cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF ACETIC ACID ON CO2 CORROSION OF CARBON STEEL IN VAPOR-WATER TWO-PHASE HORIZONTAL FLOW

The effect of acetic acid on the corrosion behavior of X 65 and C 1018 carbon steel in vapor-water two-phase stratified flow (Vsg: 2 m/s; Vsl: 0.1 m/s) at 2 bars total pressure, 1.54 bars CO2 partial pressure, pH 5.5, and 80°C was studied in a low pressure-high temperature multiphase flow horizontal loop using electrochemical and mass loss techniques. The liquid phase is composed of 1% NaCl aqueous solution containing different concentrations of acetic acid (500 to 5000 ppm total acetic acid), and the gas phase is composed of CO2-acetic acid-water vapor mixture. The corrosion rates, on both the top and bottom of the line, increase with increase in acetic acid concentration, which was attributed to the contribution of hydrogen ions by the free acetic acid to the cathodic reaction. Partial coverage of the metal surface by FeCO3 on both the top and bottom of the line is reported to be responsible for the observed localized corrosion. Surface analysis investigated with SEM and XRD is reported. A vapor-liquid ...
Planning grasps for a robot hand in the presence of obstacles

A partial solution to the problem of fitting a robot hand to an object in a given environment is presented. Information provided by a set of fingertip contact regions or by a grasp prototype is exploited to efficiently compute the space of wrist configurations from which the grasp specifications can be met. The size and shape of this solution space reflect the constraints imposed by the environment geometry; they can be used to compare a grasp to others or to resolve grasp symmetries, e.g., in a wrap grasp of a cylinder. A quality metric computed over the solution space can be used to optimize a grasp. A general method is described for computing this solution space, and a parallel implementation is presented. Examples demonstrate grasp comparison and symmetry resolution. >
Affiliation, Community Size, and Destination in Return of Lost Letters

Two field studies used 2400 “lost letters” to test the hypothesis that return rates would be greater from smaller rural communities (population Ms = 1729) than from a city (population M = 60,591), unless the addressee was affiliated with a socially or politically deviant group. Addresses' affiliations were significantly associated with different rates of return in both studies. In Study A, community size and addressees' affiliations were significantly associated with different rates of return in the city and smaller rural communities, rates generally being greater in the city even when the people in need of help were affiliated with the deviant “For Prostitution, or Female and Male Sex Workers.” Destinations were not associated with return rates in either study. In Study B, community size and addressees' affiliation were significantly associated with different rates of return in only smaller rural communities. Return rates were lower than those from the city except when the person was affiliated with the ...
Solar-grade silicon from metallurgical-grade silicon via iodine chemical vapor transport purification

In an atmospheric-pressure "open" reactor, SiI/sub 2/ transfers from a hot (>1100/spl deg/C) Si source to a cooler (>750/spl deg/C) Si substrate and decomposes easily via 2SiI/sub 2/ /spl rarr/ Si + SiI/sub 4/ with up to 5/spl mu/m/min deposition rate. Sil/sub 4/ returns to cyclically transport more Si. When the source is metallurgical-grade Si, impurities can be effectively removed by three mechanisms: (1) differing free energies of formation in forming silicon and impurity iodides; (2) distillation; and (3) differing standard free energies of formation during deposition. Distillation has been previously reported. Here, we focused on mechanisms (1) and (3). We made feedstock, analyzed the impurity levels, grew Czochralski single crystals, and evaluated crystal and photovoltaic properties. Cell efficiencies of 9.5% were obtained. Incorporating distillation (step 2) should increase this to a viable level.
Case study: cellar scaffold extraction using crest point for volume rendering

Extraction of scaffolds, such as the meiotic spindles, a 3D tubular framework consisting of the microtubules, from conforcal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) data of a cell is a challenge in biological image processing. It is of major importance in the research of microtubule anchor proteins, and molecular motor mechanics. However, the scaffold is hidden within CLSM data due to the nature of light excitation, and is difficult to visualize using traditional opacity and color transfer functions that depend only on local intensity. In this paper, we treat 3D CLSM data as a hyper-surface in R4, and show that the crest points of the hyper-surface correspond to the centerline of the hidden scaffold. We propose an automatic approach to extract the hidden scaffold from CLSM data. First, the spindle from the large data set is segmented using Weibull E-SD fields. We, next, apply the Savitzky-Golay (S-G) filter and Gaussian convolution to reduce the noise in the data and calculate the first and second derivatives. Lastly, direct volume rendering using ray casting is applied to visualize the volume data. We combine the local intensity and maximum curvature information to decide the opacity transfer function. Promising results are shown on simulated data sets as well as real CLSM data of mouse egg.
Phenotypic Switching of Adipose Tissue Macrophages With Obesity Is Generated by Spatiotemporal Differences in Macrophage Subtypes

OBJECTIVE—To establish the mechanism of the phenotypic switch of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) from an alternatively activated (M2a) to a classically activated (M1) phenotype with obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—ATMs from lean and obese (high-fat diet–fed) C57Bl/6 mice were analyzed by a combination of flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and expression analysis for M2a and M1 genes. Pulse labeling of ATMs with PKH26 assessed the recruitment rate of ATMs to spatially distinct regions. RESULTS—Resident ATMs in lean mice express the M2a marker macrophage galactose N-acetyl-galactosamine specific lectin 1 (MGL1) and localize to interstitial spaces between adipocytes independent of CCR2 and CCL2. With diet-induced obesity, MGL1+ ATMs remain in interstitial spaces, whereas a population of MGL1−CCR2+ ATMs with high M1 and low M2a gene expression is recruited to clusters surrounding necrotic adipocytes. Pulse labeling showed that the rate of recruitment of new macrophages to MGL1− ATM clusters is significantly faster than that of interstitial MGL1+ ATMs. This recruitment is attenuated in Ccr2−/− mice. M2a- and M1-polarized macrophages produced different effects on adipogenesis and adipocyte insulin sensitivity in vitro. CONCLUSIONS—The shift in the M2a/M1 ATM balance is generated by spatial and temporal differences in the recruitment of distinct ATM subtypes. The obesity-induced switch in ATM activation state is coupled to the localized recruitment of an inflammatory ATM subtype to macrophage clusters from the circulation and not to the conversion of resident M2a macrophages to M1 ATMs in situ.
Ground-vehicle INS/GPS vector gravimetry

For geophysical purposes, gravity is measured in many ways, from static-point observations, using a gravimeter, to mean-value determinations from gravimeter and gravity gradiometer data collected by airplanes, ships, and satellites. We tested estimates of vertical and horizontal components of the gravity vector by combining Global Positioning System (GPS) data with a Honeywell H764G inertial navigation system (INS) on a land vehicle traversing highways in southwestern Montana. The estimation methods were based on techniques applied successfully to airborne INS/GPS data. In addition, we used wavelet denoising and wavenumber correlation procedures to enhance the estimates. Analyses of multiple traverses along the roads verified levels of repeatability as good as 0.64 mGal (all numerical accuracy values refer to standard deviations) in the vertical gravity-disturbance component. Control data, interpolated onto each road segment from an available database of gravity values, had an accuracy better than 2–4 mGa...
A developmental approach to treating dual-career couples

Abstract While skills development may help some dual-career couples, for others such methods may result in feelings of frustration until certain developmental difficulties are resolved. This article: 1) addresses some problem areas that dual-career couples encounter; 2) reviews proposed solutions for these problems; 3) specifies the necessary personal requirements for mastering these solutions; and 4) suggests some of the unresolved developmental conflicts that can interfere with such mastery. The list of conflicts, proposed solutions, and typical impeding developmental difficulties is not meant to be exhaustive. Rather, this article is intended to convey a way of conceptualizing “problems surrounding problem solving” for dual-career couples.
Scattering from two dimensional problems using the iterative multi-region technique for large scale problems based on the FDFD method

The paper presents a new technique to solve large electromagnetic scattering problems, based on dividing the computational domain into smaller sub-domains and solving each sub-domain separately. Then, after performing a number of interactions between the sub-domains, the solution for the complete domain can be defined. An iterative approach using the FDFD method is presented to solve this class of problems that can be divided into separated sub-domains.
THE POLSKY FORUM

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the Polsky Forum was to initiate a dialogue between the three constituency groups in the profession (industry, practice, and education) for the exploration of critical issues related to interior design research and graduate education. The specific objectives of the forum were (1) to formulate a vision for the profession for the year 2010; (2) to recommend a research agenda based on the vision; and (3) to develop strategies for implementing the agenda. FORUM DESIGN: Nominations were sought for participants to address the issues in a forum setting. From over 85 applicants, 15 individuals representing the three constituency groups were selected. Before the forum, participants were given reading materials and brainstorming questions that constituted a framework for initiating discussions regarding research and graduate education. Small group and whole group discussion sessions were employed to facilitate communication. FORUM RESULTS: Discussions initiated die breakdown of communication barriers between the three constituency groups. Consensus was reached regarding a view for the future of the interior design profession. Research and graduate education were considered means by which the profession can document its value to society, empower its members, and ensure long-term sustainability. The outcomes of the weekend are presented here in the form of a position paper to stimulate further discussion. CONCLUSION: Without graduate education and a strong, ever–expanding knowledge base, interior design may cease to exist as a separate and distinct profession.
Neurocognitive Consequences of Sleep Deprivation

Deficits in daytime performance due to sleep loss are experienced universally and associated with a significant social, financial, and human cost. Microsleeps, sleep attacks, and lapses in cognition increase with sleep loss as a function of state instability. Sleep deprivation studies repeatedly show a variable (negative) impact on mood, cognitive performance, and motor function due to an increasing sleep propensity and destabilization of the wake state. Specific neurocognitive domains including executive attention, working memory, and divergent higher cognitive functions are particularly vulnerable to sleep loss. In humans, functional metabolic and neurophysiological studies demonstrate that neural systems involved in executive function (i.e., prefrontal cortex) are more susceptible to sleep deprivation in some individuals than others. Recent chronic partial sleep deprivation experiments, which more closely replicate sleep loss in society, demonstrate that profound neurocognitive deficits accumulate over time in the face of subjective adaptation to the sensation of sleepiness. Sleep deprivation associated with disease-related sleep fragmentation (i.e., sleep apnea and restless legs syndrome) also results in neurocognitive performance decrements similar to those seen in sleep restriction studies. Performance deficits associated with sleep disorders are often viewed as a simple function of disease severity; however, recent experiments suggest that individual vulnerability to sleep loss may play a more critical role than previously thought.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-inducible aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated change in CYP1A1 chromatin structure occurs independently of transcription.

Abstract 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induces, in a receptor-dependent fashion, an increase in the accessibility of CYP1A1 chromatin to restriction endonucleases. The 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced change in chromatin structure occurs rapidly and does not require ongoing RNA or protein synthesis. The increased accessibility of chromatin DNA may facilitate its subsequent interaction with other transcription factors.
Cancer statistics, 2013

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,660,290 new cancer cases and 580,350 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2013. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data (2005-2009), delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates declined slightly in men (by 0.6% per year) and were stable in women, while cancer death rates decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.5% per year in women. Overall, cancer death rates have declined 20% from their peak in 1991 (215.1 per 100,000 population) to 2009 (173.1 per 100,000 population). Death rates continue to decline for all 4 major cancer sites (lung, colorectum, breast, and prostate). Over the past 10 years of data (2000-2009), the largest annual declines in death rates were for chronic myeloid leukemia (8.4%), cancers of the stomach (3.1%) and colorectum (3.0%), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (3.0%). The reduction in overall cancer death rates since 1990 in men and 1991 in women translates to the avoidance of approximately 1.18 million deaths from cancer, with 152,900 of these deaths averted in 2009 alone. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population, with an emphasis on those groups in the lowest socioeconomic bracket and other underserved populations.
Adaptive inverse multiplexing for wide-area wireless networks

The limited bandwidth of current wide-area wireless access networks (WWANs) is often insufficient for demanding applications, such as streaming audio or video, data mining applications, or high-resolution imaging. Inverse multiplexing is a standard application-transparent method used to provide higher end-to-end bandwidth by splitting traffic across multiple physical links, creating a single logical channel. While commonly used in ISDN and analog dialup installations, current implementations are designed for private links with stable channel characteristics. Unfortunately, most WWAN technologies use shared channels with highly variable link characteristics, including bandwidth, latency, and loss rates. This paper presents an adaptive inverse multiplexing scheme for WWAN environments, termed link quality balancing, which uses relative performance metrics to adjust traffic scheduling across bundled links. By exchanging loss rate information, we compute relative short-term available bandwidths for each link. We discuss the challenges of adaptation in a WWAN network, CDPD in particular, and present performance measurements of our current implementation of wide-area multi-link PPP (WAMP) for CDPD modems under both constant bit rate (CBR) and TCP loads.
Atmospheric-pressure processed silver nanowire (Ag-NW) / ZnO composite transparent conducting contacts

Composite transparent contacts (TCs) based on metal nanowires and metal oxide matrix materials hold great promise for high performance transparent contacts for photovoltaics and opto-electronic technologies with the potential of all-atmospheric pressure processing. The metal nanowire mesh can provide both electrical conductivity and mechanical robustness against bending while the matrix material can both control the electrical interface and protect the metal nanowires. Here, we demonstrate all atmospheric pressure processed Ag-NW/ZnO composite TCs that are 90% transparent in the visible with sheet resistance Rs ≈ 10 Ohms/sq. In addition, the composite TCs have higher infrared transmission than conventional TCO films with the same sheet resistance.
Forests and Management: A Case Study in Nepal Using Remote Sensing and GIS

The past decades have witnessed increasing awareness of forest degradation, with a concurrent rising interest in alternative methods of forest management. Among developing countries, Nepal has proved an enthusiastic leader in experimenting with participatory systems of forest governance (Agrawal et al. 1999). A careful look at the measures that Nepal has put into place, and analysis of their successes and limitations, will help enhance our understanding and ultimately facilitate implementation of effective forest policy.
ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas axis stimulates vascular repair-relevant functions of CD34+ cells

Angiotensin-(1–7) or its analog NorLeu3-Ang-(1–7) and the putative angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)2 activators, xanthenone and diminazene aceturate, stimulate migration and proliferation - func...
Research Methodology in Second Language Studies: Trends, Concerns, and New Directions.

The field of second language studies is using increasingly sophisticated methodological approaches to address a growing number of urgent, real-world problems. These methodological developments bring both new challenges and opportunities. This article briefly reviews recent ontological and methodological debates in the field, then builds on these insights to consider some of the current dilemmas faced by researchers of second language teaching and learning, including concerns regarding fragmentation, generalizability, and replication. Through a review of recent research, we argue that one means of addressing these ongoing questions is to continue to focus collectively and collaboratively on solving real-world problems of language learning, while also layering our perspectives. By layering, we mean considering the central philosophical challenges, often those that are basic values in our methodological approaches, such as objectivity and bias, from varied epistemological stances. We argue that recognizing these differences and using a layered approach will enhance and improve our attempts to address the pressing problems in our field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Mechanics-driven approaches to manufacturing—A perspective

Abstract Mechanics, as a discipline, plays a well-established, foundational role in manufacturing, where the traditional emphasis is on analysis for optimization of materials choices or process selections. This perspective presents an alternative view in which insights from mechanics are essential to fundamentally new approaches in manufacturing, referred to here as extreme manufacturing. Selected highlights provide examples of the exciting opportunities and challenges associated with this emerging field.
Synthesis of ultra-large-pore FDU-12 silica using ethylbenzene as micelle expander

Ultra-large-pore FDU-12 (ULP-FDU-12) silica with face-centered cubic structure (Fm3m type) of spherical mesopores was synthesized using Pluronic F127 triblock copolymer (EO(106)PO(70)EO(106)) and ethylbenzene as a new micelle expander at initial temperature of 14 °C. Ethylbenzene was identified on the basis of its reported extent of solubilization in poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-type surfactant micelles, which was similar to that of xylene, the latter having been shown earlier to afford ULP-FDU-12. The unit-cell parameter of as-synthesized ULP-FDU-12 was 55 nm, which is similar to the highest value reported when xylenes (mixture of isomers) were used and larger than that achieved with trimethylbenzene. The unit-cell parameter of calcined ULP-FDU-12 reached 52 nm. For the obtained materials, the nominal pore cage diameter calculated from nitrogen adsorption reached 32 nm, whereas the actual pore cage diameter calculated using the geometrical relation was 36 nm. The pore entrance size was below 5 nm before the acid treatment, but was greatly enlarged as a result of the treatment. The sample prepared without hydrothermal treatment was converted to ordered closed-pore silica at as low as 400-450 °C. Our study confirms the ability to select micelle expanders on the basis of data on solubilization of compounds in micelle solutions.
Scanning Tunneling Luminescence of Semiconductors

We review scanning tunneling luminescence (STL) – a photon emission spectroscopy based on scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) – and report on its application to photovoltaics. As part of this exploratory research, we have investigated CuInSe2 thin films, solar cells based on quantum dots, and dilute nitride compounds. STL is very attractive because it is capable of nanometer resolution, which is being demanded by the spectacular advancement of nanoscience and nanotechnology. In addition, STM offers both unipolar and bipolar excitation of the luminescence and, consequently, the transport and recombination of electrons and holes can be investigated independently.
Urinary Tract Infections in Children : Knowledge Updates and a Salute to the Future

1. Elizabeth C. Jackson, MD 1. Departments of Urology and Nephrology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH. * Abbreviations: AAP: : American Academy of Pediatrics BBD: : bladder and bowel dysfunction DMSA: : dimercaptosuccinic acid IBC: : intracellular bacterial communities NC: : nuclide cystography PAC: : proanthocyanidin QIR: : quiescent intracellular reservoirs RIVUR: : Randomized Intervention for Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux TLR-4: : Toll-like receptor 4 UTI: : urinary tract infection VCUG: : voiding cystourethrography 1. Evaluating and treating bladder and bowel dysfunction are critical in reducing the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs). 2. The pathogenesis of Escherichia coli infections reveals that quiescent intracellular reservoirs may be antibiotic-protected sources of recurrent infections. 1. Review the documentation of UTI and the importance of the urine culture. 2. Understand the controversy over imaging and management of febrile UTIs in children. 3. Recognize the risk factors for recurrent UTIs and strategies for intervention. 4. Update information on the pathogenesis of E coli UTIs. Ellie is a 7-year-old girl with frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs): 3 in the past 6 months. Her first UTI was discovered at age 3 years. Symptoms include an increase in daytime wetting accidents, dysuria, and foul urine odor. She has not had fever. The culture has yielded Escherichia coli resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The family denies that Ellie has constipation when she has a daily bowel movement. Even without UTIs, she has urgency, squatting, and damp panties during the day. She wipes front to back and takes showers not baths. She is overweight and has been treated with nystatin cream for perineal redness and itching 3 times. At night she has always wet the bed and wears pull-ups. Her evaluation includes normal renal ultrasonographic findings. Family history reveals that her father wet the bed as a child and still goes to the bathroom often. Her mother says she hates to go on a road trip with Ellie and her father because “they know every bathroom between here and Memphis.” The mother has had several UTIs. Ellie’s younger sister had a febrile UTI at age 3 months and was diagnosed as having …
Space Radiation and Human Exposures, A Primer

The space radiation environment is a complex field comprised primarily of charged particles spanning energies over many orders of magnitude. The principal sources of these particles are galactic cosmic rays, the Sun and the trapped radiation belts around the earth. Superimposed on a steady influx of cosmic rays and a steady outward flux of low-energy solar wind are short-term ejections of higher energy particles from the Sun and an 11-year variation of solar luminosity that modulates cosmic ray intensity. Human health risks are estimated from models of the radiation environment for various mission scenarios, the shielding of associated vehicles and the human body itself. Transport models are used to propagate the ambient radiation fields through realistic shielding levels and materials to yield radiation field models inside spacecraft. Then, informed by radiobiological experiments and epidemiology studies, estimates are made for various outcome measures associated with impairments of biological processes, losses of function or mortality. Cancer-associated risks have been formulated in a probabilistic model while management of non-cancer risks are based on permissible exposure limits. This article focuses on the various components of the space radiation environment and the human exposures that it creates.
Myocarditis in drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms

Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms is a drug hypersensitivity reaction. Hepatitis and nephritis are the most common visceral manifestations. Myocarditis is important to recognise, given the high mortality rate. We describe a child with drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms and discuss the role of N-terminal pro-hormone of basic natriuretic peptide in early recognition of associated myocarditis.
An Empusa Disease of Drosophila

The two fruit-flies Drosophila repleta and melanogaster are attacked by an Entomophthorous fungus identical in all structural characters with Empusa Muscae which attacks the common house-fly Musca ...
Chemical Control of Wireworms on Potatoes

In 2 of 3 tests conducted to evaluate chemicals for control of the Pacific Coast wireworm, Limonius canus LeConte, and the Great Basin wireworm, Ctenicera pruinina (Horn), broadcast applications resulted in lower percentages of injured and culled tubers than did sidedress applications. In the 3rd test, there were no differences between broadcast, furrow, and at plant sidedress applications. Individual compounds differed in effectiveness depending on method of application in all 3 tests. Compounds that were very effective included N-2596 (S-( p -chlorophenyl) O -ethyl ethylphosphonodithioate), CGA 12223 (0-[5-chloro-1-(1-methylethyl)-lH-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl] O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate), and ethoprop. All 3 were as effective as fonofos (used as a standard) in reducing injury to tubers. Wireworm infestations (presence of wireworms or feeding on seed pieces and tubers) increased from time of planting until 16 wk; however, the highest number of wireworms per hill was found at 6 wk, but decreased thereafter. No difference in tuber injury was noted between 15–16 wk after planting and at harvest (20–21 wk).
Pre-T Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Common Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Antigen. A New Immunologic Variant

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B cell disorder but occasionally may have the characteristics of a T cell and rarely as a dual T and B cell. A case of pre-T CLL with common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigens is presented. The Markers Studies of the bone marrow lymphocytes were +HTLA, +cALL, +EAC, +Ia, –TdT, –E and peripheral blood lymphocytes were +HTLA, –Ia, –cALL, –EAC, –TdT, –E. The poor course of our patient suggests that more detail subtyping of CLL to identify similar subtype may provide additional prognostic information.
Power System Reconstruction Based on Hierarchical and Partitioned Restoration

The research on system reconstruction after blackout is of great significance for fast and safe system restoration.The hierarchical and partitioned restoration concept is elaborated from a new perspective,and a new system reconstruction algorithm is proposed based on hierarchical and partitioned restoration.The algorithm uses the way of stepwise searching optimization,and takes the balance of power and the importance degree of target nodes in the system restoring process into consideration dynamically.The topology of reconstruction network is integrally optimized in the hierarchical restoring process on the basis of ensuring the flexibility of the reconstruction plan,and the partition distance sensitivity index is introduced to provide quantitative references for effective coordination between different subsystems in the partitioned restoring process.The power flow constraints of the target system in each step are checked to ensure the feasibility of the reconstruction plan.The effectiveness of this algorithm is verified by the calculation results of an IEEE 118-bus system and the East China power system.
The NASA INSPIRE Project

The “Interactive NASA Space Physics Ionosphere Radio Experiments” project, or INSPIRE for short, was created in the early 1990s. An experiment was carried out using an orbiting space shuttle to transmit VLF signals towards the Earth, in order to see if these signals could negotiate the Earth’s atmosphere, and more importantly the ionosphere, to determine if the signal could be detected from the Earth’s surface. NASA distributed a large number of INSPIRE receivers to schools all over the United States. This was done to cover a large area in order to give the experiment the best chance of success, and this was the start of the INSPIRE project.
The New Left and the Search for the Political

It is perhaps presumptuous to write about oneself and one’s friends as reflecting the theoretical project of a political movement as diverse and also as ephemeral as “the” New Left. Yet a contribution to a Festschrift offers the occasion both to recall a shared past and to reflect on one’s own passages over the years. It is also an occasion to express esteem for the person whose contributions are being honored.1
Topical Cidofovir for Recalcitrant Verrucae in Individuals with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Verrucae vulgaris in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCST) can be challenging to manage. We describe two brothers with X-linked SCID who had severe, persistent verrucae that did not respond to traditional topical therapies, including liquid nitrogen, imiquimod, salicylic acid, sinecatechins, 40% urea, and 5-fluorourcil. Both brothers had full response to topical 3% cidofovir, which should be considered in recalcitrant warts in individuals with SCID after HSCT.
Abstract B024: First-in-class antibody targeting soluble NKG2D ligand sMIC to enhance checkpoint cancer immunotherapy

In response to oncogenic insult, human cells were induced to express a family of MHC I-chain related molecules A and B (MICA and MICB, generally termed MIC) on the surface which serve as the ligands for the activating immune receptor NKG2D expressed by all human NK, CD8 T, NKT, and subsets of γδ T cells. Theoretically, engagement of NKG2D by tumor cell surface MIC is deemed to signal and provoke the immune system to eliminate transformed cells. Clinically, almost all advanced tumors in cancer patients produce soluble MIC through proteolytic shedding mediated by metalloproteases, or by release in exosomes derived from the cell membrane. Tumor-derived sMIC is known to be highly immune suppressive and profoundly insults the immune system by downregulating receptor NKG2D expression on effector NK and T cells, driving the expansion of tumor-favoring myeloid suppression cells, skewing macrophages into alternatively activated phenotypes, and perturbing NK cell peripheral maintenance. High levels of serum sMIC significantly correlate with advanced diseases of many types of cancer. These observations clearly endorse sMIC to be a cancer immune therapeutic target. However, due to mice lack homologues to human MIC, this concept was not proven until our recent studies. Using a “humanized” MIC-transgenic spontaneous mouse model which recapitulates the NKG2D-mediated onco-immune dynamics of human cancer patients, we show that neutralizing circulating sMIC with a first-in-field non-blocking antibody B10 that does not block the interaction of MIC with NKG2D revamps endogenous innate and antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses and remodels tumor microenvironment to be more immune reactive. We show that therapy with the non-blocking sMIC-neutralizing antibody results in effectively debulk of primary tumor and elimination of metastasis, with no observed toxicity. Furthermore, we show that clearing sMIC with the first-in-class neutralizing antibody B10 also enhanced the efficacy of other cancer immunotherapeutic modalities, such as immune checkpoint blockade or adoptive cell-based therapy pre-clinically. Our study has launched a new avenue of cancer immunotherapy which can be readily translated into clinical trials. Citation Format: Jennifer D. Wu, Jinyu Zhang, Fahmin Basher, Mark Rubinstein. First-in-class antibody targeting soluble NKG2D ligand sMIC to enhance checkpoint cancer immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B024.
Team weigh-ins and self-weighing: Relations to body-related perceptions and disordered eating in collegiate male athletes

Abstract Objectives In this study we examined the relation of team weigh-ins and self-weighing frequency on collegiate male athletes' internalization of body ideals, social pressures about weight/body, body satisfaction, dietary intent, negative affect, drive for muscularity, and bulimic symptomatology. Design and methods We used a cross-sectional survey design, and collected data electronically from 738 male intercollegiate athletes in the U.S. Results Athletes who self-weighed 7 + times per week reported the most pressure to lose weight and be lean and muscular, engaged in muscle-building behaviors most frequently, dieted most often, and had the highest level of bulimic symptomatology. Further, athletes on teams that conducted mandatory weigh-ins (vs. not) engaged in more muscularity behaviors and dietary restriction. Conclusion Weighing, but in particularly that conducted voluntarily, may contribute to an overconcern with appearance, body size/shape, and weight, which in turn can lead to a variety of behaviors related to eating and body change.
Cancer cell metabolism: the essential role of the nonessential amino acid, glutamine

Abstract Biochemistry textbooks and cell culture experiments seem to be telling us two different things about the significance of external glutamine supply for mammalian cell growth and proliferation. Despite the fact that glutamine is a nonessential amino acid that can be synthesized by cells from glucose‐derived carbons and amino acid‐derived ammonia, most mammalian cells in tissue culture cannot proliferate or even survive in an environment that does not contain millimolar levels of glutamine. Not only are the levels of glutamine in standard tissue culture media at least ten‐fold higher than other amino acids, but glutamine is also the most abundant amino acid in the human bloodstream, where it is assiduously maintained at approximately 0.5 mM through a combination of dietary uptake, de novo synthesis, and muscle protein catabolism. The complex metabolic logic of the proliferating cancer cells9 appetite for glutamine—which goes far beyond satisfying their protein synthesis requirements—has only recently come into focus. In this review, we examine the diversity of biosynthetic and regulatory uses of glutamine and their role in proliferation, stress resistance, and cellular identity, as well as discuss the mechanisms that cells utilize in order to adapt to glutamine limitation.
Biotic effects on oxygen consumption during weathering: Implications for the second rise of oxygen

The oxygen concentration of the atmosphere likely increased substantially in the late Neoproterozoic. Although several studies have presented compelling geochemical evidence for this stepwise oxygenation, few have addressed the mechanisms behind it. Recently it was hypothesized that the advent of eukaryotic life on land, and the associated increase in soil respiration, led to a transient reduction in the supply of oxygen for rock weathering, temporarily reducing oxidative weathering rates, allowing atmospheric oxygen levels to rise to restore the oxygen supply. To evaluate this hypothesis quantitatively, we developed a simple one-dimensional diffusion-reaction soil model that reduces the many oxygen weathering sinks to one, pyrite, given that it is the dominant sink at low oxygen concentrations. In simulations with no biological respiration, pyrite weathering rates become oxygen independent at an atmospheric oxygen concentration between 10 –6 × the present-day atmospheric level (PAL) and 1 PAL. On the other hand, when biological respiration is considered, pyrite weathering remains oxygen dependent even at modern oxygen levels. Constrained by modern weathering profiles and soil respiration rates, we find that the atmospheric oxygen level may have increased by up to two orders of magnitude as biotic soil respiration increased. This may be sufficient to explain the second rise in atmospheric oxygen inferred for the Neoproterozoic.
Abstract WP82: Retrospective Study of Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patients With Negative Post-treatment Neuroimaging

Introduction: Current AHA/ASA guidelines recommend administration of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) for ischemic stroke (IS) with a door-to-needle time of 60 minutes or less, which sometimes r...
Nuclear energy and the greenhouse effect

The extent and nature of the greenhouse effect are examined and placed in an environmental and historical context. The effect of energy policies on the greenhouse effect are discussed and the offending countries are identified. What energy policies would mitigate the greenhouse effect, and yet make good sense whether or not the effect proves to be real? Conservation is a desirable though not completely understood, strategy. Conservation may not be a better bet in every instance than is increase in supply. If the greenhouse effect turns out to be real, nuclear energy can be one of the supply options that we turn to. If the greenhouse effect turns out to be false, an acceptable, economic nuclear option is surely better than one that does nothing but create strife and dissension. Let us remember that nuclear energy is the only large–scale non–fossil source other than hydropower that has been demonstrated to be practical.
Regularization of geophysical inversion using dictionary learning

Densely sampled dynamic geophysical data are often modeled using principal components analysis (PCA, a.k.a. empirical orthogonal function or EOF analysis) to provide constraints for their inversion with remote sensing techniques. We show that overcomplete sparsifying dictionaries, generated using dictionary learning, provide a more informative basis for geophysical signal representation. Relative to EOFs, all the vectors in learned dictionaries represent significant variance in the geophysical signals. Since many geophysical inverse problems are ill-posed, this behavior makes learned dictionaries ideal for both minimizing the solution dimension and improving the resolution of parameter estimates. The K-SVD algorithm is applied to ocean sound speed profile (SSP) data. It is shown that learned dictionaries improves SSP inversion resolution.
Orchard Management Effects on the Arthropod Community on Peach with Comparison to Apple

One hundred sixty-two species were recorded as part of the arthropod community associated with peach in eastern West Virginia. The community was composed of 33% phytophages, 35% insectivores, 14% s...
Increased Risk of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children Treated With Vancomycin and Piperacillin/Tazobactam.

Objectives:Compare the rates of acute kidney injury in critically ill children treated with vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam versus vancomycin and ceftriaxone.Design:Retrospective cohort study.Setting:A large tertiary care children’s hospital in an urban setting.Patients:Children greater than
Representação social da mulher brasileira nas atividades físico-desportivas: da segregação à democratização

The aim of this study is to describe the meaning of social representations associated with Brazilian women in physical-sport activity from 1870, when women tended to be excluded from these activities, to 1 950, when there was a widespread process of democratization of women's access to sports, which culminated in the first Womens Olympic Games, in Rio de Janeiro. With the support of multiple methodological approaches, the study considers: (a) the testimony of Brazilian intellectuals-medical doctors, jurists and educators - involved with the issue of women in sports in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century (Nisia Floresta, Joao da Matta Machado, Rui Barbosa, Fernando de Azevedo, Orlando Rangel Sobrinho and Afrânio Peixoto); (b) semi-structured interviews with elite informants considered icons of the movement of women's emancipation in/through sports: Maria Lenk, Yara Vaz, Aida dos Santos and Roselee Viana Ribeiro, and (c) media documents, mainly those concerned with the Spring Games, the first Women's Olympic Games, organized by the Jornal dos Sports from 1949 to 1972.
Single-Neuron Representation of Memory Strength and Recognition Confidence in Left Human Posterior Parietal Cortex.

The human posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is thought to contribute to memory retrieval, but little is known about its specific role. We recorded single PPC neurons of two human tetraplegic subjects implanted with microelectrode arrays, who performed a recognition memory task. We found two groups of neurons that signaled memory-based choices. Memory-selective neurons preferred either novel or familiar stimuli, scaled their response as a function of confidence, and signaled subjective choices regardless of truth. Confidence-selective neurons signaled confidence regardless of stimulus familiarity. Memory-selective signals appeared 553 ms after stimulus onset, but before action onset. Neurons also encoded spoken numbers, but these number-tuned neurons did not carry recognition signals. Together, this functional separation reveals action-independent coding of declarative memory-based familiarity and confidence of choices in human PPC. These data suggest that, in addition to sensory-motor integration, a function of human PPC is to utilize memory signals to make choices.
Morbidity, mortality, and management of methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia in the USA: update on antibacterial choices and understanding

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia is associated with significant healthcare costs, morbidity, and mortality in the United States. Complications of MRSA bacteremia include infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis, all of which are difficult to treat. Time to effective therapy and antibacterial choice greatly affect patient outcomes. Vancomycin and daptomycin remain first-line therapies; however, reports of vancomycin-associated treatment failure and reduced daptomycin susceptibility highlight the need to define alternative strategies for MRSA bacteremia treatment. In addition, several patient- and pathogen-specific factors influence the outcomes of MRSA bacteremia. It is, therefore, critical to explore the interaction between host- and pathogen-specific factors and its effect on MRSA bacteremia pathogenesis and mortality. This review discusses the factors that drive the development of MRSA bacteremia and examines alternative treatment strategies.
Twisted X-rays and Gamma-rays for Atomic and Nuclear Spectroscopy

Twisted photons, or photons with additional angular momentum along their propagation direction were predicted to defy conventional quantum selection rules for photo-absorption by atoms [1], with the relative strengths of quantum transitions that are strongly dependent on atom’s position with respect to the optical vortex center.
Estimate of scattering truncation in the cavity attenuated phase shift PMSSA monitor using radiative transfer theory

ABSTRACTThe recently developed cavity attenuated phase shift particulate matter single scattering albedo (CAPS PMSSA) monitor has been shown to be fairly accurate and robust for real-time aerosol optical properties measurements. The scattering component of the measurement undergoes a truncation error due to the loss of scattered light from the sample tube in both the forward and backward directions. Previous studies estimated the loss of scattered light typically using the Mie theory for spherical particles, assuming particles are present only on the sampling tube centerline, and without accounting for the effects of sampling tube surface reflection. This study overcomes these limitations by solving the radiative transfer equation in an axisymmetric absorbing and scattering medium using the discrete-ordinates method to estimate the scattering truncation error. The effects of absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, asymmetry parameter of the scattering phase function, and the reflection coefficient...
Protein Dynamics From UV Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

The advent of reliable pulsed lasers whose frequency can be shifted into the ultraviolet region has made possible the application of ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy to proteins. Appropriate tuning of the laser yields selective enhancement of vibrational modes of the aromatic side chains phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, or of the amide bonds [1–3]. The amide UVRR bands are responsive to the protein secondary structure. Enhancements of the classic amide II and III bands decrease with increasing α-helical content, [4] as does an additional UVRR band, amide S [5–8]. The aromatic side chain UVRR bands show frequency and/or intensity changes in response to changes in their local environment, particularly to H-bonding changes [9–12]. They can therefore monitor protein conformation changes that alter the tertiary or quaternary structure.