cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic Variants in Major Histocompatibility Complex-Linked Genes Associate With Pediatric Liver Transplant Rejection

Background & Aims: Limited access to large samples precludes genome-wide association studies of rare but complex traits. To localize candidate genes with family-based genome-wide association, a novel exploratory analysis was first tested on 1774 major histocompatibility complex single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 240 DNA samples from 80 children with primary liver transplantation and their biologic parents. Methods: Initially, 57 SNPs with large differences ( P Results: In hypothesis testing of selected SNPs, the gamete competition statistic identified the minor allele G of the SNP rs9296068, near HLA-DOA, as being significantly different ( P = .018) between outcome groups in parent-to-child transmission. Subsequent simple association testing confirmed over- and undertransmission of rs9296068 based on the most significant differences between outcome groups, of 1774 SNPs tested ( P = .002), and allele (G) frequencies that were greater among rejectors (51.4% vs 36.8%, respectively, P = .015) and lower among nonrejectors (26.8% vs 36.8%, respectively, P = .074) compared with 400 normal control Caucasian children. In early functional validation, rejectors demonstrated significant repression of the first HLA-DOA exon closest to rs9296068. Also, intragraft B lymphocytes, whose antigen-presenting function is selectively inhibited by HLA-DOA were 3-fold more numerous during rejection among rejectors with the risk allele, than those without. Conclusions: The minor allele of the SNP rs9296068 is significantly associated with liver transplantation rejection and with enhanced B-lymphocyte participation in rejection, likely because of a dysfunctional HLA-DOA gene product.
Effects of stimulation of frontal cortex on neuronal activity in association and sensory areas of the cortex

Electrical stimulation of frontal cortex of anesthetized cat suppressed or abolished responses of polysensory cells in association cortex to subsequent peripheral stimuli. The same frontal shock train enhanced subsequent evoked activity of approximately half the cells studied in primary auditory and visual areas of the cortex.
Programming for At-Risk Learners: A Preventive Approach.

Principals face a difficult challenge in providing leadership for programmingfor at-risk students. Offered here are a number of ideas for addressing thatchallenge.
Description of multi-quasiparticle bands by the tilted axis cranking model

Abstract The selfconsistent cranking approach is extended to the case of rotation about an axis which is tilted with respect to the principal axes of the deformed potential (Tilted Axis Cranking). Expressions for the energies and the intra bands electro-magnetic transition probabilities are given. The mean field solutions are interpreted in terms of quantal rotational states. The construction of the quasiparticle configurations and the elimination of spurious states is discussed. The application of the theory to high spin data is demonstrated by analyzing the multi-quasiparticle bands in the nuclides with N=102,103 and Z=71,72,73 .
Using Stereolithography Models in Planning Spinal Surgery

CT data of two patients was used to create computer generated 3-dimensional models of portions of their spines. One of the patients suffered from scoliosis and the other patient from tortecolis. The virtual models were then used to create stereolithography models in order to assist the planning of surgery of the two patients. The models increased the surgeons understanding of the deformations of the patients spines by providing a visualization tool. Also, the surgeon was able to use the models for patient education.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Effect on mortality of the 1974 fuel crisis.

THE 1974 fuel crisis was a natural experiment. It presented the opportunity to test the hypothesis that a decrease in vehicular exhaust fumes would have a beneficial effect on health. During the first quarter of 1974 retail gasoline sales were reduced by 9.5% in San Francisco and Alameda Counties, California. Total exhaust emissions were reduced by an even greater amount because of hoarding of fuel and lowered highway speed limits. To assess the possible effects of this selective decrease in pollution, mortality rates from these two counties were examined. The rates for the first quarter of 1974 were compared with corresponding rates from the first quarters of 1970–73.
A note on scoring clones given a probe ordering.

ABSTRACT We present an efficient algorithm for scoring clones given an ordering of probes under a schema proposed by Alizadeh et al. (1994) in the context of physical mapping with unique probes. Th...
Positive ∑ operations on ordinals and normal filters on greatly mahlo cardinals

If ℱ is a normal filter on a regular uncountable cardinal κ , let ║ f ║ be the ℱ-norm of an ordinal function f . We introduce the class of positive ordinal operations and prove that if F is a positive operation then ║ F(f) ║ ≥ F (║ f ║). For each η κ + let f η be the canonical η th function. We show that if F is a ∑ operation then F(f η ) = f F(η) . As an application we show that if κ is greatly Mahlo then there are normal filters on κ of order greater than κ + .
Changes in tubulin heterogeneity during postnatal development of rat brain.

Abstract Tubulin isolated from rat brain at various stages of postnatal development was subjected to isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. Multiple bands, indicative of the heterogeneity of the protein, were apparent at all developmental ages. When isoelectric focusing patterns of tubulin from brains of increasing developmental age were compared, changes in the distribution and relative intensities of the bands were observed. These changes were most pronounced between 8–12 days of age and were seen whether the tubulin was isolated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography or by successive cycles of assembly-disassembly. The isoelectric focusing pattern of tubulin isolated from the 22-day-old animal was indistinguishable from that of the protein obtained from 30-day-old rat brain. These developmental changes in tubulin heterogeneity may relate to changes in the assembly properties of the microtubule protein or may reflect age-dependent changes in the relative contributions of mitotic spindles, axons, dendrites, and glia to the total pool of tubulin in brain.
Mapping Kinect-based in-home gait speed to TUG time: a methodology to facilitate clinical interpretation

A methodology for mapping in-home gait speed (IGS), measured unobtrusively and continuously in the homes of older adults, to Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) time is presented. A Kinect-based gait system was used to collect in-home gait data on 15 older adults over time periods of up to 16 months. Concurrently, the participants completed a monthly clinician administered fall risk assessment protocol that included TUG and habitual gait speed (HGS) tests. A theoretical analysis of expected performance is presented, and the performance of the IGS-based TUG estimates is compared against that of estimates based on HGS measured at the same time as the TUG. Results indicate that the IGS-based estimates are as accurate as the HGS-based estimates as compared to the observed TUG times. After filtering the TUG times to reduce noise, the IGS-based estimates are more accurate. The mapping of in-home sensor data to well studied domains facilitates clinical interpretation of the in-home data.
Influence of adverse soil conditions on the formation and function of Arbuscular mycorrhizas

Abstract The majority of plants have mycorrhizal fungi associated with them. Mycorrhizal fungi are ecologically significant because they form relationships in and on the roots of a host plant in a symbiotic association. The host plant provides the fungus with soluble carbon sources, and the fungus provides the host plant with an increased capacity to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Adverse conditions are a pervasive feature in both natural and agronomic soils. The soil environment is constantly changing with regard to moisture, temperature and nutrient availability. In addition, soil properties are often manipulated to improve crop yields. In many cases, soils may be contaminated through disposal of chemicals that are toxic to plants and microorganisms. The formation and function of mycorrhizal relationships are affected by edaphic conditions such as soil composition, moisture, temperature, pH, cation exchange capacity, and also by anthropogenic stressors including soil compaction, metals and pesticides. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are of interest for their reported roles in alleviation of diverse soil-associated plant stressors, including those induced by metals and polychlorinated aliphatic and phenolic pollutants. Much mycorrhizal research has investigated the impact of extremes in water, temperature, pH and inorganic nutrient availability on mycorrhizal formation and nutrient acquisition. Evaluation of the efficacy of plant–mycorrhizal associations to remediate soils contaminated with toxic materials deserves increased attention. Before the full potential benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to reclaim contaminated soils can be realized, research advances are needed to improve our understanding of the physiology of mycorrhizae subjected to adverse physical and chemical conditions. This paper will review literature and discuss the implications of soil contamination on formation and function of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations.
Growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus when in the presence of Streptococcus lactis.

Streptococcus lactis was grown with Aspergillus parasiticus in modified APT broth. Three inoculation procedures were used: (a) S. lactis was grown 3 days, then conidia of A. parasiticus were added (SLAP), (b) both organisms were added simultaneously (ST) and (c) A. parasiticus was grown 3 days, then S. lactis was added (APSL). At 3, 6 and 10 days of incubation, contents of flasks were analyzed for growth of each organism, pH of broth and aflatoxin content. S. lactis did not survive past 3 days when grown alone. In ST cultures, S. lactis grew to the same extent as in the control at 3 days; it remained viable at a low level through 10 days. In APSL cultures, S. lactis growth was inhibited at 3 days but the bacterium survived through 7 days (10 days of mold growth) at reduced numbers. At 3 days there were no appreciable differences in growth of A. parasiticus. At 6 days, in ST and SLAP cultures, growth of the mold was inhibited, while in the APSL culture growth increased over that in the control. At 10 days, growth of mold was somewhat increased over the control in all test conditions. The pH of broth in the A. parasiticus control and APSL culture was 6 at 3 days, dropped to 4.5–4.6 at 6 days and rose to 7 by 10 days. In ST and SLAP cultures, the pH was at 4.1 at 3 days and rose to pH 7 by 10 days. Aflatoxin (B1 plus G1) content was lowest at 3 days and increased at 6 days. Between 6 and 10 days two patterns were observed. In APSL and SLAP cultures, aflatoxin content decreased, while it increased in the ST culture. These patterns occurred when aflatoxin content was expressed on a total or per gram of dried mycelium basis. At 3 days the amounts of aflatoxin B1 and G1 were approximately equal. Between 3–6 days the amount of G1 increased more rapidly than that of B1. Between 6 and 10 days in the ST culture, the amount of G1 increased at a slower rate than that of B1 while in SLAP and APSL cultures, the amount of G1 decreased more rapidly than that of B1. When a different lot of the same medium was used, aflatoxin production was greatly reduced. The pH of broth at all test conditions rose through the incubation period.
Executive function among preschool children: Unitary versus distinct abilities

Working memory (WM) and inhibitory control (IC) are considered related but separable executive functions (EFs) among adults and adolescents. Although available evidence suggests that these constructs have not diverged, especially among younger preschool children, questions remain regarding the age at which separable factors emerge.This study used confirmatory factor analysis to test a 2-factor model of EF among 289 preschool children whose ages ranged from 45 to 63 months (M = 55.74, SD = 7.56). As hypothesized, the model including separate but related factors provided a significantly better fit than a unitary model, indicating the presence of distinct WM and IC factors. Based on evidence that WM and IC measured during preschool relate differently to a variety of academic and behavioral outcomes, it was hypothesized that a model including separate factors for each EF would fit the observed data better than a single-factor model. Although the two-factor model provided the best fit for the full sample, the correlation between WM and IC factors was significantly higher for younger (ϕ = .95) than older (ϕ = .68) children, indicating increasing divergence as a function of age.
Antibody-Hapten Complexes for Imaging

The tumor uptake of covalently-radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies and their fragments is directly related to the integral of blood concentration over time, the highest tumor concentrations being obtained with whole antibody which has the longest biological half-life in the plasma (1,2,3). Higher tumor to background ratios can be obtained with F(ab′)2 or Fab fragments that disappear more rapidly than whole antibody from the blood but only at the cost of a lower absolute tumor concentration (1,2). Tumor concentration of whole antibody reaches a maximum in approximately one or two days but the major fraction continues to circulate for many days after due to the slow excretion of covalently labeled proteins. This prolonged retention of activity adds a large amount of useless radiation exposure to normal tissue, especially liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
Emotional Regulation: Considerations for School-Based Group Interventions.

School-based professionals have entered the 21st century with a heightened call to address the emotional and behavioral concerns of youth. While cognitive-behavioral therapies and psychoeducational groups have demonstrated moderate effects with children and adolescents, there is little available research to assist clinicians in refining treatments specific to child characteristics. This research protocol was developed to serve as evidence of targeted efficacy of a popular school-based prosocial group intervention while simultaneously investigating the relationship between emotional regulation and multiple developmental aspects of at-risk youth including intrapsychic, behavioral, and social-cognitive variables. The findings provide valuable information for refining goals for similar programs.
Caveolae Regulate Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Signaling as Identified with Imaging and a Systems Biology Approach

The goal of this study was to identify crucial signaling components at the plasma membrane and calculate their dynamic involvement of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) induced Smad signaling. This was achieved by integrating Family of Image Correlation Spectroscopy (FICS) data and molecular biology results with an approach of formulating a mathematical model followed by experimental verification.The lipid bilayer of cellular membranes is highly dynamic and heterogeneous consisting of domains enriched in distinct lipids such as sphingolipids and cholesterol. These domains are involved with the regulation of signal transduction pathways through membrane and receptor dynamics. One subset of these domains are flasked-shaped invaginations enriched in Caveolin-1, named caveolae. These domains regulate signaling.During development, BMP2 regulates the polarity of the embryo and determines cell fate during neurogenesis, osteogenesis and adipogenesis. BMP receptors (BMPRs) localize to distinct domains on the plasma membrane and shuttle between these domains in order to initiate signaling. However the dynamics underlying this initiation are poorly understood and it is challenging to integrate and analyze complex data from multiple experimental sources. Therefore we incorporated and connected the distribution and dynamics of BMPRs on the plasma membrane as measured by FICS and the effect of localization on signaling by molecular biological methods into a mathematical model. The model identified caveolae to be two times more involved in regulating BMP2 induced Smad signaling compared to other domains (65% of the total Smad signal). We verified the model experimentally by determining regions of Smad phosphorylation. This result derived from an integrated modeling-experimental approach revises current dogmas in cell biology and BMP signaling.
An anemometer for highly turbulent or recirculating flows

An anemometer which determines flow velocity by ionizing air and sensing the convective displacement of the ions is described. It is suited to measurement in low speed, highly unsteady gas flows. Comparisons to hot wire spectra suggest the corona anemometer has adequate frequency response to make it a useful tool for fluid dynamics measurement.
The analysis of multiple response simulation output data: experiments of comparison

Abstract Many researchers have investigated the design and analysis of uni-response simulation experiments. However, it is a rare system simulation that outputs only a single measure of effectiveness for analysis. Simulationists find that results must often be analyzed on more than one dimension. These measurements will, in all likelihood, be correlated. Thus far, research into the statistical design and analysis of multiple response simulation experiments has been sparse. This paper investigates the problem of multiple response in simulation experiments, current procedures used to solve this problem, and the relative advantages of multivariate statistical analysis for multiple response simulation output data. A simulation model of a simple M/M/s queueing system is used in order to facilitate this investigation and to illustrate the application of two multivariate statistical techniques appropriate for comparing system alternatives on two or more measures of effectiveness simultaneously.
Individual Inquiry Investigations in an Elementary Science Methods Course

This study explored how preservice teachers grew in their understanding of inquiry science through conducting an in-depth individual inquiry investigation in their science methods course. Elementary preservice teachers’ understanding about inquiry investigations, their attitudes towards the assignment, and their views towards using individual inquiry investigations in their own classrooms were studied through written reflections, science notebook writings, and researcher field notes. After conducting an out-of-class inquiry investigation based on their own questions and design, the preservice teachers demonstrated a variety of strengths in their understandings of inquiry-based teaching, their attitudes towards doing science, and their projected use of inquiry in their own classrooms. Weak areas included forming researchable questions and superficial experimental design.
The response density of irregular orbits in barred potentials

On a suivi plusieurs orbites irregulieres dans une barre plane sur des durees atteignant le temps de Hubble. On a etudie leur contribution a la densite de la barre ainsi que leur evolution sur la surface de section. Les orbites piegees le long de la barre jouent un role tres important dans l'existence de la barre
Vortex structure and dynamics in turbulence

Abstract The dynamics of vortex structures in turbulence have been investigated statistically in pseudospectral numerical simulations of moderate Reynolds number turbulence. Coherent features of vortex stretching dynamics, as manifested in the alignment of the vorticity vector with a principal axis of the rate of strain, are investigated with an emphasis on their time development in turbulence decay from a random gaussian field. In addition, we have observed a tendency in developed turbulence for velocity vectors to lie in the plane formed by the two principal stretching directions. These phenomena provide a mechanism for depletion of nonlinearity in turbulence. The spatial and temporal coherence of vortex structures has been further studied using recently developed techniques which combine dynamical visualisation with statistical sampling analysis.
Treatment of acne conglobata with infliximab

Acne conglobata is an uncommon nodulocystic condition that is often resistant to therapy. This disorder typically begins in adulthood and presents as numerous comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, abscesses, and draining sinus tracts involving the chest, back, and buttocks. These lesions frequently become secondarily infected with gram-positive bacteria and often heal with scarring. Pathology usually reveals inflammatory infiltrate around follicles, which can often disrupt the normal dermal architecture. Acne conglobata is particularly disfiguring and socially detrimental to patients because of its chronicity, severity, and treatment challenge.
TIM-3+ T cells are not exhausted but activated cells in the tumor microenvironment

Although T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (TIM-3) does not contain inhibitory or death signaling motifs in its cytoplasmic domain, it has been proposed to be associated with T cell suppression and/or exhaustion. However, several lines of evidence suggest that TIM-3 can stimulate T cells as a costimulatory molecule by coupling Src family tyrosine kinase Fyn and the p85 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) adaptor to TCR signaling. We examined the expression pattern and function of TIM-3 and other immune checkpoint receptors, CTLA-4 and PD-1 on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), compared to those of peripheral blood T lymphocytes (PBL) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). Here, we report that TIM-3+CD8+ TIL express higher granzyme B/perforin, more actively proliferate under anti-CD3/-CD28 stimulatory conditions, and are more resistant to activation induced cell death than TIM-3-CD8+ TIL, indicating TIM-3 can positively regulate T cell responses. Analysis of downstream signaling molecules including phosphorylated JAK/STAT-1, PD-1/SHP-2, and costimulatory CD137 in CD8+ TIL subsets supports our observation that TIM-3+CD8+ TIL are activated cells in HNC patients. However, PD-1 and CTLA-4 can negatively regulate immune responses of TIM-3+CD8+ and TIM-3+CD4+ TIL respectively. More importantly, neoadjuvant immunotherapy of HNC patients with the EGFR-specific mAb cetuximab increased both TIM-3 and PD-1 expression on CD8+ TIL, which was correlated with higher granzyme B/perforin expression in TIM-3+CD8+ TIL. Taken together, these findings suggest that TIM-3 functions as a positive regulator of activated T cells in the tumor microenvironment while CTLA-4 and PD-1 modulate the function of activated TIM-3+ TIL. We therefore suggest that TIM-3 can be used as a biomarker to indicate activation status of T cells in the tumor microenvironment depending on PD-1 co-expression, particularly in response to cancer therapy including cetuximab-based immunotherapy.
Suppression of allogeneic T-cell proliferation by human marrow stromal cells: implications in transplantation.

Background Marrow stromal cells (MSC) can differentiate into multiple mesenchymal tissues. To assess the feasibility of human MSC transplantation, we evaluated the in vitro immunogenicity of MSC and their ability to function as alloantigen presenting cells (APC). Methods. Human MSC were derived and used in mixed cell cultures with allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Expression of immunoregulatory molecules on MSC was analyzed by flow cytometry. An MSC-associated suppressive activity was analyzed using cell-proliferation assays and enzyme-linked immunoassays. Results. MSC failed to elicit a proliferative response when cocultured with allogeneic PBMC, despite provision of a costimulatory signal delivered by an anti-CD28 antibody and pretreatment of MSC with γ-interferon. MSC express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-3 antigens constitutively and MHC class II and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 antigens upon γ-interferon treatment but do not express CD80, CD86, or CD40 costimulatory molecules. MSC actively suppressed proliferation of responder PBMC stimulated by third-party allogeneic PBMC as well as T cells stimulated by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. Separation of MSC and PBMC by a semipermeable membrane did not abrogate the suppression. The suppressive activity could not be accounted for by MSC production of interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β1, or prostaglandin E2, nor by tryptophan depletion of the culture medium. Conclusions. Human MSC fail to stimulate allogeneic PBMC or T-cell proliferation in mixed cell cultures. Unlike other nonprofessional APC, this failure of function is not reversed by provision of CD28-mediated costimulation nor γ-interferon pretreatment. Rather, MSC actively inhibit T-cell proliferation, suggesting that allogeneic MSC transplantation might be accomplished without the need for significant host immunosuppression.
A comparison of cortical afterdischarge patterns in the cat and rabbit.

SummarySeizures have been elicited by electrical stimulation of the ectosylvian cortex of cats and the cortex acusticus of rabbits with chronically implanted cortical electrodes. The animals were stimulated once only on every other day. Several distinct differences in the cortical afterdischarge and overt seizure patterns were observed between the two species. First, in the cat, an overt seizure always accompanied the bilaterally distributed afterdischarge, while in the rabbit the afterdischarge frequently was elicited in the absence of an overt seizure. Second, in the cat, there was a clear difference between the seizure and the post-seizure periods, both overtly and electrically. Such was not the case in the rabbit. Last, the seizure duration was relatively stable in the cat after a few trials. In contrast, in the rabbit, the duration varied inconsistently from trial to trial.
Use of Psychotria punctata Callus in Study of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Idioblast Formation

Summary Callus derived from Psycbotria punctata VATKE, grown on a modified Linsmaier and Skoog agar medium in the dark, produces calcium oxalate raphide crystal idioblasts. The callus was used to study factors involved in calcium oxalate crystal idioblast formation. The synthesis of oxalate in the callus was also explored. The number of crystal idioblasts formed per unit volume of callus varied directly with calcium concentration of the medium. Adding oxalate to the medium decreased the number of idioblasts probably because of calcium precipitation. During induced exogenous calcium deficiency, when calcium was absent, the callus lost crystals that had formed prior to the deficiency. L-ascorbic acid, an oxalate precursor in some plants, stimulated idioblast formation when added to the medium at low concentrations. At higher concentrations it inhibited idioblast formation. Lycorine, an inhibitor of L-ascorbic acid synthesis, had no substantial effect on idioblast formation. Allopurinol (4-hydroxypyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine) and α-HPMS (2-pyridylhydroxymethanesulfonic acid), both inhibitors of enzyme-catalyzed reactions capable of converting glycolate or glyoxylate to oxalate, caused a large decrease in idioblast formation. Crystal idioblast formation and growth were inhibited as callus turned green in light. The results show that Psycbotria callus is useful in studying the factors controlling induction and development of crystal idioblasts. The availability of calcium and oxalate, and idioblast initiation are definitely related. Glycolate and/or glyoxylate are the probable precursors of oxalate in the callus, although metabolism of exogenously supplied L-ascorbic acid may also give rise to oxalate.
Understanding high numerical aperture optical lithography

Abstract This paper explores fundamental imaging phenomena that become appreciable as the numerical aperture (NA) of imaging lenses increase beyond 0.5. A high NA imaging model is formulated based on plane wave decomposition of the imaging lens exit pupil. The model shows that for NAs above about 0.55, linear polarized illumination gives rise to “astigmatic” effects in the image. Photoresist exposures in polarized light on a 0.55 NA stepper show ≈1% x-y linewidth differences in experimental tests.
The sequence of ultrastructural changes in cultured neurons after dendrite transection

Cultured mouse spinal neurons were fixed at three different intervals after dendrite amputation: within the first 15 min, at 2 h and at 24 h. Dendrites were amputated at lesion distance of either 50 μm (31% probability of cell survival) or 100 μm (53% probability of cell survival) from the edge of their perikarya. When fixed within 15 min, operated neurons showed a two-phase gradient of ultrastructural damage which spread from the transection site towards the perikaryon. At 2 h after dendrite amputation all neurons operated close to their perikarya were categorized as either viable, moribund or dead, based on their appearance with phase contrast microscopy. These categories of response to physical trauma corresponded to distinctly different ultrastructural changes. Moribund neurons were filled with membrane-bound vesicles which were derived from swollen mitochondria and grossly dilated cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The cytoplasm of dead neurons contained large clear areas and many condensed, dark mitochondria. Both moribund and dead neurons lacked cytoskeletal elements. All of these ultrastructural changes are hypothesized to be the result of an increase in the intracellular concentrations of free calcium. Although evidence of residual mitochondrial swelling was present in some surviving neurons at 24 h, the ultrastructure of others was comparable to that of control cells. Some surviving neurons had terminal swellings at the ends of the severed neurites which were very similar to retraction balls of transected axons after CNS trauma.
The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Lyn controls neutrophil adhesion by recruiting the CrkL−C3G complex and activating Rap1 at the leading edge

Establishing new adhesions at the extended leading edges of motile cells is essential for stable polarity and persistent motility. Despite recent identification of signaling pathways that mediate polarity and chemotaxis in neutrophils, little is known about molecular mechanisms governing cell–extracellular-matrix (ECM) adhesion in these highly polarized and rapidly migrating cells. Here, we describe a signaling pathway in neutrophils that is essential for localized integrin activation, leading edge attachment and persistent migration during chemotaxis. This pathway depends upon Gi-protein-mediated activation and leading edge recruitment of Lyn, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the Src kinase family. We identified the small GTPase Rap1 as a major downstream effector of Lyn to regulate neutrophil adhesion during chemotaxis. Depletion of Lyn in neutrophil-like HL-60 cells prevented chemoattractant-induced Rap1 activation at the leading edge of the cell, whereas ectopic expression of Rap1 largely rescued the defects induced by Lyn depletion. Furthermore, Lyn controls spatial activation of Rap1 by recruiting the CrkL–C3G protein complex to the leading edge. Together, these results provide novel mechanistic insights into the poorly understood signaling network that controls leading edge adhesion during chemotaxis of neutrophils, and possibly other amoeboid cells.
Musical expectancy: The influence of musical structure on emotional response

When examining how emotions are evoked through music, the role of musical expectancy is often surprisingly under-credited. This mechanism, however, is most strongly tied to the actual structure of the music, and thus is important when considering how music elicits emotions. We briefly summarize Leonard Meyer's theoretical framework on musical expectancy and emotion and cite relevant research in the area.
Complexes of starch polysaccharides and poly (ethylene co-acrylic acid) : structure and stability in solution

SYNOPSIS Chiroptical methods have been used to study the conformation and interactions of amylose and amylopectin with poly (ethylene co-acrylic acid) (EAA) in aqueous solution. These studies, along with X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR data, show that amylose and EAA, as well as amylopectin and EAA, form helical V -type inclusion complexes when mixed in aqueous suspension. This structure apparently accounts for the partial compat­ ibility observed in films containing starch and EAA. About i by weight of EAA does not interact with amylose and probably represents the ethylene-rich central core of the EAA micelle. EAA/amylose complexes in 10 mM NaOH were stable to temperatures> 90°C, whereas EAAIamylopectin complexes in the same solvent were largely disrupted at this temperature. Urea, at a concentration of 8 M, further destabilized both EAAIamylopectin and EAAIamylose complexes. Solutions with an alkaline pH (> 9.5) dispersed EAA op­ timally and allowed maximum complexing with amylose. At pH values> 13, the EAAI amylose complexes were weaker, most likely due to electrostatic repulsion between ionized hydroxyl groups of amylose and carboxyl groups of EAA.
MEASUREMENT OF GRAIN BOUNDARY PARAMETERS BY LASER-SPOT PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY.

An experimental technique has been developed to study the electrical properties of semiconductor grain boundaries (GBs) by a focused laser beam. The laser beam is trained on a GB while the photoconductivity of the sample is measured. Both the steady-state and transient signals are recorded as functions of temperature. From these data, we obtain well-defined GB parameters, including the barrier height, interface charge density, trap energy and thermal capture cross-section. This technique allows us to examine localized regions of individual GBs in a semiconductor with multiple grains.
The Milledoler Funeral

The article concerns a painting of the funeral of Philip Milledoler (1775-1852), Rutgers' fifth president 1825-1840). The author provides a transcription of the author's father's (Rev. Dr. Cormelius Brett's) memory of the service and an explanation of the picture.
Variability of particulate trace element emissions from the Columbia coal-fired power plant, Portage, Wisconsin

Abstract Variability of particulate emissions from two pulverized-coal power plants was characterized over a 1 year period. Parameters evaluated for both total particles and 16 individual elements included volume concentrations, mass emission rates, enrichment factors, and size distributions. In general, variations over several weeks or more were much larger than those within a given day. The latter were often less than experimental error. Small particles were strongly enriched in As, Ba, Br, Cr, Se, Sb, and Zn. Weak or no enrichment was observed for Ce, Co, Eu, Fe, Hf, La, Na, Sc, and Th. Concentrations of individual elements varied by as much as 10 times at a given particle size, and the extent of small particle enrichment varied greatly between individual samples. Compositional correlations among submicron particles suggest the importance of coal mineralogy and combustion chemistry in determining behavior. The two combustion units were generally similar in behavior, although the newer unit often emitted a factor of 3 less particulate mass with somewhat smaller particle size. The Washington Mark III impactor with Teflon substrates adequately separated particles in lower stages but did not prevent small particles from being trapped on the upper stages.
Does It Pay to Wait? The Paths of Posted Prices and Ticket Composition for the Final Four and Super Bowl:

A couple of weeks before the 2012 Super Bowl, Andrew Lehren of The New York Times advised fans wanting tickets to be “patient,” because prices in secondary ticket markets tend to fall “precipitously” as the time to kickoff nears. Using data compiled from SeatGeek.com on more than 46,000 ticket postings in the two weeks prior to the 2013 Super Bowl and more than 18,000 ticket postings prior to the 2012 NCAA Final Four, we find that average prices decreased in the last few days prior to these events, reaching their lowest levels on the mornings before kickoff and first tipoff. This evidence seems to support Lehren's recommendation that savvy fans should wait until the last minute to buy their tickets. But, we also show that savvy fans can often find similar or better bargains much earlier in the week by searching the available inventory. The greater variation in posted prices earlier in the week implies that fans can often find better bargains by searching than by being patient, especially for super-premium...
Chemotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the lung with 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and CCNU (FCC)

Thirty-one adult patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung were treated with FCC chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cyclophosphamide, and CCNU every 4 weeks. Thirteen patients received 5-FU orally (POF) at the dose of 400 mglm2/day in 4 divided daily doses for 5 days, whereas 18 patients received 5-FU at the dose of 800 mglm2/day for 5 days as a continuous intravenous infusion (CIF). All patients received cyclophosphamide and CCNU orally at doses of 200 mglm21day for 4 days and 40 mglm21day for 2 days, respectively. The overall response was 22%. Response was greater in patients treated with FCC-CIF (414 vs. 1/9; p = 0.6), in patients with limited disease (a13 vs. 1/10: p = 0.5), and in patients with good performance status, (416 vs. 117). The overall median survival duration was 9 months. The patients who achieved tumor regression survived significantly longer than patients who had disease stabilization (medim, 21 vs. 9 months; p = 0.01), and the latter survived significantly longer than patients who had progressive disease (median, 9 vs. 2.5 months; p = 0.003). There was no significant difference in survival duration in the two FCC-treated groups. Pretreatment extent of disease and performance status did not influence the survival of patients. However, the FCC-CIF-treated group contained a greater number of patients with extensive disease and poor performance status. Further investigations are indicated to evaluate the efficacy of 5-fluorouracil administered by continuous intravenous infusion in combination with cyclophosphamide and CCNU in bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer 449358463, 1979.
The electronic medical record: its role in disseminating depression guidelines in primary care practice.

Objective: Using the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Depression Guideline Panel’s recommendations as its focus, this article describes a step-by-step approach for disseminating a paper-based depression guideline to primary care physicians via a commercially available electronic medical record (EMR) system. Method: Description of the author’s approach to disseminate an evidence-based depression treatment guideline to a group of primary care physicians using a commercially available EMR system and to evaluate the results. Results: We review clinical considerations and practical barriers faced in this process with the expectation that our experiences can guide others attempting to disseminate psychiatric treatment guideline via EMR systems. Conclusions: The EMR offers critical efficiencies in disseminating state-of-the-art clinical practice guidelines and in directing the primary care physicians’ use of them. Still, well-designed, randomized controlled trials are necessary to demonstrate their effectiveness at enhancing patient outcomes for major depression in primary care settings. (Int’l. J. Psychiatry in Medicine 1999;29:267-286)
Exploring the relationship between humility and perceived charisma: role of gender

The present paper investigates the association between humility and perceived leader charisma. We argue that leader humility can be perceived as a “quiet form” of charisma (Owens & Hekman, 2012), a...
Activity of Small Mammals as Recorded by a Photographic Device

Activity of small mammals in relation to time of day and various weather conditions was studied during April, May, October and November, 1960, in grassy vegetation located one mile south of Haslett, Ingham County, Michigan. The activity was recorded by means of a two-box photographic apparatus. One box, containing a camera with a synchronized flash, was set on one side of a surface runway used by small mammals. The other box, containing climatological instruments, a millimeter rule, and a clock, was set on the opposite side of the runway. This latter box was arranged in such a way that when an animal activated the apparatus by stepping on a treadle set in the runway, a photograph was then taken of the animal against a background of the dials of the instruments. The photographic records showed that the shorttail shrew, Blarina brevicauda , and the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus , were the most common mammals in the habitat studied. The records were analyzed statistically with respect to the environmental conditions that were present when each of these species was photographed in the runways. Both species were active in runways chiefly at night, although in autumn the shorttail shrew was more active in daylight than the meadow vole. In general, activity of both species showed poor correlation with changes in such environmental factors as temperature, humidity, barometric pressure and periods of precipitation. Activity, therefore, was influenced principally by an intricate interplay of all factors combined.
FREQUENCY OF STIMULATION DURING EARLY LIFE AND SUBSEQUENT EMOTIONALITY IN THE RAT

Summary.-Berween 1 to 10 and 22 to 32 days of age rats were subjected to 3 min. of handling or electric shock at frequencies of 0, M, 1, 2, or 4 times daily. Frequency of stimulation exerted significant effects either independently or in interaction with the age at which the manipulation occurred. For animals manipulated during the first 10 days of life, the relationship between magnitude of stimulation and emotional reactivity was curvilinear; stimulation at frequencies of up to 2 periods per day reduced emotionality, whereas emotionality in animals receiving 4 periods of stimulation per day tended to return to the level shown by control animals. It has been hypothesized (Denenberg, 1964) chat "emotional reactivity is reduced as a monotonic function of amount of scimulus input in infancy." Considering the interaction bctween level of emotional reactivity and difficulry of the cask required of the organism, it is proposed, further, that this inverse relationship between magnitude of stimulation during early life and subsequent emorional reactivity is reflecred in performance curves which may be described as inverted U-shaped functions. The most direct evidence in support of this hypothesis comes from thc study by Denenberg (1962) in which magnitude of stimulus input was manipulated by varying the number of days on which infant rats were handled. The dependent variables in this sntdy were body weight, performance in an avoidrnce conditioning situation, and survival time under food and water deprivation. Relevant data on emotional reactivity, per se, are also cited by Denenberg ( 1964). However, in these latter experiments (Denenberg & Smith, 1963; Levine, 1957, 1958; Lindholm, 1962) either the number of days or the type of manip~ilacion was varied, and in each instance only three levels of stimulation were involved. Moreover, other data, based on three and sometimes four distinguislable degrees of srimitl~~s inpur, offer no support for this hypothesis (Ader, 1965; Denenberg & Smith, 1963; Goldman, 1962; Parsons, 1962; Salama & Hurt, 1964; Sailer, 1962). It would be premamre, there
Phosphorylation of calmodulin on threonine residue(s) by cytosol prepared from the adrenal cortex

During the course of experiments examining Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein phosphorylation by cytosol prepared from the outer and inner zones of the guinea pig adrenal cortex, it appeared that the calmodulin added to incubation mixtures was undergoing phosphorylation. This was subsequently confirmed by immunoprecipitation following phenylSepharose purification of the phosphocalmodulin. The phosphorylation of calmodulin was maximal in the absence of calcium, and markedly increased by the presence of poly-basic amino acids. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that calmodulin was phosphorylated exclusively on threonine residue(s). It was of interest to note that the phosphorylation of calmodulin was always considerably more intense with the cytosol prepared from the inner adrenocortical zone than with cytosol prepared from the outer zone.
Evaluation of tissue collection for postmortem studies of bipolar disorder.

Objectives: Postmortem human brain is a valuable resource for studying the neuropathology, neurochemistry, and molecular pathways of genes associated with bipolar disorder (BPD), yet available, well-characterized BPD brain tissue appears scarce. We set out to evaluate BPD postmortem brain collections in order to identify both successful methods as well as barriers to collection. Methods: We conducted a literature review of postmortem studies of BPD over the past 30 years, compared and contrasted characteristics of established BPD collections, and identified possible barriers specific to BPD brain collection based on our experience at the NIMH Brain Collection. Results: Currently, 80% of postmortem BPD studies were derived from just two brain repositories worldwide: the Stanley Brain Collection (69%) and Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center (HBTRC) (11%) (combined subjects n = 72). The NIMH Brain Collection collected BPD cases four times less frequently than cases with schizophrenia, despite similar prevalence rates for these disorders. Only 53% of cases referred to the NIMH collection as BPD met DSM-IV criteria, with inadequate documentation and comorbid substance abuse as primary confounds for diagnosis in the remaining 47% of cases. Conclusions: Accurate identification and diagnosis of BPD is a central obstacle to BPD brain collection. Comorbid substance abuse and manner of death are two of many critical factors to consider in BPD postmortem studies. Difficulties in BPD brain collection, coupled with the cessation of brain collection by the Stanley Brain Collection, make the need for alternative BPD brain sources imperative. Recommendations for future BPD tissue collection are offered.
The effect of solvent polarity upon rotational barriers in nikethamide

Abstract In summary, dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to study the hindered internal rotation of the amide bond of the analeptic nikethamide. The rotatory motion of this bond was studied in a series in a series of solvents of increasing polarity: CDCl3, CH3(CH2)3OD, CH3CH2OD, CH3OD and D2O. Motion about the amide bond was increasingly hindered in direct proportion to solvent polarity, correlating with enhanced hydrogen bond formation between nikethamide and the more polar solvent molecules. Diethylamide group motion would be expected to affect binding to the carbonyl oxygen to cholinergic receptor sites. The degree to which association to a receptor site can be affected by this rotatory motion may vary from 0 to 4 kcal/mole, the variability being entirely dependent upon the polarity of the binding site. An increase in rotamer lifetime, corresponding to a more polar environment, would be expected to enhance the kinetics of nikethamide association to the receptor site.