cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proactive thermal aware scheduling

High temperatures and fluctuating temperatures decrease component reliability and lifespan. This work proposes a proactive software-based thermal aware scheduler to lower core temperature and its temperature fluctuations. It proposes a Simple Time Derivative (STD) scheduler, which uses the time derivative of the core temperature as a predictor. Major heat dissipating processes can be identified by their usage of integer arithmetic, float operations and other CPU performance counters. The “hot” processes are put to sleep for a short duration, if the time derivative goes above an empirically defined threshold. This work evaluates STD using FFT, SOR, LU, and Sparse benchmarks of the SciMark benchmark suite running on a desktop computer. We found upto 5° C decrease in average/peak temperatures as compared to the baseline approach (without any thermal scheduling). The execution penalties only apply to the hot processes and not the whole system. For LU/Sparse the core stayed at 35° C or below for 100%/82% of time with STD vs. only 28%/19% of increase in run-time for the baseline. Furthermore, for the baseline the temperature went over 40° C for 16% of run-time vs. 0% for the STD. Holding the temperature lower has advantages in cooling energy reduction particularly when several systems are running together in a room or in a server system. We also compared our results against Simple Threshold approach. STD provided lower run-time penalties and energy consumption than the Simple Threshold strategy and marginally outperformed in terms of temperature reduction. This research provides insight into the temperature reductions possible using a user-defined software approach and the corresponding penalties on the hot processes. The approach can be combined with air conditioning management techniques in server production systems to reduce energy consumption for any job mix where execution time is not paramount. The reduction in temperature and its variations also increases reliability and lifespan of the CPU chip.
Measuring College Success for International Baccalaureate Diploma and Certificate Candidates

This quantitative study was conducted at a private international high school. The study purpose was to investigate United States college trends comparing International Baccalaureate Diploma Program candidates and International Baccalaureate Non-Diploma Program candidates from the same school in Asia. Data was collected for the Classes of 2007-2012 and the two groups were compared based on the number of college acceptances and the eventual collegiate success of the two groups once they matriculated to college, as measured by college persistence and graduation rates. The information analyzed provides data to explore the final educational outcomes for IB graduates and determine if there is a significant difference in the college success of the two groups.
Septal Pouch in the Left Atrium: A New Anatomical Entity With Potential for Embolic Complications

Objectives The purpose of this study was to develop a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the condition, we studied the patterns by which the septum primum (SP) and septum secundum (SS) fuse. Background A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a communication across the interatrial septum between a nonadherent SP and SS and is considered to be a risk factor for serious clinical syndromes. Methods We examined the interatrial septum in 94 randomly selected autopsied hearts, with a focus on the SP and SS and the patterns by which the 2 structures fuse. Results Of the 94 specimens that were suitable for analysis, 26 (27.66%) had a PFO. Of the remaining 68 hearts, complete fusion of the SP and SS along the entire zone of overlap was seen in 27 (28.7%) hearts. In the remaining 41 hearts (60.29%), a PFO was absent, but incomplete fusion of the SP and SS was seen. Of 41 hearts, 37 (90%) had a septal pouch that opened into the left atrial (LA) cavity. Four hearts (10%) had a pouch accessible from the right atrium. Hearts with left-sided pouches tended to be younger (50 ± 18 years of age) than hearts where there was complete fusion (age 63 ± 23 years) (p = 0.06). Conclusions Our data suggest that when a foramen ovale closes spontaneously, the SP and SS fuse initially at the caudal limit of the zone of overlap of the 2 structures. This incomplete fusion results in a pouch that, in the majority of instances, communicates with the LA cavity.
Nonmarket Strategy in Mexico

With a population of over 122 million, Mexico is the world’s tenth largest nation. The Mexican economy is also one of the largest in the world, due in part to its status as the USA’s third largest trading partner, with more than $550 billion worth of goods flowing back and forth across its northern border in 2017 (US Census Bureau 2017). Mexico is at least moderately free; its 2018 score of 64.8 ranks 63 in the Heritage Index (see Table 7.1). Since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed into law in 1994, the Mexican economy has quadrupled in size, and the government has passed new reforms to help its firms compete in the global business environment. Nonetheless, corruption, a bloated public sector, and strict business regulations ultimately weigh on the country’s business attractiveness (Miller et al. 2018).
Screening for Humoral Immunodeficiency in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia.

Background Immunodeficiency is an underrecognized risk factor for infections, such as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Objective We evaluated patients admitted with CAP for humoral immunodeficiency. Design Prospective Cohort Study. Setting Inpatients. Patients, intervention, and measurements We enrolled 100 consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of CAP from February 2017 to April 2017. Serum IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE levels were obtained within the first 24 hours of admission. CURB-65 score and length of hospital stay were calculated. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and simple linear regression analysis were used in data analysis. Results The prevalence of hypogammaglobinemia in patients with CAP was 38% (95% confidence interval: 28.47% to 48.25%). Twenty-seven of 100 patients had IgG hypogammaglobinemia (median: 598 mg/dL, IQ range: 459-654), 23 of 100 had IgM hypogammaglobinemia (median: 38 mg/dL, IQ range: 25-43), and 6 of 100 had IgA hypogammaglobinemia (median: 36 mg/dL, IQ range: 18-50). The median hospital length of stay for patients with IgG hypogammaglobinemia was significantly higher when compared to patients with normal IgG levels (five days, IQ range [3-10] vs three days, IQ range [2-5], P = .0085). Fourteen patients underwent further immune evaluation, resulting in one diagnosis of multiple myeloma, three patients diagnosed with specific antibody deficiency, and one patient diagnosed with selective IgA deficiency. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of hypogammaglobinemia in patients hospitalized with CAP, with IgG and IgM being the most commonly affected classes. IgG hypogammaglobinemia was associated with an increased length of hospitalization. Screening immunoglobulin levels in CAP patients may also uncover underlying humoral immunodeficiency or immunoproliferative disorders.
Investigating the micropitting and wear performance of copper oxide and tungsten carbide nanofluids under boundary lubrication

Abstract The potential of copper oxide (CuO) and tungsten carbide (WC) nanofluids in enhancing micropitting and wear behavior of AISI 8620 steel under boundary lubrication conditions was investigated. The nanofluids consisted of 1% nanoparticles by weight and 1% by weight of oleic acid surfactant in Polyalphaolefin (PAO). Rolling contact fatigue tests were conducted using a micropitting test rig (MPR). Both the nanofluids exhibited increased micropitting life compared to the base oil. Tungsten carbide nanofluids showed significantly higher micropitting and wear resistance behavior than the CuO nanofluids under the boundary lubrication regime. Analysis of the surfaces showed different mechanisms to inhibit micropitting and wear for the two nanofluids. The WC nanofluid formed a tribofilm whereas the CuO nanofluids tended to fill surface cracks with the nanoparticles.
Second-Order CoSimRank for Similarity Measures in Social Networks

Measuring the similarity between nodes is challenging in social networks. The SimRank and CoSimRank are techniques widely used to calculate the similarity of two nodes in a social graph. They can be applied to many applications such as recommending friends and detecting communities in social networks. Both SimRank and CoSimRank are based on random walk and only consider first-order transition probabilities, in which the next node to visit in random walk solely depends on the current node, like a Markov chain. However, in many real-world situations, simply considering the current node may not be enough. Previously visited node may provide extra information for measuring similarities. In this paper, we propose a novel similarity measure technique by investigating CoSimRank to take advantage of the second-order information in a random walk process. Our extensive analysis and experiments show that the proposed second-order CoSimRank significantly outperforms the existing techniques.
Hillock assisted p-type enhancement in N-polar GaN:Mg films grown by MOCVD

We report on the enhanced incorporation efficiency of magnesium dopants into facets of hexagonal hillock structures in N-polar GaN, studied by comparative analysis of GaN:Mg films grown by MOCVD on high and low hillock density GaN template layers. Total magnesium concentration in planar regions surrounding a hillock structure is comparable to that within hillock sidewall facets measured at 1.3 × 1019 cm−3 by atom probe tomography, and clustering of Mg atoms is seen in all regions of the film. Within individual hillock structures a decreased Mg cluster density is observed within hillock structures as opposed to the planar regions surrounding a hillock. Additionally, the Mg cluster radius is decreased within the hillock sidewall. The favorable incorporation of Mg is attributed to Mg dopants incorporating substitutionally for Ga during growth of semi-polar facets of the hillock structures. Enhanced p-type conductivity of GaN:Mg films grown on high hillock density template layers is verified by optical and electrical measurement.
Chapter 17 – Therapeutic Ultrasound

Application of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) includes treatment planning, targeting, treatment, monitoring, and follow-up. The onset of inertial cavitation during HIFU insonification enhances heating efficiency. Histotripsy, involving either a cavitation cloud or boiling, has acoustic levels that exceed those of lithotripsy and normal HIFU. Typical means of monitoring are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and various kinds of ultrasound including diagnostic, thermometry, and elastography methods. For HIFU, a nonlinear propagation model coupled to a heating simulator is desirable for treatment planning. MRI is also used for targeting and temperature indication. Transcranial ultrasound is designed for creating lesions in the brain and can aid in opening the blood–brain barrier in conjunction with microbubbles. In cosmetic ultrasound, ultrasound can assist liposuction or disrupt adipose tissue through high pressures or heat. Ultrasound-induced neurostimulation can interface with the nervous system either at the surface or deeper, selectively, and may offer new avenues for accessing information through nerves. Low-intensity ultrasound aids bone fracture healing.
Transcranial Doppler velocity and associations with delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Abstract Background and Purpose: We evaluated optimal transcranial Doppler (TCD) measures for predicting delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Material and Methods: Consecutive patients with aSAH and daily middle cerebral artery (MCA) TCD recordings were retrospectively analyzed. Change in TCD velocity was obtained by creating a smoothing curve. Change in TCD velocity was determined with a linear regression model that confirmed greatest change in velocity associated with DCI occurred at days 2–7. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was then completed. Results: 95 patients were evaluated. Increase in TCD velocity at days 2–7 proved to be the best predictor for DCI with an optimal cutoff of 8.9 cm/s/day (p = .019) and AUC 0.651. Multivariate logistic regression analysis using DCI as outcome showed that poor admission Hunt-Hess scores (OR 5.02, 95%CI 1.22–22.67, p = .028) and increases in TCD velocity (OR 5.32, 95%CI 1.41–23.33, p = .018) were independently associated with DCI. Conclusions: We found that relative increases in TCD velocities in the MCAs during the first 7 days (with a threshold increase of 53.4 cm/s from days 2 to 7) after aSAH admission were independently associated with DCI. This association requires independent confirmation.
The Impact of an Educational Intervention on Nursing Staff Attitudes Toward Patients Experiencing Homelessness and Mental Illness

OBJECTIVEPatients who experience homelessness and have mental illness can have frequent and challenging hospitalizations. Nurses caring for this vulnerable population may have negative attitudes, w...
Improving Hospital Discharge Time: An In-depth Analysis (P4.9-075)

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the causes of delay in hospital discharge of patients admitted to Neurology service and to provide possible solutions that can guide policy-makers in improving hospital discharge. Background: Delays in hospital discharge have long been a concern, as it contributes to reduced patient care quality and increased cost. Design/Methods: We reviewed a total of 565 medical records of patients admitted to Neurology service over a 24-month period. First, a pilot study was used to define the reasons to which delays could be attributed. It is notable that the delays were mainly related to processes that could be improved by interventions by the care teams and managers. Thus, a series of interventions including increasing the frequency of social work rounds and hiring more staff were provided over a 12-month period. The discharge time was compared pre-and post-interventions. Results: The overall discharge time was not statistically different pre- and post-interventions as indicated by ANOVA test (P= 0.424); however, when looking at the individual categories, the discharge time decreased by 41.6% from 72 hours to 42 hours before and after hiring more staff (P Conclusions: Delays in hospital discharge are multifactorial, it relates to factors at the health-care provider, the patient, the relationship between providers, and the organizational support for care providers. Providers can improve hospital discharge time by streamlining medication reconciliation, well-coordinated care with patients and their family, and direct and timely communication with social work staff. More importantly, investment in human resources is required to enable health-care providers and social work staff to work more closely to improve the patient hospital discharge time. Disclosure: Dr. Yuan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Singh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tisovic has nothing to disclose. Dr. Youssefian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rutatangwa has nothing to disclose. Dr. Harth has nothing to disclose.
Student use of homework assistance websites

The recent pandemic necessitated a migration to online instruction leading to concerns regarding the integrity of online assessments as a result of the presence of fee-based websites that dissemina...
Oral Contraceptives and Autoimmune Diseases

Publisher Summary The predominance of autoimmune disease in women may be attributable to the interaction between sex hormones and the immune system. Sex hormones can exert local actions in the tissues in which they are formed or have additional actions because they enter the circulation. In autoimmune rheumatic diseases, local effects of sex hormones seem to be related to modulation of cell proliferation and cytokine production. Many conditions may change serum estrogen levels and their peripheral conversion rate, thereby inducing an altered androgen:estrogen ratio. An accelerated peripheral metabolic conversion of androgen precursors to more estrogenic metabolites such as 17β-estradiol (E2) has been implicated in patients who have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Moreover, several studies and reviews strongly support the idea that there are decreased serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), testosterone, and progesterone in male and female patients with SLE and related autoimmune diseases. These observations provide a basis for the continued exploration of the proper use of exogenous hormones for contraception, hormone replacement therapy, and even treatment of autoimmune diseases. As patients suffering from autoimmune rheumatic diseases are predominantly young females between the ages of 20 and 40 years, which is the period of highest childbearing potential, particular attention must be paid to the impact oral contraceptives have on these diseases. The relationship between oral contraceptives and autoimmune diseases is complex. This chapter reviews the current status of oral contraceptives in autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, scleroderma, and systemic vasculitis.
Ex vivo biomechanical comparison of a 3.5 mm locking compression plate applied cranially and a 2.7 mm locking compression plate applied medially in a gap model of the distal aspect of the canine radius.

Objective To compare a medially applied 2.7 mm locking compression plate (LCP) to a cranially applied 3.5 mm LCP in a cadaveric distal radial fracture gap model. Study Design In vitro mechanical testing of paired cadaveric limbs Sample Population Paired radii (n = 8) stabilized with either a 2.7 mm LCP medially or a 3.5 mm LCP cranially. Methods Simulated distal radial comminuted fractures were created and stabilized with an LCP plate on the cranial surface in 1 limb, and on the medial surface in the contralateral limb. Gap stiffness, gap strain, and failure properties were compared between cranial and medial plate positions. Limb constructs were axially loaded, cyclically through 4 conditions that allowed mediolateral or craniocaudal bending at walk and trot loads, before monotonic failure loading. The effects of plate position on mechanical variables were assessed using paired t-tests. Results Gap stiffness was greater for cranial plate constructs than medial plate constructs for axial loading with mediolateral bending, but lower with craniocaudal bending. However, in loading that facilitated craniocaudal bending the medial plate construct also had bending apparent in the mediolateral direction. Gap strains for the different conditions followed similar trends as stiffness. Cranial plate constructs had significantly higher monotonic stiffness, yield, and failure loads. Conclusion The larger, cranially applied LCP was biomechanically superior to the smaller, medially applied LCP in our distal radial fracture gap model, however the medial plate was superior to the cranial plate in cyclic loading allowing craniocaudal bending.
Latex slide agglutination vs. ELISA system. Rheumatoid factor detection in inflamed human gingiva.

The extracts of clinically inflamed gingiva in fifty-three patients with chronic periodontitis and in ten patients with clinically normal gingiva were tested for the presence of IgM rheumatoid factor. The identification of rheumatoid factor in such extracts was made using both the latex agglutination macroscopic slide test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Significant correlation was observed between the positive and the negative reactions of the latex slide agglutination test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
X-ray spectroscopy and imagery of supernova remnants with the Einstein Observatory

X-ray spectroscopy has been an important probe for the study of supernova remnants (SNRs) for over a decade (Gorenstein and Tucker 1976, Culhane 1977). Most SNRs less than 104 years in age are made up primarily of shock-heated plasma at temperatures 106–108K, which radiates primarily X-rays. Measurements of the X-ray spectrum and flux with proportional counters have been used to infer the temperature and density of the X-ray plasma.
Anodic Oxidation of Acids: Dimethyl Decanedioate

Anodic oxidation of acids: Dimethyl decanedioate byproduct: dimethyl hexanedioate product: dimethyl decanedioate Keywords: decarboxylation; electrolytic reactions; oxidation, miscellaneous; electrolysis apparatus, for electrohydrodimerization, electrode assembly for
Is four channel a quadrifizzle

The development of 4 channel home entertainment systems has been motivated by the marketplace and accomplished without a thorough engineering feasibility study. One area of promise has not been exploited while four areas of foolishness have been propagated. As a result, the author's answer to the title question is "yes."
Executing Downsizing: The Experience of Executioners

ABSTRACT Downsizing as a managerial strategy has been implemented on a global scale for more than two decades. Most research on the outcomes of downsizing focus on the personal and professional consequences affecting individuals representing two distinct camps: the downsizing survivors and downsizing victims. This Australian case study explored how the executioners, the individuals that were entrusted with the task of carrying out downsizing, experienced their responsibilities. The results derived from one of Australia’s largest banks demonstrate that the work of executing downsizing activities is emotionally taxing. It was shown that executioners had a tendency to distance themselves from the tasks emotionally, cognitively, and physically. These strategies were seen as coping mechanisms for self-protection and self-preservation. Previous experience with downsizing enabled executioners to stay on task. Relational proximity and closeness with individual victims further impacted the emotional state of executioners. This study heavily relied upon Clair and Dufresne’s (2004) empirical work and generated a preliminary conceptual framework depicting various facets of executioners’ reactions to downsizing-related layoffs. Keywords: Downsizing, Executioners, Australia, Bank
Health-related behaviors and technology usage among college students.

Objective To examine associations between technology usage and specific health factors among college students. Methods The research employed was a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional design; undergraduate students enrolled in spring 2012 general health education courses were recruited to participate. To explore college students' specific technology usage and health-related behaviors, a 28-item questionnaire was utilized. Results Statistical significant differences of technology usage were found between 3 of the 4 health-related behaviors under study (BMI, sleep, and nutrition) (p Conclusion As technology usage continues to evolve within the college student population, health professionals need to understand its implications on health behaviors.
Management of Papulopustular Rosacea and Perioral Dermatitis with Emphasis on Iatrogenic Causation or Exacerbation of Inflammatory Facial Dermatoses: Use of Doxycycline-modified Release 40mg Capsule Once Daily in Combination with Properly Selected Skin Care as an Effective Therapeutic Approach

A variety of inflammatory facial dermatoses, such as papulopustular rosacea and perioral dermatitis, are often idiopathic. However, prolonged continuous and/or repeated intermittent topical corticosteroid use can exacerbate these disorders or, in some cases, induce them. This article discusses corticosteroid-induced rosacea-like dermatitis and primary perioral dermatitis with regard to clinical presentations, including in both adults and children, and management considerations. The rationale for use of an anti-inflammatory dose of doxycycline that is subantimicrobial, doxycycline modified-release 40mg capsule once daily, along with properly selected skin care, is discussed. Case illustrations are also included.
Structure and Piezoelectric Properties Near the Bismuth Scandium Oxide–Lead Zirconate–Lead Titanate Ternary Morphotropic Phase Boundary

Ternary phase diagram of BiScO3 (BS), PbZrO3 (PZ), and PbTiO3 (PT) was explored for identification of high-performance piezoelectrics for actuator applications. The ternary morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) connecting the binary MPBs of BS–PT (45/65) and PZ–PT (52/48) was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). High-temperature XRD and dielectric measurements were used to determine the phase transformation temperatures. Curie temperature (TC) had a near linear dependence on composition, rate of which is determined for each component of the ternary independently. Specimens on the tetragonal side of the MPB exhibited lower high field resistivity and proper poling was not possible. Specimens on the rhombohedral side were superior with saturated hysteresis loops and piezoelectric coefficient (d33)>400 pm/V. Unlike phase transformation temperatures, the proximity to MPB was more dominant than the compositional effects in determining electrical and electromechanical properties, which maximized for the compositions closest to the MPB. Both weak- and high field properties are reported as a function of temperature.
DNA mismatch repair and O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase analysis and response to Temodal in newly diagnosed malignant glioma.

PURPOSEWe evaluated the response to Temodal (Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ) of patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma, as well as the predictive value of quantifying tumor DNA mismatch repair activity and O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT).PATIENTS AND METHODSThirty-three patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and five patients with newly diagnosed anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) were treated with Temodal at a starting dose of 200 mg/m2 daily for 5 consecutive days with repeat dosing every 28 days after the first daily dose. Immunochemistry for the detection of the human DNA mismatch repair proteins MSH2 and MLH1 and the DNA repair protein AGT was performed with monoclonal antibodies and characterized with respect to percent positive staining.RESULTSOf the 33 patients with GBM, complete responses (CRs) occurred in three patients, partial responses (PRs) occurred in 14 patients, stable disease (SD) was seen in four patients, and 12 patients developed pr...
A recombination function essential to the growth of bacteriophage P22.

Abstract Mutants of the Salmonella phage P22 have been isolated which cannot grow after infection of recombination-deficient ( rec − ) hosts. These mutants (designated erf − for e ssential r ecombination f unction) are defective in a phage-specified recombination system, as shown by two and three-factor crosses carried out in rec + and rec − hosts. Four erf − mutants examined in detail fall into one complementation group; erf + is dominant to erf − . The erf gene is located in the “early” region of the phage genetic map. The phenotype of erf − mutants after infection of rec − hosts includes failure to grow, to lysogenize, and to sustain phage DNA synthesis beyond about one round of replication. Late phage functions appear to be expressed normally by erf − mutants. Circularization of the infecting circularly permuted, terminally repetitious phage DNA seems to be the essential step for which recombination is required. This idea is supported by the observation that an erf − phage can grow normally in rec − cytoplasm after induction of a lysogen; in this case the DNA is presumably circularized by the prophage excision mechanism. We conclude that recombination is essential to growth because the linear infecting DNA must be circularized by recombination. The inability to sustain DNA synthesis in the absence of recombination suggests that circularization is topologically essential to successful replication of the phage genome.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrical Properties of Poly(1-alkyl-2,5-pyrrylene vinylenes): New Low Band Gap Conducting Polymers

A series of poly(1-alkyl-2,5-pyrrylene vinylenes) (alkyl = methyl (la), hexyl (1b), dodecyl (lc)) have been synthesized from the monomers, 1-alkyl-2,5-bis(thiophenylmethylene)pyrrole (2), by base-induced elimination and polymerization. Characterization of the polymers includes IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy as well as TGA and molecular weight studies. Varying the nitrogen substituent on the pyrrole ring among methyl, hexyl, and dodecyl groups strongly affects their electrical properties. The resulting deep purple conjugated polymers (1b, lc) were soluble in a variety of organic solvents. The highest yield was obtained when the polymers were synthesized by refluxing in THF with a monomer/ base mole ratio of 1:4. The band gaps of the undoped polymers were 1.82 eV (la), 1.69 eV (1b), and 1.67 eV (lc).
Hierarchical Path Planning In Complex Domains

abstraction by using a hierarchical representation of the domain. The path planner makes use of a terrain map and a grid -level search algorithm to perform in-telligent path planning. The terrain map is made up of three types of objects, pixels, mapels and maps, eachcontaining information about the terrain. The grid - level search algorithm is a two-pass algorithm that uses these object representations. The results of thepath planner show various paths computed through complex terrain. 1. IntroductionPath planning is a central problem to mobile robot applications. Robots need a plan for getting fromtheir starting location to their final destination. This plan should produce a collision -free traverse to thedestination. Once this global path is found, the mobile robot executes it with only small deviations to allow for local obstacle avoidance. Hierarchical path planning is a technique for plan-ning paths at different levels of abstraction using a layered representation of the domain. This type ofpath planning works well in outdoor environments
The renavigation of Sea Beam bathymetric data between 9° N and 10° N on the East Pacific Rise

We present a gridded Sea Beam bathymetric map of a 5100 km2 area between 9° and 10° N on the East Pacific Rise (included as a color separate accompanying this issue). The raw bathymetric data are renavigated using a technique for calculating smooth adjustments to navigation that incorporates absolute constraints from satellite fixes and acoustically-located explosive shots, and relative constraints from the misfit of bathymetric data at ship track crossovers. We describe a back-projection technique for gridding the bathymetric data that incorporates an approximation for the power distribution within a narrow-beam echo sounding system and accounts for the variable uncertainties associated with multi-beam data. The nodal separation of the resulting map is ~ 80 m in both latitude and longitude, and the sampling of grid points within a 60 × 85 km2 region is in excess of 99%. A formal analysis of variance is applied to the gridded bathymetric data. For each grid point, the difference between the variance of data from within a track versus data from between tracks provides an upper bound on the magnitude of bathymetric misfits arising from navigational errors. The renavigation results in an 88% reduction in this quantity. We also examine the effects of renavigation on the misfit of magnetic and gravity data at crossovers and compare our results with other bathymetric surveys. A striking feature of the final bathymetric map is the sinuous regional shape of the rise axis. In plan view, the local trend of morphology sometimes varies by up to 15° and the distances separating changes in morphological trend are about 10–20 km. In cross section the slopes of the rise flanks are notably asymmetric and show some correlation with the offset of the axial magmatic system as detected by seismic methods.
Abstract 1326: Magnetization transfer MRI in pancreatic cancer xenograft models

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Tumor desmoplasia is a common hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the 4th leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Recent studies clearly indicate that desmoplasia actively facilitates disease progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Precise quantification of tumor fibrosis levels in PDAC may be critically important for patient staging and for the prediction or monitoring of responses to therapy. The current gold-standard for characterizing desmoplasia\_histologic analysis of biopsy samples\_is invasive and cannot avoid misrepresentation by reason of sampling error. Therefore, new methods to permit noninvasive quantification of fibrosis levels in PDAC would be particularly useful. Magnetization transfer (MT) MRI can be used to non-invasively probe dynamic physical processes involving the exchange of magnetization between sub-populations of free water protons and those water protons bound to tissue macromolecules. MT-MRI studies have demonstrated that MT contrast (MTC) can be highly sensitive to tissue collagen concentration, the primary component of desmoplasia. Thus, we hypothesized that desmoplasia-associated fibrosis levels in PDAC may be directly reflected in MT-MRI magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) measurements. The purpose of this study was to compare non-invasive MTR measurements to invasive histologic assessments of tumor fibrosis-levels in three mouse xenograft models of PDAC. In this study, MT MRI measurements were performed in 3 PDAC mouse xenograft models. For each of 28 PDAC xenografts, MTR were calculated and compared to histologic fibrosis levels from reference standard trichrome staining. MTR was found to be significantly higher in tumors grown using BxPC-3 cell line (39.4 ± 5.1, mean ± SD) compared to the MTR for the tumors grown from Panc-1 (32.4 ± 2.8) and Capan-1 (27.3 ± 2.9) cell lines (P < 0.05 for each comparison). Histologic measurements showed a similar trend with BxPC-3 tumors demonstrating significantly higher fibrosis levels (percentage of fibrotic tissue area, 6.48 ± 2.59) when compared to Panc-1 (3.54 ± 2.18) and Capan-1 (2.07 ± 1.60) tumors. MTR measurements were well correlated to quantitative fibrosis levels (r = 0.69, P = 0.01). Our results indicated that MTR measurements offer the potential to serve as a valuable in vivo biomarker of desmoplasia in PDAC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1326. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1326
Environmental Law and Policy in the People's Republic of China.

This book gives the clear message that China is aware of its environmental problems and firmly determined to seek solutions, with full recognition of present and future obstacles and giving due priority not only to legislation but also to the creation of the infrastructure required for its implementation. The authors present a well-ordered selection of pertinent articles by Chinese experts with helpful introductions and comments at strategic points. In addition, there are 160 pages of factual documentation, including the texts of the major laws and charts of the relevant government structures. The book has five parts. The first part provides a general introduction and overviews of environmental protection laws and policy. The other parts deal with control regulations for air and water pollution, noise, solid and toxic wastes, and marine resources protection; conservation of land, natural resources, and wildlife; enforcement, including incentives, registration, legal responsibility, and dispute resolution; and specific cases, including descriptions of actual court trials.
Pre-ischemic depletion of brain norepinephrine decreases infarct size in normothermic rats exposed to transient focal cerebral ischemia

This study examined the importance of brain norepinephrine concentration on outcome from a focal ischemic insult. Fasted temperature-controlled male Wistar rats pretreated with DSP-4, (N-(chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine), to selectively deplete brain norepinephrine, were subjected to reversible filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 75 min in the awake state. After 3 days recovery, total infarct volume in DSP-4 treated rats (185 +/- 107 mm3) was reduced vs. untreated control animals (242 +/- 71 mm3, P = 0.04). Subcortical infarct volume was also smaller in the DSP-4 group (93 +/- 44 vs. 121 +/- 28 mm3, P = 0.02). Cortical infarct volume was not statistically different between groups. Neurologic function correlated with infarct-size. These findings suggest that brain norepinephrine affects stroke development either by direct neuronal toxicity and/or through influences on the penumbral circulation. Dampening of the central stress response induced by the onset of stroke may thus be advantageous.
Fine-Scale Modeling of Global Plate Tectonics

The tectonic motions on the surface of Earth and much of its geological activity can be explained as a part of mantle convection. Relatively rigid lithospheric plates form the top, cold boundary layer of the convecting mantle, and the potential energy released during the cooling of the planet is balanced by viscous dissipation during deformation of mantle rocks ( 1 , 2 ). A theory of plate tectonics has to account for compositional and rock strength variations, both of which are affected by the dynamics of convective flow. Such behavior can lead to nonlinear feedback and result in heterogeneity, possibly down to sub-meter scale. On page 1033 of this issue, Stadler et al. ( 3 ) present a groundbreaking numerical model for plate tectonics that should help to resolve questions relating to how the strongly deforming and narrow plate boundaries form and evolve.
STATISTICAL STRATEGIES FOR ANIMAL CONSERVATION

Every time a particle of statistical method is properly used, fewer animals are employed than would otherwise have been necessary.1
An Analysis of Source Valence Instrumentation in the Organizational Communication Literature

This article reviews five source valence instruments reported in the literature, specifically designed to measure credibility, attraction, and homophily in the organizational context. As part of this analysis, the article examines studies from the literature using the constructs singly or in conjunction with one another, assesses the relative reliability estimates for these instruments through a meta-analysis of psychometric data associated with them, explores reasons for the recent decline in this line of research, and offers directions for future research.
Degree of goal-orientation, level of cognitive activity and electrodermal recovery rate.

Skin conductance and intensity of verbal responses were recorded while Ss performed reaction time and mental arithmetic tasks under high- and low-incentive conditions. Changes in external incentives for task performance produced no significant changes in recovery rate of skin conductance responses but led to responses of significantly greater amplitude. However, the percent change from rest-period responses produced by task performance was much greater in the case of recovery rate than in the case of amplitude. Changes in recovery rate were also not related to the intensity of verbal response associated with task performance. The slowing of recovery rate found during a timed arithmetic task appears to reflect a defensive response and is consistent with previous findings of a slowing of recovery rate in response to threat.
Composition measurement of tri-layer SiGe stack using broadband spectroscopic ellipsometry

This paper discusses the development and implementation of a Broadband Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (BBSE) composition measurement to characterize a tri-layer stack consisting of 2 SiGe layers of different Germanium concentrations topped by an epitaxial Si layer. The designed experiment wafer set and the composition model development based on AES and XRD reference data are discussed. The spectral sensitivity of the composition model and the correlation to reference metrology are shown. Wafer to wafer and within wafer variation, stability and tool to tool matching performance are quantified based on the implementation of the composition model as an inline measurement for a 20nm development vehicle. The paper arrives at the conclusion that BBSE is a feasible high throughput metrology option for this application, while leaving room for improvement in future revisions of the model.
The Ground State for Sticky Disks

It is proven that the ground state of the two-dimensional sticky potential is the triangular lattice.
AMNIOTIC EPITHELIAL CELL IMPLANTATION (AECI) IN LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASES

Human amniotic epithelium expresses very low levels of HLA antigens on the cell surface and is non-immunogenic when implanted subcutaneously into normal recipients (Nature 295: 325, 1982). Amniotic epithelial cells also produce several lysosomal hydrolases (Lancet 2: 1003, 1981). We performed AECI as possible enzyme replacement therapy in 5 patients, ages 22 mos-7 yrs, with heritable storage diseases. One patient had Gm1 gangliosidosis, two had Farber's disease, one had metachromatic leukodystrophy, and one had mucopolysaccharidosis I Hurler-Scheie compound. Human amnion was obtained from elective caesarean deliveries and implanted subcutaneously into recipients within 6 hr after procurement. All patients tolerated the implantation well. In the post-AECI period, serum and leukocyte samples were obtained from recipients and assayed for enzyme activity. Most patients also had quantitation of urinary substrate at selected times after AECI. All patients have been followed for 3-6 mos post implant. We have not detected any increased enzyme activity or alterations in urinary excretion of substrate after AECI, and no patient has demonstrated objective clinical improvement. In our experience, AECI is well tolerated but fails to provide a source of replacement enzyme in selected storage diseases.
Approaching Reason's Edge: “Nonsense” as the Final Solution to the Problem of Meaning

It has been noted that in order to make sense of the world, members must rely upon their assumption that Reality is noncontradictory in nature. This paper examines cases where members are confronted with what to them are irreconcilable contradictions. It is shown that through the use of concepts such as “nonsense,” members allow irreconcilable contradictions to count as evidence of a noncontradictory Reality.
Rural Communities and Transportation Equity in California's San Joaquin Valley

Smart growth policy and planning have tended to emphasize urban centers and regions, yet rural communities can also be important sites of innovation. Recent work demonstrated that these communities had surprisingly high levels of current and potential nonmotorized travel. Legislation in California mandates reductions in greenhouse gas emissions across all of the state's metropolitan planning organization (MPO) regions, including the heavily rural San Joaquin Valley. Advocates for rural communities are finding common cause with more traditional environmental organizations around the vision of investing in and enhancing extant rural places as an alternative to leapfrog patterns of urban and suburban sprawl. Because of existing patterns of extreme disparity and legion underserved unincorporated communities, analyses that can help integrate social equity within regional planning are needed to serve and empower rural residents. This paper presents the results of several new analyses of the social equity dimens...
Effect of Galactose-1-Phosphate on Glucose Oxidation by Normal and Galactosemic Leukocytes

During incubation with galactose, galactosemic leukocytes accumulated more galactose-l-phosphate than did normal leukocytes. Concomitant determination of glucose oxidation, with C14 glucose, revealed no inhibition of the hexosemonophosphate pathway. These results are at variance with recent studies in rat lens tissue, which suggests that intracellular galactose-1-phosphate depressed glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and the oxidative pathway.
Melatonin and a 21-aminosteroid attenuate shock after hemorrhage but differentially affect serum cytokines.

Melatonin and 21-aminosteroids (lazaroids) are potent antioxidants and may attenuate the increased membrane permeability associated with profound shock. Our purpose was to test the effect of melatonin and a lazaroid (U74389-G) on cytokine production and fluid requirements after shock. Methods: Male C3H/HeN mice, 20–25 g, were hemorrhaged via a femoral artery catheter to a mean arterial pressure of 35 ± 5 mm Hg, which was maintained for 1 hr, and then resuscitated with shed blood and crystalloid (2× vol of shed blood). Experimental mice received melatonin at 10 or 50 mg/kg, U74389-G at 3 mg/kg, or vehicle iv upon resuscitation, and blood was returned at 0.1 cc/min and crystalloid at 0.05 cc/min. The percentage of total crystalloid required to reach stabilization (mean arterial pressure remaining within 2 mm Hg for 5 min) was recorded. Animals were sacrificed at 1 hr postshock. Serum and anti-CD3-stimulated splenocyte culture supernatants were assayed for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and γ-IFN by ELISA. Results: Mice receiving lazaroid or melatonin (50 mg/kg) required significantly less fluid to reach stabilization, with lazaroid-treated animals requiring 24 ± 1% and melatonin-treated animals requiring 28 ± 2% of total crystalloid compared to 40 ± 3% for untreated animals. Melatonin-treated mice (50 mg/kg) had lower serum IL-6 levels (368 ± 154 vs 1078 ± 146 pg/ml) and lazaroid-treated mice had lower γ-IFN levels (7 ± 6 vs 52 ± 15 pg/ml) compared to those of the untreated group (P< 0.05). There were no differences in splenocyte cytokine production. Conclusions: Treatment with lazaroid and melatonin both reduced postshock fluid requirements. Melatonin reduced serum IL-6 levels, while lazaroid reduced serum γ-IFN levels, suggesting different mechanisms of action.