cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of stocking density and diet on the growth and survival of cultured Florida apple snails, Pomacea paludosa

Abstract There has been interest in culturing the Florida apple snail, Pomacea paludosa , for stock enhancement purposes in central and south Florida to help promote snail kite ( Rostramus sociabilis ) recovery. In 2007, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University began to research techniques necessary to culture Florida apple snails at a commercial scale (tens of thousands per year). This article reviews stocking density and diet experiments that have yielded a protocol for large-scale culture of Florida apple snails. The objectives of this research were to determine the stocking density that supports efficient production and to determine whether diet choice affects growth and survival and can improve captive growth rates at higher stocking densities. Juvenile apple snails were stocked at six densities (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 snails/m 2 ) in recirculating aquaculture systems with a raised substrate. Although growth was faster in the lowest stocking density compared to the highest density during the first month, the difference subsided in the second month, and overall growth rates and final shell lengths were not statistically different. Survival was not affected by density. A second experiment testing higher densities (100, 175, and 250 snails/m 2 ) showed that snails could be stocked as high as 250 snails/m 2 and confirmed that the lowest density is optimal for first-month growth. An initial diet study examining six diets (romaine lettuce, two combination diets of plant material and catfish chow, and three ingredient-only diets) showed shell length growth rates of 3 mm/wk for snails fed the macroalgae Ulva Diet and Catfish Diet (catfish chow only) for two months. In a subsequent experiment, snails stocked at 250 snails/m 2 and fed the Ulva Diet grew faster than those at the same density fed the Catfish Diet. The greatest growth occurred in snails fed the Ulva Diet and stocked at 100 snails/m 2 . Based on these results, it is recommended that the Florida apple snail be cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems with a raised substrate at 100 snails/m 2 and an artificial diet of Ulva macroalgae mixed with catfish chow. Snails cultured in this manner are suitable for release into the wild after three months when they reach adult size (25 mm) and reproductive maturity.
Blood HbO2 and HbCO2 dissociation curves at varied O2, CO2, pH, 2,3-DPG and temperature levels.

New mathematical model equations for O2 and CO2 saturations of hemoglobin (S HbO 2 and S HbCO 2) are developed here from the equilibrium binding of O2 and CO2 with hemoglobin inside RBCs. They are in the form of an invertible Hill-type equation with the apparent Hill coefficients K HbO 2 and K HbCO 2 in the expressions for S HbO 2 and S HbCO 2 dependent on the levels of O2 and CO2 partial pressures (P O 2 and P CO 2), pH, 2,3-DPG concentration, and temperature in blood. The invertibility of these new equations allows P O 2 and P CO 2 to be computed efficiently from S HbO 2 and S HbCO 2 and vice-versa. The oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and carbamino-hemoglobin (HbCO2) dissociation curves computed from these equations are in good agreement with the published experimental and theoretical curves in the literature. The model solutions describe that, at standard physiological conditions, the hemoglobin is about 97.2% saturated by O2 and the amino group of hemoglobin is about 13.1% saturated by CO2. The O2 and CO2 content in whole blood are also calculated here from the gas solubilities, hematocrits, and the new formulas for S HbO 2 and S HbCO 2. Because of the mathematical simplicity and invertibility, these new formulas can be conveniently used in the modeling of simultaneous transport and exchange of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli-blood and blood-tissue exchange systems.
An Unidentified Protozon Parasite in the Kidney of the Great-Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)

A protozoan parasite resembling Klossiella sp. was found in the collecting tubuli of the kidney from a great-horned owl (Bubo virginianus).
Depressed mothers' newborns are less responsive to animate and inanimate stimuli

Data from our research are reviewed showing limited attentiveness and responsivity to animate stimuli in newborns of depressed mothers. These include face–voice stimuli of mothers and strangers, newborn cry sounds and instrumental and vocal music. Newborns of depressed mothers are also noted to be less attentive and responsive when presented with inanimate stimuli, including different texture nipples, different temperature nipples and different weight tubes. Potential underlying mechanisms are suggested by research showing negative effects of prenatal depression, elevated prenatal cortisol and lower prenatal dopamine and serotonin on the newborns of depressed mothers. Additional risk factors are explored, including sleep disturbances and other prenatal stressors. Early interventions, including pregnancy massage, massage therapy for infants and demonstration of the Brazelton Assessment, have been noted to enhance the neonates' attentiveness and responsivity to animate and inanimate stimuli. Limitations of these studies are discussed, including the sample being limited to lower SES women who have many other problems that potentially affect newborns. More controlled studies are needed to assess potential mediating factors for the inferior performance of these newborns on perceptual tasks such as limited attentiveness and/or greater arousal as well as longitudinal follow-up studies to determine whether these limited perceptual abilities continue into infancy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antifibrotic targets and therapy in HCV

Great progress has been made over the past 20 years in elucidating the mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis. The recognition of the hepatic stellate cell as the fibrogenic cell of the liver, as well as the recognition of key cytokines involved in fibrogenesis, has facilitated the development of targeted Antifibrotic therapies. Patients with chronic hepatitis C and fibrosis may benefit from these novel Antifibrotic therapies.
Stimulatory effects of gonadotropins on the formation of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate by porcine granulosa cells

Abstract The addition of luteinizing hormone (LH) or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to porcine granulosa cells stimulated cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) formation from intracellularly labeled ATP. The LH stimulatory effect was larger than that of FSH. The effects of maximal doses of LH and FSH were not additive in the presence or absence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, aminophylline. In view of the previous findinf that exogenous cyclic AMP can mimic the effect of gonadotropins upon luteinization of granulosa cells, these results indicate that cyclic AMP is a mediator of this action of gonadotropins.
Notes on the theory of vibrational states of systems of fermions (I)

Abstract The system of nonlinear equations for the components of the single particle density matrix operator is discussed, for both infinite and finite systems of fermions interacting through a two-body “residual” interaction. The Hartree-Fock factorization and linearization of that system of equations for the density fluctuations can be performed. Hartree-Fock exchange terms and, particularly, deviations from the random phase approximation, are discussed. The importance of these deviations is illustrated by the example of the quadrupole vibrations of a closed spherical nuclear subshell. An apparent ambiguity in the linearization procedure is discussed and the importance of the nonlinearity of equations is stressed.
Interferometric Testing At Perkin-Elmer

Interferometric metrology is used in a number of different modes at Perkin-Elmer. In addition to its wide application of evaluating optical surfaces for figure it is also used to determine the inhomogeneity of optical materials, examine the polishability of surfaces in terms of surface roughness, determine the mechanical and thermal stability of materials and aid in the assembly of optical systems. There is installed a large base of conventional interferometers to perform these metrology operations. Many have been designed and built to measure very specific optical components.
The making of a dutch school counselor: One American's perspective

Formal evaluation of a new Netherlands school counselor education program revealed the program fulfilling its mission very effectively. The first class (1975–'76) was evaluated after one year of work in their new counseling-consulting roles. Questionnaires were completed by the graduates and their directors, and depth interviews were conducted with a one-third sample of graduates and directors in their school settings. The data revealed general satisfaction with the counselor-consultant course, initiation of many projects as a result of the training program, and much optimism about the future of counseling in Netherlands schools.
On the role of protein synthesis in the response of adrenal tumor cells to ACTH

Abstract Y-1 adrenal tumor cells were incubated with aminoglutethimide with and without ACTH. Greater production of pregnenolone from endogenous cholesterol was observed (after washing to remove aminoglutethimide) in mitochondria from cells incubated with aminoglutethimide and ACTH than in those from cells incubated with aminoglutethimide alone. This response was inhibited by cycloheximide and puromycin but not by chloramphenicol or actinomycin D. ACTH increased the incorporation of [ 3 H]tyrosine into protein associated with mitochondria but not into total cell protein or protein of postmitochondrial supernatant. This response did not require aminoglutethemide block and was inhibited by cycloheximide and puromycin but not by chloramphenicol or actinomycin D. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP produced both of these responses (increased production of pregnenolone and synthesis of protein associated with mitochondria). The concentration of cycloheximide required to cause 50% inhibition of the responses to ACTH and dibutyryl cyclic AMP was approximately the same for steroidogenesis by whole cells, for production of pregnenolone by isolated mitochondria, for incorporation of [ 3 H]tyrosine into Y-1 cell protein and for the increase in synthesis of protein associated with mitochondria produced by ACTH (0.08-0.2 μg/ml). Disc gel electrophoresis revealed that the increased incorporation of [ 3 H]tyrosine involved two proteins corresponding to molecular weight of approximately 27,000 and 13,000, respectively. These observations suggest that ACTH promotes synthesis of protein(s) by cytoplasmic ribosomes on stable messenger RNA, that the protein(s) becomes associated with mitochondria and that the protein(s) includes one or more which are associated with the increase in production of pregnenolone produced in mitochondria by the addition of ACTH to adrenal cells.
Decision-making in state lotteries: Half now or all of it later?

Many state lotteries offer players a choice between receiving roughly half of the jackpot immediately and receiving the entire jackpot over 25 annual payments. This requires players to make a decision that involves uncertainty, delay, and large amounts of real money. Archival data on lottery players’ jackpot payment decisions were collected from seven state and three multistate lotteries. Players’ jackpot payment preferences were assessed at the time of ticket purchase and after winning a jackpot. Preference for the annuity payment option significantly decreased as jackpot size increased, both at the time of ticket purchase and after winning. Furthermore, a significant proportion of winners who selected the annuity payment option at ticket purchase switched to the cash payment option after winning, whereas no winners switched from the cash to the annuity option after winning. These findings suggest that real-world choices involving large sums of money may be subject to diminishing marginal utility and probability and delay discounting.
The quenching of alkane fluorescence by CCl4 measured by nanosecond decay time techniques

Abstract The fluorescence decay time for decalin and dodecane has been measured with and without added CCl 4 at several temperatures. The decay time for pure dodecane is strongly temperature dependent, whereas that for decalin is temperature independent. For both alkanes the quenching is controlled by material diffusion, but with a specific rate 4.5 times greater than predicted by the Stokes-Einstein-Smoluchowski equation.
A Pseudo-Rigid-Body Model for Initially-Curved Pinned-Pinned Segments Used in Compliant Mechanisms

The pseudo-rigid-body model concept allows compliant mechanisms to be analyzed using well-known rigid-body kinematics. This paper presents a pseudo-rigid-body model for initially curved pinned-pinned segments that undergo large, nonlinear deflections. The model approximates the segment as three rigid members joined by pin joints. Torsional springs placed at the joints model the segment's stiffness. This model has been validated by fabricating several such segments from a variety of different materials. Testing of the force-deflection behavior of these segments verified the accuracy of the model.
Some aspects of fluctuating vertical wind shears

Abstract Fluctuating vertical shears of wind speed have been measured using anemometers on an array of towers. The statistical distributions of these shears are compared with formulas proposed by Fichtl and good agreement is found. A comparison of Fichtl's formula for σΔu, the standard deviation of the fluctuating shears, with a more empirical one proposed by Ramsdell shows that the latter is consistent with the former under the proper conditions. The probability of occurrence of extreme shears in speed is discussed. Fluctuating shears two or more times larger than the mean values are shown to occur frequently, and their likelihood increases as the mean measuring height increases if Δz is held fixed. These results are applicable for slightly unstable to neutral conditions over level, homogeneous terrain, and in the surface boundary layers. The normal distribution gives a useful lower bound on shear values. Probabilities of extreme shears as function of Δz z are given. σΔu is also shown to be affected by τ, the averaging time used for the shear measurements. Increasing τ from 0.2 to 4 sec can decrease σΔu by 25 per cent or more. The effects of τ on the probability of extreme events is shown.
STM and AFM in Biotechnology

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are capable of providing atomic-scale images, as well as insights into functional characteristics, of surfaces. Biological materials can be studied by depositing them on appropriate substrates, and samples have been imaged with varying degrees of resolution. In this review, the principles of STM and AFM are summarized, and practical aspects of implementing them for studies relevant to biotechnology are discussed, with the emphasis on investigations of biological macromolecules such as DNA and proteins. Items covered include samples, surfaces, medium, tips, and typical operating conditions. Finally, prospects are discussed for potential future applications to biotechnology.
Beyond the Institute of Medicine Health Literacy Report: Are the Recommendations Being Taken Seriously?

This issue indicates that a substantial amount of work is underway by serious investigators on a variety of health literacy topics. Our purpose in this editorial is to place this work in the context of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2004 Health Literacy report, which we were privileged to help create. We will conclude that while progress is being made, the scope is not broad enough and the pace not fast enough to make the progress that is necessary. In the words of the report, “efforts to improve quality, reduce costs, and reduce disparities cannot succeed without simultaneous improvements in health literacy.”1
Monte Carlo simulation of elastic-scattering spectroscopic measurement using the optical pharmacokinetic system (OPS) : analysis of sensitivity to heterogeneous chromophore distribution

Effective photodynamic therapy depends on an adequate supply of photosensitizer, oxygen, and light fluence. During light exposure, the rapid depletion of molecular oxygen within tissue can lead to the development of hypoxic regions, which decreases the generation of reactive oxygen species and can result in non-uniform tissue necrosis. The Optical Pharmacokinetic System (OPS) is a fiber-optic based spectroscopy device that may be able to monitor local tissue oxygen concentrations during treatment and identify problematic hypoxic regions in vivo . However, the 'bulk' signal detected by the OPS is potentially limited in its ability to discern the development of small hypoxic regions within tissue. This study employs a Monte Carlo simulation of the elastically-scattered light as measured by the OPS to investigate the effect of heterogeneous chromophore distributions on the detected signal. The model tissue geometry is constructed to mimic tissue in vivo , with discrete capillaries interspersed throughout. Tissue optical properties are specified spatially, allowing investigation of heterogeneous chromophore distribution. Simulations investigate the effect that discrete, highly absorbing regions within a measured sample have on the light collected by the OPS. Simulations also consider OPS measurement of a sample with a depth-dependent chromophore concentration gradient and quantitate the ability of the OPS to detect the presence of a sub-population of hypoxic vessels within a network of oxygenated vessels.
Proposed standard solar-radiation curves for engineering use

Abstract A wealth of data on sunlight has been obtained by astrophysicists, meteorologists, and others; but this information has been scattered through the literature and has not been generally available to engineers.The present paper correlates some of the data and specifies a proposed standard spectral-distribution curve for sunlight outside the atmosphere. Methods are given also for the calculation of the spectral irradiation curve for any elevation above sea level and for any air mass, and these methods lead to proposed standard curves to be used in engineering calculations dealing with direct sunlight at sea level. These curves are checked against independent data on total irradiation, ultraviolet irradiation, illumination, and color temperature. In all cases, the agreement between calculated and experimental results gives confidence in the validity of the proposed curves for various engineering applications.
A 12,000-year history of vegetation and climate for Cape Cod, Massachusetts

Pollen and charcoal analysis of radiocarbon-dated sediment cores from Duck Pond in the Cape Cod National Seashore provide a continuous 12,000-yr vegetation and climate history of outer Cape Cod. A Picea-Hudsonia parkland and then a Picea-Pinus banksiana-Alnus crispa boreal forest association grew near the site between 12,000 and 10,000 yr B.P. This vegetation was replaced by a northern conifer forest of Pinus strobus-P. banksiana, and, subsequently, by a more mesophytic forest (Pinus strobus, Tsuga, Quercus, Fagus, Acer, Ulmus, Fraxinus, Ostrya) as the climate became warmer and wetter by 9500 yr B.P. By 9000 yr B.P. a Pinus rigida-Quercus association dominated the landscape. High charcoal frequencies from this and subsequent levels suggest that the pine barrens association developed during a warmer and drier climate that lasted from 9000 to about 5000 yr B.P. Increased percentages of Pinus strobus pollen indicate a return to moister and cooler conditions by about 3500 yr B.P. A doubled sedimentation rate, increased charcoal, and increased herb pollen suggest land disturbance near the pond before European settlement. These results suggest a rapid warming in the northeast in the early Holocene and support a hypothesis of a rapid sea level rise at that time. Comparison of the pollen results from Duck Pond with those from Rogers Lake, Connecticut, illustrates the importance of edaphic factors in determining the disturbance frequency and vegetation history of an area.
Time for radiation safety program guidelines for pregnant trainees and vascular surgeons

Objectives The evolution of endovascular surgery has increased the vascular surgeon's exposure to radiation, raising concern for female vascular trainees and staff of childbearing years. We developed surveys for female trainees, established vascular surgeons, and program directors in vascular surgery to determine current practices with respect to pregnancy and radiation exposure guidelines. Methods Two surveys were conducted to evaluate radiation exposure during pregnancy. A survey of the members of the Association of Program Directors in Vascular Surgery was conducted in an attempt to gather information about existing program and institutional radiation policies and assess the need for standard guidelines. A second survey was given to women in vascular surgery in an effort to obtain opinions among concerned groups regarding establishment of a policy from women who were exposed to radiation during and after completion of vascular training. Results Fifty-three of 181 female vascular surgeons (29% response rate) responded to the survey, with the majority (53% [28/53]) pregnant during training or practice. Though 68% of trainees and 82% of faculty performed endovascular procedures during pregnancy, only 42% of trainees and 50% of faculty wore a fetal badge. One trainee (3.7%) had complications during pregnancy that necessitated cessation of fluoroscopic procedures or limiting call. There were four practicing surgeons who had complications during their pregnancy. Of these, one was hospitalized with fetal decelerations secondary to excessive on-call obligations with double leading and heavy endovascular call coverage. The majority of women (>60%) felt supported by the program and that they were treated fairly. Over 90% of female trainees and faculty felt that establishment of guidelines for radiation safety for all vascular surgeons would be beneficial. Many (77%) felt that a policy would aid in the recruitment of talented women into the field. Thirty-two of 99 Association of Program Directors in Vascular Surgery program directors responded to the survey. Of the 32 program directors that responded (32% response rate), 75% would allow the pregnant trainee flexibility in rotation schedule. Finally, 75% of program directors support development of a national policy, and 81% would incorporate one into their program. Conclusions There is compelling interest to establish radiation safety guidelines for the pregnant trainee or vascular surgeon. Consideration should be given at the Society leadership level to develop and support radiation safety guidelines for all vascular surgeons.
The Use of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose in Extracapsular Cataract Extraction With Intraocular Lens Implantation

We conducted a prospective randomized clinical trial on the use of 2% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and 1% sodium hyaluronate in the anterior chamber during anterior capsulotomy and nuclear expression in extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber lens implantation in 70 patients. Both viscoelastic substances helped maintain the anterior chamber and facilitated the operation, although sodium hyaluronate was preferred. There was no excessive intraocular inflammation or toxicity noted with either agent. Patients given sodium hyaluronate had a larger increase in intraocular pressure during the early postoperative period (2.04 mm Hg) than did those given hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (1.1 mm Hg), but the difference was not significant. Nine weeks after surgery, the mean (± SD) central endothelial cell loss was 4.84% (± 7.26%) in the 17 eyes with sodium hyaluronate and 4.37% (± 9.84%) in the 53 eyes with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. The intraocular pressure and corneal thickness were not significantly different before operation and nine weeks after it.
The Boltzmann Perceptron Network: A soft classifier

Abstract A deterministic, feedforward network, called the Boltzmann Perceptron Network (BPN), is obtained by converting the Boltzmann machine (BM) into a deterministic network. The BPN is functionally equivalent to the BM in the sense that is computes class-conditional probabilities, yet it has a feedforward structure similar to a multilayer perceptron (MLP). No annealing is required and pattern classification is effectively performed without the excessive complexity associated with learning and operation of the BM. For a given input pattern, the BPN evaluates the probabilities of the pattern being in each of the different classes. A learning algorithm for this classifier based on a conjugate gradient minimization of an appropriate distortion function is described. The classifier performance and the learning properties are discussed. An efficient and accurate generalization ability for new input patterns is demonstrated with several examples.
Grain boundaries: Guilty as charged

The electrical current that can be carried by a high-temperature superconductor is known to be sharply reduced by grain boundaries in the superconductor. A state-of-the-art calculation shows that this arises because of the accumulation of charge at the grain boundary.
Repeated injections of sulpiride into the medial prefrontal cortex induces sensitization to cocaine in rats.

Rationale Recent studies have suggested that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays an important role in the development of sensitization to cocaine. In particular, a recent report proposed that sensitization is associated with a decreased dopamine D2 receptor function in the mPFC. The present study was designed to further examine the involvement of mPFC dopamine D2 receptors in cocaine sensitization.
Supercritical fluid extraction of pesticides in foods

This article summarizes research findings involving the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of pesticides in food and other tissue matrices. Emphasis is placed on multiresidue analysis of pesticides in nonfatty foods, including some previously unpublished aspects of SFE in this application. Brief overviews of pesticides and traditional multiresidue methods are given, followed by discussion of results for SFE applications in the pesticide residue analysis of foods.
EFFICIENT LARGE-SCALE SERVICE CLUSTERING VIA SPARSE FUNCTIONAL REPRESENTATION AND ACCELERATED OPTIMIZATION

Clustering techniques offer a systematic approach to organize the diverse and fast increasing Web services by assigning relevant services into homogeneous service communities. However, the ever increasing number of Web services poses key challenges for building large-scale service communities. In this paper, we tackle the scalability issue in service clustering, aiming to accurately and efficiently discover service communities over very large-scale services. A key observation is that service descriptions are usually represented by long but very sparse term vectors as each service is only described by a limited number of terms. This inspires us to seek a new service representation that is economical to store, efficient to process, and intuitive to interpret. This new representation enables service clustering to scale to massive number of services. More specifically, a set of anchor services are identified that allows each service to represent as a linear combination of a small number of anchor services. In...
Growth and mechanical anisotropy of TiN thin films

Abstract We have grown TiN thin films on Si(100) and Si(111) substrates by ultra-high vacuum d.c. magnetron reactive sputtering. TiN grows on Si(111) epitaxially while almost completely textured growth of TiN on Si(100) is achieved. Elastic constants of the TiN film are determined by measuring the longitudinal sound velocity with a time-resolved transient piezoreflectance technique. The mechanical response of these crystallographically anisotropic TiN Si film/substrate assemblies was further studied by sub-micron depth-sensing indentation. Consistent with the observed film orientations, we find an anisotropic mechanical response. Measured indentation modulus and hardness as a function of indentation depth are consistent with existing theories.
Immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in humans: It takes two to tango

Two recently completed phase I clinical trials with candidate HIV-1 vaccines demonstrated that DNA vaccines are, indeed, immunogenic in humans, even when administered through routine needle injections. However, the best use of this evolving technology lies in its potential to prime the host's immune system. Since the discovery of DNA immunization as a new method of vaccination in the early 1990s, the real value of this technology for human vaccine development was questioned due to the apparent poor immunogenicity in repeated early phase clinical studies when DNA plasmids were injected into humans by conventional needle injections. New results indicate that DNA vaccination can provide excellent priming effects to the human immune system, and high level, antigen-specific antibody and T cell immune responses are elicited upon further stimulation through the employment of a different form of vaccine which contains antigens that match those included in the original priming DNA vaccine formulation. These findings in no way will reduce the value of DNA vaccines, instead, the roles of DNA vaccines should be redefined. It is very likely that DNA vaccine can be most useful by providing an antigen-specific immunologic help to other types of vaccines that are known to have low immunogenicity, including inactivated or recombinant protein-based subunit vaccines.
Functional basis for the glomerular alterations in uranyl nitrate acute renal failure

Functional basis for the glomerular alterations in uranyl nitrate acute renal failure. We have examined the acute renal failure that occurs after uranyl nitrate administration in the rat and the specific effects of pretreatment of rats with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI), plasma volume expansion (PVE) after uranyl nitrate, and a combination of these treatments. We utilized a combination of micropuncture measurements of glomerular hemodynamics, cage studies, and histologic examination of renal tissue to evaluate the degree of acute renal failure in all groups studied. Uranyl nitrate (UN) (25 mg/kg body wt) administration caused a reduction in the nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) (39.4 ± 1.6 to 24.8 ± 2.9nl · min -1 · g kidney wt -1 , P -1 · mm Hg -1 · g kidney wt -1 , P 0.061 ± 0.009, 0.091 ± 0.020, and 0.138 ± 0.020nl · sec -1 · mm Hg -1 · g kidney wt -1 , respectively). Cage studies revealed that CEI treatment prevented oliguria and resulted in major volume losses and reduction in weight. However, rats died after a similar period after UN, but probably by different mechanisms. Analysis of renal ultrastructure revealed equivalent tubular damage in all experimental groups. Alterations in LpA after UN are functional in nature and are potentially preventable and reversible by a combination of treatments with CEI and PVE.
Fear of Violent Consequences and Condom Use Among Women Attending an STD Clinic

Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been associated with risk for HIV infection. This cross-sectional study tested the hypothesis that fear of violent consequences when negotiating condom use mediated the relation between IPV and condom use. Participants (n = 478) were recruited between March 1, 2004 and June 30, 2006 from a public clinic that treats sexually transmitted diseases in upstate New York as part of a randomized controlled trial. They completed an audio, computer-assisted, self-administered questionnaire with items on risky sexual behavior, intimate relationships, and related covariates and confounding variables. Seventeen percent of the sample reported IPV in the past three months. Recent IPV was associated with fear of violent consequences to requests for condom use, and such fear was associated with inconsistent condom use. Women who reported IPV also reported greater difficulties in negotiating safer sex behaviors with their abusers. So fear of violent consequences appeared to hinder their ...
Chemisorption of a monolayer of atoms on a bcc metal surface

Abstract The change in the density of states due to the adsorption of a monolayer of atoms on the (001) surface of a bcc metal is presented. The substrate is described by the Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) scheme and the Tight-Binding (TB) approximation, and both the Green's function formalism and the phase shift technique are employed. Each adatom is represented by a single nondegenerate energy level. Two binding sites for the commensurate monolayer are considered: the on-site and the centered fourfold-site. By assuming that screening of the charges on the adatoms is complete within the surface layer of atoms, the selfconsistency condition of satisfying Friedel's sum rule can be met by varying the orbital energies of the adatoms and the surface plane of atoms of the substrate. The changes in the density of states show strongly skewed bonding and antibonding resonances which occur at different energies for the two binding sites even though equal binding strengths are assumed. A comparison with previous single adatom results shows that the shape and position of the bonding resonance are dependent upon adatom coverage.
Electron Transfer Kinetics of Ferrocene at Microcrystalline Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes: Effect of Solvent and Electrolyte

Cyclic voltammetric measurements were made using well-characterized microcrystalline boron-doped diamond thin-film electrodes to test the material's responsiveness for ferrocene as a function of scan rate, solvent, and electrolyte composition. Apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants, k°app, of 0.042±0.015, 0.048±0.015, and 0.008±0.002 cm/s were observed in 0.1 M NaClO4/CH3CN, 0.1 M TBAClO4/CH3CN, and 0.1M TBAClO4/CH2Cl2, respectively. These rate constants, obtained using electrodes without any type of pretreatment, are similar to those observed for freshly polished glassy carbon. The results demonstrate that boron-doped diamond is a viable material for the electrochemical analysis of nonaqueous analytes.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1α-mediated metabolic remodeling of skeletal myocytes mimics exercise training and reverses lipid-induced mitochondrial inefficiency

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1alpha (PGC1alpha) is a promiscuous co-activator that plays a key role in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and fuel homeostasis. Emergent evidence links decreased skeletal muscle PGC1alpha activity and coincident impairments in mitochondrial performance to the development of insulin resistance in humans. Here we used rodent models to demonstrate that muscle mitochondrial efficiency is compromised by diet-induced obesity and is subsequently rescued by exercise training. Chronic high fat feeding caused accelerated rates of incomplete fatty acid oxidation and accumulation of beta-oxidative intermediates. The capacity of muscle mitochondria to fully oxidize a heavy influx of fatty acid depended on factors such as fiber type and exercise training and was positively correlated with expression levels of PGC1alpha. Likewise, an efficient lipid-induced substrate switch in cultured myocytes depended on adenovirus-mediated increases in PGC1alpha expression. Our results supported a novel paradigm in which a high lipid supply, occurring under conditions of low PGC1alpha, provokes a disconnect between mitochondrial beta-oxidation and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity. Conversely, the metabolic remodeling that occurred in response to PGC1alpha overexpression favored a shift from incomplete to complete beta-oxidation. We proposed that PGC1alpha enables muscle mitochondria to better cope with a high lipid load, possibly reflecting a fundamental metabolic benefit of exercise training.
Soil microbial community structure and diversity in a turfgrass chronosequence: Land-use change versus turfgrass management

Abstract A diverse soil microbial community is an important measure of sustainable land use. Turfgrasses are usually managed as a monostand, which may result in reduced soil microbial diversity. However, there is little information on the structure and diversity of soil microorganisms in managed turfgrass systems. We examined the soil microbial community in a turfgrass chronosequence (i.e., 1, 6, 23 and 95 years), established from native pines, to address (1) the degree to which microbial diversity is achieved and maintained in turfgrass soils and (2) the relative importance of turfgrass management versus land-use change (i.e., native pines to turfgrass) in structuring the soil microbial community. Soil microbial communities were fingerprinted using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition, and also by the pattern of sole C source utilization (i.e., community-level physiological profiles, CLPP). The relative diversities of soil microbial communities as a function of land use and turfgrass ages were compared using the Shannon index. Multivariate analysis was used to detail variations in soil microbial communities. Despite the differences in land use and turfgrass age, microbial biodiversity was generally similar for the various soils, with the exception that diversity was lower in soils taken from 5 to 15 cm depth of the two youngest turfgrass systems. This reduction was correlated with low soil C, and suggests that soil organic matter (OM) is a primary determinant of microbial community diversity. Both CLPP- and PLFA-based principal component analyses (PCA) revealed distinct groupings of soil microbial communities based on land use but not on turfgrass age. There was a preferential use of phenolic compounds and carboxylic acids by the microbial community in native pine soils, whereas carbohydrates were the preferred C source for microbial communities in turfgrass soils. This difference in catabolic function was mirrored by a compositional change of phospholipid fatty acids. Cluster analysis of community structure indicated that microbial communities in older turfgrass systems (23 and 95 years old) diverged from younger systems (1 and 6 years old), implying some effect of management on composition and structure of the soil microbial community. Our study concludes that a diverse soil microbial community was achieved and maintained in turfgrass systems, and that shifts in soil microbial community structure were attributed primarily to the change of land use rather than the length of turfgrass management.
Delayed hypokalemic paralysis following a convulsion due to alcohol abstinence.

Abstract We encountered three patients with hypokalemic paralysis following a convulsion in the early stages of alcohol abstinence. The transtubular potassium gradient was less than 2.0, suggesting intracellular potassium shift. Hypokalaemic paralysis may result from retention of intracellular cationic potassium bound by anionic phosphorylated compounds, precipitated by an acceleration of the Na+–K+ pump in alcohol withdrawal and convulsions. These findings warn of the lethal hypokalemia that may occur after convulsions, particularly soon after alcohol abstinence associated with moderate withdrawal symptoms.
Glucose-insulin-potassium for acute myocardial infarction: remarkable results from a new prospective, randomized trial

A landmark study is reported in this issue of Circulation ,1 continuing the rediscovery of glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) that began in this journal last year with a meta-analysis and editorial.2 3 That meta-analysis considered all prior randomized trials of GIK for AMI (these were all done in the prethrombolytic era) and concluded that GIK had the potential to reduce AMI mortality by 28% to 48% depending on dosage and timing of therapy initiation relative to symptom onset. An accompanying editorial called for a modern large-scale trial of GIK in combination with thrombolysis for AMI. Such a prospective trial is now reported by the ECLA (Estudios Cardiologicos Latinoamerica) Collaborative Group, and the results are dramatic. The ECLA group reports the largest prospective, randomized trial of GIK for the treatment of AMI ever performed and the only such trial done in the era of thrombolytic therapy. They observed a remarkable 66% reduction (2 P =0.008) in the relative in-hospital mortality risk when GIK was added to reperfusion (95% of those reperfused had thrombolysis, 5% had primary PTCA) relative to reperfusion alone; the absolute mortality risk decreased from 15.2% to 5.2%. Considering the relatively long average time from the onset of AMI symptoms until the start of treatment (10 to 11 hours), the magnitude of the mortality reduction was even more remarkable. Moreover, a survival benefit persisted during a 1-year follow-up period in the group that received high-dose GIK plus reperfusion as AMI treatment. Adverse effects of the GIK treatment were minimal. Although 83% of GIK patients received the infusion via a peripheral intravenous line, only 17% developed mild phlebitis, and only 2% developed severe phlebitis. Thus, it appears that it is feasible to deliver the GIK without placement of a central line. The GIK did …
Croup syndromes: Laryngotracheitis, epiglottitis, and bacterial tracheitis

This article examines the clinical presentation, evaluation, and treatment of the major infectious causes of upper airway obstruction in children. Several important changes have occurred in the management of laryngotracheitis (croup), the most frequent cause of upper airway obstruction in children. Specifically, several studies have documented that a subset of patients receiving a single administration of racemic epinephrine aerosol in the ambulatory setting can be discharged safely without the need for in-hospital observation. Moreover, several trials have established the effectiveness of steroids in ameliorating the severity of croup, although the role of steroids in children not requiring in-hospital management is still undefined. Epiglottitis and bacterial tracheitis, although much less common than croup, frequently lead to complete airway obstruction. Proper management of these two infections requires rapid recognition, expeditious evaluation, and establishment of an artificial airway. Once the airway has been secured, however, both diseases respond briskly to parenteral antibiotic therapy. Upper airway obstruction from infectious causes is encountered commonly in peiiatric practice. The major entities can be diagnosed readily on clinical and radiographic evidence. Effective management models have been well established to assure an uneventful recovery from these potentially life-threatening diseases.
Laryngeal mask airway in severe cervical ankylosis.

Purpose We present a case of the successful use of a laryngeal airway (LMA) to ventilate the lungs of a patient with severe ankyiosing spondylitis for surgery requiring intense muscular relaxation. The use of an LMA in such circumstances is controversial.
Beyond the Glitter: Belly Dance and Neoliberal Gentrification in Istanbul

Contemporary Turkish belly dance underscores real and imagined connections to an Ottoman past within overlapping Islamist and secular neoliberal projects and identities forged around female modesty, heritage tourism, and urban restructuring in post-1980s Istanbul.' In this article, I use belly dance praxis as a critical lens to explore the complex ways in which gendered cultural worlds and urban economies actively intersect across multiple contemporary Istanbul venues.2 In a series of urban settings, I illustrate a rich array of distinctions along shifting lines of class and practices of female modesty to emphasize the wide range of Islamic and secular subject positions in the market-driven gentrification of Istanbul. While these ethnographic scenes reveal moral and economic possibilities as well as limitations for varied social actors, they also underline attendant tensions around urban public face and performance, profit and propriety, economy and etiquette.3
Changes in Long-acting β-agonist Utilization After the FDA’s 2010 Drug Safety Communication

Abstract Purpose In February 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued new recommendations for the safe use of long-acting β-agonists (LABAs) in patients with asthma. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the FDA’s 2010 safety advisory on LABA utilization. Methods Using administrative data from the Oregon Medicaid program, we performed an interrupted time series regression to evaluate changes in the trend in new LABA prescriptions before and after the FDA’s 2010 advisory. Trends in incident fills were examined among those with and without an asthma diagnosis code and previous respiratory controller medication use; trends were also assessed according to patient age. Findings The average age of the 8646 study patients was 37 years, 53% had a diagnosis of asthma, 21% had no respiratory diagnosis, and 32% had not used a respiratory controller medication in the recent past. The trend in new LABA prescriptions declined by 0.09 new start per 10,000 patients per month (95% CI, –0.19 to –0.01) after the FDA’s advisory. Among those with a diagnosis of asthma, there was an immediate drop of 0.48 (95% CI, –0.93 to –0.03) and a 0.10 (95% CI, –0.13 to –0.06) decline in the monthly rate of new starts per 10,000 patients. Immediately after the FDA’s advisory, we observed a statistically significant 4.7% increase (95% CI, 0.8 to 8.7) in the proportion of new LABA starts with history of previous respiratory controller medication use. Utilization of LABAs did not change in those without a diagnosis of asthma. Implications The FDA’s 2010 advisory was associated with modest reductions in LABA utilization overall and in ways highlighted in their recommendations.
Excitation of nuclear fragments following K− absorption by neon☆

A study of internally converted electron-positron pairs associated with K− neon absorption at rest reveals that 0.67 ± 0.15 γ-rays are emitted per nuclear absorption, indicating a large probability for residual nuclear excitation following K− absorption.
Dental caries in gnotobiotic rats infected with a variety of Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Abstract A Lactobacillus originally isolated from a caries active conventional Sprague-Dawley rat was inoculated orally in two separate groups of weanling germfree rats of the same strain receiving a coarse particle, high sugar diet. All twenty-two of the animals so challenged developed dental caries lesions which were primarily confined to the molar sulci. The active micro-organism appears to be a variety of Lactobacillus acidophilus .
Kozeny‐Carman relation for a medium with tapered cracks

We examine the permeability of a medium with thin tapered cracks to a single-phase fluid flow in the presence of immobile matter which is accumulated in the tips of cracks. The original Kozeny-Carman relation shows an increase in permeability of such a material relative to the case when tips are free of accumulated matter. To resolve this paradox we introduce a corrected version of the Kozeny-Carman relation for the case when the shape of a crack cross-section can be described by a power law. This class of crack shapes includes the important cases of triangular cracks and space between two contacting circular grains. The revised relation includes the original porosity Φ and specific surface area S of the material without accumulated matter as well as the degree of filling a crack space by accumulated matter Z. The permeability is proportional to Φ3 and S−2, and decreases with increasing Z.
Note on Cyclotomic Polynomials and Prime Ideals

Abstract Let A be a commutative ring with identity, let X, Y be indeterminates and let F(X,Y), G(X, Y) ∈ A[X, Y] be homogeneous. Then the pair F(X, Y), G(X, Y) is said to be radical preserving with respect to A if Rad((F(x, y), G(x, y))R) = Rad((x,y)R) for each A-algebra R and each pair of elements x, y in R. It is shown that infinite sequences of pairwise radical preserving polynomials can be obtained by homogenizing cyclotomic polynomials, and that under suitable conditions on a ℤ-graded ring A these can be used to produce an infinite set of homogeneous prime ideals between two given homogeneous prime ideals P ⊂ Q of A such that ht(Q/P) = 2.