cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Helix-coil transition in nucleoprotein: renaturation of polylysine-DNA and polylysine-nucleohistone complexes.

Thermal denaturation and renaturation of directly mixed and reconstituted polylysine–DNA, directly mixed polylysine–nucleohistone complexes, and NaCl-treated nucleohistones in 2.5 × 10−4M EDTA, pH 8.0 have been studied. At the same input ratio of polylysine to DNA, the percent of renaturation of free base pairs in a directly mixed polylysine–DNA complex is higher than that in a reconstituted complex. For a directly mixed complex, the renaturation of free base pairs is proportional to the fraction of DNA bound by polylysine or inversely proportional to the sizes of free DNA loops. A of large amount of renaturation of free base pairs has also been observed for 0.6 M and 1.6 M NaCl-treated nucleohistones. The binding of polylysine to nucleohistone enhances the renaturation of histone-bound base pairs. The percent of renaturation of polylysine–bound base pairs is high and is approximately independent of the extent of binding on DNA by polylysine. This is true in polylysine–DNA complexes prepared either by reconstitution or by directly mixing. It also applies for polylysine–nucleohistone complexes. The model where polylysine-bound base pairs collapse at Tm′ with two complementary strands still bound by polylysine is favored over the model where polylysine is dissociated from DNA during melting. The low renaturation of histone-bound base pairs in nucleo-histone indicates that either histones do not hold two complementary strands of DNA tightly or that histones are fully or partially dissociated from DNA when the nucleo-histone is fully denatured.
A New Pathway for Sympathetic Cardioprotection in Heart Failure

Sympathetic activation in heart failure (HF) is typically considered cardiotoxic. Indeed, class I recommended drugs in HF with reduced ejection fraction all inhibit direct or indirect effects of sympathetic activation. Contrary to this paradigm, Mayer et al1 in this issue of Circulation Research provide evidence for a cardioprotective pathway mediated by activation of cardiac myocyte adrenergic receptors (ARs). This novel pathway involves β1- and α1-ARs, miR-212/132, and the epigenetic regulator, methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2), the X-linked gene mutated in Rett Syndrome, a neurological disorder. The Figure outlines the model and the data from the article that support it. Figure. Left , The model suggested in the study by Mayer et al.1 Right , The supporting data. Note that the beneficial effects of methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) repression are mostly deduced from the adverse effects seen with MeCP2 overexpression. AR indicates adrenergic receptor; cKO, cardiac knockout; HF, heart failure; iTG, inducible transgenic; KO, knockout; miR, microRNA; NE, norepinephrine; PGC1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α; and TAC, transverse aortic constriction. Article, see p 622 The initial focus of the study was mechanisms that facilitate reverse remodeling or cardiac recovery with unloading. Accordingly, the group used a clever approach of screening mRNAs that were differentially expressed between mouse transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and unloading by TAC reversal, ie, removing the constriction at a second surgery (rTAC). They identified MeCP2 as a gene that was repressed by TAC and normalized after TAC reversal. The same MeCP2 pattern was seen in humans with HF with reduced ejection fraction, where MeCP2 was repressed in failing hearts and normalized after unloading by left ventricular assist device. Among 30 genes with similar regulation in the human heart, MeCP2 was predominant in mouse myocytes versus nonmyocytes and was studied further. MeCP2 was also repressed in …
Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity: diagnostic accuracy of the revised spectrophotometric and the dinitrophenylhydrazine methods.

The diagnostic accuracy of two methods for measuring serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity was examined in 50 cases of acute myocardial infarction proven by autopsy and in 12 nonfatal cases documented by rigid clinical criteria. All activities measured with the revised spectrophotometric method were elevated during the second day after infarction, and all patients had an elevated activity. The spectrophotometric method therefore had a diagnostic accuracy of 100%. Activities measured with the dinitrophenylhydrazine method of Reitman and Frankel were elevated in only 68% of cases during the second day after infarction, and the activity was elevated in only 76% of all the patients during the first 4 days. Dinitro-phenylhydrazine-measured activities were therefore 20-30% inaccurate. The diagnostic inaccuracy of the dinitrophenylhydrazine method could result in 300,000 false-negative diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction each year in the United States alone.
Attribute-based risk model for measuring safety risk of struck-by accidents

Struck-by injuries are a leading proximal cause of fatal injuries and are usually caused by a falling or suspended objects and contact between workers and heavy equipment. As with other injuries, struck-by risks are most effectively mitigated early in the planning phases of a project. Among different methods of preconstruction safety management, safety risk modeling and integration has been shown to be highly effective. To enhance the current preconstruction safety management methods, the authors utilized an attribute-based risk identification and analysis method that helps designers and preconstruction planners to identify and model safety risk independently of specific activities or building components. In order to identify the attributes that contribute to struck-by incidents and quantify their relative risks, over 300 injury reports from the National databases reviewed. In total, 34 attributes were identified and their risks were then quantified. It was found that working under or near lifted loads (15.6%), working with heavy equipment (17.1%), workers on foot and moving equipments (13.5%) are the most hazardous attributes that lead to struck-by accidents. The results can be used by practitioners to integrate robust safety risk data into project designs, schedules, building information models, and pre-task plans.
Direct and indirect inhibition of single leaf respiration by elevated CO2 concentrations: Interaction with temperature

Two herbaceous perennials, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Arc) and orchard grass (Dactylus glomerata L. cv. Potomac), were grown at ambient (367 μmol mol−1) and elevated (729 μmol mol−1) CO2 concentrations at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30°C in order to examine direct and indirect changes in nighttime CO2 efflux rate (respiration) of single leaves. Direct (biochemical) effects of CO2 on nighttime respiration were determined for each growth condition by brief (<30 min) exposure to each CO2 concentration. If no direct inhibition of respiration was observed, then long-term reductions in CO2 efflux between CO2 treatments were presumed to be due to indirect inhibition, probably related to long-term changes in leaf composition. By this criterion, indirect effects of CO2 on leaf respiration were observed at 15 and 20°C for M. sativa on a weight basis, but not on a leaf area or protein basis. Direct effects however, were observed at 15, 20 and 25°C in D. glomerata; therefore the observed reductions in respiration for leaves grown and measured at elevated relative to ambient CO2 concentrations could not be distinguished as indirect inhibition. No inhibition of respiration at elevated CO2 was observed at the highest growth temperature (30°C) in either species. CO2 efflux increased with measurement and growth temperature for M. sativa at both CO2 concentrations; however, CO2 efflux in D. glomerata showed complete acclimation to growth temperature. Stimulation of leaf area and weight by elevated CO2 levels declined with growth temperature in both species. Data from the present study suggest that both direct and indirect inhibition of respiration are possible with future increases in atmospheric CO2, and that the degree of each type of respiratory inhibition is a function of growth temperature.
National autism prevalence trends from United States special education data.

Objective. Reports of large increases in autism prevalence have been a matter of great concern to clinicians, educators, and parents. This analysis uses a national data source to compare the prevalence of autism with that of other disabilities among successive birth cohorts of US school-aged children. Design. Comparison of birth cohort curves constructed from administrative data. Setting and Population. US children 6 to 17 years of age between 1992 and 2001. Main Outcome Measures. A disability category classification of autism, mental retardation, speech and language impairment, traumatic brain injury, or other health impairment, as documented by state departments of education and reported to the Office of Special Education Programs, US Department of Education. Results. Prevalences of disability category classifications for annual birth cohorts from 1975 to 1995 were calculated by using denominators from US Census Bureau estimates. For the autism classification, there were birth cohort differences, with prevalences increasing among successive (younger) cohorts. The increases were greatest for annual cohorts born from 1987 to 1992. For cohorts born after 1992, the prevalence increased with each successive year but the increases did not appear to be as great, although there were fewer data points available within cohorts. No concomitant decreases in categories of mental retardation or speech/language impairment were seen. Curves for other health impairments, the category including children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, also showed strong cohort differences. Conclusions. Cohort curves suggest that autism prevalence has been increasing with time, as evidenced by higher prevalences among younger birth cohorts. The narrowing in vertical separation of the cohort curves in recent years may mark a slowing in the autism prevalence increase.
ASCENT: a network-wide simulation of air traffic flow management incorporating airline decisions

Describes the Advanced Systems Concept Evaluator for Novel Technologies (ASCENT) simulation test-bed. In order to capture effects important to collaborative air traffic management tool design, ASCENT employs optimization to model the response of the airlines to air traffic management actions. The simulation is able to assess not only traditional measures of system performance such as airport throughput and passenger-minutes of delay, it also measures the value to the airlines of their realized plans. ASCENT allows one to compare the airlines' optimal solutions under a proposed ATM tool to those under the present-day system, answering the question, "How much better could the airlines operate under the new technology if it were implemented?" ASCENT has been applied both to the benefits analysis of a proposed air traffic flow management method and to an analysis of the collaborative arrival planner under development by NASA.
Performance Comparison of Silicon Steep Subthreshold FETs

In the last few decades, MOSFET scaling has enabled smaller and faster transistors that consume less power per operation. However, as device dimensions were shrunk into the sub-65-nm regime, nonscalability of the subthreshold swing to below 60 mV/dec has resulted in a significant increase in off-state current and standby power dissipation. The impact ionization FET, p-i-n and p-n-p-n tunnel FET, feedback FET, and nanoelectromechanical FET were proposed as novel device concepts that achieve sharper swings than 60 mV/dec. As a result, these devices potentially enable reduced operation and considerable reduction in system power. In this paper, a detailed comparison of these steep subthreshold devices in terms of speed and power is presented, and the challenges for each device to become a viable MOSFET alternative are outlined.
The Effect of Storage Time on Isolation of Leptospira Interrogans from Bovine Kidneys

Kidney tissues from 20 cattle infected with Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo, pomona, or grippotyphosa were cultured on the day of slaughter and 3, 6, and 8 days later to examine the effect of storage time on the recovery of leptospires by conventional culture methods. Leptospires were isolated from 85% of infected bovine kidney tissues cultured on day 1, and from 95%, 90%, and 90% of kidney tissues stored in transport medium at 4 C for 3, 6, and 8 days, respectively, prior to inoculation of culture media.
Umbilical cord serum levels of thromboxane B2 in term infants of women who participated in a Placebo-Controlled trial of low-dose aspirin

Objective: Our aim was to quantify thromboxane B2 (TXB2) in umbilical cord serum of term infants of nulliparous, low-risk women who were randomly assigned to either placebo or low-dose (60 mg) aspirin (ASA) on a daily basis from 24 weeks' gestation through delivery as part of a randomized clinical trial for prevention of preeclampsia.Methods: Umbilical cord sera from 230 singleton, term infants whose mothers were involved in our low-dose ASA trial were assayed for TXB2, the stable metabolite of thromboxane A2, without knowledge of treatment or outcome data. The data were related to assigned treatment group, longitudinal pattern of maternal serum TXB2 levels, and other maternal and newborn characteristics. The data also were analyzed according to whether or not maternal serum levels of TXB2 at 29–31, 34–36, and delivery were reduced ≥50% compared to values prior to initiation of the trial.Results: Umbilical cord TXB2 levels (ng/ml, mean ± SE) were significantly lower at term in the ASA group (36.1 ± 3.3, n...
Escherichia coli EDL933 Requires Gluconeogenic Nutrients To Successfully Colonize the Intestines of Streptomycin-Treated Mice Precolonized with E. coli Nissle 1917

Escherichia coli MG1655, a K-12 strain, uses glycolytic nutrients exclusively to colonize the intestines of streptomycin-treated mice when it is the only E. coli strain present or when it is confronted with E. coli EDL933, an O157:H7 strain. In contrast, E. coli EDL933 uses glycolytic nutrients exclusively when it is the only E. coli strain in the intestine but switches in part to gluconeogenic nutrients when it colonizes mice precolonized with E. coli MG1655 (R. L. Miranda et al., Infect Immun 72:1666-1676, 2004, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.3.1666-1676.2004). Recently, J. W. Njoroge et al. (mBio 3:e00280-12, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00280-12) reported that E. coli 86-24, an O157:H7 strain, activates the expression of virulence genes under gluconeogenic conditions, suggesting that colonization of the intestine with a probiotic E. coli strain that outcompetes O157:H7 strains for gluconeogenic nutrients could render them nonpathogenic. Here we report that E. coli Nissle 1917, a probiotic strain, uses both glycolytic and gluconeogenic nutrients to colonize the mouse intestine between 1 and 5 days postfeeding, appears to stop using gluconeogenic nutrients thereafter in a large, long-term colonization niche, but continues to use them in a smaller niche to compete with invading E. coli EDL933. Evidence is also presented suggesting that invading E. coli EDL933 uses both glycolytic and gluconeogenic nutrients and needs the ability to perform gluconeogenesis in order to colonize mice precolonized with E. coli Nissle 1917. The data presented here therefore rule out the possibility that E. coli Nissle 1917 can starve the O157:H7 E. coli strain EDL933 of gluconeogenic nutrients, even though E. coli Nissle 1917 uses such nutrients to compete with E. coli EDL933 in the mouse intestine.
On constructing k -connected k -dominating set in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks

An important problem in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks is to select a few nodes to form a virtual backbone that supports routing and other tasks such as area monitoring. Previous work in this area has focused on selecting a small virtual backbone for high efficiency. In this paper, we propose the construction of a k-connected k-dominating set (k-CDS) as a backbone to balance efficiency and fault tolerance. Four localized k-CDS construction protocols are proposed. The first protocol randomly selects virtual backbone nodes with a given probability Pk, where Pk depends on the value of k and network condition, such as network size and node density. The second one maintains a fixed backbone node degree of Bk, where Bk also depends on the network condition. The third protocol is a deterministic approach. It extends Wu and Dai's coverage condition, which is originally designed for 1-CDS construction, to ensure the formation of a k-CDS. The last protocol is a hybrid of probabilistic and deterministic approaches. It provides a generic framework that can convert many existing CDS algorithms into k-CDS algorithms. These protocols are evaluated via a simulation study.
On the Predictability of Mesoscale Convective Systems: Three-Dimensional Simulations

Abstract Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are a dominant climatological feature of the central United States and are responsible for a substantial fraction of warm season rainfall. Yet very little is known about the predictability of MCSs. To help alleviate this situation, a series of ensemble simulations of an MCS are performed on a two-dimensional, storm-scale (Δx = 1 km) model. Ensemble member perturbations in wind speed, relative humidity, and instability are based on current 24-h forecast errors from the North American Model (NAM). The ensemble results thus provide an upper bound on the predictability of mesoscale convective systems within realistic estimates of environmental uncertainty, assuming successful convective initiation. The simulations are assessed by considering an ensemble member a success when it reproduces a convective system of at least 20 km in length (roughly the size of two convective cells) within 100 km on either side of the location of the MCS in the control run. By that stan...
Screening adherence in BRCA1/2 families is associated with primary physicians' behavior

This study provides an assessment of long-term breast and ovarian cancer screening behaviors and the variables associated with adherence with screening among women with or at 50% for having a BRCA1/2 mutation. Participants in the study included 112 women (33 mutation carriers and 79 at 50% risk). Data was collected through a mailed questionnaire, which included items to assess screening behaviors in the last 2 years, risk perception, cancer specific distress, adherence determinants, specific barriers, and cancer history. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests to describe bivariate associations and regression analysis. Adherence rates were 72% for annual mammography, 21% for semi-annual clinical breast exam (CBE), 29% for monthly breast self-exam (BSE), and 19% for annual transvaginal ultrasound (US). Only one participant was adherent with semi-annual CA125. Variables that had a significant association (P < 0.05) with at least one screening modality included: a lack of time, marital status, education, cancer history, provider concern, perceived screening utility, confidence in ability to overcome barriers, cancer specific distress, and risk perception. Primary physician behavior, either in terms of screening recommendations or screening performance in the case of CBE, had significant independent association with adherence to mammography, CBE, and US screening recommendations. The results of this study highlight the essential role that primary physicians play in supporting their very high-risk patients' adherence.
Duplication and maintenance of the Myb genes of vertebrate animals

Gene duplication is an important means of generating new genes. The major mechanisms by which duplicated genes are preserved in the face of purifying selection are thought to be neofunctionalization, subfunctionalization, and increased gene dosage. However, very few duplicated gene families in vertebrate species have been analyzed by functional tests in vivo. We have therefore examined the three vertebrate Myb genes (c-Myb, A-Myb, and B-Myb) by cytogenetic map analysis, by sequence analysis, and by ectopic expression in Drosophila. We provide evidence that the vertebrate Myb genes arose by two rounds of regional genomic duplication. We found that ubiquitous expression of c-Myb and A-Myb, but not of B-Myb or Drosophila Myb, was lethal in Drosophila. Expression of any of these genes during early larval eye development was well tolerated. However, expression of c-Myb and A-Myb, but not of B-Myb or Drosophila Myb, during late larval eye development caused drastic alterations in adult eye morphology. Mosaic analysis implied that this eye phenotype was cell-autonomous. Interestingly, some of the eye phenotypes caused by the retroviral v-Myb oncogene and the normal c-Myb proto-oncogene from which v-Myb arose were quite distinct. Finally, we found that post-translational modifications of c-Myb by the GSK-3 protein kinase and by the Ubc9 SUMO-conjugating enzyme that normally occur in vertebrate cells can modify the eye phenotype caused by c-Myb in Drosophila. These results support a model in which the three Myb genes of vertebrates arose by two sequential duplications. The first duplication was followed by a subfunctionalization of gene expression, then neofunctionalization of protein function to yield a c/A-Myb progenitor. The duplication of this progenitor was followed by subfunctionalization of gene expression to give rise to tissue-specific c-Myb and A-Myb genes.
Play During Infancy and Early Childhood: Cultural Similarities and Variations

Play is a common, yet complex, activity in infancy and early childhood across cultures. Cross-culturally, early play shows both similarities and differences. This article documents the coexistence of cultural-general patterns alongside cultural variations in the development (i.e., emergence and changes), varieties (e.g., object play and pretend play), structures (e.g., frequency and play partners), and functions (e.g., training and learning) of early play. Factors such as individual characteristics of the child and the caregiver, physical ecology, interpersonal context, cultural beliefs, and family immigration status that contribute to cultural variations are also reviewed.
Child Custody Determination

The determination of the custody of children subsequent to marital dissolution emerged as a social problem in the 1970s. What criteria should be used to determine “the best interests of the child?” Who should have input in the decisions? What process should be used? Judges, lawyers, policymakers, mental health practitioners, and behavioral scientists as well as interest groups supporting men’s, women’s, and children’s rights entered the social arena to address these questions.
Studying Power with the Social-Ecological System Framework

A long-standing divide exists among social scientists regarding power and its effects on the sustainability of social-ecological systems (SESs). In some disciplines, such as political ecology, power is a central focus, and seen as having a significant impact on social-ecological processes and outcomes. In contrast, commons theory, a new institutionalist strand of research on environmental governance, deliberately sidelines power to focus on the relationship between institutions and sustainability. Historically, there has been little constructive interaction between power-centered and institution-centered approaches. Therefore, we apply the SES framework, a tool explicitly designed to confront interdisciplinary puzzles, to ask whether it can be used to bridge the gap between these two traditions of social-ecological research. The chapter outlines a systematic approach for integrating diverse conceptualizations of power with the SES framework and then applies this approach to study the relationship between power and social-ecological outcomes. The analysis suggests that the SES framework is a promising tool for social science integration, but also that important questions remain concerning the validity of classifications, measurement, and statistical tests. We conclude with a call for greater interdisciplinary attention to questions of power with the SES framework to better understand its normative and positive implications for sustainable and equitable governance of SESs.
A phosphoproteomic comparison of L858R-mutant with wild-type EGFR signaling in NSCLC cell lines

2827 Somatic mutations within the kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have emerged as important predictors of responsiveness to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor Gefitinib (Iressa) for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here we conducted a broad phosphoproteomic survey of mutant and wild-type EGFR signaling networks in NSCLC using the sensitive and high-throughput reverse-phase protein array (RPA) technology. Two NSCLC cell lines were selected for study: H1975, which harbors the Gefitinib-sensitizing L858R mutation in EGFR, and A549 with wild-type EGFR (WT). A549 cells also harbor an activating mutation in K-Ras. Each cell line was stimulated with three different doses of EGF (5ng/ml, 50ng/ml, 500ng/ml) in order to examine the ligand sensitivity of each signaling network, the corresponding effect on peak phosphorylation, and the dynamics of approach to a steady-state. Interestingly, basal phosphorylation levels of Her2 receptor (Y1248) and the adaptor protein, Shc (Y317) were generally higher in the L8585R-mutant cells compared to wild type. Comparable basal levels were observed between the cell lines for the EGFR Y992, Y1173, Y1068, Y1045, and Y1148 residues. Most significantly, however, these EGFR residues, together with Her2 exhibited significantly higher peak phosphorylation and a greater dependence on EGF dose in the A549 cells, suggesting a markedly greater sensitivity to the presence of cognate ligand in the wild-type receptor in comparison with the L858R-mutant. Moreover, signaling through the Ras-Raf-Erk axis, generally associated with proliferation, exhibited important differences between the two cell lines. Intriguingly, while basal Raf-1 phosphorylation (S338) was significantly higher in the A549 cell line (with K-Ras mutation), lower basal levels were observed in the downstream proteins Erk (T202/Y204) and p90Rsk (S380). On the other hand, peak phosphorylation levels were much higher, more dose-dependent, and more sustained in the H1975 cells for all three proteins, as compared to the smaller peaks and rapid decay to steady-state in the A549 cells. Similarly, while the pro-survival protein Akt (S473) showed similar basal phosphorylation in the two cell types, this protein exhibited a much higher peak phosphorylation and slower decay in the H1975 cells. Thus, this study offers the novel and somewhat paradoxical insight that the mutant EGFR, while itself comparatively insensitive to the presence of cognate ligands, may elicit a stronger, more sustained, and more dose-dependent response in a wide array of downstream proteins than its wild-type counterpart. This result points strongly to the possibility of a vastly compromised control circuitry in the signaling network downstream of this receptor.
Integrated Micromachining Technologies for Transducer Fabrication

In order to design a microfabricated transducer, the full understanding of various micromachining technologies is essential. The manufacturability of transducer structures has to be considered and the sensing material application has to be compatible with the transducer fabrication. Various technologies, such as lithography, pattern transfer, and platform material choices are discussed first followed by reviews of different sensing platforms and sensitive material integration techniques. This chapter presents a summary of start-of-the-art micromachining technologies for transducers.
An Adaptive Guidance Approach For Spinning Projectiles

*† ‡ § 1 has shown a significant potential for improving the accuracy of direct fire spinning projectiles through the implementation of aerodynamic control. A guidance law optimized for this application was developed. Further research has shown that the guidance law cannot adjust quickly enough to accommodate actuator nonlinearities and uncertainties. Of particular interest is the use of miniature synthetic jets, which achieve a control force by interacting with the flow. The full model of such actuators might not be completely known leading to decreased controlled system performance. Actuator induced moment effect causes amplification or attenuation of the control force depending on the moment direction causing increased target misses and peak control force. Wind disturbances are expected to cause further performance degradation. We describe and provide a preliminary evaluation of a method of dealing with these problems by augmenting the guidance law with an adaptive controller.
The Significance of the Short Form of the Growth Hormone Receptor in Rat Adipocytes

AbstractAn isoform of the growth hormone (GH) receptor that lacks the transmembrane and intracellular domains is formed in adipocytes by alternate splicing of mRNA. This isoform is identical to the circulating GH-binding protein. The short isoform is about six times as abundant as the long isoform in rat adipocytes. It is located largely in the cytosolic compartment in association with intracellular membranes, but about 20% is present on the adipocyte surface as judged by the susceptibility to digestion by trypsin. In contrast, about 80% of the long isoform of the receptor is present on the cell surface. The two isoforms turn over at different rates and appear to be independently regulated. Both appear to contribute equally to GH binding. In preliminary studies, immunoneutralization of the short isoform decreased the magnitude of the effect of GH on glucose metabolism, suggesting that the short isoform may mediate some of the responses to GH.
Bactericidal Effect of Ultraviolet Rays on Non-Spore Forming Bacteria and Mold Spores

SummaryThe results secured in these investigations show that the initial number of cells influences survival of microorganisms exposed to ultraviolet light. Dilute suspensions are destroyed more quickly than heavy ones. The order of decreasing resistance for the species used was: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli (Frank strain), Escherichia coli (American Type Collection No. 4348), and Serratia marcescens. For the mold-spores studied the order of decreasing resistance was: Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium, and Mucor.Cardboard strips, which had been inoculated by immersion in a suspension of mold-spores, were not as thoroughly sterilized as were the suspensions themselves, when exposed to ultraviolet light in Petri dishes. On many of the strips it was possible to determine that the colonies originated from the under side of the strip more frequently than from the upper side. This was interpreted as indicating that indirect irradiation is much less effective than direct irradiation.
Exploring the Link Between Procedural Fairness and Union Membership in the Federal Government

Little research focuses on how management in the public sector influences outcomes relevant to unions, such as membership rates. Membership is a particularly vexing union problem in right-to-work e...
Memory for items and relationships among items embedded in realistic scenes: disproportionate relational memory impairments in amnesia.

Objective The objective of this study was to examine the dependence of item memory and relational memory on medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. Patients with amnesia, who either had extensive MTL damage or damage that was relatively restricted to the hippocampus, were tested, as was a matched comparison group. Disproportionate relational memory impairments were predicted for both patient groups, and those with extensive MTL damage were also expected to have impaired item memory. Method Participants studied scenes, and were tested with interleaved 2-alternative forced-choice probe trials. Probe trials were either presented immediately after the corresponding study trial (Lag 1), 5 trials later (Lag 5), or 9 trials later (Lag 9) and consisted of the studied scene along with a manipulated version of that scene in which 1 item was replaced with a different exemplar (item memory test) or was moved to a new location (relational memory test). Participants were to identify the exact match of the studied scene. Results As predicted, patients were disproportionately impaired on the test of relational memory. Item memory performance was marginally poorer among patients with extensive MTL damage, but both groups were impaired relative to matched comparison participants. Impaired performance was evident at all lags, including the shortest possible lag (Lag 1). Conclusions The results are consistent with the proposed role of the hippocampus in relational memory binding and representation, even at short delays, and suggest that the hippocampus may also contribute to successful item memory when items are embedded in complex scenes.
Geologic features of the earthquake at Hebgen Lake, Montana, August 17, 1959

In the epicentral region of the Hebgen Lake earthquake, Montana, late Cenozoic structures marked by tension are superimposed on Laramide structures marked by compression. During the earthquake, several large normal faults northeast of Hebgen Lake, and many small faults and monoclines south of it, were reactivated, and a very large area was abruptly dropped and warped. New fault scarps are as high as 20 feet. They are mostly in unconsolidated or weakly coherent material but certainly reflect displacements of the underlying bedrock. Offsets produced by refraction of faults, which are steeper in surficial material than in bedrock, and by various types of slumping, generally result in surficial scarps higher than true fault displacements. Subsidence amounted to as much as 22 feet in the lake basin, as proved by releveling of bench marks by the Coast and Geodetic Survey and by shoreline measurements around Hebgen Lake. Parts of the basin subsided differentially, warping the lake bed and creating a gigantic long-lived seiche. Depth-sounding traverses of the lake recorded warping but gave no indication of major faulting of the lake bottom. A part of the Madison Valley, west of Hebgen Lake, also subsided, though not as much, and a segment of the Madison Range fault was reactivated. At least part of the highway through Madison River Canyon, which cuts directly across the Madison Range between Hebgen Lake and Madison Valley, subsided also; one group of geologists regards this subsidence as tectonic, and considers the entire range, for which there are otherwise no positive data, to have subsided between Hebgen Lake and Madison Valley. In this view, an eastward trending syncline has been propagated across the northwest-trending Madison Range. Another group considers the subsidence in Madison River Canyon to be due in part to compaction and slumping, and the Madison Range to have changed little in altitude. The pattern of deformation appears to them as the uneven subsidence of two northwest-trending basins, one on either side of the Madison Range. The earthquake caused widespread slumping and sliding of the surficial mantle; the huge Madison Slide killed 26 people. An old earthflow was reactivated and moved 100 feet or more in the month following the earthquake.
Multi-objective fuzzy optimal dispatch based on source-load interaction for power system with wind farm

The characteristics of interactive load are studied and the interactive load is introduced as a dispatchable resource into traditional day-ahead dispatch model to mitigate the influence of wind power fluctuation. A multi-objective optimal dispatch model with the minimum operating cost and power loss as its objectives is built for the power system with wind farm,which considers the influence of interactive load on the cost of system operation and the distribution of power flow. The fuzzy theory is applied to convert multi-objective optimization problem into single-objective optimization problem,which allows the generation side and demand side both to participate in the optimal resource allocation of power grid operation. The simulative results of IEEE 30-bus system verify that,the proposed method can effectively reduce the operating cost and grid loss of system and enhance the consumption of wind power.
Generalized Frattini Subalgebras and Extensions of n-Lie Algebras

In this paper,we geileralize some properties of the generalized Frattini Subalgebras of Liealgebras to generallized Frattini subalgebras of n-Lie algebras and obtain some theorems of geller-alized Fratttini ideals and subalgebras of an n-Lie algebra. Moreover,we give some properties ofFrattini extensions of n-Lie algebras.
An Expanded Servicescape Framework as the Driver of Place Attachment and Word of Mouth

The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of other customers on consumption behavior in shared consumption environments. The proposition is put forth that, like other factors that make u...
Corrigendum: S4 enriched multimodal categorial grammars are context-free: Corrigendum

Plummer [A.R. Plummer, S4 enriched multimodal categorial grammars are context-free, Theoretical Computer Science 388 (2007) 173-180] showed that categorial grammars based on NL"S"4, the non-associative multimodal Lambek calculus enriched with S4 axioms, weakly recognize context-free languages. However, the proof contains a gap. We correct the earlier proof, utilizing a technique given in Buszkowski [W. Buszkowski, Lambek calculus with nonlogical axioms, in: C. Casadio, P.J. Scott, R.A.G. Seely (Eds.), Language and Grammar: Studies in Mathematical Linguistics and Natural Language, in: Lecture Notes, vol. 168, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford, 2005, pp. 77-93]. This technique immediately proves that NL"S"4 is decidable in polynomial time.
Placement and Global Routing of Standard Cell Integrated Circuits

This chapter presents the algorithms and the implementation of a standard cell placement and global routing package. This package, named TimberWolfSC,1 makes extensive use of the simulated annealing algorithm presented in the previous chapter. The generalized standard cell layout style handled by TimberWolfSC is characterized by horizontal rows of standard cells with pads placed around the periphery of the chip. Furthermore, macro blocks may be present on the chip. An example of such a standard cell layout is shown in Figure 3.1.
Laughter and the Subjected Subject

Chapter 3, “Laughter and the Subjected Subject” analyzes texts from Eastern Europe (Zoschenko, Kafka, Kundera, Sacco) as well as Latin America (Englander, Castellanos Moya), to propose three major forms of human rights laughter:acute, chronic, and posthumous. Acute laughter arises in states of emergency as life-affirming gallows humor, which enables the victim of rights violations to maintain a sense of internal freedom. Chronic laughter arises under conditions of longstanding repression, and can either be directed from below at the tyrant or from above at the subjected subject. Finally, posthumous laughter arises in novels written in a generation after the crisis. There, the laughter is either pathetic or paranoid, depending on whether the abuses seem definitively over or threaten to break out again.
Cytogenetic and SNP Array Study of CML Patients In Complete Cytogenetic Remission.

Abstract 3433 The development of Ph− clones with new cytogenetic abnormalities has been reported among CML patients with complete cytogenetic remission (CCR) following diverse therapies such as Interferon and Imatinib (Gleevec). The etiologies for these abnormalities have not been characterized and have been attributed to drug effect, or underlying genetic instability in the bone marrow cells preceding or concomitant to the development of CML. Here we report on 31 patients in CCR who, in addition to standard karyotyping, were also analyzed by high-resolution SNP 6.0 array-based genomic copy number analysis. Of the 31 patients studied, 18 were male and 13 female. Their median age was 51 (range 19–71 years). Patients were in CCR for durations ranging from 6+ months to 156+ months (median duration of 24+ months). The duration of major molecular response (MMR) was similar to the duration of the CCR, apart from one patient where it was shorter (36 months versus 84 months). Past medical therapies included Imatinib only in 17 patients, Interferon-α followed by Imatinib in 11 patients, and Interferon only in 3 patients. Two of the patients also received low-dose Cytarabine in addition to Interferon and Imatinib, four received Dasatinib in addition to Interferon and Imatinib, and one received Nilotinib in addition to Imatinib. At the time of the sample collection four of the patients received Dasatinib, one received Nilotinib, three patients received no treatment, and 23 received continuous treatment with Imatinib. Cytogenetic testing disclosed normal karyotype in 24 of the patients. In two of the patients cytogenetic abnormalities were seen in only 1/20 analyzed cells – a finding not considered significant. Of the remaining patients, one had del20q in 11/20 analyzed cells. One had inversion of chromosome 12q (q15, q24.1 in 30/30 cells). One patient had an additional Y chromosome in 2/20 cells, one had deletion of the Y chromosome on 6/20 cells, and one had an extra chromosome 9 in 2/20 analyzed cells. SNP 6.0 array profiling was done on paired DNA samples from purified CML patient-derived CD34+/CD38- cells as well as buccal DNA. Data were analyzed using the previously validated software tool dChipSNP. Acquired genomic copy number aberrations (aCNA) were identified through visual inspection of paired heatmap displays and polymorphic copy number variants (CNVs) excluded. In total, one aCNA was identified in this cohort that was located on chromosome 20 (case #1 with corresponding cytogenetic finding of deletion of 20q) at physical position 30.856–48.002 Mb). Therefore, small or micro-aCNA do not exist in CML patient CCR marrows at appreciable frequencies or at sufficient (>25%) clonal representation. Based on this limited study sample, SNP arrays did not identify any additional genomic changes to the standard karyotype analysis. However, the recurrent presence of low frequency genomically abnormal clones in the bone marrow of these remission patients cannot be ruled out. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Low Fasting Oxytocin Levels Are Associated With Psychopathology in Anorexia Nervosa in Partial Recovery.

OBJECTIVE: Anorexia nervosa (AN), a psychiatric disorder characterized by restriction of food intake despite severe weight loss, is associated with increased comorbid anxiety and depression. Secretion of oxytocin, an appetite-regulating neurohormone with anxiolytic and antidepressant properties, is abnormal in AN. The link between oxytocin levels and psychopathology in AN has not been well explored. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of 79 women aged 18–45 years (19 AN, 26 AN in partial recovery [ANPR], and 34 healthy controls [HC]) investigating the relationship between basal oxytocin levels and disordered eating psychopathology, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. AN diagnoses were based on DSM-5 criteria. Data acquisition took place between December 2008 and March 2014. Fasting serum oxytocin levels were obtained, and the following self-report measures were used to assess psychopathology: Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory-II. RESULTS: Fasting oxytocin levels were low in ANPR compared to HC (P = .0004). In ANPR but not AN, oxytocin was negatively associated with disordered eating psychopathology (r = −0.39, P = .0496) and anxiety symptoms (state anxiety: r = −0.53, P = .006; trait anxiety: r = −0.49, P = .01). Furthermore, ANPR with significant disordered eating psychopathology, anxiety symptoms, or depressive symptoms had lower oxytocin levels compared to those with minimal or no symptoms (P = .04, .02, and .007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We speculate that a dysregulation of oxytocin pathways may contribute to persistent psychopathology after partial weight recovery from anorexia nervosa.
Impact of income in stage IV prostate cancer.

244Background: There is growing evidence of the impact of socioeconomic status on survival in cancer patients. To our knowledge, this is the largest study to examine demographics and the association between income and survival in patients with stage IV prostate cancer. Methods: Using the National Cancer Database, 50,639 patients diagnosed with stage IV prostate cancer between 2004-2011 were identified. Income was evaluated using the median income of the patient’s zip code. Between-income survival differences were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and associated log-rank tests; Tukey-Kramer adjusted p < .05 indicated statistical significance. Results: Survival differences were indicated between all income quartiles. Median survival was highest for patients in zip codes with a median income ≥ $63,000 and lowest for patients in zip codes with an income < $38,000 (46.1 months vs. 31.6 months, respectively; p < .001). As such, 41% of patients in zip codes with a median income ≥ $63,000 were alive five years...
The implantable cardioverter defibrillator did not reduce mortality in ventricular arrhythmia

Source Citation Connolly SJ, Gent M, Roberts RS, et al., for the CIDS Investigators. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS). A randomized trial of the implantable cardioverter defibrillato...
ON APPROXIMATE AND TRUE SOLUTIONS OF A NONLINEAR SINGULAR PERTURBATION PROBLEM

The existence and asymptotic behavior as ɛ → 0+ of solutions of the singularly perturbed boundary value problem ɛy” = f(t, y, y′, ɛ), y(0, ɛ) = A(ɛ), y(1, ɛ) = B(ɛ), are studied when there exists a known approximate solution u = u(t, ɛ), in the sense that ɛu” = f(t, u, u′, ɛ) + O(η) + O(ηɛ-1e-mktɛ-1), u(0, ɛ) = A(ɛ) + O(η), u(1, ɛ) = B(ɛ) + O(η). Here 0 0, η = η(ɛ) is a gauge function, and k is a positive constant such that fy (t, u(t, ɛ), u′(t, ɛ), ɛ) ≤ -k, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. D. Willett, A. Erdelyi, K. W. Chang and P. Habets have considered this problem under the principal assumptions that fy′y′ = O(ɛ) and η = O(ɛ). In this report, differential inequalities for second order boundary value problems are employed to prove results similar to theirs under the weaker assumptions that fy′y′ = O(1) and η = O(1) as ɛ → 0+.
Abstract P242: Association of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Body Mass Index: Results From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background: Although much previous research has focused on the association between total dietary fat and body weight, body mass index (BMI), and weight loss, the contributions of different types of...
Using an abbreviated assessment to identify effective error‐correction procedures for individual learners during discrete‐trial instruction

Previous research comparing the effectiveness of error-correction procedures has involved lengthy assessments that may not be practical in applied settings. We used an abbreviated assessment to compare the effectiveness of five error-correction procedures for four children with autism spectrum disorder or a developmental delay. During the abbreviated assessment, we sampled participants' responding with each procedure and completed the assessment before participants reached our mastery criterion. Then, we used the results of the abbreviated assessment to predict the most efficient procedure for each participant. Next, we conducted validation assessments, comparing the number of sessions, trials, and time required for participants to master targets with each procedure. Results showed correspondence between the abbreviated assessment and validation assessments for two of four participants and partial correspondence for the other two participants. Findings suggest that a brief assessment may be a useful tool for identifying the most efficient error-correction procedure for individual learners.