cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced Confocal Fiber-Optic Imaging and Sensing Approaches

Fiber-optic-based confocal microscopy has been extensively used as an effective imaging and sensor technology due to its submicron spatial resolution, flexible beam delivery, and scanning potential. Recent research efforts in confocal microscopy have been focused on improving the resolution, increasing the imaging speed, and adapting multi-photon modalities. Here, we present our recent research studies on various advanced confocal fiber-optic imaging and sensing approaches using the following novel confocal methods. First, we investigated an all-fiber-optic confocal interference microscope approach using a low-coherence near-infrared (1310 nm) light source. A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement of 3.38 dB compared to a reflection-mode confocal microscope was observed. The use of a low-coherence light source reduced the interference effects between various optical components, and an all-fiber-optic, robust and compact confocal setup could be designed. Second, we experimentally investigated a single-fiber confocal microscope approach using a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber. The single-fiber hollow-core structure reduced the back-reflection by 85% which enhanced the SNR. The measured lateral resolution was as high as or better than 0.78 μm when a 532-nm laser source was used. Third, we explored a novel upconversion confocal microscope approach utilizing a continuous-wave near-infrared (1550 nm) pump light source. An Erbium-doped glass powder was used as an upconversion phosphor medium that emits an upconverted signal at 660 nm. Using this upconversion fiber-optic confocal microscope method, high resolution images with a lateral resolution close to theoretical limits were obtained.
Nonaqueous solutions of DNA. Denaturation in methanol and ethanol

Abstract Solutions of DNA in a variety of nonaqueous solvents can be prepared by dialysis in the absence of electrolyte. The properties of DNA in two of these solvents, ethanol and methanol, have been investigated in some detail. In both solvents, DNA may be essentially molecularly dispersed to give solutions that are completely stable. Both macromolecular and optical criteria—increased sedimentation velocity, lowered viscosity and radius of gyration, high ultraviolet absorbance—indicate that, in these solutions, DNA is denatured. The denaturation may be largely reversed by dialysis back to an aqueous salt-containing solvent medium. Both methanol and ethanol lower the thermal denaturation temperature of DNA in the presence of electrolyte. The significance of these observations for the consideration of factors determining stability of the DNA helix is discussed.
β-endorphin administration increases hippocampal acetylcholine levels

The contents of acetylcholine and choline were determined in rat cortex, striatum, and hippocampus following intraventricular injection of β-endorphin or D-Ala2-enkephalinamide, a synthetic enkephalin analog, in doses known to produce analgesia in experimental animals. These opiate polypeptides produced significant increases in acetylcholine levels in the hippocampus, a subcortical structure rich in cholinergic terminals. The acetylcholine content of the hippocampus (but not the cortex or striatum) was significantly elevated 15, 30, and 60 minutes after a single intraventricular injection of β-endorphin (10 μg/brain) or D-Ala2-enkephalinamide (10 μg/brain). Peak alterations in regional acetylcholine concentrations and in analgetic effectiveness both occurred 30 minutes after peptide administration. Choline concentrations were unchanged by any of the experimental treatments. Naloxone hydrochloride (1 mg/kg, subcutaneously) affected neither brain acetylcholine concentrations, nor the response latencies of rats placed on a hot-plate; it did, however, antagonize the changes in these parameters caused by β-endorphin or D-Ala2-enkephalinamide. These data suggest that endorphins may normally regulate the physiologic activity of some cholinergic neurons.
TESTING THE ORTEGA HYPOTHESIS: MILESTONE OR MILLSTONE?

Commentaire de l'article de Macroberts, critiquant l'hypothese d'Ortega sur les liens entre l'influence des scientifiques et le nombre de fois ou leurs articles sont cites
How Engineering Psychologists Can Improve Night Driving Safety: Automobile Headlighting Research

Vehicle headlamps do not provide adequate seeing distances in night driving conditions in which fixed (street) lighting is not provided. This may partly account for the greater accident rate at night than in daytime. Therefore, there is a need for improved vehicle headlighting.This paper describes an integrated approach toward the investigation of various problems that detract from the effectiveness of current headlighting and the development of experimental and analytical procedures that can be used to develop improved vehicle headlighting systems.Studies were conducted of a number of factors which affect the aim of headlamps, including the ability of persons in the service trade to aim lamps, the effectiveness of factory aim, the effects of vehicle service and of vehicle loading on headlamp aim. In this way the major factors that contribute to poor aiming of headlamps were discerned.Since numerous testing procedures are currently being used to evaluate the effectiveness of headlamp beams which make it d...
Comparative Study of Copper Oxidation Schemes and Their Effects on Surface Wettability

We present a comparative study of different oxidation methods for Cu, focusing on their effects on surface wettability for potential heat transfer applications. Various Cu2 O/CuO nanostructures are formed on copper substrates using thermal and chemical oxidation methods. The morphology and chemical composition of the oxide layers are investigated using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction measurements. To evaluate the surface wettability, static contact angles are measured before and after each oxidation process. In thermal oxidation, the contact angle can be tailored from ∼15° to ∼90° by varying heating time (10 min ∼ 4 hrs) and temperature (150–250 °C). Chemical oxidation processes using hot alkali solutions yield stable CuO nanostructures with high roughness factors and unique morphologies, which cause significant changes in wettability. Both superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces are demonstrated using the chemical oxidation methods.© 2008 ASME
Digoxin--new perspective on an old drug.

After all, in spite of opinion, prejudice or error, Time will fix the real value upon this discovery, and determine whether I have imposed upon myself and others, or contributed to the benefit of s...
The Utility of the Prototype/Willingness Model in Predicting Alcohol Use Among North American Indigenous Adolescents

In the present study, we considered the utility of the prototype/willingness model in predicting alcohol use among North-American Indigenous adolescents. Specifically, using longitudinal data, we examined the associations among subjective drinking norms, positive drinker prototypes, drinking expectations (as a proxy of drinking willingness), and drinking behavior among a sample of Indigenous adolescents from ages 12 to 14 years. Using an autoregressive cross-lagged analysis, our results showed that subjective drinking norms and positive drinker prototypes at 12 years of age were associated with increased drinking expectations at 13 years of age, and that greater drinking expectations at 13 years of age were associated with increased drinking behavior at 14 years of age. Our results provide initial evidence that the prototype/willingness model may generalize to Indigenous adolescents, a population that has received little attention within the psychological sciences. Our results also highlight some potential ways in which existing prevention efforts aimed at reducing substance use among Indigenous adolescents may be enhanced.
Parasitism of Tabanid (Diptera: Tabanidae) Eggs in Four Areas of Southern Louisiana

Tabanid eggs, collected weekly in each of 4 Louisiana parishes, were held in the laboratory for emergence of parasites. The percent of parasitized eggs per parasitized egg mass tended to be highest in the early part of the fly season, but the mean percent of masses parasitized generally was highest in the latter part. The ratio of parasitized to nonparasitized eggs collected was low in all of the study areas. Telenomus tabanivorus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was collected only from eggs of large Tabanus species such as T. atratus F. and T. stygius Say; Telenomus emersoni (Girault) was collected in 1963 from eggs presumed to be those of Tabanus lineola F. An undescribed species of Telenomus was collected from eggs of small species of Tabanus and eggs of Chrysops spp. In the laboratory, mating and oviposition by this undescribed Telenomus occurred shortly after emergence; tabanid eggs, 6 hr after being laid, did not appear to be acceptable as hosts. Nor were tabanid eggs acceptable as hosts for a common Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) which parasitizes eggs of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis F., in southern Louisiana.
Generation Chain Relationships in Families of Asthmatic Children

Sixty asthmatic and non-asthmatic children with similar personal and familial allergic background were compared. The mothers of the asthmatic boys had a particular type of relationship with their own parents. They had a dysphoric mood and saw their children as being very dependent. The children showed denial of emotional involvement with family members. The association between findings on the mother-grandparent relationship and the mother-child relationship is discussed.
Klinefelter's syndrome in a 5-year-old boy with behavioral disturbances and seizures.

Klinefelter’s syndrome (KS) is a sex chromosomal aneuploidy with a prevalence of approximately 1 in 500 live male births. KS is characterized by a range of abnormalities, including increased height, language delay, hormonal alterations, motor coordination difficulties, and hypogonadism. Seizures affect 5% of individuals with KS and antiepileptic drug efficacy is often suboptimal. Psychiatric symptoms, including hallucinations, mood and anxiety disorders, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and autistic behaviors have also been associated with KS. 1– 8 In young children, these symptoms may be difficult to differentiate from other psychopathology. 9 Unfortunately, KS is often not diagnosed until puberty. 3 We present a case of a 5-year-old with significant behavioral disruptions and seizures who was subsequently found to have KS and a maternally inherited 15q duplication/ deletion. This case highlights a critical research gap in the treatment of medically ill children with co-morbid psychiatric conditions and reinforces the benefit of genetic testing in young children with complex neuropsychological presentations. The demonstration of a second genetic abnormality offers support for a novel hypothesis whereby the range of symptoms in KS individuals may be explained by additional structural changes in their chromosomes, potentially missed by standard karyotype testing.
Nylon 6,6 copolyamides of bis(2-carboxyethyl) methylphosphine oxide

Copolyamides of nylon 6,6 with bis(2-carboxyethyl)methylphosphine oxide (CEMPO) were prepared by melt polycondensation of nylon 6,6 salt with CEMPO and hexamethylene diamine. The effect of CEMPO upon melting point, moisture regain, boiling water shrinkage, water wicking, tensile properties, thermal stability, static dissipation, and flammability of nylon 6,6 fibers and fabrics was determined. The fiber properties were greatly affected by the high water absorption and solubility characteristics of the phosphine oxide linkage. However, crystallinity and orientation were not greatly disturbed by up to 30–40M% CEMPO substitution in nylon 6,6. The copolyamides were of improved flame resistance compared to nylon 6,6 and were also found to give improved flame resistance in blends of the copolymer with various commercial plastics. In addition, CEMPO and the corresponding diamine, bis(3-aminopropyl)methylphosphine oxide were used to prepare a series of cycloaliphatic and aromatic ring-containing polyamides, but problems were encountered with moisture sensitivity and low melting points with some of these polymers.
Area Segmentation of Images Using Edge Points

A new method for segmenting images using abrupt changes in intensity (edge points) to separate regions of smoothly varying intensity is discussed. Region segmentation using edge points has not been very successful in the past because small gaps would allow merging of dissimilar regions. The present method uses an expansion-contraction technique in which the edge regions are first expanded to close gaps and then contracted after the separate uniform regions have been identified. In order to preserve small uniform regions, the process is performed iteratively from small to large expansions with no expansion for edge regions that separate different uniform regions. The final result is a set of uniform intensity regions (usually less than 100) and a set of edge boundary regions. The program has successfully segmented scenes with industrial parts, landscapes, and integrated circuit chips.
Field-by-field evaluation of intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography interpretative skills.

A quality assurance system is essential for the credibility and structured growth of anaesthesiology-based transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) programmes. We have developed software (Q/A Kappa), involving a 400-line source code, capable of directly reporting kappa correlation coefficient values, using external reviewer interpretations as the `gold standard', and thereby allowing systematic assessment of the validity of intraoperative echocardiographic interpretation. This paper presents assessment of the validity of 240 intraoperative anaesthesiologists' echocardiographic interpretations, and, in addition, the results of field testing of this prototypical software. Data, derived from consecutive cardiac surgery patients, consisted of standardized two-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiographic, colour flow and Doppler imaging sequences. Intraoperative and off-line `gold standard' TEE interpretations were compared for 19 fields or variables using the Q/A Kappa program. The kappa correlation coefficients were highly variable and dependent on the examination field, ranging from 0.08 for apical regional wall motion scores to 1.00 for tricuspid regurgitation grade, left atrial measurement, aortic valve anatomy and left ventricular long axis and short axis global function. The correlation coefficients were also operator dependent. These data (480 interpretations) were also manually integrated into the equation required for calculation of values of the variable kappa correlation coefficient. The relationship between Q/A Kappa-derived values and manually calculated values was highly significant (p < 0.001; r = 1.0). The implications and possible explanations of the results for particular examination fields are discussed. This study also demonstrates successful seamless functioning of this software program from data entry, segmentation into tables and valid statistical analysis. These findings suggest that it is practical to provide sophisticated continuous quality improvement TEE data on a routine basis.
The Effect of Teacher–Family Communication on Student Engagement: Evidence From a Randomized Field Experiment

Abstract In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of teacher communication with parents and students as a means of increasing student engagement. We estimate the causal effect of teacher communication by conducting a randomized field experiment in which sixth- and ninth-grade students were assigned to receive a daily phone call home and a text/written message during a mandatory summer school program. We find that frequent teacher–family communication immediately increased student engagement as measured by homework completion rates, on-task behavior, and class participation. On average, teacher–family communication increased the odds that students completed their homework by 40%, decreased instances in which teachers had to redirect students’ attention to the task at hand by 25%, and increased class participation rates by 15%. Drawing upon surveys and interviews with participating teachers and students, we identify three primary mechanisms through which communication likely affected engagement: stronger tea...
Cyclic voltammetry at semiconductor photoelectrodes. 1. Ideal surface-attached redox couples with ideal semiconductor behavior

Working curves for the cyclic voltammetric behavior of semiconductor electrodes have been generated by consideration of a model electrode circuit. The circuit consists of an ideal photodiode in series with a metal electrode. The electroactive material is considered to be an ideally behaving, surface-attached redox couple. The solution for the diode/electrode current-voltage characteristic has been solved numerically. Simulations have been performed under varying levels of illumination and for different values of the diode barrier height, the voltage scan rate, and the amount of electroactive material. Chopped scans have also been simulated, where the forward scan is in the light and the reverse scan is in the dark. Emphasis has been placed on modeling cyclic voltammetric data under common experimental conditions, in order to provide a basis for comparison with experiments in the literature.
An 8 $\,\times\,$ 8 InP Monolithic Tunable Optical Router (MOTOR) Packet Forwarding Chip

In this paper, we demonstrate single-channel operation of the first InP monolithic tunable optical router (MOTOR) chip designed to function as the packet forwarding engine of an all-optical router. The device has eight-input and eight-output ports and is capable of 40-Gb/s operation per port with bit-error rates below 1E-9. MOTOR integrates eight wavelength-tunable differential Mach-Zehnder semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) wavelength converters with preamplifiers and a passive 8 × 8 arrayed-waveguide grating router. Each wavelength converter employs a widely tunable sampled-grating distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser for efficient wavelength switching across the C band and other functions required for 40-Gb/s wavelength conversion. Active and passive regions of the chip are defined through a robust quantum well intermixing process to optimize the gain in the wavelength converters and minimize the propagation losses in passive sections of the chip. The device is one of the most complex photonic integrated circuits (PICs) reported to date, with dimensions of 4.25 mm × 14.5 mm and more than 200 functional elements integrated on-chip. We demonstrate single-channel wavelength conversion and channel switching with this device using 231 - 1 pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS) data at 40 Gb/s. A power penalty as low as 4.5 dB was achieved with less than 2-W drive power per channel.
Assessment of distribution and evolution of Mechanical dyssynchrony in a porcine model of myocardial infarction by cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Background: We sought to investigate the relationship between infarct and dyssynchrony post- myocardial infarct (MI), in a porcine model. Mechanical dyssynchrony post-MI is associated with left ventricular (LV) remodeling and increased mortality. Methods: Cine, gadolinium-contrast, and tagged cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) were performed pre-MI, 9 ± 2 days (early post-MI), and 33 ± 10 days (late post-MI) post-MI in 6 pigs to characterize cardiac morphology, location and extent of MI, and regional mechanics. LV mechanics were assessed by circumferential strain (eC). Electro-anatomic mapping (EAM) was performed within 24 hrs of CMR and prior to sacrifice. Results: Mean infarct size was 21 ± 4% of LV volume with evidence of post-MI remodeling. Global eC significantly decreased post MI (-27 ± 1.6% vs. -18 ± 2.5% (early) and -17 ± 2.7% (late), p < 0.0001) with no significant change in peri-MI and MI segments between early and late time-points. Time to peak strain (TTP) was significantly longer in MI, compared to normal and peri-MI segments, both early (440 ± 40 ms vs. 329 ± 40 ms and 332 ± 36 ms, respectively; p = 0.0002) and late post-MI (442 ± 63 ms vs. 321 ± 40 ms and 355 ± 61 ms, respectively; p = 0.012). The standard deviation of TTP in 16 segments (SD16) significantly increased post-MI: 28 ± 7 ms to 50 ± 10 ms (early, p = 0.012) to 54 ± 19 ms (late, p = 0.004), with no change between early and late post-MI time-points (p = 0.56). TTP was not related to reduction of segmental contractility. EAM revealed late electrical activation and greatly diminished conduction velocity in the infarct (5.7 ± 2.4 cm/s), when compared to peri-infarct (18.7 ± 10.3 cm/s) and remote myocardium (39 ± 20.5 cm/s). Conclusions: Mechanical dyssynchrony occurs early after MI and is the result of delayed electrical and mechanical activation in the infarct.
Ultrascience net: network testbed for large-scale science applications

UltraScienceNet is an experimental wide area network testbed to enable the development of networking technologies required for next-generation large-scale scientific applications. It provides on-demand dedicated high-bandwidth channels for large data transfers, and also high-resolution high-precision channels for fine control operations. In the initial deployment its data plane consists of several thousand miles of dual 10 Gb/s lambdas. The channels are provisioned on demand using layer 1 and 2 switches in the backbone and multiple service provisioning platforms at the edges in a flexible configuration using a secure control plane. A centralized scheduler is employed to compute future channel allocations, and a signaling daemon is used to generate the configuration signals to switches at appropriate times. The control plane is implemented using an out-of-band virtual private network, which encrypts the switching signals, and also provides authenticated user and application access. Transport experiments are conducted on a smaller test connection that provides us useful information about the basic properties and issues of utilizing dedicated channels in applications.
ZnO Microcrystals for Light Emitting Diode and Photovoltaic Applications with Integration on Flexible Substrates

We report a new integration approach to produce arrays of ZnO microcrystals for optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. Demonstrated applications are n-ZnO/p-GaN heterojunction LEDs and photovoltaic cells. The integration process uses an oxygen plasma treatment in combination with a photoresist pattern on Magnesium doped GaN substrates to define a narrow sub-100nm width nucleation region. ZnO is synthesized in the defined areas by a hydrothermal technique using zinc acetate and hexamethylenetetramine precursors. Nucleation is followed by lateral epitaxial overgrowth producing single crystal disks of ZnO. The process provides control over the dimension and location of the ZnO crystals. The quality of the patterned ZnO is high; the commonly observed defect related emission in the electroluminescence spectra is suppressed and a single near-band-edge UV peak is observed. Transfer printing of the ZnO microcrystals onto a flexible substrate is also demonstrated in the context of transparent flexible electronics.
On-plant survival and inheritance of resistance to Cry1Ab toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis in a field-derived strain of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis.

BACKGROUND: The high dose plus refuge is one of the major components of the resistance management plan mandated for transgenic corn expressing Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) that targets the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). This strategy was based on assumptions such as functional recessive inheritance, which has not been previously tested for O. nubilalis. The authors used a field-derived resistant strain of O. nubilalis to define the nature of resistance to Cry1Ab toxin by examining the inheritance and on-plant survival of susceptible and resistant insects and their F1 progeny. RESULTS: The resistant strain exhibited > 800-fold resistance to Cry1Ab. Resistance was primarily autosomal and controlled by more than one locus or multiple alleles at one locus. The degree of dominance D calculated on the basis of LC50 values was − 0.45(h′ = 0.27), indicating that resistance was incompletely recessive. No survivors were found on vegetative-stage Bt corn, although both resistant larvae and their F1 progeny were able to survive on reproductive corn 15 days after infestation. CONCLUSIONS: A field derived O. nubilalis strain exhibited high levels of resistance to Cry1Ab and survived on transgenic corn by feeding on tissues with low Cry1Ab expression. The Cry1Ab resistance was primarily autosomal, incompletely recessive and polygenic. Tissue and on-plant survival data indicated that dominance varies depending on plant stage. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
MARI: Motivator and Response Indicator

The theory of learning indicates that students would learn more efficiently if they were reinforced as soon as they made the correct response to a new concept. A simple device (MARI) for giving students immediate reinforcement within a class period was designed, built, and tested in actual classrooms. Not only would MARI reinforce the student when he made the correct answer but it would also indicate to the instructor the percentage of the class responding correctly. The merit of this teaching aid was evaluated in terms of the usual hour tests, by comparing the achievement of students in classes using MARI with control groups not using MARI. The first year the results were statistically highly significant in favor of using it. Later results were not. Yet it is strongly believed that some such device could be designed which would enchance classroom learning and that other experiments should be conducted.
Framing a Philosophy of Environmental Action: Aldo Leopold, John Muir, and the Importance of Community

A philosophy of action consists of a theory about how and why we do things and what motivates us to act. By juxtaposing the theory of environmental action implied by the works and life of John Muir with the philosophy of action suggested by Aldo Leopold's Land Ethic, we will illuminate the importance of a philosophy of action in determining one's approach to environmental decision making. This discussion is important for environmental education and the ethics these experiences inspire because both philosophies advocate very different visions of environmental action. In short, Muir demonstrates an ethic guided by the expected results of actions, an approach parallel to the responsible environmental behavior model (REB) of environmental education, whereas Leopold, demonstrates the role of intention and emotion in ethical decision making through the lens of community.
Not all nutrition claims are perceived equal: anchoring effects and moderating mechanisms in food advertising.

Despite the increased use of health claims in food advertising, few studies have investigated how specific nutrition claims have differential effects depending on how they are presented. In this context, the current study tests the anchoring hypothesis. Anchoring refers to a common human tendency to evaluate information differently depending on the presence or absence of a numerical “anchor” or reference point. Two (pilot and main) experimental studies explore anchoring effects on audience response to food advertising both directly and moderated by cognitive, motivational, and message factors. The pilot study finds that food product ads employing nutrition claims with an anchor rather than without an anchor generate two results: First, participants perceive the product to have lower fat/lower calorie contents (anchoring hypothesis); second, they prefer the messages with an anchor over those without an anchor. The main study reports that when anchoring is successfully evoked, it produces favorable attitude...
Notes on logic programming

The aim of these notes is to give a compact but complete presentation of the basic ideas behind logic programming. The emphasis throughout is on logical principles and on the main ideas of the most useful algorithms. These are concretely realized, although not always in the purest form, in various versions of PROLOG. We shall not be much concerned with how PROLOG is actually implemented, however, since the details vary considerably from system to system and tend to obscure the relatively simple conceptual framework which lies beneath the surface.
Transarterial embolization of symptomatic focal nodular hyperplasia.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of small size trisacryl gelatin microsphere embolization as a minimally invasive treatment option for patients with symptomatic focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed of experience with transarterial bland embolization of FNH during the period 2006–2011 in 12 patients (10 women and 2 men; age range, 18–61 y) with a total of 17 lesions presenting with symptoms of pain. FNH was pathologically proven in 11 lesions from 10 patients; the remaining lesions exhibited the classic imaging appearance for FNH. All patients underwent superselective embolization with 100–300 μm trisacryl gelatin microspheres. Lesion size and contrast enhancement before and after treatment were compared to determine success of the procedure. Clinical response was determined by review of the electronic medical record. Results: After embolization, seven patients showed complete resolution and five patients showed partial resolution of symptoms. Compared with imaging performed before the procedure, mean decrease in lesion size after embolization was 61% (range, 26%–90%) on cross-sectional imaging obtained 4–10 weeks after embolization and 87% (range, 54%–98%) on subsequent imaging. Diminished contrast enhancement was universally noted, with 5 of 17 lesions showing complete lack of residual enhancement. Conclusions: Transarterial bland embolization of FNH with trisacryl gelatin microspheres in symptomatic patients is a suitable treatment alternative to surgical resection.
Cultures of Scholarship

Cultures of Scholarship. S. C. Humphreys. ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1997. 428 pp.
e+ e- annihilation in gauge theories of strong interactions

We discuss the behavior of the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ total annihilation cross section into hadrons in a class of non-Abelian vector gluon theories. Using the quasi-free-field behavior of these theories in the deep Euclidean region, we show that the asymptotic behavior of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{tot}}^{{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ is that of the parton model. Nonleading corrections fall off relative to this leading term like inverse powers of logarithms with calculable coefficients. The problem of making more detailed statements about the final state is discussed.
Anxiety sensitivity and pre-cessation smoking processes: testing the independent and combined mediating effects of negative affect-reduction expectancies and motives.

Objective:Anxiety sensitivity appears to be relevant in understanding the nature of emotional symptoms and disorders associated with smoking. Negative-reinforcement smoking expectancies and motives are implicated as core regulatory processes that may explain, in part, the anxiety sensitivity–smoking interrelations; however, these pathways have received little empirical attention.Method:Participants (N = 471) were adult treatment-seeking daily smokers assessed for a smoking-cessation trial who provided baseline data; 157 participants provided within-treatment (pre-cessation) data. Anxiety sensitivity was examined as a cross-sectional predictor of several baseline smoking processes (nicotine dependence, perceived barriers to cessation, severity of prior withdrawal-related quit problems) and pre-cessation processes including nicotine withdrawal and smoking urges (assessed during 3 weeks before the quit day). Baseline negative-reinforcement smoking expectancies and motives were tested as simultaneous mediator...
Pinto bean hull extract supplementation favorably affects markers of bone metabolism and bone structure in mice

Hulls from dry edible beans are rich in phenolic compounds recognized as possessing antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to characterize antioxidant properties of bean hull extract (BHE) and to determine whether BHE supplementation (at 400 or 800 mg/kg for 3 months) affects serum biochemical markers and bone structure in 12-month-old male C57BL/6 mice. Mice supplemented with 800 mg BHE/ kg had lower serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and parathyroid hormone concentrations than those on control diet or supplemented with 400 mg BHE/kg. BHE supplementation caused slight decrease in oxidized glutathione concentration in blood (P = 0.07). Compared to the control group, BHE supplementation at 800 mg/kg for 3 months improved bone structural indices, bone mineral density and trabecular thickness in the third lumbar vertebra. These results suggest that BHE supplementation may have beneficial effects on bone health in mice by decreasing bone resorption. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation – An Update

Atrial fibrillation is the most common perioperative cardiac arrhythmia. Sympathetic overactivity, inflammatory state and oxidative stress are important contributors to the genesis of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Advancing age and mitral valve disease along with left atrial size are important parameters in noted in multivariate prediction model. Genetic predisposition has also been noted. Preventive strategies tried include beta blockers, statins, posterior pericardiotomy, carperitide infusion and thoracic epidural analgesia. Treatment options include rate and rhythm control along with anticoagulation if it persists more than 48 hours with high CHADS2 score. Some of the therapeutic modalities which have been found to be NOT useful in preventing post operative atrial fibrillation are dexamethasone, magnesium infusion and concomitant pulmonary vein isolation.
Trends in paediatric sports-related injuries presenting to US emergency departments, 2001–2013

This descriptive epidemiology study describes trends in paediatric sports-related injuries resulting from 21 selected sports presenting to US emergency departments (EDs) over a 13-year period. The study was a retrospective study using data from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) for years 2001-2013. Inclusion criteria included people in the NEISS for injuries related to one of the 21 selected sports and between the ages of 5 and 18 years. Frequencies and linear regressions were calculated using provided sample weights. The results indicated there was a statistically significant increase of 10 010 nationally estimated selected sports-related injuries per year. Football, basketball, soccer and baseball resulted in 74.7% of the total national estimate for sports-related injuries presenting to US EDs for 2001-2013 for children aged 5-18 years. The results indicate that the number of paediatric sports-related injuries treated in US EDs has increased annually from 2001 to 2013.
Voltage-sensitive gating induced by a mutation in the fifth transmembrane domain of CFTR

A mutation in the fifth transmembrane domain of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl− channel (V317E) resulted in whole cell currents that exhibited marked outward rect...
Measurement of Temperature of Chemically Non-Reacting Internal Flows Using Tunable-Diode Laser Absorption Spectrometer

This study reports on the implementation of a non-intrusive measurement technique for the measurement of temperature in chemically non-reacting internal flows. The proposed technique is based on laser absorption spectroscopy. A low pressure, laboratory scale hybrid rocket motor simulator testbed was used to obtain a high temperature gas flow inside an electrically heated stainless steel pipe. The test section where the temperature measurements were made is located downstream of the heater and just before a convergent-divergent nozzle. This test section incorporates two viewing ports made of 1mm thick quartz plate to accommodate the laser beam of the Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectrometer (TDLAS) system. The TDLAS was originally designed to make measurement of temperature and velocity of hot gases inside the exhaust plume of a hybrid rocket motor. Consequently, the lasers were tuned to the absorption frequency of water vapor inside the combustion products.For the present study, air was used as the working fluid. It was supplied from a compressed air cylinder which had low moisture concentrations. Therefore, the gas (air) flow had to be seeded with water vapor to obtain the necessary vapor concentrations for TDLAS measurements. This was accomplished by implementing a water vapor injector upstream of the heated section of the test apparatus. The superheated water vapor was supplied to the injector from an electrically heated, high pressure steam generator.Temperature of the hot gas flow was also measured using flow-through thermocouples. Measurements were made and recorded during unsteady (startup and shutdown of the flow system) and steady state operation of the test apparatus. Experiments were repeated for different heat input rates and flow rates. Comparisons of the measurements indicate that TDLAS underestimate gas temperature by a constant value in the temperature ranges considered. A calibration (zeroing) of the TDLAS measurement improves the TDLAS readings. Based on this study, it is concluded that the TDLAS can be used to make real time temperature measurements of heated internal gas flows with reasonable accuracy.© 2014 ASME
Diagnosis of sickling by placental examination. Geographic differences in incidence.

When the placenta separates from the uterine wall, the resulting hypoxia creates a natural sickling preparation of the trapped erythrocytes in the placenta. A histologic examination of 2,117 consecutive placentas from Negro women enrolled in the Collaborative Study showed a sickling incidence of 9.4 per cent. Sickling rates in the southern institutions (11.0 to 12.2 per cent) were higher than in the northern institutions (6.1 to 8.4 per cent). It is postulated that these geographic differences in sickling rates may indicate increased admixture of Caucasian blood among northern Negroes. Permanent histologic sections of the placenta offer the advantages of retrospective study, uniformity of technique, and reconfirmation of diagnosis which are not possible with sickle-cell preparations on peripheral blood.
Wrestling Control from the Unicap Regulations: The Irrelevance of Quality Control in Determining Capitalizable Trademark Royalties

Taxpayers generally must capitalize direct and indirect costs attributable to their production of inventory. Due to uncertainty about whether this requirement applies to sales-based trademark royalties, the regulations now clarify that these royalties are indeed capitalizable as indirect production costs. However, the regulations also let taxpayers allocate these sales-based costs entirely to cost of goods sold. So, to the relief of taxpayers, the regulations have the practical effect of permitting immediate cost recovery — similar to a business expense deduction — for sales-based royalties.This Article questions the rationale for treating trademark royalties as capitalizable indirect costs. It argues that the regulations inappropriately rely on a licensor’s retention of control over product quality to link a licensed mark with inventory production and hence treat the associated royalties as production costs. The Article finds such reliance inappropriate because every valid trademark license involves a retention of control and the significance of control has diminished in modern trademark law and licensing practices. The Article further explains how this focus on control inadvertently makes all trademark royalties (including minimum and upfront royalties) capitalizable as indirect costs and therefore potentially allocable to ending inventory.Finally, the Article describes how the unique nature of trademarks complicates efforts to classify many royalties as capitalizable indirect costs. By stressing the actual use of a mark rather than licensing terms, the Article proposes that the regulations illustrate capitalizable indirect costs more narrowly by referencing royalties paid to license trademarked product designs. But the Article also contends that the regulations could appropriately treat trademark royalties as direct costs where, as happens with increasing frequency, a licensed mark becomes an integral part of the goods being produced.
Glutamic Acid Selective Chemical Cleavage of Peptide Bonds

Site-specific hydrolysis of peptide bonds at glutamic acid under neutral aqueous conditions is reported. The method relies on the activation of the backbone amide chain at glutamic acid by the formation of a pyroglutamyl (pGlu) imide moiety. This activation increases the susceptibility of a peptide bond toward hydrolysis. The method is highly specific and demonstrates broad substrate scope including cleavage of various bioactive peptides with unnatural amino acid residues, which are unsuitable substrates for enzymatic hydrolysis.
Increasing the Response of a Mail Questionnaire

A postscript can increase the number of replies in mail questionnaires, as this article demonstrates.
Residual Effectiveness of Foliar Sprays Against the Oriental Fruit Fly, Melon Fly, and Mediterranean Fruit Fly

Insecticides were evaluated in Hawaii between 1952 and 1960 as foliar sprays for control of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel; the melon fly. D. cucurbitae Coquillett; and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Twigs bearing guava tree foliage were sprayed to runoff with an insecticide, allowed to weather for 1-16 days during dry or rainy weather, and then exposed for 24 hours to oriental fruit flies alone or in combination with melon flies and Mediterranean fruit flies. Comparisons of the mortalities obtained with 37 insecticides after 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 days’ weathering indicated that fenthion, parathion, dieldrin, dimethoate, azinphosmethyl, malathion, DDT, ethion, isodrin, and methoxychlor at appropriate rates were most effective; however parathion, malathion, and azinphosmethyl, though effective in dry periods, were susceptible to loss from rainfall. Lindane, toxaphene, Perthane® (a mixture of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis ( p -ethylphenyl) ethane (95%) and related reaction products (5%)), diazinon, trichlorfon, and naled were among the compounds having poor residual effectiveness. The melon fly was more tolerant of Chlorthion® ( O -(3-chloro-4-nitrophenyl) O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate) and DDT but more susceptible to trichlorfon, carbaryl, and endosulfan than the oriental fruit fly. The Mediterranean fruit fly was more susceptible than the oriental fruit fly to Bay 22408 ( O, O -diethyl phosphorothioate O ester with N -hydroxynaphthalimide), trichlorfon, carbaryl, and endosulfan.
Abstract 511: Characterization of humoral response profiles of ovarian cancer patients as diagnostic biomarkers

Ovarian cancer is the 5 th leading cause of cancer death among women and is the leading cause of death among gynecologic malignancies as a result of limitations in early diagnosis. It is associated with the induction of humoral immunity, characterized by the generation of IgG against a wide range of tumor-associated antigens. Although the role of circulating tumor-reactive IgG is unclear, it has been demonstrated to correlate with poor prognosis and survival. The use of tumor-reactive IgG as a potential diagnostic and/or prognostic tool has been limited since most studies have identified components with shared expression in non-neoplastic tissue and failed to define targets exhibiting ubiquitous expression in ovarian cancers. A number of these limitations result from the use of recombinant proteins (translated in non-mammalian cells) as targets to define immunoreactivity. The power in utilizing the autologous humoral response is its ability to define alterations which might lead to the altered appearance or aberrant association of antigen with other cellular components, thereby resulting in the induction of humoral responses. We therefore hypothesize that the ovarian patient humoral response to specific tumor antigens can serve as diagnostic biomarkers of ovarian cancer. To investigate patients’ humoral response to “natural” tumor antigens, ovarian tumor cell lysates and tumor-derived exosomes were separated into antigenic proteins by first dimension isoelectric focusing via an immobilized pH gradient and/or rotofor fractionation. Reactive proteins were further separated by second dimension SDS-PAGE, followed by western immunoblotting using autologous or heterologous patient sera. Circulating tumor-reactive IgG was found to recognize shared (MW 37-75 kD, pI 3.0-5.5) and distinct (MW exo ∼50 kD, pI 9.0-10.5; MW lys ∼15 kD, pI 4.3-6.5) ovarian tumor cell proteins. Recognition of these antigenic proteins was not observed using antibodies derived from normal control patients. Collectively, our data supports that the circulating IgG produced in the ovarian cancer humoral response recognizes specific tumor antigens (many of which are shared among cancer patients) and will thus have utility in diagnosing these patients. Further identification of these antigenic proteins by mass spectrometry will produce specific diagnostic targets and may provide insights on common driver mechanisms in ovarian cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 511. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-511
The aging ofChaetopterus eggs

When eggs of the wormChaetopterus age in sea water, the cortical protoplasm suffers a gradual and progressive loss of rigidity, so that after 24 hours, only about one-fourth as much centrifugal force is required to dislodge the cortical granules from their position in the cortex. As the cortex liquefies, the interior of the cells becomes filled with large vacuoles. This vacuolization process is presumably due to the entrance of calcium into the cell interior.
Nutritional Benefits of Neonatal Screening for Cystic Fibrosis

Background Many patients with cystic fibrosis are malnourished at the time of diagnosis. Whether newborn screening and early treatment may prevent the development of a nutritional deficiency is not known. Methods We compared the nutritional status of patients with cystic fibrosis identified by neonatal screening or by standard diagnostic methods. A total of 650,341 newborn infants were screened by measuring immunoreactive trypsinogen on dried blood spots (from April 1985 through June 1991) or by combining the trypsinogen test with DNA analysis (from July 1991 through June 1994). Of 325,171 infants assigned to an early-diagnosis group, cystic fibrosis was diagnosed in 74 infants, including 5 with negative screening tests. Excluding infants with meconium ileus, we evaluated nutritional status for up to 10 years by anthropometric and biochemical methods in 56 of the infants who received an early diagnosis and in 40 of the infants in whom the diagnosis was made by standard methods (the control group). Pancrea...