cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classification of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Improving Communication

The complications of foot ulcerations are the leading cause of hospitalization and amputation among diabetic patients. Yet despite the high associated morbidity and mortality, there is no universally accepted classification system for diabetic foot ulcers. Although a handful of classification systems have been developed, they are used infrequently, even by wound specialists. Only by improving communication between care providers will the healthcare strategies we use be improved, because management of the diabetic foot involves a multidisciplinary approach. This review is meant to provide an overview of four existing classification systems and offer a new system of classification that is simple to conduct, easy to remember, and serves as a guide for treatment. It is our hope that this effort will encourage discussion and debate in the process.
Cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive decline in middle-aged adults

Objective: To perform serial neuropsychological assessments to detect vascular risk factors for cognitive decline in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort, a large biracial, multisite, longitudinal investigation of initially middle-aged individuals. Methods: The authors administered cognitive assessments to 10,963 individuals (8,729 white individuals and 2,234 black individuals) on two occasions separated by 6 years. Subjects ranged in age at the first assessment from 47 to 70 years. The cognitive assessments included the delayed word recall (DWR) test, a 10-word delayed free recall task in which the learning phase included sentence generation with the study words, the digit symbol subtest (DSS) of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised and the first-letter word fluency (WF) test using letters F, A, and S. Results: In multivariate analyses (controlling for demographic factors), the presence of diabetes at baseline was associated with greater decline in scores on both the DSS and WF (p Conclusions: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were positively associated with cognitive decline over 6 years in this late middle-aged population. Interventions aimed at hypertension or diabetes that begin before age 60 might lessen the burden of cognitive impairment in later life.
A long-life bipropellant system demonstration: Viking Orbiter Propulsion System - 4 years in space and operating

On April 23, 1980, Viking Orbiter One (VO-1), operating in the blowdown mode, completed a ten second Mars orbit trim maneuver to position the spacecraft for its final science sequence in May-June 1980. This brought the number of propulsive maneuvers for VO-1 to 23. Total accumulated operating time for the rocket engine was 2896 seconds, representing a total impulse of 3.93 x 10 to the 6th N-sec. The estimated propellant remaining was sufficient to operate the rocket engine for an additional 30 seconds. VO-1 has completed more than 1700 days in space, 1400 days in orbit around Mars and more than two years of attitude control system operation with helium gas transferred from the propulsion system pressurant tank. The mass of helium remaining is expected to be sufficient for attitude control through June 1980. This paper presents the flight history of the Viking 75 Orbiter Propulsion Systems and summarizes the design and test philosophy which have contributed to their success.
Vapor deposition of diamond thin films on various substrates

The growth of diamond films on various polycrystalline metal and (001) Si substrates by biased hot‐filament chemical vapor deposition is discussed. The deposited films have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x‐ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Films grown on Si, Ni, and W exhibited the best quality according to Raman sp3/sp2 peak intensity ratios and the full width at half maximum of the 1332 cm−1 Raman peak. The relationship between this quality and substrate properties such as surface energy and lattice parameter is discussed. Also, the residual stress in the film as measured by the Raman peak shift is correlated with the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate.
Recombinant Production and Properties of Binding of the Full Set of Mouse Secreted Phospholipases A2 to the Mouse M-Type Receptor†

To date, 12 secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) have been identified in the mouse species and divided into three structural collections (I/II/V/X, III, and XII). On the basis of their different molecular properties and tissue distributions, each sPLA2 is likely to exert distinct functions by acting as an enzyme or ligand for specific soluble proteins or receptors, among which the M-type receptor is the best-characterized target. Here, we present the properties of binding of the full set of mouse sPLA2s to the mouse M-type receptor. All enzymes have been produced in Escherichia coli or insect cells, and their properties of binding to the cloned and native M-type receptor have been determined. sPLA2s IB, IIA, IIE, IIF, and X are high-affinity ligands (K0.5 = 0.3−3 nM); sPLA2s IIC and V are low-affinity ligands (K0.5 = 30−75 nM), and sPLA2s IID, III, XIIA, and XIIB bind only very weakly or do not bind to the M-type receptor (K0.5 > 100 nM). Three exogenous parvoviral group XIII PLA2s and two fungal group XIV...
Theoretical Modeling of the Phase Separation Dynamics in Blends of Reactive Monomers

Experimental observations of the dynamics of phase behavior for blends of reactive constituents, i.e. diglyeityl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). caring agent methylene dianiline (MDA), and a reactive liquid rubber (R45EPI), have been theoretically modeled by coupling system thermodynamies governed by a summation of the free energies of mixing and network elasticity with reaction kineties and diffusiong equations. Snap-shots of the termporal evolution of temary phase diagrams have been eatablished based on the self-condensation reactions of DGEBA-MDA and R45EPI as well as a cross-reaction between the woconstiments forming a copolymer. Numerical solution of the proposed mean-field model provides good qualitative agreement with experimental rsults, namely, the observance of phase separation followed by a phase dissolution and subsequent secondary segregation in a 50/24.4/50 DGEBA/MDA/R45EPI mixture, as well as a single gradual phase separation in a 70/25.4/30 mixture. The phase separation dynamies are explained by a competition between thegrowth in molecular weights of the reactive species rendering the systems towards instability, and the formation of copolymer acting to compatibilize the mixtures.
Endogenous expression and localization of myostatin and its relation to myosin heavy chain distribution in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells

Myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. We have previously reported that recombinant myostatin protein inhibits DNA and protein synthesis in C2C12 cells. Our objective was to assess if C2C12 cells express myostatin, determine its sub-cellular localization and the developmental stage of C2C12 cells in which myostatin mRNA and protein are expressed. To study the endogenous expression of myostatin, C2C12 myoblasts were allowed to progress to myotubes, and changes in the levels of endogenous myostatin mRNA expression were determined by RT-PCR. The myostatin protein and the two major myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms (MHC-I and -II) were determined by Western blot. Confirmation of the relative MHC expression patterns was obtained by a modified polyacrylamide gel electropheretic (PAGE) procedure. Imunofluorescence staining was employed to localize the site of myostatin expression and the relative distribution of the MHC isoforms. Co-expression of these proteins was studied using a dual staining approach. Expression of myostatin mRNA was found in myotubes but not in myoblasts. Myostatin protein was seen in most but not all, of the nuclei of polynucleated fibers expressing MHC-II, and myostatin was detected in the cytoplasm of myotube. The localization of myostatin protein in myotube nuclei was confirmed by Western blot of isolated nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. Incubation of C2C12 myotubes with graded doses of dexamethasone dose-dependently increased the intensity of nuclear myostatin immunostaining and also resulted in the appearance of cytoplasmic expression. In conclusion, myostatin was expressed mostly in C2C12 myotubes nuclei expressing MHC-II. Its predominant nuclear localization suggests that it may play a role in transcriptional regulation.
Recent applications of nonradiative energy transfer to polymer studies

Recent studies of polymers in solution and in bulk by energy transfer between two fluorescent labels are reviewed. Such studies are concerned with the equilibrium and dynamics of polymer chain expansion, molecular cluster formation in solution, the miscibility of polymers in bulk, and the interdiffusion of polymer latex particles.
Calpain inhibitors block Ca2+‐induced suppression of neurite outgrowth in isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons

Ca2+ is an important regulator of neurite elongation and growth cone movements but the mechanism(s) mediating these Ca(2+)-dependent effects is unclear. Since cytoskeletal proteins are rapidly degraded by Ca(2+)-dependent proteinases (calpains) in vitro and in vivo, we investigated whether Ca(2+)-induced pruning or regression of neuronal processes is mediated by calpains. Isolated hippocampal pyramidal-like neurons were cultured and the ability of the membrane-permeable calpain inhibitors ethyl(+)-(2S,3S)-3-[(S)-methyl-1-(3-methylbutylcarbamoyl)-butyl carbamoyl]-2 - oxiranecarboxylate (EST) and carbobenzoxyl-valyl-phenylalanyl-H (MDL 28170) to block the Ca2+ ionophore A23187-induced suppression in neurite outgrowth was investigated. Addition of 100 nM A23187 to the culture medium resulted in a retraction of dendrites without altering axonal elongation. The addition of 300 nM A23187 to the culture medium resulted in a significant decrease in the rate of axonal elongation as well as a retraction of dendritic processes. Administration of EST (5 or 20 microM) to the culture medium completely blocked the pruning effect of 100 nM A23187 on dendrites and of 300 nM A23187 on axons, while EST alone did not significantly affect neurite outgrowth rate. MDL 28170 (20 microM) showed the same effect as EST in preventing ionophore-induced pruning of dendrites and axons at 100 and 300 nM concentrations, respectively, of A23187. EST (20 microM) did not block the A23187-induced rise of [Ca2+]i as measured with fura-2. These results suggest that calpains play a role in Ca(2+)-induced pruning of neurites in isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons.
British community psychiatry and its implications for American planning

British programs in community psychiatry are mainly extended activities of mental hospitals. Their establishment has depended upon the hospital superintendent's securing the cooperation of the local health authority and the general practitioners in the area served by the hospital. Being hospital directed, these services are chiefly concerned with treatment, rehabilitation, and follow-up care of psychotic patients, and provide a striking contrast to community programs in the United States, where the focus until recently has been on the outpatient clinic offering dynamic psychotherapy to neurotic patients. Consequently British programs have much to offer the American who participates in the planning of comprehensive community mental health services.
To Check In or Not to Check In? That Is the Question!

The University of South Florida Tampa Library discontinued checking in print journals and periodicals for a trial period of one year from July 2005 to June 2006. This article discusses the reasons behind such a decision, the challenges, and final results. Though the trial proved inconvenient for public and technical services alike, few specific problems were reported via e-mail, online forms or in person. The library derived several benefits from this project, particularly in terms of the timing, since it happened just as the library moved to a new integrated library system, from NOTIS to Aleph.
On the bootstrap and the moving block bootstrap for the maximum of a stationary process

In this paper, asymptotic properties of bootstrap methods for the maximum of a stationary process are investigated. It is shown that the Efron's bootstrap provides a valid approximation to the sampling distribution of the normalized maximum only in a restricted situation, but the moving block bootstrap is successful in a more general situation.
Biometric Mapping of Fingertip Eccrine Glands With Optical Coherence Tomography

Biometric access control systems often employ fingerprint recognition based on the analysis of ridge patterns and minutiae. The inclusion of finer details, such as sweat pores, increases the accuracy of fingerprint identification. However, the distribution of sweat pores is difficult to extract from conventional fingerprint images, where image quality is susceptible to variations in fingertip surface conditions. Furthermore, a fingertip surface can be routinely counterfeited with a variety of techniques. We propose a more reliable biometric technology using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to image the subsurface of a fingertip. Experiments demonstrate high repeatability in clearly visualizing the distribution of sweat (eccrine) glands in live fingertips. Experiments on artificial fingertips confirm this is a spoof-proof approach. We believe these encouraging results demonstrate the value of SD-OCT as a robust fingerprint identification technology for biometric recognition.
Formation of Aluminum Nanoparticles upon Condensation from Vapor Phase for Energetic Applications

A mathematical model of the nanoparticles formation process from deposition from the vapor phase process was developed and applied to the manufacture of alumina-coated aluminum nanoparticles. This process involves conversion of gaseous aluminum in the presence of helium carrier gas to solid aluminum nanoparticles. These activities effectively prepare the aluminum for reaction with oxygen gas to create an alumina coating in the remainder of the process. The basis of the calculations is the General Dynamic Equation for aerosols, which was formulated as an explicit numerical equation. The equation is solved over a user specified surface with particle volume (equivalent to particle diameter) and reactor holding time as the independent variables. The solution produces the number distribution function of the nanoparticles over the solution space. After all of the gaseous aluminum has solidified, a moment equation is employed to calculate the number of particles in each of the size distribution ranges. The mathe...
The Marginal Productivity Theory of Capital in Intermediate Microeconomics Textbooks A Critique

This paper focuses on the marginal productivity theory of capital and the price of capital, and examines some fundamental problems in this theory and how these problems have been dealt with in three leading undergraduate intermediate microeconomics textbooks by Varian, Frank, and Nicholson-Snyder. The three main problems to be discussed are: (1) it is impossible to incorporate materials inputs (and intermediate inputs in general) into marginal productivity theory because the existence of materials inputs in production processes invalidates the basic concept of the marginal product of capital (or labor), which is the foundation of the theory; (2) because the concept of the marginal product of capital (or labor) is invalid, so is the derivation of the demand for capital (or labor), which is based on the marginal product of capital; and (3) ultimately the marginal productivity theory of capital takes as given what it is supposed to explain: the return to capital.
Automated Database Mediation Using Ontological Metadata Mappings

Abstract Objective To devise an automated approach for integrating federated database information using database ontologies constructed from their extended metadata. Background One challenge of database federation is that the granularity of representation of equivalent data varies across systems. Dealing effectively with this problem is analogous to dealing with precoordinated vs. postcoordinated concepts in biomedical ontologies. Model Description The authors describe an approach based on ontological metadata mapping rules defined with elements of a global vocabulary, which allows a query specified at one granularity level to fetch data, where possible, from databases within the federation that use different granularities. This is implemented in OntoMediator, a newly developed production component of our previously described Query Integrator System. OntoMediator's operation is illustrated with a query that accesses three geographically separate, interoperating databases. An example based on SNOMED also illustrates the applicability of high-level rules to support the enforcement of constraints that can prevent inappropriate curator or power-user actions. Summary A rule-based framework simplifies the design and maintenance of systems where categories of data must be mapped to each other, for the purpose of either cross-database query or for curation of the contents of compositional controlled vocabularies.
Requirement of Watson-Crick Hydrogen Bonding for DNA Synthesis by Yeast DNA Polymerase η

Classical high-fidelity DNA polymerases discriminate between the correct and incorrect nucleotides by using geometric constraints imposed by the tight fit of the active site with the incipient base pair. Consequently, Watson-Crick (W-C) hydrogen bonding between the bases is not required for the efficiency and accuracy of DNA synthesis by these polymerases. DNA polymerase η (Polη) is a low-fidelity enzyme able to replicate through DNA lesions. Using difluorotoluene, a nonpolar isosteric analog of thymine unable to form W-C hydrogen bonds with adenine, we found that the efficiency and accuracy of nucleotide incorporation by Polη are severely impaired. From these observations, we suggest that W-C hydrogen bonding is required for DNA synthesis by Polη; in this regard, Polη differs strikingly from classical high-fidelity DNA polymerases.
The Clinical and Morphologic Features of Nonepidermolytic Ichthyosis in the Golden Retriever

A scaling disorder specific to Golden Retriever dogs has been recognized by both dermatologists and pathologists, but to date has not been well characterized. At the University of Pennsylvania's Laboratory of Toxicology and Pathology, 46 cases of ichthyosis were diagnosed histologically in Golden Retriever dogs from January 2004 to January 2007. A total of 22 dogs had skin lesions documented at younger than 1 year of age; 3 dogs between 1 and 2 years of age; 13 dogs developed lesions at older than 2 years; and the time of onset was unknown for 8 dogs. A total of 25 dogs were female, and 21 were male. All dogs had strikingly similar histopathologic changes that consisted of mild to moderate laminar orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with an absence of epidermal hyperplasia and dermal inflammation. Ultrastructural analysis using a ruthenium tetroxide fixation method was performed on punch biopsy samples from 5 dogs and compared with 2 control dogs (1 clinically and histologically normal sibling of an affected dog and 1 Cairn Terrier). All affected dogs had retained and convoluted membranes with crystalline structures in the stratum corneum. Scattered keratinocytes in the granular cell layer had prominent, clear, membrane-bound, cytoplasmic vacuoles. Pedigree analysis of 14 dogs was compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance, but incomplete dominance could not be ruled out. This unique hyperkeratotic/scaling disorder in Golden Retrievers has distinctive clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural features, which are consistent with a primary cornification defect.
Weight-Based, Low-Dose Pediatric Whole-Body PET/CT Protocols

Adult PET/CT acquisition protocols need to be modified for pediatric imaging to minimize the radiation dose while maintaining diagnostic utility. We developed pediatric PET/CT acquisition protocols customized to patient weight and estimated the dosimetry and cancer risk of these low-dose protocols to communicate basic imaging risks. Methods: Protocols were developed for whole-body 18F-FDG imaging of patients in PET mode with a weight-based injected activity (5.3 MBq/kg) and acquisition times (3–5 min/field of view) and for CT for attenuation correction and localization with a weight-based tube current ranging from 10 to 40 mAs. Patients were categorized on the basis of the Broselow–Luten color-coded weight scale. Dosimetry and radiation-induced cancer risk for the PET and CT acquisition in each category were derived from mean patient sizes and the interpolation of factors from accepted patient models. Results: Whole-body pediatric PET/CT protocols require the customization of PET-acquisition settings and task-specific selection of CT technique. The proposed weight-based protocols result in an approximate effective dose ranging from 8.0 mSv for a 9-kg patient up to 13.5 mSv for a 63-kg patient. The radiation dose from the proposed protocols is 20%−50% (depending on patient weight), the dose from PET/CT protocols that use a fixed CT technique of 120 mAs and 120 kVp. The approximate, conservative estimate of additional lifetime attributable risk (LAR) of cancer incidence for females using the proposed protocols was approximately 3 in 1,000, with a variation of 18% across patient categories. For males, the additional LAR of cancer incidence was approximately 2 in 1,000, with a variation of 16% across categories. Conclusion: Low-dose PET/CT protocols for 11 patient weight categories were developed. The proposed protocols offer an initial set of acquisition parameters for pediatric PET/CT. The use of multiple categories allows for the continued refinement of dose-reduction parameters to minimize dose while maintaining image quality across the range of pediatric patient sizes.
Evolution of the upper jaw mechanism in teleost fishes

This study reveals the existence of four distinct but genetically related types of upper jaw mechanisms: 1. The non-protractile, with no mechanism for the protrusion of the pre-maxillae. The maxillaries form part of the upper margin of the mouth, as in Isospondyli, Apodes and Haplomi. 2. The crossed ligaments in the snout as in Acanthopteri, Heterosomata and Anacanthini. 3. The twisting action type in which the internal hook of the maxilla drives out the pre-maxilla as found in Cyprinodontes and Percesoces. 4. The rostral or sigmoid ligament attached to the pre-maxilla as in Cyprinidae and Catostomidae. The three protractile types all possess an enlarged pre-maxilla with a medium dorsal process, suggesting a common origin of all from a single non-protractile form of upper jaw.
Reusing Pedagogical Scenarios at a Knowledge Level: a Model Driven Approach

The aim of this paper is to present a model driven approach for reusing pedagogical scenarios. In the framework of different pedagogical situations, we show how the design context should be expressed in scenarios and how these scenarios could be reused. This approach enhance the teaching expertise capitalization by defining contextualized pedagogical models and by allowing the reuse and the customization of these models and the relevant scenarios.
Perspectives in MAO: past, present, and future

A plethora of international symposia have been devoted to monoamine oxidases in the past 15 years, including Cagliari, Sardinia (1971); CIBA Symposium, London (1975); Midland, Michigan (1979); Budapest (1979); Goteborg (1980); Airlie House, Virginia (1981); Hakone, Japan (1981); Mannheim, Germany (1982), and Paris (1983), and the First Workshop on MAO in Cambridge, England (1984). One might, in fact, wonder if progress in this field has been sufficiently rapid to justify the choice of MAO as the subject of these frequent tribal rituals. Probably not. Perhaps the reason lies elsewhere. Few topics in the bio-medical sciences interlink the interests of as varied a group of investigators in different disciplines as does MAO. One might add that even fewer problems require as much interdisciplinary effort for progress as does MAO, as has been dramatically illustrated in recent work on the experimental Parkinsonism induced by MPTP.
Decolonial pedagogy and the ethics of the global

An ethical and democratic globality, and the kind of education that would contribute to it, are only possible in the context of a recognition of the relations of power that have shaped history, and in particular the political, cultural, economic, and epistemological processes of domination that have characterized colonialism and Eurocentrism. Imagining an ethics of the global in this context means articulating a decolonial perspective. Starting from recent work in philosophy and cultural studies, this paper describes key principles of such an orientation to globality, and develops a reconceptualization of education in the context of this framework. The article proposes in particular a curriculum against domination, oriented against the epistemic and cultural violence of Eurocentrism that underlies the politics of content and knowledge in education, and a pedagogy of lovingness, committed to building global solidarity based on non-dominative principles of coexistence and kindredness.
The Second Great Awakening and the New England Social Order

“Only the shell of orthodoxy was left.” Such was the considered judgment of Henry Adams on the condition of the inherited socioreligious order of New England by the year 1800.1 The image of the shell of a gourd with loose seeds rattling within is a good one to convey the dissociation between the purposes of the society and the real beliefs of individuals that had come to pass by the end of the eighteenth century. And it presents a notable contrast to the close congruence of individual belief and the social aims of the first generation of New England Puritans.
Diagnostics data management on MTX

The Microwave Tokamak Experiment (MTX) is a magnetic fusion energy research experiment designed to explore electron cyclotron heating, using a free electron laser operating in the microwave range. The diagnostic data from MTX are acquired and processed by a distributed, multivendor, computer network. Each shot of the experiment produces data files containing up to 15 Mbytes of data. Typically half-second shots are taken every five min with 50 to 60 shots taken on a single day. As many as 80 full data shots have been taken on a good day. Data files are created on HP computers running UNIX, HP computers running BASIC, and DEC VAXcluster running VMS. A small portion of the data acquired on the HP systems is immediately stored in a data system on the VAXcluster, but most data are held and processed on the computer on which they were acquired. A commercial database program running on the VAXcluster maintains a history of the data files created for each shot. During the night, data files on all computers are compressed to about one third their original size, and the files on the HP computers are transferred to the VAXcluster. When enough data have accumulated, all data files that have not been previously archived are archived to 8-mm magnetic tape. Once the data are on the VAXcluster, a single defined procedure call may be used to obtain data that were taken on any of the computers in the network. >
Influence of Errors of Determination of Stresses Near a Crack Tip on the Accuracy of Computation of the Coefficients of the Williams Series Under Mode II Loading

We model and analyze the influence of errors of the determination of stress fields on the accuracy of computation of the coefficients of the Williams expansion and reconstruction of stress fields under mode ІІ loading.
Local cell metrics: a novel method for analysis of cell-cell interactions

The regulation of many cell functions is inherently linked to cell-cell contact interactions. However, effects of contact interactions among adherent cells can be difficult to detect with global summary statistics due to the localized nature and noise inherent to cell-cell interactions. The lack of informatics approaches specific for detecting cell-cell interactions is a limitation in the analysis of large sets of cell image data, including traditional and combinatorial or high-throughput studies. Here we introduce a novel histogram-based data analysis strategy, termed local cell metrics (LCMs), which addresses this shortcoming. The new LCM method is demonstrated via a study of contact inhibition of proliferation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. We describe how LCMs can be used to quantify the local environment of cells and how LCMs are decomposed mathematically into metrics specific to each cell type in a culture, e.g., differently-labelled cells in fluorescence imaging. Using this approach, a quantitative, probabilistic description of the contact inhibition effects in MC3T3-E1 cultures has been achieved. We also show how LCMs are related to the naive Bayes model. Namely, LCMs are Bayes class-conditional probability functions, suggesting their use for data mining and classification. LCMs are successful in robust detection of cell contact inhibition in situations where conventional global statistics fail to do so. The noise due to the random features of cell behavior was suppressed significantly as a result of the focus on local distances, providing sensitive detection of cell-cell contact effects. The methodology can be extended to any quantifiable feature that can be obtained from imaging of cell cultures or tissue samples, including optical, fluorescent, and confocal microscopy. This approach may prove useful in interpreting culture and histological data in fields where cell-cell interactions play a critical role in determining cell fate, e.g., cancer, developmental biology, and tissue regeneration.
Electron Tomographic Studies of Mitochondrial Crista Topology: “Swirl” Mitochondria of Drosophila Flight Muscle

There is no better example of the impact of electron tomography on our understanding of cell ultrastructure than the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial cristae were, until recently, represented as random infoldings of the inner membrane, the site of the machinery of oxidative phosphorylation. Electron tomography has revealed, instead, that the cristae define micro-compartments interconnected by narrow tubular regions to each other and to the intermembrane space [1]. There is evidence that the topology of the inner membrane influences mitochondrial functions by its effects on internal diffusion of metabolites and soluble proteins [2,3]. It has been proposed that the topology of this membrane is a regulated property of mitochondria, under the control of proteins and lipids that affect membrane curvature and fission/fusion [4].
Artificial Viscosity Methods for Blunt Body Flowfield Analysis with Thermal Radiation

For y/ 1.5 this ratio increases with system damping. The curve for C = 0.5 practically coincides with stationary values, i.e., Ns(y)/Ns(Q), over most of its length. These results indicate that for a lightly damped system, unless the excitation time interval is large, it is necessary to include transient effects to make reliable estimates of exceedance statistics. For the example studied stationary estimates for the expected number of displacement exceedances above high levels are conservative, since the influence of transient motions was to reduce the values of this parameter. The temporal behavior of the normalized expected frequency of displacement exceedances of the level y = 3 2crls, increases as the amplitude of the modulating function increases. This effect is more pronounced at the higher levels and for heavily damped systems. The trends indicated in Fig. 4 are the same as those observed for atmospheric turbulence data,' i.e., observed values of exceedance frequencies are similar to the f = 0.2 and 0 = 0.4 curves while the theoretical prediction is given by the /? = 0 curve.
An on-die all-digital delay measurement circuit with 250fs accuracy

This paper demonstrates an in-situ delay measurement circuit which precisely characterizes key clocking circuits such as full phase rotation interpolators. This on-die all-digital circuit produces a digital output value proportional to the relative delay between two clocks, normalized to the clock period. This circuit requires no calibration for variation or process, voltage, temperature (PVT) and measures the delay with 250fs absolute accuracy and repeatability of 10fs-rms.
Hormone signaling through protein destruction: a lesson from plants

Ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation has emerged as a major pathway regulating eukaryotic biology. By employing a variety of ubiquitin ligases to target specific cellular proteins, the ubiquitin-proteasome system controls physiological processes in a highly regulated fashion. Recent studies on a plant hormone auxin have unveiled a novel paradigm of signal transduction in which ubiquitin ligases function as hormone receptors. Perceived by the F-box protein subunit of the SCFTIR1 ubiquitin ligase, auxin directly promotes the recruitment of a family of transcriptional repressors for ubiquitination, thereby activating extensive transcriptional programs. Structural studies have revealed that auxin functions through a “molecular glue” mechanism to enhance protein-protein interactions with the assistance of another small molecule cofactor, inositol hexakisphosphate. Given the extensive repertoire of similar ubiquitin ligases in eukaryotic cells, this novel and widely adopted hormone-signaling mechanism in plants may also exist in other organisms.
Efficient Evaluation of Inbreeding Queries on Pedigree Data

We consider pedigree data structured in the form of a directed acyclic graph, and use an encoding scheme, called NodeCodes, for expediting the evaluation of queries on pedigree graph structures. Inbreeding is the quantitative measure of the genetic relationship between two individuals. The inbreeding coefficient is related to the probability that both copies of any given gene are received from the same ancestor. In this paper we discuss the evaluation of the inbreeding coefficient of a given individual using NodeCodes. We implemented and tested our approach with both synthetic and real pedigree data. Experimental results show that the use of NodeCodes provides a good alternative for queries involving the inbreeding coefficient, with significant improvements over the traditional iterative evaluation methods.
THE INFLUENCE OF PRIOR KNOWLEDGE AND TEXT GENRE ON READERS' PREDICTION STRATEGIES

This study examined the influence of prior knowledge and text genre on readers' prediction strategies. Three groups of subjects read two genres of text (short stories and essays), and gave verbal reports of their prediction strategies while reading. Next, subjects rated the texts in terms of relative familiarity of text content. Quantitative analysis of the think-aloud protocols indicated statistically significant differences in frequency of reports of predictions for particular texts. Subjects reported making significantly more predictions on the essays rated more familiar, and on the story which was rated more familiar. There were no significant differences in frequency of reported predictions on the short story and essay which were rated most familiar. Results indicate that readers' prior knowledge for the content of the text may significantly influence the nature of readers' prediction strategies. Qualitative analysis of protocols allowed for examination of the variation in the types of predictions and prediction-related strategies which were used by readers in this study. Implications of findings for reading comprehension theory and educational practice are discussed. Efficient reading often includes the use of prediction strategies (Goodman, 1976; Palincsar & Brown, 1984; Smith, 1971). Interacting with text, readers use their prior knowledge in concert with cues in the'text to generate predictions. This helps the reader develop a proactive perspective, with which the meaning of a text may be anticipated. Prediction is also an integral part of competent readers' metacognitive strategies, which are used to monitor comprehension as the text is read (Collins & Smith, 1982). Although the importance of prediction in comprehending text has been demonstrated by recent research, much remains to be learned about prediction and prediction-related strategies (Bereiter & Bird, 1985). In this study, prediction processes were investigated using competent readers' think-aloud protocols. Specifically, the influences of content domain prior knowl
Limitations of Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography

It seems so simple and elegant. Fifty years after the introduction of coronary angiography, advances in technology allow imaging of the coronary arteries noninvasively using multidetector computed tomography (CT) scanners ([1][1]). Within a few short years, these imaging systems have begun appearing
Magnetoacoustic spectroscopy in superfluid 3He-B.

We have used the acoustic Faraday effect in superfluid 3He to perform high resolution spectroscopy of an excited state of the superfluid condensate, called the imaginary squashing mode. With acoustic cavity interferometry we measure the rotation of the plane of polarization of a transverse sound wave propagating in the direction of the magnetic field from which we determine the Zeeman energy of the mode. We interpret the Lande g factor, combined with the zero-field energies of this excited state, using the theory of Sauls and Serene, to calculate the strength of f-wave interactions in 3He.
The adhesion GPCR BAI1 mediates macrophage ROS production and microbicidal activity against Gram-negative bacteria

The detection of microbes and initiation of an innate immune response occur through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are critical for the production of inflammatory cytokines and activation of the cellular microbicidal machinery. In particular, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the NADPH oxidase complex is a critical component of the macrophage bactericidal machinery. We previously characterized brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), a member of the adhesion family of G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding protein)–coupled receptors (GPCRs), as a PRR that mediates the selective phagocytic uptake of Gram-negative bacteria by macrophages. We showed that BAI1 promoted phagosomal ROS production through activation of the Rho family guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rac1, thereby stimulating NADPH oxidase activity. Primary BAI1-deficient macrophages exhibited attenuated Rac GTPase activity and reduced ROS production in response to several Gram-negative bacteria, resulting in impaired microbicidal activity. Furthermore, in a peritoneal infection model, BAI1-deficient mice exhibited increased susceptibility to death by bacterial challenge because of impaired bacterial clearance. Together, these findings suggest that BAI1 mediates the clearance of Gram-negative bacteria by stimulating both phagocytosis and NADPH oxidase activation, thereby coupling bacterial detection to the cellular microbicidal machinery.
Gas density dependence of regional VA/V and VA/Q inequality during constant-flow ventilation.

Constant-flow ventilation (CFV) is achieved by delivering a constant stream of inspiratory gas through cannulas aimed down the main stem bronchi at flow rates totaling 1–3 l.kg-1.min-1 in the absence of tidal lung motion. Previous studies have shown that CFV can maintain a normal arterial PCO2, although significant ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) inequality appears. This VA/Q mismatch could be due to regional differences in lung inflation that occur during CFV secondary to momentum transfer from the inflowing stream to resident gas in the lung. We tested the hypothesis that substitution of a gas with lower density might attenuate regional differences in alveolar pressure and reduce the VA/Q inequality during CFV. Gas exchange was studied in seven anesthetized dogs by the multiple inert gas elimination technique during ventilation with intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, CFV with O2-enriched nitrogen (CFV-N2), or CFV with O2-enriched helium (CFV-He). As an index of VA/Q inequality independent of shunt...
Enhanced Host Defense After Gene Transfer in the Murine p47phox-Deficient Model of Chronic Granulomatous Disease

The p47phox-/- mouse exhibits a phenotype similar to that of human chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and, thus, is an excellent model for the study of gene transfer technology. Using the Moloney murine leukemia virus-based retroviral vector MFG-S encoding the human form of p47phox, we performed ex vivo gene transfer into Sca-1+ p47phox-/- marrow progenitor cells without conditioning of donors with 5-fluorouracil. Transduced progenitors were transplanted into moderately irradiated (500 cGy), G-CSF preconditioned sibling p47phox-/- mice. Using the fluorescent probe dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR), in vivo biochemical correction of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase system was detected by flow cytometry in 12.3% +/- 0.9% of phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated peripheral blood neutrophils at 4 weeks and 2.6% +/- 1.0% at 14 weeks after transplantation. Following gene therapy, mice were challenged with the CGD pathogen Burkholderia (formerly Pseudomonas) cepacia and bacteremia levels were assessed at 24 hours and 7 days after inoculation. At both time points, bacteremia levels in gene corrected p47phox-/- mice were significantly lower than untreated p47phox-/- mice (0.89 +/- 0.30 colonies v 237.7 +/- 83.6 colonies at 24 hours, P < .02; 4.0 +/- 2.0 colonies v 110.2 +/- 26.5 colonies at 7 days, P < .0014). More importantly, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a significant survival advantage of gene corrected versus untreated p47phox-/- mice (P < .001). Thus, stem-cell-directed ex vivo gene therapy is capable of restoring phagocyte oxidant-dependent host-defense function in this mouse model of a human immune-system disorder.
Reactions of arylcarbamoyl chlorides—II

Abstract Equilibrium and rate constants of formation of isocyanates from arylcarbamoyl chlorides have been measured in acetonitrile. Electronic effects upon the rate constants are very small, but the equilibrium constants follow the Hammett equation, using σ−, and ϱ = −0·52, and ortho Me groups increase the equilibrium constant. These results suggest a concerted, and possibly four center, mechanism of elimination of HCl.
New Seeding and Surface Treatment Methods for Particle Image Velocimetry

PIV systems rely on a combination of seed particles, laser light intensity, and camera positioning to collected velocity data. Careful attention is needed when selecting the appropriate setup configuration for PIV systems. This paper focuses on several areas for improvement in PIV data collection for a compressible turbulent boundary layer study on a flat plate using MVG’s. The topics include determining the seed particle surface preparation for a flat plate, and PIV system configuration.
Shallow Analysis on Basic Qualities of Translators for Foreign Audience

Translators for foreign audience must realize the maximum of media effect.The characteristics and demands determine that they must be inter-disciplinary talents with sharp political sense,serious attitude to translation,rich knowledge of backgrounds and audience-centered ability to realize multicultural communication.
Research and Application of Wavelet Detection Method for Mud Pulse Signal

In the current wireless measurement while drilling (MWD) system which used mud pulse to transmit signal,the channel transmission of drilling fluid pressure,well depth and pump pressure had serious effect on the signal,the sampled signal in the measurement while drilling system contains various noises affecting the useful signal measurement precision and the reliability.In this article the transmission characteristics of mud pulse and the niose characteristics in signal were analyzed deeply,the mud pulse signal detection method based on wavelet analysis was proposed.Field data applications show that this method can remove the noises effectively,detect useful signal under the circumstances without causing obvious distortion and has a broad application prospect.
Application and Design of CAN Adaptive Card Based on USB Bus

The open question of current CAN adaptive card is analysed in this paper.And USB technology is presented,then a plan of USB interface CAN adaptive card based on USB is put forward.Also the detailed hardware-software design scheme is presented here.
Hepatic nerves are not essential to the increase in hepatic glucose production during muscular work

To establish the role of hepatic nerves in hepatic glycogenolytic and gluconeogenic regulation during exercise, dogs underwent a laparotomy during which the hepatic nerves were either left intact (C; n = 8) or cut (DN; n = 5). At least 17 days after surgery, dogs were studied during 150 min of treadmill exercise (12% grade, 100 m/min). Glucose production (Ra) and gluconeogenesis (GNG) were assessed by combining [3-3H]glucose, [U-14C]alanine, and indocyanine green infusions with arterial, portal vein, and hepatic vein sampling. Glucagon and insulin were similar at rest and exercise in both groups. Norepinephrine rose from 145 +/- 10 to 242 +/- 32 pg/ml by 150 min of exercise in C and from 150 +/- 25 to 333 +/- 83 pg/ml in DN. Epinephrine rose from 66 +/- 7 pg/ml at rest to 108 +/- 10 and 148 +/- 24 pg/ml after 30 and 150 min of exercise in C and from 90 +/- 15 pg/ml at rest to 185 +/- 33 (P less than 0.05 compared with C) and 194 +/- 36 pg/ml after 30 and 150 min of exercise in DN. Plasma glucose fell gradually from 108 +/- 2 and 106 +/- 3 mg/dl at rest to 96 +/- 4 and 92 +/- 8 by the end of exercise in C and DN, respectively. Ra was similar in C and DN rising from 3.2 +/- 0.2 to 8.7 +/- 0.6 and 2.6 +/- 0.2 to 7.5 +/- 1.1 mg.kg-1.min-1, respectively, by the end of exercise. Minimum and maximum rates of GNG from alanine, glycerol, and lactate were elevated in DN compared with C during rest and exercise. However, the exercise-induced changes in GNG were similar in both groups. In conclusion, nerves to the liver are not essential to the increased Ra and glucose homeostasis during moderate-intensity exercise.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis and antileukemic activity of novel C9- and C14-functionalized parthenolide analogs

Parthenolide is a naturally occurring terpene with promising anticancer properties, particularly in the context of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Optimization of this natural product has been challenged by limited opportunities for the late-stage functionalization of this molecule without affecting the pharmacologically important α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety. Here, we report the further development and application of a chemoenzymatic strategy to afford a series of new analogs of parthenolide functionalized at the aliphatic positions C9 and C14. Several of these compounds were determined to be able to kill leukemia cells and patient-derived primary AML specimens with improved activity compared to parthenolide, exhibiting LC50 values in the low micromolar range. These studies demonstrate that different O-H functionalization chemistries can be applied to elaborate the parthenolide scaffold and that modifications at the C9 or C14 position can effectively enhance the antileukemic properties of this natural product. The C9-functionalized analogs 22a and 25b were identified as the most interesting compounds in terms of antileukemic potency and selectivity toward AML versus healthy blood cells.
Managing common sexual problems. Special series. A multilevel treatment model. Level 3.

When general counseling fails to help patients with sexual problems, the physician can suggest a number of specific remedial approaches. Many couples benefit from concrete suggestions for improving communication and eliminating anxiety during intercourse, while others respond to physical techniques designed to overcome specific dysfunctions.