cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review Essay: Protecting Civil Rights: A Critique of Raoul Berger's History

The constant refrain of a governmental duty to protect, sounded throughout the debates on the Civil Rights Act of 1866, had different meaning for different legislators. To many it meant federal assurance of a remedy if the states failed - through either action or inaction - to protect the freedmen equally in the basic rights listed in the Act. Berger is probably right in keying this protection to the law in the states in the first instance. He is wrong in limiting it to discriminatory state legislation, however. Many legislators were concerned about racial discrimination in the law as applied; and many wished to reach discrimination occasioned by state inaction. Berger neglects the point - made by several speakers he quotes - that Congress already anticipated state failures to protect governmental rights. The "full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings" definition of civil rights, therefore, was open-ended. It was tied to the changeable actuality of protections states would grant their own citizens.
Integration of residual herbicides with cover crop termination in soybean

Cover crops have increased in popularity in midwestern U.S. corn and soybean systems in recent years. However, little research has been conducted to evaluate how cover crops and residual herbicides are effectively integrated together for weed control in a soybean production system. Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 to evaluate summer annual weed control and to determine the effect of cover crop biomass on residual herbicide reaching the soil. The herbicide treatments consisted of preplant (PP) applications of glyphosate plus 2,4-D with or without sulfentrazone plus chlorimuron at two different timings, 21 and 7 d prior to soybean planting (DPP). Cover crops evaluated included winter vetch, cereal rye, Italian ryegrass, oat, Austrian winter pea, winter wheat, and a winter vetch plus cereal rye mixture. Herbicide treatments were applied to tilled and nontilled soil without cover crop for comparison. The tillage treatment resulted in low weed biomass at all collection intervals after both application timings, which corresponded to tilled soil having the highest sulfentrazone concentration (171 ng g–1) compared with all cover crop treatments. When applied PP, herbicide treatments applied 21 DPP with sulfentrazone had greater weed (93%) and waterhemp (89%) control than when applied 7 DPP (60% and 69%, respectively). When applied POST, herbicide treatments with a residual herbicide resulted in greater weed and waterhemp control at 7 DPP (83% and 77%, respectively) than at 21 DPP (74% and 61%, respectively). Herbicide programs that included a residual herbicide had the highest soybean yields (≥3,403 kg ha–1). Results from this study indicate that residual herbicides can be effectively integrated either PP or POST in conjunction with cover crop termination applications, but termination timing and biomass accumulation will affect the amount of sulfentrazone reaching the soil.Nomenclature: 2,4-D; chlorimuron; glyphosate; sulfentrazone; Austrian winter pea, Pisum sativum ssp. arvense (L.) Poir; cereal rye, Secale cereal L.; corn, Zea mays L.; Italian ryegrass, Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot; oat, Avena sativa L.; waterhemp, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J. D. Sauer.; winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; winter vetch, Vicia villosa Roth ssp. varia (Host) Corb.; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Hodgkin's lymphoma with HLH and complete remission with brentuximab-based therapy.

A 63-year-old man presented to the hospital with generalised weakness, fatigue and a 22 kg weight loss 4 months after being diagnosed with sarcoidosis on a mediastinal lymph node biopsy, with minimal improvement in symptoms on prednisone and methotrexate therapy. On arrival, he was found to have a haemoglobin of 57 g/L and platelet count of 82×109/L. Further work-up revealed six of eight diagnostic criteria for haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH): fever >38.9°C, splenomegaly, cytopaenia, hypertriglyceridaemia, haemophagocytosis and elevated ferritin >31 000 ng/mL. He was also found to have Epstein-Barr viraemia with greater than 17 000 copies. Bone marrow biopsy showed the presence of haemophagocytic histiocytes and evidence of classic Hodgkin’s lymphoma. He was started on HLH-94 protocol. Later treatment was switched to lymphoma-directed therapy and he finished six cycles of A+AVD (brentuximab vedotin, doxorubicin, vinblastine and dacarbazine) with end-of-treatment positron emission tomography/CT and bone marrow negative for lymphoma.
Identifying Patients at Lowest Risk for Streptococcal Pharyngitis: A National Validation Study.

Objectives To determine the prevalence of features of viral illness in a national sample of visits involving children tested for group A Streptococcus pharyngitis. Additionally, we sought to derive a decision rule to identify patients with features of viral illness who were at low risk of having group A Streptococcus and for whom laboratory testing might be avoided. Study design Retrospective validation study using data from electronic health records of patients 3−21 years old evaluated for sore throat in a national network of retail health clinics (n = 67 127). We determined the prevalence of features of viral illness in patients tested for group A Streptococcus and developed a decision tree algorithm to identify patients with features of viral illness at low risk ( Results Overall, 54% of patients had features of viral illness. Among patients with features of viral illness, those without tonsillar exudates who were 11 years or older and either lacked cervical adenopathy or had cervical adenopathy and lacked fever were identified as at low risk for group A Streptococcus according to the decision rule. This group comprised 34% of patients with features of viral illness, or 19% of all patients tested for group A Streptococcus infection. Conclusions Our findings provide an objective way to identify patients with features of viral illness who are at low risk of having group A Streptococcus. Improved identification such patients at low risk of group A Streptococcus could improve appropriate testing and antibiotic prescribing for pharyngitis.
Visible-Light-Enabled Direct Decarboxylative N-Alkylation

The development of efficient and selective C-N bond-forming reactions from abundant feedstock chemicals remains a central theme in organic chemistry owing to the key roles of amines in synthesis, drug discovery, and materials science. Herein, we present a dual catalytic system for the N-alkylation of diverse aromatic carbocyclic and heterocyclic amines directly with carboxylic acids, by-passing their preactivation as redox-active esters. The reaction, which is enabled by visible-light-driven, acridine-catalyzed decarboxylation, provides access to N-alkylated secondary and tertiary anilines and N-heterocycles. Additional examples, including double alkylation, the installation of metabolically robust deuterated methyl groups, and tandem ring formation, further demonstrate the potential of the direct decarboxylative alkylation (DDA) reaction.
“Putting it in Technicolor:”The influence of a pre-service teaching residency at a historic site, archive, library, or museum on in-service pedagogical practices

Abstract Over the last 30 years, colleges of education across the nation have examined and deliberated how best to educate pre-service history teachers for the challenges of the modern classroom. Specifically, they sought to create and refine teacher preparation programs that foster within the pre-service history teacher the propensity to use authentic teaching practices once they are licensed and instructing independently in the classroom. Using a situated learning theoretical framework, this research study adds to the literature on this topic by examining how a semester-long pre-service residency at a historic site, archive, library, or museum influences in-service history teacher pedagogy. Utilizing an ex post facto qualitative research methodology with a questionnaire, interviews, and analysis of lesson plans, this study pursued the objective of evaluating the nuances of a residency and how those experiences influence in-service pedagogical dispositions. The findings of the study conclude pre-service history teacher residencies offer valuable and unique learning spaces for the pedagogical development of pre-service history teachers by promoting authentic-based teaching models that participants carry into their in-service teaching.
Non-redundant roles of caspase-4 and caspase-5 in heme driven- IL-1β release and cell death

Abstract Excessive release of heme from red blood cells is a key pathophysiological feature of several disease states including bacterial sepsis, malaria, and sickle cell disease. This hemolysis results in an increased level of free heme that has been implicated in the inflammatory activation of monocytes, macrophages, and endothelium. Here, we show that extracellular heme engages the human inflammatory caspases, caspase-1, caspase-4, and caspase-5, resulting in the release of IL-1β. Heme-induced IL-1β release was further increased in macrophages from patients with sickle cell disease. In human primary macrophages, heme activated caspase-1 in an inflammasome-dependent manner, but heme-induced activation of caspase-4 and caspase-5 was independent of canonical inflammasomes. Furthermore, we show that both caspase-4, and caspase-5 are essential for heme-induced IL-1β release, while caspase-4 is the primary contributor to heme-induced cell death. Together, we have identified that extracellular heme acts as a damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) that can engage canonical and non-canonical inflammasome activation as a key mediator of inflammation in macrophages. Footnotes Funding for the project includes NIH/NIDDK T32DK060445 (BEB, BAR), NIH/NIDDK F32DK121479 (BEB), NIH/NIGMS R01GM121389 (LBH), NIH/NHLBI R01HL114567 (JDB, GMV), NIH/NHLBI R01-HL136415 (JMF), and CPRIT-RP180672, NIHCA125123 and NIHRR024574 (Cytometry and Cell Sorting Core at Baylor College of Medicine) Key Points Heme induces oligomerization of caspase-1, caspase-4, and caspase-5. Heme-induced IL-1β release requires both caspase-4 and caspase-5. Caspase-4 alone contributes to heme-induced cell death.
Research: Basic and Clinical

We review the broad spectrum of research opportunities in aging, in general, and focus specifically on nephrology. I write here about general implementation strategies, and Dr. Levey will describe some of the methods the committee recommends to stimulate geriatric nephrology as a research area.
What Informs Their Practice? Reflections on In-Service Teacher Education and Prior Experiences for the Teaching of Mathematics to ELLs

In-service teachers bring a variety of past experiences to their new role of teaching mathematics to emergent bilinguals. This case study explores the way two high school math teachers have reflected upon and adjusted their practice, based on education and professional development, previous teaching experience, and self-initiated research for teaching mathematics to newcomers and English Language Learners.
The Association between Testosterone Therapy and Postoperative Complications Among Transmen Undergoing Gender Affirming Hysterectomy

Study Objective While there is increasing evidence on the safety of testosterone for transmen, little is known regarding its perioperative implications. This study seeks to investigate the association between testosterone and postoperative complications among transmen undergoing gender affirming hysterectomy. Design Retrospective cohort study of all gender affirming hysterectomies performed at a single teaching hospital in the United States over 26 months, with 6 weeks follow up to identify postoperative complications. Setting Standard laparoscopic operating room setup with patients in dorsal lithotomy. Patients or Participants 34 transmen on testosterone for at least 12 months before hysterectomy and continued at time of surgery. Interventions All patients underwent a total laparoscopic hysterectomy with bilateral salpingectomy Measurements and Main Results Data was collected through chart review of preoperative visits for covariates and testosterone dose and postoperative visits for complications. There were 8 postoperative complications including 6 transmen who experienced vaginal bleeding requiring application of hemostasis agents to the vaginal cuff. Mean weekly testosterone dose was 69.3mg among transmen who experienced a complication and 62.5mg among those who did not. Both groups had similar mean age (31.8 vs. 29.2), mean BMI (29.8 vs. 26.9), race (87.5% vs. 57.7% White, 12.5% vs. 26.9% Black), smoking status (12.5% vs. 19.2% current smokers), and estimated blood loss (55.7ml vs. 62.9ml). Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were performed, adjusting for age, race, BMI, and estimated blood loss. The odds of experiencing a postoperative complication was 3% higher for every additional milligram of testosterone (OR 1.03, 95%CI 0.98-1.08). Conclusion Transmen on testosterone experience vaginal bleeding post-hysterectomy at a higher rate than reported in the literature for cis-women. While testosterone de-estrogenizes the vaginal epithelium, testosterone dose is not statistically significantly associated with postoperative complications including vaginal bleeding. Additional studies with larger samples and studies evaluating the effect of postoperative vaginal estrogen on bleeding among transmen are needed to better characterize this postoperative complication.
Clinical Characteristics and Predictors of Mortality in Minority Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 Infection.

To identify the early mortality predictors in minority patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Demographics, presenting characteristics, admission laboratory data, ICU admission, and mortality data were collected from 200 consecutively hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The mean (SD) age was 58.9 (15.1) years, 121(60.5%) were men, 143 (71.5%) were African Americans, and 33 (16.5%) were Latino. Common presenting symptoms were cough 130 (65.0%), shortness of breath 129 (64.5%), and fever 121 (60.5%). One or more comorbid illness occurred in 171 (85.5%) and common comorbidities were hypertension (130 (65.2%)), diabetes (100 (50.0%)) and chronic kidney disease (60 (30.0%)). Of the 200 patients, 71 (35.5%) were treated in the ICU, 47 (24.2%) received mechanical ventilation, 45 (22.5%) died, and 155(77.5%) patients discharged home alive. The non-survivors were significantly older and had elevated markers of inflammation, coagulation, and acute organ damage on presentation. Age ≥ 65 years (odds ratio (OR), 3.78; 95% CI, 1.74–8.22; P = .001), lactate dehydrogenase level > 400 IU/L (OR, 9.1; 95% CI, 2.97–28.1; p 20 mg/dl (OR, 5.56; 95%CI, 1.84–16.8; p 2000 ng/ml (OR, 5.42; 95%CI, 1.63–17.9; p = 0.006), creatinine kinase > 1000 iu/l (OR, 3.57; 95% CI, 1.23 10.3; p = 0.019), procalcitonin > 2.5 ng/ml (OR, 4.21; 95% CI, 1.47–12.0; p = 0.007), D-dimer level > 3.0 μg/ml (OR,10.9; 95% CI, 3.33–36.2; p = 2 mg/dl (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.29–15.8; P = 0.018) at admission were associated independently with increases risk of in-hospital mortality. Patients of advanced age that present with elevated biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation, and end-organ damage were at higher risk of mortality.
Mineralogy of particulate inputs and P-speciation and mineralogy of recently accreted soils within Everglades stormwater treatment wetlands

Abstract Phosphorus (P) biogeochemical processes in wetlands are influenced by the chemical composition of both recently accreted and native soils. The evaluation of biogeochemical processes influencing P transformations requires an understanding of the participating chemical components. Here, we use X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray absorption near-edge P spectroscopy (P-XANES), and microprobe X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) to examine the mineralogy and P speciation of solid phases entering and within selected Everglades Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs). Suspended particulates in the source waters (upstream of the STAs) to the STAs were examined and compared with those of recently-accreted soil (RAS) from inflow, mid-flow, and outflow locations of two flowways (FWs) within STA-2: one dominated by emergent aquatic vegetation (EAV) and the other dominated by submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Source water particulates included carbonates and silicates, whereas mineralogies of STA RAS were less diverse, dominated by CaCO3 and having a lower silicate content, suggesting a strong autochthonous influence on STA RAS composition. No P minerals were detected via XRD. Discrete Ca P particles were evident, though uncommonly observed, in two of three STA RAS samples analyzed via SEM/EDS. P-XANES of STA RAS indicated the presence of apatitic minerals. The potential presence of apatitic minerals was supported by μ-XRF correlation analysis that revealed strong correlations of P with both Ca and K. Apatitic minerals are a relatively refractory form of P and their presence in the RAS of both EAV and SAV systems indicate that remobilization and release of this P from the STAs will have a smaller effect on the downstream oligotrophic conditions of the Florida Everglades than more labile forms of P.
(Not) Seeing Like an Algorithm: Managerial Control and Worker Resistance in the Platform Economy

How has the relationship between control and resistance changed as organizations increasingly use algorithms to manage workers? Drawing on workers’ experiences from a comparative ethnography of two...
Toward more electric powertrains in aircraft: Technical challenges and advancements

The main purpose of this article is to provide an instructive review of the technological challenges hindering the road toward more electric powertrains in aircraft. Hybrid, all-electric, and turboelectric powertrain architectures are discussed as possible fuel consumption and weight reduction solutions. Among these architectures, the short-term implementation of hybrid and all-electric architectures is limited, particularly for large-capacity aircraft due to the low energy/power density levels achievable by state-of-the-art electrical energy storage systems. Conversely, turboelectric architectures with advanced distributed propulsion and boundary layer ingestion are set to lead the efforts toward more electric powertrains. At the center of this transition, power converters and high-power density electric machines, i.e., electric motors and generators, and their corresponding thermal management systems are analyzed as the key devices enabling the more electric powertrain. Moreover, to further increase the fuel efficiency and power density of the aircraft, the benefits and challenges of implementing higher voltage powertrains are described. Lastly, based on the findings collected in this article, the projected roadmap toward more electric aircraft powertrains is presented. Herein, the individual targets for each technology, i.e., batteries, electric machines, and power converters, and how they translate to future aircraft prototypes are illustrated.
Anti-DNA meets NMDA in neuropsychiatric lupus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus can cause various forms of central nervous system disorders, ranging from subtle cognitive dysfunction to life-threatening coma. How lupus autoantibodies target neurons and cause brain injury remains a mystery. New research suggests that a subset of autoantibodies to double-stranded DNA in lupus patients cross-reacts with the NMDA glutamate receptor, and produces neuronal injury and death. (pages 1189–1193 )
Perceiving Discrimination on the Job: Legal Consciousness, Workplace Context, and the Construction of Race Discrimination

Despite the continued importance of discrimination for racial labor market inequality, little research explores the process by which workers name potentially negative experiences as race discrimination. Drawing on the legal consciousness literature and organizational approaches to employment discrimination, we assess the effect of social status, job characteristics, and workplace context on the likelihood that workers perceive race discrimination at work. Analyzing data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality, we find that ascriptive status is associated with perceptions of discrimination, with African Americans, Hispanics, and women more likely to perceive racial discrimination, net of job and organizational controls. Results also suggest that workers with a greater sense of entitlement (as indicated by job authority, promotion experience, and union membership) and knowledge of legal entitlements (as indicated by education level and age) are more likely to perceive workplace racial discrimination. Other workplace conditions can signal fairness and decrease perceptions of racial bias, such as formalized screening practices and having nonwhite supervisors, whereas working among predominantly nonwhite coworkers increases the likelihood of perceiving discrimination. These findings suggest that personal attributions of discrimination vary across social groups and their environments, and demonstrate the importance of workplace context for understanding how individuals apply legal concepts, such as discrimination, to their experiences.
Electron densities inferred from plasma wave spectra obtained by the Waves instrument on Van Allen Probes.

The twin Van Allen Probe spacecraft, launched in August 2012, carry identical scientific payloads. The Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science suite includes a plasma wave instrument (Waves) that measures three magnetic and three electric components of plasma waves in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 12 kHz using triaxial search coils and the Electric Fields and Waves triaxial electric field sensors. The Waves instrument also measures a single electric field component of waves in the frequency range of 10 to 500 kHz. A primary objective of the higher-frequency measurements is the determination of the electron density ne at the spacecraft, primarily inferred from the upper hybrid resonance frequency fuh. Considerable work has gone into developing a process and tools for identifying and digitizing the upper hybrid resonance frequency in order to infer the electron density as an essential parameter for interpreting not only the plasma wave data from the mission but also as input to various magnetospheric models. Good progress has been made in developing algorithms to identify fuh and create a data set of electron densities. However, it is often difficult to interpret the plasma wave spectra during active times to identify fuh and accurately determine ne. In some cases, there is no clear signature of the upper hybrid band, and the low-frequency cutoff of the continuum radiation is used. We describe the expected accuracy of ne and issues in the interpretation of the electrostatic wave spectrum.
Lower bounds for quantile estimation in random-order and multi-pass streaming

We present lower bounds on the space required to estimate the quantiles of a stream of numerical values. Quantile estimation is perhaps the most studied problem in the data stream model and it is relatively well understood in the basic single-pass data stream model in which the values are ordered adversarially. Natural extensions of this basic model include the random-order model in which the values are ordered randomly (e.g. [21,5,13,11,12]) and the multi-pass model in which an algorithm is permitted a limited number of passes over the stream (e.g. [6,7,1,19,2,6,7,1,19,2]). We present lower bounds that complement existing upper bounds [21,11] in both models. One consequence is an exponential separation between the random-order and adversarial-order models: using Ω(polylog n) space, exact selection requires Ω(log n) passes in the adversarial-order model while O(log log n) passes are sufficient in the random-order model.
SMS. OMG! LOL! TTYL: TRANSLATING THE LAW TO ACCOMMODATE TODAY'S TEENS AND THE EVOLUTION FROM TEXTING TO SEXTING

Around the country some teenagers are using their cell phones to distribute nude or seminude pictures of themselves through text messages. An alarming number of these teenagers who are caught possessing or distributing the pictures face criminal charges as a child pornographer. Some face the possibility of jail time; others must register as a sex offender. Such harsh punishments are the product of laws that have not caught up with technology's advancements. This Note suggests that child pornography laws be restructured to include a category for juvenile “sexters” so these teenagers are not prosecuted as adults or forced to register as sex offenders. The laws should recognize different categories of sexters and provide rehabilitation programs suited to respond to the level of risk each sexter presents.
Multiple myeloma: 2014 Update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management.

Disease overview: Multiple myeloma accounts for approximately 10% of hematologic malignancies. Diagnosis: The diagnosis requires 10% or more clonal plasma cells on bone marrow examination or a biopsy proven plasmacytoma plus evidence of associated end-organ damage. If end-organ damage is not present, the presence of 60% or more clonal plasma cells in the marrow is also considered as myeloma. Risk stratification: In the absence of concurrent trisomies, patients with 17p deletion, t(14;16), and t(14;20) are considered to have high-risk myeloma. Patients with t(4;14) translocation are considered intermediate-risk. All others are considered as standard-risk. Risk-adapted intial therapy: Standard-risk patients can be treated with lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone (Rd), or a bortezomib-containing triplet such as bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone (VCD). Intermediate-risk and high-risk patients require a bortezomib-based triplet regimen. In eligible patients, initial therapy is given for approximately 4 months followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Standard risk patients can opt for delayed ASCT if stem cells can be cryopreserved. In patients who are not candidates for transplant, initial therapy is given for approximately 12 to 18 months. Maintenance therapy: After initial therapy, lenalidomide maintenance is considered for standard risk patients who are not in very good partial response or better, while maintenance with a bortezomib-based regimen should be considered in patients with intermediate or high risk myeloma. Management of refractory disease: Patients with indolent relapse can be treated first with 2-drug or 3-drug combinations. Patients with more aggressive relapse often require therapy with a combination of multiple active agents. Am. J. Hematol. 89:998–1009, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Theory of the Gaseous Detector Device in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a survey of previous works in related fields, coupled with current experience in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). This microscope allows the examination of specimens in the presence of a gaseous environment. The scintillation produced by various signals can also be used for making images, and a generalized gaseous detector device (GDD) was proposed. GDD is based on the principle of classical gaseous particle detectors adapted to the specific requirements of the ESEM. The chapter presents an account of the new terminology associated with ESEM. Physical principles for the analysis of ESEM are electron and ion temperature, imaging parameters, theory of induced signal, and induced signals in the ESEM. Whereas, the physical parameters involved in the performance of the GDD are electron and ion mobilities, diffusion, recombination, electron attachment, and effective ionization energy. The chapter outlines the discharge characteristics and accounts for amplification, parallel plates; the first Townsend coefficient; the Paschen law; and secondary processes. The ESEM is a radiation source immersed inside a gas, and, therefore, the methods of nuclear and particle physics for spectroscopic analysis can be applied. Principles of spectroscopy including spectroscopy, statistics, and energy resolution and environmental scanning transmission electron microscopy are discussed. The chapter focusses on mechanisms of a high gaseous gain.
Parameter estimation in buildings: Methods for dynamic analysis of measured energy use

Dynamic analysis of energy data can help improve the efficiency of buildings in several ways: evaluation of proposed modifications of a building or its operation (e.g., changes in thermostate setpoints); verification of performance on the basis of short-term measurements (corrected for weather); diagnostics and optimal control of HVAC equipment (real-time comparison of actual and predicted performance can be a powerful diagnostic tool). For this purpose one would like a simple building model whose parameters can readily be adjusted by a statistical fit to the data. This paper reviews the available methods: thermal networks, modal analysis, differential equations, ARMA (autoregressive moving average) models, Fourier series, and calibrated computer simulations. The basic models can be applied in several ways, differing in choice of dependent variable, number of coefficients, statistical criterion, time step, finite differencing scheme, and implementation as linear or nonlinear algorithm. The relation between the various approaches is examined.
Finite temperature metastable matter

Abstract In addition to the normal phase of matter, relativistic nuclear field theory possesses a solution corresponding to a hot phase of abnormal matter. Over a finite temperature interval, there is a zero pressure state of this matter which is therefore mechanically stable. Because of this and the fact that the baryons in the abnormal phase have effective masses far removed from their vacuum values, an object of such matter will be metastable. It can cool only by black-body radiation of bosons, principally photons, di-leptons and pions until a critical point is reached at which it becomes unstable, and would disassemble. If produced in a high energy nuclear collision, a large part of the initial energy of the object is emitted in black-body radiation, so that the nuclear fragments produced in its ultimate decay would account for only a fraction of the collision energy.
Large deviations of interacting particle systems in infinite volume

We prove a large deviation theorem from the hydrodynamical limit for the empirical measure of Ginzburg-Landau and zero range processes in infinite volume starting from deterministic initial configurations. In the Ginzburg-Landau case the main tool is the study of the evolution of the H−1 norm and in the zero range case the attractiveness which allows couplings.
Development of a diode-pumped Nd:LSB grazing incidence slab laser: thermal lensing in Nd:LSB and passive Q-switching with Cr4+:YAG

The first study of a diode-pumped Neodymium-doped Lanthanum Scandium Borate oscillator based on the grazing-incidence slab laser design is reported. An experimental method to determine the power of the thermal lens in this new system is described. It is shown that saturable absorption of Cr4+:YAG can be used as a passive Q-switch to generate pulses at 1.06 micrometers with adjustable duration from 18 to 76 nsec.
Chain Selectivity of Tyrosine Contributions to Hemoglobin Static and Time-Resolved UVRR Spectra in 13C Isotopic Hybrids

Recombinant hemoglobin [Hb] has been labeled with 13C6-tyrosine in order to characterize the tyrosine bands in static and time-resolved ultraviolet resonance Raman [UVRR] spectra. The large isotope shift for the Y8a/8b ring modes permits complete resolution of the important 1580−1660 cm-1 region. Underlying bands from tryptophan [W1 and W17+18] and from phenylalanine [F8a] make only small contributions to static T−R and 150 ns time-resolved difference spectra. Isotopic hybrid Hb's were constructed in order to evaluate tyrosine contributions separately for α and β chains. The Y8a and Y8b bands shift up significantly [2.5 and 3.2 cm-1] in the α but not the β chains for the T vs the R state. These shifts, along with an upshift of the Y9a band, are attributed to the T-state H-bonding of Tyrα42, which is reinforced by a nearby positive charge. In the 150 ns time-resolved difference UVRR spectrum, both α and β chains contribute to the negative tyrosine bands. These are suggested to arise from H-bond weakening o...
Multiple domestications do not appear monophyletic.

Allaby et al. (1) investigate the phylogenetic consequences of crop domestication using forward simulations to mimic the domestication process. Their results suggest that monophyly of crop accessions is not a reasonable criterion for differentiating between multiple and single domestication events. Their simulations also produce the nonintuitive result that multiple domestication events more often result in monophyly than do single domestication events. We believe that these results are a function of their population-genetic model, which employs arbitrary population frequencies, excludes mutation, assumes unrealistically small effective population sizes, and incorporates neither their own protracted domestication model nor evolution of the wild population.
SU‐E‐J‐56: Surface Imaging for Breast Patients

Purpose: Compares surface imaging (SI) to MV films for positioning of 13 patients receiving whole‐breast irradiation. Methods: AlignRT v5.0 was used to capture non‐gated, 3D surface images during filmed fractions (n=55) after positioning with skin marks and correction for rotations. Registrations of SI to a reference surface, generated from 3mm‐thick CT data, were analyzed off‐line for both the “entire” and the “breast” regions. MV films were compared to digitally‐reconstructed radiographs generated from the same CT dataset. The group mean, systematic error (σ), and random error (g) were calculated for positioning with MV and SI both before and after positioning correction. The 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were used for statistical comparisons. Results: Inter‐fraction systematic/random errors calculated from MV filming were 1.6/2.1mm (Anterior‐Posterior), 2.9/3.0mm (Cranio‐Caudal), and 2.4/4.1mm (Left‐Right), resulting in a setup margin of 5.5/9.4/9.0mm in AP/CC/LR dimensions using the van Herk formulation. Registering the “entire” and “breast” surfaces acquired before MV positioning correction resulted in setup margins that were larger by 1.6– 3.3mm in AP/LR but smaller by 0.4–0.6mm in CC direction, thereby indicating comparable inter‐fraction errors. After positioning with films, group means for the “entire” surface decreased by 0.5–2mm and the systematic/random errors decreased by 0.3–0.9mm. In contrast, group mean for “breast” increased in the CC direction. The LOA showed large discrepancies between the two modalities (smallest:‐3.5 to 10.3mm along AP for “entire”, largest:‐11.3 to 9.9mm along CC for “breast”). Conclusion: This study shows that the two modalities provide comparable systematic/random errors for breast positioning. However, MV positioning of bony anatomy led to a consistent cranio‐caudal offset (i.e., larger group mean) from the position indicated by AlignRT probably due to deformation of the breast tissue. These results suggest that the use of MV and SI should be integrated to ensure simultaneous coverage of chestwall and soft tissue targets.
Higher-order corrections to the laws of motion and precession for black holes and other bodies.

In a recent paper, Thorne and Hartle have derived laws of motion and precession for black holes and other bodies. Using two different methods, higher-order corrections to those laws are derived here: a time change of the body's mass-energy due to coupling of the time derivatives of the body's quadrupole moments to the external curvature; a force due to coupling of the time derivatives of the body's quadrupole moments to the external curvature and coupling of the body's quadrupole moments to the gradient of the external curvature; and a torque due to coupling of the body's octopole moments to the gradient of the external curvature.
Characteristics of High α-Linolenic Acid Accumulation in Seed Oils

Modern diets are often deficient in ω-3 fatty acids and additional dietary sources of ω-3 fatty acids are useful. In order to investigate the molecular basis of the high accumulation of the ω-3 fatty acid, α-linolenic acid (18:3), in three different plants, flax (Linum usitatissimum), Dracocephalum moldavica, and Perilla frutescens ω-3 desaturase activity, transcript levels, and 18:3 in-vivo synthesis were examined. The 18:3 content was found to be higher at the later developmental stage of D. moldavica (68%) compared with P. frutescens (59%) and flax (45%) cotyledons. The 18:3 and 18:2 contents in both PC and TAG were determined during various stages of seed development for all three plants in addition to soybean (Glycine max). Northern blot analysis data of three different stages of D. moldavica, flax, and P. frutescens compared with moderately low 18:3 producers, soybean (Glycine max), and Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus, (8–10% 18:3) at a stage of zygotic embryo development of high triglyceride synthesis showed that ω-3 desaturase mRNA levels were higher in all three high 18:3 producers, flax, D. moldavica and P. frutescens. This indicates that the high level of α-linolenic acid in TAG may be largely controlled by the level of ω-3 desaturase gene expression. However, the PC versus TAG fatty acid composition data suggested that along with ω-3 desaturase other enzymes also play a role in 18:3 accumulation in TAG, and the high accumulators have a selective transfer of α-linolenic acid into TAG.
The preparation and characterization of a thymic independent antigen: ϵ-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine-ficoll

Abstract The preparation of a hapten-polysaccharide conjugate, ϵ-dinitrophenyl- L -lysine-Ficoll, is described. Conditions yielding different substitution ratios were studied. Ultracentrifuge and gel filtration studies have shown a very broad range size heterogeneity. The conjugates were shown to elicit both immediate and delayed skin reaction in guinea pigs previously immunized with dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The presence of antibody forming cells in the spleens of mice immunized with the conjugates was established by the demonstration of plaque-forming cells when assayed with trinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells. The immunogenicity, as shown by the plaque-forming cell response, was shown to be markedly dependent on the size of the conjugates.
Household organization and the interregional variation of out-migration rates

Regional out-migration rates may depend on localized conditions, but the range of possibilities for migration decision making in multi person households includes processes in which the response to variations in localized conditions depends on household size. Analyses of migration rates for households indicate that larger households exhibit more extreme responses to variations in localized conditions and that this is an important source of variation in regional out-migration rates.
INTRAMYELINIC EDEMA: AN ELEMENTARY PATHOLOGICAL LESION IN CIDP

Pathological abnormalities of sural nerve biopsies from patients affected by chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) include segmental demyelination, inflammatory infiltrates, axonal degeneration, subperineurial edema and Schwann cell proliferation. There are few reports in the literature (Waddy '89, Sabatelli '96) describing edema of the myelin sheath as an additional pathological feature of CIDP. This peculiar abnormality is a prominent finding in several experimental toxic and compression neuropathies. In 1993 Tatum described Intramyelinic Edema in experimental allergic neuritis induced by systemic passive transfer of human IgM anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein, and suggested that this change may play a role in the pathogenesis of demyelination. In order to establish whether intramyelinic edema may represent an elementary pathological lesion in human peripheral neuropathies, we reviewed morphological data of sural nerve biopsies from 46 CIDP patients admitted to our Institute from 1988 to 2001 and we compared them with findings from patients affected by other neuropathies. IE was observed in 6 patients with CIDP, but in none of the 500 patients affected by neuropathies of different etiology. In two out of the six patients the neuropathy was associated with IgM-paraprotein, without anti-MAG activity. IE was a prominent feature in only one patient while in the remaining patients it was confined to sporadic fibers. In one patient with a mild form of CIDP, IE was the only pathological finding. In the remaining patients it was associated with segmental demyelination and axonal loss. Our findings show that although IE is observed in only a minority of CIDP patients (13% of our series), this pathological finding may be considered a specific abnormality of inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies. We suggest that axonal shrinkage, which is invariably associated with IE, may represent a mechanism of loss of function in CIDP, in addition to segmental demyelination and axonal loss.
A Kinetic Study of the Thermal and Photochemical Partial Oxidation of Cyclohexane with Molecular Oxygen in Zeolite Y

The kinetics of the thermal and photochemical oxidation of cyclohexane in zeolite Y were investigated using ex situ GC product analysis and in situ FTIR and solid state NMR spectroscopies. The results show that cyclohexyl hydroperoxide, cyclohexanone, and cyclohexanol (and water) are formed during the thermal and photochemical oxidation of cyclohexane in BaY. The overall percent conversion of cyclohexane decreases dramatically at cyclohexane loadings of greater than 3 cyclohexane molecules per supercage. Pronounced deuterium kinetic isotope effects were observed for both the thermal and photochemical cyclohexane oxidation reactions, indicating that a proton transfer step is a rate-limiting step in the reaction mechanism. For the thermal oxidation of cyclohexane in BaY and NaY, activation energies of 62 (±9) and 85 (±3) kJ/mol, respectively, were measured.
Inhibition of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits by a heparitin sulfate. Preliminary communication.

Abstract An apparently non-toxic naturally occurring acid mucopolysaccharide from a mammalian source has been isolated and purified, which has good lipoprotein lipase activating effects, with little anticoagulant activity and is absorbed through the alkaline portion of the bowel. The polysaccharide has been shown to produce a reduction in serum cholesterol levels in rabbits fed a 2% cholesterol diet. It has been shown to reduce the formation of dietary induced atheroma in the wall of the aorta of rabbits treated with the compound on a 2% cholesterol diet when compared to rabbits on the diet, but not treated with the polysaccharide. The possible application to the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis in man is discussed.
Pat Robertson and the GOP: 1988 and Beyond

Etude de l'impact de Pat Robertson sur le GOP en s'interessant a la cesure Bush-Robertson et aux activites recentes de la Coalition chretienne de Robertson. L'examen des delegations de Bush et Robertson aux conventions du GOP en 1988 dans trois etats revelent des differences marquees concernant les caracteristiques demographiques, le niveau de l'activite politique et l'attachement partisan. Les delegations de Robertson se rapprochent davantage du modele « amateur ». Les activites d'apres 1988 de la Coalition chretienne ont continue a diviser le GOP. Neanmoins, la victoire de Clinton et une attitude plus tolerante dans le leadership de la Coalition peuvent faciliter le developpement de l'unite future du GOP. Malgre la presence d'un serieux factionnalisme interne, le GOP peut beneficier de l'arrivee d'un nouveau groupe d'activistes de la Droite chretienne
Phosphorus recovery from urine and anaerobic digester filtrate: comparison of adsorption–precipitation with direct precipitation

Hybrid anion exchange resin containing hydrous ferric oxide (HAIX-Fe) was used in column tests to remove phosphate (PO4) from fresh urine, hydrolyzed urine, and anaerobic digester filtrate, and subsequently recover PO4 as struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) or potassium struvite (MgKPO4·6H2O) via precipitation in the spent regenerant. The recovery of PO4 using the two-step adsorption–precipitation process was compared with direct precipitation in urine and anaerobic digester filtrate considering chemical requirements for precipitation and mineral purity. Following the saturation of HAIX-Fe resin with PO4 from urine and anaerobic digester filtrate, up to 95% of the PO4 was desorbed using caustic brine during the regeneration phase. The spent regenerants were more concentrated in PO4 than the original urine and anaerobic digester filtrate due to recycling of the regeneration solution. Precipitation in the spent regenerants and original wastewaters (urine and filtrate) yielded 96.7–99.8% PO4 recovery as struvite or potassium struvite. Direct precipitation in fresh urine and hydrolyzed urine was more efficient than precipitation in the corresponding spent regenerants based on lower chemical requirements. Precipitation in the spent regenerant from HAIX-Fe resin saturated with PO4 from anaerobic digester filtrate produced a higher purity mineral than direct precipitation in the anaerobic digester filtrate.
Pleuropulmonary Blastoma: Cytogenetic and Spectral Karyotype Analysis:

Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare neoplasm of the pleuropulmonary mesenchyme. The molecular mechanisms underlying the genesis of this tumor are of particular interest as a large number of affected patients as well as their relatives have concurrent disease including additional dysplasia or neoplasia. To date, detailed karyotypes have been published on a limited number of cases. We report clinical, pathologic, and cytogenetic data in 2 cases of PPB including spectral karyotyping in 1 of them. Additionally, we conducted a review of the literature and compiled 15 published karyotypes of this tumor. Gain of chromosome 8 material was a highly prevalent finding in PPB, most times occurring as trisomy, but tetrasomy of the long arm was also frequent. Other occurring abnormalities, in order of observed frequency, included loss of 17p, loss of chromosome 10 or 10q, rearrangement of 11p, loss of chromosome X or Xp, gain of chromosomes/arms 1q, 2, and 7q, and loss of 6q and 18p. Loss of 10q has not been previously emphasized in PPB. The significance of these chromosome findings is discussed in relation to tumorigenesis.
Bilateral variation of subclavius muscle resembling subclavius posticus

During routine anatomical dissection, a bilateral variation of the muscle subclavius was discovered with additional morphological features consistent with the muscle subclavius posticus. Attached medially to the first rib by tendon and to the clavicle by fibrous bands, the long triangular shaped muscle ran dorsal-laterally to attach onto the transverse scapular ligament and the coracoid process. The scapular insertion of the omohyoid muscle was just medial to this muscle, with some intermingling of fibers close to their insertions. In addition, the muscle on the left was split into two heads before inserting onto the scapula. Innervation was supplied by the nerve to the subclavius. We believe this muscle to be a hybrid of subclavius and subclavius posticus muscles, and we discuss the developmental origin of this rare subclavius variant, as well as the potential role this muscle may play in the development of thoracic outlet syndrome.