cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International and Intercultural Management Research: What's Next?

The 1994 Special Research Forum on International and Intercultural Management Research represents an effort to create a better understanding of problems and opportunities in international and inter...
Age‐related correlations in patient symptom management strategies in schizophrenia: An exploratory study

The role that symptom management strategies play in the remediation of schizophrenia with age has been largely neglected. The aim of this study is to examine whether there are age-related alterations in symptom management strategies. A total of 86 schizophrenic outpatients (age range 19–69 years) were queried about management strategies for 29 symptoms. Of the nine strategies employed ‘social diversion’ was significantly associated with increased age and ‘acceptance’ and ‘fighting back’ showed positive and negative trends with increased age, respectively. These age-associated differences in management strategies are hypothesized to represent an interaction of trial and error procedures unique to the disorder intertwined with life-span changes.
Spectro-electrochemical studies of the inhibition effect of 4, 7-diphenyl -1, 10-phenanthroline on the corrosion of 304 stainless steel

Abstract The compound 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DPP) was selected to study the relationship between adsorption and inhibition on the corrosion of 304 stainless steel in 0·1 M HCl solution. The current vs. potential behaviour of the system was determined potentiostatically and the amount of the inhibitor adsorbed on the electrode surface was measured by the concentration depletion method using a modified dual-wavelength spectrophotometric method. The adsorption of the inhibitor was plotted against the applied potential (from − 0·7 V t o 0·0 V (SCE)), in the inhibitor concentration range of 5·0 × 10 −7 to 1·0 × 10 −5 M. Five adsorption isotherms were tested for their fit to the experimental data. The Frumkin, Virial Coefficients, Hill-de Boer, Blomgren-Bockris and Conway-Barradas isotherms fit the experimental data with a correlation coefficient > 0·95 in the surface coverage range θ = 0 to θ = 0·5. At higher surface coverages deviations from the isotherms are found. Attractive interaction exists between the adsorbed species. The calculated mean adsorption constant for the five isotherms changes from (2·2 ± 0·4) × 10 5 at − 0·6 V to (1·2 ± 0·1) × 10 5 at − 0·2 V. The calculated standard free energy of adsorption, — δG° , has a mean value of 30 ·5± 4 kj mole −1 − 0·6 V and 28·4 ± 0·4 k mole −1 at − 0·2 V. Polarization curves at constant surface coverage with DPP, from θ = 0·1 to θ = 0·5, all have cathodic Tafel slopes identical to that in pure 0·1M HCl, 116 mV/decade, the current decreasing with increasing θ at constant potential. The inhibition efficiency is ca. 15 % at 1·02 × 10 −6 M DPP concentration and ca. 65% at 1·28 × 10 −5 M DPP concentration in the potential region of − 0· 5 V to − 0·7 V. At − 0·3 V the efficiency varies from 17% to 40% in the same DPP concentration range. Efficiencies were compared with the fractional surface coverage of DPP on the electrode surface. Generally, the percentage coverage is larger than the corresponding inhibition efficiency, but is similar in magnitude. It is proposed that the inhibition effect of DPP on both the anodic and the cathodic reaction is mainly due to a surface blocking effect.
Coordination complexes of beryllium(II) with histamine, histidine, histidylhistidine and histidinemethylester: Their stabilities and thermodynamic values

Abstract Stepwise formation constants for the Be(II) complexes with histamine, histidine, histidylhistidine, and histidinemetylester are reported at different temperatures. The Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy values for these reactions are discussed in terms of coordination number of metal ion, acidity constants of ligands, and the steric limitations imposed by these ligands. Results show that the complexing ability of Be(II) with molecules containing nitrogen atoms, as electron-pair donors, is comparable to similar compounds involving the transition metal ions. The presence of negative oxygens in the chelating groups as prerequisite for Be(II) complexes is found nonessential. Probable tetrahedral structures for all these compounds are proposed.
Morphic effects-IV. Effects of an applied magnetic field on first-order photonoptical phonon interactions in non-magnetic crystals

Abstract We present a phenomenological treatment of the effect of an externally applied magnetic field on the first-order Raman and i.r. activity of q ≈ 0 optical phonons in non-magnetic crystals. We show that a contribution to the Raman tensor, linear in the applied field, can only be anti-symmetric, and exists only for those phonons which can exhibit symmetric and/or anti-symmetric Raman scattering. An explicit derivation of the magnetic-field-induced Raman tensor and effective charge is presented, based on simple group-theoretical arguments. By expressing the effective charge in circular coordinates, it is shown that the magnetic field in first order may cause unequal absorption of left- and right-polarized light by left- and right-polarized degenerate phonons respectively. The effect is described as circular dichroism of optical phonons.
Modernization and childlessness among the governorates of the Arab Republic of Egypt, 1976.

A cross-sectional analysis of the governorates of the Arab Republic of Egypt was conducted in 1976 to assess the degree of relationship between modernization and childlessness in the early stages of economic development. Data were derived primarily from the Population and Housing Census of the Arab Republic of Egypt. It was hypothesized that greater levels of modernization and development would be associated with lower rates of childlessness. Modernization indicators were found to have the hypothesized signs with the childlessness rates for women in age groups 30-34 years and above among whom childlessness is assumed to be involuntary. Particularly high correlations with childlessness in this age grouping were noted for variables pertaining to female status urban population finance and illiteracy. However the corrleations between many of the modernization variables and childlessness of women ages 20-24 and 25-29 years suggested a positive relationship between development and childlessness indicating the existence of some voluntary childlessness among younger women. For example the health and urban sustenance and female employment variables were positively associated with childlessness in this age grouping. Factor analysis indicated 3 statistically independent sources of variation in modernization: 1) hospital beds manufacturing female employment and illiteracy; 2) urban population financial services and transportation; and 3) female status. When childlessness rates for women aged 30-34 years were regressed on these 3 modernization factors the female status factor showed the highest assocation with childlessness. All 3 features of development reported associations in the expected direction confirming the general hypothesis that modernization is inversely associated with childlessness among women whose childlessness is largely involuntary. Overall these results suggest that modernization among the Egyptian governorates should result in net increases in childlessness rates and net decreases in fertility as a result of the heavy influence of the reproductive behavior of younger women.
The Politics of Development: Perspectives on Twentieth-Century Asia

Political scientist Robert Scalapino traces the evolution of Asian countries in the 20th century, seeking to determine the precise mix of culture, experience, scale, timing, leadership and policy that shapes individual developing nations. Blending discussions of political, cultural and economic events, Scalapino provides scenarios for the future that give grounds for hope but also underscore the dangerous potential for racial conflict and religious fanaticism. General readers as well as students of Asia will find this book of interest and use.
Urban versus suburban consumers: a contrast in holiday shopping purchase intentions and outshopping behavior

Urban versus suburban shopping environments present unique opportunities and challenges for retailers. Retailers in both urban and suburban locations attempt to both attract outshoppers and retain their hold on shoppers in their immediate trade areas. To this end, it is incumbent on retailers to understand the dynamics underlying consumers’ decisions to shop in urban versus suburban retailing settings. This is especially important for consumer shopping behavior during the December holiday selling season which accounts for a disproportionate share of many retailers’ yearly revenues and profits. Reports on a three‐year study conducted in a major metropolitan area which addresses shopping behaviour, intentions, retail satisfaction and its antecedents between urban resident shoppers and suburban resident shoppers. Implications are presented for retailers who have chosen to emphasize strategically urban or suburban locations as well as for those retailers who have branch stores in both geographic locations.
Integra Artificial Skin as a useful adjunct in the treatment of purpura fulminans

Purpura fulminans is a devastating disorder characterized by rapidly progressing hemorrhagic necrosis of the skin, vascular collapse, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. It is most often seen in children, and it is usually preceded by meningococcemia or another infection. Most often, the disorder results in severe skin loss, but it can also result in the need for extremity amputations. In extreme cases, wound coverage after excision may be problematic because of the limited existence of donor sites and the need for amputation revisions. The case of a 21/2-year-old male requiring amputations of all four extremities due to severe purpura fulminans is presented to illustrate the use of Integra Artificial Skin (Integra Lifesciences Corp., Plainsboro, NJ) to obtain immediate wound closure. Integra Artificial Skin is a bilayered skin substitute that engrafts to a viable wound bed. In the case presented here, where the viability of the underlying tissue of the amputated stumps was questionable, the artificial skin acted as an indicator of that viability. It engrafted well onto the upper extremity stumps, which were of excellent viability, but it needed to be replaced on the lower extremity stumps, which required further debridement and amputation revisions. The use of artificial skin spared the patient the immediate use of his limited and valuable autograft sites. In conclusion, Integra Artificial Skin can be a useful adjunct in the treatment of severe purpura fulminans that includes skin and extremity necrosis.
Comparison between vaginal swab and endocervical swab during pelvic examination

Abstract Purpose: While wet mounts and potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparations are frequently used to help diagnose vaginitis and cervicitis, the sample site varies. This study was conducted to evaluate whether the specimen site (vaginal pool versus endocervical specimen) affects diagnostic sensitivity. Methods: The study involved 116 consecutive adolescent females presenting to a medical clinic serving highrisk youth. During the pelvic examination, specimens were obtained from the endocervix and the vagina (posterior fornix and sidewall) and placed in separate tubes of normal saline. Each specimen was examined for trichomonads, white blood cells, pseudohyphae, clue cells, and amine odor using 10% potassium hydroxide. Results: The sensitivity was highest for the vaginal specimen in detecting the presence of trichomonads (100% versus 50%), pseudohyphae (76% versus 65%), and clue cells (95% versus 50%). For those with symptomatic candida vaginitis ( n = 12), there was no difference in sensitivity (83%) between the two methods for detecting pseudohyphae. Nineteen of the adolescents had a diagnosis of cervicitis (chlamydia by DFA, gonorrhea by culture, and trichomonas by wet mount). If >5 white blood cells/high powered field (WBC/HPF) was used as a criterion for the presence of a cervicitis, the vaginal sample had a sensitivity of 79% (15/19) and a specificity of 67%, while the endocervical sample had a 74% sensitivity (14/19) and a 57% specificity. Conclusions: A wet mount obtained from either the vaginal pool or endocervix is not highly specific for diagnosing a vaginitis or cervicitis. However, obtaining a specimen for wet mount and KOH swab from the vaginal pool is more sensitive for detecting trichomonads, pseudohyphae, or clue cells than an endocervical swab.
Kinetics of ferric chelate reduction by roots of iron‐deficient peanut (Arachis hypogea)

SUMMARY Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of Fe3+-chelate concentration and chemical properties on the rate of reduction by roots of Fe-deficient peanut plants (Arachis hypogea L. cv. Florigiant). Reduction studies with the Fe3+-chelates of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetate (HEDTA), N,N-ethylenediaminediacetate, and diethylenetriamine-pentaacetate (DTPA) each showed saturation kinetics characteristic of active processes by plants. Km values varied from 23 to 85 μM, and Vmax from 0·55 to 5·5 μmol h–1 (g fresh roots)–1. Vmax values declined as the Fe3+-chelate formation constant increased. The removal of plant shoots reduced initial (< 6 h) reduction rates by 22%. The Km′ for Fe3+-chelates was much higher than Fe3+-chelate concentrations in soil solutions of problem calcareous soils.
Studies of silver staining of human parotid saliva protein polyacrylamide gel electrophoretograms

The silver staining procedure of Oakley et al. [3] has been applied to parotid saliva proteins and certain protein standards fractionated by isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis in denaturing and non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels. This staining method was up to 100-fold more sensitive than Coomassie Blue staining for sodium dodecyl sulphate-containing gels and for focusing gels, after prefixation. In non-denaturing gels, however, the relative sensitivity (i.e. silver vs. Coomassie) of different bands varies widely but this can be overcome by silver staining of gels after Coomassie Blue staining.
Organic Molecule-Assisted Hydrothermal Self-Assembly of Size-Controlled Tubular ZnO Nanostructures

Tubular ZnO nanostructures have been synthesized by hydrothermal self-assembly of zinc ions at the interface of organic molecules and solution. The morphologies and structures of the products were ...
DCS Study of Smectic Phase Transitions

Abstract A previously described technique for measuring the order of phase transitionsl-3 using DSC has been applied to the liquid crystalline transitions found in TBBA. All of the values obtained were in agreement with those that have been measured by other techniques, and also with what would be anticipated from the nature of the transition. This study has shown that the technique is applicable to smectic-smectic transitions in liquid crystals.
Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Vaccine in Aotus Monkeys An Evaluation of the Tolerableness of Three Types of Adjuvants

Eight Aotus trivirgatus monkeys were included in a comparative study of adverse reactions caused by 3 types of malarial vaccine. The antigen consisted of late schizonts and merozoites combined with each of 3 adjuvants, a lipoidal amine CP-20,961, a muramvl dipeptide derivative [B30]-MDP, or Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA); 3 monkeys received CP-20,961 and 3 [B30]-MDP, whereas the FCA vaccine was given to 2 animals. All the vaccine combinations caused some adverse reactions, but their nature and intensity varied. Oedema, petechiae and/or ecchymosis, induration, and formation of fluctuating masses at the injection site were the local reactions observed, but except for the FCA group, all reactions disappeared without notable sequelae. Fever was the commonest general reaction, being mildest in the [B30]-MDP group. A transient increase (about 50%) in leukocyte count and a decrease (15-20%) in red blood cell count were observed in all animals, regardless of the type of adjuvant or whether it was a primary or b...
Researching and Teaching the Ethics and Social Implications of Emerging Technologies in the Laboratory

Ethicists and others who study and teach the social implications of science and technology are faced with a formidable challenge when they seek to address “emerging technologies.” The topic is incredibly important, but difficult to grasp because not only are the precise issues often unclear, what the technology will ultimately look like can be difficult to discern. This paper argues that one particularly useful way to overcome these difficulties is to engage with their natural science and engineering colleagues in laboratories. Through discussions and interactions with these colleagues ethicists can simultaneously achieve three important objectives. First they can get a great deal of assistance in their research into the social implications of future technologies by talking with people that are actively creating those futures. Second their presence in the lab and the discussions that result can be a very powerful method for educating not only students, but faculty about the ramifications of their work. And third, because the education is directly linked to the students’ everyday work it is likely that it will not just be a theoretical exercise, but have direct impact on their practice.
Opiate withdrawal-induced hyperactivity of locus coeruleus neurons is substantially mediated by augmented excitatory amino acid input

Single-cell activity was recorded in the locus coeruleus (LC) of morphine-dependent, halothane-anesthetized rats. Systemic administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) robustly increased the activity of LC neurons. Local microinjection of naloxone or of its hydrophilic derivative, naloxone methiodide, into LC (10 mM, 20-40 nl) did not activate LC neurons in dependent rats. Intracerebroventricular or intracoerulear injection of kynurenate, a broad-spectrum antagonist of excitatory amino acids (EAAs), substantially but incompletely attenuated the activation of LC cells induced by intravenous naloxone-precipitated withdrawal (more than 50% blockade). Intracoerulear microinjections of the non-NMDA-receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) or the selective NMDA-receptor antagonist AP5 significantly reduced the withdrawal-induced excitation. AP5 was the least effective among all antagonists tested. Similar microinjections of kynurenate or CNQX almost completely suppressed the excitation of LC neurons induced by electrical stimulation of a rear footpad. LC responses to footpad stimulation (mediated by endogenous EAAs) or iontophoretically applied glutamate were not modified by the chronic morphine treatment. These results indicate that a substantial part of LC hyperactivity during opiate withdrawal is mediated by an augmented EAA input to LC.
From Petri dish to human: new insights into the mechanisms mediating muscle pain and fatigue, with implications for health and disease

With the onset of physical activity, contraction-induced mechanical and metabolic stimuli within working muscle activate molecular receptors located on the terminals of both thinly myelinated (group III) and unmyelinated neurons (group IV). These thin-fibre muscle afferents project, via the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, to spinal and supraspinal sites within the CNS. Over the past 80 years, scientists have recognized the critical involvement of these afferents in the cardiovascular and respiratory responses to exercise, fatigue mediated by the CNS, and musculoskeletal pain (Amann et al. 2015). However, despite a century of research, the exact metabolites and intramuscular receptors mediating group III/IV-activated physiological responses and noxious sensations have not been established. Furthermore, the effect of diseases such as heart failure, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or fibromyalgia on the muscle afferent feedback system and the potential role of maladaptations of this system in debilitating symptoms of these diseases are largely unknown.
Atypical protein kinase C (PKCζ/λ) is a convergent downstream target of the insulin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and TC10 signaling pathways

Insulin stimulation of adipocytes resulted in the recruitment of atypical PKC (PKCζ/λ) to plasma membrane lipid raft microdomains. This redistribution of PKCζ/λ was prevented by Clostridium difficile toxin B and by cholesterol depletion, but was unaffected by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity. Expression of the constitutively active GTP-bound form of TC10 (TC10Q/75L), but not the inactive GDP-bound mutant (TC10/T31N), targeted PKCζ/λ to the plasma membrane through an indirect association with the Par6–Par3 protein complex. In parallel, insulin stimulation as well as TC10/Q75L resulted in the activation loop phosphorylation of PKCζ. Although PI 3-kinase activation also resulted in PKCζ/λ phosphorylation, it was not recruited to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, insulin-induced GSK-3β phosphorylation was mediated by both PI 3-kinase–PKB and the TC10–Par6–atypical PKC signaling pathways. Together, these data demonstrate that PKCζ/λ can serve as a convergent downstream target for both the PI 3-kinase and TC10 signaling pathways, but only the TC10 pathway induces a spatially restricted targeting to the plasma membrane.
Monolithic Ku-band GaAs 1-watt constant phase variable power amplifier

Three stages of dual-gate FETs (DGFETs) are used to achieve greater than 1-W output power with more than 14 dB associated gain under compressed RF drive while providing more than 30 dB of gain control. Minimal phase variation over the gain control range was also demonstrated. The first, second, and third stages have 800, 3200, and 6400- mu m gate peripheries, respectively. The compressed gain of this amplifier is >14 dB with >1 W output power over the 13.5- to 15.5-GHz band. The input return loss is typically >15 dB across the band. >
Prevalence and patterns of comorbid cognitive impairment in low vision rehabilitation for macular disease

Abstract The prevalence of comorbid cognitive impairment among older adults referred to low vision rehabilitation (LVR) for macular disease is unknown. We performed cognitive testing on 101 adults aged 65 years or older with macular disease who were referred to The Duke LVR Clinic between September 2007 and March 2008. Scores on the telephone interview for cognitive status-modified (TICS-m) ranged from 7 to 44, with 18.8% of scores below an established cutoff for cognitive impairment (≤27) and an additional 27.7% of scores considered marginal (28–30). On letter fluency, 46% of participants scored at least 1× standard deviation (SD) below the mean for their age, gender, race, and education level, and 18% of participants scored at least 2× below their demographic mean. On logical memory, 26% of participants scored at least 1× below the mean for their age group and race and 6% scored at least 2× below their demographic mean. High prevalence of cognitive impairment, with particular difficulty in verbal fluency and verbal memory, may compromise the success of LVR interventions among macular disease patients. Additional work is needed to develop strategies to maximize function in older adults with this common comorbidity.
Determination of Stack Plume Properties from Satellite Imagery

LANDSAT imagery data were analyzed to determine the quantitative properties of a stack plume emitted from a moderate-sized pulp mill. Overlapping, consecutive-day MSS data provided plume/no plume radiances upwelling from the area of interest. These values from both the plume and its shadow were used to evaluate plume radius, height, particle concentration and scattering function, and total particle loading. Imagery data from a 10 by 10 km region in the vicinity of the mill were normalized to correct for minor atmospheric, solar and viewing angle changes for the two observation days, and cloud shadow data were used to evaluate sky radiance. The effects of the Sun angle, surface reflectance, SNR and spatial resolution are treated in the paper.
Detecting VoIP Floods Using the Hellinger Distance

Voice over IP (VoIP), also known as Internet telephony, is gaining market share rapidly and now competes favorably as one of the visible applications of the Internet. Nevertheless, being an application running over the TCP/IP suite, it is susceptible to flooding attacks. If flooded, as a time-sensitive service, VoIP may show noticeable service degradation and even encounter sudden service disruptions. Because multiple protocols are involved in a VoIP service and most of them are susceptible to flooding, an effective solution must be able to detect and overcome hybrid floods. As a solution, we offer the VoIP flooding detection system (vFDS)-an online statistical anomaly detection framework that generates alerts based on abnormal variations in a selected hybrid collection of traffic flows. It does so by viewing collections of related packet streams as evolving probability distributions and measuring abnormal variations in their relationships based on the Hellinger distance-a measure of variability between two probability distributions. Experimental results show that vFDS is fast and accurate in detecting flooding attacks, without noticeably increasing call setup times or introducing jitter into the voice streams.
The impact of the homecoming reception on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: The West Haven Homecoming Stress Scale (WHHSS)

This study reports on the development of a self-report measure of the homecoming experience among Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The West Haven Homecoming Stress Scale (WHHSS), measuring Frequency of Events, Intensity of Feelings, and Level of Support during the first 6 months after return from overseas, and within the past 6 months, was collected from 247 veterans who were receiving inpatient treatment for PTSD. Homecoming Stress was the most significant predictor of current PTSD symptomatology superseding combat exposure, childhood and civilian traumas, and stressful life events. A factor analysis resulted in four orthogonal factors: Shame, Negative Interpersonal Interaction, Social Withdrawal, and Resentment. Homecoming Stress was unchanged over the course of a 4 month inpatient program.
Dairy attentuates oxidative and inflammatory stress in metabolic syndrome

Background: Oxidative and inflammatory stress are elevated in obesity and are further augmented in metabolic syndrome. We showed previously that dairy components suppress the adipocyte- and macrophage-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines and systemic oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers in obesity. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the early (7 d) and sustained (4 and 12 wk) effects of adequate-dairy (AD) compared with low-dairy (LD) diets in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Design: Forty overweight and obese adults with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to receive AD (3.5 daily servings) or LD (,0.5 daily servings) weight-maintenance diets for 12 wk. Oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers were assessed at 0, 1, 4, and 12 wk as primary outcomes; body weight and composition were measured at 0, 4, and 12 wk as secondary outcomes. Results: AD decreased malondialdehyde and oxidized LDL at 7 d (35% and 11%, respectively; P , 0.01), with further decreases by 12 wk. Inflammatory markers were suppressed with intake of AD, with decreases in tumor necrosis factor-a at 7 d and further reductions through 12 wk (35%;P , 0.05); decreases in interleukin-6 (21%; P , 0.02) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (14% decrease at 4 wk, 24% decrease at 12 wk; P , 0.05); and a corresponding 55% increase in adiponectin at 12 wk (P , 0.01). LD exerted no effect on oxidative or inflammatory markers. Diet had no effect on body weight; however, AD significantly reduced waist circumference and trunk fat (P , 0.01 for both), and LD exerted no effect. Conclusion: An increase in dairy intake attenuates oxidative and inflammatory stress in metabolic syndrome. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01266330. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:422‐30.
A Flourishing Yin: Gender in China's Medical History, 960–1665

. Flourishing Yin: Gender in China's Medical History, 960–1665. Charlotte Furth. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. xiv +355 pp.
Leptin regulates insulin sensitivity via phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase signaling in mediobasal hypothalamic neurons

To investigate whether phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling mediates the metabolic effects of hypothalamic leptin action, adenoviral gene therapy was used to direct expression of leptin receptors to the area of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). This intervention markedly improved insulin sensitivity in genetically obese, leptin-receptor-deficient Koletsky (fa(k)/fa(k)) rats via a mechanism that was not dependent on reduced food intake but was attenuated by approximately 44% by third-ventricular infusion of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Conversely, ARC-directed expression of a constitutively active mutant of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt, an enzyme activated by PI3K) mimicked the insulin-sensitizing effect of restored hypothalamic leptin signaling in these animals, despite having no effect on food intake or body weight. These findings suggest that hypothalamic leptin signaling is an important determinant of glucose metabolism and that the underlying neuronal mechanism involves PI3K.
Multiple-frequency and multiple-angle tomography with the scanning tomographic acoustic microscope

Recent developments in multiple-frequency and multiple-angle tomography for the scanning tomographic acoustic microscope (STAM) are presented. The STAM extends the capabilities of the scanning laser acoustic microscope by using tomographic processing to recover the depth information. Recently, high-quality tomographic reconstructions were obtained by addressing the problems of projection phase errors and projection misalignment. In addition to discussing these implementation problems for the STAM, the authors present reconstructions using experimental data for both multiple-frequency and multiple-angle tomography. These results demonstrate the feasibility and reconstruction improvement of the STAM. >
Successful adoptive immunotherapy with vaccine-sensitized T cells, despite no effect with vaccination alone in a weakly immunogenic tumor model

Tumor cell vaccines have been successful at inducing immunity in naive mice, but only in a few reports has vaccination alone induced regression of established tumors and, generally, only when they are very small. Clinically, vaccinations alone may not be able to cause regression of established human cancers, which tend to be weakly immunogenic. We hypothesized that pharmacologic ex vivo amplification of a vaccination-induced immune response with subsequent adoptive immunotherapy (AIT) to tumor-bearing animals would be more effective in treatment of these animals than vaccination alone. The 4T1 and 4T07 mammary carcinomas are derived from the same parental cell line, but 4T1 is much less immunogenic and more aggressive than 4T07. Vaccination with either 4T1, 4T1-IL-2, or 4T07-IL-2 was not effective as treatment for established 4T1 tumors. However, 4T1 or 4T07-IL-2-vaccine-sensitized draining lymph node (DLN) cells, activated ex vivo with bryostatin 1 and ionomycin and expanded in culture, induced complete tumor regressions when adoptively transferred to 4T1 tumor-bearing animals. This was effective against small tumors as well as more advanced tumors, 10 days after tumor cell inoculation. Furthermore, as would be required for this approach to be used clinically, vaccine-DLN cells obtained from mice with established progressive 4T1 tumors (inoculated 10 days before vaccination) also induced regression of 4T1 tumors in an adoptive host. In none of these experiments was exogenous IL-2 required to induce tumor regression. The response to tumor cell vaccine can be amplified by ex vivo pharmacologic activation of sensitized T cells, which can then cure an established, weakly immunogenic and highly aggressive tumor that was resistant to vaccination alone.
Hydration of Cuphea seeds containing crystallised triacylglycerols

Seeds that exhibit intermediate storage behaviour seem to die under conventional –18°C storage conditions. Cuphea wrightii A. Gray, C. laminuligera Koehne, C. carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.F. Macbr. and C. aequipetala Cav are considered sensitive to low temperature storage. The seeds of these species have triacylglycerols (TAG) that are crystalline at –18°C and melt when the seeds are warmed to >35°C. In contrast, seeds of tolerant species, C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton and C. hookeriana Walp., have TAG that crystallise at temperatures below –18°C and are fluid at 22°C. Cuphea seeds imbided while TAG are crystalline fail to germinate and exhibit visual damage. However, germination proceeded normally when dry seeds were warmed adequately to melt any crystalline TAG before imbibition. Reduced germination and cellular disruption including loss of lipid body compartmentation and fragmented protein bodies develop in seeds with crystalline TAG equilibrated to >0.1 g H2O g–1 DW. This damage cannot be reversed, even when seeds are dried before the damage can be visually detected. Results from this work reveal that the seeds of some species with intermediate type physiologies can be successfully placed into conventional –18 and –80°C storage facilities.
Cellulosic reinforcement in reactive composite systems

The two reactive systems using cellulosic fiber reinforcement emphasized in this article are twin screw extrusion maleation of polypropylene (PP) and structural reaction injection molding (SRIM). Both simultaneous and sequential compounding of sweet gum wood fiber (WF) with maleation were studied. Similar PP/WF mechanical properties are observed for simultaneous and sequential compounding. However, the melt viscosity of the simultaneous compounding and maleation deceases initially compared to neat polypropylene, whereas the sequential process does not have an initial decrease. After the initial response, the melt viscosity and shear thinning characteristics in both systems increase with WF content compared to their respective low WF behavior. The cellulosic reinforcement in the SRIM studies include: cheesecloth; and nonwoven mats formed separately from fiber bundles of sugar cane rind, kenaf, and sweet gum wood. In the SRIM system the modulus and tensile strength of the neat polyurea/urethane increases with cellulose content, independent of cellulosic source; the modulus doubles with only 4% cellulose, and the tensile strength doubles with only 7% cellulose. However, the elongation to break decreases from 300 to 30% with only 4% cellulose. Cellulose is as reactive with isocyanate in SRIM as are the commercial polyols. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bias versus bias: Harnessing hindsight to reveal paranormal belief change beyond demand characteristics

Psychological change is difficult to assess, in part because self-reported beliefs and attitudes may be biased or distorted. The present study probed belief change, in an educational context, by using the hindsight bias to counter another bias that generally plagues assessment of subjective change. Although research has indicated that skepticism courses reduce paranormal beliefs, those findings may reflect demand characteristics (biases toward desired, skeptical responses). Our hindsight-bias procedure circumvented demand by asking students, following semester-long skepticism (and control) courses, to recall their precourse levels of paranormal belief. People typically remember themselves as previously thinking, believing, and acting as they do now, so current skepticism should provoke false recollections of previous skepticism. Given true belief change, therefore, skepticism students should have remembered themselves as having been more skeptical than they were. They did, at least about paranormal topics that were covered most extensively in the course. Our findings thus show hindsight to be useful in evaluating cognitive change beyond demand characteristics.
Habituation of plasma catecholamine responses to chronic intermittent restraint stress

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to restraint stress (RS) for 30 min per day for 0, 5, 12, or 26 consecutive days. Each animal was then surgically prepared with an indwelling tail-artery catheter to permit direct measurements of mean arterial pressure (MAP, in mm Hg) and heart rate (HR, in beats per minute) on the day after surgery, and remote collection of blood samples during RS 2 days after surgery. Blood samples were later analyzed for plasma levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine to provide an assessment of the activity of the sympathetic-adrenal medullary system. Body-weight gain was reduced significantly in rats stressed for 12 or 26 days relative to handled controls. Baseline values of HR and of plasma levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine were similar in animals of the four groups. Baseline MAPs were lower in control rats and in those stressed for 26 days than in rats stressed for the previous 5 or 12 days. Plasma catecholamine responses to RS were reduced significantly in animals during the 6th, 13th, or 27th stress session relative to subjects restrained for the first time. These findings indicate that sympathetic-adrenal medullary responses are dampened rapidly when laboratory rats are exposed to chronic intermittent RS. In addition, the results of this experiment are consistent with our suggestion that habituation of sympathetic-adrenal medullary responsiveness occurs in animals exposed to chronic intermittent stress.
Analyticity Without Synonymy In Simple Comparative Logic

In this paper I provide some formal schemas for theanalysis of vague predicatesin terms of a set of semantic relations other thanclassical synonymy, includingweak synonymy (as between ``large'' and ``huge''),antonymy (as between ``large''and ``small''), relativity (as between ``large''and ``large for a dog''), and a kind ofsupervenience (as between ``large'' and ``wide''or ``long''). All of these relationsare representable in the simple comparativelogic CL, in accordance with the basicformula: the more something is F, the more(or less) it is G. I use Carnapianmeaning postulates to define these relationsas constraints on interpretations of theformal language of CL.
Social relevance enhances memory for impressions in older adults.

Previous research has demonstrated that older adults have difficulty retrieving contextual material over items alone. Recent research suggests this deficit can be reduced by adding emotional context, allowing for the possibility that memory for social impressions may show less age-related decline than memory for other types of contextual information. Two studies investigated how orienting to social or self-relevant aspects of information contributed to the learning and retrieval of impressions in young and older adults. Participants encoded impressions of others in conditions varying in the use of self-reference (Experiment 1) and interpersonal meaningfulness (Experiment 2), and completed memory tasks requiring the retrieval of specific traits. For both experiments, age groups remembered similar numbers of impressions. In Experiment 1 using more self-relevant encoding contexts increased memory for impressions over orienting to stimuli in a non-social way, regardless of age. In Experiment 2 older adults ha...
Virulence of Lizard Malaria: Three Species of Plasmodium Infecting Anolis sabanus, the Endemic Anole of Saba, Netherlands Antilles

Anolis in the eastern Caribbean islands are hosts to three species of malaria parasite (Plasmodium). Although the parasites are widespread on the islands, little is known about their effects on infected lizards. Presented here is an inventory of some costs suffered by Anolis sabanus, the endemic solitary anole of Saba, Netherlands Antilles, when infected with Plasmodium azurophilum, Plasmodium floridense, and an undescribed species of Plasmodium. Parasitemia (parasite density in the blood) for most infections was low for all three Saban parasites. Blood cell composition (percent of immature erythrocytes) and blood hemoglobin were altered by infection (severity varied depending on species of parasite). Not affected by infection were body temperature, proportion of lizards with broken tails, perching location, foraging success, male-male interactions in experimental manipulations, and body color or symmetry in body color. Overall, the three malaria parasites of Saban anoles have lower virulence than other lizard malaria parasites studied (one temperate and two tropical). Theory on the evolution of parasite virulence suggests transmission biology of the parasite may differ for the Saban parasites compared to the other studied species.
Tax Inclusive, Tax Exclusive, and Tax Bases in Between

Some taxes, most notably FICA, apply to a base that is neither tax inclusive nor tax exclusive. This note provides formulas for expressing tax rates on hybrid tax bases in tax-inclusive and tax-exclusive terms, and demonstrates that obligations under the Self Employment Contributions Act fail to track obligations under FICA because of confusion about the appropriate tax base adjustment.
EXECUTIVE SUCCESSION PLANNING: BARRIERS AND SUBSTITUTES IN NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS

Predicted shortages of chief executives combined with growing economic and social significance of the nonprofit sector in an increasingly complex operating environment highlight the need for executive succession planning. Accordingly, our research explores factors that may influence executive succession planning in nonprofit and cooperative forms of organizations. Survey data (N = 242) were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results suggest both barriers to and substitutes for executive succession planning that help explain the apparent dearth of succession planning efforts in these organizations. A penchant for continuity was found to be a barrier to such planning, while elements of governance quality and internal development were found to substitute for executive succession planning.
“Why do you seek the living among the dead?” Rhetorical questions in the Lukan resurrection narrative

This article addresses the role of the rhetorical questions in the resurrection account in Luke 24–Acts 1 in order to provide insight into the rhetorical strategy of the author of Luke-Acts. The preface to Luke implies that Jesus's story was met with uncertainty (Luke 1:4). Indeed, the resurrection of Jesus was a central point of debate. I propose that in each of the four postresurrection appearance narratives— those of the two angelic men (Luke 24:1–12, Acts 1:9–14) and those of the risen Jesus (Luke 24:13–35, 36–53), the rhetorical questions raised by Jesus and the two men (Luke 24:5b, 26, 38; Acts 1:11) function to identify clearly, and ultimately defend, the crucial issues in the debate over Jesus's resurrection. I argue that the author employs these rhetorical questions in accordance with ancient rhetorical theory to help provide a cogent argument for the truth of Jesus's resurrection in the face of skepticism. This argument depends on three areas of investigation: (1) the criticism directed at the Christian tradition of Jesus's resurrection; (2) the use of rhetorical questions in ancient rhetorical theory; and (3) the function of rhetorical questions in Luke 24 and Acts 1 in light of Greco-Roman rhetorical standards. The goal of this article is to further scholarly understanding of the concern Luke-Acts manifests for the utilization of rhetorical standards in narrative composition and to give insight into Luke's apologetic purpose.
The Effect of Low Temperature on the Isolated Hearts of Citellus Leucurus and C. Mohavensis

The perfused, isolated hearts of two desert-living ground squirrels, Citellus mohavensis and C. leucurus , were exposed to temperatures between 25° C and 0° C. Although mohavensis hibernates and aestivates and leucurus does neither, the temperature-rate curves were very similar and typical of hibernators in general. Leucurus is highly adapted to a diurnal existence in hot arid regions and has a high critical and lethal temperature, yet its heart has not changed its ability to tolerate low temperatures.
Insect Growth Regulator Control of Longtailed Mealybug, Hemispherical Scale, and Phenacoccus solani on Ornamental Foliage Plants

Four insect growth regulators with juvenile hormone-like activity (ZR-777, prop-2-ynyl-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate, Ent. no. 70531; ZR-619, ethyl-11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienethiolate, Ent. no. 70513; hydroprene, ethyl-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate; and Ro 20-3600, 6,7 epoxy-3-methyl-7-ethyl-1-[3,4-(methylenedioxy) phenoxy ]-2- cis/trans -octene, Ent. no. 70357) were evaluated for effect on the longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti), Phenacoccus solani Ferris, and hemispherical scale, Saissetia coffeae (Walker), major pests of ornamental tropical foliage plants. Foliar sprays at 1000 ppm effectively reduced populations of P. Longispinus and P. solani on Ardisia crenata Sims and Gynura sarmentosa D.C. ZR-777 provided control 5 days after 1 application. Repeated applications of ZR-619 and Ro 20-3600 were necessary. P. solani populations were still suppressed 1 month after treatment. Bioassays demonstrated ZR-777 to be toxic and to suppress reproduction of adult female P. longispinus and P. solani . All IGRs were equally effective as foliar sprays against S. coffeae when applied at monthly intervals at 2500 ppm.
Independent Evaluator Knowledge of Treatment in a Multicenter Comparative Treatment Study of Panic Disorder

The purpose of this study was to examine independent evaluators' (IEs) blindness to treatment condition during a Multicenter Comparative Treatment Study of Panic Disorder. IEs were 15 doctoral- and masters-level clinicians in psychology, social work, and medicine. They conducted three post-treatment assessments with each patient. Immediately after each assessment interview, IEs completed a form indicating which of the five possible treatments they believed the patient had received and any specific information that provided IEs with information about a patient's treatment condition. These forms were completed for 170 patients. Analyses were conducted to determine the accuracy of guesses about treatment condition by IEs during post-treatment assessments, the relationship between accuracy of IE guessing and actual treatment assignment, the relationship between accurate guessing and outcome ratings, and contributors to the breaking of the blind. A significant relationship was found between IE guesses and actual treatment at all three assessment points, across individual IEs, treatment sites, and IE professional affiliations. IEs were no more accurate in their guessing about patients taking medication than those receiving behavior therapy. Patients and project staff inadvertently provided information to IEs that enhanced the rates of accurate guessing. Implications of these findings on interpretation of the treatment study are discussed, and recommendations are made for improving blindness procedures.
Foundations of Critical Theory

The ProblemDespite the late 20th century explosion of interest in quality circles, the learning organization, and the habits of effective organizational members, dissatisfaction with organizational life under capitalism and globalization seems to rise exponentially. The financial crisis of 2008, the export of manufacturing jobs, and the rise of the information economy all contribute to worker restlessness and alienation. What theoretical frameworks are most useful to help us understand the way work is experienced as fluctuating and deskilled by many inservice industries and part-time employment?The SolutionCritical theory is proposed as one theoretical solution to disentangling this problem. Although crafted in the first half of the 20th century, this attempt to modernize and adapt Marxism has enduring relevance for the 21st century. Its analysis of worker alienation, the fetishization of consumer goods, the commodification of labor, and the way organizations co-opt efforts at structural change are all he...