cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supportive Housing for Addicted, Incarcerated Homeless Adults

ABSTRACT Homeless populations often suffer from mental illness, substance abuse, and criminality. Interventions, such as supportive housing, can have positive impacts, although benefits can be limited. This study examined outcomes for clients (N = 102) of a new supportive housing intervention. Use of formal treatment, jail contact, and community stability were compared pre- and post-housing. Jail bookings and residential substance abuse treatment significantly declined post-housing, while clients improved in income level, access to food, and housing stability. Results from official justice and treatment system data suggest that supportive housing can lead to significant changes. Future research is necessary to understand the relationship between client characteristics and outcomes.
The Gulf of Lion: subsidence of a young continental margin

The origin of the subsidence of Atlantic-type continental margins is of much interest to geology and geophysics. The main problem at these margins is in explaining the substantial thicknesses of mainly shallow-water sediments which accumulate soon after rifting and plate separation. We have now used biostratigraphic data from commercial wells to study the subsidence history of a young Atlantic-type continental margin. Backstripping the sediment load reveals that the margin has been subsiding at nearly mid-ocean ridge rates. Geological data indicate that lithospheric stretching alone cannot account for this amount of subsidence and other processes must be involved.
The Effect of Boronizing on Metallic Alloys for Automotive Applications

In this study the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and oxidation resistance of boronized metallic alloys were investigated. Thermochemical treatment was performed by powder pack boronizing process at temperature 850-950 °C for 4 h. Saw-tooth morphology and smooth interface microstructures were observed with an optical microscope; microhardness was measured across the coating depth. The phases present in the boron coatings depend on the substrate material. High-temperature oxidation resistance was investigated and it was found that boron coating on ferrous alloys can resist temperatures up to 800 °C. The corrosion resistance of the boronized samples was improved and the corrosion rate was calculated for boronized and plain specimens. Wear testing was conducted by following the procedures of ASTM G99, ASTM D2526, and ASTM D4060. The obtained experimental results revealed that boronizing significantly improves the wear-resistance, corrosion-resistance, and oxidation resistance of metallic alloys.
Nonlinear pressure-flow relationships for passive microfluidic valves

An analytical solution is presented for the nonlinear pressure-flow relationship of deformable passive valves, which are formed by bonding a deformable film over etched channels separated by a weir. A fluidic pathway connecting the channels is opened when the upstream pressure creates a tunnel along a predefined narrow strip where the film is not bonded to the weir. When the width of the strip is comparable to the inlet channel width, the predicted closed-form pressure-flow rate relationship is in excellent agreement with experiments, which determine pressures by measuring film deflections for prescribed flow rates. The validated closed-form models involve no fitting parameters, and provide the foundation to design passive diodes with specific nonlinear pressure-flow characteristics.
Relationship information contained in gamete identity by descent data.

ABSTRACT We consider idealized gamete identity by descent (IBD) data which consists of the lengths of IBD and non-IBD regions along the genome for gametes segregating from two related individuals. ...
Employing universal design for instruction

College courses can be designed without special accommodations and be accessible for diverse students.
FOCAL PERIODIC SLOW TRANSIENTS IN EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA: CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS IN TWO CASES.

Abstract Two cases of epilepsia partialis continua with pathological documentation are described. Periodic focal negative or negative-positive potential changes occurred in the EEG of these patients. These slow transients are interpreted as local shifts of the steady potential of the cerebral cortex recorded transcranially. Their relationships to the focal epileptic discharge are discussed.
Errors associated with using Archimedes' principle to determine mass and volume of small aquatic organisms

Archimedes' principle can be effectively applied to measure the mass and volume of small aquatic organisms by weighing the organism in waters of two densities, and then comparing those values with the weights of a plummet weighed in the same waters. However, the weight-in-water measurements are subject to error, and this work outlines how to calculate the standard errors of organism mass and volume, and a straightforward approach to calculating organism mass and volume itself. Guidance for the design of a plummet and setting a water density difference that minimizes the standard errors of the measurements is also presented.
Conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and sinusitis in cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) found in association with Mycoplasma sturni infection and cryptosporidiosis

Fledgling cliff swallows were cared for at a rehabilitation facility when clinical signs of ocular disease, characterized by conjunctivitis, epiphora, and hyperaemia of palpebrae and nictitans, were recognized. Treatment consisted of topical and oral antibiotic therapy and one topical steroid administration. However, one cliff swallow died and three were killed due to poor therapeutic response. Conjunctival swabs were obtained ante-mortem from the three cliff swallows and were submitted for mycoplasma culture and molecular diagnostics. Heads of the three birds were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and submitted for histopathologic examination of oculonasal tissues. Mycoplasma cultures and molecular evaluation of isolates identified Mycoplasma sturni, but not Mycoplasma gallisepticum, from each specimen. Histopathologic examination revealed lymphoplasmacytic conjunctivitis, rhinitis and infraorbital sinusitis with follicular lymphoid hyperplasia, epithelial hyperplasia, and protozoal stages compatible with Cryptosporidium spp. arranged in and along the apical surfaces of epithelial cells. Identification of concurrent M. sturni and Cryptosporidium spp. infections in these cliff swallows demonstrates an alternative infectious condition that can produce gross and microscopic lesions comparable with those commonly observed in M. gallisepticum infections of house finches and other passerine species. Conjunctivitis associated with M. sturni and Cryptosporidium spp. in cliff swallows may represent an emerging disease risk to a naive, high-density and colonial species such as colony-nesting cliff swallows.
Evanescent Waveguide and Photochemical Characterization of Azobenzene-Functionalized Dendrimer Ultrathin Films

In this work we describe the evanescent waveguide characterization and photoalignment of azobenzene-functionalized dendrimer ultrathin films. Azobenzene dyes were grafted to the perimeter of polyamidoamine dendrimers. The photoisomerization and photoalignment properties were first investigated in relation to solution and film. The dendrimers were then blended with polystyrene, which served as a matrix for this investigation. Planar waveguides were prepared by spin coating on Au−BK7 glass substrates. The waveguides were investigated by ATR methods characterizing the s and p components of the waveguides. The refractive indices of the films were sensitively determined. The anisotropy of the dielectric constants were found to be highly dependent on the dendrimer/polystyrene ratio and aggregation properties.
Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor binding and adrenergic-stimulated cyclic AMP production in rat cerebral cortex after chronic lithium treatment.

Administration to rats of dietary lithium for 30 days was followed by evaluation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptor binding and of adrenergic-stimulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation in rat cerebral cortex. Chronic lithium treatment did not alter the binding characteristics of [3H]prazosin or the proportion of alpha-1 adrenergic receptor subtypes distinguished by chlorethylclonidine (CEC) pretreatment in rat cerebral cortical membranes. Accumulation of cAMP in cortical slices incubated with adrenergic agonists was unaffected in lithium-treated rats. These results demonstrate that chronic lithium treatment-induced reduction of norepinephrine (NE)-stimulated phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis (Casebolt and Jope, 1987) is not due to changes in the alpha-1 adrenergic receptor and is more sensitive to in vivo lithium treatment than is adrenergic-stimulated cAMP accumulation.
Effects of methacholine, histamine and atropine on pulmonary guanosine-3′, 5′-monophosphate levels in hypersensitive mice

Pulmonary levels of cGMP and cAMP in mice sensitized to methacholine and histamine with b. pertussis were examined to determine whether sensitization could be the result of an alteration in the metabolism of these cyclic nucleotides. The results presented show that in sensitized mice, methacholine raised cGMP to levels that were about double those produced without sensitization. In analogous experiments, histamine raised cGMP by approximately 100% in sensitized mice without producing significant increases in nonsensitized groups. Atropine completely blocked the cGMP rises produced by methacholine but did not eliminate those produced by histamine, thus indicating that cholinergic, but not the histaminergic elevation of cGMP involves activation of muscarinic receptors. The influence of pertussis on cAMP appeared to be opposite in direction from cGMP, i.e., a small but significant drop in cAMP levels was found following methacholine administration to sensitized, but not to nonsensitized mice. It was concluded that pertussis sensitization increases the responsiveness of the pulmonary guanylate cyclase-cGMP system to methacholine and histamine, and that the altered patterns of cGMP accumulation may contribute to the biochemical mechanism of sensitization.
On uniqueness of solutions for nonlinear creep problems in symmetric pressure vessels

Abstract Uniqueness is established for positive solutions of a nonlinear integral equation which governs the effective stress in internally loaded spherical and incompressible cylindrical pressure vessels subject to primary or secondary transient creep.
The reorganization of verbal memory in childhood

Two experiments in short-term recognition for familiar words were performed to investigate the hypothesis that verbal memory in adults is lexically coded, and that the paradigmatic shift in children's free associations is a symptom of the acquisition by the 7-year old of this lexical memory system. Both results were positive. Syntagmatic linking, on the other hand, was found to influence recognition memory selectively only among children who had not yet undergone the shift. These results were held to be compatible with the explanation that the shift is accompanied by an increase in storage efficiency.
Automated compensator design

This paper presents the preliminary studies of compensator growing from a frequency response point of view. Several definitions in regard to relative stability of a control system are made. Three theorems for helping to determine the necessary size of the compensator that should be employed for a specific system are stated and proved. Following these a technique for growing a compensator for increasing the relative stability of a control system is suggested. Last, an example illustrating this method is included.
MULTIJET PRODUCTION IN NEUTRAL CURRENT DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA AND DETERMINATION OF αs

Multijet production rates in neutral current deep inelastic scattering (DIS) have been measured in the range of exchanged boson virtualities 10<Q2<5000 GeV2. The data were taken at the ep collider HERA with centre-of-mass energy using the ZEUS detector and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 82.2 pb-1. Jets were identified in the Breit frame using the kT cluster algorithm in the longitudinally invariant inclusive mode. Measurements of differential multijet cross sections are presented as functions of jet transverse energy , pseudorapidity and Q2 with and . Next-to-leading-order QCD calculations describe the data well. The value of the strong coupling constant αs(MZ), determined from the ratio of the trijet to dijet cross sections, is .
In situ reflectance monitoring of epitaxial growth

Epitaxial growth of compound semiconductors is accomplished with MOCVD or MBE. In both these methods, many process variables must be precisely controlled to achieve the proper combination of layer thickness, chemical composition, lattice matching, and doping levels required by modern compound semiconductor devices. We have found that a simple and robust in situ monitor, normal incidence reflectance, has proven to be an indispensable tool for achieving stringent device requirements for epitaxial growth.
Epidemiological evidence and molecular basis of interactions between HIV and JC virus

Impairment of cell-mediated immunity is the chief predisposing condition for the development of PML. Lymphoproliferative disorders, either chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma, were the underlying immunosuppressive conditions in Astrom, Mancall, and Richardson’ s initial characterization of PML as a distinct clinical entity in 1958. Through the beginning of the AIDS epidemic in 1981, lymphoproliferative disorders remained the most common predisposing illness for PML. In a review of 230 cases of PML published in 1984 by Brooks and Walker, PML wasseeninassociationwithlymphoproliferativediseases in 62.2% of the cases (Brooks and Walker, 1984). Other predisposing illnesses included myeloproliferative diseases in 6.5%, carcinoma in 2.2%, granulomatous and ine ammatory diseases, such as, tuberculosis and sarcoidosis, in 7.4%, and other immune dee ciencystatesin 16.1%. Although AIDS was included in the latter category, there were only 2 reported cases of PML complicating AIDS at that time (Brooks and Walker, 1984), the e rst of which was reported in 1982, only 1 year after the seminal description of AIDS. Until the AIDS pandemic, PML remained a rare disease. Indeed, for most practicing neurologists, it remained a medical curiosity that was seldom observedinpractice. Following theAIDSpandemic, the incidence of PML changed very dramatically. In major metropolitan areas, the disease can hardly be regarded as rare. By the late 1980s, AIDS was reported to be the most common underlying disorder predisposing to the development of PML at institutions in New York(Krupp etal, 1985)and Miami(Berger etal, 1987). Gillespie and colleagues (Gillespie et al, 1991) studying the prevalence of AIDS-related illnesses in
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Asymptomatic or Mildly Symptomatic Heart Failure Patients

Heart failure is a constantly progressing disease involving patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiac disease. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been used successfully in patients with severe heart failure symptoms, poor left ventricular (LV) function, and a prolonged QRS duration. Large trials in patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III/IV heart failure have demonstrated that heart failure symptoms can be reduced and exercise capacity improved, overall mortality decreased, and ventricular function increased. How long these beneficial effects of CRT will last in patients with an already advanced stage of heart failure, particularly in NYHA IV, is still unknown. Therefore, it is more reasonable to initiate CRT in appropriate patients who have structural heart disease but have not yet developed severe heart failure symptoms. Slowing heart failure progression seems to be the most important target. Medical treatment alone has not demonstrated that this can be achieved in patients with poor ventricular function and prolonged QRS (>120 ms). The recently published results of MADIT-CRT, as well as the extended follow-up of the REVERSE substudy of the European patient cohort, have shown that prevention of heart failure progression can be well accomplished with CRT and implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (ICD) backup (CRT-D). Heart failure events and death occurred significantly less often in patients with CRT-D than in those with an ICD only. A clinically important reversal of ventricular remodeling with reduced ventricular volumes and increased LV ejection fraction was found in the CRT-D–treated patients. The benefit was seen in patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy and in those with NYHA class I or II heart failure; the most benefit was demonstrated in patients showing a “classic” left bundle branch block electrocardiogram pattern (about 70% of the enrolled patients) and in female patients. Results from both trials support the view that future efforts regarding heart failure treatment should concentrate more on prevention of heart failure progression in mildly symptomatic or even asymptomatic candidates for CRT-D. It is time to change the guidelines for heart failure treatment.
Time course of exercise induced alterations in daily activity in chronic fatigue syndrome

In a previous study we demonstrated that while people with CFS had lower daily activity levels than control subjects, they were able to increase daily activity via a daily walking program. We reanalyzed our data to determine the time course of activity changes during the walking program. Daily activity assessed via an accelometer worn at the hip was divided into sleep, active, and walking periods. Over the first 4–10 days of walking the subjects with CFS were able to reach the prescribed activity goals each day. After this time, walking and total activity counts decreased. Sedentary controls subjects were able to maintain their daily walking and total activity goals throughout the 4 weeks. Unlike our previous interpretation of the data, we feel this new analysis suggests that CFS patients may develop exercise intolerance as demonstrated by reduced total activity after 4–10 days. The inability to sustain target activity levels, associated with pronounced worsening of symptomology, suggests the subjects with CFS had reached their activity limit.
Cerebral Blood Flow Measurement in Children With Sickle Cell Disease Using Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling at 3.0-Tesla MRI

Background and Purpose— Cerebral infarction is an important complication of sickle cell disease (SCD) and occurs in one third of the patients with SCD. The risk of infarction is commonly attributed to the hyperemia that is associated with anemia and reduces the cerebral vascular reserve. We measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by continuous arterial spin labeling MRI, which is a noninvasive method that does not require ionizing radiation. The purpose of this study was to examine rCBF in children with SCD and compare it with rCBF in healthy children. Methods— rCBF was measured at 3-T continuous arterial spin labeling MRI in 24 neurological normal patients with SCD and in 12 healthy children matched for ethnicity and age (mean age in both groups 13 years). rCBF was calculated for 6 vascular territories (left and right anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery). Asymmetry in rCBF was evaluated by measuring differences in flow between left and right hemispheres. The definition of asymmetry (>11.7...
Key concerns of executives making IS decisions

The results of a study of several hundred executives making information-system decisions are reported. The goal is to provide insight for IS decision-makers to develop new IS infrastructures, and to position their organization strategically. The study indicates that IS executives are focusing their attention on emerging technologies (such as networking, connectivity, and voice/data) with strategic implications. Meanwhile, as organizations evolve, the executives' focus moves from structured operational and computational concerns, such as backlog and security, within the organization to unstructured temporal and strategic issues in the environment. These results further suggest a three-phase process where networking (phase 1) provides the backbone structure for the connectivity of diverse and often incompatible systems (phase 2), which in turn makes available opportunities for strategic computing (phase 3). >
Wavelets for remote sensing image registration and fusion

With the new trend of smaller missions in which sensors will be carried on separate platforms, the amount of remote sensing data to be combined will increase tremendously, and will require fast and automatic image registration and fusion. Image registration techniques will help develop 'ready to use' global datasets from multi-instrument/multi-platform/multi-temporal observations, while image fusion will provide new image products summarizing some basic understanding of the original data. These methods will find applications in numerous domains such as Earth science data analysis, map updating, and space exploration. Our work on image registration and fusion focuses on the speed of such methods and on their ability to handle multi-sensor data. These two requirements brought us to the utilization of multi-resolution wavelet transforms to perform such tasks. Our registration algorithm utilizes a wavelet-based multi-resolution search to determine the best transformation between two or more images to be registered. As of now, the algorithm searches for rotation, translation or a composition of both. This algorithm has been tested successfully on uni-sensor images -- landsat-thematic mapper (TM), advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR), and geostationary operational environmental satellite (GOES) data, as well as multi-sensor data such as modis airborne simulator (MAS) with landsat-TM data. The second step in the combination of the data deals with the fusion of the data. This fusion can be considered at two levels; either the fusion occurs after registration of the original data and before any further analysis, or each individual dataset is analyzed independently and then a composite image is created. Both approaches may be considered utilizing a wavelet-based approach. Some preliminary results on image fusion are presented.
Calibration of pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras and omni-directional cameras

In the first part we discuss the problem of recovering the calibration of a network of pan-tilt-zoom cameras. The intrinsic parameters of each camera over its full range of zoom settings are estimated through a two step procedure. We first determine the intrinsic parameters at the camera's lowest zoom setting very accurately by capturing an extended panorama. The camera intrinsics are then determined at discrete steps in a monotonically increasing zoom sequence that spans the full zoom range of the cameras. Both steps are fully automatic and do not assume any knowledge of the scene structure. We validate our approach by calibrating two different types of pan tilt zoom cameras placed in an outdoor environment. We also show the high-resolution panoramic mosaics built from the images captured during this process. The second section deals with the calibration of omnidirectional cameras. A broad class of both central and non-central cameras, such as fish-eye and catadioptric cameras, can be reduced to 1D radial cameras under the assumption of known center of radial distortion. We study the multi-view geometry of 1D radial cameras. For cameras in general configuration, we introduce a quadrifocal tensor. From this tensor a metric reconstruction of the 1D cameras as well as the observed features can be obtained. In a second phase this reconstruction can then be used as a calibration object to estimate a non-parametric non-central model for the cameras. We study some degenerate cases, including pure rotation. In the case of a purely rotating camera we obtain a trifocal tensor. This allows us to obtain a metric reconstruction of the plane at infinity. Next, we use the plane at infinity as a calibration device to non-parametrically estimate the radial distortion.
From Farm Management to Agricultural and Applied Economics: The Expansion of a Professional Society as Seen Through a Census of its Dissertations From 1951 to 2005

The authors provide a historical census of all 7,967 graduated doctoral students in agricultural economics from U.S. programs between 1951 and 2005. They provide the first comprehensive study of the history and current state of the highest degree of the agricultural economics profession, show how the degree and the journals in which dissertation research is published have changed over time, and discuss how the profession has evolved from farm economics to an agricultural and other applied economics fields.
Quantifying time-varying ground-water discharge and recharge in wetlands of the northern Florida Everglades

Developing a more thorough understanding of water and chemical budgets in wetlands depends in part on our ability to quantify time-varying interactions between ground water and surface water. We used a combined water and solute mass balance approach to estimate time-varying ground-water discharge and recharge in the Everglades Nutrient Removal project (ENR), a relatively large constructed wetland (1544 hectare) built for removing nutrients from agricultural drainage in the northern Everglades in South Florida, USA. Over a 4-year period (1994 through 1998), ground-water recharge averaged 13.4 hectare-meter per day (ha-m/day) or 0.9 cm/day, which is approximately 31% of surface water pumped into the ENR for treatment. In contrast, ground-water discharge was much smaller (1.4 ha-m/day, or 0.09 cm/day, or 2.8% of water input to ENR for treatment). Using a water-balance approach alone only allowed net ground-water exchange (discharge 2 recharge) to be estimated (212 6 2.4 ha-m/day). Discharge and recharge were individually determined by combining a chloride mass balance with the water balance. For a variety of reasons, the ground-water discharge estimated by the combined mass balance approach was not reliable (1.4 6 37 ha-m/day). As a result, ground-water interactions could only be reliably estimated by comparing the mass-balance results with other independent approaches, including direct seepage-meter measurements and previous estimates using ground-water modeling. All three independent approaches provided similar esti- mates of average ground-water recharge, ranging from 13 to 14 ha-m/day. There was also relatively good agreement between ground-water discharge estimates for the mass balance and seepage meter methods, 1.4 and 0.9 ha-m/day, respectively. However, ground-water-flow modeling provided an average discharge esti- mate that was approximately a factor of four higher (5.4 ha-m/day) than the other two methods. Our study developed an initial understanding of how the design and operation of the ENR increases interactions between ground water and surface water. A considerable portion of recharged ground water (73%) was collected and returned to the ENR by a seepage canal. Additional recharge that was not captured by the seepage canal only occurred when pumped inflow rates to ENR (and ENR water levels) were relatively high. Management of surface water in the northern Everglades therefore clearly has the potential to increase interactions with ground water.
Ophthalmic diagnoses in the ED: optic neuritis

Optic neuritis is the most common cause of decreased vision due to optic nerve dysfunction in patients who are 20 to 40 years of age. Optic neuritis, or inflammation of the optic nerve, is primarily due to idiopathic demyelination. Demyelinative lesions seen in optic neuritis are not unlike those seen in plaque associated with multiple sclerosis. In fact, acute inflammatory demyelination of the optic nerve commonly occurs as an initial manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Key features of optic neuritis include a vision loss occurring over 1 to 10 days, color vision impairment, eye pain with motility, and an afferent pupillary defect. This significant diagnosis can be challenging to an emergency physician as it is relatively infrequently observed.
A note concerning bacterial cell walls, mitochondria and nuclei.

I N a recent article in this journal by Bisset (1) the following paragraphs appear: “A somewhat different appearance is seen in Fig. 9, which represents the condition seen frequently in M. tuberculosis, when it is heat-fixed and stained. The cell contents have shrunken away from the unstained cell wall, and appear as a string of granules. In a recent study, Mudd et al. (11)2 have chosen to interpret these as ‘mitochondria’.” --“If bacteria of this type are stained very briefly with aqueous basic dyes, the most obvious structures which appear are the growing points and cytoplasmic septa (Fig. 14). These have been confused with the nuclear structures by some observers (7), and with mitochondria (11).2” --“The misinterpretation of appearances of this type is, in the opinion of the author, responsible for reports of classical mitotic spindles in bacilli, extra cytoplasmic spore nuclei, mitochondria and other observations which are discussed in the text.”
Gambler's fallacy, hot hand belief, and the time of patterns

The gambler’s fallacy and the hot hand belief have been classified as two exemplars of human misperceptions of random sequential events. This article examines the times of pattern occurrences where a fair or biased coin is tossed repeatedly. We demonstrate that, due to different pattern composition, two different statistics (mean time and waiting time) can arise from the same independent Bernoulli trials. When the coin is fair, the mean time is equal for all patterns of the same length but the waiting time is the longest for streak patterns. When the coin is biased, both mean time and waiting time change more rapidly with the probability of heads for a streak pattern than for a non-streak pattern. These facts might provide a new insight for understanding why people view streak patterns as rare and remarkable. The statistics of waiting time may not justify the prediction by the gambler’s fallacy, but paying attention to streaks in the hot hand belief appears to be meaningful in detecting the changes in the underlying process.
Teaching Young Children a Theory of Nutrition Conceptual Change and the Potential for Increased Vegetable Consumption

In two experiments, we used a novel approach to educating young children about nutrition. Instead of teaching simple facts, we provided a rich conceptual framework that helped children understand the need to eat a variety of healthy foods. Using the insight that children's knowledge can be organized into coherent belief systems, or intuitive theories, we (a) analyzed the incipient knowledge that guides young children's reasoning about the food-body relationship, (b) identified the prerequisites that children need to conceptualize food as a source of nutrition, and (c) devised a strategy for teaching young children a coherent theory of food as a source of diverse nutrients. In these two experiments, we showed that children can learn and generalize this conceptual framework. Moreover, this learning led children to eat more vegetables at snack time. Our findings demonstrate that young children can benefit from an intervention that capitalizes on their developing intuitive theories about nutrition.
Will neuroimaging ever be used to diagnose pediatric bipolar disorder

There is a great need for discovery of biological markers that could be used diagnostically for pediatric onset disorders, particularly those with potentially confusing phenomenology such as pediatric-onset bipolar disorder (BD). Obtaining these markers would help overcome current subjective diagnostic techniques of relying on parent and child interview and symptomatic history. Brain imaging may be the most logical choice for a diagnostic tool, and certain neurobiological abnormalities have already been found in pediatric BD. However, much work remains to be done before neuroimaging can be used reliably to diagnose this disorder, and because of the nature of BD and the limitations of imaging technology and technique, neuroimaging will likely at most be only a diagnostic aide in the near future. In this paper we discuss the characteristics of pediatric BD that complicate the use of biological markers as diagnostic tools, how neuroimaging techniques have been used to study pediatric BD so far, and the limitations and potential of such techniques for future diagnostic use.
Capacity management and patient scheduling in an outpatient clinic using discrete event simulation

Capacity management and scheduling decisions are important for managing an outpatient clinic in which multiple classes of patients are treated. After an appointment is scheduled, it can be rescheduled, cancelled, or a patient may not show-up on their appointment day. This study simulates the behavior of patients with regard to the time to appointment, examining different demand rates and service times for each patient class (new external patients, internal patients, established patients and subsequent visit patients); we also consider different delay-dependent reschedule, cancellation, and no-show rates. A discrete event simulation model is developed to analyze the effects of allowing different appointment windows, i.e., the maximum time between the appointment request date and the actual appointment date, for different patient classes. Capacity utilization, patient access, and financial rewards are used as the performance indicators.
Seismic analysis of non-linearly base-isolated soil-structure interacting reactor building by way of the hybrid frequency-time-domain procedure

The seismic analysis of a reactor building on a sliding-type base isolation is performed by way of the hybrid frequency-time-domain procedure. The frequency dependence of the foundation stiffness coefficients is duly accounted for in the analysis, although the problem is non-linear. The response results are shown to be reliable by way of comparison with the results of a time-stepping algorithm in the specialized case of constant foundation stiffness coefficients. The fact that such an analysis can be performed is an outstanding result, particularly when considering that no difficulties are encountered in the implementation and in the calculation. The flow chart used to implement the procedure is presented in the paper. The reactor building is analysed for three different sites with each site having three sets of material properties. It appears that the structural response is not strongly affected by the frequency dependence of the foundation stiffness coefficients. This also holds true as far as the response of equipment attached to the superstructure is concerned. For all practical purposes this frequency dependence may be disregarded in favour of constant spring and damping coefficients.
In Vitro Evaluation of Nitinol Urological Retrieval Coil and Ureteral Occlusion Device: Retropulsion and Holmium Laser Fragmentation Efficiency

Purpose: Retropulsion of ureteral stones during laser lithotripsy may result in difficult and incomplete stone fragmentation. The Stone Cone® nitinol urological retrieval coil and the NTrap® nitinol ureteral occlusion device have been introduced into clinical practice to possibly limit stone retropulsion and enhance the efficiency of holmium laser (Convergent Laser Technologies, Alameda, California) stone fragmentation.Materials and Methods: A total of 360 BegoStone Plus phantom stones (Bego USA, Smithfield, Rhode Island) of similar mass and weight were divided into 3 groups, including control, Stone Cone and NTrap. The groups were further subdivided according to fiber size (200 or 400 μm) and pulse width (350 or 700 μsec). These stones were placed in a horizontal pipette 12 mm in diameter, submerged in normal saline and disintegrated at laser settings of 1 J and 10 Hz continuously applied for 300 seconds. Retropulsion in cm and fragmentation efficiency with mass loss in mg were measured after treatment.R...
Disorders of early language development in Dravet syndrome

The aim of this study was to investigate language disorders prospectively in patients with Dravet syndrome (DS) during the first years of life in order to identify their features and possibly the underlying mechanisms of the disease. At the Child Neurology Unit of Catholic University in Rome (Italy), thirteen patients with typical findings of DS were enrolled in the study. Full clinical observations, including neurological examination and long-term EEG monitoring, were prospectively and serially performed until a mean of 6years of age (range: 4years to 7years and 8months). The epileptic history was also collected in each case. In particular, developmental, cognitive, and detailed language assessments were performed with different tests according to the age of the patient. In addition to cognitive decline, characteristic language impairment was also found with a relative preservation of receptive abilities (comprehension) and a strong impairment of productive skills. This defect in sensorimotor verbal processing integration is discussed to highlight the possible mechanisms underlying cognitive decline.
The Defendant's Obligation to Ensure Adequate Representation in Class Actions

A perceptible shift in the view of class actions has occurred over the past twenty years. Originally hailed as an important vehicle to remedy racism, sexism, and other civil rights violations, class actions today are the subject of ridicule, derision, and repeated calls for curbing practices tagged as abusive-practices ranging from forum shopping to attorney's fees to collateral attacks against class judgments, all of which tend to be ascribed to greedy lawyers representing undeserving plaintiffs. Recent congressional legislation has addressed issues regarding forum shopping and attorney fees; recent legal commentary has addressed issues of finality and collateral attack. This Article, in a limited manner, joins the debate concerning the ability to collaterally attack a class judgment by adding an overlooked perspective: arguing that adequacy of representation, a prerequisite to a binding class judgment, is an obligation not only of class counsel, the class representatives, and the court, but also of the defendant.
Reworkable encapsulation

Epoxy thermosetting plastics continue to be a mainstay for electronic packaging, because of their ability to provide high reliability at low cost, One negative associated with the use of epoxy thermosets is their intractability after curing, which prevents their removal for rework or recycling of microelectronic assemblies. As a solution to this problem, we report on the development of a new functional equivalent, thermosetting epoxy which is easily removed.
Continuous-Time Hybrid Computation with Programmable Nonlinearities

We present the first continuous-time hybrid computing unit in 65nm CMOS, capable of solving nonlinear differential equations up to 4th order, and scalable to higher orders. Arbitrary nonlinear functions used in such equations are implemented by a programmable clockless continuous-time 8b hybrid architecture (ADC+SRAM+DAC) with activity- dependent power dissipation. We also demonstrate the use of the unit in a low-power cyber-physical systems application.
Characterization, Recovery Opportunities, and Valuation of Metals in Municipal Sludges from U.S. Wastewater Treatment Plants Nationwide

U.S. sewage sludges were analyzed for 58 regulated and nonregulated elements by ICP-MS and electron microscopy to explore opportunities for removal and recovery. Sludge/water distribution coefficients (KD, L/kg dry weight) spanned 5 orders of magnitude, indicating significant metal accumulation in biosolids. Rare-earth elements and minor metals (Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) detected in sludges showed enrichment factors (EFs) near unity, suggesting dust or soils as likely dominant sources. In contrast, most platinum group elements (i.e., Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt) showed high EF and KD values, indicating anthropogenic sources. Numerous metallic and metal oxide colloids (<100-500 nm diameter) were detected; the morphology of abundant aggregates of primary particles measuring <100 nm provided clues to their origin. For a community of 1 million people, metals in biosolids were valued at up to US$13 million annually. A model incorporating a parameter (KD × EF × $Value) to capture the relative potential for economic value from biosolids revealed the identity of the 13 most lucrative elements (Ag, Cu, Au, P, Fe, Pd, Mn, Zn, Ir, Al, Cd, Ti, Ga, and Cr) with a combined value of US $280/ton of sludge.
Biological Evaluations of Slow Release Formulations of Aldicarb

In 2 field-cage tests, a slow release granular formulation consisting of 80% petroleum charcoal, 10% water-insoluble binder, and 10% aldicarb (designated PC-10) applied to the soil gave an additional 7–10 days of control of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, compared with the standard corncob formulation applied in the same manner. A formulation with 20% water-insoluble binder (designated PC-20), and consequently a slower rate of toxicant release, gave similar results in 1 test, but in a 2nd test was no more effective than the corncob formulation. In 2 of 3 field tests, counts of plant stand indicated that the PC-20 formulation was less damaging to cotton seedlings than the corncob formulation when both were applied as in-furrow treatments at planting. In 3 field tests, the PC-20 formulation appeared more effective against the boll weevil than the corncob formulation. Also, it was more effective against the cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter), in 2 of the tests.
Ternary mutual diffusion coefficients of ZnCl2−KCl−H2O at 25°C by Rayleigh interferometry

Mutual diffusion coefficients and densities were measured for aqueous ZnCl2−KCl mixtures at 25° by using free-diffusion Rayleigh interferometry and pycnometry, respectively. The ZnCl2 concentrations were fixed at 1.5 mol-dm−3, whereas those of KCl were 0.5, 1.25, 2.0, or 4.0 mol-dm−3. This corresponds to a half charged zinc-chlorine storage battery at various suporting electrolyte concentrations. The main-term coefficient of ZnCl2 only varies by 10% with KCl concentration, whereas that of KCl varies by about 22%. The ZnCl2 cross-term coefficient remains small and positive; in contrast the KCl cross-term coefficient goes through a maximum and is negative at high and low KCl concentrations. At KCl concentrations of 0.5 and 4.0 mol-dm−3, solutions with the KCl Δc≈0 are statically and dynamically (diffusively) unstable at the top and bottom of the boundary. Evaluation of the parameters of the non-linear least-squares solution to the diffusion equation is difficult for the 1.25 mol-dm−3 KCl case, since this system has nearly equal eigenvalues in its diffusion coefficient matrix.
Multivalent binding motifs for the noncovalent functionalization of graphene

Single-layer graphene is a newly available conductive material ideally suited for forming well-defined interfaces with electroactive compounds. Aromatic moieties typically interact with the graphene surface to maximize van der Waals interactions, predisposing most compounds to lie flat on its basal plane. Here we describe a tripodal motif that binds multivalently to graphene through three pyrene moieties and projects easily varied functionality away from the surface. The thermodynamic and kinetic binding parameters of a tripod bearing a redox-active Co(II) bis-terpyridyl complex were investigated electrochemically. The complex binds strongly to graphene and forms monolayers with a molecular footprint of 2.3 nm2 and a ΔGads = −38.8 ± 0.2 kJ mol–1. Its monolayers are stable in fresh electrolyte for more than 12 h and desorb from graphene 1000 times more slowly than model compounds bearing a single aromatic binding group. Differences in the heterogeneous rate constants of electron transfer between the two co...
Is response classification with PERCIST in stage IV breast cancer influenced by the number of lesions assessed

e12004 Background: PERCIST is a framework for the evaluation of tumor response to therapy by 18F-FDG-PET (FDG PET/CT). As primary analysis to quantify tumor response to therapy PERCIST recommends t...
The role of amino acids in the nitrogen cycle of peatlands

Productivity of peatland ecosystems is often limited by dissolved forms of inorganic and organic nitrogen. The magnitude and composition of the free amino acid pool and nitrate and ammonium content of pore water from peat were determined during three seasonal periods for mesocosms with various dominant plant functional types. Leucine dominated the free amino acid pool for all mesocosms, and the range of total free amino acid concentrations was 0-2.3 μM. Plant functional type did not significantly influence the free amino acid pool. Seasonal variations in amino acid concentrations were observed with maximum concentrations in spring. Springtime amino acid concentrations correlated with dissolved organic carbon. Amino acid concentrations tracked ammonium and nitrate concentrations in spring and summer. Amino acid concentrations were the lowest in the November, post-growing season period and showed weak correlations with other chemical species in pore water. The cycling of amino acids in pore water appeared a The material contained in this chapter is in preparation for submission to a scientific journal. 24 to be regulated by microbial processes, and environmental drivers like temperature indirectly influenced availability of amino acids.
Fourteen Ways to Reroute Cooperative Communication in the Lactose Repressor: Engineering Regulatory Proteins with Alternate Repressive Functions

The lactose repressor (LacI) is a classic genetic switch that has been used as a fundamental component in a host of synthetic genetic networks. To expand the function of LacI for use in the development of novel networks and other biotechnological applications, we engineered alternate communication in the LacI scaffold via laboratory evolution. Here we produced 14 new regulatory elements based on the LacI topology that are responsive to isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) with variation in repression strengths and ligand sensitivities—on solid media. The new variants exhibit repressive as well as antilac (i.e., inverse–repression + IPTG) functions and variations in the control of gene output upon exposure to different concentrations of IPTG. In addition, examination of this collection of variants in solution results in the controlled output of a canonical florescent reporter, demonstrating the utility of this collection of new regulatory proteins under standard conditions.