cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postmenopausal cancer risk after self-reported endometriosis diagnosis in the Iowa Women's Health Study.

BACKGROUND Endometriosis, the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, has an estimated prevalence between 4% and 10%. A recent study reported that women with a hospital discharge diagnosis of endometriosis were at increased risk of cancer at any site, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and hematopoietic malignancies, especially non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). METHODS The authors examined whether self-reported diagnosis of endometriosis was associated with increased risk of various cancers in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Incident cancer cases were identified from 1986 through 1998. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for the particular cancers of interest. RESULTS Of 37,434 participants in this analysis, 3.8% reported a history of endometriosis at baseline in 1986. After 13 years of follow-up, 1795 breast, 188 ovarian, and 243 NHL cases were detected in the cohort. Endometriosis was not associated with risk of all cancers combined (age-adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7–1.2), breast carcinoma (RR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.8–1.3), or ovarian carcinoma (RR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.2–2.4). However, endometriosis was significantly associated with risk of NHL (age-adjusted RR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0–3.0), especially diffuse NHL (RR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.8–5.6). Multivariate adjustment had minimal effect on the point estimates of risk (NHL RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 0.97–2.7; diffuse NHL RR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.9–5.9). Endometriosis was not associated with elevated risk of lung, urinary tract, endometrial, melanoma, or colorectal carcinomas (RRs, 1.2, 0.8, 1.2, 0.7, and 0.7, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results corroborate a previously reported association between endometriosis and increased risk of NHL but not cancer at other sites. Cancer 2002;94:1612–18. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10370
A Protective Role for Type 3 Deiodinase, a Thyroid Hormone-Inactivating Enzyme, in Cochlear Development and Auditory Function

Thyroid hormone is necessary for cochlear development and auditory function, but the factors that control these processes are poorly understood. Previous evidence indicated that in mice, the serum supply of thyroid hormone is augmented within the cochlea itself by type 2 deiodinase, which amplifies the level of T3, the active form of thyroid hormone, before the onset of hearing. We now report that type 3 deiodinase, a thyroid hormone-inactivating enzyme encoded by Dio3, is expressed in the immature cochlea before type 2 deiodinase. Dio3−/− mice display auditory deficits and accelerated cochlear differentiation, contrasting with the retardation caused by deletion of type 2 deiodinase. The Dio3 mRNA expression pattern in the greater epithelial ridge, stria vascularis, and spiral ganglion partly overlaps with that of thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ), the T3 receptor that is primarily responsible for auditory development. The proposal that type 3 deiodinase prevents premature stimulation of TRβ was supported by deleting TRβ, which converted the Dio3−/− cochlear phenotype from one of accelerated to one of delayed differentiation. The results indicate a protective role for type 3 deiodinase in hearing. The auditory system illustrates the considerable extent to which tissues can autoregulate their developmental response to thyroid hormone through both type 2 and 3 deiodinases.
Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus in Mice Does Not Alter Liver Heparan Sulfate

Diabetes -associated hyperlipidemia is generally attributed to reduced clearance of plasma lipoproteins, especially remnant lipoproteins enriched in cholesterol and triglycerides. Hepatic clearance of remnants occurs via low density lipoprotein receptors and the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, syndecan-1. Previous studies have suggested alterations in heparan sulfate proteoglycan metabolism in rat and mouse diabetic models, consistent with the idea that diabetic dyslipidemia might be caused by alterations in proteoglycan expression in the liver. In this study we analyzed the content and composition of liver heparan sulfate in streptozotocin-induced insulin-deficient diabetic mice that displayed fasting hypertriglyceridemia and delayed clearance of dietary triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. No differences between normal and diabetic littermates in liver heparan sulfate content, sulfation, syndecan-1 protein levels, or affinity for heparin-binding ligands, such as apolipoprotein E or fibroblast growth factor-2, were noted. Decreased incorporation of [35S]sulfate in insulin-deficient mice in vivo was observed, but the decrease was due to increased plasma inorganic sulfate, which reduced the efficiency of labeling of liver heparan sulfate. These results show that hyperlipidemia in insulin-deficient mice is not due to changes in hepatic heparan sulfate composition.
Calcium channels light up

The development of a technique for measuring calcium concentrations in nanodomains next to calcium channels provides new insights into calcium signaling.
Percolation in nanocomposites with complex geometries: Experimental and Monte Carlo simulation studies

The development of nanocomposites (a matrix, often polymeric, enhanced by a particle with a nanometer-sized dimension) has expanded dramatically in recent years with a particular focus on materials with complex microstructure and nanostructure. Such composites rely on formation of a connected network of particles throughout the sample volume in order to enhance the polymer's mechanical and electrical properties. From a fundamental perspective, this network formation will be governed by a percolation process within the constrained geometry of the particular microstructure. In this paper, the percolation process within a particular complex nanostructure, namely, a mat of electrospun nanofibers with fiber size of $\ensuremath{\approx}100\text{ }\text{nm}$ and high porosity, is studied via continuum Monte Carlo simulations, where the sample geometry (fiber and particle sizes, orientation, and sample porosity) is matched to the mats utilized in our previous experimental work. A good agreement between experimental and computational results is observed. Simulations of spherical dopant in uniform samples, with zero, one, or two sample dimensions similar in size to the particle, were completed to explore the effects of confinement, in particular within a single fiber. These results were compared and contrasted with those from porous fibrous mats to determine the influence of porosity on the critical volume fraction. The results indicate that percolation in fibrous mats occurs via pathways that include sections of many fibers rather than being contained within single fibers which span the sample. The detailed dependence of critical volume fraction on porosity and the sensitivity to fiber number and width is discussed.
Phase change materials for reconfigurable systems

Reconfigurability is a vital feature of future RF, millimeter Wave and terahertz systems for sensing, imaging, wireless, and satellite communications. Indeed significant efforts have been devoted to develop tunable systems in the past among them are RF MEMS switches. But, in practice, these solutions have not been widely implemented due to a need for high voltage actuation, lack of flexibility for integration, reliability issues, and high cost. In contrast to traditional RF MEMS, phase change materials (PCMs) present a major opportunity to address the shortcomings listed above. Among them, vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) shows insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) properties with large conductivity change on the order of ∼104 at relatively low temperature of T c ∼70 °C. The fundamental mechanism that explains IMT is still unclear. However, unlike other approaches, VO 2 films can be monolithically integrated onto antenna structure or feed networks using microfabrication process.
Sorption Isotherms and Drying Rates for Mullet Fillet and Roe

Desorption isotherms at 25°C and 43°C and adsorption isotherms at 25°C were determined for salted and unsalted female roe of mullet (Mugil cephalus). Isotherms for ground white muscle of mullet were also determined for desorption at 25°C, 43°C, and 54.5°C, and for adsorption at 25°C. Adsorption-desorption hysteresis was evident for the sigmoid shaped isotherms. At 45°C and 15% RH, and also at 45°C and 25% RH, mullet fillets dry almost four times faster than mullet roe. An air temperature lower than 45°C should be used to obtain an acceptable color for the roe. SUMMARY DESORPTION AND ADSORPTION isothems at several temperatures were determined for salted and unsalted female roe of mullet, and ground white muscle of mullet. All isotherms are sigmoid shaped, typical of isotherms for food products. Adsorption-desorption hysteresis was also evident for salted and unsalted roe, and for ground white muscle. At any given temperature and relative humidity, the equilibrium moisture content for unsalted roe was always lower than that for salted roe. Under the conditions tested, mullet fillets dried almost four times faster than roe. Roe placed in an air stream did not dry faster than roe in still air at the same temperature and relative humidity. This indicated that the restriction to moisture removal was in the moisture migration within the roe rather than at the roe surface. Air temperature should be lower than 45°C to prevent excessive browning of the row. Browning began on the tips and continued toward the center of the roe.
Stable carbon isotope fractionation of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene during co-metabolic degradation by methanotrophic bacteria

Abstract Changes in the carbon isotope ratio ( δ 13 C) of trans -1,2-dichloroethylene ( t -DCE) were measured during its co-metabolic degradation by Methylomonas methanica , a type I methanotroph, and Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, a type II methanotroph. In closed-vessel incubation experiments with each bacterium, the residual t -DCE became progressively enriched in 13 C, indicating isotopic fractionation. From these experiments, the biological fractionation during t -DCE co-metabolism, expressed as e , was measured to be −3.5‰ for the type I culture and −6.7‰ for the type II culture. This fractionation effect and subsequent enrichment in the δ 13 C of the residual t -DCE can thus be applied to determine the extent of biodegradation of DCE by these organisms. Based on these results, isotopic fractionation clearly warrants further study, as measured changes in the δ 13 C values of chlorinated solvents could ultimately be used to monitor the extent of biodegradation in laboratory or field settings where co-metabolism by methanotrophs occurs.
UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Ab Initio Characterization of Valence Orbital Structures and Conformations of Neutral Phosphate Esters

Abstract The Hel UV photoelectron spectrum of trimethyl phosphate (TMP) has been measured and interpreted with the aid of SCF molecular orbital calculations carried out with STO-3G, STO-3G* and 4–31G basis functions. The photoelectron spectrum of TMP is more accurately reproduced by results from 4–31G calculations than by results from STO-3G or STO-3G* calculations. However, all three basis sets yield results which predict the same assignment of the photoelectron spectrum. Results at the 4–31G level indicate that whether calculations are based on crystallographic bond angles and bond lengths or on STO-3G optimized geometries has little effect on the energetic ordering of the upper occupied orbitals. The energetic ordering of orbitals is also found to be only weakly dependent upon the torsional angle φ, describing rotation of ester groups about P-O bonds and upon the torsional angle ψ, describing rotation of methyl groups about C-O bonds. For trimethyl phosphate, with C3 symmetry, the vertical ionization p...
A UHF CMOS Transceiver Front-end with a Resonant TR Switch

A fully-integrated UHF CMOS transceiver with resonant transmit/receive (T/R) switch is reported. The transceiver's power amplifier (PA) and LNA are simultaneously connected to the antenna and isolated from each other by going to high impedances during receive and transmit respectively. A two-stage single-ended PA produces 19 dBm output power and 36% PAE is measured at 400 MHz. The LNA has 22 dB gain and 3.4 dB noise figure. In transmit mode, the LNA input impedance becomes 1 kOmega, which absorbs only 0.2 dB of the transmitter output power. The PA side provides 300 Omega toward antenna at receive mode in order not to corrupt noise performance. The transceiver power can be increased through an optional second chip that uses the same TR switch techniques. The optional PA produces 29 dBm power at 29% PAE. The transceiver was implemented as part of a Mars Micro-transceiver development project for future scout missions
Incorporating Self-Serve Technology into Co-Production Designs

Co-production, which is the direct involvement of customers in the design, delivery, and marketing of goods and services that they themselves consume, implies customer-firm collaboration. The nature of this collaboration, however, is highly dependent on the organizationâ€™s service design, which increasingly includes Internet-based, self-serve technology (SST). While there is considerable research on service design, most of this research fails to consider the role and implications of information technology in co-production. In order to remedy this shortcoming, we build on prior research to develop a contingency theory of co-production design. Using cases of Internet-based SST (e.g., online airline reservations and recommendation-based sales systems), we highlight the unintended consequences of implementing SST in the different co-production designs. In this way, our research contributes to our understanding of information technologyâ€™s implications for co-production.
The Potential for Bio-Mediators and Biomarkers in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurocritical Care

The use of biomarkers of brain injury in pediatric neurocritical care has been explored for at least 15 years. Two general lines of research on biomarkers in pediatric brain injury have been pursued, 1) studies of “bio-mediators” in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children after traumatic brain injury (TBI) to explore the components of the secondary injury cascades in an attempt to identify potential therapeutic targets and 2) studies of the release of structural proteins into the CSF, serum, or urine in order to diagnose, monitor, and/or prognosticate in patients with TBI or other pediatric neurocritical care conditions. Unique age-related differences in brain biology, disease processes, and clinical applications mandate the development and testing of brain injury bio-mediators and biomarkers specifically in pediatric neurocritical care applications. Finally, although much of the early work on biomarkers of brain injury in pediatrics has focused on TBI, new applications are emerging across a wide range of applications specifically for pediatric neurocritical care including abusive head trauma, cardiopulmonary arrest, septic shock, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, hydrocephalus, and cardiopulmonary bypass. The potential scope of the utility of biomarkers in pediatric neurocritical care is thus also discussed.
Measuring the crystallinity index of cellulose by solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance

The crystallinity index of cellulose is an important parameter to establish because of the effect this property has on the utilization of cellulose as a material and as a feedstock for biofuels production. However, it has been found that the crystallinity index varies significantly depending on the choice of instrument and data analysis technique applied to the measurement. We introduce in this study a simple and straightforward method to evaluate the crystallinity index of cellulose. This novel method was developed using solid state 13C NMR and subtraction of the spectrum of a standard amorphous cellulose. The crystallinity indexes of twelve different celluloses were measured and the values from this method were compared with the values obtained by other existing methods, including methods based on X-ray diffraction. An interesting observation was that the hydration of the celluloses increased their crystallinity indexes by about 5%, suggesting that addition of water increased cellulose order for all the cellulose samples studied.
ON HEALTH INDICATORS AND THEIR MARGIN OF ERROR

Possible approaches to the formulation of health indicators and the uncertainties that should be associated with such indicators are discussed. As an illustration, two health indicators are formulated, one reflecting the degree of premature mortality in a population, and one reflecting the impact of health on the ratio between the productive and the dependent age groups in a population. Illustrative values of these indicators are computed for various countries and are compared with the corresponding values of the customary health indicators of life expectancy and infant mortality. The indication of the margin of error that should be attached to such indicators if they are to be regarded as measures of population “health” is obtained by observing the extent to which these different indicators correlate with each other when their values for various countries are considered.
Plain-Weave Fabrics Made from Twistless and Low-Twist Staple Yarns:

Although considerable data exists for plain-weave fabrics with twistless and low- twist fillings in combination with ring-spun warps, little data have been published about twisted fillings in combi...
Electronic Computers Aid in Exploration Decisions and Interpretations: ABSTRACT

Electronic Computers are at present being used to solve or aid in the solution of the two categories of problems which exist in exploration. Where, when, and how much exploration is needed? Which exploration tools are desirable and in what proportion? These questions demand logical decisions based on voluminous data. Here the role of the computer is to summarize and generalize these data to permit more rigorous decisions by management. In many cases this decision may be compared with others to' determine optimum selection. Computers as interpretational aids are more wisely employed than in the first category. The reason for this is the facility with which interpretational procedures may be expressed in mathematical form. Examples of procedures already being performed on computers are: electric-log analysis, log and core correlations, seismogram synthesis, seismic velocity determination, migration charts, accurate fault location, geological and geophysical maps plotted, cross sections, bore-hole deviation calculation, regression analysis for geological parameters, gravity and magnetic Interpretations, etc. In addition to the mentioned categories many other company problems are solved which are of interest to exploration. Of these, property evaluation and inventory control of exploration tools are of importance insofar as they reduce exploration costs and therefore improve arguments for more exploration projects. End_of_Article - Last_Page 125------------
A formal notion of program-based test data adequacy

We propose a definition of the notion of adequacy of software test data and discuss justification, difficulties, and properties of the notion. It is not the purpose of this paper to suggest a definite practically applicable criterion of test data adequacy. Rather we present a theoretical analysis which, it is believed, gives insight into such questions as: (a) For a given program, what points must belong to a test set in order that it may be deemed adequate? (b) For a given program, how many points must belong to an adequate test set? (c) What kind of approximation to "correctness" can be provided by the knowledge that a program has been "adequately" tested? We believe, in general, that an adequacy criterion should be invoked only after the test data fails to expose errors. Clearly, as long as there is an element of the test set on which the program does not agree with the specification, we know that the test data is still doing its job and that testing (and subsequent debugging) must continue. (In this paper, we ignore the question of whether and how we can tell if a program agrees with a specification at a particular point. However, see Davis and Weyuker, 1981; Weyuker, 1982.) Once the program does agree with the specification on all elements of a set of test data, we must decide whether the testing phase can end, and hence we will need to invoke some kind of adequacy criterion. For a given program P, we write P(c) = b to mean that the program P on input c halts with output b. We write P ~ Q (P is equivalent to Q), where P and Q are programs, to mean that P(c)=Q(c) for every input c. In particular this implies that for each c, P(c) is defined if and only if Q(c) is defined. Our analysis will deal only with adequacy criteria which are entirely
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Experience at the University of Pittsburgh

Between January, 1981, and May, 1985, 33 infants suffering from acute cardiorespiratory failure were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) when all other forms of conventional management had failed. Only the patients with respiratory failure that was thought to be reversible were treated. Prolonged conventional respiratory management (more than five days) was considered a contraindication to ECMO support because of irreversible damage to the lungs caused by the barotrauma associated with conventional ventilation. Eighteen of the 33 patients (54%) survived and were discharged from the hospital. Patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia had a high incidence of fatal bleeding complications (8 of 14). Good results were obtained in the newborns with persistent fetal circulation and meconium aspiration syndrome. We conclude that ECMO markedly improves the survival of newborns with severe respiratory failure who would have a mortality close to 100% with conventional respiratory management.
Direct reservoir parameter estimation using joint inversion of seismic AVO & marine CSEM data

Summary A new joint inversion algorithm to directly estimate reservoir parameters by combined seismic amplitude versus offset (AVO) and marine controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) data is presented. The approach relies on a rock-properties model to link the geophysical parameters to the reservoir parameters. Tests of the concept on one-dimensional models demonstrate improved fluid saturation and porosity estimates for joint AVO & CSEM data inversion compared to AVO alone. Errors in the rockproperties model parameters introduce errors of comparable size in the joint inversion reservoir parameter estimates.
Exploring test performance in mathematics: the questions children’s answers raise

Abstract This article investigates children’s mathematical performance on test items, specifically multiple-choice questions. Using interviews with 90 fourth-graders, it reveals why particular kinds of items are more or less difficult for students. By using multiple-choice questions and juxtaposing them with similar open-ended problems, the findings underscore the costs of not attending to children’s thinking in designing and interpreting problems. The data from this study suggest that when answering multiple-choice questions, students’ attention is drawn to the choices themselves. They do not necessarily think through the problem first and thus make their choices based on (often incorrect) generalizations they have made about problem-solving. Whether students answered a multiple-choice question or a similar open-ended problem first impacted both their performance and their reasoning. Moreover, children draw on their life experiences when the context of the problem is salient, thus ignoring important parameters of the stated problem. Implications for investigating children’s thinking, instruction, and test design are discussed.
Sauropod habits and habitats

Abstract Sauropod natural history has been widely a discussed and sometimes controversial topic. All amphibious theories of sauropod behavior from Cope and Marsh onward may have been inspired by Owen. Sauropod narial morphology might indicate either aquatic or terrestrial habits, and some sauropods may have had a complex narial structure, possibly a proboscis. Sauropods were vegetarians, but the specific diet of Diplodocus is unclear. Long necks could have been used for browsing in trees, or long streambanks, or under water. Sauropod axial appendicular modifications point to primarily terrestrial behavior. Sauropods may have had bird-like lung system. Sauropods sometimes dragged their tails on the ground and may have used for defense. The deep thorax of sauropods is an adaptation to problems of terrestrial weight-bearing. Sauropod foot and limb structure is generally compartable to elephants, except in lack of joint ossification and development of large claws. Sauropods sometimes reared up on their hind limbs, and they definitely entered streams at least sometimes, but sedimentologic evidence does not support immersion in deep lakes as sauropods are frequently pictured. On the problem of terrestrial versus amphibious habits, most sauropod anatomy is equivocal, but where firm morphologic interpretations are possible, they usually point to terrestrial behavior.
Clinical and laboratory features of patients with an inherited deficiency of neutrophil membrane complement receptor type 3 (CR3) and the related membrane antigens LFA-1 and p150,95

Over the last 3 years a group of more than 20 patients has been described worldwide who have a similar history of recurrent bacterial infections and an inherited deficiency of three related leukocyte membrane surface antigens known as CR3, LFA-1 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen type 1), and p150,95 (function unknown). These antigens share a common β-chain structure linked noncovalently to one of three distinct α-chain types. It is believed that the patients with this disease have a reduced or absent ability to synthesize the common β subunit of the antigen family, resulting in absent or reduced expression of all three antigen family members on different leukocyte types. Neutrophils have a reduced phagocytic and respiratory burst response to bacteria and yeast as well as a reduced ability to adhere to various substrates and migrate into sites of infection.In vitro functional studies of normal neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes treated with monoclonal antibodies to the individual α and β chains of these antigens suggest that most of the clinical features of the patients may be due to the neutrophil and monocyte deficiency of CR3. Although natural killer-cell activity is diminished or absent, no immune deficiency of the patients' lymphocytes attributable to the absence of LFA-1 has been detected. Diagnosis of this disease has been facilitated by the commercial availability of monoclonal antibodies specific for the α chains of CR3 and p150,95.
Identification of a novel p53 mutation in JCV-induced mouse medulloblastoma.

Medulloblastoma, a malignant invasive tumor of the cerebellum, is one of the most common neoplasms of the nervous system in children. Utilization of the human neurotropic virus JC virus (JCV) early gene T-antigen allowed the development of a transgenic animal that models human medulloblastoma. Here we describe the characterization of two distinct populations of cells derived from the JCV-induced mouse medulloblastoma. Results from immunohistochemical and biochemical studies revealed the expression of T-antigen in some but not all tumor cells. In T-antigen-producing cells, T-antigen was found in association with wild-type p53 and pRb, two tumor suppressors that control cell growth and differentiation. In cells that lack expression of T-antigen, a novel mutant p53 with a deletion between residues 35 and 123 was detected. Morphological differences were observed between the two populations of cells, though there was no significant difference in their growth rates. However, subcutaneous transplantation of the T-antigen-positive, but not T-antigen-negative, cells resulted in the development of massive tumors in experimental animals. In light of earlier reports on the association of JCV with human medulloblastoma, the mouse cell lines described in this study may provide a valuable tool for deciphering the pathways involved in the formation and progression of medulloblastoma.
General theory of sandwich plates with dissimilar facings

Abstract Equations are derived for the large deflections of sandwich plates with weak cores and presented in an invariant form. The general equations include the bending resistance of the facings and transverse extension of the core. Equations for buckling and for small deflections are obtained as special cases. An example illustrates the use of these equations to predict buckling loads.
In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, well-characterized nervous system allows identification and fluorescence imaging of any neuron within the intact animal. Simple immobilization techniques with minimal impact on the animal's physiology allow extended time-lapse imaging. The development of genetically-encoded calcium sensitive fluorophores such as cameleon and GCaMP allow in vivo imaging of neuronal calcium relating both cell physiology and neuronal activity. Numerous transgenic strains expressing these fluorophores in specific neurons are readily available or can be constructed using well-established techniques. Here, we describe detailed procedures for measuring calcium dynamics within a single neuron in vivo using both GCaMP and cameleon. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both as well as various methods of sample preparation (animal immobilization) and image analysis. Finally, we present results from two experiments: 1) Using GCaMP to measure the sensory response of a specific neuron to an external electrical field and 2) Using cameleon to measure the physiological calcium response of a neuron to traumatic laser damage. Calcium imaging techniques such as these are used extensively in C. elegans and have been extended to measurements in freely moving animals, multiple neurons simultaneously and comparison across genetic backgrounds. C. elegans presents a robust and flexible system for in vivo neuronal imaging with advantages over other model systems in technical simplicity and cost.
Infrared Cyclotron Resonance in InSb

Far-infrared cyclotron resonance absorption in $n$-type InSb has been measured to determine the variation of the conduction electron effective mass with magnetic field. At high magnetic fields the absorption was resolved into a strong line with a weaker satellite line at lower photon energy and a broad, weak absorption at still lower energy. The interpretation of this structure in terms of the conduction-band properties of InSb is discussed.
Exaggerated expression of skeletal muscle-derived interleukin-6, but not TNFα, in mice lacking interleukin-10

IL-10 reduces cytokine expression in non-muscle tissues, but its effect on skeletal muscle remains undefined. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that endogenous IL-10 acts to reduce cytokines in the gastrocnemius muscle by comparing IL-6 and TNFα expression in wild-type (IL-10+/+) and IL-10 deficient (IL-10−/−) mice following an inflammatory insult induced by peripheral LPS. IL-6 mRNA expression increased following LPS for both IL-10+/+ and IL-10−/− mice; the response was greater and prolonged in IL-10−/− mice. Muscle TNFα mRNA also increased, but without differences between genotypes. IL-6 protein concentrations were elevated by LPS with a greater and prolonged response for IL-10−/− mice, but TNFα did not change. These results provide the first in vivo evidence that endogenous IL-10 attenuates IL-6 expression by skeletal muscle in response to LPS.
2-(Pyridin-2-yl)-1,3-oxathiane

The title compound, C9H11NOS, exhibits a unique structural motif, with free rotation of the aliphatic oxathiane ring about the C—C bond connecting this moiety to the aromatic pyridine ring. The structure elucidation was undertaken due to its potential as a bidentate ligand for organometallic complexes. The oxathiane ring adopts the expected chair conformation, with the S atom in proximity to the N atom on the pyridine ring. The corresponding S—C—C—N torsion angle is 69.07 (14)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules aggregate as centrosymmetric pairs connected by pairs of C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds.
Quantitation of Proteinaceous Soil Removal From Clean-in-Place Systems

Abstract The protein of milk residue can be quantitated to evaluate a cleaning process by monitoring the accumulation of protein in a test-wash solution. The test for protein is based on precipitation of hard water cations with orthophosphate and flocculation with a coagulant for rapid sedimentation of the protein. The sediment is collected on filter paper and stained with xylene brilliant cyanin G. Color reaction on the filter paper is proportional to protein content of the original test solution and is estimated visually. For more precise quantitation, the stain is released into a solution for optical measurements. The lower limit of sensitivity is approximately 34 ng of protein per ml in the original caustic test wash. Quantity of added protein to a caustic test wash and optical density of the final test dye solution showed a correlation coefficient of .99. The method developed in this work should be useful in studying clean-in-place regimen to evaluate commercial practices and fundamentals of the processes.
T cell receptor signaling: beyond complex complexes.

The adaptive phase of the immune response begins with engagement on CD4 + helper T cells of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) 1 by its ligand, a small foreign peptide bound to a cell surface protein of the class II major histocompatibility complex (peptide-MHC) expressed on an antigen-presenting cell. This engagement initiates a series of biochemical events that can differentially signal the naive T cell to: 1) enter into a pathway leading to generation of effector T cells with the onset of rapid proliferation and production of effector cytokines; 2) enter into a state of antigenic non-responsiveness known as anergy; or 3) die by apoptosis. The type of response elicited depends on multiple factors including the affinity of the interaction, the duration of the interaction, and the presence or absence of various costimulatory signaling inputs such as those provided by the CD4 coreceptor and the CD28 costimulatory receptor. In this review we provide an overview of the signaling events that are associated with the first of these outcomes: T cell activation. To present an overview of sufficiently broad scope, the depth of discussion of each aspect ofTCR signaling is by necessity limited, and the reader is referred to the reviews cited throughout this text for consideration of these events in more detail.
The ion-source mechanism for the Berkeley 88-inch cyclotron

The ion-source tube is inserted vertically through the magnet yoke and upper pole. This position was chosen because it saves peripheral space within the cyclotron, and permits withdrawal of the ion source through the roof shielding for servicing. The source is remotely controlled and can be moved either radially or azimuthally, and can also be rotated about its own axis. The system of mechanism for providing these movements is described, as well as related equipment.
Successful use of the HeRO device to salvage a functional arteriovenous fistula and resolve symptoms of venous hypertension

Abstract Introduction Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) (Hemosphere Inc, Minneapolis, MN, USA) vascular access device is a new long-term subcutaneous access designed for patients who have exhausted traditional peripheral access sites. Report We describe the use of the HeRO device not to create new access but to resolve symptoms of venous hypertension and salvage still functional arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in a patient refractory to endovascular treatment of recurrent central venous occlusive disease (CVOD). Conclusion This report reinforces the experience of other authors that the HeRO device is an effective means to salvage an AV access and relieve symptoms of venous hypertension.
Efficient algorithms for analyzing and synthesizing fault-tolerant datapaths

We address optimization problems arising in the synthesis of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) that recover from transient faults via a rollback and retry approach. In this approach, each segment of a computation is duplicated and the results are compared using comparators. If the compared values are unequal, the computation is rolled back to the beginning of the segment (rollback point) and retried. Previous work in this area has generally been of an experimental nature focusing on heuristic approaches. We examine these problems from an algorithmic perspective. Several comparison and rollback strategies for reducing hardware costs and the delay caused by a transient fault have been previously proposed. For various combinations of these comparison and rollback strategies, we present efficient algorithms to analyze a given design to determine the maximum delay that can be caused by a transient fault of a given duration. These algorithms are based on formal characterizations of when a transient fault can cause a maximum delay for each combination of comparison and rollback strategies. We have also developed an efficient algorithm for designing fault-tolerant datapaths under hardware and delay constraints.
Sublimation, culture, and creativity.

Combining insights from Freud and Weber, this article explores whether Protestants (vs. Catholics and Jews) are more likely to sublimate their taboo feelings and desires toward productive ends. In the Terman sample (Study 1), Protestant men and women who had sexual problems related to anxieties about taboos and depravity had greater creative accomplishments, as compared to those with sexual problems unrelated to such concerns and to those reporting no sexual problems. Two laboratory experiments (Studies 2 and 3) found that Protestants produced more creative artwork (sculptures, poems, collages, cartoon captions) when they were (a) primed with damnation-related words, (b) induced to feel unacceptable sexual desires, or (c) forced to suppress their anger. Activating anger or sexual attraction was not enough; it was the forbidden or suppressed nature of the emotion that gave the emotion its creative power. The studies provide possibly the first experimental evidence for sublimation and suggest a cultural psychological approach to defense mechanisms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)
Uterine epithelial cell proliferation and endometrial hyperplasia: evidence from a mouse model

In the uterus, epithelial cell proliferation changes during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Uncontrolled epithelial cell proliferation results in implantation failure and/or cancer development. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is a fundamental regulator of diverse biological processes and is indispensable for multiple reproductive functions. However, the in vivo role of TGF-β signaling in uterine epithelial cells remains poorly defined. We have shown that in the uterus, conditional deletion of the Type 1 receptor for TGF-β (Tgfbr1) using anti-Mullerian hormone receptor type 2 (Amhr2) Cre leads to myometrial defects. Here, we describe enhanced epithelial cell proliferation by immunostaining of Ki67 in the uteri of these mice. The aberration culminated in endometrial hyperplasia in aged females. To exclude the potential influence of ovarian steroid hormones, the proliferative status of uterine epithelial cells was assessed following ovariectomy. Increased uterine epithelial cell proliferation was also revealed in ovariectomized Tgfbr1 Amhr2-Cre conditional knockout mice. We further demonstrated that transcript levels for fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) were markedly up-regulated in Tgfbr1 Amhr2-Cre conditional knockout uteri. Consistently, treatment of primary uterine stromal cells with TGF-β1 significantly reduced Fgf10 mRNA expression. Thus, our findings suggest a potential involvement of TGFBR1-mediated signaling in the regulation of uterine epithelial cell proliferation, and provide genetic evidence supporting the role of uterine epithelial cell proliferation in the pathogenesis of endometrial hyperplasia.
Access to Healthy Food: A Key Focus for Research on Domestic Food Insecurity

Geographic access to food is an important dimension of food insecurity in the US, because it affects the cost of food that low-income consumers face and the decisions they make about which foods to purchase. This symposium highlighted several recent studies that developed new techniques for characterizing the food environment, analyzed its influence on consumption and weight status, and explored alternative policy options for interventions.
Role of vitamin D metabolites in phosphate transport of rat intestine.

Transport of phosphate by everted sacs of rat intestine was studied. Vitamin D stimulated this system and glucose as an oxidizable substrate was required in agreement with previous reports. Phosphate transport was highest in the upper duode num in the presence of calcium in the medium. In this segment, calcium greatly in creased phosphate transport. In the jejunum, however, calcium in the medium did not appreciably affect phosphate transport. In this segment vitamin D, 25-hydroxycholecal ciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol administration, but not 24,25-dihydroxychole- calciferol, stimulated phosphate transport. Although the time course of response of jejunal phosphate transport was similar for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25-dihy droxycholecalciferol, nephrectomy prevented the response to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, but not to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Thus it appears likely that 1,25-dihydroxychole calciferol and not 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is the metabolically active form in this system. J. Nutr. 104: 1056-1060, 1974.
T2 mapping from highly undersampled data by reconstruction of principal component coefficient maps using compressed sensing

Recently, there has been an increased interest in quantitative MR parameters to improve diagnosis and treatment. Parameter mapping requires multiple images acquired with different timings usually resulting in long acquisition times. While acquisition time can be reduced by acquiring undersampled data, obtaining accurate estimates of parameters from undersampled data is a challenging problem, in particular for structures with high spatial frequency content. In this work, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is combined with a model-based algorithm to reconstruct maps of selected principal component coefficients from highly undersampled radial MRI data. This novel approach linearizes the cost function of the optimization problem yielding a more accurate and reliable estimation of MR parameter maps. The proposed algorithm - REconstruction of Principal COmponent coefficient Maps (REPCOM) using Compressed Sensing - is demonstrated in phantoms and in vivo and compared to two other algorithms previously developed for undersampled data.
Improving Database Vendors' Usage Statistics Reporting through Collaboration between Libraries and Vendors.

The article reports the results from the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) E-Metrics study to investigate issues associated with the usage statistics provided by database vendors. The ARL E-Metrics study was a concerted effort by twenty-four ARL libraries to develop and test statistics and measures in order to describe electronic resources and services in ARL libraries. This article describes a series of activities and investigations that included a meeting with major database vendors and the field-testing of usage statistics from eight major vendors to evaluate the degree to which the reports are useful for library decision-making. Overall, the usage statistics from the vendors studied are easy to obtain and process. However, the standardization of key usage statistics and reporting format is critical. Validation of reported statistics also remains a critical issue. This article offers a set of recommendations for libraries and calls for continuous collaboration between libraries and major database vendors.
In vitro and in vivo activities of gatifloxacin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Gatifloxacin (GAT) and moxifloxacin (MXF) were evaluated in vitro to determine their activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. GAT was subsequently compared in a dose range study to isoniazid (INH) in a murine tuberculosis model. GAT was somewhat less active than INH. GAT and MXF were evaluated in mice infected with M. tuberculosis and were found to have similar activities. GAT was studied alone and in combination with ethambutol, ethionamide (ETA), and pyrazinamide (PZA) and compared to INH and rifampin (RIF). GAT appears to have sufficient activity alone and in combination with ETA with or without PZA to merit evaluation for treatment of tuberculosis.
1,4,7,10‐Tetraazacyclododecane

1, 4, 7, 10-Tetraazacycls-docane R Dithiooxamide I 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9- Hexahydrocliimidazo [1, 2-a: 2′, 1′-c] pyrazine 1 P 1, 4, 7, 10-Tetraazacycls-docane 2 Keywords: heterocycles, miscellaneous; nitrogen manifold; heterocycles, twelve-membered, four nitrogens; reduction, CNCHNH; ring expansion reactions; ring opening reactions; nitrogen manifold; cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane); reductive ring expansion
Exact solutions for the unsteady plane Couette flow of a dipolar fluid

The Laplace transform is used to determine two forms of the exact solution for the unsteady, isothermal, one–dimensional plane Couette flow of an incompressible dipolar fluid set in motion by the sudden acceleration from rest of the top plate. The solutions are found for arbitrary values of the dipolar constants d (⩾ 0) and l (> 0). In considering special/limiting cases of the dipolar constants, exact solutions are also determined for Rivlin–Ericksen fluids, fluids with couple stresses, and viscous Newtonian fluids. Specifically, steady–state development time, mass flux and the skinfriction coefficient are determined for all fluid types. The results obtained are then compared with those of dipolar fluids. The influence of the dipolar constants and the other physical parameters on the velocity field is also examined, as well as the effects of start–stop plate motion. Most significantly, it is shown that when d > 0 the velocity field suffers a jump discontinuity on start–up, a transient back–flow condition is possible when l > d , and for special values of the physical parameters the flow instantly attains a steady state. Lastly, numerical results are presented graphically, conclusions are stated and closing remarks follow.
High‐order window functions and fast algorithms for calculating dyadic electromagnetic Green's functions in multilayered media

A type of bell-shaped compact high order window function ˆ(x;y) is studied, and closed analytic and approximation formulas are derived for its Hankel transforms. Applications of these results are presented as fast algorithms for calculating dyadic Green’s functions for electromagnetic scattering in multilayered media. Numerical results in electromagnetics are provided to demonstrate the accuracy and eciency of the algorithms.
“Graphene-Like” Exfoliation of Quasi-2D Crystals of Titanium Ditelluride: A New Route to Charge Density Wave Materials

We used a “graphene-like” mechanical exfoliation to obtain atomically thin films of TiTe2. The building blocks of titanium ditelluride are atomic tri-layers separated by the van der Waals gaps. The exfoliation procedure allows one to obtain the few-atom-thick films with strong confinement of charge carriers and phonons. We have verified the crystallinity of the exfoliated films and fabricated the back-gated field-effect devices. The current – voltage characteristics of the TiTe2 devices revealed strong non-linearity, which suggests the charge-density wave effects. The obtained results are important for the proposed application of TiTe2 for the charge-density wave devices and thermoelectric energy conversion.