cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethnoarchaeology Can Be Used for Ecological Conservation Because It Can Detect Shifting Baselines

“Shifting baselines” describes the human difficulty with perceiving long-term change across overly short timeframes. This is due to humans having lifespans that are too short to accurately perceive long-term change, as well as the difficulty of developing continuous perceptions across successive generations. The bigger picture is obscured by focusing on short-term fluctuations. Fortunately, archaeology allows us to gain greater perspective because of its profound time depth, which is especially important because no realistic definition of “sustainability” is possible without time depth. However, trying to apply archaeology to modern “shifting baseline” problems will be of limited use until combined with high-resolution ethnographic methods. While cultural anthropologists and archaeologists have increasingly come to utilize one another’s work for their own purposes, applied fusions of the two are still unpopular. Ethnoarchaeology has great potential for connecting modern ethnographic data with archaeological data because both disciplines can interface across a common data source – physical, preservable artifacts. Additionally, ethnoarchaeology can be used to detect potentially dangerous shifting baselines in modern perceptions of ecosystems health. This paper demonstrates what shifting baselines can look like in an anthropological context through a case study of a subsistence fishing community in northeastern Brazil. Future research directions for fusing ethnoarchaeology and archaeology are suggested for expanding today’s baselines of ecological health.
Crime, the Law, and Aging

While much has been made for older American’s decreasing rates of poverty, improved health ­status, continued connection to the worlds of work and community service as well as continued strong family relations, their relationship to the criminal justice system as victims and perpetrators of crime remains less well known. Although research explores facets of this relationship, such efforts generally draw little attention because of older American’s limited involvement as either perpetrators or victims of crime.
Utility of Physician Selection of Cardiac Tests in a Chest Pain Unit to Exclude Acute Coronary Syndrome Among Patients Without a History of Coronary Artery Disease

There are few data on the utility of physician selection of cardiac tests, including no-test, in a chest pain unit (CPU) to rule out acute coronary syndrome in low-risk patients without a history of coronary artery disease. We analyzed consecutive low-risk patients admitted to our CPU between 2012 and 2014 and determined the proportion of patients selected for testing, the type of initial cardiac test selected, and the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) at 30 days and 6 months. The study group comprised 619 patients: mean age 57 years (27 to 92), 332 women (54%), and 360 (58%) with multiple cardiac risk factors. Cardiac testing included 283 no-test (46%); 179 exercise treadmill (29%); 113 myocardial perfusion stress scintigraphy (18%);
Suppressive therapy versus episodic therapy with oral valacyclovir for recurrent herpes labialis: efficacy and tolerability in an open-label, crossover study.

Oral valacyclovir's efficacy and tolerability as suppressive therapy versus episodic therapy were compared for recurrent herpes labialis (RHL). Subjects with a history of at least 3 RHL episodes in the past year were randomized to receive 6 months of oral valacyclovir episodic therapy at the first sign of prodrome (two 2-g doses separated by 12 hours) and 6 months of oral valacyclovir suppressive therapy (1 g once daily) for 6 months in open-label, crossover fashion. The mean +/- SE number of recurrences per 120 days of follow-up (primary endpoint) was lower with suppressive therapy (0.30 +/- 0.41) than episodic therapy (0.71 +/- 0.79) (P 180 days) for suppressive therapy (P = 0.021). Data for secondary efficacy endpoints (pain severity score, mean duration of recurrences, maximal total lesion area) showed approximately a 30% to 50% reduction in mean values with suppressive therapy compared with episodic therapy, but results were statistically significantly different between the regimens for pain severity only. The percentage of subjects with at least one adverse event over 6 months of treatment that was considered to be drug related was 3% with suppressive therapy and 6% with episodic therapy. Suppressive therapy with oral valacyclovir was more effective than episodic therapy with oral valacyclovir in reducing the frequency of recurrences of herpes labialis and prolonging the time to first recurrence and was also similarly well-tolerated.
Historical Climatology of Storm Events in the Mediterranean: A Case Study of Damaging Hydrological Events in Calabria, Southern Italy

In this chapter, based on the data available in a regional database, some severe damaging hydrogeological events (DHEs) occurred in the last century in Calabria (Italy) have been described in terms of both triggering rain and damaging effects. Among the analyzed cases, there are only three long standing events (1951, 1953 and 1972), while the others are shorter. As far as the triggering rain, the 1951 and 1953 events are still not surpassed, and fortunately it is the same for the number of victims. If we consider the event occurred on 2000 as an exception caused by the negligence of the municipality that allowed a campsite so close to the river, the number of victims per event shows a decreasing trend. This can be a normal evolution which occurs in developed countries, where, because of an improving event management, damage to people tend do decrease and damage to goods to increase. The seasonality is clear: the majority of the events occurred between September and November, which in Calabria are the rainiest months. In terms of damaging phenomena, landslides were always the most frequent type. Greatest damage, especially in terms of victims, was caused by floods, the effects of which were often amplified by sea storms. The interrelations between the different phenomena, as the relationship between floods and landslides carrying debris into the river network and the connection between floods and sea storms, confirm that DHEs have to be studied with a general approach and taking into consideration all the phenomena and their interrelation which can amplify damage and cause cascading effects.
Controversy corner: leader preference for using structures flowcharts vs. pseudocode when comprehending short, relatively complex algorithms: a summary analysis

This research investigates the preference for a graphic method (structured flowcharts) or for a verbal method (pseudocode) when learning short, relatively complex algorithms. The research summarizes the data from eight replications using 292 students of data structures and 24 data structures classes. A preference for flowcharts was hypothesized under eight conditions. All eight conditions produced large differences that were statistically significant, p < .0001. The preferences for flowcharts ranged from 76.4% to 88.4%. No significant preferences were found for pseudocode. The results indicate that graphic methods should be strongly considered when teaching relatively complex algorithms. Most important, the results signify that there may be two types of learners: 1. (1) a type that prefers flowcharts (a graphical method), and 2. (2) a type that prefers pseudocode (a verbal method). Since most textbooks only express algorithms verbally, the wisdom of using only one method must be questioned. The research tests the conclusions made by Ben Shneiderman concerning preference for code or flowcharts by programmers. Shneiderman has repeatedly stated that programmers prefer code to flowcharts when comprehending algorithms. The findings of this research clearly conflict with Shneiderman's statements. The results of these preference studies indicate that more experimental research is needed to assess the utility of structured flowcharts in algorithm comprehension. The preference for structured flowcharts is too strong and too ubiquitous to be ignored.
Analysing the Traveller Activities Network for Strategic Design: A Case Study of Baltimore, MD

Destination management organizations (DMOs) must understand the pattern of traveller activities within a destination and how this creates value in order to design competitive destinations. It is posited in this study that it is useful to conceptualize traveller activities as a value creation network formed by the interactions of visitors and destination attractions and that this network can be measured to understand destination performance and competitiveness. As a case study, this research quantifies and then deconstructs the traveller activities network for the City of Baltimore that is activated as visitors move between destination attractions. The results of this analysis are presented and the ways in which value creation network metrics can inform the strategic design of the destination are discussed. Last, a research agenda to further develop these metrics is outlined.
Resource Efficiency – what are the Objectives?

This paper shows that resource efficiency pursues the three objectives reducing environmental impacts, improving supply security and saving costs. Firstly, a differentiation is established between objectives and measures to achieve them. Secondly, methods to assess improvements relating to these objectives are discussed and applied to the case study of vehicle lightweight design. The presented example of substitution of steel by aluminum illustrates that trade-off between objectives may occur. Thus, a reliable assessment of measures to enhance resource efficiency must consider impacts on each objective separately. An aggregation to only one resource efficiency indicator lacks transparency and is not appropriate.
Learning to Optimize Join Queries With Deep Reinforcement Learning.

Exhaustive enumeration of all possible join orders is often avoided, and most optimizers leverage heuristics to prune the search space. The design and implementation of heuristics are well-understood when the cost model is roughly linear, and we find that these heuristics can be significantly suboptimal when there are non-linearities in cost. Ideally, instead of a fixed heuristic, we would want a strategy to guide the search space in a more data-driven way---tailoring the search to a specific dataset and query workload. Recognizing the link between classical Dynamic Programming enumeration methods and recent results in Reinforcement Learning (RL), we propose a new method for learning optimized join search strategies. We present our RL-based DQ optimizer, which currently optimizes select-project-join blocks. We implement three versions of DQ to illustrate the ease of integration into existing DBMSes: (1) A version built on top of Apache Calcite, (2) a version integrated into PostgreSQL, and (3) a version integrated into SparkSQL. Our extensive evaluation shows that DQ achieves plans with optimization costs and query execution times competitive with the native query optimizer in each system, but can execute significantly faster after learning (often by orders of magnitude).
Deployment Strategies for Crowdsourced Power Outage Detection

Smart grids, typically driven by smart meters, enable the use of information and communication technologies to collect grid status in real-time. However, while smart meters are typically essential to the smart grid vision, many utilities globally have not installed smart meters mainly due to technical or budget constraints. In this paper we evaluate deployment strategies of GridWatch, a novel crowdsourcing system to detect electricity outages using smart phones. Using demographic, user mobility, and outage data relevant for Nairobi, Kenya, we develop an agent- based model (ABM) simulation to understand the factors that optimize the deployment strategy of GridWatch in different sub- regions of the city while maintaining high confidence of outage detection. Our results show that outage detection improves dramatically with increasing density of households per transformer, so a higher penetration of GridWatch devices is needed in areas with sparser grids.
A semi-implicit, energy- and charge-conserving particle-in-cell algorithm for the relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell equations

Abstract Conventional explicit electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithms do not conserve discrete energy exactly. Time-centered fully implicit PIC algorithms can conserve discrete energy exactly, but may introduce large dispersion errors in the light-wave modes. This can lead to intolerable simulation errors where accurate light propagation is needed (e.g. in laser-plasma interactions). In this study, we selectively combine the leap-frog and Crank-Nicolson methods to produce an exactly energy- and charge-conserving relativistic electromagnetic PIC algorithm. Specifically, we employ the leap-frog method for Maxwell's equations, and the Crank-Nicolson method for the particle equations. The semi-implicit formulation still features a timestep CFL, but facilitates exact global energy conservation, exact local charge conservation, and preserves the dispersion properties of the leap-frog method for the light wave. The algorithm employs a new particle pusher designed to maximize efficiency and minimize wall-clock-time impact vs. the explicit alternative. It has been implemented in a code named iVPIC, based on the Los Alamos National Laboratory VPIC code ( https://github.com/losalamos/vpic ). We present numerical results that demonstrate the properties of the scheme with sample test problems: relativistic two-stream instability, Weibel instability, and laser-plasma instabilities.
High density is a property of slow-cycling and treatment-resistant human glioblastoma cells

Slow-cycling and treatment-resistant cancer cells escape therapy, providing a rationale for regrowth and recurrence in patients. Much interest has focused on identifying the properties of slow-cycling tumor cells in glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and lethal primary brain tumor. Despite aggressive ionizing radiation (IR) and treatment with the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ), GBM patients invariably relapse and ultimately succumb to the disease. In patient biopsies, we demonstrated that GBM cells expressing the proliferation markers Ki67 and MCM2 displayed a larger cell volume compared to rare slow-cycling tumor cells. In optimized density gradients, we isolated a minor fraction of slow-cycling GBM cells in patient biopsies and tumorsphere cultures. Transcriptional profiling, self-renewal, and tumorigenicity assays reflected the slow-cycling state of high-density GBM cells (HDGCs) compared to the tumor bulk of low-density GBM cells (LDGCs). Slow-cycling HDGCs enriched for stem cell antigens proliferated a few days after isolation to generate LDGCs. Both in vitro and in vivo, we demonstrated that HDGCs show increased treatment-resistance to IR and TMZ treatment compared to LDGCs. In conclusion, density gradients represent a non-marker based approach to isolate slow-cycling and treatment-resistant GBM cells across GBM subgroups.
A Spectacular New Chinese Species of the Genus Mallota Meigen (Diptera: Syrphidae)

A new species of the flower fly [Diptera: Syrphidae] genus Mallota is described from Oriental China [Zhejiang] and two new synonyms are noted.
Two Alpha Chains and Three Beta Chains of Human Ia Antigens

Human Ia antigens, structural and serologic analogues of murine Ia antigens, are composed of two polypeptide chains, α (34,000 MW) and β (28,000 MW). Like their murine counterparts, these polymorphic chains transiently associate with a third, invariant chain, Ii (31,000 MW) (1). These readily apparent similarities with the mouse raise questions about the genetic organization of the HLA-D region which codes for human Ia antigens. Its murine analog, the I region in the H-2 complex, is known to contain at least five genes whose products have been characterized either biochemically or serologically. In particular, two distinct populations of murine Ia antigens, I-A and I-E/C, have been analyzed and shown to be coded by two separate I region genes (2). In the past, studies based on family data and serology using conventional alloantisera indicated a considerable molecular diversity of the human Ia antigens. Development of hybridoma technology (3) and monoclonal anti-la antibodies provided specific reagents with which to try to isolate various species of human Ia antigens.
Changing landscape of optical imaging in skeletal metastases.

Abstract Optical imaging is an emerging strategy for in vitro and in vivo visualization of the molecular mechanisms of cancer over time. An increasing number of optical imaging contrast agents and techniques have been developed in recent years specifically for bone research and skeletal metastases. Visualizing molecular processes in relation to bone remodeling in metastasized cancers provides valuable information for understanding disease mechanisms and monitoring expression of primary molecular targets and therapeutic efficacy. This review is intended to provide an overview of tumor-specific and non-specific contrast agents in the first near-infrared window (NIR-I) window from 650 nm to 950 nm that can be used to study functional and structural aspects of skeletal remodeling of cancer in preclinical animal models. Near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging techniques, specifically NIR spectroscopy and photoacoustic imaging, and their use in skeletal metastases will also be discussed. Perspectives on the promises and challenges facing this exciting field are then given.
Effect of Unilateral Cordotomy on Perception of Dysphagia

Objectives:CO2 laser medial transverse cordotomy is a permanent static procedure performed to achieve adequate functional airway in cases of posterior glottic stenosis and bilateral vocal fold para...
Soft Tissue Engineering

Abstract This chapter focuses on the principles of soft tissue engineering, a growing field that encompasses many subsets of tissue types. The overall goal of soft tissue engineering is to facilitate functional tissue regeneration and provide relevant tissue models. Native soft tissue properties and the types of biomaterials used to mimic these properties are discussed, including synthetic polymers, natural polymers, and decellularized tissues. Biomaterial design, engineering challenges, and emerging technologies are explored in further detail for adipose, gastrointestinal, and skin tissue engineering.
A Credit Guarantee Scheme for Rooftop Solar in India

This article examines the need for scaling up investments in rooftop solar projects in India’s micro, small, and medium enterprise (MSME) sector. In this context, the article identifies the third-party financing model as a key business model and notes two key barriers to financing these rooftop solar projects—payment delay and payment default. Arguably, these barriers can be addressed via a credit guarantee mechanism (CGM). Based on the methodology for expected loss sizing, a pilot CGM supporting installation of 400 MW of rooftop solar capacity would need a CGM sized at $22.36 million. The leverage for this CGM would be 8.94 and 13.77 for debt and total capital facilitation, respectively. The article recommends that the Indian government should launch a comprehensive CGM scheme as a public intervention, using suitable host financial institutions. The article also notes many avenues for improving on this work. TOPICS:Emerging markets, credit risk management Key Findings • Scaling investment in rooftop solar in the MSME sector in India would require addressing the twin barriers of payment delay and payment default. • In the near term these barriers can be addressed via a public-funded credit guarantee mechanism (CGM). • An appropriately designed CGM can provide a leverage of 8.94 and 13.77 for debt and total capital, respectively.
Potential use of peptic ulcer perforation (PULP) score as a conversion index of laparoscopic-perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) repair.

Laparoscopic repair is a well-accepted treatment modality for perforated peptic ulcer (PPU). However, intraoperative conversion to laparotomy is still not uncommon. We aimed to identify preoperative factors strongly associated with conversion. A retrospective review of records of all PPU patients treated between January 2011 and July 2019 was performed. Patients were divided into three groups: laparoscopic repair (LR), conversion to laparotomy (CL), and primary laparotomy (PL). Patient demographics, operative findings, and outcomes were compared between the groups. Logistic regression analyses were performed, taking conversion as the outcome. Of 822 patients, there were 236, 45, and 541 in the LR, CL, and PL groups, respectively. The conversion rate was 16%. Compared with those in the LR group, patients in the CL group were older (p < 0.001), had higher PULP scores (p < 0.001), had higher ASA scores (p < 0.001) and had hypertension (p = 0.003). PULP score was the only independent risk factor for conversion. The area under the curve (AUC) for the PULP score to predict conversion was 75.3%, with a best cut-off value of ≥ 4. The operative time was shorter for PL group patients than for CL group patients with PULP scores ≥ 4. For patients with PULP scores < 4, LR group patients had a shorter length of stay than PL group patients. The PULP score may have utility in predicting and minimizing conversion for laparoscopic PPU repair. Laparoscopic repair is the procedure of choice for PPU patients with PULP scores < 4, while open surgery is recommended for those with PULP scores ≥ 4.
Catholic Education in Latin America: Schools in the Southern Cone Trying to Meet Changing Societies

This chapter presents a review of the social, cultural and religious changes that have taken place in Latin America in the last decade. New information technologies, the use of social networks, and internationalization are also highlighted as sources of change. The chapter analyzes how these changes have affected the way Catholic educational institutions in the continent have reacted to them.
Transparent window 2D IR spectroscopy of proteins.

Proteins are complex, heterogeneous macromolecules that exist as ensembles of interconverting states on a complex energy landscape. A complete, molecular-level understanding of their function requires experimental tools to characterize them with high spatial and temporal precision. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy has an inherently fast time scale that can capture all states and their dynamics with, in principle, bond-specific spatial resolution. Two-dimensional (2D) IR methods that provide richer information are becoming more routine but remain challenging to apply to proteins. Spectral congestion typically prevents selective investigation of native vibrations; however, the problem can be overcome by site-specific introduction of amino acid side chains that have vibrational groups with frequencies in the “transparent window” of protein spectra. This Perspective provides an overview of the history and recent progress in the development of transparent window 2D IR of proteins.
Odyssey toward an understanding of acquired postinflammatory lentiginosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acquired postinflammatory lentiginosis is a phenomenon that has been previously termed 'induction of lentiginosis in assorted dermatoses' or the ILIAD phenomenon. RECENT FINDINGS Although some cases have been described as arising exclusively in those who applied topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs), other patients have presented with similar findings in other nonatopic disorders (contact dermatitis, psoriasis, lichen planus, focal dermal hypoplasia), and without antecedent use of TCIs. SUMMARY Inflammatory skin disorders can produce localized areas of cutaneous lentiginosis, particularly as the inflammation retreats in response to treatment. This post-inflammatory lentiginosis or ILIAD phenomenon may be potentiated by use of topical and systemic anti-inflammatory medications, including TCIs, topical corticosteroids, methotrexate, and systemic biologic agents. Although this phenomenon has not been associated with melanocytic neoplasia, ongoing periodic monitoring for dysplastic changes is reasonable.
Some Useful Constructions

Almost every protocol described in this book takes advantage of some, or all of the following three basic strategies of utilizing a PRF \(h()\): a) hash chains; b) hash trees, which are also referred to as binary hash chains; and c) the uniqueness of random subsets of large sets generated using PRF \(h()\).
Do context and personality matter? Trust and privacy concerns in disclosing private information online

Research and business practice have already established the central role of trust in business, particularly in online interactions. Many online business exchanges require the disclosure of sensitive personal information on a regular basis. Simultaneously, customers are reluctant to disclose private information online due to concerns about privacy. Thus, trust plays a critical role in such disclosures. However, a number of factors could influence the extent of customers' trust and their willingness to disclose their private information. In this study, we explore the critical roles of two sets of factors: the sensitivity of the context within which the private information is disclosed and the customer's personality. Our theory building is based on the contextualization of the theory of reasoned action (TRA-Privacy) and its synthesis with Prospect theory. Our theory argues that context sensitivity as a moderator and individuals' salient attributes in terms of personality types and privacy concern are critical factors impacting trust and the willingness to disclose personal information. Our results indicate that context moderates the parameters and path structure of the trust model and that the influence of personality on privacy concern and trust depends on the nature of the context. Applying these "who" and "where" aspects of theory building, the study opens a new avenue of context-related research that can further increase the specificity and richness of trust and privacy research. The study also provides a new perspective in trust scholarship, therein requiring the examination of three inter-related components: trustee, trustor and the context of trust.
System Parameter Identification for Friction Stir Processing

Temperature control has been implemented in Friction Stir Processing and has demonstrated the ability to give improved process control. In order to have optimal control of the process, the parameters of the system must be accurately identified. The system parameters change with tool geometry and materials, workpiece materials, and workpiece holding system. This paper presents the use of the relay feedback test to determine the thermal parameters of the F SP system. The relay feedback test is easy to use and promotes system stability during its use. The results from the relay feedback test can be used to establish tuning constants for a feedback temperature control. The use of this method, as well as the quality of the resulting control is demonstrated in this paper.
Beechman v. Leahy and the Doctrine of Hypocrisy: A Response to Nadine Strossen's Reproducing Women's Rights: All Over Again

In this essay, Professor Hanna discusses Beecham v. Leahy, the Vermont case which legalized abortion prior to Roe v. Wade. She argues one way to reframe the reproductive rights debate is to examine more deeply the law's specific treatment of women in the regulation of abortion. If what we really care about is the well-being of women, as those on both sides of this debate claim, then allowing women to make their own decisions within this context is the most crucial aspect to women's full rights of citizenship. We must acknowledge, however, that some women are harmed within this context and have a right to access legal remedies. For example, restraining orders against intimate partners who sabotage birth control or coerce them into terminating a pregnancy, or the ability to sue doctors who engage in malpractice. And, most important, we must improve the material conditions of women's lives as to prevent unwanted pregnancies and to ensure that no woman has to make the trade-off between motherhood and education, a career, or basic survival. These two strategies, both promoting autonomy and preventing victimization, can and must be equally pursued as we reproduce women's rights.
C1/HCO3 exchange in human placental brush border membrane vesicles.

Abstract Membrane transport pathways for transplacental transfer of CO2/HCO3 were investigated by assessing the possible presence of a Cl/HCO3 exchange mechanism in the maternal-facing membrane of human placental epithelial cells. Cl/HCO3 exchange was tested for in preparations of purified brush border membrane vesicles by 36Cl tracer flux measurements and determinations of acridine orange fluorescence changes. Under 10% CO2/90% N2 the imposition of an outwardly directed HCO3- concentration gradient (pHo 6/pHi 7.5) stimulated Cl- uptake to levels approximately 2-fold greater than observed at equilibrium. Maneuvers designed to offset the development of ion gradient-induced diffusion potentials (valinomycin, Ko = Ki) significantly reduced HCO3- gradient-driven Cl- uptake but concentrative accumulation of Cl- persisted. Early time point determinations performed in the presumed absence of membrane potential suggests the reduced level of HCO3- gradient-driven Cl- uptake resulted from a more rapid dissipation of the HCO3- concentration gradient. Concentrative accumulation of Cl- was not observed in the presence of a pH gradient alone under 100% N2, suggesting a preference of HCO3- over OH- as a substrate for transport. As monitored by acridine orange fluorescence the Cl- gradient-dependent collapse of an imposed pH gradient (pHo 8.5/pHi 6) was accelerated in the presence of CO2/HCO3 when compared with its absence, indicating coupling of HCO3- influx to Cl- efflux. Increasing concentrations of the anion exchange inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid were observed to cause a stepwise reduction in HCO3- gradient-driven Cl- uptake (I50 approximately 25 microM) further suggesting the presence of a Cl/HCO3 exchange mechanism. The results of this study provide evidence for a 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid-sensitive Cl/HCO3 exchange mechanism in the maternal-facing membrane of human placental epithelial cells. The identification of an ion-coupled HCO3- transport pathway in placental epithelia may suggest functional roles in mediating transplacental transfer of CO2 as well as maintenance of fetal acid/base balance.
Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Three children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and primary lymphoma of the CNS are described. All three children had clinical signs of focal mass lesions and progressive neurologic deficits. In one child the deterioration was extremely rapid. New lesions appeared on serial CT scans every few days, simulating an infectious process and leading to death within 3 weeks. Results of neuroradiologic studies in these patients demonstrated multicentric lesions that were often periventricular. On CT scans, the lesions were hyperdense before contrast and were enhanced with contrast medium. Double-dose delayed contrast CT scans and magnetic resonance imaging studies were more sensitive in indicating additional lesions. Histologically, all three tumors were B cell neoplasms; two lymphomas were large cell type, whereas one was small cell, noncleaved (Burkitt-like). Primary CNS lymphoma occurred with an incidence of 1/26 (4%) in our autopsy series and 3/100 (3%) of all pediatric cases of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 infection, living and dead, that have been seen at the Children9s Hospital of New Jersey. By comparison, opportunistic and reactivated latent CNS infections were less common in this same population and never appeared clinically as mass lesions. Therefore, in our experience, primary lymphoma is the most common cause of focal or multifocal mass lesions in the brains of children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This tumor may be radiosensitive. In most cases, early biopsy is probably necessary to establish the diagnosis.
Ways that Preservice Teachers Integrate Children's Literature into Mathematics Lessons

Children's literature involving mathematics provides a common, natural context for the sharing of mathematics. To learn more about how preservice teachers included children's literature in their mathematics lessons, a study was conducted over two semesters during a required field experience component of an undergraduate teacher education program. The preservice teachers were required to use a children's literature book to explore a mathematical concept in three mathematics-focused lesson plans. The qualitative data analysis revealed that in planning mathematics lessons to incorporate children's literature, preservice teachers tended to focus on basic approaches. Specifically, the preservice teachers most often used a book as context for review, to develop a concept, or to use with manipulatives. As a result, it is important for teacher educators to provide the opportunity for preservice teachers to learn more about the various ways of integrating literature and provide the necessary support for incorporat...
The U.S. as Reluctant Shareholder: Government, Business and the Law

Through the TARP program, the government became a substantial equity holder in five major U.S. companies: American International Group, Inc.(AIG), Citigroup Inc. (Citigroup), General Motors Company (GM), Chrysler Group LLC (Chrysler), and GMAC Inc.(GMAC), now known as Ally Financial Inc. (Ally). How the government behaves when it is a significant shareholder in private business is a subject worthy of examination. That is the primary purpose of the paper. I closely examine the government's actions as an equity holder, beginning with the closest parallel to the current situation, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s 1984 acquisition of an 80% ownership interest in the public holding company of Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Co. I then look at the 2008-09 bailouts of AIG, Citigroup, GM, Chrysler and Ally and trace the development of a policy for how the government acts as a shareholder and show that, notwithstanding the government's assertions of a "reluctant shareholder" policy, the government has been deeply involved in these companies as a creditor, regulator, and legislator. \Finally, I argue that government intervention in business has become sufficiently regular that the government should develop policies for the future so that its actions are more forthright and transparent. To that end, I set forth a modest proposal consisting of three suggestions. First, when Treasury is a substantial shareholder, it should work with corporate management to provide the general public regularly with clear specific statements about government intervention and its effect on the corporation. The second and third proposals contemplate that the government will exercise the customary power of a substantial shareholder and select directors who will represent the taxpayers’ interests in the boardroom. Treasury’s active participation in the corporate boardroom could promote greater understanding of the respective positions of government and business and alleviate some of tensions and conflicts resulting from the uneasy alliance of government and business.
Nationalism and the Consumer: Is it Really Important?

Most publications on international marketing assume that the relationship between nationalism and behavior toware national or non-national product is congruent. No conceptual models which explicitly establish this linkage exist, and marketing decisions tend to be made in the absence of empirical data.
Numerical simulations of the formation and evolution of water ice clouds in the Martian atmosphere

A model of the formation, evolution, and description of Martian water ice clouds is developed which well reproduces the physical processes governing the microphysics of water ice cloud formation on Mars. The model is used to show that the cloud properties are most sensitive to the temperature profile, the number of days for which condensation previously occurred, the contact angle, and the presence of incoming meteoritic debris at the top of the atmosphere. The AM-PM differences in optical depths measured at the Viking Lander site were successfully simulated with the model, obtaining total column optical depths of ice of a few tenths in agreement with observations.
Living/controlled copolymerization of acrylates with nonactivated alkenes

The living/controlled copolymerization of methyl acrylate with 1-alkenes and norbornene derivatives through several radical polymerization techniques has been achieved. These techniques include atom transfer radical polymerization, reversible addition–fragmentation transfer polymerization, nitroxide-mediated polymerization, and degenerative transfer polymerization. These systems display many of the characteristics of a living polymerization process: the molecular weight increases linearly with the overall conversion, but the polydispersity remains low. Novel block copolymers have been synthesized through the sequential addition of monomers or chain extension. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 6175–6192, 2004
The ultrastructure of neuromuscular systems in Notoplana acticola, a free-living polyclad flatworm

Neuromuscular junctions in the marine polyclad flatworm, Notoplana acticola were studied with the electron microscope. Synapses were found between nerve endings and specialized extensions of the muscle cells. Characteristically these processes contained clear cytoplasm with a basal mitochondrion and numerous microtubules aligned parallel to the long axis of the extension. Sarcoplasmic diverticuli which contained the nucleus had granular cytoplasm with an assortment of membranes and organelles. We have proposed the term sarconeural junction to describe synapses between long sarcoplasmic extensions and nerve cells in flatworms as well as other animals.
LiPF6/LiBOB blend salt electrolyte for high-power lithium-ion batteries

Abstract LiPF6/LiBOB blend salt-based electrolytes were investigated as potential candidates for high-power lithium-ion batteries, especially for transportation applications. It was demonstrated that both the power capability and the cycling performance of the lithium-ion cells could be attenuated by controlling the concentration of LiBOB in blend salt electrolytes. The power capability of the lithium-ion cells decreases with the concentration of LiBOB, while the capacity retention of the cells at 55 °C increases with the LiBOB concentration. When electrolytes with no more than 0.1 M LiBOB was used, the MCMB/LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 cells have excellent capacity retention at 55 °C, while their impedance meets the requirement set by the FreedomCar Partnership. The similar performance improvement on the MCMB/LiMn2O4 cells was also observed with the blend salt electrolyte.
Synthesis and characterization of aromatic polyesters with dicyanovinyl substituents

The synthesis, characterization, and structure—property relations of aromatic polyesters with dicyanovinyl substituents is presented. Two comparable series of polyesters based on 3,4-dihydroxybenzylidenemalononitrile and 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidenemalononitrile were prepared. As aromatic diacid components, terephthalic acid, phenylterephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and 2-phenylisophthalic acid were used. The polyesters were prepared by solution polycondensation. GPC investigations revealed the existence of substantial amounts of defined cyclic products. These cycles could be isolated by preparative GPC. The polyesters are soluble in common low boiling organic solvents, particularly the phenyl-substituted ones. The polyesters are amorphous and have glass transition temperatures between 140 and 170°C. The absorption maxima are in the 306–322 nm range. The cut-off wavelength is between 400 and 428 nm. The polyesters with methoxy substitutent have generally the absorptions at longer wavelength. The refractive index of thin films of these polyesters were between 1.61 and 1.63 at 632.8 nm. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The relation of infantile autism and early childhood schizophrenia to developmental language disorders of childhood.

Evidence and arguments are presented to support a thesis that central language deficits related to those found in children with developmental aphasia, but more severe, may be the necessary and sufficient cause of behavior which marks children as autistic and schizophrenic. Deficits which may cut across sensory modalities and differ between individuals, but remain stable within, can be identified in both groups. The two groups also share difficulties such as sequencing problems and deficiencies related to meaning of words that are more subtle than echolalia and pronominal reversal. Language deficits, however, are not said to be the only ones, as other handicaps may account for some variability in clinical cases. Also presented are two case reports illustrating results of an experimental nine-word language used in training and testing of psychotic children.
Precursor cell types in the germinal zone of the cerebral cortex.

Retroviral lineage tracing experiments suggest that the cortical ventricular zone is composed of a mixture of precursor cell types. The majority generate a single cell type (neurones, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes) and the remainder generate neurones and a single type of glial cell. Pluripotential precursor cells, that have the ability to generate all three cell types, are not observed. A recent paper, however, reports that when single ventricular zone cells are cultured in isolation, a small percentage of these cells are pluripotential(1). This review will discuss what this knowledge tells us about cortical development.
The excited electronic states of H2CSi

We have studied the excited electronic states of silylidene(1-silavinylidene), H2CSi, by ab initio quantum-mechanical methods to determine their equilibrium geometries, relative energies, and harmonic vibrational frequencies. Besides the ground 1A1 state, we have also studied the 1A2 and 3A2 states, obtained by exciting an electron from the π orbital of silylidene to a py lone pair orbital, and the 1B2 and 3B2 states obtained by exciting an electron from an a1 symmetry silicon lone pair orbital to the py orbital. We have also investigated the lowest-lying cation states. Our predictions of the geometries of the 1A1 ground state and second excited singlet state, 1B2, are in good agreement with the experimental results of Harper, Waddell, and Clouthier [J. Chem. Phys. 107, 8829 (1997)]. Our predicted excitation energies and excited state vibrational frequencies also agree well with experimental values. The geometry of the B 1B2 state differs markedly, and unexpectedly, from that of the X 1A1 and b 3B2 sta...
Mesoamerica's Ancient Cities, Aerial Views of Precolumbian Ruins in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras.

Mesoamerica's Ancient Cities, Aerial Views of Precolumbian Ruins in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. WILLIAM M. FERGUSON and ARTHUR H. ROHN. Photographs by John Q. Royce and William M. Ferguson. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1990. xiv + 251 pp., 237 illustrations. $45.00 (cloth). ISBN 0-887081-173-8.
Small Sample Properties of The Model Specification Test Based On The Hansen-Jagannathan Distance

This paper examines finite-sample properties of a model test method developed by Hansen and Jagannathan (1997) and Jagannathan and Wang (1996). As a model comparison tool, Hansen and Jagannathan (1997) propose a measure which estimates the maximum pricing error generated by an asset pricing model for portfolios with unit second moments of gross returns. Jagannathan and Wang (1996) show that this measure has an asymptotic p-value that can be empirically estimated using a weighted average of draws from a chi-square distribution. Our simulation results indicate that the empirical p-value rejects correct models too often for commonly used sample sizes.
The Neonatal Microbiome and Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disorder that affects approximately 10% of premature infants. Its mortality remains high (15-30%), and its cause remains unknown. About 80% of cases occur within 35 days of birth among hospitalized newborns of low birth weight. Probiotics diminish the incidence and severity of NEC, and NEC does not occur antepartum. NEC affects a readily identifiable at-risk group, has a tightly defined interval before its onset, occurs in an organ system that is intimately associated with a microbial population in flux, has a plausible association with the intestinal microbiota, and cohorts at risk have rarely been studied in large numbers, or prospectively. This disorder, therefore, provides a unique opportunity to explore the role of the human enteric microbiome in a devastating disease. Moreover, NEC epidemiology and age-incidence present an ability to enroll and study cohorts that are highly likely to provide valuable pathophysiologic and microbiologic insights.In this project, we will identify and quantify the microbial components of stool and its products before and at the onset of NEC. In doing so, we will test the overarching hypothesis that NEC is a direct or indirect consequence of the enteric biomass, its products, or both. We will use multicenter cohorts of premature infants at high risk of developing NEC, extend our research on this disease currently sponsored by the Washington University Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences, and continue our longstanding collaborations with the Genome Center at Washington University and the Washington University Digestive Diseases Research Core Center (Informatics Core). The Aims of this proposal are to (1) conduct a case cohort study in which we compare clinical data and biological specimens from cases and well-matched controls; (2) determine if the kind and density of intestinal biomass, its gene content, and transcriptional activity are associated with, and potential determinants of, NEC; and (3) determine if host risk alleles for intestinal inflammation play a role in the development of NEC. These efforts will be accomplished using subjects from three collaborating neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), focusing on the critical, instructive, and understudied pre-NEC stage of illness, and formulating a data repository that will be a resource for investigators worldwide who wish to focus their efforts on NEC, its precipitants, and its prevention and cure.
Migration of Arterial Wall Cells: Expression of Plasminogen Activators and Inhibitors in Injured Rat Arteries

Abstract The expression of plasminogen activators and inhibitors was examined in denuded arteries. Within 5 days, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) on the luminal surface expressed the mRNA for tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (UPA), the receptor for UPA (UPAR), and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1). Similar results were seen after 8 days. Six weeks later, only TPA mRNA was still expressed by SMCs on the luminal surface. En face casein zymograms revealed a net fibrinolytic activity in areas covered with luminal SMCs. Reverse zymography showed no antifibrinolytic activity in these zones. Quiescent endothelial cells did not express TPA, UPA, UPAR, or PAI-1 mRNA. Regenerating endothelium at the wound edge strongly expressed TPA, UPA, and UPAR, as well as PAI-1. UPA and UPAR expression was highly restricted to cells at the wound edge and was not present elsewhere. En face zymography showed no plasmin activity in endothelialized areas, and reverse zymography s...