cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The child's understanding of functional relations in the domain of liquid quantity

Four liquid comparison tasks were designed to assess children's knowledge of functional relations, one-directional compositions of functional relations (greater + greater yield greater) and countervailing compositions (greater + lesser yield ?) in 4- to 7-year-olds. On one task, in which height indexed quantity, children of every age group performed well. Success on the other comparison tasks was related to operative level, as mdexed by conservation performance, and age. More advanced pre-operational children evidenced a degree of success on the one-directional composition task. Consistent with Schonfeld (1990), the results suggested that at more advanced operative levels: (1) the understanding of increasingly complex functional relations emerges and (2) thinking becomes increasingly exact. Correlational results revealed consistency across measures and factor-analytical findings suggested that a unitary developmental factor underlies performance differences. An attentional explanation of the findings was ruled out. The findings highhghted the multifaceted nature of children's progress toward integrating information from different dimensions of the comparison tasks. Piaget and his colleagues developed the psychology of functions (Piaget, Grize, Szeminska & Vinh Bang, 1977) during the latter part of Piaget's career. The psychology of functions was a departure from earlier work that included research related to the classical Genevan tasks (e.g. the conservations, class inclusion, assessments of children's conceptions of space and geometry, etc.). Beilin (1992) labelled the classical theoretical work Piaget completed during this very fertile period of his career as the 'standard theory'. A hallmark of the classical tasks is that they tend to assess the child's knowledge of transformatio ns. By contrast, the psychology of functions is more specifically concerned with the capacity of both pre-operational and concrete operational children to make comparisons among untransformed entities (Piaget, 1977). Moreover, compared with the standard theory, the psychology of functions expresses a greater concern for continuity in cognitive development. It has spurred investigators to develop more detailed representations of the cognitive accomplishments of both pre-operational and concrete operational children (Davidson, 1987, 1988; Dean & Deist, 1980; Schonfeld, 1986, 1990). The psychology of functions remedies the criticism voiced by Miller (1984) and others that Piagetians tend to neglect evidence of 'early but limited competence' (p. 222).
A Conceptual Approach to Planning New Product Introductions in Sets

In an increasingly changing business environment, a key ingredient to corporate growth is the successful introduction of a series of new products that efficiently utilizes scarce resources to meet product line needs. The purpose of this paper is to describe an approach for planning new product introductions that allows the new product planner to allocate resources over a number of products while taking into account such shared marketing variables as technological innovations and advertising expenditures.
The Manila Trench and West Luzon Trough—I. Bathymetry and sediment distribution

Abstract Data from bathymetric (PDR) and seismic-reflection (profiler) traverses made across the island margin west of Luzon, Philippines, are here reported. A new contour chart of sea floor topography is presented for the region. A shallow arcuate depression approximately 2700 fms (4940 m) deep, herein called the Manila Trench, extends as a narrow, nearly continuous furrow sub-paralleling the west coast of Luzon from 16° 40′N south to about 13°N. The Manila Trench is divided into two deeps at about 15° 50′N, 119° 15′E by a submarine ridge trending southwest from the coast near the Lingayen Gulf. The north end of the trench is bounded by a submarine ridge trending east-west from the coast along latitude 16° 50′N. The south end of the trench extends southeastward as a major re-entrant into Mindoro Straits, west of Mindoro Island. A sediment-filled trough, herein called the West Luzon Trough, forms a terrace and trough approximately midway between the floor of the Manila Trench and the continental shelf. The trough is bounded on the north by the southwest-trending ridge from the Lingayen Gulf vicinity and on the south by a ridge trending northwest-to-north from Lubang Island. The latter ridge forms the seaward border of the West Luzon Trough. A group of seismic-reflection profiles illustrates the variation in sea floor topography and sub-bottom structure along the length of the trench and the trough. With the exception of the West Luzon Trough, no detectable amount of sediment is present eastward of the trench floor. A fairly uniform thickness of acoustically transparent sediment overlies a rough oceanic basement layer in the adjacent South China Sea basin. These sediments are continuous along the west wall of the trench and end abruptly as a perched ledge just west of the trench floor. The steep slopes of the perched ledges and evidence of fairly recent step-faulting along the west wall of the trench indicate post-depositional subsidence or extension of the sea floor near the axis of the trench.
The iodine-induced strain rate sensitivity of Zircaloy fuel rod cladding

Abstract The strain rate sensitivities and failure times characteristic of iodine-induced stress corrosion cracking of Zircaloy fuel rod cladding are important because they can be related to certain power ramping rates which may increase fuel rod failure probabilities. The CCSCC model developed in this paper approximates these failure characteristics by simulating the transition from the slower (less observable) non-corrosive creep cracking (CC) regime to the faster (more observable) stress corrosion cracking (SCC) regime. Components of the CCSCC model include: ZrI 4 production by chemical reaction between Zircaloy and iodine; diffusion of the ZrI 4 to the crack tip; chemisorption, embrittlement, and damage accumulation at the crack tip; and crack initiation times and growth rates. Results indicate that the Zr-I 2 SCC process is dominated by competition between chemical reaction and material creep rate phenomena, rather than by stress thresholds or by the requirement that a complete monolayer of ZrI 4 form on the exposed Zircaloy surface at the crack tip. Failure times are dominated by the time required to initiate active crack growth. The SCC process is apparently not limited by diffusion kinetics on the time scale of laboratory experiments. Conflicting results were found concerning the chemical reaction rate at the crack tip.
Performance analysis of a cache-based multiprocessor system using data movement policies

Abstract Multiple copies of shared data in a cache-based multiprocessor system deteriorates the system performance because of network traffic overhead due to invalidations and the coherency related activities. Therefore it is preferable to maintain a single copy [3] of shared data in the entire system. In this paper, a scheme to maintain a single copy and its analysis using various data movement policies is presented. Since the average distance (penalty) and the hit ratios are dependent on the policy adopted, it is desirable to find the policy which gives minimum average distance and high hit ratios. Markov models are developed to find the hit ratios of caches and the average distances for various data movement policies. Analytical model for a cache-based multiprocessor system with multistage interconnection network is developed using closed queueing techniques. The analytical results are compared with the simulation results in terms of penalty, throughput and the memory access times for multiprocessor systems with and without caches.
An Investigation of Flame Spread over Shallow Liquid Pools in Microgravity and Nonair Environments

Experiments of interest to combustion fundamentals and spacecraft fire safety investigated flame spread of alcohol fuels over shallow, 15 cm diameter pools in a 5.2 sec free-fall, microgravity facility. Results showed that, independent O2 concentration, alcohol fuel, and diluent types, microgravity flame spread rates were nearly identical to those corresponding normal-gravity flames for conditions where the normal gravity flames spread uniformly. This similarity indicated buoyancy-related convection in either phase does not affect flame spread, at least for the physical scale of the experiments. However, microgravity extinction coincided with the onset conditions for pulsating spread in normal gravity, implicating gas phase, buoyant flow as a requirement for pulsating spread. When the atmospheric nitrogen was replaced with argon, the conditions for the onset of normal-gravity pulsating flame spread and microgravity flame extinction were changed, in agreement with the expected lowering of the flash point through the thermal properties of the diluent. Helium-diluted flames, however, showed unexpected results with a shift to apparently higher flash-point temperatures and high normal gravity pulsation amplitudes.
Granular-filled composite struts for increased damping in hexapod applications

A hexapod strut at the University of Wyoming currently exhibits high resonant modes at 3 kHz and above. To reduce these resonant peaks, the current aluminum rod of one of the struts was redesigned. A graphite/epoxy granularly filled composite tube was designed and incorporated into the strut. Reduction in the resonant peaks of up to 32 dB’s was achieved. Six of the above mentioned composite tubes were fabricated and incorporated into the hexapod. Testing showed considerable improvement in overall damping for the hexapod.
How Nonemployer Firms Stage-Manage Ad-Hoc Collaboration: An Activity Theory Analysis

Nonemployer firms—firms with no employees—present themselves as larger, more stable firms to take on clients’ projects. They then achieve these projects by recruiting subcontractors, guiding subcontractors’ interactions with clients, and coordinating subcontractors to protect their team performance for the client. Using fourth-generation activity theory, I examine how these firms stage-manage their ad hoc collaborations. I conclude by describing the implications for further developing fourth-generation activity theory to study such instances of knowledge work.
Restoring riparian meadows currently dominated by Artemisia using alternative state concepts--the establishment component

We evaluated the potential for restoring riparian grass and sedge meadows currently dominated by Artemisia tridentata var. tridentata with an experiment in which we burned sites with low, intermediate, and high water tables, i.e., dry, intermediate, and wet sites. To define the alternative states and thresholds for these ecosystems, we examined burn- ing and water table effects on both abiotic variables and establishment of grasses adapted to relatively high (Poa se- cunda ssp. juncifolia), intermediate (Leymus triticoides), or low (L. cinereus) water tables. Wet sites had lower soil tem- peratures and higher soil water contents than dry sites. Burn- ing increased soil temperatures on all sites. Undershrub microsites on control plots had the lowest temperatures, while former undershrub microsites on burn plots had the highest temperatures. Surface soil water was low on burn plots early in the growing season due to desiccation, but higher at deeper depths after active plant growth began. Emergence was gener- ally greater on wet sites, but survival was microsite- and species-specific. Undershrub microsites on control plots fa- cilitated emergence and first-year survival, but seedlings that survived initially harsh conditions on burn plots had similar numbers alive at the end. In general, favorable environments and establishment of species adapted to mesic conditions indicate that wet sites represent an alternative state of the naturally occurring dry meadow ecosystem type, and can be restored to grass and sedge meadows. Harsh environments and lack of establishment of species adapted to mesic conditions indicate that dry sites have crossed a threshold and may represent a new ecosystem type. Understory vegetation and seed banks on dry sites have been depleted, and restoration will require burning and reseeding with species adapted to more xeric conditions.
Stability of Oxides in High Purity Germanium

The thermochemical approach to reactions between dilute solutes is presented and applied to the stability of oxide second phases in the high purity germanium melt. Such oxide phases may degrade detector resolution and complicate purification. The equilibrium of oxygen between melt and gas allows both a convenient indication of the chemical potential of oxygen in the melt and a straightforward thermochemical calculation of reactions involving oxygen. For the range of oxygen (1013 - 1014 cm-3) and other impurity concentrations in high purity germanium no tabulated oxide is expected to be stable in the melt. If the concentration of oxygen in the melt is increased, the first important oxide phase to become stable is SiO2(1), strongly enriched with aluminum.
Intravenous Fluosol in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction 9 Trial. TAMI 9 Research Group.

BACKGROUNDThis study was performed to determine the safety and potential efficacy of an intravenous perfluorochemical emulsion (Fluosol) as an adjunct reperfusion therapy aimed at preventing reperfusion injury for patients with acute myocardial infarction.METHODS AND RESULTSPatients (430) were randomized in a prospective open-labeled study, 213 to receive Fluosol and 217 to receive no Fluosol, along with 100 mg of tissue-type plasminogen activator given over 3 hours. Major end points included global ejection fraction, regional wall motion analysis, infarct size as measured by tomographic thallium imaging, and a composite clinical outcome measure. Baseline patient and angiographic characteristics were similar in the two groups. No significant difference in global ejection fraction (52% without Fluosol, 51% with Fluosol) or regional wall motion (-2.4 SD/chord with Fluosol, -2.2 SD/chord without Fluosol) was demonstrated in patients receiving Fluosol versus those not receiving Fluosol, nor was there a signif...
Modeling NMR Chemical Shifts

This article presents a discussion of the origin of the chemical shieldings, which is followed by a discussion on how they are calculated using state-of-the-art electronic structure methods. Several examples of quantum chemical calculations of chemical shieldings in common nuclei are presented to provide the reader with a general overview of the reliability of these calculations. The shortcomings of the current methods are finally discussed.
Temporary migration and the spread of STDs / HIV in China: Is there a link?

Using data from the literature and a specially designed community-level survey, this article examines the link between temporary migration and the spread of HIV/STDs in China. The results suggest that temporary migrants not only are overrepresented among people with STD/HIV risk-taking behaviors, but also account for disproportionately more STD patients and persons infected with HIV. It is imperative that STD and AIDS prevention intervention and education programs in China target temporary migrants. More research is needed that focuses on the underlying mechanisms by which the process of temporary migration renders migrants vulnerable to STD/HIV risk-taking behaviors.
Role of segregated P and S in intergranular stress corrosion cracking of Ni

The effect of P and S on the intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion of Ni has been evaluated with corrosion tests, crack tip corrosion modeling and stress corrosion tests, and modeling. Tests were conducted in I N H2SO4 at 25 °C over anodic potentials of +0.3 V to 2.0 V (SCE). Corrosion tests were conducted on Ni + P and Ni + S alloys and Ni samples ion implanted with P and S. The corrosion results showed that both P and S reduce passivity in Ni and enhance the corrosion rate but that P is oxidized and dissolves in the electrolyte while S remains on the surface. This difference in surface behavior of P and S was used to explain the difference in intergranular corrosion (IGC) and inter-granular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) behavior of Ni + P and Ni + S. The active crevice and crack walls with Ni + S is thought to reduce the concentration gradient and hence the transport of Ni+2 from tip to mouth which in turn reduces the crack tip corrosion rate. By comparison of the geometry, potential dependence and rates of IGC and IGSCC of Ni + P it was concluded that IGSCC was not controlled solely by anodic dissolution but that a mechanical contribution was involved. Strain assisted corrosion was ruled out while a corrosion assisted intergranular fracture process was shown to be feasible.
Critical dimension sensitivity to post-exposure bake temperature variations in EUV photoresists

Chemically amplified resists depend upon the post-exposure bake (PEB) process to drive the deprotection reactions (in positive resists) that lead to proper resist development. For this reason they often exhibit critical dimension (CD) sensitivity to PEB temperature variation. In this work the effects of variation in different aspects of the PEB step on post-develop CD are studied for two extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photoresists. The spatial and temporal temperature uniformity of the PEB plate is measured using a wireless sensor wafer. Programmed variations in the bake plate temperature set point are then used to measure the CD sensitivity to steady state temperature variation. In addition, the initial temperature ramp time is modified using a thin sheet of polyimide film between the wafer and the bake plate. This allows for measurement of the CD sensitivity to transient temperature variation. Finally, the bake time is adjusted to measure the CD sensitivity to this parameter.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Distributed Cooperative Attitude Synchronization and Tracking for Multiple Rigid Bodies

In this paper, distributed cooperative attitude synchronization and tracking problems are considered for multiple rigid bodies with attitudes represented by modified rodriguez parameters. Two distributed control laws are proposed and analyzed. The first control law applies a passivity approach for distributed attitude synchronization. The control law guarantees attitude synchronization without the requirement for absolute angular velocity measurements and relative angular velocity measurements between neighboring rigid bodies. The second control law incorporates a time-varying reference attitude, where the reference attitude is allowed to be available to only a subset of the group members under general directed information exchange. The control law guarantees that all rigid bodies track the time-varying reference attitude as long as a virtual leader whose attitude is the time-varying reference attitude has a directed path to all other rigid bodies in the group. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the two control laws.
Extension of multifactor dimensionality reduction for identifying multilocus effects in the GAW14 simulated data

The multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) is a model-free approach that can identify gene × gene or gene × environment effects in a case-control study. Here we explore several modifications of the MDR method. We extended MDR to provide model selection without crossvalidation, and use a chi-square statistic as an alternative to prediction error (PE). We also modified the permutation test to provide different levels of stringency. The extended MDR (EMDR) includes three permutation tests (fixed, non-fixed, and omnibus) to obtain p-values of multilocus models. The goal of this study was to compare the different approaches implemented in the EMDR method and evaluate the ability to identify genetic effects in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 simulated data. We used three replicates from the simulated family data, generating matched pairs from family triads. The results showed: 1) chi-square and PE statistics give nearly consistent results; 2) results of EMDR without cross-validation matched that of EMDR with 10-fold cross-validation; 3) the fixed permutation test reports false-positive results in data from loci unrelated to the disease, but the non-fixed and omnibus permutation tests perform well in preventing false positives, with the omnibus test being the most conservative. We conclude that the non-cross-validation test can provide accurate results with the advantage of high efficiency compared to 10-cross-validation, and the non-fixed permutation test provides a good compromise between power and false-positive rate.
A functional cyclooxygenase enzyme is not required for mediation of the pleiotropic effects of human alpha or beta interferon.

Abstract Aspirin, indomethacin, and phenbutazone at 50 μM concentration inhibit cyclooxygenase in cultured human foreskin fibroblasts as evidence by the suppression of the major prostaglandin species which aaccumulate in the culture medium. In contrast to data reported for mouse interferon on target mouse cells, these agents have no effect on the introduction of antiviral activity by human α and β interferons. Similarly, these agents have no effect on interferon induced inhibition of cell growth in vitro or on interferon induced natural killer cell activity.
The positive transcription factor of the 5S RNA gene induces a 5S DNA-specific gyration in xenopus oocyte extracts

Summary We report that TFIIIA, the positive transcription factor of the 5S RNA gene, induces DNA gyration in Xenopus oocyte extracts. The reaction uses one molecule of TFIIIA per molecule of DNA and is highly specific for 5S DNA plasmids. DNA gyration also requires the oocyte supernatant, ATP, and Mg 2+ , and is inhibited by novobiocin, suggesting that it is catalyzed by a type II DNA topoisomerase. The chromatin assembled with TFIIIA is dynamic and rapidly relaxed by novobiocin; the chromatin assembled without TFIIIA is static and unaffected by novobiocin. The torsionally strained DNA is produced in a novel concerted reaction: all of the 5S DNA molecules gyrate at TFIIIA-5S DNA ratios equal to or above 1, and none of them gyrate at TFIIIA-5S DNA ratios below 1. We discuss the biological implications of this eukaryotic DNA gyration.
The Role of Storytelling in Understanding Children's Moral/Ethic Decision-Making

As students advance in their education, the use of stories and specifically the process of storytelling often wane from the central mode of learning to be replaced with more didactic methods and content-driven applications. However, the use of stories has remained a central component of moral/ethics education and continues to be used as a foundation for values instruction. The process of storytelling can be seen as a central component to understanding how students comprehend and reason out ethical ambiguities. This study examined the storytelling event as it related to the process of ethical deliberation for upper elementary students. The findings reveal how storytelling offers a distinct child-referenced perspective, presenting an opportunity for teachers to better understand the complexity of the particular child's ethical world. Likewise, data show youth challenging simplistic moral understandings, revealing the complexity of their daily ethical decision making.
Microfabrication of fine-pitch high aspect ratio Faraday cup arrays in silicon

Dense one-dimensional arrays of high aspect ratio Faraday cups have been microfabricated for application as position sensitive charged particle detectors. The method developed to fabricate these Faraday cup arrays utilizes deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) of low resistivity silicon, conformal deposition of an insulator and metal, and a novel method for patterning the cup-to-fanout interconnect to allow for high cup density. Linear arrays of 64 cups have been fabricated with cups ranging in width from 15 to 45 μm. Cup depth-to-width aspect ratios in excess 8:1 can be realized with the method. The minimum spacing between cups demonstrated here was 5 μm. Linear fill factors of the Faraday cups ranged from 50% to 90%, depending on the cup geometry and pitch. The capacitance and leakage current measurements on microfabricated Faraday cups will be discussed along with an electrical model and predictions of the detector performance.
Multi-Wavelength CCD Observations of the 15 November 1999 Mercury Transit

This paper presents the results of a study with images of the Mercury transit of the Sun, 15 November 1999, as observed at the Prairie View Solar Observatory and with three wavelengths of the TRACE satellite. These CCD observations provide an objective source for comparing the optical effects that cause the historic Black Drop under different conditions and with different filters. It appears that a sharp, uniform boundary of sufficient contrast (the solar limb, with the sky beyond the limb being at least as dark as the interior of the Mercurian disk), with a blurring agent, is necessary to produce the effect. Without all these conditions, as in the case of narrow-band Hα at line center or the TRACE UV (1600 A) and EUV (171 A), the visibility of the Black Drop is greatly reduced or eliminated, due to the contrast-lowering background of the chromosphere or corona, scattering more light into the umbilicus region.
Preoperative simultaneously administered cis-platinum plus radiation therapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Synchronously administered cis-platinum (cis-DDP) and radiation therapy have been used to treat unresectable squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of preoperative adjuvant cis-DDP plus radiation therapy in operable stage III and IV head and neck cancers. Radiation therapy (4,500 rad) was delivered in 180-rad daily fractions. Cis-DDP (20 mg/M2) was given before radiotherapy on days 1–4 and 21–24. Eighteen patients began therapy; 16 completed the combined regimen. Toxicity included stomatitis (3) and WBC below 2,500/mm3 (2). One patient died from therapy of a cerebrovascular accident. Sixteen patients (89%) achieved a complete or partial response to therapy. Complete responses were observed in 13 of 18 primary tumors (72%), and in all three patients with cervical lymphadenopathy. Complete responses were noted for lesions of the nasopharynx, oral cavity, pharynx, hyopharynx, and larynx, for all histologic grades of squamous cell carcinoma. Twelve patients underwent curative surgery. Site-related morbidity occurred in two patients (15%) and a third patient developed postoperative pneumonia. Five of 10 resected primary tumors with preoperative complete responses were pathologically negative for tumor. Concurrent bolus cis-DDP and radiation therapy are welltolerated and result in impressive tumor reduction. Morbidity after subsequent curative surgery is low, and histologic complete responses are frequent. Trials of this promising combined modality approach to advance operable cancers of the head and neck, when compared to other treatment sequences, appear warranted.
Spatial variability of soil metabolic rate along a dryland elevation gradient

A general framework of ecosystem hotspots suggests variation in soil metabolic activity can be understood through the relative distribution and intensity of patches of disproportionately high ecosystem process rates. To better understand the causes of soil metabolic spatial variability and the variation in ecosystem hotspots we quantified soil respiration (R) spatial heterogeneity across a network of seven sites spanning a 2,489 m elevation gradient in the Santa Rosa Mountains of Southern California. At each site, soil samples were collected from 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depths at 2 m intervals along three 100 m transects. Each soil sample was analyzed for organic matter content (SOM) and was incubated at 40% water holding capacity for 20 days. R was measured at days 5 and 20. Strong contrasts were observed between the relationships of soil physical variables and R at scales of individual landscapes and the whole region. Notably, the relationship between SOM and R was positive within individual landscapes and negative across the entire region. Plant canopy microenvironments were associated with elevated SOM and R relative to the interspaces. This microenvironment effect on R was reduced by elevation, incubation interval, and soil depth. Geostatistical analyses conducted individually for each site identified an increasing range of autocorrelation from 2 to 10 m and a decreasing proportion of variation that was included in this range with elevation. These results suggest hotspots increase in size but decrease in intensity with elevation thereby creating a maximum hotspot effect at middle elevations.
Estimation of optimality for multidimensional control systems

Consider a class of functionsY, U on a multidimensional domainA, satisfying a differential equationY′=h(x, Y, U) and given restrictions on values. We seek good lower bounds for a multiple integral\(\int_A {f(x,Y,U)dx} \) over such a class. For givenY, U, such lower bounds allow one to estimate the closeness of the integral to its infimum.
Motivation and reward factors that affect private physician involvement in an obstetrics and gynecology clerkship

Abstract Objective: The Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology in the College of Human Medicine at Michigan State University has 163 private-practice obstetricians and gynecologists teaching clerkship students, on a volunteer basis, in six Michigan cities. The department wanted to learn what motivates their involvement in the department’s required clerkship, to determine their attitudes toward private office teaching, and to determine what incentives are important to them in their role as educators. Methods: The department developed a questionnaire that was mailed to the obstetricians and gynecologists involved in its required obstetrics and gynecology clerkship. The response rate was 68% (111 of 163). Results: Respondents indicated personal and professional motivations transcend financial considerations. Almost 60% of respondents reported at least a moderate interest in teaching in their private offices in spite of perceived negative consequences, such as adverse impact on patient flow. The incentives in which private practitioners were primarily interested included seminars or meetings that would enhance their teaching skills or educational contribution; discounts on computers, athletic and cultural events, and books; and university support in producing educational materials. Conclusion: Departments using private practitioners in medical education need to nurture the relationship continually with their volunteer faculty. Faculty development aimed at assisting private practitioners with their teaching role in the ambulatory care setting might be extremely worthwhile. Financial remuneration may not be key to attracting and retaining volunteer faculty. The implications of pay arrangements for volunteer faculty should be considered carefully before implementation.
Passage of Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus by Avian and Mammalian Predators of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar

Five species of mammals and 3 species of birds passed polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) of the gypsy moth nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) through their alimentary tracts in amounts great enough to kIll gypsy moth larvae. In bioassays. Opossums and raccoons passed roughly 5% of the PIB administered by intubation while white-footed mice, a short-tailed shrew, and southern flying squirrels passed 2.3, 1.8, and 0.05%, respectively. House finches and a red-winged blackbird passed close to 15% of the PIB administered, whereas mourning doves passed 0.05%. All the birds, as well as the shrew and squirrels, passed the PIB within 6 h of intubation. The white-footed mice passed PIB within 18 h of intubation, while it took the raccoons 22, and the opossums 70 h to eliminate PIB from their alimentary tracts. It is concluded that both mammals and birds pass significant amounts of NPV, and that both groups have features whIch contribute to their ability to passively transport NPV within the environment.
A comprehensive review of the impact of dust on the use of solar energy: History, investigations, results, literature, and mitigation approaches

Abstract The energy delivery of a solar-energy system is generally associated with the sun's available irradiance and spectral content, as well as a variety of environmental and climatic factors and inherent system and component performances. However, other external factors relating to geographical location and conditions can have even greater impacts on system performance. Among these, soiling is a commonly overlooked or underestimated issue that can be a showstopper for the viability of a solar installation. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of soiling problems, primarily those associated with “dust” (sand) and combined dust–moisture conditions that are inherent to many of the most solar-rich geographic locations worldwide. We review and evaluate key contributions to the understanding, performance effects, and mitigation of these problems. These contributions span a technical history of almost seven decades. We also present an inclusive literature survey/assessment. The focus is on both transmissive surfaces (e.g., those used for flat-plate photovoltaics or for concentrating lenses) and reflective surfaces (e.g., mirrors or heliostats for concentrating power systems).
Vibrational frequencies and structural determinations of tetraethynylgermane

Abstract The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of Ge(CCH) 4 are examined theoretically using the gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. Each of the vibrational modes was assigned to one of six types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (Ge–C stretch, CC stretch, C–H stretch, CC–H bend, Ge–CC bend, and C–Ge–C bend) utilizing the T d symmetry of the molecule. A set of uniform scaling factors were derived for each type of motion. Predicted infrared and Raman intensities are reported.
The effect of lutalyse on the training of sexually inexperienced boars for semen collection

The objective was to determine if i.m. treatments of lutalyse (PGF2alpha; dinoprost tromethamine salt) expedited the training of sexually inexperienced boars for semen collection. Lean-type, terminal-line boars (n = 40; 177.4 +/- 2.4 day of age and 112.8 +/- 2.0 kg body weight) that had not previously experienced natural mating were utilized. Boars were moved individually twice weekly for 6 weeks (total of 12 training sessions) to a semen collection room equipped with an artificial sow. Upon entering the semen collection room, boars received i.m. treatments of either deionized water (4 ml, n = 10) or lutalyse at doses of 5 mg (n = 10), 10 mg (n = 10), or 20 mg (n = 10), and subsequently received a libido score of 1-5 (1 = no interest in the artificial sow; 5 = mounting artificial sow and allowing semen collection). The percentages of boars successfully trained for semen collection during the experimental period were similar (P > 0.05) for controls (20%) and boars receiving 5 mg (30%), 10 mg (20%), or 20 mg (10%) of lutalyse. Average libido score for boars receiving 10 mg lutalyse (2.35 +/- 0.08) was greater (P < 0.05) than for controls (2.14 +/- 0.06). In summary, lutalyse increased libido scores, but did not affect the number of boars trained for semen collection.
A novel approach to simulation modeling

Abstract While gaining widespread acceptance among decision makers, simulation methodology still suffers from its traditional deficiencies. Simulation modeling lacks a well established science base. During the traditional model-development process various system assumptions are hardwired into the model code. The modification of these assumptions usually requires major model overhauls with extensive programming efforts, resulting in minimal ease of model development and code reusability. This paper explains the development of a new unified framework for simulation that includes an integrated methodology based on a formalism and science base deployed in an object-oriented software environment. For modeling flexibility, modularity and realism, it is necessary to separate logical and physical events, processes and activities of a system. In this new perspective, the modeler will perceive the system of interest in terms of several physical entities, augmented by some number of decision-making elements, each capable of making rational decisions that affect the behavior and contribute to the collective state of the system. The modularity of the user’s conceptual model in terms of physical and decision-making entities with their programmed and non-programmed decisions and the capability of modeling and abstraction of these entities and processes at different hierarchical levels can vastly improve simulation’s role as a decision-making tool.
CORPORATE STRATEGY: Integrating Strategy Formulation with Organizational Culture

Managers, consultants, and management researchers are increasingly realizing the important role of organizational culture in determining the decision‐making patterns and the long‐term success of organizations. A unique characteristic of most continuously successful organizations, according to Peters and Waterman, is that they possess consciously developed recognizable cultures that support innovation and strategic actions.
Ferromagnetism above room temperature in bulk sintered gallium phosphide doped with manganese

Evidence for ferromagnetism in bulk sintered gallium phosphide (GaP) doped with 3% manganese, having a Curie temperature of 600 K considerably higher than previous observations, is obtained using ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and AC magnetization measurements. The field position and line width of the resonance showed a strong temperature dependence characteristic of FMR spectra. A non-resonant derivative signal centered at zero field was also observed starting at 600 K further confirming high temperature ferromagnetism. AC magnetization measurements also show the existence of ferromagnetism at high temperature.
1 Gbit/s coherent optical communication system using a 1 W optical power amplifier

Abstract : An experimental 1 Gbit/s, coherent optical communication system that uses a 1 W semiconductor optical power amplifier is reported. The system is intended for use in free-space crosslink applications, operates at a wavelength of 972 nm and uses a frequency-shift-key (FSK) modulated semiconductor laser master oscillator, heterodyne detection receiver, and delay-line discriminator demodulator. Communication link sensitivities of 30 detected photons per bit at a 10-6 bit error rate have been obtained. This link performance can support gigabit per second rates across geosynchronous distances. Optical communication, Optical amplifiers
Intramural stress as a causative factor in atherosclerotic lesions of the aortic valve

Topographic distribution of atherosclerotic lesions of the aortic valve was investigated in rabbits on a 2%-cholesterol-enriched diet and related to distribution of intramural stress in the valve. Initially the lesions appeared at the base of the leaflet on the aortic face and with time spread further out into the leaflet and up the wall of the aortic sinus. In the leaflet, the lesion occurred only in the pressure-bearing part and was primarily composed of a mass of foam cells. By 10 weeks primary fatty plaques were still confined to the aortic face but fibroblasts within the leaflet had also taken up fat. Even after 33 weeks, the atheromatous plaque had not spread beyond the pressure-bearing part of the leaflet. From silicone rubber casts of the valve it was observed that only part of the leaflet was under pressure and the remaining leaflet sustained no pressure gradient. The maximum intramural stress occurred during diastole on the pressure-bearing part. In systole, the blood flow produced shear stress on the entire leaflet. Hence, occurrence of atherosclerotic lesions only in the area of maximum intramural stress suggests that intramural stress and not shear stress plays an important role in accelerating the process of atherosclerosis.
Bibliography of Articles on the History of Technical Writing

This collection of thirty-six articles exposes the problem and the promise of historical research in technical writing. The central problem is that historical research in technical writing has too ...
Peptide localization in the mouse inferior olive

The inferior olivary complex is the sole source of climbing fibers to the cerebellar cortex. Physiologically these afferents have been shown to have a powerful excitatory effect on their target neurons, namely Purkinje cells. Thus, any modulation of olivary firing rate or responsiveness will alter Purkinje cell firing and ultimately cerebellar function. Neuropeptides have been shown to modulate neuronal activity in several systems. The intent of the present study is to determine the olivary distribution of five peptides previously shown to be present and functional in cerebellar circuitry including cholecystokinin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, corticotropin releasing factor, enkephalin and substance P. These studies were carried out in the adult C57BL/6J mouse using the peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique. All five peptides labeled varicosities of varying sizes. Varicosities labeled for cholecystokinin, calcitonin gene-related peptide and corticotropin releasing factor were densely distributed throughout the inferior olive. In contrast, varicosities immunostained for substance P and enkephalin, were more restricted in their distribution. The overlap in the distribution of these peptides suggests that they may be colocalized with each other as well as with excitatory or inhibitory amino acids known to be present in afferents to the inferior olive. Because of the extensive distribution of the peptides, it is likely that they are derived from multiple brainstem sources. These findings serve as baseline data for future physiological studies designed to address the functional role of peptides in olivary circuitry.
Production of soluble melanoid pigments by Streptomyces in gelatin and glucose media.

DURING a taxonomic study of several Streptomyces cultures, most of which were isolated from soil, experiments were performed on the production of soluble melanoid pigments on two gelatin media—plain 15 per cent gelatin and 15 per cent gelatin plus 2 per cent glucose.
Adipocyte Development is Dependent Upon Stem Cell Recruitment and Proliferation of Preadipocytes

KRAS, KRYSTYNA M., DOROTHY B. HAUSMAN, GARY J. HAUSMAN, AND ROY J. MARTIN. Adipocyte development is dependent upon stem cell recruitment and proliferation of preadipocytes. Obes Res. Objectives: The ability to acquire fat cells persists over the life spans of animals. It is unknown whether adipocyte acquisition is the result of preadipocyte proliferation or stem cell recruitment to become adipocytes. The purposes of these studies were 1) to characterize early differentiation of stromal vascular (S-V) cells to preadipocytes as it is influenced by insulin, dexamethasone (DEX), and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I); and 2) to determine whether new fat cells arise from stem cell recruitment or preadipocyte proliferation. Research Methods and Procedures: Freshly isolated S-V cells from rat inguinal adipose tissues were plated for 24 hours then exposed to serum-free medium. Results: Approximately 15% of freshly plated S-V cells were preadipocytes as determined by a preadipocyte specific marker, AD3. Total cell number and proportion of preadipocytes were significantly greater with 100 nM insulin treatment than with 0, 0. 1, or 1. 0 nM, but IGF-I treatment at 10 nM resulted in preadipocyte development similar to that with 100 nM insulin treatment. The addition of 5 nM DEX to the 100 nM insulin treatment resulted in a 20% increase in preadipocyte number by day 2 when compared to either treatment alone. 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine treatment suppressed the increased proportion of preadipocytes from days 0–2 in non-insulin treated cells and prevented the increase typically observed with insulin. A mitosis inhibitor also significantly reduced the proportion of preadipocytes. Discussion: These results show for the first time that S-V cells are recruited as preadipocytes and that proliferation of these preadipocytes and early differentiation occur simultaneously.
Axillary lymph node count is lower after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Abstract Background Retrieval of fewer than 10 lymph nodes at axillary dissection (ALND) for breast cancer can represent anatomic variation or inadequate dissection. We postulated that despite aggressive ALND, a lower lymph node count is more frequent after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Methods Patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by ALND were compared with patients who received surgery first. All patients received a level I and II ALND at a single institution by one of the breast surgeons. The number of nodes retrieved at ALND was dichotomized into categories ( Results A total of 143 neoadjuvant and 170 surgery-first patients were studied. Patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy were significantly more likely to have fewer than 10 lymph nodes retrieved at ALND than were the surgery-first patients (19/143 or 13% vs. 6/170 or 4%, P = .003). Conclusions A low lymph node count is more common in patients after treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and should not be assumed to represent an incomplete ALND.
Effect of daily dosing duration of direct and indirect dopamine receptor agonists: cocaine cross-tolerance following chronic regimens

One therapeutic paradigm for cocaine abuse is a 24-h 'agonist' treatment which reduces reinforcing effects in a manner similar to the methadone maintenance model for heroin. However, 24-h dosing of dopamine (DA) agonists may induce side effects of insomnia and psychosis, as well as anergia and anhedonia which may actually potentiate abuse. Thus, it is important to determine the daily dose duration of potential treatments such as direct (e.g. pramipexole) and indirect (e.g. GBR 12909) DA agonists, that may induce cross-tolerance with cocaine. We gave a cocaine challenge (15 mg/kg i.p.) on withdrawal day 7 and recorded ambulations and a behavioral rating. We found that 20- and 24-, but not 16-h, daily dosing with cocaine (40 mg/kg), for 14 days, induced tolerance. Pramipexole (4 mg/kg), administered for 24 but not 12 h per day, for 14 days, induced cocaine cross-tolerance while GBR 12909 (18 mg/kg), administered i.p. over 24 or 16 h a day, for 7 days, did not. Thus daily dosing duration is an important variable in consideration of stimulant abuse treatment.
When Two Is Better Than One: Elements of Intravital Microscopy

What are the technical underpinnings of two-photon microscopy? What are the advantages of using two-photon microscopy versus conventional confocal microscopy?
Bounds for multiplicative cosets over fields of prime order

Let m be a positive integer and suppose that p is an odd prime with p = 1 mod m. Suppose that a E (Z/pZ) * and consider the polynomial x m - a. If this polynomial has any roots in (Z/pZ) * , where the coset representatives for Z/pZ are taken to be all integers u with |u| < p/2, then these roots will form a coset of the multiplicative subgroup μ m of (Z/pZ) * consisting of the mth roots of unity mod p. Let C be a coset of μ m in (Z/pZ) * , and define |C| = max u ∈c |u|. In the paper Numbers Having m Small mth Roots mod p (Mathematics of Computation, Vol. 61, No. 203 (1993),pp. 393-413), Robinson gives upper bounds for Ml(m,p) = min C ∈(Z/pZ) * /μm |C| of the form Ml(m,p) < K m p 1-1/Φ(m) , where Φ is the Euler phi-function. This paper gives lower bounds that are of the same form, and seeks to sharpen the constants in the upper bounds of Robinson. The upper bounds of Robinson are proven to be optimal when m is a power of 2 or when m = 6.