cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erratum: Spherical nanoindentations and kink bands in Ti 3 SiC 2

We report on load versus depth-of-indentation response of Ti3SiC2 surfaces loaded with a 13.5 μm spherical tipped diamond indenter up to loads of 500 mN. Using orientation imaging microscopy, two groups of crystals were identified; one in which the basal planes were parallel to, and the other normal to, the surface. When the load-penetration depth curves were converted to stress-strain curves the following was apparent: when the surfaces were loaded normal to the c axis, the response at the lowest loads was linear elastic—well described by a modulus of 320 GPa—followed by a clear yield point at approximately 4.5 GPa. And while the first cycle was slightly open, the next 4 on the same location were significantly harder, almost indistinguishable, and fully reversible. At the highest loads (500 mN) pop-ins due to delaminations between basal planes were observed. When pop-ins were not observed the indentations, for the most part, left no trace. When the load was applied parallel to the c axis, the initial response was again linear elastic (modulus of 320 GPa) followed by a yield point of approximately 4 GPa. Here again significant hardening was observed between the first and subsequent cycles. Each cycle resulted in some strain, but no concomitant increase in yield points. This orientation was even more damage tolerant than the orthogonal direction. This response was attributed to the formation of incipient kink bands that lead to the formation of regular kink bands. Remarkably, these dislocation-based mechanisms allow repeated loading of Ti3SiC2 without damage, while dissipating significant amounts of energy per unit volume, Wd, during each cycle. The values of Wd measured herein were in excellent agreement with corresponding measurements in simple compression tests reported earlier, confirming that the same mechanisms continue to operate even at the high (≈9 GPa) stress levels typical of the indentation experiments.
Public Policy Update: Semiconductor chips, rare earths, export control, and funding

Join SPIE Government Affairs Director Jennifer O'Bryan as she details the latest public policy issues impacting the optics and photonics community, including the recent executive order on the U.S. supply chain regarding semiconductor chips and rare earths, export control changes in the U.S. and China, and significant U.S. federal funding increases on the horizon in research and development of key technology areas. Talk to be followed by panel discussion
Forgotten disease: an atypical case of Lemierre syndrome presenting as a soft tissue abscess

Lemierre syndrome (LS) is an acute oropharyngeal infection with secondary septic thrombophlebitis and distant septic embolisation. A 29-year-old woman with sore throat, dyspnoea and left shoulder pain, who was on levofloxacin for 3 days, presented with worsening symptoms. She was tachycardic, tachypneic and hypoxic on presentation. CT of neck and chest revealed multiple loculated abscesses on her left lower neck and shoulder, right peritonsillar abscess, thrombosis of the right external jugular vein and multiple bilateral septic emboli to the lungs. She was started on clindamycin and ampicillin sulbactam for LS. She developed septic shock and required intubation due to respiratory failure. Drainage of the left shoulder abscess grew Fusobacterium nucleatum. After 2 weeks of a complicated intensive care unit stay, her haemodynamic status improved and she was transferred to the floor. LS has variable presentations, but regardless of the presentation, it is a potentially fatal disease-requiring prompt diagnosis and management.
The war that destroyed America: Afghanistan’s coming bill

The United States has been at war in Afghanistan for nearly twenty years, with arguably no discernible end in sight. Yet there has been no public accounting of the costs of the on-going conflict, e...
Potassium, Not Calcium Induces Milk Fever:

The effects of prepartal dietary potassium, sodium, and calcium concentration on the incidence of periparturient hypocalcemia or milk fever was determined in older (≥ 4th lactation) Jersey cows.
Distribution of comorbidities as primary diagnoses by obesity class among patients in a large US paediatric healthcare system.

There is little documentation of the distribution of specific health conditions across obesity classes (I, II, III), especially for paediatric populations who are seen for routine care in large United States US healthcare systems. The aim of this study was to assess the odds of presenting ≥2 obesity-related comorbidities as well as assess the overall distribution of these co-morbidities in children by class I/II/III obesity status controlling for key sociodemographic characteristics. This retrospective (2015-2019) electronic health record review analysed 49 276 patients from the Children's Health System of Texas diagnosed with obesity-related health conditions by obesity status (no obesity, class I, II, III). Crude and adjusted logistic regression models examined the association between obesity class and the likelihood of ≥2 comorbidities as primary diagnoses. Patients with class I obesity were 22% more likely (OR 1.22, 95% CI, 1.16, 1.27), patients with class II obesity were almost 50% more likely (OR 1.44, 95% CI, 1.35, 1.53) and those with class III obesity twice as likely (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.91, 2.18) to be diagnosed with ≥2 comorbidities as primary diagnoses, compared with patients classified with no obesity. Children with obesity, particularly severe obesity, should be monitored closely by paediatricians for possible diagnoses of risk factors that could lead to adult chronic disease.
A Problem in Forensic Science Highlighting the Differences between the Bayes Factor and Likelihood Ratio

This article is aimed at the growing number of statisticians interested in the important problem of interpreting evidence within the forensic identification of source problems. Our purpose is to formalize these forensic problems as statistical model selection problems. We use two different classes of statistics for quantifying the evidential value, the likelihood ratio and Bayes Factor. In forensics, both are commonly called the “likelihood ratio approach” and “the value of evidence” despite using different definitions of probability. In statistics, they are closely related to the traditional likelihood ratio from pattern recognition and the Bayes Factor used in model selection. For two different problem frameworks typical in forensic science, the common source and the specific source problems, we show the Bayes Factor and likelihood ratio are not equivalent, and highlight several interesting links between them. These contributions will help to elucidate the effects of choosing different definitions of probability when addressing the forensic identification of source problems. The broader population of statisticians may find this paper interesting as an introduction to forensic applications and for illuminating the connections between model selection methods from two different paradigms of statistics, particularly in view of the active recent discussions on the connections among Bayesian, Fiducial, Frequentist (BFF) approaches.
Cost of Hospitalizations for Leading Foodborne Pathogens in the United States: Identification by International Classification of Disease Coding and Variation by Pathogen.

Foodborne illness is a continuing public health problem in the United States. Seven pathogens—Campylobacter, Clostridium perfringens, Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytog...
Predicting complex nonspherical instability shapes of inertial cavitation bubbles in viscoelastic soft matter

Inertial cavitation in soft matter is an important phenomenon featured in a wide array of biological and engineering processes. Recent advances in experimental, theoretical, and numerical techniques have provided access to a world full of nonlinear physics, yet most of our quantitative understanding to date has been centered on a spherically symmetric description of the cavitation process in water. However, cavitation bubble growth and collapse rarely occur in a perfectly symmetrical fashion, particularly in soft materials. Predicting the onset of dynamically arising, nonspherical instabilities in soft matter has remained a significant, unresolved challenge, in part due to the additional constitutive complexities introduced by the surrounding nonlinear viscoelastic solid. Here, we provide a new theoretical framework capable of accurately predicting the onset of nonspherical instability shapes of a bubble in a soft material by explicitly accounting for all pertinent nonlinear interactions between the cavitation bubble and the solid surroundings. Comparison with high-resolution experimental images from laser-induced cavitation events in a polyacrylamide hydrogel show excellent agreement. Interestingly, and consistent with experimental findings, our model predicts the emergence of various dynamic instability shapes for circumferential bubble stretch ratios greater than 1, in contrast to most quasistatic investigations. Our new theoretical framework not only provides unprecedented insight into the cavitation dynamics in a soft, nonlinear solid, but also provides a quantitative means of interpreting bubble dynamics relevant to a wide array of engineering and medical applications as well as natural phenomena.
Laparoscopic colorectal surgery is safe and benefits octogenarian patients with malignant disease: a matched case-control study comparing laparoscopic and open colorectal surgery

Increased physiological stress from laparoscopic surgery and the lower physiological reserves in the elderly are causes for concern. This study aims to compare the outcomes between laparoscopic and open colorectal surgery in octogenarians. Octogenarians who underwent elective colorectal resections from 2000 to 2011 were reviewed. Patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery were matched for comorbidities, T-staging and type of resection performed to patients with open surgery. Each group had 36 patients. Both groups were comparable for median age (85 vs 83, p = 0.43), gender (21 vs 18 males, p = 0.64) and the American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) score (p = 0.486). Both groups had comparable median maximal tumour dimensions (4.75 vs 4.25 cm, p = 0.38) and median number of lymph nodes harvested (15 vs 14, p = 0.94). The laparoscopic group had, however, a longer median operative time (167.5 vs 124.5 min, p < 0.001). Both groups had comparable median length of hospitalisation (8 vs 7, p = 0.83), number of complications with a grade of complication (GOC) of ≥3 (5 vs 7, p = 0.75) and 30-day mortality rates (8.3 vs 5.6 %, p = 1.00). One-year survival rate for the open group was lower (75.0 vs 94.4 %, p = 0.09). Despite a longer operating time, laparoscopic surgery had comparable short-term outcomes and might have a long-term survival benefit.
PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS FOR RUN-OFF-ROAD COUNTERMEASURE SYSTEMS FOR CARS AND TRUCKS

In this paper, the authors examine run-off-road situations for vehicles. Crash problems for both passenger cars and heavy trucks are first examined. This is followed by a look at simulation results of countermeasure systems. The article concludes with a discussion on further needs for countermeasure systems for cars and trucks.
Reply to Argiri Sianou, George Galyfos and Georgios Kaparos’ Letter to the Editor re: Alan J. Wolfe, Linda Brubaker. “Sterile Urine” and the Presence of Bacteria. Eur Urol 2015;68:173–4

In their letter to the editor, Sianou et al questioned our conclusion [1] that the female bladder is not sterile because, they argue, the use of a transurethral catheter to collect urine could introduce bacterial contaminants into the bladder, contaminants that could be detected by sensitive techniques such as 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and expanded quantitative urine culture (EQUC). Given the possibility of contamination, they contend that suprapubic aspiration is the only validmethod of collecting urine formicrobiological studies of the bladder. Given the rapidly evolving scientific ability to detect and describe bacterial communities, these are valid questions that we have carefully considered. Clinical diagnosis and treatment should be improved to detect and treat meaningful uropathogens, with an understanding of the normal urinary resident bacterial community. We have also grown increasingly concerned about the validity of the clinical practices used for diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract disorders based, most commonly, on voided urine samples. Contamination is a risk inherent in any samplingmethod; however, suprapubic aspiration is clearly not feasible for routine clinical care. Nonetheless, we began our studies by analyzing paired urine collected by both suprapubic and transurethral methods. As suggested by Sianou et al, we also collected and analyzed controls—a swab of the skin was performed where the needle puncture would occur prior to the application of antiseptic and a needle subsequently inserted at that site that did not enter the bladder. The samples obtained by suprapubic aspirate (SPA) and transurethral catheter (TUC) resembled each other, whereas the control samples did not. We concluded that the bacteria detected in the SPA and TUC samples had indeed been present in the bladder [2]. To determine whether the DNAdetected came from live bacteria,we developed EQUC, which identified live bacteria in urine obtained by the TUC method [3]. Subsequently, we performed EQUC and 16S
The Role of Electrostatic Charging of Small and Intermediate Sized Bodies in the Solar System

The role of electrostatic charging of small and intermediate sized bodies in the solar system is reviewed. These bodies include planetary, interplanetary and cometary dust as well as cometary nuclei (at large heliocentric distances), asteroids and the larger bodies in the Saturnian ring system. While this charging has both physical and dynamical consequences for the small dust grains, it has only physical consequences for the larger bodies. The main physical consequences for the small grains are electrostatic erosion (“chipping”) and disruption, whereas for the larger bodies they include electrostatic levitation and blow-off of fine loose dust from their surfaces.
Making Punishment Safe for Democracy: A Reply to Professors Bowers, Cahill & Duff

Professors Josh Bowers, Michael Cahill, and Antony Duff have each penned subtle and thoughtful response essays to my article, Retributive Justice and the Demands of Democratic Citizenship (available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1930443).In this essay, I try to offer some initial thoughts that I hope will adequately address their separate challenges and queries. With respect to the challenges they offer, I should say that, in a few places, I offer some concessions. In most others, however, I decline their invitations to reconsider my arguments about our moral obligations to conform to or to enforce what I call permissibly dumb but not illiberal laws. This penultimate version of the paper also includes some efforts at addressing some challenges recently (and separately) raised by Professor Eugene Volokh.Professor Bowers' essay can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1945743Professor Cahill's essay can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1950660
Recuperando la historia de los colombianos en Elizabeth: redefiniendo la historia de la ciudad

This paper reports some of the results of a project of restitution of oral testimonies from Colombian migrants to Elizabeth (New Jersey, U. S. A.). A first objective intends to review some historical widespread versions that ignore the Latino presence in the city (which accounts for nearly half of today´s population) o that reduce it to the Cuban component (that numerically has been already surmounted by Colombians). A second objective tries to show, by means of collected stories, the way Colombians have lived the insertion to the local life ways since the sixties.
Urinary symptomatology in younger men

Abstract Objectives We surveyed a “population” of younger men (20 to 49 years old) for lower urinary tract symptomatology and for symptomatology associated with prostatitis. Methods A National Guard unit was surveyed by mail with a 58-question urinary symptom questionnaire. Surveys were returned anonymously by mail. Results International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) of 8 or greater was seen in 5% of men in their 20s and rose to 15% of those in their 40s. Approximately 5% (0% to 7%) reported a history of prostatitis. Caffeine caused symptoms in 2% to 13%, while exercise and smoking were not associated with symptoms. Individual prostatitis symptoms were only seen occasionally across this age group. Conclusions As measured by the IPSS, urinary symptoms increased during the 20 to 49-year age period. A history of prostatitis is much less common than most nonpopulation studies suggest.
Vegetation based classification trees for rapid assessment of isolated wetland condition

Abstract Biological metrics are increasingly employed by regulatory agencies to assess ecosystem condition for the purposes of conservation, restoration, mitigation and creation. While indices of biotic integrity (IBI) have been shown to correspond strongly with anthropogenic disturbance, they are time consuming and expensive to implement and require advanced taxonomic knowledge. Regulatory implementation frequently necessitates simplified indicators of community composition that do not excessively sacrifice ecological specificity. Detailed observations of vegetative community composition and structure in isolated depressional herbaceous ( n = 75) and forested ( n = 118) wetlands were undertaken to identify integrative biotic metrics of community condition. Habitat-specific wetland condition indices (WCI) composed of five to six relativized biotic metrics (% non-native plant species, % tolerant and % sensitive plant species, perennial-to-annual/biennial ratio, mean floristic quality, species hydric status) were previously developed. From these quantitative indices of condition, classification (CT) and regression tree (RT) models were developed for categorical/continuous prediction based on presence/absence data for species and ecologically appropriate groups of species. Optimal categorical resolution with respect to model validation accuracy was achieved for three impact categories (minimally, moderately, and severely disturbed). Overall cross-validation efficiencies were 77% and 74% for herbaceous and forested wetlands, respectively. Error was primarily observed in the moderate degradation class for both systems and misclassified sites tended to fall near categorical threshold values. High validation specificity was observed for severely degraded sites (89% for both systems) and minimally impacted sites (>90% for both systems). The advantages of CT models for regulatory application include interpretive simplicity, ecological specificity, standardized repeatable assessment between assessors, and reduced botanical expertise requirements.
Repeated observation of obese and normal subjects eating in the natural environment.

Abstract Repeated observation of eating in the natural environment was used to compare the behavior of two obese college students with their normal weight roommates. The number of calories consumed, the frequency of obtaining seconds, the frequency of cleaning the plate, and the time spent eating were assessed. Obese subjects ate larger meals and a greater number of snacks than their normal weight partners according to both direct observation and self-report measures. Self-report and direct observation were equally accurate measures of caloric intake, but self-recording seemed to alter the subject's normal eating habits. Repeated observation in the natural environment may be a useful technique for studies of normal-obese differences and individualized assessments of eating habits.
Detecting and monitoring human leukocyte antigen–specific antibodies

Renewed awareness of the relevance of HLA-specific antibodies to transplantation and the development of protocols to reduce or eliminate sensitization have made monitoring of antibodies and accurate interpretation of test results increasingly important. Here we review the various tests available and provide guidelines for the development of monitoring protocols.
Hadron masses in lattice QCD at β = 5.48 with ma = 0.004

Abstract We report on the light hadron mass spectrum obtained on a 163 × 32 lattice using two flavors of light dynamical quarks with ma = 0.004. We have run at β = 5.48, the β value for the finite temperature transition/crossover on a lattice with Nt = 8. Using the ϱ mass to set the scale of the lattice, we find Tc = 155(10) MeV and mπ = 235(15) MeV.
Microscale Electrokinetics: Dielectrophoretic Manipulation of Particles

Miniaturization is a rapidly growing field, with great potential for many applications, from cell and clinical analysis, medical diagnostics, food and water safety, and environmental monitoring. Working on the microscale offers significant advantages, such as shorter time, reduced sample requirement, higher resolution and sensitivity. There are important research efforts devoted to the development of separation and analytical techniques that can be employed on the microscale. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is the motion of particles due to polarization effects when exposed to nonuniform electric fields; this electrokinetic transport mechanism has a great potential for the manipulation of a wide array of particles. DEP offers great flexibility, since it can be carried out employing DC and AC electric fields, and neutral and charged particles can be manipulated. Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) is novel technique where insulating structures, instead of electrodes, are used to create nonuniform electric fields. This presentation is focused on the use of AC-iDEP and DC-iDEP for the manipulation, concentration y separation of different types of particles. Experimental and modeling results obtained with COMSOL will be presented and discussed, demonstrating the versatility and great potential of iDEP as a microscale technique for effective and highly controlled particle manipulation.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Counting Information: A Note on Physicalized Numbers

Existing work on the ultimate limits of computation has urged that the apparatus of real numbers should be eschewed as an investigative tool and replaced by discrete mathematics. The present paper argues for a radical extension of this viewpoint: not only the continuum but all infinitary constructs including the rationals and the potential infinite sequence of whole numbers need to be eliminated if a self-consistent investigative framework is to be achieved.
Cellular mechanotransduction: sensing rigidity.

Cells use differences in the binding rates between the extracellular matrix and integrin adhesion receptors to sense matrix rigidity.
The effects of oral droperidol versus oral metoclopramide versus both oral droperidol and metoclopramide on postoperative vomiting when used as a premedicant for strabismus surgery

Abstract Study Objective: To compare the efficacy of oral droperidol versus oral metoclopramide, or both oral droperidol and metoclopramide, on postoperative vomiting when used as a premedicant for strabismus surgery. Design: Double-blind, randomized, prospective study. Setting: Academic children's hospital. Patients: 154 ASA physical status I and II ambulatory patients, ages 1 to 15 years, scheduled for strabismus surgery. Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to receive colored sugar water containing either droperidol 300 mcg/kg orally, metoclopramide 0.15 mg/kg orally, both droperidol 300 mcg/kg and metoclopramide 0.15 mg/kg orally, or no active ingredient (placebo group) as a premedicant. The premedications were given orally 1 to 1.5 hours prior to the operation. Measurements and Main Results: Patients were analyzed for the number of episodes of vomiting from the time of their emergence from anesthesia through the first 24 hours postoperatively, including the convalescent period at home. Patients were also analyzed for length of hospital stay. There were no statistically significant differences between groups regarding age, premedication time, surgery time, or discharge time. Droperidol and droperidol-metoclopramide were significantly more effective ( p Conclusions: Our data suggest that oral droperidol 300 mcg/kg and the combination of oral droperidol 300 mcg/kg and metoclopramide 0.15 mg/kg are effective in reducing the frequency of vomiting within the first 24 hours after strabismus surgery. The combination of oral droperidol and oral metoclopramide is highly effective in reducing the frequency of vomiting postoperatively in strabismus ambulatory surgery patients ( p = 0.017). This combination seems to represent an inexpensive alternative to the more costly ondansetron.
Effect of Substrate Miscut on the Direct Growth of Semipolar (10-1-1) GaN on (100) MgAl2O4by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition

We report on the the direct growth of semipolar (10-1-1) GaN templates on (100) MgAl2O4 substrates miscut in the direction. (10-1-1) GaN deposited on nominally on-axis substrates did not coalesce. An intentional substrate miscut broke the four-fold symmetry of the substrate surface and resulted in coalesced layers. The minimum full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of the on-axis (10-1-1) X-ray rocking curve was 0.4° for a 1.5° miscut. The FWHM of the off-axis (000-2) rocking curve remained constant for miscuts <3.0°. 93% and 99% of the volume of the samples were aligned in a single epitaxial variant for 1.5° and 3.0° substrate miscuts, respectively.
A national voice network with satellite and small transceivers

A geostationary satellite utilizing a large multiple-beam UHF antenna is shown to be potentially capable of providing tens of thousands of voice channels for hundreds of thousands of mobile ground terminals using hand-held or vehicular-mounted transceivers with whip antennas. Inclusion of on-board network switching facilities permits full interconnection between any terminal pair within the continental United States (CONUS). Configuration tradeoff studies at selected frequencies from 150 to 1500 MHz, with antenna diameters ranging from 20 to 200 m, and CONUS-coverage multiple beams down to 0.3 deg beamwidth, establish that monthly system user costs in the range of $90 to $150, including leased and maintained ground equipment, are feasible.
G. Warren Nutter’s “Traveler’s tale of the Soviet economy”: A witness to the actual world

The text of G. Warren Nutter’s 1956 “Traveler’s tale of the Soviet economy” challenges the belief that only credentialed experts offer useful economic analysis. Nutter’s introduction is a remarkable statement of an approach in which an expert attempts to see the world through eyes unfiltered by theoretical propositions. His distrust of theory is such that his “Tale” was hurriedly written so that these presuppositions did not creep in to “correct” the naive impressions of a tourist. Two decades after Nutter’s trip, Alain Besancon (Survey: A Journal of East and West Studies 25(4): 143–159, 1980) pointed out the inconsistency between the Soviet world described by witnesses and that described by orthodox Western economic models. More recently an inconsistency in the sequences of models in American economic textbooks—faster Soviet growth without catching up to American levels—has been detailed (Levy and Peart Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 78: 110–125, 2011). A difference between the witnessed world and the modeled world in the sequence of textbooks is that the modeled world was not possible.
The Meadow Jumping Mouse on Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas

We report specific locations, habitat associations and attributes of meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius) captured over a 28-year period on the Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas. We used large Sherman live traps to survey small mammals in native tallgrass prairie habitats (by traplines and grids), woodland habitats (by traplines and grids) and planted brome fields (traplines only). Fifteen meadow jumping mice were captured over the 28 years of surveys (a total of >300,000 trap nights). Nine males and six females were captured between late June and October; only a single male was scrotal and no females were visibly reproductively active. Furthermore, meadow jumping mice were from young adult-to-adult body size (13.5–21.0 g), except for a 9.5 g male trapped in mid-October. In terms of habitat association, more meadow jumping mice were captured in woodland habitats than in native prairie (standardized to trapping efforts in each habitat). No jumping mice were captured in brome fields. We conclude tha...
Stability Analysis of Particle Methods with Corrected Derivatives

Abstract The stability of discretizations by particle methods with corrected derivatives is analyzed. It is shown that the standard particle method (which is equivalent to the element-free Galerkin method with an Eulerian kernel and nodal quadrature) has two sources of instability: 1. rank deficiency of the discrete equations, and 2. distortion of the material instability. The latter leads to the so-called tensile instability. It is shown that a Lagrangian kernel with the addition of stress points eliminates both instabilities. Examples that verify the stability of the new formulation are given.
Closed gastroschisis: total parenteral nutrition-free survival with aggressive attempts at bowel preservation and intestinal adaptation

Abstract Background In infants with gastroschisis antenatal closure of the umbilical defect results in a proximal atresia with ischemia and/or volvulus of the extracorporeal midgut. It has been described as “closed gastroschisis” or “vanishing midgut.” Methods A 10-year review of 219 gastroschisis patients identified 10 infants with this rare complication. Results In these 10 infants, the extracorporeal midgut was invariably matted and fibrosed. In 3 cases, the midgut had completely “vanished.” In the remaining 7 cases, the remnant midgut was surgically reduced into the abdominal cavity with care not to compromise the diminutive vascular pedicle. Abdominal exploration was performed several weeks later to reestablish bowel continuity; 4 required an ostomy and 2 underwent a serial transverse enteroplasty. Mean residual length of salvaged small bowel was 79 cm with retention of the distal half of the colon. Eight infants survived the initial hospitalization, with a mean length of stay of 121 days and mean hospital charge of $287,094. Six of the 7 long-term survivors have been completely weaned off total parenteral nutrition. Conclusion A nihilistic attitude toward infants with closed gastroschisis may not be uniformly supported because in the majority of these infants' long-term independence from total parenteral nutrition was achieved.
Measuring Deformations of Limp Fabrics for Material Handling

There is an increasing focus on automating the textile industry, particularly labor- intensive tasks such as fabric manipulation and assembly. The highly flexible nature of these materials makes au...
Multiple crystal types reveal photosystem II to be a dimer

Three types of photosystem II (PS II) crystals have been produced using a variety of detergents. Intermediate stages of crystal formation were examined and it was determined that each crystal probably originates from a single grana membrane. Each crystal type was examined by electron microscopy and image processing, providing three different projection maps. The highest resolution results came from type 1 and type 2 crystals. Projection maps from these crystals were examined for two-fold symmetry via difference maps between the unsymmetrized averages and their 180 degrees rotation. A comparison of the final maps shows a high degree of two-fold symmetry, with only slight differences noted in the low density regions of the two halves of the structure. The interpretation is that PS II is a dimer, with the further suggestion that the two reaction center cores may have slightly different complements of antennae polypeptides.
Tetrahedral Co-ordination in Ni(II)

IT would appear quite possible that the disappearance of the 400-mµ peak is indicative of tetrahedral co-ordination of nickel(II), and I have no argument with this criterion. My communication was prompted by Katzin's apparent conclusion concerning the configuration of the blue compounds studied by Lifshitz, Bos and Dijkema on the basis of visual colour alone.
Collaborative planning – A neoliberal strategy? A study of the Atlanta BeltLine

Abstract Collaborative/communicative planning theorists have engaged Habermas’s idea of communicative rationality to offer a framework for a more democratic decision-making process. However, critics of communicative rationality and its underlying assumptions raise fundamental questions about the very possibility of an actually existing collaborative planning process. While collaborative planning theory provides a worthwhile ideal, the assumptions of bracketing status difference, identifying common good and building consensus, problematize its application in real life. In fact, collaborative planning principles provide a means for the market-driven local state and planning agencies to reinforce present neoliberal hegemony. While such processes may result in community empowerment and greater democracy under certain conditions, market-led planning projects are more likely to co-opt the high democratic principles of collaborative/communicative planning theory and nurture a post-political condition. This paper elaborates these points by examining the planning process of the Atlanta BeltLine as an instance of neoliberal governance. Using qualitative research methods this paper analyzes the BeltLine’s community engagement effort to democratize the planning process in the Historic Fourth Ward neighborhood in Atlanta. It argues that BeltLine-like market-led planning efforts tactfully take advantage of the problematic principles of collaborative planning theory to create an ostensibly democratic decision-making process that in reality reinforces the neoliberal hegemony instead of challenging it.
Structural modifications of the mitotic apparatus during the early cleavages in sand dollar eggs

1. Some results of exposure of developing sand dollar eggs to DTDG before the appearance of the mitotic apparatus and also subsequent to its appearance are discussed. 2. Treatment with DTDG interferes with the degree of fibrous organization that the mitotic apparatus can achieve and greatly reduces the stability of this structure. 3. There appears to be an inverse relationship between the number of cells completing cleavage on the initial attempt and the DTDG concentration. 4. Within the range of DTDG concentrations studied there was observed a progressively greater delay in cytokinesis relative to karyokinesis with increasing DTDG concentrations. This “uncoupling” could occur to the extent where karyokinesis successfully ran its course, but cytokinesis would not be completed in time and complete regression of the cleavage furrow ensued.
Systems engineering life-cycle modeling approach to wireless sensor networks

The applications of wireless sensor networks proliferated in the recent years. For specific applications, due to the large number of sensors deployed, wireless sensor networks can be seen as elements of infrastructure. As many elements of infrastructure are designed and operated considering the systems engineering life cycle process, so, too, the systems engineering process is appropriate for the design and operation of wireless sensor networks. Besides delivering the required functionality while respecting operational constraints, a must for every engineering system, system lifetime, defined as the duration of time in which the system is capable of delivering an acceptable level of performance, is a critical operational objective for wireless sensor networks. To identify the configurations for which an acceptable system lifetime threshold level is obtained, a simulation model is proposed. The simulator is also designed to provide coverage information of the monitored environment. A separate Weibull reliability prediction model is proposed to account for the potential adverse actions directed towards the deployed wireless sensor nodes.
An influenza A virus containing influenza B virus 5' and 3' noncoding regions on the neuraminidase gene is attenuated in mice.

Abstract Influenza A and B viruses have not been shown to form reassortants. It had been assumed that the lack of genotypic mixing between influenza virus types reflected differences in polymerase and packaging specificity. In this study, we show that an influenza A virus polymerase transcribes and replicates a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene flanked by the nontranslated sequences of an influenza B virus gene. Although the transcription level of this CAT gene was several times lower than that of a CAT gene flanked by the homologous nontranslated sequences of an influenza A virus, we proceeded to construct a chimeric type A/B influenza virus. Using recombinant DNA techniques, a chimeric neuraminidase gene was introduced into the genome of influenza A/WSN/33 virus. The hybrid influenza A/B virus gene contained the coding region of the A/WSN neuraminidase and the 3' and 5' nontranslated sequences of the nonstructural gene of influenza B/Lee virus. The resulting chimeric virus formed plaques in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells but replicated more slowly and achieved lower titers than wild-type influenza A/WSN/33 virus. The chimeric virus was attenuated for mice as indicated by a 400-fold increase in its LD50. Interestingly, the virus was greatly restricted in replication in the upper respiratory tract and partially restricted in the lungs. Animals infected with the transfectant virus were highly resistant to influenza virus challenge. It appears that this chimeric virus has many of the properties desirable for a live attenuated virus vaccine.
Deposition and Thinning of the Human Tear Film

The exposed part of the eyeball is covered by a tear film, which is vital for the proper function of the eye. The film thickness has been measured to be roughly 10 μm; however, how a tear film of this thickness is generated has not been clearly explained. It is proposed that the tear film is deposited analogous to a coating process by the rising meniscus of the upper lid during a blink. A coating model is formulated that not only predicts correctly the film thickness, but also captures the postblink lipid spreading commonly observed in experiments. A deposited tear film thins rapidly near the tear meniscus surrounding the film. Numerical simulation of this thinning reveals that the minimum film height obeys a power law. When the minimum height reaches the effective range of dewetting intermolecular forces, the film ruptures. The thinning time therefore defines a breakup time, and the thinning law shows explicitly how this breakup time is related to tear viscosity, surface tension, meniscus radius, and initial and final film thicknesses. The calculated breakup time agrees with those observed experimentally.
Solution of the two-dimensional spectral factorization problem

An approximation theorem is proven which solves a classic problem in two-dimensional (2-D) filter theory. The theorem shows that any continuous two-dimensional spectrum can be uniformly approximated by the squared modulus of a recursively stable finite trigonometric polynomial supported on a nonsymmetric half-plane.
The mechanism of oleic acid nitration by •NO2

Abstract Fatty acid nitration is a recently discovered process that generates biologically active nitro lipids; however, its mechanism has not been fully characterized. For example, some structural details such as vinyl and allyl isomers of the nitro fatty acids have not been established. To characterize lipids that originated from a biomimetic reaction of •NO2 with oleic acid, we synthesized several isomers of nitro oleic acids and studied their chromatography and mass spectra by various techniques of mass spectrometry. LC/MS analysis performed on a high resolution micro column detected molecular carboxylic anions of various oleic acid nitro isomers (NO2OA). Esterification of NO2OA with pentafluorobenzyl bromide and diisopropylethylamine as a catalyst produced a unique isoxazole ester derivative exclusively from allyl NO2OA isomers via dehydration of the nitro group at ambient temperatures. This new analytical procedure revealed that •NO2 generated two vinyl and two allyl isomers of NO2OA. The vinyl isomers showed high regioselectivity with the 1.8:1 preference for the 10-NO2OA isomer that was absent among allylic isomers. The nitration also generated elaidic acid via cis-trans isomerization and diatereoisomers of vicinal nitro hydroxy, nitro keto and α-nitro epoxy stearic acids with high stereo and regioselectivity. Nitration of small unilamelar phospholipid vesicles resulted in several phospholipids containing nitro lipids and elaidic acid amenable to hydrolysis by phospholipase A2.
Test procedures and test problems for least squares algorithms

Abstract Numerous test problems have been introduced in the past twenty years for the purpose of studying and comparing least squares algorithms and computer programs. This paper discusses and classifies some of the useful test problems which have appeared in the literature. A recent large scale test procedure is briefly summarized. Several neat, mathematical examples are displayed. One of these, first introduced by Lauchli, is modified so that it can be solved by the method of inverting a matrix of correlation coefficients. Comparative results from running two types of problems on several different algorithms are given which illustrate some of the factors affecting computational accuracy: choice of algorithm, scaling of the data, tolerance parameters, and iterative refinement.
3D MR guided NIRS: Optimization of Computation and Breast Interface for In vivo Imaging

3D MRg-NIRS imaging of breast cancer has been studied in simulation and in vivo using parallel plate and circular geometries. Optimal methods to minimize errors in measurement and modeling are presented.
Drug-Induced Parkinsonism as a Risk Factor for Parkinson's Disease: A Historical Cohort Study in Olmsted County, Minnesota

Objective To investigate whether subjects who experienced a reversible episode of drug-induced parkinsonism have an increased risk of subsequent Parkinson's disease. Design We undertook a historical cohort study based on the medical records-linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Material and Methods All subjects in whom drug-induced parkinsonism developed between 1955 and 1990 and was indexed in the medical records-linkage system were identified. In the 24 eligible subjects, follow-up for the subsequent development of Parkinson's disease consisted of a total of 192.7 person-years. The observed number of cases of Parkinson's disease was compared with the expected number of cases in an age- and sex-matched cohort from the general population, Results In 2 of 24 subjects with drug-induced parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease later developed. A comparison with the expected number of cases in the general population (0.08) yielded a relative risk of 24.3 (95% confidence interval, 2.9 to 87.5; P = 0.006). Conclusion Our findings suggest that drug-induced parkinsonism is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Clarification of the mechanisms of this association may have preventive implications.
Experimental investigation on the origin of the genetic code.

One of the essential relationships between nucleic acids and amino acids in present biological systems, and perhaps in precursors to these systems is expressed in binding interactions. Such interactions depend on the size, composition and conformation of the interacting species. A simplified model of such complex systems was tested in an attempt to assess first the compositional effect, i.e., the binding behavior of monomeric nucleic acid and protein components. Nine representative amino acids were immobilized individually on a prepared chromatographic support by the formation of an amide linkage. Selective binding of ribonucleoside 5′-phosphates was exhibited by these amino acids under standardized conditions and the binding was characterized by a site-binding model. It was found that binding behavior was dependent of the nature of the base and the nature of the amino acid. Basic information is thus provided which should be useful in the interpretation of more complex nucleic acid-protein systems and the study of their role in the evolution of the cell.
On Mental and Visual Geometry

I THANK THOMAS JUNKER for his correction to the illustration of Blumenbach's skulls that accompanies the reprint of my essay, originally written for Discover Magazine (1994), in the revised version of The Mismeasure of Man (1996).1 Blumenbach's original depicts these skulls on a line, with the Caucasian example in the center. The version prepared by the Norton book designers converted this line into a wedge, with the Caucasian skull at the apex. The caption should have read "modified from ... Blumenbach" rather than "from ... Blumenbach," and the mode of modification should have been fully and explicitly specified. I did not prepare the figure, and I doubt that I ever saw it before publication, for I only obtained galleys of the text for proofreading. Nonetheless, the fault is entirely mine, as authors must assume full responsibility for any editorial changes or alterations. That is, authors should be proactive in overseeing every detail of a published book-a difficult task given standard procedures of publishing, where authors always work under time pressure and with partial versions missing various apparatuses of figures, footnotes, bibliographies, and so forth. But again, no excuses. I should have been more insistent. However, I am quite surprised by Junker's claim that my argument "would have collapsed to a large extent" if I had used Blumenbach's original figure-for a fundamental and conclusive reason that must be immediately apparent to any careful reader of my essay. My argument rests entirely upon Blumenbach's text. I never mention or cite his figure at all (except in a parenthetical remark, inserted by the editors to reference the added illustration). I don't think that I even knew about the figure when I wrote the article, for I worked from a photocopy of Blumenbach's text alone. The version that accompanies my essay, drawn and inserted by the editors, does epitomize my argument in a useful way (especially for the nonprofessional readers targeted by Discover and, later, by my book), but it remains superfluous and additional to my intent and analysis. To summarize my argument: Blumenbach's original 1775 fourfold classification of human races follows his acknowledged master Linnaeus in recognizing four unranked divisions based on geography. His later 1795 version both adds a fifth (Malay) race and reorganizes the Linnaean geographic arrangement into a double hierarchy, moving outward in two directions from a Caucasian ideal to least desirable Oriental and African endpoints via American Indian and Malay intermediaries-hence the importance of his Malay ad-
Psychological benefits and liabilities of traumatic exposure in the war zone

Data from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study on 1,198 Vietnam theater veterans were used to examine the psychological benefits and liabilities of traumatic exposure in the war zone. Psychological benefits and liabilities were found to be largely independent of one another and to be related positively to the dose of traumatic exposure. Additionally, there was a curvilinear trend in the form of an inverted U, such that psychological benefits, most notably solidarity with others, were stronger at intermediate compared to high and low levels of exposure. Psychological benefits counteracted and psychological liabilities passed through the effects of traumatic exposure on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The psychological benefit of self-improvement moderated the effects of the psychological liability of self-impoverishment on PTSD.