cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross talk of wavelength-multiplexed quasi-infinite holograms.

The cross talk of wavelength-multiplexed quasi-infinite (written in polychromatic light) holograms is evaluated. Under plausible conditions this cross talk is negligible. The typical information capacity limit of such holograms is evaluated as 1012 bits for a 1?cm3 volume.
A hybrid ARIMA and artificial neural networks model to forecast particulate matter in urban areas: The case of Temuco, Chile

Air quality time series consists of complex linear and non-linear patterns and are difficult to forecast. Box–Jenkins Time Series (ARIMA) and multilinear regression (MLR) models have been applied to air quality forecasting in urban areas, but they have limited accuracy owing to their inability to predict extreme events. Artificial neural networks (ANN) can recognize non-linear patterns that include extremes. A novel hybrid model combining ARIMA and ANN to improve forecast accuracy for an area with limited air quality and meteorological data was applied to Temuco, Chile, where residential wood burning is a major pollution source during cold winters, using surface meteorological and PM10 measurements. Experimental results indicated that the hybrid model can be an effective tool to improve the PM10 forecasting accuracy obtained by either of the models used separately, and compared with a deterministic MLR. The hybrid model was able to capture 100% and 80% of alert and pre-emergency episodes, respectively. This approach demonstrates the potential to be applied to air quality forecasting in other cities and countries. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis and Reduces Obesity and Insulin Resistance

Mitochondria are known to be functional organelles, but their role as a signaling unit is increasingly being appreciated. The identification of a short open reading frame (sORF) in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that encodes a signaling peptide, humanin, suggests the possible existence of additional sORFs in the mtDNA. Here we report a sORF within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA encoding a 16-amino-acid peptide named MOTS-c (mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c) that regulates insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis. Its primary target organ appears to be the skeletal muscle, and its cellular actions inhibit the folate cycle and its tethered de novo purine biosynthesis, leading to AMPK activation. MOTS-c treatment in mice prevented age-dependent and high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance, as well as diet-induced obesity. These results suggest that mitochondria may actively regulate metabolic homeostasis at the cellular and organismal level via peptides encoded within their genome.
Reduced-risk insecticides for control of grape berry moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and conservation of natural enemies.

Abstract A 3-yr field study was conducted at commercial grape (Vitis spp.) farms to evaluate insect management programs for control of the grape berry moth,Paralobesia viteana Clemens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and conservation of natural enemies. At each farm, one vineyard received only reduced-risk insecticides for control of second and third generationP. viteana, whereas the comparison vineyard received conventional insecticides. Both vineyards received a conventional insecticide application for control of first generationP. viteana and other insect pests. Monitoring with pheromone traps showed no differences between programs in the total number of adult male moths trapped in vineyards, and oviposition byP. viteana was similar between the two programs in all 3 yr. During weekly samples of crop infestation, both programs had a similar percentage of clusters infested byP. viteana larvae. Berries infested byP. viteana were collected from vineyard borders during the second and thirdP. viteana generations a...
The role of online, asynchronous interaction in development of light and color concepts

This study investigates the effect of asynchronous, online interaction on student conceptual understanding of light and color. Two versions (N and Y) of an online independent study module on light and color were randomly assigned to students (N = 144) enrolled in introductory science courses for non-science majors at three higher education institutions. Version Y included Internet message boards to facilitate required peer-peer interaction about the module content. Version N lacked message boards. The Light and Color Concepts Assessment Instrument (LCCAI) was administered to subjects in a pre-post test experimental design. A multivariate analysis of variance was calculated, showing that student achievement on two of the four LCCAI test items varied significantly as a function of the module version studied. Analysis of over 500 online postings in light of social constructivism indicated that significant scaffolding took place during online interactions. The authors conclude that the availability of interaction likely played an important role in online learning.
The New Macromolecular Femtosecond Crystallography (MFX) Instrument at LCLS

Macromolecular X-ray crystallography has developed, since its first use over 50 years ago to solve the structure of myoglobin, into a widely used method with broad impact in biological sciences and in society. It is today the primary technique used to obtain structural information on biomolecules that can shed light on their function and this information is often used in biomedical applications such as drug design. As this article is written, the Protein Data Bank [1] has just reached the milestone of 100,000 deposited X-ray structures, with a continuing trend for an ever-increasing number of structures every year. The primary contribution to this success and the increasing number of X-ray structures is the broad availability of synchrotron radiation sources with many dedicated beamlines around the world providing rapid and efficient data collection along with standard data analysis tools capable of fast data interpretation.
Robot-Centric Activity Recognition ‘in the Wild’

This paper considers the problem of recognizing spontaneous human activities from a robot’s perspective. We present a novel dataset, where data is collected by an autonomous mobile robot moving around in a building and recording the activities of people in the surroundings. Activities are not specified beforehand and humans are not prompted to perform them in any way. Instead, labels are determined on the basis of the recorded spontaneous activities. The classification of such activities presents a number of challenges, as the robot’s movement affects its perceptions. To address it, we propose a combined descriptor that, along with visual features, integrates information related to the robot’s actions. We show experimentally that such information is important for classifying natural activities with high accuracy. Along with initial results for future benchmarking, we also provide an analysis of the usefulness and importance of the various features for the activity recognition task.
Foreshock Occurrence in Central California

The hypocentral regions of 29 (M ≥ 3.5) earthquakes along the San Andreas fault system in central California have been systematically examined for increased microearthquake activity preceding the main shock. Of 20 shallow (h > 9 km) main events, 10 were preceded by an apparent buildup of seismic activity. None of 9 deeper (h < 9 km) main shocks was preceded by increased activity. The early buildup of seismicity typically began days to weeks before the main shock, was followed first by a period of quiet, then by immediate foreshocks within 24 hours of the main event. Three main shocks with no significant early buildup in the level of seismicity were preceded within 24 hours by single events that, in retrospect, might also be considered foreshocks. Few of the events on the San Andreas fault system examined here were preceded by well-defined foreshock sequences like that associated with the 1975 Oroville earthquake.
Influence of Seeding on the Reaction Sintering of Silicon Oxynitride

The relationships among reaction rate, densification behavior and microstructure development were examined for seeded or unseeded silicon oxynitride ceramics prepared from Si3N4, SiO2 and a small amount of CeO2. The reaction rate of silicon oxynitride without seed crystals was very low during the initial stage, because the nucleation was the rate-determining step for lack of favorable nucleation sites. The formation of silicon oxynitride was promoted by seeding. With the addition of seed crystals, the nucleation was almost terminated at the beginning of the reaction. Therefore, the formation of silicon oxynitride proceeded only by the growth of the nuclei originated at the beginning. The addition of a large amount of seed crystals, however, resulted in suppressed densification, because too many rod-shaped silicon oxynitride grains were formed in the initial stage.
Bioactive Glass Templates for the Synthesis of Bone-Like Tissue in Vitro

Porous glass templates of pore size 75–200 14m and 20–30% porosity were synthesized. The glass disks were conditioned in a modified tris buffer (SBF) for 48 hrs and then treated with tissue culture medium (TCM) for 1 hr at 37°C. Other porous glass templates were treated with either SBF or TCM. The conditioned glass disks were seeded with 10 6 neonatal rat calvaria osteoblasts and maintained in culture for 2, 5 or 7 days. It was found that the bioactive glass was rapidly invaded by cells which colonized the porous template. Morphological and biochemical analyses suggested that a bone-like tissue was formed inside templates conditioned with both SBF and TCM. By 7 days, the cells exhibited high alkaline phosphatase activity and synthesized osteocalcin. SDS-PAGE indicated the presence of type I collagen. SEM-EDAX analysis showed the formation of a bone-like tissue throughout the entire sample, while inspection of the Ca:P ratio indicated that the cells synthesized a mineral phase. Indeed, the FTIR spectra of the mineral confirmed that it was a biological hydroxyapatite. The rapid formation of the bone-like material within the template in vitro suggests that this template may be valuable clinically for the repair of bone lesions.
Effect of Relaxin on Mammary Gland Growth in the Female Rat.

Summary1. Intact and ovariectomized rats injected with 1 μg estradiol benzoate and 15 and 45 GPU relaxin stimulated significant growth of lobule-alveolar system in about 10 days as indicated by total DNA/6 glands/100 g and morphological observations. Thus, relaxin need no longer be considered merely a synergist of estrogen and progesterone in mammary gland growth in rats as previously suggested.
Pfeiffer Syndrome Type II: Cloverleaf Skull and Hydrocephalus Discovered on Fetal MRI

Pfeiffer syndrome (PS) is a rare hereditary condition with predominantly complicated craniofacial anomalies due to osteochondrodysplasia with craniosynostosis. Based on the clinical findings, it is divided into three subtypes. We report a case of PS type II, discovered on the antenatal ultrasonography and confirmed on the fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We shall discuss the clinical and radiological features and the advantage of fetal MRI to confirm and evaluate the fetus for other associated anomalies. According to the MEDLINE search, only one case so far has been reported with in utero fetal MRI findings of PS II.
Effect of Fe and Ni nanoparticles on the structure and mechanical properties of alumina thin films

Abstract This paper discusses the synthesis and characterization of Al 2 O 3 /Fe and Al 2 O 3 /Ni nanocomposite thin films formed by embedding Fe or Ni nanoparticles into alumina matrix using pulsed laser deposition (PLD), RF and pulsed DC magnetron sputtering techniques. The effect of nanoparticle dispersion and temperature on the phase, structure and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite thin films were studied using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and nanoindentation respectively. The GIXRD and HRTEM studies revealed that dispersion of metal nanoparticles into alumina matrix promoted partial crystallization of Al 2 O 3 at lower temperatures. The nanoindentation results showed an increase in hardness of the nanocomposite which was dependent on temperature and the metal content. The hardness of Al 2 O 3 /Fe nanocomposite thin films was observed to be in the range of 15 GPa–29 GPa for PLD thin films, 16.5 GPa–22.5 GPa for RF magnetron sputtered thin films and 11 GPa–16 GPa for pulsed DC sputtered thin films. The nanoindentation results also showed that the hardness of Al 2 O 3 /Ni deposited by PLD ranges from 15 GPa to 28 GPa.
Trend test for one-way rank data

Aim:To explore the trend test analysis methods for one-way rank data.Methods:Based on the theories and calculation formulas of trend test analysis methods for one-way rank data,different analysis methods were discussed for the model data.Results:Different trend test analysis methods were used to get the statistics and the interpretation for the outputs was explained.Conclusion:Trend test analysis methods for medical research data should be recommended.
A robust approach to addressing human adversaries in security games

Game-theoretic approaches have been proposed for addressing the complex problem of assigning limited security resources to protect a critical set of targets. However, many of the standard assumptions fail to address human adversaries who security forces will likely face. To address this challenge, previous research has attempted to integrate models of human decision-making into the game-theoretic algorithms for security settings. The current leading approach, based on experimental evaluation, is derived from a well-founded solution concept known as quantal response and is known as BRQR. One critical difficulty with opponent modeling in general is that, in security domains, information about potential adversaries is often sparse or noisy and furthermore, the games themselves are highly complex and large in scale. Thus, we chose to examine a completely new approach to addressing human adversaries that avoids the complex task of modeling human decision-making. We leverage and modify robust optimization techniques to create a new type of optimization where the defender's loss for a potential deviation by the attacker is bounded by the distance of that deviation from the expected-value-maximizing strategy. To demonstrate the advantages of our approach, we introduce a systematic way to generate meaningful reward structures and compare our approach with BRQR in the most comprehensive investigation to date involving 104 security settings where previous work has tested only up to 10 security settings. Our experimental analysis reveals our approach performing as well as or outperforming BRQR in over 90% of the security settings tested and we demonstrate significant runtime benefits. These results are in favor of utilizing an approach based on robust optimization in these complex domains to avoid the difficulties of opponent modeling.
Administering the Cataloging of Special Collections Materials

In this paper I will consider the context and the institutional climate in which rare book and special collections librarians catalog 19th-century materials, and indeed, materials from any century. My perspective on this rather sobering topic is not just that of an administrator’s who manages workflow systems and never sees any real books, let alone books from the 19th century. As the Head of the Rare Materials Cataloging Unit at Duke University, I do have time-consuming administrative responsibilities, but I also continue to set rare materials cataloging policy, to answer cataloging questions, and to catalog some rare materials myself. I . . .
Agricultural policy and sustainable livestock development.

Abstract Future agricultural and rural development is, to a large extent, influenced by the projected food needs of 2.5 billion people expected to swell the world population by 2020. This increase will require more food in general and, in view of recent experience in East Asia, more animal products. To achieve this increase will require judicious use of resources, and trade, especially in those countries where natural resources are insufficient to support food production. Achieving food sufficiency in a sustainable manner is a major challenge for farmers, agro-industries, researchers and governments. The latter play an important role as many of the farmer's choices are, to a large extent, directed by government or supra-government, often through macro- and micro-economic policy. In many countries the economic, environmental, trade and agricultural policies have not been conductive to an agricultural development that is risk-free with respect to the environment, animal welfare or public health. The recent decline of government support in agriculture forced farmers in Western countries to think about more risk adverse agricultural practices and more efficient production systems. On the other hand, many countries in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, as well as other developing countries, are still going through a painful process of adjustment to new market conditions. International banks and development agencies have a mandate to help developing countries, but are somewhat restricted both by needing to work directly with governments and by their perceived dogmatic approach to development. Changing policies do, now and in the future, also affect the development of animal disease control programmes, including the control of parasitic diseases. On the one hand there is an increasing interest in risk-free control practices, and on the other hand a demand for greater regulatory control over the production process. As parasitic diseases of animals are closely linked to the environment (i.e. grazing and waste management) and public health (i.e. parasitic zoonoses), the new interest in sustainable agriculture provides a challenge for those concerned with the control and prevention of animal parasitism.
Purification and Properties of Human α-Galactosidases

The thermolabile α-galactosidase (α-galactosidase A) and thermostable α-galactosidase (α-galactosidase B) were separated and purified from human placenta. A homogeneous α-galactosidase B preparation was obtained, but the α-galactosidase A preparation contained small amounts of contaminating protein and various other acid hydrolase activities. Each preparation had a molecular weight of approximately 150,000, as estimated by Sephadex filtration. α-Galactosidase A had a Km of 3.4 mm for the artificial substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-d-galactopyranoside, and of 40.6 mm for melibiose. α-Galactosidase B hydrolyzed 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-d-galactopyranoside with first order kinetics and appeared to have no activity with melibiose. Both enzymes had maximal enzyme activity at pH 4.5, but α-galactosidase A had a broad pH-activity curve, while that of the B enzyme was sharply peaked. α-Galactosidase A was inhibited by myoinositol; α-galactosidase B was not. The isoelectric point of α-galactosidase A was 4.70 ± 0.07; the isoelectric point of α-galactosidase B was 4.42 ± 0.04. Antibodies were produced against both the α-galactosidase A and α-galactosidase B preparations. No cross reactivity between the two enzyme preparations was found on double immunodiffusion. Neither antiserum neutralized enzyme activity, but the anti-α-galactosidase A serum precipitated α-galactosidase A activity from solution and the anti-α-galactosidase B serum precipitated α-galactosidase B activity from solution. Treatment of α-galactosidase A with neuraminidase does not change its immune reactivity or kinetic properties. These studies lend no support to the concept that α-galactosidase A is the neuraminyl derivative of galactosidase B or that the two enzymes are closely structurally related.
An objective Bayesian analysis of a crossover design via model selection and model averaging

Inference about the treatment effect in a crossover design has received much attention over time owing to the uncertainty in the existence of the carryover effect and its impact on the estimation of the treatment effect. Adding to this uncertainty is that the existence of the carryover effect and its size may depend on the presence of the treatment effect and its size. We consider estimation and testing hypothesis about the treatment effect in a two-period crossover design, assuming normally distributed response variable, and use an objective Bayesian approach to test the hypothesis about the treatment effect and to estimate its size when it exists while accounting for the uncertainty about the presence of the carryover effect as well as the treatment and period effects. We evaluate and compare the performance of the proposed approach with a standard frequentist approach using simulated data, and real data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AIDS: Concerns for the Obstetric Care Provider

Summary Since neither a vaccine nor a safe, effective drug against the AIDS virus exists, health care providers will increasingly be faced with HIV-related problems. It appears that pregnancy adversely impacts on HIV-related disease and that the opposite is also true. Conflicting data now exist that emphasize more prospective studies are needed before we will have definitive answers. Prevention of new HIV infections is currently the only means we have to slow this epidemic. Health care providers must redouble their efforts to educate, counsel, and offer testing to at-risk women. Preventing transmission of the virus during pregnancy, parturition, and the neonatal period offers the greatest hope of ameliorating pediatric AIDS. Studies of therapeutic or prophylactic interventions during the perinatal period, whether pharmacologic or immunologic, to combat HIV infection should be of high priority. The toll-free number to receive updated AIDS information from the CDC is 1-800-342-2437; information for health care providers can also be obtained. The Burroughs Wellcome Pharmaceutical Company has initiated a study to determine the effectiveness of zidovudine (Retrovir, AZT) in preventing the establishment of HIV infection in health care workers occupationally exposed to HIV.
Does Foreign Aid Target the Poorest

To examine the extent to which foreign aid reaches people at different levels of wealth in Africa, I use household surveys to measure the subnational distribution of a country's population by wealth quintiles and match this information to data on the location of aid projects from two multilateral donors. Within countries, aid disproportionately flows to regions with more of the richest people. Aid does not favor regions with more of the poorest people. These findings violate the stated preferences of the multilateral donors under study, suggesting that the donors either cannot or are not willing to exercise control over the location of aid projects within countries. The results also suggest that aid is not being allocated effectively to alleviate extreme poverty.
Untangling Non-Contact Power Monitoring Puzzles

Electromagnetic field sensors provide an electronic “stethoscope” that can determine the current and power flowing in the wire without ohmic contact and without the need to physically separate conductors. Isolation is inherent, and non-contact monitors can be installed without special safety precautions. However, the process of reconstructing the detailed conductor currents is an inverse problem subject to subtle and severe complications in real environments. Interference from nearby conductors, incorrect or unconventional wiring, ground leakage, and three-wire connections complicate the interpretation of electric and magnetic fields to infer line currents. Over a year of field monitoring has been conducted to demonstrate signal processing and physical approaches for untangling these problems to produce accurate and reliable multi-phase power measurements with non-contact sensors.
From SEP to SEPIA: How and Why Indiana University is Helping the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

At over eight million words, it would take almost 14,000 large-format pages to do a traditional printing of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy this summer. Wait a year, and you’d probably need about 15,500 pages. And that’s just the current contents. Each quarter, all the entries are archived to provide a complete snapshot for scholarly citation and reference. The dynamic nature of the SEP means that revisions can be made anywhere in any entry, affecting many more pages than looking at the numerical growth alone would suggest.
The effects of Mongolia's booming mining industry on its agricultural sector: A test for Dutch disease

Dutch disease occurs when currency strengthening associated with a booming sector of an economy crowds out a lagging trade-dependent sector. In this study, a Keynesian-style model is specified to deduce hypotheses about how increased foreign direct investment (FDI) aimed at Mongolia's mining sector affects its agricultural sector. A key finding is that while econometric results suggest the increased FDI strengthened Mongolia's currency, its adverse effect on Mongolia's trade-sensitive agricultural sector is not sufficiently strong to cause the sector to decline. Although Dutch disease was not detected, the posited mechanism clearly is important. Specifically, when currency strengthening is ignored the reduced-form elasticity of agricultural value-added with respect to FDI is 2.7 times larger than when currency strengthening is taken into account (0.103 vs. 0.038). Also, FDI-induced currency strengthening causes the Keynesian multiplier ∂Y/∂G¯ to drop from 2.40 to 2.00 and the FDI multiplier ∂Y/∂FDI¯ to drop from 3.05 to 1.89.
CHAPTER 2-4 – THEORY AND APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE IRRADIATION

Publisher Summary For spin–spin coupling to give rise to observable multiplicity of an absorption band, the interacting nuclei must spend time in any one spin state that is long compared with the reciprocal of the coupling constant between them. In the absence of chemical exchange or a highly efficient spin–lattice relaxation mechanism, this condition is invariably fulfilled. Spin decoupling, which is a type of multiple irradiation, is an artificial way of reversing this condition so that the coupling between nuclei is removed. This is achieved by strongly irradiating a nucleus at its resonance frequency while observing another to which it is coupled. The effect of the strong radiofrequency field is to stimulate transitions and to reduce the lifetime in any one spin state. Spin decoupling techniques play a very important role in the analysis of complex multiplets and in the general interpretation of spectra. This chapter describes the important uses of this technique: (1) simplification of complex spin–spin multiplets, (2) determination of relative signs of coupling constants, (3) highly accurate determination of chemical shifts, (4) location of hidden absorptions, (5) interrelation of two or more coupled groups of nuclei, and (6) investigation of moderately rapid chemical exchange reactions.
Surface Passivation and Supersaturation: Strategies for Regioselective Deposition in Seeded Syntheses

Crystal growth theory predicts that heterogeneous nucleation will occur preferentially at defect sites, such as the vertices rather than the faces of shape-controlled seeds. Platonic metal solids are generally assumed to have vertices with nearly identical chemical potentials, and also nearly identical faces, leading to the useful generality that heterogeneous nucleation preserves the symmetry of the original seeds in the final product. Herein, we test the limits of this generality in the extreme of low supersaturation, in an effort to expand the methods available for inducing anisotropic overgrowth. We formulate a strategy for favoring localized deposition that differentiates between both different vertices and different edges or faces, i.e., regioselective deposition. Deposition followed a simple kinetic model for nucleation rate, depending on wetting, supersaturation, and temperature. We demonstrate our ability to independently study the effects of varying supersaturation and surface passivation. Regio...
Standing Tall: Students Showcase Resiliency Through Body Tracings (Standing Tall: la résilience en vitrine dans les tracés corporels d'étudiants)

Demands to support the mental health needs of children continue to rise as complex stressors create obstacles for development. School-based art therapy helps students organize the chaos of their in...
Shift Work, Father Engagement, and the Cognitive Development of Young Children

The present study investigates whether the effect of fathers’ positive engagement on young children’s cognitive development is accentuated when one or both dual-earner parents is employed during no...
Coco's Videos: An Empirical Investigation of Video-Player Design Features and Children's Media Use

In this study, we present Coco's Videos, a video-viewing platform for preschoolers designed to support them in learning to self-manage their media consumption. We report results from a three-week experimental deployment in 24 homes in which preschoolers used three different versions of the platform: one that is neutral to the limits they set, one that enforces the limits they set, and one that attempts to erode the limits they set by automatically playing additional content after the planned content is finished ("post-play"). We found that post-play significantly reduced children's autonomy and likelihood of self-regulation, extended video-viewing time, and led to increases in parent intervention. We found that the lock-out mechanism did not reduce video-viewing time or the likelihood of parent intervention. Together, our results suggest that avoiding platforms that work to undermine the user's intentions is more likely to help children self-regulate their media use than rigid parental controls.
Response to single-agent (SA) chemotherapy (CTx) after immunotherapy exposure in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

9083Background: Overall response rates (ORR) to 2nd-line SACTx in NSCLC have consistently not exceeded 15%. Exploratory analysis of clinical trials in various tumor types have demonstrated potentia...
Process systems engineering: From Solvay to modern bio- and nanotechnology.: A history of development, successes and prospects for the future

Abstract The term Process Systems Engineering (PSE) is relatively recent. It was coined about 50 years ago at the outset of the modern era of computer-aided engineering. However, the engineering of processing systems is almost as old as the beginning of the chemical industry, around the first half of the 19th century. Initially, the practice of PSE was qualitative and informal, but as time went on it was formalized in progressively increasing degrees. Today, it is solidly founded on engineering sciences and an array of systems-theoretical methodologies and computer-aided tools. This paper is not a review of the theoretical and methodological contributions by various researchers in the area of PSE. Its primary objective is to provide an overview of the history of PSE, i.e. its origin and evolution; a brief illustration of its tremendous impact in the development of modern chemical industry; its state at the turn of the 21st century; and an outline of the role it can play in addressing the societal problems that we face today such as; securing sustainable production of energy, chemicals and materials for the human wellbeing, alternative energy sources, and improving the quality of life and of our living environment. PSE has expanded significantly beyond its original scope, the continuous and batch chemical processes and their associated process engineering problems. Today, PSE activities encompass the creative design, operation, and control of: biological systems (prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells); complex networks of chemical reactions; free or guided self-assembly processes; micro- and nano-scale processes; and systems that integrate engineered processes with processes driven by humans, legal and regulatory institutions. Through its emphasis on synthesis problems, PSE provides the dialectic complement to the analytical bent of chemical engineering science, thus establishing the healthy tension between synthesis and analysis, the foundation of any thriving discipline. As a consequence, throughout this paper PSE emerges as the foundational underpinning of modern chemical engineering; the one that ensures the discipline's cohesiveness in the years to come.
Genotype imputation in winter wheat using first-generation haplotype map SNPs improves genome-wide association mapping and genomic prediction of traits.

Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation allows for the capture of haplotype structure in populations and prediction of unobserved genotypes based on inferred regions of identity-by-descent (IBD). Here we have used a first-generation wheat haplotype map created by targeted re-sequencing of low-copy genomic regions in the reference panel of 62 lines to impute marker genotypes in a diverse panel of winter wheat cultivars from the U.S. Great Plains. The IBD segments between the reference population and winter wheat cultivars were identified based on SNP genotyped using the 90K iSelect wheat array and genotyping by sequencing (GBS). A genome-wide association study and genomic prediction of resistance to stripe rust in winter wheat cultivars showed that an increase in marker density achieved by imputation improved both the power and precision of trait mapping and prediction. The majority of the most significant marker-trait associations belonged to imputed genotypes. With the vast amount of SNP variation data accumulated for wheat in recent years, the presented imputation framework will greatly improve prediction accuracy in breeding populations and increase resolution of trait mapping hence, facilitate cross-referencing of genotype datasets available across different wheat populations.
Leveraging Intel SGX Technology to Protect Security-Sensitive Applications

This paper explains the process by which Intel Software Guard Extensions (SGX) can be leveraged into an existing codebase to protect a security-sensitive application. Intel SGX provides user-level applications with hardware-enforced confidentiality and integrity protections and incurs manageable impact on performance. These protections apply to all three phases of the operational data lifecycle: at rest, in use, and in transit. SGX shrinks the trusted computing base (and therefore the attack surface) of the application to only the hardware on the CPU chip and the portion of the application's software that is executed within the protected enclave. The SDK enables SGX integration into existing C/C++ codebases while still ensuring program support for legacy and non-Intel platforms. This paper is the first published work to walk through the step-by-step process of Intel SGX integration with examples and performance results from an actual cryptographic application produced in a standard Linux development environment.
Exploring the influence of hydrology on the threshold phosphorus-loading rate in shallow lakes

Abstract The Alternative Stable States Model describes the two contrasting conditions of shallow lakes that occur in response to external phosphorus (P) loading: 1) a clear-water, macrophyte-dominated state during times of lesser external P loading, and 2) a turbid, phytoplankton-dominated state during periods of greater P loading. Determination of the P loading rate that distinguishes the two stable states, i.e. the threshold phosphorus loading rate (TPL), is fundamental to shallow-lake science and management. We used data from nine shallow subtropical lakes in Florida (USA) to generate a parsimonious model that predicts the TPL from the hydraulic detention time (HDT). The model reveals that the TPL is more sensitive to changes in HDT in lakes with short ( 10 years) HDTs. We compared our results with published data from 54 geographically distributed shallow aquatic systems and found that the Florida-based HDT-TPL model has general applicability. Given many lakes worldwide are shallow, our findings have the potential to improve understanding and management of numerous aquatic ecosystems around the globe.
Fighting on two fronts: Elevated insect resistance in flooded maize

To grow and thrive plants must be able to adapt to both adverse environmental conditions and attack by a variety of pests. Elucidating the sophisticated mechanisms plants have developed to achieve this has been the focus of many studies. What is less well understood is how plants respond when faced with multiple stressors simultaneously. In this study, we assess the response of Zea mays (maize) to the combinatorial stress of flooding and infestation with the insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm). This combined stress leads to elevated production of the defence hormone salicylic acid, which does not occur in the individual stresses, and the resultant salicylic acid-dependent increase in S. frugiperda resistance. Remodelling of phenylpropanoid pathways also occurs in response to this combinatorial stress leading to increased production of the anti-insect C-glycosyl flavones (maysins) and the herbivore-induced volatile phenolics, benzyl acetate, and phenethyl acetate. Furthermore, changes in cellular redox status also occur, as indicated by reductions in peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity. These data suggest that metabolite changes important for flooding tolerance and anti-insect defence may act both additively and synergistically to provide extra protection to the plant.
Depression in Alzheimer’s Disease

Depression and dementia often coexist. Although estimates vary, approximately 30% of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) also meet criteria for the clinical syndrome of depression (Teri & Wagner, 1992; Wragg & Jeste, 1989). This syndrome is characterized by dysphoric mood, loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyable activities, and associated symptoms such as disturbances of sleep, appetite, fatigue; feelings of worthlessness, guilt, self-reproach; and suicidal ideation or attempts. In addition, an even higher percentage of patients exhibits individual depression symptoms, although not of sufficient severity or duration to merit the diagnosis of depression.
Temperature Rise in 3D Anisotropic Layered Structures in Thermoreflectance and 3$\omega$ Experiments

Recent developments of the pump-probe thermoreflectance methods (such as the beam-offset and elliptical-beam approaches of the time-domain and frequency-domain thermoreflectance techniques) enabled measurements of the thermal conductivities of in-plane anisotropic materials. Estimating the temperature rise of anisotropic layered structures under surface heating is critically important to make sure that the temperature rise is not too high to alias the signals in these experiments. However, a simple formula to estimate the temperature rise in three-dimensional (3D) anisotropic layered systems heated by a non-circular laser beam is not available yet, which is the main problem we aim to solve in this work. We first derived general formalisms of the temperature rise for a multilayered structure by solving the 3D anisotropic heat diffusion equation in the frequency domain. These general formalisms normally require laborious numerical evaluation; however, they could be reduced to explicit analytical expressions for the case of semi-infinite solids. We then extend the analytical expressions to multilayered systems, taking into account the effect of the top layers. This work not only enhances our understanding of the physics of temperature rise due to surface laser heating but also enables quick estimation of the peak temperature rise of 3D anisotropic layered systems in pump-probe thermoreflectance experiments and thus greatly benefits the thermoreflectance experiments in choosing the appropriate heating power and heater size for the experiments.
Nilotinib Effects on Safety, Tolerability, and Potential Biomarkers in Parkinson Disease: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance This study evaluated nilotinib safety and its effects on biomarkers as a potential disease-modifying drug in Parkinson disease. Objectives To assess nilotinib effects on safety and pharmacokinetics and measure the change in exploratory biomarkers in patients with moderately severe Parkinson disease. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a single-center, phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 300 patients approached in clinic; of these, 200 declined to participate, 100 were screened, 25 were excluded, and 75 were randomized 1:1:1 into placebo; nilotinib, 150-mg; or nilotinib, 300-mg groups. Recruitment started on May 17, 2017, and ended April 28, 2018, and follow-up ended August 10, 2019. Parkinson disease was confirmed according to the UK Brain Bank diagnostic criteria and symptoms were stabilized with use of optimal levodopa and/or dopamine agonists and other medications used in Parkinson disease. Interventions Nilotinib vs placebo, administered orally once daily for 12 months followed by a 3-month washout period. Main Outcomes and Measures It was hypothesized that nilotinib is safe and can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid, where it alters exploratory biomarkers via inhibition of Abelson tyrosine kinase and potentially improves clinical outcomes. Results Of the 75 patients included in the study, 55 were men (73.3%); mean (SD) age was 68.4 (8.2) years. Doses of 150 or 300 mg of nilotinib were reasonably safe, although more serious adverse events were detected in the nilotinib (150 mg: 6 [24%]; 300 mg: 12 [48%]) vs placebo (4 [16%]) groups. The 150-mg nilotinib group showed an increase in cerebrospinal fluid levels of the dopamine metabolites homovanillic acid (159.80nM; 90% CI, 7.04-312.60nM;P = .04) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (4.87nM; 90% CI, 1.51-8.23nM;P = .01), and the 300-mg nilotinib group showed an increase in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (7.52nM; 90% CI, 2.35-12.69nM;P = .01). The nilotinib 150-mg but not the nilotinib 300-mg group demonstrated a reduction of α-synuclein oligomers (−0.04 pg/mL; 90% CI, −0.08 to 0.01 pg/mL;P = .03). A significant reduction of hyperphosphorylated tau levels was seen in the nilotinib 150-mg (−10.04 pg/mL; 90% CI, −17.41 to −2.67 pg/mL;P = .01) and nilotinib 300-mg (−12.05 pg/mL; 90% CI, −19.21 to −4.90 pg/mL;P = .01) groups. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, nilotinib appeared to be reasonably safe and detectable in the cerebrospinal fluid. Exploratory biomarkers were altered in response to nilotinib. Taken together, these data will guide the development of a phase 3 study to investigate the effects of nilotinib therapy in patients with Parkinson disease. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:NCT02954978
Polycystic Liver With Cardiac Compression Leading to Atrial Fibrillation: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Polycystic liver disease (PCLD) is a rare condition that most often occurs in patients with polycystic kidney disease and less commonly as an isolated liver disease. Complications include cyst rupture, infection, hemorrhage, and compression of surrounding organs by large cysts. We present the case of a patient with a history of PCLD who presented to our hospital with palpitations and was found to have atrial fibrillation. Imaging and echocardiograph revealed a dominant large cyst compressing the right atrium. Other etiologies including thyroid disease, ischemic heart disease, and electrolytes abnormalities were excluded. The patient refused surgical intervention and was conservatively treated with rate control and anticoagulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of new-onset atrial fibrillation secondary to right atrial compression by a liver cyst. Compression of cardiac chambers resulting in new-onset arrhythmia should be considered when evaluating patients with PCLD.
Interstitial Lung Disease

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is not a single disease but includes a group of diffuse parenchymal disorders that primarily affect the pulmonary interstitium. ILD can occur secondary to specific causes or may be classified as an idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), a group of well-defined ILDs that lack a clear predisposing factor or underlying pathophysiology. Accurate classification of ILD often requires a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates input from a multidisciplinary team including pulmonologists, chest radiologists, and thoracic pathologists. In their most severe forms, these diseases can lead to progressive respiratory failure and eventually death. Despite notable advances in imaging techniques and treatment approach, progress has been challenged by a poor understanding of pathological mechanisms and patient heterogeneity, including variable progression. Thus, the diagnostic pathway is being continually refined, with updates in disease classification, introduction of novel tools such as transbronchial cryobiopsy, and a move toward molecular-driven diagnostic approaches.
The chaperone GRP78 is a host auxiliary factor for SARS-CoV-2 and GRP78 depleting antibody blocks viral entry and infection.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the COVID-19 global pandemic, utilizes the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for viral entry. However, other host factors might also play important roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing new directions for antiviral treatments. GRP78 is a stress-inducible chaperone important for entry and infectivity for many viruses. Recent molecular docking analyses revealed putative interaction between GRP78 and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (SARS-2-S). Here we report that GRP78 can form a complex with SARS-2-S and ACE2 on the surface and at the perinuclear region typical of the endoplasmic reticulum in VeroE6-ACE2 cells and that the substrate-binding domain of GRP78 is critical for this interaction. In vitro binding studies further confirmed that GRP78 can directly bind to the RBD of SARS-2-S and ACE2. To investigate the role of GRP78 in this complex, we knocked down GRP78 in VeroE6-ACE2 cells. Loss of GRP78 markedly reduced cell surface ACE2 expression and led to activation of markers of the unfolded protein response. Treatment of lung epithelial cells with a humanized monoclonal antibody (hMAb159) selected for its safe clinical profile in preclinical models depleted cell surface GRP78 and reduced cell surface ACE2 expression, as well as SARS-2-S-driven viral entry and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Our data suggest that GRP78 is an important host auxiliary factor for SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection and a potential target to combat this novel pathogen and other viruses that utilize GRP78 in combination therapy.
RRI futures: ends and beginnings

‘RRI is dead. Long live RRI!’1 With this intentionally provocative phrase, initial ideas began to circulate for what was to become this long-awaited special issue of the Journal of Responsible Inno...