cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistence of low cardiac output after relief of high output by thiamine in a case of alcoholic beriberi and cardiac myopathy

Abstract Physiologic observations on myocardial performance and coronary circulation were obtained in an alcoholic noncirrhotic subject with beriberi heart disease who developed low cardiac output failure shortly after successful treatment with thiamine. The initial cardiac study revealed biventricular failure, high cardiac index, low peripheral resistance, and increased coronary blood flow with a narrow myocardial arteriovenous oxygen difference. Neither exercise nor ouabain was effective in restoring circulatory dynamics toward normal. Thiamine improved myocardial function not only at rest, but also during exercise. During the state of low output failure, biventricular failure with low cardiac index and elevated peripheral resistance was observed. Coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption were normal. Exercise and thiamine were without effect; ouabain improved myocardial response to exercise.
Characterization of Pd-B, Ag-B, and Si-B interfaces

Boron-based multilayer mirrors have theoretical reflectivities > 50% for wavelengths between 65 and approximately 120 angstrom. Such multilayers would be quite useful, since this wavelength region lies above that for which W/C functions, and below that for which Mo/Si works well. We have studied the growth of several candidate materials on boron in order to determine their growth modes, the chemical sharpness of the interfaces, and the structure of the layers formed. The films were deposited in ultrahigh vacuum and studied with in situ Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and reflection high-energy electron diffraction. Scanning tunneling microscopy characterization and Rutherford backscattering calibrations were performed after removing the samples from the vacuum system. For all of these studies amorphous B films were first formed by depositing at room temperature onto oxidized Si wafers. Following deposition of each B film, overlayers of Pd, Ag, or Si were deposited at substrate temperatures of approximately 50 degree(s)C and immediately studied with AES and XPS. In the Pd case, we find that it reacts with the B to form a smooth, amorphous PdxB1-x layer, with x approximately equals 0.9. This reaction occurred for all Pd coverages studied, from 2.3 to 230 angstrom. However, due to high Pd content of this reacted compound, our calculations show that the PdxB1-x should perform as a good absorber layer as part of PdxB1-x/B multilayer mirrors. We find that Si deposited onto B forms a sharp interface and an amorphous overlayer of pure Si. Depositing Ag on B results in a polycrystalline layer, composed of large Ag islands.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Detailed Investigation of the Micromechanisms of Compressive Failure in Open Hole Composite Laminates

Micromechanisms responsible for compressive failure in open-hole composite laminates were investigated. Specimens containing circular center holes were loaded in compression to failure at a slow rate, and the surface damage development during loading was monitored. Several coupon compression tests were interrupted prior to catastrophic failure to allow for the assessment of fiber shear crippling and/or fiber microbuckling by NDE techniques. From these sectioning studies, the extent and mode of failure were determined, and a three-dimensional schematic of the shear crippling zone was developed. Results show that the majority of the damage in compression-loaded open-hole composite laminates is shear crippled or microbuckled 0-deg fibers; in many cases, however, the shear crippling damage within the 0-deg plies produced shear strains and damage in the adjacent off-axis plies.
Optical Coherence Tomography for Biomedical Imaging and Diagnostics

In this paper we review recent advances in OCT technology as well as applications to biomedicine.
Moral Complicity in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Research

Direct reprogramming of human skin cells makes available a source of pluripotent stem cells without the perceived evil of embryo destruction, but the advent of such a powerful biotechnology entangles stem cell research in other forms of moral complicity. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) research had its origins in human embryonic stem cell research and the projected biomedical applications of iPS cells almost certainly will require more embryonic stem cell research. Policies that inhibit iPSC research in order to avoid moral complicity are themselves complicit in preventable harms to patients. Moral complicity may be unavoidable, but a Blue Ribbon Panel charged with assessing the need for additional embryonic stem cell lines may ease a transition from embryonic stem cell research to clinical applications of iPS cells.
An fMRI study of episodic encoding across the lifespan: changes in subsequent memory effects are evident by middle-age.

Although it is well-documented that there are age differences between young and older adults in neural activity associated with successful memory formation (positive subsequent memory effects), little is known about how this activation differs across the lifespan, as few studies have included middle-aged adults. The present study investigated the effect of age on neural activity during episodic encoding using a cross-sectional lifespan sample (20–79 years old, N=192) from the Dallas Lifespan Brain Study. We report four major findings. First, in a contrast of remembered vs. forgotten items, a decrease in neural activity occurred with age in bilateral occipito-temporo-parietal regions. Second, when we contrasted forgotten with remembered items (negative subsequent memory), the primary difference was found between middle and older ages. Third, there was evidence for age equivalence in hippocampal regions, congruent with previous studies. Finally, low-memory-performers showed negative subsequent memory differences by middle age, whereas high memory performers did not demonstrate these differences until older age. Taken together, these findings delineate the importance of a lifespan approach to understanding neurocognitive aging and, in particular, the importance of a middle-age sample in revealing different trajectories.
A cognitive account of the Korean morpheme –se ☆

Abstract Traditional treatments of Modern Korean consider the morpheme -se as strictly a clause combining element, similar in function to the coordinating conjunction ‘and’ and the adverbial conjunctives ‘and then’ or ‘because’ in English. However, the morpheme also appears in a number of postpositional opposition pairs such as ey ‘to’ and eyse ‘from,’ myen ‘if/when’ and myense ‘while, at the same time,’ ulo ‘toward’ and ulose ‘as, in the capacity of.’ And it is here that traditionalists do not recognize this instance of -se as meaningful in and of itself. That is, traditional views consider such opposition pairs as ey ‘to’ and eyse ‘from’ as simply opposite notions of goal and source, respectively, with the second member constituting a full ‘chunk,’ not distinctly analyzable into two separate morphemes, i.e., ey+se. This paper proposes a unified analysis of -se, both as a clausal connector as well as a bound morpheme in postpositional opposition pairs. All instances of -se will be analyzed as one and the same signal, the basic meaning of which is “groundedness.” Specifically, we will demonstrate that -se with its meaning of ‘groundedness,’ functions to establish inclusiveness and thus to link entities to each other, to link entities to locations and/or events, and to link events to other events. Through this signal–meaning–function approach, it will be shown throughout this paper that the addition of -se, by virtue of its meaning of groundedness, serves to transfer entities and events from the domain of IRREALIS to the domain of REALIS. As such, far from being a non-existent morpheme beyond its clause-combining function, it will be shown that -se actually carries powerful semantic meaning.
Elevated corticosterone in the amygdala leads to persistant increases in anxiety-like behavior and pain sensitivity

Corticosterone (CORT) localized to the amygdala induces anxiety-like behavior coupled with increased behavioral responses to visceral and somatic stimuli. In the current study, we investigated the long-term consequences of briefly exposing the amygdala to elevated levels of CORT with the hypothesis that modulation of the amygdala with CORT results in persistent increases in anxiety-like behavior and viscerosomatic sensitivity.
Mast cell-dependent neutrophil and mononuclear cell recruitment in immunoglobulin E-induced gastric reactions in mice

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Immunoglobulin (Ig) E-dependent reactions elicit an immediate response and can also result in a late-phase reaction that is characterized by the infiltration of leukocytes. This study assessed whether IgE-dependent late-phase responses can be elicited in the stomach wall of mice and examined the role of mast cells in this reaction. METHODS: IgE-dependent gastric inflammation was elicited in genetically mast cell-deficient KitW/KitW-v mice, the congenic normal (+/+) mice, and mast cell-deficient KitW/KitW-v mice that had undergone local and selective reconstitution of gastric mast cell populations. RESULTS: IgE-dependent gastric reactions were associated with mast cell degranulation and the infiltration of both neutrophils and mononuclear cells in normal mice, but no significant leukocyte infiltration was observed in mast cell-deficient KitW/KitW-v mice. By contrast, in mast cell-reconstituted KitW/KitW-v mice, IgE-dependent reactions were associated with the infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that late-phase reactions can occur during IgE-dependent gastric inflammation in the mouse and that the infiltration of both neutrophils and mononuclear cells that are observed during this reaction are mast cell dependent. (Gastroenterology 1996 May;110(5):1482-90)
Lesion detectability in automated breast ultrasound

Automated Breast Ultrasound systems introduce a new ultrasound-imaging technology to address some of the drawbacks of the traditional handheld ultrasound. The detection performance of this new technology is studied. The lesion detectability performance is measured using Monte-Carlo simulation techniques for the observers of the synthesized images generated by the automated breast ultrasound systems. This performance is compared to detection performance of the observer when handheld ultrasound images are available. It is shown that resolution degradation in the synthesized images results in lower detection performance as compared to the handheld images scanning the same plane.
A generalization of Gaussian sums to vector spaces over finite fields

Abstract Let X be a vector space of dimension n over a finite field F q of characteristic p ≠ 2. We define L ( X ) to be the set of maps from X to the field of complex numbers; L ( X ) forms a complex vector space. To each nonsingular linear transformation α of X we associate a linear transformation α # of L ( X ). In the case where n = 1, ƒ is a multiplicative character χ of F q , and α is the identity transformation, we have α # ƒ(ξ)=q − 1 2 G(χ,ψξ) , where G (χ, ψξ) is a Gaussian sum for F q . In this paper we investigate the properties of α # and show how its eigenvalues can be computed.
On Achieving Maximum Performance in Time-Varying Arrays

Several important computationally intensive algorithms can be implemented on special purpose VLSI arrays. A number of such algorithms naturally map onto either heterogenous arrays or arrays employing PEs with switchable functions, or both. In many cases, such designs are the only known ones for VLSI implementation. Synchronization is generally achieved by assuming that the time required to perform basic PE computations is uniform, although the PEs perform different functions and may change their functions at different algorithmic steps. This simplistic approach may result in significant performance degradation. This paper addresses the properties, performance, and theory of time-varying heterogeneous arrays for the objective of achieving maximum performance. A systematic method for collision avoidance is formally introduced and analyzed. Our approach is based on dynamically balancing a two-level pipelined array through the use of a set of buffers. Another set of buffers is used to guarantee data synchronization. We show that if the initial delays (PE execution times) and the time variances are deterministic, an equivalent time-invariant array can be constructed (in polynomial time) which is optimal in speed. We describe a method for estimating the upper bound on computational time when array time variance is nondeterministic. Our method requires only knowledge of the bounds on initial delays.
A method for mapping fire hazard and risk across multiple scales and its application in fire management

This paper presents modeling methods for mapping fire hazard and fire risk using a research model called FIREHARM (FIRE Hazard and Risk Model) that computes common measures of fire behavior, fire danger, and fire effects to spatially portray fire hazard over space. FIREHARM can compute a measure of risk associated with the distribution of these measures over time using 18 years of gridded DAYMET daily weather data used to simulate fuel moistures to compute fire variables. We detail the background, structure, and application of FIREHARM and then present validation results of six of the FIREHARM output variables that revealed accuracy rates ranging from 20 to 80% correct depending on the quality of input data and the behavior of the fire behavior simulation framework. Overall accuracies appeared acceptable for prioritization analysis and large scale assessments because precision was high. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of the fire hazard and risk approaches and a possible agenda for future development of comprehensive fire hazard and risk mapping is presented.
Computational analysis of the spatial distribution of mitotic spindle angles in mouse developing airway

Investigating the spatial information of cellular processes in tissues during mouse embryo development is one of the major technical challenges in development biology. Many imaging methods are still limited to the volumes of tissue due to tissue opacity, light scattering and the availability of advanced imaging tools. For analyzing the mitotic spindle angle distribution in developing mouse airway epithelium, we determined spindle angles in mitotic epithelial cells on serial sections of whole airway of mouse embryonic lungs. We then developed a computational image analysis to obtain spindle angle distribution in three dimensional airway reconstructed from the data obtained from all serial sections. From this study, we were able to understand how mitotic spindle angles are distributed in a whole airway tube. This analysis provides a potentially fast, simple and inexpensive alternative method to quantitatively analyze cellular process at subcellular resolution. Furthermore, this analysis is not limited to the size of tissues, which allows to obtain three dimensional and high resolution information of cellular processes in cell populations deeper inside intact organs.
Cation-exchange characteristics of Amazon River suspended sediment and its reaction with seawater

Abstract The cation-exchange characteristics of Amazon River suspended sediment have been studied in order to determine the contribution of exchangeable cations to the geochemical fluxes from the river. Sediment samples were obtained throughout most of the Amazon Basin. The range of exchangeable cation compositions is very narrow in the river and in seawater as well. In river water, the exchangeable cation complement (equivalent basis, exclusive of H+) is 80% Ca2+, 17% Mg2+, 3% Na+ plus K+. In seawater Na+ and Mg2+ are about equal (38%) while Ca2+ ~ 15% and K+ ~ 9%. On reaction with seawater, river suspended sediment took up an amount of Na+ equal to nearly one-third of the dissolved river load, as well as amounts corresponding to 15–20% of the dissolved fluvial K+ and Mg2+. These estimates reflect an unusually high suspended-sediment:dissolved-solids ratio of 6.4 at the time of sampling. At a more representative world average ratio of four, the uptake of Na+ would be 20% of the dissolved fluvial load, and that for K+ and Mg2+ about 10%. Over the annual cycle of the Amazon, it is estimated that ion exchange has a still smaller effect, as a consequence of the low average suspended-solids:dissolved-solids ratio of 1.7. Variations in the ratio X Ca X Mg , the equivalent fraction of exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+, throughout the river, can be described by a single isotherm. This same isotherm accurately describes the distribution of exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ on sediment equilibrated with seawater, despite that a high proportion of exchange sites is occupied by Na+ and K+.
Pursuing community forestry in Liberia

While Liberian forests are a biodiversity hotspot and integral to the livelihoods of indigenous communities, 14 years of conflict forestry turned this national asset into a source of economic inequality and corruption in an extreme example of a ‘natural resource curse’. Moreover, overharvesting of timber through the conflict period has endangered community livelihoods and raised concerns regarding resource sustainability from international conservation organizations. Since the end of conflict in 2003, the Liberian government has forged international partnerships to create a reformed policy framework balancing commercial, conservation and community (the three Cs) interests. In an effort to contribute to the larger body of work on the role of natural resource management institutions in the creation and fostering of the resource curse, this paper offers a case study of timber in Liberia. We feel that an in-depth understanding of the Liberian case clarifies the challenge of timber as an extractive commodity and how the institutional framework can be shaped to provide a positive contribution to economic development. The discussion focuses on the historical development of Liberian land and forest tenure institutions that lead to poverty, ecological degradation and conflict. Tracing the more recent implementation of the three Cs, this paper analyzes the current conditions of community engagement and outlines critical steps to be taken for Liberia to escape further resource driven cycles of conflict. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Erratum: Single-neuron RNA-Seq: technical feasibility and reproducibility

To the Editor: In our manuscript entitled “Single-neuron RNA-Seq: technical feasibility and reproducibility,” published online on July 6th, 2012, we have made a few serious mistakes which need to be corrected: We referenced several points and quoted statements from a recent study by Okaty et al., but we neither cited the paper nor placed quotation marks on the statements. The full citation should be “Okaty, B. W., Sugino, K., and Nelson, S. B. (2011). Cell type-specific transcriptomics in the brain. J. Neurosci. 31, 6939–6943.” We request to add a citation after “The analysis of each single-cell transcriptome consists of several independent steps” in the first paragraph of Results, as “The analysis of each single-cell transcriptome consists of several independent steps (Okray et al., 2011),” given that these points were previously raised by Okaty et al. We request to add a citation to the first paragraph of Introduction, as “studies of gene expression and function in the brain were restricted to a relatively small number of genes (Luo and Geschwind, 2001; Zhang et al., 2002; Okaty et al., 2011),” given that this points was recently reviewed in the Okaty et al., paper. More importantly, we have made a mistake in quoting sentence from Okray et al., without quotation or citation. We wish to change the following sentence: Moreover, gene expression may be regulated in opposing directions in different cell types, thereby appearing static in composite data. To Moreover, as previously discussed by Okaty et al., “gene expression may be regulated in opposing directions in different cell types, thereby appearing static in composite data (Okaty et al., 2011).” We apologize to the readers of Frontiers in Genetics and to the authors of the Okaty et al., manuscript, for our failure to correct these mistakes during the review process of our manuscript.
A technique to measure wavenumber mismatch between quadratically interacting modes

Nonlinear energy cascade by means of three-wave resonant interactions is a characteristic feature of transitioning and turbulent flows. Resonant wavenumber mismatch between these interacting modes can arise from the dispersive characteristics of the interacting waves and from spectral broadening due to random effects. In this paper, a general technique is presented to estimate the average level of instantaneous wavenumber mismatch, 〈Δk〉=〈k m -k i -k j 〉, between components whose frequencies obey the resonant selection condition, f m -f i-f j =o. Cross-correlation of the auto-bispectrum is used to quantify the level of mismatch. The concept of bispectrum coupling coherency is introduced to determine the confidence level in the wavenumber mismatch estimates. These techniques are then applied to measure wavenumber mismatch in the transitioning field of a plane wake. The results show that the average of the instantaneous mismatch between the actual interacting modes 〈k m -k i -k j 〉 is in general not equal to the mismatch between the average wavenumbers of each interacting mode 〈k m 〉-〈k i 〉-〈k j 〉.
miRNAs Play a Tune

Two new studies describe functionally relevant interactions between microRNAs (miRNAs) and their targets in the immune system and the brain (Xiao et al., 2007; Karres et al., 2007). Furthermore, these studies illustrate the involvement of miRNAs in tuning the expression of target genes to physiologically relevant levels.
Changes in skeletal muscle protein metabolism and myosin heavy chain isoform messenger ribonucleic acid abundance after treatment of hyperthyroidism.

Background: Hyperthyroidism causes a hypermetabolic state and skeletal muscle dysfunction, but the underlying mechanism remains incompletely defined. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether treatment of hyperthyroidism causes changes in amino acid fluxes, synthesis rates of muscle proteins, and expression of muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) that may impact skeletal muscle function and metabolic rate. Methods: Eight hyperthyroid patients were studied (TSH 0.008 ± 0.001 mU/liter) before treatment and at least 9 months after correction of hyperthyroidism (TSH 2.3 ± 0.4) (P < 0.03). Fluxes of leucine and phenylalanine as well as muscle protein synthesis rates were measured using L[1,2 13C] leucine and L(15N) phenylalanine as tracers. mRNA levels of selected genes were measured in muscle biopsy samples. Results: Treatment decreased resting metabolic rate that paralleled changes in fluxes of leucine and phenylalanine accompanied by improved muscle strength and mass. Synthesis rates of mixe...
A study of the robustness of agent performance in nine popular agent implementation paradigms

We investigate the robustness of agents implemented using nine frequently used paradigms of agent implementation. While some variation in the performance and robustness can be naturally attributed to the accidents of the implementation process and the individual skill of the developers, we found that there are also systematic differences between the individual paradigms.
Achieving utility arbitrarily close to the optimal with limited energy

Energy is one of the limited resources for modern systems, especially the battery-operated devices and personal digital assistants. The backlog in new technologies for more powerful battery is changing the traditional system design philosophies. For example, due to the limitation on battery life, it is more realistic to design for the optimal benefit from limited resource rather than design to meet all the applications' requirement. We consider the following problem: a system achieves a certain amount of utility from a set of applications by providing them certain levels of quality of service(QoS). We want to allocate the limited system resources to get the maximal system utility. We formulate this utility maximization problem, which is NP-hard in general, and propose heuristic algorithms that are capable of finding solutions provably arbitrarily close to the optimal. We have also derived explicit formulae to guide the allocation of resources to actually achieve such solutions. Simulation shows that our approach can use 99.9% of the given resource to achieve 25.6% and 32.17% more system utilities over two other heuristics, while providing QoS guarantees to the application program.
The effects of bioregulators upon amino acid transport and protein synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes

Abstract Isolated rat hepatocytes prepared by an enzyme perfusion technique possess a functional amino acid transport system and retain the capacity to synthesize protein. Amino acid transport was studied using the non-metabolizable amino acid analog α-aminoisobutyric acid. The transport process was time, temperature and concentration dependent. Similarly,leucine incorporation into protein was time and temperature dependent being optimal at 37°C. Amino acids, fetal calf serum, growth hormone and glucose all produced small, reproducible increases in protein synthesis rates. Bovine serum albumin diminished the uptake of α-aminoisobutyric acid and leucine incorporation into protein. The amino acid content on either side of the cell membrane was found to affect transport into or out of the cellular compartment (transconcentration effects). High cell concentrations decreased transport and protein synthesis as a result of isotopic dilution of labelled amino acids with those released by the hepatocytes. This was consistent with the capacity of naturally occurring amino acids to compete with α-aminoisobutyric acid for uptake into the hepatocyte. Inorder to define more precisely the effects of bioregulators on transport and protein synthesis it will be necessary to define and subfractionate cellular compartments and proteins which are the specific targets of cellular regulation.
Comparison of quantitation of left ventricular volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac output in patients with atrial fibrillation by cine magnetic resonance imaging versus invasive measurements

Currently available invasive and noninvasive techniques for the determination of left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, ejection fraction, and cardiac output are more time-consuming and potentially less accurate in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) than in those with sinus rhythm. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can rapidly and accurately measure these variables in patients with sinus rhythm, its ability to do so in subjects with AF is not known. To determine if left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, and cardiac output can be measured accurately in patients with AF using MRI, 26 subjects (13 women and 13 men, aged 15 to 76 years) in sinus rhythm (n = 13) or AF (n = 13) underwent MRI followed immediately by invasive measurements of these indexes. For those in AF, MRI measurements of left ventricular end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac output correlated well with catheterization measurements (r = 0.90, 0.90, 0.95, 0.85, and 0.90, respectively). In addition, the mean difference between MRI and catheterization measurements was similar in subjects with AF and in those with sinus rhythm. Compared with standard invasive measurements, MRI provides an accurate noninvasive determination of left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, and cardiac output in patients with AF.
Abolitionism and Imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic

Abolitionism and Imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic, edited by Derek R. Peterson, Athens, Ohio University Press, 2010, ix + 248 pp., US$64.95 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-8214-1901-4 http:/...
Contraceptive discontinuation and repeat unintended pregnancy within 1 year after an abortion.

Abstract Background We examined 12-month hormonal contraceptive continuation and pregnancy rates by abortion history. Study Design Women who wanted to avoid pregnancy for at least 1 year were recruited at four San Francisco Bay area family planning clinics on regular service days and on abortion care days. Participants completed baseline and follow-up questionnaires. Multivariable Cox models assessed the factors associated with method discontinuation and pregnancy. Results Women who were enrolled into the study on the day of their abortion were 20% more likely to discontinue their contraceptive method than women who never had an abortion [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR)=1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.03–1.42]. Women who had a recent abortion or previous abortion were 60% more likely to have a pregnancy during follow-up than women who never had an abortion (AHR=1.63, 95% CI =1.21-2.20, and AHR=1.66, 95% CI=1.18-2.33, respectively). Conclusion The experience of having an unintended pregnancy and abortion does not lead to behavioral changes that protect against another unintended pregnancy.
On an early demonstration of the cell boundary theorem.

Editors,As stated in Prof. Friel’s letter, the paper by Friel and Tsien[1] includes a rigorous demonstration of what I recentlycalled the cell boundary theorem [2].I proposed the theorem to formalize an old idea, twoearly versions of which were cited as examples [2]. I regretthat I missed the earlier formalism and demonstration.I am also addressing all corresponding authors who havecited [2] to make them aware of the earlier work.References
Customary Law and the Case for Incorporationism

In this article I develop a Razian account of the authority of customary law. I then use this account to refute Matthew Kramer's claim that insofar as Raz endorses custom as a possible source of law, he ought to grant the same status to correctness as a moral principle. I contend that it is because customary norms can be authoritative, and not because they are what Kramer labels free-floating, that customary norms can be incorporated into law while moral norms cannot. In addition, I argue that nothing in Raz's conception of the nature of law entails that being free-floating is even a necessary condition for a norm's being eligible for incorporation as law. Reasons of political morality or political psychology, however, may weigh against incorporating norms that are not free-floating.
Sociodemographic Variation of Caries Risk Factors in Toddlers and Caregivers

Objectives. Dental caries is the most common chronic childhood disease, with numerous identified risk factors. Risk factor differences could indicate the need to target caregiver/patient education/preventive care intervention strategies based on population and/or individual characteristics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate caries risk factors differences by race/ethnicity, income, and education. Methods. We enrolled 396 caregiver-toddler pairs and administered a 105-item questionnaire addressing demographics, access to care, oral bacteria transmission, caregiver's/toddler's dental and medical health practices, caregiver's dental beliefs, and caregiver's/toddler's snacking/drinking habits. Logistic regressions and ANOVAs were used to evaluate the associations of questionnaire responses with caregiver's race/ethnicity, income, and education. Results. Caregivers self-identified as Non-Hispanic African-American (44%), Non-Hispanic White (36%), Hispanic (19%), and "other" (1%). Differences related to race/ethnicity, income, and education were found in all risk factor categories. Conclusions. Planning of caregiver/patient education/preventive care intervention strategies should be undertaken with these caries risk factor differences kept in mind.
Spontaneous gauge-symmetry breaking in higher-dimensional theories

We investigate spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries, isometry groups of extra spaces, in (4+N)-dimensional general relativities. The symmetry breaking SO(N+1)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}SO(N) is discussed, as a simple example. The problem reduces to a study of the effective potential's stability against deformation of the extra space, ${S}^{N}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${M}_{\mathrm{el}}^{N}$, ${M}_{\mathrm{el}}^{N}$ being an N-dimensional ``elliptic'' manifold. Taking into account quantum effects of scalar fields on the effective potential, we show that such gauge symmetry breaking is possible, but only for N=5.
Beyond Distance: Children 's School Travel Mode Choice

Long distance is a leading environmental barrier to walking to school and requires long-term, multilevel interventions. Meanwhile, childhood obesity remains highly prevalent, calling for more immediate solutions. The purpose of this study was to examine attitudinal and environmental correlates of walking to the elementary school, controlling for distance. Using parental survey data, 601 child pairs with matched home locations and different school travel modes (walking vs. private automobile) were examined, using conditional logistic regressions. Despite the same/similar objectively measured distance and home location, perceptions of distance, sidewalk and traffic conditions, park presence, and convenience of walking differed between walkers and automobile users. Parental attitudes and children’s preferences were associated with the odds of walking. Safety concerns (traffic danger, stranger danger, and getting lost) were higher among drivers, but only significant in bivariate analyses. To promote walking to school, route/street improvements appear promising, but parallel educational and promotional efforts may be needed to address perceptual and attitudinal barriers.
Decreased Outer Ring Monodeiodination of Thyroxine and Reverse Triiodothyronine in the Fetal and Neonatal Rat

Studies of the deiodination of T4 and rT3 were carried out in the perinatal rat. As compared to the adult male, the in vitro hepatic homogenate conversion of T4 to T3 was strikingly reduced in the 14 and 19 day-old fetal rat, increased progressively after birth, and reached adult male values by day 5. T4 or T3 administration enhanced and starvation decreased in vitro hepatic T3 generation from T4 in the neonatal rat. A highly significant decrease in in vitro degradation of [l25I]rT3 was also observed in the perinatal rat and adult values were reached by day 5. In vivo disposal of iv administered [125I]rT3 was studied in perinatal rats. Ten minutes after iv [125I]r3, the percentage of total 125I- remaining in the serum as [125I]r3 in the 20-day-old fetal rat was 70% and decreased progressivel towards adult values throughout the neonatal period. The metabolic clearance rate of rT3 was much slower in the 10-day-old neonate as compared to the adult rat (1.4 ml/min-100 g vs. 6.7). In comparison to adult values...
The stability of measured time preferences

Abstract We use a panel dataset to test the stability of measured discount rates over time in response to changes in both macroeconomic events and household-level labor market outcomes. While discount rate measures are constructed to capture a rate of time preference, our evidence is inconsistent with such an interpretation. Our results more closely align with the interpretation that standard methods to elicit discount rates reveal the market interest rate faced by an individual rather than their pure rate of time preference. It follows directly from such an interpretation that factors which influence the interest rate at which a household can borrow and lend, such as the inflation rate and household income, ought to be correlated with the elicited discount rate – a prediction supported by our data.
Courting Customers: Assessing Consumer Racial Profiling and Other Marketplace Discrimination

Abstract Through an examination of 81 federal court decisions made between 1990 and 2002 involving customers' allegations of race and/or ethnic discrimination, the authors uncover three emergent dimensions of discrimination: (1) the type of alleged discrimination (subtle or overt), (2) the level of service (degradation or denial), and (3) the existence of criminal suspicion in the alleged discriminatory conduct (present or absent). Using a framework that enables the categorization and aggregation of cases with common themes, the authors demonstrate that real and perceived consumer discrimination remains a problem in the U.S. marketplace, and they conclude that further research is necessary for marketers to address the issue effectively.
New aspects of tryptophan metabolism in untreated PKU and the urinary indole excretion in relation to Phe content of semi-synthetic diets

The urinary Try metabolites from the kynurenine pathway and from indolic metabolism were analyzed in ten untreated PKUs. The results suggested a devision of the patients into groups A (higher serum Phe, reduced oxydative Try metabolism) and B (lower serum Phe and excessive excretion of oxydative metabolites and of N-acetyl-Try). One patient of group A was put on four semi-synthetic dietary regimes (70% free synthetic L-amino acids) with varying Phe content. On a low Phe diet the excretion pattern of the oxydative and indolic metabolites became similar to that in group B.No reciprocal relationship between serum Phe and 5-OH-indoleacetic acid was found. Numerous unidentified Try metabolites, specific for each group and certain dietary phases, were detected. The new analytical methods applied make it necessary to reaprise the previously published quantitative data on tryptophan metabolism in PKU.
Commissioning experience and quality assurance of helical tomotherapy machines.

A helical tomotherapy machine combines a straight 6 MV linear accelerator mounted on a ring gantry with CT technology for image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment. A fan beam created by the collimator and jaws produces a maximum of 40 Χ 5 cm 2 field size at the isocenter. The gantry and hence the fan beam rotates at a constant speed while the couch moves linearly into the gantry bore, thus producing a helical delivery. The beam is modulated by a 64-leaf binary multileaf collimator (MLC), which enables IMRT treatment. The linac can be operated at a lower voltage (3.5 MV) and dose rate to produce megavoltage CT images, which are used for image-guided patient setup. We have installed two such units since 2004 and treated more than 2000 patients. The machine comes precommissioned from the manufacturer, and the beam characteristics and IMRT plans on phantom are measured and compared with manufacturer's data after acceptance tests are performed on site. Our experience with commissioning the machines and periodic quality assurance with tolerance limits for optimal performance are described.
Comparison of the Membrane-Filtration Fluorescent Antibody Test, the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, and the Polymerase Chain Reaction to Detect Renibacterium Salmoninarum in Salmonid Ovarian Fluid:

Ovarian fluid samples from naturally infected chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) were examined for the presence of Renibacterium salmoninarumby the membrane-filtration fluorescent antibody test (MF-FAT), an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). On the basis of the MF-FAT, 64% (66/103) samples contained detectable levels of R. salmon- inarum cells. Among the positive fish, the R. salmoninarum concentrations ranged from 25 cells/ml to 4.3 3 10 9 cells/ml. A soluble antigenic fraction of R. salmoninarum was detected in 39% of the fish (40/103) by the ELISA. The ELISA is considered one of the most sensitive detection methods for bacterial kidney disease in tissues, yet it did not detect R. salmoninarum antigen consistently at bacterial cell concentrations below about 1.3 3 10 4 cells/ml according to the MF-FAT counts. When total DNA was extracted and tested in a nested PCR designed to amplify a 320-base-pair region of the gene encoding a soluble 57-kD protein of R. salmoni- narum, 100% of the 100 samples tested were positive. The results provided strong evidence that R. salmoni- narum may be present in ovarian fluids thought to be free of the bacterium on the basis of standard diagnostic methods.
A Multidisciplinary Model of Economics: An Essential Framework for Building a True Integral Human Development

A multidisciplinary model of economics provides a philosophical and practical approach that integrates epistemology, anthropology, and the ethical domains of economics into a more meaningful concept of “integral human development” as understood by Pope Benedict XVI in his encyclical letter, Caritas in Veritate. The last financial crisis is an incredible opportunity to rethink the ways we teach economics, allowing for the creation of a multidisciplinary framework that will enhance the contributions made by economics in regard to understanding the individual’s decision-making process. It is claimed that the interaction and synergy between economics, the natural and the social sciences will enable a more accurate description of the complex reality which constitutes the truth in economics. This chapter argues that the role of the university is essential in creating spaces for ideas to find the truth, that is, logos which creates dia-logos, and hence communication and communion (Benedict XVI 2009, 4) between economics and other social sciences.
Polymorphism in sulfanilamide‐d4

Thermal behaviors of four crystalline forms of sulfanilamide and of sulfanilamide-d4 have been examined. Heats of transition and fusion have been determined. The deuterated modifications exhibit smaller heats of transition and heats of fusion than the corresponding undeuterated forms. There is, however, a difference in the magnitude of this decrease in the case of the heats of transition.
Uses of a Fish-Eye Lens

Most wide-angle lenses are not wide enough to show an entire room with material possessions in context. However, such wide coverage can be accomplished with a fish-eye lens. Recently, fish-eye auxiliary lenses have become available at low cost, making them affordable for most ethnographers. The author demonstrates the usefulness of a fish-eye lens with a photograph of his living room in Albuquerque. The limitations of standard lenses are shown with Vicos (Peru) photographs by John Collier, Jr. Fish-eye lenses can also be used to document the personnel present at meetings.
A technique to dissect the alimentary canal of the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei ), with isolation of internal microorganisms

A technique for dissecting the alimentary canal of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei , is presented. The technique was developed to isolate and identify alimentary canal-associated microorganisms that might be involved in caffeine detoxification.
Postoperative Nasal Packing and Dressings

Nasal packing is sometimes feared by patients because discomfort can accompany its use and (especially) removal. Even so, packing may be important to avoid bleeding, stenosis, synechiae, and recurrent airway obstruction when performing septal reconstruction or turbinectomy. Discomfort can result from packing that is too tight, but more commonly results from a patient’s inability to breathe through the nose with attendant pressure symptoms.
Towards self-optimizing collaborative systems

Two important performance metrics in collaborative systems are local and remote response times. Previous analytical and simulation work has shown that these response times depend on three important factors: processing architecture, communication architecture, and scheduling of tasks dictated by these two architectures. We show that it is possible to create a system that improves response times by dynamically adjusting these three system parameters in response to changes to collaboration parameters such as new users joining and network delays changing. We present practical approaches for collecting collaboration parameters, computing multicast overlays, applying analytical models of previous work, preserving coupling semantics during optimizations, and keeping overheads low. Simulations and experiments show that the system improves performance in practical scenarios.
A note on progressive matrices (1962)

Abstract A standardization study on Progressive Matrices (1962), utilizing data from 960 new entrants to the University of Western Australia, revealed that the new, shorter version of the 1947 Advanced Progressive Matrices has not overcome the power/speed contamination problem demonstrated in the earlier version of the test.
Distributions of the output MAI of linear MMSE multiuser receivers in DS-CDMA systems

We establish the Gaussianity of the output multiple-access interference (MAI) of linear MMSE receiver in a large DS-CDMA network.
Realistic electric vehicle load test for lithium polymer batteries

The purpose of the realistic load test is to determine if a battery voltage would exceed its upper voltage limit during the braking and its lower limit during acceleration. It is also used to determine whether a carpsilas batteries need cooling in summer and/or heating in winter. 100 A-h lithium polymer electric vehicle batteries were tested under simulated operating conditions. During evaluation, the batteries were given the same actual charging and discharging current collected from electric vehicle during a road driving test. The cycle includes; charging (regenerative braking), discharging (acceleration), and resting. The realistic test is followed by a residual discharging; that is, discharging the battery until it is fully discharged; so as to find the energy used during the realistic drive portion. The evaluation was conducted at four different temperatures to study the effect of seasonal changes in temperature. The test show that the lithium batteries performed well (the battery temperature and voltage stayed within their limits) during the evaluation at 0.0degC, +20degC and +40degC.
A Projector Augmented Wave (PAW) code for electronic structure calculations, Part I: atompaw for generating atom-centered functions

The computer program atompaw generates projector and basis functions which are needed for performing electronic structure calculations based on the Projector Augmented Wave (PAW) method. The program is applicable to materials throughout the periodic table. For each element, the user inputs the atomic number, the electronic configuration, a choice of basis functions, and an augmentation radius. The program produces an output file containing the projector and basis functions and the corresponding matrix elements in a form which can be read be the pwpaw PAW code. Additional data files are also produced which can be used to help evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the generated functions.
Physiological Responses to High Lethal Temperature and Air Velocity in Young Fowl

Abstract INCREASED air movement facilitates convective heat exchange between the surface of the body and the surrounding air (Whittow, 1965; Siegel and Drury, 1968). Thus, if ambient temperatures remain below body temperature, increasing the air movement helps to alleviate some of the deleterious effects of high environmental temperatures (Lee et al., 1945; Wilson et al., 1957). The growth rates of broilers raised in diurnally cycling hot environments have been shown to be related to air velocity (Drury, 1966). Respiratory evaporation becomes more important as a means of heat loss in birds as the ambient temperature approaches body temperature. In chickens, panting commences when the core temperature reaches approximately 42°C. (Whittow, 1965), and a rapid increase in body temperature results in an increased heart rate (Linsley and Burger, 1964). Our previous studies with young chickens provided evidence that in environmental temperatures up to 40°C., the enhancement of convective heat loss by increased . . .