cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat therapy: possible benefits for cognitive function and the aging brain

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, yet there are no disease-modifying treatments available and there is no cure. It is becoming apparent that metabolic and vascular conditions such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension promote the development and accumulation of Alzheimer's disease-related dementia pathologies. To this end, aerobic exercise, which is a common lifestyle intervention for both metabolic disease and hypertension, is shown to improve brain health during both healthy aging and dementia. However, noncompliance or other barriers to exercise response are common in exercise treatment paradigms. In addition, reduced intracellular proteostasis and mitochondrial function could contribute to the etiology of AD. Specifically, compromised chaperone systems [i.e., heat shock protein (HSP) systems] can contribute to protein aggregates (i.e., β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) and reduced mitochondrial quality control (i.e., mitophagy). Therefore, novel therapies that target whole body metabolism, the vasculature, and chaperone systems (like HSPs) are needed to effectively treat AD. This review focuses on the role of heat therapy in the treatment and prevention of AD. Heat therapy has been independently shown to reduce whole body insulin resistance, improve vascular function, activate interorgan cross talk via endocytic vesicles, and activate HSPs to improve mitochondrial function and proteostasis in a variety of tissues. Thus, heat therapy could offer immense clinical benefit to patients suffering from AD. Importantly, future studies in patients are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of heat therapy in preventing AD.
IRIS-EDA: An integrated RNA-Seq interpretation system for gene expression data analysis

Motivation: Next-Generation Sequencing has made available substantial amounts of large-scale genomic and transcriptomic data. Studies with RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) data typically involve generation of gene expression profiles that can be further analyzed using correlation analysis, co-expression analysis, clustering, differential gene expression (DGE), among many other studies. While these analyses can provide invaluable information related to gene expression, interpretation of the results can prove challenging. Results: Here we present a tool called IRIS-EDA, which is a web-server-based expression data analysis tool developed using Shiny. It provides a straightforward and user-friendly platform for performing numerous computational analyses (e.g., principal component analysis, clustering, biclustering, and DGE) on user-provided gene expression data generated from both bulk RNA-Seq and Single-cell RNA-Seq data. Specifically, three most commonly used R-based tools (edgeR, DESeq2, and limma) are implemented in the DGE analysis with seven unique experimental design functionalities, including a user-specified design matrix option. Six discovery-driven methods and tools (correlation analysis, heatmap, clustering, biclustering, PCA, and MDS) are provided for gene expression exploration which is useful for designing experimental hypotheses and determining key factors for comprehensive DGE analysis. Furthermore, this platform integrates seven visualization tools in a highly interactive manner, for improved interpretation of the analyses. It is noteworthy that, for the first time, IRIS-EDA provides a framework to expedite submission of data and results to NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus following the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) Data Principles. Availability: IRIS-EDA is freely available at http://bmbl.sdstate.edu/IRIS/.
Principles of Stochastic Caputo Fractional Calculus with Fractional Approximation of Stochastic Processes

Here we consider and study very general stochastic positive linear operators induced by general positive linear operators that are acting on continuous functions. These are acting on the space of real fractionally differentiable stochastic processes. Under some very mild, general and natural assumptions on the stochastic processes we produce related fractional stochastic Shisha-Mond type inequalities of \(L^{q}\)-type \(1\le q\, 0\), \(\alpha \notin \mathbb {N}\). The impressive fact is that the basic real Korovkin test functions assumptions are enough for the conclusions of our fractional stochastic Korovkin theory. We give applications to stochastic Bernstein operators. See also [10].
Improve it or lose it: Evolvability cost of competition for expression.

Expression level is known to be a strong determinant of a protein's rate of evolution. But the converse can also be true: evolutionary dynamics can affect expression levels of proteins. Having implications in both directions fosters the possibility of an ``improve it or lose it'' feedback loop, where higher expressed systems are more likely to improve and be expressed even higher, while those that are expressed less are eventually lost to drift. Using a minimal model to study this in the context of a changing environment, we demonstrate that one unexpected consequence of such a feedback loop is that a slow switch to a new environment can allow genotypes to reach higher fitness sooner than a direct exposure to it.
Incidence and outcomes of intracerebral haemorrhage with mechanical compression hydrocephalus.

Introduction Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) within deep structures adjacent to the third ventricle is associated with worse outcomes when compared with lobar ICH due to the critical role of deep nuclei in normal neurological functioning. New evidence suggests another contributing factor to poor outcome is obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid outflow by clot burden causing mechanical compression of the third ventricle. The authors reviewed the incidence and outcomes of mechanical compression ICH in order to identify this high-risk group which may potentially benefit from minimally invasive evacuation. Methods Patients with spontaneous, non-traumatic, supratentorial ICH were identified retrospectively over a 30-month period. CT imaging was reviewed to assess location of the ICH, volume of the ICH, presence of hydrocephalus requiring external ventricular drain (EVD) placement, and time to clearing of the third ventricle. Hydrocephalus was then categorised as due to ‘primarily intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH)’, ‘primarily mechanical compression’ or ‘mixed’. Functional outcomes at discharge were assessed using the modified Rankin Score (mRS). Results 287 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 39 (13.5%) patients developed hydrocephalus that required EVD. EVD patients had significantly higher mRS at discharge (p≤0.001) when compared with the non-EVD group. Lobar location was associated with lower odds of poor outcome compared with thalamic location (OR 0.107–0.560). Mechanical compression hydrocephalus was associated with poor outcome when compared with the primary IVH hydrocephalus subgroup (p=0.037) as well as longer time to clearing of the third ventricle (p=0.006). Conclusions Mechanical obstruction requiring EVD occurs in approximately (21/287) 7.3% of all patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH. It is unknown if the worse morbidity in these subjects is purely related to damage to deep structures surrounding the third ventricle or if secondary damage from hydrocephalus could be mitigated with targeted minimally invasive clot evacuation.
Probabilistic Neural-Kernel Tensor Decomposition

Tensor decomposition is a fundamental framework to model and analyze multiway data, which are ubiquitous in realworld applications. A critical challenge of tensor decomposition is to capture a variety of complex relationships/interactions while avoiding overfitting the data that are usually very sparse. Although numerous tensor decomposition methods have been proposed, they are mostly based on a multilinear form and hence are incapable of estimating more complex, nonlinear relationships. To address the challenge, we propose POND, PrObabilistic Neural-kernel tensor Decomposition that unifies the self-adaptation of Bayes nonparametric function learning and the expressive power of neural networks. POND uses Gaussian processes (GPs) to model the hidden relationships and can automatically detect their complexity in tensors, preventing both underfitting and overfitting. POND then incorporates convolutional neural networks to construct the GP kernel to greatly promote the capability of estimating highly nonlinear relationships. To scale POND to large data, we use the sparse variational GP framework and reparameterization trick to develop an efficient stochastic variational learning algorithm. On both synthetic and real-world benchmark datasets, POND often exhibits better predictive performance than the state-of-the-art nonlinear tensor decomposition methods. In addition, as a Bayesian approach, POND provides the posterior distribution of the latent factors, and hence can conveniently quantify their uncertainty and the confidence levels for predictions.
Sonic: A Sampling-based Online Controller for Streaming Applications.

Many applications in important problem domains such as machine learning and computer vision are streaming applications that take a sequence of inputs over time. It is challenging to find knob settings that optimize the run-time performance of such applications because the optimal knob settings are usually functions of inputs, computing platforms, time as well as user's requirements, which can be very diverse. Most prior works address this problem by offline profiling followed by training models for control. However, profiling-based approaches incur large overhead before execution; it is also difficult to redeploy them in other run-time configurations. In this paper, we propose Sonic, a sampling-based online controller for long-running streaming applications that does not require profiling ahead of time. Within each phase of a streaming application's execution, Sonic utilizes the beginning portion to sample the knob space strategically and aims to pick the optimal knob setting for the rest of the phase, given a user-specified constrained optimization problem. A hybrid approach of machine learning regressions and Bayesian optimization are used for better overall sampling choices. Sonic is implemented independent of application, device, input, performance objective and constraints. We evaluate Sonic on traditional parallel benchmarks as well as on deep learning inference benchmarks across multiple platforms. Our experiments show that when using Sonic to control knob settings, application run-time performance is only 5.3% less than if optimal knob settings were used, demonstrating that Sonic is able to find near-optimal knob settings under diverse run-time configurations without prior knowledge quickly.
SINKAGE AND TRIM IN FIRST-ORDER THIN-SHIP THEORY

In first-order thin-ship theory, the sinkage and trim of a ship moving with constant speed into still water can be obtained from a pair of linear equations associated with force and moment. The right-hand sides of these equations are triple integrals of the Havelock source function over the undisturbed underwater profile. By approximating the hull form by a piecewise linear one, these terms may be taken to be composed of two distinct types of integrals whose values are calculated. Sinkage and trim for two mathematical and five Series 60 Models have been calculated using these integrals. The results are compared with the corresponding experimental values. The agreement between theoretical and experimental values is considered satisfactory, especially for sinkage and for sufficiently small beam/length ratio.
On the Time Scaling of Value at Risk with Trading

Portfolio risk measures such as Value at Risk is traditionally measured using a buy and hold assumption on the portfolio. In particular the 10-day market risk capital is commonly measured as the 1-day Value at Risk scaled by the square root of 10. While this scaling is convenient to obtain n-day Value at Risk numbers from 1-day Value at Risk it has some deficiencies. This includes the implicit assumption of a normal iid distribution as well as the implicit assumption of a buy and hold portfolio with no management intervention. In this paper we examine the potential effect of the second implicit assumption i.e., that of assuming a buy and hold portfolio. Indeed, understanding the impact of an approximating buy and hold assumption is a key concern in validating the institutions Value at Risk model. Using stock data that covers the period from 6th April 2001 to 17th June 2009, including data for the recent crisis period, we compare the Value at Risk profiles for four different stylized daily trading methods in estimating 10-day Value at Risk. The trading methods are the convex, concave and volatility based trading methods. In our analysis we find that the trading strategy may have a substantial impact on the accuracy of the square root of time rule in scaling Value at Risk. This effect is especially pronounced in case of buy volatility trading strategies where risk is amplified by trading into volatile instruments - yielding significantly higher risk than under a buy and hold assumption, or, a square root of time rule. On the other hand, risk reduction versus buy and hold for strategies that trade into low volatility instruments may be small. Our findings strongly support that measures of risk should take into account traders style and portfolio level trading strategies if risk is to be accurately measured. This means that financial institutions need to validate their current Value at Risk model trading assumptions against the actual trade behavior.
Object Concept, Development of

How do infants conceive of objects? In particular, do infants realize that objects continue to exist when hidden? Recent research indicates that although infants represent hidden objects from a very early age, their ability to reason about these objects improves dramatically during the first year of life. Keywords: cognitive development; Piaget; object permanence; infant reasoning; event category
Making Sense out of The Sensory Order

Purpose – To comment on how The Sensory Order by F. A. Hayek is understood within the context of Hayek's broader research program. Methodology/approach – Earlier and current perspectives on The Sensory Order are surveyed, quoted extensively, and commented upon. An alternative framework for understanding The Sensory Order is offered and compared to the existing perspectives. Some textual and archival evidence are combined with insights from the history of thought literature to present how Hayek himself may have viewed the role of The Sensory Order in his broader research project. Findings – Earlier and current perspectives on The Sensory Order are found wanting. The available alternative hypothesis – that Hayek's economics is foundational to his theory of mind – is presented as a more fruitful approach to motivate modern Austrian economics as a progressive research program. Research limitations/implications – There is limited archival and source material available on this topic and apparently competing versions circulating. Such a discussion has a relatively small and narrow field of interest among scholars intimately familiar with one another's work. Originality/value of paper – If correct, this chapter offers a unique and original perspective on how to perceive the insights from Hayek's The Sensory Order. It also reaffirms the role of methodological pluralism in progressing contemporary political economy.
PHYSICS MODELS AND NUCLEAR DATA EVALUATIONS FOR ENHANCED MONTE-CARLO TRANSPORT

We describe recent evaluations of neutron and proton interaction cross sections up to 150 MeV in the LA150 Data Library, for use in MCNPX computer code simulations of accelerator-driven systems (ADS). An overview is provided of the nuclear theory used. A number of benchmark comparisons against experiments are described, for thin and thick-target neutron production, neutron transmission through macroscopic slabs, and neutron heating and damage. Future data needs for waste transmutation are also briefly described.
On the origin of preferred bicarbonate production from carbon dioxide (CO2) capture in aqueous 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP)

AMP and its blends are an attractive solvent for CO2 capture, but the underlying reaction mechanisms still remain uncertain. We attempt to elucidate the factors enhancing bicarbonate production in aqueous AMP as compared to MEA which, like most other primary amines, preferentially forms carbamate. According to our predicted reaction energies, AMP and MEA exhibit similar thermodynamic favorability for bicarbonate versus carbamate formation; moreover, the conversion of carbamate to bicarbonate also does not appear more favorable kinetically in aqueous AMP compared to MEA. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, however, demonstrate that bicarbonate formation tends to be kinetically more probable in aqueous AMP while carbamate is more likely to form in aqueous MEA. Analysis of the solvation structure and dynamics shows that the enhanced interaction between N and H2O may hinder CO2 accessibility while facilitating the AMP + H2O → AMPH+ + OH− reaction, relative to the MEA case. This study highlights the importance of not only thermodynamic but also kinetic factors in describing CO2 capture by aqueous amines.
Sequences, structure, and active vision

Sequences of symbols generated by a visual and action sequence provide information about the natural structure of the world. HMMs (hidden Markov models) provide one way to learn (recover), store, produce, manipulate, and analyze both visual sequences and associated knowledge structures for computer vision. >
Mapping of novel peptides of WT-1 and presenting HLA alleles that induce epitope-specific HLA-restricted T cells with cytotoxic activity against WT-1(+) leukemias.

The Wilms tumor protein (WT-1) is widely recognized as a tumor antigen that is expressed differentially by several malignancies. However, WT-1 peptides known to induce tumoricidal T cells are few. In the present study, we evaluated T-cell responses of 56 healthy donors to in vitro sensitization with autologous APCs loaded with a pool of overlapping 15-mer peptides spanning the sequence of WT-1. Thereafter, we mapped the WT-1 peptides eliciting responses in each individual, defined the immunogenic peptides, and identified their presenting HLA alleles. We report 41 previously unreported epitopes of WT-1: 5 presented by class II and 36 by class I alleles, including 10 that could be presented by more than 1 class I allele. IFNγ+ T cells responding to 98% of the class I and 60% of the class II epitopes exhibited HLA-restricted cytotoxicity against peptide-loaded targets. T cells specific for 36 WT-1 peptides were evaluable for leukemocidal activity, of which 27 (75%) lysed WT-1+ leukemic targets sharing their restricting HLA allele. Each epitope identified induced T-cell responses in most donors sharing the epitopes' presenting allele; these responses often exceeded responses to flanking peptides predicted to be more immunogenic. This series of immunogenic epitopes of WT-1 should prove useful for immunotherapies targeting WT-1+ malignancies.
The role of police in public schools: a comparison of principal and police reports of activities in schools

This paper describes results from a recent study about the role of law enforcement in schools. Using data from a national mail survey of principals and law enforcement administrators, we compare reports of the types of activities in which police are involved. We found agreement that law-enforcement related activities were the most common type of police involvement in schools, but police also report higher levels of overall participation in schools. We conclude with a discussion of possible explanations for these different perceptions and suggestions for future research to better understand the role of law enforcement in school safety.
Structure-resonance theory for homoaromatic bridged annulenes

Abstract The π systems of bridged annulenes can ben represented by π molecular graphs with homoconjugative interactions at the bridge positions. Nonbonding MO's of odd molecular graphs derived from the parent bridged annulene graphs can be used to carry out structure-resonance theory calculations. A general outline of possible applications is given. Specific comparisons are made between calculated bond orders and bond lengths, and between calculated and experimental ionization potentials. The concept of neutral homoaromaticity is supported by good agreement between calculated and experimental properties.
Catalytic Oxidation Pretreatment of Sulfide-Rich Arsenic-Bearing Refractory Gold Concentrate by Hydrogen Peroxide in Sulfuric Acid in Tongling, China

This paper summarizes the result of experiment that was fourced on investigation of oxidation pretreatment on sulfide mineral for leaching of refractory gold concentrate by hydrogen peroxide in sulfuric acid. For a viable option, extraction rate of Fe, Cu was low, but extraction rate of arsenic reached nearly 100%. As the result of oxidation, elemental sulfur was not produced.
A Large Scale Huntingtin Protein Interaction Network Implicates Rho GTPase Signaling Pathways in Huntington Disease

Huntington disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG expansion in the HTT gene. Using yeast two-hybrid methods, we identified a large set of proteins that interact with huntingtin (HTT)-interacting proteins. This network, composed of HTT-interacting proteins (HIPs) and proteins interacting with these primary nodes, contains 3235 interactions among 2141 highly interconnected proteins. Analysis of functional annotations of these proteins indicates that primary and secondary HIPs are enriched in pathways implicated in HD, including mammalian target of rapamycin, Rho GTPase signaling, and oxidative stress response. To validate roles for HIPs in mutant HTT toxicity, we show that the Rho GTPase signaling components, BAIAP2, EZR, PIK3R1, PAK2, and RAC1, are modifiers of mutant HTT toxicity. We also demonstrate that Htt co-localizes with BAIAP2 in filopodia and that mutant HTT interferes with filopodial dynamics. These data indicate that HTT is involved directly in membrane dynamics, cell attachment, and motility. Furthermore, they implicate dysregulation in these pathways as pathological mechanisms in HD.
Recognizing 3D objects in cluttered backgrounds

We use DIRSIG to evaluate algorithms for recognizing 3D objects defined by faces of different orientations and different materials. The experiments consider varying object pose as well as variable environmental conditions. Objects are represented using subspaces defined for the 0.4-2.5 micron spectral range. Spatial resolutions are considered that provide mixtures of multiple object surfaces and background. For recognizing 3-D objects in cluttered backgrounds, the orthogonal projection ratio (OPR) is proposed to minimize the effects of noise and approximation error. The experiments consider varying object pose as well as variable environmental conditions. Background clutter is represented using spectral subspaces that are estimated from the image data. The experiments consider the recognition of several 3D objects with various geometries and surface materials. Both desert and urban scenes are considered as well as a range of ground spatial distances.
Geometrical theory of multimode optical fiber-to-fiber connectors

Abstract For optical communication to become a reality, it will be necessary to develop both permanent splices and detachable connectors for optical fibers. In this paper, I develop a simple, one-dimensional, geometrical theory with which to calculate losses introduced at a connection by alignment errors or fiber-end separation. I assume the fibers to be illuminated uniformly across the diameter of the core and within the acceptance angle. The calculation is verified with experiment. For typical fibers, the theory shows, not surprisingly, that radial misalignment of the fiber axes is by far the most severe problem. Even fibers with core diameters as large as 100 μm will have to be aligned more precisely than ± 10 μm.
YbSi: A nearly localized heavy-fermion antiferromagnet

Specific-heat, susceptibility, and resistivity data for YbSi are reported. The specific heat shows a second-order transition to a phase which is probably antiferromagnetic. It has one of the largest \ensuremath{\gamma} values found to date for Yb compounds. Above 25 K, the system has an anomalously large resistivity which is about 8\char21{}10 times larger than typical (Ce or U) heavy-fermion materials, suggesting that the system may be very close to a localization instability.
Ambient air pollution correlates with hospitalizations for inflammatory bowel disease: an ecologic analysis.

Background: Known genetic loci account for less than 25% of the risk for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), suggesting a potential role for environmental triggers. The association between ambient air pollution and IBD hospitalizations has not been previously studied. Methods: Data from the Wisconsin Hospital Association (WHA) for the year 2002 was used to identify the number of IBD-related hospitalizations for each of the 72 counties in Wisconsin. Average annual emissions density (2002) for each of the six criteria pollutants were obtained for each county from the Environmental Protection Agency. Pearson correlation and Poisson regression analysis were performed at the level of the county. Results: There was a mean of 81.3 IBD hospitalizations/100,000 population per county (range 0–174). The total criteria pollutant emissions density correlated significantly with adult IBD hospitalizations (Pearson's correlation coefficient (rho) 0.28, P = 0.02). On Poisson regression, a 1-log increase in the density of total criteria pollutant emission was associated with a 40% increase in the rate of IBD hospitalizations (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31–1.50) This was similar for both ulcerative colitis (UC) (IRR 1.48, 95% CI 1.27–1.73) and Crohn's disease (CD) hospitalizations (IRR 1.39, 95% CI 1.26–1.52). Analysis of each of the individual criteria pollutant emission densities revealed a significant association for all the component criteria pollutants. Conclusions: In this ecologic analysis, total air emissions of criteria pollutants appear to be associated with hospitalizations for IBD in adults. The ecologic design precludes drawing firm conclusions about association or causality and further research is needed. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)
Recruitment of transcription complexes to the β-globin gene locus in vivo and in vitro

Erythroid-specific, high level expression of the β-globin genes is regulated by the locus control region (LCR), composed of multiple DNase I-hypersensitive sites and located far upstream of the genes. Recent studies have shown that LCR core elements recruit RNA polymerase II (pol II). In the present study we demonstrate the following: 1) pol II and other basal transcription factors are recruited to LCR core hypersensitive elements; 2) pol II dissociates from and re-associates with the globin gene locus during replication; 3) pol II interacts with the LCR but not with the β-globin gene prior to erythroid differentiation in embryonic stem cells; and 4) the erythroid transcription factor NF-E2 facilitates the transfer of pol II from immobilized LCR constructs to a β-globin gene in vitro. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the LCR serves as the primary attachment site for the recruitment of macromolecular complexes involved in chromatin structure alterations and transcription of the globin genes.
Counter-current distribution of red blood cells of slightly different ages.

Abstract Rats were injected with [ 59 Fe]ferrous citrate and exsanguinated at different times after injection. This gave rise to red blood cell populations in which cells of distinct ages were radioactively labeled. Such red-cell populations were subjected to counter-current distribution in one of the aqueous, two-phase systems described by Albertsson . It was found that reticulocytes can be separated from mature young erythrocytes; young erythrocytes from old erythrocytes and further that erythrocytes differing in age by only a few days show distinct counter-current distribution patterns. The separability by counter-current distribution of red cells is due to a difference in their surface charge. The fact that red blood cells of slightly different ages can be separated from one another by this method is attributed to a continuous alteration of their surface charge during their life-span. It has also been shown that reticulocytes and mature young erythrocytes obtained by counter-current distribution have high, and older cells, low levels of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1). Lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) levels show a similar distribution but the quantitative difference between young and old cells is much smaller.
Information Technology Choices in Dissimilar Cultures: Enhancing Empowerment

Empowerment is an important and desirable state for employees within business enterprises around the world. Yet, the pursuit of empowerment across national boundaries may vary due to innate diferences within cultures. This may be particularly true with respect to choice of technologies for achieving empowerment. Using an interpretive field study of Fellows within the Japanese MITI and U.S. Department of Commerce Manufacturing Technology Fellowship (MTF) Program, this study suggests that the achievement of empowerment through choice of information technology is matched to cultural context. Specifically, employees of Japanese companies prefer, need, and use media-rich information technologies in their efforts to achieve empowerment. In contrast, employees of American companies prefer, need, and use collaborative information technologies in the pursuit for empowerment. These findings suggest that information technology is used synergistically with cultural attributes in the enhancement of employee empowerment.
Mohs Micrographic Surgery: A Pathologist's View

I would like to begin this article by trying to determine what exactly it is that sets Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) apart from any other surgical procedure carried out for the expressed purpose of removing a neoplasm, whether primary or recurrent at the local site. Because most practitioners of MMS now admit freely that the distinctiveness of MMS is not' the type of procedure (such as the use of zinc chloride or any other form of chemosurgery), 2 the type of equipment used (as implied by the reassuring statement that most Mohs' surgeons can effectively operate with standard surgical instruments), 3 or the type of clinical indication (such as recurrent basal cell carcinoma), its claim to superiority must derive from the notion that MMS represents a microscopically controlled brand of surgery. That idea has been advanced by Mohs 4 himself, who stated that the unique and important feature of chemosurgery [is the complete microscopic control of excision rather than the in situ chemical fixations. This concept is reflected in the currently preferred terminology for the technique, ie, micrographic surgery, which originates from micro, referring to the microscope, and graphic, referring to a map or graph of the lesion made for purposes of orientation at the time the frozen section is performed.
Clinical evaluation of transfused blood after long-term storage in ACD with adenine.

Abstract : Liquid whole blood collected in ACD with and without adenine was transfused into patients having various forms of blood loss. The units collected in ACD alone had been stored 14-28 days, while those units in adenine had been stored 28-42 days. Of the 771 units in the study, 545 were transfused into 295 patients. A total of 276 units was in adenine and was given to 130 patients. Little or no reaction could be detected from clinical observation and selected laboratory tests related to the transfusion and/or solution. Isotope labeling of some of the transfused units given to over 80 patients provided an estimate of the 24-hour posttransfusion survival and the results were similar to the average survival obtained in normal subjects after single-unit transfusions. The apparent lack of toxicity, yet adequate support of the bleeding patient, based on clinical and laboratory findings, suggested that blood stored in adenine was useful after longer storage periods than blood stored in ACD alone. The survival tests, compared against the 70% guideline, suggested that satisfactory survival was present even after 35 days of storage or possibly even after 42 days. (Author)
Influence of Continental Positions on Early Tertiary Climates

CONTINENTS can be positioned in their earlier places on the Cainozoic globe by means of their rock magnetism; continents for which such data are lacking can be placed in their relative positions by removing the subsequently generated seafloor. On such a reconstructed globe for a particular time in the Cainozoic the distribution of palaeoclimates, as deduced from significant rock-types and fossil plants and animals, can be plotted in their true geographical relationships. Locations of the continents and subcontinents with respect to the rotational coordinate system, as well as to each other, will largely determine the prevailing climatic trends by affecting the circulation patterns in oceans and atmosphere. Here we attempt to model, in a semi-quantitative way, the climates of the Earth in the later half of the Eocene (40–48 m.y. ago) and in the early half of the Oligocene (30–37 m.y. ago), an interval of marked climatic change.
Prenatal cocaine: effect on hypoxic ventilatory responsiveness in neonatal rats

The effects of prenatal (embryonic days 7–21) cocaine (30 mg/kg b.i.d., s.c.) exposure on postnatal respiratory and behavioral responsiveness to acute hypoxia were investigated in 5-day-old (P5) rat pups. Control and cocaine-exposed pups were subjected to 20 min of 0.21 FIO2 followed by 20 min of 0.08 FIO2. Although all pups demonstrated the characteristic biphasic response to hypoxia, cocaine-exposed pups exhibited a blunted, initial response in minute ventilation (p < 0.05) and inspiratory drive (p < 0.05) as compared with control pups who showed increases in these measures (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). The consequence of this apparent blunted ventilatory response was reflected in blood gas data gathered after 20 min of 0.08 FIO2: PCO2 (p < 0.05) and base-excess (p < 0.05) were increased and HCO−3 (p < 0.05) and SO2 (p < 0.01) were decreased relative to control pups. Cocaine-exposed pups also exhibited behavioral evidence of decreased struggling (p < 0.001) in response to the hypoxic challenge. These data in the rat confirm our previous findings of altered ventilatory responsiveness to inspired hypoxia in the rabbit and extend our observations of a decreased ability to successfully compensate and behaviorally arouse following prenatal cocaine-exposure, thus underscoring the potential vulnerability of infants so exposed.
Sympatholytic therapy in primary hypertension: a user friendly role for the future.

Effective therapy (Rx) in primary hypertension (PH) for 50 years, has featured sympathetic nervous system (SNS) mechanisms. Ganglionic blockers and reserpine were pre-eminent in the 1940s (mydriasis, ileus, impotence, peptic ulcer). Guanethidine, and in the 1960s clonidine and methyldopa, were step II agents to thiazide Rx in the 1950s. Reserpine depletes brain (depression) and peripheral (PPH) noradrenaline (NA) storage sites, guanethidine depleted NA storage via blockade of reuptake. Venomotor sympathoplegia resulted in postural hypertension. An analogue, metaiodobenzyguandine is used in diagnosis and Rx of pheochromocytoma. Clonidine lowers both central and PPH neuronal NA release via both stimulation of α agonist adrenoreceptors (sedation) and specific imadazoline binding sites (IBS). Methyldopa lowers pressure via PPH induced NA release (retrograde ejaculation) and via alphamethyl NA on central alpha-2 receptors (depression). The alpha-2 and alpha-2 receptor antagonists (αRA) cause reflex tachycardia and first-dose hypotension. Recently a two-fold incidence of congestive heart failure after αRA in treated primary hypertensives question their role in PH. The beta RA, with or absent αRA, remain premier since the 1970s due to mortality benefit in systolic dysfunction and post myocardial infarction, certifying the role of the SNS in the pathogenesis and sequelae and Rx of PH. The future includes beta RA, specific IBS agents, angiotensin (AII) RA with avid presynaptic AII affinity and vasopeptidase inhibitiors that raise peptides and suppress SNS.
Optimal strategies for combining transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation in rabbit VX2 hepatic tumors.

Purpose To determine the optimum combination strategy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency (RF) ablation in an experimentally induced hepatic tumor model. Materials and Methods Twenty-five New Zealand White rabbits with VX2 carcinoma–induced hepatic tumors were randomly divided into five treatment groups, which received (i) chemoembolization followed 15 minutes later by RF ablation; (ii) RF ablation followed by chemoembolization; (iii) chemoembolization alone; (iv) RF ablation alone; and (v) bland embolization followed by RF ablation. Animals were euthanized at 48 hours to determine tumor infarction and coagulation, which were compared with analysis of variance. Representative histopathologic slides were compared. Results Significantly larger areas of coagulation were produced by chemoembolization followed by RF ablation (22.0 cm 3 ± 7.7) compared with RF ablation followed by chemoembolization (13.1 cm 3 ± 3.2) and RF ablation alone (10.0 cm 3 ± 4.5; P 3 ± 9.6 vs 12.1 cm 3 ± 4.6; P Conclusions Larger treatment volumes were produced when chemoembolization was performed before RF ablation than when RF ablation preceded chemoembolization or when RF ablation or chemoembolization were performed alone. Larger treatment volumes were also produced when chemoembolization rather than bland embolization was performed before RF ablation, indicating the importance and synergy of the chemotherapeutic regimen. These results suggest that the reduction of tumor blood flow combined with the effect of hyperthermia and local chemotherapy creates the largest dimensions of treatment.
Prenatal exposure of female rhesus monkeys to testosterone propionate increases serum luteinizing hormone levels in adulthood

Objective: To determine whether prenatal androgenization of the developing primate hypothalamohypophyseal unit induces irreversible changes in LH secretion. Design: Prospective nonrandomized study. Setting: An academic research environment. Animals: Forty-one adult ovulatory female rhesus monkeys. Intervention(s): Seventeen female rhesus monkeys exposed prenatally to testosterone propionate (female pseudohermaphrodites) and 24 normal females underwent blood sampling over two ovulatory menstrual cycles. Main Outcome Measure(s): Serum FSH, LH, E 2 , and T were determined by RIA; P was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Serum bioactive LH was measured by mouse Leydig cell bioassay. Result(s): Tonic immunoactive LH hypersecretion and normal FSH release occurred in female pseudohermaphrodites compared with normal females. Periovulatory immunoactive LH and FSH secretion was similar in both female types, whereas a relative increase in the amount of circulating bioactive LH to immunoactive LH was found at midcycle in female pseudohermaphrodites versus normal females. The length of the follicular phase was unaffected by prenatal androgen exposure, but the slopes of serum T and E 2 concentrations versus follicular phase cycle day were significantly lower in female pseudohermaphrodites than normal females. Luteal phase length and P secretion were comparable in both types of females. Conclusion(s): Androgen exposure during primate neural differentiation may alter permanently the pattern of LH secretion in the presence of cyclic gonadotropin release.
Tolerance chart optimization

A tolerance chart is a graphical representation of a process plan and a manual procedure for controlling tolerance stackup when the machining of a component involves interdependent tolerance chains. This heuristic, experience-based method of allocating tolerances to individual cuts of a process plan can be embodied in a computer-based module. This paper introduces a graph theoretic representation for the tolerance chart. A special path tracing algorithm is used to identify tolerance chains from this graph. Optimal tolerance allocation among individual cuts is achieved using a linear goal programming model instead of existing heuristic methods. A more comprehensive mixed integer programming model is developed to incorporate linear tolerance cost functions and alternative process selection.
Organizational Structural Changes: Life‐cycle Stage Influences and Managers′ and Interventionists′ Challenges

The focus of this study was on successful, small, rapidly growing firms and on people who manage (entrepreneurs/ CEOs) or help manage (interventionists/consultants) these firms. Investigates the structural (complexity, formalization and centralization) changes that occur in firms as they move from the start‐up stage to the growth stage of development. One reason these structural changes were examined was that rapid growth often strains organizations′ existing structures and, in turn, threatens their very existence. Further, little empirical information exists about structural changes in small, growing firms. Using a sample of Inc. 500 firms, finds support for the hypotheses that organizations in their growth stage will exhibit greater complexity, greater formalization, and less centralization than in their start‐up stage.
Evolution and Organization of a Regional Gamma Knife Center

The Gamma Knife is considered by many to be the 'gold standard' radiosurgery unit throughout the world. However, its benefits must be weighed against its cost and availability. A comparison was made between two tertiary-care, not-for-profit, medical-school-affiliated medical centers located in northeastern Ohio. Both applied for a certificate of need for a Leksell Gamma Knife. A requirement for on-site imaging and anesthesia support at one site resulted in considerable extra costs. One center then altered its application for a Gamma Knife to be used by its own four neurosurgeons. The other center modified its proposal to create a Gamma Knife center at the perimeter of its medical center, yet attached to existing imaging facilities. It would also allow regional hospitals, patients, health plans and qualified physicians and researchers to have access to the unit. This plan resulted in a marked reduction in costs. Moreover, it was estimated that this plan would greatly increase the volume of treated patients. This was the proposal endorsed by the regional Health Systems Agency by a vote of 19 to 1. The proposal from the other center for a closed system was rejected.
Despedidas as Reflections of Death in Hispanic New Mexico

The Spanish-speaking people of northern New Mexico have a long tradition of written and oral culture that assists them in dealing with death. The recuerdo (remembrance) serves to memorialize the dead and to bring comfort to the family members. This leave-taking is known as la despedida and is normative in the lives of Hispanics. Alfred Schutz's phenomenology of everyday life and contributions by philosophers and folklorists are called upon to examine the recuerdo tradition as it continues to function today.
Protein synthesis during endogenous rhythmic leaflet movement in Albizzia.

A rhythm was found in protein synthesis accompanying rhythmic leaflet opening and closing in the dark in the plant Albizzia. More protein was synthesized during the opening of the leaflets than during the closing. Furthermore, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, cycloheximide, prevented rhythmic opening of leaflets but had no effect on rhythmic closing. It is suggested that protein synthesis is involved in the movement across membranes of K+ ions that cause turgor changes and leaflet movement.
Effect of superoxide dismutase on the stability of S-nitrosothiols.

S-Nitrosothiols formed from the nitric oxide (NO)-dependent S-nitrosation of thiol-containing proteins and peptides such as albumin and glutathione (GSH) have been implicated in the transport, storage, and metabolism of NO in vivo. Recent data suggest that certain transition metals enhance the decomposition of S-nitrosothiols in vitro. The objective of this study was to determine what effect Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) has on the stability of certain S-nitrosothiols such as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in vitro. We found that CuZn-SOD (20 microM) but not Mn-SOD in the presence of GSH catalyzed the decomposition of GSNO with a Vmax of 6.7 +/- 0.4 microM/min and a Km of 5.6 +/- 0.5 microM at 37 degreesC. Increasing GSH concentrations with respect to CuZn-SOD resulted in complete decomposition of GSNO at concentrations of GSH:SOD of 2:1. Increasing GSH concentrations further from 0.1 to 10 mM resulted in a concentration-dependent attenuation in GSNO decomposition suggesting that SOD-catalyzed decomposition of GSNO would be maximal at concentrations of GSH known to be present in extracellular fluids (e.g., plasma). The decomposition of GSNO by CuZn-SOD resulted in the sustained production of NO. We propose that GSH reduces enzyme-associated Cu2+ to Cu1+ which mediates the reductive decomposition of the S-nitrosothiol to yield free NO. We conclude that CuZn-SOD may represent an important physiological modulator of steady-state concentrations of low-molecular-weight S-nitrosothiols in vivo.
The Predictive Power of a Comprehensive Psychoanalytic Theory

The growth of neuroscience from its beginnings as an organically based psychiatry to its current ascendance as the main avenue for understanding the link between behavior and the brain is well presented by Raz and Wolfson. Their analysis of potential relationships between psychoanalysis and neuroscience is limited by only taking into consideration the clinical application of psychoanalysis and ignoring psychoanalysis as a comprehensive theory of the mind.
The nature and success of influence attempts in a four-party bargaining relationship☆

Abstract The functioning of a complex four-party bargaining system was subjected to experimental analysis. Two of the bargaining parties, A and B, were defined as having equal power, this power being greater than that of A and B's respective “allies”, X and Y—who also had equal power. The bargaining system was further structured so as to make it desirable for A and B to interact indirectly with each other, via X and Y as intermediaries. Within this paradigm, A and B's relationship with each other (cooperative vs competitive) and X and Y's counterpower vis-a-vis A and B (high vs low) were manipulated in a 2 × 2 factorial design. It was found, as predicted, that the system functioned most effectively (in terms of outcome levels and degree of positive affect among the four parties) when A and B were cooperatively oriented, and X and Y had low counter-power. The system functioned least effectively when A and B were competitive and their “allies'” counterpower was high. On the other hand, a number of unexpected findings emerged with respect to the kinds of influence attempts directed by A and B at X and Y. Among the more provocative of these was the fact that cooperative A and B's, in contrast with those receiving a competitive induction, made the most frequent use not only of promises but threats as well.
Nano vision—molecular graphics for the macintosh

Abstract Nano Vision is a molecular graphics program for the Apple Macintosh. The program follows accepted Macintosh design criteria, making it easy to learn by anyone familiar with the Macintosh. Molecules containing up to 32,000 atoms may be displayed. The program includes a range of molecular display options, including skeletal, ball-and-stick, and CPK. Images may be displayed using up to 240 colors. Color depth cuing is provided, as is Z-clipping. Nano Vision images may be easily transferred (cut and paste) to drawing programs.