cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Gastric pH on the Absorption of Controlled-Release Theophylline Dosage Forms in Humans

The bioavailability of three marketed controlled-release dosage forms and a reference solution of theophylline was studied in eight subjects with normal gastric fluid acidity and seven subjects who were achlorhydric. Gastric pH was monitored with a Heidelberg capsule. One of the controlled-release dosage forms dissolved more rapidly in vitro when exposed to acid conditions, one dissolved more rapidly in pH 7.5 media, and the third dissolved at a rate independent of pH. Using a crossover design, each subject received each dosage form twice. Blood was sampled for up to 47 hr after each dose, and serum was assayed for theophylline by HPLC. The product which dissolved more rapidly under acid conditions in vitro exhibited a 3 hr longer T max in the achlorhydrics compared to the normal subjects. The product which dissolved more rapidly in the pH 7.5 media exhibited a relatively higher AUC(0–∞) in the achlorhydric subjects than in normal subjects after the AUC data were normalized for clearance differences between the two subject groups. The in vivo bioavailability of these dosage forms could be related to the in vitro dissolution characteristics for some parameters. However, with the exception of the mean T max values, the mean bioavailability parameters differed by less than 20% between the two subject groups.
Are we on the same page?: Justice agreement in international joint ventures

Abstract This study examines the organizational and personal level conditions under which boundary spanners in an international joint venture (IJV) tend to disagree with each other regarding procedural justice. Nested within the logic of boundary spanning and building on the integrated justice theory and joint venture theory, this study develops an overarching framework explaining organizational- and individual-level factors impacting the level of disagreement. Our analysis of 182 IJVs in a large emerging market suggests that such disagreement increases with objective gap, ownership asymmetry, and environmental uncertainty but decreases with mutual familiarity between cross-cultural partner firms. Disagreement is also reduced when boundary spanners have more experience in managing IJVs and a longer period working together.
Transient thermal analysis of a space reactor power system

Space nuclear power systems utilize materials and processes that are completely different from terrestrial reactor systems. Therefore, the tools used to analyze ground-based systems are inappropriate for space reactor design and analysis. The purpose of this study was to develop a space reactor transient analysis tool and to apply this tool to scenarios of interest. The scope of the simulation includes the thermal and neutronic behavior of a liquid-metal-cooled fast reactor, the electrical and thermal performance of the thermoelectric generators, the thermal dynamics of heat pipe radiators, and the thermal behavior of the coolant piping between major components. The thermal model of the system is explicitly coupled to a momentum model of the primary and secondary coolant loops. A one-dimensional conduction model is employed in all solid component models. The reactor model includes an expression for energy generation due to fission and decay heat. The thermoelectric heat exchanger model accounts for thermal energy conversion to useful electrical output. The two-node radiator heat pipe model includes normal operation as well as limited heat pipe operation under sonic limit conditions. The reactor, thermoelectric heat exchanger, and heat pipe models are coupled explicitly by the coolant piping thermal model. The computer program ismore » used to simulate a variety of transients including reactor power changer, degradation of the radiator, and a temporary open circuit condition on the thermoelectrics.« less
The nostalgia industry and Indian film studies

The centenary of Indian cinema raises two interrelated areas of discussion: the multiplication and commodification of anniversaries, and the growth of the nostalgia industry and its relation to fil...
HPAKE: Password Authentication Secure against Cross-Site User Impersonation

We propose a new kind of asymmetric mutual authentication from passwords with stronger privacy against malicious servers, lest they be tempted to engage in "cross-site user impersonation" to each other. It enables a person to authenticate (with) arbitrarily many independent servers, over adversarial channels, using a memorable and reusable single short password. Beside the usual PAKE security guarantees, our framework goes to lengths to secure the password against brute-force cracking from privileged server information.
Distributions of Magnetic Resonance Diffusion and Spectroscopy Measures with Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have demonstrated that measures of altered metabolism and axonal injury can be detected following traumatic brain injury. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the distributions of altered image parameters obtained by these methods in subjects with a range of injury severity and to examine their relative sensitivity for diagnostic imaging in this group of subjects. DTI and volumetric magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging data were acquired in 40 subjects that had experienced a closed-head traumatic brain injury, with a median of 36 d post-injury. Voxel-based analyses were performed to examine differences of group mean values relative to normal controls, and to map significant alterations of image parameters in individual subjects. The between-group analysis revealed widespread alteration of tissue metabolites that was most strongly characterized by increased choline throughout the cerebrum and cere...
Requirements for advanced programming systems for list processing

List processing systems should be designed to facilitate production of large programs to manipulate large complex symbolic data stores. This paper presents an overview of a number of system features which the author feels are important to improve the productivity of programmers working in such domains. A systems view is taken, rather than focusing just on language features, since algorithms must be not only coded in a language form, but debugged, modified, made efficient, and run on data. Because of this general framework, the requirements specified are applicable to the design of advanced programming systems for a wide range of applications.Three aspects of programming systems are highlighted: good interactive facilities, programmable control structures, and sophisticated data communication mechanisms. Interactive features are described to facilitate program composition, entry, testing, debugging, editing, optimization, and packaging. Implementation of a generalized environment structure model specified would allow programming of various control regimes including multiprocesses, coroutines and backtracking. Alternative methods of procedure invocation required include invocation by pattern and by monitoring condition. The need for extended data forms, storage management, and extensibility are stressed, as is the duality of data retrieval and function evaluation. Syntax directed input and output of data would facilitate use of complex data stores.
L 1 -convergence of fourier series with O -regularly varying quasimonotone coefficients

On generalise un resultat sur la convergence L 1 de series de Fourier en termes de suites quasimonotones et a variation reguliere de ses coefficients. Pour cela on definit la notion d'une suite quasimonotone de reels positifs qui varie O-regulierement
Growth and Characterization of Titanium Nitride Nanowires on Silicon Substrate Using Pulsed Laser Deposition Method for Biological Applications

The present work reports on the growth and characterization of titanium nitride (TiN) nanowires on silicon substrate using a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The TiN nanowires were grown on single crystal silicon substrate with (100) and (111) orientations at a range of substrate temperatures and under both nitrogen ambient and vacuum. The different orientation of silicon was chosen to see the effect of the substrate orientation on the growth of TiN nanowires. The laser energy entering the vacuum chamber to impinge the TiN target for nanowire deposition was varied from 70 to 80 mJ. The TiN nanowires samples were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The diameter of the nanowires was observed to increase from 25 nm to 40 nm with an increase in laser beam energy entering the chamber. The shape and orientation of the nanowires was observed to be the same for (100) and (111) oriented silicon substrates as observed in SEM images. Corrosion tests were also conducted on the TiN nanowires.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Empirical estimation of protein-induced DNA bending angles: applications to λ site-specific recombination complexes

Protein-induced DNA bending is an important element in the structure of many protein-DNA complexes, including those involved in replication, transcription, and recombination. To understand these structures, the path followed by the DNA in each complex must be established. We have generated an empirical relation between the degree of bending and the altered electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels that allows estimation of protein-induced bends. This technique has been used to analyze 17 different protein-DNA complexes formed by six proteins including the four proteins involved in lambda site-specific recombination. The simplicity of this technique should make it useful in estimating angles for the construction of models of protein-DNA complexes and readily applicable to many systems where questions of higher-order structure are important for understanding function.
Hippocampal Apoptosis Is Ameliorated By C-Peptide Replacement In Type 1 BB/W-Rat

It has been suggested that perturbed insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) may be involved in CNS complications of diabetes. We examined IGF messages, hippocampal apoptosis and the effect of C-peptide replacement on encephalopathy in type-1 diabetic BB/Wor-rats. By Northern blot analysis, we found decreased (50%) mRNA expression of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) in 2-month diabetic rats. In 6-month diabetic rats, these changes were associated with positive TUNEL staining, nucleosomal DNA fragmentation and an elevated (∼2.5-fold) ratio of Bax/Bcl-xL in hippocampus as assessed by Western blotting and LM-PCR assays. C-peptide replacement (75 ng/kg body weight/day) partially corrected the expression of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR and eliminated hippocampal apoptosis. To investigate the mechanisms by which C-peptide exerts its antiapoptotic effect, human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were incubated in high concentrations of glucose (300 mM), which caused significant apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells as shown by nuclear shrinkage, positive TUNEL staining and DNA laddering. This increased apoptotic activity was delayed in SH-SY5Y cells to which 10 nM C-peptide had been added. In the same cell system, the insulin-induced effect on PI-3 kinase activity was enhanced by C-peptide, in keeping with the notion that PI-kinase plays a role in antiapoptotic signaling. We therefore conclude that insulin and C-peptide deficiencies in type-1 diabetic BB/Wor-rats are associated with hippocampal apoptosis, which can be prevented by C-peptide replacement.
Stereo- and regioselective formation of silyl enol ethers via oxidation of vinyl anions

Abstract Oxidation of E- and Z-vinyl lithiums with silyl peroxides 5 affords silyl enol ethers 3 in good to excellent yield with retention of configuration. This methodology represents a useful new procedure for the stereo- and regioselective synthesis of ketone enolates.
Palladium-catalyzed cyclization of 1,ω-dienols: Multiple ways to intramolecularly trap a carbocation

The tandem catalytic cyclization−rearrangement of 1,ω-dien-3-ols by palladium(II) produces different types of products, depending on the structure of starting material. The pinacol rearrangement, benzannulation, and oxy-Cope rearrangement are major pathways of transforming the putative σ-alkylpalladium carbocation. Turnover of the cyclization is achieved by β-hydride elimination and reoxidation of palladium with benzoquinone. The overall course of the reaction is very sensitive to small changes in the substrate structure.
Oil and currency factors in Middle East equity returns

The desire to increase investor interest in emerging markets has motivated many studies of return and risk characteristics of equity prices in these markets. Using data from January 1999 to December 2002, we examine the dynamic relationships between oil, currency, and stock prices in the four major markets in the Middle East. Three of the four are highly correlated with the major stock markets. The potential for diversifying in Middle East markets is limited. The Egyptian and Jordanian markets, on one hand, and the Israeli and Saudi markets, on the other, are marginally integrated. While Israeli shekels significantly explain their equity prices, crude oil futures prices fairly explain oil‐rich Saudi and Egyptian equity prices. We conclude that it takes a long time for crude oil futures prices to reach equilibrium with stock prices in Israel when there is a shock to the system. However, it takes relatively a short time for crude spot oil prices and currency price to reach equilibrium with stock prices when there is a shock in the system of Saudi Arabia or Egypt. Our results suggest that, in the short and long term, investor decisions in these markets are influenced by oil and currency prices.
Treating opioid addiction

Nosyk and colleagues[1][1] have analyzed data from the North American Opiate Medication Initiative (NAOMI)[2][2] in an attempt to ascertain cost-effectiveness of diacetylmorphine versus methadone among those “refractory to treatment” (people in whom “standard” methadone maintenance has
Spontaneous Regression of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer in AIDS After Immune Reconstitution

Journal of Thoracic Oncology ® • Volume 10, Number 1, January 2015 Spontaneous regression (SR) refers to the “partial or complete disappearance of a malignant tumor in the absence of all treatment or in the presence of therapy which is considered inadequate to exert a significant influence on neoplastic disease”. SR is a rare event, estimated to occur in one in 60,000 to one in 100,00 cases of cancer. Although there are reports of SR occurring in different malignancies, many cases of SR occur among patients with renal cell carcinoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, malignant melanoma, chronic lymphoid leukemia, and neuroblastoma. We describe the first case in the literature of SR of metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the setting of immune reconstitution in an HIV positive individual. At diagnosis, the patient was a 44-year-old male smoker with a past medical history significant for HIV/AIDS diagnosed 20 years earlier, neurosyphilis, and toxoplasmosis, who presented with a severe headache, photophobia, nausea, and vomiting. At the time of his initial presentation, his CD4 count was 77 cells/mm and he had not been adherent to his highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen (HAART). Brain imaging revealed a 1.7 × 1.8 cm ring-enhancing lesion in the posterior right parietal lobe with significant edema and midline shift. He was empirically treated for toxoplasmosis without clinical or radiologic improvement. Craniotomy and excision of the brain mass revealed a poorly differentiated non–small-cell carcinoma with immunohistochemical staining positive for low molecular weight cytokeratin and negative for CK7, CK20, and HMB45 consistent with poorly differentiated NSCLC. CT revealed a right upper lobe nodule (17 × 9 mm), a right adrenal mass (47 × 41 mm), and a heterogeneous mass anterior to the pancreatic body (23 × 24 mm). Biopsies of both the adrenal gland and lung
Activating endogenous opioid systems by electroconvulsive shock or footshock stress inhibits recurrent kindled seizures in rats

Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) significantly decreased the behavioral manifestations of seizures elicited by amygdaloid stimulation in kindled rats. This anticonvulsant effect was significantly reduced by the opiate antagonist, naloxone, and by the development of morphine tolerance. A form of footshock stress known to cause opioid-mediated analgesia had a similar anticonvulsant effect, whereas another form causing non-opioid analgesia did not. These results suggest that the anticonvulsant effects of ECS and stress are mediated by the release of endogenous opioids.
Nonlinear optics using the multipolar Hamiltonian : The Bloch-Maxwell equations and local fields

A systematic method for calculating nonlinear-optical susceptibilities in condensed phases, which incorporates intermolecular forces and spontaneous emission in a consistent way, is developed, using the multipolar (\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\cdot}D) Hamiltonian. Reduced equations of motion that couple the electromagnetic field and material variables are derived for a crystal of point dipoles. The Bloch equations in the local-field approximation, which were derived previously using macroscopic considerations, are obtained as a limiting case of the present microscopic theory. It is shown that correlations among the molecules and the radiation field are not treated rigorously in the local-field approximation, whereas they can be incorporated in a systematic way using the present formalism. An expression for the dielectric function \ensuremath{\epsilon}(k,\ensuremath{\omega}) is obtained, which is different from Hopfield's exciton-polariton model. Our result does agree, however, with Hopfield's expression, which is based on the minimal-coupling (p\ensuremath{\cdot}A) Hamiltonian, in the long-wavelength and small-frequency limit (k,\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0), provided spontaneous emission is neglected.
Orthogonal and polarization-entangled photon-pair arrangement for decoherence-free quantum measurement

A theoretical model is presented for the interaction of a quantum system with an orthogonal polarized entangled photon-pair measurement probe. The theoretical framework is based on solving the generalized Jaynes-Cummings and Shroedinger's equations to determine the phase evolution of the interacting system. The measurement-induced decoherence is expressed in terms of the temporal evolution of the relative phases of the superposition states induced by the measurement probe. The method is applied to determine the rate of decoherence of a two-qubit rubidium quantum system. Quantitative results are given to contrast measurement-induced decoherence of (i) single photon probe and (ii) orthogonal polarized and entangled probe.
Measuring Reflective Power with the Eye

Although the legitimacy of using the eye as an essential instrument in photometric experiments had been questioned by critics, the practitioners of visual photometry in the 18th and 19th centuries were convinced that the eye was reliable and capable of making accurate judgments in comparing brightness. They demonstrated their belief through their efforts in searching for the optimal conditions for the eye in photometric measurements. Eventually, they were able to measure reflective power with accuracy comparable to today's standards by developing a body of practice, including both instrumental designs and experimental procedures, which aimed at maintaining the eye's sensibility in brightness comparison.
Some variables affecting the use of conformity as an ingratiation technique

Abstract This study examines the effects of three variables that are hypothesized to influence the salience of ingratiation as a technique for obtaining valued payoffs: the Machiavellianism of the potential ingratiator, the perceived discretionary power of the target person who controls payoffs, and the discrepancy between the relevant attitudes of the potential ingratiator and the target person. As anticipated, the amount of ingratiating conformity manifested by subjects was greatest when these three variables carried values that were presumed to make ingratiation a moderately salient response. Least conformity occurred when salience was very high. Relationships between any one of the three independent variables and conformity were found to depend upon the level at which the other two variables were set. The findings suggest an explanation of some of the contradictory outcomes generated by research dealing with conformity and attitude change.
Transcription of tandemly repeated genes in embryonal and larval tissues of Calliphora erythrocephala

The transcription of rRNA genes in Calliphora erythrocephala embryonal and larval fat bodies and guts was analyzed by electron microscopy. A gradual increase in the number of active genes and in the RNA polymerase density was observed in both tissues in the hours preceding hatching. Despite this increase, the rRNA genes at hatching are not fully loaded with RNA polymerase molecules. An additional increase in rRNA synthesis is characteristic of the first two days of larval development. This increase in rRNA synthesis is accomplished by an increase in RNA polymerase density, by activation of previously inactive rRNA genes, and by activation of newly replicated rRNA genes. The rRNA seems to be generated exclusively on genes not interrupted by a 6.1 kb intervening sequence. After the first 2 days, the RNA polymerase densities decline. Synthesis of rRNA seems to be coordinately regulated in these two tissues. — Two classes of tandemly repeated nonribosomal transcription units were detected in the fat bodies. The first class has an estimated DNA length of 3.3 kb and cannot be assigned to any of the known genes. The second class appears to represent very short transcription units with no visible RNP fibrils and is a candidate for 5S or tRNA transcription units.
Knowledge and ethical responsibility in industrial disasters

The complexity of surprise industrial disasters, the high probability of their occurrence, their protracted effects, and the risks they impose on humanity make empirical research and international exchanges of information essential. Industrial disasters also give rise to significant ethical uncertainty which requires emergency managers, industrial leaders, and political decision makers to reformulate the manner in which expert knowledge is developed and applied to the tasks of risk reduction and public safety. In assessing the challenges posed by surprise or unexpected industrial disasters, it is the purpose of this essay to heighten awareness of the ethical dimensions of all knowledge in this field. Additionally, the concept of prohibited risk is suggested as a crucial normative variable to be analyzed in the application of this knowledge to the essential tasks of emergency management in relation to industrial disasters.
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPES 1 AND 2 AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

A hypothesis is proposed which states that multiple sclerosis (MS) is caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in persons lacking herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) immunity. It is examined by comparing the epidemiology of these viruses with that of MS. The age at which HSV-2 infections are first detected, as well as the age of peak incidence are similar to those for MS. If age-specific HSV-1 immunity data from various places is compared, an inverse relationship of immunity levels with latitude is apparent, and may be related to the effects of ultraviolet irradiation on HSV-1 activation and transmission rates. Prior HSV-1 immunity, if related to subsequent risk of MS, would be protective. This hypothesis also appears to be consistent with the generalisations concerning effects of migration on subsequent rates of MS, and with certain other features of MS epidemiology.
Breast Cancer in Women with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy

The rising incidence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in women and the prolonged survival increases the risk of development of breast cancer in this population. Through December 2001, 38 cases of breast cancer, two occurring in men, have been reported in persons infected with HIV. Between 1995 and 2001, five HIV infected premenopausal women presented with breast cancer to the Karmanos Cancer Institute. Three patients presented 3–5 years after the diagnosis of HIV infection. One patient presented with stage IV breast cancer, three with stage III, and one with stage II disease. Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression was pronounced in all patients. Two patients had progression of HIV on treatment manifested by a rise in HIV-I RNA or development of opportunistic infections. In general, the outcome of breast cancer in our small series of patients was worse than in a non-HIV population. HIV infection may influence the natural history and treatment of breast cancer.
An expert process planning system for electronics PCB assembly

Abstract The electronics manufacturing is one of the most prosperous industries in the world today. With the continuous advancement in electronics components and automatic assembly machines, printed circuit board (PCB) assembly has become more dynamic and complicated. The process planning is usually a complex and time-consuming task yet an important key in accomplishing a fully automated computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) system. The added diversity of electronic products, inefficiency in planning time and inconsistency among manually generated process plans have increased the necessity for developing a computer aided process planning (CAPP) system for electronics assembly. The success of surface mount technology (SMT) and flexible manufacturing concept make the process planning for electronics assembly a more frequent and challenging task than ever before. This paper discusses and presents a prototype Expert Process Planning System for Electronics Assembly (EPPSEA) which utilizes the expert system technique to solve the complicated process planning problem in a PCB assembly system. The structure, generating strategy and application of the system are described.
NUMBERS, ORIGINS, ECONOMIC VALUE AND QUALITY OF TECHNICALLY TRAINED IMMIGRANTS INTO THE UNITED STATES

This study updates the data on the numbers and the changing origins of immigrants into the U.S. with technical qualifications and ability, and the economic gain to the U.S. therefrom. It also provides new data on the quality of such personnel by examining the number of immigrants who are elected to the U.S. National Academies of Engineering and of Science, and also win Nobel prizes. It is shown that this immigration is a major continuing contribution to the U.S.; constituting substantial fractions (one third to one-half) of certain categories of advanced degrees. Using different methods of calculating the value of the education thus transfered one arrives at the general conclusion that it is roughly in balance with the total economic aid from the U.S. (i.e. in the order of several billion slyear in the last two decades). Immigrant engineers/scientists constitute about a fifth of National Academy membership and between 20 and 50% of the Nobel prize winners, depending on the discipline involved, with chemistry appearing as the native national strength of the U.S.
The Impact of Physician Subspecialty Training, Risk Calculation, and Patient Age on Treatment Recommendations in Ocular Hypertension

Purpose To determine whether glaucoma subspecialty training, formal risk estimation, or patient age has an impact on physician treatment recommendations in cases of ocular hypertension. Design Experimental study. Methods Members of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (118) and American Glaucoma Society (58) were recruited. Each physician was first asked how many young and old patients with ocular hypertension he or she would treat to prevent someone from progressing to glaucoma (number needed to treat). The physicians then reviewed 100 simulated cases of patients with ocular hypertension and reported their likelihood to treat each case. Half of these cases were presented with an estimated risk of conversion to glaucoma within 5 years and half were presented without an estimate. The treatment recommendations were analyzed to determine whether subspecialty status or the presence of a risk calculation had any impact on treatment recommendations. Results Both glaucoma specialists and non-glaucoma specialists were more likely to recommend treatment in cases for which a risk calculation was provided ( P = .001). Furthermore, non-glaucoma specialists were more likely to recommend treatment for ocular hypertensive patients than were glaucoma specialists ( P Conclusions Both provision of a risk estimate and lack of glaucoma subspecialty training were associated with physicians being more likely to treat ocular hypertension. These findings have implications with regard to ways in which the treatment of ocular hypertensive patients could be modified and possibly made more consistent with available evidence.
Cardiovascular risk factors associated with enlarged diameter of the abdominal aortic and iliac arteries in healthy women.

Abstract The abdominal aorta is known to be more susceptible to arterial dilation than to occlusion primarily due to the effects of vascular aging. Few studies have considered the effects of cardiovascular risk factors on arterial diameter, particularly within a population of healthy women at mid-life. This study seeks to examine associations between cardiovascular risk factors and abdominal aortic and iliac adventitial diameter. Abdominal aortic ultrasound was performed in 260 post-menopausal women aged 53.9 ± 2.5 years at time of scan as a component of the Healthy Women Study. Risk factors were evaluated at premenopause and post-menopausal clinic visits closest in date to the abdominal ultrasound scan. Post-menopausal weight and change of weight from pre- to post-menopause were among the strongest correlates of larger adventitial diameter after controlling for age, systolic blood pressure, and body size using height. Other post-menopausal risk factors significantly correlated with both abdominal aortic and iliac diameter were BMI, waist circumference, HDL, and insulin (p These data suggest that weight is a key risk factor in the promotion of vascular aging as indexed by enlarged arterial diameter. Women at mid-life should continue to be targeted for weight interventions to reduce their risk for more serious cardiovascular complications.
Cultural Norms of Clinical Simulation in Undergraduate Nursing Education

Simulated practice of clinical skills has occurred in skills laboratories for generations, and there is strong evidence to support high-fidelity clinical simulation as an effective tool for learning performance-based skills. What are less known are the processes within clinical simulation environments that facilitate the learning of socially bound and integrated components of nursing practice. Our purpose in this study was to ethnographically describe the situated learning within a simulation laboratory for baccalaureate nursing students within the western United States. We gathered and analyzed data from observations of simulation sessions as well as interviews with students and faculty to produce a rich contextualization of the relationships, beliefs, practices, environmental factors, and theoretical underpinnings encoded in cultural norms of the students' situated practice within simulation. Our findings add to the evidence linking learning in simulation to the development of broad practice-based skills and clinical reasoning for undergraduate nursing students.
Germinal Center B Cell and T Follicular Helper Cell Development Initiates in the Interfollicular Zone

Summary We identify the interfollicular (IF) zone as the site where germinal center B cell and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation initiates. For the first 2 days postimmunization, antigen-specific T and B cells remained confined within the IF zone, formed long-lived interactions, and upregulated the transcriptional repressor Bcl6. T cells also acquired the Tfh cell markers CXCR5, PD-1, and GL7. Responding B and T cells migrated to the follicle interior directly from the IF zone, T cell immigration preceding B cells by 1 day. Notably, in the absence of cognate B cells, Tfh cells still formed and migrated to the follicle. However, without such B cells, PD-1, ICOS, and GL7 were no longer expressed on follicular Bcl6 hi T cells that nevertheless persisted in the follicle. Thus, Ag-specific B cells are required for the maintenance of the PD-1 hi ICOS hi GL7 hi Tfh cell phenotype within the follicle, but not for their initial differentiation in the IF zone.
Blogging Anthropology: Savage Minds, Zero Anthropology, and AAA Blogs

ABSTRACT In this review essay, the academic merits of three anthropological blogs (“Savage Minds,”“Zero Anthropology”[formerly “Open Anthropology”], and the official blog of the American Anthropological Association) are considered. The review examines differences between group-blog projects (such “Savage Minds”), single-voiced blogs (such as “Zero Anthropology”), and official blogs representing central anthropological institutions (the AAA's blog) and identifies roles and strengths of each of these blog forms.
Advancing the Measurement of Violence: Challenges and Opportunities

Our understanding of the causes and consequences of violence depends on accurately defining and measuring the constructs we study. Although the methods used most often in violence research have led to a wealth of important findings, the field is ripe for both reflection and innovation. The purpose of this special issue is to highlight critical measurement issues in the study of violence and to describe innovative approaches that will move this research forward. In this Introduction to the special issue, we identify 3 challenges for the valid measurement of violence—defining constructs, accurately capturing responses in scoring, and diversifying measurement methods—and discuss how the 8 studies that constitute the issue address these challenges and identify promising directions for future work.
Design Concept For Database Building

One of the most challenging issues in today's world of geographic analysis and scene simulation is not the technology for analyzing or displaying the geographic data, but instead, the technology for deriving the databases that would support such functions in various regions of the world where detailed source material may not exist. The processing of spatial data has become commonplace due to the existence of low cost computer systems and the availability of spatial analysis software. Whereas, one was once only able to find true geographic analysis in research institutes and large architecture/engineering firms, now commercially available Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are being used by cities and local government, small business planning firms, state and regional government, and throughout a myriad of federal government entities including the military. College coursework in a number of disciplines now involves the modeling or analyses of spatial data on small computer systems.
Pionic M X-rays of 166, 168Er and 176Hf☆

The X-ray energies and widths of the pionic 4f → 3d transitions (M X-ray) of 166, 168Ev and 176Hf have been measured. The measured widths [Г(166Er) = 19.7(0.9) keV, Г168Er) = 19.4(1.0) keV, and [Г(176Hf) = 27.8(4.3) keV] are in good agreement with theoretical calculations, and suggest that anomalous widths, if they exist, begin at or above Z = 73.
Possible incorporation of the purine–purine mispairs in the DNA helix and the interpretation of the transversion‐type point mutations

The stereochemical and energetic compatibility of incorporation of the non-Watson–Crick hydrogen bonded purine–purine base pairs of normal tautomers in the helical structure of B-DNA is studied here. The hydrogen bonding positions of the possible “mispairs” of the bases GA, GG, and AA are optimized first in the base plane by translational and rotational movement along the hydrogen bonds and then introduced at an appropriate position in the DNA structure. The optimum backbone geometries which can accommodate the “mispairs” are obtained by force field computations. The stereochemical and energetic aspects of the various mispairs are discussed in light of their possible incorporation in DNA and as mutational intermediates for the “transversion”-type point mutations.
Another Look at the Time-Score Relationship

137 men and women enrolled in three sections of a junior-level management course took three examinations during a semester. Scores were correlated with the time spent responding to the examinations. A wide range of mostly nonsignificant rs were obtained, with no difference for gender or section observed.
Evaluating the relationship between plasma and skin carotenoids and reported dietary intake in elementary school children to assess fruit and vegetable intake.

Abstract Accurate assessment of dietary intake of children can be challenging due to the limited reliability of current dietary assessment methods. Plasma carotenoid concentration has been used to assess fruit and vegetable intake, but this testing is rarely conducted in school settings in children. Resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) is emerging as a useful method to objectively assess fruit and vegetable intake. This methodology has been validated in adults, but limited work has been done in children, particularly in the school setting. The purpose of this research is to further validate the RRS methodology in children. Children (9–12 year) participating in a school-based intervention were recruited. Plasma carotenoids were quantified using HPLC, skin carotenoid status was measured using RRS, and dietary intake of carotenoids was measured with the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire Ages 8–17. Total plasma carotenoid concentrations and skin carotenoid intensities were strongly correlated ( r = 0.62, p n = 38). Reported total carotenoid intake correlated with skin carotenoids ( r = 0.40, p n = 128). Skin carotenoid status as measured by RRS can be a strong predictor of plasma carotenoid status and dietary intake of carotenoids in children. RRS may be used as a valid, non-invasive, and useful method to assess fruit and vegetable intakes in this population.
Autoradiographic localization of sex steroid hormones in the lymphatic organs of baboons

The localization of radiolabeled estradiol and dihydrotestosterone was examined in the lymphatic organs of both male and female baboons. A total of 12 baboons were divided into two groups, each containing three males and three females. Each animal in one group, both males and females, was injected intravenously with 1 μg/kg body weight of 3H-estradiol while those in the second group were each injected with 1 μg/kg body weight of 3H-dihydrotestosterone. As controls, one male and one female from each group also received a dose of 100 μg/kg body weight of the corresponding unlabeled steroid. One and a half hours after the injections, the animals were sacrificed and the spleen, thymus, and inguinal lymph nodes removed and processed for autoradiography. The localization of 3H-estradiol was similar in both males and females. In the thymus fibroblasts and epithelio-reticular cells, but not thymocytes, localized 3H-estradiol. In lymph node and spleen, nonlymphoid tissue concentrated the labeled estrogen. Additionally, in the paracortical region of the lymph node, an unknown cell type was labeled with estrogen. Only one male baboon demonstrated nuclear localization of 3H-dihydrotestosterone. This was observed in the reticular cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. The same cell type in the organs of the remaining animals was unlabeled.
A fish index of biotic integrity for South Dakota's Northern Glaciated Plains Ecoregion

Abstract Ecosystem goods and services in streams are impaired when their biotic communities are degraded by anthropogenic stressors. An index of biotic integrity (IBI) translates community structure into a standardized ecoregion-specific stream health score. Documenting stream health is especially important in the Northern Glaciated Plains (NGP) Ecoregion, which is undergoing rapid landscape alterations through increased agriculture production. Our objectives were to develop a fish IBI and validate candidate reference sites for NGP wadeable perennial streams. Fish were sampled from 54 sites (consisting of reference sites, known-condition least and most disturbed sites, and random sites) during summers 2006–2011. Candidate metrics were sorted into nine metric classes based on attributes of fish assemblage form and function. Metric values were screened using metric range, signal-to-noise ratios, responsiveness to disturbance, and redundancy tests until each metric class contained only those metrics most responsive to anthropogenic stressors. The final IBI consisted of six metrics that were reflective of prairie stream fish assemblages, and differentiated between known-condition least and most disturbed sites. The mean reference sampling site IBI scores were found to be similar to both least and most disturbed sites (Mann–Whitney U -test; P
Temporal relationship of the prolactin-dependent LH-induced LH receptor to the LH stimulus.

The time course for LH induction of luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors as reflected in binding of 125I-labeled hCG was investigated in hypophysectomized adult male rats. A low dose of oLH (10 micrograms) was administered to hypophysectomized adult male rats following pretreatments with prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), or saline. Testicular binding of hCG was determined at different times following the LH injection using Leydig cell membrane preparations from a testicular homogenate. Seven days after hypophysectomy, hCG binding was at a nadir of 19 +/- 7% (mean +/- SD) of control values. Pretreatment with prolactin (100 micrograms/day) for 7 days was associated with a nonsignificantly different hCG binding that was 30 +/- 5% of control values. Prolactin pretreatment plus a single 10 micrograms LH i.p. injection increased 125I hCG binding up to 56 +/- 10% of control values within 30 minutes of the LH injection. Luteinizing hormone-induced hCG binding persisted at a high level (51 +/- 4% of control values) for 2 hours but returned to hypophysectomized control levels 6 hours after the i.p. LH injection. Seven days pretreatment with FSH or GH at 100 micrograms/day plus 10-micrograms LH injections was also tested. Neither FSH nor GH had a statistically significant effect on hCG binding nor could they mimic the ability of prolactin to allow for LH induction of hCG binding in the hypophysectomized adult male rats. These studies suggest that the induction or "up-regulation" of Leydig cell hCG binding by ovine LH is rapid and specifically dependent upon pre-exposure to prolactin.
Effects of conservation practices on bird nest density and survival in intensive agriculture

Abstract Nest density and survival of two farmland birds (dickcissel, Spiza americana and red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus ) were evaluated in four early-succession conservation practices: (1) large forest block [6–8 year old trees], (2) riparian forest buffer [1–3 year old trees], (3) monotypic switchgrass [ Panicum virgatum ] buffer [no trees], and (4) diverse forb-native grass buffer [no trees] over three years (2005–2007). We modeled daily survival of dickcissel ( n = 733) and red-winged blackbird ( n = 414) nests as a function of nest-site, patch, and landscape covariates. Dickcissels nested in greater densities (3.5 times) in large blocks than any buffers, and of non-wooded buffers, they preferred those with diverse vegetation. Dickcissels largely nested in buffers only early in the season. Dickcissel nest success was 22.9% on average and was similar among conservation practices except riparian forest buffers, in which they apparently suffered from high densities of red imported fire ants ( Solenopsis invicta ) and low vegetative cover. Dickcissel nest success related positively to nest height, but negatively to grass cover, horizontal vegetation density, and proximity (
Fundamental properties of ε-connected sets

Abstract In this paper, we establish and discuss basic properties of e-connected sets embedded in an arbitrary complete space. These properties are used to establish that X is e-connected for all e>0 if, and only if, X is connected in the original sense of Cantor [Math. Ann. 23 (1884) 453]. Such sets are “virtually connected” in a finite precision machine and in some circumstances can be used as efficient estimators of connected geometric figures.
Isolation and characterization of 5-fluorotryptophan-resistant mutants with alteredl-tryptophan transport

Mutants of A9 mouse fibroblast, resistant to the killing effect of 0.4 mM 5-fluorotryptophan (5-FT), have alteredl-tryptophan transport properties. The resistant phenotype is stable for at least 90 generations of growth in MEM. A fluctuation test indicated that clones resistant to 0.4 mM 5-FT occurred spontaneously. An average mutation rate was estimated at 1.6 × 10−6.Treatment with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine increased the frequency of these clones by at least 100-fold. These results indicate that the resistant clones arose as a result of a mutation. All the resistant mutant tested accumulate less 5-FT at near steady-state conditions than the wild type. Lineweaver-Burk plots of initial rates of tryptophan uptake yield a biphasic curve suggesting that tryptophan is transported by two transport systems. Kinetic constants determined by a computer program indicate that both proposed transport systems were modified in each of two 5-FT resistant mutants.
Alterations in hippocampal voltage-gated calcium channel α1 subunit expression patterns after kainate-induced status epilepticus in aging rats

Young adult and aged male Fisher 344 rats underwent kainate-induced convulsive status epilepticus (SE) for 4 h prior to sacrifice to determine potential aging-related differences in the effect of prolonged SE on the expression of hippocampal voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). Immunohistochemistry was performed on hippocampal sections using antibodies directed against the alpha1 subunit of class A-D VGCCs. Compared to age-matched controls, SE animals showed a marked loss of alpha1A immunoreactivity (IR) in CA3 and the hilus, which was more prominent in aged animals. Alpha1B-IR was decreased selectively in the stratum lucidum of CA3. Alpha1C-IR was increased on neuronal somata in the pyramidal and granule cell layers of both age groups. In contrast, there was a marked decrease of alpha1C-IR in the neuropil of CA3 stratum pyramidale and portions of CA1, which was more pronounced in aged animals. Alpha1D-IR was decreased in CA3 and the hilus, which was more prominent in aged animals. Nissl staining demonstrated mild somal dysmorphia in the pyramidal cell layer of CA3, which was more apparent in aged animals. Fluoro-Jade B staining was prominent in the stratum pyramidale of CA3 and in the hilus of aged SE animals. These results demonstrated that expression patterns of hippocampal high-threshold VGCC alpha1 subunits were altered variably during prolonged convulsive SE and were associated with prominent early degenerative changes in aged neurons in CA3 and the hilus.