cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of elevated ammonium on glycosylation gene expression in CHO cells

The negative effects of ammonium on recombinant protein productivity and glycosylation have been well documented, but the interaction of ammonium on glycosylation genes has not been completely elucidated. In this study, the effects of elevated ammonium on 12 glycosylation related genes in Chinese hamster ovary cells were evaluated by quantitative real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Numerous cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized genes associated with early glycosylation steps were insensitive to the ammonium condition. The initial expression of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-galactose transporter was higher for the ammonium-treated culture, while the initial expressions of cytosine monophosphate (CMP)-sialic acid transporter, beta(1,4)-galactosyltransferase, and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase were higher for the control culture. alpha(2,3)-sialyltransferase was observed to have lower expression level under the elevated ammonium condition compared to the control culture. This study indicates that galactosylation and sialylation inhibition is mainly due to decreased gene expression of galactosyltransferase, sialyltransferase, and CMP-sialic acid transporter and not due to sialidase. These unbalanced initial glycosylation and branching steps can explain the higher molecular heterogeneity under ammonium stress. Moreover, this study indicates that elevated ammonium has limited effects on the glycosylation genes associated with the ER and cytosol compared to the genes associated with the Golgi.
The Financial Crises of the 1930s and the 1980s: Similarities and Differences

This paper describes the course of the 1929 depression that spread from the stock market to c ommodity market. The boom of the 1970s and the stock market bubble fr om August 1982 to August 1987 are traced, noting especially parallels to 1929 in financial weakness. A postscript after Black Monday shows how that fits into the crash of October 1929, and suggests that comm odities are not likely to be infected by the liquidity squeeze, but t hat potential dangers lie in wait in the United States in the high le vels of third world, mortgage, household, junk bond, and government d ebt. Copyright 1988 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG
An Experimental Study of Drag Reduction of Polymer Solutions in Coiled Tubing

The drag-reduction (DR) behavior of xanthan gum, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, guar gum, and hydroxyethyl cellulose at various polymer solutions has been experimentally investigated with a full-scale coiled-tubing (CT) test facility that consists of 1-, 1½, and 2 3 / 8 -in. CT reels. Data analysis revealed that the tubing diameter, curvature ratio, and polymer concentration are important factors affecting the DR in CT. The modified DR envelope is a useful tool for evaluating the DR performance of polymer solutions in CT.
Membrane binding kinetics of protein kinase C betaII mediated by the C2 domain.

Conventional isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC) are activated when their two membrane-targeting modules, the C1 and C2 domains, bind the second messengers diacylglycerol (DG) and Ca2+, respectively. This study investigates the mechanism of Ca2+-induced binding of PKC βII to anionic membranes mediated by the C2 domain. Stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy reveals that Ca2+-induced binding of the isolated C2 domain to anionic vesicles proceeds via at least two steps: (1) rapid binding of two or more Ca2+ ions to the free domain with relatively low affinity and (2) diffusion-controlled association of the Ca2+-occupied domain with vesicles. Ca2+ increases the affinity of the C2 domain for anionic membranes by both decreasing the dissociation rate constant (koff) and increasing the association rate constant (kon) for membrane binding. For binding to vesicles containing 40 mol % anionic lipid in the presence of 200 μM Ca2+, koff and kon are 8.9 s-1 and 1.2 × 1010 M-1 s-1, respectively. The koff value increas...
Weather, microclimate, and energy costs of thermoregulation for breeding Adélie Penguins

We measured meteorological conditions and estimated the energy costs of thermoregulation for young and adult Adelie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) at a breeding colony near the Antarctic Peninsula. Air temperatures averaged < 5°C and strong winds were frequent. Operative temperatures (Te) for adults ranged from -8 to 28°C, averaging 5-6°C, for the period from courtship to fledging of chicks. The average energy cost of thermoregulation (Cth) for adult penguins was equivalent to 10-16% of basal metabolism. Cth comprised about 15% of the estimated daily energy budget (DEB) of incubating adults, but only about 1% of the DEB of adults feeding chicks. The Te's for chicks older than 14 days ranged from 0 to 31°C, averaging 8.0 C. The Cth for downy chicks ranged from about 31% of minimal metabolic rate (MMR) in 1 kg chicks to about 10% of MMR in 3 kg chicks. Between initial thermal independence (age 12-14 days) and the cessation of parental feeding (age 35-40 days), chicks use about 10-11% of assimilated energy for thermoregulation. Cth is equivalent to about 17% of the MMR of fledglings during their 2-3 week fast. We observed no indication of thermal stress (i.e., conditions in which birds cannot maintain stable Tb) in adults and no indication of cold stress in any age class. However, on clear, calm days when air temperature exceeds 7-10°C for several hours, downy chicks are vulnerable to lethal hyperthermia.
The Relationship among Five Common Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Tests and the Severity of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship among clinical carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) tests and the severity of CTS. A total of 66 subjects with electrodiagnostically confirmed CTS were tested on five CTS tests, then classified according to the severity of CTS. An association was found between testing positive on Phalen's test and the severity of CTS (p < 0.05). In contrast, no association was found between the severity of CTS and results on Tinel's sign, manual version of the carpal compression test (mCCT), Katz-Stirrat hand diagram, or carpal tunnel outcomes assessment tool. The more severe the CTS, the more likely one is to test positive on Phalen's test. Tinel's sign and the mCCT are not influenced by the severity of CTS. This study suggests that Tinel's sign and mCCT may not be useful in assessing the effectiveness of treatment. The Katz-Stirrat hand diagram and the carpal tunnel outcomes assessment tool are not influenced by the severity of CTS, indicating that numerous factors can influence a patient's response on subjective questionnaires.
Microbial cell-wall contaminants in peptides: A potential source of physiological artifacts

Abstract Microbial cell-wall products (MCWP) such as endotoxins are easily introduced into peptides produced under standard laboratory conditions. Because these products stimulate the induction of cytokines and other mediators, which, in turn, trigger a broad range of physiological responses, MCWP in peptide preparations are potential sources of artifacts. This brief tutorial outlines the physical/chemical nature of MCWP, some of their sources, their physiological effects, and a simple method to control for them in some peptide preparations.
Relationships Among Genetic Goals and Herding Breeding Expenses

Abstract Techniques of linear programming were applied to 400 genetic breeding goals to select semen from 331 sires to achieve or exceed an average of each goal for minimum semen cost. Goals were combinations of average repeatability 30 to 90%, predicted differences milk 0 to 675kg, fat percentage −.20 to +.20%, and type −.5 to +1.5 points. Sires included all Holstein bulls available July, 1977, from nine major artificial insemination organizations. Eighty of the most restrictive goals could not be satisfied with any combination of sires. Minimum costs per unit of semen ranged from $2 to $53, averaging $5. Number of bulls required to meet each goal ranged from one to five. A typical goal of 90% repeatability, predicted differences of +450kg milk, 0% fat percent, and 0 type selected semen from five sires at a cost of $3.93 per unit. Only five goals exceeded $15 per unit in cost. Minimum costs to attain goals were affected by linear and quadratic repeatability and milk, quadratic type, and all linear products involving milk and each other measure. With judicious selection of bulls, dairymen need not pay excessively to achieve respectable genetic goals. Semen cost can be minimized further by increasing fat percent and decreasing milk, holding constant predicted difference dollars.
Neonatal burst suppression: Its developmental significance

Abstract Burst suppression was recorded on electroencephalograms of 15 of 274 term infants (5.4%) in our hospital within a 5 year period. These 15 infants were examined, their perinatal histories reviewed, and detailed neuro-developmental testing performed to examine the prognostic significance of burst suppression. Fourteen children (93%) had poor outcomes. Four (26%) died in infancy. Ten survivors were followed for a mean of 30 months (range: 18–61 months). Nine have severe motor deficits, 6 require total custodial care, 5 have intractable epilepsy, and 3 are blind. Their mean Gesell Developmental Quotient was 28; a score of less than 68 suggests severe retardation. A single patient, the only 1 with a perinatal history complicated by an easily-treated bacterial meningitis, achieved normal growth and development. This study documents the dire prognosis of neonatal burst suppression. The appearance of burst suppression, though transient, portended death or severe neuro-developmental disability in 93% of our patients.
Monocyte-derived DC maturation strategies and related pathways: a transcriptional view

Ex vivo production of highly stimulator mature dendritic cells (DCs) for cellular therapy has been used to treat different pathological conditions with the aim of inducing a specific immune response. In the last decade, several protocols have been developed to mature monocyte-derived DCs: each one has led to the generation of DCs showing different phenotypes and stimulatory abilities, but it is not yet known which one is the best for inducing effective immune responses. We grouped several different maturation protocols according to the downstream pathways they activated and reviewed the shared features at a transcriptomic level to reveal the potential of DCs matured by each protocol to develop Th-polarized immune responses.
Deep-image rainbow holograms.

A cylindrical lens placed at the slit covering the primary hologram permits the secondary, or rainbow, hologram to produce sharp, speckle-free images when the image–hologram distance is large.
Discovering and exploiting program phases

Understanding program behavior is at the foundation of computer architecture and program optimization. Many programs have wildly different behavior on even the largest of scales (that is, over the program's complete execution). During one part of the execution, a program can be completely memory bound; in another, it can repeatedly stall on branch mispredicts. Average statistics gathered about a program might not accurately picture where the real problems lie. This realization has ramifications for many architecture and compiler techniques, from how to best schedule threads on a multithreaded machine, to feedback-directed optimizations, power management, and the simulation and test of architectures. Taking advantage of time-varying behavior requires a set of automated analytic tools and hardware techniques that can discover similarities and changes in program behavior on the largest of time scales. The challenge in building such tools is that during a program's lifetime it can execute billions or trillions of instructions. How can high-level behavior be extracted from this sea of instructions? Some programs change behavior drastically, switching between periods of high and low performance, yet system design and optimization typically focus on average system behavior. It is argued that instead of assuming average behavior, it is now time to model and optimize phase-based program behavior.
Establishing and managing effective internal quality control measures in small service companies

Managing quality processes can be challenging for small firms due to the need to rapidly change to fluctuations in the market and also because the products and services created are typically customised, making standardisation difficult. Modifying quality control methods from large corporations is considered, but was not proven beneficial. By surveying small and medium-sized service firms, several suggestions for creating and implementing quality were discovered. This paper also examines the internal quality-control measures currently in place for two small service firms with specific recommendations presented for each of these firms.
Protein Selectivity Factors as a Molecular Basis for Metal Toxicity

Toxic metals are known to displace physiologically-relevant metal ions in proteins, and may activate or deactivate protein function in response to changes in the free metal concentration. To investigate potential relationships between metal/protein complexes and toxicity, an analysis of proteins structural and sequential data was used to establish statistical bases for identifying key selectivity factors associated with Pb2+-protein binding. These data led us to hypothesize that Pb2+, and potentially other toxic metals, may induce opportunistic binding in regions of negative electrostatic potential, thus altering the proteins conformation.To compare structural/conformational changes, investigate selectivity and affinity, and probe the mechanism of toxic metal-protein interactions, several natural and engineered Ca2+-binding proteins (CaBPs) were analyzed using Fluorescence, CD and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Engineered proteins were developed based on grafting methods that involved insertion of metal-binding motifs in flexible regions of protein scaffolds to investigate biophysical properties associated with binding reactions in isolated sites. Additionally, the ubiquitous signaling protein calmodulin (CaM) was evaluated extensively to determine changes associated with competitive binding between Ca2+ and anthropogenically available toxicants such as Pb2+, Gd3+, La3+, Tb3+ and In3+. Results suggest that certain toxic metals may not only displace the biologically-relevant metals in metalloproteins, but support our hypothesis that opportunistic binding occurs in non-sites. This has important implications for the potential binding of toxic metals by non-metalloproteins, as well as providing a basis for understanding the impact of toxicity related to downstream protein-protein interactions.
An Efficient Method for the Cryopreservation of Fetal Human Liver Hematopoeitic Progenitor Cells

The use of human hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) for transplantation requires efficient recovery methods and cryopreservation procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine cryopreservation techniques for fetal human liver (FHL) CD34(+) cells. We assessed FHL HPC recovery efficiency after freezing and thawing by viability testing, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, and colony-forming ability under different conditions. We also determined optimal cell freezing concentrations and the effect of rate-controlled freezing on cell recovery. Lastly, cell recovery after varying freezing time periods was examined. Our results indicated that optimal cell recovery occurs when: A) cryopreservation medium consists of either 5% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) or 10% DMSO in combination with either 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or 70% FBS and when Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium consists of not more than 10% DMSO; B) a rate-controlled freezing device container is used; C) CD34(+) cells are frozen at a concentration of 1 x 10(6)/ml, and D) a thawing temperature of 37 degrees C is used. These observations indicate that cryopreservation of FHL HPC is possible for up to 18 months in optimal conditions without losing hematopoietic activity.
The Evolving Role of Chemotherapy and Other Systemic Therapies for Managing Localized Prostate Cancer

ABSTRACTPurpose: The recent literature is reviewed regarding the use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy, and promising new molecular targeted agents in patients with high risk localized prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: A MEDLINE literature review was performed of studies evaluating chemotherapy and other systemic therapies for localized prostate cancer.Results: Patients with prostate cancer at high risk for recurrence despite local therapy include those with clinical stage T3 disease, biopsy Gleason scores of 8 to 10 or serum prostate specific antigen greater than 20 ng/ml. Although hormonal therapy has palliative benefit for the majority of patients with metastatic disease, randomized trials have not demonstrated a survival benefit from its administration before surgery for high risk localized disease. Recent trials have shown that cytotoxic chemotherapy has significant activity in hormone refractory prostate cancer, which has led to ongoing clinical trials that are investigating the use of c...
An immaterial depth-fused 3D display

We present an immaterial display that uses a generalized form of depth-fused 3D (DFD) rendering to create unencumbered 3D visuals. To accomplish this result, we demonstrate a DFD display simulator that extends the established depth-fused 3D principle by using screens in arbitrary configurations and from arbitrary viewpoints. The performance of the generalized DFD effect is established with a user study using the simulator. Based on these results, we developed a prototype display using two immaterial screens to create an unencumbered 3D visual that users can penetrate, enabling the potential for direct walk-through and reach-through manipulation of the 3D scene.
Hydrodynamic characteristics of a gas‐liquid‐solid fluidized bed containing a binary mixture of particles

Hydrodynamic characteristics were investigated in a cocurrent gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed containing a binary mixture of particles. The binary mixtures used were ten combinations of eight types of spherical particles differing in diameter and/or density. The density variation of the particles in the mixture was found to exhibit a stronger effect on the extent of solids mixing or segregation than did the size variation of the particles in the mixture. Additionally, a solids layer inversion phenomenon was found to occur in a bed of small, heavy alumina beads and large, lighter glass beads. The minimum fluidization velocity of binary mixtures correlated well empirically with the superficial gas velocity, weight fraction of jetsam particles, and particle terminal velocities of jetsam and flotsam particles. Bed expansion and gas holdup for a binary mixture were analyzed for three solids mixing states, namely, complete segregation, partial intermixing, and complete intermixing. The analysis indicates that the serial model, or segregation model, predicts the bed voidage satisfactorily even when the bed is at the complete intermixing state.
Membrane structures in normal and essential fatty acid-deficient stratum corneum: characterization by ruthenium tetroxide staining and x-ray diffraction

Abstract Despite the importance of intercellular lamellar bilayers for stratum corneum (SC) barrier function, knowledge about the structure of these bilayers is limited due to their poor visualization and/or retention. Whereas substitution of ruthenium tetroxide (RuO 4 ) for osmium tetroxide fixation provides clear images of these bilayers, the usefulness of RuO 4 has been limited by its slow penetration and cytotoxicity. Utilizing a new fixation protocol for RuO 4 , we obtained clear images of lamellar domains at all levels of murine SC. Computer-aided image reconstructions demonstrated a lamellar spacing of 129 ± 2 A, which agreed with x-ray diffraction data from parallel, unfixed samples (131 ± 2 A), a spacing not affected by hydration. Furthermore, novel structures were seen in the intercellular spaces of normal SC. Finally, in murine essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), the overall lamellar spacing is comparable to normal [127 ± 7 A by computer transform vs. 131.9 ± 2 A (hydrated) and 129.6 ± 2.2 A (dry) by x-ray diffraction]. Yet, these domains are structurally abnormal, displaying regions with either an excess or absence of lamellae. The new RuO 4 protocol provides quantitative information about SC lamellar dimensions and morphologic abnormalities in bilayer distribution and substructure in EFAD stratum corneum that are not detected by either x-ray diffraction or computer-aided image reconstruction. Thus, the barrier abnormality in EFAD stratum corneum can be ascribed either to focal depletion of lamellae or abnormalities in lamellar substructure.
Finding and testing regular equivalence

A natural way to test for the significance of a given approximation to a regular equivalence is to compare its degree of regularity to that of a large number of random permutations of the data matrix. However, if the original equivalence was chosen to be regular in the first place, this method is invalid. Now suppose we have an algorithm (regular equivalence) for approximating the best regular equivalence for network data. If we then apply regular equivalence to a large number of random permutations of the data, we now have a valid test for the regularity of the data, relative to the regular equivalence algorithm. This approach eliminates very slow algorithms, such as simulated annealing, since the algorithm must be applied to hundreds of permuted data matrices. On the other hand, simple greedy algorithms are notorious for finding inferior local optima. Instead, we use a variable-depth search algorithm pioneered by Kernighan and Lin, and generalized by Fiduccia and Matheyses. Using this method, regularity was found not to be present in the data examined.
Mortgage Valuation with Optimal Intertemporal Refinancing Strategies

Abstract This article extends previous work on mortgage valuation in two ways. First, I identify the prepayment boundary by solving for the borrower's optimal prepayment strategy over the expected tenure in the house. Previous work has treated the prepayment decision as a one-time decision, not as an element of a multiperiod strategy. Second, the model incorporates borrower heterogeneity in terms of expected tenure in the house. The results show that the optimal refinancing strategy differs significantly from a sequence of one-time decisions. A borrower following the optimal strategy is less aggressive in refinancing and pays more interest and less transaction costs than does a borrower following a myopic strategy. Estimated mortgage values are higher and interest rate sensitivity is lower when compared to values calculated using the traditional approach.
Subjective visual vertical in vestibular disorders measured with the bucket test

Abstract Conclusion: The ‘bucket test' may indicate that patients with known vestibular disorders have spatial orientation deficits but due to the low receiver operating characteristics (ROC) values it is not useful for screening people for vestibular impairments. Objectives: 1) to verify that patients with unilateral peripheral vestibular weakness (UW) differ from normal subjects on the bucket test, 2) to determine if patients with unilateral benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) differ from normal subjects, 3) to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the test. Methods: Patients with UW (n = 25) and BPPV (n = 25) were compared to normals (n = 50). Subjects looked into a clean bucket with a vertical line on the bottom, which rested on a table. It was rotated, clockwise or counterclockwise, for three trials per direction until the subject indicated that the line was vertical. The dependent measure was the mean absolute value of the deviations from the true vertical. Results: Some, but not all,...
Strategic Fusion: What Lessons for International Counterterrorism?

As the author experienced on an intensive field trip to Israel as an Academic Fellow in the summer of 2007, one has to be close to get a clearer and deeper appreciation of the psychology, attitude,...
Protection from N-nitrosodimethylamine-mediated liver damage by indole-3-carbinol

Abstract Indole-3-carbinol (I-3-C) was examined for its ability to protect mice against 24-hr N -nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)-mediated hepatotoxicity. NDMA (20 mg/kg body weight) alone produced extensive hemorrhagic and centrolobular necrotic lesions, with a necrotic severity index of 3.0 ± 0.4 (scale of 0–5). Treatment with 50 mg/kg body weight of I-3-C by gavage, 1 hr prior to NDMA, substantially protected against hemorrhagic lesions. Furthermore, I-3-C lowered the NDMA-mediated tissue necrotic index to 1.5 ± 0.3, by reducing the extent of tissue necrosis rather than the severity in the necrotic region. Release of liver enzymes into the blood correlated with the histopathology; I-3-C reduced NDMA-mediated elevated activities of plasma alanine transaminase and ornithine transcarbamylase by 84 and 51.3%, respectively. Although no changes in nonprotein sulfhydryls were evident at 24-hr after NDMA, ascorbate levels were reduced to 40% of control values. However, treatment with I-3-C prior to NDMA prevented the decline in tissue ascorbate concentrations. In vitro , I-3-C was found to be a type II ligand for cytochrome P -450, with a Ks value of 237 μM. However, if such binding occurs in vivo , it does not protect against the approximately 60% decrease in hepatic cytochrome P -450 or the 80% decrease in NDMA demethylase I activity produced by NDMA. Since I-3-C slightly enhances cytochrome P -450 content and NDMA demethylase activity, the histopathologic protection by I-3-C must be due to factors other than inhibiting metabolic activation of NDMA.
Characteristics of successful and unsuccessful completers of 3 postacute brain injury rehabilitation pathways

Abstract Malec JF, Degiorgio L. Characteristics of successful and unsuccessful completers of 3 postacute brain injury rehabilitation pathways. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:1759-64. Objective: To determine whether successful participants along different postacute brain injury rehabilitation pathways differ on demographic, injury-related, disability, and outcome variables. Design: Secondary analysis of pre- and posttreatment, and 1-year follow-up data obtained in a previous study of specialized vocational services (SVS) for persons with brain injury. Setting: Outpatient brain injury rehabilitation clinic. Participants: One hundred fourteen persons with acquired brain injury. Interventions: Participants in 3 distinct rehabilitation pathways were studied: SVS only; SVS and a 3-h/wk community reintegration outpatient group; and SVS and 6-h/d comprehensive day treatment (CDT). Main Outcome Measures: Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory (MPAI); Vocational Independence Scale; and "success," as defined by community-based employment (CBE) at 1-year follow-up. Results: The percentage (77%–85%) of participants in CBE at 1-year follow-up did not differ among the 3 pathways. CDT participants had more limited educational backgrounds, were less recently injured, and showed greater disability and more impaired self-awareness than those receiving limited intervention (ie, SVS or community reintegration outpatient group). MPAI scores for limited-intervention participants who were unsuccessful were similar in level to successful participants in CDT. Logistic regression models were developed to predict the probability of success with limited intervention and CDT. Conclusion: Different rehabilitation pathways result in CBE for a large percentage of persons with brain injury if the intensity of service is appropriately matched to the severity of the disability, the time since injury, and other participant characteristics. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Diversification and progression of malignant tumors.

Tumor-cell diversification mechanisms insure that malignant neoplasms contain diversified tumor-cell subpopulations. Because of the instability of tumor cell phenotypes, some malignant cells will evolve with the most favorable properties for their progression to highly metastatic cells. The rates of cellular phenotypic diversification vary greatly among different tumors, and they are probably modulated, in part, by genetic and chromosome defects and by epigenetic events that may vary widely depending upon the nature of the tumor cells and their microenvironments. As tumor diversification and selection proceed, the most malignant cell subpopulations may eventually become dominant and gradually lose their microenvironmental responsiveness. Tumor-cell diversification mechanisms may be similar or identical to normal, developmentally regulated diversification mechanisms that are used during embryonic cell diversification and differentiation.
Effect of Phosphorus Soil Test Level on Sorghum-Sudangrass Response to Phosphorus Fertilizer

Many agricultural soils of the northern Great Plains have excess CaCO 3 or CaSO 4 and pH levels above 7.8, thereby having high fixation capacity for applied P and resultant poor predictability of crop responses to applied P fertilizer. In addition, initial and residual effects of applied fertilizer P on soil test P values are not well understood. A greenhouse study was conducted with Sordan 79 (sordan), an intraspecific [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] sorghum-sudangrass hybrid [syn. S. bicolor-S. sudanense (Piper) Stapf], on three soils with different textures, cation exchange capacities, and CaCO 3 contents to determine sordan response to P fertilizer applied to calcareous soils. Soil test P (bicarbonate-extractable) was adjusted to five initial levels, ranging from 2 to 60 μ g P g -1 soil. Fertilizer P was then applied at five levels, ranging from 0 to 40 mg P kg -1 soil. Three successive harvests of the test crop were completed and measurements of dry matter were made. Response surfaces and regression models were developed, describing the relationships among sordan yield, P uptake by the crop, total P applied as fertilizer, and resultant soil test P values. Sordan response to P fertilizer was linear at soil test values of <30 pg P g -1 soil, but the response was curvilinear above soil test values of 30 μ g P g -1 soil. However, soils with lower soil test levels did not yield as much, even at the highest P rates, as those soils testing above 30 pg P g -1 soil and with no additional P added. The preplant soil test P concentrations as well as the residual (postexperiment) bicarbonate-extractable P soil test concentrations increased with increasing rate of fertilizer P. Results of this study suggest advantages of fertilizer strategies that elevate the bicarbonate-extractable P soil test values of agricultural soils having excess CaCO 3 and pH values above 7.8. Only maintenance applications of fertilizer P appear to be necessary when soil test P concentrations are at or above 30 μg P g -1 of soil and these same soils have relatively high CaCO 3 or CaSO 4 concentrations.
The farm: where pig scripts are bred and raised

Even though scripting languages like Pig allow for simpler coding, performing analytics over Big Data using Map-Reduce engines remains challenging. To further assist developers, and support novice users, we offer "The Farm", a catalog of scriptable services supporting creation, discovery, composition, and optimized execution. Each Pig script added to The Farm becomes an executable service, with inputs and outputs defined by relation schemas. Those services are discoverable using natural language search, and composable using a drag-and-drop interface. To support efficient execution, composed services are automatically merged to a single executable script, which can then be run by a growing selection of platform-specific optimizers and interpreters.
On the relative difficulty of auditory and visual temporal and spatial, integrative and nonintegrative sequential pattern comparisons

Nine tests requiring visual or auditory pattern comparison, visual-auditory intersensory integration, temporal-spatial integration, or both types of integration simultaneously were administered to 414 first-grade children. Error scores indicate that neither auditory-visual nor temporal-spatial integration is more difficult than similar comparisons not involving integration. Spatial patterns were much easier to compare by contrast to temporal patterns.
Determination of Protein-Reducing Substance Values of Milk by Ferricyanide Reduction Methods

Abstract Methods described for the determination of protein-reducing substance (P.R.S.) values of milk by Choi et al., Cardwell and Herzer, and Mulay have been reviewed and their results compared. Differences in procedures resulting in subsequent lower or higher P.R.S. values for raw, pasteurized, pasteurized homogenized milk, and admixtures with reconstituted milk are discussed. Lowest P.R.S. values are obtained by the method of Choi et al., somewhat higher values by the method of Cardwell and Herzer, and highest values by the method of Mulay. The method of Mulay was modified by replacing aqueous CaCl 2 for a 50:50 water:ethanol mixture, and by lowering the reaction temperature of K 3 Fe(CN) 6 to 85C for 10min, from the original temperature of 100C for 5min.
Puerto Rican Elders' Knowledge and Use of Community-Based Long-Term Care Services

We conducted 3 focus groups with 28 Spanish-speaking Puerto Rican elders to explore their knowledge and use of community-based long-term care services, including an exploration of whether their residential setting influences access to services. Analysis revealed themes relating to participants' difficulties and frustrations with formal services. A major theme was a reliance on formal services, given a lack of reliable familial help. Elders living in Latino senior housing reported the greatest access to services, with availability of Spanish-speaking housing staff and informal support from neighbors serving as critical components of their social networks. Practice and policy recommendations are provided.
A Stabilized μ-η2:η2 Peroxodicopper(II) Complex with a Secondary Diamine Ligand and Its Tyrosinase-like Reactivity

The activation of dioxygen (O2) by Cu(I) complexes is an ubiquitous process in biology and industrial applications. In tyrosinase, a binuclear copper enzyme, a μ-η2:η2-peroxodicopper(II) species is generally accepted to be the active oxidant. Reported here is the characterization and reactivity of a stable μ-η2:η2-peroxodicopper(II) complex at −80 °C using a secondary diamine ligand, N,N‘-di-tert-butyl-ethylenediamine (DBED). The spectroscopic characteristics of this complex (UV−vis, resonance Raman) prove to be strongly dependent on the counteranion employed and not on the solvent, suggesting an intimate interaction of the counteranions with the Cu−O2 cores. This interaction is also supported by solution EXAFS data. This new complex exhibits hydroxylation reactivity by converting phenolates to catechols, proving to be a functional model of tyrosinase. Additional interest in this Cu/O2 species results from the use of Cu(I)−DBED as a polymerization catalyst of phenols to polyphenylene oxide (PPO) with O2 a...
Photophysical behavior and intramolecular energy transfer in Os(II) diimine complexes covalently linked to anthracene

The photophysical behavior of two Os(II) complexes having a bipyridine ligand with anthracene attached directly to the bipyridine (4-(9-anthryl)-2,2'-bipyridine, bpy-AN) is reported. The two complexes [(bpy)2Os(bpy-AN)]2+ and [(bpy-AN)2Os(CO)Br]+ have (3)MLCT excited states that differ in energy by less than 800 cm(-1). Despite this fact, the observed photophysical behavior of the two complexes is entirely different. The complex with the higher energy 3MCLT state, [(bpy-AN)2Os(CO)Br]+, is nonemissive at room temperature, but has a long lived excited state that is localized on the 3(pi-pi*) state of the anthracene substituent. The other complex, [(bpy)2Os(bpy-AN)]2+, exhibits emission at room temperature and has a transient absorption spectrum that is consistent with a localized 3MLCT state. The excited state decay behavior of the two complexes can be fit well assuming a model in which noninteracting 3MLCT and 3(pi-pi*) states are in equilibrium.
Are large macroalgal blooms necessarily bad? nutrient impacts on seagrass in upwelling‐influenced estuaries

Knowledge of nutrient pathways and their resulting ecological interactions can alleviate numerous environmental problems associated with nutrient increases in both natural and managed systems. Although not unique, coastal systems are particularly prone to complex ecological interactions resulting from nutrient inputs from both the land and sea. Nutrient inputs to coastal systems often spur ulvoid macroalgal blooms, with negative consequences for seagrasses, primarily through shading, as well as through changes in local biogeochemistry. We conducted complementary field and mesocosm experiments in an upwelling-influenced estuary, where marine-derived nutrients dominate, to understand the direct and indirect effects of nutrients on the macroalgal-eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) interaction. In the field experiment, we found weak evidence that nutrients and/or macroalgal treatments had a negative effect on eelgrass. However, in the mesocosm experiment, we found that a combination of nutrient and macroalgal treatments led to strongly negative eelgrass responses, primarily via indirect effects associated with macroalgal additions. Together, increased total light attenuation and decreased sediment oxygen levels were associated with larger effects on eelgrass than shading alone, which was evaluated using mimic algae treatments that did not alter sediment redox potential. Nutrient addition in the mesocosms directly affected seagrass density; biomass, and morphology, but not as strongly as macroalgae. We hypothesize that the contrary results from these parallel experiments are a consequence of differences in the hydrodynamics between field and mesocosm settings. We suggest that the high rates of water movement and tidal submersion of our intertidal field experiments alleviated the light reduction and negative biogeochemical changes in the sediment associated with macroalgal canopies, as well as the nutrient effects observed in the mesocosm experiments. Furthermore, adaptation of ulvoids and eelgrass to high, but variable, background nutrient concentrations in upwelling-influenced estuaries may partly explain the venue-specific results reported here. In order to manage critical seagrass habitats, nutrient criteria and macroalgal indicators must consider variability in marine-based nutrient delivery and local physical conditions among estuaries.
Numerical simulation of current–voltage characteristics of silicon photoconductive circuit elements

Photoconductive circuit elements (PCEs) are suitable for switching applications: they can be turned on and off rapidly, they can conduct a large current in the ‘on’ state when applying a laser or other optical excitation containing high energy photons exceeding the silicon band gap energy, they have a large resistance in the ‘off’ state when the light is off, and they can be fabricated using a simple process. We report the steady- state characteristics of PCEs simulated from a two-dimensional simulator called PISCES-2B. The effects of the conducting channel length, the resistivity of the intrinsic silicon, and the type of contact region on the performance of the PCE will be investigated and discussed. Based on the simulation results, optimal PCE device make-ups will also be suggested.
Spectacular repression: Sanitizing the batman

Batman Forever is a mass‐mediated public text crafted in response to a perceived need to “sanitize”; the Batman by resolving the psycho‐sexual ambiguities that define him. The textual resources mobilized toward this end consist primarily of simultaneously presenting potentially ameliorative archetypal forms and stripping these forms of their ameliorative potential. The resulting text is a paradigm of managed meaning, denying its own polysemy and thus making itself unavailable to its audiences as “equipment for living.”; Batman Forever may seem, to some, more palatable than its predecessors, and Batman may seem more sane, but this text offers a particularly insidious form of repression‐Batman is a cultural artifact rendered culturally useless through excessive demystification.
Automated intima-media thickness: the Los Angeles atherosclerosis study

Abstract Common carotid artery (CCA) intima-media thickness (IMT) from B-mode ultrasound is a widely used measure of early atherosclerosis. This study evaluated within- and between-sonographer reproducibility of automated edge-tracking IMT using a low-cost mobile scanner. B-mode images of the left and right CCA were acquired on two occasions (interval of 2–14 days) by two sonographers for 38 subjects, aged 31–75 y. Reproduciblity error was measured as the mean absolute difference (MAD ± SEM) and the standard deviation of differences (SDΔ) between repeated measurements. Within-sonographer (MAD = 0.027 ± 0.006 mm; SDΔ = 0.044 mm) and between-sonographer errors (MAD = 0.041 ± 0.008 mm; SDΔ = 0.064) in IMT (mean = 0.74, SD = 0.14) of a single artery were small compared to those of other protocols. Combined averaging across both body positions and arteries reduced intersonographer MAD by 47% (MAD = 0.022 ± 0.003 mm; SDΔ = 0.029 mm). These data demonstrate that the proposed IMT protocol reduces reproducibility error by more than 50% relative to several protocols used in other major studies.
Design and simulation of thermal actuators for STM applications in a standard CMOS process

In this paper a design of thermal actuators for out-of-plane displacements for parallel Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) applications in a standard 0.5 micrometers 3-metal CMOS process is presented. Micromachined STM tips have potential applications in data storage, lithography and high sensitivity microsensors. Standard CMOS process allows for low cost integration of on chip electronics with microstructures. The STM tip actuator consists of a multilayer micromachined beam constructed of various combinations of metal and oxide layers of the CMOS process. Polysilicon is used to heat the multimorph to achieve tip deflection. The tip deflections are a function of the beam design parameters, such as different combinations of metal and oxide layers, and beam length. Analytical results for heat distribution within the multimorph structure are presented along with thermo-mechanical finite element simulations based on previously obtained material properties for the process and experimental results. The validation of this design methodology allows design of STM actuators with desired specifications. The maximum out-of-plane displacements for the 115 micrometers long multimorph actuators with different metal and oxide layer combinations range from 0.5 to 10.0 micrometers for an input power of 10 mW. Spurious in- plane motions of thermal actuators due to mask misalignments in the standard CMOS process are limited by design. The out of plane curling of the actuators varies from 1.65 to 15.75 micrometers depending on beam composition. The maximum power dissipation for all actuators was less than 25 mW.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A two-state methodology for RTL logic simulation

This paper describes a two-state methodology for register transfer level (RTL) logic simulation in which the use of the X-state is completely eliminated inside ASIC designs. Examples are presented to show the gross pessimism and optimism that occurs with the X in RTL simulation. Random two-state initialization is offered as a way to detect and diagnose startup problems in RTL simulation. Random two-state initialization (a) is more productive than the X-state in gate-level simulation, and (b) provides better coverage of startup problems than X-state in RTL simulation. Consistent random initialization is applied (a) as a way to duplicate a startup state using a slower diagnosis-oriented simulator after a faster detection-oriented simulator reports the problem, and (b) to verify that the problem is corrected for that startup state after the design change intended to fix the problem. In addition to combining the earlier ideas of two-state simulation, and random initialization with consistent values across simulations, an original technique for treatment of tri-state Z's arriving into a two-state model is introduced.
Research priorities for the influence of gender on diagnostic imaging choices in the emergency department setting.

Diagnostic imaging is a cornerstone of patient evaluation in the acute care setting, but little effort has been devoted to understanding the appropriate influence of sex and gender on imaging choices. This article provides background on this issue and a description of the working group and consensus findings reached during the diagnostic imaging breakout session at the 2014 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference “Gender-specific Research in Emergency Care: Investigate, Understand, and Translate How Gender Affects Patient Outcomes.” Our goal was to determine research priorities for how sex and gender may (or should) affect imaging choices in the acute care setting. Prior to the conference, the working group identified five areas for discussion regarding the research agenda in sex- and gender-based imaging using literature review and expert consensus. The nominal group technique was used to identify areas for discussion for common presenting complaints to the emergency department where ionizing radiation is often used for diagnosis: suspected pulmonary embolism, suspected kidney stone, lower abdominal pain with a concern for appendicitis, and chest pain concerning for coronary artery disease. The role of sex- and gender-based shared decision-making in diagnostic imaging decisions is also raised.
Solid polymer electrolyte actuator using electrode reaction

Abstract A solid polymer electrolyte membrane, Nafion, plated with noble metal is known for the fast bending upon electric field. Since this composite contains water, the applied voltage should be small enough such as 1 V in order to avoid water electrolysis, although its larger deflection demands the higher applied voltage. Nafion with copper–platinum electrodes on its surfaces exhibited larger deflection than that with the pure platinum electrodes upon 1 V. This larger deflection is owing to the electrode reaction of copper that provides larger flux of mobile Cu 2+ .
Effect of Louver Angle in Multi-Louvered Fins at Low Reynolds Numbers

The paper studies the effect of large louver angles on the performance of large pitch multilouvered fins at low Reynolds numbers. The Reynolds number based on face velocity and louver pitch is varied between 50 and 300. Louver angles are varied from 20° to 60° for fin pitch ratios of 1.5 and 2.0. It is found that increasing louver angle has a favorable effect on flow efficiency up to a certain point, beyond which the flow efficiency decreases. The maximum flow efficiency is realized at smaller louver angles as the Reynolds number increases. The drop in flow efficiency is attributed to the development of recirculation zones which act as blockages. In spite of the decrease in flow efficiency, the heat transfer coefficient increases with louver angle for all the cases studied. It is found that as louver angle increases, impingement heat transfer at the leading surface of louvers becomes a dominant mode of heat transfer. Friction factors also increase with louver angle, primarily due to an increase in form drag.Copyright © 2003 by ASME