cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of percentage of shock avoidance on avoidance behavior in gerbils

Gerbils received either 100%, 50%, or 0% shock avoidance following shuttle responding in discriminative avoidance acquisition. Response frequency in acquisition and percentage of reinforcement were positively related. Percentage of reinforcement did not appreciably influence resistance to extinction. The results were discussed in terms of the importance of the shock-avoidance contingency, relative to other contingencies, in reinforcing the avoidance response.
On the Hunt Visual Search for Camouflaged Targets in Realistic Environments

Visual search tasks commonly involve manipulating the number of targets and distractors to change difficulty levels and observe differences in reaction time and accuracy. What happens when the search background itself serves as a distractor? By creating a target that has been camouflaged to match the environment, we observed RT and accuracy both with and without a target preview. We hypothesized that 1) as target size decreased (increasing difficulty), RT would increase and accuracy would decrease, and 2) that the target preview would not aid in search. Our results support for our first hypothesis, and partially support our second. Reaction times were unaffected by the availability of the target preview, but search accuracy displayed a small cost. Overall, our findings suggest that search for camouflaged targets in the real world, in some cases, is predicated on a categorical representation of the target.
Misleading sigmas and neglected geometries: the effects of methyl substitution on rates of triplet state hydrogen abstraction by the benzoyl group

Abstract The effects of ring methyl and polymethyl substitution on rate constants for γ-hydrogen abstraction in triplet phenyl alkyl ketones have been determined. The effect of meta and para methyls is to increase the energetic separation between the reactive n, π * triplet and the lowest π, π * triplet and to thus lower the equilibrium concentration of the former. Ortho-methyl groups also introduce a competing enolization reaction which is very rapid in the syn conformer but is limited by the rate of anti → syn rotation in the anti conformer.
Elevational and Latitudinal Patterns of Snow Accumulation Departures from Normal in the Sierra Nevada

This study investigates whether snowpack water equivalents in the northern and southern parts of the Sierra Nevada, or at high and low elevations in that range, have a tendency to acquire opposite departures from normal. Data from 28 snow courses were subjected to principal components analysis for February 1 and April 1 observations for the years 1954–1983. The first principal component indicated that there is a great deal of uniformity within the Sierra in terms of above- or below-normal accumulations in a given year. A second component had loadings depicting a pattern whereby high and low elevation sites have opposite departures from normal. Over the entire period of record this pattern accounted for a small percentage of the total variance, although in some years it was conspicuous. A third component indicated a tendency for northern and southern sites to have opposite departures from normal. Correlation coefficients were also obtained for 42 snow courses from 5 basins to further compare the relative influence of elevation and spatial separation. The correlation coefficients showed that elevation exerts a greater influence on the variation in departures from normal than does distance within drainage basins. These elevational differences in accumulation may have important consequences with regard to the timing of runoff and the availability of water stored in reservoirs.
Model study of the spinning of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers: Fiber performance predictions and bounds on throughput

We apply a model for thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (TLCPs) that couples hydrodynamics, anisotropic rodlike microstructural dynamics, free surface effects, and thermodynamics to study fiber spinning of these materials. The model incorporates a Doi type theory for the nematodynamics, along with physical constants, empirical correlations for air drag and functional heat loss coefficient, and rheological relations that are consistent with the melt processing of TLCPs. This new single-phase model (Forest et al., 1998) does not arbitrarily assume a rigid fiber of constant velocity below glass transition temperature of the TLCP, a feature that allows a multiparameter stability calculation of the critical draw ratio. For this study, fiber spinning steady states are computed in experimentally based physical regimes. We predict spun fiber performance properties (birefringence, modulus, and axial force), process sensitivity, and bounds on throughput (draw ratio) due to heat loss, air drag, the temperature variation between the melt and ambient, and the material properties of TLCPs. q 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv in Polym Techn 18: 314–335, 1999 Correspondence to: Qi Wang at qwang@math.iupui.edu.or tel: 317-274-8144. ADV WILEY RIGHT INTERACTIVE short standard MODEL STUDY OF SPINNING OF THERMOTROPIC LIQUID POLYMERS
The paleoenvironment of the Olympia beds based on fossil beetles from Discovery Park, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.

Abstract Two fossil insect assemblages with ages of 17,959 and 19,786 cal BP are reported from cross-laminated silts and sands within the Olympia beds at Magnolia Bluff, Discovery Park, Seattle, Washington (N 47° 39′, W 122° 25′). The silts accumulated during MIS 2 at a time when the Puget Lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet was advancing southward. Eventually the Olympia beds were buried sequentially by lacustrine beds, outwash sands and gravels and finally till. The depositional environment based on paleoecology and sedimentary facies was a floodplain of a large braided river. The fossils are disarticulated skeletal parts representing a diverse fauna of 132 beetle species, all extant. The habitats represented by fossils include sparsely vegetated sand and gravel bars (Opisthius richardsoni), open muddy areas (Elaphrus californicus), and vegetation-shaded banks (Elaphrus clairvillei and Elaphrus purpurans). Outside of the floodplain, the habitat was grassland (Carabus taedatus) with occasional stands of coniferous trees indicated by scolytids (bark beetles). Large mammals probably used the river as a watering hole, based on the abundance of dung-feeding Aphodiinae (scarabs) and staphylinid beetles (Tachinus). Most of the beetle species have modern geographic ranges which include northern Washington State. Notably, however, species characteristic of the temperate rainforest of the Pacific Northwest are absent. For the older of the two fossil assemblages, mean summer temperature is estimated to be 17 °C, or similar to Seattle today. The climate was more continental and winters would have been colder than at Seattle today. The occurrence of the northern species Pelophila borealis and Olophrum boreale in the younger of the two assemblages indicates a colder climate estimated to represent a lowering of mean summer temperature by 1–2° C. The climatic cooling is possibly associated with the advance of the Puget Lobe. Both pollen and fossil beetle evidence are in agreement that there was less available moisture, possibly one half of today's precipitation. Palynologists have referred to the MIS 2 vegetation as tundra, cold steppe, or subarctic parkland. None of the Discovery Park fossils are obligate tundra species, and because the majority of taxa have ranges which overlap in northern Washington State today, we prefer to use the term prairie for the temperate to cold-temperate MIS 2 grassland.
Determinants of hepatic glutathione turnover: toxicological significance

The tripeptide glutathione participates in a number of critically imporlant cellular processes (Fig. I). The function best known to the pharmacologist is associated with the nucleophilic structure of the compound which enables it to form conjugates with xenobiotics. The formation of these glutathione adducts proceeds spontaneously with some electmphilie compounds but in general conjugation is greatly facilitated by the glutathione transferases’. This group of enzymes binds a bmad spectrum of compounds and in this respect is very similar to serum albumin. In addition. however, the enzymes have a specific binding site for glutathione thereby bringing the nucleophilic glutathione in close proximity to an electmphilic atom of the first ~b strate. The resulting conjugates are 1” ‘li;cursors of the generic group of exck9 . products known as mercapturic acids. C.Ilowing removal of the gamm&glutamyl moiety by gamma-glutamyltransferase mainly located in the kidneys and intestinal mucosa. the glycine moiety is split off by peptidases and the resulting cysteine adduct of the original compound is then N-acetylated to the N-acetyl-cysteine thioether designated as mercapturic acid. The glutathione adducts are more polar than the original compc>unds, which facilitates their excretion. ln addition, when dealing with chemically reactive metatmlites of senobiotics such as acetaminophen. conjo gate formation prevents the covalent binding to tissue macromolecules and the hcpatotoxicity of the metabolitesY. The availability of glutathione for conjugate formation, therefore, is a critical determinant of the toxicity of electrophilic drug metabolites capable of alkylating nucleophilic sites on vital hepatic molecules.
Theoretical study of second-order hyperpolarizability for nitrogen radical cation

We report calculations of the static and dynamic hyperpolarizabilities of the nitrogen radical cation in doublet state. The electronic contributions were computed analytically using density functional theory and multi-configurational self-consistent field method with extended basis sets for non-resonant excitation. The open-shell electronic system of nitrogen radical cation provides negative second-order optical nonlinearity, suggesting that the hyperpolarizability coefficient, in the non-resonant regime is mainly composed of combinations of virtual one-photon transitions rather than two-photon transitions. The second-order optical properties of nitrogen radical cation have been calculated as a function of bond length starting with the neutral molecular geometry (S0 minimum) and stretching the N–N triple bond, reaching the ionic D0 relaxed geometry all the way toward dissociation limit, to investigate the effect of internuclear bond distance on second-order hyperpolarizability.
Dual DAT/σ1 receptor ligands based on 3-(4-(3-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)amino)propyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol

Abstract Ester analogs of (±)3-(4-(3-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)amino)propyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol were synthesized and evaluated for binding at DAT, SERT, NET, and σ1 receptors, and compared to GBR 12909 and several known σ1 receptor ligands. Most of these compounds demonstrated high affinity (Ki = 4.3–51 nM) and selectivity for the DAT among the monoamine transporters. S- and R-1-(4-(3-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)amino)propyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-phenylpropan-2-ol were also prepared wherein modest enantioselectivity was demonstrated at the DAT. However, no enantioselectivity at σ1 receptors was observed and most of the ester analogs of the more active S-enantiomer showed comparable binding affinities at both DAT and σ1 receptors with a maximal 16-fold DAT/σ1 selectivity.
A discrete time hazards model of smoking initiation among West Coast youth from age 5 to 23.

Abstract Objective. To identify factors associated with age of smoking initiation and distinguish vulnerable periods for initiation according to those factors. Method. Discrete time hazards analysis was used to model smoking initiation as a function of age (5–23), demographic and familial influence variables (measured at age 13), and their interactions in a cohort of 6255 youths who completed six assessments over a 10-year period from age 13 to 23 years. Results. Half of the sample had initiated smoking by age 13, and the hazard for initiation was greatest between ages 13 and 15. In addition to differences associated with race/ethnicity, protective factors for smoking initiation included high parental education and having an intact family of origin. Having an older sibling and participant's exposure to smoking by an important adult were both risk factors, with the latter having a stronger effect for females and Blacks. For all effects, the strength of the association differed across the age range. Conclusions. The impact of demographic and family influence factors on smoking initiation varies over time. However, the maximum risk for initiation is during the early teen years, and the range of considerable vulnerability is during middle school and high school.
Integral global optimization method for solution of nonlinear complementarity problems

The mapping in a nonlinear complementarity problem may be discontinuous. The integral global optimization algorithm is proposed to solve a nonlinear complementarity problem with a robust piecewise continuous mapping. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring of myocardial ischemia during vascular surgery

Abstract Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was used to detect segmental ventricular wall motion abnormalities (SWMAs) associated with ischemia in 49 high-risk patients who had 50 major vascular procedures, including 23 infrarenal aortic, five suprarenal aortic, 14 carotid, seven distal, and one axillofemoral reconstructions. A modified gastroscope tipped with an echocardiographic transducer was inserted into the esophagus and positioned behind the heart to obtain a reproducible cross-sectional view of the left ventricle at the level of the papillary muscles. Twelve patients (24%) had SWMA at baseline, probably representing areas of old infarction. Fourteen patients (28%) had new intraoperative SWMAs. Ten of 14 patients were successfully treated and wall motion was normalized. One of the four patients with persistent SWMA suffered a nonfatal subendocardial infarct; another patient suffered intraoperative cardiac arrest and died. No infarcts were documented in the 10 patients successfully treated. The mortality rate in the entire high-risk group was 6%. Alterations in ventricular wall motion were noted in almost 50% of high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery. Seventy-one percent of acute SWMAs were reversed without any evidence of myocardial infarction. TEE allowed early recognition of evolving myocardial ischemia and facilitated immediate and specific fluid and pharmacologic interventions. Continued application of this technique may reduce the incidence and morbidity of perioperative cardiac complications. (J VASC SURG 1987;5:607-13.)
Interrelationship of stearic acid content and triacylglycerol composition of lard, beef tallow and cocoa butter in rats

We investigated modes whereby stearic acid (18:0) exerts a neutral or cholesterol-lowering effect using dietary fats which provided graded levels of 18:0 and distinct triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (150-175 g) were fed diets containing 0.2% cholesterol and 16% fat from corn oil, or from 1% corn oil plus 15% lard (13.2% 18:0), beef tallow (19.2% 18:0) or cocoa butter (34.7% 18:0) for 3 wk, and then killed in a fasted or fed state. Chylomicron (CM) fatty acid profiles suggested reduced absorption of 18:0 with greater 18:0 intake. CM TAG profiles indicated a reduction or loss of two TAG species compared to the TAG profiles of the stearate-rich diets: 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-stearoyl glycerol (POS) and 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoyl glycerol (SOS). Hepatic total cholesterol concentrations were 54-77% lower (P < 0.01) in the cocoa butter-fed than the lard-and beef tallow-fed groups. The cocoa butter group showed a significantly lower ratio of high-density lipoprotein esterified/free cholesterol than all other groups. Hepatic stearoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA concentrations, the substrate and product for hepatic delta 9 desaturase, were not significantly different for corn oil-fed and cocoa butter-fed groups in spite of a large difference in 18:0 intake. These data suggest that the neutral or cholesterol-lowering effect of 18:0 is not due to hepatic conversion of stearic to oleic acid, and that POS and SOS are poorly absorbed from stearate-rich dietary fats.
Anomalous amplitudes and phases in the De Haas-Van Alphen effect

Abstract In the usual theoretical treatment of the De Haas-Van Alphen effect is it assumed that the area A of cross section of the Fermi surface varies as K 2 with distance K in k space away from the extremal cross section. The consequences of the more general assumption that the variation includes a term in K 4 are examined and compared with some experimental results on the variation of oscillation amplitude in copper in the neighbourhood of an orientation where d 2 A /d k 2 changes sign. The qualitative agreement found can be somewhat improved by using a more realistic variation with k based on the actual Fermi surface. An attempt to verify the theoretically predicted phase of the oscillations proved unsuccessful.
Products and Mechanisms of Ozone Reactions with Oleic Acid for Aerosol Particles Having Core−Shell Morphologies

Heterogeneous reactions of oleic acid aerosol particles with ozone are studied below 1% relative humidity. The particles have inert polystyrene latex cores (101-nm diameter) coated by oleic acid layers of 2 to 30 nm. The chemical content of the organic layer is monitored with increasing ozone exposure by using an aerosol mass spectrometer. The carbon-normalized percent yields of particle-phase reaction products are 20−35% 9-oxononanoic acid, 1−3% azelaic acid, 1−3% nonanoic acid, and 35−50% other organic molecules (designated as CHOT). There is approximately 25% evaporation, presumably as 1-nonanal. To explain the formation of CHOT molecules and the low yields of azelaic and nonanoic acids, we suggest a chemical mechanism in which the Criegee biradical precursors to azelaic acid and nonanoic acid are scavenged by oleic acid to form CHOT molecules. These chemical reactions increase the carbon-normalized oxygen content (z/x) of the CxHyOz layer from 0.1 for unreacted oleic acid to 0.25 after high ozone expo...
Trends in Domestic and International Social Work Research: A 10-Year Review of American Research Journals

ABSTRACT This article presents a typology of international social work research and analyzes trends over a 10-year period (1995–2004) based on reviews of 707 articles from three major American social work research journals: Social Work Research, Journal of Social Service Research, and Research on Social Work Practice. The analysis revealed there was a considerable increase (3.5%) in the total amount of research articles, particularly a higher increase in international social work research (2.8%) than national social work research (0.8%). A small decline was detected in transnational comparative research (−0.4%).
Interception of bis(η3-allylic)palladium intermediates by maleic anhydride: a change in an overall carbon−carbon bond forming scheme using organotin reagents

Les complexes chloro η-allyl dinucleaires du palladium reagissent avec des (alcene-2yl tributyl) stannanes en presence d'anhydride maleique pour des produits de copulation: des dienes-1,5
Preliminary findings of a randomized controlled trial of an interdisciplinary military pain program.

ABSTRACTChronic pain related to musculoskeletal conditions is the leading cause of medical discharge from active duty military service. The present study is the first randomized controlled trial of an interdisciplinary pain treatment program (functional restoration, FR) to decrease chronic musculoskeletal pain and increase functioning in an active duty military population. Sixty-six military participants were randomly assigned to either an FR treatment group or a standard anesthesia pain clinic treatment comparison group. A repeated measures design was employed and data were analyzed for pre- to post-treatment differences, as well as for 6-months and 1-year post-treatment outcomes. Findings revealed significantly greater improvements for the FR group on self-reported pain, disability, functional status, and fitness for military duty at the post-treatment and follow-up points, relative to the comparison group. These results clearly demonstrate the efficacy and military relevance of a FR program for active ...
The proton transfer reactions catalyzed by yeast pyruvate kinase.

Abstract 1. 1. The proton-transfer reactions of yeast pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) were studied. Proton transfer from C-3 of phosphoenolpyruvate to water occurs only in the presence of the phosphoryl-acceptor ADP. Proton transfer from C-3 of pyruvate to water occurs only in the presence of ATP. However, the proton transfer in the latter case occurs 10–100 times faster than phosphoryl transfer; this supports a mechanism in which proton transfer precedes phosphoryl transfer in the reverse reaction of pyruvate kinase. 2. 2. The characteristics of proton-transfer reactions of yeast pyruvate kinase were compared with those previously reported for rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase (Robinson, J.L. and Rose, I.A. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 1096–1105). The pH-profiles and the divalent cation dependencies were similar for Fru1,6-P2-activated yeast pyruvate kinase and the muscle enzyme. Pyruvate enolization by yeast pyruvate kinase has an absolute requirement for ATP in contrast to enolization by the muscle enzyme which proceeds when ATP is replaced by Pi or other dianions. 3. 3. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate was shown to affect the catelytic steps of yeast pyruvate kinase in addition to the binding of substrates. Its role depends on the divalent cation used to activate the enzyme.
Acute Toxicity of Choline Hydrochloride Administered Intraperitoneally to Rats.

Summary1. The amount of choline hydrochloride to kill the average rat (LD50) is greater the more dilute the solution in which it is injected intraperitoneally.2. Expressed as mg per 100 g body weight, the LD50's are as follows: 29-34 for a solution containing 200 mg of choline per ml; 37-38 for a solution of 100 mg per ml; 41-49 for a solution of 40 mg per ml; and 59-75 for a solution of 20 mg per ml.
An Engineer'S Viewpoint on Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structural Joints

The design of structurally efficient joints in aircraft fuselage structures and wing skin splices is addressed. It is contended that the joints should be designed first and the gaps in between filled in afterwards, taking pains not to optimize the basic structure first and then discover that it either cannot be assembled or that, when it is assembled, it is full of weak-link fuses. Both adhesively bonded and mechanically fastened joints are covered. Analogies are drawn between the characteristics of both classes of joints. The aspects of static joint strength and fatigue lives are included. The work is applicable to metallic as well as composite structures, and covers both high-load wing joints which have already been tested and new ideas for fuselage splices which have not. The effects of flaws and defects are associated with the need for damage tolerance, particularly in fuselage structures.
Quantitative Aspects of Replication of Dengue Viruses in Aedes Albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) After Oral and Parenteral Infection

Replication of the 4 prototype strains of dengue viruses was studied in male and female Ae. albopictus mosquitoes following intrathoracic infection, and in females following oral infection. Replication was rapid in both sexes and virus titers reached levels of 107 or more mosquito infectious doses50 per insect in females. Titers attained in males were about 5-fold less than in females. Maximum titers occurred several days later in females infected orally as compared with those infected intrathoracically. Virus titers in both sexes declined slowly after reaching their maxima. Replication of 3 nonprototype strains of dengue type 3 also was studied in male and female Ae. albopictus mosquitoes following intrathoracic infection. Replication of each strain appeared to be significantly different than the prototype.
Associations between alcohol use and PTSD symptoms among American Red Cross disaster relief workers responding to the 9/11/2001 attacks.

Objective: This study examined associations between alcohol use and PTSD symptoms among Red Cross workers who responded to the 9/11/2001 attacks. Method: Participants were 779 Red Cross paid and volunteer staff that responded during the first three months to the September 11, 2001, attacks against the United States. Women made up 64% of the sample. The American Red Cross provided a mailing list of all paid and volunteer staff (N = 6055 with valid addresses) that participated in the disaster relief operations in response to the September 11, 2001, attacks. Participants were randomly assigned to receive one of four questionnaire packets. The present study is based on the fourth group, which received the alcohol questionnaires. Results: Overall, traumatic stress symptoms and alcohol use were low. Hyperarousal and intrusion symptoms on the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) were associated with alcohol consumption, hazardous alcohol consumption, and change in alcohol consumption when controlling for age, ...
Empowering faculty to embed security topics into computer science courses

Security illiteracy is a very common problem among Computer Science (CS) graduates entering the nation's digital workforce, which has contributed to a national cyber-infrastructure that could and should be more resilient to cyber-enemies than it is now. The Security Knitting Kit (SecKnitKit) project aims to improve security awareness, knowledge, and interest of undergraduate CS students by exposing them to computer security concepts and issues in their regular course of study. The project is developing, deploying, and disseminating a multi-faceted out-of-the-box instructional support system to empower non-security faculty. These are faculty who have no experience in teaching security but recognize the importance of security in today's world and want to broaden their teaching repertoire. This project enables them to weave relevant security topics traditional computer science courses seamlessly and effectively. The project is organized by the CS department at Tennessee Tech University (TTU) and supported by the National Science Foundation under grant DUE-1140864.
Processing high-temperature refractory-metal silicide in-situ composites

High-temperature, refractory-metal, intermetallic, in-situ composites consist of high-strength, niobium-based silicides with a niobium-based metallic toughening phase. A variety of processing schemes have been used to generate these in-situ composites, including solidification and vapor phase processes. Secondary processing, such as forging and extrusion, has also been employed. These composites offer an excellent balance of high-and low-temperature mechanical properties with promising environmental resistance at temperatures above 1,100°C.
Role of predation and hunting on eastern cottontail mortality at Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts

The degree that hunting may influence game populations depends on whether hunting mortality is additional to (additive) or replaces (compensatory) natural-caused mortalities. In response to limited information on the effects of exploitation on eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus (J.A. Allen, 1890)) populations within Cape Cod National Seashore (CCNS), we initiated an investigation of cause-specific mortality using transmitter-equipped cottontails in hunted and nonhunted areas as a way to examine the additive versus compensatory aspect of hunting. Predation caused >70% of all deaths, whereas hunting caused 10% of deaths in the areas sampled. Survival rate was substantially lower among hunted sites (0.05) than at nonhunted sites (0.19) during the winter–spring of year 1, but there was no difference between hunted (0.33) and nonhunted (0.40) sites during year 2. Lower survival in year 1 was likely due to deep and persistent snow that increased vulnerability to predation and probably reduced the prospec...
Theories of expansion in sulfoaluminate - type expansive cements: Schools of thought

Abstract This paper discusses the theories of expansion in sulfoaluminate - type expansive cements. There are two major schools of thought: the Crystal Growth Theory and the Swelling Theory. According to the first school, expansion is caused by the growth of ettringite crystals from the surfaces of the expansive particles or from the solution resulting in a crystallization pressure and, hence, expansive force. According to the second school, expansion is caused by water-adsorption and swelling characteristics of ettringite gel which forms by a through-solution mechanism. Observations supporting and contradicting the two schools are briefly reviewed.
Equilibrium and nonequilibrium solvation and solute electronic structure

When a molecular solute is immersed in a polar and polarizable solvent, the electronic wave function of the solute system is altered compared to its vacuum value; the solute electronic structure is thus solvent-dependent. Further, the wave function will be altered depending upon whether the polarization of the solvent is or is not in equilibrium with the solute charge distribution. More precisely, while the solvent electronic polarization should be in equilibrium with the solute electronic wave function, the much more sluggish solvent orientational polarization need not be. We call this last situation “non-equilibrium solvation.” We outline a nonlinear Schrodinger equation approach to these issues. The nonlinearity arises from the self-consistent aspect that the solute electronic Hamiltonian depends on the solvent electronic polarization which is induced by the solute charge distribution. We illustrate the predictions of the theory for electron transfer reactions, ionic dissociations, and solvation dynamics in polar solvents. Special features of interest include activation barriers that differ markedly from standard predictions, and novel solvent dynamical features.
Vegetarian diets and bone status

Osteoporosis is a common chronic condition associated with progressive loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and compromised bone strength, with increasing risk of fracture over time. Vegetarian diets have been shown to contain lower amounts of calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B-12, protein, and n-3 (ω-3) fatty acids, all of which have important roles in maintaining bone health. Although zinc intakes are not necessarily lower quantitatively, they are considerably less bioavailable in vegetarian diets, which suggests the need for even higher intakes to maintain adequate status. At the same time, healthy vegetarian diets tend to contain more of several protective nutrients, including magnesium, potassium, vitamin K, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytonutrients. On balance, there is evidence that vegetarians, and particularly vegans, may be at greater risk of lower BMD and fracture. Attention to potential shortfall nutrients through the careful selection of foods or fortified foods or the use of supplements can help ensure healthy bone status to reduce fracture risk in individuals who adhere to vegetarian diets.
Reversible dimerization of phenoxyl radicals formed by anodic oxidation of phenolates. A quantitative study by cyclic voltammetry

Abstract The anodic oxidation of 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenolate (IId), as well as the 4-ethyl (IIc) and 4-n-butyl (IIe) derivatives, has been studied by cyclic voltammetry in acetonitrile with a platinum disk electrode. The initially formed phenoxyl radicals (III) dimerize reversibly to form the para-quinol ethers and the reaction has been characterized quantitatively by cyclic voltammetry. The values of kf1/2K−3/4 are 0.20, 0.23 and 0.6 s−1/2 (mol/l)1/4 for IIIc-e respectively where kf is the dimerization rate constant and K is the dimarization equilibrium constant. Values of K have been estimated from peak potential measurements.
Ultraviolet daytime auroral and ionospheric imaging from space

The design and flight results of a multimode satellite instrument are described. The prime mission is to produce imagery of the earth’s auroral activity with a selectable 30-A spectral window in the vacuum ultraviolet spectrum ranging from ~1100 to 1900 A. This instrument, known as AIM (auroral/ionospheric mapper), also functions as a photometer operable at preselected wavelengths with the same spectral window or as a spectrometer scanning the full spectral range. As a part of the AIM sensor there are two fixed wavelength photometers, one at 3914 A and the other at 6300 A, each with a 10-A spectral window. The mechanical, optical, photometric, and electrical design criteria and selections are presented.
Effect of Octreotide, A Somatostatin Analogue, on Release of Inflammatory Mediators from Isolated Guinea Pig Bladder

AbstractObjective: Somatostatin has been demonstrated to inhibit inflammation under certain circumstances. We hypothesized that in vivo treatment with octreotide, a long-acting analogue of somatostatin analogue, would diminish the capacity of inflammatory peptides to stimulate in vitro release of inflammatory mediators by the bladder.Methods: Female guinea pigs were injected with octreotide (20 mg./kg. i.m.) prior to euthanasia. Control guinea pigs received no treatment prior to euthanasia. Urinary bladder were removed and incubated with substance P (SP, 10 micro M), neurokinin A (NKA, 10 micro M), or bradykinin (BK, 10 micro M) in the presence or absence of indomethacin (50 micro M), and release of histamine, prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGF2 alpha), and leukotriene (LTB4) was determined.Results: Sensory peptides and BK induced time-dependent release of histamine and eicosanoids from isolated urinary bladder. Blockade of cyclooxygenase with indomethacin (50 micro M) abolished peptide-induced prostaglandin re...
Dielectric Loss of Microstructurally Anisotropic Borosilicate Glass

Dhdelectric characteristics were determined for a microstructurally anisotropic borosilicate glass prepared by uniaxiallhd stretching phase-separated glass rods. The specimen showed a dielectric loss peak caused by the inhomogeneous microstructure; its magnitude varied with the orientation of the specimen with respect to the electric field direction. The results are in agreement with Sillars’ theory.
Animating Ephemera through Oral History: Interpreting Visual Traces of California Gay College Student Organizing from the 1970s

Ephemeral evidence, or ephemera (including posters, flyers, and other materials created for short-term purposes), poses numerous challenges to archivists and researchers seeking to understand their provenance, veracity, and significance. In particular, scholars of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and queer people and communities frequently encounter such materials since ephemera has become a central element of much queer archiving practice. Drawing on an ongoing research project examining the history of gay and lesbian college student organizing as an example, this article suggests how oral history can help "animate" ephemera, providing researchers a way to enhance the interpretive value of such fleeting evidence. Oral histories can transform "queer campus ephemera," traces of 1970s queer student histories in the form of flyers, posters, and short-lived newsletters produced by gay and lesbian students, into more substantive evidence of the social and political climate in which such students lived, went to school, and organized. Through these examples, the article explores the benefits (and limitations) of using oral history to interpret ephemeral archival evidence.
A transformation approach for modeling and detecting non-Gaussian signals

We present a new approach to the modeling of non-Gaussian complex random signals. The method transforms an underlying complex white Gaussian sequence, whose magnitude is shaped by a zero memory non-linear (ZMNL) transformation. In this way, we match the magnitude PDF, and the power spectral density of the non-Gaussian output. The ZMNL technique has the additional benefits of synthesizing complex, positive, or real valued signals by keeping only portions of the complex signal. This provides a quick simulation capability. The JPDF of a multivariate sample is easily computed from our model. We use this to form a likelihood detector for the presence of our non-Gaussian versus a white Gaussian signal. The dramatic improvement of the likelihood detector compared with a Gaussian based quadratic detector is presented. >
CARIES RISK ASSESSMENT: RELEVANCE TO THE PRACTITIONER

The dental literature is filled with recommendations for assessing the caries risk of patients. Some of these recommendations are based on sound research, some on clinical experience. This article attempts to explain the science of risk assessment.
Development of an antimicrobial resin--a pilot study.

Abstract Objectives To demonstrate that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) could be synthesized in situ in acrylic dental resins. Methods Light-cure (LC; bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate, tetraethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate blend) and chemical-cure systems (CC; orthodontic denture resin) were used to synthesize AgNPs using different concentrations of Ag benzoate (AgBz). Results Rockwell hardness for LC resins showed that resins could be cured with up to 0.15% AgBz, while the hardness of CC resins were unaffected in the concentrations tested. UV–Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of AgNPs in both LC and CC resins. Generally, CC resins had better distribution of and much smaller AgNPs as compared to LC resins overall. In some samples, especially in LC resins, nanoclusters were visible. An in vitro release study over four-weeks showed that CC resins released the most Ag + ions, with release detected in all samples. However, LC resins only released Ag + ions when AgBz concentration was greater than 0.1% (w/w). AgNP-loaded CC resins made with 0.2 and 0.5% (w/w) AgBz were tested for antibacterial activity in vitro against Streptococcus mutans , and results showed 52.4% and a 97.5% bacterial inhibition, respectively. Further work is now warranted to test mechanical properties and to optimize the initiator system to produce commercially useful dental and medical resins. Significance Success in this work could lead to a series of antimicrobial medical and dental biomaterials that can prevent secondary caries and infection of implants.
Activity-informed Dynamic Data Driven Simulation

In previous work we developed dynamic data driven simulation (DDDS) that assimilates real time sensor data using Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods. This paper builds on previous work and presents a framework that adds a real time behavior pattern detection layer on top of data assimilation for dynamic data driven simulation. The real time behavior pattern detection layer uses Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to detect the behavior patterns of a system in real time and uses the detected behavior pattern to inform the simulation model for more accurate simulation. We apply the proposed framework to a smart environment application and discuss how to recognize behavior pattern from spatial-temporal sensor data using Coupled HMM (CHMM).
Doped contacts for high-longevity optically activated, high gain GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches

The longevity of high-gain GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS) has been extended to over 100 million pulses. This was achieved by improving the ohmic contacts through the incorporation of a doped layer that is very effective in the suppression of filament formation, alleviating current crowding. Damage-free operation is now possible at much higher current levels than before. The inherent damage-free current capacity of the bulk GaAs depends on the thickness of the doped layers and is at least 100 A for a dopant diffusion depth of 4 /spl mu/m. This current could be increased by employing multiple switches connected in parallel. The contact metal has a different damage mechanism, and the threshold for damage (/spl sim/40-80 A) is not further improved beyond a dopant diffusion depth of about 2 /spl mu/m. In a diffusion-doped contact switch, the switching performance is not degraded at the onset of contact metal erosion, unlike a switch with conventional contacts. For fireset applications operating at 1-kV/1-kA levels and higher, doped contacts have not yet resulted in improved longevity. We employ multifilament operation and InPb solder/Au ribbon wirebonding to demonstrate >100-shot lifetime at 1-kV/1-kA.
Crystal structure of aminopeptidase N from human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis.

Aminopeptidases are ubiquitous hydrolases that cleave the N-terminal residues of proteins and peptides for maturation, activation, or degradation, and therefore are involved in numerous biological processes.1,2 They are broadly distributed throughout all kingdoms of life and are found in subcellular organelles, cytoplasm, and in membrane-bound fractions.3 Many aminopeptidases use a set of conserved residues within a structural scaffold to form an active site capable of binding either one or two divalent metal ions that aid catalysis. Zn+2, Co+2, and Mn+2 are being the most common metals found in the active site.4–8 One of more extensively studied members of the aminopeptidase family is aminopeptidase N (APN) [alternative names: alanine aminopeptidase; aminopeptidase M; microsomal aminopeptidase; GP150; CD13; (EC 3.4.11.2)]. The APN sequence family is large and broadly distributed and includes members found in bacteria and eukaryotes, including plants and mammals. PsiBlast search identified over 1000 APN family members. Typically APNs are monomeric or homodimeric. In higher eukaryotes these enzymes are expressed in many tissues, with the highest level found in the intestinal and kidney brush border membranes, brain, lung, blood vessels, and primary cultures of fibroblasts. The sequence analysis indicates that aminopeptidase N is a member of the M1 family of the MA clan of peptidases, also termed gluzincins.5 The amino acid sequence fingerprints of the M1 family of zinc-metallopeptidases are the HEXXH(X18)E (a zinc binding motif) and GXMEN (an exopeptidase motif).9 Prominent members of this family include mammalian membrane-bound aminopeptidases [P-LAP, aminopeptidase A (APA), thyrotropin-releasing hormone degrading enzyme (TRHDE)], cytosolic proteins [puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA) and leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H)], and secretory proteins such as [adipocyte-derived leucine aminopeptidase (A-LAP) and aminopeptidase B (APB)].5,9 The APNs catalyze liberation of N-terminal amino acids from a broad spectrum of substrates including small peptides, amide, or arylamide. The N-terminal residue is a preferably neutral or basic amino acid, although it has been reported that an intact XPro dipeptide was released when the terminal hydrophobic residue was followed by a prolyl residue.10 The diversity of function that APNs play depends on their location and source tissue. Some APNs have been used commercially, such as the APN from Lactococcus lactis, which has been used in the food industry.11 Aminopeptidases N are also present in many pathogenic bacteria and represent potential drug targets.9 In this article, we report the crystal structure of APN from N. meningitides at 2.05-A resolution.
Simulating demand participation in market operations

Demand response and dynamic pricing programs are emerging in greater numbers as policy makers look for higher efficiencies and new mechanisms to integrate distributed resources into system operations. The behavior of demand-side resources (including distributed generation, storage, and load), their interaction with the power system, and their operating characteristics under different electric market scenarios raise many questions for system operators, market operators, and regulators. Computer simulation provides a powerful tool for investigating these issues. This paper discusses the use of GridLab-D as simulation environment to model the behavior of distributed resources in detail such that resources interact in new market environments while observing the physical constraints of system operation. GridLab-D provides an open source platform for integrating demand-side models with power system models and market operation models. The flexibility of this environment will be discussed as well as some of the findings emerging from having this simulation capability.
Platelet-derived Growth Factor Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Inducing Cationic Amino Acid Transporter Gene Expression

Since recent studies demonstrated that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) induces vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation by stimulating polyamine synthesis, we examined whether the transcellular transport of L-ornithine, the cationic amino acid precursor of polyamines, could regulate the mitogenic response of PDGF. Treatment of SMC with PDGF stimulated DNA and putrescine synthesis, and this was enhanced further by increasing the extracellular concentration of L-ornithine. The potentiating effect of L-ornithine was reversed by the competitive inhibitor of cationic amino acid transport, methyl-L-arginine, or by preventing putrescine formation with α-difluoromethylornithine. Cationic amino acid uptake by SMC was Na+-independent and was mediated by both a high and low affinity carrier system. Treatment of SMC with PDGF initially (0-2 h) decreased basic amino acid transport, while longer exposures (6-24 h) progressively increased uptake. Kinetic studies indicated that PDGF-induced inhibition was associated with a decrease in affinity for cationic amino acids, while the stimulation was mediated by an increase in transport capacity. Endogenous PDGF released by collagen-activated platelets likewise up-regulated cationic amino acid transport in SMC. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction detected the presence of mRNA encoding two distinct cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) proteins, CAT-1 and CAT-2B. Treatment of SMC with PDGF strongly induced the expression CAT-2B mRNA and modestly elevated the level of CAT-1 mRNA. These results demonstrate that PDGF-induced polyamine synthesis and SMC mitogenesis are dependent on the transcellular transport of L-ornithine. The capacity of PDGF to up-regulate the transport of L-ornithine by inducing the expression of the genes for CAT-1 and CAT-2B may modulate its mitogenic effect by providing SMC with the necessary intracellular precursor for polyamine biosynthesis.
Secondary sequelae after interposition of the uterus

Abstract Between the years 1914 and 1918, in a special clinic for cystoscopy of the female, some forty patients with bladder complaints, who had been subjected to interposition operations by others, came under observation. At that time the indications for the operation were not clearly defined and the technic had not been perfected. Occasional instances of unsatisfactory results encountered thereafter, as well as the recollection of the first group of cases, discouraged the use of this operation for several years, until a careful consideration of the technical details convinced me that the undesirable sequelae could be eliminated. Mackenrodt, Duhrssen, Watkins, Wertheim, Schauta, and others have contributed to the present-day technic, which probably varies somewhat in different clinics. For the past ten years I have done the operation in selected cases of procidentia and large cystocele with considerable satisfaction and without the embarrassment of subsequent therapeutic problems. This has been due to restricting its application absolutely to women past the menopause, as well as to a proper regard for certain precautions which suggested themselves, as the causes of unpleasant end-results were analyzed. The purpose of this discussion is to crystallize the causative factors of surgical disappointments rather than to submit statistics on personal operative successes, which will be reviewed in a subsequent communication.