cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mosaic access to real-time data from the TOGA-TAO array of moored buoys

Abstract The TAO Array is a major component of the global climate monitoring system, consisting of approximately 70 moored buoys, spanning the Equatorial Pacific Ocean from 95W in the eastern Pacific to 137E in the west, and telemetering atmospheric and oceanographic data in real time to shore-based computers via the NOAA Argos satellite system. The TAO array allows, for the first time, observationally coherent basin-wide fields of wind and upper ocean thermal and current structure to be constructed in real time for assimilation into numerical models and for diagnostic studies. The TAO array is supported by an international consortium, involving cooperation between the United States, France, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Real-time data from the TOGA-TAO Array of moored buoys is being made available through a Mosaic interface designed by the TAO Project office at NOAA's Pacific Marine Environment Laboratory, in Seattle, Washington. At present, displays include latitude-time plots, longitude-time plots and latitude-longitude plots of surface variables, and are being expanded to include additional views of the four-dimensional data set from this array of buoys, including animations of the buoy data and comparisions of the buoy data with operational analyses model data from the National Meteorological Center.
Ozone Reactions with Alkaline-Earth Metal Cations and Dications in the Gas Phase: Room-Temperature Kinetics and Catalysis

Room-temperature rate coefficients and product distributions are reported for the reactions of ozone with the cations and dications of the alkaline-earth metals Ca, Sr, and Ba. The measurements were performed with a selected-ion flow tube (SIFT) tandem mass spectrometer in conjunction with either an electrospray (ESI) or an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) ionization source. All the singly charged species react with ozone by O-atom transfer and form monoxide cations rapidly, k = 4.8, 6.7, and 8.7 × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 for the reactions of Ca+, Sr+, and Ba+, respectively. Further sequential O-atom transfer occurs to form dioxide and trioxide cations. The efficiencies for all O-atom transfer reactions are greater than 10%. The data also signify the catalytic conversion of ozone to oxygen with the alkaline-earth metal and metal oxide cations serving as catalysts. Ca2+ reacts rapidly with O3 by charge separation to form CaO+ and O2+ with a rate coefficient of k = 1.5 × 10-9 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. In contras...
On the lattice of subgroups of the lamplighter group

The techniques of modules and actions of groups on rooted trees are applied to study the subgroup structure and the lattice subgroup of lamplighter type groups of the form ℒn,p = (ℤ/pℤ)n ≀ ℤ for n ≥ 1 and p prime. We completely characterize scale invariant structures on ℒ1,2. We determine all points on the boundary of binary tree (on which ℒ1,p naturally acts in a self-similar manner) with trivial stabilizer. We prove the congruence subgroup property (CSP) and as a consequence show that the profinite completion of ℒ1,p is a self-similar group generated by finite automaton. We also describe the structure of portraits of elements of ℒ1,p and and show that ℒ1,p is not a sofic tree shift group in the terminology of [T. Ceccherini-Silberstein, M. Coornaert, F. Fiorenza and Z. Sunic, Cellular automata between sofic tree shifts, Theor. Comput. Sci.506 (2013) 79–101; A. Penland and Z. Sunic, Sofic tree shifts and self-similar groups, preprint].
Computational identification of multi-omic correlates of anticancer therapeutic response

A challenge in precision medicine is the transformation of genomic data into knowledge that can be used to stratify patients into treatment groups based on predicted clinical response. Although clinical trials remain the only way to truly measure drug toxicities and effectiveness, as a scientific community we lack the resources to clinically assess all drugs presently under development. Therefore, an effective preclinical model system that enables prediction of anticancer drug response could significantly speed the broader adoption of personalized medicine. Three large-scale pharmacogenomic studies have screened anticancer compounds in greater than 1000 distinct human cancer cell lines. We combined these datasets to generate and validate multi-omic predictors of drug response. We compared drug response signatures built using a penalized linear regression model and two non-linear machine learning techniques, random forest and support vector machine. The precision and robustness of each drug response signature was assessed using cross-validation across three independent datasets. Fifteen drugs were common among the datasets. We validated prediction signatures for eleven out of fifteen tested drugs (17-AAG, AZD0530, AZD6244, Erlotinib, Lapatinib, Nultin-3, Paclitaxel, PD0325901, PD0332991, PF02341066, and PLX4720). Multi-omic predictors of drug response can be generated and validated for many drugs. Specifically, the random forest algorithm generated more precise and robust prediction signatures when compared to support vector machines and the more commonly used elastic net regression. The resulting drug response signatures can be used to stratify patients into treatment groups based on their individual tumor biology, with two major benefits: speeding the process of bringing preclinical drugs to market, and the repurposing and repositioning of existing anticancer therapies.
Depression of hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase systems with administered interferon inducing agents.

Abstract Cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase activities and cytochrome P-450 levels were depressed in hepatic microsomes from rats treated with 12 interferon inducing agents of various types: small molecules (e.g. tilorone), an RNA virus (Mengo), a fungal mycophage (statolon), liver RNA, a synthetic double-stranded polynucleotide (poly rI · poly rC), a bacterial lipopolysaccharide ( E. coli endotoxin) and an attenuated bacteria ( B. pertussis vaccine). The results suggest that the depression of hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase systems may be a general property of interferon inducing agents.
Synthesis of Anisolylated Aspartyl and Glutamyl Tripeptides.

A process has been developed for transforming the β-carboxyl of aspartate and the γ-carboxyl of glutamate into anisolyl ketones. These ketones are occasional byproducts in peptide synthesis, resulting from deprotection or resin-removal processes in the presence of anisole as a scavenger. The ketone amino acids have been incorporated in a tripeptide by coupling with CBMIT. During peptide bond formation the keto group of the glutamyl residue required protection, which was provided as the ethylene dithioketal.
Abstract families of processors

A processor is a nondeterministic Turing-like automaton with auxiliary storage. An abstract family of processors (AFP) consists of all processors that use the storage in the same way. For a family of operations to be the output functions of an AFP, it is necessary and sufficient that it include all homomorphisms and their inverses and be closed under functional union, composition, iteration and cartesian product; necessary and sufficient that its domains (ranges) form a full AFL closed under @? and iterated homomorphism and that its argument-value relations be all those representable by sets of this AFL. For a family of word-sets to be the accepted languages of an AFP, it is necessary and sufficient that it be a full AFL closed under @? and iterated homomorphism.
Methods for Selecting the Optimal Dynamic Hedge When Production is Stochastic

A dynamic hedging problem with stochastic production is solved. The optimal feedback rules recognize that future hedges will be chosen optimally based on the most current information. The resulting distribution of revenue is analyzed numerically. This analysis enables the hedger to select his appropriate level of risk aversion.
Properties of the thermal ion plasma near Rhea as measured by the Cassini plasma spectrometer

[1] Rhea is the second largest Saturnian satellite orbiting at 8.74 Saturn radii within the magnetosphere's near corotating thermal plasma. Rhea's orbital speed is less than the corotation speed, so the thermal plasma forms a wake in the direction of Rhea's orbital motion. During 26 November 2005, Cassini passed within 500 km of Rhea and through this wake, with a subsequent flyby an order of magnitude higher on 30 August 2007. The thermal plasma moments during these encounters are investigated here utilizing the Ion Mass Spectrometer (IMS) sensor of Cassini and analyzed by a forward model technique. Owing to the brevity of flybys, IMS is only able to sample a single slice of phase space at high time resolution throughout, rather than actuating to allow sampling of a variety of pitch angles but only providing a few data points. Even with this restriction, the moments before/after the encounter are in good agreement with other nonflyby actuating calculated moments. It is found that the plasma is dominated by water ions, with plasma velocities ≈30% slower than would be expected by rigid corotation, and local plasma densities decrease when passing through the wake. During the encounters, the results show that on the Saturn side of Rhea, there is no radial component of plasma flow, yet there is a radial component of ≈10 km/s outward on the anti-Saturn side.
Risk Responses to Dynamic Asset Thresholds

A recurring theme in development economics is that risk affects individual production, consumption, exchange, and investment behaviors in ways that ultimately shape income and wealth distributions. Arrow's Decreasing Absolute Risk Aversion conjecture implies that the poor prefer low return, low risk activities, while the rich more quickly adopt higher return, higher risk activities. The resulting divergence in microlevel growth rates may create a risk-aversion-induced poverty trap. This risk aversion-to-asset dynamics logic has fueled decades of research.
An overlapping generations model core equivalence theorem

We show that in the overlapping generations model an allocation is a Walrasian equilibrium if and only if the allocation belongs to the short-term core of every replication of the OLG economy—and hence, we establish a core equivalence theorem for the overlapping generations model.
Bulk redox properties of heteropolyacids determined from surface properties of nanostructured heteropolyacid monolayers

Abstract Bulk redox properties of Keggin-type heteropolyacids (HPAs) were determined from surface properties of nanostructured HPA monolayers using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and tunneling spectroscopy (TS). Cation-exchanged R n PMo 12 O 40 (R=H + , Cs + , Ba 2+ , Zn 2+ , Co 2+ , Cu 2+ , Bi 3+ ), polyatom-substituted H n PW 11 MO 40 (M=W 6+ , Mo 6+ , V 5+ ) and heteroatom-substituted H n XW 12 O 40 (X=P 5+ , Si 4+ , B 3+ , Co 2+ ) HPAs were examined to elucidate the effect of different substitutions. All HPA samples formed two-dimensional well-ordered monolayer arrays and exhibited negative difference resistance (NDR) behavior in their tunneling spectra. In all cases NDR peaks appeared at less negative potentials for higher reduction potentials of the HPAs. These changes could also be correlated with the electronegativity of the substituted atoms. Substitution of more electronegative atoms for counter-cations or central heteroatoms shifted the NDR peaks to less negative voltages, corresponding to increased reduction potentials of the HPAs. However, substitution of more electronegative metals into the Keggin framework shifted the NDR peaks to more negative voltages, corresponding to decreased reduction potentials.
Comptronix, Inc.: An Audit Case Involving Fraud

Comptronix, Inc. was a high‐technology company founded in 1984. It grew rapidly and by 1993 employed 1,700 people in three operating locations. The company went public in 1989, listing its stock with NASDAQ. The stock received consistent “buy” recommendations from brokerage firms until 1992, when its Board of Directors disclosed a fraud perpetrated by three of its officers. They had manipulated accounting records in order to overstate Comptronix's earnings for 1989–1991. This case is intended for use in an auditing class. It describes a method of perpetrating the fraud allegedly used by the officers and includes financial data for the company and its competitors. Students are asked to identify audit procedures that would have detected the fraud and suggest conditions that should have alerted the auditor. Finally, students are asked to research a high‐technology company of their choice, looking for similar conditions.
On improving the representation of a region achieved by a sensor network

This paper considers the class of applications of sensor networks in which each sensor node makes measurements, such as temperature or humidity, at the precise location of the node. Such spot-sensing applications approximate the physical condition of the entire region of interest by the measurements made at only the points where the sensor nodes are located. Given a certain density of nodes in a region, a more spatially uniform distribution of the nodes leads to a better approximation of the physical condition of the region in the sensed data. This paper considers the error in this approximation and seeks to improve the quality of representation of the physical condition of the points in the region in the data collected by the sensor network. We develop two essential metrics which together allow a rigorous quantitative assessment of the quality of representation achieved: the average representation error and the unevenness of representation error, the latter based on a well-accepted measure of inequality used in economics. We present the rationale behind the use of these metrics and derive relevant theoretical bounds on them in the common scenario of a planar region of arbitrary shape covered by a sensor network deployment. A simple new heuristic algorithm is presented for each node to determine if and when it should sense or sleep to conserve energy while also preserving the quality of representation. Simulation results show that it achieves a significant improvement in the quality of representation compared to other related distributed algorithms. Interestingly, our results also show that improved and consistent spatial uniformity has the welcome side-effect of a significant increase in the network lifetime.
Classical calculations of charge-transfer cross sections.

Gryzinski procedure for estimating charge transfer cross sections, discussing Coulomb collision
Dark halo properties from rotation curves

We study a large set of high spatial resolution optical rotation curves of galaxies with the goal of determining the model parameters for a disc embedded within a cold dark matter (CDM) halo, which we model with either a Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) profile or pseudo-isothermal profile. We show that parameter degeneracies present in lower resolution data are lifted at these higher resolutions. 34 per cent of the galaxies do not have a meaningful fit when using the NFW profile and 32 per cent when using the pseudo-isothermal profile, however only 14 per cent do not have a meaningful fit in either model. In both models we find correlations between the disc baryon fraction f d and the spin parameter of the halo λ', between f d and the dark halo mass M 2 0 0 , and between M 2 0 0 and the concentration parameter c. We show that the distribution of the concentration parameter c, for a NFW halo, is in good agreement with CDM predictions; no significant galaxy population is found with very low values of c. The overall distribution of λ' is in good agreement with theoretical predictions from hierarchical tidal torque theory. The whole sample is also well fitted by a pseudo-isothermal dark halo with a core, but the size of the core is rather small (6 per cent of the virial radius or smaller; for 70 per cent of the sample the core size is less than 2 kpc). Thus we conclude that the profile of dark matter is steep (r - 1 or steeper) down to this radius; large dark matter cores (and therefore very low dark matter central densities) seem to be excluded. Low-surface-brightness galaxies tend to have higher values of λ' for a given f d and lower values of c for a given mass than high-surface-brightness galaxies. In an appendix we give some useful formulae for pseudo-isothermal profile haloes and we discuss in detail the issue of parameter degeneracies.
Regulatory interactions for the control of steroid sulfate metabolism.

Abstract The 5-ene-steroid-3β-monosulfates (SMS) are accepted as potential intermediates in androgen biosynthesis in vivo . Evidence from this laboratory and others are reviewed to support the premise that despite low conversions, the physiological significance of the regulation of SMS cleavage is important for androgen biosynthesis primarily at the target site of responsive tissue. Steroid sulfatase enzyme, regardless of tissue source in mammals, appears to be a monomeric unit having a steroid sulfate binding-site and a second regulatory steroid binding-site. Monomer or its aggregates intimately associated with particulate cell membrane implicate both transport and metabolism of steroid hormones. A model is presented in which SMS (substrates) contribute to androgen biosynthesis through hormonally (steroid allosteric modifiers and inhibitors) regulated cleavages at the cell membrane by steroid sulfatase enzyme at the site of hormone (steroid product) utilization. This is suggested to occur at the blood-organ barrier in target tissues sensitive to androgens, and in particular as a means of regulating the level of androgens within the seminiferous tubule.
Topological surface state in the Kondo insulator samarium hexaboride

Topological invariants of electron wavefunctions in condensed matter reveal many intriguing phenomena. A notable example is provided by topological insulators, which are characterized by an insulating bulk coexisting with a metallic boundary state. Although there has been intense interest in Bi-based topological insulators, their behaviour is complicated by the presence of a considerable residual bulk conductivity. Theories predict that the Kondo insulator system SmB6, which is known to undergo a transition from a Kondo lattice metal to a small-gap insulator state with decreasing temperature, could be a topological insulator. Although the insulating bulk and metallic surface separation has been demonstrated in recent transport measurements, these have not demonstrated the topologically protected nature of the metallic surface state. Here we report thickness-dependent transport measurements on doped SmB6, and show that magnetic and non-magnetic doping results in contrasting behaviour that supports the conclusion that SmB6 shows virtually no residual bulk conductivity.
Tell Me What I Don't Know--Making the Most of Social Health Forums

We describe a novel approach to helping patients learn about their condition using social health forums. We infer a patient's condition based on her clinical data, and assign her to a clinical state pertaining to that condition. Our system presents the patient with forum posts that are most relevant to her current state. By adjusting a Like Me dial, the patient can modify the results from those that are most popular with patients in the same condition to the most general that apply to patients that map to other states for the condition. The posts are ranked in order of importance to the patient condition and the dial settings and the Top-N results are shown to the patient. The initial rankings of posts for different states are obtained by weights assigned by a medical expert. The patients can also give feedback with a LIKE or a DISLIKE button on whether the post is useful to them. This is incorporated into our method to dynamically change the initial weights. As the system is used in practice the initial rankings are subsumed by the feedback provided by users of the system. Our approach is general but we give results in the context of a diabetes social health forum. The algorithms are given along with preliminary results and an illustration of the user interface. We view this effort as a component of a larger patient navigation and engagement system that can help patients gain a better understanding of their condition.
Isospin violations in the pion-nucleon system

Abstract We examine the effect of isospin-violating meson-nucleon coupling constants on low-energy pion-nucleon scattering. We compute the couplings in the context of a nonrelativistic quark model. The difference between the up and down constituent masses induces a coupling of the neutral pion to the proton that is slightly larger than the corresponding one for the neutron. This difference generates a large isospin-violating correction — proportional to the isospin-even contribution arising from the nucleon Born terms - to the charge-exchange ( π − p → π 0 n ) amplitude. In contrast to the isospin-conserving case, this correction is not cancelled by σ-meson exchange; in our model there is no isospin-violating NNσ coupling at q 2 = 0. As a result, we find a violation of the triangle identity consistent with the one reported by Gibbs, Ai, and Kaufmann from a recent analysis of pion-nucleon data.
Higgs naturalness and the scalar boson proliferation instability problem

Sensitivity to the square of the cutoff scale of quantum corrections of the Higgs boson mass self-energy has led many authors to conclude that the Higgs theory suffers from a naturalness or fine-tuning problem. However, speculative new physics ideas to solve this problem have not manifested themselves yet at high-energy colliders, such as the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. For this reason, the role of naturalness as a guide to theory model-building is being severely questioned. Most attacks suggest that one should not resort to arguments involving gravity, which is a much less understood quantum field theory. Another line of attack is against the assumption that there exists a multitude of additional heavy states specifically charged under the Standard Model gauge symmetries. Nevertheless, if we give ground on both of these assaults on naturalness, what remains is a naturalness concern over the prospect of numerous additional spin-zero scalar states in nature. The proliferation of heavy scalars generically destabilizes the Higgs boson mass, raising it to the highest and most remote scalar mass values in nature, thus straining the legitimacy of the Standard Model. The copious use of extra scalars in theory model building, from explaining flavor physics to providing an inflationary potential and more, and the generic expectation of extra scalar bosons in nature argues for the proliferation instability problem being the central concern for naturalness of the Standard Model. Some approaches to solving this problem are presented.
A description of the methods of the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: monitoring mothers-to-be (nuMoM2b)

Objective The primary aim of the "Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: monitoring mothers-to-be" is to determine maternal characteristics, which include genetic, physiologic response to pregnancy, and environmental factors that predict adverse pregnancy outcomes. Study Design Nulliparous women in the first trimester of pregnancy were recruited into an observational cohort study. Participants were seen at 3 study visits during pregnancy and again at delivery. We collected data from in-clinic interviews, take-home surveys, clinical measurements, ultrasound studies, and chart abstractions. Maternal biospecimens (serum, plasma, urine, cervicovaginal fluid) at antepartum study visits and delivery specimens (placenta, umbilical cord, cord blood) were collected, processed, and stored. The primary outcome of the study was defined as pregnancy ending at Results We recruited 10,037 women to the study. Basic characteristics of the cohort at screening are reported. Conclusion The "Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: monitoring mothers-to-be" cohort study methods and procedures can help investigators when they plan future projects.
Does Gender Matter for Political Leadership? The Case of U.S. Mayors

Abstract What are the consequences of electing a female leader for policy and political outcomes? We answer this question in the context of U.S. cities, where women's participation in mayoral elections increased from negligible numbers in 1970 to about one-third of the elections in the 2000's. A novel data set of U.S. mayoral elections from 1950 to 2005 was used, and a regression discontinuity design was employed to deal with the endogeneity of female candidacy to city characteristics. In contrast to most research on the influence of female leadership, we find no effect of gender of the mayor on policy outcomes related to the size of local government, the composition of municipal spending and employment, or crime rates. These results hold both in the short and the long run. While female mayors do not implement different policies, they do appear to have higher unobserved political skills, as they have at least a 5 percentage point higher incumbent effect than a comparable male. But we find no evidence of political spillovers: exogenously electing a female mayor does not change the long run political success of other female mayoral candidates in the same city or of female candidates in local congressional elections.
Mass Incarceration and the Making of Citizens.

In The Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu famously observed that the legal system of a given state ought to exist in harmony with its overall organisation of power. In a republic, he argued, the people ar...
3DIVE: an immersive environment for interactive volume data exploration

This paper describes an immersive system, called 3DIVE, for interactive volume data visualization and exploration inside the CAVE virtual environment. Combining interactive volume rendering and virtual reality provides a natural immersive environment for volumetric data visualization. More advanced data exploration operations, such as object level data manipulation, simulation and analysis, are supported in 3DIVE by several new techniques. In particular, volume primitives and texture regions are used for the rendering, manipulation, and collision detection of volumetric objects; and the region-based rendering pipeline is integrated with 3D image filters to provide an image-based mechanism for interactive transfer function design. The system has been recently released as public domain software for CAVE/ImmersaDesk users, and is currently being actively used by various scientific and biomedical visualization projects.
Concise synthesis of (+/-)-cytisine via lithiation of N-Boc-bispidine.

(±)-Cytisine has been synthesized in 19% overall yield via a six-step approach from commercially available materials. Key features of this new strategy are as follows: (i) initial construction of the bispidine core, (ii) lithiation−transmetalation−allylation of an N-Boc-bispidine, and (iii) a Pd/C-mediated dihydropyridone oxidation−N-debenzylation process.
A sensitive continuum analysis method for gamma ray spectra

In this work we examine ways to improve the sensitivity of the analysis procedure for gamma ray spectra with respect to small differences in the continuum (Compton) spectra. The method developed is applied to analyze gamma ray spectra obtained from planetary mapping by the Mars Observer spacecraft launched in September 1992. Calculated Mars simulation spectra and actual thick target bombardment spectra have been taken as test cases. The principle of the method rests on the extraction of continuum information from Fourier transforms of the spectra. We study how a better estimate of the spectrum from larger regions of the Mars surface will improve the analysis for smaller regions with poorer statistics. Estimation of signal within the continuum is done in the frequency domain which enables efficient and sensitive discrimination of subtle differences between two spectra. The process is compared to other methods for the extraction of information from the continuum. Finally we explore briefly the possible uses of this technique in other applications of continuum spectra.
Prior tacit knowledge and first‐year sales: learning from technology entrepreneurs

Purpose – This paper aims to explore differences in tacit knowledge at opportunity recognition reported by founders of new technology ventures. The paper seeks to shed light on the types of tacit knowledge related to achieving sales within the first year of new technology ventures.Design/methodology/approach – A survey was administered to 145 technology venture founders during structured interviews across 13 university‐affiliated technology incubators. To investigate tacit knowledge a framework was used comprised of ways to serve markets, customer problems, markets, and technology. The results were analyzed using t‐tests and logistic regression while controlling for founder's years of work experience. A configuration analysis is presented revealing the patterns of knowledge related to sales in the first year of new ventures.Findings – The study provides an understanding of how types of tacit knowledge relate to early sales outcomes in the high technology context. Prior hands‐on experiences with developmen...
Proto‐Neutron Star Winds, Magnetar Birth, and Gamma‐Ray Bursts

We begin by reviewing the theory of thermal, neutrino‐driven proto‐neutron star (PNS) winds. Including the effects of magnetic fields and rotation, we then derive the mass and energy loss from magnetically‐driven PNS winds for both relativistic and non‐relativistic outflows, including important multi‐dimensional considerations. With these simple analytic scalings we argue that proto‐magnetars born with ∼ millisecond rotation periods produce relativistic winds just a few seconds after core collapse with luminosities, timescales, mass‐loading, and internal shock efficiencies favorable for producing long‐duration gamma‐ray bursts.
The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition, Wavelets and Modal Approaches to the Dynamics of Coherent Structures

We expand the velocity field in the vicinity of the wall in a turbulent boundary layer in empirical eigenfunctions obtained from experiment (Herzog, 1986). This is the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition, or Karhunen-Loeve expansion. This approach can be applied equally well to other flows, but requires the eigenfunctions, which in most cases have not been measured or calculated. Some progress has been made in predicting the eigenfunctions for other flows, using non-linear stability analyses of two types (Poje & Lumley, 1991; Leibovich, 1991). In the boundary layer, the eigenfunctions describe streamwise rolls. We are ultimately interested in the dynamics of these rolls.
The Hippocratic Bargain and Health Information Technology

The shift to longitudinal, comprehensive electronic health records (EHRs) means that any health care provider (e.g., dentist, pharmacist, physical therapist) or third-party user of the EHR (e.g., employer, life insurer) will be able to access much health information of questionable clinical utility and possibly of great sensitivity. Genetic test results, reproductive health, mental health, substance abuse, and domestic violence are examples of sensitive information that many patients would not want routinely available. The likely policy response is to give patients the ability to segment information in their EHRs and to sequester certain types of sensitive information, thereby limiting routine access to the totality of a patient's health record. This article explores the likely effect on the physician-patient relationship of patient-directed sequestration of sensitive health information, including the ethical and legal consequences.
A Chandra X-ray investigation of the violent interstellar medium : From dwarf starbursts to ultraluminous infrared galaxies

We have analyzed observations with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory of the diffuse emission by hot gas in seven dwarf starburst galaxies, six edge-on starburst galaxies, and nine ultraluminous infrared galaxies. These systems cover ranges of ~104 in X-ray luminosity, and several thousand in star formation rate and K-band luminosity (a proxy for stellar mass). Despite this range in fundamental parameters, we find that the properties of the diffuse X-ray emission are very similar in all three classes of starburst galaxies. The spectrum of the diffuse emission is well fitted by thermal emission from gas with kT ~ 0.25-0.8 keV and with several times solar abundance ratios of α-elements to Fe. The ratio of the thermal X-ray to far-infrared luminosity is roughly constant, as is the characteristic surface brightness of the diffuse X-ray emission. The size of the diffuse X-ray source increases systematically with both far-infrared and K-band luminosity. All three classes show strong morphological relationships between the regions of hot gas probed by the diffuse X-ray emission and the warm gas probed by optical line emission. These findings suggest that the same physical mechanism is producing the diffuse X-ray emission in the three types of starbursts. These results are consistent with that mechanism being shocks driven by a galactic "superwind," which is powered by the kinetic energy collectively supplied by stellar winds and supernovae in the starburst.
Synthesis, structural characterization, and magnetic properties of the antiferromagnetic double perovskites Ln2LiOsO6 (Ln=La, Pr, Nd, Sm)

Abstract A series of osmium double perovskite oxides, Ln 2 LiOsO 6 ( Ln =La, Pr, Nd, Sm), has been prepared as single crystals from acidic molten hydroxide. All four oxides crystallize in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / n (Glazer tilt system #10, a − a − b + ), forming a 1:1 ordered rock salt lattice of Li + and Os 5+ cations. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show that these compounds are antiferromagnetic at low temperature with ordering temperatures of 39, 35, 23, and 32 K for Ln 2 LiOsO 6 ( Ln =La, Pr, Nd, Sm), respectively.
Weak orientability of matroids and polynomial equations

This paper studies systems of polynomial equations that provide information about orientability of matroids.First, we study systems of linear equations over F 2 , originally alluded to by Bland and Jensen in their seminal paper on weak orientability. The Bland-Jensen linear equations for a matroid M have a solution if and only if M is weakly orientable. We use the Bland-Jensen system to determine weak orientability for all matroids on at most nine elements and all matroids between ten and twelve elements having rank three. Our experiments indicate that for small rank, about half the time, when a simple matroid is not orientable, it is already non-weakly orientable, and further this may happen more often as the rank increases. Thus, about half of the small simple non-orientable matroids of rank three are not representable over fields having order congruent to three modulo four. For binary matroids, the Bland-Jensen linear systems provide a practical way to check orientability.Second, we present two extensions of the Bland-Jensen equations to slightly larger systems of non-linear polynomial equations. Our systems of polynomial equations have a solution if and only if the associated matroid M is orientable. The systems come in two versions, one directly extending the Bland-Jensen system for F 2 , and a different system working over other fields. We study some basic algebraic properties of these systems.Finally, we present an infinite family of non-weakly-orientable matroids, with growing rank and co-rank. We conjecture that these matroids are minor-minimal non-weakly-orientable matroids.
Involutions of knots that fix unknotting tunnels

Let K be a knot that has an unknotting tunnel τ. We prove that K admits a strong involution that fixes τ pointwise if and only if K is a two-bridge knot and τ its upper or lower tunnel.
Gender, Competition, and Managerial Decisions

The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of competitive compensation between a manager and a worker in the laboratory. To this end, we impose a simple agency relationship between two groups of subjects termed managers and workers. The manager chooses a compensation scheme for the worker from either a piece rate or a tournament payment scheme and is paid based on the workers performance in the task. The results indicate that when given information about worker ability, male managers choose the tournament significantly less often for a female worker. On the other hand, when no information about worker ability is given to the manager, there is no difference in compensation choice for the worker, although male and female managers differ significantly in their own preferences for compensation scheme. We conjecture that these results are tied to the fact that there is a measurable stereotype that females are worse at the task relative to males, although further research is needed in this regard. This paper was accepted by Brad Barber, Teck Ho, and Terrance Odean, special issue editors.
Improving Causal Inference Strengths and Limitations of Natural Experiments

Social scientists increasingly exploit natural experiments in their research. This article surveys recent applications in political science, with the goal of illustrating the inferential advantages provided by this research design. When treatment assignment is less than “as if” random, studies may be something less than natural experiments, and familiar threats to valid causal inference in observational settings can arise. The author proposes a continuum of plausibility for natural experiments, defined by the extent to which treatment assignment is plausibly “as if” random, and locates several leading studies along this continuum.
Unitary S matrices with long-range correlations and the quantum black hole

We propose an S matrix approach to the quantum black hole in which causality, unitarity and their interrelation play a prominent role. Assuming the ’t Hooft S matrix ansatz for a gravitating region surrounded by an asymptotically flat space-time we find a non-local transformation which changes the standard causality requirement but is a symmetry of the unitarity condition of the S matrix. This new S matrix then implies correlations between the in and out states of the theory with the involvement of a third entity which in the case of a quantum black hole, we argue is the horizon S matrix. Effects of spacetime curvature and horizon are in fact introduced by this procedure which is seen to be a generalization of the Bogoliubov transformation. The analysis is performed within the Bogoliubov S matrix framework by considering a spacetime consisting of causal complements with a boundary in between. No particular metric or lagrangian dynamics need be invoked even to obtain an evolution equation for the full S matrix. Hawking’s results are reproduced by restricting to low energy incoming modes at the horizon and the generalized hamiltonian of the horizon S matrix in this case is shown to be the generator of the Bogoliubov transformation. The modification of Bogoliubov causality at intermediate stages of black hole evaporation allows for a temporary violation of quantum mechanical no cloning theorems. In this way we find that the tension between information preservation and complementarity may be resolved provided the full quantum gravity theory either through symmetries or fine tuning forbids the occurrence of closed time like curves of information flow. Then, even if causality is violated near the horizon at any intermediate stage, a standard causal ordering may be preserved for the observer outside the black hole. The usefulness of our formulation is that it appears well suited to understand unitarity at any intermediate stage of black hole evaporation. Moreover, it is applicable generally to all theories with long range correlations including the final state projection models. As a nontrivial check, we use it in the perturbative context to analyze infrared divergences in QED and thereby reproduce the Faddeev-Kulish theory of asymptotic dynamics.
Structural reforms, technological gaps and economic development: a Latin American perspective

This paper explores the impact that recent structural reforms have had upon macro-to-micro linkages, as well as upon the pattern of production specialization, the entry and exit of firms during the adjustment process, and the 'sources' of technical change in the present more open and deregulated Latin American macroeconomic scenarios. From this exploration a major question emerges: is the new 'market-oriented' development paradigm sustainable in the long run? The interpretation presented in this paper suggests that the present pattern of production specialization--strongly biased in favour of industries featuring low domestic knowledge generation and value-added content--and the inhibition of local R&D and engineering activities resulting from the rapid expansion of internationally integrated production systems are pushing Latin American economies into a 'low development trap' from which it might prove extremely difficult to escape on the basis exclusively of free market principles. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Computational prediction of toxicity

With increasing number of chemicals produced each year, it still remains a daunting task to keep up with the toxicity profile of each chemical. In this paper, we attempt to predict toxicity of compounds using computational techniques, where results from certain in vitro assays applied on 309 chemicals, along with computed properties of chemicals are used to predict the toxicity caused by them at a particular endpoint. We show that both Random Forest RF and Naive Bayes NB have a good performance. We also show that using small and related trees in RF helps to further improve the performance.
An Empirical Study of the Half-Normal Plot

Monte Carlo studies of a modification of the original version of the half-normal plot (Daniel, Technometrics, 1 (1959), 311–341) and four new versions are reported. Data representative of the 15 contrasts from a 2p–q , p – q = 4, factorial experirnenl. are generated. Design parameters in the Main Simiulation Study are the probability error rate, the number of real contrasts, and the size of the real contrasts. The critical values used by the various versions control the probability error rate. These critical values are considerably different, than those given by Daniel. The Monte Carlo strtdies indicate that the detection rate, i.e., the proportion of real contrasts declared significant, is larger for one of the new versions than for the original version. The detection rate of all versions decreases drastically when the number of real contrasts present increases from one to two to four. Nomination procedures for analyzing single replication 24 factorial experiments have a smaller detection rate than the h...
Diurnal variations of the Martian surface layer meteorological parameters during the first 45 sols at two Viking Lander sites.

Wind speed, ambient and surface temperatures from both Viking Landers have been used to compute bulk Richardson numbers and Monin-Obukhov lengths during the earliest phase of the Mars missions. These parameters are used to estimate drag and heat transfer coefficients, friction velocities and surface heat fluxes at the two sites. The principal uncertainty is in the specification of the roughness length. Maximum heat fluxes occur near local noon at both sites, and are estimated to be in the range 15-20 W/sq m at the Viking 1 site and 10-15 W/sq m at the Viking 2 site. Maximum values of friction velocity occur in late morning at Viking 1 and are estimated to be 0.4-0.6 m/s. They occur shortly after dawn at the Viking 2 site where peak values are estimated to be in the range 0.25-0.35 m/s. Extension of these calculations to later times during the mission will require allowance for dust opacity effects in the estimation of surface temperature and in the correction of radiation errors of the Viking 2 temperature sensor.
The Power to Block the Affordable Care Act: What Are the Limits?

HEALTH CARE REFORM REMAINS PRECARIOUS IN THE United States, with intense political disagreement about the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Former Governor Romney vows to “repeal and replace” President Obama’s signature domestic achievement. Although repeal would face potentially insurmountable political barriers, a Republican president could selectively enforce the ACA, effectively blocking full implementation. The president has wide discretion in implementing legislation, so understanding the scope of executive powers is important—not only for the ACA but also for a broad range of social welfare legislation.
Plasmons at shock fronts

Abstract In dense solids, plasmons are the collective analogues of the individual polarization oscillations that occur in molecules. This type of excitation can occur in all solids. It consists of motion of the valence electrons relative to the background of positively charged ions. The oscillation frequency, ωp is given by (4πnq2/m)1/2, > where n = electron density, q = electron charge, and m = electron mass. Experimental plasma frequencies (from EELS) are also given by c 1/2B, where B = bulk modulus and c is a constant. In addition, for the simple metals. ωp = μS 4/5, where S is the specific surface energy, and μ is a constant. In semiconductors, the plasmon energy is related to, but much larger than, the band gap. Plasmas are transparent to optical wavelengths shorter than the plasmon wavelength (1550 A for Li, for example), so plasmon diagnosis might be useful for studying in situ shock propagation. Since a shock front is itself a collective excitation with a large chemical potential gradient, it can ...
Synthesis of N-Substituted Benzimidazole-2-thiones

Abstract General methods were developed for N-substitution of benzimidazoline-2-thione with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and acyl groups using S-tritylation as a protecting reaction.
Gravity and Friction in Growing East Asia

∗∗ Abstract Without the advantages of low wages or high skills, East Asian economies are following a new path of regional integration, led by China. Along this path, policy-makers must manage a migration of 2m people a month to East Asia's cities, a sharp and unprecedented increase in income inequality, and a growing discontent with corruption as governance structures have been decentralized. Having successfully integrated globally before the financial meltdown of the 1990s, and integrating regionally at an even faster pace since then, East Asia's middle-income countries must now accelerate a third integration, this time at home. Growth based on scale economies and specialization requires managing both gravity and friction. This article outlines what East Asian nations must do to manage these forces even as another financial meltdown is taking place. How well they can do this will determine whether they will grow through middle income to join the ranks of
Isophthalic acid derivatives: amino acid surrogates for the inhibition of HIV-1 protease

Using the X-ray crystal structure of the inhibitor 1 complexed to HIV-1 protease, a new series of HIV-1 protease inhibitors was developed incorporating substituted isophthalic acid derivatives as amino acid surrogates. Through iterative structure-based design, the lead compound 2 was optimized to produce a variety of non-peptide HIV-1 protease inhibitors with significant antiviral activity. In contrast to 1, several members of this series exhibit significant oral absorption in animals.
Elementary Particles of Conventional field Theory as Regge poles.

Composite states in nonrelativistic scattering theory lie on Regge trajectories corresponding to poles in the angular momentum plane that move with varying energy. Composite particles in relativistic field theory are believed to have the same behavior. According to the Regge pole hypothesis, particles like the nucleon also lie on Regge trajectories. An investigition is made to show that the Regge pole boundary conditions are also contained in conventional field theory. Starting with ordiniry perturbation theory, formulas are presented that suggest there is no evidence of conflict between the two points of view. (H.D.R.)