cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mortality in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting What's Next?

Over the past 48 years, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has been among the most studied procedures in all of medicine. In part, this has been because CABG is a high-volume, high-cost intervention for ischemic heart disease. But, in addition to this, CABG is associated with an easily identifiable outcome that occurs with sufficient frequency to be of substantial interest to both providers and patients, namely, procedural mortality. The initial link between CABG and mortality was from the left main coronary artery subset of the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS), which interestingly only included 150 patients.1 Article see p 2423 The development and widespread adoption of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Adult Database,2 the Northern New England Consortium,3 and other regional databases such as the New York State Cardiac Surgery Reporting System (CSRS),4 Michigan Society of Thoracic Surgeons,5 and Virginia Cardiac Surgery Quality Initiative6 have provided major refinements to our understanding of the impact of coronary bypass grafting on short-term (in-hospital and/or 30-day) mortality. Over the past 20 years, the risk-adjusted (RA) mortality related to CABG has declined, through a combination of process improvement2,7,8 and regional and national system intervention.3–6 According to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database 2008 risk model, the short-term RA mortality for CABG has been oscillating at ≈2% for the past 3 years.9 The weight of importance of short-term RA mortality as an outcome for CABG is reflected in its use as a National Quality Forum quality metric,10 in ranking hospital performance,11 and in public reporting.12 However, closer inspection of these Society of Thoracic Surgeons data demonstrate that over the …
A methodology for design research on interdependence alternatives

A common “interdependence problematique” can be found in recent literature on security interdependence, regional integration processes, ecological limits to growth, and global political economy. Six problematical aspects of interdependence relationships should therefore be given definitional significance: existing or proposed transnational or intergovernmental relationships in the post-Cold War era typically raise issues concerning the degree of public consumption interdependence, the extent to which situational interests are non-zero sum, the need for coordinated production relationships, the extent of cross-sector or inter-functional interdependence and the vulnerabilities involved in breaking with or doing without any such institutionalized relationships. Twenty methodological maxims are useful for appraising the design relevance of empirical research on partial, regime-like world order alternatives. Much but not all previous research has been severely deficient in addressing the efficiency, equity, conservation, and feasibility implications of contending interdependence alternatives.
A theoretical approach to estimation of bounds on power consumption in digital multipliers

This paper presents a systematic theoretical approach for the analysis of bounds on power consumption in digital multipliers. This is because in many applications the maximum value of power consumption and not just the average power may be of importance to the designer. The maximum values can be used to predict the maximum battery life in portable applications and also determine the nature of heat sinks in nonportable applications. The proposed approach involves the development of state transition diagrams (stds) for the subcircuits making up the digital multipliers. The std is comprised of states and edges, with the edges representing a transition (switching activity) from one state to another in the subcircuit. Then, maximum (minimum) energy values associated with the edges constituting the stds are used to derive the upper (lower) bound. The multipliers analyzed in this paper include the Baugh Wooley multiplier, the binary tree multiplier, and the Wallace tree multiplier. The analysis is performed for both nonpipelined and p-bit-level pipelined multipliers. It is theoretically shown that there is a significant reduction in upper bound as p is decreased, with the lower bound being unaffected by the level of bit-pipelining. Experimental results are presented to show that the average power consumption values indeed lie within the predicted theoretical bounds, and that the theoretical upper bounds are quite tight.
Treating benign optic nerve tumors with a 3-D conformal plan

Abstract A 68 year old male patient presented for radiation therapy for treatment of a benign tumor, a glioma of his left optic nerve. The radiation oncologist intended to prescribe 52.2 Gy to the planning target volume, while maintaining a maximum of 54 Gy to the optic nerves and the optic chiasm and a maximum of 40–45 Gy to the globes in order to minimize the possibility of damaging the optic system, which is especially important as this is a benign tumor. The dosimetrist devised a conformal non-coplanar three-dimensional plan with a slightly weighted forward planning component. This plan was created in approximately 15 minutes after the critical organs and the targets were delineated and resulted in an extremely conformal and homogenous plan, treating the target while sparing the nearby critical structures. This approach can also be extended to other tumors in the brain - benign or malignant.
Comparative effectiveness of 3- versus 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for emergent warfarin reversal

Abstract Introduction Three- and 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC) are routinely administered for emergent reversal of warfarin, but direct comparisons of clinical outcomes are lacking. The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and effectiveness of 3- and 4-PCC in patients requiring emergent warfarin reversal. Materials and Methods This was a single-center retrospective study in adult patients requiring administration of either 3-PCC or 4-PCC for emergent reversal of warfarin. Results One hundred sixty-five patients were included (3-PCC, n = 109; 4-PCC, n = 56). The most frequent indications for PCC were intracranial and gastrointestinal bleeding. Baseline median INR was 2.5 (2.0-3.2) and 2.4 (2.0-4.2) in the 3-PCC and 4-PCC groups. Thirty minutes after PCC administration, median INR decreased to 1.3 in both groups (p 1.5 thirty minutes after PCC was associated with increased mortality (OR 4.3; 95% CI 1.8-10.4, p = 0.001), and administration of a 4-PCC was associated with decreased mortality (OR 0.19; 95% CI 0.06-0.54, p = 0.002). Conclusion Patients who received 4-PCC, and those with INR ≤ 1.5 regardless of type of PCC received were more likely to survive. Thromboembolic events were low in both groups and similar to previous studies.
Overlapping Substrate and Inhibitor Specificity of Human and Murine ABCG2

ABCG2 (also known as breast cancer resistance protein) is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter localized to the plasma membrane where it mediates the efflux of xenobiotics, including potential therapeutics. Studies investigating Abcg2 function at the blood-brain barrier in mouse models are often compared with human ABCG2 function. It is critical to understand the nature of species differences between mouse and human ABCG2, since extrapolations are made from murine data to humans. Two independent drug-selected cell line pairs expressing human or mouse ABCG2 were compared for efflux of fluorescent substrates using flow cytometry. To this end, we developed and characterized a new mouse Abcg2-expressing subline that demonstrated efflux of known fluorescent ABCG2 substrates and increased resistance to mitoxantrone, which is reduced in the presence of the ABCG2 inhibitor Ko143. Our results indicate that the substrate specificity of human and mouse ABCG2 is very similar. We identified a new human and mouse ABCG2 substrate, a porphyrin analog, purpurin-18 (Pp-18), which is not a substrate for P-glycoprotein or multidrug resistance protein 1. The ability of inhibitors to block efflux activity of ABCG2 was assessed using Pp-18. Inhibitors also demonstrated similar effects on human and mouse ABCG2. Chrysin, benzoflavone, and cyclosporin A inhibited Pp-18 efflux in both human and mouse ABCG2. The similarity of the substrate and inhibitor specificity of human and mouse ABCG2 supports interpretation of mouse models in understanding the clinical, pharmacological, and physiologic roles of ABCG2.
Drinking and Other Self-Indulgences: Complements or Counter-Attractions?

(1969). Drinking and Other Self-Indulgences: Complements or Counter-Attractions? International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 157-167.
Oxidation state of gold and arsenic in gold-bearing arsenian pyrite

XANES measurements on gold-bearing arsenian pyrite from the Twin Creeks Carlin-type gold deposits show that gold is present as both Au 0 and Au I+ and arsenic is present at As I‐ . Au 0 is attributed to sub-micrometer size inclusions of free gold, whereas Au I+ is attributed to gold in the lattice of the arsenian pyrite. STEM observations suggest that As I‐ is probably concentrated in angstrom-scale, randomly distributed layers with a marcasite or arsenopyrite structure. Ionic gold (Au I+ ) could be concentrated in these layers as well, and is present in both twofold- and fourfold-coordinated forms, with fourfold-coordinated Au I+ more abundant. Twofold-coordinated Au I+ is similar to gold in Au 2S in which it is linearly coordinated to two sulfur atoms. The nature of fourfold-coordinated Au I+ is not well understood, although it might be present as an Au-As-S compound where gold is bonded in fourfold coordination to sulfur and arsenic atoms, or in vacancy positions on a cation site in the arsenian pyrite. Au I+ was probably incorporated into arsenian pyrite by adsorption onto pyrite surfaces during crystal growth. The most likely compound in the case of twofold-coordinated Au I+ was probably a tri-atomic surface complex such as S pyrite-Au I+ -Sbi-sulfideH or Au I+ -S-Au I+ . The correlation between gold and arsenic might be related to the role of arsenic in enhancing the adsorption of gold complexes of this type on pyrite surfaces, possibly through semiconductor effects.
Estimation of the quality of refined protein crystal structures

Crystallographic R work and R free values, which are measures of the ability of the models of macromolecular structures to explain the crystallographic data on which they are based, are often used to assess structure quality. It is widely known, and confirmed here that both are sensitive to the methods used to compute them, and can be manipulated to improve the apparent quality of the model. As an alternative it is proposed here that the quality of crystallographic models should be assessed using a global goodness-of-fit metric RO2A /R work where RO2A is the number of reflections used for refinement divided by the number of nonhydrogen atoms in the structure, and R work is the working R-factor of the refined structure. Also, analysis of structures in the Protein Data Bank suggests that many data sets have been truncated at high resolution, thereby improving the R-factor statistics. To discourage this practice, it is proposed that the resolution of a dataset be defined as the resolution of the shell of data where falls to 1. The proposed goodness-of-fit metric encourages investigators to use all the data available rather than a truncated subset.
Detection of single lipid bilayers with coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy

We investigated vibrational imaging of phospholipid bilayers with CARS microscopy. Single lipid membranes of supported bilayers, giant unilamellar vesicles and intact erythrocyte membrane are detected with the strong resonant signal of the C–H stretching vibration. In addition, it is shown that the CARS signal field of the lipids near the glass/water interface is amplified through mixing with the back-reflected non-resonant CARS field of the glass coverslip. Furthermore, interference effects between two separate bilayers are observed, allowing intermembrane distances to be determined beyond the diffraction-limited resolution of the microscope. Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aurora B dynamics at centromeres create a diffusion-based phosphorylation gradient

Aurora B kinase is essential for successful cell division and regulates spindle assembly and kinetochore-microtubule interactions. The kinase localizes to the inner centromere until anaphase, but many of its substrates have distinct localizations, for example on chromosome arms and at kinetochores. Furthermore, substrate phosphorylation depends on distance from the kinase. How the kinase reaches substrates at a distance and how spatial phosphorylation patterns are determined are unknown. In this paper, we show that a phosphorylation gradient is produced by Aurora B concentration and activation at centromeres and release and diffusion to reach substrates at a distance. Kinase concentration, either at centromeres or at another chromosomal site, is necessary for activity globally. By experimentally manipulating dynamic exchange at centromeres, we demonstrate that the kinase reaches its substrates by diffusion. We also directly observe, using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based biosensor, phosphorylation spreading from centromeres after kinase activation. We propose that Aurora B dynamics and diffusion from the inner centromere create spatial information to regulate cell division.
A statistical analysis of the incidence of nutrient channels and foramina in five hundred periapical full-mouth radiodontic examinations

Abstract The incidence of nutrient channels and foramina, as revealed radiographically in 500 consecutive full-mouth periapical examinations are indicated. Their incidence is nearly the same in female and male and on the right and left sides of individuals. There is a marked tendency for nutrient channels and foramina to show better in the radiograph as the age of the individual increases. There are some individuals who show, radiographically, no evidence whatever of even the largest nutrient channels, such as the mandibular canal, or the largest foramina such as the incisive or mental. Others will show as high as eighteen findings out of a possible forty-five.
The development of a community-based baccalaureate curriculum model in a culturally diverse health care delivery area.

Abstract In 1997, faculty at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio School of Nursing embarked on the development of a community-based care model within the existing curriculum to serve the culturally diverse populations in rural and urban areas of South Texas. A grant awarded by the Helene Fuld Health Trust in 2000 enabled faculty to develop the requisite knowledge and skills relating to community-based care and develop strategies for the delivery of community-based care in a variety of settings. This article provides an overview of the process of curriculum development and its impact on faculty, students, and a diverse community service area.
Succession on subalpine placer mine spoil: Effects of revegetation with Alnus viridis, Alaska, U.S.A.

Abstract Alnus viridis seedlings were planted on placer mine spoil in an Alaskan subalpine watershed to bypass a seedling establishment bottleneck for A. viridis, and to evaluate the interaction between A. viridis and the dominant riparian woody plants, Salix alaxensis and Populus balsamifera. The study area was divided into 11 replicate blocks, each on a homogeneous recontoured spoil pile. Blocks were divided into two 0.01 ha plots, and treatments without (control) and with 84 planted A. viridis seedlings were randomly assigned to plots. After 10 years, the Alnus treatment had a dense stand of A. viridis 1–2 m tall, while the control had fewer, smaller seedlings. Compared to the control, planted A. viridis had a neutral effect on S. alaxensis and inhibited P. balsamifera at the seedling establishment stage, but facilitated the growth of established plants of both species, with many plants overtopping the A. viridis canopy. Compared to the control, S. alaxensis plants in the Alnus treatment had higher lev...
Marronage perspective for historical archaeology in the United States

Historical archaeologists in the U.S. have been interested in resistance among enslaved African diasporans for several decades. Marronage has often been noted as being a forceful and powerful example of captive resistance in these discussions. Generally, our understandings of U.S. marronage have been shaped by perceptions of the process that severely downplay its social, identificatory, cultural, and politicoeconomic impacts. Equally important, national academic and public discourses have long misinterpreted relevant phenomena, such as the Underground Railroad, in ways that undermine the realization of the expansiveness, historical gravity, and African diasporic roots of marronage in the U.S. There is thus a need for a perspective on the phenomenon of marronage in the U.S that accurately recognizes its origins, scope, scale, and complexity. In establishing the basis for this more inclusive marronage perspective, attention will turn to developing a preliminary archaeological model for the recovery of information about marronage in a variety of disparate site contexts.
Mealybugs Attacking Citrus in California–A Survey of Their Natural Enemies and the Release of New Parasites and Predators

From 1953 through 1955 a survey was made of the natural enemies of the mealybugs attacking citrus in California. Pseudococcus citri (Risso), the most destructive mealybug on citrus in California, was most abundant in the intermediate citrus areas or zones of moderate humidity. Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrh.), closely rivaling P. citri in severity on citrus, requires high humidity for optimum development. Its distribution overlaps that of P. citri in the intermediate zone and that of Pseudococcus adonidum (L.), which was damaging to citrus in the more humid coastal areas. Pseudococcus gahani Green is rare. It overlaps the three other species in its distribution Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. was in general the most efficient predator of heavy infestations of mealybugs on citrus. However, Sympherobius spp. and Chrysopa spp. are sometimes major factors in reducing heavy populations in certain areas. Leucopis bella Loew, Coccinella californica Mann., Hyperaspis lateralis Muls., and Scymnus sordidus Horn are less efficient Mealybug predators in the order named. The relative abundance of the different parasites permanently established on each of the four citrus-infesting mealybugs is shown in a table along with the stages of host attacked. Some of these parasites attack a number of mealybug species, but always select the same host stages. A synoptic list of 19 species of mealybug-feeding natural enemies imported into California within the past 10 years is presented along with their host preferences and stages of host attack. Of the newly imported natural enemies, Allotropa citri Mues. and Anagyrus pseudococci Gir. have been recovered from field release sites.
ABA consumption in norway spruce (Picea abies) and white spruce (Picea glauca) somatic embryo cultures

We investigated abscisic acid (ABA) metabolism among Norway and white spruce somatic embryo cultures which exhibited differences in maturation response when placed on racemic abscisic acid [(±)-ABA]. Differences in metabolic rate among the spruce genotypes could affect the ABA pool available for the maturation process, and might therefore be responsible for the differences in maturation response. The production of cotyledonary (stage 3) somatic embryos in cultures (genotypes) of Norway spruce (PA86:26A and PA88:25B) and of white spruce (WS1F cryoD and WS46) was compared. In each species pair one of the two genotypes failed to show stage 3 embryo development (respectively, PA88:25B and WS46). The investigation of ABA metabolism of each species pair showed that no substantial differences in ABA consumption or in the production of metabolites occurred. In each case ABA was metabolized to phaseic acid and dihydrophaseic acid over the 42-day culture period, metabolites were recoverable from the agar-solidified medium, and the sum of residual ABA and metabolites were equivalent to the ABA initially supplied. The results indicate that the process of ABA metabolism occurs essentially independently of somatic embryo maturation.
Direct current electric field assembly of colloidal crystals displaying reversible structural color.

We report the application of low-voltage direct current (dc) electric fields to self-assemble close-packed colloidal crystals in nonaqueous solvents from colloidal spheres that vary in size from as large as 1.2 μm to as small as 0.1 μm. The assemblies are created rapidly (∼2 min) from an initially low volume fraction colloidal particle suspension using a simple capacitor-like electric field device that applies a steady dc electric voltage. Confocal microscopy is used to observe the ordering that is produced by the assembly method. This spatial evidence for ordering is consistent with the 6-fold diffraction patterns identified by light scattering. Red, green, and blue structural color is observed for the ordered assemblies of colloids with diameters of 0.50, 0.40, and 0.29 μm, respectively, consistent with spectroscopic measurements of reflectance. The diffraction and spectrophotometry results were found to be consistent with the theoretical Bragg’s scattering expected for closed-packed crystals. By switch...
Near total occlusion of the main pulmonary artery and destruction of pulmonary valve by leiomyosarcoma.

Written consent to report this case was received from the patient. A 44-year-old, otherwise healthy woman, with history of progressive shortness of breath was diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolus at an outside hospital and systemically anticoagulated. Two months later, she was transferred to our i
The value of B-ultrasound combined X-ray barium meal in diagnosing congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

BACKGROUND To explore the clinical value of B-ultrasound and X-ray barium meal in diagnosing congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis(HPS).CASE REPORTS 175 patients with HPS in children were giren B-ultrasound and X-ray barium meal examination,B-ultrasound measurements of pyloric length,width,and the pyloric muscle thickness,X-ray barium meal contrast agent observed the situation through the esophagus and stomach,and timely intake X-rays,compared with the surgery.B-ultrasound and X-ray barium meal together without false-positive diagnosis.DISCUSSION The combinations of the two complement each other to further improve the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis.
(+/-)-(N-alkylamino)benzazepine analogs: novel dopamine D1 receptor antagonists.

(±)-(N-Alkylamino)benzazepine analogs were prepared as novel dopamine D 1 receptor antagonists to further elucidate the role of these receptor subtypes in the pharmacology and toxicology of cocaine. In the first series of compounds, (±)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-[6-(N,N-dimethylamino)-hexyl]-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine (15) showed the highest affinity (K i = 49.3 nM) and subtype-selectivity for dopamine D 1 over dopamine D 2 , 5-HT 2a , and 5-HT 2c receptors. Compounds 7a {(i)-7-Chloro-8-hydroxy-3-[4-(N,N-dimethylamino)butyl]-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine}, 11 {(±)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-[6-[(N,N-dimethylamino)hexyl]-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-cyanoborane), and 15 were moderately potent dopamine D 1 receptor antagonists as evidenced by their ability to block dopamine-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in rat caudate (predicted K i values = 60, 34, and 21 nM, respectively). Compound 7a appears to be unique in that, despite its relatively potent inhibition of dopamine stimulated adenylyl cyclase, it demonstrated relatively weak binding affinity at the dopamine D 1 receptors (K i = 811 nM). Unlike previously reported N-alkylbenzazepines, where a significant loss in dopamine D 1 receptor binding affinity was observed when successive increases in the alkyl side chain size at the benzazepine nitrogen were made, several of these novel N-alkylamino analogs demonstrated high-affinity binding with an optimal chain length of six carbons. This initial series of compounds appears to be identifying another binding domain on the dopamine D 1 receptor protein that has not previously been characterized and that accepts an amino function. Further, these compounds may serve as templates for the design of peripherally active dopamine D 1 receptor antagonists
Trade, Aid and Development

Alarger country is more likely to find opportunities of production within its own borders, and therefore to require less imports per head, than a smaller. To state the issue more precisely, if country B has only half the real income per head of country A, but twice the population, so that the aggregate real incomes of the two countries are the same, then their imports may also be expected to be about the same in volume. Attempts to explain volume of imports per head for various countries at different times as a function of real income per head have not proved very satisfactory. But an analysis2 by one of the authors of imports as a function of total national product, irrespective of whether its size was due to population or to high per head income, proved satisfactory. (After all, it is the scale of the market which determines the possibility of establishing a greater variety of industries in a country, largely irrespective of whether the market has arisen through size of population, or through level of real income per head.) A range of cases in which aggregate net real product, measured in dollars of 1950 purchasing power, ranged from less than r billion (Norway and Finland in 1913) to 350 billion (United States at the present time), showed in general imports varying about with the three/fourth power of national product, subject to certain qualifications for particular countries, explainable in terms of their geographical situation, or tariff policy.
Research Guide to Applications of Fuzzy Set Theory in Human Factors

Abstract The paper presents the literature related to application of fuzzy set theory to Human Factors and has 784 research papers listed in the bibliography which is given at the end. As in any other collection this literature list has a subjective viewpoint and may be in some sense incomplete. Analysis of these data provides interesting insights regarding the characteristics of articles of the applications of fuzzy set theory, literature trends and the future. This paper consists of two parts. In Part I, the methodology used to gather the information, language, citation, and descriptor analysis, and conclusions are described. Part II is the main bibliography.
45S5 Bioglass Based Scaffolds for Skeletal Repair

Glass as a material presents significant potential for restoration of bone tissue. Glass can be designed to contain ions that positively influence bone metabolism in addition to stimulating additional pro-healing processes such as angiogenesis. Specifically, Bioglass® (please consult the Editor’s note in order to clarify the usage of the terms bioglass, bioactive glass and biocompatible glasses), a SiO2–CaO–Na2O–P2O5 glass composition has been extensively studied since it was discovered that this particular composition can bond to bone and soft tissue in vivo. This property in particular led to the development of porous scaffolds that can be utilized to permit the ingrowth of bone and soft tissue, in addition to allowing free movement of host cells and physiological fluids that can further improve the healing rate. Many studies and processing methods have been conducted to optimize Bioglass® scaffolds porosity and interconnectivity in addition to improving some of the limitation such as the mechanical integrity. The diversity of studies that have been conducted on this particular composition greatly supports the potential that glassy materials encompass for scaffold materials applied to skeletal repair.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations Reveal Isoform Specific Contact Dynamics between the Plexin Rho GTPase Binding Domain (RBD) and Small Rho GTPases Rac1 and Rnd1

The Plexin family of transmembrane receptors are unique in that their intracellular region interacts directly with small GTPases of the Rho family. The Rho GTPase binding domain of plexin (RBD)—which is responsible for these interactions—can bind with Rac1 as well as Rnd1 GTPases. GTPase complexes have been crystallized with the RBDs of plexinA1, -A2, and -B1. The protein association is thought to elicit different functional responses in a GTPase and plexin isoform specific manner, but the origin of this is unknown. In this project, we investigated complexes between several RBD and Rac1/Rnd1 GTPases using multimicrosecond length all atom molecular dynamics simulations, also with reference to the free forms of the RBDs and GTPases. In accord with the crystallographic data, the RBDs experience more structural changes than Rho-GTPases upon complex formation. Changes in protein dynamics and networks of correlated motions are revealed by analyzing dihedral angle fluctuations in the proteins. The extent of thes...
Filamin Binding to Glycoprotein Ibα Signals Talin-Directed α IIbβ 3 Activation.

Abstract von Willebrand factor (VWF) binding to platelet glycoprotein (Gp) Ib-IX-V triggers platelet activation. Under conditions of pathologically elevated arterial wall shear stress, VWF-dependent platelet adhesion is coupled to aggregation and thrombus formation principally through GpIbα-induced signaling to α IIbβ 3. To elucidate the mechanism of GpIbα signaling to α IIbβ 3, we have examined molecular interactions involving structural proteins that bind to the cytoplasmic domains of GpIbα and β 3. In CHO cells co-expressing human GpIb-IX and α IIbβ 3, the activation of α IIbβ 3 as reported by monoclonal antibody PAC-1 binding is stimulated by ristocetin (1 mg/ml) + purified human VWF(5 μg/ml). When filamin binding to the cytoplasmic domain of GpIbα is eliminated by deleting GpIbα residues 560-570, PAC-1 binding is eliminated. When human platelets in reconstituted whole blood are treated with a peptide that interferes with filamin binding to GpIbα (as reported in Blood 2003; 102:2122–2129), shear-dependent (1500 sec−1 shear rate or 60 dynes/cm2 shear stress) platelet deposition onto bovine type I collagen is inhibited. In washed resting platelets and platelets activated by 120 dynes/cm2 shear stress, filamin co-immunoprecipitates with both GpIbα and α IIbβ 3; only its association with β 3 is eliminated by DNaseI (1 mg/ml), demonstrating that filamin binds indirectly to α IIbβ 3 through other cytoskeletal elements. One such element is observed to be talin, which co-immunoprecipitates with filamin, α IIbβ 3 and small amounts of GpIbα in resting platelets. When platelets are sheared for two minutes at 120 dynes/cm2, talin's DNaseI-resistant association with filamin is decreased and its DNaseI-sensitive association with α IIbβ 3 is increased. These changes are prevented when shear-dependent VWF binding to GpIb-IX-V is blocked by monoclonal antibody AK2. Shear-dependent VWF binding to GpIb-IX-V also results in the proteolysis of talin, which is considered to be one mechanism by which the N-terminal head domain of talin regulates α IIbβ 3 activation. Shear-dependent talin proteolysis is not affected by blocking VWF binding to α IIbβ 3 with a RGD peptide. These results demonstrate that the cytoplasmic domain of GpIbα transduces signals to activate α IIbβ 3 through its interactions with filamin. These signals depend only on VWF binding to GpIb-IX-V. Under pathologically elevated wall shear stress in vitro, the mechanism of signaling may be the release of talin by filamin, thus permitting the proteolysis of talin and enhancing talin's interaction with α IIbβ 3.
The Role of Public Expenditures in Economic Growth at Provincial Level: Empirical Study in Vietnam

The literature analyzes the relationship between public expenditures and GDP growth in localities of Vietnam. The research sample includes data on public expenditures and GDP of 63 provinces/cities of Vietnam during the period 2013 - 2015. The results of the research by backward regression method have confirmed the orthodromically directly proportional relationship between components of public expenditure, but not the total public expenditure, and GDP growth in provinces/cities of Vietnam. Specifically, public expenditure on development investment and the one on social and economic services contribute significantly and positively to the economic development of localities. On this basis, we propose some relevant recommendations to state agencies in establishing constitution for cutting down expenditures; strengthening estimate, public debt management performance; as well as measures to attract investment to contribute to fulfilling the tasks of industrialization, modernization in the era of global integration today.
Poachers and Poverty: Assessing Objective and Subjective Measures of Poverty among Illegal Hunters Outside Ruaha National Park, Tanzania

Illegal hunters in Africa may be making rational decisions about the hunting activities they partake in. These decisions could be linked to their socioeconomic status and the livelihood opportunities available to them. In particular, poverty is widely considered the leading driver that causes a household's inhabitants to take up poaching in protected areas. Programs aiming to protect vulnerable wildlife populations by mitigating poaching have historically relied upon income-based poverty metrics in efforts to reduce regional poverty and incentivise local inhabitants to discontinue poaching activities. Because such data sets that deal with poachers directly are rare, assumptions about the role of poverty, and the extent of poverty, that drives poaching have been hard to test. This study uses a unique sample of 173 self-admitted poachers living in villages adjacent to Ruaha National Park in Tanzania to explore the influence of poverty on poaching. Results indicated high demographic and household economy heterogeneity among poaching households. Capability deprivation examined more subjective measures of poverty and revealed that poachers are strongly motivated by the need to improve their incomes, but are not necessarily the poorest of the poor.
Abstract 302: Four-and-a-half Lim Domain Protein-1 Upregulation via an Alternate Start Site Prepares the Left Atrium for Birth

Four-and-a-half-LIM-domain protein-1 (FHL1) participates in the heart’s response to biomechanical stress during pathological states. Normally, the basal isoform, bFhl1 , predominates in non-stressed states. In pathology, a change in start site leads to expression of the induced isoform, iFhl1 , which is 16 amino acid residues longer than bFHL1. We have studied the expression and role of Fhl1 during normal cardiac development. The shift from fetal to neonatal circulation signifies new stress for the heart, and provides a unique opportunity to study the role FHL1 in the setting of physiological stress. We hypothesize that selective iFhl1 upregulation during this transitional period prepares the heart for the stress involved. Using 5’ RNA-seq, we demonstrate that iFhl1 was selectively upregulated by 10-fold in the left atrium by embryonic gestation day 17.5 (E17.5; p=2 x 10 -5 ) but remained unchanged in the other cardiac chambers (see B). The preferential increase in expression in the left atrium was confirmed with X-gal staining of Fhl1 Lacz mice hearts (see D, blue stain), and the selective expression of the induced isoform at the protein level was confirmed by Western blot (see C). Assessment of left atrial volume by magnetic resonance imaging in mice at 2 weeks of age showed that Fhl1-null mice have significantly larger left atria than wild-type littermates (0.63±0.10 μl vs. 0.45±0.04 μl, p=0.004). The demonstrated selective upregulation of iFhl1 prior to birth and the increase in left atrial volume that follows genetic ablation of Fhl1 suggests that Fhl1 is central in the heart’s ability to respond to physiological stress as represented by normal birth.
Non-Caucasian Stroke Genetics

Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, but remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Racial and ethnic differences in stroke incidence and subtype may relate to cultural, environmental or genetic variation. Multiple large databases have identified differences in stroke incidence, age of occurrence and outcomes after stroke by race. Here we review the major epidemiologic differences in stroke by race including incidence, presentation age, mortality and differences by subtype are reviewed as a foundation for the subsequent sections.
Interface Stability of Ti(Sil−yGey)2 and Si1−x Gex Alloys

The stability of C54 Ti(Si 1−y Ge y ) 2 films in contact with Si 1−x Ge x substrates was investigated. The titanium germanosilicide films were formed from the Ti − Si 1−x Ge x solid phase metallization reaction. It was observed that Ti(Si 1−y Ge y ) 2 initially forms with the same germanium content as the Si 1−x Ge x substrate (i.e., y = x). Following the initial formation of TiM 2 (M = Si l−y Ge y ), silicon and germanium from the substrate diffuse into the TiM 2 layer, the composition of the TiM 2 changes, and Si 1−z Ge z precipitates form along the TiM 2 grain boundaries. The germanium content of the Ti(Si l−y Ge y ) 2 decreases, and the Si l−z Ge z precipitates are germanium rich such that y 2 film and the dynamics of the germanium segregation were examined using the Ti-Si-Ge ternary equilibrium diagram. The relevant region of the ternary diagram is the two phase domain limited by a Si-Ge solid solution and a TiSi 2 − TiGe 2 solid solution. In this study first approximation Ti(Si l−y Ge y ) 2 -to- Si l−x Ge x tie lines were calculated on the basis of classical thermodynamics. The tie line calculations indicate that for C54 Ti(Si l−y Ge y ) 2 to be stable in contact with Si l−x Ge x , the compositions of the two phases in equilibrium must be such that y x . The specific compositions of the two phases in equilibrium depend on the temperature and the relative quantities of the two phases. The dynamic processes by which the Ti(Si 1−y Ge y ) 2 /Si 1−x . Ge x , system progresses from the as-formed state ( y = x ) to the equilibrium state ( y x ) can be predicted using the tie line calculations.
Analytical Groundwater Mechanics

Groundwater mechanics is the study of fluid flow in porous media. Focusing on applications and case studies, this book explains the basic principles of groundwater flow using mathematical expressions to describe a wide range of different aquifer configurations. Emphasis is placed throughout on the importance of developing simplified models that can be solved analytically to provide insight into complex groundwater flow scenarios and to allow better interpretation of the full numerical solution. Focusing first on identifying the important features of a problem, the book explains how to translate practical questions into mathematical form and discusses the interpretation of the results. Illustrated with numerous real-world examples and graphical results, this is an ideal textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate Earth science, geological engineering, and environmental engineering courses, as well as a useful reference for researchers and professionals.
Dying and living in the neighborhood. A street-level view of America's healthcare promise, by P. Singh.

In his book, Dying and Living in the Neighborhood. A Street-Level View of America’s Healthcare Promise, Dr. Prabhjot Singh presents what he calls a “problem- and solution-seeking” discussion (p. 8)...
Next generation sequencing of urothelial bladder cancer: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center experience in 454 patients.

469Background: Genomic characterization of urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) may help to identify alterations associated with tumor stage, novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers to predict outcomes...
Effects of pore distribution and chemistry on physical, mechanical, and biological properties of tricalcium phosphate scaffolds by binder-jet 3D printing

Abstract Porous tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds are becoming more and more important for treating musculoskeletal diseases. With the maturation of 3D printing (3DP) technology in the past two decades, porous TCP scaffolds can also be easily prepared with complex design and high dimensional accuracy. However, the mechanical and biological properties of porous TCP scaffolds prepared by 3D printing still need improvements. In this study, novel 3D printed TCP and MgO/ZnO-TCP scaffolds were prepared by an binder-jet 3D printer. Scaffolds had a dense core and porous surface feature with a designed pore size of 500 μm and a designed porosity of 18%. After printing, scaffolds were sintered in a muffle furnace at 1250 °C. The presence of MgO and ZnO increased the surface area of TCP from 1.18 ± 0.01 m2/g to 2.65 ± 0.02 m2/g, the bulk density from 37.89 ± 0.83% to 50.82 ± 1.10%, and the compressive strength from 17.94 ± 1.65 MPa to 27.46 ± 2.63 MPa. Enhanced osteoblast proliferation was shown in doped 3D printed TCP scaffolds compared to the pure 3DP TCP. In addition, the use of 3D printing as well as dense core and porous surface design enhanced the surface roughness and osteoblast proliferation of TCP scaffolds. This novel 3D printed MgO/ZnO-TCP scaffold shows enhanced mechanical and biological properties, which is promising for orthopedic and dental applications.
Shared Team Leadership: Its Emergence and Meaning in Adaptive Teams

One important reason why organizations have increasingly relied on teams is their potential adaptive capability. In recent years, scholars have responded to the increased use of adaptive teams by f...
Design and assessment of in-vehicle auditory alerts for highway-rail grade crossings

Abstract Train-vehicle collisions at highway-rail grade crossings (RR crossings) continue to be a major issue in the US and across the world. To prevent several decades of safety improvements from plateauing, experts are turning towards novel warning devices that can be applied to all crossings with minimal cost. One of the potential approaches is in-vehicle auditory alerts (IVAAs) which are implementable with today’s technology and could potentially complement the existing warnings in a cost effective manner. Study 1 collected subjective data on a pool of potential in-vehicle auditory alerts from 31 participants. Study 2 recruited 20 participants to drive in a medium fidelity driving simulator with and without IVAAs for RR crossings. Results suggest IVAAs inform and remind drivers of how to comply at RR crossings, and have a lasting effect on driver behavior after the IVAA is no longer presented. Compliance scores were highest among combination RR crossing visual warnings, such as crossbucks featuring STOP or YIELD signs. Compliance was lowest for crossbucks alone and active gates in the off position. IVAAs had the largest impact on compliance scores at crossbucks and gates. The discussion includes implications for designing IVAA systems for RR crossings, the limitations of the study, and the participants’ perception of the novel warning type.
Civic participation and connectivity with a metro newspaper

A survey of people in the market distribution area of the Florida Times-Union (T-U) showed that amount of exposure to the newspaper indirectly predicted positive attitudes about civic participation...
BinTrimmer: Towards static binary debloating through abstract interpretation

The increasing complexity of modern programs motivates software engineers to often rely on the support of third-party libraries. Although this practice allows application developers to achieve a compelling time-to-market, it often makes the final product bloated with conspicuous chunks of unused code. Other than making a program unnecessarily large, this dormant code could be leveraged by willful attackers to harm users. As a consequence, several techniques have been recently proposed to perform program debloating and remove (or secure) dead code from applications. However, state-of-the-art approaches are either based on unsound strategies, thus producing unreliable results, or pose too strict assumptions on the program itself.
Relationships among ewe milk production and ewe and lamb forage intake in Suffolk and Targhee ewes nursing single or twin lambs.

Suffolk and Targhee ewes (30 each) with single or twin lambs were used in four periods beginning in late gestation and continuing through weaning to evaluate breed differences in milk production, lamb BW, and DMI by ewes and lambs. In Periods 1 (late gestation) and 2 (early lactation), ewes (Period 1) and ewes with lambs (Period 2) were individually penned, fed .45 kg of barley x ewe(-1) x d(-1) and allowed ad libitum access to chopped alfalfa. Ewes and lambs grazed native range in Periods 3 and 4. Grazed forage DMI was estimated using chromic oxide. Estimates of milk production were obtained by handmilking. Average lamb age was 4, 45, and 73 d at the beginning of Periods 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Milk production tended (P = .20) to be greater for Suffolk than for Targhee ewes. Targhee ewes produced 85% more (P = .001) wool than Suffolk ewes. From 33 d prepartum to 89 d postpartum, Suffolk ewes consistently weighed more (P = .001) than Targhee ewes. Suffolk ewe BW loss (-.15 kg/d) was greater (P = .01) than Targhee ewe BW loss (-.02 kg/d) from 33 d prepartum to 6 d postpartum. From 6 to 89 d postpartum BW gain did not differ (P = .69; .05 kg/d) between breeds. From birth to 89 d postpartum, Suffolk lambs consistently weighed more than Targhee lambs (P = .003). From birth to 89 d postpartum, ADG was greater for Suffolk than for Targhee lambs (P = .006). Targhee ewes consumed 25% more (P = .01) feed over the course of the study than did Suffolk ewes. Grazed forage DMI by Targhee lambs was 26% greater (P = .01) than DMI by Suffolk lambs. When meat production is the primary income from sheep, one potential advantage of Suffolks compared with Targhees is more rapid gain with less feed intake.
Consumer responses toward symmetric versus asymmetric facial expression emojis

Facial expression emojis are commonly used in digital communications and marketing campaigns. However, it is less known how the design of emojis may affect consumer responses. To address this gap, this research examines the impact of emojis’ facial asymmetry levels on consumer judgments. Findings across four studies demonstrate that compared with their symmetric counterparts, asymmetric facial expression emojis are more likely to receive favorable consumer evaluations. This effect is driven by perceptions of human expression resemblance and emotional expression strength and tends to be more prominent among consumers with a higher level of emotional sensitivity. Moreover, marketing messages including an asymmetric (vs. a symmetric) emoji are more likely to generate positive consumer responses.
The Ecocritical Psyche: Literature, Evolutionary Complexity and Jung

Introduction: The Problem of Writing and Nature for Jung and Evolution. The Problem of the Body In/Out of Nature for Jane Austen and Seamus Heaney. The Problem of Heaven and Hell for Emily Bronte. Re-figuring Evolution for Children's Literature. Hunting Signs with the Trickster Detectives. Shakespeare's Magical Power. The Writer and the Underworld.
In-Season Monitoring of Postharvest Rot Pathogens on European Pears (Pyrus communis) in Southern Oregon and Subsequent Management Strategies

Postharvest decay in pears is a disease complex caused by several fungal pathogens. To understand the presence of these pathogens on flower and fruit tissues at early stages of fruit development, w...