cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety checking of kernel extensions

There are many places in operating systems today where extending the running kernel with small and fast extensions is an interesting thing to do. For example, the Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF) allows code for a virtual machine to be uploaded intoa running kernel and executed at packet reception, allowing fairly arbitrary filtering of packets before they cross the expensive kernel to user interface. Whatever mechanism is used needs to provide some reasonable guarantees about the safety of the resulting code, which makes this problem complex. This paper describes a simple x86 bytecode verifier that is intended to be used to verify that a small program that is to be loaded obeys a reasonable safety policy. For program constructs that it is able to reason about, it can verify that code does not execute privileged instructions, only accesses known memory locations, and terminates. It cannot reason about arbitrary programs, but can reason about simple programs and developers that know the prover's limitations can write their code to be recognizable by the verifier. The contribution of this work is to show that a very limited prover can operate on native machine code and can efficiently reason about a small but still interesting set of programs.
Higher Salaries or Higher Pensions? Inferring Preferences from Teachers' Retirement Behavior

Many US workers receive a large portion of their lifetime compensation in the form of retirement pensions. How do changes in pensions vis a vis salaries affect labor supply and retirement? This paper examines the retirement responses to a reform that changed salaries and pensions of public school teachers in a staggered fashion. On one hand, the reform lowered older teachers' gross salaries and, in turn, their future pension benefits; on the other it increased employees' contributions to the pension fund, lowering net salaries but leaving pensions unchanged. I use the staggered timing of implementation of these two provisions to estimate bounds to the income and substitution effects of salaries and pensions. These estimates suggest large substitution effects and more moderate income effects. They also indicate that workers are more responsive to changes in salaries than to equally sized changes in pensions. I find support for three possible explanations for this finding: a) a lack of salience/information on pensions, and b) credit constraints. I use the estimated elasticities to evaluate the effect of an alternative budget-saving policy that reduces pensions instead of net salaries. This alternative policy would lead to fewer, older, and lower-quality teachers retiring compared with the actual reform.
Increasing Medical Trainees' Empathy Through Volunteerism and Mentorship.

Background:Within medical education, there have been recent calls for increased understanding and exposure to poverty to increase trainees’ empathy toward the underserved. Students participating in...
High-Resolution Extremity Cone-Beam CT with a CMOS Detector: Evaluation of a Clinical Prototype in Quantitative Assessment of Bone Microarchitecture.

Purpose: A prototype high-resolution extremity cone-beam CT (CBCT) system based on a CMOS detector was developed to support quantitative in vivo assessment of bone microarchitecture. We compare the performance of CMOS CBCT to an amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) FPD extremity CBCT in imaging of trabecular bone. Methods: The prototype CMOS-based CBCT involves a DALSA Xineos3030 detector (99 μm pixels) with 400 μm-thick CsI scintillator and a compact 0.3 FS rotating anode x-ray source. We compare the performance of CMOS CBCT to an a- Si:H FPD scanner built on a similar gantry, but using a Varian PaxScan2530 detector with 0.137 mm pixels and a 0.5 FS stationary anode x-ray source. Experimental studies include measurements of Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) for the detectors and in 3D image reconstructions. Image quality in clinical scenarios is evaluated in scans of a cadaver ankle. Metrics of trabecular microarchitecture (BV/TV, Bone Volume/Total Volume, TbSp, Trabecular Spacing, and TbTh, trabecular thickness) are obtained in a human ulna using CMOS CBCT and a-Si:H FPD CBCT and compared to gold standard μCT. Results: The CMOS detector achieves ~40% increase in the f20 value (frequency at which MTF reduces to 0.20) compared to the a-Si:H FPD. In the reconstruction domain, the FWHM of a 127 μm tungsten wire is also improved by ~40%. Reconstructions of a cadaveric ankle reveal enhanced modulation of trabecular structures with the CMOS detector and soft-tissue visibility that is similar to that of the a-Si:H FPD system. Correlations of the metrics of bone microarchitecture with gold-standard μCT are improved with CMOS CBCT: from 0.93 to 0.98 for BV/TV, from 0.49 to 0.74 for TbTh, and from 0.9 to 0.96 for TbSp. Conclusion: Adoption of a CMOS detector in extremity CBCT improved spatial resolution and enhanced performance in metrics of bone microarchitecture compared to a conventional a-Si:H FPD. The results support development of clinical applications of CMOS CBCT in quantitative imaging of bone health.
Pragmatic versus form-based accounts of referential contrast: evidence for effects of informativity expectations.

Characterizing the relationship between form-based linguistic knowledge and representation of context has long been of importance in the study of on-line language processing. Recent experimental research has shown evidence of very rapid effects of referential context in resolving local indeterminacies on-line. However, there has been no consensus regarding the nature of these context effects. The current paper summarizes recent work covering a range of phenomena for which referential contrast has been shown to influence on-line processing, including prenominal and postnominal modification, focus operators, and intonational focus. The results of the body of work suggest that referential context effects are not limited to situations in which the linguistic form of the utterance directly specifies the point of contact with context. Rather, context effects of a pragmatic, Gricean nature appear to be possible, suggesting the relationship between linguistic form and context in rapid on-line processing can be of a very indirect nature.
CO Binding to and Metal-Ion Valencies of the Femo-Cofactor in CO-Inhibited Nitrogenase

When Mo-nitrogenase undergoes enzymatic turnover in the presence of CO, the S = 3/2 cofactor signal is replaced by two different S = 1/2 signals, one (lo-CO; g = 2.09, 1.97, 1.93) at low pressure (0.08 atm) and the other (hi-CO; g = 2.06, 2.06, 2.17) at high pressure (0.5 atm). Using 13C and 57Fe Q-band ENDOR spectroscopy with Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase, we recently showed (Pollock et al, 1995; Christie et al, 1996) that these signals arise from CO bound to the cofactor, where lo-CO corresponds to one CO molecule and hi-CO contains two CO’s. The mechanistic relationship between the two CO molecules has also been revealed through pulse-chase experiments showing that one of the two CO molecules bound to the cofactor in hi-CO arises from the single CO in lo-CO. We now extend those measurements to probe the mode and region of CO binding to the cofactor as well as determine the metal-ion valencies of the cofactor in both the resting state and the CO-bound state.
Basis of Property Acquired by Gifts

The authors discuss the calculation of the gift tax on basis. The regulation, which most practitioners follow, is incorrect, giving the taxpayer a higher basis. If the taxpayer follows the regulation (to his advantage) he violates tax codes. If he follows the codes (to his disadvantage) he violates an interpretive regulation. Since the Supreme Court has ruled that the IRS can change its mind retroactively, taxpayers should follow the code even though it is to his disadvantage.
Aquatic macroinvertebrate community responses to wetland mitigation in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.

Wetlands are critical components of freshwater biodiversity and provide ecosystem services, but human activities have resulted in large‐scale loss of these habitats across the globe. To offset this loss, mitigation wetlands are frequently constructed, but their ability to replicate the functions of natural wetlands remains uncertain. Further, monitoring of mitigation wetlands is limited and often focuses exclusively on vegetation and physical characteristics. Wetland fauna are assumed to be present if suitable habitat restoration is achieved, but this assumption is rarely tested. We used the macroinvertebrate community as a proxy for wetland function to compare recently created mitigation wetlands, natural wetlands impacted but not destroyed by road construction activity, and unimpacted reference wetlands along a highway corridor in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Unlike most other studies of invertebrate communities in created wetlands which have occurred in warm climates, our study area has a cold temperate climate with short growing seasons. We estimated macroinvertebrate taxonomic richness and used linear models to test for effects of wetland design features (wetland age, isolation, depth, vegetation, size, and pH) on invertebrate richness. We also used non‐metric multidimensional scaling to visualise differences in community composition among wetland types and used indicator species analysis to determine which taxa were causing observed differences. Taxonomic richness of macroinvertebrates was lower in created wetlands than impacted or reference wetlands, whereas richness was similar in impacted and reference wetlands. Wetland age was positively correlated with taxonomic richness. The amount of aquatic vegetation in wetlands had the greatest influence on taxonomic richness, so that recently created wetlands with little vegetation had the simplest invertebrate communities. Community composition of invertebrates in created wetlands also differed from community composition in reference and impacted wetlands. Most notably, created wetlands lacked some passive dispersers that were common in other wetland types, although we found no relationship between taxonomic richness and wetland isolation. Overall, constructed wetlands had diminished and altered macroinvertebrate communities relative to reference and impacted wetlands, suggesting that periods in excess of 5 years may be required for wetland mitigation projects in cold temperate climates to attain full functionality.
Forgiveness: Moving on can be healthy:

Forgiveness as a procedure has been gaining prominence. The objective of this article is to provide the basics of forgiveness as an intervention so primary care clinicians can facilitate its use. These clinicians include but are not limited to physicians, nurses, medical assistants, pharmacy professionals, physical therapists, social workers, psychologists, case managers, and clergy. This narrative explains the rationale for understanding forgiveness as a procedure and ways to explain it. To assist clinicians and patients in making informed decisions, samples of forgiveness research are included that describe its positive relationship to specific physical health situations. The article also describes an evidence-based forgiveness therapy, circumstances in which it is harmful to forgive oneself or others, describes the limitations of this article, and suggests future directions.
Criminal Records, Positive Employment Credentials, and Race:

Objectives:To assess the impact of positive credentials on perceptions of individuals with criminal records and whether the effects of credentials differ by the type of conviction or the criminal r...
Incorporating Cyber Resilience into Computable General Equilibrium Models

Most countries are becoming increasingly dependent on cyber inputs for business, government, and private pursuits. Disruptions of the cyber system can therefore have extensive economic consequences. Resilience is a major way to reduce consequences such as business interruption after the disaster strikes by promoting business continuity and recovery. One approach to analyzing and measuring its effectiveness is to incorporate resilience into economic consequence analysis models of various types, such as Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. These models have several attractive properties that make them especially valuable, including being based on behavioral responses of individual producers and consumers, having a role for prices and markets, having the ` to trace economic interdependence, and being based on a non-linear structure that can reflect flexibility of various components. Cyber resilience is a case of economic resilience, pertaining to preventing: (1) supply-side reduction of cyber product and service disruptions to direct and indirect down-stream customers, which also reduces disruptions to the cyber sectors’ own direct and indirect up-stream suppliers; and (2) demand-side reduction by customers of their losses from cyber disruptions, which also reduces further upstream and downstream losses. We summarize established and new methodological advances in explicitly incorporating cyber resilience into CGE models. Several types of resilience are inherent, or already naturally included, in CGE models in relation to their core focus (e.g., substitution of inputs in relation to the input scarcity and the allocative mechanism of price signals). Other types of resilience are adaptive in terms of ad hoc reactions after the disaster strikes (e.g., business relocation and lining up new suppliers from within or outside the affected area). Our framework for incorporating various cyber resilience tactics into CGE models is based on economic production theory in relation to decisions regarding inputs and outputs. We explain the methodological refinements needed and provide real world examples of cyber resilience tactics.
DNA Release from a Modified Electrode Triggered by a Bioelectrocatalytic Process

DNA release from an electrode surface was stimulated by application of a mild electrical potential (0 V vs Ag/AgCl). The release process was activated by interfacial pH increase originating from H+ consumption during O2 reduction bio-electrocatalyzed by bilirubin oxidase immobilized at the electrode surface. The pH increase resulted in a change of the electrical charge from positive to negative at the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles (200 nm) associated with the electrode surface and functionalized with trigonelline and boronic acid. While the negatively charged DNA molecules were electrostatically bound to the positively charged surface, the negative charge produced upon O2 reduction resulted in the DNA repulsion and release from the modified interface. The small electrical potential for O2 reduction resulting in the interface recharge was allowed due to the bio-electrocatalysis using bilirubin oxidase enzyme. While, in the first set of experiments, the potential was applied on the modified electrode from an electrochemical instrument, later it was generated in situ by biocatalytic or photo-biocatalytic processes at a connected electrode. A multistep biocatalytic cascade generating NADH or photosynthetic process in thylakoid membranes was used to produce in situ a small potential to stimulate the DNA release catalyzed by bilirubin oxidase. The designed system can be used for different release processes triggered by various signals (electrical, biomolecular, and light signals, etc.), thus representing a general interfacial platform for the controlled release of different biomolecules and nanosize species.
RNA Polymerase II Promoter-Proximal Pausing and Release to Elongation Are Key Steps Regulating Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Transcription

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genes are transcribed by cellular RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Expression of viral immediate early (α) genes is followed sequentially by early (β), late (γ1), and true late (γ2) genes. We used precision nuclear run-on with deep sequencing to map and to quantify Pol II on the HSV-1(F) genome with single-nucleotide resolution. Approximately 30% of total Pol II relocated to viral genomes within 3 h postinfection (hpi), when it occupied genes of all temporal classes. At that time, Pol II on α genes accumulated most heavily at promoter-proximal pause (PPP) sites located ∼60 nucleotides downstream of the transcriptional start site, while β genes bore Pol II more evenly across gene bodies. At 6 hpi, Pol II increased on γ1 and γ2 genes while Pol II pausing remained prominent on α genes. At that time, average cytoplasmic mRNA expression from α and β genes decreased, relative to levels at 3 hpi, while γ1 relative expression increased slightly and γ2 expression increased more substantially. Cycloheximide treatment during the first 3 h reduced the amount of Pol II associated with the viral genome and confined most of the remaining Pol II to α gene PPP sites. Inhibition of both cyclin-dependent kinase 9 activity and viral DNA replication reduced Pol II on the viral genome and restricted much of the remaining Pol II to PPP sites.IMPORTANCE These data suggest that viral transcription is regulated not only by Pol II recruitment to viral genes but also by control of elongation into viral gene bodies. We provide a detailed map of Pol II occupancy on the HSV-1 genome that clarifies features of the viral transcriptome, including the first identification of Pol II PPP sites. The data indicate that Pol II is recruited to late genes early in infection. Comparing α and β gene occupancy at PPP sites and gene bodies suggests that Pol II is released more efficiently into the bodies of β genes than α genes at 3 hpi and that repression of α gene expression late in infection is mediated by prolonged promoter-proximal pausing. In addition, DNA replication is required to maintain full Pol II occupancy on viral DNA and to promote elongation on late genes later in infection.
Control Problems: Classical Methods

Before developing the results which illustrate the variational approach, we prove some lemmas critical to that approach.
SERS: A Security-Related and Evidence-Based Ranking Scheme for Mobile Apps

In recent years, the number of smart mobile devices has rapidly increased worldwide. This explosion of continuously connected mobile devices has resulted in an exponential growth in the number of publically available mobile Apps. To facilitate the selection of mobile Apps, from various available choices, the App distribution platforms typically rank/recommend Apps based on average star ratings, the number of downloads, and associated reviews - the external aspect of an App. However, these ranking schemes typically tend to ignore critical internal aspects (e.g., security vulnerabilities) of the Apps. Such an omission of internal aspects is certainly not desirable, especially when many of the users do not possess the necessary skills to evaluate the internal aspects and choose an App based on the default ranking scheme which uses the external aspect. In this paper, we build upon our earlier efforts by focusing specifically on the security-related internal aspect of an App and its combination with the external aspect computed from the user reviews by identifying security-related comments.We use this combination to rank-order similar Apps. We evaluate our approach on publicly available Apps from the Google PlayStore and compare our ranking with prevalent ranking techniques such as the average star ratings. The experimental results indicate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.
Using high-resolution magic angle spinning magnetic resonance spectroscopy to characterize the metabolomic profile of renal cell carcinoma.

710Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a metabolic disease, with the various subtypes exhibiting aberrations in different metabolic pathways. Metabolomics may offer greater sensitivity for re...
First principles study on hydrogen doping induced metal-to-insulator transition in rare earth nickelates RNiO3 (R = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Yb)

Rare earth nickelates (RNiO3), consisting of a series of correlated transition metal oxides, have received increasing attention due to their sharp metal-to-insulator transition (MIT). Previous reports focused on understanding the origin and modulation of thermally driven MIT by strain effects, cation doping, or external electric field. Recently, it was reported that isothermal chemical doping of hydrogen can induce MIT and increase resistivity by ∼8 orders of magnitude, which opens up the possibility of utilizing these oxides to develop advanced electronic and sensing devices. In this study, we applied first principles methods to study geometric and electronic structures of MIT driven by hydrogen doping in a series of rare earth nickelates RNiO3 (R = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Yb). Hybrid functional HSE06 calculations predict that all oxides under study exhibit sharp MIT, opening up an ∼3 eV band gap after hydrogen doping, with band gap values slightly increasing from Pr to Yb. We find that the R site elements play a key role in determining hydrogen adsorption energies and hydrogen migration barriers, which controls how difficult it would be for the hydrogen atoms to migrate inside the oxides. Detailed information on geometries, electronic structures, migration barriers and adsorption energies of hydrogen provides guidance for further optimizing these materials for future experiments and applications.
Selective 15N labeling and direct observation by NMR of the active-site glutamine of Fe-containing superoxide dismutase.

The glutamine in position 69 is one of only three conserved active-site amino acid differencesbetween Fe- and Mn-containing superoxide dismutases (SODs). We have refined theconditions for extremely selective labeling of the side chains of glutamine with 15N, and thusobtained dramatically simplified spectra, despite the large size of Fe-SOD. The improvedresolution afforded by such highly specific labeling permits the use of direct 15N detectionto observe and assign Gln 69, even though its distance to the paramagnetic Fe2+ is only 5A. Selective glutamine side-chain labeling is inexpensive and has general utility forlarge (and paramagnet-containing) proteins.
Wealth and Taxes

Wealth inequality has become a heated political issue. Politicians claim that wealth concentration is rising and that people at the top are gaining at other people’s expense. In this study, I examine problems with the measurement of wealth and discuss whether wealth inequality is an issue that public policy needs to address. I also consider the likely effects of wealth taxation. I concur with views from the left that political rent‐​seeking should be curtailed and that finding economic oppor­tunities for less‐​fortunate Americans is important. But I argue that a new system of wealth taxes is more likely to hurt rather than help those goals. Section 1 discusses how measuring the wealth distribution from capitalizing income flows produces deeply misleading results. Section 2 shows how some measures of wealth inequality have risen in recent years due to falling interest rates and rising asset prices. Those developments do not make people better off in terms of resources available for consumption, which reinforces the conclusion that wealth inequality is not a useful concept above and beyond consumption or income inequality. Section 3 examines the distinction between consumption, income, and wealth inequality. Market wealth is a poor indicator of well‐​being; it ignores taxes and transfers and thus inflates measured inequality. Top‐​end wealth is mainly in the form of business assets, which are used to employ people and produce the economy’s output. Section 4 describes why wealth taxes are a poor way to raise revenues, as they would undermine growth and generate large‐​scale tax evasion. Consumption taxes are a better revenue source. Section 5 examines how support for wealth taxation has less to do with economics and more to do with politics. Economists Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, for example, argue for wealth taxes in order to confiscate the wealth of billionaires who they believe have too much polit­ical power. I argue that a wealth tax would produce more cronyism and inequality. I conclude that wealth inequality is not a useful measure, especially of economic problems facing Americans who are less well off, and that wealth taxation would cause major economic and political damage.
A Figurine with a Possible Early Aramaic Inscription

This article deals with an inscribed amulet in the form of an animal that was acquired by the British Museum in 1883 with the claim that its provenience was Tartus, opposite the ancient Phoenician ...
A Preliminary Investigation of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Characteristics in Adults Who Stutter.

Purpose Recent studies have shown that many children who stutter may have elevated characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although childhood ADHD commonly persists into...
Stereotyping as Discrimination: Why Thoughts Can Be Discriminatory

Can we treat people in a discriminatory way in virtue of how we think about them? In this essay, I argue that the answer is yes. According to the constitutive claim, stereotyping constitutes discri...
Reply to “Comment on ‘Canonical formalism for Langrangians with nonlocality of a finite extent’ ”

The objections recently raised by Llosa [Phys. Rev. A 67, 016101 (2003)] to the constructive proof that Lagrangians with nonlocality of finite extent inherit the full Ostrogradskian instability have been replied in this paper.
Using Item Set Exams to Assess Higher Order Learning in a Corporate Finance Course

Although the item set exam format is used extensively in professional certification exams, it has not been widely adopted in academia. The item set exam can be viewed as an alternative to multiple choice exams or essay exams, sharing some of the strengths and weaknesses of both formats. An item set essentially is a minicase, a short written case followed by several multiple choice questions (items) based on the case. This paper describes some of the practical issues a professor will confront in developing and using effective item sets. To be concrete, we provide several examples of item sets that might be suitable to use in an undergraduate or beginning MBA corporate finance course.
Effects of n-Propyl Alcohol and Detergents on the Optical Rotatory Dispersion of α-Chymotrypsinogen, β-Casein, Histone Fraction F1, and Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor

Abstract The optical rotatory dispersions of α-chymotrypsinogen, β-casein, the histone fraction, F1, and soybean trypsin inhibitor were studied in the spectral zone of 190 to 350 mµ. The Cotton effects indicated that these proteins are nonhelical in the native state and that they can be converted in part to the α-helical conformation by treatment with n-propyl alcohol or anionic detergents. Tetradecyl sodium sulfate was more effective than dodecyl sulfate, and the latter was more potent than decyl sulfate in ordering the polypeptide chains. In the presence of high concentrations of propanol, the spectrum of the β conformation appeared, especially in chymotrypsinogen and soybean trypsin inhibitor; i.e. negative minima were found in the rotatory dispersion curves at 228 to 232 mµ and positive maxima at 200 to 206 mµ. Low pH, 1.8 to 3.5, enhanced the effects of the detergents and propanol. Although the transitions were practically instantaneous at room temperature, the amount of the β form, as estimated from the positive extremum at 203 to 206 mµ, increased slowly on long standing. Native chymotrypsinogen, β-casein, histone, and soybean trypsin inhibitor, according to optical rotatory dispersion data, were found to be devoid of the β conformation. Circular dichroism measurements confirmed the conclusion that the β form appeared in soybean trypsin inhibitor on treatment with propanol.
Transcaval access for TAVR across a polyester aortic graft

Transcaval access to the aorta allows transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients without other good access options. The resulting aorto-caval fistula is closed with a nitinol cardiac occluder device. There is no experience traversing a synthetic aortic graft to perform transcaval access and closure. We describe a patient who underwent successful traversal of a polyester aortic graft using radiofrequency energy applied from the tip of a guidewire, to allow retrograde transcatheter aortic valve replacement from a femoral vein, along with details of our technique. The patient did well and was discharged home after 3 days. There was residual aorto-caval fistulous flow immediately after implantation of a polyester-seeded nitinol muscular ventricular septal defect occluder device, but this fistula spontaneously occluded within one month.
Assembly of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 60S ribosomal subunits: role of factors required for 27S pre‐rRNA processing

The precise functions of most of the ∼200 assembly factors and 79 ribosomal proteins required to construct yeast ribosomes in vivo remain largely unexplored. To better understand the roles of these proteins and the mechanisms driving ribosome biogenesis, we examined in detail one step in 60S ribosomal subunit assembly—processing of 27SA3 pre-rRNA. Six of seven assembly factors required for this step (A3 factors) are mutually interdependent for association with preribosomes. These A3 factors are required to recruit Rrp17, one of three exonucleases required for this processing step. In the absence of A3 factors, four ribosomal proteins adjacent to each other, rpL17, rpL26, rpL35, and rpL37, fail to assemble, and preribosomes are turned over by Rat1. We conclude that formation of a neighbourhood in preribosomes containing the A3 factors establishes and maintains stability of functional preribosomes containing 27S pre-rRNAs. In the absence of these assembly factors, at least one exonuclease can switch from processing to turnover of pre-rRNA.
PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA (PCP) IN CHILDHOOD CANCER: NEW METHOD OF LUNG BIOPSY AND RESULTS OF THERAPY

The incidence of PCP at the University of Florida during the 12 months period 10/75 to 10/76 was 6.8%(10/147 children treated with intensive chemotherapy). Primary diagnoses included: 7 leukemia and 3 solid tumor patients. 4/7 ALL patients were in remission(median duration 91.5 days); 3 leukemia and 2 solid tumor patients were in relapse. Presenting symptoms: fever-10/10; cough-9/10; tachypnea-6/10 and dyspnea-3/10. In 9/10 cases an interstitial pneumonitis was revealed on x-ray and a lung biopsy was performed within 24 hours following this finding. In one child, first in our series, an abnormal x-ray was present 4 weeks before biopsy. The method of diagnosis, thoracoscopy, was performed under intramuscular anesthesia, without endotracheal tube. It allowed for direct observation and intrathoracic biopsy. Equipment utilized for this procedure was the Karl Stolls peritoneoscope set employing the Hopkins fibroscope and biopsy forceps. The method proved safe even in seriously ill patients and complications were minimal. 1 case of pneumothorax was resolved by reposition of tubing and there was 1 case of mild subcutaneous emphysema. All patients were treated with TPM 20mg/kg/d and SMX 100mg/kg/d 7 patients recovered, symptoms improved within 4 days after therapy was begun. 3 patients died, 2 patients had progressive tumors, 1 was complicated by sepsis. The cure rate in this incidence was 70%.
Relationship between mechanical properties and pentosidine in tendon: effects of age, diet restriction, and aminoguanidine in broiler breeder hens

Nonenzymatic glycosylation contributes to the formation of crosslinks, which leads to the structural and functional deterioration of tissue protein. The accumulation of these crosslinks in tissue proteins has been implicated in the alteration of biomechanical properties of connective tissues. The objective of this study was to determine whether tendon breaking time (TBT) and tendon breaking strength (TBS) of the flexor perforans et perforatus digiti iii tendon were related to concentrations of pentosidine in tendons (Pt) of broiler breeder hens from 8 to 125 wk of age. In addition, effects of diet restriction (DR) and a crosslinking inhibitor, aminoguanidine (AG) on Pt, TBS, and TBT were determined. Female chicks (n = 450) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups immediately after hatch: ad libitum-fed (AL); diet-restricted (DR; 60% of AL); and AL and DR groups supplemented with 1.35 mg/kg BW per day AG in the feed (AL+AG and DR+AG, respectively). In AL hens, Pt increased with increasing age (P < or = 0.0001). Concurrently, an age-related parallel increase was found for TBS (P < or = 0.0001) and TBT (P < or = 0.0001). Rate of Pt accumulation was lower in DR (P < or = 0.001), TBS (P < or = 0.01), and TBT (P < or = 0.02) hens compared with AL hens. Concentration of Pt in the AL + AG group was lower (P < or = 0.0002) than in the AL group; TBS and TBT (P < or = 0.01) followed a similar pattern. Supplementation of DR with AG did not affect Pt, TBS, or TBT. The age-related increase in Pt and loss of elasticity in the tendon was retarded by diet restriction and AG.
TNF-α in vivo stimulates apoptosis in fibroblasts through caspase-8 activation and modulates the expression of pro-apoptotic genes

Apoptosis of matrix producing cells is common among many inflammatory diseases. The goal of the present study was to examine the apoptotic effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on fibroblastic cells in vivo and to investigate the role of different caspases in this process. This was accomplished in vivo by subcutaneous injection of TNF-alpha in mice. The direct effects of TNF-alpha on fibroblast apoptosis were studied in vitro with normal diploid human fibroblasts. The results indicate that TNF-alpha in vivo induces apoptosis of fibroblasts. By RNase protection assay, we demonstrated that TNF-alpha stimulates expression of 12 apoptotic genes. Fluorometric studies demonstrated that TNF-alpha in vivo predominantly increased caspase-8 and -3 activity and by use of specific inhibitors, the activation of caspase-3 was shown to be initiated by caspase-8 with only a minor contribution from caspase-9. Thus, TNF-alpha acts to modulate the expression of many genes that favors apoptosis of fibroblastic cells, which is dependent mostly upon signaling through caspase-8.
Models of linguistic facial expressions for American Sign Language animation

Facial expressions are a necessary and important part of the grammar of American Sign Language (ASL) sentences. However, current computational linguistic software cannot produce a huge portion of ASL constructions that include facial expressions. Here we summarize our research motivations, proposed plan, and potential contributions in the accessibility field. Our research aim is to formulate signer-independent models of facial movements for various types of linguistically meaningful facial expressions in ASL animation. This project summary also includes a brief description of current progress and future research plans.
Surgical management of persistent common atrioventricular canal.

Abstract Persistent common A-V canal is only one of a wide variety of interatrial communications. This condition includes defects of one or both septums and one or both atrioventricular valves. The over-all term of “endocardial cushion defect” has been used to designate these and other similar congenital heart defects. Our surgical experience includes forty-eight patients with the partial form of the defect and eighteen with the complete form. Extracorporeal circulation was used for all operations. There were two hospital deaths among patients undergoing repairs of the partial form, a mortality rate of 4.2 per cent, whereas twelve of the eighteen patients with the complete form died, a mortality rate of 66.7 per cent.
Using the personal (very personal) anecdote

An anecdote about the teacher's honeymoon and certain bodily functions leads to useful information about human relationships as well as about an important physiological principle.
Generalised characteristic polynomials

Multipolynomial resultants provide the most efficient methods known (in terms as asymptoticcomplexity) for solving certain systems of polynomial equations or eliminating variables (Bajaj et al., 1988). The resultant of f"1, ..., f"n in K[x"1,...,x"m] will be a polynomial in m-n+1 variables which is zero when the system f"1=0 has a solution in ^m ( the algebraic closure of K). Thus the resultant defines a projection operator from ^m to ^(^m^-^n^+^1^). However, resultants are only exact conditions for homogeneous systems, and in the affine case just mentioned, the resultant may be zero even if the system has no affine solution. This is most serious when the solution set of the system of polynomials has ''excess components'' (components of dimension >m-n), which may not even be affine, since these cause the resultant to vanish identically. In this paper we describe a projection operator which is not identically zero, but which is guaranteed to vanish on all the proper (dimension=m-n) components of the system f"i=0. Thus it fills the role of a general affine projection operator or variable elimination ''black box'' which can be used for arbitrary polynomial systems. The construction is based on a generalisation of the characteristic polynomial of a linear system to polynomial systems. As a corollary, we give a single-exponential time method for finding all the isolated solution points of a system of polynomials, even in the presence of infinitely many solutions, at infinity or elsewhere.
Sjogren's syndrome I. Serologic reactions in patients with Sjogren's syndrome with and without rheumatoid arthritis

Sera from 21 patients with Sjogren's syndrome with and without rheumatoid arthritis were examined. Hypergammaglobulinemia occurred in 71 per cent, the bentonite flocculation test was positive in 95 per cent and sensitized sheep cell agglutination test in 90 per cent of the entire group and in 75 per cent of patients with Sjogren's syndrome without joint involvement. Antinuclear antibody was present in 71 per cent and L.E. cells in 10 per cent. The direct Coombs' test was positive in 25 per cent and thyroglobulin antibodies were found in 14 per cent. Compared to rheumatoid arthritis patients without Sjogren's syndrome, patients in this series were distinguished by an unusually active immunologic response. Esseva examinate specimens de sero ab 21 patientes con syndrome de Sjogren, con e sin arthritis rheumatoide. Hypergammaglobulinemia esseva presente in 71 pro cento del casos. Le test de flocculation a bentonite esseva positive in 95 pro cento del casos. Le test del agglutination de sensibilisate cellulas ovin esseva positive in 90 pro cento de omne le casos e in 75 pro cento del casos sin affection articular. Anticorpore antinucleari esseva presente in 71 pro cento del casos, cellulas de L.E. in 10 por cento. Le directe test de Coombs esseva positive in 25 pro cento, e anticorpore thyroglobulinic esseva trovate in 14 pro cento. In comparation con patientes con arthritis rheumatoide sed sin syndrome de Sjogren, le presente serie se distingueva per un inusualmente active responsa immunologic.
Establishment size, public administration and government wage differentials

Abstract This study presents new and more comprehensive estimates of government wage differentials. They improve on previous estimates by including the influence of establishment size and by estimating separate differentials for public administrators and non-administrators. These improvements result in a more complex set of differentials and a more sophisticated understanding of government wage patterns.
Electron microprobe study of metal particles in the Kingfisher meteorite

Kingfisher meteorite metal particles microstructures, discussing phase transformation during reheating by shock
Radial Wave Functions for the Cesium Atom

This paper presents the radial wave functions for 26 electronic orbitals of the cesium atom. For each orbital the electron is considered to move in a screened Coulomb potential which is taken to be approximately the Thomas-Fermi potential for a singly charged cesium ion. The states obtained here are improvements over those obtained by Russek, Sherman, and Flinchbaugh and extend the scope of that work as well.
Structural phase transitions on stepped surfaces

Abstract We predict a new class of structural phase transitions which occur on a microscopic length scale on stepped surfaces. These include commensurate and incommensurate “step-step” transitions. They can occur either on clean equilibrium surfaces or can be adsorbate induced. We also present a Landau-Lifshitz classification of some of these structural phase transitions. Critical exponents characterizing these transitions can be experimentally determined by LEED measurements.
Effect of initial oxygen content on the void swelling behavior of fast neutron irradiated copper

Abstract Density measurements were performed on high purity copper specimens containing ⩽10 and ∼90 wt ppm oxygen following irradiation in FFTF MOTA 2B. Significant amounts of swelling were observed in both the low-oxygen and oxygen-doped specimens following irradiation to ∼17 dpa at 375 °C and ∼47 dpa at 430 °C. Oxygen doping up to 360 appm (∼90 wt ppm) did not significantly affect the void swelling of copper for these irradiation conditions. This implies that surface energy reduction associated with oxygen segregation and chemisorption on void surfaces is not a significant factor controlling the void swelling behavior in copper irradiated with neutrons to high doses at ∼400 °C.
Structure–activity relationships of serotonin 5-HT2A agonists

Of the 14 known types of serotonin receptors one of the most extensively studied is the 5-HT2A (5-hydroxytryptamine) receptor. In the brain, this receptor plays a key role in regulation of cortical function and cognition, appears to be the principal target for the hallucinogenic/psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and also is a target for the newest atypical antipsychotic agents, which are antagonists or inverse agonists at this site. Among the structure–activity relationships that are known for this receptor type, there are three chemical classes of agonists: tryptamines, ergolines, and phenethylamines. Important structural features are identified for agonist activity and some of these agonists have features in common. In addition to effects at the receptor will be the focus, these drugs are also hallucinogenic (psychedelic) agents, and much of the SAR was developed on the basis of effects in humans, before modern pharmacological techniques were available. A certain amount of our knowledge therefore relies on those human studies. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:559–579. doi: 10.1002/wmts.42 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Dynamic reorganization of Eg5 in the mammalian spindle throughout mitosis requires dynein and TPX2

Kinesin-5 is an essential mitotic motor. However, how its spatial–temporal distribution is regulated in mitosis remains poorly understood. We expressed localization and affinity purification–tagged Eg5 from a mouse bacterial artificial chromosome (this construct was called mEg5) and found its distribution to be tightly regulated throughout mitosis. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis showed rapid Eg5 turnover throughout mitosis, which cannot be accounted for by microtubule turnover. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and high-resolution, single-particle tracking revealed that mEg5 punctae on both astral and midzone microtubules rapidly bind and unbind. mEg5 punctae on midzone microtubules moved transiently both toward and away from spindle poles. In contrast, mEg5 punctae on astral microtubules moved transiently toward microtubule minus ends during early mitosis but switched to plus end–directed motion during anaphase. These observations explain the poleward accumulation of Eg5 in early mitosis and its redistribution in anaphase. Inhibition of dynein blocked mEg5 movement on astral microtubules, whereas depletion of the Eg5-binding protein TPX2 resulted in plus end–directed mEg5 movement. However, motion of Eg5 on midzone microtubules was not altered. Our results reveal differential and precise spatial and temporal regulation of Eg5 in the spindle mediated by dynein and TPX2.
A new baleen whale from the Late Miocene of Denmark and early mysticete hearing

Abstract: The extinct mysticete fauna of the North East Atlantic is primarily known from the abundant but fragmented Belgian specimens. Compared to the well-preserved contemporary mysticete fauna from deposits in North America, there are only few near complete European Miocene mysticete fossils. Presented here is a new, almost complete fossil baleen whale Uranocetus gramensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Upper Miocene Gram Formation in South West Denmark. It is the first stem-balaenopterid that has an initial stage of reduction in the mandibular cavity and a rostral configuration that is intermediate between that of other stem-balaenopterids and true balaenopterids. It is likely that Uranocetus used a gulp feeding technique that approaches that of balaenopterids. Details of the periotic and mandibular morphology place Uranocetus in the family Diorocetidae Steeman 2007. The large mandibular cavity in Uranocetus and most other extinct mysticetes, when compared to the reduced condition in recent mysticetes, is not an indication that early mysticetes used odontocete-like echolocation. In Uranocetus and a distantly related mysticete, high frequency sounds in the range odontocetes use for echolocation would suffer a significant volume loss across the lateral mandibular wall on the passage towards the inner ear. A reduction in the mandibular cavity in separate evolutionary lineages of mysticetes may be the result of a shift towards the use of low frequency sounds.
ADAPTATION TO TEMPERATE CLIMATES

Only model organisms live in a world of endless summer. Fitness at temperate latitudes reflects the ability of organisms in nature to exploit the favorable season, to mitigate the effects of the unfavorable season, and to make the timely switch from one life style to the other. Herein, we define fitness as Ry, the year-long cohort replacement rate across all four seasons, of the mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, reared in its natural microhabitat in processor-controlled environment rooms. First, we exposed cohorts of W. smithii, from southern, midlatitude, and northern populations (30–50°N) to southern and northern thermal years during which we factored out evolved differences in photoperiodic response. We found clear evidence of evolved differences in heat and cold tolerance among populations. Relative cold tolerance of northern populations became apparent when populations were stressed to the brink of extinction; relative heat tolerance of southern populations became apparent when the adverse effects of heat could accumulate over several generations. Second, we exposed southern, midlatitude, and northern populations to natural, midlatitude day lengths in a thermally benign midlatitude thermal year. We found that evolved differences in photoperiodic response (1) prevented the timely entry of southern populations into diapause resulting in a 74% decline in fitness, and (2) forced northern populations to endure a warm-season diapause resulting in an 88% decline in fitness. We argue that reciprocal transplants across latitudes in nature always confound the effects of the thermal and photic environment on fitness. Yet, to our knowledge, no one has previously held the thermal year constant while varying the photic year. This distinction is crucial in evaluating the potential impact of climate change. Because global warming in the Northern Hemisphere is proceeding faster at northern than at southern latitudes and because this change represents an amelioration of the thermal environment and a concomitant increase in the duration of the growing season, we conclude that there should be more rapid evolution of photoperiodic response than of thermal tolerance as a consequence of global warming among northern, temperate ectotherms.