cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental control of transcription of the CAT reporter gene by a truncated mouse alphafetoprotein gene regulatory region in transgenic mice.

A truncated mouse alphafetoprotein (AFP) gene promoter/enhancer region was tested for its ability to regulate the expression of the Escherichia coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene in the livers of transgenic mice. The AFP regulatory region lacked any AFP gene structural DNA, included one enhancer sequence together with the proximal promoter sequence, and an element believed to be responsible for the postnatal repression of AFP gene transcription. The neonatal livers of AFP/CAT transgenic mice showed a high level of CAT enzyme expression, which was dramatically reduced between 7 and 14 days after birth. The staining of liver sections with anti-CAT antibodies showed that this expression was limited to hepatocytes. In one lineage, reexpression of CAT in the adult liver could be achieved by restitutive proliferation of hepatocytes following partial hepatectomy or CCl4-induced necrosis; reexpression in young animals (3–4 weeks of age) was even greater. These studies show that a truncated AFP promoter/enhancer region functions in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific fashion, and may be used to control the expression of other genes in the livers of transgenic mice. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Some carry-over effects of pregnancy on post-partum ovarian function in the cow.

Abstract Two hundred and six calving intervals of 136 Holstein cows were studied to determine a possible influence of the corpus luteum (C.L.) or the uterine horn of previous pregnancy on the site of the first ovulation following parturition. The frequency with which the C.L. of first ovulation, post-partum, occurred in the same ovary that carried the C.L. of pregnancy was significantly less (P
Differences Between Novice and Expert Teachers' Undergraduate Preparation and Ratings of Importance in the Area of Children's Mental Health

Public school teachers are increasingly faced with students in the classroom who present with mental health issues. Additionally, there is growing concern for the use of more evidence-based mental health prevention efforts in schools for all students. This article reviews a research survey developed and validated psychometrically to assess teachers' awareness of mental health issues, and to document the degree of relevant mental health training they received in their university preparatory training program. The survey was administered to two groups of teachers, one group of experienced practicing mentor teachers and a second group comprising beginning teachers. Analysis of the data revealed that both groups recognize that attention to mental health issues for students is important to their teaching success. In addition, both groups reported receiving scant formal academic preparation in prevention-based mental health principles and practices while in pre-service training. Implications for teacher educator...
Maximizing test battery prediction when the weights are required to be non-negative

A procedure is developed for computing optimum regression weights under the restriction that they be non-negative. The weights maximize, subject to the restrictions, the multiple correlation between several predictors and a criterion. A numerical example is provided.
Endocrine regulation of food intake and body weight

A great deal of evidence supports the concept that feedback signals are generated by the body to control food intake and regulate body adiposity. The nature of these signals has been a focus of considerable research during the past half century. Individual meal size (short-term food intake) and body adiposity (long-term food intake and energy balance) appear to be regulated by different signals, via a classic negative feedback: signals are generated in the periphery that are correlated either with food ingested (short-term feedback) or calories stored as adipose (long-term feedback), and then these signals are integrated within the CNS, resulting in appropriate efferent corrective responses. In this review we will summarize briefly the current status of research into the physiologic regulators of food intake and body adiposity. Because space does not permit discussion of experimental details, we refer the reader to other relevant reviews. 1-5 Single meal size in the free-feeding animal is dependent on a variety of factors, most of which are
The Relaxin Receptor-binding Site Geometry Suggests a Novel Gripping Mode of Interaction

Relaxin has a unique, clearly identifiable, mixed function receptor-binding region comprising amino acid residues that evolve sequentially from the central portion of the B chain α-helix. Two arginine residues in positions B13 and B17 that project like forefinger and middle finger from the helix provide the electrostatic element opposed by the hydrophobic (thumb) element isoleucine (B20), offset from the arginines by about 40°. The binding intensity of relaxin to its receptor decreases by 3 orders of magnitude if alanine is substituted for the newly discovered binding component isoleucine in position B20. The arginine residues cannot be replaced by other positive charges, nor can the guanidinium group be presented on a longer or shorter hydrocarbon chain. In contrast, the hydrophobic interaction is incremental in nature, and the contribution to the total binding energy is roughly proportional to the number of hydrocarbon units in the side chain. It appears that a hydrophobic surface exists on the receptor that offers optimal van der Waals' interaction with β-branched hydrophobic amino acids. The binding energy increases roughly 10-fold with each methylene group whereby β-branching is more effective per surface unit than chain elongation. Aromatic side chains appear to demarcate the extent of the binding region in so far as residues larger than phenylalanine decrease receptor binding. The exceptional clarity of binding site geometry in relaxin makes for an excellent opportunity to design peptido-mimetics.
An analysis of research trends in dissertations and theses studying blended learning

Abstract This article analyzes the research of 205 doctoral dissertations and masters' theses in the domain of blended learning. A summary of trends regarding the growth and context of blended learning research is presented. Methodological trends are described in terms of qualitative, inferential statistics, descriptive statistics, and combined approaches to data analysis. Research topics are divided into nine topics (learner outcomes, dispositions, instructional design, interaction, comparison, demographics, technology, professional development, and other), each containing several sub-topics. Patterns in these topics are analyzed to identify gaps in research and to highlight opportunities for future research as the field of blended learning continues to grow.
Right ovarian vein syndrome Six-year critique

Abstract Based on our combined experience in 47 cases of right ovarian vein syndrome, this report will relate, our ideas on the origin, the surgical-pathologic appearance, and the significance of this syndrome.
49.5L: Late‐News Paper: Roll‐To‐Roll Manufacturing of Electronic Skins

A new roll-to-roll manufacturing platform has been developed that enables the fabrication of durable and flexible electronics. Here we present this platform capability and its application to create thin, conformable electronic skins that can change their appearance upon application of low-power electronic signals.
May Babies and Posttenure Babies: Maternal Decisions of Women Professors.

This research explores the maternal and career progression decisions of different generations of women professors in Canada. Nineteen women, interviewed in-depth, reveal how they carefully plan childbearing and childrearing experiences around their demanding work schedules, by having May babies or posttenure babies. Results demonstrate the need for alternative models of academic careers.
Photolithotrophic cultivation of Laminaria saccharina gametophyte cells in a bubble-column bioreactor

Abstract The photolithotrophic cultivation of a novel cell suspension culture derived from the microscopic, filamentous gametophyte life phase of the complex brown alga Laminaria saccharina was feasible in an illuminated bubble-column bioreactor at 13°C using CO 2 in air as the sole carbon source for growth. Maximum cell densities exceeding 1,000 mg dry cell weight (dcw) l −1 and specific growth rates of 0.15 day −1 were attained within a 20-day cultivation period. Initial cell density had a significant effect on the final biomass density of the clumped cell suspension, but no significant effect on the specific growth rate. Although the optimum aeration rate for culture growth was 1.0 l air min −1 l −1 culture (vvm), the culture was not CO 2 -transport limited at 0.17–2.0 vvm. Initial nitrate concentrations at or above 63.5 mg NaNO 3 l −1 in the GP2 artificial seawater medium had no significant effect on the specific growth rate or final biomass density. Both specific growth rate and final biomass density data were correlated to incident light intensity over the range of 1–91.2 μE m −2 s −1 using an exponential model for light-saturated growth where light-saturated growth was achieved within a low-incident light intensity of 20 μE m −2 s −1 .
Ordering and Phase Separation in Movpe InGaP Alloys and Unicompositional Quantum Wells

The microstructures of In{sub 0.5}Ga{sub 0.5}P alloys grown on (100) GaAs by MOVPE have been characterized with cross-section TEM and their optical emission examined with photoluminescence at low temperatures. All the alloys exhibit spinodal-like decomposition with compositional modulations along directions in the growth plane. Alloys grown at 775C have the highest emission energy, 2.0 eV, while those at 675C have the lowest, 1.89 eV, due to strong CuPt-type ordering of In and Ga. The ordered domains are platelets 20 to 200 nm wide and 10--20 nm thick with antiphase boundaries 1--2 nm apart. We have also formed ``unicompositional`` quantum wells of thin (1.3--20 nm) ordered layers grown at 675C between disordered barriers grown at 775C. Ordering is found only in the active layer, with domains similar to those of thick layers. The emission energy increases by 90 meV as the well thickness is decreased from 10 to 1.3 nm, thus demonstrating quantum size effects solely through disorder-order phenomena.
Synthesis of narrow-distribution polycyclopentene using a ruthenium ring-opening metathesis initiator

Abstract Polycyclopentene was synthesized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) at room temperature, using a ruthenium-based initiator in the presence of tricyclohexylphosphine, which acts as a polymerization regulator by shifting the metal–ligand binding equilibrium. A kinetic model was developed for the monomer conversion and polymer molecular weight as a function of time, monomer concentration, and monomer-to-initiator and phosphine-to-initiator ratios, and was fit to experimental data to extract a single rate parameter. By eliminating impurities which act as chain-transfer agents, and optimizing reaction conditions to minimize secondary metathesis, polycyclopentenes of controllable molecular weight (Mn = 6–40 kg/mol) and narrow distributions (PDI ≈ 1.15) can be routinely obtained, which could be hydrogenated to perfectly linear polyethylenes. This work extends existing ROMP methods for the synthesis of precursors to narrow-distribution polyethylene, which have employed tungsten or molybdenum catalysts, to a commercially available, robust ruthenium initiator.
Thomas Jefferson's Perspectives on the Press as an Instrument of Political Communication

This article seeks to show that Jefferson's faith in the people's ability to govern themselves and his belief in the two-party system led him to conclude that a free press is needed to provide vital information required for an intelligent decision in an election campaign. Thus he encouraged the development of newspapers representing all points of view, and expressed the hope that these journals would be examined critically by the editor and by the public. Even though the high standards he upheld for a responsible press were violated in the 1800 presidential campaign, he maintained his strong belief that freedom of the press and expression should always prevail.
Low prevalence of VHSV detected in round goby collected in offshore regions of Lake Ontario

Abstract Since the first reports of mortalities due to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) type IVb in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin during 2005 (Lake St. Clair, USA and Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario, Canada), many groups have conducted surveillance efforts for the virus, primarily in nearshore areas. The round goby ( Neogobius melanostomus ) has been identified as a key species to target for surveillance, because they have a very high probability of infection at a given site. Our objective in this study was to document and quantify VHSV in round gobies in offshore waters of Lake Ontario using molecular techniques. We collected 139 round gobies from depths ranging from 55 to 150 m using bottom trawls during the early spring of 2011 and detected VHSV in 4 individuals (1/26 fish at 95 m, 2/12 fish at 105 m, and 1/24 fish at 135 m). These results expand the known depth range of VHSV in the Great Lakes. They also have implications on the management of the spread of VHSV within infected bodies of water related to the mixing of populations of fish that would remain distinct in their breeding habitats, but then have the opportunity to mix in their overwintering habitats, as well as to increase overlap of predator and prey species in overwintering habitats.
Volatiles in subduction zone magmas: concentrations and fluxes based on melt inclusion and volcanic gas data

Abstract Owing to advances in microanalytical techniques over the last 15 years, there is a growing database on the volatile contents of subduction-related magmas as recorded in melt (glass) inclusions trapped in phenocrysts in volcanic rocks. Basaltic magmas from subduction zones show a wide range of water contents, ranging from as high as 6–8 to 3000 ppm, suggesting that no melt inclusions sample undegassed arc magmas. The Cl and S contents of arc basaltic magmas are greater than midocean ridge basalts, indicating that these volatiles are also recycled from subducted sediment and altered oceanic crust back into the mantle wedge. Comparison of the fluxes of volatiles subducted back into the mantle along subduction zones and returned from the mantle to the surface reservoir (crust, ocean, and atmosphere) via magmatism suggests that there is an approximate balance for structurally bound H2O and Cl. In contrast, ∼50% of subducted C appears to be returned to the deep mantle by subduction, but uncertainties are relatively large. For S, the amount returned to the surface reservoir by subduction zone magmatism is only ∼15–30% of the total amount being subducted. Dacitic and rhyolitic magmas in arcs contain 1–6 wt.% H2O, a range that overlaps considerably with the values for basaltic magmas. Either basaltic parents for these differentiated magmas are relatively H2O-poor, or intermediate to silicic arc magmas form through open-system processes involving variable amounts of crustal melting, mixing with basalt and basaltic differentiates, and fluxing of CO2-rich vapor from mafic magma recharged into silicic magma bodies. Consideration of H2O–CO2 relations and gaseous SO2 emissions for intermediate to silicic arc magmas shows that such magmas are typically vapor-saturated during crystallization in the middle to upper crust. Gas emissions thus reflect migration and accumulation of volatiles within complex open magmatic systems.
Functional study of the Caenorhabditis elegans secretory‐excretory system using laser microsurgery

Individual cells of the Caenorhabditis elegans secretory-excretory system were ablated by laser microbeam in various larval stages. Effects on growth, molting, osmoregulation, fertility, longevity, and dauer larva formation were tested. Single-cell ablations did not prevent subsequent molting, but ablation of the pore cell or the duct cell resulted in the absence of the normal cuticular lining of the excretory duct following a molt. When the pore cell, duct cell, or excretory cell was ablated, the animals filled with fluid within 12-24 hr and died within a few days, producing very few progeny. Ablation of the excretory gland cell, on the other hand, had no obvious developmental or behavioral effects. Excretory activity was monitored in dauer larvae by observing pulsation of the excretory duct in conditions of differing osmolarity. The rate of pulsation was quite variable over time in conditions of low osmotic strength, but average five- to six-fold higher than that observed in buffered saline. These observations, combined with the effects of laser ablation, lead to the conclusion that one function of the excretory system is osmoregulation.
The complexity of antisense transcription revealed by the study of developing male germ cells.

Abstract Computational analyses have identified the widespread occurrence of antisense transcripts in the human and the mouse genome. However, the structure and the origin of the majority of the antisense transcripts are unknown. The presence of antisense transcripts for 19 of 64 differentially expressed genes during mouse spermatogenesis was demonstrated with orientation-specific RT-PCR. These antisense transcripts were derived from a wide variety of origins, including processed sense transcripts, intronic and exonic sequences of a single gene or multiple genes, intergenic sequences, and pseudogenes. They underwent normal and alternative splicing, 5′ capping, and 3′ polyadenylation, similar to the sense transcripts. There were also antisense transcripts that were not capped and/or polyadenylated. The testicular levels of the sense transcripts were higher than those of the antisense transcripts in all cases, while the relative expression in nontesticular tissues was variable. Thus antisense transcripts have complex origins and structures and the sense and antisense transcripts can be regulated independently.
Influence of Velocity on Corrosion of Copper in Alkaline Chloride Solutions

Abstract It has been reported previously that the mechanism for the erosion-corrosion of copper (Cu) in seawater is the removal of protective layers by hydrodynamic shear. This hypothesis was teste...
Designing Discussions as Group Inquiry

(1988). Designing Discussions as Group Inquiry. College Teaching: Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 140-143.
Target Detection, Rifle Marksmanship, and Mood during Three Hours of Simulated Sentry Duty

Abstract : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sentry duty time on the soldier's speed of detection of visually presented targets, his ability to hit targets (rifle marksmanship), and his mood. Prior to the test day, each of eight subjects was given five days of training on the Weaponeer Rifle Marksmanship Simulator and was familiarized with the targets to be presented during testing. The test session lasted three hours, during which time the subject assumed a standing foxhole position and monitored the target scene of the Weaponeer. The Weaponeer M16A1 modified rifle lay next to the subject at chest height. When a pop-up target appeared, the subject pressed a telegraph key, lifted the rifle, aimed, and fired at the target. Speed of target detection was measured in terms of the time required by the subject to press the telegraph key in response to the presentation of the target. Marksmanship was measured in terms of number of targets hit. Target detection time and rifle marksmanship were averaged every 30 minutes. At the end of the test session, the subject completed the Profile of Mood States rating scale. The results showed that target detection time deteriorated with time on sentry duty; impairments were not evident within the first hour but were clearly evident by 1.5 hours. Marksmanship remained constant over time; soldiers were just as accurate in hitting the targets at the end of the 3 hours of sentry duty as they were at the beginning. Whereas the soldier's predominant mood during baseline practice sessions was one of vigor, during sentry duty the predominant mood was one of fatigue.
Growth of cariogenic streptococci in chemically defined medium

Abstract Eight dextran-forming streptococcal strains, seven of which have been implicated in caries production, were adapted for rapid and profuse growth in a chemically defined medium originally developed to support growth of the group H streptococci. Under anaerobic conditions, all 8 strains grew well in this medium, as did the group H streptococci. Under aerobic conditions, the inclusion of additional amino acids in the medium was necessary to obtain luxuriant growth of 4 of the strains tested; aspartic acid alone or in combination with other amino acids enhanced growth of these strains.
Sequential cytoprotective responses to Sigma1 ligand-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress.

The Sigma1 receptor (Sigma1) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) integral membrane protein that is highly expressed in a number of cancer cell lines. Small molecule compounds targeting Sigma1 (Sigma1 ligands) inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptotic cell death in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in xenograft experiments. However, the cellular pathways activated by Sigma1 protein-ligand interaction are not well defined. Here, we find that treatment with some Sigma1 ligands induces ER stress and activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) in a dose- and time-responsive manner in a range of adenocarcinoma cell lines. Autophagy is engaged after extended treatment with Sigma1 ligands, which suggests that protracted UPR results in autophagy as a secondary response. Inhibition of UPR by RNAi-mediated knockdown of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α and activating transcription factor 4 abrogates autophagosome formation, as does knockdown of essential autophagy gene products Beclin1 and autophagy protein 5. Knockdown of Sigma1 also suppresses IPAG [1-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(2-adamantyl) guanidine] induced UPR marker and autophagosome levels, indicating that this response is indeed Sigma1mediated. We find that UPR activation precedes autophagosome formation and autophagy precedes apoptosis in Sigma1 ligand-treated cells. These processes are reversible, and washout of IPAG before cell death results in a return of autophagosomes and UPR markers toward basal levels. However, inhibition of Sigma1 ligand–induced UPR or autophagy accelerates apoptotic cell death. Together, these data suggest that UPR and autophagy are engaged as primary and secondary cytoprotective responses, respectively, to Sigma1 ligand–induced disruption of cancer cell protein homeostasis.
Semantic models for ranking medical images using Dirichlet non-parametric mixture models

With recent advances in diagnostic medical imaging, huge quantities of medical images are produced and stored in digital image repositories. While these repositories are difficult to be analyzed manually by medical experts, they can be evaluated using computer-based methods to enrich the process of decision making. For example, query by image methods can be used by medical experts for differential diagnosis by displaying previously evaluated cases that contain similar visual patterns. Also, less experienced practitioners can benefit from query-by-semantic methods in training processes especially for difficult-to-interpret cases with multiple pathologies. In this article we develop a methodology for ranking medical images based on Dirichlet process nonparametric distributions. Our approach uses natural groupings of images in a generated feature space to evaluate associative semantic mappings. Relevant semantic mappings are then used to generate additive computer models of semantic understanding of visual patterns found in images. We evaluate the performance of our method using mean average precision and precision-recall charts.
Performance Outcomes The Relationship Between Managing the “Heart” and Managing Client Satisfaction

Recent appreciation for emotional labor draws attention to employees who work “with heart” to deliver public services. This article reports an investigation of the relationship between emotional la...
Integrating pneumonia prevention and treatment interventions with immunization services in resource-poor countries

Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Effective vaccine and non-vaccine interventions to prevent and control pneumonia are urgently needed to reduce the global burden of the disease. This paper explores practical strategies and policies for integrating interventions to prevent and treat pneumonia with routine immunization services, and it investigates the challenges involved in such integration. The primary pneumonia prevention and treatment strategies that are implemented during routine childhood immunization visits are vaccination of children against the disease, caretaker education and referral of children to medical services when necessary.
Parents’ Education, Mothers’ Vocabulary, and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Longitudinal Evidence From Ecuador

Objectives. I estimated the association between parents’ education, mothers’ vocabulary, and early child cognitive development in a sample of poor children in rural Ecuador.Methods. I used regression analysis to estimate the association between parents’ education, mothers’ vocabulary, and the vocabulary, memory, and visual integration skills of children at early ages, controlling for possible confounders. The study is based on a longitudinal cohort of children in rural Ecuador (n = 2118).Results. The schooling and vocabulary levels of mothers were strong predictors of the cognitive development of young children. Household wealth and child's height, weight, and hemoglobin levels explained only a modest fraction of the observed associations. The vocabulary levels of mothers and children were more strongly correlated among older children in the sample, suggesting that the effects of a richer maternal vocabulary are cumulative.Conclusions. Differences in children's cognitive outcomes start very early, which h...
Arylsulfatase B modulates neurite outgrowth via astrocyte chondroitin-4-sulfate: dysregulation by ethanol.

In utero ethanol exposure causes Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, associated with reduced brain plasticity; the mechanisms of these effects are not well understood, particularly with respect to glial involvement. Astrocytes release factors that modulate neurite outgrowth. We explored the hypothesis that ethanol inhibits neurite outgrowth by increasing the release of inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) from astrocytes. Astrocyte treatment with ethanol inhibited the activity of arylsulfatase B (ARSB), the enzyme that removes sulfate groups from chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S) and triggers the degradation of C4S, increased total sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), C4S, and neurocan core-protein content and inhibited neurite outgrowth in neurons co-cultured with ethanol-treated astrocytes in vitro, effects reversed by treatment with recombinant ARSB. Ethanol also inhibited ARSB activity and increased sulfate GAG and neurocan levels in the developing hippocampus after in vivo ethanol exposure. ARSB silencing increased the levels of sulfated GAGs, C4S, and neurocan in astrocytes and inhibited neurite outgrowth in co-cultured neurons, indicating that ARSB activity directly regulates C4S and affects neurocan expression. In summary, this study reports two major findings: ARSB modulates sulfated GAG and neurocan levels in astrocytes and astrocyte-mediated neurite outgrowth in co-cultured neurons; and ethanol inhibits the activity of ARSB, increases sulfated GAG, C4S, and neurocan levels, and thereby inhibits astrocyte-mediated neurite outgrowth. An unscheduled increase in CSPGs in the developing brain may lead to altered brain connectivity and to premature decrease in neuronal plasticity and therefore represents a novel mechanism by which ethanol can exert its neurodevelopmental effects.
Self-similar jet breakup for a generalized PTT model

Abstract We discuss self-similar solutions for jet breakup for a family of models of non-Newtonian fluids which includes the Phan-Thien Tanner (PTT) model. The constitutive law is given by (1) T t +( v ·∇) T −(∇ v ) T − T (∇ v ) T +κ T +ν( tr T ) a−1 T =μ(∇ v +(∇ v ) T ), where a>1. For a=2, a recent paper establishes the existence of a similarity solution for surface tension driven jet breakup. In this paper, we show that analogous similarity solutions exist for a 7/3, then surface tension plays no role in the breakup, and a different type of similarity solution exists.
General methodology for nonlinear modeling of neural systems with Poisson point-process inputs.

Abstract This paper presents a general methodological framework for the practical modeling of neural systems with point-process inputs (sequences of action potentials or, more broadly, identical events) based on the Volterra and Wiener theories of functional expansions and system identification. The paper clarifies the distinctions between Volterra and Wiener kernels obtained from Poisson point-process inputs. It shows that only the Wiener kernels can be estimated via cross-correlation, but must be defined as zero along the diagonals. The Volterra kernels can be estimated far more accurately (and from shorter data-records) by use of the Laguerre expansion technique adapted to point-process inputs, and they are independent of the mean rate of stimulation (unlike their P–W counterparts that depend on it). The Volterra kernels can also be estimated for broadband point-process inputs that are not Poisson. Useful applications of this modeling approach include cases where we seek to determine (model) the transfer characteristics between one neuronal axon (a point-process ‘input’) and another axon (a point-process ‘output’) or some other measure of neuronal activity (a continuous ‘output’, such as population activity) with which a causal link exists.
Diversity gains in two-ray fading channels

A two-ray, small-scale fading model was recently proposed as a worst-case fading scenario for certain wireless sensor applications. Empirical data motivated this development for fading was found to be more severe than predicted by Rayleigh fading statistics, a behavior referred to as hyper-Rayleigh fading. Based on the two-ray model, we study the benefits of M-branch diversity in the context of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bit-error rate (BER) performance metrics. While these results are well-known for Rayleigh fading, this work is the first analysis of diversity for the hyper-Rayleigh regime.
Mean Reversion in Short-Horizon Expected Returns

This article develops and estimates a simple model for monthly expected stock returns that relies on the rapidly decaying structure of shorter-horizon (weekly) expected returns. The most striking aspect of our findings is that the rapid mean reversion in short-horizon expected returns implies much greater variation through time in monthly expected returns than has been documented in earlier studies. For instance, during the 1962 to 1985 period, over 25 percent of the return variance of small firms can be explained by time variation in expected returns. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Enhancement of Allergic Lung Sensitization in Mice by Ozone Inhalation

Inhaled ozone was found to exert an enhancing effect for allergic lung sensitization when mice contracted an aerosolized allergen. The animals were exposed to ozone concentrations of 0.24, 0.16, 0.13, and 0.10 ppm. After 4 days of continuous ozone exposure, the mice had allergen contact from an aerosolized solution of ovalbumin. The animals were then maintained in ambient air for several days before the cycle of ozone and aerosolized allergen was repeated over four allergen contact cycles. Mice were rested in ambient air for a week after the last allergen contact, and they were then tested for allergic sensitization by the intravenous injection of 2 mg of ovalbumin to induce anaphylactic shock in allergic individuals. The control groups of mice were maintained in ambient air throughout the experiment, but they experienced identical allergen contact with the ozone-exposed mice. The phenomenon of allergic enhancement from ozone inhalation was detected at 0.24, 0.16, and 0.13 ppm of ozone. The enhancing effect disappeared at 0.10 ppm of ozone. The study indicated a potential for increasing the number of allergically sensitized individuals when various allergens are inhaled during periods of high ozone exposure with the consequent adverse changes on respiratory membranes. The significance tomore » human health of the allergic enhancement phenomenon by ozone needs investigation.« less
Exploring the Relationships among Corporate Entrepreneurship, IT Governance, and Risk Management

This study develops a more comprehensive picture of how a hospitals' entrepreneurial behavior influences its focus on IT governance and IT risk management. The key findings of this study contribute to the IT and corporate culture literatures in several ways. First, it presents corporate entrepreneurship as an antecedent to both IT governance and IT risk management. Second, it establishes a causal relationship between IT governance and IT risk management. Third, it introduces culture strength as moderator of the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and IT risk management.
Feasibility and Acceptance of a Nonpharmacological Cognitive Remediation Intervention for Patients With Parkinson Disease

Many patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) experience deficits in executive skills (ES; eg, attentional control, self-monitoring), which are associated with a range of impairing symptoms such as visual hallucinations, decreased motor control, and increased apathy. Pharmacological methods for improving ES in PD have shown to be somewhat unreliable. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and patient acceptance of a nonpharmacological cognitive remediation program that aimed to improve sustained, selective, alternating, and divided attentional abilities in a sample of 16 nondemented PD patients. Based on ratings of 4 feasibility dimensions (fatigue, effort, progress, enjoyment), patients with PD demonstrated a high degree of acceptance and successfully engaged in the program. As predicted, ratings of progress differed significantly across tasks according to difficulty level and were positively related to posttraining improvement in ES. Fatigue ratings showed negative associations wi...
Redistribution of Cellular and Herpes Simplex Virus Proteins from the Trans-Golgi Network to Cell Junctions without Enveloped Capsids

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and other alphaherpesviruses assemble enveloped virions in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) or endosomes. Enveloped particles are formed when capsids bud into TGN/endosomes and virus particles are subsequently ferried to the plasma membrane in TGN-derived vesicles. Little is known about the last stages of virus egress from the TGN/endosomes to cell surfaces except that the HSV directs transport of nascent virions to specific cell surface domains, i.e., epithelial cell junctions. Previously, we showed that HSV glycoprotein gE/gI accumulates extensively in the TGN at early times after infection and also when expressed without other viral proteins. At late times of infection, gE/gI and a cellular membrane protein, TGN46, were redistributed from the TGN to epithelial cell junctions. We show here that gE/gI and a second glycoprotein, gB, TGN46, and another cellular protein, carboxypeptidase D, all moved to cell junctions after infection with an HSV mutant unable to produce cytoplasmic capsids. This redistribution did not involve L particles. In contrast to TGN membrane proteins, several cellular proteins that normally adhere to the cytoplasmic face of TGN, Golgi, and endosomal membranes remained primarily dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Therefore, cellular and viral membrane TGN proteins move to cell junctions at late times of HSV infection when the production of enveloped particles is blocked. This is consistent with the hypothesis that there are late HSV proteins that reorganize or redistribute TGN/endosomal compartments to promote virus egress and cell-to-cell spread.
Improving Pediatric Practice Immunization Rates Through Distance-Based Quality Improvement: A Feasibility Trial from PROS

The feasibility and effectiveness of a distance-based quality improvement model were examined in a cohort of Pediatric Research in Office Settings (PROS) practices, with the goal of improving immunization rates and practitioner behaviors and attitudes. Of an initially assessed 82 practices, 29 with baseline rates of ≤88% for children 8 to 15 months of age were randomized into year-long paper-based education or distance-based quality improvement intervention groups. Outcomes were utility/helpfulness of quality improvement modalities, immunization rate change, and behavior/attitude change. Quality improvement participants attended approximately 75% of monthly conference calls but used the quality improvement Listserv and Web site infrequently (mean 1.09 and 0.92 uses, respectively). Helpfulness ratings of quality improvement modalities mirrored usage. Analyses revealed a 4.9% increase in quality improvement group immunization rates (P = .061), a 0.8% education group increase (P = .752), and a 4.1% differenc...
Collective Choice, Separation of Issues and Vote Trading

In legislatures and committees, a number of issues are voted on separately, leading to an outcome consisting of positions on each of these issues. I investigate the effects this separation of issues has on collective choices, assuming a very abstract collective choice model, whose assumptions are presupposed by many less abstract models, notably spatial models. Assuming the model, if there exists an undominated outcome (one to which no winning coalition prefers any other feasible outcome), it must be chosen in the absence of vote trading, although vote trading can (perversely) lead to a very different outcome. But vote trading does not necessarily lead to a “voting paradox” situation, contrary to several recent papers. The model enables us to define a natural solution concept for the case where every feasible outcome is dominated. Variations on this concept are explored. The effects of weakening the model are investigated.
Renovo: a hidden code extractor for packed executables

As reverse engineering becomes a prevalent technique to analyze malware, malware writers leverage various anti-reverse engineering techniques to hide their code. One technique commonly used is code packing as packed executables hinder code analysis. While this problem has been previously researched, the existing solutions are either unable to handle novel samples, or vulnerable to various evasion techniques. In this paper, we propose a fully dynamic approach that captures an intrinsic nature of hidden code execution that the original code should be present in memory and executed at some point at run-time. Thus, this approach monitors program execution and memory writes at run-time, determines if the code under execution is newly generated, and then extracts the hidden code of the executable. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we implement a system, Renovo, and evaluate it with a large number of real-world malware samples. The experiments show that Renovo is accurate compared to previous work, yet practical in terms of performance
Identification and characterization of neurons initiating patterned neural activity in the buccal ganglia of Aplysia

Two patterns of neural activity were identified in excised buccal ganglia of Aplysia californica. Both are expressed in many cells, and each can be expressed independently. Using cells B4 and B5 as monitors of the activity patterns, we searched the buccal ganglia for cells initiating the patterns. Two electrically coupled cells, B31 and B32, can initiate what we termed pattern 2. The cells are active before pattern 2 is expressed. Stimuli initiating pattern 2 excite B31/B32. Depolarizing B31/B32 induces the pattern, while hyperpolarizing them can prevent its expression. The cells have unusual features. Their somata do not sustain conventional action potentials, and depolarization causes a regenerative response. B33 differs from B31/B32 in that its soma sustains conventional action potentials but otherwise has similar features. B34 also seems to be inexcitable but has weaker synaptic input than B31/B32 and appears unable to induce pattern 2. B35 and B36 have prominent regenerative capabilities. B35 is also able to initiate pattern 2. B37 is presynaptic to B31/B32 and can initiate pattern 2 via its effects on them. The newly identified cells provide a starting point for investigating factors that initiate and control different patterns of neural activity in the buccal ganglia. Since the buccal ganglia are involved in generating feeding behavior, further studies on the newly identified cells may provide insights into the neural control of feeding behavior, and provide a neural substrate for studying modulation of the feeding patterns by associative learning.
Planktonic microbial community composition across steep physical/chemical gradients in permanently ice-covered Lake Bonney, Antarctica

Lake Bonney is a chemically stratified, permanently ice-covered Antarctic lake that is unusual because anomalous nutrient concentrations in the east lobe suggest that denitrification occurs in the deep suboxic waters of the west lobe but not the east lobe, resulting in high concentrations of nitrate and nitrite below the east lobe chemocline. Environmental factors that usually control denitrification rates (e.g. organic carbon, nitrate, oxygen) do not appear to explain the nitrate distribution in the east lobe, suggesting that other factors (e.g. trace metals, salts, microbial community structure, etc.) may be involved. In order to explore the potential importance of microbial community composition, samples collected from multiple depths in both lobes were compared on the basis of 16S rRNA gene diversity. 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) clone libraries generated from five depths were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), rarefaction, statistical and phylogenetic analyses. Bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences were determined for clones corresponding to unique RFLP patterns. The bacterial community below the chemocline (at 25 m) in the east lobe was the least diverse of the five depths analysed and was compositionally distinct from the communities of the overlying waters. The greatest compositional overlap was observed between 16 and 19 m in the east lobe, while the east lobe at 25 m and the west lobe at 13 and 16 m had relatively distinct communities. Despite very little compositional overlap between the suboxic, hypersaline depths of the east and west lobes (25 m and 16 m, respectively), sequences closely related to the denitrifying Marinobacter strain ELB17 previously isolated from the east lobe were found in both libraries. Most of the Lake Bonney sequences are fairly distinct from those reported from other Antarctic environments. Archaeal 16S rRNA genes were only successfully amplified from the two hypersaline depths analysed, with only one identical halophilic sequence type occurring in both libraries, indicating extremely low archaeal diversity. Overall, microbial community composition varies both between lobes and across depths within lobes in Lake Bonney, reflecting the steep gradients in physical/chemical parameters across the chemocline, as well as the anomalous nutrient chemistry of the system.
Undergraduate Real Estate Law in the U.S.

A course in real estate law should be a cornerstone of every undergraduate real estate program. However, this course is frequently taught by faculty who may have little experience in course design ...
Moral Hazard, Time Preferences and Stock Options

This paper presents a model of moral hazard where differences in actions are driven by differences in time-preferences rather than differences in risk-preferences. The paper discusses two solutions to the time-preference induced incentive problem. First, in some circumstances, the incentive problem can be solved by increasing the power of the incentive contract. Second, stock options may solve the incentive problem. Taken together these two results provide an explanation for why stock options are popular in firms with low current profits and high expected future profits.
The Politics of Participation: Student Power

■ Student activists seeking participation in relevant decision-making bodies are confronting university faculties and administrations across the country. This conflict can be viewed as an attempt to recapture the university from "the business establishment" and rededicate it to learning. A central concern, especially for social work students, is the relevance of education to solving human problems. This paper describes a model of student participation developed at the University of Michigan and presents recommendations on ways in which teachers and practitioners can effectively respond to the new activism. ■
Effects of gender-matching and racial self-labeling on paranoia in African-American men with severe mental illness.

Objective The present study examined the effects of gender-matching and racial self-labeling on the paranoid symptoms of African-American men with severe mental illness. It was hypothesized that gender matching would: 1) reduce self-reports of both interpersonal and cultural paranoia in these male participants with severe mental illness, and 2) the gender effect would be strongest among those patients who racially self-label as African-American. Method One-hundred-twenty-four African-American male psychiatric patients were interviewed by a male or female black psychologist. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted with the Fenigstein Paranoia Scale (FPS) and Cultural Mistrust Inventory (CMI) as dependent variables, and the male gender-matched group (0=no, 1=yes) and racial self-labeling as the independent variables controlling for age; education; never married (0=no, 1=yes); diagnosis of schizophrenia (0=no, 1=yes); need for approval; self-esteem; and the scales of Distrust, Perceived Hostility of Others, and False Beliefs and Perceptions from the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview. Results There was a significant main effect for male gender-matching on the FPS. Participants in the male gender-matched group scored lower than the other group on the FPS. For the CMI, there was a significant interaction of male gender match by racial self-labeling effect. Participants who were male gender-matched and self-labeled as African-American reported the highest scores on the CMI. Conclusion The findings provide partial support for the hypotheses. Both gender-matching and racial identity together may be important considerations for black males needing mental health services.
Brain Volume Abnormalities in ADHD

Regional brain volumes have been compared at initial MRI scans and their change over time in 152 medicated and previously unmedicated male and female patients (age range, 5-18 years) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 139 age- and sex-matched healthy controls.