cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relational Data,Formal Concept Analysis, and Graded Attributes

Formal concept analysis is a particular method of analysis of relational data. In addition to tools for data analysis, formal concept analysis provides elaborated mathematical foundations for relational data. In the course of the last decade, several attempts appeared to extend formal concept analysis to data with graded (fuzzy) attributes. Among these attempts, an approach based on residuated implications plays an important role. This chapter presents an overview of foundations of formal concept analysis of data with graded attributes, with focus on the approach based on residuated implications, on its extensions and particular cases. Presented is an overview of both of the main parts of formal concept analysis, namely, concept lattices and attribute implications, and an overview of the underlying foundations and related methods. In addition to that, the chapter contains an overview of topics for future research.
Estimating the willingness to pay to preserve waterfront open spaces using contingent valuation

Abstract Waterfront open spaces provide environmental benefits, recreational opportunities, and prospects for water-dependent economic activities. However, with growing populations and associated urbanization, waterfronts and other open spaces often compete with roads, shopping centers, industrial development, and residential zones. Growth presents important challenges for elected officials, planners, and natural resource managers because, in addition to many benefits, urban development can increase stress on the landscape and compromise environmental quality and community resilience. This study employed a mail survey and contingent valuation method (CVM) to estimate residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) to preserve open space in coastal cities in Alabama and Mississippi. Four different interval-censored regression models were constructed to estimate WTP to support open space preservation. Approximately 60% of respondents voted in favor of the proposal, which suggested the majority of residents valued open space preservation. Results indicated that coastal residents were willing to make a one-time payment of $80.52–$162.14 per household. Respondents’ membership in a conservation organization and income had a positive relationship with WTP, whereas age and residence duration were negatively associated. Findings provide evidence of positive open space value to local communities and can help policy makers and natural resource managers make better-informed decisions regarding the balance between open space preservation and urban development.
Abstract B04: Palbociclib-based combinatorial drug screening in ER-positive cell lines identifies efficacious single agents and novel combinations with synergistic interactions

Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer is associated with a good prognosis, but when ER+ breast tumors progress, treatment options are limited. The combination of the CDK inhibitor palbociclib plus the ER degrader fulvestrant was recently approved for patients who have recurrences of ER+ disease. However, durable responses are not typically seen with this combination, and patients eventually progress on therapy. We sought to test other drug combinations using palbociclib as the backbone of therapy. We tested 13 different FDA-approved drugs in combination with palbocilib in a panel of 7 ER+ breast cancer cell lines (600MPE, MDAMB134vii, MDAMB415, ZR75-1, ZR75B, and MCF7). Molecularly, all lines were characterized by amplification of the CCND1 region, high levels of expression of ER, and low RNA expression of EGFR. CAMA1 showed general resistance to the drugs used, never reaching a GR50 (growth rate inhibition of 50%) even at the highest dose tested with palbociclib. CAMA1 was also resistant to the majority of the other 13 drugs, with the exception of panobinostat, vorinostat, and everolimus. Across the entire cell line set, these three compounds were the most effective as single agents. For example, the HDAC inhibitors panobinostat and vorinostat had low nanomolar GR50 values in 7/7 and 4/7 cell lines, respectively. However, significant antagonism was observed between both HDAC inhibitors and palbociclib in MCF7, ZR75B, and ZR75-1, indicating that combining these agents may not be clinically effective. Everolimus plus palbociclib and trametinib plus palbociclib combinations were significantly synergistic in 3/7 cell lines (600MPE, ZR75B, and MCF7 in both cases). Interestingly, CAMA1 and MDAMB134 never showed any evidence of synergistic interactions with any of the combinations tested, suggesting that they may be a distinct subset of ER+ breast cancers. This study indicates that HDAC inhibitors may be effective for treating ER+ tumors that have progressed on antiestrogen therapy, and that combinations of palbociclib plus everolimus or trametinib may also have efficacy. Citation Format: Rebecca Smith, Tiera Liby, Joe Gray, James Korkola. Palbociclib-based combinatorial drug screening in ER-positive cell lines identifies efficacious single agents and novel combinations with synergistic interactions [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer Research; 2017 Oct 7-10; Hollywood, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2018;16(8_Suppl):Abstract nr B04.
Assessment of continuum breakdown for chemically reacting wake flows

Enabled by a newly developed species perturbation parameter, an analysis identifies forebody surface chemistry, among all other competing thermophysical processes, as the key contributor to continuum breakdown in hypersonic reacting wake flows.
Enforcing Signal Temporal Logic Specifications in Multi-Agent Adversarial Environments: A Deep Q-Learning Approach

This work addresses the problem of learning optimal control policies for a multi-agent system in an adversarial environment. Specifically, we focus on multi-agent systems where the mission objectives are expressed as signal temporal logic (STL) specifications. The agents are classified as either defensive or adversarial. The defensive agents are maximizers, namely, they maximize an objective function that enforces the STL specification; the adversarial agents, on the other hand, are minimizers. The interaction among the agents is modeled as a finite-state team stochastic game with an unknown transition probability function. The synthesis objective is to determine optimal control policies for the defensive agents that implement the STL specification against the best responses of the adversarial agents. A multi-agent deep Q-learning algorithm, which is an extension of the minimax Q-learning algorithm, is then proposed to learn the optimal policies. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated through a simulation case study.
EVALUATION OF HYDROGEN AS A CRYOGENIC WIND TUNNEL TEST GAS

The nondimensional ratios used to describe various flow situations in hydrogen were determined and compared with the corresponding ideal diatomic gas ratios. The results were used to examine different inviscid flow configurations. The relatively high value of the characteristic rotational temperature causes the behavior of hydrogen, under cryogenic conditions, to deviate substantially from the behavior of an ideal diatomic gas in the compressible flow regime. Therefore, if an idea diatomic gas is to be modeled, cryogenic hydrogen is unacceptable as a wind tunnel test gas in a compressible flow situation.
Schoenberg's Atonal Music: Musical Idea, Basic Image, and Specters of Tonal Function

Award-winning author Jack Boss returns with the 'prequel' to Schoenberg's Twelve-Tone Music (Cambridge, 2014) demonstrating that the term 'atonal' is meaningful in describing Schoenberg's music from 1908 to 1921. This book shows how Schoenberg's atonal music can be understood in terms of successions of pitch and rhythmic motives and pitch-class sets that flesh out the large frameworks of 'musical idea' and 'basic image'. It also explains how tonality, after losing its structural role in Schoenberg's music after 1908, begins to re-appear not long after as an occasional expressive device. Like its predecessor, Schoenberg's Atonal Music contains close readings of representative works, including the Op. 11 and Op. 19 Piano Pieces, the Op. 15 George-Lieder, the monodrama Erwartung, and Pierrot lunaire. These analyses are illustrated by richly detailed musical examples, revealing the underlying logic of some of Schoenberg's most difficult pieces of music.
Understanding project cancellation risks in U.S. P3 surface transportation infrastructure

Abstract Public private partnership (P3) projects can face many internal and external risks affecting their development and implementation. As a result, this research explores the understudied risk factors underlying the U.S.’ cancelled, deferred, and terminated (CDT) P3 projects. A database of CDT projects is developed. Of the projects identified as the U.S. surface transportation P3 population, 46% (31 out of 68) experienced cancellation, deferment or early contract termination. The research then applied a risk typology and a multi-case study method to the troubled cases to identify common risk factors. Data collection focused primarily on the identification of political (public and political voice, bureaucratic complexity) and economic risk factors. The most frequently identified factors across the 31 cancelled, deferred, or terminated cases include political opposition, local opposition, and inadequate demand projections. Since the paper studies the entire U.S. surface transportation P3 project population, the results serve to inform public agencies and private sector actors of possible friction points meriting consideration during P3 procurement planning.
Primary peripheral nerve tumors associated with nerve-territory herpes zoster

Herpes viruses have been described as markers of occult cancer and have also been implicated in oncogenesis. This group of viruses includes varicella-zoster virus (VZV) which is well-known for its ability to evade the immune response by lying dormant in the dorsal root ganglion of peripheral nerves. Although it is common knowledge that VZV reactivation causes herpes zoster (shingles), there have been no reports in literature of herpes zoster manifesting in the dermatomal territory of peripheral nerves involved by either benign or malignant tumors. We report two cases of patients with peripheral nerve tumors who presented with herpes zoster in the dermatomal distribution of the involved nerves. One patient had primary neurolymphomatosis, whereas the other had a sacral schwannoma. We believe these are the first cases to be reported that demonstrate herpes zoster at clinical presentation in patients with peripheral nerve tumors. This suggests that VZV may have the potential to cause peripheral nerve tumors via a complex interplay of viral oncogenes and alterations in host immunological responses.
Pediatric ICU Early Mobility Program and Case Example: a closer look at barriers and benefits to early mobilization of critically ill children

Background: The risks associated with prolonged immobility secondary to bed rest include deconditioning, reduction in muscle and bone mass, skin breakdown, and joint contracture. These impairments complicate recovery in the ICU, contribute to functional decline, and impair development in pediatric patients. In adults early mobility (EM) has been established to prevent complications and promote recovery, but use of this approach in pediatrics is limited. Understanding facilitators and barriers to implementing EM via a tier system using patient presentation to determine mobility recommendations in pediatrics …
The Role of Caregiver-Reported Risks in Predicting Adverse Pediatric Outcomes

OBJECTIVE Certain social risk factors (e.g., housing instability, food insecurity) have been shown to directly and indirectly influence pediatric health outcomes; however, there is limited understanding of which social factors are most salient for children admitted to the hospital. This study examines how caregiver-reported social and medical characteristics of children experiencing an inpatient admission are associated with the presence of future health complications. METHODS Caregivers of children experiencing an inpatient admission (N = 249) completed a predischarge questionnaire designed to capture medical and social risk factors across systems (e.g., patient, caregiver, family, community, healthcare environment). Electronic health record (EHR) data were reviewed for child demographic data, chronic disease status, and subsequent emergency department visits or readmissions (i.e., acute events) 90 days postindex hospitalization. Associations between risk factors and event presence were estimated using odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CI), both unadjusted and adjusted OR (aOR) for chronic disease and age. RESULTS Thirty-three percent (N = 82) of children experienced at least one event. After accounting for child age and chronic disease status, caregiver perceptions of child's health being generally "poor" or "not good" prior to discharge (aOR = 4.7, 95% CI = 2.3, 9.7), having high care coordination needs (aOR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.6, 6.1), and experiencing difficulty accessing care coordination (aOR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.4, 4.7) were significantly associated with return events. CONCLUSIONS Caregiver report of risks may provide valuable information above and beyond EHR records to both determine risk of future health problems and inform intervention development.
Automatic Analysis and Influence of Hierarchical Structure on Melody, Rhythm and Harmony in Popular Music.

Repetition is a basic indicator of musical structure. This study introduces new algorithms for identifying musical phrases based on repetition. Phrases combine to form sections yielding a two-level hierarchical structure. Automatically detected hierarchical repetition structures reveal significant interactions between structure and chord progressions, melody and rhythm. Different levels of hierarchy interact differently, providing evidence that structural hierarchy plays an important role in music beyond simple notions of repetition or similarity. Our work suggests new applications for music generation and music evaluation.
Polymorphism, Halogen Bonding, and Chalcogen Bonding in the Diiodine Adducts of 1,3- and 1,4-Dithiane.

Through variations in reaction solvent and stoichiometry, a series of S-diiodine adducts of 1,3- and 1,4-dithiane were isolated by direct reaction of the dithianes with molecular diiodine in solution. In the case of 1,3-dithiane, variations in reaction solvent yielded both the equatorial and the axial isomers of S-diiodo-1,3-dithiane, and their solution thermodynamics were further studied via DFT. Additionally, S,S’-bis(diiodo)-1,3-dithiane was also isolated. The 1:1 cocrystal, (1,4-dithiane)·(I2) was further isolated, as well as a new polymorph of S,S’-bis(diiodo)-1,4-dithiane. Each structure showed significant S···I halogen and chalcogen bonding interactions. Further, the product of the diiodine-promoted oxidative addition of acetone to 1,4-dithiane, as well as two new cocrystals of 1,4-dithiane-1,4-dioxide involving hydronium, bromide, and tribromide ions, was isolated.
The Role of WAVE2 Signaling in Cancer.

The Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and WASP family verprolin-homologous protein (WAVE)—WAVE1, WAVE2 and WAVE3 regulate rapid reorganization of cortical actin filaments and have been shown to form a key link between small GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Upon receiving upstream signals from Rho-family GTPases, the WASP and WAVE family proteins play a significant role in polymerization of actin cytoskeleton through activation of actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3). The Arp2/3 complex, once activated, forms actin-based membrane protrusions essential for cell migration and cancer cell invasion. Thus, by activation of Arp2/3 complex, the WAVE and WASP family proteins, as part of the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), have been shown to play a critical role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis, drawing significant research interest over recent years. Several studies have highlighted the potential for targeting the genes encoding either part of or a complete protein from the WASP/WAVE family as therapeutic strategies for preventing the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. WAVE2 is well documented to be associated with the pathogenesis of several human cancers, including lung, liver, pancreatic, prostate, colorectal and breast cancer, as well as other hematologic malignancies. This review focuses mainly on the role of WAVE2 in the development, invasion and metastasis of different types of cancer. This review also summarizes the molecular mechanisms that regulate the activity of WAVE2, as well as those oncogenic pathways that are regulated by WAVE2 to promote the cancer phenotype. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies that target WAVE2 or the WAVE regulatory complex, aimed at preventing or inhibiting cancer invasion and metastasis.
γ-Cyano-α-l-aminobutyric Acid A NEW PRODUCT OF CYANIDE FIXATION IN CHROMOBACTERIUM VIOLACEUM

Abstract γ-Cyano-α-l-aminobutyric acid is identified for the first time as a biological substance. This amino acid nitrile accumulates when inorganic cyanide is administered to young cultures of Chromobacterium violaceum strain D 341. Cyanide supplies the cyano group, and aspartic acid supplies carbon atoms 1 to 4. Biosynthesis of β-cyanoalanine also takes place and appears to be controlled by aspartic acid. No evidence has been obtained for appreciable metabolism of γ-cyano-α-aminobutyric acid. Identification has been based on a close comparison of the physical and chemical properties of the isolated crystalline substance with known synthetic γ-cyano-α-l-aminobutyric acid. The latter has been prepared by an improved procedure involving hydrogenolysis of the benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.
Evaluation of lightning accommodation systems for wind-driven turbine rotors

Wind-driven turbine generators are being evaluated as an alternative source of electric energy. Areas of favorable location for the wind-driven turbines (high wind density) coincide with areas of high incidence of thunderstorm activity. These locations, coupled with the 30-m or larger diameter rotor blades, make the wind-driven turbine blades probable terminations for lightning strikes. Several candidate systems of lightning accommodation for composite-structural-material blades were designed and their effectiveness evaluated by submitting the systems to simulated lightning strikes. The test data were analyzed and system design were reviewed on the basis of the analysis.
NO COUNTRY FOR OLD MEXICANS

This essay pairs documents dating from 1758 on the settlement of central Texas with the 2007 film No Country for Old Men to offer a comparative analysis of the competing racial geographies that emerged from Spanish and Anglo-American colonialism in the Southwest. These modes of European empire each produced distinctive racial geographies with lasting consequences for contemporary indigenous peoples. Settlers under the Spanish Crown represented the Texas territory as teeming with indigenous peoples, including the Apache and Comanche nations. Spanish coloniality, she suggests, was predicated upon indigenous presence. Without Indians, there could be no settlement. Meanwhile, Anglo-American colonization required not only the dispossession of indigenous peoples (and mestizo Mexicans) for the expansion of the US, but also the banishment of the figure of the Indian from the national imagination. Consequently, the Cohen brothers’ film is able to represent the very same Texas territory as barren and completely dev...
Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape

Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape. Frans de Waal and Frans Lanting. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. 210 pp.
The Emergent Organization: Improvisation and Order in Gulf Coast Disaster Relief

This article employs the interactionist concept of emergence to explore volunteer behavior in organizational settings after natural disasters. Through a several-year ethnographic study of volunteer relief groups in the Post-hurricane Gulf Coast, I examine how emergent social groups navigate situations where interactional norms, practices, and procedures are ambiguous, unclear, or in continual flux. Grassroots volunteer groups improvised organizational decision-making and leadership structures to develop timely and appropriate responses to the post-disaster environment. In particular, I focus on two distinct groups of volunteers whose response to these emergent interactional structures: improvisers embraced the ambiguity of group norms as an opportunity to innovate and express their creativity, whereas ritualists rejected the lack of structure and order characterized by the volunteer organizations.
Developmental expression of the protein kinase C substrate/binding protein (clone 72/SSeCKS) in rat testis

The coordinated interaction of kinases, phosphatases and other regulatory molecules with scaffolding proteins is emerging as a major theme in intracellular signaling networks. In this report we show that a cDNA isolated from a rat testis expression library by interactive cloning using the regulatory subunit (R) of a type-II protein kinase A (PKA) is identical with a previously characterized protein kinase C (PKC)-binding protein termed either clone 72 [Chapline, C., Mousseau, B., Ramsay, K., Duddy, S., Li, Y., Kiley, S. C. & Jaken, S. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 6417-6422] or SSeCKS [Lin, X., Tombler, E., B., Nelson, P.J., Ross, M. & Gelman, I.H. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 28430-28438]. Deletion mutagenesis demonstrated that amino acids 1495-1524 of clone 72/SSeCKS had the ability to interact with RII. Antibodies prepared against the recombinant protein recognized a 280/290-kDa doublet and a 240-kDa protein on Western blots of rat testis cytosolic and Triton X-100 extracts. Expression of clone 72/SSeCKS mRNA and protein levels was developmentally regulated in rat testis. Northern-blot analysis showed a dramatic increase in clone 72/SSeCKS-hybridizing mRNA starting 30 days after birth. Immunohistochemical examination showed high expression levels in elongating spermatids. Clone 72/SSeCKS was not detected in mature sperm. These studies suggest a role for clone 72/SSeCKS, a PKA/PKC scaffolding protein, during the process of spermiogenesis.
PRODUCING A FUTURE, COMMEMORATING A PAST: JAN FAKTOR AND THE AVANTGARDES

Scholarship has often ascribed to the third generation of East German writers associated with the Prenzlauer Berg scene (1979–89) a monolithic attitude of dissociation from the ‘really existing socialist state’. The present study reevaluates Prenzlauer Berg literary production in the light of its engagement with the transnational aesthetic and political projects of the avantgardes from before and after the Second World War, which continued to be thematised in the literature and culture of unified Germany after the fall of the Wall. A continuous engagement with the avantgardes can be discerned in two texts by the erstwhile Prenzlauer Berg poet and contemporary novelist Jan Faktor: first, in the serial poem ‘Georgs Sorgen um die Zukunft’ (1982), and second, in the novel Georgs Sorgen um die Vergangenheit (2010). The poem, I argue, criticises the advanced state of ideological decay in the GDR in the 1980s but also generates possibilities for an aesthetic renewal. The post-‘Wende’ novel narrates the history of state-sponsored socialism in Czechoslovakia from a transnational standpoint that fosters the formation of an entangled past among countries of the former Eastern bloc. The novel's reflection on the disintegration of architectural projects once meant to organise life for a socialist future, however, commemorates the utopian spirit of the Russian Constructivist avantgarde and its productivist aesthetic. Der dritten Generation ostdeutscher Autoren, die zur Prenzlauer Berg-Szene (1979–89) gehorten, schreibt die Literaturwissenschaft haufig eine monolithische Entfremdung vom ‘real-existierenden Sozialismus’ zu. Das Engagement dieser Schriftsteller fur die Wiederbelebung von transnationalen asthetischen und politischen Projekten der Avantgarde aus der Epoche vor und nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg, die auch in der Literatur und Kultur des vereinigten Deutschlands thematisiert wird, gibt jedoch Anlass, die literarische Produktion am Prenzlauer Berg neu zu bewerten. Eine andauernde Beschaftigung mit den Avantgardisten lasst sich, wie ich in der vorliegenden Studie zeige, zum Beispiel in zwei Texten des ehemaligen Prenzlauer Berg-Dichters und heutigen Romanautoren Jan Faktor ausmachen: Faktors serielles Gedicht Georgs Sorgen um die Zukunft (1982) kritisiert eine fortgeschrittene Phase des Ideologieverfalls der DDR der 1980er Jahre und zeigt zugleich neue Moglichkeiten der asthetischen Erneuerung auf. Sein in der Nachwendezeit geschriebener Roman Georgs Sorgen um die Vergangenheit (2010) erzahlt die Geschichte des Staatssozialismus in der Tschechoslowakei aus einer transnationalen Perspektive, welche die Bildung einer zwischen den fruheren Ostblocklandern verflochtenen Vergangenheit befordert. Durch die im Roman angestellten Betrachtungen uber den Zerfall der architektonischen Projekte, die einst das Leben fur die sozialistische Zukunft organisieren sollten, wird dennoch der utopische Geist des russischen Konstruktivismus und seine produktivistische Asthetik in der Erinnerung bewahrt.
Separation of cell types in embryonic heart cell cultures

Abstract A technique is described for the separation of cell types in primary cell cultures which is dependent upon the different rates of attachment of each cell type to the substratum.
Grandparents of Grandchildren with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): Strengthening Relationships through Technology Activities.

This study of grandparent-grandchild relationships was embedded in the context of technology workshops offered for young children on the autism spectrum. The purpose of this research was to examine...
The effects of imagery‐evoking radio advertising strategies on affective responses

A debate in the marketing literature concerning the relative effectiveness of various imagery-evoking strategies in influencing consumer responses to advertising has been unresolved. This study examined the effects of three imagery-evoking strategies commonly used in radio advertising—sound effects, vivid verbal messages, and instructions to imagine—in influencing mental imagery, ad-evoked feelings, and attitude toward the ad. The theoretical basis for the study is an imagery model based on propositional representations theory. Consistent with the implications of the theory, of the three strategies, sound effects had the greatest impact on imagery and affective responses. Compared with sound effects, a vivid verbal message had a slightly weaker influence. Instructions to imagine, however, had a very weak impact on imagery and no significant influence on affect. Finally, the results indicated that the three strategies interacted with one another. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The establishment of an international gravity standard

A program of pendulum and gravimeter measurements for the establishment of a gravity standard between Mexico and Alaska is described. The problems involved in obtaining precise measurements with pendulums are discussed, values for three independent sets of pendulum measurements and gravimeter measurements are compared.
1015 ELECTIVE CESAREAN SECTION DELIVERY: IS SPECIAL NURSERY CARE (SNC) NECESSARY?

This study assesses whether a full term, AGA, elective cesarean section (S) baby with a normal prenatal and delivery room course requires SNC. Ninety-four S babies born over a 2 year period were retrospectively compared for nursery complications to 94 well baby controls (C) delivered vaginally. The groups were of similar birth weight, gestational age, sex, and date of birth. As expected, the S group had a greater mean maternal age (28 vs 26,C; p < 0.02). Five babies (4S,lC) had problems recognized in the regular nursery that required SNC. Two (lS,lC) were erythroblastotic requiring exchange transfusions. The other 3 (all S) had, respectively, respiratory distress requiring supplemental O2 (onset ½ hr. old), hypoglycemia (@ ½ hr. old) and hypocalcemia (@ 3 d. old). Other problems not requiring SNC included transient (duration < 90 min) tachypnea or grunting (5S,lC), physiologic jaundice (7S, 10C) and conjunctivitis (lS). Mean age at first void, stool, and feed were similar in both groups. These data suggest that special nursery care of full term, AGA, elective cesarean section babies with a normal prenatal and delivery room course is medically unnecessary and financially burdensome. In addition, it probably increases parental stress and impedes maternal-infant bonding.
Theoretical model for predicting rates of nitrosamine and nitrosamide formation in the human stomach

A mathematical model has been developed to estimate the rates of formation of nitrosamines and nitrosamides in the human stomach, under a variety of physiological and environmental conditions. The model combines a detailed description of the kinetics of N-nitrosation with mass balance equations which account for gastric emptying, dilution and absorption. The simulations were based on a typical schedule of dietary inputs, and included variations in gastric pH and in the volume of the stomach contents over a 24-h period. Consideration of these transient phenomena allowed a distinction to be made between amines or amides present in the diet and in gastric or salivary secretions. A comparison of the theoretical results with available data on the nitrosation of proline suggests that the model accurately predicts gastric rates of nitrosamine formation under control conditions, and correctly represents the strong catalytic effects of thiocyanate and the inhibitory effects of ascorbic acid or ascorbate ion. The results further suggest that nitrosoproline (NPro) excretion is not an accurate index of gastric nitrosation under physiological (low-dose) conditions, even when corrections are made for dietary intake of NPro. The predicted rates of formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), even for a diet high in dimethylamine, were found to be a factor of approximately 10(2) to 10(3) lower than published estimates of the dietary exposure to preformed NDMA. Thus, these findings do not support the hypothesis that gastric formation of NDMA from dietary dimethylamine poses a serious additional health risk. The results are presented in a graphical and tabular form which makes it possible to readily estimate the rates of formation of other nitrosamines or nitrosamides in the stomach, under various assumed conditions.
Decreased vision from asteroid hyalosis

Abstract Purpose: We present an unusual case of decreased vision from asteroid hyalosis, an entity not normally associated with decreased vision. Patients and methods: This 74-year-old male had vision gradually decreasing to 20 400 in the right eye. The left eye was 20 70 , consistent with his lens changes, which were symmetrical. A dense clump of asteroid hyalosis was noted just posterior to the lens in the right eye, obscuring the fundus view. B-scan ultrasonography, pupil testing, and flash visually evoked potential testing were all normal, suggesting the potential for equal function between the eyes. A vitrectomy was performed on the right eye to remove the asteroid, which was confined to the anterior vitreous due to a posterior vitreous detachment. Results: Post operative vision was 20 60 , now consistent with the lens changes. Conclusions: Since the only change between the pre and post operative state was the removal of the asteroid hyalosis, we conclude that the asteroid hyalosis was causing the decreased vision in the right eye. A posterior vitreous detachment allowed the asteroid to coalesce into a dense clump just posterior to the crystalline lens, which explains the unexpected, profound effect on the patient's vision.
Quantum detection at millimeter wavelengths

Photon-assisted tunneling of electrons through an insulating barrier may be used to detect long-wavelength radiation with a sensitivity approaching the limit imposed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. A new generation of ultra-low-noise millimeter-wave receivers, currently being developed for astronomical observation, utilizes the extremely sharp nonlinearity produced by single-electron quasiparticle tunneling between two superconductors in a superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) tunnel junction. At millimeter wavelengths, the quantum energy $\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}}{e}$ may be larger than the voltage width for onset of quasiparticle tunneling in a SIS junction; and under these conditions the absorption of a single photon can cause one additional electron to tunnel through the barrier. Several newly discovered quantum effects become possible in this regime, including power amplification of an incoming signal during the process of frequency down-conversion in a heterodyne receiver. The experimental development of SIS millimeter-wave receivers is reviewed, along with the quantum theory of mixing which predicts their performance.
Mesoscopic fluctuations of tunneling and cotunneling in quantum dots

Recent measurements of mesoscopic tunneling and cotunneling fluctuations in Coulomb blockaded ballistic quantum dots are presented. The statistics and parametric fluctuations (as a function of magnetic field) of Coulomb blockade peak heights are found to be consistent with random-matrix-theory predictions. Mesoscopic fluctuations of elastic cotunneling, measured in the valleys between blockade peaks, are also presented along with a semiclassical explanation of the observed enhancement of the magnetic field scale of cotunneling fluctuations compared to resonant tunneling fluctuations.
Preventing HIV in women: a top priority in China's efforts in fighting AIDS.

Women's biological, social, and economic vulnerabilities to HIV have been well documented in the global literature since the beginning of the HIV epidemic (Turmen, 2003). However, the risk of HIV i...
Commonly used surrogates for baseline renal function affect the classification and prognosis of acute kidney injury

Studies of acute kidney injury usually lack data on pre-admission kidney function and often substitute an inpatient or imputed serum creatinine as an estimate for baseline renal function. In this study, we compared the potential error introduced by using surrogates such as (1) an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 75 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (suggested by the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative), (2) a minimum inpatient serum creatinine value, and (3) the first admission serum creatinine value, with values computed using pre-admission renal function. The study covered a 12-month period and included a cohort of 4863 adults admitted to the Vanderbilt University Hospital. Use of both imputed and minimum baseline serum creatinine values significantly inflated the incidence of acute kidney injury by about half, producing low specificities of 77–80%. In contrast, use of the admission serum creatinine value as baseline significantly underestimated the incidence by about a third, yielding a low sensitivity of 39%. Application of any surrogate marker led to frequent misclassification of patient deaths after acute kidney injury and differences in both in-hospital and 60-day mortality rates. Our study found that commonly used surrogates for baseline serum creatinine result in bi-directional misclassification of the incidence and prognosis of acute kidney injury in a hospital setting.
Cardiovascular effects of thoracic compression in horses subjected to euthanasia.

Summary Six horses scheduled for euthanasia were instrumented for the measurement of blood flow by thermodilution, pulmonary arterial, right atrial and arterial blood pressures and collection of arterial blood for pH and blood gas analysis. The horses were anaesthetised with intravenous (iv) thiamylal sodium (10 mg/kg) and placed in right lateral recumbency. After euthanasia with an overdose of pentobarbitone sodium (100 mg/kg, iv) and loss of the electrocardiogram and arterial pulse pressure, thoracic compression at rates of 40, 60 and 80 compressions/min was instituted. Thoracic compression was accomplished by an investigator who delivered a blow to the chest wall with his knee while dropping from a standing or crouching position. Compression rates of 40, 60 and 80/min produced blood flows of 5.65 ± 0.5, 6.33 ± 1.11 and 8.28 ± 2.16 litres/min, respectively. Compression rates of 80/min produced significantly (P<0.05) greater blood flows and mean arterial blood pressures than did slower rates. The blood flows produced by 80 thoracic compressions/min were approximately 50% of those reported for deeply anaesthetised horses and while not sufficient to sustain life might be used to prolong life in order to facilitate distribution of resuscitative drugs to vital tissues.
Radiation-induced line broadening of the principal series of sodium☆

Abstract Continuum radiation from a high-intensity flash tube was passed through sodium vapor in order to investigate the absorption spectra of high-lying sodium principal series transitions. The results indicate that the radiation from the source causes sufficient line broadening near the series limit so that the individual lines become nonresolvable. The number of lines observed is correlated with variations in the radiation field intensity.
Beam tests of a superconducting niobium cavity for a heavy ion accelerator

Abstract A superconducting reentrant niobium cavity has successfully accelerated a proton beam from a Van de Graaff accelerator. For injection energies of 1.56 and 2.75 MeV the single cavity produced the expected energy gains of 55 and 75 keV, respectively, operating at a frequency of 430 MHz, a Q of 10 9 , a peak field of 9 MV/m, and a power input of approximately 1 W. Peak fields of 22 MV/m have been achieved.
Framing Involvement: Rationale Construction in an Interorganisational Collaboration.

An analysis of the different rationales articulated and utilised by partners in an interorganisational collaboration is the focus of this paper. The Leadership Education and Development (LEAD) Program in Business is an initiative involving 12 US universities, nearly 40 multinational corporations, a federal government agency, and a non‐profit organisation working together to introduce underrepresented students to business education and careers in business. Major themes emerging from an extensive field study of the partnership dynamics in LEAD are that rationales (1) range from altruistic to utilitarian in nature, (2) are not sedimentary but continue to evolve in conjunction with environmental and organisational changes, (3) display varying degrees of directness, and (4) vary in terms of their meaning and importance to actual programmatic outcomes.
Response: yes, cGMP plays a stimulatory role in platelet activation

We are grateful for the opportunity to reply to Gambaryan et al[1][1] who dispute conclusions of our recent publication.[2][2] In our study, we have shown that soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) plays biphasic roles in platelet activation, a stimulatory role during platelet activation induced by low-
A colorimetric procedure for the determination of N-acetylated-3-amino hexoses

Abstract A sensitive and specific color reaction for N -acetylated 3-amino hexoses is described. The reaction is based upon conversion of the amino hexose to a reactive 2-acetamido-4-0-formyl pentose by controlled periodate oxidation and development of color by a modified Morgan-Elson procedure. The assay is proportional to 3-acetamido hexose concentrations between 0.01 and 0.20 μmole and readily distinguishes them from the 2-amino- and 4-amino analogues. A survey of the paper chromatographic resolution of ten rare 3-acetamido sugars is included.
The Mycobacterium avium ESX-5 PPE protein, PPE25-MAV, interacts with an ESAT-6 family Protein, MAV_2921, and localizes to the bacterial surface.

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that inactivation of the Mycobacterium avium gene, PPE25-MAV (MAV_2928), leads to a significant attenuation of virulence in both in vitro and in vivo models. PPE25-MAV encodes for a PPE family protein, a family from which many members have been implicated in both bacterial virulence and host immune recognition. Recent research has shown that many PPE family proteins are exported by a specialized Type VII secretion system in mycobacteria. In this context, the mechanisms of PPE25-MAV in M. avium pathogenesis were investigated. A mycobacterial 2-hybrid system was used to perform a directed search for M. avium proteins that interact directly with PPE25-MAV. An interaction was observed between PPE25-MAV and the ESAT-6 family protein, MAV_2921, and was further defined by 2-hybrid analysis of truncated PPE25-MAV, and confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Localization of the PPE25-MAV protein was analyzed in Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing the recombinant protein and a significant percentage of PPE25-MAV was shown to be exposed at the bacterial surface by surface biotinylation and trypsin protection assays. Finally, transcriptional analysis of PPE25-MAV and its associated operon suggested that nutrient limitation, a condition which occurs in the phagosome, plays a role in regulating expression of the PPE25-MAV gene.
Benzodiazepine Utilization in a University Hospital

Objective: To assess benzodiazepine utilization and documentation in hospitalized medical and surgical patients in relation to demographic characteristics.Methods: Retrospective review of computerized university hospital database and medical records.Subjects: 6,020 consecutive medical and surgical admissions from January through June 1992.Measurements: Utilization of four commonly pre scribed benzodiazepines (Halcion, Ativan, Valium, Xanax) in relation to age, race, sex, length of stay, hospital service; and documentation of indications for use.Results: 2,491 patients (41.4%) were prescribed a benzodiazepine during their hospital stay. Patients over 65 were as likely to receive a benzodiazepine as younger patients. Benzodiazepine utilization was as sociated with admission to a surgical compared to a medical service (49.0% vs. 37.3%, P < .001), race (white 45.7% vs. non-white 29.9%, P < .001) and length of stay (11.8 days vs. 6.8 days, P < .001). Review of 30 medical and 30 surgical medical rec ords reveal...
Anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee: An analysis of the Ellison procedure

In an attempt to correct anterolateral rotatory instabil ity of the knee, 30 consecutive patients underwent a surgical procedure similar to that described by Ellison (Ellison AE: A modified procedure for the extra-artic ular replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament. American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine Symposium, New Orleans, LA, July 15, 1975), called the iliotibial band transfer. Fashioning the passageway for the transfer closer to the attachment of the fibular collateral ligament on the femur and meticulous fascial closure over the transplant were not found to be crucial to success.Twenty-nine of the 30 patients were injured during athletic activities, and the remaining patient was in jured in a motorcycle accident. They often complained of an unstable knee with symptoms of pain and giving way.Twenty-eight patients with a minimum followup of nine months (the average followup was 25 months) were evaluated subjectively by an interview and by objective clinical examination.Subjective resu...
Pornography and sexual aggression: associations of violent and nonviolent depictions with rape and rape proclivity

The current research on the relationship between pornography and sexual violence has produced mixed findings. Some studies show a connection between violent depictions and rape, while others examining nonviolent sexual material report inconsistent findings or no effects. This paper examines the potential connection between rape and rape proclivity and use of soft‐core pornography and three types of hard‐core pornography: nonviolent pornography, violent pornography, and rape pornography. Data collected from a sample of 515 college men indicated strong bivariate associations of rape and rape proclivity with use of almost all forms of pornography. Multivariate analysis indicated that the strongest correlates of sexual coercion and aggression, as well as rape proclivity, were exposure to hard‐core violent and rape pornography. Exposure to nonviolent hard‐core pornography displayed no association net of the other variables. Exposure to soft‐core pornography was positively associated with likelihood of sexual f...
The supercritical p-dimensional Galton-Watson process with immigration

Abstract A supercritical multidimensional Galton-Watson process with immigration is investigated. A simpler and more natural proof is given for the standard limit theorem for such processes. The limit random variable is also shown to be absolutely continuous which is a sharpening of the existing result. The assumptions on the immigration distribution are also investigated.
X-ray-absorption studies of zirconia polymorphs. I. Characteristic local structures.

Characteristic extended x-ray-absorption fine structure and x-ray-absorption near-edge structure spectra of zirconia polymorphs (monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, and cubic) have been identified at 10 K. For the host cations, these spectra are phase dependent but dopant independent because the dopant perturbation is short ranged. In the tetragonal structure, the first Zr-O shell is bifurcated into two tetrahedra, with outer O ions loosely bound and severely distorted. Although the tetragonal Zr cation network is nearly fcc and higher-order Zr-Zr coordinated shells are resolvable at distances up to 9 \AA{}, other evidence points to incoherent-distortion reflecting phase instability. In monoclinic, orthorhombic, and cubic structures, a similar Zr-O polyhedron with sevenfold coordination and a comparable bond length is observed, along with a large distortion or splitting of the next-nearest-neighbor Zr-Zr shell. Progressive departure from the ideal fluorite structure by reducing the Zr-O coordination and dilating or distorting the local Zr-Zr network is seen to be correlated to increased phase stability but not to long-range crystal symmetry.
An overview of VC-1

VC-1 is a state-of-the-art video compression format that provides highly competitive video quality, from very low through very high bit rates, at reasonable computational complexity. The technology includes several innovations to improve the rate-distortion performance envelope of the format and to provide additional tools for perceptual quality improvement. This paper describes some of the key innovations of VC-1 that contributes to its quality and complexity advantages. The focus of this paper is on those tools which are unique to VC-1, and differentiate it from other video compression standards.
Some examples of nonmeasurable sets

In a recent issue of this Journal, Pu [3] has given an interesting construction of a nonmeasurable subset A of R such that for all intervals I in R. [Throughout this note, the symbol λ denotes Lebesgue outer measure on R or Haar outer measure on a general locally compact group.] This solves a problem stated in [2], p. 295, Exercise (18.30).