cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climatology of Aerosol Optical Properties at Storm Peak Laboratory

ABSTRACT Aerosols create large uncertainty in the planetary energy balance due to both direct and indirect radiative forcing. Understanding aerosol seasonal patterns is essential for accurate climate change prediction, but mountain regions are often difficult for climate models to resolve. Therefore, long-term observations collected at high elevations are particularly useful. In-situ surface aerosol optical measurements were analyzed for the years 2011–2016 at a mountain site located in western Colorado and tied to potential sources based on relationships among the aerosol properties. The peak values for the scattering and absorption coefficients were observed during the summer, suggesting greater aerosol loading (likely due to wildfires), whereas the lowest values were observed during the winter, indicating cleaner conditions (due to less influence from the boundary layer). The scattering Angstrom exponent, a property that provides information about size distributions, revealed the predominance of coarse-mode particles during the spring, which is consistent with the presence of dust. The aerosols observed during the summer, however, were mostly composed of fine-mode particles. This increase in the fine fraction points to combustion, likely wildfires during the dry season (Hallar, 2015), as a source, which is further supported by the absorption Angstrom exponent dropping to its lowest value (close to 1) during the summer after exhibiting a slightly higher value (~1.3) during the spring. Schmeisser et al. (2017) suggests that, for in-situ aerosol, absorption Angstrom exponents larger than 1.5 may be indicative of dust if they are associated with low (< 1.3) scattering Angstrom exponents. The increase in combustion aerosols during the summer accompanied by high values for the single scattering albedo suggests that these aerosols underwent processing in the atmosphere before reaching Storm Peak Laboratory. These results are important for improving visibility and predicting future aerosol concentrations in the western U.S.
Southern Industries: A Realistic Simulation of Substantive Testing for Accounts Receivable

ABSTRACT This case helps prepare students for internships and careers in the audit profession by providing them with a realistic simulation of year-end substantive testing of Accounts Receivable. S...
Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a zoo-housed red panda in Kansas.

A 9-y-old, zoo-housed, male red panda (Ailurus fulgens) became progressively lethargic and inappetent over a 1-wk period. Physical examination was unremarkable. A complete blood count showed mild n...
Supersizing sustainability in savannas

Increasing pressure for communities to conserve wildlife in mixtures with livestock faces scepticism about whether such management is sustainable. The study by Sitters et al. shows that wildlife–livestock coexistence may be sustainable, but only if megaherbivores are included.
Fast Neutron Activation Analysis of Fossil Fuels and Liquefaction Products

Fast neutron activation analysis has been applied to the direct, instrumental determination of oxygen and nitrogen in solid fossil fuels, their liquefaction products and various liquid and solid by-products. The matrices and the contents of oxygen and nitrogen of these materials are highly variable. Hence, no single set of comparator standards is suitable for the analysis of all samples. We have considered problems associated with neutron absorption/thermalization, gamma-ray self-absorption, and variable irradiation and counting geometries associated with the compositions, densities and physical states of the samples and standards. Two sets of liquid organic reagent primary standards and several solid standards have been selected and evaluated for use in the determination of oxygen and nitrogen in coals, coal conversion liquids, and residual solids. In the selection process we have also considered factors such as availability of the standard in high purity, well-defined stoichiometry, non-hygroscopic nature and simple elemental composition. Analyses of a number of coals, conversion products and NBS reference standards are presented. Problems associated with selecting a reproducible pre-analysis drying procedure for oxygen determinations in coal are discussed. It is suggested that a brief freeze-drying procedure may result in minimal matrix alteration and yield reproducible values for bulk oxygen contents of coals.
20 – Markets at Work

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the ways in which markets are connected. The demands for goods that are substitutes or complements are related. An increase in the price of one good, for example, causes an increase in the price of its substitute. This, however, might cause the price of a complement to fall as well. Rising and falling prices can also affect other markets because they might affect the costs of production of other goods. A change in the price of a good can have different impacts depending on the nature of the demand for that good. Economists look at the elasticity of demand for goods. An item with an elastic demand is one where a small percentage change in price causes a relatively large percentage change in quantity demanded. Goods with inelastic demands also exist. If demand is inelastic, then a large proportional change in price has a relatively small change in quantity demanded.
Whole‐joint magnetic resonance imaging to assess osteonecrosis in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic lymphoma

Background Osteonecrosis is a debilitating complication in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute lymphoblastic lymphoma (LLy). An objective screening test to identify patients at risk for symptomatic, extensive joint involvement will help manage osteonecrosis. Methods We performed a prospective, longitudinal pilot study with whole-joint magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of shoulders, elbows, hips, knees, ankles, and hindfeet to evaluate the incidence and timing of osteonecrosis involving multiple joints in 15 patients with LLy aged 9-21 years at diagnosis. Results Osteonecrosis affecting ≥30% of the epiphysis occurred in eight of 15 patients, with a high prevalence in hips (12 of 26 examined [46%]) and knees (10 of 26 [38%]) post reinduction I and in shoulders (seven of 20 [35%]) post reinduction II. Most osteonecrotic hips and knees with ≥30% epiphyseal involvement became symptomatic and/or underwent surgery (100% and 82%, respectively). All eight patients with ≥30% epiphyseal involvement had multijoint involvement. Seven of these patients had hip or knee osteonecrosis by the end of remission induction, and only these patients developed osteonecrosis that became symptomatic and/or underwent surgery in their hips, knees, shoulders, ankles, and/or feet; all of these joints were associated with epiphyseal abnormalities on post reinduction I imaging. Conclusions MRI screening in adolescent patients with LLy revealed osteonecrosis in multiple joints. Initial screening with hip and knee MRI at the end of induction may identify susceptible patients who could benefit from referrals to subspecialties, more extensive follow-up imaging of other joints, and early medical and surgical interventions.
A conjunctural account of upper- and middle-class support for Rodrigo Duterte:

Philippine scholars have largely interpreted Duterte’s support among the upper and middle class as a rejection of the previous administration’s incremental reformism. They also point to the growing...
Default sensitivity in attempts at social influence

While past research has demonstrated the power of defaults to nudge decision makers toward desired outcomes, few studies have examined whether people understand how to strategically set defaults to influence others' choices. A recent paper (Zlatev et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114, 13643-13648, 2017) found that participants exhibited "default neglect," or the failure to set optimal defaults at better than chance levels. However, we show that this poor performance is specific to the complex and potentially confusing paradigms they used, and does not reflect a general lack of understanding regarding defaults. Using simple scenarios, Experiments 1A and 1B provide clear evidence that people can optimally set defaults given their goals. In Experiment 2, we conducted a direct and conceptual replication of one of Zlatev et al.'s original studies, which found that participants selected the optimal default significantly less than chance. While our direct replication found results similar to those in the original study, our conceptual replication, which simplified the task, instead found the opposite. Experiment 3 manipulated the framing of the option attributes, which were confounded with the default in the original study, and found that the original framing led to below-chance performance while the alternate framing led to above-chance performance. Together, our results cast doubt on the prevalence and generalizability of default neglect, and instead suggest that people are capable of setting optimal defaults in attempts at social influence.
Parental vigilance, low self-control, and Internet dependency among rural adolescents

Abstract It is well established that parental supervision reduces the chance of adolescent problem behaviors. As the Internet has become a near-constant part of daily life, for communication, for leisure, or for education, it has led to new concerns about healthy adolescent development. Based on previous research and theory, the present study hypothesized that parental vigilance, assessed as maternal closeness and monitoring, and parental Internet monitoring would be negatively associated with Internet dependency, and that these links would be mediated by low self-control. Based on a school-based sample of adolescents (N=620; 14–19 years, 46% male) residing in a rural county in the Southeastern United States, results provided partial support for the study hypotheses. Only indirect effects of parenting were supported by the data. More specifically, findings provided evidence that parental vigilance acted as a protective factor for Internet dependency mediated through low self-control. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Adsorption and Surface Diffusion of Metals on α -Al 2 O 3 for Advanced Manufacturing Applications

The adsorption and diffusion of Mo and Nb adatoms on the $$\alpha$$ -Al2O3 (0001) surface were explored using density functional theory-based methods. Adsorption energies of Mo and Nb adatoms at minima sites on the surface were determined. Mo and Nb adatoms prefer to adsorb to the same locations on the surface, and larger adsorption energies calculated for Nb compared to Mo indicate that Nb adatom-surface interactions are stronger than Mo. Using minima adsorption sites as initial and final locations for surface diffusion, energy barriers for diffusion were calculated using the nudged elastic band method. Overall, Mo and Nb follow roughly the same diffusion paths. The diffusion pre-factors for Mo and Nb are similar; however, Mo diffusion has a lower energy barrier and thus a larger diffusion coefficient compared with Nb. These results provide insight into the role of surface diffusion of Mo and Nb adatoms during advanced manufacturing processes.
The Law's Missing Account of Corporate Character

People commonly talk about corporations in anthropomorphizing terms. Corporations “do” and “think” things of consequence. Correspondingly, the law has doctrines for attributing acts and mental states to corporations. People also commonly talk about corporations as having a broad range of familiar character traits, like sincerity/insincerity, honesty/deceitfulness, altruism/egotism, etc. Yet the law has no doctrine for discerning these corporate traits, even though they, like corporate acts and thoughts, have important social, economic, and moral implications. This Essay argues that oversight should be remedied. It discusses examples from civil, criminal, and constitutional law where a theory of corporate character could plug doctrinal holes, further the law’s internal objectives, and open conceptual space for promising research.
Neuromodulation enables temperature robustness and coupling between fast and slow oscillator circuits in Cancer borealis

Acute temperature changes can disrupt neuronal activity and coordination with severe consequences for animal behavior and survival. Nonetheless, two rhythmic neuronal circuits in the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion (STG) and their coordination are maintained across a broad temperature range. However, it remains unclear how this temperature robustness is achieved. Here, we dissociate temperature effects on the rhythm generating circuits from those of upstream ganglia. We demonstrate that heat-activated factors extrinsic to the rhythm generators are essential to the slow gastric mill rhythm9s temperature robustness and contribute to the temperature response of the fast pyloric rhythm. The gastric mill rhythm crashed when only the STG circuits were heated. It could be restored when upstream ganglia were heated in addition, and the activity of the peptidergic modulatory projection neuron (MCN1) increased. Correspondingly, MCN19s neuropeptide transmitter stabilized the rhythm and maintained it over a broad temperature range. Extrinsic neuromodulation is thus essential for the oscillatory circuits in the STG and enables neural circuits to maintain function in temperature-compromised conditions. In contrast, integer coupling between pyloric and gastric mill rhythms was independent of whether extrinsic inputs and STG pattern generators were temperature-matched or not, demonstrating that the temperature robustness of the coupling is enabled by properties intrinsic to the rhythm generators. However, at near-crash temperature, integer coupling was maintained only in some animals but was absent in others. This was true despite regular rhythmic activity in all animals, supporting that degenerate circuit properties result in idiosyncratic responses to environ-mental challenges.
Advanced Age Is Associated With Catatonia in Critical Illness: Results From the Delirium and Catatonia Prospective Cohort Investigation

Introduction: Catatonia, characterized by motor, behavioral and affective abnormalities, frequently co-occurs with delirium during critical illness. Advanced age is a known risk factor for development of delirium. However, the association between age and catatonia has not been described. We aim to describe the occurrence of catatonia, delirium, and coma by age group in a critically ill, adult population. Design: Convenience cohort, nested within 2 clinical trials and 2 observational cohort studies. Setting: Single academic medical center in Nashville, TN. Patients: 378 critically ill adult patients on mechanical ventilation and/or vasopressors. Measurements and Main Results: Patients were assessed for catatonia, delirium, and coma by independent and blinded personnel, the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale, the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU and the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale. The most common causes of admission were trauma in the youngest age group (47%) and sepsis/septic shock in all other groups (30%, 26%, and 24% by increasing age quartiles). Of 378 patients, 23% met diagnostic criteria for catatonia, 66% experienced delirium, and 52% experienced coma during the period of observation. The prevalence of catatonia, co-occurring catatonia and delirium, and co-occurring catatonia and coma increased significantly with advancing age group (p values <0.05). There was no relationship found between age and catatonia severity or age and presence of specific catatonia items. Conclusion: Given the significant relationship between age and catatonia, these data demonstrate catatonia’s association with advanced age in critical illness. Future studies should explore if cognitive morbidities associated with delirium also occur following catatonia.
High-Quality Portable Chest Images Using Enhanced Film-Digitization and Computed Radiography

In order to provide high-quality duplicate portable chest images for the intensive care units, we have implemented two digital radiography systems, an enhanced film-digitization system and a storage phosphor computed radiography system. Films are digitized into 2048x2430x10 bit matrices using a laser film scanner. The densities in the films are corrected to that of properly exposed radiographs based on automated histogram analysis, and non-linear unsharp mask filtering is applied to enhance mediastinal and upper abdominal detail. The storage phosphor computed radiography images are obtained in the standard manner, except that the processing parameters have been modified to produce images similar in terms of density and edge enhancement to those obtained using the film duplication system. Since implementation of digital radiography in our hospital, the repeat rate has decreased by over fifty percent. We have found that the image quality of the digital images is often visually superior to that of the original radiograph as well as consistent from day to day.
Probing asymmetric charge partitioning of protein oligomers during tandem mass spectrometry

Dissociation of gaseous protein complexes produced by native electrospray often induces an asymmetric partitioning of charge between ejected subunits. We present a simple asymmetric charge partitioning factor (ACPF) to quantify the magnitude of asymmetry in this effect. When applied to monomer ejection from the cytochrome c dimer and β-amylase tetramer, we found that the ~60-70% of precursor charge ending up in the ejected monomers corresponds to ACPFs of 1.38 and 2.51, respectively. Further, we used site-specific fragmentation from electron transfer dissociation (ETD) to identify differences in fragmentation and characterize domains of secondary-structure present in the dimer, ejected monomers, and monomers obtained directly from electrospray ionization (ESI). We found evidence of structural changes between the dimer and ejected monomer, but also that the ejected monomer had a nearly identical set of fragment ions produced by ETD as the ESI monomer with the same charge state. Surprisingly, APCF values for ETD fragment ions generated directly from the dimer revealed that the fragments undergo asymmetric charge partitioning at over twice the magnitude of that observed for ejection of the monomer.
Electron temperature and current density measurements at the anode of free burning, high intensity arcs

The plasma near the anode of free-burning, high-intensity argon arcs characterized by strong deviations from thermal and chemical equilibrium has been investigated by means of electric probes. This diagnostic technique provides data that can be interpreted without assumptions about the thermodynamic state of the plasma. Two-temperature nonequilibrium has been shown to prevail, with electron temperatures remaining around or above 10000 K in spite of the presence of a water-cooled anode. The electron current density data for atmospheric pressure arcs showed a nonmonotonic dependence on the overall arc current, displaying a minimum that, for the shorter electrode gaps, is very pronounced. The probe characteristics indicated that the anode may also collect ions from the plasma. The experimental results suggest the existence of a transition from a boundary layer dominated by the externally applied field to a boundary layer dominated by diffusion. This can be explained in terms of the direct influence exerted on the anode boundary layer by the cathode induced flows, which control the arc attachment and the establishment of more or less steep gradients in front of the anode. >
The Labor of Division: Returns to Compulsory Math Coursework

Labor economists know that a year of schooling raises earnings but have little evidence on the impact of specific courses completed. I identify the impact of math coursework on earnings using the differential timing of state-level increases in high school graduation requirements as a source of exogenous variation. The increased requirements induced large increases in both the completed math coursework and earnings of blacks, particularly black males. Two-sample instrumental variable estimates suggest that each additional year of math raised blacks' earnings by 5-9%, accounting for a large fraction of the value of a year of schooling. Closer analysis suggests that much of this effect comes from black students who attend non-white schools and who will not attend college. The earnings impact of additional math coursework is robust to changes in empirical specification, is not driven by selection into the labor force, and persists when earnings are conditioned on educational attainment. The reforms close one fifth of the earnings gap between black and white males. Estimates for whites are similar to those of blacks but are much noisier due to the reforms' weaker impact on white students' coursework. These results suggest that math coursework is an important determinant of the labor market return to schooling, that simple minimum requirements largely benefit low-skilled students, and that more demanding requirements might be necessary to improve the outcomes of high-skilled students.
Learning to Live with Losing: Climate Change and International Environmental Law in the New Millennium

Written before the Hague negotiations on climate change held in November of 2000 (the so-called "COP-6" meeting), this essay argues that the COP-6 will fail to work out important issues left unresolved by the Kyoto Protocol, such as participation by developing countries, emissions trading, and non-compliance procedures. This failure is especially disturbing because of its occurrence at such an early stage in the cooperative process - before a meaningful, well-specified treaty on the subject enters into force, and before even a proposed text can be agreed upon with respect to crucial aspects of the endeavor. The essay then argues that the failure at the COP-6 meeting is likely to lead to the failure of the entire current approach to international cooperation on climate change, and that this failure will have resulted chiefly from two complexities: the technical complexity of the issue and the political complexity flowing from an intricate set of cross-cutting bargaining cleavages among nations. The essay argues that a similar structure of technological and political complexity is likely to be present with respect to other 21st-century international environmental problems, such as biodiversity, genetic modification of organisms, and population growth. Success in the climate-change arena and these other arenas is therefore likely to require either a great deal of patience or a new approach to international environmental cooperation. The essay ends by exploring a few alternative approaches to the currently dominant cooperative paradigm of formal, detailed, legally binding international agreements.
Changing Requirements for Effective Marketing

When Heribert Meffert began his academic career, the idea that business managers should be market-oriented was a relatively new one. Since that time the market-oriented approach has been widely adopted in many different industries and countries. Even in fields of activity that were once heavily regulated, and in economies formerly controlled by state ownership and planning, the need for a focus on customer needs has been accepted. In spite of this, the role of the marketing function in the management of an enterprise has been called into question in the mid-1990s. Some observers have even suggested that marketing may disappear as a distinct area of specialization and expertise. In this paper I explore how the requirements for effective implementation of a market orientation have changed since the idea was first proposed, and suggest some likely directions for further change in the years ahead.
Predictive modeling and threshold scores for care seeking among women with urinary incontinence: The short forms of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory and Urogenital Distress Inventory.

AIMS To further the interpretability of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI-20) and Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6) by (i) evaluating the ability of these measures to distinguish between women with urinary incontinence who do and do not seek care, (ii) defining PFDI-20 and UDI-6 threshold scores above which women with urinary incontinence seek care, and (iii) developing a predictive model for incontinence care seeking. METHODS An observational study was conducted with two groups of women with urinary incontinence: 256 who had not sought care and 90 seeking initial care at a tertiary center. Sample sizes were based upon the prevalence of care seeking for urinary incontinence and the number of potential predictors for care seeking. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, receiver operating characteristics, and multivariable logistic regression were use to achieve the study aims. RESULTS Women with urinary incontinence who sought care had higher median PFDI-20 and UDI-6 scores compared to non-care seekers (73.96 vs. 16.67, P < 0.0001, and 41.67 vs. 8.33, P < 0.0001). A PFDI-20 score of 33.33 (83.33% sensitivity and 79.30% specificity) had very good discriminatory accuracy in distinguishing care and non-care seekers (AUC 0.886 ± 0.019 [95%CI 0.8518, 0.9254] P < 0.0001). A UDI-6 score of 25.00 (83.33% sensitivity and 83.59% specificity) had excellent discriminatory accuracy in distinguishing care and non-care seekers (AUC 0.9025 ± 0.0190 [95%CI 0.8653, 0.9398] P < 0.0001). A multivariable predictive model accurately identified 82.4% of care and non-care seekers. CONCLUSIONS A PFDI-20 score of 33.33 and UDI-6 score of 25.00 provide meaningful benchmarks for care seeking among women with urinary incontinence. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:949-954, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
α-Linolenic acid does not contribute appreciably to docosahexaenoic acid within brain phospholipids of adult rats fed a diet enriched in docosahexaenoic acid

Adult male unanesthetized rats, reared on a diet enriched in both alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-LNA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were infused intravenously for 5 min with [1-(14)C]alpha-LNA. Timed arterial samples were collected until the animals were killed at 5 min and the brain was removed after microwaving. Plasma and brain lipid concentrations and radioactivities were measured. Within plasma lipids, > 99% of radioactivity was in the form of unchanged [1-(14)C]alpha-LNA. Eighty-six per cent of brain radioactivity at 5 min was present as beta-oxidation products, whereas the remainder was mainly in 'stable' phospholipid or triglyceride as alpha-LNA or DHA. Equations derived from kinetic modeling demonstrated that unesterified unlabeled alpha-LNA rapidly enters brain from plasma, but that its incorporation into brain phospholipid and triglyceride, as in the form of synthesized DHA, is < or = 0.2% of the amount that enters the brain. Thus, in rats fed a diet containing large amounts of both alpha-LNA and DHA, the alpha-LNA that enters brain from plasma largely undergoes beta-oxidation, and is not an appreciable source of DHA within brain phospholipids.
The Psychosocial Treatment Needs of Street-Walking Prostitutes: Perspectives from a Case Management Program

Abstract While the risks of engaging in street prostitution are commonly known, few community-based programs exist to provide outreach services to help these individuals get off the street and into treatment. This article explores the psychosocial treatment needs of female street-walking prostitutes by drawing upon a recent program evaluation of a case management program that targets female prostitutes who have involvement with the criminal justice system. In-depth interviews with prostitutes, program staff, and community professionals (N = 23) suggest that intervention is needed regarding substance abuse, mental health problems, child custody, victimization, glamorization of prostitution, vocational challenges, and outreach. The article presents treatment recommendations and describes the need for community collaboration. The results suggest that in order to meet the needs of this challenging population, treatment programs specifically designed for prostitutes may be the necessary and most effective option.
Invisible Cosmic Rays

The PNL/USC ultralow background prototype Ge detector, in the Homestake goldmine, is being applied to searches for dark matter candidates. The low energy data exclude particles with spin independent Z° exchange interactions, with masses between 20 GeV and 5 TeV, as significant contributions to the cold dark matter of the halo of our galaxy. The existence of stable Dirac neutrinos more massive than 20 GeV is also excluded except for a narrow region around the Z° resonance.
Multi-band characteristics and fractal dimension of dipole antennas with Koch curve geometry

Fractal geometries have been studied for antennas with special characteristics, both as antenna elements, and as spatial distribution functions for elements in antenna arrays. Koch dipole and monopole antennas have been studied recently as smaller sized antennas, and their multi-band characteristics have been reported (see Cohen, N., IEEE Professional Program Proc. of Electronics Industries Forum of New England, p.43-9, 1997; Puente-Baliarda, C., IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol.48, p.1773-81, 2000). We try to establish a link between the interval of multi-band characteristics of dipole Koch curve antennas with the dimension of the underlying fractal geometry.
Defective Th Function Induced by a Dominant-Negative cAMP Response Element Binding Protein Mutation Is Reversed by Bcl-2

cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) is a critical regulator of diverse stimulus-dependent transcriptional events. Following TCR stimulation, CREB is rapidly induced in CD4+ Th cell precursors, but not in effector Th cells. However, its role in mature T cell function is incompletely defined. Transgenic mice expressing a CREB dominant-negative (dn) mutation in the T cell lineage exhibited normal T cell development in the thymus, normal T cell homeostasis in the periphery, and normal T cell clonal expansion following Ag challenge. However, this mutation caused selective inhibition of Th cell function in vitro and in vivo, and increased susceptibility of Th cells to activation-induced cell death. Th cells expressing the CREB-dn mutation contained reduced levels of the inhibitor of programmed cell death, BCL-2; overexpression of BCL-2 in transgenic mice reversed both susceptibility to activation-induced cell death in CREB-dn T cells and the defect in effector cytokine production. Thus, CREB plays a critical role in Th cell function and development of Th cell-mediated adaptive immune responses, at least in part, by inhibiting stimulus-dependent cell death.
A cognitive model of children's reporting of food intake.

A model of cognitive processing is proposed to understand children's self-reports of diet. The model is a simplification of what is known about cognitive processing and includes three structural components: sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Several processes describe functioning of the model, including attention, perception (or interpretation), organization, retention, retrieval, and response formulation. The ideas explain several phenomena in the literature on children's self-reports of dietary intake. Research questions are identified for each process to help specify the model and lead to improved methods for dietary assessment in children
Molecular pathobiology of human collagens.

The fibril-forming collagens (types I-III, V and XI) represent a homogeneous and evolutionary related group of proteins and genes. In addition to serving as supportive elements, these macromolecules influence the spatial and ontogenic diversity of extracellular matrices, for they regulate a number of develop[mental programs and cellular activities, such as adhesion, proliferation and migration. Deranged expression of fibrillar collagen genes results in a number of inherited and acquired disroders which greatly affect the structural integrity of the organsim. An understanding of collagen biosynthesis and regulation in normal and diseased states provides an opportunity to dissect biological problems which relate to a wide variety of subjects, including morphogenesis, relationships between structure and function of proteins, gene expression and human mutations.
Writing apprehension, computer anxiety and telecomputing: A pilot study

ABSTRACT Is network login frequently related to graduate students’ writing apprehension, computer anxiety, age, or years of teaching experience? In a correlational pilot study of twenty educational technology students, writing apprehension and computer anxiety levels were measured both before and after eight weeks of using electronic mail, computer conferencing, and remote database searching facilities. Results showed that computer anxiety levels measured after telecomputing experience were significantly correlated with usage statistics, while writing apprehension scores collected before network use were significantly related to login frequency. Graduate students’ ages and years of teaching experience were not found to be statistically related to network use.
Experimental Investigation of Aerodynamic Losses of Different Shapes of a Shrouded Blade Tip Section

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the effects on aerodynamic losses of different tip shroud shapes of a shrouded turbine blade. Pressures were measured on the airfoil surface near the tip and a plane downstream of the exit plane in a three-airfoil stationary cascade. The instrumented center airfoil and the two slave airfoils modeled the aerodynamic tip section of a blade and have the capability to vary tip clearance. The experiments were run at tip-clearances varying from 0.25% to 1.67% and at an exit Reynolds number of 1.25 × 106 and Mach Number of 0.95. The paper presents the influence of three tip-shroud shapes and five different tip-clearances on the aerodynamic losses.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A quest for the “industrial maven”

Abstract This article introduces the industrial counterpart of the market maven. Calling this entity the “industrial maven,” the authors define it, and clarify the concept of industrial mavenism. Further, they report the results of an exploratory study based on a fairly comprehensive cross-section of industries that not only corroborate the existence of industrial mavens but also provide a preliminary confirmation of the characteristics of industrial mavens. The results also reveal that the primary location for an industrial maven is the buying center of a manufacturing company, and point toward the definite possibility of its existence outside the buying center. Finally, the implications of industrial mavenism to industrial marketers are discussed.
Climate variability of the coupled Tropical‐Extratropical Ocean‐Atmosphere System

Observations show that tropical and extratropical Pacific SST anomalies vary out-of-phase, and that the atmospheric meridional Hadley and zonal Walker Circulations are related to these variations. A tropical-extratropical model is constructed to show oscillations consistent with observations. The positive feedback introduced by the Walker Circulation causes tropical warming so that the air rises and flows toward the subtropics where it sinks. When the sinking air approaches the sea surface, it flows both equatorward and poleward enhancing tropical easterly and extratropical westerly winds, respectively. Enhanced extratropical westerlies increases wind speed and hence evaporation, resulting in extratropical cooling. The Walker and Hadley Circulations thus result in tropical warming and extratropical cooling, respectively. The tropical warming and extratropical cooling increase the meridional SST difference and hence the meridional heat transport which erodes the tropical warming and extratropical cooling. Enhanced tropical easterlies due to the Hadley Circulation cools the tropical ocean through ocean dynamics. These negative feedbacks help the system to switch from warm to cold phases, and vice versa.
Regulation of cAMP levels in area CA1 of hippocampus by Gi/o-coupled receptors is stimulus dependent in mice.

Abstract The cAMP signaling cascade plays a critical role in regulating synaptic efficacy and cellular excitability in hippocampus. Adenylyl cyclase (AC) activation and subsequent generation of cAMP occurs through a number of mechanisms in area CA1 of hippocampus, including Gα s -mediated stimulation upon G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) activation and Ca 2+ -mediated stimulation upon NMDA receptor activation. In addition, activation of G i/o -coupled receptor subtypes can regulate cAMP levels through modulation of AC activity. Multiple G i/o -coupled receptor subtypes are expressed in area CA1, where they are commonly thought to dampen synaptic transmission and excitability, in part through inhibition of AC activity and cAMP generation. However, a large family of ACs exists, and in recombinant systems, the cAMP signals generated by these AC isoforms are both inhibited and enhanced by G i/o -coupled receptors in a manner dependent on the AC isoform and stimulus. Thus, we have assessed the effects of activating several different G i/o -coupled receptors on the generation of cAMP induced either by NMDA receptor activation or by β-adrenergic receptor activation within area CA1 of mouse hippocampus. We find that in situ the effect of G i/o -coupled receptor activation does indeed depend upon the means by which ACs are activated. In addition, the effects are also G i/o -coupled receptor-specific, suggesting additional complexity. These data indicate that G i/o -coupled receptors may play roles in “routing” second messenger signaling in area CA1.
Prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Genetic Islands among Clinical and Commensal H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus Isolates

Five genetic islands (HiGI) found in Haemophilus influenzae type b strain Eagan were used as hybridization probes on type b, Haemophilus haemolyticus, and nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHi) isolates. HiGI2 and HiGI7 were significantly more prevalent in NTHi isolates from children with otitis media than in those from the throats of healthy children.
Live migration of direct-access devices

Virtual machine migration greatly aids management by allowing flexible provisioning of resources and decommissioning of hardware for maintenance. However, efforts to improve network performance by granting virtual machines direct access to hardware currently prevent migration. This occurs because (1) theVMMcannot migrate the state of the device, and (2) the source and destination machines may have different network devices, requiring different drivers to run in the migrated virtual machine.In this paper, we describe a lightweight software mechanism for migrating virtual machines with direct hardware access. We base our solution on shadow drivers, an agent in the guest OS kernel that efficiently captures and restores the state of a device driver. On the source machine, the shadow driver monitors the state of the driver and device. After migration, the shadow driver uses this information to configure a driver for the corresponding device on the destination machine. We implement shadow driver migration for Linux network drivers running on the Xen hypervisor. Shadow driver migration requires a migration downtime similar to the driver initialization time, short enough to avoid disrupting active TCP connections. We find that the performance overhead, compared to direct hardware access, is negligible and is much lower than using a virtual NIC.
Incidence of fecal incontinence after coloproctostomy below five centimeters in the rectum

Abstract Anastomosis of the descending colon to the rectum below 5 cm can result in fecal incontinence. We have reviewed 90 patients who underwent radical resection of the rectosigmoid colon with very low anastomosis that healed; 88 patients resumed defecation per anus. Indications for the resections were recurrent squamous cell carcinoma after total pelvic irradiation, adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with invasion of the mesentery of the rectosigmoid colon, endometriosis with low rectal involvement, and serous carcinoma of the ovary with invasion of the rectosigmoid mesentery and irradiation stenosis of the rectum. The rectum was transected at the level of the levator ani or below resulting in less than 5 cm of rectum above the anus. All patients had reanastomosis, coloproctostomy, with the end-to-end anastomosis stapler. All coloproctostomies were protected by proximal diverting colostomy if one of three conditions existed: (a) total pelvic irradiation; (b) significant diverticulitis or other inflammatory bowel disease; and (c) inadequate or unprepared bowel at the time of surgery. The proximal diverting colostomies were closed 8–16 weeks postoperatively after demonstrable healing of the anastomosis. Of the 90 patients, 88 eventually resumed defecation per anus after coloproctostomies and 5 (5%) required replacement of the colostomy for fecal incontinence. Eighty-three patients (92%) had successful reanastomosis, closure of the proximal colostomy, and defecation per rectum without fecal incontinence.
A computer program for linear nonparametric and parametric identification of biological data

Abstract A computer program package for parametric and nonparametric linear system identification of both static and dynamic biological data, written for an LSI-11 minicomputer with 28 K of memory, is described. The program has 11 possible commands including an instructional help command. A user can perform nonparametric spectral analysis and estimation of autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions of univariate data and estimate nonparametrically the transfer function and possibly an associated noise series of bivariate data. In addition, the commands provide the user the means to derive a parametric autoregressive moving average model for univariate data, to derive a parametric transfer function and noise model for bivariate data, and to perform several model evaluation tests such as pole-zero cancellation, examination of residual whiteness and uncorrelatedness with the input. The program, consisting of a main program and driver subroutine as well as six overlay segments, may be run interactively or automatically.
The Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator and Applications to Accounting Education and Research

Many of the challenges facing the accounting profession involve personality characteristics of accountants. Personality theories have generated a rich research stream outside accounting and are widely applied in other disciplines and professions. Yet little research using these theories has been done in accounting. To redress this imbalance, this paper examines Jungian personality‐type psychology—one of the main personality theories—and the major psychometric instrument that has arisen from it—the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The MBTI has been extensively tested for reliability and validity, and used in a large number of basic and education research studies. Results from reliability and validity testing indicate that the MBTI reliably measures personality characteristics predicted by Jungian theory. A small amount of published research has been conducted in accounting using the MBTI. These 16 articles are reviewed, with suggestions for additional research.
Incoherently Combining Logarithmic Aspheres for Extended Depth of Field

Images from concentric logarithmic lenses are combined incoherently to extend the depth of field as much as 14 times the Rayleigh limit for a conventional lens. Diffraction limited resolution is also obtained after digital processing.
Claudin 1 and nephrin label cellular crescents in diabetic glomerulosclerosis

Summary Cellular crescents are typically inflammatory and associated with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Their pathogenesis involves glomerular basement membrane rupture due to circulating or intrinsic factors. Crescents associated with diabetic glomerulosclerosis are rarely reported. Furthermore, the nature of cells forming crescents in diabetes is unknown. To investigate the nature of crescents in diabetes, we examined renal biopsies from diabetic patients with nodular glomerulosclerosis and crescents (n = 2), diabetes without crescents (n = 5), nondiabetic renal biopsies (n = 3), and crescentic glomerulonephritis with inflammatory crescents (n = 5). Electron microscopy and confocal immunofluorescence analysis with antibodies against nephrin (a podocyte marker) and claudin 1 (parietal epithelial cell marker) were performed. Diabetic glomeruli with crescents contained a mixture of crescentic cells expressing either claudin 1 (11 ± 1.4 cells/glomerulus) or nephrin (5.5 ± 3.0 cells/glomerulus). Rare crescentic cells coexpressed nephrin and claudin 1 (2.5 ± 1.6 cells/glomerulus). In contrast, inflammatory crescents were almost exclusively composed of claudin 1–positive cells (25 ± 5.3 cells/glomerulus). Cells coexpressing claudin 1 and nephrin were absent in inflammatory crescents and all cases without crescents. Electron microscopy showed podocyte bridge formation between the glomerular basement membrane and parietal basement membrane but no glomerular basement membrane rupture as in inflammatory crescents. Crescents in diabetes may occur in diabetes in the absence of a secondary etiology and are composed of a mixture of parietal epithelial cells and visceral podocytes. Cells coexpressing parietal epithelial and podocyte markers suggest that parietal epithelial cells may transdifferentiate into podocytes in response to severe glomerular injury.
An investigative analysis into security in the clouds and the impact of virtualization on the security architecture

The new trend to increasing efficiency in Information Systems (IS) investments is to migrate data processing and storage to external service-centers and vendors that provide a commodity computing platforms that are called Cloud Computing. The approach advocates minimizing the local capabilities to utilize thin clients while providing data manipulation and/or storage services by the service provider over time-shared resources. The concept is not new, however the implementation approach presents a strategic shift in the way organizations provision and manage their IT resources. The systems that process and fuse such data would have to be capable of classifying the resulting information and clearing the computing resources prior to allowing new application to be executed. Processing various levels of sensitive information and fusing results might require the development of a multi-level security system that can send the output to a protected network and systems in order not to have data spill or contaminated resources. The paper discusses these security requirements and potential impact on the cloud architecture. Additionally, the paper discusses the unexpected advantages of the cloud framework providing a sophisticated environment for information sharing and data mining. Finally, the paper introduces emerging issues that need to be addressed including providence, data tagging, and governance.