cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternative labeling method for peptide ladder sequencing using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry

Following previous work, alternative terminating labels for ladder sequencing of peptides have been investigated to make ladder sequencing more compatible with analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI-FT-MS). Although peptide analysis by MALDI-FT-MS using existing ladder-generating chemistry was possible, the spectra were complicated by the loss of the phenyl isocyanate (PIC) terminating label in the gas phase on the time scale of the FT-MS experiment. Therefore, in the work described here, a new reagent which would produce more stable peptide derivatives was investigated. A variety of substituted phenyl isocyanate terminating labels, using angiotensin III antipeptide (Gly-Val-Tyr-Val-His-Pro-Val) as a model peptide, were assessed for this purpose. Of the compounds investigated, N-carboxy phthalimide is the best alternative terminating label compatible with the ladder-generating chemistry. Upon reaction of the peptide with N-carboethoxy phthalimide, the peptide N-terminus is incorporated into a cyclic structure. As a consequence, the corresponding peptide derivatives are very stable and do not fragment during FT-MS analysis. Unambiguous identification of amino acids is demonstrated with an average mass error of ± 0.003 Da.
230 MEASUREMENT OF OXYGEN FREE RADICALS (OFR) IN A RABBIT SHOCK LUNG INJURY MODEL: EFFECT OF SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD) AND VITAMIN A

230 MEASUREMENT OF OXYGEN FREE RADICALS (OFR) IN A RABBIT SHOCK LUNG INJURY MODEL: EFFECT OF SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD) AND VITAMIN A
Interaction effects of achievement need and situational press on performance.

Summary The hypothesis that motivational states and situational presses jointly affect arousal was experimentally tested by having pairs of Ss with high and low achievement motivation construct model rockets in one of three conditions—cooperative, individual, competitive—assumed to vary in the amount of inherent, situational press. Results indicated that low achievers performed best in a competitive situation, worst in the cooperative situation, while the reverse was the case for the high achievers. Cooperative situations theoretically reduced the arousal of low achievers to well below an assumed optimal level, while the arousal levels of the high achievers were decreased into the optimum range. Competitive situations, on the other hand, increased arousal of high achievers to well above the optimum, while competition increased arousal of low achievers up to the optimal range for performance.
ENZYMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RETINAL DEHYDROGENASE TYPE I EXPRESSED IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

We expressed RalDH(I) in Escherichia coli and have shown that it functions in vitro with the complex CRBP-retinal (cellular retinol-binding protein) as substrate, either generated in situ from the complex CRBP-retinol and microsomal retinol dehydrogenases or provided directly as CRBP-retinal. Recombinant RalDH(I) had kinetic constants with CRBP-retinal of: Hill coefficient 1.8; K0.5 0.8 microM; and Vm 1.5 nmol/min/mg of protein at 25 degrees C. Apo-CRBP inhibited the reaction with CRBP-retinal with an IC50 of 1.4 microM. Citral inhibited RalDH(I) with an IC50 of approximately 1 microM compared to an IC50 of approximately 12 microM for RalDH(II), but did not serve as substrate for RalDH(I). RalDH(I) did not catalyze efficiently the dehydrogenation of acetaldehyde, but showed higher Vmax/Km values for hexanal, octanal, decanal and benzaldehyde than for either propanal or retinal. These data extend the characterization of RalDH(I), show that apo-CRBP competes with holo-CRBP as substrate for RalDH(I), and expand insight into the pathways of retinoic acid biogenesis from the most abundant substrates in vivo, retinoid-liganded CRBP.
Advances in genetics of juvenile myoclonic epilepsies.

One by one, mutation-containing mendelian genes that cause monogenic juvenile myoclonic epilepsies (JME) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)-susceptibility alleles that increase risks for nonmendelian complex JME should fall to the power of molecular genetics. Of 15 chromosome loci, 3 mendelian genes (α1-subunit of the GABAA receptor [GABRA1], chloride channel 2 gene [CLCN2], and Myoclonin1/EFHC1) and 2 SNP-susceptibility alleles of putative JME genes in epistases (bromodomain-containing protein 2 [BRD2] and connexin [Cx]-36) have been identified, so far. Antiepileptic drugs now can be designed against the specific molecular defects of JME.
On the mechanism of ouabain toxicity in purkinje and ventricular muscle fibers at rest and during activity

Purkinje and ventricular muscle fibers were loaded with 42 potassium, and tissue radioactivity was measured. At the same time, trans-membrane potentials were recorded. Changes in K fluxes were estimated from the change in tissue radioactivity with the preparation at rest or stimulated electrically. The same procedures were repeated in the presence of ouabain. The results obtained show that ouabain causes (1) a small decrease (about 5 percent) in K uptake in both Purkinje and ventricular muscle fibers at rest; (2) a reduction of about 50 percent of K uptake in stimulated Purkinje fibers; (3) the disappearance of the small increase in K uptake found in stimulated ventricular muscle fibers; (4) a small reduction of K efflux in stimulated Purkinje fibers; (5) a pronounced reduction in K efflux in resting ventricular muscle fibers; and (6) a more frequent inexcitability in Purkinje than in ventricular muscle fibers, although the concentration of ouabain was far smaller for Purkinje fibers. It is concluded that (a) an active fiber is more sensitive than a resting fiber to ouabain toxicity because the usual increase in ionic fluxes (and therefore of active ion transport) with activity is reduced or abolished by ouabain; and (b) Purkinje fibers are more sensitive to ouabain than ventricular muscle fibers because the increase in active ion transport with the onset of stimulation is almost an order of magnitude greater in Purkinje fibers.
Influence of a Species-Specific Extracellular Amino Acid on Expression and Function of the Human Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor

The mammalian GnRH receptor is an atypical G protein-coupled receptor which lacks the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail that is present in all other seven-transmembrane domain receptors. The mouse and rat GnRH receptors contain 327 amino acids, whereas human, sheep, and bovine receptors have an additional residue in the second extracellular loop at position 191. Another notable species difference is that human receptors undergo agonist-induced internalization much more rapidly than the mouse receptor. In this report, the role of the additional amino acid (Lys191) in GnRH receptor function was studied in transiently expressed mutant and wild-type human and mouse GnRH receptors. Deletion of Lys191 from the human GnRH receptor caused a 4-fold increase in receptor expression in COS-1 and HEK 293 cells and a modest increase in binding affinity. The magnitude of the agonist-induced inositol phosphate response mediated by theΔ K191 human receptor was similar to that of the wild-type receptor, but the EC50 was decrease...
Magnetic resonance imaging as an adjunct to sonography in the evaluation of the female pelvis

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis is generally considered to be most beneficial in those cases where the pelvic sonogram is limited or equivocal. All cases that underwent both sonographic and MRI examinations at our institution for the evaluation of the female pelvis in the past two years were retrospectively reviewed. We reviewed the sonographic and MRI reports and the subsequent clinical management in the 41 cases that had both studies to assess whether MRI contributed to the clinical management decision. Both studies were interpreted independently based upon the known clinical and laboratory data available at the time. MRI was obtained in 21 cases because the sonogram was suboptimal or inconclusive. In the other 20 cases it was obtained for additional information, even though the sonogram was diagnostic. Of the 21 inconclusive sonographic studies, MRI established or clarified the diagnosis in all cases. Of the 20 studies where MRI was obtained for additional information, MRI added useful data that helped contribute to the clinical management of 11 patients. MRI is an important adjunct to pelvic sonography. It established, clarified, or added significant data in 78% of cases.
Another people of India project: Colonial and national anthropology

In a bookstore in delhi, a salesman, apprised of my interest in lower-caste politics, handed me a tome about the officially listed Dalit, or untouchable, groups, The Scheduled Castes (Singh 1995). The first thing to strike me was the cover, a glossy photograph of a presumably Scheduled Caste woman with her back against a tall stone wall, surrounded by her four grubby kids. She is beaming. The second thing to strike me was the title of this new series, of which this was the second volume. The series, by the central government's Anthropological Survey of India, was called the People of India, a name that had been used for several rather notorious colonial ethnographic projects. Intrigued, I began to examine this most recent avatar of the People of India.
Acute effects of light and darkness on sleep in the pigeon (Columba livia)

In addition to entraining circadian rhythms, light has acute effects on sleep and wakefulness in mammals. To determine whether light and darkness have similar effects in birds, the only non-mammalian group that displays sleep patterns comparable to mammals, we examined the effects of lighting changes on sleep and wakefulness in the pigeon. We quantified sleep behavior (i.e., bilateral or unilateral eye closure) in pigeons maintained under a 12:12 LD cycle, and immediately following a change from a 12:12 to a 3:3 LD cycle. During both LD cycles, sleep was most prevalent during dark periods. During the 3:3 LD cycle, darkness had the greatest sleep promoting effect during the hours corresponding to the subjective night of the preceding 12:12 LD cycle, whereas light suppressed sleep across circadian phases. As previously suggested, the light-induced decrease in sleep in the subjective night might be partly mediated by the suppression of melatonin by light. Although the sleep promoting effect of darkness was modulated by the circadian rhythm, sleep in darkness occurred during all circadian phases, suggesting that darkness per se may play a direct role in inducing sleep. In addition to the effects of lighting on behavioral state, we observed an overall bias toward more right eye closure under all lighting conditions, possibly reflecting a response to the novel testing environment.
SU‐FF‐T‐445: Changes in Clinical Practice Due to Electron Monte Carlo Implementation

Purpose: To identify changes in target coverage when clinical practice advances from the GGPB algorithm to the electron Monte Carlo algorithm in Eclipse. Method and Materials: Sixteen patients were planned with electron Monte Carlo. Prescriptions were set to cover percentage of target volume, as clinically acceptable by the physicians, on a case by case basis. Dose volume histogram coverages were noted for PTV and CTV, where applicable. MUs were recorded. The same plan was run with GGPB. Prescription point and line was set to achieve similar dose volume histograms to the electron Monte Carlo plans. Dose volume histogram coverages were noted for PTV and CTV, where applicable. MUs were recorded. The MU derived form the GGPB model were used to calculate an “inverse electron Monte Carlo” plan, namely a plan using the electron Monte Carlo algorithm but calculated with fixed MUs, as they were calculated from the GGPB. Dose volume histogram coverages were noted for PTV and CTV, where applicable. MUs were recorded. Results: The inverse electron Monte Carlo plans give a representative image of clinical practice before the electron Monte Carlo clinical implementation. The overall target coverage was significantly less than previously thought while using the GGPB. This trend increases with the increase in angle of incidence and is more prominent for angles > 15degrees. Further study is necessary in order to evaluate the effects of inhomogeneity. Conclusion: The use of electron Monte Carlo leads to increasingly better tumor coverage. The MUs used are also increasing in the range of 4%–13%, in order to achieve the true desired coverage.
[1‐13C] glucose MRS in chronic hepatic encephalopathy in man

[1-13C]-labeled glucose was infused intravenously in a single dose of 0.2 g/kg body weight over 15 min in six patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy, and three controls. Serial 13C MR spectra of the brain were acquired. Patients exhibited the following characteristics relative to normal controls: 1) Cerebral glutamine concentration was increased (12.6 +/- 3.8 vs. 6.5 +/- 1.9 mmol/kg, P < 0.006) and glutamate was reduced (8.2 +/- 1.0 vs. 9.9 +/- 0.6 mmol/kg, P < 0.02). 2) 13C incorporation into glutamate C4 and C2 positions was reduced in patients (80 min after start of infusion C4: 0.43 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.84 +/- 0.15 mmol/kg, P < 0.001; C2: 0.20 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.45 +/- 0.07 mmol/kg, P < 0.0001). 3) 13C incorporation into bicarbonate was delayed (90 +/- 21 vs. 40 +/- 10 min, P < 0.003), and the time interval between detection of glutamate C4 and C2 labeling was longer in patients (22 +/- 8 vs. 12 +/- 3 min, P < 0.03). 4) Glutamate C2 turnover time was reduced in chronic hepatic encephalopathy (17.1 +/- 6.8 vs. 49.6 +/- 8.7 min, P < 0.0002). 5) 13C accumulation into glutamine C2 relative to its substrate glutamate C2 increased progressively with the severity of clinical symptoms (r = 0.96, P < 0.01). These data indicate disturbed neurotransmitter glutamate/glutamine cycling and reduced glucose oxidation in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. [1-13C] glucose MRS provides novel insights into disease progression and the pathophysiology of chronic hepatic encephalopathy.
Keynote address: Divide and Recombine: An approach for analyzing large datasets

Analyzing large datasets is often diffcult because systems and algorithms do not scale. Even routine processing tasks are diffcult to run and may take a long time. Many common analytical algorithms cannot be applied to large datasets because they are either superlinear in time or space. In this talk I will describe our approach for analyzing large datasets that we call Divide and Recombine (D&R). D&R is built using RHIPE, a system that runs parallel R map-reduce jobs using Hadoop. We use D&R to run virtual experiments over large datasets. In a virtual experiment, we sample the data using a technique from experimental design, we then analyze the results of that experiment, and fnally combine all the experiments into a single result. This is joint work with Bill Cleveland.
Studies of mold filling and curing in the reaction injection molding process

A model is developed for pressure rise, extent of reaction and temperature changes during filling and curing in thin rectangular molds for the reaction injection molding (RIM) process. The predictions of the model are shown to be in good agreement with experimental results obtained for several intrumented molds using polyurethane RIM chemical systems. The relevant dimensionless groups are identified. Criteria for good mold filling are developed.
Continuous-flow paper electrophoresis in the fractionation of human salivary secretion

Abstract Mixed human salivary secretion has been fractionated into twelve components, at a rate of 5 ml/hr, by a specially constructed continuous-flow paper electrophoresis apparatus. Optimal resolution has been obtained with borate buffer pH 9·0, S & S 470A chromatographic paper, electrolyte flow rate 120 ml/hr, and an electrical field of 30 V/cm. Under the employed experimental conditions a “steady state” of the system can be maintained for long and uninterrupted periods of operation, making this method suitable for preparative fractionation of components of the human salivary secretion.
A mild method for the preparation of disulfide-linked hybrids of immunoglobulin light chains.

Abstract A method is described for the hybridization of immunoglobulin light chains (Bence-Jones proteins) from different patients. The interchain half-cystine residues in the light chains from one subject are converted into mixed disulfides with 2,2'-dithiodipyridine. In the Bence-Jones dimer from a second patient the interchain disulfide bond is reduced with dithiothreitol. A covalently linked hybrid molecule is produced by the reaction of the mixed disulfide with the reduced thiol. In favorable cases the mild treatment yields heterodimers which can be crystallized for X-ray diffraction studies. The procedure can also be employed for converting a monomer into a covalent dimer. The engineered dimer of one κ chain (Jen) crystallizes in the same space group as an aggregate of monomers, but the unit cell is only one-third as large.
The enclosure of cyberspace

This essay takes a radical political economy approach to investigate the evolving National Information Infrastructure (NII). The first section explores the growing concentration of ownership and control over the NII, with specific focus on interactive digital television. The second section looks at efforts of copyright owners to extend their control over information and cultural products into new media markets. The final section concerns the commercialization of the NII as information service providers have begun to use the system to advertise and sell commodities. Concentration, commodification, and commercialization are all seen as tendencies undermining the democratic potential of new communications systems.
Empirical analysis of inductive knowledge acquisition methods

The performance of modeling techniques in emulating expert decision making behavior at classification tasks might be contingent upon the characteristics of tasks to which the model is applied.
Antigen-induced generation of lyso-phospholipids in human airways

The goal of the current study was to examine the formation of phospholipids, 1-radyl-2-lysosn-glycero-phospholipids (lyso-PL) and 2-acetylated phospholipids (such as PAF) as well as mechanisms responsible for generating these phospholipids in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAI.F) from allergic subjects challenged with antigen. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in normal and allergic subjects before, 5-30 min, 6 h, and 20 h after segmental antigen challenge via a wedged bronchoscope. Levels of 1-hexadecyl-2-lyso-phospholipids and 1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-phospholipids were initially determined by negative ion chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (NICI-GC/MS). Antigen dramatically elevated quantities of 1-hexadecyl-2-lyso-phospholipids in allergic subjects 20 h after challenge when compared to non-allergic controls. In contrast, there was not a significant increase in levels of 1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-phospholipids after antigen challenge. Closer examination of 1-radyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (GPC) revealed that 1-palmitoyl-2-lyso-GPC, 1-myristoyl-2-lyso-GPC and 1-hexadecyl-2-lyso-GPC were three major molecular species produced after antigen challenge. 1-palmitoyl-2-lyso-GPC increased sevenfold to levels of 222 +/- 75 ng/ml of BALF 20 h after antigen challenge. The elevated levels of lyso-PL correlated with levels of albumin used to assess plasma exudation induced by allergen challenge. In contrast, the time course of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) or 9 alpha, 11 beta PGF2 (11 beta PGF2) formation did not correlate with lyso-PL generation. To examine the mechanism leading to lyso-phospholipid formation in antigen-challenged allergic subjects, secretory phospholipase A2 (PI.A2) and acetyl hydrolase activities were measured. There was a significant increase in PLA2 activity found in BALF of allergic subjects challenged with antigen when compared to saline controls. This activity was neutralized by an antibody directed against low molecular mass, (14 kD) human synovial PLA2 and dithiothreitol. Acetyl hydrolase activity also markedly increased in BALF obtained after antigen challenge. This study indicates that high levels of lyso-PLs are present in airways of allergic subjects challenged with antigen and provides evidence for two distinct mechanisms that could induce lyso-PL formation. Future studies will be necessary to determine the ramifications of these high levels of lyso-phospholipids on airway function.
The health implications of soy infant formula

Soy formula (SF) has been fed to millions of infants worldwide. It has been shown to promote growth and development as well as milk-based formula (MF). Controversy has developed over the adequacy and safety of SF. Most concerns are based on in vivo and in vitro data that raise the possibility of estrogenic effects of isoflavones contained in SF. There are few studies of children who were fed SF, and thus insufficient data are available to judge if SF feeding results in clinically significant developmental effects and if there are any long-term health consequences (adverse or beneficial). However, the Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center is conducting a prospective longitudinal study comparing growth, development, and health of breastfed children with formula-fed (SF and MF) children from birth through age 6 y. After 5 y of study, children in all 3 groups (n > 300) are growing and developing within normal limits, and there are no indications of adverse effects in the soy-fed children. Neonatal pig studies comparing SF, MF, and breast milk (BM) have shown diet-specific gene expression profiles in various target tissues. Therefore, although SF differed significantly from BM, MF also differed from BM, and SF differed from MF. Nonetheless, these animals grew and developed normally, and SF piglets had several health benefits (eg, increased bone quality) and no observable adverse effects. Thus, to date, our results suggest that SF supports normal growth and may have advantages in promoting bone development.
Multiband multimode ultracommunications node for improved interoperability

This paper addresses advanced software radio architecture and technologies that promise to improve the communications aspect of the interoperability problem. Its intent is to inform the reader of technologies under development today that could provide the means to solve many of the issues that limit communication between agencies and jurisdictions of the public safety sector. It is not intended to address issues such as spectrum allocation or operational coordination. Basic elements of interoperability are addressed and basic definitions of the problem are provided. Issues such as multijurisdiction and multiagency coordination are addressed. The issue of the wide range of frequencies allocated for public safety use is of particular importance. A software radio architecture presentation follows with a discussion of the basic components and the benefits of this approach. The primary software radio benefit is the use of a single radio to provide communication on a number of different frequencies with different demodulation schemes. Unique approaches to radio frequency preselection, broad band signal down conversion, high-speed digital sampling techniques, and multichannel signals processing are discussed. Enabling technologies will then be introduced, briefly covering microelectromechanical systems radio frequency devices, silicon germanium radio frequency application specific integrated circuits, advanced analog to digital converters, state-of-the-art digital signal processing, and vertical cavity surface emitting lasers. The conclusion of the paper is that an advanced technology software radio is a viable, cost-effective solution for the interoperability problem in the public safety sector.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Phonological awareness in illterates: Observations from Serbo-Croatian

ABSTRACTAdult illiterate and semiliterate speakers of Serbo-Croatian were assessed on reading, writing, phonological, and control tasks. Most subjects had acquired measurable literacy skills despite a documented lack of formal instruction. The individual differences in these skills were highly specific. They were related to measures of phoneme segmentation and alphabet knowledge, but only weakly related to general cognitive abilities. Three groups, categorized with respect to the subjects' ability to identify the letters of their Cyrillic alphabet, differed on phoneme deletion and phoneme-counting tasks, but not on syllable-counting, picture vocabulary, or tone-counting tasks. Alphabet knowledge was more tightly coupled with phoneme awareness than has been found in speakers of English. Cross-language similarities and differences are discussed, highlighting the role that phonological transparency of the orthography may play in the acquisition of literacy.
Improved landing aid availability through the use of new criteria

A relatively new approach and concept that is being used to qualify the ILS (instrument landing system) glide slope for operational use is presented. It is argued that greater availability of ILS components means a higher level of safety. A proposal is also presented for consideration of a new standard which will also allow for still greater availability. This relates to lateral coverage requirements for glide slopes. It is concluded that, with new criteria, greater availability is present, improved standards are in place, and the public is better served, not only with greater safety, but also with increased reliability of air travel schedules. >
Shape-based interpolation of tree-like structures in three-dimensional images

Many three-dimensional (3-D) medical images have lower resolution in the z direction than in the x or y directions. Before extracting and displaying objects in such images, an interpolated 3-D gray-scale image is usually generated via a technique such as linear interpolation to fill in the missing slices. Unfortunately, when objects are extracted and displayed from the interpolated image, they often exhibit a blocky and generally unsatisfactory appearance, a problem that is particularly acute for thin treelike structures such as the coronary arteries. Two methods for shape-based interpolation that offer an improvement to linear interpolation are presented. In shape-based interpolation, the object of interest is first segmented (extracted) from the initial 3-D image to produce a low-z-resolution binary-valued image, and the segmented image is interpolated to produce a high-resolution binary-valued 3-D image. The first method incorporates geometrical constraints and takes as input a segmented version of the original 3-D image. The second method builds on the first in that it also uses the original gray-scale image as a second input. Tests with 3-D images of the coronary arterial tree demonstrate the efficacy of the methods. >
Roger Scruton: How to think seriously about the planet: the case for environmental conservatism

The main thesis of Roger Scruton’s provocative and insightful book How to Think Seriously about the Plant is that local solutions are the best way of dealing with environmental problems, such as climate change, deforestation, and pollution. Local solutions include free markets that give people incentives to take care of their environment; taxes that require consumers to pay for the true costs of pollution, tort laws that allow people to sue polluters for damages; and community associations that promote environmental stewardship. Global and national solutions favored by the modern environmental movement, such as international treaties and government regulations, are philosophically confused and psychologically unrealistic, according to Scruton. Global and national solutions are philosophically confused because morality is based on personal responsibility and love of home and family, rather than on abstract notions of distributive justice or social utility. Global national solutions are psychologically unrealistic because most people are motivated to protect their environment for economic reasons or out of love for their home and habitat, rather than from a commitment to a social or political cause. Global and national solutions also can create unintended consequences that cause more harm than good because they do not take local needs and concerns into account. One of Scruton’s key insights is that environmental problems often arise because polluters are able to externalize the costs of pollution, which means that they do not bear the full costs of pollution. For example, automobiles produce hydrocarbons emissions that can negatively affect air quality, increase respiratory illnesses, and contribute to global warming. Consumers of gasoline are shielded from these costs, because gas prices do not reflect the impacts of gasoline consumption on the
Target Tracking and Adversarial Reasoning for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Because of their ability to reach unique vantage points without endangering a human operator, camera-equipped unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are effective tools for military and civilian surveillance missions, such as target tracking. However, visually tracking targets can be challenging because of the inherent clutter and occlusions. To add to this challenge, adversarial targets will attempt to escape. To counter these challenges a two tiered approach is used. In the first tier, a particle filter is used to estimate the location of the target using information from the incoming video stream. The particle filter is a sample-based tool for approximating the solution to the optimal, Bayesian tracking problem. The filter is adept at approximating non-Gaussian distributions that evolve according to non-linear dynamics. However, this increased functionality comes with an inherently large computational burden. A methodology for allowing the filter to manage the computational load of the filter based on the tracking conditions is presented along with simulation and flight test results. In the second tier, an adversarial reasoning module is used to produce strategies for a team of UAVs that is tracking an evading target. By using a differential game framework a team of air vehicles is able to contain a target that is attempting to escape. The framework decomposes a complete game into a set of two player games, which are solved more easily. The framework is presented along with simulation results.
Stand When Your Number is Called: An Empirical Attempt to Classify Types of Social Change Agents

Interviews and questionnaires were administered to a varied group of professional social change agents. A four-category typology of change agent types was developedfrom an inductive analysis of the data. The categorization scheme best accounted for differences in the following areas: personal characteristics, values relative to social change, conceptualizations about what mediates change, change technologies employed, and the settings in which change work is carried out. The four types of change agents which emerged were: (1) the Outside Pressure Type who works to change systems from outside through the application of pressure using such tactics as mass demonstration, civil disobedience, and violence; (2) the Analysis for the Top Type who works primarily with business and government units to improve efficiency and output and employs analytic procedures to develop expert advice; (3) the Organization Development Type who works to improve a system 's problem-solving capabilities through applied behavioral sc...
The Relationship Between Trees and Human Health Evidence from the Spread of the Emerald Ash Borer

Background: Several recent studies have identified a relationship between the natural environment and improved health outcomes. However, for practical reasons, most have been observational, cross-sectional studies. Purpose: A natural experiment, which provides stronger evidence of causality, was used to test whether a major change to the natural environment—the loss of 100 million trees to the emerald ash borer, an invasive forest pest— has influenced mortality related to cardiovascular and lower- respiratory diseases. Methods: Two fixed-effects regression models were used to estimate the relationship between emerald ash borer presence and county-level mortality from 1990 to 2007 in 15 U.S. states, while controlling for a wide range of demographic covariates. Data were collected from 1990 to 2007, and the analyses were conducted in 2011 and 2012. Results: There was an increase in mortality related to cardiovascular and lower-respiratory-tract illness in counties infested with the emerald ash borer. The magnitude of this effect was greater as infestation progressed and in counties with above-average median household income. Across the 15 states in the study area, the borer was associated with an additional 6113 deaths related to illness of the lower respiratory system, and 15,080 cardiovascular-related deaths. Conclusions: Results suggest that loss of trees to the emerald ash borer increased mortality related to cardiovascular and lower-respiratory-tract illness. This finding adds to the growing evidence that
Creating Families in the Classroom

Abstract We developed a series of small-group activities for a large introductory course on adult development and aging. Students were assigned to a “family” and developed family identities. Throughout the semester, students role-played family scenarios that required application of course material. They also received summaries of research findings and discussed the implications for their families. Students considered how their families' characteristics (e.g., SES and ethnicity) would influence their experiences in the situations. The exercises engaged students in active learning and gave them insight and appreciation for “real life” issues that related course material to family and professional situations.
Seeing beyond the receptive field in primary visual cortex

Recent studies on the response properties of neurons in primary visual cortex emphasize the dynamics and the complexities of facilitatory and suppressive interactions between the receptive field center and surrounding areas of visual space. These observations raise new questions about the circuitry responsible for receptive field surround effects and their contribution to visual perception.
Vascular patterns in mature hypertrophic burn scars treated with fractional CO2 laser.

Background and Objective: Fractional CO2 laser has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic modality to improve the texture and appearance of burn scars. An issue in many burn scars is persistent erythema, which traditionally has been treated with vascular lasers. Interestingly, fractional CO2 lasers have been shown to improvetheappearanceofburnscars,includingerythema, but no mechanism has been proposed for this change. Our objective is to evaluate the histopathologic changes in vasculature in burn scars treated with fractionated CO2 laser, and to attempt to describe the mechanism behind reduced erythema following treatment. Study Design/Materials and Methods: Uncontrolled, prospective study of ten patients with mature burn scars, from a clinical and histological perspective. Biopsy specimens were obtained before and 2 months after 3 treatment sessions. Anti-CD31 immunostaining was performed to highlight vascular patterns in biopsy specimens. Results: In histological analysis, an increase in vascular density, particularly of small caliber vessels, was seen following treatment, with an 82.6% average increase in vasculature (P ¼0.028). This increase in vascularity correlated with a decrease in clinical erythema and vascularity scores, measured using the Vancouver Scar Scale. Conclusion: Mature hypertrophic burn scars treated with a fractional CO2 laser showed a statistically significant increase in vascular density in the superficial dermis. A non-statistical decrease in clinically perceived erythema and improvement of overall appearance was seen. To our knowledge, this is the first report of increased vascular density in burn scars treated with fractional CO2 laser and suggests our prior assumptions on causes of erythema in mature hypertrophic scars may need to be challenged. Lasers Surg. Med. 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Male Obstetric Competence in Ancient Israel

According to two recent sociological studies on childbirth in the OT, the (androcentric) OT displays both insensitivity to the parturient and ignorance of the basics of parturition. One of the studies specifies that the biblical authors were unaware of the normally presenting fetal member, the head. The present article, however, comes to decidedly different conclusions: 1) the position that the Israelite male was insensitive to women experiencing childbirth either goes beyond the available evidence or is a distortion thereof; 2) both studies overlook information that undermines their conclusions; and 3) the OT authors were sufficiently aware of the fundamentals of childbirth.
Hydrogen Hexachloroplatinate(IV)

[16941-12-1] Cl6H14O6Pt (MW 517.92) InChI = 1S/6ClH.6H2O.Pt/h6*1H;6*1H2;/q;;;;;;;;;;;;+4/p-4 InChIKey = PIJUVEPNGATXOD-UHFFFAOYSA-J (catalyst for hydrosilylation, hydrogenation, carbonylation, coupling, and oxidation) Alternate Names: CPA; chloroplatinic acid; hexachloroplatinic acid; Speier's catalyst. Physical Data: mp 60 °C, d 2.431 g cm−3. Solubility: sol water, alcohol, ether. Form Supplied in: brownish-yellow crystalline mass; very deliquescent; widely available. Drying: compound decomposes on heating. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: harmful if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through skin. The compound may be carcinogenic. Use in a fume hood.
Detection of human papillomavirus in the prostate by polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization

Human papillomavirus is associated with a variety of anogenital lesions, including genital warts, precancers and cancers. In male patients human papillomavirus has been identified in proliferative lesions ranging from penile and urethral warts to penile and prostatic cancers. We examined the association of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in 84 prostate tissue specimens. Specimens were selected from radical prostatectomy, transurethral resection or transrectal biopsy procedures. A total of 60 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues (24 prostate cancer specimens, 16 benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens and 20 normal specimens) was examined by polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Also, 24 gelatin-embedded frozen prostate cancer specimens were examined for human papillomavirus DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Of the specimens 69 were deemed adequate for polymerase chain reaction analysis, whereas all 60 paraffin-embedded tissues were sufficient for in situ hybridization. Human papillomavirus DNA was detected in 2 normal tissues and 6 prostate cancers using polymerase chain reaction. None of the benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens was positive for human papillomavirus. Human papillomavirus typing results indicated that virus type 16 was present in each of the 8 positive specimens. Confirmation of the presence of human papillomavirus was obtained for 1 of the prostate cancers by nonisotopic in situ hybridization with biotinylated human papillomavirus genomic probes. The low prevalence of human papillomavirus in this study population does not strongly support an etiological role for the virus in prostate cancer.
Automated construction of maximally localized Wannier functions: Optimized projection functions method

Maximally localized Wannier functions are widely used in electronic structure theory for analyses of bonding, electric polarization, orbital magnetization, and for interpolation. The state of the art method for their construction is based on the method of Marzari and Vanderbilt. One of the practical difficulties of this method is guessing functions (initial projections) that approximate the final Wannier functions. Here we present an approach based on optimized projection functions that can construct maximally localized Wannier functions without a guess. We describe and demonstrate this approach on several realistic examples.
Pathogenesis-Related Proteins Limit the Retention of Condensed Tannin Additions to Red Wines

Exogenous additions of condensed tannin (CT) to must or wine are a common winemaking practice, but many studies have reported inexplicably low and variable retention of added CT. We observed that additions of purified CT to red wines can result in the formation of an insoluble precipitate with high nitrogen content. Proteomic analysis of the precipitant identified several classes of pathogenesis-related proteins. Proteins in juices and red wines were quantitated by SDS-PAGE and were highest in native Vitis spp., followed by interspecific hybrids and Vitis vinifera. Wine protein was positively correlated with the ratio of juice protein to the quantity of tannin derived from fruit. The binding of added CT by wine protein could be well modeled by the Freundlich equation. These observations may explain the poor CT retention in previous studies, particularly for interspecific hybrids, and also indicate that protein removal during winemaking may improve exogenous CT retention.
Refractive Stability After Cataract Extraction Using a 6.5-Millimeter Scleral Pocket Incision With Horizontal or Radial Sutures

Background Radial suturing of 6.5-millimeter scleral tunnel incisions following cataract surgery can create significant with-the-rule astigmatism in the immediate postoperative period. Because of the significant visual distortion and slow visual recovery seen with radial suturing, this study was undertaken to compare two other suturing techniques which induce lesser amounts of with-the-rule astigmatism in the immediate postoperative period. Methods The refractive behavior of eyes closed with loose radial sutures and with horizontal sutures was compared to the behavior of eyes closed with the more traditional "tight" radial sutures following phacoemulsification surgery. Results Eyes sutured with loosely tied radial sutures demonstrated minimal with-the-rule cylinder immediately following surgery (1.25 D) and showed a more rapid stabilization of astigmatism than did the eyes tied with tight radial sutures, 2 months versus up to 6 months. However, the eyes tied with horizontal sutures, which showed no induced with-the-rule astigmatism at the time of surgery, showed even more rapid stabilization between 5 days and 1 month from the time of surgery. Conclusion To get the most rapid visual rehabilitation following cataract surgery, a wound closure which generates no induced with-the-rule cylinder such as horizontal sutures would be required.
Peer sameness and peer diversity: The influence of breadth and depth of classmates with high academic needs in kindergarten

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: Relying on a newly released national data set of kindergarten students from the 2010–2011 school year (Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Class of 2010–2011), the findings suggest that having a greater percentage of same-needs classmates positively boosts both achievement and socioemotional outcomes among kindergartners. However, the overall degree of diversity in the classroom has no effect (either negative or positive) on these same outcomes. Practice or Policy: Alongside changes in schooling integration policies and grade promotion practices, the general education classroom is becoming increasingly diverse academically. It is notable that general education classrooms have been experiencing increases in the presence of children with disabilities and English language learners in addition to increases in the number of retained students. Prior empirical research typically isolated how 1 of these groups with high academic needs might have influenced the outcomes of ot...
NEARSHORE COASTAL PROCESSES ADJACENT TO A TIDAL INLET

Two tidal inlets with strikingly different physical characteristics have been investigated through an analysis of multi-year beach survey results and field investigations of the nearshore wave and current structure adjacent to the inlets. The survey results indicate that the downdrift shoreline adjacent to both inlets is dominated by persistent inlet directed currents, which run counter to the net sediment transport direction. The two wave and current studies differed in both their spatial and temporal resolution, requiring the use of separate analysis techniques to determine the forcing mechanisms responsible for the observed inlet directed currents. The two analysis techniques produced similar results which indicate that tidal-induced circulation generates the persistent nearshore current structure. Episodic wind-generated currents and nonlinear wave and current interactions were found to reach the same order of magnitude as the tide-induced currents, and could either enhance or reverse the observed nearshore current structure.
Perceptions of Exercise of Mall Walkers Utilizing the Health Belief Model

This study was undertaken to determine characteristics of mall walkers and their motivation for exercise, utilizing the Health Belief Model (HBM). The final questionnaire was completed by 123 male ...
Topology of the electron density of d0 transition metal compounds at subatomic resolution.

Accurate X-ray diffraction experiments allow for a reconstruction of the electron density distribution of solids and molecules in a crystal. The basis for the reconstruction of the electron density is in many cases a multipolar expansion of the X-ray scattering factors in terms of spherical harmonics, a so-called multipolar model. This commonly used ansatz splits the total electron density of each pseudoatom in the crystal into (i) a spherical core, (ii) a spherical valence, and (iii) a nonspherical valence contribution. Previous studies, for example, on diamond and α-silicon have already shown that this approximation is no longer valid when ultrahigh-resolution diffraction data is taken into account. We report here the results of an analysis of the calculated electron density distribution in the d0 transition metal compounds [TMCH3]2+ (TM = Sc, Y, and La) at subatomic resolution. By a detailed molecular orbital analysis, it is demonstrated that due to the radial nodal structure of the 3d, 4d, and 5d orbi...
Screaming Behind a Door: The Experiences of Individuals Incarcerated Without Medication-Assisted Treatment.

Background and Purpose:Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) is an evidence-based method of treating opioid addiction. Of incarcerated individuals in the United States, 50% to 85% have a history of s...
Attraction of rhyacionia neomexicana (dyar) 1/ to synthetic pheromones

Abstract The southwestern pine tip moth, Rhyacionia neomexicana (Dyar), is a destructive pest of young ponderosa pine trees. Male moths are attracted to traps containing virgin females, but chromatographic fractions of female abdominal tips failed to entice males. A variety of synthetic materials were field tested at Chevelon, Arizona over a 6‐year period (1971–1976). (Z)‐7‐Dodecen‐l‐ol acetate, (E)‐7‐dodecen‐1‐ol acetate, and especially (E)‐9‐dodecen‐1‐ol acetate were attractive to the male moth. However, none of the synthetic compounds was as effective as live virgin females.