dL ( n =49) measured in this initial survey, appears to be much lower than recently proposed by the Armenian Ministry of Nature Protection.
Antithyroid effects of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole.

SummaryThe effects of 3-amino-1,2,-4-triazole (ATZ) on weight, content of iodine, and histology of the thyroid in rats were determined and compared to the effects of propylthiouracil (PTU), and KCIO4. In an 83-day period of treatment, ATZ and PTU produced goiters of comparable size. The KCIO4 treatment resulted in slightly greater depletion of iodine in the thyroid, smaller goiters, and less thyroxine depletion of the thyroid. The effect of ATZ treatment on intrathyroid metabolism of iodine in rats was studied and compared to similar studies in rats without treatment. In the ATZ-treated group, there was a progressive decrease in T3 and T4 and a slight increase in the proportion of MIT. The biologic half-life of 131I in the thyroid of the control and treated groups was 4.9 and 1.3 days, respectively. These findings are similar to those found previously for PTU and show that ATZ, like PTU, not only interferes with organification of iodine but also inhibits the coupling of iodotyrosines to form iodothyronines.
Links between salinity variation in the Caribbean and North Atlantic thermohaline circulation

Variations in the strength of the North Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation have been linked to rapid climate changes during the last glacial cycle through oscillations in North Atlantic Deep Water formation and northward oceanic heat flux. The strength of the thermohaline circulation depends on the supply of warm, salty water to the North Atlantic, which, after losing heat to the atmosphere, produces the dense water masses that sink to great depths and circulate back south. Here we analyse two Caribbean Sea sediment cores, combining Mg/Ca palaeothermometry with measurements of oxygen isotopes in foraminiferal calcite in order to reconstruct tropical Atlantic surface salinity during the last glacial cycle. We find that Caribbean salinity oscillated between saltier conditions during the cold oxygen isotope stages 2, 4 and 6, and lower salinities during the warm stages 3 and 5, covarying with the strength of North Atlantic Deep Water formation. At the initiation of the Bolling/Allerod warm interval, Caribbean surface salinity decreased abruptly, suggesting that the advection of salty tropical waters into the North Atlantic amplified thermohaline circulation and contributed to high-latitude warming.
Amlodipine Releases Nitric Oxide From Canine Coronary Microvessels An Unexpected Mechanism of Action of a Calcium Channel–Blocking Agent

Background—Recent studies suggest that amlodipine may reduce mortality in patients with heart failure, especially those with dilated cardiomyopathy. In general, drugs that release NO, such as organic nitrates and ACE inhibitors, have been shown to be of substantial benefit in the treatment of heart failure. Methods and Results—We hypothesized that a portion of the beneficial actions of amlodipine may involve the release or action of NO. Coronary microvessels were isolated from the heart of normal dogs and incubated with increasing doses of the calcium channel blockers nifedipine, diltiazem, and amlodipine or the ACE inhibitors enalaprilat and ramiprilat. Neither nifedipine nor diltiazem increased nitrite production at any dose studied. In marked contrast, amlodipine caused a dose-dependent increase in nitrite production from 74±5 to 130±8 pmol/mg (by 85±21%,10−5 mol/L, P<.05) that was similar in magnitude to that of either of the ACE inhibitors. Amlodipine also increased nitrite production in large corona...
Structure and Luminescence Properties of Monomeric and Dimeric Re(I) Complexes with Dicarboxylic Acid-2,2′-Bipyridine Ligands

The luminescence properties of Re(I) complexes incorporating the dcbpy ligand (dcbpy = n,n'-dicarboxylic acid-2,2'-bipyridine; n = 3, 4) were investigated as well as their utility as Pb(2+) sensors. An unusual binuclear complex of the 3,3'- species was isolated. The emission intensity and lifetime for all complexes were found to be highly temperature-dependent, with quantum yields and lifetimes dramatically greater at 77 K than at room temperature. The monomeric 3,3'-dcbpy Re(I) complex demonstrates nearly 1:1 binding with Pb(2+). The effect of this lead binding on the emission intensity is great, but the low quantum yields allow only for detection of the metal at the micromolar level. The binding of Pb(2+) to the 4,4'-dcbpy complex is modeled and the interaction is demonstrated to involve two binding sites.
Experimental evidence for antiferromagnetic spin ordering on the (111) - (2 × 1) surface of diamond

Abstract A quantitative interpretation of the C KVV Auger lineshape provides experimental evidence for antiferromagnetic spin ordering within the π-bonded chain model on the (111) - (2 × 1) surface of diamond. An initial state electron correlation model is utilized to quantitatively interpret the Auger lineshape.
Keeping House In Lusaka

Keeping House In Lusaka. KAREN TRANBERG HANSEN. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. xii. 228 pp., plates, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, index.